,books by ,br&] ,mat!ws ,,biographies ,%aksp]e z a ,playwright ,moli]e1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,works ,,essays ,,& ,,criticisms ,fr5* ,dramati/s ( ! #ai? ,c5tury ,p5 & ,ink1 ,essays on subjects ( m or less importance ,aspects ( ,fiction1 & o!r ,essays ,! ,hi/orical ,novel1 & o!r ,essays ,p>ts ( ,spee*1 ,essays on ,engli% ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,drama ,inquiries & ,op9ions ,! ,am]ican ( ! ,future1 & o!r ,essays ,gateways to ,lit]ature1 & o!r ,essays ,on ,act+ ,a ,book ,ab\t ! ,!at] ,a ,,book ,,ab\t ,,! ,,!at] ,illu/ration ,,le ,,ballet ,,de ,,la ,,re9e ,a ,,fr5* ,,c\rt ,,ballet ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,sev5te5? ,,c5tury ,a ,,book ,,ab\t ,,! ,,!at] ,,by ,,br&] ,,mat!ws ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,dramatic ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,academy ,,( ,,arts ,,& ,,lett]s ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiaf ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aiaf ,illu/ration ,,to ,,augu/us ,,?omas ,,my ,,de> ,,augu/us3 ,let me beg9 by confess+ my regret t ,i _c ov]he> y\r fir/ rem>k :5 y receive ?is %eaf ( essays1 _m ( :i* are devot$ to ! subord9ate subdivisions ( ! art ( ! /age4 ,z x is1 ,i c only imag9e y\r surprise at discov]+ t ?is book1 :i* conta9s pap]s deal+ ) c]ta9 aspects ( ! !at] r>ely consid]$ to be wor?y ( criticism1 is sign$ by ! occupant ( ! e>lie/ *air to be e/abli%$ 9 any ,am]ican univ]sity specifically = ! /udy ( dramatic lit]ature4 ,i fancy ,i c he> ! expression ( y\r wond] t a sexag5>ian pr(essor %\ld turn aside f 8 au/]e analysis ( ! g5ius ( ,sophocles & ( ,%aksp]e1 ( ,moli]e & ( ,ibs51 to discuss ! m9or arts ( ! danc] & ! acrobat1 to *att] ab\t ! conjur] & ! negro m9/rel1 to consid] ! pr9ciples ( pantomime & ! developm5t ( sc5e-pa9t+4 ,b ,i am embold5$ to hope t y\r surprise w be only mom5t>y1 & t y w be mov$ to ackn[l$ge t p]haps !re may be "s advantage to be d]iv$ f ^! deviations into ! by-pa?s ( /age hi/ory4 ,y are r multif>i\s y\rself2 l ,c]b]us1 y are ?ree g5tlem5 at once2 y h be5 a report]1 y h publi%$ a novel1 y h pa9t$ pictures1 y h deliv]$ addresses--& y write plays1 too4 ,i ?9k t y1 at lea/1 w readily und]/& h[ a /ud5t ( ! /age may l to /ray n[ & aga9 f ! ma9 road & to ramble away f ! l(ty temple ( dramatic art to loit] = a little :ile 9 "o or ano!r ( its less] *apels4 ,& y1 aga91 w appreciate my conviction t ^! loit]+s & ^! /roll+s may be z pr(itable z t casual br[s+ ab\t 9 a libr>y :i* is likely to enri* our memories ) n a little int]e/+ in=mation t we might nev] h captur$ _h we adh]$ to a rigor\s & rigid c\rse ( /udy4 ,y w see :at ,i mean :5 ,i decl>e my belief t ,i h come back f ^! w&]+s ) an increas$ und]/&+ ( ! !ory ( ! !at]1 & ) an enl>g$ acqua9tance ) its manifold manife/ations4 ,p]haps ,i ought to expla91 fur!rmore1 t ^! excursions into ! purlieus ( ! playh\se began long1 long ago4 ,i gave a ,pun* & ,judy %[ be=e ,i 0 sixte52 ,i p]=m$ exp]im5ts 9 magic1 ,i black$ up z ,tambo1 ,i :it5$ myself z ,cl[n1 ,i play$ ! l[-com$y "p 9 a f>ce1 & ,i attempt$ ! fly+ trapeze be=e ,i 0 tw5ty2 & ,i 0 n enc\rag$ by ! result ( ^! e>ly exp]i5ces to repeat any ( ! exp]im5ts aft] ,i came ( age4 ,i ?9k x 0 z a sp9n] ( hats & z ! und]man ( a bro!rs' act t ,i came ne>e/ to success2 at lea/ ,i inf] ?is f ! fact--may ,i m5tion x )\t seem+ to boa/8--t ) my p>tn]s 9 ?is bro!rs' act1 ,i 0 ask$ if ,i w\ld c>e to accept an engagem5t ) a circus = ! summ]4 ,z to ! m]its ( ! o!r ef=ts ,i ne$ say no?+ n[2 ! re/ is sil5ce4 ,:5 ! cynic decl>$ t ! critics 7 ^? :o _h fail$ 9 lit]ature & art1 he ov]/at$ 8 case1 z is ! cu/om ( cynics4 ,b x is an indisputable advantage = any critic to h adv5tur$ himself 9 ! practise ( ! art to ! discussion ( :i* he is to devote himself2 he may h fail$1 or at lea/ he may n h succe$$ z he c\ld wi%2 b he ought to h ga9$ a firm] grasp on ! pr9ciples ( ! art ?an he w\ld h _h if he _h nev] risk$ himself 9 ! va9 ef=t4 ,) ?is brief ^w ( p]sonal explanation ,i /ep d[n f ! plat=m ( ! preface to let ^! v>i\s essays speak = !mselves4 ,if !y h any message ( any value1 ,i feel assur$ 9 advance t y\r fri5dly e> w be ! fir/ to int]pret x4 ,& ,i rema91 ,ev] y\rs1 ,,br&] ,,mat!ws4 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,,9 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,%[ ,,bus9ess #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,/age #ag ,,iii4 ,a ,,moral ,,f ,a ,,toy ,,!at] #cg ,,iv4 ,,:y ,,five ,,acts8 #ee ,v4 ,,dramatic ,,collaboration #gg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,dramatization ,,( ,,novels ,,& ,,! ,,novelization ,,( ,,plays #ic ,,vii4 ,,wom5 ,,dramati/s #aaa ,,viii4 ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sc5e-,,pa9t+ #abg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,op]a #aec ,x4 ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,dance #afi ,,xi4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,pantomime #ahe ,,xii4 ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,acrobat #bja ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,negro-,,m9/relsy #bag ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,v>iety-,,%[ #bce ,,xv4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,mod]n ,,magic #bea ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,lam5table ,,trag$y ,,( ,,pun* ,,& ,,judy #bga ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,puppet-,,play1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t #bhg ,,xviii4 ,,%ad[-,,pantomime1 ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,mod]n ,,improvem5ts #cjc ,,xix4 ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,dramatic ,,criticism #cai ,,illu/rations ,le ballet de la re9e ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,upp] half ( ,plate ,no4 #a1 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' #dj ,a gr\p ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s f ,pollock's juv5ile drama1 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' #db ,explosion ( ! mill4 ,a back drop 9 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' #df ,plate ,no4 #g1 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' #dh ,l[] half ( ,plate ,no4 #e1 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' #eb ,! ,roman ,!at] at ,orange #acd ,! multiple set ( ! ,fr5* m$ieval /age #acd ,! set ( ! ,italian com$y ( masks #acd ,an outdoor ent]ta9m5t 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury #acf ,! set = ! op]a ( ',p]see' 7z p]=m$ at ! ,op]a 9 ,p>is 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury7 #adj ,a prison 7design$ by ,bibi5a 9 ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury7 #adj ,! scre5 sc5e ( ! ',s*ool = ,sc&al' at ,drury ,lane 9 #aggh #add ,a l&scape set #adf ,a set = ! op]a ( ',rob]t le ,diable' #adf ,! set ( ! la/ act ( ! ',g>d5 ( ,allah' #adh ,a set = ',m$ea' #adh ,! set ( ',o,edipe-,roi' 7at ! ,!atre ,francais7 #aej ,! set ( ! ',return ( ,pet] ,grimm' #aej ,sc5es f ,pun* & ,judy #bgd ,sc5es f ,pun* & ,judy 7cont9u$7 #bgf ,roman puppets4 ,greek & ,roman puppets4 ,puppet ( ,java #bij ,a ,sicilian m>ionette %[ #bib ,a ,belgian puppet4 ,a ,*9ese puppet !at]4 ,puppet figure repres5t+ ! y\ng] ,coquel9 #bid ,puppets 9 ,burma #bif ,! puppet play ( ,ma/] ,pet] 7,italian7 #bif ,a ,neapolitan ,pun*9ella #cjj ,! brok5 bridge4 ,plan %[+ ! con/ruction ( a %ad[-picture !at]4 ,a ,hung>ian danc] 7a %ad[ picture7 #cjh ,%ad[ ,pictures4 ,! return f ! ,bois de ,b\logne4 ,! ballet4 ,a regim5t ( ,fr5* soldi]s #caj ,%ad[ ,picture4 ,! ,sph9x ,i3 ,ph>aoh pass+ 9 triumph #cab ,%ad[ ,picture4 ,! ,sph9x ,,ii3 ,moses lead+ 8 p out ( ,egypt #cad ,%ad[ ,picture4 ,! ,sph9x ,,iii3 ,roman w>riors 9 ,egypt #caf ,%ad[ ,picture4 ,! ,sph9x ,,iv3 ,! ,briti% troops to-day #cah ,i ,,! ,,%[ ,,bus9ess ,,! ,,%[ ,,bus9ess ,i ,at an int]e/+ mom5t 9 ,disraeli's picturesque c>e] 9 ,briti% politics he indulg$ 9 "o ( 8 /rik+ly spectacul> effects1 9 accord ) 8 *>act]i/ic me?od ( boldly />tl+ ! some:at sluggi% imag9ation ( 8 insul> c\ntrym52 & 9 ! next week's issue ( ,pun* !re 0 a c>toon by ,t5niel reflect+ ! g5]al op9ion 9 reg>d to 8 !atrical audacity4 ,he 0 repres5t$ z ,artemus ,w>d1 frankly confess+ t ,i h no pr9ciples2 ,i'm 9 ! %[ bus9ess4 ,! c>toon 0 good-humor$ en\gh1 z ,pun*'s c>toons usually are2 b x 0 n exactly complim5t>y4 ,x 0 int5d$ to voice ! vague di/ru/ felt by ! ,briti% p t[>d a lead] :o did n scrupul\sly avoid e possible opportunity to be dramatic4 ,& yet e /atesman :o 0 himself possess$ ( con/ructive imag9ation1 & :o 0 !re=e anxi\s to /ir ! imag9ations ( ^? he 0 lead+1 has laid himself op5 to ! same *>ge4 ,burke1 = "o1 0 accus$ ( be+ frankly !atrical2 & ,napoleon1 ! *ild ( t ,fr5* ,revolution :i* ,burke combat$ ) undy+ vigor1 nev] hesitat$ to employ k9dr$ devices4 ,:5 ,napoleon took ! ,imp]ial ,cr[n f ! h&s ( ! ,pope to place x on 8 own head1 & :5 ,burke ca/ ! dagg]s on ! floor ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 !y 7 bo? prov+ t !y 7 9 ! %[ bus9ess4 ,s 0 ,julius ,caes> :5 he ?rice ?ru/ aside ! k+ly cr[n2 & s 0 ,fr$]ick on m ?an "o occasion4 ,ev5 ,lu!r did n %r9k f ! spectacul> if t c\ld s]ve 8 purpose1 z :5 he nail$ 8 !ses to ! door ( ! *ur*4 ,if ! /atesm5 h n[ & aga9 act$ z ?o !y 7 9 ! %[ bus9ess1 we ne$ n be surpris$ to discov] t ! dramati/s h done x ev5 m (t51 9 accord ) _! m intimate relation to ! !at]4 ,no "o w\ld d5y t ,s>d\ & ,b\cicault 7 %[m51 ) a p]fect ma/]y ( e trick ( ! %[man's trade4 ,b ?is is almo/ equally true ( ! supreme lead]s ( dramatic art1 ,sophocles1 ,%aksp]e1 & ,moli]e4 ,! great ,greek1 ! great ,engli%man1 & ! great ,fr5*man1 h[ev] mu* !y might diff] 9 _! aims & 9 _! accompli%m5ts1 7 alike 9 ! avidity ) :i* !y avail$ !mselves ( e spectacul> device possible to _! respective !at]s4 ,! op5+ passage ( ',o,edipus ! ,k+1' :5 ! *orus appeals to ! sovran to remove ! curse t hangs ov] ! city1 is z pot5t on ! eye z on ! e>4 ,! wit*es & ! gho/ 9 ',macbe?1' ! s+le combats & ! bloody battles t embelli% _m ( ,%aksp]e's plays are utilizations ( ! spectacul> possibilities exi/+ 9 t ,elizabe?an playh\se1 :i* has seem$ to "s hi/orians ( ! drama to be necess>ily b>e ( all appeal to ! s5ses4 ,& 9 8 ',amphitryon' ,moli]e has a succession ( purely me*anical effects 7a god rid+ ^u an eagle1 = example1 & desc5d+ f ! sky7 :i* are anticipations ( ! m elaborate & complicat$ trans=mation sc5es ( ! ',black ,crook' & ! ',:ite ,fawn4' ,at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! two ma/]s ( ! /age 7 ,ibs5 & ,wagn]1 & bo? ( !m 7 9 ! %[ bus9ess--,wagn] m op5ly & m frequ5tly ?an ,ibs54 ,yet ! /]n ,sc&9avian did n disda9 to employ an avalan*e 9 ',:5 ,we ,dead ,awak51' & to introduce a highly pictorial %awl dance = ! h]o9e ( 8 ',doll's ,h\se4' ,z = ,wagn]1 he 0 incessant 9 8 se>* = ! spectacul>1 insi/+ t ! music-drama 0 ! art-"w ( ! future1 s9ce ! libretti/-compos] c\ld call to 8 aid all ! o!r arts1 & c\ld make ^! arts contribute to ! total effect ( ! op]a4 ,he con=m$ 8 practise to 8 pr9ciples1 & z a result !re is sc>cely any "o ( 8 music-dramas :i* is n enri*$ by a mo/ elaborate sc5ic accompanim5t4 ,! =g+ ( ! sword1 ! ride ( ! ,valkyries1 ! swimm+ ( ! s++ ,rh9emaid5s1 are only a few ( ! novel & />tl+ effects :i* he introduc$ into 8 op]as2 & 9 8 la/ "w1 ',p>sival1' ! purely spectacul> elem5t is at lea/ z ample & z v>i$ z any t c be f\nd 9 a ,p>isian fairy-play or 9 a ,london ,*ri/mas pantomime4 ,& :at is ! ',blue ,bird' ( ,m4 ,maet]l9ck1 ! philosoph]-poet1 :o is also a playwright1 b a fairy-play on ! model ( ^? long popul> 9 ,p>is1 ! ',pi$ de ,m\ton1' & ! ',bi*e au ,bois'8 ,x has a mean+ & a purpose lack+ 9 its empti] pr$ecessors2 b its me?od is ! same z t ( ! un9spir$ manufactur]s ( ^! spectacul> pieces4 ,,ii ,x is n )\t significance t our newspap]s1 :i* h a ke5 und]/&+ ( ! public ta/e1 are 9 ! habit ( comm5t+ ^u ent]ta9m5ts ( ! mo/ div]se nature "u ! g5]al head+ ( ,amusem5ts4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ?is ent]ta9m5t is pr(f]$ by ,b>num & ,bailey1 or by ,web] & ,fields1 by ,sophocles or by ,ibs51 by ,%aksp]e or by ,moli]e1 by ,wagn] or by ,gilb]t & ,sullivan1 x is gr\p$ ) ! re/ ( ! amusem5ts4 ,& ?is is n s illogical z x may seem1 s9ce ! prim>y purpose ( all ! arts is to ent]ta91 ev5 if e art has also to a*ieve its own second>y aim4 ,"s ( ^! ent]ta9m5ts make _! appeal to ! intellect1 "s to ! emotions1 & "s only to ! n]ves1 to our reli% = %e] excitem5t & = brute s5sation2 b ea* ( !m 9 its own way seeks1 fir/ ( all1 to ent]ta94 ,!y are1 e "o ( !m1 to be includ$ 9 ! %[ bus9ess4 ,?is is a po9t ( view :i* is r>ely tak5 by ^? :o are accu/om$ to consid] ! drama only 9 its lit]>y aspects1 & :o l to ?9k ( ! dramatic poet z a remote & seclud$ arti/1 scornful ( all adv5titi\s assi/ance1 seek+ to express 8 own vision ( ! univ]se1 & int5t *iefly1 if n solely1 on portray+ ! human s\l4 ,& yet ?is po9t ( view ne$s to be tak5 by e "o :o wi%es to und]/& ! drama z an art1 = ! drama is inextricably b\nd up ) ! %[ bus9ess1 & to sep>ate ! two is simply impossible4 ,! !at] is almo/ inf9itely v>i\s1 & ! diff]5t k9ds ( ent]ta9m5t possible 9 x _c be %>ply di/+ui%$1 s9ce !y %ade into ea* o!r by almo/ imp]ceptible gradations4 ,only n[ & aga9 c we seize a specim5 t completely con=ms to any "o ( ! sev]al types into :i* we !oretically classify ! multiple manife/ations ( ! drama4 ,buffalo ,bill's ,wild ,we/ & ,b>num & ,bailey's ,greate/ ,%[ on ,e>? might seem1 at fir/ sight1 to /& absolutely outside ! !at]4 ,b x is impossible n to p]ceive ! close k9%ip betwe5 ! program ( ! ,b>num & ,bailey %[ & ! program ( ! ,new ,york ,hippodrome1 s9ce !y h ! circus 9 common4 ,at ! ,hippodrome1 h[ev]1 we h at lea/ a rudim5t>y play ) actual dialog & ) abundant songs & dances execut$ by a *>g+ squadron ( *orus-girls2 & 9 ?is aspect its spectacle is curi\sly simil> to ! nondescript m$ley :i* is popul>ly designat$ z a summ] song-%[4 ,n[1 ! summ] song-%[ is fir/ c\s9 to ! s-call$ ,am]ican comic op]a--s diff]5t f ! ,fr5* op]a comique4 ,ev5 if x has n[ fall5 ^u evil days1 ?is ,am]ican comic op]a is a y\ng] si/] ( ! sp>kl+ ballad-op]a ( ,gilb]t & ,sullivan1 & ( ! exhil>at+ op]a b\ffe ( ,(f5ba*1 ) its libretto by ,meilhac & ,halevy4 ,we _c fail to p]ceive t ! librettos ( ,gilb]t & ( ,meilhac & ,halevy are admirable 9 !mselves1 t !y w\ld please ev5 )\t ! music ( ,sullivan & ,(f5ba*1 & t !y are truly com$ies ( a k9d4 ,t is to say1 ! books ( ',pati5ce' & ',p9a=e' d n diff] widely 9 me?od or 9 purpose f ,gilb]t's non-musical play ',engag$'2 & ! books ( ! ',vie ,p>isi5ne' & ! ',diva' d n diff] widely f ,meilhac & ,halevy's non-musical play1 ',trico*e et ,cacolet4' ',engag$' & ',trico*e et ,cacolet' are f>ces or light com$ies1 & we f9d t x is n easy to draw a /rict l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 light com$ies ( ?is sort & com$ies ( a m elevat$ type4 ,gilb]t 0 also ! au?or ( ',swee!>ts1' & ( ',*>ity1' & ,meilhac & ,halevy 7 also ! au?ors ( ',fr\fr\4' ,/ill m difficult w\ld x be to sep>ate %>ply plays l ',*>ity' & ',fr\fr\' f ! social dramas ( ,p9]o & ,ibs51 ! ',b5efit ( ! ,d\bt1' = in/ance1 & ! ',doll's ,h\se4' ,sometimes ^! social dramas /iff5 into actual trag$y1 ! ',second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay1' = example1 & ',gho/s4' ,& m ?an "o critic has dwelt ^u ! /ructural lik5ess ( ! somb] & au/]e ',gho/s' ( ,ibs5 to ! elevat$ & noble ',o,edipus ! ,k+' ( ,sophocles1 ev5 if ! ,greek play is full ( a s]5] poetry & *>g$ ) a deep] message4 ,x is a f> cry f ,buffalo ,bill's ,wild ,we/ to ! ',o,edipus' ( ,sophocles2 b !y are only opposite ends ( a long *a9 :i* b9ds toge!r ! het]og5e\s m$ley ( s-call$ amusem5ts4 ,9 ! eyes ( e obs]v] ) insight into actual conditions1 ! %[ bus9ess be>s an obvi\s resemblance to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 t x is a va/ t]ritory divid$ into contigu\s ,/ates1 (t5 difficult to b\nd ) precision2 &1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! %[ bus9ess is1 9 ! words ( ,web/]1 "o & indivisible1 n[ & =ev]4 ,!re is indisputable pr(it = e /ud5t ( ! art ( ! /age 9 a frank recognition ( ! fact t dramatic lit]ature is inextricably associat$ ) ! %[ bus9ess1 & ! wid] & deep] 8 acqua9tance ) ! ramifications ( ! %[ bus9ess1 ! bett] fitt$ he is to und]/& c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature4 ,any consid]ation ( dramatic lit]ature1 ap>t f ! actual conditions ( p]=mance1 ap>t f ! special !at] = :i* any giv5 play 0 compos$1 & to ! conditions ( :i* x _h1 p]=ce1 to con=m1 is b\nd to be "o-sid$1 n to say /]ile4 ,! ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature 7 all ( !m writt5 to be p]=m$ by actors1 9 a !at]1 & be=e an audi5ce4 ,& ^! ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature :i* we n[ analyze ) rev]5ce1 7 all ( !m imm$iately successful :5 repres5t$ by ! p]=m]s = :om !y 7 writt51 & 9 ! playh\ses to ! conditions ( :i* !y _h be5 adju/$4 ,x is pa9fully difficult = ! purely lit]>y critic to recognize ! inexorable fact t !re are no truly great plays :i* fail$ to please ! contempor>y spectators = ^: delight !y 7 devis$4 ,_m ( ! plays :i* w9 success f "t to "t1 inde$1 mo/ ( !m1 a*ieve only a fleet+ vogue2 !y lack ! elem5t ( p]man5ce2 !y h only !atrical effectiv5ess2 & !y are devoid ( abid+ dramatic value4 ,b ! truly great dramas e/abli%$ !mselves fir/ on ! /age2 & aft]w>d !y also reveal$ ! solid qualities :i* we dem& 9 ! /udy4 ,!y )/ood1 fir/ ( all1 ! ordeal by fire be=e ! footlights ( ! !at]1 & !y 7 able !reaft] also to resi/ ! t\*/one ( "t 9 ! libr>y4 ,:5 an academic inve/igator into ! arid annals ( dogmatic disquisition ab\t ! drama 0 ra% en\gh to ass]t t1 f ! /&po9t ( ! hi/ory ( culture1 ! !at] is only "o1 & a v insignificant "o1 ( all ! influ5ces t h gone to make up dramatic lit]ature1 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*] promptly po9t$ out t ?is 0 j ab\t z reasonable z to decl>e t ! sea is only "o1 & a v insignificant "o1 among ! influ5ces t h gone to ! mak+ ( %ips4 ,x is true1 ,mr4 ,ar*] admitt$1 t !re are model %ips & %ips built = tra9+ purposes on dry l&2 b !y all m or less closely imitate sea-go+ vessels1 & if !y did n1 we %\ld n call !m %ips at all4444 ,! %ip-build]1 9 plann+ 8 craft1 mu/ "k :at dep?s ( wat]--be x riv]1 lake1 or ocean--%e w h to ply 91 :at conditions ( w9d & wea!r %e may reckon ^u enc\nt]+1 & :at spe$ w be dem&$ ( h] if %e is to fulfil ! purpose = :i* %e is de/9$4444 ,! !at]--! actual build+1 ) its dim5sions1 /ructure1 & sc5ic appliances--is ! dramati/'s sea4 ,& ! audi5ce provides ! wea!r4 ,,iii ,s9ce ! drama is irrevocably relat$ to ! !at]1 all ! v>i$ ramifications ( ! %[ bus9ess h _! int]e/ & _! significance = /ud5ts ( ! /age4 ,x is n too mu* to say t !re is no =m ( ent]ta9m5t1 h[ev] humble & h[ev] remote f lit]ature1 :i* may n supply a useful h9t or two1 n[ & aga91 to ! hi/orian ( ! drama4 ,= example1 few ?+s w\ld seem f>!r ap>t ?an ! lam5table trag$y ( ,pun* & ,judy & ! s\l-/irr+ plays ( ! ,a!nian dramatic poets2 & yet !re is m ?an "o po9t ( contact betwe5 ^! two p]=mances4 ,an al]t obs]v] ( a ,pun*-&-,judy %[ 9 ! /reets ( ,london c get help f x = ! elucidation ( a problem or two :i* may h puzzl$ him 9 8 ef=t to und]/& ! peculi>ities ( ,attic trag$y4 ,mr4 ,pun*'s wood5 head1 = example1 has ! same un*ang+ expression :i* *>act]iz$ ! t[]+ masks worn by ! ,a!nian p]=m]s4 ,9 l mann] a nondescript hodgepodge ( funny episodes1 int]sp]s$ ) songs & dances1 su* z ,web] & ,fields us$ to pres5t 9 ,new ,york1 may be utiliz$ to %$ light on ! lyrical-burlesques ( ,ari/ophanes z ^! 7 p]=m$ 9 ,a!ns m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,p]haps ev5 a ?ird in/ance ( ?is possibility ( expla9+ ! glori\s pa/ by ! humble pres5t may n be out ( place4 ,a few ye>s ago ,edw>d ,h>rigan put toge!r a v>iety-%[ sket*1 call$ ! ',mulligan ,gu>ds1' & its success enc\rag$ him to develop x into a little comic drama call$ ! ',mulligan ,gu>ds' ,picnic1' :i* 0 ! e>lie/ ( a succession ( f>cical /udies ( t5em5t-h\se life 9 ,new ,york1 culm9at+ at la/ 9 a ?ree-act com$y1 entitl$ ',squatt] ,sov]eignty4' ,9 ?is s]ies ( humor\s pieces ,h>rigan set be=e u a wide v>iety ( types ( "*1 ,iri%m5 ( all sorts1 ,g]mans & ,italians1 negroes & ,*9am51 z ^! are comm+l$ 9 ! melt+-pot ( ! cosmopolitan metropolis4 ,^! humor\s pieces 7 ! result ( a spontane\s evolution1 & _! au?or 0 :olly innoc5t ( any acqua9tance ) ! ,lat9 drama4 ,& yet1 z x happ5$1 ,h>rigan 0 do+ = ! t5em5t-h\se population ( ,new ,york v mu* :at ,plautus _h done = ! t5em5t-h\se population ( ,rome4 ,a famili>ity ) ! plays ( ! ,lat9 playwright c\ld n b increase our appreciation ( ! amus+ pieces ( ! ,iri%-,am]ican sket*-writ]2 & a famili>ity ) ! comic dramas ( ,h>rigan c\ld n fail to be ( imm$iate assi/ance to u 9 our desire to und]/& ! remote life :i* ,plautus 0 deal+ )4 ,! plays ( ! ,roman dramati/ 7 delib]ately adapt$ f ! ,greek1 & !y !re=e _h an av[$ly lit]>y s\rce1 :]eas ! imm$iate orig9 ( ! plays p]=m$ 9 ,new ,york 0 only an unpret5d+ sket* = a v>iety-%[2 b bo? ( ^! gr\ps _h ! same flavor ( v]acity 9 _! reproduction ( ! teem+ life ( ! t5em5ts4 ,humble z is ! beg9n+ ( ! ',mulligan ,gu>d' s]ies1 at lea/ z humble is ! beg9n+ ( ! improvis$ pieces ( ! ,italians1 ! com$y ( masks1 :i* ,moli]e lift$ into lit]ature 9 8 ',et\rdi1' & 9 8 ',f\rb]ies de ,scap94' ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,italians ! com$y ( masks 0 absolutely unlit]>y1 s9ce x 0 n ev5 writt51 & its p]=m]s 7 n only com$ians1 b acrobats also4 ,& "h ! drama is se5 to be imp++ on ! special sph]e ( ! circus--j z x does aga9 9 ! plays prep>$ = ! ,new ,york ,hippodrome4 ,x is m ?an probable t ?is improvis$ com$y ( ! ,italians is ! long developm5t ( a primitive semi-gymna/ic1 semi-dramatic ent]ta9m5t1 giv5 by a little gr\p ( /roll]s1 p]=m+ 9 ! op5 m>ket-place to please ! casual cr[d t might collect4 ,equally unpret5d+ 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* melodrama1 :i* ,victor ,hugo lift$ into lit]ature 9 8 ',h]nani' & ',ruy ,blas4' ,x began 9 ! tempor>y !at]s erect$ = a brief season 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! fairs held annually 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,p>is4 ,! p]=mances 9 ^! playh\ses 7 almo/ exactly equival5t to ^? 9 our v>iety-%[s2 !y 7 m$leys ( song & dance1 ( acrobatic feats & ( exhibitions ( tra9$ animals4 ,z 9 our own v>iety-%[s1 aga91 !re 7 also little plays p]=m$ f "t to "t1 at fir/ sc>cely m ?an a framework on :i* to hang songs & dances1 b at la/ tak+ on a solid] sub/ance1 until f9ally !y /iff5$ !mselves into pa!tic pieces 9 ?ree or m acts1 capable ( provid+ pleasure = a :ole ev5+4 ,! humor 0 direct1 & ! *>act]s 7 pa9t$ 9 ! prim>y colors2 ! passions 7 viol5t1 & ! plots 7 arbitr>y2 b ! playwrights _h discov]$ h[ to hold ! int]e/ ( _! simple-m9d$ spectators1 & h[ to draw te>s & laught] at w4 ,9 fact1 ! m m9utely ! hi/ory ( ! /age is /udi$1 ! m cle>ly d we p]ceive t ! beg9n+s ( e =m ( ! drama are /rangely unpret5ti\s1 & t lit]>y m]it is atta9$ only 9 ! f9al /ages ( its developm5t4 ,dramatic lit]ature is b ! ultimate evolution ( t :i* 9 ! beg9n+ 0 only an insignificant & unimportant exp]im5t 9 ! %[ bus9ess2 & x mu/ always rema9 intimately relat$ to ! %[ bus9ess1 ev5 :5 x climbs to ! lonely peaks ( ! poetic drama4 ,:atev] its value1 & h[ev] weighty its message1 x is /ill to be comm5t$ ^u "u ! head ( amusem5ts1 = if x does n succe$ 9 amus+1 x ceases to exi/ except 9 ! libr>y1 & ev5 !re only = special /ud5ts4 ,x lives by its imm$iate !atrical effectiv5ess alone1 ev5 if x c survive solely by its lit]>y quality4 ,,iv ,^? :o are 9 ! habit ( gag+ ! drama by ?is lit]>y quality only are prone to deplore ! bad ta/e ( ! public :i* flocks to purely spectacul> pieces4 ,b ?is aga9 is no new ?+1 & x does n disclose any decl9e 9 ! ability to appreciate ! be/4 ,a c5tury ago 9 ,london1 :5 ,s>ah ,siddons & ,john ,philip ,kemble 7 9 ! full pl5itude ( _! p[]s1 & :5 !y 7 p]=m+ ! noble/ plays ( ,%aksp]e1 !y 7 ?ru/ aside = a season or two :ile ! !at] 0 giv5 up to empty melodramatic spectacles l ',ca/le ,spect]' & ! ',cat>act ( ! ,ganges4' ,x 0 horrify+ to ! lov]s ( ! drama t ^! great actors 9 ^? great plays %\ld h to give way to ! attraction ex]t$ on ! public by a tra9$ elephant1 or by an imitation wat]fall2 b x is equally horrify+ to be in=m$ t ! !at] 9 ,london = :i* ,%aksp]e wrote 8 ma/]pieces1 & 9 :i* he himself appe>$ z an actor1 0 also us$ = f5c+-mat*es1 & = bull-bait+s & be>-bait+s1 & t ! !at] 9 ,a!ns = :i* ,sophocles wrote 8 ma/]pieces1 & 9 :i* he may h appe>$ z an actor1 0 also us$ = ! annual cock-fight4 ,s /rong is ! popul> appreciation ( spectacle t ! drama1 ! true !at] z di/+ui%$ f ! m]e %[ bus9ess1 has always to fight = its "r to exi/1 & to hold its place 9 competition ) less intellectual & m s5sational ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! playh\ses ( any ,am]ican city are likely to h a lean week :5ev] ! circus comes to t[n1 & p]haps ! *ief reason :y ! mo/ ( !m n[ close 9 summ] is to be s\ght n s mu* 9 ! frequ5t hot spells1 z 9 ! irresi/ible attraction ex]t$ by ! base-ball games4 ,! drama 9 ,spa91 :i* fl\ri%$ sup]bly 9 ! days ( ,lope de ,vega & ,cald]on1 sank into a sad decl9e :5 x _h to compete ) ! fi]c] delights ( ! bullfight2 & ! drama 9 ,rome 0 actually kill$ out by ! ov]p[]+ rivalry ( ! sports ( ! ar5a1 ! combats ( gladiators1 & ! mat*+ ( m5 ) wild bea/s4 ,:at is kn[n to ! economi/s z ,gre%am's ,law1 accord+ to :i* an inf]ior curr5cy always t5ds to drive out a sup]ior1 seems to h an analog 9 ! %[ bus9ess4 7#aiab47 ,,ii ,,! ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,,! ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,/age ,i ,few compet5t critics w\ld dispute ! ass]tion t ! drama1 if n actually ! noble/ ( ! arts1 is at all ev5ts ! mo/ compreh5sive1 s9ce x c invoke ! aid ( all ! o!rs )\t impair+ its own individuality or surr5d]+ its "r to be consid]$ ! s5ior p>tn] 9 any alliance x may make4 ,poetry1 oratory1 & music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture1 ^! ! drama c take into its s]vice1 ) no dang] to its own control4 ,yet ev5 if ! drama may h ! wide/ range ( any ( ! arts1 none ! less are its b\nd>ies cle>ly def9$4 ,:at x c d1 x does ) a %>pness ( effect & ) a cog5cy ( appeal no o!r art c rival4 ,b !re are _m ?+s x _c d2 & !re are n a few ?+s t x c attempt only at its p]il4 ,"s ( ^! impossibilities & inexp$i5cies are psy*ologic subtleties ( "* & ( s5tim5t too delicate & too m9ute = ! magnify+ l5s ( ! !at] itself2 & "s ( !m are physical1 too l>ge 9 !mselves to be compress$ into ! rigid area ( ! /age4 ,9 advance ( actual exp]im5t1 x is n always possible = ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( !atrical exp]ts to decide ! "q ) c]ta9ty4 ,moreov]1 !re is always ! audi5ce to be reckon$ )1 & ev5 old /ag]s l ,h5ry ,irv+ & ,victori5 ,s>d\ _c =esee ! way 9 :i* ! _m-head$ mon/] w take :at is set be=e x4 ,:5 ,p]cy ,fitzg]ald & ,w4 ,g4 ,wills 7 prep>+ an adaptation ( ! ',fly+ ,dut*man' = ,h5ry ,irv+1 ! actor made a sugge/ion :i* ! au?ors imm$iately adopt$4 ,! romantic leg5d has = its h]o a sea-capta9 condemn$ to et]nal life until he c f9d a maid5 will+ to %>e 8 lot2 & :5 at la/ he meets ! h]o9e %e has ano!r lov]1 :o is naturally jeal\s ( ! new aspirant to h] h&4 ,! "y rival *all5ges ,v&]deck5 to a duel1 & :at ,irv+ propos$ 0 t ! survivor ( ! fight %\ld agree to ?r[ ! body ( 8 rival into ! sea1 & t ! waves %\ld ca/ up ! condemn$ ,v&]deck5 on ! %ore1 s9ce ! ill-fat$ sailor c\ld n avoid 8 doom by dea? at ! h& ( man4 ,?is 0 an appropriate developm5t ( ! tale2 x 0 really imag9ative2 & x w\ld h be5 /rangely mov+ if x _h introduc$ into x a ballad on ! old !me4 ,b 9 a play p]=m$ be=e u 9 a !at] its effect 0 n altoge!r :at its propos] _h hop$ =1 al?o he pres5t$ x ) all 8 m>vel\s comm& ( !atrical artifice4 ,! /age-sett+ ,irv+ be/[$ ^u ?is episode 0 p]fectly 9 keep+ ) its tone4 ,! spectators saw ! s&y bea* ( a little cove %ut 9 by cliffs1 ) ! placid ocean ba!d 9 ! sunset gl[4 ,! two m5 cross$ swords on ! /r&2 ,v&]deck5 let himself be kill$1 & ! victori\s lov] c>ri$ 8 rival's body up ! rocks & hurl$ x into ! ocean4 ,!n he dep>t$1 & = a mom5t all 0 sil5ce4 ,a %udd]+ sigh soon swept ov] ! face ( ! wat]s1 & a ripple lapp$ ! s&4 ,!n a little wave broke on ! bea*1 & )drew1 rasp+ ov] ! /ones4 ,at la/ a huge roll] cra%$ =w>d & ! sea gave up its dead4 ,v&]deck5 lay high & dry on ! %ore1 & 9 a mom5t he /agg]$ to 8 feet1 none ! worse = 8 w\nds4 ,b un=tunately ! sev]al devices = accompli%+ ?is result1 admirable z !y 71 drew att5tion ea* ( !m to itself4 ,! audi5ce c\ld n help wond]+ h[ ! trick ( ! waves 0 be+ work$1 & :5 ! ,fly+ ,dut*man 0 wa%$ up by ! wat]1 x 0 n ! mighty deep reject+ ,v&]deck51 aga9 curs$ ) life1 t ! spectators p]ceiv$1 b r ! dignifi$ ,h5ry ,irv+ himself1 unwor?ily tumbl$ ab\t on ! du/ ( 8 own /age4 ,9 ! ef=t to make visible ?is imag9ative embelli%m5t ( ! /range /ory1 its magic pot5cy vani%$4 ,! poetry ( ! /rik+ improvem5t on ! old tale _h be5 betray$ by its translation into ! mat]ial realities ( ! !at]1 s9ce ! concrete pres5tation necess>ily contradict$ ! ab/ract beauty ( ! idea4 ,"h we f9d ourselves face to face ) "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s limitations ( ! /age--t its p[] ( sugge/ion is (t5 great] ?an its p[] ( actual pres5tation4 ,!re are _m ?+s1 poetic & imag9ative1 :i* ! !at] c accompli%1 aft] a fa%ion1 b :i* x v5tures ^u only at imm95t p]il ( failure4 ,_m ?+s :i* are />tl+ly effective 9 ! tell+ are ineffective 9 ! actual see+4 ,! m]e me*anism ne$$ to repres5t !m w (t5 be contradictory1 & sometimes ev5 de/ructive4 ,p]haps x may be advisable to cite ano!r example1 n q s cog5t z ,irv+'s ',v&]deck51' & yet c>ry+ ! same moral4 ,?is o!r example w be f\nd 9 a piece by ,s>d\1 a man :o knew all ! possibilities ( ! !at] z intimately z ,irv+ himself1 & :o 0 wont to utilize !m ) indefatigable skill4 ,inde$1 s frequ5tly did ! ,fr5* playwright avail himself ( /age devices1 & s (t5 0 he will+ to rely ^u !m1 t n a few critics ( our latt]-day drama h be5 incl9$ to dismiss him z m]ely a supremely adroit !atrical trick/]4 ,9 8 s9c]e/ play1 ',patrie1' ! piece :i* he d$icat$ to ,motley1 & :i* he seems himself to h be5 pr\de/ (1 ,s>d\ inv5t$ a mo/ picturesque episode4 ,! ,spani>ds are 9 possession ( ,brussels2 ! citiz5s are ready to rise1 & ,william ( ,orange is com+ to _! assi/ance4 ,! *iefs ( ! revolt leave ! city secretly & meet ,william at night 9 ! froz5 moat ( an outly+ =t4 ,a ,spani% patrol int]rupts _! consultation1 & =ces !m to conceal !mselves4 ,a little lat] a second patrol is he>d approa*+1 j :5 ! return ( ! fir/ patrol is imp5d+4 ,= ! mom5t x looks z ?o ! patriots w\ld be caught betwe5 ! two ,spani% companies4 ,b ,william ( ,orange rises to ! occasion4 ,he calls on 8 sea-wolves2 & :5 ! second patrol appe>s1 m>*+ 9 s+le file1 !re sudd5ly spr+ out ( ! d>kness ^u e ,spani% soldi] two fur-clad creatures1 :o ?rottle him1 b9d him1 & ?r[ him into a hole 9 ! ice ( ! moat4 ,!n !y swiftly fill 9 ?is gap+ cavity ) blocks ( sn[1 & trample ! pa? level above x4 ,& almo/ imm$iately aft] ! sea-wolves h done _! deadly "w & )drawn aga9 into hid+1 ! fir/ patrol returns1 & passes all unsuspect+ ov] ! bodies ( _! comrades--a v practical example ( dramatic irony4 ,z x happ5$1 ,i _h read ',patrie' "s ye>s be=e ,i _h an opportunity to see x on ! /age1 & ?is picturesque sc5e _h l+]$ 9 my memory s t 9 ! !at] ,i eag]ly await$ its com+4 ,:5 x arriv$ at la/ ,i 0 sadly disappo9t$4 ,! sea-wolves beli$ _! appetiz+ "n2 !y irresi/ibly sugge/$ a gr\p ( tra9$ acrobats1 & ,i f\nd myself c>elessly not+ ! artifices by ! aid ( :i* ! imitation sn[balls 7 made to fill ! trapdoor ( ! /age :i* repres5t$ ! yawn+ hole 9 ! ice ( ! froz5 moat4 ,! ?+ told 0 picturesque1 b ! ?+ se5 0 curi\sly unmov+2 & ,i h not$ )\t surprise t 9 ! late/ revival ( ',patrie' ! attempt to make ?is episode effective 0 f9ally ab&on$1 ! sea-wolves be+ cut out ( ! play4 ,,ii ,9 ',patrie' z 9 ',v&]deck5' ! real reason = ! failure ( ^! me*anical devices is t ! plays 7 !mselves on a sup]ior level to ^? /age-tricks2 ! !mes 7 poetic1 & any !atrical effect :i* drew att5tion to itself int]rupt$ ! curr5t ( emotional sympa?y4 ,x disclos$ itself in/antly z incongru\s1 z out ( keep+ ) ! elevation ( ! leg5d--9 a ^w1 z in>ti/ic4 ,a simil> effect1 p]haps ev5 m frankly me*anical1 w\ld n be in>ti/ic 9 a play ( a l[] type1 & x might possibly be helpful 9 a frankly spectacul> piece1 ev5 if ?is happ5$ also to be poetic 9 int5t4 ,9 a fairy-play1 a fe]ie1 z ! ,fr5* t]m x1 we expect to behold all sorts ( />tl+ +5uities ( /age-me*anism1 :e!r ! !me is delightfully imag9ative1 z 9 ,maet]l9ck's beautiful ',blue ,bird1' or crassly prosaic1 z 9 ! ',black ,crook' & ! ',:ite ,fawn4' ,9 picturesque melodrama also1 9 ! dramatization ( ',b5 ,hur1' = example1 we %\ld be disappo9t$ if we 7 b]eft ( ! wreck ( ! ,roman galley1 & if we 7 depriv$ ( ! *>iot race4 ,^! episodes c be pres5t$ 9 ! !at] only by ! aid ( me*anisms f> m elaborate ?an ^? ne$$ = ! sc5es 9 ',v&]deck5' & ',patrie'2 b 9 ',b5 ,hur' ^! me*anisms are n incongru\s & di/ract+ z 7 ! simpl] devices ( ',v&]deck5' & ',patrie1' because ! dramatization ( ! romantici/ hi/orical novel is less l(ty 9 its ambition1 less imag9ative1 less e!really poetic4 ,9 ',v&]deck5' & 9 ',patrie' ! tricks seem$ to obtrude !mselves1 :]eas 9 ',b5 ,hur' !y 7 almo/ obligatory4 ,9 c]ta9 melodramas ) m mod]n /ories--9 ! amus+ piece call$ ! ',r\nd ,up1' = example--! sc5]y is ! ma9 attraction4 ,! sc5e-pa9t] is ! real /> ( ! %[4 ,& !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! wail ( ! p]=m] ( ! pr9cipal "p 9 a piece ( ?is sort1 :5 he compla9$ t he 0 engag$ to support =ty tons ( sc5]y4 ,x's only :5 ! /age-c>p5t]s h to re/ & get _! brea? t ,i h a *ance to come d[n to ! footlights & b>k = a m9ute or two4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation %[s t ?is pla9tive prote/ is unreasonable1 h[ev] natural x may be4 ,9 melodramas l ! ',r\nd ,up' & ',b5 ,hur1' z 9 fairy-plays l ! ',blue ,bird1' ! act+ is prop]ly subord9at$ to ! spectacul> spl5dor ( ! :ole p]=mance4 ,:5 we ent] a !at] to behold a play ( ei!r ( ^! types1 we expect ! act+ to be adequate1 no d\bt1 b we d n dem& ! highe/ type ( hi/rionic excell5ce4 ,:at we d anticipate1 h[ev]1 is a spectacle pleas+ to ! eye & /imulat+ to ! n]ves4 ,9 plays ( ^! two classes ! appeal is s5su\s r ?an intellectual2 & x is only :5 ! appeal ( ! play is to ! m9d r ?an to ! s5ses t m]ely me*anical effects are likely to be disconc]t+4 ,mr4 ,william ,ar*] has po9t$ out t ,ibs5 9 ',little ,eyolf1' has = once fail$ to p]ceive ! /rict limitation ( ! /age :5 he introduc$ a flag/aff1 ) ! flag at fir/ at half-ma/1 & a little lat] run up to ! peak4 ,n[1 !re are no natural breezes 9 ! !at] to flutt] ! folds ( ! flag1 & e audi5ce is aw>e ( ! fact4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! dilemma3 ei!r ! flag hangs limp & lifeless aga9/ ! pole1 :i* is a flat spectacle1 or else its folds are made to flutt] by "s conceal$ pneumatic bla/ or electric fan1 :i* in/antly ar\ses ! inquir+ curiosity ( ! audi5ce4 ,"h we f9d add$ evid5ce 9 support ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s invaluable pr9ciple ( ,economy ( ,att5tion1 :i* he himself appli$ only to rhetoric1 b :i* is capable ( ext5sion to all ! o!r arts--& to no "o ( !m m usefully ?an to ! drama4 ,at any giv5 mom5t a spectator 9 ! !at] has only s mu* att5tion to be/[ ^u ! play be+ pres5t$ be=e 8 eyes1 & if any portion ( 8 att5tion is unduly di/ract$ by "s detail--l ei!r ! limpness or ! flutt]+ ( a flag--!n he has j s mu* less to give to ! play itself4 ,v r>ely1 inde$1 c we cat* ,ibs5 at fault 9 a te*nical detail ( /age-managem5t2 he 0 extraord9>ily meticul\s 9 8 artful adju/m5t ( ! action ( 8 social dramas to ! picture-frame /age ( our mod]n cosmopolitan !at]4 ,he 0 m>vel\sly skilful 9 end[+ ea* ( 8 acts ) a backgr\nd h>moni\s = 8 *>act]s2 & ne>ly always 0 he c>eful to refra9 f ! employm5t ( any sc5ic device :i* might attract att5tion to itself4 ,he es*ew$ altoge!r ! m viol5t spectacul> effects1 al?o he did call ^u ! /age manag] to supply an avalan*e 9 ! f9al act ( ',:5 ! ,dead ,awak5'2 b ev5 ?is bold convulsion ( nature 0 less incongru\s ?an might be expect$1 s9ce x 0 n exhibit$ until ! action ( ! play itself 0 complete4 ,9 fact1 ! avalan*e might be describ$ z only a pictorial epilog4 ,,iii ,! pr9ciple ( /]nly economiz+ ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce c be violat$ by di/ractions f> less extrane\s & f> less extravagant ?an avalan*es4 ,:5 ,m>montel's =gott5 trag$y ( ',cleopatra' 0 produc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury at ! ,!atre ,francais1 ! misguid$ poet prevail$ ^u ,vaucanson to make an artificial asp1 :i* ! ,egyptian que5 coil$ ab\t h] arm at ! end ( ! play1 !reby releas+ a spr+1 :]eupon ! bea/ rais$ its head angrily & emitt$ a %rill hiss be=e s9k+ its fangs into ,cleopatra's fle%4 ,at ! fir/ p]=mance a spectator1 bor$ by ! t$i\sness ( ! trag$y1 rose to 8 feet :5 he he>d ! hiss ( ! t9y s]p5t3 ,i agree ) ! asp6 he cri$1 z he made 8 way to ! door4 ,b ev5 if ,vaucanson's skilful automaton _h n giv5 occasion = ?is disa/r\s gibe1 :atev] att5tion ! audi5ce might pay to ! me*anical means ( ,cleopatra's suicide 0 necess>ily subtract$ f t available = ! sad fate ( ,cleopatra h]self4 ,if at t mom5t ! spectators not$ at all ! hiss+ snake1 !n !y 7 n really 9 a fit mood to feel ! tragic dea?-/ruggle ( ! s]p5t ( old ,nile4 ,a k9dr$ blund] 0 manife/ 9 a rec5t sumptu\sly spectacul> revival ( ',macbe?1' :5 ! ?ree wit*es flew "h & !re ?ru ! dim twilight across ! bla/$ hea?1 f9ally vani%+ into empty air4 ,^! my/]i\s flitt+s & disappe>ances 7 a*iev$ by atta*+ ! p]=m]s ( ! weird si/]s to invisible wires1 :]eby !y c\ld be swung al(t2 ! trick _h be5 exploit$ e>li] 9 ! s-call$ ,fly+ ,ballet1 :]e9 x 0 a graceful & amus+ adjunct ( ! t]psi*orean revels4 ,b 9 ',macbe?' x empti$ ,%aksp]e's sc5e ( its dramatic significance1 s9ce ! spectator wait$ = & wat*$ ! />tl+ flights ( ! wit*es1 & admir$ ! dext]ity ) :i* _! a]ial voyages 7 controll$2 & z a result he fail$ to feel ! emotional importance ( ! int]view betwe5 ,macbe? & ! )]$ croons1 ^: unt[>d greet+s 7 to />t ! villa9-h]o on 8 d[nw>d c>e] ( crime4 ,9 ?is same revival ( ',macbe?' an equally misplac$ +5uity 0 lavi%$ on ! app>ition ( ,banquo's gho/ at ! banquet4 ,! gruesome spect] 0 made my/]i\sly visible ?ru ! tempor>ily transp>5t walls ( ! palace1 until at la/ he em]g$ to take 8 seat on ,macbe?'s *air4 ,! effect 0 excell5t 9 itself1 & ! spectators foll[$ all ! movem5ts ( ! gho/ ) pleas$ att5tion1 m or less =gett+ ,macbe?1 & fail+ to note ! madd5+ effect ( ! app>ition ^u ! se>$ c\nt5ance ( ! assass9-k+4 ,9 ?is revival ( ',macbe?' no opportunity 0 neglect$ to adorn ! c\rse ( ! play ) e possible sc5ic & me*anic accompanim5t2 & ! total result ( ^! accumulat$ artificialities ( pres5tation 0 to rob "o ( ,%aksp]e's mo/ poetic trag$ies ( ne>ly all its poetry1 & to r$uce ?is imag9ative ma/]piece to ! prosaic level ( a spectacul> melodrama4 ,ano!r ( ,%aksp]e's trag$ies has become almo/ impossible 9 our mod]n playh\ses1 because ! /age-manag] does n d>e to d )\t ! spectacul> effects t ! /ory seems to dem&4 ,%aksp]e compos$ ',k+ ,le>' = ! b>e plat=m-/age ( ! ,globe ,!at]1 devoid ( all sc5]y1 & suppli$ ) only ! mo/ primitive appliances = sugge/+ ra9 & ?und]2 & he introduc$ ?ree successive /orm sc5es1 ea* int5s] 9 int]e/ ?an ! "o t w5t be=e1 until ! culm9ation comes 9 p]haps ! sublime/ & mo/ pitiful episode 9 all trag$y1 :5 ! mad k+ & 8 foll[]1 :o is pret5d+ to be insane1 & 8 fai?ful fool are toge!r out 9 ! tempe/4 ,at ! orig9al production1 ?ree c5turies ago1 ! ?ree /orms may h increas$ 9 viol5ce z !y foll[$ "o ano!r2 b at be/ ! fi]c5ess ( ! cont5d+ elem5ts c\ld !n be only sugge/$1 & ! ra9 & ! ?und] 7 n all[$ to div]t att5tion away f ! agoniz$ plight ( ! mad mon>*4 ,b to-day ! ?ree /orm sc5es are roll$ into "o1 & ! /age-manag] sets out to manufacture a reali/ic tempe/ 9 rivalry ) nature4 ,! mimic artill]y ( heav5 & ! simulat$ deluge f ! skies :i* ! produc] n[ provides may excite our arti/ic admiration = 8 skill1 b !y di/ract our att5tion f ! com+ toge!r ( ! *>act]s s /rangely met 9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm4 ,! m reali/ically ! tempe/ is reproduc$ ! worse x is = ! trag$y itself2 & 9 mo/ rec5t revivals ! full effect ( ! pa9ful /ory has be5 smo!r$ by ! s\nd & fury ( ! man-made /orm4 ,! c\nt]weight$ wires :i* p]mit ! figures ( ! ,fly+ ,ballet to so> ov] ! /age & to float al(t 9 ! air1 di/urb ! curr5t ( our sympa?y :5 !y are employ$ to l5d lightness to intangible creatures l ! weird si/]s ( ,%aksp]e's trag$y2 b !y h be5 m arti/ically utiliz$ 9 two ( ,%aksp]e's com$ies to sugge/ ! e!reality ( ,puck & ( ,ariel4 ,! action ( ! ',midsumm] ,night's ,dream' takes place 9 fairy-l&1 & t ( ! ',tempe/' passes 9 an en*ant$ isl&1 & ev5 if we wond] = a mom5t h[ ! levitation ( ^! airy spirits is a*iev$1 ?is tempor>y di/raction ( our att5tion is negligible 9 playful com$ies l ^! ) all _! sc5es laid 9 a l& ( make-believe4 ,& yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 ! ',midsumm] ,night's ,dream' & ! ',tempe/1' fairy-plays z !y are1 d n on ! :ole lose m ?an !y ga9 f elaborate sc5ic & me*anical adjuncts4 ,!y are ( poetry all compact1 & ! m simply !y are pres5t$1 ! less obtrusive ! sc5]y & ! less protrud$ ! ne$ful effects1 ! m ! ef=t ( ! produc] is c5t]$ ^u pres]v+ ! e!real atmosph]e :]e9 ! *>act]s live1 move1 & h _! be+1 ! m h>moni\s ! p]=mance is ) ! pure fancy :i* inspir$ ^! two delightful pieces1 !n ! m truly successful is ! a*ievem5t ( ! /age-manag]4 ,,iv ,on ! o!r h&1 ( c\rse1 ! sc5ic accompanim5t ( a poetic play1 :e!r tragic or romantic or comic1 mu/ nev] be s scant or s b>r5 z to disappo9t ! spectators4 ,! /age-accessories mu/ be adequate & yet subord9ate2 !y ought to resemble ! clo!s ( a truly well-dress$ woman1 9 t !y nev] call att5tion to !mselves al?o !y c )/& & ev5 rew>d intimate inspection4 ,?is delicate ideal ( arti/ic /age-sett+1 e/hetically satisfy+1 & yet nev] flamboyant1 0 completely atta9$ 9 ! production ( ',si/] ,beatrice1' at ! ,new ,!at]1 due to ! skill & ta/e ( ,mr4 ,hamilton ,bell4 ,! sev]al manife/ations ( ! sup]natural might easily h be5 ov]-emphasiz$2 b a f9e re/ra9t result$ 9 a unity ( tone & ( atmosph]e1 s subtly a*iev$ t ! av]age spectator c>ri$ away ! memory ( m ?an "o lovely picture )\t hav+ let 8 ?\ghts w&] away to consid] by :at means he _h be5 made to feel ! pres5ce ( a miracle4 ,! special m]it ( ?is production ( ',si/] ,beatrice' lay 9 ! delicate art by :i* m 0 sugge/$ ?an c\ld well be %[n4 ,9 ! !at]1 m (t5 ?an n1 ! half is great] ?an ! :ole1 & :at is unse5 is frequ5tly m p[]ful ?an :at is made visible4 ,9 ,mr4 ,belasco's ',d>l+ ( ! ,gods1' a s+ul>ly beautiful spectacle1 t\*$ at times ) a pa!tic poetry1 ! defeat$ samurais are at la/ r$uc$ to commit h>a-kiri4 ,b we 7 n made spectators ( ^! sev]al self-murd]s2 we 7 p]mitt$ to behold only ! dim cane-brake into :i* ^! brave m5 _h )drawn1 & to ov]he> ea* ( !m call out 8 f>ewell greet+s to 8 fri5ds be=e he dealt himself ! deadly ?ru/4 ,if we _h be5 made witnesses ( ?is accumulat$ self-slaught] we might h be5 revolt$ by ! brutality ( x4 ,transmitt$ to u out ( a vague di/ance by a few scatt]$ cries1 x mov$ u l ! inevitable close ( a truly tragic tale4 ,9 ! ',aiglon' ( ,m4 ,ro/&1 ,napoleon's feeble son f9ds himself alone ) an old soldi] ( 8 fa!r's on ! battle-field ( ,wagram2 & 9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 & 9 ! turmoil ( a w9d-/orm ! hy/]ic lad almo/ p]suades himself t he is actually pres5t at ! fam\s fight1 t he c he> ! %rieks ( ! w\nd$1 & ! groans ( ! dy+1 & t he c see ! h&s & arms ( ! dead /ret*$ up f ! gr\nd4 ,?is is all 9 ! sickly boy's fancy1 ( c\rse1 & yet 9 ,p>is ! au?or _h voices he>d1 & caus$ h&s & arms to be ext5d$ upw>d f ! edge ( ! back drop1 ?us vulg>iz+ 8 own imag9ative episode by ! pres5tation ( a concrete reality4 ,n q s in>ti/ic z ?is1 & yet frankly freaki% 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! closet sc5e betwe5 ,hamlet & 8 "m1 :5 ,s>ah-,b]nh>dt made h] misguid$ ef=t to imp]sonate ! ,pr9ce ( ,d5m>k4 ,on ! walls ( ! room :]e ,hamlet talks dagg]s to ! que5 !re 7 full-l5g?1 life-siz$ portraits ( h] two successive husb&s1 & :5 ,hamlet bids h] look on ?is picture1 & on ?is1 ! portrait ( ,hamlet's fa!r became transp>5t1 & 9 its frame ! spectators sudd5ly p]ceiv$ ! gho/4 ,?is is an admirable example ( misplac$ clev]ness1 ( ! se>* = novelty = its own sake1 ( ! sacrifice ( ! totality ( impression to a m]e trick4 ',hamlet' is ! mo/ poetic ( plays1 & ! ',aiglon' does its be/ to be poetic1 & !re=e ! less ov]t spectacle !re may be 9 ! p]=mance ( ^! dramas ! easi] x w be = ! spectator to focus 8 att5tion on ! poetry itself4 ,ev5 m pret5ti\sly poetic ?an ! ',aiglon' is ',*antecl]1' ^u :i* ! ambiti\s au?or has also lavi%$ a great v>iety ( /age-effects--z ?o he 7 n q will+ to rely = success ^u 8 lyrical exub]ance4 ,9 ,m4 ,ro/&'s ',aiglon' & ',*antecl]1' z 9 ,s>ah-,b]nh>dt's ',hamlet1' !re 0 to be obs]v$ a frequ5t confusion ( ! m]ely !atric ) ! purely dramatic--a confusion to be f\nd =ty ye>s ago 9 ,fe*t]'s ',hamlet4' ,t picturesque ,fr5* actor made ov] ! ,engli% trag$y into a ,fr5* romantic melodrama2 he kept ! nak$ plot1 & he cut out all ! poetry4 ,he l[]$ ,%aksp]e's play to ! level ( ! o!r melodramas 9 :i* he _h won success--= in/ance1 ',no ,?or(>e1' due to ! collaboration ( ,dick5s & ,wilkie ,coll9s1 or ! e>li] ',fils de la ,nuit1' act$ 9 ,p>is long be=e ,fe*t] appe>$ on ! ,engli%-speak+ /age4 ,! ',son ( ! ,night' 0 a pirate bold1 p]sonat$1 ( c\rse1 by ,fe*t]1 & 9 "o act 8 long1 l[1 raki% craft ) its black flag fly+1 skimm$ across ! /age1 cutt+ ! waves1 & dropp+ an*or close to ! footlights4 ,! surface ( ! sea 0 repres5t$ by a huge clo?1 & ! incessant motion ( ! waves 0 due to ! conceal$ activities ( a doz5 boys4 ,! play _h s long a run t ! sea-clo? 0 worn dang]\sly ?94 ,at la/ at "o p]=mance1 a r5t spread sudd5ly & disclos$ a disgu/$ boy1 j z ! pirate %ip ) ! ,son ( ! ,night on its deck 0 prep>+ to come ab\t4 ,fe*t] 0 equal to ! em]g5cy4 ,man ov]bo>d6 he cri$1 &1 lean+ ov] ! b[ ( ! boat1 he grabb$ ! boy by ! coll> & pull$ him on deck4 ,probably v few ( ! spectators notic$ ! mi%ap1 & if !y _h all obs]v$ x1 :at matt]8 ,a laugh or two1 m or less1 dur+ ! p]=mance ( a prosaic melodrama1 is ( little or no consequ5ce4 ,a disconc]t+ accid5t l ?is 9 a play l ! ',son ( ! ,night' does n cut any vital curr5t ( sympa?y1 = ?is is a quality to :i* ! piece c\ld make no claim4 ,b 9 a truly poetic play a mi%ap ( ?is sort w\ld be a mis=tune 9 t x might precipitate ! int]e/ & int]rupt ! h>mony ( att5tion dem&$ by ! imag9ative drama itself4 7#aiab47 ,,iii ,a ,,moral ,,f ,a ,,toy ,,!at] ,a ,,moral ,,f ,a ,,toy ,,!at] ,i ,9 #ahha1 :5 ,william ,erne/ ,h5ley 0 h>d put to x to make a liv+1 ,sir ,sidney ,colv9 k9dly recomm5d$ him = ! editor%ip ( ! mon?ly ,magaz9e ( ,art4 ,among ! contributors :om ! new editor call$ to 8 aid 0 ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son1 & among ! contributions ! latt] made to ! =m]'s magaz9e 0 ! highly *>act]i/ic & self-revelatory essay1 entitl$ ',a ,p5ny ,pla9 & ,two ,p5ce ,color$1' n[ includ$ 9 ! volume call$ ',memories & ,portraits4' ,9 ?is playful pap] ,/ev5son makes "o ( 8 _m returns to 8 boyhood1 ^: moods he c\ld always recapture at w ) ! assi/ance ( t imag9ative memory :i* 0 "o ( 8 special gifts1 & he 0 able to replev9 f ! dim limbo ( ?