,,h\sehold ,,adm9i/ration  ,,its ,,place
 ,,9 ,,! ,,high] ,,education ,,( ,,wom5 
,,edit$ ,,by ,,alice ,,rav5hill ,,&     
,,ca!r9e ,j4 ,,s*iff     ,,new ,,york   
,,h5ry ,,holt ,,& ,,company   #aiaa     
,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson  ,,co4 
,at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh     
,,preface   ,! object ( ?is book is     
?reefold4 7#a7 ,x endeav\rs to def9e !  
importance & scope ( h\sehold           
adm9i/ration 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 :i*1 :5
 analys$ into its compon5t p>ts1 is f\nd
 intimately to conc]n ! "r conduct &    
dome/ic c>e ( individual human lives1 f 
_! inception to _! close4 7#b7 ,x seeks 
to demon/rate ! necessity ( an adequate 
prep>ation = all :o assume !            
responsibility ( su* adm9i/ration2      
p>ticul>ly = ^? :o1 9 consequ5ce ( _!   
p>5tal responsibilities1 _! weal?1 _!   
social /atus1 or _! pr(essional duties1 
ex]cise f>-rea*+ influ5ce ?r\gh _! /&>d 
( life & example4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 x gives 
prom95ce to ! fact t ! dome/ic arts are 
no collection ( empirical conv5tions1 to

 be acquir$ by imitation or ex]cis$ by  
in/9ct4 ,x is cle>ly demon/rat$ t ! gr\p
 ( sci5ces ^u :i* !y re/ is m           
compreh5sive ?an mo/ p suspect1 & t _!  
contribution to ! solution ( press+     
dome/ic problems has s f> be5 b p>tially
 realis$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( consid]able   
int]e/ to obs]ve ! rem>kable cons5sus ( 
op9ion on ea* ( ^! po9ts among !        
recognis$ exp]ts 9 _! subjects1 to :om 7
 entru/$ ! prep>ation ( ! v>i\s sections
 ( ?is book4 ,! writ]s ( ! pap]s1       
untrammell$ by editorial re/rictions1   
ea* writ+ f ! fulness ( h] k1 te/$ by   
ripe exp]i5ce1 rea*$ indep5d5tly        
conclusions conspicu\s = _! unanimity4  
,x w be evid5t to ! mo/ casual read] t1 
9 ! op9ion ( ^! ?\ghtful wom51 bl9d     
in/9ct mu/ yield place to tra9$         
intellig5ce1 if home life is to be      
pres]v$ & mod]n conditions ( exi/5ce    
adequately adju/$ to human requirem5ts4 
,progressive *anges1 social1 comm]cial1 
indu/rial1 &1 la/ b n lea/1 educational1
 n[ require t ?is tra9$ intellig5ce be  

fo/]$ by organis$ in/ruction outside !  
home1 adapt$ to ! ne$s1 pres5t or       
prospective1 ( girls 9 e grade (        
society4 ,su* in/ruction1 :e!r 9 !      
fundam5tal sci5ces or 9 ! appli$ arts1  
mu/ be associat$ ) individual practice 9
 laboratory1 /udio1 workroom1 & kit*52 !
 details to be v>i$ z circum/ances      
dictate4  ,if1 h[ev]1 consi/5t          
applications ( su* k are to be made 9   
ord] t desirable sav+ 9 "t1 lab\r1      
money1 heal?1 or happ9ess %all be       
effect$1 graduate wom5 ( high atta9m5ts 
are urg5tly ne$$ = ! "w4 ,x is !y only  
:o c br+ to be> ^u ! problems ( *ildhood
 & adolesc5ce1 ( food1 ( clo?+1 ( h\s+1 
( dome/ic economics1 ( occupation1 re/1 
& recreation1 ! pati5t /udy & rese>* 9 !
 int]e/s ( humanity1 :i* m5 ( simil> /&+
 h lavi%$ ^u ! advancem5t ( comm]ce &   
indu/rial processes4 ,x is by _! skill$ 
lab\r 9 ! almo/ untrodd5 field ( dome/ic
 sci5ce t ! millions ( homes w b5efit   
:i* are committ$ to ! *>ge ( wom5 :o    
possess nei!r "t1 opportunity1 nor      

ability to c>ry out ^! indisp5sable     
inve/igations1 b :o c yet effectively   
fulfil _! responsibilities1 if !y be    
support$ by sy/ematic tra9+ & organis$  
common s5se1 bas$ on s\nd k4  ,x is 9 ! 
hope ( =w>d+ ^! objects t ?is book has  
be5 prep>$4    ,,alice ,,rav5hill4      
,,ca!r9e ,,s*iff4    ,nov4 #aiaj4       
,,cont5ts     ,,introduction--,a ,,brief
 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,(   ,,woman',s   
,,position ,,9 ,,! ,,family             
#aa      ,by ,,ca!r9e ,,s*iff1 ,(fici]  
d',academie    ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,biology
 ,,9 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,wom5          
#ce      ,by ,,w5ona                    
,,hoskyns-,,abrahall1 ,m4,a4 7,dub47    
,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold             
#ga      ,by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,%aw1 =m]ly 
,lectur] ( ,newnham     ,college1       
,cambridge4 ,au?or ( ,fir/ ,lessons 9   
,obs]vational     ,geometry4    ,,!     
,,economic ,,relations ,,( ,,!          
,,h\sehold                         #aba 
,by ,,mabel ,,atk9son1 ,m4,a4 7,glasg[71
 ,lectur] 9     ,economics1 ,k+'s       

,college = ,wom5 7,univ]sity (          
,london71 =m]ly ,scott ,s*ol> 9 !       
,univ]sity     ( ,glasg[2 ,rese>* ,/ud5t
 at ! ,london ,s*ool (     ,economics2 &
 ,fell[ ( ,economics1 ,bryn ,mawr       
,college1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,au?or ( ,local     
,gov]nm5t 9 ,scotl&4    ,,"s ,,relations
 ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce ,,to ,,family   
,,life    ,,& ,,individual ,,effici5cy  
#bjg      ,by ,,alice ,,rav5hill1 late  
,lectur] 9 ,hygi5e1     ,k+'s ,college =
 ,wom5 7,univ]sity ( ,london71 c4       
,au?or ( ,practical ,hygi5e1 ,"s        
,*>act]i/ics     & ,requirem5ts (       
,*ildhood1 ,elem5ts ( ,sanit>y     ,law1
 ,h\sehold ,foes4    ,,mod]n ,,woman ,,&
 ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,arts--      ,i4        
,,ne$lework ,,& ,,dressmak+             
#bie      ,by ,mrs4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,eddison1  
,g54 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,york%ire     ,ladies' 
,c\ncil ( ,education1 ,add$ ,memb] (    
,education     ,committee ( ,c\nty      
,c\ncil ( ,we/ ,rid+ (     ,york%ire1 c4
      ,,ii4 ,,h\secraft                 
#cjh      ,by ,,maud ,r4 ,,taylor1      

,exam9] 9 ,dome/ic ,sci5ce4     ,a      
,,brief ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,(         
,,woman',s ,,position ,,9 ,,! ,,family  
,,by ,,ca!r9e ,,s*iff   ,! home mu/     
always claim ! fir/ place 9 ! l>ge      
majority ( wom5's lives4 ,x has done s 9
 ! pa/1 x does s 9 ! pres5t1 x w cont9ue
 to d s 9 ! future4 ,b woman's          
activities are no long] to be m]ely     
conf9$ to h] own fireside1 ?\gh t mu/   
always hold a prom95t place4 ,! real    
problem ( ! day is ! "r conduct ( ! home
 on sci5tific l9es4  ,9 "s ways !       
managem5t ( ! home has nev] be5 m       
difficult4 ,! s]vant problem has nev]   
be5 m acute ?an to-day2 ! co/ ( liv+ & !
 /&>d ( com=t is go+ up by leaps &      
b\nds1 & ! old recipe ( ,fe$ ! brute1 z 
f> z ! husb& is conc]n$1 is no less     
ineffici5t4 ,x is ess5tial to-day to "k 
some?+ ab\t food values1 ! arrangem5t ( 
meals1 :i* avoid monotony1 & provide t  
requisite v>iety 9 n\ri%m5t1 on :i* !   
good heal? & ultimately ! good temp] ( !
 h\sehold dep5d4  ,aga9 we are realis+ !

 great complexities ( all que/ions deal+
 ) *ild-re>+ & education4 ,we h travell$
 f> f ! self-complac5cy ( ! woman (     
?irty ye>s ago1 :o bas$ h] claims to a  
?or\gh k ( ! up-br++ ( *ildr5 on ! fact 
t %e _h buri$ t54 ,?is ne$ = wid] k 9   
all bran*es ( h\sekeep+ is equally      
important to ! unm>ri$ woman1 :o is m & 
m be+ call$ ^u to act z a fo/]-"m1 :e!r 
z a tea*] or 9 "s o!r capacity1 to !    
nation's *ildr54  ,! c>e ( ! *ildr5 is  
consid]$ by all %ades ( op9ion to be !  
cl\ ( a woman's life1 & e day m & m     
responsibility is ca/ ^u h] 9 ?is       
respect4 ,h[ c %e1 !n1 fulfil ^! duties 
z !y %\ld be fulfill$ if %e is utt]ly   
ignorant ( ! laws ( heal? & ( *ild-life1
 & h[ bo? are affect$ by environm5t &   
all ! o!r grave & fundam5tal tru?s :i*  
lie at ! root ( ! successful up-br++ &  
developm5t ( ! *ild8 ,x is n[ a hackney$
 say+ t ! *ild ( to-day is ! man or     
woman ( to-morr[1 b a :ole _w ( tru?    
lies en%r9$ 9 ^? words2 ! *ildr5 are !  
assets ( ! nation1 & if _! up-br++ is n 

( ! be/ !y c nev] atta9 to t full       
h]itage ( developm5t :i* is ! "r ( e s\l
 born into ! _w4  ,sci5tific tra9+ 9    
,h\sehold ,adm9i/ration c alone save !  
sorely tax$ h\sewife ( to-day f becom+ m
 ?an a slave to h] dome/ic              
responsibilities4 ,x is only by be+ a   
mi/ress ( h] craft1 :e!r ,*9a fall or   
no1 t %e c make suffici5t "t to devote  
h]self to necess>y self-culture &       
recreation z well z to ^? ev]-gr[+      
outside duties :i* ! tw5tie? c5tury is  
impos+ ^u h] 9 ! %ape ( public & social 
"w4 ,if !re is "o ?+ :i* is becom+      
increas+ly obvi\s1 x is t ! help &      
advice ( sci5tifically tra9$ wom5 are   
absolutely necess>y 9 ! managem5t (     
hospitals1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,poor     
,law1 & ! g5]al solution ( social       
problems4  ,at no o!r epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( 
mank9d has woman /ood on ! same high    
plane z %e does to-day1 & at no o!r     
p]iod has s mu* be5 dem&$ ( h]1         
intellectually1 morally1 & physically4  
,x is only )9 rec5t ye>s t ,sci5ce has  

attempt$ to come to ! aid ( woman 9     
help+ h] fir/ly to obta91 & !n to       
ma9ta91 ! position = :i* %e 0 orig9ally 
design$1 z ! complem5t ( man & z ! *ief 
elem5t ( pres]vation 9 human society4   
,if ! hi/ory ( mank9d is trac$ back to  
primordial times1 we f9d t x 0 ! female 
:o possess$ p[] ov] ! emotional nature (
 man1 & x is becom+ increas+ly evid5t t 
! family owes its orig9 z a social      
factor to ! ,"m1 n to ! ,fa!r4 ,lipp]t  
is conv9c$ t ! idea ( an exclusively    
mat]nal k9%ip at "o "t ext5d$ ov] ! :ole
 e>?1 & ,mc,lennan says1 ,we %all       
endeav\r to %[ t ! mo/ anci5t sy/em 9   
:i* ! idea ( blood-relation%ip 0 embodi$
 0 a sy/em ( k9%ip ?r\gh ! females only4
  ,occupation seems to h be5 ! ma9      
factor 9 det]m9+ t ! "m r ?an ! fa!r    
%\ld be ! f\nd] ( ! family4 ,agriculture
 orig9ally appe>s to h be5 entirely !   
woman's indu/ry1 :ile ! m5 7 engag$ 9   
hunt+ or look+ aft] ! cattle1 & :]ev]   
agriculture 0 ! pr$om9ant feature ( life
 we f9d t relation%ip is trac$ ?r\gh !  

"m2 :ile on ! o!r h& ^? tribes :o 7     
*iefly pa/oral _h a pat]nal sy/em (     
relation%ip--t is to say1 t desc5t 0    
c\nt$ ?r\gh ! males4  ,drummond1 9 8    
book on ! ,asc5t ( ,man1 places !       
,evolution ( ,mo!rhood long be=e t (    
,fa!rhood4 ,an e>ly result1 p>tly ( h]  
sex1 p>tly ( h] passive /ra91 is ! f\nd+
 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! fir/ savage  
,"m ( a new & beautiful social          
/ate--,dome/icity--:ile ,man1 re/less1  
eag]1 & hungry1 is a w&]] on ! ,e>?1    
,woman makes a ,home6 ,& accord+ to !   
same au?ority we f9d t to ,man has be5  
assign$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! fir/ great      
function--! ,/ruggle = ,life--,woman1 ^:
 high] contribution has n yet be5 nam$1 
is ! *os5 in/rum5t = c>ry+ on ! ,life ( 
,o!rs4 ,nature took _m aeons to make a  
"m1 ^: gift to ! _w 0 ,love & ,sympa?y2 
! evolution ( ! ,fa!r came /ill lat]4 ,x
 0 :5 man's m9d fir/ became capable (   
mak+ its own provision aga9/ ! wea!r & !
 crops t ! possibility ( ,fa!rhood1     
,mo!rhood & ! ,family 7 realis$4 ,!     

,"m-age1 ) its "m-"r cu/oms1 0 a        
civilisation1 z ,i h indicat$1 l>gely   
built up by woman's activity & develop$ 
by h] skill2 x 0 an age )9 ! small      
social unit ( :i* !re 0 m community (   
int]e/1 f> m fell[%ip 9 lab\r & p>tn]%ip
 9 prop]ty & sex1 ?an we f9d 9 ! l>g]   
social unit ( to-day4#a  ,9 connection )
 ?is !ory ( ! ,"m-age x is int]e/+ to   
note t ! ,etruscans trac$ _! desc5t     
?r\gh ! female l9e1 & x 0 f ! ,etruscans
 t ! ,romans d]iv$ ne>ly all _!         
in/itutions2 ?us _m ( ! initiative =ces 
( civilisation h come d[n to u f wom54  
,x is believ$ t ! patri>*al sy/em--:]e !
 man 0 ! head ( ! family1 z among/ !    
,jews--:i* succe$$ ! ,"m-age1 grew out (
 ! cu/om ( captur+ wom5 belong+ to o!r  
tribes1 ?is be+ succe$$ lat] on by      
pur*ase1 & z soon z ! woman ceas$ to be 
protect$ by ! =ce ( ideas1 z soon1 t is 
to say1 z %e lo/ h] position z head ( ! 
family1 h] d[nw>d pa? 0 c]ta94 ,b ev5   
among primitive p we f9d t x 0 an almo/ 
univ]sal cu/om t a woman %\ld be provid$

 ) an indep5d5t prop]ty1 ,mitgift1 ?\gh 
z "t w5t on & ! patri>*al sy/em became m
 firmly e/abli%$1 x appe>s t ?is        
,mitgift became ! husb&'s prop]ty1 & t e
 bride 0 expect$ to br+ a d[ry to h]    
husb&1 ^: prop]ty %e became1 ?us los+   
all indep5d5ce4  ,h[ev]1 9 ,greece !    
position ( woman1 dur+ ! ,h]oic times 0 
to a c]ta9 ext5t an indep5d5t "o1 z is  
cle> f ! poems ( ,hom] & ! treatm5t (   
,hom]ic & ,h]oic !mes by ! ,a!nian      
dramati/s4 ,b "o has only to comp>e !   
,nausicaea ( ,hom] or ! ,electra ( !    
,trag$ians ) ! wom5 ( ! "t ( ,p]icles1  
to see h[ mu* ! /atus ( ! female sex _h 
det]iorat$4 ,! ,a!nian wife ( t "t 0    
treat$ z a m]e ,hausfrau1 expect$ to    
sp5d h] :ole "t at home 9 ! manag+ ( !  
h\sehold1 :ile ! husb& satisfi$ 8       
intellectual ta/es by int]c\rse ) !     
,/rang]-wom5 attract$ to ,a!ns f o!r    
t[ns4 ,?us arose a mo/ unnatural        
division ( functions among ! wom5 ( ^?  
days4 ,! citiz5-wom5 _h to be mo!rs &   
h\sewives--no?+ m2 ! /rang]-wom5 _h to  

dis*>ge ! duties ( ! companions1 b rema9
 outside ! pale ( ! privileg$ &         
m>riageable class4#b ,to ?is artificial 
condition ( dome/ic & social life may be
 p>tly attribut$ ! d[nfall ( ,a!ns1 = x 
is impossible to divide ! functions (   
woman )\t s]i\s risk to ,/ate & race4   
,9 anci5t ,rome ! patri>*al sy/em 0 !   
prevail+ cu/om4 ,"u ! ,roman law ! husb&
 0 ! only memb] ( ! family possess+     
legal rights4 ,! family 7familia7 9 its 
orig9al & prop] mean+ is ! aggregate (  
memb]s ( a h\sehold "u a common head2   
?is head 0 ! pat]familias1 ! only memb] 
( ! h\sehold :o possesses legal         
rights4#c ,x is true t !re 7 _m hon\r$  
wom5 "u ! ,roman ,republic1 su* z       
,cornelia & ,portia1 ! daught] ( ,cato1 
b ! lot ( ! majority 0 n an enviable "o4
 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! tutelage ( wom5   
became less sev]e1 & ,ju/9ian 9 revis+ !
 :ole ,roman code plac$ m>ri$ & family  
life on an altoge!r new basis1 ! husb&  
lo/ 8 absolute control ov] 8 wife's d[]1
 & 9 case ( sep>ation he _h to re/ore x 

entire4  ,wom5 _h be5 = s long "u su*   
/rict tutelage t !y 7 unfit to b5efit by
 ^! new laws4 ,d\btless x w be rememb]$ 
t ! corruption ( ! wom5 ( ! p]iod is    
practically unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 b x mu/
 be also borne 9 m9d t ! :ole sy/em (   
,imp]ial gov]nm5t 0 s vici\s t x 0 almo/
 impossible = wom5 to escape f !        
widespread influ5ce ( vice & corruption4
  ,*ri/ianity z a =ce began to make     
itself felt :ile woman 0 yet 9 ?is l[   
moral /ate1 & x is n !re=e surpris+ t to
 ! lead]s ( ,*ri/ianity ! fre$om :i*    
wom5 !n enjoy$ & ! easy me?od ( divorce 
obta9able 7 9 a l>ge measure responsible
 = ! vitiat$ /ate ( ,roman life4 ,9 _!  
eyes ! only means ( produc+ a m salut>y 
/ate ( affairs 0 to put a *eck on :at !y
 consid]$ a m5ace to a ,*ri/ian society4
  ,x is ( int]e/ to notice h[ ! attitude
 ( ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs t[>ds wom5 diff]s f t 
( ,our ,"l z record$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,!re 
inde$ are wom5 highly hon\r$1 & x is to 
a woman t ,*ri/ (t5 gives a message ( ! 
highe/ import4 ,x 0 to ,m>y ,magdal5 t !

 ,ris5 ,"l fir/ appe>$ & bade h] tell ! 
o!rs1 & aga9 x 0 ! woman ( ,sam>ia :o   
became ! in/rum5t ( salvation to h] p4  
,b to ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs ! ascetic ideal 0 !
 pr$om9ant "o1 & 9 consequ5ce !re( wom5 
7 treat$ z ! *ief s\rce ( temptation to 
man4 ,woman 0 repres5t$ z ! door (      
,hell1 z ! "m ( all human ills4 ,%e %\ld
 be a%am$ at ! v ?\ght t %e is a woman4 
,%e %\ld live 9 cont9ual p5ance on      
acc\nt ( ! curses %e has br\ght ^u ! _w4
 ,%e %\ld be a%am$ ( h] dress1 = x is ! 
memorial ( h] fall4 ,%e %\ld be         
especially a%am$ ( h] beauty1 = x is !  
mo/ pot5t in/rum5t ( ! demon4#d ,9 fact 
a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,aux]re 7,a4,d4  
#egh7 =bade wom5 to receive ! ,eu*>i/ 9 
_! nak$ h&s ow+ to _! impurity4         
,un=tunately ! bigotry ( ! ,e>ly        
,*ri/ian tea*]s gave ! fir/ *eck to !   
t5d5cy to fre] in/itutions1 ! next 0    
giv5 by ! fall ( ! ,empire4  ,) ! influx
 ( ! ,teutonic tribes we f9d a new code 
( ideas & morals1 b ev5tually a         
compromise 0 effect$ betwe5 ! ,g]manic &

 ,roman laws4 ,?us f v e>ly times we f9d
 t x 0 a ,g]man cu/om to provide e bride
 ) a d[]1 & ?is is rem>k$ ^u by         
,tacitus4 ,aft]w>ds ! ,*ur* adopt$ ?is  
cu/om1 :i* 0 /rangely en\gh bo? ,roman &
 ,teutonic 9 orig94  ,f ! "t :5 !       
,empire w5t d[n 9 a cataclysm :i* %ook !
 f\ndations ( ! _w1 until ! beg9n+ ( !  
,middle ,ages1 we he> b little ( woman4 
,x 0 ! ,/urm & ,drang p]iod 9 ! _w's    
hi/ory1 9 :i* woman _h no real position4
 ,! wom5 ( ! upp] classes 7 ( necessity 
conf9$ ei!r to ! ca/le or ! conv5t1 &   
woman's sph]e 0 !re=e a small "o2 man   
dem&$ no?+ m ?an t !y %\ld m9i/] to 8   
physical wants 9 ! %ort p]iods ( peace  
he !n enjoy$4 ,hallam says1 ,i am n sure
 t we c\ld trace v m9utely ! condition (
 wom5 = ! p]iod betwe5 ! subv]sion ( !  
,roman ,empire & ! ,fir/ ,crusade 444   
!re seems h[ev] to h be5 m r\ghness 9 t 
social int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes ?an we  
f9d at a lat] p]iod4#e  ,) ! end ( ?is  
/ormy p]iod comes ! dawn ( ! ,age (     
,*ivalry1 & f t "t =w>d until !         

,re=mation1 woman enjoy$ a portion at   
lea/ ( h] rightful position4 ,x is said 
t ,*ivalry n only be/[$ ^u ! woman      
p]fect fre$om 9 ! disposal ( h& & he>t1 
b requir$ ( ! knight :o %\ld w9 h]1     
devot$ & l5g!n$ s]vice2 ?is may be1     
h[ev]1 a r idealis$ view ( ! situation2 
b !re is no d\bt t ! ,c\rt & ! ,cloi/]  
became ! two c5tres ( wom5's lives1 & an
 intimate connection 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! 
two4 ,ne>ly all wom5 ( g5tle bir? 7     
educat$ 9 nunn]y s*ools1 & by ! eigh?   
c5tury we f9d t ^! s*ools _h atta9$ a   
high /&>d ( le>n+1 :i* increas$ &       
develop$ 9 ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,! conv5t
 af=d$ a %elt] to ! woman :o did n m>ry 
& to :om ! m>riage /ate did n appeal2   
!re %e 0 able to a c]ta9 ext5t to foll[ 
! c>e] %e desir$1 at ! same "t h]       
p]sonal safety 0 assur$4 ,! s*ol>1 !    
arti/1 ! recluse1 ! f>m]1 ea* f\nd a    
c>e] op5 to him2 :ile m5 & wom5 7       
prompt$ to und]take duties )9 & )\t !   
religi\s settlem5t1 :i* make _! activity
 comp>able to t ( ! reliev+ (fic]1 !    

poor law gu>dian1 & ! di/rict nurse ( a 
lat] age4#f ,x is p]haps ( int]e/ to u  
to note t ! fir/ hospital = lep]s 9     
,engl& 0 f\nd$ by a woman1 good ,que5   
,maud1 9 #aaja at ,s4 ,giles' on ! ,ea/4
  ,! rule ( an abbey or a priory call$ =
 no mean bus9ess capacity on ! "p ( _!  
heads1 & z a rule ! abbess & prioress 7 
wom5 ( great bus9ess & adm9i/rative     
ability4 ,be=e ! ,norman ,conque/ ne>ly 
all ! nunn]ies f\nd$ 9 ,engl& 7         
abbacies1 subsequ5tly priories 7 ! mo/  
usual f\ndations1 z accord+ to feudal   
law wom5 7 unable to hold prop]ty4  ,!  
latt] half ( ! fifte5? & sixte5?        
c5turies are r5[n$ ?r\gh\t hi/ory = _!  
wom51 :o1 occupy+ =emo/ positions 9 !   
gov]nm5t1 7 clev]1 cultur$1 &           
lib]al-m9d$4 ,"o has b to m5tion ! names
 ( ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess ( ,ri*mond1 ! ,lady
 ,m>g>et ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge2 (        
,leonore d',e/e1 ! "m ( equally fam\s   
daught]s1 ,isabella & ,beatrice d',e/e2 
,m>gu]ite de ,valois1 si/] ( ,francis   
,i41 & ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 to conjure  

up be=e "o's eyes ! :ole procession ( ! 
pr\d & capable wom5 ( ^! days4  ,"o &   
all h be5 fruitful z successive /ages ( 
gr[?1 yet !y c nev] recur1 & only !     
fanatic or vision>y c\ld wi% t !y %\ld  
recur1 = ea* is n>r[ & insuffici5t f !  
/&po9t ( a lat] age4  ,9 ,engl& ! wom5  
:o 7 ! mo!rs ( ! m5 :o creat$ ! great   
,elizabe?an epo* 7 almo/ )\t exception  
br\ght up 9 nunn]y s*ools#g &1 alas1 !  
de/ruction ( ! nunn]ies & ! rise ( !    
,puritan _s s\nd$ ! dea?-knell ( wom5's 
education4 ,aft] ! ,re=mation ! position
 ( woman 0 peculi>ly degrad+2 9 ! eyes (
 ! law %e possess$ practically no /atus1
 & ! old *ivalr\s feel+ = woman seems to
 h fad$ out ) ! romance ( ! ,middle     
,ages--%e n[ figur$ z ! legal prop]ty ( 
man1 '! safegu>d aga9/ s91' ! be>] (    
*ildr5 ad inf9itum4  ,s woman 0 left    
once m to s9k back into a sl\gh (       
despond1 until ) ! end ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury !re arose ! humanit>ian movem5t &
 ! gradual awak5+ ( woman to ! s5se ( h]
 responsibility1 ) ! inevitable coroll>y

 ( h] rightful position z ! social equal
 ( man4  ,if ^! ideals are to be        
realis$1 woman mu/ recognise h]         
responsibilities & act accord+ly4 ,%e   
has prov$ h]self a m ?an apt /ud5t 9 all
 ! lib]al /udies1 %e has practically =c$
 ! door ( ne>ly all ! pr(essions1 n[ %e 
mu/ realise t %e mu/ apply h] high]     
le>n+ to :at is probably ! mo/ difficult
 pr(ession ( all1 ! managem5t ( ! home1 
or 9 o!r words %e mu/ see t ! k %e has  
acquir$ be adapt$ & turn$ to practical  
aims4  ,up to ! pres5t "t ! conduct ( ! 
home has be5 regulat$ purely by rule (  
?umb me?ods2 if h[ev] 9 ! future x c    
only be adm9i/]$ ) ! same me?od &       
sci5tific exactitude z prevail 9 o!r    
great bus9ess ent]prises1 ! drudg]y (   
h\sekeep+ w dim9i% & woman w cease to be
 a slave to h\sehold duties4 ,%e w h m  
"t to devote to ! cultivation ( h] own  
m9d1 & ?us1 :ile becom+ a m real        
companion to man1 %e w be free to take a
 m enlight5$ int]e/ 9 ! education &     
developm5t ( h] *ildr54  ,incid5tally   

?is may g to prove t a s\nd k ( !       
h\sehold sci5ces & arts may s]ve1 n to  
tie a woman m to ! /or]oom & kit*51 b to
 enable h] to get bett] results ) !     
exp5diture ( less "t & en]gy1 by enabl+ 
h] to apply to ev]y?+ simple & complex  
)9 ! h\sehold ! ma/]-m9d1 in/ead ( ! m9d
 ( ! unc]ta9 amateur4  ,h]              
responsibilities are great n only z an  
individual b z a memb] ( ! community to 
:i* %e belongs2 & if %e is to fulfil ^! 
responsibilities 9 respect to ! home1 %e
 _c d s )\t a ?or\gh sci5tific          
prep>ation4  ,! home is ! cradle ( life1
 x 0 ! bir?place ( ^? indu/ries :i*     
to-day =m ! great c5tres & con/itute !  
means ( livelihood = millions4 ,9 "s (  
^! !re is reason to believe t woman took
 h] %>e z orig9ator4 ,) ! process ( "t1 
^! primitive practices h gr[n into !    
great indu/ries & arts ( to-day1 yet x  
is /ill to ! woman t ! call comes to    
cultivate & use h] ta/e 9 ^! matt]s1 s t
 :5 x falls to h] to be responsible = ! 
decoration & furni%+ ( a h\se1 %e may be

 able to *oose 9 all dep>tm5ts ( life   
:at is ! be/1 to ! ev]la/+ b5efit (     
h]self & h] family1 bo? physically &    
morally4  ,if man be ! produc] &        
di/ribut] ( weal?1 woman is c]ta9ly !   
director ( consumption4 ,on h] re/s !   
responsibility ( exp5d+ wisely & well ! 
money entru/$ to h] = ! nutrition &     
clo?+ ( h] family1 & h[ c ?is be        
adequately fulfill$ if %e h no real k ( 
! subject beyond :at %e is able to pick 
up z %e goes along1 a me?od detrim5tal  
to all conc]n$8 ,little w\ld be ?\ght ( 
any bus9ess h\se :i* entru/$ its mo/    
delicate op]ations to inexp]i5c$ buy]s1 
or ( any municipality :i* all[$ its     
affairs to be conduct$ by an amateur4   
,f> less w\ld be he>d ( mis]y1 pov]ty1 &
 ill-heal? if ! art ( buy+ & prep>+     
food1 = in/ance1 7 prop]ly und]/ood by  
^? :om x mo/ conc]ns4  ,aga91 ! *ief    
racial responsibility falls on woman2 x 
is j 9 ! mo/ preci\s ye>s ( *ildhood t  
h] influ5ce is s pot5t1 & x is ! "m1 :o 
besides help+ to s[ all ! e?ical &      

spiritual se$s1 %\ld safegu>d ! p]fect  
physical condition ( h] *ildr51 9 ord] t
 an unimpair$ vitality & con/itution be 
h&$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,no      
prov]b is tru] ?an ,m5s sana 9 corpore  
sano2 ! two g h& 9 h& toge!r1 & _!      
accompli%m5t is ! pr\d privilege ( !    
woman4  ,f ! family fl[s ! life ( !     
nation1 & ! p[] to guide x aright lies  
l>gely 9 ! h&s ( wom51 :e!r !y be m>ri$ 
or s+le4 ,) ! m>ri$ woman h] own family 
comes fir/ ( all1 & !n ?r\gh x h] duty z
 a citiz52 ! unm>ri$ woman's duties z a 
citiz5 are manifold1 & ea* ye> !y       
increase & exp&4 ,ne>ly all ! activities
 ( public life are op5 to h]2 = in/ance 
%e may sit on ,c\nty ,c\ncils1          
,municipal ,c\ncils1 ,di/rict ,c\ncils1 
urban & rural ,p>i% ,c\ncils1#h ,bo>ds (
 ,gu>dians1 c42 9 fact 9 ! gr[+ field ( 
social "w1 h] s]vices are be+ m & m     
recognis$ z indisp5sable1 & x is        
impossible 9 a few words to enum]ate all
 ! possibilities ( s]vice :i* lie be=e  
h]1 bo? pr(essional & philan?ropic4     

,consequ5tly if a heal?y nation is      
desir$1 ! wom5 ( a c\ntry mu/ be educat$
 bo? academically & sci5tifically4 ,if  
wom5 are to be fit wives & mo!rs !y mu/ 
h all1 p]haps m1 ( ! opportunities =    
p]sonal developm5t t m5 h4 ,all !       
activities hi!rto res]v$ to m5 mu/ be   
op5 to !m1 & _m ( ^! activities1 c]ta9  
functions ( citiz5%ip1 = example1 mu/ be
 expect$ ( !m4 ,moreov]1 :atev] ! l9es  
may be along :i* ! fitness ( woman to   
lab\r w be exp]im5tally det]m9$1 !      
und]ly+ position mu/ be e/abli%$ t1 = ! 
sake ( ! individual & race "*1 %e mu/ be
 a produc] z well z a consum] ( social  
values4#i  ,n[ h[ is ?is mo/ desirable  
end to be atta9$8 ,! succe$+ pap]s w    
deal ) ! subject 9 ext5so2 "h c only be 
briefly indicat$ ! scope & purpose ( !  
majority4  ,an em95t au?ority tells u t 
! objects ( nature may be designat$ z ! 
objective po9t ( view4 ,x is ! /&po9t ( 
biology & af=ds ! natural conditions = !
 successful inve/igation ( ! laws (     
life1 n only ( ! l[] organisms b ( !    

human race z well4#aj ,?is imm$iately   
demon/rates ! vital necessity t wom5    
%\ld "k some?+ ( ^! fundam5tal laws (   
life1 :i* biology alone c tea*1 9 ord] t
 %e may apply ^! to h] ord9>y daily life
 & recognise !m z op]at+ 9 all h]       
surr\nd+s4  ,! transition f ?is /age to 
! next is an easy "o4 ,woman hav+ le>nt 
! laws ( life1 w imm$iately view h]     
economic responsibilities ) a cle>] eye 
& full] und]/&+4 ,x is true t ?r\gh\t ! 
ages woman has /riv5 to acquit h]self z 
be/ %e c\ld1 b until ! pres5t day x has 
mo/ly be5 a grop+ 9 ! d>k1 )\t ! aid (  
any ext]ior ag5cy4 ,n[ light is beg9n+  
to be ?r[n on _m po9ts hi!rto obscure4  
,h\sehold economics has be5 well said to
 re/ on two *ief corn]/ones1 ! economy (
 weal? & ! economy ( heal?1 & encloses !
 gr\ndwork ( human happ9ess & human     
aspirations 444 ev5 all dep>tm5ts (     
sci5ce mu/ contribute to its developm5t4
  ,b a m]e k ( biology & economics is   
useless )\t bodily effici5cy1 & true    
bodily effici5cy is only possible :]e ! 

environm5t is fav\rable to gr[? & life4 
,x _c be expect$ t full physical        
developm5t c ev] take place 9           
ill-light$1 badly v5tilat$1 defectively 
dra9$ or o!rwise objectionable h\ses4 ,&
 x mu/ nev] = a mom5t be =gott5 t if !  
body be neglect$1 !n1 z an inevitable   
consequ5ce1 ! m9d & _s mu/ also become  
w>p$4 ,x is n t we desire man to develop
 8 physical nature at ! exp5se ( 8      
spiritual1 b r t we w\ld see him plac$ 9
 su* a condition t he is able to apply  
^? great faculties1 :i* di/+ui% him f ! 
brute creation1 to _! highe/ & be/ use4 
,! anci5ts recognis$ 9 v e>ly times !   
ne$ ( sanit>y precautions to protect    
!mselves f ! onslaught ( disease & !    
consequ5t decimation ( _! race4  ,we f9d
 ,m5a1 ,k+ ( ,egypt 7#ejjj ,b4,c471     
m5tion+ 9 8 ,ord9ances t (f5ces 9 diet 7
 "o ( ! ?+s ?r\gh :i* ! g5ius ( dea?    
becomes eag] to de/roy m54  ,!          
,levitical ,laws conta9 _m enactm5ts ( a
 sanit>y "*1 !y are "o ( ! olde/ kn[n   
sanit>y codes1 & h _m wise & necess>y   

provisions = ! heal? ( ! p4  ,rules = ! 
conduct ( rural life 7 =mulat$ s f> back
 z #ajj-ejj ,b4,c4 9 ,boeotia4 ,t>qu9us 
,priscus began & ,t>qu9us ,sup]bus      
complet$ ! great works = ! dra9age (    
,rome 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 (
 :i* ! ,cloaca ,maxima 0 ! mo/ rem>kable
 feature2 ev5 to-day ! anci5t           
wat]-supply ( ,rome & h] sy/em ( ba?s   
are /ill a s\rce ( admiration to ! mod]n
 _w4 ,& to _! cr$it be x said t !       
,romans c>ri$ ?is k ) !m to ! c\ntries  
:i* !y conqu]$2 we f9d aqu$ucts at      
,great ,*e/] & ,lan*e/]1 an art]ial sew]
 at ,l9coln1 & ! well-kn[n ba?s at ,ba?4
  ,f ! de/ruction ( ,rome until         
well-nigh t5 c5turies lat] 0 a p]iod 9  
:i* no advance 9 sanitation 0 made2 on !
 contr>y1 retrogression 0 ! keynote ( ! 
"t4 ,w>f>e1 religi\s segregation1 & !   
spread ( asceticism 7 ! *ief reasons =  
?is2 ! ideals ( bo? ,*ri/ian & ,pagan 7 
oppos$ to p]sonal & public hygi5e4 ,!   
ascetic violat$ all laws ( p]sonal      
hygi5e1 ! mona/]y's ideal 0 inconsi/5t )

 public hygi5e1 & bo? glorifi$ ,god by  
tea*+ submission to pe/il5ce1#aa :i* f  
"t to "t swept ov] ! c\ntry1 deva/at+ x 
f end to end4  ,b ) ! increase ( trade x
 became necess>y to adopt c]ta9 measures
 = ! pres]vation ( human life1 & 9 #acdh
 we he> ( ! fir/ /reet-clean+ & qu>ant9e
 9 ^? two great c5tres ( comm]ce1 ,v5ice
 & ,cologne4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye> t ! mo/  
t]rible plague :i* ! _w has ev] kn[n    
attack$ ,brita9 & practically depopulat$
 x1 f9d+ its *ief prey 9 ! fil?y /reets 
( ! ,city4 ,?is l$ 9 #acgi to an ,ord] 9
 ,common ,c\ncil = keep+ ! /reets clean4
 ,b despite ?is1 all ?r\gh m$iaeval     
times p]sonal heal? 0 %amefully neglect$
 & public heal? practically unkn[n4 ,!  
consequ5ces are easy to trace2 ! c\ntry 
0 aga9 & aga9 swept by epidemics :i* 7  
naturally foll[$ by sev]e fam9es1 & ?us 
on e side progress 0 *eck$4 ,! ,fire (  
,london at lea/ cleans$ ,london ( its   
fil?1 & f t "t =w>d matt]s began to     
improve4 ,all ?r\gh ! eighte5? c5tury1  
smallpox1 typhus1 scurvy1 & ague 7      

rampant1 & x is n till #ahcd t we f9d ! 
beg9n+ ( sanit>y legislation4 ,9 #ahcg !
 ,act = ! ,regi/ration ( ,bir?s & ,dea?s
 0 pass$1 :i* at once provid$ !         
indisp5sable f\ndation = reliable       
/ati/ics2 previ\s to t date all t !re 0 
to dep5d ^u 7 ! ,baptismal ,regi/]s & ! 
m or less accurate ,bills ( ,mortality4 
,?is has be5 foll[$ by a long s]ies (   
,public ,heal? enactm5ts conc]n$ )      
practically e dep>tm5t ( life4 ,9 fact  
dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ! public consci5ce
 has be5 quick5$ to an extraord9>y      
degree4 ,mu* h[ev] has yet to be done   
:i* _c be t\*$ by legislation1 & x is to
 ! woman1 :o has be5 tra9$ 9 ! "r       
conduct ( life bo? private & public1 t !
 _w looks = ! pres]vation ( heal?y human
 life1 mu* ( :i* is n[ ne$lessly        
sacrific$ on ! alt> ( ignorance4 ,9 _m  
cases ! woman is ! only p]son :o c      
prev5t ?is1 !re=e %e mu/ equip h]self = 
h] high & noble duty ) all t ,sci5ce c  
provide & ,art c sugge/1 nei!r mu/ %e   
=get t h] own home mu/ ev] be !         

