,,gett+ ,,gold3 ,a ,,practical ,,treatise ,,= ,,prospectors1 ,,m9]s1 ,,& ,,/ud5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,johnson1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,au/4 ,,in/4 ,,( ,,m9+ ,,eng9e]s2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,practical ,,m9+1 ,,! ,,g5esiology ,,( ,,gold1 ,,etc4 ,,prep>]',s ,,note ,?is text 0 prep>$ f a #ahih edition1 publi%$ by ,*>les ,griff9 ,company1 ,limit$2 ,exet] ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,london4 ,x is ! second edition1 revis$4 ,num]\s draw+s & diagrams h be5 omitt$4 ,,preface ,"s six ye>s ago ! au?or publi%$ a small book entitl$ ,practical ,m9+1 design$ specially = ! use ( ^? engag$ 9 ! always fasc9at+1 ?\gh n z inv>iably pr(itable1 pursuit ( ,gett+ ,gold4 ,( ?is t5 ?\s& copies 7 sold1 ne>ly all 9 ,au/ralasia1 & ! "w is n[ out ( pr9t4 ,! ,london ,m9+ ,j\rnal ( ,septemb] #i?1 #ahia1 said ( x3 ,we h seldom se5 a book 9 :i* s mu* int]e/+ matt] comb9$ ) useful in=mation is giv5 9 s small a space4 ,! gold-m9+ indu/ry has gr[n consid]ably s9ce #ahia1 & x appe>$ to ! writ] t ! pres5t w\ld be a propiti\s "t to br+ out a simil> "w1 b ) a consid]ably enl>g$ scope4 ,:at has be5 aim$ at is to make ,gett+ ,gold a comp5dium1 9 specially concrete =m1 ( useful in=mation respect+ ! processes ( w9n+ f ! soil & ! aft]-treatm5t ( gold & gold ores1 includ+ "s orig9al practical discov]ies by ! au?or4 ,practical in=mation1 orig9al & select$1 is giv5 to m9+ company directors1 m9e manag]s1 qu>tz mill op]ators1 & prospectors4 ,9 ,rules ( ,?umb1 *apt]s ,,xi4 & ,,xii41 w be f\nd a l>ge numb] ( useful h9ts on subjects directly & indirectly connect$ ) gold-m9+4 ,! au?or's m9+ exp]i5ce ext5ds back ?irty ye>s & he !re=e v5tures to believe ) "s degree ( confid5ce t ! in=mation1 orig9al or compil$1 :i* ! book conta9s1 w be f\nd bo? useful & pr(itable to ^? :o are 9 any capacity int]e/$ 9 ! gold-m9+ indu/ry4 ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,j4 ,,london1 ,novemb]1 #ahif4 ,,gett+ ,,gold ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,gold is a "n to *>m by4 ,x is desir$ by all nations1 & is ! "o metal ! supply ( :i* nev] exce$s ! dem&4 ,"s "o has aptly said1 ,gold is ! mo/ pot5t sub/ance on ! surface ( our planet4 ,tom ,hood s+s3 ,gold1 gold1 gold1 gold6 ,bright & yell[1 h>d & cold2 ,molt51 grav51 hamm]$1 roll$1 ,heavy to get1 & light to hold2 ,/ol51 borr[$1 squ&]$1 dol$4 ,t ?is mu* appreciat$ metal is heavy to get is prov$ by ! high value :i* has be5 plac$ on x f times remote to date1 & t x is light to hold mo/ ( u "k to our co/4 ,we read no f>!r ?an ! second *apt] 9 ! ,bible :5 we f9d m5tion ( gold4 ,!re ,moses speaks ( ! l& ( ,havilah1 :]e !re is gold2 & 9 ,g5esis1 *apt] xxiv41 we read t ,abraham's s]vant gave ,rebekah an e>r+ ( half a %ekel weight1 say #e dwt4 #ac grs41 & two bracelets ( t5 %ekels weight1 or ab\t #d #a_/b ozs4 ,!n ?r\gh\t ! ,scriptures1 &1 inde$1 9 all hi/oric writ+s1 we f9d frequ5t m5tion ( ! k+ ( metals1 & always x is spok5 ( z a commodity highly priz$4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ei!r we are mi/ak5 9 ! weights us$ by ! ,hebrew nation 9 e>ly days1 or t ! ari?metic ( ^? times 0 n q accord+ to ,cock]4 ,we read1 ,i4 ,k+s x4 & xli41 t ,solomon 9 "o ye> receiv$ no less ?an six hundr$ & ?ree score & six tal5ts ( gold4 ,if a tal5t ( gold 01 z has be5 assum$1 #cjjj %ekels ( #bai gra9s ea*1 ! value ( ! gold5 treasure accumulat$ 9 ?is "o ye> by ! ,hebrew k+ w\ld h be5 #c1fdf1cej p\nds /]l+4 ,consid]+ t ! only means ( gett+ gold 9 ^? days 0 a mo/ primitive mode ( wa%+ x f riv] s&s1 or a /ill m difficult & labori\s process ( break+ ! qu>tz f ! lode )\t prop] tools or explosives1 & !n sl[ly gr9d+ x by h& lab\r betwe5 two /ones1 ! am\nt m5tion$ is truly enorm\s4 ,( ?is treasure ! ,que5 ( ,%eba1 :o came to visit ! ,hebrew mon>*1 contribut$ a hundr$ & tw5ty tal5ts1 or1 say1 #fjj1jjj p\nds wor?4 ,:]e ! ,l& ( ,ophir1 :5ce ?is gold5 lady came1 0 really situat$ has evok$ mu* controv]sy1 b !re is n[ a g5]al op9ion t ,ophir 0 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 some:]e ne> ,delagoa ,bay1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,limpopo & ,sabia riv]s4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! "n ( ! black b comely que5 0 ,sabia1 :i* may or may n be a co9cid5ce1 b x is c]ta9ly true t ! riv]s ( ?is di/rict h produc$ gold f prehi/oric times till n[4 ,! discov]y ( rem>kable ru9s 9 ! newly acquir$ prov9ce ( ,ma%onal&1 :i* ev9ce a high /ate ( civilisation 9 ! build]s1 may ?r[ "s light on ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,! pr9cipal value ( gold is z a m$ium ( ex*ange1 & its high appreciation is due1 fir/1 to ! fact t x is 9 almo/ univ]sal reque/2 &1 secondly1 to its comp>ative sc>city2 yet1 oddly en\gh1 ) ! exception ( t humble b s]viceable metal iron1 gold is ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ metal kn[n4 ,few1 if any1 c\ntries d n possess x1 & 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 civilis$ & uncivilis$1 x is m9$ = & br\ght to m>ket4 ,! torrid1 temp]ate1 & frigid zones are almo/ equally aurif]\s4 ,sib]ia1 mid-,asia1 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe1 d[n to equatorial & s\!rn ,africa 9 ! ,old ,_w1 & nor?1 c5tral1 & s\!rn ,am]ica1 ) ,au/ralasia1 9 :at may be t]m$ ! ,new ,_w1 are all produc]s ( gold 9 payable quantities4 ,9 ! e>li] ages1 ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! preci\s metal 0 probably ,africa1 :i* has always be5 prolific 9 gold4 ,to ?is day !re are to be se5 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,egypt excavations & ! rema9s ( old m9e build+s & appliances left by ! anci5t gold-m9]s1 :o 7 mo/ly ,/ate prison]s4 ,"s ( ^! m9es 7 work$ by ! ,ph>aohs (1 & be=e1 ! "t ( ,moses2 & 9 ^! dreadful places ?\s&s ( ,israelites 7 driv5 to dea? by ! taskma/]'s :ip4 ,among/ ! old appliances is "o :i* approximat$ v closely to ! amalgamat+1 or blanket table1 ( a mod]n qu>tz mill4 ,! gr9d+ 0 done betwe5 two /ones1 & possibly by means ( su* primitive me*anism z is us$ to-day by ! natives ( ,korea4 ,! ,korean ,mill is simply a l>ge h>d /one to :i* a rock+ motion is giv5 by manual p[] by means ( ! bamboo h&les :ile ! ore is cru%$ betwe5 ! upp] & basem5t /one4 ,solomon says !re is no new ?+ "u ! sun2 c]ta9ly !re is mu* t is n absolutely new 9 appliances = gold extraction4 ,i lately le>n$ t ! pr9ciple ( "o ( our newe/ conc5trat+ ma*9es1 ! ,frue vann]1 0 kn[n 9 ,india & ! ,ea/ c5turies ago2 & we h x on good au?ority--t ( ,pl9y--t gold sav+ by amalgamation ) m]cury 0 practis$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x w n be surpris+ !n if1 ere long1 "s "o claims to h inv5t$ ! ,korean ,mill1 ) improvem5ts4 ,few subjects 9 m9]alogical sci5ce h evok$ m controv]sy ?an ! orig9 ( gold4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 &1 inde$1 d[n to ! "t ( t great philosoph]1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :o 0 himself bitt5 ) ! craze1 x 0 widely believ$ t1 by :at 0 kn[n z transmutation1 ! bas] metals might be *ang$ to gold2 & mu* "t & tr\ble 7 exp5d$ 9 attempts to make gold--ne$less to say )\t ! desir$ result4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 _m valuable additions to *emical sci5ce1 & also "s useful metallic alloys1 7 ?us discov]$4 ,! late/ />tl+ /atem5t on ?is subject comes f1 ( c\rse1 ! wond]l& ( ! _w1 ,am]ica4 ,9 a rec5tly publi%$ j\rnal x is said t a sci5tific metallurgi/ !re has succe$$ 9 produc+ absolutely pure gold1 :i* /&s all te/s1 f silv]4 ,ne$less to say1 if ?is 7 true1 at all ev5ts ! mu* vex$ hi-metallic "q w\ld be solv$ at once & = all "t4 ,x is n[ admitt$ by all speciali/s t ! royal metal1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 mat]ial respects 9 its mode ( occurr5ce f its useful b m plebeian bre?r5 ( ! m9]al k+dom1 has yet be5 deposit$ "u simil> conditions f m9]al salts held 9 solution4 ,! fir/ mode ( obta9+ ?is mu* desir$ metal 0 d\btless by wa%+ ! s& ( riv]s :i* fl[$ ?r\gh aurif]\s /rata4 ,"s ( ^!1 su* z ! ,lydian /ream1 ,pactolus1 7 suppos$ to r5ew _! gold5 /ores miracul\sly ea* ye>4 ,:at really happ5$ 0 t ! w9t] floods deta*$ portions ( aurif]\s drift f ! banks1 :i*1 be+ dis9tegrat$ by ! ru% & fl[ ( ! wat]1 w\ld naturally deposit 9 ! /ill rea*es & eddies any gold t might be conta9$ !re94 ,! mode ( wa%+ 0 exactly t c>ri$ on by ! natives 9 "s di/ricts ( ,africa to-day4 ,a wood5 b[l 0 p>tly fill$ ) aurif]\s s& & mud1 &1 /&+ knee-deep 9 ! /ream1 ! op]ator add$ a little wat]1 & caus$ ! cont5ts ( ! b[l to take a circul> motion1 some:at z ! mod]n digg] does ) 8 t9 di%1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t 8 anci5t prototype all[$ ! wat] & light] p>ticles to escape ov] ! rim z he swirl$ ! /uff r\nd & r\nd4 ,i presume1 9 f9i%+ ! op]ation1 he collect$ ! gold5 gra9s by g5tly lapp+ ! wat] ov] ! r$uc$ mat]ial1 mu* z we d n[4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! mode 9 :i* aurif]\s lode-/uff 0 treat$ 9 e>ly times--i4e41 by gr9d+ betwe5 /ones4 ,?is is also practis$ 9 ,africa to-day1 & we h se5 t ! ,koreans1 ) ,mongolian acut5ess1 h gone a /ep f>!r1 & pulv]ise ! qu>tz by rock+ "o /one on ano!r4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! arra/ra is /ill us$1 :i* is simply ! application ( horse or mule p[] to ! /one-gr9d+ process1 ) use ( m]cury4 ,! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! gold supply ( ! mod]n _w h be51 fir/1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,transylvania 9 ,europe1 ,sib]ia 9 ,asia1 ,cali=nia 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,africa has always produc$ gold f "t immemorial4 ,! lat] developm5t 9 ! ,johannesburg di/rict1 ,transvaal1 :i* has absorb$ dur+ ! la/ few ye>s s _m millions ( ,engli% capital1 is n[1 aft] mu* difficulty & disappo9tm5t--?anks to ,briti% pluck & skill--produc+ spl5didly4 ,! yield = #ahif 0 #b1bha1hgd ounces--a yield nev] be=e equall$ by lode-m9+ f "o field4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdg gold 0 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 at ,sutor's sawmill1 ,sacram5to ,valley1 :]e1 on ! wat] be+ cut (f1 yell[ specks & small nuggets 7 f\nd 9 ! tail race4 ,! enorm\s ru% :i* foll[$ is a matt] ( hi/ory & ! subject ( _m romances1 ?\gh ! tru? has1 9 ?is in/ance1 be5 /rang] ?an fiction4 ,! yield ( ! preci\s metal 9 ,cali=nia s9ce t date up to #ahhh am\nts to #bef1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,foll[+ close on ! ,am]ican discov]y came t ( ,au/ralia1 ! cr$it ( :i* has usually be5 accord$ to ,h>graves1 a return$ ,cali=nian digg]1 :o wa%$ out payable gold at ,lewis ,ponds ,creek1 ne> ,ba?ur/1 9 #ahea4 ,b !re is n[ no reason to d\bt t gold _h previ\sly be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( t great isl& cont95t4 ,x may be news to _m t ! fir/ gold m9e work$ 9 ,au/ralia 0 op5$ ab\t twelve miles f ,adelaide city1 ,s4,a41 9 ! ye> #ahdh4 ,?is m9e 0 call$ ! ,victoria2 sev]al ( ! ,company's scrip are pres]v$ 9 ! ,public ,libr>y2 b "s two ye>s previ\s to ?is a man nam$ ,edw>d ,prov5 _h f\nd gold 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,mo/ ,gov]nm5ts n[adays enc\rage 9 e possible way ! discov]y ( gold-fields1 & rew>ds rang+ f hundr$s to ?\s&s ( p\nds are giv5 to successful prospectors ( new aurif]\s di/ricts4 ,! rew>d ! ,new ,s\? ,wales au?orities met$ out to a wret*$ convict1 :o e>ly 9 ?is c5tury _h d>$ to f9d gold1 0 a hundr$ la%es vigor\sly laid on to 8 already excoriat$ back4 ,! man !n v naturally admitt$ t ! alleg$ discov]y 0 a fraud1 & t ! nugget produc$ 0 a melt$ d[n brass c&le/ick4 ,"o w\ld h imag9$ t ev5 9 ^? un5light5$ days x w\ld n h be5 difficult to h f\nd a sci5ti/ suffici5tly well in=m$ to put a little nitric acid on ! suppos$ nugget1 & s det]m9e :e!r x 0 ! g5u9e article1 )\t sk9n+ a live man fir/ to asc]ta94 ,my belief is t ! un=tunate fell[ really f\nd gold1 b1 z ,mr4 ,deas ,?ompson1 ! !n ,colonial ,secret>y1 aft]w>ds told ,h>graves 9 disc\rag+ 8 report$ discov]y1 ,y mu/ rememb] t z soon z ,au/ralia becomes kn[n z a gold-produc+ c\ntry x is utt]ly spoil$ z a receptacle = convicts4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! secret ( ! unwill+ness ( ! au?orities to enc\rage ! se>* = gold1 & x is aft] all due to ! fact t ! se>* 0 ultimately successful beyond all prec$5t1 t ,au/ralia has be5 = s _m ye>s reliev$ ( ! curse ( convictism1 & has ceas$ once & = all to be a depot = ! sc\ndrelism ( ,brita9--,hurrah = ! bright r$ gold6 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahea to date ! value ( ! gold rais$ 9 ! ,au/ralasian colonies has realis$ ! enorm\s am\nt ( ne>ly #eej1jjj1jjj p\nds4 ,"o _c help wond]+ :]e x all goes4 ,mulhall gives ! exi/+ money ( ! _w at #bdcg million p\nds1 ( :i* #hdf millions are pap]1 #hja millions silv]1 & #gij millions gold4 ,f #ahcj to #ahhj ! _w consum$ by melt+ d[n plate1 etc41 #dbcj tons ( silv] m ?an x m9$4 ,f #ahjj to #ahgj ! value ( gold 0 ab\t #ae #a_/b times t ( silv]4 ,f #ahgj to #ahhj x 0 #afg times ! value ( silv] & n[ exce$s x ov] tw5ty times4 ,9 #agjj ! _w _h #cja million p\nds ( money2 9 #ahjj1 #efh million p\nds2 & 9 #ahfj1 #aahj million p\nds /]l+4 ,! gold fir/ work$ = 9 ,au/ralia1 z 9 o!r places1 0 ( c\rse alluvial1 by :i* is usually und]/ood loose gold 9 nuggets1 specks1 & du/1 ly+ 9 drifts :i* 7 once ! b$s ( long ext9ct /reams & riv]s1 or possibly ! mora9es ( glaci]s1 z 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,fur!r on ! diff]5ces w be m5tion$ betwe5 alluvial & reef or lode gold1 = t !re is a diff]5ce 9 orig9 9 _m occurr5ces1 is1 ,i ?9k1 provable4 ,i hold1 & hold /rongly1 t true alluvial gold is n always d]iv$ f ! dis9tegration ( lodes or reefs4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,welcome ,nugget c]ta9ly nev] came f a reef4 ,no su* mass ( gold1 or any?+ approa*+ x1 has ev] yet be5 tak5 f a qu>tz matrix4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,bak]y ,hill1 ,ball>at1 9 #aheh1 weight #baie ozs41 & sold = #aj1ejj p\nds4 ,?is 0 above its actual value4 ,! ,welcome ,/rang]1 a /ill l>g] mass ( gold1 0 f\nd among/ ! roots ( a tree at ,dunolly1 ,victoria1 9 #ahfi1 by two />v$ out fossick]s nam$ ,deeson & ,oates4 ,! weight ( ?is1 ! l>ge/ au!nticat$ nugget ev] f\nd 0 #bbfh #a_/b ozs41 & x 0 sold = #aj1jjj p\nds1 b x 0 r5d]$ useless z a specim5 by ! f9d]s1 :o sp5t a night burn+ x to remove ! adh]+ qu>tz4 ,b ! ord9>y digg] nei!r hopes nor expects to une>? su* treasures z ^!4 ,he is cont5t to ga!r toge!r by means ( puddl+ ma*9e1 cradle1 long tom1 or ev5 puddl+ tub & t9 di%1 ! scales1 specks1 du/1 & occasional small nuggets ord9>ily met ) 9 alluvial wa%es4 ,hav+ sunk to ! wa%1 or drift1 ! digg]1 by means ( "o or m ( ! appliances m5tion$ above1 proce$s to sep>ate ! gold f ! clay & gravel 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,( c\rse 9 l>ge alluvial claims1 :]e capital is employ$1 su* appliances are sup]s$$ by /eam puddles1 buddles1 & o!r ma*9]y1 & sometimes m]cury is us$ to amalgamate ! gold :5 v f9e4 ,hydraulic+ is ! *eape/ =m ( alluvial m9+1 b c only be pr(itably c>ri$ out :]e ext5sive drifts1 :i* c be work$ z qu>ry faces1 & unlimit$ wat] exi/ 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,:5 su* conditions obta9 a few gra9s ( gold to ! y>d or ton w pay h&somely4 ,lode or reef m9+1 is a m exp5sive & complicat$ process1 requir+ mu* skill & capital4 ,fir/1 let me expla9 :at a lode really is4 ,! ,am]ican t]m is l$ge1 & x is n inappropriate or inexpressive4 ,imag9e !n a l$ge1 or k]b/one1 cont9u+ to unkn[n dep?s 9 ! e>? at any angle v>y+ f p]p5dicul> to ne>ly horizontal4 ,?is k]b/one is totally di/9ct f ! rocks :i* enclose x2 ^? on "o side may be slate1 on ! o!r1 s&/one2 b ! lode1 sep>at$ usually by a small b& ( s(t mat]ial kn[n to m9]s z cas+1 or fluccan1 pres]ves always an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & 9 _m in/ances is practically bottomless s f> z human exploration is conc]n$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 reefs or lodes :i* are n p]si/5t 9 dep?4 ,sometimes ! lode =mation is f\nd only 9 ! upp] & new] /rata1 & cuts out :51 say1 ! basic rocks 7su* z granite1 etc47 are rea*$4 ,aga91 !re is a =m ( lode kn[n among m9]s z a ga% ve94 ,x is sometimes met ) 9 ! old] cry/all9e slates1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! lode runs con=mably ) ! cleavage ( ! rock4 ,mu* ignorance is display$ on ! subject ( lode =mation & ! deposition ( metals !re91 ev5 by m9+ m5 ( long exp]i5ce4 ,_m /ill insi/ t lodes1 p>ticul>ly ^? conta9+ gold1 are ( igne\s orig91 & po9t to ! black & br[n f]ro-manganic outcrops 9 confirmation4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t (t5 ! upp] portions ( a lode pres5t a /rong appe>ance ( fire ag5cy1 b exactly ! same appe>ance c be caus$ by oxidation ( iron & manganese 9 wat]4 ,x may n[ be accept$ z a prov5 fact t no true lode has be5 =m$1 or its metals deposit$ except by aque\s action4 ,t is to say1 ! bulk ( ! lode & all its metallif]\s cont5ts 7 once held 9 solution 9 subt]ranean wat]s1 :i* 7 eject$ by geys]s or simply filt]$ into fissures =m$ ei!r by ! %r9kage ( ! e>?'s cru/ 9 process ( cool+ or by volcanic =ce4 ,x is n cont5d$ t ! effect ( ! int]nal fires _h no influ5ce on ! =mation ( metallif]\s ve9s1 inde$1 x is c]ta9 t !y _h1 b ! action 0 :at is t]m$ hydro!rmal 7hot wat]72 & su* action we may see 9 progress to-day 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :]e hot spr+s /ream or sp\t above ! surface1 :5 ! silica & lime impregnat$ wat]1 r$uc$ 9 heat & releas$ f pressure1 beg9s =?) to deposit ! m9]als previ\sly held 9 solution4 ,h5ce ! =mation ( ! wondr\s ,p9k & ,:ite ,t]race1 de/roy$ by volcanic action "s eight ye>s s9ce1 :i* grew almo/ :ile y wat*$2 s rapidly 0 ! silica deposit$ t a dead beetle or ti-tree twig left 9 ! transluc5t blue wat] = a few days became completely coat$ & petrifi$4 ,gold diff]s 9 its mode ( occurr5ce f o!r metals 9 _m respects2 b !re is no d\bt t x 0 once held 9 aque\s solution & deposit$ 9 its metallic =m by electro-*emical action4 ,x is true we d n f9d oxides1 c>bonates1 or bromides ( gold 9 ,nature1 nor c we feel q sure t gold n[ exi/s naturally z a sulphide1 *loride1 or silicate1 ?\gh ! presumption is /rongly t x does4 ,if s1 ! deposition ( ! gold may be ceaselessly progress+4 ,g5]ally reef gold is f9] z to size ( ! p>ticles1 &1 z a rule1 inf]ior 9 quality to alluvial4 ,?us1 9 addition to ! extra labor entail$ 9 break+ into "o ( ! h>de/ ( rocks1 qu>tz1 ! madre de oro 7"m ( gold7 ( ! ,spani>ds1 !re is ! additional lab\r requir$ to pulv]ise ! rock s z to set free ! t9ie/ p>ticles ( ! noble metal x s jeal\sly gu>ds4 ,!re is also ! additional difficult op]ation ( sav+ & ga!r+ toge!r ^! small specks1 & s produc+ ! massive cakes & b>s ( gold 9 _! m>ketable /ate4 ,hav+ f\nd payable gold 9 qu>tz on ! surface1 ! w\ld-be m9] has next to asc]ta9 two ?+s4 ,fir/1 ! /rike or c\rse ( ! lode2 & secondly1 its und]lie1 or dip4 ,! /rike1 or c\rse1 is ! direction :i* ! lode takes l5g?wise4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! t]m und]lie is us$ to designate ! angle f ! p]p5dicul> at :i* ! lode lies 9 its enclos+ rocks1 & by dip ! angle at :i* x dips or incl9es l5g?wise on its c\rse4 ,?us1 at "o po9t ! cap ( a lode may appe> on ! surface1 & "s di/ance fur!r ! cap may be hundr$s ( feet bel[4 ,usually a %aft is sunk 9 ! reef to prove ! und]lie1 & a level1 or levels1 driv5 on ! c\rse to asc]ta9 its direction und]gr\nd1 also if ! gold ext5ds1 & if s1 h[ f>4 ,?is be+ prov$1 next a v]tical %aft is sunk on ! hang+ or upp] wall side1 & ! reef is ei!r tapp$ !reby1 or a cross-cut driv5 to int]sect x4 ,we w n[ assume t our m9]s h f\nd _! lode payable1 & h "s hundr$s ( tons ( good gold-be>+ /one 9 sight or at ! surface4 ,!y mu/ next provide a r$uc+ plant4 ,( means = cru%+ or triturat+ qu>tz !re is no lack1 & e ye> gives u fre% inv5tions = ! purpose1 ea* "o bett] ?an t :i* prec$$ x1 accord+ to its inv5tor4 ,mo/ practical m51 h[ev]1 pref] to cont9ue ! use ( ! /amp] batt]y1 :i* is virtually a pe/le & mort> on a l>ge scale4 ,:y we adh]e to ?is =m ( pulv]is+ ma*9e is t1 ?\gh some:at wa/eful ( p[]1 x is easily und]/ood1 its we>+ p>ts are *eaply & exp$iti\sly replac$1 & x is s /rong t ev5 ! mo/ p]v]sely /upid workman _c easily break x or put x out ( ord]4 ,! /one1 be+ p\nd$ into s& ( su* degree ( f95ess z ! gold requires1 passes ?r\gh a p]=at$ iron plate call$ a grat+1 or scre51 on to an incl9$ surface ( copp] plates fac$ ) m]cury1 hav+ small tr\ghs1 or riffles1 conta9+ m]cury1 plac$ at c]ta9 di/ances ap>t4 ,! cru%$ qu>tz is c>ri$ ov] ^! copp] tables1 z !y are t]m$1 !nce ov] ! blanket tables--t is1 incl9$ planes cov]$ ) co>se s]ge1 blankets1 or o!r floccul5t mat]ial--s t ! heavy p>ticles may be caught 9 ! hairs1 or is pass$ ov] vann]s or conc5trat+ ma*9es4 ,! result+ conc5trates are wa%$ (f f "t to "t & res]v$ = second>y treatm5t4 ,to beg9 )1 !y are roa/$ to get rid ( ! sulphur1 ars5ic1 etc41 :i* w\ld int]f]e ) ! amalgamation or lixiviation1 & !n ei!r gr\nd to impalpable f95ess 9 "o ( ! _m triturat+ pans ) m]cury1 or treat$ by *lor9e or potassium cyanide4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are m]ely amalgamat+1 !n at /at$ p]iods ! batt]y & pans are clean$ out1 ! amalgam rubb$ or scrap$ f ! copp] plates & rais$ f ! tr\ghs & riffles4 ,x is !n squeez$ ?r\gh *amois lea!r1 or good calico w d z well1 & retort$ 9 a l>ge iron retort1 ! nozzle ( :i* is kept 9 wat] s z to conv]t ! m]cury vap\r aga9 to ! metallic =m4 ,! result is a spongy cake ( gold1 :i* is ei!r sold z retort$ gold or smelt$ into b>s4 ,! o!r & m sci5tific me?ods ( extract+ ! preci\s metal f its matrices1 su* z lixiviation or lea*+1 by means ( solv5ts 7*lor9e1 cyanog51 hyposulphite ( soda1 etc471 w be m fully describ$ lat] on4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,gold ,,prospect+--,,alluvial ,,& ,,g5]al ,x is purpos$ 9 ?is *apt] to deal specially ) ! op]ation ( se>*+ = valuable m9]al by individuals or small work+ p>ties4 ,x is well kn[n t mu* disappo9tm5t & loss accrue ?r\gh lack ( k by prospectors1 :o ) all _! ent]prise & en]gy are (t5 v ignorant1 n only ( ! probable locality1 mode ( occurr5ce1 & widely diff]+ appe>ance ( ! v>i\s valuable m9]als1 b also ( ! be/ means ( locat+ & te/+ ! ores :5 f\nd4 ,x is = ! in=mation ( su* z ^! t ?is *apt] is ma9ly int5d$1 n = sci5ti/s or m9]s ( l>ge exp]i5ce4 ,all ( u :o h _h mu* to d ) m9+ "k t ! majority ( ! be/ m9]al f9ds h be5 made by ! pure/ accid5t2 (t5 by m5 :o _h no m9+ k :atev]2 & t _m valuable discov]ies h be5 delay$1 or1 :5 made1 ab&on$ z n payable1 f ! same cause--ignorance ( ! rudim5ts ( m9]alogy & m9+4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 ask$ by prospectors1 :5 inspect+ new m9]al fields1 :at rudim5t>y k w be mo/ useful to !m & h[ x c be be/ obta9$4 ,if a man c sp>e ! "t a c\rse ( lessons at "s accr$it$ s*ool ( m9es w be1 und\bt$ly1 ! be/ possible tra9+2 b if he asks :at books he %\ld read 9 ord] to obta9 "s prim>y te*nical in/ruction1 ,i reply3 ,fir/1 an introductory text-book ( geology1 :i* w tell him 9 ! simple/ & pla9e/ language all he absolutely requires to "k on ?is important subject4 ,e prospector %\ld und]/& elem5t>y geology s f> z g5]al k ( ! hi/ory ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ( ! sev]al actions t h tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 or are n[ 9 op]ation1 modify+ its conditions4 ,he may ) advantage g a few /eps fur!r & le>n to classify ! v>i\s =mations into sy/ems1 gr\ps1 & s]ies3 b he c acquire all t he ne$ absolutely "k f ?is useful little #bs4 #f;d4 book4 ,next1 x is advisable to le>n some?+ ab\t ! occurr5ce & appe>ance ( ! valuable m9]als & ! =mations 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,= all practical purposes ,i c recomm5d ,cox & ,ratte's ,m9es & ,m9]als1 "o ( ! ,te*nical ,education s]ies ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 :i* deals l>gely ) ! subject f an ,au/ralian /&po9t1 & is !re=e p>ticul>ly valuable to ! ,au/ralian m9]1 b :i* w be f\nd applicable to mo/ o!r gold-be>+ c\ntries4 ,i mu/ n1 h[ev]1 omit to m5tion an admirably compil$ multum 9 p>vo volume prep>$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,goyd]1 jun41 ,gov]nm5t ,assay] & ,assay ,in/ructor at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 ,adelaide4 ,x is call$ ! ,prospectors' ,pocketbook1 co/s only "o %ill+1 is well b\nd1 & ( h&y size to c>ry4 ,9 brief1 pla9 language x describes h[ a man1 hav+ le>n$ a little ( assay+1 may *eaply provide himself ) a portable assay plant1 & fluxes1 & also gives consid]able g5]al in=mation on ! subject ( m9]als1 _! occurr5ce & treatm5t499 99 ,ano!r excell5t & really practical book is ,pr(4 ,cole's ,practical ,aids 9 ,geology 7second edition71 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,x may "h be /at$ t "s twelve ye>s ago ,i did a l>ge am\nt ( practical silv] assay+ on ! ,b>ri] 7,brok5 ,hill71 :i* 0 n !n s accessible a place z x is n[1 & got closely correct results f a numb] ( diff]5t m9es1 ) an extemporis$ plant almo/ amus+ 9 its simplicity4 ,all ,i took f ,adelaide 7 a small set ( scales capable ( det]m9+ ! weight ( a button d[n to #bj ozs4 to ! ton1 a piece ( *eese clo? to make a scre5 or sieve1 a t9 r+ #a #a_/b 94 diamet]1 by #a_/b 94 high1 a small brass door knob to use z a cupel m\ld1 & "s p[d]$ borax1 c>bonate ( soda1 & argol = fluxes2 :ile = r$uc+ lead ,i _h rec\rse to ! l9+ ( a tea-*e/1 :i* lead conta9s no silv]--,john ,*9aman takes good c>e ( t4 ,my mort> 0 a jam t91 )\t top or bottom1 plac$ on an anvil2 ! pe/le a %ort /eel drill4 ,! blacksmi? at ,mundi ,mundi ,/ation made me a small wr\ght iron crucible1 also a pair ( b5t tongs f a piece ( f5c+-wire4 ,! manag] gave me a small common r$ fl[] pot = a muffle1 & ) ! smi?'s =ge 7! fire built r\nd ) a few blocks ( talcose s*i/7 = a furnace1 my plant 0 complete4 ,i burn$ & cru%$ bones to make my bone-du/ = cupell+1 & ?us provid$ made ne>ly =ty assays1 "s ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds *eck$ 9 ,adelaide1 9 ea* in/ance com+ z close z *eck assays g5]ally d4 ,n[adays "o c pur*ase *eaply a v effective portable plant1 or aft] a few lessons a man may by practice make himself s pr(ici5t ) ! bl[pipe z to obta9 assay results suffici5tly accurate = mo/ practical purposes4 ,com+ !n to ! actual "w ( prospect+4 ,:at ! prospector requires to "k is1 fir/1 ! usual locality ( occurr5ce ( ! m valuable m9]als2 secondly1 _! appe>ance2 ?irdly1 a simple mode ( te/+4 ,) respect to occurr5ce1 ! old] s&y & clay slates1 *lorite slates1 micace\s1 & hornbl5dic s*i/s1 p>ticul>ly at or ne> _! junction ) ! intrusive granite & diorite1 g5]ally =m ! mo/ likely geological c\ntry = ! f9d+ ( m9]al lodes1 p>ticul>ly gold1 silv] & t94 ,b ^? :o h be5 engag$ 9 practical m9+ = long1 f9d+ by exp]i5ce t no two m9]al fields are exactly alike 9 all _! *>act]i/ics1 h come to ! conclusion t x is unwise to =m !ories z to :y metals %\ld or %\ld n be f\nd 9 c]ta9 enclos+ rocks or matrices4 ,"s ( ! be/ reef gold got 9 ,victoria has be5 obta9$ 9 dead :ite1 milky-look+ qu>tz almo/ de/itute ( base metal4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia reef gold is almo/ inv>iably associat$ ) iron1 ei!r z oxide1 z gossan2 or f]rug9\s calcite1 limonite2 or granul> silica1 conglom]at$ by iron1 ! iron/one :i* =ms ! capp+ or outcrop ( _m ( our reefs1 & :i* is (t5 ri* 9 gold4 ,b to %[ t x is unsafe to decide (f-h& 9 :at class ( matrix metals w or w n be f\nd1 ,i may say t 9 my own exp]i5ce ,i h se5 payable gold 9 ! foll[+ mat]ials3-- ,qu>tz1 d5se & milky1 also 9 qu>tz ( ne>ly e col\r & appe>ance1 sac*>oidal1 cry/all9e1 nay1 ev5 9 cle> glass-l six-sid$ prismatic cry/als1 & associat$ ) silv]1 copp]1 lead1 ars5ic1 iron z sulphide1 oxide1 c>bonate1 & tung/ate1 antimony1 bismu?1 nickel1 z9c1 lead1 & o!r metals 9 "o =m or ano!r2 9 slate1 qu>tzite1 mica s*i/1 granite1 diorite1 porphyry1 felsite1 calcite1 dolomite1 common c>bonate ( iron1 silice\s s9t] f a hot spr+1 z at ,m\nt ,morgan2 z alluvial gold 9 drifts =m$ ( almo/ all ^! mat]ials2 & once1 p]haps ! mo/ curi\s matrix ( all1 a small piece ( app>5tly alluvial gold1 naturally imb$d$ 9 a %aly piece ( coal4 ,?is specim51 ,i ?9k1 is 9 ! ,sydney ,museum4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ! prospector may make sure (3 he w always f9d gold m or less intimately associat$ ) silica 7,qu>tz7 9 "o or o!r ( its _m =ms1 j z he w always f9d cassit]ite 7oxide ( t97 9 ! neighb\rhood ( granite conta9+ muscovite 7:ite mica71 :i* s _m p w p]si/ 9 t]m+ talc4 ,x is /at$ to be a fact t t9 has nev] be5 f\nd m ?an ab\t two miles f su* granite4 ,f :at has be5 said ( its widely div]g5t occurr5ces x w be admitt$ t ! ,corni% m9]s' say+ ) reg>d to metals g5]ally applies ) great =ce to gold3 ,:]e x is1 !re x is3 & ,c\s9 ,jack adds1 ) pa!tic emphasis1 & :]e x is g5]ally1 !re ,i a9't4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! geological c\ntry rock 9 :i* r$ gold is mo/ likely to be discov]$--i4e41 ! junction ( ! slates & s*i/s ) ! igne\s or metamorphic 7alt]$7 rocks1 or 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,old riv] b$s =m$ ( gravelly drifts 9 ! same neighb\rhood may probably conta9 alluvial gold1 or %all[ deposits ( wa% on hillsides & 9 valleys w (t5 c>ry good surface gold4 ,?is is sometimes due to ! d5udation1 or we>+ away1 ( ! hills conta9+ qu>tz-ve9s--t is1 :]e ! alluvial gold really 0 d]iv$ f su* ve9s1 :i*1 popul> op9ion to ! contr>y1 is n always ! case4 ,mu* disappo9tm5t & loss ( "t & money may sometimes be prev5t$ if prospectors w realise t all alluvial gold does n come f ! qu>tz ve9s or reefs2 & t foll[+ up an alluvial lead1 no matt] h[ ri*1 w n inevitably develop a payable gold lode4 ,sometimes gold1 evid5tly ( reef orig91 is f\nd 9 ! alluvial2 b 9 t case x is g5]ally f9e z reg>ds ! size ( ! p>ticles1 m or less %>p-edg$1 or cry/all9e 9 =m if rec5tly %$2 :ile su* gold is (t5 ( poor] quality ?an ! true alluvial :i* occurs 9 mammill>y 7brea/-l7 nuggets1 & is ( a high] degree ( purity z gold4 ,! ord9>y non-sci5tific digg] w d well to give cr$5ce to ?is view ( ! case1 & w (t5 !reby save himself mu* useless tr\ble4 ,sometimes also ! alluvial gold1 co>s] 9 size ?an true reef-born alluvial1 is d]iv$ almo/ 9 situ f small qu>tz lead]s1 or ve9s1 :i* ! gr9d+ d[n ( ! face ( ! slates has expos$2 ^! lead]s 9 "t be+ also brok5 & worn1 set free ! gold !y h conta9$1 :i* does n1 z a rule1 travel f>1 b sometimes becomes wat]-worn by ! rubb+ ov] x ( ! dis9tegrat$ fragm5ts ( rock4 ,b ! heavy1 true alluvial gold1 9 great pure masses1 mammill>y1 or botryoidal 7l a bun* ( grapes7 9 %ape1 h assur$ly be5 =m$ by accretion on "s metallic base1 f gold salts 9 solution1 probably *loride1 b possibly sulphide4 ,nuggets1 prop]ly s-call$1 are nev] f\nd 9 qu>tz lodes2 b1 z w be %[n lat]1 a true nugget hav+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( s-call$ wat]-worn alluvial may be artificially =m$ on a small piece ( gal5a1 or pyrites1 by simply susp5d+ ! base metal by a ?read 9 a vessel conta9+ a weak solution ( *loride ( gold 9 :i* a few h>d-wood *ips are ?r[n4 ,prospect+ = alluvial gold at %all[ dep?s is a comp>atively easy process1 requir+ no great am\nt ( te*nical k4 ,usually ! fir/ gold is got at or ne> ! surface & !n trac$ to deep leads1 if su* exi/4 ,at ,m\nt ,br[n ,goldfield1 ,n4,s4,w41 9 #ahha1 ,i saw claimhold]s turn+ out to "w equipp$ only ) a small broom made ( twigs & a t9 di%4 ,) ! broom !y c>efully swept out ! crevices ( ! decompos$ slate z x 0 expos$ on ! surface1 & putt+ ! result+ du/ & fragm5ts into ! t9 di% proce$$ to dry bl[ x4 ,! modus op]&i is z foll[s3 ,! op]ator takes ! di% ab\t half full ( dirt1 & /&+ ) 8 back or side to ! w9d1 if !re be any1 beg9s ?r[+ ! /uff up & cat*+ x1 or sometimes sl[ly p\r+ x f "o di% to ano!r1 ! w9d 9 ei!r case c>ry+ away ! f9] p>ticles4 ,he !n proce$s to r$uce ! quantity by c>efully extract+ ! l>g] fragm5ts ( rock1 till ev5tually he has only a h&ful or s ( mod]ately f9e dirt :i* conta9s any gold !re may be4 ,if 9 good siz$ nuggets x is pick$ out1 if 9 small] pieces or f9e gra9s ! digg] sl[ly bl[s ! s& & du/ aside ) 8 brea?1 leav+ ! gold expos$4 ,?is process is bo? t$i\s & unheal?y1 & ( c\rse c only be c>ri$ out ) v dry surface dirt4 ,! /uff 9 :i* ! gold occurr$ at ,m\nt ,br[n 0 compos$ ( brok5 slate ) a few angul> fragm5ts ( qu>tz4 ,yet1 /range to say1 ! gold 0 inv>iably wat]worn 9 appe>ance4 ,dry bl[+ is n[ mu* 9 vogue on ! ,we/ ,au/ralian fields ow+ to ! sc>city ( wat]2 b ! great objection is fir/1 ! l>ge am\nt ( du/ ! un=tunate dry bl[] has to c>ry ab\t 8 p]son1 & secondly1 t ! peck ( dirt :i* is suppos$ to la/ mo/ m5 a life "t has to be made a cont9u\s meal ( e day4 ,= wet alluvial prospect+ ! appliances1 besides pick & %ovel1 are puddl+ tub1 t9 di%1 & cradle2 ! latt]1 a man h&y ) tools c easily make = himself4 ,9 s9k+1 ! digg] %\ld be c>eful to avoid mak+ 8 %aft inconv5i5tly small1 & n to wa/e 8 en]gy by s9k+ a l>ge new *um hole1 :i* usually />ts by be+ ab\t ?ree times too l>ge = ! requirem5ts at ! surface1 b n>r[s 9 l a funnel at #aj feet or less4 ,a %aft1 say #d feet by #b feet #f in*es & sunk plumb1 ! ends be+ half r\nd$1 is l>ge en\gh = all requirem5ts to a consid]able dep?1 ?