,,my?1 ,,ritual ,,& ,,religion  ,volume 
,,ii4  ,by ,&rew ,lang  ,longmans1      
,gre51 ,& ,co4  #ci ,pat]no/] ,r[1      
,london  ,new ,york ,& ,bombay  #aija   
,fir/ pr9t$1 ,augu/1 #ahhg  ,,my?1      
,,ritual ,,& ,,religion  ,,*apt] ,,xii4 
,,gods ,,( ,,! ,,l[e/ ,,races4          
,savage religion my/]i\s--,:y ?is is    
s--,au/ralians 9      #afhh--,sir ,john 
,lubbock--,rosk(f--,evid5ce (           
religion--,mr4      ,mann+--,mr4        
,h[itt--,supreme be+s--,mr4 ,tylor's    
!ory (      borr[+--,reply--,morality   
sanction$--,its nature--,satirical      
rite--,our ,fa!r--,mr4 ,ridley on a     
creator--,mr4 ,langloh      ,p>k]--,dr4 
,ro?--,conclusion--,au/ralians'         
religi\s4  ,! ,sci5ce ( ,an?ropology c  
speak1 ) "s confid5ce1 on _m que/ions ( 
,my?ology4 ,mat]ials are abundant &     
practically undisput$1 because1 z to _! 
my?s1 savage races h spok5 out ) fre$om4
 ,my? repres5ts1 n[ ! e>ly sci5tific1 n[
 ! e>ly imag9ative & humor\s faculty1   
play+ freely r\nd all objects ( ?\ght3  

ev5 r\nd ! ,sup]human be+s ( belief4 ,b1
 z to 8 ,religion1 ! savage by no means 
speaks out s freely4 ,religion repres5ts
 8 s]i\s mood ( tru/1 dep5d5ce or       
appreh5sion4  ,9 c]ta9 cases ! ideas    
ab\t sup]human ,mak]s & judges are veil$
 9 my/]ies1 rude sket*es ( ! my/]ies (  
,greece1 to :i* ! :ite man is b seldom  
admitt$4 ,9 o!r cases ! highe/ religi\s 
conceptions ( ! p are 9 a /ate (        
obsolesc5ce1 are subord9at$ to ! cult ( 
accessible m9or deities1 & are r>ely    
m5tion$4 ,:ile sacrifice or s]vice aga9 
is done to ! l[] objects ( fai? 7gho/s  
or gods develop$ out ( gho/s7 ! ,supreme
 ,be+1 9 a surpris+ numb] ( in/ances1 is
 :olly unpropitiat$4 ,hav+ all ?+s1 he  
ne$s no?+ 7at all ev5ts gets no?+7 at   
m5's h&s except ob$i5ce to 8 laws2 be+  
good1 he is n fe>$2 or be+ obsolesc5t   
7sup]s$$1 z x seems1 by deities :o c be 
brib$7 he has %runk to ! %ad[ ( a "n4 ,(
 ! gods too good & great to ne$ any?+1 !
 ,ahone ( ! ,r$ ,m5 9 ,virg9ia1 or !    
,d5did ( ! ,african ,d9kas1 is an       

example4 ,( ! obsolesc5t god1 n[ b a "n1
 ! ,atahocan ( ! ,hurons 01 :ile ! ,"l 9
 heav5 ( ! ,zulus is1 an in/ance4 ,among
 ! relatively supreme be+s reveal$ only 
9 ! my/]ies1 ! gods ( _m ,au/ralian     
tribes are des]v+ ( obs]vation4  ,= all 
^! reasons1 my/]y1 abs5ce ( sacrifice or
 idol1 & obsolesc5ce1 ! ,religion (     
savages is a subject mu* m obscure ?an  
_! my?ology4 ,! tru? is t an?ropological
 inquiry is n yet 9 a position to be    
dogmatic2 has n yet k suffici5t = a !ory
 ( ! ,orig9s ( ,religion1 & ! evolution 
( belief f its l[e/ /ages & e>lie/ g]ms4
 ,nev]!less su* a !ory has be5 fram$1 & 
has be5 already /at$4  ,we =mulat$ !    
objections to ?is curr5t hypo!sis1 &    
obs]v$ t its def5d]s mu/ take refuge 9  
d5y+ ! evid5ce z to l[ savage religions1
 or1 if ! facts be accept$1 mu/ acc\nt =
 !m by a !ory ( degradation1 or by a    
!ory ( borr[+ f ,*ri/ian s\rces4 ,t !   
,au/ralians are n deg5]ate we           
demon/rat$1 & we mu/ n[ give reasons =  
hold+ t _! religi\s conceptions are n   

borr[$ f ,europeans4  ,! ,au/ralians1 :5
 obs]v$ by ,dampi] on ! ,nor?-we/ ,coa/ 
9 #afhh1 seem$ ! mis]able/ p 9 ! _w1 )\t
 h\ses1 agriculture1 metals1 or         
dome/icat$ animals499 ,9 ?is condition  
!y /ill rema91 :5 n "u ,european        
influ5ce4 ,dampi]1 we saw1 not$         
peculi>ities3 ,be x little or mu* !y    
get1 e "o has 8 "p1 z well ! "y & t5d] z
 ! old & feeble1 :o are n able to g     
abroad1 z ! /rong & lu/y4 ,?is k9d (    
ju/ice or g5]osity1 or unselfi%ness1 is 
/ill inculcat$ 9 ! religi\s my/]ies ( "s
 ( ! race4 ,g5]osity is c]ta9ly "o ( !  
native's lead+ features4 ,he is always  
accu/om$ to give a %>e ( 8 food1 or (   
:at he may possess1 to 8 fell[s4 ,x may 
be1 ( c\rse1 object$ to ?is t 9 do+ s he
 is only foll[+ an old-e/abli%$ cu/om1 !
 break+ ( :i* w\ld expose him to h>%    
treatm5t & to be+ look$ on z a *urli%   
fell[4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be h>dly d5i$ t1 z  
?is cu/om expresses ! idea t1 9 ?is     
p>ticul> matt]1 e "o is suppos$ to act 9
 a k9dly way t[>ds c]ta9 individuals3 ! 

v exi/5ce ( su* a cu/om1 ev5 if x be    
only c>ri$ out 9 ! hope ( secur+ at "s  
"t a quid pro quo1 %[s t ! native is    
alive to ! fact t an action :i* b5efits 
"s "o else is wor?y to be p]=m$4444     
99 ,e>ly ,voyages to ,au/ralia1 pp4     
#ajb-aaa4    ,hakluyt      ,society4    
,x is ) ! native a fix$ habit to give   
away "p ( :at he has499 ,! au?ors ( ?is 
/atem5t d n say t ! duty is inculcat$1 9
 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 "u religi\s         
sanction1 9 ! tribal my/]ies4 ,?is1     
h[ev]1 is ! case among ! ,kurnai1 & "s  
tribes ( ,victoria & ,new ,s\?          
,wales49999 ,s9ce ,dampi] f\nd ! duty   
practis$ z e>ly z #afhh1 x w sc>cely be 
argu$ t ! natives adopt$ ?is c\rse ( :at
 %\ld be ,*ri/ian conduct f _!          
obs]vations ( ,*ri/ian coloni/s4  ,!    
second po9t :i* impress$ ,dampi] 0 t m5 
& wom51 old & "y1 all lack$ ! two front 
upp] tee?4 ,among _m tribes ( ! natives 
( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria1 ! boys  
/ill h _! front tee? knock$ out1 :5     
initiat$1 b ! cu/om does n prevail 79   

ritual7 :]e circumcision & ano!r v      
pa9ful rite are practis$1 z 9 ,c5tral   
,au/ralia & ,c5tral ,que5sl&4  ,dampi]'s
 evid5ce %[s h[ little ! natives h *ang$
 9 two hundr$ ye>s4 ,yet evid5ce (      
progress may be detect$1 p]haps1 z we h 
already %[n4 ,b "o fact1 p]haps ( an    
opposite be>+1 mu/ be not$4 ,a s+ul>    
pa9t+1 9 a cave1 ( a p]son clo!d 9 a    
robe ( r$1 rea*+ to ! feet1 ) sleeves1 &
 ) a k9d ( halo 7or set ( b&ages7 r\nd !
 head1 rema9s a my/]y1 l simil> figures 
) blue halos or b&ages1 clo!d & girdl$4 
,none ( ! figures _h m\?s2 o!rwise1 9   
,sir ,george ,grey's sket*es1 !y h a    
remote air ( ,cimabue's "w4999999 ,^!   
designs 7 by m5 famili> ) clo?+1 :e!r _!
 own1 or t ( /rang]s obs]v$ by !m1 ?\gh 
9 "o case an unclo!d figure c>ries a    
kang>oo4 ,at pres5t ! natives draw ) mu*
 _s1 :5 provid$ ) ,european mat]ials1 z 
may be se5 9 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s two 
volumes ( ,au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales4   
,_! decorative patt]ns v>y 9 "* 9       
diff]5t p>ts ( ! cont95t1 b n[h]e d !y  

n[ execute works l ^? 9 ! caves discov]$
 by ,sir ,george ,grey4 ,! read] mu/    
decide = himself h[ f> ^! monum5ts alone
 w>rant an inf]5ce ( great deg5]ation 9 
,au/ralia1 or are connect$ ) religion4  
99 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,natives ( ,c5tral  
,au/ralia1 p4 #dh4       9999 ,h[itt1   
,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/41 #ahhe1 p4 #caj4 
999999 ,grey's ,j\rnals ( ,exp$itions  (
 ,discov]y 9 ,nor?-      ,we/ & ,we/]n  
,au/ralia1 9 ! ye>s #ahcg-ci1 vol i41   
pp4 #bjj-bfc4 ,sir ,george reg>d$ !     
pictures z p]haps      v anci5t4 ,!     
natives *aff$ him :5 he ask$ =          
traditions on ! subject4  ,su* are !    
,au/ralians1 m5 )\t k+s or *iefs1 & :at 
d we "k ( _! beliefs8  ,! mo/           
contradictory /atem5ts ab\t _! religion 
may be f\nd 9 works ( sci5ce ,mr4       
,huxley decl>$ t _! !ology is a m]e     
belief 9 ! exi/5ce1 p[]s & dispositions 
7usually malignant7 ( gho/-l entities :o
 may be propitiat$ or sc>$ away2 b no   
cult c be prop]ly said to exi/4 ,& 9 ?is
 /age !ology is :olly indep5d5t ( e?ics4

 ,?is1 he adds1 is !ology 9 its simple/ 
condition4  ,9 a simil> s5se1 ,sir ,john
 ,lubbock writes3 ,! ,au/ralians h no   
idea ( creation1 nor d !y use pray]s2 !y
 h no religi\s =ms1 c]emonies or wor%ip4
 ,!y d n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1
 nor is morality 9 any way connect$ ) _!
 religion1 if x c be s call$499       99
 ,lubbock1 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4   
#aeh1ahgj4 ,9 #ahhi1 =      a deity a   
true ,deity4  ,?is rem>k mu/ be comp>$ )
 ano!r 9 ! same "w 7#ahhb1 p4 #baj74    
,mr4 ,ridley1 inde$1444 /ates t !y h a  
traditional belief 9 "o supreme         
,creator1 call$ ,baiamai1 b he admits t 
mo/ ( ! witnesses :o 7 exam9$ be=e !    
,select ,committee appo9t$ by !         
,legislative ,c\ncil ( ,victoria 9 #aheh
 to report on ! ,aborig9es1 gave x z _! 
op9ion t ! natives _h no religi\s ideas4
 ,x appe>s1 moreov]1 f a subsequ5t      
rem>k1 t ,baiamai only possess$ 'traces'
 ( ! ?ree attributes ( ! ,god ( !       
,bible1 ,et]nity1 ,omnipot5ce &         
,goodness499       99 ,cf4 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 

#ahgb1 #beg-bga4  ,mr4 ,ridley1 an      
accompli%$ l+ui/ :o _h liv$ ) wild      
blacks 9 #ahed-eh1 9 fact1 said long    
ago1 t ! ,au/ralian ,bora1 or ,my/]y1   
involves ! idea ( d$ication to ,god 4   
,he ask$ old ,billy ,murri ,bundur :e!r 
m5 wor%ipp$ ,baiame at ! ,bora8 ,( c\rse
 !y d1 said ,billy4 ,mr4 ,ridley1 to ^: 
evid5ce we %all return1 0 n ! only      
affirmative witness4 ,ar*deacon ,gun!r  
_h no d\bt t ,baiame 0 equival5t to !   
,supreme ,be+1 a remnant ( orig9al      
traditions1 & x 0 ,mr4 ,gu5!r1 n ,mr4   
,ridley1 :o spoke ( traces ( ,baiame's  
et]nity1 omnipot5ce & goodness4 ,mr4    
,ridley gave simil> reports f evid5ce   
collect$ by ! committee ( #aheh4 ,he    
f\nd ! high] cre$s mo/ prom95t 9 !      
int]ior1 hundr$s ( miles f ! coa/4      
,app>5tly ! reply ( ,gu/av ,rosk(f to   
,sir ,john ,lubbock 7#ahhj7 did n alt] t
 writ]'s op9ion4 ,rosk(f po9t$ out t    
,waitz-,g]l&1 :ile d5y+ t ,au/ralian    
beliefs 7 d]iv$ f any high] culture1    
d5\nc$ ! !ory t !y h no religion z      

entirely false4 ,belief 9 a ,good ,be+  
is f\nd 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 ,new ,s\?     
,wales1 & ! c5tre ( ! s\?-ea/]n         
cont95t499 ,! op9ion ( ,waitz is highly 
e/eem$1 & t n m]ely because1 z ,mr4 ,max
 ,muell] has po9t$ out1 he has edit$    
,greek classical works4 ,avec du ,grec  
on nepeut gat] ri54 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 9   
addition to bogles & a wat]-_s1 f\nd    
,biam 7,baiame7 & ,namba-jundi1 :o      
admits s\ls into 8 ,p>adise1 :ile       
,w>nyura torm5ts ! bad "u e>?49999 ,mr4 
,eyre1 publi%+ 9 #ahde1 gives ,baiame   
7on ! ,morrum-bidgee1 ,biam2 on !       
,murray1 ,biam-,vait*-y7 z a s\rce (    
songs sung at dances1 & a cause (       
disease4 ,he is de=m$1 sits cross-legg$1
 or paddles a canoe4 ,on ! ,murray he   
f\nd a creator1 ,noorele1 all p[]ful1 & 
( b5evol5t "*1 ) ?ree unborn sons1      
dwell+ up among ! cl\ds4 ,s\ls ( dead   
natives jo9 !m 9 ! skies4 ,nev]!less !  
natives1 z f> z yet c be asc]ta9$1 h no 
religi\s belief or c]emonies2 &1 ?\gh   
,noorele is cr$it$ ) ! orig9 ( creation1

 he made ! e>?1 trees1 wat]1 etc41 a    
deity1 or ,great ,fir/ ,cause1 c h>dly  
be said to be ackn[l$g$4999999       99 
,waitz-,g]l&1 ,an?ropologic1 vi4 #gid et
 seq4       9999 ,oldfield1             
,translations ( ,e?nol4 ,soc41 iii4     
#bjh4   ,on      ?is evid5ce ,i lay no  
/ress4       999999 ,eyre1 ,j\rnals1 ii4
 pp4 #cee-ceh4  ,su* are ! consi/5t     
/atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,eyre6 ,rosk(f also     
cites ,mr4 ,ridley1 ,braim1 ,cunn+ham1  
,dawson1 & o!r witnesses1 z oppos$ to   
,sir ,john ,lubbock1 & he includes ,mr4 
,tylor499 ,mr4 ,tylor1 lat]1 f\nd       
,baiame1 or ,pei-a-mei1 no e>li] 9      
lit]ature ?an ab\t #ahdj1 9 ,mr4 ,hale's
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition8     
,previ\s to t date1 ,baiame1 x seems1 0 
unkn[n to ,mr4 ,?relkeld1 ^: e>ly works 
are ( #ahca-aheg4 ,he only speaks (     
,ko91 a k9d ( gobl91 & = lack ( a native
 "n = ,god1 ,mr4 ,?relkeld tri$ to      
introduce ,jehova-ka-birue1 & ,eloi1 b  
fail$4 ,mr4 ,tylor1 !re=e1 appe>s to    
suppose t ! "n1 ,baiame1 &1 at all      

ev5ts1 8 div9e qualities1 7 introduc$ by
 mission>ies1 app>5tly betwe5 #ahca &   
#ahdj4999999 ,to ?is x mu/ be repli$ t  
,mr4 ,hale1 ab\t #ahdj1 writes t :5 !   
mission>ies fir/ came to ,well+ton 7,mr4
 ,?relkeld's own di/rict7 ,baiame 0     
wor%ipp$ !re ) songs4 ,^! songs or      
hymns1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,?relkeld1 7     
pass$ on f a consid]able di/ance4 ,x is 
notori\s t songs & dances are ?us pass$ 
on1 till !y rea* tribes :o d n ev5 "k ! 
mean+ ( ! words499999999       99       
,rosk(f1 ,das ,religion/oes5 d] ,rohe/5 
,naturvolh]1 pp4      #cg-da4       9999
 ,e?nology & ,philology1 p4 #aaj4       
#ahdf4       999999 ,tylor1 ,! ,limits (
 ,savage ,religion1 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 vol4   
xxi4    #ahib4       99999999 ,ro?1     
,natives ( ,n4-,w4 ,c5tral ,que5sl&1 p4 
#aag4  ,9 ?is way ,baiame songs _h rea*$
 ,well+ton be=e ! arrival ( !           
mission>ies1 & = ?is fact ,mr4 ,?relkeld
 7:o is suppos$ n to h kn[n ,baiame7 is 
,mr4 ,hale's au?ority4 ,9 ,mr4 ,tylor's 
op9ion 7z ,i und]/& x7 ! ^w ,baiame 0 ! 

mission>y translation ( our ^w ,creator1
 & d]iv$ f ,baia to make4 ,n[1 ,mr4     
,ridley says t ,mr4 ,gre5way discov]$   
?is baia to be ! root ( ,baiame4 ,b :at 
mission>y introduc$ ! ^w be=e #ahdj8 ,n 
,mr4 ,?relkeld1 = he 7accord+ to ,mr4   
,tylor71 did n "k ! ^w1 & he tri$ ,eloi1
 & ,jehova-ka-biru,l1 :ile ,immanueli 0 
also tri$ & also fail$99 ,baiame1 kn[n 9
 #ahdj1 does n occur 9 a mission>y prim]
 be=e ,mr4 ,ridley's ,gurre ,kamil>oi   
7#ahef71 s ! mission>y prim] did n laun*
 ,baiame be=e ! mission>ies came to     
,well+ton4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hale1 !    
,baiame songs 7 br\ght by blacks f a    
di/ance 7we "k h[ ,greek my/]ies 7 also 
colportes to new c5tres71 & ! ye>ly rite
 _h1 9 #ahdj1 be5 = ?ree ye>s 9         
abeyance4 ,moreov]1 ! etymology1 ,baia  
to make has a competitor 9 ,byamee  ,big
 ,man49999 ,?us ,baiame1 z a div9e be+1 
prec$$ ! mission>ies1 & is n a ^w (     
mission>y manufacture1 :ile sacr$ words 
really ( mission>y manufacture d n f9d  
_! way into native tradition4 ,mr4 ,hale

 admits t ! ideas ab\t ,baiame may      
possibly be ( ,european orig91 ?\gh !   
great reluctance ( ! blacks to adopt any
 op9ion f ,europeans makes aga9/ t      
!ory4999999       99  ,ridley1 speak+ ( 
#ahee4    ,lang's ,que5sl&1 p4 #dce4    
9999 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]1 ,m ,au/ralian
 ,leg5d>y ,tales4      #ahih4 ,gloss>y4 
999999 ,op4 cit41 p4 #aaj4  ,x may be   
said t1 if ,baiame 0 premission>y1 8    
high] attributes date aft] ,mr4         
,ridley's lab\rs1 ab&on$ = lack (       
enc\ragem5t 9 #aheh4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,mr4     
,hale f\nd ,baiame locat$ 9 an isle ( ! 
seas1 l ,circe1 liv+ on fi% :i* came to 
8 call4 ,"s native !ologians attribut$  
,creation to 8 ,son1 ,buramb91 !        
,demiurge1 a common savage =m (         
,gno/icism4  ,on ! nature ( ,baiame1 we 
h1 h[ev]1 "s curi\s e>ly evid5ce (      
#ahdd-de4 ,mr4 ,james ,mann+1 9 ^! ye>s1
 & e>li]1 liv$ ne> ! outside b\nd>ies ( 
settl]s to ! s\?4 ,a conv]sation )      
,goe!1 :5 ! poet 0 eighty-five1 induc$  
him to /udy ! native beliefs4 ,no       

mission>ies1 he writes1 ev] came to !   
s\!rn di/rict at any "t1 & x 0 n till _m
 ye>s lat] t !y l&$ 9 ,sydney on _! way 
to ,moreton ,bay1 to attempt1 9 va91 to 
,*ri/ianise ! blacks ( t locality1 be=e 
! ,que5sl& sep>ation f ?is colony took  
place4 ,mr4 ,mann+ lo/ 8 notes ( #ahde1 
b recov]$ a copy f a set l5t to ,"l     
,audley1 & read !m1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahhb1  
to ! ,royal ,society ( ,new ,s\? ,wales4
 ,! notes are ( an extraord9>y "*1 &    
,mr4 ,mann+1 p]haps unconsci\sly1       
exagg]at$ _! ,*ri/ian analogies1 by     
adopt+ ,*ri/ian t]m9ology4 ,dean ,c[p]1 
h[ev]1 corroborat$ ,mr4 ,mann+'s g5]al  
op9ion1 by ref]r+ to evid5ce (          
,ar*deacon ,gun!r1 :o s5t a gramm>1 )   
rem>ks on ,bhaime1 or ,bhaiame1 f       
,well+ton to ,mr4 ,max ,muell]4 ,he     
receiv$ 8 in=mation1 he told me1 f "s ( 
! olde/ blacks1 :o1 he 0 satisfi$1 c\ld 
n h d]iv$ _! ideas f :ite m51 z !y _h n 
!n _h int]c\rse ) !m4 ,old savages are n
 apt to be 9 a hurry to borr[ ,european 
notions4 ,mr4 ,mann+ also av]r$ t he    

obta9$ 8 in=mation ) ! greate/          
difficulty4 ,!y requir$ su* secrecy on  
my "p1 & seem$ s afraid ( be+ he>d ev5 9
 ! mo/ secret places1 t1 9 "o or two    
cases1 ,i h se5 !m almo/ tremble 9      
speak+4 ,"o native1 aft] c>efully exam9+
 doors & w9d[s1 /ood 9 a wood5          
fireplace1 & spoke 9 a tone little above
 a :isp]1 & confirm$ :at ,i _h be=e     
he>d4 ,ano!r /ipulat$ t sil5ce mu/ be   
obs]v$1 o!rwise ! ,european h&s might "q
 8 wife1 9 :i* case he w\ld be oblig$ to
 kill h]4 ,mr4 ,h[itt also f\nd t ! "n (
 ,d>umulun 79 religion7 is too sacr$ to 
be spok5 except almo/ 9 :isp]s1 :ile !  
total exclusion ( wom5 f my/]ies &      
religi\s k1 on pa9 ( dea?1 is admitt$ to
 be univ]sal among ! tribes499 ,su*     
secrecy1 s widely diffus$1 is h>dly     
compatible ) humor\s impo/ure by !      
natives4  ,!re is an elem5t ( hum\r 9   
all ?+s4 ,mr4 ,mann+1 9 #ahhb1 appeal$  
to 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,mann1 to give te/imony
 to ! excell5cy ( ,black ,&y1 ! native f
 :om he d]iv$ mo/ ( 8 notes1 :i* 7      

corroborat$ by o!r black witnesses4 ,mr4
 ,mann arose & repli$ t he _h nev] met  
"o aborig9e :o _h any true belief 9 a   
,supreme ,be+4 ,on cross-exam9ation1 !y 
always said t !y _h got _! in=mation f a
 mission>y or o!r resid5t4 ,black ,&y 0 
n allud$ to by ,mr4 ,mann1 :o reg>d$ all
 ^! native religi\s ideas z filtrations 
f ,european s\rces4 ,mr4 ,palm]1 on !   
o!r h&1 corroborat$ ,mr4 ,mann+1 :o     
repeat$ ! expression ( 8                
convictions49999 ,su*1 !n1 is ! p]plex$ 
condition ( ! evid5ce4       99         
,h[itt14#g4 ,a4 ,i41 xiii4 #aic4        
9999 ,mr4 ,mann told a /ory ( native    
magic1 view$ by himself1      :i* might 
r\se scepticism among p]sons n famili> )
      :at ^! conjur]s c d4  ,x may be   
urg$ t ! secrecy & timidity ( ,mr4      
,mann+'s in=mants1 correspond+ ) ,mr4   
,h[itt's exp]i5ce1 makes = ! affirmative
 side2 t1 9 #ahde1 :5 ,mr4 ,mann+ made 8
 notes1 mission>ies 7 sc>ce1 & t a      
native cross-exam9$ by ! sceptical &    
jovial ,mr4 ,mann1 w\ld probably n      

contradict4 7,lubbock1 ,o4 ( ,c4 p4 #d47
 ,confid5ce is only won by sympa?y1 & "o
 inquir] w get au!ntic leg5ds & folklore
 f a ,celt1 :ile ano!r ( ! ord9>y       
,engli% type w totally fail ,on ?is po9t
 ,mr4 ,mann+ says3 ,sceptics %\ld       
consid] h[ easy x might be = intellig5t 
m5 to pass almo/ a lifetime among !     
blacks 9 any qu>t] ( ?is cont95t )\t    
secur+ ! confid5ce ev5 ( ! be/ ( !      
natives ar\nd !m1 ?r\gh :om !y might    
possibly become acqua9t$ ) _! religi\s  
secrets1 secrets :i* !y d>e n reveal to 
_! own wom5 at all1 nor to _! adult y\?s
 until ! latt] h be5 sworn to retic5ce  
"u t t]rify+ c]emony :i* my notes       
describe4 ,9 ! same way ,mrs4 ,langloh  
,p>k] f\nd t an ,european neighb\r w\ld 
ask1 b h ! blacks any leg5ds8 & we h    
cit$ ,mr4 ,h>tt on ! difficulty ( secur+
 leg5ds on ! ,amazon1 :ile ,mr4 ,sproat 
_h to live long among1 & become v       
intimate )1 ! tribes ( ,briti%          
,columbia1 be=e he c\ld get any         
in=mation ab\t _! beliefs4 ,?us1 !      

pres5t writ] is dis9cl9$ to believe t ! 
intellig5ce (f]$ to ,mr4 ,mann+ ) %y    
secrecy 9 #ahde 0 :olly a native copy ( 
rec5tly acquir$ h9ts on religion d]iv$ f
 ,europeans1 especially z ,mr4 ,h[itt1  
:o _h liv$ long among ! ,kurnai1 & _h   
writt5 copi\sly on !m1 knew no?+ ( _!   
religion1 be=e1 ab\t #ahhb1 he 0        
initiat$ & admitt$ to ! k l t ( ,mr4    
,mann+ 9 #ahde ,! !ory ( borr[+ is also 
*eck$ by ! closely analog\s savage      
beliefs report$ f ,nor? ,am]ica be=e a  
s+le mission>y _h arriv$1 & f ,africa4  
,= ! ,au/ralian1 ,african & ,am]ican    
ideas h a common po9t ( contact1 n      
easily to be expla9$ z d$uc$ f          
,*ri/ianity4 ,accord+1 !n1 to ,mr4      
,mann+1 ! natives believ$ 9 a be+ call$ 
,boyma1 :o dwells 9 heav51 immovably    
fix$ 9 a cry/al rock1 ) only ! upp] half
 ( a sup]natural body visible4 ,n[1 ab\t
 #ahhj1 a native describ$ ,baiame to    
,mr4 ,h[itt z a v great old man ) a     
be>d1 & ) cry/al pill>s gr[+ out ( 8    
%\ld]s :i* prop up a sup]nal sky4 ,?is  

vision ( ,baiame 0 se5 by ! native1     
app>5tly z a result ( ! _w-wide practice
 ( cry/al-gaz+499 ,mr4 ,tylor suspects !
 old man ) ! be>d z d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian    
arti/ic repres5tations1 b old m5 are    
notori\sly ! mo/ v5]at$ objects among ! 
aborig9es4 ,turn+ n[ to ,mrs4 ,langloh  
,p>k]'s ,m ,au/ralian ,leg5d>y ,tales   
7p4 #ij71 we f9d ,byamee fix$ to !      
cry/al rock on :i* he sat 9 ,bullimah   
7,p>adise74 ,are we to suppose t "s     
savage caught at ,*ri/ian tea*+1 add$   
?is feature ( ! cry/al rock f ! glassy  
sea ( ! ,apocalpyse1 or f ! great :ite  
?rone1 & succe$$ 9 secur+ wide          
acceptance & long p]si/5ce = a notion   
borr[$ f ,europeans8 ,is x likely t !   
*ief oppon5ts ( ,*ri/ianity ev]y:]e1 !  
,wirre5uns or sorc]]s1 w\ld cat* at !   
idea1 introduce x into ! cons]vative    
ritual ( ! ,my/]ies1 & conceal x f wom5 
& *ildr5 :o are z op5 z adults to       
mission>y influ5ce8 ,yet f native wom5 &
 *ildr5 ! belief is c]ta9ly conceal$4   
99 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xvi4 p4 #di1 #fj4  ,mr4 

,mann+1 :o prejudices 8 own case by     
speak+ ( ,boyma z ! ,almighty1 next     
introduces u to a ,son ( ,god equal to !
 fa!r z t\*+ 8 omnisci5ce1 & o!rwise b  
slightly inf]ior4 ,mr4 ,eyre _h already 
report$ on ! unborn sons ( ,noorele1 !re
 is no "m4 ,! son ( ,boyma's "n is      
,grogoragally4 ,he wat*es ov] conduct1 &
 takes ! good to ,ballima 7,bullimah 9  
,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]71 ! bad to         
,oorooma1 ! place ( fire 7gumby74 ,mr4  
,eyre _h atte/$ simil> ideas ( future   
life ( ! s\ls ) ,noorele4 7,eyre1 ii4   
#ceg47 ,9 ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s book a 
,mess5g] is call$ ! ,all-see+ ,_s1      
app>5tly id5tical ) h]                  
,wallahgooroonbooan1 ^: voice is he>d 9 
! noise ( ! tundun1 or bull-ro>]1 us$ 9 
! ,my/]ies499       99 ,m ,leg5d>y      
,tales1 p4 #hf4  ,grogoragally is unborn
 ( any "m4 ,he is repres5t$ by ,mr4     
,mann+ z a m$iator betwe5 ,boyma & !    
race ( m54 ,"h our belief is apt to     
break d[n1 & mo/ p w ?9k t ,black ,&y 0 
a well-in/ruct$ ,*ri/ian cate*um54 ,?is 

occurr$ to ,mr4 ,mann+1 :o put x pla9ly 
to ,&y4 ,he repli$ t ! exi/5ce ( names 9
 ! native language = ! sacr$ p]sons &   
places prov$ t !y 7 n ( ,european orig94
 ,:ite fell[ no call budg]y place       
7p>adise7 ',ballima1' or o!r place      
',oorooma1' nor ,god ',boyma1' nor ,son 
',grogoragally1' only we black fell[ ?9k
 & call !m t way 9 our own language1    
be=e :ite fell[ came into ! c\ntry4 ,a  
son or deputy ( ! *ief div9e be+ is1 9  
fact1 f\nd among ! ,kurnai & 9 o!r      
tribes4 ,he directs ! my/]ies4 ,"h1 !n1 
,&y is back$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt's aborig9al 
fri5ds4 ,_! deity sanction$ morality    
be=e ! :ite m5 came to ,melb\rne 7#ahce7
 & 0 call$ ,our ,fa!r at ! same date499 
,sev]al old m5 insi/$ on ?is1 z a matt] 
( _! own k4 ,!y 7 initiat$ be=e !       
arrival ( ,europeans4 ,ar*deacon ,gun!r 
receiv$ ! same /atem5ts f old aborig9es1
 & ,mr4 ,palm]1 speak+ ( o!r notions (  
tribes ( ! ,nor?1 is p]fectly satisfi$ t
 none ( _! ideas 7 d]iv$ f ! :ites49999 
,9 any case1 ,black ,&y's intellig5ce & 

logic are f> beyond :at mo/ p]sons      
attribute to 8 race4 ,if we disbelieve  
him1 x mu/ be on ! score1 ,i ?9k1 t he  
consci\sly add$ ,european ideas to names
 ( native orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 analog\s 
ideas1 n made s />tl+ z 9 ,mr4 ,mann+'s 
,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 are f\nd 9 _m p>ts (
 ,au/ralia4       99 ,j4 ,a41 xiii4 p4  
#aib1 #aic1       9999 ,op4 cit41 p4    
#bij4  ,mr4 ,mann+ next cites           
,moodgeegally1 ! fir/ man1 immortal1 a  
,culture ,h]o1 & a mess5g] ( ,boyma's4  
,!re are a k9d ( r m$iaeval fi5ds1      
,w>amolong1 :o puni% ! wick$ 7murd]]s1  
li>s & break]s ( m>riage laws7 9 ,gumby4
 ,wom5 d n g to ,ballima1 ,boyma be+    
celibate1 & wom5 "k no?+ ( all ^!       
my/]ies2 c]ta9ly ?is secrecy is n an    
idea ( ,*ri/ian orig94 ,if wom5 get at !
 secret1 ! :ole race mu/ be ext]m9at$1  
m5 go+ mad & slay+ ea* o!r4 ,?is notion 
we %all see is corroborat$4 ,b if       
mission>ies taught ! ideas1 wom5 mu/ "k 
all ab\t !m already4 ,mr4 ,mann+'s      
in=mation 0 confirm$ by a black f #cjj  

miles away1 :o call$ ,grogoragally by ! 
"n ( ,boymagela4 ,!re are no pray]s1    
except = ! dead at burial3 corroborat$  
by ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s beautiful     
,leg5d ( ,e]94 ,byamee1 ! m\rn]s cry1   
let 9 ! _s ( ,e]9 to ,bullimah4 ,save   
him f ,eleanbah wundah1 abode ( ! wick$4
 ,= ,e]9 0 fai?ful on e>?1 fai?ful to ! 
laws y left u699 ,! cre$ is taught to   
boys :5 initiat$1 ) a hymn :i* ,mr4     
,mann+'s in=mant d>$ n to reveal4 ,he   
said angrily t ,mr4 ,mann+ already knew 
m ?an any o!r :ite man4 ,n[1 to inv5t a 
hymn c\ld n h be5 beyond ! p[]s ( ?is   
rem>kable savage1 ,black ,&y4 ,! ,sons (
 ,baiame answ]1 we h se51 to ^? ascrib$ 
to ,noorele1 9 ,mr4 ,eyre's book4 ,!y   
also correspond to ,d>amulun :]e he is  
reg>d$ z ! son ( ,baiame1 :ile !        
,culture ,h]o1 ,moodgeegally1 f\nd] ( ! 
,my/]ies1 answ]s to ,tundun1 among !    
,kurnai49999 ,we h1 too1 9 ,au/ralia1   
,daw$1 a subord9ate :]e ,mang>rah is !  
,mak] 9 ! ,l>rakeah tribe4999999        
99 ,m ,au/ralian ,tales1 p4 #if4        

9999 ,h[itt1 ,j4 ,a4 _/41 #ahhe1 p4     
#cac4       999999 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 ,nov41  
#ahid1 p4 #aia4  ,9 "s cases1           
responsibility = evil1 pa91 & puni%m5t1 
are %ift$ f ! good ,mak] on to ! %\ld]s 
( 8 subord9ate4 ,?is is ! case1 9 e>ly  
,virg9ia1 ) ,okeus1 ! subord9ate ( !    
,creator1 ! good ,ahone499 ,we h also1 9
 ,we/ ,africa1 ! unpropitiat$           
,nyankupon1 ) 8 active subord9ate1 :o   
has human sacrifices1 ,bob[issi29999 &  
,mulungu1 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 possesses  
_m p[]ful s]vants1 b is himself kept a  
good deal beh9d ! sc5es ( e>?ly affairs1
 l ! gods ( ,epicurus4999999 ,! analogy1
 z to ! ,son1 int]pret] ( ! div9e w1 9  
,apollo & ,zeus 7c]ta9ly n ( ,*ri/ian   
orig967 is wor? obs]v+4 ,9 ! ,&aman     
,isl&s1 ,mr4 ,mann1 aft] long & m9ute   
inquiry f ! previ\sly un-contam9at$     
natives1 reports on an only son (       
,puluga1 a sort ( ar*angel1 :o alone is 
p]mitt$ to live ) 8 fa!r1 ^: ord]s x is 
8 duty to make kn[n to ! moro-w91 8     
si/]s1 m9i/]s ( ,puluga1 ! angels1 t is1

 inf]ior m9i/]s ( ,puluga's w499999999  
99 ,william ,/ra*ey1 ,hakluyt ,society1 
*apt] vii41 date1      #afab4       9999
 ,ellis1 ,religion ( ! ,t%i-speak+      
,races4       999999 ,macdonald1        
,africana1 vol4 i4 p4 #fg4              
99999999,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xii4 p4 #aeh4  ,x  
is = sci5ce to det]m9e h[ f> ?is />tl+  
idea ( ! ,son is a natural result ( a   
desire to pres]ve ! remote & some:at    
inaccessible & otiose dignity ( !       
,supreme ,be+ f ! ex]tion ( activity2 & 
h[ f> x is a savage refraction (        
mission>y tea*+1 ev5 :]e x seems to be  
ant]ior to mission>y influ5ces1 :i*1 )  
^! races1 h be5 almo/ a complete        
failure4 ,! subject ab\nds 9 difficulty1
 b ! sceptic mu/ acc\nt = ! m>vell\sly  
rapid acceptance ( ! ,european ideas by 
! mo/ cons]vative savage class1 !       
doctors or sorc]]s2 = ! admission ( !   
ideas into ! mo/ cons]vative ( savage   
in/itutions1 ! ,my/]ies2 = ! extreme    
retic5ce ab\t ! ideas 9 pres5ce ( ! v   
,europeans f :om !y are said to h be5   

d]iv$2 & 9 "s cases = ! concealm5t ( !  
ideas f ! wom51 :o1 "o presumes1 are z  
op5 z ! m5 to mission>y tea*+4 ,x is v  
easy to talk ( borr[+1 n s easy to      
expla9 ^! po9ts on ! borr[+ !ory1 above 
all1 :5 evid5ce is frequ5t t ! ideas    
prec$$ ! arrival ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s4  ,on
 ?is crucial po9t1 ! "q ( borr[+1 ,i may
 cite ,mr4 ,mann z to ! ,&amanese       
beliefs4 ,mr4 ,mann 0 = elev5 ye>s 9 !  
isl&s1 & = f\r ye>s sup]9t5d$ our ef=ts 
to reclaim "s natives4 ,he is well      
acqua9t$ ) ! ,s\? ,&aman dialect1 & has 
made /udies ( ! o!r =ms ( ! language4   
,?is excell5t witness writes3 ,x is     
extremely improbable t _! leg5ds 7 !    
result ( ! tea*+ ( mission>ies or o!rs4 
,!y h no tradition ( any =eign arrivals1
 & _! reputation 7undes]v$7 z cannibals1
 ) _! f]ocity to invad]s1 precludes !   
belief t any "o ev] settl$ !re to conv]t
 or in/ruct !m4 ,moreov]1 to reg>d )    
suspicion1 z "s h done1 ! g5u95ess ( su*
 leg5ds argues ignorance ( ! fact t     
num]\s o!r tribes1 9 equally remote or  

isolat$ localities1 h1 :5 fir/ discov]$1
 be5 f\nd to possess simil> traditions  
on ! subject "u consid]ation1 ,fur!r1 ,i
 h tak5 special c>e n only to obta9 my  
in=mation on ea* po9t f ^? :o are       
consid]$ by _! fell[ tribesm5 z         
au?orities1 b also f ^? :o1 f hav+ _h   
little or no int]c\rse ) o!r races1 7 9 
entire ignorance reg>d+ any save _! own 
leg5ds1 :i*1 !y all agree 9 /at+1 7 h&$ 
d[n to !m by _! fir/ p>5t1 ,to-mo1 & 8  
imm$iate desc5dants499 ,:at ,mr4 ,mann  
says conc]n+ ! unborr[$ "* ( ,&aman     
beliefs applies1 ( c\rse1 to ! yet m    
remote & inaccessible natives (         
,au/ralia4  ,9 :at has be51 & 9 :at     
rema9s to be said1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !
 high] religi\s ideas attribut$ to !    
,au/ralians are n _! only ideas 9 ?is   
matt]4 ,examples ( _! wild my?s h       
already be5 (f]$1 !y are totemi/s1 too1 
& fe>1 ?\gh !y d n propitiate1 gho/s4   
,vague spirits unatta*$ are also held 9 
dread1 & inspire sorc]]s & poets19999 z 
also does ! god ,bunjil4999999       99 

,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xii4 pp4 #aef1 #aeg4       
9999 ,ibid4y xvi41 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 ,on  
,bunjil4       999999 ,9 ,folk-,lore1   
,decemb]1 #ahih1 w be f\nd an essay1    
,mr4 ,h>tl&1 on my acc\nt ( ,au/ralian  
gods4 ,in/anc+      _m wild or comic    
my?s 7"s ( !m unkn[n to me :5 ,i        
wrote ',! ,mak+ ( ,religion'71 ,mr4     
,h>tl& seems to argue      t ^! de/roy !
 sacr$ness ( o!r coexi/+ native         
beliefs ( a high] k9d4 ,b1 on ?is !ory1 
:at religion      is sacr$8   ,all h    
contradictory my?s4    ,see             
,introduction4  ,turn+ f e>ly acc\nts ( 
,au/ralian religion1 say f #ahce to     
#ahde1 we look at ! m rec5t reports4 ,! 
be/ evid5ce is t ( ,mr4 ,h[itt1 :o1 )   
,mr4 ,fison1 laid ! f\ndations ( s]i\s  
,au/ralian an?ropology 9 ,kamil>oi &    
,kurnai 7#ahha74 ,9 #ahha1 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 
?\gh long & intimately famili> ) !      
tribes ( ,gippsl&1 ! ,y>ra1 ! ,upp]     
,murray1 ! ,murumbidgee1 & o!r di/ricts1
 _h f\nd no trace ( belief 9 a moral    
,supreme ,be+4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1   

initiat$1 or less =mally let into !     
secret1 by two memb]s ( ,braj]ak 7wild7 
black fell[s1 n ( ! same tribe z !      
,kurnai4 ,! rites ( ^! =m] aborig9es are
 call$ ,kur+al4 ,_! supreme be+ is      
,d>amulun believ$ 9 f ! sea-coa/ across 
to ! nor!rn b\nd>y claim$ by ! ,wolgal1 
ab\t ,yass & ,gundagai1 & f ,omeo to at 
lea/ z f> z ! ,%oalhav5 ,riv]4444 ,he 0 
n1 z x seems to me1 ev]y:]e ?\ght to be 
a malevol5t be+1 b he 0 dread$ z "o :o  
c\ld sev]ely puni% ! trespasses committ$
 aga9/ ^! tribal ord9ances & cu/oms1 ^: 
fir/ in/itution is ascrib$ to him4444 ,x
 0 taught also t ,d>amulun himself wat*$
 ! y\?s f ! sky1 prompt to puni% by     
sickness or dea? ! brea* ( 8 ord9ances4 
,^! are (t5 m]e taboos2 an old man said3
 ,i c\ld n eat ,emu's eggs4 ,he w\ld be 
v angry1 & p]haps ,i %\ld die4 ,x w     
h>dly be argu$ t ! savages h rec5tly    
borr[$ f mission>ies ?is conception (   
,d>amulun1 z ! orig9ator & gu>dian (    
tribal taboos4 ,oppon5ts mu/ admit him z
 ( native evolution 9 t "* at lea/4 ,!  

cre$ ( ,d>amulun is n communicat$ to    
wom5 & *ildr54 ,x is said t ! wom5 among
 ! ,ng>ego & ,wolgal knew only t a great
 be+ liv$ beyond ! sky1 & t he 0 spok5 (
 by !m z ,papang 7,fa!r74 ,?is seem$ to 
me :5 ,i fir/ he>d x to be> s suspici\s 
a resemblance to a belief d]iv$ f ! :ite
 m51 t ,i ?\ght x necess>y to make      
c>eful & repeat$ inquiries4 ,my ,ng>ego 
& ,wolgal in=mants1 two ( !m old m51    
/r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t x 0 s be=e ! :ite m5 
came4 ,!y !mselves only le>n$ ! doctr9e 
:5 initiat$1 z boys1 by ! old m5 ( t    
di/ant day4 ,! "n ,d>amulun1 0 almo/    
:isp]$ to ,mr4 ,h[itt1 & phrases 7 us$  
su* z ,he1 ! man1 ! "n ,i told y (4 ,!  
same secrecy 0 pres]v$ by a ,woi-worung 
man ab\t ,bunjil1 or ,pund-jel1 ?\gh he 
did n %[ s mu* reluctance :5 repeat+ to 
me ! 'folk-lore' 9 :i* ! ',great ,_s' ( 
! ,kul9 plays a "p4 ,he 0 us$1 or ge/ure
 signs 7 employ$ by ?is witness1 :o told
 h[ 8 gr&fa!r _h w>n$ him t ,bunjil     
wat*$ 8 conduct f a />1 he c see y & all
 y d d[n "h1--be=e ! :ite m5 came to    

,melb\rne4 7#ahce7499       99 ,j4 ,a4  
,i4f xiii1 #ahhd1 pp4 #aib1 #aic4  ,are 
we to believe t ?is my/ic secrecy is    
kept up1 z reg>ds :ite m51 ab\t a ,be+  
fir/ he>d ( f :ite m58 ,& is x cr$ible t
 ! old m51 ! hold]s ( tribal traditions1
 & ! mo/ cons]vative ( mortals1 w\ld    
borr[ a new div9ity f ! :ite devils1    
conceal ! doctr9e f ! wom5 7z accessible
 to mission>y tea*+ z !mselves71 adopt !
 new ,be+ z ! f\nd] ( ! antique my/]ies1
 & introduce him into ! c5tral rite8 ,& 
c ! natives h done s /eadily1 ev] s9ce  
ab\t #ahdj at lea/8 ,to believe all ?is 
is to illu/rate ! cr$ulity ( scepticism4
  ,mr4 ,h[itt adds facts ab\t tribes f  
,tw(old ,bay to ,sydney1 & z f> we/1 at 
lea/1 z ,hay4 ,"h1 too1 ,d>amulun       
in/itut$ ! rites2 8 voice is he>d 9 !   
noise ( ! :irl+ mudji 7bull-ro>]74 ,!   
mutt]+ ( ?und] is said to be 8 voice    
'call+ to ! ra9 to fall1 & make ! grass 
gr[ up gre5'4 ,su* are ! v words (      
,umb>a1 ! m9/rel ( ! tribe499  ,at !    
rites1 respect = age1 = tru?1 =         

unprotect$ wom5 & m>ri$ wom51 & o!r     
details ( sexual morality1 is inculcat$ 
p>tly 9 obsc5e dances4 ,a magic c]emony1
 resembl+ mesm]ic passes1 & accompani$  
by ! ^w ,good 7nga7 is meant to make !  
boys acceptable to ,d>amulun4 ,a        
tempor>y image ( him is made on rais$   
e>? 7to be de/roy$ aft] ! rites71 8     
attributes are !n expla9$4 ,?is is !    
,ma/] 7,biamban7 :o c g any:]e & d      
any?+49999 ,an old man is buri$1 & rises
 aga94 ,?is c]emony is mo/ impressive4  
,! opportunity is tak5 ( impress+ on !  
m9d ( y\?1 9 an indelible mann]1 ^?     
rules ( conduct :i* =m ! moral law ( !  
tribe4 ,!re is cle>ly a belief 9 a      
,great ,_s1 or r an an?ropomorphic      
,sup]natural ,be+1 ! ,ma/] ( ,all1 ^:   
abode is above1 ! sky1 & to :om are     
attribut$ p[]s ( omnipot5ce &           
omnipres5ce1 or1 at any rate1 ! p[] to d
 any?+ & g any:]e4444 ,to 8 direct      
ord9ance are attribut$ ! social & moral 
laws ( ! community4 ,mr4 ,h[itt ends1 ,i
 v5ture to ass]t t x c no long] be      

ma9ta9$ t ! ,au/ralians h no belief :i* 
c be call$ religi\s--t is1 9 ! s5se (   
beliefs :i* gov]n tribal & individual   
morality "u a sup]natural               
sanction4999999       99 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41   
#ahhd1 p4 #ddf4       9999 ,op4 cit41 p4
 #dec4       999999 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahhd1 
p4 #dei4  ,among ! rites is "o :i* is   
said to be int5d$ to tea* ! boys to     
speak ! /raight=w>d tru?1 & ! kabos     
7my/agogues7 ?us expla9 x to !m 499  ,x 
is1 p]haps1 un=tunate t ,mr4 ,h[itt does
 n give a full acc\nt ( :at ! morality  
?us sanction$ includes4 ,respect = age1 
= tru?1 = unprotect$ wom51 & = nature 7z
 reg>ds avoid+ c]ta9 unnatural vices7   
are alone spok5 (1 9 addition to taboos 
:i* h no relation to develop$ morality4 
,mr4 ,palm]1 9 speak+ ( ! morality      
inculcat$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! ,nor!rn       
,au/ralians1 adds to ! elem5ts ( e?ics  
m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,h[itt 9 ! s\?1 ! lesson
 n to be qu>relsome4 ,to ea* lad is     
giv51 by "o ( ! eld]s1 advice s k9dly1  
fa!rly & impressive1 z (t5 to s(t5 !    

he>t1 & draw te>s f ! y\?49999       99 
,j4 ,a4 #a41 xiii4 #ddd4       9999     
,ibid41 xlii #bif4  ,s f>1 ! morality   
religi\sly sanction$ is su* z m5 are    
likely to evolve1 & probably no "o w    
ma9ta9 t x mu/ h be5 borr[$ f           
,europeans4 ,x is argu$ t ! morality is 
only su* z ! tribes w\ld naturally      
develop1 ma9ly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! old 7!   
rul+ class7 & ( social ord] 7,h>t-l&1   
op4 cit4 pp4 #caf-cbi74 ,:at else did   
any "o ev] suppose ! mores ( a p to be1 
plus :atev] may be all[$ = ! effects (  
k9dl9ess1 or love1 :i* c]ta9ly exi/s8 ,i
 nev] h9t$ at morals div9ely &          
sup]normally reveal$4 ,all morality _h  
be5 d5i$ to ! ,au/ralians4 ,yet 9 !     
religi\s rites !y are taught to speak ! 
/raight=w>d tru?6 ,z reg>ds wom51 !re   
are p>ts ( ,au/ralia :]e disgu/+ laxity 
prevails1 except 9 cases prohibit$ by ! 
extremely complex rules ( =bidd5        
degrees4 ,su* p>ts are ,c5tral ,au/ralia
 & ,nor?-we/ ,c5tral ,que5sl&499  ,ano!r
 po9t 9 ,mr4 ,h[itt's evid5ce des]ves   

notice4 ,he at fir/ wrote ,! ,supreme   
,be+ :o is believ$ 9 by all ! tribes ,i 
ref] to "h1 ei!r z a b5evol5t or m      
frequ5tly z a malevol5t be+1 x seems to 
me repres5ts ! defunct headman 4 ,we h  
se5 t ,mr4 ,h[itt came to reg>d         
malevol5ce z m]ely ! punitive aspect ( !
 ,supreme ,be+ 4 ,z to ! !ory t su* a   
be+ repres5ts a dead headman1 no pro( is
 any:]e giv5 t gho/s ( headm5 are 9 any 
way propitiat$4 ,ev5 corpse-fe$+ 0      
repres5t$ to ,mr4 ,dawson by intellig5t 
old blacks1 z :ite fell[s' gammon49999  
,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] writes to me t %e1 
:5 %e began to /udy ! blacks1 _h1 ,i mu/
 all[1 a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t
 ,sp5c]'s !ory--x seem$ s rational1 b1  
accept+ my savages' evid5ce1 ,i mu/     
disc>d x4 ,z to (f]+s ( food to ! dead1 
,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] f\nd t no?+ 0 (f]$ 
except food :i* happ5$ to be 9 !        
possession ( ! corpse1 at 8 decease4  ,=
 ^! reasons x is almo/ inconceivable t !
 ,supreme ,be+ %\ld repres5t a dead     
headman1 z to dead m5 ( any sort no     

tribute is paid4 ,mr4 ,h[itt himself    
appe>s to h ab&on$ ! hypo!sis t         
,d>amulun repres5ts a dead headman1 = he
 speaks ( him z ! ,great ,_s1 or r an   
an?ropomorphic ,sup]natural ,be+1999999 
99 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 & ,ro?4       9999  
,dawson1 ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4        
999999 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 #ahhd1 p4 #deh4  ,a 
,great ,_s might1 conceivably1 be       
develop$ out ( a little _s1 ev5 out ( ! 
gho/ ( a tribesman4 ,b to ! conception (
 a sup]natural an?ropomorphic be+1 !    
idea ( _s is n necess>y4 ,m5 might      
imag9e su* an entity be=e !y _h ev]     
dream$ ( a gho/4  ,hav+ be5 initiat$    
into ! secrets ( "o set ( tribes1 ,mr4  
,h[itt 0 enabl$ to procure admission to 
^? ( ano!r gr\p ( clans1 ! ,kurnai4 ,=  
tw5ty-five ye>s ! ,j]aeil1 or my/]y1 _h 
be5 9 abeyance1 = !y are mu* 9 contact )
 ,europeans4 ,! old m51 h[ev]1 decl>$ t 
!y exactly reproduc$ 7) "o confess$     
addition7 ! ance/ral c]emonies4 ,!y 7   
glad to d x1 = _! lads n[ paid no       
att5tion ei!r to ! words ( ! old m51 or 

to ^? ( ! mission>ies499       99,j4 ,a4
 ,i41#ahhe1 p4 #cjd4  ,?is is j :at     
usually occurs4 ,:5 we meet a savage    
tribe we de/roy ! old bases ( its       
morality & sub/itute no?+ new ( our own4
 ,!y pay no att5tion to ! words ( !     
mission>ies1 b loaf1 dr9k & gamble l    
/ation h&s knock+ d[n a *eque 4         
,consequ5tly a rite unkn[n be=e !       
arrival ( ,europeans is n[ introduc$ at 
! ,j]aeil4 ,swift w\ld h be5 delight$ by
 ?is c]emony4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! boys1 hav+ 
liv$ s mu* among ! :ites1 _h become     
selfi% & no long] will+ to %>e t :i* !y 
obta9$ by _! own ex]tions1 or _h giv5 to
 !m1 ) _! fri5ds4 ,! boys 71 !re=e1     
plac$ 9 a r[1 & ! initiator or my/agogue
 /oop$ ov] ! fir/ boy1 &1 mutt]+ "s     
words :i* ,i c\ld n cat*1 he knead$ !   
lad's /oma* ) 8 h&s4 ,?is he did to ea* 
"o successively1 & by x ! ,kurnai       
suppos$ ! gre$9ess 7------7 ( ! y\? w\ld
 be expell$499       99  ,op4 cit41 pp4 
#caj1 #caa4  ,s f> f unselfi%ness be+ a 
doctr9e borr[$ by ! ,kurnai f ,*ri/ians1

 & introduc$ into _! rites1 x is 7z we  
saw 9 ! case ( ! ,arunta ( ,c5tral      
,au/ralia7 "p ( ! traditional           
morality--! good old ance/ral virtues1  
says ,mr4 ,h[itt--( ! tribes4 ,a special
 c]emony is ne$$ be=e unselfi%ness c be 
inspir$ among blacks :o h liv$ mu* among
 adh]5ts ( ! ,gospel4  ,?us "o satiric  
t\* seems to demon/rate t ! native e?ics
 are n ( mission>y orig94  ,aft] ov]com+
 ! scruples ( ! old m5 by prov+ t he    
really 0 initiat$ 9 ! ,kur+al1 ,mr4     
,h[itt 0 admitt$ to ! c5tral rite ( !   
,kurnai %[+ ! ,gr&fa!r4 ,! ess5ce ( x is
 t ! my/ae h _! heads %r\d$ 9 blankets4 
,^! are snat*$ (f1 ! initiator po9ts    
solemnly to ! sky ) 8 ?r[+ /ick 7:i*    
propels ! spe>s7 & !n po9ts to !        
,tundun1 or bull-ro>]4 ,?is object      
7------7 0 also us$ 9 ! ,my/]ies (      
anci5t ,greece1 & is /ill famili> 9 !   
rites ( savages 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w4  ,!
 ance/ral beliefs are !n solemnly       
reveal$4 ,x seems desirable to quote    
freely ! cond5s$ v]sion ( ,mr4 ,h[itt4  

,long ago !re 0 a great ,be+ call$      
,mungan-ngaur4 ,"h a note adds t ,mungan
 means ,fa!r1 & ngaur means ,our4  ,he  
has no o!r "n among ! ,kurnai4 ,9 o!r   
tribes ! ,great ,supreme ,be+1 besides  
be+ call$ 'fa!r1' has a "n1 = example   
,bunjil1 ,baiame1 ,d>amulun4 ,?is ,be+  
liv$ on ! e>?1 & taught ! ,kurnai444 all
 ! arts !y "k4 ,he also gave !m ! names 
!y be>4 ,mungan-gnaur _h a son 7!       
,son%ip doctr9e already notic$ by ,mr4  
,mann+7 nam$ ,tundun 7! bull-ro>]71 :o 0
 m>ri$1 & :o is ! direct ance/or--!     
,we9tw9 or fa!r's fa!r--( ! ,kurnai4    
,mungan-ngaur in/itut$ ! ,j]aeil        
7my/]ies7 :i* 0 conduct$ by ,tundun1 :o 
made ! in/rum5ts 7a l>ge & a small      
bull-ro>]1 z also 9 ,que5sl&7 :i* be> ! 
"n ( himself & 8 wife4  ,"s tribal      
traitor impi\sly reveal$ ! secrets ( !  
,j]aeil to wom51 & !reby br\ght d[n !   
ang] ( ,mungan ^u ! ,kurnai4 ,he s5t    
fire :i* fill$ ! wide space betwe5 e>? &
 sky4 ,m5 w5t mad1 & spe>$ "o ano!r1    
fa!rs kill+ _! *ildr51 husb&s _! wives1 

& bre?r5 ea* o!r4 ,?is corroborates     
,black ,&y4 ,!n ! sea ru%$ ov] ! l&1 &  
ne>ly all mank9d 7 dr[n$4 ,^? :o surviv$
 became ! ance/ors ( ! ,kurnai4444      
,tundun & 8 wife became porpoises 7z    
,apollo 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn became a       
dolph971 ,mungan left ! e>?1 & asc5d$ to
 ! sky1 :]e he /ill rema9s499       99  
,op4 cit41 pp4 #cac1 #cad4  ,"h ! ,son  
is cr$it$ ) none ( ! m$iatorial         
attributes 9 ,mr4 ,mann+'s v]sion1 b    
univ]sal massacre1 z a consequ5ce (     
reveal+ ! esot]ic doctr9e1 is common to 
bo? acc\nts4  ,morals are lat]          
inculcat$4  #a4 ,to li/5 to & obey ! old
 m54  #b4 ,to %>e ev]y?+ !y h ) _!      
fri5ds4  #c4 ,to live peaceably ) _!    
fri5ds4  #d4 ,n to int]f]e ) girls or   
m>ri$ wom54  #e4 ,to obey ! food        
re/rictions until !y are releas$ f !m by
 ! old m54 ,z at ,eleusis4  ,^!         
doctr9es1 & ! :ole belief 9             
,mungan-ngaur1 ! ,kurnai c>efully       
conceal$ f me1 says ,mr4 ,h[itt1 until  
,i le>n$ !m at ! ,j]aeil499 ,mr4 ,h[itt 

n[ admits1 9 s _m words1 t ,mungan-ngaur
 is r ! b5efic5t fa!r1 & ! k9dly ?\gh   
sev]e headman ( ! :ole tribe4444 ?an !  
malevol5t wiz>d4444 ,he consid]s x      
p]haps indicative ( great antiquity1 t  
?is id5tical belief =ms "p ( ! c5tral   
my/]ies ( a tribe s isolat$ z ! ,kurnai1
 z well z ( ^? ( ! tribes :i* _h free   
communication "o ) ano!r4  ,z ! morals  
sanction$ by ,mungan-ngaur are simply ! 
extant tribal morals 7( :i* unselfi%ness
 is a "p1 z 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia71 !re   
seems no reason to attribute !m to      
mission>ies--:o are q unhe$$4 ,?is "p ( 
! evid5ce may close ) a /atem5t ( ,mr4  
,h[itt's3 ,beyond ! vault$ sky lies !   
my/]i\s home ( t great & p[]ful ,be+ :o 
is ,bunjil1 ,baiame1 or ,d>a-mulun 9    
diff]5t tribal languages1 b :o 9 all is 
kn[n by a "n1 ! equival5t ( ! only "o   
us$ by ! ,kurnai1 :i* is ,mungan-ngaur1 
,our ,fa!r49999       99 ,op4 cit4 #cba1
 note #c       9999 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xvi4   
#fd4  ,o!r affirmative evid5ce might be 
adduc$4 ,mr4 ,ridley1 :o wrote prim]s 9 

! ,kamil>oi language z e>ly z 9 #ahef   
7us+ ,baiame = ,god71 says3 ,9 e "p (   
,au/ralia :]e ,i h conv]s$ ) !          
aborig9es1 !y h a traditional belief 9  
"o ,supreme ,creator1 & he wond]s1 z he 
well may1 at ! /atem5t to ! contr>y 9 ! 
,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 :i* re/s      
solely on ! au?ority1 ( ,dr4 ,lang1 9   
,que5sl&4 ,( names = ! ,supreme ,be+1   
,mr4 ,ridley gives ,baiame1 ,anamba2 9  
,que5sl&1 ,mumbal 7,?und]7 &1 at ,tw(old
 ,bay1 ,dhu-rumbulum1 :i* signifies1 9 !
 ,namoi1 a sacr$ /aff1 orig9ally giv5 by
 ,baiame1 & is us$ z ! title ( ,deity499
  ,by /aff ,mr4 ,ridley appe>s to       
indicate ! ,tundun1 or bull-ro>]4 ,?is  
,i v5ture to inf] f ,mr4 ,mat!ws' acc\nt
 ( ! ,wirad?uri 7,new ,s\? ,wales7 ) :om
 ,dhuramoolan is an ext9ct bugbe>1 n    
answ]+ to ,tundun among ! ,kurnai1 :o is
 subord9ate1 z son1 to ,mungan-ngaur1 & 
is associat$ ) ! my/ic bull-ro>]1 z is  
,gay&i1 ! voice ( ! ,mess5g] ( ,baiame1 
among ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k]'s            
in=mants49999 ,9 "o tribe1 ,d>a-mulun   

us$ to c>ry (f & eat ! initiat$ boys1   
till he 0 /opp$ & de/roy$ by ,baiame4   
,?is my? c h>dly exi/1 "o may suppose1  
among su* tribes z consid] ,d>amulun to 
preside ov] ! my/]ies4       99 ,j4 ,a4 
,i41 ii4 7#ahgb71 #bfh1 #bgj4       9999
 ,ibid41 xxv4 #bih4  ,liv+ 9 contact ) !
 ,baiame-wor%ipp+ ,kamil>oi1 !          
,wirad?uri appe> to make a je/ ( ! p[] (
 ,d>amulun1 :o 7we h le>n$7 is said to h
 di$1 :ile 8 _s dwells on high499 ,mr4  
,gre5 way also f9ds ,turramulan to be   
subord9ate to ,baiame1 :o sees all1 &   
kn[s all1 if n directly1 ?r\gh          
,turramulan1 :o presides at ! ,bora4444 
,turramulan is m$iator 9 all ! op]ations
 ( ,baiame ^u man1 & 9 all man's        
transactions ) ,baiame4 ,turramulan     
means leg on "o side only1 "o-legg$4 ,"h
 ! m$iatorial aspect corroborates ,mr4  
,mann+'s in=mation49999 ,i w\ld sugge/1 
p]iculo meo1 t !re may h be5 "s         
syncretism1 a ,baiame-wor%ipp+ tribe    
adopt+ ,d>amulun z a subord9ate &       
m$iator2 or ,baiame may h ou/$          

,d>amulun1 z ,zeus did ,cronos4  ,mr4   
,ridley goes on to obs]ve t ab\t eighte5
 ye>s ago 7t is1 9 #ahed7 he ask$       
intellig5t blacks if !y knew ,baiame4 ,!
 answ] 03 ,kamil zaia zummi ,baiame1    
zaia w9uzgulda1 ,i h n se5 ,baiame1 ,i h
 he>d or p]ceiv$ him4 ,! same id5tical  
answ] 0 giv5 9 #ahgb by a man to :om ,i 
_h nev] be=e spok54 ,if ask$ :o made !  
sky1 ! e>?1 ! animals & man1 !y always  
answ] ',baiame'4 ,v>ieties ( op9ion z to
 a future life exi/4 ,all g to ,baiame1 
or only ! good 7! bad dy+ et]nally71 or 
!y *ange into birds6999999       99 ,j4 
,a4 ,i41 xii4 #aid4       9999 ,ibid41  
vii4 #bdb4       999999 ,ibid41 ii4     
#bfi4  ,turn+ to ,nor?-we/ ,c5tral      
,que5sl& we f9d ,dr4 ,ro? 7:o kn[s !    
language & is p>tly initiat$7 giv+      
,mul-ka-ri z a b5evol5t1 omnipres5t1    
sup]natural be+4 ,any?+ incompreh5sible4
 ,he (f]s a s5t5ce3 ,mulk>i tikk>a ena  
,"l 7:o dwelle/7 among ! sky4 ,aga93    
,mulk>i is ! sup]natural p[] :o makes   
ev]y?+ :i* ! blacks _c o!rwise acc\nt =2

 he is a good1 b5efic5t p]son1 & nev]   
kills any "o4 ,he initiates m$ic9e m54  
,8 home is 9 ! skies4 ,he once liv$ on  
e>?1 & !re 0 a culture-h]o1 inv5t+ magic
 & spells4 ,t ,mulk>i is an ance/ral    
gho/ z well z a b5efic5t ,mak] ,i deem  
unlikely1 z no hon\rs are paid to !     
dead4 ,n 9 any way to ref] to ! dead    
appe>s to be an univ]sal rule among all 
^! tribes499 ,mulk>i has a malignant    
opposite or c\nt]p>t4  ,no?+ is said by 
,dr4 ,ro? z to inculcation ( ^! doctr9es
 at ! ,my/]ies1 nor d ,messrs4 ,sp5c] & 
,gill5 allude to any su* be+ 9 _!       
acc\nts ( ,c5tral ,au/ralian rites1 if  
we except ! self-exi/+ out ( no?+       
,ungambikula1 sky-dwell]s4  ,"o rite is 
suppos$ to make ! m5 :o pass ?r\gh x m  
k9dly1 we are n told :y49999 ,we h also 
an allusion to ! great _s ,twangirika1  
^: voice 7! wom5 are told7 is he>d 9 !  
noise ( ! bull-ro>]4999999       99     
,ro?1 pp4 #ad1 #cf1 #aaf1 #aec1aeh1     
#afe4       9999 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4    
#cfi4       999999 ,ibid41 p4 #bdf4  ,! 

belief is fundam5tally ! same z t f\nd 9
 all ,au/ralian tribes1 write ! au?ors1 
9 a note cit+ ,tundun & ,d>amulun4 ,b !y
 d n tell u :e!r ! ,arunta belief       
includes ! sanction1 by ,twangirika1 (  
morality4 ,if x does n1 h ! ,c5tral     
,au/ralians nev] develop$ ! idea1 or h  
!y lo/ x8 ,!y h _h q z mu* exp]i5ce (   
:ite m5 7or r mu* m7 ?an ! believ]s 9   
,baiame or ,bunjil1 be=e ! :ite m5 came 
to ,melb\rne1 &1 if "o set ( tribes     
borr[$ ideas f :ites1 :y did n ! o!r8   
,! evid5ce "h collect$ is n exhau/ive4  
,we might ref] to ,pirnmeheal1 a good   
be+1 :om ! blacks lov$ be=e !y 7 taught 
by mission>ies to fe> him499       99   
,dawson1 ,! ,au/ralian ,aborig9es4  ,mr4
 ,dawson took all conceivable pa9s to   
get au!ntic in=mation1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r
 ! belief 9 ,pirnmeheal 0 pre-,european4
 ,he ?9ks x 0 orig9al4 ,! idea (        
god-borr[+ is repudiat$ by ,mann+1      
,gun!r1 ,ridley1 ,gre5-way1 ,palm]1     
,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] & o!rs1 speak+ =   
tra9$ obs]v]s & 79 sev]al cases7 =      

l+ui/s1 /udy+ ! natives on ! spot1 s9ce 
#ahde4 ,x is ?\ght highly improbable by 
,mr4 ,hale 7#ahdj74 ,x is reject$ by    
,waitz-,g]l&1 speak+ = /udi\s sci5ce 9  
,europe4 ,mr4 ,h[itt1 beg9n+ ) di/ru/1  
seems n[ to reg>d ! beliefs describ$ z (
 native orig94 ,on ! o!r h& we h ,mr4   
,mann1 :o has be5 cit$1 & ! great       
au?ority ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 :o1     
h[ev]1 has /ill to reply to ! argum5ts 9
 fav\r ( ! native orig9 ( ! beliefs :i* 
,i h v5tur$ to (f]4 ,su* argum5ts are ! 
occurr5ce ( ,baiame be=e ! arrival (    
mission>ies2 ! secrecy1 z reg>ds        
,europeans1 ab\t ideas d]iv$ 7,mr4      
,tylor ?9ks7 f ,europeans2 ! ignorance (
 ! wom5 on ^! heads2 ! notori\s         
cons]vatism ( ! doctors :o promulgate ! 
cre$ z to ritual & dogma1 & ! o!r       
consid]ations :i* h be5 fully /at$4 ,9 !
 mean:ile ,i v5ture to ?9k1 subject to  
correction1 t1 :ile ,black ,&y may h    
exagg]at$1 or ,mr4 ,mann+ may h col\r$ 8
 evid5ce by ,*ri/ian t]m9ology1 & :ile  
my?ical accretions on a religi\s belief 

are num]\s1 yet ! l[e/ kn[n human race  
has atta9$ a religi\s conception v f>   
above :at savages are usually cr$it$ )1 
& has n done s by way ( ! gho/-!ory ( ! 
an?ropologi/s4 ,9 ?is cre$ sacrifice &  
gho/-wor%ip are abs5t499  ,x has seem$  
wor? :ile to devote space & att5tion to 
! ,au/ralian beliefs1 because ! va/     
cont95t conta9s ! mo/ ar*aic & backw>d (
 exi/+ races4 ,we may n yet h a         
suffici5t collection ( facts            
microscopically criticis$1 b ! evid5ce  
"h pres5t$ seems des]v+ ( att5tion4     
,ab\t ! /ill m ar*aic b ext9ct          
,tasmanians & _! religion1 evid5ce is   
too scanty1 too casual1 & too conflict+ 
= our purpose49999       99  ,^!        
,au/ralian gods are confus+4       #a4  
,d>amulun is supreme among ! ,coa/      
,murr+4 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41      ziv4 #dcb-dei4
       #b4  ,baiame is supreme1         
,d>amulun is an ext9ct bugbe>1          
among ! ,wirad?uri4   ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 xxv4 
#bih4       #c4  ,baiame is supreme1    
,d>amulun is m$iator1 among !           

,kamil>oi4 ,j4 ,a4 ,i41 vii4 #bdb4      
9999 ,see ,l+ ,ro?'s ,tasmanians4       
,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,gods ,,( ,,! ,,l[e/   
,,races4       ,bu%m5 gods--,cagn1 !    
gras%opp]8--,hott5tot gods--,w\nd$      
knee1 a dead sorc]]--,melanesian        
gods--,qat & ! spid]      --,aht &      
,maori bea/s-gods & m5-gods--,samoan =m 
(      animal-gods--,"o god inc>nate 9  
_m animal %apes--,"o      = ea*         
clan--,!y puni% ! eat+ ( c]ta9 animals4 
,pass+ f ,au/ralia to ,africa1 we f9d   
few races less advanc$ ?an ! ,bu%m5     
7,sa-n1 settl]s1 9 ,nama74 ,:atev] view 
may be tak5 ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,bu%m5 ( 
,s\? ,africa1 x is c]ta9 t at pres5t !y 
are a race on a v l[ level ( developm5t4
 ,ev5 ! ,hott5tots1 accord+ to ,dr4     
,bleek1 exce$ ! ,bu%m5 9 civilisation & 
political organisation499       99 ,see 
,waitz1 ,an?rop4 ,nat4 ,volk1 ii4       
#cbc-cbi4  ,be=e inve/igat+ ! religi\s  
my?s ( ! ,bu%m51 x mu/ be repeat$ t1 z  
usual1 _! religion is on a f> high]     
level ?an _! my?ology4 ,! conception (  

invisible or extra-natural p[]s1 :i* !y 
ent]ta9 & express 9 mom5ts ( e>ne/ ne$1 
is all unlike ! tales :i* !y tell ab\t  
_! own4  ,our ma9 au?orities at pres5t =
 ,bu%man my?s are conta9$ 9 ,a ,brief   
,acc\nt ( ,bu%man ,folk-lore1 ,bleek1   
,london1 #ahge2 & 9 ,a ,glimpse into !  
,my?ology ( ! ,maluti ,bu%m51 by ,mr4   
,orp51 ,*ief ,magi/rate1 ,/4 ,john's    
,t]ritory1 ,cape ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1      
,july1 #ahgd4 ,"s in=mation may also be 
glean$ f ! ,s\? ,african ,folk-lore     
,j\rnal1 #ahgi-hj1 gods1 if gods su*    
my?ical be+s may be call$4 ,?us         
,liv+/one says3 ,on que/ion+ intellig5t 
m5 among ! ,bakwa9s z to _! =m] k ( good
 & evil1 ( ,god & ! future /ate1 !y h   
sc\t$ ! idea ( any ( !m ev] hav+ be5 )\t
 a tol]ably cle> conception on all ^!   
subjects499 ,_! ideas ( s9 7 ! same z   
,liv+/one's1 except ab\t polygamy1 &    
app>5tly murd]4 ,probably !re 7 o!r     
trifl+ discrepancies4 ,b !y spoke 9 !   
same way ( ! direct influ5ce ex]cis$ by 
,god 9 giv+ ra9 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( ! 

ra9-mak]s1 & 9 grant+ deliv]ance 9 times
 ( dang]1 z !y d n[1 be=e !y ev] he>d ( 
:ite m5 4 ,?is 0 to be expect$4 ,9 %ort1
 ! religion ( savages1 9 its *ildlike & 
hopeful dep5d5ce on an invisible fri5d  
or fri5ds1 9 its hope ( mov+ him 7or !m7
 by pray]1 9 its belief t he 7or !y7    
make = righte\sness1 is absolutely      
human4 ,on ! o!r side1 z 9 ! my?s (     
,greece or ,india1 /& ! absurd & pr(ane 
anecdotes ( ! gods4       99 ,mission>y 
,travels1 p4 #aeh4  ,we n[ turn to a    
,bu%man's acc\nt ( ! religi\s my?s ( 8  
tribe4 ,%ortly aft] ! affair (          
,langa-libalele1 ,mr4 ,orp5 _h occasion 
to exam9e an unkn[n "p ( ! ,maluti      
range1 ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,s\? ,africa4 
,he engag$ a sc\t nam$ ,q+1 son ( a *ief
 ( an almo/ ext]m9at$ clan ( hill       
,bu%m54 ,he 0 n[ huntsman to ,k+ ,nqu%a1
 ,morosi's son1 on ! ,orange ,riv]1 & _h
 nev] se5 a :ite man1 except fight+4    
,?us ,q+'s evid5ce c\ld n be mu* affect$
 by ,european communications4 ,mr4 ,orp5
 secur$ ! s]vices ( ,q+1 :o 0 a "y man &

 a mighty hunt]4 ,by invit+ him to      
expla9 ! wall-pictures 9 caves1 ,mr4    
,orp5 l$ him on to give an acc\nt (     
,cagn1 ! *ief my?ical be+ 9 ,bu%man     
religion4 ,cagn made all ?+s1 & we pray 
to him1 said ,q+4 ,at fir/ he 0 v good &
 nice1 b he got spoilt ?r\gh fight+ s _m
 ?+s4 ,! pray] utt]$ by ,q+1 '9 a l[    
implor+ voice1' ran ?us3 ',o ,cagn1 ,o  
,cagn1 are we n y\r *ildr58 ,d y n see  
our hung]8 ,give u food4' ,:]e ,cagn is 
,q+ did n "k1 b ! el&s "k4 ,h y n hunt$ 
& he>d 8 cry :5 ! el&s sudd5ly run to 8 
call899 ,n[ comes 9 my?4 ,cagn has a    
wife call$ ,coti4 ,h[ came he into ! _w8
 ,p]haps ) ^? :o br\ght ! sun2444 only !
 initiat$ m5 ( t dance "k ^! ?+s49999   
99 ,ano!r ,bu%man pray]1 a t\*+ appeal1 
is giv5 9      ,alex&]'s ,exp$ition1 ii4
 #abe1 & a ,khoi-,khoi hymn (      pray]
 is 9 ,hahn1 pp4 #ef1 #eg4       9999   
,cf4 ,cu/om & ,my?1 pp4 #da1 #db4 ,x    
appe>s t !      ,bu%m51 l ! ,egyptians &
 ,greeks1 h& d[n my?s      ?r\gh esot]ic
 societies1 ) dramatic my/]ies4  ,cagn  

_h two sons1 ,cogaz & ,gcwi4 ,he & !y 7 
great *iefs1 b us$ /one-po9t$ digg+     
/icks to grub up edible roots6 ,cagn's  
wife br\ght =? a fawn1 &1 l ,cronus :5  
,rhea pres5t$ him ) a foal1 ,cagn 0 put 
to x to "k ! nature & future =tunes (   
?is *ild ( 84 ,to p5etrate ! future he  
employ$ ! ord9>y native *>ms & sorc]y4  
,! rema9d] ( ! my? acc\nts = ! orig9 (  
el&s & = _! inconv5i5t wildness4 ,a     
daught] ( ,cagn's m>ri$ snakes :o 7 also
 m51 ! et]nal confusion ( savage ?\ght4 
,^! snakes became ! p ( ,cagn4 ,cagn _h 
a too? :i* 0 great m$ic9e2 8 =ce resid$ 
9 x1 & he l5t x to p :om he fav\r$4 ,!  
birds 7z 9 ,od9's case7 7 8 mess5g]s1 & 
br\ght him news ( all t happ5$ at a     
di/ance499       99 ,comp>e ) ! sep>able
 vig\r ( ,cagn1 resid+ 9 8      too?1 ! 
,european & ,egyptian examples ( a      
simil>      my?--! lock ( hair ( ,m9os1 
! hair ( ,samson--9      introduction to
 ,mrs4 ,hunt's ,grimm's ,h\sehold       
,/ories1      p4 lxxv4  ,he c\ld turn 8 
s&als & clubs into dogs1 & set !m at 8  

enemies4 ,! baboons 7 once m51 b !y     
(f5d$ ,cagn1 & sang a song ) ! burd51   
,cagn ?9ks he is clev]2 s he drove !m   
into desolate places1 & !y are accurs$  
till ?is day4 ,8 /rong po9t 0 8         
collection ( *>ms1 :i*1 l o!r ,bu%m5 &  
,hott5tots1 he kept 9 8 belt4 ,he c\ld1 
& did1 assume animal %apes2 = example1 t
 ( a bull-el&4 ,! ?orns 7 once p1 &     
kill$ ,cagn1 & ! ants ate him1 b 8 bones
 7 collect$ & he 0 reviv$4 ,x 0 =m]ly   
said t :5 m5 di$ !y w5t to ,cagn1 b x   
has be5 d5i$ by lat] ,bu%m5 sceptics4   
,su* is ,q+'s acc\nt ( ,cagn1 & ,cagn 9 
my? is pla9ly b a successful & idealis$ 
m$ic9e-man ^: *>ms actually "w4 ,dr4    
,bleek id5tifies 8 "n ) t ( ! mantis    
insect4 ,?is insect is ! *ief           
my?ological p]sonage ( ! ,bu%m5 ( !     
we/]n prov9ce4 ,kagg5 8 "n is writt54   
,dr4 ,bleek knew ( no pray] to ! mantis1
 b 0 acqua9t$ ) addresses to ! sun1 moon
 & />s4 ,if ,dr4 ,bleek's id5tification 
is correct1 ! ,cagn ( ,q+ is at once    
human & a sort ( gras%opp]1 j z         

,pund-jel 0 half human1 half eagle-hawk4
  ,! mo/ prom95t ( ! my?ological        
figures1 says ,dr4 ,bleek1 speak+ ( !   
,bu%m51 is ! mantis4 ,8 prop] "n is     
,kagg51 b if we call him ,cagn1 !       
int]e/s ( sci5ce w n s]i\sly suff]4 ,8  
wife is ! ,dasse ,hyrax4 ,_! adopt$     
daught] is ! porcup9e1 daught] ( ,khwdi 
hemm1 ! ,all-dev\r]4 ,l ,cronus1 & _m   
o!r my?ological p]sons1 ! ,all-dev\r]   
has ! knack ( swall[+ all & sundry1 &   
disgorg+ !m alive4 ,dr4 ,bleek (f]s u b 
a w&]+ & disjo9t$ acc\nt ( ! mantis or  
,cagn1 :o is frequ5tly defeat$ by o!r   
animals1 su* z ! suricat4 ,cagn has "o  
po9t at lea/ 9 common ) ,zeus4 ,z ,zeus 
0 swall[$ & disgorg$ by ,cronus1 s 0    
,cagn by ,khwai hemm4 ,z ,indra once    
ent]$ into ! body ( a c[1 s did ,cagn   
ent] into ! body ( an elephant4 ,dr4    
,bleek did n f9d t ! mantis 0 pray$ to1 
z ,cagn 0 by ,q+4 ,! moon 7l sun & />s7 
is1 h[ev]1 pray$ to1 & ! moon belongs to
 ! mantis1 :o1 inde$1 made x out ( 8 old
 %oe6 ,! *ameleon is pray$ to = ra9 on  

occasion1 & successfully4  ,! peculi>ity
 ( ,bu%man my?ology is ! almo/ absolute 
pr$om9ance ( animals4 ,except an old    
woman1 :o appe>s n[ & !n 9 ^! incoh]5t  
leg5ds1 _! my?s h sc>cely "o human      
figure to %[4 ,n[1 :e!r ! ,bu%m5 be     
deeply deg5]ate f a pa/ civilisation or 
n1 x is c]ta9 t _! my?s are bas$ on _!  
actual condition ( ?\ght1 unless we     
pref] to say t _! intellectual condition
 is d]iv$ f _! my?s4 ,we h already d]iv$
 ! con/ant pres5ce & p]sonal action (   
animals 9 my? f t savage condition ( !  
m9d 9 :i* all ?+s1 animate or inanimate1
 human1 animal1 vegetable or inorganic1 
seem on ! same level ( life1 passion &  
reason 7*ap4 iii474 ,n[1 !re c be no    
d\bt t1 :e!r ! ,bu%man m9d has desc5d$  
to ?is /age or n1 9 ?is /age x actually 
dwells at pres5t4 ,z examples we may    
select ! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,bleek's ,bu%man 
,folk-lore4 ,dialkwa9 told h[ ! dea? ( 8
 own wife 0 =etold by ! spr+bok & !     
gems-bok4 ,aga91 = examples ( liv+      
belief 9 community ( nature ) animals1  

,dialkwa9 m5tion$ an old woman1 a       
relation1 & fri5d ( 8 own1 :o _h ! p[] (
 turn+ h]self into a lioness4 ,ano!r    
,bu%man1 ,kabbo1 reta9+1 d\btless1 8    
wide-awake m5tal condition 9 8 sleep1   
dream$ ( lions :i* talk$4 ,ano!r in=mant
 expla9$ t lions talk l m5 by putt+ _!  
tails 9 _! m\?4  ,?is w\ld h pleas$     
,sydney ,smi?1 :o ?\ght t if lions w\ld 
meet & gr[l out _! obs]vations to ea*   
o!r1 !y might s5sibly improve 9 culture4
 ,aga91 all ?+s t belong to ! mantis c  
talk1 & mo/ ?+s d belong to t fam\s be+4
 ,9 ,news f ,zulul&199 9 a my? ( !      
battle ( ,is&lwana1 a blue-buck turns   
into a "y man & attacks ! ,briti%4      
99 ,folk-lore ,j\rnal ( ,s\? ,africa1 i4
 iv4 #hc4  ,^! & o!r examples demon/rate
 t ! belief 9 ! p]sonal & human "* &    
attributes ( animals /ill prevails 9    
,s\? ,africa4 ,f t liv+ belief we d]ive 
! p]sonal & human "* & attributes (     
animals1 :i*1 rem>kable 9 all           
my?ologies1 is p]haps specially prom95t 
9 ! my?s ( ! ,bu%m54  ,?\gh ,bu%man my? 

is only kn[n to u 9 its outl9es1 & is   
app>5tly gift$ ) ev5 m ?an ! due        
quantity ( incoh]5ce1 x is p]haps pla9 t
 animals are ! *ief figures 9 ?is       
,african lore1 & t ^! ,bu%m5 gods1 if   
ev] fur!r develop$1 w reta9 _m traces ( 
_! animal ance/ry4  ,f ! ,bu%m5 we may  
turn to _! ne> neighb\rs1 ! ,hott5tots  
or ,khoi-,khoi4 ,_! religi\s my?s h be5 
closely exam9$ 9 ,dr4 ,hahn's ,tsuni    
,goam1 ! ,supreme ,be+ ( ! ,khoi-,khoi4 
,?\gh ,dr4 ,hahn's conclusions z to !   
orig9 ( ,hott5tot my? diff] entirely f  
our own1 8 collection & critical /udy ( 
mat]ials1 ( oral traditions1 & ( !      
records left by old travell]s are       
invaluable4 ,! e>ly ,european settl]s at
 ! ,cape f\nd ! ,khoi-,khoi1 t is1 ,!   
,m51 a yell[i% race ( p1 :o possess$    
l>ge h]ds ( cattle1 %eep & goats499 ,!  
,khoi-,khoi1 z nomad cattle & %eep      
f>m]s1 are on a mu* high] level (       
culture ?an ! ,bu%m51 :o are hunt]s49999
       99 ,op4 cit4 i4 pp4 #a1 #cb4     
9999 ,ibid41 p4 #e4  ,! languages ( !   

two peoples leave no m d\bt z to _!     
primitive relation%ip 7p4 #g74 ,! weal? 
( ! ,khoi-,khoi 0 consid]able &         
unequally di/ribut$1 a respectable pro( 
( nasc5t civilisation4 ,! ri* man 0     
call$ g\1 aob1 t is fat4 ,9 ! same way !
 e>ly ,greeks call$ ! weal?y            
7------------7499 ,z ! ri* man c\ld af=d
 _m wives 7:i* gives him a k9d (        
comm5dation ov] m5 to :om he allots 8   
daught]s71 he gradually rose to ! /ation
 ( a *ief49999 ,9 dome/ic relations1    
,khoi-,khoi society is matri>*al 7pp4   
#ai-ba 74999999       99 ,h]odotus1 v4  
#cj4       9999 ,op4 cit41 p4 #af4      
999999 ,b speak+ ( ! wife1 ,kolb calls !
 poor wret* a      drudge1 expos$ to !  
insults ( h] *ildr51--,engli%           
transl41 p4 #afb4  ,all ! sons are call$
 aft] ! "m1 ! daught]s aft] ! fa!r4     
,among ! arts1 pott]y & mat-mak+1       
metallurgy & tool-mak+ are ( anci5t     
date4 ,a pa/ /one age is indicat$ by !  
use ( qu>tz knives 9 sacrifice &        
circumcision4 ,9 ,khoi-,khoi society    

se]s & prophets 7 ! greate/ & mo/       
respect$ old m5 ( ! clan 7p4 #bd74 ,!   
,khoi-,khoi ( to-day h adopt$ a numb] ( 
,indo-,european beliefs & cu/oms1 & !   
,*ri/ian ideas introduc$ by mission>ies 
h amalgamat$444 ) ! national religi\s   
ideas & my?ologies1 = :i* reasons ,dr1  
,hahn omits _m leg5ds :i*1 ?\gh possibly
 g5u9e1 might seem import$ 7pp4 #cj1    
#ca74  ,a brief hi/orical ab/ract ( :at 
0 kn[n to old travell]s ( ,khoi-,khoi   
religion mu/ n[ be compil$ f ! "w ( ,dr4
 ,hahn4  ,9 #afee ,corporal ,muell] f\nd
 adoration paid to great /ones on ! side
 ( ! pa?s4 ,! wor%ipp]s po9t$ upw>ds &  
said ,hette hie1 probably ,heitsi       
,eibib1 ! "n ( a ,khoi-,khoi            
extra-natural be+4 ,x appe>s 7p4 #cg7 t 
,heitsi ,eibib has *ang$ names 9 p>ts ( 
,s\? ,africa1 & :at 0 8 wor%ip is n[    
(f]$ to ,g>ubeb1 or ,tsui ,goab4 ,9     
#afga ,dapp] f\nd t ! ,khoi-,khoi       
believe !re is "o :o s5ds ra9 on e>?2444
 !y also believe t !y !mselves c make   
ra9 & prev5t ! w9d f bl[+4 ,wor%ip ( !  

moon & ( erect$ /ones is also notic$4 ,9
 #afia ,nicolas ,wits5 he>d t !         
,khoi-,khoi ador$ a god :i* ,dr4 ,hahn  
7p4 #ia7 supposes to h be5 a            
peculi>-%ap$ /one-feti%1 su* z !        
,basutos wor%ip & spit at4 ,wits5 f\nd t
 ! god 0 daub$ ) r$ e>?1 l ! ,dionysi 9 
,greece4 ,ab\t #agje ,val5tyn ga!r$ t ! 
p believ$ 9 a great *ief :o dwells on   
high1 & a devil2 b 9 c>efully exam9+    
?is1 x is no?+ else b _! somsomas &     
spectres 7p4 #ch74 ,we ne$ n accept t   
op9ion4 ,! wor%ip ( a great *ief is     
m5tion$ aga9 9 #ahfh4 ,9 #agai ,pet]    
,kolb1 ! ,g]man ,magi/]1 publi%$ 8      
acc\nt ( ! ,hott5tots1 :i* has be5 done 
into ,engli%499 ,kolb gives ,g\nja      
,g\nja1 or ,g\nja ,ticqvoa1 z ! div9e   
"n2 !y say he is a good man1 :o does    
nobody any hurt1444 & t he dwells f>    
above ! moon 49999 ,?is corresponds to !
 ,au/ralian ,pirnmeheal4 ,kolb also not$
 propitiation ( an evil p[]4 ,he obs]v$ 
t ! ,khoi-,khoi wor%ip ! mantis insect1 
:i*1 z we h se51 is ! *ief my?ical "*   

among ! ,bu%m54999999       99 ,second  
edition1 ,london1 #aghh4       9999     
,engl4 transl41 #ie4       999999 ,engl1
 transl41 i4 #ig1 gives a picture (     
,khoi-,khoi      ador+ ! mantis4  ,dr4  
,hahn rem>ks1 ,/rangely en\gh !         
,namaquas also call x ,gaunab1 z !y call
 ! enemy ( ,tsui ,goab499 ,9 ,kolb's "t1
 z n[1 ! rites ( ! ,khoi 7except1       
app>5tly1 _! wor%ip at dawn7 7 p]=m$    
beside cairns ( /ones4 ,if we may cr$it 
,kolb1 ! ,khoi-,khoi are n only mo/     
fanatical ador]s ( ! mantis1 b pay a    
religi\s v5]ation to _! sa9ts & m5 (    
r5[n dep>t$4 ,?unb]g 7#agib7 notic$     
cairn-wor%ip & he>d ( mantis-wor%ip4 ,9 
#ahjc ,li*t5/e9 saw cairn-wor%ip4 ,) !  
beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury we f9d 9       
,apple-y>d1 ,ebn] & o!rs ,khoi-,khoi    
names = a god1 :i* are translat$        
,sore-,knee or ,w\nd$-,knee 4  ,?is     
title is expla9$ z orig9ally ! "n ( a   
doctor or sorc]] ( repute1 invok$ ev5   
aft] dea?1 & f9ally conv]t$ into a      
deity4 ,8 enemy is ,gaunab1 an evil be+1

 & he is wor%ipp$ at ! cairns1 bel[ :i* 
he is believ$ to be buri$49999 ,ab\t    
#ahdb ,knuds5 consid]$ t ! ,khoi-,khoi  
believ$ 9 a dead m$ic9e-man1 ,heitsi    
,eibib1 :o c\ld make riv]s roll back _! 
waves1 & !n walk ov] safely1 z 9 ! ma]*5
 ( mo/ peoples4 ,he 0 also1 l ,od91 a   
%ape-%ift]1 & he di$ sev]al times & came
 to life aga94999999       99 ,page #db2
 comp>e pp4 #ib1 #abe4       9999       
,alex&]1 ,exp$ition1 i  #aff2  ,hahn1   
op4 cit41 pp4 #fi1      #ej1 :]e ,m(fat 
is quot$4       999999 ,hahn1 p4 #ff4   
,?us ! num]\s graves ( ,heitsi ,eibib   
are expla9$ by 8 num]\s dea?s4 ,9 ,egypt
 ! num]\s graves ( ,osiris 7 expla9$ by 
! /ory t he 0 mutilat$1 & ea* limb buri$
 9 a diff]5t place4 ,probably bo? !     
,hott5tot & ! ,egyptian leg5d 7 inv5t$  
to acc\nt = ! _m wor%ipp$ cairns        
attribut$ to ! same corpse4  ,we n[ rea*
 ! my?s ( ,heitsi ,eibib & ,tsui ,goab  
collect$ by ,dr4 ,hahn himself4 ,accord+
 to ! evid5ce ( ,dr4 ,hahn's own eyes1 !
 work+ religion ( ! ,khoi-,khoi is a    

firm belief 9 sorc]y & ! arts ( liv+    
m$ic9e-m5 on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1      
belief 9 & adoration ( ! p[]s ( ! dead  
7pp4 #ha1 #hb1 #aab1 #aac74 ,our au?or  
tells u t he met 9 ! wilds a woman ( !  
fat or weal?y class go+ to pray at !    
grave & to ! manes ( h] own fa!r4 ,we   
,khoi-,khoi always1 if we are 9 tr\ble1 
g & pray at ! graves ( our gr&p>5ts &   
ance/ors4 ,!y also s+ rude epic v]ses1  
accompani$ by ! dance 9 hon\r ( m5      
di/+ui%$ 9 ! late ,namaqua & ,dam>a w>4 
,n[ x is alleg$ by ,dr4 ,hahn t pray]s  
are (f]$ at ! graves ( ,heitsi ,eibib & 
,tsui ,goab1 z at ^? ( ance/ors lately  
dead1 & ,heitsi ,eibib & ,tsui ,goab )9 
liv+ memory 7 hon\r$ by song & dance1   
exactly l ! braves ( ! ,dam>a w>4  ,!   
obvi\s & natural inf]5ce is t ,heitsi   
,eibib & ,tsui ,goab 7 & are reg>d$ by  
_! wor%ipp]s z dep>t$ b /ill helpful    
ance/ral w>riors or m$ic9e-m54 ,we ne$ n
 hold t !y ev] 7 actual liv+ m52 !y may 
be m]ely idealis$ figures ( ,khoi-,khoi 
wisdom & val\r4 ,"h1 z else:]e1         

,animism1 gho/-wor%ip1 is pot5t1 &1 9   
proportion1 !ism decl9es4  ,"h ,dr4     
,hahn (f]s a diff]5t explanation1 f\nd$ 
on etymological conjecture & a          
philosophy ( religion4 ,accord+ to him1 
! "n ( ,tsui ,goab orig9ally meant1 n   
w\nd$ knee1 b r$ dawn4 ,! dawn 0        
wor%ipp$ z a symbol or sugge/ion ( !    
inf9ite1 & only by =getfulness & false  
int]pretation ( ! orig9al ^w did !      
,khoi-,khoi fall f a k9d ( pure !osophy 
to adoration ( a presum$ dead           
m$ic9e-man4 ,z ,dr4 ,hahn's +5i\s       
hypo!sis has be5 already exam9$ by u199 
x is unnecess>y aga9 to discuss !       
philological basis ( 8 argum5t4  ,dr4   
,hahn n only he>d simple & affect+      
pray]s address$ to ,tsui ,goab1 b le>n$ 
f native in=mants t ! god _h be5 a *ief1
 a w>rior1 w\nd$ 9 8 knee 9 battle )    
,gaunab1 ano!r *ief1 & t he _h prophetic
 p[]s4 ,he /ill wat*es ! ways ( m5 7p4  
#fb7 & puni%es guilt4 ,univ]sal te/imony
 0 giv5 to ! effect t ,heitsi ,eibib    
also _h be5 a *ief f ! ,ea/1 a prophet &

 a w>rior4 ,he apportion$1 by bless+s & 
curses1 _! pres5t habits to _m ( !      
animals4 ,l ,od91 he 0 a %ape-%ift]1    
possess+ ! m$ic9e-man's inv>iable p[] ( 
tak+ all mann] ( =ms4 ,he 0 on "o       
occasion born ( a c[1 :i* rem9ds u ( a  
my? ( ,indra4 ,by ano!r acc\nt he 0 born
 ( a virg9 :o ta/$ a c]ta9 k9d ( grass4 
,?is leg5d is ( wond]fully wide         
diffusion among savage & semi-civilis$  
races49999       99 ,cu/om & ,my?1 pp4  
#aig-baa4       9999 ,le ,fits de la    
,vi]ge1 ,h4 de ,*>5cy1 ,havre1 #ahgi4 ,a
 tale      ( ince/ by ,heitsi ,eibib1   
may be comp>$ ) ano!r 9      ,muir's    
,sanskrit ,texts1 iv4 #ci4  ,! tales    
ab\t ,tsui ,goab & ,heitsi ,eibib are   
*iefly n>ratives ( combats ) animals & )
 ! evil p[] 9 a nasc5t dualism1 ,gaunab1
 at fir/ a gho/1 accord+ to ,hahn 7p4   
#he71 or c]ta9ly nobody else b ! ,night 
7pp4 #abe1 #abf74 ,"h !re is "s         
inconsi/5cy4 ,if we reg>d ! good p[]1   
,tsui ,goab1 z ! ,r$ ,dawn1 we are b\nd 
to ?9k ! evil p[]1 ,gaunab1 a "n = !    