+s half =gott5 8 long+ delight 9 ! toy !at]1 ! sc5es = :i* & ! necess>y prop]ties & ! sev]al *>act]s !mselves 9 _! successive dresses 7 to be procur$ pr9t$ on v ?9 c>dbo>d1 s t ! pr\d possessor might cut !m out at w4 ,if ! y\?ful capitali/ _h accumulat$ twop5ce1 he c\ld acquire ^! treasures already respl5d5t 9 _! gl[+ hues2 & yet ,/ev5son held t ! lad 0 happi] :o p>t$ ) only a s+le p5ny1 res]v+ ! half ( 8 =tune = ! pur*ase ( ! pa9ts :]e) he might himself vivify ?is sc5]y & ^! prop]ties1 & s cause 8 *>act]s to />t to life1 emblazon$ 9 ! bold colors :i* please ! pu]ile m9d4 ,^! %eets ( ?9 c>dbo>d1 ) ?9 little pamphlets conta9+ ! text ( ! pieces to be p]=m$ 9 ! toy !at]1 7 orig9ally kn[n z ,skelt's ,juv5ile ,drama2 & "o ,skelt seems to h be5 its orig9ator1 probably 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,app>5tly he p>t$ ) 8 preci\s /ock 9 trade to "o ,p>k1 :o pass$ x on 9 due season to "o ,webb1 :o transmitt$ x to "o ,r$+ton1 until at la/ x desc5d$ to its pres5t own]1 "o ,b4 ,pollock1 ( #gc ,hoxton ,/reet1 ,london1 ,n4 ,/ev5son affect$ to ?9k t ,skelt's ,juv5ile ,drama _h become1 = ! mo/ "p1 a memory2 yet x survives n[ 9 ! second decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury z ,pollock's ,juv5ile ,drama1 & ,mr4 ,pollock proclaims t he has republi%$ "s score plays1 & t he keeps !m always 9 pr9t1 pla9 & color$4 ,he (f]s1 fur!rmore1 to supply ,drop ,sc5es1 ,top ,drops1 ,or*e/ras1 ,foot & ,wat] ,pieces1 ,s+le ,portraits1 ,combats--,f\rs1 ,sixes1 ,twelves1 ,sixte5s--,fairies1 ,horse ,soldi]s1 ,cl[ns1 ,rifles1 ,animals1 ,birds1 ,butt]flies1 ,h\ses1 ,views1 ,%ips1 c41 pla9 & color$1 #a_/b;d %eet pla91 #a;d %eet color$4 ,illu/ration3 ,tak5 f upp] half ( ,plate ,no4 #a1 :i* is ! title-page ( ! s]ies1 ?is section ( :i* is also a guide = ! sett+ ( ! fir/ sc5e 9 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' ,x is f ! cov]s ( ! book ( ! words ( ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' t ?is entic+ proclamation is tak5--! ',mill] & ,8 ,m51' adapt$ only = ,pollock's *>act]s & sc5es1 & accompani$ by #g ,plates *>act]s1 #aa ,sc5es1 #c ,w+s1 ,total #ba ,plates4 ,! p]sons ( ! drama & ! sc5es :]e9 t drama is play$ out to its fi]y end1 are all 9 ! bold] mann] ( ! ,old ,ma/]s1 :o s\ght ! broade/ effects1 & :o will+ly neglect$ petty details4 ,h[ bold & h[ broad ! mann] & ! effects c be/ be judg$ by an hone/ transcription f ! f9al page ( ! book ( words1 :]e9 ! t]se & t5se dialog1 s+le spee* cla%+ ) s+le spee*1 is accompani$ by /age directions = ! in/ruction ( ! ,"y ,ma/]s :o are ab\t to produce ! sublime spectacle3 ,ent] ,gr9dorf left h&1 plate #d4 ,ent] ,k>l & ,frib]g1 swords drawn1 plate #d1 foll[$ by ! ,troops1 "r h&1 plate #g4 ,gr9dorf3 ,ha6 ha6 ,i h escap$ y1 h ,i8 ,k>l3 ,b y are caught 9 y\r own trap4 ,gr9dorf3 ,spill]6--,golotz6 ,golotz6 ,i say6 ,c\nt3 ,villa96 y _c escape u n[6 ,surr5d]1 or in/antly meet ?y fate6 ,gr9dorf3 ,surr5d]6 ,i h sworn nev] to desc5d f ?is place alive6 ,ent] ,lo?air1 z ,spill]1 #crd dress1 left h&1 plate #g4 ,gr9dorf3 ,spill]1 let my bride appe>4 ,exit ,lo?air4 ,ent] ,kehn>1 "r h&1 plate #a4 ,ent] ,rav9a ) tor*1 plate #g4 ,rav9a3 ,be=e x is too late1 re/ore ,claud9e to h] fa!r's arms6 ,gr9dorf3 ,nev]6 ,rav9a3 ,!n ,i "k my c\rse6 ,ent] ,lo?air ) ,claud9e1 left h&1 plate #f4 ,kehn>3 ,my *ild6 ,ah1 ,gr9dorf1 sp>e h]6 ,gr9dorf3 ,he> me1 ,c\nt ,frib]g2 if y d n )draw y\r foll[]s1 by my h& %e dies6 ,c\nt3 ,nev]1 till ?\ art yield$ to ju/ice6 ,gr9dorf3 ,no m--?is to h] he>t6 ,lo?air3 ,& ?is to ?9e6 ,exit ,lo?air & ,claud9e1 & ,gr9dorf4 ,re-ent] ,gr9dorf & ,lo?air fight+1 plate #f1 fight & exit4 ,gr9dorf to be put on w\nd$1 plate #g4 ,re-ent] ,lo?air ) ,claud9e1 plate #f4 ,lo?air3 ,rav9a1 fire ! tra96 ,sc5e *anges to explosion1 ,sc5e #aa1 ,no4 #i4 ,! words are /rik+ & ! actions are />tl+1 & x is no wond] t plate #g & sc5e #aa1 ,no4 #i1 fill$ ) joy ! he>t ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son :5 he 0 a p]f]vid ,scot ( f\rte54 ,9 8 manly maturity1 :5 he _h ris5 to an appreciation ( portraits by ,raeburn1 & :5 he _h sat at ! feet ( t inspir$ critic ( pa9t+1 8 c\s91 ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,/ev5son1 he admitt$ t he _h no desire to insi/ ^u ! art ( ,skelt's purveyors4 ,^? wond]ful *>act]s t once s ?rill$ our s\l ) _! bold attitude1 array ( deadly eng9es & incomp>able co/ume1 to-day look some:at pallidly1 he confess$ regretfully2 ! extreme h>d favor ( ! h]o9e /rikes me1 ,i _h almo/ said ) pa92 ! villa9's sc[l no long] ?rills me l a trumpet2 & ! sc5es !mselves1 ^? once incomp>able l&scapes1 seem ! ef=ts ( a pr5tice h&4 ,s mu* ( fault we c f9d2 b1 on ! o!r side1 ! imp>tial critic rejoices to rem>k ! pres5ce ( a great unity ( gu/o2 ( ^? direct claptrap appeals :i* a man is dead & buriable :5 he fails to answ]2 ( ! footlight glamor1 ! ready-made1 b>efac$1 transpont9e picturesque1 a ?+ n "o ) cold reality1 b h[ mu* de>] to ! m9d6 ,illu/ration3 ,a gr\p ( ! pr9cipal *>act]s f ,pollock's juv5ile drama1 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m51' cut out & assembl$ z call$ = 9 ,sc5e #aj1 a "p ( :i* is quot$ 9 ! text ,,ii ,transpont9e is a ,briticism = :i* ! equival5t ,am]icanism is ,b[]y4 ,! plays :i* ,skelt v5d$ = ! enjoym5t ( romantic y\? 7 n ( 8 own inv5tion1 nor 7 !y ! "w ( 8 hirel+s2 !y 7 artfully simplifi$ cond5sations ( melodramas long popul> 9 ,london at ! !at]s on ! ,surrey side ( ! ,?ames1 & 9 ,new ,york at ! ,b[]y4 ,9 ,fr5*'s ,/&>d ,drama1 ! ,act+ ,edition1 to be obta9$ 9 yell[ cov]s = fifte5 c5ts1 "o may f9d ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m51' a ,melo-,drama 9 ,two ,acts1 by ,f4 ,pocock1 ,esq41 au?or ( ! ',robb]'s ,wife1' ',john ( ,p>is1' ',hit or ,miss1' ',magpie & ! ,maid1' etc41 ) orig9al ca/s1 sc5e & prop]ty plots1 co/umes1 & all ! /age bus9ess4 ,& ! li/ ( prop]ties requir$ = ! f9al sc5e helps to elucidate :at may h be5 cryptic 9 ! dialog quot$ f ! compact$ adaptation ( ,skelt3 ,sc5e #d3--,sl[ mat* laid f /age 9 ,c4 to mill4 ,light$ tor* = ,rav9a4 ,r$ fire & explosion #c ,e4 ,l4 ,h4 ,wood cra% #c ,e4 ,l4 ,h4 ,six /uff$ figures ( robb]s beh9d mill1 ,l4 ,h4 ,eight guns1 swords1 & belts = huss>s4 ,disguise cloak = ,lo?air4 ,fight+ swords = ,lo?air & ,wolf4 ,wolf is evid5tly ano!r "n = ,gr9dorf4 ,?us we see t ! pleasant c\ntry ( ! ,skelts /ret*$ f ! ,surrey side ( ! ,?ames to ! ,b[]y bank ( ! ,hudson1 & t ! ,skeltic temp]am5t 0 purely melodramatic1 its bass notes be+ transpos$ to adju/ x to ! cle> treble ( boyhood4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t no inquir+ s*ol> has yet devot$ himself to ! task ( trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,engli% melodrama1 z ,pr(essor ,?orndike has trac$ ! hi/ory ( ,engli% trag$y4 ,( c\rse1 !re h always be5 melodramatic plays ev] s9ce ! drama began to ass]t itself z an indep5d5t =m ( art4 ,!re is a melodramatic elem5t 9 ! ',m$ea' ( ,euripides1 z !re is 9 ! ',rodogune' ( ,corneille2 & 9 ! ,elizabe?an !at] ! s-call$ trag$y ( blood is no?+ if n melodramatic4 ,yet ! special =m ( ,engli% melodrama t fl\ri%$ 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! e>li] ye>s ( ! n9ete5? des]ves a m c>eful /udy ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,app>5tly x 0 due p>tly to a decad5ce ( ! native type ( drama repres5t$ by ,lillo's ',george ,b>nwell1' & p>tly to ! /imulation receiv$ fir/ f ! emotional pieces ( ! ,g]man ,kotzebue1 & aft]w>d f ! picturesque pieces ( ! ,fr5* ,pix]ec\rt4 ,& n to be neglect$ is ! influ5ce imm$iately ex]t$ on ! popul> plays ( ! latt] "p ( ! p]iod by ! romances ( ,scott & ( ,coop]4 ,al?o ^! plays 7 devoid ( lit]>y m]it1 ( /yle1 ( v]acity ( "* del9eation1 ( s9c]ity ( motive1 !y 7 n )\t !atrical effectiv5ess--or !y c\ld nev] h ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 ! !at]4 ,z ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o has se5 cle>ly1 a drama :i* 0 suffici5tly popul> to be transf]r$ to ! toy !at]s 0 almo/ c]ta9 to h a sort ( rude m]it 9 its con/ruction4 ,! *>act]ization w\ld be hopelessly conv5tional1 ! dialog bald & despicable--b ! situations w\ld be artfully arrang$1 ! /ory told adroitly & ) _s4 ,9 o!r words1 ! comp\nd]s ( ^! melodramas 7 fairly skilful 9 devis+ plots likely to ar\se & to su/a9 ! int]e/ ( uncritical audi5ces4 ,probably !y 7 unfamili> ) ,voltaire's ass]tion t ! success ( a play dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! *oice ( its /ory2 & x is unlikely t !y _h any k ( ,ari/otle's decl>ation t plot is prim>ily m important ?an "*2 b !y accompli%$ _! humble task z well z if !y _h be5 he>t5$ by ^! au?orities4 ,^! +5i\s & +5u\s pieces 7 none ( !m contributions to ,engli% dramatic lit]ature1 & !y are n en%r9$ 9 its annals2 b !y 7 effective /age-plays1 nev]!less1 & !y _h1 !re=e1 an ess5tial quality lack+ 9 ! closet-dramas :i* ,%elley & ,byron 7 compos+ 9 ^? same ye>s4 ,,iii ,9 ! illum9at+ lecture on ,/ev5son z a writ] ( plays deliv]$ by ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o 9 #aijc be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,ed9burgh ,philosophical ,in/itution1 ! confessions conta9$ 9 ',a ,p5ny ,pla9 & ,two ,p5ce ,color$' are skilfully employ$ to expla9 ,/ev5son's flat failure z a playwright4 ,_m ( 8 ard5t admir]s mu/ h wond]$ :y x 0 t he adv5tur$ f\r times into dramatic au?or%ip1 only to und]go a f\rfold %ipwreck4 ,yet ,sir ,james ,b>rie & ,mr4 ,john ,galswor?y1 essayi/s & noveli/s at fir/1 z ,/ev5son 01 /ray$ successfully f prose fiction into ! act$ drama4 ,0 n ,/ev5son z anxi\s = ?is !atrical triumph z any "o ( ^!8 ,0 he n z ri*ly d[]$ ) dramatic p[]1 z inv5tive1 z responsive to opportunity1 z ready to ma/] a new craft8 ,:y1 !n1 did he fail :]e !y h succe$$8 ,= ^! baffl+ que/ions ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o has an acceptable answ]4 ,/ev5son 0 unable to e/abli% himself z a play-mak]1 fir/1 because he did n take ! art ( play-mak+ s]i\sly2 he did n put 8 full /r5g? 9 x1 m9d & s\l & body1 cont5t+ himself :5 he 0 a man ) play+ at play-mak+ z he _h play$ ) 8 toy !at] :5 he 0 a boy4 ,! second cause ( 8 disappo9tm5t z a dramati/ 0 due to ! abid+ influ5ce ( ?is toy !at]1 & to ! fact t ! pieces he attempt$ 7 plann$ 9 rivalry ) ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m51' & !re=e t !y 7 hopelessly out ( date be=e !y 7 conceiv$4 7,!re is a ?ird reason1 n m5tion$ by ,sir ,ar?ur1 & yet sugge/+ itself irresi/ibly to any "o :o knew ! editor ( ! ,magaz9e ( ,art p]sonally2 all f\r ( ,/ev5son's attempts at play-writ+ 7 made 9 collaboration ) ,h5ley1 :o 0 ! lea/ equipp$ by temp] & by temp]am5t = ! practise ( dramaturgy47 ,sc5e ,,ii ,,pollock',s ,,sc5es ,,9 ,,! ,,mill] ,,& ,,8 ,,m54 ,no4#i ,illu/ration3 ,london4 ,publi%$ by ,b ,pollock1#gc ,hoxton ,/reet ,hoxton ,explosion ( ! mill4 ,a back drop 9 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m51' ,sc5e ,,ii ,yet ev5 if ,/ev5son _h work$ alone1 & ev5 if he _h tak5 ! new art s]i\sly1 he c\ld nev] h won a place among ! playwrights until he _h f\ght himself free f ! s9u\s coils ( ,skelt]y4 ,9 8 y\? he _h sav$ 8 p5ce to pur*ase ! accessories ( ,skelt's ,juv5ile ,drama ) boyi% delight 9 ! acquisition ( ?+s long$ = to be possess$ at la/4 ,:5 he _h pur*as$ plate #g & sc5e #aa1 ,no4 #i1 he ?\ght !y 7 8 possessions4 ,b1 ( a tru?1 he 0 _! possession1 ev5 if he did n "k 8 slav]y4 ,z a man he 0 subdu$ to :at he _h work$ 9 z a boy2 & :5 he want$ to write plays ( 8 own1 he _h no fre$om to foll[ ! bett] models ( 8 own day2 he 0 a bondman to ,skelt1 a ?rall to ,p>k1 a m9ion to ,webb1 a *attel to ,r$+ton & to ,pollock4 ,:at am ,i8 he ask$ 9 8 self-revelatory essay1 humor\sly exagg]at+1 no d\bt1 yet subconsci\sly /at+ ! exact tru?2 ,:at am ,i8 ,:at are life1 art1 lett]s1 ! _w1 b :at my ,skelt has made !m8 ,he /amp$ himself ^u my immaturity4 ,& ! impression 0 !n s deep t x c\ld n be effac$ 9 maturity4 ,! boy 9 ,/ev5son surviv$1 in/ead ( dy+ :5 ! man 0 born4 ,! art ( play-writ+1 l ! art ( /ory-tell+1 &1 inde$1 l all ! o!r arts1 dem&s bo? a native gift & an acquir$ craft4 ,its basic pr9ciples are ! same ev] s9ce ! drama began2 b its imm$iate me?ods v>y at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,:ile e arti/ mu/ say :at x is giv5 him to say1 he c say x acceptably only by acquir+ ! me?od ( spee* employ$ by 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,h[ev] orig9al he may prove himself at ! end1 9 ! beg9n+ he c only imitate ! me?ods & borr[ ! processes & avail himself ( ! practises :i* ! eld] craftsm5 are employ+ successfully at ! mom5t :5 he sets himself to le>n _! trade4 ,he mu/--to use ! apt t]m ( ! eng9e]s--he mu/ keep himself abrea/ ( /ate ( ! art4 ,?is is :at ! great dramati/s h ev] done2 ,sophocles foll[s 9 ! foot/eps ( ,a,eschylus1 z ,%aksp]e emulates ,m>l[e & ,kyd1 & z ,moli]e w5t to s*ool to ! adroit & acrobatic ,italian com$ians4 ,^! great dramati/s 7 p]fectly cont5t to beg9 by tak+ ov] ! patt]ns devis$ by _! imm$iate pr$ecessors 9 play-mak+1 ev5 if !y 7 soon to enl>ge ^! patt]ns & s modify !m to suit _! ev5 l>g] ne$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pollock',s ,,*>act]s ,,9 ,,! ,,mill] ,,& ,,8 ,,m54 ,plate #g ,plate ,no4 #g1 complete z publi%$1 ready to be cut out & put into use 9 ! toy !at] ,n[1 ! /ate ( ! art :5 ,/ev5son turn$ to ! !at] 0 9 accord ) ! picture-frame /age ( to-day1 ) a s+le set to ! act1 & )\t ! soliloquies & ! confid5tial asides to ! audi5ce :i* may !n h be5 prop] en\gh on ! apron-/age ( ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,ev5 9 ! l[] grade ( playh\se1 :]e rude & crude melodramas 7 p]=m$1 ! me?od & ! mann] ( ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' _h long dep>t$4 ,! pleasure t melodrama c give is p]5nial2 b its processes v>y 9 accord ) ! *ang+ conditions ( ! !at]4 ,! door 0 op5 = ,/ev5son to write melodrama1 if he pref]r$ t species ( play1 & if he desir$ to v>ni% x ) lit]ature z he 0 to v>ni% ! police-novel or my/]y-/ory 9 ! ',wreck]4' ,b if he s\ght to d ?is1 he 0 b\nd to in=m himself z to ! /ate ( ! art at ! in/ant ( composition4 ,if he %ut 8 eyes to ! *ang$ conditions ( ! !at] s9ce ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' _h won a wide popul>ity 9 ! playh\se1 !n he made an unp>donable blund]1 = ! battle 0 lo/ be=e he c\ld deploy 8 =ces4 ,he might h be5 =ew>n$ by ! failure ( ,*>les ,lamb 9 a l attempt4 ,:5 ,lamb's ,elizabe?an imitation ',john ,woodvil' 0 reject$ = ,drury ,lane by ,john ,philip ,kemble z n consonant ) ! ta/e ( ! age2 its exasp]at$ au?or cri$3 ,hang on ! age6 ,i'll write = antiquity6 ,b ^? :o write = antiquity _c compla9 if !y d n delight _! contempor>ies4 ,x is to 8 contempor>ies1 & n to antiquity or to po/]ity1 t e true dramati/ has appeal$4 ,,iv ,& z ,/ev5son might h tak5 w>n+ f ! sad fate ( ,lamb1 s he might h f\nd 8 pr(it 9 consid]+ ! happy =tune ( ,victor ,hugo1 :o also _h a ta/e = melodrama4 ,:5 ! lead] ( ! ,fr5* romantici/s felt t x 0 incumb5t ^u him to conqu] ! !at] :i* ! classici/s held z _! la/ /ronghold1 he 0 swift to consid] ! /ate ( ! art4 ,he s\ght imm$iate success ^u ! /age1 & ! mo/ successful plays ( t p]iod 9 ,france 7 ! melodramas ( ,pix]ec\rt1 & ( 8 foll[]s1 & !re=e ,hugo sat himself d[n to spy out ! secrets ( _! craft4 ,he made himself ma/] ( _! me?ods1 & he put toge!r ! /rik+ & />tl+ plots ( ',h]nani' & ',ruy ,blas' 9 /rict accord ) _! =mulas1 c]ta9 t he c\ld v>ni% ) lit]ature _! melodramatic actions4 ,s glitt]+ 0 8 v>ni%1 s brilliant 0 8 metrical rhetoric1 s gl[+ 7 8 gold5 v]ses1 t he bl9d$ ! spectators & kept ! mo/ ( !m f pe]+ b5ea? at 8 arbitr>y & artificial skeleton ( support+ melodramatic /ructure4 ,to-day1 aft] f\rscore ye>s1 we c see j :at x is t ,hugo did2 & 8 plays1 sup]b z !y are 9 _! lyric adornm5t1 /& reveal$ z frank melodramas1 lack+ s9c]ity ( motive & v]acity ( "* draw+4 ,b :5 ,hugo wrote !m !y 7 9 ,kemble's phrase consonant ) ! ta/e ( ! age1 & ! be/ ( !m h n yet worn out _! welcome 9 ! !at]4 ,/ev5son did n he$ ! w>n+ ( ,lamb1 & he did n pr(it by ! example ( ,hugo4 ',deacon ,brodie' 0 born out ( date2 s 0 ',admiral ,gu9ea'2 & all ! v>ni% ( lit]ature :i* ! two collaborators appli$ ext]nally & ) lov+ solicitude avail$ naught4 ,x is due to 8 entanglem5t 9 ! /rangl+ coils ( ,skelt]y t ,/ev5son did n take ! drama s]i\sly4 ,he seem$ to h look$ at x z some?+ to be toss$ (f lightly to make money 9 ! int]/ices ( hone/ "w4 ,9 8 /ories1 long & %ort1 he /rove = effect1 no d\bt1 b he 0 b5t also on a*iev+ s9c]ity & v]acity4 ,9 8 plays he made little ef=t = ei!r s9c]ity or v]acity1 s f> at lea/ z 8 plot 0 conc]n$2 & he ?\ght he c\ld lift ^! concoctions to ! level ( lit]ature by ! poli% ( 8 dialog1 & by qualities appli$ on ! outside in/ead ( be+ develop$ f ! inside4 ,he seems to h believ$ t 9 ! drama1 at lea/1 he c\ld atta9 beauty by con/ruct+ 8 ornam5t in/ead ( by ornam5t+ 8 con/ruction1 ignor+ or ignorant ( ! fact t 9 ! drama1 ! con/ruction1 if only x be solid en\gh1 & f\r squ>e to all ! w9ds t bl[1 ne$s no ornam5t & is mo/ impressive 9 its />k simplicity4 ,9 8 boyhood ,goe! _h also play$ ) a toy !at]1 & x 0 a puppet-%[ piece :i* fir/ call$ 8 att5tion to ! mighty !me ( 8 supreme poem2 b ! great ,g]man poet1 captivat$ z he may h be5 by 8 y\?ful exp]i5ce1 0 able 9 8 manhood to free himself f its %ackles4 ,he came 9 "t to h a pr(\nd insight into ! pr9ciples ( dramatic art1 & ( ! dramaturgic craft4 ,9 8 old age he talk$ ab\t ! !at] freely & frequ5tly to ,eck]mann2 & !re are few ( 8 utt]ances :i* d n furni% food = reflection4 ,"h is "o ( !m3 ,writ+ = ! /age is some?+ peculi>2 & he :o does n und]/& x _h bett] leave x alone4 ,e "o ?9ks t an int]e/+ fact w appe> int]e/+ on ! bo>ds--no?+ ( ! k9d6 ,?+s may be v pretty to read1 & v pretty to ?9k ab\t2 b z soon z !y are put ^u ! /age ! effect is q diff]5t2 & t :i* has *>m$ u 9 ! closet w probably fall flat on ! bo>ds4444 ,writ+ = ! /age is a trade t "o mu/ und]/&1 & requires a tal5t t "o mu/ possess4 ,bo? are uncommon1 & :]e !y are n comb9$1 we h sc>cely any good result4 ,t ,/ev5son _h ! native gift ( ! dramati/ is undisputable1 & ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o 9 8 lecture 0 able to make ?is cle>4 ,b writ+ = ! /age is also a trade t "o mu/ acquire2 & :5 ,/ev5son s\ght to acquire x he appr5tic$ himself to ,skelt n to ,s>d\1 to ,r$+ton & ,pollock1 n to ,augi] & ,dumas4 7#aiad47 ,illu/ration3 ,gr9d(f & b&itti c>\s+4 ,l[] half ( ,plate ,no4 #e1 ,pollock's *>act]s 9 ! ',mill] & ,8 ,m5' ,p4,s4--,aft] ! publication ( ?is pap] 9 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 a fri5dly read] 9 ,great ,brita9 0 k9d en\gh to copy out = me ?is ,skeltian lyric1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,london ,fun 9 #ahfh1 & :i* 0 probably rim$ by ,h5ry ,s4 ,leigh3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,/age ,ah me6 s9ce fir/1 long1 long ago1 ,i le>n$ to love ! ,briti% /age1 ,x has--or ,i h--alt]$ s1 ,x sc>ce receives my patronage6 ,:]e are ! villa9's spangl$ tabs1 ,8 cloak1 8 r+lets1 & 8 belt8 ,:]e are 8 sc[ls1 8 gr[ls1 8 /abs1 ,z %[n ( old by ,p>k & ,skelt8 ,once 0 ,i manag] myself1 ,& play$ ! ',mill] & 8 ,m5'2 ,my company--ah1 happy elf6 ,i _h no tr\ble ) !m !n-- ,!y nev] sulk$1 =got _! l9es1 ,?rew up _! p>ts1 or ask$ = gelt-- ,= z ! read] p'r'aps div9es-- ,i got !m all ( ,p>k & ,skelt4 ,i /uck !m on1 & cut !m out1 ,i pa9t$ !m ) colors bright2 ,i scatt]$ t9sel-specks ab\t1 ,& made !m ?+s ( beauty1 q-- ,n joys =ev]--ne'er!less1 ,!y've vani%$ j z sn[flakes melt4 ,none c re/ore ! bliss1 ,i guess1 ,i once d]iv$ f ,p>k & ,skelt4 ,h[ ,i rev]$ ! arti/'s skill ,:o did my h]oes repres5t-- ,) sc[ls ! v s\l to ?rill-- ,) "o leg /raight & "o leg b5t6 ,i lov$ 8 ladies full ( grace1 ,& on _! beauties fondly dwelt3-- ,my fir/ pictorial love c\ld trace ,h] p$igree to ,p>k & ,skelt4 ,ah me6 'tis _m a ye> s9ce ,i ,^? de> old plates--a p5ny pla9 ,& two-p5ce color$--did espy2 ,i ne'er %all see _! l aga96 ,! _w's ) disappo9tm5t rife1 ,& ,i h f> too (t5 felt ,t actors n[ are less l life ,?an ^? ,i b\ght ( ,p>k & ,skelt6 ,,iv ,,:y ,,five ,,acts8 ,,:y ,,five ,,acts8 ,i ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france1 e /ately & pond]\s trag$y & e self-respect+ com$y obey$ ! obligation impos$ by long tradition & duly /ret*$ itself out to ! full measure ( five acts1 no m & no less4 ,x felt b\nd ?us to di/5d itself1 ev5 ?o its !me might be f> too frail = s huge a frame1 & ev5 ?o ! un=tunate au?or (t5 f\nd himself at 8 wit's end to piece out 8 play's end4 ,any "o :o has _h occasion to read widely 9 ! works ( ! eighte5? c5tury playwrights _c fail to feel abundant sympa?y = ! h>ass$ poet :o pla9tively call$ on ,p>liam5t to pass a law aboli%+ fif? acts altoge!r4 ,?is unduly di/ress$ dramati/ 0 an ,engli%man2 b ab\t ! same "t a ,fr5*man1 we>y ( contemplat+ ! frequ5t empt9ess ( ! contempor>y tragic /age1 s>ca/ically rem>k$ t1 aft] all1 x mu/ be v easy n to write a trag$y 9 five acts4 ,yet if trag$y 0 to be writt5 at all1 x _h to h five acts1 s9ce a small] numb] w\ld n seem proportionate to a truly tragic subject4 ,b :y five acts8 ,:y has five ! numb] sacr$ to ! tragic muse8 ,:y did ev5 ! comic muse dem& x8 ,:y does ,george ,m]$i?1 discuss+ com$y1 decl>e t five is dignity ) a trail+ robe2 :]eas "o1 or two1 or ?ree acts w\ld be %ort skirts1 & degrad+4 ,:y n ?ree acts1 or sev58 ,:y 0 x t any o!r numb] ( acts 0 un?9kable--or at lea/ nev] ?\ght (8 ,que/ions l ^! seem to h float$ be=e ! m9d ( ! ,abbe d',aubignac1 writ+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & he came v ne> putt+ to himself ! qu]y :i* s]ves z a title = ?is *apt]4 ,poets h g5]ally agre$ t all ,drammas regul>ly %\ld h nei!r m nor less ?an ,five ,acts2 & ! ,pro( ( ?is is ! g5]al obs]vation ( x2 b = ! ,reason1 ,i d n "k :e!r !re be any f\nd$ 9 ,nature4 ,rhetorick has ?is advantage ov] ,poetry 9 ! ,p>ts ( ,oration1 t ! ,exord1 ,n>ration1 ,confirmation & ,p]oration are f\nd$ ^u a way ( disc\rs+ natural to all ,m54444 ,b = ! ,five ,acts ( ! ,drammatick ,poem1 !y h n be5 fram$ ^u any s\nd gr\nd4 ,t ! division ( a drama into five p>ts 0 accept$ 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry z ! only possible division1 seems v /range inde$1 :5 we consid] t !re is really no arti/ic ju/ification = x1 nor any logical necessity4 ,l e o!r "w ( art a play ought to h a s+le subject1 a cle>ly def9$ topic2 9 o!r words1 x ought to h ,unity ( ,action4 ,!re is no d5y+ t "s ( ! greate/ arti/s h1 n[ & aga91 be5 tempt$ to deal ) two !mes at ! same "t1 comb9+ ^! z be/ !y c\ld 9 a s+le "w at ! risk ( leav+ u a little 9 d\bt z to _! int5tion2 b 9 ! imm5se majority ( ackn[l$g$ ma/]pieces ! int]e/ is c>efully c5t]$ 9 a s+le object4 ,9 ^! ma/]pieces ! action is s+le & unsw]v+1 sweep+ =w>d irresi/ibly to its inevitable end4 ,if1 !re=e1 we accept ! ,unity ( ,action z a g5]al rule1 b9d+ ^u all arti/s1 we c h>dly d5y t ! mo/ obvi\sly natural arrangem5t = ! /ory is to set x =? 9 "o act1 )\t any int]mission or subdivision :atsoev]--a s+le action 9 a s+le act4 ,yet x is ! play 9 ?ree acts :i* we are b\nd to recognize at once z possess+ ! ideal =m1 s9ce x enables ! dramati/ to set ap>t ! ?ree divisions1 :i* ,ari/otle decl>$ to be ess5tial to a well-con/ruct$ trag$y--! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end--ea* pres5t$ 9 an act ( its own4 ,to put a play into m ?an ?ree acts is possible only by halv+ "o or ano!r ( ^! ?ree ess5tial p>ts4 ,9 a f\r-act play1 ! beg9n+ may be split into two acts2 & 9 a five-act play ! middle may also be subdivid$4 ,! logic ( ! ?ree-act =m1 & ! conv5i5ce ( x also1 are s obvi\s t ev] s9ce ! tyranny ( ! ,procru/ean framework 9 five acts 0 aboli%$ 9 ! middle ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 practical playwrights ( all c\ntries h favor$ x m & m4 ,! "y ,dumas us$ x 9 8 lat] plays1 & s did ,ibs51 t consummate ma/] ( /agecraft1 emancipat$ f empty traditions1 b pr(it+ %rewdly by e available device ( 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,if ! f\r-act =m is also popul> to-day1 ?is seems to be because ! mod]n dramati/1 int5d+ a play 9 ?ree acts1 f9ds himself =c$ by %e] press ( matt]1 to subdivide "o ( ! ess5tial memb]s1 z ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o _h to d 9 ! ',second ,mrs4 ,tanqu]ay' & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones 9 ! ',li>s4' ,ev5 ! op]a1 :i* lik$ ! l>g] framework ( five acts :5 ,scribe 0 writ+ librettos = ,halevy & ,mey]be]1 is n[ cont5t ) only ?ree1 s9ce ,wagn] reveal$ 8 skill z a libretti/4 ,x is true t ,freytag1 9 8 sadly old-fa%ion$ treatise on ',te*nic ( ! ,drama1' accept$ )\t cavil ! five-act =m1 & ev5 attempt$ to ju/ify x by ass]t+ t !re are 9 fact five divisions ( a tragic action4 ,he symboliz$ ! arrangem5t ( a drama 9 a pyramidal /ructure1 decl>+ t x asc5ds f ! ,introduction to ! ,climax1 & !n desc5ds to ! ,cata/rophe4 ,obvi\sly ^! are only diff]5t t]ms = ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end4 ,b he va9ly imag9$ two o!r memb]s1 ! ,rise1 :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! ,introduction & ! ,climax1 & ! ,fall1 :i* he ins]t$ betwe5 ! ,climax & ! ,cata/rophe4 ,obvi\sly1 aga91 ?is is an explanation aft] ! ev5t2 & x seems to h its orig9 solely 9 8 acceptance ( ! five-act =m4 ,& ,freytag 0 =c$ to ab&on 8 own !ory :5 he consid]$ hone/ly c]ta9 ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! mod]n drama4 ,he admitt$ x to be impossible t ! s+le acts %\ld correspond entirely to ! five great divisions ( ! action4 ,he ass]t$ t 9 ! ,ris+ ,action1 ! fir/ /age 0 usually 9 ! fir/ act1 ! la/ sometimes 9 ! ?ird2 ( ! ,fall+ ,action ! beg9n+ & ! end 7 sometimes tak5 9 ! ?ird & fif? acts4 ,yet he fail$ to see t if he made ?is admission1 he cut ! gr\nd f "u 8 feet1 & t !re 0 no long] any acceptable reason = 8 insi/5ce ^u ! five-act =m4 ,freytag _h no d\bt at all z to ! necessity ( ! division into five acts4 ,he receiv$ x ) bl9d fai?1 z ?o x _h be5 prescrib$ by div9e au?ority4 ,yet if he _h *os5 to explore ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! drama 9 8 own tongue1 he w\ld h f\nd ,hans ,sa*s sometimes ext5d+ 8 plays into six acts1 & ev5 into sev54 ,& if he _h c>$ to consid] ! drama ( ! ,spani>ds he w\ld h se5 t ! mo/ ( ! plays ( ,cald]on are 9 ?ree acts--a division :i* ! great dramatic poet ( ,spa9 _h tak5 ov]1 z he _h tak5 ov] s mu* else1 f 8 ma/]ful pr$ecessor1 ,lope de ,vega4 ,9 8 int]e/+ & illum9at+ little treatise on ! art ( writ+ plays1 ,lope de ,vega gave ! cr$it ( e/abli%+ ! ?ree-act =m to ,virues4 ,plays _h previ\sly be5 writt5 9 f\r acts2 z ,lope puts x pleasantly3 ,! drama _h gone on all f\rs1 l a *ild1 & truly x 0 !n 9 its infancy4 ,freytag ignor$ or 0 ignorant ( ,hans ,sa*s & ,cald]on4 ,8 m9d 0 fix$ on ,goe! & on ,s*ill]1 al?o 8 vision also includ$ ,%aksp]e1 ^u :om ! two ,g]man poets _h m or less model$ !mselves4 ,! tradition ( ! five-act =m might n obta9 9 ! e>lie/ ,g]man drama1 z x did n obta9 9 ! ,spani%2 b x 0 firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! lat] ,g]man drama1 9 ! ,engli%1 & 9 ! ,fr5*4 ,x is easy to see t ! lat] ,g]mans d]iv$ x f ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli%2 b :]e did ! ,fr5* & ! ,engli% get x8 ,:]e c\ld !y get x8 ,no su* division exi/$ 9 ! m$ieval drama1 9 ! my/]ies & 9 ! miracle-plays1 out ( :i* ! drama ( e mod]n language has be5 develop$4 ,no su* division exi/$ 9 ! ,greek drama1 :i* has s]v$ z a /&>d & z a /imulus to ! drama ( e mod]n lit]ature4 ,a ,greek trag$y 0 repres5t$ )\t any int]mission 9 a s+le1 long unbrok5 act2 & if a sequ5ce ( ?ree plays 0 sometimes p]=m$1 "o aft] ano!r1 on ! same day1 & deal+ ) successive p]iods ( ! same /ory1 ?is trilogy might sugge/ a division into ?ree p>ts4 ,nor is any h9t ( ! duty ( divid+ a trag$y into five p>ts to be discov]$ any:]e 9 ,ari/otle4 ,,ii ,& yet we mu/ g back to ! ,greek !at] if we want to see :y x is t ! ',femmes ,savantes' ( ,moli]e & ! ',s*ool = ,sc&al' ( ,%]idan are ea* ( !m 9 five acts4 ,b x is n f a ,greek t we get ! law t ?is division 0 obligatory on all self-respect+ dramati/s2 x is f a ,roman1 writ+ at a "t :5 ! drama ( 8 own language _h be5 ou/$ f ! /age by pantomimic spectacle & by gladiatorial combat4 ,x is ,horace1 :o1 9 8 epi/le on ! art ( poetry1 decl>es ! necessity ( five acts3 ,ne brevior1 neu sit qu9to productior actu ,fabula quae posci vult et spectata reponi4 ,sir ,!odore ,m>t9 r5d]$ ?is 9 an ,engli% rim$ c\plet1 :i* does n completely convey ! mean+ ( ! two ,lat9 l9es1 b :i* w s]ve to %[ ! rigidity ( ! rule laid d[n by ! ,roman poet3 ,five acts a play mu/ h1 nor m nor less1 ,to keep ! /age & h a m>k$ success4 ,b ?is /ill leaves u grop+ 9 ! d>k4 ,:y did ,horace decl>e ?is law8 ,:at w>rant _h he8 ,:at put ! idea into 8 head8 ,^! are que/ions answ]$ by a ,fr5* s*ol>1 ,m4 ,weil2 9 "o ( 8 +5i\s & le>n$ ',etudes sur le ,drame ,antique1' he expla9s t ,horace d]iv$ mu* ( 8 !ory ( ! poetic art f ! ,alex&rian critics1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! writ+s ( a c]ta9 ,neoptolemus ( ,p>ium4 ,probably ! ,alex&rian au?ors ( trag$y _h be5 l$ to adopt a division into five acts by foll[+ ! example ( ,euripides1 ^: practise 0 n uni=m1 b :o t5d$ to r$uce to f\r ! numb] ( ! lyric odes 9 8 trag$ies1 ?us sep>at+ ! purely dramatic passages into five p>ts4 ,9 ,a!ns ! drama _h be5 sl[ly evolv$ out ( ! tragic songs2 & 9 ! surviv+ trag$ies ( ,a,eschylus1 ! e>lie/ ( ! ?ree great dramatic poets ( ,greece1 we discov] t ! *oral odes are m abundant ?an ! dialog :i* c>ries on ! plot4 ,9 ! extant plays ( 8 mighty successor1 ,sophocles1 ! drama is se5 em]g+ triumphant1 b ! lyrical passages are /ill frequ5t & important4 ,9 ! lat] pieces ( ,euripides1 ! ?ird & mo/ mod]n ( ! ,attic trag$ians1 we note t ! drama has almo/ :olly dis5gag$ itself f ! lyric out ( :i* x sprang4 ,9 ,a,eschylus & 9 ,sophocles ! numb] ( *oral odes & ! numb] ( episodes1 ( purely dramatic passages 9 dialog1 is nev] fix$1 v>y+ f play to play z ! plot might dem&4 ,b 9 ,euripides ! *oral odes are m deta*$ f ! drama2 beautiful 9 !mselves1 !y seem to exi/ r = _! own sake ?an 9 any integral relation to ! play itself4 ,& app>5tly ,euripides 0 f> m int]e/$ 9 8 play1 9 8 plot1 & 9 8 *>act]s1 ?an 9 ^! extrane\s lyric passages1 s he r$uc$ !m to ! l[e/ possible numb]1 g5]ally to f\r1 s]v+1 s to speak1 z exquisite int]act music1 sep>at+ ! pa!tic play into five episodes 9 dialog4 ,! ,alex&rian trag$ians came long aft] ,euripides1 & to _! sophi/icat$ ta/e 8 pa!tic & emotional plays appeal$ f> m ?an ! au/]] & manli] ma/]pieces ( 8 two great pr$ecessors4 ,app>5tly !y accept$ 8 =m z f9al2 !y may ev5 h left out ! *oruses altoge!r2 & !n _! trag$ies _h five sep>ate episodes--9 o!r words1 five acts4 ,x is ^! lo/ ,alex&rian trag$ies1 compos$ 9 ! decad5t days ( ! ,greek drama1 :i* seem to h s]v$ z ! model = ,s5eca1 ! eloqu5t rhetorician--ev5 ?o he frequ5tly took ov] ! !me & (t5 m or less ( ! /ructure ( c]ta9 ( ! dramas ( ,euripides4 ,! trag$ies ( ,s5eca are to be consid]$ r z dramatic poems ?an z poetic dramas1 s9ce !y 7 int5d$ n really = p]=mance by actors1 9 a !at]1 be=e an audi5ce1 b = recitation by a s+le elocutioni/ 9 a private h\se--mu* z a pr(essional read] ( our own "t might recite unaid$ a m or less dramatic poem by ,%elley or ,byron or ,br[n+4 ,com+ long aft] ,horace1 ,s5eca unhesitat+ly accept$ all ( ! re/rictions insi/$ ^u by ! ,lat9 lyri/--includ+ ! purely academic limitation ( ! numb] ( speak]s tak+ "p 9 any dialog to ?ree1 a limitation absolutely absurd 9 a poem n int5d$ = actual act+ & n =c$ to con=m to ! accid5tal conditions ( ! ,attic /age4 ,obey+ also ! o!r rule :i* he f\nd 9 ,horace's codification ( ! laws ( dramatic poetry1 ! ,hispano-,roman rhetorician 0 c>eful always to cut up 8 play into five p>ts4 ,b he saw 8 pr(it 9 reta9+ ! *orus1 s9ce ?is c\ld be made to s]ve z ! appropriate m\?piece = ! elaborate passages ( elocution>y spl5dor 9 :i* he delight$4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at t ! ,italian s*ol>s ( ! ,r5asc5ce foll[$ ! precept ( ,horace & ! practise ( ,s5eca4 ,!y 7 f> m at home 9 ,lat9 ?an !y 7 9 ,greek2 & !y c\ld h>dly help read+ into ! lit]ature ( ,a!ns :at !y 7 already famili> ) 9 ! au?ors ( ,rome4 ,to !m ,s5eca 0 z impos+ z ,sophocles1 & ,horace 0 almo/ z weighty z ,ari/otle4 ,s x is t ,scalig] & ,m9turno prescribe five acts1 & t ,ca/elvetro 7always m practical 9 8 po9t ( view7 po9ts out t poets seem to h f\nd ! five-act =m mo/ suitable4 ,:5 an ,italian s*ol>-poet turn$ f criticism to creation1 ! trag$ies he consci5ti\sly compos$ obey$ all ! rules1 & 8 dramatic poems 7 z academic z ^? ( ,s5eca1 9 t !y 7 int5d$ n = production by pr(essional actors 9 a regul> !at] be=e spectators :o _h paid _! way 91 b only = an occasional p]=mance by ! au?or himself assi/$ by a few ( 8 fri5ds be=e a little gr\p ( cultivat$ admir]s ( antiquity1 contemptu\s ( ! real public4 ,^! s\lless dramatic poems1 devis$ = declamation by amateurs be=e a ga!r+ ( dilettants1 are n[ p]ceiv$ to be m]ely lit]>y curiosities1 hav+ little connection ) ! real drama made = ! regul> !at] & its myriad-m9d$ body ( playgo]s4 ,j z ! ,italian dramatic poems 7 imitations ( ,s5eca1 s ! ,fr5* dramatic poems1 compos$ a little lat]1 7 imitations ( ^! ,italians1 & also ( ,s5eca1 m or less indirectly4 ,!y 7 ! imitations ( an imitation1 ap+ ! outw>d =m ( ! drama1 b empty ( all g5u9e dramatic _s1 artificial 9 passion & high-fl[n 9 rhetoric4 ,& !re are e>ly ,engli% attempts at ?is same sort ( academic trag$y1 m imitative /ill1 s9ce we c see 9 !m ! comm+l$ influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* & ( ! ,italians imm$iately1 & also ( ! remot] ,s5eca1 :om !y rev]$ z ! exempl> ( true trag$y4 ,su* a play is ',gorboduc1' belaud$ by ! s*ol>ly ,sidney--& ev5 on "o occasion act$1 by ma9 /r5g?4 ,9 all ( ^! imitations1 ,engli% & ,fr5* & ,italian1 we f9d ! /ately *orus ab\nd+ 9 l(ty rhetoric2 & we f9d also1 & always1 ! division into five acts4 ,b 9 ! folk-!at]1 :i* ! s*ol>-poets scorn$1 & out ( :i* ! liv+ drama 0 to be develop$1 !re is no trace ( any division into acts4 ,9 ! my/]ies & ! miracle-plays1 & 9 ! *ronicle-plays :i* grew out ( !m1 !re are numb]less episodes1 ea* complete 9 itself1 & nev] comb9$ artificially into acts4 ,! compos] ( any "o ( ^! folk-dramas conceiv$ 8 /ory z a cont9u\s n>rative %[n 9 action2 & he gave no ?\ght to ! numb] ( divisions1 ( episodes1 ( sep>ate sc5es1 or ( acts t x might seem to h4 ,,iii ,trag$y has ev] be5 held to be m elevat$ ?an com$y & m wor?y2 & com$y has cont9ually accept$ ! conditions appropriate to trag$y4 ,s9ce ! dignity ( trag$y dem&$ a division into five acts1 com$y 0 also subject$ to ! same rule2 & ?is 0 done 9 spite ( ! fact t ! plays ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce 7compos$ long be=e ,horace codifi$ 8 advice to int5d+ poets7 7 n divid$ into acts1 if we may judge by ! e>lie/ ( ! surviv+ manuscripts4 ,s x is t we f9d ! s*ol>ly au?ors ( ! two e>lie/ ( ,engli% com$ies1 ',ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]' & ',gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le1' kn[+ :at 0 expect$ ( !m1 & giv+ ! five-act =m to bo? ( ^! amus+ plays4 ,b ^! two com$ies1 almo/ contempor>y z !y are ) ! academic & undramatic trag$y ( ',gorboduc1' are f> sup]ior to x 9 adaptability = actual p]=mance4 ,!y are n int5d$ only to be recit$2 !y c be act$ easily & pr(itably4 ,z we analyze !m we see t ! /ructural complexity may be d]iv$ f ! comic dramas ( ,plautus & ,t]5ce1 b t ! inn] _s is t ( ! ,engli% folk-!at]1 ( ! robu/ m$ieval f>ce-writ]s1 ( ! unkn[n humori/ :o has left u ! laughable & v]aci\s sc5e ( ,mak & ! ,%eph]ds4 ,s*ol>s z !y 71 ! au?ors ( ^! two com$ies did n scorn ! primitive plays ( ! pla9 p ( _! own "t4 ,!y did n despise ! unpret5d+ folk-drama :i* 0 !n pleas+ ! populace2 9 fact1 !y took /ock ( x1 & f\nd _! pr(it 9 s do+4 ,!y saw t to be rais$ up to ! level ( lit]ature x ne$$ only to be *a/5$ & /iff5$4 ,!y accept$ ! liv+ tradition ( play-mak+ z x came d[n to !m1 & 9 accord ) ?is tradition !y wr\ght _! humor\s fantasies1 add+ ! high] poli% & ! m adroit plot :i* !y _h le>n$ to appreciate 9 ! ,lat9 comic dramati/s4 ,!y accept$ ! native play1 b>e z x 01 & !y enri*$ x by be/[+ on x z mu* z x c\ld c>ry ( ! f9] art ( ! ,romans4 ,?us x is t ! au?ors ( ',ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]' & ( ',gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le' may h po9t$ out ! pa? ( progress to ! au?or ( ! ',com$y ( ,errors1' :]eas ! au?ors ( ',gorboduc1' contemptu\sly reject+ ! folk-!at] ( _! own day1 & idly copy+ ! classici/ imitations ( ! ,italians1 !reby rel9qui%$ :atev] direct influ5ce !y might h _h ^u ! gr[? ( trag$y 9 ,engl&4 ,bo? ',ralph ,roi/] ,doi/]' & ',gamm] ,gurton's ,ne$le' 7 probably writt5 = p]=mance by college boys1 & !y h n a little ( ! brisk he>t9ess & ( ! broad horse-play to :i* we are accu/om$ 9 ! college pieces ( to-day4 ,x 0 = p]=mance at c\rt t ,lyly wrote ! mo/ ( 8 plays1 :i* lack ! vivacity & ! livel9ess di/+ui%+ ! two college comic dramas1 b :i* yet reveal a f> bett] und]/&+ ( ! drama ?an 0 possess$ by ! au?ors ( ',gorboduc4' ,lyly aga9 is c>eful to divide 8 plays into five acts4 ,b 8 contempor>ies ,gre5e & ,peele1 writ+ solely = ! pr(essional playh\ses1 7 b\nd by none ( ! rules :i* might be expect$ 9 college or at c\rt4 ,:atev] _! own s*ol>ly equipm5t1 :5 !y wrote = ! pr(essional play]s1 !y foll[$ unhesitat+ly ! traditions ( ! contempor>y !at]4 ,z playwrights !y 7 ! direct heirs ( ! anonym\s & ignorant devis]s ( ! m$ieval drama4 ,!y _h a /ory to set on ! /age2 !y *ose a succession ( m or less effective episodes1 & !y c>elessly ca/ ^! into dialog1 ) little ?\ght ( =m or ( con/ruction4 ,nev] d _! plays conta9 matt] en\gh = five full acts2 & we may be c]ta9 t no su* framework 0 ev] 9 ! m9d ( ei!r ( ^! dramatic poets4 ,9 ! orig9al editions ( _! pieces we f9d no sep>ation into acts & sc5es2 & if ?is ne$less & mislead+ subdivision is f\nd 9 lat] editions x is ! do+ ( misguid$ editors4 ,9 :at is accept$ z ! e>lie/ edition ( ,kyd's ',spani% ,trag$y1' ! mo/ widely popul> ( all ! pre-,%aksp]ian plays1 ! text is actually divid$ into f\r acts4 ,b ?is division is n /ructural2 x is almo/ accid5tal1 z ?o x 0 an aft]?\ght1 ins]t$ at ! la/ mom5t into ! copy int5d$ = ! pr9t]1 & nev] 9 ! m9d ( ! playwright himself :5 he 0 prep>+ ! prompt-book = ! actors2 & ,%aksp]e1 :o foll[$ ,kyd 9 m ways ?an "o1 app>5tly foll[$ him 9 ?is also4 ,9 ! folio edition ( 8 plays1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 a division into five acts has be5 made2 b ! task has n be5 accompli%$ any too skilfully--= example1 ! second act ( ',k+ ,john' has b eighty l9es1 & "h ! division is into f\r acts only4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 pr(f]$ t x 01 p]haps1 left to ! pr9t]s to d1 ! influ5ce ( ,b5 ,jonson hav+ be5 p[]ful en\gh to e/abli% ! !ory t a self-respect+ dramati/ w\ld nev] fail to ca/ 8 trag$ies 9 ! five-act =m4 ,x is to be not$ also t no division into acts is to be f\nd 9 ! qu>to editions publi%$ 9 ,%aksp]e's lifetime2 & ?is is v significant s9ce ^! qu>tos seem to h be5 piratical copies f %or?& notes tak5 surreptiti\sly 9 ! !at]1 ?us record+ ! actual conditions ( p]=mance4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,%aksp]e conceiv$ 8 plays 9 accordance ) any su* subdivisions4 ,"s ( !m1 ! ',com$y ( ,errors' = "o1 :i* c be act$ 9 ! space ( an h\r & a qu>t]1 are f> too slight = s huge a framework4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sev]al appe>ances ( ,*orus punctuate ',h5ry ,v' into five divisions1 app>5tly an int5tional con=mity to ! ,horatian rule4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 g5]ally sev]al int]missions 9 ! ,elizabe?an p]=mance ( a play1 al?o ! result+ divisions 7 n necess>ily five2 & x is notewor?y t ,%aksp]e makes ,jaques decl>e t man's life _h sev5 acts4 ,,iv ,! fact is t ,%aksp]e 0 a pr(essional playwright1 & t he _h no m]ely academic !ories4 ,9 compos+ 8 plays he foll[$ unhesitat+ly ! pr9ciples t _h guid$ 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors4 ,he 0 seek+ ev] to give ! playgo+ public :at x _h be5 accu/om$ to enjoy 9 ! !at]1 bett] 9 degree1 no d\bt1 b ! same 9 k9d4 ,l ^! pr$ecessors1 he kept to ! traditions inh]it$ f ! m$ieval my/]ies2 & he ?\ght 9 t]ms1 n ( acts & ( sc5es1 z a mod]n playwright is =c$ to d1 b ( a cont9u\s n>rative %[n 9 action4 ,9 do+ s he resembles ,h]odotus1 ^: hi/ory has also be5 cut up by lat] editors1 divid+ x into n9e books1 al?o1 z ,pr(essor ,bury has rem9d$ u1 su* divisions _h n yet come into fa%ion 9 ! hi/orian's own day4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,%aksp]e w\ld h approv$ ( ! attempt ( ! editors ( ! folio to subdivide 8 plays1 ea* into five acts4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t he w\ld h be5 greatly annoy$ if he c\ld h =ese5 ! way 9 :i* lat] editors h *os5 fur!r to *op up ! acts into an inf9ity ( sc5es4 ,n[adays1 we h be5 s accu/om$ to read ,%aksp]e 9 "o or ano!r ( ! trim & tidy mod]n editions1 ) a wanton division into acts & into sc5es1 ea* ( :i* indicates a *ange ( place1 & ea* ( :i* seems to sugge/ a *ange ( sc5]y1 t x is only by a resolute ef=t ( ! w t we are able to %ake (f ! prepossessions d]iv$ f ?is un=tunate & confus+ pres5tation ( 8 text4 ,probably ev5 to-day a majority ( ^? :o enjoy read+ ,%aksp]e w\ld be surpris$ to be told t !re is no w>rant :atev] = ^! alleg$ *anges ( sc5e1 & = ^! sup]abundant subdivisions ( 8 /ory4 ,_m ( ^! read]s w\ld be tak5 aback by ! unexpect$ discov]y t all ?is cutt+ up ( ,%aksp]e's text 0 ! "w ( 8 comm5tators1 ) ,r[e at ! head ( ! procession4 ,"s ( ^! read]s w\ld feel z ?o !y 7 depriv$ ( a preci\s possession1 if !y _h only an edition 9 :i* all ?is useless ma*9]y 0 swept away4 ,& yet ?is is j ! edition :i* is dem&$ by ! pres5t /ate ( ,%aksp]ian s*ol>%ip1 & :i* is n[ made possible by our new und]/&+ ( ! ,elizabe?an !at]1 ) its rude plat=m ?ru/ out into ! y>d1 s diff]5t f our mod]n !at]s1 9 :i* ! /age is )drawn beh9d a picture-frame4 ,! ,tudor plat=m-/age is :olly unlike ! picture-frame /age ( to-day2 b x is v l ! pageant1 or ! scaffold on :i* ! my/]ies & miracle-plays 7 pres5t$4 ,x 0 to ! simple conditions ( 8 semi-m$ieval !at] t ,%aksp]e adju/$ himself1 rude z ^? conditions may n[ appe> to u :o are accu/om$ to ! sumptu\s picturesqu5ess ( our own luxuriant playh\ses4 ,9 accept+ ! !at] z he f\nd x1 & 9 avail+ himself ( all its possibilities1 su* z !y 71 ,%aksp]e %[$ 8 usual common s5se4 ,only by /riv+ to recon/ruct = ourselves 9 our m9d's eye1 z x 71 ! playh\se :]e he pli$ 8 trade & e>n$ 8 liv+1 c we come to any adequate appreciation ( 8 art1 ( 8 craftsman%ip z a playwright1 ( 8 dramaturgic skill4 ,& 9 any hone/ ef=t to und]/& h[ 8 mighty dramas 7 orig9ally produc$ by himself & by 8 fell[ actors 9 ! r\nd ,o ( ! wood5 ,globe ,!at]1 unro($ & unlight$ except by ! d+y daylight ( nor!rn ,europe1 we ne$ always to keep fa/ 9 our m9d ! fact t all preconceptions are false t may be d]iv$ f our memory ( latt]-day p]=mances 9 !at]s ( a type :i* ! ,elizabe?an dramati/s c\ld n =esee1 & ( :i* ! conditions are (t5 ! exact opposite ( ^? !y accept$ )\t hesitation4 ,t is to say1 ! mo/ pr(itable way to recon/ruct m5tally ! ,tudor playh\se is to bani% f our m9ds e impression made by our mod]n !at]1 ) its elaborate complexity1 & to /udy out = ourselves ! simple circum/ances ( p]=mance 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& z a fir/ /ep t[>d ! prop] /&po9t1 we mu/ ca/ out our traditional belief t ,%aksp]e always accept$ ! classici/ =mula ( five acts1 proclaim$ by ,horace1 & employ$ by ,s5eca4 ,t he did use x 9 "o or two plays seems indisputable1 & he may v well h employ$ x 9 a few o!rs1 b !re is no reason to suppose t he w\ld h submitt$ himself any m will+ly to ! rule ( five acts ?an he did to ! rule ( ! ?ree unities4 ,x may be d\bt$ also :e!r n a few dramati/s1 writ+ lat] ?an ,%aksp]e1 w\ld n h done well to claim ! lib]ty he & ,lope de ,vega *ose to ex]cise at w4 ,rac9e1 = "o1 _h sadly to /ret* 8 ',a?alie' to fill out ! five-act framework :i* he _h bl9dly accept$1 al?o he _h e>li] limit$ ',e/h]' to ?ree acts4 ,s*ill]1 = ano!r1 w\ld h ga9$ a swift] compactness = 8 play if he _h left out ! ne$less fif? act ( 8 ',william ,tell' & roll$ 8 f\r? act into 8 ?ird4 ,victor ,hugo _h to manufacture a f\r? act = 8 ',ruy ,blas1' s slightly relat$ to 8 ma9 /ory t x 0 cut out ( ! ,engli% adaptation act$ by ,fe*t] & ,boo?4 ,ibs51 x may be add$1 compos$ 8 fir/ trag$y1 ',catil9e1' 9 ?ree acts1 al?o x 0 9 blank v]se1 ?us e>ly reveal+ 8 *>act]i/ic indep5d5ce ( tradition4 7#aijg47 ,p4 ,s4--,s9ce ?is pap] 0 writt5 ,i h f\nd two op9ions z to ! numb] ( acts a play ought to h :i* 7 unkn[n to me :5 ,i und]took ! discussion4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! ',das>upa1' ! ,h9du treatise on ! craft ( play-mak+3 ,!re are five /ages ( ! action :i* is set on foot by ^? t /rive aft] a result3 ,beg9n+1 ,ef=t1 ,prospect ( ,success1 ,c]ta9ty ( ,success1 ,atta9m5t ( ! ,result4 ,! second is 9 ! comm5t>y made by ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son dur+ 8 me?odical p]usal ( ! dramas ( ! eld] ,dumas4 ,aft] read+ ',h5ri ,,iii et sa ,c\r1' ,/ev5son decl>es t "h 9 ,dumas's fir/ piece is ! clov5 foot2 a f\r? act t has no "p or lot 9 ! play2 a f\r? act t is a m]e incubus & int]ruption--t takes ! eye (f ! action1 & betwe5 two spirit$ & palpitat+ sc5es int]jects a damn$ s]mon on ! hi/ory ( ,france4 ,poor ,tribonian _h a sore job to make up ! fifty books ( ! ,p&ects2 :at 0 t to ! labor ( a dramati/ b5t on fill+ 8 five acts8 ,i g z f> z ?is3 ! natural division ( ! normal play is f\r3 ,act ,i1 exposition2 ,act ,,ii1 ! problem produc$2 ,act ,,iii1 ! problem argu$2 ,act ,,iv1 ! way out ( x4 7#aiaf47 ,v ,,dramatic ,,collaboration ,,dramatic ,,collaboration ,i ,x is a significant fact t :5ev] & :]ev] ! drama has fl\ri%$ mo/ abundantly & mo/ luxuriantly1 we are c]ta9 to f9d a t5d5cy to collaboration1 to ! p>tn]%ip ( two au?ors 9 ! composition ( "o play4 ,9 ,engl& 9 ! spaci\s days ( good ,que5 ,bess1 !re is n only ! fam\s association ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]1 b also a ho/ ( o!r m or less tempor>y comb9ations1 ,flet*] ) ,%aksp]e & ,mass+]1 ,dekk] ) ,b5 ,jonson & ) ,middleton4 ,9 ,spa9 ,lope de ,vega jo9$ =ces ) ,montalvan & ) o!rs4 ,9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,moli]e1 once at lea/ call$ to 8 aid ,corneille & ,qu9ault2 & 9 ,france aga9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury we f9d ,augi] work+ ) ,s&eau & ) ,f\ssi]1 ,scribe work+ ) ,leg\ve1 & ) a score ( o!rs1 :ile ,dumas ! eld] 0 encompass$ by a cl\d ( collaborators1 & ,dumas ! y\ng] 0 will+ on m ?an "o occasion to jo9 v>i\s writ]s 9 ! plays :i* he includ$ 9 ! sep>ate volumes ( 8 works1 call$ by him ! ',!atre des ,autres4' ,!n also 9 ,france !re 0 ! long-cont9u$ alliance ( ,meilhac & ,halevy1 to :i* we owe ',fr\fr\' & ! ',gr& ,du*ess ( ,g]ol/e9'2 & !re 0 also ! almo/ equally int]e/+ association ( ,,mm4 ,caillavet & de ,fl]s4 ,s>d\ _h "o ally 9 ! composition ( ',divorcons1' & ano!r 9 ! composition ( ',madame ,sans ,g5e4' ,9 ,great ,brita9 9 rec5t ye>s we h se5 ,sir ,james ,b>rie & ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o unite 9 writ+ a book = music2 ,mr4 ,b5nett & ,mr4 ,knoblau* unite 9 writ+ ',mile/ones'2 ,mr4 ,granville ,b>k] & ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,h\sman unite 9 writ+ ',prunella4' ,& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 0 a score ( ye>s ago ! /eady collaboration ( ,mr4 ,belasco ) ! late ,h4 ,c4 ,de ,mille1 to :i* we owe ! ',*>ity ,ball' & ! ',wife'2 & m rec5tly ,mr4 ,belasco also has collaborat$ ) ,mr4 ,john ,lu!r ,long 9 writ+ ',madame ,butt]fly1' & ! ',d>l+ ( ! ,gods4' ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?omas 0 once ! p>tn] ( ,mr4 ,clay ,gre5e2 ,mr4 ,bronson ,h[>d compos$ "o ( 8 late/ plays1 ',pet] ,/uyvesant1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,am/]dam1' 9 association ) ano!r ,am]ican man ( lett]s2 & ,mr4 ,boo? ,t>k+ton & ,mr4 ,h>ry ,leon ,wilson 7 ! co-au?ors ( ! ',man f ,home' & ( half a doz5 o!r pieces4 ,:ile ?is preval5ce ( ! practise ( collaboration 9 p]iods ( dramatic productivity is significant1 x is equally significant t !re is no correspond+ preval5ce ( ! practise ( collaboration 9 novel-writ+4 ,true x is t !re are c]ta9 fairly well-kn[n p>tn]%ips 9 ! hi/ory ( prose fiction--t ( ,erckmann-,*atra91 9 ,fr5*1 = in/ance1 & t ( ,besant & ,rice 9 ,engli%4 ,true x is t ,dick5s & ,wilkie ,coll9s 7 jo9t au?ors ( ',no ,?or(>e1' & t ,m>k ,twa9 & ,*>les ,dudley ,w>n] 7 jo9t au?ors ( ! ',gild$ ,age4' ,true x is also1 t novels h be5 writt5 n only by two p>tn]s1 b by :at c fairly be describ$ z a syndicate ( associat$ au?ors1 ! ',k+'s ,m5' by f\r1 ',six ( ,"o & ,half a ,doz5 ( ! ,o!r' by six1 & ! ',:ole ,family' by twelve 7includ+ ,mr4 ,h[ells & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james1 ,mrs4 ,m>y ,e4 ,wilk9s ,freeman1 & ,doctor ,h5ry van ,dyke74 ,^! freaki% conglom]ates are sporadic only2 !y seem to be little bett] ?an lit]>y /unts2 & ev5 ! union ( two writ]s 9 ! production ( a s+le novel is f> less frequ5tly to be obs]v$ ?an ! union ( two writ]s 9 ! production ( a s+le play4 ,! =m] is unusual1 :]eas ! latt] seems to be s common z to excite no comm5t4 ,n[1 !re mu/ be a reason = ?is diff]5ce4 ,if ! playwrights f9d x advantage\s to d\ble up1 & ! noveli/s d n discov] any pr(it 9 putt+ on d\ble h>ness1 !re ought to be "s evid5t explanation4 ,:5 we consid] m c>efully ! ess5tially diff]5t conditions ( ! art ( prose fiction & ! art ( play-writ+1 x is n difficult to p]ceive fairly obvi\s reasons = ! v>y+ proc$ure ( ! practition]s ( ^! rival arts1 :i* may seem s mu* alike1 b :i* are really s v diff]5t 9 _! me?ods & 9 _! possibilities4 ,! ,fr5* critic ,j\b]t once ass]t$ t to make 9 advance an exact & detail$ plan is to deprive "o's intellect ( all ! pleasures ( novelty & *ance meet+ dur+ its execution2 x is to make ?is execution insipid1 & 9 consequ5ce impossible1 9 works call+ = en?usiasm & imag9ation4 ,?is is an ov]/atem5t--b x is n a mis/atem5t--( a pr9ciple ( composition :i* is fundam5tally s\nd 9 ! writ+ ( prose fiction1 b :i* is fundam5tally uns\nd 9 ! writ+ ( plays4 ,! drama dem&s a well-built /ory1 artfully put toge!r1 :ile a novel ne$ n h a coh]5t & compact plot4 ,"s great novels1 ,field+'s ',tom ,jones' = "o1 & ,turg5ef's ',smoke' = ano!r1 h ea* ( !m a beautifully articulat$ /ructure1 & s has ,mr4 ,h[ells's ',rise ( ,silas ,lapham1' to take a lat] example4 ,b o!r great novels are frankly m or less haphaz>d 9 _! movem5t1 ! ',pickwick ,pap]s1' = in/ance1 & ',t>t>9 on ! ,alps1' & ',huckleb]ry ,f9n4' ,& x is n too mu* to say t only a v few novels atta9 to ! sev]ity ( /ructure1 ! regul>ity ( action1 ! /raight=w>d1 unsw]v+ movem5t :i* we discov] 9 ! dramas ( a correspond+ rank1 & :i* c be a*iev$ only by mak+ 9 advance ! exact & detail$ plan t ,j\b]t held to be fatal 9 works call+ = en?usiasm & imag9ation4 ,( c\rse1 ! drama c utilize en?usiasm & imag9ation q z (t5 & q z abundantly z c prose fiction1 b x mu/ use ^! preci\s gifts ) a discretion :i* is n impos$ ^u its rival4 ,9 a novel en?usia/ic imag9ation may lure ! /ory-tell] into a ho/ ( by-pa?s n =ese5 by him :5 he set out on 8 j\rney2 & :ile he is adv5tur+ himself 9 ^! by-pa?s1 he may *ance to enc\nt] *>act]s ( a div]t+ or an appeal+ p]sonality1 :om x may amuse him to del9eate1 & :om ! read]s ( 8 book w be glad to welcome4 ,b 9 a drama ! /ory-tell] is deb>r$ f ^! w&]+s f ! /raight & n>r[ road1 & he mu/1 p]=ce1 control 8 en?usia/ic imag9ation1 compell+ x to d its "w )9 ! rigid limits ( ! artfully devis$ framework ( ! plot4 ,9 o!r words1 "* is all-important 9 prose fiction1 & ! ultimate fame ( ! noveli/ dep5ds ^u 8 p[] ( end[+ 8 creatures ) life1 & ^u 8 ability to let !m obey ! laws ( _! be+ be=e our eyes4 ,?is mu/ ! playwright also a*ieve2 b he has ! add$ duty ( relat+ 8 *>act]s intimately to ! ma9 action ( 8 drama4 ,n[1 ! noveli/ is "u no obligation ( ?is sort2 he appeals n to a cr[d seat$ be=e a /age1 b to ! solit>y read] 9 ! /udy2 & exp]i5ce %[s t solit>y read]s d n insi/ ^u ! solidity ( /ructure 9 a novel :i* ! same individuals desire & dem& :5 !y betake !mselves to ! !at]4 ,! novel-read] may be satisfi$ by *>act]s :o d n "k _! own m9ds1 & :o are m]ely exhibit$ & put ?r\gh _! paces1 )\t hav+ any vital relation to ! /ory1 ev5 if !re is any?