\gh ,i h se5 sm>t m51 :5 !y 7 9 a hurry to rea* ! drift1 get d[n 9 a %aft ev5 less 9 size4 ,! novice :o is try+ to foll[ or to f9d a deep lead mu/ fully und]/& t ! pres5t b$ ( ! surface riv] may n1 9 fact seldom does1 indicate ! anci5t wat]c\rses long s9ce buri$ ei!r by volcanic or diluvial action1 :i* conta9 ! ri* aurif]\s deposits = :i* he is seek+2 & mu* judgm5t & consid]able und]gr\nd exploration are (t5 requir$ to decide on ! true c\rse ( leads4 ,only by a c>eful consid]ation ( all ! geological surr\nd+s c an approximate idea be obta9$ f surface inspection alone2 & ! :ole probable conditions :i* l$ to ! pres5t cont\r ( ! c\ntry mu/ be c>efully tak5 into acc\nt4 ,h[ am ,i to "k ! true bottom :5 ,i see x8 asks ! inexp]i5c$ digg]4 ,well1 no?+ b long exp]i5ce & intellig5t obs]vation w prev5t mi/akes at times1 p>ticul>ly 9 deep gr\nd2 b z a g5]al rule1 ?\gh x may s\nd p>adoxical1 y may "k ! bottom by ! top4 ,t is1 we w assume y are s9k+ 91 say1 #aj to #ab feet gr\nd 9 a gully on ! bank ( :i* ! c\ntry rock is expos$1 & is1 say1 = in/ance1 a clay slate or s&y slate set at a c]ta9 angle2 !n1 9 all probability1 unless !re be a di/9ct fault or *ange 9 ! c\ntry rock betwe5 ! slate outcrop & y\r %aft1 ! bottom w be a simil> slate1 /&+ at ! same angle2 & ?is w v probably be ov]laid by a deposit ( pipeclay1 =m$ by ! decomposition ( ! slates4 ,f ! crevices ( ^! slates1 sometimes p5etrat+ to a consid]able di/ance1 y may get gold1 b x is useless attempt+ to s9k ?r\gh !m4 ,if ! outcropp+ /rata be a s(t calc>e\s 7limy7 s&/one or s(t felspa?ic rock1 & t be also ! true bottom1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ or "o is apt to s9k ?r\gh ! bottom1 :i* may be v loose & decompos$4 ,i h kn[n mi/akes made 9 ?is way :5 _m feet h be5 sunk1 & driv5 ?r\gh :at 0 actually b$ rock1 ?\gh s s(t z to deceive ev5 m5 ( exp]i5ce4 ,! =mation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ! guide1 & except 9 "s specially difficult cases1 a man c soon tell :5 he is really on b$ rock or bottom4 ,on an alluvial lead ! object ( e "o is to get on ! gutt]1 t is1 to rea* ! l[e/ "p ( ! old und]gr\nd wat]c\rse1 ?r\gh :i* = c5turies ! gold may h be5 accretionis+ f ! p]colation ( ! m9]al-impregnat$ wat]2 or1 :5 d]iv$ f reefs or brok5 d[n lead]s1 ! fl[ ( wat] has act$ z a natural sluice :]e9 ! gold is !re=e mo/ ?ickly collect$4 ,sometimes ! lead runs = miles & is ( consid]able wid?1 at o!rs x is irregul>1 & ! gold-be>+ gutt] small & h>d to f9d4 ,9 _m in/ances1 = reasons n readily app>5t1 ! be/ gold is n f\nd exactly at ! l[e/ portion ( ^! n>r[ gutt]s1 b a little way up ! sides4 ,?is fact %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 prospect+ new gr\nd1 = _m times a claim has be5 des]t$ aft] clean+ up ! bottom1 & ano!r man has got f> bett] gold consid]ably high] up on ! sides ( ! gutt]4 ,= %all[ alluvial deposits1 :]e a man quickly works out 8 #cj by #cj feet claim1 x may be *eap] at times to paddock ! :ole gr\nd--t is1 take all away f surface to bottom1 b if he is 9 wet gr\nd & he has to drive1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prop]ly secure ! ro( by means ( timb]4 ,h[ ?is may be/ be done ! local circum/ances only c decide4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,lode ,,or ,,reef ,,prospect+ ,! prec$+ *apt] dealt m especially ) prospect+ z c>ri$ on 9 alluvial fields4 ,i %all n[ treat ( prelim9>y m9+ on lodes or reefs4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! likelie/ localities = ! occurr5ce ( metallif]\s deposits are at or ne> ! junction ( ! old] s$im5t>y =mations ) ! igne\s or intrusive rocks1 su* z granites1 diorites1 etc4 ,9 se>*+ = payable lodes1 :e!r ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 or ev5 t9 9 "s =ms ( occurr5ce1 ! indications are (t5 v simil>4 ,! fir/ prospect+ is usually done on ! hilltops or ridges1 because1 ow+ to d5udation by ice or wat] :i* h b>$ ! b$rock1 ! outcrops are !re m expos$1 & !nce ! lodes are foll[$ d[n ?r\gh ! alluvial cov]$ pla9s1 p>tly by _! /rike or tr5d1 & sometimes by o!r indicat+ evid5ces1 :i* ! practical m9] has le>n$ to "k4 ,= in/ance1 a lesson 9 trac+ ! lode 9 a grass cov]$ c\ntry 0 taught me _m ye>s ago by an old prospector :o _h /ruck good gold 9 ! reef at a po9t "s di/ance to ! ea/ ( :at _h be5 consid]$ ! true c\rse4 ,i ask$ him :y he _h op5$ ! gr\nd 9 t p>ticul> place4 ,said he1 ,"s folks don't use _! eyes4 ,y /& "h & look t[>ds t claim on ! rise :]e ! reef 0 la/ /ruck4 ,n[1 don't y see !re is almo/ a track betwixt "h & !re :]e ! grass & h]bage is m )]$ ?an on ei!r side8 ,:y8 ,well1 because ! h>d qu>tz lode is close to ! surface all ! way1 & !re is no great dep? ( soil to hold ! moi/ure & make ! grass gr[4 ,i h f\nd ?is simple lesson 9 practical prospect+ ( use s9ce4 ,b ! /rike or c\rse ( a qu>tz reef is m (t5 indicat$ by outcrops1 ei!r ( ! silica itself or iron/one bl[s1 z ! m9]s call !m1 b ! t]m is a misnom]1 z x argues ! easily disprov$ igne\s !ory ( ve9s ( ejection1 mean+ !reby t ! qu>tz ) its metallif]\s cont5ts 0 ?r[n out 9 a molt5 /ate f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,?is has 9 no case occurr$1 & ! !ory is an impossible "o4 ,true lodes are ve9s ( injection =m$ by ! infiltration ( silicat$ wat]s c>ry+ ! metals also 9 solution4 ,?is wat] fill$ ! fissures caus$ ei!r by ! cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/1 or =m$ by sudd5 upheavals ( ! igne\s rocks4 ,sometimes 9 alluvial gr\nd ! tr5d ( ! reef w be reveal$ by a track ( qu>tz fragm5ts1 m or less ?ickly di/ribut$ on ! surface & ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t soil4 ,foll[ ^! along1 & at "s po9t1 if ! lode be cont9u\s1 a portion ( its solid mass w g5]ally be f\nd to protrude & c !n aga9 be prospect$4 ,!re is no rule z to ! tr5d or /rike ( lodes1 except t a great] numb] are f\nd tak+ a nor!rly & s\!rly c\rse ?an "o :i* is ea/]ly & we/]ly4 ,at all ev5ts1 su* is ! case 9 ,au/ralia1 b x _c be said t ei!r has ! advantage 9 be+ m productive4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ m9es 9 ,au/ralasia h be5 9 lodes runn+ ea/]ly & we/]ly1 :ile gold1 t91 & copp]1 9 great quantity & ( high p]c5tage to ! ton1 h be5 got 9 su* m9es z ,m\nt ,morgan1 ,m\nt ,bis*(f1 & ! ,burra1 :]e !re are no lodes prop]ly s-call$ at all4 ,m\nt ,morgan is ! ri*e/ & mo/ productive gold m9e 9 ,au/ralasia & among/ ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,its yield = #ahie 0 #abh1fii oz4 ( gold1 valu$ at #ebh1gjj p\nds4 ,divid5ds paid 9 #ahie1 #cjj1jjj p\nds4 ,?is m9e 0 op5$ 9 #ahhf4 ,up to ,may #ca1 #ahig1 ! total yield 0 #a1fca1iha ozs4 ( gold1 sold at #f1gab1ahg p\nds1 f :i* #d1djj1jjj p\nds h be5 paid 9 divid5ds4 7,see ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 = ,oct4 #i1 #ahig47 ,m\nt ,morgan %>ehold]s h1 9 o!r words1 divid$ ov] #dc #a_/b tons ( /&>d gold4 ,! ,burra ,burra ,m9e1 ab\t #ajj miles f ,adelaide1 9 a direction a little to ! ea/ ( nor?1 0 f\nd 9 #ahde by a %eph]d nam$ ,pickett4 ,x is s+ul>ly situat$ on bald hills /&+ #acj feet above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! ores obta9$ f ?is copp] m9e _h be5 *iefly r$ oxides1 v ri* blue & gre5 c>bonates1 includ+ mala*ite1 & also native copp]4 ,! discov]y ( ?is m9e1 support+1 z x did at "o "t1 a l>ge population1 m>k$ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! colony4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 x 0 #ab1cbj p\nds 9 #e p\nd %>es1 & no subsequ5t call 0 ev] made ^u ! %>ehold]s4 ,! total am\nt paid 9 divid5ds 0 #hjj1jjj p\nds4 ,aft] be+ work$ by ! orig9al own]s = "s ye>s ! m9e 0 sold to a new company1 b dur+ ! la/ few ye>s x has n be5 work$1 ow+ 9 "s degree to ! l[ price ( copp] & also to ! fact t ! deposit !n be+ work$ app>5tly became exhau/$4 ,= _m ye>s ! av]age yield 0 f #aj1jjj to #ac1jjj tons ( ore1 av]ag+ #bb to #bc p] c5t ( copp]4 ,x is /at$ t1 dur+ ! tw5ty-n9e & a half ye>s 9 :i* ! m9e 0 work$1 ! company exp5d$ #b1bda1afg 9 g5]al exp5ses4 ,! output ( ore dur+ ! same p]iod am\nt$ to #bcd1fdh tons1 equal to #ea1fbb tons ( copp]4 ,?is1 at ! av]age price ( copp]1 am\nt$ to a money value ( #d1gdi1bbd p\nds4 ,! m9e /opp$ work+ 9 #ahgg4 ,m\nt ,bis*(f1 ,tasmania1 has produc$1 s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,company to ,decemb] #ahie1 #dg1bfc tons ( t9 ore4 ,x is /ill 9 full "w & likely to be = ye>s to come4 ,ea* ( ^! imm5se metallif]\s deposits 0 f\nd outcropp+ on ! summit ( a hill ( comp>atively l[ altitude4 ,!re are no true walls nor c ! ore be trac$ away f ! hill 9 lode =m4 ,^! occurr5ces are g5]ally held to be due to hydro!rmal or geys] action4 ,!n aga9 lodes are (t5 v erratic 9 _! c\rse4 ,slides & faults ?r[ !m f> f _! true l9e1 & sometimes ! lode is repres5t$ by a numb] ( l5ticul> 7d\ble-po9t$ 9 section7 masses ( qu>tz ( great] or less l5g?1 ei!r cont9u+ po9t to po9t or ov]lapp+1 splic+1 z ! m9]s call x4 ,su* =mations are v common 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,all ?is has to be consid]$ & tak5 into acc\nt :5 trac+ ! run ( /one4 ,?is tyro also mu/ c>efully rememb] t 9 r\gh c\ntry :]e ! lode /rikes across hills & valleys1 ! l9e ( ! cap or outcrop w app>5tly be v s9u\s ow+ to ! rises & depressions ( ! surface4 ,_m p ev5 n[ d n und]/& t true lodes or reefs are portions ( rock or mat]ial diff]+ f ! surr\nd+ & enclos+ /rata1 & cont9u+ d[n to unkn[n dep?s at v>y+ angles4 ,!re=e1 if y h a nor? & s\? lode outcropp+ on a hill & cross+ an ea/ & we/ valley1 ! said lode1 und]ly+ ea/1 :5 y h trac$ its outcrop to ! l[e/ po9t 9 ! valley1 betwe5 ! two hills1 w be f\nd to be a great] or less di/ance1 accord+ to ! angle ( its dip or und]lie1 to ! ea/ ( ! outcrop on ! hill :]e x 0 fir/ se54 ,if x be foll[$ up ! next hill x w come aga9 to ! we/1 ! am\nt ( app>5t deviation be+ regulat$ by ! height ( ! hills & dep? ( ! valley4 ,a simple demon/ration w make ?is pla94 ,take a piece ( half-in* p9e bo>d1 #b ft4 long & #i 94 wide1 & imag9e ?is to be a lode2 n[ cut a half circle out ( x f ! upp] edge ) a fret saw & lean ! bo>d say at an angle ( #de degrees to ! left1 look along ! top edge1 :i* y are to consid] z ! outcrop on ! high gr\nd1 ! bottom ( ! cut be+ ! outcrop 9 ! valley1 & x w be se5 t ! l[e/ portion ( ! cut is "s in*es to ! "r2 s x is ) ! lode1 & 9 r\gh c\ntry v nice judgm5t is requir$ to trace ! true c\rse4 ,= indications1 nev] pass an iron/one bl[ )\t exam9ation4 ,rememb] ! pregnant ,corni% say+ ) reg>d to m9+ & ! curr5t aphorism1 ,! iron hat cov]s ! gold5 head4 ,c\s9 ,jack1 put x ,iron rides a good horse4 ,! iron/one outcrop may cov] a gold1 silv]1 copp] or t9 lode4 ,if y are se>*+ = gold1 ! pres5ce ( ! royal metal %\ld be app>5t on trial ) ! pe/le & mort>2 if silv]1 ei!r by sight 9 "o ( its v>i\s =ms or by assay1 bl[pipe or o!rwise2 copp] w reveal itself by its peculi> col\r1 gre5 or blue c>bonates1 r$ oxides1 or metallic copp]4 ,x is an easy metal to prospect =1 & its p]c5tage is n difficult to det]m9e approximately4 ,t9 is m difficult to id5tify1 z x v>ies s greatly 9 appe>ance4 ,hav+ f\nd y\r lode & asc]ta9$ its c\rse1 y want next to asc]ta9 its value4 ,z a rule 7& "o :i* x w be well to rememb]7 if y _c f9d payable metal1 p>ticul>ly 9 gold reef prospect+1 at or ne> ! surface1 x is n wor? :ile to s9k1 unless1 ( c\rse1 y design to /rike a %oot ( metal :i* "s "o has prospect$ be=e y4 ,! idea is explod$ t aurif]\s lodes necess>ily improve 9 value ) dep?4 ,! fact is t ! metal 9 any lode is n1 z a rule1 equally cont9u\s 9 any direction1 b occurs 9 %oots dipp+ at v>i\s angles 9 ! l5g? ( ! lode1 9 bun*es or sometimes 9 horizontal lay]s4 ,no?+ b actual exploit+ ) pick1 p[d]1 & bra9s1 p>ticul>ly bra9s1 w det]m9e ?is po9t4 ,:]e !re are sev]al p>allel lodes & a ri* %oot has be5 f\nd 9 "o & ! l5g? ( ! payable ore asc]ta9$1 ! neighb\r+ lodes %\ld be c>efully prospect$ opposite to ! ri* spot1 z (t5 simil> valuable deposits w ?us be f\nd4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t y h1 say1 a gold reef payable at surface & = a reasonable di/ance along its c\rse1 y next want to asc]ta9 its und]lie or dip1 & h[ f> ! payable gold goes d[n4 ,z a g5]al rule 9 _m p>ts ( ,au/ralia--?\gh by no means an inflexible rule--a reef runn+ ea/ ( nor? & we/ ( s\? w und]lie ea/2 if we/ ( nor? & ea/ ( s\? x w g d[n to ! we/w>d & s r\nd ! po9ts ( ! compass till y come to ea/ & we/2 :5 if ! /rike ( ! lodes 9 ! neighb\rhood has come r\nd f nor?-ea/ to ea/ & we/ ! und]lie w be to ! s\?2 if ! contr>y 0 ! case1 to ! nor?4 ,x is surpris+ h[ (t5 ?is mode ( occurr5ce w be f\nd to obta94 ,b ,i _c too /rongly caution ! prospector n to tru/ to !ory b to prove 8 lode & 8 metal by foll[+ x d[n on ! und]lie4 ,/ick to y\r gold is an excell5t motto4 ,z a g5]al ?+ x is only :5 ! lode has be5 prov$ by an und]lie %aft to wat] level & explor$ by driv+ on its c\rse = a reasonable di/ance t "o ne$ beg9 to ?9k ( v]tical %afts & ! sci5tific lay+ out ( ! m9e4 ,a fir/ prospect+ %aft ne$ n usually be m ?an #e ft4 by #c ft4 or ev5 #e ft4 by #b ft4 #f 941 p>ticul>ly 9 dry c\ntry4 ,"o may (t5 see 9 h>d c\ntry /upid fell[s wa/+ "t1 lab\r1 & explosives 9 s9k+ huge excavations z mu* z #aj ft4 by #h ft4 9 solid rock1 sometimes foll[+ d[n #f in*es ( qu>tz4 ,:5 y\r %aft is sunk a few feet1 y %\ld beg9 to log up ! top = at lea/ #c ft4 or #d ft41 s z to get a tip = y\r mullock & lode /uff4 ,?is is done by gett+ a numb] ( logs1 say #f in*es diamet]1 lay "o #g ft4 log on ea* side ( y\r %aft1 cut two not*es 9 x #f ft4 ap>t opposite ! ends ( ! %aft1 lay across x a #e ft4 log simil>ly not*$1 s mak+ a frame l a l>ge ,ox=d picture frame4 ,cont9ue ?is by pil+ "o set above ano!r till ! desir$ height is atta9$1 & on ! top con/ruct a r\gh plat=m & erect y\r w9dlass4 ,if y h an iron h&le & axle ,i ne$ n tell y h[ to set up a w9dlass1 b :]e timb] is sc>ce y may put toge!r ! w9d+ appliance describ$ 9 ! *apt] head$ ,rules ( ,?umb4 ,if y h /ruck x ri* y w h ! pleasure ( see+ y\r primitive w9dlass gr[ to a :ip1 a :im1 & ev5tually to a big p[]ful eng9e1 ) its huge drum & ,eiffel t[]-l poppet heads1 or d]rick1 ) _! great sp9dle pulley :eels revolv+ at dizzy spe$ high 9 air4 ,h[ %all ,i "k if ,i h payable gold s z to save "t & tr\ble 9 s9k+8 says ! novice4 ,truly x is a mo/ important "p ( ! prospector's art1 :e!r he be se>*+ = alluvial or reef gold1 /ream or lode t91 copp]1 or o!r valuable metal4 ,i presume y "k gold :5 y see x8 ,if y don't1 & ! d\btful p>ticle is co>se en\gh1 take a ne$le & /ick ! po9t into ! que/ionable specim54 ,if gold ! /eel po9t w readily prick x2 if pyrites or yell[ mica ! po9t w glance (f or only scrat* x4 ,! great importance ( ! fir/ prospect f ! reef is well %[n by ! brea?less int5sity ) :i* ! two be>d$1 bronz$ pione] prospectors 9 "s trackless ,au/ralian wild b5d ov] ! pan 9 :i* ! s5ior mate is sl[ly r$uc+ ! sample ( p[d]$ lode /uff4 ,h[ eag]ly !y exam9e ! la/ p9* ( black s& 9 ! corn] ( ! di%4 ,prosp]ity & easy times1 or pov]ty & m h>d graft %all %ortly be reveal$ 9 ! la/ dext]\s turn ( ! pan4 ,let u hope x is a pay prospect4 ,! le>n]1 if he be f> afield & )\t appliances ( any k9d1 c only guess 8 prospect4 ,an old prospector w judge f six ounces ( /uff )9 a few p5nyweights :at w be ! yield ( a ton4 ,i h se5 _m a good prospect brok5 ) ! head ( a pick & pann$ 9 a %ovel1 b = reef prospect+ y %\ld h a pe/le & mort>4 ,! h&ie/ = travell+ is a mort> made f a m]cury bottle cut 9 half1 & a n too heavy wr\ght iron pe/le ) a h>d5$ face4 ,to be p>ticul> y require a f9e scre5 9 ord] to get y\r /uff to regulat$ f95ess4 ,! be/ = ! prospector1 :o is (t5 on ! move1 is made f a piece ( *eeseclo? /ret*$ ov] a small hoop4 ,if y w\ld be m p>ticul> take a small spr+ balance or an improvis$ scale1 su* z is describ$ 9 ,mr4 ,goyd]'s excell5t little book1 p4 #ad1 :i* w enable y to weigh d[n to "o-?\s&? ( a gra94 ,x is (t5 desirable to burn y\r /one be=e cru%+1 z x is ?us m easily triturat$ & w reveal all its gold2 b rememb]1 t if x orig9ally conta9$ mu* pyrites1 unless a simil> c\rse is adopt$ :5 treat$ 9 ! batt]y1 "s ( ! gold w be lo/ 9 ! pyrites4 ,hav+ cru%$ y\r gangue to a f9e p[d] y proce$ to pan x (f 9 a simil> mann] to t ( wa%+ out alluvial e>?1 except t 9 prospect+ qu>tz "o has to be mu* m p>ticul>1 z ! gold is usually f9]4 ,! pan is tak5 9 bo? h&s1 & en\gh wat] to cov] ! prospect by a few in*es is admitt$4 ,! :ole is !n swirl$ r\nd1 & ! dirty wat] p\r$ (f f "t to "t till ! residue is clean qu>tz s& & heavy metal4 ,!n ! pan is g5tly tipp$1 & a side to side motion is giv5 to x1 ?us caus+ ! heavi] cont5ts to settle d[n 9 ! corn]4 ,next ! wat] is c>efully lapp$ 9 ov] ! side1 ! pan be+ n[ tilt$ at a great] angle until ! light] p>ticles are all wa%$ away4 ,! pan is !n once m right$1 & v little wat] is pass$ ov] ! p9* ( heavy m9]al a few times1 :5 ! gold w be reveal$ 9 a /reak along ! bottom4 ,9 ?is op]ation1 z 9 all o!rs1 only practice w make p]fect1 & a few practical lessons are wor? :ole pages ( writt5 in/ruction4 ,to make an amalgamat+ assay t w prove ! am\nt ( gold :i* c be got f a ton ( y\r lode1 take a numb] ( samples f diff]5t p>ts1 bo? l5g? & bread?4 ,! drill+s f ! bla/+ bore-holes collect$ make ! be/ te/4 ,:5 f9ely triturat$ weigh (f "o or two p\nds1 place 9 a black iron pan 7x mu/ n be t9n$71 ) #d ozs4 ( m]cury1 #d ozs4 salt1 #d ozs4 soda1 & ab\t half a gallon ( boil+ wat]2 !n1 ) a /ick1 /ir ! pulp con/antly1 occasionally swirl+ ! di% z 9 pann+ (f1 till y feel c]ta9 t e p>ticle ( ! gangue has come 9 contact ) ! m]cury2 !n c>efully pan (f into ano!r di% s z to lose no m]cury4 ,hav+ got y\r amalgam clean squeeze x ?r\gh a piece ( *amois lea!r1 ?\gh a good quality ( new calico previ\sly wett$ w d z well4 ,! result+ pill ( h>d amalgam c !n be wrapp$ 9 a piece ( br[n pap]1 plac$ on an old %ovel1 & ! m]cury driv5 (f ov] a hot fire2 or a clay tobacco pipe1 ! m\? be+ /opp$ ) clay1 makes a good retort 7see ,rules ( ,?umb1 pipe & potato retort+74 ,! residue w be retort$ gold1 :i*1 on be+ weigh$ & ! result multipli$ by #bbdj = a #a lb4 assay1 or by #aabj = #b lb41 w give ! am\nt ( gold p] ton :i* an ord9>y batt]y might be expect$ to save4 ,?us #a gra9 to ! p\nd1 #bbdj lbs4 to ! ton1 w\ld %[ t ! /uff conta9$ #d oz4 #ac dwt4 #h gr4 p] ton4 ,if !re %\ld be mu* base metal 9 y\r sample su* z say /ibnite 7sulphide ( antimony71 a mo/ tr\blesome comb9ation to ! amalgamator--in/ead ( ! =mula m5tion$ above add to y\r m]cury ab\t "o dwt4 ( z9c %av+s or clipp+s1 & to y\r wat] suffici5t sulphuric acid to br+ x to ab\t ! /r5g? ( v9eg> 7weak]1 if any?+1 n /rong]71 place y\r mat]ial pref]ably 9 an e>!nw>e or enamell$ bas9 if procurable1 b iron w d1 & intimately mix by /irr+ & %ak+ till all p>ticles h _h an opportunity to comb9e ) ! m]cury4 ,retort z be=e describ$4 ,?is device is my own inv5tion4 ,! only g5u9e te/ aft] all is ! batt]y1 & t1 ow+ to v>i\s causes1 is (t5 by no means satisfactory4 ,fir/1 !re is a /rong1 almo/ unconqu]able temptation to select ! /one1 ?us mak+ ! te/+ ( a few tons give an unduly high av]age2 b m (t5 ! tr\ble is ! o!r way4 ,! /uff is s5t to be treat$ at "s ineffici5t batt]y ) worn-out boxes1 %aky f\ndations1 & unev5 tables1 sometimes ) ! plates n half amalgamat$1 or coat$ ) impurities1 ! :ole conc]n sup]9t5d$ by a man :o kn[s z little ab\t ! treatm5t ( aurif]\s qu>tz by ! amalgamat+ or any o!r processes z a d+o does ( ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,result3 #c dwt4 to ! ton 9 ! retort1 #cj dwt4 9 ! tail+s1 & a payable claim decl>$ a duff]4 ,:5 ! lode is really ri*1 p>ticul>ly if x be c>ry+ co>se gold1 & ow+ to r\gh c\ntry1 or di/ance1 a good batt]y is n available1 excell5t results 9 a small way may be obta9$ by ! some:at labori\s1 b simple1 process ( dolly+4 ,a dolly is a "o man p[] s+le /amp batt]y1 or r an extra siz$ pe/le & mort> 7see ,rules ( ,?umb74 ,silv] lodes & lodes :i* frequ5tly c>ry m or less gold1 are (t5 f\nd b5ea? ! d>k iron/one bl[s1 compos$ ( conglom]ates held toge!r by f]ric & manganic oxides2 or1 :]e ! ore is gal5a1 ! surface indications w frequ5tly be a :iti% limey track sometimes ext5d+ = miles1 & nodules or slugs ( t ore w g5]ally be f\nd on ! surface f place to place4 ,mo/ silv] ores are easily recognisable1 & readily te/$ by means ( ! bl[pipe or simple fire assay4 ,sometimes ! silv] on be+ te/$ is f\nd to conta9 a consid]able p]c5tage ( gold z 9 ! great ,com/ock lode 9 ,nevada4 ,ore f ! big ,brok5 ,hill silv] load1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 also conta9s an appreciable quantity ( ! m preci\s metal4 ,a natural alloy ( gold conta9+ #bj p] c5t silv]1 t]m$ electrum1 is ! l[e/ grade ( ! noble metal4 ,t91 lode1 & /ream1 or alluvial1 occurs only z an oxide1 t]m$ cassit]ite1 & yet y c well appreciate ! complim5t "o ,corni% m9] pays to ano!r ^: clev]ness he wi%es to comm5d1 :5 he says ( him1 ,aw1 he d "k t91 :5 y look at a repres5tative collection ( t9 ores4 ,9 v>i\s %apes1 f %>p-edg$ cry/als to mammill>y-%ap$ nuggets ( wood-t92 f masses ( #cj lbs4 weight to a f9e s&1 l gunp[d]1 9 col\r black1 br[n1 grey1 yell[1 r$1 ruby1 :ite1 & sometimes a m+l+ ( sev]al col\rs1 x does require mu* judgm5t to "k t94 ,/ream t9 is g5]ally associat$ ) alluvial gold4 ,:5 su* is ! case !re is no difficulty 9 sav+ ! gold if y save ! t91 = ! yell[ metal is ( mu* great] specific gravity4 ,z ! natural t9 is an oxide1 & !re=e n susceptible to amalgamation1 ! gold c be readily sep>at$ by means ( m]cury4 ,lode t9 sometimes occurs 9 simil> qu>tz ve9s to ^? 9 :i* gold is got1 & is occasionally associat$ ) gold4 ,t9 is also f\nd1 z at ,eurie[ie1 9 dykes1 compos$ ( qu>tz cry/als & l>ge scales ( :ite mica1 trav]s+ ! old] slates4 ,a simil> occurr5ce takes place at ,m\nt ,%oobridge & at ,bynoe ,h>b\r1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory ( ,s\? ,au/ralia2 inde$1 "o c\ld n readily sep>ate ! /one f ^! ?ree places if x 7 mix$4 ,z be=e /at$ t9 w nev] be f\nd f> f granite1 & t granite mu/ h :ite mica z "o ( its con/itu5ts4 ,x is seldom f\nd 9 ! d>k] col\r$ rocks1 or 9 lime/one c\ntry1 b x sometimes occurs 9 gneiss1 mica s*i/1 & *lorite s*i/4 ,num]\s o!r m9]als are at times mi/ak5 = t91 ! mo/ common ( :i* are t\rmal9e or s*orl1 g>net1 wolfram 7:i* is a tung/ate ( iron ) manganese71 rutile or titanic acid1 blackjack or z9c bl5de1 toge!r ) magnetic1 titanic1 & specul> iron 9 f9e gra9s4 ,?is r\gh & ready mode ( det]m9+ :e!r ! ore is t9 is by weight & by scrat*+ or cru%+1 :51 :at is call$ ! /reak is obta9$4 ,! col\r ( ! t9 /reak is :itey-grey1 :i*1 :5 once kn[n1 is n easily mi/ak54 ,! specific gravity is ab\t #g4j4 ,wolfram1 :i* is mo/ l x1 is a little heavi]1 f #g4j to #g4e1 b its /reak is r$1 br[n1 or blacki%-br[n4 ,rutile is mu* light]1 #d4b1 & ! /reak light-br[n2 t\rmal9e is only #c4b4 ,blackjack is #d4c1 & its /reak yell[i%-:ite4 ,i h se5 sev]al p\nds weight to ! di% got 9 "s ( ! ,new ,s\? ,wales %all[ s9k+ t9-fields1 &1 z a rule1 payable gold 0 also pres5t4 ,f\rte5 ye>s ago ,i told ,we/]n ,au/ralian p1 :5 on a visit to t colony1 t ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,d>l+ range w\ld produce ri* t94 ,lately ?is _h be5 prov$ to be ! case1 & ,i look =w>d to a great developm5t ( ! t9 m9+ indu/ry 9 ! s\?-we/]n portion ( ,we/ralia4 ,! t9 wa% 9 "q may also conta9 gold1 z ! c\ntry rock ( ! neighb\rhood is su* z gold is usually f\nd 9499 99 ,s9ce ?is book 0 9 ! pr9t]s' h&s1 ! discov]y ( payable gold has be5 report$ f ?is di/rict4 ,a detail$ discussion ( me?ods ( prospect+ w be f\nd 9 *apt] ii4 ,( ,le ,neve ,fo/]'s ,ore & ,/one ,m9+1 & ,mr4 ,s4 ,h]b]t ,cox's ,h&book = ,prospectors4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,g5esiology ,,( ,,gold--,,aurif]\s ,,lodes ,up to a comp>atively rec5t "t x 0 consid]$ h]etical = any "o to advance ! !ory t gold _h be5 deposit$ :]e f\nd by any o!r ag5cy ?an t ( fire4 ,z late z #ahfj ,mr4 ,h5ry ,rosales conv9c$ himself1 & app>5tly ! ,victorian ,gov]nm5t also1 t qu>tz ve9s ) _! enclos$ metal _h be5 eject$ f ! int]ior ( ! e>? 9 a molt5 /ate4 ,8 essay1 :i* is v +5i\s & clev]ly writt51 obta9$ a prize :i* ! ,gov]nm5t _h (f]$1 b probably ,mr4 ,rosales himself w\ld n adduce ! same argum5ts 9 support ( ! volcanic or igne\s !ory to-day4 ,8 phraseology is v te*nical2 s mu* s t ! ord9>y inquir] w f9d x some:at difficult to foll[ 8 reason+ or und]/& 8 argum5ts1 :i* h app>5tly be5 f\nd$ only on ! occurr5ce ( gold 9 "s ( ! e>li] discov]$ qu>tz lodes1 & ! conclusions at :i* he arriv$ are n borne out by lat] exp]i5ce4 ,he says3--,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re are n app>5t signs ( me*anical di/urbances1 dur+ ! long p]iod t elaps$ f ! cool+ ( ! e>?'s surface to ! deposition ( ! ,silurian & ,cambrian sy/ems1 x is to be presum$ t ! int]nal igne\s activity ( ! e>?'s cru/ 0 9 full =ce1 s t on ! inn] side ( x1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( specific gravity1 *emical attraction1 & c5trifugal =ce1 a great segregation ( silica 9 a molt5 /ate took place4 ,?is molt5 silica cont9ually accumulat+1 spread+1 & press+ aga9/ ! horizontal ,cambro-,silurian b$s dur+ a long p]iod at l5g? =c$ its way ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t /rata 9 all directions2 & x is abundantly evid5t1 "u ! conditions ( ?is =ce & ! resi/ance (f]$ to its action1 t ! l9e x w\ld & mu/ *oose w\ld be along any cont9u\s & slightly incl9$ diagonal1 at times cross+ ! /rata ( ! s*i/s1 ?\gh g5]ally pref]r+ to develop itself & egress betwe5 ! cleavage planes & divid+ seams ( ! diff]5t s*i/ose b$s4 ,he goes on to say1 ,ano!r argum5t to ! same end 7i4e41 ! igne\s orig97 may be %[n f ! fact t ! aurif]\s qu>tz lodes h ex]cis$ a manife/ metamorphic action on ! adjac5t walls or cas+2 !y h done s p>tly 9 a m9]alogical s5se1 b g5]ally !re has be5 a metamorphic alt]ation ( ! rock4 ,mr4 ,rosales !n tells 8 read]s1 :at we all "k mu/ be ! case1 t ! gold w\ld be volatilis$ by ! heat1 z w\ld be also ! o!r metals1 :i* he says1 7 9 ! =m ( ars5iurets & sulphurets2 b he fails to expla9 h[ ! sublimat$ metals aft]w>ds reassum$ _! metallic =m4 ,see+ t1 9 mo/ cases1 !y w\ld be h]metically enclos$ 9 molt5 & quickly solidify+ silica !y c\ld n be act$ on to any great ext5t by aque\s ag5cy4 ,nei!r does ,mr4 ,rosales's !ory acc\nt at all = aurif]\s lodes2 :i* bel[ wat] level are compos$ ( a solid mass ( sulphide ( iron ) traces ( o!r sulphides1 gold1 calcsp>1 & a comp>atively small p]c5tage ( silica4 ,nor w x satisfactorily expla9 ! aurif]\s antimonial silica ve9s ( ! ,new ,engl& di/rict1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 9 :i* quantities ( angul> & unalt]$ fragm5ts ( slate f ! enclos+ rocks are f\nd imb$d$ 9 ! qu>tz4 ,) respect to ! metamorphism ( ! enclos+ rocks to a great] degree ( h>dness1 :i* ,mr4 ,rosales consid]$ 0 due to heat1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ^! rocks 9 _! orig9al /ate 7 mu* s(t] & m readily fusible ?an ! qu>tz1 consequ5tly all w\ld h be5 molt5 & m+l$ toge!r in/ead ( %[+ z a rule cle>ly def9$ walls4 ,x is mu* m rational to suppose t ! increas$ h>dness imp>t$ to ! slates & s*i/s at or ne> _! contact ) ! lode is due to an infiltration ( silica f ! silicat$ solution :i* at "o "t fill$ ! fissure4 ,few sci5ti/s c n[ be f\nd to advance ! purely igne\s !ory ( lode =mation1 ?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t volcanic action has probably _h mu* influ5ce n only 9 ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s1 b also on ! occurr5ce ( ! m9]als !re94 ,b ! action 0 hydro!rmal1 j su* z 0 se5 9 c\rse ( op]ation 9 ,new ,zeal& a few ye>s ago :51 9 ! ,rotomahana di/rict1 "o c\ld actually see ! gr[+ ( ! m>vell\s ,:ite & ,p9k ,t]races =m$ by ! release ( silica f ! boil+ wat] exud+ f ! hot spr+s1 :i* wat]1 s soon z ! heat & pressure 7 remov$1 began to deposit its silica v rapidly2 :ile at ! ,?ames ,gold-field1 9 ! same c\ntry hot1 silicat$ wat] cont9u\sly boil$ out ( ! walls ( "s ( ! lodes aft] ! qu>tz _h be5 remov$ & re-deposit$ a silice\s s9t] !reon4 ,on ?is subject ,i note ! rec5tly publi%$ op9ions ( ,pr(essor ,lobley1 a g5tleman ^: sci5tific reputation entitles 8 utt]ances to respect1 b :o1 :5 he cont5ds t gold is n f\nd 9 ! products ( volcanic action is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 argu+ f insuffici5t premises4 ,c]ta9ly 8 !ories d n hold good ei!r 9 ,au/ralasia or ,am]ica :]e gold is (t51 nay1 m usually1 f\nd at1 or ne>1 ei!r pres5t or pa/ regions ( volcanic action4 ,x is always gratify+ to h "o's !ories confirm$ by m5 ^: op9ions c>ry weight 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,ab\t sev5te5 ye>s ago ,i fir/ publi%$ c]ta9 !ories on gold deposition1 :i*1 ev5 !n1 7 held by _m practical m51 & "s sci5ti/s1 to be op5 to "q4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! !ory ( gold occurr5ce by deposition f m9]al salts has be5 accept$ by all b ! m9+ exp]ts :o infe/ & afflict ! gold m9+ camps ( ! _w4 ,^! op9e t gold ought to occur 9 pockets only 7mean+ !reby _! own74 ,rec5tly ,pr(essor ,joseph ,le ,conte1 at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s1 criticis$ a notable essay on ! ,g5esis ( ,ore ,deposits1 by ,b]gra? ,f4 ,posepny4 ,! ,pr(essor's g5]al conclusions are3 #a4 ,ore deposits1 us+ ! t]m 9 its wide/ s5se1 may take place f any k9ds ( wat]s1 b especially f alkal9e solutions1 = ^! are ! natural solv5ts ( metallic sulphides1 & metallic sulphides are usually ! orig9al =m ( su* deposits4 #b4 ,!y may take place f wat]s at any temp]ature & any pressure1 b ma9ly f ^? at high temp]ature & "u heavy pressure1 because1 on acc\nt ( _! great solv5t p[]1 su* wat]s are heavily freight$ ) metals4 #c4 ,! deposit+ wat]s may be mov+ 9 any direction1 up-com+1 horizontally mov+1 or ev5 sometimes d[n-go+1 b ma9ly up-com+2 because by los+ heat & pressure at e /ep su* wat]s are sure to deposit abundantly4 #d4 ,deposits may take place 9 any k9d ( wat]ways--9 op5 fissures1 9 incipi5t fissures1 jo9ts1 cracks1 & ev5 9 por\s s&/one1 b especially 9 great op5 fissures1 because ^! are ! ma9 highways ( asc5d+ wat]s f ! greate/ dep?s4 #e4 ,deposits may be f\nd 9 _m regions & 9 _m k9ds ( rocks1 b ma9ly 9 m\nta9 regions1 & 9 metamorphic & igne\s rocks1 because ! !rmosph]e is ne>] ! surface1 & ready access !reto ?r\gh great fissures is f\nd mo/ly 9 ^! regions & 9 ^! rocks4 ,^! views are 9 accordance ) ne>ly all mod]n rese>* into ?is int]e/+ & fruitful subject4 ,among ! !ories :i* !y discr$it is t ore bodies may usually be assum$ to become ri*] 9 dep?4 ,z appli$ to gold lodes ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce does n be> out ?is view4 ,if x be tak5 into acc\nt t ! "t 9 :i* mo/ ( our aurif]\s silice\s lodes 7 =m$ 0 probably t indicat$ 9 ,g5esis z be=e ! fir/ day or p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void1 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep1 x w be realis$ t ! action we behold n[ tak+ place 9 a small way 9 volcanic regions1 0 probably !n almo/ univ]sal4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? _h cool$ suffici5tly to p]mit wat] to lie on its surface1 probably 9 hot %all[ seas1 l ! late ,lake ,rotomahana4 ,plutonic action w\ld be v g5]al1 & volcanic mud1 a%1 & s& w\ld be eject$ & spread f> & wide1 :i*1 s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! wat]1 may possibly be ! orig9 ( :at we n[ designate ! azoic or metamorphic slates & s*i/s1 z also ! e>ly ,cambrian & ,silurian /rata4 ,^!1 f ! sup]9cumb5t weight & int]nal heat1 became compact$1 &1 9 "s cases1 cry/allis$1 :ile at ! same "t1 f ! +ress ( ! surface wat]s to ! heat$ regions bel[1 probably millions ( geys]s 7 sp\t+ _! m9]al impregnat$ wat]s 9 all directions2 & 9 places :]e ! cru/ 0 ?91 explosions ( sup]-heat$ /eam caus$ huge upheavals1 rifts1 & *asms1 into :i* ^! wat]s return$1 to be aga9 eject$1 or to be ! cause ( fur!r explosions4 ,lat]1 z ! cool+-process cont9u$1 !re w\ld be %r9kages ( ! e>?'s cru/ caus+ o!r fissures2 intrusive granites fur!r dislocat$ & upheav$ ! slates4 ,ab\t ?is age1 probably1 :5 really dry l& began to appe>1 came ! fir/ =mation ( m9]al lodes1 & ! wat]s1 heavily *>g$ ) silicates1 c>bonates ( lime1 sulphides1 etc41 9 solution1 comm5c$ to deposit _! cont5ts 9 solid =m :5 ! heat & pressure 7 remov$4 ,i am aw>e t "p ( ! !ory "h prop\nd$ z to ! probable mode ( =mation ( ! imm5se s$im5t>y b$s ( ! ,ar*aic or ,azoic p]iod is n altoge!r or?odox--i4e41 t ! orig9 ( ^! b$s is l>gely due to ! ejection ( mud1 s&1 & a%es f subt]rane\s s\rces1 :i*1 settl+ 9 %all[ seas1 7 aft]w>ds alt]$ to _! pres5t =m4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to believe t at ?is v e>ly p]iod ( geologic hi/ory s va/ a "t _h elaps$ z w\ld be requir$ to acc\nt = ^! enorm\s depositions ( s$im5t1 if !y 7 ! result only ( ! degradation ( previ\sly elevat$ portions ( ! e>?'s surface by wat] ag5cy4 ,glacial action at t "t w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,b :at ab\t ! metals8 ,:5ce came ! metallic gold ( our reefs & drifts8 ,:at 0 x orig9ally--a metal or a metallic salt1 & if ! latt]1 :at 0 its nature8--*loride1 sulphide1 or silicate1 "o1 or all ?ree8 ,i incl9e to ! latt] hypo!sis4 ,all ?ree are kn[n1 & ! *emical conditions ( ! p]iod 7 favorable = _! natural production4 ,assum+ t !y did exi/1 ! task ( acc\nt+ = ! mode ( occurr5ce ( our aurif]\s qu>tz lodes is comp>atively simple4 ,*loride ( gold is at pres5t day conta9$ 9 sea wat] & 9 "s m9]al wat]s1 & w\ld h be5 likely to be m abundant dur+ ! ,azoic & e>ly ,paleozoic p]iod4 ,sulphide ( gold w\ld h be5 produc$ by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog52 h5ce probably our aurif]\s pyrites lodes1 :ile silicate ( gold might h result$ f a comb9ation ( gold *lorides ) silicic acid1 & ?us ! frequ5t pres5ce ( gold 9 qu>tz is acc\nt$ =4 ,a highly int]e/+ & in/ructive exp]im5t1 %[+ h[ gold might be1 & probably 01 deposit$ 9 qu>tz ve9s1 0 c>ri$ out by ,pr(essor ,bis*( "s ye>s ago4 ,he1 hav+ prep>$ a solution ( *loride ( gold1 add$ !reto a solution ( silicate ( pota%1 :]eupon1 z he /ates1 ! yell[ col\r ( ! *loride disappe>$1 & 9 half an h\r ! fluid turn$ blue1 & a gelat9\s d>k-blue precipitate appe>$ & adh]$ to ! sides ( ! vessel4 ,9 a few days moss-l =ms 7 se5 on ! surface ( ! precipitate1 presumably approximat+ to :at we "k z d5droidal gold--t is1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( moss1 f]n1 or twigs4 ,aft] all[+ ! precipitate to rema9 undi/urb$ "u wat] = a mon? or two a decomposition took place1 & 9 ! silicate ( gold specks ( metallic gold appe>$4 ,f ?is1 ! ,pr(essor argues1 & ) good %[ ( reason1 t z we "k n[ t ! orig9 ( our qu>tz lodes 0 ! silicates conta9$ 9 c]ta9 rocks1 x is probable t a natural silicate ( gold may be comb9$ ) ^! silicates4 ,if ?is c be demon/rat$1 ! reason = ! almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce ( gold 9 qu>tz is made cle>4 ,ab\t #ahgj1 ,mr4 ,skey1 analy/ to ! ,new ,zeal& ,geological ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ( importance 9 respect to ! occurr5ce ( gold4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 summ>is$ by ,sir ,james ,hector 9 an address to ! ,well+ton ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahgb4 ,mr4 ,skey's exp]im5ts disprov$ ! view g5]ally held t gold is unaffect$ by sulphur or sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas1 & %[$ t ^! elem5ts comb9$ ) avidity1 & t ! gold ?us treat$ resi/$ amalgamation ) m]cury4 ,mr4 ,skey prov$ ! act ( absorption ( sulphur by gold to be a *emical act1 & t electricity 0 g5]at$ 9 suffici5t quantity & int5sity dur+ ! process to decompose metallic solutions4 ,sulphur 9 c]ta9 =ms _h long be5 kn[n to ex]cise a prejudicial effect ^u ! amalgamation ( gold1 b ?is _h always be5 attribut$ to ! comb9ation ( ! sulphur ) ! quicksilv] us$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ! sulphuris+ ( ! gold mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! p>ticles ( gold 9 ! /one may be envelop$ ) a film ( aurif]\s sulphide1 by :i* !y are protect$ f ! solv5t actions ( ! m]cury4 ,! sulphurisation ( ! gold gives no ocul> manife/ation by *ange ( col\r or p]ceptible increase ( weight1 z 9 ! case ( ! =mation ( sulphides ( silv]1 lead & o!r metals1 on acc\nt ( ! extremely sup]ficial action ( ! sulphur1 & h5ce probably ! exi/5ce ( ! gold sulphide escap$ detection by *emi/s4 ,closely alli$ to ?is subject is ! inve/igation ( ! mode 9 :i* c]ta9 metals are r$uc$ f _! solutions by metallic sulphides1 or1 9 common language1 ! influ5ce :i* ! pres5ce ( su* sub/ances z mundic & gal5a may ex]cise 9 effect+ ! deposit ( pure metals1 su* z gold1 9 m9]al lodes4 ,! close relation :i* ! ri*ness ( gold ve9s be>s to ! preval5ce ( pyrites has be5 long famili> bo? to sci5tific obs]v]s & to practical m9]s4 ,! gold is an aft] deposit to ! pyrites1 &1 z ,mr4 ,skey 0 ! fir/ to expla91 due to its direct r$uc+ influ5ces4 ,by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,mr4 ,skey prov$ t ! r$uction ( ! metal 0 due to ! direct action ( ! sulphide1 & %[$ t ea* gra9 ( iron pyrites1 :5 ?or\ghly oxidis$1 w r$uce #ab #a_/d gra9s ( gold f its solution z *loride4 ,he also includ$ salts ( plat9a & silv] 9 ?is g5]al law1 & demon/rat$ t solutions ( any ( ^! metals trav]s+ a ve9 rock conta9+ c]ta9 sulphides w\ld be decompos$1 & ! pure metal deposit$4 ,we are ?us enabl$ to compreh5d ! con/ant association ( gold1 or native alloys ( gold & silv]1 9 ve9s :i* trav]se rocks conta9+ an abundance ( pyrites1 :e!r !y h be5 =m$ z ! result ( ei!r sub-aque\s volcanic outbur/ or by ! metamorphism ( ! deep]-seat$ /rata :i* compose ! sup]ficial cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,mr4 ,skey also %[$ by v c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts t ! metallic sulphides are n only bett] conductors ( electricity ?an has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 b t :5 pair$ !y 7 capable ( exhibit+ /rong electro-motive p[]4 ,?us1 if gal5a & z9c bl5de 9 acid solutions be connect$ 9 ! usual mann] by a voltaic pair1 sulphurett$ hydrog5 is evolv$ f ! surface ( ! =m]1 & a curr5t g5]at$ :i* is suffici5t to r$uce gold1 silv] or copp] f _! solutions 9 coh]5t electro-plate films4 ,! attribut+ ( ?is prop]ty ( g5]at+ voltaic curr5ts1 hi!rto suppos$ to be almo/ peculi> to metals1 to su* sulphides z are commonly f\nd 9 metallif]\s ve9s1 fur!r l$ ,mr4 ,skey to speculate h[ f> ! curr5ts discov]$ to exi/ 9 su* ve9s by ,mr4 ,e4 ,f4 ,fox might be produc$ by ! gradual oxidation ( mix$ sulphides1 & t ve9s conta9+ b&s ( diff]5t metallic sulphides1 b\nd$ by cont9u+ walls1 & saturat$ ) m9]al wat]s1 may con/itute "u "s circum/ances a l>ge voltaic batt]y compet5t to produce electro-deposition ( metals1 & t ! ord] ( ! deposit ( ^! m9]al lodes w be f\nd to be> a def9ite relation to ! ord] 9 :i* ! sulphides rank 9 ! table ( _! electro-motive p[]4 ,^! rese>*es may lead to "s cle>] compreh5sion ( ! law :i* regulates ! di/ribution ( aurif]\s ve9s1 & may expla9 :y 9 "s cases ! metal %\ld be ne>ly pure1 :ile 9 o!rs x is s l>gely alloy$ ) silv]4 ,! foll[+ extract 0 lately clipp$ f a m9+ pap]4 ,if true1 ! exp]im5t is int]e/+3-- ,an ,am]ican sci5ti/ has j conclud$ a v int]e/+ & sugge/ive exp]im5t4 ,he took a cru%$ sample ( ri* ore f ,cripple ,creek1 :i* c>ri$ #aajj ozs4 ( gold p] ton1 & dige/$ x 9 a v weak solution ( sodium *loride & sulphate ( iron1 mak+ ! solution correspond z ne> z practicable to ! wat]s f\nd 9 ,nature4 ,! ore 0 kept 9 a place hav+ a temp]ature little less ?an boil+ wat] = six weeks1 :5 all ! gold1 except "o ounce p] ton1 0 f\nd to h gone into solution4 ,a few small cry/als ( pyrite 7 !n plac$ 9 ! bottle ( solution1 & ! gold began imm$iately to precipitate on !m4 ,x 0 noticeable1 h[ev]1 t ! pyrite cry/als :i* 7 free f z9c1 gal5a1 or o!r extrane\s matt] receiv$ no gold precipitate4 ,^? :i* _h su* =eign associations 7 beautifully cov]$ ) f9e gold cry/als4 ,exp]im5t+ 9 a some:at simil> direction abut twelve mon?s s9ce1 ,i f\nd t ! ,we/ ,au/ralian m9e wat]1 ) ! addition ( an acid1 0 a solv5t ( gold4 ,! idea ( boil+ x did n occur to me1 z ! action 0 rapid 9 cold wat]4 ,assum+1 !n1 t gold orig9ally exi/$ z a m9]al salt1 :5 & h[ did x take metallic =m8 ,d\btless1 j 9 ! same mann] z we n[ 7by means ( well-kn[n reag5ts :i* are common 9 nature7 precipitate x 9 ! laboratory4 ,) reg>d to t f\nd 9 qu>tz lodes f9ely dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! gangue1 ! *ange 0 br\ght ab\t by ! same ag5cy :i* caus$ ! silicic acid to solidify & take ! =m 9 :i* we n[ see x 9 ! qu>tz ve9s4 ,silica is soluble 9 solutions ( alkal9e c>bonates1 z %[n 9 ,new ,zeal& geys]s2 ! solv5t action be+ increas$ by heat & pressure1 s also w\ld be ! silicate or sulphide ( gold4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! wat]s ) _! cont5ts 7 releas$ f int]nal pressure & began to lose _! heat ! gold w\ld be precipitat$ toge!r ) ! salts ( "s o!r metals1 & w\ld1 :]e ! wat]s c\ld p]colate1 beg9 to accretionise1 ?us =m+ ! heavy or specim5 gold ( "s reefs4 ,on ?is class ( deposition ,i %all h m to say :5 treat+ ( ! orig9 ( alluvial gold 9 ! =m ( nuggets4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,beck]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 writ+ ( ! geology ( ! ,com/ock lode1 says3--,b>on ,von ,ri*?(5 0 ( op9ion t fluor9e & *lor9e _h play$ a l>ge "p ( ! ore deposition 9 ! ,com/ock1 & ?is ! writ] is n dispos$ to d5y2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is pla9 t mo/ ( ! ph5om5a are suffici5tly acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ! ag5ts h be5 m]ely solutions ( c>bonic & hydro-sulphuric acids4 ,^! reag5ts w attack ! bisilicates & felsp>s4 ,! result w\ld be c>bonates & sulphides ( metals1 e>?1 alkalies1 & free qu>tz1 b qu>tz & sulphides ( ! metals are soluble 9 solutions ( c>bonates & sulphides ( ! e>?s & alkalies1 & ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! ore might1 !re=e1 readily be convey$ to op5+s 9 ! ve9 :]e !y w\ld h be5 deposit$ on relief ( pressure & dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,an advance bor+ on ! #cjjj ft4 level ( ! ,yell[ ,jacket /ruck a p[]ful /ream ( wat] at #cjfe ft4 79 ! we/ c\ntry71 :i* 0 heavily *>g$ ) hydrog5 sulphide1 & _h a temp]ature ( #agj degrees ,f41 & !re is equal evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid 9 ! wat] ( ! l[] levels4 ,a spr+ on ! #bgjj ft4 level ( ! ,yell[ ,jacket :i* %[$ a temp]ature ( ab\t #aej degrees ,f41 0 f\nd to be deposit+ a s9t] l>gely compos$ ( c>bonates4 ,x may be wor? :ile "h to speak ( ! probable reason :y gold1 & inde$ almo/ all ! metals g5]ally occur 9 %utes 9 ! lodes2 & :y1 z is (t5 ! case1 ^! %utes are f\nd to be m or less 9 a l9e ) ea* o!r 9 p>allel lodes1 & :y also ! junction ( two lodes is frequ5tly specially productive4 ,! !ory ) respect to ^! ph5om5a :i* appe>s mo/ feasible is1 t at ^! po9ts c]ta9 *emical action has tak5 place1 by :i* ! deposition ( ! metals has be5 specially induc$4 ,g5]ally a c>eful exam9ation ( ! enclos+ rocks :]e ! %ute is f\nd w reveal "s po9ts ( diff]5ce f ! enclos+ rocks at o!r p>ts ( ! c\rse ( ! lode1 & :5 ore %utes are f\nd p>allel 9 reefs runn+ on ! same c\rse1 b&s or belts ( simil> c\ntry rock w be f\nd at ! productive po9ts4 ,f ?is we may fairly reason t at ^! po9ts ! sl[ /ream fill+ ! lode cavity met ) a reag5t p]colat+ f ?is p>ticul> b& ( rock1 :i* caus$ ! deposition ( its metals2 &1 inde$1 ,i am /rongly dispos$ to believe t ! deposition ( metals1 p>ticul>ly 9 "s loose lodes1 may ev5 n[ be proce$+4 ,b z 9 ,nature's laboratory ! processes1 if c]ta91 are sl[1 ?is !ory may be difficult to prove4 ,:y ! junction ( lodes is (t5 f\nd to be m ri*ly metallif]\s ?an neighb\r+ p>ts is probably because !re ! deposit+ reag5ts met4 ,?is !ory is well put by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h]b]t ,cox1 late ( ,sydney1 9 8 useful book1 ,m9es & ,m9]als4 ,he says3--,x is a well-kn[n fact 9 all m9+ di/ricts t ! junctions ( lodes are g5]ally ! ri*e/ po9ts1 always suppos+ t ?is junction takes place 9 'k9dly c\ntry1' & ! explanation ( ?is we ?9k is simple on ! aque\s !ory ( fill+ ( lodes4 ,! wat] :i* is trav]s+ two diff]5t *annels ( necessity passes ?r\gh diff]5t belts ( c\ntry1 & w ?us h diff]5t m9]als 9 solution4 ,z a case 9 po9t1 let u suppose t ! wat] 9 "o lode conta9$ 9 solution c>bonates ( lime1 & ! alkalies & silica d]iv$ =m a decomposition ( felsp>s2 & t ! o!r1 *>g$ ) hydro-sulphuric acid1 br\ght ) x sulphide ( gold dissolv$ 9 sulphide ( lime4 ,! result ( ^! two wat]s meet+ w\ld be t c>bonate ( lime w\ld be =m$1 hydro-sulphuric acid w\ld be set free1 & sulphide ( gold w\ld be deposit$1 z well z silica1 :i* 0 =m]ly held 9 solution by ! c>bonic acid4 ,mo/ practical m5 :o h giv5 ! subject att5tion w1 ,i ?9k1 be dispos$ to co9cide ) ?is view1 ?\gh !re are "s :o hold t ! occurr5ce ( ^! p>allel ore %utes & ri* deposits at ! junctions ( lodes is due to extrane\s electrical ag5cy4 ,( ?is1 h[ev] ,i h fail$ to f9d any satisfactory evid5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 pro( t lodes are actually re-=m+ & ! action obs]v$ is v int]e/+ z %[+ h[ ! /ratification 9 "s lodes has come ab\t4 ,in/ances are n want+ ( ! gr[? ( silica on ! sides ( ! drives 9 m9es4 ,?is 0 s 9 "s ( ! m9es on ! ,?ames1 ,new ,zeal&1 previ\sly m5tion$1 :]e 9 "s cases ! deposition 0 s rapid z to be noticeable f day to day1 :il/ ! big pump 0 actually *ok$ by silice\s deposits4 ,9 old aurif]\s work+s :i* h be5 "u wat] = ye>s1 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 =mations ( iron & silica h be5 f\nd on ! walls & ro(1 :ile 9 m9+ tunnels :i* h be5 long unus$ /alactites compos$ ( silica & calcite h =m$4 ,!n1 aga91 exp]im5ts made by ! late ,pr(essor ,cosmo ,newb]y1 9 ,victoria1 %[$ t a di/9ctly appreciable am\nt ( gold1 iron1 & silica 7! latt] 9 granul> =m7 c\ld be extract$ f solid m9e timb]2 :i* _h be5 subm]g$ = a consid]able "t4 ,?is reaction !n mu/ be 9 progress at ! pres5t "t1 & d\btless "u c]ta9 conditions pyrites w\ld ev5tually take ! place ( ! timb]1 z is ! case ) "s ( ! long buri$ driftwood f\nd 9 ,victorian deep leads4 ,aga91 we "k t ! wat] f "s copp] m9es is s *>g$ ) copp] sulphate t if scrap iron be ?r[n into x1 ! iron w be tak5 up by ! sulphuric acid1 & metallic copp] deposit$ 9 its place4 ,all ?is t5ds to prove t ! deposition ( metals f _! salts1 ?\gh probably n n[ z rapid z =m]ly1 is /ill ceaselessly go+ on 9 "s place or ano!r :]e ! necess>y conditions are fav\rable4 ,) reg>d to aurif]\s pyritic lodes1 x does n appe> ev5 n[ to be cle>1 z "s sci5ti/s ass]t1 t _! gold is nev] f\nd 9 *emical comb9ation ) ! sulphides ( ! base metals4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k mu* ( ! evid5ce po9ts 9 ! o!r direction4 ,i h long be5 ( op9ion t x is really s held 9 _m ( ! f]ro-sulphides & ars5io-f]ro sulphides4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,t4 ,a!rton contribut$ a %ort article 9 #ahia to ! ,au/ralian ,m9+ ,/&>d :i* is wor?y ( notice4 ,he says1 ref]r+ to an occurr5ce ( a ,natural ,sulphide ( ,gold3 ,! exi/5ce ( gold1 9 ! =m ( a natural sulphide 9 conjunction ) pyrites1 has (t5 be5 advanc$ !oretically1 z a possible occurr5ce2 b up to ! pres5t "t has1 ,i believe1 nev] be5 e/abli%$ z an actual fact4 ,dur+ my inve/igation on ! ore ( ! ,deep ,creek m9es1 ,nambucca1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,i h f\nd 9 !m :at ,i believe to be gold exi/+ z a natural sulphide4 ,! lode is a l>ge irregul> "o ( pure ars5ical pyrites c>ry+1 9 addition to gold & silv]1 nickel & cobalt4 ,x exi/s 9 a felsite dyke imm$iately on ! coa/4 ,surr\nd+ x on all sides are micace\s s*i/s1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ab\t half a mile di/ant is a l>ge granite hill ab\t #hjj feet high4 ,9 ! lode & its walls are l>ge quantities ( pyro-phyllite1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! m9e !re are deposits ( pure :ite transluc5t mica1 b 9 ! ore itself x is a yell[ or pale olive gre51 & is nev] abs5t f ! pyrites4 ,f ! fir/ ,i 0 mu* /ruck ) ! exce$+ly f9e /ate ( division 9 :i* ! gold exi/$ 9 ! ore4 ,aft] roa/+ & v c>efully gr9d+ d[n 9 an agate mort>1 ,i h nev] be5 able to get any pieces ( gold exce$+ "o-?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & ! great] quantity is v mu* f9] ?an ?is4 ,c>eful dissolv+ ( ! pyrites & gangue s z to leave ! gold intact fail$ to f9d x 9 any l>g] diamet]4 ,z ?is 0 a v unusual exp]i5ce 9 inve/igations on _m o!r k9ds ( pyrites1 ,i 0 l$ fur!r into ! matt]4 ,ultimately1 aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts1 !re 0 no?+ left b to te/ = gold exi/+ z a natural sulphide4 ,tak+ #bjj gr4 ( ore f a sample assay+ #ag oz4 f9e gold p] ton1 gr9d+ x f9ely & heat+ = "s h\rs ) yell[ sodium sulphide--on decompos+ ! filtrate & treat+ = gold ,i got a result at ! rate ( #ab oz4 p] ton4 ,?is 0 repeat$ sev]al times ) ! same result4 ,?is sample came f ! lode at ! #adj ft4 level1 :il/ samples f ! high] levels :]e ! ore is m oxidis$1 al?\gh c>ry+ ! gold 9 exactly ! same degree ( f95ess1 d n give z high a p]c5tage ( auric sulphide4 ,x w\ld appe> t all ! gold 9 ! pyrites 7& ,i h nev] f\nd any gold exi/+ ap>t f ! pyrites7 has orig9ally tak5 its place !re z a sulphide4 ,pr(essor ,newb]y1 :o made _m valuable sugge/ions on ! subject1 says1 speak+ ( gold 9 pyrit\s lodes3 ,z x 7! gold salt7 may h be5 9 ! same solution t deposit$ ! pyrites1 :i* probably conta9$ its iron 9 ! =m ( proto-c>bonate ) sulphates1 x 0 n easy at fir/ to imag9e any ord9>y salt ( gold2 b ?is ,i f9d c be accompli%$ ) v dilute solutions 9 ! pres5ce ( an alkal9e c>bonate & a l>ge excess ( c>bonic acid1 bo? ( :i* are common con/itu5ts ( m9]al wat]s1 especially 9 ,victoria4 ,?is is true ( *loride ( gold1 & if ! sulphide is requir$ 9 solution1 x is only necess>y to *>ge ! solution ) an excess ( sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,9 ?is matt] bo? sulphides may be reta9$ 9 ! same solution1 deposit+ gradually ) ! escape ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,pyritic lodes usually conta9 a consid]able proportion ( calc>e\s matt]1 mo/ly c>bonates1 & consequ5tly x appe>s n improbable t ! gold may rema9 9 "s in/ances z a sulphide1 p>ticul>ly 9 samples ( pyrites1 9 :i* x _c be detect$ ev5 by ! microscope until by calc9ation ! iron sulphide is *ang$ to an oxide1 :]e9 ! gold may be se5 9 m9ute metallic specks4 ,! :ole subject is full ( int]e/1 & c>eful sci5tific inve/igation may lead to a/oni%+ results4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,g5esiology ,,( ,,gold--,,aurif]\s ,,drifts ,hav+ consid]$ ! orig9 ( aurif]\s lodes1 & ! mode by :i* 9 all probability ! gold 0 convey$ to !m & deposit$ z a metal1 x is necess>y also to inquire into ! d]ivation ( ! gold ( our aurif]\s drifts1 & ! reasons = its occurr5ce !re94 ,:5 q a lad on ! ,victorian alluvial fields1 ,i frequ5tly he>d old digg]s ass]t t gold grew 9 ! drifts :]e f\nd4 ,at ! "t we und]/ood ?is to mean t x grew l potatoes2 &1 al?\gh n prep>$ ) a sci5tific argum5t to prove t su* 0 n s1 ! idea 0 g5]ally laugh$ at4 ,i h liv$ to le>n t ^! old h>d-heads 7 ne>] ! tru? ?an possibly !y cle>ly realis$1 & t gold does actually gr[ or agglom]ate2 &1 inde$1 is probably ev5 n[ ?us gr[+1 ?\gh x is likely t ! *emical & electric action 9 ! m9]al wat]s fl[+ ?r\gh ! drifts is n 9 ?is age ne>ly s active z =m]ly4 ,mo/ boys h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( dipp+ a clean-blad$ knife into sulphate ( copp]1 & s deposit+ on ! /eel a film ( copp]1 :i* adh]es closely until worn away4 ,?is is a simple demon/ration ( a hydro-metallurgical process1 ?\gh probably "y hopeful is n aw>e ( ! fact2 & x is really by an enl>gem5t ( ?is process t our beautiful & arti/ic gold-& silv]-plat$ w>e is produc$4 ,9 ! great laboratory ( ,nature simil> *emical depositions h tak5 place 9 ! pa/1 & may /ill be 9 progress2 inde$1 !re is s\nd sci5tific reason to suppose t 9 c]ta9 localities ?is is ev5 n[ ! case1 & t 9 ?is way mu* ( our s-call$ alluvial gold has be5 =m$1 t is1 by ! deposition on metallic bases ( ! gold held 9 solution4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 take1 to beg9 )1 ! g5]ally accept$ !ory z to ! occurr5ce ( alluvial gold4 ,fir/1 let x be said1 t c]ta9 alluvial gold is unque/ionably d]iv$ f ! d5udation ( qu>tz lodes4 ,su* is ! gold du/ f\nd 9 _m ,asiatic & ,african riv]s1 9 ! great plac] m9es ( ,cali=nia1 z also ! gold du/ ga9$ f ! bea* s& on ! we/ coa/ ( ,new ,zeal&1 or 9 ! enorm\s alluvial drifts ( ! ,%oalhav5 ,valley1 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,( ! fir/1 _m fabul\s tales are told to acc\nt = its be+ f\nd 9 p>ticul> spots ea* summ] aft] ! w9t] floods1 & miracul\s ag5cy 0 ass]t$1 :ile ! e>ly bea*comb]s ( ! ,hokitika di/rict f\nd an equally ridicul\s d]ivation = _! gold1 :i* 0 always m pl5tiful aft] heavy wea!r4 ,!y imag9$ t ! break]s 7 dis9tegrat+ "s abnormally ri* aurif]\s reefs out at sea1 & t ! resultant gold 0 wa%$ up on ! bea*4 ,! facts are simply1 ) reg>d to ! riv]s1 t ! w9t] floods break d[n ! drifts 9 ! banks & agitate ! aurif]\s detritus1 ?us act+ z natural sluices1 & cause ! metal to accumulate 9 fav\rable spots2 :il/ on ! ,new ,zeal& coa/ ! heavy seas break+ on ! %+ly bea*1 c>ry (f ! light] p>ticles1 leav+ beh9d ! gold1 :i* is s mu* heavi]4 ,^! bea*es are compos$1 z also are ! t]races beh9d1 ( enorm\s glacial & fluvial deposits1 all conta9+ m or less gold1 & ext5d inl& to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! usually f9e gold got by hydraulic+ 9 ,cali=nian canyons1 9 ! gullies ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,alps1 & ! great ,new ,s\? ,wales drifts1 is l>gely ! result ( ! attrition ( ! b\ld]s & gravel ( mora9es1 :i* has ?us fre$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! aurif]\s p>ticles4 ,b :5 we f9d l>ge nuggety masses ( high c>at gold 9 ! b$s ( dead riv]s1 ano!r orig9 has to be s\ght4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 !re is fair reason to assume t at lea/ ?ree salts ( gold h exi/$1 &1 possibly1 may /ill be f\nd 9 ,nature--silicate1 sulphide1 & *loride4 ,all ( ^! are soluble & 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 reag5ts1 also exi/+ naturally1 c be deposit$ 9 metallic =m4 ,!re=e1 if1 z is cont5d$1 reef gold 0 =m$ ) ! reefs f solutions 9 m9]al wat]s1 by inf]5tial reason+ x c be %[n t mu* ( our alluvial gold 0 simil>ly d]iv$4 ,! commonly accept$ !ory1 h[ev]1 is t ! alluvial matt] ( our drifts has be5 gr\nd out ( ! solid silice\s lodes by glacial & fluvial action1 & t ! aurif]\s leads h be5 =m$ by ! natural sluic+ op]ations ( =m] /reams4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 !re are sev]al insup]able objections4 ,fir/1 h[ comes x t alluvial gold is usually sup]ior 9 purity to ! reef gold imm$iately adjac5t8 ,second1 :y is x t masses ( gold1 su* z ! huge nuggets f\nd 9 ,victoria & ,new ,s\? ,wales1 h nev] be5 discov]$ 9 lodes8 ,?ird1 h[ is x t ^! heavy masses :i*1 f _! specific gravity1 %\ld be f\nd only at ! v bottom ( ! drifts1 if plac$ by wat] action1 are sometimes f\nd 9 all positions f ! surface to ! bottom ( ! wa%8 ,&1 la/ly1 :y is x t :5 an alluvial lead is trac$ up to1 or d[n f1 an aurif]\s reef1 t ! light1 angul> gold lies close to ! ro(1 :ile ! heavy masses are (t5 plac$ mu* f>!r away8 ,any "o :o has work$ a gr\nd sluice kn[s h[ extremely difficult x is ) a /rong head ( wat] to %ift f its position an ounce ( solid gold4 ,:at1 !n1 w\ld be ! =ce requir$ to remove ! ,welcome ,nugget8 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ,niag>a w\ld n be equal to ! task4 ,! g5]ally smoo? appe>ance ( alleg$ alluvial gold is adduc$ z an argum5t 9 fav\r ( its hav+ be5 c>ri$ by wat] f its orig9al place ( deposit1 & ?us 9 transit become wat]worn2 :ile "s g s f> z to say t x 0 %ot out ( ! reefs 9 a molt5 /ate4 ,! latt] idea has be5 already dispos$ (1 b if n1 x may be dismiss$ ) ! /atem5t t ! heat :i* w\ld melt silica 9 ! masses met ) 9 lodes w\ld sublimate any gold conta9$1 & dissipate x1 n 9 nuggets b 9 fumes4 ,) reg>d to ! assum$ wat]worn appe>ance ( alluvial gold1 ,i h exam9$ ) ! microscope ! smoo? surface ( m ?an "o app>5tly wat]worn nugget1 & f\nd t x 0 n scrat*$ & abrad$1 z w\ld h be5 ! case _h x be5 really wat]worn1 b t x pres5t$ ! same appe>ance1 ?\gh inf9itely f9] 9 gra91 z ! surface ( a piece ( metal fre% f ! electrical plat+-ba?4 ,mr4 ,da9tree1 ( ! ,victorian ,geological ,survey1 _m ye>s ago discov]$ accid5tally t gold *loride w\ld deposit its metal on a metallic base 9 ! pres5ce ( any organic sub/ance4 ,mr4 ,da9tree f\nd t a piece ( undissolv$ gold 9 a bottle conta9+ *loride ( gold 9 solution _h1 ow+ to a portion ( ! cork hav+ fall5 into ! liquid1 gr[n or accretionis$ s mu* t x c\ld n be extract$ ?r\gh ! neck4 ,?is lead ,mr4 ,*>les ,wilk9son1 :o has contribut$ mu* to our sci5tific k ( metallurgy1 to exp]im5t fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,he says3 ,us+ ! mo/ conv5i5t salt ( gold1 ! t]*loride1 & employ+ wood z ! decompos+ ag5t1 9 ord] to imitate z closely z possible ! organic matt] suppos$ to decompose ! solution circulat+ ?r\gh ! drifts1 ,i fir/ imm]s$ a piece ( cubic iron pyrites tak5 f ! coal =mation ( ,cape ,otway1 f> di/ant f any ( our gold rocks1 & !re=e less likely to conta9 gold ?an o!r pyrites4 ,! specim5 7,no4 #a7 0 kept 9 dilute solution = ab\t ?ree weeks1 & is completely cov]$ ) a bright film ( gold4 ,i aft]w>ds fil$ (f ! gold f "o side ( a cube cry/al to %[ ! pyrites itself & ! ?ickness ( ! surr\nd+ coat+1 :i* is ?ick] ?an ord9>y notepap]4 ,if ! conditions _h cont9u$ fav\rable = a v l5g!n$ p]iod1 ?is specim5 w\ld d\btless h =m$ ! nucleus ( a l>ge nugget4 ,iron1 copp]1 & ars5ical pyrites1 antimony1 gal5a1 molybd5ite1 z9c bl5de1 & wolfram 7 treat$ 9 ! above mann] ) simil> results4 ,9 ! above exp]im5ts a small *ip ( wood 0 employ$ z ! decompos+ ag5t4 ,9 "o in/ance ,i us$ a piece ( lea!r4 ,all ?r\gh ! wood & lea!r gold 0 dissem9at$ 9 f9e p>ticles1 & :5 cut ?r\gh ! *>act]i/ic metallic lu/re 0 brightly reflect$4 ,! fir/ six ( ^! sulphides 7 also op]at$ ^u simply 9 ! solution )\t organic matt]2 b !y rema9$ unalt]$4 ,wilk9son f\nd t :5 ! solution ( gold *loride 0 z /rong z1 say1 f\r gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]1 t ! pyrites or o!r base began to decompose1 & ! iron sulphide *ang$ to yell[ oxide1 ! gossan ( our lodes1 & t ?\gh ! gold 0 deposit$1 ?is occurr$ 9 an irregul> way1 & x 0 coat$ ) a d>k br[n p[d]y film some?+ l ! black gold1 (t5 f\nd 9 drifts conta9+ mu* f]rug9\s matt]4 ,su* 7 ! curi\s ,victorian nuggets ,spondulix & ,lo?air4 ,pr(essor ,newb]y also made a numb] ( simil> exp]im5ts1 & arriv$ at l results4 ,he /ates z foll[s3 ,i plac$ a cube ( gal5a 9 a solution ( *loride ( gold1 ) free access ( air1 & put 9 organic matt]2 gold 0 deposit$ z usual1 9 a bright metallic film1 app>5tly completely coat+ ! cube4 ,aft] a few mon?s ! film bur/ along ! edges ( ! cube1 & rema9$ 9 t /ate ) ! cracks op5 )\t any fur!r alt]ation 9 size or =m be+ app>5t4 ,^u remov+ x a few days ago & break+ x op51 ,i f\nd t a l>ge portion ( ! gal5a _h be5 decompos$1 =m+ *loride & sulphate ( lead & free sulphur1 :i* 7 mix$ toge!r1 encas+ a small nucleus ( undecompos$ sulphate ( lead4 ,! =mation ( ^! salts _h ex]t$ suffici5t =ce to bur/ op5 ! gold coat+1 :i* ^u ! outside _h ! mammill>y =m notic$ by ,wilk9son1 :ile ! inside 0 r\gh & irregul> ) cry/als =c+ _! way into ! lead salts4 ,_h ?is action cont9u$ undi/urb$1 ! result w\ld h be5 a nugget ) a nucleus ( lead salts1 or if !re _h be5 a curr5t to remove ! results ( decomposition1 a nugget )\t a nucleus ( =eign matt]4 ,b ,newb]y also made ano!r discov]y :i* /ill fur!r e/abli%es ! probability ( ! accretion>y gr[? ( gold 9 drifts4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5ts bo? inve/igators us$ organic sub/ances z ! reag5t to cause ! deposit ( gold on its base1 & 9 ea* case ^! sub/ances :e!r wood*ips1 lea!r1 or ev5 dead flies1 7 f\nd to be s absolutely impregnat$ ) gold z to leave a gold5 skeleton :5 aft]w>ds burn$4 ,timb] f\nd 9 ! ,ball>at deep leads has be5 prov$ to be simil>ly impregnat$4 ,newb]y f\nd t gold c\ld also be deposit$ on sulphurets )\t any o!r reag5t4 ,he says3 ,9 our m9]al sulphurets1 h[ev]1 we h ag5ts :i* are n only capable ( r$uc+ gold & silv] f solution1 b besides are capable ( locat+ !m :5 s r$uc$ 9 coh]5t & bulky masses4 ,?us ! aggregation ( ! nuggety =ms ( gold f solution becomes a /ill m simple matt]1 only "o reag5t be+ necess>y1 s t !re is a great] probability ( su* depositions obta9+ ?an 7 a d\ble process necess>y4 ,kn[+ ! action ( sulphides1 ! mann] or ! mode ( =mation ( a portion at lea/ ( ^! nuggets seems app>5t4 ,conceive a /ream or riv] f$ by spr+s ris+ 9 a c\ntry int]sect$ by aurif]\s reefs1 & consequ5tly 9 ?is case c>ry+ gold 9 solution2 ! drift ( su* a c\ntry mu/ be to a great] or less] ext5t pyrit\s1 s t ! debris =m+ ! b$s ( ^! /reams or riv]s w c]ta9ly conta9 nodules ( su* matt]s dissem9at$ or ev5 /opp+ !m 9 actual contact ) ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f :at has be5 previ\sly affirm$1 t !re w be a r$uction ( gold by ^! nodules1 & t ! metal ?us r$uc$ w be firmly atta*$ to !m1 at fir/ 9 m9ute spangles isolat$ f ea* o!r1 b aft]w>ds accumulat+ & connect+ 9 a gradual mann] at t po9t ( ! pyrit\s mass mo/ subject to ! curr5t until a cont9u\s film ( "s size appe>s4 ,?is be+ =m$ ! pyrites & gold are to a c]ta9 ext5t pol>is$1 ! film or irregul> b connect$ mass ( gold =m+ ! negative1 & ! pyrites ! positive end ( a voltaic pair2 & s accord+ z ! pol>isation is advanc$ to completion ! fur!r deposition ( gold is *ang$ 9 its mann] f an indiscrim9ate to an ord]ly & selective deposition conc5trat$ ^u ! negative or gold plate4 ,! deposition ( gold be+ ?us controll$1 its loss by disp]sion or f ! crumbl+ away ( ! su/a9+ pyrites is ne>ly or q prev5t$1 a cons]vative effect :i* we c\ld sc>cely expect to obta9 if organic matt] 7 ! r$uc+ ag5t4 ,mean:ile !re is a gradual wa/+ away ( ! pyrites or positive pole1 its sulphur be+ oxidis$ to sulphuric acid & its iron to sesquioxide ( iron1 or hematite1 a sub/ance v g5]ally associat$ ) gold nuggets4 ,accord+ to ! orig9al size ( ! pyrit\s mass1 ! protection x receives f ! action ( oxidis+ sub/ances o!r ?an gold1 ! /r5g? ( ! gold solution1 l5g? ( exposure to x1 ! rate ( supply & velocity ( /ream1 w be ! size ( ! gold nugget4 ,z to ! size ( a pyrit\s mass necess>y to produce 9 ?is mann] a l>ge nugget1 x is by no means consid]able4 ,a mass ( common pyrites 7bisulphide ( iron7 weigh+ only #ab lbs4 is compet5t = ! con/ruction ( ! fam\s ',welcome ,nugget1' an ,au/ralian f9d hav+ weight equal to #aeb lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,su* masses ( pyrites are by no means uncommon 9 our drifts or ! b$s ( our m\nta9 /reams4 ,?us we f9d t no /ra9+ ( ! imag9ation is requir$ to conceive ( ?is mode ( =mation = ! huge masses ( gold f\nd 9 ,au/ralia 9 p>ticul>1 su* z ! ,welcome ,nugget1 #ahd lbs4 #i oz42 ! ,welcome ,/rang]1 a surface nugget1 #aij lbs4 aft] smelt+2 ! ,braidwood specim5 nugget1 #cej lbs41 two-?irds gold2 besides _m o!r l>ge masses ( almo/ virg9 gold :i* h be5 obta9$ f "t to "t 9 ! alluvial digg+s4 ,! au?or has made a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 ! same direction1 b m ) ! idea ( demon/rat+ h[ possibly gold may 9 c]ta9 cases h be5 deposit$ 9 silice\s =mations aft] su* =mations _h solidifi$4 ,"s ( ! results 7 rem>kable & inde$ unexpect$4 ,i f\nd t ,i c\ld produce artificial specim5s ( aurif]\s qu>tz f /one :i* _h previ\sly conta9$ no gold :atev]1 also t x 0 n absolutely necess>y t ! /one s treat$ %\ld conta9 any metallic sulphides4 ,! foll[+ 0 contribut$ by ! au?or & is f ! ,transactions ( ! ,au/ralasian ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s = #ahic3-- ,,! ,,deposition ,,( ,,gold4 ,! "q z to h[ gold 0 orig9ally deposit$ 9 our aurif]\s lodes is "o to :i* a l>ge am\nt ( att5tion has be5 giv51 bo? by m9]alogi/s & practical m9]s1 & :i* has be5 hotly argu$ by ^? :o held ! igne\s !ory & ^? :o pron\nc$ = ! aque\s !ory4 ,x 0 held by ! =m] t z gold 0 n probably exi/5t 9 nature 9 any b its metallic =m1 !re=e x _h be5 deposit$ 9 its silice\s matrix :ile 9 a molt5 /ate1 & _m +5i\s argum5ts 7 adduc$ 9 support ( ?is cont5tion4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 mo/ sci5tific m51 & inde$ _m purely empirical inquir]s 7us+ ! ^w empirical 9 its /rict s5se7 h come to ! conclusion t ?