,night4 ,b ,dr4 ,hahn's o!r hypo!sis1 t 
! evil p[] 0 orig9ally a malevol5t gho/1
 seems no less plausible4 ,9 ei!r case1 
we h "h an example ( ! con/ant my?ical  
dualism :i* gives ! comp>atively good   
be+ 8 p]petual antagoni/--! ,loki to 8  
,od91 ! cr[ to 8 eagle-hawk4 ,9 brief1  
,hott5tot my? is pretty pla9ly a        
reflection ( ,hott5tot g5]al ideas ab\t 
ance/or wor%ip1 gho/s1 sorc]]s &        
magicians1 :ile1 9 _! religi\s aspect1  
,heitsi ,eibib or ,tsui ,goab are       
gu>dians ( life & ( morality1 fa!rs &   
fri5ds4  ,a description ( b>b>\s beliefs
 n less s*ol>ly & c>eful ?an t compil$  
by ,dr4 ,hahn has be5 publi%$ by ! ,rev4
 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton499 ,mr4 ,codr+ton has
 /udi$ ! my?s ( ! ,papuans & o!r natives
 ( ! ,melanesian gr\p1 especially 9 !   
,solomon ,isl&s & ,banks ,isl&4 ,^!     
peoples are by no means 9 ! l[e/ grade (
 culture2 !y are trad]s 9 _! way1       
build]s ( canoes & h\ses1 & _! society  
is int]p5etrat$ by a k9d ( my/ic hi]>*y1
 a religi\s ,camorra4 ,! ,banks         

,isl&]s9999 recognise two sorts (       
intellig5t extra-natural be+s--! spirits
 ( ! dead & p[]s :i* h nev] be5 human4  
99 ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/41 ,febru>y1    
#ahha4       9999 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bfg4   
,! =m] are ,tamate1 ! latt] ,vui--gho/s 
& g5ii1 we might call !m4 ,vuis are     
class$ by ,mr4 ,codr+ton z corporeal &  
incorporeal1 b he ?9ks ! corporeal ,vuis
 h n human bodies4 ,among corporeal     
,vuis ! *ief are ! be+s ne>e/ to gods 9 
,melanesian my?s--! half god1 half      
culture-h]o1 ,i ,qat1 8 elev5 bro!rs1 & 
8 famili> & assi/ant1 ,m>awa4 ,^! 7     
memb]s ( a race ant]ior to t ( ! m5 (   
to-day1 & !y dwelt 9 ,vanua ,levu4 ,?\gh
 n[ pass$ away f ! eyes ( mortals1 !y   
are /ill invok$ 9 pray]4 ,! foll[+      
appeal by a voyag+ ,banks ,isl&]        
resembles ! cry ( ! %ipwreck$ ,odysseus 
to ! fri5dly riv]3--  ,qat6 ,m>awa6 look
 d[n ^u u2 smoo? ! sea = u two1 t ,i may
 g safely on ! sea4 ,beat d[n = me !    
cre/s ( ! tide-rip2 let ! tide-rip      
settle d[n away f me2 beat x d[n level t

 x may s9k & roll away1 & ,i may come to
 a quiet l&+-place4  ,comp>e ! pray] (  
,odysseus3--  ',he> me1 ,o k+1 :osoev]  
?\ art2 unto !e am ,i come z to "o to   
:om pray] is made1 :ile ,i flee !       
rebukes ( ,poseidon f ! deep4444' ,s    
spake he1 & ! god /raightway /ay$ 8     
/ream & )held 8 waves1 & made ! wat]    
smoo? be=e him1 & br\ght him safely to !
 m\? ( ! riv]4  ,b = ,qat's sup]natural 
p[] & creative exploits199 !re w\ld be  
little inde$ to %[ him o!r ?an a man4   
,he answ]s almo/ precisely to ,maui1 ! !
 culture-h]o ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,qat's "m   
ei!r 01 or1 l ,niobe1 became a /one4    
99  ,see ,savage ,my?s ( ! ,orig9 (     
,?+s4  ,he 0 ! elde/ 7unlike ,maui7 (   
twelve bro!rs1 among :om 7 ,tong>o !    
,wise & ,tong>o ! ,fool4 ,! bro!rs 7    
kill$ by an evil glutton\s p[] l ,kwai  
,hemm & put 9 a food *e/4 ,qat kill$ !  
foe & reviv$ 8 bro!rs1 z ! sons (       
,cronus came =? alive f _! fa!r's maw4  
,8 great foe--= ( c\rse he _h a foe--0  
,qasav>a1 :om he de/roy$ by da%+ him    

aga9/ ! solid firmam5t ( sky4 ,qasav>a  
is n[ a /one 7l ! s]p5t display$ by     
,zeus at ,aulis9971 on :i* sacrifices   
are made4 ,qat's *ief fri5d is ,m>awa1 a
 spid]1 or a ,vui 9 ! %ape ( a spid]4 ,!
 div9e my?ology ( ! ,melanesians1 z f> z
 x has be5 recov]$1 is meagre4 ,we only 
see memb]s ( a previ\s race1 magnifi$   
non-natural m51 ) a fri5dly insect work+
 miracles & a*iev+ r incoh]5t adv5tures4
       99 ,iliad1 ii4 #cae-cah4  ,mu* on
 ! same foot+ ( civilisation z !        
,melanesians 7 ! natives ( ,tonga 9 !   
fir/ decade ( ?is c5tury4 ,! ,tongan    
religi\s beliefs 7 ne>ly ak9 to ! ideas 
( ! ,samoans & ( ! ,solomon ,isl&]s4 ,9 
place ( ,vuis !y spoke ( ,hotooas       
7,atuas71 & l ! ,vuis1 ^? spiritual be+s
 h ei!r be5 purely spiritual f ! beg9n+ 
or h be5 inc>nate 9 humanity & are n[   
gho/s1 b gho/s enjoy+ _m ( ! privileges 
( gods4 ,all m51 h[ev]1 h n s\ls capable
 ( a sep>ate exi/5ce1 only ! ,egi or    
nobles1 possess a spiritual "p1 :i* goes
 to ,bolotoo1 ! l& ( gods & gho/s1 aft] 

dea?1 & enjoys p[] simil> to t ( !      
orig9al gods1 b less4  ,x is op5 to     
philosoph]s ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s s*ool
 to argue t ! orig9al gods 7 once gho/s 
l ! o!rs1 b ?is 0 n ! op9ion ( !        
,tongans4 ,!y h a supreme ,creator1 :o  
alone receives no sacrifice499 ,bo?     
sorts ( gods appe> occasionally to      
mank9d--! primitive deities p>ticul>ly  
affect ! =ms ( liz>ds1 porpoises & a    
species ( wat]-snake1 h5ce ^? animals   
are mu* respect$49999       99 ,m>9]1   
ii4 #bje4       9999 ,m>9]'s ,tonga     
,isl&s1 ,ed941 #ahbg1 ii #ii-aja4  ,:e!r
 ea* /ock ( ,tongans _h its own animal  
inc>nation ( its special god does n     
appe> f ,m>9]'s n>rative4 ,! gods took  
human morality "u _! special protection1
 puni%+ ! evil & rew>d+ ! good1 9 ?is   
life only1 n 9 ! l& ( ! dead4 ,:5 !     
com=table doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t 0   
exp\nd$ to ! ,tongans by ,m>9]1 ! poor  
hea!n m]ely rem>k$ t x 0 v bad inde$ = !
 ,papalangies or =eign]s4 ,_! untutor$  
m9ds1 9 _! pagan d>kness1 _h dream$ ( no

 su* ?+4 ,! ,tongans !mselves are       
desc5d$ f "s gods :o set =? on a voyage 
( discov]y out ( ,bolotoo4 ,l&+ on      
,tonga1 ^! adv5tur]s 7 mu* pleas$ ) !   
isl&1 & det]m9$ to /ay !re2 b 9 a few   
days c]ta9 ( !m di$4 ,!y _h left !      
dea?less coa/s = a _w :]e dea? is       
native1 &1 z !y _h eat5 ( ! food ( ! new
 realm1 !y w\ld nev] escape ! condition 
( mortality4 ,?is has be5 rem>k$ z a    
widespread belief4 ,p]sephone became    
en?rall$ to ,hades aft] ta/+ ! my/ic    
pomegranate ( ! und]world4  ,9 ,samoa   
,siati may n eat ( ! god's meat1 nor    
,wa9amo95 9 ,pohjola1 nor ,?omas !      
,rhym] 9 ,fairyl&4 ,! explor+ gods f    
,bolotoo 7 9 ! same way condemn$ to     
become mortal & p ! _w ) mortal be+s1 & 
all ab\t !m %\ld be mea mama1 subject to
 decay & dea?499 ,x is rem>kable1 if    
correctly report$1 t ! second>y gods1 or
 gho/s ( nobles1 _c reappe> z liz>ds1   
porpoises & wat]-snakes2 ?is is !       
privilege ( ! orig9al gods only1 & may  
be an assumption by !m ( a conceivably  

totemi/ic aspect4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! 
idea ( a p]man5t supreme deity is       
conta9$ 9 ! "n ( ,tali y ,toobo--wait   
!re1 ,toobo--a "n :i* conveys ! notion  
p]haps ( p]man5ce or et]nity4 ,he is a  
great *ief f ! top ( ! sky to ! bottom (
 ! e>?49999       99 ,m>9]1 ii4 #aae4   
9999 ,ibid41 ii4 #bje4  ,he is invok$   
bo? 9 w> & peace1 n locally1 b = ! g5]al
 good ( ! natives4 ,he is ! patron1 n ( 
any special /ock or family1 b ( ! h\se 9
 :i* ! royal p[] is lodg$ = ! "t4 ,alone
 ( gods he is unpropitiat$ by food or   
libation1 indicat+ t he is n evolv$ out 
( a hungry gho/4 ,ano!r god1 ,toobo     
,toty or ,toobo ! ,m>9]1 may be a k9d ( 
,poseidon4 ,he pres]ves canoes f p]ils  
at sea4 ,on ! dea? ( ! daught] ( ,f9[1 !
 k+ 9 ,m>9]'s "t1 t mon>* 0 s indignant 
t he ?reat5$ to kill ! prie/ ( ,toobo   
,toty4 ,z ! god is believ$ to inspire ! 
prie/1 ?is 0 c]ta9ly a feasible way (   
gett+ at ! god4 ,b ,toobo ,toty 0 be=eh&
 ) ,f9[1 :o di$ himself be=e he c\ld    
c>ry ! w> into ,bolotoo499 ,?is ,f9[ 0 a

 sceptic2 he all[$ t !re 7 gods1 because
 he himself _h occasionally be5 inspir$ 
by !m2 b :at ! prie/s tell u ab\t _! p[]
 ov] mank9d ,i believe to be all false4 
,?us e>ly did ! conflict ( ,*ur* & ,/ate
 decl>e itself 9 ,tonga4 ,human         
sacrifices 7 a result ( prie/craft 9    
,tonga1 z 9 ,greece4 ,ev5 ! man set to  
kill a *ild ( ,toobo ,toa's 0 mov$ by   
pity1 & exclaim$ ,o iaooe *i vale6 7poor
 little innoc5t67 ,! prie/ dem&$ ?is    
sacrifice to allay ! wra? ( ! gods = !  
slay+ ( a man 9 consecrat$ gr\nd49999   
,su* are ! religi\s ideas ( ,tonga2 ( _!
 my?ology b little has rea*$ u1 & t is  
"u suspicion ( be+ col\r$ by acqua9tance
 ) ! /ories ( mission>ies4       99     
,m>9]1 i4 #cjg1 x #ajg4       9999      
,comp>e ! ayos ( ! ,alcma5idae4  ,!     
,maoris1 :5 fir/ discov]$ by ,europeans1
 7 9 a comp>atively advanc$ /age (      
b>b>ism4 ,_! society _h def9ite ranks1 f
 t ( ! ,rangatira1 ! *ief ) a long      
p$igree1 to ! slave4 ,_! religi\s hymns1
 ( great antiquity1 h be5 collect$ &    

translat$ by ,grey1 ,taylor1 ,ba/ian &  
o!rs4 ,! m]e possession ( su* hymns1    
accurately pres]v$ = an unkn[n numb] (  
ye>s by oral tradition1 proves t !      
my?ical notions ( ! ,maoris h pass$     
?r\gh ! m9ds ( pr(ess$ b>ds & e>ly      
physical speculators4 ,! v]ses1 z       
,ba/ian has obs]v$ 7,die ,heilige ,sage 
d] ,polynesi]71 display a close p>allel 
to ! r\ghe/ "p ( ! e>ly ,greek          
cosmogonies1 z exp\nd$ by ,hesiod4 ,yet 
9 ! ,maori hymns !re are metaphysical   
ideas & processes :i* rem9d "o m (      
,h]aclitus ?an ( ,hesiod1 & p]haps m (  
,hegel ?an ( ei!r4 ,:e!r we are to reg>d
 ! ab/ract conceptions or ! rude p]sonal
 my?s ( gods su* z ,a1 ! ,beyond ,all1 z
 repres5t+ ! e>li] developm5t ( ,maori  
?\ght1 :e!r "o or ! o!r elem5t is       
borr[$1 n orig9al1 are que/ions :i*     
!ori/s ( diff]5t s*ools w settle 9 _!   
own way to _! own satisfaction4 ,"s     
hymns repres5t ! beg9n+ ( ?+s f a       
condition ( ?\ght1 & ,socrates might h  
said ( ! ,maori poets z he did (        

,anaxagoras1 t comp>$ ) o!r e>ly ?9k]s1 
!y are l sob] m5 among drunk>ds4 ,?us "o
 hymn ( ! orig9s runs ?us3--       ,f ! 
conception ! increase1      ,f !        
increase ! swell+1      ,f ! swell+ !   
?\ght1      ,f ! ?\ght ! remembrance1   
,f ! remembrance ! desire4      ,! ^w   
became fruitful1      ,x dwelt ) !      
feeble glimm]+1      ,x br\ght =?       
,night4      ,f ! no?+ ! begett+1       
,x produc$ ! atmosph]e :i* is above u4  
,! atmosph]e above dwelt ) ! gl[+ sky1  
,=?) 0 produc$ ! sun4      ,!n ! moon   
sprang =?4      ,!y 7 ?r[n up above z ! 
*ief eyes ( heav51      ,!n ! heav5s    
became light4      ,! sky :i* floats    
above dwelt ) ,hawaiki199      ,&       
produc$ 7c]ta9 isl&s74            99 ,! 
isl&s ( ,hawaiki1 be+ !n ! only l& kn[n1
 is           put = ,papa1 ! e>?4   ,!n 
foll[ g5ealogies ( gods1 d[n to ! *ief 9
 ^: family ?is hymn 0 traditional499    
99 ,taylor1 ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #aaj-aab4  
,o!r hymns ( ! same "*1 full ( su*      
metaphysical & ab/ract conceptions z !  

proce$+ f ! no?+1 are quot$ at great    
l5g?4  ,^! extracts are obvi\sly        
speculative r ?an 9 any s5se my?ological
 ,! elem5t ( my? j %[s itself :5 we are 
told t ! sky dwelt ) ! e>? & produc$    
c]ta9 isl&s4 ,b my? ( a famili> "* is v 
fully repres5t$ among ! ,maoris4 ,_!    
my?ical gods1 ?\gh mix$ up ) ! spirits (
 ance/ors1 are great natural p[]s1 fir/ 
,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,rangi & ,papa1 ! p>5ts (
 all4 ,^! are conceiv$ z hav+ orig9ally 
be5 unit$ 9 su* a close embrace1 !      
,heav5 ly+ on ! ,e>?1 t betwe5 _! frames
 all 0 d>kness1 & 9 d>kness ! y\ng]     
gods1 ,atua1 ,o-te-po1 _! *ildr51 7     
oblig$ to dwell4 ,^! *ildr5 or y\ng]    
gods 7answ]+ to ! ,cronidae7 7 ! god (  
w> 7,tumatau5ga71 ! =e/-god 7,tane      
,mahuta71 9 %ape a tree1 ! w9d-god      
7,ta:iri ,matea71 ! gods ( cultivat$ &  
natural fruits1 ! god ( ocean           
7,tang>oa74 ,^! gods 7 unable to endure 
! dungeon & ! d>kness ( _! condition1 s 
!y consult$ toge!r & said3 ,let u seek  
means :]eby to de/roy ,heav5 & ,e>?1 or 

to sep>ate !m f ea* o!r4 ,! c\nsel (    
,tane ,mahuta prevail$3 ,let "o g upw>ds
 & become a /rang] to u2 let ! o!r rema9
 bel[ & be a p>5t to u4 ,f9ally1 ,tane  
,mahuta r5t asund] ,heav5 & ,e>?1 pu%+  
,heav5 up :]e he has ev] s9ce rema9$4 ,!
 w9d-god foll[$ 8 fa!r1 abode ) him 9 ! 
op5 spaces ( ! sky1 & !nce makes w> on !
 trees ( ! =e/-god1 8 enemy4 ,tang>oa   
w5t1 l ,poseidon1 to ! great deep1 & 8  
*ildr51 ! reptiles & fi%es1 clove "p to 
! wat]s1 "p to ! dry l&4 ,! w>-god1 ,tu1
 0 m ( a human be+ ?an ! o!r gods1 ?\gh 
8 bre?r5 are plants1 fi% & reptiles4    
,/ill1 ,tu is n precisely ! fir/ man (  
,new ,zeal&4  ,?\gh all ^! my?ical be+s 
are 9 a s5se dep>tm5tal gods1 !y yield 9
 r5[n to a lat] *ild ( _! race1 ,maui1 !
 great culture-h]o1 :o is an advanc$ =m 
( ! culture-h]oes1 ma9ly !riomorphic1 ( 
! l[] races499  ,maui1 l _m h]oes ( my?1
 0 a y\nge/ son4 ,he 0 prematurely born 
7a simil> /ory comes 9 ! ,brahmanic     
leg5d ( ! ,adityas72 8 "m wrapp$ him up 
9 h] long hair & ?rew him out to sea4 ,a

 k9sman rescu$ him1 & he grew up to be  
mu* ! mo/ important memb] ( 8 family1 l 
,qat 9 8 l>g] circle ( bre?r54 ,maui x 0
 :o sn>$ ! sun1 beat him19999 & taught  
him to run 8 appo9t$ c\rse1 in/ead (    
c>e]+ at w & at any pace he *ose ab\t ! 
heav5s4       99 ,te-,heu-,heu1 a p[]ful
 *ief1 describ$ to ,mr4 ,taylor !       
dep>tm5tal "* ( 8 gods4 ,is !re "o mak] 
(      ?+s among ,europeans8 ,is n "o a 
c>p5t]1 ano!r a      blacksmi?1 ano!r a 
%ipbuild]8 ,s x 0 9 !      beg9n+4 ,"o  
made ?is1 ano!r t4 ,tane made trees1 ,ru
      m\nta9s1 ,tang>oa fi%1 & s =?4    
,taylor1 ,new      ,zeal&1 p4 #ajh1     
note4       9999 ,! sun1 :5 beat51 cri$ 
out & reveal$ 8 great      "n1 exactly z
 ,indra did 9 8 t]ror & flight aft]     
slay+ ! s]p5t4 ,taylor1 op4 cit41 p4    
#aca4  ,he 0 ! culture-h]o :o inv5t$    
b>bs = spe>s & hooks2 he turn$ 8 bro!r  
into ! fir/ dog1 :5ce dogs are sacr$1 he
 fi%$ ,new ,zeal& out ( ! sea2 he /ole  
fire = m54 ,h[ ,maui p]=m$ ?is feat1 &  
h[ he br\ght dea? into ! _w & all our   

woe1 are topics t belong to ! my?s (    
,dea? & ( ! ,fire-,/eal]499 ,maui c\ld n
 only *ange m5 into animals1 b c\ld     
himself assume animal %apes at w4  ,su* 
is a brief acc\nt ( ! anci5t traditions 
( my?ical ,maori gods & ( ! culture-h]o4
 ,9 practice1 ! conception ( ,atua 7or a
 k9d ( extra-natural p[] or p[]s7       
possesses mu* influ5ce 9 ,new ,zeal&4   
,all mann] ( spirits 9 all mann] ( =ms  
are ,atuas4 ,a great *ief 0 reg>d$ z a  
malignant god 9 life1 & a /ill worse "o 
aft] dea?49999 ,aga91 aft] ,maui came a 
ho/ ( gods1 ea* ) 8 hi/ory & wond]ful   
de$s4444 ,^! 7 ance/ors :o became deifi$
 by _! respective tribes1999999--a      
/atem5t :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z !oretical4  
99  ,see ,la ,my?ologie1 ,a4 ,l41 ,p>is1
 #ahhf4       9999 ,taylor1 op4 cit41   
pp4 #acd1 #acf4       999999,op4 cit41  
p4 #acf4  ,x is odd en\gh1 if true1 t   
,m>u %\ld be ! w>-god ( ! s\!rn isl&1 & 
t ! planet ,m>s is call$ aft] him ,m>u4 
,!re 7 also gods 9 human =ms1 & o!rs )  
^? ( reptiles4444 ,at "o p]iod !re seems

 to h be5 a mix$ (fspr+ f ! same p>5ts4 
,?us :ile ,tawaki 0 ( ! human =m1 8     
bre?r5 7 taniwa & %>ks2 !re 7 likewise  
mix$ m>riages among !m4 ,^! leg5ds are !
 natural result ( t lack ( di/9ction    
betwe5 man & ! o!r ?+s 9 ! _w :i*1 z we 
demon/rat$1 prevails 9 e>ly ?\ght4 ,x   
appe>s t ! great my?ical gods ( !       
,maoris h n mu* conc]n ) _! morality4 ,!
 my?s are b a magnifi$ hi/ory ( _!      
*iefs1 _! w>s1 murd]s & lu/s1 ) !       
addition ( "s sup]natural p[]s--su* z ! 
*iefs are v apt to claim499 ,9 ! op9ion 
( a compet5t obs]v]1 ! gods1 or ,atua1  
:o are fe>$ 9 daily life1 are spirits ( 
! dead1 & _! att5tion is *iefly conf9$  
to ! conduct ( _! liv+ desc5dants &     
clansm54 ,!y inspire c\rage1 ! lead+    
virtue4 ,:5 conv]t$1 ! natives are said 
n to expel1 b m]ely to subord9ate _!    
,atua1 believ+ ,*ri/ to be a m p[]ful   
,atua49999       99 ,op4 cit41 p4 #acg4 
9999 ,%ortl&1 ,trad1 & ,sup]/4 ( ,new   
,zeal&]s1 #ahef1      pp4 #hc-he4  ,!   
,maoris are p]haps ! lea/ elevat$ race 9

 :i* a well-develop$ poly!ism has       
obscur$ almo/ :olly t belief 9 a moral  
,mak] :i* we f9d among ! l[e/ savages :o
 h b a rudim5t>y poly!ism4 ,:5 we       
advance to anci5t civilis$ peoples1 l ! 
,greeks1 we %all f9d ! ar*aic ,!ism     
obscur$1 or oblit]at$1 9 a simil> way4  
,9 ! beliefs ( ,samoa 7=m]ly call$ !    
,navigators' ,isl&s1 & discov]$ by a    
,dut* exp$ition 9 #agbb7 may be obs]v$ a
 mo/ int]e/+ mom5t 9 ! developm5t (     
religion & my?4 ,9 _m regions x has be5 
%[n t animals are wor%ipp$ z totems1 & t
 ! gods are inve/$ ) ! %ape ( animals4  
,9 ! temples ( high] civilisations w be 
f\nd div9e images /ill reta9+ 9 human =m
 c]ta9 animal attributes1 & a m9or      
wor%ip ( v>i\s bea/s w be %[n to h gr\p$
 itself 9 ,greece r\nd ! alt>s ( ,zeus1 
or ,apollo1 or ,demet]4 ,n[ 9 ,samoa we 
may p]haps trace ! actual process ( !   
transition1 z ,mr4 ,tylor says1 f ! _s  
inhabit+ an individual body to ! deity  
presid+ ov] all individuals ( a k9d4 ,9 
o!r words1 :]eas 9 ,au/ralia or ,am]ica 

ea* totem-k9dr$ rev]es ea* animal       
suppos$ to be ( its own l9eage--!       
,cranes rev]+ all cranes1 ! ,kang>oos   
all kang>oos--9 ,samoa ! v>i\s clans    
exhibit ! same fai?1 b comb9e x ) !     
belief t "o spiritual deity reveals     
itself 9 ea* sep>ate animal1 z 9 a k9d (
 avat>4 ,= example1 ! sev]al ,au/ralian 
totem-k9dr$s d n conceive t ,pund-jel   
inc>nates himself 9 ! emu = "o /ock1 9 !
 cr[ = ano!r1 9 ! cockatoo = a ?ird1 &  
!y d n by ^!1 b by o!r means1 atta9 a   
religi\s unity1 transc5d+ ! div]sity    
caus$ by ! totemic in/itutions4 ,9      
,samoa ?is k9d ( spiritual unity is     
actually rea*$ by v>i\s /ocks4  ,!      
,samoans 7 orig9ally spok5 ( by         
travell]s z ! godless ,samoans1 an      
example ( a common error4 ,probably !re 
is no p ^: practices & op9ions1 if duly 
inve/igat$1 d n atte/ _! fai? 9 some?+ (
 ! nature ( gods4 ,c]ta9ly ! ,samoans1  
f> f be+ godless1 r des]ve ! reproa* (  
be+ 9 all ?+s too sup]/iti\s4 ,! gods 7 
suppos$ to appe> 9 "s visible           

inc>nation1 & ! p>ticul> ?+ 9 :i* 8 god 
0 9 ! habit ( appe>+ 0 to ! ,samoanan   
object ( v5]ation499       99 ,turn]'s  
,samoa1 p4 #ag4  ,"h we f9d t ! religi\s
 s5tim5t has already become m or less   
self-consci\s1 & has begun to reason on 
its own practices4 ,9 pure totemism x is
 _! k9dr$ animal t m5 rev]e4 ,! ,samoans
 expla9 _! wor%ip ( animals1 n on !     
gr\nd ( k9%ip & common blood or "o fle% 
7z 9 ,au/ralia71 b by ! comp>atively    
advanc$ hypo!sis t a spiritual p[] is 9 
! animal4 ,"o1 = in/ance1 saw 8 god 9 ! 
eel1 ano!r 9 ! %>k1 ano!r 9 ! turtle1   
ano!r 9 ! dog1 ano!r 9 ! owl1 ano!r 9 ! 
liz>d1 & s on1 ev5 to %ell-fi%4 ,! cre$ 
s f> is exactly :at ,g>cilasso de la    
,vega f\nd among ! remote & rud]        
neighb\rs ( ! ,incas1 & attribut$ to !  
pre-,inca populations4 ,a man1 z 9      
,egypt1 & 9 totemic c\ntries g5]ally1   
w\ld eat freely ( :at 0 reg>d$ z !      
inc>nation ( ! god ( ano!r man1 b !     
inc>nation ( 8 own god he w\ld consid] x
 dea? to injure or eat4 ,! god 0 suppos$

 to av5ge ! insult by tak+ up 8 abode 9 
t p]son's body1 & caus+ to g5]ate !re ! 
v ?+ :i* he _h eat5 until x produc$     
dea?4 ,! god us$ to be he>d )9 ! man1   
say+1 ,i am kill+ ?is man2 he ate my    
inc>nation4 ,?is class ( tutel>y deities
 !y call$ aitu fale1 or gods ( ! h\se1  
gods ( ! /ock or k9dr$4 ,9 totemi/ic    
c\ntries ! totem is respect$ p] se1 9   
,samoa ! animal is wor%ipful because a  
god abides )9 him4 ,?is appe>s to be a  
!ory by :i* ! reflective ,samoans h     
expla9$ to !mselves :at 0 once pure     
totemism4  ,n only ! h\sehold1 b !      
village has its animal gods or god      
inc>nate 9 an animal ,z "s ,arab tribes 
pi\sly bury dead gazelles1 z ,a!nians   
pi\sly buri$ wolves1 & ,egyptians cats1 
s 9 ,samoa if a man f\nd a dead owl by !
 roadside1 & if t happ5$ to be !        
inc>nation ( 8 village god1 he w\ld sit 
d[n & weep ov] x1 & beat 8 =ehead ) a   
/one till ! blood came4 ,?is 0 suppos$  
to be pleas+ to ! deity4 ,!n ! bird w\ld
 be wrapp$ up & buri$ ) c>e & c]emony1 z

 if x 7 a human body4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n !
 dea? ( ! god4 ,l ! solemnly sacrific$  
buzz>d 9 ,cali=nia1 l ! bull 9 ! ,attic 
,dupolia1 he 0 suppos$ to be yet alive &
 inc>nate 9 all ! owls 9 exi/5ce499  ,9 
addition to ^! m9or & local div9ities1 !
 ,samoans h gods ( sky1 e>?1 disease &  
o!r natural dep>tm5ts49999 ,( _! orig9  
we only "k t !y fell f heav51 & all 7   
inc>nat$ or embodi$ 9 birds1 bea/s1     
plants1 /ones & fi%es4 ,b !y c *ange    
%apes1 & appe> 9 ! moon :5 %e is n      
visible1 or 9 any o!r guise !y *oose4   
,if 9 ,samoa ! sky-god 0 once on ! usual
 level ( sky-gods else:]e1 he seems n[  
to be deg5]ate4       99                
7------------------7 ,porph41 ,de ,ab/4t
 ii4 #bi2 ,samoa1 p4      #ba4          
9999 ,i am c>eful n to call ,samoan     
sacr$ animals ,totems4      to :i* ,mr4 
,tylor ju/ly objects1 b ,i ?9k ! ,samoan
      belief has ,totemi/ic orig9s4     
,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,am]ican ,,div9e ,,my?s 
,novelty ( ! ,new ,_w --,diff]5t /ages (
 culture      repres5t$ !re--,"q (      

,am]ican ,mono!ism--      ,au?orities & 
evid5ce cit$--,my?s exam9$3 ,eskimo1    
,ahts1 ,?l9keets1 ,iroquois1 ! ,great   
,h>e--,dr4 ,br9ton's      !ory ( !      
h>e--,zuni my?s--,transition to ,mexican
      my?ology4  ,! div9e my?s ( ! va/  
,am]ican cont95t are a topic :i* a      
lifetime entirely devot$ to ! /udy c\ld 
n exhau/4 ,at be/ x is only a sket* 9   
outl9e t c be (f]$ 9 a "w on !          
developm5t ( my?ology 9 g5]al4 ,!       
subject is ! m int]e/+ z any?+ l        
sy/ematic borr[+ ( my?s f ! ,old ,_w is 
all b impossible1 z has already be5     
argu$ 9 *apt] xi4 ,am]ica1 x is true1   
may h be5 p>tially discov]$ _m times2   
!re probably h be5 sev]al po9ts & mom5ts
 ( contact betwe5 ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w4  
,yet at ! "t :5 ! ,spani>ds l&$ !re1 &  
:ile ! fir/ conque/s & discov]ies 7 be+ 
pursu$1 ! l& & ! p 7 to ,europeans      
practically z novel z ! races &         
t]ritories ( a /range planet499 ,b !    
,new ,_w only reveal$ ! old /ock (      
humanity 9 _m ( its famili> /ages (     

culture1 &1 consequ5tly1 ) ! old sort ( 
gods1 & my?s1 & cre$s4       99         
,reville1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhd1 p4  
#h  ,9 ! evolution ( politics1 society1 
ritual1 & 9 all ! outw>d & visible p>ts 
( religion1 ! ,am]ican races rang$      
betwe5 a culture r bel[ ! anci5t        
,egyptian & a rud5ess on a level )      
,au/ralian or ,bu%man in/itutions4 ,! m 
civilis$ peoples1 ,aztecs & ,p]uvians1  
_h _m peculi>ities 9 common ) ! races ( 
anci5t ,egypt1 ,*9a & ,india2 :]e !y    
fell %ort 0 9 ! lack ( alphabet or      
syllab>y4 ,! ,mexican ,,mss4 are b an   
advanc$ picture-writ+1 m organis$ ?an t 
( ! ,ojibbeways2 ! ,p]uvian ,quipus 0   
sc>cely bett] ?an ! ,r$ ,indian wampum  
records4 ,mexicans & ,p]uvians 7 settl$ 
9 :at des]v$ to be call$ cities2 !y _h  
develop$ a monum5tal & elaborately      
decorat$ ar*itecture2 !y 7 indu/ri\s 9 !
 arts kn[n to !m1 ?\gh ignorant ( iron4 
,among ! ,aztecs1 at lea/1 weapons &    
tools ( bronze1 if r>e1 7 n unkn[n4 ,!y 
7 s$ul\s 9 agriculture1 discipl9$ 9 w>1 

capable ( absorb+ & amalgamat+ ) conqu]$
 tribes4  ,9 ,p]u ! rul+ family1 !      
,incas1 enjoy$ all ! sway ( a hi]>*y1 & 
! *ief ,inca occupi$ ne>ly z secure a   
position1 religi\s1 social & political1 
z any ,rameses or ,?o?mes4 ,9 ,mexico1  
d\btless1 ! mon>*'s p[] 0 at lea/       
nom9ally limit$1 9 mu* ! same way z t ( 
! ,p]sian k+4 ,! royal rule devolv$ on !
 elect$ memb] ( an anci5t family1 b once
 he became pr9ce he 0 surr\nd$ by impos+
 c]emony4 ,9 bo? ^! two civilis$ peoples
 ! prie/hood enjoy$ great p[]1 & 9      
,mexico1 ?\gh n s ext5sively1 if at all1
 9 ,p]u1 practis$ an appall+ ritual (   
cannibalism & human sacrifice4 ,x is    
extremely probable1 or r c]ta91 t bo? ( 
^! civilisations 7 y\ng] ?an ! culture (
 o!r ,am]ican peoples long pass$ away1  
^: cities /& 9 colossal ru9 among !     
=e/s1 ^: hi]oglyphs seem undeciph]able1 
& ^: copp]-m9es 7 work$ at an unkn[n    
date on ! %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,ov] ! 
orig9 & date ( ^? cr[n$ races x 7 va9 to
 l+] "h4 ,!y h sometimes left ! %ad[s ( 

names--,toltecs & ,*i*imecs--& relics m 
m>vell\s ?an ! fa9t] traces ( m9]s &    
build]s 9 ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,africa4 ,!  
re/ is sil5ce4 ,we %all nev] "k :y !    
dwell]s 9 ,pal5que des]t$ _! maje/ic    
city :ile ! /aircases 7 new1 ! /eps     
:ole1 ! edges %>p1 & n[h]e did traces ( 
we> & te> give c]ta9 pro( ( long        
habitation499 ,on a mu* l[] level ?an ! 
great urban peoples1 b t5d+1 z x 71 9 ! 
same direction1 & pres5t+ ! same        
features ( /ate communism 9 _! social   
arrangem5ts1 71 & are1 ! cave & cliff   
dwell]s1 ! agricultural village ,indians
 7,pueblo ,indians7 ( ,new ,mexico &    
,arizona4 ,9 ! sides ( ! canons t[ns h  
be5 burr[$1 & m5 h dwelt 9 !m l s&-m>t9s
 9 a s&-bank4 ,! travell] views         
p]p5dicul> cliffs ev]y:]e riddl$ ) human
 habitations1 :i* resemble ! cells ( a  
honeycomb m ?an any?+ else4 ,9 l[l&     
villages ! dwell+s are built ( clay &   
/one4  99 ,nadaillac1 ,prehi/oric       
,am]ica1 p4 #cbh4  ,! ,san ,juan valley 
is /rewn ) ru9s = hundr$s ( miles2 "s   

build+s1 ?ree /oreys high1 ( masonry1   
are /ill /&+499 ,! ,moquis1 ,zunis &    
,navahos ( to-day1 ^: habits & religi\s 
rites are kn[n f ! works ( ,mr4 ,cu%+1  
,mr4 ,mat!ws1 & ,capta9 ,john ,g4       
,b\rke1 are app>5tly desc5dants ( a     
s$5t>y1 agricultural & comp>atively     
cultivat$ race1 ^: decad5ce p]haps began
 be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds49999  ,r  
l[] 9 ! scale ( culture ?an ! settl$    
,pueblo ,indians 7 ! hunt] tribes (     
,nor? ,am]ica g5]ally4 ,!y dwelt1 inde$1
 9 collections ( wigwams :i* 7 p>tially 
settl$1 & ! long h\se ( ! ,iroquois     
looks l an approa* to ! communal sy/em (
 ! ,pueblos4999999 ,b :ile su* races z  
,iroquois1 ,m&ans & ,ojibbeways         
cultivat$ ! maize plant1 !y dep5d$ =    
food m ?an did ! ,pueblo peoples on     
success 9 ! *ase4 ,de]1 elk1 buffalo1 ! 
wild turkey1 ! be>1 ) ducks & o!r birds1
 suppli$ ! big kettle ) its cont5ts4 ,_!
 society 0 totemi/ic1 z has already be5 
describ$2 k9%ip1 z a rule1 0 trac$ ?r\gh
 ! female l9e2 ! ,sa*ems or *iefs &     

c\nsellors 7 elect$1 g5]ally out ( c]ta9
 totem-k9dr$s2 ! w>-*iefs 7 also elect$ 
:5 a milit>y exp$ition />t$ on ! w>-pa?2
 & ,jossake$s or m$ic9e-m5 7! title v>i$
 9 diff]5t dialects7 _h no small %>e (  
secul> p[]4       99,nadaillac1 p4 #bbb4
       9999 ,ibid41 p4 #beg4 ,see       
,b\rke's ,snake-,dance ( ! ,natives (   
,arizona1 & ! fif? report ( !           
,ar*aeological      ,in/itute ( ,am]ica1
 ) an acc\nt ( ! developm5t (           
,pueblo build+s4 ,x seems sc>cely       
necess>y to discuss ,mr4      ,lewis    
,morgan's attempt to %[ t ! ,aztecs (   
,cortes's      "t 7 only on ! level ( ! 
mod]n ,pueblo ,indians4       999999    
,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan's valuable ,league (
 ! ,iroquois &      ! ,iroquois ,book ( 
,rites 7,br9ton1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhc7  
may      be consult$4  ,9 w> ^! tribes  
display$ t delib]ate cruelty :i* surviv$
 "u ! ,aztec rul]s z ! enorm\s cannibal 
ritual ( human sacrifice4 ,a curi\s po9t
 9 ,r$ ,indian cu/om 0 ! famili>        
in/itution ( scalp+ ! sla9 9 w>4 ,o!r   

races are head-hunt]s1 b scalp+ is      
probably peculi> to ! ,r$ ,m5 & !       
,scy?ians499       99 ,h]odotus1 iv4    
#fd4  ,on a level1 yet l[] ?an t ( !    
,algonk9 & o!r hunt] tribes1 are !      
,am]ican races :om circum/ances h driv5 
into desolate inf]tile regions2 :o live1
 l ! ,ahts1 ma9ly on fi%2 l ! ,eskimos1 
9 a _w ( fro/ & w9t]2 or l ! ,fuegians1 
on cru/aceans & seawe$4 ,! m9ute        
gradations ( culture _c be closely      
exam9$ "h1 b ! process is upw>ds1 f p l 
! ,fuegians & ,digg]s1 to ! build]s ( ! 
kit*5-midd5s--probably q equals ( !     
,eskimos999999--& s ?r\gh ! condition ( 
,ahts4       999999 ,nadaillac1         
,prehi/oric ,am]ica1 p4 #ff4  ,!        
resemblance betwe5 ,scy?ian & ,r$       
,indian mann]s ex]cis$ ! le>n$ 9 ! "t ( 
,grotius4 ,x has be5 acutely rem>k$ by  
,j4 ,g4 ,muell]1 t 9 ,am]ica "o /age (  
society1 z develop$ 9 ! ,old ,_w1 is    
abs5t4 ,!re is no pa/oral /age4 ,!      
natives _h nei!r dome/icat$ k9e1 goats  
nor %eep4 ,f ?is lack ( int]e/ 9 !      

well-be+ ( ! dome/icat$ l[] animals he  
is incl9$ to d$uce ! peculi>ly savage   
cruelty ( ,am]ican w> & ,am]ican        
religion4 ,sympa?y 0 undevelop$4        
,possibly ! lack ( tame animals may h   
enc\rag$ ! preval5ce ( human sacrifice4 
,! ,brahmana %[s h[1 9 ,h9do/an1 ! l[]  
animals became vic>i\s sub/itutes = man 
9 sacrifice1 z ! fawn ( ,artemis or !   
ram ( ,jehovah took ! place ( ,iphig5ia 
or ( ,isaac4 ,cf4 ,j4 ,g4 ,muell]1      
,oes*i*te d] ,am]ikaniseh5 ,urreligion51
 pp4 #bb1 #bc4  ,?l9keets1 ,cahrocs &   
o!r rude tribes ( ! ,nor?-we/ ,pacific  
,coa/1 to t ( ,si\x1 ,blackfeet1 ,m&ans1
 ,iroquois1 & !n to ! settl$ /ate ( !   
,pueblo folk1 ! s\!rn com=ts ( !        
,nat*ez1 & f9ally to ! organisation ( ! 
,mayas1 & ! summit occupi$ by ! ,aztecs 
& ,incas4  ,?r\gh ! cre$s ( all ^!      
races1 :e!r orig9ally ( ! same /ock or  
n1 run _m /r&s ( religi\s & my?ical     
beliefs--! v ?reads t are wov5 into !   
v>i$ fai?s ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! dread (     
gho/s2 ! religi\s adoration paid to     

animals2 ! belief 9 k9dr$ & protect+    
bea/s2 ! wor%ip ( inanimate objects1    
r\ghly /yl$ feti%es2 a c]ta9 rev]5ce = !
 great heav5ly bodies1 sun1 moon &      
,pleiades2 a t5d5cy to reg>d ! />s1 )   
all o!r ?+s & ph5om5a1 z animat$ &      
p]sonal--) a belief 9 a ,supreme        
,creator1 ^! are ! w>p1 z x 71 ( !      
fabric ( ,am]ican religion499       99  
,! argum5ts aga9/ ! borr[+ ( ! ,creator 
f      mission>ies h already be5 /at$4  
,9 "o /age ( culture "o set ( ^? ideas  
may be m pr$om9ant ?an 9 ano!r /age1 b  
!y are pres5t 9 all4 ,! zoo-morphic or  
!riomorphic my?ologies & cre$s are n[h]e
 m vivaci\s ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,n cont5t ) !
 tribal zoomorphic gu>dian & fri5d1 !   
totem1 ea* ,indian 0 9 ! habit ( seek+ =
 a special animal protector ( 8 own4    
,?is be+1 :i* he call$ 8 ,manit\1       
reveal$ itself to him 9 ! long fa/s ( t 
savage sacram5t :i* consecrates !       
entrance on full manhood4 ,ev5 9 !      
elaborate religions ( ! civilis$ races1 
,p]uvians & ,aztecs1 ! animal deities   

survive1 & sacr$ bea/s ga!r 9 ! %r9e (  
,pa*acamac1 or a rudim5t>y remnant (    
ance/ral beak or fea!r cl+s to ! /atue (
 ,huitzilopo*tli4 ,b among ! civilis$   
peoples1 9 :i* ! division ( lab\r f\nd  
its place & human ranks 7 m9utely       
discrim9at$1 ! gods too _h _! divisions 
& dep>tm5ts4 ,an organis$ poly!ism      
prevail$1 & 9 ! temples ( ,c5teotl &    
,tlazolteotl1 ,h]odotus or ,pausanias   
w\ld h readily recognis$ ! ,demet] & !  
,aphrodite ( ,mexico4  ,!re 7 dep>tm5tal
 gods1 & !re 0 ev5 an obvi\s t5d5cy     
t[>ds ! wor%ip ( "o spiritual deity1 !  
,bretwalda ( all ! div9e k+s1 a god on 8
 way to becom+ s+le & supreme4 ,!       
religions & my?s ( ,am]ica ?us display1 
l ! my?s & religions ( ! ,old ,_w1 !    
long evolution ( human ?\ght 9 its seek+
 aft] ,god4 ,! rude fir/ draughts (     
,deity are !re1 & !y are by no means    
effac$ 9 ! fanta/ic prie/ly designs (   
dep>tm5tal div9ities4  ,! "q ( a        
primitive ,am]ican mono!ism has be5 m   
debat$ ?an ev5 t ( ! ,h5o-!ism ( !      

,aryans 9 ,india4 ,on ?is po9t x mu/ be 
said t1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 probably any    
race ( m5 may be call$ mono!i/ic1 j z1 9
 ano!r s5se1 ,*ri/ians :o rev]e sa9ts   
may be call$ poly!i/ic499       99      
,gaidoz1 ,revue ,critique1 ,m>*1 #ahhg4 
,x has be5 con/antly set =? 9 ?is "w t1 
9 mom5ts ( truly religi\s ?\ght1 ev5 !  
l[e/ tribes turn _! m9ds t[>ds a        
gu>dian1 a high] p[]1 some?+ :i* wat*es 
& helps ! race ( m54 ,?is m5tal approa* 
t[>ds ! p[]ful fri5d is an aspiration1 &
 sometimes a dogma2 x is religi\s1 n    
my?ological2 x is mono!i/ic1 n          
poly!i/ic4 ,! ,be+ appeal$ to by !      
savage 9 mom5ts ( ne$ or despair may g  
by a "n :i* d5otes a hawk1 or a spid]1  
or a gras%opp]1 b we may be pretty sure 
t little ?\ght ( su* creatures is 9 !   
m9d ( ! wor%ipp] 9 8 h\r ( ne$499       
99 ,!re are exceptions1 z :5 !          
,ojibbeway1 be+ 9      dang]1 appeals to
 8 own private protect+ ,manit\1        
p]haps a wild duck2 or :5 ! ,zuni cries 
to ,ye animal      gods1 my fa!rs6      

7,bureau ( ,e?nol41 #ahhj-ha1 p4 #db47  
,?us      we c sc>cely agree entirely ) 
,m4 ,maurice ,v]nes :5      he says1    
,all m5 are mono!i/ic 9 ! f]v\r (       
adoration or 9 mom5ts ( deep ?\ght4     
7,l',hi/oire des      ,religions1 ,p>is1
 #ahhg1 p4 #fa47 ,! t5d5cy ( adoration  
& ( speculation is1 h[ev]1 mono!i/ic4   
,aga91 ! mo/ ludicr\s or infam\s tales  
may be curr5t ab\t ! adv5tures &        
misadv5tures ( ! gras%opp] or ! hawk4   
,he may be1 z my?ically conceiv$1 only  
"o out ( a cr[d ( simil> magnifi$       
non-natural m5 or l[] animals4 ,b nei!r 
8 companions nor 8 leg5d are likely to  
di/ract ! ?\ghts ( ! ,bu%man :o cries to
 ,cagn = food1 or ( ! ,murri :o tells 8 
boy t ,pund-jel wat*es him f ! heav5s1  
or ( ! ,solomon ,isl&] :o appeals to    
,qat z he crosses ! l9e ( reefs & foam4 
,?us x may be ma9ta9$ t :5ev] man turns 
to a gu>dian n ( ?is _w1 n pres5t to !  
s5ses1 man is = ! mom5t a !i/1 & (t5 a  
mono!i/4 ,b :5 we look f aspiration to  
doctr9e1 f ! solit>y ejaculation to     

ritual1 f religion to my?1 x w\ld       
probably be va9 to suppose t an         
uncontam9at$ belief 9 "o ,god only1 !   
mak] & creator ( all ?+s1 has g5]ally   
prevail$1 ei!r 9 ,am]ica or else:]e4    
,su* a belief1 reject+ all m9or deities1
 consci\sly /at$ 9 t]ms & decl>$ 9      
ritual1 is ! result ( long ages & ef=ts 
( ! highe/ ?\ght1 or1 if once & aga9 !  
intuition ( ,deity has fla%$ on "s      
lonely %eph]d or sage l an inspiration1 
8 cre$ has usually be5 at w> ) ! popul> 
op9ions ( m51 & has1 except 9 ,islam1   
won its disciples f ! le>n$ & ref9$4    
,am]ica seems no exception to s g5]al a 
rule4  ,an opposite op9ion is v commonly
 ent]ta9$1 because ! n>ratives (        
mission>ies1 & ev5 ! novels ( ,coop] &  
o!rs1 h made read]s famili> ) su* t]ms z
 ! ,great ,_s 9 ! m\?s ( ,pawnees or    
,mohicans4 ,on ! "o h&1 tak+ ! view (   
borr[+1 ,mrs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,smi? says3 ',!   
,great ,_s1' s popul>ly & poetically "k 
z ! ,god ( ! ,r$ ,man1' & '! happy      
hunt+-gr\nd1' g5]ally report$ to be !   

,indian's idea ( a future /ate1 are bo? 
( !m b _! ready conception ( ! :ite     
man's ,god & heav5499 ,dr4 ,br9ton1     
too19999 av]s t ! ,great ,_s is a       
po/-,*ri/ian conception4 ,9 mo/ cases ^!
 t]ms are entirely ( mod]n orig91 co9$  
at ! sugge/ion ( mission>ies1 appli$ to 
! :ite man's ,god4444       99 ,bureau (
 ,e?nology's ,second ,report1 p4 #eb4   
9999  ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w1 ,new ,york1   
#ahgf1 p4 #eh4  ,! ,jesuits' ,relations 
/ate positively t !re 0 no "o immat]ial 
,god recognis$ by ! ,algonk9 tribes1 & t
 ! title ',! ,great ,manito' 0 introduc$
 fir/ by !mselves 9 its p]sonal s5se4 ,!
 /atem5t ( "o mission>y _c be tak51 (   
c\rse1 to b9d all ! o!rs4 ,! ,p]e ,paul 
le ,jeune rem>ks3 ,! savages give ! "n (
 ,manit\ to :atsoev] 9 nature1 good or  
evil1 is sup]ior to man4 ,!re=e :5 we   
speak ( ,god1 !y sometimes call him ',! 
,good ,manit\1' t is1 ',! ,good ,_s'499 
,! same ,p]e ,paul le ,jeune9999 says t 
by ,manit\ 8 flock meant un ange ou     
quelque nature puissante4 ,il y'en a de 

bons et de mauvais4 ,! evid5ce ( ,p]e   
,hi]osme ,lallemant999999 has already   
be5 allud$ to1 b x may be z well to     
repeat t1 :ile he attributes to !       
,indians a k9d ( unconsci\s religi\s    
!ism1 he entirely d5ies !m any mono!i/ic
 dogmas4 ,) ,t]tullian1 he writes1      
,exclamant vocem naturalit] ,*ri/ianam4 
,to speak tru?1 ^! peoples h d]iv$ f _! 
fa!rs no k ( a god1 & be=e we set foot 9
 _! c\ntry !y _h no?+ b va9 fables ab\t 
! orig9 ( ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 savages z !y
 71 !re did abide 9 _! he>ts a secret   
s5tim5t ( div9ity1 & ( a fir/ pr9ciple1 
au?or ( all ?+s1 :om1 n kn[+1 !y yet    
invok$4 ,9 ! =e/1 9 ! *ase1 on ! wat]1 9
 p]il by sea1 !y call him to _! aid4    
99 ,relations de la ,novelle ,france1   
#afcg1 p4 #di4       9999 ,relations1   
#afcc1 p4 #ag4       999999 #afdh1 p4   
#gg4  ,?is gu>dian1 x seems1 receives   
diff]5t names 9 diff]5t circum/ances4   
,my? comes 92 ! sky is a ,god2 a ,manit\
 dwell+ 9 ! nor? s5ds ice & sn[2 ano!r  
dwells 9 ! wat]s1 & _m 9 ! w9ds499 ,!   

,p]e ,all\ez9999 says1 ,!y recognise no 
sov]eign ( heav5 or e>?4 ,"h ! good fa!r
 & all :o advocate a !ory ( borr[+ are  
at v>iance ) ,ma/] ,?omas ,h]iot1 t     
le>n$ ,ma!matician 7#aehh74 ,9 ,virg9ia 
!re is "o *iefe god1 t has be5e f all   
et]nitie1 :o made o!r gods ( a pr9cipal 
ord]4999999 ,ne> ,new ,plym\?1 ,kiehtan 
0 ! *ief god1 & ! s\ls ( ! j abode 9 8  
mansions499999999 ,we h already cit$    
,alione1 & %[n t he & ! o!r gods f\nd by
 ! fir/ explor]s1 are c]ta9ly n (       
,*ri/ian orig94       99 ,! ,confessions
 ( ,kah-ge-ga-gah ,b[h1 a conv]t$ ,crane
      ( ! ,ojibbeways1 may be r a       
suspici\s docum5t4 ,kah1      to %ort5 8
 noble "n1 became a prea*] & plat=m-    
speak] ( some:at w9dy eloqu5ce1 accord+ 
to ,mr4      ,longfell[1 :o _h he>d him4
 ,8 report is t 9 y\?      he s\ght !   
fav\r ( ! ,manit\s 7,mon-e-doos he calls
      !m71 b also rev]$                 
,ke-%a-mon-e-doo1 ! b5evol5t      _s1 :o
 made ! e>? ) all its v>iety & smil+    
beauty4 ,b 8 n>rative is v unlike !     

,indian acc\nt      ( ! manufacture ( ! 
_w by ?is or t animal1      already giv5
 9 ,my?s ( ! ,orig9 ( ,?+s4 ,!          
b5evol5t _s1 accord+ to ,kah's fa!r1 a  
m$ic9e-      man1 dwelt 9 ! sun         
7,copway1 ,recollections ( a ,=e/       
,life1 ,london1 s4 a4 pp4 #d1 #e74      
,practical & good-natur$      actions ( 
! ,great ,_s are record$ on p4 #ce4 ,he 
directs />v+ travell]s by means (       
dreams4       9999 ,relations1 #affg1 p4
 #a4       999999 ,arb]1 ,capta9 ,john  
,smi?1 p4 #cba4       99999999 ,op4     
cit41 p4 #gfh4  ,a curi\s acc\nt ( ,r$  
,indian religion may be extract$ f a "w 
/yl$ ,a ,n>rative ( ! ,captivity &      
,adv5tures ( ,john ,tann] dur+ a ,?irty 
,ye>s' ,resid5ce among ! ,indians 7,new 
,york1 #ahcj74 ,tann] 0 caught :5 a boy1
 & liv$ z an ,indian1 ev5 9 religion4 ,!
 ,great ,_s con/antly appe>s 9 8 /ory z 
a moral & protect+ deity1 ^: fav\r &    
help may be won by pray]s1 :i* are aid$ 
by magical c]emonies & dances4 ,tann]   
accept$ & act$ on ?is "p ( ! ,indian    

belief1 :ile g5]ally reject+ ! m$ic9e   
m51 :o gave !mselves out = mess5g]s or  
avat]s ( ! ,great ,_s4 ,tann] _h frequ5t
 visions ( ! ,great ,_s 9 ! =m ( a      
h&some "y man1 :o gave him in=mation    
ab\t ! future4 ,d ,i n "k1 said !       
appe>ance1 :5 y are hungry & 9 di/ress8 
,i look d[n ^u y at all times1 & x is n 
necess>y y %\ld call me ) su* l\d cries4
 7p4 #ahi74  ,almo/ all idea ( a t5d5cy 
t[>ds mono!ism vani%es :5 we turn f !   
religions to ! my?s ( ! ,am]ican        
peoples4 ,d\btless x may be ma9ta9$ t ! 
religi\s impulse or s5tim5t nev] :olly  
dies1 b1 aft] be+ subm]g$ 9 a flood (   
fables1 reappe>s 9 ! philosophic        
conception ( a pure deity ent]ta9$ by a 
few ( ! cultivat$ classes ( ,mexico &   
,p]u4 ,b our bus9ess j n[ is ) ! flood (
 fables4 ,f nor? to s\? ! m g5]al       
beliefs are m>k$ ) an e>ly dualism1 &   
ev]y:]e are met ! two oppos$ figures ( a
 good & a bad extra-natural be+ 9 ! %ape
 ( a man or bea/4 ,! ,eskimos1 =        
example1 call ! bett] be+ ,torng>suk4   

,!y don't all agree ab\t 8 =m or aspect4
 ,"s say he has no =m at all2 o!rs      
describe him z a great be>1 or z a great
 man ) "o arm1 or z small z a f+]4 ,he  
is immortal1 b might be kill$ by !      
int]v5tion ( ! god ,crepitus499       99
 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ?is is possible  
may be s\ght      = 9 ,crantz1 ,hi/ory (
 ,gre5l&1 ,london1 #agfg1 vol4 i4       
p4 #bjj  ,! o!r great b malignant _s is 
a nameless female1 ! wife or "m (       
,torng>suk4 ,%e dwells "u ! sea 9 a     
habitation gu>d$ by a ,c]b]us ( h] own1 
a huge dog1 :i* may be surpris$1 = he   
sleeps = "o mom5t at a "t4 ,torng>suk is
 n ! mak] ( all ?+s1 b /ill is s mu* ( a
 deity t _m1 :5 !y he> ( ,god & 8       
omnipot5ce1 are readily l$ to !         
supposition t probably we mean _!       
,torng>suk 4 ,all spirits are call$     
,torngak1 & soak  great2 h5ce ! good _s 
( ! ,eskimos 9 8 limit$ p[] is ! ,great 
,_s499 ,9 addition to a ho/ ( o!r       
spirits1 "s ( :om reveal !mselves       
affably to all1 :ile o!rs are only      

accessible to ,angakut or m$ic9e-m51 !  
,eskimos h a ,pluto1 or ,hades1 or ,*>os
 ( _! own4 ,he is meagre1 d>k1 sull51 & 
dev\rs ! b[els ( ! gho/s4 ,!re are      
spirits ( fire1 wat]1 m\nta9s1 w9ds2 !re
 are dog-fac$ demons1 & ! s\ls (        
abortions become hide\s spectres1 :ile !
 common gho/ ( civilis$ life is famili>4
 ,! _s ( a boy's dead "m appe>$ to him 9
 op5 day1 & address$ him 9 t\*+         
language3 ,be n afraid2 ,i am ?y "m1 &  
love !e6 = "h1 too1 9 ?is froz5 & haunt$
 _w1 love is m /rong ?an dea?49999      
,eskimo my? is practical1 &1 :]e        
speculative1 is conc]n$ ) ! =tunes ( m51
 alive or dead1 z f> z ^! dep5d on      
propitiat+ ! gods or extra-natural be+s4
 ,! ,eskimo my? ( ! orig9 ( dea? w\ld   
f9d its place among ! o!r leg5ds ( ?is  
sort4999999       99 ,crantz1 op4 cit41 
i4 #bjg4 note4       9999 ,op4 cit41 i4 
#bji       999999 ,cf4 ,mod]n ,my?ology1
 ,! ,orig9 ( ,dea?4  ,z a rule1 ,eskimo 
my?1 z f> z x has be5 inve/igat$1 r     
resembles t ( ! ,zulus4 ,ma]*5 or       

romantic /ories are v common2 tales ab\t
 ! mak+ ( ?+s & ! actions ( ! pre-human 
be+s are s+ul>ly sc>ce4 ,except = "s    
moon & /> my?s1 & ! tale ( ! orig9 (    
dea?1 h>dly any my?s1 prop]ly s call$1  
are report$4 ,only v scanty traces1 says
 ,r9k1 h be5 f\nd ( any k9d ( ideas hav+
 be5 =m$ z to ! orig9 & e>ly hi/ory ( ! 
_w & ! rul+ p[]s or deities499       99 
,he adds t ?is seems suffici5tly to %[ t
 su*      my?ological speculations h    
be51 9 respect to o!r      nations1 also
 ! product ( a lat] /age ( culture4 ,t  
?is position is errone\s is pla9 f ! _m 
my?s "h      collect$ f peoples l[] 9   
culture ?an ! ,eskimos4      ,cf4 ,r9k1 
,tales & ,traditions ( ! ,eskimos4      
,turn+ f ! ,eskimos to ! ,ahts (        
,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 we f9d !m 9 possession
 ( r a copi\s my?ology4 ,)\t believ+    
exactly 9 a supreme1 !y h ! conception (
 a sup]ior be+1 ,quawteaht1 no m]e local
 nor tribal deity1 b kn[n 9 e village1 l
 ,osiris 9 ,egypt4 ,he is also1 l       
,osiris & ,baiame1 ! *ief ( a beautiful1

 f>-(f1 spiritual c\ntry1 b he _h 8     
adv5tures & misadv5tures :ile he dwelt  
on e>?4 ,! malevol5t aspect (           
?+s--/orms1 disease & ! re/--is ei!r    
,quawteaht enrag$1 or ! manife/ation ( 8
 oppon5t 9 ! primitive dualism1 ,tootoo*
 or ,*ay-h]1 ! ,hades or ,pluto ( !     
,ahts4 ,l ,hades1 ,*ay-h] is bo? a p]son
 & a place--! place ( ! dead discom=t$1 
& ! rul] ( t l&1 a boneless =m ) a long 
grey be>d4 ,! exploits ( ,quawteaht 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( ?+s 7 some?+ betwe5 ^? ( ,zeus 
& ( ,prome!us4  ,he is ! g5]al fram]--,i
 d n say creator ( all ?+s1 ?\gh "s     
special ?+s are except$499 ,quawteaht1 9
 ! leg5d ( ! loon 7:o 0 once an injur$  
,indian1 & /ill wails 8 wrongs71 is     
repres5t$ z consci\s ( ! conduct ( m51 &
 z prone to av5ge misde$s49999 ,9 p]son 
,quawteaht 0 ( %ort /ature1 ) v /rong   
hairy arms & legs4999999 ,!re is a t\* (
 unconsci\s ,d>w9ism 9 ?is description (
 ! fir/ ,indian4 ,9 ,quawteaht m+le !   
r\gh draughts ( a god & ( an ,adam1 a   
creator & a fir/ man4 ,?is mixture is   

famili> 9 ! ,zulu ,unkulunkulu4 ,unlike 
,prome!us1 ,quawteaht did n /eal ! se$ (
 fire4 ,x 0 /ol5 by ! cuttlefi%1 & 9 "s 
leg5ds ,quawteaht 0 ! orig9al           
proprietor4 ,l mo/ gods1 he c\ld assume 
! =m ( ! bea/s1 & x 0 9 ! %ape ( a great
 :ale t he discomfit$ 8 oppon5t         
,tootoo*4999999 ,x does n appe> t       
,tootoo* receives any wor%ip or         
adoration1 su* z is (f]$ to ! sun &     
moon4       99 ,sproat1 ,savage ,life1  
,london1 #ahfh1 p4 #baj4       9999 ,op4
 cit41 p4 #ahb4       999999,ibid4 i4 p4
 #agi4  ,leav+ ! ,ahts = ! ,?l9keets1 we
 f9d ,yehl1 ! god or h]o ( !            
introduction ( ! arts1 :o1 l ! ,*ri/ ( !
 ,f9ni% epic or ,maui 9 ,new ,zeal&1 0  
born by a miracul\s bir?4 ,8 "m 0 a     
,?l9keet woman1 ^: boys _h all be5 sla94
 ,z %e w&]$ disconsolate by ! sea-%ore1 
a dolph9 or :ale1 tak+ pity ^u h]4 bade 
h] dr9k a little salt wat] & swall[ a   
pebble4 ,%e did s1 & 9 due "t bore a    
*ild1 ,yehl1 ! h]o ( ! ,?l9keets4 ,once1
 9 8 y\?1 ,yehl %ot a sup]natural crane1

 sk9n$ x1 & :5ev] he wi%$ to fly1 clo!d 
himself 9 ! bird's sk94 ,yet he is      
always kn[n z a rav54 ,h5ce !re is mu* !
 same confusion betwe5 ,yehl & ! bird z 
betwe5 ,amun 9 ,egypt & ! ram 9 ^: sk9  
he 0 once pleas$ to reveal himself to a 
mortal4 ,9 ,yehl's y\? occurr$ ! deluge1
 produc$ by ! curse ( an unfri5dly uncle
 ( 8 own2 b ! deluge 0 no?+ to ,yehl1 :o
 flew up to heav51 & an*or$ himself to a
 cl\d by 8 beak till ! wat]s abat$4 ,l  
mo/ h]oes ( 8 k9d1 ,yehl br\ght light to
 m54 ,! heav5ly bodies 9 8 "t 7 kept 9  
boxes by an old *ief4 ,yehl1 by an +5i\s
 /ratagem1 got possession ( ! boxes4 ,to
 fly up to ! firmam5t ) ! treasure1 to  
op5 ! boxes1 & to /ick />s1 sun & moon 9
 _! prop] places 9 ! sky1 0 to ! active 
,yehl ! "w ( a mom5t4  ,fire he /ole1 l 
,prome!us1 c>ry+ a br& 9 8 beak till he 
rea*$ ! ,?l9keet %ore4 ,!re ! fire      
dropp$ on /ones & /icks1 f :i* x is /ill
 obta9$ by /rik+ ! fl9ts or rubb+ toge!r
 ! bits ( wood4 ,wat]1 l fire1 0 a      
monopoly 9 ^? days1 & "o ,khanukh kept  

all ( x 9 8 own well4 ,khanukh 0 !      
ance/or ( ! ,wolf family among !        
,?l9keets1 z ,yehl is ! fir/ fa!r ( !   
/ock call$ ,rav5s4 ,! wolf & rav5 ?us   
answ] to ! my?ic creative cr[ & cockatoo
 9 ,au/ralian my?ology1 & take sides 9 !
 primitive dualism4 ,:5 ,yehl w5t to    
/eal wat] f ,khanukh1 ! pair _h a       
discussion1 exactly l t betwe5 ,j\kaha95
 & ,wa9a-mo95 9 ! epic ( ! ,f9ns1 z to  
:i* ( !m _h be5 long] 9 ! _w4 ,be=e ! _w
 /ood 9 its place1 ,i 0 !re1 says ,yehl2
 & ,wa9amo95 says1 ,:5 e>? 0 made1 ,i 0 
!re2 :5 space 0 unroll$1 ,i laun*$ ! sun
 on 8 way4 ,simil> boa/s occur 9 ! poems
 ( ,emp$ocles & ( ,talies94 ,khanukh1   
h[ev]1 prov$ to be bo? old] & m skill$ 9
 magic ?an ,yehl4 ,yet ! accompli%m5t ( 
fly+ once m /ood ,yehl 9 good /ead1 & he
 c>ri$ (f ! wat]1 z ,od91 9 ! =m ( a    
bird1 /ole ,suttung's mead1 by fly+ (f )
 x 9 8 beak4 ,yehl !n w5t to 8 own      
place499  ,9 ! my?s ( ! o!r races on !  
,nor?-we/ ,pacific ,coa/ no?+ is m      
rem>kable ?an ! !riomorphic "* ( !      

h]oes1 :o are also to a c]ta9 ext5t gods
 & mak]s ( ?+s4  ,! ,koniagas h _!      
ance/ral bird & dog1 demiurges1 mak]s ( 
sea1 riv]s1 hills1 yet subject to a     
great deity call$ ,s*ljam ,s*oa1 ( :om  
!y are ! mess5g]s & ag5ts49999 ,!       
,aleuts h _! primeval dog-h]o1 & also a 
great old man1 :o made p1 l ,deucalion1 
& z 9 ! ,macusi my?1 by ?r[+ /ones ov] 8
 %\ld]4999999       99 ,bancr(t1 iii4   
#ajj-ajb ,holmb]g1 ,e?4 ,skiz41 p4 #fa4 
9999 ,ibid41 #ajd1 quot+ ,dall's        
,alaska1 p4 #dje1 &      ,lisiansky's   
,voyage1 pp4 #aig1 #aih4       999999   
,brett's ,indians qf ,guiana1 p4 #chd4  
,conc]n+ ! primal my?ical be+s ( ! great
 hunt] & w>rior tribes ( ,am]ica1       
,algonk9s1 ,hurons & ,iroquois1 some?+  
has already be5 said 9 ! *apt] on ,my?s 
( ! ,orig9 ( ,?+s4  ,x is ! peculi>ity (
 su* h]oes or gods ( my? z ! oppos+ ,r$ 
,indian good & evil deities t !y take   
little "p 9 ! affairs ( ! _w :5 once ^! 
h be5 />t$499 ,ioskeha & ,tawisc>a1 !   
good & bad primeval bro!rs1 h _h _! w>s1

 & are n[1 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 ! sun & !   
moon49999 ,! b5efits ( ,ioskeha to      
mank9d are ma9ly 9 ! pa/2 z1 = example1 
:51 l ano!r ,indra1 he slew ! great frog
 t _h swall[$ ! wat]s1 & gave !m free   
c\rse ov] e>?4999999       99 ,erm9ie   
,smi?1 9 ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 
#ahhj-      #ha1 publi%es a full1 b n v 
sy/ematic1 acc\nt (      ,iroquois gods 
( to-day4 ,?und]1 ! w9d1 & e*o are !    
*ief div9e figures4 ,! ,titans or       
,jotuns1 ! oppos$      sup]natural p[]s1
 are giants ( /one4 ,among ! mo/        
anci5t ( ! deities 7 _! mo/ remote      
ance/ors1      c]ta9 animals :o lat] 7  
trans=m$ into human      %apes1 ! "n ( !
 animals be+ pres]v$ by _!              
desc5dants1 :o h us$ !m to designate _! 
g5tes or      clans4 ,! ,iroquois h a   
/range & v t\*+      v]sion ( ! my? (   
,orpheus & ,eurydice 7op4 cit41 p4      
#ajd74 ,x appe>s to be native &         
unborr[$2 all !      details are pure   
,iroquois4       9999 ,relations de la  
,n\velle ,france1 #afcf1 p4 #ajb4       

999999 ,ibid4 i4 p4 #ajh4  ,ioskeha is  
/ill s f> s]viceable t he makes ! pot   
boil1 ?\gh ?is may only be a way (      
recall+ ! b5efits conf]r$ on man by him 
:5 he le>n$ f ! turtle h[ to make fire4 
,ioskeha1 moreov] is ?ank$ = success 9 !
 *ase1 because he let loose ! animals f 
! cave 9 :i* !y liv$ at ! beg9n+4 ,z !y 
fl$ he spoil$ _! spe$ by w\nd+ !m )     
arr[s2 only "o escap$1 ! w9d-swift wolf4
 ,"s devotees reg>d$ ,ioskeha z ! tea*] 
( agriculture & ! giv] ( great h>ve/s ( 
maize4 ,9 #afce ,ioskeha 0 se51 all     
meagre & skeleton-l1 te>+ a man's leg ) 
8 tee?1 a prophecy ( fam9e4 ,a m        
agreeable app>ition ( loskeha is report$
 by ! ,p]e ,b>!lemy ,vimont499 ,:5 an   
,iroquois 0 fi%+1 a demon appe>$ to him 
9 ! %ape ( a tall & beautiful "y man4   
',be n afraid1' said ?is _s2 ',i am !   
ma/] ( e>?1 :om y ,hurons wor%ip "u ! "n
 ( ,ioskeha2 ! ,fr5* give me ! errone\s 
"n ( ,jesus1 b !y "k me n4' ,ioskeha !n 
gave "s directions = cur+ ! small-pox4  
,! ,indian's /ory is1 ( c\rse1 col\r$ by

 :at he knew ( mission>y tea*+1 b !     
incid5t %\ld be comp>$ ) ! m$ic9e dream 
( ,john ,tann]4  ,! sky1 conceiv$ z a   
p]son1 held a place r 9 ! religion ?an 9
 ! my?ology ( ! ,indians4 ,he 0 approa*$
 ) pray] & sacrifice1 & !y implor$ ! sky
 9 all _! necessities49999 ,! sky he>s  
u1 !y w\ld say 9 tak+ an oa?1 & !y      
appeas$ ! wra? ( ! sky ) a v peculi>    
semi-cannibal sacrifice4999999       99 
,relations1 #afdj1 p4 #ib4       9999   
,op4 cit4 i4 #afcf1 p4 #ajg4            
999999 ,= ,pawnees & ,blackfeet see     
,gr9nell1 ,pawnee &      ,blackfoot     
,leg5ds 7#b vols474  ,:at ,ioskeha 0 to 
! ,iroquois1 ,mi*abo or ,manibozho 0 to 
! ,algonk9 tribes4 ,!re has be5 a good  
deal ( my/ification ab\t ,mi*abo or     
,manibozho1 or ,mess\1 :o 0 probably1 9 
my?1 a h>e sans phrase1 b :o has be5    
conv]t$ by philological processes into a
 p]sonification ( light or dawn4 ,x has 
already be5 se5 t ! wild ,nor? ,pacific 
peoples recognise 9 _! h]o & demiurge   
animals ( v>i\s species2 dogs1 rav5s1   

muskrats & coyotes h be5 f\nd 9 ?is l(ty
 e/imation1 & ! ,utes believe 9         
,c9-au-av1 ! anci5t ( wolves499 ,x w\ld 
require "s lab\r to d]ive all ! anci5t  
h]oes & gods f misconceptions ab\t !    
names ( va/ natural ph5om5a l light &   
dawn1 & x is probable t ,mi*abo or      
,mani-bozho1 ! ,great ,h>e ( !          
,algonk9s1 is only a successful         
apo!osis$ totem l ! re/4 ,8 leg5d & 8   
dom9ion are v widely spread4 ,dr4       
,br9ton himself 7p4 #aec7 all[s t !     
great h>e is a totem4 ,p]haps our e>lie/
 au?ority ab\t ! my?ical great h>e 9    
,am]ica is ,william ,/ra*ey's ,travaile 
into ,virg9ia49999       99 ,p[ell1 9   
,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahgi-hj1 p4 #dc4  
9999 ,circa #afab2 repr9t$ by ! ,hakjuyt
 ,society4  ,among o!r in=mation z to ! 
gods ( ! natives1 ,/ra*ey quotes !      
rem>ks ( a c]ta9 ,indian3 ,we h five    
gods 9 all2 our *ief god appe>s (t5 unto
 u 9 ! lik5ess ( a mighty great h>e2 !  
o!r f\r h no visible %ape1 b are inde$ !
 f\r wynds4 ,an ,indian1 aft] he>+ f !  

,engli% ! ,biblical acc\nt ( ! creation1
 expla9$ t our god1 :o takes ^u him !   
%ape ( a h>e1444 at l5g? devis$ & made  
div]s m5 & wom54 ,he also drove away !  
cannibal ,manit\s4 ,t godlike h>e made !
 wat] & ! fi% & a great de>e4 ,! o!r f\r
 gods1 9 envy1 kill$ ! h>e's de]4 ,?is  
is curi\sly l ! ,bu%man my? ( ,cagn1 !  
mantis insect1 & 8 fav\rite el&4 ,!     
godly h>e's h\se is at ! place (        
sun-ris+2 !re ! s\ls ( good ,indians fe$
 on delici\s fruits ) t great h>e1 :o is
 cle>ly1 s f>1 ! ,virg9ian ,osiris499   
,dr4 ,br9ton has writt5 at "s l5g? on   
?is *im]ical bea/1 ^: my? prevails1 he  
says1 f ! remote/ wilds ( ! ,nor?-we/ to
 ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic1 f ! s\!rn b\nd>y 
( ,c>ol9a to ! *e]less swamps (         
,hudson's ,bay4444 ,! totem 7totem-k9dr$
 probably is meant7 clan :i* bore 8 "n 0
 look$ up to ) peculi> respect4 ,f ?is x
 w\ld appe> t ! h>e 0 a totem l ano!r1 &
 _h ! same orig91 :atev] t may h be54   
,accord+ to ! ,p]e ,all\ez1 ! ,indians  
ont en v5]ation t\te p>ticuli]e1 une    

c]ta9e be/e *im]ique1 qu'ils n'ont      
jamais veue s9on en songe1 ils          
,tappeli5t ,missibizi1 :i* appe>s to be 
a =m ( ,mi*abo & ,mani-bozho49999       
99 ,hi/ory ( ,travaile1 pp4 #ih1 #ii4   
,?is h>e we h      allud$ to 9 vol4 i4  
p4 #ahd1 b x seems wor? :ile aga9       
to exam9e ,dr4 ,br9ton's !ory m closely4
       9999 ,relations1 #afcg1 p4 #ac   
,9 #afgj ! same ,p]e ,all\ez gives "s   
my?s ab\t ,mi*abo4 ,c'e/-a-dire le gr&  
lievre1 :o made ! _w1 & also inv5t$     
fi%+-nets4 ,he is ! ma/] ( life1 & c    
leap eight leagues at "o b\nd1 & is     
beheld by 8 s]vants 9 dreams4 ,9 #afcd  
,p]e ,paul le ,jeune gives a long]      
acc\nt ( ,mess\1 a v>iation ( ! same "n1
 accord+ to ,dr4 ,br9ton1 z ,mi*abo4    
,?is ,mess\ recon/ruct$ ! dr[n$ _w out (
 a piece ( clay br\ght him by an ott]1  
:i* succe$$ aft] ! failure ( a rav5 s5t 
out by ,mess\4 ,he aft]w>ds m>ri$ a     
muskrat1 by :om he became ! fa!r ( a    
fl\ri%+ family4 ,le brave rep>ateur de  
l'univ]s e/ le fr]e aisne de t\tes les  

be/es1 says ! mock+ mission>y499 ,mess\ 
has ! usual p[]s ( %ape-%ift+1 :i* are !
 common accompli%m5ts ( ! m$ic9e-man or 
conjuror1 se trans=mant en mille sortes 
d'animaux49999 ,he is n s mu* a creator 
z a demiurge1 inf]ior to a my/]i\s be+  
call$ ,atahocan4 ,b ,atahocan is        
obsolesc5t1 & 8 "n is ne>ly equival5t to
 an old wife's fable1 a /ory ( ev5ts au 
temps jadis4999999 ,le mot ,nitatoho-c  
signifie1 ',je dis un vieux conte fait a
 plaisir'4       99 ,relations1 #afcd1  
p4 #ac4       9999 ,op4 cit41 #afcc1 p4 
#af4       999999 ,op4 cit41 #afcd1 p4  
#ac4  ,^! are examples ( ! leg5ds (     
,mi*abo or ,manibozho1 ! great h>e4 ,he 
appe>s 9 no way to diff] f ! o!r animals
 ( magical r5[n1 :o1 9 s _m scores (    
savage my?s1 />t ! _w on its way &      
in/ruct m5 9 ! arts4 ,8 fame may be m   
widely spread1 b 8 de$s are ^? ( eagle1 
cr[1 wolf1 coyote1 spid]1 gras%opp]1 & s
 =?1 9 remote p>ts ( ! _w4 ,8 leg5d is !
 k9d ( leg5d ^: orig9 we ascribe to !   
cr$ul\s fancy ( e>ly peoples1 tak+ no   

di/9ction betwe5 !mselves & ! bea/s4 ,if
 ! h>e 0 inde$ ! totem ( a successful & 
hon\r$ k9dr$1 8 elevation is p]fectly   
natural & intelligible4  ,dr4 ,br9ton1 9
 8 ,my?s ( ! ,new ,_w 7,new ,york1      
#ahgf71 adopts a diff]5t l9e (          
explanation4 ,mi*abo1 he says1 0        
orig9ally ! highe/ div9ity recognis$ by 
!m1 p[]ful & b5efic5t beyond all o!rs1  
mak] ( ! heav5s & ! _w4 ,we gladly      
welcome him 9 t capacity 9 religion4 ,b 
x has already be5 %[n t ,mi*abo is only1
 9 my?1 ! rep>ateur de l'univ]s1 & t he 
has a sleep+ p>tn]--a deity retir$ f    
bus9ess4 ,moreov]1 ,dr4 ,br9ton's acc\nt
 ( ,mi*abo1 p[]ful & b5efic5t beyond all
 o!rs1 mak] ( ! heav5s & ! _w1 cla%es ) 
8 own /atem5t1 t ( mono!ism z display$ 9
 ! "o p]sonal def9ite ,god ( ! ,semitic 
races 7to :om ,dr4 ,br9ton's description
 ( ,mi*abo applies7 !re is n a s+le     
in/ance on ! ,am]ican cont95t499 ,!     
resid5ces & bir?places ( ,mi*abo are z  
_m z ^? ( ! gods ( ,greece4 ,x is true t
 9 "s acc\nts1 z 9 ,/ra*ey's1 8 bright  

home is 9 ! ris+ sun4 ,x does n foll[ t 
! h>e _h any orig9al connection ) !     
dawn4 ,b ?is connection ,dr4 ,br9ton    
seeks to e/abli% by philological        
argum5ts4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 ! names
 7,manibozho1 ,nanibozhu1 ,missibizi1   
,mi*abo1 ,mess\7 all seem comp\nd$1     
accord+ to well-asc]ta9$ laws ( ,algonk9
 euphony1 f ! words correspond+ to great
 & h>e or rabbit1 or ! fir/ two p]haps f
 _s & h>e49999 ,b ?is seem+ mu/ n be    
tru/$4 ,we mu/ att5tively exam9e !      
,algonk9 root wab1 :5 x w appe> t 9 fact
 !re are two roots hav+ ?is s\nd4 ,"o is
 ! initial syllable ( ! ^w translat$ h>e
 or rabbit1 b ! o!r means :ite1 & f x is
 d]iv$ ! words = ! ea/1 ! dawn1 ! light1
 ! day1 & ! morn+4 ,beyond a d\bt 7sic7 
?is is ! comp\nd 9 ! names ,mi*abo &    
,manibozho1 :i* !re=e mean ! great      
light1 ! _s ( light1 ( ! dawn1 or ! ea/4
       99 ,relations1 pp4 #fc1 #agf4    
9999 ,op4 cit41 p4 #agh4  ,!n ! w> (    
,manibozho became ! /ruggle ( light &   
d>kness4 ,f9ally1 ,mi*abo is recognis$  

by ,dr4 ,br9ton z ! n unwor?y           
p]sonification ( ! pure/ conceptions !y 
possess$ conc]n+ ! ,fa!r ( ,all199 ?\gh1
 accord+ to ,dr4 ,br9ton 9 an e>li]     
passage1 !y c h>dly be said to h        
possess$ su* conceptions49999 ,we are n 
responsible = ^! inconsi/5cies4 ,!      
deg5]acy to ! belief 9 a mighty great   
h>e1 a *im]ical bea/1 0 ! result ( a    
misund]/&+ ( ! root wab 9 _! own        
language by ! ,algonk9s1 a misund]/&+ t 
n only affect$ ! dialects 9 :i* ! root  
wab occurr$ 9 ! h>e's "n1 b ^? 9 :i* x  
did n6  ,on ! :ole1 ! my?ology ( ! great
 hunt+ & w>rior tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica  
is peopl$ by ! figures ( ideal          
culture-h]oes1 p>tly reg>d$ z fir/ m51  
p>tly z demiurges & creators4 ,!y wav] 9
 outw>d aspect betwe5 ! beautiful y\?s (
 ! m$ic9e-dreams & ! be/ial guise (     
totems & protect+ animals4 ,!y h a      
t5d5cy to become id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 l    
,osiris 9 ,egypt1 or ) ! moon4 ,!y are  
adepts 9 all ! arts ( ! m$ic9e-man1 & !y
 are especially addict$ to animal       

metamorphosis4 ,9 ! long w9t] ev5+s1    
r\nd ! camp-fire1 ! ,indians tell su*   
grotesque tales ( _! pranks & adv5tures 
z ! ,greeks told ( _! gods1 & ! ,middle 
,ages ( ! sa9ts4999999       99         
,relations1 p4 #ahc4       9999 ,op4    
cit41 p4 #ec4       999999 ,a full      
collection ( ^!1 z !y survive 9 oral    
tradition1 ) an obvi\s ,european        
int]mixture1 w be      f\nd 9 ,mr4      
,lel&'s ,algonqu9 ,leg5ds1 ,london1     
#ahhd1 &      9 ,s*oolcraft's ,hiawa?a  
,leg5ds1 ,london1 #ahef4    ,see        
especially ! ,manibozho leg5d4  ,! /age 
9 civilisation above t ( ! hunt] tribes 
is repres5t$ 9 ! pres5t day by ! settl$ 
,pueblo ,indians ( ,new ,mexico &       
,arizona4 ,conc]n+ ! fai? ( ! ,zunis we 
=tunately possess an elaborate acc\nt by
 ,mr4 ,frank ,cu%+499 ,mr4 ,cu%+ 0 =    
long a dwell] 9 ! clay pueblos ( !      
,zunis1 & is an initiat$ memb] ( _!     
sacr$ societies4 ,he f\nd t !y dealt at 
lea/ z freely 9 metaphysics z ! ,maoris1
 & t1 l ! ,au/ralians1 !y suppose sun1  

moon & />s1 ! sky1 e>? & sea1 9 all _!  
ph5om5a & elem5ts1 & all inanimate      
objects1 z well z plants1 animals & m51 
to belong to "o great sy/em ( all       
consci\s & int]relat$ life1 9 :i* !     
degrees ( relation%ip seem to be det]m9$
 l>gely1 if n :olly1 by ! degrees (     
resemblance4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is /at$ 9   
t]ms ( mod]n self-consci\s speculation4 
,:5 mu* ! same op9ions are f\nd among ! 
,kamil>oi & ,kurnai ( ,au/ralia1 !y are 
/at$ ?us3 ,"s ( ! totems divide n mank9d
 only1 b ! :ole univ]se into :at may    
almo/ be call$ g5tile divisions49999    
99  ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1      
,wa%+ton1 #ahhj-ha4       9999 ,kamil>oi
 & ,kurnai1 p4 #afg47p4 #agj74 ,mrs4    
,langloh      ,p>k]1 9 a lett] to me1   
rem>ks t ,baiame alone is      outside (
 ?is conception1 & is common to all     
classes1      & totems1 & class         
divisions4  ,ev]y?+ 9 nature is divid$  
betwe5 ! classes4 ,! w9d belongs to "o &
 ! ra9 to ano!r4 ,! sun is ,wut>oo & !  
moon is ,yung>oo4444 ,! ,s\? ,au/ralian 

savage looks ^u ! univ]se z ! great     
tribe1 to "o ( ^: divisions he himself  
belongs1 & all ?+s1 animate or          
inanimate1 :i* belong to 8 class are    
p>ts ( ! body corporate1 :]e( he himself
 is "p4 ,!y are almo/ p>ts ( himself4   
,manife/ly ?is is ! v condition ( m9d   
out ( :i* my?ology1 ) all exi/+ ?+s act+
 z dramatis p]sonae1 mu/ inevitably     
arise4  ,! ,zuni philosophy1 !n1 end[s  
all ! elem5ts & ph5om5a ( nature )      
p]sonality1 & t p]sonality is bl5d$ ) ! 
p]sonality ( ! bea/ ^: op]ations mo/    
resemble its manife/ation4 ,?us lightn+ 
is figur$ z a s]p5t1 & ! s]p5t holds a  
k9d ( mean position betwe5 lightn+ &    
man4 ,/rangely en\gh1 fl9t arr[-heads1 z
 9 ,europe1 are reg>d$ z ! gift ( ?und]1
 ?\gh ! ,zunis h n yet lo/ ! art ( mak+1
 nor entirely ab&on$1 p]haps1 ! habit ( 
us+ !m4 ,once m1 ! sup]natural be+s (   
,zuni religion are almo/ inv>iably 9 !  
%ape ( animals1 or 9 mon/r\s            
semi-!riomorphic =m4 ,!re is no g5]al "n
 = ! gods1 b ! appropriate native t]ms  

mean creators & ma/]s1 mak]s1 & f9i%]s1 
& immortals4 ,all ! classes ( ^!1       
includ+ ! class t specially protects !  
animals necess>y to m51 are believ$ to  
be relat$ by blood 4 ,b among ^!        
ess5ces1 ! animals are ne>e/ to man1 mo/
 accessible1 & !re=e mo/ wor%ipp$1      
sometimes z m$iators4 ,b ! ,zuni has    
m$iators ev5 betwe5 him & 8 animal      
m$iators1 & ^! are feti%es1 usually (   
/one1 :i* accid5tally resemble ?is or t 
bea/-god 9 %ape4 ,sometimes1 z 9 !      
,egyptian sph9x1 ! natural resemblance (
 a /one to a liv+ =m has be5 acc5tuat$ &
 increas$ by art4 ,! /ones ) a natural  
resemblance to animals are mo/ valu$ :5 
!y are old & long 9 use1 & ! or?odox or 
prie/ly !ory is t !y are petrifactions (
 ?is or t bea/4 ,fl9t arr[-heads &      
fea!rs are b\nd ab\t !m ) /r+4  ,all ^! 
beliefs & practices inspire ! ,zuni     
epic1 :i* is repeat$1 at /at$ int]vals1 
by ! initiat$ to ! neophytes4 ,mr4 ,cu%+
 he>d a good deal ( ?is ar*aic poem 9 8 
sacr$ capacity4 ,! epic conta9s a ,zuni 

cosmogony4 ,m51 z 9 s _m o!r my?s1      
orig9ally liv$ 9 ! d>k places ( e>? 9   
f\r cav]ns4 ,l ! *ildr5 ( ,uranus &     
,gaea1 !y murmur$ at ! d>kness4 ,! hold]
 ( ! pa?s ( life1 ! sun1 n[ made two    
be+s out ( 8 own sub/ance2 !y fell to ! 
e>?1 arm$ ) ra9b[ & lightn+1 a %ield & a
 magical fl9t knife4 ,! new-com]s cut ! 
e>? ) a fl9t-knife1 z ,qat cut !        
palpable d>k ) a blade ( r$ obsidian 9  
,melanesia4 ,m5 7 !n lift$ ?r\gh ! hole 
on ! %ield1 & began _! exi/5ce 9 !      
sunlight1 pass+ gradually ?r\gh ! f\r   
cav]ns4 ,m5 em]g$ on a globe /ill v wet2
 =1 z 9 ! ,iroquois & o!r my?s1 !re _h  
be5 a "t :5 wat] 0 ! _w 4 ,! two        
b5efactors dri$ ! e>? & *ang$ ! mon/r\s 
bea/s into /ones4 ,x is cle> t ?is my?  
acc\nts at once = ! fossil creatures    
f\nd 9 ! rocks & = ! m]ely accid5tal    
resemblance to animals ( /ones n[       
employ$ z feti%es499 ,9 ! /ones is      
believ$ to survive ! m$ic9e or magic1 ! 
spiritual =ce ( ! animals ( old4        
99 ,report1 etc1 p4 #ae4  ,! ,zunis h a 

culture-h]o z usual1 ,po'%ai-an-k'ia1 :o
 f\nd$ ! my/]ies1 z ,demet] did 9       
,greece1 & e/abli%$ ! sacr$ ord]s4 ,he  
appe>$ 9 human =m1 taught m5            
agriculture1 ritual1 & !n dep>t$4 ,he is
 /ill att5tive to pray]4 ,he divid$ ! _w
 into regions1 & gave ! animals _! homes
 & functions1 mu* z ,heitsi ,eibib did 9
 ,namaqual&4 ,^! animals c>ry out !     
designs ( ! culture-h]o1 & puni%        
initiat$ ,zunis :o are c>eless ( _!     
religi\s duties & ritual4 ,! my?s ( !   
sacr$ bea/s are long & dismal1 *iefly   
aetiological1 or attempts to acc\nt by a
 fictiti\s n>rative = ! di/ribution &   
habits ( ! v>i\s creatures4 ,zuni pray]s
 are ma9ly = success 9 ! *ase2 !y are   
direct$ to ! div9e bea/s1 & are re9=c$  
by magical c]emonies4 ,yet a pray] =    
sport may end ) su* a truly religi\s    
petition z ?is3 ,grant me ?y light2 give
 me & my *ildr5 a good trail across life
 4 ,aga9 we read3 ,?is day1 my fa!rs1 ye
 animal gods1 al?\gh ?is c\ntry be fill$
 ) enemies1 r5d] me preci\s4444 ,oh1    

give ye %elt] ( my he>t f !m6 ,yet 9    
religi\s hymns ! ,zunis celebrate       
,ahonawilona1 ! ,mak] & ,conta9] ( ,all1
 ! ,all ,fa!r1 ! uncreat$1 ! unbegott51 
:o ?\ght himself out into space4 ,"h is 
mono!ism among feti%i/s499       99     
,cu%+1 ,report1 ,e?nol4 ,bureau1        
#ahia-ib1 p4 #cgi4  ,! fai? ( ! ,zunis1 
) its metaphysics1 its dev\tness & its  
magic ritual1 may seem a k9d (          
introduction to ! magic1 ! ritual & !   
piety ( ! anci5t ,aztecs4 ,! latt] may h
 gr[n1 9 a long c\rse ( =gott5 ages1 out
 ( elem5ts l ^? ( ! ,zuni practice1     
comb9$ ) ! atroci\s cruelty ( ! w>rior  
tribes ( ! nor?4 ,p]haps 9 no race is ! 
extreme contra/ betwe5 l[ my?1 & !      
highe/ speculation1 t ( ! ,et]nal ?9k+  
himself out into space1 s m>k$ z among !
 ,zunis4 ,! highly ab/ract conception ( 
,ahonawilona 0 unkn[n to ,europeans :5  
?is "w fir/ appe>$4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4   
,,mexican ,,div9e ,,my?s       ,european
 eye-witnesses ( ,mexican ritual--,diaz1
 8 acc\nt      ( temples &              

,gods,sahagun1 8 me?od--,!ories ( !     
god ,huitzilopo*tli--,totemi/ic & o!r   
elem5ts 9 8      image &                
leg5d--,illu/rations f ,lat9 religion-- 
,god-eat+--,! cal5d>--,o!r gods--,_!    
fea/s & cruel      ritual--,_! composite
 "*--,p>allels f anci5t      classical  
peoples--,moral aspects ( ,aztec gods4  
,! religion ( ! ,mexicans 0 a comp\nd ( 
morality & cruelty s a/oni%+ t its two  
aspects h be5 expla9$ z ! contributions 
( two sep>ate races4 ,! wild ,aztecs f !
 nor? are cr$it$ ) hav+ br\ght to a high
 pit* ( organis$ ritual ! f]oci\s cu/oms
 ( ! ,r$ ,indians4 ,! tortures :i* !    
tribes inflict$ on captives tak5 9 w> 7 
transmut$ into ! cannibal sacrifices &  
orgies ( blood%$ ) :i* ! ,aztec temples 
reek$4 ,! mild] elem5ts1 aga91 ! s5se ( 
s9 :i* f\nd relief 9 confession & pray]1
 are assign$ to ! influ5ce ( ,mayas1 &  
especially ( ,toltecs1 a %ad[y & p]haps 
an imag9>y p4 ,our ignorance ( ,mexican 
hi/ory be=e ! ,spani% conque/ is too    
deep to make any su* !ory ( ! influ5ce (

 race on religion 9 ,mexico m ?an m]ely 
plausible4 ,! facts ( ritual & ( my? are
 bett] kn[n1 ?anks to ! obs]vations (   
su* an hone/ soldi] z ,b]nal ,diaz & su*
 a le>n$ mission>y z ,sahagun4 ,! au?or 
( ! ,hi/oria ,g5]al de las ,cosas de    
,nueva ,espana 0 a ,spani% ,franciscan1 
& "o ( ! e>lie/ mission>ies 7#aebi7 9   
,mexico4 ,he himself describes ! me?od  
by :i* he collect$ 8 in=mation ab\t !   
native religion4 ,he summon$ toge!r !   
*ief m5 ( "o ( ! prov9ces1 :o1 9 turn1  
*ose twelve old m5 well se5 9 k ( !     
,mexican practices & antiquities4       
,sev]al ( !m 7 also s*ol>s 9 ! ,european
 s5se1 & _h be5 taught ,lat94 ,!        
majority ( ! commission collect$ &      
pres5t$ pictures :i* 7 ! writ+s =m]ly 9 
use among !m1 & ! gramm>ians or         
,lat9-le>n$ ,aztecs wrote 9 ,european   
*>act]s & 9 ,aztec ! explanations ( ^!  
designs4 ,:5 ,sahagun *ang$ 8 place (   
resid5ce1 ^! docum5ts 7 aga9 comp>$1    
re-edit$ & enl>g$ by ! assi/ance ( !    
native g5tlem5 9 8 new di/rict1 & f9ally

 ! :ole 0 pass$ ?r\gh yet a ?ird sieve1 
z ,sahagun says1 9 ! city ( ,mexico4 ,! 
complet$ manuscript _h _m ups & d[ns (  
=tune1 b ,sahagun's book rema9s a s\rce 
( almo/ undisput$ au!nticity4  ,probably
 no dead religion ^: life 0 among a p   
ignorant ( syllab>ies or ( ! alphabet is
 pres5t$ to u 9 a m tru/wor?y =m ?an !  
religion ( ,mexico4 ,x is necess>y1     
h[ev]1 to disc\nt ! !ories ( ,sahagun & 
8 conv]ts1 :o ?\gh !y nev] he>d (       
,euhem]us1 habitually appli$ !          
euhem]i/ic doctr9e to _! facts4 ,!y     
decid$ t ! gods ( ! ,aztecs _h once be5 
liv+ m5 & conjurors1 wor%ipp$ aft] _!   
decease4 ,x is possible1 too1 t a /ra9 (
 ,ca?olic piety has f\nd its way into ! 
long pray]s ( ! hea!n p5it5ts1 z report$
 by ,sahagun499 ,sahagun gives u a full 
acc\nt ( ! ,mexican my?ology4 ,:at !    
gods1 z repres5t$ by idols & ador$ 9    
ritual1 7 l1 we le>n f a gallant        
,ca?olic soldi]1 ,b]nal ,diaz49999      
,above ! alt>s1 he writes1 7 two %apes l
 giants1 wondr\s = height & hug5ess4 ,! 

fir/ on ! "r 0 ,hui*ilobos              
7,huitzilopo*tli71 _! god ( w>4 ,he _h a
 big head & trunk1 8 eyes great &       
t]rible1 & s inlaid ) preci\s /ones t   
all 8 head & body %one ) />s !re(4      
,great snakes ( gold & f9e /ones 7      
girdl$ ab\t 8 flanks2 9 "o h& he held a 
b[1 & arr[s 9 ! o!r1 & a little idol    
call$ 8 page /ood by 8 side4444 ,!reby  
also 7 brazi]s1 :]e9 burn$ ! he>ts (    
?ree ,indians1 torn f _! bodies t v day1
 & ! smoke ( !m & ! sav\r ( inc5se 7 !  
sacrifice4 ,! walls ( ?is oratory 7     
black & dripp+ ) g\ts ( blood1 &        
likewise ! floor t /ank horribly4 ,su* 0
 ! aspect ( a ,mexican %r9e be=e !      
,spani>ds introduc$ _! fai?4       99 ,=
 a brief acc\nt ( ,sahagun & ! =tunes ( 
8      book1 see ,bancr(t1 ,native      
,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1      iii4   
#bca1 note #fa4 ,! ref]5ces "h to       
,sahagun's own "w      are to !         
translation by ,,mm4 ,j\rdanet &        
,simeon1      publi%$ by ,masson1 ,p>is1
 #ahhj4 ,b]nal ,diaz is ref]r$ to      9

 ! ,fr5* edition publi%$ by ,m4 ,lem]re 
9 #ahgi4       9999 ,v]idique ,hi/oire1 
*ap1 xcii4  ,z to ! my?ical habits ( !  
,aztec ,olympians 9 g5]al1 ,sahagun     
obs]ves t !y 7 fri5ds ( disguise1 &     
*ang$ !mselves (t5 into birds or savage 
bea/s4 ,h5ce he1 or 8 in=mants1 inf] t !
 gods h orig9ally be5 necromanc]s or    
m$ic9e-m51 n[ wor%ipp$ aft] dea?2 a     
natural inf]5ce1 z magical feats (      
%ape-%ift+ are commonly ascrib$ ev]y:]e 
to wit*es & w>locks4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 
! ,aztec gods1 ?\gh b$iz5$ ) !          
attributes ( mortal conjurors1 & ) ! fur
 & fea!rs ( totems1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 !  
dep>tm5tal deities ( poly!ism1 ea* rul+ 
ov] "s prov9ce ( nature or ( human      
activity4 ,comb9$ ) ^! are deities :o1 9
 _! orig91 7 probably ideal             
culture-h]oes1 l ,yehl1 or ,qat1 or     
,prome!us4 ,! long & t$i\s my?s (       
,quetzalcoatl & ,tezcatlipoca appe> to  
conta9 memories ( a /ruggle betwe5 !    
gods or culture-h]oes ( rival races4    
,su* /ruggles 7 natural1 & necess>y1    

p]haps1 be=e a k9d ( syncretism & a     
g5]al tol]ance c\ld unite 9 peace !     
deities ( a realm compos$ ( _m tribes   
orig9ally ho/ile4 ,9 a cultivat$ p1 made
 up out ( v>i\s conqu]$ & amalgamat$    
tribes1 we mu/ expect poly!ism1 because 
_! ,olympus is a k9d ( div9e            
repres5tative assembly4 ,any?+ l        
mono!ism1 9 su* a /ate1 mu/ be ! result 
( philosophic reflection4 ,a laughable  
matt] x is1 says ,b]nal ,diaz1 t 9 ea*  
prov9ce ! ,indians h _! gods1 & ! gods (
 "o prov9ce or t[n are ( no pr(it to ! p
 ( ano!r4 ,?us h !y an inf9ite numb] (  
idols1 to ea* ( :i* !y sacrifice499     
99 ,b]nal ,diaz1 *ap4 xcii4  ,he might h
 describ$1 9 ! same words1 ! local gods 
( ! ,egyptian nomes1 = a simil> /ate (  
?+s prec$$1 & to "s ext5t surviv$1 !    
syncretic ef=ts ( ,egyptian prie/hood4  
,mean:ile1 ! ,teocallis1 or temples (   
,mexico1 gave hospitable %elt] to ?is   
mix$ multitude ( div9ities4 ,h>d by     
,huitzilopo*tli 0 ,tezcatlipoca         
7,tezcatepuca1 ,b]nal calls him71 ^:    

*apel /ank worse ?an all ! %ambles (    
,ca/ile4 ,he _h ! face ( a be> & %9+    
eyes1 made ( mirrors call$ ,tezcut4 ,he 
0 und]/ood by ,b]nal to be ! ,mexican   
,hades1 or w>d5 ( ! dead4 ,n f> (f 0 an 
idol1 half-human & half-liz>d1 ! god (  
fruits & h>ve/1 ,i rememb] n 8 "n1 & all
 8 *apel walls dripp$ blood4  ,9 ! m$ley
 ( su* a pan!on1 x is difficult to      
arrange ! deities on any pr9ciple (     
ord]4 ,beg9n+ ) ,huitzilopo*tli1 z      
p]haps ! mo/ fam\s1 x is to be obs]v$ t 
he indubitably became & 0 recognis$ z a 
god ( battles1 & t he 0 also ! guide &  
protector :o 7accord+ to ! ,aztec pa9t$ 
scriptures7 l$ ! w&]+ fa!rs ?r\gh w> &  
wild]ness to ! promis$ l& ( ,mexico4 ,8 
bir? 0 "o ( ^? miracul\s conceptions :i*
 we h se5 s frequ5tly 9 ! my?s & ma]*5 (
 ! l[] & ! high] races4 ,x 0 n by       
swall[+ a b]ry1 z 9 ,f9l&1 b by *]i%+ 9 
h] bosom a fly+ ball ( fea!rs t ! dev\t 
woman1 ,coatlicue1 became ! "m (        
,huitzilopo*tli4 ,all arm$ he sprang to 
! light1 l ,a!ne f ! head ( ,zeus1 &    

slew 8 bro!rs t _h be5 born by natural  
g5]ation4 ,f t day he receiv$ names (   
dread1 answ]+ to ,deimos & ,phobos499   
99 ,clavig]o1 ,/>ia ,ant4 del ,mexico1  
ii4 #ag1 #ai2 ,bancr(t1      iii4 #bij4 
,by ano!r my?1 euhem]i/ic 9 "*1         
,huitziton 7! "n is connect$ ) huitzil91
 ! humm+-bird7 0 ! lead] ( ! ,aztecs 9  
_! w&]+s4 ,on 8 dea? or translation1 8  
skull gave oracles1 l ! head ( ,bran 9 !
 ,wel% leg5d4 ,sahagun1 9 ! fir/ page ( 
8 "w1 also euhem]ises ,huitzilopo*tli1 &
 makes him out to h be5 a k9d ( ,h]cules
 d\ble ) a m$ic9e-man2 b all ?is is m]e 
conjecture4 ,! position (               
,huitzilopo*tli z a w>-god1 gu>dian &   
guide ?r\gh ! wild]ness is p]fectly     
e/abli%$1 & x is ne>ly z univ]sally     
agre$ t 8 "n connects him ) !           
humm+-bird1 :i* 8 /atue wore on its left
 foot4 ,he also c>ri$ a gre5 bun* (     
plumage ^u 8 head1 %ap$ l ! bill ( a    
small bird ,n[1 z ,j4 ,g4 ,muell] has   
po9t$ out1 ! leg5d & *>act]i/ics (      
,huitzilopo*tli are reproduc$1 by a     

co9cid5ce />tl+ ev5 9 my?ology1 9 !     
leg5d & *>act]i/ics ( ,picus 9 ,latium4 
,j z ,huitzilopo*tli wore ! humm+-bird  
indicat$ by 8 "n on 8 foot1 s ,picus 0  
repres5t$ ) ! woodpeck] ( 8 "n on 8     
head499       99 ,j4 ,g4 ,mull]1        
,uram]ik4 ,rel41 p4 #eie4  ,on ! subject
 ( ,picus "o may consult ,ovid1         
,metamorph1 xiv4 #cad4 ,"h ! /ory runs t
 ,circe lov$ ,picus1 :om %e met 9 !     
woods4 ,he disda9$ h] c>esses1 & %e     
turn$ him into ! woodpeck]1 ) 8 g>net   
head4 ,et fulvo c]vix pnec+itur auro4   
,accord+ to ,virgil 7,j4 ,sn41 vii4     
#ahg71 ! /atue ( ?is ,picus 0 settl$ 9  
an old ,laur5tian temple or palace (    
unusual sanctity1 surr\nd$ by images ( !
 e>li] gods4 ,! woodpeck]s1 pici1 are   
kn[n ,m>tio cognom9e1 says ,pl9y 7#aj1  
#ah1 #bj1 ,sec4 #dj71 & s connect$ ) !  
,roman w>-god1 ,picas ,m>tius4  ,9 8    
,romis*e ,my?ologie1 i4 #ccf1 #ccg1     
,prell] makes no use ( ^! mat]ials =    
comp>ison1 ?\gh ! conduct & "* ( ! o!r  
bea/ ( w>1 ! wolf1 z guide & protector (