/>t+-po9t ( e endeav\r4 ,= ! ,mrs4      
,jellabies ( ?is _w are n ^? :o help    
=w>d its progress1 r are !y ! clogs on  
its :eels4  ,n only *>ity1 b all o!r    
virtues beg9 at home4 ,s long z ! fir/  
conc]n ( a nation is = its homes1 x     
matt]s little :at x seeks second or     
?ird4   ,,footnotes3      #a ,k>l       
,pe>son1 ,! ,*ances ( ,dea?1 p4 #c4     
#b ,donaldson1 ,woman1 p4 #eh4 ,longmans
  ,co4      #c ,gre5ridge1 ,roman       
,public ,life1 p4 #ah4 ,macmillan  ,co4 
#d ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 
vol4 ii4 p4 #ceh4      #e ,hallam1      
,hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages4      #f      
,eck/5/e91 ,woman "u ,mona/icism1 p4    
#ajf4      #g ,! ,m$iaeval ,education ( 
,wom5 9 ,engl&1 ,j\rnal (               
,education1 ,june #aiji4      #h ,x is  
int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to note ! foll[+        
,electoral         ,disabilities = wom5 
9 ,engl& & ,wales1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d        
n exi/ 9 ,scotl& or ,irel&3--           
,no m>ri$ woman c vote 9 any ,t[n       
,c\ncil election or 9 any         ,c\nty

 ,c\ncil election outside ,london4      
,no woman own] has any "r1 9 virtue ( h]
 own]%ip1 to         vote 9 any local   
election4 ,until #ahid wom5 own]s1 z    
su*1         7 entitl$ to vote 9 ,poor  
,law ,gu>dian elections1 b !            
,local ,gov]nm5t ,act ( t ye>           
disfran*is$ !m1 :ile         enl>g+ !   
vot+ rights ( m5 own]s4          ,no    
woman lodg] c vote 9 any local election1
 al?\gh m5         lodg]s c vote 9      
,di/rict & ,p>i% ,c\ncil & ,gu>dian     
elections1 & 9 ! election ( ! ,london   
,c\nty & ,london         ,bor\gh        
,c\ncils4          ,= wom5 !re is no    
s]vice fran*ise--su* z entitles m5 to   
vote 9 ,di/rict & ,p>i% ,c\ncil &       
,gu>dian elections1 &         9 !       
election ( ,london ,bor\gh              
,c\ncils--i4e4 no occupation         ( a
 dwell+ z an (ficial or s]vant 7=       
example1 z matron         or c>etak]7   
entitles a woman to be plac$ on !       
,regi/]4          ,= nei!r m5 nor wom5  
is !re any own]%ip fran*ise1            

lodg] fran*ise1 or s]vice fran*ise =    
,t[n ,c\ncil         elections or =     
,c\nty ,c\ncil elections outside        
,london4      #i ,p>sons1 ,! ,family1 p4
 #cdf4     #aj ,le/] ,w>d1 ,dynamic     
,sociology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #abj4 ,d4       
,appleton &         ,co41 ,new ,york4   
#aa ,sanit>y ,record & ,j\rnal1 ,nov4   
#bd1 #aijd4     ,,! ,,place ,,(         
,,biology ,,9 ,,! ,,equipm5t ,,( ,,wom5 
,,by ,,w5ona ,,hoskyns-,,abrahall1      
,m4,a4 7,,dubl97   ,9 consid]+ :at is ! 
be/ m5tal equipm5t = wom5 9 civilis$    
c\ntries x is z well n to contemplate   
only ! great g5]al facts ( life1 su* z  
wifehood1 mo!rhood1 & ! woman's position
 9 ! h\sehold4 ,x is necess>y to take   
into acc\nt also ! special *>act]i/ics &
 circum/ances ( our own times &         
civilisation2 =1 unless a woman is      
prep>$ to meet ^! successfully1 %e _c be
 deem$ adequately equipp$1 ev5 if f o!r 
po9ts ( view h] education be ideal4 ,9 !
 beautiful old-fa%ion$ education (      
,japanese wom5 we h an in/ance ( su*    

ideal excell5ce1 :i* is yet prov+ unable
 to cope ) ! requirem5ts ( actual life 9
 mod]n ,japan4  ,! mo/ /rik+1 & also !  
mo/ radical & p]vasive1 *>act]i/ic ( our
 "t is1 ( c\rse1 ! progress made 9      
sci5tific k4 ,mon? by mon? enorm\s      
numb]s ( facts are1 9 e dep>tm5t1 add$  
to ! k already acquir$4 ,to let "o's    
imag9ation range1 ev5 9 a cursory way1  
ov] ! "w t is be+ done 9 *emi/ry &      
physics m]ely z !y conc]n biology--to   
enum]ate ! subdivisions ( ^! sci5ces1 or
 to look d[n a li/ ( rec5t publications 
relat+ to rese>* c>ri$ on 9 !m1 is en\gh
 to make "o's bra9 reel4  ,?is ceaseless
 wid5+ ( ! bord]s ( k is1 we mu/ gladly 
all[1 mo/ inspirit+2 & yet1 se5 f ano!r 
side1 x may well give rise to fe>s4 ,= x
 is fairly obvi\s t ! progress ( human  
happ9ess goes by no means p>i passu )   
?is progress ( k2 &1 on look+ m closely1
 we may ev5 obs]ve mis]ies &            
degradations :i* c be trac$ up directly 
to ! practical application ( "s ( ^?    
sci5tific discov]ies4  ,to :at mu/ we   

ascribe ?is8 ,x w\ld seem to be !       
outcome ( two l9es ( t5d5cy j n[        
pr$om9ant4  ,! fir/ ( ^! is t v /rong   
b5t t[>ds m]e accumulation ( fre% facts 
:i* may be not$ 9 ! mo/ able & active   
work]s all ov] ! _w4 ,j z1 9 o!r times1 
! be/ m9ds h flung !mselves ) en?usiasm 
^u art or lit]ature or philosophy or    
/atesman%ip or w>1 s n[ !y fl+ !mselves 
eag]ly ^u ! discov]y ( m & m recondite  
tru?s 9 sci5ce--leav+ ! ord9>y gov]nm5t 
( affairs1 on ! :ole1 to m9ds ( ! second
 ord]4  ,! next is ! reckless way 9 :i* 
isolat$ sci5tific discov]ies--m         
especially 9 physics & *emi/ry--are     
br\ght to a practical application &     
introduc$ into ! s*eme ( ev]yday human  
life4 ,?is is done )\t consid]ation (   
any?+ beyond ensur+ "s obvi\s sup]ficial
 conv5i5ce1 &--:at is a pr9cipal        
det]m9ant--! op5+ up ( new f9ancial     
ent]prises4 ,advantages ( a sort no d\bt
 are won--b (t5 only at a fe>fully      
disproportionate co/4 ,! game--if we    
w\ld b look at x unconv5tionally1 f !   

/&po9t ( true biological sci5ce--is n   
wor? ! c&le2 = x involves a sacrifice ( 
life itself to :at c h>dly be consid]$  
ev5 z ! means ( life4  ,?us ! *emicals  
us$ to pres]ve food impair its nutritive
 qualities2 :ile o!r *emicals1 z well z 
a numb] ( +5i\s me*anical processes1    
s]ve to facilitate adult]ation4 ,we all 
"k h[ difficult x is to obta9 pure milk 
& butt]1 or pure bread f pure fl\r1 or  
jams made ) sug> f fre% & good fruit4   
,bread may be made f fl\r :i* has pass$ 
?r\gh no less ?an sev5 processes1--a sad
 contra/ ?is to ! old home-made bread1 !
 product ( home-gr\nd meal1 :ole & sweet
 z nature made x4 ,:at is sold 9 enorm\s
 quantities to ! p z sug>1 :e!r alone or
 z "p ( pres]ves1 turns out (t5 to be   
glucose4 ,butt]1 s-call$1 is (t5 only   
skilfully-treat$ fats1 ! weight help$   
out by wat]4 ,^! ?ree articles ( diet   
alone1 :5 adult]at$ z !y ?us (t5 are1   
mean s]i\s det]ioration 9 ! food--&     
!re=e 9 ! physique--( ! nation2 & to !m 
we h yet to add ! effect ( ! *emicals   

us$ = keep+ fi% & meat 9 place ( !      
g5u9e1 old-fa%ion$ pickl+1 salt+1 &     
smok+4  ,ma*9]y1 aga91 gr[+ ev] m & m   
complicat$1 has de/roy$ an incalculable 
weal? ( traditional activity3 & !re)1   
g5]ation by g5]ation1 x t5ds to de/roy !
 f9e/ capacities ( individual m5 & wom51
 :e!r produc]s or consum]s ( ! f9i%$    
product4 ,! consum]s suff] ?r\gh ! lack 
( opportunity to acquire & ex]cise      
manual dext]ity & res\rcefulness--z well
 z ?r\gh a great lack ( exp]im5tal k4 ,!
 produc]s suff] ?r\gh ! monotony &      
n>r[ness ( _! lab\r4  ,we may take z o!r
 in/ances ( recklessness our common use 
( unprotect$ illum9ants--electric light 
& inc&esc5t gas-mantles--:i* give (f    
ultra-violet rays injuri\s to ! eyes2 ! 
use ( portable electric lamps & swit*   
lamphold]s1 :i* is by no means free f   
risk2 & aga9 ! extreme recklessness ( ! 
s-call$ m$ical electrician1 :o w        
actually v5ture to give electrical      
massage to a pati5t imm$iately aft] wet 
pack4#ab  ,z a la/ example we may take !

 rage = spe$1 & 9 p>ticul> ! use (      
electrically driv5 motor-c>s4 ,! exact  
effects ^u ! human frame ( ! rapid      
motion1 ( ! vibrations1 ( ! pres5ce ( ! 
electric curr5t & escap+ gas h nev] be5 
adequately inve/igat$--?\gh sundry ill  
consequ5ces ( motor-driv+ h be5 not$ )\t
 any dim9ution ( ! practice4  ,a v      
cursory reflection may %[ u t1 :ile !   
progress ( sci5ce is ! great *>act]i/ic 
fact ( mod]n life to :i* we all h to    
adju/ ourselves1 we mu/ be prep>$ n only
 to take advantage ( ! good x (f]s1 b   
also to disc]n & c\nt]act ! p]ils x br+s
 ) x1 :5 appli$ to human life 9 our     
pres5t some:at r&om way4  ,! r&om nature
 ( our proce$+s may be illu/rat$ f yet  
ano!r side4 ,!re are a numb] ( facts &  
pr9ciples1 long s9ce agre$ ^u z truly   
asc]ta9$1 :i* h nev]1 or only v         
p>tially1 be5 br\ght to be> ^u cu/om &  
daily life4 ,we all "k t pl5ty ( fre%   
air is a fir/ condition ( heal? & vig\r2
 & are s f> conv9c$ ( ?is v]ity t       
op5-air treatm5t is g5]ally accept$ z ! 

prop] mode ( attack+ & ma/]+            
consumption4 ,yet we cr[d toge!r into   
cities3 our h\ses are (t5 v imp]fectly  
v5tilat$1 & our public build+s--*ur*es1 
!atres1 halls1 s*ools & in/itutions1 z  
well z our railway-c>riages &           
tram-c>s--provide only = ! v m9imum (   
*ange ( air4 ,simil> neglect ( def9itely
 asc]ta9$ facts may be se5 9 dress1 9   
food & dr9k1 9 furniture1 9 occupations4
 ,noise is well kn[n to be injuri\s to !
 bra91 & de/ructive to ?\ght3 m ?an t1 x
 has be5 discov]$ t x is h>mful to !    
visc]a4 ,we insi/1 m or less1 ^u quiet =
 ! sick3 b no tr\ble is tak5 ab\t quiet 
= ^? :o are well4 ,our ?or\ghf>es e*o ) 
noises ( all k9ds1 f ! ro> ( traffic to 
! h[l+ & :i/l+ ( err&-boys2 & !         
au?orities w\ld be mu* surpris$ if !y 7 
acc\nt$ specially neglig5t = n mak+ "s  
ef=t to suppress !m4 ,yet to any        
biologically tra9$ p]son ?is noise mu/  
appe> n disagreeable m]ely1 b a real    
h&icap to ! heal? & en]gy ( ! community4
 ,:]ev] fai?fulness to sci5tific        

pr9ciple involves tr\ble )\t prospect ( 
money-mak+1 x is likely to be %irk$1    
h[ev] great ! b5efits kn[n to come f x4 
,?is is n entirely due to laz9ess1 nor  
yet to ignorance1 x is due q z mu* to   
circum/ance & to ! pressure ( our pres5t
 social in/itutions4 ,x is closely b\nd 
up ) ! great social "q ( ! own]%ip ( l&1
 & ) ! husb&ry & use ( ! res\rces ( !   
l&1 our riv]s & our sea-%ore4 ,wa/+ a   
great measure ( :at ^! h to give u1     
pollut+ !m 9 diff]5t ways by our        
manufactures & by ! refuse ( our cities1
 we are con/ra9+ :ole masses ( our      
population to look to ! "w & ! products 
( o!r c\ntries = ! fir/ necessities (   
life4 ,:ole masses ( our population are 
remov$ f direct contact ) ! soil1 :i* is
 ! nurs+-"m n only ( ! body1 b also ( ! 
m9d ( man2 ! p & ! l& be+ ?us alike     
impov]i%$4 ,inquir+ h[ s dang]\s an     
error c h aris51 we may f9d at lea/ "p (
 its cause to lie 9 an ignorance ( !    
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( biology1 ! sci5ce
 ( life4  ,:at1 x may n[ be ask$1 is to 

be done to c\nt]act ^! disadvantages &  
dang]s8 ,&1 aga91 h[ does all ?is be> on
 ! equipm5t ( wom58  ,tak+ ! latt] "q   
fir/3 x is indisputable t an enorm\s    
proportion ( our comm]ce & manufactures 
is conc]n$ ) food & ) articles requir$ =
 ! home4 ,b ?+s = ! home are made to be 
dealt ) & us$ by wom54 ,9 s f> z sci5ce 
comes 9 & modifies ?is mat]ial x is     
imp]ative t wom5 %\ld be plac$ 9 a      
position1 n only to "k :at are !        
ess5tials = life1 b also to criticise & 
e/imate accurately t :i* is (f]$ to !m z
 sci5tific improvem5t4 ,= we ne$1 9 ?is 
connection also1 to rememb] t sci5ce c  
only be f\ght by sci5ce--t is1 by k     
belong+ to ! same plane4  ,we h n[ 9 "p 
answ]$ our =m] "q4 ,:at we ne$ is a     
c5tral or basal sci5ce to :i*--=        
practical purposes & 9 reg>d to its     
practical application--! "w done 9 o!r  
sci5ces c be br\ght to be accept$1 or   
reject$1 or modifi$4 ,?is c5tral sci5ce 
c1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 be none o!r ?an  
biology3 ! sci5ce1 t is1 :i* gives an   

acc\nt ( ! functions & int]-relations & 
/ructure ( all liv+ ?+s1 & d$uces       
!refrom ^? pr9ciples :i*1 9 a r loose   
way1 we speak ( z ! laws ( life4  ,x    
w\ld1 we ?9k1 be a v happy turn (       
affairs if1 n all1 b "s ( t g5ius1 :i*  
is n[ sp5d+ itself 9 ! rese>* = fre%    
facts1 c\ld be div]t$ to ! "w (         
correlat+ ) "o ano!r facts already kn[n1
 & br++ all ^? t are appropriate to be  
gr\p$ z x 7 9 ord] ( s]vice ar\nd       
biology4  ,b p]haps n less important ?an
 ?is is :at we may call ! practical     
syn!tic "w ( wom5 9 _! h\seholds4 ,!re  
are1 inde$1 two circum/ances :i* w\ld   
give ! ord9>y woman ( av]age            
intellig5ce1 if %e 7 b adequately       
in/ruct$1 "s advantage1 s f> z ! s]vice 
( mank9d goes1 ov] ev5 ! mo/ brilliant  
man ( g5ius4 ,! fir/ is ! vantage-gr\nd 
( h] position 9 ! home--at ! v po9t1 t  
is1 :]e s _m sci5ces ?ru/ !mselves up   
toge!r to ! surface ( actual life--:]e 9
 "s way or o!r1 h[ev] r\ghly1 !y h to be
 correlat$1 comp>$1 _! diff]5t claims   

adju/$4 ,! second is ! natural          
incl9ation ( ! womanly m9d t[>ds syn!sis
 r ?an analysis1 t[>ds practice r ?an   
!ory4  ,we ought n[ to consid] r        
closely--exhau/ively we _c--:at is      
includ$ "u ! t]m ,biology4 ,x /ood = "s 
"t *iefly to mean an acc\nt ( !         
/ructures ( animals & plants1 /ructure  
be+ pursu$ into ev] fur!r m9ut5ess1 d[n 
to ! cell & ! con/itu5ts & p>ts ( !     
cell4 ,) ?is has gone insi/5t inquiry   
into ! process ( reproduction & gr[?2 & 
m lately1 9 bio-*emi/ry & bio-physics1 !
 con=mity ( liv+ sub/ance to ! ord]     
recognis$ 9 non-liv+ matt] has be51 & is
 be+1 mo/ eag]ly inve/igat$4 ,& n[ a    
s*ool ( biologi/s is aris+ ^: aim is !  
v9dication ( ! claims ( function z aga9/
 ! too exclusive /udy ( /ructure4       
,function1 ( c\rse1 involves activity2 &
 activity1 9 a complex1 multicellul>    
organism1 involves ! int]play ( p>ts4   
,?is int]play1 aga91 _c be /udi$ )\t    
ref]5ce to ! environm5t1 & to !         
relations betwe5 ! organism 9 "q &      

o!rs--:e!r ( its own or ( o!r species4  
,9 ?is way x seems likely t             
biology--mov+ z x 7 9 a spiral--w       
by-&-by return1 ?\gh at a mu* high]     
level1 to ! /&po9t ( ! old] naturali/s1 
^: int]e/ 9 plants & animals 0 focuss$ m
 ^u _! activities1 habits ( life &      
special environm5t ?an ^u _!            
morphology--& ev5 disda9$ n to consid]  
_! possible uses = man4 ,also1 m        
?or\ghly & ext5sively ?an be=e1 ! /udy (
 man himself is be+ caught up into !    
great web ( ,biology4 ,x is se5 z an    
integral "p ( ,biology1 & pursu$ 9 !    
biological _s4 ,:e!r we look to         
psy*ology on ! "o h&1 or to an?ropology 
& its associat$ sci5ces on ! o!r1 !     
pres5t is a mo/ propiti\s mom5t = draw+ 
public att5tion to ?is va/ sci5ce1 z be+
 ! true c5tre & f\ndation ( t practical 
k :i* is ne$$ z a guide1 & also z a     
/imulus1 = practical ev]yday life4  ,x  
w1 ( c\rse1 be in/antly object$ t !     
subject is inde$ va/--mu* too va/4 ,b n 
too va/1 surely1 if1 by means ( a v     

simple pr9ciple1 we select out :at is ( 
imm$iate def9ite use1 & necess>y =      
ev]ybody1 f :at may be1 by ! majority1  
safely left on "o side4 ,we %all !n get1
 on ?is side1 ! highly specialis$       
,biology ( ! laboratory ) its m9ute     
rese>*es & nicely calculat$ exp]im5ts1  
&1 on t1 :at we may1 = our pres5t       
purpose1 call ,common-s5se ,biology4  ,j
 "o ^w ( explanation is p]haps ne$$ at !
 outset4 ,common-s5se ,biology does n   
mean any?+ l t slip%od deal+ )          
miscellane\s ph5om5a ( nature :i*       
sometimes goes by ! "n ( ,nature ,/udy4 
,x is a c\rse ( "w sy/ematic & /rictly  
sci5tific1 conduct$ z truly z any o!r 9 
! sci5tific _s4 ,x pres5ts1 h[ev]1 two  
po9ts ( contra/ ) special or analytical 
,biology1 9 t1 :]eas1 9 analytical      
,biology1 a beg9n+ may be made          
practically any:]e1 ) any s]ies ( facts 
"o may pref] to take fir/1 9            
,common-s5se ,biology !re is only "o "r 
mode ( />t+1 & t ( ! utmo/ importance2  
:ile1 secondly1 ,common-s5se ,biology   

comb9es "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( an art ) ! 
ord9>y *>act]i/ics ( a sci5ce4          
,,common-,,s5se ,,biology  ,x is ?is    
latt] =m ( ! sci5ce--?is sci5ce1 :i* is 
also an art--t we w\ld advocate z       
ess5tial = ! equipm5t ( wom54 ,) ?is    
view let u exam9e x fur!r4  ,& fir/1 :at
 is its prop] />t+-po9t8 ,its prop]     
/>t+-po9t is accurate in/ruction conc]n+
 ! liv+ ?+s ) :i* ! /ud5t is1 or c      
easily be1 br\ght into imm$iate         
practical contact4 ,&1 aga91 9 ! /udy ( 
^! liv+ ?+s--plants & animals           
alike--att5tion is direct$ fir/ t[>ds ! 
organism 9 its totality & 9 its         
activities--t[>ds function r ?an t[>ds  
/ructure2 & also t[>ds mode ( life1     
relations ) environm5t1 &1 :]e possible1
 t[>ds its use or dang] to mank9d4      
,/ructure w1 no d\bt1 e>ly h to be      
introduc$1 b only 9 its l>g] details z  
explanatory ( function1 = ! sake ( a    
bett] k ( ! animal or plant z a :ole4   
,:at are to be ! types & examples (     
organisms /udi$8  ,?is is an important  

"q1 & ! writ] w\ld mo/ /rongly urge t ! 
pr9ciple ( selection %\ld be t (        
locality2 t ! /ud5t %\ld />t ) ^? plants
 & animals--bo? wild & dome/ic--:i* are 
to be f\nd )9 a giv5 radius ( ! place   
:]e %e is liv+ & work+4 ,! fir/ ?+s to  
"k ab\t are habit1 activity1            
int]-relation & use to human be+s4 ,9   
respect to ^!1 ! pres5ce ( "o organism w
 react ^u o!rs1 & !re=e no plant or     
animal )9 ! area %\ld be lightly        
ov]look$4   ,,! ,,importance ,,(        
,,bact]iology  ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conf9e 
att5tion to ! high] multicellul> animals
 & plants4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important factors
 9 ! environm5t is ! exi/5ce ( bact]ia2 
& x is ( great importance t an outl9e ( 
bact]iology %\ld be includ$ 9 our c\rse 
( ,common-s5se ,biology4 ,?is outl9e    
%\ld be kept close to ! common          
necessities ( ev]yday life4 ,= ! sake ( 
mak+ cle> & real to ! m9d ! mann] 9 :i* 
bact]ia multiply & ! extreme rapidity ( 
! process1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( microscopical
 "w ought to be done1 ! examples be+    

few1 b c>efully *os54 ,?is k9d ( "w1    
nev]!less1 %\ld be kept subord9ate4 ,!  
effects wr\ght by bact]ia 9 wat]1 e>? & 
air1 9 /or$ food/uffs1 & 9 ! tissues ( !
 liv+ body are ! important subjects =   
/udy2 & naturally1 connect$ ) ^!1 !     
conditions :i* p]mit ! access ( bact]ia 
or :i*1 9 ! case ( noxi\s bact]ia1 w be/
 ensure protection4  ,! rationale (     
tox9s & anti-tox9s1 ) ! relations ( ^!  
to ! blood-s]um %\ld also1 9 a g5]al    
way1 be kn[n2 & moreov] ! /ud5t %\ld be 
prep>$ to le>n t _m diseases1 :i* are at
 pres5t v imp]fectly und]/ood--we may   
take1 = in/ance1 =ms ( insanity--h _!   
v]a causa 9 ! action ( tox9s1 & require 
to be treat$ accord+ly4  ,p]haps1 = ^?  
:o _c take m ?an ! %ort] c\rses ( our   
,common-s5se ,biology1 x w be suffici5t 
to consid] only ^? =ms ( inimical       
bact]ia :i* we h to combat 9 our own    
isl&s4 ,b ! writ] w\ld /rongly urge t1  
at lea/ among wom5 ( ! leisur$ classes1 
?is in/ruction %\ld be ext5d$ to cov] ! 
bact]ial & o!r m9ute p>asitic =ms (     

disease mo/ preval5t 9 our colonies & 9 
our =eign possessions4 ,! wives (       
(fic]s1 civil s]vants & mission>ies     
ought to "k1 9 a cle>1 sci5tific way1 ! 
causes1 modes ( attack1 & me?ods (      
prev5tion ( ! pr9cipal tropical         
diseases1 s f> z ^! h at pres5t be5 made
 out4   ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy  ,:at %\ld be
 ! me?od ( ?is /udy8  ,! sket*+ out ( a 
c\rse w\ld be f> beyond ! scope ( ?is   
pap]4 ,"h x may only be said t ! "w mu/1
 ( necessity1 fall into two ma9 p>ts4   
,!re mu/ be1 on ! "o h&1                
field-naturali/'s "w1 = ! great]        
proportion ( ! animals & plants /udi$   
ought--s f> z is 9 any way              
practicable--to be obs]v$ 9 _! natural  
surr\nd+s2 & !re mu/ be1 on ! o!r h&1 "w
 alli$ to t ( ! g>d5] & f>m]1 ! re>+ (  
select$ plants & animals = purposes (   
exp]im5t & ( clos] exam9ation4 ,no?+    
wor? m5tion+ c be done on ei!r ( ^! l9es
 )\t "s /udy ( ! food & climatic        
conditions requir$ by ea* creature2 &   
?is w involve a /udy ( soils1           

temp]ature1 atmosph]e1 & s on--& also a 
/udy ( ! nutri5t prop]ties ( ^?         
organisms :i* furni% =? ! food ( o!r    
organisms4 ,f ?is k1 ga9$ ?us ?r\gh     
direct obs]vation & exp]im5t1 w\ld be   
d$uc$ ! g5]al pr9ciples :i*--s to       
express x--gov]n life2 & ^u x z         
f\ndation w\ld be re>$ ! m specialis$ k 
( all t p]ta9s /rictly to ! life (      
mank9d4 ,?r\gh\t ! aim %\ld be to use   
books ma9ly = ref]5ce4  ,x is n         
necess>y--z x might h be5 a few ye>s    
ago--to %[ t a tra9+ on ^! l9es is      
bett]1 z a prep>ation = life1 ?an t (f]$
 by ! ord9>y s*ool & univ]sity          
curriculum2 b x may be wor? :ile to %[  
h[ f> & :y x is sup]ior to a well-plann$
 c\rse 9 ! analytical biology ( !       
laboratory4 ,! sup]iority is surely     
tw(old3 9 t ! k9d ( k acquir$ is (      
great] practical utility2 &1 aga91 9 t !
 developm5t :i* x ensures1 to ! p[]s1   
bodily & m5tal ( ! /ud5t1 is m v>i$1    
?or\gh1 & effective4   ,,common-,,s5se  
,,biology ,,z ,,an ,,art  ,z has be5    

said1 ?is ,common-s5se ,biology p>takes 
( ! nature ( an art4 ,n[ x is *>act]i/ic
 ( any art t1 = its satisfactory        
ex]cise1 x dem&s n only k1 b also       
intuition2--n only consci\s volition1   
reflection1 & endeav\r1 b also          
subconsci\s n]v\s & muscul> activity1 &1
 toge!r ) t1 a c]ta9 emotional /ate--a  
tr5d1 t5d5cy1 disposition ( ! :ole be+1 
:i* likewise is *iefly subconsci\s4     
,)\t su* a disposition to beg9 ) y _c h 
an arti/4 ,nei!r w y get an arti/1 if1  
on ! o!r h&1 ?is disposition is nev]    
giv5 an opportunity = display+ itself & 
develop+ its capacities4 ,y _c play an  
in/rum5t prop]ly if y h no music 9 y1 & 
! music 9 y w nev] come =? if y h no    
in/rum5t to play ^u4 ,:5 disposition &  
opportunity are happily met1 & ! true   
arti/ arises1 x is 9 ! subconsci\s t !  
*ief ri*es1 ga9$ by h] "w & exp]i5ce1   
are /or$1 & f ! subconsci\s t %e draws  
h] skill2 :ile 9 ! subconsci\s1 aga91   
lie ! my/]i\s s\rces ( orig9al          
inspiration4 ,we all "k well h[         

ov]-consci\sness spoils art1 z x spoils 
mo/ k9ds ( action4 ,! happie/ effects1 !
 lovelie/ de$s spr+1 z x 71             
spontane\sly4  ,:at is true ( su* arts z
 music & poetry is at lea/ equally true 
( ! art ( liv+4 ,! ri* & well-h>monis$  
subconsci\sness is ! proximate s\rce    
:5ce all t is /ronge/ & mo/ beautiful 9 
human activity is d]iv$4 ,! dome/ic     
arts1 conv]sation1 p[] ( rapid judgm5t  
at a crisis1 ! c>e ( ! sick1 ! c>e (    
*ildr51 tactful daily deal+ ) "o's      
fell[s1 all ^!1 & s mu* else1 we        
recognise to be dep5d5t = p]fection ^u  
practice2 & t is only ano!r way ( say+ t
 !y dep5d on ! effici5cy & ! "* ( !     
subconsci\s4 ,b ! "* & effici5cy ( ea*  
p]son's subconsci\s be+ dep5d 9 _!      
turn--n solely1 yet pr9cipally--fir/1 ^u
 ! k %e has acquir$1 & secondly1 ^u !   
actions %e has habitually p]=m$4 ,action
 & be+1 z we all "k full well1 are = ev]
 act+ & react+ ^u "o ano!r4  ,action is 
a m pot5t influ5ce ^u ! subconsci\s ev5 
?an k2 & :5 to m]e activity !re is add$ 

emotion--su* emotion1 = in/ance1 z      
pleasure or love1 or solicitude1 or     
desire = tru?--we may feel assur$ we h  
br\ght into play ! mo/ p[]ful ( all !   
=ces :i*1 9 an ord9>y way1 g to vivify &
 to =m human "*4  ,! subconsci\s is ev5 
m important = wom5 ?an = m51 because    
wom5 h m calls ^u _! emotions1 & m ne$ =
 intuition1 & also m ne$ = g5]al        
res\rcefulness & skill4 ,x is because ! 
,common-s5se ,biology ^: claims we are  
urg+ involves s mu* activity1 su* c>e1  
quickness ( obs]vation1 pati5ce & ready 
wit1 t x makes a bett] prep>ation = life
 ?an ! m highly specializ$ "w 9 !       
,biology ( ! laboratory alone c\ld be4  
,,! ,,ga9s ,,& ,,losses ,,(             
,,civilisation  ,is !re1 x may n[ be    
ask$1 any:]e any def9ite evid5ce to be> 
out ?is cont5tion4 ,!re is3 & 9         
abundance4 ,= x1 h[ev]1 we mu/ look away
 f civilis$ communities1 especially f ! 
educat$ portion ( _! populations4       
,civilisation1 no d\bt1 gives mu*2 b x  
also takes mu* away4 ,x has tak5 away   

mu* ( ! traditional lore ( wom51 & m & m
 ( _! traditional activities4 ,?is does 
n m]ely mean t ! practical ability & k (
 civilis$ wom5 is greatly re/rict$2 x   
means also t ! peculi> intuitive wisdom 
( wom5--! fruit ( a ri*ly-/or$          
subconsci\sness--is mu* dim9i%$4 ,9     
capacity = pure ?\ght ! educat$ woman ( 
civilis$ communities no d\bt excels all 
! re/3 9 mo/ o!r respects ! b>b>ian or  
savage woman w--) "s few                
exceptions--probably be f\nd h] sup]ior1
 :e!r judg$ m]ely by h] ma/]y ( !       
conditions amid :i* %e has to "w1 or1 m 
broadly1 by ! am\nt ( h] real k & !     
range ( h] effective capacities4  ,take1
 z an example1 ! ,eskimo woman1 :o is   
consid]$ to repres5t ! woman (          
palaeoli?ic times4 ,z !re is no ,eskimo 
,bo>d ( ,education--no p>aph]nalia (    
,prim>y1 ,second>y1 ,te*nical1 & o!r    
,s*ools1 ) _! r$ tape & (ficialism--%e  
is free to c>ry on ! tradition ( h]     
ance/resses1 & to re>1 9 ! good old     
ways1 *ildr5 :o gr[ up to be /urdy m5 & 

wom54 ,! prep>ation %e _h = h] task 0   
*iefly t ( wat*+ & imitat+ h] own "m4   
,?us1 z a *ild1 %e foll[$ all !         
processes ( turn+ ! dead re9de] to      
acc\nt--le>n+ !reby an economy & an     
unwill+ness to wa/e :i* 7 ess5tially    
sci5tific--le>n+1 too1 subconsci\sly4   
,%e saw ! fle% ( ! re9de] made into     
pemmican--cut into ?9 slices1 & dri$ 9 !
 sun or 9 ! smoke ( a sl[ fire1 !n p\nd$
 betwe5 /ones 7! use ( /ones is wor?    
notic+7 & /or$ "u a cov] ( melt$ fat1   
p\r$ ov] x 9 due proportion4 ,%e saw !  
bones--aft] ! m>r[ _h be5 extract$ f    
!m--p\nd$ d[n & boil$ to get out !      
residual fat2 ! horns set aside to make 
fi%-hooks1 *isels1 ne$les1 & fi%+-spe>s1
 "w = ! long w9t] ev5+s2 ! sk9 c>efully 
dress$ ) a split bone & cut into %ape to
 make clo?+1 & sn[-%oes1 ?ongs1 b[-/r+s1
 fi%+-nets1 & s on4 ,! v t5dons make    
?reads = sew+3 & ! g>m5ts ?us fa%ion$   
are n only /rong & s]viceable1 b        
beautiful ) t p>ticul> beauty1 :i* may  
p]haps be call$ b>b>ic1 b :i* almo/     

inv>iably d5otes vig\r & fulness (      
subconsci\s life4 ,! ,eskimo wom5 also  
make _! own boats & _! own tools2 !y are
 good fi%]s & hunt]s4 ,_! ye>'s "w      
comprises an ex]cise ( dext]ity & quick 
wit ( :i* ! ord9>y ,engli%woman c h no  
idea4  ,we might take z ano!r example ! 
,nor? ,am]ican ,indian woman1 ) h] v>i$ 
=e/-lore2 b1 s9ce space is limit$1 let u
 pass = "o fur!r illu/ration to !       
despis$ ,au/ralian aborig9al4 ,%e too   
kn[s & does ?+s wor?y ( our admiration &
 imitation4 ,= in/ance ! ,engli%        
h\sewife's prep>ation ( ! h\sehold food 
is no?+ l s consci5ti\s z !             
,au/ralian's1 ^: proce$+s h ! ke5       
dis9t]e/$ conc5tration prop] to a bit ( 
sci5tific rese>*4 ,?us1 to take b "o    
example ( ! processes connect$ ) !      
prep>ation ( "o =m ( food--a se$ ( a    
species ( eucalyptus3 ,) a hook$ /ick %e
 pulls d[n ! t]m9al bran*es ( ! tree &  
spreads !m out to dry on a piece ( gr\nd
 cle>$ = ! purpose4 ,aft] all[+ !m to   
lie !re = a p]iod det]m9$ by temp]ature1

 %e collects ! di/al ends ( ! bran*es1  
damps !m & bru%es ! se$s (f into wat]4  
,= a p]iod ( two or m h\rs ^! se$s are  
kept soak+1 b ! wat] is repeat$ly *ang$1
 s z to remove all traces ( ! 'gum4'    
,aft] ?is !y are dri$ & gr\nd on a /one4
 ,aga91 %e builds _! r\gh1 b wisely     
devis$ home mo/ c>efully accord+ to     
anci5t tradition4 ,%e takes h] little   
girl1 arm$ ) a m9iature digg+-/ick1 out 
to track ! honey-ant ) h]1 & to le>n by 
! way :at are ! birds & bea/s & plants1 
fri5dly or inimical1 :i* surr\nd _!     
home-camp4  ,alongside ( ?is direct     
le>n+ ab\t nature goes ! le>n+ ( !      
leg5ds & traditions ( ! tribe1 toge!r ) 
! cu/om>y dances1 rituals1 & religi\s   
practices4 ,! activity ( savage life is 
ev]y:]e su* t no anomalies l our        
physical ex]cises are ne$$1--= !        
physique ( ! "y m5 & wom5 is z graceful1
 /rong1 & endur+ z ne$ be4  ,if we turn 
to savage or b>b>ian peoples high] 9 !  
scale we %all f9d _! k1 abilities1 &    
accompli%m5ts high] & also m v>i$4 ,b1  

on ! :ole1 until we come to ! av]age    
mod]n woman ( a civilis$ community1 we  
%all f9d t ! wom5--?r\gh _! happily     
develop$ subconsci\sness--are equal to !
 be/ ! community requires ( !m4 ,!y d n 
call _! tra9+ ,common-s5se ,biology1 b t
 is :at x practically is4 ,!y "k all    
ab\t _! surr\nd+s1 & :at to d !re94 ,&  
grace & beauty wait ^u :at !y d4  ,?is  
ideal is n1 h[ev]1 q )\t p>allel among !
 m highly civilis$ peoples4 ,! ,greeks  
conceiv$ ( ,a!ne1 ! great goddess (     
wisdom & ( w>1 z also ,a!ne ,ergane1 !  
,workwoman1 ! goddess ( h&icrafts 9 !   
home4 ,9 our own c\ntry--to take        
examples ne> to u & famili>--! names (  
,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ,jane ,au/51 !         
,brontes1 ,m>y ,som]ville1 & ,george    
,eliot n only atte/ ! fact t exquisite  
skill 9 dome/ic arts is n1 9 a woman1   
incompatible ) le>n+ & g5ius1 b may also
 lead u to suspect t ! ex]cise ( ?is    
skill actually aid$ & fur!r$ _!         
bett]-kn[n a*ievem5ts4  ,9 our civilis$ 
communities--f ! po9t ( view ( !        