\gh ! mode 9 :i* !y 7 compos$ 0 n always id5tical1 all lodes1 includ+ aurif]\s =mations1 7 prim>ily d]iv$ f m9]al-impregnat$ wat]s :i* deposit$ _! cont5ts 9 fissures caus$ ei!r by ! cool+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ or by volcanic ag5cy4 ,! subject is "o :i* has long _h a special attraction = ! writ]1 :o has publi%$ sev]al articles !reon1 :]e9 x 0 cont5d$ t n only 0 gold deposit$ 9 ! lodes f aque\s solution1 b t "s gold f\nd 9 =m ( nuggets _h n be5 d]iv$ f lodes b 0 nasc5t 9 its alluvial b$2 & = ?is pro( 0 af=d$ by ! fact t c]ta9 nuggets h be5 une>!d hav+ ! %ape ( an adjac5t pebble or angul> fragm5t ( /one ind5t$ 9 !m4 ,moreov]1 no true nugget ( any great size has ev] be5 f\nd 9 a lode su* z ! ,welcome1 #baei oz41 or ! ,welcome ,/rang]1 #bbhj oz42 :ile x 0 accid5tally discov]$ "s ye>s ago t gold c\ld be induc$ to deposit itself f its m9]al salt to ! metallic /ate on any suitable base1 su* z iron sulphide4 ,foll[+ out ?is fact1 ,i h exp]im5t$ ) v>i\s salts ( gold1 & h obta9$ "s v rem>kable results4 ,i h f\nd x practicable to produce mo/ natural look+ specim5s ( aurif]\s qu>tz f /one :i* previ\sly1 z prov$ by assay1 conta9$ no gold :atev]4 ,moreov]1 ! gold1 :i* p5etrates ! /one 9 a ?or\gh mann]1 assumes "s ( ! m natural =ms4 ,x is always m or less mammill>y1 b at times1 ow+ to causes :i* ,i h n yet q satisfi$ myself ^u1 is decid$ly d5droidal1 z may be se5 9 "o ( ! specim5s :i* ,i h submitt$ to memb]s4 ,moreov]1 ,i f9d x possible to mod]ate ! col\r & to produce a specim5 9 :i* ! gold %all be z ruddy yell[ z 9 ! f]ro-oxide gangue ( ,m\nt ,morgan1 or to tone x to ! pale primrose hue ( ! product ( ! ,croydon m9es4 ,i note t ! action ( ! ba? 9 :i* ! /one is treat$ has a p>ticul>ly dis9tegrat+ effect on _m ( ! specim5s4 ,"s1 :i* be=e imm]sion 7 ( a p>ticul>ly fl9ty texture1 became 9 a few weeks s friable t !y c\ld be brok5 up by ! f+]s4 ,s f> z my exp]im5ts h ext5d$ !y h prov$ ?is1 t x 0 n ess5tial t ! silica & gold %\ld h be5 deposit$ at ! "o "t 9 aurif]\s lodes4 ,a non-aurif]\s silice\s solution may h fill$ a fissure1 &1 aft] solidify+1 "s volcanic di/urbance may h =c$ wat] impregnat$ ) a gold salt ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! lode =mation1 :51 if ! conditions 7 fav\rable1 ! gold w\ld be deposit$ 9 metallic =ms4 ,i pref]1 = reasons :i* w probably be und]/ood1 n to say exactly by :at process my results are obta9$1 b submit specim5s = exam9ation4 7#a7 ,piece ( previ\sly non-gold be>+ /one4 ,locality ne> ,adelaide1 n[ %[+ gold freely 9 mammill>y & d5droidal =m4 7#b7 ,/one f ,new ,s\? ,wales1 %[+ gold artificially introduc$ 9 int]/ices & on face4 7#c7 ,/one f ,we/ ,au/ralia1 v glassy look+1 n[ ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) gold2 ! mammill>y =mation be+ p>ticul>ly noticeable4 7#d7 ,some:at lam9at$ qu>tz f ,victoria1 conta9+ a little antimony sulphide4 ,9 ?is specim5 ! gold n only %[s on ! surface b p5etrates ea* ( ! lam9ations1 z is prov$ by break+4 7#e7 ,consi/s ( fragm5ts ( cry/allis$ c>bonate ( lime f ,t>raw+ee1 9 :i* ! gold is deposit$ 9 spots1 9 appe>ance l f]r\s oxide1 until submitt$ to ! magnify+ glass4 ,! :ole subject is wor?y ( mu* m "t ?an ,i c possibly give x4 ,! importance lies 9 ?is3 ,t hav+ f\nd h[ ! mu* desir$ metal may h be5 deposit$ 9 its matrix1 ! k %\ld help to sugge/ h[ x may be economically extract$ !refrom4 ,a v rem>kable nugget weigh+ #af #c_/d oz4 0 sluic$ f ne> ! surface 9 "o ( my own m9+ prop]ties at ,woodside1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 "s ye>s ago1 :i* illu/rat$ ! nucle> !ory v beautifully4 ,?is nugget is v irregul> 9 %ape1 frett$ & *as$ z ?\gh ) a jewell]'s grav+ tool1 %[+ pla9ly ! %ape ( ! pyrit\s cry/als on :i* x 0 =m$ :ile ! int]/ices 7 fill$ ) r$ hematite iron j z f\nd 9 artificially =m$ nuggets on a sulphide ( iron base4 ,! au?or has a nugget f ! same locality weigh+ ab\t #a #a_/b oz4 :i* exhibits 9 a m>k$ degree ! same *>act]i/ics1 z inde$ does mo/ ( ! alluvial gold f\nd 9 ! ,m\nt ,l(ty ,ranges2 also a nugget f ne> ! c5tre ( ,au/ralia weigh+ f\r ounces1 9 :i* ! orig9al cry/als ( pyrites are reproduc$ 9 gold j z an iron horse-%oe1 plac$ 9 a laund] ?r\gh :i* cuprif]\sly impregnat$ wat] fl[s1 w 9 "t be *ang$ to ne>ly pure copp] & yet reta9 its %ape4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! f\r po9ts ,i h put z to ! app>5t anomalies ( occurr5ce ( alluvial gold4 ,! reason :y alluvial gold is ( f9] quality z a rule ?an reef is probably because :ile gold & silv]1 :i* h a consid]able aff9ity = ea* o!r1 7 presumably dissolv$ f _! salts & held 9 solution 9 ! same m9]al wat]1 !y w\ld 9 _m cases n be deposit$ toge!r1 = ! reason t silv] is mo/ readily deposit$ 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalies1 :i* w\ld be f\nd 9 excess 9 m9]al wat]s com+ direct f ! basic rocks1 :ile gold is induc$ to precipitate m quickly 9 acid solutions1 :i* w\ld be ! "* ( ! wat]s aft] !y _h be5 expos$ to atmosph]ic action & to contact ) organic matt]s4 ,?is1 !n1 may expla9 n only ! comp>atively great] purity ( ! alluvial gold1 b also :y big nuggets are f\nd s f> f aurif]\s reefs1 & also :y heavy masses ( gold h be5 frequ5tly une>!d f among ! roots ev5 ( liv+ trees1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 drifts conta9+ organic matt]1 su* z anci5t timb]4 ,all1 !n1 t has be5 adduc$ goes to e/abli% ! belief t ! bir?place ( our gold is 9 c]ta9 ( ! e>li] rocks compris+ ! e>?'s cru/1 & t its appe>ance z ! metal we value s highly is ! result ( electro-*emical action1 su* z we c demon/rate 9 ! laboratory4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,gold ,,extraction ,we n[ come to a highly important "p ( our subject1 ! practical treatm5t ( ores & matrixes = ! extraction ( ! metals conta9$4 ,! me?ods employ$ are multitud9\s1 b may be divid$ into f\r classes1 namely1 wa%+1 amalgamat+ ) m]cury1 *lor9at+1 cyanid+ & o!r lea*+ processes1 & smelt+4 ,! fir/ is us$ 9 alluvial gold & t9 work+s & 9 prep>+ "s silv]1 copp]1 & o!r ores = smelt+1 & consi/s m]ely 9 sep>at+ ! heavi] metals & m9]als f _! gangues by _! great] specific gravity 9 wat]4 ,! second includes ! trituration ( ! gangue & ! extraction ( its gold or silv] by means ( m]cury4 ,*lor9at+ & lea*+ g5]ally is a process :]eby metals are fir/ *ang$ by *emical action into _! m9]al salts1 z *loride ( gold1 nitrate ( silv]1 sulphate ( copp]1 & be+ dissolv$ 9 wat] are aft]w>ds r$eposit$ 9 ! metallic =m by means ( well-kn[n re-ag5ts4 ,9 really successful m9+ x is 9 ! la/ degree important t ! mode ( extraction ( metals 9 ! mo/ sci5tific mann] %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood1 b z a g5]al rule ! sci5ce ( metallurgy is b v sup]ficially grasp$ ev5 by ^? ^: special bus9ess x is to treat ore bodies 9 ord] to extract _! metallif]\s cont5ts1 & :e!r 9 qu>tz cru%+ mill1 lixiviat+1 or smelt+ works !re is mu* left to be desir$ 9 ! me?od ( treat+ our ores4 ,my att5tion 0 rec5tly attract$ to an article writt5 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,h4 ,rauft1 ,m4,e41 f :i* ,i make ! foll[+ extract3 ,he says1 speak+ ( ! ,g]man treatm5t ( ores & ! mode ( proc$ure 9 ,au/ralia1 ,x is high "t t ,gov]nm5t /epp$ 9 & endeav\r$ by prompt & decisive action to br+ ! m9+ indu/ry ^u a s\nd & legitimate basis4 ,?\gh our ranges ab\nd 9 all k9ds ( m9]als t might give employm5t to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p1 m9+ is c>ri$ on 9 a desultory1 haphaz>d fa%ion4 ,!re is no sy/em1 & ! treatm5t ( ores is ( necessity h&$ ov] to ! t5d] m]cies ( m5 :o h n ev5 an idea ( :at an intricate sci5ce metallurgy has become 9 old] c\ntries4 ,dur+ _m ye>s ( practical exp]i5ce ,i h nev] kn[n a s+le in/ance :]e a lode1 on be+ work$1 gave a return accord+ to assay1 & ,i h nev] kn[n any m9e :]e "s ( ! preci\s metals c\ld n be f\nd 9 ! tail+s or slag4 ,! ,g]mans employ hundr$s ( m5 9 work+ = z9c :i* produces "s two or ?ree p] c5t to ! ton2 "h ! same p]c5tage ( t9 c\ld h>dly be made payable1 & ?is1 m>k y1 is ow+ n to *eap] lab\r alone1 b *iefly to ! lab\r-sav+ appliances & ! results ( ! rese>*es ( su* gigantic intellects z ,pr(essor ,k]l & _m o!rs1 ( :om we 9 ?is c\ntry nev] ev5 he>4 ,g into any ( ! great m9+ works ( c5tral ,g]many1 & y may see acres cov]$ by ma*9]y +5i\sly con/ruct$ to clean1 break1 & sort1 & ultimately deliv] ! ores into trucks or direct into ! furnace1 & ! :ole "u ! sup]vision ( a y\ng/] or two4 ,:5 a p>cel ( ore arrives at any ( ! works1 say ,freib]g or ,clau/hal1 x is c>efully assay$ by ?ree or f\r diff]5t p]sons & !n h&$ ov] to practical exp]ts1 :o are expect$ to produce ! full am\nt ( previ\s metal accord+ to assay2 & if by any *ance !y d n1 a fix$ p]c5tage ( ! loss is d$uct$ f _! sal>y2 or1 if ! result is 9 excess ( ?is assay :i* is m frequ5tly ! case1 a small bonus is add$ to _! pay4 ,comp>e ?is sy/em ) our own wa/eful1 reckless me?od ( deal+ ) our preci\s metals1 & we may hide our heads 9 v %ame4 ,all really practical m5 w1 ,i ?9k1 endorse ,mr4 ,rauft's op9ion4 ,well organis$ & conduct$ s*ools ( m9es w gradually ameliorate ?is unsatisfactory /ate ( ?+s1 & ,i hope be=e long t we %all h none b qualifi$ c]tificat$ m5 9 our m9es4 ,9 ! meantime a few practical h9ts1 p>ticul>ly on t v difficult bran* ( ! subject1 ! sav+ ( gold1 w1 x is hop$1 be f\nd ( s]vice4 ,! extraction ( gold f ! soil is an indu/ry s old t its fir/ introduction is lo/ 9 ! mi/ ( ages4 ,z be=e /at$1 gold is "o ( ! mo/ widely dissem9at$ ( ! metals1 & man1 s soon z he _h ris5 f ! l[e/ =ms ( savag]y1 began to be attract$ by ! k+ly metal1 :i* he f\nd to be easily fa%ion$ into articles ( ornam5t & use1 & to be practically non-corrodable4 ,:at we n[ t]m ! di% or pan1 !n1 d\btless g5]ally a wood5 b[l1 0 ! appliance fir/ us$2 b !y _h also an arrangem5t1 some:at l our mod]n blanket tables1 ov] :i* ! aurif]\s s& 0 pass$ by means ( a /ream ( wat]4 ,! s&s ( "s ( ! riv]s f :i* portions ( ! gold supply ( ! old _w 0 d]iv$ are /ill wa%$ ov] ye> aft] ye> 9 exactly ! same mann] z 0 employ$1 probably1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ! lab\r1 v ardu\s1 be+ (t5 c>ri$ on by wom51 :o1 /&+ knee deep 9 wat]1 pan (f ! s& 9 wood5 b[ls mu* z ! digg] 9 mod]n alluvial fields does ) 8 t9 di%4 ,! result+ gold (t5 consi/s ( b a gra9 or two ( f9e du/-gold1 :i* is c>efully collect$ 9 quills1 & s export$ or trad$ = goods4 ,! digg] ( to-day hav+ discov]$ payable alluvial dirt at su* a dep? z to p]mit ( its be+ pr(itably work$ by small p>ties ( m5 ) limit$ or no capital1 procures fir/ a half hog%ead = a puddl+ tub1 a cradle1 or long tom1 & t9 di%4 ,! wa% dirt1 z ! aurif]\s drift is usually t]m$1 conta9s a consid]able admixture ( clay ( a m or less t5aci\s "*1 & ! bulk ( ?is has to be puddl$ & s dis9tegrat$ be=e ! actual sep>ation ( ! gold is attempt$ 9 ! cradle or di%4 ,?is is done 9 ! tub by con/antly /irr+ ) a %ovel1 & *ang+ ! wat] z x becomes *>g$ ) ! float+ argillace\s1 or clayey1 p>ticles4 ,! gravel is !n plac$ 9 ! hopp] ( ! cradle :i* sep>ates ! l>g] /ones & pebbles1 ! rema9d] pass+ d[n ov] incl9$ l$ges z ! cradle is sl[ly rock$ & suppli$ ) wat]4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* l$ge is a riffle to arre/ ! p>ticles ( gold4 ,sometimes1 :5 ! gold is v f9e1 amalgamat$ copp] plates are introduc$ & ! l[] l$ges are cov]$ ) gre5 baize to act z blanket tables & cat* gold :i* might o!rwise be lo/4 ,a long tom is a tr\gh "s #ab feet 9 l5g? by #bj in*es 9 wid? at ! upp] end1 wid5+ to #cj in*es at ! l[] end2 x is ab\t #i in*es deep & has a fall ( #a in* to a foot4 ,an iron scre5 is plac$ at ! l[] end :]e l>ge /ones are caught1 & bel[ ?is scre5 is ! riffle box1 #ab feet long1 #c feet wide1 & hav+ ! same incl9ation z ! upp] tr\gh4 ,x is fitt$ ) sev]al riffles 9 :i* m]cury is sometimes plac$4 ,mu* m "w c be done ) ?is appliance ?an ) ! cradle1 :i* x sup]s$$4 ,( c\rse1 ! gold mu/ be co>se & wat] pl5tiful4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! claim is pay+1 & ! digg+s %[ signs ( "s p]man5cy1 a puddl+ ma*9e is con/ruct$4 ,?is is describ$ 9 ! *apt] call$ ,rules ( ,?umb4 ,hydraulic+ & gr\nd sluic+ is a v *eap & effective me?od ( treat+ l>ge quantities ( aurif]\s drift1 &1 giv5 fav\rable circum/ances1 su* z a pl5tiful supply ( wat] ) good fall & ext5sive loose aurif]\s deposits1 a v few gra9s to ! ton or load c be made to give payable returns4 ,! wat] is convey$ 9 flumes1 or pipes to a po9t ne> :]e x is requir$1 !nce 9 wr\ght iron pipes gradually r$uc$ 9 size & end+ 9 a great nozzle some:at l t ( a fireman's hose4 ,! ,monitor1 z x is sometimes call$1 is g5]ally fix$ on a movable /&1 s arrang$ t ! /rong jet ( wat] c be direct$ to any po9t by a simple adju/m5t4 ,a face is =m$ 9 ! drift1 & ! wat] play$ aga9/ ! l[] portion ( ! l$ge1 :i* is quickly und]m9$1 & falls only to be wa%$ away 9 ! /ream ( wat]1 :i* is conduct$ ?r\gh sluices ) riffles1 & sometimes ov] consid]able l5g?s ( amalgamat$ copp] plates4 ,?is class ( m9+ has be5 mo/ ext5sively c>ri$ out 9 ,cali=nia & ,new ,zeal&1 & "s di/ricts ( ,victoria1 b ! truly enorm\s drifts ( ! ,%oalhav5 di/rict 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales mu/ 9 ! ne> future add l>gely to ! _w's gold supply4 ,^! drifts :i* are aurif]\s f grass roots to b$ rock ext5d = ne>ly fifty miles1 & are 9 places ov] #bjj feet deep4 ,want ( capital & want ( k has hi!rto prev5t$ _! be+ pr(itably work$ on a l>ge scale4 ,! extraction ( reef gold f its matrix is a mu* m complicat$ process1 & ! problem h[ mo/ effectively to obta9 t great desid]atum--a complete sep>at+ & sav+ op]ation--is "o :i* taxes ! skill & evokes ! +5uity ( sci5tific m5 all ov] ! _w4 ,! difficulty is t z sc>cely any two gangues1 or matrixes1 are exactly alike1 ! treatm5t :i* is f\nd mo/ effective on "o m9e w (t5 n answ] 9 ano!r4 ,mu* also dep5ds on ! proportion ( gold to ! ton ( rock "u treatm5t1 z ! mo/ sci5tific & p]fect processes ( lixiviation hi!rto adopt$ w n pay1 ev5 :5 all o!r conditions are fav\rable1 if ! am\nt ( gold is mu* "u half an ounce to ! ton & ev5 !n w leave b a v small pr(it4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gold is free1 & ! lode l>ge1 a v few p5nyweights 7or doll>s1 z ! ,am]icans say7 to ! ton w pay h&somely4 ,! mode ( extraction longe/ 9 vogue1 & aft] all ! *eape/ & mo/ effective1 = free mill+ ores :]e ! gold is n too f9e1 is amalgamation ) m]cury1 :i* metal has a /rong aff9ity = gold1 silv]1 & copp]4 ,z to cru%+ appliances1 ,i %all n say mu*4 ,_! "n is legion = !y are _m1 & ! same may be said ( conc5trators4 ,x may be old-fa%ion$1 b ,i admit my pr$ilection is /ill 9 fav\r ( ! /amp]-batt]y1 = ! reason t ?\gh x may be sl[] 9 proportion to ! p[] employ$1 x is simple & n liable to get out ( ord]1 a great advantage :5 "o has s (t5 to dep5d on m5 :o br+ to _! "w a supply pr9cipally ( ma9 /r5g? & /upidity4 ,= ! same reason ,i pref] ! old draw & lift1 & plung] pumps to new] b m complicat$ wat]-lift]s4 ,on bo? ^! po9ts1 h[ev]1 ,i am con/ra9$ to admit t my op9ion has rec5tly be5 some:at %ak54 ,i h lately se5 two appliances :i* appe> to m>k a new era 9 ! sci5tific progress ( m9+4 ,"o is ! ,griff9 ,mill1 ! o!r ! ,lemi*el ,siphon ,elevateur4 ,! fir/ is 9 "s respects on ! pr9ciple ( ! ,hunt+don ,mill4 ,! latt]1 if ! inv5tor may be believ$ & ! results seem to %[ he c be1 w be a wond]ful factor 9 develop+ n only m9+ prop]ties :]e a prepond]ance ( wat] is ! tr\ble1 b also 9 provid+ an automatic1 & !re=e extremely *eap1 mode ( wat]-rais+ & supply1 :i* 9 simplicity is ?us f> unexampl$4 ,atmosph]ic pressure alone is reli$ on4 ,! well-kn[n process ( ! syphon is ! basis1 b ) ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! wat] drawn up to ! apex ( ! syphon is sup]-elevat$ to heights regulat$ by ! fall obta9$ 9 ! outlet leg4 ,?is elevation c be repeat$ almo/ indef9itely by return+ ! wa/e wat] to ! res]voirs4 ,! ,lemi*el ,syphon is a wond]ful1 yet mo/ simple application ( natural =ce4 ,! inlet leg ( ! syphon is l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! outlet leg1 & is provid$ at ! bottom ) a valve or clack4 ,! outlet leg has a tap at its base4 ,at ! apex are two *amb]s1 ) an int]m$i>y valve1 regulat$ by a c\nt]poise weight$ lev]4 ,! fir/ *amb] has also a v]tical valve & pipe4 ,:5 ! tap ( ! outlet leg is turn$1 ! wat] fl[s z 9 an ord9>y syphon1 b ow+ to ! rapid automatic op5+ & %utt+ ( ! valve 9 ! fir/ *amb] ab\t #de p] c5t ( ! wat] is div]t$1 & may be rais$ to a height ( _m feet above ! top ( ! syphon4 ,x ne$ n be impress$ on practical m5 t if ?is inv5tion w p]=m any?+ l :at is claim$ = x1 its value c h>dly be calculat$4 ,aft] a c>eful inspection ( ! appliance 9 op]ation1 ,i believe x w d all t is /at$4 ,ano!r inv5tion is comb9$ ) ?is :i*1 by a v small exp5diture ( fuel1 w enable ! fir/ po9t ( atmosph]ic pressure to be atta9$4 ,9 ?is way ! unwat]+ ( m9es may be v inexp5sively effect$1 or wat] = irrigation purposes may be rais$ f an almo/ level /ream4 ,! ,griff9 ,mill is a c5trifugal motion cru%] ) "o roll] only1 :i*1 by an +5i\s application ( motive =ce1 revolves 9 an opposite direction to its initial mom5tum1 & :i* evolves a =ce ( #fjjj lb4 aga9/ ! tire1 :i* is only #cj in*es 9 diamet]4 ,= h>d qu>tz ! size %\ld be increas$ by at lea/ #f in*es4 ,x is claim$ = ?is mill t x w pulv]ise to a gauge ( #ijj holes to ! squ>e in* f #a #a_/b to #b #a_/b tons p] h\r1 or1 say r\ghly1 #aej tons p] week4 ,! ,hunt+don mill is a good cru%] & amalgamator :]e ! mat]ial to be op]at$ on is comp>atively s(t1 b does n d su* good "w :5 ! /one is ( a h>d fl9ty nature4 ,a ,no4 #d ,dodge /one-break] work+ ab\t #h h\rs w keep a five-foot ,hunt+don mill go+ #bd h\rs1 & an automatic fe$] is ess5tial4 ,= t matt] bo? are almo/ ess5tial = an ord9>y /amp] batt]y1 & w c]ta9ly increase ! cru%+ capacity & d bett] "w f ! great] regul>ity ( ! fe$4 ,a #aj h4-p4 7nom9al7 eng9e ( good type is suffici5t = ,hunt+don mill1 rock break]1 self-fe$] & /eam pump4 ,a five-foot mill "u fav\rable circum/ances w cru% ab\t z mu* z eight head ( m$ium weight /amps4 ,! ,grusonwek ,ball ,mills1 made by ,krupp ( ,g]many1 also t made by ! ,au/ral ,otis ,company1 ,melb\rne1 are fa/ & excell5t cru%+ triturat+ appliances = ei!r wet or dry work+1 b are specially suit$ only = ores :5 ! gold is f9e & ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! /one4 ,! trituration is effect$ by revolv+ ! /one 9 a l>ge cyl9d] toge!r ) a numb] ( /eel balls ( v>i\s sizes1 ! attrition ( :i* ) ! rock quickly gr9ds x to p[d] ( any requir$ degree ( f95ess4 ,m m9es h be5 ru9$ by bad mill managem5t probably ?an by bad m9+1 ?\gh e exp]i5c$ man mu/ h se5 9 8 "t _m mo/ flagrant in/ances ( bungl+ 9 ! latt] respect4 ,%afts are (t5 sunk on ! wrong side ( ! lode or too ne> or too f> away !refrom1 :ile in/ances h n be5 want+ :]e ! 7mis7 manag] has1 aft] s9k+ 8 %aft1 driv5 9 ! opposite direction to t :]e ! lode %\ld be f\nd4 ,a common error is t ( erect+ ma*9]y be=e !re is suffici5t ore 9 sight to make x c]ta9 t en\gh c be provid$ to keep ! plant go+4 ,9 m9es at a di/ance f ! c5tre ( direction x is almo/ impossible to *eck mi/akes ( ?is description1 caus$ by ! ignorance or ov] sangu95ess ( ! m9e sup]9t5d5t1 & !y are (t5 z disa/r\s z !y are indef5sible4 ,ano!r f]tile s\rce ( failure is ! craze = exp]im5t+ ) untri$ inv5tions1 alleg$ to be improvem5ts on well-kn[n me?ods4 ,a rule 9 ! mo/ sci5tific ( c>d games1 :i/1 is :5 9 d\bt lead trumps4 ,x might be p>aphras$ = m9+ ?us3 ,:5 9 d\bt ab\t ma*9]y use t :i* has be5 prov$4 ,let "s "o else d ! exp]im5t+4 ,! success ( a qu>tz m9e dep5ds z mu* on fav\rable work+ conditions z on its ri*ness 9 gold4 ,?us x may be t a m9e c>ry+ #e or #f oz4 ( gold to ! ton b badly circum/anc$ z to di/ance1 m\nta9\s roads1 lack ( wood & wat]1 9 "s cases a ple?ora ( ! latt]1 or irregul>ly fault$ c\ntry1 may be less pr(itable ?an ano!r %[+ only #e or #f dwt41 b fav\rably situat$4 ,x is usually desirable to *oose = ! batt]y site1 :5 possible1 ! slope ( a hill :i* consi/s ( rock t w give a good f\ndation = y\r batt]y4 ,! economical work+ dep5ds greatly on ! situation1 :i* is g5]ally fix$ m or less1 9 ! proximity ( ! wat]4 ,! advantages ( hav+ ample wat] = batt]y purposes1 or ( us+ wat] z a motive p[]1 are s great t x is v (t5 desirable to con/ruct a tramway ( consid]able l5g?1 :51 by s do+1 t p[] c be utilis$2 h5ce mo/ qu>tz mills are plac$ ne> /reams1 or 9 valleys :]e cat*m5t dams c be effectively con/ruct$1 except1 ( c\rse1 9 di/ricts :]e mu* wat] has to be pump$ f ! m9e4 ,if wat]-p[] c be us$1 ! wat]-motor w necess>ily be plac$ z l[ z possible1 9 ord] to obta9 ! fulle/ available p[]4 ,"o po9t is ess5tial4 ,special c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep ! appliances above ! flood-level4 ,if ! wat] 9 ! /ream is n suffici5t to c>ry (f ! tail+s1 ! batt]y %\ld be plac$ at su* a height z to leave suffici5t slope = tail+s' dumps4 ,?is is m important :5 treat+ ore ( su* value t ! tail+s are wor? sav+ = second>y treatm5t4 ,9 ?is case provision %\ld be made = tail+s1 dams1 or slime pits4 ,:e!r ! batt]y is work$ by wat]1 /eam1 or gas p[]1 an ample supply ( wat] is absolutely necess>y1 at lea/ until "s ?or\ghly effective mode ( dry treatm5t is e/abli%$4 ,if x c be possibly arrang$ ! wat] %\ld be br\ght 9 by gravitation1 & fir/ co/ is (t5 lea/ co/2 b :]e ?is is impossible1 pumps ( suffici5t capacity1 n only to provide ! absolute quantity us$1 b to meet any em]g5cy1 %\ld be erect$4 ,! pur] ! wat] ! bett] x w be = amalgamat+ purposes1 & 9 cold climates x is desirable to make provision = heat+ ! wat] suppli$ to ! batt]y4 ,?is c be done by means ( /eam f ! boil] l$ ?r\gh ! fe$ tanks2 b :]e ! boil] p[] is n m ?an requir$1 wa/e /eam f ! eng9e may be employ$1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t no greasy matt] comes 9 contact ) ! plates4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e may be utilis$ by c>ry+ x ?r\gh tubes fitt$ 9 an ord9>y #djj gallon tank4 ,r$uc+ appliances h (t5 to be plac$ 9 di/ricts :]e ! wat] supply is insuffici5t = ! batt]y4 ,:5 ?is is s e available means mu/ be adopt$ = sav+ ! preci\s liquid1 su* z cond5s+ ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e4 ,?is may be done by conduct+ x ?r\gh a consid]able l5g? ( ord9>y z9c pip+1 su* z is us$ = c>ry+ ! wat] f h\se ro(s4 ,also tail+s pits %\ld be made1 9 :i* ! tail+s & slimes are all[$ to settle1 & ! cle>$ wat] is pump$ back to be aga9 us$4 ,^! pits %\ld1 :]e practicable1 be cem5t$4 ,x is usual1 also1 to h "o or two tail+s dams at diff]5t levels2 ! tail+s are run into ! upp] dam1 & are all[$ to settle2 ! slimes ov]fl[ f x into ! l[] dam1 & are !re deposit$1 :ile ! cle>$ wat] is pump$ back to ! batt]y4 ,arrangem5ts are made by :i* all ^! res]voirs c be sluic$ out :5 !y are fill$ ) accumulat$ tail+s4 ,x is well n to leave ! sluic+ = too long a p]iod1 z :5 ! slimes & tail+s are set h>d !y are difficult to remove4 ,:]e a p]man5t r$uc+ plant is to be erect$1 :atev] =m ( mill may be adopt$1 x is bett] = _m reasons to use automatic ore fe$]s4 ,( ^! ! be/ two ,i h met are ! ,tullo* & ,*all5ge ei!r ( :i* c be adapt$ to any mill & bo? d good "w4 ,by _! use ! r$uc+ capacity ( ! mill is increas$1 & ! fe$+ be+ regul> ! we> & te> is decreas$1 :ile by ! regulat$ fe$+ ( ! pulp 9 ! batt]y box or mort> c be ma9ta9$ at any degree ( consi/5cy :i* may be f\nd desirable1 & ?us ! process ( amalgamation w be greatly facilitat$4 ,! only objection :i* c be urg$ aga9/ ! automatic fe$] is t ! /eel po9ts ( picks1 gads1 drills1 & o!r tools may be all[$ to pass into ! mort> or mill1 & ?us cause consid]able we> & te>4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 c be avoid$ by ! adoption ( ! magnet device1 describ$ 9 ,rules ( ,?umb4 ,!re are _m m9es :]e #c to #d dwt4 ( gold cov] all ! co/1 ! excess be+ cle> pr(it4 ,9 fact !re are m9es :i* ) a yield ( #a #a_/b to #b dwt4 a ton1 & cru%+ ) wat] p[]1 h actually yield$ l>ge pr(its4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m9es :i* h giv5 extraord9>y trial cru%+s h n paid work+ exp5ses4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds on fav\rable local conditions & prop] managem5t4 ,hav+ decid$ :at class ( cru%+ ma*9]y y w adopt1 ! fir/ po9t is to fix on ! be/ possible site = its erection4 ,?is requires mu* judgm5t1 z success or failure may l>gely dep5d on ! position ( y\r ma*9]y4 ,"o good rule is to get y\r cru%] z reasonably high z possible1 z x is *eap] to pump y\r fe$ wat] a few feet high] s z to get a good cle> run = y\r tail+s1 & also to give y room to erect second>y treatm5t appliances1 su* z conc5trators & amalgamators bel[ y\r copp] plates & blanket /rakes4 ,next1 & ?is is mo/ important1 see t y\r f\ndations are solid & /rong4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! failures ( qu>tz mill+ plants is due to neglect ( ?is rule4 ,i once knew a g5ius :o erect$ a #aj-,lead mill 9 a new di/rict1 & :o adopt$ ! novel idea ( plac+ a b$ log lat]ally b5ea? 8 /amp]s4 ,! log 0 laid 9 a little cem5t b$ :i*1 :5 ! batt]y />t$1 0 n q dry4 ,! effect 0 comical to e "o b ! un=tunate own]s4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ! livelie/1 b at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ ineffective batt]ies ,i h se54 ,9 a /amp mill ! f\ndations are usually made ( h>d wood logs ab\t #e to #f feet long1 set on end1 ! bottom end re/+ on rock & set r\nd ) cem5t concrete4 ,^! are bolt$ toge!r1 & ! box or mort> is bolt$ to !m4 ,! horizontal logs to c>ry ! horses or supports = ! batt]y frame %\ld also be ( good size1 & solidly & securely bolt$4 ,! same applies to y\r eng9e-b$1 b :e!r x be ( timb]1 or mason "w1 above all ?+s provide t ! :ole ( y\r "w is set out squ>e & true to save aft]-we> & friction4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! mo/ effective weight = /amps4 ,my exp]i5ce has be5 t ?is l>gely dep5ds on ! nature ( y\r rock1 z does also ! height = ! drop4 ,i h usually f\nd t ) m$ium /amps1 say #g to #g #a_/b cwt4 ) fair drop & lively action1 ab\t #hj falls p] m9ute1 ! be/ results 7 obta9$1 b ! t5d5cy ( mod]n mill m5 is t[>ds ! heavi] /amps1 #i cwt4 & ev5 heavi]4 ,to f9d ! horse-p[] requir$ to drive a batt]y1 multiply ! weight ( "o /amp by ! numb] ( /amps 9 ! batt]y2 ! height ( lift 9 feet by ! numb] ( lifts p] m9ute2 add "o-?ird ( ! product = friction1 & ! result w be ! numb] ( feet-lbs4 p] m9ute2 divide ?is by #cc1jjj :i* is ! numb] ( feet-lbs4 p] m9ute equal to #a h4-p4 & ! result w be ! h4-p4 requir$4 ,?us if a /amp weighs #hjj lb4 & y h five 9 ! box1 & ea* /amp has a lift ( #i 94 #j4ge ft4 & /rikes #hj bl[s p] m9ute1 !n #hjj x #e x #j4ge x #hj #bdj1jjj2 "o-?ird ( #bdj1jjj #hj1jjj :i* add$ to #bdj1jjj #cbj1jjj2 & #cbj1jjj divid$ by #cc1jjj #i4g h4-p4 or #a4i h4-p4 ea* /amp4 ,! total weight ( a batt]y1 includ+ /amp] box1 /amp]s1 etc41 may be r\ghly e/imat$ at ab\t #a ton p] /amp4 ,m$ium weight /amp]s1 includ+ %ank cam1 disc1 head1 & %oe1 weigh f #fjj to #gjj lb41 & ne$ ab\t #c_/d h4-p4 to "w !m4 ,! quantity ( wat] requir$ = ! effective treatm5t ( gold-be>+ rock 9 a /amp] batt]y v>ies accord+ to ! composition ( ! mat]ial to be op]at$ ^u1 b g5]ally x is m ?an ! inexp]i5c$ believe4 ,= in/ance1 mullocky lode /uff1 conta9+ mu* clayey matt] or mat]ial c>ry+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( heavy metal1 su* z titanic iron or metallic sulphides1 w ne$ a l>g] quantity ( wat] p] /amp ?an clean qu>tz4 ,a fair av]age quantity w\ld be #gej to #ajjj gallons p] h\r = ea* box ( five /amps4 ,9 g5]al practice ,i h seldom f\nd #ajjj gallons p] h\r m ?an suffici5t4 ,z to ! mo/ effective me% = ! scre5 or grat+ no def9ite rule c be giv51 z t dep5ds s l>gely on ! size ( ! gold p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! gangue4 ,! f9] ! p>ticles ! clos] mu/ be ! me%1 & no?+ b c>eful exp]im5t w enable ! batt]y manag] to decide ?is mo/ important po9t4 ,! ,am]ican slott$ scre5s are be/2 !y we> bett] ?an ! pun*$ grat+s & c be us$ ( f9] gauge4 ,wov5 /eel wire gauze is employ$ ) good effect 9 "s mills :]e especially f9e trituration is requir$4 ,?is class ( scre5 requires special c>e z x is some:at fragile1 b ) intellig5t treatm5t does good "w4 ,! fall or incl9ation ( ! tables1 bo? copp] & blanket /rakes1 is also regulat$ by ! class ( ore4 ,if x %\ld be heavy !n ! fall mu/ be /eep]4 ,a fair av]age drop is #c_/d in* to ! foot4 ,be c>eful t y\r copp] tables are ?or\ghly wat]-tight1 = rememb] y are deal+ ) a v volatile metal1 quicksilv]2 & :]e wat] w p]colate m]cury w p5etrate4 ,! blanket tables are simply a cont9uation ( ! m]cury tables1 b cov]$ ) /rips ( co>se blanket1 gre5 baize1 or o!r floccul5t mat]ial1 int5d$ to arre/ ! heavi] metallic p>ticles :i*1 ow+ to _! refractory nature1 h n be5 amalgamat$4 ,! blanket table is1 h[ev]1 a v unsatisfactory conc5trator at be/1 & is giv+ place to me*anical conc5trators ( v>i\s descriptions4 ,an anci5t ,egyptian gold wa%+ table 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians 9 treat+ ! gold ores ( ,l[] ,egypt4 ,! ore 0 fir/ gr\nd1 x is likely by means ( "s description ( /one arra/s & !n pass$ ov] ! slop+ table ) wat]1 ! gold be+ reta9$ 9 ! riffles4 ,9 ^! ! mat]ial w\ld probably be me*anically agitat$4 ,al?\gh = its era +5i\s x w be pla9 to practical m5 t if ! gold 7 f9e ! process w\ld be v ineffective4 ,possibly1 b ( ?is ,i h no evid5ce1 m]cury 0 us$ to reta9 ! gold on ! riffles1 z previ\sly /at$4 ,?is me?od ( sav+ ! preci\s metal 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,at a m9e ( :i* ,i 0 manag+ director ! lode 0 almo/ entirely compos$ ( sulphide ( iron1 c>bonate ( lime or calcsp>1 ) a little silica4 ,9 ?is case x has be5 f\nd be/ to cru% )\t m]cury1 !n run ! pulp into pans1 :]e x is conc5trat$4 ,! conc5trates are calc9$ 9 a common rev]b]atory furnace1 & aft]w>ds amalgamat$ ) m]cury 9 a special pan1 ! results z to ! proportion ( gold extract$ be+ v satisfactory2 b x does n !re=e foll[ t ?is process w\ld be ! mo/ suitable 9 ano!r m9e :]e ! lode /uff1 ?\gh 9 "s respects simil>1 yet _h po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,i 0 lately consult$ ) respect to ! treatm5t ( a pyritic ore 9 a v promis+ m9e1 b c\ld n recomm5d ! above treatm5t1 because ?