 ! ,hirpi 7wolves71 & wor%ipp$ by !m )  
wolf-dances1 is an obvi\s survival (    
totemism4 ,! ,pic9i h _! animal lead]1  
,picus1 ! woodpeck]1 ! ,hirpi h _!      
animal lead]1 ! wolf1 j z ! humm+-bird 0
 ! lead] ( ! ,aztecs4  ,9 ^! ,lat9      
leg5ds1 z 9 ! leg5ds ( ,huit-zilopo*tli1
 ! basis1 z ,j4 ,g4 ,muell] sees1 is !  
bird--! humm+-bird 9 "o case1 !         
woodpeck] 9 ! o!r4 ,! bird is !n        
euhem]is$ or br\ght into an?ropomorphic 
=m4 ,x is fabl$ t he 0 orig9ally a man  
7l ,picus be=e ,circe en*ant$ him to a  
bird's %ape71 or1 9 ,mexico1 a man nam$ 
,huitziton1 :o dur+ ! ,aztec migrations 
he>d & pursu$ a little bird t cri$      
,t9ni1 t is1 ,foll[1 foll[499 ,n[ we are
 all famili> ) classical leg5ds ( races 
t 7 guid$ by a bird or bea/ to _!       
ultimate seats4 ,muell] m5tions ,battus 
& ! rav51 ! ,*alcidians & ! dove1 !     
,cretans & ! dolph91 :i* 0 ,apollo1     
,cadmus & ! c[2 ! ,hirpi1 or wolves1 :o 
foll[$ ! wolf4 ,9 ! same way ! ,pic9i   
foll[$ ! woodpeck]1 ,picus1 f :om !y    

d]iv$ _! "n1 & c>ri$ a woodpeck] on _!  
bann]s4 ,?us we may connect bo? ! ,sab9e
 w>-gods & ! bird ( ! ,mexican w>-gods )
 ! _m guid+ & protect+ animals :i* occur
 9 fable4 ,n[ a guid+ & protect+ animal 
is almo/ a synonym = a totem4 ,t !      
,sab9e woodpeck] _h be5 a totem may be  
pretty c]ta9ly e/abli%$ on ! evid5ce (  
,plut>*4 ,! p call$ by 8 "n 7,pic9i7    
decl9$1 l totemi/s ev]y:]e1 to eat _!   
holy bird1 9 ?is case ! woodpeck]49999  
99 ,bancr(t1 iii4 #fi1 note1 quot+      
,torquemada4       9999 ,quoe/4 ,rom41  
xxi4  ,! inf]5ce is t ! humm+-bird ^: "n
 ent]s into t ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 & ^:   
fea!rs 7 worn on 8 heel1 _h be5 ! totem 
( an ,aztec k9dr$ be=e ,huitzilopo*tli1 
l ,picus1 0 an?ropomorphis$4 ,on ! o!r  
h&1 if ,huitzilopo*tli 0 once ! ,baiame 
( ! ,aztecs1 _! ,guide 9 _! w&]+s1 he   
might1 9 my?1 be mix$ up ) a totem or   
o!r wor%ipful animal4 ,be=e ?is god 0   
repres5t$ 9 human =m1 he 0 m]ely a      
little humm+-bird1 ,huitziton2 b z !    
an?ropomorphic processes advanc$1 ! bird

 became an attribute1 emblem1 or symbol 
( ! deity499 ,if ,huitzilopo*tli is said
 to h giv5 ! ,aztecs fire1 t boon is    
usually reg>d$ by _m races1 f ,norm&y to
 ,au/ralia1 z ! pres5t giv5 to m5 by a  
bird2 = example1 ! fire-cre/$ wr549999  
,?us und]/ood1 ! orni?ological elem5t 9 
,huitzilopo*tli is purely totemic4 ,:ile
 accept+ ! r$uction ( him to a          
humm+bird1 ,m4 ,reville +5i\sly         
concludes t he 0 a d]ivative =m ( ! sun1
 & especially ( ! sun ( ! fair season4  
,if ! bird 0 wor%ipp$1 x 0 n z a totem1 
b z ! div9e mess5g] ( ! spr+1 l ! plov] 
among ! ,lat9s4999999 ,attempts h be5   
made1 ) no great success1 to discov] !  
cosmical "* ( ! god f ! nature ( 8      
fea/s4       99 ,j4 ,g4 ,mull]1 op4 cit4
 i4 p4 #eif4       9999 ,bosquet1 ,la   
,norm&ie ,m]veilleuse1 ,p>is1 #ahde2    
,br\gh      ,smy?1 ,aborig9es (         
,victoria1 vol4 i42 ,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft1  
p4 #aji2 ,j\rnal ,an?rop4 ,in/41        
,novemb]1 #ahhd2 ,sproat1      ,savage  
,life 7! cuttlefi%71 p4 #agh2 ,bancr(t1 

iii4 #ajj4       999999 ,hibb]t         
,lectures1 #ahhd1 ,engli% trans41 pp4   
#ed1 #ee4 ,!      woodpeck] seems a     
bett] ,lat9 example ?an ! plov]4  ,!    
,mexican cal5d>1 ! ,aztec ye>1 z        
describ$ at consid]able l5g? by         
,sahagun1 0 a succession ( fea/s1 m>k$  
by m9ute & elaborate rites ( a magical  
"*4 ,! gods ( ra9 7 frequ5tly           
propitiat$1 s 0 ! goddess ( maize1 !    
m\nta9 god1 ! "m ( ! gods1 & _m o!r     
div9ities4 ,! g5]al !ory ( wor%ip 0 !   
adoration ( a deity1 fir/ by innum]able 
human sacrifices1 next by ! special     
sacrifice ( a man = male gods1 ( a woman
 = ea* goddess4 ,! latt] victims 7      
reg>d$ z ! liv+ images or inc>nations ( 
! div9ities 9 ea* case2 = no sy/em (    
wor%ip c>ri$ f>!r ! id5tification ( !   
god ) ! sacrifice1 & ( bo? ) ! (ficiat+ 
prie/4 ,! connection 0 emphasis$ by !   
prie/'s we>+ ! newly-flay$ sk9s ( !     
victims1 j z 9 ,greece1 ,egypt &        
,assyria ! fawn-sk91 or bull-hide1 or   
goat-sk91 or fi%-sk9 ( ! victims is worn

 by ! celebrants4 ,f9ally1 an image ( ! 
god 0 made out ( pa/e1 & ?is 0 divid$   
into morsels & eat5 9 a hide\s sacram5t 
by ^? :o communicat$499       99 ,copi\s
 details z to ! sacram5ts1 human        
sacrifices1      pa/e figures ( gods1 & 
id5tity ( god & victim1 w      be f\nd 9
 ,sahagun's second & ?ird books4 ,!     
magical      "* ( ! ritual des]ves      
p>ticul> att5tion4 ,see      _m examples
 ( gods made ( fl\r & eat5 9 ,liebre*t's
      ,zur ,volkskunde1 ,d] aufgegess5e 
,gott1 p4 #dcf4 ,x w      be not$ t !   
fea/s ( ! corn goddess1 l ! rites      (
 ,demet]1 7 celebrat$ ) tor*-dances4 ,! 
ritual (      ! mon? ,que*olli 7iii4    
#cc1 #add7 is a m]e m$ic9e hunt1      z 
,tann] & ! ,r$ ,indians call x1 a       
procur+ (      magical virtue = ! arr[s1
 z 9 ! ,zuni my/]ies to-      day4      
,comp>e ,report ( ,bureau ( ,e?nology1  
vol4 ii41      ,zuni ,prey ,gods4  ,f ! 
special ritual ( ,huitzilopo*tli ,mr4   
,tylor conjectures t ?is inextricable   
comp\nd p>!nog5etic god may h be5       

orig9ally a nature deity ^: life & dea? 
7 connect$ ) ! ye>499 ,?is !ory is bas$ 
on ! practice at ! fea/ call$           
,panquetzaliztli49999 ,8 pa/e idol 0 %ot
 ?r\gh ) an arr[1 says ,mr4 ,tylor1 &   
be+ ?us kill$1 0 divid$ into morsels &  
eat52 :]e=e ! c]emony 0 call$ ,teoqualo1
 or 'god-eat+1' & ?is 0 associat$ ) !   
w9t] sol/ice4 ,m4 ,reville says t ?is   
fea/ co9cid$ ) our mon? ( ,decemb]1 !   
beg9n+ ( ! cold & dry season1           
,huitzilopo*tli w\ld die ) ! v]dure1 !  
fl[]s & all ! beaute\s adornm5ts ( spr+ 
& summ]2 b l ,adonis1 l ,osiris1 & s _m 
o!r sol> deities1 he only di$ to live & 
to return aga94 ,be=e id5tify+ him ) !  
sun1 x may be rem>k$ t ! ,aztec fea/ ( !
 return ( ! gods 0 celebrat$ 9 ! twelf? 
mon? & ! pa/e sacrifice (               
,huitzilopo*tli 0 9 ! fifte5?4  ,!re 7  
eighte5 mon?s 9 ! ,aztec ye>1 & ! ye>   
began on ! #bnd ( ,febru>y4 ,! return ( 
! gods 01 !re=e1 9 ,septemb]1 & ! pa/e  
sacrifice ( ,huitzilopo*tli 9 ,decemb]4 
,cle>ly ! god :o dies 9 ! w9t] sol/ice  

_c be ?\ght to return late 9 ,septemb]4 
,huitzilopo*tli _h ano!r fea/ on ! fir/ 
day ( ! n9? mon?1 t is1 betwe5 ,june &  
,july1 :5 mu* use 0 made ( floral       
decorations1 & !y (f]$ him ! fir/ fl[]s 
( ! ye>1 al?\gh fl[]s 7 us$ two mon?s   
e>li]1 9 ! sev5? mon? & 9 ! f\r?        
mon?4999999       99 ,primitive         
,culture1 ii4 #cjg2 ,clavig]o1 ,messico1
 ii4      #ag1 #ha4       9999 ,sahagun1
 ii4 #ae1 & ,app5dix1 iii4 #b1 #c4      
999999 ,ibid4 i4 ii #i4  ,b ! ,mexican  
cal5d> is h>d to deal )4 ,muell] places 
! fea/s ( ,huitzilopo*tli 9 ! middle (  
,may1 ! middle ( ,augu/1 & ! middle (   
,decemb]499 ,he comb9es 8 facts ) a     
leg5d :i* made ,huitzilopo*tli to be !  
son ( ! goddess ( vegetation4 ,j4 ,g4   
,muell]'s :ole argum5t is le>n$ & acute1
 b errs probably 9 attempt+ to extract a
 consecutive symbolical s5se out ( !    
*aos ( my?4 ,?us he writes3 ,:5 ! my?   
makes ! god ! son ( ! "m ( plants1 x    
divides 8 ess5ce f t ( 8 "m1 & ?us      
,huitzilopo*tli1 h[ev] closely ak9 to ! 

plant _w1 is n ! plant _w itself 4 ,?is 
is to consid] m curi\sly ?an !          
my?-mak]s4 ,! "n ( ! patron goddess ( ! 
fl[]-we>]s 9 fea/s 0 ,coatlicue or      
,coatlan1 :i* is also ! "n ( ! "m (     
,huitzilopo*tli2 its mean+ is s]p5t     
petticoat$49999       99 ,uram]ik4 ,rel4
 v4 p4 #fjb4       9999 ,sahagun1 ii4 #h
  ,:5 ,muell] goes on to id5tify        
,huitzilopo*tli ) ! bun* ( fea!rs t fell
 into 8 "m's brea/ be=e 8 bir?1 & t aga9
 ) ! humm+-bird1 & t aga9 ) !           
honey-suck+ bird z ! means ( fructify+ !
 plants1 &1 f9ally1 ) ! ma5nli*e        
befrw*t5de ,naturkraft1 we h left my? f>
 beh9d1 & are 9 a region ( symbolism &  
ab/ract ?\ght1 :]e "o conjecture is z   
good z ano!r4 ,! hypo!sis is t m51 feel+
 a s5se ( religi\s rev]5ce = ! g]m9al   
=ce 9 ,nature1 took ! humm+-bird = its  
emblem1 & s evolv$ ! my? ( ! bir? (     
,huitzilopo*tli1 :o at once fructifies &
 is born f ! bosom ( v]nal ,nature4 ,x  
w\ld be ra% & wrong to d5y t su* ideas  
are mix$ 9 ! m$ley ( my?4 ,b1 z a rule1 

! sacr$ animal 7z ! humm+-bird7 is sacr$
 fir/ 9 itself1 probably z a totem or z 
a guide & protector1 & ! symbolical s5se
 is a =c$ int]pretation put lat] on !   
facts499 ,we c h>dly g f>!r1 ) safety1  
?an ! recognition ( m+l$ aspects &      
elem5ts 9 ,huitzilopo*tli z ! totem1 !  
tribal god1 ! dep>tm5tal w>-god1 &      
possibly he is ! god ( ! ye>'s progress 
& r5ewal4 ,8 leg5d & ritual are a       
conglom]ate ( all ^! ?+s1 a mass ( ideas
 f _m /ages ( culture4  ,an ab/ract     
comp>atively brief mu/ suffice = ! o!r  
,aztec deities4  ,tezcatlipoca is a god 
) consid]able pret5sions to an ab/ract &
 l(ty div9ity4 ,8 appe>ance 0 n         
prepossess+2 8 image1 z ,b]nal has      
describ$ x1 wore ! head ( a be>1 & 0    
cov]$ ) t9y mirrors49999 ,v>i\s         
attributes1 especially ! mirror & a     
gold5 e>1 %[$ him =? z ! behold] ( !    
conduct ( m5 & ! he>] ( pray]4 ,he 0    
said1 :ile he liv$ on e>?1 to h be5 a   
k9d ( ,ares 9 ! lea/ amiable aspect ( ! 
god1 a mak] ( w>s & discord4999999      

,weal? & p[] 7 9 8 gift4 ,he 0 cr$it$ ) 
ability to de/roy ! _w :5 he *ose4      
,seats 7 consecrat$ to him 9 ! /reets & 
! public places2 on ^! might no man sit 
d[n4       99 ,comp>e ,masp]o on        
,egyptian ,bea/-,gods1 ,rev4 de l',hi/4 
des ,rel41 vol4 i4 & *apt] po/ea1 on    
,egyptian ,div9e      ,my?s4            
9999,! "n means %9+ mirror4 ,aco/a makes
 him ! god      ( fam9e & pe/il5ce 7p4  
#cec74       999999 ,sahagun1 i4 #c4    
,he 0 "o ( ! two gods ^: extraord9>y    
bir?1 & dea? by happy despat*1 t _!     
vitality might animate ! motionless sun1
 h already be5 describ$499              
,tezcatlipoca1 l mo/ ( ! o!r gods1      
reviv$1 & came back f ! sky to e>?4 ,at 
a place call$ ,tulla he enc\nt]$ ano!r  
god or m$ic9e-man1 ,quetzalcoatl1 & _!  
leg5ds become inextricably entangl$ 9   
tales ( trick]y1 animal metamorphosis1 &
 p]haps 9 vague memories ( tribal       
migrations4 ,?r\gh\t ,tezcatlipoca      
br\ght grief on ! p call$ ,toltecs1 (   
:om ,quetzalcoatl 0 ! div9e             

culture-h]o49999 ,8 /atues1 if we may   
believe ,aco/a1 did him little cr$it4 ,9
 ,*olula1 :i* is a commonweal? (        
,mexico1 !y wor%ip a fam\s idol1 :i* 0 !
 god ( m]*&ise4444 ,x _h ! =me ( a man1 
b ! visage ( a little bird ) a r$ bill &
 above a combe full ( w>tes4999999      
99 ,antea1 ,my?s ( ! ,orig9s ( ,?+s 4   
9999 ,sahagnn1 iii4 #e1 #f4       999999
 ,aco/a1 ,nalurall & ,morall ,hi/oric ( 
! ,ea/ &      ,we/ ,indies1 ,london1    
#afjd4  ,a ready way ( gett+ a view ( ! 
,mexican ,pan!on is to /udy ,sahagun's  
two books on ! fea/s ( ! gods1 ) _!     
ritual4 ,x w become manife/ t ! wor%ip 0
 a wor%ip1 on ! :ole1 ( dep>tm5tal gods 
( ! elem5ts1 ( h>ve/1 ( v>i\s human     
activities1 su* z love & comm]ce1 & w> &
 agriculture4 ,! nature ( ! wor%ip1     
aga91 0 highly practical4 ,! c]emonies1 
:5 n m]e (f]+s ( human fle%1 7 commonly 
repres5tations on e>? ( desirable ?+s   
:i* ! gods 7 expect$ to produce 9 !     
heav5ly sph]e4 ,! common type ( all su* 
magical c]emonies1 :]eby l is expect$ to

 produce l1 has be5 discuss$ 9 ! rem>ks 
on magic 7*apt] iv474 ,! black smoke (  
sacrifice g5]ates cl\ds2 ! p\r+ =? (    
wat] f a pit*] 7z 9 ! ,attic            
,!smophoria7 induces ! gods to p\r =?   
ra94 ,?us 9 ,mexico ! ra9-god 7,tlaloc1 
god ( wat]s7 0 propitiat$ ) sacrifices (
 *ildr54 ,if ! *ildr5 wept & %$ abundant
 te>s1 !y :o c>ri$ !m rejoic$1 be+      
conv9c$ t ra9 w\ld also be abundant499  
,! god ( ! maize1 aga9 7,c9teotl1 son ( 
! maize-goddess71 _h rites resembl+ ^? (
 ! ,greek ,pyanepsion & ,eiresione4 ,!  
,aztecs us$ to make an image ( ! god1 & 
(f] x all mann] ( maize & beans49999    
,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,greeks also reg>d$  
_! ,pyanepsion z a bean-fea/4 ,a m      
rem>kable analogy is t ( ! ,p]uvian     
,mama ,cora1 ! figure ( a goddess made (
 maize1 :i* 0 ask$ if x ha? /r5g?       
suffici5t to cont9ue until ! next ye>1 &
 ( :i* ! purpose 01 t ! se$ ( ! maize   
may n p]i%4999999 ,?is corn image ( !   
corn goddess1 pres]v$ ?r\gh all ! ye> & 
replac$ 9 ! next ye> by a fre% image1 is

 ! ,attic 7--------71 a bran* ( olive   
hung ) a loaf & ) all ! fruits ( !      
season1 & set up to /& = all ! ye> 9    
front ( ea* h\se4 ,& x rema9s = a ye>1 &
 :5 x is dry & )]$ next ye> !y make a   
fre% "o499999999       99 ,sahagun4 ii4 
#b1 #c4       9999 ,ibid41 ii4 #d1 #bd4 
999999 ,aco/a1 ,hi/ ,nat41 #afjd1 p4    
#dac4       99999999 ,see ,s*ol4  9     
,ari/oph4   ,plut41 #ajed1 & o!r        
texts1 quot$ by ,mannh>dt1 ,arntike     
,waldund ,feld ,cultus1      ii4 #bba1  
note #c4  ,*ildr5 7 sacrific$ 9 ,mexico 
to ?is deity4 ,9 ! rites ( a goddess (  
h>ve/1 z has be5 said1 tor*es 7 borne by
 ! danc]s1 z 9 ! ,eleus9ia2 & 9         
,european & ,ori5tal folk-lore4#a       
,demet] 0 ! ,greek h>ve/ goddess1 9 ^:  
rites tor*es _h a place4 ,"o ( h] names 
is ,demet] ,er9nys4 ,mr4 ,max ,muell]   
recognises ,er9nys z ! dawn4 ,s*w>tz    
connects ,demet] ,er9nys ) ! ?und]/orm4 
,! tor* 9 ! h& ( ,demet] is ! lightn+1  
accord+ to ,s*w>tz4 ,x is int]e/+1 :e!r 
! tor* be ! tor* ( dawn1 or ( /orm1 or  

nei!r1 to see ! preval5ce ( ^! tor*     
fe/ivals 9 rural rites 9 ,mexico1       
,greece & mod]n ,europe4 ,! idea ( !    
peasants is t ! lights sc>e away evil   
spirits49999 ,9 ! ,mexican rite1 a      
woman1 repres5t+ ! goddess & dress$ 9 h]
 ornam5ts1 0 sacrific$4 ,! same horrid  
c]emony accompani$ ! fea/ ( ! "m ( !    
gods1 ,teteo ,innan4999999 ,9 ?is rite !
 man :o repres5t$ ! son ( ! goddess wore
 a mask ( ! sk9 f ! ?igh ( ! female     
victim :o _h p]sonat$ ! goddess h]self4 
,! we>+ ( ! sk9 e/abli%$ a k9%ip betwe5 
! man & ! woman1 z 9 ! _m classical1    
anci5t & savage rituals :]e ! celebrants
 we> ! hides ( ! sacrific$ bea/s4 ,!re 0
 a god ( /orm call$ cl\dy s]p5t1        
,mixcoatl1 ^: rites 7 n m humane4 ,!    
,mexican ,aphrodite 0 nam$              
,tlacolteotl199999999 ! impure4       99
 ,mannh>dt1 op4  cit41 ii4  #bfc1  i4   
#eja1 #ejb2 ,s*w>tz1      ,praehi/oris* 
,an?ropologis*e ,/udi51 p4 #gi4         
9999 ,comp>e ! ,fr5* j\r des br&ons4    
999999,see ,sahagun1 ii4 #cj4           

99999999 ,ibid41 i4 #ab4  ,ab\t h] "* ! 
,aztecs _h no illusions4 ,%e li/5$ to ! 
confessions ( ! mo/ loa?some s9n]s1 :om 
%e p]haps fir/ tempt$ to err1 & !n =gave
 & absolv$4 ,confession 0 usually put (f
 till p _h ceas$ to be likely to s94 ,%e
 is said to h be5 ! wife ( ,tlaloc1     
c>ri$ (f by ,tezcatlipoca4 ,%e mu/ h be5
 ! aquatic vegetation ( m>%y l&s1 says  
,m4 ,roville1 possess$ by ! god ( wat]s 
till ! sun dries h] up & %e disappe>s4  
,?is is an amus+ example ( mod]n +5uity4
 ,x resembles ,m4 ,reville's ass]tion t 
,tlaloc1 ! ra9-god1 _h b "o eye1 :i* %[s
 t he mu/ be ultimately id5tifi$ z an   
anci5t p]sonification ( ! ra9y sky1 ^:  
"o eye is ! sun4 ,a ra9y sky has usually
 no eye at all1 &1 :5 x has1 9 ?is      
respect x does n diff] f a cl\dless sky4
  ,a less lovely set ( ,olympians ?an ! 
,aztec gods x is difficult to conceive4 
,yet1 mak+ e all[ance = ,ca?olic        
aft]-?\ghts1 !re c be no d\bt t !       
pray]s1 p5ances & confessions describ$  
at l5g? by ,sahagun indicate a firm     

,mexican belief t ev5 ^! /range deities 
made = righte\sness1 lov$ good1 &1 9 ?is
 _w & ! next1 puni%$ evil4 ,h[ev] x     
happ5$1 :atev] accid5ts ( hi/ory or (   
mixture ( ! races 9 ! dim pa/ caus$ x1 !
 ,aztecs c>ri$ to extremes ! religi\s & 
! my?ical ideas4 ,!y 7 exce$+ly pi\s 9  
_! attitude ( p5it5ce & pray]2 !y 7 m   
fi]ce & cruel 9 ritual1 m fanta/ic 9    
my?1 ?an ! wilde/ ( tribes1 tameless &  
homeless1 ignorant ( agriculture or (   
any settl$ & assur$ exi/5ce4 ,ev5 !     
,inquisition ( ! ,spani%( ! sixte5?     
c5tury 0 an improvem5t on ! unhe>d-(    
abom9ations ( ,mexican ritual4 ,z 9 all 
fully develop$ poly!isms ( civilis$     
races among ! ,aztecs we lose sight ( ! 
moral primal ,be+ ( l[ savage races4 ,he
 is obscur$ by deities ( a k9d n yet    
evolv$ 9 ! l[e/ culture4     ,,*apt]    
,,xvi4 ,,! ,,my?ology ,,( ,,egypt       
,antiquity ( ,egypt--,guesses at orig9 (
 ! p--      ,*ronological views ( !     
religion--,p]man5ce & *anges--          
,local & syncretic wor%ip--,elem5ts (   

pure belief & (                         
totemism--,au?orities = facts--,monum5ts
 & ,greek      reports--,cont5d+ !ories 
( mod]n au?ors--,/udy ( !      gods1 _! 
bea/s1 _! alliances &                   
mutations--,evid5ce      ( ritual--,a   
/udy ( ! ,osiris my? & ( ! developm5t   
( ,osiris-,savage & !ological elem5ts 9 
! my?--,moral      aspect ( !           
religion--,conclusion4  ,ev5 to !       
anci5ts ,egypt 0 antiquity1 & ! ,greeks 
s\ght 9 ! dateless my/]ies ( ! ,egyptian
 religion = ! f\nta9 ( all t 0 mo/      
my/]i\s 9 _! own4 ,curiosity ab\t !     
obscure beg9n+s ( human cre$s & ! fir/ k
 ( ! gods 0 naturally ar\s$ by t        
spectacle ( ! ,pan!on ( ,egypt4 ,h]     
highe/ gods 7 ab/ractions1 swa!d1 l !   
,involuti ( ! ,etrurians1 9 veils (     
my/ic doctr9e2 yet 9 ! mo/ secret recess
 ( h] temples ! pi\s beheld a crocodile1
 a cat1 or a s]p5t1 a bea/ roll+ on a   
purple c\*499       99 ,clem4 ,alex41   
,pa$agog41 iii4 #b 7#ic74  ,9 ,egypt1 ! 
e>li] ages & ! lat] times beheld a l&   

dom9at$ by ! ?\ght ( dea?1 ^: %ad[ falls
 on ! mon>* on 8 cr[n+ day1 ^: :isp]    
bids him s5d to f>-(f %ores = ! granite 
& ! alaba/] ( ! tomb4 ,z life 0 rul$ by 
! idea ( dea?2 s 0 fact conqu]$ by      
dream1 & all realities ha/5$ to lose    
!mselves 9 symbols2 all gods ru%$ to    
m]ge _! id5tity 9 ! sun1 z mo?s fly     
t[>ds ! flame ( a c&le4 ,?is spectacle (
 a race ob$i5t to ! dead & b[+ d[n be=e 
! bea/s1 ?is procession ( gods t 7 _!   
own fa!rs & memb]s toge!r 9 ,ra1 wak5$ !
 int]e/ ( ! ,greeks1 :o 7 ev5 m excit$  
by ! my/]y ( extreme age t hid ! beg9n+s
 ( ,egypt4 ,full ( _! own memories &    
leg5ds ( tribal movem5ts1 ( migrations1 
( invasions1 ! ,greeks ackn[l$g$        
!mselves *ildr5 ( ye/]day 9 face ( a    
secul> empire ) an orig9 s remote t x 0 
sc>cely guess$ at 9 ! conjectures (     
fable4 ,egypt pres5t$ to !m1 z to u1 !  
spectacle ( antique civilisation )\t a  
kn[n beg9n+4 ,! spade ( to-day reveals  
no m ?an ! traditions ( two ?\s& ye>s   
ago4 ,! mo/ anci5t relics ( ! e>lie/    

dyna/y are ! massive works ( an organis$
 society & an accompli%$ art4 ,!re is an
 unbridg$ int]val betwe5 ! build]s ( !  
my/]i\s temple h>d by ! ,sph9x & _!     
pr$ecessors1 ! *ipp]s ( palaeoli?ic fl9t
 axes 9 ! riv] drift4 ,we "k n :5ce !   
,egyptians came2 we only trifle )       
hypo!ses :5 we conjecture t h] p are (  
an ,asiatic or an ,african /ock2 we "k n
 :e!r h] gods arose 9 ! f]tile swamps by
 ,nile-side1 or :e!r !y 7 borne 9 arks1 
l ! ,huitzilopo*tli ( ,mexico1 f m      
anci5t seats by ! piety ( _! wor%ipp]s4 
,yet z "o great riv] ( my/]i\s s\rce    
fl[s ?r\gh\t all ,egypt1 s ?r\gh !      
brakes & jungles ( h] religion fl[s "o  
great my? f a di/ant f\nta9-head1 ! my? 
( ,osiris499       99 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! 
,egyptians1 ! preval5t belief      among
 ! anci5ts 0 t !y _h desc5d$ ! ,nile f  
! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,cf4 ,diodorus     
,siculus1 iii4 #h4 ,mod]n      !ori/s   
occasionally lean 9 ?is direction4      
,dumi*51      ,ges*i*te des ,ali5       
,a,egyptiens1 i4 #aah4 ,aga91 an attempt

      has be5 made to repres5t !m z     
successful memb]s ( a      race :]e( !  
,bu%m5 ( ,s\? ,africa are ! social      
failures4 ,m4 ,masp]o conceives1 once m1
 t !      ,egyptians 7 proto-,semitic1  
e?nologically relat$ to !      p (      
,ea/]n ,asia1 & ! gramm> ( _! language  
has ,semitic aff9ities4 ,b ! connection1
 if x ev]      exi/$1 is ackn[l$g$ to be
 extremely remote4 ,masp]o1      ,hi/1  
de l',ori5t1 #d? edit41 p4 #ag4 ,de     
,r\ge writes1      ,t\t n\s ram5e v]s la
 p>5te primitive de ,mitsraim           
7,egypta9s7 et de ,canaan 7,re*]*es sur 
les ,munim5ts1      p4 #aa74  ,!        
que/ions :i* we h to ask 9 deal+ ) !    
my?ology ( ,egypt come "u two heads3    
,fir/1 ,:at 0 ! nature ( ,egyptian      
religion & my?8 ,secondly1 ,h[ did t    
complex mass ( beliefs & practices come 
into exi/5ce8  ,! "q1 ,:at 0 ! religion 
( ,egypt8 is f> f simple4 ,9 a complete 
treatise on ! topic1 x w\ld be necess>y 
to ask 9 reply1 ,at :at p]iod1 9 :at    
place1 & among :at classes ( society did

 ! religion exi/ :i* y wi% to           
inve/igate8 ,! anci5t ,egyptian religion
 _h a lifetime s long t x almo/ requires
 to be met$ by ! vague measures (       
geological "t4 ,x is hi/orically kn[n to
 u1 by ! e>lie/ monum5ts1 ab\t ! date at
 :i* ,ar*bi%op ,u%] fix$ ! ,creation4   
,ev5 !n1 be x notic$1 ! religion (      
,egypt 0 old & full-gr[n2 !re are no    
hi/orical traces ( its beg9n+s4 ,l !    
mat]ial civilisation1 x _h be5 fa%ion$  
by ! unrecord$ ,%e%oa ,hor1 ! s]vants ( 
,horus1 patri>*s dwell+ ) ! bless$4 ,9 !
 f\r or five ?\s& ye>s ( its lat]       
exi/5ce1 ,egyptian religion endur$ v>i\s
 modifications499 ,x 0 a cons]vative p1 
& s*ool$ by ! wisdom ( ! sepul*re4 ,b   
invad]s1 ,semitic1 ,e?iopian & ,greek1  
br\ght 9 "s ( _! own ideas4 ,prie/ly    
colleges develop$ novel dogmas1 &       
ins5sibly alt]$ ritual ,! ?\ght (       
hundr$s ( g5]ations ( m5 brood$1 n      
fruitlessly1 ov] ! problems ( ! div9e   
nature4 ,f9ally1 x is likely t 9 ,egypt1
 z else:]e1 ! sup]/itions ( ! lea/      

educat$ & mo/ backw>d classes1 & (      
subject peoples on a l[] level (        
civilisation1 w\ld aga9 & aga9 break up1
 & w9 _! way to ! surface ( religion4   
,?us a complete /udy ( ,egyptian fai?s  
w\ld be *ronological--w\ld note ! sett+ 
& ris+ ( ! />s ( eld] & lat] deities4   
99 ,pr(essor ,lieble91 ma9ta9+ ?is view1
 opposes !      /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,le ,page
 ,r5\f1 :o writes3 ,! e>lie/            
monum5ts :i* h be5 discov]$ pres5t to u 
! v      same fully develop$            
civilisation & ! same religion z      ! 
lat] monum5ts 7,hib4 ,lectures1 #ahhj1  
p4 #ha74 ,b x      is sup]flu\s to      
attack a position :i* ,mr4 ,le ,page    
,r5\f      does n appe> really to hold4 
,he admits ! exi/5ce (      developm5t &
 evolution 9 ,egyptian religi\s ?\ght ,i
      believe1 !re=e1 t1 aft] closely   
approa*+ !      po9t at :i* poly!ism    
might h turn$ into mono!ism1      !     
religi\s ?\ght ( ,egypt turn$ aside into
 a wrong      track 7,op4 cit1 p4 #bcf74
  ,! me?od ( a sy/ematic hi/ory (       

,egyptian religion w\ld n be regulat$ by
 *ronology alone4 ,topographical &      
social conditions w\ld also claim       
att5tion4 ,! fav\r$ god or gods ( "o    
nome 7adm9i/rative di/rict71 or ( "o    
t[n1 or ( "o sacr$ metropolis1 7 n !    
gods ( ano!r metropolis1 or t[n1 or     
nome1 ?\gh "s deities 7 common to ! :ole
 c\ntry4 ,! fundam5tal "* might be mu* !
 same 9 ea* case1 b ! titles1 & aspects1
 & ritual1 & acc\nts ( ! div9e g5ealogy 
v>i$ 9 ea* locality4 ,once m1 !         
syncretic t5d5cy kept fus+ into "o div9e
 "n & =m1 or into a family triad ( gods 
7"m1 fa!r & son71 ! deities ( diff]5t   
di/ricts1 :i*1 b5ea? _! local           
peculi>ities1 !ologians c\ld recognise z
 practically ! same4  ,:ile political   
ev5ts & local circum/ances 7 ?us modify+
 ,egyptian religion1 x mu/ nev] be      
=gott5 t ! diff]5t classes ( society 7  
probably by no means at "o 9 _! op9ions4
 ,! monum5ts %[ u :at ! k+s believ$1 or 
at lea/ :at ! k+s practis$1 record !    
pray]s !y utt]$ & ! sacrifices !y (f]$4 

,! tombs & ! papyri :i* conta9 ! ,book (
 ! ,dead & o!r k9dr$ works reveal !     
nature ( belief 9 a future life1 ) !    
*anges :i* x und]w5t at diff]5t times4  
,b ! p1 ! va/ majority1 unlett]$ &      
sil5t1 _c tell u :at !y believ$1 or :at 
7 _! fav\rite =ms ( adoration4 ,we are  
left to ! evid5ce ( amulets1 ( books (  
magic1 ( popul> tales1 surviv+ on a     
papyrus "h & !re1 & to ! late te/imony (
 ,greek writ]s--,h]odotus1 ,diodorus1 ! 
au?or ( ! treatise ,de ,osiride et hide1
 & o!rs4 ,:ile ! cl]gy ( ! tw5tie?      
dyna/y 7 hymn+ ! p]fections ( ,ammon    
,ra--s high t man may n atta9 unto him1 
dwell] 9 ! hidd5 place1 him ^: image no 
man has beheld--! peasant may h be5     
wor%ipp+1 l a mod]n ,zulu1 ! s]p5ts 9 8 
hovel1 or may h be5 ador+ ! local sacr$ 
cat ( 8 village1 or fl++ /ones at !     
local sacr$ crocodile ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,to
 ! enlight5$ 9 ! lat] empire1 p]haps to 
! remote/ unkn[n ance/ors also1 ,god 0  
self-proce$+1 self-made1 manife/ 9 !    
deities t 7 memb]s toge!r 9 him (       

godhead4 ,b ! peasant1 if he ?9ks ( !   
gods at all1 ?9ks ( !m walk+ ! e>?1 l   
our ,"l & ! sa9ts 9 ! ,norse nurs]y     
tales1 to amuse !mselves ) ! adv5tures (
 m54 ,! peasant spoke ( ! ,sev5 ,ha?ors1
 t come l fairy godmo!rs to ! cradle (  
ea* infant1 & =etell 8 lot 9 life499    
99 ,comp>e ,masp]o1 ,hi/1 de l',ori5t41 
#d? edit41 pp4 #bgi-      #bhh1 = !     
prie/ly hymns & ! wor%ip ( bea/s4 ,!    
l(ty ?\ghts rema9$ ! prop]ty ( a small  
numb] (      prie/s & in/ruct$ p2 !y did
 n p5etrate !      mass ( ! population4 
,f> f t1 ! wor%ip (      animals1 goose1
 swall[1 cat1 s]p5t1 _h _m m            
foll[]s ?an ,amnion ,ra c\ld c\nt4 ,see 
also ,tiele1      ,manuel de l',hi/4 des
 ,rel41 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 pp4 #df1 #dg4 ,=  
! folk-lore ( w&]+ gods see ,masp]o1    
,contes      ,egypti5s1 ,p>is1 #ahhb1 p4
 #ag4  ,x is impossible1 ( c\rse1 to    
write "h a complete hi/ory ( ,egyptian  
religion1 z f> z x is to be extract$ f !
 books & essays ( le>n$ mod]ns2 b x has 
probably be5 made cle> t :5 we speak ( !

 religion & my?ology ( ,egypt1 we speak 
( a v l>ge & complicat$ subject4 ,pla9ly
 ?is is a topic :i* ! lay /ud5t w f9d   
full ( pitfalls1 & on :i* ev5 s*ol>s may
 well arrive at contradictory op9ions4  
,to put ! matt] briefly1 :]e "o s*ool   
f9ds 9 ! gods & ! holy m5ag]ie (        
,egyptian cre$s ! corruption ( a        
primitive mono!ism1 its oppon5ts see a  
cr[d ( survivals f savag]y comb9$ )     
cle>] religi\s ideas1 :i* are ! long    
result ( civilis$ & educat$ ?\ght499    
,bo? views may be "r 9 "p4       99 ,!  
,engli% lead] ( ! =m] s*ool1 ! believ] 9
 a      primitive purity1 corrupt$ &    
degrad$ b n      ext+ui%$1 is ,mr4 ,le  
,page ,r5\f 7,hibb]t ,lectures1         
,london1 #ahgi74 ,x is n always v easy  
to make out :at      side ,mr4 ,le ,page
 ,r5\f does take4 ,= example1 9 8       
,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #hi1 he speaks    
some:at      sympa!tically ( ! v _m     
em95t s*ol>s1 :o1      ) full k ( all t 
c be said to ! contr>y1      ma9ta9 t ! 
,egyptian religion is ess5tially        

mono!i/ic4 ,he himself says t a p[] )\t 
a "n      or any my?ological *>act]i/ic 
is con/antly ref]r$ to      9 ! s+ul>   
numb]1 & c only be reg>d$ z !           
object ( t s5sus num9is1 or imm$iate    
p]ception (      ! ,inf9ite4 :i* is !   
result ( an intuition z      irresi/ible
 z ! impressions ( our s5ses4 ,if ?is be
      n primitive in/9ctive mono!ism1   
:at is x8 ,yet ,mr4      ,le ,page ,r5\f
 says t ,egyptian poly!ism1 aft] closely
      approa*+ ! po9t :]e x might h     
become mono!ism1      w5t (f on a wrong 
track2 s ! ,egyptians aft] all 7        
poly!i/s1 n mono!i/s 7op4 cit41 p4      
#bce74 ,( simil>      views are ! late  
illu/ri\s ,vicomte de ,r\ge1 ,m4        
,m>iette1 ,m4 ,pi]ret1 & ,brugs* ,pa%a  
7,rel4 und ,my?1 d]      ,ali5 ,egypt]1 
vol i41 ,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,on ! o!r     
side1      on ! :ole reg>d+ ,egyptian   
cre$s z a complex mass (      e>ly      
uncivilis$ & popul> ideas1 ) a lat]     
prie/ly      religion t5d+ t[>ds pan!ism
 & mono!ism1 are ,m4      ,masp]o1      

,pr(essor ,tiele1 ,pr(essor ,lieble9    
7,engli%      read]s may consult 8      
pamphlet1 ,egyptian ,religion1          
,leipzig1 #ahhd71 ,m4 ,edw>d ,mey]1     
7,ges*i*te des      ,alt]?ums1 ,/uttg>t1
 #ahhd71 ,h]r ,piets*4 mann             
7,zeits*rtftfur ,e?nologic1 ,b]l91      
#ahgh1 art4 ,fetis*      ,di5/71 &      
,pr(essor ,tiele 7,manuel de l',hi/oire 
des      ,religions1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 &    
,hi/ory ( ,egyptian ,religion1          
,engli% translation1 #ahhb74  ,aft] ?is 
preamble let u endeav\r to =m a g5]al   
work+ idea ( :at ,egyptian religion 0 z 
a :ole4 ,:at k9d ( religion did !       
,israelites see dur+ ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 
or :at pres5t$ itself to ! eyes (       
,h]odotus8 ,unluckily we h no su*       
eye-witnesses ( ! e>li] ,egyptian z     
,b]nal ,diaz 0 ( ! ,aztec temples4 ,!   
,bible says little t is def9ite ab\t !  
!ological wisdom ( ! ,egyptians4 ,:5    
confront$ ) ! sacr$ bea/s1 ,h]odotus    
might h us$ ) d\ble tru? ! ,greek saw3  
,a great ox has trod ^u my tongue499 ,b 

:at ,h]odotus h9t$ at or left unsaid is 
ga!r$ f ! evid5ce ( tombs & temple walls
 & illum9at$ papyri4  ,"o po9t is c]ta94
 ,:atev] else ! religion ( ,egypt may at
 any "t h be51 x /ruck e =eign obs]v] z 
poly!ism49999 ,moreov]1 x 0 a poly!ism l
 ano!r4 ,! ,greeks _h no difficulty1 =  
example1 9 recognis+ among/ ^!          
bea/-head$ mon/]s gods analog\s to _!   
own4 ,?is is demon/rat$ by ! fact t to  
almo/ e deity ( ,egypt !y readily &     
unanim\sly assign$ a ,greek div9e "n4   
,seiz+ on a c]ta9 aspect ( ,osiris & ( 8
 my/]y-play1 !y made him ,dionysus2 ,hor
 became ,apollo2 ,ptah1 ,hephae/us3     
,ammon ,ra1 ,zeus2 ,?o?1 ,h]mes1 & s on 
) ! re/4 ,! ,egyptian deities 7         
recognis$ z div9e be+s1 ) c]ta9 7g5]ally
 ill-def9$7 dep>tm5ts ( ,nature & (     
human activity "u _! c>e4 ,"s ( !m1 l   
,seb 7e>?7 & ,nut 7heav571 7 e/eem$     
elem5tal =ces or ph5om5a1 & 7 id5tifi$ )
 ! same p]sonal ph5om5a or =ces1 ,uranus
 & ,gaea1 9 ! ,greek sy/em1 :]e heav5 & 
e>? 7 also p>5ts ( _m ( ! gods4       99

 ,a,eschylus1 ,agamemnon1 #cg1          
7--------7       9999  ,masp]o1 ,musee  
de ,b\laq1 p4 #aej2 ,le ,page ,r5\f1    
,hib4      ,l$41 pp4 #he1hf4  ,?us x is 
indisputably cle> t ,egyptian religion  
_h a poly!i/ic aspect1 or r1 z ,masp]o  
says1 0 a well-m>k$ poly!ism2 t 9 ?is   
reg>d x co9cid$ ) o!r poly!isms1 & t ?is
 elem5t mu/ be expla9$ 9 ! ,egyptian1 z 
x is expla9$ 9 ! ,greek or ! ,aztec1 or 
! ,p]uvian or ! ,maori religion499 ,n[  
an explanation has already be5 (f]$ 9 ! 
my?ologies previ\sly exam9$4 ,"s gods h 
be5 recognis$1 l ,rangi & ,papa1 !      
,maori heav5 & e>? 7,nut & ,seb71 z     
repres5tatives ( ! old p]sonal e>? &    
heav51 :i* comm5d !mselves to ! b>b>ic  
fancy4 ,o!r gods are ! in=m+ & indwell+ 
spirits ( o!r ph5om5a1 ( w9ds or sea or 
woods4 ,o!rs1 aga91 :atev] _! orig91    
preside ov] dea?1 ov] ! dead1 ov] !     
vital functions1 su* z love1 or ov] !   
arts ( life1 su* z agriculture2 & ^! la/
 gods ( dep>tm5ts ( human activity 7    
probably 9 ! beg9n+ culture-h]oes1 real1

 or m likely ideal1 ! fir/ tea*]s ( m54 
99 ,x is c]ta9ly errone\s to consid]    
,egyptian religion      z a poly!i/ic   
corruption ( a prehi/oric mono!ism4 ,x  
is m correct to say t1 :ile poly!i/ic 9 
pr9ciple1 ! religion develop$ 9 two     
absolutely opposite      directions4 ,on
 "o side1 ! con/ant introduction ( new  
gods1 local or =eign2 on ! o!r1 a grop+ 
aft] a      mono!ism nev] absolutely    
rea*$4 ,! le>n$ expla9$      ! cr[d (   
gods z s _m inc>nations ( ! "o hidd5    
uncreat$ deity4--,tiele1 ,manuel de     
l',hi/oire des      ,religions1 p4 #df4 
,9 poly!isms ( long /&+ all ^!          
attributes & functions h be5 comb9$ &   
reallott$1 & ! result we see 9 t        
confusion :i* is ( ! v ess5ce ( my?4    
,ea* god has _m bir?-places1 "o has _m  
sepul*res1 all h conflict+ g5ealogies4  
,if ^! ideas ab\t o!r poly!isms be      
correct1 !n x is probable t !y expla9 to
 a great ext5t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( !     
poly!ism ( ,egypt ,!y expla9 at lea/ !  
factors 9 ,egyptian religion1 :i* !     

,greeks recognis$ z analog\s ) _! own1 &
 :i* are f\nd among poly!i/s ( e degree 
( culture1 f ,new ,zeal& to ,hellas4 ,if
 ev] ,ptah1 or any o!r "n1 repres5t$    
,our ,fa!r z he is kn[n to ! mo/ backw>d
 races1 he 0 buri$ into ! backgr\nd by  
gods evolv$ f gho/s1 by dep>tm5tal gods1
 & by ! gods ( races amalgamat$ 9 !     
c\rse ( conque/ & settlem5t4  ,leav+ on 
"o side1 !n1 = ! mom5t1 ! va/ sy/em (   
ance/or-wor%ip & ( rites und]tak5 = !   
b5efit ( ! dead1 & leav+ aside ! div9ity
 ( ! k+1 poly!ism 0 ! mo/ rem>kable     
feature ( ,egyptian religion4 ,! =eign  
travell] 9 ! "t ( ! pyramid-build]s1 z 9
 ! "t ( ,ramses ,,ii41 or ( !           
,ptolemies1 or ( ! ,roman dom9ation1    
w\ld h f\nd a cr[d ( gods 9 receipt (   
hon\r & ( sacrifice4 ,he w\ld h le>n$ t 
"o god 0 mo/ ador$ 9 "o locality1 ano!r 
9 ano!r1 t ,ammon ,ra 0 pr$om9ant 9     
,!bes2 ,ra1 ! sun-god1 9 ,heliopolis2   
,osiris 9 ,abydos1 & s =?4 ,he w\ld also
 h obs]v$ t c]ta9 animals 7 sacr$ to    
c]ta9 gods1 & t 9 places :]e ea* bea/ 0 

rev]$1 8 species 0 n eat51 ?\gh x might 
blamelessly be cook$ & dev\r$ 9 !       
neighb\r+ nome or di/rict1 :]e ano!r    
animal 0 dom9ant4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 all nomes 
& t[ns1 ! adoration ( ,osiris1 *iefly z 
! god & r$eem] ( ! dead1 0 practis$499  
99 ,on ! diff]5t religions ( diff]5t    
nomes1 &      especially ! animal       
wor%ip1 see ,piets*mann1 ,d]            
,a,egyptische ,fetis*di5/ und           
,goett]glaube1 ,zeits*rtft fu]          
,e?nologie1 #ahgh1 p4 #afh4  ,:ile ^!   
are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ,egyptian     
religion1 !re 7 inevitably _m           
modifications 9 ! c\rse ( five ?\s&     
ye>s4 ,if "o might imag9e a travell]    
end[$1 l ! ,w&]+ ,jew1 ) endless life1 &
 visit+ ,egypt e ?\s&1 or e five hundr$ 
ye>s1 we c fancy "s ( ! *anges 9        
religion :i* he w\ld obs]ve4 ,on ! :ole1
 f ! fir/ dyna/y & ! e>lie/ monum5ts to 
! "t :5 ,hor came to we> a dress l t ( a
 ,roman c5turion1 ! travell] w\ld f9d ! 
*ief figures ( ! ,pan!on recognisably ! 
same4 ,b !re w\ld be novelties 9 ! mann]

 ( wor%ipp+ & ( nam+ or repres5t+ !m4 ,9
 ! olde/ tombs1 :]e ! olde/ writ+s are  
f\nd1 !re are n _m gods m5tion$--!re are
 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,?ot1 ,seb1 ,nut1     
,ha?or1 ,anubis1 ,aph]u1 & a c\ple m499 
,"h 0 a /ock ( gods :o rema9$ 9 cr$it   
till ! dog ,anubis fl$ f ! ,/> (        
,be?lehem4 ,mo/ ( ^! deities bore       
bir?-m>ks ( ! sky & ( ! tomb4 ,if       
,osiris 0 ! sun-god ( ,abydos1 he 0 also
 ! murd]$ & mutilat$ culture-h]o4 ,if   
,hor or ,horus 0 ! sun at 8 height1 he  
too _h suff]$ despiteful usage f 8      
enemies4 ,seb & ,nut 7nam$ on ! c(f9 (  
,myc]9us ( ! f\r? dyna/y 9 ! ,briti%    
,museum7 7 our old fri5ds ! p]sonal     
heav5 & e>?4 ,anubis1 ! jackal1 0 ! "l (
 ! grave1 & dead k+s are wor%ipp$ no    
less ?an gods :o 7 ?\ght to h be5 dead  
k+s4 ,:ile c]ta9 gods1 :o reta9$ p]man5t
 p[]1 appe> 9 ! olde/ monum5ts1 sacr$   
animals are also pres5t f ! fir/4       
99 ,lieble91 ,egyptian ,religion1 p4 #g4
  ,! gods1 9 fact1 ( ! e>lie/ monum5ts 7
 bea/s4 ,"h is "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* a     

great alt]ation develop$ itself 9 ! mid/
 ( ,egyptian religion4 ,till ! twelf?   
dyna/y1 :5 a god is m5tion$ 7& 9 ^? v   
anci5t rema9s gods are n m5tion$ (t571  
he is repres5t$ by 8 animal1 or ) ! "n  
spell$ out 9 hi]oglyphs1 (t5 beside !   
bird or bea/499 ,! jackal /&s = ,anup   
7,anubis71 ! frog = ,hekt1 ! baboon =   
,tahuti 7,?o?74 ,x is n till aft]       
,semitic influ5ce _h begun to "w 9 !    
c\ntry t any figures ( gods are f\nd4   
,by figures ( gods are meant ! lat]     
man-%ap$ or semi-man-%ap$ images1 !     
hawk-head$1 jackal-head$1 & simil>      
repres5tations ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! 
museums4 ,! *ange beg9s ) ! twelf?      
dyna/y1 b becomes mo/ m>k$ "u !         
eighte5?4 ,dur+ ! anci5t empire1 says   
,m4 ,masp]o1 ,i only f9d monum5ts at f\r
 po9ts--at ,memphis1 at ,abydos1 9 "s   
p>ts ( ,middle ,egypt1 at ,s9ai1 & 9 !  
valley ( ,hammamat4 ,! div9e names appe>
 b occasionally1 9 c]ta9 unv>i$ =mulae4 
,"u ! elev5? & twelf? dyna/ies ,l[]     
,egypt comes on ! sc5e4 ,! =mulae are m 

explicit1 b ! religi\s monum5ts r>e4 ,f 
! eighte5? dyna/y onw>ds1 we h          
repres5tations ( all ! deities1         
accompani$ by leg5ds m or less develop$1
 & we beg9 to discov] books ( ritual1   
hymns1 amulets1 & o!r objects49999 ,!re 
are also sacr$ texts 9 ! ,pyramids4     
99 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,arts ( ,anci5t     
,egypt1 p4 #h4       9999 ,revue de     
l',hi/oire des ,religions1 i4 #abd4     
,o!r *anges1 less important ?an t :i*   
turn$ ! bea/-god into a div9e man or    
woman1 (t5 bea/-head$1 are trac$ 9 ! v  
e>lie/ ages4 ,! ritual ( ! holy bulls   
7,hapi1 ,apis7 makes its (ficial        
appe>ance "u ! f\r? k+ ( ! fir/1 & !    
fir/ k+ ( ! second dyna/ies499 ,mr4 ,le 
,page ,r5\f1 admitt+ ?is1 ?9ks ! great  
developm5t ( bull-wor%ip lat]49999 ,9 ! 
?ird dyna/y ! "n ( ,ra1 sun1 comes to be
 add$ to ! royal names ( k+s1 z ,nebk>a1
 ,n(]k>a1 & s =?4999999 ,osiris becomes 
m important ?an ! jackal-god z ! gu>dian
 ( ! dead4 ,sok>1 ano!r god ( dea?1 %[s 
a t5d5cy to m]ge himself 9 ,osiris4 ,) !

 successes ( ! eighte5? dyna/y 9 ,!bes1 
! process ( syncretism1 by :i* v>i\s    
god-names & god-natures are m+l$1 s z to
 unite ! cre$s ( diff]5t nomes &        
prov9ces1 & bl5d all 9 ! wor%ip ( !     
,!ban ,ammon ,ra1 is mo/ notable4 ,n[   
arise s*ools ( !ology2 pan!ism & an     
approa* to mono!ism 9 ! ,!ban god become
 probable results ( religi\s            
speculations & imp]ial success4 ,^!     
t5d5cies are baffl$ by ! break-up ( !   
,!ban supremacy1 b ! mono!i/ic idea     
rema9s 9 ! esot]ic dogmas ( prie/hoods1 
& survives into ,neo-,platonism4        
,special *anges are introduc$--n[1 z 9 !
 case ( wor%ip ( ! sol> disk by a h]etic
 k+2 e>li]1 z 9 ! preval5ce (           
,set-wor%ip1 p]haps by ,semitic         
invad]s499999999       99 ,brugs*1      
,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,engli% transl41 i4   
#ei1 #fj4       9999 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4  
#bcg1 #bch4       999999 ,op4 cit4 i4 p4
 #ef4       99999999 ,= ,khunat51 & 8   
h]esy ( ! disk 9 ,!bes1 see             
,brugs*1 op4 cit41 i4 #ddb4 ,x _h little

 or no effect on      my?4 ,tiele says  
7,hi/4 ,egypt4 ,rel41 p4 #di71 ,f !     
mo/ remote antiquity ,set is "o ( !     
,osirian circle1 &      is ?us a g5u9e  
,egyptian deity4  ,x is impossible "h to
 d m ?an indicate ! k9d ( modification  
:i* ,egyptian religion und]w5t4 ,?r\gh\t
 x rema9$ con/ant 9 c]ta9 features1     
namely1 ! local "* ( its gods1 _!       
usefulness to ! dead 7_! ,*?onian       
aspect71 _! t5d5cy to be m]g$ into !    
sun1 ,ra1 ! great type & symbol & s\rce 
( life1 &1 f9ally1 _! inability to %ake 
(f ! fur & fea!rs ( ! bea/s1 ! e>lie/ =m
 ( _! own developm5t4 ,?us life1 dea?1  
sky1 sun1 bird1 bea/ & man are all bl5d$
 9 ! religi\s conceptions ( ,egypt4 ,"h 
foll[ two hymns to ,osiris1 hymns ( !   
n9ete5? & tw5tie? dyna/ies1 :i*         
illu/rate ! confusion ( l(ty & almo/    
savage ideas1 ! coexi/5ce ( notions f e 
/age ( ?\ght1 t make ! puzzle (         
,egyptian my?ology4  ,hail to !e1       
,osiris1 elde/ son ( ,seb1 greate/ ( !  
six deities born ( ,nut1 *ief fav\rite (

 ?y fa!r1 ,ra1 ! fa!r ( fa!rs2 k+ ( "t1 
ma/] ( et]nity2 "o 9 8 manife/ations1   
t]rible4 ,:5 he left ! womb ( 8 "m he   
unit$ all ! cr[ns1 he fix$ ! urseus     
7emblem ( sov]eignty7 on 8 head4 ,god ( 
_m %apes1 god ( ! unkn[n "n1 ?\ :o ha/  
_m names 9 _m prov9ces2 if ,ra rises 9 !
 heav5s1 x is by ! w ( ,osiris2 if he   
sets1 x is at ! sight ( 8 glory499  ,9  
ano!r hymn9999 ,osiris is ?us address$3 
,k+ ( et]nity1 great god1 ris5 f ! wat]s
 t 7 9 ! beg9n+1 /rong hawk1 k+ ( gods1 
ma/] ( s\ls1 k+ ( t]rors1 "l ( cr[ns1 ?\
 t art great 9 ,hnes1 t do/ appe> at    
,m5des 9 ! lik5ess ( a ram1 mon>* ( !   
circle ( gods1 k+ ( ,am5ti 7,hades71    
rev]$ ( gods & m51 :o s kn[e? humility &
 reckone? de$s ( righte\sness1 !reby    
kn[s he ,osiris4999999        99  ,f    
,abydos1 n9ete5? dyna/y4 ,masp]o1 ,musee
 de      ,b\laq1 pp4 #di1ej4       9999 
,tw5tie? dyna/y4    ,op4 cit41 p4 #dh4  
999999 ,?is phase ( religi\s ?\ght1 says
 ,mr4 ,page ,r5\f1      speak+ ( :at he 
calls mono!ism1 is *iefly      pres5t$  

to u 9 a l>ge numb] ( hymns1 beg9n+ )   
! e>lie/ days ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,x is
 c]ta9ly      mu* m anci5t1 b4444 none (
 ! hymns ( t "t      h come d[n to u4   
,see a v rem>kable pan!i/ic      hymn to
 ,osiris1 "l ( holy trans=mations1 9 a  
passage      cit$1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4     
#bah1 & ! hymns to ,amnion ,ra1         
closely approa*+ ! language ( mono!ism1 
pp4 #bbe1      #bbf4 ,excell5t examples 
( pan!i/ic litanies ( ,ra are           
translat$ f orig9als ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1
 9      ,records ( ! ,pa/1 viii4        
#aje-abh4 ,! royal ,osiris is           
id5tifi$ ) ,ra4 ,"h1 too1 x is told h[  
,ra smote ,apap1      ! s]p5t ( evil1 ! 
,egyptian ,ahi4  ,"h ! noble/ moral     
s5tim5ts are bl5d$ ) ,ori5tal           
salutations 9 ! wor%ip ( a god :o1 = !  
mom5t1 is recognis$ z "l ( lords1 b :o  
is also a ram at ,m5des4 ,?is app>5t    
confusion ( ideas1 & ?is ass]tion (     
supremacy = a god :o1 9 ! next hymn1 is 
subject$ to ano!r god1 m>k civilis$     
poly!ism2 b ! confusion 0 increas$ by ! 

extreme age ( ! ,egyptian fai?1 & by !  
d\bt t prevail$ z to ! mean+ (          
tradition4 ,! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! ,book (
 ! ,dead :i* seems to conta9 a /atem5t (
 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se z und]/ood at      
,heliopolis "u ! fir/ dyna/ies1 is kn[n 
to u by sev]al examples ( ! elev5? &    
twelf? dyna/ies4 ,ea* ( ! v]ses _h      
already be5 int]pret$ 9 ?ree or f\r     
diff]5t ways2 s diff]5t1 t1 accord+ to  
"o s*ool1 ! ,creator1 ,ra-,%[1 0 ! sol> 
fire2 accord+ to ano!r s*ool1 n ! fire1 
b ! wat]s6 ,! ,book ( ! ,dead1 9 fact1  
is no book1 b collections ( pamphlets1 s
 to speak1 ( v diff]5t dates4 ,plan or  
unity _c be expect$1 & glosses only "s  
f\r ?\s& ye>s old h become imb$d$ 9     
really anci5t texts499 ,fifte5 c5turies 
lat] ! numb] ( int]pretations _h        
consid]ably increas$49999  ,:]e !       
,egyptians !mselves 7 9 helpless d\bt1 x
 w\ld be va9 to (f] complete            
explanations ( _! op9ions & practices 9 
detail2 b x is possible1 p]haps1 to     
acc\nt = c]ta9 l>ge elem5ts ( _!        

beliefs1 & ev5 to untie "s ( ! knots ( !
 ,osirian my?4  ,! /range/ feature 9 !  
rites ( ,egypt 0 animal-wor%ip1 :i*     
appe>$ 9 v>i\s phases4 ,!re 0 ! local   
adoration ( a bea/1 a bird1 or fi%1 to  
:i* ! neighb\rs ( o!r di/ricts 7        
indiff]5t or ho/ile4 ,!re 0 ! pres5ce ( 
! animal 9 ! mo/ sacr$ p5etralia ( !    
temple2 & !re 0 ! god conceiv$ (1 on !  
:ole1 z an?ropomorphic1 b (t5 repres5t$ 
9 art1 aft] ! twelf? dyna/y1 z a man or 
woman ) ! head ( a bird or bea/4999999  
99 ,cf4 ,tiele1 ,hi/ ,egypt4 ,rel41 pp4 
#bf-bi1 & notes4       9999  ,masp]o1   
,musee de ,b\laq1 p4 #adi4       999999 
,z to ! animals :i* 7 sacr$ & might n be
      eat5 9 v>i\s nomes1 an acc\nt w be
 f\nd 9      ,wilk9son's ,anci5t        
,egyptians1 ii4 #dfg4 ,! ,engli% read]  
w f9d _m bea/-head$ gods 9 !            
illu/rations to      vol4 iii4 ,!       
edition ref]r$ to is ,bir*'s1 ,london1  
#ahgh4      ,a m sci5tific au?ority is  
,lanzoni1 ,dizion4 ,mit4  ,^! po9ts 9   
,egyptian religion h be5 ! great puzzle 

bo? ( antiquity & ( mod]n my?ology4 ,!  
common prie/ly explanations v>i$4       
,sometimes x 0 said t ! gods _h conceal$
 !mselves 9 ! guise ( bea/s dur+ !      
revolution>y w>s ( ,set aga9/ ,horus499 
,(t51 aga91 animal-wor%ip 0 int]pret$ z 
symbolical2 x 0 n ! bea/1 b ! qualities 
:i* he p]sonifi$ t 7 ador$49999 ,?us    
,anubis1 really a jackal1 is a dog1 9 ! 
explanations ( ,plut>*1 & is said to be 
wor%ipp$ = 8 fidelity1 or because he c  
see 9 ! night1 or because he is ! image 
( "t4 ,z he br\ght =? all ?+s out (     
himself1 & conta9s all ?+s )9 himself1  
he gets ! title ( dog4999999 ,once m1 & 
by a ne>] approa* to :at is probably !  
tru?1 ! bea/-gods 7 said to be survivals
 ( ! badges 7repres5t+ animals7 ( v>i\s 
tribal companies 9 ! =ces ( ,osiris4    
,su* 7 ! ideas curr5t 9 ,graeco-,roman  
speculation1 nor p]haps is !re any e>li]
 evid5ce z to ! "* ( native             
int]pretation ( animal-wor%ip4 ,! op9ion
 has also be5 broa*$ t bea/-wor%ip 9    
,egypt is a refraction f ! use (        

hi]oglyphs4 ,if ! picture ( a bea/ 0 "o 
( ! signs 9 ! writ+ ( a god's "n1       
adoration might be transf]r$ to ! bea/ f
 ! god4 ,x is by no means improbable t  
?is process _h its %>e 9 produc+ !      
results499999999 ,"s ( ! explanations ( 
animal-wor%ip :i* 7 popul> ( old are    
/ill 9 "s fav\r4       99 ,de ,is4 et   
,os41 lxxii4       9999 ,op4 cit41 xi4  
999999 ,ibid41 xliv4       99999999     
,piets*mann1 op4 cit41 p4 #afc1 cont5ds 
t !      animal-wor%ip is old] ?an ^!   
,egyptian modes ( writ+      ! div9e    
names1 say ( ,amnion ,ra or ,ha?or4     
,moreov]1 !      signs 7 us$ 9 writ+ !  
names because ! gods 7      conceiv$ ( 9
 ^! animal %apes4  ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f 
appe>s to hold t !re 0 some?+           
respectably my?ical 9 ! wor%ip ( !      
inhabitants ( zoological & botanical    
g>d5s1 some?+ holy app>5t at lea/ to !  
dev\t499 ,he quotes ! op9ion attribut$  
to ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 t ! bea/s 7    
symbols ( deity1 n deities1 & ?is 0 !   
view ( a grave oppon5t4 ,mr4 ,le ,page  

,r5\f also m5tions ,porphyry's !ory1 t  
"u ! semblance ( animals ! ,egyptians   
wor%ip ! univ]sal p[] :i* ! gods h      
reveal$ 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( liv+ nature49999
 ,x is evid5t1 ( c\rse1 t all ( ^!      
!ories may h be5 held by ! le>n$ 9      
,egypt1 especially aft] ! ,*ri/ian era1 
9 ! times ( ,apollonius & ,porphyry2 b t
 ?r[s little light on ! motives &       
beliefs ( ! pyramid-build]s _m ?\s&s (  
ye>s be=e1 or ( ! contempor>y peasants )
 _! wor%ip ( cats & alligators4 ,9 %ort1
 ! sy/ems ( symbolism 7 probably made   
aft] ! facts1 to acc\nt = practices ^:  
orig9 0 obscure4 ,yet ano!r hypo!sis is 
(f]$ by ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 & 9 ! case
 ( ,set & ! hippopotamus is %>$ by ,m4  
,masp]o4 ,tiele also rem>ks t "s bea/s 7
 promot$ to godhead comp>atively late1  
because _! names resembl$ names (       
gods4999999       99 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 
pp4 #f1 #g4       9999 ,de ,ab/41 iv4 c4
 #i4       999999 ,!olog4 ,tidjs*41 #ab?
 ye>1 p4 #bfa4  ,! gods1 9 c]ta9 cases1 
receiv$ _! animal *>act]i/ics by virtue 

( c]ta9 unconsci\s puns or mi/akes 9 !  
d\ble s5ses ( words4 ,seb is ! e>?4 ,seb
 is also ! ,egyptian "n = a c]ta9       
species ( goose1 &1 9 accordance ) !    
homonym\s t5d5cy ( ! my?ological p]iod (
 all nations1 ! god & ! bird 7          
id5tifi$499 ,seb 0 call$ ! ,great       
,cackl]49999 ,aga91 ! god ,?o? 0 usually
 repres5t$ ) ! head ( an ibis4 ,a mummi$
 ibis 9 ! human =m is made to repres5t !
 god ,?o?4999999 ,?is connection betwe5 
,?o? & ! ibis ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f      
expla9s at "s l5g? z ! result ( an      
etymological confusion499999999 ,?us    
metaphorical language react$ ^u ?\ght1  
&1 z 9 o!r religions1 obta9$ ! ma/]y4   
,:ile ^! are ! views ( a di/+ui%$ mod]n 
,egyptologi/1 ano!r ,egyptologi/1 n less
 di/+ui%$1 is ( an entirely opposite    
op9ion z to ! "q on ! :ole4 ,x is       
possible1 nay1 c]ta91 writes ,m4        
,masp]o1 t dur+ ! second ,!ban empire ! 
le>n$ prie/s may h ?\ght x well to      
attribute a symbolical s5se to c]ta9    
be/ial deities4 ,b :atev] !y may h      

wor%ipp$ 9 ,?o?-,ibis1 x 0 a bird1 & n a
 hi]oglyph1 t ! fir/ wor%ipp]s ( ! ibis 
ador$49999999999 ,m4 ,mey] is ( ! same  
op9ion1 & s are ,pr(essor ,tiele & ,m4  
,p]rot4999999999999       99 ,= a       
/atem5t ( ! !ory ( homonym\s t5d5cy1    
see ,select$ ,essays1 ,max ,muell]1 i4  
#bii1 #bde4 ,= a      criticism ( !     
sy/em1 see ,my?ology 9 ,encyclop1       
,brit41      or 9 ,la ,my?ologie1 ,a4   
,lang1 ,p>is1 #ahhf4       9999 ,hibb]t 
,lectures1 #ahhj1 p4 #aaa4       999999 
,wilk9son1 iii4 #cbe4       99999999    
,op4 cit41 pp4 #aaf1 #aag1 #bcg4        
9999999999 ,revue de ,v ,hi/oire des    
,religions1 vol4 i4       999999999999  
,mey]1 ,oes*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 p4 #gb2 
,tiele1      ,manuel1 p4 #de2 ,p]rot &  
,*ipiez1 ,egyptian ,art1 ,engli%        
transl41 i4 #ed4 ,hi/4 ,egypt4 ,rel41   
pp4 #ig1 #ajc4 ,tiele f9ds      ! orig9 
( ?is animal-wor%ip 9 animism1 &        
supposes      t ! orig9al coloni/s or   
conqu]ors f ,asia f\nd x      preval5t 9
 & adopt$ x f an ,african population4   

,pr(essor ,tiele does n appe>1 :5 he    
wrote ?is *apt]1      to h obs]v$ !     
_w-wide diffusion ( animal-wor%ip      9
 totem ism1 = he says1 ,n[h]e else does 
! wor%ip      ( animals prevail s       
ext5sively z among ,african peoples4    
,:ile ! le>n$ h advanc$ at v>i\s p]iods 
^! conflict+ !ories ( ! orig9 (         
,egyptian animal-wor%ip1 a novel view 0 
introduc$ by ,mr4 ,m',l5nan4 ,9 8 essays
 on ,plant & ,animal ,wor%ip1 he reg>d$ 
,egyptian animal-wor%ip z only a        
consecrat$ & elaborate survival (       
totemism4 ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f has      
ridicul$ ! s*ool-boy au?orities on :i*  
,mr4 ,m',l5nan reli$499 ,nev]!less1 ,mr4
 ,m',l5nan's views are ak9 to ^? to :i* 
,m4 ,masp]o & ,,mm4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez are
 atta*$1 & !y h also ! support (        
,pr(essor ,sayce4  ,^! animal =ms1 9 :i*
 a lat] my? saw ! %apes assum$ by !     
affright$ gods dur+ ! great w> betwe5   
,horus & ,typhon1 take u back to a      
remote prehi/oric age1 :5 ! religi\s    
cre$ ( ,egypt 0 /ill totemism4 ,!y are  

survivals f a long-=gott5 pa/1 & prove t
 ,egyptian civilisation 0 ( sl[ &       
indep5d5t gr[?1 ! late/ /age only ( :i* 
is reveal$ to u by ! monum5ts4 ,apis (  
,memphis1 ,mnevis ( ,heliopolis1 &      
,pa*is ( ,h]mon?is are all l9ks t b9d   
toge!r ! ,egypt ( ! ,ph>aohs & ! ,egypt 
( ! /one age4 ,^! 7 ! sacr$ animals ( ! 
clans :i* fir/ settl$ 9 ^! localities1 &
 _! id5tification ) ! deities ( !       
(ficial religion mu/ h be5 a sl[        
process1 nev] fully c>ri$ out1 9 fact1 9
 ! m9ds ( ! l[] classes49999       99   
,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4 #f1 #cj4         
9999 ,h]odotus1 p4 #cdd4  ,?us x appe>s 
t1 aft] all1 ev5 on philological %[+1 ! 
religions & my?s ( a civilis$ p may be  
illu/rat$ by ! religions & my?s (       
savages4 ,x is 9 ! /udy ( savage        
totemism t we too seek a p>tial         
explanation ( ! s+ul> ,egyptian         
practices t puzzl$ ! ,greeks & ,romans1 
& ! ,egyptians !mselves4 ,to "s ext5t ! 
,egyptian religi\s facts 7 purely       
totemi/ic 9 ! /rict s5se4  ,"s examples 

( ! local practices & rites :i* ju/ify  
?is op9ion may be (f]$4 ,x has be5 %[n t
 ! totem ( ea* totem-k9dr$ among ! l[]  
races is sacr$1 & t !re is a /rict rule 
aga9/ eat+1 or ev5 mak+ o!r uses (1 !   
sacr$ animal or plant499 ,at ! same "t1 
"o totem-k9dr$ has no scruple ab\t slay+
 or eat+ ! totem ( any o!r k9dr$4 ,n[   
simil> rules prevail$ 9 ,egypt1 & x is n
 easy = ! s*ool :i* reg>ds ! holy bea/s 
z emblems1 or z ! results ( misund]/ood 
language1 to expla9 :y an emblem 0 ador$
 9 "o village & p]secut$ & eat5 9 !     
next4 ,b if ^! usages be survivals (    
totemism1 ! practice at once ceases to  
be isolat$1 & becomes "p ( a famili>1 if
 some:at obscure1 body ( cu/oms f\nd all
 ov] ! _w4 ,! same animal :i* 0 rev]$ & 
=bidd5 to be slaught]$ = ! alt> or !    
table 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry 0 sacrific$ &  
eat5 9 ano!r49999       99 ,?is mu/ be  
tak5 g5]ally4   ,see ,sp5c] & ,gill5 9  
! ,natives ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 :]e ea* 
k9 helps !      o!rs to kill its own    
totem4       9999 ,wilk9son1 ,anci5t    

,egyptians1 ii4 #dfg4  ,h]odotus be>s   
te/imony to ?is habit 9 an important    
passage4 ,he rem>ks t ! p ( ! ,!ban nome
 ^: god1 ,ammon ,ra1 or ,khnum1 0       
ram-head$1 ab/a9 f %eep & sacrifice     
goats2 b ! p ( ,m5des1 ^: god 0         
goat-head$1 ab/a9 f goats1 sacrifice    
%eep1 & hold all goats 9 rev]5ce499  ,^!
 local rites1 at lea/ 9 ,roman times1   
caus$ civil brawls1 = ! cu/oms ( "o t[n 
naturally seem$ blasphem\s to neighb\rs 
) a diff]5t sacr$ animal4 ,?us :5 ! p ( 
,dog-t[n 7 fea/+ on ! fi% call$         
oxyrrhyncus1 ! citiz5s ( ! t[n :i* rev]$
 ! oxyrrhyncus began to eat dogs1 to :i*
 !re is no temptation4 ,h5ce arose a    
riot49999       99 ,h]odotus1 ii4       
#db-df4 ,! goat-head$ ,m5desian god     
,pan1      z ,h]odotus calls him1 is    
recognis$ by ,dr4 ,bir* z !             
goat-head$ ,ba-en-tattu4    ,wilk9son1  
ii4 #eab1 note #b4       9999 ,de ,is4  
et ,os41 #ga1 #gb4  ,! mo/ s+ul> detail 
9 ,juv5al's fam\s acc\nt ( ! w> betwe5 !
 t[ns ( ,ombi & ,t5tyra does n appe> to 

be a m]e inv5tion4 ,!y f\ght because ea*
 place loa!s ! gods ( its neighb\rs4 ,! 
turmoil began at a sacr$ fea/1 & !      
victors dev\r$ "o ( ! vanqui%$4 ,n[ if !
 religion 7 really totemi/ic1 !         
wor%ipp]s w\ld be ( ! same blood z !    
animal !y wor%ipp$1 & 9 eat+ an ador] ( 
! crocodile1 8 enemies w\ld be av5g+ !  
eat+ ( _! own sacr$ bea/4 ,:5 t bea/ 0 a
 crocodile1 probably no?+ b />vation or 
religi\s zeal c\ld induce p to ta/e 8   
unpalatable fle%4 ,yet 9 ! city         
,apoll9opolis x is ! cu/om t e "o mu/ by
 all means eat a bit ( crocodile2 & on  
"o day !y cat* & kill z _m crocodiles z 
!y c1 & lay !m out 9 front ( ! temple 4 
,! my?ic reason 0 t ,typhon1 9 8 flight 
f ,horus1 took ! %ape ( a crocodile4    
,yet he 0 ador$ at v>i\s places :]e x 0 
dang]\s to ba! on acc\nt ( ! numb]s &   
audacity ( ! creatures4 ,mummies (      
crocodiles are f\nd 9 v>i\s t[ns :]e !  
animal 0 rev]$499  ,x 7 t$i\s to draw up
 a li/ ( ! local sacr$ bea/s (          
,egypt29999 b x seems manife/ t !       

explanation ( _! wor%ip z totems at once
 colligates x ) a famili> set ( ph5om5a4
 ,! symbolic explanations1 on ! o!r h&1 
are cle>ly fanciful1 m]e jeux d'esprit4 
,= example1 ! sacr$ %rew-m\se 0 locally 
ador$1 0 c>ri$ to ,butis on its dea?1 & 
its mummy buri$ ) c>e1 b ! explanation t
 x receiv$ div9e hon\rs because x is    
bl9d1 & d>kness is m anci5t ?an light1  
by no means acc\nts = ! ma9ly local     
respect paid to ! little bea/4999999    
99 ,wilk9son1 iii4 #cbi4 ,comp>e        
,a,elian1 x4 #bd1 on ! enmity           
betwe5 wor%ipp]s ( crocodiles & hawks 7&
 ,/rabo1      xvii4 #eeh74 ,!           
hawk-wor%ipp]s av]r$ t ! hawk 0 a       
symbol ( fire2 ! crocodile p said t _!  
bea/      0 an emblem ( wat]2 b :y "o   
city %\ld be s      atta*$ to           
wat]-wor%ip & its neighb\r to           
tire-wor%ip      does n appe>4          
9999 ,a good deal ( in=mation w be f\nd 
9 ,wilk9son's      ?ird volume1 b mu/ be
 accept$ ) caution4       999999        
,wilk9son1 iii4 #cc2 ,plut>*1 ,sympos41 

iv4 quae/4 #e2      ,h]odot1 ii4 #fg4   
,if ?is explanation ( ! local wor%ip (  
sacr$ bea/s be admitt$ z plausible1 !   
bea/-head$ gods1 or _m ( !m1 may be     
acc\nt$ = 9 ! same way4 ,x is always 9 a
 t[n :]e a c]ta9 animal is locally rev]$
 t ! human-%ap$ god we>+ ! head ( ! same
 animal f9ds ! c5tre & *ief holy place (
 8 wor%ip4 ,! cat is great 9 ,buba/is1 &
 !re is ,ba/1 & also ! cat-head$        
,sekhet99 ( ,memphis4 ,! %eep 0 great 9 
,!bes1 & !re 0 ! sacr$ city ( !         
ram-head$ ,khnum or ,ammon ,ra49999 ,if 
! crocodile 0 held 9 supreme reg>d at   
,ombos1 !re1 too1 0 ! sacr$ t[n ( !     
crocodile-head$ god1 ,sebak4       99   
,wilk9son1 iii4 #bhf4 ,b ! cat1 ?\gh    
,buba/is 0 h]      c5tre & metropolis1 0
 sacr$ all ov] ! l&4 ,nor 0      puss   
only 9 ?is pr\d position4   ,"s animals 
7      univ]sally wor%ipp$4       9999  
,! inconsi/5cies ( /atem5t ab\t ?is     
ram-head$      deity 9 ,wilk9son are mo/
 confus+4 ,ammon is an adjective        
hidd51 & is connect$ ) ! ram-head$      

,khnum1 &      ) ! hawk-head$ ,ra1 !    
sun4  ,:ile ,greek writ]s l ,porphyry & 
,plut>* & ,jambli*us repeat ! v>i\s &   
inconsi/5t ,egyptian allegorical acc\nts
 ( ! orig9 ( ^? bea/-head$ gods1 ! facts
 ( _! wor%ip & *os5 resid5ce %[ t ! gods
 are only semi-an?ropomorphic ref9em5ts 
or successors ( ! animals4 ,x has be5   
said t ^! repres5tations are lat] 9 "t1 
& x is probable t !y are lat] 9         
evolution1 ?an ! repres5tations ( !     
deities z m]e animals4 ,nor1 p]haps1 is 
x impossible to conjecture h[ ! *ange 9 
art 0 made4 ,x is a common ritual cu/om 
= ! sacrific] to cov] himself ) ! sk9 & 
head ( ! animal sacrific$4 ,9 ,mexico we
 "k t ! ,aztec prie/s wore ! flay$ sk9s 
( _! human victims4 ,h]odotus m5tions t 
on ! "o awful day :5 a %eep 0 ye>ly     
sacrific$ 9 ,!bes1 ! /atue ( ,zeus1 z he
 calls him1 0 drap$ 9 ! hide ( ! bea/4  
,9 ! same way c]ta9 ,cali=nian tribes   
:i* wor%ip ! buzz>d sacrifice him1      
himself to himself1 once a ye>1 & use 8 
sk9 z a cov]+ 9 ! ritual499 ,lucian     

gives an in/ance 9 8 treatise ,de ,dea  
,syria 7#ee73 ,:5 a man means to g on   
pilgrimage to ,hi]apolis1 he sacrifices 
a %eep & eats ( its fle%4 ,he !n kneels 
d[n & draws ! head ov] 8 own head1 pray+
 at ! same "t to ! god4 ,*aldean works (
 art (t5 repres5t ! prie/ 9 ! sk9 ( !   
god1 sometimes 9 t ( a fi%49999  ,x is a
 conjecture n unwor?y ( consid]ation t !
 human gods ) be/ial heads are d]iv$ f !
 aspect ( ! celebrant clad 9 ! pelt ( ! 
bea/ :om he sacrifices4 ,9 ,egyptian art
 ! heads ( ! gods are usually l masks1  
or flay$ sk9s sup]impos$ on ! head ( a  
man4999999 ,if x be ask$ :y ! celebrant 
?us disguises himself 9 ! sacrifice1 x  
is only possible to reply by guess-"w4  
,b ! hypo!sis may be haz>d$ t ?is rite 0
 "o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* ! sacr$ animal has
 be5 propitiat$ 9 8 dea? by _m peoples4 
,x is a k9d ( legal fiction to p]suade  
him t1 l ! be> 9 ! ,f9ni% ,kalewala & 9 
! ,r$ ,indian & ,au/ralian leg5d1 he    
does n die4 ,8 sk9 is /ill cap]+ ab\t on
 o!r %\ld]s499999999       99 ,rob9son1 

,life 9 ,cali=nia1 pp4 #bda1 #hjc2      
,h]odotus1 ii4 #db4       9999 ,m5ant1  
,re*]ehes1 ii4 #di4 ,see a collection ( 
cases      9 our ,cupid & ,psy*e1 pp4   
lviii41 lix4       999999 ,! idea is    
,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s4            
99999999 ,= examples ( propitiation (   
sla9 animals by ?is      & o!r arts1 see
 ,prim4 ,cult1 i4 #dfg1 #dfi4 ,:5 !     
,koriaks slay a be> or wolf1 !y dress "o
 ( _! p      9 8 sk91 & dance r\nd him1 
*ant+ excuses4 ,we mu/      n =get1 :ile
 (f]+ ?is hypo!sis ( ! orig9 (          
bea/-head$ gods1 t repres5tations ( ?is 
k9d 9 art      may only be a fanciful   
k9d ( %or?&4 ,ev]yone kn[s !      bea/s 
:i*1 9 ,*ri/ian art1 accompany ! f\r    
,evangeli/s4   ,^! d n1 ( c\rse1 signify
 t ,/4      ,john 0 ( ! eagle totem k91 
& ,/4 ,m>k ( ! /ock      ( ! lion4 ,!y  
are ! bea/s ( ,ezekiel & !              
,apocalypse1 reg>d$ z types ( ! f\r     
,gospel writ]s4      ,moreov]1 9        
m$iaeval art1 ! ,evangeli/s are         
occasionally      repres5t$ ) ! heads ( 

_! bea/s--,john ) an      eagle's head1 
,m>k ) a lion's1 ,luke ) t ( an ox4     
,see ,bullet91 ,com4 ,hi/4 ,ar*eol41 iv4
 #aheb4   ,= ?is      note ,i am indebt$
 to ,m4 ,h4 ,gaidoz4  ,:ile ,egyptian   
my?1 religion & ritual is ?us connect$ )
 ! beliefs ( ! l[] races1 !             
animal-wor%ip pres5ts yet ano!r po9t (  
contact4 ,n only 7 bea/s locally ador$1 
b gods 7 ?\ght ( & repres5t$ 9 ! %ape ( 
v>i\s diff]5t bea/s4 ,h[ did ! evolution
 "w its way8 :at is ! connection betwe5 
a l(ty spiritual conception1 z ( ,ammon 
,ra1 ! "l ( righte\sness1 & ,osiris1    
judge ( ! dead1 & bulls1 rams1 wolves1  
cranes1 hawks1 & s =?8 ,osiris          
especially _h q a collection ( be/ial   
heads1 & appe>$ 9 div]s be/ial =ms499 ,!
 bull ,hapi 0 a fair & beautiful image (
 ! s\l ( ,osiris1 9 late ritual49999 ,we
 h read a hymn 9 :i* he is salut$ z a   
ram4 ,he also take? ! "* ( ! god ,b5nu1 
) ! head ( a crane1 & z ,sok> ,osiris   
has ! head ( a hawk4999999 ,^! ph5om5a  
c\ld n b occur1 9 ! long c\rse ( "t1 :5 

political exp$i5cy1 9 ,egypt1 urg$ !    
recognition ( ! id5tity ( v>i\s local   
deities4 ,9 ! same way ,ammon ,ra1 l mo/
 ( ! gods1 frequ5tly took ! "* ( o!r    
deities1 z ,khem1 ,ra & ,*numis1 & ev5 !
 attributes ( ,osiris 499999999       99
 ,cf4 ,wilk9son1 iii4 #hf1 #hg4         
9999 ,de ,is4 et ,os41 #bi4             
999999,wilk9son1 iii4 #hb4              
99999999,op4 cit41 iii1 #i4  ,!re 0 a   
con/ant come & g ( attributes1 & gods   
adopt$ ea* o!r's symbols1 z k+s &       
emp]ors we> ! uni=m ( regim5ts 9 ea*    
o!r's s]vice4 ,moreov]1 x is probable t 
! process s amply illu/rat$ 9 ,samoan   
religion _h its c\rse 9 ,egypt1 & t     
diff]5t holy animals might be recognis$ 
z aspects ( ! same deity4 ,f9ally1 !    
intricate connection ( gods & bea/s is  
no s+ul> or isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,f        
,au/ralia upw>ds1 a god1 p]haps         
orig9ally1 conceiv$ ( z human & moral 9 
"*1 is also recognis$ 9 a totem1 z      
,pund-jel 9 ! eagle-hawk4 ,?us !        
confusion ( ,egyptian religion is :at 0 

inevitable 9 a l& :]e new & old did n   
succe$ & sup]s$e ea* o!r1 b coexi/$ on  
good t]ms4 ,_h religion n be5 ?us       
confus$1 x w\ld h be5 a solit>y         
exception among ! in/itutions ( !       
c\ntry4  ,! peculi>ity ( ,egypt1 9      
religion & my? z 9 e o!r in/itution1 is 
! ret5tion ( ! v rude/ & mo/ b>b>\s ?+s 
side by side ) ! la/ ref9em5ts (        
civilisation 7,tiele1 ,manuel1 p4 #dd74 
,! exi/5ce ( ?is cons]vatism 7by :i* we 
pr(ess to expla9 ! ,egyptian my?s &     
wor%ip7 is illu/rat$1 9 ano!r field1 by 
! arts ( ev]yday life1 & by ! te/imony (
 ! sepul*res ( ,!bes4 ,m4 ,passalacqua1 
9 "s excavations at ,quo>nah 7,gurna71  
/ruck on ! common cemet]y ( ! anci5t    
city ( ,!bes4 ,"h he f\nd ! mummy ( a   
hunt]1 ) a wood5 b[ & twelve arr[s1 !   
%aft made ( re$1 ! po9ts ( h>d5$ wood   
tipp$ ) edg$ fl9ts4 ,h>d by lay jewels  
belong+ to ! mummy ( a "y woman1 p9s )  
ornam5tal heads1 necklaces ( gold &     
lapis-lazuli1 gold e>r+s1 sc>abs ( gold1
 bracelets ( gold1 & s =? 7,*abas1      

,etudes sur l',antiquity ,hi/orique1 p4 
#cij74 ,! ref9$ art ( ! gold-work] 0    
contempor>y1 & ?is at a late p]iod1 ) ! 
use ( fl9t-head$ arr[s1 ! weapons       
commonly f\nd all ov] ! _w 9 places :]e 
! metals _h nev] p5etrat$4 ,aga91 a     
razor-%ap$ knife ( fl9t has be5 une>!d2 
x is inscrib$ 9 hi]oglyphics ) ! words1 
,! great ,sam1 son ( ,ptah1 *ief (      
arti/s 4 ,! ,sams 7 memb]s ( ! prie/ly  
class1 :o fulfill$ c]ta9 my/ic duties at
 fun]als4 ,x is report$ by ,h]odotus t !
 embalm]s op5$ ! bodies ( ! dead ) a    
knife ( /one2 & ! discov]y ( su* a      
knife1 ?\gh x _h n belong$ to an        
embalm]1 proves t 9 ,egypt ! /one age   
did n disappe>1 b coexi/$ ?r\gh\t ) !   
arts ( metal-work+4 ,x is alleg$ t fl9t 
*isels & /one hamm]s 7 us$ by ! work]s (
 ! m9es 9 ,s9ai1 ev5 "u ,dyna/ies       
,,xii41 ,,xix4 ,! soil ( ,egypt1 :5     
excavat$1 con/antly %[s t ! ,egyptians1 
:o 9 ! remote age ( ! pyramid-build]s 7 
already acqua9t$ ) bronze1 & ev5 ) iron1
 did n !re=e rel9qui% ! use ( fl9t      

knives & arr[-heads :5 su* implem5ts    
became *eap] ?an tools ( metal1 or :5 !y
 7 associat$ ) religion4 ,precisely 9 ! 
same way did ! ,egyptians1 :o1 9 !      
remote/ kn[n times1 _h impos+ religi\s  
ideas1 decl9e to rel9qui% ! totems &    
bea/-gods & absurd or blasphem\s my?s   
:i* 7l fl9t axes & arr[-heads7 are      
ev]y:]e *>act]i/ic ( savages4 ,! fact   
is1 t ! ,egyptian m9d1 :5 turn$ to div9e
 matt]s1 0 con/antly work+ on1 & work+  
ov]1 ! primeval /uff ( all my?ologies & 
( all religions4 ,fir/1 !re is ! belief 
9 a moral gu>dian & fa!r ( m52 ?is is   
express$ 9 ! sacr$ hymns4 ,next1 !re is 
! belief 9 a /range & p[]ful race1      
suppos$ to h be5 busy on e>? be=e !     
mak+1 or ! evolution1 or ! em]g5ce (    
man2 ?is is express$ 9 ! my?ical leg5ds4
 ,! ,egyptians inh]it$ a numb] ( leg5ds 
( extra-natural h]oes1 n unlike ! savage
 ,qat1 ,cagn1 ,yehl1 ,pund-jel1 ,ioskeha
 & ,quahteaht1 ! ,maori ,tut5ganahau & !
 ,s\? ,sea ,tang>oa4 ,"s ( ^! 7 elem5tal
 =ces1 p]sonifi$ 9 human or be/ial      

guise2 "s 7 m]ely idealis$ m$ic9e-m54   
,_! w&]+s1 rapes & manslaught]s &       
mutilations1 z ,plut>* says1 rema9$     
p]man5tly 9 leg5d4 ,:5 ^! be+s1 9 !     
advance ( ?\ght1 _h obta9$ div9e        
attributes1 & :5 ! conception ( ab/ract 
div9ity1 return+1 p]haps1 to its fir/   
=m1 _h become pure & l(ty1 ! old leg5ds 
became s _m /umbl+-blocks to ! fai?ful4 
,!y 7 expla9$ away z allegories 7e /ud5t
 hav+ 8 own allegorical sy/em71 or !    
extranatural be+s 7 tak5 7z by ,plut>*7 
to be demons1 n gods 4  ,a brief &      
summ>y acc\nt ( ! *ief figures 9 !      
,egyptian pan!on w make x suffici5tly   
pla9 t ?is is a plausible !ory ( ! gods 
( ,egypt1 & a probable int]pretation (  
_! adv5tures4  ,accept+ ! classification
 propos$ by ,m4 ,masp]o1 & rememb]+ !   
limitations "u :i* x holds good1 we f9d 
t3--  #a4 ,! gods ( dea? & ! dead 7     
,sok>i1 ,isis & ,osiris1 ! "y ,horus &  
,neph?ys499  #b4 ,! elem5tal gods 7 ,seb
 & ,nut1 ( :om ,seb is ! e>? & ,nut !   
heav5s4 ,^! two1 l heav5 & e>? 9 almo/  

all my?ologies1 are repres5t$ z ! p>5ts 
( _m ( ! gods4 ,! o!r elem5tal deities  
are b obscurely kn[n4  #c4 ,among sol>  
deities are at once recognis$ ,ra &     
o!rs1 b !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy to id5tify 
ea* ( ! gods ) ! sun1 especially to     
id5tify ,osiris ) ! sun 9 8 nightly     
abs5ce49999 ,ea* god1 aga91 0 apt to be 
bl5d$ ) "o or m ( ! sacr$ animals4 ,ra1 
9 8 trans=mations1 assum$ ! =m ( ! lion1
 cat & hawk4999999 ,! great cat 9 !     
alley ( p]sea trees at ,heliopolis1 :i* 
is ,ra1 cru%$ ! s]p5t499999999       99 
,_! special relation to ! s\ls ( !      
dep>t$ is      matt] = a sep>ate        
discussion4       9999 ,! gods ( ! dead 
& ! elem5tal gods 7 almo/      all      
id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 = ! purpose ( bl5d+   
!m 9 a !i/ic unity 7,masp]o1 ,rev4 de   
l'hi/4 des      ,rel41 i4 #abf74        
999999 ,bir*1 9 ,wilk9son1 iii4 #ei4    
999999,le ,page ,r5\f1 op4 cit41 p4     
#aad4  ,9 diff]5t nomes & t[ns1 x ei!r  
happ5$ t ! same gods _h diff]5t names1  
or t analogies 7 recognis$ betwe5       

diff]5t local gods2 9 :i* case ! names 7
 (t5 comb9$1 z 9 ,ammon-,ra1 ,sabek-,ra1
 ,sok>-,osiris1 & s =?4  ,a?w>t all ^!  
classes & comp\nds ( gods1 & a?w>t !    
!ological attempt at con/ruct+ a        
mono!ism out ( contradictory mat]ials1  
came t anci5t idea ( dualism :i* exi/s 9
 ! my?s ( ! mo/ backw>d peoples4 ,z     
,pund-jel 9 ,au/ralia _h 8 enemy1 ! cr[1
 z 9 ,am]ica ,yehl _h 8 ,khanukh1 z     
,ioskeha _h 8 ,tawisc>a1 s ! gods (     
,egypt1 & specially ,osiris1 h _! ,set  
or ,typhon1 ! _s :o con/antly resi/s &  
de/roys4  ,) ^! premises we approa* !   
great ,osirian my?4   ,,! ,,osirian     
,,my?4  ,! great ,egyptian my?1 ! my? ( 
,osiris1 turns on ! antagonism ( ,osiris
 & ,set1 & ! p]si/5ce ( ! blood-feud    
betwe5 ,set & ! k9dr$ ( ,osiris499 ,to  
n>rate & z f> z possible elucidate ?is  
my? is ! *ief task ( ! /ud5t ( ,egyptian
 my?ology4  ,?\gh ! ,osiris my?1 accord+
 to ,mr4 ,le ,page ,r5\f1 is z old z    
,egyptian civilisation1 & ?\gh ,m4      
,masp]o f9ds ! ,osiris my? 9 all its    

details "u ! fir/ dyna/ies1 our acc\nts 
( x are by no means s e>ly49999       99
 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #add4       9999 ,!     
pr9cipal native docum5ts are ! ,magical 
,h>ris      ,papyrus1 ( ! n9ete5? or    
tw5tie? dyna/y1 translat$      by ,m4   
,*abas 7,records ( ! ,pa/1 x4 #acg72 !  
papyrus (      ,nebs5i 7eighte5?        
dyna/y71 translat$ by ,m4 ,naville1 &   
9 ,records ( ,pa/1 x4 #aei2 ! hymn to   
,osiris1 on a /ele      7eighte5?       
dyna/y7 translat$ by ,m4 ,*abas 7,rev4  
,ar*eol41      #aheg2 ,records ( ,pa/1  
iv4 #ii72 ,! ,book ( ,respirations1     
my?ically said to h be5 made by ,isis to
 re/ore ,osiris--      ,book ( ! ,brea? 
( ,life 7! papyrus is probably (      ! 
"t ( ! ,ptolemies--,records ( ,"p1 iv4  
#aai72 ,!      ,lam5tations ( ,isis &   
,neph?ys1 translat$ by ,m4 de           
,horrack 7,records ( ,pa/1 ii4 #aag74   
,!re is also ,! ,book      ( ! ,dead3 ! 
v]sion ( ,m4 ,pi]ret1 7,p>is1 #ahhb7 is 
conv5i5t 9 %ape 7also ,bir*1 9 ,buns51  
vol4 v474 ,m4 de      ,naville's new    

edition is elaborate & co/ly1 & )\t a   
translation4 ,s>cophagi & royal tombs   
7,*ampollion7 also      conta9 _m       
repres5tations ( ! incid5ts 9 ! my?4    
,! my? ( ,osiris 9 its details1 ! lay+  
out ( 8      body by 8 wife ,isis & 8   
si/] ,neph?ys1 !      recon/ruction ( 8 
limbs1 8 my?ical *e/1 & o!r             
incid5ts connect$ ) 8 my? are repres5t$ 
9 detail      9 ! temple ( ,philae      
7,bir*1 ap4 ,wilk9son1 iii4 #hd74       
,! rev]5t awe ( ,h]odotus prev5ts him f 
describ+      ! my/]y-play on ! suff]+s 
( ,osiris1 :i* he says      0 act$ at   
,sais1 ii4 #aga1 & ii4 #fa1 #fg1 #hf4   
,probably !      cle>e/ & mo/           
consecutive mod]n acc\nt ( ! ,osiris    
my? is giv5 by ,m4 ,lefebure 9 ,les     
,yeux d',horus et ,osiris4      ,m4     
,lefebure's translations are foll[$ 9 ! 
text2 he is      n1 h[ev]1 responsible =
 our treatm5t ( ! my?4 ,!               
,ptolemaic v]sion ( ! temple ( ,edf\ is 
publi%$ by ,m4      ,naville1  ,my!     
d',horus 7,g5eva1 #ahgj74   ,!y are     

ma9ly allusive1 )\t any connect$        
n>rative4 ,=tunately ! n>rative1 z      
relat$ by ! prie/s ( 8 own "t1 is giv5  
by ! au?or ( ,de ,iside et ,osiride1 &  
is confirm$ bo? by ! ,egyptian texts &  
by ! my/]i\s h9ts ( ! pi\s ,h]odotus4   
,"h we foll[ ! my? z report$ 9 ! ,greek 
tract1 & illu/rat$ by ! monum5ts4  ,!   
read] mu/1 = ! mom5t1 cle> 8 m9d ( all !
 _m !ories ( ! mean+ ( ! my?1 & mu/ =get
 ! l(ty1 div9e & my/ical functions      
attribut$ by ,egyptian !ologians &      
,egyptian sacr$ usage to ,osiris4 ,he   
mu/ read ! /ory simply z a /ory1 & he w 
be /ruck ) its amaz+ resemblances to !  
leg5ds ab\t _! culture-h]oes :i* are    
curr5t among ! l[e/ races ( ,am]ica &   
,africa4  ,seb & ,nut--e>? & heav5--7   
husb& & wife4 ,9 ! ,de ,iside v]sion1 ! 
sun curs$ ,nut t %e %\ld h no *ild 9    
mon? or ye>2 b ?anks to ! clev]ness ( a 
new div9e co-respond5t1 five days 7 add$
 to ! cal5d>4 ,?is is cle>ly a lat]     
edition to ! fable4 ,on ! fir/ ( ^? days
 ,osiris 0 born1 !n ,typhon or ,set1    

nei!r 9 due "t1 nor 9 ! "r place1 b     
break+ ?r\gh ) a bl[1 he leap$ out f 8  
"m's side499       99 ,de ,iside et     
,osiride1 xii4 ,x is a mo/ curi\s       
co9cid5ce      t ! same /ory is told (  
,indra 9 ! ,rig- ,v$a1 iv4      #ah1 #a4
 ,?is is ! old & well-kn[n pa? by :i*   
all      ! gods 7 born3 ?\ may/ n1 by   
o!r means1 br+      ?y "m unto dea?4    
,indra replies1 ,i w n g out      !nce1 
t is a dang]\s way3 "r ?r\gh ! side w   
,i bur/4 ,comp>e 7,lel&1 ,algonqu9      
,leg5ds1 p4 #ae7 !      bir? ( !        
,algonqu9 ,typhon1 ! evil ,malsumis1 !  
wolf4      ,glooskap said1 ',i w be born
 z o!rs are'4 ,b !      evil ,malsumis  
?\ght himself too great to be br\ght =? 
9 su* a mann]1 & decl>$ t he w\ld bur/  
?r\gh      8 "m's side4 ,mr4 ,lel&'s    
note1 conta9+ a ,buddhi/      & an      
,arm5ian p>allel1 b ref]r+ nei!r to     
,indra nor      ,typhon1 %[s ! bona     
fides ( ! ,algonqu9 report4 ,!          
,bodhisattva 0 born ?r\gh 8 "m's "r side
 7,k]n44      ,d] ,buddhismus1 #cj74 ,! 