+ :i* c fairly be call$ a /ory--& 9 "s novels ( high repute1 9 ,/]ne's ',s5tim5tal ,j\rney1' = example1 & 9 ,anatole ,france's ',hi/oire ,contempora9e1' ea* ( !m ext5d+ ov] sev]al volumes1 !re is little or no /ory1 no ma9 ?read1 no pret5se ( a plot4 ,,ii ,"h1 !n1 is ! fatal diff]5ce betwe5 a novel & a play2 a novel may h a plot1 b a plot is n necess>y1 & x c get along ) a m9imum ( /ory2 :]eas a play mu/ h a plot1 skilfully articulat$1 ev5 if ! skeleton is beautifully cov]$2 x mu/ h a /ory peopl$ by p]sons kn[+ _! own m9ds1 a /ory set 9 action by a dom9at+ w1 :i* det]m9es ! successive episodes ( ! action4 ,z ! mak+ ( a plot1 z ! putt+ toge!r ( a support+ skeleton ( action1 calls = dext]ity ( workman%ip1 = +5uity ( res\rce1 = adroitness ( con/ruction1 = ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation ( ! means :]eby ! end is to be obta9$1 two heads are (t5 bett] ?an "o1 because ! p>tn]s h to talk ! ?+ out to its utt]mo/ details be=e !y decide ^u ! /raight l9e :i* is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,! te*nic ( play-mak+ is m exact+ ?an ! te*nic ( novel-writ+1 & x requires imp]atively ! exact & detail$ plan :i* ,j\b]t held to be hamp]+ to en?usiasm & imag9ation4 ,scott1 = example1 z he tells u himself1 began m ?an "o ( 8 novels n kn[+ :at he 0 go+ to put into x1 & n kn[+ f day to day1 z he 0 writ+1 :at 8 ultimate goal w\ld be4 ,b no playwright1 h[ev] happy-g-lucky 9 8 t5d5cies1 has ev] d>$ to beg9 a play be=e he knew ) absolute c]ta9ty h[ he int5d$ to end x4 ,9 ! drama we insi/ ^u a /raight=w>d & unsw]v+ action2 ! end is impli$ 9 ! beg9n+1 & ! beg9n+ is only :at t end makes necess>y4 ,z ! te*nic ( ! drama is exact+1 x ne$s to be acquir$ by a p]iod ( appr5tice%ip2 & "h is ano!r ( ! indisputable advantages ( collaboration4 ,! m inexp]i5c$ ( ! two collaborators is tak5 into ! /udio1 s to speak1 ( ! m exp]t1 & he !reby le>ns ! secrets ( /age-craft 9 ! be/ possible way1 by apply+ !m "u ! direction1 or at ! sugge/ion & by ! advice1 ( an old] practition]1 to :om !y h become s famili> t !y are a second nature1 z x 74 ,collaboration is ! be/ conceivable s*ool = "y playwrights4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! influ5ce ( ,scribe's multipli$ collaborations ^u ! drama ( ,france 9 ! mid-ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 & almo/ z pot5t1 because almo/ z wide-spread1 0 ! influ5ce ( ! _m collaborations ( ! eld] ,dumas4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o 7 ! tempor>y p>tn]s ( ,scribe & ,dumas 7 subdu$ to _! m p[]ful associate1 & contribut$ little or no?+ beyond _! fundam5tal sugge/ions = ! sev]al plays1 & _! incid5tal sugge/ions z to details ( ! work+-out4 ,t is to say1 mo/ ( ! plays sign$ by ,scribe & ,dumas 9 p>tn]%ip ) o!rs h a close simil>ity to ! plays !y sign$ alone4 ,b f ?is g5]alization we may except ',adri5ne ,lec\vreur' & ',bataille de ,dames1' 9 :i* ,scribe _h ,leg\ve = a p>tn]1 & 9 :i* we f9d a great] ri*ness ( "* del9eation ?an 9 any ( ! pieces t ,scribe compos$ alone1 z we f9d also a great] dext]ity ( con/ruction ?an 9 any ( ! pieces t ,leg\ve compos$ alone4 ,to ! fact t ',mile/ones' 0 writt5 by ,mr4 ,arnold ,b5nett & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,knoblau* 9 conjunction1 & to ! fri5dly discussion due to _! work+ toge!r1 we may cr$it ! sup]ior /age-effectiv5ess ( ?is play ov] ! ',kismet1' :i* ,mr4 ,knoblau* wrote alone1 & ov] ! ',great ,adv5ture1' = :i* ,mr4 ,b5nett 0 solely responsible4 ,to ! composition ( ',mile/ones' ea* ( ^! two au?ors1 ! ,am]ican & ! ,engli%man1 br\ght 8 special qualifications1 ea* ( !m n only /imulat+ b supplem5t+ ! o!r4 ,s we f9d ! mo/ fam\s ,fr5* com$y ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ',g5dre de ,m4 ,poiri]1' a bett] piece ( "w1 m equably balanc$ ?an any play writt5 alone by ei!r ,augi] or ,s&eau4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t !re is little pr(it 9 a p>tn]%ip = play-mak+ :5 bo? ( ! associates are equally inexp]t1 or :5 !y 7 bo? possess$ ( wrong notions ab\t ! art ( ! drama4 ,9 ! =m] case we h ! bl9d lead+ ! bl9d1 & ! mo/ lam5table example ( ?is is ! long =gott5 ',ah ,s91' :i* ,bret ,h>te & ,m>k ,twa9 comb9$ to compose t ,c4 ,t4 ,p>sloe c\ld imp]sonate ! ,hea!n ,*9ee4 ,9 ! latt] case we h n only ! bl9d lead+ ! bl9d1 b a p]v]s5ess 9 go+ ! wrong way1 int5sifi$ by ! complete sympa?y betwe5 ! two associates2 & ! mo/ lam5table example ( ?is is ! ',deacon ,brodie' ( ,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son & ,william ,erne/ ,h5ley1 :o n only 7 ignorant ( ! mod]n te*nic ( ! drama1 b :o ignor$ x ( set purpose1 delib]ately go+ up a bl9d alley despite ! pla9 sign t !re 0 no ?or(>e4 ,,iii ,yet ,/ev5son1 at lea/1 p]ceiv$ cle>ly en\gh :at ought to be ! m evid5t advantages ( collaboration1 t x focus$ two m9ds toge!r on ! /uff1 ?us produc+ an extraord9>ily great] ri*ness ( purview1 consid]ation1 & inv5tion4 ,collaboration w probably always produce a great] ri*ness ( inv5tion1 s9ce ea* ( ! p>tn]s is likely to /imulate ! o!r1 _! two m9ds /rik+ sp>ks l fl9t & /eel4 ,b x c produce a great] ri*ness ( consid]ation only :5 ea* is will+ bo? to yield & to oppose4 ,nei!r mu/ yield too easily2 ea* ( !m mu/ /& out = 8 own sugge/ions2 & ea* ( !m mu/ insi/ on weigh+ & measur+ ! sugge/ions ( 8 ally4 ,if !y are too sympa!tic1 if _! two he>ts beat z "o1 !n ! advantage ( _! hav+ two heads is dim9i%$4 ,if ! two p>tn]s always ?9k alike1 !n !re w be no great] ri*ness ( purview4 ,:5 a play compos$ by two ( 8 fri5ds fail$ to f9d ! success on ! /age :i* _h be5 anticipat$ = x1 ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?omas made ! %rewd rem>k t ! two au?ors _h probably be5 too polite to ea* o!r--t is to say1 t !y _h n insi/$ ^u criticis+ ! successive sugge/ions made by ea* 9 turn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! collaborators mu/ be broad-m9d$ en\gh n to res5t ?is necess>y criticism4 ,l any o!r p>tn]%ip1 collaboration is a tickli% exp]im5t1 & x c be pr(itable only :5 ! two p>tn]s are will+ to give & take4 ,!y ne$ m ?an usual self-control2 !y mu/ be able1 ea* ( !m1 to pres]ve 8 own self-respect :ile full ( reg>d = ! self-respect ( ! o!r4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! long collaborations ( ,erckmann-,*atra9 & ( ,meilhac & ,halevy f9ally came to a sudd5 end because ( an abrupt qu>rel4 ,t disagreem5t is likely to arise out ( ! discussions inh]5t 9 any pr(itable lit]>y p>tn]%ip is evid5c$ by a retort cr$it$ to ! y\ng] ,dumas1 :o 0 a r au?oritative p>tn]1 & :o did n always succe$ 9 keep+ on good t]ms ) ^? ^: plays he _h bett]$4 ,a fri5d once sugge/$ a !me = a play1 & invit$ ! collaboration ( ,dumas4 ,b :y %\ld ,i wi% to qu>rel ) y8 0 answ] ( ! witty dramati/4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( self-control 9 all ! long hi/ory ( collaboration is t ( ,!odore ,b>ri]e1 ! au?or ( ! once-fam\s play call$ ! ',m>ble ,he>t1' "o ( ! late/ ( ^: pieces 7adapt$ by ,augu/9 ,daly z ',alixe'7 0 compos$ 9 collaboration ) 8 "m-9-law6 ,sometimes ! brea* betwe5 ! two p>tn]s is po/pon$ until aft] ! play is complet$ & produc$4 ,*>les ,reade & ,tom ,taylor jo9$ =ces 9 ! composition ( ! long-popul> com$y call$ ',masks & ,faces1' & aft] x _h e/abli%$ itself ^u ! /age1 ,*>les ,reade took its plot & its *>act]s & utiliz$ !m 9 8 *>m+ novel1 ',peg ,w(f+ton1' & z he _h tak5 ! lib]ty ( ?us mak+ a private pr(it out ( ! prop]ty ( ! p>tn]%ip1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ,tom ,taylor 0 di/9ctly displeas$4 ,b ,*>les ,reade1 al?o he collaborat$ ) ,tom ,taylor1 ) ,paul ,m]ritt1 & ) ,dion ,b\cicault1 0 m or less defici5t 9 ! c\rtesy & consid]ation t a man ought to possess to fit him = p>tn]%ip4 ,:5 he alli$ himself ) ,dion ,b\cicault 9 ! writ+ ( ! novel ( ',f\l ,play1' ! collaborators qu>rel$ s viol5tly t !y felt !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 prep>+ rival dramatizations ( ! /ory !y _h writt5 9 conjunction1 s t ,london playgo]s _h ! opportunity ( *oos+ betwe5 two diff]5t !atrical adaptations ( ! same tale4 ,:5 ! two p>tn]s are c\rte\s to ea* o!r b n too yield+1 :5 !y are sympa!tic b n too mu* alike 9 _! *>act]i/ics & qualifications1 :5 ea* ( !m supplem5ts ! weak] po9ts ( ! o!r1 !n collaboration ought to result 9 plays ( m v>iety ( inv5tion1 & ( m +5uity ( con/ruction ?an is likely to be possess$ by ! av]age play due to a s+le m9d4 ,?is mu* mu/ be admitt$2 & x is ! f9al ju/ification = collaboration4 ,b al?o ^! p>tn]%ips 9 play-mak+ spread abroad a k ( ! pr9ciples ( ! art1 & al?o !y raise ! probable value ( ! av]age play1 x mu/ be admitt$ also1 & ) equal frankness1 t ! possibilities ( collaboration are %>ply limit$4 ,no s+le "o ( ! mightie/ ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature1 anci5t & mod]n1 is to be cr$it$ to collaboration2 & ! only possible exception to ?is sweep+ /atem5t w\ld be urg$ by ! critics :o hold t ! ',g5dre de ,m4 ,poiri]' ( ,augi] & ,s&eau is ! ma/]piece ( ,fr5* com$y 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^? :o h climb$ to ! l(tie/ height ( dramatic art h always done s alone1 su/a9$ by en?usiasm & support$ by imag9ation4 ,9 spite ( ! great] ri*ness ( purview1 consid]ation1 & inv5tion t collaboration und\bt$ly be/[s1 ! man ( surpass+ g5ius1 ! great ma/] ( ! drama1 ,sophocles or ,%aksp]e or ,moli]e1 works be/ alone4 ,x is true t he may n[ & aga9 take to himself an ally1 z ,%aksp]e condesc5d$ to ! assi/ance ( ,flet*] 9 ',h5ry ,,viii1' & z ,moli]e invok$ ! aid ( ,corneille 9 ',psy*e1' b x is true also t ^! plays1 writt5 9 collaboration by ,%aksp]e & by ,moli]e1 are n ! plays :i* e/abli% & confirm _! fame4 ,inde$1 ^! plays are n ev5 among ! m important pieces ( ,%aksp]e & ,moli]e1 & ! reputation ( ! au?ors w\ld be no l[] if ^! plays _h nev] come into exi/5ce4 ,x is by ! com$ies & trag$ies :i* ,%aksp]e wrote alone t ! ,elizabe?an /age is made glori\s1 & n by ! dramatic romances t g "u ! jo9t names ( ,beaumont & ,flet*]4 ,x is by ! lyrical melodramas ( :i* ,victor ,hugo 0 sole au?or t we recall ! ,romantici/ revolt 9 ! ,fr5* !at] 9 #ahcj1 & imm$iately !reaft]1 & n by ! p]f]vidly passionate pieces t ! eld] ,dumas put toge!r 9 p>tn]%ip ) a gr\p ( n[-=gott5 auxili>ies4 ,x is by ! com$ies t ,augi] & ! y\ng] ,dumas wrote1 ea* ( !m express+ himself 9 8 own fa%ion1 t ! drama ( ,france is illum9$ a score or m ye>s lat]1 & n by ! com$ies 9 ! composition ( :i* ,scribe _h ! aid ( an army ( allies4 ,9 any p]iod ( abundant f]tility we c obs]ve gr[+ toge!r at ! same "t f ! soil1 a fairly l>ge numb] ( trees ris+ above ! und]bru%1 & we c also p]ceive "h & !re a tree ( conspicu\s em95ce t[]+ above ^! clumps ( av]age height4 ,9 ! luxuriant =e/ ( ! drama _m ( ! trees ( av]age height may be ticket$ ) two names1 b ! mon>*s ( ! wood1 ^? ^: tops lift !mselves high above _! neighbors--^! w be f\nd to be> only s+le signature4 7#aiad47 ,,vi ,,! ,,dramatization ,,( ,,novels ,,& ,,! ,,novelization ,,( ,,plays ,,! ,,dramatization ,,( ,,novels ,,& ,,! ,,novelization ,,( ,,plays ,i ,9 ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry's admirably sugge/ive ',/udy ( ,prose ,fiction1' he devotes "o *apt] to a c>eful consid]ation ( ! ess5tial di/9ctions betwe5 prose fiction & ! drama1 9 :i* he makes x pla9 t ! novel & ! play are n m]ely two diff]5t modes ( communicat+ ! same fact or tru?1 because ! diff]5t modes ( pres5tation really result 9 ! communication ( a diff]5t fact4 ,pr(essor ,p]ry decl>es t ! field ( ! dramati/ is m>k$ (f f t ( ! noveli/ by ! nature ( ! arti/ic m$ium :i* ea* man employs1 & he ass]ts t ! *oice ( a m$ium = pres5t+ 8 /ory & project+ 8 *>act]s dep5ds :olly ^u ! p]sonality & tra9+ ( ! arti/ & ! nature ( ! fact or tru? t he wi%es to convey to ! public4 ,& he sums up by insi/+ t a novel is typically z f> remov$ f a play z a bird is f a fi%1 & t any attempt to trans=m "o into ! o!r is apt to result 9 a sort ( fly+-fi%1 a betwixt-&-betwe5 ?+--capable1 inde$1 ( bo? swimm+ & fly+1 b good at nei!r4 ,9 o!r words1 a dramatiz$ novel or a noveliz$ play is an attempt to bre$ an amphibi\s creature :i*1 z ! ,iri%man once def9$ x1 c't live on ! l&1 & dies 9 ! wat]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! novel & ! play is due to ! inexorable fact t "o is int5d$ to be read alone 9 ! /udy1 & t ! o!r is int5d$ to be se5 on ! /age by a cr[d2 x ought to be obvi\s to all :o c>e to consid] ! "q1 & yet !re are _m :o fail to grasp ! di/9ction1 deceiv$ by ! illusive b sup]ficial simil>ities betwe5 ! two =ms1 ea* ( :i* conta9s a /ory c>ri$ on by *>act]s :o take "p 9 dialogs4 ,& z a result ( ?is failure to appreh5d ! vital diff]5ces betwe5 ! two types ( /ory-tell+1 ! n>rative to be p]us$ & ! action to be witness$1 our !at]s h long be5 invad$ by dramatiz$ novels1 & our book-/ores are n[ be+ besieg$ by noveliz$ plays4 ,9 _m cases1 if n 9 mo/ ( !m1 ! motive = ! trans=mation is simply comm]cial2 & 9 view ( ! imm$iate ga9 to be g>n]$1 ! arti/ic disadvantages ( ! proc$ure are ov]look$4 ,if hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( read]s h f\nd pleasure 9 foll[+ ! foot/eps ( a fasc9at+ h]o9e ?ru ! pages ( a prose fiction1 x is possible always t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( spectators may be lur$ to behold h] adv5tures :5 !y are set =? anew 9 a /age-play4 ,& if a compell+ plot has drawn audi5ces night aft] night into ! !at]1 x is possible aga9 t ?is plot may attract book-buy]s 9 equal numb]s :5 x is retold 9 a n>rative = ! b5efit ( ^? remote f ! playh\se1 or reluctant to risk !mselves )9 its portals4 ,manag]s are ready to tempt ! noveli/ ) ! hope ( a second crop ( fame & =tune1 & publi%]s dangle ! same gold5 bait be=e ! eyes ( ! dramati/4 ,al?o ?is ef=t to kill two birds ) "o /one is m frequ5t ( late ?an x us$ to be1 x is n at all new--inde$ x exi/$ be=e ! rise ( prose fiction4 ,! dramatic poets ( ,greece borr[$ episodes f ! e>lie/ epic poets4 ,c5turies lat] ,%aksp]e laid viol5t h&s on ,italian tales & on ,engli% romances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile x mu/ be admitt$ t ! dramatiz+ ( novels has be5 f> m preval5t 9 ! pa/ ?an ! noveliz+ ( plays1 ?is latt] practise1 sudd5ly popul> 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 0 n unkn[n 9 ! c5turies t prec$$ ours4 ,= example1 ,le ,sage levi$ ^u ! ,spani% playwrights = _m ( ! *>act]s & ! situations he ne$$1 = 8 rambl+1 pic>esque novels1 ',gil ,blas' & its si/] /ories4 ,ano!r illu/ration c be f\nd 9 ,engl& e>li] ?an any 9 ,france2 & be=e ! play ( ',p]icles1' :i* ,%aksp]e seems to h edit$ & improv$1 0 pr9t$ & p]haps ev5 be=e x 0 p]=m$1 x 0 noveliz$ by an obscure writ] nam$ ,wilk9s1 :o 0 v probably ! au?or ( ! orig9al v]sion ( ! /raggl+ piece t ,%aksp]e revis$4 ,?ru ! long ye>s prose fiction & ! drama h /ruggl$ ) ea* o!r = ! favor ( ! public1 & ea* ( !m has always be5 will+ to borr[ f its rival :5ev] x f\nd mat]ial fitt$ = its own special purpose4 ,,ii ,b al?o ! dramatiz+ ( novels 0 less uncommon a c5tury or two ago ?an ! noveliz+ ( plays1 nei!r 0 frequ5t & nei!r ( !m 0 9 any way prohibit$ by law4 ,t is to say1 ! novel & ! play 7 held to be s diff]5t t ! noveli/ c\ld n prev5t ! dramati/ f borr[+ 8 /ories1 & ! playwright c\ld n =bid ! writ] ( prose fiction f tak+ ov] 8 plots4 ,ev5 ! dramatiz+ ( novels 0 s uncommon t ! e>li] /ory-tell]s 7 n mov$ to prote/ :5 !y saw _! fictions employ$ by ! playwrights2 9 fact1 !y 7 (t5 incl9$ to accept ?is z a complim5t to _! orig9al inv5tion4 ,m>montel1 = in/ance1 9 ! preface to a late edition ( 8 ',moral ,tales1' po9t$ ) pride to ! fact t "o ( ^! prose n>ratives _h be5 turn$ into a play1 & sugge/$ complac5tly t !re 7 o!r /ories 9 8 collection wor?y ( ! same fate4 ,t5nyson borr[$ ! /ory ( 8 ',dora' f ,miss ,mit=d2 & ,*>les ,reade _h no scruple 9 mak+ a play out ( ,t5nyson's poem4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,reade's attitude 0 r inconsi/5t1 = he wri!d 9 pa9 :5 "o ( 8 own novels 0 cut into dialog & put on ! /age )\t 8 p]mission1 & yet he himself made plays out ( novels by ,an?ony ,trollope & by ,mrs4 ,frances ,hodgson ,burnett )\t ask+ _! leave1 & )\t he$ to _! subsequ5t prote/s aga9/ 8 high-h&$ proce$+4 ,app>5tly1 :5 he 0 ! aggressor he ?\ght t he 0 do+ a s]vice to 8 victims4 ,:5 ,reade 0 guilty ( ?is (f5se aga9/ ! develop+ lit]>y morals ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 he 0 probably )9 8 legal rights1 s9ce ! ,briti% law _h n !n advanc$ to ! po9t ( recogniz+ ! au?or's complete own]%ip ( ! fiction he _h creat$4 ,?is defect has be5 rem$i$ at la/1 & 9 ! exi/+ copyright & /age-"r legislation ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates au?ors are assum$ to res]ve to !mselves e privilege :i* !y d n specifically deprive !mselves (2 & !y ne$ no long] ann\nce t !y desire to reta9 all rights = _! own pr(it4 ,bo? 9 ! ,briti% code & 9 ! ,am]ican ! noveli/ has n[ ! sole privilege ( mak+ a play out ( 8 /ory1 & ! dramati/ has ! sole privilege ( mak+ a novel out ( 8 play4 ,dramatization is a ^w ( respectable antiquity1 & ! correspond+ ^w1 novelization1 has n[ be5 legally recogniz$ z a di/9ctive t]m4 ,! au?ors _h felt a wrong :5 o!rs c\ld legally make money out ( a plot !y _h inv5t$2 & !y ass]t$ a moral "r to control _! own works :atev] might be ! =m ( pres5tation4 ,! progress ( legal re=m 0 sl[1 z x usually is1 b x 0 also c]ta94 ,! moral "r has n[ become a legal "r ( :i* ! orig9al au?or may avail himself or n1 z he pleases4 ,he may1 if he *ooses1 dramatize 8 own novel & novelize 8 own play2 or1 if he pref]s1 he c sell ! p]mission to reh&le 8 mat]ial to a pr(essional playwright or to a pr(essional /orytell]4 ,,iii ,!re is "o peculi> di/9ction betwe5 ! novel & ! play :i* ,pr(essor ,bliss ,p]ry did n emphasize4 ,a novel may please long1 & please _m :5 x is only a /udy ( "*1 l ! ',crime ( ,sylve/re ,bonn>d' ( ,m4 ,anatole ,france1 or :5 x is only ! record ( a s]ies ( adv5tures & misadv5tures pass+ be=e ! eyes ( ! *ief p]sonage1 l ! ',huckleb]ry ,f9n' ( ,m>k ,twa94 ,a play1 on ! o!r h&1 is likely to fail to please audi5ces 9 ! !at] unless x sets be=e ! spectators a cle>ly def9$ /ruggle1 a conflict ( desires1 a />k ass]tion ( ! human w4 ,t is to say1 ! drama mu/ deal ) a /ruggle1 & ! novel ne$ n4 ,! drama mu/ be dynamic & ! novel may be /atic--if ^! sci5tific t]ms may be employ$ )\t p$antry4 ,!re=e1 :ile any play may be noveliz$1 ) m or less *ance ( pleas+ its new public1 if ! task is skilfully accompli%$1 only ^? novels c be successfully dramatiz$ :i* happ5 to pres5t an ess5tial /ruggle & to display ! collision ( cont5d+ volitions4 ,any dramatization ( ! ',crime ( ,sylve/re ,bonn>d' or ( ',huckleb]ry ,f9n1' ( ',gil ,blas' or ( ! ',pickwick ,pap]s1' is =$oom$ to failure1 = ^! prose fictions d n conta9 ! /uff out ( :i* a vital play c\ld be made4 ,b ',jane ,eyre1' = example1 & ! ',tale ( ,two ,cities1' & ',uncle ,tom's ,cab9' d possess ?is necess>y dramatic elem5t1 & !y c be made into plays ) a prospect ( pleas+ audi5ces 9 ! !at]4 ,ev5 :5 ! novel *ances to h ! ess5tial /ruggle :i* ! drama dem&s1 ! task ( adapt+ x to ! /age is n s easy z ! non-exp]t supposes4 ,at fir/ sight x may seem z if !re ought to be v little difficulty 9 turn+ a novel into a play4 ,!re is a /ory ready-made1 situations 9 abundance1 & *>act]s end[$ ) ! brea? ( life4 ,yet z a matt] ( fact1 x is h>d] to make a play out ( a novel ?an x is to write an orig9al play4 ,! imm$iate dang] be=e ! !atrical adapt] is t he may be tempt$ to s]ve up ! /ory m]ely z a panorama ( successive episodes in/ead ( ca/+ out resolutely ev]y?+1 h[ev] good 9 itself1 :i* does n be> directly ^u ! fundam5tal conflict4 ,?is is "o reason :y ! noveli/ _h bett] leave ! "w ( dramatization to an exp]i5c$ playwright1 :o w ru?lessly omit _m an episode t ! /ory-tell] c\ld n br+ himself to disc>d4 ,9 fact1 x is h>d ev5 = ! exp]t adapt] to dis5tangle ! special situations ( a novel :i* alone are available 9 a play1 & he is (t5 tempt$ to reta9 mu* t he _h bett] leave out4 ,p]haps x is n too d>+ a p>adox to sugge/ t a prose fiction is mo/ likely to be made into a good play :5 ! playwright has n read ! book he is dramatiz+1 b has only be5 told ! /ory1 s t he is free to h&le ! situations afre% 9 accord ) ! conditions ( dramatic art1 & free to disc>d ! special developm5ts *os5 by ! noveli/ 9 accord ) ! v diff]5t conditions ( n>rative art4 ,! be/ v]sion ( ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,wood's ',ea/ ,lynne' is ! ,fr5* play1 ',miss ,multon1' by ,adolphe ,belot & ,eug5e ,nus2 & nei!r ( ! ,fr5* collaborators knew any m ab\t ! ,engli% novel ?an its b>e /ory1 :i* 0 told to "o ( !m by a ,fr5* actress1 :o c\ld read ,engli%4 ,n[ & aga9 a clev] playwright1 ev5 :5 he has ! disadvantage ( complete famili>ity ) ! novel1 c break loose f x & yet pres]ve its full flavor2 & ?is is :at ,mr4 ,george ,m4 ,cohan 0 able to d 9 ! play :]e9 he pres5t$ ! lead+ *>act]s ( ,mr4 ,george ,r&olph ,*e/]'s ',get-,ri*-,quick-,wall+=d' 9 a set ( situations v diff]5t f ^? 9 ! orig9al /ory4 ,?us we see t only a few novels are really fit to be dramatiz$1 & t ev5 ^! are (t5 dramatiz$ ineffectively because ! playwright has foll[$ ! /ory-tell] too closely in/ead ( putt+ ! plot back into solution1 s to speak1 & lett+ x recry/allize 9 dramatic =m4 ,! noveliz] has a l>g] lib]ty s9ce e play conta9s a /ory & *>act]s capable ( be+ transf]r$ to prose fiction4 ,b 8 task has its equival5t dang]1 & ! writ] ( ! n>rative may be cont5t m]ely to tread 9 ! foot/eps ( ! dramati/1 & to d no m ?an write out m amply ! dialog & ! /age bus9ess1 in/ead ( reconceiv+ ! plot afre% to tell x m 9 accord ) ! div]g5t pr9ciples ( ! art ( prose fiction4 ,! limitations ( "t to ! two h\rs' traffic ( ! /age compel ! dramati/ to extreme compression2 8 dialogs mu/ be f> compact] & m pregnant ?an is becom+ 9 ! m leisurely novel1 :]e ! au?or c take all ! "t !re is4 ,moreov]1 ! playwright (t5 does no m ?an allude to episodes :i* x w\ld pr(it ! noveli/ to pres5t 9 detail to 8 read]s2 & ! adroit noveliz] w be quick to seize ^u h9ts ( ?is sort to amplify into *apt]s conta9+ int]e/+ mat]ial = :i* ! orig9al play suppli$ only ! mo/ summ>y sugge/ion4 ,,iv ,! noveliz+ ( plays is frequ5t & pr(itable 9 ,am]ica 9 ^! e>ly ye>s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury2 & x _h be5 attempt$ infrequ5tly ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,yet only "o ( ^! noveliz$ plays has succe$$ 9 w9n+ an honorable place = itself 9 prose fiction4 ,?is is ! *>m+ tale ( !atrical life 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ',peg ,w(f+ton1' :i* ,*>les ,reade made out ( ! com$y ( ',masks & ,faces1' writt5 by him 9 collaboration ) ,tom ,taylor4 ,reade took ! lib]ty ( noveliz+ ?is com$y )\t ask+ ,taylor's p]mission1 & ev5 )\t consult+ 8 collaborator2 & all ! comm5t t ne$ be made is t ! proc$ure 0 truly *>act]i/ic ( ,reade's lordly attitude t[>d o!rs--an attitude tak5 by him on _m o!r occasions4 ,b :atev] inju/ice he did to 8 fell[ work]1 he did none to ! jo9t product ( _! inv5tion2 he transmut$ a play into a novel ) due appreciation ( ! dem&s ( ! o!r art1 & he produc$ a fasc9at+ tale ) a fasc9at+ h]o9e1 :i* has be5 read by ?\s&s :o h _h no suspicion t ,peg ,w(f+ton _h orig9ally figur$ 9 a com$y4 ,*>les ,reade 0 able to accompli% ?is feat because he 0 m skilful z a noveli/ ?an z a dramati/1 al?o he fanci$ himself r z a mak] ( plays ?an z a writ] ( /ories4 ,m ?an once did he attempt to repeat ?is e>ly success 9 w9n+ two prizes ) ! same horse4 ,he took ! ',pauvres de ,p>is' ( ,briseb>re & ,nus--! same play :i* ,dion ,b\cicault _h adapt$ z ! ',/reets ( ,new ,york'--& made a v]sion :i* he call$ ',gold1' "u :i* "n x _h a few p]=mances4 ,he _h mat]ially modifi$ ! ,fr5* plot 9 8 ,engli% play2 & he got /ill fur!r away f ,briseb>re & ,nus1 :5 he noveliz$ ',gold1' & call$ x ',h>d ,ca%1' a matt]-(-fact romance4 ,lat] he dramatiz$ ?is novel ( 81 & ! result+ play did n be> any close resemblance to ! ',pauvres de ,p>is4' ,reade also collaborat$ a few ye>s lat] ) ,h5ry ,pettitt 9 a piece call$ ',s+lehe>t & ,d\bleface1' :i* he promptly proce$$ to novelize--aga9 )\t consult+ 8 p>tn]4 ,= ?is indelicacy1 swift v5geance foll[$1 z ! ,briti% novel1 be+ !n unprotect$ by copyright 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 imm$iately dramatiz$ by ,messrs4 ,george ,h4 ,jessop & ,william ,gill4 ,x may be not$ "h casually t ano!r ( ,reade's romances1 ',:ite ,lies1' aft]w>d dramatiz$ by him1 _h be5 orig9ally noveliz$ f a ,fr5* play call$ ! ',*ateau de ,granti]1' writt5 by ,augu/e ,maquet 7! ally ( ,dumas 9 ! ',?ree ,gu>dsm5' & ',monte ,cri/o'74 ,x is n a little surpris+ t a man l ,reade1 :o prid$ himself on 8 orig9ality1 & :o ev5 w5t s f> z to accuse ,george ,eliot ( /eal+ 8 ?und]1 %\ld h be5 will+ to call s frequ5tly on ! aid ( collaborators1 & to d]ive s mu* ( 8 mat]ial f =eign s\rces4 ,! only o!r au?or :o has v5tur$ to turn a play into a novel1 & !n back into a play v>y+ widely f ! orig9al piece1 is ,sir ,james ,b>rie1 & :at he did 0 n q :at ,reade _h done4 ,sir ,james wrote a *>m+ /ory1 call$ ! ',little ,:ite ,bird1' & he f\nd 9 8 own prose fiction "p ( ! mat]ial out ( :i* he 0 mov$ lat] to make a *>m+ play1 call$ ',pet] ,pan4' ,= reasons be/ kn[n to himself1 b deplor$ by all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( ! ,engli% drama1 ,sir ,james ,b>rie has *os5 to publi% only a few ( 8 com$ies4 ,yet he met ! dem&s ( a multitude ( read]s by borr[+ f 8 fanta/ic piece a "p ( ! mat]ial :i* he made into a delightful tale1 call$ ',pet] ,pan 9 ,k5s+ton ,g>d5s4' ,^! successive reh&l+s ( an idea1 fir/ 9 prose fiction1 !n 9 dramatic =m1 & f9ally aga9 9 prose fiction1 7 possible only to a noveli/ :o 0 also a dramati/--to an au?or :o _h ma/]$ ! secrets ( two diff]5t me?ods ( /ory-tell+1 ! me?od ( ! !at] & ! me?od ( ! libr>y4 ,v ,! noveli/-dramati/ ( ?is type is a comp>atively new figure 9 lit]ature4 ,=m]ly !re 0 a %>p l9e ( cleavage betwe5 ! man :o wrote novels & ! man :o wrote plays1 al?o "o or ! o!r might be lur$ on occasion into a sporadic raid into ! t]ritory ( ! o!r4 ,dur+ ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury prose fiction reign$ supreme 9 e mod]n lit]ature except t ( ,france1 & ! noveli/s 7 r incl9$ to look d[n on ! playwrights1 & to dismiss ! drama z an inf]ior =m1 likely to be absolutely sup]s$$ by prose fiction4 ,b t[>d ! end ( ! c5tury !re began to be visible signs ( an awak5+ int]e/ 9 ! drama1 & also ( a slack5+ int]e/ 9 prose fiction4 ,! noveli/s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 s f> f hold+ ! drama to be an inf]ior =m1 are discov]+ t x is at lea/ a m difficult =m1 & !re=e arti/ically m attractive4 ,z a result ( ?is discov]y n a few noveli/s h turn$ playwrights1 tak+ ! pa9s to le>n ! pr9ciples ( ! m dang]\s art ( play-mak+4 ,sir ,james ,b>rie 9 ,engl&1 ,m4 ,paul ,h]vieu 9 ,france1 ,h]r ,sud]mann 9 ,g]many1 & ,signor d',annunzio 9 ,italy may n h ab&on$ altoge!r ! prose fiction 9 :i* !y fir/ won fame1 b at lea/ !y n[ devote ! major "p ( _! en]gies to ! drama4 ,x may be recall$ t ,clyde ,fit* began 8 lit]>y c>e] z a writ] ( %ort /ories1 & t ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw orig9ally em]g$ to view z ! au?or ( a novel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be not$ z significant t ! playwrights are n tempt$ to turn noveli/s2 !y seem to be satisfi$ ) _! own art z ! m exact+1 & !re=e ! m int]e/+4 ,m4 ,ro/& & ,m4 ,maet]l9ck1 ,sir ,ar?ur ,p9]o & ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones1 ,mr4 ,william ,gillette & ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?omas h n be5 lur$ f ! drama into prose fiction4 ,! novel is a loose =m :i* makes only lax dem&s on its practition]s1 & :i* does n require an arti/ always to d 8 be/4 ,! play has a sev]e te*nic1 & x tol]ates no c>elessness ( con/ruction4 ,! m gift$ a /ory-tell] may be1 & ! m arti/ic1 ! m probable x is t 9 ! imm$iate future he w seek to express himself 9 ! drama1 ev5 if he is also mov$ n[ & aga9 to return to ! easi] pa? ( prose fiction4 ,& ?is raises ano!r int]e/+ po9t4 ,n[ t ! drama is ris+ aga9 into rivalry ) prose fiction1 is n ! playwright :o all[s 8 piece to be noveliz$ a traitor to 8 cause8 ,is he n1 9 fact1 confess+ t he e/eems ! play inf]ior to ! novel8 ,app>5tly ?is is ! attitude tak5 by ! m prom95t dramati/s ( ! day2 mo/ ( !m publi% _! plays to be read1 & few ( !m all[ ^! plays to be noveliz$--al?o !y might f9d a sup]ior pr(it if !y desc5d$ to ?is4 ,x is an un=tunate fact t ! public :i* is eag] to read prose fiction is n s eag] to read ! drama4 ,9 ! de>? ( dramatic lit]ature 9 our language dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! public lo/ ! habit ( read+ plays1 a habit possess$ by ! public ( ! eighte5? c5tury be=e ! vogue ( ! novel _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ov]:elm+ popul>ity ( ,scott1 foll[$ spe$ily by t ( ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay4 ,yet !re are signs t ! g5]al read] is sl[ly recov]+ ! ability to f9d pleasure 9 ! p]usal ( a play4 ,! social dramas ( ,ibs5 h1 mo/ ( !m1 be5 p]=m$ "h & !re 9 ! !at]s ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b !y h be5 read by ?\s&s :o h _h no opportunity to see !m on ! /age4 ,s x is ) ! plays ( ,mr4 ,b]n>d ,%aw1 mo/ ( :i* h also appe>$ 9 our playh\ses4 ,s x is ) ! plays ( ,m4 ,maet]l9ck1 only a few ( :i* h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,am]ican !at]4 ,9 "t1 x seems highly probable t ! read+ public w ext5d z glad a welcome to a play by ,mr4 ,galswor?y or by ,mr4 ,boo? ,t>k+ton z to "o ( _! novels4 ,b ?is happy /ate c be br\ght ab\t only if ! dramati/s resolutely refra9 f noveliz+ _! plays !mselves1 & f au?oriz+ novelization by o!rs4 7#aiac47 ,,vii ,,wom5 ,,dramati/s ,,wom5 ,,dramati/s ,i ,to "s ( ! m ard5t advocates ( ! !ory t wom5 are capable ( rival+ m5 9 e "o ( ! arts x is a little surpris+1 n to say disconc]t+1 t !re are s few female playwrights4 ,! drama is closely ak9 to ! novel1 s9ce x is ano!r =m ( /ory-tell+2 & 9 ! tell+ ( /ories wom5 h be5 abundantly productive f a "t :]e( ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y4 ,& z p]=m]s on ! /age wom5 h a*iev$ indisputable em95ce2 9 fact1 act+ is probably ! e>lie/ ( ! arts 7z possibly x is /ill ! only "o7 9 :i* wom5 h won _! way to ! v front rank2 & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 two tragic actresses1 ,mrs4 ,siddons & ,ra*el1 c]ta9ly n inf]ior 9 p[] & 9 elevation to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( tragic actors4 ,:y is x1 !n1 t wom5 /ory-tell]s h n ?ru/ !mselves ?ru ! op5 /age door to become m effective competitors ( ! m5 playwrights8 ,be=e consid]+ ?is "q1 x may be well to record t wom5 playwrights h appe>$ sporadically bo? 9 ,fr5* lit]ature & 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ,france ,madele9e ,bej>t1 ^: si/] ,moli]e m>ri$1 0 cr$it$ ) ! au?or%ip ( m ?an "o play2 & 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ,george ,s& & ,mme4 de ,gir>d9 br\ght out com$ies & dramas1 sev]al ( :i* succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves 9 ! rep]tory ( ! ,com$ie-,francaise4 ,9 ,engl& at "o "t or ano!r plays ( an imm$iate popul>ity 7 produc$ by ,mrs4 ,aphra ,behn1 ,mrs4 ,c5tlivre1 & ,mrs4 ,in*bald2 & 9 ,am]ica ,mrs4 ,bateman's ',self1' & ,mrs4 ,m[att's ',fa%ion' held ! /age = sev]al seasons1 :ile few ( rec5t successes 9 ! ,new ,york !at]s _h a m delightful fre%ness or a m allur+ fantasy ?an ,mrs4 ,gates's ',poor ,little ,ri* ,girl1' & few ( !m h dealt m boldly ) a burn+ "q ?an ,miss ,=d's ',polygamy4' ,^! examples ( woman's compet5ce to compose plays ) vitality en\gh to )/& ! ordeal by fire be=e ! footlights are evid5ce t if !re exi/s any prejudice aga9/ ! female dramati/ x c be ov]come4 ,!y are evid5ce1 also1 t wom5 are n deb>r$ f ! competition2 & fairness requires ! record "h t1 :5 ,mr4 ,w9?rop ,ames pr(f]$ a prize = an ,am]ican play1 ?is 0 aw>d$ to a woman4 ,b to grant equality ( opportunity is n to conf] equality ( ability1 & :5 we call ! roll ( ! dramati/s :o h giv5 lu/] to ,fr5* lit]ature & to ,engli%1 we discov] t ?is li/ is n enri*$ by ! "n ( any woman4 ,! fame ( ,george ,s& is n d]iv$ f h] contributions to dramatic lit]ature1 & ! contributions ( ,mrs4 ,behn1 ,mrs4 ,c5tlivre1 & ,mrs4 ,in*bald1 ( ,mrs4 ,bateman & ,mrs4 ,m[att1 entitle !m to take rank only among ! m9or playwrights ( _! own g5]ations2 & to say ?is is to say t _! plays are n[ famili> only to devot$ speciali/s 9 ! annals ( ! /age1 & t ! g5]al read] c\ld n give ! "n ( a s+le piece f ! p5 ( any "o ( ^! ent]pris+ ladies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! female playwrights are s few & s unimportant t a consci5ti\s hi/orian ( ei!r ,fr5* or ,engli% dramatic lit]ature might almo/ neglect !m altoge!r )\t s]i\sly invalidat+ 8 survey4 ,p]haps ! only ,engli% titles t are m ?an m]e items 9 a b>r5 catalog are ,mrs4 ,c5tlivre's ',wond]' & ,mrs4 ,c[ley's ',belle's ,/ratagem'2 & ! ,fr5* pieces ( female au?or%ip :i* might prote/ aga9/ exclusion are almo/ z few--,mme4 de ,gir>d9's ',la ,joie fait ,peur1' & ,george ,s&'s ',m>quis de ,villem]' & ',m>iage de ,victor9e4' ,inde$1 ! wom5 playwrights ( ! pa/ & ( ! pres5t might be two or ?ree times m num]\s ?an !y are1 & two or ?ree times m important )\t ev5 tread+ ^u ! heels ( ! male play-mak]s4 ,?is is an incontrov]tible fact2 yet x is equally indisputable t z p]=m]s 9 ! !at] wom5 are competitors :om m5 respect & ) :om !y h to reckon1 & t z /ory-tell]s wom5 are z popul> & z prolific z m54 ,& "h we are br\ght back aga9 to ! "q ) :i* ?is inquiry began3 ,:y is x !n t wom5 h n be5 z popul> & z prolific 9 tell+ /ories on ! /age8 ,:y _c !y write a play z well z !y c act 9 x8 ,"o answ] to ?is "q has be5 volunte]$ by a woman :o succe$$ z an actress1 & :o did n altoge!r fail z a dramatic poetess1 al?o %e came 9 lat] life to h little e/eem = h] e>li] attempts at play-writ+4 ,x is 9 h] ',records ( a ,girlhood' t ,fanny ,kemble express$ ! conviction t x 0 absolutely impossible = a woman ev] to be a great dramati/1 because h] physical organization 0 aga9/ x4 ,aft] all1 x is great nons5se say+ t intellect is ( no sex4 ,! bra9 is1 ( c\rse1 ( ! same sex z ! re/ ( ! creature2 beside ! orig9al female nature1 ! :ole ( our tra9+ & education1 our inevitable ignorance ( common life & g5]al human nature1 & ! v>i\s exp]i5ces ( exi/5ce f :i* we are deb>r$ ) ! mo/ s$ul\s c>e1 is insup]ably aga9/ x--t is1 aga9/ ! possibility ( a really se>*+ trag$y1 or ( a really lib]al com$y ev] be+ compos$ by a woman4 ,to ?is r sweep+ d5ial ( ! dramaturgic gift to wom5 ,fanny ,kemble add$ an apt sugge/ion1 t p]haps "s ( ! manly1 wick$ que5s1 ,semiramis1 ,cleopatra1 c\ld h writt5 plays--b !y liv$ _! trag$ies in/ead ( writ+ ( !m4 ,,ii ,at fir/ sight x may seem z if "o ( ,fanny ,kemble's ass]tions--t no woman c be a dramati/ because ( h] inevitable ignorance ( life & ( ! exp]i5ces ( exi/5ce f :i* %e is deb>r$--is disprov$ by ! und5iable triumphs ( wom5 9 act+1 & by ! indisputable victories won by wom5 9 ! field ( prose fiction1 a*iev$ 9 spite ( ^! admitt$ limitations4 ,b on a m c>eful consid]ation x w appe> t z an actress woman is call$ ^u only to embody & to int]pret *>act]s conceiv$ by man ) ! aid ( 8 wid] & deep] k ( life4 ,& :5 we analyze ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! novels by :i* wom5 h atta9$ fame1 we discov] t ! be/ ( ^! deal exclusively ) ! n>r[] regions ( conduct1 & ) ! m re/rict$ areas ( life ) :i* %e is mo/ famili> z a woman1 & t :5 %e seeks to g outside h] incomplete exp]i5ce ( exi/5ce %e soon makes u aw>e ( ! gaps 9 h] equipm5t4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ /ories ev] writt5 by a woman is ! ',jane ,eyre' ( ,*>lotte ,bronte2 & ! inexp]i5ce ( ! =lorn & lonely sp9/] is almo/ ludicr\sly made manife/ 9 h] portrayal ( ,ro*e/]1 a sup]bly project$ figure1 n su/a9$ by intimate k ( ! type to :i* he belongs4 ,*>lotte ,bronte knew ,jane ,eyre inside & out2 b %e did n "k ev5 ! outside ( ,ro*e/]4 ,because wom5 are deb>r$ ) ! mo/ s$ul\s c>e f v>i\s exp]i5ces ( exi/5ce !y c nev] "k m5 z m5 c "k wom54 ,?is is ! basis = ! %rewd rem>k t 9 deal+ ) affairs ( ! he>t m5 noveli/s r>ely tell all !y "k1 :]eas wom5 noveli/s are (t5 tempt$ to tell m ?an !y "k4 ,ev5 wom5 l ,george ,eliot & ,george ,s&1 :o h m or less brok5 out ( b\nds1 are /ill m or less conf9$ to _! individual associations ) ! o!r sex2 & !y lack ! inexhau/ible fund ( in=mation ab\t life :i* is ! common prop]ty ( m54 ,wom5 h mo/ satisfactorily display$ _! special end[m5t = fiction n 9 :at mu/ be call$ ! dramatic novel1 n 9 s\l-se>*+ /udies l ! ',sc>let ,lett]' & ',anna ,k>59e1' b r 9 less solidly support$ inquiries into ! int]relation ( "* & social conv5tion1 z 9 ',pride & ,prejudice' & ',ca/le ,rackr5t4' ,x w\ld be unfair to ass]t t ,m>ia ,edgewor? & ,jane ,au/5 are sup]ficial2 yet x is n unfair to say t !y d n explore deeply1 & t !y d n deal ) :at ,/ev5son call$ ! great passionate crises ( exi/5ce1 :5 duty & incl9ation come nobly to ! grapple4 ,?is is ! ess5tial /ruggle ( ! drama2 & ! au?oress ( ',jane ,eyre' s\ght to pres5t x boldly1 ev5 if %e 0 h&icapp$ by insuffici5t in=mation2 & ?is ess5tial /ruggle 0 :at ,*>lotte ,bronte h]self miss$ 9 ,jane ,au/53 ,! passions are p]fectly unkn[n to h]2 %e rejects ev5 a speak+ acqua9tance ) t /ormy si/]hood4 ,:at sees ke5ly1 speaks aptly1 moves flexibly1 x suits h] to /udy2 b :at ?robs fa/ & full1 ?o hidd51 :at ! blood ru%es ?ru1 :at is ! unse5 seat ( life1 & ! s5ti5t t>get ( dea?--?is ,miss ,au/5 ignores4 ,jane ,au/5 sp5t h] great gift on ! c>v+ ( *]ry-/ones1 labor+ ) exquisite art to lift into tempor>y importance ! et]nally unimportant2 & ,*>lotte ,bronte1 9 h] ampl] endeavor1 0 ev] hamp]$ by inadequacy ( k4 ,george ,eliot1 ) wid] opportunity ?an ei!r ( ^! pr$ecessors1 pr(it$ by bo? ( !m & borr[$ _! processes 9 turn2 %e 0 broad] ?an !y 71 & bold] 9 h] attack on life2 h] ef=t is m /r5u\sly intellectual ?an !irs1 & !re=e a little fatigu+1 & ?is is p]haps :y h] vogue seems n[ to be evaporat+ sl[ly4 ,& :5 all is said1 no "o ( ^! clev] /ory-tell]s really atta9s to an altitude ( accompli%m5t :]e %e c fairly be consid]$ z a competitor ( ! mighty ma/]s ( prose fiction4 ,no woman noveli/ is to be rank$ among ! supreme lead]s1 wor?y to /& by ! side ( ,c]vantes & ,field+1 ,balzac & ,tol/oi4 ,! m]its ( ! wom5 noveli/s are _m & !y are beyond cavil2 b no "o ( !m has yet be5 able to h&le a l>ge !me p[]fully & to int]pret life ) ! unha/+ & unre/+ /r5g? :i* is ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! mighti] ma/]s ( fiction4 ,,iii ,fur!rmore1 we f9d 9 ! works ( female /orytell]s n only a lack ( l>g5ess 9 topic1 b also a lack ( /rictness 9 treatm5t4 ,_! /ories1 ev5 :5 !y *>m u ) apt portraiture & ) adroit situation1 are likely to lack solidity ( /ructure4 ',ca/le ,rackr5t1' an illum9at+ picture ( human nature 9 a special environm5t1 is a /raggl+ sequ5ce ( episodes2 ',pride & ,prejudice' is almo/ plotless1 :5 consid]$ z a :ole2 & ',romola' is ill-proportion$ & mis%ap54 ,no woman has ev] a*iev$ ! elaborate solidity ( ',tom ,jones1' ! sup]b /ructure ( ! ',sc>let ,lett]1' or ! simple unity ( ',smoke4' ,& "h we come close to ! mo/ obvi\s explanation ( ! de>? ( female dramati/s--9 ! relative incapacity ( wom5 to build a plan1 to make a s+le :ole comp\nd$ ( _m p>ts1 & yet dom9at$ 9 e detail by b "o purpose4 ,! drama dem&s a plot1 ) a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end1 & ) ev]y?+ rigor\sly exclud$ :i* does n lead f ! beg9n+ ?ru ! middle to ! end4 ,! novel refuses to submit itself to any su* requirem5t2 x c make %ift to exi/ )\t an articulat$ skeleton4 ,!re is little or no plot1 !re is only a casual succession ( m or less unrelat$ incid5ts 9 ',gil ,blas' & ',tri/ram ,%&y1' 9 ! ',pickwick ,pap]s1' & 9 ,huckleb]ry ,f9n4' ,! novel may be inv]tebrate & yet survive1 :]eas ! play )\t a backbone is dead--:i* is biologic evid5ce t ! drama is high] 9 ! scale ( creation ?an prose fiction4 ,! novel1 z practis$ 9 ,engli%1 is ! p]fect p>adise ( ! loose end1 s ,mr4 ,h5ry ,james once po9t$ out1 :]eas ! play cons5ts to ! logic ( b "o way1 ma!matically "r1 & ) ! loose end z gross an imp]t95ce on its surface & z grave a di%onor z ! dangle ( a snippet ( silk or wool on ! "r side ( a tape/ry4 ,! action ( a /ory may be :at its writ] pleases1 & he c r$uce x to a m9imum or embroid] x at w ) airy arabesques ( incessant digression2 b ! plot ( a play mu/ be a /raight l9e1 ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts1 ! po9t ( dep>ture & ! po9t ( arrival4 ,& x is because ( ?is imp]ative necessity = integrity ( con/ruction t ! drama is m difficult ?an prose fiction4 ,s9ce a "p ( our pleasure 9 any art is d]iv$ f our consci\sness ( ! ob/acles to be ov]come by ! arti/1 & f our recognition ( ! skill display$ by him 9 vanqui%+ !m1 we h "h add$ evid5ce 9 behalf ( ! belief 9 ! arti/ic sup]iority ( ! play ov] ! novel m]ely z a =m ( expression4 ,! drama may be lik5$ to ! si/] art ( ar*itecture 9 its insi/5t dem& = plan & proportion4 ,a play is a poor ?+1 likely to expire ( inanition1 unless its au?or is possess$ ( ! ability to build a plot :i* %all be /rong & simple & cle>1 & unless he has ! faculty ( enri*+ x ) abundant accessories 9 accord ) a s*eme ?