\gh ! pyrites 9 ! gangue 0 simil>1 ! bulk ( ! lode consi/$ ( silica1 consequ5tly !re w\ld be a great wa/e ( p[] 9 triturat+ ! :ole ( ! /uff to :at1 ) reg>d to mu* ( x1 w\ld be an unnecess>y degree ( f95ess4 ,i am ( op9ion t 9 cases su* z ?is1 :]e x is n int5d$ to adopt ! *lor9ation or cyanog5 process1 x w be f\nd mo/ economical to cru% to a co>se gauge1 conc5trate1 calc9e ! conc5trates1 & f9ally amalgamate 9 "s suitable amalgamator4 ,probably = ?is mode ( treatm5t ,krom rolls w\ld be f\nd m effective r$uc+ ag5ts ?an /amp]s1 z ) !m ! bulk ( ! ore c be brok5 to any requir$ gauge & !re w\ld consequ5tly be less loss 9 slimes4 ,! great art 9 effective batt]y "w is to cru% y\r /uff to ! requir$ f95ess only1 & !n to provide t ea* p>ticle is br\ght into contact ) ! m]cury ei!r 9 box1 tr\gh1 plate1 or pan4 ,to d ?is ! fl[ ( wat] mu/ be c>efully regulat$2 nei!r s mu* mu/ be us$ z to c>ry ! /uff (f too quickly nor s little z to cause ! tr\ghs & plates to *oke4 ,9 cold wea!r ! wat] may be w>m$ by pass+ ! fe$-pipe ?r\gh a tank into :i* ! /eam f ! eng9e exhau/s1 & ?is w be f\nd to keep ! m]cury bright & lively4 ,b be c>eful no eng9e oil or grease m+les ) ! wat]1 z grease on ! copp] tables w absolutely prev5t amalgamation4 ,! fir/ po9t1 !n1 is to cru% ! gangue effectively1 ! degree ( f95ess be+ regulat$ by ! f95ess ( ! gold itself4 ,?is be+ done1 !n comes ! "q ( sav+ ! gold4 ,if ! qu>tz be clean1 & ! gold unmix$ ) base metal1 ! difficulty is small4 ,all t is requir$ is to ensure t ea* p>ticle ( ! ,royal metal %all be br\ght into contact ) ! m]cury4 ,! ma9 object is to arre/ ! gold at ! e>lie/ possible /age2 !re=e1 if y are treat+ clean /one conta9+ free gold1 ei!r co>se or f9e1 ,i advise ! use ( m]cury 9 ! boxes1 = ! reason t a consid]able proportion ( ! gold w be caught !reby1 & settl+ to ! bottom1 or adh]+ to amalgamat$ plates 9 ! boxes1 :]e su* are us$1 w n be aft]w>ds affect$ by ! cru%+ action1 :i* might o!rwise break up1 or fl\r1 ! m]cury4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i r fav\r ! use ( m]cury 9 ! box at any "t1 unless ! ore is v refractory--t is1 conta9s too great a proportion ( base metals1 p>ticul>ly sulphides ( iron1 ars5ic1 etc41 :5 ! result w n be satisfactory1 b may entail great loss by ! escape ( fl\r$ m]cury c>ry+ ) x p>ticles ( gold4 ,"h only educat$ intellig5ce1 ) exp]i5ce1 w assi/ ! batt]y manag] to adopt ! "r sy/em4 ,! cru%$ /uff--g5]ally t]m$ ! pulp--passes f ! boxes ?r\gh ! scre5s or grat+s1 & s on to ! tables--i4e41 %eets ( copp] amalgamat$ on ! upp] surface ) m]cury1 & sometimes electroplat$ ) silv] & aft]w>ds treat$ ) m]cury4 ,unless ! qu>tz is v clean1 &1 consequ5tly light1 ,i am oppos$ to ! =m ( /amp] box ) m]cury tr\ghs ca/ 9 ! lip1 nor d ,i ?9k t a tr\gh "u ! lip is a good arrangem5t1 z x usually gets s *ok$ & cov]$ ) ! heavy cl++ base metals z to make x almo/ impossible = ! gold to come 9 contact ) ! m]cury4 ,x w be f\nd bett] :]e ! gold is f9e1 or ! gangue conta9s mu* base metal1 to run ! pulp f ! lip ( ! batt]y into a di/ributor4 ,! di/ributor is a wood5 box ! full wid? ( ! mort>1 hav+ a p]=at$ iron bottom set "s ?ree to f\r in*es above ! fir/ copp] plate1 :i* %\ld come up "u ! lip4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is t ! pulp is da%$ on ! plate by ! fall+ wat]1 & ! gold at once com+ 9 contact ) ! m]cury beg9s to accumulate & attract t :i* foll[s1 till ! amalgam becomes pil$ 9 little crat]-%ap$ m\nds1 & ?us #ge p] c5t ( ! gold is sav$ on ! top plate4 ,i h tri$ a fur!r adaptation ( ?is process :5 treat+ ores conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( iron oxide1 :]e ! bulk ( ! gold is impalpably f9e1 & conta9$ 9 ! gossan4 ,at ! end ( ! blanket table1 or at any po9t :]e ! cru%$ /uff la/ passes be=e go+ to ! tail+s heap1 or sludge pit1 a sav] is plac$4 ,! sav] is a /rong box ab\t #ae 94 squ>e by #c ft4 high1 "o side ( :i* is removable1 b mu/ fit tight4 ,n9e slots are cut inside at #d 94 ap>t1 & into ^! are fitt$ n9e squ>e p]=at$ copp] plates1 hav+ ab\t eighty to a hundr$ #a_/d 94 holes 9 ea*2 ! p]=ations %\ld n come opposite ea* o!r4 ,^! plates are to be amalgamat$ on bo? sides ) m]cury1 9 :i* a v little sodium has be5 plac$ 7if acid ores are be+ treat$1 z9c %\ld be employ$ 9 place ( sodium1 & to prev5t ! plates becom+ b>e1 if ! /uff is v poor1 ?ick z9c amalgam may be us$ ) good effect2 b 9 t case discont9ue ! sodium1 & occasionally1 if requir$1 say once or twice 9 ! day1 mix an ounce ( sulphuric acid 9 a qu>t ( wat] & sl[ly p\r x into ! laund] above ! sav]74 ,und]nea? ! sav] y require a few riffles1 or tr\ghs1 to cat* any wa/e m]cury1 b if n ov]f$ !re %\ld be no wa/e4 ,?is simple appliance1 :i* is automatic & requires little att5tion1 w sometimes arre/ a consid]able quantity ( gold4 ,we n[ come to ! subsidi>y processes ( batt]y "w1 ! clean+ ( plates1 & scal+ same :5 x is desir$ to get all ! gold (f !m1 ! clean+ & retort+ ( amalgam1 & ( ! m]cury1 smelt+ gold1 etc4 ,plates %\ld be t5d]ly treat$1 kept z smoo? z possible1 & :5 clean+ up aft] cru%+1 9 y\r own batt]y1 ! amalgam--except1 say1 at half-ye>ly int]vals--%\ld be remov$ ) a rubb] only2 ! rubb] is simply a squ>e ( black indi>ubb] or s(t p9e wood4 ,:5 cru%+ ri* ore1 & y want to get ne>ly all ! gold (f y\r plates1 ! scrap] may be resort$ to4 ,?is is usually made by ! m9e blacksmi? f an old flat file :i* is cut 9 half1 ! top turn$ ov]1 beat5 out to a %>p blade1 & kept %>p by t\*+ x up on ! gr9d+-/one4 ,?is1 if c>efully us$1 w remove ! bulk ( ! amalgam )\t injury to ! plate4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( scal+ plates w be f\nd among ,rules ( ,?umb4 ,:]e base metals are pres5t 9 ! lode /uff frequ5t retort+s ( ! m]cury1 say n less ?an once a mon?1 w be f\nd to h a good effect 9 keep+ x pure & active4 ,= ?is purpose1 & 9 ord] to prev5t /oppage ( ! ma*9]y1 a d\ble quantity is necess>y1 s t half may be us$ alt]nately4 ,less c>e is requir$ 9 retort+ ! m]cury ?an 9 treat+ ! amalgam1 z ! object 9 ! "o case is m to cleanse ! metal ( impurities ?an to save gold1 :i* w = ! mo/ "p h be5 extract$ by squeez+ ?r\gh ! *amois lea!r or calico4 ,a good /rong heat may !re=e at once be appli$ to ! retort & cont9u$1 ! effect be+ to oxidise ! ars5ic1 antimony1 lead1 etc41 :i*1 9 ! =m ( oxides1 w n aga9 amalgamate ) ! m]cury1 b w ei!r lie on its surface "u ! wat]1 into :i* ! nozzle ( ! retort is ins]t$1 or w float away on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,i h also f\nd t cov]+ ! top ( ! m]cury ) a few in*es ( brok5 *>coal :5 retort+ has an excell5t purify+ effect4 ,9 retort+ amalgam1 mu* c>e & att5tion is requir$4 ,fir/1 nev] fill ! retort too full1 give pl5ty ( room = expansion2 =1 :5 ! heat is appli$1 ! amalgam w rise l d\gh 9 an ov51 & may be =c$ into ! dis*>ge pipe1 ! consequ5ce be+ a loss ( amalgam or ! possible bur/+ ( ! retort4 ,next1 be c>eful 9 apply+ ! heat1 :i* %\ld be done gradually1 comm5c+ at ! top4 ,?is is ess5tial to prev5t wa/e & to turn out a good-look+ cake ( gold1 :i* all batt]y manag]s l to d1 ev5 if !y purpose smelt+ into b>s4 ,sometimes special difficulties crop up 9 ! process ( sep>at+ ! gold f ! amalgam4 ,at ! fir/ clean+ up on ! ,fras]s ,m9e at ,s\!rn ,cross1 ,we/ ,au/ralia1 great con/]nation 0 excit$ by ! appe>ance ( ! retort$ gold1 :i*1 z an old m9] graphically put x1 0 z black z ! h9d leg ( a cr[1 & utt]ly unfit = smelt+1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( base metals4 ,"s "t aft] ?is ,i 0 l>gely int]e/$ 9 ! ,blackborne m9e 9 ! same di/rict :5 a simil> tr\ble arose4 ,?is ,i succe$$ 9 surm\nt+1 b a /ill m s]i\s "o 0 too mu* = me--i4e41 ! abs5ce ( payable gold 9 ! /one4 ,i give "h an extract f ! ,au/ralian ,m9+ ,/&>d1 ( ,decemb] #i?1 #ahic1 ) ref]5ce to ! mode ( clean+ ! amalgam :i* ,i adopt$4 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,sep>at+ ,,gold ,,f ,,impure ,,amalgam4 ,i _h submitt$ to me lately a sample ( amalgam f a m9e 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia :i* amalgam _h prov$ a complete puzzle to ! manag] & amalgamator4 ,! ,m9t returns %[$ a v l>ge proportion ( impurity1 ev5 9 ! smelt$ gold4 ,:5 retort$ only1 ! ,m9t au?orities refus$ to take x aft] !y _h treat$ two cakes1 "o ( #aai oz41 :i* yield$ only #ce oz4 #e dwt4 /&>d gold1 & "o ( #adj oz41 :i* gave #da oz4 #aj dwt4 ,! gold smelt$ on ! m9e 0 ne>ly z bad proportionately4 ,?us1 #abh oz4 smelt$ d[n at ! ,m9t to #hg oz4 #h dwt4 & #aji oz4 to #ee oz4 #aj dwt4 ,! impurity 0 pr9cipally iron1 a mo/ unusual ?+ 9 my exp]i5ce1 & 0 due to two causes reveal$ by assay ( ! ore & analysis ( ! m9e wat]1 viz41 an excess ( ars5ate ( iron 9 ! /one1 & ! pres5ce 9 l>ge proportions ( m9]al salts1 pr9cipally *loride ( ,calcium ,ca,cl41 sodium ,na,cl1 & magnesium ,mg,cl#b1 9 ! m9e wat] us$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,! exact analysis ( ! wat] 0 z foll[s3-- ,c>bonate ( ,iron ,fe,c,o#c #b4gf gra9s p] gallon ,c>bonate ( ,calcium ,ca,c,o#c #g4fa gra9s p] gallon ,sulphate ( ,calcium ,ca,s,o#d #ha4ga gra9s p] gallon ,*loride ( ,calcium ,ca,cl#b #bgig4hd gra9s p] gallon ,*loride ( ,magnesium ,mg,cl#b #faj4ac gra9s p] gallon ,*loride ( ,sodium or ,common ,salt ,na,cl #ejgb4fe gra9s p] gallon ,total solid matt] #hegb4gj #ai4e oz4 to ! gallon4 ,x w be se51 !n1 t ?is wat] is ne>ly f\r times m salt t t ( ! sea4 ,! effect ( us+ a wat] ( ?is "*1 z ,i h previ\sly f\nd1 is to cause ! amalgamation ( consid]able quantities ( iron ) ! gold z 9 ?is case4 ,i receiv$ #aj oz4 ( amalgam1 & hav+ f\nd :at con/itut$ its impurities proce$$ to exp]im5t z to its treatm5t4 ,:5 retort$ on ! m9e x 0 turn$ out 9 a black cake s impure z almo/ to make x impossible to smelt prop]ly4 ,i f\nd ! same result on fir/ retort+1 & aft] a numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* ne$ n be recapitulat$ ?\gh "s 7 fairly effective1 ,i hit on ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* 0 f\nd to be mo/ successful & w probably be s f\nd 9 o!r localities :]e simil>ly unfav\rable conditions prevail4 ,i took a small ball ( amalgam1 plac$ x 9 a d\ble fold ( new f9e gra9$ calico1 & aft] soak+ 9 hot wat] put x "u a p[]ful press4 ,! weight ( ! ball be=e press+ 0 #aehc gr4 ,f ?is #chc gr4 ( m]cury 0 express$ & five-eigh?s ( a gra9 ( gold 0 retort$ f ?is express$ m]cury4 ,! residue1 9 ! =m ( a d>k1 grey1 & v friable cake1 0 p[d]$ up betwe5 ! f+]s & retort$1 :5 x became a br[n p[d]2 x 0 aft]w>ds calc9$ on a flat %eet 9 ! op5 air2 result1 #eaj gr4 ( russet-col\r$ p[d]4 ,smelt$ ) borax1 ! iron oxide readily sep>at$ ) ! slag2 result1 #caa gr4 gold #hga-ajjj f9e2 a second smelt+ br\ght ?is up to #iad-ajjj f9e4 ,proportion ( smelt$ gold to amalgam1 "o-fif?4 ,! pr9cipal po9t ab\t ?is mode ( treatm5t is ! squeez+ out ( ! m]cury1 :]eby ! amalgam goes into ! retort 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 ?us prev5t+ ! slagg+ ( ! iron & enclosure ( ! gold4 ,! second po9t ( importance is ?or\gh calc9+ be=e smelt+4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be practicable1 if desir$1 to treat ! p[d] ) hydro*loric acid1 & ?us remove all ! iron1 b 9 a l>ge way ?is w\ld be too exp5sive1 & my laboratory treatm5t1 ?\gh necess>ily on a small scale1 0 int5d$ to be on a practical basis4 ,! amalgam at ?is m9e 0 9 ?is way aft]w>ds treat$ ) great success4 ,= ! in=mation ( read]s :o d n und]/& ! *emical symbols x may be said t ,fe,c,o#c is c>bonate ( iron2 ,ca,c,o#c is c>bonate ( calcium2 ,ca,s,o#d is sulphate ( calcium2 ,ca,cl#b is *loride ( calcium2 ,mg,cl#b is *loride ( magnesium2 ,na,cl is *loride ( sodium1 or common salt4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,gold ,,extraction--,,second>y ,,processes ,,& ,,lixiviation ,be=e any plan is adopt$ = treat+ ! ore 9 a new m9e ! managem5t %\ld v s]i\sly & c>efully consid] ! :ole circum/ances ( ! case1 tak+ into acc\nt ! quantity & quality ( ! lode /uff to be op]at$ on1 & asc]ta9 by analysis :at are its compon5t p>ts1 =1 z be=e /at$1 ! treatm5t :i* w yield mo/ satisfactory results ) a c]ta9 class ( gangue on "o m9e w sometimes1 ev5 :5 ! mat]ial is app>5tly simil>1 prove a disa/r\s failure 9 ano!r4 ,"s "t s9ce ,i 0 glad to note t ! manag] ( a prom95t m9e /rongly disc\nt5anc$ ! pur*ase ( any extract+ plant until he 0 fully satisfi$ z to ! "* ( ! bulk ( ! ore he w\ld h to treat4 ,x w\ld be well = ! pockets ( %>ehold]s & ! reputation ( manag]s1 if m ( our m9e sup]9t5d5ts foll[$ ?is prud5t & s5sible c\rse4 ,hav+ treat$ on gold extraction ) m]cury by amalgamat$ plates & _! accessories1 some?+ mu/ be said ab\t second>y modes ( sav+ 9 connection ) ! amalgamation process4 ,! op]ations describ$ hi!rto h be5 ! dis9tegration ( ! gold-be>+ mat]ial & ! extraction !refrom ( ! co>s] free gold4 ,b x mu/ be und]/ood t mo/ aurif]\s lode /uff conta9s a proportion ( sulphides ( v>i\s metals1 :]e9 a "p ( ! gold1 usually 9 a v f9ely divid$ /ate1 is enclos$1 & on ?is gold ! m]cury has no influ5ce4 ,also _m lodes conta9 h>d heavy f]ric ores1 su* z titanic iron1 tung/ate ( iron1 & hematite1 9 :i* gold is held4 ,9 o!rs1 aga91 are f\nd consid]able quantities ( s(t p[d]y iron oxide or gossan1 & comp\nds su* z limonite1 alum9\s clay1 etc41 :i*1 "u ! action ( ! cru%+ mill become f9ely divid$ & float (f 9 wat] z slimes1 c>ry+ ) !m atoms ( gold1 (t5 microscopically small4 ,to save ! gold 9 su* matrixes z ^! is an op]ation :i* ev5 ! be/ ( our me*anical appliances h n yet fully accompli%$4 ,:]e !re is n too great a proportion ( base metals on :i* ! solv5t w act1 & :5 ! mat]ial is ri* en\gh 9 gold to pay = ! extra co/ ( treatm5t1 *lor9ation or cyanisation are ! be/ modes ( extraction yet practically adopt$4 ,presum+1 h[ev]1 t we are work+ by ! amalgamation process1 & h cru%$ our /one & obta9$ ! free gold1 ! next requirem5t is an effective conc5trator4 ,( ^! !re are _m be=e ! public1 & "s d excell5t "w1 b d n act equally well 9 all circum/ances4 ,! fir/ & mo/ primitive is ! blanket table1 previ\sly m5tion$2 b x c h>dly be said to be v effective1 & requires con/ant att5tion & frequ5t *ang+ & wa%+ ( ! /rips ( blanket4 ,in/ead ( blanket tables p]cussion tables are sometimes us$1 to :i* a j]k+ motion is giv5 aga9/ ! fl[ ( ! wat] & pulp1 & by ?is means ! heavi] m9]als are ga!r$ t[>ds ! upp] "p ( ! table1 & are f !nce remov$ f "t to "t z !y become conc5trat$4 ,i h se5 ?is appliance do+ fairly good "w1 b x is by no means a p]fect conc5trator4 ,ano!r =m ( %ak+ table is "o 9 :i* ! motion is giv5 sideways1 & ?is1 :e!r amalgamat$1 or provid$ ) small riffles1 or cov]$ ) blanket1 keeps ! pulp lively & enc\rages ! ret5tion ( ! heavi] p>ticles1 :e!r ( gold or base metals conta9+ gold4 ,!re has also be5 devis$ a rock+ table ! action ( :i* is analog\s to t ( ! ord9>y m9]'s cradle4 ,?is appliance1 work+ some:at sl[ly1 sw+s on rock]s f side to side1 & is usually employ$ 9 mills :]e1 ow+ to ! complexity ( ! ore1 difficulties h be5 met ) 9 amalgamat+ ! gold4 ,riffles are provid$ & ev5 v f9e gold is sometimes effectively recov]$ by _! aid4 ,! ,frue vann] w1 z a rule1 act well :5 ! pulp is suffici5tly f9e4 ,x is really a adaptation ( an old & simple app>atus us$ 9 ,*9a & ,india = wa%+ gold du/ f ! s&s ( riv]s4 ,! orig9al consi/$ ( an endless b& ( /rong clo? or closely wov5 matt+1 run on two horizontal roll]s plac$ ab\t sev5 feet ap>t1 "o be+ "s in*es l[] ?an ! o!r4 ,! upp] is caus$ to revolve by means ( a h&le4 ,! clo? is ?us dragg$ upw>ds aga9/ a small /ream ( wat] & s& f$ to x by a second man1 ! fir/ man n only turn+ ! h&le b giv+ a lat]al motion to ! b& by means ( a rope ti$ to "o side4 ,*9am5 7 work+ ^! =]unn]s ( ! ,frue vann] =ty ye>s ago 9 ,au/ralia1 & gett+ fair returns4 ,! ,frue vann] is an endless indi>ubb] b& drawn ov] an incl9$ table1 to :i* a revolv+ & side motion is giv5 by +5i\s automatic me*anism1 ! pulp be+ automatically f$ f ! upp] end1 & ! conc5trates collect$ 9 a tr\gh conta9+ wat] 9 :i* ! b& is imm]s$ 9 its passage "u ! table2 ! light] p>ticles wa% ov] ! l[] end4 ,! only faults ) ! vann] are--fir/1 x is r sl[2 & secondly1 ?\gh s +5i\s x is j a little complicat$ 9 con/ruction = ! av]age non-sci5tific op]ative4 ,( pan conc5trators !re is an enorm\s selection1 ! pr9ciple 9 mo/ be+ simil>--i4e41 a revolv+ mull]1 :i* triturates ! s&1 s free+ ! t9y gold5 p>ticles & admitt+ ( _! contact ) ! m]cury4 ,! mi/ake ) respect to mo/ ( ^! ma*9es is ! attempt to gr9d & amalgamate 9 "o op]ation4 ,ev5 :5 ! /one "u treatm5t conta9s no delet]i\s comp\nds ! simple action ( gr9d+ ! h>d silice\s p>ticles has a bad effect on ! quicksilv]1 caus+ x to sep>ate into small globules1 :i* ei!r oxidis+ or becom+ coat$ ) ! impurities conta9$ 9 ! ore w n reunite1 b wa% away 9 ! slimes & take ) !m a p]c5tage ( ! gold4 ,z a gr9d] & conc5trator1 & 9 "s cases z an amalgamator1 :5 us$ exclusively = ei!r purpose1 ! ,watson & ,d5ny pan is effective2 b al?\gh successfully us$ at "o m9e ,i "k1 ! mode !re adopt$ w\ld1 = reasons previ\sly giv51 be v wa/eful 9 _m o!r m9es4 ,!re is consid]able misconception1 ev5 among m5 ) "s practical k1 z to ! prop] function ( ^! second>y sav+ appliances2 & sometimes good ma*9es are condemn$ because !y w n p]=m "w = :i* !y 7 nev] int5d$4 ,x _c be too cle>ly realiz$ t ! correct ord] ( proc$ure = extract+ ! gold held 9 comb9ation ) base metals is--fir/1 r$uction ( ! p>ticles to a uni=m gauge & c>eful conc5tration only2 next1 ! dissipation1 usually by simple calc9ation1 ( sub/ances 9 ! conc5trates inimical to ! ?or\gh absorption ( ! gold by ! m]cury2 & la/ly1 ! amalgamation ( ! gold & m]cury4 ,= g5]al purposes1 :]e ! gangue has n be5 cru%$ too f9e1 ,i ?9k ! ,duncan pan w usually be f\nd effective 9 sav+ ! conc5trates4 ,9 !ory x is an enl>gem5t ( ! alluvial m9]'s t9 di%1 & ! motion imp>t$ to x is simil> to ! ecc5tric motion ( t simple sep>ator4 ,! calc9+ may be effectively c>ri$ out 9 an ord9>y rev]b]atory furnace1 ! only skill requir$ be+ to prev5t ov] roa/+ & s slagg+ ! conc5trates2 or n suffici5tly calc9+ s z to remove all delet]i\s con/itu5ts2 ! subject1 h[ev]1 is fully treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,= amalgamat+ ,i pref] "s =m ( settl] to any fur!r gr9d+ appliance1 b ,i note also improvem5ts 9 ! rot>y amalgamat+ b>rel1 :i*1 ?\gh sl[1 is1 "u fav\rable conditions1 an effective amalgamator4 ,! introduction ( /eam "u pressure into an iron cyl9d] conta9+ a *>ge ( conc5trates ) m]cury is said to h produc$ good results1 & ,i am q prep>$ to believe su* w\ld be ! case1 z we h long kn[n t ! application ( /eam to ores 9 c\rse ( amalgamation facilitates ! process consid]ably4 ,"s sev5te5 ye>s s9ce ,i 0 engag$ on ! con/ruction ( a dry amalgamator 9 :i* sublimat$ m]cury 0 pass$ f a retort ?r\gh ! desc5d+ gangue 9 a v]tical cyl9d]1 ! mat]ial !nce fall+ ?r\gh an ap]ture into a revolv+ settl]1 ! object be+ to save wat] on m9es 9 dry c\ntry4 ,! model1 ab\t qu>t] size1 0 complet$ :5 my att5tion 0 call$ to an ,am]ican inv5tion1 9 :i* ! same result 0 /at$ to be atta9$ m effectively by bl[+ ! m]cury spray ?r\gh ! triturat$ mat]ial by means ( a /eam jet4 ,i _h already enc\nt]$ a difficulty1 s9ce f\nd s ob/ructive by exp]im5tali/s 9 ! same direction1 t is1 ! gett+ ( ! m]cury back into its liquid metallic =m4 ,?is difficulty ,i am n[ conv9c$ c be l>gely obviat$ by my own device ( us+ a v weak solution ( sulphuric acid 7x c h>dly be too weak7 & add+ a small quantity ( z9c to ! m]cury4 ,x is p]fectly m>vell\s h[ "s samples ( m]cury sick5$ or fl\r$ by bad treatm5t1 may be br\ght back to ! bright limpid metal by a judici\s use ( ^! inexp5sive mat]ials4 ,?us x w probably be f\nd practicable to cru% dry & amalgamate semi-dry by pass+ ! mat]ial 9 ! =m ( a ?9 pa/y mass to a settl]1 z 9 ! old ,s\? ,am]ican arra/ra1 &1 by sl[ly /irr+1 recov] ! m]cury1 & ) x ! bulk ( ! gold4 ,! foll[+ is f ! ,au/ralian ,m9+ ,/&>d1 & 0 head$ ,amalgamation ,)\t ,ov]fl[3 ,rec5t exp]im5ts at ! ,ball>at ,s*ool ( ,m9es h prov$ t a deliv]ance f difficulties is at h& f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,! despis$ ,*ilian mill & ,:eel] pan1 disc>d$ at _m m9es1 w solve ! problem1 b ! keynote ( success is amalgamation )\t ov]fl[4 ,disp5se ) ! ov]fl[ & ! gold is sav$4 ,two typical m9es--! ,great ,m]cury ,propriet>y ,gold ,m9e1 ( ,kuaotunu1 ,n4,z41 ! o!r1 ! ,pambula1 ,n4,s4,w4--h lately be5 conduct+ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) ! object ( sav+ _! f9e gold 9 an economical mann]4 ,! la/ & be/ trials made by ^! companies 7 at ! ,ball>at ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 :]e amalgamation )\t ov]fl[ 0 put to a crucial te/1 9 ea* case ) ! gratify+ result t n9ety-six p] c5t ( ! preci\s metal 0 secur$4 ,:at ?is means to ! ,great ,m]cury ,m9e1 = in/ance1 c easily be imag9$ :5 x is und]/ood t not)/&+ all ! late/ gold-sav+ adjuncts dur+ ! la/ six mon?s #abfj tons ( ore1 wor? #dl4 #ags4 #aj #bc;d4 a ton1 h be5 put ?r\gh = a sav+ ( #al4 #is4 #a #bc;d4 only2 or 9 o!r words ov] two-?irds ( ! gold has gone to wa/e 7= ! "t be+7 9 ! tail+s1 & 9 ! tail+s at ! pres5t mom5t lie ! divid5ds t %\ld h *e]$ %>ehold]s' he>ts4 ,& n[ = ! modus op]&i1 :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is n h$g$ 9 by big royalties to any "o1 rights1 pat5t or o!rwise4 ,! ore to be treat$ is fir/ calc9$1 !n put ?r\gh a rock-break] or /amp] batt]y 9 a p]fectly dry /ate4 ,if ! batt]y is us$1 ord9>y precautions1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be tak5 to prev5t wa/e1 or ! du/ becom+ obnoxi\s to ! workm54 ,! ore is !n transf]r$ to ! ,*ilian mill & made to ! consi/5cy ( porridge1 ! quicksilv] be+ add$4 ,:5 ! pr9cipal "w ( amalgamation is done 7exp]i5ce soon tea*+ ! am\nt ( gr9d+ necess>y71 f ! ,*ilian mill ! pa/e 7s to say7 is pass$ to a ,:eel] or any o!r good pan ( a simil> type1 :5 ! gold-sav+ op]ation is complet$4 ,?is be+ an exp]im5t 9 ! same direction z my own1 ,i tri$ x on a small scale4 ,i calc9$ "s v tr\blesome ore till x 0 fairly sweet1 triturat$ x1 & hav+ r$uc$ x ) wat] to ab\t ! consi/5cy ( invalid's gruel1 put x into a little b]dan pan made f a camp ov51 :i* ,i _h us$ = treat+ small quantities ( conc5trates1 & f "t to "t drove a spray ( m]cury1 :]e9 a small am\nt ( z9c _h be5 dissolv$1 into ! pa/y mass by means ( a /eam jet1 add$ ab\t half an ounce ( sulphuric acid & kept ! pan revolv+ = sev]al h\rs4 ,! result 0 an unusually successful amalgamation & consequ5t extraction--ov] n9ety p] c5t4 ,/eam--or to use ! sci5tific t]m1 hydro-!rmal action--has play$ su* an important "p 9 ! deposition ( metals t ,i _c b ?9k t "u educat$ intellig5ce x w prove a p[]ful ag5t 9 _! extraction4 ,ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ago ,i obta9$ "s r rem>kable results f simply boil+ aurif]\s f]ro-sulphides 9 wat]4 ,!re is 9 ?is alone an int]e/+1 useful1 & pr(itable field = inve/igation & exp]im5t4 ,! mo/ sci5tific & p]fect mode ( gold extraction 7:5 ! conditions are fav\rable7 is lixiviation by means ( *lor9e1 potassium cyanide1 or o!r aur\s solv5t1 = by ?is means z mu* z #ih p] c5t ( ! gold conta9$ 9 suitable ores c be conv]t$ into its m9]al salt1 & be+ dissolv$ 9 wat]1 re-deposit$ 9 metallic =m = smelt+2 b lode /uff conta9+ mu* lime w\ld n be suitable = *lor9ation1 or ! pres5ce ( a consid]able proportion ( su* a metal z copp]1 p>ticul>ly 9 metallic =m1 w\ld be fatal to success1 :ile cyanide ( potassium w also attack metals o!r ?an gold1 & h5ce disc\nt ! effect ( ?is solv5t4 ,! e>li] practical applications ( *lor9e to gold extraction 7 kn[n z ,me>s' & ,plattn]'s processes1 & consi/$ 9 plac+ ! mat]ial to be op]at$ on 9 vats ) wat]1 & introduc+ *lor9e gas at ! bottom1 ! mixture be+ all[$ to /& = a numb] ( h\rs1 ! m9imum ab\t twelve1 ! maximum =ty-eight4 ,! *lor9at$ wat] 0 !n drawn (f conta9+ ! gold 9 solution :i* 0 deposit$ z a br[n p[d] by ! addition ( sulphate ( iron4 ,great improvem5ts on ?is sl[ & imp]fect me?od h be5 made ( late ye>s1 among ! e>li] ( :i* 0 t ( ,messrs4 ,newb]y & ,vaut94 ,!y plac$ ! pulp ) wat] 9 a gaslight revolv+ cyl9d]1 into :i* ! *lor9e 0 introduc$1 & atmosph]ic air to a pressure ( #fj lb4 to ! squ>e in* 0 pump$ 94 ,! cyl9d] ) its cont5ts 0 revolv$ = two h\rs1 !n ! *>ge 0 )drawn & dra9$ ne>ly dry by suction1 ! resultant liquid be+ sl[ly filt]$ ?r\gh brok5 *>coal on :i* ! *loride cry/als 7 deposit$1 9 appe>ance mu* l ! bromo-*lorides ( silv] ore se5 on "s ( ! black manganic oxides ( ! ,b>ri] silv] m9es4 ,! *>coal1 ) its adh]+ *lorides1 0 convey$ to ! smelt+-h\se & ! gold smelt$ into b>s ( extremely pure metal4 ,messrs4 ,newb]y & ,vaut9 claim$ = _! process decreas$ "t = ! op]ation ) increas$ effici5cy4 ,at ,m\nt ,morgan1 :5 ,i visit$ t celebrat$ m9e1 !y 7 us+ :at might be t]m$ a composite adaptation process4 ,_! *lor9ation works1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 7 putt+ ?r\gh #aejj tons p] week4 ,! ore z x came f ! m9e 0 f$ automatically into ,krom roll] mills1 & aft] be+ cru%$ & sift$ to regulation gauge 0 deliv]$ into trucks & convey$ to ! roa/+ furnaces1 & !nce to cool+ floors1 f :i* x 0 convey$ to ! *lor9at+ %$4 ,"h 7 long r[s ( revolv+ b>rels1 on ! ,newb]y-,vaut9 pr9ciple1 b ) ?is m>k$ diff]5ce1 t ! pressure 9 ! b>rel 0 obta9$ f an excess ( ! gas itself1 g5]at$ f a *>ge ( *loride ( lime & sulphuric acid4 ,on leav+ ! b>rels ! pulp ran into settl+ vats1 some:at on ! ,plattn] plan1 & ! cle> liquid hav+ be5 dra9$ (f 0 pass$ ?r\gh a *>coal filt]1 z adopt$ by ,newb]y & ,vaut94 ,! manag]1 ,mr4 ,wesley ,hall1 /at$ t he e/imat$ co/ p] ton 0 n m ?an #cjs41 & he expect$ %ortly to r$uce t :5 he began mak+ 8 own sulphuric acid4 ,z he 0 obta9+ ov] #d oz4 to ! ton ! process 0 pay+ v well1 b x w be se5 t ! price w\ld be prohibitive = poor ores unless !y c\ld be conc5trat$ be=e calc9ation4 ,! ,pollok process is a new]1 & /at$ to be a *eap] mode ( lixiviation by *lor9e4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,pollok1 ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity1 & a /rong ,company 0 =m$ to "w x4 ,) him ! gas is produc$ by ! admixture ( bisulphate ( sodium 7in/ead ( sulphuric acid1 :i* is a v co/ly *emical to transport7 & *loride ( lime4 ,wat] is !n pump$ into a /rong receptacle conta9+ ! mat]ial = treatm5t & p[]ful hydraulic pressure is appli$4 ,! effect is /at$ to be ! rapid *ange ( ! metal into its salt1 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! wat] & aft]w>ds treat$ ) sulphate ( iron1 & s made to resume its metallic =m4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to me t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! pressure br\ght to be> = ! quick5+ ( ! process4 ,9 ea* case x is an air cu%ion1 induc$ 9 ! "o process by ! pump+ 9 ( air to a cyl9d] p>tly fill$ ) wat]1 & 9 ! o!r by pump+ 9 wat] to a cyl9d] p>tly fill$ ) air4 ,! process ( extract+ gold f lode /uff & tail+s by means ( cyanide ( potassium is n[ l>gely us$ & may be ?us briefly describ$3--,x is *iefly appli$ to tail+s1 t is1 cru%$ ore t has already pass$ ov] ! amalgamat+ & blanket tables4 ,! tail+s are plac$ 9 vats1 & subject$ to ! action ( solutions ( cyanide ( potassium ( v>y+ /r5g?s d[n to #j4b p] c5t4 ,^! dissolve ! gold1 :i* is lea*$ f ! tail+s1 pass$ ?r\gh boxes 9 :i* x is precipitat$ ei!r by means ( z9c %av+s1 electricity1 or to ! precipitant4 ,! solution is made up to its =m] /r5g? & pass$ aga9 ?r\gh fre% tail+s4 ,:5 ! tail+s conta9 a quantity ( decompos$ pyrites1 p>tly oxidis$1 ! acidity caus$ by ! fre$ sulphuric acid requires to be neutralis$ by an alkali1 cau/ic soda be+ usually employ$4 ,:5 clean+ up1 ! cyanide solution 9 ! z9c precipitat+ boxes is replac$ by clean wat]4 ,aft] c>eful wa%+ 9 ! box1 to cause all pure gold & z9c to fall to ! bottom1 ! z9c %av+s are tak5 out4 ,! precipitates are !n collect$1 & aft] calc9ation 9 a special furnace = ! purpose ( oxidis+ ! z9c1 are smelt$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! foll[+ description ( an electrolytic me?od ( gold deposition f a cyanide solution 0 giv5 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,eltonhead be=e ! ,eng9e]s' ,club ( ,philadelphia4 ,a description ( ! process is z foll[s3--,! ore is cru%$ to a c]ta9 f95ess1 dep5d+ on ! "* ( ! gangue4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 lea*+ vats1 ) false bottoms = filtration1 simil> to o!r lea*+ plants4 ,a solution ( cyanide ( potassium & o!r *emicals ( kn[n p]c5tage is run ov] ! pulp & left to /& a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( metal to be extract$4 ,x is !n dra9$ (f & ano!r *>ge ( ! same solution is us$1 b ( less /r5g?1 :i* is also dra9$4 ,! pulp is n[ wa%$ ) clean wat]1 :i* lea*es all ! gold & silv] out1 & leaves ! tail+s ready = dis*>ge1 ei!r 9 c>s or sluic$ away by wat]1 if x is pl5tiful4 ,! *emical reaction ( cyanide ( potassium ) gold is z foll[s1 accord+ to ,elsn]3-- #b;,au #d,k,cy ,o ,h#b,o #b,k,au,cy#b #b,,kho4 ,t is1 a d\ble cyanide ( gold & potassium is =m$4 ,all filt]$ solutions & wa%+s f ! lea*+ vats are sav$ & pass$ ?r\gh a precipitat+ 'box' ( novel con/ruction1 :i* may consi/ ei!r ( glass1 iron or wood1 & be made 9 any %ape1 ei!r oval1 r\nd1 or rectangul>--if ! latt]1 x w be ab\t #aj ft4 long1 #d ft4 wide & #a ft4 high--& is p>tition$ (f l5g?wise into five comp>tm5ts4 ,"u ea* p>tition1 on ! inside or bottom ( ! 'box1' grooves may be cut a qu>t]-to a half-in* deep1 ext5d+ p>allel ) ! p>titions to s]ve z a res]voir = ! amalgam1 & give a roll+ motion to ! solution z x passes along & ?r\gh ! f\r comp>tm5ts4 ,! c5tre comp>tm5t is us$ to hold ! lead or o!r suitable anode & electrolyte4 ,! anode is support$ on a movable frame or bracket1 s x may be mov$ ei!r up or d[n z desir$1 x be+ work$ by ?umb-screws at ea* end4 ,! electrolyte may consi/ ( saturat$ solutions ( soluble alkal9e metals & e>?4 ,! sides or p>titions ( ea* comp>tm5t dip into ! m]cury1 :i* mu/ cov] ! 'box' ev5ly on ! bottom to ! dep? ( ab\t a half-in*4 ,amalgamat$ copp] /rips or discs are plac$ 9 contact ) ! m]cury & ext5d$ above x1 to all[ ! gold & silv] solution ( cyanide to come 9 contact4 ,! electrodes are connect$ ) ! dynamo2 ! anode ( lead be+ positive & ! ca?ode ( m]cury be+ negative4 ,! dynamo is />t$1 & a curr5t ( high amp]age & l[ voltage is g5]at$1 g5]ally #ajj to #abe amp]es1 & ) suffici5t pressure to decompose ! electrolyte betwe5 ! anode & ! ca?ode4 ,z ! gas is g5]at$ at ! anode1 a commotion is creat$ 9 ! liquid1 :i* br+s a fre% & saturat$ solution ( electrolyte betwe5 ! electrodes = electrolysis1 & makes x cont9u\s 9 its action4 ,! solution ( d\ble cyanide ( gold1 silv]1 & potassium1 :i* has be5 dra9$ f ! lea*+ vats1 is pass$ ov] ! m]cury 9 ! precipitat+ 'box' :5 ! decomposition ( ! electrolyte by ! electric curr5t is be+ accompli%$1 ! gold & silv] are set free & unite ) ! m]cury1 & are also deposit$ on ! plates or discs ( copp]1 =m+ amalgam1 :i* is collect$ & made m>ketable by ! well kn[n & tri$ me?ods4 ,! above solution is reg5]at$ ) cyanide ( potassium by ! sett+ free ( ! metals 9 ! passage ov] ! 'box4' ,9 us+ ?is solution aga9 = a fre% *>ge ( pulp1 x is re9=c$ to ! desir$ p]c5tage1 or /r5g!n$ ) cyanide ( potassium & o!r *emicals1 & is always 9 good condition = cont9u+ ! op]ation ( dissolv+4 ,! potassium act+ on ! wat] ( ! solution creates nasc5t hydrog5 & potassium hydrate2 ! nasc5t hydrog5 sets free ! metals 7gold & silv]71 :i* are precipitat$ into ! m]cury & =m amalgam1 leav+ hydrocyanic acid2 ?is latt] comb9es ) ! potassium hydrate ( ! =m] reaction1 ?us =m+ cyanide ( potassium4 ,!re are o!r reactions = :i* ,i h n at pres5t ! *emical =mulas4 ,z ! solution passes ov] ! m]cury1 ! c5tre comp>tm5t ( ! 'box' is mov$ sl[ly longitud9ally1 :i* spreads ! m]cury1 ! solution is agitat$ & comes 9 p]fect contact ) ! m]cury1 z well z ! amalgamat$ plates or discs ( copp]1 ensur+ a p]fect precipitation4 ,x is n always necess>y to precipitate all ! gold & silv] f ! solution1 = x is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 indef9itely2 b :5 x is requir$1 x c be done p]fectly & *eaply 9 a v %ort "t4 ,no solution lea*$ f ! pulp1 conta9+ cyanide ( potassium1 gold & silv]1 ne$ be run to wa/e1 :i* is 9 itself an enorm\s sav+ ov] ! use ( z9c %av+s :5 h&l+ l>ge quantities ( pulp & solution4 ,"s ( ! advantages ! electro-*emical process has ov] o!r cyanide processes are3 ,its cleanl9ess1 quickness ( action1 *eapness1 & l>ge sav+ ( cyanide ( potassium by reg5]ation2 n wa/+ ! solutions1 l>g] recov]y ( ! gold & silv] f ! solutions2 ! co/ ( recov]y less2 ! loss ( gold1 silv]1 & cyanide ( potassium r$uc$ to a m9imum2 ! use ( cau/ic alkali 9 su* quantity z may be desir$ to keep ! cyanide solution f be+ de/roy$ by ! solidity ( ! pulp1 & also sometimes to give w>m?1 z a w>m cyanide solution w dissolve gold & silv] quick] ?an a cold "o4 ,^! cau/ic alkalies d n int]f]e ) or prev5t ! p]fect precipitation ( ! metals4 ,! bullion recov]$ 9 ?is process is v f9e1 :ile ! z9c-precipitat$ bullion is only ab\t #gjj f9e4 ,! gold & silv] is dissolv$1 & !n precipitat$ 9 "o op]ation1 :i* we "k _c be done 9 ! '*lor9ation process'2 besides1 ! co/ ( plant & treatm5t is mu* less 9 ! above-describ$ process4 ,! electro-*emical process1 :i* ,i h ha/ily sket*$ w1 ,i ?9k1 be ! future *eap me?od ( recov]+ f9e or fl\r gold f our m9es & wa/e tail+s or ore dumps4 ,)\t go+ into details ( co/ ( treatm5t1 ,i w /ate t ) a plant ( a capacity ( h&l+ #aj1jjj tons ( pulp p] mon?1 ! co/ %\ld n exce$ #hs4 p] ton1 b t may be *eap5$ by lab\r-sav+ devices4 ,!re be+ no exp5sive ma*9]y1 a plant c\ld be v *eaply erect$ :]ev] necess>y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,calc9ation ,,or ,,roa/+ ,,( ,,ores ,! object ( calc9+ or roa/+ c]ta9 ores be=e treatm5t is to dissipate ! sulphur or sulphides ( ars5ic1 antimony1 lead1 etc41 :i* are inimical to treatm5t1 :e!r by ord9>y m]curic amalgamation or lixiviation4 ,! effect ( ! roa/+ is fir/ to sublimate & drive (f z fumes ! sulphur & a proportion ( ! objectionable metals4 ,:at is left is ei!r iron oxide1 gossan1 or ! oxides ( ! o!r metals4 ,ev5 lead c ?us be oxidis$1 b requires m c>e z x melts ne>ly z readily z antimony & is mu* less volatile4 ,! oxides 9 ! ?or\ghly roa/$ ore w n amalgamate ) m]cury1 & are n act$ on by *lor9e or cyanog54 ,to effect ! oxidation ( sulphur1 x is necess>y n only to br+ e p>ticle ( sulphur into contact ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 b also to provide adequate heat to ! p>ticles suffici5t to raise !m to ! temp]ature t w induce oxidation4 ,no appreciable effect foll[s ! m]e contact ( air ) sulphur p>ticles at atmosph]ic temp]ature2 b if ! p>ticles be rais$ to a temp]ature ( #ejj degrees ,fahr41 ! sulphur is oxidis$ to ! gase\s sulphur dioxide4 ,! same action effects ! elim9ation ( ! ars5ic & antimony associat$ ) gold & silv] ores1 z :5 heat$ to a c]ta9 con/ant temp]ature ^! metals readily oxidise4 ,! sci5ce ( calc9ation consi/s ( ! me?od by :i* ! sulphide ores1 hav+ be5 cru%$ to a prop] degree ( f95ess1 are rais$ to a suffici5t temp]ature & br\ght into intimate contact ) atmosph]ic air4 ,x w be obvi\s !n t ! mo/ effective me?od ( roa/+ w be "o t enables ! p>ticles to be ?or\ghly oxidis$ at ! l[e/ co/ 9 fuel & 9 ! mo/ rapid mann]4 ,! roa/+ processes 9 practical use may be divid$ into ?ree categories3 ,fir/ or ,a ,process4--,roa/+ on a horizontal & /ation>y he>?1 ! flame pass+ ov] a mass ( ore re/+ on su* he>?4 ,9 ord] to expose ! upp] surface ( ! ore to contact ) air ! mat]ial is turn$ ov] by manual lab\r4 ,?is furnace ( ! rev]b]atory type is provid$ ) side op5+s by :i* ! turn+ ov] ( ! ore c be manually effect$1 & ! new ore c be *>g$ & aft]w>ds )drawn4 ,second or ,b ,process4--,roa/+ 9 a revolv+ he>? plac$ at a slight incl9e angle f ! horizontal4 ,! furnace is ( cyl9drical =m & is int]nally l9$ ) refractory mat]ial4 ,x has projections t cause ! p[d]$ ore to be lift$ above ! flame1 &1 at a c]ta9 height1 to fall ?r\gh ! flame & s be rapidly rais$ to ! temp]ature requir$ to effect ! oxidation ( ! oxidisable m9]als :i* x is desir$ to extract4 ,! rate1 or spe$1 ( revolution ( ?is revolv+ furnace obvi\sly dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! ore "u treatm5t2 x may v>y f two revolutions p] m9ute d[n to "o revolution 9 ?irty m9utes4 ,any k9d ( fuel is available1 b t ( a gase\s "* is /at$ to be by f> ! mo/ effici5t4 ,any ord9>y cyl9d] ( a l5g? ( #be ft41 & a diamet] ( #d ft4 #f 941 incl9$ #a ft4 #f 94 9 its l5g?1 w calc9e f #bd to #dh tons p] diem4 ,ano!r =m ( rotat+ furnace is "o 9 :i* ! axis is horizontal4 ,x is mu* %ort] ?an ! incl9$ type1 & ! fe$+ & removal ( ! ore is effect$ by ! op5+ ( a retort lid door provid$ at ! side ( ! furnace4 ,op5+s provid$ at ea* end ( ! furnace p]mit ! passage ( ! flame ?r\gh x1 & ! revolution ( ! furnace turns ov] ! p[d]$ ore & br+s x into m or less su/a9$ contact ) ! oxidis+ flame4 ,! exposure ( ! ore to ?is action is cont9u$ suffici5tly long to ensure ! m or less complete oxidation ( ! ore p>ticles4 ,?ird or ,c ,process4--,9 ?is process ! p[d]$ ore is all[$ to fall 9 a %[] f a consid]able