,iri% v]sion is t our ,"l 0      born   
?r\gh ! cr[n ( ! head ( ! ,virg91 l     
,a!ne4 ,saltair na ,rann1 #gebi1 #gecj4 
,se also ,liebre*t1      ,zur           
,volkskunde1 p4 #dij4 ,= ! ,iri% &      
,buddhi/ leg5ds      7!re is an         
,anglo-,saxon p>allel7 ,i am indebt$ to 
,mr      ,:itley ,/okes4 ,probably !    
feel+ t a sup]natural      *ild %\ld h  
no natural bir?1 & n ! borr[+ (         
ideas1 acc\nts = ^? /range simil>ities (
 my?4  ,isis & ,neph?ys 7 lat]-born     
si/]s4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ! my? next    
describes ! conduct ( ,osiris z a       
culture-h]o4 ,he in/itut$ laws1 taught  
agriculture1 in/ruct$ ! ,egyptians 9 !  
ritual ( wor%ip1 & won !m f _! de/itute 
& be/ial mode ( liv+4 ,aft] civilis+    
,egypt1 he travell$ ov] ! _w1 l ! ,greek
 ,dionysus1 :om he s closely resembles 9
 "s portions ( 8 leg5d t ,h]odotus      
suppos$ ! ,dionysiac my? to h be5       
import$ f ,egypt499 ,9 ! abs5ce (       
,osiris1 8 evil bro!r1 ,typhon1 kept    
quiet4 ,b1 on ! h]o's return1 ,typhon   

laid an ambu% aga9/ him1 l ,a,egisthus  
aga9/ ,agamemnon4 ,he _h a decorat$ c(f]
 7mummy-case87 made ( ! exact l5g? (    
,osiris1 & (f]$ ?is z a pres5t to any "o
 :om x w\ld fit4 ,at a banquet all !    
gue/s tri$ x2 b :5 ,osiris lay d[n 9 x1 
! lid 0 clos$ & fa/5$ ) nails & melt$   
lead4 ,! c(f]1 ,osiris & all1 0 !n ?r[n 
into ! ,nile4 ,isis1 array$ 9 m\rn+     
robes l ! w&]+ ,demet]1 s\ght ,osiris   
ev]y:]e lam5t+1 & f\nd ! *e/ at la/ 9 an
 erica tree t entirely cov]$ x4 ,aft] an
 adv5ture l t ( ,demet] ) ,triptolemus1 
,isis obta9$ ! *e/4 ,dur+ h] abs5ce     
,typhon light$ on x z he 0 hunt+ by     
moonlight2 he tore ! corpse ( ,osiris   
into f\rte5 pieces1 & scatt]$ !m abroad4
 ,isis s\ght = ! mangl$ remnants1 &1    
:5ev] %e f\nd "o1 buri$ x1 ea* tomb be+ 
!nce=? recognis$ z a grave ( ,osiris4   
,precisely ! same fable occurs 9 ,c5tral
 ,au/ralian my?s ( ! ,al*]+a1 or leg5d>y
 pa/49999       99 ,osiris is ,dionysus 
9 ! tongue ( ,hellas 7,h]odotus1        
ii4 #add1 ii4 #dh74 ,mo/ ( ! details ( !

 my/]y (      ,osiris1 z practis$ by !  
,egyptians1 resemble ! ,dionysus        
my/]ies ( ,greece4444 ,me?9ks t         
,melampus1 ,amy?aon's      son1 0 well  
se5 9 ?is k1 = x 0 ,melampus      t     
br\ght among ! ,greeks ! "n & rites &   
phallic      procession ( ,dionysus4    
7,comp>e ,dels1 et ,os41 xxxv47 ,!      
co9cid5ces are probably n to be expla9$ 
by borr[+2      _m ( !m are f\nd 9      
,am]ica4       9999 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 p4 
#cii4  ,! wives se>* = ! murd]$ man's   
mutilat$ p>ts4 ,x is a plausible        
sugge/ion t1 if graves ( ,osiris 7 once 
z common 9 ,egypt z cairns ( ,heitsi    
,eibib are 9 ,namaqual& to-day1 !       
exi/5ce ( _m tombs ( "o be+ might be    
expla9$ z tombs ( 8 scatt]$ memb]s1 & ! 
my? ( ! dismemb]+ may h no o!r          
f\ndation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be notic$
 t a sw9e 0 sacrific$ to ,osiris1 at !  
full moon1 & x 0 9 ! =m ( a black sw9e t
 ,typhon assail$ ,horus1 ! son (        
,osiris1 ^: my? is a d\blure or replica1
 9 "s respects1 ( ! ,osirian my?        

itself4#a ,we may conjecture1 !n1 t !   
f\rte5 portions into :i* ! body (       
,osiris 0 r5t may /& = ! f\rte5 days ( !
 wan+ moon49999 ,x is well kn[n t !     
phases ( ! moon & lun> eclipses are     
almo/ inv>iably acc\nt$ = 9 savage      
sci5ce by ! attacks ( a bea/--dog1 pig1 
dragon1 or :at n--on ! heav5ly body4    
,ei!r ( ^! hypo!sis 7! ,egyptians adopt$
 ! latt]7999999 is consi/5t ) ! "* (    
e>ly my?1 b bo? are m]ely t5tative      
sugge/ions499999999       99 ,9 ! ,edf\ 
monum5ts ,set is sla9 & dismemb]$ 9 !   
%ape ( a r$ hippopotamus 7,naville1 ,my!
 d',horus1 p4 #g74       9999 ,!        
fragm5ts ( ,osiris 7 sixte51 accord+ to 
!      texts ( ,deud]ah1 "o = ea* nome4 
999999 ,de ,is4 et ,os41 xxxv4          
99999999 ,comp>e ,lefebure1 ,les ,yeux  
d',horus1 pp4 #dg #dh4  ,! phallus (    
,osiris 0 n recov]$1 & ! totemi/ic habit
 :i* made ! p ( ?ree diff]5t di/ricts   
ab/a9 f ?ree diff]5t fi%--lepidotus1    
phagrus & oxyrrhyncus--0 acc\nt$ = by ! 
leg5d t ^! fi% _h dev\r$ ! miss+ portion

 ( ! h]o's body4  ,s f> ! p[] ( evil1 ! 
black sw9e ,typhon1 _h be5 triumphant4  
,b ! blood-feud 0 h&$ on to ,horus1 son 
( ,isis & ,osiris4 ,to spur ,horus on to
 battle1 ,osiris return$ f ! dead1 l    
,hamlet's fa!r4 ,b1 z is usual ) ! gho/s
 ( savage my?1 ,osiris return$1 n 9     
human1 b 9 be/ial =m z a wolf499 ,horus 
0 victori\s 9 ! w> :i* foll[$1 & h&$    
,typhon ov] b\nd 9 *a9s to ,isis4       
,unluckily ,isis let him g free1 :]eon  
,horus pu%$ (f h] cr[n & plac$ a bull's 
skull on h] head4  ,!re ! ,greek n>rator
 ends1 b9999 he expressly decl9es to    
tell ! m blasphem\s p>ts ( ! /ory1 su* z
 ! dismemb]m5t ( ,horus & ! behead+ (   
,isis4 ,:y ^! my?s %\ld be consid]$ m   
blasphem\s ?an ! re/ does n appe>4  ,x w
 probably be admitt$ t no?+ 9 ?is sacr$ 
/ory w\ld seem out ( place if we f\nd x 
9 ! leg5ds ( ,pund-jel1 or ,cagn1 or    
,yehl1 among ,au/ralians1 ,bu%m51 or    
,utes1 ^: own culture-h]o1 l ! gho/ (   
,osiris1 0 a wolf4 ,?is dismemb]+ (     
,osiris 9 p>ticul> resembles ! dismemb]+

 ( _m o!r h]oes 9 ,am]ican my?2 =       
example1 ( ,*okanipok1 out ( :om 7 made 
v9es & fl9t-/ones4 ,objects 9 ! m9]al & 
vegetable _w 7 expla9$ 9 ,egypt z       
trans=m$ p>ts or hum\rs ( ,osiris1      
,typhon & o!r h]oes4999999       99     
,wick$ squires 9 ,%rop%ire 7,miss       
,burns1 ,%rop%ire ,folk-      ,lore7    
come z bulls4 ,osiris1 9 ! ,m5des nonie1
 came      z a ram 7,m>ietta1 ,d5d]ah1  
iv4 #ge74       9999 ,de ,is1 et ,os41  
xx4       999999,magical ,text1 n9ete5? 
dyna/y1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,bir*         
,records ( ,pa/ vi4 #aae2 ,lefebure1    
,osiris1 pp4 #ajj1      #aac1abd1 #bje2 
,livre des ,morts *ap4 xvii42 ,records (
 ,pa/1      x4 #hd4  ,once m1 ?\gh !    
,egyptian gods are buri$ "h & are       
immortal 9 heav51 !y h also1 l ! h]oes (
 ,eskimos & ,au/ralians & ,indians ( !  
,amazon1 be5 trans=m$ into />s1 & !     
prie/s c\ld tell :i* /> 0 ,osiris1 :i* 0
 ,isis1 & :i* 0 ,typhon499 ,su* are !   
wild inconsi/5cies :i* ,egyptian        
religion %>es ) ! fables ( ! l[e/ races4

 ,9 view ( ^! facts x is difficult to   
agree ) ,brugs*9999 t f ! root & trunk (
 a pure conception ( deity spr+ ! b\ghs 
& twigs ( a tree ( my?1 ^: leaves spread
 into a rank imp5etrable luxuriance 4   
,/ories l ! ,osiris my?--/ories f\nd all
 ov] ! :ole _w--spr+ f no pure religi\s 
s\rce1 b embody ! delusions & fanta/ic  
dreams ( ! l[e/ & lea/ develop$ human   
fancy & human speculation4 ,& ^! fl\ri%1
 l mi/letoe on ! oak1 ov] ! /urdi] gr[? 
( a religi\s conception ( ano!r root4   
,! ref]5ces to ! my? 9 papyri & on !    
monum5ts1 ?\gh obscure & fragm5t>y1     
confirm ! n>rative ( ! ,de ,iside4 ,!   
c(f] 9 :i* ,osiris fooli%ly v5tur$      
himself seems to be allud$ to 9 ! ,h>ris
 magical papyrus4999999 ,get made = me a
 %r9e ( eight cubits4 ,!n x 0 told to   
!e1 ,o man ( sev5 cubits1 ,h[ can/ ?\   
ent] x8 ,& x _h be5 made = !e1 & ?\ ha/ 
repos$ 9 x4       99 ,cu/om & ,my?1 ,/> 
,my?s2 ,de ,r\ge1 ,n\v4 ,n41 p4         
#aig2 ,lefebure1 ,osiris1 p4 #bac4      
9999 ,religion und ,my?ologie1 p4 #ii4  

999999 ,records ( ,pa/1 x4 #aed4  ,"h1  
too1 ,isis magically /ops ! m\?s ( !    
,nile1 p]haps to prev5t ! c(f] f float+ 
out to sea4 ,m to ! po9t is "o ( !      
orig9al ,osirian hymns m5tion$ by       
,plut>*499 ,! hymn is on a /ele1 & is   
attribut$ by ,m4 ,*abas1 ! translator1  
to ! sev5te5? dyna/y49999 ,osiris is    
address$ z ! joy & glory ( 8 p>5ts1 ,seb
 & ,nut1 :o ov]comes 8 enemy4 ,8 si/]1  
,isis1 accords to him due fun]al rites  
aft] 8 dea? & r\ts 8 foes4 ,)\t ceas+1  
)\t re/+1 %e s\ght 8 dead body1 & wail+ 
did %e w&] r\nd ! _w1 nor /opp$ till %e 
f\nd him4 ,light fla%$ f h]             
fea!rs4999999 ,horus1 h] son1 is k+ ( ! 
_w4  ,su* is a precis ( ! my?ical "p ( !
 hymn4 ,! re/ reg>ds ,osiris 9 8        
religi\s capacity z a sov]eign ( nature1
 & z ! guide & protector ( ! dead4 ,!   
hymn corroborates1 z f> z x goes1 !     
n>rative ( ! ,greek two ?\s& ye>s lat]4 
,simil> confirmation is giv5 by ,!      
,lam5tations ( ,isis & ,neph?ys1 a      
papyrus f\nd )9 a /atue ( ,osiris 9     

,!bes4 ,! si/]s wail = ! dead h]o1 &    
implore him to come to 8 own abode4 ,!  
!ory ( ! bir? ( ,horus "h is t he 0 =m$ 
out ( ! scatt]$ memb]s ( ,osiris1 an    
hypo!sis1 ( c\rse1 inconsi/5t ) ! o!r   
my?s 7especially ) ! my? t he div$ = !  
memb]s ( ,osiris 9 ! %ape ( a           
crocodile7199999999 &1 !re=e1 all ! m   
my?ical4       99 ,de ,is4 et ,os41     
#baa4       9999 ,rev4 ,ar*eol41 ,may1  
#aheg4       999999 ,! ,greek v]sion    
says t ,isis took ! =m ( a      swall[4 
99999999 ,m>iette1 ,d5d]ah1 iv4 #gg1    
#hh1 #hi4   ,! ,book ( ,respirations1   
f9ally1 conta9s ! magical songs by :i*  
,isis 0 feign$ to h re/or$ brea? & life 
to ,osiris499 ,9 ! repres5tations ( !   
v5geance & triumph ( ,horus on ! temple 
walls ( ,edf\ 9 ! ,ptolemaic p]iod1     
,horus1 accompani$ by ,isis1 n only *a9s
 up & pi]ces ! r$ hippopotamus 7or pig 9
 "s designs71 :o is ,set1 b1 ex]cis+    
reprisals1 cuts him into pieces1 z ,set 
cut ,osiris4 ,isis in/ructs ,osiris z to
 ! portion :i* prop]ly falls to ea* (   

n9e gods4 ,isis res]ves 8 head & saddle2
 ,osiris gets ! ?igh2 ! bones are giv5  
to ! cats4 ,z ea* god _h 8 local        
habitation 9 a giv5 t[n1 !re is d\btless
 ref]5ce to local my?s4 ,at ,edf\ also !
 animal ( ,set is sacrific$1            
symbolically 9 8 image made ( pa/e1 a   
common practice 9 anci5t ,mexico49999   
99 ,records ( ,pa/1 iv4 #aba4       9999
 ,h]odotus1 ii4 #dg2 ,de4 ,is4 et ,os41 
#ij4 ,see also      ,porphyry's ,life ( 
,py?agoras1 :o sacrific$ a bull made (  
pa/e1 ,liebre*t1 ,zur ,volkskunde1 p4   
#dcf4  ,_m ( ^! my?s1 z ,m4 ,naville    
rem>ks1 are d\btless ratiological3 !    
prie/s1 z 9 ! ,brahmanas1 told !m to    
acc\nt = peculi> p>ts ( ! ritual1 & to  
expla9 /range local names4 ,?us ! names 
( _m places are expla9$ by my?s sett+ =?
 t !y commemorate "s ev5t 9 ! campaign (
 ,horus aga9/ ,set4 ,9 precisely ! same 
way ! local sup]/itions1 orig9ally      
totemic1 ab\t v>i\s animals 7 expla9$ by
 my?s atta*+ ^! animals to ! leg5ds ( ! 
gods4  ,explanations ( ! ,osiris my? ?us

 h&$ d[n to u 7 common among ! anci5t   
/ud5ts ( religion4 ,_m ( !m are report$ 
9 ! famili> tract ,de ,iside et         
,osiride4 ,!y are all ! int]pretations (
 civilis$ m51 ^: me?od is to ask        
!mselves1 ,n[1 if ,i _h told su* a tale 
z ?is1 or inv5t$ su* a my/]y-play (     
div9e misadv5tures1 :at mean+ c\ld ,i h 
int5d$ to convey 9 :at is app>5tly      
blasphem\s nons5se8 ,!re 7 moral1 sol>1 
lun>1 cosmical1 tellurian1 & o!r me?ods 
( acc\nt+ = a my? :i*1 9 its orig91     
appe>s to be "o ( ! _w-wide e>ly leg5ds 
( ! /rife betwe5 a fabul\s good be+ & 8 
bro!r1 a fabul\s evil be+4 ,mo/ probably
 "s incid5ts f a moon-my? h also crept  
into1 or f ! fir/ made "p (1 ! tale (   
,osiris4 ,! enmity ( ,typhon to ! eyes (
 ,horus1 :i* he ext+ui%es1 & :i* are    
re/or$199 has mu* ! air ( an e>ly       
my?ical attempt to expla9 ! ph5om5a (   
eclipses1 or ev5 ( sunset4 ,we c pla9ly 
see h[ local & tribal sup]/itions1      
accord+ to :i* ?is or t bea/1 fi%1 or   
tree 0 held sacr$1 came to be tagg$ to !

 g5]al body ( ! my?4 ,?is or t fi% 0 n  
eat52 ?is or t tree 0 holy2 & m5 :o _h  
lo/ ! true explanation ( ^! sup]/itions 
expla9$ !m by say+ t ! fi% _h ta/$1 or !
 tree _h %elt]$4       99 ,livre des    
,moris1 pp4 #aab1 #aah4  ,?is view ( !  
my?1 :ile x does n pret5d to acc\nt = e 
detail1 ref]s x to a l>ge class ( simil>
 n>ratives1 to ! b>b>\s duali/ic leg5ds 
ab\t ! orig9al good & bad extra-natural 
be+s1 :i* are /ill f\nd curr5t among    
contempor>y savages4 ,^! tales are !    
natural expression ( ! savage fancy1 &  
we presume t ! my? ( ! mutilat$ ,osiris 
surviv$ 9 ,egypt1 j z ! use ( fl9t-head$
 arr[s & fl9t knives surviv$ dur+       
mill5niums 9 :i* bronze & iron 7        
p]fectly famili>4 ,! cause assign$ is   
adequate1 & ! process ( survival is     
v]ifi$4   ,:e!r ?is be ! correct !ory ( 
! fundam5tal facts ( ! my? or n1 x is   
c]ta9 t ! my? receiv$ va/ practical &   
religi\s developm5ts4 ,orisis did n     
rema9 ! m]e culture-h]o ( :om we h read 
! /ory1 w\nd$ 9 ! h\se ( 8 fri5ds1      

dismemb]$1 re/or$ & buri$1 reappe>+ z a 
wolf or bull1 or translat$ to a />4 ,8  
wor%ip p]vad$ ! :ole ( ,egypt1 & 8 "n   
grew into a k9d ( hi]oglyph = all t is  
div9e4  ,! ,osirian type1 9 its long    
evolution1 end$ 9 be+ ! symbol ( ! :ole 
deifi$ univ]se--und]world & _w ( e>?1 ! 
wat]s above & ! wat]s bel[4 ,x is       
,osiris t floods ,egypt 9 ! ,nile1 & t  
clo!s h] ) ! gr[+ gra94 ,8 are ! sacr$  
eyes1 ! sun t is born daily & meets a   
daily dea?1 ! moon t e mon? is "y &     
waxes old4 ,osiris is ! s\l t animates  
^!1 ! s\l t vivifies all ?+s1 & all ?+s 
are b 8 body4 ,he is1 l ,ra ( ! royal   
tombs1 ! e>? & ! sun1 ! creator & !     
creat$499       99 ,lefebure1 ,osiris1  
p4 #bdh4  ,su* is ! spl5did sacr$ ve/m5t
 :i* ,egyptian !ology wove = ! mangl$ & 
massacr$ h]o ( ! my?4 ,all =ces1 all    
p[]s1 7 f9ally recognis$ 9 him2 he 0 sun
 & moon1 & ! mak] ( all ?+s2 he 0 ! tru?
 & ! life2 9 him all m5 7 ju/ifi$4  ,on 
! orig9 ( ! my? philology ?r[s no light4
 ,m4 ,lefebure recognises 9 ! "n ,osiris

 ! mean+ ( ! inf]nal abode1 or !        
nocturnal resid5ce ( ! sacr$ eye1 =1 9 !
 duel ( ,set & ,horus1 he sees a my?ical
 acc\nt ( ! daily sett+ ( ! sun499      
,osiris himself1 ! sun at 8 sett+1      
became a c5tre r\nd :i* ! o!r incid5ts (
 ! w> ( ! gods gradually cry/allis$4    
,osiris is also ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be       
difficult ei!r to prove or disprove ?is 
cont5tion1 & ! usual div]g5cy ( op9ion z
 to ! mean+ & etymology ( ! ^w ,osiris  
has always prevail$49999 ,! ,greek999999
 id5tifies ,osiris ) ,hades4 ,bo?1 says 
,m4 ,lefebure1 orig9ally meant !        
dwell+s--& came to mean ! god--( ! dead4
 ,9 ! same _s ,anubis1 ! jackal 7a bea/ 
/ill dread$ z a gho/ by ! ,egyptians71  
is expla9$ z ! circle ( ! horizon1 or ! 
portals ( ! l& ( d>kness1 ! gate kept1 z
 ,hom] w\ld say1 by ,hades1 ! mighty    
w>d54 ,:e!r x is m natural t m5 %\ld    
repres5t ! circle ( ! horizon or !      
twilight at sunset z a jackal1 or t a   
jackal-totem %\ld survive z a god1      
my?ologi/s w decide = !mselves499999999 

99 ,osiris1 p4 #abi4   ,s ,lieble91 op4 
cit41 p4 #g4       9999 ,see ! guesses (
 etymologi/s 7,osiris1 pp4 #acb1acc74   
,horus has ev5 be5 connect$ ) ! ,greek  
,h]a1 z !      atmosph]e6       999999  
,de ,is4 ,os41 #ge4       99999999 ,le  
,page ,r5\f1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 pp4     
#aab-aad1 #bcg4  ,! jackal1 by a my? t  
_c be call$ pi\s1 0 said to h eat5 8    
fa!r1 ,osiris4 ,mr4 ,fraz]s !ory (      
,osiris z someh[ connect$ ) vegetation w
 be f\nd 9 8 ,gold5 ,b\gh4 ,8 ma/]1     
,mannh>dt1 ! great writ] on vegetation  
my?s1 held t ,osiris 0 ! sun4  ,!       
conclusions to be drawn f s slight a    
treatm5t ( s va/ a subject are1 t 9     
,egypt1 z else:]e1 a my?ical & a        
religi\s1 a rational & an irrational    
/ream ( ?\ght fl[$ toge!r1 & ev5 to "s  
ext5t m+l$ _! wat]s4 ,! rational t5d5cy1
 decl>$ 9 pray]s & hymns1 amplifies !   
e>ly human belief 9 a protect+ & fri5dly
 p]sonal p[] mak+ = righte\sness4 ,!    
irrational t5d5cy1 decl>$ 9 my? &       
ritual1 reta9s & elaborates ! e>ly human

 confusions ( ?\ght betwe5 man & bea/ & 
god1 ?+s animate & inanimate4 ,on ! "o  
h&1 we h almo/ a recognition ( supreme  
div9ity2 on ! o!r1 savage rites &       
beliefs1 %>$ by ,au/ralians & ,bu%m54 ,x
 is n safe or sci5tific to call "o ( ^? 
t5d5cies e>li] ?an ! o!r2 p]haps we "k  
no race s backw>d t x is n influ5c$ by  
=ms ( bo?4 ,nor is x safe or sci5tific  
to look on rud] practices z corruptions 
( ! pur] beliefs4 ,p]haps x may nev] be 
possible to trace bo? /reams to ! same  
f\nta9-head2 probably !y well up f      
sep>ate spr+s 9 ! nature ( man4 ,we d b 
recognise & contra/ !m2 ! s\rces ( bo?  
are lo/ 9 ! di/ance1 :]e hi/ory c f9d no
 record ( actual exp]i5ce4 ,egyptian    
religion & my? are ?us no isolat$ ?+s2  
!y are b ! common /uff ( human ?\ght1   
decorat$ or di/ort$ "u a hundr$         
influ5ces 9 ! c\rse ( unkn[n c5turies ( 
ye>s4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,gods ,,( ,,!
 ,,aryans ,,( ,,india4                  
,difficulties ( ! /udy--,developm5t (   
clan-gods--      ,dep>tm5tal gods-,div9e

 patronage ( morality--,immorality      
my?ically attribut$ to gods--,indra--,8 
love ( ,soma--      ,sc&al ab\t         
,indra--,attempts to expla9 ,indra z an 
elem5tal god--,v>una--,u%as--,!         
,asv9s--,_! leg5d &      !ories ab\t    
x--,tva%tri--,! ,m>uts--,conclusions    
arriv$      at4  ,no?+ 9 all my?ology is
 m difficult ?an ! attempt to get a cle>
 view ( ! gods ( ,v$ic ,india4 ,!       
p]plex$ nature ( ! evid5ce has already  
be5 expla9$1 & may be briefly           
recapitulat$4 ,! obscure docum5ts on :i*
 we h to rely1 ! ,v$as & ! ,brahmanaa1  
conta9 9 solution ! op9ions ( _m diff]5t
 ages & ( _m diff]5t m9ds4 ,old &       
comp>atively mod]n conceptions ( !      
deities1 pi\s ef=ts to veil or to expla9
 away :at seem$ crude or pr(ane1 !      
pu]ilities ( ritual1 half-consci\s      
/riv+s 9 ! direction ( mono!ism or      
pan!ism1 clan or family prejudices1 r\gh
 etymological guesses1 & _m o!r elem5ts 
( d\bt comb9e to confuse :at c nev] h   
be5 cle>4 ,savage leg5ds1 philosophic   

conjectures1 individual pr$ilections are
 all bl5d$ into ! collection ( hymns    
call$ ! ,rig- ,v$a4 ,:o c br+ ord] into 
su* a *aos8  ,an attempt to unravel !   
tangl$ ?reads ( ,indian fai? mu/ be     
made4 ,! gods ( ! ,v$as are1 on ! :ole1 
( ! usual poly!i/ic type1 ?\gh _! =ms   
mix into ea* o!r l %ad[s ca/ by a       
flick]+ fire4 ,! ideas :i* may be ga!r$ 
ab\t !m f ! anci5t hymns h1 z usual1 no 
consi/5cy & no /rict or?odoxy4 ,z ea*   
b>d ( ea* b>dic family celebrates a god1
 he is apt to make him = ! occasion !   
pre-em95t deity ( all499 ,?is way (     
conceiv+ ( ! gods leads naturally 7z    
?\ght advances7 9 ! direction ( a       
pan!i/ic mono!ism1 a hospitable !ology  
:i* accepts ea* div9e be+ z a =m or     
manife/ation ( ! supreme univ]sal _s4 ,x
 is easy1 h[ev]1 to detect c]ta9        
attributes m or less peculi> to ea* god4
 ,z among races f> less =w>d 9          
civilisation1 ea* ( ! great] p[]s has 8 
own special dep>tm5t1 h[ev] mu* 8       
wor%ipp]s may be incl9$ to reg>d him z  

really supreme sov]eign4 ,?us ,indra is 
ma9ly conc]n$ ) ?und] & o!r atmosph]ic  
ph5om5a3 ^! are 8 dep>tm5t2 b ,vayu is !
 w9d or ! god ( ! w9d1 & ,agni z fire or
 ! god ( fire is necess>ily n unconnect$
 ) ! lightn+4 ,! ,m>uts1 aga91 are !    
/orm-w9ds1 or gods ( ! /orm-w9ds2 ,mitra
 & ,v>una preside ov] day & night2 ,u%as
 is ! dawn or ! goddess ( dawn1 &       
,tva%tri is ! me*anic among ! deities1  
correspond+ m or less closely to !      
,greek ,hephae/us4       99 ,muir1 v4   
#abe4 ,comp>e ,muir1 i4 #cdh1 on ! ^w   
,kusikas1      imply+1 accord+ to       
,b5fey1 t ,indra is designat$ z      !  
sole or *ief deity ( ?is tribe 4    ,cf1
 also ,hang1      ,ait4 ,br41 ii4 #chd4 
,?\gh _m ( ^! be+s are /ill 9 ,v$ic     
poetry dep>tm5tal p[]s ) prov9ces ( _!  
own 9 ext]nal ,nature1 !y are also      
suppos$ to be int]e/$ n only 9 !        
worldly1 b 9 ! moral welf>e ( mank9d1 & 
are imag9$ to make = righte\sness 4 ,x  
is true t ! my?s by no means always     
agree 9 repres5t+ ! gods z !mselves     

moral4 ,ince/ & o!r hide\s (f5ces are   
imput$ to !m1 & x is common to expla9 ^!
 my?s z ! result ( ! =gott5 mean+s (    
say+s :i* orig9ally 7 only int5d$ to    
describe processes ( nature1 especially 
( ! atmosph]e4 ,suppos+1 = ! sake (     
argum5t1 t ?is explanation is correct1  
we c sc>cely be expect$ to ?9k highly ( 
! national ta/e :i* pref]r$ to describe 
pure ph5om5a l dawn & sunset 9 language 
:i* is appropriate to ! wor/ crimes 9 ! 
human cal5d>4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ,indians1 
:5 !y came to reflect & philosophise on 
_! own religion 7& !y _h rea*$ ?is po9t 
be=e ! ,v$a 0 compil$71 7 !mselves      
horrifi$ by ! immoralities ( "s ( _!    
gods4 ,yet 9 ,v$ic times ^! gods 7      
already ackn[l$g$ z be+s end[$ ) /rong  
moral attributes & int]e/$ 9 ! conduct (
 m54 ,z an example ( ?is high e?ical    
view1 we may quote ,mr4 ,max ,mull]'s   
translation ( "p ( a hymn address$ to   
,v>una499       99 ,rig-,v$a1 ii4 #bh2  
,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bhd4  ,take f me 
my s9 l a fett]1 & we %all increase1 ,o 

,v>una1 ! spr+ ( ?y law4 ,let n ! ?read 
be cut :ile ,i weave my song6 ,let n !  
=m ( ! workman break be=e ! "t4444 ,l z 
a rope f a calf1 remove f me my s91 =   
away f !e ,i am n ma/] ev5 ( ! tw9kl+ ( 
an eye4444 ,move f> away f me all       
self-committ$ guilt1 & may ,i n1 ,o k+1 
suff] = :at o!rs h committ$4 ,_m dawns h
 n yet dawn$2 grant me to live 9 !m1 ,o 
,v>una4 ,:at foll[s is n on ! same level
 ( ?\ght1 & ! next v]se conta9s an      
appeal to ,v>una to save 8 wor%ipp] f ! 
effect ( magic spells4 ,:e!r x be my    
companion or a fri5d :o1 :ile ,i 0      
asleep & trembl+1 utt]$ fe>ful spells   
aga9/ me1 :e!r x be a ?ief or a wolf :o 
wi%es to hurt me1 protect u aga9/ !m1 ,o
 ,v>una499 ,agni1 aga91 ! god ( fire1   
seems to h no orig9al connection )      
righte\sness4 ,yet ev5 ,agni9999 is     
pray$ to =give :atev] s9 ! wor%ipp] may 
h committ$ ?r\gh folly1 & to make him   
guiltless t[>ds ,aditi4999999 ,! goddess
 ,aditi once m1 :e!r h] "n 7r5d]$ !     
b\ndless7 be or be n "o ( ! olde/ names 

( ! dawn199999999 is repeat$ly call$ on 
by h] wor%ipp]s to make !m s9less4 ,9 ! 
same way sun1 dawn1 heav51 soma1 & e>?  
are implor$ to p>don s94       99 ,an   
opposite view is express$ 9 ,web]'s     
,hi/1 ( ,sansk4      ,lit]ature4        
9999  ,rig- ,v$a1 iv4 #ab1 #d2 viii4    
#ic1 #g4       999999 ,= div]g5t op9ions
 ab\t ,aditi1 comp>e ,revue de          
l',hi/oire des ,religions1 xii4 #a1 pp4 
#dj-db2 ,muir1 v4 #bah4       99999999  
,max ,muell]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4     
#bbh4  ,?\gh ! subject might be dwelt on
 at v great l5g?1 x is p]haps already   
app>5t t ! gods ( ! ,v$ic poetry are n  
only pot5t ov] regions ( ! natural _w1 b
 are also conceiv$ (1 at times1 z be+   
p[]s ) e?ical t5d5cies & puni%]s (      
mortal guilt4 ,x w\ld be difficult to   
ov]/ate ! e?ical nobility ( c]ta9 ,v$ic 
hymns1 :i* ev5 n[ affect u ) a s5se ( ! 
hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness s        
passionately felt by ! ,hebrew psalmi/s4
 ,h[ ?is emotion1 :i* seems naturally   
direct$ to a s+le god1 came to be       

di/ribut$ among a score1 x is h>d to    
conjecture4 ,b all ?is aspect ( ! ,v$ic 
deities is ess5tially ! prov9ce ( !     
sci5ce ( religion r ?an ( my?ology4     
,man's consci\sness ( s91 8 s5se ( be+  
imp]fect 9 ! sight ( l>g] o!r eyes ?an  
ours1 is a topic ( ! deepe/ int]e/1 b x 
comes b by accid5t into ! realm (       
my?ological sci5ce4 ,t sci5ce asks1 n ) 
:at feel+s ( awe & gratitude ! wor%ipp] 
approa*es 8 gods1 b :at my?s1 :at       
/ories1 are told to or told by !        
wor%ipp] conc]n+ ! orig91 p]sonal       
*>act]i/ics & p]sonal adv5tures ( 8     
deities4 ,z a rule1 ^! /ories are a m]e 
*ronique sc&aleuse1 full ( ! mo/ absurd 
& (f5sive anecdotes1 & ( ! crude/       
fictions4 ,! deities ( ! ,v$ic poems1 s 
impos+ :5 reg>d$ z va/ natural =ces1 or 
z ! spiritual be+s t ma/] va/ natural   
=ces1 s sympa!tic :5 look$ on z m]ciful 
gods consci\s (1 yet l5i5t t[>ds1 ! s9s 
( p]i%+ mortals1 h also _! my?ological  
aspect & _! *ronique sc&aleuse499       
99 ,"h we mu/ rem9d ! read] t ! ,v$as d 

n (f]      u all ^! tales1 nor ! wor/ ( 
!m4 ,z ,m4 ,b>? says1      ,le s5tim5t  
religieux a ec>te la plup>t de ces my!s 
a9si que beauc\p d'autres qui le        
*oquai5t1 mais il ne      les a pas     
ec>tes t\s 7,religions de l',inde1  p4  
#ad74  ,x is1 ( c\rse1 9 _!             
an?ropomorphic aspect t ! ,v$ic deities 
%>e or exce$ ! infirmities ( mortals4 ,!
 gods are n by any means always reg>d$ z
 practically equal 9 supremacy4 ,!re 7  
great & small1 "y & old gods199 ?\gh ?is
 /atem5t1 ) ! habitual inconsi/5cy ( a  
religion )\t cre$s & articles1 is       
else:]e controv]t$4 ,none ( y1 ,o gods1 
is small or "y2 y are all great49999 ,z 
to ! immortality & ! orig9 ( ! gods1    
op9ions are equally divid$ among ! ,v$ic
 poets & 9 ! traditions collect$ 9 !    
,brahmanas4 ,sev]al my?s ( ! orig9 ( !  
gods h already be5 discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on
 ,aryan ,my?s ( ! ,creation ( ! ,_w & ( 
,man4 ,x 0 !re demon/rat$ t _m ( !      
,aryan my?s 7 on a level ) ^? curr5t    
among contempor>y savages all ov] ! _w1 

& x 0 inf]r$ t !y orig9ally sprang f !  
same s\rce1 ! savage imag9ation4  ,9 ?is
 place1 :ile exam9+ ! wild] div9e my?s1 
we ne$ only repeat t1 9 "o leg5d1 heav5 
& e>?1 conceiv$ ( z two s5ti5t liv+ be+s
 ( human p>ts & passions1 produc$ !     
,aryan gods1 z !y did ! gods ( ! ,new   
,zeal&]s & ( o!r races4 ,aga91 ! gods 7 
repres5t$ 9 ! *ildr5 ( ,aditi1 & ?is    
might be tak5 ei!r 9 a high & ref9$     
s5se1 z if ,aditi 7 ! inf9ite region f  
:i* ! sol> deities rise1999999 or we may
 hold t ,aditi is ! et]nal :i* su/a9s & 
is su/a9$ by ! gods199999999 or !       
,indian imag9ation c\ld s9k to ! vulg> &
 half-magical conception ( ,aditi z a   
female1 :o1 be+ desir\s ( sons1 cook$ a 
,brahm&ana oblation = ! gods1 !         
,sadhyas49999999999       99 ,rig-,v$a1 
i4 #bg1ac4       9999 ,ibid41 viii4 #cj2
 ,muir1 v4 #ab4       999999 ,max       
,muell]1 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #bcj4    
99999999 ,ro?1 9 ,muir1 iv4 #ef4        
9999999999 ,taittirya ,brahmana1 i4 #a1 
#i1 #a2 ,muir1 v4 #ee1 #a1 #bg4  ,v>i\s 

o!r gods & sup]natural be+s are cr$it$ )
 hav+ creat$ or g5]at$ ! gods4 ,indra's 
fa!r & "m are con/antly spok5 (1 & bo?  
he & o!r gods are (t5 said to h be5     
orig9ally mortal1 & to h rea*$ ! heav5s 
by d9t ( t au/]e f]v\r1 t magical       
asceticism1 :i* c\ld d mu* m ?an move   
m\nta9s4 ,! gods are ?us by no means    
always cr$it$ 9 ,aryan my?ology ) inh]5t
 immortality4 ,l mo/ ( ! o!r deities ^: 
hi/ory we h be5 /udy+1 !y _h /ruggles = 
pre-em95ce ) p[]s ( a titanic "*1 !     
,asuras4 ,asura1 'liv+1' 0 orig9ally an 
epi!t ( c]ta9 p[]s ( ,nature1 p>ticul>ly
 ( ! sky1 says ,mr4 ,max ,muell]49999 ,z
 ! gods also are recognis$ z p[]s (     
,nature1 p>ticul>ly ( ! sky1 !re does n 
seem to be mu* orig9al diff]5ce betwe5  
,devas & ,asuras4999999 ,! opposition   
betwe5 !m may be second>y1 z ,mr4 ,max  
,muell] says1 b 9 any case x too /rongly
 resembles ! o!r w>s 9 heav5 ( o!r      
my?ologies to be q omitt$4 ,unluckily1 !
 mo/ consecutive acc\nt ( ! /rife is to 
be f\nd1 n 9 ! hymns ( ! ,v$as1 b 9 !   

collect$ body ( my?ical & o!r traditions
 call$ ! ,brahmanas499999999       9999 
,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #cah4       999999
 ,9 ! ,a?>va ,v$a x is said t a female  
,asura      once drew ,indra f among !  
gods 7,muir1 v4 #hb74 ,?us gods      &  
,asuras are capable ( amor\s relations4 
99999999 ,satapa?a ,br4  ,! /ory 9 !    
,brahmana beg9s by say+ t ?r\gh\t4 ,see 
! ,ox=d translation4 ,prajapati 7!      
produc] ( ?+s1 ^: acqua9tance we h made 
9 ! *apt] on cosmogonic my?s7 0 half    
mortal & half immortal4 ,aft] creat+ ?+s
 end[$ ) life1 he creat$ ,dea?1 !       
dev\r]4 ,) t "p ( him :i* 0 mortal he 0 
afraid ( ,dea?1 & ! gods 7 also afraid (
 ?is end]1 ,dea?4 ,! gods 9 ?is         
tradition are reg>d$ z mortals4 ,comp>e 
! ,black ,yajur ,v$a399 ,! gods 7 =m]ly 
j l m54 ,!y desir$ to ov]come want1     
mis]y1 dea?1 & to g to ! div9e assembly4
 ,!y saw1 took & sacrific$ ) ?is        
,*aturvimsatiratra1 & 9 consequ5ce      
ov]came want1 mis]y & dea?1 & rea*$ !   
div9e assembly4 ,9 ! same ,v$a we are   

told t ! gods & ,asuras cont5d$ toge!r2 
! gods 7 less num]\s1 b1 z politicians  
make m5 pe]s1 !y add$ to _! numb] by    
plac+ "s bricks 9 ! prop] position to   
receive ! sacrificial fire4 ,!y !n us$  
incantations3 ,?\ art a multipli]2 & s !
 bricks became animat$1 & jo9$ ! p>ty ( 
! gods1 & made numb]s m equal49999      
99 ,taittirya ,sanhita2 ,muir1 v4 #ae1  
note #bb4       9999 ,accord+ to a lat] 
leg5d1 or a leg5d :i* we h      receiv$ 
9 a lat] =m1 ! gods d]iv$ immortality f 
dr9k+ ( ! *urn$ ocean ( milk4 ,!y *urn$ 
x )      ,m\nt ,m&>a = a /aff & ! s]p5t 
,hasuki = a cord4      ,! ,ramayana &   
,mahabh>ata ascribe ?is *urn+ to !      
desire ( ! gods to become immortal4     
,accord+ to !      ,mahabh>ata1 a       
,daitya nam$ ,rahu ins9uat$ himself     
among      ! gods1 & drank "s ( !       
draught ( immortality4      ,vi%nu      
behead$ him be=e ! draught rea*$ l[] ?an
      8 ?roat2 8 head 0 ?us immortal1 & 
is n[ a      con/ellation4 ,he pursues !
 sun & moon1 :o _h spi$      him among !

 gods1 & causes _! eclipses by 8        
f]ocity4 ,all ?is is on a level )       
,au/ralian my?ology4  ,to return to !   
gods 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana & _! dread 
( dea?4 ,!y ov]came him by c]ta9        
sacrifices sugge/$ by ,prajapati4 ,dea? 
res5t$ ?is1 & compla9$ t m5 w\ld n[     
become immortal & 8 occupation w\ld be  
gone4 ,to console him ! gods promis$ t  
no man 9 future %\ld become immortal ) 8
 body1 b only ?r\gh k aft] p>t+ ) 8     
body4 ,?is leg5d1 at lea/ 9 its pres5t  
=m1 is necess>ily lat] ?an ! e/abli%m5t 
( m9ute sacrificial rules4 ,x is only   
quot$ "h z an example ( ! op9ion t !    
gods 7 once mortal & j l m54 ,x may be  
urg$1 & probably ) tru?1 t ?is belief is
 ! figm5t ( religi\s decad5ce4 ,z to !  
victory ( ! gods ov] ! ,asuras1 t is    
ascrib$ by ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana99 to ! 
fact t1 at a "t :5 nei!r gods nor       
,asuras 7 scrupul\sly v]aci\s1 ! gods   
inv5t$ ! idea ( speak+ ! tru?4 ,!       
,asuras /uck to ly+4 ,! fir/ results n  
unnaturally 7 t ! gods became weak &    

poor1 ! ,asuras mighty & ri*4 ,! gods at
 la/ ov]came ! ,asuras1 n by v]acity1 b 
by ! success ( a magical sacrifice4     
,e>li] dyna/ies ( gods1 to :i* !        
g5]ation ( ,indra succe$$1 are n        
unfrequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,rig- ,v$a49999 
99 ,muir1 iv4 #f;a4       9999 ,ibid41  
v4 #af4  ,on ! :ole1 ! acc\nts ( ! gods 
& ( _! nature pres5t 9 ,aryan my?ology !
 inconsi/5t an?ropomorphism1 & ! mixture
 ( incongru\s & (t5 magical & *ildi%    
ideas1 :i* m>k all o!r my?ological      
sy/ems4 ,?is w become /ill m manife/ :5 
we exam9e ! leg5ds ( ! v>i\s gods       
sep>ately1 z !y h be5 dis5tangl$ by ,dr4
 ,muir & ,m4 ,b]gaigne f ! ,v$as1 & f ! 
lat] docum5ts :i* conta9 traditions (   
diff]5t dates4  ,! ,v$as conta9 no su*  
ord]ly /atem5ts ( ! div9e g5ealogies z  
we f9d 9 ,hesoid & ,hom]4 ,all is       
confusion1 all is contradiction499 ,9 _m
 passages heav5 & e>?1 ,dyaus &         
,pri?ivi1 are spok5 ( z p>5ts ( ! o!r   
gods4 ,dyaus is commonly id5tifi$1 z is 
well kn[n1 ) ,zeus by ! philologi/s1 b 8

 leg5d has none ( ! fulness & ri*ness   
:i* makes t ( ,zeus s rem>kable4 ,be=e !
 /ory ( ,dyaus c\ld become t ( ,zeus1 ! 
old ,aryan sky or heav5 god _h to       
attract into 8 cycle t va/ collection ( 
miscellane\s adv5tures f a ?\s& s\rces  
:i* fill ! leg5d ( ! *ief ,hell5ic      
deity4 ,9 ! ,v$a1 ,dyaus appe>s n[1 z ) 
,pri?ivi19999 ! p>5t ( all1 bo? m5 &    
gods1 n[ z a creat$ ?+ or be+ fa%ion$ by
 ,indra or by ,tva%tri4999999 ,he is    
ess5tially b5efic5t1 b has no m>k$      
individuality1 & c only h become !      
,greek ,zeus by inh]it+ attributes f o!r
 deities 499999999  ,ano!r v e>ly div9e 
p]son is ,aditi1 ! "m ( ! great & popul>
 gods call$ ,adityas4 ,no?+ is less     
c]ta9 ?an ! d]ivation ( ! "n ( ,aditi1  
says ,m4 ,paul ,regnaud49999999999      
99 ,c]ta9 my?s ( ! beg9n+s ( ?+s w be   
f\nd 9      ! *apt] on cosmogonic       
traditions4       9999 ,muir1 v4 #ba-bd4
       999999 ,ibid41 v4 #cj4           
99999999 ,b]gaigne1 iii4 #aab4          
9999999999 ,revue de l',hi/oire des     

,religions1 xii4 #a1 #dj4  ,m4 ,regnaud 
f9ds ! root ( ,aditi 9 ad1 to %9e4 ,mr4 
,max ,muell] looks = ! orig9 ( ! ^w 9 a1
 privative1 & da1 to b9d2 ?us ,aditi w  
mean ! b\ndless1 ! inf9ite1 a !ory      
reject$ by ,m4 ,regnaud4 ,! expansion ( 
?is idea1 ) all its important           
consequ5ces1 is work$ out by ,mr4 ,max  
,muell] 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures4 ,! dawn  
came & w5t1 b !re rema9$ always beh9d ! 
dawn t heav+ sea ( light or fire f :i*  
%e spr+s4 ,0 n ?is ! invisible inf9ite8 
,& :at bett] "n c\ld be giv5 ?an t :i* !
 ,v$ic poets gave to x1 ,aditi1 !       
b\ndless1 ! yond]1 ! beyond all &       
ev]y?+4 ,?is v ab/ract idea may h be5 "o
 ( ! e>lie/ intuitions & creations ( !  
,h9du m9d 7p4 #bbi74 ,m4 ,d>me/et] &    
,mr4 ,:itney1 on ! o!r h&1 expla9 ,aditi
 j z ,welck] & ,mr4 ,max ,muell] expla9 
,cronion4 ,!re 0 no su* ?+ z a goddess  
nam$ ,aditi till m5 ask$ !mselves !     
mean+ ( ! title ( _! own gods1 !        
,adityas4 ,t "n might be int]pret$      
*ildr5 ( ,aditi1 & s a goddess call$    

,aditi 0 inv5t$ to fit ! "n1 ?us        
philologically extract$ f ,adityas499   
,m4 ,b]gaigne9999 f9ds t ,aditi means   
free1 untrammell$1 & is us$ bo? z an    
adjective & z a "n4       99 ,!         
,brahmanic leg5d ( ! bir? ( ! ,adityas  
7,ait>eya      ,brahmana iii4 #cc7 is   
too disgu/+ to be quot$4       9999     
,religion ,v$ique1 iii4 #hh4  ,?is vague
 & float+ t]m 0 well suit$ to convey !  
pan!i/ic ideas natural to ! ,indian m9d1
 & already notable 9 ! ,v$ic hymns4     
,aditi1 cries a poet1 is heav52 ,aditi  
is air2 ,aditi is ! fa!r1 ! "m & ! son2 
,aditi is all ! gods2 ,aditi is t :i* is
 born & :i* awaits ! bir?499 ,no?+ c be 
m advanc$ & metaphysical4 ,mean:ile1    
?\gh ,aditi is a p]sonage s float+ &    
nebul\s1 %e figures 9 fairly def9ite =m 
9 a c]ta9 my?4 ,! ,rig-,v$a 7x4 #gb1 #h7
 tells u ! tale ( ! bir? ( h] sons1 !   
,adityas4 ,eight sons 7 !re ( ,aditi1   
born ( h] womb4 ,to ! gods w5t %e )     
sev52 ,m>t&a ?rew %e away4 ,! ,satapa?a 
,brahmana ?r[s a good deal ( light on h]

 conduct4 ,aditi _h eight sons2 b !re   
are only sev5 gods :om m5 call ,adityas4
 ,! eigh? %e bore a %apeless lump1 ( !  
dim5sions ( a man1 z broad z long1 say  
"s4 ,! ,adityas !n trimm$ ?is ugly      
duckl+ ( ! family into human %ape1 & an 
elephant sprang f ! wa/e pieces :i* !y  
?rew away2 !re=e an elephant p>takes ( !
 nature ( man4 ,! %ap5 eigh? son 0 call$
 ,vivasvat1 ! sun49999       99 ,rig-   
,v$a1 i4 #hi1 #aj4       9999 ,muir1 iv4
 #ae4  ,x is n to be expect$ t _m1 if   
any1 rema9s ( a !riomorphic "* %\ld cl+ 
to a goddess s ab/ract z ,aditi4 ,:51   
!re=e1 we f9d h] spok5 ( z a c[1 x is at
 lea/ z likely t ?is is only "p ( !     
pleasant unconsci\s poetry ( ! ,v$a1 z t
 x is a survival ( "s e>li] zoomorphic  
belief4 ,gub]natis (f]s ! foll[+ lucid  
acc\nt ( ! metamorphosis ( ! inf9ite 7= 
s he und]/&s ,aditi7 into ! humble      
dome/ic animal3 ,! inexhau/ible soon    
comes to mean t :i* c be milk$ )\t end  
7x w\ld be m plausible to say t :at c be
 milk$ )\t end soon comes to mean !     

inexhau/ible71 & h5ce also a cele/ial   
c[1 an in(f5sive c[1 :i* we mu/ n       
(f5d4444 ,! :ole heav5s be+ ?us         
repres5t$ z an inf9ite c[1 x 0 natural t
 ! pr9cipal & mo/ visible ph5om5a ( !   
sky %\ld become1 9 _! turn1 *ildr5 ( !  
c[4 ,aditi !n is ! great spott$ c[4 ,?us
 did ! ,v$ic poets 7accord+ to          
,gub]natis7 desc5d f ! uncondition$ to !
 byre4  ,f ,aditi1 h[ev] %e is to be    
int]pret$1 we turn to h] fam\s *ildr51 !
 ,adityas1 ! high gods4  ,!re is no k9d 
( consi/5cy1 z we h s (t5 said1 9 ,v$ic 
my?ical op9ion4 ,! ,adityas1 = example1 
are n[ repres5t$ z ?ree1 n[ z sev52 =   
?ree & sev5 are sacr$ numb]s4 ,to !     
triad a f\r? is sometimes add$1 to !    
sev5 an eigh? ,aditya4 ,! ,adityas are a
 bro!rhood or college ( gods1 b "s ( !  
memb]s ( ! frat]nity h m individual "*  
?an1 = example1 ! ,m>uts1 :o are simply 
a company ) a t5d5cy to become confus$ )
 ! ,adityas4 ,consid]$ z a triad1 !     
,adityas are ,v>una1 ,mitra1 ,aryaman4  
,! "n ( ,v>una is commonly d]iv$ f vri  

7or ,v>7199 to cov]1 accord+ to !       
comm5tator ,sayana1 because he envelops 
! wick$ 9 8 sn>es1 ! nets :i* he c>ries 
to capture ! guilty4 ,z god ( ! midnight
 sky1 ,v>una is also ! cov]+ deity1 ) 8 
univ]sal pall ( d>kness4 ,v>una's "n has
 frequ5tly be5 comp>$ to t ( ,uranus    
7------71 ! ,greek god ( heav51 :o 0    
mutilat$ by 8 son ,cronos4       99 ,max
 ,muell]1 ,select ,essays1 i4 #hga4     
,suppos+ ,v>una to mean ! heav51 we are 
n mu* advanc$1 = dyu also lias ! same   
mean+2 yet ,dyaus & ,v>una h little 9   
common4 ,! int]pret]s ( ! ,v$as attempt$
 to di/+ui% ,mitra f ,v>una by mak+ !   
=m] ! god ( ! daylight1 ! latt] ! god ( 
! midnight vault ( heav54 ,! di/9ction1 
l o!r ,v$ic attempts at draw+ a l9e     
among ! float+ phantasms ( belief1 is n 
kept up ) mu* p]si/5cy4  ,( all ,v$ic   
deities1 ,v>una has ! mo/ spiritual &   
e?ical "*4 ,! gr&e/ cosmical functions  
are ascrib$ to ,v>una4 ,8 ord9ances are 
fix$ & unassailable4 ,he :o %\ld flee f>
 beyond ! sky w\ld n escape ,v>una ! k+4

 ,he is graci\s ev5 to him :o has       
committ$ s94 ,to be brief1 ! moral      
s5tim5ts1 :i* we h %[n to be (t5 pres5t 
9 a pure =m1 ev5 9 ! religion ( savages1
 f9d a l(ty & passionate expression 9 ! 
,v$ic psalms to ,v>una499 ,b ev5 ,v>una 
has n %ak5 (f all rema9s ( ! rud]       
my?opoeic fancy4 ,a tale ( ! grosse/ &  
mo/ mat]ial obsc5ity is told ( ,mitra & 
,v>una 9 ! ,rig- ,v$a itself--! tale ( !
 bir? ( ,vasi/ha49999  ,9 ! ,ait>eya    
,brahmana 7ii4 #dfj7 ,v>una takes a     
suffici5tly p]sonal =m4 ,he has someh[  
fall5 heir to a role famili> to u f !   
,russian tale ( ,ts> ,morskoi1 ! ,gaelic
 ,battle ( ! ,birds1 & ! ,scot* ,ni*t1  
,n\ght1 no?+999999 ,v>una1 9 %ort1      
becomes ! giant or demon :o dem&s f ! k+
 ! gift ( 8 yet unborn son4       99    
,muir1 v4 #ff4       9999 ,rig4 ,v$a1   
vii4 #cc1 #b4       999999 ,see ,cu/om1 
& ,my?1 ,a ,f>-,travell$ ,tale1 & our   
*apt] po/ea1 on ,romantic ,my?s4        
,h>is*&ra is *ildless1 & is in/ruct$ to 
pray to ,v>una1 promis+ to (f] ! babe z 

a human sacrifice4 ,:5 ! boy is born1   
,h>is*&ra tries to evade ! fulfilm5t ( 8
 promise4 ,f9ally a "y ,brahman is      
pur*as$1 & is to be sacrific$ to ,v>una 
z a sub/itute = ! k+'s son4 ,! "y       
,brahman is sup]naturally releas$4  ,?us
 ev5 9 ,v$ic1 /ill m 9 ,brahmanic my?1 !
 vague & spiritual =m ( ,v>una is br\ght
 to %ame1 or confus$ ) "s demon ( l[]   
e>li] leg5ds4  ,!re are believ$ on      
some:at %ad[y evid5ce to be traces ( a  
conflict betwe5 ,v>una & ,indra 7! f\r? 
,aditya sometimes add$ to ! triad71 a   
conflict analog\s to t betwe5 ,uranus & 
,cronos499 ,! hymn1 z ,m4 ,b]gaigne     
holds1 proves t ,indra 0 victori\s ov]  
,v>una1 & !reby obta9$ possession ( fire
 & ( ! soma juice4 ,b ^! bir?s & battles
 ( gods1 :o sometimes are prog5itors (  
_! own fa!rs1 & :o seem to *ange %apes )
 demons1 are no m to be fix$ &          
sci5tifically exam9$ ?an ! torn plumes &
 /&>ds ( ! mi/ z !y roll up a pass among
 ! m\nta9 p9es49999       99 ,rig- ,v$a1
 x4 #abd4       9999 ,b]gaigne1 iii4    

#adg4  ,we next approa* a some:at bett] 
def9$ & m p]sonal figure1 t ( ! fam\s   
god ,indra1 :o is ! ne>e/ ,v$ic analogue
 ( ! ,greek ,zeus4 ,be=e deal+ ) !      
subject m sy/ematically1 x may be       
int]e/+ to give "o s+ul> example ( !    
p>allelisms betwe5 ,aryan & savage      
my?ology4  ,9 8 disquisition on !       
,indian gods1 ,dr4 ,muir has be5        
obs]v+99 t "s passages ( ! ,rig- ,v$a   
imply t ! reign+ deities 7 successors ( 
o!rs :o _h previ\sly exi/$4 ,he quotes1 
9 pro( ( ?is1 a passage f ,rig- ,v$a1   
iv4 #ah1 #ab3 ,:o1 ,o ,indra1 made ?y "m
 a wid[8 ,:o s\ght to kill !e1 ly+ or   
mov+8 ,:at god 0 pres5t 9 ! fray :5 ?\  
did/ slay ?y fa!r1 seiz+ him by ! foot8 
,accord+ to ,m4 ,b]gaigne19999 ,indra   
slew 8 fa!r1 ,tva%tri1 = ! purpose (    
/eal+ & dr9k+ ! soma1 to :i* he 0 v     
p>tial4 ,?is is r a damag+ passage1 z x 
appe>s t ! ,v$ic poet look$ on ,indra z 
a p>ricide & a drunk>d4 ,to expla9 ?is  
h9t1 h[ev]1 ,sayana ! anci5t comm5tator1
 quotes a passage f ! ,black ,yajur ,v$a

 :i* is no explanation at all4 ,b x has 
"s int]e/ = u1 z %[+ h[ ! my?s ( ,aryans
 & ,hott5tots co9cide1 ev5 9 v /range   
details4 ,yajna 7sacrifice7 desir$      
,dak%9a 7l>gesse74 ,he consort$ ) h]4   
,indra 0 appreh5sive ( ?is4 ,he         
reflect$1 ,:oev] is born ( h] w be ?is4 
,he ent]$ into h]4 ,indra himself 0 born
 ( h]4 ,he reflect$1 ,:oev] is born ( h]
 besides me w be ?is4 ,hav+ consid]$1 he
 cut op5 h] womb4 ,%e produc$ a c[4 ,"h 
we h a high ,aryan god pass+ into & be+ 
born f ! womb ( a be+ :o also bore a c[4
 ,! ,hott5tot leg5d ( ! bir? ( _! god1  
,heitsi ,eibib1 is sc>cely s            
repulsive4999999       99 ,sanskrit     
,texts1 v4 #af1ag4       9999 ,religion 
,v$ique1 iii4 #ii4       999999 ,tsuni  
,goam1 ,hahn1 p4  ,!re 0 grass gr[+1 & a
 c[ came & ate ( t grass1 & %e became   
pregnant 7z ,h]a ( ,ares 9 ,greek my?71 
& %e br\ght =? a "y bull4 ,& ?is bull   
became a v l>ge bull4 ,& ! p came toge!r
 "o day 9 ord] to slaught] him4 ,b he   
ran away d[n hill1 & !y foll[$ him to   

turn him back & cat* him4 ,b :5 !y came 
to ! spot :]e he _h disappe>$1 !y f\nd a
 man mak+ milk tubs4 ,!y ask$ ?is man1  
,:]e is ! bull t pass$ d[n "h8 ,he said1
 ,i d n "k2 has he !n pass$ "h8 ,& all !
 :ile x 0 he himself1 :o _h aga9 become 
,heitsi ,eibib4 ,?us ! bir? ( ,heitsi   
,eibib resembl$ t ( ,indra z describ$ 9 
,rig-,v$a1 iv4 #ah1 #aj4 ,8 "m1 a c[1   
bore ,indra1 an unlick$ calf499 ,:atev] 
view we may take ( ?is my?1 & ( !       
explanation 9 ! ,brahmana1 :i* has r !  
air ( be+ an inv5tion to acc\nt = !     
,v$ic c[-"m ( ,indra1 x is c]ta9 t ! god
 is n reg>d$ z an uncreat$ be+49999  99 
,ludwig1 ,die f>se hat d5 grosz51 />k51 
ni*t zu v5\nd5d5 /i]1 d5 tos5d5 ,indra1 
gebor54  9999 ,z to ! etymological      
d]ivation & orig9al significance ( ! "n 
( ,indra1 ! greate/ diff]5ces exi/ among
 philologi/s4 ,yaska gives ?irte5       
guesses ( old1 & !re are ne>ly z _m     
mod]n conjectures4 ,9 #ahdf ,ro?        
describ$ ,indra z ! god ( ! bright cle> 
vault ( heav5 7,zell]'s ,!ologis*es     

,jahrbu*1 #ahdf1 p4 #ceb74 ,comp>e = ?is
 & ! foll[+ conjectures1 ,e4 ,d4 ,p]ry1 
,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,ori5tal ,society1   
vol4 i4 p4 #aah4 ,ro? d]iv$ ! radiance f
 idh1 indh1 to k9dle4 ,ro? aft]w>ds     
*ang$ 8 m9d1 & select$ 9 or inv1 to h   
p[] ov]4 ,lass5 7,indisclie             
,all]?umskunde1 #bnd ed41 i4 p4 #hic7   
adopt$ a diff]5t d]ivation4 ,b5fey 7,or4
 und ,occ1 #ahfb1 p4 #dh7 made ,indra   
,god1 n ( ! radiant1 b ( ! ra9y sky4    
,mr4 ,max ,muell] 7lectures on ,sci5ce (
 ,language1 ii4 #dgj7 made ,indra ano!r 
conception ( ! bright blue sky1 b 7p4   
#dgc1 note #ce7 he d]ives ,indra f !    
same root z 9 ,sanskrit gives indu1 drop
 or sap1 t is1 app>5tly1 ra9y sky1 !    
rev]se ( blue4 ,x means orig9ally ! giv]
 ( ra91 & ,beufey is quot$ ut supra4 ,9 
,*ips1 ii4 #ia1 ,indra becomes ! *ief   
sol> deity ( ,india 4 ,muir 7,texts1 v4 
#gg7 id5tifies ! "* ( ,indra ) t (      
,jupit] ,pluvius1 ! ,ra9y ,jove ( ,rome4
 ,grassman 7,diction>y1 s4 v47 calls    
,indra ! god ( ! bright firmam5t4 ,mr4  

,p]ry takes a di/9ction1 & reg>ds ,indra
 z a god1 n ( sky1 b ( air1 a midg>?    
betwe5 e>? & sky1 :o inh]it$ ! skyey    
functions ( ,dyu4 ,9 ! ,v$a ,mr4 ,p]ry  
f9ds him ! p]sonification ( ! ?und]/orm4
 ,& s on6 ,x seems inconte/able t 9     
,v$ic my?ology ,tva%tri is reg>d$ z !   
fa!r ( ,indra499 ,?us 7ii4 #ag1 #f7     
,indra's ?und]bolts are said to h be5   
fa%ion$ by 8 fa!r4 ,o!r pro(s are f\nd 9
 ! acc\nt ( ! combat betwe5 fa!r & son4 
,?us 7iii4 #dh1 #d7 we read1 ,p[]ful1   
victori\s1 he gives 8 body :at %ape he  
pleases4 ,?us ,indra1 hav+ vanqui%$     
,tva%tri ev5 at 8 bir?1 /ole & drank !  
soma49999 ,^! anecdotes d n q correspond
 ) ! v]sion ( ,indra's guilt giv5 9 !   
,brahmanas4 ,!re x is /at$999999 t      
,tva%tri _h a ?ree-head$ son ak9 to !   
,asuras1 nam$ ,vairupa4 ,?is ,vairupa 0 
suspect$ ( betray+ to ! ,asuras ! secret
 ( soma4 ,indra !re=e cut (f 8 ?ree     
heads4       99 ,on ! p>5tage ( ,indra1 
,b]gaigne writes1 iii4 #eh4       9999  
iii4 #fa4 ,b]gaigne id5tifies ,tva%tri &

 ,vritra4      ,cf4 ,ait>eya ,brahmana1 
ii4 #dhc1 note #e4       999999 ,ait>eya
 ,brahmana1 x #dhc1 note #f4  ,n[       
,vairupa 0 a ,brahman1 & ,indra 0 only  
purifi$ ( 8 awful guilt1 ,brahmanicide1 
:5 e>?1 trees & wom5 accept$ ea* _! %>e 
( ! iniquity4 ,tva%tri1 ! fa!r (        
,vairupa1 /ill exclud$ ,indra f a %>e ( 
! soma1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ,indra seiz$ by =ce4
 ,tva%tri ?rew :at rema9$ ( ,indra's %>e
 into ! fire ) imprecations1 & f ! fire 
sprang ,vritra1 ! enemy ( ,indra4 ,indra
 is repres5t$ at v>i\s times & 9 v>i\s  
texts z hav+ sprung f ! m\? ( ,puru%a1  
or z be+ a *ild ( heav5 & e>?1 :om he   
?ru/ asund]1 z ,tut5ganahau ?ru/ asund] 
,rangi & ,papa 9 ! ,new ,zeal& my?4 ,9 a
 passage ( ! ,black ,yajur ,v$a1 once   
already quot$1 ,indra1 %eep & !         
,k%attriya ca/e 7 said to h sprung f !  
brea/ & arms ( ,prajapati499 ,9 yet     
ano!r hymn 9 ! ,rig- ,v$a he is said to 
h conqu]$ heav5 by magical au/]ity4     
,leav+ ! ,brahmanas aside1 ,mr4         
,p]ry9999 di/+ui%es f\r sorts ( ,v$ic   

texts on ! orig9 ( ,indra3--  #a4       
,purely physical4  #b4 ,an?ropomorphic4 
#c4 ,vague ref]5ces to ,indra's p>5ts4  
#d4 ,philosophical speculations4  ,( !  
fir/ class1999999 x does n appe> to u t 
! purely physical elem5t is s v pure    
aft] all4 ,heav51 e>?1 ,indra1 ! c[1 are
 all ?\ght ( z p]sonal entities1 h[ev]  
gigantic & vague4  ,9 ! second or       
an?ropomorphic my?s we h99999999 !      
dialogue already ref]r$ to1 9 :i*       
,indra1 l ,set 9 ,egypt & ,malsumis or  
,*okanipok 9 ,am]ica1 insi/s on break+ 8
 way ?r\gh 8 "m's side49999999999       
99 ,muir1 i4 #af4       9999 ,op4 cit41 
p4 #abd4       999999 ,rig- ,v$a1 iv4   
#ag1 #d1  #b1 #ab2 iv4 #bb1 #d2 i4 #fc1 
#a2 viii4      #ei1 #d2 viii4 #f1       
#bh-cj4       99999999 ,ibid41 iv4      
#ah1a4       9999999999 ,cf4 ,egyptian  
,div9e ,my?s  ,9 v]se #e 8 "m exposes   
,indra1 z ,maui & ! y\nge/ son ( ,aditi 
7 expos$4 ,indra soon aft]1 z precoci\s 
z ,heitsi ,eibib1 imm$iately on 8 bir?  
kills 8 fa!r499 ,he also kills ,vritra1 

z ,apollo :5 new-born slew ! ,py?on4 ,9 
iii4 #dh1 #b1 #c1 he takes e>ly to      
soma-dr9k+4 ,9 x4 #aec1 #a1 wom5 cradle 
him z ! nymphs nurs$ ,zeus 9 ! ,cretan  
cave4  ,9 ! ?ird class we h ! odd       
my?19999 :ile an immature boy1 he m\nt$ 
! new waggon & roa/$ = fa!r & "m a fi]ce
 bull 4  ,9 ! f\r? class a speculative  
p]son tries to acc\nt = ! /atem5t t     
,indra 0 born f a horse1 or ! v]se means
 t ,agni 0 a horse's son4 ,f9ally1      
,sayana99999999 expla9s no?+1 b happ5s  
to m5tion t ! goddess ,aditi swall[$ h] 
rival ,ni/i1 a v primitive p]=mance1 &  
mu* l ! feat ( ,cronos :5 he d9$ on 8   
family1 or ( ,zeus :5 he swall[$ 8 wife4
       99 ,:y d ,indra & 8 family behave
 9 ?is blood?ir/y      way8 ,hillebr&t  
says t ! fa!r is ! heav5 :i*      ,indra
 kills by cov]+ x ) cl\ds4 ,b1 aga91    
,indra      kills 8 fa!r by conceal+ !  
sun4 ,he is ab&on$ by      8 "m :5 !    
cle> sky1 f :i* he is born1             
disappe>s beh9d ! veil ( cl\d4 ,is !    
fa!r sun or      heav58 is ! "m cle>    

sky1 or1 z else:]e1 !      imp]i%ability
 ( ! daylight8 7,p]ry1 op4 cit41 p4     
#adi74       9999 ,rig- ,v$a1 viii4 #fh1
 #ae4       999999 ,ibid41 x4 #gc1 #aj4 
99999999  ,ibid41 x4 #aja1 #ab4 ,=      
,sayana1 see ,mr4 ,p]ry's ,essay1       
,j\rnal ,a4 #j4 ,s4 #ahhb1 p4 #ahj4     
,?us a fix$ tradition ( ,indra's bir? is
 lack+ 9 ! ,v$a1 & ! fluctuat+          
traditions are n v cr$itable to ! purity
 ( ! ,aryan fancy4 ,9 p]sonal appe>ance 
,indra 0 h&some & ruddy z ! sun1 b1 l   
,od9 & ,heitsi ,eibib & o!r gods &      
wiz>ds1 he c\ld assume any %ape at w4   
,he 0 a great *>iote]1 & wield$ !       
?und]bolt =g$ = him by ,tva%tri1 !      
,indian ,hephae/us4 ,8 love ( !         
intoxicat+ soma juice 0 notori\s1 & )   
sacrifices ( ?is liquor 8 ador]s 7      
accu/om$ to inspire & invigorate him4   
,he is ev5 said to h drunk at "o draught
 ?irty b[ls ( soma4 ,dr4 ,haug has ta/$ 
x1 b c\ld only manage "o teaspoonful4   
,indra's belly is comp>$ by 8 admir]s to
 a lake1 & !re seems to be no d\bt t !y 

believ$ ! god really drank _! soma1 z   
,heitsi ,eibib really enjoys ! honey    
left by ! ,hott5tots on 8 grave4 ,i h   
v]ily resolv$ to be/[ c[s & horses4 ,i h
 quaff$ ! soma4 ,! draughts :i* ,i h    
drunk impel me z viol5t bla/s4 ,i h     
quaff$ ! soma4 ,i surpass 9 greatness ! 
heav5 & ! va/ e>?4 ,i h quaff$ ! soma4  
,i am maje/ic1 elevat$ to ! heav5s4 ,i h
 quaff$ ! soma499 ,s s+s ! drunk5 &     
bemus$ ,indra1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,cyclops 9 
,euripides1 aft] receiv+ ! w9e1 !       
trea*]\s gift ( ,odysseus4  ,accord+ to 
! old comm5tator ,sayana1 ,indra got at 
! soma :i* inspir$ him ) 8 dr9k+-song by
 assum+ ! %ape ( a quail4  ,! great     
feats ( ,indra1 :i* are con/antly ref]r$
 to1 are 8 slaught] ( ! s]p5t ,vritra1  
:o _h tak5 possession ( all ! wat]s1 & 8
 recov]y ( ! sun1 :i* _h also be5       
/ol549999       99 ,rig- ,v$a1 x4 #aai4 
9999 ,ibid41 #aci1 #d2 iii4 #ci1 #f2    
viii4 #he1 #g4  ,^! my?s are usually    
reg>d$ z allegorical ways ( /at+ t !    
lightn+ op5s ! d>k ?und]cl\d1 & makes x 

disgorge ! ra9 & reveal ! sun4 ,:e!r ?is
 !ory be correct or n1 x is important = 
our purpose to %[ t ! feats ?us         
attribut$ to ,indra are really id5tical 
9 idea )1 ?\gh m elevat$ 9 conception & 
/yle1 ?an c]ta9 ,au/ralian1 ,iroquois & 
,?l9keet leg5ds4 ,9 ! ,iroquois my?1 z 9
 ! ,au/ralian199 a great frog swall[$   
all ! wat]s1 & 0 de/roy$ by ,ioskeha or 
"s o!r animal4 ,9 ,?l9keet leg5ds1      
,yehl1 ! rav5-god1 c>ri$ (f to m5 !     
hidd5 sun & ! wat]s4 ,among ^! l[] races
 ! wat]-/eal] 0 ?\ght ( z a real reptile
 ( "s sort1 & x is probable t a simil>  
!ory once prevail$ among ! ance/ors ( ! 
,aryans4 ,vritra & ,ahi1 ! my/]i\s foes 
:om ,indra slays :5 he recov]s ! sun & !
 wat]s1 7 probably once z real to ! e>ly
 fancy z ! ,au/ralian or ,iroquois frog4
 ,! extraord9>y my? ( ! orig9 ( ,vritra1
 only f\nd 9 ! ,brahmanas1 indicates !  
wild imag9ation ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,indra
 murd]$ a ,brahman1 a ?ree-head$ "o1 x  
is true1 b /ill a ,brahman4 ,= ?is he 0 
exclud$ f ! banquet & 0 depriv$ ( 8     

fav\rite soma4 ,he /ole a cup ( x1 & !  
dregs1 ?r[n into ! fire ) a magical     
imprecation1 became ,vritra1 :om ,indra 
_h su* difficulty 9 kill+4 ,be=e attack+
 ,vritra1 ,indra suppli$ himself ) ,dut*
 c\rage4 ,a copi\s draught ( soma       
provid$ him ) ! necess>y c\rage & /r5g?4
 ,! t]ror ( ! o!r gods 0 abject49999    
,aft] slay+ him1 he s lo/               
self-possession t 9 8 flight he behav$ l
 ,od9 :5 he flew (f 9 t]ror ) ! head (  
,suttung4999999       99 ,br9ton1 ,my?s 
( ,new ,_w1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahe4   ,see also 
*apt] i4       9999 ,p]ry1 op4 cit41 p4 
#acg2 ,rig-,v$a1 v4 #bi1 #c1 #g2 iii4   
#dc1 #g2 iv4 #ah1 #aa2 viii4 #he1 #g4   
999999 ,rig-,v$a1 i4 #cb1ad1 tells ( a  
flight z headlong z      t ( ,apollo    
aft] kill+ ! ,py?on4 ,mr4 ,p]ry expla9s 
! flight z ! rapid j\rney ( ! ?und]/orm4
  ,if our op9ion be correct1 ! elem5tal 
my?s :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,v$a are n my?s 9 !  
mak+1 z is usually held1 b r my?s       
gradually dissolv+ into poetry &        
metaphor4 ,z an example ( ! p]si/5ce 9  

civilis$ my? ( ! old direct savage !ory 
t animals ( a semi-sup]natural sort     
really cause ! heav5ly ph5om5a1 we may  
quote ,mr4 ,d>me/et]'s rem>k1 9 !       
introduction to ! ,z5dave/a3 ,! /orm    
floods t cleanse ! sky ( ! d>k fi5ds 9 x
 7 describ$ 9 a class ( my?s z ! ur9e ( 
a gigantic animal 9 ! heav5s499 ,a m    
savage & !riomorphic hypo!sis x w\ld be 
h>d to discov] among ,bu%m5 or          
,nootkas49999 ,probably ! s]p5t ,vritra 
is ano!r bea/ out ( ! same m5ag]ie4  ,if
 our !ory ( ! evolution ( gods is       
correct1 we may expect to f9d 9 ! my?s (
 ,indra traces ( a !riomorphic "*4 ,z ! 
po9t 9 ! e> ( man is ?\ght or fabl$ to  
be a relic ( 8 arboreal ance/ry1 s 9 !  
%ape ( ,indra !re %\ld1 if gods 7       
develop$ out ( div9e bea/s1 be traces ( 
fur & fea!r4 ,!y are n v num]\s nor v   
di/9ct1 b we give !m = :at !y may be    
wor?4  ,! my? ( ,yehl1 ! ,?l9keet       
rav5-god1 w n h be5 =gott54 ,9 8 rav5   
ge> ,yehl /ole ! sacr$ wat]1 z ,od91    
also 9 bird =m1 /ole ! mead ( ,suttung4 

,we f9d a simil> feat connect$ ) ,indra4
 ,gub]natis says3999999       99 ,sacr$ 
,books ( ! ,ea/1 vol4 iv4 p4 lxxxviii4  
9999 ,! etymology ( ,vritra is usually  
d]iv$ f vn1 to      cov]1 h9d]1 re/ra91 
!n :at is to be      h9d]$1 !n enemy1   
fi5d4       999999 ,zoological          
,my?ology1 ii4 #ahb4  ,9 ! ,rig-,v$a    
,indra (t5 appe>s z a hawk4 ,:ile ! hawk
 c>ries ! ambrosia ?r\gh ! air1 he      
trembles = fe> ( ! ar*] ,kricanus1 :o1 9
 fact1 %ot (f "o ( 8 claws1 ( :i* !     
h$gehog 0 born1 accord+ to ! ,ait>eya   
,brahmana1 & accord+ to ! ,v$ic hymn1 "o
 ( 8 fea!rs1 :i*1 fall+ on ! e>?1       
aft]w>ds became a tree499 ,indra's v    
peculi> relations ) rams are also ref]r$
 to by ,gub]natis49999 ,!y resemble a   
c]ta9 repulsive my? ( ,zeus1 ,demet] & !
 ram ref]r$ to by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs4
 ,9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana999999 ,indra  
is call$ ram ( ,m$hati?i1 wife (        
,vri%anasva4 ,indra1 l ,loki1 _h tak5 ! 
"p ( a woman499999999 ,9 ! %ape ( a ram 
he c>ri$ (f ,m$hati?i1 an exploit l t ( 

,zeus ) ,ganym$e49999999999  ,9 ! ,v$as1
 h[ev]1 all ! passages :i* connect      
,indra ) animals w d\btless be expla9$  
away z metaphorical1 ?\gh x is admitt$  
t1 l ,zeus1 he c\ld assume :atev] =m he 
pleas$4999999999999 ,v$ic poets1        
probably ( a late p]iod1 made ,indra z  
an?ropomorphic z ! ,hom]ic ,zeus4 ,8    
dome/ic life 9 ! society ( 8 consort    
,indrani is describ$499999999999999 ,:5 
he is />t+ = ! w>1 ,indrani calls him   
back1 & gives him a /irrup-cup ( soma4  
,he & %e qu>rel v naturally ab\t 8 pet  
monkey49999999999999999  ,9 ?is brief   
sket*1 :i* is n ev5 a summ>y1 we h %[n  
h[ mu* ( ! irrational elem5t1 h[ mu*1   
too1 ( ! humor\s elem5t1 !re is 9 ! my?s
 ab\t ,indra4 ,he is a drunk>d1 :o gulps
 d[n cask1 spigot &                     
all4999999999999999999       99 ,comp>e 
,rig-,v$a1 iv4 #bga4       9999 ,zool4  
,my?41 i4 #dad4       999999 ii4 #ha4   
99999999 ,rig- ,v$a1 i4 #ea1 #ac4       
9999999999 ,ibid41 viii4 #b1 #dj4       
999999999999 ,ibid41       999999999999 

,ibid41 iii4 #dh1 #d4                   
99999999999999 ,ibid1 #ec1 #d-f2 vii4   
#ah1 #b4       9999999999999999 ,ibid41 
x4 #hf4       999999999999999999 ,ibid4 
#aaf4  ,he is an adult]] & a %ape-%ift]1
 l all m$ic9e-m5 & savage sorc]]s4 ,he  
is born along ) ! %eep f ! brea/ ( a va/
 non-natural be+1 l ,ymir 9 ,sc&9avian  
my?2 he metamorphoses himself into a ram
 or a woman2 he r5ds asund] 8 fa!r & "m1
 heav5 & e>?2 he kills 8 fa!r imm$iately
 aft] 8 bir?1 or he is mortal1 b has    
atta9$ heav5 by d9t ( magic1 by au/]e   
f]v\r4 ,n[ our argum5t is t ^! & su* z  
^! incongru\s & irrational p>ts (       
,indra's leg5d h no necess>y or natural 
connection ) ! wor%ip ( him z a         
nature-god1 an elem5tal deity1 a p[] (  
sky & /orm1 z civilis$ m5 conceive /orm 
& sky4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! leg5ds1 ( :i*   
pl5ty ( savage p>allels h be5 adduc$1   
are obvi\sly en\gh survivals f ! savage 
intellectual my?s1 9 :i* sorc]]s1 ) _!  
absurd p[]s1 are almo/ on a level )     
gods4 ,& our !ory is1 t ! irrational "p 

( ,indra's leg5d became atta*$ to !     
figure ( an elem5tal div9ity1 a         
nature-god1 at ! p]iod :5 savage m5     
my?ically attribut$ to _! gods !        
qualities :i* 7 claim$ by ! mo/         
illu/ri\s among !mselves1 by _! sorc]]s 
& *iefs4 ,9 ! ,v$as ! nature-god has n q
 dis5gag$ himself f ^! old savage       
attributes1 :i* to civilis$ m5 seem s   
irrational4 ,trail+ cl\ds ( any?+ b     
glory does ,indra come f heav51 :i* is 8
 home4 ,if ! irrational elem5t 9 ! leg5d
 ( ,indra 0 nei!r a survival (1 nor a   
loan f1 savage fancy1 :y does x tally ) 
! my?s ( savages8  ,! o!r ,adityas1     
/rictly s call$ 7= mo/ gods are /yl$    
,adityas n[ & !n by way ( complim5t71   
ne$ n deta9 u4 ,we g on to consid] !    
celebrat$ soma4  ,soma is "o ( ! mo/    
s+ul> deities ( ! ,indo-,aryans4        
,orig9ally ,soma is ! intoxicat+ juice (
 a c]ta9 plant499 ,! wond]ful p]sonify+ 
p[] ( ! e>ly imag9ation c h>dly be bett]
 illu/rat$ ?an by ! deification ( ! soma
 juice4 ,we are accu/om$ to he> 9 !     

ma]*5 or peasant my?s ( ,scot*1         
,russian1 ,zulu & o!r races1 ( drops (  
blood or spittle :i* possess human      
faculties & intellig5ce1 & :i* c reply1 
= example1 to que/ions4 ,!              
p]sonification ( ! soma juice is an     
in/ance ( ! same ex]cise ( fancy on a   
mu* gr&] scale4 ,all ! hymns 9 ! n9?    
book ( ! ,rig- ,v$a1 & _m o!rs 9 o!r    
places1 are address$ to ! milk-l juice (
 ?is plant1 :i*1 :5 p]sonifi$1 holds a  
place almo/ z high z t ( ,indra 9 !     
,indo-,aryan ,olympus4 ,! sacr$ plant 0 
br\ght to m5 f ! sky or f a m\nta9 by a 
hawk1 or by ,indra 9 guise ( a hawk1 j z
 fire 0 br\ght to o!r races by a        
b5evol5t bird1 a rav5 or a c[4 ,accord+ 
to ! ,ait>eya ,brahmana 7ii4 #ei71 !    
gods b\ght "s f ! ,g&h>vas 9 ex*ange =  
"o ( _! own numb]1 :o 0 metamorphos$    
into a woman1 a big nak$ woman ( easy   
virtue4 ,9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana19999 ! 
gods1 :ile /ill !y liv$ on e>?1 desir$  
to obta9 soma1 :i* 0 !n 9 ! sky4        
99 ,z to ! true nature & home ( ! soma  

plant1 see a      discussion 9 !        
,academy1 #ahhe4       9999 ,muir1 v4   
#bfc4  ,a ,g&h>va robb$ ! div9e be+ :o  
_h fl[n up & seiz$ ! soma1 &1 z 9 !     
,ait>eya ,brahmana1 ! gods won ! plant  
back by ! aid ( ,va*1 a woman-envoy to !
 amor\s ,g&h>vas4 ,! ,black ,yajur ,v$a 
has "s ridicul\s leg5ds ab\t ,soma      
7p]sonifi$7 & 8 ?irty-?ree wives1 _!    
jeal\sies1 & s =?4 ,soma1 9 ! ,rig-     
,v$a1 is n only ! bev]age t inspires    
,indra1 b is also an an?ropomorphic god 
:o creat$ & light$ up ! sun199 & :o     
drives ab\t 9 a *>iot4 ,he is sometimes 
address$ z a k9d ( ,atlas1 :o keeps     
heav5 & e>? asund]49999 ,he is pray$ to 
=give ! violations ( 8 law4999999 ,soma1
 9 %ort1 z a p]sonifi$ p[]1 wants little
 ( ! attributes ( a supreme             
deity499999999  ,ano!r1 & to mod]n ideas
 mu* m poetical p]sonifi$ p[]1 (t5      
m5tion$ 9 ! ,v$as1 is ,u%as1 or ! dawn4 
,z among ! ,au/ralians1 ! dawn is a     
woman1 b a v diff]5t be+ f ! immode/    
girl dress$ 9 r$ kang>oo-sk9s ( ! ,murri

 my?4 ,%e is an active maid51           
:o9999999999 advances1 *]i%+ all ?+s2 %e
 ha/5s on1 ar\s+ foot$ creatures1 &     
makes ! birds fly al(t4444 ,! fly+ birds
 no long] re/ aft] ?y dawn+1 ,o br+] (  
food 7874 ,%e has yok$ h] horses f !    
remote ris+-place ( ! sun4444 ,respl5d5t
 on ?y massive c>1 he> our invocations4 
,u%as is l a fair girl adorn$ by h]     
"m4444 ,%e has be5 beheld l ! bosom ( a 
bright maid54444       99 ,rig- ,v$a1   
vi4 #dd1 #bc4       9999 ,ibid41 #dd1   
#bd4       999999 ,ibid41 viii4 #dh1 #i4
       99999999 ,b]gaigne1 i4 #baf4     
,to me x seems t ! ,ri%is      :5 hymn+ 
,soma simply gave him all ! pr$icates ( 
,god      t came into _! heads4   ,cf4  
,b]gaigne1 i4 #bbc4       99999999      
,rig-,v$a1 i4 #dh4  ,born aga9 & aga9   
?\gh anci5t1 %9+ ) an ev] uni=m hue1 %e 
wa/e? away ! life ( mortals4 ,%e is !   
si/] ( ,night1 & ! bright sun is h]     
*ild4 ,!re is no m pure poetry 9 ! ,v$ic
 collections ?an t :i* celebrates !     
dawn1 ?\gh ev5 "h ! ,ri%is are n        

oblivi\s ( ! rew>ds paid to !           
sacrificial prie/s499 ,dawn is some:at  
ak9 to ! ,hom]ic ,eos1 ! goddess ( !    
gold5 ?rone19999 %e :o lov$ a mortal &  
bore him away1 = 8 beauty's sake1 to    
dwell ) ! immortals4 ,once ,indra1 act+ 
) ! brutality ( ! ,hom]ic ,ares1 *>g$   
aga9/ ! c> ( ,u%as & ov]?rew x4999999   
99 ,rig- ,v$a1 i4 #dh1 #d4       9999   
,ibid41 i44 #dh1aj4       999999 ,ibid41
 iv4 #cj1 #h2 ,ait ,br41 iv4 #i4  ,9 h] 
leg5d1 h[ev]1 we f9d little b pure      
poetry1 & we d n "k t ,u%as1 l ,eos1 ev]
 *ose a mortal lov]4 ,su* is ! ,v$ic    
,u%as1 b ! ,brahmanas1 z usual1 manage  
ei!r to reta9 or to revive & introduce !
 old crude elem5t ( my?4 ,we h se5 t !  
,au/ralians acc\nt to !mselves = ! ruddy
 gl[ ( ! morn+ sky by ! hypo!sis t dawn 
is a girl ( easy virtue1 dress$ 9 ! r$  
opossum-sk9s %e has receiv$ f h] lov]s4 
,9 a simil> _s ! ,ait>eya ,brahmana 7iv4
 #i7 (f]s brief & *ildi% aetiological   
my?s to acc\nt = a numb] ( natural      
ph5om5a4 ,?us x expla9s ! /]ility (     

mules by say+ t ! gods once compet$ 9 a 
race2 t ,agni 7fire7 drove 9 a *>iot    
drawn by mules & scor*$ !m1 s t !y d n  
conceive4 ,b 9 ?is race ,u%as 0 drawn by
 r$ c[s2 h5ce aft] ! com+ ( dawn !re is 
a r$di% col\r4 ,! r$ c[s ( ! ,brahmana  
may pair (f ) ! r$ opossums ( !         
,au/ralian imag9ation4  ,we n[ approa* a
 c\ple ( deities ^: "*1 z f> z su* %ad[y
 ?+s c be said to h any "* at all1 is   
pleas+ & fri5dly4 ,! ,asv9s correspond 9
 ,v$ic my?ology to ! ,dioscuri1 ! ,ca/or
 & ,polydeuces ( ,greece4 ,!y1 l !      
,dioscuri1 are tw9s1 are horsem51 & _!  
leg5d repres5ts !m z k9dly & helpful to 
m5 9 di/ress4 ,b :ile ! ,dioscuri /& =? 
9 ,greek leg5d z cle>ly & fairly fa%ion$
 z two "y knights ( ! ,pana!naic        
procession1 ! ,asv9s %[ z bright &      
=mless z melt+ wrea?s ( mi/4  ,! orig9 (
 _! "n has be5 inve/igat$ by !          
comm5tator ,yaska1 :o quotes sundry     
v]ses to prove t ! two ,asv9s belong    
toge!r 7sic7499 ,! etymology ( ! "n is !
 subject1 z usual1 ( v>i\s conjectures4 

,x has be5 d]iv$ f ,asva1 a horse1 f !  
root z1 to p]vade1 & expla9$ z a        
patronymic f ,asva1 ! sun4 ,! nature ( !
 ,asv9s puzzl$ ! ,indian comm5tators no 
less ?an _! "n4 ,:o1 !n1 are ^! ,asv9s8 
,heav5 & e>?1 say "s49999       99 ,max 
,muell]1 ,lectures on ,language1 ii4    
#ecf4       9999  ,yaska 9 ! ,nirukta1  
xii4 #a4   ,see ,muir1 v4 #bcd4  ,! "s  
:o held ?is op9ion reli$ on an          
etymological guess1 ! d]ivation f z to  
p]vade 4 ,o!rs incl9$ to expla9 ! ,asv9s
 z day & night1 o!rs z ! sun & moon1    
o!rs--,indian euhem]i/s--z two real k+s1
 n[ dead & gone4 ,pr(essor ,ro? ?9ks !  
,asv9s conta9 an hi/orical elem5t1 & are
 ! e>lie/ br+]s ( light 9 ! morn+ sky4  
,mr4 ,max ,muell] seems 9 fav\r ( ! two 
twilights4 ,z to ^! & alli$ modes (     
expla9+ ! two gods 9 connection )       
physical ph5om5a1 ,muir writes ?us3 ,?is
 allegorical me?od ( int]pretation seems
 unlikely to be correct1 z x is         
difficult to suppose t ! ph5om5a 9 "q   
%\ld h be5 allud$ to "u su* a v>iety (  

names & circum/ances4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 
to be m probable t ! ,ri%is m]ely ref]  
to c]ta9 leg5ds :i* 7 popul>ly curr5t ( 
int]v5tions ( ! ,asv9s 9 behalf ( !     
p]sons ^: names are m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,v$a99
 ! ,asv9s are repres5t$ z liv+ 9        
frat]nal poly&ry1 ) b "o wife1 ,surya1 !
 daught] ( ! sun1 betwe5 !m4 ,!y are    
?\ght to h won h] z ! prize 9 a         
*>iot-race1 accord+ to ! comm5tator     
,sayana4 ,! "t ( _! appe>ance is prop]ly
 ! e>ly dawn1 :5 !y receive ! (f]+s ( _!
 vot>ies49999 ,:5 ! d>k 7night7 /&s     
among ! tawny c[s1 ,i invoke y1 ,asv9s1 
sons ( ! sky4999999 ,!y are address$ z  
"y1 beautiful1 fleet1 & ! foes ( evil   
spirits4       99 ,rig- ,v$a1 i4 #aai1  
#b2 i4 #aai1 #e2 x4 #ci1 #aa 7874       
9999 ,muir1 v4 #bch4       999999       
,rig-,v$a1 x4 #fa1 #d4  ,!re c be no    
d\bt t1 :5 ! ,v$as 7 compos$1 ! ,asv9s  
%one & wav]$ & 7 eclips$ among ! bright 
& cl\dy ?rong ( gods1 !n contemplat$ by 
! ,ri%is or sacr$ s+]s4 ,:e!r !y _h f ! 
beg9n+ an elem5tal orig91 & :at t orig9 

exactly 01 or :e!r !y 7 m]ely end[$ by !
 fancy ( poets ) v>i\s elem5tal & sol>  
attributes & functions1 x may be        
impossible to asc]ta94 ,_! leg5d1       
mean:ile1 is replete ) features famili> 
9 o!r my?ologies4 ,z to _! bir?1 ! ,rig-
 ,v$a has ! foll[+ s+ul> anecdote1 :i*  
rem9ds "o ( ! cl\d-bride ( ,ixion1 & ( !
 woman ( cl\ds & %ad[s t 0 sub/itut$ =  
,hel5 ( ,troy3 ,tva%tri makes a w$d+ = 8
 daught]4 ,he>+ ?is1 ! :ole _w assembl$4
 ,! "m ( ,yama1 ! w$d$ wife ( ! great   
,vivasvat1 disappe>$4 ,!y conceal$ !    
immortal bride f mortals4 ,mak+ ano!r ( 
l appe>ance1 !y gave h] to ,vivasvat4   
,s>anyu bore ! two ,asv9s1 & :5 %e _h   
done s1 des]t$ ! tw9s499 ,! old         
comm5tators expla9 by a leg5d 9 :i* !   
daught] ( ,tva%tri1 ,s>anyu1 took on !  
%ape ( a m>e4 ,vivasvat foll[$ h] 9 ! =m
 ( a horse1 & %e became ! "m ( ! ,asv9s1
 sons ( ! horse1 :o m or less correspond
 to ,ca/or & ,pollux1 sons ( ! swan4 ,! 
,greeks 7 well acqua9t$ ) local my?s ( !
 same sort1 accord+ to :i*1 ,poseidon1 9

 ! =m ( a horse1 _h become ! p>5t ( a   
horse by ,demet] ,er9nys 7,s>anyu871 !n 
9 ! %ape ( a m>e4 ,! ,phigaleians1 among
 :om ?is tale 0 curr5t1 wor%ipp$ a /atue
 ( ,demet] 9 a woman's %ape ) a m>e's   
head4 ,! same tale 0 told ( ,cronus &   
,philyra49999 ,?is my? ( ! bir? ( gods1 
:o are laud$ z ,asv9s sprung f a        
horse1999999 may be ! result ( a m]e    
volks etymologie4       99 ,rig-,v$a1 x4
 #ag1 #a-b2 ,b]gaigne1 ii4 #hjf1 #cah4  
9999 ,pausanias1 viii4 #be2 ,virgil1    
,georgia1 iii4 #ia2 ,muir1 v4      #abh4
   ,see *apt] on ,greek ,div9e ,my?s1   
,demet]4       999999 ,muir1v4 #bbh4    
,"s "o may h ask$ himself :at ! ^w      
,asv9s meant2 may h r5d]$ x sprung f a  
horse1 & may ei!r h inv5t$1 by way (    
explanation1 a /ory l t ( ,cronus &     
,philyra1 or may h adapt$ su* a /ory1   
already curr5t 9 folk-lore1 to 8        
purpose2 or ! my? may be e>ly1 & a m]e  
example ( ! preval5t my?ical fa%ion :i* 
draws no l9e betwe5 gods & bea/s & m54  
,x w probably be admitt$ t ?is & simil> 

tales prove ! exi/5ce ( ! savage elem5t 
( my?ology among ! ,aryans ( ,india1    
:e!r x be borr[$1 or a survival1 or an  
imitative revival4  ,! ,asv9s 7 usually 
b5efactors ( m5 9 e sort ( /rait &      
tr\ble4 ,a quail ev5 invok$ !m 7,mr4    
,max ,muell] ?9ks ?is quail 0 ! dawn1 b 
! ,asv9s 7 some?+ l ! dawn already71 &  
!y rescu$ h] f ! jaws ( a wolf4 ,9 ?is  
respect1 & 9 _! beauty & y\?1 !y answ]  
to ,ca/or & ,pollux z describ$ by       
,!ocritus4 ,succ\r]s are !y ( m5 9 ! v  
?ick ( p]il1 & ( horses madd5$ 9 !      
bloody press ( battle1 & ( %ips t1 defy+
 ! sett+ & ! ris+ ( ! />s 9 heav51 h    
enc\nt]$ ! p]il\s brea? ( /orms499      
99 ,!oc4 ,idyll1 xxii4 i4 #ag4  ,a few  
examples ( ! fri5dl9ess ( ! ,asv9s may  
be select$ f ! long li/ giv5 by ,muir4  
,!y r5ew$ ! y\? ( ,kali4 ,aft] ! leg (  
,vispala _h be5 cut (f 9 battle1 !      
,asv9s sub/itut$ an iron leg6 ,!y re/or$
 sight to ,rijrasva1 :om 8 fa!r _h bl9d$
 because1 9 an access ( altruism1 he _h 
giv5 "o hundr$ & "o %eep to a hungry    