\ght out 9 advance & adh]$ to f />t to f9i%4 ,) ?is con/ructive skill wom5 seem to be less lib]ally end[$ ?an m52 at lea/1 !y h n yet reveal$ !mselves z ar*itects1 al?o !y h won a w>m welcome z decorators--a subord9ate art = :i* !y are fitt$ by _! sup]ior delicacy & by _! ke5] int]e/ 9 details4 ,mu* ( ! p]vasive *>m ( _m ( ! clev]e/ novels ( female au?or%ip lies 9 ! p]si/5t +5uity ) :i* ! less] po9ts ( "*1 ( conduct1 & ( mann]s are pres5t$4 ,9 ,jane ,au/51 9 ,m>ia ,edgewor?1 & (t5 also 9 ,george ,eliot1 we are delight$ by little miracles ( obs]vation1 & by little triumphs 9 ! microscopic analysis ( subtle & unsuspect$ motives4 ,b 9 ^! v books1 ! /ory1 h[ev] felicit\sly decorat$1 is n su/a9$ by a sev]e ar*itectural framework4 ,& x is ?is firm c]ta9ty ( /ructure t ! drama imp]atively dem&s4 ,9 o!r words1 wom5 seem to be less (t5 d[]$ ?an m5 ) :at ,tyndall call$ sci5tific imag9ation1 ) ! ability to put toge!r a :ole 9 :i* ! sev]al p>ts are nev] p]mitt$ to di/5d a disproportionate space4 ,?is sci5tific imag9ation is ess5tial to ! playwright2 & ! noveli/ is =tunate if he also possesses x1 al?o x is n ess5tial to him4 ,a novel may be only a /raggl+ succession ( episodes2 a play mu/ h fundam5tal unity4 ,a noveli/ may fire ) a %ot-gun & br+ d[n 8 bird on ! w+1 :]eas a playwright ne$s a rifle to arre/ ! *>g+ lion4 ,x is a significant fact t only once 0 ,george ,s& really triumphant z a dramati/1 & t ?is s+le success 0 won by ! secret aid ( ! clev]e/ ( contempor>y playwrights4 ,%e 0 passionately devot$ to ! !at]2 %e _h _m intimate fri5ds among ! /age-folk2 %e delight$ 9 private !atricals2 & %e wrote a doz5 or m plays1 sev]al ( !m dramatiz$ f h] own /ories4 ,! sole play :i* held its own on ! /age 9 rivalry ) ! be/ "w ( ,augi] & ,dumas fils 0 ! ',m>quis de ,villem]1' & x ow$ its m =tunate fate to ! gratuit\s & unackn[l$g$ collaboration ( ,dumas fils4 ,= ! au?or ( ! ',m>iage de ,victor9e1' ! au?or ( ! ',dame aux ,camelias' _h a high e/eem1 :i* he took occasion to express m ?an once 9 8 critical pap]s2 & %e reg>d$ him ) semi-mat]nal affection1 (t5 invit+ him to jo9 ! little p>ties at ,nohant4 ,on "o ( 8 visits he he>d h] say t %e 0 int5d+ to dramatize ! ',m>quis de ,villem]1' b t %e did n q see h] way to compact its leisurely action 9 con=mity ) ! rigid re/rictions ( ! /age4 ,t ev5+ he borr[$ a copy ( ! novel to take up to 8 own room2 & ! next morn+ :5 he came d[n to ! late breakfa/1 he laid be=e h] half a doz5 %eets ( pap]1 :]eon %e f\nd a complete sc5>io = h] guidance1 an adroit division ( h] novel into acts & sc5es1 ne$+ only to be clo!d ) dialog4 ,) 8 intuitive und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( play-mak+1 & ) 8 ma/]ly p[] ( con/ruction1 he _h solv$ h] problems = h] & made x easy = h] to write ! play4 ,"h is an unexampl$ k9d ( collaboration1 s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! /ory1 ! creation ( ! *>act]s1 ! dialog to be spok5--^! 7 all due to ,george ,s& alone2 b ! conc5trat+ ( ! int]e/1 ! height5+ ( ! p]sonages ( ! n>rative to adju/ !mselves to ! p]spective ( ! !at]1 ! s]ri$ & irresi/ible mom5tum ( ! action--^! 7 ! contribution ( ,dumas1 a freewill (f]+ to 8 old fri5d4 ,! piece t %e wrote 0 h]s & h]s alone1 & yet x _h a dramatic vitality lack+ 9 all h] o!r plays1 because a man _h int]v5$ at ! "r mom5t to provide ! ar*itectural framework :i* ! woman c\ld n h be/[$ ^u x1 h[ev] felicit\s %e might be 9 ! decoration4 ,,iv ,?us x is t we c supply two answ]s to ! two que/ions pos$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is inquiry3 ,:y is x t !re are s few wom5 playwrights8 ,& :y is x t ! infrequ5t plays produc$ by wom5 playwrights r>ely atta9 high rank8 ,! explanation is to be f\nd 9 two facts3 fir/1 ! fact t wom5 are likely to h only a def9itely limit$ k ( life1 &1 second1 ! fact t !y are likely also to be m or less defici5t 9 ! faculty ( con/ruction4 ,! fir/ ( ^! disabilities may t5d to disappe> if ev] ! fem9i/ movem5t %all a*ieve its ultimate victory2 & ! second may dep>t also :5ev] wom5 submit !mselves to ! sev]e discipl9e :i* has compell$ m5 to be m or less logical4 7#aiae47 ,,viii ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sc5e-,,pa9t+ ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,sc5e-,,pa9t+ ,i ,only rec5tly h /ud5ts ( ! /age seiz$ ! full significance ( ! fact t dramatic lit]ature is always condition$ by ! circum/ances ( ! special !at] = :i* x 0 design$4 ,!y are at la/ beg9n+ to p]ceive t !y ne$ to "k h[ a play 0 orig9ally repres5t$ by actors be=e an audi5ce & 9 a !at] to enable !m to appreciate adequately ! te*nical skill ( ! playwright :o compos$ x4 ,! dramati/ is subdu$ to :at he works 92 & he c accompli% only t :i* is possible 9 ! p>ticul> playh\se = :i* 8 pieces 7 de/9$4 ,= ! imm5se op5 air auditorium ( anci5t ,a!ns1 ) its or*e/ra level$ at ! foot ( ! curv+ hillside :]eon ?\s&s ( spectators took _! places1 ! dramatic poet _h to select a simple /ory & to build massively4 ,= ! unadorn$ plat=m ( ! ,tudor !at]1 ) its arras p5d5t f ! gall]y above ! /age1 & ) its re/less gr\ndl+s /&+ 9 ! y>d1 ! playwright 0 compell$ to heap up swift episodes viol5t ) action4 ,= ! eighte5?-c5tury playh\se1 ) its apron project+ f> beyond ! l9e ( ! curta91 ! dramati/ 0 tempt$ to revel 9 ornate eloqu5ce & 9 elaborate wit4 ,& n[adays ! dramatic au?or utilizes skilfully all ! manifold res\rces ( ! tw5tie?-c5tury picture-frame /age1 n only to give ext]nal reality to ! sev]al places :]e 8 /ory is suppos$ to be laid1 b also to l5d to ^! /age-sets ! *>act]i/ic atmosph]e dem&$ by 8 !me4 ,m]ely lit]>y critics1 seclud$ 9 _! /udies1 int5t ^u ! poetry ( a play & desir\s ( d$uc+ its philosophy1 r>ely seek to visualize a p]=mance on ! /age1 & !y are1 !re=e1 incl9$ to be disda9ful ( ! purely !atrical conditions to :i* its au?or has _h1 p]=ce1 to adju/ 8 "w4 ,z a result !y sometimes misund]/& ! dramatic poet's endeavors1 & !y (t5 mis9t]pret 8 int5tions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 purely !atrical critics may be incl9$ to pay too mu* att5tion to /age-arrangem5ts1 /age-bus9ess1 & /age-sett+s1 & ev5 on occasion to disreg>d ! dramati/'s message & 8 p[] ( creat+ "* to consid] 8 te*nic alone4 ,& yet x c sc>cely be d5i$ t ! !atrical critics are ne>] to ! prop] me?od ( approa* ?an ! lit]>y critics :o neglect ! light :i* a c>eful consid]ation ( /age-conditions & ( /age-traditions may ca/ ^u ! ma/]pieces ( ! drama4 ,s9ce all ^! ma/]pieces ( ! drama 7 devis$ to be he>d & to be se5 r ?an to be read1 ! great dramatic poets h always be5 solicit\s ab\t ! visual appeal ( _! plays4 ,!y h ev] be5 anxi\s to g>ni% _! pieces ) ! utmo/ sc5ic embelli%m5t & ! utmo/ spectacul> accompanim5t ( ! special k9d t a play ( t p>ticul> type c\ld pr(it by4 ,9 view ( ! importance ( ?is sc5ic embelli%m5t & ( its influ5ce ^u ! me?ods ( ! successive playwrights1 !re is cause = wond] t we h no satisfactory attempt to tell ! hi/ory ( ! art ( ! sc5e-pa9t] z ?is has be5 develop$ ?ru ! long ages4 ,! mat]ials = ?is n>rative are abundant1 ev5 if !y /ill lie 9 confusion4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! field h be5 survey$ "h & !re2 b no sub/antial treatise has yet be5 devot$ to ?is allur+ inve/igation4 ,! s*ol> :o %all h]eaft] und]take ! task w ne$ a d\ble qualification2 he mu/ ma/] ! annals ( pa9t+ 9 ,r5asc5ce ,italy1 & lat] 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 & he mu/ famili>ize himself ) ! circum/ances ( ! !at] at ! sev]al p]iods :5 ! art ( ! sc5e-pa9t] made its successive /eps 9 advance4 ,x is p>tly because we h no manual cov]+ ! :ole field t we f9d s _m unw>rant$ ass]tions 9 ! /udies ( ! s*ol>s :o conf9e _! criticism to a s+le p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! drama4 ,p>tly also is ?is due to ! fact t we are ea* ( u s accu/om$ to ! !at]s ( our own c5tury & ( our own c\ntry t we f9d x difficult n to assume simil> conditions 9 ! !at]s ( o!r c5turies & o!r c\ntries4 ,?us ! ,%aksp]ian comm5tators ( ! e>ly eighte5? c5tury seem n to h d\bt$ t ! ,engli% playh\se 9 ! days ( ,elizabe? 0 n unlike ! ,engli% playh\se 9 ! days ( ,anne2 & z a result !y cut up ! plays ( ,%aksp]e into acts & into sc5es1 ea* suppos$ to take place 9 a diff]5t spot1 9 accord ) ! eighte5?-c5tury /age practise1 & absolutely )\t any ju/ification f ! cu/oms ( ! ,tudor !at]4 ,?is 0 ! result ( look+ back & ( believ+ t ! late sixte5?-c5tury /age mu/ h resembl$ ! e>ly eighte5?-c5tury /age4 ,we are n[ beg9n+ to see t1 9 any ef=t to recapture ! me?ods ( ! ,elizabe?an !at]1 we mu/ fir/ und]/& ! cu/oms ( ! m$ieval /age1 & !n look =w>d f t po9t4 ,( all places 9 ! _w ! playh\se is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ cons]vative1 & ! mo/ reluctant to rel9qui% any?+ :i* has prov$ its utility 9 ! pa/ & :i* is accept$ by ! public 9 ! pres5t2 & _m ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,tudor !at] are survivals f ! m$ieval p]=mances4 ,!re are /ill to be f\nd classical s*ol>s :o accept ! exi/5ce ( a rais$ /age 9 ! !at] ( ,dionysus at ,a!ns1 & ev5 ( pa9t$ sc5]y su* z we mod]ns "k2 & !y f9d support 9 ! ass]tion ( ,ari/otle t among ! improvem5ts due to ,sophocles 0 ! introduction ( sc5]y4 ,b :at did ! ,greek ^w 9 ! text ( ,ari/otle :i* is r5d]$ into ,engli% z sc5]y really mean8 ,at lea/1 :at did x connote to an ,a!nian8 ,some?+ v diff]5t1 we may be sure1 f :at ! t]m sc5]y connotes to u4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! physical conditions ( ! /ageless ,attic !at] preclud$ ! possibilities ( pa9t$ sc5es su* z we are n[ famili> )4 ,t !re 7 no me?ods ( repres5t+ reali/ically1 or ev5 summ>ily1 ! locality :]e ! action is tak+ place is prov$ by ! detail$ descriptions ( ^! localities :i* ! dramatic poet 0 c>eful to put into ! m\?s ( 8 *>act]s :5ev] he wi%$ ! audi5ce to visualize ! appropriate backgr\nd ( ! action4 ,we may be assur$ t ! dramati/s w\ld nev] h wa/$ "t 9 describ+ :at ! spectators _h be=e _! eyes4 ,ibs5 & ,ro/& & d',annunzio are poets1 ea* 9 8 own fa%ion1 b _! plays are devoid ( all descriptions ( ! special locality :]e ! action passes--t task has be5 sp>$ !m by ! labors ( ! mod]n sc5e-pa9t] work+ ^u _! specific directions4 ,z !re 0 no sc5]y 9 ! ,greek !at] s !re 0 little or none 9 ! ,roman4 ,m4 ,camille ,sa9t-,sa5s once sugge/$ t c]ta9 airy scaffold+s 9 ! ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s 7 p]haps d]iv$ f sc5ic accessories4 ,b ?is seems unlikely en\gh2 & ! surviv+ ,lat9 playh\ses h a wide & %all[ /age clos$ 9 by a sumptu\s ar*itectural backgr\nd1 sugge/+ ! front ( a palace ) ?ree portals1 (t5 conv5i5tly utiliz$ z ! entrances to ! sep>ate dwell+s ( ! sev]al *>act]s4 ,aga91 we may inf] ! abs5ce ( sc5]y f ! elaboration ) :i* ,plautus1 = "o1 localizes ! habitations ( 8 lead+ *>act]s4 ,9 ,rome1 z 9 ,a!ns1 "s k9d ( a summ>y indication ( locality1 "s easily und]/ood symbol1 may h be5 employ$2 b ( sc5e-pa9t+1 z we mod]ns "k ! art1 !re is n a trace4 ,,ii ,x is n until we come to ! my/]ies ( ! ,middle ,ages t we f9d ! beg9n+s ( ! mod]n art1 & ev5 "h x is only a mo/ rudim5t>y attempt t we c discov]4 ,! my/]y probably develop$ e>lie/ 9 ,france1 z x c]ta9ly fl\ri%$ !re mo/ abundantly2 & ! ,fr5* repres5t$ ! dramatiz$ ,bible /ory on a long1 %all[ plat=m1 at ! back ( :i* !y /rung along a r[ ( summ>y indications ( c]ta9 necess>y places1 beg9n+ ) ,heav5 on ! spectator's left1 & end+ ) ,hell on 8 "r1 & includ+ ! ,temple1 ! h\se ( ! high prie/ & ! palace ( ,h]od4 ,^! necess>y places 7 call$ mansions1 & !y s]v$ to localize ! action :5ev] ?is 0 deem$ advisable1 ! front ( ! plat=m rema9+ a neutral gr\nd :i* might be any:]e4 ,b ^! mansions d n prove ! exi/5ce ( sc5e-pa9t]s2 !y 7 v slight erections1 a canopy ov] an alt> s]v+ to indicate ! ,temple1 & a little portico suffic+ to repres5t a palace2 & !y 7 probably built by h\se-c>p5t]s & pa9t$ by h\sepa9t]s1 j z any boat :i* might be call$ = w\ld be con/ruct$ by ! %ipwrights4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,roman ,!at] at ,orange ,f ! model at ! ,p>is ,op]a ,illu/ration3 ,! multiple set ( ! ,fr5* m$ieval /age ,f ! model 9 ! ,dramatic ,museum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,! set ( ! ,italian com$y ( masks ,& z we ne$ n assume ! =m+ ( a guild ( sc5e-pa9t]s because ( ^! mansions :i* p]=m$ "s ( ! functions ( our mod]n sc5]y1 s also we mu/ n assume x because ! m$ieval artisans inv5t$ a v>iety ( elaborate spectacul> devices1 fly+ angels1 = example1 & ro>+ flames f ,hell-,m\?4 ,ev5 9 ! /ageless & sc5eless ,attic !at]1 !re _h be5 _m me*anical effects ( "o k9d or ano!r1 especially 9 ! plays ( ,euripides--! so>+ dragon-*>iot ( ,m$ea1 = in/ance1 & ! simil> contrivance :]eby a god might desc5d f ! skies4 ,me*anical tricks ev5 :5 !y are mo/ +5i\s1 d n imply ! aid ( ! sc5e-pa9t]2 & ev5 to-day !y are ! special task ( ! prop]ty-man1 or ( ! ma/]-me*anic1 al?o ! sc5e-pa9t]'s aid may be invok$ also to make !m m effective4 ,t !re 7 prop]ty-mak]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages admits ( no d\bt1 & also highly skill$ artific]s delight+ 9 ! d>+ +5uity ( _! inv5tions4 ,!re 7 abundant prop]ties1 x may be not$1 on ! ,elizabe?an /age1 well-heads1 ?rones1 & arbors2 & ,h5sl['s di>y records paym5t = a v>iety ( su* accessories4 ,b !re is n 9 t invaluable docum5t a s+le entry indicat+ any paym5t = any?+ equival5t to ! "w ( ! sc5e-pa9t]4 ,adroit z 7 ! ,fr5* me*anics :o prep>$ ! abundant spectacul> effects ( ! m$ieval my/]ies1 !y 7 surpass$ 9 skill by ! ,italian eng9e]s ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :o l5t _! aid to ! sup]b outdoor fe/ivals :]e9 ! exp&+ arti/ic en]gy ( ! p]iod 0 mo/ magnific5tly display$4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci did n disda9 to design ma*9es disclos+ a surpris+ f]tility ( res\rce4 ,x 0 f ^? outdoor spectacles ( ! ,italians t ! ,fr5* c\rt-ballets are directly desc5d$1 & also ! ,engli% masks1 :i* dem&$ ! collaboration ( ,inigo ,jones & ,b5 ,jonson4 ,b at fir/ ! ,italians got along )\t ! aid ( ! yet unborn sc5e-pa9t]1 & ! inv5tions ( ! eng9e] 7 c>ri$ out by ! me*anic & ! decorator4 ,ev5 z late z ! sev5te5? c5tury a magnific5t spectacle pres5t$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce reli$ ma9ly ^u ! +5i\s eng9e] & sc>cely at all ^u ! sc5e-pa9t]4 ,x seems probable t x is "h 9 ,italy 9 ! ,r5asc5ce1 & at fir/ z an accompanim5t ( ! outdoor spectacle1 or ( its indoor rival1 t ! art ( ! actual sc5e-pa9t] _h its bir?4 ,! eng9e]s requir$ ! aid ( ! arti/s--inde$1 9 ^? days1 :5 !re 0 little specialization ( function1 ! eng9e]s 7 almo/ always arti/s !mselves1 capable ( _! own decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,an outdoor ent]ta9m5t 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,pitti ,palace 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury ,f a contempor>y pr9t ,9 "t !re w\ld be necess>y specialization1 & aft] a :ile c]ta9 arti/s came to devote !mselves *iefly to sc5e-pa9t+1 f9d+ _! imm$iate opportunity 9 ! decoration ( ! op]as1 :i* !n began to multiply4 ,! op]a has always be5 ari/ocratic1 exp5sive1 & spectacul>1 & x cont9u$ ! tradition ( ! highly decorat$ op5-air fe/ivals4 ,9 fact1 x improv$ ^u ?is tradition1 9 s f> z t 0 possible1 & x a*iev$ a v>iety ( me*anical effects sc>cely less complicat$ ?an ^? :i* *>m our eyes to-day 9 ',rhe+old' & ',p>sifal4' ,?irty ye>s ago ! late ,*>les ,nuitt]1 ! ar*ivi/ ( ! ,p>is ,op]a & himself a libretti/ ( wide exp]i5ce1 drew my att5tion to ,sabbat9i's ',practica di fabric> sc5e e ma*9i ne' teatri' 7publi%$ 9 #afch71 & he assur$ me t ! res\rces ( ! ,op]a did n g beyond ^? :i* 7 at ! comm& ( ! ,italians ?ree c5turies e>li]4 ,!y c\ld d !n1 he ass]t$1 almo/ ev]y?+ t we c d n[ "h at ! ,op]a4 ,= example1 !y c\ld br+ a %ip on ! /age "u full sail4 ,we h only "o sup]iority ov] !m3 we h abundant light n[1 we h electricity1 & !y 7 dep5d5t on c&les & lamps4 ,yet ev5 9 ,italy 9 ! ,r5asc5ce ! mo/ popul> =m ( ! drama1 ! improvis$ play :i* we call ! com$y-(-masks1 0 p]=m$ 9 a traditional /age-sett+ repres5t+ an op5 squ>e1 :]eon only ! back-clo? seems to h be5 ! "w ( ! sc5e-pa9t]1 ! sides ( ! /age be+ occupi$ by f\r or m h\ses1 two or ?ree on ea* side1 (t5 consi/+ ( little m ?an a practicable door ) a practicable w9d[ ov] x1 n made ( canvas1 b con/ruct$ out ( wood by ! c>p5t]1 ) ! solidity dem&$ by ! climb+ feats ( ! a?letic com$ians & by _! acrobatic agility4 ,! traditional set ( ! com$y-(-masks con=m$ to t recomm5d$ = ! comic drama by ,s]lio1 9 8 treatise on ar*itecture1 publi%$ 9 #aede2 b x may be not$ also t ,s]lio's sugge/$ set = ! tragic drama 0 n dissimil> ev5 if x 7 di/9ctly m dignifi$4 ,,iii ,! op]a seems to h be5 ! direct desc5dant ( ! c\rt-ballet1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! mask1 z t 9 its turn 0 d]iv$ f ! op5-air spectacle ( ! ,italian ,r5asc5ce1 su* z surviv$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ! c\rt-ballets ( ,france1 l ! masks ( ,engl&1 7 n giv5 9 a !at] ) a /age %ut (f by a prosc5ium ar*1 b 9 ! ball-room or banquet+-hall ( a palace4 ,"o end ( ?is spaci\s ap>tm5t1 (t5 b n always provid$ ) a rais$ plat=m1 s]v$ z ! /age :]eon "o or m places1 a m\nta91 = in/ance1 & a grotto1 7 repres5t$1 at fir/ by ! decorat$ ma*9es ( ! arti/ic eng9e]s only1 b aft]w>d by ! canvas frames ( sc5e-pa9t]s4 ,! action ( ! c\rt-ballets or ( ! masks 0 n necess>ily conf9$ to ?is /age1 s to call x4 ,! spectators 7 rang$ along ! walls & "u ! gall]ies 7if !re 7 any71 leav+ ! ma9 "p ( ! hall b>e2 & ! p]=m]s desc5d$ frequ5tly into ?is area1 :i* 0 kept free = !m1 & :i* 0 bett] fitt$ = _! dances & processions & o!r intricate evolutions ?an ! scant & clutt]$ /age4 ,a tw5tie?-c5tury analog to ?is sixte5?-c5tury practise c be se5 9 ! spectacle pres5t$ 9 our mod]n ?ree-r+$ circuses--! ',cleopatra1' = example1 :i* 0 ! op5+ numb] on ! ,b>num & ,bailey program n long ago1 :]e ! ,roman troops & ! ,egyptian populace came d[n f ! /age & p>ad$ ar\nd ! ar5a4 ,bacon 9 8 essay on ',masques1' us$ ! ^w sc5]y z ?o he meant only decorat$ scaffolds1 p]haps movable2 & 8 expression ( desire = room to be kept cle> implies ! use ( ! body ( ! hall = ! maneuv]s ( ! p]=m]s4 ,ludovic ,cell]1 9 8 /udy ( ',mise en sc5e au dix-septieme siecle' 9 ,france1 %[s t ! action ( ! c\rt-ballet 0 sometimes int]mitt$ t ! spectators c\ld jo9 9 ! danc+1 z at an ord9>y ball4 ,9 ! e>li] ,italian op5-air fe/ivals1 & 9 ! e>li] ,fr5* c\rt-ballets !re 0 n ev5 a prosc5ium %>ply sep>at+ ! /age f ! re/ ( ! hall2 b 9 ,engl& by ! "t ( ,inigo ,jones ! advantage ( a prosc5ium _h be5 discov]$1 & we h m ?an "o ( ! sket*es :i* t skilful design] devis$ = 8 masks4 ,b ev5 !n ?is prosc5ium 0 n p]man5t & ar*itecturally conv5tionaliz$2 x 0 inv5t$ afre% = e successive ent]ta9m5t1 & x 0 adorn$ ) devices peculi> to t p>ticul> mask4 ,inigo ,jones _h also advanc$ to ! use ( actual sc5]y1 t is to say1 ( canvas /ret*$ ^u frames & !n pa9t$4 ,mr4 ,hamilton ,bell believes x possible t ! inv5tion ( grooves to su/a9 w+s & flats may be ascrib$ to ,inigo or to 8 assi/ant & successor1 ,webb4 ,ev5 9 ! ,italian op]a1 :]e all ! sc5]y 0 due to ! bru% ( ! sc5e-pa9t]1 !re 0 = a long :ile a =mal & monoton\s regul>ity4 ,:e!r ! set 0 an int]ior or an ext]ior1 a public place or a hall 9 a palace1 ! arrangem5t 0 rectangul>1 ) a drop at ! back & a s]ies ( w+s on ei!r side equidi/ant f "o ano!r4 ,?is /iff repres5tation ( a locality is pres]v$ = u n[adays 9 ! toy-!at]s :i* we buy = our *ildr51 al?o x is n[ se5 on ! actual /age only 9 c]ta9 acts ( old-fa%ion$ op]as4 ,x l+]s also 9 ! v>iety-%[s1 :]e x is ! prop] sett+ = _m items ( _! miscellane\s programs4 ,al?o ! ,italians _h discov]$ p]spective e>ly 9 ! ,r5asc5ce !y utiliz$ x on ! /age timidly at fir/1 be/[+ ?is rectangul> regul>ity ^u all _! sets1 bo? ar*itectural int]iors or ext]iors & rural sc5es1 9 :i* rigid wood-w+s rec$$1 dim9i%+ 9 height to a l&scape pa9t$ on ! drop at ! back1 ?us leav+ ! :ole /age free = ! actors4 ,n until ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury did an ,italian sc5e-pa9t]1 ,bibi5a1 v5ture to ab&on ! balanc$ symmetry ( ! squ>e set1 & to slant 8 p]spective s z to pres5t build+s at an acute angle1 !reby n only ga9+ a pleas+ v>iety1 b also enl>g+ imm5sely ! app>5t spaci\sness ( ! sc5e1 s9ce he 0 able to c>ry ! eyes ( ! spectator into vague di/ances1 & to sugge/ f> m ?an he 0 able to display4 ,?is advance 0 accompani$ by a m lib]al use ( /airways & plat=ms--practicables z ! /age-phrase is--t is to say1 built up by ! c>p5t]s s t ! actors c\ld g f "o level to ano!r4 ,hi!rto flights ( /eps & balconies _h be5 only pa9t$1 n be+ int5d$ = actual use by ! p]=m]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! set = ! op]a ( ',p]see' 7z p]=m$ at ! ,op]a 9 ,p>is 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury7 ,illu/ration3 ,a prison 7design$ by ,bibi5a 9 ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury7 ,a simil> developm5t took place also 9 ! l&scape sc5es2 ! =egr\nd 0 rais$ irregul>ly1 s t ! p]sons ( ! play might climb up4 ,practicable bridges 7 swung across torr5ts1 & ! e>li] =mality ( pa/oral sc5es began to disappe>4 ,app>5tly ! sc5e-pa9t]s 7 influ5c$ at ?is "t by ! l&scape-pa9t]s1 m especially by ,p\ss94 ,! int]relation ( pa9t+ & sc5e-pa9t+1 ea* 9 turn affect+ ! o!r1 is f> clos] ?an mo/ hi/orians ( art h p]ceiv$4 ,x is n unlikely1 = example1 t ,ga9sbor\gh & ,con/able1 :o 7 ! fa!rs ( ! ,b>bizon m51 _h be5 /imulat$ by ! /age-pictures ( ,de ,lu!rb\rg4 ,david ,g>rick pr(it$ by ! innovat+ art ( ,de ,lu!rb\rg1 a pupil ( ,vanloo1 :o came to ,engl& 9 #agga4 ,app>5tly x 0 ,de ,lu!rb\rg :o inv5t$ rak+-pieces--z ! sc5e-pa9t]s t]m ! l[ fragm5ts ( sc5]y :i* mask ! incl9es ( m\nds4 ,to him also is cr$it$ ! fir/ use ( transp>5t sc5es to reproduce ! effect ( moonlight ^u wat]1 & to sugge/ ! flames ( volcanoes4 ,?us to him mu/ be ascrib$ ! beg9n+s ( t complicat$ realism by :i* our latt]-day sc5e-pa9t]s are enabl$ to create an appropriate atmosph]e = poetic episodes4 ,,iv ,! next /ep 9 advance1 & "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! sl[ developm5t ( ! sc5e-pa9t]'s art1 took place 9 ,france e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & simultane\s ) ! romantici/ movem5t1 :i* modifi$ ! aims & ambitions ( ! arti/s z mu* z x did ^? ( ! poets4 ,! sev]e /atel9ess ( ! /age-set :i* 0 adequate = ! classici/ trag$ies ( ,rac9e & ,voltaire1 g5]ally a vague int]ior ( an indef9ite palace1 /iff & empty1 0 hopelessly unsuitable = ! fi]y dramas ( ,victor ,hugo & ! eld] ,dumas4 ,an ev5 great] opportunity = spectacul> reg5]ation 0 af=d$1 9 ^! same e>ly decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 by ! bold & mov+ librettos :i* ,scribe con/ruct$ = ,mey]be] & ,halevy at ! ,op]a1 & = ,aub] at ! ,op]a-,comique4 ,! excit+ cause ( ! sc5ic complexities t we f9d 9 ,wagn]'s music-dramas c be discov]$ 9 ^! librettos ( ,scribe's1 f ',rob]t ! ,devil' to ! ',africa9e4' ,= "o act ( ',rob]t ! ,devil1' t 9 :i* ! spectral nuns dance among ! tombs "u ! rays ( ! moon1 ,cic]i inv5t$ ! mo/ /rik+ & novel sett+ yet exhibit$ on any /age--a sett+ n surpass$ 9 poetic glamor by any s9ce se5 9 ! !at]1 al?o its e]y beauty may h be5 rival$ by "o sc5e 9 ! ',s\rce1' a ballet produc$ also at ! ,op]a =ty-five ye>s ago--a moon-lit t>n 9 a =e/-glade1 ) half-se5 sylphs float+ lightly ov] its silv]$ surface4 ,?is exquisitely poetic set 0 import$ f ,p>is to ,new ,york & ins]t$ 9 ! brilliant spectacle ( ! ',:ite ,fawn4' ,! ample effect ( ^! sc5es 0 made possible only by ! imm5se improvem5t 9 ! illum9ation ( ! /age due to ! introduction ( gas4 ,up to ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! /age-decorator _h be5 dep5d5t ^u lamps--a few ( ^! arrang$ at ! rim ( ! curv+ apron :i* jutt$ out into ! auditorium f> beyond ! prosc5ium1 & a few m hidd5 "h & !re 9 ! flies & w+s4 ,e>ly 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury gas supplant$ oil2 & a little lat] ?an ! middle ( ! c5tury gas 0 p[]fully supplem5t$ by ! calcium light4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! c5tury gas 9 its turn gave way to ! f> m useful electric light1 :i* c\ld be direct$ any:]e 9 any quantity1 & :i* c\ld be controll$ & color$ at w4 ,x 0 ,h5ry ,irv+1 m especially 9 8 m>vel\s m\nt+ ( a r tawdry v]sion ( ',fau/1' :o reveal$ ! delicate arti/ic possibilities ( our mod]n facilities = /age illum9ation4 ,9 ,france ! romantici/ movem5t ( ,hugo 0 swiftly succe$$ by ! reali/ic movem5t ( ,balzac1 :o 0 ! e>lie/ noveli/ to relate ! lead+ p]sonages ( 8 /udies f life to a *>act]i/ic backgr\nd & to br+ out ! intimate association ( p]sons & places4 ,f prose fiction ?is evocation ( *>act]i/ic surr\nd+s 0 tak5 ov] by ! drama2 & a p]si/5t ef=t 0 made to h ! successive sets ( a play sugge/ive & significant 9 !mselves1 & also repres5tative ( ! ma9 !me ( ! piece4 ,! actors 7 no long] dep5d5t ^u ! float1 z ! footlights 7 call$2 !y did n ne$ to advance out on ! apron to let ! spectators foll[ ! *ang+ expression ( _! faces1 & 9 "t ! apron 0 cut back to ! l9e ( ! prosc5ium1 & ! curta9 rose & fell 9 a picture-frame :i* cut ! actors (f f _! proximity to ! audi5ce--a proximity =ev] tempt+ ! dramatic poet to ! purely oratorical effects prop] en\gh on a plat=m4 ,:5 ! mod]n play calls = an int]ior ?is int]ior n[ takes on ! semblance ( an actual room4 ,app>5tly ! box-set1 z x is call$1 ! clos$-9 room ) its walls & its ceil+1 0 fir/ se5 9 ,engl& 9 #ahda1 :5 ',london ,assurance' 0 produc$2 b v likely x _h e>li] made its appe>ance 9 ,p>is at ! ,gymnase4 ,to supply a room ) walls ( a seem+ solidity1 ) doors & ) w9d[s1 appe>s natural en\gh to u1 b x 0 a />tl+ innovation f\rscore ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! ',s*ool = ,sc&al' _h be5 orig9ally produc$ at ,drury ,lane 9 #agge1 ! libr>y ( ,joseph ,surface1 :]e ,lady ,teazle hides beh9d ! scre51 0 repres5t$ by a drop at ! back1 on :i* a w9d[ 0 pa9t$1 & by w+s set />kly p>allel to ?is back-drop & pa9t$ to repres5t columns4 ,!re 7 no doors2 & ,joseph & ,*>les1 ,sir ,pet] & ,lady ,teazle1 walk$ on ?ru ! op5+s betwe5 ! w+s1 v mu* z ?o !y 7 pass+ ?ru ! non-exi/5t walls4 ,to u1 ?is w\ld be %ock+2 b x 0 p]fectly acceptable to ,engli% playgo]s !n2 & to !m x seem$ natural1 s9ce !y 7 famili> ) no o!r way ( gett+ into a room on ! /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,! scre5 sc5e ( ! ',s*ool = ,sc&al' at ,drury ,lane 9 #aggh ,f a contempor>y pr9t ,! inv5tion ( ! box-set1 ( a room ) walls & ceil+s1 doors & w9d[s1 l$ inevitably to ! appropriate furni%+ ( ?is room ) tangible tables & *airs4 ,ev5 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! /age _h be5 v empty2 x 0 adorn$ only ) ! furniture actually dem&$ by ! action ( ! drama2 & ! re/ ( ! furniture1 bookcases & sidebo>ds1 *airs & tables1 0 frankly pa9t$ on ! w+s & on ! back-drop by ! side ( ! pa9t$ mantelpieces1 ! pa9t$ w9d[s1 & ! pa9t$ doors4 ,9 ! plays ( ! tw5tie? c5tury *>act]s sit d[n & *ange f seat to seat2 b 9 ! plays produc$ 9 ,engl& & 9 ,france be=e ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury all ! actors /ood all ! "t--or at lea/ !y 7 all[$ to sit only "u ! /ress ( dramatic necessity--z 9 ! f\r? act ( ',t>tuffe1' = in/ance4 ,9 all ( ,moli]e's com$ies !re are sc>cely half a doz5 *>act]s :o h occasion to sit d[n2 & ?is sitt+-d[n is limit$ to ?ree or f\r ( 8 m ?an ?irty pieces4 ,n[adays e ef=t is made to capture ! ext]nal realities ( life4 ,s>d\ 0 n m c>eful 9 compos+ 8 /age-sitt+s 9 8 fa%ion ?an 0 ,ibs5 9 prescrib+ ! sc5ic environm5t t he ne$$4 ,! au?or's m9ute descriptions ( ! sc5es :]e ! action ( ! ',doll's ,h\se' & ( ',gho/s' passes prove t ,ibs5 _h visualiz$ %>ply ! precise int]ior :i* 01 9 8 m9d1 ! only possible home = ! creatures ( 8 imag9ation4 ,& ,mr4 ,belasco has rec5tly be/[$ ^u ! w9n+ p]sonality ( 8 ',pet] ,grimm' ! exact habitation to :i* t appeal+ creature w\ld return 9 8 desire to undo aft] dea? :at 9 life he _h ra%ly comm&$4 ,v ,:ile ! sc5e-pa9t] ( our "t is mo/ (t5 call$ ^u to realize ! actual 9 an int]ior & to delight u ) a room ! dom9ant quality ( :i* is t x looks z ?o x 0 really liv$ 9 by ! p]sonages we see mov+ ar\nd 9 x1 he is n conf9$ to ^? dome/ic sc5es4 ,!re are o!r plays ?an ! mod]n social dramas2 & ^! o!r plays make o!r dem&s ^u ! arti/4 ,on occasion he has to supply a gorge\s sc5ic accompanim5t = ! ,roman & ,egyptian episodes ( ',antony & ,cleopatra1' to sugge/ ! bla/$ hea? :]e ,macbe? may meet ! weird si/]s1 & to call up be=e our delight$ eyes ! placid *>m ( ! ,=e/ ( ,ard54 ,! awkw>d & inconsi/5t sky-bord]s1 /rips ( p5d5t canvas :olly unsatisfactory z sub/itutes = ! va/ dep?s ( ! />ry heav5s1 he is able to disp5se ) by l[]+ a little ! hang+s at ! top edge ( ! picture-frame1 & by ?us limit+ ! upw>d gaze ( ! spectators1 s t he c =go ! impossible attempt to imitate ! *ang+ sky4 ,he c a*ieve an effect ( limitless space1 z 9 ! la/ act ( ! ',g>d5 ( ,allah' 7:i* br+s be=e u ! endless vision ( ,sah>a71 by ! use ( a cyclorama backgr\nd1 ! drop be+ susp5d$ f a semicircul> rod :i* runs ar\nd ! top ( ! /age1 %utt+ 9 ! view absolutely1 & yet yield+ itself to a repres5tation ( s& & sky meet+ af> (f on ! fa9t horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,a l&scape set ,design$ by ,p4 ,fontanesi 9 ,italy 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,illu/ration3 ,a set = ! op]a ( ',rob]t le ,diable' ,at ! ,p>is ,op]a ,9 ! pa/ half-c5tury1 & m especially s9ce ! improvem5t ( ! electric light1 sc5e-pa9t+ has become v elaborate & v exp5sive4 ,in/ead ( be+ kept 9 its prop] place z ! decoration ( ! drama1 z a beautiful accessory ( ! action1 x has (t5 be5 pu%$ to ! front1 s z to attract att5tion to itself1 & !reby to di/ract att5tion f ! play :i* x 0 suppos$ to illum9ate4 ,sometimes ,%aksp]e has be5 smo!r$ 9 sc5]y1 & sometimes ! art ( ! actor has be5 subord9at$ to ! art ( ! sc5e-pa9t]4 ,n[1 x mu/ be admitt$ t no?+ is too good = ! ma/]pieces ( ! drama1 & t ,sophocles no less ?an ,%aksp]e ought to be pres5t$ to ! public ) all ! pomp t 8 l(ty !mes & 8 m>vel\s workman%ip may dem&4 ,b ! plays ( ! mighty dramatic poets ought n to be us$ m]ely z pegs on :i* to hang gorge\s app>el4 ,aft] all1 ! play's ! ?+2 & :5ev] ! sc5e-pa9t] & 8 invad+ p>tn]1 ! /age-manag]1 are prompt$ to ou/ ! drama f its pre-em95ce1 & to sub/itute an exhibition ( _! accessory arts1 ! result is a betrayal ( ! playwright4 ,a well-kn[n ,briti% art critic once told me t :5 ! curta9 rose at a c]ta9 ,london revival ( ',twelf? ,night1' & disclos$ ,olivia's g>d51 he sat entranc$ at ! beauty ( ! spectacle be=e 8 eyes1 ) its subtle h>monies ( color1 s entranc$1 inde$1 t he f\nd himself di/9ctly annoy$ :5 ! actors came on ! /age & began to talk4 ,= ! mom5t1 at lea/1 he wi%$ !m away1 z di/urb]s ( 8 e/hetic delight 9 ! lovely picture on :i* 8 eyes 7 fea/+4 ,b ev5 a /age-sett+ z captivat+ z ?is might v well be ju/ifi$ if x _h be5 employ$ to fill a gap 9 ! action1 & to buttress up ! int]e/ ( an episode :]e ! dramati/ _h all[$ ! appeal ( 8 /ory to relax4 ,p]r91 ! manag] ( ! ,com$ie-,francaise ?irty ye>s ago1 decl9$ to produce a ,fr5* v]sion ( ',o!llo' because he f\nd a c]ta9 dramatic empt9ess 9 ! sc5es at ,cyprus at ! op5+ ( ! second act1 :i* he felt he w\ld h to mask by ! beauty ( spectacul> decoration1 too co/ly an exp$i5t 9 8 op9ion = ! f9ances ( ! !at] j !n4 ,illu/ration3 ,! set ( ! la/ act ( ! ',g>d5 ( ,allah' ,f ! model 9 ! ,dramatic ,museum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ,illu/ration3 ,a set = ',m$ea' ,design$ by ,h]r ,gu/av ,l9demann ,x 0 ,p]r91 h[ev]1 :o produc$ ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ',o,edipus ! ,k+' ( ,sophocles1 & :o be/[$ ^u x a s+le set ( wond]ful *>m & p[]1 at once dignifi$1 appropriate1 & beautiful 9 itself4 ,x repres5t$ an op5 space betwe5 a temple & ! palace ( ! ill-fat$ ,o,edipus1 ) an alt> 9 ! c5t]1 & ) ! pr(ile ( ano!r temple project$ aga9/ ! di/ant sky & reliev$ by ! tall1 ?9 outl9e ( popl>-trees4 ,! monotony ( ?is rectangul> ar*itectural con/ruction 0 avoid$ by plac+ all ! build+s on a slant1 ! :ole elevation ( ! temple be+ visible on ! left ( ! spectators1 :]eas only a corn] ( ! colonnade ( ! palace on ! "r 0 display$4 ,?is set at ! ,!atre-,francais 0 ! absolute anti!sis ( ! orig9al sc5ic surr\nd+s 9 ! !at] ( ,dionysus m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 :5 ! ma/]piece ( ,sophocles _h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! op5-air or*e/ra1 ) only a hut ( sk9s or a tempor>y wood5 build+ to s]ve z a backgr\nd = ! bas-reliefs ( ! action4 ,s elaborate1 complicat$1 & co/ly h /age-sets become 9 ! pa/ half-c5tury1 t !re are already signs ( ! viol5t reaction t might be expect$4 ,mr4 ,gordon ,craig1 an arti/ ( rem>kable individuality1 has gone s f> z to propose :at is almo/ an abolition ( sc5e-pa9t+4 ,he seeks to atta9 effects ( massive simplicity by ! use ( unadorn$ hang+s & ( undecorat$ scre5s1 ?us sub/itut+ va/ spaces = ! reali/ic details ( ! mod]n sc5e-pa9t]4 ,no d\bt1 !re are a few plays = :i* ?is me?od ( m\nt+ w\ld be appropriate en\gh--,m4 ,maet]l9ck's ',intrud]1' = "o1 & 8 ',sightless' = ano!r1 plays :i* are indep5d5t ( "t & space1 & 9 :i* ! action appe>s to pass 9 "s undiscov]$ limbo4 ,z yet ! advanc$ & iconocla/ic !ories ( ,mr4 ,craig h made few adh]5ts1 ! mo/ notable be+ ! ,g]man1 ,pr(essor ,re9h>dt1 :o lacks ,mr4 ,craig's f9e feel+ = =m & color1 & :o is cont9ually tempt$ into r ugly ecc5tricities ( design1 be+ app>5tly mov$ by ! desire to be diff]5t f 8 pr$ecessors r ?an by ! wi% to be sup]ior to !m4 ,,vi ,int]e/+ z are ,mr4 ,craig's sugge/ions1 & wellf\nd$ z may be 8 prote/ aga9/ ! excessive ornam5tation to :i* we are too prone n[adays1 !re is no reason to fe> t 8 pr9ciples w prevail4 ,! art ( ! sc5e-pa9t] is too welcome1 x is too pla9ly 9 accord ) ! pr$ilections ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 = x to be annihilat$ by ! fiat ( a d>+ & reckless innovator4 ,x w be wise if ! produc]s %\ld h>k5 to ,mr4 ,craig's w>n+s & curb _! t5d5cy to ne$less extravagance2 b we may re/ assur$ t a return to ! b>5ess ( ! ,attic !at] or ( ! ,engli% !at] 9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors is frankly un?9kable n[ t ! art ( sc5e-pa9t+ has be5 develop$ to its pres5t possibilities4 ,9 fact1 ! probability is r t ! sc5e-pa9t]s w cont9ue to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( _! t]ritory & to discov] new means & new me?ods ( delight+ our eyes by _! evocations ( int]e/+ places4 ,illu/ration3 ,! set ( ',o,edipe-,roi' 7at ! ,!atre ,francais7 ,illu/ration3 ,! set ( ! ',return ( ,pet] ,grimm' ,f ! model 9 ! ,dramatic ,museum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ,p]haps !y w\ld be m enc\rag$ to g on & conqu] new worlds if !re 0 a wid] recognition ( ! arti/ic value ( _! "w4 ,al?o ,de ,lu!rb\rg & ,cl>kson ,/anfield won honorable positions 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ by _! easel-pictures1 ! art ( sc5e-pa9t+ does n hold ! place 9 ! public e/eem t _m ( its practition]s des]ve4 ,!ophile ,gauti]1 (t5 negligible z a critic ( ! act$ drama1 0 always wor? li/5+ to :5 he turn$ to pictorial art2 & he 0 frequ5t 9 praise ( ! sc5e-pa9t]s ( 8 "t & ( sc5e-pa9t+ itself z a craft ( exce$+ difficulty & ( inadequate appreciation4 ,probably "o reason :y ! sc5e-pa9t] has n receiv$ 8 due me$ ( praise is because 8 "w is n pres]v$4 ,x exi/s only dur+ ! run ( ! play :i* x decorates4 ,:5 ! piece disappe>s f ! bo>ds1 ! sc5es :i* adorn$ x vani% f sight4 ,!y l+] only 9 ! memory ( ^? :o happ5$ to see ?is "o play--& ev5 !n1 9 fact1 only 9 ! memory ( su* spectators z h tra9$ !mselves to pay att5tion to /age-pictures4 ,= ! sc5e-pa9t] !re is no ,luxemb\rg2 /ill less is !re any ,l\vre4 ,z ,gauti] sympa!tically decl>$1 x is sad to ?9k t no?+ survives ( ^? ma/]pieces de/9$ to live a few ev5+s only1 & disappe>+ f ! wa%$ canvas to give place to o!r m>vels1 equally fugitive4 ,h[ mu* inv5tion1 tal5t1 & g5ius may be lo/--& n always leav+ ev5 a "n6 ,x is pleasant to "k t at ! ,op]a 9 ,p>is a =mal ord] ( ! gov]nm5t has = n[ a half-c5tury prescrib$ ! pres]vation ( ! orig9al models--! little m9iature sets :i* ! sc5e-pa9t] submits = ! approval ( ! manag] & ! dramati/ be=e he beg9s "w ^u ! actual sc5e4 ,^! models are always ^u ! same scale1 & 9 ! gall]y connect$ ) ! libr>y ( ! ,op]a a doz5 ( ^! models are set up to be view$ by visitors4 ,( c\rse no t9y model1 h[ev] clev]ly fa%ion$1 c give ! full effect ( ! sc5e :i* has be5 conceiv$ 9 t]ms ( a huge /age2 & yet ! m9iature reproductions d n betray ! sc5e-pa9t] z mu* z an engrav+ or a photograph (t5 betrays ! pa9t]4 ,:atev] its limitations1 & !y are obvi\s en\gh1 ! collection ( models at ! ,op]a is at lea/ an attempt to ret>d ! oblivion t ,!ophile ,gauti] deplor$1 & to provide = ! sc5e-pa9t] a sub/itute1 h[ev] inadequate1 = ! ,l\vre & ! ,luxemb\rg4 7#aiab47 ,,ix ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,op]a ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,op]a ,i ,a few ye>s ago ,pun* _h a satirical draw+ repres5t+ a ,briti% matron convey+ a bevy ( y\?ful daught]s to ! ,fr5* play 9 ,london4 ,to a fri5d :o call$ h] att5tion to ! r risky atmosph]e ( ! v ,p>isian com$y :i* !y 7 ab\t to behold1 ! wor?y "m promptly expla9$ t %e 0 n br++ h] daught]s to see ! play itself2 %e 0 br++ !m to see only ! act+4 ,probably a great _m op]a-go]s w\ld make a simil> explanation if !y 7 ask$ :e!r !y 7 int]e/$ 9 ! book ( ! op]a or only 9 ! music4 ,!y w\ld be likely to prote/ t !y c>$ little or no?+ = ! libretto1 & t !y 7 attract$ solely by ! score4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! op]a-go]s :o might make ?is reply w\ld be self-deceiv$4 ,:e!r !y are aw>e ( x or n1 !y are unlikely to be attract$ to any op]a unless x happ5s to h an int]e/+ /ory1 built up into a coh]5t & captivat+ plot4 ,:5 ! libretto is un9telligible or un9t]e/+1 ! mo/ delightful music fails to allure !m into ! op]a-h\se4 ,?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ! ',magic ,flute1' :i* conta9s mu* ( ,moz>t's mo/ beautiful melodic inv5tion1 is s r>ely he>d 9 our op]a-h\ses1 & :y x is s sp>sely att5d$ :5 x is pres5t$4 ,! libretto ( ! ',magic ,flute' is dull & ineffective1 & ev5 ,moz>t's g5ius prov$ unable to ov]come ?is initial h&icap4 ,! ord9>y op]a-go] is likely to treat ! libretto ) calm contempt4 ,he is prone to ass]t t nobody c>es ab\t ! words1 & he does n reflect t beh9d & b5ea? ! words is ! support+ /ructure ( ! /ory4 ,aft] all1 an op]a is a play1 x is a music-drama1 & ! plot is z important 9 a play ! words ( :i* are to be sung z 9 a play ! words ( :i* are to be spok54 ,true x is1 ( c\rse1 t 9 an op]a ! words may n be he>d di/9ctly1 & p]haps !y ne$ n be seiz$ ) c]ta9ty1 s9ce ! emotion !y set =? is m amply convey$ by ! music4 ,b ! musician _c express emotion musically1 unless !re is emotion = him to express1 unless he has *>act]s imme%$ 9 a s]ies ( situations :i* evoke vivid & contra/+ s5tim5ts = him to translate into music4 ,z ! music-drama is a drama1 x mu/ obey ! laws ( ! drama2 x mu/ repres5t a conflict ( cont5d+ desires2 x mu/ be c>ri$ on by *>act]s firm ( purpose & resolute 9 a*iev+ _! sev]al aims4 ,^! *>act]s mu/ be %>ply individualiz$ & boldly contra/$2 & ! /ory 9 :i* !y take "p mu/ be at once /rong & simple1 call+ = no elaborate explanation & mov+ =w>d /eadily & irresi/ibly4 ,x mu/ h a lyric aspect1 l5d+ itself naturally to song2 & x ought also to af=d opportunity = ! spectacul> effects appropriate to ! l>ge /age ( ! op]a-h\se4 ,s contemptu\s ( ! libretto is ! ord9>y op]a-go] t he r>ely inquires z to ! "n ( ! au?or ( ! book1 al?o he is g5]ally famili> ) ! "n ( ! compos] ( ! score4 ,he may or he may n be aw>e t ,wagn] 0 8 own libretti/1 & q possibly he supposes t x is ! ord9>y cu/om ( ! compos]s to write ! words = _! own music4 ,he kn[s t ',c>m5' 0 compos$ by ,bizet1 & t ! ',hugu5ots' 0 compos$ by ,mey]be]2 b he w\ld be greatly puzzl$ if he 0 ask$ to "n ! libretti/s ( ^! two op]as1 ! adroit playwrights :o devis$ ! skeletons ( dramatic action :i* su/a9$ ! compos]s & provid$ !m ) ample opportunities = ! ex]cise ( _! melodic gift4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! book ( ',c>m5' 0 writt5 9 collaboration by two ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* dramati/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,meilhac & ,halevy1 ! au?ors ( ',fr\fr\' & ( ! librettos ( ,(f5ba*'s ',belle ,hel5e1' ',gr& ,du*ess ( ,g]ol/e91' & ',p]i*ole4' ,& ! book ( ! ',hugu5ots' 0 ! "w ( ! ma/] /age-craftsman1 ,scribe1 ! au?or ( ',adri5ne ,lec\vreur' & ( ! ',ladies' ,battle1' & ( c\ntless o!r plays p]=m$ 9 e mod]n language1 & 9 all ! c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,bizet wrote o!r op]as besides ',c>m51' & if ^! o!r op]as h vani%$ f ! /age1 ! reason may be t ! librettos to :i* !y 7 compos$ 7 n z +5i\s & n z int]e/+ z ! book ( ',c>m54' ,"o ( ^! =gott5 op]as ( ,bizet's 0 a dramatization ( ! ',fair ,maid ( ,p]?1' & ano!r 0 call$ ! ',pe>l ,fi%]'2 b nei!r ( ^! books 0 devis$ by ,meilhac & ,halevy4 ,& ,scribe 0 n only ! libretti/ ( ! ',hugu5ots' & ( ! ',africa9e' = ,mey]be]2 he also wrote ! books ( ',fra ,diavolo' & ( ',cr[n ,diamonds' = ,aub]1 ! book ( ! ',dame ,blan*e' = ,boieldieu1 & ! book ( ! ',juive' = ,halevy4 ,inde$1 x is evid5t t ,wagn] himself z a libretti/ mu/ be consid]$ z a direct disciple ( ,scribe2 c]ta9ly 8 book ( ! ',fly+ ,dut*man' has its po9ts ( resemblance ) ! books ,scribe inv5t$ = ',rob]t ! ,devil1' & = ! ',prophet4' ,ev5 ! libretto ( ,wagn]'s ',ma/]-,s+]s ( ,nuremb]g1' al?o x is f> ri*] 9 tone ?an any ( ,scribe's librettos = ,aub]1 is con/ruct$ 9 accord ) pr9ciples already appli$ by ! ,fr5* playwright4 ,9 fact1 ! influ5ce ( ,scribe is pat5t ?ru\t ! long hi/ory ( op]a 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury2 he 0 n only ! mo/ prolific ( libretti/s himself1 b ! op]atic =mula he devis$ 0 borr[$ by ! be/ ( ! libretti/s :o foll[$ him4 ,scribe 0 n ! writ] ( ! books ( ',fau/1' or ( ',romeo et ,juliet1' or ( ',aida1' b all ^! librettos 7 c>efully built 9 accord ) ! pr9ciples t he _h practis$ = half a c5tury4 ,,ii ,probably ! av]age op]a-go] is contemptu\s ( ! libretto1 because he ?9ks x is an easy task to write ! m]e words ( an op]a4 ,to him1 no d\bt1 ! op]a lives by its music1 & by its music alone4 ,b !re is really no w>rant = ?is uncomplim5t>y attitude4 ,an op]a is a music-drama1 & if x is to a*ieve success1 wide-spread & long-la/+1 its drama mu/ be z effective z its music4 ,exp]i5ce proves t1 s f> f be+ z easy z x seems1 ! con/ruction ( a satisfactory libretto is really a difficult feat1 to be a*iev$ only by an exp]t 9 /age-craft4 ,x is no task to be confid$ to an amateur play-mak]1 to a m]e lyri/1 ignorant ( ! art ( ! !at]4 ,fir/ ( all1 a satisfactory book mu/ conta9 ! skeleton ( a good play2 &1 second1 ?is mu/ be ! special k9d ( play :i* w n only inspire ! musician1 b af=d him a succession ( special opportunities = ! ex]cise ( 8 own art4 ,! book ( an op]a mu/ be a good play2 & m ?an once h we se5 a libretto depriv$ ( its music & writt5 out aga9 9 prose = production 9 non-musical !at]s4 ',c>m5' is "o example ( ?is trans=mation4 ,! late ,sir ,h5ry ,irv+ 0 s tak5 ) ,wagn]'s ',fly+ ,dut*man' t he _h x made ov] into a play = 8 own act+--',v&]deck54' ,! book ( an op]a mu/ be a good play1 & !re=e n a few successful op]as h be5 compos$ on plots :i* _h already won approval z plays on ! /age4 ,inde$1 _m mod]n compos]s are s conv9c$ ( ! necessity t librettos %all be attractive 9 !mselves t !y are cont9ually borr[+ popul> plays to deck ) melody4 ',salome' & ',pelleas et ,melis&e1' ',madam ,butt]fly' & ',cavall]ia ,ru/icana1' ! ',boheme' & ! ',tosca' 7 all successful )\t music be=e !y 7 set to music to w9 a second success4 ,! book ( ,v]di's ',rigoletto' is bas$ on ,victor ,hugo's drama1 ',le ,roi s',amuse'2 & oddly en\gh x 0 ! op]atic libretto1 r ?an ! orig9al poetic drama1 :i* sugge/$ ! ,engli% play on ! same !me1 ,tom ,taylor's blank-v]se drama1 ! ',fool's ,rev5ge4' ,ano!r ( ,v]di's librettos 0 borr[$ f ,hugo's ',h]mani'1 :ile 8 ',traviata1' z we all "k1 is tak5 f ! play ( ! y\ng] ,dumas1 long popul> 9 ,am]ica z ',camille4' ,two ( ,v]di's late/ op]as _h ,%aksp]ian !mes1 ',otello' & ',fal/aff4' ,x is in/ructive to note1 s an ,am]ican musical critic once ass]t$1 t ( all ,g\nod's doz5 op]as1 ! only two :i* h surviv$ are ! two :i* are d]iv$ f ,goe!'s ',fau/' & f ,%aksp]e's ',romeo & ,juliet'2 & he add$ a rem9d] t 9 ^! op]as ! music owes its success n only to ! aid d]iv$ f its associations ) a favorite play1 b also 9 "p to ! fact t ! compos]'s creative imag9ation 0 f]tiliz$ by ! spl5did opportunities = dramatic composition (f]$ by ^! plays4 ,g\nod 0 mov$ by ! joys & woes ( ,m>g>et & ( ,juliet1 & x is only "u ! influ5ce ( deep feel+ t su* ma/]works c be creat$4 ,:5 ,g\nod set to music a poetic play by ,goe!1 & :5 ,v]di set to music a gr\p ( *>act]s creat$ by ,%aksp]e1 ! compos]s might well be inspir$ by ! poets2 & !y 7 ?us aid$ to atta9 ! utmo/ ( :i* !y are capable z musicians4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r any musician c\ld f9d any really helpful inspiration 9 dramas ( vulg> viol5ce1 su* z ! ',tosca' ( ,s>d\1 & ! ',salome' ( ,osc> ,wilde2 & x is extremely improbable t ! op]as compos$ to su* unwor?y !mes w be able to a*ieve any durable popul>ity4 ,9 plots ( s co>se a "* !re is nei!r beauty nor poetry1 & ! vogue ( music-dramas hav+ subjects s debas$ is likely to be fleet+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 bo? poetry & beauty 9 ! orig9al plays ( ',madam ,butt]fly' & ',cavall]ia ,ru/icana1' & we ne$ n be surpris$ if ! op]as compos$ on ^! !mes prove to h a long life 9 ! musical !at]s4 ,we may ev5 g fur!r & sugge/ t !re 0 a haunt+ & e!real grace ab\t ,maet]l9ck's ',pelleas et ,melis&e' :i* seem$ almo/ to dem& translation into ! si/] art ( music4 ,! two mo/ effective ,fr5* com$ies ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! ',b>b] ( ,seville' & ! ',m>riage ( ,fig>o1' suppli$ librettos1 "o = ,ross9i & ! o!r = ,moz>t4 ,we may be sure t soon] or lat] "s o!r compos]1 ,italian or ,am]ican or ,g]man1 w be tempt$ to und]take an op]a bas$ on ,fulda's ',two ,si/]s1' 9 :i* !re c\ld n help be+ a v effective "p = ! prima donna4 ,& soon] or lat] aga9 "s musician ) an appreciation ( humor & s5tim5t w be mov$ to take = 8 libretto ! com$y ( ',masks & ,faces1' by ,*>les ,reade & ,tom ,taylor1 g5]ally kn[n by ! "n ( its fasc9at+ h]o9e1 ,peg ,w(f+ton4 ,no d\bt !re are n a few o!r mod]n plays 9 :i* compos]s w discov] musical possibilities4 ,,iii ,! key to an und]/&+ ( ! importance ( ! libretto lies 9 ! t]m ,wagn] us$ to describe ! art-"w ( ! future2 he call$ ?is a music-drama4 ,! exclusive lov] ( music is tempt$ to look d[n on op]a because its music is contam9at$ ) drama2 & = a simil> reason1 ! exclusive lov] ( ! drama is n attract$ to op]a because ! drama is !re m or less sacrific$ to ! music4 ,b !re are _m op]a-go]s :o be/ reli% music & ! drama :5 !y are pres5t$ 9 conjunction4 ,9 a music-drama ( ! highe/ type1 9 ,wagn]'s ',tannhaues]1' = example1 ! music & ! drama are ,siamese tw9s2 !y 7 br\ght =? at a s+le bir?4 ,ea* helps ! o!r1 & nei!r calls ^u ! o!r = any undue sacrifice4 ,!y c be enjoy$ toge!r bett] ?an !y c be enjoy$ ap>t1 s9ce ea* dep5ds ^u ! o!r2 & unit$ !y /& or fall4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,f9ck 0 n ov]/at+ ! case :5 he insi/$ t ! ideal op]a is "o 9 :i* ! book & ! score are ea* ( !m ( absorb+ int]e/1 & yet make a d\bly deep impression :5 he>d toge!r4 ,! /ories ( ',fau/' & ( ',c>m5' & ( ',loh5gr9' are delightful 9 !mselves1 m]ely to read2 & a musical exp]t c f9d pleasure 9 play+ ! music f !m on ! piano4 ,yet h[ mu* m effective !y are :5 we he> & see music & play toge!r on ! /age4 ,& !n ! same writ] goes on to po9t out t ! be/ libretto is "o :i* tells its /ory to ! eye1 z 9 ! case ( ',c>m51' = example4 ,no "o ) eyes to see c fail1 = in/ance1 to foll[ ! c>e] ( ',c>m51' f h] flirtation ) ! "y (fic] to ! sc5e be=e ! bullr+ :]e he /abs h]4 ,x 0 an acute ,fr5* dramatic critic :o once ass]t$ t ! skeleton ( e good play is a pantomime1 & ! ass]tion is m emphatically true :5 appli$ to ! skeleton ( a libretto4 ,inde$1 z ! words are r>ely he>d di/9ctly1 & z !y are (t5 9 a =eign language1 !re is d\ble ne$ ( a /ory s cle> & s /raight=w>d t x c be caught by ! eye alone f ! actions & ge/ures & facial expressions ( ! p]=m]s )\t ! aid ( ! actual words4 ,b ! inv5t+ & ! con/ruct+ ( a plot ( ?is seem+ly simple effectiv5ess is a task ( extraord9>y difficulty--if we may judge by ! infrequ5cy ( its a*ievem5t4 ,& und\bt$ly x is ?is difficulty :i* has l$ s _m musicians to compose _! scores to books only slightly alt]$ f plays :i* _h already an atte/$ popul>ity 9 ! !at]4 ,by s do+ x has seem$ to !m t !y 7 m9imiz+ ! risk ( f9d+ _! music h&icapp$ by an ineffective /ory4 ,! dang] 9 ?is case lies 9 ! temptation to set to music any play :i* may *ance to be successful )\t consid]+ suffici5tly :e!r x is really wor?y ( ! compos]'s labor4 ,!re is ano!r disadvantage also 9 ?is snat*+ at successful plays to s]ve z op]a-librettos4 ,mo/ successful plays n[adays deal ) mod]n life1 & !y may owe mu* ( _! success to ! skill ) :i* ! dramati/ has be5 able to seize ! ext]nal aspects ( reality4 ,n[1 x is an int]e/+ "q :e!r a reali/ic piece ( ?is sort c ev] supply an entirely satisfactory book = an op]a1 s9ce music is emotional & idealiz+4 ,to _m p]sons ! op]a seems s+ul>ly unreal1 /rangely remote f actual life4 ,su* p]sons are %ock$ t ,tri/an1 = in/ance1 %\ld s+ = half an h\r :5 he is dy+ f physical weakness4 ,tol/oy sid$ ) ^? :o take ?is attitude1 & he _h no difficulty 9 %[+ up ! absurd unreality ( an op]atic p]=mance1 if "o insi/s ^u apply+ to x ! /&>d ( our ord9>y exi/5ce1 s9ce we d n bur/ into song ord9>ily to express our e-day desires4 ,( c\rse1 !re w\ld be no great difficulty 9 %[+ up ! absurd unreality ( e o!r art1 if ! same /&>d is insi/$ ^u4 ,no art c ju/ify itself = a mom5t unless we are will+ to admit ! ess5tial conv5tions :i* alone p]mit x to exi/4 ,tol/oy might z well h po9t$ out t sculpture is ridicul\s1 s9ce no human be+ is ev] all ( "o color1 body & clo!s1 z a /atue mu/ be1 :e!r x is made ( m>ble or ( bronze4 ,he c\ld h decl>$ t pa9t+ is equally untrue to ! m]e facts ( life1 s9ce x repres5ts nature absolutely )\t motion1 z :5 x depicts a field ( wav+ corn :i* does n really wave b /&s fix$ =ev]4 ,if ,tol/oy or any "o else refuses to accept ! conv5tions ( any art1 !re is no possible reply1 except to make x cle> to him t he is !reby depriv+ himself ( ! delight :i* t art c give4 ,a dep>ture f ! m]e fact und]lies e art2 & x is only because ( t dep>ture t ! art exi/s4 ,by conv5tion1 t is to say1 by tacit agreem5t betwe5 ! arti/ & ! public1 ! arti/ is all[$ to d5y c]ta9 ( ! facts ( life 9 ord] to provide ! public ) ! specific pleasure :i* only 8 art c af=d4 ,9 ! ,%aksp]ian drama ! und]ly+ conv5tion is t ! p]sons ( ! play belong to a race ( p :o always express !mselves poetically 9 ,engli% blank v]se4 ,9 op]a ?is necess>y agreem5t requires u to conc$e ! exi/5ce ( m5 & wom5 to :om song is ! natural means ( communicat+ all _! s5tim5ts & all _! ?