height1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( a v]tical %aft up :i* a flame asc5ds2 ! p[d]$ ore 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! flame is heat$ to an oxidis+ temp]ature1 & ! sulphides are ?us deplet$ ( _! sulphur & become oxides4 ,ano!r modification ( ?is direct fall or %aft furnace is t 9 :i* ! fall ( ! ore is *eck$ by cross-b>s or incl9$ plates plac$ across ! %aft2 ?is causes a long] oxidis+ exposure ( ! ore p>ticles4 ,:5 ! sulphur cont5ts ( pyrit\s ores are suffici5tly high1 & aft] ! ore has be5 initially fir$ ) auxili>y c>bonace\s fuel1 x is unnecess>y1 9 a prop]ly design$ roa/+ furnace1 to add fuel to ! ore to enable ! heat = oxidation to be obta9$4 ,! oxidation or burn+ ( ! sulphur w provide all ! heat necess>y to ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( ! process4 ,! temp]ature necess>y = effect+ ! elim9ation ( bo? sulphur & ars5ic is n high] ?an t equival5t to dull r$ heat2 & provid$ t !re is a suffici5t mass ( ore ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnace1 ! pot5tial heat result+ f ! oxidation ( ! sulphur w alone be adequate to provide all t is necess>y to effect ! calc9ation4 ,,types ,,( ,,furnaces ,,( ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,classes ,,t ,,are ,,9 ,,actual ,,use4 ,a ,,or ,,rev]b]atory ,,class4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is furnace has already be5 suffici5tly describ$4 ,if ! roa/+ is p]=m$ 9 a muffle *amb]1 ! arrangem5t employ$ by ,messrs4 ,lea* & ,neal1 ,limit$1 ( ,d]by1 & design$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,?waite1 ,c4,e41 c be advantage\sly employ$ 9 ?is furnace1 :i* is fir$ ) gase\s fuel4 ,! s5sible heat ( ! wa/e gases is utilis$ to heat ! air employ$ = combu/ion2 & by a controllable arrangem5t ( combu/ion1 a flame ( ov] #ajj feet 9 l5g? is obta9$1 ) ! result t ! furnace f end to end is ma9ta9$ at a uni=m temp]ature4 ,by ?is sy/em1 & ) gase\s fuel fir+1 a v consid]able economy 9 fuel & 9 repairs to furnace1 & a sup]ior roa/+ effect1 h be5 obta9$4 ,:]e ! ord9>y rev]b]atory he>? is fir$ ) solid coal f an end grate1 ! temp]ature is at its maximum ne> ! fir+ end1 & tails (f at ! extreme gas outlet end4 ,! ores 9 ?is furnace %\ld !re=e be f$ 9 at ! cold] end ( ! he>? & be gradually work$ or rabbl$ =w>d to ! fir+ end4 ,"o disadvantage ( ! rev]b]atory furnace is ! fact t x is impossible to avoid ! incursion ( air dur+ ! manual rabbl+ action1 & ?is t5ds to cool ! furnace4 ,! co/ ( roa/+1 to obta9 ! m or less complete oxidation1 or :at is kn[n 9 m9+ p>lance z a sweet roa/ 7because a p]fectly roa/$ ore is ne>ly od\rless7 v>ies consid]ably1 ! v>iation dep5d+ ( c\rse ^u ! "* ( ! ore & ! co/ ( lab\r & fuel4 ,!re are sev]al modifications ( ! rev]b]atory furnace 9 use1 design$ me*anically to effect ! rabbl+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful is t kn[n z ! ,horse-%oe furnace4 ,9 plan ! he>? ( ! furnace resembles a horse-%oe4 ,! /irr+ ( ! ore ov] ! he>? is effect$ by means ( c>riages fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! furnace & hav+ lat]ally project+ arms1 c>ry+ /irr]s1 t move along ! he>? & turn ov] ! pulv]is$ ore4 ,9 op]ation1 half ! c>riages are trav]s+ ! furnace1 & half are re/+ 9 ! cool+ space1 s t a control ov] ! temp]ature ( ! /irr]s is e/abli%$4 ,?is furnace is /at$ to be m economical 9 lab\r ?an o!r me*anically /irr$ rev]b]atory furnaces1 & !re is also said to be an economy 9 fuel4 ,usually ! me*anical /irr+ furnaces give tr\ble & %\ld be avoid$1 b ! horse-%oe type possesses qualifications wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,b4--,,! ,,revolv+ ,,cyl9d] ,,furnace4 ,( ^! ! be/ kn[n to me are3 ,! ,h[ell-,:ite1 ! ,bruckn]1 ! ,?waite-,d5ny1 & ! ,moleswor?4 ,! ,bruckn] is a cyl9d]1 turn+ on ! horizontal axis & c>ri$ by f\r roll]s4 ,! bat* ( ore usually *>g$ into ! two *>g+ hopp]s weighs ab\t f\r tons4 ,:5 ! two *>g+ doors are br\ght "u ! hopp] m\?1 ! cont5ts ( ! hopp] fall directly into ! cyl9d]4 ,! ends or ?roats ( ! furnace are r$uc$ j suffici5tly to all[ ! flame evolv$ f a grat$ furnace to pass completely ?r\gh ! cyl9d]4 ,a *>act]i/ic size = ?is ,bruckn] furnace is "o hav+ a l5g? ( #ab feet & a diamet] ( #f feet4 ,a furnace ( ?is capacity w h an inclusive weight 7iron & brickwork7 ( #ae tons4 ,! "t ( op]ation1 ) ! ,bruckn]1 w v>y ) ! "* ( ! ore "u treatm5t & ! nature ( ! fuel employ$4 ,f\r h\rs is ! m9imum & twelve h\rs %\ld be ! maximum "t ( op]ation4 ,by ! addition ( common salt ) ! bat* ( ore1 su* ( its con/itu5ts z are am5able to ! action ( *lor9e are *lor9at$ z well z fre$ f sulphur4 ,:]e ! ore conta9s any consid]able quantity ( silv] :i* %\ld be sav$1 ! addition ( ! salt is necess>y z ! silv] is v liable to become s oxidis$ 9 ! process ( roa/+ z to r5d] its aft] treatm5t almo/ impossible4 ,i "k a case 9 po9t :]e an av]age ( ne>ly five ounces ( silv] to ! ton1 at t "t wor? #cjs41 0 lo/ ow+ to ignorance on ?is subject4 ,_h ! ore be5 calc9$ ) salt1 ,na,cl1 ! bulk ( ?is silv] w\ld h be5 amalgamat$ & ?us sav$4 ,x 0 ! extraord9>y f95ess ( ! gold sav$ by amalgamation z aga9/ my te/s ( ! ore by fire assay t put me on ! track ( a mo/ indef5sible loss4 ,! ,h[ell-,:ite ,furnace4--,?is furnace consi/s ( a ca/ iron revolv+ cyl9d]1 av]ag+ #be feet 9 l5g? & #d ft4 #d 94 9 diamet]1 :i* revolves on f\r friction roll]s1 re/+ on truck :eels1 rotat$ by ord9>y ge>+4 ,! p[] requir$ = effect+ ! revolution %\ld n exce$ f\r indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,! cyl9d] is int]nally l9$ ) firebrick1 project+ pieces caus+ ! p[d]$ ore to be rais$ ov] ! flame ?r\gh :i* x %[]s1 & is !reby subject$ to ! influ5ce ( heat & to direct contact oxidation4 ,! incl9ation ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* is v>iable1 promotes ! gradual desc5sion ( ! ore f ! high] to ! l[] end4 ,x is f$ into ! upp] end1 by a special =m ( fe$ hopp]1 & is dis*>g$ into a pit at ! l[] end1 f :i* ! ore c be )drawn at any "t4 ,! gross weight ( ! furnace1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 made 9 segm5ts to be aft]w>ds bolt$ toge!r1 is "s n9ety to "o hundr$ tons4 ,! furnace is fir$ ) coal on a grat$ he>?1 built at ! l[] end2 x is m economical bo? 9 fuel & 9 lab\r ?an an ord9>y rev]b]atory furnace4 ,! ,?waite-,d5ny ,revolv+ ,furnace4--,?is new type ( furnace1 :i* is fir$ ) gase\s fuel1 is /at$ to comb9e ! advantages ( ! ,/etefeldt1 ! ,h[ell-,:ite1 & ! ,bruckn]4 ,x is con/ruct$ z foll[s3--,?ree %ort cyl9d]s1 conical 9 %ape & ( graduat$ dim5sions1 are sup]impos$ "o ov] ! o!r1 _! ends t]m9at+ 9 two v]tical %afts ( brickwork1 by :i* ! ?ree cyl9d]s are connect$4 ,! p[d]$ ore is f$ into ! upp]mo/ cyl9d] & gravitates ?r\gh ! s]ies4 ,! highe/ cyl9d] is ! l>ge/ 9 diamet]1 ! l[e/ ! smalle/4 ,! gas flame1 burnt 9 a ,buns5 arrangem5t1 ent]s ! smalle/ end ( ! l[e/ cyl9d] & passes ?r\gh x2 !n returns ?r\gh ! s]ies & ! ore is r$uc$ by ! expulsion ( its sulphur1 ars5ic1 etc41 z x desc5ds f ! top to ! bottom4 ,! top cyl9d] is made l>g] ?an ! "o bel[ x & ! middle cyl9d] is made l>g] ?an ! l[e/ "o 9 proportion to ! increas$ bulk ( gases & ore4 ,! p[d]$ ore 9 desc5d+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s is lift$ up & %[]s ?r\gh ! flame1 fall+ 9 its desc5t a di/ance ( ov] #ajjj feet4 ,by ! "t x rea*es ! bottom ! ore is ?or\ghly roa/$4 ,provision is made = ! introduction ( sep>ate supplies ( air & gas into ea* cyl9d]2 ?is enables ! oxidis+ treatm5t to be controll$ exactly z desir$ s z to effect ! be/ results ) all k9ds ( ore4 ,ea* cyl9d] is driv5 f its own indep5d5t ge>+1 & ! spe$ ( ea* cyl9d] c be v>i$ at w4 ,! output ( ?is type ( furnace1 ! op]ations ( :i* appe> to be m controllable ?an ^? ( simil> appliances1 dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! nature ( ! ore1 b may be consid]$ to range )9 ! limits ( twelve to fifty tons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! co/ ( roa/+ w v>y f #bs4 #f;d4 to #ds4 p] ton1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality ( ore & ( fuel4 ,! gase\s fuel g5]at+ sy/em p]mits n only ! absolute control ov] ! temp]ature 9 ! furnace1 b ! use ( ! commone/ k9ds ( coal1 & ev5 *>coal is available4 ,! p[] requir$ to drive ! ,?waite-,d5ny furnace is f\r indicat$ horse-p[]4 ,! ,moleswor? ,furnace also is a revolv+ cyl9drical appliance1 :i*1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 is 9 _m respects novel & +5i\s4 ,x consi/s ( a slightly cone-%ap$1 ca/-iron cyl9d] ab\t f\rte5 feet long1 ! outlet end be+ ! l>g] to all[ = ! expansion ( ! gases4 ,int]nal /uds are s arrang$ z to keep ! ore agitat$2 & spiral flanges convey x to ! outlet end cont9ually1 %oot+ x across ! cyl9d]4 ,! cyl9d] is encas$ 9 a brick furnace4 ,! fir+ is provid$ f outside1 ! inv5tor ma9ta9+ t ! products ( combu/ion are inimical to rapid oxidisation1 to specially promote :i* he introduces an excess ( oxyg5 produc$ 9 a small retort set 9 ! ro( ( ! furnace & f$ f "t to "t ) small quantities ( nitrate ( soda & sulphuric acid4 ,ores conta9+ mu* sulphur virtually calc9e !mselves4 ,i h se5 ?is appliance do+ good "w4 ,! difficulties appe>$ to be pr9cipally me*anical4 ,!re are o!r furnaces :i* "w ) outside heat1 b ,i h n se5 !m 9 action4 ,c4--,,%aft ,,type ,,( ,,furnace ,9 "o =m ( ?is furnace1 in/ead ( all[+ ! ore to desc5d 9 a direct cle> fall ! desc5t is imp$$ by incl9$ planes plac$ at diff]5t levels 9 ! height ( ! %aft1 ! ore desc5d+ f "o plane to ! o!r4 ,! ,/etefeldt ,%aft ,furnace4--,al?\gh v exp5sive 9 fir/ co/1 has _m advantages4 ,no motive p[] is requir$ & ! /ructure ( ! furnace is ( a durable "*4 ,its disadvantages are3--,want ( control1 & ! occasionally imp]fect "* ( ! roa/+ orig9at+ !refrom4 ,?ree sizes ( ,/etefeldt's furnaces are con/ruct$3 ,! l>ge/ w roa/ f #dj to #hj tons p] diem4 ,! int]m$iate w roa/ f #bj to #dj tons p] diem4 ,! smalle/ w roa/ f #aj to #bj tons p] diem4 ,a good furnace %\ld br+ d[n ! sulphur cont5ts ev5 ( conc5trates s z to be innocu\s to m]curic amalgamation4 ,! sulphur left 9 ! ore %\ld nev] be all[$ to exce$ two p] c5t4 ,a =ty p] c5t pyrit\s or o!r sulphide ore %\ld be roa/$ 9 a revolv+ furnace 9 ?irty to =ty m9utes1 & )\t any auxili>y fuel4 ,= ord9>y purposes a #dj-;foot *imney is adequate = furnace "w2 su* a *imney f\r feet squ>e inside at ! base1 tap]+ to #b' #f at ! summit1 w require #ab1jjj r$ bricks1 & #aejj fire-bricks = an int]nal l9+ to a height ( #ab feet f ! base ( ! *imney %aft4 ,:5 second-h& ,lanca%ire or ,corni% boil] flues are available1 !y make admirable & inexp5sive *imneys4 ,! advantage ( wr\ght-iron or /eel *imneys lies 9 ! conv5i5ce ( removal & erection4 ,!y %\ld be made 9 sections ( #bj feet long1 ?ree /eel wire guy-ropes atta*$ to a r+1 rivet$ to a r+ two-?irds ( ! height ( ! *imney1 & atta*$ to holdfa/s driv5 into ! gr\nd2 tight5+ c\pl+s %\ld be provid$ = ea* wire4 ,flue du/ deposit+ *amb]s %\ld be built 9 ! l9e ( ! flues betwe5 ! furnace & ! *imney2 !y consi/ simply ( c>efully built brick *amb]s1 ) op5+s to enable workm5 to ent] & rapidly cle> away ! deposit$ matt]s4 ,! *amb]s1 ?ree or f\r times ! cross sectional area ( ! *imney flue1 & t5 to tw5ty feet long1 c be built ( brickwork1 set 9 cem5t2 ! walls are provid$ ) a cavity1 fill$ ) s& or ,portl& cem5t1 s t !re w be no dang] ( ! incursion ( air4 ,9 all furnace "w ! greate/ possible precautions %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! lea/ crack+ ( ei!r jo9ts or bricks4 ,x is surpris+ h[ mu* ! inadequate draft ( a good *imney is due to cracks or orifices 9 ! flues2 & !re=e a compet5t furnace-man %\ld see to x t 8 flues are ?or\ghly s\nd1 & free f op5+s ?r\gh :i* ! air c ent]499 99 ,= full details ( ! mo/ rec5t improvem5ts 9 ! cyanide process & 9 o!r me?ods ( extraction1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,t4 ,k4 ,rose's ,metallurgy ( ,gold1 ?ird edition4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,motor ,,p[] ,,& ,,its ,,transmission ,x is unnecess>y to describe me?ods by :i* p[] = m9+ purposes has be5 obta9$--t is1 up to )9 ! la/ five ye>s--beyond a g5]al /atem5t1 t :5 wat] p[] has be5 available 9 ! imm$iate locality ( ! m9e1 ?is *eap natural s\rce ( p[] has be5 call$ ^u to d duty4 ,/eam has be5 ! alt]native ag5t ( p[] production appli$ 9 _m diff]5t ways1 b lab\r+ "u z _m disadvantages1 *ief ( :i* are lack ( wat]1 sc>city ( fuel & co/ ( transit ( ma*9]y4 ,sometimes cond5s+ /eam-eng9es h be5 employ$4 ,= ! g5]ation ( /eam ! semi-portable & semi-tubul> h be5 ! type ( boil] t has mo/ usually be5 br\ght into s]vice4 ,ne$less to say1 :5 highly m9]alis$ m9e wat] only is available ! adoption ( ?is class ( boil] is att5d$ ) any?+ b satisfactory results4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !re is /rong evid5ce t :]e /eam is ! p[] ag5t to be employ$ ! wat]-tube type ( boil] is likely to be employ$1 & to ! exclusion ( all o!r =ms ( app>atus = ! g5]ation ( /eam4 ,! advantages ( ?is type1 p>ticul>ly ! tubul\s =m 7or a small wat] tube71 made z x is 9 sections1 (f]s unrivall$ facilities = transport s]vice4 ,! heavie/ p>ts ne$ n exce$ #c cwt4 9 weight1 & require nei!r heavy nor yet exp5sive brickwork f\ndations4 ,,wat]less ,,p[]4 ,! difficulties 9 f9d+ wat] to drive a /eam plant are (t5 ( su* a s]i\s "* z to involve ! ab&onm5t ( _m payable m9es2 !re=e1 a motive p[] t does n require ! aque\s ag5t w be a welcome boon4 ,x w be a s\rce ( gratification to _m a gold-claim hold] to "k t practical sci5ce has enabl$ motive p[] to be produc$ )\t ! necessity ( wat]1 except a c]ta9 v small quantity1 :i* once suppli$ w n require to be r5ew$1 unless to comp5sate = ! loss due to atmosph]ic evaporation4 ,any c>bonace\s fuel1 su* z1 say1 lignite1 coal1 or *>coal1 c be employ$4 ,! latt] c be easily produc$ by ! me?od describ$ 9 ! ,*apt] on ,rules ( ,?umb1 or by build+ a kiln by pil+ toge!r a numb] ( trunks ( trees1 or fairly l>ge-siz$ bran*es1 cut s t !y c be built up 9 a compact =m4 ,! pile1 aft] be+ cov]$ ) e>?1 is !n light$ f ! base1 & if !re are no inlets = ! air except ! limit$ proportion requir$ = ! sm\ld]+ fire at ! base1 ! :ole ( ! timb] w be gradually c>bonis$ to *>coal ( good quality1 :i* is available = ! wat]less p[] plant4 ,! wat]less p[] plant consi/s ( two divisions3 ,fir/1 a gas g5]at+ plant2 secondly1 an int]nal combu/ion or gas eng9e 9 :i* ! gas is burnt1 produc+ by !rmo-dynamic action ! motive p[] requir$4 ,! sy/em kn[n z ! ,?waite ,p[] ,gas ,sy/em is n only practically indep5d5t ( ! use ( wat]1 b its effici5cy 9 conv]t+ fuel heat into "w is s high t no exi/+ /eam plant w be able to compete ) x4 ,! weight ( raw timb]1 aft]w>ds to be conv]t$ into *>coal1 t w be requir$ to produce an effective horse-p[] = "o h\r equals #g lb4 ,if coal is ! fuel #a #a_/c lb4 p] ,e4,h4,p4 = "o h\r's run4 ,if lignite is ! fuel #b #a_/b lb4 p] ,e4,h4,p4 = "o h\r's run4 ,! plant is simple to "w1 & z no /eam boil] is requir$ ! dang] ( explosions is remov$4 ,no exp5sive *imney is necess>y = ! wat]less p[] plant4 ,:]e petroleum oil c be *eaply obta9$1 say = twop5ce p] gallon1 "o ( ! ,otto ,cycle ,oil ,eng9es1 = p[]s up to #bj indicat$ horse-p[]1 c be advantage\sly employ$4 ,^! eng9es h ! advantage ( be+ a self-conta9$ p[]1 requir+ nei!r *imney nor /eam boil]1 & may be said to be a wat]less p[]4 ,! objection is ! necessity to rely ^u oil z fuel1 & ! dang]s att5d+ ! /orage ( oil4 ,a good oil eng9e %\ld n require to use m ?an a p9t ( ref9$ petroleum p] indicat$ horse-p[] work+ = "o h\r4 ,=tunately = ! m9+ indu/ry electricity1 t magic & my/]i\s ag5cy1 has come to its assi/ance1 9 p]mitt+ motive p[] to be transmitt$ ov] di/ances ( ev5 z mu* z #ajj miles ) comp>atively little loss ( ! orig9al p[] en]gy4 ,giv51 t on a coal or lignite field1 or at a wat]fall1 #ajj horse-p[] is develop$ by ! combu/ion ( fuel or by ! fall ( wat] driv+ a turb9e1 ?is p[] c be electrically transmitt$ to a m9e or ,,gr\p ,,( ,,m9es1 say #ajj miles away1 ) only a loss ( "s #cj horse-p[]4 ,= tw5ty miles ! loss on transmission %\ld n exce$ #ae horse-p[] s t #gj & #he horse-p[] respectively are available at ! m9es4 ,no o!r sy/em (f]s su* rem>kable effici5cies ( p[] transmission4 ,! new ,multiphase ,alt]nat+ ,electric ,g5]at+ & ,p[] ,transmission ,sy/em is inde$ s p]fect z to leave practically no m>g9 = improvem5t4 ,! multiphase electric motor c be directly appli$ to ! /amp batt]y & ore-break] driv+-%aft & to ! %aft ( ! amalgamat+ pans4 ,,approximate ,,p[] ,,requir$ ,,to ,,drive ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,a ,,m9e4 ,rock break] #aj effective horse-p[] ,amalgamat+ pan #e effective horse-p[] ,gr9d+ pan #f effective horse-p[] ,s+le /amp ( #gej lb4 dropp+ #ij times p] m9ute #a4be effective horse-p[] ,settl]s #d effective horse-p[] ,ord9>y hoi/+ lift #bj effective horse-p[] ,all[ #aj p] c5t 9 addition = ov]com+ friction4 ,besides ?is electrical di/ribution p[]1 :i* %\ld n co/ m ?an ?ree f>?+s p] effective horse-p[] p] h\r1 ! electrical en]gy c be employ$ = light+ ! drives & ! %afts ( ! m9e4 ,! mod]n electrical m9e lamps leave little to be desir$4 ,also x is anticipat$ t once ! few exi/+ difficulties h be5 surm\nt$ electric drill+ w supplant all o!r me?ods4 ,electric p[] c be employ$ = pump+1 = %ot fir+1 = haul+1 & = innum]able purposes 9 a m9e4 ,electricity l5ds itself mo/ advantage\sly to s _m & v>i$ processes1 ev5 9 accel]at+ ! influ5ce ( cyanide solutions on gold1 & 9 effect+ ! magnetic influ5ce on metallic p>ticles 9 sep>at+ processes2 :ile appli$ to haulage purposes1 ei!r on a]ial l9es or on tram or railroads1 x is an imm$iate & /rik+ success4 ,x is anticipat$ t 9 ! ne> future ! m9es on ! ,r&t1 ,s\? ,africa1 w be electrically driv5 f a coalfield g5]at+ /ation locat$ on ! coalfields "s ?irty miles f ,johannesburg4 ,su* a plant made up ( small multiples ( highly effici5t ma*9es w enable m9e-own]s to obta9 a reliable p[] to any ext5t at imm$iate comm& & at a reasonable *>ge 9 proportion to ! p[] us$4 ,?is :olesale supply ( p[] w be a gods5d to a new field1 enabl+ ! op5+ up to be greatly exp$it$2 & no climatic difficulties1 su* z dry seasons1 or floods1 ne$ int]f]e ) ! regul> runn+ ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! same sy/em ( p[]-g5]ation at a c5tral /ation is to be appli$ to supply p[] to ! m9es ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,company ,,=mation ,,& ,,op]ations ,all ! _w ov]1 ! op]ation ( w9n+ f ! soil & r5d]+ m>ketable ! _m valuable ores & m9e products :i* ab\nd is daily becom+ m & m a sci5tific bus9ess :i* _c be too c>efully ent]$ into or too skilfully conduct$4 ,! days ( ! dolly & w9dlass1 ( ! puddl]1 cradle1 & t9 di%1 are rapidly rec$+2 & m9+1 ei!r 9 lode or alluvial work+1 is be+ m g5]ally recognis$ z "o ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,9 ! pa/1 m9+ has be5 c>ri$ on 9 a v haphaz>d fa%ion1 to :i* mu* ( its non-success may be attribut$4 ,b ! dawn ( bett] days has arriv$1 & ) ! adv5t ( s*ools ( m9es & te*nical colleges !re w 9 future be less excuse = ignorance 9 ?is mo/ important indu/ry4 ,?is *apt] w be devot$ to ,company =mation & work+1 9 :i* mi/akes lead+ to v s]i\s consequ5ces daily occur4 ,x is n necess>y to g deeply into ! "q :y1 9 ! m9+ indu/ry m ?an any o!r1 x %\ld be deem$ desirable z a g5]al rule to c>ry on op]ations by means ( public ,companies1 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 few names c be m5tion$ ( m5 :o m9e ext5sively s+le h&$4 ,yet1 risky z x is1 m9+ c h>dly be said to be m subject to unprev5table vicissitudes ?an1 say1 pa/oral pursuits1 9 :i* private individuals risk1 & (t5 lose or make1 enorm\s sums ( money4 ,h[ev]1 x is ) ,m9+ ,companies we are n[ deal+1 & ) ! errors made 9 ! =mation & aft] conduct ( ^! ,associations4 ,! initial mi/ake mo/ (t5 made is t suffici5t work+ capital is n call$ up or provid$ 9 ! float+ ( ! ,company4 ,promot]s tru/ to get suffici5t f ! gr\nd =?) to ensure fur!r developm5t2 ! consequ5ce be+ t1 z ne>ly #ii p] c5t ( m9+ prop]ties require a v consid]able exp5diture ( capital be=e p]man5t pr(its c be reli$ on1 ! inexp]i5c$ %>ehold]s :o />t$ ) inflat$ hopes ( enorm\s returns & imm$iate divid5ds become di%e>t5$ & =feit _! %>es by refus+ to pay calls1 & ?us _m good prop]ties are sacrific$4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! companies are (t5 float$ fully paid-up1 b ! same initial error ( provid+ too little money = ! equipm5t & effective work+ ( ! m9e is usually fall5 into4 ,aga91 f> too _m ,companies are float$ on ! report ( "s self-/yl$ m9+ exp]t1 (t5 a man1 :o1 l ! s*oolma/] ( ! la/ c5tury1 has qualifi$ = ! position by fail+ 9 e o!r bus9ess he has attempt$4 ,^! m5 acquire a few geological & m9+ phrases1 & by m or less skilfully int]l>d+ ^! ) /atem5ts ( l>ge lodes & big returns !y supply reports s$uctive en\gh to float ! mo/ wor?less prop]ties & cause ! wa/e ( ?\s&s ( p\nds4 ,b ! tr\ble does n end "h4 ,:5 ! ,company is to be =m$1 "s lawy]1 compet5t or o!rwise1 is in/ruct$ to prep>e articles ( association1 rules1 etc42 :i*1 ?ree times out ( f\r1 is accompli%$ by a lib]al employm5t ( scissors & pa/e4 ,su* rules may1 or may n1 be suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! organisation4 ,g5]ally no "o tr\bles mu* ab\t ! matt]1 ?\gh on ^! rules dep5ds ! future effici5t work+ ( ! ,company1 & sometimes its v exi/5ce4 ,!n ,directors h to be appo9t$1 & ^! are seldom select$ because ( any special k ( m9+ !y may possess1 b z a rule simply because !y are l>ge %>ehold]s or prom95t m5 ^: names look well 9 a prospectus4 ,^! g5tlem5 =?) engage a ,secret>y1 usually on ! gr\nds t he is ! p]son :o has t5d]$ l[e/1 to provide (fice accommodation & keep ! acc\nts2 & n f any p>ticul> k he has ( ! true requirem5ts ( ! position4 ,! way 9 :i* "s ,directors contrive to sp5d _! %>ehold]s' money is humor\sly comm5t$ on by a ,we/ralian pap] :i* describes a great ma*9]y consignm5t lately l&$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,b\ld] ,kalgoorlie4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! pur*as] _h be5 let loose bl9dfold 9 a prehi/oric mat]ial-f\nd]'s old iron y>d1 & hav+ b\ght up ! :ole /ock1 _h %ipp$ x (f4 ,! feature ( ! entire ant$iluvian %[ is ! lib]al all[ance ( mat]ial devot$ to de/ruction4 ,massive kibbles1 su* z 7 us$ 9 coal m9es half a c5tury ago1 are arrang$ alongside a w9d+ eng9e1 built 9 ! middle ( ! c5tury1 & evid5tly design$ = haul+ ! kibbles f a dep? ( #ajjj feet4 ,no?+ less ?an horse-p[] w /ir ! trucks = und]gr\nd use1 & _! design is di/9ctly ( ! antique type4 ,! eng9e is built to correspond--( a k9d t might h s]v$ to raise into position ! pill>s ( ,baalbec1 & ! mass ( metal 9 x fairly raises a blu% to ! iron *eek ( frail] mod]n con/ructions4 ,! "o gr& use to :i* ?is mon/] c\ld be put w\ld be to employ x z a k$ge = ! ,au/ralian cont95t 9 ! ev5t ( x dragg+ its pres5t an*ors & drift+ d[n s\?1 b z mod]n m9+ ma*9]y ! :ole consignm5t is wor? no m ?an its value z scrap-iron1 :i* 9 its pres5t position is a fraction or two less ?an no?+4 ,next1 a man to manage ! m9e has to be obta9$1 & "s "o is plac$ 9 *>ge1 ( ^: capabilities ! ,directors h no direct k4 ,be+ pr(\ndly ignorant ( practical m9+ !y are incompet5t to exam9e him z to 8 qualifications1 or to *eck 8 mode ( work+1 s z to asc]ta9 :e!r he is act+ rightly or n4 ,all !y h to rely on are "s c]tificates (t5 too c>elessly giv5 & too easily obta9$4 ,f9ally1 q a l>ge proportion ( ! allottees ( %>es h m]ely appli$ = !m ) ! int5tion ( sell+ out on ! fir/ opportunity at a premium1 h5ce !y h no special int]e/ 9 ! actual work+ ( ! m9e4 ,n[ let u look at ! prospects ( ! ,association ?us =m$4 ,! legal ,manag] or ,secret>y1 (t5 a "y & inexp]i5c$ man1 kn[s little m ?an h[ to keep an ord9>y set ( books1 & n always t4 ,he is q ignorant ( ! actual requirem5ts ( ! m9e1 or :at is a fair price to pay = lab\r1 appliances1 or mat]ial4 ,he _c *eck ! exp5diture ( ! ,m9+ ,manag]1 :o may be a rogue or a fool or bo?1 = we h _h samples ( all sorts to our sorr[4 ,! ,directors are 9 l case4 ,ev5 :]e ! in=mation is hone/ly suppli$1 !y _c judge :e!r ! "w is be+ prop]ly c>ri$ out or is co/+ a fair price1 & ! ,m9+ ,manag] is left to 8 own devices1 ) no "o to *eck him nor any ) :om he c consult 9 specially difficult cases4 ,?us matt]s drift to ! almo/ c]ta9 conclusion ( volunt>y or compulsory w9d+ up2 & s _m a good prop]ty is ru9$1 & promis+ m9es1 :i* h nev] _h a reasonable trial1 are condemn$ z wor?less4 ,b let u ask1 w\ld any o!r bus9ess1 ev5 su* z are less subject to un=ese5 vicissitudes ?an m9+1 succe$ "u simil> circum/ances8 ,x is n[ v g5]ally agre$ t to ! pr(itable developm5t ( m9+ new c\ntries1 at all ev5ts1 mu/ look ma9ly = prosp]ity1 :ile o!r indu/ries are gr[+4 ,!re=e1 we _c too s]i\sly consid] h[ we may soone/ make our m9es successful4 ,:at is ! rem$y = ! unsatisfactory /ate ( affairs we h exp]i5c$8 ,! answ] is a m practical sy/em ( work+ f ! inception4 ,al?\gh x may evoke "s diff]5ce ( op9ion ,i consid] x bo? ju/ifiable & desirable t ! ,/ate %\ld take "s ov]sight ( m9+ matt]s1 at all ev5ts 9 ! case ( public ,companies4 ,x w\ld be a salut>y rule t ! promot]s ( any m9+ und]tak+ %\ld1 be=e !y are all[$ to place x on ! m>ket1 obta9 & pay = ! s]vices ( a compet5t ,gov]nm5t ,m9+ ,inspector1 :o ne$ n necess>ily be a ,gov]nm5t (fic]1 b might1 l lic5s$ surveyors1 be grant$ a c]tificate ( compet5cy ei!r by a ,s*ool ( ,m9es or by "s qualifi$ ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s4 ,! c]tificate ( su* ,inspector t ! prop]ty 0 z repres5t$1 %\ld be giv5 be=e ! prospectus 0 issu$4 ,x is arguable :e!r ev5 fur!r ov]sight might n be prop]ly be tak5 by ! ,/ate & ! report ( a qualifi$ (fic] be compulsory t ! prop]ty 0 reasonably wor? ! value plac$ ^u x 9 ! prospectus4 ,probably x w be cont5d$ t su* re/rictions w\ld be an undue int]f]5ce ) private rights1 & ! old aphorism ab\t a fool & 8 folly w be quot$4 ,!re are d\btless fools s infatuat$ t if !y 7 bray$ 9 a t5 hundr$-weight /amp-batt]y ! fooli%ness t _h n dep>t$ f !m w\ld give a highly payable p]c5tage to ! ton4 ,yet ! ,/ate 9 o!r matt]s tries by num]\s laws to protect su* f _! folly4 ,a man may n sell a load ( wood )\t ! c]tificate f a lic5s$ weighbridge or a loaf ( bread )\t1 if requir$1 hav+ to prove its weight2 & we s5d ^? to gaol :o practise on ! cr$ulity & cupidity ( fools by means ( ! confid5ce trick4 ,:y n1 !re=e1 :]e int]e/s :i* may be said to be national are involv$1 endeav\r to ensure fair deal+8 ,!n ) reg>d to ! m5 :o are to manage ! m9es1 see+ t a man may n become capta9 or mate ( a riv] /eamboat )\t "s c]tificate on compet5cy1 nor drive h] eng9es be=e he has pass$ an exam9ation to prove 8 fitness1 surely x is n too mu* to say t ! m9e manag] or eng9e]1 to ^: c>e are (t5 confid$ ! lives ( hundr$s ( m51 & ! exp5diture ( ?\s&s ( p\nds1 %\ld be requir$ to obta9 a recognis$ diploma to prove 8 qualifications4 ,! exam9ations might be made comp>atively easy at fir/1 b aft]w>ds1 :5 by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s*ools & ,m9es ! facilities h be5 af=d$ = m5 to ?or\ghly qualify1 ! /&>d %\ld be rais$2 & aft] a date to be fix$ no man %\ld be p]mitt$ to assume ! *>ge ( a m9e or become "o ( its (fic]s )\t a prop] c]tificate ( compet5cy f "s recognis$ ,s*ool ( ,m9es or ,te*nical ,college4 ,! effect ( su* a regulation w\ld 9 a few ye>s produce mo/ b5eficial results4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 ^: progressive legislature ,i d n g5]ally comm5d1 !y h1 9 ! matt] ( m9e managem5t1 at all ev5ts1 tak5 a /ep 9 ! "r direction4 ,!re a m9e manag]1 be=e he obta9s 8 c]tificate1 mu/ h s]v$ at lea/ two ye>s und]gr\nd1 & has to pass ?r\gh a sev]e exam9ation1 la/+ = days1 9 all subjects relat+ to m9+ & ma*9]y connect$ ) m9+4 ,9 addition1 he mu/ prove 8 capacity by mak+ an und]gr\nd survey1 & !n plott+ 8 "w4 ,! exam9ation is a /iff "o1 z may be judg$ f ! fact t betwe5 #ahhf & #ahia1 only #bg c&idates pass$4 ,!n ! conditions 7 made easi]1 & f t date to #ahie1 #ai pass$4 ,( ! #df /ud5ts :o ga9$ fir/-class hon\rs1 #cj h left = ,s\? ,africa or ,au/ralia1 9 bo? ( :i* c\ntries ,new ,zeal& c]tificat$ m5 are held 9 high e/imation4 ,b return+ to ! =mation ( ! ,company1 c>e %\ld be tak5 9 appo9t+ ,directors t at lea/ "o memb] ( ! ,bo>d is select$ on acc\nt ( 8 special te*nical k ( m9+1 & o!rs = _! special bus9ess capacity4 ,! ornam5tal m5 ) high s\nd+ names %\ld n be requir$ 9 legitimate v5tures4 ,also1 x is mo/ important t ! bus9ess ,manag] or ,secret>y %\ld be a specially qualifi$ man1 :o by exp]i5ce has le>n$ :at are ! requirem5ts ( a m9e do+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w1 s t a prop] *eck may be kept on ! exp5ses4 ,! m ,companies su* a ,secret>y has ! bett]1 z "o qualifi$ man c sup]vise a l>ge /aff ( cl]ks1 :o w\ld !mselves be qualify+ = simil> "w1 & ga9+ a useful & v>i$ exp]i5ce ( m9+ bus9ess4 ,an (fice ( ?is description hav+ *>ge ( a l>ge numb] ( m9es is1 9 its way1 a te*nical s*ool1 & lads tra9$ !re9 w\ld be 9 dem& z m9e purs]s1 a v responsible & necess>y (fic] 9 a big m9e4 ,) respect to ! m5 to :om ! actual m9+ & treatm5t ( ores & ma*9]y is committ$ ! greate/ mi/akes ( ! pa/ h be5 t too mu* has be5 requir$ f "o man1 a comb9ation n to be f\nd probably 9 "o man 9 a ?\s&4 ,su* ,admirable ,cri*tons are r>e 9 any pr(ession or bus9ess1 & t ( m9+ is no exception4 ,m5 :o pr(ess too mu* are to be di/ru/$4 ,y\r be/ m5 are !y :o conc5trate _! en]gies & intellects 9 special directions4 ,! ,m9+ ,manag] %\ld1 if possible1 be *os5 f m5 hold+ c]tificates ( compet5cy f "s te*nical m9+ s*ool &1 ( c\rse1 %\ld1 9 addition1 h "s practical exp]i5ce1 n necess>ily z ,head ,manag]4 ,he %\ld und]/& practical m9e survey+ & calculation ( quantities1 be able to dial & plot out 8 work+s1 & prep>e an intelligible plan !re( = ! use ( ! ,directors1 & %\ld und]/& suffici5t ( physics1 p>ticul>ly pneumatics & hydraulics1 to ensure ?or\ghly effici5t pump+ op]ations )\t loss ( p[] f unnecess>ily heavy appliances4 ,any o!r sci5tific k applicable to 8 bus9ess :i* he may h acquir$ w tell 9 8 fav\r1 b he mu/1 above all ?+s1 be a ?or\ghly practical man4 ,su* m5 w 9 "t be m readily procurable1 z boys :o h pass$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s ,s*ools ( ,m9es w be s5t to le>n _! bus9ess practically at ! m9es j z we n[1 hav+ giv5 a lad a c\rse ( naval in/ruction1 s5d him to sea to le>n ! practical "p ( 8 life's "w4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 m is want$ on a m9e ?an a man :o c direct ! s9k+ ( %afts1 driv+ ( levels1 & /op+ ( ! lode4 ,mu* loss & disappo9tm5t h result$ 9 ! pa/ f unsuitable1 ineffective1 or badly design$ & erect$ ma*9]y1 :e!r = work+ ! m9e or treat+ ! ores4 ,to obviate ?is defect a fir/-class m9+ eng9e] is requir$4 ,!n1 also1 day by day we are m surely le>n+ t m9+ 9 all its bran*es is a sci5ce1 & t ! treatm5t ( ores & extraction ( ! metals is daily becom+ m & m ! "w ( ! laboratory r ?an ( ! rule-(-?umb proc$ure ( ! pa/4 ,e m9e1 :e!r x be ( gold1 silv]1 t91 copp]1 or o!r metal1 requires ! sup]vision ( a ?or\ghly qualifi$ metallurgi/ & *emi/1 & "o :o is conv]sant ) ! newe/ processes = ! extraction ( ! metals f _! ores & matrices4 ,x has !n be5 /at$ t to ensure effective work+ ea* m9e requires1 9 addition to compet5t directors1 a bus9ess manag]1 m9+-manag]1 & assi/ants1 eng9e]1 *emi/1 & metallurgi/1 ) assi/ant assay]s1 etc41 all highly qualifi$ m54 ,b x w be ask$1 h[ are _m /ruggl+ m9es 9 sp>sely populat$ c\ntries to obta9 ! s]vices ( all ^! em95t sci5ti/s8 ,! reply is by co-op]ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ru9\s mi/akes ( ! pa/ has be5 t ea* little m9+ v5ture has />t$ on an indep5d5t c\rse1 ) diff]5t managem5t1 sep>ate ma*9]y1 etc4 ,c x !n be wond]$ at t our gold-m9+ is n always successful8 ,"u a co-op]ative sy/em all t ea* individual m9e w\ld require w\ld be a qualifi$1 practical m9] capable ( op5+ & secur+ ! gr\nd 9 a m9]-l mann]1 & a good work+ eng9e]2 & 9 gold-m9+1 :]e ! gold is free 9 its matrix1 a pr(essional amalgamator1 or lixiviator4 ,= ! re/1 half a doz5 or m m9es may collectively reta9 ! s]vices ( a m9e manag] ( high atta9m5ts z g5]al inspector & sup]9t5d5t1 & ! same sy/em c\ld be adopt$ ) respect to an advis+ metallurgi/ & an eng9e]4 ,= gold1 z inde$ = o!r metals1 a c5tral extract+ works1 :]e ! ores c\ld be sci5tifically treat$ 9 quantity1 might be erect$ at jo9t co/1 or might easily be arrang$ = z a sep>ate bus9ess4 ,a v fruitful cause ( failure is ! fatu\s t5d5cy ( directors & m9e manag]s to adopt new processes & inv5tions simply because !y are new4 ,z an inv5tor 9 a small way myself1 & "o :o is always on ! wat* = improv$ me?ods1 ,i d n wi% to disc\rage intellig5t progress2 b ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ by ^? hav+ ! control ( ! money ( %>ehold]s 9 m9+ prop]ties be=e adopt+ any new ma*9]y or process4 ,we h se51 & un=tunately %all see1 _m a promis+ m9+ company br\ght to grief by ?is popul> error4 ,! directors ( m9+ companies might1 to use an ,am]ican say+1 pa/e ?is 9 _! hats z a useful & safe aphorism4 ,,let ,,o!rs ,,d ,,! ,,exp]im5t+2 ,,we ,,are ,,will+ ,,to ,,pay ,,only ,,= ,,prov$ ,,improvem5ts4 ,i c cordially endorse e ^w ( ! foll[+ extracts f ,messrs4 ,mc,dermott & ,duffield's admirable little "w1 ,losses 9 ,gold ,amalgamation4 ,"s directors ( m9+ companies are naturally incl9$ to li/5 to ! speci\s promises ( inv5tors ( novel processes & new ma*9]y1 =gett+ _! own p]sonal disadvantage 9 any argum5t on su* matt]s1 & assum+ a confid5ce 9 ! logic ( _! own conclusions1 :ile !y ignore ! fruitful exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( practical m5 :o are engag$ 9 ! m9+ bus9ess4 ,! repeat$ failures ( directors 9 s5d+ out new ma*9]y to _! m9es ought by ?is "t to be a suffici5t w>n+ aga9/ increas+ risks t are at once natural & unavoidable1 & to det] !m f plung+ _! %>ehold]s into exp]im5ts :i*1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$1 result 9 no?