%e-wolf4 ,! %e-wolf h]self pray$ to !   
,asv9s to succ\r h] b5efactor499 ,!y    
drew ! ,ri%i ,rebha out ( a well4 ,!y   
made w9e & liquors fl[ f ! ho( ( _! own 
horse49999 ,mo/ ( ! p]sons rescu$1 quail
 & all1 are int]pret$1 ( c\rse1 z       
semblances ( ! dawn & ! twilight4       
,gold/uck] says !y are among ! deities  
=c$ by ,pr(essor ,muell] to support 8   
dawn-!ory4 ,m4 ,b]gaigne also leans to !
 !ory ( physical ph5om5a4 ,:5 ! ,asv9s  
re/ore sight to ! bl9d ,kanva1 he sees  
no reason to d\bt t ! bl9d ,kanva is !  
sun dur+ ! night1 or ,agni or ,soma is  
concealm5t4 ,a pro( ( ?is he f9ds 9 !   
/atem5t t ,kanva is d>k2 to :i* we might
 reply t d>k is /ill a synonym = bl9d   
among ! poor4999999       99 ,rig- ,v$a1
 i4 #aaf1 #af4       9999 ,ibid41 i4    
#aaf1 #g4       999999 ,b]gaigne1 ,rel4 
,v$41 ii4 #dfj1 #dfe4  ,m4 ,b]gaigne's  
f9al hypo!sis is t ! ,asv9s may be      
assimilat$ to ! two celebrants :o 9 !   
beg9n+ seem$ to repres5t ! t]re/rial &  
cele/ial fires4 ,b ?is orig91 he says1  

ev5 if correctly conjectur$1 _h long be5
 =gott54  ,beyond ! c]ta9ty t ! ,asv9s  
repres5t ! elem5t ( k9dly & heal+ p[]s1 
z commonly conceiv$ ( 9 popul>          
my?ology--= example1 9 ! leg5ds ( !     
sa9ts--!re is really no?+ c]ta9 or      
def9ite ab\t _! orig9al mean+4  ,a god )
 a bett] def9$ & m recognisable dep>tm5t
 is ,tva%tri1 :o is 9 a vague k9d ( way 
! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,greek ,hephae/us4 ,he   
%>p5s ! axe ( ,brahmanaspiti1 & =ges !  
bolts ( ,indra4 ,he also be/[s (fspr+1  
is a k9d ( male ,aphrodite1 & is ! %ap] 
( all =ms human & animal4 ,s>anyu is 8  
daught]4 ,pr(essor ,kuhn connects h] ) !
 /orm-cl\d1 ,mr4 ,max ,muell] ) !       
dawn499 ,h] w$d+ 9 ! =m ( a m>e to      
,vivasvat 9 ! guise ( a horse has       
already be5 spok5 ( & discuss$4         
,tva%tri's relations ) ,indra1 z we h   
%[n1 are occasionally ho/ile2 !re is a  
blood-feud betwe5 !m1 z ,indra slew     
,tva%tri's ?ree-head$ son1 f ^: blood   
sprang two p>tridges & a sp>r[49999  ,! 
,m>uts are said to be gods ( ! tempe/1 (

 lightn+1 ( w9d & ( ra94 ,_! names1 z   
usual1 are tortur$ on v>i\s by !        
etymologi/s4 ,mr4 ,max ,muell] connects 
,m>uts ) ! roots m>1 to p\nd1 & ) !     
,roman w>-god ,m>s4 ,o!rs ?9k ! root is 
m>1 to %9e4 ,b5fey999999 says t ! ,m>uts
 7_! "n be+ d]iv$ f m>1 'to die'7 are   
p]sonfications ( ! s\ls ( ! dep>t$4     
99 ,max ,muell]1 ,lectures on ,language1
 ii4 #ecj4       9999 ,muir1 v4 #bbd1   
#bcc4       999999 ,ibid41 v4 #adg4  ,_!
 numb]s are v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,!y are !  
sons ( ,rudra & ,prisni4 ,rudra z a     
bull1 accord+ to a tale told by ,sayana1
 begat ! ,m>uts on ! e>?1 :i* took !    
%ape ( a c[4 ,z 9 simil> cases1 we may  
suppose ?is ei!r to be a survival or    
revival ( a savage my? or a m]ely       
symbolical /atem5t4 ,!re are traces (   
rivalry betwe5 ,indra & ! ,m>uts4 ,x is 
beyond "q t ! ,ri%is reg>d !m z elem5t>y
 & ma9ly z /orm-gods4 ,:e!r !y 7        
orig9ally gho/s 7l ! ,au/ralian ,mr>ts1 
:]e ! "n tempts ! wild] k9d (           
etymologi/s71 or :e!r !y are p]sonifi$  

w9ds1 or1 aga91 w9ds conceiv$ z p]sons  
7:i* is n q ! same ?+71 x is difficult1 
& p]haps impossible1 to det]m9e4  ,?\gh 
div]s ( ! ,v$ic gods h acquir$ sol>     
*>act]i/ics1 !re is a regul> special    
sun-deity 9 ! ,v$a1 nam$ ,surya or      
,savitri4 ,he answ]s to ! ,helios ( !   
,hom]ic hymn to ! sun1 conceiv$ z a     
p]sonal be+1 a =m :i* he /ill reta9s 9 !
 fancy ( ! ,greek isl&]s499 ,surya is   
sometimes spok5 ( z a *ild ( ,aditi's or
 ( ,dyaus & ,u%as is 8 wife1 ?\gh %e    
also lives 9 ,sp>tan poly&ry ) ! ,asv9  
tw9s49999 ,l ,helios ,hyp]ion1 he       
beholds all ?+s1 ! good & evil de$s (   
mortals4 ,he is (t5 involv$ 9 language (
 religi\s f]v\r4999999 ,! ,engli% read] 
is apt to confuse ,surya ) ! female be+ 
,surya4 ,surya is reg>d$ by ,grassmann &
 ,ro? z a fem99e p]sonification ( !     
sun499999999 ,m4 ,b]gaigne looks on     
,surya z ! daught] ( ! sun or daught] ( 
,savitri1 & ?us z ! dawn4 ,savitri is ! 
sun1 gold5-hair$ & gold5-h&$4 ,f !      
,satapa?a ,brahmana9999999999 x appe>s t

 p 7 apt to id5tify ,savitri )          
,prajapati4999999999999       99 ,b5t's 
,cyclades4       9999 ,rig- ,v$a1 vii4  
#ge1 #e4       999999 ,muir1 v4         
#aee-afb4       99999999 ,b]gaigne1 ii4 
#dhf4       9999999999 xiii4 #c1 #e1 #a4
       999999999999 ,! v /range &       
important p]sonage ( ,prajapati      is 
discuss$ 9 ! *apt] on ,indian           
,cosmogonic ,my?s4  ,^! bl5d+s ( v>i\s  
conceptions & ( philosophic sy/ems )    
e>ly traditions h n[ be5 illu/rat$ z f> 
z our space w p]mit4 ,! natural         
conclusion1 aft] a rapid view ( ,v$ic   
deities1 seems to be t !y are extremely 
composite *>act]s1 visible only 9 !     
%ift+ rays ( ! ,indian fancy1 at a p]iod
 :5 ! peculi> qualities ( ,indian ?\ght 
7 already suffici5tly decl>$4 ,! lights 
( rituali/ic dogma & ( pan!i/ic & my/ic 
& poetic emotion fall 9 turn1 l !       
*angeful hues ( sunset1 on figures z    
melt+ & %ift+ z ! cl\ds ( ev5+4 ,yet ev5
 to ^! vague %apes ( ! div9e !re cl+s1 z
 we ?9k has be5 %[n1 some:at ( _! olde/ 

raim5t1 some?+ ( ! e>ly fancy f :i* we  
suppose !m to h float$ up ages be=e !   
,v$as 7 compil$ 9 _! pres5t =m4 ,if ?is 
view be correct1 ,v$ic my?ology does by 
no means repres5t :at is primitive &    
e>ly1 b :at1 9 ord] ( developm5t1 is    
late1 is peculi>1 & is m>k$ ) ! m>k ( a 
religi\s t5d5cy z /rongly national &    
*>act]i/ic z ! pure/ ,semitic mono!ism4 
,?us ! ,v$a is n a fair />t+-po9t = a   
sci5ce ( religion1 b is r1 9 spite ( its
 antiquity1 a tempor>y ?\gh advanc$     
re/+-place 9 ! developm5t ( ,indian     
religi\s speculation & devotional       
s5tim5t499       99 ,9 ! *apt]s on      
,india ! translation ( ! ,v$a      us$  
is ,h]r ,ludwig's 7,prag1 #ahgf74 ,mu*  
is ow$ to ,mr4      ,p]ry's essay on    
,indra1 quot$ above4     ,,*apt]        
,,xviii4 ,,greek ,,div9e ,,my?s         
,gods 9 my?1 & ,god 9 religion--,!      
society ( ! gods      l t ( m5 9        
,hom]--,borr[$ elem5ts 9 ,greek         
belief--,zeus--,8 "n--,developm5t ( 8   
leg5d--,8      be/ial %apes             

expla9$--,zeus 9                        
religion--,apollo--,artemis--           
,dionysus--,a!ne--,aphrodite--,h]mes--,d
emet]--,_! names1      natures1 rituals 
& leg5ds--,conclusions4  ,9 ! gods (    
,greece1 :5 repres5t$ 9 ideal art & 9 ! 
be/ religi\s s5tim5t1 z reveal$ by poets
 & philosoph]s1 f ,hom] to ,plato1 f    
,plato to ,porphyry1 !re is some?+ truly
 human & truly div9e4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t !
 religion ( ,apollo1 ,a!ne1 ,artemis &  
,h]mes 01 9 _m respects1 an adoration   
direct$ to ! moral & physical qualities 
t are be/ & noble/4 ,aga91 ev5 9 ! olde/
 ,greek lit]ature1 9 ,hom] & 9 all t    
foll[s1 ! "n ( ! *ief god1 ,zeus1 might 
9 _m places be translat$ by our ^w      
,god499       99 ,po/ea1 ,zeus4  ,x is  
,god t takes f man half 8 virtue on !   
day ( slav]y2 x is ,god t gives to ea* 8
 lot 9 life1 & ensures t z 8 day is s   
%all 8 /r5g? be4 ,?is spiritual         
conception ( deity1 undiff]5tiat$ by    
%ape or attributes1 or ev5 by "n1       
decl>es itself 9 ! ,hom]ic t]ms         

7------------7 & 9 ! 7------7 (         
,h]odotus4 ,^! are spiritual =ces or    
t5d5cies rul+ ! _w1 & ^! conceptions are
 pres5t to ! m9d1 ev5 ( ,hom]1 ^:       
pictures ( ! gods are s ess5tially      
an?ropomorphic2 ev5 ( ,h]odotus1 9 all  
?+s s cauti\sly rev]5t 9 8 acceptation (
 ! popul> cre$s & rituals4 ,:5          
,socrates1 !re=e1 0 doom$ to dea? = 8   
!ories ( religion1 he 0 n condemn$ s mu*
 = hold+ a pure belief 9 a spiritual    
div9ity1 z = br++ t op9ion 7itself no   
new ?+7 into ! m>ketplace1 & !reby %ock+
 ! popul> religion1 on :i* dep5d$ !     
rites t 7 believ$ to pres]ve ! =tune ( !
 /ate4  ,x is difficult or impossible q 
to unravel ! tangl$ ?reads ( my?ical    
leg5d1 ( sac]dotal ritual1 ( local      
religion1 & ( ref9$ religi\s s5tim5t 9  
,greece4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ docum5ts1 !    
,hom]ic poems1 religi\s s5tim5t des]ts1 
9 mom5ts ( deep & s]i\s ?\ght1 !        
brilliant assembly ( ! ,olympians1 &    
takes refuge 9 t fa!rhood ( ! div9e aft]
 :i* all m5 ye>n499       99 ,odyssey1  

iii4 #dh4  ,yet1 ev5 9 ,pausanias1 9 !  
second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & /ill m
 9 ,plut>* & ,porphyry1 !re rema9s an   
awful acquiesc5ce 9 su* wild dogmas &   
sacr$ traditions z antiquity h&$ d[n4   
,we c h>dly det]m9e :e!r ev5 ,hom]      
actually believ$ 9 8 own turbul5t c[>dly
 ,ares1 9 8 own amor\s & caprici\s      
,zeus4 ,did ,hom]1 did any educat$      
,greek1 turn 9 8 ?\ghts1 :5 pa91 or     
sorr[1 or fe> fell on him1 to a hope 9 !
 help ( ,h]mes or ,a!ne8 ,he 0 ready to 
p]=m all _! rites & (f] all ! sacrifices
 due1 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r1 ev5 9   
su* a god-fe>+ man z ,nicias1 ?is       
ritualism meant m ?an a desire to fulfil
 all righte\sness1 & to gratify a       
religi\s s5tim5t 9 ! old traditional    
=ms4  ,9 exam9+ ,greek my?s1 !n1 x mu/  
be rememb]$ t1 l all my?s1 !y h f> less 
conc]n ) religion 9 its true guise--) ! 
ye>n+ aft] ! div9e :i* is n f> f any "o 
( u1 aft] ! ,god 9 :om we live1 & move1 
& h our be+--?an ) ! religio1 :i* is a  
tissue ( old b>b>\s fe>s1 misgiv+s1     

misappreh5sions4 ,! religion :i* reta9$ 
mo/ ( ! my?s 0 t anci5t sup]/ition :i*  
is afraid ( *ang+ ! luck1 & :i*1 !re=e1 
keeps up acts ( ritual t h lo/ _!       
significance 9 _! passage f a d>k &     
dateless pa/4 ,x 0 ! local prie/hoods ( 
demes & remote rural places t ma9ta9$ ! 
old usages ( ! anci5t tribes &          
k9dr$s--usages out ( keep+ ) ! m5tal    
condition ( ! spl5did city /ate1 or ) ! 
national s5tim5t ( ,hell5ism4 ,b _m ( ! 
old tales connect$ )1 & explanatory (1  
^! ritual practices1 aft] w9n+ _! way to
 ! my?ical1 z ,?ucydides says1 won _!   
way into lit]ature1 & meet u 9 ! odes ( 
,p9d>1 ! plays ( ,a,eschylus &          
,sophocles1 ! notes ( comm5tators1 & !  
apologetic ef=ts ( ,plut>* & ,porphyry4 
,x is ) ^! antique /ories t ! my?ologi/ 
is conc]n$4 ,b ev5 "h he ne$ n loose 8  
rev]5ce = ! nobl] aspects ( ! gods (    
,greece4 ,l ! ar*aeologi/ & excavator1  
he mu/ t\* ) c>eful h& ^!--             
,/range cl\d$ fragm5ts ( ! anci5t glory1
      ,late l+]]s ( ! company div9e2    

,= ev5 9 ru9 ( _! m>ble limbs      ,!y  
brea! ( t f> _w :]efrom !y came1      ,(
 liquid light & h>monies s]5e1      ,lo/
 halls ( heav5 & f> ,olympian air499    
,hom] & ,hesiod nam$ ! gods = ! ,greeks2
 s ,h]odotus ?\ght1 & con/ruct$ ! div9e 
g5ealogies4 ,?\gh ! gods 7 inf9itely    
old] ?an ,hom]1 ?\gh a few ( !m probably
 date f be=e ! sep>ation ( !            
,indo-,aryan & ,hell5ic /ocks1 x is     
c]ta9 t ,hom] & ,hesiod /]eotyp$1 to "s 
ext5t1 ! op9ions ab\t ! deities :i* 7   
curr5t 9 _! "t49999       99 ,erne/     
,my]s1 ,h]mes1 9 ,! ,judgm5t (          
,prome!us4       9999 ,z a pro( ( !     
,pre-,hom]ic antiquity ( ,zeus1 x has   
(t5 be5 notic$ t ,hom] makes ,a*illes   
pray to ,zeus (      ,dodona 7! ,zeus1  
accord+ to ,?rasybulus1 :o aid$         
,deucalion aft] ! deluge7 z ! ,pelasgian
 ,zeus 7,iliad1      xvi4 #bcc74        
,pelasgian may be reg>d$ z equival5t to 
pre-hi/oric ,greek 4 ,sophocles 7,tra*41
 #fe2 see ,s*olia/7      /ill speaks ( !
 ,selli1 ! prie/s ( ,dodonean ,zeus1 z  

m\nta9-dwell+ & c\*+ on ! e>? 4 ,!y     
reta9$1 x seems1 v primitive habits4 ,be
 x obs]v$      t ,a*illes has be5 pray+ 
= confusion & ru9 to !      ,a*aeans1 & 
s invokes ! deity ( an old]1 p]haps     
ho/ile1 race4 ,probably ! oak-oracle at 
,dodona1 !      message giv5 by ! s\nd (
 a go+ 9 ! tree-tops or      by ! doves1
 0 ev5 m anci5t ?an ,zeus1 :o1 on t     
!ory1 fell heir to ! rites ( a peasant  
oracle connect$      ) tree-wor%ip4     
,zeus1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 dwelt 9 !    
trunk ( ! oak tree 7cit$ by ,prell]1 i4 
#ih71 mu* z an      ,indian =e/-god     
dwells 9 ! peepul or any o!r tree4 ,x   
is r curi\s t1 accord+ to ,eu/a?ius     
7,iliad1      xvi4 #bcc71 ,pel>gicus1   
connect$ ) /orks1 0      sometimes      
writt5 = ,pelasgicus2 t !re 0 a ,dodona 
9      ,!ssaly1 & t /orks 7 sacr$ to !  
,!ssalians4  ,hesiod codifi$ c]ta9      
prie/ly & ,delphian !ories ab\t _! orig9
 & g5ealogies4 ,hom] m9utely describ$ _!
 politics & society4 ,8 description1    
h[ev]1 mu/ inevitably h t5d$ to develop 

a lat] scepticism4 ,:ile m5 liv$ 9 city 
/ates "u h]oic k+s1 ackn[l$g+ m or less 
! common sway ( "o k+ at ,argos or      
,myc5ae1 x 0 natural t ! gods 7:e!r 9 ! 
d>k backw>d ( "t ,greece knew a ,moral  
,creative ,be+ or n7 %\ld be conceiv$ z 
dwell+ 9 a simil> society1 ) ,zeus = _! 
,agamemnon1 a rul] supreme b n absolute1
 n safe f attempts at resi/ance &       
rebellion4 ,b :5 ,greek politics &      
society develop$ into a cr[d (          
republics1 ) no?+ answ]+ to a c]ta9     
imp]ial sway1 !n m5 mu/ h p]ceiv$ t !   
old div9e ord] 0 a m]e survival f ! "t  
:5 human society 0 simil>ly orda9$4 ,?us
 ,x5ophanes v e>ly proclaim$ t m5 _h    
made ! gods 9 _! own lik5ess1 z a horse1
 c\ld he draw1 w\ld design 8 deity 9    
equ9e semblance4 ,b ! detection by      
,x5ophanes ( ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy 9  
religion c\ld n acc\nt = ! in/9ct :i*   
made ,greeks1 l o!r peoples1 z ,ari/otle
 notic$1 figure _! gods n only 9 human  
%ape1 b 9 ! guise ( ! l[] animals4 ,= t 
zoomorphic elem5t 9 my? an explanation1 

z be=e1 w be s\ght 9 ! e>ly m5tal       
condition :i* takes no great di/9ction  
betwe5 man & ! bea/s4 ,! same me?od w   
expla91 9 _m cases1 ! o!r peculi>ly     
un-,hell5ic elem5ts 9 ,greek div9e my?4 
,yet "h1 too1 all[ance mu/ be made = !  
actual borr[+ ( rites & leg5ds f        
contigu\s peoples4  ,! ,greeks 7 an     
assimilative race4 ,! alphabet ( _! art 
!y obta9$1 z !y obta9$ _! writt5        
alphabet1 f ! k+doms ( ! ,ea/499 ,l !   
,romans1 !y readily recognis$ _! own    
gods1 ev5 "u ! b>b>\s & brutal disguises
 ( ,egyptian popul> religion2 &1 :ile   
recognis+ _! god "u an ali5 %ape1 !y may
 h tak5 ov] leg5ds ali5 to _! own       
national "*49999 ,aga91 we mu/ all[1 z 9
 ,india1 = my?s :i* are really late1 !  
inv5tions1 p]haps1 ( prie/s or          
oracle-mong]s4 ,b 9 mak+ ^! d$uctions1  
we mu/ rememb] t ! lat] my?s w\ld be    
m\ld$1 9 _m cases1 on ! anci5t models4  
,^! anci5t models1 !re is reason to     
suppose1 7 (t5 !mselves ( ! irrational &
 savage "* :i* has s frequ5tly be5      

illu/rat$ f ! traditions ( ! l[] races4 
,! eld] dyna/ies ( ,greek gods1 ,uranus 
& ,cronos1 ) _! adv5tures & _! fall1 h  
already be5 exam9$4999999       99      
,helbig1 ,hom]w*e ,epos cms dem         
,d5hmal]n4 ,p]rot &      ,*ipiez1 on    
,myc5aean art1 repres5t a lat] view4    
9999 ,on ! probable am\nt ( borr[+ 9    
,greek religion see      ,maury1        
,religions de la ,greece1 iii4 #gj-ge2  
,newton1 ,n9ete5?      ,c5tury1 #ahgh1  
p4 #cjf4   ,gruppe1 ,grie*4 ,culte u4   
,my!n41      pp4 #aec-afc       999999  
,greek ,cosmogonic ,my?s1 antea4        
,uranus may h be5 an anci5t sky-god1 l !
 ,samoy$ ,num1 depos$ by ,cronus1       
orig9ally1 p]haps1 "o ( ! deputy-gods1  
active :]e _! *ief is otiose1 :om we f9d
 9 b>b>ic !ology4 ,b ?is is m]e         
guess-"w4 ,we may n[ turn to ! deity :o 
0 ! ackn[l$g$ sov]eign ( ! ,greek       
,olympus dur+ all ! classical p]iod f ! 
date ( ,hom] & ,hesiod to ! e/abli%m5t (
 ,*ri/ianity4 ,we h to consid] ! leg5d (
 ,zeus4  ,x is necess>y fir/ to rem9d ! 

read] t all ! leg5ds 9 ! epic poems date
 aft] ! "t :5 an (ficial & national     
,olympus _h be5 arrang$4 ,probably _m   
tribal gods1 :o _h orig9ally no         
connection ) gods ( o!r tribes1 _h1 by  
,hom]'s age1 ?us accept$ places &       
relation%ips 9 ! ,olympic family4 ,ev5  
rude l[-born ,pelasgian deities may h   
be5 adopt$ into ! highe/ circles1 &     
fitt$ out ) a div9e p$igree 9 p]fect    
ord]4  ,to return to ,zeus1 8 bir? 7:e!r
 z ! elde/ or ! y\nge/ ( ! *ildr5 (     
,cronus7 has already be5 /udi$2 n[ we h 
to deal ) 8 exploits & 8 "*4  ,ab\t !   
mean+ ( ! "n ( ,zeus ! philologi/s seem 
m ?an commonly h>moni\s4 ,!y reg>d !    
,greek ,zeus z ! equival5t ( ! ,sanskrit
 ,dyaus1 ! bright "o1 a t]m = ! sky499  
99 ,max ,muell]1 ,select$ ,essays1 ii4  
#dai2 ,prell]1 ,gr4      ,my?41 i4 #ib4 
,he 0 especially wor%ipp$ on hill-tops  
7l ! ,aztec ra9-god72 = example1 on     
,i?ome1 ,p>nes1 ,ci?g]on1 & ! ,lycaean  
hill ( ,arcadia4 ,on ! ,arcadian m\nta91
 a c5tre ( ! /range/ & olde/ rites1 !   

prie/ ( ,zeus act$ z :at ! ,african     
races call a ra9mak]4 ,!re 0 on ! hill !
 sacr$ well ( ! nymph ,hagno1 "o ( !    
nurses ( ! *ild ,zeus4 ,9 "t ( dr\ght ! 
prie/ ( ,zeus (f]$ sacrifice & pray] to 
! wat] accord+ to ritual law1 & x w\ld  
be int]e/+ to "k :at x 0 t he sacrific$4
 ,he !n g5tly /irr$ ! well ) a b\gh f ! 
oak1 ! holy tree ( ! god1 & :5 ! wat] 0 
/irr$1 a cl\d arose l mi/1 :i* attract$ 
o!r cl\ds & caus$ ra94 ,z ! prie/ on a  
m\nta9 practically occupi$ a            
meteorological obs]vatory1 he probably  
did n p]=m ^! rites till he knew t a    
depression might be expect$ f "o qu>t]  
or ano!r499       99 ,see simil>        
examples ( popul> magic 9 ,g]vase (     
,tilbury1 ,otia ,imp]iidia2 ,liebre*t1  
ii4 #adf4   ,! citation      is due to  
,frell]1 i4 #ajb4  ,wond]ful feats (    
ra9-prophecy are done by ,au/ralian     
se]s1 accord+ to ,mrs4 ,langloh ,p>k] & 
o!rs4 ,z soon z we meet ,zeus 9 ,hom]1  
we f9d t he is look$ on1 n z ! sky1 b z 
! deity :o dwells 9 ! heights ( air1 &  

:o ex]cises supreme sway ov] all ?+s1   
includ+ /orm & w9d & cl\d4 ,he ca/s !   
lightn+ =? 7--------7 he ?und]s on high 
7--------71 he has d>k cl\ds = 8 cov]+  
7--------7 all ^! impos+ aspects he is  
religi\sly reg>d$ by p :o approa* him 9 
pray]4 ,^! aspects w\ld be readily      
expla9$ by ! !ory t ,zeus1 aft] hav+ be5
 ! p]sonal sky1 came to be ?\ght a      
p[]ful be+ :o dwelt 9 ! sky1 if we did n
 f9d su* be+s wor%ipp$ :]e ! sky is n   
yet ador$1 z 9 ,au/ralia4 ,mu* ! same   
occurr$ if1 z ,m4 ,masp]o po9ts out1 9  
,egypt ! animals 7 wor%ipp$ fir/1 & !n  
lat] ! gods suppos$ to be pres5t 9 !    
animals4 ,s ! sky1 a p]sonal sky1 0 fir/
 ador$1 lat] a god dwell+ 9 ! sky4 ,b x 
is less easy to %[ h[ ?is important     
*ange 9 op9ion took place1 if x really  
occurr$4 ,a philological !ory ( ! causes
 :i* produc$ ! *ange is set =? by ,mr4  
,ke>y 9 8 book ,primitive ,belief4 ,9 8 
op9ion ! sky 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ z a va/    
non-p]sonal ph5om5on1 ! bright          
?+7,dyaus74 ,b1 to adopt ! language (   

,mr4 ,max ,muell]1 :o appe>s to hold !  
same views1 ,dyaus ceas$ to be an       
expressive pr$icate2 x became a         
traditional "n299 x lo/ its radical     
mean+4 ,?us :]e a man _h orig9ally said1
 ,x ?und]s1 or r ,he ?und]s1 he came to 
say1 ,dyaus 7t is1 ! sky7 ?und]s4       
99 ,select ,essays1 ii4 #dai4  ,next    
,dyaus1 or r ! ,greek =m ,zeus1 almo/   
lo/ its mean+ ( ! sky1 & ! true s5se be+
 p>tially obscur$1 became a "n suppos$  
to indicate a p]son4 ,la/ly ! expression
 became ,zeus ?und]s1 ,zeus be+ reg>d$ z
 a p]son1 because ! old mean+ ( 8 "n1 ! 
sky1 0 =gott51 or almo/ =gott54 ,! nom5 
7"n7 has become a num5 7god74 ,z ,mr4   
,ke>y puts x1 ,! god /&s out z cle> &   
?9kable 9 virtue ( ?is "n z any liv+    
fri5d c be4 ,! :ole doctr9e resolves    
itself into ?is1 a ph5om5on orig9ally   
7accord+ to ! !ory7 consid]$ imp]sonal1 
came to be look$ on z p]sonal1 because a
 ^w surviv$ 9 colloquial expressions    
aft] x _h lo/1 or all b lo/1 its orig9al
 mean+4 ,z a result1 'all ! *anges &    

processes ( ! imp]sonal sky came to be  
spok5 ( z p]sonal actions p]=m$ by a    
p]sonal be+1 ,zeus4 ,! record ( ^!      
atmosph]ic processes on ?is !ory is !   
leg5d ( ,zeus4 ,:atev] is irrational &  
abom9able 9 ! conduct ( ! god is expla9$
 z orig9ally a simple /atem5t (         
meteorological ph5om5a4 ,zeus w$s 8 "m2 
t mu/ mean ! ra9 desc5ds on ! e>?1 f :i*
 x previ\sly arose 9 vap\r4 ,zeus w$s 8 
daught]1 t is1 ! ra9 falls on ! crop1   
:i* grew up f ! ra9y embrace ( sky &    
e>?4  ,"h !n we h ! philological !ory ( 
! p]sonality & conduct ( ,zeus4 ,to     
ourselves & ^? :o h foll[$ u ! sy/em w  
appe> to rev]se ! kn[n conditions ( !   
work+ ( ! human m9d among e>ly peoples4 
,on ! philological !ory1 man fir/ reg>ds
 ph5om5a 9 our mod]n way z imp]sonal2 he
 !n gives !m p]sonality z ! result ( a  
disease ( language1 ( a =getfulness ( ! 
s5se ( words4 ,?us ,mr4 ,ke>y writes3 ,!
 idea ( p]sonality z ap>t f matt] mu/ h 
be5 gr[+ m di/9ct :5 m5 c\ld attribute  
p]sonality to su* an ab/ract ph5om5on z 

! sky 4 ,:]e is ! di/9ctness 9 a        
conception :i* produces su* confusion8  
,we h se5 t z ! idea ( p]sonality       
becomes m di/9ct ! range ( its          
application becomes n>r[]1 n wid]4 ,!   
savage1 x has be5 ?\ght1 attributes     
p]sonality to ev]y?+ )\t exception4 ,z !
 idea ( p]sonality gr[s m di/9ct x      
necess>ily becomes less ext5sive1 till  
we )draw x f all b intellig5t human     
be+s4 ,?us we mu/ look = "s o!r         
explanation ( ! p]sonality ( ,zeus1     
suppos+ 8 "n to mean ! sky4 ,?is        
explanation we f9d 9 a survival ( !     
savage m5tal habit ( reg>d+ all ph5om5a1
 ev5 ! mo/ ab/ract1 z p]sons4 ,our !ory 
w receive confirmation f ! "* ( !       
p]sonality ( ,zeus 9 8 my?4 ,n only is  
he a p]son1 b 9 my?1 z di/9ct f         
religion1 he is a v savage p]son1 ) all 
! p[]s ( ! m$ic9e-man & all ! passions (
 ! b>b>ian4 ,:y %\ld ?is be s on !      
philological !ory8 ,:5 we exam9e ! leg5d
 ( ,zeus1 we %all see :i* explanation   
be/ meets ! difficulties ( ! problem4 ,b

 ! read] mu/ aga9 be rem9d$ t ! ,zeus ( 
my?1 9 ,hom] & else:]e1 is a v diff]5t  
be+ f ! ,zeus ( religion ( ,a*illes's   
pray]1 f ! ,zeus :om ! ,a!nians implor$ 
to ra9 on _! fields1 & f ! ,zeus :o 0 ! 
supreme be+ ( ! trag$ians1 ( !          
philosoph]s1 & ( lat] ,greece4  ,! e>ly 
c>e]1 la jeunesse orageuse1 ( ,zeus has 
be5 /udi$ already4 ,! *ild ( ,cronus &  
,rhea1 c\ntless places ass]t$ _! claim  
to be ! sc5e ( 8 bir?1 ?\gh ! ,cretan   
claim 0 mo/ popul>499       99 ,hesiod1 
,!og41 #dfh2 ,paus41 iv4 #cc1 #b4  ,9   
,crete too 0 ! grave ( ,zeus3 a sc&al to
 pi\s hea!ndom4 ,! euhem]i/s made ?is   
tomb a pro( t ,zeus 0 a deifi$ man4     
,prell] takes x = an allegory ( w9t] & !
 dea? ( ! god ( /orm1 :o 9 w9t] is      
especially active4 ,zeus n>r[ly escap$  
be+ swall[$ by 8 fa!r1 &1 aft] expell+ &
 m$iatis+ t deity1 he *ang$ 8 own wife1 
,metis1 into a fly1 swall[$ h]1 & 0     
deliv]$ out ( 8 own head ( ,a!ne1 ( :om 
8 wife _h be5 pregnant4 ,he n[ became   
rul] ( ! _w1 ) 8 bro!r ,poseidon =      

vic]oy1 s to speak1 ( ! wat]s1 & 8 bro!r
 ,hades = "l ( ! _w ( ! dead4 ,l ! e>li]
 ye>s ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 ! e>li] c5turies (
 ! exi/5ce ( ,zeus 7 giv5 up to a s]ies 
( am\rs1 by :i* he1 l ,*>les ,,ii41     
became ! fa!r ( _m noble families4 ,8   
legitimate wife 0 8 si/] ,h]a1 :om he   
s$uc$ be=e w$lock )\t ! k ( _! de>      
p>5ts1 says ,hom]199 :o neglects ! my? t
 "o ( ! de> p>5ts ate 8 own prog5y1 l   
him :o makes 8 g5]ation messes to gorge 
8 appetite4 ,h]a 0 a jeal\s wife1 & )   
good cause49999 ,! ,*ri/ian fa!rs       
calculat$ t he s[$ 8 wild oats &        
p]secut$ mortal wom5 ) 8 affections     
?r\gh sev5te5 g5]ations ( m54 ,8 am\rs )
 8 "m & daught]s1 ) ,deo & ,p]sephone1  
are ! great sc&als ( ,clem5s ,alex&r9us 
& ,arnobius4999999 ,zeus seldom made    
love 9 propria p]sona1 9 all 8          
meteorological pomp4 ,:5 he ?us gratifi$
 ,semele %e 0 burn$ to a c9d]499999999  
99 ,x is probable t ?is my? ( ! s$uction
 ( ,h]a is      ( ,samian orig91 & 0    
circulat$ to acc\nt = &      ju/ify !   

,samian cu/om by :i* m5 s$uc$ _! loves  
fir/ & celebrat$ ! m>riage aft]w>ds     
7,s*olia on      ,iliad1 xiv4 #bja74    
,o!rs say t ,samos 0 ! place      :]e   
,zeus betray$ ,h]a1 :5ce x comes t !    
,samians1      :5 !y g a-woo+1          
anticipate ! w$d+ fir/ 9      secret1 & 
!n celebrate x op5ly4 ,yet ano!r my?    
7,iliad1 xiv4 #bie1 ,s*olia/7 acc\nts = 
! hatr$ :i*      ,zeus display$ to      
,prome!us by ! fable t1 be=e h]         
w$d+ ) ,zeus1 ,h]a became ! "m (        
,prome!us by      ! giant ,eurym$on4    
,euphorion 0 ! au?ority = ?is      tale4
 ,yet ano!r v]sion occurs 9 ! leg5d (   
,hephae/us4   ,see also ,s*ol41 ,!oc41  
xv4 #fd4       9999 ,iliad1 xiv4 #cjg1  
#cdj4       999999 ,arnobius1 ,adv4     
,nat41 v4 #i1 :]e ! abom9ations         
describ$ defy repetition4 ,! my? ( a    
rock :i* became      ! "m ( ! (fspr+ (  
,zeus may recall ! mat]nal      fl9t (  
,aztec leg5d & ! vag>ies ( ,iroquois    
tradition4 ,comp>e ,clem5s ,alex41      
,ox=d1 #agai1 i4 #ac1 =      ! am\rs (  

,zeus1 ,deo & ,p]sephone1 ) _!          
repres5tations 9 ! my/]ies2 also        
,arnob41 ,adv4 ,c5t41      v4 #bj4 ,zeus
 adopt$ ! %ape ( a s]p5t 9 8 am\r )     
8 daught]4 ,an anci5t ,t>5t9e sacr$     
ditty is quot$ z      evid5ce1 ,taurus  
draconem g5uit1 et taurum draco1 &      
c]ta9 repulsive p]=mances ) s]p5ts 9 !  
my/]ies are additional te/imony4        
99999999 ,apollodorus1 iii4 #d1 #c4   ,!
 am\r ) ,danae1 :5 ,zeus became a %[] ( 
gold1 might be int]pret$ z a my? ( !    
yell[ sun%9e4 ,! am\rs ( ,zeus "u !     
disguise ( v>i\s animal =ms 7 mu* m     
usual1 & are famili> to all499 ,z       
,cronus :5 9 love metamorphos$ himself  
into a /allion1 z ,prajapati pursu$ 8   
own daught] 9 ! %ape ( a roebuck1 s     
,zeus became a s]p5t1 a bull1 a swan1 an
 eagle1 a dove19999 &1 to woo ! daught] 
( ,cletor1 an ant4 ,simil> disguises are
 adopt$ by ! sorc]]s among ! ,algonk9s =
 simil> purposes4 ,:5 ,pund-jel1 9 !    
,au/ralian my? ( ! ,pleiades1 0 9 love )
 a native girl1 he *ang$ himself into "o

 ( ^? grubs 9 ! b>k ( trees :i* !       
,blacks ?9k edible1 & succe$$ z well z  
,zeus did :5 he became an ant4999999    
99 ,! my?ologi/s1 z a rule1 l ! hea!n   
oppon5ts (      ,arnobius1 ,clem5s &    
,eusebius1 expla9 ! am\rs ( ,zeus      z
 allegories ( ! fruitful union ( heav5 &
 e>?1 (      ra9 & gra94 ,prell] also   
all[s = ! effects ( human      vanity1  
noble families insi/+ on trac+ !mselves 
to      gods4 ,on ! :ole1 says ,prell]1 
,zeugung 9 d] ,natur-      religion und 
,my?ologie1 dasselbe i/ 0 ,s*opfung ind5
      dei/is*5 ,religion5 7i4 #aaj74    
,d\btless all ^!      elem5ts come into 
! leg5d2 ! unions ( ,zeus ) ,deo      & 
,p]sephone especially h mu* ! air ( a   
nature-my?      told 9 an exce$+ly      
primitive & repulsive mann]4 ,!         
am\rs 9 animal %ape are expla9$ 9 ! text
 z 9 _m      cases survivals ( !        
totemi/ic belief 9 desc5t f      bea/s1 
sans phrase4       9999,lian41 ,hi/     
,vwr41 i4 #ae4       999999 ,dawson1    
,au/ralian ,aborig9es2 ,cu/om1 & ,my?1  

p4 #abf4  ,x is n improbable t !        
metamorphosis ( ,zeus into an ant is !  
result ( a volks-etymologie :i* d]iv$   
,myrmidons f 7------71 an ant4 ,ev5 9 t 
case ! conv]sion ( ! ant into an avat> (
 ,zeus w\ld be an example ( ! process ( 
gravitation or attraction1 :]eby a great
 my?ical "n & p]sonality attracts to    
itself float+ fables499 ,! rem>k (      
,clem5s on ?is la/ extraord9>y intrigue 
is sugge/ive4 ,! ,!ssalians1 he says1   
are reput$ to wor%ip ants because ,zeus 
took ! semblance ( an ant :5 he made !  
daught] ( ,cletor "m ( ,myrmidon4 ,:]e p
 wor%ip any animal f :om !y claim desc5t
 79 ?is case ?r\gh ,myrmidon1 ! ance/or 
( ! fam$ ,myrmidons71 we h an example ( 
/iraight =w>d totemism4 ,to acc\nt = !  
adoration ( ! animal on ! hypo!sis t x 0
 ! inc>nation ( a god1 is ! device :i*  
has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,egyptian z 9 ,samoan  
religion1 & 9 t ( aborig9al ,indian     
tribes1 ^: animal gods become sa9ts :5 !
 ,brahmans get a turn at !m49999  ,! mo/
 natural way ( expla9+ su* tales ab\t ! 

am\rs & animal metamorphoses ( s great a
 god1 is to sugge/ t ,zeus              
inh]it$1999999 z x 71 leg5ds ( a l[] "* 
long curr5t among sep>ate families & 9  
diff]5t localities4 ,9 ! same way1 :]e a
 /one _h be5 wor%ipp$1 ! /one 01 9 at   
lea/ "o in/ance1 dubb$ ) ! "n (         
,zeus499999999       99 ,clem5s1 p4 #hd4
       9999 ,see ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,risley on
 ,primitive ,m>riage 9 ,b5gal1      9   
,a/atic ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,june1 #ahhf4 
999999 ,9 ,pausanias's op9ion ,cecrops  
fir/ introduc$ !      belief 9 ,zeus1 ! 
mo/ highe/4       99999999 ,paus41 iii4 
#ba1 l2 b ! read+ is d\btful4  ,!       
tradition ( desc5t f ?is or t bea/ or   
plant has be5 %[n to be mo/ widely      
preval5t4 ,on ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( a    
high] fai? 9 a national deity1 ^!       
traditions1 x is presum$1 w\ld n :olly  
disappe>1 b w\ld be absorb$ into ! local
 leg5d ( ! god4 ,! v>i\s bea/s w\ld     
become sacr$ to him1 z ! %eep 0 sacr$ to
 ,h]a 9 ,samos1 accord+ to ,m&robulus199
 & images ( ! animals w\ld congregate 9 

8 temple4 ,! am\rs ( ,zeus1 !n1 are     
probably traceable to ! common habit (  
d]iv+ noble desc5ts f a god1 & 9 !      
g5ealogical n>rative old] totemi/ic &   
o!r local my?s f\nd a place49999 ,ap>t f
 8 intrigues1 ! y\? ( ,zeus 0 l t ( "s  
masqu]ad+ & w&]+ k+1 su* z ,james ,v4 9 
,scotl&4 ,?\gh ,plato1 9 ! ,republic1 is
 unwill+ t ! "y %\ld be taught h[ ! gods
 g ab\t disguis$ z /rang]s1 ?is 0 _!    
conduct 9 ! my?s4 ,?us we read (        
,lycaon & 8 fifty sons1 :om ,zeus       
,9 _! own h\se spi$ on1 & unaw>es       
,wat*+ at h&1 f 8 disguise arose1       
,& ov]set ! table :]e !y sat      ,ar\nd
 _! impi\s fea/1 & slew !m all4999999   
,clem5s ( ,alex&ria99999999 contra/s !  
human fe/ival ( ,zeus among ! ,e?iopians
 ) ! inhuman banquet (f]$ to him by     
,lycaon 9 ,arcadia49999999999       99  
,op4 ,clem4 ,alex41 i4 #cf4       9999  
,comp>e ,heyne1 ,obs]v4 9 ,apollodor41  
i4 #h1 #a4       999999 ,bridges1       
,prome!us ! ,firegiv]4       99999999   
,clem4 ,alex41 ,l #ca4       9999999999 

,paus41 viii4 #b1 l4  ,! p]man5ce (     
,arcadian human sacrifice has already   
be5 allud$ to1 & x is confirm$ by !     
sup]/ition t :oev] ta/$ ! human portion 
9 ! mess sacrific$ to ,zeus became a    
7-wolf1 resum+ 8 orig9al %ape if = t5   
ye>s he ab/a9$ f ! fle% ( m5499  ,a v   
qua9t /ory ( ! dome/ic tr\bles ( ,zeus 0
 curr5t 9 ,plataea1 :]e x 0 relat$ at ! 
fe/ival nam$ ,da$ala4 ,x 0 said t ,h]a1 
indignant at ! am\rs ( h] "l1 retir$ to 
,euboae4 ,zeus1 wi%+ to be reconcil$ to 
h]1 s\ght ! advice ( ,ci?a]on1 at t "t  
k+ ( ,plataea4 ,by 8 c\nsel ! god       
celebrat$ a %am m>riage ) a wood5 image1
 dress$ up to p]sonate ,plataea1 daught]
 ( ,asopus4 ,h]a flew to ! sc5e & tore !
 bridal veil1 :51 discov]+ ! trick1 %e  
laugh$1 & 0 reconcil$ to h] husb&49999  
,probably ?is leg5d 0 told to expla9 "s 
incid5t ( ritual or cu/om 9 ! fea/ ( !  
,da$ala1 & x is c]ta9ly a m innoc5t my? 
?an mo/ t 7 commemorat$ 9 local         
my/]y-plays4       99 ,! wolves connect$
 ) ! wor%ip ( ,zeus1 l 8      rams1     

goats1 & o!r animals1 are commonly      
expla9$ z      my?ical names = elem5tal 
ph5om5a1 cl\ds & /orms4      ,?us !     
ram's fleece1 7--------71 us$ 9 c]ta9   
expiatory      rites 7,hesy*41 s4 v41   
,lobeck1 p4 #ahc71 is presum$ by        
,prell] to be a symbol ( ! cl\d4 ,9 !   
same way 8      regis or goat-sk9 is !  
/orm-w9d or ! ?und]-cl\d4      ,!       
opposite view w be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor     
,rob]tson      ,smi?'s article on       
,sacrifice 9 ,encyc4 ,brit41 :]e !      
simil> totemi/ic rites ( ! l[] races are
 adduc$4 ,!      elem5tal !ory is set =?
 by ,de*>me1 ,my?ologie de la           
,grece ,antique 7,p>is1 #ahgi71 p4 #af4 
,= ! /orm-wolf1      see ,prell]1 i4    
#aja4 ,x seems a little curi\s t !      
wolf1 :i*1 on ! sol> hypo!sis1 0 a      
brilliant bea/      connect$ ) ! wor%ip 
( ! sun-god1 ,apollo ,lycaeus1          
becomes a cl\d or /orm-wolf :5 connect$ 
) ,zeus4 ,on      ! :ole subject ( ! use
 ( ! sk9s ( animals z      clo?+ ( ! god
 or ! m9i/rant1 see ,lobeck1            

,aglaoph41 pp4 #ahh-ahf1 & ,rob]tson    
,smi?1 op4 cit4       9999 ,paus41 ix4  
#c1 #a4  ,x 0 n only :5 he 0 en bonne   
=tune t ,zeus adopt$ ! guise ( a bird or
 bea/4 ,9 ! v anci5t temple ( ,h]a ne>  
,myc5ae !re 0 a great /atue ( ! goddess1
 ( gold & ivory1 ! "w ( ,polycletus1 &  
!re=e comp>atively mod]n4 ,9 "o h& !    
goddess held a pomegranate1 9 ! o!r a   
sceptre1 on :i* 0 p]*$ a cuckoo1 l !    
,lat9 woodpeck] ,picus on 8 wood5 po/4  
,ab\t ! pomegranate !re 0 a my? :i*     
,pausanias decl9es to tell1 b he does   
record ! my? ( ! cuckoo4 ,!y say t :5   
,zeus lov$ ! yet virg9 ,h]a1 he *ang$   
himself into a cuckoo1 :i* %e pursu$ &  
caught to be h] playmate4 ,pausanias    
admits t he did n believe ?is leg5d4    
,probably x 0 inv5t$ to acc\nt = !      
companion%ip ( ! cuckoo1 :i*1 l ! c[1 0 
"o ( ! sacr$ animals ( ,h]a4 ,my?s ( ?is
 class are probably lat] ?an ! p]iod 9  
:i* we presume ! div9e relation%ips (   
gods & animals to h pass$ out ( !       
totemi/ic into ! ,samoan condition (    

belief4 ,! m g5]al explanation is1 t !  
cuckoo1 z a symbol ( ! v]nal season1    
repres5ts ! heav5 9 its woo+ ( ! e>?4   
,on ! :ole1 z we h tri$ to %[1 !        
symbolic elem5t 9 my? is late1 & 0 meant
 to be explanatory ( rites & usages ^:  
orig9al significance 0 =gott54 ,x w\ld  
be unfair to assume t a god 0           
disrespectfully view$ by 8 e>lie/       
wor%ipp]s because aetiological1         
g5ealogical1 & o!r my?s1 cry/allis$ into
 8 leg5d4  ,an extremely wild leg5d (   
,zeus 0 curr5t among ! ,galatae1 :]e    
,pausanias expressly calls x a local    
my?1 diff]+ f ! ,lydian v>iant4 ,zeus 9 
8 sleep became1 by ! e>?1 fa!r ( ,attes1
 ,va be+ bo? male & female 9 8 nature4  
,agdi/is 0 ! local "n ( ?is enigmatic   
"*1 :om ! gods fe>$ & mutilat$4 ,f !    
blood grew up1 z 9 s _m my?s1 an almond 
tree4 ,! daught] ( ,sang>ius1 ,nana1    
plac$ "s ( ! fruit 9 h] bosom1 & !reby  
became pregnant1 l ! girl 9 ! ,kalewala 
by ! b]ry1 or ! "m ( ,huitzilopo*tli1 9 
,mexico1 by ! float+ fea!r4 ,! same set 

( ideas recurs 9 ,grimm's ,ma]*5        
,ma*&elhoom199 if we may suppose t 9 an 
old] =m ! junip] tree & its b]ries aid$ 
! miracul\s bir?49999 ,x is cu/om>y to  
see 9 ^! wild my?s a reflection ( !     
,phrygian religi\s tradition1 :i* leads 
up to ! bir? ( ,atys1 :o aga9 is        
id5tifi$ ) ,adonis z a h]o ( ! spr+ & ! 
reviv+ ye>4 ,b ! /ory has be5 introduc$ 
9 ?is place z an example ( ! mann] 9 :i*
 float+ my?s f all s\rces gravitate     
t[>ds "o great "n & p]sonality1 l t (   
,zeus4 ,x w\ld probably be errone\s to  
int]pret ^! & _m o!r my?s 9 ! va/ leg5d 
( ,zeus1 z if !y _h orig9ally &         
int5tionally describ$ ! ph5om5a ( !     
heav5s4 ,!y are1 m probably1 m]e        
accretions r\nd ! figure ( ,zeus        
conceiv$ z a p]sonal god1 a magnifi$    
non-natural man4999999       99  ,mrs4  
,hunt's translation1 i4 #ahg4       9999
  ,= p>allels to ?is my? 9 ,*9ese1      
,aztec1 ,indian1      ,phrygian & o!r   
languages1 see ,le ,fils de la ,vi]ge1  
by      ,m4 ,h4 de ,*>5cy1 ,havre1      

#ahgi4   ,see also ,les ,deux ,fr]es    
9 ,m4 ,masp]o's ,contes ,egyptians      
999999,z to ! ,agdi/is my?1 ,m4 de      
,*>5cy writes 7aft]      quot+ =ms ( !  
tale f all p>ts ( ! _w71      ,?is      
resemblance betwe5 diff]5t %apes ( !    
same      leg5d1 among nations sep>at$  
by su* expanses ( l& &      sea1 may be 
br\ght =w>d z an important pro( ( !     
antiquity ( ! my?1 z well z ( ! di/ant  
date at      :i* x began to be diffus$4 
,ano!r example ( local accretion is !   
fable t ,zeus1 aft] c>ry+ (f ,ganym$e to
 be 8 cupbe>]1 made atonem5t to ! royal 
family ( ,troy by ! pres5t ( a v9e (    
gold fa%ion$ by ,hephae/us499 ,! :ole ( 
! my? ( ,calli/o1 aga91 :om ,zeus lov$1 
& :o bore ,areas1 & lat] 0 *ang$ into a 
be>1 & aga9 into a />1 is cle>ly ( local
 ,arcadian orig94 ,if ! ,arcadians1 9 v 
remote times1 trac$ _! desc5t f a       
%e-be>1 & if !y also1 l o!r races1      
recognis$ a be> 9 ! con/ellation1 !y    
w\ld naturally mix up ^? fables lat] ) !
 leg5d ( ! all-p[]ful ,zeus49999        

99 ,s*olia on ,odyssey1 x,l #eba2       
,iliad1 xx4 #bcd2 ,eurip41      ,ore/es1
 #acib1 & ,s*olia/ quot+ ! ,little      
,iliad4       9999  ,comp>e ,c4 ,o4     
,muell]1 ,introduction to a ,sci5tific  
,sy/em ( ,my?ology1 ,london1 #ahhd1 pp4 
#af1ag2 ,pausaniaa1 i      #be1 #a1     
viii4 #ce1 #g4  ,s f> we h /udi$ "s ( ! 
details 9 ! leg5d ( ,zeus :i* did n     
conspicu\sly w9 _! way into ! national  
lit]ature4 ,! object has be5 to notice a
 few ( ! my?s :i* appe> ! mo/ anci5t1 & 
! mo/ truly native & orig9al4 ,^! are ! 
traditions pres]v$ 9 my/]y-plays1 tribal
 g5ealogies1 & temple leg5ds1 !         
traditions surviv+ f ! f> (f p]iod ( !  
village ,greeks4 ,x has already be5     
argu$1 9 con=mity ) ! op9ion ( ,c4 ,o4  
,muell]1 t ^! my?s are mo/ antique &    
?or\ghly local4 ,any attempt to expla9  
^! my?s 9 ord]1 su*1 = in/ance1 z we n[ 
f9d !m 9 ! collection ( ,apollodorus1 z 
a sy/em ( ?\ght & k1 mu/ prove a        
fruitless task4 ,equally useless is x to
 acc\nt = !m all z /ories orig9ally told

 to describe1 consci\sly or             
unconsci\sly1 or to expla9 any          
atmosph]ic & meteorological ph5om5a4    
,zeus is ! bright sky2 grant$1 b ! m5 :o
 told h[ he became an ant1 or a cuckoo1 
or celebrat$ a %am w$d+ ) a wood5 image1
 or (f]$ ,troy a gold5 v9e1 ! "w (      
,hephae/us1 l o!r articles ( jewell]y1 7
 n ?9k+ ( ! bright sky :5 !y repeat$ !  
/ory4 ,!y 7 m]ely /r5g!n+ "s anci5t     
family or tribal tradition by atta*+ x  
to ! "n ( a great1 p[]ful1 p]sonal be+1 
an immortal4 ,?is be+1 n ! elem5tal =ce 
t 0 ,zeus1 n ! p[] mak+ = righte\sness t
 is ,zeus1 n ! pure spiritual rul] ( !  
_w1 ! ,zeus ( philosophy1 is ! h]o ( !  
my?s t h be5 inve/igat$4  ,9 ! tales t  
actually won _! way into national       
lit]ature1 beg9n+ ) ,hom]1 !re is       
obs]vable ! s+ul> t5d5cy to comb9e1 9 "o
 figure1 ! highe/ religi\s ideas ) !    
fables ( a caprici\s1 & (t5 unju/ &     
lu/ful sup]natural be+4 ,tak+ ! my?s    
fir/1 _! contra/ ) ! religi\s conception
 ( ,zeus w be ! m rem>kable4  ,zeus is !

 k+ ( all gods & fa!r ( "s1 b he _c keep
 8 subjects & family always 9 ord]4 ,9 !
 fir/ book ( ! ,iliad1 ,a*illes rem9ds 8
 "m1 ! sea-nymph ,!tis1 h[ %e once      
rescu$ ! son ( ,cronus1 "l ( !          
/orm-cl\ds1 f %ameful wreck1 :5 all o!r 
,olympians w\ld h b\nd him1 ev5 ,h]a1 & 
,poseidon1 & ,pallas ,a!ne 4 ,!tis      
br\ght ! hundr$-h&$ ,bri>eus to ! help (
 ! outnumb]$ & ov]-ma/]$ ,zeus4 ,!n     
,zeus1 accord+ to ! ,s*olia/1 hung ,h]a 
out ( heav5 9 *a9s1 & gave ,apollo &    
,poseidon = slaves to ,laom$on1 k+ (    
,troy4 ,s lively 0 ! recollection ( ?is 
c\p d'etat 9 ,olympus1 t ,hephae/us     
implores ,h]a 78 "m 9 ,hom]7 n to ang]  
,zeus1 le/ ,i behold !e1 t art s de>1   
*a/is$ be=e m9e eyes1 & !n %all ,i n be 
able to save !e = all my sorr[499 ,he !n
 rem9ds ,h]a h[ ,zeus once toss$ him out
 ( heav5 7z ! ,ma/] ( ,life toss$       
,ata5tsic 9 ! ,iroquois my?71 & h[ he   
fell 9 ,lemnos1 & little life 0 left 9  
me4 ,! passage is (t5 int]pret$ z if !  
fall ( ,hephae/us1 ! fire-god1 7 a my? (

 lightn+2 b 9 ,hom] assur$ly ! incid5t  
has become ?or\ghly p]sonal1 & is told )
 mu* hum\r4 ,! (f5ce ( ,h]a 0 ! rais+ ( 
a magic /orm 7:i* %e c\ld d z well z any
 ,lapl& wit*7 & ! wreck+ ( ,h]acles on  
,cos4 ,= ?is %e 0 *a9$ & hung out (     
heav51 z on ! occasion already          
describ$49999       99 ,iliad1 i4 #ehg4 
9999 ,ibid41   #eij2    ,s*olia1   xiv4 
#bee4     ,!   my?      is   d]iv$   f  
,ph]ecydes4  ,! con/ant bick]+s betwe5  
,h]a & ,zeus 9 ! ,iliad are m]ely !     
reflection 9 ! upp] ,olympian _w ( ! w>s
 & jeal\sies ( m5 bel[4 ,ilios is at w> 
) ,argos & ,myc5ae1 !re=e ! *ief        
protect+ gods ( ea* city take "p 9 !    
/rife4 ,?is conception is connect$ ) !  
h]oic g5ealogies4 ,noble & royal        
families1 z 9 mo/ c\ntries1 feign$ a    
desc5t f ! gods4 ,x foll[$ t ,zeus 0 a  
p>tisan ( 8 *ildr51 t is1 ( ! royal     
h\ses 9 ! t[ns :]e he 0 ! mo/ fav\r$    
deity4 ,?us ,h]a :5 %e sid$ ) ,myc5ae _h
 a d\ble cause ( ang]1 & !re is an easy 
answ] to ! "q1 quo num9e laeso8 ,%e _h  

h] own t[nsm5's qu>rel to abet1 & %e _h 
h] jeal\sy to incite h] ! m2 = to become
 fa!r ( ! human families ,zeus mu/ h be5
 fai?less to h]4 ,inde$1 9 a passage    
7possibly int]polat$7 ( ! f\rte5? ,iliad
 he acts z 8 own ,leporello1 & recites !
 li/ ( 8 conque/s4 ,! ,p]seidae1 !      
,h]aclidae1 ! ,piri?oidae1 ) ,dionysus1 
,apollo & ,artemis spr+ f ! am\rs !re   
rec\nt$499 ,mov$ by su* passions1 ,h]a  
urges on ! ru9 ( ,troy1 & ,zeus accuses 
h] ( a cannibal hatr$4 ,p]*ance w]t ?\  
to ent] )9 ! gates & long walls1 & dev\r
 ,priam raw1 & ,priam's sons1 & all !   
,trojans1 !n mighte/ ?\ assuage ?9e     
ang]49999 ,t great /umbl+-block ( ,greek
 piety1 ! battle 9 :i* ! gods take      
"p1999999 0 expla9$ z a physical        
allegory by ! ,neo-,platoni/s499999999  
,x is 9 reality only a refraction ( !   
w>s ( m51 a battle produc$ among !      
heav5ly folk by m5's battles1 z ! e>?ly 
imitations ( ra9 9 ! ,v$ic ritual beget 
ra9 f ! firmam5t4 ,! fav\ritism :i*     
,zeus ?r\gh\t %[s to ,a!ne9999999999 is 

expla9$ by t rude & anci5t my? ( h] bir?
 f 8 bra9 aft] he _h swall[$ h] pregnant
 "m4999999999999       99 ,ph]ecydes is 
! au?ority = ! treble  night1 9      :i*
  ,zeus p]suad$ ! sun n to rise :5 he   
woo$      ,alem5a4       9999 ,see !    
:ole passage1 ,iliad1 iv4 #afj4         
999999 ,ibid41 v4 #che4       99999999  
,s*olia1 ed4 ,d9dorf1 vol iii42 ,ibid41 
v4 #hhf4       9999999999,ibid41 v4     
#hge4       999999999999 ,cf4 ,hymn to  
,apollo ,py?ius1 #acf4  ,b ,zeus _c all[
 ! w>s ( ! gods to g on unreprov$1 &99  
he ass]ts 8 p[]1 & ?reat5s to ca/ !     
(f5d]s into ,t>t>us1 z f> b5ea? ,hades z
 heav5 is high above e>?4 ,"h !         
supremacy ( ,zeus is atte/$1 & he       
proposes to prove x by ! sport call$ !  
tug ( w>4 ,he says1 ,fa/5 ye a *a9 (    
gold f heav51 & all ye gods lay hold    
!re(1 & all goddesses1 yet c\ld ye n    
drag f heav5 to e>? ,zeus1 ! supreme    
c\nsellor1 n ?\gh ye /rove sore4 ,b if  
once ,i 7 m9d$ to drag ) all my he>t1 !n
 ,i c\ld hang gods & e>? & sea to a     

p9nacle ( ,olympus49999 ,! supremacy    
claim$ "h on ! score ( /r5g?1 by s mu*  
,i am beyond gods & m51 is else:]e bas$ 
on primog5iture1999999 ?\gh 9 ,hesiod   
,zeus is ! y\nge/ ( ! sons ( ,cronos4 ,b
 !re is1 z usual 9 my?1 no consi/5t     
view1 & ,zeus _c be call$ omnipot5t4 ,n 
only is he subject to fate1 b 8 son     
,h]acles w\ld h p]i%$ :5 he w5t to seek 
! h\nd ( hell b = ! aid ( ,a!ne499999999
 ,gratitude = 8 relief does n prev5t    
,zeus f ?reat5+ ,a!ne z well z ,h]a )   
,t>t>us1 :5 !y w\ld ?w>t him 9 ! int]e/ 
( ! ,a*aeans4 ,h]a is !re=e oblig$ to   
subdue him by ! aid ( love & sleep1 9 t 
fam\s & beautiful passage19999999999 :i*
 is s frankly an?ropomorphic1 & 0 su* a 
sc&al to religi\s m9ds4999999999999     
99 ,iliad1 viii4 ad init4       9999 ,m4
 ,de*>me reg>ds ?is *all5ge to ! tug (  
w> z a      v noble & sublime ass]tion (
 supreme sov]eignty4      ,my?1 de la   
,greece1 p4 #ai4       999999 ,iliad1   
xv4 #aff4       99999999 ,ibid41 viii4  
#cfi4         9999999999,ibid41 adv4    

#afj-cej4       999999999999 ,s*ol4     
,iliad1 xiv4 #cdf2 ,d9dorf1 vol4 iv4 ,9 
!      ,s*olia/'s explanation ! sc5e is 
an allegorical      description ( spr+2 
! wra? ( ,h]a is ! rema9s (      w9t]   
wea!r2 h] ba? repres5ts ! ,april %[]s2  
:5      %e busks h] hair1 ! new leaves  
on ! b\ghs1 ! high      leafy tresses ( 
! trees1 are int5d$1 & s =?4 ,n      to 
analyse ! :ole div9e plot ( ! ,iliad1   
su* is      ,zeus 9 ! my?ical portions (
 ! epic4 ,he is ! fa!r      & ma/] (    
gods & m51 & ! /ronge/2 b he may be     
oppos$1 he may be deceiv$ & cajol$2 he  
is hot-      temp]$1 amor\s1 luxuri\s1  
by no means omnipot5t or      omnisci5t4
 ,he _c av]t ev5 f 8 *ildr5 ! doom      
t ,fate span into ! ?reads at _! bir?2  
he is no      m omnisci5t ?an omnipot5t1
 & if he c affect !      wea!r1 & br+   
/orm & cl\d1 s at w c ! o!r             
deities1 & s c any sorc]]1 or ,jossake$1
 or ,bira>k      ( ! l[] races4  ,9     
,hom]ic religion1 z consid]$ ap>t f my?1
 9 ! religi\s ?\ghts ( m5 at solemn     

mom5ts ( ne$1 or dread1 or pray]1 ,zeus 
holds a f> o!r place4 ,all p[] ov]      
mortals is 9 8 h&s1 & is ackn[l$g$ )    
almo/ ! fatalism ( ,islam4 ,s meseems x 
please? mighty ,zeus1 :o ha? laid l[ !  
head ( _m a city1 yea1 & %all lay l[1 = 
8 is ! highe/ p[]499 ,x is ,zeus :o     
gives sorr[s to m519999 & he has1 9 a   
my?ical picture1 two j>s by him full (  
evil & good1 :i* he deals to 8 *ildr5 on
 e>?4 ,9 pray]999999 he is address$ z   
,zeus1 mo/ glori\s1 mo/ great1 veil$ 9 !
 /orm-cl\d1 t dwelle? 9 ! heav54 ,he    
gives 8 sanction to ! oa?399999999      
99 ,iliad1 ii4 #agg4       9999 ,ibid41 
#cgh4       999999 ,ibid41 #djh4        
99999999 ,ibid41 iii #bgg4  ,?\ sun1 t  
see/ all1 ,fa!r ,zeus1 t rule/ f ,ida1  
mo/ glori\s1 mo/ great1 & ?+s1 & ne>e/  
all ?+s1 & ye riv]s1 & ?\ e>?1 & ye t 9 
! und]world puni% m5 =sworn1 :osoev]    
swe>e? falsely1 be ye witnesses1 & wat* 
ov] ! fai?ful oa?4 ,aga9 x is said3 ,ev5
 if ! ,olympian br+ n =? ! fulfilm5t 7( 
! oa?7 at once1 yet do? he fulfil at !  

la/1 & m5 make de> am5ds1 ev5 ) _! own  
heads1 & _! wives & little ones499      
,aga91 ,fa!r ,zeus w be no help] ( li>s 
49999  ,z to ! religi\s s5tim5t t[>ds   
,zeus ( a truly dev\t man 9 t remote    
age1 ,hom] has left u no d\bt4 ,9       
,eumaeus ! sw9eh]d ( ,odysseus1 a man ( 
noble bir? /ol5 into slav]y :5 a *ild1  
,hom] has left a picture ( true religion
 & undefil$4 ,eumaeus attributes ev]y?+ 
t occurs to ! w ( ! gods1 ) !           
resignation ( a *ild ( ,islam or a ,scot
 ( ! ,solemn ,league & ,cov5ant4999999  
,f ,zeus are all /rang]s & begg>s1 he   
says1 & believes t hospitality & *>ity  
are well pleas+ 9 ! sight ( ! ,olympian4
 ,:5 he fl\ri%es1 x is ,god t increase? 
?is "w ( m9e :]eat ,i abide4 ,he nei!r  
says ,zeus nor ! gods1 b 9 ?is passage  
simply god4 ,v]ily ! bless$ gods love n 
fr[>d de$s1 b !y rev]5ce ju/ice & !     
righte\s acts ( m52 yet x is ,zeus t    
grante? a prey to ! sea-robb]s4 ,x is ! 
gods t re> ,telema*us l a "y sapl+1 yet 
is x ! gods :o m> 8 wits )9 him :5 he   

sets =? on a p]il\s adv5ture4 ,x is to  
,zeus ,cronion t ! sw9eh]d *iefly       
prays199999999 b he does n exclude !    
o!rs f 8 supplication49999999999  99    
,iliad1 iv4 #afj4  9999 ,ibid41 iv4     
#bcf4  999999 ,odyssey1 xiv4 passim1    
99999999 ,ibid41 #djf4  9999999999      
,odyssey1 iv4 #dbc4   ,be+ a man (      
scrupul\s piety1 :5 he slays a sw9e =   
supp]1 he only sets aside a sev5?       
portion = ,h]mes & ! nymphs :o haunt !  
lonely upl&s49999 ,yet 8 (f]+ has no    
magical int5t ( con/ra9+ ! immortals4   
,"o ?+ ,god w give1 & ano!r )hold1 ev5 z
 he w1 = ) him all ?+s are              
possible4999999  ,su* is a ,hom]ic ideal
 ( piety1 & x w\ld only ga9 =ce f       
contra/ ) ! blasphemy ( ,aias1 :o said t
 9 ! god's despite he _h escap$ ! great 
deep ( ! sea 499999999       9999       
,ibid41 xiv4 #dce4       999999 ,ibid41 
#ddd1 #dde4       99999999 ,ibid41 iv4  
#ejd4  ,! epics suffici5tly prove t a   
noble religion may coexi/ ) a wild &    
lawless my?ology4 ,t anci5t s5tim5t ( ! 

human he>t :i* makes m5 li/5 to a human 
voice 9 ! ?und] & ye>n = immortal fri5ds
 & help]s1 lives its life little di/urb$
 by ! o!r impulse :i* inspires m5 :5 !y 
come to tell /ories & romances ab\t !   
same transc5d5t be+s4  ,z to ! actual   
orig9al =m ( ! fai? 9 ,zeus1 we c only  
make guesses4 ,to "s x w appe> t ,zeus 0
 orig9ally ! cle> bright expanse :i* 0  
tak5 = an image or symbol ( ! inf9ite4  
,o!rs w reg>d ,zeus z ! bright sky1 b ! 
bright sky conceiv$ ( 9 savage fa%ion1 z
 a be+ ) human p>ts & passions1 a be+ ) 
all ! magical accompli%m5ts (           
metamorphosis1 ra9-mak+ & ! re/1 ) :i* !
 m$ic9e-man is cr$it$4 ,a ?ird set (    
my?ologi/s1 rememb]+ h[ gods & m$ic9e-m5
 h (t5 int]*angeable names1 & h[1 =     
example1 ! ,au/ralian ,bira>k1 :o is    
?\ght to comm& ! we/ w9d1 is himself    
/yl$ ,we/ ,w9d1 w d]ive ,zeus f ! gho/ (
 "s ance/ral sorc]] nam$ ,sky4 ,?is     
euhem]ism seems an exce$+ly inadequate  
explanation ( ! orig9 ( ,zeus4 ,9 8     
moral aspect ,zeus aga9 inh]its !       

quality ( t sup]natural & moral wat*] ( 
man's de$s :o is recognis$ 7z we h se57 
ev5 by ! mo/ backw>d races1 & :o1 = all 
we c tell1 is old] ?an any bea/-god or  
god ( ! natural elem5ts4 ,?us1 :atev]   
,zeus 0 9 8 e>lie/ orig91 he _h become1 
by ! "t we c /udy him 9 ritual1 poem or 
sacr$ *apt]1 a complex ( qualities &    
attributes1 spiritual1 moral1 elem5tal1 
animal & human4  ,x is curi\s t1 on our 
!ory1 ! my?ical ,zeus mu/ h morally     
deg5]at$ at a c]ta9 p]iod z ! ,zeus (   
religion m & m approa*$ ! rank ( a pure 
& almo/ supreme deity4 ,on our hypo!sis1
 x 0 :ile ,greece 0 rea*+ a g5]al       
national consci\sness1 & becom+ m ?an an
 aggregate ( small local tribes1 t ,zeus
 attract$ ! wor/ elem5ts ( 8 my?4 ,9    
depos+ or relegat+ to a l[] rank a cr[d 
( totems & feti%es & ance/ral gho/s1 he 
inh]it$ ! leg5ds ( _! exploits4 ,^! 7   
atta*$ to him /ill m by ! love (        
g5ealogies d]iv$ f ! gods4 ,= ea* su*   
p$igree an am\r 0 inevitably inv5t$1 &1 
:]e totems _h exi/$1 ! god 9 ?is am\r   

borr[$ ! old be/ial =m4 ,= example1 if a
 ,!ssalian /ock _h believ$ 9 desc5t f an
 ant1 & wi%$ to trace _! p$igree to     
,zeus1 !y _h m]ely to say1 ,zeus 0 t    
ant4 ,once m1 z ,zeus became supreme    
among ! o!r deities ( m5 9 ! patri>*al  
family condition1 ^? gods 7 gr\p$ r\nd  
him z memb]s ( 8 family1 8 fa!r1 "m1    
bro!rs1 si/]s1 wife1 mi/resses & *ildr54
 ,"h 0 a noble field 9 :i* ! my?ical    
fancy might run riot2 h5ce came /ories (
 usurpations1 rebellions1 conjugal      
skirmi%es & jeal\sies1 a :ole _w (      
incid5ts 9 :i* hum\r _h free play4 ,nor 
w\ld =eign influ5ces be want+4 ,a w&]+  
,greek1 recognis+ 8 ,zeus 9 a deity (   
,pho5icia or ,babylon1 might br+ home "s
 ali5 my? :i* w\ld take its place 9 !   
g5]al leg5d1 ) o!r my?s import$ along ) 
=eign objects ( art1 silv] b[ls & inlaid
 swords4 ,?us 9 all probability grew !  
leg5d ( ! ,zeus ( my?1 c]ta9ly a        
deplorable leg5d1 :ile all ! "t ! ,greek
 intellect 0 purify+ itself & approa*+ !
 poetical1 moral & philosophical        

conception ( ! ,zeus ( religion4 ,at    
la/1 9 ! m9ds ( ! philosophically       
religi\s1 ,zeus became pure deity1 & !  
details ( ! leg5d 7 expla9$ away by ?is 
or t sy/em ( allegory2 :ile 9 ! m9ds ( !
 sceptical1 ,zeus yield$ 8 ?rone to !   
vortex ( ! ,ari/ophanic com$y4 ,?us     
,zeus may h begun z a k9dly supreme be+2
 !n aetiological & totemi/ic my?s may h 
accru$ to 8 leg5d1 &1 f9ally1           
philosophic & pi\s ?\ght introduc$ a    
rational conception ( 8 nature4 ,b my?  
liv$ on1 ritual liv$ on1 & human victims
 7 sla9 on ! alt>s ( ,zeus till         
,*ri/ianity 0 ! e/abli%$ religion4      
,solet x be1 says ,pausanias1 z x ha?   
be5 f ! beg9n+4  ,! gods :o fill ! c\rt 
( ,zeus & surr\nd 8 ?rone are s num]\s t
 a complete acc\nt ( ea* w\ld exce$ !   
limits ( our space4 ,! leg5d ( ,zeus is 
typical1 on ! :ole1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* !   
sev]al my?ical *apt]s grew ab\t !       
figures ( ea* ( ! deities4 ,"s ( ^! 7   
orig9ally1 x is probable1 natural =ces  
or elem5tal ph5om5a1 conceiv$ ( at fir/ 

z p]sonal be+s2 :ile1 lat]1 ! p]sonal   
e>? or sun %ad$ (f into ! in=m+ g5ius ( 
! sun or e>?1 & /ill lat] 0 almo/ fre$ f
 all connection ) ! primal elem5tal     
ph5om5on or =ce4 ,9 ^! processes (      
evolution x seems to h happ5$           
occasionally t ! god %$1 l a %ell or    
*rysalis1 8 orig9al =m1 :i* cont9u$ to  
exi/1 h[ev]1 z a deity ( old] family &  
inf]ior p[]4 ,by su* processes1 at lea/1
 x w\ld n be difficult to expla9 !      
obvi\s fact t sev]al gods h "u-/udies ( 
_! p>ts 9 ! div9e com$y4 ,x may be well 
to beg9 a review ( ! gods by exam9+ ^?  
:o 71 or may be suppos$ to h be51       
orig9ally =ces or ph5om5a ( ,nature4    
,,apollo4  ,?is claim has be5 made =    
almo/ all ! ,olympians1 b 9 "s cases    
appe>s m plausible ?an 9 o!rs4 ,=       
example1 ,apollo is reg>d$ z a sol>     
div9ity1 & ! modes 9 :i* he atta9$ 8    
deta*$ & indep5d5t position z a         
brilliant an?ropomorphic deity1 patron (
 art1 ! lov] ( ! nymphs1 ! inspir] (    
prophecy1 may h be5 some?+ 9 ?is fa%ion4

 ,fir/ ! sun may h be5 reg>d$ 79 ! mann]
 famili> to savage races7 z a p]sonal   
be+4 ,9 ,hom] he is /ill ! god :o sees &
 he>s all ?+s199 & :o beholds & reveals 
! loves ( ,ares & ,aphrodite4 ,?is      
p]sonal "* ( ! sun is well illu/rat$ 9 !
 ,hom]ic hymn to ,hyp]ion1 ! sun t      
dwells on high1 :]e1 z ,mr4 ,max ,muell]
 says1 ! words w\ld seem to imply t !   
poet look$ ^u ,helios z a half-god1     
almo/ z a h]o1 :o _h once liv$ ^u       
e>?49999 ,x has already be5 %[n t ?is   
my?ical !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! sun is met ) 
among ! ,aztecs & ! ,bu%m54999999 ,9    
,hom]1 ! sun1 ,helios ,hyp]ion1 ?\gh he 
sees & he>s all ?+s199999999 ne$s to be 
in=m$ by "o ( ! nymphs t ! companions ( 
,odysseus h dev\r$ 8 sacr$ cattle4 ,9 ! 
same way ! supreme ,baiame ( ,au/ralia  
ne$s to ask que/ions ( mortals4 ,apollo 
!n speaks 9 ! ,olympian assembly1 &     
?reat5s t if he is n av5g$ he w g d[n to
 ,hades & %9e among ! dead4 ,! sun is   
capable ( m>riage1 z 9 ! ,bulg>ian      
,volksli$1 :]e he m>ries a peasant      

girl19999999999 &1 by ,p]se1 he is !    
fa!r ( ,circe & ,a,eetes4999999999999   
99 ,odyssey1 viii4 #bgj4       9999     
,select$ ,essays1 i4 #fje1 note #a4     
999999 ,nature ,my?s1 antea4            
99999999 ,iliad1 iii4 #bgg4             
9999999999 ,dozon1 ,*ansons ,bulg>es4   
999999999999 ,odyssey1 x4 #aci4         
,accord+ to ! e>ly lyric poet           
,/esi*orus1 ! sun sails ov] ocean 9 a   
gold5 cup or b[l4 ,!n ,helios           
,hyp]ionides w5t d[n into 8 gold5 cup to
 cross ,ocean-/ream1 & come to ! deeps (
 d>k & sacr$ ,night1 to 8 "m1 & 8 w$d$  
wife1 & 8 *ildr5 de>4 ,?is belief1 9 m  
b>b>ic %ape1 /ill survives 9 ! ,greek   
isl&s499 ,! sun is /ill to !m a giant1 l
 ,hyp]ion1 blood?ir/y :5 t+$ ) gold4 ,! 
common say+ is t ! sun ':5 he seeks 8   
k+dom' expects to f9d =ty loaves prep>$ 
= him by 8 "m4444 ,woe to h] if ! loaves
 be n ready6 ,! sun eats 8 bro!rs1      
si/]s1 fa!r & "m 9 8 wra?49999 ,a       
well-kn[n am\r ( ,helios 0 8 intrigue ) 
,rhode by :om he _h ,phae?on & 8 si/]s4 

,! trag$ians told h[ ,phae?on drove !   
*>iot ( ! sun1 & upset x1 :ile 8 si/]s 7
 turn$ into popl> trees1 & _! te>s      
became amb]4999999       99 ,b5t's      
,cyclades1 p4 #eg4       9999           
,/esi*orus1 ,poetae ,lyrici ,graeci1    
,pomt[1 vol4 i4 p4      #adh2 qf4 also  
,mimn]mus1 op4 cit41i4 #gh4       999999
 ,odyssey1 xvii4 #bjh2 ,s*olia/4 ,! /ory
 is ridicul$      by ,lucian1 ,de       
,electro4  ,su* 7 ! my?s ab\t ! p]sonal 
sun1 ! h]o or demigod1 ,helios ,hyp]ion4
 ,if we are to believe t ,apollo also is
 a sol> deity1 x appe>s probable t he is
 a m advanc$ conception1 n ( ! sun z a  
p]son1 b ( a be+ :o repres5ts ! sun 9 ! 
spiritual _w1 & :o ex]cises1 by an act (
 w1 ! same influ5ce z ! actual sun      
possesses by virtue ( 8 rays4 ,?us he   
br+s pe/il5ce on ! ,a*aeans 9 ! fir/    
book ( ! ,iliad1 & 8 viewless %afts slay
 m5 sudd5ly1 z sun/roke does4 ,x is a   
pretty co9cid5ce t a ,g]man s*ol>1      
,otfri$ ,muell]1 :o _h always oppos$    
,apollo's claim to be a sun-god1 0 kill$

 by a sun/roke at ,delphi4 ,! god av5g$ 
himself 9 8 anci5t home4 ,b if ?is deity
 0 once m]ely ! sun1 x may be said1 9 ! 
beautiful phrase ( ,paul de ,/4 ,victor1
 ,p>eil a une /atue qui surgit des      
flammes de son m\le1 ,apollo se degage  
vite du soleil499 ,he becomes a god (   
manifold functions & attributes1 & x is 
necess>y to ex]cise extreme caution 9   
expla9+ any "o my? ( 8 leg5d z orig9ally
 a my? ( ! sun49999 ,phoibos c]ta9ly    
means ! brilliant or %9+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 
unnecess>y to hold t su* epi!ts z       
,lyceius1 ,lycius1 ,lyceg5es indicate   
light1 & are n connect$1 z ! anci5ts1   
except ,macrobius1 believ$1 ) ! wor%ip (
 ! wolf4999999 ,! "* ( ,apollo z        
orig9ally a sun-god is ass]t$ on ! /r5g?
 n only ( 8 names1 b ( _m ( 8 attributes
 & 8 fe/ivals4 ,x is po9t$ out t he is !
 deity :o sup]9t5ds ! measurem5t (      
"t499999999 ,! *ief days 9 ! ye>'s      
reckon+1 ! new & full moons & ! sev5? & 
tw5tie? days ( ! mon?1 also ! beg9n+ ( !
 sol> ye>1 are reckon$ ,apoll9e4 ,t     

curi\s ritual ( ! ,daphnephoria1 famili>
 to _m ,engli% p f ,sir ,fr$]ick        
,leighton's picture1 is believ$ to h    
symbolis$ ! ye>4 ,proclus says t a /aff 
( olive wood decorat$ ) fl[]s support$ a
 c5tral ball ( brass b5ea? :i* 0 a      
small] ball1 & !nce little globes 7     
hung49999999999       99 ,hom9es et     
,dieux1 p4 #aa4       9999 ,!re is no   
agreem5t nor c]ta9ty ab\t ! etymology   
& orig9al mean+ ( ! "n ,apollo4 ,see    
,prell]1 ,or4      ,my?41 i4 #ahi4      
,comp>ative philologi/s h n yet         
succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! true etymology (       
,apollo 7,max      ,muell]1 ,select$    
,essays1 i4 #dfg74       999999 ,comp>e 
,zeus ,lyceius & 8 wolf-my?s2 comp>e    
also      ,ros*]1 ,ausfukrli*es         
,lexikon1 p4 #dbc4       99999999       
,sonn5gott als ,zeitordn]1 ,ros*]1 op4  
cit41 p4 #dbc4       9999999999 ,cf4    
,photius1 ,bibl41#cba4  ,! great] ball  
means ! sun1 ! small] ! moon1 ! t9y     
globes ! />s & ! #cfe laurel g>l&s us$ 9
 ! fea/ are und]/ood to symbolise !     

days4 ,pausanias99 says t ! c]emony 0 ( 
extreme antiquity4 ,h]acles _h once be5 
! y\? :o l$ ! procession1 & ! tripod :i*
 ,amphitryon d$icat$ = him 0 /ill to be 
se5 at ,!bes 9 ! second c5tury ( our    
era4 ,ano!r pro( ( ,apollo's connection 
) ! sun is d]iv$ f ! cessation ( 8 rites
 at ,delphi dur+ ! ?ree w9t] mon?s :i* 7
 devot$ to ,dionysus49999 ,! sacr$      
bir?day fea/s ( ! god are also connect$ 
) ! ye>'s r5ewal4999999 ,once m1 8      
conflict ) ! great dragon1 ! ,py?o1 is  
und]/ood z a symbol ( ! victory ( light 
& w>m? ov] ! d>kness & cold ( w9t]4  ,! 
discomfiture ( a dragon by a god is     
famili> 9 ! my? ( ! defeat ( ,ahi or    
,vritra by ,indra1 & x is a curi\s      
co9cid5ce t ,apollo1 l ,indra1 fl$ 9    
t]ror aft] slay+ 8 oppon5t4 ,apollo1    
accord+ to ! my?1 0 purifi$ ( ! guilt ( 
! slay+ 7a c]emony unkn[n to ,hom]7 at  
,tempe499999999 ,accord+ to ! my?1 !    
,py?on 0 a snake :i* =bade access to !  
*asm :5ce rose ! my/]i\s fumes (        
div9ation4 ,apollo slew ! snake & usurp$

 ! oracle4 ,8 murd] ( ! s]p5t 0 m or    
less res5t$ by ! ,delphians ( !         
"t49999999999       99 i ix4 #aj1 #d4   
9999 ,plut>*1 ,depa ,el4 ,delph41 #i4   
999999 ,ros*]1 op4 cit41 p4 #dbg4       
99999999 ,proclus1 ,*resl1 ed4 ,gais=d1 
p4 #chg2 ,hom]1 ,hymn to      ,apollo1  
#abb1 #agh2 ,apollod41 i4 #d1 #c2       
,plut>*1 ,quae/4      ,groec41 #ab4     
9999999999 ,apollod41 ,heyne1           
,obs]vationes1 p4 #ai4 ,comp>e !        
,s*olia/ on ! argum5t to ,p9d>'s ,py?ian
 odes4   ,! snake1 l ! o!r animals1     
frogs & liz>ds1 9 ,&aman1 ,au/ralian &  
,iroquois my?1 _h swall[$ ! wat]s be=e  
its murd]499 ,:e!r ! leg5d ( ! slay+ ( !
 ,py?on 0 or 0 n orig9ally an allegory (
 ! defeat ( w9t] by sunlight1 x c]ta9ly 
at a v e>ly p]iod became mix$ up )      
anci5t legal ideas & local traditions4  
,x is almo/ z necess>y = a "y god or h]o
 to slay mon/]s z = a "y lady to be     
pres5t$ at c\rt2 & we may hesitate to   
expla9 all ^! leg5ds ( an useful feat ( 
c\rage z nature-my?s4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn

 to ,apollo ,py?ius1 ! mon/] is call$   
,draca5a1 ! female =m ( drakon4 ,!      
,drakos & 8 wife are /ill popul> bogies 
9 mod]n ,greek sup]/ition &             
folk-song49999       99 ,prell]1 i4     
#aid4       9999 ,=*hamm] takes !       
,draca5a to be a viol5t w9t]            
torr5t1 dri$ up by ! sun's rays4 ,cf4   
,de*>me1 ,my?4      ,orec41 p4 #ajj4 ,x 
is also conjectur$ t ! snake is only    
! sacr$ s]p5t ( ! old] oracle ( ! e>? on
 !      same site4   ,a,eschylus1       
,eum5ides1 #b4   ,! mon/] is ! fo/]l+ ( 
,h]a 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn1 & ! bane ( flocks
 & h]ds4 ,%e is someh[ connect$ ) !     
fable ( ! bir? ( ! mon/] ,typhoeus1 son 
( ,h]a )\t a fa!r4 ,! ,hom]ic hymn      
d]ives ,py?ius1 ! "n ( ! god1 f         
7------71 rot1 ! disda9ful spee* (      
,apollo to ! dead mon/]1 = !re ! pe/    
rott$ away b5ea? ! beams ( ! sun4 ,!    
d]ivation is a volks-etymologie4 ,x is n
 cle> :e!r ! poet connect$ 9 8 m9d ! sun
 & ! god4 ,! local leg5d ( !            
dragon-slay+ 0 kept alive 9 m5's m9ds at

 ,delphi by a my/]y-play1 9 :i* !       
enc\nt] 0 repres5t$ 9 action4 ,9 "o     
v]sion ( ! my? ! slav]y ( ,apollo 9 !   
h\se ( ,admetus 0 an expiation ( !      
dragon's dea?499 ,?r\gh _m ( ! v]sions  
runs ! idea t ! slay+ ( ! s]p5t 0 a de$ 
:i* requir$ purification & almo/        
apology4 ,if ! s]p5t 0 really ! deity ( 
an eld] fai?1 ?is w\ld be intelligible1 
or1 if he _h k9sfolk1 a s]p5t-tribe 9 ! 
di/rict1 we c\ld und]/& x4 ,apollo's    
next act 0 to op5 a new spr+ ( wat]1 z !
 local nymph 0 ho/ile & grudg$ him h]   
own4 ,?is 0 an inexplicable de$ 9 a sun 
god1 ^: bus9ess x is to dry up r ?an to 
op5 wat]-spr+s4 ,he gave oracles out ( !
 laurel ( ,delphi1 z ,zeus out ( ! oaks 
( ,dodona49999 ,pres5tly ,apollo *ang$  
himself into a huge dolph91 & 9 ?is     
guise approa*$ a %ip ( ! ,cretan        
m>9]s4999999 ,he guid$1 9 8 dolph9 %ape1
 ! vessel to ,crisa1 ! port ( ,delphi1 &
 !n em]g$ spl5did f ! wat]s1 & fill$ 8  
fane ) light1 a sun-god inde$ ,next1    
assum+ ! %ape ( a man1 he reveal$       

himself to ! ,cretans1 & bade !m wor%ip 
him 9 8 ,delphic seat z ,apollo         
,delph9ios1 ! ,dolph9-,apollo4       99 
,eurip41 ,alce/is1 ,s*ol41 l9e #a4      
9999 ,hymn1 #bae4       999999 ,op4     
cit41 #bbj-bbe4  ,su* is ! anci5t tale (
 ! f\nd+ ( ! ,delphic oracle1 9 :i*     
gods1 & bea/s1 & m5 are mix$ 9 ar*aic   
fa%ion4 ,x is op5 to /ud5ts to reg>d !  
dolph9 z only "o ( ! _m animals ^: e>li]
 wor%ip is conc5trat$ 9 ,apollo1 or to  
take ! creature = ! symbol ( spr+1 :5   
seaf>+ becomes easi] to mortals1 or to  
int]pret ! dolph9 z ! result ( a        
volks-etymologie1 9 :i* ! "n ,delphi    
7mean+ orig9ally a holl[ 9 ! hills7 0   
connect$ ) delphis1 ! dolph9499  ,on !  
:ole1 x seems impossible to get a cle>  
view ( ,apollo z a sun-god f a leg5d    
built out ( s _m v>i$ mat]ials ( diff]5t
 dates z ! my? ( ! slay+ ( ! ,py?on & ! 
f\nd+ ( ! ,delphic oracle4 ,nor does !  
tale ( ! bir? ( ! god--les enfances     
,apollon--yield mu* m c]ta9 in=mation4  
,! mo/ accessible & ! olde/ =m ( !      

bir?-my? is pres]v$ 9 ! ,hom]ic hymn to 
! ,delian ,apollo1 a hymn int5d$ =      
recital at ! ,delian fe/ival ( ! ,ionian
 p4  ,! hymn beg9s )\t any acc\nt ( !   
am\rs ( ,zeus & ,leto2 x is m]ely said t
 _m l&s refus$ to all[ ,leto a place    
:]e9 to br+ =? h] (fspr+4 ,b b>r5 ,delos
 li/5$ to h] pray]1 & = n9e days ,leto 0
 9 lab\r1 surr\nd$ by all ! goddesses1  
save jeal\s ,h]a & ,eili?yia1 :o        
presides ov] *ild-bir?4 ,to h] ,iris w5t
 ) ! promise ( a gold5 necklet set )    
amb] /uds1 & ,eili?yia came d[n to !    
isle1 & ,leto1 grasp+ ! trunk ( a palm  
tree1 br\ght =? ,apollo & ,artemis49999 
,su* is ! n>rative ( ! hymn1 9 :i* "s   
int]pret]s1 su* z ,m4 ,de*>me1 f9d a ri*
 allegory ( ! bir? ( ,light4 ,leto is   
reg>d$ z ,night or ,d>kness1 ?\gh x is  
n[ admitt$ t ?is mean+ _c be f\nd 9 !   
etymology ( h] "n4999999       99       
,ros*]1 ,lexikon2 ,prell]1 i4 #bjh2     
,s*ol4 ad ,lycophr41 v4      #bjh4      
9999 ,comp>e ,!ognis1 #e-aj4            
999999 ,prell]1 i4 #aij1 note #d2       

,curtius1 ,gr4 ,,ae1 #abj4  ,m4 ,de*>me 
presumes t ! palm tree 7------7         
orig9ally meant ! morn+ r$1 by aid ( :i*
 night gives bir? to ! sun1 & if ! poet 
says ! "y god loves ! m\nta9 tops1 :y1 s
 does ! /> ( day4 ,! moon1 h[ev]1 does n
 usually arise simultane\sly ) ! dawn1 z
 ,artemis 0 born ) ,apollo4 ,x is va91 9
 fact1 to look = m9ute t\*es ( sol> my? 
9 ! tale1 :i* re/s on ! womanly jeal\sy 
( ,h]a1 & expla9s ! exi/5ce ( a great   
fane & fea/ ( ,apollo1 n 9 "o ( ! ri*   
c\ntries t refus$ 8 "m sanctu>y1 b 9 a  
small b>r5 & remote isl&499  ,among !   
wild] my?s :i* gr\p$ !mselves r\nd !    
figure ( ,apollo 0 ! fable t 8 "m ,leto 
0 *ang$ into a wolf4 ,! fable ran t     
,leto1 9 ! %ape ( a wolf1 came 9 twelve 
days f ! ,hyp]boreans to ,delos49999    
,?is may be expla9$ z a volks-etymologie
 f ! god's "n1 ,lyceg5es1 :i* is g5]ally
 held to mean born ( light4 ,b ! pres5ce
 ( v _m animals 9 ! ,apollo leg5d & 9 8 
temples1 correspond+ z x does to simil> 
facts already obs]v$ 9 ! religion ( !   

l[] races1 c sc>cely be due to popul>   
etymologies alone4 ,! ,dolph9-,apollo   
has already be5 rem>k$4       99 ,!     
,fr5* excavators 9 ,delos f\nd ! orig9al
 unhewn      /one on :i*1 9 lat] days1 !
 /atue ( !      an?ropomorphic god 0    
bas$4       9999  ,ari/otle1 ,hi/4 ,an41
 vi #hf2 ,elian41 ,n4 ,a41 iv4 #d2      
,s*ol4 on ,apol4 ,rhod41 ii4 #ab  ,!re  
are _m traces ( connection betwe5       
,apollo & ! wolf4 ,9 ,a!ns !re 0 !      
,lyceum ( ,apollo ,lukios1              
,wolf-,apollo1 :i* tradition connect$ ) 
! primeval /rife :]e9 ,a,egeus          
7goat-man7 defeat$ ,lukios 7wolfman74 ,!
 ,lukian ,apollo 0 ! deity ( ! defeat$  
side1 z ,a!ne ( ! ,a,egis 7goat-sk97 0 !
 deity ( ! victors499 ,! ,argives _h an 
,apollo ( ! same k9d1 & ! wolf 0 /amp$  
on _! co9s49999 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 
:5 ,danaus came seek+ ! k+%ip ( ,argos1 
! p hesitat$ betwe5 him & ,gelanor4     
,:ile !y 7 9 d\bt1 a wolf attack$ a     
bull1 & ! ,argives det]m9$ t ! bull %\ld
 /& = ,gelanor1 ! wolf = ,danaus4 ,!    

wolf won2 ,danaus 0 made k+1 & 9        
gratitude rais$ an alt> to ,apollo      
,lukios1 ,wolf-,apollo4 ,t is 7z fri5ds 
( ! totemic sy/em w\ld argue71 a man ( !
 wolf-/ock d$icat$ a %r9e to !          
wolf-god4999999 ,9 ,delphi ! pres5ce ( a
 bronze image ( a wolf 0 expla9$ by !   
/ory t a wolf once reveal$ ! place :]e  
/ol5 temple treasures 7 conceal$4 ,!    
god's bea/ look$ aft] ! god's           
int]e/499999999 ,9 _m my?s ! *ildr5 (   
,apollo by mortal girls 7 expos$1 b     
fo/]$ by wolves49999999999 ,9 direct    
contradiction ) ,pausanias1 b 9         
accordance ) a common rule ( my?ical    
int]pretation1 ,sophocles999999999999   
calls ,apollo ! wolf-slay]4       99    
,paus41 i4 #ai1 #d4       9999 ,prell]1 
i4 #bjb1 note #c2 ,paus41 ii4 #ai1 #c4  
999999 ,encyc4 ,brit41 s4 v4 ,sacrifice4
       99999999 ,paus41 x4 #ad1 #d4     
9999999999 ,ant4 ,lib41 #cj4            
999999999999 ,electra1 #f41 #bbb  ,x has
 v frequ5tly happ5$ t :5 animals 7 f\nd 
closely connect$ ) a god1 ! anci5ts     

expla9$ ! fact indiff]5tly by call+ !   
deity ! protector or ! de/roy] ( ! bea/s
 9 "q4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ,apollo1 mice 7 
held sacr$ & 7 f$ 9 8 temples 9 ! ,troad
 & else:]e1 ! p ( ,hamaxitus especially 
wor%ipp+ mice499 ,! god's "n1 ,sm9!us1 0
 und]/ood to mean ,apollo ( ! ,m\se1 or 
,m\se-,apollo 49999 ,b :ile ,apollo 0   
?us at "s places reg>d$ z ! patron (    
mice1 o!r n>ratives decl>$ t he 0 ador$ 
z ,sm9?ian because f mice he _h fre$ !  
c\ntry4 ,?is w\ld be a p]fectly natural 
explanation if ! v]m9 :i* _h once be5   
sacr$ became a pe/ 9 ! eyes ( lat]      
g5]ations4999999  ,flies 7 9 ?is mann]  
connect$ ) ! s]vices ( ,apollo4 ,x has  
already be5 rem>k$ t an ox 0 sacrific$  
to flies ne> ! temple ( ,apollo 9       
,leucas4 ,! sacrifice 0 expla9$ z a     
device = induc+ flies to settle 9 "o    
spot1 & leave ! re/ ( ! coa/ cle>4 ,?is 
0 an exp5sive1 & w\ld prove a futile    
arrangem5t4 ,!re 0 a /atue ( !          
,locu/-,apollo 7,p>nopios7 9 ,a!na ,!   
/ory ran t x 0 d$icat$ aft] ! god _h    

bani%$ a plague ( locu/s499999999       
99 ,a,elian1 ,h4 ,a41 xii4 #f4          
9999 ,/rabo1 xiii4 #fjd4       999999 ,x
 is ! explanation ,prell] gives ( !     
,m\se-,apollo1      i4 #bjb4            
99999999 ,paus41 i4 #bd1 #h2 ,/rabo1    
xiii4 #iab4   ,a mo/ int]e/+ view ( !   
way 9 :i* pi\s hea!ns ( a late age      
reg>d$ ,apollo's m5ag]ie may be got f   
,plut>*'s essay on ! ,delphic responses4
 ,x is ! description ( a visit to       
,delphi4 ,9 ! hall ( ! ,cor9?ians !     
writ] & 8 fri5ds exam9e ! sacr$ palm    
tree ( bronze1 & ! snakes & frogs 9     
relief r\nd ! root ( ! tree4 ,:y1 said  
!y1 ! palm tree is n a m>% plant1 &     
frogs are n a ,cor9?ian cre/4 ,& inde$  
"o w\ld ?9k rav5s & swans1 & hawks &    
wolves1 & any?+ else ?an ^! reptiles    
w\ld be agreeable to ! god4 ,!n "o ( !  
visitors1 ,s]apion1 v le>n$ly %[$ t     
,apollo 0 ! sun1 & t ! sun arises f     
wat]4 ,/ill slipp+ into ! /ory y\r      
light+s up & y\r exhalations1 cri$      
,plut>*1 & *aff$ him1 z "o might *aff   

,kuhn1 or ,s*w>tz1 or ,de*>me1 ab\t 8   
elem5tal int]pretations4 ,9 fact1 !     
classical writ]s knew r less ?an we d   
ab\t ! orig9 ( _m ( _! religi\s         
peculi>ities4  ,9 connection ) %eep1    
aga91 ,apollo 0 wor%ipp$ z ! ram        
,apollo499 ,at ! fe/ival ( ! ,c>neia a  
ram 0 8 victim49999 ,^! facts are       
commonly int]pret$ z significant ( !    
god's c>e = %eph]ds & ! pa/oral life1 a 
memory ( ! days :5 ,apollo kept a       
mortal's %eep & 0 ! h9d ( ,admetus (    
,!ssaly4 ,he _h animal names d]iv$ f    
%eep & goats1 su* z ,maloeis            
,tragios4999999 ,! tale :i* made ,apollo
 ! s]f & %eph]d ( mortal m5 is z old z !
 ,iliad199999999 & is n easy to         
int]pret1 :e!r z a nature-my? or a local
 leg5d4 ,laom$on1 "o ( ,apollo's ma/]s1 
n only refus$ him 8 wage1 b ?reat5$ to  
put him 9 *a9s & sell him to =eign folk 
across ! sea1 & to crop 8 e>s ) ! blade 
( bronze4 ,^! leg5ds may h br\ght "s    
consolation to ! he>ts ( free m5        
enslav$4 ,a god _h borne l calamities1 &

 c\ld feel = _! affliction4       99    
,k>neios1 f 7,heys*ius1 s4v471 a ram4   
9999 ,!ocritus1 ,idyll1 v4 #h;a         
999999 ,prell]1 i4 #bae1 note #a4       
99999999 ii4 #gff4 xxi4 #ddh4  ,to      
return to ! bea/s ( ,apollo1 9 addition 
to dolph9s1 mice1 rams & wolves1 he 0   
con/antly associat$ ) liz>ds 7p[]ful    
totems 9 ,au/ralia71 cicalas1 hawks1    
swans1 rav5s1 cr[s1 vultures1 all ( :i* 
are1 by my?ologi/s1 reg>d$ z symbols ( !
 sun-god1 9 "o or o!r capacity or       
function4 ,9 ! ,iliad199 ,apollo puts on
 ! ge> ( a hawk1 & flits on hawk's w+s  
d[n ,ida1 z ! ,?l9keet ,yehl does on !  
fea!rs ( a crane or a rav54       99 xv4
 #bhg4  ,! loves ( ,apollo make up a    
long & romantic *apt] 9 8 leg5d4 ,!y _c 
all be s readily expla9$1 z are _m ( !  
loves ( ,zeus1 by ! desire to trace     
g5ealogical p$igrees to a god4 ,x is on 
?is pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 t ! bir? ( ,ion1 = 
example1 is to be int]pret$4 ,! ideal   
eponym\s h]o ( ! ,ionian race 0         
naturally feign$ to be ! son ( ! deity  

by ^: fa!rhood all ,ionians became      
bre?r5 9 ,apollo4 ,once m1 :5 a         
pr(ession l t ( m$ic9e 0 9 ! h&s ( a    
clan conceiv+ !mselves to be ( "o blood1
 & :5 _! common bus9ess 0 "u !          
protection ( ,apollo1 !y inevitably     
trac$ _! g5ealogy to ! god4 ,?us !      
m$ical clan ( ! ,asclepiadae1 ( :i*     
,ari/otle 0 a memb]1 d]iv$ _! orig9 f   
,asclepius or 7z ! ,romans call$ him7   
,a,esculapius4  ,s f> ev]y?+ 9 ?is my?  
appe>s natural & rational1 grant+ !     
belief 9 ! am\rs ( an an?ropomorphic    
god4 ,b ! details ( ! /ory are full ( t 
irrational elem5t :i* is said to make   
my?ology my?ological4 ,9 ! ?ird ,py?ian 
ode ,p9d> s+s h[ ,apollo 0 ! lov] (     
,coronis2 h[ %e 0 fai?less to him ) a   
/rang]4 ,p9d> does n tell h[ ! cr[ or ! 
rav5 flew to ,apollo ) ! news1 & h[ !   
god curs$ ! cr[1 :i* _h previ\sly be5   
:ite1 t x %\ld = ev] be black4 ,!n he   
call$ 8 si/]1 ,artemis1 to slay ! false 
nymph1 b snat*$ f h] fun]al pyre ! babe 
,asclepius1 8 own begott54 ,?is my?1 :i*

 expla9s ! col\r ( ! cr[ z ! result ( an
 ev5t & a div9e curse1 is an example ( !
 /age ( ?\ght already illu/rat$ 9 !     
,namaqua my? ( ,heitsi ,eibib1 & !      
peculi>ities :i* 8 curse atta*$ to v>i\s
 animals4 ,!re is also a ,bu%man my?    
accord+ to :i* c]ta9 blackbirds h :ite  
brea/s1 because "s wom5 once ti$ pieces 
( :ite fat r\nd _! necks499 ,x is       
in/ructive to obs]ve1 z ! ,s*olia/ on   
,p9d> quotes ,artemon1 t ,p9d> omits !  
incid5t ( ! cr[ z fooli% & unwor?y4     
,apollo1 accord+ to ! ode1 0 himself    
aw>e1 9 8 omnisci5ce1 ( ! frailty (     
,coronis4 ,b ,hesiod1 a mu* e>li] poet1 
tells ! /ory 9 ! usual way1 ) ! curse ( 
! cr[1 & 8 consequ5t *ange ( col\r49999 
,! :ole /ory1 9 its mo/ anci5t %ape1 & )
 ! omissions sugge/$ by ! piety ( a lat]
 age1 is an excell5t example ( !        
irrational elem5t 9 ,greek my?1 ( its   
resemblance to savage my?1 & ( ! t5d5cy 
( m advanc$ ?\ght to veil or leave out  
features revolt+ to pure religion4999999
       99 ,bleek1 ,bu%man ,folk-,lore2  

,p9d>1 ,py?41 iii1 )      notes ( !     
,s*olia/4       9999 ,p9d>1 ,e/i5ne1    
,g5eva1 #aeii1 p4 #bai4       999999 ,= 
! v>i\s g5ealogies ( ,asclepius & a     
discussion ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,hesiodic 
fragm5ts1      see ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 pp4
 #fae1 #faf4   ,! connection (          
,asclepius ) ! s]p5t 0 s close t he 0   
receiv$ into ,roman religion 9 ! =m ( a 
liv+ snake1 :ile dogs 7 s intimately    
connect$ ) 8 wor%ip t ,pan(ka believ$   
him to h be5 orig9ally a dog-god        
7,ros*]1 p4 #fbi1 ,revue ,ar*eohgique74 
,9 ano!r my? ,apollo succe$s to !       
pat]nal hon\rs ( a totem4 ,!            
,telmissians 9 ,lycia claim$ desc5t f   
,telmessus1 :o 0 ! *ild ( an am\r 9 :i* 
,apollo assum$ ! =m ( a dog4 ,9 ?is     
guise he lay ) a daught] ( ,ant5or4     
,probably ! ,lycians ( ,telmissus       
orig9ally d]iv$ _! p$igree f a dog1 sans
 phrase &1 lat]1 made out t ! dog 0     
,apollo metamorphos$4 ,?is process (    
veil+ a totem1 & expla9+ him away z a   
sa9t ( ! same "n1 is common 9 mod]n     