\ghts4 ,if we are will+ to accept ?is impli$ contract1 !n !re is no absurdity 9 ,tri/an's s++ ) 8 dy+ brea?1 s9ce he belongs to a race ( creatures :o h no o!r me?od ( spee*4 ,if we are unwill+ to be p>ties to ?is agreem5t1 if we d5y ! exi/5ce ( any su* creatures1 !n !re is no?+ = u to d b to keep out ( ! op]a-h\se4 ,x 0 ?is conv5tion :i* ,tol/oy reject$1 & by ?is rejection he refus$ ! enjoym5t :i* ! op]a c give to ^? :o are satisfi$ to accept its conditions4 ,,iv ,b !re is no d5y+ t ! imp]ative op]atic conv5tion requires u to admit a v viol5t dep>ture f ! facts ( life z we all "k !m4 ,we are n[ s accu/om$ to blank v]se 9 ,%aksp]e's plays1 tragic & comic1 t we accept x almo/ )\t notic+ x4 ,by long habit1 we h come to consid] blank v]se z natural 9 a poetic play1 especially :5 t play sets be=e u h]oic figures ( ! remote pa/4 ,& "h is ! dang] 9 ! op]as :i* h be5 compos$ on books made out ( mod]n popul> pieces1 m or less reali/ic 9 _! atmosph]e4 ,! naturalness ( ! m5 & wom5 9 ^! plays ( to-day t5ds to draw att5tion to ! unnaturalness ( _! cu/om>y use ( song to express _! emotions4 ,?is dang] ,wagn] skilfully avoid$ 9 8 lat] music-dramas d]iv$ f ! ,nibelung5 my?4 ,he set be=e u %ad[y creatures involv$ 9 /range intrigues f> back 9 ! leg5d>y pa/ & :olly devoid ( any mod]n or reali/ic sugge/ion4 ,z ,tri/an & ,siegfri$ & ,brunhild are all idealiz$ p]sons1 tak+ "p 9 poetic fictions1 we are will+ en\gh to accept _! exclusive use ( song2 & we recognize at once ! arti/ic inconsi/5cy ( ,tol/oy's prote/4 ,to be+s s remote f our daily life1 f our ord9>y exp]i5ce1 ! /&>d ( fact _c fairly be appli$4 ,we ackn[l$ge ! full "r ( su* creatures to dwell et]nally 9 ! l& ( song alone4 ,b we are p]haps a little less will+ to make ?is ackn[l$gm5t :5 we f9d ! compos] ask+ u to believe t m5 & wom5 ( our own "t & ( our own c\ntry1 ! *>act]s ( ! ',girl ( ! ,gold5 ,we/1' = example1 or ev5 "s ( ^? ( ',madam ,butt]fly1' %\ld es*ew ! pla9 prose ( ord9>y spee* & insi/ on discuss+ _! love-affairs 9 ! obvi\sly unnatural m$ium ( song4 ,t is to say1 !re is a /rik+ incongruity betwe5 musical expression & ! reali/ic *>act]s ( mo/ mod]n plays4 ,we enjoy ! op]a p>tly because x is n natural1 n real1 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ^! words2 & if ! plot & ! p are aggressively mod]n & matt]-(-fact1 our att5tion is necess>ily call$ to ! unnaturalness ( _! incessant vocalization4 ,a c]ta9 remot5ess f real life1 ev5 a c]ta9 vapor\s intangibility z to "t & place1 seem to be a helpful elem5t 9 our enjoym5t ( a music-drama4 ,p]haps x is due to ?is remot5ess1 to ?is unreality1 t ! op]a-go] is will+ en\gh to h a /ory end unhappily1 al?o ! playgo] is n[ likely to be pa9fully affect$ by a tragic end+4 ,:atev] ! reason1 x is a fact t mo/ ( our popul> plays end m]rily 9 a *ur*1 :ile mo/ ( our popul> op]as end sadly 9 a *ur*y>d4 ,! calculation has be5 made t out ( twoscore op]as sung 9 ,new ,york at ! two op]a-h\ses a season or s ago1 only half a doz5 end$ happily2 ! l>ge majority ( !m culm9at$ 9 ! dea? ( ! h]o or ( ! h]o9e or ( bo? toge!r4 ,music is a si/] ( poetry1 & we ne$ n wond] t ! musicians are likely to pref] ! op]a-book :i* has a tragic cata/rophe4 7#aiaj47 ,x ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,dance ,,! ,,poetry ,,( ,,! ,,dance ,i ,! ,greek ( old 0 wise 9 8 g5]ation & poetic z 0 8 habit1 :5 he imag9$ n9e muses & :5 he feign$ t ea* ( !m 0 to wat* ov] a sep>ate art1 & to inspire ^? :o might /rive to excel 9 ?is4 ,x is true t n[adays we _c help feel+ t ! si/]-muses ( ,trag$y & ( ,com$y h be5 a little d]elict to _! duty1 if !y are really responsible = all ! plays ( our "t1 n a few ( :i* seem to be sadly lack+ 9 inspiration4 ,b ( late ano!r ( ! sacr$ n9e appe>s to h ar\s$ h]self out ( h] le?>gy & to h awak5$ to a full] realization ( h] opportunity4 ,at lea/1 !re are _m evid5ces n[ visible 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t ,t]psi*ore has be5 att5d+ /rictly to bus9ess1 & s5d+ out travel]s ) _m div]se specim5s ( h] w>es4 ,inde$1 !re has probably nev] be5 a "t :5 s _m diff]5t v>ieties ( ! dance h be5 on exhibition be=e ! ,am]ican p4 ,x 0 once rem>k$ by a %rewd obs]v] t !re 7 only ?ree k9ds ( danc+1 ! graceful1 ! ungraceful1 & ! disgraceful4 ,& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h _h pres5t$ to u 9 ! pa/ few ye>s specim5s ( all ?ree k9ds4 ,9 ! middle ( ,septemb]1 #aiaj1 ! ,playgr\nd ,association ( ,am]ica held an outdoor session 9 ,van ,cortl&t ,p>k1 9 ,new ,york1 & ?ree hundr$ p]sons1 mo/ly *ildr51 took "p 9 ! ex]cises4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! program 0 a s]ies ( national folk-dances execut$ by boys & girls f ! public s*ools4 ,new ,york is ! huge melt+-pot :]e all nationalities ( ,europe meet to be fus$ into ,am]icans2 & ^! *ildr5 71 mo/ ( !m1 execut+ ! dances ( ! c\ntries _! p>5ts _h come f--dances = :i* !y _h1 !re=e1 a traditional & h]$it>y pr$ilection4 ,g]man girls 9 ! co/umes ( ! ,rh9e1 gave a peasant dance to ! simple tune ( ',a*1 du lieb] ,augu/9'2 & color$ *ildr51 9 p]fect rhy?m1 mov$ ?ru a reel to ! music ( ! ',suwanee ,riv]4' ,! wild ,hung>ian cz>das 0 c>ri$ (f ) a spl5did sw+ by m5 & wom5 born on ! banks ( ! ,danube2 & an ,iri% qu>tet display$ _! agility & _! precision ( "t-keep+ 9 a f\r-h&$ c\ntry-dance4 ,& at ! end1 all ! p>ticipants 9 ! sev]al national dances took "p 9 a g5]al h>ve/-dance4 ,?is 0 an effective spectacle1 possible only "h 9 ,am]ica1 :]e repres5tatives ( _m peoples come to m+le1 ev5 ?o ea* ( !m reta9s a s5tim5t ( loyalty to ! old home x has left =ev]4 ,"h 9 ! op5 air1 9 a public p>k1 at ?is meet+ ( ! ,playgr\nd ,association1 !re 0 ?is joy\s & :olesome revival ( ! folk-dances ( a doz5 diff]5t races2 & at ! same "t1 9 "o or ano!r ( half a score ( ! !at]s ( ! great city1 ill-tra9$ & half-clo!d wom5 7 va9ly cap]+ ab\t ! /age 9 d\btful ef=ts to sugge/ ! ,ori5tal contortions ( ,salome4 ,^! 71 mo/ ( !m1 consci\sly & delib]ately in>ti/ic1 appeal+ directly to ! bas] in/9cts & to ! l[] curiosities ( man4 ,no?+ c\ld h be5 9 %>p] contra/ ) ! folk-dances ( ! =eign-born *ildr51 :i* 7 gay & heal?y & spontane\s4 ,! ex]cises 9 ! p>k 7 examples ( ! k9d ( danc+ :i* _c help be+ graceful1 :ile mo/ ( ! p]=mances 9 ! !at]s 7 specim5s ( ! k9d ( danc+ :i* c fairly be describ$ z ungraceful1 ev5 if !y _c all ( !m be dismiss$ z disgraceful4 ,:ile ! folk-dances ( ! *ildr5 w\ld fill ! he>t ) a pure delight1 ! sorry spectacle pres5t$ 9 "s ( ! !at]s 0 n to be witness$ )\t a c]ta9 loss ( self-respect2 x recall$ ! gross pantomimes ( ! lat] ,roman !at]1 righte\sly d5\nc$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,yet x is only j to record t 9 o!r !at]s !re 7 !n o!r spectacles to make am5ds = ^! sorry exhibitions4 ,!re 7 sev]al int]e/+ attempts to recall ! sev]e beauty ( ,greek danc+4 ,li! figures ) free & float+ drap]ies s\ght to recapture ! irreclaimable *>m t lives = u 9 ! lovely ,tanagra figur9es1 or t flits elusively ar\nd ! sides ( ,attic vases4 ,ambiti\s ef=ts 7 made by "o danc] & by ano!r to translate into /ep & po/ure & ge/ure ! intangible poetry ( ,%elley & ! haunt+ music ( ,m5delssohn4 ,un=tunately1 ! result 0 r>ely comm5surate ) ! ef=t2 &1 9 fact1 a complete success 0 n possible4 ,! muse ( danc+ has no "r to endeavor to annex ! t]ritory ( h] si/]s1 :o are *>g$ ) ! c>e ( poetry & music4 ,! sev]al arts are /ronge/ :5 ea* rema9s /rictly )9 its own limitations4 ,= example1 program-music is n yet assur$ ( its welcome1 & program-danc+ is f> m difficult to foll[ ) complete compreh5sion4 ,& !re 0 a fur!r defect 9 ^! ef=ts to revive ! classic dances & to devise m mod]n int]pretations ( poetry & music4 ,success1 if possible at all1 w\ld be possible only to a highly tra9$ p]=m]1 mi/ress ( e device ( ! t]psi*orean art & elaborately s*ool$ 9 pantomimic expression4 ,n[1 x is n unfair to say t no "o ( ! p]=m]s ( ^! s-call$ classic dances _h und]gone ?is sev]e s*ool+4 ,no "o ( !m _h ! lightness1 ! ease1 ! p]fect ma/]y ( me?od1 ! float+ grace ( ! true danc]1 :o has be5 taught f *ildhood1 until all ! tricks ( ! craft are second nature4 ,)\t ?is ardu\s tra9+ any "o :o attempts an ambiti\s display c sc>cely fail to reveal in/antly ! lam5table fact t %e is n mi/ress ( ! te*nic ( ! art %e has und]tak5 to practise4 ,%e does n "k h[ to get h] effects2 %e does n ev5 "k :at effects are possible4 ,%e is almo/ c]ta9 to appe> amateuri%1 & %e is likely to seem awkw>d also1 n to say unga9ly4 ,z ,pope put x t]sely3 ,^? move easie/ :o h le>n$ to dance4 ,^! well-meant attempts to l9k danc+ ) poetry & music c\ld be entirely satisfactory only to ^? :o h giv5 little consid]ation to danc+ z an art1 or :o h small opportunity to see any really beautiful danc+4 ,!re is no wond] t any ef=t to spiritualize danc+1 to give x a s\l1 to elevate x to ! l(ty level ( ! lyric1 %\ld be welcom$ by ^? :o h be5 disgu/$ by ! ugly & vulg> high-kick+ ( ! s-call$ pony ballets4 ,! acrobatic contortions ( ^! a?letic p]=m]s 7 :olly )\t *>m1 z unallur+ z !y 7 viol5t4 ,& equally unacceptable are ! frequ5t exhibitions ( toe-danc+1 %e] gymna/ic feats1 difficult1 inde$1 b ess5tially un9t]e/+4 ,( a tru?1 ^! pony ballets on ! "o h&1 & ^! toe-danc]s on ! o!r1 are expon5ts ( ecc5tricity4 ,:at !y accompli% lies outside ! true art ( danc+4 ,x is n inspir$ by ,t]psi*ore1 & ! sadd5$ muse mu/ veil h] face :5 %e is =c$ to behold ^! crude exhibitions ( misplac$ en]gy4 ,,ii ,! true art ( danc+ is entirely free f all app>5t ef=t4 ,no matt] h[ difficult may be ! feat t is accompli%$1 x mu/ seem easy4 ,e ge/ure mu/ be expressive1 e movem5t mu/ be beautiful1 e /ep mu/ h ease & lightness & grace4 ,=ty ye>s ago & m1 ! ',black ,crook' br\ght to ,am]ica ?ree or f\r danc]s tra9$ 9 ! be/ s*ools ( ,europe--,bonfanti & ,betty ,rigl1 ,rita ,sangalli & ,morlac*i4 ,"o ( ?is qu>tet1 ,rita ,sangalli1 0 aft]w>d ! *ief danc] at ! ,p>is ,op]a1 :]e %e 0 foll[$ 9 "t by ,rosita ,mauri1 a danc] :o add$ beauty ( face & ( =m to a ma/]ly accompli%m5t4 ,!y 7 all gift$ pantomimi/s2 !y _h all ( !m ! p]fection ( te*nic2 !y 7 all ( !m capable ( ! mo/ v>i$ difficulties ( ! art2 & !y all ( !m vanqui%$ ^! difficulties ) unobtrusive ease4 ,!y _h atta9$ to t p]fection ( art1 :5 ! art itself is hidd51 & :5 only ! consummate result is visible4 ,ea* ( !m _h absolute c]ta9ty ( execution1 & ea* ( !m c\ld float across ! /age ! embodim5t ( grace1 exquisite 9 its e!real delicacy4 ,= ^? ^: memories _c recall ! haunt+ remembrance ( ! days t are gone !re is abundant comp5sation 9 ! opportunity :i* has be5 af=d$ ( late to behold ! danc+ ( ,mlle4 ,g5ee & ( ,mlle4 ,pavlova4 ,!y are1 at lea/1 ! equal ( any ( _! pr$ecessors1 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r ,taglioni or ,fanny ,elssl] surpass$ !m 9 ma/]y4 ,!y are ! p]fection ( ef=tless ease2 al?o !y sugge/ only ! lightness ( ! butt]fly1 !y h ! /eel /r5g? ( ! gymna/4 ,beh9d _! m>vel\s & bewild]+ accompli%m5t !re is a native gift1 ri* & full2 & !re is also ! utmo/ rigor & p]sev]ance 9 tra9+4 ,:at !y are able to d ) seem+ spontaneity & ) app>5t fre$om is ! result ( indefatigable indu/ry & ( m]ciless labor4 ,b ?o ?is s*ool+ su/a9s !m1 x is nev] p>ad$--inde$1 x is sc>cely p]ceiv$4 ,!re is n ! fa9te/ sugge/ion ( h>d "w ab\t _! p]=mances2 !re is no?+ t h9ts at ef=t2 _! art is able to conceal itself absolutely1 & to delight u only ) ! p]fect result ( _! long appr5tice%ip4 ,capable ( ! mo/ ob/9ate feats ( /r5g? & ( agility1 ,mlle4 ,g5ee & ,mlle4 ,pavlova nev] %[ (f2 !y are nev] guilty ( p>ad+ a difficulty = its own sake1 & _! conque/ ( te*nical ob/acles s]ves only to support & int5sify ! cont9u\s sugge/ion ( a]ial elevation & ( ineffable lightness4 ,x is to be not$1 also1 t z !y scorn ! task ( ! m]e gymna/1 !y d n we> ! scant co/ume ( ! acrobat2 !y are envelop$ 9 ample drap]ies1 :i* fall into l9es ( beauty ) e movem5t4 ,no?+ m exquisite ?an _! danc+ has ev] be5 se5 on ! ,am]ican /age4 ,!irs is ! danc+ :i* is graceful--:i*1 inde$1 is grace itself4 ,"h is ! art at its utmo/ possibility1 purg$ ( all its dross4 ,:5 !y are float+ ef=tless ?ru space we _c help recall+ ! possibly apocryphal anecdote :i* records ! visit ( ,em]son & ,m>g>et ,full] to ! !at] to see ,fanny ,elssl]4 ,!y gaz$ ) increas+ delight1 until at la/ ,m>g>et ,full] c\ld n conta9 h] en?usiasm4 ,%e turn$ & said3 ,ralph1 ?is is poetry6 ,to :i* ! philosoph] is said to h respond$3 ,m>g>et1 ?is is religion6 ,p]fection is always r>e1 & !re is n[ only "o ,mlle4 ,g5ee1 & only "o ,mlle4 ,pavlova1 z !re 0 only "o ,rosita ,mauri a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,x is a pity t ! ,dani% danc] has _h to appe> "h 9 an ord9>y musical %[ & n 9 a framework m wor?y ( h] & ( h] art1 & bett] fitt$ to display x4 ,%e has reveal$ h]self only 9 two or ?ree entrees de ballet1 z ! ,fr5* t]m !m--incid5tal dances2 & %e has n yet be5 se5 "h 9 a ballet d'action1 a complete /ory told 9 pantomime4 ,x 0 ! poet1 ,francois ,coppee1 :o devis$ ! plot ( ! ',korrigane' = ,rosita ,mauri2 & he _h _h ,!ophile ,gauti] z a pr$ecessor 9 ! prep>ation ( a ballet-libretto4 ,all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 e manife/ation ( ! art ( ! drama1 mu/ f9d pleasure 9 ! ballet d'action1 ) its adroit comm+l+ ( dance & pantomime2 x gives a delight possible to no o!r =m ( ! drama2 & at its be/ x is m closely ak9 to pure poetry4 ,be+ h] own manag]1 ,mlle4 ,pavlova has be5 se5 9 a s]ies ( ballets m appropriate to h] extraord9>y gifts ?an ^? 9 :i* ,mlle4 ,g5ee has be5 p]mitt$ to appe>4 ,,iii ,!re 0 "o sc5e ( ! ',s\rce1' a ballet popul> at ! ,op]a 9 ,p>is dur+ ! exhibition ( #ahfg1 :i* mu/ l+] 9 ! memory ( all :o _h ! good =tune to behold x--a sc5e s beautiful t x 0 borr[$ = ! ',:ite ,fawn1' :i* 0 ! successor ( ! ',black ,crook' "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x repres5t$ a silv]y glade 9 ! lone =e/1 ) a my/]i\s lake1 on ! surface ( :i* ! spirits ( ! spr+time came =? to disport !mselves4 ,x 0 a vision ( airy grace & ( haunt+ leg5d2 & x is only "o example ( ! poetic possibilities ( ! contribution ( dance & pantomime 9 a coh]5t /ory4 ,x may be well to recall ! fact t ! plots ( ^! ballets d'action are (t5 /rong en\gh to enable !m to s]ve z ! basis ( a libretto = an op]a4 ,x 0 a ballet ( ,scribe's1 = example1 :i* 0 tak5 = ! book ( ! ',somnambula'2 & ! book ( ! favorite op]a ',m>?a' began its exi/5ce z a libretto = a ballet4 ,:ile ! ballet d'action af=ds ! fulle/ opportunity = ! p]fect art ( danc]s l ,rosita ,mauri & ,adel9e ,g5ee & ,anna ,pavlova1 !re are o!r =ms n to be despis$4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago ! ,italian ,m>5co br\ght out 8 /up5d\s ',excelsior1' :i* 0 tak5 f ,italy to ,p>is1 !n to ,new ,york1 & f9ally to ,london4 ',excelsior' 0 an allegorical ballet2 x repres5t$ ! conflict ( light & d>kness1 ( progress & sup]/ition1 ( inv5tion & reaction4 ,x fill$ a :ole ev5+ ) spectacle & glitt] & movem5t4 ,x lack$ ! poetic simplicity ( ! ',s\rce' & ( ! ',korrigane'2 b x _h o!r qualities ( its own4 ,:at set x ap>t f all ! ballets t _h gone be=e 0 ! subord9ation ( ! individual t]psi*orean arti/ to ! ma9 body4 ,m>5co employ$ ! be/ danc]s to be f\nd 9 ,italy1 no d\bt1 b he did n rely on !m s mu* z on ! intricate & +5i\s h&l+ ( ! cr[ds ( less] danc]s1 by :om !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,! novelty ( ',excelsior' & ( ! two or ?ree gigantic ,italian spectacles :i* 7 patt]n$ ^u x--',messal9a' & ',sieba'--lay 9 ! maneuv]+ ( ! masses1 9 ! extraord9>y skill ) :i* squadrons ( figures 7 made to *>ge across ! /age & comb9e & melt into "o ano!r mo/ unexpect$ly & mo/ delightfully4 ,! :ole /age 0 a blaze ( artfully contra/$ colors1 & x 0 fill$ ) a riot ( motion & ( glitt]4 ,& ,m>5co made use ( male danc]s f> m abundantly ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 utiliz+ !m to we> ! m somb] colors1 to sugge/ a /]n] vigor1 & to emphasize a bold] contra/4 ,he 0 responsible also = ano!r novelty1 (t5 employ$ by o!rs s9ce2 he increas$ ! height ( 8 sw]v+ l9es ( danc]s1 n[ & aga91 by m\nt+ "s ( ! figures on /&s1 & by putt+ revolv+ globes & iridesc5t bann]s into ! h&s ( ! m5 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,x is ! me?od ( ,m>5co 9 ',excelsior' :i* has be5 foll[$ 9 ! (t5 pleas+ ballets ( ! ,hippodrome 9 ,new ,york4 ,really good soloi/s are n[ v sc>ce1 ev5 9 ,milan & 9 ,vi5na1 long ! nurs]ies ( ! ballet2 & !re seem to be none too _m ev5 9 ,petrograd1 :i* has pres]v$ & improv$ ^u ! traditions ( ,p>is & ,milan4 ,& 9 ! abs5ce ( accompli%$ soloi/s1 ! devis] ( ! ballets at ! ,hippodrome has be5 compell$ to get along )\t !m z be/ he c\ld4 ,he has be5 =c$ to rely on ! maneuv]+ ( masses ( girls1 possess$ ( only a rudim5t>y in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( ! t]psi*orean art4 ,9 o!r words1 he has _h to make up 9 quantity = ! abs5ce ( quality4 ,b he has at 8 disposition an imm5se /age1 across :i* he c\ld set 8 squadrons m>*+ & glid+ & glitt]+4 ,he c\ld n c\nt on ! skill ( 8 pr9cipals :o 7 n exp]t en\gh to dem& ! att5tion ( ! spectators2 b he c\ld seek /rik+ effects ( light & color 9 ! co/umes1 z he mov$ 8 masses to & fro & z he swung !m toge!r4 ,if only !re _h be5 a little bett] tra9+ = ! m prom95t p]=m]s1 ! ',f\r ,seasons' w\ld h be5 a mo/ arti/ic ent]ta9m5t1 9 spite ( ! abs5ce ( any s+le danc] ( real di/9ction4 ,,iv ,! de>? ( rem>kable danc]s is due to ! inexorable fact t danc+ is ! mo/ ardu\s ( all ! arts2 its te*nic is ! mo/ difficult to acquire4 ,inde$1 ?is te*nic c be acquir$ only 9 e>ly y\?1 :5 ! muscles are flexible & :5 !y c be suppli$ at w4 ,x is e>ly 9 h] te5s t a danc] mu/ beg9 h] tra9+ if %e aspires to em95ce 9 ! art4 ,?is tra9+ is v sev]e1 & x mu/ nev] be relax$4 ,rub9/e9 us$ to say t if he omitt$ 8 practise = a s+le day he notic$ x 9 8 play+2 if he omitt$ x two days 8 enemies f\nd x out2 & if he omitt$ x ?ree days ev5 8 fri5ds discov]$ x4 ,! appr5tice danc] c nev] omit a s+le day ( h>d & un9t]e/+ toil4 ,incessant application1 dur+ all ! long ye>s ( y\?1 is ! price ! ambiti\s beg9n] mu/ pay = ! ma/]y ( h] art4 ,%e c h no vacations2 %e c h few relaxations2 %e mu/ keep h]self con/antly 9 tra9+2 %e mu/ be prep>$ to surr5d] _m ( ! ?+s :i* make life wor? liv+4 ,& x is no wond] t s few h ! c\rage to p]sev]e1 & t !re is only "o ,rosita ,mauri1 only "o ,adel9e ,g5ee1 & only "o ,anna ,pavlova 9 a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x is no wond] t ! inv5tor ( t]psi*orean spectacles n[adays f9ds himself compell$ to get along z be/ he c )\t a satisfactory soloi/ & to rely r on 8 h&l+ ( a mass ( inadequately tra9$ danc]s4 ,b ev5 if ! highly accompli%$ soloi/1 absolute mi/ress ( all ! possibilities ( ! art1 is v r>e1 !re are c]ta9 =ms ( danc+ :i* d n dem& ?is ultimate skill & :i* call = little m ?an grace & ease & *>m1 comb9$ ) a k ( ! simpl] /eps4 ,= example1 ! ,spani% ,c>m5cita1 ^: portraits by ,mr4 ,s>g5t & by ,mr4 ,*ase n[ hang 9 ! ,luxemb\rg 9 ,p>is & 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum 9 ,new ,york--,c>m5cita 0 n a skilful danc]2 %e _h und]gone no inexorable s*ool+2 %e glid$ ?ru only a few elem5t>y movem5ts4 ,b %e made no ef=t2 %e did n pret5d to :at 0 n 9 h] p[]2 %e 0 simple & unaffect$4 ,h] *>m 0 n 9 h] s++ or 9 h] danc+2 x 0 9 h] p]sonality1 9 ! allur+ & exotic sugge/ion ( h] individuality4 ,nor c\ld anybody v5ture to ass]t t ,miss ,kate ,vaughan & ,miss ,letty ,l9d 7 danc]s 9 ! same class ) ,mauri1 ,g5ee1 & ,pavlova2 b !n !y did n pret5d to be4 ,!y knew only a few /eps ( obvi\s simplicity1 & !y display$ no unexpect$ dext]ity4 ,b ! skirt-dance z !y p]=m$ x 0 a memory ( delight1 ) its grace & its ease1 ) its p]fect rhy?m & ) ! swi% ( its cl++ drap]ies4 ,x _h a fasc9ation ( its own1 q diff]5t f ! fasc9ation ( ! m poetic & e!real ballet-danc+ ( ,rita ,sangalli & ,rosita ,mauri4 ,x 0 n ( ! /age exactly1 b almo/ ( ! draw+-room4 ,x gave ! same pleasure :i* we felt :5 we 7 privileg$ to behold a c\rt m9uet l$ by ! late ,mrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,gilb]t1 :o _h be5 a danc] 9 ! days ( h] y\?4 ,!re is "o p]fect beauty ( ! be/ ballet-danc+ & !re are o!r beauties ( diff]5t k9ds 9 ! skirt-danc+ ( ! two ,engli%wom5 & 9 ! languor\s sway+ ( ! ,spani% gipsy4 ,beauty ( yet ano!r ord] !re 0 9 an exhibition :i* 0 call$ a dance1 p]haps because !re 0 no o!r ^w = x1 b :i* dem&$ no skill ) ! feet & :i* necessitat$ r /r5g? 9 ! arms4 ,?is 0 ! lum9\s dance ( ,miss ,loie ,full]1 :5 %e swirl$ volum9\s & prolong$ drap]ies 9 lights t came f above & f bel[1 & f bo? sides--lights t *ang$ by exquisite gradations f "o t9t to ano!r1 ! figure ( ! danc] sp9n+ ar\nd1 n[ sl[ly & n[ swiftly1 :ile h] arms weav$ fanta/ic circles 9 ! air1 reveal+ unexpect$ comb9ations ( color1 controll$ by p]fect ta/e4 ,?is may n h be5 danc+1 by any /rict def9ition ( ! ^w1 b x 0 decorative1 arti/ic1 imag9ative1 & inexpressibly beautiful4 ,x suppli$ a glimpse ( unsuspect$ delight2 & probably ,t]psi*ore w\ld n disda9 to claim x = h] own1 h[ev] vigor\sly %e might repel ! sugge/ion t %e _h any responsibility = ! viol5ce ( ! toe-dances1 = ! vulg>ity ( ! pony ballet1 or = ! unga9ly cap]+s :i* pret5d to recapture ! free movem5ts ( ! ,greeks4 7#aiaj-aiae7 ,,xi ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,pantomime ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,pantomime ,i ,9 8 sugge/ive /udy ( anci5t & mod]n drama1 ,m4 ,emile ,faguet dwells on ! fact t ! drama is ! only "o ( ! arts :i* c employ to advantage ! aid ( all ! o!r arts4 ,! muses ( trag$y & com$y c borr[ n>rative f ! muse ( epic poetry & song f ! muse ( lyric poetry4 ,!y c avail !mselves ( oratory1 music1 & danc+4 ,!y c pr(it by ! assi/ance ( ! ar*itect1 ! sculptor1 & ! pa9t]4 ,!y c draw on ! co-op]ation ( all ! o!r arts )\t ceas+ to be !mselves & )\t los+ any ( _! ess5tial qualities4 ,?is 0 se5 cle>ly by ,wagn]1 :o insi/$ t 8 music-dramas 7 really ! art-"w ( ! future1 9 t !y 7 ! result ( a comb9ation ( all ! arts4 ,q possibly ! ,greeks _h ! same idea1 s9ce ,a!nian trag$y has _m po9ts ( simil>ity to ,wagn]'s music-drama2 x _h epic passages & a lyric *orus set to music2 x call$ = /ately danc+ aga9/ an ar*itectural backgr\nd4 ,b al?o ! muses ( ! drama may invoke ! help ( _! sev5 si/]s1 !y ne$ n make ?is appeal unless !y *oose4 ,!y c give _! p]=mances on a b>e plat=m1 or 9 ! op5 air1 & ?us get along )\t pa9t+ & ar*itecture4 ,!y c disda9 ! support ( song & dance & music4 ,!y c conc5trate all _! ef=t ^u !mselves & provide a play :i* is a play & no?+ else4 ,& ?is is :at ,ibs5 has done 9 8 somb] social-dramas4 ',gho/s1' = example1 is indep5d5t ( any?+ extrane\s to ! drama4 ,x is a play1 only a play1 & no?+ m ?an a play4 ,yet x is possible to r$uce ! drama to an ev5 b>] /ate ?an we f9d 9 ,ibs5's gloomy trag$y 9 prose4 ,ibs5's *>act]s speak2 !y reveal !mselves 9 spee*2 & x is by words t !y c>ry on ! /ory4 ,a /ory c be pres5t$ on ! /age1 h[ev]1 )\t ! use ( words1 )\t ! aid ( ! human voice1 by ! employm5t ( ge/ure only1 by pure pantomime4 ,no d\bt1 ! drama makes a great sacrifice :5 x decides to d )\t t pot5t in/rum5t ( emotional appeal1 ! human voice2 & yet x c f9d its pr(it1 n[ & !n1 9 ?is self-impos$ deprivation4 ,c]ta9 /ories !re are1 n _m1 & all ( !m necess>ily simplifi$ & made v cle>1 :i* ga9 by be+ b]eft ( ! spok5 ^w & by be+ pres5t$ only 9 ! pantomime4 ,& ^! /ories1 simple z !y mu/ be1 if !y are to be appreh5d$ by sight alone )\t ! aid ( s\nd1 are1 nev]!less1 capable ( support+ an actual play ) all ! absolutely necess>y elem5ts ( a drama4 ,9 8 int]e/+ & illum9at+ volume on ! ',!ory ( ! ,!at]1' ,mr4 ,clayton ,hamilton has a c>efully consid]$ def9ition ( a play4 ,he ass]ts t a play is a /ory devis$ to be pres5t$ by actors on a /age be=e an audi5ce4 ,p]haps x might be possible to am5d ?is by say+ 9 a !at]1 in/ead ( on a /age1 s9ce we are n[ pretty c]ta9 t !re 0 no /age 9 ! ,greek !at] :5 ,sophocles 0 writ+ = x4 ,b ?is is b a trifl+ correction1 & ! def9ition z a :ole is excell5t4 ,x includes e possible k9d ( dramatic ent]ta9m5t1 ,greek trag$y & ,roman com$y1 m$ieval f>ce & mod]n melodrama1 ! music-drama ( ,wagn] & ! problem-play ( ,ibs51 ! summ] song-%[ & ! college boy's burlesque4 ,obvi\sly x includes ! wordless play1 ! /ory devis$ to be pres5t$ on a /age & be=e an audi5ce by actors :o use ge/ure only & :o d n speak4 ,9 =go+ ! aid ( words ! drama is only r$uc+ itself to its absolutely necess>y elem5ts--a /ory1 & a /ory :i* c be %[n 9 action4 ,x is n q true t ! skeleton ( a good play is always a pantomime1 s9ce !re are plays ! plot ( :i* _c be convey$ to ! audi5ce except by actual spee*4 ,yet "s ( ! greate/ plays h plots s transp>5t t ! /ory is cle>1 ev5 if we fail to he> :at ! actors are say+4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t if ',hamlet1' = example1 7 to be p]=m$ 9 a deaf-&-dumb asylum1 ! inmates w\ld be able to und]/& x & to enjoy x4 ,!y w\ld be depriv$ ( ! wond]ful beauty ( ,%aksp]e's v]se1 no d\bt1 & !y w\ld sc>cely be able ev5 to guess at ! deep] significance ( ! philosophy :i* enri*es ! trag$y2 b ! /ory w\ld unroll itself cle>ly be=e _! eyes s t !y c\ld foll[ ! succession ( sc5es ) adequate und]/&+4 ,) 8 cu/om>y %rewdness & 8 usual gift ( pi]c+ to ! c5t] ( :at he 0 engag$ 9 analyz+1 ,ari/otle m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s ago saw ! necessity ( a neatly articulat$ plot4 ,if y /r+ toge!r a set ( spee*es1 he said1 expressive ( "* & well f9i%$ 9 po9t ( diction & ?\ght1 y w n produce ! ess5tial tragic effect ne>ly s well z ) a play1 :i*1 h[ev] defici5t 9 ^! respects1 yet has a plot & arti/ically con/ruct$ incid5ts4 ,no broad] /atem5t ?an ?is c\ld be made z to ! all-importance ( ! /ory itself--& pantomime is a /ory & no?+ else1 a /ory capable ( be+ translat$ by ! actions ( ! p]=m]s1 )\t ! aid ( spee*4 ,nor ne$ we suppose t a play )\t words is necess>ily devoid ( poetry4 ,!re may be poetry 9 ! set ( spee*es expressive ( "* & well f9i%$ 9 po9t ( ?\ght & diction2 b !re may be poetry also 9 ! !me itself1 9 ! actual /ory4 ',romeo & ,juliet1' = example1 is fundam5tally poetic 9 its !me1 & x reta9s its poetic quality ev5 :5 x is made to s]ve z ! libretto ( an op]a1 z x w\ld also reta9 ?is if x %\ld be /ripp$ b>e to be pres5t$ 9 pantomime4 ,9 a rec5t "w on ! ',ess5tials ( ,poetry1' ,pr(essor ,william ,a4 ,neilson has made ?is cle>3 ,_m a drama is a g5u9e poetic creation1 al?o x may be simple to ! po9t ( baldness 9 diction & exhibit ! fundam5tal qualities ( poetry only 9 ! *>act]ization & 9 ! significance1 proportion1 & v]isimilitude ( ! plot4 ,t is to say1 ! drama c use two k9ds ( poetry1 t :i* is int]nal & conta9$ 9 ! plot1 & t :i* is ext]nal & conf9$ to ! language4 ,x c employ jewels five-words long1 ,t on ! /ret*$ =ef+] ( all ,"t ,sp>kle =ev]4 ,b x c also atta9 poetry )\t ! use ( sup]b & sonor\s phrases & solely by its *oice ( !me4 ,?is is :at ! poets h (t5 felt1 & z a result ,fr5* lyri/s1 l ,!ophile ,gauti] & ,francois ,coppee1 h n disda9$ to compose librettos = pantomimic ballets1 ',giselle' & ! ',korrigane4' ,"o ( ! mo/ successful ( ! rec5t ,russian ballets 0 simply a repres5tation ( ,gauti]'s poetic fantasy1 ',"o ( ,cleopatra's ,nights1' ,,ii ,p]haps because ! pantomime conta9s only ! ess5tial elem5t ( ! drama--action--x has always be5 a popul> =m ( play2 & x appe>s v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! !at]4 ,inde$1 x seems to be ! sole type ( play a*ievable by primitive man--if we may judge f obs]vations made among savages :o are /ill 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( social developm5t4 ,ge/ure prec$es spee*1 & a pantomime 0 possible ev5 be=e a vocabul>y 0 develop$4 ,9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 = example1 ! pantomime is ! only =m ( play kn[n4 ,"o ( ! little plays ( ! isl&]s has be5 describ$4 ,x 0 act$ by two p]=m]s only1 "o repres5t+ a hunt]1 & ! o!r a bird4 ,! hunt] hesitates b f9ally kills ! bird ) an arr[2 !n he is seiz$ ) regret t he has sla9 s noble a bird2 :]eupon ! bird revives & turns into a beautiful woman :o falls into ! hunt]'s arms4 ,?is is ! simple/ ( /ories1 b x l5ds itself to effective act+2 x is capable ( be+ int]pret$ adequately by means ( ge/ure alone2 & x is j ! k9d ( play :i* w\ld appeal to an ,aleutian audi5ce1 be+ :olly )9 _! exp]i5ce & _! appreh5sion4 ,pantomime fl\ri%$ 9 ,rome & 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ! sorry ye>s ( ! decl9e & fall ( ! empire2 & x 0 !n l[ & lascivi\s4 ,a great "p ( ! fi]ce ho/ility to ! !at] display$ by ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 due to ! fact t ! only drama ( :i* !y _h any k 0 pantomime ( a mo/ objectionable "*1 (f5sive 9 !me & ev5 m (f5sive 9 pres5tation4 ,) ! conv]sion ( ! empire to ,*ri/ianity1 pantomimes ( ?is type1 appeal+ only to lewd fell[s ( ! bas] sort1 0 v prop]ly prohibit$4 ,b pantomime ( ano!r type sprang up 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es to exemplify & to make visible to ! ignorant congregations1 c]ta9 episodes ( sacr$ hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,r5asc5ce dumb-%[s 7 repres5t$ be=e mon>*s1 at _! w$d+s & at _! /ately entrances into loyal cities4 ,& dumb-%[s 7 (t5 employ$ 9 ! ,elizabe?an /age1 sometimes z prologs to ! sev]al acts1 z 9 ',gorboduc1' = example1 & sometimes )9 ! play itself1 z 9 ',hamlet4' ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury pantomime _h a d\ble revival1 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france1 ,nov]re elevat$ ! ballet d'action1 t is to say1 ! /ory told 9 pantomime & adorn$ ) dances4 ,sometimes ^! ballets d'action 7 9 sev]al acts1 rely+ = int]e/ on ! simple yet +5i\s plot1 & only decorat$1 s to speak1 ) occasional dances4 ,f ,nov]re & f ,france ! tradition ( ! pantomime ) int]ludes ( danc+1 spread at fir/ to ,italy & ,au/ria1 & lat] to ,russia4 ,9 ,engl& ! developm5t ( pantomime 0 ^u diff]5t l9es1 due to ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian com$y-(-masks1 ) its un*ang+ figures ( ,pantaleone1 ,columb9a1 & ,arlec*9o4 ,^! figures 7 /ill fur!r simplifi$2 & to ,pantaloon1 ,columb9e1 & ,h>lequ9 !re 0 add$ ! *>act]i/ically ,briti% figure ( ! ,cl[n4 ,! mo/ fam\s imp]sonator ( ! cl[n 0 ,grimaldi1 ^: memoirs 7 edit$ by ,*>les ,dick5s4 ,! mantle ( ,grimaldi fell ^u an ,am]ican1 ,g4 ,l4 ,fox1 ^: greate/ triumph1 9 ! late sixties1 0 9 a pantomime call$ ',humpty-,dumpty'--! rim+ prolog ( :i* 0 writt5 by ,a4 ,oakey ,hall 7!n ,twe$'s mayor ( ,new ,york74 ,g4 ,l4 ,fox & 8 bro!r1 ,c4 ,k4 ,fox 7:o 0 ! inv5tor ( ! comic sc5es71 _h be5 prec$$ 9 ,am]ica by a family ( ,fr5* pantomimi/s kn[n z ! ,ravels2 & !y 7 foll[$ by ! family kn[n z ! ,hanlon-,lees1 :o _h orig9ally be5 acrobats1 & :o appe>$ 9 a ,fr5* play1 9 :i* ! o!r *>act]s spoke :ile ! ,hanlon-,lees express$ !mselves only 9 ge/ure4 ,"h aga9 ,scribe _h be5 be=e !m1 ) 8 libretto = ! op]a ( ',masaniello1' 9 :i* !re is a pr9cipal "p = a pantomimic actress1 ,f5ella4 ,& :5 ! great ,fr5* actor1 ,fr$]ic ,lemaitre1 _h lo/ 8 voice by ov]/ra91 ,d5n]y wrote a play = him1 ! ',old ,corporal1' 9 :i* he appe>$ z a soldi] ( ,napoleon's ,old ,gu>d1 :o _h be5 /rick5 dumb dur+ ! retreat f ,russia4 ,?is exploit ( ,fr$]ic ,lemaitre's is n z extraord9>y z x seems4 ,a truly accompli%$ actor ought to be able to =go ! aid ( spee*4 ,ev5 9 our mod]n plays ge/ure is m significant ?an spee*4 ,to place ! f+] on ! lips is m effective ?an to say ,hu%6 ,! t5d5cy ( ! mod]n drama on our amply light$ picture-frame /age is to subord9ate ! m]e words to ! expressive action4 ,9 ,mr4 ,gillette's ',secret ,s]vice1' = example1 ! impression is sometimes made r by ge/ure ?an by spee*2 & a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ effective sc5e1 t :]e ! h]o is w\nd$ :ile he is s5d+ a telegraph message1 is pres5t$ 9 pantomime ) little assi/ance f actual dialog4 ,simil> effects are to be f\nd 9 _m ( ,mr4 ,belasco's plays1 especially 9 ! ',d>l+ ( ! ,gods4' ,9 all good act+ ! ge/ure prec$es ! ^w2 & (t5 ! ge/ure makes ! ^w itself unnecess>y1 because x has succe$$ 9 convey+ ! impression & 9 mak+ ! full effect by itself1 s t ! spok5 phrase lags sup]flu\s4 ,,iii ,9 ,france 9 ! f9al decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 0 a wide-spread revival ( int]e/ 9 pantomime1 :]e ! art _h be5 dormant s9ce ! days ( ,deburau4 ,a society 0 =m$ = its enc\ragem5t1 & a ho/ ( little wordless plays 0 ! result4 ,! mo/ ambiti\s ef=t 0 ! ',enfant ,prodigue1' a g5u9e com$y 9 ?ree acts1 by ,m4 ,mi*el ,c>re1 ) music by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,worms]4 ,?is wordless play on ! p]5nially attractive !me ( ! ,prodigal ,son prov$ to be ! mod]n ma/]piece ( pantomime4 ,x 0 limpidly cle> 9 its /ory2 x 0 +5i\sly put toge!r 9 its plot2 x comb9$ humor & pa?os2 & x 0 devoid ( ! acrobatic features & ( ! slap-/ick fun :i* h g5]ally be5 consid]$ ! inevitable accessories ( pantomime4 ,we _h br\ght be=e u ! dull & prim home life ( old ,pi]rot & ( 8 wife1 & we 7 made to behold ! impati5ce ( "y ,pi]rot ) ?is prim dullness4 ,we saw ! ,prodigal rob 8 fa!r & g =? 9 se>* ( pleasure4 ,9 ! second act we 7 witnesses ( ! sad results ( ! pleasure "y ,pi]rot _h s\ght sup]abundantly1 & we discov]$ t he _h sp5t 8 money & t he 0 capable ( desc5d+ to m>k$ c>ds to w9 m gold to satisfy ! caprices ( ! woman :o _h fasc9at$ him4 ,we saw 8 return ) 8 ill-gott5 ga9s aft] 8 *>m] _h be5 tempt$ to g (f ) a weal?i] man4 ,& 9 ! ?ird act we 7 tak5 back to ! home ( 8 brok5-he>t$ p>5ts2 & we witness$ ! ,prodigal's return1 pov]ty-/rick51 dis5*ant$1 & re=m$4 ,8 "m takes him to h] arms2 b 8 fa!r is obdurate4 ,!n we he> ! fife & drum af> (f1 & "y ,pi]rot1 if he has liv$ unwor?ily = himself1 c at lea/ die wor?ily = 8 c\ntry4 ,s ! old fa!r rel5ts & be/[s 8 bless+ on ! err+ son z ! boy goes =? to w>4 ,! art ( ! ',enfant ,prodigue' 0 at once delicate & firm2 & its popul>ity 0 n conf9$ to ,france4 ,"h 0 a true play1 mov+ to te>s z well z to laught]1 hold+ ! int]e/ by a human /ory ( univ]sal appeal4 ,x 0 tak5 across ! ,*annel f ,p>is to ,london1 & f ,london x 0 tak5 across ! ocean to ,new ,york4 ,augu/9 ,daly1 always on ! al]t = novelty1 br\ght x out at 8 own !at]1 fir/ ) 8 own company1 & !n a little lat] ) a ,fr5* company4 ,excell5t z 0 ! p]=mance ( ! ,fr5* company1 two *>act]s 7 z well su/a9$ by ! ,am]ican company4 ,*>les ,lecl]cq appe>$ z old ,pi]rot1 & he _h _h 9 8 y\? exp]i5ce 9 pantomime 9 ,engl&4 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,h4 ,gilb]t appe>$ z ,mrs4 ,pi]rot1 & 9 h] y\? %e _h be5 a ballet danc]1 & _h tak5 "p 9 pantomimes4 ,to ^! two p]=m]s ! pr9ciples ( ! art ( ge/ure 7 p]fectly famili>2 & x 0 a con/ant delight to foll[ ! dext]ity & ! adequacy ( _! ge/ures4 ,b ,miss ,rehan1 :o appe>$ z ! ,prodigal ,son1 _h _h no pantomimic exp]i5ce1 & %e 0 n able to acquire ! art (fh&4 ,9 doz5s ( dramas %e _h reveal$ h]self z an actress1 n only ( great p]sonal *>m1 b also ( great hi/rionic skill4 ,m]ely z an actress %e 0 incomp>ably sup]ior to ! imp]sonator ( ! ,prodigal ,son 9 ! ,fr5* company2 b m]ely z a pantomimi/ %e 0 inf]ior4 ,m ?an once %e appe>$ z if %e want$ to speak1 fail+ because %e 0 depriv$ ( voice4 ,h] ge/ures seem$ l aft]?\ghts2 !y lack$ spontaneity & inevitability4 ,%e sugge/$ at mom5ts t %e 0 a poor dumb boy gasp+ = words4 ,n[1 ! conv5tion und]ly+ pantomime is t we are behold+ a /ory c>ri$ on by a race ( be+s ^: natural me?od ( communicat+ in=mation & ideas is ge/ure--j z ! conv5tion ( op]a is t we are behold+ a /ory c>ri$ on by a race ( be+s ^: natural me?od ( communicat+ in=mation & ideas is song4 ,no su* races ( be+s ev] exi/$2 b we mu/ admit ! exi/5ce ( su* races z a condition prec$5t to our enjoym5t ( pantomime & ( op]a4 ,! spectators mu/ accept ! art z x is1 & ! p]=m]s mu/ refra9 f any sugge/ion t !y w\ld speak if !y c\ld4 ,?is und]ly+ conv5tion 0 vici\sly violat$ 9 ,pr(essor ,re9h>dt's ov]prais$ ',sumurun1' :5 ! ,hun*back gives a %riek ( horror z he sees ! woman he loves 9 ! arms ( ano!r man4 ,x is vici\sly violat$ aga9 9 ! same play :5 ,sumurun & two att5dants are he>d s++4 ,if ,sumurun c s+1 :y c %e n speak8 ,if ! ,hun*back c %riek & sob audibly1 :y is he ord9>ily r$uc$ to m]e ge/ure8 ',sumurun' 0 provid$ ) a plot devis$ by ,h]r ,freksa1 & ) music compos$ by ,h]r ,holla5d]2 & x 0 produc$ by ,pr(essor ,max ,re9h>dt4 ,! /ory 0 a little complicat$1 & x lack$ ! transp>5t simplicity ( ! ',enfant ,prodigue1' z x lack$ also ! broad humanity ( ! ,fr5* piece4 ,its *ief claim to att5tion 0 t x is an amus+ spectacle1 s5sual z well z s5su\s4 ,its humor _h a ,teutonic heav9ess 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! ,gallic lightness ( ! ',enfant ,prodigue4' ,pr(essor ,re9h>dt s\ght ecc5tricity r ?an orig9ality1 que]ness r ?an beauty4 ,8 ef=t 0 direct$ to ! a*iev+ ( some?+ unexpect$ & some?+ diff]5t r ?an to ! atta9+ ( some?+ good 9 itself1 or ( some?+ poetic4 ,e/hetically1 musically1 dramatically ! ,g]man pantomime 0 pitiably inf]ior to ! ,fr5*2 & yet s pot5t & s p]man5t is ! appeal ( ! wordless play t ',sumurun' pleas$ a ho/ ( y\ng] playgo]s1 n old en\gh to be able to recall ! ',enfant ,prodigue' or ',humpty-,dumpty1' ! ,hanlon-,lees1 or ! ,ravels4 ,,iv ',sumurun1' l ! ',enfant ,prodigue1' 0 support$ by its music1 :i* su/a9$ ! ge/ures & :i* sometimes sugge/$ m ?an ge/ure alone c d4 ,9 ! ',enfant ,prodigue1' = example1 "o ( ! mo/ amus+ sc5es is t 9 :i* ! eld]ly ri* man t5d]s 8 affections to ! *>m] :o has fasc9at$ ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,%e insi/s ^u m>riage4 ,x w\ld be difficult to convey ?is idea 9 pure pantomime4 ,s %e po9ts to ! f\r? f+] ( ! left h&1 & ! or*e/ra plays ! famili> ,w$d+ ,m>*1 ?us in/antly convey+ ! idea4 ,:5 %e goes (f to get h] bonnet1 ! eld]ly suitor repeats h] ge/ure1 & ! or*e/ra repeats ! ,w$d+ ,m>*1 :]eupon he w9ks & %akes 8 head1 giv+ u cle>ly to und]/& t 8 int5tions are /rictly di%onorable4 ',sumurun' is r a spectacle ?an a play2 & !re=e x makes comp>atively little use ( ! conv5tionaliz$ ge/ures :i* may be describ$ z ! accept$ vocabul>y ( pantomime1 & :i* h be5 develop$ by ! foll[]s ( ,nov]re 9 ,france & 9 ,italy4 ,?is vocabul>y ( ge/ure is only a codification ( ! signs :i* we naturally make--%ak+ ! head = no1 nodd+ = yes1 & lay+ a f+] on ! lips = hu%6 ,! basis ( any su* vocabul>y mu/ be ! s]ies ( ge/ures by ! aid ( :i* man has always express$ 8 emotions4 ,?is is :y ! traditional ge/ures ( !atrical pantomime d n1 & inde$ _c1 diff] greatly f any natural sign language4 ,! univ]sality ( ?is pantomimic vocabul>y 0 curi\sly evid5c$ =ty ye>s ago :5 ,morlac*i1 ! ,italian danc]1 m>ri$ ,texas ,jack1 ! ,am]ican sc\t4 ,%e _h be5 tra9$ 9 pantomime at ,la ,scala1 9 ,milan1 & he _h acquir$ ! sign language ( ! ,pla9s ,indians4 ,& !y f\nd t !y c\ld hold conv]se ) ea* o!r 9 pantomime1 %e us+ ! ,italian-,fr5* ge/ures & he employ+ ! ge/ures ( ! r$sk9s4 7#aiab47 ,,xii ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,acrobat ,,! ,,ideal ,,( ,,! ,,acrobat ,i ,:5 ,huckleb]ry ,f9n w5t to ! circus he sneak$ 9 "u ! t5t :5 ! wat*man 0 abs5t4 ,he _h money 9 8 pocket1 b he fe>$ t he might ne$ ?is4 ,i a9't oppos$ to sp5d+ money on circuses1 he confess$1 :5 !re a9't no o!r way1 b !re a9't no use 9 wa/+ x on !m4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t he _h n paid = 8 seat1 & t he 0 !reby releas$ f ! necessity ( gett+ 8 money's wor?1 he decl>$ *e]fully t x 0 a real bully circus4 ,x 0 ! spl5dide/ sight t ev] 01 :5 !y all come rid+ 91 two & two1 a g5tleman & a lady1 side by side1 ! m5 j 9 _! draw]s & und]%irts1 & no %oes nor /irrups1 & re/+ _! h&s on _! ?ighs1 easy & com=table 444 & e lady ) a lovely complexion1 & p]fectly beautiful1 & look+ l a gang ( real sure-en\gh que5s4444 ,& !n1 "o by "o1 !y got up & /ood1 & w5t a-weav+ ar\nd ! r+ s g5tle & wavy & graceful1 ! m5 look+ ev] s tall & airy & /raight1 ) _! heads bobb+ & skimm+ along1 away up !re "u ! t5t ro(1 & e lady's rose-leaf dress flapp+ s(t & silky ar\nd h] hips1 & %e look+ l ! mo/ lovelie/ p>asol4 ,h[ev] mu* ,huck 0 impress$ by ! ,gr& ,entry1 he seems to h be5 m pleas$ by ! surpris+ act1 traditionally kn[n z ',pete ,j5k9s1' & nev] bett] describ$ ?an by ,m>k ,twa9's y\?ful h]o4 ,& by & by a drunk man tri$ to get into ! r+--said he want$ to ride2 said he c\ld ride z well z anybody t ev] 04 ,!y argu$ & tri$ to keep him out1 b he w\ldn't li/51 & ! :ole %[ came to a /&/ill4 ,!n ! p began to holl] at him & make fun ( him4444 ,s !n ! r+-ma/] he made a little spee*1 & said he hop$ !re w\ldn't be no di/urbance1 & if ! man w\ld promise he w\ldn't make no m tr\ble1 he w\ld let him ride1 if he ?\ght he c\ld /ay on ! horse4444 ,! m9ute he 0 on ! horse he began to rip & te> & jump & cavort ar\nd 444 ! drunk man hang+ onto 8 neck1 & 8 heels fly+ 9 ! air e jump4444 ,b pretty soon he /ruggl$ up a/raddle & grabb$ ! bridle1 a-reel+ ?is way & t2 & ! next m9ute he sprung up & /ood6 & ! horse a-go+ l a h\se afire1 too4 ,he j /ood !re1 a-sail+ ar\nd z easy & z com=table z if he w>n't ev] drunk 9 8 life--& !n he begun to pull (f 8 clo!s & sl+ !m4 ,he %$ !m s ?ick !y k9d ( clogg$ up ! air1 & altoge!r he %$ sev5te5 suits4 ,& !n1 "h he 01 slim & h&some1 & dress$ ! gr&ie/ & prettie/ y ev] saw1 & he lit into t horse & made him hum--& f9ally skipp$ (f & made 8 b[ & danc$ (f to ! dress+-room1 & ev]ybody j a-h[l+ ) pleasure & a/oni%m5t4 ,!n ! r+-ma/]1 he see h[ he _h be5 fool$1 & he 0 ! sicke/ r+-ma/] y ev] see1 ,i reckon4 ,:y1 x 0 "o ( 8 own m56 ,he _h got up t joke all out ( 8 own head1 & nev] let on to nobody6 ,yet 9 ?is enjoym5t ( a practical joke1 de> to e boy's he>t1 ,huck did n fail to note t ! skilful rid] :o _h pret5d$ to be intoxicat$1 /ood up at la/1 slim & h&some4 ,ev5 ,huck ,f9n1 neglect$ son ( ! t[n-drunk>d1 0 quick to respond to ! appeal ( ! supple & well-proportion$ figure ( ! rid] aft] ! sup]impos$ clo?+ _h be5 disc>d$1 j z he _h felt ! attraction ( ! v>i$ colors & ! graceful evolutions ( ! ,gr& ,entry4 ,at bottom1 x 0 ! beauty ( ! display t he appreciat$ mo/ ke5ly4 ,by ! side ( ?is passage f ,m>k ,twa9's ma/]piece may be set a passage f ,mr4 ,haml9 ,g>l&'s be/ /ory1 ',rose ( ,dut*]'s ,coolly1' 9 :i* we f9d record$ ! impressions ( a girl ( ab\t ! same age1 ! daught] ( a h>d-work+ ,wiscons9 f>m]4 ,rose _h nev] se5 a circus be=e1 & ev5 ! morn+ /reet p>ade fir$ h] imag9ation4 ,on !y came1 a b& lead+ ! way4 ,j beh9d1 ) glitt] ( lance & %9e ( helmet1 came a doz5 knights & fair ladies rid+ spirit$ *>g]s4 ,!y all look$ /range & haughty1 & sne]+ly indiff]5t to ! *e]s ( ! p4 ,! wom5 seem$ small & firm & scornful1 & ! m5 rode ) lances uplift$1 look+ d[n at ! cr[d ) a haughty droop 9 _! eyelids4 ,rose did n laugh at ! cl[n jigg+ by 9 a pony-c>t1 = !re 0 a face betwe5 h] & all t foll[$--! face ( a b>e-arm$ knight1 ) br[n hair & a curl+ mu/a*e1 ^: pr\d neck _h a curve 9 x z he b5t 8 head to speak to 8 re>+ horse4444 ,8 face 0 f9e1 l pictures %e _h se54 ,9 ! aft]noon ,rose att5d$ ! p]=mance 9 ! t5t & sat 9 a dream ( delight z ! b& began to play4444 ,!n ! music /ruck into a spl5did gallop & out f ! curta9$ my/]ies beyond1 ! knights & ladies d>t$1 two by two1 9 glory ( crimson & gold1 & gre5 & silv]4 ,at _! head rode ! man ) ! br[n mu/a*e4 ,a little lat] six m5 dress$ 9 tights ( blue & :ite & orange ran into ! r+1 & h] h]o l$ !m4 ,he wore blue & silv]1 & on 8 brea/ 0 a rosette4 ,he look$ a god to h]4 ,8 nak$ limbs1 8 pr\d neck1 ! l(ty c>riage ( 8 head1 made h] %iv] ) emotion4 ,!y all came to h]1 lit by ! :ite radiance2 !y 7 n nak$1 !y 7 beautiful4444 ,!y inve/$ _! nak$ness ) some?+ :i* exalt$ !m4 ,!y became objects ( lum9\s beauty to h]1 ?o %e knew no?+ ( art4 ,to see him b[ & kiss 8 f+]s to ! audi5ce 0 a revelation ( manly grace & c\rtesy4 ,:5 at la/ ! %[ 0 ov] & ,rose w5t out into ! op5 air1 x seem$ /range to see ! same blue sky ar*+ ! e>?2 ?+s seem$ exactly ! same1 & yet ,rose _h gr[n old]4 ,%e _h develop$ immeasurably 9 ^? few h\rs4 ,z !y look$ back at ! t5ts1 ,rose knew t some?+ sweet & spl5did & my/ical 0 pass+ out ( h] life aft] a few h\rs' /ay !re4 ,h] feel+ ( loss 0 none ! less real because x 0 indef9able to h]4 ,%e nev] saw ?is acrobat aga91 & aft] a little :ile %e knew t %e did n want to see him4 ,he l+]$ 9 h] memory1 a vision f ano!r _w ?an any %e _h ev] dream$--a _w ( h]oic romance & ( l(ty idealism4 ,%e began to live = him1 h] ideal4 ,%e set him on high z a be+ to be wor%ip$1 z a man fit to be h] judge4 ,9 ! days & weeks :i* foll[$ %e ask$ h]self3 ',w\ld he l me to d ?is8' ,:5 ! sunset 0 v beautiful1 %e ?