+ b excessive & ne$less exp5ses4 ,x is c]ta9 t new ma*9es & new processes are1 & w be1 giv5 att5tion by m9+ m5 9 proportion to _! probable m]its2 b ! prop] place = exp]im5ts is 9 a mill already z successful z "u kn[n processes x c be made4 ,9 a new ent]prise1 ev5 :5 ! exp5se ( an exp]im5t is und]tak5 by ! inv5tor1 ! loss to ! m9e-own] 9 case ( failure mu/ be v great1 bo? 9 "t & g5]al runn+ exp5ses4 ,directors %\ld n believe t a will+ness to risk ca% 9 prov+ an inv5tion is necess>ily any pro( ( value ( ! same2 x is only a measure ( ! fai? ( ! inv5tor1 :i* is h>dly a safe /&>d to risk %>ehold]s' money by4 ,! v>iety ( modifications 9 approv$ processes ought at lea/ to sugge/ ! desirability ( exhau/+ ! kn[n1 be=e draw+ on ! unkn[n & purely speculative4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t :at might appe> at fir/ sight to be new processes1 & ev5 new ma*9]y1 are1 9 fact1 (t5 no?+ b old contrivances & plausible !ories long ago explod$ among practical m54 ,_m m9+ companies h be5 ru9$1 )\t any ref]5ce to _! m9es1 ?r\gh m5 decid+ on ! reasonabl5ess ( new process & ma*9]y :o h no k ( ! bus9ess 9 h&4 ,x is assum$ (t51 t if an inv5tor or manufactur] ( new ma*9]y w agree to gu>antee success1 or take no pay if n successful1 ! company takes no risk4 ,9 actual fact a :ole ye> is wa/$ 9 mo/ cases1 failure spoils ! reputation ( ! company1 runn+ exp5ses h cont9u$1 & fur!r work+ capital _c be rais$1 because all conc]n$ h lo/ confid5ce by ! failure to obta9 returns promis$4 ,all ?is 9 addition to ! regul>1 unavoidable risks ( m9+ itself1 :i* may1 at any mom5t dur+ ! ye> lo/1 call = increas$ exp5ses & increas$ fai? 9 ultimate success4 ,to ! m9+ man :o makes money by ! bus9ess1 ! natural risks ( m9+ is all he w take2 x is suffici5t2 & :5 he inve/s m money 9 ma*9]y he takes good c>e t he takes no *ances ( ei!r failure or delay4 ,! foll[+ are rules :i* no m9+ company or individual m9e-own] c af=d to neglect4 7#a7 ,! risk %\ld be conf9$ to m9+4 ,no body ( directors is ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ a %>ehold]'s money & inve/+ x 9 new processes or ma*9]y :5 ! subscription 0 simply = a m9+ v5ture4 ,directors are inv>iably incapable ( decid+ :e!r a s-call$ improvem5t 9 ma*9]y or process is really s or n1 & ! reasonable c\rse is to foll[ e/abli%$ prec$5ts4 7#b7 ,! risk ( select+ an incompet5t manag] %\ld be r$uc$ to m9imum by tak+ a man ) a successful record 9 ! p>ticul> "w to be done4 ,! manag] select$ %\ld be prohibit$1 z mu* z ! directors1 f exp]im5t+ ) new me?ods or ma*9]y4 ,a really exp]i5c$ man w require no *eck 9 ?is direction1 z he w n risk ru9+ 8 reputation4 7#c7 ,! only "t = a company to exp]im5t is :5 ! m9e is pay+ well by ! usual me?ods1 & ! treasury is 9 a condition to speculate a little 9 possible improvem5ts )\t jeop>dis+ regul> returns4 ,probably ?is is ! be/ place to ins]t ano!r ^w ( w>n+ to directors :o are n m9+ speciali/s1 & also to inve/ors 9 gold m9+ %>es4 ,assays ( aurif]\s lode mat]ial are almo/ inv>iably wor?less z a guide 9 ! real value ( ! /one 9 quantity4 ,! "o way to decide ?is is by batt]y treatm5t 9 bulk1 & !n only aft] _m tons h be5 put ?r\gh4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,fir/1 ! prospector or company promot]1 if he kn[s x1 is n 9 ! lea/ likely to pick ! wor/ piece ( /one 9 ! heap = assay2 &1 secondly1 ev5 %\ld ! sample be select$ ) ! sole object ( gett+ a fair result1 no liv+ man c judge ! value ( a gold lode by ! result ( treatm5t ( an ounce ( /one4 ,s :5 y see x /at$ t ,messrs4 ,oro & ,gild5/e91 ! celebrat$ assay]s1 h f\nd t a sample ( rock f ! ,gold5 ,m9t ,m9e1 ,golconda1 assays at ! rate ( #b1edf oz4 #ac dwt4 & #ba gr4 to ! ton1 & t !re are ?\s&s ( tons ( simil> /one 9 sight1 ! /atem5t %\ld be receiv$ ) due caution4 ,! assay is d\btless correct1 b ! d$uctions !refrom are mo/ mislead+4 ,a few words ( advice also to directors ( m9e-pur*as+ companies & syndicates1 ( :i* !re are n[ s _m 9 exi/5ce1 may probably be f\nd ( value4 ,x is n good policy z a g5]al rule to buy entirely undevelop$ prop]ties1 unless su* h be5 inspect$ by y\r own man1 :o is bo? compet5t & tru/wor?y1 & :o %\ld h inde$ an int]e/ 9 ! pr(its4 ,l>ge areas1 al?\gh s popul> 9 ,engl&1 d n comp5sate = l>ge bodies ( payable ore2 ! mo/ remun]ative m9e is g5]ally "o ( comp>atively small area1 b conta9+ a l>ge lode =mation ( payable b (t5 l[ grade1 ore4 ,x is worse /ill1 ( c\rse1 to buy a practically work$ out m9e1 ?\gh ?is too is sometimes done4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t m9+1 ?\gh (t5 s pr(itable1 is nev]!less a de/ructive indu/ry1 ?us diff]+ f agriculture1 :i* is productive1 & manufactures1 :i* are con/ructive4 ,e ton ( /one brok5 & treat$ f ev5 ! be/ gold m9e 9 ! _w makes t m9e ! poor] by "o ton ( valuable mat]ial2 ?us1 to buy a m9+ prop]ty on its pa/ reputation = productiv5ess is1 z a rule1 que/ionable policy1 unless y "k !re is suffici5t good ore 9 sight to cov] ! pur*ase co/ & leave a pr(it4 ,"o ( ! greate/ causes ( non-success ( gold-m9+ v5tures1 p>ticul>ly :5 work$ by public companies1 is ! lack ( actual p]sonal sup]vision1 & h5ce1 among o!r tr\bles1 is t ultra-objectionable "o--gold /eal+ f ! mills1 or1 9 alluvial m9+1 f ! tail races4 ,z to ! =m]1 ! foll[+ appe>$ 9 #ahic 9 ! ,london ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 & is1 ,i ?9k1 wor?y ( ! close consid]ation ( m9e directors 9 all p>ts ( ! _w3-- ,no "o t has n exp]i5c$ ! evil ( gold ?iev+ f r$uction mills c h any idea ( ! p]nici\s elem5t x is1 & ! difficulty1 once t x has got 'well hold1' ( root+ x out4 ,x p]meates e class ( society 9 ! di/rict connect$ ) ! indu/ry1 & manag]s1 amalgamators1 assay]s1 acc\ntants1 aye1 ev5 bank (ficials1 are 'all on ! job' to 'get a bit' :ile !re is an opportunity4 ,to ext]m9ate ! hateful mon/] requires on ! "p ( ! m9e proprietors comb9$1 /]n & dra/ic measures und]tak5 "u ! p]sonal sup]vision ( "o or m ( _! directors1 & 9 _m in/ances necessitat+ ! removal ( ! :ole ( ! (ficial /aff4 ,! writ] n>rates h[ ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago he 0 l$ to suspect t 9 an ,au/ralian m9e runn+ =ty head ( /amps1 9 :i* he held a controll+ int]e/1 ! own]s 7 be+ defraud$ ( ab\t a f\r? ( ! gold really conta9$ 9 ! ore1 & ! successful /eps tak5 to *eck ! robb]y4 ,we fir/ ( all disp5s$ ) ! s]vices ( ! g5]al manag]1 & !n issu$ ! foll[+ in/ructions to ! m9e & mill manag]s1 ,i rema9+ at ! m9e to see !m c>ri$ out until ,i sub/itut$ a practical local man z ag5t1 :o aft]w>ds c>ri$ on ! "w mo/ effici5tly3-- 7a7 ,bo? ( ^! (ficials to keep sep>ate books & acc\nts2 9 o!r words1 to be di/9ct dep>tm5ts4 7b7 ,! ore =m]ly 0 all ?r[n toge!r & put ?r\gh ! mill4 ,i subdivid$ x into f\r classes1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 repres5t+ deep levels nor? & upp] levels nor?1 deep levels s\? & upp] levels s\?1 & allott$ to ea* class t5 heads ( /amps at ! mill4 7c7 ,! m9e manag] to try ?ree prospects1 =5oon & aft]noon ( ea* day1 f ! dumps ( ea* ( ! f\r classes & record 9 a book to be kept = t purpose ! e/imat$ mill yield ( ea* "o4 7d7 ,! mill manag] 0 requir$ to d ! same at ! mill & keep 8 record4 7e7 ,!re 7 f\r und]gr\nd bosses 9 ea* %ift1 twelve 9 all4 ,i _h a book fix$ at ! top ( ! %aft 9 :i* ,i requir$ ea* ( ^! m51 at ! expiry ( e %ift1 to record any *ange 9 ! faces ( ! qu>tz & p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to quality4 7f7 ,hav+ divid$ ! ore into f\r classes ,i in/ruct$ ! amalgamators1 ( :i* !re 7 two 9 ea* %ift1 six 9 all1 t ,i requir$ ! amalgam f ea* to be kept sep>ate1 ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ :at ea* "p ( ! m9e produc$4 7g7 ,i procur$ padlocks = ! cov]+ bo>ds ( ! m]cury tables & gave ! keys to ! amalgamators ) in/ructions t !y 7 n to h& !m ov] to any "o except ! ex*ange %ift )\t my writt5 au?ority1 & in/ruct$ !m t !y %\ld clean d[n ! plates e ?ree h\rs1 & aft] clean+ d[n ! amalgam1 buckets to be plac$ 9 ! clean+ room1 :i* ,i in/ruct$ to be kept lock$ & ! key 9 *>ge ( ! wat*man night & day4 7h7 ,! :ole ( ! amalgam tak5 f ! plates dur+ ea* tw5ty-f\r h\rs to be clean$ & squeez$ by ! two amalgamators on duty e =5oon at n9e o'clock 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mill manag]1 :o %\ld weigh ea* lot & ent] x 9 a book to be kept = ! purpose1 & ! entry to be sign$ by ! mill manag] & bo? amalgamators z witnesses4 7i7 ,e alt]nate ,friday ! mort>s 7boxes7 to be clean$ out2 ! "w to be comm5c$ punctually at eight ,a4,m4 by ! six amalgamators 9 ! pres5ce ( ! mill manag]1 assi/$ by ! ?ree amalgam clean+ room wat*m5 & ! f\r batt]y fe$]s on duty1 prohibit+ any ( !m f leav+ until ! clean+ up 0 f9i%$1 & ! amalgam clean$1 squeez$ & weigh$1 & ! am\nt ent]$ by ! mill manag] 9 ! record look & atte/$ by ! amalgamators4 ,i ?9k ! intellig5t read]s 7p>ticul>ly ^? ) a k ( ! bus9ess7 w see ! drift ( ! above regulations1 viz41 = !re to be any peculation ! :ole ( ! batt]y /aff--f\rte5 9 all--w\ld h to p>ticipate 9 x1 & ! numb] 0 too _m to keep a secret4 ,=m]ly ! amalgam clean+ room 0 sacr$ to ! mill manag]1 & on ann\nc+ to t (ficial ! new in/ructions he at once t5d]$ 8 resignation 9 a tone ( (f5d$ dignity1 imm$iately foll[$ by t ( ! m9e manag]4 ,x is a significant fact t %ortly aft]w>ds ^! two (ficials pur*as$ a l>ge mill & o!r prop]ty at a co/ ( t5 ?\s& p\nds1 & t ! m9e yield$ = ! foll[+ ?ree ye>s dur+ :i* ,i 0 connect$ ) x an av]age ( ov] #ag dwt4 to ! ton1 z aga9/ =m]ly #aj to #ab dwt4 ,! read] mu/ draw 8 own conclusions4 ,i us$ to make x a practice to visit ! m9e daily & prospect ! ore1 & hav+ ! m9e & mill manag]s' daily prospect+ z a guide z well z my own1 e man at ! mill knew x 0 impossible = !m to ?ieve )\t my detect+ x2 moreov]1 ,i made x a rule to dis*>ge any ( ! mill employees t ,i discov]$ 7 int]e/$ 9 any small private claims4 ,! crux ( ! :ole ?+ is hav+ a practical m9] at ! head ( affairs1 & x is impossible = him to ?ieve if ! "w is c>ri$ out 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$4 ,to br+ ! :ole matt] to a conclusion4 ,x may be tak5 z a safe axiom t to make gold m9+ 9 ! m9e z di/9ct f m9+ on ! ,/ock ,ex*ange really pr(itable ! same sy/em ( economy1 ( practical sup]vision1 & sci5tific k :i* is n[ adopt$ 9 all o!r bus9esses mu/ be appli$ to ! rais+ & extraction ( ! metal4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 w g5u9e m9+ take ! place to :i* x is entitl$ among/ our indu/ries4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,rules ,,( ,,?umb ,?is *apt] has be5 head$ z above because a numb] ( ! rules & recipes giv5 are simply practical exp$i5ts1 n too closely sci5tific4 ,my endeav\r has be5 to supply practical & useful in=mation 9 language z free f te*nicalities z possible1 s z to adapt x to ! ord9>y m9]1 mill op]ator & prospector1 _m ( :om h _h no sci5tific tra9+4 ,"s ( ! exp$i5ts are orig9al devices educ$ by :at we are told is ! "m ( inv5tions2 o!rs are h9ts giv5 by practical old prospectors :o _h met ) difficulties :i* w\ld be ! despair ( a man br\ght up )9 rea* ( =ge1 f\ndry1 ma*9e %op1 or tradesm5 g5]ally4 ,!re are _m highly +5i\s & useful contrivances besides ^! ,i h giv54 ,,liv+ ,,places ,! heal? ( ! prospector1 especially 9 a new c\ntry1 dep5ds l>gely on 8 h\s+--9 :i* p>ticul> _m m5 are fooli%ly c>eless1 = al?\gh !y are aw>e t !y w be camp$ out = long p]iods1 yet all ! %elt] !y rely on is a mis]able calico t5t1 (t5 )\t a fly1 :ile 9 "s cases !y sometimes ev5 sleep on ! wet1 or du/y1 gr\nd4 ,su* p]sons fully des]ve ! ill heal? :i* soon] or lat] ov]takes !m4 ,a little =e?\ght & v mod]ate +5uity w\ld r5d] _! camp comp>atively heal?y & com=table4 ,9 summ] ! t5t is ! hotte/1 & 9 w9t] ! colde/ ( domiciles4 ,! pizie or adobie hut1 or1 :]e practicable1 ! dug\t1 are mu* to be pref]r$1 especially ! latt]4 ,pizie or adobie is simply surface soil knead$ ) wat] & ei!r m\ld$ betwe5 bo>ds l concrete1 to con/ruct ! walls1 or made into l>ge sun-dri$ bricks4 ,salt wat] %\ld n be us$1 z x causes ! wall to be affect$ by e *ange ( wea!r4 ,a prop]ly con/ruct$ h\se ( ?is mat]ial1 :]e ! walls are protect$ by ov]hang+ eaves1 are practically ev]la/+1 & ! =m] h be5 /&+ = c5turies4 ,!re are build+s ( pizie or adobie 9 ,mexico1 ,cali=nia & ,au/ralia :i* are z good z new1 al?\gh ! latt] 7 built ne>ly a c5tury ago4 ,adobie dwell+s are w>m 9 w9t] & cool 9 summ]1 & c be kept clean & heal?y by occasional coat+s ( lime :itewa%4 ,! dug\t is ev5 m simple 9 con/ruction4 ,a cutt+1 say t5 feet wide1 is put into ! base ( a hill = say twelve feet until ! back wall is1 say1 t5 feet high1 ! sides />t+ f no?+ to t height4 ,! front & su* portion z is requir$ ( ! side walls are next con/ruct$ ( pizie or r\gh /one1 ) mud mort>1 & ! ro( ei!r gabl$ or skillion ( b\gh1 grass1 or re$ ?at*1 & cov]$ ) pizie1 ov] :i* is sometimes put ano!r ?9 lay] ( ?at* to prev5t ! pizie be+ wa%$ away by heavy ra94 ,no?+ c be m snug & com=table ?an su* a h\se1 unless ! c[s1 z ,m>k ,twa9 n>rates1 make ?+s monoton\s by p]si/5tly tumbl+ d[n ! *imney4 ,:5 ! ,burra copp] m9es 7 9 full "w 9 ,au/ralia1 ! banks ( ! ,burra ,creek 7 honeycomb$ l a rabbit w>r5 ) ! dug\t homes ( ! ,corni% m9]s4 ,! ru9s ( ^! old dug\ts n[ ext5d = miles1 & look some?+ l an uncov]$ ,pompeii4 ,:5 wat] is sc>ce & ! t5t has to be reta9$1 mu* c be done to make ! camp snug4 ,i occupi$ a v com=table camp once1 ( :i* my !n p>tn]1 a ,dane1 0 ! ar*itect4 ,we call$ x ,! ,bungal[1 & x 0 con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,fir/ we set up our t5t1 #aj ft4 by #h ft41 =m$ ( calico1 b l9$ ) gre5 baize1 & cov]$ ) a well set fly4 ,next we put 9 f\r sub/antial =k$ po/s ab\t #aj ft4 high & #ae ft4 ap>t1 ) securely fix$ cross pieces1 & on ! top 0 laid a r\gh flat ro( ( bru% ?at*2 ! sides 7 !n treat$ 9 ! same way1 b n s ?ickly1 be+ m]ely int5d$ z a breakw9d4 ,! t5t ) its two com=table bunks 0 plac$ a little to "o side1 ! rema9+ space be+ us$ z a d9+ & sitt+ room all ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,except 9 occasional seasons ( heavy ra91 :5 we 7 sav$ ! tr\ble ( wa%+ our di%es1 ! t5t 0 only us$ = sleep+ purposes1 & z a /oreh\se = clo!s & p]i%able provisions4 ,i h dwelt 9 m>ble halls s9ce !n1 b nev] 0 food sweet] or sleep s\nd] ?an 9 ! old bu% bungal[4 ,a ,,bu% ,,b$ ,to make a com=table bu% b$place1 take f\r =k$ po/s ab\t #c ft4 #f 94 long & #b to #c 94 9 diamet] at ! top2 m>k out y\r b$place accurately & put a po/ at ea* corn]1 ab\t #a ft4 9 ! gr\nd4 ,take two poles ab\t #g ft4 long1 & hav+ procur$ two /rong five-bu%el corn sacks1 cut holes 9 ! bottom corn]s1 put ! poles ?r\gh1 br++ ! m\?s ( ! sacks toge!r1 & secure !m !re ) a /rong /it* or two4 ,put y\r poles on ! upright =k$ /icks1 & y h a c\* t ev5 ,san*o ,panza w\ld h envi$4 ,x is z well to fix /ret*]s or cross /ays betwe5 ! po/s at head & foot4 ,9 mal>ial c\ntries1 sleep+ on ! gr\nd is di/9ctly dang]\s1 & z su* di/ricts are usually ?ickly timb]$1 ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory hammock is an admirable device1 m p>ticul>ly :]e mosquitoes ab\nd4 ,,nor!rn ,,t]ritory ,,hammock ,?is hammock1 :i* is almo/ a /&+ b$place :5 rigg$1 is con/ruct$ z foll[s3--,to a piece ( /rong canvas #g feet long & #b #a_/b feet wide1 put a broad hem1 say #c #a_/b in*es wide at ea* end4 ,into ?is hem run a r\gh /ick1 ab\t #b feet #h in*es by #b in*es diamet]4 ,r\nd ! c5tre ( ! /ick pass a piece ( /rong ?ree-qu>t] in* rope1 #h to #aj feet long & knot x1 s z to leave a %ort end 9 :i* a metal eye is ins]t$4 ,to ea* end ( ! two /icks a piece ( qu>t]-in* la%+1 ab\t #f feet long1 is securely atta*$4 ,to make ! mosquito cov]+ take #ah feet ( ord9>y /rong *eese clo?1 & two pieces ( /rong calico ( ! same size z ! canvas b$2 put hems 9 ! ends ( ! upp] "o l>ge en\gh to take half-in* /icks1 to all f\r extremities ( :i* #h feet ( :ipcord is to be atta*$4 ,! calico =ms ! top & bottom ( :at we us$ to call ! meat safe1 ! sides be+ ( *eese clo?4 ,a small1 flapp$ op5+ is left on ! l[] side4 ,:5 once inside y are q safe f mosquito bites4 ,to rig ! above1 two trees are *os5 #g to #h feet ap>t1 or two /ay$ poles c be erect$ if no trees are available4 ,! b$ is rigg$ ab\t #c feet f ! gr\nd by tak+ ! rope r\nd ! trees or poles1 & pull+ ! canvas taut by means ( ! metal eyelet4 ,!n ! la%+s at ! extremities ( ! /icks are fix$ ab\t #c feet fur!r up ! trees & y h a b$ some?+ betwe5 a hammock & a /&+ b$4 ,! mosquito net is fix$ above ! hammock 9 a simil> mann]1 except t x does n require ! c5tre /ay4 ,an old fri5d ( m9e once _h a r />tl+ exp]i5ce :i* caus$ him to swe> by ! ,nor!rn ,t]ritory hammock4 ,he 0 camp$ ne> ! banks ( a muddy creek on ! ,daly ,riv]1 & _h =tunately hung 8 meat safe ab\t f\r feet high4 ,! night 0 v d>k1 & "s h\rs aft] retir+ he he>d a cra% among 8 t9 camp ut5sils1 & ! noise ( "s animal mov+ bel[ him4 ,?9k+ 8 visitor 0 a /ray d+o1 or wild dog1 he gave a yell to fright5 ! brute away1 & he>+ x g1 he calmly w5t to sleep aga94 ,_h he kn[n :o 8 call] really 01 he w\ld n h felt s com=table4 ,9 ! morn+ on ! damp gr\nd bel[1 he f\nd ! tracks ( a f\rte5 foot alligator1 :i* 0 also out prospect+1 b :i*1 =tunately1 _h n ?\ght ( inve/igat+ ! meat safe4 ,,purify+ ,,wat] ,!re is n a m f]tile disease di/ributor1 p>ticul>ly 9 a new c\ntry1 ?an wat]4 ,! un9itiat$ g5]ally take x = grant$ t s long z wat] looks cle> x is necess>ily pure & :olesome2 z a matt] ( fact ! contr>y is m usually ! case1 except 9 v well wat]$ c\ntries1 & su*1 z a rule1 are n ^? 9 :i* gold is mo/ pl5tifully got by ! av]age prospector4 ,i h se5 fooli% fell[s1 :o 7 p>*$ ) a long tramp1 dr9k wat] 9 quantity 9 :i* liv+ organisms c\ld be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 )\t tak+ ev5 ! ord9>y precaution ( /ra9+ x ?r\gh a piece ( l954 ,if !y contract$ hydatids1 typhoid fev]1 or o!r ailm5ts1 :i* ?9 our m9+ camps ( ! /rong1 lu/y1 c>eless y\?s1 :o c\ld wond]8 ,! be/ ( all means ( purify+ wat] f organic sub/ances is to boil x4 ,if x be v bad1 add c>bon 9 ! =m ( ! *>coal f y\r camp fire4 ,if x be ?ick1 y may1 ) advantage1 add a little ( ! a% also4 ,i once rode =ty-five miles ) ne>ly beat5 horses to a native well1 or rock hole1 to f9d wat]1 ! next /age be+ ov] fifty miles fur!r4 ,! well 0 f\nd1 b ! wat] 9 x 0 v bad2 = 9 x 0 ! body ( a dead kang>oo :i* _h app>5tly be5 !re = weeks4 ,! wret*$ horses1 half frantic ) ?ir/1 did manage to dr9k a few m\?fuls1 b we c\ld n4 ,i fill$ our l>ge/ billycan1 hold+ ab\t a gallon1 slung x ov] ! fire & add$1 z ! wood burnt d[n1 *>coal1 till ! top 0 cov]$ to a dep? ( two in*es4 ,) ! *>coal !re 01 ( c\rse1 a little a% conta9+ bi-c>bonate ( potassium4 ,! effect 0 m>vell\s4 ,s soon z ! horrible s\p came to ! boil1 ! impurities coagulat$1 & aft] keep+ x at boil+ temp]ature = ab\t half an h\r1 x 0 remov$ f ! fire1 ! c9d]s skimm$ out1 & ! wat] all[$ to settle1 :i* x did v quickly4 ,x 0 !n decant$ (f into an ord9>y prospector's pan1 & "s us$ to make tea 7! flav\r ( :i* c be bett] imag9$ ?an describ$72 ! rema9d] 0 all[$ to /& all night1 a few pieces ( *>coal be+ add$4 ,9 ! morn+ x 0 bright1 cle>1 & absolutely sweet4 ,?is exp]i5ce is wor? kn[+ z _m a bad attack ( typhoid & o!r fev]s w\ld be av]t$ if practical precautions ( ?is k9d 7 only us$4 ,,to ,,obta9 ,,wat] ,,f ,,roots ,! greate/ necessity ( animal life is wat]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 va/ areas ( ! e>?'s surface :]e ?is mo/ preci\s elem5t is lam5tably lack+1 & su*1 un=tunately1 is ! case 9 _m ri* aurif]\s di/ricts4 ,to ! practical man !re are _m indications ( wat]4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,sometimes x is ! h]bage1 b probably1 ! be/ ( all is ! pres5ce ( c>nivor\s animals & birds4 ,^! are nev] f\nd f> f wat]4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! n ov]-lov$ wily old cr[ is a pretty sure indicator ( wat] )9 reasonable di/ance--wat] may be extract$ f ! roots ( ! ,mallee 7,eucalyptus dumosa & gracilis7--! ,box 7,eucalyptus hemiphloia7 & ! ,wat] ,bu% 7,hakea leucopt]a74 ,to extract x ! roots are dug up1 cut into l5g?s ( ab\t a foot1 & plac$ upright 9 a c2 ! l[] ends be+ a few in*es above ! bottom4 ,x is simply a/oni%+ h[ mu* :olesome1 if at times some:at a/r+5t1 wat] may ?us be obta9$ 9 a few h\rs1 p>ticul>ly at night4 ,hakea leucopt]a4 ,p9s & ne$les4--,maid51 9 8 "w ,useful ,native ,plants ( ,au/ralia1 says3 ,9 an exp]im5t on a wat]-yield+ ,hakea1 ! fir/ root1 ab\t half an in* 9 diamet] & six or eight feet long1 yield$ quickly1 & 9 l>ge drops ab\t a w9e-glass full ( really excell5t wat]4 ,?is valuable1 ?\gh n p>ticul>ly ornam5tal %rub 7= x nev] atta9s to ! dim5sions ( a tree71 is f\nd1 to ! be/ ( my belief1 9 all p>ts ( ,au/ralia1 al?\gh x is said to be abs5t f ,we/ ,au/ralia4 ,z to ?is ,i don't feel q sure4 ,i h se5 x f ! c5tre ( ! sea z f> we/ z ,/reaky ,bay1 & believe ,i h se5 x fur!r ,we/ /ill4 ,consid]+ ! great simil>ity ( mu* ( ! flora ( ,s\? ,africa to t ( ,au/ralia1 x is probable t "s species ( ! wat]-be>+ ,hakea might be f\nd !re4 ,x c readily be recognis$ by its acicul>1 ne$le-l leaves1 & m p>ticul>ly by its peculi>ly %ap$ se$ vessel1 :i* resembles ! patt]n on an old-fa%ion$ ,indian %awl4 ,if ! wat] f\nd is too impure = dr9k+ purposes & ! tr\ble arises f visible animalculae only1 /ra9+ ?r\gh a pocket-h&k]*ief is bett] ?an no?+2 ! c>bon filt] is bett] /ill2 b no?+ is s effective z boil+4 ,a c>bon filt] is a tube ) a wad ( compress$ c>bon ins]t$1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] is suck$1 b z a rule clay-col\r$ wat] is comp>atively innocu\s1 b bew>e ( ! bright1 limpid wat] ( long /agnant rock wat]-holes4 ,,to ,,make ,,an ,,effective ,,filt] ,take a nail-c1 keg1 cask1 or any o!r vessel1 or ev5 an ord9>y wood5 case 7well t>r$ inside1 if possible1 to make x wat]-tight74 ,make a hole or sev]al holes 9 ! bottom1 & set x ov] a tank or bucket4 ,into ! bottom ( ! filt] put 7#a7 a few in*es ( wa%$ brok5 /one2 7#b7 ab\t f\r in*es ( *>coal2 7#c7 say ?ree in*es ( clean co>se s& 7if n to h& y c manufacture x by cru%+ qu>tz ) y\r pe/le & mort>71 & 7#d7 alt]nate lay]s ( *>coal & s& until ! vessel is half fill$4 ,fill ! top half ) wat]1 & r5ew f "t to "t1 & y h a filt] :i* is z effective z ! be/ ,london made article4 ,b x is bett] to boil y\r wat] :e!r y filt] aft]w>ds or n4 ,cle> ! inside ( ! wat]-cask frequ5tly1 & occasionally add to ! wat] a little ,condy's fluid1 z x de/roys organic matt]4 ,a useful cem5t = /opp+ leaky places 9 casks is made z foll[s3 ,tall[ #be p>ts1 l>d #dj p>ts1 sift$ wood a% #be p>ts4 ,mix toge!r by heat+1 & apply ) a knife blade :i* has j be5 heat$4 ,,canvas ,,wat] ,,bags ,are easily made1 & are v h&y = c>ry+ small supplies ( dr9k+-wat] :5 prospect+ 9 a dry c\ntry2 !y h ! advantage ( keep+ ! wat] cool 9 ! hotte/ wea!r1 by reason on ! evaporation4 ,! m\?piece is made ( ! neck ( a bottle securely sewn 94 ,,m$ic9e ,,case ,m$ic9e is also a matt] well wor?y ( ?\ght4 ,! au?or's wor/ enemy w\ld n call him a mollycoddle1 yet he has nev] travell$ 9 f> wilds )\t c>ry+ some?+ 9 ! way ( m$ic9e4 ,fir/1 !n1 on ?is subject1 x _c be too (t5 reit]at$ t if common ,epsom salts 7 a gu9ea an ounce in/ead ( a p5ny ! m$ic9e w\ld be valu$ accord+ly1 b x is some:at bulky4 ,:at ,i especially recomm5d1 h[ev]1 is a small pocket-case ( ! m commonly kn[n homeopa?ic rem$ies1 ,"m t9ctures1 :i* are small1 light1 & portable1 ) a small simple book ( in/ructions4 ,?\gh g5]ally an allopa? 9 practice1 ,i once sav$ my own life1 & h c]ta9ly help$ o!rs by a little k 9 diagnos+ compla9ts & hav+ simple homeopa?ic rem$ies at h& to be us$ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( :at might o!rwise h be5 s]i\s illnesses4 ,,produc+ ,,fire ,e "o has he>d1 & mo/ believe1 t fire may be easily produc$ by rubb+ toge!r two pieces ( wood4 ,i h se5 x done by natives1 b !y seldom make use ( ! op]ation1 :i* is g5]ally labori\s1 pref]r+ to c>ry light$ fire /icks = miles4 ,i h nev] succe$$ 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 x is almo/ a matt] ( life or dea? to be able to produce fire4 ,! back ( a pocket knife1 or an old file ) a fragm5t ( fl9t1 qu>tz1 or pyrites /ruck sm>tly toge!r ov] ! rema9s ( a burnt piece ( calico1 w 9 deft h&s produce a sp>k :i* c be fann$ to a gl[1 & s ignite o!r mat]ial1 till a fire is produc$4 ,also x may n be g5]ally kn[n t he :o c>ries a wat* c>ries a burn+ glass ) :i* he c1 9 cle> wea!r1 produce fire at w4 ,all t is requir$ is to remove ! glass ( y\r wat* & c>efully ?ree p>ts fill x ) wat] 7salt or fre%74 ,?is =ms a l5s :i*1 held /eadily1 w easily ignite any light1 dry1 inflammable sub/ance4 ,:5 fire>ms are c>ri$1 cut a c>tridge s t only ab\t a qu>t] ( ! *>ge ( p[d] rema9s4 ,damp "s p[d] & rub x on a small piece ( dry cotton clo? or well-rubb$ br[n pap]4 ,pu% a loose pellet ( ?is into ! b>rel1 ins]t y\r half c>tridge1 fire at ! gr\nd1 :5 ! wad w readily ignite1 & c be bl[n into flame4 ,,to ,,copy ,,correspond5ce ,! prospector is n usually a bus9ess man2 h5ce 9 deal+ ) bus9ess m5 :o1 l ,hamlet1 are indiff]5t hone/1 he frequ5tly comes to grief ?r\gh n hav+ a copy ( 8 correspond5ce4 ,x is mo/ desirable1 !re=e1 ei!r to c>ry a c>bon pap] duplicat+ book & a /ylus1 or by add+ a little sug> to good ord9>y black ink y may make a copy+ ink2 !n ) ! aid ( a yell[ back octavo novel1 two pieces ( bo>d1 & "s ord9>y tissue pap]1 y may take a copy ( any lett] y s5d4 ,,to ,,provide ,a ,,simple ,,telegraphic ,,code ,buy a c\ple ( *eap small diction>ies ( ! same edition1 s5d "o to y\r correspond5t ) an intimation t he is to read up or d[n s _m words f ! "o indicat$ :5 receiv+ a message4 ,?us1 if ,i want to say ,claim is look+ well1 ,i take a %ill+ diction>y1 s5d a copy to my correspond5t ) ! intimation t ! real ^w is sev5 d[n1 & telegraph--,civilian look+ weird2 ?is1 if look$ up 9 ,worce/]'s little pocket diction>y1 = in/ance1 w read ,claim look+ well4 ,any diction>y w d1 s long z bo? p>ties h a copy & und]/& :i* is ! "r ^w4 ,by arrangem5t ?is plan c be v>i$ f "t to "t if y h any idea t y\r code c be read by o!rs4 ,a ,,s]viceable ,,soap ,wood a%es f ! camp fire are boil$ f day to day 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 & all[$ to settle1 ! cle> liquid be+ decant$ (f4 ,:5 ! requir$ quantity ( weak lye has be5 accumulat$1 evaporate by boil+1 till a suffici5t degree ( /r5g? has be5 obta9$4 ,n[ melt d[n "s mutton fat1 &1 :ile hot1 add to ! boil+ lye4 ,cont9ue boil+ & /irr+ till ! mixture is ab\t ! consi/5cy ( ?ick porridge1 p\r into any conv5i5t flat vessel1 & let x /& till cool4 ,if y h any res9 9 /ore1 a little p[d]$ & add$ gradually to ! melt+ tall[1 be=e mix+ ) ! lye1 w /iff5 y\r soap4 ,,to ,,cross ,a ,,flood$ ,,/ream ,take a half-gallon1 or l>g]1 t9 billy c1 enclose x 9 a /rong cotton h&k]*ief or cotton clo?1 knott+ same ov] ! lid1 inv]t1 &1 tak+ ! knot 9 ! h&1 y h a float+ appliance :i* w su/a9 y 9 any wat]1 :e!r y are a swimm] or n4 ,! high silk hat ( civilisation w\ld act z well z ! c1 b ^! are n usually f\nd f> afield4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,hide ,,bucket ,at times :5 prospect+ 9 an incl9e or und]lay %aft1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! walls ( ! lode are irregul>1 a hide bucket w be f\nd pref]able to an iron "o4 ,! mode ( manufacture is z foll[s3 ,procure an ox hide1 gre51 if possible2 if dry1 x %\ld be soak$ until q s(t4 ,cut "s ?9 /rips ( hide = sew+ or lac+4 ,n[ %ape a bag or pocket ( size suffici5t to hold ab\t a hundr$weight ( /one1 & by punctur+ ! edges ) a knife1 m>l9e-spike1 or o!r po9t$ tool1 sew toge!r2 make a h&le ( twi/$ or pleat$ hide1 & hav+ fill$ y\r bucket ) dry s& or e>? let x /& till ! :ole is q dry1 :5 x w be prop]ly di/5d$ & w ma9ta9 its %ape until worn out4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,slu% ,,lamp ,:]e c&les are sc>ce & k]os9e is n1 a slu% lamp is a useful sub/itute4 ,take an old b s\nd qu>t t9 pannik91 half fill x ) s& or e>?1 & prep>e a ?9 /ick ( p9e1 r\nd :i* wrap a /rip ( s(t cotton clo?4 ,! /ick %\ld be ab\t half an in* long] ?an ! dep? ( ! pannik94 ,melt "s wa/e fat1 fill ! pannik9 !re)1 pu% ! /ick d[n into ! e>? at ! bottom1 & y h a light1 :i*1 if n equal to ! electric or inc&esc5t gas burn]1 is q s]viceable4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! s(t velvety core ( ! bottle bru%1 ,banksia m>g9ata1 is (t5 us$ in/ead ( ! cotton wick4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,rules ,,( ,,?umb ,,m9+ ,,appliances ,,& ,,me?ods ,a ,,tempor>y ,,=ge ,:at prospector has n at times be5 tr\bl$ = ! want ( a =ge8 ,to /eel or h>d5 a pick or %>p5 a drill is comp>atively easy1 b !re is (t5 a difficulty 9 gett+ a =ge4 ,big s+le action bell[s are sometimes b\ght at great exp5se1 & "s +5i\s fell[s h made an imitation ( ! blacksmi?'s bell[s by means ( %eepsk9s & r\gh bo>ds4 ,) inadequate mat]ial & appliances to h&1 ! foll[+ w be f\nd easi] to con/ruct & m la/+ :5 con/ruct$4 ,only a s+le piece ( iron is requir$1 &1 at a p9*1 "o c\ld ev5 disp5se ) t by us+ a slab ( talcose mat]ial1 r\ghly %ap+ a he>? !re9 & mak+ a hole = ! bla/4 ,fir/1 con/ruct a fram+ ab\t ! height ( an ord9>y smi?'s =ge4 ,?is c made ) sapl+s & b>k1 or bett] /ill1 if available1 out ( an empty pack+ case ab\t ?ree feet squ>e4 ,fill ! frame or case ) slightly damp$ e>? & ram x tight1 leav+ ! usual holl[ he>?4 ,!n =m a *amb] bel[ ! p]=at$ he>? op5+ to ! re>4 ,n[ con/ruct a c5trifugal fan1 su* z is us$ = ! v5tilation ( %all[ %afts & work+s4 ,set ?is up beh9d ! he>? & revolve by means ( a wood5 multiply+ :eel4 ,a piece ( ord9>y wa%+ l9e rope1 or sa% l9e rope1 well res9$ if res9 c be got--b pit*1 t>1 or wax w d by add+ a little f9e du/ to prev5t /ick+--is us$ z a belt4 ,) v r\gh mat]ials a h&y man c ?us make a =ge t w answ] ord9>y requirem5ts4--,n4,b4 ,d n use clay = y\r he>? b$ unless y c get a highly alum9\s clay1 & c give x full "t to dry be=e ! =ge fire is lit4 ,ord9>y surface soil1 n too s&y1 acts well1 if damp$ & ramm$ ?or\ghly4 ,( c\rse1 if y c get an iron nozzle = y\r bl[] ! :ole op]ation is simplifi$4 ,,simple ,,way ,,( ,,mak+ ,,*>coal ,dig a pit #e feet squ>e by #c feet deep & fill ) fuel4 ,aft] light+1 see t ! pit is kept full4 ,! hot emb]s w gradually s9k to ! bottom4 ,! fuel %\ld be kept burn+ fi]cely until ! pit seems almo/ full1 :5 m fuel %\ld be add$1 rais+ ! heap ab\t a foot above ! level ( ! gr\nd4 ,! e>? dug out ( ! pit %\ld !n be %ovell$ back ov] ! burn+ mass4 ,aft] leav+ x to cool = #bd h\rs ! pit w be f\nd ne>ly full ( *>coal4 ,ab\t "o-qu>t] ! weight ( ! dry fuel us$ %\ld be recov]$ 9 *>coal4 ,,r\gh ,,smelt+ ,,on ,,! ,,m9e ,r\gh smelt+ on ! m9e is effect$ ) a flux ( borax1 c>bonate ( soda1 or1 z ,i h (t5 done1 ) "s p[d]$ :ite glass4 ,:5 ! gold is smelt$ & ! flux has settl$ d[n quietly 9 a liquid /ate1 ! bulk ( ! latt] may be remov$1 to facilitate p\r+ into ! m\ld1 by dipp+ an iron rod alt]nately into ! flux & !n into a little wat]1 & knock+ (f ! ball ( congeal$ flux :i* adh]es aft] ea* dip4 ,?is flux %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cru%$ ) a pe/le & mort> & pann$ (f1 z1 9 c]ta9 cases1 x may conta9 t9y globules ( gold4 ,,misfires ,,9 ,,bla/+ ,"o ( ! mo/ common s\rces ( accid5t 9 m9+ op]ations is due ei!r to c>elessness or to ! use ( defective mat]ial 9 bla/+4 ,a %ot misses1 g5]ally = "o ( two reasons2 ei!r ! explosive1 ! cap1 or ! fuse 7mo/ (t5 ! latt]71 is inf]ior or defective2 or ! *>g+ is incompletely p]=m$4 ,sometimes ! fuse is n plac$ prop]ly 9 ! detonator1 or ! detonator is n prop]ly enclos$ 9 ! c>tridge1 or ! fuse is injur$ by improp] tamp+4 ,if sev]al %ots h be5 fir$ toge!r1 p>ticul>ly at ! *ange ( a %ift1 ! m5 :o h to remove ! brok5 mat]ial may 9 s do+ explode ! miss$ *>ge4 ,or1 m inexcusable /ill1 m5 w (t5 be s fooli% z to try to cle> out ! drill hole & remove ! miss$ c>tridge4 ,:5 a *>ge is kn[n to h miss$ all t is necess>y to d 9 ord] to dis*>ge x safely is to remove a few in*es ( tamp+ f ! top ( ! drill hole1 place 9 ! bore a plug ( dynamite ) cap & fuse atta*$1 put an in* or two ( tamp+ ov] x & fire1 :5 ! miss$ *>ge w also be explod$4 ,( c\rse1 judgm5t mu/ be us$ & ! dep? ( ! drill tak5 into consid]ation4 ,z a rule1 m9]s use f> m tamp+ ?an is at all requisite4 ,! action ( ! *>ge w g5]ally be f\nd q z effective ) a few in*es ( cov]+ matt] z ) a foot or m1 :ile ! explod+ ( misfire c>tridges is r5d]$ simple1 z no removal ( tamp+ is requir$ be=e plac+ ! top plug 9 case ( misfire4 ,,to ,,prev5t ,,loss ,,( ,,ri* ,,specim5s ,,9 ,,bla/+ ,:5 bla/+ ! cap ( a lode1 p>ticul>ly on ri* %utes ( gold1 ! rock is apt to fly1 & ri* specim5s may be ?r[n f> afield & s be lo/4 ,a simple way ( avoid+ ?is is to procure a quantity ( b\ghs1 :i* tie into loose bundles1 plac+ ! leafy p>ts alt]nately end = end4 ,be=e fir+1 pile ^! bundles ov] ! bla/ &1 if c>e is us$1 v few /ones w fly4 ,! same device may be us$ 9 wide %all[ %afts4 ,a ,,simple ,,mode ,,( ,,retort+ ,,small ,,quantities ,,( ,,amalgam ,clean y\r amalgam & squeeze x z h>d z possible ?r\gh /rong calico or *amois lea!r4 ,take a l>ge s\nd potato1 cut (f ab\t a qu>t] f "o end & scoop out a hole 9 ! c5tre ab\t twice z big z ! ball ( amalgam4 ,procure a piece ( flat iron--an old spade w d z well z any?