subconsci\s--wom5 are 9 two ways at a   
disadvantage4 ,fir/1 excessive division 
( lab\r1 ) our dep5d5ce ^u ma*9]y1 has  
made ! life ( ! ,/ate f> m complicat$   
?an 9 =m] days2 & secondly1 ! activity (
 ! individual1 f ! same causes1 is f> m 
monoton\s1 f> less well-calculat$ to br+
 out all h] p[]s & tra9 h] be+ z a :ole1
 ?an x us$ to be4 ,h5ce1 z we said1 wom5
 h lo/ a good deal subconsci\sly--ev5   
?\gh1 9 consci\sness1 !y may h ga9$4    
,!re is no?+ 9 :i* ! "* ( ! subconsci\s 
is m cle>ly se5 ?an 9 a p]son's attitude
 t[>ds ! great my/]ies ( life3 t[>ds    
bir? & m>riage & dea? on ! "o h&--t[>ds 
religion on ! o!r4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 matt]
 ( common k t 9 reg>d to m>riage !      
cu/oms ( "s savage tribes are :at we    
%\ld describe z lic5ti\s4 ,a tru]       
und]/&+ ( ! savage m9d has1 h[ev]1      
mitigat$ _m ( ! judgm5ts pass$ ev5 ^u ! 
wor/ ( ^! practices--at lea/ 9 s f> z !y
 7 tak5 to indicate gross inw>d         
depravity on ! "p ( ! wom54 ,& among _m 
peoples !re are f\nd laws & cu/oms (    

real beauty & noble significance1       
witness+ to rev]5ce1 f9e intuition1 &   
real c>e = ! highe/ good ( ! tribe4 ,& 9
 g5]al ( all savage races x may be said 
t :atev] _! laws & cu/oms are--?\gh     
p]haps born ( ignorance & selfi%ness--!y
 feel s]i\sly ab\t !m z ab\t sacr$ ?+s1 
& obs]ve !m scrupul\sly4  ,! bett] side 
is exemplifi$ *iefly by ! wom54 ,:5     
an?ropological "w is m l>gely und]tak5  
by wom51 & :51 ?r\gh _! sympa?y1 !      
jeal\sly gu>d$ secrets ( ! wom5's       
tradition1 n[ almo/ entirely unkn[n1 are
 yield$ up to u1 x is probable t our    
conceptions ( savage life & ?\ght w h to
 be radically modifi$4 ,h[ev] t may be1 
x is ev5 n[ suffici5tly well kn[n t !   
wom5 d n leave ! "q ( reproduction &    
m>riage to *ance 9 ! education ( _!     
girls4 ,! girls are def9itely1 c>efully1
 & x w\ld seem (t5 t5d]ly1 taught2 & if1
 among "s peoples1 !y are made to und]go
 great suff]+s1 a clos] /udy usually    
reveals 9 ^! ! effects ( ! long         
subjection ( ! wom5 to ! cruelty &      

uncontroll$ passions ( ! m54 ,all ?is   
%\ld n bl9d u to ! fact t ! mat]nal     
in/9ct is "h actively grappl+ ) ! great 
realities ( life3 & we may contra/ ?is )
 ! ways ( ! mod]n woman :o1 less        
develop$ 9 subconsci\sness1 is n s      
=cibly impell$ to make any su* attempt1 
&1 = ! mo/ "p1 practically lets ! :ole  
?+ slide4 ,"h1 z 9 o!r directions1 !    
full] developm5t ( ! subconsci\s w\ld   
compel & also enable u to correct a     
grave omission3 :ile ! k necess>ily     
acquir$ conc]n+ reproduction & bir? 9 ! 
c\rse ( biological "w w\ld fill up t :i*
 has hi!rto (t5 be5 want+ ev5 9 !       
be/-inspir$ wom5 :o h dealt ) ?is "q4   
,x mu/ by n[ h be5 made cle> t our      
object 9 advocat+ ?is ,common-s5se      
,biology is to recov] :at 0 excell5t 9 !
 equipm5t ( ! wom5 ( ! pa/1 & to unite x
 ) :at is mo/ excell5t1 & mo/ g]mane to 
woman's life1 9 ! me?ods & k ( ! pres5t4
 ,s9ce mod]n h\sehold life is defici5t 9
 ! requisite opportunities we are oblig$
 to h rec\rse to def9ite educational    

s*emes4 ,b education ( ?is sort w       
assur$ly cont9ue to be necess>y ev5 aft]
 _m improvem5ts 9 ! home h be5 br\ght to
 pass2 because x w always be necess>y to
 keep ! k & activities ( wom5 9         
correspond5ce ) ! advance ( sci5ce4 ,at 
! same "t x is wor? :ile to rememb] t ! 
e>li] ! *ild beg9s to obs]ve liv+ ?+s1  
to live ) !m1 le>n ab\t !m1 & take c>e (
 !m1 ! bett] ! f9al result w be2 :ile ! 
ideally tra9$ "m 9 ! ideal home1 h]self 
practical & active1 w be able to d m =  
h] *ildr5 9 ?is reg>d ?an mo/ p1 p]haps1
 w\ld n[ dream (4   ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,(  
,,common-,,s5se ,,biological ,,tra9+    
,,on ,,social ,,"w  ,biological tra9+ ( 
! ord] we h be5 consid]+ is1 we believe1
 desirable = all wom5 9 ! int]e/s1 fir/1
 ( ! home & ( ! re>+ ( *ildr54 ,b x is  
equally desirable = ! wom5 :o are n     
de/9$ to be wives & mo!rs1 & p>ticul>ly 
s z a f\ndation = any k9d ( univ]sity   
"w1 ev5 = ! diff]5t lit]>y or           
philosophical s*ools4  ,"h x is1 p]haps1
 wor? :ile to urge ^u wom5 ! claims ( ! 

o!r great division ( ,biology1 t ( !    
laboratory4 ,a consid]able numb] ( wom5 
:o g up to ! univ]sities h1 inde$1      
intellectual abilities des]v+ special   
cultivation1 yet abilities :i* %[ no v  
di/9ct incl9ation 9 any "o direction4   
,^! h be5 v commonly draft$ into ! /udy 
( hi/ory4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r "s    
bran* ( ,biology w\ld n be bett] = !m1 &
 m useful to ! community4 ,wom5 work+ at
 ,biology 9 ! univ]sities ought to s]ve1
 & to aim at s]v+1 z ! *annels by :i*   
ea* fre% addition ( sci5tific k f9ds its
 way to1 & its appropriate place 91 !   
s*emes ( ,common-s5se ,biology g5]ally  
obta9+4  ,9 ano!r field--! field (      
public "w--x is to be hop$ t ere long a 
k ( biology w come to be consid]$ a s9e 
qua non = wom54 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to 
po9t out 9 h[ _m k9ds ( public "w wom5  
are gradually com+ to ! =e--9 ^?        
especially :i* deal ) education & ) !   
c>e ( ! disabl$4 ,already ! influ5ce & !
 peculi> gifts ( wom5 h 9 "s degree made
 !mselves felt2 b ^! might op]ate mu* m 

p[]fully if !y 7 m commonly associat$ ) 
sci5tific k--) a k ( ^? bran*es (       
biology1 m especially ( bio-*emi/ry &   
bio-physics1 :i* be> mo/ ne>ly ^u       
humanity4  ,x w\ld take up too mu* space
 to give an acc\nt ( ! _m ways 9 :i*    
biology is "h ( s]vice3 two great l9es (
 utility may j be indicat$ z examples4  
,fir/1 biology w\ld lead to c]ta9       
modifications ( practice--p>ticul>ly 9  
our treatm5t ( *ildr51 & ( p]sons deem$ 
crim9al or insane4 ,! biologi/1 :5 any?+
 0 amiss--be=e %e pron\nc$ any "o to be 
m5tally or morally uns\nd1 defective1 or
 bad--w\ld presume1 to />t )1 t !re 0 "s
 def9ite physical tr\ble to be set "r1 n
 necess>ily any?+ dang]\s 9 itself or   
my/]i\s4 ,9 ,new ,york !y n[ make x a   
rule to exam9e = ad5oids e "y (f5d]     
aga9/ ! law1 be=e puni%+ him2 & x is    
amaz+ h[ (t5 ad5oids are f\nd1 & :5     
remov$ c>ry ! *ild's wick$ness away )   
!m4 ,ad5oids & div]s gl&s are           
responsible = a great proportion (      
y\?ful wrongdo+2 & yet o!r physical     

tr\bles w acc\nt = a great proportion ( 
! re/4 ,! writ] h]self once came across 
a "y girl :o 01 9 int5tion & attempt1 a 
murd]ess--yet 0 s only ?r\gh ! effect ( 
a common physical condition1 easy en\gh 
to treat :5 once asc]ta9$4 ,until our   
g5]al conception ( a *ild--or inde$ ( a 
human be+--is a m truly biological "o1  
fram$ m closely ^u ! facts ( its bodily 
life1 we %all h b little effective      
intuition into its /ate4 ,& su* a s\nd  
biological conception is n to be _h ap>t
 f "s good measure ( s\nd biological k4 
,:51 h[ev]1 ! mo/ c>eful obs]vation     
reveals no local or def9ite mis*ief to  
be dealt ) 9 ! p]son "u consid]ation1 ! 
biologi/ w /ill n ha/ily set him d[n z  
bad--or ev5 z uns\nd or defective4 ,he w
 next suspect t he is "o ^: physical    
organisation is n fitt$ = its           
environm5t3 if he c be plac$ 9 a bett]  
environm5t p]haps he w gr[ bett]4 ,if   
?is *ange is1 f :atev] circum/ances1    
impossible1 ! biologi/ 9 treat+ him1    
h[ev] tr\blesome he may be1 w /ill nev] 

reg>d him z :olly responsible = :at he  
is1 w /ill try to asc]ta9 ! exact ways 9
 :i* ! environm5t presses injuri\sly ^u 
him1 & to help him 9 ^? def9ite         
p>ticul>s4 ,if we desire ! "w ( our     
re=matories & prisons & ! discipl9>y "w 
( our s*ools really to be & n m]ely to  
appe> effective1 x is only by su*       
nicely-calculat$ me?ods t we %all atta9 
our object4  ,?is br+s u to our second  
po9t4 ,biology1 :5 a k ( x is m widely  
spread among u1 w assur$ly "w a *ange 9 
public op9ion4 ,we h among u ?\s&s ( m5 
& wom5 :om we acc\nt failures 9 life2 ^:
 exi/5ce con/itutes our grave/ social   
problem4 ,! drunk>d1 ! wa/rel1 ! ?ief1 !
 pro/itute--^! are *>act]s :om society  
?ru/s out4 ,!y h prov$ !mselves unfitt$ 
= _! environm5t2 !y _c act 9 x ) any    
regul>ity or seeml9ess3 its laws are n  
_! laws4 ,& ! assumption mo/ g5]ally is 
t ^! are be+s ( a l[] /amp ?an ! av]age1
 unhappily surviv+ 91 or at w> )1 an    
environm5t :i* po/ulates a nobl] sort ( 
m5 & wom54 ,is x s8  ,! f9] & m         

delicately pois$ a me*anism--:e!r x be  
*emical balance1 galvanomet]1           
electroscope or :at n--! m s5sitive is x
 to its surr\nd+s4 ,?us ! in/rum5ts once
 at ,kew ,obs]vatory h _h to be         
transf]r$ to ! wilds ( ,scotl& to ensure
 _! p]fect work+--r5d]$ impossible at   
,kew by ! noise & vibrations ( encroa*+ 
,london4 ,?us1 aga91 ! m9d ( ,d>w9      
requir$ = its prop] function+ ! quiet ( 
a /udy at ,d[n1 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4 ,a 
ray ( light w spoil a delicate exp]im5t3
 ! pres5ce 9 an obs]vatory ( "o /eel key
 w h9d] ! "w ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,a boy      
commits suicide because ( ! noise ( !   
factory 9 :i* he is compell$ to "w4 ,a  
girl dr[ns h]self because ! worries ( h]
 home are intol]able4  ,! po9t ,i w\ld  
press is t ^! diff]5t examples belong   
fundam5tally to ! same category4 ,:e!r x
 be ! in/rum5t devis$ by man1 or :e!r x 
be ! human n]v\s sy/em itself1 t :i* we 
are look+ at is a me*anism too delicate 
= ! cruel exig5cies ( an unyield+ gross 
environm5t4 ,we h b to reflect on "o    

organ alone--on ! exce$+ f95ess (       
/ructure1 & nicety ( adju/m5t1 &        
def9it5ess ( s5se-limit1 ( ! eye--9 ord]
 to realise t ! comp>ison betwe5 ! human
 n]v\s sy/em & ! mo/ delicate ( our     
delicate in/rum5ts is m ?an ju/ifiable4 
,h[ d we "k1 :5 deal+ ) any giv5        
drunk>d1 t we h n be=e u a f9e1 f9e     
nature1 to :i* ! h>% & l[ conditions (  
our ,we/]n civilisation h simply prov$  
intol]able8 ,h[ d we "k t1 in/ead (     
blam+ him & try+ to adju/ him to ! _w1  
we ought n r to blame ! _w1 & try to    
make x a fit place = him to live 98     
,?is consid]ation--/rictly sci5tific z x
 is--ought to h v great weight 9 t new  
dep>tm5t ( biological "w :i* has be5    
nam$ ,eug5ics4 ,be=e lightly say+ ( any 
/ock t x is n good to bre$ f1 or t x is 
good to bre$ f1 pa9s %\ld surely be tak5
 to asc]ta9 :e!r irregul>ities & disease
 ev9c$ by memb]s ( t /ock d n 9 reality 
proce$ f _! sup]iority to _! environm5t 
& to ! av]age m5 & wom5 ab\t !m4        
,individually !y may be irreclaimable1  

yet1 ?r[n out ( ge>1 mis]able & wa/$ z  
!y are1 !y may be ! c>ri]s ( ! f9e/     
hopes ( humanity1 ( a promise = !       
fulfilm5t ( :i* we are n yet ready4     
,p]haps !re is a t5d5cy to be a little  
ov]-ha/y 9 our e/imates ( good & bad    
/ocks to bre$ f4 ,p]haps we h n yet     
fully le>nt ei!r ! significance (       
recessive *>act]s or ! importance ( !   
m]e fact t ! unit-*>act]s ( a human be+ 
are imm5sely num]\s1 & _! int]-relations
 !re=e extremely intricate4 ,& yet1     
aga91 p]haps we are too intol]ant (     
v>iety1 too eag] = uni=mity4  ,"h 9     
,engl& we h a mix$ population1 sprung f 
_m div]se orig9s4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5   
individuals are _m & great4 ,yet !      
majority ( ! population is ?ru/ into !  
grooves ( "o educational sy/em1 &       
!reaft] compell$ to settle d[n to       
occupations & modes ( life :i* are !    
same = ?\s&s toge!r4 ,any attempt to    
leave ! common rut is look$ at askance4 
,:at wond] t !re are rebels1 & t !      
rebels are unhappy6 ,a society con/ruct$

 9 con=mity to true biological          
pr9ciples1 in/ead ( suppress+ v>iety    
w\ld give x welcome z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s
 ( national *>act]i/ics1 & w\ld         
purposely adju/ itself & its sy/ems ) m 
accuracy s z to give e sort & type (    
p]son ! be/ possible *ance = develop+ 8 
or h] peculi> gifts4 ,9 a society s     
con/itut$1 v r>e inde$ w\ld be !        
occurr5ce ( insanity4  ,^! consid]ations
 %\ld h weight 9 yet ano!r direction3 9 
det]m9+ ! c\nsel :i* ought to be giv5 to
 girls z to ! *oice ( a mate4  ,!       
importance ( s\ndness ( /ock has "h too 
be5 well br\ght into prom95ce by !      
work]s 9 ,eug5ics2 & p]haps x may n be  
amiss to make "o or two sugge/ions ) a  
view to obviat+ a too n>r[ application (
 ! pr9ciple ( ! s\nd /ock4  ,we mu/     
rememb]1 fir/1 t disease is n necess>ily
 evid5ce ( uns\ndness4 ,l "s =ms ( moral
 obliquity1 x may be m]ely evid5ce ( a  
quality 9 ! /ock :i* r5d]s x unable to  
tol]ate a giv5 environm5t4 ,& ?is       
quality may be 9 itself an excell5ce ( !

 mo/ preci\s k9d4 ,?is w\ld be ! true   
acc\nt ( _m cases ( insanity1 :ile o!rs 
w\ld be cov]$ by ! action ( tox9s on !  
bra94 ,h]$ity1 we are told 9 _m in/ances
 ( insanity1 is m probably a h]$ity (   
special liability to ! production (     
tox9s or to ! action ( tox9s on ! bra91 
?an h]$ity ( insanity prop]4 ,?is view w
 naturally entail modifications 9 our   
me?ods ( treat+ ! insane1 z well z a    
consid]able *ange 9 public op9ion )     
reg>d to ! significance ( insanity4  ,&1
 secondly1 we mu/ rememb] ! importance (
 ! environm5t1 m especially ( ! human "p
 ( x4 ,a man ( s\nd /ock is v commonly  
br\ght up z a sportsman1 ^: fir/ idea is
 to kill2 or z an idl]1 ^: *ief         
occupations are eat+1 dr9k+1 & smok+1 ) 
travel & "s am\nt ( gambl+ ?r[n 9 by way
 ( v>iety4 ,or he may easily be above   
all ?+s a money-mak] & a lov] ( money4  
,8 habits ( ?is sort w det]m9e to a v   
great ext5t ! e>ly--& t is !            
critical--environm5t ( 8 *ildr54 ,!     
t5d5cy 9 8 family w be t[>ds uni=mity1  

t[>ds "o level1 & t n a high level1 (   
?\ght1 activity1 & "*4 ,8 example &     
influ5ce w g v f> to c\nt]act !         
advantages presumably ensur$ by !       
s\ndness ( 8 /ock4  ,on ! o!r h&1 a man 
^: ance/ry is eug5ically n flawless may 
h su* wide int]e/s1 s _m & su* f9e p[]s1
 s mu* skill 9 diff]5t activities1 & s  
high & g5]\s a p]sonal ideal1 t !       
environm5t :i* 8 mann] ( life w\ld make 
= 8 *ildr5--! inspiration he w\ld be to 
!m--might well be expect$ v l>gely1 if n
 :olly1 to c\nt]act ! disadvantages (   
defects 9 ! /ock4  ,no d\bt ?is pr9ciple
 %\ld be appli$ ) all reasonabl5ess &   
c>e1 b x is extremely important = !     
highe/ welf>e1 = ! developm5t ( ! be/   
possibilities ( ! p1 t x %\ld be        
def9itely recognis$4   ,,an?ropology ,a 
,,bran* ,,( ,,biology  ,a ^w mu/ "h be  
said z to ! importance--m especially to 
! biological /ud5t :o aims at social    
"w--( "s k ( ,an?ropology4 ,biology is1 
9 fact1 incomplete )\t an?ropology2 = 9 
its abs5ce !re is a dang] ( apply+      

biological pr9ciples too summ>ily1 &    
!re=e unsci5tifically1 to humanity4     
,an?ropology1 ( c\rse1 goes beh9d art & 
hi/ory & ! lit]>y ideas curr5t among    
civilis$ peoples4 ,x gives life & mean+ 
to cu/oms1 leg5ds1 h&icrafts1 details ( 
dress1 ornam5t1 & furniture :i* o!rwise 
g unhe$$ or misund]/ood4 ,x helps to    
int]pret = u ! ways ( contempor>y       
peoples & classes :i* are on a level    
diff]5t f our own4 ,x gives a unity 9   
inf9ite div]sity to our :ole conception 
( humanity4 ,:5 m widely /udi$1 !re c be
 little d\bt t x w cause u to recon/ruct
 _m ( our judgm5ts1 bo? conc]n+ ! hi/ory
 ( ! pa/ & conc]n+ ! civilisations ( !  
pres5t day4  ,we _c b believe t a "t w  
come :5 x w be assum$ ( all wom5 t !y "k
 ! broad tru?s ( biology1 j z x is n[   
assum$ t !y "k ! alphabet4 ,x w be tak5 
= grant$ t !y h ma/]$ ! ess5tial dome/ic
 arts ) _! own h&s1 j z we n[ take =    
grant$ !y c write ) _! own h&s4 ,we %all
 h rea*$ !n ! beg9n+ ( a new era--an era
 :i* we may hope w unite ! excell5ces1  

moral1 ae/hetic1 & hygi5ic1 ( e>li]     
times1 ) ! excell5ces1 m purely         
intellectual & sci5tific1 ( our own day4
   ,,woman',s ,,syn!tic ,,p[]s ,,z ,,an 
,,in/rum5t ,,to ,,effici5cy  ,! mo/     
effective in/rum5ts = br++ ?is ab\t are 
! syn!tic p[]s ( woman h]self1 comb9$ ) 
h] practical skill & h] ready intuition4
 ,z we h tri$ to %[1 ! be/ *ance = !    
elicit+ & ! discipl9+ ( ^! p[]s ( h]s1 s
 z be/ to fit !m = ! /ruggle ( mod]n    
life1 is af=d$ by biology4  ,x mu/ be   
cle> h[ _m re=ms--impossible to !       
nom9ally educat$ wom5 ( ! pres5t        
day--w\ld fl[ easily f ?is bett] tra9+ (
 wom52 = ^? s tra9$ c\ld c]ta9ly n      
endure ! futility ( "s ( our educational
 ideals1 nor t haphaz>d disreg>d ( !    
nature & ne$s ( ! *ild1 :i* /ill        
*>act]ises s mu* ( our educational      
me?od4 ,!y c\ld n support ! cont9uance (
 _m ( ! common evils ( mod]n life--!    
noise & dirt1 ! brutality ( mann]s1 !   
scamp+ ( "w1 ! ru% = pleasure4 ,^!1     
h[ev] !y may or may n affect ! adult1   

are pla9ly impair+ ! be/ promise ( !    
*ildr52 & t fact w be en\gh = ! truly   
educat$ woman4  ,kn[+1 too1 z %e w1 m   
accurately & sci5tifically ?an wom5     
to-day g5]ally "k1 h[ l>gely en]gy &    
depression1 irritability & calm /r5g?   
are que/ions ( "r or wrong food1 !      
educat$ woman may be tru/$ to f9d a     
means to put an end to ! cry+ iniquity (
 adult]ation4 ,directly or indirectly1  
by ! pressure ( h] det]m9ation t ! race 
%all no long] be (f]$ a sacrifice to    
,mammon1 %e w assur$ly f9d a way to put 
an end to all n absolutely necess>y     
dang]\s trades4  ,! opposition ( su*    
wom5 to :at is wrong 9 social cu/om1 9  
gov]nm5t1 9 education1 w be a v diff]5t 
?+ f ! opposition ( well-mean+ b        
imp]fectly in/ruct$ wom5 on ! "o h&2 or1
 on ! o!r1 t ( a few ?or\ghly tra9$ &   
in=m$ ones work+ m or less 9 isolation1 
scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,x w\ld mean a    
body ( s\nd1 enlight5$1 dis9t]e/$ public
 op9ion1 s va/1 s f>-rea*+1 yet s       
intimately cognisant ( all ! little     

daily details ( life 9 ! home1 t x is   
difficult to see :at o!r body ( op9ion  
c\ld be f\nd mighty en\gh to resi/ x4   
,if1 unhappily1 ?is advance %\ld n be   
made--if our pres5t ,we/]n civilisation 
be all[$ to run un*eck$ d[n ! groove    
into :i* x has sunk--!re seems no?+ be=e
 x b de/ruction4   ,,footnotes3     #ab 
,! ,electrical ,resi/ance ( ! ,human    
,body4 ,gee & ,bro!rton1                
,man*e/] ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc41 #aiaj4   
,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold  ,,by ,,mrs4
 ,w4 ,n4 ,,%aw   ,! sl[ developm5t ( !  
dem& = ! tra9+ ( girls ( ! middle & upp]
 classes 9 ! details ( h\sehold         
managem5t has be5 to a great ext5t due  
to ! common obs]vation t p]sons (       
imp]fect education are frequ5tly        
pr(ici5t 9 ! dome/ic arts1 & to !       
assumption t good h\sekeep+ consi/s     
entirely 9 ! effici5t ex]cise ( ^? arts4
  ,! fact t 9 ! e>ly ,victorian p]iod   
girls liv+ mu* at home le>n$1 almo/     
ins5sibly1 f _! mo!rs ! r\t9e ( daily   
duties 9 ! h\se1 has made eld] wom5 look

 askance on ! lectures deal+ ) dome/ic  
economy :i* appe> to !m s ne$less1 & has
 l$ !m to fo/] ! sup]/ition t woman qua 
woman %\ld be equal to any dem& t may be
 made ^u h] z organis] ( h] own         
h\sehold4  ,t ! h\sekeep+ ( to-day is m 
complex ?an t ( half a c5tury ago is    
incr$ible to ! old] woman :o rememb]s ! 
bak+ & brew+1 & div]s o!r matt]s1 t     
dem&$ ! att5tion ( ! notable h\sewives (
 ! =ties & fifties ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  
,t ! horizon ( wom5's lives has wid5$1 &
 t o!r int]e/s ?an ^? app]ta9+ to _!    
imm$iate circle claim _! att5tion1 is n 
acceptable to all2 x is h[ev] ! claims (
 ^! outside int]e/s t h awak5$ 9 ! m    
?\ghtful ! desire s to ord] _! h\seholds
 t !y may 9 "s degree free !mselves f   
petty c>es1 & be able to help 9 !       
amelioration ( ! lives ( less =tunate   
p]sons2 or to pursue o!r bran*es ( k 9  
:i* !y h le>n$ to take a ke5            
intellectual pleasure4  ,x is a p>adox t
 "o ( ! difficulties ) :i* ! mod]n      
mi/ress has to cont5d is ! fact t h]    

h\se is replete ) e mod]n conv5i5ce4 ,e 
lab\r-sav+ contrivance1 e me*anical     
conv5i5ce1 calls = vigilance to ensure  
its prop] use1 & = k z to ! ways 9 :i* x
 may fail1 & ( ! me?od ( readju/m5t if x
 %\ld happ5 to d s4 ,no app>atus :i* is 
n ?or\ghly und]/ood by ! mi/ress w be   
well us$ by ! s]vants1 & s]vants w r>ely
 if ev] ex]cise any k !y possess to     
prev5t ! exp5se ( call+ 9 a workman4 ,if
 ! mi/ress ( a h\se c use su* ord9>y    
tools z a hamm]1 a screwdriv]1 a        
gluepot1 & a sold]+-iron1 a great deal (
 exp5se may be sav$ 9 small repairs2 on 
! o!r h&1 ignorant m$dl+ ) sci5tific    
app>atus may be worse ?an useless4 ,!re 
c be no d\bt t a c\rse ( in/ruction 9   
natural philosophy1 comb9$ ) "w 9 a     
well-equipp$ laboratory & work%op1 %\ld 
f9d a place 9 ! curriculum ( e girls'   
s*ool1 :e!r elem5t>y or second>y1 z ?is 
tra9+ lays ! sure/ f\ndation = a        
sup]/ructure ( exp]im5tal dome/ic       
sci5ce4 ,! argum5t aga9/ includ+ !      
application ( ! physical sci5ces to     

dome/ic me?ods 9 ! ord9>y educational   
c\rse ( e girl1 namely1 t %e may n be   
call$ ^u to keep a h\se ( h] own1 _c be 
su/a9$2 !re are no circum/ances 9 :i* k 
( ! laws :i* gov]n ! heal? & well-be+ ( 
human be+s c be useless4 ,we all live 9 
h\ses1 ei!r our own or o!r p's1 & we are
 all liable to disease & discom=t caus$ 
by ! faulty con/ruction ( ! h\se or !   
unheal?y practices ( ! inmates4   ,,!   
,,aim ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,mod]n          
,,education  ,! aim ( education is to   
enable a p]son to act wisely 9 e em]g5cy
 ( life :atev] 8 p>ticul> call+ may be1 
b x is h>dly possible to act wisely )\t 
"s k ( ! relation betwe5 cause & effect4
 ,?is is true :e!r we are engag$ 9 !    
practical affairs ( life1 9 ! pursuit ( 
k1 or 9 ! ef=t to ext5d k by rese>*4 ,x 
is sometimes argu$ t a woman ( tra9$    
intellect c easily acquire ! art (      
h\sekeep+1 & ?is is no d\bt ! case if we
 limit ! art to ! *oice & sup]vision (  
compet5t dome/ics1 b !re c be no d\bt t 
!re are _m wom5 ( tra9$ intellect :o n  

only suff] !mselves b entail suff]+ on  
o!rs f inability to disc]n good         
h\sekeep+1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 f bad4 ,x 
mu/ be rememb]$ t c\rses ( education    
%\ld be fram$ = ! tra9+ ( unme?odical & 
unpractical m9ds1 :i* may & (t5 d       
accompany ! highe/ =ms ( intellect1 z   
well z = ^? ( a naturally ord]ly &      
practical b5t4  ,we all consci\sly or   
unconsci\sly make use ( ! facts (       
sci5ce3 we d n s5d eggs by p>cel po/    
m]ely plac$ 9 a box1 we d n ev5 s5d "o  
egg 9 a box t exactly fits x1 we are    
c>eful to surr\nd ea* egg ) s(t pap] or 
"s o!r ela/ic mat]ial 9 suffici5t       
quantity to di/ribute ! effects ( ! bl[s
 t we "k ! box w be subject$ to 9 ! po/1
 s t ! eggs may n be brok52 if we place 
a tray ( *9a on a table1 we are c>eful t
 x %\ld n project beyond ! table s z to 
fall :5 we let x g2 we d n p\r hot wat] 
into cut-glass tumbl]s1 & we d n mix    
eff]vesc+ dr9ks 9 w9e-glasses4 ,we %\ld 
call a p]son ignorant :o 0 unaw>e ( !   
probable results ( do+ ! ?+s enum]at$   

above2 b if ! accid5ts foll[+ want ( k 7
 always s simple1 ignorance w\ld n be a 
matt] ( mu* importance1 & we might be   
will+ to let our girls le>n by exp]i5ce4
 ,un=tunately1 ! neglect ( a sci5tific  
law has l$ 9 ! pa/1 & may lead 9 !      
future1 to mu* m s]i\s1 ev5 fatal       
results1 & ,solomon has appli$ a n v    
complim5t>y epi!t to ^? :o h wisdom =c$ 
^u !m by involunt>y exp]i5ce4 ,x is to !
 publication ( /ati/ics :i* %[ ! al>m+  
spread ( su* diseases z consumption & ! 
t]rible wa/e ( infant life1 t we owe !  
awak5+ ( ! public m9d to ! ne$ =        
sy/ematic tra9+ 9 sci5ce & sci5tific    
me?od4   ,,! ,,value ,,( ,a ,,sci5tific 
,,tra9+  ,sci5tific me?od seeks to      
e/abli% relations betwe5 isolat$ facts  
or ph5om5a1 & ! relation g5]ally takes !
 =m ( cause & effect2 s t p]sons ) a    
sci5tific tra9+ are accu/om$ to exam9e !
 gr\nds = consid]+ ?is relation ( cause 
& effect 9 circum/ances :i* are select$ 
) a view to exhibit+ ! reality ( !      
relation4 ,f t tra9+ x becomes possible 

= !m1 :5 confront$ ) circum/ances       
pres5t+ "s difficulty1 to =m a bett]    
op9ion z to :at is ! cause ( !          
difficulty ?an !y c\ld if !y 7 confront$
 ) ! same difficulty )\t ! previ\s      
tra9+4 ,any att5tive obs]v] ( human     
nature w be /ruck by ! fact t e p]son is
 accu/om$ to ref] e ev5t to "s cause2 if
 x is an illness1 ! occasion = contract+
 ! illness is def9$2 if x is any un=ese5
 ev5t 9 ! dome/ic economy1 a reason is  
ne>ly always =?com+2 ! "q :i* ! h\sewife
 is call$ ^u to decide is :e!r ! reason 
(f]$ is a real & suffici5t "o4          
,meteorologi/s tell a famili> /ory ( an 
,indian nabob :o f\nd t !re 0 a deposit 
( moi/ure on ! outside ( 8 tumbl] ( br&y
 & wat]1 & ta/+ x ) 8 f+]1 rem>k$ x 0 v 
curi\s t ! wat] came ?r\gh ! glass b !  
br&y did n4 ,pl5ty ( reasons (f]$ =     
dome/ic incid5ts h no bett] gr\nd ( fact
 ?an ! nabob's op9ion t ! wat] came     
?r\gh ! glass4  ,a good deal ( ! com=t (
 a mod]n h\se turns ^u a "r judgm5t z   
reg>ds cause & effect1 & !re=e "s       

prep>ation :i* w fit ! h\sewife to      
appreciate ! rights & wrongs ( dome/ic  
reason+ is an indisp5sable qualification
 = success4 ,x is n always possible = ! 
mo/ pr(\nd /ud5t to (f] (fh& ! true     
explanation ( v>i\s facts ( dome/ic     
life1 b x is possible to approa* !      
consid]ation ( ^! que/ions ) "s hope (  
decid+ :e!r ! explanation (f]$ is a true
 or a fictiti\s "o4 ,! ability = ?is is 
l>gely a "q ( habit ( m9d or tra9+2 & = 
our purpose ! tra9+ mu/ include ^?      
dep>tm5ts ( k1 ! laws ( :i* f9d daily   
expression 9 ! manifold exp]i5ces (     
dome/ic life4 ,! ultimate f\ndation = ^!
 laws is to be f\nd 9 ! /udy ( ,physics1
 :i* deals ) ^? *anges 9 ! /ate ( matt] 
:i* /op %ort ( ! alt]ation ( its        
composition2 ( ,*emi/ry1 :i* deals )    
*anges involv+ an alt]ation ( !         
composition ( ! sub/ances "u            
consid]ation2 & ( ,physiology1 :i* is ! 
id5tification ( ! processes :i* take    
place 9 liv+ animals & plants & _!      
relation to ! laws ( physics & *emi/ry4 

,)\t a k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ^!  
sci5ces & ( ! me?ods by :i* ^? pr9ciples
 are e/abli%$1 x is n to be expect$ t   
any p]son c deal adequately ) ! common  
exp]i5ces ( life4  ,x is true t         
exp]i5ce1 if x is suffici5tly ext5sive &
 prolong$1 may lead to ! =mulation ( a  
set ( practical rules t w c>ry a        
h\sewife ?r\gh ! ord9>y h\sehold r\nd   
)\t discr$it1 b ! "q :i* we h to put to 
ourselves is :e!r1 by organis+ & direct+
 ! exp]i5ce1 success may n be made c]ta9
 & m in/ructive4 ,9 ^! days dome/ic life
 is m complicat$ ?an x us$ to be2 at !  
same "t exp]i5ce is 9 a s5se m re/rict$4
 ,_m ( ! in/ructive processes1 practical
 exp]i5ce 9 :i* convey$ valuable if     
unconsci\s sci5tific tra9+1 are n[      
conduct$ on a l>ge scale1 & are outside 
! range ( dome/ic duties1 & ! h\sewife  
has to supply1 by special tra9+ 9       
sci5tific pr9ciples1 ! judgm5t t 9 days 
gone by 0 acquir$ z a matt] ( habit4  ,x
 is impossible 9 ! %ort space ( a s+le  
article to set out ! details ( a        

sy/ematic c\rse ( tra9+ suffici5t to fit
 ! h\sewife to use h] judgm5t wisely 9  
circum/ances :i* require a k ( !        
pr9ciples ( ! fundam5tal physical       
sci5ces4 ,! mo/ t we c attempt is to    
give a few examples :i* illu/rate !     
application ( ! pr9ciples ( physics &   
*emi/ry4 ,our purpose 9 do+ s is to     
sugge/ illu/rations :i* appeal to e     
h\sehold]1 & may create a desire = full]
 k r ?an to supply a c\rse ( in/ruction4
 ,:at we aim at is n to provide !       
equipm5t ( sci5tific tra9+1 b to %[ t ! 
sci5tific habit ( m9d w f9d             
opportunities = useful employm5t 9 _m ( 
! mo/ ord9>y affairs ( life4 ,! problems
 t pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce 
are sometimes difficult & intricate2    
pati5ce & c>eful obs]vation z well z k  
are requir$ = _! solution4 ,sometimes   
?is solution is beyond ! imm$iate       
res\rces ( ^? conc]n$1 & x is a "p (    
sci5tific tra9+ to recognise :5 ?is is !
 case1 s t ef=t & money may n be wa/$ 9 
endeav\rs :i* are =$oom$ to failure4 ,we

 may cite a case 9 po9t :]e an extra    
bell 0 desir$ 9 a sy/em ( electric bells
 9 a flat at a "t :5 electric           
in/allations 9 private h\ses 7 some:at  
r>e1 & workm5 ) any k beyond t necess>y 
= c>ry+ out in/ructions 7 n easily f\nd4
 ,to ! confusion ( ! t5ant1 !           
introduction ( ?is extra bell caus$ all 
! bells 9 ! flat to /rike "w4 ,a        
ma!matical lectur] liv+ 9 ! same build+ 
0 consult$1 & op9$ t ! batt]y ( two     
some:at small-look+ cells 0 insuffici5t1
 s he obta9$ & add$ a l>g] cell1 b !    
bells 7 obdurate & did n resume "w4 ,a  
lady ) k ( physics exam9$ ! in/allations
 & discov]$ t ! wire connections z alt]$
 7 entirely wrong & did n connect !     
bells to ! batt]y4 ,a plan ( ! correct  
connections 0 %[n to ! workman1 :o a few
 days lat] report$ t n[ all ! bells rang
 at once1 & he _h _h to disconnect !    
batt]y6 ,he produc$ a sket* ( !         
connections he _h made1 & on 8 error be+
 po9t$ out he 0 able to rectify x1 & !  
bells answ]$ to t\* )\t ! use ( ! extra 

cell4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a failure on ! "p
 ( electric bells is correct$ by fill+  
up ! cells :i* compose ! batt]y ) wat]1 
an op]ation :i* any "o may und]take4  ,x
 is n safe1 h[ev]1 = an inexp]i5c$ p]son
 to int]f]e ) electric light fitt+s     
fur!r ?an to remove a worn-out lamp &   
place a new "o 9 ! socket1 & ev5 ?is    
op]ation may be att5d$ ) disa/]4 ,a "y  
fri5d ( ours :o 0 tak+ "p 9 "s private  
!atricals obta9$ ! loan ( a r[ (        
electric footlights4 ,x did n occur to  
any "o conc]n$ to ask ! voltage ( !     
lamps or ( ! curr5t to :i* !y 7 to be   
appli$4 ,:5 ! footlights 7 turn$ up !y  
blaz$ = a brief p]iod1 & !n e light 9 ! 
h\se w5t out6 ,electrical sci5ce = !    
h\sewife has be5 resolv$ into a k (     
electric t]ms & ( a few practical rules 
useful & int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 b n        
imm$iately suitable = our purpose ( %[+ 
h[ sci5tific /udy may aid ! h\sewife 9  
h] daily r\t9e4   ,,physical ,,sci5ce   
,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold  ,we may = ?is       
purpose exam9e "s ( ! laws ( common     

physical & *emical ph5om5a1 neglect (   
:i* has result$ 9 mu* ne$less discom=t 9
 daily life1 & ev5 m s]i\s consequ5ces4 
,= in/ance1 ! laws ( expansion ( gases &
 liquids ) heat1 & _! subsequ5t         
behavi\r1 are ph5om5a t are (t5         
imp]fectly realis$4 ,!re is probably no 
p]son :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! law (        
gravitation1 b !re are _m p]sons :o     
accept lit]ally ! /atem5ts t smoke rises
 & t balloons asc5d4 ,a cle> und]/&+ (  
:at actually takes place :5 gases &     
mat]ial masses appe> to move 9          
opposition to ! law ( gravitation is    
ess5tial to any s*eme = w>m+ & v5tilat+ 
! h\se4  ,a v simple exp]im5t w s]ve to 
reconcile ! app>5t contradiction ( !    
univ]sal law by ! obs]v$ fact4 ,suppose 
we h two fluids1 oil & wat]1 ( :i* oil  
is1 bulk = bulk1 light] ?an wat]4 ,if ! 
oil be p\r$ into a glass beak]1 x w be  
se5 to re/ at ! bottom ( ! beak]2 if    
wat] be n[ p\r$ into ! same beak] ! wat]
 w g to ! bottom ( ! beak] & w displace 
! oil & lift x up s t ! oil w float on !