\ght ( him4444 ,va/ ambitions began 9 h]4444 ,%e w\ld d some?+ great = 8 sake4444 ,9 %ort1 %e consecrat$ h]self to him z to a k+1 & seiz$ ^u e *ance to educate h]self to be wor?y ( him4 ,& :ile h] s\l 0 ?us exp&+ "u ! influ5ce ( ?is poetic idealization ( a manly figure reveal$ to h] only = two or ?ree h\rs1 all unconsci\sly %e patt]n$ h] movem5ts ^u 84 ,%e walk$ ) a free /ride1 & h] body came to h ! easy c>riage ( ! a?lete4 ,lat]1 :5 ,rose _h matur$ into a beauty ( h] own1 %e confess$ to an eld] woman ?is s5tim5tal awak5+ 9 h] e>ly girlhood2 & x became evid5t to h] fri5d t ! beautiful poise ( ! head1 & supple sw+ ( ! girl's body 0 9 "p due to ! sugge/ion ( ! man's p]fect grace4 ,,ii ,to ! reali/ic imag9ation ( ! boy1 ,huck1 ! circus 0 a fleet+ spectacle ( beauty2 & to ! romantic imag9ation ( ! girl1 ,rose1 x l+]$ long z a dream ( poetry4 ,"y ,am]icans1 bo? ( !m1 liv+ 9 ^! mod]n days :5 ! human =m1 male & female1 is decor\sly dissembl$ & disguis$ by ugly & complicat$ g>m5ts1 !y _h be5 all[$ by ! exceptional fre$om ( ! circus to recapture some?+ ( ! frank & innoc5t delight ( ! ,greeks 9 ! beauty ( ! body1 9 its beauty m]ely z a body1 & n z ! habitation ( ! m9d & ! s\l4 ,al]t z ! ,greeks 7 to admire ! de$s ( ! m9d--no race ev] m s--!y 7 no less ke5 9 _! appreciation ( ! ?+s ( ! body4 ,!y 7 glad to cr[n ! poet = 8 lyric conque/1 b !y be/[$ ! laurel wrea? also on ! a?lete :o _h won to ! front 9 ! race4 ,! l(ty nobility ( _! trag$y te/ifies to ! cl>ity ( _! intellig5ce2 & ! supreme p[] ( _! sculpture is evid5ce ( _! lov+ /udy ( ! human body1 be>+ itself 9 beauty1 clad 9 few & fl[+ g>m5ts :i* all[$ ! eye to foll[ ! free play ( ! muscles4 ,x is only 9 ! circus or ! gymnasium or ! swimm+-pool t we mod]ns are p]mitt$ to behold :at 0 a daily spectacle to ! ,greeks2 & x is because ! circus pres]ves = u ?is occasional privilege t x des]ves to survive4 ,! jocul>ities ( ! cl[ns1 ! intricate evolutions ( ! tra9$ animals1 ! gold5 glitt] ( ! gorge\s cavalcades--all ^! are b ! casual accompanim5ts ( ! ess5tial privilege ( ! circus to pres5t to u a succession ( m5 & wom51 ) _! bodies 9 p]fect condition1 to exhibit to u t purely physical beauty :i* we are ev] 9 dang] ( ov]look+ or ev5 =gett+4 ,^! acrobats1 slim & h&some1 z ,huck ,f9n f\nd !m1 9 _! %irts & draw]s1 may display _! d>+ & _! grace1 /&+ on a circl+ /e$ or sw++ f a fly+ trapeze1 revolv+ on a horizontal b> or build+ !mselves up into human pyramids on ! b>k ( ! ar5a2 b1 except = ! sake ( v>iety1 ! way 9 :i* !y may *oose to exhibit _! skill & to %[ !mselves is unimportant4 ,:at is important is t we may h ! %ift+ spectacle ( ! human body 9 ! highe/ condition ( physical effici5cy1 delight+ our eyes by ob$i5ce to ! ev]la/+ laws ( beauty4 ,:ile ! ,greeks _h f> m opportunities ?an are v\*saf$ to u mod]ns to behold ! human body exhibit+ its /r5g? & its skill 9 graceful play1 we h ! advantage t _m ( ! mo/ effective ex]cises are latt]-day inv5tions4 ,x seems unlikely t ! ,a!nians & ! ,sp>tans1 ev5 ?o !y 7 horsem51 _h atta9$ to ! art ( b>eback rid+2 !y may h be/raddl$ a saddleless /e$1 b !y _h n le>n$ h[ to /& on 8 back1 & to turn som]sets 9 "t ) ! /ride ( ! horse4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t !y 7 famili> ) ?is1 b no sculpture & no vase-pa9t+1 no anecdote 9 ! works ( ! prose-writ]s1 & no l9e ( ! lyri/s survives to au?orize u to believe x4 ,& x is fairly c]ta91 also1 t !y lack$ ! horizontal b>1 :i* af=ds limitless possibilities to ! adv5tur\s acrobat ( our own times1 bo? :5 x is erect$ s+ly & :5 x is comb9$ 9 sets ( ?ree1 ei!r fix$ 9 ! ar5a or rais$ al(t 9 ! air to produce ! appe>ance ( a remot] e!reality4 ,! trapeze has a "n ( ,greek orig91 & x 0 possibly kn[n to ! ,greeks4 ,b ! ,greeks did n =esee ! full possibilities ( ! trapeze1 s9ce its mo/ />tl+ utilization1 ! feat kn[n z ! ,fly+ ,trapeze1 0 inv5t$ by ! ,fr5* acrobat1 ,leot>d1 only a little lat] ?an ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,fly+ ,trapeze is ! ultimate a*ievem5t ( acrobatic art1 & x dem&s ! utmo/ comb9ation ( skilful /r5g? & ( easy grace4 ,x 0 a feat t ! ,greeks w\ld h appreciat$ & enjoy$1 s9ce x dem&$ & disclos$ ! p]fection ( physical c\rage & ( physical skill4 ,( late1 ! ,fly+ ,trapeze has be5 complicat$ & d\bl$ 9 difficulty by ! introduction ( a second p]=m]1 :o at fir/ makes ! leap simultane\sly ) 8 p>tn]1 & aft]w>d sep>ates f him & spr+s ?ru ! air to ! trapeze :i* 8 associate has j ab&on$1 ! pair ?us float+ pa/ ea* o!r 9 mid-air4 ,9 ?is m elaborat$ =m ! task is m p]il\s1 no d\bt1 & f> less easy ( accompli%m5t2 b x _c be a*iev$ ) q ! same graceful ma/]y z :5 a s+le p]=m] seems to glide e!really f b> to b>1 z ?o x 0 impossible = him to fall or to fail to cat* 8 almo/ invisible support4 ,?is graceful ma/]y 0 ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ,leot>d1 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! ,fly+ ,trapeze2 & x may be d\bt$ :e!r any ( ^? :o h foll[$ ! pa? he trac$ ?ru ! air1 & :o h vanqui%$ difficulties beyond ^? :i* he conqu]$1 h be5 able to outdo him 9 ! abid+ ess5tial ( grace4 ,,iii ,! ov]com+ ( difficulty is "o ( ! elem5ts ( ! pleasure :i* we take 9 any art1 & "p ( our enjoym5t ( a sonnet1 = example1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! app>5t ease ) :i* ! poet is able to express 8 ?\ght1 amply & completely1 )9 ! rigid limitations ( 8 f\rte5 l9es1 ) _! prescrib$ arrangem5t ( five or six rimes4 ,b our delight is dim9i%$ if we are made consci\s ( ! ef=t x has co/ ! arti/ to atta9 8 aim4 ,_m a lat] p]=m] on ! ,fly+ ,trapeze let u see t ! feats he is attempt+ are s difficult t !y _c be accompli%$ )\t obvi\s ef=t4 ,t is to say1 we are made aw>e t ! acrobat is exhibit+ a /unt1 & ?is is bad art4 ,difficulty ov]come is wor? :ile only :5 x is ov]come seem+ly )\t any /ra91 & :5 art is suffici5t to conceal itself4 ,h[ev] difficult ! arti/'s a*ievem5t may be1 its *>m is d\bl$ if he c make x appe> to be easy4 ,x happ5s t ,i am able to br+ 8 p]sonal te/imony to ! fact t ?is 0 ! pr9ciple :i* always gov]n$ ,leot>d himself4 ,:5 ! ,fr5* gymna/ paid 8 only visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 he us$ to practise 9 a gymnasium :i* ,i also frequ5t$4 ,he spoke no ,engli%1 & ,i _h a little s*ool-boy ,fr5*1 s t a c]ta9 intimacy sprang up4 ,"o day ,leot>d ask$ me to sw+ a trapeze = him1 & he sprang (f & caught x ) a s+le h&1 & !n z ! second trapeze return$ he twi/$ & grasp$ ! fir/ trapeze aga9 ) "o h&4 ,?is evok$ f me an imm$iate exclamation ( a/oni%m5t & admiration at ! />tl+ conque/ ( difficulty1 & x 0 foll[$ by ! natural "q :y s extraord9>y a feat _h nev] be5 exhibit$ 9 public4 ,leot>d expla9$ t ! leaps f trapeze to trapeze ) ! aid ( "o h& only mu/ be lopsid$1 s9ce ! body is inevitably m or less twi/$1 & he add$ t z !re 0 an unavoidable & ungraceful wr5*+ ( ! p]son1 he _h det]m9$ nev] to exhibit ?is feat 9 public1 difficult z x might be4 ,b al?o ,leot>d 0 n will+ to p]=m 9 public ) only "o h&1 x 0 a mo/ invaluable ex]cise 9 private4 ,8 ability to accompli% 8 leaps ?us h&icapp$ gave him a r$\bl$ confid5ce :5 he 0 us+ bo? ( 8 h&s4 ,t he 0 "r 9 resi/+ ! temptation to />tle ! spectators by a /unt ( surpris+ difficulty is beyond "q4 ,x c\ld n be made to seem easy1 & x c\ld n be accompli%$ ) grace4 ,!re=e x 0 n fit = exhibition1 ev5 ?o ,leot>d might feel sure t he c\ld d x )\t risk ( failure4 ,"h ! ,fr5* acrobat reveal$ himself z b\nd by ! et]nal pr9ciples :i* und]lie all ! arts1 t ( ! acrobat no less ?an ^? ( ! pa9t] & ! poet4 ,!re is lack ( art 9 ! p]=mances ( _m acrobats ( rem>kable skill1 :o attempt feats :i* !y are n always c]ta9 ( a*iev+4 ,inde$1 !y are sometimes will+ to pr(it by ?is v unc]ta9ty4 ,!y fail ! fir/ "t ( try+1 & ev5 ! second1 & ^! failures s]ve ! purpose ( adv]tis+ to ! spectators ! difficulty ( ! task !y h und]tak54 ,!n ! ?ird "t1 or ! f\r?1 !y succe$1 :]eupon !y reap ! unwor?y rew>d ( applause f ! un?9k+4 ,! arti/ %\ld nev] let u see 8 failures4 ,if he is n c]ta9 t he c p]=m :at he promises1 !n he _h bett] refra9 f ! attempt4 ,x 0 9 ! same w9t] t ,leot>d 0 9 ,new ,york1 9 ! late sixties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 t ! ,hanlon ,bro!rs paid "o ( _! welcome visits to ,am]ica4 ,! ,hanlons !y 7 !n1 & !y 7 acrobats pure & simple1 al?o lat]1 :5 !y call$ !mselves ! ,hanlon-,lees1 !y _h become pantomimi/s4 ,z acrobats !y held fa/ to ! same pr9ciples :i* gov]n$ ,leot>d 9 8 p]=mances4 ,!y insi/$ ^u c]ta9ty ( execution2 !y nev] fail$ to p]=m ! feat !y set out to accompli%1 & to p]=m x successfully ! fir/ "t !y attempt$ x4 ,& no matt] h[ difficult ! feat might be1 or h[ novel or h[ effective1 if !y c\ld n atta9 absolute c]ta9ty ( execution1 !y refra9$ f sett+ x be=e ! public4 ,i 0 told at ! "t t !re 7 two or ?ree surpris+ & allur+ ex]cises :i* ! ,hanlons _h inv5t$ !mselves1 :i* !y practis$ labori\sly & fai?fully all t w9t]1 & :i* !y wisely refra9$ f ev] putt+ on _! program because !y 7 nev] able to assure !mselves ( a uni=mly successful result4 ,!y c\ld d any "o ( ^! feats f\r times out ( five1 b ! fif? "t !re w\ld be a miscalculation ( en]gy1 & ! attempt w\ld h to be repeat$4 ,& !y 7 unwill+ to let ! public witness any p]=mance ( !irs :i* 0 n p]fect 9 its execution4 ,,iv ,"h aga9 ! mod]n acrobat1 :o is guid$ by a real feel+ = 8 art1 is 9 accord ) ! pr9ciples :i* ! ,greeks obey$4 ,9 ,attic trag$y1 = example1 !re are no exhibitions ( viol5ce1 no scuffles1 & no assass9ations1 & ?is is n s mu* because ! ,greeks %rank f sc5es ( blood1 z "s critics h va9ly cont5d$1 b r because ! actors 9 ! ,attic drama 7 rais$ on ?ick boots & 7 topp$ by t[]+ masks1 :i* made x almo/ impossible = !m to take "p 9 episodes ( vigor\s action1 9 h&-to-h& /ruggles1 9 murd]s be=e ! eyes ( ! spectators1 )\t dang] ( displac+ ! mask1 & !reby di/ract+ ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce f ! imm$iate purpose ( ! dramatic poet4 ,:at c\ld n be done gracefully ! ,greeks refra9$ f attempt+4 ,! exhibition ( difficulty = ! sake ( difficulty1 /ill m ! failure to accompli% a /unt = ! sake ( call+ att5tion to its difficulty--^! ?+s ! ,greeks abhorr$4 ,!y w\ld z surely h disapprov$ ( ! misguid$ artifices ( ! acrobats :o make a practise ( fail+ once or twice 9 ord] to multiply ! imm$iate effect ( _! ultimate success z !y w\ld reprove ! exhibition ( a difficulty conqu]$ = its own sake4 ,x is only 9 ! be/ acrobatic p]=mances t we mod]ns are privileg$ to p]ceive :at 0 a con/ant delight to ! ,greeks--! beauty ( ! human =m1 9 its f9e/ physical p]fection1 c]ta9 ( its /r5g? & easy 9 its grace4 7#aiab47 ,,xiii ,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,negro-,,m9/relsy ,,! ,,decl9e ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,negro-,,m9/relsy ,i ,( all ! v>i$ & manifold k9ds ( !atrical ent]ta9m5t negro-m9/relsy is ! only "o :i* is absolutely native to ^! ,/ates1 & ! only "o :i* c\ld n h come into exi/5ce any:]e else 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica alone has ! transplant$ ,african be5 br\ght into intimate contact ) ! transplant$ ,european4 ,o!r nations may h disput$ our claim to ! inv5tion ( ! /eamboat & ! telegraph1 b negro-m9/relsy is z indisputably due to ,am]ican inv5tiv5ess z ! telephone itself4 ,"h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x _h its humble beg9n+s2 "h x exp&$ & fl\ri%$ = _m ye>s2 f "h x 0 export$ to ,great ,brita91 :]e x e/abli%$ itself = _m seasons2 f "h x has made sporadic excursions into ,france & into ,g]many2 & "h at la/ x has fall5 into a decl9e & a deg5]acy & a decay :i* seem to doom x to a spe$y ext9ction4 ,its life 0 little long] ?an t v\*saf$ to man1 ?reescore ye>s & t51 = x 0 born 9 ! fif? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & 9 ! second decade ( ! tw5tie? x l+]s sup]flu\s on ! /age1 ) none to d x rev]5ce4 ,"t 0 :5 ! negro m9/rels held possession ( ?ree or f\r !at]s 9 ! s+le city ( ,new ,york1 & :5 a doz5 or m troops 7 travel+ f t[n to t[n2 & n[ !y h long ago surr5d]$ _! la/ hall 9 ! metropolis1 & only a solit>y company w9ds its lonely way f !at] to !at] ?ru\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! few surviv+ practition]s ( ! art are r$uc$ to ! pres5tation ( brief int]ludes 9 ! all-dev\r+ v>iety-%[s1 or to ! imp]sonation ( sp>se negro *>act]s 9 occasional com$ies4 ,! ,skidmore ,gu>ds1 :o p>ad$ s gaily at ,h>rigan & ,h>t's1 are disb&$ n[ ^! _m ye>s2 ,johnny ,wild ( joy\s memory is no m1 & ,sweatnam1 b]eft ( 8 fell[s 9 sable droll]y1 is se5 only 9 a *ance com$y l ',excuse ,me1' or ! ',c\nty ,*airman4' ,george ,*ri/y & ,dan ,emmett & ,dan ,bryant h gone & left only fad+ memories ( _! breezy songs1 _! nimble dances1 & _! flippant quips4 ,edw9 ,=re/ & ,edw9 ,boo? black$ up m ?an once1 ,joseph ,jeff]son & ,b>ney ,williams besme>$ !mselves ) burnt cork on occasion2 b x is n by ^! d>k] episodes 9 _! arti/ic c>e]s t !y are n[ recall$1 & ! lead+ actors ( to-day ?9k scorn ( negro-m9/relsy--:5ev] !y deign to give x a ?\ght4 ,& yet x mu/ be not$ frankly t :5 ,! ,lambs want$ to raise money = _! new club-h\se1 !y did n disda9 ! art ( ! negro m9/rel1 & m ?an twoscore ( !m w5t =? to conqu]1 will+ly disguis$ 9 ! uni=m blackness assum$ long ago by ,george ,*ri/y & ,dan ,bryant4 ,x is to be hop$ t "s devot$ hi/orian w come =w>d be=e x is too late & tell u ! hi/ory ( ?is v special =m ( !atrical art1 ! only "o indig5\s to our soil4 ,inde$1 n[ t our ,am]ican univ]sities are pay+ att5tion to ! drama1 :at m allur+ !me = ! diss]tation dem&$ ( all c&idates = ! doctorate ( philosophy ?an an inquiry into ! rise & fall ( negro-m9/relsy8 ,9 ! late ,laur5ce ,hutton's consci5ti\s & ent]ta9+ volume on ! ',curiosities ( ! ,am]ican ,/age1' !re is a *apt] 9 :i* ! subject is treat$ hi/orically1 al?o ! *ronicl] wa/$ mu* ( 8 preci\s space 9 consid]+ ! succession ( sable *>act]s 9 ! regul> drama--,%aksp]e's ,o!llo1 ,s\!rne's ,oroonoko1 ,bick]/aff's ,mungo1 ,b\cicault's ,pete 79 ! ',octoroon'71 ,uncle ,tom1 ,topsy1 ,eliza1 & _! companions 79 ! undy+ dramatization ( ,mrs4 ,/[e's /ory74 ,^! 7 all p>ts 9 plays :]e9 :ite *>act]s 7 prom95t4 ,! fir/ p]=m] ( a song-&-dance1 t is ( a sket* 9 :i* ! d>ky p]=m] 0 suffici5t unto himself1 & 0 depriv$ ( any support f p]sons ( ano!r complexion1 seems to h be5 ,jim ,cr[ ,rice--! title ( ^: lively lyric survives 9 ! "n be/[$ ^u ! c>s res]v$ = color$ folk on c]ta9 ,s\!rn railroads4 ,rice f\nd 8 patt]n 9 an old negro :o did a peculi> /ep aft] he _h sung to a tune ( 8 own contriv+3 ,:eel ab\t1 turn ab\t2 ,d jus' s3 ,an' eb]y "t ,i turn ab\t1 ,i jump ,jim ,cr[4 ,rice c>ri$ ,jim ,cr[ to ,engl&1 & he made a specialty ( d&y d>kies4 ,b he 0 n ! discov]] ( negro-m9/relsy1 z we "k x1 al?o he blaz$ ! trail = x4 ,inde$1 x 0 q probably due to ! influ5ce ( ,rice & 8 d>ky d&ies t ! negro m9/rels conf9$ _! ef=ts to ! imitation ( ! t[n negro r ?an ( ! plantation negro1 ! field-h& ( ! ,uncle ,remus type4 ,rice fir/ imp]sonat$ ,jim ,cr[ 9 ! late tw5ties1 & x 0 9 ! middle ( ! ?irties t he w5t to ,engl&4 ,& x 0 9 ! e>ly =ties t ,dan ,emmett1 ,frank ,br[]1 ,billy ,:itlock1 & ,dick ,pelham happ5$ to meet by accid5t 9 a ,new ,york bo>d+-h\se1 & amus$ !mselves ) songs accompani$ by ! banjo1 ! tamb\r9e1 & ! bones4 ,pleas$ by ! result ( _! ex]cises1 !y appe>$ toge!r at a b5efit1 & negro-m9/relsy 0 born4 ,at fir/ !re 0 no diff]5tiation into ,int]locutors & ,end-m52 !y all took an equal %>e 9 ! m or less improvis$ dialog2 !y sang1 & !y play$1 & !y danc$ ! ',ess5ce ( ,old ,virg9ny4' ,probably ,emmett began e>ly to provide new tunes = !m4 ,he 0 ! compos] ( ',old ,dan ,tuck]' & ! ',boatman's ,dance1' ( ',walk ,along1 ,john1' & ',e>ly 9 ! ,morn+1' & "o walk-ar\nd :i* he devis$ 9 ! late fifties = ,bryant's ,m9/rels1 ',dixie1' 0 introduc$ by ,mrs4 ,john ,wood into a burlesque1 :i* %e 0 play+ 9 ,new ,orleans1 j be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! s5tim5t & ! tune took ! fancy ( ! ard5t ,l\isianans1 & !y c>ri$ x ) !m into ! ,conf$]ate army1 :]e x soon e/abli%$ itself z ! w>-song ( ! ,s\?4 ,& !n :5 ,ri*mond _h fall5 at la/1 ,l9coln ord]$ ! b&s ( ! victori\s army to play ',dixie1' ) ! wise explanation t z we _h captur$ ! ,s\!rn capital1 we _h also captur$ ! ,s\!rn song4 ,& ',dixie1' :i* _h begun life s humbly z a walk-ar\nd 9 a m9/rel-%[ 9 ,new ,york1 bids fair to survive indef9itely z ! musical te/imony to ! fact t ! cruel w> is ov]1 & t ^! ,/ates are n[ "o nation4 ,,ii ,x 0 only a ye> or two aft] ! qu>tet ( ,emmett1 ,br[]1 ,:itlock1 & ,pelham _h %[n ! possibilities ( ! new =m ( amusem5t t troops ( negro m9/rels began to supply an entire ev5+'s amusem5t4 ,! regulation ,fir/ ,"p 0 devis$ ) its curv+ r[ ( vocali/s1 in/rum5tali/s1 & com$ians4 ,! dignifi$ ,int]locutor took 8 place 9 ! middle ( ! semicircle1 & utt]$ ! "t-honor$ phrase3 ,g5tlem51 be seat$4 ,we w comm5ce ) ! ov]ture4 ,bones captur$ ! *air at "o end1 & ,tambo pre-empt$ t on ! o!r2 & !y began _! wordy skirmi% ) ! ,middleman1 9 :i* t pomp\s presid+ (fic] always got ! wor/ ( x4 ,?is device = imm$iate & boi/]\s laught]1 ?is putt+ d[n ( ! ,middleman by ! ,end-man1 ! negro m9/rels appe> to h borr[$ f ! circus1 :]e ! cl[n is also p]mitt$ always to discomfit ! /iff & /ately r+-ma/]4 ,b al?o ! m9/rels may h tak5 ov] ?is effective trick f ! circus1 ) :i* "s ( ! e>li] p]=m]s _h _h intimate relations1 ! trick itself is ( remote antiquity4 ,! side-splitt+ colloquy ( ! ,end-man ) ! ,middleman may be exactly l ! int]*ange ( m]ry je/s betwe5 ! cl[n & ! r+-ma/]1 yet x is f> old] ?an ! mod]n circus4 ,x exi/$ 9 ,p>is1 = example1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! quack doctor 0 accompani$ by 8 jack-pudd+4 ,_m ( ! dialogs he>d on ! ,pont-,neuf betwe5 ,mondor & ,tab>9 h be5 pres]v$1 & ! me?od is precisely t ( ! dialogs betwe5 r+-ma/] & cl[n1 ,int]locutor & ,end-man1 ev5 to ! p]si/5t repetition ( ! "q :i* conta9s ! cat*4 ,ma/]1 ,tab>9 w\ld beg91 c y tell me :i* is ! m g5]\s1 a man or a woman8 ,& ! quack doctor w\ld solemnly reply3 ,ah1 ,tab>91 t is a "q :i* has be5 greatly debat$ by ! philosoph]s ( antiquity1 & !y h be5 unable to decide :i* is truly ! m g5]\s1 a man or a woman4 ,!n ,tab>9 w\ld briskly retort3 ,nev] m9d ! old philosoph]s4 ,i c tell y4 ,& ) great contempt ! pond]\s quack doctor w\ld return3 ,:at1 ,tab>91 d y mean to say t y c tell u :i* is ! m g5]\s1 a man or a woman4 ,tab>9 promptly respond$ t he c\ld4 ,!n1 ask$ ,mondor1 pray d s4 ,:i* is ! m g5]\s1 a man or a woman8 ,& !reupon1 to ! great disgu/ ( ,mondor1 ,tab>9 w\ld pr(f] 8 ribald explanation4 ,un=tunately ! explanation he gave is frankly too ribald to be giv5 "h1 = n[adays we are m squeami% ?an ! idl]s :o ga!r$ ar\nd ! quack doctor's plat=m 9 ,p>is ?ree or f\r c5turies ago4 ,! dialogs ( ,mondor & ,tab>9 7 brief en\gh1 b !y (t5 made up = _! brevity 9 _! bread?4 ,?is k9d ( cat*-"q 0 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 "u ,elizabe?1 z sell+ a b>ga91 & x is n infrequ5t 9 ! plays ( ! "t4 ,x w be f\nd m ?an once 9 e>li] plays ( ,%aksp]e2 = example1 :5 8 cl[ns 7z ! l[-com$y *>act]s 7 !n call$7 7 all[$ to run on at _! own sweet w4 ,n a little ( ! dialog ( ! two ,dromios is closely ak9 9 its me?od to ! int]*ange ( "q & answ] betwe5 ! ,int]locutor & ! ,end-man4 ,we may be sure ?is me?od ( evok+ laught] 0 employ$ also by ! improvis+ com$ians ( ! ,italian com$y-(-masks1 ) :i* negro-m9/relsy has o!r po9ts ( resemblance4 ,x mu/ h be5 popul> ) ! w&]+ glee-m5 ( ! rude ,middle ,ages2 & n[ t negro-m9/relsy is disappe>+ & n[ t our circuses h burgeon$ into ?ree r+s "u a t5t too va/ = any m]ely v]bal rep>tees1 x has n dep>t$ f among u1 s9ce x /ill survives z ! /aple ( ! s-call$ sidewalk conv]sationali/s :o swap p]sonalities 9 our sup]abundant v>iety-%[s4 ,we d n "k ) hi/oric c]ta9ty h[ soon ! ,fir/ ,"p cry/alliz$ into ! =m :i* has long be5 traditional--! op5+ ov]ture1 ! cat*-que/ion+ ( ,end-man & ,middleman1 ! comic songs ( ,bones & ,tambo 9 turn1 ! s5tim5tal ballads by ! silv]-?roat$ vocali/s1 & ! conclud+ walk-ar\nd4 ,! re/ ( ! ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t nev] took on any def9ite framework1 al?o ! f9al item on ! program 0 likely to be a piece ( "s l5g?1 (t5 a burlesque ( a s]i\s drama !n popul>1 & ?is little play enli/$ ! :ole /r5g? ( ! company4 ,betwe5 ! /ately ,fir/ ,"p & ! m pret5ti\s t]m9at+ sket*1 ! m9/rels pres5t$ a v>iety ( acts 9 :i* ! sev]al memb]s exhibit$ _! specialities4 ,a clog-dance 0 always 9 ord]--al?o ! me*anical precision ( ?is =m ( saltatorial ex]cise 0 :olly =eign to ! *>act]i/ics ( ! actual negroes :om ! m9/rels 7 suppos$ to be repres5t+4 ,a /ump-spee* 0 c]ta9 ( a w>m reception--al?o ?is aga9 dep>t$ f ! true negro tradition1 &1 9 fact1 (t5 deg5]at$ into frank burlesque1 :olly unrelat$ to ! realities ( life4 ,sket*es1 l ^? :i* ,rice _h e>li] compos$ = 8 own act+1 7 likely to h a little clos] relation to ! g5u9e d>ky4 ,yet "h aga9 ! negro m9/rel 0 n avid ( ov]t orig9ality4 ,he 0 will+ to f9d 8 pr(it 9 ! pa/ & to translate into negro dialect any f>ce1 h[ev] anci5t1 :i* might conta9 comic situations or humor\s *>act]s t c\ld be twi/$ to suit 8 imm$iate purpose4 ,he seiz$ ^u ! +5i\s plots ( c]ta9 ( ! pantomimes br\ght to ,am]ica f ,france half a c5tury ago by ! ,ravels4 ,& on occasion he w5t1 unwitt+ly1 /ill fur!r afield = 8 prey4 ,!re is 9 pr9t1 9 a collection ( s-call$ ,e?iopian drama1 an amus+ sket*1 entitl$ ! ',great ,mutton ,trial'2 & ! remote s\rce ( ?is is to be s\ght 9 ! olde/ & be/ f>ce :i* has surviv$ 9 ,fr5* lit]ature4 ',maitre ,pi]re ,pa!l9' is n[ act$ occasionally by ! ,com$ie-,francaise 9 ,p>is1 9 a v]sion :i* pres]ves its orig9al flavor2 b 9 ! eighte5? c5tury an adaptation1 made by ,brueys & ,palaprat1 & call$ ! ',avocat ,pa!l91' 0 popul>4 ,x 0 ?is lat] p]v]sion :i* s]v$ z ! basis ( an ,engli% f>ce1 entitl$ ! ',village ,lawy]1' & ! ',great ,mutton ,trial' is simply ! ',village ,lawy]' transmogrifi$ to suit ! bold] & m robu/ me?ods ( ! negro m9/rels4 ,,iii ,& "h we may discov] ! real reason :y negro-m9/relsy fail$ to e/abli% itself4 ,x neglect$ its opportunity to devote itself prim>ily to its own peculi> field--! humor\s reproduction ( ! say+s & do+s ( ! color$ man 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to repres5t ! negro 9 8 comic aspects & 9 8 s5tim5tal moods 0 :at ! m9/rels pret5d$ to d2 b ! pret5se 0 (t5 only a holl[ mock]y4 ,ev5 ! musical in/rum5ts !y affect$1 ! banjo & ! bones1 7 n z *>act]i/ic ( ! field-h&1 or ev5 ( ! t[n d>ky1 z ! viol94 ,inde$1 ! bones _c be consid]$ z 9 any way special to ! negro2 !y 7 famili> to ,%aksp]e's ,bottom1 :o decl>$3 ,i h a reasonable good e> 9 music2 let u h ! tongs & ! bones4 ,& ! wise record] ( ! words & de$s ( ,uncle ,remus ass]t$ t he _h nev] li/5$ to ! /accato pick+ ( a banjo 9 ! negro-qu>t]s ( any plantation4 ,i h se5 ! negro at "w1 s ,h>ris once /at$1 & ,i h se5 him at play2 ,i h att5d$ 8 corn-%uck+s1 8 dances1 & 8 frolics2 ,i h he>d him give ! wond]ful melody ( 8 songs to ! w9ds2 ,i h he>d him give b>b>ic airs to ! quills 7t is to say1 to ! ,pan-pipes72 ,i h he>d him scrape jubilantly on ! fiddle2 ,i h se5 him bl[ wildly on ! bugle1 & beat en?usia/ically on ! triangle2 b ,i h nev] he>d him play on ! banjo4 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,cable !reupon came =w>d ) 8 evid5ce to ! effect t1 al?o ! banjo 0 to be f\nd occasionally on a plantation1 x 0 f> less frequ5tly se5 ?an ! viol94 ,x w be not$ t ,h>ris 0 speak+ ( ! ,georgian negro1 & t ,mr4 ,cable 0 talk+ ab\t ! negro 9 ,l\isiana2 & p]haps ! true habitat ( ! banjo is to be f\nd f>!r nor? & ne> to ! bord] ,/ates4 ,at any rate1 !re is a footnote to "o ( ,?omas ,jeff]son's ',notes on ,virg9ia' 7publi%$ 9 #aghd71 :i* in=ms u t ! in/rum5t prop] to ! slaves ( ! ,old ,dom9ion is ! banj>1 :i* !y br\ght hi!r f ,africa1 & :i* is ! orig9 ( ! guit>1 its *ords be+ precisely ! f\r l[] *ords ( ! guit>4 ,n[ & aga9 "s "o negro m9/rel did make a s]i\s /udy ( a negro type2 su* a p]=m] 0 ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,andrews1 ! ,wat]melon ,man4 ,b ! mo/ ( !m 7 cont5t to be comic )\t any ef=t to cat* ! special comicality ( ! d>ky2 & sometimes !y /ray$ s completely f ! pa? z to indulge 9 songs 9 an alleg$ ,iri% brogue or 9 a dislocat$ ,g]man dialect4 ,n[1 no?+ c\ld well be conceiv$ m incongru\sly in>ti/ic ?an a :ite man black$ up into ! semblance ( a negro1 & !n imp]t95tly c>ol+ an impud5t ,iri% lyric4 ,yet ! g5]al neglect ( ! opportunities = a m accurate pres5tation ( negro *>act]i/ics is to be se5 9 ! /range fact t ! m9/rels fail$ to p]ceive ! possible popul>ity ( rag-"t tunes1 & fail$ also to put ! cake-walk on ! /age4 ,ev5 at ! height ( its vogue 9 ! mid ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 negro-m9/relsy did n occupy its own field1 & did n try to raise !re9 ! v>i$ fl[]s ( :i* !y _h ! se$4 ,in/ead ( cultivat+ ! tempt+ possibilities :i* lay be=e !m1 & devot+ !mselves to a lov+ del9eation ( ! color$ p :o make up a t5? ( our population1 !y turn$ aside to devote !mselves to ! spectacul> elaboration ( _! orig9al ent]ta9m5t4 ,! clog-dances became mo/ intricate & m me*anical--& !reby /ill m remote f ! buck-&-w+ danc+ ( ! real negro4 ,! ,fir/ ,"p 0 pres5t$ ) accompanim5ts ( ,ori5tal magnific5ce & ( v>iegat$ glitt]4 ,! *orus 0 enl>g$2 ! musicians 7 multipli$2 ! ,end-m5 op]at$ 9 relays2 & at la/ ! bass-drum :i* t[]$ al(t ov] ,hav]ly's ,ma/odon ,m9/rels bore ! boa/ful leg5d3 #dj4 ,c\nt ,!m4 #dj4 ,& :5 ! suspici\s spectator obey$ ?is comm&1 he discov]$ to 8 surprise t ! vaunt 0 m ?an made good s9ce he _h a full view ( at lea/ half a doz5 p]=m]s 9 addition to ! promis$ twoscore4 ,at ! apex ( 8 inflat$ prosp]ity ,hav]ly invad$ ,g]many ) 8 ma/odonic organization2 & "o result ( 8 visit 0 probably /ill fur!r to confuse ! ,teutonic mis9=mation ab\t ! ,am]ican type1 :i* seems (t5 to be a curi\s composite photograph ( ! r$ m5 ( ,coop]1 ! black m5 ( ,mrs4 ,/[e1 & ! :ite m5 ( ,m>k ,twa9 & ,bret ,h>te4 ,& x 0 report$ at ! "t t ano!r & m imm$iate result ( ?is ra% =ay beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,engli%-speak+ race 0 t ,hav]ly 01 = a :ile1 9 dang] ( arre/ by ! police = a fraudul5t attempt to deceive ! ,g]man public1 because he 0 pret5d+ to pres5t a company ( negro m9/rels1 :]eas 8 p]=m]s 7 actually :ite m56 ,x %\ld be record$ t :ile ! vogue la/$1 !re did come into exi/5ce sundry troops ( m9/rels ^: memb]s 7 all ( !m actually color$ m51 al?o !y con=m$ to ! conv5tion set by ^? :om !y 7 imitat+ & consci5ti\sly disguis$ !mselves ) burnt cork1 to a*ieve ! sable uni=mity tempor>ily atta9$ by ! ord9>y negro m9/rels4 ,p]haps ! mo/ obvi\s p>allel ( ! black+ up ( v]itable color$ m5 to foll[ ! example ( ! :ite m5 :o pret5d$ to imitate ! negro is to be f\nd 9 ! orig9al p]=mance ( ',z ,y ,l ,x1' on ! ,elizabe?an /age1 :5 ! %av5 boy-actor :o imp]sonat$ ,rosal9d disguis$ himself z a lad1 & !n _h to pret5d to ,orl&o t he 0 a girl4 ,,iv ,= ! decl9e & fall ( negro-m9/relsy x is easy to f9d m ?an "o suffici5t explanation4 ,fir/ ( all1 x may h be5 due to its failure to devote itself lov+ly to ! repres5tation ( ! _m peculi>ities ( ! negro himself4 ,second1 x is possible t negro-m9/relsy _h an inh]5t & inevitable disqualification = endur+ popul>ity1 9 t x 0 exclusively mascul9e & necess>ily depriv$ ( ! pot5t attractiv5ess ex]t$ by ! memb]s ( ! m fasc9at+ sex4 ,& 9 ! ?ird place1 its program 0 r limit$ & monoton\s1 & !re=e negro-m9/relsy c\ld n long )/& ! competition ( ! music-hall1 ( ! v>iety-%[1 & ( ! comic musical pieces1 :i* satisfi$ m amply ! exactly simil> ta/e ( ! public = broad fun comm+l$ ) song & dance4 ,:atev] ! precise cause may be1 !re is no d5y+ t negro-m9/relsy is on ! v]ge ( ext9ction1 h[ev] mu* we may bewail ! fact4 ,x fail$ to accompli% its true purpose1 & x is disappe>+1 leav+ beh9d x little t is wor?y ( pres]vation except a few ( its songs4 ,?is1 at lea/1 x has to its cr$it--t x gave ,/eph5 ,coll9s ,fo/] ! *ance to produce 8 simple melodies4 ,p]haps we might ev5 v5ture to ass]t t ! exi/5ce ( negro-m9/relsy is ju/ifi$ by a s+le "o ( ^! songs--by ',old ,folks at ,home1' :i* has a wail+ melan*oly & an unaffect$ pa?os1 lack+ 9 ! e>li] & m sac*>9e ',home1 ,sweet ,home1' :i* ! ,engli% compos]1 ,bi%op1 bas$ on an old ,sicilian tune4 ,aft] ,fo/] came ,root & ,"w1 & ',my ,old ,k5tucky ,home' 0 succe$$ by ',tramp1 ,tramp1 ,tramp1 ! ,boys ,are ,m>*+1' & by ',m>*+ ?ru ,georgia'--:i* la/ lyric n[ %>es its popul>ity only ) ',dixie' z a musical relic ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to "k :e!r x 0 "o ( ,fo/]'s songs1 & :i* "o x may h be5 t once t\*$ ! t5d] he>t ( ,?ack]ay4 ,i he>d a humor\s balladi/ n long s9ce1 ! noveli/ record$1 a m9/rel ) wool on 8 head1 & an ultra ,e?iopian complexion1 :o p]=m$ a negro ballad t ,i confess moi/5$ ^! spectacles 9 a mo/ unexpect$ mann]4 ,!y h gaz$ at doz5s ( trag$y-que5s dy+ on ! /age & expir+ 9 appropriate blank v]se1 & ,i nev] want$ to wipe !m4 ,!y h look$ up1 ) deep respect be x said1 at _m scores ( cl]gym5 )\t be+ dimm$1 & behold6 a vagabond ) a cork$ face & a banjo1 s+s a little song1 /rikes a wild note1 :i* sets ! he>t ?rill+ ) happy pity4 7#aiab47 ,,xiv ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,v>iety-,,%[ ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,! ,,v>iety-,,%[ ,i ,9 an adv]tisem5t issu$ by "o ( ! huge dep>tm5t /ores ( ,new ,york n long ago1 ! ass]tion 0 made t ! h\se _h on sale all ! new novelties4 ,a puri/ 9 language might be mov$ to prote/ t ?is proclamation 0 pla9ly tautological1 because x is ! ess5tial quality ( e novelty to be new4 ,b ev5 a puri/ 9 language1 if he happ5s also to be an hone/ obs]v] ( ?+s z !y are1 w\ld be =c$ to admit t 8 sup]cili\s cavil _h only a sup]ficial ju/ification1 s9ce1 z a matt] ( fact1 !re are _m novelties :i* are n new1 & :i*1 inde$1 are v5]ably anci5t4 ,x 0 ,solomon1 sup]abundantly m>ri$1 & !re=e 9 an excell5t position to acquire wisdom1 :o decl>$ t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,wireless telegraphy is only a developm5t ( ! signal+ by beacon-fires1 :i* 0 practis$ by ! ,greeks & :i* !y employ$ to convey imm$iately to ,greece ! glad tid+s ( ! fall ( ,troy2 & mov+-pictures are only an +5i\s amplification ( ! zoetrope ( our *ildhood4 ,! amusem5t-p>ks :i* sprang up all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 9 imitation ( ^? at ,coney ,isl&1 be> an und5iable resemblance to ! ,foire ,sa9t ,laur5t & to ! o!r fairs ( ,p>is 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 & ev5 ! l\d-voic$ cri] :o proclaims ! m]its ( ! sev]al side-%[s1 & :o is n[ kn[n z a b>k]1 be>s a "n :i* is only a translation ( t giv5 to 8 =be>s two hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,france--aboyeur4 ,! s-call$ cab>et-%[s1 preval5t 9 ! l>g] cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! w9t] ( #aiaa-aiab1 7 hail$ z ! v late/ =m ( amusem5t1 comb9+ z !y did ! solid pleasures ( ! table ) ! e!real delights ( song-&-dance2 & yet ,froiss>t is a witness t some?+ v l ! cab>et-%[ 0 kn[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ,gibbon has record$ its exi/5ce ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s e>li]1 at ! c\rt ( ,!odoric4 ,inde$1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,greeks be=e !m1 _h employ$ p]=m]s ( "o sort or ano!r to relieve ! monotony ( _! banquets4 ,gaditanian danc]s 7 popul> ?ru\t ! wide realm ( ,rome1 almo/ two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,c>m5cita came f ,cadiz to w>ble & cap] at midnight 9 ! /udios ( ,am]ican pa9t]s1 j be=e & j aft] ! gue/s _h enjoy$ ! refre%m5ts provid$ by _! arti/ic ho/s4 ,z ! cab>et-%[ is only ano!r =m ( ! well-kn[n vaudeville supp]1 x mu/ be relegat$ to ! class ( novelties :i* are n new4 ,& vaudeville itself is only ! long famili> v>iety-%[4 ,x may n[ be call$ by a new "n1 & _m ( ^? :o d n look beh9d a label may accept x z a new ?+2 nev]!less x is v old1 inde$4 ,! "n vaudeville is an absurd misnom]1 l s _m o!r t]ms due to our habit ( c>eless borr[+ f o!r tongues4 ,9 ,fr5* vaudeville orig9ally designat$ a k9d ( topical song1 bri/l+ ) po9t$ gibes at ! follies ( ! mom5t2 & !n 9 "t x took on ano!r mean+1 :5 x 0 us$ to describe a light & lively f>ce int]sp]s$ ) occasional lyrics set to old-fa%ion$ tunes4 ,x is impossible to say j h[ & :y ?is ,fr5* ^w1 :i* _h two di/9ct mean+s 9 its own language1 %\ld h be5 import$ into ,engli% to *>act]ize improp]ly a =m ( amusem5t :i* we _h long kn[n by ! admirably exact "n ( v>iety-%[4 ,! ,fr5* !mselves call _! own type ( v>iety-%[1 at :i* refre%m5ts are s]v$1 a cafe-conc]t4 ,_! nickname = x is a beuglant1 a place :]e !re is h[l+--:i* seems to imply t !y d n expect too mu* melody f ! s+]s1 :o appe> at ^! p]=mances4 ,9 ,engl& an e/abli%m5t ( ?is k9d is call$ a music-hall2 & x 0 m ?an half a c5tury ago t ,plan*e describ$ _! blatant lyrics set to braz5 tunes z mo/ music-hall1 mo/ melan*oly4 ,:atev] its "n may be 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 ! ent]ta9m5t is mu* ! same4 ,! mo/ frequ5t item on ! program is ! comic song1 (t5 accompani$ by a rudim5t>y dance4 ,sometimes x is 9 ! m>tial /accato ( ,paulus's ',en rev5ant de la revue' :i* boo/$ ,g5]al ,b\lang] into a furi\s b fleet+ political popul>ity4 ,sometimes x is ! coonful melody ( ',"u ! ,bamboo ,tree' or ',d9ah1 ! ,moon am ,%9+4' ,sometimes x is an almo/ epileptic lyric1 l ',t>>a-boom-de-ay4' ,sometimes a s+] ( a m delicate art1 l ,yvette ,guilb]t1 v5tures ^u songs ( a m subtly s5tim5tal appeal4 ,!re may be a swift succession ( solos1 male s+]s & female alt]nat+1 ^? ( ! mo/ fame appe>+ late/1 z is ! practise 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! ,p>isian op5-air cafe-*antant1 ! ,alcaz> or ! ,ambassadeurs4 ,!re may be duets or trios or qu>tets1 s]i\s or comic1 decor\sly unadorn$ or div]sifi$ by danc+4 ,!re may be songs to be int]pret$ by half a doz5 p]=m]s1 accompani$ by m or less dramatic action1 l ! ',mulligan ,gu>ds1' :i* 0 ! simple g]m :]efrom spr\t$ ! long s]ies ( m & m elaborate ,h>rigan & ,h>t plays1 del9eat+ ) ke5 insight & ) sympa!tic humor ! manifold aspects ( t5em5t-h\se life 9 ,new ,york1 & possess+ a ri* flavor ( fun curi\sly ak9 to t :i* amuses u 9 ! plays :]e9 ,plautus _h sket*$ ! t5em5t-h\se life 9 ,rome two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,:ile ! song & ! song-&-dance & ! song-&-p>ade may be ! /aple ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 ! v>iety-%[ ju/ifies its "n by ! m$ley ( o!r exhibitions x pres5ts4 ,x delights 9 ! dance unaccompani$ by ! song2 & 9 "s ( ! ,engli% music-halls1 ! ,alhambra & ! ,empire 9 ,london1 ! ballet is ! =emo/ attraction1 provid+ an opportunity = ! display ( h] da9ty art to s exquisite a danc] z ,mlle4 ,g5ee4 ,9 ,new ,york x is n[ a refuge = ! waifs & /rays ( vani%+ negro-m9/relsy4 ,x is ready to welcome ! w&]+ conjur] & ! /roll+ juggl]4 ,x ext5ds its hospitality to ! acrobat1 s+le or 9 gr\ps1 ?r[+ flipflaps on ! /age1 fly+ ?ru ! air on a trapeze or div+ into ! wat] 9 a tank4 ,x acts z ho/ to ! tra9] ( p]=m+ animals1 dogs & cats1 seals & elephants4 ,x l5ds its /age to ! puppet-%[ p]=m]1 to ! sidewalk conv]sationali/1 & to ! v5triloqui/1 ) 8 pair ( /olid figures seem+ly seat$ uncom=tably on 8 knees & actually support$ by 8 h&s1 :ile 8 adroit f+]s manipulate _! me*anical m\?s4 ,( late1 ! v>iety-%[ has accept$ ! aid ( ! exhibitors ( mov+-pictures1 j z ! exhibitors ( mov+-pictures h invok$ ! casual assi/ance ( song-&-dance teams & ( o!r vaudeville p]=m]s to relieve ! /ra9 on ! eyes ( _! spectators4 ,& ! introduction ( ! c9ematograph1 or ! bioscope1 or :atev] x may be call$1 is1 p]haps1 ! only real novelty 9 our latt]-day v>iety-%[4 ,all ! o!r p]=m]s are pres5t+ feats ( a k9d kn[n to our remote ance/ors1 ev5 if ^! feats are n[ m skilfully pres5t$4 ,animals 7 put ?ru _! paces hundr$s ( ye>s ago2 & p]=m+ dogs & educat$ be>s figure frequ5tly 9 ! illum9ations :i* decorate _m a m$ieval manuscript4 ,!re 7 tight-rope danc]s 9 ,alex&ria & 9 ,byzantium2 !re 7 contortioni/s 9 ,rome & 9 ,greece1 & ! flexibility ( ^! latt] is pres]v$ = u 9 ! vase-pa9t+s :i* h be5 replev9$ f ! a%es ( ,pompeii & ! lava ( ,h]culaneum4 ,qu9tillian tells u ( ! wond]ful feats ( c]ta9 p]=m]s on ! /age 9 8 day1 ) balls1 & ( o!r juggl]s ^: dext]ity is su* t "o might suppose ! ?+s :i* !y ?r[ f !m to return ( _! own accord1 & to fly :]esoev] !y are comm&$4 ,! art ( mod]n magic has enl>g$ its b\nd>ies by ! aid ( ! mod]n sci5ces ( me*anics & physics1 b elem5t>y sleights-(-h& 7 kn[n to a remote antiquity1 & savages always _h _! m$ic9e-m5 & _! m>ab\ts1 work]s ( primitive wond]s to /rike awe into ! s\ls ( _! unsophi/icat$ behold]s4 ,! v>iety-%[ may h ! v>iety x vaunts itself z possess+2 b to novelty x c lay little claim4 ,,ii ,! con/itu5t elem5ts ( ! v>iety-%[ z we "k x to-day h exi/$ s9ce a "t :]e( ! memory ( man runne? n to ! contr>y--to use ! old legal phrase4 ,! appeal ( almo/ e "o ( ^! elem5ts & ( ! v>iety-%[ z a :ole is ev] to ! eye & to ! e>1 to ! s5ses r ?an to ! emotions2 & to ! intellect x appeals ev5 m infrequ5tly4 ,its prim>y purpose is to af=d a kaleidoscopic succession ( contra/$ amusem5ts = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are easily satisfi$ by glitt] ( spectacle1 by incessant movem5t1 & by viol5t music4 ,x is ! ideal ent]ta9m5t = t r$\btable entity1 ! ,tir$ ,bus9ess ,man1 :o *ecks 8 bra9s ) 8 ov]coat1 & :o res5ts hav+ to witness any?+ 9 ! !at] :i* might make him ?9k4 ,n only does ! v>iety-%[ fl\ri% because x is exactly adju/$ to ! un9tellectual & purely s5sational lik+s ( ! ,tir$ ,bus9ess ,man & to ! simil> ta/es ( 8 fit mate1 :o is fatigu$ because h] life is idle & empty1 b = 8 b5efit also1 & = h]s ! summ] song-%[ & ! alleg$ comic op]a & ! misnam$ review h be5 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 x is obvi\s en\gh t mo/ ( our summ] song-%[s & _m ( our comic op]as & reviews are1 9 reality1 only m or less disguis$ v>iety-%[s4 ,) facts z !y are1 !re is nev] any excuse = qu>rel+4 ,! ,tir$ ,bus9ess ,man is a fact2 & x is only fair t :at he dem&s %all be suppli$ by cat]]s to ! crav+s ( ! populace4 ,b ev5 ?o 8 "n is legion1 ! ,tir$ ,bus9ess ,man is to be accept$ only ) contemptu\s tol]ation4 ,he is to be endur$ only s long z he does n insi/ on impos+ 8 lik+s ^u o!rs :o h a m delicate p]ception1 & :o are will+ to br+ _! bra9s ) !m :5 !y take _! places 9 ! !at]4 ,ev5 9 ! v>iety-%[ :i* seems (t5 to exi/ only = ! pleasure ( ^? :o /ill l+] 9 :at "o ( ,george ,eliot's wise *>act]s aptly call$ a pu]ile /ate ( culture1 nev]!less1 we c n[ & aga9 discov] signs ( a long+ = some?+ less void ( purpose ?an m]e spectacle4 ,= example1 x 0 9 a v>iety-%[ t ,mr4 ,belasco's f9ely imag9ative dramatization ( ,mr4 ,long's ',madame ,butt]fly' 0 set be=e ! ,am]ican public sev]al ye>s prior to its be+ adorn$ by ! pa!tic music ( ,pucc9i = ! b5efit ( op]a-go]s4 ,9 fact1 x is well to rememb] t ! op]a comique ( ! ,fr5* _h its humble orig9 9 ! !at] ( ! ,p>isian fairs1 :]e also we c discov] ! rude beg9n+s ( t crude =m ( melodrama :i* ,victor ,hugo lift$ into lit]ature 9 ',h]nani' & ',ruy ,bias1' ca/+ ! clo?-(-gold ( 8 spl5did lyricism ov] ! arbitr>ily articulat$ skeleton ( 8 viol5t action4 ,x 0 an old negro-m9/rel act1 repres5t+ ! rehe>sal ( an amateur b&1 t ! ,hanlon-,lees borr[$ to amplify into a r\gh-&-tumble pantomime = p]=mance 9 a v>iety-%[ 9 ,p>is2 & ?is knockab\t sket* prov$ to be ! /epp+-/one :i* enabl$ !m soon to a*ieve ! fanta/ic ecc5tricity ( _! ',voyage en ,suisse1' p]=m$ 9 real !at]s1 fir/ 9 ,p>is & !n 9 ,new ,york1 to ! joy ( all :o c\ld appreciate ! p]fection ( _! art z pantomimi/s4 ,&1 once aga91 x 0 9 a v>iety-%[ ( ! l[e/ class t ,d5man ,?ompson fir/ appe>$ z ',jo% ,:itcomb ,among ! ,female ,ba!rs1' a vulg> episode ( indelicate humor1 :]e91 h[ev]1 0 conta9$ ! g]m ( t p]5nially popul> play1 ! ',old ,home/ead1' :i* gave a pure pleasure to c\ntless ?\s&s ( !at]-go]s1 season aft] season1 = at lea/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,:5 we look back ov] ! long annals ( ! v>iety-%[ we _c escape ! conclusion t "h is its real opportunity1 its true function1 & its necess>y ju/ification4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 x supplies a purely s5sational amusem5t = ! un?9k+2 & yet x is cont9ually s]v+ z a nurs]y = ! actual !at]4 ,x is ?us se5 to be a prov+ gr\nd = ! se$s ( widely diff]5t dramatic species--op]a comique & melodrama 9 ,france1 ! ballet d'action 9 ,engl&1 ! rural play 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n always consci\s ( its possibilities1 nor does x always improve !m to be/ advantage4 ,normally x provides an ent]ta9m5t appeal+ ma9ly to ! s5ses1 (t5 empty1 & (t5 unsatisfy+ because ( its monotony4 ,b on occasion x is capable ( grasp+ at high] ?+s1 & ( enc\rag+ arti/s :o w soon] or lat] outgr[ its limitations & transf] _! activities to ! !at]s :]e9 audi5ces are m eag] = v]acity ( "* portrayal4 ,,iii ,on "o side ! v>iety-%[ int]sects ! r+ ( ! circus & ! curv+ l9e ( ! ,fir/ ,"p ( negro-m9/relsy1 :ile on ! o!r x imp+es on ! sph]e ( ! m lit]>y drama4 ,its exi/5ce is evid5ce t ! %[ bus9ess is always ! %[ bus9ess1 no matt] h[ manifold & dissimil> its manife/ations may seem to be4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o h gr[n up 9 ! regul> !at]s are a little incl9$ to be scornfully jeal\s ( ! less highly e/eem$ p]=m]s 9 ! v>iety-%[1 ev5 if !y !mselves are occasionally tempt$ by ! lure ( high pay = h>d "w to condesc5d to vaudeville engagem5ts4 ,no d\bt1 ! bill ( f>e set be=e u m (t5 ?an n 9 ! v>iety-%[ ju/ifies ?is attitude on ! "p ( ! high prie/s ( ! m legitimate drama2 yet !y ought to be broad-m9d$ en\gh to recognize m]it :]ev] x may be f\nd4 ,! late ,john ,gilb]t1 be/ ( ,sir ,pet] ,teazles1 & ( ,sir ,an?ony ,absolutes1 0 n a little provok$ by ! praise be/[$ ^u ,h>rigan & ,h>t & _! associates by ,mr4 ,h[ells & by o!r critics ( ! act$ drama1 :o reli%$ ! peculi> flavor ( ',squatt] ,sov]eignty' & its companion plays4 ,gilb]t 0 puzzl$ to discov] any reason :y any criticism :\ld be wa/$ on pieces :i* pret5d$ to be little m ?an v>iety-%[ sket*es4 ,b ,joseph ,jeff]son1 a f> m v]satile com$ian ?an ,john ,gilb]t1 0 swift to disc]n m]it1 & he 0 :olly free f topl(ty condesc5sion t[>d o!r =ms ( ! hi/rionic art ?an t 9 :i* he 0 himself pre-em95t--p]haps1 because 9 8 y\? he _h (t5 appe>$ z a burlesque actor1 an exp]i5ce :i* he gladly admitt$ to h be5 v valuable to him4 ,aft] ,jeff]son _h gone to see "o ( ! nondescript pieces at ,web] & ,fields's music-hall1 joy\s spectacles comm+l$ ( song & dance1 ( ecc5tric "* & ( %e] fun1 he 0 l\d 9 8 praise ( ! hi/rionic art display$ "h & !re 9 ! c\rse ( ! p]=mance1 decl>+ )\t hesitation t "o episode1 9 :i* ! two manag]s took "p1 0 simply ! f9e/ piece ( comic act+ he _h se5 t :ole w9t]4 ,probably ! ord9>y playgo]s1 :o _h flock$ to be amus$ by ?is loose-jo9t$ piece1 took a some:at apologetic attitude t[>d ! pleasure !y _h receiv$2 & probably !y suppos$ t _! pleasure at ! ent]ta9m5t (f]$ to !m 0 due ma9ly to ! p]vad+ bu/le & dazzle ( ! kaleidoscopic %[4 ,b ,jeff]son _h a ke5] insight into ! practise ( ! art he adorn$2 & he recogniz$ at once ! %e] hi/rionic skill :i* l5t ! illusion ( life to ! fanta/ic impossibility ( ! humor\s situation4 ,jeff]son1 "o may v5ture to ass]t1 w\ld n h be5 surpris$ if he _h le>n$ t an ,am]ican univ]sity pr(essor ( dramatic lit]ature1 :5ev] he came to discuss ! lyrical-burlesques ( ,ari/ophanes1 0 9 ! habit ( s5d+ 8 :ole class to ,web] & ,fields t 8 /ud5ts might see = !mselves ! ne>e/ mod]n analog to ! robu/ fantasies ( ! great ,greek humori/4 ,ari/ophanes 0 a _m-sid$ g5ius2 z a lyric poet ( e!real elevation he mu/ be set by ! side ( ,%elley2 z a ke5 satiri/ ( contempor>y fads & foibles he mu/ be comp>$ ) ,rabelais2 & z a fun-mak] pure & simple1 z a comic playwright1 will+ & able to evoke unexpect$ laught] by ludicr\s antics1 he reveals an und5iable lik5ess to ! adroit devis]s ( ! hodgepodge ( humor\s episodes repres5t$ ) contagi\s humor by ,web] & ,fields4 ,& ! het]og5e\s pieces :i* us$ to be produc$ by ! two p]=m]s :o devote !mselves to ! dislocation ( ! ,engli% language 7 outgr[?s ( ! v>iety-%[1 f :i*1 inde$1 ! two p]=m]s !mselves 7 graduates4 ,x is ?is aspect ( ! v>iety-%[1 its supply+ ( opportunities = arti/ic developm5t to ambiti\s p]=m]s1 & its own spontane\s g5]ation ( dramatic =ms capable ( be+ lift$ into lit]ature--x is ?is aspect ( ! v>iety-%[ :i* w\ld be emphasiz$ by any compet5t writ] und]tak+ to n>rate its long & involv$ hi/ory4 ,t no "o has yet writt5 a hi/ory ( ! v>iety-%[ is z surpris+ z t no "o has yet writt5 a hi/ory ( negro-m9/relsy4 ,! mat]ials = su* a book are accessible & abundant1 s9ce !re are already ri*ly docum5t$ acc\nts ( ! fairs ( ,p>is & ( ,london1 9 :i* ! v>iety-%[ fl\ri%$ c5turies ago4 ,!re are acc\nts ( ! ,engli% conc]t-halls z !y n[ exi/ & ( ! ,fr5* cafe-conc]ts4 ,! hi/orian w also be aid$ by ! v>i\s treatises on ! ballet1 & on ! circus1 & on ! puppet-%[1 ) all ( :i* =ms ( ent]ta9m5t ! v>iety-%[ has always _h intimate relations4 ,x may be t ! future hi/orian w be mov$ to po9t out ! sup]ficial lik5ess betwe5 ! v>iety-%[ & ! ,sunday issues ( c]ta9 ,am]ican newspap]s4 ,^! ,sunday newspap]s are really magaz9es--t is to say1 !y occupy a position midway betwe5 j\rnalism & lit]ature1 j z ! v>iety-%[ occupies a position midway betwe5 ! circus & ! !at]4 ,! magaz9e pages ( ^! ,sunday newspap]s set be=e _! read]s a v v>iegat$ bill ( f>e2 !y provide photographs ( rec5t ev5ts--:i* are ! equival5t ( ! mov+-pictures ( ! v>iety-%[2 !y conta9 %ort-/ories--:i* are1 9 n>rative1 :at ! brief plays ( ! v>iety-%[ are 9 dialog & action2 !y ab\nd 9 anecdotes & 9 comic say+s--:i* are closely ak9 to ! utt]ances ( ! sidewalk conv]sationali/s ( ! v>iety-%[4 ,& ! v>iety-%[ itself is l j\rnalism1 9 t x is a mod]n comb9ation ( elem5ts ( ! remote/ antiquity1 = al?o ! actual newspap] is only two or ?ree c5turies old1 !re 7 always *annels by :i* news 0 convey$ to ! eag] public4 ,! m5 ( ,a!ns ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago 7 glad to he> & to tell "s new ?