+--ins]t ! amalgam1 &1 hav+ plac$ ! potato1 cut side d[nw>ds1 !reon1 put ! plate ( iron on ! =ge1 heat up fir/ g5tly1 !n /rong]1 till sep>ation has tak5 place1 :5 ! gold w be f\nd 9 a bright clean button on ! plate & ! m]cury 9 f9e globules 9 ! potato1 f :i* x c be re-collect$ by break+ up ! p>tly or :olly cook$ tub] "u wat] 9 an enamell$ or ord9>y crock]y bas94 ,,to ,,retort ,,small ,,quantities ,,( ,,m]cury ,,= ,,amalgamat+ ,,assay ,,te/s ,get two new tobacco pipes simil> 9 %ape1 ) ! bigge/ b[ls & longe/ /ems procurable4 ,break (f ! /em ( "o close to ! b[l & fill ! hole ) well work$ clay 7"s batt]y slimes make ! be/ lut+ clay74 ,set ! /emless pipe on end 9 a clay b$1 & fill ) amalgam1 pass a bit ( ?9 iron or copp] wire b5ea? x1 & b5d ! ends ( ! wire upw>ds4 ,n[ fit ! :ole pipe1 b[l inv]t$1 on to ! "u "o1 lut+ ! edges ( bo? well ) clay4 ,twi/ ! wire ov] ! top ) a pair ( nipp]s till ! two b[ls are fitt$ closely toge!r1 & y h a retort t w /& any heat necess>y to ?or\ghly di/il m]cury4 ,a ,,simple ,,mode ,,( ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,nom9al ,,horse-,,p[] ,,( ,,an ,,eng9e ,multiply ! int]nal diamet] ( ! cyl9d] by itself & /rike (f ! la/ figure ( ! quoti5t4 ,! diamet] is #bj ,x #bj #bj #djj4 ,! ,h4,p4 is #dj4 ,! foll[+ rules w be f\nd m pr(essionally accurate f an eng9e]+ /&po9t1 ?\gh ! t]m horse-p[] is n n[ g5]ally employ$4 ,to f9d ! ,nom9al ,horse-p[]4--,= non-cond5s+ eng9es3 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by #g & divide ! product by #hj4 ,= cond5s+ eng9es3 ,multiply ! squ>e ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] 9 in*es by #g & divide ! product by #bjj4 ,to f9d ! ,actual ,horse-p[] ( an eng9e1 multiply ! area ( ! cyl9d] 9 squ>e in*es by ! av]age effective pressure 9 p\nds p] squ>e in*1 less #c lb4 p] squ>e in* z ! frictional all[ance1 & also by ! spe$ ( ! pi/on 9 feet p] m9ute1 divid+ ! product by #cc1jjj1 & ! quoti5t w be ! actual horse-p[]4 ,,scal+ ,,copp] ,,plates ,to scale copp] plates !y may be put ov] a *>coal or coke fire to sl[ly sublimate ! quicksilv]4 ,:]e possible1 ! fireplace ( a sp>e boil] c be utilis$1 us+ a ?9 r$ fire4 ,aft] ! entire evaporation ( ! quicksilv] ! plates %\ld be sl[ly cool$1 rubb$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & put 9 a damp place ov]night1 !n rubb$ ) a solution ( sal ammoniac & nitre 9 equal p>ts1 & aga9 heat$ sl[ly ov] a r$ fire4 ,!y mu/ n be all[$ to get r$ hot2 ! prop] degree ( heat is indicat$ by ! gold scale ris+ 9 bli/]s1 :5 ! plates %\ld be tak5 f ! fire & ! gold scrap$ (f4 ,any "p ( ! plate on :i* ! gold has n bli/]$ %\ld be aga9 rubb$ ) ! solution & fir$4 ,! gold scale %\ld be collect$ 9 a glass or e>!n di% & cov]$ ) nitric acid1 till all ! copp] is dissolv$1 :5 ! gold c be smelt$ 9 ! usual way2 b aft] x is melt$ corrosive sublimate %\ld be put 9 ! crucible till a blue flame ceases to be giv5 (f4 ,a ,second ,me?od ,! simple/ plan ,i "k is to h a hole dug n9e in*es deep by ab\t ! size ( ! plate to be scal$2 place a brick at ea* corn]1 & on ea* side1 halfway betwe51 get up a good fire2 let x burn d[n to /rong emb]s1 or use *>coal1 !n place ! plate on ?ree b>s ( iron ext5d+ betwe5 ! ?ree pairs ( bricks1 h a /rong solution ( borax ready 9 :i* soak /rips ( old table blanket1 lay+ ^! ov] ! plate & spr9kl+ !m ) ! borax solution :5 ! plate gets too hot4 ,aft] a "t ! deposit ( m]cury & gold on ! plate w assume a :ite1 effloresc5t appe>ance1 & may !n be readily p>t$ f ! copp]4 ,ano!r ,me?od ,heat ! plate ov] an op5 fire1 to drive (f ! m]cury2 aft] :i*1 let x cool1 & saturate ) dilute sulphuric acid = ?ree h\rs1 or long]2 !n spr9kle ov] ! surface a mixture ( equal p>ts ( common salt & sal ammoniac1 & heat to r$ness2 !n cool1 & ! gold scale comes (f freely2 ! scale is !n boil$ 9 nitric or sulphuric acid1 to remove ! copp]1 previ\s to melt+4 ,plates may be scal$ ab\t once 9 six mon?s1 & w "u ord9>y circum/ances produce ab\t "o ounce ( clean gold = ea* sup]ficial foot ( copp] surface employ$4 ,i always pa9t ! back ( ! plate ) a mixture ( boil$ oil & turp5t9e1 or beeswax dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e1 to prev5t ! acid attack+ ! copp]4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,supply ,,m]cury ,,to ,,mort> ,,boxes ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,drake1 :o1 speak+ ( 8 exp]i5ce on ! ,w5twor? ,m9e1 ,n4,s4,w41 says3 ,fully #ij p] c5t ( ! gold is sav$ on ! outside plates1 only a small quantity rema9+ 9 ! mort>4 ,! plates h a slope ( #b 94 to #a ft4 ,no wells are us$1 ! amalgam traps sav+ any quicksilv] :i* may lea* (f ! plates4 ,! quicksilv] is add$ e h\r 9 ! mort>4 ,! quantity is regulat$ by ! mill manag] 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,?ree pieces ( wood1 #h 94 wide by #ab 94 long by #b 94 ?ick1 h #cb holes #a 94 deep bor$ 9 ea* ( !m4 ,^! holes w j take a small #b oz4 phial4 ,! mill manag] puts ! requir$ quantity ( quicksilv] 9 ea* bottle & ! batt]yman empties "o bottle 9 ea* mort> e h\r2 & puts x back 9 ! hole upside d[n4 ,ea* block ( wood la/s eight h\rs1 ! duration ( "o man's %ift4 ,?is ( c\rse is = a #bj-;head mill ) f\r mort>s or boxes4 ,i comm5d ?is z an excell5t mode ( supply+ ! m]cury to ! boxes or mort>s4 ,! quantity to be add$ dep5ds on circum/ances4 ,a c>eless batt]y att5dant w (t5 put 9 too mu* or too little :5 work+ )\t ! automatic fe$]4 ,i h kn[n an att5dant on sudd5ly awak+ to ! fact half ?r\gh 8 %ift1 t he _h =gott5 to put 9 any m]cury1 to !n empty into ! /amp] box two or ?ree p\nds weight2 ) :at effect may be easily surmis$4 ,,h[ ,,wat] ,,%\ld ,,ent] ,,/amp] ,,boxes ,! foll[+ extract :i* relates to ,cali=nian ,gold ,mill practices is f ,bullet9 ,no4 #f ( ! ,cali=nia ,/ate ,m9+ ,bureau4 ,i q agree ) ! practice4 ,! batt]y wat] %\ld ent] bo? sides ( ! mort> 9 an ev5 quantity1 & %\ld be suffici5t to keep a fairly ?ick pulp :i* w dis*>ge freely ?r\gh ! grat+ or scre54 ,ab\t #abj cubic feet ( wat] p] ton ( cru%$ ore may be consid]$ an av]age1 or #h to #aj cubic feet p] /amp p] h\r4 ,scre5s ( diff]5t mat]ials & ) diff]5t orifices are us$2 ! mat]ials comprise wire clo? ( brass or /eel1 t\gh ,russian %eet iron1 ,engli% t9n$ plate1 &1 q rec5tly1 alum9ium bronze4 ,! 'alum9ium bronze' plates are mu* long] liv$ ?an ei!r ( ! o!r k9ds1 & h ! fur!r advantage t1 :5 worn out1 !y c be sold = ! value ( ! metal = remelt+2 ^! plates are b\ght & sold by ! p\nd1 & are said to conta9 #ie p] c5t ( copp] & #e p] c5t ( alum9ium4 ,/eel scre5s are n s mu* us$1 on acc\nt ( _! liability to ru/4 ,i h _h no exp]i5ce ) ! alum9ium bronze scre54 ,i presume1 h[ev]1 t x is us$ only = mills :]e m]cury is n put 9 ! mort>s1 o!rwise1 x w\ld surely become amalgamat$4 ,! same rem>k applies to brass wire clo? & t9n$ plate4 ,unless ! metal ( :i* !y are compos$ w n readily amalgamate ) m]cury1 ,i %\ld be *>y ( us+ new scre5 devices4 ,m]cury is a mo/ insidi\s metal & is (t5 f\nd mo/ unexpect$ly 9 places 9 ! batt]y :]e x %\ld n be4 ,probably alum9ium /eel w\ld be bett] ?an any sub/ance m5tion$4 ,x w\ld be h>d1 light1 /rong1 & n readily corrodible4 ,i am n aw>e if x has be5 tri$4 ,"u ! head+ ( ,p[] = ,mills ! foll[+ is tak5 f ! same s\rce4 ,,p[] ,,= ,,mills ,z ! ,pelton :eel seems to f9d ! mo/ frequ5t application 9 ,cali=nia1 x may be conv5i5t = millm5 to h ! foll[+ rule1 applicable to ^! :eels3 ,:5 ! head ( wat] is kn[n 9 feet1 multiply x by #j4jjbdadg1 & ! product is ! horse-p[] obta9able f "o m9]'s in* ( wat]4 ,! p[] necess>y = diff]5t mill p>ts is3 ,= ea* #hejlb4 /amp1 dropp+ #f 94 #ie times p] m9ute1 #a4cc h4-p4 ,= ea* #gejlb4 /amp1 dropp+ #f 94 #ie times p] m9ute1 #a4ah h4-p4 ,= ea* #fejlb4 /amp1 dropp+ #f 94 #ie times p] m9ute1 #a4jj h4-p4 ,= an #h-;in* by #aj-;in* ,blake patt]n rock-break] #i4jj h4-p4 ,= a ,frue or ,triumph vann]1 ) #bbj revolutions p] m94 #j4ej h4-p4 ,= a #d-;feet clean-up pan1 mak+ #cj revolutions p] m94 #a4ej h4-p4 ,= an amalgamat+ b>rel1 mak+ #cj revolutions p] m94 #b4ej h4-p4 ,= a me*anical batea1 mak+ #cj revolutions p] m94 #a4jj h4-p4 ,! writ] has _h small practical exp]i5ce ( ! work+ ( t excell5t hydraulic motor1 ! ,pelton :eel1 b if by horse-p[] 9 ! table giv5 is meant nom9al horse-p[]1 x appe>s to be high4 ,work+ ) #hjj cwt4 /amps1 #hj bl[s a m9ute1 "o horse-p[] nom9al w be f\nd suffici5t ) any good mod]n eng9e1 :i* has no fur!r burd5 ?an rais+ ! /amps & pump+ ! fe$ wat]4 ,x is always well1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly :5 provid+ eng9e p[]1 to err on ! "r side1 & make provision = m ?an is absolutely ne$$ = actual batt]y requirem5ts4 ,?is rule applies ) equal pot5cy to pump+ eng9es4 ,,to ,,avoid ,,loss ,,9 ,,clean+ ,,up ,! foll[+ is a h9t to qu>tz mill manag]s ) respect to t common s\rce ( loss ( gold involv$ 9 ! almo/ inevitable loss ( m]cury 9 clean+ up op]ations4 ,i h kn[n hundr$s ( p\nds' wor? ( gold to be recov]$ f an old qu>tz mill site by ! simple process ( wa%+ up ! gr\nd "u ! floor4 ,if y _c af=d to floor ! :ole ( ! batt]y ) smoo? concrete1 at all ev5ts smoo?ly concrete ! floor ( ! clean+-up room1 & let ! floor slope t[>ds ! c5tre3 :]e a s9k is provid$4 ,any lo/ m]cury mu/ ?us f9d its way to ! c5tre1 :]e x w collect & c be pann$ (f f "t to "t4 ,( c\rse an und]gr\nd dra9 & m]cury trap mu/ be provid$4 ,,iron ,,extractor ,:5 us+ self-fe$]s1 fragm5ts ( /eel tools are especially liable to get into ! batt]y boxes or o!r cru%+ appliance :]e !y sometimes cause great mis*ief4 ,i believe ! foll[+ plan w\ld be a practicable rem$y = ?is evil4 ,by a belt f ! cam or c\nt] %aft1 cause a p[]ful electric magnet to extract all magnetic p>ticles2 !n1 by a simple rat*et movem5t1 at int]vals )draw ! magnet & drop ! adh]+ fragm5ts into a receptacle by automatically swit*+ (f ! electric curr5t4 ,a p[]ful ord9>y horse%oe magnet might probably d j z well1 b w\ld require to be re-magnetis$ f "t to "t4 ,,to ,,silv] ,,copp] ,,plates ,to silv] copp] plates1 t is1 to amalgamate !m on ! face ) m]cury1 is really a mo/ simple op]ation1 ?\gh _m batt]ym5 make a great my/]y ( x4 ,inde$1 :5 ,i fir/ w5t into a qu>tz mill ! process deem$ necess>y 0 n only a v t$i\s "o1 b v dirty also4 ,to amalgamate ) silv]1 9 fact1 to silv]-plate y\r copp] )\t resort to ! electro-plat+ ba?1 take any old silv] 7fail+ t1 silv] co9 w d1 b is m exp5sive71 & dissolve x 9 some:at dilute nitric acid1 us+ only j suffici5t acid z w assi/ ! process4 ,aft] "s h\rs place ! ball ( amalgam 9 a piece ( /rong new calico & squeeze out any surplus m]cury4 ,ab\t an ounce ( silv] to ! foot ( copp] is suffici5t4 ,to apply x on new plates use nitric acid appli$ ) a swab to free ! surface ( ! copp] f oxides or impurities1 !n rub ! ball ( amalgam ov] ! surface us+ "s little =ce4 ,x is always well :5 coat+ copp] plates ) silv] or z9c by means ( m]cury to let !m /& dry = a day or two be=e us+1 z ! m]cury oxidises & ! coat+ metal m closely adh]es4 ,only ! v be/ copp] plate procurable %\ld be us$ = batt]y tables2 bad copp] w always give tr\ble1 bo? 9 ! fir/ cur+1 & aft] treatm5t4 ,x %\ld n be heavily roll$ copp]1 z ! m por\s ! metal ! m easily w ! m]cury p5etrate & amalgamate4 ,i _c agree t any good is atta9$ by sc\r+ ! plates ) s& & alkalies1 z recomm5d$ 9 "s books on ! subject2 on ! contr>y1 ,i pref] ! opposite mode ( treatm5t1 & ei!r face ! plates ) nitrate ( silv] & nitrate ( m]cury1 or else ) sulphate ( z9c & m]cury1 9 ! =m ( :at is call$ z9c amalgam4 ,if m9e wat]1 :i* (t5 conta9s a little free sulphuric acid1 is be+ us$1 ! latt] plan is pref]able4 ,! copp] %\ld be plac$ smoo?ly on ! wood5 table & secur$ firmly !reto by copp] tacks4 ,if ! plate %\ld be b5t or buckl$1 x may be flatt5$ by beat+ x ) a heavy hamm]1 tak+ c>e to int]pose a piece ( in*-?ick s(t wood betwe5 hamm] & plate4 ,to coat ) m]cury only1 procure "s nitrate ( m]cury4 ,?is is easily made by plac+ m]cury 9 an e>!nw>e b[l1 p\r+ some:at dilute nitric acid on x1 & lett+ x /& till ! metallic m]cury is *ang$ to a :ite cry/al4 ,d5se r$di%-br[n fumes w arise1 :i* are injuri\s if brea!d1 s ! op]ation %\ld be conduct$ ei!r 9 ! op5 air1 or :]e !re is a draught4 ,hav+ y\r silv]+ solution ready1 :i* is to be some:at dilut$ ) wat]1 next take two swabs1 ) h&les ab\t #ab in*es long1 dip ! fir/ into a bas9 conta9+ dilute nitric acid1 & rub x rapidly ov] ab\t a foot ( ! surface ( ! plate2 ! oxide ( copp] w be absolutely remov$1 & ! surface ( ! copp] r5d]$ pure & bright2 !n take ! o!r swab1 wet ) ! dilute nitric ( m]cury1 & pass x ov] ! clean surface1 rubb+ x well 94 ,cont9ue ?is till ! :ole plate has a coat+ ( m]cury4 ,x may be well to g ov] x m ?an once4 ,n[ turn on ! wat] & wa% ! plate clean1 spr9kle ) metallic m]cury1 rubb+ x upw>ds until ! plate w hold no m4 ,a bas9 ) nitrate ( m]cury may be kept h&y1 & ! plates t\*$ up f "t to "t = a few days until !y get amalgamat$ ) gold1 aft] :i*1 unless y h mu* base metal to cont5d )1 !y w give no fur!r tr\ble4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t an excessive use ( nitric acid w result 9 wa/e ( m]cury1 :i* w be c>ri$ (f 9 a milky /ream ) ! wat]2 & also t x w cause ! amalgam to become v h>d1 & less active 9 attract+ o!r p>ticles ( gold4 ,if y are treat+ ! plate ) nitrate ( silv] prep>$ z already m5tion$1 clean ! plate ) dilute nitric acid1 rub ! surface ) ! ball ( amalgam1 foll[+ ) ! swab & fairly rubb+ 94 ,x w be well to prep>e ! plate "s days be=e requir+ to use x1 z a bett] adhesion ( ! silv] & copp] takes place ?an if m]cury is appli$ at once4 ,to amalgamate ) z9c amalgam1 clean ! copp] plate by means ( a swab1 ) fairly /rong sulphuric acid dilut$ ) wat]2 !n :ile wet apply ! z9c-m]cury mixture & well rub 94 ,to prep>e ! z9c-amalgam1 clip "s z9c 7! l9+ ( pack+ cases w d7 into small pieces & imm]se !m 9 m]cury aft] wa%+ !m ) a little weak sulphuric acid & wat] to remove any coat+ ( oxide4 ,:5 ! m]cury w absorb no m z9c1 squeeze ?r\gh *amois lea!r or calico 7z = silv] amalgam71 & well rub 94 ,! plate ?us prep>$ %\ld /& = a few days1 dry1 be=e us+4 ,if1 be=e amalgamation ) gold takes place1 oxide ( copp] or o!r scum %\ld rise on ?is plate a little v dilute sulphuric acid w in/antly remove x4 ,sodium & cyanide ( potassium are frequ5tly us$ 9 dress+-plates1 b ! =m] %\ld be v sp>+ly employ$1 z x w (t5 d m h>m ?an good by tak+ up all sorts ( base metals ) ! amalgam1 & s pres5t+ a surface :i* ! gold w pass ov] )\t adh]+ to4 ,:]e wat] is sc>ce1 & is consequ5tly us$ ov] & ov] aga91 lime may be add$ to ! pulp1 or1 if lime is n procurable1 wood a%es may be us$4 ,! effect is two-fold2 ! lime n only t5ds to sweet5 sulphide ores & keep ! tables clean1 b also causes ! wat] to cleanse itself m quickly ( ! slimes1 :i* w be m rapidly precipitat$4 ,:5 z9c amalgam is us$1 alkalies w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be detrim5tal4 ,:5 no o!r wat] ?an t f ! m9e is available1 difficulties (t5 arise ow+ to ! impurities x conta9s4 ,^! are v>i\s1 b among ! mo/ common are ! soluble sulphates1 & sometimes free sulphuric acid evolv$ by ! oxidisation ( metallic sulphides4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is difficulty1 d "o ( two ?+s2 ei!r utilise or neutralise4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 ,i recomm5d ! =m]4 ,sometime s9ce ,i 0 treat+1 = gold extraction1 mat]ial f a m9e :i* 0 v complex 9 "*1 & = :i* ,i co9$ ! t]m polysyn!tic4 ,?is conta9$ ab\t half a doz5 diff]5t sulphides4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! lode be+ p>tially oxidis$1 free sulphuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d7 0 evolv$4 ,i !re=e1 foll[+ out a =m] discov]y1 add$ a little metallic z9c to ! m]cury 9 ! boxes & on ! plates ) excell5t results4 ,:5 ! free acid 9 ! ore began to give out 9 ! l[] levels ,i add$ m9ute quantities ( sulphuric acid to ! wat] f "t to "t4 ,i h s9ce f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ) "s wat]1 p>ticul>ly ,we/ ,au/ralian1 ! reaction is s feeble 7probably ow+ to ! lime & magnesia pres5t7 z to make ?is mode ( treatm5t unsuitable4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,dolly ,i h se5 "s r elaborate dollies1 int5d$ to be work$ ) amalgamat+ tables1 b ! usual prototype ( ! qu>tz mill is set up1 m or less1 z foll[s3 ,a tree /ump1 f #i 94 to a foot diamet]1 is levell$ (f smoo?ly at ab\t #b ft4 f ! gr\nd2 on ?is is firmly fix$ a circul> plate ( #a_/b 94 iron1 say #i 94 9 diamet]2 a b& ( #c_/af 94 iron1 ab\t #h or #i 94 9 height1 fits m or less closely r\nd ! plate4 ,?is is ! batt]y box4 ,a beam ( heavy wood1 ab\t #c 94 diamet] & #f ft4 long1 %od ) iron1 is v]tically susp5d$1 ab\t #i 94 above ! /ump1 f a flexible sapl+ ) j suffici5t spr+ 9 x to raise ! pe/le to ! requir$ height4 ,ab\t #b ft4 f ! bottom ! hang+ beam is pi]c$ ) an augur hole & a r\nd$ piece ( wood1 #a #a_/b 94 by #ah 941 is driv5 ?r\gh to s]ve z a h&le = ! man :o is to d ! p\nd+4 ,8 mate breaks ! /one to ab\t #b 94 gauge & fe$s ! box1 lift+ ! r+ f "t to "t to sweep (f ! triturat$ gangue1 :i* he scre5s ?r\gh a sieve into a pan & wa%es (f1 ei!r by means ( a cradle or simply by pann+4 ,9 dolly+ x g5]ally pays to burn ! /one1 z s mu* lab\r 9 cru%+ is ?us sav$4 ,a c\ple ( small kilns to hold ab\t a ton ea* dug out ( a clay bank w be f\nd to save fuel :]e firewood is sc>ce1 & w m ?or\ghly burn ! /one & dissipate ! base metals1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t gold f burnt /one is liable to become s encru/$ ) ! base metal oxides z to be difficult to amalgamate4 ,,r\gh ,,w9dlass ,make two ,/4 ,&rew's crosses ) f\r sapl+s1 ! upp] angle be+ %ort] ?an ! l[]2 fix ^! upright1 "o at ea* end ( ! %aft2 /ay !m toge!r by cross pieces till y h con/ruct$ some?+ l a horse1 su* z is us$ = saw+ wood1 ! crut* be+ a little ov] #c feet high4 ,select a leg = a w9dlass b>rel1 ab\t #f 94 diamet] & a foot long] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! supports1 z /raight z is procurable2 cut 9 x two circul> slots ab\t an in* deep by #b 94 wide to fit into ! =ks2 at "o end cut a /raight slot #b 94 deep across ! face4 ,n[ get a crook$ b\gh1 z ne>ly ! %ape ( a h&le z nature has produc$ x1 & trim x into "r angul> %ape1 fit "o end into ! b>rel1 & y h a w9dlass t w pull up _m a ton ( /uff4 ,,puddl] ,?is is made by excavat+ a circul> hole ab\t #b ft4 #i 94 deep &1 say #ab ft4 9 diamet]4 ,an out] & inn] wall are !n con/ruct$ ( slabs #b ft4 #f 94 9 height to gr\nd level1 ! out] wall be+ ?us #cj ft4 & ! inn] #ae ft4 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! circul> space betwe5 is floor$ ) smoo? h>dwood slabs or bo>ds1 & ! :ole made secure & wat]-tight4 ,9 ! middle ( ! inn] enclosure a /\t po/ is plant$1 to /& a few in*es above ! wall1 & ! surr\nd+ space is fill$ up ) clay ramm$ tight4 ,a /rong iron p9 is ins]t$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! po/1 on :i* is fitt$ a revolv+ beam1 :i* hangs across ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! ma*9e & protrudes a c\ple ( feet or s on ea* side4 ,to ?is beam are atta*$1 ) %ort *a9s1 a c\ple ( drags made l ,v-%ap$ h>r[s by driv+ a piece ( r$ iron ?r\gh a heavy frame1 %ap$ z a rectangul> triangle4 ,to "o end ( ! beam an old horse is atta*$1 :o1 z he sl[ly walks r\nd ! circul> track1 causes ! h>r[s & drags to s puddle ! wa%dirt & wat] 9 ! great wood5 enclosure t ! clay is gradually dis9tegrat$1 & fl[s (f ) ! wat] :i* is f "t to "t admitt$4 ,! clean gravel is !n run ?r\gh a cradle1 long ,tom1 or sluice1 & ! gold sav$4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is ! simple/ =m ( gold m9+4 ,9 ! great alluvial m9es o!r & m intricate appliances are us$ b ! pr9ciple ( extraction is ! same4 ,a ,,make%ift ,,pump ,to make a tempor>y small draw-lift pump1 :i* w "w d[n to a hundr$ feet or m if requir$1 take a l>ge size common suction ,d\glas pump1 &1 aft] remov+ ! top & h&le1 fix ! pump z close to ! highe/ level ( ! wat] 9 ! %aft z c be arrang$4 ,n[ make a squ>e wat]-tight wood5 column ( slightly great] capacity ?an ! suction pipe1 fix ?is to ! top ( ! pump1 & by means ( wood5 rods1 "w ! :ole f ! surface1 us+ ei!r a long] lev]$ h&le or1 ) a little +5uity1 horse-p[]4 ,if y c get x ! iron d[npipe us$ to c>ry ! wat] f ! gutt]+ ( h\ses is m easily adapt$ = ! pipe column2 !n1 also1 iron pump rods c be us$ b ,i h rais$ wat] betwe5 #fj & #gj feet ) a l>ge size ,d\glas pump provid$ only ) a wood5 column & rods4 ,,squeez+ ,,amalgam ,= squeez+ amalgam1 /rong calico1 n too co>se1 previ\sly soak$ 9 clean wat]1 is q z good z ord9>y *amois lea!r4 ,"s gold is f9e en\gh to escape ?r\gh ei!r4 ,,m]cury ,,extractor ,! m]cury extractor or amalgam sep>ator is a ma*9e :i* is v simple 9 con/ruction1 & is /at$ to be mo/ effici5t 9 extract+ quicksilv] f amalgam1 z x requires b f two to ?ree m9utes to extract ! bulk ( ! m]cury f "o hundr$ p\nds ( amalgam1 leav+ ! amalgam dri] ?an :5 /ra9$ 9 ! ord9>y way by squeez+ ?r\gh *amois lea!r or calico4 ,! pr9ciple is t ( ! ,de ,laval cream sep>ator--i4e41 rapid c5trifugal motion4 ,! appliance is easily put toge!r1 & z easily tak5 ap>t4 ,! cyl9d] is made ( /eel1 & is run at a v high rate ( spe$4 ,! g5]al con/ruction ( ! appliance is z foll[s3 ,! cas+ or receiv] is a /eel cyl9d]1 :i* has a pivot at ! bottom to receive ! /ep = an upright holl[ %aft1 to :i* a second cyl9d] ( small] diamet] is atta*$4 ,! second cyl9d] is p]=at$1 & a f9e wire clo? is ins]t$4 ,! m]cury1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! clo?1 is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! p]=ations4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is revolv$ at great spe$1 ! m]cury is =c$ into ! outside cyl9d]1 leav+ ! amalgam1 :i* has be5 fir/ plac$ 9 a calico or canvas bag1 9 a mu* dri] /ate ?an x c\ld be /ra9$ by h&4 ,:ile n prep>$ to endorse absolutely all t is claim$ = ?is appliance1 ,i consid] t x has me*anical probability on its side1 & t :]e l>ge quantities ( amalgam h to be treat$ x w be f\nd useful & effective4 ,,sluice ,,plates ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,drake = ! foll[+ acc\nt ( sluice plates1 :i* ,i h nev] tri$1 b ?9k ! device wor? att5tion3 ,an addition has be5 made to ! gold-sav+ appliances by ! plac+ ( :at are call$ 9 ,am]ica1 'sluice plates' bel[ ! ord9>y table4 ,! pulp n[ fl[s ov] an amalgamat+ surface1 #ad ft4 long by #d ft4 wide1 slop+ #a #a_/b 94 to ! foot1 & is !n contract$ into a copp]-plat$ sluice #ae ft4 long by #ad 94 wide1 hav+ a fall ( #a 94 to ! foot4 ,our mill manag] 7,mr4 ,g4 ,c4 ,knapp7 advocat$ ^! sluice plates = a long "t be=e ,i w\ld cons5t to a trial4 ,i cont5d$ t z we got little or no amalgam f ! l[] end ( our table plates !re 0 no gold go+ away capable ( be+ recov]$ by copp] plates2 & ev5 if x 71 n>r[ sluice plates 7 a /ep 9 ! wrong direction4 ,if any?+ ! amalgamat+ surface %\ld be wid5$ to give ! p>ticles ( gold a bett] *ance to settle4 ,8 argum5t 0 t ! conditions %\ld be *ang$2 by n>r[+ ! /ream & giv+ x less fall1 gold1 :i* 0 incapable ( amalgamation on ! wide plates1 w\ld be sav$4 ,we f9ally put "o 91 & x prov$ s successful t we n[ h "o at ! end ( ea* table4 ,! p]-c5tage recov]$ on ! sluice plates1 ( ! total yield1 v>ies1 & has be5 z foll[s3--,octob]1 #i4a p] c5t2 ,novemb]1 #f4i p] c5t2 ,decemb]1 #f4d p] c5t2 ,janu>y1 #d4c p] c5t2 ,febru>y1 #i4c p] c5t4 ,,measur+ ,,inaccessible ,,di/ances ,to asc]ta9 ! wid? ( a difficult gorge1 a deep riv]1 or trea*]\s swamp )\t cross+ & measur+1 sight a conspicu\s object at ! edge ( ! bank on ! f>!r side2 !n z ne>ly opposite & squ>e z possible plant a /ake ab\t five feet high1 walk along ! ne>] m>g9 to :at y guess to be half ! di/ance across 7exactitude 9 ?is respect is n mat]ial to ! result71 !re plant ano!r /ake1 & cont9u+ 9 a /raight l9e put 9 a ?ird4 ,! /akes mu/ be equal di/ances ap>t & z ne>ly z possible at a "r angle to ! fir/ l9e4 ,n[1 c>ry+ 9 h& a f\r? /ake1 /rike a l9e inl& at "r angles to ! base & z soon z sight+ ov] ! f\r? /ake1 y c get ! f\r? & second /akes & ! object on ! opposite %ore 9 l9e y\r problem is complete4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ,no4 #d & ,no4 #c /akes is ! same z t betwe5 ,no4 #a & ! opposite bank4 ,,to ,,set ,,out ,a ,,"r ,,angle ,,) ,a ,,tape ,measure #dj ft4 on ! l9e to :i* y wi% to run at "r angles1 & put pegs at ,a & ,b2 !n1 ) ! end ( ! tape held c>efully at ,a1 take #hj ft41 & h ! #hj ft4 m>k held at ,b4 ,take ! #ej ft4 m>k & pull f ,a & ,b until ! tape lies /raight & ev51 y w !n h ! po9t ,c p]p5dicul> to ,,ab4 ,cont9ue /raight l9es by sight+ ov] two /icks 9 ! well-kn[n way4 ,ano!r me?od4--,/ick a p9 9 ea* corn] ( a squ>e bo>d1 & look diagonally across !m1 fir/ 9 ! direction ( ! l9e to :i* y wi% to run at "r angles1 & !n = ! new l9e sight across ! o!r two p9s4 ,a ,,simple ,,levell+ ,,in/rum5t ,fa/5 a common c>p5t]'s squ>e 9 a slit to ! top ( a /ake by means ( a screw1 & !n tie a plumb-l9e at ! angle s t x may hang along ! %ort arm1 :5 ! plumb-l9e hangs v]tically & sights may be tak5 ov] x4 ,a c>p5t]'s _s-level set on an adju/able /& w d z well4 ,! o!r arm w !n be a level4 ,ano!r v simple1 b effective1 device = f9d+ a level l9e is by means ( a triangle ( wood made ( half-in* bo>ds f #i to #ab ft4 long4 ,to make ! legs level1 set ! triangle up on fairly level gr\nd1 susp5d a plummet f ! top & m>k on ! cross-piece :]e ! l9e t\*es x4 ,!n rev]se ! triangle1 end = end1 exactly1 & m>k ! new l9e ! plumb-l9e makes4 ,n[ make a new m>k exactly half way betwe5 ! two1 & :5 ! plumb-l9e co9cides ) ?is1 ! two legs are /&+ on level gr\nd4 ,= %ort wat] races ?is is a v h&y me?od ( lay+ out a level l9e4 ,,to ,,measure ,,! ,,height ,,( ,a ,,/&+ ,,tree ,take a /ake ab\t y\r own height1 & walk+ f ! butt ( ! tree to :at y judge to be ! height ( ! timb] portion y want1 drive y\r /ake into ! gr\nd till ! top is level ) y\r eyes2 n[ lie /raight out on y\r back1 plac+ y\r feet aga9/ ! /ake1 & sight a po9t on ! tree4 ,,ab equals ,,bc4 ,if ,,bc is1 say #dj ft41 t w be ! height ( y\r /ick ( timb]4 ,?us1 mu* lab\r may be sav$ 9 fell+ trees ! timb] portion ( :i* may aft]w>ds be f\nd to be too %ort = y\r purpose4 ,,levell+ ,,by ,,an]oid ,,b>omet] ,?is %\ld be us$ m = asc]ta9+ relatively l>ge diff]5ces 9 altitudes ?an = purposes :]e any great nicety is requir$4 ,= hills "u #bjjj ft41 ! foll[+ rule w give a v close approximation1 & is easily rememb]$1 because #ee degrees1 ! assum$ temp]ature1 agrees ) #ee degrees1 ! significant figures 9 ! #ee1jjj factor1 :ile ! fractional correction conta9s two f\rs4 ,obs]ve ! altitudes & also ! temp]atures on ! ,fahr5heit !rmomet] at top & bottom respectively1 ( ! hill1 & take ! mean betwe5 !m4 ,let ,b repres5t ! mean altitude & b ! mean temp]ature4 ,!n #eejjj ,x ,b - b_/,b b height ( ! hill 9 feet = ! temp]ature ( #ee degrees4 ,add #a_/ddj ( ?is result = e degree ! mean temp]ature exce$s #ee degrees2 or subtract z mu* = e degree bel[ #ee degrees4 ,,to ,,det]m9e ,,heights ,,( ,,objects ,by ,%ad[s ,set up v]tically a /ick ( kn[n l5g?1 & measure ! l5g? ( its %ad[ ^u a horizontal or o!r plane2 measure also ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ?r[n by ! object ^: height is requir$4 ,!n x w be3--,z ! l5g? ( ! /ick's %ad[ is to ! l5g? ( ! /ick itself1 s is ! l5g? ( ! %ad[ ( ! object to ! object's height4 ,by ,reflection ,place a vessel ( wat] ^u ! gr\nd & rec$e f x until y see ! top ( ! object reflect$ f ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!n x w be3--,z y\r horizontal di/ance f ! po9t ( reflection is to ! height ( y\r eye above ! reflect+ surface1 s is ! horizontal di/ance ( ! foot ( ! object f ! vessel to its altitude above ! said surface4 ,in/rum5tally ,read ! v]tical angle1 & multiply its natural tang5t by ! di/ance betwe5 in/rum5t & foot ( object2 ! result is ! height4 ,:5 mu* accuracy is n requir$ v]tical angles c be measur$ by means ( a quadrant ( simple con/ruction4 ,! arc ,,ab is a quadrant1 graduat$ 9 degrees f ,b to ,a2 ,c1 ! po9t f :i* ! plummet ,p is susp5d$1 be+ ! c5tre ( ! quadrant4 ,:5 ! sights ,,ac are direct$ t[>ds any object1 ,s1 ! degrees 9 ! arc1 ,,bp1 are ! measure ( ! angle ( elevation1 ,,sad1 ( ! object4 ,,to ,,f9d ,,! ,,dep? ,,( ,a ,,%aft ,rule3--,squ>e ! numb] ( seconds a /one takes to rea* ! bottom & multiply by #af4 ,?us1 if a /one takes #e seconds to fall to ! bottom ( a %aft-- #e squ>$ #be2 & #be ,x #af #djj feet1 ! requir$ dep? ( %aft4 ,,description ,,( ,,plan ,,= ,,re-,,us+ ,,wat] ,:]e wat] is sc>ce x may be necess>y to use x repeat$ly4 ,9 a case ( ?is k9d 9 ,egypt1 ! ,arab m9]s h adopt$ an +5i\s me?od :i* may be adapt$ to almo/ any set ( conditions4 ,at a is a sump or wat]-pit2 b is an incl9$ plane on :i* ! m9]al is wa%$ & :5ce ! wat] escapes into a tank c2 d is a conduit = tak+ ! wat] back to a2 e is a conduit or lev] pump = rais+ ! wat]4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( filtration c\ld easily be manag$ dur+ ! passage f c to a4 ,,cool+ ,,comp\nd ,,= ,,heat$ ,,be>+s ,m]curial o9tm5t mix$ ) black cyl9d] oil & appli$ e qu>t] ( an h\r1 or z (t5 z exp$i5t4 ,! foll[+ is also recomm5d$ z a good cool+ comp\nd = heavy be>+s3--,tall[ #b lb41 plumbage #f oz41 sug> ( lead #d oz4 ,melt ! tall[ ) g5tle heat & add ! o!r +r$i5ts1 /irr+ until cold4 ,,clean+ ,,greasy ,,plumm] ,,blocks ,:51 ?r\gh c>elessness or unprev5table cause1 plumm] blocks & o!r deta*able portions ( ma*9]y become clogg$ ) /icky deposits ( grease & impurities1 a simple mode ( cleans+ ! same is to take ab\t #ajjj p>ts by weight ( boil+ wat]1 to :i* add ab\t #aj or #ae p>ts ( ord9>y wa%+ soda4 ,keep ! wat] on ! boil & place !re9 ! portions ( ! ma*9e t are to be clean$2 ?is treatm5t has ! effect ( quickly loos5+ all grease1 oil1 & dirt1 aft] :i* ! metal is ?or\ghly wa%$ & dri$4 ,! action ( ! lye is to =m ) ! grease a soap soluble 9 wat]4 ,to prev5t lubricat+ oil h>d5+ ^u ! p>ts ( ! ma*9]y :5 9 use1 add a ?ird "p ( k]os5e4 ,,an ,,excell5t ,,anti-,,friction ,,comp\nd ,= use on cams & /amp] %anks1 :i* w be h>mless %\ld x drop into ! mort> or /amp] boxes1 is graphite 7black-lead7 & s(t soap4 ,:5 ! guides are wood51 ! s(t soap ne$ n be add$2 black-lead made into a pa/e ) wat] w act admirably4 ,,to ,,clean ,,brass ,oxalic acid #a oz41 rott5 /one #f oz41 p[d]$ gum arabic #a_/b oz41 sweet oil #a oz4 ,rub on ) a piece ( rag4 ,a ,,solv5t ,,= ,,ru/ ,x is (t5 v difficult1 & sometimes impossible1 to remove ru/ f articles made ( iron4 ,^? :i* are v ?ickly coat$ are mo/ easily clean$ by be+ imm]s$ 9 a ne>ly saturat$ solution ( *loride ( t94 ,! l5g? ( "t !y rema9 9 ?is ba? is det]m9$ by ! ?ickness ( ! coat+ ( ru/4 ,g5]ally f twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs is long en\gh4 ,,to ,,protect ,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,f ,,ru/ ,! foll[+ me?od is b little kn[n1 al?\gh x des]ves pref]5ce ov] _m o!rs4 ,add #g oz4 ( quicklime to #a #c_/d p9ts ( cold wat]4 ,let ! mixture /& until ! sup]natant fluid is entirely cle>4 ,!n p\r ?is (f1 & mix ) x en\gh olive oil to =m a ?ick cream1 or r to ! consi/5cy ( melt$ & re-congeal$ butt]4 ,grease ! articles ( iron or /eel ) ?is comp\nd1 & !n wrap !m up 9 pap]1 or if ?is _c be done1 apply ! mixture some:at m ?ickly4 ,,to ,,keep ,,ma*9]y ,,f ,,ru/+ ,take #a oz4 ( camphor1 dissolve x 9 #a lb4 ( melt$ l>d2 mix ) x 7aft] remov+ ! scum7 z mu* f9e black-lead z w give x an iron col\r2 clean ! ma*9]y1 & sme> x ) ?is mixture4 ,aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs rub (f & clean ) s(t1 l95 clo?4 ,?is mixture w keep ma*9]y clean = mon?s "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,,fire-,,lute ,an excell5t fire-lute is made ( eight p>ts %>p s&1 two p>ts good clay1 & "o "p horse-dung2 mix & temp] l mort>4 ,,rope-,,splic+ ,a %ort splice is made by unlay+ ! ends ( two pieces ( rope to a suffici5t l5g?1 !n int]lay+ !m1 draw !m close & pu% ! /r&s ( "o "u ! /r&s ( ! o!r sev]al times4 ,?is splice makes a ?ick lump on ! rope & is only us$ = sl+s1 block-/raps1 cables1 etc4