 wat]2 ! oil may be lift$ to any height 
we please if suffici5t wat] be p\r$ 9 to
 lift x to t height4 ,if a s+le drop (  
oil be introduc$ into ! wat] by means ( 
a pipette & be lib]at$ at ! bottom ( !  
beak] ! wat] w close 9 "u x1 & lift x up
 to ! surface4 ,9 bo? cases ! oil rises 
?r\gh ! wat]4 ,oil1 h[ev]1 has no t5d5cy
 to rise by itself1 & 9 ?is case x lay  
motionless until x 0 lift$ by ! heavi]  
fluid4 ,we may use colloquial language  
:5 describ+ ph5om5a if we be> 9 m9d :at 
is really tak+ place4  ,a balloon ris+  
?r\gh ! air is exactly analog\s to !    
drop ( oil 9 ! wat]4 ,! balloon is1 bulk
 = bulk1 light] ?an air2 ! air !re=e    
closes 9 "u x & lifts x j z ! wat] lift$
 ! bubble ( oil4   ,,effects ,,(        
,,*anges ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,on ,,air    
,let u apply ?is to air4 ,air :5 w>m$   
exp&s1 & !re=e w>m air is1 bulk = bulk1 
light] ?an cold air4 ,w>m air behaves 9 
! pres5ce ( cold air z ! balloon3 x is  
displac$ & lift$ by ! cold air1 ! result
 be+ an asc5d+ /ream ( w>m air1 :i* is  

call$ a convection curr5t4  ,! movem5t (
 asc5d+ smoke is ess5tially ! same z t (
 ! w>m$ air4 ,smoke is w>m air made     
visible by ! p>ticles ( soot ) :i* x is 
lad54 ,! p>ticles ( soot w\ld fall to ! 
gr\nd except t !y are c>ri$ upw>ds 9 !  
/ream ( w>m air4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,%aw has  
call$ att5tion to ! importance ( ^!     
ph5om5a 9 8 book on ,air ,curr5ts & !   
,laws ( ,v5tilation1 9 ! ,cambridge     
,s]ies ( ,physical ,text-books4 ,he !re 
says3 ,! dom9ant physical law 9 !       
v5tilat$ space is ! law ( convection4 ,x
 is at once ! condition ( success & !   
cause ( mo/ failures4 ,)\t convection1  
v5tilation w\ld be impossible2 9        
consequ5ce ( convection1 ne>ly all      
s*emes ( v5tilation fail4  ,! law (     
convection is ! law accord+ to :i* w>m$ 
air rises & cool$ air s9ks 9 ! surr\nd+ 
air4 ,its applications are truly        
ubiquit\s4 ,e surface1 e4g4 a w>m wall1 
or a p]son w>m] ?an ! air 9 ! imm$iate  
neighb\rhood1 causes an upw>d curr5t2 e 
surface cold] ?an ! air 9 contact ) x   

causes a d[nw>d curr5t4  ,v5tilation    
w\ld be mu* easi] if w>m$ air or cool$  
air c\ld be c>ri$ along at any height   
requir$2 b ! law ( convection is        
inexorable3 w>m$ air naturally f9ds !   
ceil+1 cool$ air ! floor4  ,x is true t 
! v5tilation ( a h\se is g5]ally        
consid]$ to be ! bus9ess ( ! build] &   
ar*itect1 yet !re are _m unpleasant     
ph5om5a t come "u ! obs]vation ( !      
h\sewife :i* are due to ?is law (       
convection1 & x w be useful to consid] a
 few ( !m4  ,let u take fir/ ! univ]sal 
annoyance to h\sewives caus$ by ! sight 
( dirt on ! ceil+4 ,t all air is full ( 
du/ is se5 :5 a /ream ( sunlight crosses
 a room2 ! p>ticles ( du/ are !n cle>ly 
p]ceiv$ mov+ rapidly 9 all directions 9 
! air4 ,^! du/ p>ticles1 :5 air is at   
re/1 con/antly fall to ! gr\nd "u !     
action ( gravity1 & are deposit$ on     
%elves & l$ges1 f :i* !y h to be remov$ 
daily by ! h\semaid4 ,:5 air is w>m$ &  
asc5ds x c>ries ! du/ p>ticles ) x1 & ^!
 p>ticles /rik+ aga9/ any cold surface )

 :i* !y come into contact /ick to x4    
,?is is ! cause ( ! necessity = !       
p]iodical sweep+ ( *imneys4 ,! walls ( !
 *imney are cold] ?an ! smoke t comes   
into contact ) !m1 & ! p>ticles ( soot 9
 ! smoke /rik+ aga9/ !m are deposit$ on 
!m4 ,9 ! h\se ! effect ( ! bomb>dm5t (  
surfaces by du/-lad5 /reams ( air is se5
 mo/ conspicu\sly ov] burn+ gas-lights4 
,burn+ gas does n itself produce all !  
dirt :i* is f\nd on ! ceil+ above x1 b x
 causes upw>d /reams ( hot air1 :i* c>ry
 up ! du/ & deposit x on ! ceil+4 ,!    
practice ( susp5d+ a %ade ov] !         
gas-light does n less5 ! am\nt ( du/ &  
smoke 9 ! air1 b ! %ade s]ves to spread 
out ! air ov] a l>g] surface1 & ?us to  
r5d] ! dirt on ! ceil+ less app>5t4 ,t !
 %ade itself rema9s clean is due to !   
fact t x gets hot4 ,a heat$ surface     
promotes ! activity ( ! motion ( !      
air-p>ticles 9 its neighb\rhood1 & by   
?is local activity ! du/ is repell$1 s t
 a surface rema9s clean or becomes coat$
 accord+ z x is m or less hot ?an !     

invad+ curr5t4 ,! validity ( ?is        
explanation may be te/$ by hold+ a cold 
spoon ov] a light$ c&le :5 x w be se5 t 
! spoon becomes black5$2 if a hot spoon 
be sub/itut$ = ! cold "o x w rema9      
clean4  ,9 ord] t ! hot1 vitiat$ air ( a
 room may escape easily1 x has be5 9 _m 
cases ! cu/om to place an exit op5+ = x 
9 ! *imney ov] ! room fireplace4 ,! wall
 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?is v5tilator       
inv>iably becomes black2 b z ?is wall is
 w>m x is n probable t du/ is deposit$  
on x by ! outgo+ air1 ! explanation giv5
 by ! h\sewife t ! smoke f ! *imney gets
 ?r\gh ! v5tilator into ! room is       
probably correct1 ?\gh ^! v5tilators are
 suppli$ ) mica flaps :i* %\ld sw+ op5  
:5 air f ! room /rikes aga9/ !m1 & close
 :5 ! air f ! *imney does s4  ,:5 a h\se
 is heat$ by hot-wat] pipes & radiators1
 ! walls ov] ^! pipes are ano!r s\rce ( 
tr\ble 7,fig4 #a74 ,a good deal (       
sci5tific +5uity is requir$ if ! walls  
are to be kept clean4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #a4  ,t "s ceil+s appe> /rip$ )  

broad light & d>k l9es is due to        
inequalities 9 ! temp]ature ( ! ceil+4  
,! light /ripes are "u ! joi/s1 :i*     
prev5t to "s ext5t ! escape ( heat f !  
ceil+1 & ! d>k correspond to !          
unprotect$ p>ts ( ! ceil+4 ,! du/ ris+ f
 ! room is slightly repell$ by ! curr5ts
 f ! w>m] p>ts ( ! ceil+1 & /icks m     
readily to ! cold] p>ts4  ,let u take = 
our second example ! app>5tly trivial   
matt] ( smells 9 ! h\se4 ,smells may be 
( v>i\s k9ds f v>i\s causes4 ,! be/     
judge ( ! k9d1 & !re=e ( ! cause1 is !  
nose4 ,suppose ! smell to be ! common "o
 9 h\ses ( all classes--! smell (       
cook]y6 ,! smell ( cook]y 9 ! h\se is   
g5]ally a w9t] ph5om5on4 ,! air 9 an    
inhabit$ h\se is always 9 a /ate (      
motion1 induc$ by ! inequalities (      
temp]ature caus$ by ! inhabitants       
!mselves1 & to a great] ext5t by !      
fires1 ( :i* !re w c]ta9ly be "o 9 !    
kit*54 ,we mu/ rememb] t cold air w get 
into ! h\se ?r\gh all available op5+s1  
to take ! place ( ! air :i* supplies !  

fires4 ,! mo/ obvi\s available op5+s 9  
an ord9>y dwell+-h\se are ! casual ones 
( ! op5 *imneys ( unus$ grates1 & !     
loosely fitt+ doors & w9d[s4 ,9 cold    
wea!r fires are light$ 9 ! sitt+-room   
grates2 ^! fires :5 light$ %\ld w>m !   
air 9 ! *imneys above !m & cause an     
upw>d draught 9 ! *imney4 ,sometimes    
h[ev] ! *imney w be f\nd to be occupi$  
by a curr5t ( air com+ d[n to fe$ fires 
9 o!r rooms1 & s long z ?is goes on !   
smoke f ! newly light$ fire comes into !
 room4 ,! d[n-draught c be /opp$ by op5+
 a w9d[ to supply suffici5t cold air to 
c\nt]act x1 o!rwise we h to adopt       
special devices to make ! smoke g up !  
*imney 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,sometimes a   
newspap] is burnt 9 ! grate to give !   
necess>y am\nt ( w>m air1 b ?is is a    
dang]\s practice by :i* ! *imney may be 
set on fire4 ,sometimes air is suppli$  
by ! bell[s4 ,a newspap] is (t5 held 9  
front ( ! grate s z to close ! op5+     
above ! fire & cause ! cold air to pass 
?r\gh ! fire1 ?us promot+ combu/ion & ! 

supply ( hot air 9 ! *imney4 ,9 any     
case1 ! w>m air ( ! fire is c>ri$ up !  
*imney by ! cold air ( ! room1 & ?is    
cold air is drawn f ! casual op5+s      
already ref]r$ to4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$
 by laboratory exp]im5ts t ! am\nt (    
draught 9 any *imney dep5ds on ! height 
( ! *imney & ! fire 9 its grate4        
,smells are convey$ ab\t a h\se by ! fl[
 ( air to fe$ ! fires1 & !y ne>ly always
 f9d _! way f all p>ts ( ! h\se to !    
gr\nd-floor sitt+-rooms :5 ! doors are  
left op5 & ! fires are burn+4 ,on _! way
 !y pass ?r\gh passages & are !re=e     
ne>ly ubiquit\s4 ,! air ( any room 9 !  
h\se is 9 communication ) t ( e o!r     
room1 & x is only by ! nature ( ! smell 
t we c tell its probable s\rce4 ,!re are
 p :o l :5 !y op5 ! b$room door 9 !     
morn+ to "k t c(fee & bacon await !m    
d[n/airs1 or on com+ into ! h\se f a    
cold w9t]'s walk to meet a delici\s     
smell ( ,iri% /ew4 ,to o!r p all smell (
 cook]y is abhorr5t1 & !y feel a s5se ( 
irritation t _! gue/s %\ld on ent]+ !   

h\se be regal$ ) ! od\r ( ! prep>ation (
 food4 ,to _m mi/resses ! only rem$y t  
sugge/s itself is a message to ! cook1  
:o is p[]less 9 ! matt] & returns an    
answ] t %e is sorry1 b t %e doesn't "k  
:y !re %\ld be a smell ( cook+ up/airs z
 !re is none 9 ! kit*54 ,a visit to !   
kit*5 w g5]ally confirm ! cook's /atem5t
 z to t p>ticul> spot1 b a consid]able  
smell w be enc\nt]$ on ! kit*5 /airs4   
,we may inquire into ! cause ( ?is4 ,!  
usual equipm5t ( ! kit*5 includes a     
clos$ range1 supplem5t$ 9 _m cases by a 
gas /ove4 ,! kit*5 fire draws a pl5tiful
 supply ( air f casual op5+s1 & ?is air 
= ! mo/ "p passes ) ! smoke up su* flues
 z are op54 ,! ov5 is provid$ ) a       
v5tilator1 :i* c>ries (f ! od\r ( bak$  
or roa/$ meats4 ,! od\r 9 ! hot air ov] 
! clos$ range has no escape except into 
! kit*5--! cook says t ev] s slight an  
op5+ 9 ! top ( ! range w prev5t ! ov5 f 
heat+4 ,?is od\r-lad5 air !re=e comes   
directly into ! kit*51 & be+ hot is     
direct$ to ! ceil+1 ?us escap+ ! cook :o

 is 9 ! draught ( ! fre% air supply4    
,travell+ along ! ceil+ ! hot air passes
 ?r\gh ! op5+ at ! top ( ! door & m+les 
) ! fre% air on its way up/airs4 ,! same
 ?+ happ5s :5 ! gas /ove is 9 use4 ,!   
only rem$y is to provide "s exit = ! hot
 air ( ! kit*5 :i* w be m easily        
accessible ?an t by way ( ! door1 = !   
hot air w travel by ! easie/ pa?4 ,a    
consid]able k ( sci5ce is requir$ to    
a*ieve ?is object4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #b4  ,closely alli$ ) ! smell ( cook]y 
is ! smell ( ! gas /ove4 ,_m p]sons     
consid] t ! use ( a gas /ove ei!r 9 !   
kit*5 or 9 a b$room is insep>able f !   
peculi> od\r ( p>tially consum$ gas4 ,x 
may !re=e be useful to consid] h[ ! gas 
suppli$ to /oves & inc&esc5t lights     
diff]s f t ( an op5 gas fire or t ( an  
ord9>y burn]4 ,gas /oves & inc&esc5t    
lights get _! supply ( gas ?r\gh :at are
 kn[n z ,buns5 burn]s1 s call$ aft] !   
,g]man *emi/ ^: inv5tion !y are4 ,9 an  
ord9>y burn] ! gas mixes ) atmosph]ic   
air at ! op5+ at :i* x burns2 ! supply (

 air obta9$ 9 ?is way is insuffici5t =  
complete combu/ion until ! out] lay]s   
are rea*$2 ! int]ior "p ( ! flame is    
bright & smoky4 ,9 ! ,buns5 burn] ! gas 
issues f ! ma9 ?r\gh a nozzle :i* op5s  
inside a bulb4 ,! bulb is p]=at$ to all[
 ( ! +ress ( atmosph]ic air2 ! gas & air
 mix 9 ! tube :i* is a prolongation ( ! 
bulb1 & ! mixture is light$ at ! top ( !
 tube4 ,fig4 #b %[s a repres5tation ( ! 
,buns5 burn] z appli$ to a gas /ove4 ,9 
?is ! gas escapes f ! ma9 at ! nozzle n1
 into a bulb ( :i* ! tube ,a is a       
prolongation1 air is admitt$ to ! bulb  
at ! op5+s a a1 & ! mix$ gas & air is   
burnt at ! op5+s 9 ! tube ,a4 ,! am\nt (
 air suppli$ is regulat$ by ! size ( !  
op5+s a a & ! holes :]e ! gas is light$4
 ,! gas ?us suppli$ ) air is completely 
consum$ :]e combu/ion beg9s1 & a cle>1  
blue1 non-lum9\s flame is ! result4 ,if 
! holes ?r\gh :i* ! mixture ( gas & air 
issues are p>tially clos$ by ru/ or by  
accretions f ! boil+ ov] ( saucepans x  
is evid5t t1 ! gas supply be+ un*ang$1  

less air c be drawn ?r\gh !m2           
consequ5tly ! gas w n be entirely       
consum$1 & acetyl5e 7,c#b;,h#b1 "o ( !  
products ( p>tially consum$ coal gas7 w 
pass into ! atmosph]e & w give rise to !
 peculi> od\r associat$ ) gas /oves4    
,?is product ( p>tially consum$ gas is v
 poison\s1 & all gas /oves %\ld be      
furni%$ ) *imneys to c>ry (f ! fumes to 
! op5 air4 ,! ph5om5on kn[n z burn+     
back1 t is1 ! ignition ( ! gas at !     
nozzle 9 ! bulb1 is caus$ by ! pressure 
( gas be+ too small = ! supply ( air4 ,!
 gas %\ld at once be turn$ out &        
relight$ till x burns at ! prop] places4
 ,! simple rem$y = smell f a gas /ove is
 ! cleans+ ( its burn]s1 unless inde$ ! 
kettle is too close to ! holes f :i* !  
gas issues = complete combu/ion to be   
possible4  ,!re is ano!r w9t] ph5om5on  
:i* is v disagreeable--! pres5ce ( fog 9
 ! h\se2 & ! p]plex$ h\sewife asks1 ,:]e
 does ! fog get 9 :5 all outside doors &
 w9d[s are clos$8 ,we h already po9t$   
out t ! sitt+-room fires mu/ h air1 & t 

t air w be drawn f casual op5+s4 ,among 
^! op5+s are ! *imneys ( fireless       
grates2 ! great] "p ( ! fog 9 ! h\se    
comes d[n ^! *imneys4 ,on a foggy day x 
is wise to close ! *imneys ( fireless   
grates & provide "s o!r op5+ = ! supply 
( air2 b all air f ! outside is full (  
fog4 ,! problem ( h[ to let 9 air & keep
 out fog sugge/s ! "q1 ,:at is fog8 ,fog
 consi/s ( mat]ial p>ticles 7du/ or     
smoke7 on :i* vap\r has cond5s$2 if ^!  
p>ticles c be remov$ ! air w be cle>4 ,!
 problem = ! h\sewife is h[ to free a   
suffici5t quantity ( air f ^! p>ticles4 
,a smell ( gas 9 any "p ( ! h\se may be 
v dang]\s if no "o on ! premises has any
 sci5tific k1 = x may be premis$ t !    
escape ( gas is n :]e ! smell is fir/   
p]ceiv$4 ,gas be+ light] ?an air is     
c>ri$ upw>ds1 & ! smell is at fir/ above
 ! place ( escape2 x may ev5 be 9 a room
 ov] :]e ! gas is escap+4 ,! only safe  
detector ( ! s\rce ( mis*ief is ! nose2 
! mixture ( coal gas & atmosph]ic air is
 explosive1 & no light mu/ be /ruck4 ,! 

upp] sa% ( ! w9d[ %\ld be pull$ d[n to  
all[ ! gas to escape1 & if ! accid5t is 
at night "t mu/ be all[$ be=e se>*+ = ! 
s\rce ( escape fur!r ?an c be done by   
feel+ ! taps 9 ! d>k or foll[+ ! sc5t by
 ! nose4  ,fur!r illu/ration ( ! effect 
( convection curr5ts 9 ! air ( a        
dwell+-h\se are ne$less1 b ! /ud5t may  
pr(itably sp5d "t & ?\ght 9 consid]+ h[ 
fre% air may be introduc$ into a room   
)\t caus+ cold air to lie on ! floor or 
hot1 vitiat$ air to cl+ to ! ceil+4 ,x  
is ! old problem 7) a diff]5ce7 ( tea*+ 
a gr&mo!r to suck an egg4 ,he may also  
int]e/ himself 9 seek+ answ]s to !      
que/ions 7#a7 ,:at action is expect$ to 
take place :5 a pok] is plac$ aga9/ !   
b>s ( a grate to make ! fire draw8 &    
7#b7 ,does ! sun put ! fire out1 & if s 
h[8 ,9 connection ) ! expansion ( air ) 
heat he may consid] ! popul> fallacy t  
an inv]t$ empty pot 9 a pie keeps 9 !   
juice4   ,,effect ,,( ,,*anges ,,(      
,,temp]ature ,,on ,,wat]  ,accid5ts h   
occurr$ 9 h\ses ow+ to ignorance ( !    

full effects ( heat+ or cool+ wat] f its
 ord9>y temp]ature4 ,wat] at any ord9>y 
temp]ature exp&s :5 subject$ to ! action
 ( heat2 x contracts on cool+ till x    
rea*es a temp]ature sev5 degrees above !
 freez+ po9t2 f ?is temp]ature x exp&s  
until x becomes a solid mass ( ice4 ,at 
/ill l[] temp]atures ice contracts4     
,let u consid] fir/ ! effect ( heat+    
wat]4 ,if wat] at ! ord9>y temp]ature be
 p\r$ into a vessel :i* is plac$ on a   
fire or o!r s\rce ( heat ! wat] at !    
bottom ( ! vessel w be w>m$ & w exp&2 x 
w !re=e be light]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an !   
wat] ne>] ! top ( ! vessel4 ,! cold wat]
 w !re=e desc5d1 & ! w>m wat] w rise4   
,all ord9>y wat] conta9s air2 pres5tly !
 air 9 ! wat] w become visible z small  
bubbles :i* rise to ! surface ( ! wat] &
 escape noiselessly into ! atmosph]e4 ,z
 m heat is appli$ "s ( ! wat] 9 ! bottom
 ( ! vessel w be =m$ into /eam1 &       
bubbles ( /eam w exp& & rise into !     
cool] wat] above & collapse !re ) a     
rattl+ noise :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! /ate 

kn[n z simm]+4 ,^! bubbles ( /eam ris+ &
 bur/+ aid ! convection curr5ts 9 /irr+ 
& mix+ ! wat] s t x pres5tly becomes (  
ev5 temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 ?is occurs !
 bubbles ( /eam rise to ! surface & bur/
 explosively into ! atmosph]e1 ?r[+ !   
wat] viol5tly ab\t2 ! wat] is !n boil+4 
,x is an important po9t to rememb] 9    
cook]y t boil+ wat] w n become any hott]
 ) ! application ( m heat1 b x w boil   
away2 t is1 x w be completely conv]t$   
into /eam4 ,! /eam result+ f any volume 
( wat] occupies a space #agjj times t ( 
! wat] f :i* x is produc$1 b :at conc]ns
 ! h\sewife mo/ s]i\sly is t ! *ange (  
wat] into /eam is accompani$ ) !        
evolution ( trem5d\s me*anical =ce t w  
bur/ any vessel 9 :i* ! wat] is enclos$4
 ,x is ! fact ( ?is trem5d\s ex]cise (  
me*anical =ce t has l$ to s]i\s accid5ts
 :5 hot-wat] bottles h be5 put into !   
ov5 to keep w>m4 ,x has be5 assum$ by "s
 p t if ! hot-wat] bottle be n          
completely fill$1 t if :at !y consid] to
 be suffici5t room is left = ! expansion

 ( ! wat]1 no h>m c result f putt+ !    
bottle into ! ov51 b no arrangem5t c    
make su* a c\rse safe4  ,! bur/+ ( !    
kit*5 boil] is an accid5t result+ f     
disreg>d ( ! ph5om5a ( heat$ wat]4 ,x   
sometimes happ5s t ! hot-wat] supply ( !
 v>i\s taps 9 ! h\se fails4 ,if ! boil] 
supply+ ! wat] is a h&-f$ "o "s "o ^:   
duty x 0 to fill x has neglect$ t duty4 
,an empty boil] ) a removable lid w d no
 h>m1 b x is n advisable to leave x     
empty1 z ! heat ( ! fire w de/roy ! iron
 ( :i* x is made4 ,no attempt1 h[ev]1   
%\ld be made to fill ! boil] :ile x is  
hot1 z ! result ( p\r+ cold wat] into x 
w be ! sudd5 & viol5t conv]sion ( ! wat]
 into /eam1 & ! p]son p\r+ 9 ! wat] w   
assur$ly be scald$4 ,if ! boil] be "o t 
is fill$ automatically1 "o ( two ?+s has
 probably occurr$3 ei!r ! pipes are     
block$ by fur--t is to say by s$im5t f !
 boil$ wat]--or ! supply-pipe is froz54 
,9 nei!r case is x safe to light ! fire4
 ,if ! pipes are block$ by fur /eam w be
 =m$ 9 ! boil] & x w bur/2 if !         

supply-pipe is froz5 ! heat may ?aw !   
ice1 & ! inru% ( cold wat] w at any rate
 crack ! boil]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#c4  ,:5 wat] exp&s ) heat+ convection  
curr5ts are =m$ 9 x1 & ! hot wat] rises 
to any height we please if cold wat] be 
available to take its place4 ,?is law ( 
convection is appli$ to ma9ta9 a        
circulation ( hot wat] 9 pipes us$ =    
w>m+ a h\se4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( su* a
 sy/em is %[n 9 ,fig4 #c4 ,! furnace    
heats a boil] 9 ! basem5t or on ! l[e/  
/orey ( ! h\se2 ,,hb & ,,hl' are p>allel
 v]tical pipes connect$ ) a horizontal  
pipe ,h',h at ! top ( ! h\se2 ,c is a   
small cold-wat] ci/]n :i* is furni%$ ) a
 ball-tap to ma9ta9 ! supply ( cold wat]
 to ! pipe ,h',l if any wat] is drawn (f
 at any "p ( ! circuit4 ,! %ort pipe ,a 
acts z a valve = ! escape ( air f !     
pipes4 ,! pipes ,h',l1 ,h',h1 & ,,hb are
 fill$ ) wat]4 ,:5 ! fire is light$ 9 ! 
furnace1 hot wat] is driv5 up ! pipe    
,,hb by cold wat] desc5d+ ?r\gh ,h',l1 &
 ?is circulation goes on s long z a     

diff]5ce ( temp]ature is ma9ta9$ 9 !    
pipes2 t is1 s long z ! fire is burn+4  
,any numb] ( coils ( pipes may be       
introduc$ into ! circuit betwe5 ! boil] 
& ! top ( ! pipe ,,hb4 ,9 fill+ ! pipes 
) wat] all[ance is made 9 ^! coils = !  
expansion ( ! wat] ) heat & = ! air :i* 
we h se5 escapes f heat$ wat]1 & a tap  
is fix$ 9 ea* coil = lett+ out any air t
 may h lodg$ 9 x4 ,if free air rema9s 9 
! pipes ! circulation ( ! wat] w be     
h9d]$ & ! boil] may become dang]\sly    
ov]heat$4 ,x is !re=e necess>y :5 !     
heat+ app>atus is 9 use to exam9e ^!    
taps & see t wat] & n air escapes f !m4 
,! in/allation ( a heat+ app>atus 9     
middle-class h\ses is fairly common1 &  
:]e "o is n f\nd _m p]sons use gas or   
oil /oves 9 ! passages 9 ! w9t]1 = x is 
n[ realis$ t x is n possible to heat    
rooms by means ( op5 fires )\t creat+   
cold draughts 9 !m f ! cold passages    
into :i* !y op54 ,&1 moreov]1 ! con/ant 
*ange ( temp]ature enc\nt]$ 9 pass+ f "o
 w>m room to ano!r ?r\gh cold passages  

is n only disagreeable1 b is n f\nd to  
be conducive to heal?4  ,let u turn to !
 cool+ ( wat]4 ,wat] exp&s ab\t         
"o-elev5? ( its volume on becom+ ice4   
,?is *ange ( /ate1 l t ( *ange into     
/eam1 is accompani$ by ! evolution (    
trem5d\s me*anical =ce4 ,if wat] freezes
 9 pipes x bur/s ! pipes1 & on a ?aw    
tak+ place ! pipes are f\nd to leak4 ,! 
appropriate rem$y = ?is /ate ( ?+s is to
 protect ! pipes f cold or to empty !m  
:5 a fro/ is appreh5d$4 ,9 all prop]ly  
built h\ses !re is a tap by means ( :i* 
! wat] supply c be cut (f f ! h\se1 ?us 
all[+ ! pipes to be empti$ on a fro/y   
night4 ,! cu/om ( leav+ ! taps dripp+ is
 effective1 because ! pipe is g5]ally   
liable to freeze at "s p>ticul> po9t :]e
 x is 9 imm$iate contact ) ! cold air1  
probably 9 ! unclos$ *9k :]e ! pipe     
passes ?r\gh ! wall2 keep+ ! wat] mov+ 9
 ! pipe prev5ts any "p ( x gett+ cold   
en\gh to freeze1 b ! practice %\ld n be 
resort$ to1 z x wa/es wat]4   ,,radiant 
,,heat  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            

#d4--,section ( a ,convex l5s4  ,x is   
pleasant on a dry1 /ill day 9 w9t]1 :5 !
 gr\nd is cov]$ ) crisp sn[ or gli/5s ) 
h>d fro/1 to feel ! w>m? ( ! sun's rays1
 & x is becom+ q a fa%ion = p ( leisure 
to sp5d ! w9t] mon?s at ! pleasure      
resorts amid ! sn[-lad5 m\nta9s (       
,switz]l&4 ,x is a matt] ( "s int]e/ to 
inquire h[ x happ5s t ! sun's rays are  
w>m :5 ! !rmomet] tells u t ! temp]ature
 ( ! air is bel[ freez+-po9t4 ,!re is an
 old & pretty exp]im5t 9 :i* a burn+    
glass is made ( ice2 x is n a difficult 
?+ to d4 ,if ! scale-pan ( an ord9>y    
balance be made hot & be press$ aga9/ a 
slice ( ice 7! concave side ( !         
scale-pan t[>ds ! ice71 fir/ on "o side 
( ! slice & !n on ! o!r1 ! ice c be =m$ 
into a convex l5s 7,fig4 #d74 ,if n[ ?is
 l5s be plac$ 9 ! pa? ( a sunbeam & !   
light be br\ght to a focus1 t is1 to a  
bright spot on a piece ( pap]1 ! pap] w 
be heat$ & w take fire :ile ! l5s ?r\gh 
:i* ! heat passes rema9s ice4 ,f ?is we 
may surmise t ! heat ( ! sun does n     

affect ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x passes4      
,cl]k ,maxwell sugge/$ yet ano!r        
exp]im5t 9 illu/ration ( ?is law4 ,by   
means ( an ice l5s he collect$ !        
sunlight to a focus 9 ! middle ( a bas9 
( cle> wat]1 & obs]v$ t no effect 0     
disc]nible 9 ! wat]4 ,he !n direct$ !   
focus 7! spot ( light7 on to a mote 9 ! 
wat]4 ,! mote became hot1 ! wat] 0      
agitat$1 convection curr5ts 7 =m$1 & !  
mote 0 c>ri$ up 9 !m4 ,?is %[$ t rays ( 
light f ! sun d n affect ! sub/ances    
?r\gh :i* !y c pass1 & t !y heat bodies 
?r\gh :i* !y d n pass4 ,x has be5       
demon/rat$ by laboratory exp]im5ts t all
 hot bodies emit rays ( heat1 :e!r we   
see ! rays or n4 ,:5 we see ! rays !    
bodies are said to be r$ or :ite-hot4 ,!
 process by :i* heat passes f "o body to
 ano!r )\t w>m+ ! int]v5+ m$ium is call$
 radiation4 ,radiation takes place only 
?r\gh transp>5t bodies4 ,rays ( heat1 l 
rays ( light1 pass ?r\gh transp>5t      
bodies2 :]eas !y are absorb$ by1 t is !y
 make hot1 opaque bodies4 ,heat rays    

travel 9 /raight l9es & are reflect$ f  
poli%$ surfaces2 _! int5sity v>ies      
inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( !      
object on :i* !y fall f _! s\rce4 ,!    
heat ( an ord9>y fire is radiant heat2  
:5 we sit r\nd ! fire we act z opaque   
bodies & absorb ! heat1 & are :at we    
call scor*$ if ! fire is v bright4 ,if  
we move away f ! fire1 /ill lett+ ! same
 firelight %9e on u1 we are n scor*$2   
?is is because ! heat+ p[] ( ! rays     
v>ies inv]sely z ! di/ance f _! s\rce1  
!re=e if we move away d\ble ! di/ance we
 receive "o qu>t] ( ! heat t we receiv$ 
be=e we mov$4 ,if we draw our *airs to  
"o side we are n scor*$1 because ! rays 
( heat d n travel r\nd a corn]4         
,,conduction ,,( ,,heat  ,we h se5 t !  
ice-l5s 0 n affect$ by ! passage ( heat 
?r\gh x4 ,if we n[ take hold ( ! l5s we 
%all exp]i5ce a feel+ ( cold1 & ! l5s w 
beg9 to melt4 ,heat has pass$ f our h&  
into ! ice4 ,! process by :i* heat      
passes f "o body to ano!r 9 contact ) x 
is call$ conduction4 ,! fundam5tal law (

 conduction is1 t heat always passes f a
 w>m body to a cold "o4 ,cl]k ,maxwell  
illu/rat$ ?is law 9 a s]ies ( v simple  
exp]im5ts4 ,he plac$ a silv] teaspoon 9 
a cup ( hot tea1 & not$ t ! h&le became 
w>m gradually f ! hot tea2 ! heat pass$ 
f ! b[l ( ! spoon 9 ! tea to successive 
p>ts ( ! h&le until ! :ole spoon 0 hot4 
,8 second exp]im5t 0 to put two cold    
spoons1 "o ( silv] & "o ( ,g]man silv]1 
into ! tea1 :5 he f\nd t ! same ph5om5on
 took place1 b t ! silv] spoon became   
hot mu* m quickly ?an did ! ,g]man silv]
 "o4 ,he !n put ?ree spoons into ! tea1 
made respectively ( silv]1 ( ,g]man     
silv]1 & ( bone4 ,9 ! result1 he f\nd t 
:5 ! o!r two 7 hot1 ! bone spoon h>dly  
%[$ any sign ( heat at ! end ( its h&le4
  ,! conclusion to be drawn f ^!        
exp]im5ts is t heat passes at diff]5t   
rates ?r\gh diff]5t sub/ances4          
,sub/ances ?r\gh :i* heat passes quickly
 are call$ good conductors ( heat4 ,!   
law ( ! conductivity ( heat is t 9 a    
homog5e\s body ! fl[ is cont9u\s1 & is f

 ! region ( high temp]ature to ! region 
( l[ temp]ature1 & t x cont9ues until ! 
body is ( uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t4 ,!  
law is ! same = bodies ( diff]5t        
mat]ials :5 9 contact "o ) ano!r4  ,!   
conduction ( heat is 9 op]ation 9 e     
dep>tm5t ( dome/ic life4 ,p live 9 h\ses
 & are clo!d to protect !m f !          
vicissitudes ( ! wea!r1 includ+ ! cold (
 w9t] & ! heat ( summ]2 use is made ( ! 
ph5om5on 9 w>m+ ! h\se & 9 ! prep>ation 
( food4  ,9 select+ mat]ials = v>i\s    
purposes1 acc\nt has to be tak5 ( _!    
conductivities1 = 9 "s cases x is       
desirable t ! transf] ( heat %\ld take  
place sl[ly1 & 9 o!rs t x %\ld take     
place quickly4 ,x might be ?\ght t !    
conductivity ( a sub/ance c\ld be       
e/imat$ by t\*1 b a little reflection w 
%[ t ?is _c be ! case4 ,! fl[ ( heat    
betwe5 two bodies dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce (
 temp]ature betwe5 !m1 & if !re %\ld be 
no diff]5ce ( temp]ature betwe5 !m at ! 
mom5t ( t\* !re w be no fl[ ( heat1 ?\gh
 bo? are bodies ( great] or less        

conductivity4 ,let u take1 = example ( !
 unc]ta9ty ( e/imation by t\*1 a        
well-kn[n exp]im5t4 ,suppose we h a bas9
 ( hot wat] & a bas9 ( cold wat]1 &     
place a h& 9 ea* = a few mom5ts2 suppose
 we )draw ! h&s & plunge !m into a bas9 
( tepid wat]1 we %all f9d t ! tepid wat]
 feels cold to ! h& t 0 9 ! hot wat] &  
w>m to ! h& t 0 9 ! cold wat]4          
,luckily1 x has be5 f\nd possible 9 !   
laboratory to ref] sub/ances to a common
 /&>d & to assign num]ical values to !m 
9 ord] ( _! conductivities1 s t         
sub/ances c be comp>$ & a selection made
 = any desir$ purpose4 ,pure silv] has !
 highe/ conductivity2 o!r useful        
mat]ials take ! foll[+ ord]3 copp]1 z9c1
 lead1 iron1 /eel1 m>ble1 glass1 brick1 
slate1 wood1 fur1 cotton1 flannel1 wat]1
 air4 ,fur & wool no d\bt owe mu* ( _!  
w>m? to ! fact t !y consi/ ( fibres :i* 
enclose a good deal ( air1 b z a matt] (
 fact ! w>m? ( loosely wov5 wooll5 &    
knitt$ articles 9 g5]al is (t5 ov]rat$2 
!y are v w>m z "u g>m5ts or 9 calm      

wea!r1 b 9 w9dy wea!r ! air 9 !m is     
rapidly *ang$ & ! cold seems to bl[     
?r\gh !m4 ,if = any purpose we select a 
mat]ial f its place 9 a table (         
comp>ative conductivities1 & use x )\t  
ref]5ce to ! law ( conduction ( heat1 we
 %all probably be disappo9t$ ) ! result4
 ,we "k t cotton burns easily2 if we    
/ret* a cotton h&k]*ief ov] ! back ( a  
gold wat* & place a r$-hot c9d] f ! fire
 on ! h&k]*ief on ! wat*1 ! h&k]*ief w n
 be burnt4  ,_m int]e/+ problems pres5t 
!mselves :5 a h\se has to be built or   
r5t$4 ,!re is (t5 opportunity = "s *oice
 ( mat]ial 9 walls or ro(1 & "s         
peculi>ities to be consid]$4 ,are ! top 
rooms ( a ?at*$ cottage w>m] or cold]   
?an ! top rooms ( a h\se cov]$ ) slates8
 ,is a wood5 or an iron build+ w>m]8    
,:at diff]5ce does x make if ! iron     
build+ is l9$ ) wood8 ,if ! iron walls 7
 twice z ?ick1 :at w\ld be ! effect     
inside ! room8 ,w\ld ! walls ( su* a    
build+ be always dry inside8 ,x         
sometimes happ5s t ! end wall ( a r[ (  

h\ses is cov]$ ) slates to pres]ve x f !
 effects ( /orms ( w9d & ra92 w t inside
 wall be always dry8  ,b ! h\sewife is  
probably m int]e/$ 9 ^? articles 9 use 9
 ! h\se :i* x is h] bus9ess to provide4 
,%all ! /oves be ( slate or iron8 ,9    
old5 days w>m+-pans 7 made ( copp]4 ,:at
 *ange 9 ! mann] ( use ju/ifies mak+ !m 
( e>!nw>e or ,india-rubb]8 ,! sl[       
transmission ( heat ?r\gh ?ick wooll5   
mat]ials has be5 appli$ to ! con/ruction
 ( ,norwegian cook+-/oves 7,fig4 #e74   
,^! /oves consi/ ( a wood5 box1 l9$ )   
well-padd$ felt4 ,! cook+ vessels are ( 
metal2 ! food :5 at boil+ po9t is plac$ 
9 ^! vessels & ! lids put on1 a ?ick    
padd$ felt is plac$ on ! vessels &      
entirely fills ! wood5 lid ( ! box :i*  
is !n clos$2 ! heat is pres]v$ s t !    
cook+ is cont9u$ )\t fur!r att5tion4    
,w\ld x be possible to use ! ,norwegian 
/ove z a refrig]ator8 ,w\ld x keep an   
ice pudd+ cold )\t any alt]ation8 ,9    
connection ) ?is we may ask :y freez+   
ma*9es h ! inn] vessel 9 :i* ! freez+   

takes place ( z9c1 & ! out] vessel :i*  
conta9s ! ice & salt ( wood8 ,:at w\ld  
be ! effect ( int]*ang+ ! mat]ials8     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4  ,x is possible
 t ! excell5ce ( "s cont95tal cook]y is 
due to ! ext5sive use on ! cont95t (    
e>!nw>e cook+ ut5sils ?r\gh :i* heat    
passes v sl[ly4 ,! gr[+ fa%ion ( us+    
enamell$ cook+ vessels mu/ h "s effect  
on ! food cook$ 9 !m z heat c]ta9ly     
passes quickly ?r\gh !m4 ,ref]5ce has   
be5 made to !m simply to demon/rate !   
univ]sality ( ! application ( physical  
laws1 & we may n[ return to ! h\se & its
 arrangem5t = ! com=t ( ! inmates4      
,,me?ods ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,heat+  ,! two  
me?ods ( w>m+ a h\se are by radiation & 
conduction4 ,we may surmise t 9 any case
 bo? me?ods w be 9 use1 b ! "o w        
pr$om9ate2 = in/ance1 9 heat+ by an op5 
fire radiation w pr$om9ate1 & 9 heat+ by
 /oves & radiators conduction w         
pr$om9ate4 ,9 plann+ a h\se a decision  
mu/ be made betwe5 ! two4 ,?is decision 
be+ made !re is ! fur!r consid]ation (  