+1 & _! wants 7 suppli$1 ev5 if !re 0 9 classical antiquity & 9 ! ,middle ,ages no organization fa9tly anticipat+ ! m>vel\s ma*9]y = collect+ & di/ribut+ in=mation possess$ by ! newspap]s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 7#aiab47 ,,xv ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,mod]n ,,magic ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,mod]n ,,magic ,i ,autobiography1 said ,longfell[--al?o ! rem>k does n seem especially *>act]i/ic ( ?is g5tle poet--is :at biography ought to be4 ,& 9 ! long li/ ( allur+ autobiographies1 f ,cell9i's & ,cibb]'s1 f ,frankl9's & ,goldoni's1 !re are few m fasc9at+ ?an ! ',confid5ces ( a ,pre/idigitator' ( ,rob]t-,h\d94 ,a ho/ile critic ( ,rob]t-,h\d9's c>e] has record$ ! fact--if x is a fact--t ,rob]t-,h\d9 once confid$ to a fell[ magician t 8 autobiography _h be5 writt5 = him by a clev] ,p>isian j\rnali/2 & x mu/ be admitt$ t n a few amus+ ,fr5* autobiographies h n be5 ! *ildr5 ( _! putative p>5ts--= in/ance1 ! memoirs ( ,vidocq1 ! detective4 ,yet ?is is n z damag+ an admission z x may seem at fir/ sight s9ce ! clev] ,p>isian j\rnali/ may h be5 little m ?an ! amanu5sis ( ! pre/idigitator1 hir$ only to give lit]>y =m to ! actual recollections ( 8 employ]4 ,su* a proce$+ w\ld n deprive ,rob]t-,h\d9's autobiography by its au!nticity4 ,x rema9s a classic1 belov$ by all :o joy 9 ! delights ( conjur+4 ,un=tunately ! ho/ile critic has gone fur!r 9 8 attack ^u ,rob]t-,h\d9's reputation1 & he has succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! r5[n$ ,fr5* conjur] claim$ z 8 own inv5tion n a few illusions :i* _h be5 already exhibit$ by 8 pr$ecessors 9 ! art ( deception4 ,yet ?is unju/ifi$ boa/+ does n invalidate ,rob]t-,h\d9's title to be consid]$ ! fa!r ( mod]n magic4 ,ev5 if he 0 tread+ 9 ! pa? ( ^? :o _h gone be=e1 he atta9$ at la/ to a consi/5t !ory ( ! art1 f> 9 advance ( t held by e>li] magicians4 ,_m ( 8 m>vels1 & p]haps m ?an "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( !m1 may h be5 b improvem5ts ^u effects orig9ally contriv$ by o!rs2 yet e succe$+ g5]ation c rise only by /&+ ^u ! %\ld]s ( ! g5]ations t w5t be=e1 & x is ju/ifi$ 9 avail+ itself ( all t ^! e>li] g5]ations may h discov]$ & inv5t$4 ,rob]t-,h\d9 tells u himself t he 0 greatly indebt$ to ! ,comte de ,grisy1 ^: /age-"n 0 ,torr9i4 ,9 fact1 ,rob]t-,h\d9 might be call$ a pupil ( ,torr9i1 z ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,s>g5t is a pupil ( ,c>olus ,duran4 ,x 0 ^u ,torr9i's dignifi$ simplicity z a magician t ,rob]t-,h\d9 modell$ 8 own unpret5d+ pres5tation ( 8 feats ( magic4 ,app>5tly x 0 a fam\s conjur] nam$ ,frikell1 :o fir/ disc>d$ ! cumb]some & glitt]+ array ( app>atus :i* us$ to be display$ on ! /age to dazzle ! eyes ( ! spectators2 b ?is disc>d+ ( obtrusive p>aph]nalia 0 n delib]ate1 be+ due only to ! accid5tal de/ruction ( ,frikell's /age-furniture by fire1 :]eby ! p]=m] 0 sudd5ly =c$ to rely ^u ! less complicat$ exp]im5ts1 :i* c\ld be exhibit$ )\t extrane\s aid4 ,! ab&on+ ( ov]t app>atus1 :i* ,frikell 0 =c$ into by mis=tune1 ,rob]t-,h\d9 adopt$ z an abid+ pr9ciple4 ,he kept 8 /age z un5cumb]$ z possible1 al?o1 ( c\rse1 he br\ght =w>d f "t to "t ! special objects necess>y = ! illusions he 0 ab\t to exhibit4 ,n only did he p]=m on a /age :i* 0 int5d$ to resemble a draw+-room1 he also es*ew$ any o!r co/ume ?an t appropriate to a draw+-room4 ,e>li] p]=m]s _h n hesitat$ to deck !mselves 9 ,ori5tal app>el or 9 ! fl[+ g>b ( a m$ieval magician4 ,rob]t-,h\d9 0 always mod]n & nev] m$ieval2 & he adopt$ ?is attitude delib]ately4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to =mulate ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! mod]n art ( magic--t a conjur] %\ld be an actor play+ ! "p ( a magician4 ,"o ( ! =emo/ expon5ts ( mod]n magic1 ,mr4 ,maskelyne1 notes t _m conjur]s /rive only to play ! "p ( "s o!r conjur]2 & x might be add$ t !re are n a few :o fail entirely to see ! necessity = play+ a "p & :o cont5t !mselves ) a purposeless display ( _! misplac$ dext]ity4 ,b ! ma/]s ( ! art are m5 l ,rob]t ,hell] & ,buati] da ,kolta1 :o 7 accompli%$ com$ians1 ea* 9 8 own fa%ion1 & :o pres5t$ a succession ( little plays--= a truly good exp]im5t 9 magic is really a dim9utive drama4 ,x may be brief & simple--a play 9 "o act2 or x may be prolong$ & complicat$--a play 9 ?ree or five acts4 ,b l any o!r play x ought to possess a c5tral idea & to h a def9ite plot4 ,x %\ld t5d /raight t[>d its s+le conclusion1 :i* mu/ be ! logical developm5t ( all t has gone be=e2 t is to say1 x mu/ possess :at ! critics ( ! drama t]m ,unity ( ,action4 ,x %\ld h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end1 9 accord ) ,ari/otle's requirem5t = a trag$y4 ,x mu/ "w up to its culm9ation ) a /eadily increas+ int5sity ( int]e/4 ,x mu/ conta9 no?+ n directly contributory to ! />tl+ climax :i* is its surpris+ & satisfy+ conclusion4 ,x mu/ n digress or dally 9 by-pa?s1 h[ev] ent]ta9+ ^! may be 9 !mselves1 b pu% onw>d to its inevitable f9i%4 ,x is only by conceiv+ ( e "o ( 8 successive exp]im5ts z a play1 complete 9 itself & gov]n$ by ! inexorable laws ( ! drama1 t ! magician c rise to ! summit ( 8 art4 ,he is a conjur] & a com$ian at ! same "t1 mak+ 8 dext]ity ! s]vant ( 8 drama1 & nev] = a s+le mom5t all[+ ?is dext]ity to =ce itself ^u ! att5tion ( ! audi5ce4 ,inde$1 ! "o ?+ he ought to conceal is 8 possession ( any special gift 9 manipulation4 ,he %\ld keep 8 audi5ce ev] guess+ z to ! me?od ( 8 app>5t miracles4 ,,ii ,x is because ,rob]t-,h\d9 0 seem+ly ! fir/ conjur] to adopt ^! pr9ciples z 8 irrefragable code ( proc$ure t he is to be accept$ z ! fa!r ( mod]n magic4 ,he nev] all[$ himself to p>ade 8 skill 9 manipulat+ co9s & c>ds at ! risk ( di/ract+ ! att5tion ( ! spectators f ! c5tral & culm9at+ effect ar\nd :i* he _h con/ruct$ 8 plot4 ,no d\bt1 he possess$ dext]ity 9 abundance1 b x 0 subord9ate to 8 dramatic int5t4 ,no d\bt1 aga91 "s ( ! devices he us$ _h sometimes be5 employ$ by a long succession ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 conjur+4 ,z a matt] ( c\rse he avail$ himself ( all sorts ( m]e tricks1 ( +5i\s sleights1 & ( artful app>atus t ! conjur]s :o w5t be=e him _h devis$ = _! own use long be=e he 0 born4 ,an exp]im5t 9 magic--to use ! t]m t ,mr4 ,maskelyne pref]s1 is n a m]e trick--or at lea/ x ought n to be4 ,x is n ! exhibition ( a device or ( a sleight or ( an adroit me*anical app>atus4 ,r is x a coh]5t :ole1 direct 9 its developm5t1 no matt] h[ _m subtleties ( concealm5t & deception x may employ 9 ! c\rse ( its accompli%m5t4 ,mo/ amateurs 9 ! art ( magic1 & also only too _m pr(essional p]=m]s1 place _! reliance ma9ly ^u ! trick itself--! deceptive manipulation or ! novel app>atus--& are satisfi$ to get out ( x :at !y c4 ,!y inv5t new me?ods ( *ang+ a c>d or ( mak+ co9s pass into a box1 ov]look+ ! fact t ^! inv5tions are valueless except z !y may be utiliz$ to facilitate ! execution ( "o ( ^? l>g] feats :i* only are fairly to be entitl$ exp]im5ts 9 magic1 & :i* are di/+ui%$ always by ! direct simplicity & ! /raight=w>d unity ( _! plots4 ,9 fact1 an exp]im5t 9 magic mu/ aim at t totality ( effect1 t p]fect subord9ation ( ! m9or means to ! major end1 :i* ,poe insi/$ ^u z ! dom9ant *>act]i/ic ( ! true %ort-/ory4 ,& ?is totality ( effect c be a*iev$ only by ! rigor\s exclusion ( ev]y?+ :i* 9 any way contradicts t c5tral idea out ( :i* ! true %ort-/ory mu/ always be develop$4 ,unity & totality1 & a rigor\s ob$i5ce to :at ,h]b]t ,sp5c] call$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,economy ( ,att5tion--^! are ! ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! pres5tation ( a wor?y exp]im5t 9 magic4 ,an intimate fri5d ( ! late ,alex&] ,h]mann1 ! la/ ( a long l9e ( ,h]manns :o h be5 em95t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art1 has ass]t$ t ,alex&] ,h]mann 0 wont to insi/ t ! conjur] mu/ possess ?ree qualifications = ! practise ( 8 pr(ession4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is dext]ity2 ! second is dext]ity2 & ! ?ird is also dext]ity4 ,n[1 !re is a s5se 9 :i* ?is ass]tion is true2 b x may be easily misappreh5d$4 ,a conjur] ne$s to be dext]\s1 al?o m ?an "o ma/] ( mod]n magic1 notably ,rob]t ,hell]1 has n be5 pre-em95t 9 ! possession ( ?is qualification4 ,a mod]ate degree ( dext]ity is ess5tial1 & p]haps m ?an a mod]ate degree2 b dext]ity is n ! prime requisite1 :i* is r ! dramatic in/9ct1 or1 p]haps1 x _h bett] be call$ ! dramaturgic imag9ation1 t c hit on a new idea & build x up into a plot1 & ?us devise an exp]im5t 9 magic completely satisfactory to ! arti/ic s5se4 ,:at ! ma/] ( ! magic art nev] =gets is t dext]ity is n an end 9 itself2 x is only "o ( ! means by ! aid ( :i* ! m>vel may be wr\ght4 ,!re are1 to-day1 p]=m]s ( a surpass+ skill 9 ! manipulation ( c>ds & co9s1 capable ( feats :i* w\ld h be5 ! despair ( ,rob]t-,h\d9 & ( ,rob]t ,hell]2 & "s ( !m are s enamor$ ( _! own dext]ity t 9 _! eag]ness = its exhibition !y lose sight ( unity & totality4 ,z a result ( ?is lapse f ! l(ti] /&>ds ( _! art !y pres5t a disconc]t+ huddle ( sleights ( h& until ! amaz$ spectators lose all s5se ( progression1 z ^! bewild]+ effects tumble ov] "o ano!r )\t any attempt at climax4 ,su* a p]=mance is an empty display ( difficulty conqu]$ = its own sake2 x is only a sequ5ce ( /unts2 x is m]e vanity & vexation ( _s4 ,x is l ! favorite ,scot* di%1 ! haggis1 :i* is said to supply only confus$ fe$+4 ,x is always int]e/+ to note h[ ! pr9ciples ( ! arts h a c]ta9 relation1 & h[ we c con/antly discov] p>allels 9 two :olly diff]5t fields4 ,?is abuse ( dext]ity 9 ! art ( mod]n magic is closely ak9 to ! abuse ( toe-danc+ 9 ! art ( ! ballet4 ,z ! conjur] ought to h dext]ity at 8 comm& to s]ve :5 x is ne$$1 s ! accompli%$ ballet-danc] ought to be able to walk on h] toes1 :5 ?is feat w fit into ! s*eme ( ! special dance %e has und]tak5 to p]=m4 ,b = a danc] to conf9e h]self to ! execut+ ( a s]ies ( difficult /eps involv+ no?+ m ?an toe-danc+ is to circumscribe ! range ( h] art & to accept z ! end :at ought to be only ! means4 ,"h aga91 we h a frank sub/itution ( a s+le /unt = ! l>g] lib]ty accord$ by a m intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! true pr9ciples ( ! art4 ,! excessive toe-"w ( ! danc]1 l ! excessive dext]ity ( ! conjur]1 is at bottom only :at boys call %[+ (f2 & 9 ! long run ev5 boys tire ( ?is4 ,to desc5d to %[+ (f is equival5t to ! blund] common 9 bad ar*itecture1 :5 we _c help see+ t ! arti/ has gone afield to con/ruct 8 ornam5t1 in/ead ( conc5trat+ 8 ef=t on ornam5t+ 8 con/ruction4 ,s f> f p]mitt+ himself ev] to %[ (f1 or to invite att5tion to 8 own skill1 ! ma/] ( mod]n magic is c>eful always to conceal z f> z possible ! me?od by :i* he accompli%es 8 wond]s4 ,he utilizes at w & 9 conjunction +5i\s app>atus & manual dext]ity1 )\t ev] call+ ! att5tion ( ! spectators to ei!r4 ,he refra9s ev5 f turn+ up 8 sleeves or f pass+ = special exam9ation any ( ! objects he is employ+1 :ile tak+ c>e to let x be se5 accid5tally t ^! objects are really above suspicion4 ,l ! playwright con/ruct+ a play1 ! compos] ( an exp]im5t 9 magic mu/ ev] keep 9 m9d 8 audi5ce2 & he mu/ /rive always to =esee ! exact impression he is mak+ ^u ! spectators4 ,l ! playwright1 ! mod]n magician mu/ s build up ea* ( 8 exp]im5ts t x seizes ! att5tion ( ! spectators e>ly1 t x ar\ses _! int]e/1 t x holds ?is int]e/ unrelax$ to ! end1 & t at la/ x satisfies :ile x surprises4 ,?is c be a*iev$ only :5 all ! elem5ts ( ! exp]im5t1 ! idea itself1 ! plot1 ! dext]\s devices1 & ! +5i\s app>atus :i* may be necess>y1 are all s comb9$ & controll$ & h>moniz$ z to leave on ! memory ( ! audi5ce a cle> & consi/5t impression--inde$1 an impression s %>p t a majority ( ^? :o witness$ ! exp]im5t c\ld describe x ! next day4 ,x is ! disadvantage ( ! empty display ( dext]ity = its own sake t fails to leave ?is def9ite deposit 9 ! memory2 & ! spectators are q unable to recall ! c5tral effect4 ,?is is g5]ally because !re 01 9 fact1 no c5tral effect = !m to seize1 ! p]=m] hav+ scatt]$ 8 ef=ts1 z ?o he 7 us+ a %ot-gun in/ead ( hitt+ ! bull's-eye ) a s+le rifle-%ot4 ,! ma/] ( ! art is c>eful to economize ! att5tion ( 8 audi5ce1 to focus x1 s to speak1 & to arrange 8 sequ5ce ( effects s adroitly t1 h[ev] multif>i\s & ev5 complicat$ may be ! means :]eby he is a*iev+ 8 object1 ! result is atta9$ s directly & s simply t x c be appreh5d$ by ! spectators readily & in/antly4 ,! exp]im5t has be5 exhibit$ z ?o x 7 ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w1 ev5 if x is at ! same "t p]ceiv$ to be ! mo/ impossible to acc\nt =4 ,to arrive at ?is result ! p]=m] mu/ pres]ve an absolute simplicity ( mann]2 he pres5ts himself z a g5tleman amus+ himself by amus+ o!r g5tlem51 :o h come toge!r at 8 invitation to be amus$4 ,,iii ,a g5tleman amus+ o!r g5tlem5--t %\ld be ! ideal2 & ?is ideal n only =bids any fooli% cl[n+ & any trivial buffoon]y on ! "p ( ! p]=m]1 b x prohibits also any attempt on 8 "p to incite ! g5tlem5 he is amus+ to laugh at any "o ( _! own numb] :o may h be5 k9d en\gh to l5d a hat or a wat*1 or to come up on ! /age z a volunte] assi/ant by reque/4 ,no?+ is *eap]1 & no?+ is 9 worse ta/e1 ?an = ! p]=m] to make p]sonal rem>ks ab\t any memb] ( 8 audi5ce or to hold any "o ( ! spectators up to ridicule4 ,! conjur] is a com$ian play+ ! "p ( a mod]n magician1 b he is n a l[-com$ian1 ready to get a laugh at any price & at ! co/ ( any "o else4 ,he may be z pleasant z he c1 & ev5 z humor\s1 b he c pres]ve 8 own self-respect only by hav+ due reg>d to ! self-respect ( all ^? :o h ga!r$ to enjoy 8 p]=mance4 ,read]s ( ,rob]t-,h\d9's memoirs w rememb] h[ "o ( ! old-s*ool p]=m]s us$ to adv]tise t he w\ld ,eat a ,man ,alive1 & h[ he spr9kl$ fl\r & pepp] & salt all ov] ! hapless creature :o volunte]$ to be dev\r$1 & !n proce$$ to bite ! f+] ( ! disgu/$ & un=tunate victim4 ,?is is mo/ tol]able & n to be endur$4 ,if a dem& 7 to be made = a li/ ( ! books likely to be ! mo/ useful to ^? :o desire to ma/] ! pr9ciples ( ! art ( mod]n magic1 "o w\ld h to beg9 by recomm5d+ ! prelim9>y p]usal ( ! autobiography ( ,rob]t-,h\d91 f :i* a ho/ ( useful h9ts may be glean$4 ,! ,fr5*man tells u1 = in/ance1 h[ he once %[$ (f be=e ,torr9i & exhibit$ 8 manipulative skill ov] a pack ( c>ds1 mak+ a ne$less display ( dext]ity1 design$ to dazzle ! eyes ( ! spectators2 & h[ ,torr9i po9t$ out ! futility & ! disadvantage ( ?is4 ,!n x w\ld be well to consult ! invaluable s]ies ( volumes on mod]n magic by ,pr(essor ,h(fman :]e9 ! v>i\s tricks & sleights & app>atus are describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,^! books conta9 :at may be call$ ! raw mat]ial ( ! art1 ! processes :i* ! magician c employ at w 9 build+ up 8 l>g] exp]im5ts 9 magic1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be a complete play 9 itself4 ,f9ally1 :5 ! /ud5t has f\nd out h[ tricks c be done1 he w\ld d well to turn 8 att5tion to ',our ,magic1' by ,mr4 ,maskelyne & 8 associate1 ,mr4 ,david ,devant4 ,& f ?is logical treatise he c le>n h[ exp]im5ts 9 magic ought to be compos$4 ,x is f ?is admirable discussion ( ! basic pr9ciples ( mod]n magic t sev]al ( ! po9ts made 9 ?is essay h be5 borr[$4 ,mr4 ,devant calls att5tion to ! fact t new tricks are common1 new manipulative devices1 new examples ( dext]ity1 & new applications ( sci5ce1 :]eas new plots1 new ideas = effective pres5tation1 are r>e4 ,he describes a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( 8 own1 "s ( :i* utilize aga91 b 9 a novel mann]1 devices long famili>1 :ile o!rs are new bo? 9 idea & 9 _m ( ! subsidi>y me?ods ( execution4 ,"o ( ! mo/ hackney$ & yet "o ( ! mo/ effective illusions 9 ! rep]tory ( ! conjur]1 is t kn[n z ! ,ris+ ,c>ds4 ,! p]=m] br+s =w>d a pack ( c>ds1 sev]al ( :i* are drawn by memb]s ( ! audi5ce & return$ to ! pack1 :]eupon at ! comm& ( ! magician !y rise out ( ! pack1 "o aft] ! o!r1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y 7 drawn4 ,9 ! olde/ =m 9 :i* ?is illusion is describ$ 9 ! books on ! art ( magic1 ! pack is plac$ 9 a case support$ by a rod /&+ on a base2 & ! secret ( ! trick lies 9 ?is rod & its base4 ,! rod is really a holl[ tube1 & ! base is really an empty box4 ,! tube is fill$ ) s&1 on ! top ( :i* re/s a lead5 weight1 to :i* is atta*$ a ?read s arrang$ ov] & "u c]ta9 c>ds z to cause ! *os5 c>ds to rise :5 x desc5ds d[n ! tube2 & 9 putt+ ! c>ds into ! case ! conjur] releases a valve at ! bottom ( ! tube1 s t ! s& might escape into ! box1 :]eby ! weight is l[]$1 ! ?read !n do+ its allott$ "w1 & ! c>ds asc5d+ into view1 no matt] h[ f> di/ant f !m ! p]=m] may be /&+ :5 he a*ieves 8 miracle4 ,x seems likely t ! inv5tion ( ?is primitive app>atus may h be5 due to ! fact t "s eighte5?-c5tury conjur] happ5$ to obs]ve ! s& runn+ out ( an h\r-glass1 & set ab\t to f9d "s means :]eby ?is escape ( s& c\ld be utiliz$ 9 8 art4 ,! holl[ rod1 ! escap+ s&1 & ! desc5d+ weight h long s9ce be5 disc>d$2 b ! illusion ( ! ,ris+ ,c>ds survives & is n[ p]=m$ 9 an un5d+ v>iety ( ways4 ,! pack may be held 9 ! h& ( ! p]=m]1 )\t ! use ( any case2 or x may be plac$ 9 a glass goblet2 or x may be ti$ toge!r ) a ribbon & ?us susp5d$ f cords t sw+ to & fro almo/ ov] ! heads ( ! spectators1 & h[ev] !y may be isolat$1 ! *os5 c>ds rise ob$i5tly :5 !y are bidd54 ,! orig9al effect subsi/s1 ev5 ?o ! devices diff]4 ,x 0 left = ,mr4 ,devant to give a new twi/ to ?is old illusion4 ,= a full pack ( play+-c>ds he sub/itut$ t5 c>ds two or ?ree times l>g] ?an play+-c>ds1 & ) ! t5 num]als pr9t$ or pa9t$ 9 bold black4 ,^! pa/ebo>ds are giv5 = exam9ation1 & s is a case into :i* !y fit4 ,aft] !y h be5 duly inspect$ !y are put into ! case :i* is hung f *a9s4 ,a clean slate is also %[n1 & wrapp$ up & giv5 to a spectator to hold4 ,!n ?ree memb]s ( ! audi5ce are invit$ to write ea* a numb] compos$ ( ?ree figures1 & ^! ?ree numb]s are add$ by a f\r? spectator4 ,! total is f\nd to be writt5 on ! slate2 & !n at ! behe/ ( ! p]=m] ! c>ds conta9+ ! figures ( ?is total rise 9 prop] sequ5ce out ( ! case4 ,x may be not$ t ! writ+ on ! slate is also an old & well-worn device1 & s is ! me?od ( mak+ sure t ! total ( ! ?ree numb]s writt5 by diff]5t p]sons %all agree ) t already conceal$ on ! slate4 ,yet ^! ?ree famili> effects are "h unit$ 9 a refre%+ly novel exp]im5t 9 magic1 be+ n[ fitt$ into a new plot4 ,! devices !mselves are old en\gh1 b ,mr4 ,devant is entitl$ to full cr$it = ! new comb9ation4 ,,iv ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* ,rob]t-,h\d9 accept$ & :i* he seems to h tak5 ov] f ,torr9i1 ,messrs4 ,maskelyne & ,devant h elucidat$ 9 _! philosophic disquisition1 & yet 9 "o p>ticul> _! practise is n yet level ) _! prea*+4 ,be=e ,rob]t-,h\d9 & ,frikell1 or at lea/ be=e ,torr9i1 & ev5 aft] ^! ?ree arti/s _h set a bett] example1 ! majority ( conjur]s fill$ ! /age ) gaudy app>atus & insi/$ on its blaz+ ) an unnecess>y prodigality ( lights4 ,"o magician 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury came =w>d on a /age absolutely d>k1 & sudd5ly fir$ a pi/ol1 !reby light+ two hundr$ c&les arrang$ 9 pyramids beh9d him4 ,ano!r hung 8 /age ) black velvet & adorn$ x ) skulls4 ,torr9i & ,rob]t-,h\d9 made an approa* to ! unadorn$ simplicity ( an actual draw+-room1 al?o ,rob]t-,h\d9 seems to h p]mitt$ himself a long %elf at ! back ( 8 /age on :i* 8 v>i\s automatic figures 7 assembl$ await+ _! summons to take "p 9 ! program4 ,ev5 ,messrs4 ,maskelyne & ,devant are satisfi$ ) a /age-sett+ :i* is frankly only a /age-sett+--z /agy1 9 fact1 z ! ord9>y sc5]y to be se5 9 a v>iety-%[4 ,n[1 x may be admitt$ t a nondescript set ( ?is sort1 vaguely ,ori5tal1 ) ar*es & curta9s1 & some:at sugge/ive ( comic op]a1 may n be inappropriate :5 any "o ( ! bold] illusions is to be pres5t$--! ,box ,trick or ! ,a]ial ,susp5sion1 ! ,my/ic ,cab9et or ! ,talk+ ,sph9x4 ,inde$1 a special set ( sc5]y is (t5 actually necess>y = ! pres5tation ( m>vels dep5d+ ma9ly on optics or me*anics4 ,b = ! fir/ "p ( ! program1 :5 ! p]=m] appe>s 9 ord9>y ev5+-dress1 & :5 he is pres5t+ himself z a g5tleman 9 a draw+-room1 amus+ o!r g5tlem51 by means ( exp]im5ts 9 magic1 e "o ( :i* may be lik5$ to a little play1 :y %\ld n ! /age-set be t ( a draw+-room1 or ( a ba*elor's /udy1 z accurately reproduc$ z simil> rooms are reproduc$ 9 ! mod]n com$ies ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones & ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?omas8 ,! set accept$ by ,messrs4 ,maskelyne & ,devant is devoid ( ! actuality ( a real room2 x is fanta/ically /agy1 & !re=e x lacks bo? v]acity & dignity4 ,soon] or lat] "s mod]n magician1 9 advance ov] 8 rivals1 w take ?is f9al /ep1 & ! curta9 w rise on a /age ) a box-set reali/ically reproduc+ a h&some room1 ) all its decorations & hang+s & furniture 9 h>mony1 ,jacobean 9 /yle1 or ,*ipp5dale1 z ! p]=m]'s pref]5ce may be4 ,!re w be *airs & tables 9 _! prop] places2 !re w be book-cases1 & w9d[-boxes ( fl[]s2 & p]haps !re w be a cell>et1 :]e ! p]=m] may procure any goblet or decant] he ne$s4 ,!re w be a broad desk 9 ! c5t]1 ) its writ+-pad & its book-rack1 & possibly its heap ( magaz9es & weekly pap]s4 ,?is set ?us furni%$ w look l a room t has really be5 liv$ 92 x w h a door 9 ea* ( ! side walls1 & :5 ! curta9 rises ! /age w be empty4 ,!n ! doorbell w r+1 & ! s]vant w ent] at "o door1 &1 go+ across ! /age to ! o!r1 he w admit 8 ma/]--! ma/] at la/ ( ! truly mod]n art ( magic4 ,! magician w give 8 hat & coat to ! s]vant1 :o w take !m out1 & :o w nev] appe> on ! /age aga9 except 9 response to ! ma/]'s pressure on ! electric button1 ord9>ily us$ to summon a s]vant4 ,& ! magician w pres5t 8 succession ( exp]im5ts 9 magic1 utiliz+ only ! objects :i* he may borr[ f ! spectators1 or :i* w\ld naturally be f\nd 9 a g5tleman's room4 ,! app>5t abs5ce ( all app>atus1 ! naturalness ( ! environm5t1 ! easy simplicity & ! conv9c+ reality ( ! back-gr\nd--all ^! elem5ts w coalesce to height5 ! effect ( ! m>vels to be wr\ght by a com$ian play+ ! "p ( a magician4 7#aiab47 ,,xvi ,,! ,,lam5table ,,trag$y ,,( ,,pun* ,,& ,,judy ,,! ,,lam5table ,,trag$y ,,( ,,pun* ,,& ,,judy ,i ,:5 we consid] h[ cosmopolitan is ! population ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & h[ freely we h drawn ^u all ! races ( ,europe1 x is v curi\s t ! puppet-%[ does n fl\ri% 9 our ,am]ican cities z x fl\ri%es 9 _m ( ! t[ns on ! o!r side ( ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,! %rill squeak ( ,pun* is n infrequ5t 9 ! /reets ( ,london--al?o x may n n[ be he>d z (t5 z x 0 a score ( ye>s ago4 ,9 ,p>is 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,tuil]ies & ( ! ,luxemb\rg1 & aga9 9 ! ,*amps-,elysees :]e ! *ildr5 congregate 9 ! aft]noon1 !re are ne>ly half a doz5 enclosures rop$ (f & provid$ ) cane *airs s t spectators1 old & "y1 may be gladd5$ by ! vision ( ,poli*9elle1 & by ! pranks ( ,guignol4 ,yet ev5 9 ,p>is !re are n n[ z _m puppet-%[s z !re 7 fifty ye>s ago2 & 9 ,italy & 9 ,g]many ! travel] fails to f9d z frequ5t exhibitions ( ?is sort z he us$ to meet ) 9 ! ye>s t are gone4 ,app>5tly !re is ev]y:]e a wan+ int]e/ 9 ! plays p]=m$ by ! little troop ( p]sonages animat$ by ! ?umb & f+]s ( ! invisible p]=m]4 ,& p]haps ! decl9+ vogue ( ?is dim9utive drama 9 old ,europe is "o reason :y x has nev] a*iev$ a wide popul>ity 9 "y ,am]ica4 ,9 ,france ! puppet-%[ is /ation>y2 x has its fix$ habitation & abode2 & its lov]s c easily discov] :]e to f9d x :5 !y seek ! specific pleasure x alone c provide4 ,9 ,engl& ! spectacle ( ,pun* & ,judy is ambulatory2 ! blood?ir/y h]o & ! b]eav$ h]o9e roam ! /reets at l>ge1 & _! arrival 9 any "o av5ue ( traffic c nev] be pr$ict$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates poor ,pun* has nev] v5tur$ to %[ 8 face 9 ! op5 /reet1 seek+ ! suffrages ( ! casual ?rong2 he is n p]ipatetic b int]mitt5t1 & he makes 8 appe>ances only 9 private h\ses1 & only :5 he is s5t = specially to ent]ta9 ! *ildr5's p>ty4 ,"h 9 ,am]ica ,pun* is /ill a /rang] to ! broad public2 he has an exotic flavor2 he sugge/s ,dick5s1 someh[2 & he mu/ be :olly unkn[n to c\ntless ?\s&s :o w\ld rejoice to make 8 acqua9tance & to laugh at 8 t]rible de$s4 ,8 t]rible de$s6--p]haps !re is 9 ^! words a possible explanation = ! failure ( ,pun* to w9 favor among ! desc5dants ( ! ,puritans1 :o are always incl9$ to apply sev]e moral /&>ds ( conduct4 ,n[1 if we apply any moral /&>d at all to ! conduct ( ,mr4 ,pun*1 ! result is simply appall+1 = ! cu/om>y drama ( :i* he is ! sole h]o sets be=e u a /ory ( triumphant villa9y1 adequately to be comp>$ only ) ! da/>dly hi/ory ( ,ri*>d ,,iii 9 ,%aksp]e's melodramatic trag$y4 ,mr4 ,pun* is an accessory be=e ! fact 9 ! dea? ( 8 infant *ild1 & :5 8 devot$ wife v naturally remon/rates ) him1 he turns ^u h] ) invective & viol5ce--a viol5ce :i* culm9ates 9 assass9ation4 ,hav+ once se5 r$ & ta/$ blood1 he f9ds himself swiftly />t$ ^u a c>e] ( crime4 ,8 total depravity tempts him to a />tl+ succession ( hide\s murd]s4 ,he slays an in(f5sive negro1 a h>mless cl[n1 & a wor?y policeman4 ,!n he succe$s1 by a simple trick1 9 hang+ ! hangman himself4 ,by 8 fatal assaults ^u ^! two (fic]s ( ju/ice1 ! necess>y policeman & ! useful hangman1 ,mr4 ,pun* exhibits 8 contempt = ! maje/y ( ! law4 ,he /&s =?1 )\t a %r$ ( consci5ce1 z a practical an>*i/1 reject+ all au?ority4 ,8 h& is aga9/ e man & e man's h& is aga9/ him4 ,& hav+ violat$ ! laws ( ?is _w1 he f9ally discloses 8 call\s contempt = ! puni%m5t :i* ought to await him 9 ! next _w2 he has a h&-to-h& fight ) ! devil himself--a deadly /ruggle f :i* he em]ges victori\s4 ,& ?is is ! end1 :i* cr[ns ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,beh9d ! sc5es ,illu/ration3 ,pun* ?r[s away ! *ild ,illu/ration3 ,pun*1 ,judy1 & _! *ild ,illu/ration3 ,pun* quiets ,judy ,:5 we consid] ! sev]al episodes ( ,mr4 ,pun*'s abhorr5t hi/ory1 we are reluctantly =c$ to ! conclusion t 8 /ory is ev5 less in=m$ ) morality ?an t ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,! crookback$ k+ comes to a bad end at la/2 he meets ) ! j retribution = 8 _m misde$s2 & he falls be=e ! sword ( ,ri*mond4 ,b ,mr4 ,pun* comes to a good end1 & s f> z we may "k1 he lives happy ev] aft]1 l ! pr9ces & pr9cesses ( ! fairytales4 ,he may ev5 m>ry aga9 & h ano!r *ild1 to be made away ) 9 its turn4 ,! m we consid] 8 misde$s & 8 misadv5tures ! m %ock+ !y are to our moral s5se4 ,mr4 ,pun* appe>s z a mon/] ( su* hide\s mi5 t to be hat$ he ne$s b to be se54 ,?is is h[ he mu/ appe> to e "o ( u :o applies a moral /&>d to ! drama1 & :o is will+ to hold e "* 9 a play to a /rict acc\ntability = 8 words & de$s4 ,if we apply ?is moral /&>d to ! play ( ,pun* & ,judy1 !n t play mu/ be dismiss$ z pr(\ndly & hopelessly immoral1 c>ry+ e?ical infection to all :o are s un=tunate z to be spectators at its p]=mance4 ,& m p>ticul>ly1 x is an absolutely unfit piece = ! "y1 ^: immature m9ds ne$ to be gu>d$ aga9/ ev]y?+ :i* might t5d to confuse ! delicate di/9ctions betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 we d n apply a moral /&>d to ! say+s & do+s ( ,mr4 ,pun*1 = ! pla9 & suffici5t reason t he is n a human be+4 ,he is n a man & a bro!r1 ^u :om we may be tempt$ to patt]n ourselves4 ,he is b a six-in* puppet1 a ?+ ( %r$s & pat*es1 a wood5-head$ doll1 vitaliz$ = a mom5t only by ! h& conceal$ inside 8 flimsy body ) its flaunt+ colors4 ,he is too fanta/ic1 too impossible1 too unreal1 too unrelat$ to any possible _w1 = u to feel call$ ^u to fr[n ^u 8 misde$s or to take !m s]i\sly4 ,he is a joke1 & we "k t he is a joke1 & all ! *ildr5 "k t he is only a joke4 ,ev5 ! y\nge/ *ild is nev] tempt$ to believe 9 8 exi/5ce & to be mov$ to foll[ 8 example or to imitate 8 d>k de$s4 ,! pro( ( ! pudd+ is 9 ! eat+2 & ! pro( ( a play is 9 ! effect x produces ^u ! spectators4 ,we may "q :e!r any "o ( ! millions ( p]=mances ( ! lam5table trag$y ( ,mr4 ,pun* has sugge/$ to a s+le fa!r ! fatal neglect ( 8 (fspr+ or to a s+le husb& ! possibility ( wife-murd]4 ,& we may d\bt :e!r any *ild1 aft] witness+ ,mr4 ,pun*'s murd]\s combats ) ! policeman & ! devil1 has ev] felt any less5+ ( 8 respect = ^? two "t-honor$ gu>dians ( law & ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,pun* on 8 /e$ ,illu/ration3 ,pun* tea*es ,jack ,ket* h[ to hang a man ,illu/ration3 ,pun* 9 prison ,illu/ration3 ,pun* kills ! ,devil ,! plea ( confession & avoidance :i* is "h set up = ,pun* & ,judy is mu* ! same z t set up by ,*>les ,lamb = ! frolicsome ,re/oration com$ies4 ,lamb admitt$ t !y 7 degrad+ly immoral--if y took !m s]i\sly & accept$ !m z pictures ( life4 ,b he insi/$ t !y 7 n really am5able to ?is moral /&>d1 s9ce !y 7 pla9ly impossible 9 any _w kn[n to man4 ,macaulay _h no difficulty 9 %[+ t ,lamb 0 judg+ o!rs by 8 clev] & sophi/icat$ self4 ,to ,lamb ! creatures ( ,wy*]ley & ,congreve might reveal mann]s & cu/oms :i* remov$ !m f ! sph]e ( recognizable humanity2 b ! majority ( 8 fell[-spectators 7 n s nimble-witt$2 !y saw *>act]s on ! /age p]sonat$ by liv+ p]=m]s1 & !y beheld ^! *>act]s %amelessly do+ %ameful ?+s4 ,because ! p]sons 9 ! play 7 repres5t$ by actual human be+s !y seem$ indisputably human2 & _! de$s c\ld n be consid]$ z outside morality4 ,yet ! plea made by ,lamb = ! ,re/oration com$ies has a c]ta9 validity :5 x is put =w>d 9 behalf ( ,mr4 ,pun*4 ,he is n p]sonat$ by an actual human be+2 & ev5 ! lea/ sophi/icat$ ( juv5ile spectators does n accept him z a fell[-creature /rictly am5able to ! human code4 ,,ii ,hi/orians ( ! ,greek drama h (t5 comm5t$ on ! fact t ! ,a!nian actors wore t[]+ masks1 & t !reby !y 7 depriv$ ( all facial expression4 ,9 our snug mod]n !at]s1 ) _! well-light$ /ages1 we foll[ ) our eyes ! %ift+ emotions z ^! *ase ea* o!r across ! faces ( ! actors2 & ?is is "o ( our ke5e/ pleasures 9 ! playh\se4 ,9 ! huge !at] ( ,dionysius at ,a!ns1 ) its t5 or tw5ty ?\s& spectators1 seat$ ti] on ti]1 along ! curv+ hillside ( ! ,acropolis1 ! actor 0 too f> remov$ f mo/ ( ! playgo]s = any play ( feature to be visible2 & critics h commis]at$ ! ,attic dramati/s on _! deprivation ( ?is elem5t ( pot5t appeal4 ,yet ! "q arises :e!r ! ,greek playwrights 7 really ! los]s by ?is immobility ( ! actors' faces2 & we may be all[$ to d\bt t !y 7 :5 we recall ! fact t ! faces ( ,mr4 ,pun* & ( ,mrs4 ,judy1 ( ! policeman & ( ! hangman1 are also fix$ once = all4 ,! expression t ,mr4 ,pun* we>s :5 he is fondl+ ! baby is1 p]=ce1 ! same :i* illum9ates 8 face :5 he is engag$ 9 joyful combat ) ! devil1 a foeman wor?y ( 8 /ick4 ,"h ! imag9ation ( ! spectator comes to ! rescue4 ,! wood5 head ( ,mr4 ,pun* is un*ang+1 no d\bt2 b ^? :o gaze entranc$ ^u 8 m>vel\s do+s nev] miss ! play ( feature :i* !y w\ld expect if !y 7 "p ( ! audi5ce 9 a playh\se = gr[n-ups4 ,q possibly ! ,a!nian spectators did n m9d ! immobility ( ! masks _! actors wore2 inde$1 t v immobility may h be5 an inc5tive to _! imag9ations4 ,:5 ! ,greeks w5t to _! op5-air !at]1 z :5 we ga!r ar\nd ! t5t-l !at] ( ,mr4 ,pun*1 !y knew 9 advance1 z we also "k1 t ! faces ( ! p]=m]s w\ld be un*ang+2 !re=e !y did n expect any v>iety ( expression2 & probably !y got along z well )\t x z we d at a puppet-%[4 ,!re is ano!r lik5ess betwe5 ,attic trag$y & ,pun* & ,judy2 !re is a limitation 9 ! numb] ( *>act]s we are all[$ to see at ! same "t4 ,z ! hidd5 p]=m] :o op]ates all ! figures has only two h&s1 he c br+ be=e u at any "o mom5t only ,mr4 ,pun* & "o o!r ( ! sev]al *>act]s4 ,! f+]s ( ! "r h& animate ,mr4 ,pun*1 & ! f+]s ( ! left h& animate 9 turn ,mrs4 ,judy & ! negro & ! cl[n4 ,at ,a!ns 7= reasons :i* ne$ n "h be discuss$7 ! dramati/ _h ! use ( only ?ree actors1 ev5 ?o ^! might ea* ( !m d\ble & appe> z two or m ( ! successive *>act]s ( ! play4 ,s x 0 t !re 7 nev] m ?an ?ree p]sons tak+ "p 9 any giv5 episode ( an ,attic trag$y z !re are nev] m ?an two p]sons tak+ "p 9 any giv5 episode ( ,pun* & ,judy4 ,9 ! ?umb-&-f+] plays devis$ 9 ,p>is by ,m4 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville1 he felt s sev]ely ! inconv5i5ce ( 8 limitation to two *>act]s t he devis$ a k9d ( spiral-spr+ arrangem5t inside ! co/umes ( 8 little figures to hold up _! heads2 & he prep>$ invisible supports jutt+ out j bel[ ! flat l$ge :i* =ms ! base ( ! prosc5ium4 ,?us he 0 enabl$ to leave ! figure 9 sight1 :ile he )drew 8 h& to animate ano!r "*4 ,8 ,pupazzi1 z he call$ !m1 7 clev] c>icatures ( contempor>y celebrities2 & he 0 +5i\s en\gh sometimes to maneuv] half a doz5 ( !m at once ) 8 s+le pair ( h&s1 f\r adju/$ into ! project+ re/s1 & two on 8 f+]s4 ,9 ! sumptu\s puppet-%[ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,tuil]ies ! same result is a*iev$ by ! employm5t ( two or ?ree manipulators1 s t f\r or ev5 six figures may appe> at once4 ,?is has greatly enl>g$ ! scope ( ! p]=mance2 & ! manag] ( ?is !at] has v ambiti\s aims4 ,he likes to re>range = 8 juv5ile audi5ce ! mo/ appropriate ( ! pieces :i* h won favor 9 ! real !at]s1 & to pres5t ^! ) all sorts ( spectacul> adornm5ts4 ,he has ev5 v5tur$ to give plays z elaborate z ',ar\nd ! ,_w 9 ,eighty ,days4' ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is vault+ ambition has n ov]leap$ itself1 & :e!r a puppet-%[ does n ga9 r ?an lose by re/rict+ its ef=ts )9 n>r[] limits4 ,aft] all1 no?+ s delights u at a puppet-%[ z ! feats :i* are mo/ *>act]i/ic & lea/ difficult ( accompli%m5t4 ,we joy to behold "o t9y figure belabor+ ano!r ) 8 solid club or to foll[ ! vicissitudes ( a b\t at s+le-/ick1 :5 bo? combatants ?wack lu/ily at ea* o!r's wood5 heads4 ,,iii ,yet ?is m5tion ( ,m4 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville's ,pupazzi1 ) _! v>i$ rep]tory ( ,ari/ophanic comm5t>ies on curr5t ev5ts1 & ?is memory ( ! spectacul> ef=ts exhibit$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,tuil]ies1 sugge/ a possible explanation = ! fact t ,pun* & ,judy h fail$ to f9d wide-spread favor "h 9 ,am]ica & t !y seem to be los+ _! pri/9e popul>ity 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is a pitiable monotony ( program 9 all ,engli%-speak+ puppet-%[s4 ,!y conf9e _! rep]tory to ! s+le play :i* sets =? ! de$s & misde$s ( ,mr4 ,pun*4 ,n[1 9 ! ,cont95t ( ,europe !re is no su* monotony4 ,n only 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,tuil]ies b 9 ! ,*amps-,elysees a "y spectator c sit ?ru p]=mance aft] p]=mance )\t fe> ( hav+ to witness ! same piece4 ,pun* appe>s 9 only "o drama1 :]eas 8 ,fr5* rival1 ,guignol1 9 8 "t plays _m p>ts1 ) a ho/ ( o!r *>act]s to be 8 associates1 "s 9 "o piece & "s 9 ano!r4 ,& ! sev]al plays are adorn$ ) a v>iety ( sc5]y4 ,( c\rse1 !re _c be a v wide range ( subject2 & always is ! /ick a prom95t feature 9 ! m9iature drama4 ,!re are a c]ta9 numb] ( traditional ,guignol pieces1 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 pr9t$ = ! use ( devot$ /ud5ts ( ! drama1 & "s are to be _h 9 little pamphlets = ! b5efit ( ! happy ,fr5* *ildr5 :o may h _h a puppet !at] ) its doz5 or m figures pres5t$ to !m z a ,new ,ye>'s gift4 ,!re is 9 ! ,dramatic ,museum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity ! manuscript ( half a doz5 ( ^! little plays1 writt5 out 79 all ! lic5se ( 8 own simplifi$ spell+7 by ! incomp>able p]=m] :o 0 9 *>ge ( ! lead+ ,guignol 9 ! ,*amps-,elysees 9 #ahfg4 ,x is r curi\s t ! ,engli% puppet-%[ %\ld h conf9$ itself = n[ ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s to ! unique ,pun* & ,judy1 :5 ! puppet-%[s ( o!r c\ntries h a *ang+ rep]tory4 ,x 0 a puppet p]=mance ( a ,g]man p]v]sion ( ,m>l[e's ',doctor ,fau/us' :i* fir/ introduc$ ,goe! to ! ,fau/ leg5d4 ,george ,s&1 unlike ! great ,g]man poet 9 mo/ ways1 0 yet l him 9 h] delight 9 ! puppet-%[4 ,9 h] c\ntry place at ,nohant1 %e _h a t9y !at] ( h] own = :i* %e dress$ all ! puppets1 :ile h] son ,maurice c>v$ ! heads1 pa9t$ ! sc5]y1 devis$ ! plays1 & improvis$ ! dialog4 ,maurice ,s& x 01 sometimes alone1 b occasionally ) ! aid ( a fri5d1 :o manipulat$ ! little figures & be/[$ ^u !m a mom5t>y vitality4 ,8 "m p]suad$ him to write out a doz5 ( ! m successful ( 8 little plays = puppets & to publi% !m2 & ?is volume1 ! ',!atre des ,m>ionnettes a ,nohant1' appe>$ 9 #ahgf4 ,george ,s& h]self wrote a delightful acc\nt ( ! humble beg9n+s ( ?is fam\s puppet-%[1 & describ$ h[ !re came 9 "t to be all sorts ( +5i\s improvem5ts = a*iev+ spectacul> effects4 ,%e decl>$ t ! puppet-%[ is n :at x is va9ly ?\ght1 because x dem&s an art ( a special k9d1 n only 9 ! con/ruction ( ! little figures !mselves1 b m especially 9 ! /ory :i* ^! little figures are to int]pret4 ,%e held t ! p>ticul> field ( ! puppet playwright-p]=m] 0 to be f\nd 9 ! dramatization ( protract$ fanta/ic romances1 ab\nd+ 9 comic *>act]s & 9 comic episodes & gratify+ ! fundam5tal human lik+ = long-drawn tales ( adv5ture & = fanta/ic fairy-/ories4 ,%e f\nd 9 h] son's act$ n>ratives a re/ f reality1 a release f ! oppression ( e-day life1 an excursion into a realm ( fancy & ( leg5d--ev5 if ! leg5d 0 itself a fanciful inv5tion ( ! improvis+ p]=m]4 ,& %e decl>$ t %e lik$ ! puppet playh\se 9 h] own home1 because x 0 a dome/ic & fireside pleasure1 :i* c\ld be enjoy$ )\t ! ex]tion impos$ by a visit to a real !at]4 ,obvi\sly %e f\nd z mu* delight 9 be+ a spectator--aft] hav+ be5 a co/um]--z h] son did 9 be+ ! au?or & op]ator ( ! spectacle4 ,,iv ,!re is "o note to be made ^u ,george ,s&'s acc\nt ( ! sl[ developm5t ( ! puppet-%[ at ,nohant1 beg9n+ z e>ly z #ahdg4 ,if y w look at any set ( ,pun* & ,judy figures hung up to-day 9 ! toy /ore to tempt ! eye ( ,"y ,am]ica1 y w discov] alongside ,mr4 ,pun* & ,mrs4 ,judy1 ,jack ,ket* & ! ,devil1 a /range gre5 figure ) huge jaws & d\ble r[s ( :ite tee?4 ,?is v]dant bea/ has a body l all o!r ,pun* & ,judy figures1 a loose clo? funnel to slip ov] ! sleeve ( ! op]ator2 b its head sugge/s ! head ( an alligator1 or ( a crocodile1 or ( a dragon4 ,n[1 if y w turn to ! classic text ( ! ,engli% play ( ,pun* & ,judy1 edit$ ) a le>n$ introduction & an abundance ( s*ol>ly annotation by ,john ,payne ,colli]--at lea/1 s x is believ$1 al?o ! r>e little book is anonym\s--y w f9d no m5tion ( any /range bea/ ( ?is sort4 ,colli]'s text ( ! play is adorn$ by two doz5 illu/rations1 et*$ by ,george ,cruik%ank1 & 9 no "o ( ^! plates w y discov] any crocodile1 or alligator1 or dragon4 ,y w f9d ,toby1 ! dog1 :o /ill survives 9 mo/ ( ! few %[s to be se5 to-day 9 ! /reets ( ,london2 & y w f9d ,hector1 ! gallant /e$ t ,mr4 ,pun* m\nts ) difficulty--& x is sad to h to record t ,hector is no long] 9 ! s]vice ( ,mr4 ,pun*4 ,9 fact1 "o devot$ admir] ( puppet-%[s1 ^: memory goes back ne>ly fifty ye>s1 is ready to decl>e t he has nev] laid eyes on ,hector--except 9 ,cruik%ank's illu/rations4 ,b ,mr4 ,pun*1 depriv$ ( ! privilege ( be/rid+ ,hector1 n[ enjoys ! fi]c] delight ( ov]com+ ! gre5-ey$ alligator4 ,"h we h a "q ( pr(\nd hi/oric int]e/4 ,:5ce came ! /range bea/ ) ! wide jaws8 ,& "h is :]e ,george ,s&'s pleasant pap] is a v pres5t help 9 "t ( ne$4 ,%e tells u t h] son bes\ght h] to make a gre5 mon/] = "o ( ! e>lie/ pieces he devis$ = h] puppet-figures4 ,%e did z %e 0 bid1 & %e sacrific$ a pair ( blue velvet slipp]s to provide ! m>vel\s creature ) 8 g5tly smil+ jaws4 ,%e draws att5tion to ! fact t ! slipp]s 7 blue1 & to ! fur!r fact t nev]!less ! /range bea/ 0 always call$ ! ,gre5 ,mon/]4 ,& "h may be ! explanation ( ! hi/oric my/]y4 ,! fame ( ! puppets ( ,nohant 0 borne abroad2 !y 7 talk$ ab\t all ?ru ,france2 & !y 7 discuss$ aga9 & aga9 9 ! ,p>isian newspap]s4 ,:at m likely ?an t "o ( ! pr(essional puppet play]s %\ld h se5 ! inf9ite possibilities ( ! ,gre5 ,mon/]1 & %\ld h p]ceiv$ its novel fasc9ation = *ildr58 ,!reupon he borr[$ x = 8 own p]=mances4 ,c]ta9ly x is t ! ,gre5 ,mon/] is a "* 9 at lea/ "o ( ! manuscript plays pres]v$ 9 ! ,dramatic ,museum ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & writt5 out half a c5tury ago4 ,probably ! ,gre5 ,mon/] /ray$ f ! puppet-%[ ( ! ,*amps-,elysees soon] or lat] to "o ( ! toy /ores ( ,p>is at ! reque/ ( "s boy :o desir$ x = 8 own4 ,:5 ! ,gre5 ,mon/] _h elect$ domicile 9 ! /ores ( ,p>is1 he 0 soon appropriat$ by ! toy-mak]s ( ,g]many = export to ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 7#aiab47 ,,xvii ,,! ,,puppet-,,play1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,! ,,puppet-,,play1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t ,i ,9 h] *>m+ & in/ructive acc\nt ( ! +5i\s puppet-%[s ) :i* h] son ,maurice us$ to amuse himself & h] gue/s at ,nohant half a c5tury ago1 ,george ,s& records ! fact t ! erudite s*ol>1 ,magnan1 :o wrote a le>n$ hi/ory ( ! puppet-%[ f ! remote/ antiquity1 did n discrim9ate %>ply betwe5 ! two entirely diff]5t k9ds ( little figures1 bo? ( :i* are c>elessly call$ puppets 9 ,engli%1 & m>ionettes 9 ,fr5*4 ,"o class comprises ^! empty & flexible figures :i* are animat$ by ! ?umb & two f+]s ( ! p]=m] :o exhibits !m by hold+ 8 h&s above 8 head1 z 9 ! ',pun* & ,judy' %[4 ,! o!r conta9s ! l>g] dolls1 susp5d$ on wires 7:i* are suppos$ to be invisible7 & manipulat$ by "o or m p]=m]s ov]head1 :o give life to ^! figures by j]k+ ! v>i\s /r+s z ! action ( ! play may require4 ,^! la/ are ! true m>ionettes2 & = ! fir/ we h1 un=tunately1 no di/9ctive "n4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ! two v diff]5t types ( puppets are n set ap>t f ea* o!r satisfactorily by ! contributor ( ! article on m>ionettes 9 ! late/ edition ( ! ',encyclop$ia ,britannica4' ,ea* ( ^! two sorts ( puppets has an int]e/ ( its own2 & ea* ( !m has its special & peculi> relation to ! drama4 ,bo? ( !m h a long & honorable hi/ory1 & c be trac$ back 9 ! scanty records ( a remote antiquity2 al?o x seems m likely t ! true m>ionette--! little figure mov$ by wires f ov]head--is ! old] ( ! two1 ant$at+ by _m c5turies ! ,pun* & ,judy figure1 :i* owes its abrupt & awkw>d movem5ts to ! human ?umb & f+]s4 ,bo? classes are to be f\nd to-day all ov] ! _w1 n only 9 ! cities ( civilization1 b 9 unsuspect$ nooks & corn]s on all ! %ores ( all ! sev5 seas4 ,9 ,turkey1 = example1 "u ! "n ( ,k>aguez1 !re is a ,pun* & ,judy ( enorm\s popul>ity & ( d\btful dec5cy1 :ile 9 ,siam !re are m>ionettes :i* p]=m religi\s plays ( traditional appeal4 ,app>5tly ! puppet-%[ ( "o type or ! o!r satisfies 9 its fa%ion t dramatic in/9ct :i* e p possesses 9 great] or less int5sity4 ,bo? k9ds ( puppet-%[ fl\ri% 9 ,france1 & h !re be5 lift$ to a m elevat$ plane ( art2 & bo? k9ds reta9 _! popul>ity 9 ,italy1 al?o 9 an humbl] =m4 ,! ,fr5* are invet]ate arti/s2 & !y are l ! ,greeks 9 desir+ to d all ?+s dec5tly & 9 ord]4 ,! ,italians h1 p]haps1 a /rong] native gift = ! drama & !y are ready to enjoy a simpl] & m primitive puppet-play4 ,x is f ,italy t we :o speak ,engli% h d]iv$ our ,pun* & ,judy4 ,mr4 ,pun* is a direct desc5dant ( t favorite figure ( robu/ ,neapolitan f>ce1 ,pulc9ella2 & s is ! ,fr5* ,poli*9elle4 ,& 9 ,italy to-day ! true m>ionettes h an ev5 broad] popul>ity ?an ! ,pun* & ,judy figures4 ,! ,italians :o h lately flock$ to ,am]ica 9 _! ?\s&s1 until ,new ,york n[ conta9s m ( !m ?an ,v5ice1 h import$ 9 ! orig9al package ! leg5d>y puppet-%[ sett+ =? ! romantic /ories ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( ! e>ly ,r5asc5ce4 ,we look ^u ,mr4 ,pun* z comic2 b ! ,italians take _! pleasure s]i\sly & ! m>ionettes 9 _! puppet-%[s to be se5 9 ,new ,york are truly h]oic1 & n infrequ5tly highly tragic4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman puppets ,greek & ,roman puppets ,puppet ( ,java ,9 ! int]e/+ discussion ( ',m$ieval ,/ory1' 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,lawr5ce ( ,columbia ,univ]sity has trac$ ! influ5ce ( v>i\s ideals ( ! ,middle ,ages ^u our mod]n social organization1 he has a /rik+ description ( ! m>ionette p]=mances :i* ! exiles ( ,italy h br\ght ) !m to ,am]ica4 ,any "o :o walks ?ru ! ,italian qu>t] ( ,new ,york ,city 9 ! ev5+ may notice ov] a doorway an illum9at$ sign1 ',!at] ( ,m>ionettes4' ,if 8 curiosity tempts him inside1 into ! l[ room cr[d$ ) en?usia/ic spectators1 he w see1 on a rude /age1 a gr\p ( puppets almo/ z l>ge z life1 repres5t+ knights & ladies1 act+ out a little drama 9 response to ! j]k+ ( /r+s fa/5$ to _! arms1 & ( iron rods firmly fix$ 9 _! heads4 ,! w>riors are gorge\sly attir$ 9 %9+ armor & plum$ helmets2 & ! ladies h wond]ful co/umes ( bright colors1 ) a great deal ( embroid]y & decoration4 ,an ,italian 9 %irt-sleeves 9 ! w+s at ! side ( ! /age speaks _! l9es = !m1 ) all ! elocution>y fl\ri%es :i* he c comm&4 ,fi]cely immobile z to expression1 b mo/ active z to arms & legs1 ^! manik9s m>* ab\t1 soliloquize1 make love1 & debate 9 c\ncil4 ,b x is _! battles :i* ar\se ! greate/ en?usiasm among ! audi5ce2 &1 inde$1 ^! are f\ght 9 a way t is a joy to see4 ,!n x is t h]oic de$s are done--t9 swords res\nd ^u t9 armor1 helmets are batt]$ ab\t & knock$ (f1 du/ rises f ! field1 ! valiant dead fall 9 />+ heaps4 ,at su* mom5ts ! spectators c h>dly re/ra9 !mselves f emotion1 yet ! /ory is well kn[n to !m--p]haps "s "o sitt+ ne> by w volunte] to expla9 x1 ass]t+ t he has kn[n x ev] s9ce he 0 a boy & t he has read x all 9 a book :i* he has at home1 call$ ',reali di ,franci4' ,x is a v]sion ( ! old tale ( ,*>lemagne & 8 knights1 :i*1 aft] travel+ f> f its native home 9 ,france1 0 tak5 up by ! ,italian p _m c5turies ago1 & made s mu* _! own t few h]oes h be5 clos] to _! he>ts ?an ,rol&1 or z !y call him1 ,orl&o4 ,ev5 9 _! homes 9 ! ,new ,_w !y /ill celebrate him1 s t ! v newsboys 9 ! /reets ( mod]n ,am]ica are keep+ alive ! h]oic traditions ( ! age ( ,*>lemagne4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,sicilian m>ionette %[ ,f ,by ,italian ,seas1 by ,erne/ ,c4 ,peixotto ,,ii ,:5 we comp>e ! acc\nt :i* ,pr(essor ,lawr5ce has "h giv5 ( ! ,italian puppet-%[s 9 ,new ,york ) ! description ( ^! same p]=mances 9 _! native l& half a c5tury ago1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ',roba di ,roma' ( ,w4 ,w4 ,/ory1 ! ,am]ican sculptor-poet1 we p]ceive t !re has be5 little modification ( me?od 9 ! pa/ ?reescore ye>s4 ,/ory /udi$ all sides ( ! ,roman populace1 & he ma9ta9$ t no?+ 0 m *>act]i/ically ,italian ?an ! m>ionette !at]4 ,he tells u t ! love = ! act+ ( buratt9i or puppets is univ]sal among ! l[] classes ?ru\t ,italy1 & 9 "s cities1 especially 9 ,g5oa1 no pa9s are sp>$ 9 _! co/ume1 con/ruction1 & movem5t to r5d] !m lifelike4 ,!y are made ( wood1 g5]ally f two to ?ree feet 9 height1 ) v l>ge heads1 & sup]natural gl>+ eyes t nev] w9k1 & are clad 9 all ! spl5dor ( t9sel1 velvet1 & /eel4 ,_! jo9ts are s flexible t ! lea/ weight or /ra9 ^u !m effects a dislocation1 & !y are mov$ by wires atta*$ to _! heads & extremities4 ,! l>ge/ are only ab\t half ! height ( a man1 yet z ! /age & all ! appo9tm5ts & sc5]y are ^u ! same scale ( proportion1 ! eye is soon deceiv$1 & accepts !m z ( life-size4 ,b if by accid5t a h& or arm ( "o ( ! wire-pull]s appe>s f beh9d ! sc5es or desc5ds bel[ ! hang+s1 x />tles y by its port5t\s size2 & ! audi5ce 9 ! /age-boxes in/ead ( r$uc+ ! buratt9i to ,lilliputians by contra/1 z !y lean =w>d1 become !mselves ,brobd+nagians1 ) elephant9e h&s & heads4 ,/ory insi/$ t !re is no?+ ludicr\s to an ,italian audi5ce 9 ! p]=mances ( ^! dim9utive m5 & wom54 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is m s]i\s bo? to ! spectators & to ! un=ese5 op]ators4 ,9 fact1 he decl>$1 no human be+ c\ld be s s]i\s z ^! t9y p]=m]s4 ,_! c\nt5ances are z solemn z dea?1 & m un*ang+ ?an ! face ( a clock4 ,_! t]rible gravity :51 ) droop+ heads & collaps$ arms1 !y fix on y _! great goggle-eyes is at times gha/ly4 ,! plays !y p]=m are mo/ly h]oic1 romantic1 & hi/orical4 ,!y /oop to no?+ :i* is n />tl+ 9 incid5t1 impos+ 9 /yle1 & gr&iose 9 movem5t4 ,& ! ,italian audi5ce li/5s ) a grave & pr(\nd int]e/1 z ?o ! p]=m]s 7 n m]e puppets1 b actually ! h]oes !y are suppos$ to be4 ,! inflat$ & extravagant disc\rse ( ! *>act]s is accept$ at its face value2 to ! spectators x is gr& & noble4 ,& ! =eign visitor mu/ control any desire he may feel to smile at ! extraord9>y spectacle he is witness+1 & at ! m>vel\s rodomontade he is he>+4 ,to laugh out l\d at "o ( ^! h]oic puppet-plays w\ld be z indecor\s z to indulge 9 laught] dur+ a *ur* s]vice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,belgian puppet ,a ,*9ese puppet !at] ,puppet figure repres5t+ ! y\ng] ,coquel9 ,incid5tal to ! h]oic dramas :i* ! puppets play are int]ludes ( ballet-danc+ l ^? :i* are int]calat$1 m or less adroitly1 into ! gr& op]a p]=m$ by full-gr[n m5 & wom54 ,! ,italians are born pantomimi/s1 & !y are accompli%$ danc]s4 ,!re=e1 !re is no reason = surprise t human pantomime & human danc+ are imitat$ 9 ! m>ionette !at]s4 ,!re is reason = surprise1 h[ev]1 t ,/ory did n p]ceive cle>ly ! advantages possess$ by ! danc+ puppets ov] ! danc]s ( m solid fle% & blood4 ,he f\nd some?