,india499       99 ,suidas1 ,8 au?ority 
is ,dionysius ( ,*alcis #bjj ,,bc1      
,see ,primitive ,m>riage 9 ,b5gal1      
,asiatic ,qu>t]ly1      ,june1 #ahhf4   
,! o!r loves ( ,apollo are num]\s1 b x  
may be suffici5t to h exam9$ "o su* /ory
 9 detail4 ,:]e ! tale ( ! am\r 0 n a   
necess>y consequ5ce ( ! g5ealogical     
t5d5cy to connect clans ) gods1 x 0     
probably1 z ,ros*] obs]ves 9 ! case (   
,daphne1 an ,a,etiological my?4 ,_m     
fl[]s & trees1 = example1 7 ne>ly       
connect$ ) ! wor%ip & ritual ( ,apollo2 
among ^! 7 notably ! laurel1 cypress &  
hyac9?4 ,x is no long] possible to d m  
?an conjecture :y ea* ( ^! plants 0 ?us 
fav\r$1 ?\gh x is a plausible guess t ! 
god attract$ into 8 s]vice v>i\s local  
tree-wor%ips & plant-wor%ips4 ,p w\ld   
ask :y ! deity 0 associat$ ) ! fl[]s &  
b\ghs1 & ! answ] w\ld be readily        
develop$ on ! famili> l9es ( nature-my?4
 ,! laurel is de> to ! god because !    
laurel 0 once a girl :om he pursu$ ) 8  
love1 & :o1 to escape 8 embraces1 became

 a tree4 ,! hyac9? & cypress 7 beautiful
 y\?s1 de> to ,apollo1 & accid5tally    
sla9 by him 9 sport4 ,aft] _! dea? !y   
became fl[]s4 ,su* my?s ( metamorphoses1
 z has be5 %[n1 are an univ]sal gr[? (  
savage fancy1 & spr+ f ! want ( a s5se (
 diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & ?+s499  ,! leg5d (
 ,apollo has only be5 slightly sket*$1 b
 x is obvi\s t _m elem5ts f _m qu>t]s   
ent] into ! sum ( 8 my?s & rites49999   
,if ,apollo 0 orig9ally ! sun-god1 x is 
c]ta9 t 8 influ5ce on human life &      
society 0 z wide & b5efic5t z t ( ! sun 
itself4 ,he presides ov] heal? & m$ic9e1
 & ov] purity ( body & s\l4 ,he is ! god
 ( song1 & ! hexamet]1 :i* fir/ res\nd$ 
9 8 temples1 utt]$ its late/ ^w 9 !     
melan*oly music ( ! la/ oracle f        
,delphi3--       ,say to ! k+ t !       
beautiful fane ha? fall5 asund]1        
,phoebus no m ha? a %elt]+ ro( nor a    
sacr$ cell1      ,& ! holy laurels are  
brok5 & wa/$1 & hu%$ is ! wond]      ,( 
wat] t spake z x fl[$ f ! deeps ( !     
,delphian well4             99 ,see     

,nature-,my?s1 antea4 ,s*w>tz1 z usual1 
takes           ,daphne to be connect$1 
n ) ! dawn1 b )           lightn+4 ,es  
i/ d] ,gewitt]-baum4   ,d] ,ursprung d] 
,my?ologie1 ,b]l91 #ahfj1 pg4 #afj-afb4 
9999 ,= ! influ5ce ( ,apollo-wor%ip on  
,greek           civilisation1 see      
,curtius's ,hi/ory qf ,greece1 ,engli%  
transl41 vol4 i4 ,= a !ory t ,apollo    
answ]s to ,mitra           among !      
,arians ( ,iran1 see ,dunck]'s ,hi/ory (
           ,greece1 vol1 i4 #agc4  ,9 8 
oracle he appe>s z ! c\nsellor ( m51    
betwe5 m5 & ,zeus he is a k9d ( m$iator 
7l ! son ( ,baiame 9 ,au/ralia1 or (    
,puluga 9 ! ,&aman isles71 temp]+ !     
au/]ity ( ju/ice ) a ye>n+ & k9d        
compassion4 ,he sanctifies ! pa/oral    
life by 8 example1 &1 z "o :o _h kn[n   
bondage to a mortal1 8 sympa?y light5s !
 burd5 ( ! slave4 ,he is ! guide (      
coloni/s1 he kn[s all ! pa?s ( e>? & all
 ! ways ( ! sea1 & leads w&]]s f> f     
,greece into secure hav5s1 & settles !m 
on f]tile %ores4 ,b he is also ! god    

be=e :om ! ,a!nians fir/ flogg$ & !n    
burn$ _! human scapegoats499 ,8 example 
consecrat$ ! abnormal po/-,hom]ic vices 
( ,greece4 ,he is capable (             
metamorphosis into v>i\s bea/s1 & 8     
temple c\rts are ?rong$ ) images (      
frogs1 & mice1 & wolves1 & dogs1 &      
rav5s1 ov] ^: eld] wor%ip he ?r[s 8     
protection4 ,he is ! god ( sudd5 dea?2  
he is amor\s & rev5geful4 ,! fair       
humanities ( old religion boa/ no figure
 m beautiful2 yet he1 too1 be>s !       
bir?m>ks ( anci5t cre$s1 & !re is a %ad[
 t /a9s 8 leg5d & d>k5s ! radiance ( 8  
glory4       99 ,at ! ,!rgelia4    ,see 
,meursius1 ,graecia ,f]iata4            
,,artemis4  ,if ,apollo soon dis5gages  
himself f ! sun1 & appe>s z a deity     
*iefly rem>kable = 8 moral & prophetic  
attributes1 ,artemis reta9s z few traces
 ( any connection ) ! moon4 ,9 !        
developm5t ( ,artemis may mo/ cle>ly be 
di/+ui%$1 says ,claus1 ! progress ( !   
human intellect f ! e>ly1 rude1 &1 z x  
71 natural ideas1 to ! fair & brilliant 

fancies ( poets & sculptors499       99 
,de ,dianae ,antiguis/ma apud ,graecos  
,natura1 ,vratialaviae1      #ahha4     
,!re is no goddess m beautiful1 pure &  
maid5ly 9 ! poetry ( ,greece4 ,!re %e   
%9es z ! si/] ( ,apollo2 h] *apels are 9
 ! wild wood2 %e is ! abbess ( ! =e/    
nymphs1 *a/e & fair1 ! maid5 ( ! precise
 life1 ! fri5d ( ! virg9al ,hippolytus2 
always pres5t1 ev5 if unse51 ) ! pure ( 
he>t499 ,%e is l ,milton's lady 9 !     
revel r\te ( ! ,comus1 & among ! riot ( 
,olympian lov]s %e alone1 ) ,a!ne1      
satisfies ! ascetic long+ = a pr\d      
remot5ess & res]ve4 ,b ?\gh x is ?us t !
 poets dream ( h]1 f ! au?or ( !        
,odyssey to ,euripides1 yet ! local     
traditions & cults ( ,artemis1 9 _m     
widely sep>at$ di/ricts1 comb9e h]      
wor%ip & h] leg5d ) hide\s cruelties1 ) 
almo/ cannibal rites1 ) relics ( ! wild 
wor%ip ( ! bea/s :om1 9 h] "* z !       
goddess ( ! *ase1 %e pres]ves r ?an     
protects4 ,to h] human victims are      
sacrific$2 = h] be>s1 de]1 doves1       

wolves1 all ! tameless h]ds ( ! hills & 
=e/s are driv5 ?r\gh ! fire 9 ,a*aea4   
,%e is ador$ ) be>-dances by ! ,attic   
girls2 !re is a gloomy ,*?onian or      
sepul*ral elem5t 9 h] wor%ip1 & %e is   
ev5 bl5d$ 9 ritual ) a mon/r\s _m-brea/$
 div9ity ( ,ori5tal religion4 ,p]haps x 
is sc>cely possible to sep>ate n[ all ! 
tangl$ ske9s 9 ! mix$ conception (      
,artemis1 or to lay ! f+] on ! g]m9al   
conception ( h] nature4 ,d>k1 says      
,s*reib]1 is ! orig9al conception1      
obscure ! mean+ ( ! "n ( ,artemis49999  
99 ,hippolytus1 ,eurip41 #gc-hg4        
9999 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 s4 v4  ,x is    
c]ta9 t _m tribal wor%ips are bl5d$ 9 h]
 leg5d & ea* ( two or ?ree widely       
diff]5t notions ( h] nature may be      
plausibly reg>d$ z ! mo/ primitive4 ,9 !
 attempt to rea* ! orig9al notion (     
,artemis1 philology (f]s h] di/ract+ aid
 & h] compet+ etymologies4 ,:at is !    
radical mean+ ( h] "n8 ,on ?is po9t     
,claus99 has a long diss]tation4 ,9 8   
op9ion ,artemis 0 orig9ally 7z ,dione7 !

 wife1 n ! daught]1 ( ,zeus1 & he       
exam9es ! names ,dione1 ,diana1 conclud+
 t ,artemis1 ,dione & ,diana are        
ess5tially "o1 & t ,diana is ! fem99e ( 
,janus 7,djanus71 correspond+ to !      
,greek4 ,z to ! etymology ( ,artemis1   
,curtis wisely pr(esses himself         
unc]ta949999 ,a cr[d ( hypo!ses h be5   
fram$ by m sangu9e & less cauti\s       
etymologi/s4 ,artemis has be5 d]iv$ f   
safe1 unh>m$1 ! /a9less maid5 4         
,goebel1#c sugge/s ! root arp> or p>1 to
 %ake1 & makes ,artemis mean ! ?r[] ( ! 
d>t or ! %oot]4 ,b ?is is confess$ly    
conjectural4 ,! ,p]sian language has    
also be5 se>*$ = ! root ( ,artemis1 :i* 
is comp>$ ) ! fir/ syllables 9          
,artaph]nes1 ,artax]xes1 ,artaxata1 & s 
=?4 ,x is conclud$ t ,artemis w\ld      
simply mean ! great goddess 4 ,claus    
aga91 return+ to 8 !ory ( ,artemis z    
orig9ally ! wife ( ,zeus1 incl9es to    
reg>d h] z orig9ally ! e>?1 ! mighty    
"m499999999       99 ,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 
s4 v41 p4 #g4       9999 ,etym4 ,or11   

#e? ed41 p4 #eef4       999999          
,lexilogus1 i4 #eed4       99999999 ,=  
_m o!r etymologies ( ,artemis1 see      
,ros*]'s      ,lexikon1 p4 #eeh4 ,among 
^! is %e :o cuts ! air4 ,ev5      ! be>1
 has occurr$ to inv5tive m54  ,z        
,s*reib] obs]ves1 ! philological guesses
 really ?r[ no light on ! nature (      
,artemis4 ,welck]1 ,prell] & ,lau] take 
h] = ! goddess ( ! midnight sky1 & !    
light ( ! night499 ,claus1 z we h se51  
is all = night1 n light2 = ,night is    
id5tical 9 conception ) ! e>?--night be+
 ! %ad[ ( e>?1 a fact probably n kn[n to
 ! v e>ly ,greeks4 ,claus1 h[ev]1 seems 
well inspir$ :5 he refuses to d$uce all 
! _m prop]ties1 my?s & attributes (     
,artemis f lun> aspects & attributes4 ,!
 smalle/ gra9 ( +5uity w always suffice 
z ! ess5tial elem5t 9 ?is my?ological   
al*emy1 ?is transmutation ( ! facts (   
leg5d into s _m presum$ /atem5ts ab\t   
any giv5 natural =ce or ph5om5on4  ,f   
all ^! g5]al !ories & vague hypo!ses x  
is "t to desc5d to facts1 & to ! v>i\s  

local or tribal cults & my?s ( ,artemis4
 ,h] place 9 ! arti/ic poetry1 :i*      
wr\ght on & purifi$ ^? tales1 w !n be   
consid]$4 ,?is process is ! conv]se ( ! 
me?od1 = example1 ( ,m4 ,de*>me4 ,he    
fir/ accepts ! que5 & huntress1 *a/e &  
fair1 ( poetry1 & !n expla9s h] local   
my?s & rituals z accid5tal corruptions (
 & =eign additions to t ideal4  ,!      
,attic & ,arcadian leg5ds ( ,artemis are
 confess$ly among ! olde/49999       99 
,welck]1 ,orie*is*e ,gott]lehre1 i4     
#efa1 ,gott+51 #ahfg2      ,prell]1 i4  
#bci4       9999 ,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 #ehj4
  ,bo? 9 ,arcadia & ,attica1 ! goddess  
is /rangely connect$ ) t animal wor%ip1 
& ^? tales ( be/ial metamorphosis1 :i*  
are ! *>act]i/ic elem5ts ( my?s &       
beliefs among ! mo/ backw>d races4  ,!  
,arcadian my? ( ,artemis & ! %e-be> is  
v>i\sly n>rat$4 ,accord+ to ,pausanias1 
,lycaon1 k+ ( ,arcadia1 _h a daught]1   
,calli/o1 :o 0 lov$ by ,zeus4 ,h]a1 9   
jeal\s wra?1 *ang$ ,calli/o into a      
%e-be>2 & ,artemis1 to please ,h]a1 %ot 

! bea/4 ,at ?is "t ! %e-be> 0 pregnant )
 a *ild by ,zeus1 :o s5t ,h]mes to save 
! babe1 ,areas1 j z ,dionysus 0 sav$ at 
! burn+ ( ,semele & ,asclepius at ! dea?
 ( 8 "m1 :om ,apollo slew4 ,zeus !n     
trans=m$ ,calli/o into a con/ellation1 !
 be>499 ,no m /raight=w>d my? ( desc5t f
 a bea/ 7= ! ,arcadians claim$ desc5t f 
,areas1 ! %e-be>'s son7 & ( />ry or     
be/ial metamorphosis 0 ev] told by      
,cahrocs or ,kamil>oi4 ,ano!r /ory ran t
 ,artemis h]self1 9 ang] at ! un*a/ity (
 ,calli/o1 caus$ h] to become a be>4 ,s 
! leg5d ran 9 a ,hesiodic poem1 accord+ 
to ! extract 9 ,erato/h5es49999       99
 ,paus41 viii4 #c1 #e4       9999 ,o4   
,muell]1 ,engl4 transl41 p4 #ae2        
,cata/41 i42 ,apollodor41      iii4 #hb2
 ,hyg9us1 #agf1 #agg4 ,a numb] ( less   
important      ref]5ces are giv5 9      
,ba*(5's ,d] ,b> 9 d5 ,religion5        
des ,alt]?ums4  ,su* is ! anci5t my?1   
:i* ,otfri$ ,muell] endeav\rs to expla9 
by ! light ( 8 lucid common s5se1 )\t ! 
assi/ance :i* we c n[ d]ive f           

an?ropological rese>*4 ,! nymph         
,calli/o1 9 8 op9ion1 is a m]e          
refraction f ,artemis h]self1 "u h]     
,arcadian & poetic "n ( ,calli/e1 ! mo/ 
beautiful4 ,h>d by ! tumulus kn[n z !   
grave ( ,calli/o 0 a %r9e1 ,pausanias   
tells u1 ( ,artemis ,calli/e499         
,pamphos1 he adds1 0 ! fir/ poet kn[n to
 him :o prais$ ,artemis by ?is title1 & 
he le>n$ x f ! ,arcadians4 ,muell] next 
rem>ks on ! attributes ( ,artemis 9     
,a!ns1 ! ,artemis kn[n z ,brauronia4    
,n[1 says he1 we set out f ?is1 t !     
circum/ance ( ! goddess :o is s]v$ at   
,brauron by %e-be>s hav+ a fri5d &      
companion *ang$ into a be>1 _c possibly 
be a freak ( *ance1 b t ?is             
metamorphosis has its f\ndation 9 ! fact
 t ! animal 0 sacr$ to ! goddess4  ,x w 
become probable t ! animal actually 0   
my?ically id5tifi$ ) ! goddess at an    
extremely remote p]iod1 or1 at all      
ev5ts1 t ! goddess succe$$ to1 & ?rew h]
 protection ov]1 an anci5t wor%ip ( !   
animal4  ,pass+ !n f ,arcadia1 :]e !    

fri5d ( ! goddess becomes a %e-be>1 to  
,brauron & ,muny*ia 9 ,attica1 we f9d t 
! local ,artemis !re1 an ,artemis       
connect$ by leg5d ) ! fi]ce ,taurian    
goddess1 is s]v$ by "y girls1 :o        
imitate1 9 dances1 ! gait ( be>s1 :o are
 call$ little be>s1 apktoi1 & ^: m9i/ry 
is nam$ aptcreia1 t is1 a play+ ! be>4  
,"s h held t ! girls once wore          
be>-sk9s49999       99 ,paus41 viii4 #c4
       9999 ,claus1 op4 cit41 p4 #gf4   
,su*i]1 ,de ,dian ,brauron1 p4      #cc4
 ,! be>sk9 seems lat] to h be5 ex*ang$ =
 a      saffron raim5t4 ,comp>e         
,h>pokration1 ,ari/ophanes1             
,lysi/rata1 #fdf4 ,! ,s*olia/ on t      
passage collects      leg5d>y           
explanations1 sett+ =? t ! rites 7      
meant to appease ! goddess = ! slay+ ( a
 tame be>      cf4 ,apo/olius1 vii4 #aj4
 ,mr4 ,p>nell has collect$ all !        
lore 9 8 "w on ! ,cults ( ! ,greek      
,/ates4  ,famili> examples 9 anci5t &   
classical times ( ?is religi\s s]vice by
 m5 9 be/ial guise are ! wolf-dances ( !

 ,hirpi or wolves1 & ! use ( ! ram-sk9 9
 ,egypt & ,greece499 ,^! ,brauronian    
rites po9t to a p]iod :5 ! goddess 0    
h]self a be>1 or :5 a be>-my? accru$ to 
h] leg5d1 & ?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by !
 s+ul> tradition t %e 0 n only a be>1 b 
a be> :o crav$ = human blood49999       
99 ,s]vius4 ,j54 i4 xi4 #ghe4 ,= a s+ul>
 p>allel 9 mod]n      ,fr5* folk-lore to
 ! dance ( ! ,hirpi1 see ,mannh>dt1     
,wald und ,feld ,qultus1 ii #hbd1 #hbe4 
,= ! ram1 see      ,h]odotus1 ii4 #db4  
,9 ,!bes ! ram's sk9 0 9 !      ye>ly   
fe/ival flay$1 & plac$ on ! /atue ( !   
god4      ,comp>e1 9 ! case ( ! buzz>d1 
,bancr(t1 iii4 #afh4      ,great c>e is 
tak5 9 pres]v+ ! sk9 ( ! sacrific$      
totem1 ! buzz>d1 z x makes "p ( a sacr$ 
dress4       9999 ,apo/olius1 viii4 #ai1
 vii4 #aj1 quot$ by ,o4 ,muell] 7cf4    
,welck]1 i4 #egc74  ,! connection betwe5
 ! ,arcadian ,artemis1 ! ,artemis (     
,brauron1 & ! common rituals & cre$s (  
totemi/ic wor%ip is n[1 p]haps1         
und5iably app>5t4 ,p]haps 9 all ! leg5d 

& all ! cult ( ! goddess !re is no m    
ar*aic elem5t ?an ?is4 ,! spee* ( ! wom5
 9 ! ,lysi/rata1 recall+ ! days ( _!    
*ildhood :5 !y 7 be>s1 takes u back to a
 remote pa/ :5 ! tribes settl$ at       
,brauron 7 be>-wor%ipp]s1 &1 9 all      
probability1 claim$ to be ( ! be> /ock  
or k9dr$4 ,_! di/ant desc5dants /ill    
imitat$ ! creature's movem5ts 9 a sacr$ 
dance2 & ! girls ( ,p]iclean ,a!ns act$ 
at t mom5t l ! "y m5 ( ! ,m&ans or      
,nootkas 9 _! wolf-dance or             
buffalo-dance4 ,two que/ions rema9      
unansw]$3 h[ did a goddess ( ! "n (     
,artemis1 & ) h] wide & b5efic5t        
functions1 succe$ to a cult s b>b>\s8 or
 h[1 on ! o!r h&1 did ! cult ( a rav5+  
%e-be> develop into ! humane & pure     
religion ( ,artemis8  ,"h is a mom5t 9  
my?ical & religi\s evolution :i* almo/  
escapes our inquiry4 ,we f9d1 9 actual  
hi/orical processes1 no?+ m ak9 to x ?an
 ! relation borne by ! ,samoan gods to !
 v>i\s animals 9 :i* !y are suppos$ to  
be manife/4 ,h[ did ! complex !ory ( !  

nature ( ,artemis arise8 :at 0 its gr[?8
 at :at precise h\r did x emancipate    
itself on ! :ole f ! l[] savage cre$s8  
or h[ 0 x develop$ out ( _! unpromis+   
mat]ials8 ,! sci5ce ( my?ology may      
p]haps nev] f9d a key to ^! obscure     
problems499       99 ,! symbolic        
explanation ( ,ba*(51 ,claus & o!rs is  
to ! effect t ! %e-be> 7to take t case7 
is a      bea/ 9 :i* ! mat]nal in/9ct is
 v /rong1 &      app>5tly t ! %e-be>1   
depriv$ ( h] :elps1 is a      fit symbol
 ( a goddess notori\sly virg9al1 & )\t  
(fspr+4  ,! goddess ( ,brauron1 succe$+ 
probably to ! cult ( a %e-be>1 call$ =  
human blood4 ,) human blood ! ,artemis  
,or?ia ( ,sp>ta 0 propitiat$4 ,( ?is    
goddess & h] rights ,pausanias tells a v
 rem>kable /ory4 ,! image ( ! goddess1  
he decl>es1 is b>b>\s2 :i* probably     
means t ev5 among ! ar*aic wood5 idols (
 ,greece x seem$ peculi>ly savage 9     
/yle4 ,a/rabacus & ,alopecus 7! ass & ! 
fox71 sons ( ,agis1 are said to h f\nd !
 idol 9 a bu%1 & to h be5 /ruck mad at !

 sight ( x4 ,^? :o sacrific$ to !       
goddess fell to bl[s & slew ea* o!r2 a  
pe/il5ce foll[$1 & x became cle> t !    
goddess dem&$ human victims4 ,h] alt>   
mu/ be dr5*$ 9 ! blood ( m51 ! victim   
be+ *os5 by lot4 ,lycurgus got ! cr$it (
 sub/itut+ ! rite 9 :i* boys 7 flogg$   
be=e ! goddess to ! effusion ( blood = !
 old] human sacrifices499 ,! ,taurian   
,artemis1 ador$ ) human sacrifice1 & h] 
prie/ess1 ,iphig5ia1 p]haps a =m ( !    
goddess1 are famili> examples ( ?is     
sangu9>y ritual49999 ,su*i] is probably 
correct 9 d5y+ t ^! sacrifices are (    
=eign orig94 ,!y are closely int]wov5 ) 
! olde/ idols & olde/ my?s ( ! di/ricts 
lea/ op5 to =eign influ5ce4 ,an ,a*aean 
example is giv5 by ,pausanias4999999    
,artemis 0 ador$ ) ! (f]+ ( a beautiful 
girl & boy4 ,n f> f ,brauron1 at ,halae1
 0 a v anci5t temple ( ,artemis         
,tauropolos1 9 :i* blood 0 drawn f a    
man's ?roat by ! edge ( ! sword1 cle>ly 
a modifi$ survival ( human sacrifice4 ,!
 :ole connection ( ,artemis ) ,taurian  

rites has be5 exam9$ by ,muell]199999999
 9 8 ,or*om5os9999999999 ,horns gr[ f ! 
%\ld]s ( ,artemis ,tauropolos1 on ! co9s
 ( ,amphipolis1 & on ,mac$onian co9s %e 
rides on a bull4 ,accord+ to            
,de*>me1999999999999 ! ,taurian         
,artemis1 ) h] hide\s rites1 0 confus$1 
by an accid5tal resemblance ( names1 )  
?is ,artemis ,tauropolos1 ^: symbol 0 a 
bull1 & :o 7:atev] we may ?9k ( !       
symbolic hypo!sis7 us$ bulls z h]       
vehicle & wore bull's horns4       99   
,paus41 iii4 #h1af4 ,cf4 ,muell]1       
,dorians1 book ii4 *ap4 #i1      #f4    
,pausanias1 viii4 #bc1 #a1 m5tions a    
simil> cu/om1      orda9$ by ! ,delphian
 oracle1 ! flogg+ ( wom5 at      ! fea/ 
( ,dionysus 9 ,alea ( ,arcadia4         
9999 ,cf4 ,muell]1 ,dorians1 x #i1 #f1 &
 ,claus1 op4 cit41 cap4      v4         
999999 ,paus41 vii4 #ai4                
99999999,op4 cit41 ii4 #i1 #f4          
9999999999 ,ibid41 p4 #caa4 ,qf4        
,euripides1 ,iph4 ,taur41 #adbd1 &      
,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 p4 #efh4              

999999999999 ,my?ol4 de la ,grece1 p4   
#acg4  ,muell]1 on ! o!r h&199 believes 
! ,greeks f\nd 9 ,tauria 7i4e41 ,lemnos7
 a goddess ) bloody rites1 :om !y       
id5tifi$ by reason ( ^? v human         
sacrifices1 ) _! own ,artemis ,iphig5ia4
 ,_! own wor%ip ( t deity bore s _m m>ks
 ( anci5t b>b>ism t !y 7 will+ to       
consid] ! nor!rn b>b>ians z its au?ors4 
,yet x is possible t ! ,tauric ,artemis 
0 no m d]iv$ f ! ,taurians ?an ,artemis 
,a,ethiopia f ! ,a,ethiopians4  ,!      
nature ( ! fam\s ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 
or ,artemis ( ,ephesus1 is probably q   
di/9ct 9 orig9 f ei!r ! ,artemis (      
,arcadia & ,attica or ! deity ( lit]>y  
cre$s4 ,z late z ! "t ( ,tacitus9999 !  
,ephesians ma9ta9$ t ,leto's tw9s _h be5
 born 9 _! t]ritory4 ,! fir/ :i* %[$    
!mselves 9 ! s5ate 7 ! ,ephesians1      
decl>+ t ,diana & ,apollo 7 n born 9 !  
isl& ,delos1 z ! common p did believe2 &
 !re 0 9 _! c\ntry a riv] call$         
,c5*rius1 & a wood call$ ,ortegia1 :]e  
,latona1 be+ great ) *ild1 & lean+ aga9/

 an olive tree :i* is yet 9 t place1    
br\ght =? ^! two gods1 & t by ! comm&m5t
 ( ! gods ! wood 0 made sacr$4999999    
99 ,my?ol4 de la ,grece1 ii4 #i1 #g4    
9999 ,annals1 iii4 #fa4       999999    
,gre5wey's ,tacitus1 #afbb4   ,?is 0 a  
m]e adaptation ( ! ,delian leg5d1 !     
olive 79 ,a!ns sacr$ to ,a!ne7 tak+ !   
place ( ! ,delian palm-tree4 ,! real    
,artemis ( ,ephesus1 ! image t fell f   
heav51 0 an ,ori5tal survival4 ,no?+ c  
be less ,greek 9 ta/e ?an h] _m-brea/$  
idol1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! _m-brea/$   
goddess ( ! be]-produc+ maguey plant 9  
,mexico499  ,! wild] elem5ts 9 ! local  
rites & my?s ( ,diana are little if at  
all conc]n$ ) ! goddess 9 h] ,olympian  
aspect z ! daught] ( ,leto & si/] (     
,apollo4    ,x is f ?is l(ty rank t %e  
desc5ds 9 ! national epic to combat on !
 ,ilian pla9 among w>r+ gods & m54      
,claus has attempt$1 f a comp>ison ( !  
epi!ts appli$ to ,artemis1 to %[ t !    
poets ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey take      
diff]5t views ( h] "*4 ,9 ! ,iliad %e is

 a goddess ( tumult & passion2 9 !      
,odyssey1 a holy maid5 ) ! g5tle d>ts t 
deal sudd5 & pa9less dea?4 ,b 9 bo?     
poems %e is a huntress1 & ! dea?-deal+  
%afts are h]s bo? 9 ,iliad & ,odyssey4  
,p]haps ! app>5t diff]5ce is due to no?+
 b ! necessity = allott+ h] a "p 9 t    
battle ( ! ,olympians :i* rages 9 !     
,iliad4 ,?us ,h]a 9 ! ,iliad addresses  
h] ?us39999 ,h[ n[6 art ?\ mad1 bold    
vix51 to mat* ?yself aga9/ me8 ,h>d 7 x 
= !e to mat* my might1 b[-be>] ?\gh ?\  
art1 s9ce aga9/ wom5 ,zeus made !e a    
lion1 & give? !e to slay :omso ( !m ?\  
wilt4 ,truly x is bett] on ! m\nta9s to 
slay wild bea/s & de] ?an to fight ) "o 
t is mighti] ?an ?\4       99 ,= an     
alaba/] /atuette ( ! goddess1 see       
,ros*]'s      ,lexikon1 p4 #ehh         
9999 ,iliad1 xxi4 #dha4  ,^! taunts (   
,h]a1 :o always dete/s ! illegitimate   
*ildr5 ( ,zeus1 d\btless ref] to ! "* ( 
,artemis z ! goddess ( *ildbir?4 ,"h %e 
becomes confus$ ) ,ili?yia & ) ,hecate2 
b x is unnecess>y to pursue ! inquiry   

into ^! details499  ,l mo/ ( !          
,olympians1 ,artemis 0 connect$ n only )
 bea/-wor%ip1 b ) plant-wor%ip4 ,%e 0   
kn[n by ! names ,daphnaea & ,c$reatis2  
at ,ephesus n only ! olive b ! oak 0    
sacr$ to h]2 at ,delos %e _h h] palm    
tree4 ,h] idol 0 plac$ 9 or hung f !    
bran*es ( ^! trees1 & x is n improbable 
t %e succe$$ to ! hon\rs ei!r ( a tree  
wor%ipp$ 9 itself & = itself1 or ( ! _s 
or g5ius :i* 0 presum$ to dwell 9 & in=m
 x4 ,simil> examples ( "o cre$ inh]it+ !
 holy ?+s ( its pr$ecessor are common   
en\gh :]e ei!r mission>ies1 z 9 ,mexico 
& ,*9a1 or ! e>ly prea*]s ( ! gospel 9  
,brittany or ,sc&9avia1 appropriat$ to  
,*ri/ ! holy days ( pagan deities &     
consecrat$ feti% /ones ) ! m>k ( !      
cross4 ,unluckily1 we h no hi/orical    
evid5ce z to ! mom5t 9 :i* ! anci5t     
tribal totems & feti%es & sacrifices 7  
plac$ "u ! protection ( ! v>i\s         
,olympians1 9 ^: cult !y survive1 l     
flies 9 amb]4 ,b t ?is process did take 
place is ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( !   

rude factors 9 ! religion ( ,artemis1 z 
( ,apollo1 ,zeus or ,dionysus4       99 
,cf4 ,prell]1 i4 #bef1 #beg4 ,bac*ylides
 make ,hecate !      daught] (          
deep-bosom$ ,night4 7#dj74 ,! ,s*olia/  
on !      second idyll ( ,!ocritus1 9   
:i* ! sorc]ess appeals      to ! magic (
 ! moon1 makes h] a daught] ( ,zeus &   
,demet]1 & id5tifi$ ) ,artemis4 ,"h1 m  
cle>ly      ?an else:]e1 ! ,artemis     
appe>s sub luce maligna1      "u ! wan  
unc]ta9 light ( ! moon4  ,x 0 ev] !     
t5d5cy ( ,greek ?\ght to turn f !       
contemplation ( d>k & inscrutable ?+s 9 
! "* ( ! gods & to end[ !m ) ! faire/   
attributes4 ,! primitive =mless ,zoana  
give place to ! ideal /atues ( gold &   
ivory4 ,! ,artemis to :om a fawn 9 a    
maid5's dress is sacrific$ does n haunt 
! memory ( ,euripides2 8 ,artemis is    
fair & hon\rable1 pure & maid5ly1 a     
goddess w&]+ 9 lonely places unbehold5 (
 man4 ,x is ?us1 if "o may rhyme ! spee*
 ( ,hippolytus1 t h] vot>y addresses    
h]3--       ,= !e s(t cr[ns 9 ?9e       

untrampl$ mead      ,i weave1 my lady1 &
 to !e ,i be>2      ,?i!r no %eph]d     
drives 8 flocks to fe$1      ,nor scy! (
 /eel has ev] lab\r$ !re2      ,nay1    
?r\gh ! spr+ among ! blossoms fair      
,! br[n bee comes & goes1 & ) good he$  
,?y maid51 ,rev]5ce1 sweet /reams do?   
lead      ,ab\t ! grassy close t is h]  
c>e6      ,s\ls only t are graci\s &    
s]5e      ,by gift ( ,god1 9 human lore 
unread1      ,may pluck ^! holy blooms &
 grasses gre5      ,t n[ ,i wrea! = ?9e 
immortal head1      ,i :o may walk ) !e1
 ?yself unse51      ,& by ?y :isp]$     
voice am com=t$4  ,9 passages l ?is we  
f9d ! truly natural religion1 ! religion
 to :i* man's nature t5ds1 groan+ &     
travail+ till ! goal is won1 ,b x is    
long 9 ! w9n+2 ! pa?s are r\gh2 humanity
 is l$ by a way t x knew n4             
,,dionysus4  ,among deities ^: orig9 has
 be5 s\ght 9 ! p]sonification1 if n ( ! 
ph5om5a1 at lea/ ( ! =ces ( ,nature1    
,dionysus is prom95t499 ,he is reg>d$ by
 _m my?ologi/s9999 z ! spiritual =m ( ! 

new v]nal life1 ! sap & pulse (         
vegetation & ( ! new-born ye>1          
especially z manife/ 9 ! v9e & ! juice (
 ! grape4 ,?us ,prell]999999 looks on 8 
"m1 ,semele1 z a p]sonification ( !     
pregnant soil 9 spr+499999999 ,! "n (   
,semele is expla9$ ) ! famili> div]sity 
( conjecture4 ,:e!r ! human intellect1  
at ! "t ( ! fir/ developm5t ( my?1 0    
capable ( su* ab/ract ?\ght z is employ$
 9 ! recognition ( a deity presid+ ov] !
 revival ( e>?-life or n1 & :e!r1 hav+  
atta9$ to ?is ab/raction1 m5 w\ld g on  
to clo! x 9 all mann] ( animal & o!r    
symbolisms1 are que/ions :i* my?ologi/s 
seem to take = grant$4 ,! popul> /ory ( 
! bir? ( ,dionysus is well kn[n4        
99 ,x is ne$less to occupy space ) !    
etymological      guesses at ! s5se ( ! 
"n ,dionysus4 ,greek1 ,sanskrit      &  
,assyrian h be5 tortur$ by !            
philologi/s1 b      refuse to give up _!
 secret1 & ,curtis does n ev5      (f] a
 conjecture 7,or4 ,etym41 #fji74        
9999 ,prell]1 i4 #edd4       999999 i4  

#edf4       99999999 ,! bir? ( ,dionysus
 is record$ 7,iliad1 xiv4 #cbc2         
,hesiod1 ,!og41 #idj7 )\t ! /ory ( !    
dea? (      ,semele1 :i* occurs 9       
,a,eschylus1 ,frg41 #bag-bah2 ,eurip41  
,bac*ae1 i4 #c4  ,8 "m1 ,semele1 desir$ 
to see ,zeus 9 all 8 glory1 z he appe>$ 
:5 he made love to ,h]a4 ,hav+ promis$  
to grant all ! nymph's reque/s1 ,zeus 0 
con/ra9$ to approa* h] 9 ?und] &        
lightn+4 ,%e 0 burn$ to dea?1 b ! god   
rescu$ h] unborn *ild & s[$ him up 9 8  
own ?igh4 ,9 ?is wild n>rative ,prell]  
f9ds ! w$lock ( heav5 & e>?1 ! fir/ day 
t x ?und]s 9 ,m>*4 ,! ?igh ( ,zeus is to
 be int]pret$ z ! cool moi/ cl\ds4 ,if1 
on ! o!r h&1 we may take ,dionysus      
himself to be ! ra91 z ,kuhn does1 &    
expla9 ! ?igh ( ,zeus by comp>ison )    
c]ta9 details 9 ! soma sacrifice & ! "r 
?igh ( ,indra1 z describ$ 9 "o ( !      
,brahmanas1 :y !n1 ( c\rse1 ,prell]'s   
explanation _c be admitt$499       99   
,kuhn1 ,h]abkunft1 pp4 #aff1 #afg1 :]e x
 appe>s t !      gods buy soma & place x

 on ! "r ?igh ( ,indra4  ,^! examples %[
 ! difficulty1 or r indicate ! error1 ( 
attempt+ to int]pret all ! details 9 any
 my? z s _m /atem5ts ab\t natural       
ph5om5a & natural =ces4 ,su*            
int]pretations are necess>ily           
conjectural4 ,c]ta9ly ,dionysus1 ! god (
 orgies1 ( w9e1 ( poetry1 became 9 lat] 
,greek ?\ght some?+ v l ! spiritual =m (
 ! v9e1 & ! patron ( ,nature's moods (  
revelry4 ,b t he 0 orig9ally conceiv$ ( 
?us1 or t ?is conception may be m9utely 
trac$ ?r\gh ea* incid5t ( 8 leg5d1 _c be
 sci5tifically e/abli%$4 ,ea* my?ologi/1
 z has be5 said be=e1 is1 9 fact1 ask+  
himself1 ,:at mean+ w\ld ,i h _h if ,i  
told ?is or t /ory ( ! god ( ! v9e or ! 
god ( ! ye>'s r5ewal8 ,! imag9ations 9  
:i* ! tale ( ! d\ble bir? ( ,dionysus   
arose 7 s unlike ! imag9ation ( an      
erudite mod]n ,g]man t ^! guesses are   
absolutely baseless4 ,nay1 :5 we are    
told t ! *ild 0 %elt]$ 9 8 fa!r's body1 
& 0 actually br\ght to bir? by ! fa!r1  
we may be rem9d$1 l ,ba*(51 ( t         

widespread savage cu/om1 ! c\vade4  ,f  
,brazil to ! ,basque c\ntry x has be5   
common = ! fa!r to pret5d to lie-9 :ile 
! "m is 9 *ildb$2 ! husb& und]goes      
m$ical treatm5t1 9 _m cases be+ put to  
b$ = days499 ,?is cu/om1 _w-wide1 z ,mr4
 ,tylor calls x1 has be5 us$ by ,ba*(5 z
 ! s\rce ( ! my? ( ! d\ble bir? (       
,dionysus4 ,?\gh o!r explanations ( !   
c\vade h be5 giv51 ! mo/ plausible !ory 
repres5ts x z a recognition ( pat]nity  
by ! fa!r4 ,ba*(5 comp>es ! c]emony by  
:i*1 :5 ,h]a became reconcil$ to        
,h]akles1 %e adopt$ him z h] own ?r\gh !
 legal fiction ( 8 second bir?4 ,! cu/om
 by :i*1 9 old ,fr5* m>riage rites1     
illegitimate *ildr5 7 legitimis$ by be+ 
br\ght to ! alt> "u ! veil ( ! bride is 
also 9 po9t49999 ,diodorus says t       
b>b>ians /ill practise ! rite ( adoption
 by a fictiti\s bir?4 ,m5 :o return$    
home safely aft] !y 7 believ$ to be dead
 _h to und]go a simil> c]emony4999999   
,ba*(5 !re=e expla9s ! names & my?s ( ! 
d\ble-mo!r$ ,dionysus z relics ( ! cu/om

 ( ! c\vade1 & ( ! legal recognition (  
*ildr5 by ! fa!r1 aft] a p]iod ( k9%ip  
?r\gh wom5 only4       999999 ,tylor1   
,prim4 ,oult41 ,i #id2 ,e>ly ,hi/ory (  
,mank9d1 p4      #bic4       9999       
,ba*(51 ,das ,mutt]re*t1 ,/uttg>t1      
#ahfa1 p4 #bed4       999999 ,plut>*1   
,quae/4 ,rom41 #e4  ,?is !ory is put by 
,lucian 9 8 usual bant]+ mann]4         
,poseidon wi%es to ent] ! *amb] ( ,zeus1
 b is refus$ admission by ,h]mes4  ,is  
,zeus en bonne =tune8 he asks4  ,no1 !  
rev]se4 ,zeus has j _h a baby4  ,a baby6
 :y !re 0 no?+ 9 8 figure4446 ,p]haps ! 
*ild 0 born f 8 head1 l ,a!ne8  ,n at   
all--8 ?igh2 ! *ild is ,semele's4       
,wond]ful ,god6 :at v>i$ accompli%m5ts6 
,b :o is ,semele8  ,a ,!ban girl1 a     
daught] ( ,cadmus1 mu* notic$ by ,zeus4 
,& s he k9dly 0 conf9$ = h]8  ,exactly6 
,s ,zeus is bo? fa!r & "m ( ! *ild8     
,naturally6 ,& n[ ,i mu/ g & make him   
com=table499       99 ,dial4 ,deor41 xi4
  ,we ne$ n necess>ily accept ,ba*(5's  
view4 ,?is le>n$ au?or employ$ inde$ a  

widely comp>ative me?od1 b he saw ev]y?+
 ?r\gh c]ta9 my/ic speculations ( 8 own4
 ,x may be deem$1 h[ev]1 t ! au?ors ( ! 
my? ( ! d\ble bir? ( ,dionysus 7 r 9 !  
condition ( m5 :o practise ! c\vade ?an 
capable ( su* va/ ab/ract ideas & su*   
complicat$ symbolism z are requir$ 9 !  
sy/em ( ,prell]4 ,x is probable en\gh t 
! /ruggle betwe5 ! two sy/ems (         
k9dr$--mat]nal & pat]nal--has left its  
m>k 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,und5iably x is  
pres5t 9 ! ,eum5ides ( ,a,eschylus1 &   
p]haps x inspires ! tales :i* repres5t  
,h]a & ,zeus z emul\sly produc+ (fspr+  
7,a!ne & ,hephae/us7 )\t ! aid ( !      
opposite sex499  ,9 any case1 ,dionysus1
 ,semele's son1 ! patron ( ! v9e1 !     
conqu]or ( ,india1 is an enigmatic      
figure ( dubi\s orig91 b less repulsive 
?an ,dionysus ,zagreus4  ,ev5 among !   
adv5tures ( ,zeus ! am\r :i* result$ 9 !
 bir? ( ,dionysus ,zagreus 0 conspicu\s4
 ,jupit] ipse filiam ince/avit1 natum   
h9c ,zagreum49999 ,p]sephone1 flee+ h]  
hateful lov]1 took ! %ape ( a s]p5t1 &  

,zeus became ! male dragon4 ,! /ory is  
on a foot+ ) ! ,brahmanic my? (         
,prajapati & 8 daught] z buck & doe4 ,! 
,platoni/s expla9$ ! leg5d1 z usual1 by 
_! absurd symbolism 4999999  ,! *ild (  
two s]p5ts1 ,zagreus1 0 born1 curi\s z x
 may seem1 ) horns on 8 head4 ,zeus     
br\ght him up 9 secret1 b ,h]a s5t !    
,titans to kill him4 ,accord+ to ,clem5s
 ,alex&r9us99999999 & o!r au?orities1 ! 
,titans won 8 he>t ) toys1 includ+ !    
bull-ro>] or turn-dun ( !               
,au/ralians499999999 ,8 enemies1 also 9 
,au/ralian fa%ion1 daub$ !mselves ov] ) 
pipeclay4999999999999 ,by ^! hide\s foes
 ! *ild 0 torn to pieces1 ?\gh1 accord+ 
to ,nonnus1 he *ang$ himself into z _m  
bea/s z ,proteus by ! ,nile1 or ,tamlane
 by ! ,ettrick4       99 ,ros*]'s       
,lexikon1 p4 #ajdf4       9999 ,lobeck1 
,aglaoph41 p4 #edg1 quot+ ,callima*us & 
,euphoric       999999 ,ibid41 p4 #eej4 
99999999 ,admon41 p4 #aa2 ,nonnus1 xxiv4
 #dc2 ap4 ,aglaoph41 p4 #eee4           
9999999999 ,cu/om & ,my?1 p4 #ci4       

999999999999,cf4 ,demo/h5es1 ,pro4 ,or41
 #cac2 ,lobeck1 pp4 #eef1 #fdf1         
#gjj4  ,9 8 bull-%ape1 ,zagreus 0 f9ally
 *opp$ up small1 cook$ 7except ! he>t71 
& eat5 by ! ,titans499 ,"h we are       
naturally rem9d$ ( ! dismemb]m5t (      
,osiris1 ,ymir1 ,puru%a1 ,*okanipok & s 
_m o!r gods & bea/s 9 ,egypt1 ,india1   
,sc&9avia & ,am]ica4 ,?is po9t mu/ n be 
lo/ sight ( 9 ! controv]sy z to ! orig9 
& date ( ! /ory ( ,dionysus ,zagreus4   
,no?+ c be mu* m repulsive ?an ^! hide\s
 incid5ts to ! g5ius1 = example1 (      
,hom]4 ,he r>ely tells any?+ worse ab\t 
! gods ?an ! tale ( ,ares' imprisonm5t 9
 ! l>ge bronze pot1 an ev5t undignifi$1 
inde$1 b n 9 ! f]oci\s ta/e ( ! ,zagreus
 leg5d4 ,b x ne$ n1 !re=e1 be decid$ t !
 /ory ( ,dionysus & ! ,titans is lat]   
?an ,hom] because x is inconsi/5t ) !   
tone ( ,hom]ic my?ology1 & because x is 
f\nd 9 m rec5t au?orities4 ,details l ! 
use ( ! turn-dun 9 ! ,dionysiac my/]ies1
 & ! bodies ( ! celebrants daub$ ) clay1
 h a primitive1 or at lea/ savage1      

appe>ance4 ,x 0 ! op9ion ( ,lobeck t !  
,orphic poems1 9 :i* ! leg5d fir/ comes 
into lit]ature1 7 ! "w (                
,onomacritus49999  ,on ! o!r h&1 ,muell]
 argu$ t ! my? 0 really ar*aic1 al?\gh x
 _h pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,onomacritus4   
,on ! /r5g? ( ! boa/ ( ! ,delphian      
prie/s t !y possess$ ! grave 9 :i* !    
fragm5ts ( ! god 7 buri$1 ,muell]       
believ$ t ,onomacritus receiv$ ! /ory f 
,delphi4999999       99 ,proclus 9      
,crat41 p4 #aae4       9999 ,aglaoph41  
p4 #faf4    ,onomacritum ar*itectum     
i/ius      my?i4       999999 ,muell]'s 
,proleg41 ,engli% transl41 p4 #cai4     
,muell] writes1  ,! way 9 :i* ^!        
,orphics w5t to "w ) anci5t my?s c be   
mo/ di/9ctly se5 9 ! my?us ( ! te>+     
asund] ( ,bac*us1 :i*1 at all ev5ts1    
pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,onomacritus1 an    
organis] ( ,dionysian orgies1 accord+ to
 ,pausanias1 an au?or ( ,orphean poems  
also1 & !re=e1 9 all probability1 an    
,orphic4  ,! words ( ,pausanias are     
7viii4 #cg1 #c71 ,onomacritus1 tak+ f   

,hom] ! "n ( ! ,titans1 e/abli%$        
,dionysiac orgies1 & repres5t$ ! ,titans
 z ! au?ors ( ! sorr[s ( ! god4  ,n[ x  
is p]haps impossible to decide ) c]ta9ty
 :e!r1 z ,lobeck held1 ,onomacritus     
adapt$ ! my?1 & ! ,delphians receiv$ x  
into _! religion1 ) rites purposely     
meant to resemble ^? ( ,osiris 9 ,egypt1
 or :e!r ,muell] m correctly ma9ta9s t  
,onomacritus1 on ! o!r h&1 br\ght an old
 temple my/]y & sacr$ *apt] into ! light
 ( lit]ature4 ,b x may v plausibly be   
ma9ta9$ t a my? s wild1 & s analog\s 9  
its mo/ brutal details to ! my?s ( _m   
widely scatt]$ races1 is m probably     
anci5t ?an a fre% inv5tion ( a poet ( ! 
six? c5tury4 ,x is mu* m likely t       
,greece1 :e!r at ,delphi or else:]e1    
possess$ a leg5d common to races 9      
di/ant cont95ts1 ?an t ,onomacritus ei!r
 inv5t$ ! tale or borr[$ x f ,egypt &   
settl$ x at ,delphi4 ,o4 ,muell] c\ld n 
appeal to ! cr[d ( tales ( div9e        
dismemb]m5t 9 savage & civilis$ l&s1    
because ) "s he 0 unacqua9t$1 & o!rs 7l 

! sacrifice ( ,puru%a1 ! cutt+ up (     
,omorca1 ! r5d+ ( ,ymir7 d n seem to h  
occurr$ to 8 memory4 ,?\gh ! majority ( 
^! leg5ds ( div9e dismemb]m5t are       
connect$ ) ! mak+ ( ! _w1 yet 9         
ess5tials !y d resemble ! tale (        
,dionysus & ! ,titans4 ,?us ! balance ( 
probability is 9 fav\r ( ! !ory t ! my? 
is really old1 & 0 borr[$1 n inv5t$1 by 
,onoma-critus499 ,t v %ifty p]son may h 
made 8 own alt]ations 9 ! n>rative1 b x 
_c be ra% to say ) ,o4 ,muell]1 ,if x   
has be5 suppos$ t he 0 ! inv5tor ( !    
entire fable1 :i* ,pausa-nias by no     
means ass]ts1 ,i mu/ confess t ,i _c br+
 myself to ?9k s4 ,accord+ to ! notions 
( ! anci5ts1 x mu/ h be5 an unholy1 an  
accurs$ man :o c\ld1 f a m]e caprice ( 8
 own1 repres5t ! ev]-"y ,dionysus1 ! god
 ( joy1 z hav+ be5 torn to pieces by !  
,titans4 ,a reply to ?is might1 no d\bt1
 be s\ght 9 ! passages describ+ ! influx
 ( new sup]/itions :i* are cit$ by      
,lobeck49999 ,! ,greek comic poets      
especially d]id$ ^! religi\s novelties1 

:i* correspond$ v closely to our        
,esot]ic ,buddhism & simil> impo/ures4  
,b ^! new my/]ies & trump]y cults ( !   
decay$ civilisation 7 ?+s v diff]5t f ! 
wor%ip ( ,dionysus ,zagreus & 8 e/abli%$
 sacrifices ( ox5 9 ! secret p5etralia (
 ,delphi4999999       99 ,lobeck1       
,aglaoph41 p4 #fga4       9999          
,aglaoph41 #fbe-fcj4       999999       
,lycophron1 #bjf1 & ! ,s*olia/4  ,x may 
be det]m9$1 !re=e1 t ! tale & !         
my/]y-play ( ,dionysus & ! ,titans are1 
9 ess5tials1 z old z ! savage /ate (    
religion1 9 :i* _! analogues ab\nd1 :e!r
 at ,delphi !y 7 or 7 n ( =eign orig91 &
 introduc$ 9 times comp>atively rec5t4  
,! fables1 :]ev] !y are f\nd1 are       
accompani$ by savage rites1 9 :i* 7z 9  
"s ,african tribes :5 ! *ief is ab\t to 
decl>e w>7 liv+ animals 7 torn asund] & 
eat5 raw4 ,^! horrors 7 a k9d (         
repres5tation ( ! suff]+s ( ! god4 ,o4  
,muell] may well obs]ve199 ,we c sc>cely
 take ^! rites to be new usages & !     
(fspr+ ( a po/-,hom]ic civilisation4 ,^!

 rem>ks apply to ! cu/om ( nebrismus1 or
 te>+ fawns to pieces & danc+ ab\t drap$
 9 ! fawn-sk9s4 ,su* rites 7 "p ( !     
,bac*ic wor%ip1 & ev5 broke out dur+ a  
pagan revival 9 ! "t ( ,val5s1 :5 dogs 7
 torn 9 %r$s by ! wor%ipp]s49999  ,:e!r 
! antiquity ( ! ,zagrean ritual & leg5d 
be admitt$ or n1 ! problem z to _!      
orig9al significance rema9s4 ,al?\gh !  
majority ( hea!n rites ( ?is k9d 7      
my/]y-plays1 sett+ =? 9 action "s /ory (
 div9e adv5ture or misadv5ture1999999   
yet ,lobeck imag9es ! /ory ( ,zagreus & 
! ,titans to h be5 inv5t$ or adapt$ f ! 
,osiris leg5d1 z an acc\nt ( ! my/ic    
p]=mances !mselves4 ,:at ! my? meant1 or
 :at ! furi\s actions ( ! celebrants    
int5d$1 x is only possible to           
conjecture4       99 ,lycophrony p4     
#cbb4       9999 ,!odoretus1 ap4        
,lobeck1 p4 #fec4 ,obs]ve ! numb] (     
examples ( daub+ ) clay 9 ! my/]ies "h  
adduc$      by ,lobeck1 & comp>e ! ,m&an
 tribes describ$ by ,catl9      9       
,o-,kee-,pa1 ,lond\1 #ahfg1 & by ,!al 9 

,kaffir ,folk-,lore4       999999       
,lactantius1 v4 #ai1ae2 ,ovid1 ,fa/i1   
iv4 #baa4  ,commonly x is alleg$ t !    
suff]+s ( ,dionysus are ! ru9 ( ! summ] 
ye> at ! h&s ( /orm & w9t]1 :ile !      
revival ( ! *ild typifies ! v]nal       
resurrection2 or1 aga91 ! sla9 ,dionysus
 is ! v9tage4 ,! old ,engli% song tells 
h[ ,john ,b>leycorn mu/ die1 & h[       
pot5tly he came back to life & ma/]$ 8  
oppressors4 ,?is notion1 too1 may be at 
! root ( ! passion ( ,dionysus1 = !     
grapes suff] at lea/ z _m processes (   
torture z ,john ,b>leycorn be=e !y      
decl>e !mselves 9 ! %ape ( /rong dr9k499
 ,:ile ,prell] talks ab\t ! tief/e      
,erd-und ,naturs*m]z typifi$ 9 !        
,zagrean ritual1 ,lobeck rem>ks t ,plato
 w\ld be surpris$ if he c\ld he> ^!     
drunk5 m5's freaks decoratively describ$
 z e9 erhab5e ,naturdi5/4       99      
,de*>me1 ,my?ologie de la ,grece1 p4    
#dcg1 ,comp>e ,prell]1      i4 #egb on  
tief/e ,naturs*m]z1 & s =?4  ,lobeck    
looks on ! wild acts1 ! te>+ ( fawns &  

dogs1 ! half-nak$ dances1 ! gnaw+ ( raw 
ble$+ fle%1 z ! natural expression (    
fi]ce untutor$ folk1 revell+ 9 fre$om1  
leap+ & %\t+4 ,b ! odd ?+ is t ! mo/    
civilis$ ( peoples %\ld s long h reta9$ 
! mann]s ( +5ia inculta et indomita4    
,:atev] ! orig9al significance ( !      
,dionysiac revels1 t significance 0     
c]ta9ly express$ 9 a f]oci\s & b>b>ic   
fa%ion1 m wor?y ( ,au/ralians ?an       
,a!nians4  ,on ?is view ( ! case x might
 p]haps be ma9ta9$ t ! g]m ( ! my? is   
m]ely ! sacrifice itself1 ! b>b>ic &    
cruel dismemb]+ ( an animal victim1 :i* 
came to be id5tifi$ ) ! god4 ,! suff]+s 
( ! victim w\ld ?us f9ally be transmut$ 
into a leg5d ab\t ! passion ( ! deity4  
,! old ,greek explanation t ! ritual 0  
design$ 9 imitation ( :at befel ! god   
w\ld ne$ to be rev]s$4 ,! tru? w\ld be t
 ! my? ( :at befel ! god 0 borr[$ f !   
actual torture ( ! victim ) :i* ! god 0 
id5tifi$ ,examples ( ?is my/ic habit (  
m9d1 9 :i* ! sla9 bea/1 ! god1 & ev5 !  
(ficiat+ celebrant 7 confus$ 9 ?\ght )  

ea* o!r1 are suffici5tly common 9       
ritual499       99 ,z to ! tor*-dances (
 ! ,ma5ads1 comp>e ,ros*]1              
,lexikon1 p4 #ajda1 & ,mannh>dt ,wald   
und ,feki ,kultits1 i4      #ecd1 =     
p>allels 9 ,european folk-lore4  ,!     
sacrifices 9 ! ritual ( ,dionysus h a v 
m>k$ "* & "h m1 commonly ?an 9 o!r      
,hell5ic cults1 ! god & ! victim are    
recognis$ z ess5tially ! same4 ,!       
sacrifice1 9 fact1 is a sacram5t1 & 9   
p>tak+ ( ! victim ! communicants eat _! 
god4 ,?is detail is s prom95t t x has n 
escap$ ! notice ev5 ( my?ologi/s :o     
pref] to take an ideal view ( my?s &    
cu/oms1 to reg>d !m z symbols 9 a       
nature-wor%ip orig9ally pure4 ,?us ,m4  
,de*>me says ( ! bull-fea/ 9 !          
,dionysiac cult1 ,comme le taureau e/ un
 des =mes de ,dionysos1 c'etait le corps
 du dieu dont se repaissai5t les        
inities1 c'etait son sang dont ils      
s'abreuvai5t dans ce banquet my/ique4   
,n[ x 0 ! peculi>ity ( ! ,bac-*ici :o   
ma9ta9$ ^! rites1 t1 z a rule1 !y ab/a9$

 f ! fle% ( animals altoge!r1 or at lea/
 _! conduct took ?is %ape :5 adopt$ into
 ! ,orphic discipl9e499 ,?is ritual1    
!re=e1 has po9ts 9 common ) ! usages :i*
 appe> also to h surviv$ into ! cult ( !
 ram-god 9 ,egypt49999 ,! conclusion    
sugge/$ is t :]e ,dionysus 0 ador$ ) ?is
 sacram5t ( bull's fle%1 he _h ei!r be5 
develop$ out (1 or _h succe$$ to1 !     
wor%ip ( a bull-totem1 & _h inh]it$ 8   
*>act]i/ic ritual4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 h[ev]1  
proposes q a diff]5t solution4999999    
,ours is r5d]$ plausible by ! fam\s     
,elean *ant 9 :i* ! god 0 ?us address$3 
,come1 h]o ,dionysus1 come ) ! ,graces  
to ?y holy h\se by ! %ores ( ! sea2 ha/5
 ) ?y bull-foot4 ,!n ! *orus repeat$1   
,goodly bull1 goodly bull499999999 ,m4  
,de*>me publi%es a cameo9999999999 9 :i*
 ! god is repres5t$ z a bull1 ) ! ?ree  
,graces /&+ on 8 neck1 & sev5 />s 9 !   
field4 ,m4 ,de*>me decides t ! />s are !
 ,pleiades1 ! ,graces ! rays ( ! v]nal  
sun1 & ,dionysus z a bull ! symbol ( !  
v]nal sun itself4 ,b all su* symbolical 

explanations are apt to be m]e private  
conjectures1 & !y are ( no avail 9 face 
( ! ritual :i*1 on ! o!r hypo!sis1 is to
 be expect$1 & is actually f\nd1 9      
connection ) ! bull ,dionysus4 ,:]e     
,dionysus is n absolutely call$ a bull1 
he is address$ z ! horn$ deity1 !       
bull-horn$1 ! horn$ *ild4999999999999   
99 ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph41 i #bdd2 ,plato1  
,laws1 vi4 #ghb2 ,h]odot1      ii4 #ha4 
,porphyry says t ?is also 0 ! rule (    
,py?agoras 7,vita ,py?41 #afcj1 p4 #bb74
       9999 ,h]odot41 ii4 #db4          
999999 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 vol4 ii4           
99999999 ,plut>*1 ,qu4 ,or41 #c;d4      
9999999999 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dca4          
999999999999 ,clem5s ,alex41 ,adhort1   
ii4 #ae-ah2 ,nonnus1 vi4 #bfd2          
,diodorus1 iv4 #d4 #c4 #fd4  ,a /ill m  
curi\s incid5t ( ! ,dionysiac wor%ip 0 !
 sacrifice ( a boot$ calf1 a calf )     
co?urns on its feet499 ,! p ( ,t5$os1   
says ,a,elian1 us$ to t5d _! goodlie/ c[
 ) great c>e1 to treat x1 :5 x calv$1 l 
a woman 9 lab\r1 to put ! calf 9 boots &

 sacrifice x1 & !n to /one ! sacrific] &
 drive him into ! sea to expiate 8      
crime4 ,9 ?is c]emony1 z 9 ! ,diipolia  
at ,a!ns1 ! sla9 bull is1 z x 71 a memb]
 ( ! blood-k9dr$ ( ! man :o immolates   
him1 & :o has to expiate ! de$ z if x 7 
a murd]49999 ,9 ?is connection x is wor?
 rem>k+ t ,dionysus ,zagreus1 :51       
accord+ to ! my?1 he 0 attack$ by !     
,titans1 tri$ to escape 8 enemies by    
assum+ v>i\s =ms4 ,x 0 9 ! guise ( a    
bull t he 0 f9ally captur$ & r5t asund]4
 ,! cu/om ( r5d+ ! liv+ victims ( 8 cult
 0 c>ri$ s f> t1 :5 ,p5!us di/urb$ 8    
my/]ies1 ! k+ 0 torn piecemeal by ! wom5
 ( 8 own family4999999 ,! pi\s          
acquiesc5ce ( ! au?or ( ! s-call$       
,!ocritean idyll 9 ?is but*]y is a      
curi\s example ( ! cons]vatism (        
religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! connection (       
,dionysus ) ! bull 9 p>ticul> is atte/$ 
by v>i\s ritual epi!ts1 su* z ! bull1   
bull-born199999999 bull-horn$1 &        
bull-br[$49999999999 ,he 0 also wor%ipp$
 ) sacrifice ( he-goats2 accord+ to !   

popul> explanation1 because ! goat gnaws
 ! v9e1 & !re=e is odi\s to ! god4      
99 ,a,elian41 ,h4 ,a4t xii4 #cd4        
9999 ,o4 ,muell]1 ,proleg41 ,engl1      
transl41 #cbb1 attributes !      ,t5$os 
,dionysus rites to ! ,beotic ,a*sean    
emigrants4      ,gf1 ,aglaoph41         
#fgd-fgg4       999999 ,!ocritus1       
,idyll1 xxvi4       99999999 ,pollux1   
iv4 #hf4       9999999999 ,a!naus1 xi4  
#dff1 a4  ,! tru? is1 t animals1 z ! old
 comm5tator on ,virgil rem>ks1 7        
sacrific$ to ! v>i\s gods1 aut p]       
similitud9em aut p] contr>ietatem ei!r  
because !re 0 a community ( nature      
betwe5 ! deity & ! bea/1 or because !   
bea/ _h once be5 sacr$ 9 a ho/ile clan  
or tribe499 ,! god d]iv$ "s ( 8 ritual  
names f ! goat z well z f ! bull        
,accord+ to "o my?1 ,dionysus 0 *ang$   
into a kid by ,zeus1 to enable him to   
escape ! jeal\sy ( ,h]a49999 ,x is a    
peculi>ity1 says ,voigt1 ( ! ,dionysus  
ritual t ! god is "o ( 8 (f]+4 ,b ?\gh !
 id5tity ( ! god & ! victim is manife/1 

! ph5om5on is too common 9 religion to  
be call$ peculi>4999999 ,plut>*99999999 
especially m5tions t _m ( ! ,greeks make
 /atues ( ,dionysus 9 ! =m ( a bull4    
,dionysus 0 n only an animal-god1 or a  
god :o absorb$ 9 8 rights & titles v>i\s
 eld] =ms ( bea/-wor%ip4 ,trees also    
/ood 9 ! same relation to him4 ,z       
,d5drites1 he is1 l ,artemis1 a         
tree-god1 & probably succe$$ to ! cult (
 c]ta9 sacr$ trees2 j z1 = example1 ,/4 
,bridget1 9 ,irel&1 succe$$ to ! cult ( 
! fire-goddess & to h]                  
c]emonial49999999999       99 ,cf4      
,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 p4 #ajei2 ,rob]tson   
,smi? on      ,sacrifice1 ,encyc4 ,brit4
       9999 ,appolodorus1 iii4 #d1 #i4  
999999 ,dionysos selb]4 ,/i] ,zickle9   
i/1 und als ,zagreus-      k9d selb]1 d5
 ,opf]tod erleidet4   ,ap4 ,ros*]1 p4   
#ajei4       99999999 ,de ,is4 et ,os4  
9999999999 ,elton1 ,orig9s ( ,engli%    
,hi/ory1 p4 #bhj1 & !      au?orities   
!re quot$4  ,dionysus 0 ev5 call$ ! god 
9 ! tree199 rem9d+ u ( ,artemis         

,d5dritis1 & ( ! village gods :i* 9     
,india dwell 9 ! peepul or ! bo         
tree49999 ,?us ,pausanias999999 tells u 
t1 :5 ,p5!us w5t to spy on ! ,dionysiac 
my/]ies1 ! wom5 f\nd him hidd5 9 a tree1
 & !re & !n tore him piecemeal4 ,accord+
 to a ,cor9?ian leg5d1 ! ,delphic oracle
 bade !m seek ?is tree & wor%ip x ) no  
less hon\r ?an ! god 7,dionysus7        
himself4 ,h5ce ! wood5 images (         
,dionysus 7 made ( t tree1 ! fig tree1  
non ex quovis ligno1 & ! god _h a ritual
 "n1 ,! fig-tree ,dionysus4 ,9 ! idols !
 community ( nature betwe5 ! god & ! fig
 tree 0 express$ & commemorat$4 ,an     
unhewn /ump ( wood 0 ! ,dionysus idol ( 
! ru/ic p499999999       99 ,hesy*ius4  
9999 ,cf4 ,ros*]1 p4 #ajfb4       999999
 ii4 #b1e4       99999999 ,max4 ,tyr41  
#h1 #a4  ,c]ta9 antique elem5ts 9 !     
,dionysus cult h n[ be5 sket*$2 we h se5
 ! god 9 s+ul>ly close relations )      
animal & plant wor%ip1 & h not$ ! v     
ar*aic "* ( c]ta9 features 9 8 my/]ies4 
,d\btless ^! ?+s are old] ?an ! bright  

an?ropomorphic ,dionysus ( ! poets--!   
beautiful "y deity1 v9e-cr[n$1 :o rises 
f ! sea to com=t ,ariadne 9 ,t9toretto's
 immortal picture4 ,at 8 highe/1 at 8   
be/1 ,dionysus is ! _s n only ( ,bac*ic 
revel & ( dramatic poetry1 b ( y\?1     
heal? & gaiety4 ,ev5 9 ?is =m he reta9s 
some?+ tricksy & enigmatic1 ! survival  
p]haps ( e>li] ideas2 or1 aga91 x may be
 ! result ( a m or less consci\s        
symbolism4 ,! god ( ! v9e & ( ! juice ( 
! v9e make? glad ! he>t ( man2 b he also
 inspires ! k9d ( metamorphosis :i* !   
popul> spee* alludes to :5 a p]son is   
said to be disguis$ 9 dr9k4 ,= ?is      
reason1 p]haps1 he is n[ repres5t$ 9 art
 z a grave & be>d$ man1 n[ z a manly    
y\?1 & aga9 z an effem9ate lad ( girli% 
lovel9ess4 ,! be>d$ type ( ! god is     
app>5tly ! e>li]2 ! girli% type may     
possibly be ! result m]ely ( decad5t    
art1 & its t5d5cy to a sexless or       
bisexual prett9ess499  ,turn+ f ! ritual
 & local cults ( ! god1 :i*1 z has be5  
%[n1 probably reta9 ! e>li] elem5ts 9 8 

composite nature1 & look+ at 8 leg5d 9 !
 national lit]ature ( ,greece1 we f9d   
little t ?r[s any light on ! orig9 &    
primal conception ( 8 "* ,9 ! ,iliad    
,dionysus is n "o ( ! great gods ^:     
politics sways ,olympus1 & ^: diplomatic
 or m>tial int]f]5ce is ex]cis$ 9 !     
leagu] ( ! ,a*aeans or 9 ! citadel (    
,ilios4 ,! longe/ passage 9 :i* he is   
m5tion$ is ,iliad1 vi4 #acj1 a passage  
:i* cle>ly en\gh decl>es t ! wor%ip (   
,dionysus1 or at lea/ t c]ta9 ( 8 rites 
7 br\ght 9 f )\t1 & t 8 wor%ipp]s endur$
 p]secution4 ,diom$es1 enc\nt]+ ,glaucus
 9 battle1 refuses to fight him if he is
 a god 9 disguise4 ,nay1 moreov]1 ev5   
,dryas' son1 mighty ,lyk\rgos1 0 n =    
long :5 he /rove ) heav5ly gods2 he t   
er/ *as$ ?r\gh ! goodly l& ( ,nysa !    
nurs+ mo!rs ( fr5zi$ ,dionysus2 & !y all
 ca/ _! w&s ^u ! gr\nd1 smitt5 ) murd]\s
 ,lyk\rgos' ox-goad4 ,!n ,dionysus fl$1 
& plung$ b5ea? ! salt sea-wave1 & ,!tis 
took him to h] bosom1 affright$1 =      
mighty trembl+ _h seiz$ him at 8 foe's  

rebuke4 ,b ) ,lyk\rgos ! gods t live at 
ease 7 wro?1 & ,kronos's son made him   
bl9d1 & he 0 n = long1 because he 0 hat$
 ( all ! immortal gods4       99 ,see   
,?raem]1 9 ,ros*]1 pp4 #ajij-aadc4      
,?\gh ,dionysus is n directly spok5 ( z 
! w9e-god "h1 yet ! ge> ( 8 att5dants1 &
 8 own title1 ! fr5zi$1 seem to id5tify 
him ) ! deity ( orgia/ic fr5zy4 ,z to   
,nysa1 volumes might be writt5 to little
 or no purpose on ! le>n+ connect$ ) ?is
 obscure place-"n1 s popul> 9 ! leg5d ( 
,dionysus4 ,x has be5 id5tifi$ z a      
m\nta9 9 ,?race1 9 ,boeotia1 9 ,arabia1 
,india1 ,libya & ,naxos1 z a t[n 9 ,c>ia
 or ! ,caucasus1 & z an isl& 9 ! ,nile4 
,! flight ( ,dionysus into ! sea may    
possibly recall ! simil> flight ( ,agni 
9 ,indian my?4  ,! ,odyssey only m5tions
 ,dionysus 9 connection ) ,ariadne1 :om 
,artemis is said to h sla9 by reason ( !
 witness ( ,dionysus19999 & :]e ! great 
gold5 urn ( ,!tis is said to h be5 a    
pres5t f ! god4 ,! fam\s & beautiful    
hymn proves1 z inde$ may be le>n$ f     

,hesiod1999999 t ! god 0 already look$  
on z ! patron ( ! v9e4       99 xi4#cbe4
       9999 xxiv4 #gd4       999999     
,works & ,days1 #fad4  ,:5 ! pirates _h 
seiz$ ! beautiful "y man ) ! d>k-blue   
eyes1 & _h b\nd him 9 _! %ip1 he %[$    
m>vels among !m1 *ang$ into ! %ape ( a  
be>1 & turn$ 8 captors into dolph9s1    
:ile w9e well$ up f ! timb]s ( ! vessel1
 & v9es & ivy trees wrea!d !mselves on !
 ma/ & ab\t ! rigg+4 ,leav+ aside !     
,orphic poems1 :i* conta9 mo/ ( ! facts 
9 ! leg5d ( ,dionysus ,zagreus1 !       
,bac*ae ( ,euripides is ! *ief classical
 record ( ideas ab\t ! god4 ,dionysus 0 
! patron ( ! drama1 :i* itself 0 an     
arti/ic developm5t ( ! old rural songs &
 dances ( 8 ,a!nian fe/ival4 ,9 !       
,bac*ae1 !n1 ,euripides _h to hon\r ! v 
patron ( 8 art4 ,x mu/ be said t 8      
praise is b half-he>t$4 ,a c]ta9        
ironical _s1 break+ out "h & !re 7z :5  
old ,cadmus dances1 & %akes a grey head 
& a /iff knee7 into actual burlesque1   
p]vades ! play4 ,tradition & my?        

d\btless reta9$ "s hi/orical tru? :5 !y 
av]r$ t ! orgies ( ! god _h be5 accept$ 
) reluctance into /ate religion4 ,!     
tales ab\t ,lycurgus & ,p5!us1 :o       
p]secut$ ! ,bac*ae 9 ,!bes1 & 0         
dismemb]$ by 8 own "m 9 a div9e madness1
 are survivals ( ?is old di/ru/ (       
,dionysus4 ,x 0 impossible = ,euripides1
 a sceptic1 ev5 9 a sceptical age1 to   
approve s9c]ely ( ! god :om he 0 oblig$ 
to celebrate4 ,he falls back on que]    
etymological explanations ( ! bir? (    
,dionysus f ! ?igh ( ,zeus4 ,?is my?1 z 
,cadmus v le>n$ly sets =?1 0 ! result ( 
=getfulness ( ! mean+ ( words1 0 born ( 
a ,volks-etymologie4 ,zeus gave a ho/age
 to ,h]a1 says ,cadmus1 & 9 process ( "t
 7a v %ort "t7 m5 =got :at !y meant :5  
!y said ?is1 & suppos$ t ,dionysus _h   
be5 sewnup 9 ! ?igh ( 8 fa!r499 ,!      
explanation is absurd1 b x %[s h[       
,euripides c\ld transf] ! d\bt & di/ru/ 
( 8 own age1 & its attempt at a         
philological int]pretation ( my?1 to !  
remote h]oic tunes4 ,?r\gh\t ! play ! "*

 & conduct ( ! god1 & 8 hide\s rev5ge on
 ! p :o reject 8 wild & cruel rites1 c  
only be ju/ifi$ because !y are articles 
( fai?4 ,! *orus may s+--,ah6 bless$ he 
:o dwelle? 9 happ9ess1 exp]t 9 ! rites (
 ! gods1 & s hall[s 8 life1 fulfill+ 8  
s\l ) ! _s ( ,dionysus1 revell+ on !    
hills ) *>ms ( holy purity 49999 ,?is 0 
! int]pretation :i* ! religi\s m9d ?ru/ 
^u rites :i* 9 !mselves 7 s b>b>\sly    
obsc5e t !y 7 feign$ to h be5 br\ght by 
,dionysus f ! b>b>ic ,ea/1999999 & to be
 ! inv5tion ( ,rhea1 an ali5 & orgia/ic 
goddess499999999 ,! bull-horn$1         
snake-wrea!d god19999999999 ! god :o1 :5
 b\nd1 turns into a bull 7#fah72 :o     
manife/s himself z a bull to ,p5!us     
7#ibj71 & is implor$ by ! *orus to appe>
 z bull1 or burn+ lion1 or _m-head$     
snake 7#ajag-ai71 ?is god is ! anci5t   
b>b>\s deity ( my?1 9 manife/ contra/ ) 
! arti/ic ,greek conception ( him z a   
y\? ) clu/]s ( gold5 hair1 & 9 8 d>k    
eyes ! grace ( ,aphrodite 7#bce1 #bcf74 
99 ,bac*ae1 #bia1 #bif4       9999      

,ibid41 #gc1 #gf4       999999 ,ibid41  
#aj-bj4       99999999 ,ibid41 i4 #ei4  
9999999999 ,ibid41 #ajj1 #aja4  ,!      
,bac*ae1 !n1 expresses ! s5tim5ts ( a   
mom5t :i* mu/ (t5 h occurr$ 9 ,greek    
religion4 ,! ,greek rev]5ce accepts1    
hall[s & adorns an old] fai?1 :i* x     
feels to be repugnant & ev5 ali51 b none
 ! less recognises z human & inevitable4
 ,f mod]n human nature ! anci5t orgia/ic
 impulse ( savage revelry has almo/ di$ 
away4 ,9 ,greece x 0 dy+1 b be=e x      
expir$ x sanctifi$ & p]petuat$ itself by
 assum+ a religi\s =m1 by drap+ its nak$
 limbs 9 ! fawn-sk9 or ! bull-sk9 (     
,dionysus4 ,9 precisely ! same _s       
,*ri/ianity1 among ! ,negroes ( ! ,s\!rn
 ,/ates1 has be5 con/ra9$ to ?r[ its    
mantle ov] :at ! race _c disc>d4 ,!     
orgies h become camp-meet+s2 !          
,voodoo-dance is consecrat$ z !         
,j]usalem jump4 ,9 ,engl& ! primitive   
impulse is b occasionally recognis$ at  
revivals4 ,?is orgia/ic impulse1 !      
impulse ( ,au/ralian corroboree &       

,*]okee feti%-dances1 & ( ! danc+       
,d]vi%es !mselves1 occasionally seizes  
girls 9 mod]n ,greece4 ,!y dance        
!mselves to dea? on ! hills1 & are said 
by ! peasants to be victims ( ! ,n]eids4
 ,9 ! old classic _w !y w\ld h be5      
salut$ z ! nurses & companions (        
,dionysus1 & _! disease w\ld h be5      
hall[$ by religion4 ,( t religion !     
bull-horn$1 bull-eat+1 cannibal         
,dionysus 0 ! deity2 & he 0 ref9$ away  
into ! y\? ) yell[-clu/]$ curls1 &      
sleepy eyes1 & smil+ lips1 ! girli% y\? 
( ! art ( ,praxiteles4 ,s we see him 9  
surviv+ /atues1 & see+ him1 =get 8      
gha/ly rites1 & 8 succession to ! rites 
( goats1 & de]1 & bulls4     ,,a!ne4    
,among deities = :om an orig9 has be5   
s\ght 9 ! p]sonification ( elem5tal     
ph5om5a1 ,a!ne is rem>kable4 ,p]haps no 
div9e figure has caus$ m div]se         
speculations4 ,! /udy ( h] leg5d is r   
valuable = ! v>ieties ( op9ion :i* x    
illu/rates ?an = any real contribution  
to actual k :i* x supplies4 ,we c       

discov] little1 if any?+1 ab\t ! rise & 
developm5t ( ! conception ( ,a!ne4 ,h]  
local my?s & local sacra seem1 on !     
:ole1 less b>b>ic ?an ^? ( _m o!r       
,olympians4 ,b 9 comp>+ ! conjectures ( 
! le>n$1 "o lesson comes out ) a/oni%+  
cle>ness4 ,x is mo/ p]il\s1 z ?is       
comp>ison demon/rates1 to guess at an   
orig9 ( any god 9 natural ph5om5a1 & !n 
to expla9 ! details ( ! god's leg5d )   
exclusive ref]5ce to t fanci$ elem5tal  
orig94  ,z usual1 ! olde/ lit]>y        
ref]5ces to ,a!ne are f\nd 9 ! ,iliad & 
,odyssey4 ,x 7 sup]flu\s to collect &   
comp>e texts s num]\s & s famili>4 ,a!ne
 appe>s 9 ! ,iliad z a m>tial maid51    
daught] ( ,zeus1 &1 app>5tly1 ( ,zeus   
alone )\t female mate499       99       
,iliad1 v4 #hge1 #hhj4 ,?is is /at$     
explicitly 9 !      ,hom]ic ,hymn to    
,apollo1 :]e ,a!ne is said to h be5     
born f ! head ( ,zeus 7,p9d>1 ,olympic  
,odes1 vii474  ,%e is ! patron ( val\r &
 ! inspir] ( c\nsel2 %e arre/s ! h& (   
,a*illes :5 8 sword is half drawn f !   

%ea? 9 8 qu>rel ) ,agamemnon2 %e is !   
con/ant companion & protector (         
,odysseus2 & ?\gh %e is wor%ipp$ 9 !    
citadel ( ,troy1 %e is con/ant to !     
cause ( ! ,a*aeans4 ,occasionally x is  
record$ ( h] t %e assum$ ! %ape ( v>i\s 
birds2 a sea-bird & a swall[ are among  
h] metamorphoses2 & %e c\ld put on ! =m 
( any man %e pleas$2 = example1 (       
,deiphobus499 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t   
among ! l[] races ! gods habitually     
appe> 9 ! =m ( animals4 ,entre ces      
facultes qui poss$5t les immortels1     
l'une des plus frappantes e/ celle de se
 metamorphos]1 de pr5dre des app>5ces   
non seulem5t animales1 mais encore de se
 trans=m] en objets inanimes49999 ,( ?is
 faculty1 inh]it$ f ! savage /age (     
?\ght1 ,a!ne has h] due %>e ev5 9 ,hom]4
 ,b 9 almo/ e o!r respect %e is free f !
 h]itage ( b>b>ism1 & might v well be   
reg>d$ z ! ideal repres5tative ( wisdom1
 val\r & manfulness 9 man1 ( purity1    
c\rage & nobility 9 woman1 z 9 !        
,phaeacian maid ,nausicae4       99     

,iliad1 xxii4 #bbg1 xvii4 #cea1 ,od4    
iii4 #cgb4 v4 #cec2      ,iliad1 vii4   
#ei4       9999  ,maury1 ,religion de la
 ,grece1 i4 #bef4  ,9 ,hesiod1 z has    
already be5 %[n1 ! my? ( ! bir? ( ,a!ne 
reta9s ! old b>b>ic /amp4 ,x is !       
peculi>ity ( ! ,hesiodic poems to       
pres]ve ! v features ( religi\s n>rative
 :i* ,hom] disreg>ds4 ,accord+ to       
,hesiod1 ,zeus1 ! y\nge/ *ild (         
*ild-swall[+ ,cronus1 m>ri$ ,metis aft] 
he _h conqu]$ & expell$ 8 fa!r4 ,n[     
,metis1 l o!r gods & goddesses1 _h ! p[]
 ( trans=m+ h]self into any %ape %e     
pleas$4 ,h] husb& le>n$ t h] *ild--= %e 
0 pregnant--w\ld be great] ?an its fa!r1
 z 9 ! case ( ! *ild ( ,!tis4 ,zeus1    
!re=e1 p]suad$ ,metis to trans=m h]self 
into a fly4 ,no soon] 0 ! metamorphosis 
complete ?an he swall[$ ! fly1 & himself
 produc$ ! *ild ( ,metis out ( 8 head499
 ,! lat] philosoph]s expla9$ ?is my?9999
 by a v>iety ( metaphysical             
int]pretations1 9 :i* ! god is said to  
conta9 ! all 9 himself1 & aga9 to       

reproduce x4 ,any su* ideas mu/ h be5   
ali5 to ! inv5tors ( a tale :i*1 z we h 
%[n1 possesses _m c\nt]p>ts among ! l[e/
 & lea/ ,platonic races4999999 ,c4 ,o4  
,muell] rem>ks plausibly t ! figure ( ! 
swall[+ is employ$ 9 imitation ( /ill   
old] leg5ds1 su* z ^? ( ,africa &       
,au/ralia4 ,?is leaves him free to      
imag9e a philosophic explanation ( ! my?
 bas$ on ! ^w ,metis499999999 ,we may   
agree ) ,muell] t ! swall[-my? is       
extremely ar*aic 9 "*1 z x is s common  
among ! backw>d races4 ,z to ! precise  
am\nt1 h[ev]1 ( philosophic reflection &
 allegory :i* 0 pres5t to ! cosmogonic  
poet's m9d :5 he us$ ,metis z ! "n ( !  
be+ :o c\ld become a fly1 & s be swall[$
 by h] husb&1 x is impossible to speak )
 confid5ce4 ,v probably ! poet meant to 
read a moral & speculative mean+ into a 
b>b>ic ma]*5 surviv+ 9 religi\s         
tradition4  ,to ! bir? ( ,a!ne f h]     
fa!r's head savage p>allels are n lack+4
 ,9 ! leg5ds ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1         
especially ( ,mangaia1 ,tang>oa is fabl$

 to h be5 born f ! head (               
,papa49999999999       99 ,hesiod1      
,!og41 #hhf1 & ! ,s*olia/       9999    
,lobeck1 i4 #fac1 note #b4       999999 
,see ! ,cronus my?4       99999999      
,proleg4 ,engl4 transl41 p4 #cjh4       
9999999999 ,gill1 ,my?s & ,songs1 p4    
#aj4  ,9 ! ,vaf?rudismal 7#ca7 a maid & 
a man-*ild are born f "u ! armpits ( a  
primeval gigantic be+4 ,! rem>ks (      
,lucian on miracul\s bir? h already be5 
quot$499  ,) ?is my?ical bir? = a       
/>t+-po9t1 & rely+ on _! private        
int]pretations ( ! cognom9a ( ! goddess1
 ( h] sacra1 & ( h] actions 9 o!r p>ts (
 h] leg5d1 ! mod]n my?ologi/s h built up
 _! v>i\s !ories4 ,a!ne is n[ !         
p]sonification ( wisdom1 n[ ! dawn1 n[ !
 air or ae!r1 n[ ! lightn+ z x leaps f !
 ?und]-cl\d2 & if %e has n be5 recognis$
 z ! moon1 x is n = lack (              
opportunity49999 ,^! explanations re/ on
 ! habit ( twi/+ ea* detail ( a div9e   
leg5d into con=mity ) aspects ( c]ta9   
natural & elem5tal =ces1 or !y rely on  

etymological conjecture4 ,= example1    
,welck]999999 ma9ta9s t ,a!ne is a      
fem99e p]sonification ( ! upp] air1     
daught] ( ,zeus1 ! dwell] 9 ae!r4 ,h] "n
 ,tritog5ia is d]iv$99999999 f an anci5t
 ^w = wat]1 :i*1 l fire1 has its s\rce 9
 ae!r49999999999 ,welck] presses ! title
 ( ! goddess1 ,glaucopis1 !             
grey-gre5-ey$1 into ! s]vice4 ,! heav5 9
 ,attica (t eb5falls wund]b> grun       
i/4999999999999       99 ,cf4 ,dionysus4
       9999 ,welck]1 i4 #cje4           
999999 ,grie*is*e ,gott]lehre1 ,gott+51 
#aheg1 i4 #cjc4       99999999 ,op4     
cit41 #caa4       9999999999 ,! anci5ts 
!mselves 7 9 d\bt :e!r ,trito      7 !  
"n ( a riv] or m]e1 or :e!r ! ,cretan = 
! head 0 int5d$4 ,see ,odyssey1 ,but*] &
 ,lang1 note      #aj1 p4 #dae4         
999999999999 ,op4 cit41 i4 #cjc4        
,moreov]1 !re 0 a temple at ,me?one (   
,a!ne ( ! ,w9ds 7,anemotis71 :i* w\ld be
 a bett] argum5t _h !re n be5 also      
temples ( ,a!ne ( ! ,pa?way1 ,a!ne ( !  
,ivy1 ,a!ne ( ! ,crag1 ,a!ne ( !        

,m>ket-place1 ,a!ne ( ! ,trumpet1 & s   
=?4 ,moreov]1 ! olive tree is "o ( !    
sacr$ plants ( ,a!ne4 ,n[ :y %\ld ?is   
be8 ,cle>ly1 ?9ks ,welck]1 because      
olive-oil gives light f a lamp1 & light 
also comes f ae!r499 ,a!ne also gives   
,telema*us a fair w9d 9 ! ,odyssey1 &   
?\gh any ,lapl& wit* c\ld d z mu*1 ?is  
goes d[n to h] acc\nt z a goddess ( !   
air49999       99 ,op4 cit4 i4 #cah4    
9999 ,mr4 ,rusk9's ,que5 qf ! ,air is   
full ( simil>      +5uities4  ,leav+    
,welck]1 :o has _m equally plausible    
pro(s to give1 & turn+ to ,mr4 ,max     
,muell]1 we le>n t ,a!ne 0 ! dawn4 ,?is 
!ory is f\nd$ on ! belief t ,a!ne       
,ahana1 :i* ,mr4 ,max ,muell] reg>ds z a
 ,sanskrit ^w = dawn4 ,phonetically !re 
is n "o ^w to be said aga9/1 ,ahana     
,a!ne1 & t ! morn+ light (f]s ! be/     
/>t+-po9t = ! lat] gr[? ( ,a!ne has be5 
prov$1 ,i believe1 beyond ! rea* ( d\bt1
 or ev5 ( cavil4 ,mr4 ,muell] adds t    
no?+ really important c\ld be br\ght    
=w>d aga9/ my equation ,ahana  ,a!ne4   

,x is no "p ( our prov9ce "h to decide  
betwe5 ! conjectures ( rival            
etymologi/s1 nor to pron\nce on _!      
relative m]its4 ,b ! _w _c be expect$ to
 be conv9c$ by philological s*ol>s be=e 
!y h conv9c$ ea* o!r4 ,mr4 ,max ,muell] 
_h n conv9c$ ,b5fey1 :o (f]$ ano!r      
etymology ( ,a!ne1 z ! fem99e ( ! ,z5d  
,?raetana a?wyana1 an etymology ( :i*   
,mr4 ,muell] rem>ks t :oev] w take !    
tr\ble to exam9e its phonetic f\ndation 
w be oblig$ 9 common hone/y to confess t
 x is unt5able499 ,mean:ile ,curtius9999
 is nei!r = ,ahana & ,sanskrit & ,mr4   
,max ,muell]1 nor = ,b5fey & ,z5d4 ,he  
d]ives ,a!ne f ! root aio1 :5ce p]haps  
comes ,a!ne1 ! bloom+ "o  ! maid54      
,prell]1 aga91999999 f9ds ! s\rce ( ! "n
 ,a!ne 9 aio1 :5ce aion1 ! air1 or a    
fl[]4 ,he does n reg>d ^! etymologies z 
c]ta91 ?\gh he agrees ) ,welck] t ,a!ne 
is ! cle> height ( ae!r4  ,manife/ly no 
"o c be expect$ to accept z matt] ( fai?
 an etymological solution :i* is reject$
 by philologi/s4 ,! m fa%ionable !ory = 

! mom5t is t ma9ta9$ "s "t s9ce by ,lau]
 & ,s*w>tz1 & n[ by ,furtwangl] 9       
,ros*]'s ,lexikon1 t ,a!ne is !         
cl\d-goddess1 or ! goddess ( ! lightn+ z
 x spr+s f ! cl\ds499999999 ,z ! lightn+
 9 my?ology is (t5 a s]p5t1 & z ,a!ne _h
 h] sacr$ s]p5t1 :i* might be           
,eri*?onios19999999999       99 ,n9ete5?
 ,c5tury1 ,octob]1 #ahhe1 pp4 #fcf1     
#fci4       9999 ,gr4 ,et41 ,engl1      
transl41 i4 #cjj4       999999 ,prell]1 
i4 #afa4       99999999 ,cf4 ,lau]1     
,sy/em d] ,ories*4 ,my?41 ,b]l91 #ahec1 
p4 #bbj2 ,s*w>tz ,ursprung d] ,my?ol1   
,b]l91 #ahfc1 p4      #ch4              
9999999999 ,paus41 xxiv4 #g4  ,s*w>tz   
conjectures t ! s]p5t is ! lightn+ &    
,a!ne ! cl\d4 ,a long li/ ( equally     
cog5t reasons = id5tify+ ,a!ne ) !      
lightn+ & ! ?und]-cl\d has be5 compil$  
by ,furtwangl]1 & des]ves "s att5tion4  
,! passage excell5tly illu/rates ! error
 ( tak+ poetic details 9 au?ors z late z
 ,p9d> = survivals ( ! absolute orig9al 
=m ( an elem5tal my?4  ,furtwangl] f9ds 

! pro( ( 8 op9ion t ,a!ne is orig9ally !
 goddess ( ! ?und]-cl\d & ! lightn+ t   
leaps f x 9 ! ,olympic ode499 ,by       
,hephai/os' h&icraft b5ea? !            
bronze-wr\ght axe f ! cr[n ( h] fa!r's  
head ,a!ne leapt to light1 & cri$ al\d  
an exce$+ cry1 & heav5 trembl$ at h]    
com+1 & e>?1 ! "m4 ,! cry %e gave is !  
?und]peal2 ! spe> %e c>ri$ is ! lightn+2
 ! aegis or goat-sk9 %e wore is ! cl\d  
aga91 ?\gh ! cl\d has j be5 ! head (    
,zeus49999 ,ano!r pro( ( ,a!ne's        
connection ) /orm is ! miracle %e works 
:5 %e sets a flame to fly f ! head (    
,diom$e or ( ,a*illes1999999 or fleets f
 ! sky l a meteor499999999 ,h]          
possession1 on c]ta9 co9s1 ( !          
?und]bolts ( ,zeus is ano!r argum5t4    
,aga91 z ! ,trumpet-,a!ne %e is connect$
 ) ! ?und]-peal1 ?\gh x seems m rational
 to acc\nt = h] suppos$ inv5tion ( a    
milit>y in/rum5t by ! m]e fact t %e is a
 w>like goddess4 ,b ,furtwangl] expla9s 
h] m>tial attributes z ^? ( a           
?und]-goddess1 :ile ,prell] f9ds x j z  

easy to expla9 h] moral "* z goddess (  
wisdom by h] elem5tal "* z goddess1 n at
 all ( ! cl\d1 b ( ! cle> sky49999999999
       99 ,ode1 vii4 #ce1 ,my]s4        
9999 ,cf4 ,s*w>tz4 ,ursprung1 etc41 pp4 
#fh1 #hc4       999999  ,iliad1 v4      
#g1ah1bjc4       99999999 ,ibid1 iv4    
#gd4       9999999999 ,prell]1 i4 #ahc4 
,la/ly1 z goddess ( ! heav5ly cle>ness1 
%e is also goddess ( spiritual cle>ness4
 ,aga91 ,z goddess ( ! cl\dless heav51  
%e is also goddess ( heal?199 ,!re c\ld 
be no m in/ructive examples ( ! levity (
 conjecture ?an ^!1 9 :i* two s*ol>s    
int]pret a my? ) equal ease & fre$om1   
?\gh !y />t f diametrically opposite    
conceptions4 ,let ,a!ne be lightn+ &    
cl\d1 & all is pla9 to ,furtwangl]4 ,let
 ,a!ne be cl\dless sky1 & ,prell] f9ds  
no difficulties4 ,a!ne z ! goddess (    
woman's "w z well z ( man's1 ,a!ne      
,ergane1 becomes cle> to ,furtwangl] z  
he ?9ks ( ! fleecy cl\ds4 ,probably !   
/orm-goddess1 :5 %e is n ?und]+1 is     
reg>d$ z weav+ ! fleeces ( ! upp] air4  

,h5ce ! my? t ,ara*ne 0 once a woman1   
*ang$ by ,a!ne into a spid] because %e  
cont5d$ ) h] 9 sp9n+49999       99      
,prell]1 i4 #agi4       9999 ,ovid1     
,metamorph41 vi4 #e-adf4  ,!            
metamorphosis ( ,ara*ne is m]ely "o ( ! 
half-playful aetiological my?s ( :i* we 
h se5 examples all ov] ! _w4 ,! spid]1 l
 ! swall[1 ! night+ale1 ! dolph91 !     
frog1 0 once a human be+1 metamorphos$  
by an angry deity4 ,z ,prell] makes     
,a!ne goddess ( wisdom because %e is    
goddess ( cle>ness 9 ! sky1 s           
,furtwangl] d]ives h] intellectual      
attributes f h] skill 9 weav+ cl\ds4 ,x 
is t$i\s & unpr(itable to exam9e ^! &   
simil> ex]cises ( facile +5uity4 ,!re is
 no pro( t ,a!ne 0 ev] a nature-goddess 
at all1 & if %e 01 !re is no?+ to %[ :at
 0 h] dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,:5 we meet h] 
9 ,hom]1 %e is patroness ( moral &      
physical excell5ce 9 man & woman4 ,manly
 virtue %e typifies 9 h] m>tial aspect1 
! arm$ & w>like maid ( ,zeus2 womanly   
excell5ce %e protects 9 h] capacity (   

,ergane1 ! toil]4 ,%e is ! companion &  
gu>dian ( ,p]seus no less ?an (         
,odysseus499  ,! sacr$ animals ( ,a!ne 7
 ! owl1 ! snake 7:i* accompanies h]     
effigy 9 ,a!ns1 & is a =m ( h] fo/]-*ild
 ,ere*!us71 ! cock19999 & ! cr[4999999  
,probably %e _h "s connection ) ! goat1 
:i* might n be sacrific$ 9 h] fane on ! 
,acropolis1 :]e %e 0 settl$ by ,a,egeus 
7goat-man 874 ,%e we>s ! goat-sk91      
aegis1 9 art1 b ?is is usually reg>d$ z 
ano!r type ( ! /orm-cl\d499999999       
99 ,p9d>1 ,olymp41 x4 ad ,j94       9999
 ,paus41 vi4 #bfb4       999999 ,ibid41 
iv4 #cd1 #f4       99999999 ,ros*]1 9 8 
,lexikon1 s4v4 aegis1 ) 8 argum5ts      
!re4 ,comp>e1 on ?is subject ( ,a!ne z !
 goddess (      a goat-/ock4 ,rob]tson  
,smi? on ,sacrifice 9 !      ,encycl4   
,brit4 ,aphrodite4  ,a!ne's maid5 "* is 
/a9less 9 /ory1 despite ! brutal love ( 
,hephae/us4 ,?is *>act]i/ic p]haps is   
ano!r pro( t %e nei!r 0 9 h] orig9 nor  
became 9 m5's m9ds "o ( ! amor\s deities
 ( natural ph5om5a4 ,9 any case1 x is   

well to ma9ta9 a sceptical attitude     
t[>ds explanations ( h] my?1 :i* only   
agree 9 ! det]m9ation to make ,a!ne a   
nature p[] at all co/s1 & :i* diff]     
de/ructively f ea* o!r z to :e!r %e 0   
dawn1 /orm1 or cle> heav54 ,:]e op9ions 
are s radically divid$ & s sl5d]ly      
support$1 susp5sion ( belief is natural 
& necess>y4  ,no poly!ism is likely to  
be )\t a goddess ( love1 & love is !    
*ief1 if n ! orig9al1 dep>tm5t (        
,aphrodite 9 ! ,greek ,olympus4 ,9 !    
,iliad & ,odyssey & ! ,hom]ic ,hymn %e  
is already ! que5 ( desire1 ) ! beauty &
 ! s(tness ( ! laught]-lov+ dame4 ,h]   
ce/us or girdle holds all ! magic (     
passion1 & is borr[$ ev5 by ,h]a :5 %e  
wi%es to w9 h] fickle "l4 ,%e di/urbs ! 
society ( ! gods by h] fam\s am\rs )    
,ares1 deceiv+ h] husb&1 ,hephae/us1 !  
"l ( fire2 & %e ev5 /oops to ! embraces 
( mortals1 z ( ,an*ises4 ,9 ! ,hom]ic   
poems ! *>m ( ,gold5 ,aphrodite does n  
prev5t ! s+] f h9t+ a quiet contempt =  
h] s(tness & luxury4 ,b 9 ?is olde/     

,greek lit]ature ! goddess is already   
?or\ghly ,greek1 nor did lat] ages make 
any ess5tial *anges 9 h] "*4 ,conc]n+ h]
 bir? ,hom] & ,hesiod are n 9 ! same    
tale2 = :ile ,hom] makes h] a daught] ( 
,zeus1 ,hesiod pref]s1 z usual1 ! m     
repulsive1 & probably old] /ory1 :i*    
tells h[ %e sprang f ! sea-foam & !     
mutilat$ portions ( ,cronus499       99 
,iliad1 v4 #cab2 ,!og41 #ahh-bjf4  ,b   
ev5 9 ! ,hesiodic my? x is rem>kable t !
 foam-born goddess fir/ l&$ at ,cy!ra1  
or aga9 0 born 9 wave-wa%$ ,cyprus4 ,h] 
anci5t names--! ,cyprian & ! ,cy!rean--)
 h] fav\r$ seats 9 ,paphos1 ,idalia & ! 
,pho5ician settlem5t ( ,eryx 9 ,sicily1 
comb9e ) hi/orical traditions to %[ t ! 
,greek ,aphrodite 01 to "s ext5t1 (     
,ori5tal "* & orig94 ,x is probable1 or 
r c]ta91 t ev5 )\t =eign influ5ce !     
poly!ism ( ,greece mu/ h develop$ a     
deity ( love1 z did ! ,mexican &        
,sc&9avian poly!isms4 ,b x is equally   
c]ta9 t portions ( ! wor%ip & elem5ts 9 
! my? ( ,aphrodite are d]iv$ f ! ritual 

& ! leg5ds ( ! ,ori5tal que5 ( heav51   
ador$ f old ,babylon to ,cyprus & on _m 
o!r coa/s & isles ( ! ,grecian seas4 ,! 
,greeks !mselves recognis$ ,asiatic     
influ5ce4 ,pausanias speaks ( ! temple (
 heav5ly ,aphrodite 9 ,cy!ra z ! holie/ 
& mo/ anci5t ( all h] %r9es among !     
,hell5es499 ,h]odotus1 aga91 calls !    
fane ( ! goddess 9 ,askalon ( !         
,phili/9es ! olde/ ( all1 & ! place :5ce
 h] wor%ip travell$ to ,cyprus1 z !     
,cyprians say1 & ! ,pho5icians plant$ x 
9 ,cy!ra1 be+ !mselves emigrants f      
,syria4 ,! ,semitic elem5t 9 ?is ,greek 
goddess & h] cult fir/ dem& att5tion4   
,among ! ,semitic races ) ^: goddess (  
love ,aphrodite 0 ?us connect$ ! deity  
_h _m names4 ,%e 0 reg>d$ z at once !   
patroness ( ! moon1 & ( f]tility 9      
plants bea/s1 & wom54 ,among !          
,pho5icians h] title is ,a/>te among !  
,assyrians %e 0 ,i/>2 among ! ,syrians1 
,as*]a2 9 ,babylon1 ,mylitta49999       
,common practices 9 ! ritual ( ! ,ea/]n 
& ,we/]n goddesses 7 ! lic5ce ( !       

temple-girls1 ! sacrifices ( animals    
suppos$ to be peculi>ly amor\s 7sp>r[s1 
doves1 he-goats71 &1 above all1 !       
fe/ivals & fa/s = ,adonis4       99     
,paus41 ,hi4 #bh1 #a4       9999 ,s     
,ros*]1 ,ausfuhr4 ,lexik41 pp4 #cia1    
#fdg4   ,see also      ,a/>te1 p4 #fef4 
,!re c sc>cely be a d\bt t ,adonis--! "y
 hunt] belov$ by ,aphrodite1 sla9 by !  
bo>1 & m\rn$ by 8 mi/ress--is a symbol (
 ! "y season1 ! r5\veau1 & ( ! spr+     
vegetation1 ru9$ by ! extreme heats1 &  
pass+ ! re/ ( ! ye> 9 ! und]world4      
,adonis 0 already kn[n to ,hesiod1 :o   
call$ him1 ) obvi\s mean+1 ! son (      
,pho5ix & ,alphesiboea1 :ile ,pausanias 
attribut$ to him1 ) equal significance1 
,assyrian desc5t499 ,! "n ( ,adonis is  
manife/ly a =m ( ! ,pho5ician ,adon1    
,"l4 ,! nature ( 8 wor%ip among !       
,greeks is mo/ famili> f ! fifte5?      
,idyll ( ,!ocritus1 ) its lively picture
 ( dead ,adonis ly+ 9 /ate1 ( ! wail+ = 
him by ,aphrodite1 ( ! little g>d5s (   
quickly-gr[+ fl[]s :i* p]sonifi$ him1 & 