:]e ! s\rce ( heat %all be plac$4 ,9 !  
case ( an op5 fireplace %all x be 9 an  
end wall1 9 a corn]1 9 an outside wall1 
& s on1 ! object be+ to make ! greate/  
possible use ( ! heat t passes up !     
*imney & ( t :i* radiates into ! room4  
,! same consid]ation mu/ be paid to !   
situation ( ! clos$ /ove2 :]e w x pass  
heat by conduction to ! greate/ volume (
 air1 & :]e c its radiant heat be       
utilis$8  ,9 a room heat$ by a /ove !re 
is frequ5tly a vessel ( wat] plac$ by or
 on ! top ( ! /ove4 ,if we ask :at is ! 
purpose ( ?is wat] we %all be told t !  
/ove dries ! air 9 ! room4 ,n[1 x is    
impossible t ! heat ( ! /ove %\ld remove
 any moi/ure f ! air2 we mu/ !re=e seek 
an answ] to ! "q1 ,:at is dry air8 ,!   
s5sation ( ! dryness or moi/ure ( ! air 
does n dep5d only ^u ! am\nt ( vap\r 9 !
 air b ^u ! ratio ( ! am\nt pres5t to ! 
am\nt t ! air is able to hold at ! giv5 
temp]ature4 ,! w>m] ! air is ! m vap\r x
 c hold1 h5ce :5 ! air is w>m$ !        
p]c5tage ( wat] pres5t to ! possible    

am\nt 9 x is l[]$2 t is its humidity1   
:i* is ! p]c5tage am\nt1 is l[]$1 & we  
feel x to be dry4 ,! "q may arise :y we 
%\ld feel ?is :5 ! room is heat$ by a   
/ove & n :5 x is heat$ by an op5 fire8  
,x may be t 9 a room ) an op5 fire we   
are w>m$ by radiation & give out heat to
 ! surr\nd+ air :i* is con/antly *ang$  
by convection curr5ts1 s t ! air we     
brea! is cold] ?an we ourselves2 & t 9 a
 room w>m$ by a /ove we receive heat f !
 air & are con/antly brea?+ air t is    
w>m] ?an we ourselves4 ,b x is m ?an    
probable t ! cu/om ( provid+ a s\rce (  
moi/ure to ! air p]si/s f ! sugge/ion ( 
a s+le p]son 9 seek+ to relieve !       
disagreeable feel+ att5d+ ! brea?+ ( air
 lad5 ) ! poison\s products (           
half-consum$ gas1 & t x has no real     
sci5tific f\ndation4  ,h[ to e/imate    
temp]atures4--,:atev] me?od is adopt$ = 
w>m+ a room1 ! h\sewife may be assur$ t 
! result+ temp]ature w n be pleas+ to e 
memb] ( ! family4 ,"o w f9d x too w>m1 &
 ano!r w at ! same "t f9d x too cold1 & 

?is n f any wilful capti\sness b f !    
cause t we h already allud$ to1 t !     
feel+s are a v unc]ta9 te/ ( temp]ature4
 ,x is !re=e advisable to keep ! air ( !
 room z f> z possible at a /&>d         
temp]ature4 ,to d ?is x w be necess>y to
 h a !rmomet] 9 ! room1 & to "k :at its 
read+s indicate4 ,:5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s 
#cb deg4 ,fahr4 or less1 wat] w freeze 9
 ! room1 & ! vessels 9 :i* x is kept w  
bur/2 x is !re=e wise1 :5 x is          
anticipat$ t ! temp]ature w fall bel[   
#cb deg4 ,fahr41 to empty ! ew]s &      
bottles t may be 9 ! room4 ,f #cb deg4  
,fahr4 to #dj deg4 ,fahr4 ! room w be v 
cold1 up to & includ+ #eh deg4 ,fahr4 x 
w be too cold to be pleasant2 ! /&>d    
temp]ature may be tak5 z betwe5 #fb deg4
 & #fd deg4 ,fahr4  ,x may appe> a      
simple matt] to hang up a !rmomet] &    
read x1 b a little ?\ght w %[ t x is n s
 easy z x seems4 ,if1 = in/ance1 !      
!rmomet] is plac$ 9 front ( ! fire at a 
di/ance1 say ( f\r feet f x1 :at w its  
read+ indicate8 ,w x be ! temp]ature ( !

 air ( ! room or ! temp]ature ( ! fire1 
or if nei!r1 :at w x be8 ,suppose we h  
two id5tical !rmomet]s1 & hang !m on    
adjac5t walls1 "o ( :i* is an outside   
wall1 :i* ( ! two read+s %all we take z 
t ( ! temp]ature ( ! room8 ,x is n an   
easy matt] to decide4 ,9 a sick-room1   
:]e "o p]son's com=t only has to be     
consid]$ ! doctor w ord] ! !rmomet] to  
be hung at ! b$-head1 b we _c adopt ?is 
plan 9 a g5]al sitt+-room4   ,,*emical  
,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold  ,9 our     
endeav\r to e/abli% ! claims ( ! sci5ce 
( *emi/ry to a prom95t place 9 !        
educational equipm5t ( wom51 all ref]5ce
 to ^? mo/ int]e/+ & important *emical  
ph5om5a t accompany ! ex]cise ( !       
physiological functions w be omitt$2 z  
also ^? :i* are mo/ imm$iately conc]n$ )
 ! prep>ation ( food4 ,att5tion w be    
conf9$ to "s ( ! common occurr5ces (    
daily life1 ! me?ods ( deal+ ) :i* are  
typical ( ! me?od adopt$ 9 consid]+ m   
important & ab/ruse problems4  ,p]haps  
"o ( ! mo/ disappo9t+ exp]i5ces ( !     

novice 9 h\sekeep+ is ! rapidity ) :i*  
ev]y?+ assumes a %abby aspect4 ,bright  
pa9t gr[s dull1 dull pa9t we>s away1    
curta9s & fabrics fade1 & v soon mi/ress
 & maids alike feel t ! h\se no long]   
repays ! tr\ble incurr$ 9 ! spr+-clean+ 
t x mu/ /ill und]go4 ,?is spr+-clean+1 !
 prim>y object ( :i* is ! pres]vation ( 
! beauty & sub/ance ( ! h\se & its      
appo9tm5ts1 is 9 ! result ! cause ( mu* 
( _! det]ioration4  ,clean+ consi/s 9   
remov+ dirt by means t are p>tly        
physical & p>tly *emical2 = in/ance1 !  
removal ( du/ by sweep+1 %ak+1 or bru%+ 
is a physical op]ation1 & ! removal (   
dirt & grease by dissolv+ !m 9 soapy    
wat] involves _! *ange by a *emical     
process4 ,if ! surfaces or mat]ials to  
be clean$ include a sub/ance on :i* !   
cleans+ ag5t c op]ate ! ag5t w n conf9e 
its "w to ! removal ( ! dirt only2 9    
wa%+ col\r$ fabrics we "k h[ (t5 ! col\r
 comes out ) ! dirt4 ,k !re=e1 n only ( 
! composition & prop]ties ( cleans+     
ag5ts1 b also ( ! surfaces & mat]ials to

 :i* !y are to be appli$1 is ess5tial1 &
 we %\ld f9d t x is n always ! p[d] or  
pa/e :i* makes ! greate/ %[ ( cleanl9ess
 9 ! %orte/ "t1 ) lea/ exp5diture (     
lab\r1 t is ! mo/ to be desir$4  ,! use 
( alkalies4--,! mo/ common cleans+ ag5ts
 are hot wat]1 soap1 & soda4 ,hot wat]  
is itself a det]g5t2 t is1 x has ! p[] (
 dissolv+ dirt4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1       
dissolve grease1 & all h\sehold dirt is 
m or less greasy1 h5ce we _c d our      
cleans+ ) wat] only1 & we are accu/om$  
to add to x soap or soda4  ,x is n easy 
or ev5 possible to discuss ! *emical    
prop]ties ( sub/ances )\t ! use (       
*emical t]ms4 ,sub/ances are classifi$ =
 *emical purposes 9 gr\ps1 e memb] ( :i*
 exhibits ! same *emical prop]ty1 & we  
%all require to di/+ui% betwe5 ! gr\p   
call$ acids & ! gr\p call$ alkalies4 ,x 
w be suffici5t = our purpose j n[ to "k 
t acids h a s\r ta/e & t alkalies       
c\nt]act acids4 ,f ?is def9ition        
lemon-juice w easily be recognis$ z an  
acid4 ,if we add soda to lemon-juice !re

 w be a brisk eff]vesc5ce & !           
lemon-juice w no long] be s\r1 h5ce soda
 is an alkali4 ,alkalies h ano!r        
well-kn[n *emical prop]ty--!y dissolve  
grease & oil & enable !m to mix ) wat]4 
,if we h "s hot wat] 9 a tumbl] & p\r   
oil into x ! oil w float on ! wat]1 & if
 we /ir ! two toge!r ! oil w break into 
globules b w /ill float on ! wat]2 we _c
 mix !m toge!r4 ,if we dissolve "s soda 
9 hot wat] & p\r 9 oil we %all f9d on   
/irr+ t ! mixture becomes milky or soapy
 9 appe>ance & ! oil & wat] are no long]
 disc]nible z diff]5t fluids4 ,moreov]1 
on /&+ ! oil w n aga9 sep>ate f ! wat]2 
x has be5 emulsifi$4 ,oils !mselves h ! 
*emical p[] ( dissolv+ res9s4 ,res9s are
 h>d1 bright vegetable gums :i* w come  
"u our notice :5 we consid] !           
composition ( v>ni%es4  ,all h>d soaps  
are made f soda1 grease1 & res92 ! *eap]
 soaps conta9 free soda1 ! de>] ones    
conta9 an excess ( fat4 ,yell[ scrubb+  
soap conta9s ab\t eight p] c5t4 ( free  
soda4 ,bo? soap & soda c be dissolv$ 9  

wat]1 & are s dissolv$ = clean+         
purposes4 ,kn[+ ! con/itu5ts ( our      
cleans+ ag5ts1 we c consid] _! action on
 pa9t & v>ni%4 ,pa9t conta9s :ite-lead1 
l9se$-oil1 & col\r+ matt]4 ,x is n v h>d
 :5 dry & c be easily scrat*$ ) ! nail4 
,v>ni% is made f l9se$-oil1 res91 &     
turp5t9e4 ,:5 dry x %\ld be v h>d &     
bright4  ,! :ole ( ! pa9t$ woodwork ( ! 
h\se is subject$ to spr+-clean+ :atev]  
its appe>ance ) reg>d to dirt may be4 ,!
 op]ator ?r[s into a pailful ( hot wat] 
a h&ful ( soda1 soaks a scrubb+-bru% 9 !
 mixture1 rubs x well ) soap1 & uses x  
to bru% ! some:at s(t pa9t or h>d]      
v>ni%4 ,! soda & soap1 aid$ by ! heat1  
s(t5 ! pa9t & ! bru% removes a quantity 
equal to ab\t a coat ( pa9t4 ,! effect  
is c]ta9ly pleas+ = ! "t be+1 b !re w be
 no difficulty 9 und]/&+ t ! process c  
only be repeat$ until ! pa9t & v>ni% gr[
 %abby or disappe>4  ,x is n wise = !   
inexp]t h\sewife to tru/ to unsci5tific 
fri5ds = advice z to ! be/ mat]ials to  
use :5 clean+ pa9t4 ,a =eman pa9t] once 

gave1 z a recipe = ?is purpose1 an      
in/ruction to add a tablespoonful (     
salts ( t>t> to ?ree-qu>t]s ( a pailful 
( wat]4 ,! result 0 a v rapid & complete
 removal ( dirt f ! pa9t1 b ! h\sewife1 
be+ dissatisfi$ ) ! r dull appe>ance ( !
 :ite v>ni%1 /rok$ x ) h] f+] & f\nd t x
 0 cov]$ ) a f9e :ite p[d]4 ,! maid's   
assurance t ?is 0 all "r & only ne$$ to 
be remov$ by du/+ did n satisfy h]1 & %e
 began to wond] :at *emical action 0 to 
be expect$ f salts ( t>t>4 ,a fir/ se>* 
= in=mation reveal$ t salts ( t>t> 0 an 
old "n = potassium c>bonate1 b !        
h\sewife knew no *emi/ry & _h nev] he>d 
( potassium c>bonate1 s ?is in=mation 0 
useless to h]4 ,%e _h1 h[ev]1 _h "s     
sci5tific tra9+ & 0 n satisfi$ to re/ 9 
ignorance4 ,a se>* 9 a book on elem5t>y 
*emi/ry disclos$ ! fur!r tru? t !       
comm]cial "n = potassium c>bonate is    
pe>la%6 ,%e !n rememb]$ t be+ desir\s at
 "o "t to remove ! pa9t f "s oak c>v+   
said to be two hundr$ ye>s' old1 %e _h  
successfully us$ a solution ( pe>la%    

pa9t$ on ) a bru%4 ,! pa9t :5 dry f !   
application _h be5 scrap$ (f 9 long1    
t\gh ribbons4 ,( c\rse ! mixture _h be5 
v mu* /rong] ?an t prescrib$ by ! pa9t]1
 b ! effect _h be5 v mu* m app>5t4      
,acids & alkalies are to "s ext5t       
responsible = ! fad+ ( fabrics 9 ! wa%  
:5 ^! fabrics owe _! col\r to vegetable 
dyes4 ,acids turn vegetable blues r$1   
alkalies turn vegetable blues gre5 &    
vegetable yell[s br[n4 ,x is easy to    
illu/rate ?is action ( acids & alkalies 
on vegetable col\rs4 ,a blue liquid c be
 obta9$ by boil+ a r$ cabbage 9 wat]4   
,if we take two portions ( ?is wat] &   
add any acid1 say lemon-juice1 to "o    
portion we %all obta9 a r$ liquid2 if we
 add any alkali1 say soda1 to ! o!r     
portion we %all obta9 a gre5 liquid4 ,if
 we g a /ep fur!r & add lemon-juice to !
 gre5 liquid & soda to ! r$ liquid we   
may approa* v ne>ly to our orig9al blue 
liquid4 ,^! exp]im5ts sugge/ a rem$y = !
 *ange ( col\r 9 fabrics on wa%+ ) soda1
 b ! dyes mo/ commonly us$ are n        

vegetable dyes1 & ! fad+ ( ! fabrics is 
due to *emical *anges1 into :i* we h no 
space to ent]4  ,/rong acids & alkalies 
act z cau/ics2 t is !y de/roy fabrics4  
,cont9u$ wa%+ 9 /rong soda & wat] n only
 t5ds to de/roy1 b also spoils !        
appe>ance ( all k9ds ( we>+ app>el &    
h\sehold l954 ,:ite silk & wool at once 
become yell[ on be+ wa%$ ) soap t       
conta9s free soda1 & l95 is affect$ 9 ! 
same way ?\gh n to ! same ext5t4  ,!    
widely adv]tis$ pa/es & liquids = clean+
 metal-"w1 p>ticul>ly brass1 (t5 conta9 
acids or alkalies t are injuri\s to     
metals4 ,if aft] clean+ !re %\ld be a   
gre5 deposit on brass or copp] x w be   
wise to inquire into ! composition ( su*
 deposit1 & to discont9ue ! use ( t pa/e
 or liquid4 ,:5 brass pans are us$ =    
boil+ fruit = jams1 x is usual to rub !m
 inside ) a slice ( lemon be=e putt+ 9 !
 fruit4 ,a c>eful h\sewife w consid] !  
reason = ?is cu/om4 ,we rememb] once    
see+ a copp] pan1 t _h be5 provid$ = !  
prep>ation ( oatmeal porridge1 ) a b&   

ab\t an in* wide ( gre5 cry/als on !    
inside4 ,inquiry elicit$ t ! cook _h    
?\ght x a conv5i5t pan 9 :i* to prep>e !
 fi% 7salt haddock7 = breakfa/4         
,ignorance ( ! *emical action ( salt &  
acids on metals may lead to v s]i\s     
results4 ,! common "n = ! gre5 deposit  
on brass & copp] is v]digris1 & mo/ p "k
 t v]digris is a poison\s comp\nd2 !    
difficulty is t1 n kn[+ its *emical     
composition1 !y d n recognise v]digris  
:5 !y see x4 ,! cook ?\ght t ! compla9t 
made _h ref]5ce only to ! misuse ( !    
pan1 & said t x 0 q easy to clean ! gre5
 deposit (f6   ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,!    
,,body  ,x is to ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry t we
 owe our k ( ! composition ( ! v>i\s    
food/uffs f :i* diet>ies are select$1 z 
well z ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! human body   
:i* relies = its su/5ance on ^?         
diet>ies4 ,b ! adju/m5t ( diet>ies to ! 
"w !y h to d is a m complex problem ?an 
^? we h hi!rto consid]$4 ,we le>n f !   
sci5ce ( physiology t ! human body is a 
laboratory 9 :i* c]ta9 juices are       

secret$ = ! dige/ion ( foods1 & t 9 ?is 
laboratory foods mu/ be r$uc$ to !      
consi/5cy necess>y = _! passage ?r\gh   
animal membranes2 = x is by passage     
?r\gh membranes t ! nutritive p>ts (    
food f9d _! way into ! g5]al circulation
 ( ! blood :i* c>ries !m to all p>ts ( !
 sy/em4 ,v few food/uffs are available =
 use 9 _! natural /ate1 & ! majority (  
!m are prep>$ = consumption 9 ! fir/    
place by m or less elaborate processes  
includ$ 9 ! art ( cook]y4 ,:5 ?us prep>$
 !y %\ld be 9 a fit /ate to und]go 9 !  
body ! physical *anges compris$ 9       
ma/ication1 & ! *emical *anges associat$
 ) ! process ( dige/ion4  ,x might be   
surmis$ by ! ?\ghtful p>5t t z ! *ild's 
body lacks "s ( ! ext]nal features ( !  
adult body1 su* z hair & tee?1 s !re    
might1 & probably w\ld1 be correspond+  
lapses 9 ! int]nal economy1 & t !re=e ! 
food prep>$ = ! adult w\ld be1 ev5 9 !  
smalle/ quantity1 unsuit$ to ! *ild4    
,physiologi/s tell u t ?is is s1 & 9    
p>ticul> t ! secretions :i* 9 adult life

 are call$ saliva & pancreatic juice &  
:i* h ! function ( prep>+ />* =         
dige/ion1 are at ?is "t scanty 9 am\nt &
 defici5t 9 *emical action4 ,b ^!       
secretions are ess5tial = ! dige/ion (  
/>*y foods1 & *emi/s tell u t />* ab\nds
 9 ! vegetable k+dom f :i* mo/ ( ! food 
( *ildr5 is d]iv$4 ,x is !re=e a matt] (
 "s importance t e p]son 9 *>ge ( an    
infant %\ld h t am\nt ( k ( *emical     
reactions :i* is requisite to enable !m 
to detect :e!r a food does or does n    
conta9 />*4 ,a *ild f$ entirely on />*y 
foods suff]s f malnutrition ( s s]i\s a 
"* t dea? may1 & (t5 does1 ensue4 ,ev5  
if o!r suitable food1 su* z modifi$     
milk1 be giv51 ! int]nal economy ( !    
*ild w be s]i\sly di/urb$4  ,! names by 
:i* pat5t foods are adv]tis$ are v (t5  
mislead+ to unsci5tific p]sons1 &       
invalids h suff]$ mu* f ! mi/ak5 idea t 
jellies & meat extracts are foods4 ,meat
 extracts h _! use1 b any invalid f$ on 
extract ( beef only w\ld die soon] ?an  
"o left ) no food at all4 ,! reason =   

?is c be le>n$ f ! k ( ! con/itu5ts (   
beef extracts & ! "p !y play 9 ! human  
organism4   ,,conclusion  ,if we h seem$
 to lay /ress on ! value ( a k ( !      
sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry to !        
exclusion ( ! m5tion ( o!rs1 our        
ju/ification ( ! fact is t space is     
limit$1 & t we believe t physics &      
*emi/ry und]lie all ! o!r sci5ces & are 
( p>am\nt importance to /ud5ts ( all o!r
 subjects4 ,9 ! sci5ces ( biology1      
physiology1 botany1 geology1 c41 little 
advance c be made )\t a k ( ! fundam5tal
 laws ( nature4 ,! physical laws control
 movem5t1 & ! *emical laws control gr[?1
 :e!r ( animate or inanimate nature4    
,physical & *emical ph5om5a are conc]n$ 
9 ! upheaval ( rocks & m\nta9s :i* gov]n
 ! cont\r ( ! cont95ts ( ! _w4 ,^!      
cont\rs influ5ce climates & peoples2 z !
 cont\rs *ange ! p *ange4 ,! dwell]s 9 !
 m\nta9 regions diff] 9 "* f ! dwell]s 9
 valleys & pla9s2 ! inhabitants ( cold  
di/ricts diff] f ! inhabitants ( w>m    
di/ricts2 b x is p :o make hi/ory1 &    

hi/orians _c af=d to pass by natural    
environm5ts & natural laws4  ,if a      
f\ndation ( ! fundam5tal sci5ces be laid
 at s*ool ! /ud5t c subsequ5tly build ^u
 x ! special sci5ce t is suit$ to 8     
c>e]4 ,x matt]s little :at ! call+ 9    
life ( any p]son may be2 if he aim at   
success 9 t call+ he mu/ acqua9t himself
 ) ! laws by :i* he has 8 be+1 & by :i* 
he mu/ p]=ce be guid$ 9 all 8 actions z 
well z 9 8 int]c\rse ) 8 fell[-m54  ,!  
_m av5ues n[ op5 to wom5 = public "w    
entail on !m ! responsibility ( fitt+   
!mselves = t "w4 ,!y z mu* z1 if n m    
?an1 ! h\sewife ne$ to /udy ! sci5ces   
:i* treat ( ! safegu>d+ ( human life4 ,z
 c\ncillors deal+ ) sanit>y & build+    
laws1 z inspectors ( workrooms1 (       
in/itutions1 & ( ! conditions (         
*ild-life1 !y owe x to !mselves & to !  
community !y s]ve n to und]take ^?      
duties )\t adequate k4 ,adequate k mu/  
be tak5 to mean sci5tific k ( ^? matt]s 
( :i*1 by (f]+ !mselves = su*           
appo9tm5ts1 !y assume an exp]t k4 ,x is 

an irony t sci5tific tra9+ %\ld be      
will+ly & ev5 eag]ly acquir$ :5 x is a  
"q ( qualify+ = a sal>i$ po/ = "w among 
/rang]s1 & t a "m %\ld be cont5t to br+ 
to be> on ! well-be+ & lives ( h] own   
circle unsci5tific & amateur exp]i5ce4  
,we h only be5 able to t\* ! skirt ( a  
great subject1 b our end w h be5 a*iev$ 
if we h succe$$ 9 po9t+ ! way = a full] 
realisation ( ! aims ( e>ne/ m5 & wom5 =
 ! sav+ ( *ild-life & ! mitigation (    
disease1 & if we h %[n h[ great t       
subject is--h[ mu* too great = any?+ b !
 mo/ sup]ficial treatm5t 9 a s+le       
article4     ,,! ,,economic ,,relations 
,,( ,,! ,,h\sehold  ,,by ,,mabel        
,,atk9son1 ,m4,a4 7,,glasg[7   ,i4      
,,introductory  ,! h\sehold has be5     
treat$ by economi/s ) curi\s neglig5ce4 
,! f\nd] ( political economy %[$ s      
little insight into ! real nature ( ! "w
 c>ri$ on !re z to class ^? :om he      
describ$ z m5ial s]vants ) unproductive 
lab\r]s4#ac ,! lat] classical economi/s 
h foll[$ 8 lead4 ,m>%all1 x is true1 %[s

 ?r\gh\t 8 books an appreciation ( !    
position & responsibilities ( ! h\sewife
 & ! "m :i* is =eign to mo/ ( 8         
colleagues4#ad ,b he has nev] attempt$  
to analyse ! economic functions ( !     
h\sehold1 or to %[ its v>y+ relations to
 ! re/ ( ! community2 nei!r has he po9t$
 out ! peculi> factors :i* diff]5tiate !
 position & remun]ation ( ! wom5 employ$
 9 dome/ic activities f ^? ( all o!r    
work]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m mod]n s*ool ( 
economi/s1 ^? :o devote !mselves to !   
hi/ory ( economic developm5t 9 ! pa/ or 
to ! int5sive /udy ( special economic   
in/itutions 9 ! pres5t1 h equally fail$ 
to discuss ) any adequacy ! organisation
 ( ! h\sehold4  ,! economic hi/orians   
describe ) m9ut5ess ! rise & fall (     
gilds & *>t]$ companies1 ! work+s (     
diff]5t me?ods ( education & ( poor     
relief 9 successive epo*s4 ,!y r>ely    
indicate h[ ! v>i\s =ms ( indu/rial     
organisation translat$ !mselves into !  
dome/ic exp5diture ( ! p4 ,x w\ld1 =    
in/ance1 be v difficult to extract f !  

pages ( ! economic hi/orians an answ] to
 ! "q1 ,:at 7 ! conditions det]m9+ !    
supply ( dome/ic s]vants at ! close ( ! 
,middle ,ages1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury & 9 !
 n9ete5? c5tury respectively8 ,x is n   
easy to answ] def9itely ev5 simpl] & m  
fundam5tal que/ions ?an ^!4 ,x is (t5   
/at$1 = example1 t ! h\sehold           
arrangem5ts ( ! s]fs on ! m$iaeval      
manors 7 rude & uncom=table to ! la/    
degree1#ae b x is c]ta9 t ?is is n s    
univ]sally true z has be5 ?\ght4 ,"s at 
all ev5ts ( ! m prosp]\s inhabitants ( !
 manors possess$ h\sehold furniture &   
equipm5ts ( a k9d n inf]ior to ! outfit 
( ! casual lab\r] to-day4 ,%eets1 =     
example1 are m5tion$ sev]al times 9     
extant inv5tories4 ,b mu* m inve/igation
 ?an has yet be5 possible w\ld be       
necess>y be=e x c\ld be det]m9$ :e!r ^! 
in/ances ( a high] /&>d ( com=t are or  
are n exceptions to a g5]al rule4  ,to  
take o!r in/ances ( unsettl$ problems3  
,h[ 0 pott]y made 9 ! ,middle ,ages--by 
travell+ pott]s z 9 ! ,ea/ to-day1 by   

gilds ( pott]s1 or by ! inhabitants ( ! 
manor directly = _! own use8 ,or aga93  
,:5 did ! cu/om ( build+ h\ses to let on
 r5t fir/ become g5]al 9 ,engl&8 ,x is  
cle> t ! habit ( liv+ 9 r5t$ h\ses has &
 mu/ h ! mo/ pr(\nd influ5ce on family  
life & national "*4 ,b s f>1 nei!r f    
economic hi/ories on ! "o h& nor f      
hi/ories ( ar*itecture on ! o!r1 h ,i   
be5 able to obta9 any reliable in=mation
 on ?is po9t4  ,:5 "o turns to ev5 m    
important que/ions--su*1 = in/ance1 z ! 
indu/rial position ( wom5 at diff]5t    
epo*s--x is equally difficult to obta9  
precise & detail$ k4 ,)\t a v l5g?y &   
elaborate inve/igation ( ! extant       
orig9al mat]ials1 _m ( !m scatt]$ 9     
municipal *amb]s 9 di/ant p>ts ( ,engl&1
 x w\ld be q impossible to say on :at   
t]ms wom5 7 admitt$ z memb]s ( ! gilds &
 frat]nities :i* ext5d$ ov] ! :ole area 
( indu/rial life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,!  
"* & organisation ( ! h\sehold & !      
position ( wom5 9 ! ,middle ,ages are   
subjects /ill practically unt\*$ by !   

economic hi/orians4#af  ,:5 we turn to  
mod]n times1 a little m mat]ial has be5 
collect$4 ,!re is an inve/igation by !  
,bo>d ( ,trade into ! wages ( dome/ic   
s]vants1 & a book on dome/ic s]vice by  
,pr(essor ,lucy ,salmon ( ,vass>        
,college4 ,x deals ( c\rse ma9ly )      
,am]ican conditions1 b _c be neglect$ by
 any ,engli% /ud5t ( ! economic         
relations ( ! h\sehold4  ,humanit>ianism
 has prompt$ /udies m or less elaborate 
( ! diet>ies & h\s+ conditions ( ! work+
 classes1 especially 9 t[ns1#ag b x w\ld
 be idle to pret5d t !re has be5 yet m  
?an a beg9n+ made ( ! task ( det]m9+ h[ 
= ea* class ( ! community its %>e ( !   
national income z /at$ 9 money is       
translat$ into ! necess>ies1 com=ts1 &  
luxuries ( life1 into h\se-room1 fuel1  
food1 cleanl9ess1 clo?+1 insurance1     
dome/ic s]vice1 recreation1 & culture4  
,! g5]alisations available are ( ! mo/  
meagre description4 ,we c1 = in/ance1   
say ) tol]able c]ta9ty t ! agricultural 
lab\r] sp5ds ?ree-f\r?s ( 8 income on   

food1 ! t[n lab\r] two-?irds1 ! artisan 
a half1 ! middle-class man f a ?ird to a
 f\r?2 b !re is practically no reliable 
in=mation ) reg>d to v l>ge incomes1 or 
to sums sp5t on clo?+ 9 any section ( ! 
community4  ,moreov]1 !re is "o         
class--l>ge1 gr[+ 9 importance1 & an    
ess5tial elem5t 9 mod]n                 
civilisation--ab\t ^: dome/ic exp5diture
 we h no sci5tific k at all4 ,?is is !  
class :i* may be nam$ ! r\t9e           
bra9-work]s1 ! p :o z cl]ks1            
book-keep]s1 salesm51 typi/s1 c41 are   
responsible = ! r\t9e adm9i/ration (    
mod]n comm]ce4 ,!y h be5 comp>$ to !    
n]v\s sy/em1 = l t sy/em 9 ! animal body
 !y s]ve = ! communication & ! me*anical
 record ( ! life ( ! community on its   
indu/rial side4 ,) !m may be class$     
elem5t>y s*ool-tea*]s1 report]s1 & ! l[]
 ranks ( ! ,civil ,s]vice1 ?\gh ,i %\ld 
n be prep>$ to say t "s ( ^!--especially
 ! tea*]s--ought to be reg>d$ z p]=m+   
only r\t9e bra9-"w4 ,b all ^! work]s c  
be conv5i5tly /udi$ toge!r 9 t _! lab\r 

is c>ri$ on "u some:at simil>           
conditions--x is s$5t>y1 highly         
regim5t$1 exhau/+ to ! bra9 & n]v\s     
sy/em1 & is g5]ally remun]at$ by a fix$ 
sal>y1 c4 ,!y e>n an income l>g] ?an t (
 ! manual lab\r]1 b consid]ably less z a
 g5]al rule ?an t ( ! pr(essional man4  
,!re is a total abs5ce ( in=mation z to 
! dome/ic exp5diture ( ?is class4 ,x is 
sometimes decl>$ t its less well-paid   
memb]s suff] z sev]ely f pov]ty z d     
sections ( ! work+-class1 & t ! poor    
cl]k is really mu* m to be piti$ ?an !  
well-to-d trade unioni/1 ! skill$ manual
 work]4  ,b no "o has yet attempt$ to   
te/ ! tru? ( ?is view by ! only         
sci5tific means1 namely1 by ! collection
 ( precise details z to ! dome/ic       
exp5diture ( ! r\t9e bra9-work+ class1  
%[+ :at sums are sp5t on h\se-room1     
food1 clo?+1 c41 & :at k9d (            
accommodation is obta9$ = ! money sp5t4 
,9 %ort1 ! inve/igation ( dome/ic       
exp5diture has nev] yet be5 c>ri$ out 9 
a purely sci5tific _s solely = ! sake ( 

! resultant k4 ,x has always be5        
und]tak5 ) "s special practical problem 
9 view1 & is consequ5tly always         
fragm5t>y & frequ5tly biass$4  ,yet if x
 is important to "k h[ ! weal? ( !      
c\ntry is produc$1 x is ( equal         
importance to "k h[ x is consum$1 & t   
:e!r ! consumption takes ! =m ( porridge
 & flannelette = ! *ild ( a dock-lab\r]1
 ( dr9k & admission to a football mat* =
 ! m9] or cotton-op]ative1 or ( a g>d5]1
 & a holiday 9 ,switz]l& = ! h>d-work+  
doctor or /ockbrok]4 ,dome/ic exp5diture
 %\ld be inve/igat$ z imp>tially by !   
economi/ z are ! v>iations ( plants or  
animals by ! biologi/4 ,8 "o aim %\ld be
 ! discov]y & /atem5t ( tru?1 z complete
 & z unbiass$ z he c make x4  ,hi!rto1 z
 ,i h said1 ?is field ( rese>* has      
rema9$ comp>atively unt\*$4 ,9 ! fir/   
place1 economi/s h g5]ally be5 m51 & h  
naturally devot$ _! en]gies to !        
elucidation ( ! problems ( indu/ry &    
bus9ess :i* conc]n m5 mo/ closely4 ,few 
wom51 on ! o!r h&1 h until rec5tly      

receiv$ any tra9+ 9 economics1 & x has  
nev] occurr$ to !m t ! famili> &        
we>isome problems ( ! r5t1 ! but*]'s    
bill1 & ! *ildr5's clo!s1 toge!r ) !    
difficulty ( f9d+ a satisfactory cook1  
may h a wid] aspect ?an ! n>r[ & p]sonal
 "o4 ,b ev5 z x is1 ! few wom5 :o h     
di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! sph]e ( economics 
h 9 a note or a casual rem>k po9t$ out  
di/9ctions betwe5 h\sehold managem5t &  
o!r bran*es ( indu/ry :i* ca/ a flood ( 
light on ! :ole subject4 ,!re is a      
p>agraph 9 ! second volume ( ,indu/rial 
,democracy#ah :i* lays d[n ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( bus9ess & (
 ! adm9i/ration ( ! home 9 a few words  
:i* might s]ve z ! text = a volume4 ,x  
is precisely ?is diff]5ce1 fir/ cle>ly  
indicat$ by ,mrs4 ,webb1 :i* con/itutes 
! second gr\nd = ! common neglect ( ?is 
bran* ( economics4 ,a factory or a %op  
is run = pr(it2 a h\sehold simply to    
provide com=t & conv5i5ce = its memb]s4 
,to put x 9 te*nical language1 9 ! _w ( 
indu/ry we are conc]n$ ) ex*ange values1

 b 9 ! home ) use values alone4 ,f ?is  
di/9ction1 ov]look$ by reason ( its     
obvi\sness1 !re fl[ a l>ge numb] (      
consequ5ces :i* w be discuss$ lat]4 ,at 
pres5t we are only conc]n$ to %[ t      
economi/s1 ) _! eyes fix$ on trade & !  
me*anism ( trade1 v naturally neglect$ t
 section ( life 9 :i* values1 mat]ial & 
immat]ial1 7 be+ cont9ually creat$1 b = 
use alone1 n = comm]cial purposes4  ,!  
wife :o cooks h] husb&'s d9n]1 or cat]s1
 organises1 & keeps acc\nts = him1 is   
really engag$ 9 "w :i* 9 any rational   
int]pretation ( ! ^w has f> m "r to be  
call$ productive ?an is mu* ( ! lab\r   
employ$ 9 manufacture or bus9ess4 ,b !  
"w accompli%$ by ! wife 9 ! h\sehold has
 nev] yet receiv$ its full ackn[l$gm5t f
 ! economi/s4 ,! tru? is t1 al?\gh !y   
con/antly w>n /ud5ts to avoid ! vulg>   
error ( confus+ money wages ) real      
wages1 !y !mselves h be5 s biass$ by !  
comm]cial conception ( pr(it-mak+ t !y h
 almo/ completely ov]look$ ev5 ! purely 
economic value ( mu* "w1 su* z cook+1   

clean+1 & clo!s-mak+1 :i* is c>ri$ on )9
 ! home1 n = pr(it-mak+ or = a sal>y1 b 
z "p ( ! duties atta*+ to ! /atus ( wife
 & "m4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ by ! economi/s   
!mselves#ai t al?\gh 9 !ory !y h set    
aside a section to be devot$ to !       
discussion ( consumption z o!r sections 
deal ) production & di/ribution ( weal?1
 yet 9 practice ! treatm5t ( consumption
 has be5 meagre & ineffective4 ,?is1    
p]haps1 is inevitable--x is c]ta9ly     
regrettable--& wom5 economi/s w\ld be   
p]=m+ a mo/ useful "w if !y 7 to        
und]take a c>eful & detail$ inve/igation
 into ! consumption ( weal? at diff]5t  
epo*s & by diff]5t classes ( !          
community1 & "o1 moreov]1 = :i* _!      
connection ) h\sekeep+1 :i* is only !   
practical application ( ! sci5ce ( !    
consumption ( weal?1 w\ld h already     
p>tially prep>$ !m4  ,!re is /ill ano!r 
reason :y a sci5tific treatm5t ( !      
consumption ( weal? has be5 delay$4 ,x  
c\ld n be develop$ until m$ic9e & hygi5e
 _h provid$ u ) satisfactory /&>ds ( !  