+ comic 9 ! pantomime ( ! puppets1 ^: e motion is effect$ by wires1 :o imitate ! ge/ures ( despair ) h&s t _c %ut1 &1 ) a wood5 gravity ( c\nt5ance1 ?r[ _! bodies into t]rible contortions to make up = ! lack ( expression 9 ! face4 ,9 m]e pantomime x is probable t ! puppets w\ld labor "u a s]i\s disability1 = if a p]=m] _c use 8 voice1 he ne$s facial expression to assi/ ! ge/ures by :i* only c he !n convey 8 mean+ to ! o!r p]=m]s & to ! spectators4 ,p]haps x is n too mu* to ass]t t ! puppet-%[ is n ! prop] place = pantomime4 ,,iii ,we ne$ n wond] t ,/ory admitt$ _! danc+ to be sup]ior to _! pantomime4 ,yet he fail$ to appreciate ! true cause ( ?is sup]iority1 & he 0 incl9$ to comm5t ^u ! danc+ ( ! buratt9i 9 a some:at satiric fa%ion4 ,he tells u h[ ! pr9cipal danc] sudd5ly appe>s1 knocks h] wood5 knees toge!r1 & j]k+ h] head ab\t1 salutes ! audi5ce ) a smile q z artificial z we c\ld see 9 ! be/ tra9$ ( h] fle%ly rivals4 ,b ?is artificial smile mu/ h be5 fix$ & p]man5t on ! features ( ?is dim9utive danc]--or else ! ,roman-,am]ican essayi/ m]ely imag9$ its pres5ce4 ,!n1 ) a ma/]ly ease1 aft] describ+ air-circles ) h] toes f> high] ?an h] head & pois+ h]self 9 impossible positions1 %e b\nds or r flies =w>d ) sup]human lightness1 p]=ms feats ( *oreography to awak5 envy 9 ,c]ito & drive ,elssl] to despair1 &1 pois+ on h] po9t$ toe t disda9s to t\* ! floor1 turns nev]-end+ pir\ettes on no?+ at all1 till at la/1 ?r[+ bo? h] wood5 h&s =w>d1 %e sudd5ly comes to a swift /op to receive y\r applause4 ,?is description is unsympa!tic1 & x induces ! surmise t ! op]ator ( ! buratt9i at ! p]=mance describ$ 0 n a ma/] ( 8 art & did n "k h[ to pr(it by ! possibilities ( t art4 ,yet "o ( ,/ory's phrases s]ves to expla9 :y ! susp5d$ puppet is sup]bly qualifi$ to excel 9 ballet-danc+2 t phrase is ! "o :i* cr$its ! danc+ doll ) sup]natural lightness4 ,a skilful op]ator ( ! wires :i* be/[ life & movem5t & grace1 is able to imitate easily & exquisitely ! mo/ difficult feats ( ! human danc]4 ,if he is suffici5tly adroit he robs 8 susp5d$ figure ( all awkw>dness1 & he d[]s h] ) a float+ e!reality surpass+ t atta9able by any liv+ p]=m]4 ,n[1 ?is float+ e!reality is precisely ! quality :i* gives u mo/ pleasure :5 we are spectators at ! p]=mance ( a really f9e ballet4 ,x is ! supreme art ( ! great danc] to so> lightly al(t1 seem+ to spurn ! /age & to abide 9 ! air4 ,only v r>ely is ?is illusion possible to ! m]ely human danc]2 & :5 a*iev$ x is b fleet+4 ,yet ?is illusion is absolutely )9 ! control ( ! manipulator ( ! puppet-danc]s4 ,he c make !m execute feats ( levitation1 a*ievable only by ! mo/ m>vel\sly gift$ & by ! mo/ ardu\sly tra9$ ( human danc]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,puppets 9 ,burma ,illu/ration3 ,! puppet play ( ,ma/] ,pet] 7,italian7 ,( c\rse1 ! skilful p]=m] mu/ c>efully avoid sw++ 8 t9y figures aimlessly ?ru ! air4 ,he mu/ limit ! feats t he p]mits !m to accompli% to ^? :i* c be actually accompli%$ by human be+s1 al?o he c d easily :at ! human be+s c a*ieve only ) m or less obvi\s ef=t1 & he c imp>t a volatile ela/icity a little beyond ! p[] ( any human be+ h[ev] favor$ by ,t]psi*ore4 ,:5 ',salome' 01 = a season1 ! s5sation ( ! h\r1 x 0 produc$ by ,hold5's m>ionettes2 & x af=d$ a delightful spectacle long to be rememb]$ by all :o _h ! felicity ( behold+ x4 ,:atev] ( vulg>ity or ( grossness !re might be 9 ! play itself1 or 9 ! ,dance ( ! ,sev5 ,veils1 0 purg$ away by ! s+le fact t all ! p]=m]s 7 puppets4 ,s dext]\s 0 ! manipulation ( ! unse5 op]ator :o controll$ ! wires & /r+s :i* gave life to ! s$uctive ,salome z %e circl$ ar\nd ! /age 9 mo/ bewit*+ fa%ion1 & s precise & accurate 0 ! imitation ( a human danc]1 t ! receptive spectator c\ld n b feel t "h at la/ ! play ( d\btful propriety _h f\nd its only fit /age & its only prop] p]=m]4 ,! memory ( t exhibition is a p]5nial pleasure to all :o possess x4 ,a ?+ ( beauty x 02 & x abides 9 remembrance z a joy =ev]4 ,x reveal$ ! art ( ! puppet-%[ at its summit4 ,& ! art itself 0 et]nally ju/ifi$ by t "o p]=mance ( ! highe/ te*nical skill & ( ! utmo/ delicacy ( ta/e4 ,if ! mo/ m>vel\s exploits ( t]psi*orean art1 almo/ inexecutable by ! human toes & ! human legs ( liv+ danc]s1 are capable ( reproduction by puppets skilfully manipulat$ by ! pull] ( ! wires & /r+s :]eby ! little figures are susp5d$1 s also are ! dext]\s feats ( ! juggl]4 ,"o ( ! specialties ( ! sole surviv+ puppet-%[ ( ?is sort 9 ! ,*amps-,elysees is ! p]=mance ( a juggl] :o tosses al(t & cat*es 9 turn a numb] ( glitt]+ balls4 ,! delicate balanc+ ( ! tight-rope walk]1 ) h] frequ5t pir\ettes on h] toes1 & ) h] surpris+ summ]sets1 is also "o ( ! exhibitions 9 :i* ! puppet c defy ! rivalry ( any liv+ executant1 h[ev] skilful 9 ! art4 ,at ! circus we feel t ! tightrope danc] might fall1 :]eas at ! puppet-%[ we "k ) c]ta9ty t any fatal mi%ap is impossible4 ,9 ,hold5's m>ionette program ! m9iature mimicry ( humanity 0 c>ri$ to ! utmo/ edge ( ! possible2 & no item on 8 bill ( f>e 0 m delectable ?an ! s]ies ( sc5es 9 :i* ! traditional ,cl[n & ,pantaloon play$ tricks on ! traditional ,policeman1 & 9 :i* !y jo9$ =ces 9 belabor+ an in(f5sive donkey4 ,z ! un=tunate quadrup$ 0 also a puppet1 !re 0 no pa9ful /ra9 on our sympa?y4 ,,iv ,if a p]=mance by puppets depriv$ ',salome' ( its vulg> grossness by remov+ x outside ! ar5a ( humanity1 s to speak1 & by relegat+ x to an unreal _w beyond ! /rict diocese ( ! consci5ce1 s a p]=mance by puppets ( a passion-play or ( any o!r drama 9 :i* ! ,deity has p]=ce to appe> z a "*1 is !reby reliev$ ( any t9cture ( irrev]5ce4 ,we no long] see a div9e be+ int]pret$ by a human be+4 ,we _c help feel+ t all ! p]sons 9 ! play1 :e!r !y dwell 9 heav5 or on e>?1 are equally remote f our common humanity4 ,& !re=e we ne$ n be surpris$ :5 we discov] t ! m>ionette has long be5 all[$ to appe> 9 religi\s drama4 ,inde$1 x appe>s probable t ! v "n m>ionette is directly d]iv$ f ! "n ( ! ,virg94 ,v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7 ! puppets p]mitt$ to p]=m passion-plays & little dramas d]iv$ f ! /ories conta9$ bo? 9 ! ,new & ! ,old ,te/am5ts4 ,9 ,engl& "u ,elizabe? & ,james religi\s puppet-%[s ( ?is k9d w5t w&]+ ab\t ! k+dom1 tak+ into ! smalle/ villages an ent]ta9m5t :i* w\ld af=d to ! rural inhabitants ! same k9d ( pleasant in/ruction :i* ! dwell]s 9 ! l>g] t[ns _h 9 ! m elaborate & long-drawn my/]ies p]=m$ by ! trade-guilds on ! ,corpus ,*ri/i day4 ,t ma/]ly rogue ,autolycus 9 ! ',w9t]'s ,tale' tells u t 9 8 "t he _h be5 on ! road ) a motion ( ! ,prodigal ,son--& a motion 0 ! ,elizabe?an t]m = a m>ionette-exhibition4 ,9 l mann] "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ,b5 ,jonson's ',e ,man out ( ,8 ,humor' speaks ( a new motion ( ! city ( ,n9eveh1 ) ,jonas & ! :ale4 ,( c\rse1 ! puppet p]=m]s1 l ! gr[n-up actors1 did n long conf9e !mselves to sacr$ !mes2 !y v5tur$ also into contempor>y hi/ory4 ,a puppet %[man :o appe>s 9 ,b5 ,jonson's ',b>?olomew ,fair' tells u t a c]ta9 motion sett+ =? ! my/]i\s ,gunp[d] ,plot1 0 a get-p5ny4 ,/ory describ$ "o puppet-play :i* he saw 9 a little village on ! ma9 road f ,rome to ,naples1 & :i* _h = its c5tral figure ,judas ,isc>iot4 ,b "h aga9 8 attitude is unsympa!tic1 p]haps because ! p]=mance 0 clumsy4 ,! kiss ( ,judas1 :51 aft] slid+ along ! /age1 he sudd5ly turn$ ) a sidelong j]k & rapp$ ! o!r wood5 puppet's head ) 8 own1 z well z ! subsequ5t sc5e 9 :i* he goes out & hangs himself1 begg> description4 ,yet ! expatriat$ ,am]ican spectator hone/ly record$ t ! ,italian spectators look$ & li/5$ ) great gravity1 seem$ to be highly edifi$1 & c]ta9ly %[$ no signs ( see+ any?+ ludicr\s 9 ! p]=mance4 ,we may v5ture ! sugge/ion t ev5 ! sophi/icat$ sculptor-poet himself w\ld h se5 no?+ ludicr\s 9 ?is p]=mance if ! op]ator ( ,judas _h be5 z skilful z ! op]ator ( ,salome 9 ,hold5's m>ionettes4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,neapolitan ,pun*9ella ,f ,by ,italian ,seas1 by ,erne/ ,c4 ,peixotto ,a few ye>s ago 9 ,p>is "o ( ! y\ng] poets wrote a passion-play :i* 0 p]=m$ dur+ ,l5t by a company ( dolls1 design$ & dress$ 9 fit & appropriate co/umes by an arti/ fri5d famili> ) ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,:ile ! wires 7 manag$ by exp]t h&s1 ! words ( ! dialog 7 spok5 by ! poet himself1 & by two or ?ree o!r poets :o came to 8 aid4 ,?is mu/ h be5 a seemly spectacle1 & x won c>eful consid]ation f m ?an "o ( ! mo/ em95t dramatic critics ( ,france4 ,"h we may f9d a useful sugge/ion = ^? :o wi% to see c]ta9 plays by mod]n dramatic poets1 9 :i* ! ,deity is a necess>y "*--,ro/&'s ',sam>ita9e1' = "o1 & ,hauptmann's ',hannele1' = ano!r4 ,_m ( ! dev\t h a natural repugnance to any p]=mance on ! /age 7) its mat]iali/ic environm5t & its (t5 sordid conditions7 :i* calls = ! imp]sonation ( a div9e be+ by an actor ( ord9>y fle% & blood4 ,yet if ^! same plays 7 rev]5tly p]=m$ by m>ionettes ! aroma ( irrev]5ce w\ld be remov$4 ,x might ev5 be possible to reproduce 9 ! puppet-%[ n a little ( ! solemn religi\s effect :i* is felt by all visitors to ! passion-play at ,ob]amm]gau4 7#aiab47 ,,xviii ,,%ad[-,,pantomime ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,mod]n ,,improvem5ts ,,%ad[-,,pantomime ,,) ,,all ,,! ,,mod]n ,,improvem5ts ,i ,an ,am]ican2 improv+ on a sugge/ion ( a ,fr5*man1 has decl>$ t language 0 giv5 to man to conceal 8 ?\ghts--& to woman to express h] emotions4 ,un=tunately1 language is s (t5 inexact t ev5 :5 x is suffici5t to express emotion1 x is n precise en\gh ev5 to conceal ?\ght4 ,sometimes a t]m is :olly devoid ( tru?1 z :5 we call a c]ta9 solid a lead-p5cil1 :i* conta9s no lead1 & :5 we label a c]ta9 liquid soda-wat]1 :i* conta9s no soda4 ,sometimes ! t]m is s vague t x may mean all ?+s to all m54 ,:o1 = example1 w\ld be bold en\gh to insi/ on 8 own def9ition ( romanticism8 ,sometimes aga9 ! t]m cov]s two or ?ree ?+s :i* dem& a %>p] diff]5tiation4 ,?is is ! case ) ! comp\nd ^w %ad[-pantomime4 ,x is ! only "n = ?ree di/9ct ?+s4 ,fir/1 !re is ! repres5tation by ! d>k pr(ile ( ! human h& ^u a wall or a scre51 ( human heads1 & ( animal figures1 ei!r by an adroit arrangem5t ( ! f+]s alone1 or by ! aid ( adju/$ %apes ( c>dbo>d1 s z to sugge/ a hat on ! head & a pipe 9 ! m\? & o!r ne$$ accessories2 ?is primitive ent]ta9m5t is sometimes /yl$ %ad[graphy4 ,second1 !re is ! full-siz$ silh\ette ( a human figure1 due to ! %ad[ ca/ by ! body /&+ be=e a lamp1 & magnifi$ or dim9i%$ z x approa*es or rec$es ! spectators4 ,?is is ! famili> p>lor amusem5t :i* ,sir ,james ,b>rie clev]ly utiliz$ ) dramatic effect 9 ! f9al act ( 8 ',pr(essor's ,love-,/ory1' :5 "o ( ! *>act]s1 /&+ outside a h\se1 sees ! black pr(iles ( o!r *>act]s project$ cle>ly on ! drawn %ade ( ! w9d[ be=e :i* he is plac$4 ,!n1 ?irdly1 !re is ! true %ad[-pantomime1 call$ by ! ,fr5* ,*9ese %ad[s1 ombres *9oises1 9 :i* ! t9y figures1 made ei!r ( flat c>dbo>d or ( metal1 are exhibit$ beh9d a transluc5t scre5 & be=e a /rong light4 ,?is is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ & ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree widely diff]5t k9ds ( semi-dramatic ent]ta9m5t1 (t5 c>elessly conf\nd$ toge!r ev5 9 ! special treatises devot$ to ?is humble art4 ,9 ,france ^! ,*9ese %ad[s h be5 popul> = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 s9ce x 0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ! p]=m] :o took ! "n ( ,s]aph9 e/abli%$ 8 little !at] & won ! favor ( ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! royal family by 8 pres5tation ( ! allur+ spectacle1 ! rudim5t>y little piece1 /ill popul> ) *ildr51 & /ill kn[n by its orig9al title1 ! ',brok5 ,bridge4' ,x may n be fanciful to inf] t ! imm$iate sugge/ion = ?is spectacle 0 d]iv$ f ! contempor>y vogue ( ! silh\ette itself1 ?is portrait 9 solid black tak+ its "n f ! ,fr5*man :o 0 m9i/] ( f9ance 9 #agei4 ,at all ev5ts1 x 0 9 #aggj t ,s]aph9 began to amuse ! *ildr5 ( ,p>is2 & x 0 m ?an a c5tury !reaft] t ,m4 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville elaborat$ 8 +5i\sly articulat$ ,pupazzi noirs4 ,x 0 a little lat] /ill t ,c>an d',a*e delight$ ! m sophi/icat$ *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?1 :o 7 wont to assemble at ! ,*at ,noir1 ) ! /rik+ s]ies ( milit>y silh\ettes resuscitat+ ! mighty ,napoleonic epic4 ,& x 0 at ! ,*at ,noir aga9 t ,rivi]e reveal$ ! fur!r possibilities lat5t 9 %ad[-pantomime1 & to be develop$ by ! aid ( color$ backgr\nds suppli$ by a magic lant]n4 ,re/rict$ z ! sph]e ( ! %ad[-pantomime necess>ily is1 ! native arti/ic impulse ( ! ,fr5* has be5 r>ely bett] disclos$ ?an by _! surpris+ elaboration ( a =m ( amusem5t1 seem+ly fitt$ only to *>m ! infant m9d1 into an ent]ta9m5t satisfactory to ! ri*ly develop$ e/hetic s5se ( mature ,p>isian playgo]s4 ,j z ! ru/ic revels ( remote villag]s conta9$ ! g]m out ( :i* ! ,greeks 7 able to develop _! au/]e & elevat+ trag$y1 & j z ! mod]n drama 0 evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies out ( ! m$ieval my/]ies1 "o s\rce ( :i* we may discov] 9 ! infant ,*ri/ 9 ! cradle /ill display$ at ,*ri/ma/ide 9 ,*ri/ian *ur*es ?ru\t ! _w1 s ! simple ,*9ese %ad[s ( ,s]aph9 suppli$ ! root on :i* ,p>isian arti/s 7 able to graft _! +5i\s improvem5ts4 ,! little spectacle pr(f]$ orig9ally by ,s]aph9 0 frankly infantile 9 its appeal1 & ! ',brok5 ,bridge' is z pla9ly adju/$ to ! simple lik+s ( ! *ild z is ! lam5table trag$y ( ,pun* & ,judy or ! puppet-%[ 9 :i* ,poli*9elle exhibits 8 hump & 8 t]psi*orean agility4 ,! two arms ( ! brok5 bridge ar* ov] a little /ream b fail to meet 9 ! c5t]4 ,a flock ( ducks crosses leisurely f "o bank to ! o!r4 ,a labor] appe>s on ! left-h& fragm5t ( ! bridge & beg9s to sw+ 8 pick to loos5 /ones at ! end1 & ^! fragm5ts are !n se5 to fall into ! wat]4 ,! figure ( ! workman is articulat$1 or at lea/ "o arm is on a sep>ate piece & moves on a pivot s t a hidd5 /r+ c raise ! pick & let x fall4 ,! labor] s+s at 8 "w2 & 9 ,france he indulges 9 ! traditional lyric ab\t ! ,bridge ( ,avignon1 :]e ev]ybody dances 9 a circle4 ,!n a travel] appe>s on ! "r-h& end ( ! bridge4 ,he hails ! labor]1 :o is h>d ( he>+ at fir/1 b :o f9ally asks him :at he wants4 ,! travel] expla9s t he wi%es to cross & asks h[ he c d ?is4 ,! labor] keeps on pick+ away1 & s+s t ! ducks & ! geese !y all swim ov]4 ,! irritat$ travel] !n asks h[ f> x is across1 & ! labor] aga9 s+s1 ?is "t to ! effect t :5 y're 9 ! middle y're half-way ov]4 ,!n ! travel] inquires h[ deep ! /ream may be1 & he gets ! exasp]at+ response 9 song1 t if he w only ?r[ 9 a /one1 he'll soon f9d ! bottom4 ,?is dialog be>s an obvi\s resemblance to t traditionally associat$ ) ! tune ( ! ',arkansaw ,travel]4' ,illu/ration3 ,! brok5 bridge ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,ha*ette ,co41 ,p>is ,plan %[+ ! con/ruction ( a %ad[-picture !at] ,illu/ration3 ,a ,hung>ian danc]4 ,?is expla9s ! me*anism ( ! %ad[ picture opposite ,a ,hung>ian danc] ,f a %ad[ picture by ,lem]ci] de ,neuville ,!n a boatman appe>s1 r[+ 8 little skiff1 8 backbone pivot$ s t 8 body c move to & fro4 ,! travel] makes a b>ga9 ) him & is tak5 across1 aft] _m misadv5tures1 "o ( !m ) a crocodile1 :i* op5s its jaws & ?reat5s to engulf ! boat--?is amphibi\s bea/ hav+ be5 a rec5t addition to ! orig9al playlet1 & probably borr[$ f ! ,gre5 ,mon/] n long ago add$ to ! gr\p ( ,pun* & ,judy figures4 ,& ! excit+ conclusion ( ?is entranc+ spectacle displays a mo/ moral application ( ! pr9ciple ( poetic ju/ice4 ,! ill-natur$ labor] advances too f> out on 8 edge ( ! brok5 bridge1 & deta*es a l>ge fragm5t4 ,z ?is tumbles into ! wat] he loses 8 foot+ & falls =w>d himself1 only to be in/antly dev\r$ by ! crocodile1 :i* disappe>s ) its unexpect$ prey1 :]eupon ! placid ducks & geese aga9 swim ov]--& ! curta9 falls4 ,,ii ,!re are a score ( o!r little plays l ! ',brok5 ,bridge1' adroitly adju/$ to ! calib] ( ! juv5ile m9d4 ,9 a ,briti% collection may be f\nd a piece repres5t+ a succession ( appall+ episodes suppos$ to take place 9 a ',haunt$ ,h\se1' & 9 a ,fr5* manual = ! use ( y\?ful amateurs may be discov]$ a rudim5t>y v]sion ( ,moli]e's ',imag9>y ,invalid1' to be p]=m$ by silh\ettes ) articulat$ limbs4 ,"h aga9 we p]ceive ! inaccuracy ( ! t]m %ad[-pantomime1 s9ce ! mo/ ( ! figures are n articulat$1 &1 be+ motionless1 !y are depriv$ ( ! fre$om ( ge/ure :i* is ! ess5tial elem5t ( true pantomime4 ,moreov]1 !y are all made to take "p 9 v>i\s dialogs1 & ?is aga9 is a negation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( pantomime1 :i* ought to be wordless4 ,"h ! ,fr5* t]m ,*9ese %ad[s is m exact & less limit+ ?an ! ,engli% %ad[-pantomime4 ,x is p]haps a pity t ! old-fa%ion$ t]m gallanty-%[1 has n won a wid] acceptance 9 ,engli%4 ,! little pieces due to ,s]aph9 & 8 humble foll[]s 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&1 devis$ to amuse *ildr5 only1 7 simple en\gh 9 plot1 & yet !y 7 suffici5t to sugge/ to admir]s ( ?is unpret5d+ =m ( !atrical art plays ( a m impos+ proportion4 ,m4 ,paul ,eudel1 ! art critic1 has publi%$ an amply illu/rat$ volume 9 :i* he collect$ ! fairy-pieces1 & ! m spectacul> melodramas compos$ by 8 gr&fa!r 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! d>k days t prec$$ ,wat]loo4 ,& 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 ! d>k days t prec$$ ,s$an1 ,m4 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville1 rel9qui%+ = a :ile ! ,pun* & ,judy puppets :i* he call$ ,pupazzi1 & :i* he _h exhibit$ 9 a succession ( g5tle c>icatures ( ,p>isian p]sonalities ) a mildly ,ari/ophanic flavor ( contempor>y satire1 turn$ to ! famili> ,*9ese %ad[s ( 8 *ildhood & devis$ :at he call$ 8 ,pupazzi noirs1 animat$ %ad[s4 ,he also has issu$ a collection ( ^! little pieces ) a full explanation ( ! me?od ( p]=mance & ) half a hundr$ illu/rations1 reveal+ all ! secrets ( maneuv]+ ! little figures4 ,inde$1 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville's manual is ! mo/ ample :i* has yet appe>$2 & x is ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 t he 0 at once 8 own playwright1 8 own design] ( figures1 & 8 own p]=m]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! return f ! ,bois de ,b\logne ,f\r %ad[ pictures by ,c>an d',a*e ,illu/ration3 ,! ballet ,f a %ad[ picture by ,lem]ci] de ,neuville ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,ha*ette ,co41 ,p>is ,a regim5t ( ,fr5* soldi]s ,f a %ad[ picture by ,r4 de ,la ,nezi]e ,z ! gr&fa!r ( ,m4 ,eudel _h be5 m ambiti\s ?an ,s]aph91 s ,lem]ci] de ,neuville 0 m ambiti\s ?an ! eld] ,eudel4 ,& yet 8 proc$ure 0 precisely t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & he did n 9 any way modify ! pr9ciples ( ! art4 ,all he did 0 to elaborate ! p]=mance by ! use ( m sc5]y1 ( m spectacul> effects1 & ( m num]\s *>act]s4 ,he introduc$ a company ( ,spani% danc]s1 = example1 & he did n hesitate to ?r[ on 8 scre5 ! sable & s]rat$ pr(ile ( a long l9e ( ballet danc]s4 ,he foll[$ ,eudel 9 arrang+ a procession ( animals1 rival+ a circus p>ade1 _m ( !m be+ articulat$ s t !y c\ld make ! appropriate movem5ts ( _! jaws & _! paws4 ,& he paid special att5tion to 8 silh\ette c>icatures ( contempor>y celebrities1 ,zola = "o1 & ,s>ah-,b]nh>dt = ano!r4 ,!n ! ,franco-,russian draftsman1 :o call$ himself ,c>an d',a*e1 made a new dep>ture & />t$ ! art ( ! %ad[-pantomime 9 a new c>e]4 ,he call$ 8 figures ,fr5* %ad[s1 ombres francaises1 & he surr5d]$ ! privilege ( articulat+ 8 figures s t !y c\ld move4 ,at lea/1 he refra9$ f ?is except on r>e occasions1 pref]r+ ! effect ( immobility & rely+ ma9ly ^u a new pr9ciple n be=e employ$ by any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he made a specialty ( long l9es & ( l>ge masses ( troops1 n all on ! same plane1 b pres5t$ 9 p]spective4 ,he *ose also to =go ! aid ( spee* & 8 figures 7 sil5t1 except :5 "s (fic] call$ out a ^w ( comm&1 or :5 a company ( ,cossacks rode pa/ s++ "o ( ! wail+ lyrics ( ! ,caucasus z melan*oly z ! /eppes4 ,"o ( ! mo/ attractive items on 8 program 0 a repres5tation ( ! return ( vehicles & eque/rians f ! ,bois de ,b\logne 9 ! aft]noon4 ,"s ( ! figures 7 m]ely *>act]i/ic types %>ply seiz$ & outl9$ ) all ! arti/'s ma/]ly draftsman%ip1 & "s ( !m 7 well-kn[n p]sonages easily recognizable by 8 ,p>isian spectators--,lesseps on horseback1 = example1 & ,ro*e=t 9 an op5 cab4 ,^! successive figures 7 simply pu%$ across ! scre5 "o aft] ano!r1 ea* ( !m z motionless z a /atue1 ! m5 fix$ 9 "o attitude1 & ! legs ( ! horses reta9+ always ! same position4 ,?is abs5ce ( animal movem5t 01 ( c\rse1 a violation f ! facts ( life1 l t :i* p]mits ! pa9t] to depict a break+ wave or a sculptor to model a runn+ boy at a s+le mom5t ( ! movem5t4 ,yet ?is arti/ic conv]sion 0 imm$iately acceptable s9ce ! spectator receiv$ a simplifi$ impression & 8 att5tion 0 n di/ract$ by ! inevitable j]k9ess ( ! limbs ( ! m5 & ! bea/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is ,! ,sph9x ,i3 ,ph>aoh pass+ 9 triumph ,f a %ad[ picture by ,am$ee ,vignola ,c>an d',a*e's ma/]piece1 h[ev]--& x may hone/ly be /yl$ a ma/]piece--0 n ! ',return f ! ,bois de ,b\logne' b 8 ',epopee1' 8 epic evocation ( ! gr& army ( ,napoleon4 ,s+le figures l ! ,little ,corporal on horseback1 & l ,murat & o!rs ( ! ,emp]or's /aff1 he project$ ) a fidelity & a v]acity ( acc5t wor?y ( ,detaille or ev5 ,meissoni]4 ,yet f9e z ^! s+le figures might be1 !y 7 only :at _h be5 attempt$ by e>li] expon5ts ( ! art--ev5 if !y 7 m impressive ?an _h be5 a*iev$ by any "o ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,^! s+le figures 7 necess>ily pres5t$ all on ! same plane1 & ! />tl+ & successful innovation ( ! ,franco-,russian draftsman%ip 0 8 skilful use ( p]spective1 a device :i* _h n occurr$ to any ( ^? 9 ^: foot/eps he 0 foll[+1 ev5 ,lem]ci] de ,neuville hav+ pres5t$ 8 ballet danc]s 9 a flat r[4 ,:at ,c>an d',a*e did 0 to br+ be=e u company aft] company ( ! ,old ,gu>d1 & troop aft] troop ( cuirassi]s1 _! pr(iles dim9i%+ 9 height z ! figures rec$$ f ! eye4 ,he ?us atta9$ to an effect ( solidity & ev5 ( imm5sity1 f> beyond any?+ ev] be=e a*iev$ by any e>li] exhibitor ( %ad[s4 ,he succe$$ 9 sugge/+ space1 & ( maneuv]+ be=e ! a/oni%$ eyes ( ! entranc$ spectators a va/ mass ( m5 "u arms1 m>*+ =w>d resolutely 9 s]ri$ ranks to victory or to dea?4 ,! late ,jules ,lemaitre1 ! mo/ op5-m9d$ ( ,fr5* dramatic critics1 & ! mo/ hospitable 9 8 attitude t[>d ! m9or manife/ations ( !atric art1 has record$ t ?is ,napoleonic epic ( ,c>an d',a*e communicat$ to him n only an emotion ( actual gr&eur1 b also ! ?rill ( w> itself4 ,he decl>$ t by ! exactness ( ! p]spective pres]v$ 9 8 long files ( soldi]s1 ,c>an d',a*e gives u ! illusion ( numb] & ( a numb] imm5se & indef9ite4 ,& by ! automatic movem5t :i* sets all 8 troops 9 action at once1 he gives u ! illusion ( a s+le s\l1 ( a communal ?\ght animat+ innum]able bodies--& !reby he evokes 9 u ! impression ( measureless p[]4444 ,8 sil5t poem1 ) its slid+ pr(iles is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only epic 9 all ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,& ^? :o are famili> ) ! o!r ,fr5* ef=ts to atta9 to lyric l>g5ess1 & :o h _h also ! un=getable felicity ( behold+ ,c>an d',a*e's m>vel\s projection ( ! ,napoleonic leg5d1 w be prep>$ to admit t ,lemaitre did n ov]/ate ! case4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is ,! ,sph9x ,,ii3 ,moses lead+ 8 p out ( ,egypt ,f a %ad[ picture by ,am$ee ,vignola ,,iii ,:at ! ,franco-,russian arti/ _h done 0 to reveal ! allur+ possibilities plac$ at ! comm& ( ! %ad[-pantomimi/ by ! +5i\s employm5t ( p]spective2 & !re rema9$ only "o m /ep to be tak5 = ! f9al developm5t ( ! art to its ultimate capacity4 ,?is 0 ! addition ( color2 & ?is /ep 0 tak5 by an associate ( ,c>an d',a*e 9 ! exhibitions giv5 at ! ,*at ,noir--,h5ri ,rivi]e4 ,color c\ld be add$ 9 two ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! outl9es ( lant]ns & ( battle-flags c\ld be cut out1 & slips ( appropriately t9t$ pap] c\ld be ins]t$ 9 ! op5+s s t ! light might %9e ?ru4 ,?is reliev$ ! monotony ( ! uni=mity ( ! sable figures1 & add$ a note ( amus+ gaiety4 ,b ?is 0 an innovation ( v limit$ scope2 & x c\ld h be5 e>li] utiliz$ 9 ! flat figures ( ,lem]ci] de ,neuville1 = example1 if he _h happ5$ to ?9k ( x4 ,f> wid] 9 its arti/ic possibilities 0 ! second ( ,rivi]e's improvem5ts4 ,= ! ord9>y lamp :i* ca/ a /eady gl[ on ! :ite scre5 :]eon ! pr(ile figures appe>$1 he sub/itut$ a magic lant]n1 ! pa9t$ slides ( :i* enabl$ him to supply an appropriately color$ backgr\nd4 ,!n he w5t fur!r & employ$ two magic lant]ns1 sup]impos$2 & ^! enabl$ him to get ! effect ( dissolv+ views :]eby he c\ld v>y 8 backgr\nd at w4 ,! imm$iate result ( ?is +5i\s improvem5t 0 t ! arti/ c\ld be/[ ^u 8 %ad[-pantomime n a little ( ! ri*ness ( color :i* delights our eyes 9 ! /a9$ glass ( m$ieval ca!drals4 ,rivi]e 0 n only an inv5tor1 he 0 also an arti/1 ri*ly gift$ ) imag9ation2 & 8 imag9ation sugge/$ to him at once ! ?ree or f\r !mes be/ fitt$ = treatm5t by 8 novel app>atus4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ',w&]+ ,jew'2 ano!r 0 ! ',prodigal ,son'2 & a ?ird 0 ! ',temptation ( ,sa9t ,an?ony'--all leg5ds ( comb9$ dramatic & pictorial appeal4 ,yet ! mo/ effective ( all ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is new =m 0 due n to ,rivi]e himself b to ! collaboration ( two ( 8 disciples1 ,m4 ,frag]olle & ,m4 ,vignola4 ,?is 0 ! ',sph9x1' 9 :i* ! arti/s mo/ adroitly comb9$ all ! advantages ( ! orig9al flat pr(iles1 & ( ! long files ( figures 9 p]spective su* z ,c>an d',a*e _h employ$1 ) v>i$ backgr\nds due to ! aid ( ! magic lant]n fir/ utiliz$ by ,rivi]e4 ,( all human monum5ts no "o has _h s m>vel\s a s]ies ( spectacles pass be=e its sightless eyes z ! ,sph9x1 recl9+ impassive at ! edge ( ! des]t1 & at ! foot ( ! pyramids4 ,race aft] race has desc5d$ into ! valley ( ! ,nile1 & l+]$ = a little space1 a few c5turies m or less1 & dep>t$ at la/4 ,conqu]or aft] conqu]or has come & gone aga92 & ! ,sph9x has kept its inscrutable smile4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is ,! ,sph9x ,,iii3 ,roman w>riors 9 ,egypt ,f a %ad[ picture by ,am$ee ,vignola ,m4 ,frag]olle compos$ ! music & ! words ( ! /ately *ants :i* accompani$ ! exhibition ( ! figures pass+ be=e ! backgr\nds1 due to ! p5cil & ! palette ( ,m4 ,vignola4 ,by ! aid ( ! magic lant]n ! gigantic visage ( ! lion ) a woman's head t[]s al(t1 p]man5t & immutable1 :ile ! joy\s procession ( ,egyptian danc]s & soldi]s & prie/s celebrates ! completion ( ! /atue itself4 ,!n we are witnesses ( ! fi]ce invasion ( ! ,assyrians1 ) ! *>ge ( _! *>iots & _! horsem52 & we behold ! r\t ( ! natives :ile _! capital burns 9 ! di/ance4 ,next we gaze at ! dep>ture ( ! ,jews1 l$ by ,moses & lad5 ) ! spoils ( ! ,egyptians4 ,aft] ! ,hebrews h gone1 ,seso/ris appe>s1 to be greet$ by a glad outp\r+ ( ! populace4 ,yet soon ! ,p]sians desc5d on ,egypt1 ) _! ca/ellat$ elephants & _! imm5se hordes ( fight+ m54 ,/ill ! ,sph9x looks d[n1 immovable & implacable2 & ! ,greeks 9 turn take ! valley ( ! ,nile = _! own4 ,"o ( _! daught]s1 ,cleopatra1 floats pa/ 9 h] galley by night2 & 9 ! morn+ %e ext5ds h] hospitality to ! ,roman1 ,caes> or ,antony4 ,& :ile ! ,lat9s are ! rul]s ( ! l& ( ,egypt1 ! ,virg9 & h] ,son ) ! pati5t ass t be>s a preci\s burd51 skirt ! s&y wa/e1 & g on _! way to ! ,holy ,l&1 leav+ ! ,sph9x beh9d !m z !y j\rney =w>d 9 ! gre5 moonlight4 ,aft] long c5turies ! ,arabs break 9 ) _! brilliant b&s ( horsem51 & a little lat] ! ,crusad]s come to give !m battle4 ,m long c5turies elapse & sudd5ly ,napoleon em]ges at ! head ( ! troops ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,!n we h ! ,egypt ( to-day1 ) ! ,briti% soldi]s p>ad+ be=e ! feet ( ! ,sph9x2 & f9ally ! recumb5t /atue appe>s to u once m & = ! la/ "t1 :5 ! light ( ! sun is go+ out1 & ! _w is empti$ ( its population aga91 & ! ice is settl+ d[n on ! ,sph9x1 alone amid freez+ desolation4 ,& ?is la/ vision is project$ by ! magic lant]n1 )\t ! aid ( any pr(ile figures1 s9ce man has ceas$ to be4 ,"h we h a true epic poem1 simple yet gr&iose1 & possible only to ! improv$ %ad[-pantomime ( ,france at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--ev5 if ?is art is only a logical evolution f ! gallanty-%[ ( ,s]aph94 ,?is humble black pr(ile1 said ,jules ,lemaitre1 :i* _h be5 ?\ght fit at be/ ( a few comic effects to amuse little *ildr5 only1 has be5 div]sifi$ & color$2 x has be5 made beautiful1 s]i\s1 tragic2 by ! multiplication ( ! devices x has be5 r5d]$ capable ( giv+ u a p[]ful impression ( collective life1 & ! arti/s :o h develop$ x h kn[n h[ to make x translate to our eyes ! great spectacles ( hi/ory & ! sweep+ movem5t ( multitudes4 7#aiab47 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduc$ by p]mission ( ,e4 ,flamm>ion1 ,p>is ,! ,sph9x ,,iv3 ,! ,briti% troops to-day ,f a %ad[ picture by ,am$ee ,vignola ,,xix ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,dramatic ,,criticism ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,dramatic ,,criticism ,i ,x is n[ no long] 9 dispute t !re has be5 9 ! pa/ score or two ( ye>s a /rik+ revival ( ! drama 9 ! ,engli% language1 & t !re are to-day ,briti% & ,am]ican playwrights :o write plays :i* are wor? :ile--plays :i* are bo? actable & readable--plays :i* (t5 des]ve & :i* sometimes ev5 dem& s]i\s critical consid]ation4 ,?is revival has necess>ily result$ 9 call+ att5tion to ! pres5t condition ( dramatic criticism 9 ,great ,brita9 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 a p]iod ( dramatic productivity1 dramatic criticism has an indisputable function & is *>g$ ) an und5iable duty1 bo? to ! aspir+ play-mak]s & to ! ma9 body ( ! playgo+ public4 ,we _c help ask+ ourselves :e!r our dramatic critics rightly appreh5d _! function & :e!r !y prop]ly dis*>ge _! duty2 & to ^! press+ que/ions ! mo/ conflict+ answ]s are return$4 ,"s !re are :o insi/ t x is hopeless to expect ! desir$ outfl[]+ ( dramatic lit]ature 9 our language to take place s long z our dramatic criticism is z inadequate1 z incompet5t1 & z unsatisfactory z !y decl>e x to be4 ,o!rs !re are :o take a m tol]ant view1 hold+ ! public itself to be at fault = ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 & :o1 !re=e1 believe t we are n[ gett+ dramatic criticism q z good z we des]ve4 ,few !re are :o v5ture to d5y t !re is room = improvem5t--al?o no two ( ^! agree 9 _! sugge/ions = br++ ab\t a bett]+ ( pres5t conditions4 ,9 ! multitude ( ^! c\nsellors !re is d>kness & confusion4 ,p]haps !re is a dim possibility ( dissipat+ a little ( ?is d>k confusion by an analysis ( ! exact cont5t1 :i* we discov] 9 ! t]m dramatic criticism1 & !n by a fur!r inquiry z to :e!r our cu/om>y use ( ! t]m is n mislead+4 ,dramatic criticism to mo/ ( u connotes ! newspap] review+ ( ! nightly spectacles 9 our !at]s4 ,pla9ly ?is 0 ! mean+ ( ! t]m 9 ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,h[ells ye>s ago1 :5 he decl>$ t our dramatic criticism is probably ! mo/ rem>kable app>atus ( our civilization & t x surpasses t ( o!r c\ntries z mu* z our fire-dep>tm5t4 ,a p]fectly equipp$ eng9e /&s 9 e newspap] (fice1 ) ! /eam always up1 :i* c be mann$ 9 n9e seconds & ru%$ to ! fir/ !at] :]e !re is ! slighte/ dang] ( drama )9 five m9utes2 & ! comb9$ ef=ts ( ^! trem5d\s ma*9es c p\r a conc5trat$ deluge ( cold wat] ^u a play :i* w put out any?+ ( ! k9d at once4 ,!re is no d5y+ t ?is use ( ! t]m by ,mr4 ,h[ells is support$ by cu/om4 ,yet x is di/9ctly un=tunate1 = if ! newspap] comm5t ^u ! novelties ( ! /age is to be accept$ z dramatic criticism1 !n :at t]m h we left to describe ! m pi]c+ & ! m compreh5sive discussion ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! art ( play-mak+ :i* we f9d 9 ,francisque ,s>cey & 9 ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 n to g back to ,less+ & to ,ari/otle8 ,x is equally un=tunate t !re is an equival5t inaccuracy 9 be/[+ ! title ( lit]>y criticism ^u ! newspap] comm5ts ^u ! curr5t books1 = if ?is j\rnali/ic summ>iz+ is to be accept$ z lit]>y criticism1 !n :at are we to call ! exquisite evaluation ( favorite au?ors :i* we f9d 9 ,mat!w ,arnold & ,sa9te-,beuve8 ,( c\rse1 x is always idle to prote/ aga9/ ! popul> use or misuse ( words & t]ms & phrases4 ,! p z a :ole own ! language1 & h a "r to make x ov] & to modify ! orig9al mean+ ( words4 ,if popul> usage *ooses n to di/+ui% betwe5 two v diff]5t ?+s1 & to call bo? ( !m dramatic criticism1 !re is no r$ress1 & yet x is impossible to discuss ! problem ( dramatic criticism except by try+ to sep>ate ! two ?+s ?us conf\nd$4 ,!re=e1 = ! purpose ( ?is inquiry only1 & )\t any hope ( *ang+ ! accept$ usage1 ,i make bold to sugge/ t play-review+ might be employ$ to describe ! notices writt5 9 ! (fice ( a newspap]1 notices necess>ily prep>$ "u pressure & "u /rict limitations ( "t & space4 ,^! newspap] notices are sometimes c>eless1 !y are sometimes p]functory1 & !y are sometimes cruel2 & occasionally !y are c>eful1 consci5ti\s1 & clev]1 done ) a dext]ity wor?y ( high praise :5 we consid] all ! conditions "u :i* x is display$4 ,b ev5 at its be/1 play-review+ _c atta9 to ! level ( true dramatic criticism1 m leisurely 9 its composition1 l>g] 9 its scope1 & m discrim9at+ 9 its *oice ( topic4 ,! play-review+ ( ! daily j\rnal is ak9 9 aim to ! book-review+1 :i* has = its purpose ! swift consid]ation ( ! volume 9 vogue at ! mom5t4 ,9 our morn+ & ev5+ pap]s ! book-review+ & ! play-review+ are bo? ( !m necess>ily up-to-date1 9 fact1 up-to-!-la/-m9ute4 ,to be contemporane\s1 in/antly & necess>ily & inexorably1 is _! special quality & _! imm$iate purpose2 x is ! reason = _! exi/5ce & ! excuse = _! be+4 ,,ii ,"h x may be well to cite aga9 ! (t-quot$ confession ( ! late ,jules ,lemaitre1 writ] ( volume aft] volume 9 :i* he discuss$ ! lead+ m5 ( lett]s ( 8 own "t & ( 8 own c\ntry3 ,criticism ( our contempor>ies is n criticism--x is conv]sation4 ,n[1 conv]sation may be a v good ?+2 inde$1 :5 x is z cle> & z sp>kl+ z 0 ,lemaitre's1 x is an excell5t ?+2 yet he 0 "r 9 admitt+ t x is n criticism1 s9ce x c\ld n b lack ! t\*/one ( "t1 ! p]spective ( di/ance1 ! assur$ application ( ! et]nal /&>ds4 ,& play-review+1 l book-review+1 _c be any?+ b conv]sation ab\t our contempor>ies4 ,x may desc5d to *aff-l *att] ab\t ! writ]s ( ! h\r & to empty gossip ab\t _! say+s & do+s2 or x may h ! /]n] m]its ( brilliant conv]sation at its be/4 ,b x is n really criticism 9 ! f9] s5se ( ! ^w2 x _c be2 & "o may g fur!r & say t x ought n to be1 s9ce true criticism is m or less out ( place 9 a newspap]--because ! direct object ( a newspap] is to pres5t ! news1 ) only ! swifte/ ( comm5t>ies !reon4 ,! f9al di/9ction betwe5 lit]ature & j\rnalism is to be s\ght 9 _! div]g+ & irreconcilable objects4 ,! desire ( ! =m] is = p]man5ce1 & ! aim ( ! latt] is ! imm$iate impression4 ,:5 lit]ature triumphs x is = all "t--m or less4 ,:5 j\rnalism mo/ completely a*ieves its purpose its success is tempor>y1 to be reta9$ only by it]ation & reit]ation1 s9ce x has = its t>get ! ev5ts ( ! fleet+ mom5t4 ,if we admit ?is di/9ction betwe5 j\rnalism & lit]ature1 we h no difficulty 9 discov]+ j\rnalism 9 _m places o!r ?an ! daily & weekly pap]s2 v prop]ly x fills ! mo/ ( ! space 9 ! mon?ly magaz9es1 & ev5 9 ! qu>t]ly reviews2 & x ab\nds 9 our book-/ores1 s9ce only a small proportion ( ! volumes :i* p\r f ! press e ye> possess ! comb9$ sub/ance & /yle1 ! solidity ( matt] & ! delightfulness ( mann] :i* lift m]e writ+ up to ! l(ti] level ( lit]ature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may f9d lit]ature ( inexpugnable quality1 n only 9 ! magaz9es1 b also n[ & aga9 9 ! newspap]s4 ,drake's ',am]ican ,flag' & ,kipl+'s ',recessional' appe>$ 9 daily j\rnals1 & s did ! lit]>y criticism ( ,sa9te-,beuve & ! dramatic criticism ( ,less+ & ( ,lemaitre4 ,b ^! 7 b happy accid5ts1 & ! great newspap] editor has r>ely /riv5 to make 8 j\rnal a p]si/5t vehicle = ! publication ( lit]ature4 ,he feels t ?is is =eign to 8 ma9 purpose1 & he is cont5t :5 8 editorial articles1 & 8 news /ories are vigor\s & picturesque--clean1 cle>1 & cog5t 9 _! ,engli%4 ,he kn[s1 bett] ?an any "o else1 t x is n by its ext]nal lit]>y m]its t newspap]-writ+ is to be judg$4 ,:at he wants above all else is ! news1 all ! news1 & no?+ b ! news--accompani$1 ( c\rse1 by ! obligatory comm5t ?is news may des]ve4 ,he ne$s editorial writ]s1 report]s1 & correspond5ts :o are newspap] m51 & n m5 ( lett]s1 except 9 s f> z ^! m5 ( lett]s may h accept$ ! special conditions ( newspap] "w4 ,n[1 criticism1 :e!r lit]>y or dramatic1 is a dep>tm5t ( lit]ature1 deal+ ) ! p]man5t1 & hav+ little to d ) ! tempor>y4 ,x dem&s qualifications v r>ely unit$--insight1 equipm5t1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & sympa?y4 ,s f> f be+ easy1 criticism is q z difficult z creation--m difficult1 inde$1 if we may judge by its great] r>ity4 ,9 a sup]bly creative p]iod !re are sometimes ?ree or f\r di/+ui%$ poets1 fri5dly rivals1 almo/ contemporane\s2 & ev5 at su* a "t !re is r>ely m ?an "o critic wor?y to be companion$ ) !m4 ,a,eschylus & ,sophocles & ,euripides foll[$ "o aft] ! o!r2 & 9 "t ! sole ,ari/otle came =w>d z _! critic4 ,corneille & ,moli]e & ,rac9e labor$ side by side1 & only ,boileau 0 compet5t to int]pret & to enc\rage !m4 ,:5 x atta9s to ! s]5e plane ( ,ari/otle & ,boileau1 ( ,less+ & ,sa9te-,beuve1 criticism is actually creation4 ,! critical faculty z appli$ to ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 & /ill m ! critical faculty z appli$ to ! art ( lit]ature itself1 is ak9 to ! creative faculty ( ! arti/1 s ,pr(essor ,mackail has told u4 ,x does n deal ) lett]s z some?+ deta*$ f life1 b z ! =m or sub/ance 9 :i* life is intelligibly pres5t$4 ,its int]pretation is also creation4 ,b ! criticism ( dramatic lit]ature :i* is also creation1 is possible only :5 ! critical faculty is appli$ to ! ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature2 & nobody kn[s bett] ?an ! play-review] t ma/]pieces ( dramatic lit]ature d n pres5t !mselves frequ5tly & t !y _c be acclaim$ z ma/]pieces until !y h /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,& ?is is :y a critic-creator w\ld be a little out ( place on ! /aff ( a newspap]1 daily or weekly1 :e!r he 0 assign$ to deal ) ! drama or ) lit]ature at l>ge4 ,,iii ,! necess>y task ( ! book-review] or ( ! play-review]1 is n criticism ( ! creative k9d1 s9ce = t he is always likely to lack mat]ial4 ,8 task is humbl] ev5 if x is honorable2 x is to report ^u ! novelties ( ! day1 & to in=m ! read]s ( ! newspap] z to ! nature & ! m]its ( ^! novelties4 ,8 "w is ess5tially report+1 ev5 if x is report+ ( a special k9d1 call+ = special qualifications4 ,! connection ( ! drama ) ! %[ bus9ess is intimate1 & x always has be54 ,9 ! long hi/ory ( ! !at] !re is no p]iod )\t its successful pieces1 ! appeal ( :i* 0 ma9ly s5su\s--to ! eye & to ! e>1 r ?an to ! emotions & to ! intellect4 ,:ile ! drama is an art1 & p]haps ! l(tie/ ( ! arts1 ! %[ bus9ess is a trade4 ,?is is no new ?+--al?o ignorant ideali/s (t5 decl>e x s to be1 & al?o x may make itself a little m obvi\s at "o "t ?an at ano!r4 ,:at confronts u is ! condition ( ?+s z !y are1 n ! !ory ( ?+s z !y might be4 ,!re w\ld be occupation = a dramatic critic1 :o 0 also a creator1 only if our !at]s 7 pres5t+ 9 rapid succession a sequ5ce ( ma/]pieces1 trag$ies ( au/]e p[]1 com$ies ( se>*+ satire1 social dramas ( pi]c+ sugge/ion4 ,b ?is is n ! case n[ "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 & x nev] has be5 ! case any:]e or any:51 n ev5 9 ,weim> :5 ,goe! dom9at$ ! ducal !at]4 ,9 our playh\ses we are pr(f]$ our *oice ( ,%aksp]e & ,ibs51 ,p9]o & ,hauptmann1 ,h5ry ,ar?ur ,jones & ,augu/us ,?omas1 ,b>rie & ,gillette1 ,s>d\ & ,george ,m4 ,cohan2 & at ! same "t we are invit$ to *oose betwe5 ',trilby' & ! ',celebrat$ ,case1' melodramas & f>ces1 summ] song-%[s & ultra-contempor>y reviews1 alleg$ comic op]as & t]psi*orean spectacles4 ,mo/ ( ^! latt] exhibitions d n dem& or des]ve criticism ( any k9d2 b !y ne$ to be report$ ^u l any o!r item 9 ! news ( ! day4 ,if ?is is ! case1 x might z well be recogniz$ frankly4 ,!re is always advantage 9 see+ ?+s z !y are1 9 front+ ! facts & 9 look+ !m squ>ely 9 ! face4 ,soon] or lat] "s "o ( ^? :o are 9 *>ge ( our metropolitan newspap]s w p]ceive ! possibility ( a *ange ( me?od4 ,he w *>ge "o ( 8 /aff ) ! sup]vision ( ! !atrical news1 ! ann\ncem5ts ( new plays1 & ! p]sonal gossip ab\t ! play]s2 & he w au?orize ?is editor to s5d compet5t report]s to all fir/ p]=mances1 direct$ to report ^u !m z !y w\ld report ^u any o!r ev5t ( imm$iate int]e/4 ,he w\ld w>n ^! report]s t !y 7 /rictly to consid] !mselves z report]s1 & t !y 71 !re=e1 to refra9 f explicit criticism4 ,he w\ld s select 8 m5 t a melodrama %\ld be dealt ) by a report] :o lik$ a good melodrama1 & t a summ] song-%[ %\ld be describ$ by a report] :o c\ld f9d pleasure 9 in(f5sive & amus+ spectacle4 ,if ?is policy %\ld be adopt$1 & ann\nc$ cle>ly & emphatically1 probably mo/ ( ! occasions = qu>rel betwe5 manag]s & editors w\ld disappe>2 & ! imm5se majority ( ! read]s ( ! daily pap] w\ld be suppli$ ) exactly ! in=mation !y w\ld pref]4 ,!n1 = ! b5efit ( ! small] numb] :o are really int]e/$ 9 ! drama z a s]i\s art1 ! editor-9-*ief might avail himself ( ! fact t ! ,sunday issue1 :ile x is /ill a newspap] conta9+ ! news ( ! prec$+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is also a magaz9e1 to be read 9 m leisurely fa%ion1 & !re=e at lib]ty to treat timely topics ) a l>g] fre$om4 ,"h space c\ld be f\nd = g5u9e dramatic criticism by ! mo/ compet5t exp]t available4 ,?is dramatic critic %\ld h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! news ( ! !at]s1 or ) ! fir/-night play-review+4 ,he %\ld n be tir$ & bor$ by hav+ to g to ! !at] half a doz5 times a week1 & by be+ =c$ to analyze plays :i* d n rew>d analysis4 ,he w\ld be expect$ to select out ( ! curr5t p]=mances t "o :i* promis$ to be mo/ wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation1 & he w\ld feel himself free to discuss ?is at su* l5g? z x might seem to him to des]ve4 ,to him also %\ld be intru/$ ! m significant ( ! new books ^u ! hi/ory ( ! !at]1 & ^u ! art ( ! drama4 ,9 ! summ] 7& also :5ev] at any o!r season !re might be a de>? ( inspir+ topics71 ?is dramatic critic w\ld n be expect$ to contribute1 s9ce he %\ld nev] be call$ ^u to make bricks )\t /raw4 ,ev5 9 ,new ,york ?is me?od is n z new z x may seem1 & m ?an "o metropolitan daily has approximat$ to x1 al?o no "o ( !m has completely deta*$ ! dramatic critic f ! play-review] & f ! sup]visor ( !atrical gossip4 ,& x has long be5 adopt$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! ,p>is newspap]s4 ,9 ! ,temps1 = example1 :5 ,s>cey 0 its dramatic critic1 !re 0 a daily column ( !atrical ann\ncem5ts & ( brief reports ^u fir/-night p]=mances2 & ) ?is dep>tm5t ( ! news ( ! !at]s ,s>cey _h no?+ to d1 & = x he _h no responsibility4 ,!n 9 ! ample space specially res]v$ = him 9 ! issue ( e ,sunday aft]noon1 he dealt ) ! dramatic !mes t seem$ to him wor? :ile4 ,if a play appe>$ to dem& prolong$ /udy1 he might g to see x two1 or ev5 ?ree times1 be=e he und]took to =mulate 8 op9ion2 & on occasion he w\ld c>ry ov] 8 detail$ discussion ( a v important drama into ! article ( ! foll[+ ,sunday4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if no rec5t play seem$ to him to des]ve 8 cont9u$ att5tion1 he w\ld devote himself to "o ( ! rec5t books ab\t ! !at] or to a detail$ discussion ( ! prop] int]pretation ( "o ( ! classics ( ! ,fr5* drama kept con/antly 9 ! rep]tory ( ! ,com$ie-,francaise4 ,,iv ,! adoption ( ?is me?od w\ld relieve ! dramatic critic f "o ( 8 exi/+ disadvantages2 he w\ld be releas$ f criticis+ ! pieces :i* are b5ea? criticism4 ,! lit]>y critic1 & ev5 ! ord9>y book-review]1 nev] sp5ds 8 "t 9 consid]+ dime novels--:]eas ! dramatic critic is n[ call$ ^u to wa/e _m ev5+s 9 behold+ a play :i* is only ! !atrical equival5t ( a dime novel4 ,! imm$iate result ( ?is futile & fatigu+ exp5diture ( en]gy is likely to be disc\rag+ & ev5 en]vat+4 ,if ! dramatic critic c\ld be totally reliev$ f all contact ) ! %[ bus9ess :5 ! %[ bus9ess has only a casual connection ) ! drama1 x w\ld t5d to keep him fit = 8 ess5tial task4 ,"u ! pres5t conditions x is no wond] t ! !atrical review] we>ies ( 8 task & loses ! gu/o & ! ze/ )\t :i* all "w t5ds to deg5]ate into ! p]functory & ! me*anical4 ,we ne$ n fe> t ! fir/-night report+ w\ld be ill done if compet5t report]s 7 in/ruct$ t !y 7 n to consid] !mselves z critics1 & t x 0 _! sole duty to report1 z !y w\ld report any?+ else1 consci5ti\sly & accurately4 ,! difficulty w\ld n be 9 f9d+ report]s able to dis*>ge ?is duty1 x w\ld be 9 ! discov]y ( dramatic critics possess+ ! f\rfold qualifications ( insight1 equipm5t1 dis9t]e/$ness1 & sympa?y1 :i* e critic mu/ be end[$ ) :atev] ! art he und]takes to analyze4 ,& ! difficulty w\ld be increas$ by ! fact t ! dramatic critic ne$s an und]/&+ ( ?ree diff]5t arts1 ! art ( act+1 ! art ( lit]ature1 & ! art ( ! drama--( play-mak+ z di/9ct f lit]ature4 ,x w\ld be idle to hope t ev5 if ?is me?od 7 adopt$ we %\ld soon be able to develop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,great ,brita9 a gr\p ( dramatic critics ( ! capacity & ! quality ( ,less+ & ,s>cey1 ( ,george ,h5ry ,lewes & ,william ,ar*]4 ,yet x is solely by ! adoption ( ?is me?od t we c hope to provide ! opportunity = ! appe>ance ( ! true dramatic critic1 :o c fit himself = 8 f9] "w only by be+ set free f ! necessity ( do+ "w q unwor?y ( him1 al?o necess>y to ! newspap] itself4 ,& ! developm5t ( a gr\p ( dramatic critics ( a high] type ?an c be f\nd to-day--except possibly 9 a scant half-doz5 dailies & weeklies & mon?lies--is a condition prec$5t to ! developm5t ( our drama4 ,( c\rse1 ^! dramatic critics1 :atev] _! end[m5t1 c\ld give little help directly to ! dramatic au?ors1 s9ce x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! critic is capable ( c\nsell+ ! au?or1 or t he is *>g$ ) any su* duty4 ,:]e ! critic c help is by dissem9at+ k ab\t ! dramatic art1 & by rais+ ! /&>d ( appreciation 9 ! public at l>ge--t public :i* ev5 ! mightie/ dramati/ has to please or else to fail ( 8 purpose4 7#aiae47 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 ,passages 9 italics 7 indicat$ by und]scores4 ,small caps 7 replac$ ) ,,all ,,caps4 ,?r\gh\t ! docum5t1 ! oe ligature 0 replac$ ) ,,oe4 ,! illu/rations h be5 mov$ s t !y d n break up p>agraphs & s t !y are next ! text !y illu/rate4 ,?us ! page numb] ( ! illu/ration might n mat* ! page numb] 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations1 & ! ord] ( illu/rations may n be ! same 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations & 9 ! book4 ,errors 9 punctuations & inconsi/5t hyph5ation 7 n correct$ unless o!rwise not$ bel[3 ,?r\gh\t ! book1 avalan* 0 replac$ ) avalan*e4 ,on page #ef1 ! s+le quotation m>k 0 remov$ f ! block-quot$ p>agraph4 ,on page #aaf1 d5ial ( ( 0 replac$ ) d5ial (4 ,on page #bcj1 ,am]can 0 replac$ ) ,am]ican4 ,on page #bif1 air-cirlces 0 replac$ ) air-circles4