) ! beautiful nuptial hymn = 8          
resurrection & reunion to ,aphrodite4   
,simil> rites 7 cu/om>y at ,a!ns49999   
,mannh>dt gives ! ma9 po9ts 9 ! ritual (
 ! ,adonis-fea/ ?us3 ,! fre% vegetation 
is p]sonifi$ z a fair "y man1 :o 9      
ritual is repres5t$ by a k9d ( idol1 &  
also by ! plants ( ! ,adonis-g>d5s4 ,!  
y\? comes 9 spr+1 ! bridegroom to !     
bride1 ! v]nal ye> is _! honeymoon4 ,9 !
 heat ( summ] ! bridegroom p]i%es = !   
nonce1 & passes ! w9t] 9 ! l& ( ! dead4 
,8 burial is bewail$1 8 resurrection is 
rejoic$ 94 ,! occasions ( ! rite are    
spr+ & midsumm]4 ,! idol & ! plants are 
f9ally ca/ into ! sea1 or into          
well-wat]4       99 ,apollod41          
,biblio!c1 iii4 #ad1 #d4       9999     
,ari/oph41 ,lysi/rata1 #chi2 ,mannh>dt1 
,feld und ,wold      ,kultus1 ii4 #bgf4 
,! union ( ! div9e lov]s is repres5t$ by
 pair+ ( m5 & maid5s 9 bonds ( a k9dly  
s5tim5tal sort1--! fl[]y bonds (        
val5t9es4  ,! ,ori5tal influ5ce 9 all ^!
 rites has n[ be5 recognis$2 x is       

p]fectly atte/$ bo? by ! ,pho5ican      
settlem5ts1 :5ce ,aphrodite-wor%ip      
spread1 & by ! v "n ( h] lov]1 ! spr+4  
,b all ?is may probably be reg>d$ z     
little m ?an ! ,semitic col\r+ ( a      
ritual & a belief :i* exi/ among        
,indo-,european peoples1 q ap>t f       
,pho5ican influ5ce4 ,mannh>dt traces !  
v>i\s po9ts 9 ! ,aphrodite cult already 
enum]at$ ?r\gh ! folk-lore ( ! ,g]man   
peasants4 ,! "y lov]1 ! spr+1 is !      
,maikonig or ,laubmann2 8 effigy is a   
clo!d & cr[n$ idol or puppet1 or !      
,maibaum4 ,! figure is ?r[n into ! wat] 
& bewail$ 9 ,russia1 or buri$ or burn$ )
 lam5tations499 ,he is wak5$ & kiss$ by 
a maid51 :o acts z ! bride49999 ,f9ally1
 we h ! ,may-pairs1 a k9d ( val5t9es    
unit$ 9 a nom9al tro?4       99 i4 #dah2
 ii4 #bhg4       9999 i #dcf4 ,!        
probable conclusion seems to be t !     
,adonis ritual expresses c]ta9 natural  
human ways ( reg>d+ ! v]nal ye>4 ,x is n
 unlikely t ! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks      
possess$ ^! =ms ( folk-lore previ\s to  

_! contact ) ! ,semitic races1 & _!     
borr[+ ( ! v m>k$ ,semitic features 9 ! 
fe/ivals4  ,= ! re/1 ! conc]n (         
,aphrodite ) ! passion ( love 9 m5 & )  
g5]al productiv5ess 9 nature is a       
commonplace ( ,greek lit]ature4   ,x    
w\ld be wa/e ( space to rec\nt ! num]\s 
& famili> fables 9 :i* %e inspires a    
happy or an ill-fat$ affection 9 gods or
 mortals4 ,l mo/ o!r my?ical figures1   
,aphrodite has be5 recognis$ by ,mr4    
,max ,muell] z ! dawn2 b ! sugge/ion has
 n be5 g5]ally accept$499 ,if ,aphrodite
 reta9s any traces ( an elem5tal orig91 
!y %[ *iefly 9 t "p ( h] leg5d :i* is   
peculi>ly ,semitic 9 col\r4 ,= ! re/1   
?\gh %e1 l ,h]mes1 gives good luck 9    
g5]al1 %e is a recognis$ p]sonification 
( passion & ! que5 ( love4       99     
,ros*]1 ,lexikon1 p4 #djf4     ,,h]mes4 
,ano!r *ild ( ,zeus ^: elem5tal orig9 & 
"* h be5 mu* debat$ is ,h]mes4 ,! mean+ 
( ! "n9999 is confess$ly obscure4       
,op9ion1 !n1 is divid$ ab\t ! elem5tal  
orig9 ( ,h]mes & ! mean+ ( 8 "n4 ,8 "*  

mu/ be s\ght1 z usual1 9 anci5t poetic  
my? & 9 ritual & religion4 ,h]odotus    
recognis$ 8 rites z extremely old1 = t  
is ! mean+ ( 8 rem>k999999 t ! ,a!nians 
borr[$ !m f ! ,pelasgians1 :o are       
g5]ally recognis$ z prehi/oric ,greeks4 
9999 ,prell]1 i4 #cjg4 ,! "n ( ,h]mes is
 connect$ by      ,welck] 7,gries*4     
,got41 i4 #cdb7 ) 7-----71 & he gives   
o!r examples ( ! ,a,eolic use ( o = e4  
,comp>e      ,curtius's ,greek          
,etymology1 ,engli% translation1 #ahhf1 
vol4      i4 p4 #dbj4 ,mr4 ,max ,muell]1
 on ! o!r h& 7,lectures1 ii4      #dfh71
 takes ,h]mes to be ! son ( ! ,dawn4    
,curtius      res]ves 8 op9ion4 ,mr4    
,max ,muell] recognises ,s>amejas      &
 ,h]mes z deities ( twilight4 ,prell]   
7i4 #cji7 takes      him = a god ( d>k &
 gloam+4       999999 ,h]od41 ii4 #fa4  
,9 ! rites spok5 (1 ! images ( ! god 7 9
 "o notable po9t l well-kn[n ,bu%m5 &   
,admiralty ,isl& div9e repres5tations1 &
 l ^? ( ,priapus499 ,9 ,cyll5e1 :]e     
,h]mes 0 a great resid5t god1           

,artemidorus9999 saw a repres5tation (  
,h]mes :i* 0 m]ely a l>ge phallus1 &    
,pausanias beheld ! same sacr$ object1  
:i* 0 ador$ ) peculi> rev]5ce4999999    
,su* 0 ,h]mes 9 ! ,elean region1 :5ce he
 d]iv$ 8 "n1 ,cyll5ian499999999 ,he 0 a 
god ( ! lib]al %eph]ds1 conceiv$ ( 9 !  
rude/ aspect1 p]haps z ! patron (       
fruitfulness 9 _! flocks4 ,manife/ly he 
0 mo/ unlike ! graceful swift mess5g] ( 
! gods1 & guide ( ! gho/s ( m5 outworn1 
! giv] ( good =tune1 ! "l ( ! cr[d$     
m>ket-place1 ! tea*] ( eloqu5ce & (     
poetry1 :o appe>s 9 ! lit]>y my?ology ( 
,greece4 ,nor is !re mu* 9 8 ,pelasgian 
or 8 ,cyll5ian =m to sugge/ ! elem5tal  
deity ei!r ( gloam+1 or ( twilight1 or (
 ! /orm49999999999       99 ,c ! obsc5e 
/ory ( ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 iii4   
#bb1      #ef7 be a repetition ( ! sacr$
 *apt] by :i* ,h]odotus      says !     
,pelasgians expla9$ ! attribute ( !     
image8       9999 ,artem41 i4 #de4      
999999 ,paus41 vi4 #bf1 #c4             
99999999 ,hom]ic ,hymns1 iii4 #b4       

9999999999 ,b see ,welck]1 i4 #cdc1 =   
connection betwe5 8      "n & 8 pa/oral 
functions4  ,b :e!r ! pa/oral ,h]mes ( !
 ,pelasgians 0 ref9$ into ! mess5g]-god 
( ,hom]1 or :e!r ! "n & hon\rs ( t god 7
 giv5 to ! rude ,priapean patron ( !    
%eph]ds by way ( br++ him into !        
,olympic circle1 x seems impossible to  
asc]ta94 ,^! comb9ations lie f> beh9d ! 
ages ( ,greece kn[n to u 9 poetry &     
hi/ory4 ,! prov9ce ( ! god z a deity (  
flocks is ?\ght to be atte/$ by 8       
fav\rite companion animal ! ram1 :i* (t5
 /ood beside him 9 works ( art499 ,9 "o 
case1 :]e he is repres5t$ ) a ram on 8  
%\ld]1 ! leg5d expla9$ t by c>ry+ a ram 
r\nd ! walls he sav$ ! city ( ,tanagra f
 a pe/il5ce49999 ,! ,arcadians also     
repres5t$ him c>ry+ a ram "u 8          
arm4999999 ,z to ! phallic ,h]mae1 x is 
only c]ta9 t ! ,a!nian ta/e agre$ ) t ( 
! ,admiralty ,isl&]s 9 select+ su*      
unseemly images to /& beside e door4 ,b 
! connection ( ,h]mes ) music 7he 0 !   
inv5tor ( ! lyre1 z ! ,hom]ic ,hymn sets

 =?7 may be expla9$ by ! musical &      
poetical "* ( old ,greek %eph]d life4   
,if we c\ld set aside ! v>i\s elem5tal  
!ories ( ,h]mes z ! /orm-w9d1 !         
twilight1 ! *ild ( dawn1 & ! re/1 x w\ld
 n be difficult to %[ t "o moral        
conception is common to 8 "* 9 _m ( its 
v>i$ aspects4 ,he is ! god ( luck1 (    
prosp]ity1 ( success1 ( =tunate         
adv5ture4 ,?is dep>tm5t ( 8 activity is 
already recognis$ 9 ,hom]4 ,he is giv] (
 good luck499999999 ,he is ,h]mes1 :o   
give? grace & glory to all ! works ( m54
 ,h5ce comes 8 ,hom]ic "n1 ! luck-br+]4 
,! la/ cup at a fea/ is drunk to 8 hon\r
 = luck4       99 ,pausanias1 ii4 #h1   
#d4       9999  ,= ,h]mes1 god ( h]ds & 
flocks1 see ,prell]1 i4      #cbb-cbe4  
999999 ,pausanias1 v4 #bg1 #e4          
99999999 ,iliad1 xiv4 #dia2 ,od4 #ae1   
#cai4  ,:]e we cry ,%>es6 9 a lucky f9d1
 ! ,greek cri$ ,h]mes 9 common6 ,a      
gods5d 0 7------74 ,?us among r\gh      
%eph]d folk ! luck-br++ god display$ 8  
activity *iefly 9 mak+ fruitful !       

flocks1 b among city p he presid$ ov] ! 
m>t & ! public assembly1 :]e he gave    
good =tune1 & ov] musical conte/s499 ,x 
is z ! lucky god t ,h]mes holds 8 fair  
w& ( weal? & ri*es1 ?ree-leaf$ & gold51 
:i* w>de? (f all evil9999 ,h]mes has    
?us1 among 8 v>i$ dep>tm5ts1 none bett] 
m>k$ out ?an ! dep>tm5t ( luck1 a v wide
 & important prov9ce 9 e>ly ?\ght4 ,b   
:ile he /&s 9 ?is relation to m51 to !  
gods he is ! h]ald & mess5g]1 &1 9 "s   
undignifi$ my?s1 ev5 ! p&] & accomplice4
 ,9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn ?is *ild ( ,zeus &  
,maia %[s 8 v]satile "* by /eal+ ! ox5 (
 ,apollo1 & fa%ion+ ! lyre on ! day ( 8 
bir?4 ,! !ft is sometimes expla9$ z a   
sol> my?2 ! twilight /eals ! bright days
 ( ! sun-god4 ,b he c\ld only /eal !m   
day by day1 :]eas ,h]mes lifts ! cattle 
9 an h\r4999999 ,! surname ( ,h]mes1 is 
usually connect$ ) ! slay+ ( ,argus1 a  
sup]natural be+ ) _m eyes1 set by ,h]a  
to wat* ,io1 ! mi/ress ( ,zeus499999999 
99 ,see also ,prell]1 i4 #cbf1 note #c4 
9999 ,hymn1 #ebi4    ,see ,cu/om & ,my?1

 ,! ,div9+ ,rod 4       999999 ,prell]1 
i4 #caf1 note #b2 ,welck]1 ,gr4 ,got1 i4
 #cch1 &      note #aa4       99999999  
,a,esch41 ,prom4 ,v9ct1 #efh4  ,h]mes   
lull$ ! creature to sleep ) 8 music &   
cut (f 8 head4 ,?is my? yields a v      
natural explanation if ,h]mes be !      
twilight ( dawn1 & if ,argus be ! _m-ey$
 midnight heav5 ( />s wat*+ ,io1 ! moon4
 ,if ,h]mes be ! /orm-w9d1 x seems j z  
easy to say t he kills ,argus by driv+ a
 cl\d ov] ! face ( heav54 ,9 8 capacity 
z ! swift-w+$ mess5g]1 :o1 9 ! ,odyssey1
 crosses ! great gulf ( ! sea1 & sc>ce  
bru%es ! br9e ) 8 fea!rs1 ,h]mes might  
be expla9$1 by any "o s m9d$1 ei!r z    
lightn+ or w9d4 ,nei!r hypo!sis suits v 
well ) 8 duties z guide ( ! gho/s1 :om  
he leads d[n d>kl+ ways ) 8 w& ( gold499
 ,9 ?is capacity he & ! gho/s 7 hon\r$  
at ! ,a!nian ,all-,s\ls' day1 9         
,febru>y49999  ,su* are ! *ief my?ic    
aspects ( ,h]mes4 ,he has _m functions2 
common to all ( !m is ! p[] ( br++ all  
to a happy end4 ,?is resemblance to     

twilight1 :i* br+e? all ?+s good1 z     
,sappho sang1 may be welcome to         
int]pret]s :o see 9 ,h]mes a            
p]sonification ( twilight4 ,h[ +5i\sly1 
& ev5 beautifully1 ?is crepuscul> !ory c
 be work$ out1 & made to expla9 all !   
activities ( ,h]mes1 may be read 9 an   
essay ( ,paul de ,/4 ,victor4999999 ,:at
 is ! dawn8 ,! passage f night to day4  
,h]mes !re=e is ! god ( all su* fleet   
transitions1 bl5d+s1 *anges4 ,! mess5g] 
( ! gods1 he flits be=e !m1 a heav5ly   
ambassador to mortals4 ,two light w+s   
quiv] on 8 r\nd$ cap1 ! vault ( heav5 9 
little4444       99 ,odyssey1 xxiv4     
#a-ad4       9999 ,prell]1 i4 #ccj1 &   
see ! notes on ! passage4 ,!            
c]emonies 7 also rem9isc5t ( ! ,deluge4 
999999 ,les ,deux ,masques1 i4 #caf-cbf4
  ,! highways cross & meet & increase ! 
meet+s ( m52 s ,h]mes1 ! ceaseless      
voyag]1 is _! protect+ g5ius4444 ,:o    
%\ld guide ! gho/s d[n ! d>kl+ ways b ! 
deity ( ! dusk2 sometimes he made love  
to fair gho/ly maids :om he att5d$4 ,s  

easy is x to int]pret all ! functions ( 
a god z reflections ( elem5tal ph5om5a4 
,! orig9 ( ,h]mes rema9s obscure2 b he  
is1 9 8 poetical %ape1 "o ( ! mo/       
beautiful & human ( ! deities4 ,he has  
little comm]ce ) ! bea/s2 we d n f9d him
 ) _m animal companions1 l ,apollo1 nor 
ador$1 l ,dionysus1 ) a ritual 9 :i* are
 remnants ( animal-wor%ip4 ,! d>k] ?+s (
 8 olde/ phallic =ms rema9 obscure 9 8  
leg5ds1 conceal$ by beautiful fancies1 z
 ! old wood5 phallic figure1 ! gift (   
,cecrops1 :i* ,pausanias saw 9 ,a!ns1 0 
cov]$ ) myrtle b\ghs4 ,?\gh he is       
occasionally 9 art repres5t$ ) a be>d1  
he rema9s 9 ! fancy z ! ,odysseus met   
him1 ,h]mes ( ! gold5 w&1 l unto a "y   
man1 ) ! fir/ d[n on 8 *eek1 :5 y\? is  
lovelie/4     ,,demet]4  ,! figure (    
,demet]1 ! mat] dolorosa ( paganism1 !  
sorr[+ "m seat$ on ! /one ( lam5tation1 
is ! mo/ t\*+ 9 ,greek my?ology4 ,!     
beautiful m>ble /atue f\nd by ,mr4      
,newton at ,cnidos1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti%    
,museum1 has ! s5tim5t & ! expression ( 

a ,madonna4 ,n[h]e 9 anci5t religion 0  
human love1 regret1 hope & desid]ium or 
wi/ful long+ typifi$ s cle>ly z 9 ! my? 
& ritual ( ,demet]4 ,%e is sev]$ f h]   
daught]1 ,p]sephone1 :o goes d[n among !
 dead1 b !y are re/or$ to ea* o!r 9 !   
joy ( ! spr+'s r5ewal4 ,! my/]ies (     
,eleusis1 :i* repres5t$ ^! ev5ts 9 a    
miracle-play1 7 c]ta9ly und]/ood by     
,plato & ,p9d> & ,a,eschylus to h a     
my/ic & pa!tic significance4 ,!y %ad[$  
=? ! consolations t ! s\l has fanci$ =  
h]self1 & gave promise ( r5ew$ &        
undi/urb$ exi/5ce 9 ! society ( all :o h
 be5 de> on e>?4 ,yet ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! 
,frogs1 v5tures ev5 "h to br+ 9 8       
raill]y1 & makes ,xan?ias h9t t ! my/ae1
 ! initiate1 smell ( roa/-pig4 ,no d\bt 
!y _h be5 solemnly sacrific+1 & probably
 ta/+ ! fle% ( ! pig1 ! sacr$ animal (  
,demet]1 ^: bones1 ) clay or m>ble      
figur9es repres5t+ him1 are f\nd 9 !    
holy soil ( h] temples4 ,?us ev5 9 !    
my/]y ( ,demet] ! grotesque1 ! b>b>ic   
elem5t appe>s1 & x (t5 decl>es itself 9 

h] leg5d & 9 h] ritual4  ,a sci5tific   
/udy ( ,demet] mu/ endeav\r to          
dis5tangle ! two ma9 factors 9 h] my? & 
cult1 & to hold !m ap>t4 ,= ?is purpose 
x is necess>y to exam9e ! developm5t ( !
 cult z f> z x c be trac$4  ,z to ! "n (
 ! goddess1 = once !re is agreem5t1 &   
ev5 c]ta9ty4 ,x seems h>dly to be       
disput$ t ,demet] is ,greek1 & means    
"m-e>? or e>? ! "m499       99 ,welck]1 
,orie*4 ,,qml1 i4 #che-chg2 ,prell]1 i4 
#fah1 note #b2      ,maury1 ,rel4 des   
,grdes1 ,l #fi4 ,app>5tly ,a /ill means 
e>? 9 ,albanian2 ,max ,muell]1 ,select$ 
,essays1 ii4 #dbh4  ,!re is 8           
my?ological panacea4 ,mannh>dt is all = 
,corn-"m1 ,corn be+ no?+ peculi>ly      
,hell5ic or ,aryan 9 ! adoration ( e>?4 
,a comp>ative /udy ( e>?-wor%ip w\ld    
prove x to be v widely diffus$1 ev5     
among non-,european tribes4 ,! ,demet]  
cult1 h[ev]1 is di/9ct en\gh f ! my? (  
,gaea1 ! ,e>?1 consid]$ z1 9 conjunction
 ) ,heav51 ! p>5t ( ! gods4 ,demet] is r
 ! fruitful soil reg>d$ z a p]son ?an ! 

eld] ,titanic =mless e>? p]sonifi$ z    
,gaea4 ,?us conceiv$ z ! fo/]-"m ( life1
 e>? is wor%ipp$ 9 ,am]ica by ! ,%awnees
 & ,potawatomies z ,me-mk-kum-mik-o-kwi1
 ! "m ( e>? ,x w be %[n t ?is goddess   
appe>s casually 9 a ,potawatomie leg5d1 
:i* is m]ely a savage v]sion ( ! sacr$  
/ory ( ,eleusis499 ,tacitus f\nd t ,"m  
,h]?a 0 ador$ 9 ,g]many ) rites s       
my/]i\s t ! slaves :o took "p 9 !m 7    
dr[n$4 ,:]e( arise? a secret t]ror & an 
holy ignorance :at t %\ld be :i* !y only
 see :o are a-p]i%+49999 ,x is curi\s t 
9 ! folk-lore ( ,europe1 up to ?is      
c5tury1 food-(f]+s to ! e>? 7 buri$ 9   
,g]many & by ,gipsies2 = ! same rite is 
practis$ by ! ,potawatomies4999999      
99 ,comp>e ,maury1 ,religions de la     
,grece1 i4 #gb4       9999 ,g]mania1    
#dj1 translation ( #afbb4       999999  
,comp>e ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult1 ii4 #bgc1 
) ,fa!r ,de ,smet1      ,oregon         
,missions1 ,new ,york1 #ahdg1 p4 #cea4  
,! ,mexican ,demet]1 ,c5teotl1 is well  
kn[n1 & ,aco/a's acc\nt ( religi\s      

c]emonies connect$ ) h>ve/ 9 ,mexico &  
,p]u might almo/ be tak5 = a description
 ( ! ,greek ,eiresione4 ,! god (        
agriculture among ! ,tongan ,isl&]s has 
"o v curi\s po9t ( resemblance to       
,demet]4 ,9 ! ,iliad 7v4 #eje7 we read t
 ,demet] presides ov] ! fann+ ( ! gra94 
,ev5 z a w9d c>rie? ! *aff ab\t ! sacr$ 
?re%+-floors :5 m5 are w9n[+1 :at "t    
gold5 ,demet]1 9 ru% ( w9d1 make?       
division ( gra9 & *aff44444 ,n[ ! "n ( !
 god ( w9d1 & wea!r1 ra91 h>ve/ &       
vegetation 9 g5]al 9 ! ,tongan ,isl&s is
 ,alo-,alo1 lit]ally to fan499 ,"o is   
rem9d$ ( ,joa*im ,du ,bellay's poem1 ,to
 ! ,w9n[]s ( ,corn4 ,?us f all ^! widely
 diffus$ examples x is manife/ t ! idea 
( a div9ity ( e>?1 consid]$ z ! "m (    
fruits1 & z p[]ful = good or h>m 9      
h>ve/-"t1 is any?+ b peculi> to ,greece 
or to ,aryan peoples4 ,9 h] "* z pot5t  
ov] ?is dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 ! ,greek
 goddess 0 nam$ %e ( ! ri* ?re%+-floors1
 ( ! corn heaps1 ( ! corn 9 ! e>1 ( !   
h>ve/-home1 ( ! %eaves1 ( ! fair fruits1

 ( ! goodly gifts1 & s =?49999       99 
,m>9]'s ,tonga ,isl&s1 #ahbg1 ii4 #ajg4 
,! ,attic      ,eiresioni may be /udi$ 9
 ,mannh>dt1 ,wald und ,feld ,qultus1    
x #cab1 & ,aztec & ,p]uvian h>ve/ rites 
( a simil>      "* 9 ,cu/om & ,my?1 pp4 
#ag-bj4   ,see also ,prim4      ,quit41 
ii4 #cjf1 = o!r examples4       9999    
,welck]1 ii1 #dfh-dgj1 a collection (   
su* titles4  ,9 popul> ,greek religion1 
!n1 ,demet] 0 *iefly reg>d$ z ! div9ity 
( e>? at se$-"t & h>ve/4 ,p]haps none ( 
! gods 0 wor%ipp$ 9 s _m diff]5t cities 
& villages1 or possess$ s l>ge a numb] (
 %r9es & ru/ic *apels4 ,!re is a        
pleasant picture ( su* a *apel1 ) its   
rural disord]1 9 ! ,gold5 ,ass (        
,apuleius4 ,psy*e1 9 h] se>* = ,cupid1  
came to ! temple & w5t 91 :]eas behold  
%e espi$ %eaves ( corn ly+ on a heap1   
blades ) )]$ g>l&s1 & re$s ( b>ley4     
,moreov]1 %e saw hooks1 scy!s1 sickles &
 o!r in/rum5ts to reape1 b ev]ie ?+     
laide out ( ord]1 & z x 7 ca/ 9 by ! h&s
 ( lab\r]s2 :i* :5 ,psy*e saw %e ga!r$  

up & put ev]y?+ 9 ord]4 ,! *apel (      
,demet]1 9 %ort1 0 a tool-h\se1 dignifi$
 p]haps ) "s rude /atue & a little alt>4
 ,e village1 p]haps e villa1 w\ld h "s  
su* %r9e4  ,beh9d ^! obs]vances1 & beh9d
 ! h>ve/-homes & ! rites--half ritual1  
half folk-lore--:i* 7 expect$ to secure 
! f]tility ( ! se$ s[n1 !re lurk$ 9 !   
m9ds ( prie/s & 9 ! recesses (          
sanctu>ies c]ta9 my/ic & secret         
practices ( adoration4 ,9 ^! my/]ies    
,demet] 0 d\btless wor%ipp$ 9 h]        
,*?onian "* z a goddess ( e>?1 p[]ful   
ov] ^? :o are buri$ 9 h] bosom1 ov] dea?
 & ! dead4 ,9 ^! hidd5 my/]ies ( h]     
cult1 moreov]1 surviv$ anci5t leg5ds ( !
 usual ugly sort1 tales ( ! am\rs ( !   
goddess 9 be/ial guise4 ,among su* rites
 ,pausanias m5tions1 at ,h]mione (      
,dryopian ,argolis1 ! fete ( ,*?onian   
,demet]1 a summ] fe/ival4 ,! procession 
( m51 wom51 boys & prie/s dragg$ a      
/ruggl+ heif] to ! doors ( ! temple1 &  
?ru/ h] 9 unb\nd4 ,)9 ! fane %e 0 but*]$
 by f\r old wom5 arm$ ) sickles4 ,!     

doors 7 !n op5$1 & a second & ?ird heif]
 7 driv5 9 & sla9 by ! old wom54 ,?is   
m>vel att5ds ! sacrifice1 t all ! heif]s
 fall on ! same side z ! fir/ t 0 sla94 
,!re rema9s some:at undivulg$4 ,! ?+s   
:i* !y specially wor%ip1 ,i "k n1 nor   
any man1 nei!r native or =eign]1 b only 
! anci5t wom5 conc]n$ 9 ! rite499 ,9    
,arcadia !re 0 a temple ( ,demet]1 ^:   
prie/s boa/$ a connection ) ,eleusis1 & 
pr(ess$ to p]=m ! my/]ies 9 ! ,eleus9ian
 mann]4 ,"h /ood two great /ones1 )     
ano!r ov] !m1 probably 7if we may guess7
 a prehi/oric dolm54 ,)9 ! dolm51 :i* 0 
s rev]$ t ! neighb\rs swore _! *ief oa? 
by x1 7 kept c]ta9 sacr$ scriptures4 ,^!
 7 read al\d once a ye> to ! initiat$ by
 a prie/ :o cov]$ 8 face ) a mask (     
,demet]4 ,at ! same "t he smote ! e>? ) 
rods1 & call$ on ! folk bel[ ! e>?4     
,precisely ! same practice1 smit+ ! e>? 
) rods1 is employ$ by ^? :o consult     
div9]s among ! ,zulus49999 ,! ,zulu     
woman hav+ a _s ( div9ation says1 ,/rike
 ! gr\nd = !m 7! spirits74 ,see1 !y say 

y came to inquire ab\t some?+4 ,! cu/om 
( we>+ a mask ( ! deity wor%ipp$ is     
common 9 ! religions ( animal-wor%ip 9  
,egypt1 ,mexico1 ! ,s\? ,seas & else:]e4
 ,! ,aztec celebrant1 we saw1 wore a    
mask made ( ! sk9 ( ! ?igh ( ! human    
victim4 ,:e!r ?is ,arcadian ,demet] 0   
repres5t$ ) ! head ( a bea/ does n      
appe>2 %e _h a m>e's head 9 ,phigalia4  
,"o common po9t betwe5 ?is ,demet] ( !  
,ph5eatae & ! ,eleus9ian is h] taboo on 
beans1 :i* are s /rangely my/ical a     
vegetable 9 ,greek & ,roman             
ritual4999999       99 ,paus41 li4 #hf4 
9999 ,callaway1 ,iz9yanga ,zokvbula1 p4 
#cfb       999999 ,= a collection (     
passages see ,aglaophamus1 #bea-bed4  ,!
 ,black ,demet] ( ! ,phigalians 9       
,arcadia 0 ano!r mo/ ar*aic =m ( !      
goddess4 ,9 ,phigalia ! my? ( ! wra? &  
reconciliation ( ! goddess assum$ a     
brutal & unfamili> aspect4 ,! common    
leg5d1 univ]sally kn[n1 decl>es t       
,demet] sorr[$ = ! enlevem5t ( h]       
daught]1 ,p]sephone1 by ,hades4 ,!      

,phigalians add$ ano!r cause2 ! w&]+    
,demet] _h assum$ ! =m ( a m>e1 & 0     
viol5tly woo$ by ,poseidon 9 ! guise ( a
 /allion499       99 ,! same /ory 0 told
 ( ,cronus & ,philyra1 ( ,agni &      a 
c[ 9 ! ,satapa?a ,brahmana 7,engli%     
translation1 i4      #cbf71 ( ,s>anyu1  
daught] ( ,tva%tri1 :o fl$ 9 !      =m (
 a m>e4 ,visvasvat1 9 l mann]1 assum$ ! 
%ape ( a horse1 & foll[$ h]4 ,f _!      
int]c\rse      sprang ! two ,asv9s4 ,see
 ,muir1 ,sanskrit ,texts1 v4 #bbg1 or   
,rig- ,v$a1 x4 #ag1 #a4 ,"h we t\* a v  
curi\s po9t4      ,er9nys 0 au ,arcadian
 cognom5 ( ! ,demet] :o 0      w$d$ z a 
m>e 7,paus41 viii4 #be74 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,max 
,muell] says      t ,er9nys is ! ,v$ic  
,s>anyu1 ! ,dawn1 & we h      se5 t bo? 
,demet] ,er9nys & ,s>anyu 7 woo$ &      
won 9 ! =m ( m>es 7,select ,essays1 i4  
#dja1 #dib-fbb74      ,! curi\s ?+ is t1
 hav+ s valuable a pro( 9 8      h& z ! 
common be/ial am\rs ( bo? ,s>anyu &     
,er9nys ,demet]1 ,mr4 ,max ,muell] does 
n produce x4 ,!      ,sc&9avian         

horse-loves ( ,loki also recur to !     
memory4      ,prajapati's loves 9 ! %ape
 ( a de] are famili> 9 !                
,brahmanas4 ,if ,s>anyu,er9nys1 &       
bo?,dawn1 !n a dawn-      my? has be5   
import$ into ! leg5d ( ,demet]1 :om     
nobody1 p]haps1 w call a dawn-goddess4  
,s*w>tz1 z      usual1 makes ! my? a    
/orm-my?1 & ,demet] a goddess (         
/orms 7,ursprwig d] ,my?41 p4 #afd74  ,!
 goddess1 9 wra? at ?is outrage1 attir$ 
h]self 9 black m\rn+ raim5t1 & )drew    
into a cave1 accord+ to ! ,phigalians1 &
 ! fruits ( ! e>? p]i%$4 ,zeus le>n$ f  
,pan ! place ( ,demet]'s retreat1 & s5t 
to h] ! ,mo]ae or ,fates1 :o p]suad$ h] 
to abate h] ang]4 ,! cave became h] holy
 place1 & !re 0 set an e>ly wood5       
xoanon1 or idol1 repres5t+ ! goddess 9 !
 %ape ( a woman ) ! head & mane ( a m>e1
 9 memory ( h] involunt>y intrigue 9 t  
%ape4 ,s]p5ts & o!r creatures 7 tw9$    
ab\t h] head1 & 9 "o h&1 = a my/ic      
reason undivulg$1 %e held a dolph91 9 ! 
o!r a dove4 ,! wood5 image 0 de/roy$ by 

fire1 & disa/]s fell on ! ,phigalians4  
,onatas 0 !n employ$ to make a bronze   
/atue l ! old idol1 :]( ! fa%ion 0      
reveal$ to him 9 a dream4 ,?is          
re/oration 0 made ab\t ! "t ( ! ,p]sian 
w>4 ,! sacrifices (f]$ to ?is ,demet] 7 
fruits1 grapes1 honey & unc>d$ wool2    
:5ce x is cle> t ! black goddess 0 a    
true e>?-"m1 & receiv$ ! fruits ( ! e>? 
& ! flock4 ,! image by ,onatas _h       
some:at my/]i\sly disappe>$ be=e ! days 
( ,pausanias499       99 ,paus41 viii4  
#db4 ,comp>e viii4 #be1 #d1 = ! horse   
,arion1      :om ,demet] bore to        
,poseidon4  ,ev5 9 h] rude ,arcadian    
%ape ,demet] is a goddess ( ! fruits (  
e>?4 ,x is probable t h] mo/ ar*aic =m  
surviv$ f ! ,pelasgian clays 9 remote   
m\nta9\s regions4 ,inde$ ,h]odotus1     
obs]v+ ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,osirian  
my/]ies 9 ,egypt & ! ,!smophoria (      
,demet] 9 ,greece1 boldly ass]ts t !    
,!smophoria 7 ,egyptian1 & 7 br\ght to !
 ,pelasgians f ,egypt 7ii4 #aga74 ,!    
,pelasgians 7 driv5 out ( ,peloponnesus 

by ! ,dorians1 & ! ,arcadians1 :o 7 n   
expell$1 reta9$ ! rites4 ,z ,pelasgians 
also l+]$ long 9 ,attica1 ,h]odotus     
recognis$ ! ,!smophoria z 9 orig9       
,egyptian4 ,9 mod]n language ?is !ory   
means t ! ,!smophoria 7 ?\ght to be a   
rite ( prehi/oric antiquity old] ?an !  
,dorian invasion4 ,h]odotus naturally   
expla9$ resemblances 9 ! my? & ritual ( 
di/ant peoples z ! result ( borr[+1     
usually f ,egypt1 an idea reviv$ by ,m4 
,f\c>t4 ,^! analogies1 h[ev]1 are m     
frequ5tly produc$ by ! work+ out (      
simil> ?\ghts1 pres5t+ !mselves to m9ds 
simil>ly situat$ 9 a simil> way4 ,!     
my/]ies ( ,demet] (f] an excell5t       
specim5 ( ! process4 ,:ile ! ,greeks1 n 
yet collect$ into cities1 liv$ 9 village
 settlem5ts1 ea* village w\ld possess   
its own fea/s1 my/]ies & m$ic9e-dances1 
z ! ,r$ ,indians say1 appropriate to    
se$time & h>ve/4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 c]ta9
 ( ^! local rites atta9$ high importance
 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek civilisation ,!
 ,eleus9ian p]=mances1 = in/ance1 7     

adopt$ into ! /ate ritual ( a fam\s     
city1 ,a!ns1 & f9ally acquir$ a national
 /atus1 be+ op5 to all n disqualifi$    
,hell5es4 ,9 ?is developm5t ! old local 
ritual = ! propitiation ( ,demet]1 = !  
f]tility ( ! se$ s[n1 & = !             
gratification ( ! dead ance/ors1 0      
caught up into ! religion ( ! /ate1 & 0 
modifi$ by advanc+ ideas ( religion &   
morality4 ,b ! local ,a!nian my/]y ( !  
,!smophoria probably reta9$ m ( its     
primitive %ape & purpose4  ,!           
,!smophoria 0 ! fea/ ( se$-"t1 & ,demet]
 0 ador$ by ! wom5 z ! patroness ( human
 z well z ( univ]sal f]tility4 ,?us a   
c]ta9 jocund & lic5ti\s elem5t 0 imp>t$ 
to ! rites1 :i* 7 n to be witness$ by   
m54  ,! ,demet] ( ! ,!smophoria 0 %e :o 
introduc$ & patronis$ ! 7------7 (      
m>riage1 z ,hom] says ( ,odysseus &     
,p5elope499 ,:at 0 done at ! ,!smophoria
 ,h]odotus did n ?9k fit to tell4 ,a    
s*olia/ on ,lucian's ,dialogues (       
,c\rtesans let out ! secret 9 a mu* lat]
 age4 ,he repeats ! /ory ( ! sw9eh]d    

,eubuleus1 ^: pigs 7 swall[$ up by ! e>?
 :5 x op5$ to receive ,hades &          
,p]sephone4 ,9 hon\r & 9 memory (       
,eubuleus1 pigs 7 ?r[n into ! cav]n(    
,demet]4 ,!n c]ta9 wom5 br\ght up !     
decay+ fle% ( ! dead pigs1 & plac$ x on 
! alt>4 ,x 0 believ$ t to mix ?is fle% )
 ! se$-corn secur$ abundance ( h>ve/4   
,?\gh ! rite is magical 9 "*1 p]haps !  
decay+ fle% might act z manure1 & be (  
real s]vice to ! f>m]4 ,aft]w>ds images 
( pigs1 su* z ,mr4 ,newton f\nd 9 a hole
 9 ! holy plot ( ,demet] at ,cnidos1 7  
re/or$ to ! place :5ce ! fle% _h be5    
tak54 ,! practice 0 believ$ to make     
m>riage fruitful2 its virtues 7 = !     
husb& z well z = ! husb&man49999 ,h[ev] 
! ,a!nians got ! rite1 :e!r !y evolv$ x 
or adapt$ x f "s ,pelasgian or o!r      
prehi/oric p1 simil> practices occur    
among ! ,khonds 9 ,india & ! ,pawnees 9 
,am]ica4 ,! ,khonds sacrifice a pig & a 
human victim1 ! ,pawnees a girl ( a     
=eign tribe4       99 ,odyssey1 xxiii4  
#bie4       9999 ,newton1 ,hulic>n41    

plate iv4 pp4 #cca1 #cga-cia4  ,!       
fragm5ts ( fle% are n mix$ ) ! se$-corn1
 b buri$ on ! bord]s ( ! fields499 ,!   
anci5t1 p]haps ,pelasgian1 ritual (     
,demet] _h ?us its savage features & its
 savage analogues4 ,m rem>kable /ill is 
! ,pawnee v]sion1 z we may call x1 ( !  
,eleus9ia4 ,curi\sly1 ! ,r$ ,indian my? 
:i* resembles t ( ,demet] & ,p]sephone  
is n told ab\t ,me-suk-kum-mik-o-kwi1 ! 
,r$ ,indian ,"m ,e>?1 to :om (f]+s are  
made1 valuable objects be+ buri$ = h] 9 
brass kettles49999 ,! ,am]ican tale is  
atta*$ to ! leg5d ( ,manabozho & 8 bro!r
 ,*ibiabos1 n to t ( ! ,e>? ,"m & h]    
daught]1 if 9 ,am]ica %e _h a daught]4  
,! acc\nt ( ! ,pawnee my/]ies & _! orig9
 is wor? quot+ 9 full1 z x is among !   
mo/ rem>kable ( my?ical co9cid5ces4 ,if 
we decl9e to believe t ,p]e ,de ,smet   
inv5t$ ! tale = ! m]e purpose ( my/ify+ 
my?ologi/s1 we mu/1 app>5tly1 suppose t 
! co9cid5ces are due to ! simil> work+s 
( ! human m9d 9 ! ,prairies z at        
,eleusis4 ,we %all fir/ give ! ,r$      

,indian v]sion4 ,x 0 confid$ to ,de     
,smet1 z "p ( ! g5]al tradition ( !     
,pawnees1 by an old *ief1 & 0 fir/      
publi%$ by ,de ,smet 9 8 ,oregon        
,mission999999 ,tann] speaks ( ! leg5d z
 "o t ! ,indians *ant 9 _! m$ic9e-songs1
 :i* record ! sacr$ beliefs ( !         
race499999999       99 ,de ,smet1       
,oregon ,missions1 p4 #cei2 ,mr4        
,russell's1 ,report      9 ,major       
,campbell's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 #ahfd1  
pp4 #ee1 #aac4       9999 ,tann]'s      
,n>rative1 #ahcj1 p4 #aae4       999999 
,new ,york1 #ahdg4       99999999       
,ibid41 ,new ,york1 #ahcj1 pp4 #aib1    
#aic4  ,he adds t _m ( ^! songs are not$
 d[n1 by a me?od probably peculi> to !  
,indians1 on bir*-b>k or small flat     
pieces ( wood1 ! ideas be+ convey$ by   
emblematical figures4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ 
t ! luck ( ! tribe dep5ds on ^! songs & 
rites1 x w be admitt$ t !y are probably 
( consid]able antiquity1 & t ! ,indians 
probably did n borr[ ! /ory ab\t ! orig9
 ( _! ritual f "s ,european conv]sant ) 

! ,hom]ic hymn to ,demet]4  ,"h foll[s !
 my?1 z borr[$ 7)\t ackn[l$gm5t7 by     
,s*oolcraft f ,de ,smet3--99  ,!        
,manitos 7p[]s or spirits7 7 jeal\s (   
,manabozho & ,*ibiabos4 ,manabozho w>n$ 
8 bro!r nev] to be alone1 b "o day he   
v5tur$ on ! froz5 lake & 0 dr[n$ by !   
,manitos4 ,manabozho wail$ along !      
%ores4 ,he wag$ a w> aga9/ all !        
,manitos4444 ,he call$ on ! dead body ( 
8 bro!r4 ,he put ! :ole c\ntry 9 dread  
by 8 lam5tations4 ,he !n besme>$ 8 face 
) black1 & sat d[n six ye>s to lam5t1   
utt]+ ! "n ( ,*ibiabos4 ,! ,manitos     
consult$ :at to d to assuage 8 melan*oly
 & 8 wra?4 ,! olde/ & wise/ ( !m1 :o _h 
_h no h& 9 ! dea? ( ,*ibiabos1 (f]$ to  
und]take ! task ( reconciliation4 ,!y   
built a sacr$ lodge close to t (        
,manabozho1 & prep>$ a sumptu\s fea/4   
,!y !n assembl$ 9 ord]1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 
ea* c>ry+ "u 8 arm a sack ( ! sk9 ( "s  
fav\rite animal1 z a beav]1 an ott]1 or 
a lynx1 & fill$ ) preci\s & curi\s      
m$ic9es cull$ f all plants4 ,^! !y      

exhibit$1 & invit$ him to ! fea/ )      
pleas+ words & c]emonies4 ,he imm$iately
 rais$ 8 head1 uncov]$ x1 & wa%$ (f 8   
besme>m5ts & m\rn+ col\rs1 & !n foll[$  
!m4 ,!y (f]$ him a cup ( liquor prep>$ f
 ! *oice/ m$ic9es1 at once z a          
propitiation & an initiatory rite4 ,he  
drank x at a s+le draught1 & f\nd 8     
melan*oly dep>t$4 ,!y !n comm5c$ _!     
dances & songs1 unit$ ) v>i\s c]emonies4
 ,all danc$1 all sang1 all act$ ) !     
utmo/ gravity1 ) exactness ( "t1 motion 
& voice4 ,manabozho 0 cur$2 he ate1     
danc$1 sang & smok$ ! sacr$ pipe4       
99 ,s*oolcraft1 ,l #cah4  ,9 ?is mann] !
 my/]ies ( ! great m$ic9e-dance 7       
introduc$4  ,! ,manitos n[ unit$ _! p[]s
 to br+ ,*ibiabos to life4 ,!y did s1 & 
br\ght him to life1 b x 0 =bidd5 to ent]
 ! lodge4 ,!y gave him1 ?r\gh a *9k1 a  
burn+ coal1 & told him to g & preside   
ov] ! c\ntry ( s\ls & reign ov] ! l& ( !
 dead4  ,manabozho1 n[ retir$ f m51     
commits ! c>e ( m$ic9al plants to       
,misukumigakwa1 or ! ,"m ( ! ,e>?1 to   

:om he makes (f]+s4  ,9 all ?is !       
resemblance to ! leg5d ( ! ,hom]ic hymn 
to ,demet] is und5iable4 ,! hymn is too 
famili> to require a long analysis4 ,we 
read h[ ,demet] _h a fair daught]1      
,p]sephone2 h[ ! ,"l ( ! ,dead c>ri$ h] 
(f z %e 0 ga!r+ fl[]s2 h[ ,demet] s\ght 
h] ) burn+ tor*es2 & h[ ! goddess came  
to ,eleusis & ! h\se ( ,celeus 9 ! guise
 ( an old wife4 ,!re %e dwelt 9 sorr[1  
nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+1 till %e ta/$ ( a  
mixture ( b>ley & wat] 7cyceon71 & 0    
mov$ to smile by ! mir? ( ,iambe4 ,yet  
%e /ill held ap>t 9 wra? f ! society ( !
 gods1 & /ill ! e>? bore n h] fruits1   
till ! gods bade ,h]mes re/ore          
,p]sephone4 ,b ,p]sephone _h ta/$ "o    
pomegranate-se$ 9 ,hades1 & !re=e1      
accord+ to a _w-wide belief1 %e 0 "u    
bonds to ,hades4 ,= only half ! ye> does
 %e return to e>?2 yet by ?is ,demet] 0 
com=t$2 ! soil bore fruits aga91 &      
,demet] %[$ =? to ! *iefs ( ,eleusis h] 
sacr$ my/]ies & ! ritual ( _!           
p]=mance499  ,! ,p]sephone my? is n 9   

,hom]1 ?\gh 9 ,hom] ,p]sephone is ,lady 
( ! ,dead4 ,hesiod alludes to x 9 !     
,!ogony 7#iab-iad72 b ! *ief au?ority is
 ! ,hom]ic hymn1 :i* ,mat?aeus f\nd     
7#aggg7 9 a f>my>d at ,mosc[4 ,int]     
pullos et porcos latu]at--! pigs (      
,demet] _h gu>d$ ! poem ( h]            
my/]ies49999 ,z to ! date & au?or%ip ( !
 hymn1 ! le>n$ diff] 9 op9ion4 ,probably
 mo/ read]s w reg>d x z a piece (       
poetry1 l ! hymn to ,aphrodite1 r ?an z 
a my/ic *a9 ( v]se meant solely =       
hi]atic purposes4 ,x is impossible to   
argue ) safety t ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies & 
leg5d 7 lat] ?an ,hom]1 because ,hom]   
does n allude to !m4       99 ,!        
sup]/ition ab\t ! food ( ! dead is f\nd 
9      ,new ,zeal&1 ,melanesia1 ,scotl&1
 ,f9l& & among !      ,ojibbeways4      
,comp>e ,w&]+ ,willie's tale 9          
,r$gaunttet4       9999 ,ruhnk51 ap4    
,hign>d1 ,les ,hymnes ,hom]iques1 p4    
#bib1      ,p>is1 #ahfd4  ,he has no    
occasion to speak ( !m4 ,possibly !     
my/]ies 71 9 8 "t1 b ! rites ( a village

 or little t[n2 !y atta9$ celebrity ow+ 
to _! adoption by ,a!ns1 & !y end$ by   
becom+ ! mo/ fam\s national fe/ival4 ,! 
mean+ ( ! leg5d1 9 its orig91 0 probably
 no m ?an a propitiation ( e>?1 & a     
c]emony t imitat$1 & s secur$1 ! return 
( spr+ & vegetation4 ,?is e>ly          
conception1 :i* we h f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 0  
easily comb9$ ) doctr9es ( ! dea? &     
revival1 n ( ! ye>1 n ( ! se$ s[n1 b ( !
 human s\l4 ,^! ideas 7 capable (       
endless illu/ration & amplification by  
prie/s2 & ! my/]ies1 by ,plato's "t1 &  
ev5 by ,p9d>'s1 7 c]ta9ly und]/ood to h 
a purify+ influ5ce on conduct & a       
fav\rable effect on ! =tunes ( ! s\l 9 !
 next _w4  ,happy :osoev] ( mortal m5   
has look$ on ^! ?+s2 b :oso ha? _h no "p
 nor lot 9 ?is sacram5t ha? no equal    
fate :5 once he ha? p]i%$ & pass$ )9 !  
pall ( d>kness499 ,( su* rites we may   
believe t ,plato 0 ?9k+ :5 he spoke (   
behold+ app>itions innoc5t & simple1 &  
calm & happy1 z 9 a my/]y9999 ,nor is x 
/range t1 :5 ,greeks 7 seek+ = a sign1 &

 especially = "s cre$ t might resi/ !   
new wor%ip ( ,*ri/1 ,plut>* & !         
,neo-,platonic philosoph]s tri$ to cl+  
to ! promise ( ! my/]ies ( ,demet]4     
99  ,hom]ic ,hymn1 #dhj-dhb4       9999 
,pha$rus1 #bfj4  ,!y reg>d$ h] secret   
?+s z a dreamy %ad[ ( t spectacle & t   
rite1 ! spectacle & rite ( ! h>moni\s   
ord] ( ! univ]se1 "s "t to be reveal$ to
 ! s\ls ( ! bless$499 ,x may n h be5 a  
drawback to ! consolations ( ! hidd5    
s]vices t !y made no appeal to ! we>y & 
w&]+ reason ( ! lat] hea!ns4 ,tir$ out )
 endless disc\rse on fate & free w1 gods
 & demons1 allegory & explanation1 !y   
c\ld repose on m]e spectacles &         
c]emonies & pi\s ejaculations1 )\t any  
evid5ce or pro( (f]$ = ! /atem5ts 4     
,inde$1 writ]s l ,plut>* %[ almo/ !     
temp] ( ,pascal1 try+ to secure re/ = _!
 s\ls by a wise passiv5ess & pi\s       
contemplation1 & p>ticipation 9         
sacram5ts n und]/ood4  ,z to ! orig9 (  
^! sacram5ts1 we may believe1 ) ,lobeck1
 t x 0 no prie/ly sy/em ( my/ic &       

esot]ic tea*+1 moral or physical4 ,x 0 b
 ! m$ic9e-dance ( a v old ,greek tribal 
settlem5t1 p]haps f ! fir/ ) an e?ical  
elem5t4 ,b f ?is1 ?anks to ! g5ius (    
,hellas1 sprang all ! beauty ( !        
,eleus9ian ritual1 & all ! consolation x
 (f]$ ! b]eav$1 all ! com=t x yield$ to 
! we>y & heavy lad549999 ,t ! popul>    
religi\s excitem5t caus$ by ! my/]ies & 
fav\r$ by ! d>kness (t5 produc$ sc5es ( 
lu/ful revelry1 may be probable en\gh4  
,revivals ev]y:]e h ?is among o!r       
consequ5ces4 ,b we may %>e ,lobeck's    
scepticism z to ! :olesale *>ges (      
iniquity br\ght by ! ,fa!rs4       99   
,plut>*1 ,de ,def4 ,orac4 xxii          
9999 ,lobeck1 ,aglaoph41 #acc4  ,9 spite
 ( survivals & sl&]s1 ! religion (      
,demet] 0 among ! mo/ natural1 beautiful
 & t\*+ ( ,greek beliefs4 ,! wild elem5t
 0 n lack+2 b a pi\s contempor>y (      
,plato1 :5 he ba!d 9 ! sea ) 8 pig be=e 
behold+ ! my/]y-play1 probably made up 8
 m9d to bl9k ! b>b>ic & lic5ti\s "p ( ! 
p]=mances4     ,,conclusion4  ,?is brief

 review ( ,greek div9e my?s does n (    
c\rse aim at exhau/+ ! subject4 ,we d n 
pret5d to exam9e ! leg5ds ( all !       
,olympians4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to    
illu/rate ! me?od ( int]pretation1 & to 
give specim5s ( ! me?od at "w4 ,x has   
be5 se5 t !re is only agreem5t among    
philologi/s z to ! orig9 & mean+ ( two  
out ( ne>ly a doz5 div9e names4 ,zeus is
 admitt$ to be connect$ ) ,dyaus1 & to h
 orig9ally meant sky4 ,demet] is accept$
 z ,greek1 ) ! significance ( ,"m ,e>?4 
,b ! mean+ & ! roots ( ,a!ne1 ,apollo1  
,artemis1 ,h]mes1 ,cronus1 ,aphrodite1  
,dionysus--we might add ,poseidon &     
,hephae/us--are v f> f be+ kn[n4 ,nor is
 !re mu* m g5]al agreem5t z to ! orig9al
 elem5tal ph5om5a or elem5tal prov9ce   
held by all ( ^! gods & goddesses4 ,!   
moon1 ! w9d1 ! twilight1 ! sun1 ! gr[? &
 =ce ( vegetation1 ! d>k1 ! night1 !    
atmosph]e1 h be5 %uffl$ & dealt mo/     
v>i\sly to ! v>i\s deities by le>n$     
/ud5ts ( my?4 ,?is complete div]sity (  
op9ion mu/ be accept$ z a "p 9 ! /udy4  

,! le>n$1 z a rule1 only agree 9 believ+
 7#a7 t ! names hold ! secret ( !       
orig9al mean+ ( ! gods2 & 7#b7 t ! gods 
are g5]ally p]sonifications ( elem5ts or
 ( ph5om5a1 or h be5 evolv$ out ( su*   
p]sonifications4 ,beyond ?is almo/ all  
is confusion1 d\bt1 ! twilight ( ! gods4
  ,9 ?is d>kness !re is no?+ to         
surprise4 ,we are n w&]+ 9 a magical mi/
 p\r$ ar\nd u by ! gods1 b 9 a fog :i*  
has natural causes4 ,fir/1 !re is !     
untru/wor?9ess ( attempts to analyse    
prop] names4 ,) e prop] "n !            
etymological op]ation is by "o degree m 
difficult ?an ) an appellative4444 ,we h
 to deal ) two unkn[n quantities1 orig9 
& mean+2 :]eas 9 appellatives we "k !   
mean+ & h only to hunt = ! orig94 ,& (  
all prop] names my?ological names are ! 
mo/ difficult to int]pret4 ,curtius has 
%[n h[ _m pa?s may be tak5 9 ! analysis 
( ! "n ,a*illes4 ,! second "p may be ( !
 /em3 p1 or ! /em3 /one4 ,does ! fir/ "p
 ( ! ^w mean wat] 7cf4 aqua71 or is x   
equival5t to3 7bulw>k or ! p78 ,or is x 

ak9 to3 "o :o causes pa98 ,or is !3     
pro!tic8 & is 7x7 ! root1 & does x mean 
cle>-%9+8 ,or is ! ^w relat$ to         
7------71 & does x mean d>k8  ,all ^! & 
o!r explanations are (f]$ by ! le>n$1 & 
are *os5 by ,curtius to %[ ! unc]ta9ty &
 difficulty ( ! etymological process z  
appli$ to names 9 my?4 ,cornutus rem>k$ 
long ago t ! great antiquity ( ! "n (   
,a!ne made its etymology difficult4     
,difficult x rema9s499 ,:atev] ! sci5ce 
( language may accompli% 9 ! future1 x  
is baffl$ = ! pres5t by ! div9e names ( 
,greece1 or by mo/ ( !m1 & ^! ! mo/     
important49999       99 ,cf4 ,curtius1  
,greek ,etym41 ,engl1 transl41 i4       
#acg-aci4       9999 ,gruppe1 ,grie*4   
,culte und ,my?tis1 p4 #afi1 selects    
,iapetos1 ,kadmos1 ,kabeiros1 ,adonis1  
,baitylos1 ,typhon1 ,nysos      79      
,dionysos71 ,a*]on1 ,kimm]ians & ,gryps1
 aa c]ta9ly      ,pho5ician4 ,b ^! are n
 ! names ( ! high gods4  ,!re is ano!r  
reason = ! obscurity ( ! topic besides !
 d>kness 9 :i* ! orig9 ( ! names has be5

 wrapp$ by "t4 ,! my?s _h be5 v long 9  
circulation be=e we fir/ meet !m 9 ,hom]
 & ,hesiod4 ,we "k n :5ce ! gods came4  
,p]haps "s ( !m 7 ! *ief div9e          
conceptions ( v>i\s ,hell5ic clans be=e 
! union ( clans into /ates4 ,h[ev] ?is  
may be1 :5 we fir/ enc\nt] ! gods 9     
,hom] & ,hesiod1 !y h be5 organis$ into 
a family1 ) regul> g5ealogies &         
relation%ips4 ,functions h be5 assign$  
to !m1 & dep>tm5ts4 ,0 ,h]mes always !  
h]ald8 ,0 ,hephae/us always ! artisan8  
,0 ,a!ne f ! fir/ ! well-belov$ daught] 
( ,zeus8 ,0 ,apollo f ! beg9n+ ! m$iator
 ) m5 by oracles8 ,:o c reply8 ,we only 
"k t ! div9e m9i/ry has be5 ?or\ghly    
organis$1 & dep>tm5ts assign$1 z 9 a    
cab9et1 be=e we meet ! gods on ,olympus4
 ,:at !y 7 9 ! ages be=e ?is            
organisation1 we c only conjecture4 ,"s 
may h be5 adopt$ f clans ^: *ief deity  
!y 74 ,if any "o took all ! ,samoan     
gods1 he c\ld comb9e !m into a family ) 
due functions & gradations4 ,no "o man  
did ?is1 we may believe1 = ,greece3 ?\gh

 ,h]odotus ?\ght x 0 done by ,hom] &    
,hesiod4 ,! process w5t on ?r\gh        
c5turies we "k n (2 /ill less d we "k   
:at or :]e ! gods 7 be=e ! process      
began4  ,?us ! obscurity 9 :i* ! div9e  
orig9s are hidd5 is natural &           
inevitable4 ,our attempt has be5 to     
exam9e c]ta9 bir?-m>ks :i* ! gods be> f 
t hidd5 antiquity1 relics ( fur & f9 &  
fea!r1 inh]it$ f ance/ral bea/s l ^? :i*
 rul$ ,egyptian1 ,am]ican & ,au/ralian  
religions4 ,we h also rem>k$ ! brilliant
 div9ity ( beautiful =m :i* ! gods at   
la/ atta9$1 9 m>ble1 9 gold1 9 ivory & 9
 ! fancy ( poets & sculptors4 ,"h is !  
truly ,hell5ic elem5t1 "h is !          
ideal--,a!ne arm+1 ,h]a ) ! girdle (    
,aphrodite1 ,h]mes ) 8 w&1 ,apollo ) !  
silv] b[--to ?is ! ,hell5ic intellect   
atta9$2 ?is ideal x made m imp]i%able   
?an bronze4 ,f9ally1 ! lovely %apes (   
gods defecate to a pure transp>5cy 9 !  
religion ( ,ari/otle & ,plut>*4 ,b !    
gods rema9 beautiful 9 _! /atues1       
beautiful 9 ! hymns ( ,p9d> & ! plays ( 

,sophocles2 hide\s1 (t51 9 temple my?1 &
 anci5t xoanon1 & secret rite1 till !y  
are all1 good & evil1 ca/ out by        
,*ri/ianity4 ,! mo/ brilliant           
civilisation ( ! _w nev] expell$ ! old  
savage f its my? & its ritual4 ,! l[e/  
savag]y sc>cely ev]1 if ev]1 :olly loses
 sight ( a heav5ly ,fa!r4  ,9           
conclusion1 we may deprecate ! *>ge (   
exclusivism4 ,! savage elem5t is some?+1
 nay1 is mu*1 9 ,greek my? & ritual1 b x
 is n ev]y?+4 ,! tru?1 grace & beauty ( 
! my?s are giv5 by ! cle> _s ( ,hellas4 
,nor is all t may be deplor$ necess>ily 
native4 ,we may well believe 9 borr[+ f 
,pho5icians1 :o 9 turn may h borr[$ f   
,babylon4 ,examples ( ?is process h     
occasionally be5 not$4 ,x w be urg$ by  
"s /ud5ts t ! wild elem5t 0 adopt$ f !  
religion ( prehi/oric races1 :om !      
,greeks f\nd 9 possession :5 fir/ !y    
seiz$ ! %ores ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is may be   
true 9 c]ta9 cases1 b hi/orical evid5ce 
is n to be obta9$4 ,we lose ourselves 9 
!ories ( ,pelasgians & ,pre-,pelasgians1

 & la ,grece avant les ,grecs4 ,9 any   
case1 ! argum5t t ! m puzzl+ "p ( ,greek
 my? is a survival w\ld n be affect$4   
,borr[$1 or inh]it$1 or imitat$1 c]ta9 (
 ! /ories & rites are savage 9 orig91 & 
! argum5t insi/s on no m z to t portion 
( ,greek my?ology4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4   
,,h]oic ,,& ,,romantic ,,my?s4       ,a 
new class ( my?s--,n                    
explanatory--,popul> tales--,h]oic      
& romantic my?s--7#a7 ,savage           
tales--7#b7 ,european ,contes--         
7#c7 ,h]oic my?s--,_!                   
orig9--,diffusion--,hi/ory ( _!         
/udy--,grimm's !ory--,aryan             
!ory--,b5fey's !ory--      ,anci5t      
,egyptian /ories exam9$--,w&]ung's      
!orie--      ,conclusion4  ,! my?s :i* h
 hi!rto be5 exam9$ possess1 = ! mo/ "p1 
"o common feature4 ,all1 or almo/ all ( 
!m1 obvi\sly aim at satisfy+ curiosity  
ab\t ! causes ( ?+s1 at supply+ gaps 9  
human k4 ,! nature-my?s acc\nt = v>i\s  
aspects ( ,nature1 f ! re$ by1 !        
riv]-side t once 0 a fair maid5 pursu$  

by ,pan1 to ! remote/ /> t 0 a mi/ress (
 ,zeus2 f ! reason :y ! cr[ is black1 to
 ! reason :y ! sun is d>k5$ 9 eclipse4  
,! div9e my?s1 aga91 are = ! m "p essays
 9 ! same direction4 ,!y try to answ] ^!
 que/ions3 ,:o made ?+s8 ,h[ did ?is _w 
beg98 ,:at are ! p[]s1 felt to be great]
 ?an ourselves1 :i* regulate ! ord] (   
ev5ts & control ! de/9ies ( m58 ,my?s   
reply to all ^! que/ion+s1 & ! answ]s   
are always 9 accordance ) t e>ly nebul\s
 condition ( ?\ght & reason :]e         
obs]vation lapses into sup]/ition1      
religion into sci5ce1 sci5ce into fancy1
 k into fable4 ,9 ! same mann] ! my?s   
:i* we d n treat ( "h--! my?s ( ! orig9 
( dea?1 ( man's fir/ possession ( fire1 
& ( ! nature ( 8 home among ! dead--are 
all t5tative contributions to k4 ,all   
seek to satisfy ! et]nal human desire to
 "k4 ,:5ce came dea?8 man asks1 & ! my?s
 answ] him ) a /ory ( ,p&ora1 ( ,maui1 (
 ! moon & ! h>e1 or ! bat & ! tree4 ,h[ 
came fire to be a s]vant ( ours8 ,! my?s
 tell ( ,prome!us ! fire-/eal]1 or ( !  

fire-/eal+ wr51 or frog1 or coyote1 or  
cuttlefi%4 ,:at mann] ( life %all m5    
live aft] dea?8 9 :at mann] ( home8 ,!  
my? answ]s ) tales ( ,pohjola1 ( ,hades1
 ( ,am5ti1 ( all t1 9 ! ,au/ralian black
 fell['s phrase1 lies beyond ! ,rummut1 
beyond ! surf ( ! ,pacific1 beyond !    
/ream ( ,oceanus1 beyond ! horizon (    
mortality4 ,to ^! my?s1 & to ! m my/]i\s
 leg5d ( ! ,flood1 we may return "s o!r 
day4 ,= ! pres5t1 x mu/ suffice to      
repeat t all ^! my?s 7except1 p]haps1 ! 
traditions ( ! ,deluge7 fill up gaps 9  
e>ly human k1 & convey in=mation z to   
matt]s outside ( practical exp]i5ce4  ,b
 !re are classes ( tales1 or ma]*51 or  
my?s :i*1 z f> z c be discov]$1 h b     
little ( ! explanatory elem5t4 ,?\gh !y 
h be5 int]pret$ z brok5-d[n nature-my?s1
 ! v>iety ( ! int]pretations put ^u !m  
proves t1 at lea/1 _! elem5tal mean+ is 
dim & unc]ta91 & makes x v dubi\s :e!r  
!y ev] _h any su* significance at all4  
,x is n d5i$ "h t "s ( ^! my?s & tales  
may h be5 sugge/$ by elem5tal &         

meteorological ph5om5a4 ,= example1 :5  
we f9d almo/ ev]y:]e among ,european    
peasants1 & among ,samoy$s & ,zulus1 z 9
 ,greek h]oic-my?s ( ! ,jason cycle1 !  
/ory ( ! *ildr5 :o run away f a cannibal
 or murd]\s "m or /ep-"m1 we are rem9d$ 
( c]ta9 nature-my?s4 ,! />s are (t5     
said99 to be ! *ildr5 ( ! sun1 & to flee
 away at dawn1 le/ he or _! "m1 ! moon1 
%\ld dev\r !m4 ,?is e>ly obs]vation may 
h />t$ ! /ory ( flight f ! cannibal     
p>5ts1 & ! leg5d may h be5 br\ght d[n f 
heav5 to e>?4 ,yet ?is 71 p]haps1 a     
f>-fet*$ hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( a tale :i*
 may readily h be5 born :]ev] human be+s
 h a t5d5cy 7z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,s\?   
,africa7 to rev]t to cannibalism4       
99 ,nature-,my?s1 vol4 i p4 #acj4 ,!    
/ory is ,a/]9os und      ,pulja 9 ,von  
,hahn's ,grie*4 und ,alban4 ,m>*54      
,comp>e      ,samoj$is*e ,m>*51 ,ca/r51 
,v>ies1 ub] die ,alt4 ,volk1      p4    
#afd2 ,callaway1 ,uzemb5i4  ,!          
peculi>ity1 !n1 ( ! my?s :i* we propose 
to call ,h]oic & ,romantic ,tales 7ma]*5

 contes populaires71 is ! abs5ce1 z a   
rule1 ( any obvi\s explanatory purpose4 
,!y are romances or novels1 & if !y d   
expla9 any?+1 x is r ! orig9 or sanction
 ( "s human law or cu/om ?an ! cause (  
any natural ph5om5on t !y exp\nd4  ,!   
k9d ( traditional fictions "h describ$ z
 h]oic & romantic may be divid$ into    
?ree ma9 categories4  7#a7 ,fir/ we h ! 
popul> tales ( ! l[] & m backw>d races1 
) :om may be reckon$1 = our pres5t      
purpose1 ! m remote & obscure peoples ( 
,am]ica4 ,we f9d popul> tales among !   
,bu%m51 ,kaffirs1 ,zulus1 ,samoans1     
,maoris1 ,hurons1 ,samoy$s1 ,eskimos1   
,crees1 ,blackfeet & o!r s-call$ savage 
races4 ,we also f9d tales practically   
id5tical 9 "*1 & (t5 9 plot & incid5t1  
among su* a p z ! ,hu>o*iris1 a civilis$
 race br\ght "u ! ,inca ,empire "s ?ree 
g5]ations be=e ! ,spani% conque/4 ,!    
*>act]i/ics ( ^! tales are ! pres5ce (  
talk+ & magically helpful bea/s2 ! human
 p[]s & p]sonal exi/5ce ( ev5 inanimate 
objects2 ! miracul\s accompli%m5ts ( !  

actors2 ! introduction ( be+s ( ano!r   
race1 usually ho/ile2 ! p[] ( go+ to &  
return+ f ,hades--always describ$ 9 mu* 
! same imag9ative mann]4 ,! p]sons are  
sometimes anonym\s1 sometimes are nam$  
:ile ! "n is n celebrat$2 m frequ5tly ! 
tribal culture-h]o1 demiurge1 or god is 
! lead+ "* 9 ^! /ories4 ,9 accordance ) 
! habits ( savage fancy1 ! *ief p]son is
 (t5 a bea/1 su* z ,ananzi1 ! ,we/      
,african spid]2 ,cagn1 ! ,bu%man        
gras%opp]2 or ,mi*abo1 ! ,algonk9       
:ite-h>e4 ,animals frequ5tly take p>ts  
assign$ to m5 & wom5 9 ,european ma]*54 
7#b7 ,9 ! second place1 we h ! ma]*51 or
 contes1 or h\sehold tales ( ! mod]n    
,european1 ,asiatic & ,indian peasantry1
 ! tales collect$ by ! ,grimms1 by      
,afanasief1 by ,von ,hahn1 by ,miss     
,fr]e1 by ,miss ,maive ,/okes1 by ,m4   
,sebillot1 by ,campbell ( ,islay1 & by s
 _m o!rs4 ,e read] ( ^! delightful      
collections kn[s t ! *>act]i/ics1 !     
ma*9]y1 all t excites wond]1 are ! same 
z 9 ! savage h]oic tales j describ$ ,b x

 is a peculi>ity ( ! popul> tales ( !   
peasantry t ! places are seldom nam$2 ! 
/ory is n localis$1 & ! *>act]s are     
anonym\s4 ,occasionally our ,"l & 8     
sa9ts appe>1 & ,satan is pretty         
frequ5tly pres5t1 always to be defeat$ &
 disgrac$2 b1 z a rule1 ! h]o is a boy1 
a poor man a fiddl]1 a soldi]1 & s =?1  
no names be+ giv54  7#c7 ,?irdly1 we h 9
 epic poetry & leg5d ! romantic & h]oic 
tales ( ! great civilis$ races1 or races
 :i* h prov$ capable ( civilisation4 ,^!
 are ! ,indians1 ! ,greeks1 ,romans1    
,celts1 ,sc&9avians & ,g]mans4 ,^! h won
 _! way into ! national lit]atures & !  
region ( epic4 ,we f9d !m 9 ! ,odyssey1 
! ,edda ! ,celtic poems1 ! ,ramayana1 & 
!y ev5 appe> 9 ! ,v$a4 ,!y occur 9 !    
leg5ds & p$igrees ( ! royal h]oes (     
,greece & ,g]many4 ,!y atta* !mselves to
 ! dim beg9n+s ( actual hi/ory1 & to    
real p]sonages l ,*>lemagne4 ,!y ev5    
invade ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts4 ,! *>act]s   
are national h]oes1 su* z ,p]seus1      
,jason1 ,a,edipus & ,olympian gods1 &   

holy m5 & wom5 de> to ! ,*ur*1 & primal 
h]oes ( ! ,nor?1 ,sigurd & ,signy4 ,_!  
pa?s & places are n 9 dim fairyl&1 b 9 !
 fields & on ! %ores we "k--at ,rol&'s  
,pass 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 on ! en*ant$        
,col*ian coa/1 or among ! blameless     
,e?iopians1 or 9 ,!ssaly1 or 9 ,argos4  
,n[1 9 all ^! ?ree classes ( romance1   
savage fables1 rural ma]*51 ,greek or   
,g]man epics1 ! ideas & incid5ts are    
analog\s1 & ! v conduct ( ! plot is     
sometimes recognisably ! same4 ,! moral 
ideas on :i* _m ( ! ma]*51 sagas1 or    
epic my?s turn are (t5 id5tical4        
,ev]y:]e we f9d doors or vessels :i* are
 n to be op5$1 regulations = ! conduct (
 husb& & wife :i* are n to be brok52    
ev]y:]e we f9d helpful bea/s1 birds &   
fi%es2 ev]y:]e we f9d leg5ds prov+ t "o 
_c outwit 8 fate or evade ! de/9y       
prophesi$ = him4  ,! *ief problems rais$
 by ^! sagas & /ories are--7#a7 ,h[ d !y
 come to resemble ea* o!r s closely 9   
all p>ts ( ! _w8 7#b7 ,7 !y inv5t$ once 
= all1 & transmitt$ all across ! _w f "s

 c5tre8 7#c7 ,:at 0 t c5tre1 & :at 0 !  
p]iod & ! process ( transmission8  ,be=e
 exam9+ ! solutions ( ^? problems1 c]ta9
 consid]ations may be advanc$4  ,!      
sup]natural /uff ( ! /ories1 ! ?reads ( 
! texture1 ! belief 9 ! life &          
p]sonality ( all ?+s--9 talk+ bea/s &   
trees1 9 magical p[]s1 9 ! possibility (
 visit+ ! diad--mu/1 on our !ory z      
already set =?1 be f\nd :]ev] m5 h ei!r 
pass$ ?r\gh savag]y1 & reta9$-survivals 
( t intellectual condition1 or :]ev] !y 
h borr[$ or imitat$ su* survivals4  ,by 
?is means1 )\t fur!r rese>*1 we may     
acc\nt = ! simil>ity ( ! /uff ( h]oic   
my?s & m>*54 ,! /uff is ! same z 9      
nature my?s & div9e my?s4 ,b h[ is !    
simil>ity ( ! arrangem5t ( ! incid5ts & 
ideas into plots to be acc\nt$ =8 ,!    
sagas1 epic my?s1 & m>*5 d n appe> to   
resemble ea* o!r ev]y:]e 7z !           
nature-my?s d71 because !y are ! same   
ideas appli$ to ! explanation ( ! same  
set ( natural facts4 ,! sagas1 epics &  
m>*5 seem to expla9 no?+1 b to be told1 

9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ei!r to illu/rate &   
en=ce a moral1 or = ! m]e pleasure (    
imag9ative n>ration4  ,we are ?us left1 
provisionally1 ) ! notion t occasionally
 ! resemblance ( plot & arrangem5t may  
be accid5tal4 ,9 %ak+ ! m5tal           
kaleidoscope1 :i* conta9s a giv5        
assortm5t ( ideas1 analog\s comb9ations 
may n impossibly be n[ & !n produc$     
ev]y:]e4 ,or ! /ory may h be5 inv5t$    
once = all 9 "o c5tre1 b at a p]iod s   
incalculably remote t x has filt]$1 9 ! 
ex*anges & contacts ( prehi/oric life1  
all ov] ! _w1 ev5 to or f ! ,we/]n      
,pacific & ! lonely ,oceanic ,isl&s4    
,or1 once m1 ! /ory may h _h a c5tre 9 !
 ,old ,_w1 say1 9 ,india2 may h be5     
c>ri$ to ,europe by oral tradition or 9 
lit]>y vehicles1 l ! ,pants*atantra or !
 ,hitopadesa1 or by gypsies2 may h rea*$
 ! sailors1 & trapp]s1 & m9]s (         
civilisation1 & may h be5 communicat$ by
 !m 79 times subsequ5t to ! discov]y (  
,am]ica by ,columbus7 to ! backw>d races
 ( ! _w4  ,^! are prelim9>y /atem5ts (  

possibilities1 & !ories m or less bas$  
on ^? ideas are n[ to be exam9$4  ,! be/
 plan may be to trace briefly ! hi/ory (
 ! /udy ( popul> tales4 ,z e>ly z ,*>les
 ,p]rault's "t 7#afif71 popul>          
traditional tales _h attract$ "s        
curiosity1 m or less sci5tific4         
,mademoiselle ,l',h]iti]1 ! ,abbe       
,villi]s1 & ev5 ! writ] ( ! d$ication ( 
,p]rault's ,contes to ,mademoiselle1 _h 
express$ op9ions z to ! purposes = :i*  
!y 7 fir/ told1 & ! "t & place :]e !y   
probably arose4 ,! ,tr\bad\rs1 ! ,arabs1
 & ! fanciful inv5tion ( peasant nurses 
7 vaguely talk$ ( z possible fir/ au?ors
 ( ! popul> tales4 ,ab\t ! same "t1     
,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es1 _h rem>k$ t !
 ,hurons 9 ,nor? ,am]ica amus$ _! w9t]  
leisure ) n>ratives 9 :i* bea/s end[$ ) 
spee* & reason 7 ! *ief *>act]s4        
,little 0 done to secure ! sci5tific    
satisfaction ( curiosity ab\t           
traditional folk-tales1 contes or m>*5  
till ! "t :5 ! bro!rs ,grimm collect$ ! 
/ories ( ,hesse4 ,! ,grimms became aw>e 

t ! /ories 7 common to ! peasant class 9
 mo/ ,european l&s1 & t !y 7 also kn[n 9
 ,india & ! ,ea/4 ,z !y w5t on collect+1
 !y le>n$ t ,african & ,nor? ,am]ican   
tribes also _h _! m>*51 n diff]+ greatly
 9 "* f ! /ories famili> to ,g]man      
firesides4  ,already ,sir ,walt] ,scott 
_h obs]v$1 9 a note to ! ,lady ( !      
,lake1 t a "w ( great int]e/ might be   
compil$ ^u ! orig9 ( popul> fiction1 & !
 transmission ( simil> tales f age to   
age1 & f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,! my?ology (
 "o p]iod w\ld !n appe> to pass into !  
romance ( ! next1 & t into ! nurs]y     
tales ( subsequ5t ages4 ,?is op9ion has 
long be5 almo/ univ]sal4 ,?us1 if ! /ory
 ( ,jason is f\nd 9 ,greek my?s1 & also1
 ) a diff]5ce1 9 popul> mod]n m>*51 !   
notion has be5 t ! m>*5 is ! la/ &      
y\nge/ =m1 ! detritus ( ! my?4 ,n[1 z ! 
my? is only kn[n f lit]>y s\rces 7,hom]1
 ,mimn]mus1 ,apollonius ,rhodius1       
,euripides1 & s on71 x mu/ foll[1 on ?is
 !ory1 t ! p _h borr[$ f ! lit]ature ( !
 m cultivat$ classes4 ,z a matt] ( fact1

 lit]ature has borr[$ f> m f ! p ?an ! p
 h borr[$ f lit]ature1 ?\gh bo?         
processes h be5 at "w 9 ! c\rse (       
hi/ory4 ,b ! "q ( ! relations ( m>*5 to 
my?s1 & ( bo? to romance1 may be left   
unansw]$ = ! mom5t4 ,m press+ que/ions  
are1 :at is ! orig91 & :]e ! orig9al    
home ( ! m>*5 or popul> tales1 & h[ h !y
 be5 s widely diffus$ all ov] ! _w8  ,! 
answ]s giv5 to ^! que/ions h naturally  
be5 modifi$ by ! wid5+ k ( ! subject4   
,"o answ] seem$ plausible :5 only !     
common "* ( ,european contes 0 kn[n2    
ano!r 0 ne$$ :5 ! ,aryan peoples ( !    
,ea/ 7 f\nd to h ! same /ories2 ano!r1  
or a modification ( ! second1 0 call$ = 
:5 m>*5 l ^? ( ,europe 7 f\nd among !   
,negroes1 ! ,indians ( ,brazil1 ! anci5t
 ,hu>o*iri ( ,p]u1 ! p ( ,madagasc>1 !  
,samoy$s1 ! ,samoans1 ! ,d5e ,h>esk9s ( 
! extreme ,am]ican ,nor?-we/1 ! ,zulus &
 ,kaffirs1 ! ,bu%m51 ! ,f9ns1 !         
,japanese1 ! ,arabs1 & ! ,swahilis4  ,! 
,grimms1 9 ! app5dix to _! ,h\sehold    
,tales199 give a li/ ( ! /ories ) :i* !y

 7 acqua9t$4 ,out ( ,europe !y note fir/
 ! lit]>y collections ( ! ,ea/1 ! ,?\s& 
& ,"o ,nights & ! ,hitopadesa1 :i*1 ) ! 
,book ( ,s9da-bad1 & ! ,pants*atantra1 &
 ! ,ka?>it ,sag>a1 conta9 almo/ all ( ! 
,ori5tal tales t filt]$ into ,we/]n     
lit]ature ?r\gh writt5 translations4 ,! 
,grimms _h n our /ore ( folk-tales      
rec5tly collect$ f ! lips ( ! ,aryan &  
non-,aryan natives ( ,h9do/an1 su* z !  
works ( ,miss ,maive ,/okes1 ( ,miss    
,fr]e1 ( ,capta9 ,/eel1 ( ,mr4 ,lai     
,beh> ,day1 & ! few ,santal /ories4 ,b !
 ,grimms _h "s ,kalmuck /ories49999     
99  ,mrs4 ,hunt's translation1 ,london1 
#ahhd4       9999  ,! relations ( ,ssidi
 ,kur1 9 ,b]gmann's ,nomadis*e          
,/retf]ei51 vol4 i4  ,"o or two ,*9ese &
 ,japanese examples _h fall5 into _!    
h&s1 & all ?is z e>ly z #ahbb4 ,9 lat]  
ye>s !y pick$ up a ,malay /ory1 "s      
,be*uana tales1 ,koelle's ,kanuri or    
,bornu /ories1 ,s*oolcraft's & ,james   
,a!>n ,jones's ,nor? ,am]ican leg5ds1   
,f9ni%1 ,e/honian & ,mongolian          

n>ratives1 & an increas+ /ore (         
,european contes4 ,! ,grimms 7 ?us n    
unaw>e t ! ma]*51 ) _! surpris+         
resemblances ( plot & incid5t1 _h a     
circulation f> beyond ! limits ( !      
,ayran peoples4 ,!y 7 specially /ruck1 z
 0 natural1 by ! reappe>ance ( incid5ts 
analog\s to ^? ( ! ,g]man contes 7su* z 
,ma*&elboom & ! ,s++ ,bone1 #dg1 #bh7   
among ! remote ,be*uanas ( ,s\? ,africa4
 ,!y f\nd1 too1 t 9 ,si]ra ,leone bea/s 
& birds play ! *ief p>ts 9 ma]*54 ,!y h 
a mu* clos] connection ) humanity1444   
nay1 !y h ev5 prie/s1 z ! animals 9     
,guiana h peays or sorc]]s ( _! own4    
,only ! bea/s ( ! c\ntry itself appe> 9 
! ma]*54 ,among ^! ,bornu leg5ds !y f\nd
 sev]al tales analog\s to ,fai?ful ,john
 7#f71 & to "o 9 ,/ra-p>ola's ,piacevoli
 ,notti 7,v5ice1 #aeej71 a /ory1 by !   
way1 :i* recurs among ! ,santals1 an    
aborig9al tribe ( ,india4 ,x is ! tale (
 ! man :o kn[s ! language ( animals1 &  
is w>n$ by !m aga9/ tell+ secrets to    
wom54 ,among ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica 

,grimm f\nd ! analogue ( 8 tale 7#ahb7 (
 ! ,elves' ,gifts1 :i*1 by ! way1 also  
illu/rates a prov]b 9 ,japan4 ,f9ni%1   
,t>t> & ,indian analogues 7 discov]$ 9  
pl5ty4  ,su* 7 ,grimm's mat]ials2 mu*   
less abundant ?an ours1 inde$1 b        
suffici5t to %[ him t ! resemblance     
exi/+ betwe5 ! /ories1 n only ( nations 
widely remov$ f ea* o!r by "t & di/ance1
 b also betwe5 ^? :i* lie ne> toge!r1   
consi/s p>tly 9 ! und]ly+ idea & !      
del9eation ( p>ticul> *>act]s1 & p>tly 9
 ! weav+ toge!r & unravell+ ( incid5ts4 
,h[ are ^! resemblances to be expla9$8  
,t is ! "q4 ,grimm's answ] 01 z ours mu/
 /ill be1 only a sugge/ion4 ,!re are    
situations s simple & natural t !y      
reappe> ev]y:]e1 j l ! isolat$ words :i*
 are produc$ 9 a ne>ly or entirely      
id5tical =m 9 languages :i* h no        
connection ) ea* o!r1 by ! m]e imitation
 ( natural s\nds4 ,?us to a c]ta91 b 9  
,grimm's op9ion to a v limit$ ext5t1 !  
exi/5ce ( simil> situations 9 ! m>*5 ( !
 mo/ widely sep>at$ peoples is ! result 

( ! common facts ( human ?\ght &        
s5tim5t4  ,to repeat a conv5i5t         
illu/ration1 if we f9d talk+ & rational 
bea/s & inanimate objects1 & ! occurr5ce
 ( metamorphosis & ( magic1 & (         
cannibals & ( gho/s 7z we d71 9 ! m>*5 z
 9 ! high] my?s ( all ! _w1 & if we also
 f9d c]ta9 curi\s human cu/oms 9 !      
contes1 ^! resemblances may be expla9$ z
 born ( ! same e>ly condition ( human   
fancy1 :i* reg>ds all kn[n ?+s z p]sonal
 & animat$1 :i* believes 9 gho/s &      
magic1 :ile m5 also behave 9 accordance 
) cu/oms n[ obsolete & =gott5 9         
civilisation4 ,^! common facts are !    
?reads 7z we h said7 9 ! clo? ( my? &   
m>*54 ,!y 7 suppli$ by ! univ]sal e>ly  
conditions ( ! presci5tific human       
intellect2 ,?us ! /uff ( m>*5 is ev]y:]e
 ! same4 ,b :y are ! patt]ns--!         
situations1 & ! arrangem5ts1 & sequ5ce (
 incid5ts--also rem>kably simil> 9 !    
contes ( unrelat$ & unconnect$ tribes & 
races ev]y:]e8  ,"h ! difficulty beg9s 9
 e>ne/4  ,x is cle>ly n en\gh to =ce !  

analogy1 & reply t ! patt]ns ( e>ly     
fabrics & ! decorations ( e>ly weapons1 
( pott]y1 tattoo+ m>ks1 & s =?1 are also
 ?+s univ]sally human499       99 ,see  
,cu/om & ,my?1 ,! ,art ( ,savages1 p4   
#bhh4  ,! close resemblances (          
undevelop$ ,greek & ,mexican & o!r e>ly 
arti/ic "w are int]e/+1 b may be acc\nt$
 = by simil>ity ( mat]ials1 ( in/rum5ts1
 ( sugge/ions f natural objects1 & (    
inexp]i5ce 9 design4 ,! selections (    
simil> situations & ( simil> patt]ns    
into :i* ^! are int]wov5 9 ma]*51 by    
,greeks1 ,hu>o*iris ( ,p]u1 & ,samoans  
or ,eskimos1 is mu* m puzzl+ to acc\nt  
=4  ,grimm gives "s examples 9 :i* he   
?9ks t ! ideas1 & _! collocations 9 !   
/ory1 c only h orig9ally occurr$ to "o  
m9d1 once = all4 ,h[ is ! wide          
di/ribution ( su* a /ory to be acc\nt$  
=8 ,grimm fir/ admits z r>e exceptions !
 probability ( a /ory's pass+ f "o p to 
ano!r1 & firmly root+ itself 9 =eign    
soil4 ,b su* cases1 he says1 are "o or  
two solit>y exceptions1 :]eas !         

diffusion ( /ories :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 c\ld
 only h be5 inv5t$ once = all is an     
ext5sive ph5om5on4 ,he goes on to say1  
,we %all be ask$ :]e ! out]mo/ l9es (   
common prop]ty 9 /ories beg91 & h[ !    
l9es ( aff9ity are gradat$4 ,8 answ] 0 n
 satisfactory ev5 to himself1 & !       
additions to our k h depriv$ x ( any    
value4 ,! out]mo/ l9es are cot]m9\s ) ^?
 ( ! great race :i* is call$            
,indo-,g]manic4 ,outside ( !            
,indo-,g]manic1 or ,aryan race1 t is to 
say1 are f\nd none ( ! ma]*5 :i* are    
discov]$ )9 ! bord]s ( t race4 ,b ,grimm
 knew v well himself t ?is 0 an errone\s
 belief4 ,we see ) amazem5t 9 su* ( !   
/ories ( ! ,negroes ( ,bornu & !        
,be*uanas 7a w&]+ tribe 9 ,s\? ,africa7 
z we h become acqua9t$ ) an und5iable   
connection ) ! ,g]man ones1 :ile at !   
same "t _! peculi> composition di/+ui%es
 !m f ^!4 ,s ,grimm1 ?\gh he f\nd no    
decid$ resemblance 9 ,nor? ,am]ican     
/ories1 admitt$ t ! b\nd>ies ( common   
prop]ty 9 m>*5 did include m ?an !      