ne$s ( ! human body4 ,:5 food1 =        
example1 0 /ill reg>d$ purely z a matt] 
( individual likes & dislikes1 x 0      
impossible to discuss at all adequately 
! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ! food   
consumption ( a giv5 class4 ,b n[ t we  
"k t ! v>y+ ta/es simply express 9      
diff]5t ways ! ne$ = s mu* proteid1     
c>bo-hydrates & fats1 we h a firm basis 
on :i* to "w4 ,x is true t x is n yet q 
s firm z we c\ld wi%2 ! sci5ti/s h n yet
 succe$$ ev5 = a s+le class 9 fix+ a    
diet>y /&>d :i* w\ld be accept$ by all 9
 p>ticul>1 & rec5tly ! inve/igations (  
,pr(essor ,*itt5d5 h sugge/$ t ! am\nt (
 proteid hi!rto ?\ght ess5tial may be   
excessive4 ,moreov]1 little att5tion has
 yet be5 paid to ! ne$ ( diff]5t food = 
diff]5t "w4 ,yet x seems probable1 to   
say ! lea/1 t ! s$5t>y work]1 us+ 8 bra9
 & n 8 muscles1 may require light] &    
da9ti] food ?an ! lab\r] 9 ! fields or !
 docks1 & may really suff] z s]i\sly if 
t bett] food be d5i$ him z does ! latt] 
if he fails to secure a suffici5cy (    

co>s] & *eap] nutrim5t4 ,?is "q w\ld be 
( great importance 9 inve/igat+ !       
exp5diture ( ! cl]k class4 ,b al?\gh !  
sci5ti/s h "h fail$ to provide ! /ud5ts 
( dome/ic exp5diture ) all ! data       
requir$1 yet !re is suffici5t k ( !     
g5]al pr9ciples ( dietetics to enable u 
to base our /udy ( food consumption on a
 fairly s\nd basis4  ,9 ! same way a    
/&>d ( h\s+ accommodation e/abli%+ !    
m9imum ( space p] head necess>y = heal? 
is g5]ally recognis$2 & on ^! & simil>  
calculations1 correlat$ ) ! co/ (       
h\se-room & commodities1 x w be possible
 to build up a sci5ce ( consumption :i* 
w be really a sci5ce & n a s]ies (      
guesses & vague g5]alities4  ,x is true1
 aga91 t x is easi] to deal ) ! grades (
 society practis+ ! r\ghe/ & lea/-skill$
 lab\r ?an ) ^? engag$ 9 ! high] =ms (  
bra9-"w1 b we c at all ev5ts set        
ourselves to discov] :at is ! av]age    
di/ribution ( ! exp5diture ( m5 e>n+    
,l#ajjj a ye>1 & c aft]w>ds appeal to ! 
hygi5i/s to decide = u :at k9d ( food1  

h\se-room1 & recreation is ess5tial = a 
man :o makes 8 liv+ by ! high]          
activities ( ! intellect4 ,a v close    
connection betwe5 economics & hygi5e is 
ess5tial if ! division ( our subject t  
deals ) consumption is to be adequately 
treat$4  ,s1 !n1 a sci5tific /udy ( !   
economics ( ! h\sehold w\ld fall into   
two divisions--7#a7 an endeav\r to      
describe ! indu/rial developm5t ( ea*   
c\ntry z x affects family life1         
h\se-room1 food1 & clo!s2 & 7#b7 a      
descriptive acc\nt ( ! dome/ic          
circum/ances & ! exp5diture#bj ( ea*    
class ( ! community at ! pres5t "t4 ,"u 
ea* ( ^! head+s special sections %\ld   
treat dome/ic s]vice1 ! "w ( woman      
beyond ! h\sehold1 & ! organisation (   
h\sehold "w z comp>$ ) diff]5t bran*es (
 indu/ry & adm9i/ration4 ,f9ally1 a     
supplem5t>y section %\ld set =? !       
practical applications ( ! conclusions  
arriv$ at1 & %\ld endeav\r to help !    
h\sewife or1 x may be1 ! sup]9t5d5t ( an
 indu/rial s*ool1 college1 or bo>d+ h\se

 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! income at h]      
disposal4  ,b mu* m c>eful inve/igation 
into ! "q ( h[ incomes actually are sp5t
 is ess5tial be=e we c deal             
satisfactorily ) ! ev5 m difficult      
problem ( h[ !y ought to be sp5t4 ,& !re
 is1 too1 ano!r factor :i* mu/ be tak5  
into consid]ation4 ,economi/s 9 def9+   
weal? commonly admit n[adays t x        
includes collective & immat]ial well-be+
 ( v>i\s k9ds4#ba ,b hav+ made ?is      
admission1 !y /raightway put x aside &  
proce$ to discuss weal? z ?\gh x consi/$
 exclusively ( mat]ial ex*angeable      
commodities4 ,yet cle>ly ! real income (
 a family is increas$ if ! *ildr5 h easy
 access to good free s*ools or to ample 
op5 spaces4 ,x w n be possible to       
e/imate precisely ! money value (       
opportunities ( ?is description4 ,b we  
%\ld at lea/ notice _! pres5ce or abs5ce
 = ea* class & = ea* /age ( national    
developm5t4 ,x is cle> t 9 ! pres5t pap]
 no attempt c be made to deal ) !       
problems ( ! economics ( exp5diture or (

 ! h\sehold save 9 ! m]e/ outl9e1 &     
!re=e ! foll[+ pages are to be tak5     
simply z a sket* to be fill$ 9 by m     
ext5sive & m ?r\ghgo+ inve/igation lat] 
on4   ,,ii4 ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! 
,,position ,,( ,,! ,,h\sehold ,,9       
,,engl&  ,engli% indu/rial hi/ory has   
be5 divid$ into ?ree ma9 epo*s ) int]v5+
 p]iods ( transition4 ,^! are 7#a7 !    
m$iaeval p]iod1 7#b7 ! p]iod ext5d+ f   
,elizabe?'s reign to ! reign ( ,george  
,,iii41 & 7#c7 ! mod]n p]iod4  ,9 !     
fir/1 ! typical economic in/itutions are
 ! manor & ! gild2 9 ! second1 dome/ic  
manufacture & conv]tible husb&ry are    
pr$om9ant2 & 9 ! ?ird ! factory sy/em & 
capitali/ f>m+ take _! places4#bb       
,trade1 too1 und]goes a simil>          
evolution4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod x is         
int]municipal r ?an int]national4 ,9 !  
second p]iod1 )9 ea* nation trade is    
free & unfett]$1 & a consid]able am\nt (
 t]ritorial division ( lab\r & regional 
specialisation results4 ,b ext]nal trade
 is regulat$ by gov]nm5ts on ! pr9ciples

 ( ! m]cantile sy/em4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod1 )
 ! increase & improvem5t ( ! means (    
communication1 int]national trade       
becomes m & m important1 m>kets are     
imm5sely wid5$1 & ! economic            
organisation ( society rea*es !         
complexity possess$ by x to-day1 :i*    
reacts 9 _m half compreh5d$ ways on !   
h\sehold & on family life4  ,! ma9      
*>act]i/ics ( ^! divisions ( ,engli%    
indu/rial hi/ory are1 on ! :ole1 cle> & 
well-m>k$4 ,b ! transition p]iods are m 
difficult to describe4 ,x has (t5 be5   
po9t$ out t ! two indu/rial revolutions1
 z !y h be5 nam$ by "s writ]s1 be> a    
c]ta9 resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,bo?      
involve a reorganisation ( indu/ry :i*  
results 9 increas$ productivity on ! "o 
h&1 b 9 ! demoralisation ( c]ta9 classes
 ( ! work]s on ! o!r h&4 ,bo? !re=e     
require a revision ( ! sy/em ( provid+ =
 ! de/itute4 ,bo?1 too1 produce ! mo/   
f>-rea*+ effects on home-life & !       
economy ( ! h\sehold1 & influ5ce        
pr(\ndly ! position ( wom54 ,bo?1 too1  

are alike 9 t x is n easy to fix dates  
to ! p]iods )9 :i* ! revolution 9       
indu/ry takes place4#bc ,b r\ghly we may
 reg>d ! late fifte5? c5tury & ! e>ly "p
 ( ! sixte5? z a "t ( /ress & /ra91 due 
to ! appe>ance ( new me?ods bo? 9       
agriculture & 9 indu/ry1 especially 9 ! 
wool trade2 & 9 ! same way ! end ( !    
eighte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? 0
 a p]iod ( sudd5 & viol5t economic      
transition4 ,9 bo? cases alike ! *anges 
9 agriculture prec$$ some:at ! *anges 9 
indu/ry1 & ! revolution made itself felt
 9 diff]5t ways & at diff]5t times 9 !  
v>i\s di/ricts ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are /ill
 backw>d areas 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& & 9 !   
we/ ( ,scotl& :]e life has be5 v little 
affect$1 not)/&+ tra9s & /eam-eng9es1 by
 ! alt]ations 9 indu/ry :i* h produc$ ! 
ro>+ mills & clatt]+ %ipy>ds (          
,lanca%ire & ! ,clyde4  ,! task be=e u1 
!n1 is to sket* z cle>ly z possible f ! 
scanty mat]ial available ! ma9 features 
( dome/ic life at ea* "o ( ^! epo*s1 &  
to %[ h[ ! *anges 9 indu/ry reflect$    

!mselves 9 ! life ( ! h\sehold4   7a7   
,,! ,,h\sehold ,,9 ,,! ,,m$iaeval       
,,p]iod  7#a7 ,! ,s]f--8 ,position &    
,dome/ic ,arrangem5ts  ,9 ! m$iaeval    
p]iod1 outside ! small & scatt]$ t[ns1 !
 prevail+ =m ( economic organisation 0 !
 manor4 ,we h to imag9e ! surface (     
,engl& dott$ ov] ) /ret*es ( cultivat$  
l&1 ) areas ( wa/e1 moorl& or woodl&    
int]v5+4 ,ea* /ret* ( arable l& 0       
cultivat$ m or less 9 common by gr\ps ( 
s]fs1 :o liv$ g5]ally 9 "o long village 
/reet1 ) ! *ur* & ! "l's hall ne> at h&4
 ,usually1 9 addition to ! arable l&    
work$ on ! complicat$ ?ree-field sy/em  
soon to be describ$1 !re 7 also         
hay-mead[s d[n by ! riv]1 sometimes     
p]man5t pa/ure held 9 common1 :ile !    
wa/e 0 available = extra pa/urage1 & =  
cutt+ turf & wood = fuel4 ,ea* s]f      
possess$1 besides1 a small cr(t atta*$  
to 8 h\se1 & sometimes an or*>d & rude  
g>d54 ,! arable l& 0 divid$ into ?ree   
l>ge fields1 n %ut 9 z are our fields by
 h$ges1 b ly+ op54 ,ea* field1 aga91 0  

p>tition$ into numb]s ( /rips m or less 
regul> 9 %ape1 & ea* s]f possess$ a     
c]ta9 numb] ( ^!1 n1 h[ev]1 all ly+     
toge!r1 b int]mix$ m+le-mangle ) !      
hold+s ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,he 0 n all[$ to  
cultivate ^!1 or inde$ any ( ! l& save 8
 own t9y cr(t1 z he pleas$1 b 0 compell$
 to foll[ ! traditional me?od ( f>m+    
accord+ to ! cu/oms ( 8 manor4 ,usually 
! rotation 0 :eat or rye 9 ! fir/ ye>1  
oats or b>ley 9 ! second ye>1 fall[ 9 ! 
?ird ye>1 :ile ! o!r two fields foll[$ !
 same c\rse a ye> & two ye>s lat]2 s t 9
 ea* ye> "o field 0 fall[1 "o grew :eat 
or rye1 & ! o!r oats or b>ley4 ,!       
animals belong+ to ! s]fs & _! "l 7     
pa/ur$ on ! arable fields :5 ! crops 7  
tak5 (f1 & on ! fall[ field4 ,! "l ( !  
manor also possess$ /rips 9 ! common    
fields1 & 0 reg>d$ z ! own] ( ! common &
 wa/e1 subject to ! pa/urage & fuel     
rights ( ! t5ants4 ,he did n receive r5t
 q z we und]/& x1 b ea* s]f ow$ him dues
 calculat$ 9 lab\r1 9 k9d1 &            
occasionally 9 money4  ,= in/ance1 on ! 

manor ( ,tid5ham1 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,i41  
"o s]f work$ = ! "l = five days 9 e     
alt]nate week = ?irty-five weeks 9 !    
ye>1 two & a half days e week = six     
weeks 9 ! summ]1 & ?ree days e week =   
eight weeks dur+ ,augu/ & ,septemb] 7!  
?ree fe/ival weeks ( ,ea/]1 ,*ri/mas1 & 
,p5teco/ 7 holidays74 ,!n1 9 addition to
 ?is regul> weekly "w1 he c\ld also be  
requir$ = extra "w1 commonly call$      
boon-works or prec>iae4 ,he made "o     
prec>ia call$ *ur*$1 & he pl\gh$ & h>r[$
 a half acre = corn & s[$ x ) "o bu%el (
 corn f 8 own se$1 & 9 ! "t ( h>ve/ he  
_h to reap & b9d & /ack ! produce1      
receiv+ "o %eaf = himself on acc\nt ( ! 
half acre4 ,& he _h to pl\gh "o acre =  
oats4 ,9 addition1 !re 7 dues 9 k9d--"o 
h5 at ,*ri/mas1 five eggs at ,ea/]1     
eight gallons ( be] at e brew+1 & also  
small paym5ts 9 money1 commut$1 "o w\ld 
conjecture1 = paym5ts 9 k9d1 i4e4 "o    
p5ny = e ye>l+ pig1 & "o halfp5ny = ^?  
only ( ! half ye>4#bd  ,9 o!r cases !   
t5ants paid dues ( lambs1 ( fi%1 (      

honey1 ( clews ( net y>n1 ( /raw1 c4 ,"o
 ( ! t5ants ( ! great mona/ic e/abli%m5t
 at ,gla/onbury _h to f9d ?irty salmon1 
ea* z ?ick z a man's fi/ at ! tail4#be  
,a curi\s =m ( lab\r due is describ$ 9 !
 ,boldon ,book4 ,! t5ants ( c]ta9 manors
 9 ,durham _h to build ea* summ] a      
hunt+-lodge = ! bi%op & 8 ret9ue :5 !y  
came to take _! pleasure 9 ! moors 9 !  
we/ ( ,durham4  ,at diff]5t p]iods & 9  
diff]5t di/ricts ! subdivisions ( !     
t5ants v>y greatly1 & = complete details
 ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ! special     
works on ! subject4 ,b two classes c    
usually be di/+ui%$--7#a7 ! ville9s1 :o 
possess$ ox5 & work$ ! l>g] hold+s 7(t5 
ab\t ?irty acres--call$ virgates or y>d 
l&s72 & 7#b7 ! cott]s1 :o held ab\t five
 acres1 & ^: dome/ic animals consi/$ (  
pigs & p\ltry4 ,9 addition !re 7 (t5    
f\nd socm51 :o 7 p]sonally free2 &1 at !
 o!r end ( ! social scale1 slaves1 :o1  
l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 7    
manumitt$ be=e ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages4 
,! mo/ /rik+ feature ab\t ! manors is t 

ea* 0 almo/ completely self-support+4   
,ea* manor provid$ corn1 meat1 eggs1    
milk1 *eese1 p\ltry1 c41 = its own      
inhabitants4 ,fuel1 & p]haps game &     
rabbits1 came f ! wa/e4 ,! furniture 0 (
 rude wood1 & ! clo!s w\ld be %eep-sk9 &
 co>se clo? spun & wov5 f ! wool gr[n on
 ! %eep t 7 f$ on ! manor l&s4 ,! ord9>y
 s]f w\ld v r>ely ei!r receive or sp5d  
co9 ( ! realm4 ,salt he w\ld buy & !    
metal pots & pans us$ = cook+1 &1 z     
,a%ley sugge/s1 t>4#bf ,b ! great] am\nt
 ( ! goods requir$ = himself & 8 family 
w\ld be produc$ "u :at ! economi/s call 
natural economy1 i4e4 !y 7 made by ! p  
:o int5d$ to use !m1 directly1 )\t !    
int]v5tion ( money or any me*anism (    
ex*ange4  ,toge!r ) ?is self-suffici5cy 
w\ld g a consid]able am\nt (            
co-op]ation4 ,economi/s are n yet agre$ 
z to ! precise ext5t to :i* co-op]ation 
0 us$ 9 ! manorial village4 ,b we "k t  
t5ants frequ5tly l5t _! ox5 to "o ano!r 
to make up ! necess>y team2 t 9 "s ( !  
,durham manors !re 0 a communal smi?1 :o

 receiv$ paym5t 9 ! possession ( a /rip 
( l&2 & t ! t5ants own$ a common ov54 ,x
 0 cu/om>y1 too1 = "o %eph]d or sw9eh]d 
to gu>d ! %eep or ! pigs ( ! :ole       
community4 ,! village mill1 :5 fir/     
e/abli%$1 0 also a common boon to ! :ole
 body ( s]fs1 b lat] on ! obligation to 
gr9d _! corn at ! "l's mill & to pay !  
dues came to be reg>d$ z an on]\s burd54
  ,a curi\s & important p]son on !      
m$iaeval e/ate 0 ! bee-keep]4 ,p>ticul>s
 are giv5 ( 8 duties & rew>ds 9 "o      
,durham manor by ! ,boldon ,book4#bg ,he
 does no regul> weekly "w1 ! c>e ( !    
bees app>5tly tak+ ! place ( ?is1 b he  
mu/ take "p ) ! o!r s]fs 9 ! boon-works 
necess>y at h>ve/ & o!r times (         
pressure4 ,z honey 0 almo/ ! only s\rce 
( sweetness 9 e>ly m$iaeval cook+1 x c  
be und]/ood :y ! bee-keep] rank$ only a 
little bel[ ! %eph]d4 ,! ,boldon ,book1 
un=tunately1 s9ce its aim is to def9e ! 
relations betwe5 ! ville9s & _! "l1 does
 n tell u :e!r he sup]9t5d$ ! bees      
belong+ to 8 fell[ t5ants4 ,on ! analogy

 ( ! %eph]d & sw9eh]d1 we %\ld assume t 
he did4  ,h[1 !n1 are we to describe !  
dome/ic life ( ! v>i\s sections ( rural 
society at ?is "t8 ,un=tunately1 v      
little mat]ial exi/s on :i* to draw = ! 
acc\nt ( ! h\sehold arrangem5ts ( !     
s]fs4 ,!y h naturally left no           
acc\nt-books2 !y ent] r>ely into !      
lit]ature ( ! p]iod2 !re are no rema9s (
 _! h\ses or clo?+1 & x is1 9 fact1 f> f
 easy to decide h[ !y did live4 ,b x    
seems probable t a rude & dirty pl5ty1  
procur$ by long h\rs ( toilsome op5-air 
lab\r1 0 ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic ( ! s]f  
h\sehold4 ,! h\se w\ld be ( clay or     
wattles or wood1 probably )\t w9d[s--&  
^? c]ta9ly unglaz$--& ) a hole 9 !      
middle ( ! ro( to let out ! smoke1 !    
fire be+ plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! floor4 ,!  
furniture mu/ h be5 r\gh b solid1 its   
mo/ valuable items be+ ! brass or iron  
cook+-pots4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i d n believe
 t1 9 ! m prosp]\s ville9 h\seholds at  
all ev5ts1 ! level ( dome/ic com=t 0 s  
l[ z has sometimes be5 repres5t$4 ,r\gh 

clo? 0 probably wov5 or sometimes b\ght4
 ,!re is "o case on record :]e1 9 return
 = a small piece ( l&1 "o family        
und]took to d ! weav+ = ano!r1 &        
,gasquet m5tions#bh t to ! common       
,*ri/mas fea/ on "o ( ! ,gla/onbury     
manors "s ( ! t5ants br\ght _! own      
napk9s1 if he want$ to eat (f a clo?4 ,i
 see no reason to d\bt t "s at lea/ ( ! 
ville9 h\seholds 7 provid$ ) co>se      
cov]+s = b$ & table4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x    
seems d\btful :e!r any =m ( artificial  
light 0 commonly us$ 9 ! poor]          
h\seholds4 ,! food1 too1 w\ld %[ :at to 
u w\ld seem /range contra/s ( pl5ty & ( 
pov]ty4 ,x w\ld include nei!r tea nor   
c(fee1 nei!r sug> nor spices1 nor yet   
potatoes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 0 probably1 
save at times ( fam9e1 a suffici5cy (   
bread1#bi & eggs & dairy produce w\ld be
 us$ 9 quantities n[ q beyond ! rea* ( !
 ord9>y work+-man4 ,! butt]1 x is true1 
0 n ( a high /&>d1 = x 0 usually liquid1
 b ! *ildr5 mu/ h _h milk to dr9k &     
*eese & eggs to eat4 ,ev5 ! poore/ s]fs 

app>5tly kept a few f[ls1 s9ce _! dues  
are s (t5 payable 9 eggs1 & "s ( ! eggs 
& ! *ick5s w\ld be available = family   
consumption4 ,b _! meat mu/ h be5 mu*   
poor] ?an ours4 ,fre% mutton & beef 7   
r>ely eat51 except 9 ! case ( animals :o
 _h di$ a natural dea?4 ,! o!rs 7 mu*   
too valuable = draught purposes1 = milk 
or = wool4 ,among ! maxims ( an old     
agriculturi/ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury we f9d !
 foll[+ rem>k3 ,if a %eep die sudd5ly1  
!y put ! fle% 9 wat] = s _m h\rs z are  
betwe5 midday & ?ree o'clock1 & !n hang 
x up1 & :5 ! wat] is dra9$ (f !y salt x 
& !n dry x4 ,b ,i d n wi% y to d ?is4#ca
 ,9 ! autumn1 animals :i* x 0 impossible
 to keep dur+ ! w9t]1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( 
root-fe$+1 7 kill$ & salt$ d[n4         
,occasionally1 h[ev]1 fre% pork w\ld be 
us$1 & no d\bt e n[ & !n a wild bea/ or 
bird f ! common or wa/e w\ld f9d its way
 into ! h\sewife's iron pot4 ,! food1   
!n1 w\ld be r\gh & sometimes un:olesome1
 b on ! o!r h& x conta9$ _m mo/         
desirable =ms ( n\ri%m5t :i* are abs5t f

 ! lab\r]'s diet to-day1 & :i* are1 x   
might be obs]v$1 ^? specially suitable =
 *ildr54#cb  ,! fuel us$ 0 wood or peat1
 or 9 "s cases dri$ c[-dung4  ,on !     
:ole1 !n1 ! h\sehold arrangem5ts ( !    
m$iaeval s]f 7 primitive1 & 9 times (   
fam9e he & 8 family mu/ h endur$ great  
h>d%ips4 ,! w9t]s1 too1 :5 ! tracks 7   
deep 9 mud & artificial light 0 abs5t or
 sc>ce1 mu/ h be5 recurr+ times (       
consid]able suff]+4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 fre%
 air & easy access to ! l& 7 b5efits    
h>dly valu$ until 9 lat] times !y h be5 
lo/ to :ole sections ( ! population4    
7#b7 ,! ,"l ( ! ,manor--8 ,h\se &       
,h\sehold  ,!re is m mat]ial available =
 ! description ( ! h\sehold ( ! "l ?an (
 8 s]f4 ,acc\nt-books1 directions =     
h\sehold adm9i/ration1 & 9 ! fifte5?    
c5tury v curi\s rhym$ rules ( behavi\r &
 ( prec$5ce are available4 ,naturally1  
h[ev]1 x is ( ! k+'s h\sehold & ( !     
h\seholds ( ! nobles & ( ! great        
mona/]ies t we "k mo/4 ,v little c n[ be
 discov]$ ( ! details ( ! dome/ic       

arrangem5ts ( ! ma/] 9 possession ( "o  
manor only1 & x is n c]ta9 t we %\ld be 
ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t :at we f9d to be    
true ( ! great h\sehold w necess>ily    
hold also = ! small] "o4 ,= example1 9 !
 families ( :i* we h records ! great    
majority ( ! s]vants are m51 cook+ 9    
p>ticul> be+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages a        
mascul9e vocation4 ,b is x safe to      
assume t ! same w\ld be ! case 9 !      
h\sehold ( a simple knight8 ,x mu/ !re=e
 be cle>ly und]/ood t :at foll[s has    
ref]5ce ma9ly to royal & noble families4
  ,! dome/ic build+s ( all manors 7 on a
 m or less uni=m plan4 ,!y 7 gr\p$ r\nd 
a quadrangle1 "o side ( :i* consi/$ ( ! 
great hall :]e d9n] 0 s]v$1 bus9ess     
transact$1 & :]e s]vants & ! humbl]     
gue/s slept at night4 ,! door 0 at "o   
end1 usually protect$ by scre5s1 beh9d  
:i* 0 ano!r door lead+ to ! butt]y1 &   
above :i* ! musicians' gall]y 0 (t5     
plac$4 ,opposite ! door 0 a rais$ dais1 
:]e /ood ! table res]v$ = ! ma/]1 8     
family1 & important gue/s4 ,9 ! body ( !

 hall d9n] 0 s]v$ to ! re/ ( ! h\sehold4
 ,a private *amb] call$ ! sol> or b[]1  
rea*$ by a /aircase ei!r inside ! hall  
or plac$ 9 ! quadrangle outside1 0 kept 
= ! special use ( ! "l & 8 family4 ,!re 
occasionally !y took meals1 ?\gh x 0    
reg>d$ z a sign ( luxuri\s self-seek+ to
 avoid ! =mality & bu/le ( ! meals 9 !  
great hall4 ,9 ! sol>1 too1 b$s 7 plac$ 
= important gue/s1 & any p>ticul>ly     
valuable articles ( furniture w\ld be   
kept !re4 ,on ! o!r sides ( ! quadrangle
 7 ! *apel1 gran>ies1 /oreh\ses1 dairies
 & bakeh\ses1 & ! kit*54 ,?is 0 (t5     
plac$ at a little di/ance to gu>d aga9/ 
fire4 ,! cook+ 0 usually c>ri$ on at an 
iron grate plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! floor1 &
 pictures %[ u t sometimes x 0 ev5 done 
9 ! op5 air4 ,refuse 0 c>ri$ (f by an   
op5 dra9 runn+ across ! c5tre ( ! kit*54
  ,z an illu/ration let me quote an     
acc\nt ( a typical manor-h\se ( ! twelf?
 c5tury4 ,! manor-h\se ( ,ardleigh      
consi/$ ( a hall ) b[] annex$4 ,also a  
kit*51 a /able1 a bakeh\se1 two /ores = 

corn 7granges7 & a s]vants' h\se4 ,9 !  
hall 7 two moveable b5*es1 a fix$ table1
 & a buffet4 #cc  ,9 c\rse ( "t o!r     
rooms 7 add$1 & ! furniture & equipm5t  
became m elaborate4 ,b until ,elizabe?'s
 reign ! great hall :]e ma/] & s]vants  
d9$ toge!r 0 ! c5tral feature 9 ! weal?y
 ,engli% home4  ,! food 0 d]iv$ f !     
manor1 & pur*ases 7 only made ( su* ?+s 
z c\ld n be produc$ 9 ,engl&1 notably r$
 w9e1#cd spices1 almonds & rice1 all mu*
 us$ 9 m$iaeval cook]y4 ,sug>1 too1 w\ld
 be b\ght1 :5 x replac$ honey = sweet5+ 
purposes4 ,b ! corn1 meat1 milk1 *eese1 
& eggs w\ld be all home-gr[n1 & z x 0   
easi] 9 ! /ate ( transport at t "t to   
br+ ! family to ! food ?an ! food to !  
family1 "p ( ! duties ( h\sekeep+       
consi/$ 9 s arrang+ ! soj\rn ( !        
h\sehold z to draw food-supplies f ea*  
manor 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t way4 ,! great    
,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 ,rob]t ,grossetete1   
gives elaborate directions on ?is head  
to a wid[$ fri5d ( 81 ,m>g>et1 ,c\ntess 
( ,l9coln4  ,e ye> at ,mi*aelmas :5 y "k

 ! measure ( all y\r corn1 !n arrange   
y\r soj\rn = ! :ole ( t ye> & = h[ _m   
weeks 9 ea* place accord+ to ! seasons (
 ! ye> & ! advantages ( ! c\ntry 9 fle% 
& 9 fi%1 & d n 9 any wise burd5 by debt 
or long resid5ce ! places :]e y soj\rn4 
,i advise t at two seasons ( ! ye> y    
make y\r pr9cipal pur*ases1 t is to say1
 y\r w9es1 y\r wax1 & y\r w>drobe4#ce   
,& !re foll[s a li/ ( ! fairs recomm5d$ 
by ! pi\s bi%op4  ,! mat]ials ( m$iaeval
 food1 !n1 w\ld be simil> to ! diet ( ! 
s]fs already describ$1 b w\ld be us$ 9  
great] pl5ty & w\ld be supplem5t$ by    
luxuries import$ f ! ,ea/ & b\ght at !  
fairs4 ,if we keep 9 m9d ^! conditions1 
z well z ! leisure & ! l>ge supply (    
lab\r available1 we %all und]/& :y      
m$iaeval cook+ 0 s elaborate2 =1 contr>y
 to ord9>y op9ion1 x 0 di/+ui%$ by a    
l>ge numb] ( complicat$ made di%es4     
,small birds 7 commonly roa/$1 b o!r =ms
 ( meat 7 /ew$ or m9c$4 ,!y w\ld 9 ?is  
way bo? be m easily dealt ) at ! op5    
fire ( ! m$iaeval kit*51 & m easily s]v$

 9 ! m$iaeval d9+-room1 :]e knives &    
spoons 7 ! only implem5ts 9 common use4 
,moreov]1 !re 0 :at seems to u an       
extraord9>y lik+ = viol5t & mix$        
flav\r+s & brilliant col\r+4 ,bucknade1 
= in/ance1 0 made ( meat hewn 9 gobbets1
 p\nd$ almonds1 rais9s1 sug>1 c9namon1  
cloves1 g+]1 onions1 salt & fri$ h]bs1  
?ick5$ ) rice-fl\r & col\r$ yell[ )     
saffron4 ,"h1 aga91 is ! recipe =       
mortrews1 a di% m5tion$ 9 ,*auc]'s      
,cant]bury ,tales4  ,take h5nes & pork &
 see! !m toge!r4 ,take ! fle% ( ! h5nes 
& ( ! pork & hack x small & gr9d x all  
to du/4 ,take bread y-grat$1 & add !reto
 & temp] x ) ! self-bro?#cf & mix x )   
yolks ( eggs1 & ca/ !reon p[d] =t1#cg & 
boil x & d !reto p[d] ( g+]1 saffron1 & 
salt1 & look t x is /&+1#ch & fl\r x all
 ) p[d] ( g+]4 ,! lavi% use ( eggs1     
pork1 & *ick5s 9 ?is recipe c\ld be     
p>allel$ 9 _m o!rs1 & is evid5tly to be 
connect$ ) ! cu/om ( receiv+ manorial   
dues 9 k9d at /at$ int]vals4 ,hundr$s ( 
eggs w\ld be s5t 9 by ! t5ants at ,ea/]1

 & ! problem ( ! h\sekeep] w\ld n be h[ 
to less5 ! consumption ( eggs 9 ord] to 
keep d[n ! bills1 b h[ to get ?r\gh ^? 9
 /ore be=e !y 7 hopelessly spoil$4  ,= !
 e>li] p]iod m5us are n available1 b a  
curi\s rhym$ treatise on s]vants' duties
 dat+ f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1    
entitl$ ,john ,russell's ,boke (        
,nurture1 has be5 repr9t$ by ! ,e>ly    
,engli% ,l5t ,society#ci 9 ! volume     
entitl$ ,meals & ,mann]s ( ! ,old5 ,"t1 
& f x ,i extract ! foll[+3--    ,fur/   
set =? mu/>d & brawne ( boore1 ! wild   
sw9e1   ,su*e pottage z ! cooke ha? made
 ( h]bis1 spice1 & w9e1   ,beef1 mutton1
 /ew$ feysaund1 swan ) ! *awdyn#dj      
,cap\n1 pigge1 v5is\n bake1 le*e        
lomb>d1#da fritt]1 viant f9e1   ,& !n a 
soteltie4#db   ,maydon ,m>ie t holy     
,virg9   ,& ,gabrielle greet+ h] ) an   
ave4  ,?is is foll[$ by two o!r c\rses r
 light] 9 "*1 ?\gh /ill includ+ v5ison1 
peacocks1 quails1 c41 & !n comes dess]t3
      ,aft] ?is delicatis mo1           
,bl&]elle or pep9s ) c>away 9 confite1  

,wayfurs to eat1 hypocras#dc to dr9k )  
delite4  ,! s]vice 9 ! weal?y m$iaeval  
manor 0 z elaborate z ! cook+1 at all   
ev5ts 9 ! lat] p]iod4 ,! ,bi%op (       
,l9coln f9ds x necess>y to w>n !        
,c\ntess ( ,l9coln n to p]mit slov5l9ess
 among h] reta9]s4 ,%e is n to all[ old 
tab>ds1 & soil$ h]igauts1 & imitation   
%ort-hose4 ,b ev5 ?is wid[ lady is s]v$ 
) consid]able pomp4 ,comm& t y\r        
pant]#dd ) ! bread & y\r butl]#de ) !   
cup1 come be=e y to ! table foot by foot
 be=e grace & t ?ree valets be assign$  
by ! m>%al ea* day to s]ve ! high table 
& ! two tables at ! side ) dr9k4 ,& at  
ea* c\rse call ! s]v]s to g to ! kit*51 
& !y !mselves to g always be=e y\r      
s5es*al z f> z y until ! di%es be set   
be=e y1 & see t all s]vants ) meats g   
ord]ly & )\t noise to "o "p & ano!r ( ! 
hall to ^? :o %all be assign$ to divide 
! meats1 s t no?+ be plac$ or s]v$      
disord]ly4#df  ,9 ! ,boke ( ,nurture1   
:i* ref]s ( c\rse to a mu* lat] p]iod1 !
 s]vice is ev5 m elaborate1 & we ga!r   

inde$ t ! d9n] 0 a social function at   
:i* all classes ( ! community met       
toge!r4 ,ev5 ! poore/ 7 n =gott51 z !re 
0 a special (fic] ^: bus9ess x 0 to     
di/ribute alms ( brok5 meats to ! begg>s
 wait+ at ! door4 ,! rules ( prec$5ce 7 
mo/ elaborate1 & ! s]v+ seems on special
 occasions to h ris5 almo/ to ! rank ( a
 solemn ritual4 ,9 addition1 d9n] 0     
accompani$ by music & sometimes enliv5$ 
at int]vals by pageants & %[s4  ,dome/ic
 s]vice 9 ^! great h\seholds 0 v diff]5t
 f :at x is to-day4 ,!re 01 9 ! fir/    
place1 no fix$ l9e drawn z !re is n[    
betwe5 ! m5ial & ! non-m5ial classes ( !
 community4 ,! high] s]vants 7 (t5 p (  
ne>ly ! same social rank z ^? :om !y    
s]v$4 ,sir ,william de ,mortim] 0 !     
head-/ew>d ( ,bi%op ,sw9field1 ,sir     
,gilb]t ,brydges ! /ew>d ( ,gl\ce/]     
,abbey4#dg ,"y m5 :o ent]$ ! s]vice ( a 
"l might "o day be call$ on to c>ve or  
s]ve w9e1 & ! next day might sit at meat
 9 ! same room4#dh  ,?r\gh !            
acc\nt-books & ! h\sehold ord9ances ( ! 

p]iod1 we c trace f\r grades ( h\sehold 
s]vants--squires or g5tlem51 valets or  
yeom51 grooms1 & pages4 ,! la/ grade _h 
be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ! royal      
h\sehold 9 ,edw>d ,,iv4's "t1 & !y did n
 eat 9 hall4 ,a page ety? 9 8 (fice or )
 8 next fell[1 n 9 ! halle at noe place1
 tak+ dayly "o l(e1 "o messe ( great    
meate1 half a gallon ( ale2 "o rew>d    
qu>t]ly 9 ! c\nt+-h\se1 tw5ty p5ce (    
clo?+ :5 ! h\sehold ha! at e "o ( ! f\r 
fea/s1 "o napron ( "o elle & "p ( !     
,k+'s great rew>ds giv5 ye>ly among/ !m 
9 h\sehold4#di  ,! la/ quotation        
illu/rates also ! me?od ( remun]ation4  
,! money receiv$ 0 a v m9or &           
unimportant factor4 ,! s]vants 7 paid   
mo/ly 9 k9d1 & ! %>e ( ea* 9 food1 fuel1
 & clo?+ is v fully & c>efully /at$4 ,! 
*ief port] ( ! ,abbey ( ,gl\ce/]1 =     
in/ance1 _h a *amb] next to ! abbey     
gate4 ,8 weekly all[ance 0 ?ree :ite    
loaves1 call$ my*es1 & two call$ holy]s1
 ) sev5 loaves ( squire bread2 = ale e  
qu>t] #cs4 #d;d4 ,on e fle% or fi% day  

he _h a mess ( fle% or fi% ( ! fir/     
c\rse1 z mu* z 0 set be=e two monks4 ,he
 _h a g[n e ye> ( ! suit ( ! g5tlem5 ( !
 ,"l ,abbot1 & 9 addition #acs4 #d;d4 p]
 annum4 ,^! fix$ rations ( food clo?+   
c41 are call$ liv]y1 a t]m n[ re/rict$  
to clo?+ alone4  ,x is noticeable t ^!  
s]vants are almo/ all m54 ,wa%]wom5     
7lotrices7 are wom51 & !re are          
occasionally notices ( "y girls 9       
att5dance on ! lady ( ! h\se4 ,b s f> z 
our in=mation goes1 cook+ & clean+ &    
s]v+ are c>ri$ on by m51 ?\gh m5tion is 
made ( wom5 pa/ry-cooks :o 9 mona/]ies1 
to avoid sc&al1 _h to be accommodat$ 9 a
 sep>ate kit*51 call$ ! pudd+-h\se4#ej  
,b 9 ! ,middle ,ages dome/ic s]vice 0 n1
 z x is n[1 reg>d$ z a m5ial occupation 
to be left1 save 9 "s ( its high]       
bran*es1 exclusively to wom54  ,i c f9d 
no trace at ?is p]iod ( any difficulty 9
 obta9+ s]vice4 ,bi%op ,grossetete      
assures ! ,c\ntess ( ,l9coln t %e c     
easily obta9 s]v]s if %e ne$s !m1 & ! "y
 m5 address$ 9 ! rhym+ exhortations     

pres]v$ 9 ,meals & ,mann]s evid5tly     
reg>d x z promotion almo/ beyond _!     
hopes to become memb]s ( a "l's         
h\sehold4 ,:e!r ?is w\ld be equally !   
case if we _h in=mation ab\t ! small]   
h\seholds1 x is n easy to say4 ,b :5 we 
rememb] t ! alt]natives 7 labori\s &    
monoton\s "w at agriculture or ! *ance (
 f9d+ a place 9 ! gilds or frat]nities  
:i* monopolis$ ! trade 9 t[ns at t      
p]iod1 we c believe t ! pl5tiful f>e1 ! 
lively society1 & ! n too /r5u\s#ea "w  
requir$ ( a s]v+-groom or yeoman w\ld be
 reg>d$ z a prize wor? /riv+ = & wor?   
keep+4  ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 _h ,i m     
space at my disposal1 to discuss        
m$iaeval t[n life & ! dome/ic           
arrangem5ts ( ! mona/]ies1 :i* are v    
fully & int]e/+ly describ$ 9 ,abbe      
,gasquet's book1 ,engli% ,mona/ic ,life4
 ,b ,i mu/ cont5t myself solely ) "o or 
two extracts illu/rat+ ! h\sehold       
furniture ( ! m$iaeval t[n-dwell]s4  ,9 
#acjc1 a c]ta9 ,alan de ,b$e=d1 a bak] (
 ,london1 0 sold up = arre>s ( taxes1 & 

! foll[+ 7 ! goods seiz$ by ! inexorable
 tax-ga!r]3 ,"o brass pot weigh+ #ah    
lbs41 value #bs4 #f;d41 & ano!r brass   
pot weigh+ #ac lbs41 value #ba;d41 & "o 
kettle value #ad;d41 ! total :]e( am\nts
 to #es #e;d4#eb  ,9 #accg1 an inv5tory 
0 pres]v$ ( ! goods ( a felon4 ,x 0     
probably exhau/ive1 & may !re=e be tak5 
z indicat+ ) tol]able precision ! /&>d (
 h\sehold com=t ( a ,london burgess at t
 "t4 ,x is too long to quote 9 full 7!  
li/ ( g>m5ts 9 p>ticul> is r t$i\s71 b x
 is int]e/+ to note t x includes a      
mattress1 ?ree fea!r-b$s1 five cu%ions1 
six blankets1 sev5 l95-%eets1 f\r       
table-clo?s1 six :ole brass pots ( v>y+ 
value & "o brok5 "o1 "o c&le/ick & two  
plates ( metal1 two bas9s & "o          
wa%+-vessel1 a spit1 a fry+-pan1 & a    
funnel4#ec  ,fur!r /udy ( wills &       
inv5tories w\ld yield a fre% /ore (     
in=mation ) reg>d to m$iaeval h\sehold  
equipm5t1 & might n improbably upset "s 
preconceiv$ ideas z to ! ord9>y /&>d (  
life at t "t4   7b7 ,,! ,,position ,,(  