,indo-,g]manic race4 ,be*uanas1 &       
,negroes1 & ,f9ns1 z he adds1 & z ,sir  
,george ,das5t saw199 are c]ta9ly )9 !  
fold4       99 ,popul> ,tales f !       
,norse1 #ahei1 pp4 liv41 lv4  ,!re      
,william ,grimm left ! "q 9 #ahef4 ,8   
t5d5cy app>5tly 0 to expla9 ! community 
( ! m>*5 on ! hypo!sis t !y 7 ! orig9al 
common /ore ( ! undivid$ ,aryan p1 c>ri$
 abroad 9 ! long w&]+s ( ! race4 ,b he  
felt t ! pres5ce ( ! m>*5 among         
,be*uanas1 ,negroes & ,f9ns 0 n ?us to  
be expla9$4 ,at ! same "t he clos$ !    
doors aga9/ a !ory ( borr[+1 except 9   
solit>y exceptions1 & aga9/ ! belief 9  
frequ5t1 sep>ate & indep5d5t evolution (
 ! same /ory 9 v>i\s unconnect$ regions4
 ,?us ,grimm /ates ! "q1 b does n pret5d
 to h suppli$ its answ]4  ,! solutions  
(f]$ on ! hypo!sis t ! m>*5 are         
exclusively ,aryan1 & t !y are !        
detritus or y\nge/ & late/ =ms ( my?s1  
:ile ^! my?s are conc]n$ ) ! elem5tal   
ph5om5a ( ,nature1 & arose out ( ! decay
 ( language1 h be5 s frequ5tly criticis$

 t !y ne$ n long deta9 u499 ,! mo/ rec5t
 review ( ! sy/em is by ,m4 ,cosqu949999
 ,9 place ( repeat+ objections :i* h be5
 frequ5tly urg$ by ! pres5t writ]1 an   
ab/ract ( ,m4 ,cosqu9's reasons = diff]+
 f ! ,aryan !ory ( ,von ,hahn may be    
giv54 ,voh ,hahn 0 ! collector & editor 
( /ories f ! mod]n ,greek1999999 & 8 "w 
is s*ol>ly & accompli%$4 ,he drew up    
comp>ative tables %[+ ! correspond5ce   
betwe5 ,greek & ,g]man ma]*5 on ! "o    
side1 & ,greek & ,teutonic epics & high]
 leg5ds or sagas on ! o!r4 ,he also     
attempt$ to classify ! /ories 9 a c]ta9 
numb] ( recurr+ =mula or plots4 ,l9 ,von
 ,hahn's op9ion1 ! /ories 7 orig9ally ! 
my?s ( ! undivid$ ,aryan p 9 its c5tral 
,asian home4 ,z ! diff]5t bran*es       
scatt]$ & sep>at$1 !y c>ri$ ) !m _!     
common /ore ( my?s1 :i* 7 gradually worn
 d[n into ! detritus ( popul> /ories1 ! 
y\nge/ =m ( ! my?4 ,! same !ory appe>$  
79 #ahei7 9 ,mr4 ,max ,mull]'s ,*ips f a
 ,g]man ,work%op99999999 ,! undivid$    
,aryan p possess$1 9 its my?ological &  

prov]bial phraseology1 ! se$s or g]ms1 m
 or less develop$1 :i* w\ld n\ri%1 "u   
any sky1 into v simil> plants--t is1 !  
popul> /ories4       99 ,see our        
,introduction to ,mrs4 ,hunt's          
translation ( ,grimm's      ,h\sehold   
,tales4       9999 ,contes ,populaire de
 ,lorra9e1 ,p>is1 #ahhf1 pp4 i41 xv4    
999999  ,gries*is*e und ,albanesis*e    
,m>*51 #ahfd4       99999999 ,vol4 ii4  
p4 #bbf4  ,aga9/ ^! ideas ,m4 ,cosqu9   
argues t if ! ,aryan p be=e its division
 pres]v$ ! my?s only 9 _! e>lie/ g]m9al 
=m1 x is incr$ible t1 :5 ! sep>at$      
bran*es _h lo/ t\* ( ea* o!r1 ! f9al    
%ape ( _! my?s1 ! ma]*51 %\ld h s       
closely resembl$ ea* o!r z !y d4 ,!     
,aryan !ory 7z x may be call$ = ! sake (
 brevity7 rejects1 z a rule1 ! idea t   
tales c1 z a rule1 h be5 borr[$1 ev5 by 
"o ,aryan p f ano!r499 ,nurs]y tales are
 g5]ally ! la/ ?+s to be borr[$ by "o   
nation f ano!r49999 ,!n1 says ,m4       
,cosqu91 z ! undivid$ ,aryan p _h only !
 my?s 9 _! lea/ develop$ /ate1 & z !    

exi/+ peasantry h only ! detritus ( ^!  
my?s--! ma]*5--& z y say borr[+ is out (
 ! "q1 h[ d y acc\nt = a co9cid5ce l    
?is8 ,9 ! ,punjaub1 among ! ,bretons1 ! 
,albanians1 ! mod]n ,greeks & !         
,russians we f9d a conte 9 :i* a "y man 
gets possession ( a magical r+4 ,?is r+ 
is /ol5 f him1 & recov]$ by ! aid (     
c]ta9 grateful bea/s1 :om ! "y man has  
b5efit$4 ,8 foe keeps ! r+ 9 8 m\?1 b ! 
grateful m\se1 ins9uat+ 8 tail into !   
nose ( ! ?ief1 makes him sneeze1 & out  
comes ! magical r+6       99 ,cox1      
,my?ol4 ( ,aryan ,nations1 i4 #aji4     
9999 ,max ,muell]1 ,*ips1 ii4 #baf4     
,common s5se insi/s1 says ,m4 ,cosqu91 t
 ?is detail 0 inv5t$ once = all4 ,x mu/ 
h fir/ occurr$1 n 9 a my?1 b 9 a conte  
or ma]*51 f :i* all ! o!rs alike proce$4
 ,!re=e1 if y wi% ! idea ( ! m\se & ! r+
 & ! sneeze to be a "p ( ! /ore ( !     
undivid$ ,aryans1 y mu/ admit t !y _h   
contes1 ma]*51 popul> /ories1 :at y call
 ! detritus ( my?s1 z well z my?s       
!mselves1 be=e !y left _! cradle 9      

,c5tral ,asia4 ,nos ancetres1 les p]es  
des nations europe5nes1 aurai5t1 de     
cette facon1 emporte dans leurs f\rgons 
la collection complete de contes ,ibleus
 actuels4 ,9 %ort1 if !re 0 no borr[+1  
my?s h be5 r$uc$ 7on ! ,aryan !ory7 to !
 condition ( detritus1 to ! diamond du/ 
( m>-*51 be=e ! ,aryan p divid$4 ,b ?is 
is contr>y to ! hypo!sis4  ,m4 ,cosqu9  
does n pause "h4 ,! ma]*5--m\se1 r+1    
sneeze & all--is f\nd among non-,aryan  
tribes1 ! inhabitants ( ,m>d9 9         
,mesopotamia & ! ,k>ia9es ( ,birmanie499
 ,well1 if !re 0 no borr[+1 h[ did !    
non-,aryan peoples get ! /ory8       99 
,cosqu91 i1 xi41 xii41 ) 8 au?orities 9 
note #a4  ,m4 ,cosqu9 concludes t ! !ory
 he attacks is unt5able1 & det]m9es t1  
aft] hav+ be5 inv5t$ 9 ?is place or t1  
:i* we mu/ discov] if we c1 ! popul>    
tales ( ! v>i\s ,european nations 7to   
m5tion ^! alone7 h spread all ov] ! _w f
 p to p by way ( borr[+4 ,9 arriv+ at   
?is op9ion1 ,m4 ,cosqu9 admits1 z is    
fair1 t ! ,grimms1 n hav+ our k (       

non-,aryan ma]*5 7,mongol1 ,syrian1     
,arab1 ,kabyle1 ,swahili1 ,annamite--he 
might h add$ v _m m71 c\ld n =esee all !
 objections to ! !ory ( a /ore common to
 ,aryans alone4  ,7 we con/ruct+ an     
elaborate treatise on  ma]*51 x w\ld be 
well 9 ?is place to discuss ! ,aryan    
!ory at great] l5g?4 ,t !ory turns on ! 
belief t popul> /ories are ! detritus ( 
,aryan my?s4 ,x w\ld be necess>y !n to  
discuss ! philological hypo!sis ( !     
orig9 & nature ( ^! orig9al ,aryan my?s 
!mselves2 b to d s w\ld lead u f> f !   
/udy ( m]e popul> tales499  ,leav+ !    
,aryan !ory1 we turn to t support$ by   
,m4 ,cosqu9 himself--! !ory1 z he says1 
( ,b5fey49999  ,inspir$ by ,b5fey1 ,m4  
,cosqu9 says3 ,! me?od mu/ be to take   
ea* type ( /ory successively1 & to foll[
 x1 if we c1 f age to age1 f p to2 p1 & 
see :]e ?is voyage ( discov]y w lead u4 
,n[1 travell+ ?us f po9t to po9t1 (t5 by
 diff]5t r\tes1 we always arrive at !   
same c5tre1 namely1 at ,india1 n !      
,india ( fabul\s times1 b ! ,india (    

actual hi/ory4  ,! !ory ( ,m4 ,cosqu9   
is1 !n1 t ! popul> /ories ( ! _w1 or r !
 va/ majority ( !m1 7 inv5t$ 9 ,india1 &
 t !y 7 c>ri$ f ,india1 dur+ ! hi/orical
 p]iod1 by v>i\s r\tes1 till !y 7       
scatt]$ ov] all ! races among :om !y are
 f\nd4  ,?is is a v5turesome !ory1 & is 
admitt$1 app>5tly1 to h its exceptions4 
,= example1 we possess anci5t ,egyptian 
popul> tales correspond+ to ^? ( ! re/ (
 ! _w1 b old] by f> ?an hi/orical       
,india1 f :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,cosqu91 !
 /ories set =? on _! travels4999999     
99 ,x has already be5 attempt$ 9 our    
,cu/om & ,my?2      ,introduction to    
,mrs4 ,hunt's ,grimm2 ,la ,my?ologie1 & 
else:]e4       9999 ,= ,m4 ,b5fey's     
notions1 see ,bullet9 de ,i' ,academie  
de      ,sa9t ,pet]sburg1 ,septemb]     
#d-af1 #ahei1 & ,pants*atantra1         
,leipzig1 #ahei4       999999 ,see ,m4  
,masp]o's collection1 ,contes           
,populaires de      l',egypte ,anci5ne1 
,p>is1 #ahhb4  ,"o ( ^! ,egyptian tales1
 ,! ,two ,bro!rs1 0 actually writt5 d[n 

on ! exi/+ manuscript 9 ! "t ( ,rameses 
,,ii41 "s #adjj ye>s be=e our era1 & _m 
c5turies be=e ,india _h any kn[n hi/ory4
 ,no man c tell1 moreov]1 h[ long x _h  
exi/$ be=e x 0 copi$ out by ! scribe    
,ennana4 ,n[ ?is tale1 accord+ to ,m4   
,cosqu9 himself1 has po9ts 9 common )   
ma]*5 f ,hesse1 ,hung>y1 ,russia1 mod]n 
,greece1 ,france1 ,norway1 ,li?uania1   
,hung>y1 ,s]via1 ,annam1 mod]n ,india1  
&1 we may add1 ) ,samoy$ ma]*51 )       
,hott5tot m>*51 & ) ma]*5 f an aborig9al
 p ( ,india1 ! ,santals4  ,we ask no m  
?an ?is "o ma]*5 ( anci5t ,egypt to     
upset ! :ole !ory t ,india 0 ! orig9al  
home ( ! contes1 & t f hi/oric ,india !y
 h be5 c>ri$ by oral transmission1 & 9  
lit]>y vehicles1 all ov] ! _w4 ,fir/ let
 u tell ! /ory briefly1 & !n exam9e its 
incid5ts ea* sep>ately1 & set =? !      
consequ5ces ( t exam9ation4  ,accord+ to
 ! /ory ( ,! ,two ,bro!rs--  ,once ^u a 
"t !re 7 two bro!rs2 ,anap\ 0 ! eld]1 ! 
y\ng] 0 call$ ,biti\4 ,anap\ 0 m>ri$1 & 
,biti\ liv$ ) him z 8 s]vant4 ,:5 he    

drove ! cattle to fe$1 he he>d :at !y   
said to ea* o!r1 & drove !m :]e !y told 
him ! pa/ure 0 be/4 ,"o day 8 bro!r's   
wife saw him c>ry+ a v heavy burd5 (    
gra91 & %e fell 9 love ) 8 =ce1 & said1 
,come & lie ) me1 & ,i w make !e goodly 
raim5t4  ,b he answ]$1 ,art ?\ n z my   
"m1 & my bro!r z a fa!r to me8 ,speak to
 me ?us no m1 & nev] w ,i tell any man  
:at a ^w ?\ ha/ said4  ,!n %e ca/ du/ on
 h] head1 & w5t to h] husb&1 say+1 ,?y  
bro!r w\ld h la9 ) me2 slay him or ,i   
die4  ,!n ! eld] bro!r 0 l a pan!r ( !  
s\?1 & he %>p5$ 8 knife1 & lay 9 wait   
beh9d ! door4 ,& :5 ! sun set1 ,biti\   
came driv+ 8 cattle2 b ! c[ t walk$ be=e
 !m all said to him1 ,!re /&s ?9e eld]  
bro!r ) 8 knife drawn to slay !e4  ,!n  
he saw ! feet ( 8 bro!r "u ! door1 & he 
fl$1 8 bro!r foll[+ him2 & he cri$ to   
,ra1 & ,ra he>d him1 & betwe5 him & 8   
bro!r made a great wat] fl[ full (      
crocodiles4  ,n[ 9 ! morn+ ! y\ng] bro!r
 told ! eld] all ! tru?1 & he mutilat$  
himself1 & ca/ x into ! wat]1 & ! calm> 

fi% dev\r$ x4 ,& he said1 ,i g to !     
,valley ( ,acacias 7possibly a my/ic "n 
= ! next _w71 & 9 an acacia tree ,i %all
 place my he>t2 & if m5 cut ! tree1 & my
 he>t falls1 ?\ %alt seek x = sev5 ye>s1
 & lay x 9 a vessel ( wat]4 ,!n %all ,i 
live aga9 & requite ! evil t ha? be5    
done unto me4 ,& ! sign t evil ha?      
befall5 me %all be :5 ! cup ( be] 9 ?y  
h& is sudd5ly turbid & tr\bl$4  ,!n !   
eld] bro!r ca/ du/ on 8 head & besme>$ 8
 face1 & w5t home & slew 8 wick$ wife4  
,n[ ! y\ng] bro!r dwelt 9 ! ,valley (   
,acacias1 & all ! gods came by t way1 & 
!y piti$ 8 lonel9ess1 & ,*num made = him
 a wife499 ,& ! sev5 ,ha?ors came &     
prophesi$1 say+1 ,%e %all die an ill    
dea? & a viol5t4 ,& ,biti\ lov$ h]1 &   
told h] ! secret ( 8 life1 & t he %\ld  
die :5 8 he>t fell f ! acacia tree4     
99 ,*num is ! artific] among ! gods4    
,n[1 a lock ( ! woman's hair fell into !
 riv]1 & x float$ to ! place :]e        
,ph>aoh's wa%]m5 7 at "w4 ,& ! sweet    
lock p]fum$ all ! raim5t ( ,ph>aoh1 & ! 

wa%]m5 knew n :]e=e1 & !y 7 rebuk$4 ,!n 
,ph>aoh's *ief wa%]man w5t to ! wat] &  
f\nd ! hair ( ! wife ( ,biti\2 &        
,ph>aoh's magicians w5t to him & said1  
,our "l1 ?\ mu/ m>ry ! woman f ^: head  
?is tress ( hair ha? float$ hi!r4 ,&    
,ph>aoh he>k5$ unto !m1 & he s5t        
mess5g]s ev5 to ! ,valley ( ,acacias1 & 
!y came unto ! wife ( ,biti\4 ,& %e     
said1 ,fir/ y mu/ slay my husb&2 & %e   
%[$ !m ! acacia tree1 & !y out ! fl[] t 
held ! he>t ( ,biti\1 & he di$4  ,!n x s
 befel t ! bro!r ( ,biti\ held 9 8 h& a 
cup ( be]1 &1 lo6 ! be] 0 tr\bl$4 ,& he 
said1 ,alas1 my bro!r6 & he s\ght 8     
bro!r's he>t1 & he f\nd x 9 ! b]ry ( !  
acacia4 ,!n he laid x 9 a cup ( fre%    
wat]1 & ,biti\ drank ( x1 & 8 he>t w5t  
into 8 own place1 & liv$ aga94  ,!n said
 ,biti\1 ,lo6 ,i %all become ! bull1 ev5
 ,apis 7,hapi72 & !y l$ him to ! k+1 &  
all m5 rejoic$ t ,apis 0 f\nd4 ,b ! bull
 w5t into ! *amb] ( ! k+'s wom51 & he   
spake to ! woman t _h be5 ! wife (      
,biti\4 ,& %e 0 afraid1 & said to       

,ph>aoh1 ,wilt ?\ swe> to give me my    
he>t's desire8 & he swore x ) an oa?4 ,&
 %e said1 ,slay t bull t ,i may eat 8   
liv]4 ,!n felt ,ph>aoh sick = sorr[1 yet
 = 8 oa?'s sake he let slay ! bull4 ,&  
!re fell ( 8 blood two qu>ts on ei!r    
side ( ! son ( ,ph>aoh1 & !nce grew two 
p]sea trees1 great & fair1 & (f]+s 7    
made to ! trees1 z !y _h be5 gods4  ,!n 
! wife ( ,ph>aoh w5t =? 9 h] *>iot1 & ! 
tree spake to h]1 say+1 ,i am ,biti\4 ,&
 %e let cut d[n t tree1 & a *ip leap$   
into h] m\?1 & %e conceiv$ & b>e a son4 
,& t *ild 0 ,biti\2 & :5 he came to full
 age & 0 pr9ce ( t l&1 he call$ toge!r !
 c\ncillors ( ! k+1 & accus$ ! woman1 & 
!y slew h]4 ,& he s5t = 8 eld] bro!r1 & 
made him a pr9ce 9 ! l& ( ,egypt4  ,we  
n[ propose to %[1 n only t ! incid5ts ( 
?is tale--f> m anci5t ?an hi/oric ,india
 z x is--are common 9 ! ma]*5 ( _m      
c\ntries1 b t !y are inextricably       
entangl$ & int]twi/$ ) ! *ief plots (   
popul> tales4 ,!re are few ( ! ma9      
cycles ( popul> tales :i* d n conta91 z 

ess5tial p>ts ( _! ma*9]y1 "o or m ( !  
ideas & situations ( ?is leg5d4 ,!re is 
?us at lea/ a presumption t ^! cycles ( 
/ory may h be5 9 exi/5ce 9 ! reign (    
,rameses ,,ii41 & = an indef9ite p]iod  
e>li]2 :ile1 if !y 7 n1 & if !y are made
 ( borr[$ mat]ials1 x may h be5 f !     
,egypt ( an unkn[n antiquity1 n f mu*   
lat] ,indian s\rces1 t !y 7 adapt$4  ,! 
incid5ts w n[ be analys$ & comp>$ ) ^? (
 ma]*5 9 g5]al4  ,to ?is end let u      
exam9e ! incid5ts 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian  
tale ( ,! ,two ,bro!rs4 ,^! incid5ts    
are3--  7#a7 ,! spretae injuria =mae ( !
 w$d$ woman1 :o1 hav+ (f]$ h]self 9 va9 
to a man1 h] bro!r-9-law1 accuses him ( 
be+ h] assailant4 ,?is incid5t1 ( c\rse1
 occurs 9 ,hom]1 9 ! tale ( ,bell]ophon1
 be=e we "k any?+ ( hi/oric ,india4     
,?is1 moreov]1 seems "o ( ! notions 7,m4
 ,cosqu9 admits1 ) ,b5fey1 t !re are su*
 notions7 :i* are univ]sally human1 &   
might be inv5t$ any:]e4  7#b7 ,!        
,egyptian ,hippolytus is w>n$ ( 8 dang] 
by 8 c[1 :i* speaks ) human voice4 ,e "o

 w recognise ! ram :i* w>ns ,phrixus &  
,helle 9 ! ,jason leg5d499 ,9 !         
,albanian ma]*519999 a dog1 n a c[ nor a
 ram1 gives w>n+ ( ! dang]4 ,animals1 9 
%ort1 (t5 w>n ( dang] by spok5 messages1
 z ! fi% does 9 ! ,brahmanic deluge-my?1
 & ! dog 9 a deluge-my? f ,nor? ,am]ica4
       99 ,! au?ority cit$ by ! s*olia/ 
7,apoll4 ,rhod41      ,argon41 i4 #bef7 
is ,hecatseus4   ,s*olia/ on ,iliad1    
vii4 #hf1      quotes ,philo/ephanus4   
9999  ,von ,hahn1 i4 #fe4  7#c7 ,!      
accus$ bro!r is pursu$ by 8 k9sman1 &   
ab\t to be sla91 :5 ,ra1 at 8 pray]1    
ca/s betwe5 him & ! av5g] a /ream full (
 crocodiles4 ,?is incid5t is at lea/ n v
 unlike "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ ( all 
incid5ts ( /ory--! flight 9 :i* !       
runaways cause magical riv]s or lakes   
sudd5ly to cut (f ! pursu]4 ,?is        
n>rative ( ! flight & ! ob/acles is f\nd
 9 ,scot*1 ,gaelic1 ,japanese 7no wat]  
ob/acle71 ,zulu1 ,russian1 ,samoan1 & 9 
,! ,r$ ,horse ( ! ,delaw>es1 a /ory f   
,dacotah1 z well z 9 ,india & else:]e499

 ,! diff]5ce is1 t 9 ! ,egyptian conte1 
z x has rea*$ u 9 lit]>y =m1 ! fugitive 
appeals to ,ra to help him1 in/ead (    
magically mak+ a riv] by ?r[+ wat] or a 
bottle beh9d him1 z is cu/om>y4 ,x may  
be conjectur$ t ! sub/itution ( div9e   
int]v5tion 9 response to pray] = magical
 self-help is ! *ange made by a prie/ly 
scribe 9 ! traditional v]sion49999      
99 ,see ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal1 ,april1    
#ahhf1 review ( ,h\/on's      ,popul>   
,/ories1 = examples ( ! magic us$ 9 !   
flight4       9999 ,masp]o1 ,contes1 p4 
#ac1 note #a4  7#d7 ,next morn+ ! bro!rs
 p>ley across ! /ream4 ,! y\ng] fir/    
mutilates himself 7,atys7 !n says he is 
go+ to ! vale ( ! acacia1 accord+ to ,m4
 ,masp]o probably a "n = ! o!r _w4      
,mean:ile ! y\ng] bro!r w put 8 he>t 9 a
 high acacia tree4 ,if ! tree is cut    
d[n1 ! eld] bro!r mu/ se>* = ! he>t1 &  
place x 9 a j> ( wat]1 :5 ! y\ng] bro!r 
w revive4 ,"h we h ! idea :i* recurs 9 !
 ,samoy$ m>*5 :]e ! m5 lay aside _!     
he>ts1 9 :i* are _! sep>able lives4 ,z  

,mr4  ,ral/on says199 ,?is he>t-break+  
episode occurs 9 ! tales ( _m l&s4 ,9 ! 
,russian ! /ory is ,kos**ei ! dea?less1 
^: dea? 7or life7 lies 9 an egg1 9 a    
duck1 on a log1 9 ! ice49999 ,z ,mr4    
,ral/on well rem>ks1 a v s+ul> p>allel  
to ! revival ( ! ,egyptian bro!rs he>t 9
 wat] is ! ,hott5tot tale ( a girl eat5 
by a lion4 ,h] he>t is extract$ f !     
lion1 is plac$ 9 a calaba% ( milk1 & !  
girl comes to life aga94999999  7#e7 ,! 
y\ng] bro!r gives ! eld] a sign magical1
 :]eby he %all "k h[ x f>es ) ! he>t4   
,:5 a cup ( be] sudd5ly gr[s turbid1 !n 
evil has befall5 ! he>t4 ,?is is m]ely  
"o ( ! old sympa!tic signs ( /ory--!    
opal t d>k5s2 ! comb ( ,lemm9ka95 9 !   
,kalewala t drops blood :5 its own] is 9
 dang]2 ! /ick t ! h]o erects z he      
leaves home1 & :i* w fall :5 he is      
imp]ill$4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! natives        
practise ?is magic ) a /ick1 r\nd :i* !y
 b9d ! hair ( ! di/ant p]son ab\t ^:    
condition !y want to be in=m$499999999  
,?is incid5t1 turn+ on ! belief 9       

sympa?ies1 might p]haps be reg>d$ z     
univ]sally human & capable ( be+ inv5t$ 
any:]e4       99 ,russian ,folk-,tales1 
#aji4       9999 ,9 ,norse1 ,asbjorns5 &
 ,moe1 #cf2 ,das5t1 #i4 ,gaelic1        
,campbell1 i4 #d1 p4 #ha4 ,indian1      
,pun*k91 ,old ,deccan ,days1      pp4   
#ac-af4 ,samoy$1 ,ca/r51 ,e?nol4 ,v>ies 
lib] die      ,altais*5 ,volk]41 p4     
#agd4       999999 ,bleek1 ,reyn>d !    
,fox ( ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #eg4            
99999999 ,dawson1 ,au/ralian ,aborig9es1
 p4 #cf1 #ahha4   ,! /ick      us$ is ! 
?r[+ /ick :]e) ! spe> is      hurl$17#f7
  ,! eld] bro!r goes home & kills 8     
wife4      ,! gods pity ! y\ng] ,biti\ 9
 ! ,valley ( ,acacias1      & make him a
 wife4  ,m4 ,cosqu9 has f\nd 9 ,france !
 trait ( ! blood t boils 9 ! glass :5 ! 
p]son conc]n$ is 9 dang]4  7#g7 ,! ?ree 
,ha?ors come to h] creation1 & prophesy 
= h] a viol5t dea?4 ,= ?is incid5t      
comp>e ,p]rault's ,! ,sleep+ ,beauty &  
,maury's "w on ,les ,fees4 ,! spiritual 
midwives & prophetesses at ! h\r ( bir? 

are famili> 9 ma]*5 z ,fairies1 &       
,fates1 & ,ma]ae4  7#h7 ,! riv] c>ries a
 tress ( ! hair ( ,biti\'s wife to !    
feet ( ,ph>aoh's wa%]m52 ! sc5t p]fumes 
all ! k+'s l954 ,ph>aoh falls 9 love ) !
 woman f ^: locks ?is tress has come4 ,=
 ?is incid5t comp>e ,c9d]ella4 ,9       
,santal & ,indian ma]*5 a tress ( hair  
takes ! place ( ! glass-slipp]1 & !     
amor\s pr9ce or pr9cess w only m>ry !   
p]son f ^: head ! lock has come4 ,"h ,m4
 ,cosqu9 himself gives ,siamese1        
,mongol1 ,b5gali 7,lai ,beh> ,day1 p4   
#hf71 & o!r examples ( ! lock ( hair do+
 duty = ! slipp] ) :i* ! lov] is smitt51
 & by :i* he recognises 8 true love4    
7#i7 ,! wife ( ,biti\ reveals ! secret (
 8 he>t4 ,! p ( ,ph>aoh cut d[n ! acacia
 tree4  7#aj7 ,8 bro!r reads 9 ! turbid 
be] ! dea? ( ,biti\4 ,he discov]s ! he>t
 & life 9 a b]ry ( ! acacia4  ,x is     
sup]flu\s to give mod]n p>allels to !   
v>i\s trans=mations ( ! life ( ,biti\4  
,he becomes an ,apis bull1 & 8 fai?less 
wife desires 8 dea?1 & wi%es to eat 8   

liv]1 b 8 life goes on 9 o!r =ms4 ,?is  
is m]ely ! famili> situation ( ! ass 9  
,peau d',ane 7! ass :o cle>ly1 be=e     
,p]rault's "t1 _h be5 human74  ,dem&ez  
lui la peau de ce r>e animal6  ,9 mo/   
traditional v]sions ( ,c9d]ella w be    
f\nd examples ( ! bea/1 once human1 sla9
 by an enemy1 yet pot5t aft] dea?4 ,?is 
bea/ takes ! "p giv5 by ,p]rault to !   
fairy godmo!r4 ,! idea is also famili> 9
 ,grimm's ,ma*&elboom 7#dg71 & 0 f\nd by
 ,casalis among ! ,be*uanas4  7#aa7 ,!  
wick$ wife obta9s ! bull ,apis's dea? by
 virtue ( a ha/y oa? ( ,ph>aoh's        
7,jeph?a1 ,h]odias74  7#ab7 ,! blood ( !
 bull gr[s into two p]sea trees4  ,"h   
,m4 ,cosqu9 himself supplies p>allels ( 
blood turn+ into trees f ,hesse 7,wolf1 
p4 #cid7 & f ,russian4 ,we may add !    
anci5t ,lydian my?4 ,:5 ! gods slew     
,agdi/is1 a drop ( 8 blood became an    
almond tree1 ! fruit ( :i* made wom5    
pregnant499       99 ,pausanias1 vii4   
#ag4  7#ac7 ,! p]sea tree is also cut   
d[n by ! wick$ wife ( ,biti\4 ,a *ip f  

its b\ghs is swall[$ by ! wick$ wife1 :o
 conceives1 l ,m>gata 9 ! ,kalewala1 &  
be>s a son4  ,! /ory ( ,agdi/is1 j      
quot$1 is 9 po9t1 b ! topic is ( enorm\s
 range1 & ! curi\s may consult ,le ,fils
 de ,vi]ge by ,m4 ,h4 ,de ,*>5cey4      
,comp>e also ,surya ,bay 9 ,old ,deccan 
,days 7#f74 ,! f9al resurrection (      
,surya ,bay is exactly l t 9 ! ,hott5tot
 tale already quot$4 ,surya is dr[n$ by 
a jeal\s rival1 becomes a gold5 fl[]1 is
 burn$1 becomes a mango2 "o ( ! fruits  
falls into a calaba% ( milk1 & out ( !  
calaba%1 l ! ,hott5tot girl1 comes      
,surya6  7#ad7 ,! son ( ! p]sea tree 0  
,biti\1 born ( 8 own fai?less wife2 & :5
 he grew up he _h h] put to dea?4  ,ev5 
a ha/y exam9ation ( ^! incid5ts f old   
,egypt proves t be=e ,india 0 he>d ( 9  
hi/ory ! p ( ! ,ph>aohs possess$ a l>ge 
/ore ( incid5ts p]fectly famili> 9 mod]n
 m>*54 ,n[1 if "o s+le ,egyptian tale   
yields ?is ri* supply1 x is an obvi\s   
presumption t ! collection ( an         
,egyptian ,grimm might1 & probably w\ld1

 h furni%$ u ) ! majority ( ! situations
 common 9 popul> tales4 ,m4 ,cosqu9     
himself rem>ks t ^! ideas _c be inv5t$ m
 ?an once 7,i4 lxvii474 ,! o!r ,egyptian
 contes1 z t ( ,le ,pr9ce ,pr$e/9e      
7tw5tie? dyna/y71 & ! not$ ,ma/] ,?ief (
 ,h]odotus 7ii4 #aba71 are m]ely famili>
 m>*5 ( ! common type1 & h num]\s       
well-kn[n analogues4  ,f all ^! facts   
,m4 ,cosqu9 draws no c]ta9 conclusions4 
,he asks3 ,did ,egypt borr[ ^! tales f  
,india1 or ,india f ,egypt8 ,& 7 !re    
,aryans 9 ,india 9 ! "t ( ,rameses      
,,ii48  ,^! que/ions are beyond         
conjecture4 ,we "k no?+ ( ,egyptian     
relations ) prehi/oric ,india4 ,we "k n 
h[ _m aeons ! tale ( ,! ,two ,bro!rs may
 h exi/$ 9 ,egypt be=e ,ennana1 ! head  
libr>ian1 wrote x out = ,ph>aoh's       
treasur]1 ,qagab\4  ,:at we d "k is1 t  
if we f9d a l>ge %>e ( ! :ole /ock (    
incid5t ( popul> tale fully develop$ 9  
"o s+le /ory long be=e ,india 0 hi/oric1
 x is p]fectly va9 to argue t all /ories
 7 import$ f hi/oric ,india4 ,x is      

impossible to ma9ta9 t ! s+le c5tre :5ce
 ! /ories spread 0 n ! ,india ( fable1 b
 ! ,india ( hi/ory1 :5 we discov] su*   
abundance ( /ory mat]ial 9 ,egypt be=e1 
z f> z is kn[n1 ,india  _h ev5 become ! 
,india ( fable4  ,! topic is altoge!r   
too obscure = satisfactory argum5t4     
,c]ta9ly ! ma]*5 7 at home 9 ,egypt be=e
 we h ev5 reason to believe t ,egypt &  
,india 7 consci\s ( ea* o!r's exi/5ce4  
,! antiquity ( ma]*5 by ! ,nile-side    
t\*es geological "t1 if we agree ) ,m4  
,masp]o t ,biti\ is a =m ( ,osiris1 t   
is1 t ! ,osiris my? may h be5 develop$  
out ( ! ,biti\ ma]*5499       99        
,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #ag1 note #a4  ,! 
,osiris my? is z old z ! ,egypt we "k1 &
 ! /ory ( ,biti\ may be ei!r ! detritus 
or ! g]m ( ! my?4 ,?is gives x a        
dateless antiquity2 & ) ?is ma]*5 !     
k9dr$ & alli$ ma]*5 e/abli% a claim to  
enorm\s age4 ,b x is q impossible to say
 :5 ^! tales 7 fir/ inv5t$4 ,we _c argue
 t ! cradle ( a /ory is ! place :]e x   
fir/ receiv$ lit]>y =m4 ,we "k n :5ce ! 

,egyptians came to ,nile-side2 we "k n  
:e!r !y br\ght ! /ory ) !m1 or f\nd x   
among "s nameless e>li] p1 fugitives f  
,kor1 p]haps1 or any:]e else4 ,we "k n  
:e!r ! remote ance/ors ( mod]n peoples1 
,african1 or ,european1 or ,asiatic1 :o 
n[ possess =ms ( ! tale1 borr[$ x f a p 
m anci5t ?an ,egypt1 or f ,egypt h]self4
 ,^! que/ions are at pres5t insoluble4  
,we only "k = c]ta9 t1 :5 we f9d any:]e 
any "o ( ! num]\s incid5ts ( ! /ory ( ,!
 ,two ,bro!rs1 we c be c]ta9 t _!       
orig9al home 0 n hi/oric ,india4 ,!re is
 also ! presumption t1 if we knew m ( ! 
tales ( anci5t ,egypt1 we c\ld z        
def9itely refuse to reg>d hi/oric ,india
 z ! cradle ( _m o!r ma]*54  ,?us1 9    
opposition to ! hypo!sis ( borr[+ f     
,india1 we rea* "s di/9ct & assur$1 ?\gh
 negative1 tru?s4  #a4 ,s f> z ! ideas 9
 ,! ,two ,bro!rs are repres5tative (    
ma]*5 7& ^! ideas are inextricably      
int]wov5 ) "s ( ! mo/ typical leg5ds71  
hi/oric ,india is c]ta9ly & demon/rably 
n ! cradle ( popul> tales4 ,^! are f\nd 

f> e>li] already 9 ! writt5 lit]ature ( 
,egypt4  #b4 ,z f> z ^! ideas are       
repres5tative ( ma]*51 !re is absolutely
 no evid5ce to %[ t ma]*5 sprang f      
,india1 :e!r hi/orical or prehi/oric2   
nor is any connection prov$ betwe5      
anci5t ,egypt & prehi/oric ,india4  #c4 
,z f> z ma]*5 are repres5t$ by ! ideas 9
 ,! ,two ,bro!rs & ! ,pr$e/9$ ,pr9ce1   
!re is absolutely no evid5ce to %[ 9 :at
 region or :]e !y 7 orig9ally inv5t$4   
,! ,bell]ophon /ory re/s on a donnee 9  
,! ,two ,bro!rs2 ! ,flight re/s on      
ano!r2 ,c9d]ella reposes on a ?ird2 !   
giant ) no he>t 9 8 body dep5ds on a    
f\r?2 ! ,milk-,:ite ,dove on ! same2 &  
^! incid5ts occur 9 ,hott5tot1 ,be*uana1
 ,samoy$1 ,samoan1 z well z 9 ,greek1   
,scot*1 ,g]man1 ,gaelia ,n[1 z all ^!   
incid5ts exi/$ 9 ,egyptian m>*5 f\rte5  
hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 !y may h be5    
disp]s$ )\t ,indian int]v5tion4 ,"o ( ! 
:ite raid]s f ! ,nor!rn ,sea may h be5  
made captive1 l ! pseud-,odysseus1 9    
,egypt2 may h he>d ! tales2 may h be5   

ransom$1 & c>ri$ ! /ory to ,greece or   
,libya1 :5ce a ,greek got x4 ,s\?w>ds x 
may h pass$ up ! ,nile to ! ,great      
,lakes1 & d[n ! ,congo & ,zambesi1 &    
s\?w>d ev] ) ! hordes ( ,t',*aka's      
ance/ors4 ,all ^! processes are possible
 & ev5 probable1 b absolutely no?+ is   
kn[n = c]ta9 on ! subject4 ,x is only z 
manife/ z facts c be t all ?is might h  
occurr$ if ! ,indian p59sula did n exi/4
 ,ano!r objection to ! hypo!sis (       
di/ribution f hi/oric ,india is !       
exi/5ce ( sagas or epic leg5ds          
correspond+ to m>*5 9 pre-,hom]ic       
,greece4 ,! /ory ( ,jason1 = example1 is
 9 its ess5tial features1 p]haps1 ! mo/ 
widely diffus$ ( all499 ,! /ory ( !     
return ( ! husb&1 & ( 8 difficult       
recognition by 8 wife1 ! c5tral idea ( !
 ,odyssey1 is ( wide di/ribution1 & !   
,odyssey 7z ,f5elon makes ! gho/ (      
,a*illes tell ,hom] 9 ,hades7 is un amas
 de contes de vieilles4 ,! ,cyclops1 !  
,sir51 ,scylla1 & ! re/19999 ^! tales   
did n rea* ,greece f hi/oric ,india at  

lea/1 & we h no reason = suppos+ t      
,india be=e ! dawn ( hi/ory 0 _! s\rce4 
99 ,cu/om & ,my?1 ,a ,f>-,travell$ ,tale
 4       9999 ,g]l&1 ,alt ,grie*is*e    
,m>*5 9 d] ,odyssee4  ,! reasons = :i*  
,india has be5 reg>d$ z a great c5tre & 
f\nta9-head ( popul> /ories are1 on !   
o!r h&1 excell5t1 if ! !ory is          
suffici5tly limit$4 ,! cause is v]a     
causa4 ,m>*5 c]ta9ly did set out f      
m$iaeval ,india1 & rea*$ m$iaeval       
,europe & ,asia 9 abundance4 ,n to speak
 ( oral communications 9 ! great        
movem5ts1 missions & migrations1 ,t>t>1 
crusad+1 ,gypsy1 comm]cial &            
,buddhi/ic--9 all ( :i* !re mu/ h be5   
swopp+ ( /ories--x is c]ta9 t ,we/]n    
lit]ature 0 actually invad$ by ! contes 
:i* _h won away into ! lit]ature (      
,india499 ,^! are facts beyond d\bt1 b  
^! facts mu/ n be made ! basis ( too    
wide an inf]5ce4 ,?\gh s _m /ories h    
demon/rably be5 borr[$ f ,india 9 !     
hi/orical p]iod1 x is no less c]ta9 t _m
 exi/$ 9 ,europe be=e _! introduction4  

,aga91 z has be5 ably argu$ by a writ] 9
 ! ,a!naeum 7,april #bc1 #ahhg71 !      
lit]>y v]sions ( ! tales probably _h b a
 limit$ influ5ce on ! popul> n>rators1 !
 village gossips & gr&mo!rs4 ,?us no    
collection ( publi%$ tales has ev] be5 m
 popul> ?an t ( ,*>les ,p]rault1 :i* =  
_m ye>s has be5 publi%$ n only 9 *eap   
books1 b 9 *eap] broad%eets4       99   
,cosqu91 op4 cit41 i4 xv41 xxiv42 ,max  
,muell]1 ,!      ,migrations ( ,fables1 
,select$ ,essays1 vol4 ii41 ,app5dix2   
,b5fey1 ,pants*atantra2 ,comp>etti1     
,introduction to ,book (      ,s9dibad1 
,engli% translation ( ! ,folk-,lore     
,society4  ,yet ,m4 ,sebillot & o!r     
,fr5* collectors ga!r f ! lips (        
peasants v]sions ( ,c9d]ella1 = example1
 q unaffect$ by ,p]rault's v]sion1 & ri*
 9 ar*aic features1 su* z ! pres5ce ( a 
miracle-work+ bea/ in/ead ( a fairy     
godmo!r4 ,t detail is f\nd 9 ,kaffir1 & 
,san?al1 & ,f9ni%1 z well z 9 ,celtic1 &
 ,portuguese1 & ,scotti% v>iants1 & has 
be5 pres]v$ 9 popul> ,fr5* traditions1  

despite ! influ5ce ( ,p]rault4 ,9 ! same
 way1 ,m4 ,c>noy f9ds only ! fa9te/     
traces ( ! influ5ce ( a collection s    
popul> z ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,!         
peasantry reg>d tales :i* !y read 9     
books z q ap>t f _! inh]it$ /ore (      
leg5d499       99 ,sebillot's popul>    
,c5drillon is ,le ,taureau ,bleu 9      
,contes      de la ,haute ,bretagne4    
,see also ,m4 ,c>noy's ,contes          
,francais1 #ahhe1 p4 #i4  ,if pr9t$     
lit]ature has /ill s little p[] ov]     
popul> tradition1 ! manuscript lit]ature
 ( ! ,middle ,ages mu/ h _h mu* less1   
?\gh sometimes contes f ,india 7 us$ z  
p>ables by prea*]s4 ,?us we mu/ bew>e ( 
ov]-e/imat+ ! effect ( importation f    
,india1 ev5 :]e x di/9ctly exi/$4 ,ev5 !
 v]sions t 7 br\ght 9 ! ,middle ,ages by
 oral tradition mu/ h enc\nt]$ v]sions  
long settl$ 9 ,europe--v]sions :i* may h
 be5 curr5t be=e any scribe ( ,egypt    
p]petuat$ a leg5d on papyrus4  ,once m1 
! ,indian !ory has to acc\nt = ! pres5ce
 ( tales 9 ,africa & ,am]ica among      

populations :i* are n kn[n to h _h any  
contact ) ,india at all4 ,:]e su*       
examples are urg$1 x is usual to say t !
 /ories ei!r d n really resemble our    
ma]*51 or are q rec5t importations by   
,europeans1 ,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,engli% &     
o!rs499 ,"h we are on gr\nd :]e pro( is 
difficult1 if n impossible4 ,assur$ly   
,fr5* influ5ce decl>es itself 9 c]ta9   
n>ratives collect$ f ! native tribes (  
,nor? ,am]ica4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ma]*5 
is int]wov5 ) ! national traditions &   
poetry ( a remote p1 & ) ! my?s by :i*  
!y acc\nt to !mselves = ! natural       
features ( _! own c\ntry1 ! hypo!sis (  
rec5t borr[+ f ,europeans appe>s        
insuffici5t4 ,a /rik+ example is ! song 
( ,siati 7a =m ( ! ,jason my?7 among ! p
 ( ,samoa49999 ,ev5 m rem>kable is !    
pres5ce ( a cr[d ( famili> ma]*5 9 !    
national traditions ( ! ,hu>o*iri1 a    
pre-,inca civilis$ race ( ,s\!rn ,p]u4  
,^! 7 publi%$1 or at lea/ collect$ &    
writt5 d[n1 by ,francisco de ,avila1 a  
,spani% prie/1 ab\t #afjh4 ,he rem>ks t 

^! traditions are deeply root$ 9 ! he>ts
 ( ! p ( ?is prov9ce4999999 ,^!         
traditions ref] to c]ta9 prehi/oric     
works ( eng9e]+ or accid5ts ( soil1     
:]eby ! c\ntry 0 dra9$4 ,! ,hu>o*iri    
expla9$ !m by a s]ies ( ma]*5 ab\t      
,hu?iacuri1 ,p>iaca 7culture-h]oes71 &  
ab\t fri5dly animals :i* aid$ !m 9 !    
famili> way4 ,9 ! same mann] exactly ! p
 ( ! ,m>ais ( ,poit\ h to acc\nt = !    
dra9age ( ! c\ntry1 a "w ( ! twelf?     
c5tury4       99 ,cosqu91 op4 cit1 #a1  
xix4       9999 ,turn]'s ,samoa1 p4     
#ajb4       999999 ,rites ( ! ,incas4   
,hakluyt ,society4 ,! ?ird docum5t      
9 ! book4 ,! ma]*5 h be5 exam9$ by me 9 
,!      ,m>riage ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 p4  
lxxii4  ,!y attribute ! old works to !  
local h]o1 ,g>gantua1 :o drank up all ! 
wat]499 ,no "o supposes t ?is leg5d is  
borr[$ f ,rabelais1 & x seems ev5 m     
improbable t ! ,hu>o*iri ha/ily borr[$  
ma]*5 f ! ,spani>ds1 & conv]t$ !m be=e  
#afjj into national my?s4       99      
,revue des ,traditions ,populaires1     

,april #be1ahhg1 p4 #ahf4  ,we h few    
opportunities ( f9d+ examples ( remote  
,am]ican ma]*5 record$ s e>ly z ?is1 &  
g5]ally ! hypo!sis ( rec5t borr[+ f     
,europeans1 or f ,negroes influ5c$ by   
,europeans1 is at lea/ possible1 & x    
w\ld be h>d to prove a negative4 ,b !   
case ( ! ,hu>o*iri ?r[s d\bt on !       
hypo!sis ( rec5t borr[+ z ! inv>iable   
cause ( ! diffusion ( ma]*5 9 places    
beyond ! rea* ( hi/oric ,india4  ,! only
 way 7outside ( direct evid5ce7 to prove
 borr[+ w\ld be to %[ t ideas & cu/oms  
peculi>ly ,indian 7= example7 occur 9 ! 
ma]*5 ( p de/itute ( ^! ideas4 ,b x w\ld
 be h>d to ask believ]s 9 ! ,indian !ory
 to exhibit su* survivals4 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 if contes h be5 borr[$1 x seems t
 a new local col\r 0 giv5 to !m almo/ at
 ! mom5t ( transf]5ce4 ,! ,zulu &       
,kaffir ma]*5 are /eep$ 9 ,zulu &       
,kaffir col\r1 & ! life !y describe is  
ri* 9 examples ( r peculi> native rites 
& c]emonies1 seldom if ev] ess5tial to !
 conduct ( ! tale4 ,?us1 if /ories are  

adapt$ 7l ,fr5* plays7 9 ! mom5t (      
borr[+1 x w be cruel to ask support]s ( 
! ,indian !ory = traces ( ,indian traits
 & ideas 9 ,european ma]*54 ,aga91 ap>t 
f special yet non-ess5tial matt]s (     
etiquette 7su* z ! c]emonies ) :i* c]ta9
 k9sfolk are treat$1 or ! initiation (  
girls at ! m>riageable age71 ! ideas &  
cu/oms f\nd 9 m>*5 are practically      
univ]sal ,z has be5 %[n1 ! sup]-natural 
/uff--metamorphosis1 equality ( man1    
bea/s & ?+s1 magic & ! l--is univ]sal4  
,?us little rema9s t c\ld be fix$ on z  
especially ! cu/om or idea ( any "o giv5
 p4 ,= in/ance1 9 c]ta9 v>iants ( ,puss 
9 ,boots1 ,swahili1 ,av>1 ,neapolitan1 !
 bea/-h]o makes x a great po9t t1 :5 he 
dies1 he is to be hon\rably buri$4 ,n[  
:at peoples give bea/s hon\rable burial8
 ,we "k ! cases ( anci5t ,egyptians1    
,samoans1 ,arabs & ,a!nians 79 ! case1  
at lea/1 ( ! wolf71 & probably !re are  
_m m4 ,?us ev5 s peculi> an idea or     
incid5t z ?is _c be prov$ to belong to a
 def9ite region1 or to come f any "o    

orig9al c5tre499       99 ,see ,deul91  
,gontes de ma ,mire l',oye1 & ,re9hold  
,kohl]      9 ,gonz5ba*'s ,siclianis*e  
,m>*51 ,no4 #fe4  ,by ! v nature ( !    
case1 !re=e1 x is difficult = ,m4       
,cosqu9 & o!r support]s ( ! ,indian !ory
 to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,indian ideas 9   
,european m>*54 ,nor d !y e/abli% ?is   
po9t4 ,!y urge t *>ity to bea/s & !     
gratitude ( bea/s1 z contra/$ ) human   
lack ( gratitude1 are ,indian1 & p]haps 
,buddhi/ ideas4 ,?us ! ,buddha gave 8   
own liv+ body to a fami%$ tigress4 ,b s1
 accord+ to ,g>cilasso1 7 ! subjects ( !
 ,incas wont to d1 & !y 7 n ,buddhi/s4  
,! bea/s 9 m>*51 aga91 are j z (t51 or  
ev5 m frequ5tly1 helpful to m5 )\t any  
motive ( gratitude2 nor w\ld x be fair  
to argue t ! notion ( gratitude has     
dropp$ out1 because we f9d fri5dly bea/s
 all ! _w ov]1 totems & manit\s1 :o h   
nev] be5 b5efit$ by man4 ,! fav\rs are  
all on ! side ( ! totems4 ,x is ne$less 
to adduce aga9 ! evid5ce on ?is topic4  
,m4 ,cosqu9 adds t ! belief 9 ! equality

 & int]*angeability ( attributes &      
aspect betwe5 man & bea/ is une idee bi5
 indi5ne1 & d]iv$ f ! doctr9e (         
metempsy*osis1 qui efface la di/9ction  
entre l'homme et l'animal1 et qui en t\t
 vivant voit un fr]e4 ,b x has be5      
demon/rat$ t ?is belief 9 ! equality &  
k9%ip n only ( all animate1 b all       
inanimate nature1 is ! v basis (        
,au/ralian1 ,zuni & all o!r philosophies
 ( ! backw>d races4 ,no idea c be less  
peculi> to ,india2 x is univ]sal4 ,once 
m1 ! belief t %ape-%ift+ 7metamorphosis7
 c be a*iev$ by sk9-%ift+1 by donn+ or  
d(f+ ! hide ( a bea/1 is no m peculi>ly 
,indian ?an ! o!r conceptions4 ,b5fey1  
to be sure1 laid /ress on ?is po9t299 b 
x is easy to produce examples (         
sk9-%ift+ & consequ5t metamorphosis f   
,roman1 ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,old ,sc&9avian1
 ,?l9keet1 ,slav & ,vogul ritual &      
my?s49999 ,!re rema9s only a trace (    
polygamy 9 ,european m>*5 to speak (    
specially ,indian influ5ce4999999 ,b    
polygamy is n peculi> to ,india1 nor is 

monogamy a rec5t in/itution 9 ,europe4  
99 ,pants*atantra1 ,i #bfe4       9999  
,m>riage ( ,cupid & ,psy*e1 pp4 lx41    
lxiv41 :]e      examples & au?orities   
are giv54       999999 ,cosqu91 op4 cit1
 i41 xxx4  ,?us ea* peculi>ly ,indian   
idea suppos$ to be f\nd 9 m>*5 proves to
 be practically univ]sal4 ,s ! :ole     
,indian hypo!sis is attack$ on e side4  
,contes are f> old] ?an hi/oric ,india4 
,no?+ raises ev5 a presumption t !y fir/
 arose 9 prehi/oric ,india4 ,!y are f\nd
 9 places :]e !y c\ld h>dly h travell$ f
 hi/oric ,india4 ,_! ideas are n        
peculi>ly ,indian1 & ?\gh _m rea*$      
,europe & ,asia 9 lit]>y =m d]iv$ f     
,india dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & 7 ev5 us$
 z p>ables 9 s]mons1 yet ! majority (   
,european folk-tales h few traces (     
,indian influ5ce4 ,"s examples ( ?is    
influ5ce1 z :5 ! frame-"w ( an ,ori5tal 
collection has acquir$ popul>           
circulation1 w be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor      
,crane's int]e/+ book1 ,italian ,popul> 
,tales1 pp4 #afh1 #cei4 ,b to admit ?is 

is v diff]5t f ass]t+ t ,g]man ,hausm>*5
 are all d]iv$ f ,indian & ,arabian     
orig9als1 ) necess>y *anges ( co/ume &  
mann]s1 :i* is1 app>5tly1 ! op9ion ( "s 
/ud5ts4  ,:at rema9s to d is to confess 
ignorance ( ! orig9al c5tre ( ! ma]*51 &
 inability to decide dogmatically :i*   
/ories mu/ h be5 inv5t$ only once = all1
 & :i* may h come toge!r by ! m]e bl5d+ 
( ! univ]sal elem5ts ( imag9ation4 ,x is
 only c]ta9 t no limit c be put to a    
/ory's p[] ( flight p] ora virum4 ,x may
 w&] :]ev] m]*ants w&]1 :]ev] captives  
are dragg$1 :]ev] slaves are sold1 :]ev]
 ! cu/om ( exogamy comm&s ! *oice ( ali5
 wives4 ,?us ! /ory flits ?r\gh ! :o let
 race & ov] ! :ole _w4 ,:]ev] human     
communication is or has be5 possible1   
!re ! /ory may g1 & ! space ( "t dur+   
:i* ! c\rses ( ! sea & ! pa?s ( ! l& h  
be5 op5 to /ory is dateless & unkn[n4   
,"h ! /ory may dw9dle to a fireside     
tale2 !re x may become an epic 9 ! m\? (
 ,hom] or a novel 9 ! h&s ( ,madame     
,d',aulnoy or ,miss ,?ack]ay4 ,! savage 

makes ! *>act]s bea/s or birds2 ! epic  
poet or saga-man made !m h]oic k+s1 or  
lovely1 baleful sorc]esses1 daught]s ( !
 ,sun2 ! ,fr5* ,c\ntess makes !m        
pr9cesses & c\ntesses4 ,l its own h]oes1
 ! popul> /ory c assume e %ape2 l "s (  
!m1 x has drunk ! wat]s ( immortality499
       99 ,a curi\s essay by ,mr4 ,h4   
,e4 ,w>n]1 on ,! ,magical      ,flight1 
urges t !re is no plot1 b only a =tuit\s
      cong]ies ( /ory-atoms 7,scribn]'s 
,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahhg74      ,!re is a 
good deal to be said1 9 ?is case1 = ,mr4
      ,w>n]'s conclusions4     ,,app5dix
 ,a4 ,font5elle's =gott5 common s5se  ,9
 ! op9ion ( ,ari/otle1 mo/ discov]ies & 
inv5tions h be5 made "t aft] "t & =gott5
 aga94 ,ari/otle may n h be5 q correct 9
 ?is view2 & 8 rem>ks1 p]haps1 *iefly   
appli$ to politics1 9 :i* e conceivable 
& inconceivable exp]im5t has d\btless   
be5 attempt$4 ,9 a field ( less g5]al   
int]e/--namely1 ! explanation ( !       
absurdities ( my?ology--! true cause 0  
discov]$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago by a   

man ( great reputation1 & !n 0 quietly  
=gott54 ,:y did ! anci5t peoples--above 
all1 ! ,greeks--tell su* extremely gross
 & irrational /ories ab\t _! ,gods &    
h]oes8 ,t is ! riddle ( ! my?ological   
,sph9x4 ,x 0 answ]$ briefly1 wittily &  
correctly by ,font5elle2 & ! answ] 0    
neglect$1 & half a doz5 le>n$ b         
impossible !ories h s9ce come 9 & out ( 
fa%ion4 ,only )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s has      
,font5elle's idea be51 n resuscitat$1 b 
r$iscov]$4 ,! foll[]s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4    
,taylor1 ,mannh>dt1 ,gaidoz1 & ! re/1 d 
n seem to be aw>e t !y are only repeat+ 
! notions ( ! nephew ( ,corneille4  ,!  
,academician's !ory is /at$ 9 a %ort    
essay1 ,de l',orig9e des ,fables        
7,o,euvres3 ,p>is1 #ageh1 vol4 iii4     
p4#bgj74 ,we h be5 s accu/om$ f         
*ildhood1 he says1 to ! absurdities (   
,greek my?1 t we h ceas$ to be aw>e t !y
 are absurd4 ,:y are ! leg5ds ( m5 &    
bea/s & ,gods s incr$ible & revolt+8 ,:y
 h we ceas$ to tell su* tales8 ,! answ] 
is1 t e>ly m5 7 9 a /ate ( almo/        

inconceivable savag]y & ignorance1 & t !
 ,greek my?s are inh]it$ f p 9 t        
condition4 ,look at ! ,kaffirs &        
,iroquois1 says ,font5elle1 if y wi% to 
"k :at e>ly m5 7 l2 & rememb] t ev5 !   
,iroquois & ,kaffirs are p ) a long pa/1
 ) k & culture 7politesse7 :i* ! fir/ m5
 did n enjoy4 ,n[ ! m ignorant a man is1
 ! m prodigies he supposes himself to   
behold4 ,?us ! fir/ n>ratives ( ! e>lie/
 m5 7 full ( mon/r\s ?+s1 p>ce qu'ils   
etoi5t faits p> des g5s sujets a voir   
bi5 des *oses qui n'etai5t pas4 ,?is    
condition answ]s1 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's sy/em1
 to ! confusion ! savage makes betwe5   
dreams & facts1 & to ! halluc9ations :i*
 beset him :5 he does n get 8 regul>    
meals4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a gr\ndwork (      
irresponsible fancy4  ,! next /ep is    
?is3 ev5 ! rude/ m5 are curi\s1 & ask ! 
reason :y ( ph5om5a4 ,,ii y a eu de la  
philosophie meme dans ces siecles       
grossi]s2 & ?is rude philosophy greatly 
contribut$ to ! orig9 ( my?s 4 ,m5 look$
 = causes ( ?+s4 ',:5ce comes ?is riv]8'

 ask$ ! reflective man ( ^? ages--a que]
 philosoph]1 yet "o :o might h be5 a    
,desc>tes did he live to-day4 ,aft] long
 m$itation1 he conclud$ t "s "o _h      
always to keep fill+ ! s\rce :5ce !     
/ream spr+s4 ,& :5ce came ! wat]8 ,our  
philosoph] did n consid] s curi\sly4 ,he
 _h evolv$ ! my? ( a wat]-nymph or      
naiad1 & !re he /opp$4 ,! *>act]i/ic (  
^! my?ical explanations--z ( all        
philosophies1 pa/1 pres5t & to come--0 t
 !y 7 limit$ by human exp]i5ce4 ,e>ly   
man's exp]i5ce %[$ him t effects 7      
produc$ by consci\s1 s5ti5t1 p]sonal    
causes l himself4 ,he sprang to !       
conclusion t all hidd5 causes 7 also    
p]sons4 ,^! p]sons are ! dramatis       
p]sonae ( my?4 ,x 0 a p]son :o caus$    
?und]1 ) a hamm] or a mace2 or x 0 a    
bird ^: w+s produc$ ! d94  ,f ?is r\gh  
philosophy :i* prevail$ 9 ! e>ly ages 7 
born ! gods & goddesses--deities made n 
only 9 ! lik5ess ( man1 b ( savage man z
 he1 9 8 ignorance & sup]/ition1        
conceiv$ himself to be4 ,font5elle might

 h add$ t ^? fanci$ p]sonal causes :o   
became gods 7 also fa%ion$ 9 ! lik5ess (
 ! bea/s1 :om e>ly man reg>d$ z 8 equals
 or sup]iors4 ,b he neglects ?is po9t4  
,he correctly rem>ks t ! gods ( my?     
appe> immoral to u because !y 7 devis$  
by m5 ^: morality 0 all unlike ours--:o 
priz$ ju/ice less ?an p[]1 especially   
7he might h add$7 magical p[]4 ,z       
morality rip5$ into self-consci\sness1 !
 gods improv$ ) ! improvem5t ( m52 & !  
gods kn[n to ,cic]o are mu* bett] ?an ^?
 kn[n to ,hom]1 because bett]           
philosoph]s h _h a h& at _! mak+4       
,moreov]1 9 ! e>lie/ speculations an    
imag9ative & hair-bra9$ philosophy      
expla9$ all t seem$ extraord9>y 9       
nature2 :ile ! sph]e ( philosophy 0     
fill$ by fanciful n>ratives ab\t facts4 
,! con/ellations call$ ! ,be>s 7 acc\nt$
 = z metamorphos$ m5 & wom54 ,inde$1 all
 ! metamorphoses are ! physical         
philosophy ( ^! e>ly times1 :i* acc\nt$ 
= e fact by :at we n[ calletiological   
nature-my?s4 ,ev5 ! peculi>ities ( birds

 & bea/s 7 ?us expla9$4 ,! p>tridge     
flies l[ because ,da$alus 7:o _h se5 8  
son ,ic>us p]i% ?r\gh a l(ty flight7 0  
*ang$ into a p>tridge4 ,?is habit ( m9d1
 :i* f9ds a /ory = ! solution ( e       
problem1 survives1 ,font5elle rem>ks1 9 
:at we n[ call folk-lore--popul>        
tradition4 ,?us1 ! eld] tree is said to 
h borne z good b]ries z ! v9e does till 
,judas ,isc>iot hang$ himself f its     
bran*es4 ,?is /ory mu/ be lat] ?an      
,*ri/ianity2 b x is precisely id5tical 9
 "* ) ^? anci5t metamorphoses :i* ,ovid 
collect$4 ,! k9d ( fancy t produc$ ^! & 
o!r prodigi\s my?s is n peculi>1        
,font5elle ma9ta9s1 to ,ea/]n peoples4  
,x is common to all m51 at a c]ta9 m5tal
 /age--9 ! tropics or 9 ! regions (     
et]nal ice4 ,?us ! _w-wide simil>ities (
 my?s are1 on ! :ole1 ! consequ5ce ( a  
worldwide uni=mity ( intellectual       
developm5t4  ,font5elle h9ts at 8 pro( (
 ?is !ory4 ,he comp>es ! my?s ( ,am]ica 
) ^? ( ,greece1 & %[s t di/ance 9 space 
& diff]5ce ( race d n h9d] ,p]uvians &  

,a!nians f be+ 9 ! same tale4 ,= !      
,greeks1 ) all _! intellig5ce1 did n1 9 
_! beg9n+s1 ?9k m rationally ?an !      
savages ( ,am]ica1 :o 7 also1 app>5tly1 
a r primitive p 7assez n\veau74 ,he     
concludes t ! ,am]icans might h become z
 s5sible z ! ,greeks if !y _h be5 all[$ 
! leisure4  ,) an exception 9 !         
,israelites1 ,font5elle decides t all   
nations made ! a/\nd+ "p ( _! my?s :ile 
!y 7 savages1 & reta9$ !m f cu/om &     
religi\s cons]vatism4 ,b my?s 7 also    
borr[$ & int]*ang$ betwe5 ,pho5icia1    
,egypt & ,greece4 ,fur!r1 ,greek        
misund]/&+s ( ! mean+s ( ,pho5ician &   
o!r =eign words gave rise to my?s4      
,f9ally1 my?s 7 suppos$ to conta9       
treasures ( antique my/]i\s wisdom2 &   
my?ology 0 expla9$ by sy/ems :i*        
!mselves are only my?s1 /ories told by !
 le>n$ to !mselves & to ! public4  ,x is
 n sci5ce to fill "o's head ) ! follies 
( ,pho5icians & ,greeks1 b x is sci5ce  
to und]/& :at l$ ,greeks & ,pho5icians  
to imag9e ^! follies4 ,a bett] & brief] 

sy/em ( my?ology c\ld n be devis$2 b !  
,mr4 ,casaubons ( ?is _w h neglect$ x1 &
 ev5 n[ x is beyond _! compreh5sion4    
,,app5dix ,b4 ,reply to ,objections  ,9 
a "w :i* p]haps inevitably conta9s mu*  
controv]sial matt]1 x has seem$ be/ to  
consign to an ,app5dix ! answ]s to      
objections aga9/ ! me?od advocat$4 ,by  
?is means ! att5tion is less direct$ f !
 matt] 9 h&1 ! exposition ( ! me?od     
itself4 ,we h ann\nc$ our belief t a    
c]ta9 elem5t 9 my?ology is d]iv$ f !    
m5tal condition ( savages4 ,to ?is x is 
repli$1 ) p]fect tru?1 t !re are savages
 & savages2 t a va/ numb] ( %ades (     
culture & ( nasc5t or retrograd+        
civilisation exi/ among ! races to :om !
 t]m savage is commonly appli$4 ,?is is 
n only true1 b its tru? is "p ( ! v gi/ 
( our !ory4 ,x is our cont5tion t my? is
 s5sibly affect$ by ! v>ieties ( culture
 :i* prevail among s-call$ savage       
tribes1 z !y approa* to or decl9e f !   
high] /ate ( b>b>ism4 ,! an?ropologi/   
is1 or ought to be1 ! la/ man to lump   

all savages toge!r1 z if !y 7 all on !  
same level ( culture4  ,:5 we speak ( ! 
savage m5tal condition1 we mean ! m5tal 
condition ( all uncultivat$ races :o    
/ill fail to draw any m>k$ l9e betwe5   
man & ! animate or inanimate ?+s 9 ! _w1
 & :o expla9 physical ph5om5a on a vague
 !ory1 m or less consci\sly held1 t all 
nature is animat$ & end[$ ) human       
attributes4 ,?is /ate ( m9d is n[h]e    
absolutely ext9ct2 x prevails1 to a     
limit$ ext5t1 among untutor$ ,european  
peasantry1 & among ! *ildr5 ( ! educat$ 
classes4 ,b ?is intellectual condition  
is mo/ m>k$ & mo/ p[]ful among ! races  
:i* asc5d f ! condition ( ! ,au/ralian  
,murri & ! ,bu%m51 up to ! comp>atively 
advanc$ ,maoris ( ,new ,zeal& &         
,algonk9s or ,zunis ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^!
 are ! sorts ( p :o1 = our pres5t       
purpose1 mu/ be succ9ctly describ$ z    
/ill 9 ! savage condition ( !           
imag9ation4  ,aga91 x is con/antly      
object$ to our me?od t we h no k ( ! pa/
 ( races at pres5t 9 ! savage /atus4 ,! 

savage are z old z ! civilis$ races1 & c
 z little be nam$ primitive1 writes ,dr4
 ,fairbairn499 ,mr4 ,max ,muell]        
compla9s ) ju/ice ( au?ors :o speak ( ! 
savage ( to-day z if he _h only j be5   
s5t into ! _w1 =gett+ t1 z a liv+       
species1 he is probably n a day y\ng]   
?an ourselves49999 ,b ,mr4 ,max ,muell] 
has himself admitt$ all we want1 namely1
 t savages or nomads repres5t an e>li]  
/age ( culture ?an ev5 ! anci5t         
,sanskrit-speak+ ,aryans1 ,?is foll[s f 
! le>n$ writ]'s ass]tion t savage       
tongues1 ,kaffir & s =?1 are /ill 9 !   
*ildhood :i* ,hebrew & ! mo/ anci5t     
,sanskrit _h long left beh9d !m4999999  
,we see 9 !m 7savage languages7 :at we c
 no long] expect to see ev5 9 ! mo/     
anci5t ,sanskrit or ,hebrew4 ,we wat* ! 
*ildhood ( language ) all its *ildi%    
pranks4 ,^! pranks are ! result ( ! v   
habits ( savage ?\ght :i* we reg>d z    
e>li] ?an ! mo/ anci5t ,sanskrit4       
99 ,academy1 #bj? ,july1 #ahgh4         
a       9999 ,hibb4 ,lect41 p4 #ff4     

999999 ,lectures on ,sci5ce ( ,language1
 #bnd s]ies1 p4 #da4  ,?us ,mr4 ,max    
,muell] has admitt$ all t we            
ne$--admitt$ t savage language 7& !re=e1
 9 8 view1 savage ?\ght7 is ( an e>li]  
/ratum ?an1 = example1 ! language ( !   
,v$as4 ,no m valuable concession c\ld be
 made by a le>n$ oppon5t4  ,objections (
 an opposite "*1 h[ev]1 are pu%$1 along 
) ! /atem5t t we h no k ( ! pa/ (       
savages4 ,savages 7 n always :at !y are 
n[2 !y may h deg5]at$ f a high]         
condition2 _! pres5t my?s may be !      
corruption ( some?+ pur] & bett]2 above 
all1 savages are n primitive4  ,all ?is 
cont5tion1 :atev] its weight1 does n    
affect ! !sis ( ! pres5t argum5t4 ,x is 
q true t we "k no?+ directly ( !        
condition1 let u say1 ( ! ,au/ralian    
tribes a ?\s& ye>s ago except t x has   
left absolutely no mat]ial traces (     
high] culture4 ,b nei!r d we "k any?+   
directly ab\t ! condition ( !           
,indo-,european peoples five hundr$ ye>s
 be=e ,philology fancies t %e gets h]   

e>lie/ glimpse ( !m4 ,we mu/ take p z we
 f9d !m1 & mu/ n place too mu* tru/ 9   
our attempts to recon/ruct _! d>k       
backw>d4 ,z to ! pa/ ( savages1 x is    
admitt$ by mo/ an?ropologi/s t c]ta9    
tribes h probably se5 bett] days4 ,!    
,fuegians & ! ,bu%m5 & ! ,digg] ,indians
 7 probably driv5 by /rong] races out ( 
seats comp>atively happy & habits       
comp>atively settl$ into _! pres5t homes
 & _! pres5t make%ift wret*$ness499     
99 ,! ,fuegiaus are n 7morally &        
socially7 s black z      !y h           
occasionally be5 pa9t$4 ,b x is probable
 t      !y h se5 bett] days4 ,if !      
possession ( a      language )1         
app>5tly1 a v sup]flu\s numb] (         
words is a pro( ( high civilisation 9 ! 
pa/1 !n !      ,fuegians are degrad$    
inde$4 ,b ! f9d+ ( "o piece      (      
native pott]y 9 an ,au/ralian           
burial-m\nd w\ld prove      m ?an a     
wild]ness ( irregul> v]bs4  ,b :ile     
deg5]ation is admitt$ z an elem5t 9     
hi/ory1 !re seems no tangible reason =  

believ+ t ! highe/ /ate :i* ,bu%m51     
,fuegians1 or ,digg]s ev] atta9$1 & f   
:i* !y c be ?\ght to h fall51 0 high]   
?an a r m com=table savag]y4 ,!re are   
ups & d[ns 9 savage z 9 civilis$ life1 &
 p]haps cr[n$ races may degrade1 b we h 
no evid5ce to %[ t ! ance/ors ( !       
,digg]s or ! ,fuegians 7 a cr[n$ race4  
,_! desc5t has n be5 comp>atively a v   
deep "o2 _! presum$ =m] height 0 n v    
high4 ,z ,mr4 ,tylor obs]ves1 ,s f> z   
hi/ory is to be our crit]ion1           
progression is prim>y & degradation     
second>y2 culture mu/ be ga9$ be=e x c  
be lo/4 ,"o ?+ ab\t ! pa/ ( savages we d
 "k3 x mu/ h be5 a long pa/1 & !re mu/ h
 be5 a p]iod 9 x :5 ! savage _h ev5 less
 ( :at ,ari/otle calls 7------7 ev5 less
 ( ! equipm5t & provision necess>y = a  
noble life ?an he possesses at pres5t4  
,8 pa/ mu/ h be5 long1 because great    
l5g? ( "t is requir$ = ! evolution ( 8  
exce$+ly complex cu/oms1 su* z 8 m>riage
 laws & 8 m9ute etiquette4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t  
,sp5c] has d$uc$ f ! multiplicity1      

elaborat5ess & wide diffusion (         
,au/ralian m>riage laws ! inf]5ce t !   
,au/ralians 7 once m civilis$ ?an !y are
 n[1 & _h once a k9d ( c5tral gov]nm5t &
 police4 ,b to reason ?us is to fail    
back on ! old ,greek !ory :i* = e       
traditional cu/om imag9$ an e>ly        
legislative h]o1 ) a g5ius = devis+     
laws1 & ) p[] to secure _! be+ obey$4 ,!
 m g5]ally accept$ view ( mod]n sci5ce  
is t law & cu/om are ?+s sl[ly evolv$ "u
 /ress ( human circum/ances4 ,x is c]ta9
 t ! usual process is f ! extreme       
complexity ( savage to ! cle> simplicity
 ( civilis$ rules ( =bidd5 degrees4     
,:]ev] we see an advanc+ civilisation1  
we see t x does n put on new1 complex & 
incompreh5sible regulations1 b t x r    
sl\ghs (f ! old1 complex &              
incompreh5sible regulations bequea!d to 
x by savag]y4  ,?is process is          
especially manife/ 9 ! laws ( =bidd5    
degrees 9 m>riage--laws ^: complexity   
among ! ,au/ralians or ,nor? ,am]ican   
,indians might puzzle a ma!matician1 &  

^: simplicity 9 a civilis$ c\ntry seems 
transp>5t ev5 to a *ild4 ,b :ile !      
elaborat5ess & /r+5cy ( savage cu/om>y  
law po9t to a m1 & n a less b>b>\s pa/1 
!y also indicate a pa/ ( untold         
duration4 ,some:]e 9 t pa/ also x is    
evid5t t ! savage mu/ h be5 ev5 worse (f
 mat]ially ?an he is at pres5t4 ,ev5 n[ 
he c light a fire2 he has a b[1 or a    
boom]ang1 or a bl[pipe1 & has atta9$ v  
consid]able skill 9 us+ 8 own r\gh tools
 ( fl9t & 8 weapons tipp$ ) qu>tz4 ,n[  
man 0 c]ta9ly n born 9 ! possession (   
fire2 he did n come into ! _w ) a b[ or 
a boom]ang 9 8 h&1 nor ) an in/9ct :i*  
taught him to b>b 8 fi%+-hooks4 ,^!     
implem5ts he _h to le>n to make & use1 &
 till he _h le>n$ to use !m & make !m 8 
condition mu/ necess>ily h be5 m        
de/itute ( mat]ial equipm5t ?an t ( any 
races kn[n to u hi/orically4 ,?us all t 
c be inf]r$ ab\t ! pa/ ( savages is t x 
0 ( va/ duration1 & t at "o p]iod man 0 
m mat]ially de/itute1 & s f> m /ruggl+ &
 =lorn1 ?an ! ,murri ( ,au/ralia 7 :5   

fir/ discov]$ by ,europeans4 ,ev5 !n    
c]ta9 races may h _h intellectual p[]s &
 pot5tialities beyond ^? ( o!r races4   
,p]haps ! fir/ fa!rs ( ! :ite peoples ( 
! ,nor? />t$ ) bett] bra9s & bodies ?an 
! fir/ fa!rs ( ! ,v$dahs ( ,ceylon2 b !y
 all />t$ nak$1 tool-less1 fire-less4 ,!
 only way ( avoid+ ^! conclusions is to 
hold-t m51 or "s fav\r$ races ( man1 7  
creat$ ) civilis$ in/9cts & habits (    
?\ght1 & 7 miracul\sly provid$ ) ! fir/ 
necess>ies ( life1 or 7 miracul\sly     
in/ruct$ to produce !m )\t pass+ ?r\gh  
sl[ /ages ( exp]im5t1 inv5tion &        
modification4 ,b we might z well assume1
 ) "s e>ly ,biblical comm5tators1 t !   
nak$ ,adam 9 ,p>adise 0 miracul\sly     
clo!d 9 a ve/ure ( refulg5t light4      
,aga9/ su* beliefs we h only to say t !y
 are )\t direct hi/orical confirmation (
 any k9d4  ,b if1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 we
 admit ! belief t primitive man 0       
miracul\sly end[$1 & 0 plac$ at once 9 a
 /age ( simple & happy civilisation1 our
 !sis /ill rema9s unaffect$4 ,dr4       

,fairbairn's say+ has be5 quot$1 ,!     
savage are z old z ! civilis$ races1 & c
 z little be call$ primitive4 ,b we d n 
wi% to call savages primitive4 ,we h    
already said t savages h a f>-/ret*+    
unkn[n hi/ory beh9d !m1 & t 7except on !
 supposition ( miracul\s enlight5m5t    
foll[$ by degradation7 _! pa/ mu/ h be5 
engag$ 9 sl[ly evolv+ _! rude arts1 _!  
/range beliefs & _! elaborate cu/oms4   
,und5iably !re is no?+ primitive 9 a man
 :o c use a boom]ang1 & :o mu/ assign   
ea* sep>ate jo9t ( ! kang>oo he kills to
 a sep>ate memb] ( 8 family circle1 :ile
 to "s ( ^? memb]s he is =bidd5 by law  
to speak4 ,m5 7 n born into ! _w ) all  
^! notions4 ,! l[e/ savage has s\ght out
 or inh]it$ _m inv5tions1 & _c be call$ 
primitive4 ,b x nev] 0 "p ( our argum5t 
t savages are primitive4 ,our argum5t   
does n f9d x necess>y to claim savag]y z
 ! /ate f :i* all m5 set =?4 ,ab\t :at 0
 primitive1 z we h no hi/orical         
in=mation on ! topic1 we express no     
op9ion at all4 ,man may1 if any "o likes

 to ?9k s1 h appe>$ on e>? 9 a /ate (   
p]fection1 & may h deg5]at$ f t         
condition4 ,"s su* op9ion1 t purity &   
reasonabl5ess are ne>] ! beg9n+ ?an     
absurdity & unreasonabl5ess1 appe>s to  
be held by ,mr4 ,max ,muell]1 :o rem>ks1
 ,i simply say t 9 ! ,v$a we h a ne>]   
approa* to a beg9n+1 & an intelligible  
beg9n+1 ?an 9 ! wild invocations (      
,hott5tots or ,bu%m5499       99        
,lectures on ,india4  ,w\ld ,mr4 ,muell]
 add1 ,i simply say t 9 ! arts &        
political society ( ! ,v$ic age we h a  
ne>] approa* to a beg9n+ ?an 9 ! arts & 
society ( ,hott5tots & ,bu%m58 ,is ! use
 ( *>iots1 horses1 %ips--are k+s1 wall$ 
cities1 agriculture1 ! art ( weav+1 & s 
=?1 all famili> to ! ,v$ic poets1 ne>] !
 beg9n+ ( man's civilisation ?an ! life 
( ! nak$ or sk9-clad hunt] :o has n yet 
le>n$ to "w ! metals1 :o ackn[l$ges no  
k+1 & has no c]ta9 abid+-place8 ,if n1  
:y is ! religion ( ! civilis$ man ne>] !
 beg9n+ ?an t ( ! man :o is n civilis$8 
,we h already se5 t1 9 ,mr4 ,max        

,mull]'s op9ion1 8 language is mu* f>!r 
f ! beg9n+4  ,:atev] ! primitive        
condition ( man may h be51 x is c]ta9 t 
savag]y 0 a /age ?r\gh :i* he & 8       
in/itutions h pass$1 or f :i* he has    
copi\sly borr[$4 ,he may h deg5]at$ f   
p]fection1 or f a humble k9d ( h>mless  
simplicity1 into savag]y4 ,he may h ris5
 into savag]y f a purely animal         
condition4 ,b h[ev] ?is may h be51 mod]n
 savages are at pres5t 9 ! savage       
condition1 & ! ance/ors ( ! civilis$    
races pass$ ?r\gh or borr[$ f a simil>  
savage condition4 ,z ,mr4 ,tylor says1  
,x is n necess>y to inquire h[ ! savage 
/ate fir/ came to be ^u ! e>?4 ,x is    
en\gh t1 by "s means or o!r1 x has      
actually come into exi/5ce499 ,x is a   
/age ?r\gh :i* all societies h pass$1 or
 7if t be conte/$7 a condition ( ?+s f  
:i* all societies h borr[$4 ,?is view ( 
! case has be5 well put by ,m4          
,d>me/et]49999       99 ,prim4 ,cult41 i
 #cg4       9999 ,revue ,critique1      
,janu>y1 #ahhd4  ,he is speak+ ( !      

hi/ory ( religion4 ,if savages d n      
repres5t religion 9 its g]m1 if !y d n  
exemplify t vague & indef9ite ?+        
conv5tionally /yl$ 'primitive religion1'
 at lea/ !y repres5t a /age ?r\gh :i*   
all religions h pass$4 ,! pro( is t a v 
little rese>* into civilis$ religions   
discov]s a mo/ /rik+ simil>ity betwe5 ! 
mo/ ess5tial elem5ts ( ! civilis$ & !   
non-hi/oric cre$s4 ,pro(s ( ?is h be5   
giv5 :5 we exam9$ ! my?s ( ,greece4  ,we
 h next to criticise ! attempts :i* h   
be5 made to discr$it ! evid5ce on :i* we
 rely = our k ( ! intellectual          
con/itution ( ! savage1 & ( 8 religi\s  
ideas & 8 my?s & leg5ds4 ,if t evid5ce  
be valueless1 our :ole !ory is f\nd$ on 
! s&4  ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( obta9+ 
tru/wor?y in=mation ab\t ! ideas1 my?s &
 m5tal processes ( savages are n only   
proclaim$ by oppon5ts ( ! an?ropological
 me?od1 b are frankly ackn[l$g$ by      
an?ropologi/s !mselves4 ,! task is      
labori\s & delicate1 b n impossible4    
,an?ropology has1 at all ev5ts1 !       

advantage ( /udy+ an actual und5iably   
exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 to sift ! evid5ce z to
 t /ate ( ?+s1 to exam9e !              
opportunities1 ! discretion1 & ! hone/y 
( ! witnesses1 is "p ( ! bus9ess (      
an?ropology4 ,a sci5ce :i* 0 f\nd$ on an
 uncritical acceptance ( all ! reports (
 mission>ies1 travell]s1 trad]s1 &      
bea*-comb]s1 w\ld be wor? no?+4 ,b1 z w 
be %[n1 an?ropology is =tunate 9 !      
possession ( a t\*/one1 l t1 z ,!ocritus
 says1 :]e) ! money-*ang]s try gold1 le/
 p]*ance base metal pass = true4  ,!    
difficulties :i* beset travell]s &      
mission>ies 9 _! description ( !        
religi\s & intellectual life ( savages h
 be5 catalogu$ by ,mr4 ,max ,mull]4 ,z  
he is n likely to h omitt$ any?+ :i*    
tells aga9/ ! evid5ce ( mission>ies &   
travell]s1 we may adopt 8 /atem5t 9 an  
abridg$ %ape1 ) criticisms1 & )         
additional illu/rations ( our own499    
99 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #i  ,fir/1 ,few
 m5 are q pro( aga9/ ! fluctuations (   
public op9ion4 ,?us1 9 ,r\sseau's "t1 _m

 travell]s saw savages ) ! eyes         
,r\sseau--t is1 z models ( a simple /ate
 ( nature4 ,9 ! same way1 we may add1   
mod]n educat$ travell]s are apt to see  
savages 9 ! light ca/ on !m by ,mr4     
,tylor or ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 ,mr4 ,im 
,?urn1 9 ,guiana1 sees ) ,mr4 ,tylor's  
eyes2 ,messrs4 ,fison & ,h[itt1 among ! 
,kamil>oi 9 ,au/ralia1 see ) ! eyes (   
,mr4 ,lewis ,morgan1 au?or ( ,sy/ems (  
,consangu9ity4 ,v well2 we mu/ all[ = ! 
bias 9 ea* case4 ,b :at are we to say :5
 ! travell]s :o liv$ long be=e ,begn>d  
report precisely ! same facts ( savage  
life z ! witty ,fr5*man :o wrote t next 
to ! ape1 ! ,lapl&] is ! animal ne>e/ to
 man8 ,:at are we to say :5 ! m>9]1 or  
bea*-comb]1 or ,indian int]pret]1 :o    
nev] he>d ( ,r\sseau1 br+s f ,canada or 
! ,m>quesas ,isl&s a report ( ideas or  
cu/oms :i* ! tra9$ an?ropologi/ f9ds 9  
,new ,gu9ea or ! ,admiralty ,isl&s1 & ) 
:i* ! ,inca1 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 0  
famili> 9 ,p]u8 ,if ! ,wesleyan         
mission>y 9 ,s\? ,africa is 9 ! same    

tale ) ! ,jesuit 9 ,p>aguay or 9 ,*9a1  
:ile ! ,lu!ran 9 ,kamts*atka br+s ! same
 intellig5ce z t :i* !y contribute1 &   
all ?ree are support$ by ! %ipwreck$    
m>9] 9 ,tonga & by ! squatt] 9 ,que5sl&1
 z well z by ! evid5ce1 f anci5t times &
 l&s1 ( ,/rabo1 ,diodorus & ,pausanias1 
:at !n8 ,is x n cle> t if pagan ,greeks1
 ,jesuits & ,wesleyans1 squatt]s &      
an?ropologi/s1 ,indian int]pret]s & !   
fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 are all agre$ 
9 f9d+ ?is idea or t practice 9 _! own  
times & c\ntries1 _! evid5ce is at lea/ 
unaffect$ by ! fluctuations ( public    
op9ion8 ,?is crit]ion ( undesign$       
co9cid5ce 9 evid5ce drawn f ,prote/ants1
 ,ca?olics1 pagans1 sceptics1 f times   
classical1 m$iaeval & mod]n1 f m5 le>n$ 
& unle>n$1 is ! t\*/one ( an?ropology4  
,x w be admitt$ t ! cons5ti5t te/imony (
 p]sons 9 e /age ( belief & prejudice1 (
 ignorance & le>n+1 _c agree1 z x does  
agree1 by virtue ( "s fluctuation (     
public op9ion4 ,x is to be regrett$ t1 9
 ,mr4 ,max ,mull]'s description ( !     

difficulties :i* beset ! /udy ( savage  
religi\s ideas1 he entirely omits to    
m5tion1 on ! o!r side1 ! corroboration  
:i* is d]iv$ f ! undesign$ co9cid5ce (  
indep5d5t te/imony4 ,?is po9t is s      
important t x may be well to quote ,mr4 
,tylor's /atem5t ( ! value ( !          
an?ropological crit]ion3--  ,x is a     
matt] wor?y ( consid]ation t ! acc\nts (
 simil> ph5om5a ( culture1 recurr+ 9    
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 actually supply    
incid5tal pro( ( _! own au!nticity4 ,"s 
ye>s s9ce a "q :i* br+s out ?is po9t 0  
put to me by a great hi/orian1 ,h[ c a  
/atem5t z to cu/oms1 my?s1 beliefs1     
etc41 ( a savage tribe be treat$ z      
evid5ce :]e x dep5ds on ! te/imony ( "s 
travell] or mission>y :o may be a       
sup]ficial obs]v]1 m or less ignorant ( 
! native language1 a c>eless retail] (  
unsift$ talk1 a man prejudic$1 or ev5   
wilfully deceitful8 ,?is "q is1 inde$1  
"o :i* e e?nograph] ought to keep cle>ly
 & con/antly be=e 8 m9d4 ,( c\rse he is 
b\nd to use 8 be/ judgm5t z to !        

tru/wor?9ess ( all au?ors he quotes1 &  
if possible to obta9 sev]al acc\nts to  
c]tify ea* po9t 9 ea* locality4 ,b x is 
ov] & above ^! measures ( precaution t !
 te/ ( recurr5ce comes 94 ,if two       
indep5d5t visitors to diff]5t c\ntries1 
say a m$iaeval ,mohamm$an 9 ,t>t>y & a  
mod]n ,engli%man 9 ,dahomey1 or a       
,jesuit mission>y 9 ,brazil & a         
,wesleyan 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 agree 9     
describ+ "s analog\s art1 or rite1 or   
my? among ! p !y h visit$1 x becomes    
difficult or impossible to set d[n su*  
correspond5ce to accid5t or wilful      
fraud4 ,a /ory by a bu%rang] 9 ,au/ralia
 may p]haps be object$ to z a mi/ake or 
an inv5tion2 b did a ,me?odi/ m9i/] 9   
,gu9ea conspire ) him to *eat ! public  
by tell+ ! same /ory !re8 ,! possibility
 ( int5tional or un9t5tional            
my/ification is (t5 b>r$ by su* a /ate (
 ?+s z t a simil> /atem5t is made 9 two 
remote l&s by two witnesses1 ( :om ,a   
liv$ a c5tury be=e ,b1 & ,b appe>s nev] 
to h he>d ( ,a4 ,h[ di/ant are !        

c\ntries1 h[ wide ap>t ! dates1 h[      
diff]5t ! cre$s & *>act]s ( ! obs]v]s 9 
! catalogue ( facts ( civilisation1 ne$s
 no f>!r %[+ to any "o :o w ev5 glance  
at ! footnotes ( ! pres5t "w4 ,& ! m odd
 ! /atem5t1 ! less likely t sev]al p 9  
sev]al places %\ld h made x wrongly4    
,?is be+ s1 x seems reasonable to judge 
t ! /atem5ts are 9 ! ma9 truly giv51 & t
 _! close & regul> co9cid5ce is due to !
 cropp+ up ( simil> facts 9 v>i\s       
di/ricts ( culture4 ,n[ ! mo/ important 
facts ( e?nography are v\*$ = 9 ?is way4
 ,exp]i5ce leads ! /ud5t aft] a :ile to 
expect & f9d t ! ph5om5a ( culture1 z   
result+ f widely-act+ simil> causes1    
%\ld recur aga9 & aga9 9 ! _w4 ,he ev5  
mi/ru/s isolat$ /atem5ts to :i* he kn[s 
( no p>allel else:]e1 & waits = _!      
g5u95ess to be %[n by correspond+       
acc\nts f ! o!r side ( ! e>? or ! o!r   
end ( hi/ory4 ,s /rong inde$ is ! means 
( au!ntication1 t ! e?nograph] 9 8      
libr>y may sometimes presume to decide n
 only :e!r a p>ticul> explor] is a %rewd

 & hone/ obs]v]1 b also :e!r :at he     
reports is con=mable to ! g5]al rules ( 
civilisation4 ,non quia1 s$ quid4  ,x   
mu/ be add$1 z a rid] to ,mr4 ,tylos    
rem>ks1 t an?ropology is rapidly mak+ ! 
accumulation ( fre% & tru/wor?y evid5ce 
m difficult ?an ev]4 ,travell]s &       
mission>ies h begun to read             
an?ropological books1 & _! evid5ce is   
!re=e mu* m likely to be biass$ n[ by   
an?ropological !ories ?an x 0 ( old4 ,:5
 ,mr4 ,m',l5nan wrote on totems 9       
#ahfi199 he 0 able to say1 ,x is "s     
comp5sation = ! complet5ess ( ! acc\nts 
t we c ?or\ghly tru/ !m1 z ! totem has n
 till n[ got itself mix$ up )           
speculations1 & accord+ly ! obs]v]s h   
be5 unbiass$4 ,b z an?ropology is n[ m  
widely /udi$1 ! naif evid5ce ( ignorance
 & ( surprise gr[s m & m difficult to   
obta94       99 ,=tnightly ,review1     
,octob] #ahfi4  ,we may n[ ass]t t1 ?\gh
 ! evid5ce ( ea* sep>ate witness may be 
influ5c$ by fluctuations ( op9ion1 yet !
 cons5sus ( _! te/imony1 :5 !y are      

unanim\s1 rema9s un%ak54 ,! same argum5t
 applies to ! private incl9ation1 &     
prejudice1 & me?od ( inquiry ( ea*      
individual obs]v]4  ,travell]s 9 g5]al1 
& mission>ies 9 p>ticul>1 are biass$ 9  
sev]al di/9ct ways4 ,! mission>y is     
sometimes anxi\s to prove t religion c  
only come by revelation1 & t c]ta9      
tribes1 hav+ receiv$ no revelation1 h no
 religion or religi\s my?s at all4      
,sometimes ! mission>y1 on ! o!r h&1 is 
anxi\s to demon/rate t ! my?s ( 8 hea!n 
flock are a corrupt$ v]sion ( !         
,biblical n>rative4 ,9 ! =m] case he    
neglects ! /udy ( savage my?s2 9 ! latt]
 he unconsci\sly accommodates :at he    
he>s to :at he calls ! tru?4 ,9 mod]n   
days ! mission>y (t5 sees ) ! eyes (    
,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,! travell] :o is n 
a mission>y may ei!r h ! same           
prejudices1 or he may be a sceptic ab\t 
reveal$ religion4 ,9 ! latt] case he is 
p]haps unconsci\sly mov$ to put         
burlesque v]sions ( ,biblical /ories    
into ! m\?s ( 8 native in=mants1 or to  

repres5t ! savages z ridicul+ 7,dr4     
,m(fat f\nd t !y did ridicule7 !        
,scriptural traditions :i* he           
communicates to !m4 ,yet aga9 we mu/    
rememb] t ! lead+ que/ions ( a ,european
 inquir] may furni% a savage ) a ?read  
on :i* to /r+ answ]s :i* ! que/ions     
!mselves h sugge/$4 ,h y ev] _h a great 
flood8 ,yes4 ,0 any "o sav$8 ,! lead+ "q
 />ts ! inv5tion ( ! savage on a        
,deluge-my?1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 ! idea has  
nev] be=e ent]$ 8 m9d4  ,! la/ is a     
s\rce ( error po9t$ out by ,mr4         
,codr+ton399       99 ,j\rnal ( ,an?rop4
 ,in/1 ,febru>y #ahha4  ,! que/ions ( ! 
,european are a ?read on :i* ! ideas ( !
 native precipitate !mselves4 ,n[1 z    
,european inquir]s are prone to ask mu* 
! same que/ions1 a p :i*1 l "s ,celts & 
savages1 always answ]s yes1 w ev]y:]e   
give mu* ! same answ]s4 ,mr4 ,romilly1 9
 8 book on ! ,we/]n ,pacific199 rem>ks1 
,9 "s p>ts ( ,new ,brita91 if a /rang] 7
 to ask1 ',are !re m5 ) tails 9 !       
m\nta9s8' he w\ld probably be answ]$    

',yes1' t be+ ! answ] :i* ! new ,briton 
7& ! ,nor? ,briton1 too1 v (t57 w\ld    
imag9e 0 expect$ ( him1 & w\ld be mo/   
likely to give satisfaction4 ,! tra9 (  
?\ght 9 8 m9d w\ld be some?+ l ?is1 ',he
 mu/ "k t !re are no su* m51 b he _c h  
ask$ s fooli% a "q )\t an object1 &     
!re=e he wi%es me to say ',yes6' ,(     
c\rse ! fir/ ',yes' leads to _m o!rs1 & 
9 a v %ort "t ev]y?+ is kn[n ab\t ^!    
tail$ m51 & a full acc\nt ( !m is s5t   
home4  ,:at is true ( tail$ m5 applies  
to native answ]s ab\t my?s & cu/oms :5 !
 que/ions are ask$ by p]sons :o h n won 
! confid5ce ( ! p nor discov]$ _! real  
beliefs by long & pati5t obs]vation4    
,?is mu/ be borne 9 m9d :5 mission>ies  
tell u t savages believe 9 "o supreme   
deity1 9 a m$iator1 & ! l1 & x mu/ be   
borne 9 m9d :5 !y tell u t savages h no 
supreme be+ at all4 ,always we mu/ be   
w>y6 ,a v pleas+ example ( inconsi/5cy 9
 reports ab\t ! same race may be f\nd 9 
a comp>ison ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,khonds 9 !  
?irte5? volume ( ! ,royal ,asiatic      

,society ) ! acc\nt giv5 by ,g5]al      
,campbell 9 8 ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 ,!    
inquir] 9 ! =m] case did n "k ! ,khond  
language1 & tru/$ to int]pret]s1 :o 7   
lat] expell$ f ! public s]vice4 ,g5]al  
,campbell1 on ! o!r h&1 believ$ himself 
to possess ! confid5ce ( ! prie/s &     
*iefs1 & 8 description is q diff]5t4 ,9 
cases ( contradictions l ^!1 !          
an?ropologi/ w d well to leave ! subject
 alone1 unless he has v /rong reasons = 
believ+ "o or o!r ( ! cont5d+ witnesses4
       99 ,! ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new     
,gu9ea1 ,london1 #ahhf1 pp4 #c-f4       
9999 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 p4 #ib4  ,we h  
n[ consid]$ ! objections t may be urg$  
aga9/ ! bias ( witnesses4  ,mr4 ,max    
,muell] f\nds ano!r objection on !      
abs5ce ( recognis$ au?orities among     
savages499 ,?is abs5ce ( au?ority is n  
always complete2 ! ,maoris1 = example1 h
 traditional hymns ( great au?ority &   
antiquity4 ,!re are (t5 sacr$ songs &   
cu/oms 7pres]v$ by ! ,r$ ,indians 9     
*ants record$ by picture-writ+ on bir*  

b>k71 & !re always is "s tea*+ f ! mo!rs
 to _! *ildr51 or 9 ! ,my/]ies4 ,all ^!1
 b1 above all1 ! almo/ immutable        
sacr$ness ( cu/om1 are s\rces ( evid5ce4
 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ! /ory ( "o savage in=mant
 may diff] widely f t ( 8 neighb\r4 ,!  
fir/ may be ! black %eep ( ! tribe1 !   
next may be ! sa9t ( ! di/rict4 ,bo?    
w\ld be consid]$ by ,european travell]s 
z unimpea*able au?orities ) reg>d to _! 
religion4 ,?is is too /rongly /at$4 ,ev5
 ! inquir+ squatt] w repose m confid5ce 
9 ! reports ab\t 8 religion ( a black ) 
a dec5t "*1 or ( a black :o has only    
rec5tly mix$ ) :ite m51 ?an 9 ^? ( a    
rum-bibb+ loaf] ab\t up-c\ntry /ations  
or a black pr(essional b[l] on a        
colonial cricket-gr\nd4 ,our be/ evid5ce
 is f l+ui/s :o h be5 initiat$ into !   
secret ,my/]ies4 ,/ill m w mission>ies &
 s*ol>s l ,bleek1 ,hahn1 ,codr+ton1     
,ca/r51 ,gill1 ,callaway1 ,!al1 & ! re/1
 sift & comp>e ! evid5ce ( ! mo/        
tru/wor?y native in=mants4 ,! m]its ( ! 
travell]s we h nam$ z obs]v]s & s*ol>s  

are freely ackn[l$g$ by ,mr4 ,max       
,muell] himself4 ,to _! /atem5ts1 also1 
we c apply ! crit]ion3 ,does ,bleek's   
report f ! ,bu%m5 & ,hott5tots confirm  
,ca/r5's f ! ,f9ns8 ,does ,codr+ton 9   
,melanesia tell ! same tale z ,gill 9   
,mangia or ,!al among ! ,kaffirs8 ,are  
all confirm$ by ,*>levoix1 & ,lafitau1 &
 ,brebeuf1 ! old ,ca?olic apo/les ( !   
,nor? ,am]ican ,indians8 ,if ?is be s1  
!n we may presume t ! inquir]s h manag$ 
to extract true acc\nts f "s ( _! native
 in=mants4 ,! object ( ! inquiry1 (     
c\rse1 is to f9d out1 n :at a few m     
educat$ & noble memb]s ( a tribe may    
?9k1 nor :at "s orig9al speculative ?9k]
 among a l[] race may h work$ out =     
himself1 b to asc]ta9 ! g5]al "* ( !    
ideas mo/ popul> & mo/ widely preval5t  
among backw>d peoples4  ,a ?ird         
objection is t ! prie/s ( savage tribes 
are n unimpea*able au?orities4 ,x is    
po9t$ out t ev5 ,*ri/ian cl]gy h _!     
diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,naturally we expect
 mo/ %ades ( op9ion :]e !re is mo/ k &  

mo/ lib]ty1 b ! lib]ty ( savage         
het]odoxy is v wide inde$4 ,we might    
almo/ say t 7z 9 ! my?ology ( ,greece7  
!re is no or?odox my?ical doctr9e among 
savages4 ,b1 amid/ m9or div]sities1 we h
 f\nd _m ideas :i* are univ]sal bo? 9   
savage & civilis$ my?s4 ,quod semp]1    
quod ubique1 quod ab omnibus4 ,x is on  
?is univ]sal elem5t ( fai?1 n on !      
discrepancies ( local prie/s1 t we mu/  
fix our att5tion4 ,_m a diff]5t t[n 9   
,greece %[$ ! bir?place or tomb ( ?is or
 t deity4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t all     
agre$ 9 decl>+ t ! god 0 born or di$4   
,once m--& ?is is a po9t ( "s importance
 :5 we are told t prie/s diff] f ea* o!r
 9 _! /atem5ts--we mu/ rememb] t ^! v   
diff]5ces are practically univ]sal 9 all
 my?ology1 ev5 9 t ( civilis$ races4    
,?us1 if "o savage au?ority decl>es t m5
 came orig9ally out ( trees1 :ile 8     
fell[-tribesman av]s t ! human race 0   
creat$ out ( clay1 & a ?ird witness     
ma9ta9s t 8 fir/ ance/ors em]g$ f a hole
 9 ! gr\nd1 & a f\r? /&s to x t 8 /ock  

is desc5d$ f a swan or a s]p5t1 & a fif?
 holds t humanity 0 evolv$ f o!r animal 
=ms1 ^! savage /atem5ts appe>           
contradictory4 ,b :5 we f9d 7z we d7    
precisely ! same sort ( contradictions  
ev]y:]e recurr+ among civilis$ peoples1 
9 ,greece1 ,india1 ,egypt1 z well z 9   
,africa1 ,am]ica & ,au/ralia1 !re seems 
no long] any reason to di/ru/ ! v>i\s   
v]sions ( ! my? :i* are giv5 by v>i\s   
prie/s or *iefs4 ,ea* witness is only   
tell+ ! leg5d :i* he has he>d & pref]s1 
& x is precisely ! coexi/5ce ( all ^!   
sep>ate mon/r\s beliefs :i* makes !     
enigma & ! attraction ( my?ology4 ,9    
%ort1 ! discrepancies ( savage my?s are 
n an argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( our   
in=mation on ! topic1 because !         
discrepancies !mselves are repeat$ 9    
civilis$ my?4 ,semp] et ubique1 et ab   
omnibus4 ,to object to ! pres5ce (      
discrepant acc\nts is to object to      
my?ology = be+ my?ological4  ,ano!r     
objection is d]iv$ f ! unwill+ness (    
savages to talk ab\t religion1 & f !    

difficulty ( und]/&+ !m :5 !y d talk (  
x4 ,?is h>dly applies :5 ,europeans are 
initiat$ into savage ,my/]ies4 ,we may  
add a fair example ( ! difficulty (     
le>n+ ab\t ali5 religions4 ,x is giv5 by
 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 son ( an ,inca 
pr9cess1 & a companion ( ,piz>ro499     
99 ,g>cilaaso de la ,vega1 ,royal       
,comm5t>ies1 vol1 i4 #abc4  ,! me?od t  
our ,spani>ds adopt$ 9 writ+ _! hi/ories
 0 to ask ! ,indians 9 ,spani% t\*+ !   
?+s !y want$ to f9d out f !m4 ,^!1 f n  
hav+ a cle> k ( anci5t ?+s1 or f bad    
memories1 told !m wrong1 or mix$ up     
poetical fables ) _! replies4 ,& ! wor/ 
( x 0 t nei!r p>ty _h m ?an a v imp]fect
 k ( ! language ( ! o!r1 s z to und]/& !
 inquiry & to reply to x4444 ,9 ?is     
great confusion1 ! prie/ or layman :o   
ask$ ! que/ions plac$ ! mean+ to !m :i* 
0 ne>e/ to ! desir$ answ]1 or :i* 0 mo/ 
l :at ! ,indian 0 und]/ood to h said4   
,?us !y int]pret$ accord+ to _! pleasure
 or prejudice1 & wrote ?+s d[n z tru?s  
:i* ! ,indians nev] dreamt (4 ,z an     

example ( ^! comp>isons1 ,g>cilasso     
gives ! discov]y ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity
 among ! p ( ,p]u4 ,a s-call$ ,icona 0  
f\nd answ]+ to ! ,fa!r1 a ,son 7,racab7 
& a ,holy ,_s 7,e/rua72 nor 0 ! ,virg9  
lack+1 nor ev5 ,/4 ,anne4 ,all ^! ?+s   
are fictions ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,b no soon] 
has ,g>cilasso rebuk$ ! ,spani>ds & _!  
me?od1 ?an he ha/5s to illu/rate by 8   
own example ano!r difficulty t besets u 
9 our se>* = evid5ce ( my?s4 ,he says1 z
 if x 7 a matt] ( c]ta9 fact1 t         
,tlasolteute1 a k9d ( ,priapus1 god (   
lu/1 & ,ometoctilti1 god ( drunk5ness1 &
 ! god ( murd]1 & ! o!rs1 7 ! names ( m5
 & wom5 :om ! natives ( t l& wor%ipp$ z 
gods & goddesses4 ,?us ,g>cilasso       
euhem]ises audaci\sly1 z also does      
,sahagun 9 8 acc\nt ( ,mexican religion4
 ,we h no "r to assume t gods ( natural 
dep>tm5ts 7any m ?an ,dionysus &        
,priapus & ,ares7 _h once be5 real m5 & 
7 deifi$1 on evid5ce l ! /atem5t (      
,g>cilassp4 ,he is giv+ 8 own euhem]i/ic
 guess z if x 7 matt] ( fact1 & ?is is a

 common cu/om ) ev5 ! m intellig5t ( !  
e>ly mission>ies4  ,ano!r example ( !   
natural difficulty 9 /udy+ ! my?s (     
savages may be tak5 f ,mr4 ,sproat's    
,sc5es ( ,savage ,life 7#ahfh74 ,!re is 
an hone/y & c&\r 9 ,mr4 ,sproat's "w :i*
 by itself seems to cle> ?is witness1 at
 lea/1 ( *>ges ( ha/e or prejudice4 ,!  
religion ( savages1 says ?is inquir]1 is
 a subject z to :i* a travell] might    
easily =m errone\s op9ions1 ow+ to !    
practical difficulty1 ev5 to "o skill$ 9
 ! language1 ( asc]ta9+ ! true nature ( 
_! sup]/itions4 ,?is %ort *apt] is !    
result ( m ?an f\r ye>s' inquiry1 made  
unremitt+ly1 "u fav\rable circum/ances4 
,!re is a con/ant temptation1 f :i* !   
unbiass$ obs]v] _c be q free1 to fill up
 9 "o's m9d1 )\t prop] mat]ial1 ! gap   
betwe5 :at is kn[n ( ! religion ( !     
natives = c]ta91 & ! l>g] less-kn[n     
portion1 :i* c only be guess$ at2 & ,i  
frequ5tly f\nd t1 "u ?is temptation1 ,i 
0 l$ on to =m1 9 my own m9d1 a connect$ 
:ole1 design$ to co9cide ) "s +5i\s !ory

 :i* ,i might wi% to be true4 ,g5]ally  
speak+1 x is necess>y1 ,i ?9k1 to view )
 suspicion any v regul> acc\nt giv5 by  
travell]s ( ! religion ( savages4 7,yet 
we h se5 ! abs5ce ( regul>ity1 !        
diff]5ces ( op9ion among prie/s1 object$
 to by ,mr4 ,max ,muell] z a pro( ( !   
untru/wor?y nature ( our evid5ce47 ,!   
real religi\s notions ( savages _c be   
sep>at$ f ! vague & un=m$1 z well z     
be/ial & grotesque1 my?ology ) :i* !y   
are int]mix$4 ,! fa9t /ruggl+ ef=ts (   
our natures 9 s e>ly or s little advanc$
 a /age ( moral & intellectual          
cultivation c produce only a m$ley (    
op9ions & beliefs1 n to be dignifi$ by !
 epi!t religi\s1 :i* are held loosely by
 ! p !mselves1 & are nei!r v easily     
discov]$ nor expla9$4 ,:5 we came to    
civilis$ my?ologies1 we f\nd t !y also  
are be/ial & grotesque1 loosely held1 & 
a m$ley ( op9ions & beliefs 4  ,mr4     
,sproat 0 two ye>s among ! ,ahts1 ) 8   
m9d con/antly direct$ to ! subject ( _! 
religi\s beliefs1 be=e he c\ld discov] t

 !y _h any su* beliefs at all4 ,trad]s  
assur$ him t !y _h none4 ,he f\nd t !   
,ahts 7 fond ( my/ification & ( sells2  
&1 9 %ort1 ?is inquir]1 liv+ ) ! ,ahts l
 an ,aht1 disc\nt$ e sort ( circum/ance 
:i* c\ld invalidate 8 /atem5t ( _!      
my?s499       99 ,pp4 #bjc-bje4  ,n[1 :5
 we f9d ,mr4 ,codr+ton tak+ ! same      
precautions 9 ,melanesia1 & :5 8 acc\nt 
( ,melanesian my?s reads l a close copy 
( ,mr4 ,sproat's acc\nt ( ,aht leg5ds1 &
 :5 bo? are corroborat$ by ! collections
 ( ,bleek1 & ,hahn1 & ,gill1 & ,ca/r51 &
 ,e9k1 9 f> di/ant corn]s ( ! _w1 :ile !
 mod]n te/imony ( ^! s*ol>ly m5 is 9    
h>mony ) t ( ! old ,jesuit mission>ies1 
& ( untaught adv5tur]s :o h liv$ = _m   
ye>s ) savages1 surely x w be admitt$ t 
! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ savage op9ion   
has be51 to a great ext5t1 ov]come4 ,if 
all ! evid5ce be wrong1 ! co9cid5ces ( !
 witnesses ) ea* o!r & ( ! savage my?s  
!y report ) ! my?s ( ,greeks & ,aryans (
 ,india w be no less ?an a miracle4  ,we
 h n[ exam9$ ! objections urg$ aga9/ a  

sy/em f\nd$ on ! comp>ative /udy (      
savage my?s4 ,x _c be said ( u 7z x has 
be5 said ( ,de ,brosses71 t :atev] we   
f9d 9 ! voyages ( sailors & trad]s is   
welcome to u2 t we h a !ory to def5d1 & 
:atev] seems to support x is sure to be 
true4 ,our evid5ce is bas$1 to a v great
 ext5t1 on ! communications (           
mission>ies :o are ackn[l$g$ to be      
s*ol>ly & sob] m54 ,x is confirm$ by o!r
 evid5ce1 ,ca?olic1 ,diss5t+1 pagan1    
sci5tific1 & by ! reports ( illit]ate   
m51 unbiass$ by sci5ce1 & little biass$ 
by religion4  ,b we h n yet exhau/$ our 
evid5ce1 nor _h rec\rse to our ultimate 
crit]ion4 ,t evid5ce1 t crit]ion1 is    
d]iv$ f ! /udy ( comp>ative in/itutions1
 ( comp>ative ritual1 ( comp>ative law1 
& ( comp>ative cu/oms4 ,9 ! widely      
diffus$ rites & in/itutions :i* express 
!mselves 9 actual practice we h sure    
evid5ce = ! ideas on :i* ! cu/oms are   
f\nd$4 ,= example1 if a man pays away 8 
wampum1 or 8 yams1 or 8 arr[-heads to a 
magician = pr(essional s]vices1 x foll[s

 t he does believe 9 magic4 ,if he puts 
to dea? a tribesman = ! s9 ( m>ry+ a    
woman to :om he 0 only ak9 by virtue (  
common desc5t f ! same bea/ or plant1 x 
seems to foll[ t he does believe 9      
desc5t f & k9%ip ) plants & bea/s4 ,if  
he buries food & valuable weapons ) 8   
dead1 x foll[s t he does1 or t 8 fa!rs  
did1 believe 9 ! cont9u$ life ( ! dead4 
,at ! v lea/1 9 all ?ree cases ! man is 
act+ on :at mu/ once h be5 actual       
beliefs1 ev5 if ! consequ5t practices be
 /ill 9 =ce only ?r\gh cu/om1 aft] !    
real fai? has dw9dl$ away4 ,?us !       
belief1 pa/ or pres5t1 9 c]ta9 op9ions c
 be d$uc$ f actual practices1 j z we may
 d$uce f our own ,coronation ,s]vice !  
fact t oil1 ano9t$ on a man's head by a 
prie/1 0 once believ$ to h a my/]i\s    
efficacy1 or ! fact t a c]ta9 r\gh block
 ( r$ s&-/one 0 once suppos$ to h "s k9d
 ( sacr$ness4 ,( all ^! s\rces (        
evid5ce1 none is m valuable ?an !       
te/imony ( ritual4 ,a mom5t's reflection
 w %[ t ritual1 among any p1 wild or    

civilis$1 is n a ?+ easily alt]$4 ,if we
 take ! savage1 8 ritual consi/s ma9ly (
 ! magical rites by :i* he hopes to     
con/ra9 8 gods to answ] 8 pray]s1 ?\gh  
he may also reveal to ! neophyte ,our   
,fa!r4 ,if we exam9e ! ,greeks1 we      
discov] ! same elem5t 9 su* rites z !   
,attic ,!smophoria1 ! tor*-dance (      
,demet]1 ! ra9mak+ on ! ,arcadian ,m\nt 
,lycaeus1 ) _m o!r examples4 ,mean:ile !
 old hea!n ritual survives 9 ,europe z  
rural folklore1 & we c ?us display a *a9
 ( evid5ce1 f savage magic to ,greek    
ritual1 ) ! folklore ( ,g]many1 ,france1
 ,eussia & ,scotl& = ! l9k betwe5 ^! &  
our own "t4 ,?is is almo/ our be/       
evid5ce = ! anci5t idea ab\t gods & _!  
s]vice4 ,f ! evid5ce ( in/itutions1 !n1 
! evid5ce ( reports may be supplem5t$4  
,! direct te/imony1 z ,m4 ,d>me/et]     
says1 heureusem5t peut-etre supplee p>  
le temoignage indirect1 celui qui porte 
sur les usages1 les c\tumes1 l'ordre    
ext]ieur de la vie1 ev]y?+ t %[s u      
religi\s fai? embodi$ 9 action4 ,n[ ^!  

actions1 also1 are only atte/$ by !     
reports ( travell]s1 mission>ies &      
hi/orians4 ,b x is comp>atively easy to 
describe correctly :at is done1 mu* m   
easy ?an to discov] :at is ?\ght4 ,yet x
 w be f\nd t ! direct evid5ce (         
in/itutions corroborates ! less direct  
evid5ce z to ?\ght & op9ion4 ,?us an    
uncommonly /rong texture ( te/imony is  
wov5 by ! co9cid5ce ( evid5ce1 direct & 
indirect1 anci5t & mod]n1 ( le>n$ &     
unle>n$ m51 ( ,ca?olics1 ,prote/ants1   
pagans & sceptics4 ,:at c be said aga9/ 
t evid5ce we h he>d4 ,we h exam9$ !     
objections bas$ on ! influ5ce ( public  
op9ion on travell]s1 on ! abs5ce (      
recognis$ au?orities among savages1 on !
 discrepancies ( ! au?orities :o are    
recognis$1 on ! unwill+ness ( savages to
 talk ( _! religion1 & on ! difficulty (
 und]/&+ !m :5 !y d talk ( x4  ,b aft]  
all[+ = all ^! drawbacks 7z e           
an?ropologi/ wor?y ( ! "n w1 9 ea* case1
 all[71 we h %[n t !re does rema9 a body
 ( co9cid5t evid5ce1 ( au?ority1 n[     

le>n$ & critical1 n[ uncritical &       
unle>n$1 :i* _c be set aside z extremely
 untru/wor?y4 ,?is au?ority is accept$ 9
 que/ions ( ! evolution ( art1 politics1
 h&icraft2 :y n 9 que/ions ( religion8  
,x is usually evid5ce giv5 by m5 :o did 
n see its t5d5cy or "k its value4 ,a    
*ance ^w 9 ! ,v$a %[s u t a savage po9t 
( m>riage etiquette 0 kn[n to ! poet4 ,a
 sne] ( ,!ophra/us1 a d5unciation (     
,ezekiel1 an anecdote ( ,h]odotus1      
reveal to u ! practices ( contempor>y   
savages z !y exi/$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago     
among races savage or civilis$4 ,a      
travell]'s tale ( ,melville or ,m&eville
 proves to be no m]e y>n1 b completes ! 
evid5ce = ! exi/5ce 9 ,asia or !        
,m>quesas ,isl&s ( belief & rites prov$ 
to occur 9 ,europe or ,india4  ,su* is !
 nature ( ! evid5ce = savage ideas1 & = 
_! survivals 9 civilisation2 & ! am\nt (
 ! evid5ce is be/ kn[n to him :o has to 
plod ?r\gh tracts1 hi/ories & mission>y 
reports4