,,! ,,h\sehold ,,f ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,to   
,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5turies   7#a7 ,! ,fir/
 ,indu/rial ,revolution & its ,effects  
,! fifte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5?
 c5tury 7 m>k$ by great economic *anges4
 ,! manorial sy/em1 modifi$ be=e ?is    
p]iod by ! gradual commutation ( lab\r  
dues & especially by ! cata/rophe ( !   
,black ,dea?1 0 replac$ on ! "o h& by   
enclosures = %eep-f>m+ & on ! o!r by    
conv]tible husb&ry1 :5 ! f>m] possess$  
or r5t$ 8 own sep>ate hold+ & manag$ x z
 he pleas$1 us+ ! same l& alt]nately =  
pa/urage & z arable4#ed ,at ! same "t1 !
 gild organisation ( indu/ry 0 replac$  
by ! sy/em commonly kn[n z dome/ic      
manufacture4 ,?is spread l>gely 9 !     
c\ntry di/ricts1 & pr(\ndly influ5c$    
home life & ! position ( wom54 ,at !    
same "t bo? home & =eign trade greatly  
increas$1 & natural economy 0 almo/     
entirely replac$ by money economy1 !    
necessities ( life be+ no long] produc$ 
by ! family = _! own use2 m5 work$      
in/ead = paym5t1 & !n ) ! money s e>n$  

b\ght 9 ! m>ket ! goods !y requir$4#ee  
,^! *anges1 l ! correspond+ *anges at ! 
end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 br\ght great]  
weal? & pomp to "s classes1 increas$    
com=t to ! bulk ( ! p1 b call$ into     
exi/5ce a new class ( l&less lab\r]s1 ^:
 ne$s & importunities f9ally l$ to !    
e/abli%m5t ( ! poor-law4  ,x w\ld       
require a volume to describe h[ ^!      
*anges reflect$ !mselves 9 ! daily life 
( ! p1 & at pres5t ,i mu/ cont5t myself 
) not+ v briefly ! ma9 effects ( ?is    
fir/ indu/rial revolution4  ,9 ! c\ntry 
two classes appe>$3 ! lab\r]1 :o1 al?\gh
 he might possess a small piece ( l& ( 8
 own#ef or at ! lea/ _h graz+ rights ov]
 a neighb\r+ common1 yet dep5d$ = 8     
livelihood on ! wages paid by 8 ma/]4 ,s
 f> ,i h n discov]$ any reliable s\rce (
 in=mation ) reg>d to ! family          
exp5diture ( ?is class4#eg  ,next !re 0 
! f>m] ei!r r5t+ or own+ a f>m4 ,v (t5  
f>m+ w\ld be comb9$ ) sp9n+ or weav+    
wool4 ,agriculture ( ?is k9d1 p>tly =   
subsi/5ce & p>tly = ! m>ket1 supplem5t$ 

by ! practice ( dome/ic indu/ries1      
rema9$ ! dom9ant type 9 ,engl& until !  
introduction ( capitali/ f>m+ 9 !       
eighte5? c5tury1 & inde$ c /ill be f\nd 
9 backw>d di/ricts4 ,! "p play$ 9 x by  
wom5 c be illu/rat$ by a curi\s acc\nt (
 ! duties ( ! wife ( a husb&man giv5 9  
,fitzh]b]t's ,book ( ,husb&ry 7#aecd74  
,fir/ 9 a morn+ :5 ?\ art wak$ &        
purposi/e to rise1 lyfte up ?y h&s &    
blesse !e4444 ,& :5 ?\ art up & r$y1 !n 
fir/ sweep ?y h\se1 dress up ?y         
dys%e-bo>d1 & sette all ?+s 9 good ord] 
)9 ?y h\se4 ,milk ?y kye1 suckle ?y     
calves1 sye up ?y mylke1 take up ?y     
*ildr5 & array !m1 & provide = ?y       
husb&'s brekefa/e1 d9n]1 s\p]1 & ?y     
*ildr5 & s]vants1 & take ?y "p ) !m4 ,& 
to ordayne corn & malt to ! myll1 to    
bake & brue )al :anne ne$ is4 ,& meete x
 to ! mill & fro ! mill1 & see t ?\ h ?y
 measure aga9 beside ! toll or else !   
mill] deale? n truly ) ! or els ?y corn 
is n drye z x %\ld be4 ,?\ mu/ make     
butt] or *eese :an ?\ mai/1 s]ve ?y     

swyne bo? morn+ & ev5+1 & give ?y       
poleyn#eh meat 9 ! morn+1 & :5 tyme ( ! 
ye> come?1 ?\ mu/ take he$ h[ ?y duckes 
h5ne & geese d lay & to ga!r up _! eggs 
& :5 !y wax brodie to get !m4444 ,& 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( ,m>* or a little be=e is "t = a
 wife to make h] g>d5 & to gette z _m   
good se$es & h]bes z %e c & specially   
su* z be good = ! potte & to eat4 ,!n   
come l5g?y & te*nical directions = s[+ &
 work+ up flax & hemp & !re( may !y make
 %etes1 bordclo!s1 t[els1 %irts1 smocks 
& su* o!r necess>ies & !re=e let ?y     
di/aff be always ready = a pa/ime t ?\  
be n idle4444 ,x is conv5i5t = a husb&  
to h %epe ( 8 owne = _m causes1 & !n    
maye 8 wife h "p ( ! woll to make h]    
husb& & h]self "s clo!s4 ,& at ! v lea/ 
way %e may h ! locks ( ! %eep ei!r to   
make clo!s or blankets or cov]lets or   
bo?4 ,& if %e h no wool ( h] own1 %e may
 take wool to spyn ( clo?-mak]s & by t  
means %e may h a conv5i5t liv+4444 ,x is
 a wife's occupation to wyn[e all mann] 
( corns1 to make malt1 to was%e &       

wrynge1 to make haye1 %]e corn1 & 9     
tiyme ( n$e to help h] husb& to fyll !  
muck-wa9 or dung-c>t1 drive ! pl\gh1 to 
load hay1 corn or su* o!r4 ,& to g or   
ride to ! m>ket1 to sell butt]1 *eese1  
eggs1 *ekyns1 capons1 h5nes1 pigs1      
geese1 & all mann] ( corns1 & also to   
bye all mann] ( necess>y ?+s belong+ to 
! h\sehold & to make a trewe reckon+ &  
acc\nt to h] husb& :at %e ha? paid4 ,&  
if ! husb& g to ! m>ket to bye or sell1 
z !y (t d1 he !n to %[ 8 wife 9 l mann]4
  ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is extract ! 
mixture ( natural & money economy1 !    
appe>ance ( dome/ic manufactures1 & !   
en]getic co-op]ation ( ! wife 9 ! "w ( !
 f>m4 ,! sixte5? c5tury w\ld h _h little
 sympa?y ) ! s5tim5tali/s :o hold t     
womanhood 9 itself is a burd5 s heavy t 
all active occupations %\ld be =bidd5 to
 ! m>ri$ woman4  ,accord+ to ,h>rison#ei
 ! /&>d ( com=t among ! agricultural    
classes rose m>k$ly at ?is "t4 ,*imneys 
became common1 pewt] plates & silv] or  
t9 spoons are us$ 9 place ( t9n platt]s 

& wood5 spoons4 ,a f>m] ?9ks 8 ga9s v   
small if he h n a fair g>ni% ( pewt] on 
8 cupbo>d1 ) s mu* m 9 odd vessels go+  
ab\t ! h\se1 ?ree or f\r fea!r-b$s1 s   
manie cov]lids or c>pets ( tape/ry1 a   
silv] salt1 a b[l = w9e if n a :ole ne/1
 & a doz5 ( spoons to furni% up ! suit4 
,food1 too1 accord+ to ,h>rison1 0      
pl5tiful & v>i$4 ,! increase 9 pa/ure   
f>m+ & ! decrease 9 arable l& _h made   
meat 7(t51 x is true1 salt$7 *eap] &    
corn-/uffs de>]1 at lea/ 9 proportion4  
,?is t5d5cy c be trac$ 9 ! m5us &       
acc\nts ( ! p]iod1 & c]ta9ly appe>s 9 ! 
foll[+ extract3#fj ,! artific]s &       
husb&m5 make greate/ acc\nt ( su* food z
 !y may soone/ come by & h x quicklie/  
ready4 ,_! food also consi/e?           
pr9cipallie 9 beef & su* meat z ! but*] 
selle?2 t is to saie1 mutton1 veal1     
lamb1 pork1 :]e( he f9de? great /ore 9 !
 m>kets adjo9+1 besides s\se1#fa brawn1 
bacon1 fruit1 pies ( fruit1 f[les (     
sundrie sort1 *eese1 butt]1 eggs4 ,a    
little l[] d[n he notes t v5ison & a cup

 ( w9e are luxuries res]v$ = special    
occasions4  ,x is n easy to e/imate !   
wor? ( ,h>rison's te/imony to ! social  
habits ( a class :i* he did n probably  
"k intimately4 ,x is c]ta91 too1 t he 0 
n speak+ "h ( ! poore/ class (          
lab\r]s1#fb ^? :o lat] recruit$ ! class 
eligible = poor-law relief4 ,b ev5 mak+ 
^! admissions1 8 words seem to be       
evid5ce ( a /&>d ( com=t high] 9 "s     
respects ?an c\ld be atta9$ by !        
correspond+ classes to-day4 ,*ick51 =   
in/ance1 practically nev] =ms "p ( !    
diet>y ( ev5 ! well-to-d urban artisan (
 ! pres5t "t4  ,9 ! organisation ( !    
weal?y h\sehold1 ! economic *anges ( !  
"t produc$ important alt]ations4 ,!     
increase 9 buy+ & sell+ made ! l&lords m
 anxi\s to dispose ( _! surplus produce 
9 ! m>kets1 & on ! o!r h& provid$ new   
luxuries on :i* money c\ld be sp5t4 ,!re
 result$ a t5d5cy1 :i* c be trac$ 9 all 
! h\sehold books ( ! p]iod1 to limit !  
numb]s ( s]vants & reta9]s4 ,at ! same  
"t !re 0 a gr[+ desire = privacy1 & a   

wid5+ gulf betwe5 ! upp] & ! l[] classes
 ( society4 ,h5ce ! hall1 ! g5]al       
assembly-place = ! entire h\sehold1 lo/ 
its importance2 d9+-rooms & )draw+-rooms
 = ! exclusive use ( ! family & gue/s1  
took its place1 & ! s]vants 7 relegat$  
to _! own "p ( ! h\se4 ,p>tly z cause ( 
?is1 p>tly z effect1 dome/ic            
adm9i/ration ceases to be a c>e] = m5 ( 
bett] social rank1 a t5d5cy :i* w\ld (  
c\rse be int5sifi$ by ! fact t 9        
comm]ce1 9 lit]ature1 9 exploration1 c41
 new opportunities 7 p]petually be+ op5$
 up4 ,h5ce ,elizabe?'s reign is a       
turn+-po9t = ! hi/ory bo? ( dome/ic     
s]vice & ( dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,x 0    
probably ab\t ?is "t t wom5 sup]s$$ m5 z
 cooks & clean]s1 & x is c]ta9 t !      
increase 9 ,elizabe?'s reign ( indu/ries
 work$ = pr(it mu/ h dim9i%$ !          
production = use 9 ! h\sehold ( _m      
articles ( common dome/ic utility4#fc   
7#b7 ,life 9 ! ,/u>t ,p]iod  ,= #aej    
ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,elizabe? no />tl+   
*anges occur 9 ! organisation ( !       

h\sehold or 9 its economic relations4 ,!
 m>k$ feature ( ?is p]iod is ! exi/5ce (
 dome/ic manufactures1 engag+ ! head ( !
 h\sehold & 8 family1 "o or two         
appr5tices1 & sometimes a j\rneyman or  
two4 ,x 0 common1 inde$ all b univ]sal1 
= ! small ma/] manufactur]s to bo>d &   
lodge _! employees1 z x 0 common = f>m]s
 to bo>d & lodge _! lab\r]s4 ,! l>g]    
h\seholds c>ri$ on at home _m ( !       
op]ations--bak+1 brew+1 wa%+1           
jam-mak+--:i* h n[ pass$ to ! factory4  
,!re 0 a /eady gr[? ( dome/ic luxury & (
 conv5i5ce4 ,! developm5t ( comm]ce made
 available new commodities1 su* z tea1  
c(fee1 cocoa1 & !reby influ5c$ social   
life4 ,furniture became m elegant1 &    
p]haps at ! same "t m /uffy4  ,x w\ld   
require mu* read+ & rese>* to elaborate 
! details ( ?is progress1 & = our pres5t
 purpose x is h>dly necess>y1 z x       
involv$ alt]ation 9 p>ticul>s b n 9 !   
g5]al organisation ( h\sehold economy4  
,! difficulties ( f9d+ dome/ic s]vants  
beg91 h[ev]1 to make !mselves felt1 &   

are amus+ly discuss$ by su* writ]s z    
,defoe & ,swift4 ,x is at "s "t dur+ ?is
 p]iod t h\ses are fir/ built 9 t]races 
& squ>es on an id5tical plan = lett+    
purposes4 ,b !re are no sweep+ *anges1  
su* z m>k ! eighty ye>s be=e ! accession
 ( ,victoria4   7#c7 ,! ,influ5ce ( !   
,second ,indu/rial ,revolution on !     
,home  ,9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury
 agriculture & indu/ry 7 once m         
revolutionis$1 ! =m] by ! introduction (
 capitali/ f>m+1 ! rotation ( crops1 & !
 fur!r enclosure ( common fields1       
commons1 & wa/es1 ! latt] by !          
introduction ( ma*9]y & me*anical motor 
p[]4 ,= a detail$ acc\nt ( ! enorm\s    
*anges consequ5t on ^! new me?ods (     
production1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to !    
special treatises on ! subject1#fd b we 
mu/ sp5d "s "t 9 consid]+ ! ways 9 :i* !
 home1 family life1 & ! position ( wom5 
h be5 modifi$ by ^! indu/rial           
developm5ts4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !        
introduction ( ma*9]y meant ! gr[? ( !  
factory sy/em1 & 9 consequ5ce "w left ! 

home1 :i* ceas$ to be ! in/itution :]e  
productive indu/ry 0 c>ri$ on1 & became 
in/ead a c5tre solely ( emotional &     
dome/ic life4 ,at ! same "t1 ! alt]ation
 9 ! l& sy/em made x impossible any     
long] to comb9e home weav+1 sp9n+1 c4 ) 
subsi/5ce f>m+2 ! work] becomes an      
employee 9 a bus9ess :]e ! capital is   
own$ by 8 employ]1 & he dep5ds          
absolutely on ! skill ( 8 own h&s = 8   
livelihood4  ,no?+ c\ld be m curi\s ?an 
to contra/ ,defoe's celebrat$ picture ( 
! wool-weav+ di/ricts ( ,york%ire#fe )  
^? di/ricts 9 _! pres5t condition4 ,!n !
 work]s1 semi-indep5d5t1 f>m+ small     
enclosures ( two to six or sev5 acres1  
labori\sly produc$ clo? by h& processes 
9 _! own h\ses4 ,n[ !y "w 9 enorm\s     
factories1 fitt$ up ) ma*9]y :i* c sp9 &
 weave wool bo? easi] & bett] ?an 9     
e>li] days4 ,!y return to _! homes = re/
 & leisure alone4 ,"w = wages & ! home  
are n[ sep>at$1 &1 unless ! use ( *eap  
electrical p[] br+s ab\t a              
c\nt]-revolution1 are likely to rema9 s4

 ,at ! same "t1 s9ce mobility is 9 mod]n
 economic conditions ( prime importance1
 x is becom+ less & less common = !     
manual work]1 or inde$ = ! citiz5 ( any 
class1 to own 8 h\se1 & !re=e ! new     
trade ( ! speculative build] comes into 
exi/5ce1 its place be+ tak5 9 "s cases1 
specially 9 m9+ di/ricts1 by ! company  
h\ses provid$ by ma/]s = _! employees4  
,^! alt]ations 9 ! framework ( society  
inevitably influ5c$ home life1 :i* 0    
/ill fur!r affect$ at a lat] p]iod by an
 analog\s movem5t4 ,n m]ely ! "w done = 
wages left ! home1 b also _m ( !        
commodities =m]ly produc$ = its own use 
by ea* h\sehold came to be made by      
outside lab\r4  ,a v int]e/+ & q unt\*$ 
field ( inquiry "h awaits ! economi/4   
,:y1 = in/ance1 is x cu/om>y to bake    
bread at home 9 "s di/ricts & to buy x f
 a %op 9 o!rs8 ,probably ! explanation  
is to be f\nd 9 ! relative *eapness (   
fuel4 ,york%ire & ! ,nor? ( ,engl& are  
close to abundant coalfields1 & 9 ! days
 be=e *eap & quick transit ! diff]5ce 9 

! price ( coal 9 ! ,s\? & ,nor? ( ,engl&
 mu/ h be5 ev5 great]4 ,at a "t1 too1   
be=e ! improvem5t ( ov5s1 ow+ to !      
introduction ( ! iron range & kit*5]1 ! 
am\nt ( fuel us$ = bak+ bread w\ld be   
ev5 l>g] ?an at pres5t4 ,!re=e 9 ! s\?  
!re grew up a race ( h\sekeep]s &       
s]vants unskill$ 9 ! mak+ ( ! delici\s1 
cru/y home-bak$ loaf1 :ile 9 ! nor?1 ev5
 ?\gh conditions h *ang$1 ! tradition   
/ill rema9s1 & ! weekly or bi-weekly    
bak+ day is a regul> in/itution4 ,b ?is 
!ory does n expla9 :y bread is n bak$ at
 home 9 ,scotl&1 ev5 9 ,glasg[ & !      
di/ricts ne> x1 or 9 ,fife1 :i* are all 
situat$ "r 9 ! coal-be>+ areas4  ,& at  
pres5t !re is little mat]ial = describ+ 
h[ brew+1 jam & cake-mak+1 biscuit-mak+1
 ! mak+ & ! wa%+ ( clo!s1 ! clean+ (    
furniture & c>pets1 c41 pass$ f !       
h\sehold to ! factory & laundry4 ,x is a
 process :i* has evid5tly be5 mu*       
quick5$ by ! gr[? ( t[n life1 itself "o 
( ! mo/ important effects ( ! indu/rial 
revolution4#ff  ,! aggregation (        

population 9 t[ns 9 ! fir/ place made ! 
space available = h\sehold op]ations mu*
 small] ?an 0 ! case :5 ! kit*5 0       
supplem5t$ by r[s ( ou?\ses1 a gre5 & a 
g>d54 ,9 mod]n conditions1 wa%+ at home 
results 9 ! discom=t ( ! :ole family1   
:e!r t family lives 9 a s+le room or 9 a
 dec5t middle-class h\se ( t5 or twelve 
rooms4 ,9 ! second place1 ! mass+ into a
 comp>atively small area ( a homog5e\s  
population makes x easy to arrange = o!r
 me?ods ( cleans+ clo!s1 ei!r 9 !       
work+-class di/ricts by ! provision (   
municipal wa%+-h\ses1 or 9 ! m well-to-d
 suburbs ?r\gh ! appe>ance ( /eam       
laundries4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 ea*        
h\sehold possess$ a g>d5 x 0 natural to 
pick ! fruit & make x into jam4 ,x is a 
diff]5t ?+ to buy fruit specially = !   
purpose4 ,_m h\sewives f9d t :5 ! co/ ( 
! fruit1 sug>1 & extra fuel is          
calculat$1 tak+ into acc\nt also !      
dislocation ( ! regul> r\t9e ( !        
h\sehold caus$ by ! extra "w1 x pays !m 
bett] to buy ! jam ready-made4 ,on ! o!r

 h&1 ! use ( ma*9]y1 ! exi/5ce ( *eap   
me?ods ( transit1 & ! multiplication (  
groc]s' %ops makes x increas+ly possible
 to produce jam 9 l>ge quantities       
actually *eap] ?an x c be made at home1 
& to di/ribute x quickly to ! consum]4  
,! same cause1 act+ )9 & )\t ! home 9   
diff]5t ways1 is result+ 9 a /eady      
transf]5ce ( ^! dome/ic avocations f !  
h\sehold4 ,morali/s (t5 lam5t ?is       
t5d5cy1 & attribute x entirely to       
increas$ love ( ease & leisure among    
wom54 ,b x is no m possible to draw an  
indictm5t aga9/ a :ole sex ?an aga9/ a  
:ole p1 & an alt]ation 9 cu/om s        
widespread z ?is :i* we are discuss+ mu/
 h deep] roots ?an a p]sonal defect (   
laz9ess 9 p>ticul> individuals4  ,?is   
removal ( production = dome/ic use f !  
home op]ates1 h[ev]1 9 v diff]5t ways 9 
diff]5t cases4 ,sometimes ! article is  
produc$ mu* m *eaply outside ! home ?an 
)91 ow+ to ! l[] co/ & great] effici5cy 
( l>ge-scale me?ods ( manufacture4 ,b   
?is is n inv>iably ! case4 ,laundry-"w1 

= in/ance1 is probably done m *eaply 9 !
 private h\sehold4 ,! few attempts      
hi!rto made to provide hot cook$ food f 
a c5tral kit*5 at a reasonable price h n
 be5 successful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no       
individual h\sehold c\ld hope to rival  
,messrs4 ,huntley  ,palm] z produc]s (  
biscuits4 ,! factors :i* prev5t ! full  
economies ( ! l>ge-scale me?od (        
production f be+ realis$ 9 ! mak+ (     
c]ta9 commodities are tw(old4 7#a7 ,"s  
goods are ( su* a k9d t !y mu/ be       
consum$ :]e !y are produc$4 ,jam or ev5 
plum-pudd+s c be made 9 a factory 9 !   
,nor? ( ,engl& & aft]w>ds transf]r$ to  
,london4 ,b roa/ beef1 omelettes1 &     
rice-pudd+s mu/ be eat5 )9 at lea/ a    
hundr$ y>ds ( ! place :]e !y are cook$4 
,?is obvi\s fact effectually reta9s !   
supremacy ( ! home 9 ! provision ( hot  
cook$ food1 & disposes once & = all ( ! 
crud] argum5ts = co-op]ative h\sekeep+4 
7#b7 ,c]ta9 commodities mu/ be made = or
 return$ to individual own]s4 ,if1 =    
in/ance1 we did n tr\ble to receive our 

own %eets & t[els f ! laundry1 b simply 
made a contract t ea* week we %\ld be   
suppli$ ) a c]ta9 numb]1 !n ! wa%+ &    
sort+ c\ld be done :olesale at a mu*    
*eap] rate4 ,if we s5t our own fruit to 
! factories to be made into jam1 jam    
w\ld be mu* m exp5sive4  ,?us ! h\sehold
 w compete successfully ) outside       
ag5cies1 9 ! case ( all commodities :i* 
mu/ be consum$ on ! spot1 & ! outside   
ag5cies w h only a small advantage--w d 
! wa%+ or dressmak+ m conv5i5tly1 b n   
mu* *eap]--:5 :olesale me?ods are =bidd5
 by ! p]sonal int]e/ ( ea* consum] 9 "o 
special portion ( ! commodities dealt   
)4#fg  ,/ill1 reg>d+ ! matt] f ! g5]al  
economic /&po9t1 x _c be d5i$ t ! result
 ( ! indu/rial revolution has be5 to    
transf] _m bran*es ( production bo? =   
pr(it & = use f ! home to ! factory4    
7#d7 ,! ,position ( ,wom5 z ,affect$ by 
! ,indu/rial ,revolution  ,?is 9 its    
turn affect$ ! position ( wom51 & is    
probably1 if n ! sole1 at lea/ ! mo/    
important reason = ! discont5t & unre/  

to be trac$ among wom5 ( _m diff]5t     
classes 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! wom5   
belong+ to ! manual lab\r+ class & !    
wom5 belong+ to ! upp] classes 7        
influ5c$ 9 diff]5t ways4  ,! =m] _h     
always be5 accu/om$ to "w = _! liv+1    
indirectly if n directly4 ,on ! little  
f>ms !y look$ aft] ! c[1 ! h5s1 & !     
g>d54 ,!y did ! c>d+ & ! sp9n+ ( flax & 
( wool4 ,true1 ^! indu/ries 7 c>ri$ on  
at home1 & probably ! dec5t manufactur]1
 !n lit]ally a h&-work]1 w\ld h reg>d$  
himself z disgrac$ _h 8 wife or daught]s
 ne$$ to g outside 8 home to f9d "w4#fh 
,b :5 ! factory sy/em came1 ) ! horrible
 suff]+s caus$ by ! transition f "o     
sy/em ( indu/ry to ano!r1 ! wom5 &      
*ildr5 always accu/om$ to toil at home  
foll[$ _! "w to ! factory1 & !re1 ow+ to
 ! new me?ods ( competition & to !      
abs5ce ( any regulation ( indu/ry1 !y   
suff]$ h>d%ips ( ov]work & und]paym5t   
:i* seem to ! pres5t g5]ation ne>ly     
incr$ible4  ,home life = a "t almo/     
disappe>$1 & ! suff]+ & deg5]ation 0    

only *eck$ by ! s]ies ( ,factory ,acts1 
impos+ ev] fre% & fre% re/rictions on ! 
treatm5t ( wom5 & *ildr54#fi ,! policy  
und]ly+ ^! acts 0 mu* criticis$ at ! "t1
 & 0 inde$ n fully compreh5d$ until     
rec5tly4 ,b x is n[ all b univ]sally    
admitt$ t ! ,factory ,acts h 9 ! ma9    
a*iev$ _! object1 & h greatly improv$ ! 
position ( wom5 9 ! di/ricts mo/ affect$
 by !m2 & re=m]s are con/antly urg+ _!  
ext5sion to fre% trades4  ,?is movem5t 0
 n und]/ood1 & 0 9 consequ5ce oppos$ by 
! wom5 ( ! middle-classes1 ^: position 0
 affect$ q diff]5tly by ! indu/rial     
revolution4 ,!y too f\nd _! occupations 
)9 ! home to a l>ge ext5t de/roy$4 ,& 9 
o!r ways _! situation 0 alt]$4 ,= "s    
reason n yet expla9$1 !re appe>$ 9 !    
middle-classes a surplus ( wom54 ,?is is
 no d\bt p>tly due to ! colonial        
expansion ( ! p]iod1 :i* s5t "y m5 out  
to ,au/ralia1 ,canada1 & ,s\? ,africa1  
:ile _! natural mates rema9$ beh9d 9    
,engl&4 ,x is n easy to give precise    
/ati/ics1 z our /ati/ical tables make no

 di/9ction ( classes1 b common          
obs]vation & ! description ( social life
 9 ! novels ( ! n9ete5? c5tury af=d     
evid5ce ( ?is fact4 ,"s /ati/ics be>+ on
 ! subject c be f\nd 9 ,miss ,cl>a      
,collet's#gj article1 ,prospects (      
,m>riage = ,wom51 & also 9 ,die         
,frau5frage1 by ,lilie ,braun1 pp4 #aeg 
ff4 ,frau ,braun1 ^: book is m>k$       
?r\gh\t by *>act]i/ic ,g]man ?or\ghness1
 sums up3#ga ,es hat si* gezeigt1 dass  
die ,zunahme d] alle9 /eh5d5 ,frau51 die
 ,abnahme d] ,heiratsfrequ5z und die    
wirts*aftli*e ,n als ,ursa*e d]         
,frau5bewegung 9 all] ,la5de anzuseh5   
s9d4  ,b x 0 n m]ely ! decreas$ *ance ( 
m>riage :i* made ! lives ( middle-class 
wom5 difficult 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,!re 0   
also a *ange 9 ! position ( ! fa!rs1 :i*
 decreas$ _! opportunity = provid+ = _! 
unm>ri$ daught]s4 ,! middle-class man is
 n[ less & less frequ5tly at ! head ( a 
bus9ess ( 8 own1 & is m & m frequ5tly a 
sal>i$ cl]k1 manag]1 or eng9e]4  ,=m]ly 
! %op or f>m :5 x pass$ to ! elde/ son 0

 burd5$ ) ! *>ge ( ! sp9/] si/]s1 :o (t5
 w\ld help 9 ! dairy or beh9d ! c\nt]4  
,n[1 :5 a middle-class man dies1 8 hold 
on ! indu/rial _w1 s to speak1 passes   
away ) him1 unless he has be5 at once   
able & will+ to lay by sav+s out ( 8    
sal>y1 a duty too (t5 neglect$4         
,briefly1 !re=e1 ! unm>ri$ woman ( !    
middle-classes is less likely to m>ry1  
has less to occupy h] at home1 & _c s   
easily be provid$ = by h] fa!r if %e    
rema9s a sp9/]4  ,is x !n to be wond]$  
at if wom5 insi/1 9 increas+ numb]s1 ^u 
a ?or\gh education z well z ! "r to ent]
 a pr(ession 9 :i* !y c be              
self-support+8#gb ,b ! fir/ wom5 :o     
decid$ t a way mu/ be op5$ by :i* !y    
c\ld e>n = !mselves hon\rable ma9t5ance 
n unnaturally fell into :at we _c b     
reg>d n[ z regrettable mi/akes1 h[ev]   
unavoidable ^! errors may h be5 at ! "t4
 ,_! great difficulties 7 to w9         
admission to ! univ]sities & p]mission  
to practise :at _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z  
m5's pr(essions4 ,!re=e !y dread$ all   

re/rictions liable to be laid ^u !      
entrance ( wom5 to occupations1 & 7 l$ 9
 consequ5ce to oppose ! ,factory ,acts1 
design$ = ! protection ( wom5 ( !       
work+-classes4 ,x is only to-day & only 
p>tially t ! woman tea*]1 doctor1 or    
j\rnali/ has come to und]/& t ! position
 & problems ( ! factory-h& are v diff]5t
 f h] own1 & t confusion is creat$ if %e
 insi/s on judg+ !m f h] own /&po9t4  ,9
 ! next place1 !y 7 almo/ =c$ to become 
mascul9e & aggressive 9 _! mann]s &     
outlook ^u life4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ne$ (   
con=mity to a sy/em ( education fram$ = 
m5 & n = wom5 l$ to an und]valuation (  
dome/ic pursuits4 ,x 0 n realis$ t 9    
manag+ a h\sehold & 9 br++ up *ildr5 !re
 0 scope = ! mo/ develop$ "* & ! f9e/   
education4  ,b ) ! tw5tie? c5tury1#gc   
college-tra9$ wom5 !mselves are com+ to 
see t _! previ\s neglect ( ^? pr9ciples 
( sci5ce & economics :i* und]lie        
h\sehold adm9i/ration 0 unwise &        
unw>rant$4 ,( t *ange ( attitude1 ! new 
c\rses 9 home sci5ce at ,k+'s ,college  

are ! fir/fruits1 & ?is book is a small 
contribution to a movem5t :i* is de/9$1 
p]haps1 to revolutionise h\sekeep+1 z a 
b& ( devot$ wom5 succe$$ "s few ye>s    
s9ce 9 revolutionis+ ! pr(ession (      
nurs+4  ,! ma9 l9es on :i* ! influ5ce ( 
! indu/rial revolution on wom5's        
position has op]at$ c be b briefly      
indicat$ 9 ?is v summ>y sket*4 ,want (  
space prev5ts me f do+ m ?an allude to  
o!r aspects ( ! "q1 su* z ! employm5t ( 
m>ri$ wom51 ! /atus ( wom5 9 gov]nm5t   
(fices1 wom5's trade unions1 homework & 
sweat+1 ! prev5tion ( infant mortality1 
! "w ( wom5 9 ! adm9i/ration ( *>ity & 9
 local gov]nm5t1 toge!r ) _m o!r        
developm5ts ( ! "o cause--! alt]ation   
betwe5 ! relations ( ! home & ( society 
due to ! *anges 9 our comm]cial &       
manufactur+ sy/em4  ,i mu/ turn n[ to a 
/udy ( ! economics ( ! h\sehold z x     
actually exi/s to-day4   ,,iii4 ,,!     
,,pres5t ,,organisation ,,( ,,!         
,,h\sehold  ,to beg9 )1 x is p]haps wor?
 :ile to notice c]ta9 broad di/9ctions  

:i* diff]5tiate ! h\sehold1 consid]$    
m]ely z an economic in/itution1 f o!r   
ag5cies engag$ 9 ! production (         
commodities & s]vices4  ,"o ma9 diff]5ce
 is1 z 0 notic$ e>li]1 t ! h\sehold     
produces use-values1 & all o!r          
organisations 7save "s public bodies7   
ex*ange-values4 ,or to put ! same ?+ 9  
ano!r way1 ! indu/rial _w is run to make
 a pr(it2 ! h\sehold1 on ! contr>y1 is  
kept up by ! contributions ( its memb]s1
 & exi/s to provide = !m ! necess>ies & 
com=ts ( life4 ,none ! less is ! "w (   
cook+1 clean+1 & s]v+ ( real economic   
value :5 c>ri$ on )9 ! h\sehold1 z p    
discov] :5 !y h to pay = ! organisation 
( ! same s]vices 9 hotels or            
bo>d+-h\ses4  ,! second great di/9ction 
is t :ile any o!r bus9ess may exp& to   
meet ! dem&s ( a gr[+ m>ket1 & z a      
result ( ! increas+ compet5cy ( its     
organis] & "w-p1 ! h\sehold is def9itely
 limit$ 9 scope by ! numb]s ( ! family  
includ$ )9 x4 ,biscuit-mak]s or         
jam-mak]s1 to put ! matt] concretely1   

may succe$ by skilful managem5t 9 enl>g+
 _! bus9esses until !y supply _! goods  
to hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p1 & e>n a l>ge    
pr(it by do+ s4 ,b ! mo/ effici5t       
h\sekeep] cont9ues all h] life to       
organise & cat] = ! same numb] ( p1 & h]
 rew>d = h] good managem5t does n consi/
 9 a rais$ sal>y or increas$ pr(its4 ,x 
is1 9 fact1 n pecuni>y at all1 b is !   
increas$ well-be+ ( ^? :om %e s]ves4    
,important consequ5ces foll[ f ^! two   
di/9ctions1 "s ( !m desirable1 o!rs !   
rev]se4 ,! h\sehold is pres]v$1 z x 71 z
 a little oasis 9 ! mid/ ( ! surr\nd+   
comm]cialism4 ,!re at lea/ exi/s no     
temptation to adult]ation or            
sophi/ication1 or to %oddy "w int5d$ to 
sell b n to la/4 ,no h\sewife w\ld be   
su* a fool z to put alum 9 ! bread bak$ 
at home1 to use decay+ fruit 9 ! t>ts1  
or que/ionable meat 9 h] pies4 ,%e c h  
no object save to provide ! be/ %e c =  
h] family ) ! means at h] disposal4 ,?is
 is an enorm\s advantage1 ! value ( :i* 
x is h>dly possible to ov]rate4  ,b !   

abs5ce ( pr(it-mak+ has c]ta9           
disadvantages4 ,x means t :ile o!r      
economic organisations are be+ con/antly
 spurr$ to increas+ effici5cy by !      
/imulus ( competition1 ! h\sehold rema9s
 backw>d4 ,a manufactur] kn[s to-day t  
he mu/ use ! mo/ up-to-date ma*9]y &    
employ ! mo/ skill$ managem5t or be     
beat5 9 ! race = comm]cial supremacy4 ,b
 h\sekeep]s may cont9ue 7& d cont9ue7 to
 use old-fa%ion$ ranges or antiquat$    
sy/ems ( hot-wat] heat+ )\t any ref]5ce 
to ! proce$+s ( _! neighb\rs4 ,)\t d\bt 
x results t new inv5tions make _! way   
mu* m sl[ly 9 h\sekeep+ ?an 9 pr(it-mak+
 indu/ry4 ,h[ r>e1 = in/ance1 x is to   
f9d prop]ly con/ruct$ grates outside v  
weal?y h\seholds4 ,h[ badly ! kit*51    
l>d]1 & scull]y are plann$ 9 relation to
 "o ano!r4 ,9 h[ few cases is any       
attempt made to utilise electricity =   
cook+ or remov+ du/1 = bo? ( :i*        
purposes admirable ma*9es are already on
 ! m>ket4  ,b !re are o!r factors :i*   
also contribute to ! backw>dness (      

dome/ic eng9e]+4 ,! smallness ( !       
h\sehold is "o4 ,x pays a l>ge hotel1 = 
in/ance1 to buy special ma*9es = clean+ 
knives1 or to in/al sup]heat$ /eam1 =   
wa%+ plates & di%es4 ,b nei!r ! initial 
exp5se nor ! co/ ( runn+ c\ld be met out
 ( ! funds at ! disposal ( ! small      
h\sehold4 ,ano!r reason exi/s 9 ! fact t
 ! av]age h\sewife does n di/+ui% betwe5
 annual & capital outlay4 ,unaccu/om$ to
 f9ance1 & keep+ acc\nts--if %e keeps !m
 at all--9 a v amateuri% fa%ion1 %e     
fails to und]/& t capital exp5diture1   
let u say1 on "o ( ! little electric    
vacuum clean]s n[ on ! m>ket might pay =
 itself 9 a %ort "t by sav+ ! wages ( a 
*>woman4   7a7 ,,! ,,organisation ,,(   
,,! ,,h\sehold ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,!   
,,h\s+ ,,"q  ,!n1 f9ally1 few p own _!  
h\ses1 & are !re=e dis9cl9$ to make an  
outlay :i* w\ld b5efit _! successors r  
?an !mselves4 ,l&lords 7:o are frequ5tly
 retir$ tradesm5 or eld]ly ladies dep5d+
 on ! r5t ( a r[ ( h\ses = _! sole      
income7 are 9 _! turn unprogressive &   

un5light5$4 ,x is (t5 h>d to induce a   
l&lord ( ! type indicat$ to cons5t to   
/ructural *anges ev5 if c>ri$ out at !  
t5ant's exp5se4 ,! build]s ( new h\ses1 
aga91 are n1 to put x mildly1 educat$ 9 
! be/ s*ools ( h\sehold ar*itecture &   
dome/ic eng9e]+4 ,x is true t 9 "s      
suburbs1 l>gely "u ! influ5ce ( ! m     
compet5t ar*itects employ$ by ! g>d5    
city organisations1 a m>k$ improvem5t 9 
dome/ic build+ is noticeable4 ,b only   
too (t5 ! hot-wat] sy/em is ineffici5t1 
! v5tilation poor1 ! grates wa/eful1 & s
 on4 ,i h nev] yet he>d ( a speculative 
build] :o delib]ately plann$ ! lay+ out 
( ! /reets 9 ! area :i* he 0 develop+ 9 
su* a way t ! liv+-rooms might h a      
maximum & ! l>d] & pantries a m9imum (  
sunlight4 ,! new roads are usually all  
set at "r angles to ! ma9 /reet1 & !    
h\ses rigidly plant$ squ>e to ! roads1  
reg>dless ( ! po9ts ( ! compass4  ,all  
^! factors1 act+ toge!r1 prev5t t g5]al 
improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses :i*  
is noticeable 9 o!r bran*es ( indu/ry4  

,progress does1 ( c\rse1 take place4 ,! 
pressure ex]cis$ by ! local heal?       
au?orities leads to improv$ dra9age &   
plumb+2 light+1 ow+ to ! rec5t          
competition betwe5 gas & electricity1   
has become bo? *eap] & bett]4 ,b an     
intellig5t application ( sci5ce &       
inve/m5t ( capital :5 a h\se is "u      
con/ruction c\ld easily effect /ill     
fur!r improvem5ts4  ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 !     
h\sehold is n influ5c$ by ! ord9>y      
processes ( competition1 advance w      
probably dep5d on "s =m ( co-op]ation   
among t5ants4 ,! pr9ciple ( t5ant       
co-p>tn]%ip has hi!rto be5 appli$ only  
to ! con/ruction ( work+-class h\ses1 b 
!re seems to be no reason :y x %\ld be n
 equally useful among ! middle classes4 
,! advantages ( ! organisation are t x  
secures to ! t5ant a well-built h\se1   
sometimes specially con/ruct$ to meet 8 
wi%es1 :ile 8 complete mobility is n    
int]f]$ ) z x is by own]%ip ( 8 dwell+4 
,^! app>5tly oppos$ results are obta9$  
by ! =mation ( a company :i* is ! legal 

own] ( ! l& & ! h\ses2 b no "o is all[$ 
to r5t a h\se until he inve/s a c]ta9   
am\nt ( money 9 ! company4 ,?us !re are 
two classes ( %>ehold]s--t5ant %>ehold]s
 & ord9>y %>ehold]s4 ,if a man wi%es to 
move f ! neighb\rhood1 !n he ceases to  
be a t5ant & becomes only an ord9>y     
%>ehold]1 & if he ne$s ! money he c     
always sell out4 ,r5t is paid 9 ! ord9>y
 way1 & s too are divid5ds on ! %>es4   
,?us gr\ps ( p are enabl$ to control !  
conditions "u :i* !y are h\s$1 )\t be+  
hamp]$ by ! possession ( a dwell+-h\se1 
:i* 9 an em]g5cy !y may be =c$ to sell  
at a s]i\s loss4 ,m9or advantages are   
great] *eapness ( con/ruction ow+ to    
:olesale buy+ ( mat]ials1 & ! provision 
( a m lib]al repair fund ?an is         
contemplat$ by ! ord9>y l&lord4 ,x is   
possible1 too1 to provide common t5nis  
c\rts1 *ildr5's playgr\nds1 pleasure    
g>d5s1 c41 :i* are kept up out ( ! g5]al
 funds ( ! company4#gd ,! co-p>tn]%ip   
t5ants' villages at ,b\rnville1         
,hamp/ead1 ,eal+1 c41 are all do+       

well1#ge & we may v5ture to hope t if ! 
same pr9ciple 7 appli$ to ! h\s+ ( !    
middle classes1 ! wor/ horrors ( ! dre>y
 & yet pret5ti\s suburbs con/ruct$ by ! 
speculative build] w\ld soon be *eck$4  
7b7 ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,dome/ic        
,,s]vice  ,! position ( ! dome/ic s]vant
 is ! next subject :i* dem&s            
consid]ation4 ,x is a "q :i* has ar\s$  
mu* acrimoni\s controv]sy1 mi/resses    
accus+ maids ( ignorance & ineffici5cy1 
maids object+ 9 _! turn to ! m5ial      
position & lack ( fre$om involv$ 9      
dome/ic s]vice4 ,yet x is curi\s to     
notice t ! conditions ( ?is bran* ( "w h
 be5 little /udi$ by ! economi/4 ,!     
numb] ( dome/ic s]vants z enum]at$ 9 !  
c5sus ( #aija 0 #a1ccj1ghc1 ! l>ge/ s+le
 occupation 9 ! c\ntry4#gf ,b :ile doz5s
 ( books & blue-books c\ld be nam$      
discuss+ ! position ( ! textile work] or
 ! agricultural lab\r]1 n m ?an ?ree or 
f\r inve/igators h conc]n$ !mselves ) ! 
dome/ic s]vant1 on ^: effici5cy our     
heal? & com=t absolutely dep5d4  ,ano!r 

curi\s anomaly is t dome/ic s]vants are 
becom+ few] 9 proportion to !           
population1 al?\gh ! level ( _! wages is
 v high 9 comp>ison ) ! usual paym5ts = 
wom5's "w4 ,betwe5 #ahha & #aija female 
indoor s]vants increas$ f #a1bcj1djf to 
#a1ccj1ghc1 an increase ( #h4b p] c5t41 
:ile ! population increas$ #be4b p] c5t4
 ,actually1 !n1 !re 0 a small]          
proportion ( ! population engag$ 9      
dome/ic s]vice 9 #aija !n 9 #ahha4gg    
,:at is /ill m rem>kable is t at ! y\ng]
 ages ! numb] has actually decreas$4    
,betwe5 ! ages #ae-bj1 !re is a decrease
 ( #g4c p] c5t41 :ile 9 ! numb] (       
females liv+ at ^? ages !re is an       
increase ( #bh4a p] c5t4 ,?is sugge/s t 
! difficulty ( f9d+ s]vants w int5sify z
 "t goes on1 z is inde$ borne out by    
obs]vation4 ,o!r wom5's indu/ries are   
gr[+ v rapidly4 ,! numb] ( female cl]ks 
m ?an trebl$ betwe5 #ahia & #aija4 ,9 ! 
same p]iod1 female elem5t>y s*ool tea*]s
 increas$ by ov] #ej p] c5t41 & ! wom5  
engag$ 9 hospital & in/itution s]vice & 

9 workh\ses & workh\se infirm>ies by #da
 p] c5t4 ,^! facts indicate t dome/ic   
s]vice is becom+ less & less popul> & is
 los+ gr\nd1 :ile o!r wom5's indu/ries  
are ga9+4  ,x is our duty !n to consid] 
! causes ( ?is /ate ( ?+s1 :i* _c be    
reg>d$ ) equanimity4 ,our /eadily       
increas+ weal? ought to make x m & m    
possible & desirable = m wom5 to        
specialise 9 ^? basic indu/ries ( cook+ 
& clean+1 :i* are ( ! utmo/ importance =
 ! "r ord]+ ( life4  ,! "q mu/ be treat$
 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al indu/rial & social
 *anges ( our "t4 ,_m ladies1 kn[+ no?+ 
( economics1 discuss ! matt] z "o (     
p]sonal relations only1 & :5 !y f9d     
!mselves annoy$ ) "o incompet5t s]vant  
aft] ano!r1 cont5t !mselves ) blam+ !   
s]vants z individuals )\t inquir+ :e!r !
 difficulty has any deep] root4 ,or !y  
take up a reaction>y attitude1 & decl>e 
t ! l[] classes are ov]-educat$ & too   
well (f1 & are 9 consequ5ce refus+ to   
p]=m _! natural duties4 ,b nei!r p]sonal
 blame nor ! semi-feudal belief t ! "o &

 only rightful de/9y ( daught]s (       
bricklay]s1 coal m9]s1 or small cl]ks is
 to become cooks or h\semaids 9 ! s]vice
 ( _! bett]s w avail to ?r[ any light on
 ! difficulty ( obta9+ compet5t dome/ic 
work]s4 ,we mu/ /udy c>efully & )\t bias
 ! conditions ( t indu/ry z comp>$ ) o!r
 indu/ries1 9 ord] to solve ! problem4  
,9 ! fir/ place1 we may note !          
advantages ( dome/ic s]vice4 ,x is1 z   
has be5 already obs]v$1 well paid4 ,"s  
inve/igations c>ri$ out by a gr\p ( my  
/ud5ts la/ ye> l$ to ! conclusion t !   
ord9>y cook1 h\semaid1 or g5]al s]vant 9
 middle-class h\seholds co/s h] employ] 
9 wages1 food1 h\se-room1 heat+1 light+1
 & insurance ab\t ,l#ej a ye>4#gh ,i h  
be5 in=m$ by a lady accu/om$ to deal )  
s]vants 9 a weal?y h\sehold1 t bo>d     
wages are usually #ads4 #f;d4 = m5      
s]vants1 & #abs4 #f;d4 & #ajs4 #f;d4 =  
wom5 s]vants4 ,:5 we rememb] t 9 ! ranks
 f :i* s]vants are drawn1#gi a workman  
is comp>atively well (f if he is e>n+   
#ces4 a week = ! support ( himself & 8  

family1 & t a woman :o makes ,l#a a week
 is a r>ity1#hj we %\ld expect to f9d   
dome/ic s]vice "o ( ! indu/ries 9 :i* ! 
supply outruns ! dem&4 ,aga91 !re is no 
p]iod ( appr5tice%ip or tra9+ necess>y4 
,! s]vant e>ns f ! fir/ day %e ent]s    
s]vice1 & is (t5 c>efully tra9$ by a    
mi/ress 9 cook+ or wait+ at table1 only 
to leave t mi/ress = a bett] situation !
 mom5t %e ?or\ghly und]/&s h] duties4   
,aga91 9 _m h\seholds ! maids %>e 9 !   
family holidays4 ,!y sp5d a mon? at !   
seaside or 9 ! c\ntry1 hav+ all _!      
travell+ exp5ses paid z a matt] ( c\rse4
 ,_! all[ance ( p]sonal holidays may n  
be l>ge1 b at all ev5ts _! wages run on 
)\t int]ruption4 ,^! advantages are ! m 
rem>kable1 :5 x is consid]$ t !y h be5  
atta9$ )\t ! aid ( any trade            
organisations at all4 ,trade unions =   
dome/ic work]s h be5 =m$ f "t to "t1 b  
_! life has be5 ephem]al & _! memb]%ip (
 ! smalle/4 ,high wages1 practically    
cont9u\s employm5t1 food & lodg+ usually
 ( a /&>d mu* above t 9 ! s]vant's own  

home--all ^! are to be f\nd 9 dome/ic   
"w4 ,:y1 !n1 does x rema9 unpopul>8  ,9 
! fir/ place1 ! h\rs are long &         
irregul>4 ,a dome/ic s]vant1 especially 
9 a place :]e only "o or two are kept1  
is on duty = at lea/ fifte5 h\rs a      
day--f #g ,a4,m4 to #aj ,p4,m4 ,ev5     
meal-h\rs are n free f int]ruption4 ,!  
?\ghtful mi/ress1 x is true1 w n summon 
h] maids at d9n]-"t or supp]-"t if %e c 
help x1 b all mi/resses are n ?\ghtful1 
& 9 any case !re is ! doorbell to be    
answ]$4 ,mu* ( ! "w is n h>d2 9 a       
well-manag$ h\sehold !re %\ld always be 
an h\r or two ( comp>ative leisure 9 !  
aft]noon & aga9 9 ! ev5+4 ,b ! av]age   
maid is nev] suffici5tly free ?r\gh !   
:ole day to g out )\t ask+ leave1 or to 
lie d[n = an h\r %\ld h] morn+ "w h be5 
unusually heavy4 ,( "s h\seholds a mu*  
black] picture c\ld be pa9t$4 ,n m]ely d
 ! maids h no leisure1 b !y are actually
 h>d at "w wa%+1 cook+1 iron+1 s]v+     
meals1 wa%+ up1 c>ry+ coals & hot wat]1 
c41 = ev5 a l>g] p]iod ?an ! fifte5 h\rs

 :i*1 z not$ be=e1 is ! m9imum ( "t on  
duty4 ,^! h\rs comp>e v unfav\rably ) ! 
six or sev5 h\rs' day ( ! elem5t>y      
s*ool-tea*]1 ! eight h\rs' day ( !      
,civil s]vant1 & ! n9e or t5 h\rs work$ 
9 factories & 9 (fices4  ,next1 !re is !
 lack ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,?is may seem a 
m]e s5tim5tal objection n to be weigh$ 9
 ! balance = a mom5t by s5sible p]sons z
 aga9/ ! solid advantages ( dome/ic "w4 
,b s5tim5tal objections c\nt m          
decisively ) wom5 ?an ) m54 ,miss ,b4   
,l4 ,hut*9s po9ts out 9 a rec5t article 
t respectable girls ( ! work+ class (t5 
accept q l[ wages1 provid$ only _!      
employm5t is light1 clean1 com=table1 & 
af=ds abundant h\rs ( leisure4 ,& wom5  
ent] on dome/ic s]vice exactly at ! age 
at :i* fre$om & "s am\nt ( leisure seem 
m valuable ?an high wages4 ,d\btless 9  
lat] ye>s _m sweat$ drudges h wi%$ t !y 
_h become s]vants in/ead ( ent]+ !      
jam-factory or ! /eam-laundry4 ,b at    
sixte5 & sev5te51 :5 ! *oice 0 made1 !  
situation appe>$ v diff]5t4 ,i h v      

little d\bt t "o ( ! greate/ objections 
to dome/ic s]vice is t x removes ! "y   
woman f h] own class j at ! m>riageable 
age1 & !re=e decreases h] *ances (      
m>riage1 :ile 9 "s ill-gov]n$ h\seholds 
& 9 hotel & re/aurant s]vice %e may be  
subject$ to sev]e temptation4 ,! wid5+ (
 ! gulf betwe5 ri* & poor & _!          
segregation into di/9ct di/ricts        
increases ?is disadvantage4  ,aga91 !re 
is ! fact t dome/ic s]vice is /rangely  
en\gh reg>d$ z a peculi>ly m5ial        
occupation1 9 itself a m>k ( a l[]      
social grade4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! use 
( ! ,*ri/ian "n1 ! insi/5ce on a uni=m1 
& ! commonness ( contemptu\s t]ms su* z 
slavey4 ,ref9$ p are c>eful to avoid !  
use ev5 ( ! ^w s]vant1 replac+ x by     
maid1 s /rong is ?is connotation (      
inf]iority4 ,"h aga9 we are on s5tim5tal
 gr\nds4 ,b x c]ta9ly seems undesirable1
 9 view ( ! spread ( doctr9es ( social  
equality1 t ?is sugge/ion ( a l[ social 
/atus %\ld cl+ ar\nd ! p]son :o         
und]takes su* important duties z cook+ &

 wa%+4  ,ano!r disadvantage is !        
lonel9ess ( dome/ic s]vants4 ,9 o!r     
occupations wom5 h colleagues &         
companions4 ,! g5]al s]vant1 com+ z %e  
does f a lively ev5 if poor work+-class 
home1 ) neighb\rs at h& = gossip 9      
mom5ts ( relaxation1 may f9d x v h>d to 
be> up aga9/ ! re/ra9t & unnatural      
quietude ( h] fir/ place1#ha & (t5 ends 
by return+ 9 ha/e to ! factory indu/ry  
%e _h be5 p]suad$ to ab&on1 :5 %e w f9d 
! gaiety & lively society ( girls & "y  
m5 ( h] own age4 ,ev5 :5 two maids are  
kept1 !y may n be cong5ial to "o ano!r1 
& "o _c d5y t to %>e "w1 meals1 & (t5 b$
 ) a woman :om "o has reason to dislike1
 is a fate we w\ld all wi% to avoid4    
,girls ( high] /atus & m intellig5ce are
 (t5 turn$ f dome/ic s]vice by ! fact t 
x af=ds little or no opportunity =      
self-improvem5t or recreation1 or =     
promotion inside its own ranks4 ,s]vants
 _c g to lectures or ev5+ classes4 ,!   
s]vant's piano or bicycle is a common   
!me = je/+ 9 ! comic pap]s4 ,9 a l>ge   

h\sehold or 9 a hotel promotion may be  
obta9$1 b ! maid :o becomes a g5]al     
s]vant or a s+le-h&$ cook rea*es ! limit
 ( h] increase 9 income at an e>ly age4 
,_m ( ! disadvantages not$ d n apply to 
l>ge h\seholds4 ,!re companion%ip is to 
be f\nd1 & promotion may be look$ =4 ,! 
h\rs are m regul>1 meals less int]rupt$1
 & free "t easi] to obta94 ,h5ce ,i 0 n 
surpris$ :5 ,i que/ion$ proprietors (   
clubs1 resid5tial hotels1 & ! mi/resses 
( weal?y h\seholds to le>n t mo/ ( !m   
consid]$ ! s]vant difficulty to be      
greatly exagg]at$4 ,! h\sekeep] ( "o    
suite ( resid5tial flats told me %e _h  
no tr\ble at all 9 gett+ s]vants1 & t %e
 s5t !m (f at a week's notice if !y     
prov$ unsatisfactory4 ,ev5 if ,i _c get 
a maid to live 9 at once1 %e add$1 ,i c 
always supplem5t ! "w ( ! o!rs by an    
extra *>woman4 ,!re are any numb] (     
outwork]s to be _h4 ,9 ano!r resid5tial 
hotel all ! wom5 s]vants _h two ev5+s a 
week free f #e to #aj4cj4 ,"h1 too1 !re 
0 nev] mu* difficulty 9 obta9+ work]s4  

,ano!r disadvantage ( ! small z oppos$  
to ! l>ge h\sehold is t ! managem5t is  
(t5 ineffici5t1 & ! equipm5t poor4 ,9 ^!
 resid5tial flats1 = in/ance1 ea* suite 
_h its own ba?room & lavatory1 &        
consequ5tly ! "w ( c>ry+ wat] 0 r$uc$ to
 a m9imum4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t ! regul>ity ( 
! discipl9e is (t5 lik$ by girls1 :o f9d
 x h>d to keep to good ways :5 !y "w    
alone4  ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i see no reason
 to believe t dome/ic s]vice is unpopul>
 because cook+ & clean+ are reg>d$ z    
disagreeable occupations 9 !mselves4 ,x 
is ! conditions "u :i* x is c>ri$ on t  
are dislik$1 & if mi/resses desire to h 
bett] s]vants1 ^? conditions mu/ be     
alt]$4 ,"s ( !m1 x mu/ be admitt$1 are  
inh]5t 9 ! pres5t organisation ( !      
h\sehold4#hb ,"s =m ( co-op]ation might 
obviate c]ta9 ( ^! defects2 9 gr\ps (   
associat$ homes1 ! dome/ic equipm5t c\ld
 c]ta9ly be improv$1 skill$ sup]vision &
 prop] discipl9e c\ld be m easily c>ri$ 
out1 & ! maids w\ld h ! advantages (    
%ort] & m regul> h\rs & ( companion%ip )

 _! equals4 ,"h aga9 x may be possible  
to apply ! co-p>tn]%ip t5ants'          
organisation4 ,_m p1 h[ev]1 n           
unnaturally dread ! lack ( privacy &    
indep5d5ce :i* su* a mode ( life w\ld1  
!y ?9k1 entail1 & w\ld pref] to endure !
 disadvantages ( ! pres5t sy/em r ?an   
lose control ov] _! own kit*5 & _! own  
s]vants4 ,x is too soon yet to express  
an op9ion4 ,=tunately1 at ,let*wor?1 at 
,br5t ,lodge1 ,f9*ley1 & else:]e1       
exp]im5ts 9 ! provision ( associat$     
homes ) a common kit*5 & a common /aff (
 s]vants are %ortly to be tri$4 ,if     
successful1 !y w no d\bt prove a boon to
 _m p4  ,9 ! meantime "o c only sugge/ t
 mi/resses mu/ endeav\r individually to 
mitigate "s ( ! disadvantages ( dome/ic 
s]vice4 ,x is n high] wages t are ne$$1 
b m leisure & m society1 & an abs5ce ( !
 fooli% snobb]y :i* reg>ds x z an amus+ 
joke t a s]vant %\ld wi% to possess a   
bicycle or g to a meet+ or conc]t4  ,!  
sugge/ion has sometimes be5 made t      
di/ress$ g5tlewom5 might f9d a refuge 9 

dome/ic s]vice4 ,b lady s]vants or      
mo!rs' helps only r>ely prove a success4
 ,_! pres5ce is inevitably a h9drance to
 ! full enjoym5t ( family privacy1 & (t5
 en\gh _! g5tility is an excuse =       
incompet5ce4 ,b 9 special cases lady    
s]vants turn out well1 especially z     
*ildr5's nurses4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ attempt 
to introduce !m into g5]al dome/ic      
s]vice is t />t$ by ! ,guild ( ! ,dames 
( ! ,h\sehold at ,*elt5ham4 ,a %ort     
p]iod ( tra9+ is insi/$ ^u1 :ile on !   
o!r h& c]ta9 privileges n usually conc$$
 to maids mu/ be grant$1 9 p>ticul>1 a  
p]iod ( two h\rs ea* day free f duty4 ,9
 small & quiet h\seholds1 specially 9 ^?
 compos$ ( ladies only1 a ,dame w\ld be 
welcom$ 9 place ( ! incompet5t g5]al    
s]vant1 or two ,dames might take ! place
 ( ! regulation cook & h\se-p>l\r maid4 
,b x w\ld n be easy to h "o ,dame dem&+ 
special privileges & imbu$ ) diff]5t    
traditions 9 a l>g] h\sehold4#hc  ,nor d
 ,i see any reason to expect t increas$ 
provision = dome/ic tra9+ alone is      

likely to improve ! lot ( mi/resses :o  
want maids4 ,! tra9+ 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools
 is (t5 giv5 to *ildr5 too "y to pr(it  
by x1 & is besides design$ r to enable  
!m to be ( use 9 _! own homes ?an to    
qualify !m to become cooks or h\semaids 
9 middle or upp]-class h\seholds4 ,aga91
 ! girls :o att5d at ! special dome/ic  
economy s*ools are n usually available =
 ord9>y dome/ic s]vice2 ! great] numb] (
 ! /ud5ts are be+ prep>$ ei!r = tea*+ or
 = positions z h\sekeep]s & matrons4    
,:ile untra9$ girls c f9d a place &     
wages )\t any difficulty1 work+-class   
p>5ts are n likely to sp5d money on     
tra9+ = dome/ic s]vice2 & ! numb]s = :om
 s*ol>%ips are provid$ mu/ naturally be 
limit$4  ,improvem5t is mu* m likely to 
result f alt]ations 9 ! condition (     
dome/ic s]vice4 ,if1 z reg>ds leisure & 
social /atus1 t occupation c\ld be put m
 ne>ly on a level ) o!r wom5's trades1 !
 outlook w\ld be mu* bright]1 & !n tra9+
 9 dome/ic economy 9 cont9uation s*ools 
or trade s*ools = girls f f\rte5 to     

sixte5 w\ld be valuable4  ,fail+ ^!     
re=ms1 mi/resses w probably cont9ue to  
f9d !mselves oblig$ to put up ) cooks :o
 _c cook1 & h\semaids & laundresses :o  
are bo? ignorant & incompet5t4 ,! irk & 
irritation ( liv+ all day long at close 
qu>t]s ) an imp]t95t & ineffici5t p]son1
 :i* (t5 sev]ely tries ! n]ves ( ! wom5 
( ! pr(essional classes1 w cont9ue4 ,^! 
?+s are inevitable s long z dome/ic     
s]vants d n *oose _! occupation because 
!y wi% to foll[ x1 b because !y h be5   
failures 9 o!r directions4 ,!re=e no    
improvem5t w\ld be atta9$ by %utt+ o!r  
av5ues ( employm5t to wom5 & =c+ !m back
 into ?is4 ,su* a l9e ( action is1 (    
c\rse1 q impracticable1 :atev] be !     
difficulties ( mo!rs ( families &       
mi/resses ( h\seholds2 factories1       
(fices1 %ops1 elem5t>y s*ools &         
po/-(fices w cont9ue to (f] employm5t to
 wom54 ,b ev5 if x 7 practicable x w\ld 
fail ( its aim4 ,"w is only well done :5
 x is *os5 = its own sake1 n :5 x is    
unwill+ly accept$ because ! work] is fit

 = no?+ else4 ,& a g5u9e improvem5t 9   
dome/ic s]vice c only come ab\t by an   
alt]ation 9 its conditions4  ,a         
sy/ematic inve/igation into ,engli%     
dome/ic s]vice simil> to t c>ri$ out 9  
,am]ica by ,pr(essor ,lucy ,salmon (    
,vass> ,college w\ld be mo/ useful at ! 
pres5t juncture1 & may possibly be      
und]tak5 by ! h\sehold economics class  
at ,k+'s ,college4 ,pr(essor ,salmon    
issu$ #ejjj s*$ules to employ]s & #ejjj 
to employees1 & receiv$ 9 all #agdd     
answ]s4 ,on ! answ]s receiv$ %e bas$ !  
conclusions arriv$ at 9 h] book1        
,dome/ic ,s]vice1 :i* are n dissimil> to
 ^? set =? 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4        
,conditions 9 ,am]ica are1 h[ev]1 s     
unlike ^? 9 ,engl& t a sep>ate          
inve/igation = ?is c\ntry w\ld be mo/   
valuable4   7c7 ,a ,,discussion ,,(     
,,dome/ic ,,budgets   7#a7 ,work+-,class
 ,budgets  ,i h left myself v little    
space = deal+ ) ano!r important section 
( h\sehold economics1 namely1 dome/ic   
budgets4 ,un=tunately ! mat]ial = a     

satisfactory /udy ( ! actual & !        
advisable division ( h\sehold exp5diture
 is only abundant 9 c]ta9 classes4 ,!re 
are a consid]able numb] ( inve/igations 
into ! co/ ( liv+ among !               
work+-classes4#hd ,f ^! x is cle> t we  
mu/ make a v m>k$ l9e ( di/9ction betwe5
 ! dome/ic circum/ances ( lab\r]s & (   
artisans4 ,! =m] sp5d at lea/ f #ge to  
#hj p] c5t4 ( _! income on food & lodg+ 
alone2 yet if ! family is ( ord9>y size 
& none ( ! *ildr5 are e>n+ any?+1 !y are
 commonly "u-n\ri%$ & badly lodg$4 ,!   
rema9d] ( ! income is devot$ to fuel1   
clo!s1 sav+s1 insurance1 & recreation4  
,memb]s ( ?is class commonly we>        
second-h& clo!s1 & live 9 t5em5t h\ses1 
orig9ally built = a weal?i] section ( ! 
community4 ,x is !y :o s5d _! *ildr5 to 
"w at any employm5t t turns up at !     
e>lie/ mom5t all[$ by ! law4 ,! burd5   
laid on ! wom5 ( ?is class is peculi>ly 
heavy4 ,!y mu/ "w = wages if possible1 =
 e extra %ill+ adds imm5sely to ! family
 com=t4 ,h5ce !y g out *>+2 !y und]take 

ill-paid home "w2 & at ! same "t all !  
toil ( keep+ ! h\se & *ildr5 clean & (  
do+ ! cook+ & wa%+ falls on ! "m4 ,add  
to ?is ! fact t if ! food supply runs   
%ort1 !n ! *ildr5 & ! husb& h _! %>e    
fir/ & ! "m takes :at may be left4 ,x   
has be5 calculat$#he t ?is class am\nts 
to ab\t "o-?ird ( ! population1 & is !  
s\rce :5ce comes ! great] "p ( !        
paup]ism ) :i* ! c\ntry is afflict$4  ,!
 artisan class 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,r[ntree  
to comprise ab\t "o-half ( ! work+-class
 population4 ,its dome/ic circum/ances  
diff] 9 sev]al respects f ^? ( ! class  
already describ$4 ,food & h\s+ 7        
adequate2 &1 save 9 ! textile di/ricts1 
! wife commonly rema9s at home & !      
*ildr5 /ay long] at s*ool4 ,x is ?is    
class t is ! backbone ( trade unionism &
 ! co-op]ative movem5t2 x is 9 fact !   
true middle-class ( ,brita94  ,lady     
,bell 9 h] book ,at ! ,works gives a v  
sympa!tic sket* ( ! home life ( !       
ironwork]s ( ,middlesbor\gh1 po9t+ out t
 ! monotony & n>r[ness ( ! lives l$ by !

 wom5 & ! ugl9ess ( ! surr\nd+s ( !     
work]s' h\ses are ! ma9 defects f :i* !y
 suff]4 ,r\ghly half _! income goes on  
food1 :i* is pla9 b adequate4 ,!        
proportion ( r5t v>ies v mu* f di/rict  
to di/rict4 ,9 ,york x 0 #ab4h1 b 9 su* 
cr[d$ t[ns z ,london & ,glasg[ x w\ld be
 high]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a surplus       
suffici5t = clo?+1 sav+1 holidays1 &    
reasonable recreation4  ,x is conjectur$
 t ! excessive exp5diture on dr9k 9 !   
,unit$ ,k+dom#hf mu/ be l>gely due to   
?is class4 ,b ! evid5ce is insuffici5t  
to %[ :e!r ! lab\r] or ! artisan is ! m 
guilty4   7#b7 ,l[] ,middle-,class      
,budgets  ,! next class :i* %\ld be     
exam9$ is t made up by ! cl]ks & r\t9e  
bra9-work]s4 ,z already not$1 !re is    
little or no mat]ial available = ! /udy 
( ! budgets ( ?is class4 ,! ,economic   
,club publi%$ a few ye>s ago a          
collection ( family budgets1 f\r ( :i*  
might be tak5 z illu/rat+ ! home life ( 
?is important section ( ! community4 ,f 
^! & f ! r unreliable divisions ( income

 giv5 9 "s ( ! small] wom5's pap]s1 ,i h
 come to ! conclusion t food absorbs #cj
 to #dj p] c5t4 ( ! income1 & r5t #ae to
 #bj p] c5t4 ,! exp5diture on clo?+ is  
mu* m lib]al1 & ,i am incl9$ to believe 
t ! poor] cl]ks are sometimes           
insuffici5tly f$4  ,x %\ld be not$ t 9  
?is class ! co/ ( education t5ds to be  
borne by ! p>5t & n by ! ,/ate2 no d\bt 
!re is "h a g5u9e grievance1 "o1 h[ev]1 
:i* ! provision ( municipal second>y    
s*ools is gradually remov+4 ,b a ?or\gh 
& accurate /udy ( ! circum/ances ( ! l[]
 middle-class w\ld be ( ! utmo/ value at
 ! pres5t "t4 ,x is c]ta9 t its ne$s &  
dem&s are to "s ext5t at all ev5ts      
ov]look$ ?r\gh ! increas+ p[] ( organis$
 lab\r on ! "o h& & ! increas+ weal? ( !
 upp] classes on ! o!r4   7#c7 ,!       
,budget ( ! ,well-to-d  ,probably x is 9
 ! budgets ( ^! weal?i] classes t !     
read] ( ^! pages w be mo/ int]e/$ f a   
p]sonal /&po9t4 ,"u ?is head !re is v   
little sci5tifically collect$ mat]ial2 b
 on ! o!r h& ! ladies' pap]s & !        

h\sekeep+ h&books af=d consid]able      
in=mation ( some:at v>y+ value4  ,x is 9
 ?is class t s]vice becomes an important
 item2 x is 9 ?is class t ! arti/ic side
 ( life1 ! enjoym5t ( physical &        
intellectual luxury1 fir/ becomes       
possible4 ,9 a s5se ! /udy ( exp5diture 
"h is bo? m useful & m int]e/+4 ,a      
fraction ( ! income w\ld suffice = !    
satisfaction ( ! m]e physiological ne$s1
 & !re is a real *oice possible 9 !     
disposition ( ! surplus4  ,!re=e1 9 !   
case ( ^! l>g] incomes1 ,i propose to   
discuss r ! g5]al pr9ciples ( exp5diture
 ?an ! /ati/ical facts4 ,! latt] are n  
?or\ghly reliable1 & at ! same "t !     
circum/ances ( ! class 9 "q are bett]   
kn[n to my read]s4  ,! fundam5tal       
pr9ciple1 z ,m>%all#hg /ates1 is t !    
m>g9al utility ( ea* sep>ate division ( 
exp5diture %\ld be equal4 ,he means by  
?is t our income %\ld be s di/ribut$ t !
 la/ sixp5ce we sp5d on clo!s %\ld yield
 u ! same am\nt ( pleasure z ! la/      
sixp5ce exp5d$ on food or on books4 ,&  

he rightly rem>ks t to ! h\sekeep] !    
value ( keep+ acc\nts lies precisely 9 !
 fact t x makes ! application ( ?is     
pr9ciple easy4  ,if we "k exactly h[    
money has be5 sp5t1 !n x is possible to 
see t exp5diture has be5 wrongly        
balanc$1 t impulsive extravagance on    
hats or on out-(-season delicacies has  
unduly curtail$ ! am\nt sp5t on         
holidays1 books1 or conc]ts4 ,x is = ?is
 reason t itemis$ tables are m useful to
 ! h\sekeep] ?an is ! ord9>y cr$itor &  
debtor me?od ( acc\nt-keep+4 ,%e %\ld ( 
c\rse be able to pres5t an accurate     
/atem5t ( ! money sp5t & receiv$1 b %e  
%\ld n be cont5t ) ?is4 ,%e %\ld fur!r  
%[ = ea* qu>t] ! am\nt sp5t on r5t1     
food1 fuel1 c4  ,,qu>t]ly ,,summ>y ,,(  
,,h\sehold ,,exp5diture    ,columns3    
,a  ,food & ,clean+ ,mat]ials4   ,b     
,h\sehold ,wa%+4   ,c  ,s]vice4   ,d    
,coals4   ,e  ,gas4   ,f  ,electricity4 
,g  ,r5t4   ,h  ,rates4   ,i  ,g>d54    
,j  ,miscellane\s4   ,k  ,total4   ,l   
,gue/s4#hh   ,m  ,rem>ks4               

----------------------------------------
--------   ,weeks     ,a  ,b  ,c  ,d  ,e
  ,f  ,g  ,h  ,i  ,j  ,k  ,l  ,m        
,end+4                                  
----------------------------------------
--------   ,jan4   #i                   
#af                                     
#bc                                     
#cj                                     
,feb4   #f                              
#ac                                     
#bj                                     
#bg                                     
,m>*  #f                                
#ac                                     
#bj                                     
#bg                                     
,april  #c                              
----------------------------------------
--------   ,,total4                     
----------------------------------------
--------   ,weekly                      
,av]age4                                
----------------------------------------
--------  ,! table app5d$ has be5 9     

actual use = "s "t1 & has s]v$ on m ?an 
"o occasion to *eck exp5diture :i* 0    
unduly increas+4 ,x c\ld easily be      
modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,food c\ld be     
fur!r subdivid$1 & head+s = dress & o!r 
p]sonal exp5ses c\ld be add$4 ,probably1
 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd bett] to keep "o c>d
 = ! qu>t]ly h\sehold exp5diture1 & o!rs
 = ! p]sonal exp5diture ( ! sep>ate     
memb]s ( ! h\sehold4 ,! am\nt ( tr\ble  
involv$ is comp>atively small1 provid$ t
 ! diff]5t items are summ$ up & ent]$   
regul>ly ea* week :5 ! h\sehold books   
are exam9$4 ,if ! qu>t]ly c>ds are !n   
fil$ 9 ord]1 !y af=d a mo/ valuable     
record ( h\sehold managem5t 9 a small & 
easily h&l$ =m4  ,:5 decid+ on ! am\nt (
 money to be allott$ to ! sep>ate items1
 ! fir/ ?+ to be kept 9 m9d is !        
necessity ( pres]v+ effici5cy2 &        
bra9-work]s ought to rememb] t ?or\gh   
m5tal al]tness & compet5cy c only be    
secur$ by well-*os51 well-cook$1 &      
da9tily s]v$ food1 by suffici5cy (      
sleep1 by frequ5t int]vals ( re/ &      

recreation1 & by ?or\ghly invigorat+    
holidays4 ,extravagance %\ld ( c\rse be 
avoid$1 b ! j\rnali/ or sci5ti/ :o is   
nigg>dly ( exp5diture on ^! items w     
probably lat] on be oblig$ to sp5d 8    
sav+s on doctor's bills or a re/ cure4  
,a high /&>d ( com=t & effici5t "w is ! 
*eape/ way ( liv+ 9 ! long run4 ,:e!r1  
h[ev]1 all ! conv5tional necess>ies n[  
includ$ by cu/om 9 ! upp] middle-class  
exp5diture are really ess5tial to !     
bra9-work]'s /&>d ( life is p]haps ano!r
 "q4  ,! simple life :i* consi/s 9 do+  
)\t all ! conv5i5ces ( civilisation has 
be5 prov$ a failure by _m exp]im5ts1 b a
 simple life :i* accept$ ! com=ts (     
electric light1 gas /oves1 & laid-on hot
 wat]1 b aboli%$ heavy curta9s & c>pets 
& t multiplicity ( ornam5ts & ( di%es1  
:i* increases ! complexity ( life )\t   
add+ to its beauty1 might turn out to be
 a success4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1         
conv5tional exp5diture is ess5tial =    
pr(essional advancem5t4 ,! doctor1 =    
in/ance1 mu/ live 9 a h\se ( a c]ta9    

size & importance2 ! high s*ool tea*] or
 woman j\rnali/ mu/ be well dress$4     
,exp5diture ( ?is "* is really ( !      
nature ( adv]tisem5t1 & x is fooli% to  
endeav\r to curtail x4  ,aft] ! claims (
 effici5cy h be5 met1 sav+ & insurance  
come next4 ,life insurance is ( c\rse   
almo/ univ]sal among ! sal>i$ classes1 &
 is a duty imp]atively laid on e man ^: 
dea? w\ld leave 8 family )\t means4 ,b x
 is curi\s t o!r =ms ( insurance are n m
 practis$4 ,a small ye>ly paym5t = ea*  
*ild1 comm5c+ at its bir?1 w\ld provide 
a conv5i5t sum = its education1 its />t 
9 life1 or1 9 ! case ( a girl1 = h]     
tr\sseau & d[ry4 ,insurance aga9/       
illness also is mu* r>] among ! upp]    
middle class ?an among ! work+-classes4 
,possibly ?is is due to ! fact t1 save 9
 ! case ( prolong$ disease1 sal>ies are 
paid dur+ illness1 :ile wages cease z   
soon z ! work] is compell$ to /ay at    
home2 also p>tly no d\bt to ! fact t    
provision = cont+5cies is made 9 o!r    
ways4  ,sav+ & insurance w be less      

necess>y 9 ! case ( ^? ^: income is     
d]iv$ f l& or f inve/$ capital1 b %\ld  
be consid]$ absolutely ess5tial by all  
^? 9 receipt ( a sal>y4 ,9 addition a   
small sum sav$ & inve/$ 9 "s easily     
realisable security w be mo/ valuable to
 meet special em]g5cies4  ,if aft] all  
^! ne$s h be5 met1 i4e4 7#a7 full       
effici5cy & conv5tional exp5diture      
7includ+1 ( c\rse1 su* an education = ! 
*ildr5 z w prep>e !m 9 _! turn to e>n an
 income 9 ! same rank ( life z _! fa!r71
 & 7#b7 sav+ & insurance to provide     
aga9/ all cont+5cies t may reasonably be
 anticipat$--if1 !n1 a surplus /ill     
rema9s1 its disposition mu/ be a matt] (
 individual *oice1 & x is impossible to 
lay d[n g5]al rules4  ,9 "s cases x w be
 sav$1 9 o!rs x w be us$ to provide m   
mat]ial & conv5tional luxuries1 9 o!rs x
 w supply ! ne$s ( :at ,am]ican writ]s r
 unpleas+ly call ! high] life4 ,c]ta9ly 
! claims ( g5]osity1 *>ity1 & culture   
%\ld fir/ be met1 & x is ! "r & wise    
disposition ( ?is surplus income :i*    

might well tax ! highe/ p[]s ( any human
 be+4 ,x is commonly suppos$ to be a    
difficult ?+ to e>n money1 b a simple   
matt] to sp5d x4 ,on ! contr>y1 to sp5d 
) wisdom & discretion is always h>d1 &  
is h>de/ :5 ! income is s ela/ic t a    
slight deviation f ! be/ me?od is n     
imm$iately visit$ on ! head ( ! p]son :o
 has (f5d$4  ,! artisan's wife has no   
easy task1 x mu/ be confess$1 b !       
results ( any mi/akes %e may make fall  
at once ^u h]self or h] *ildr54 ,b if ! 
mi/ress ( a l>ge h\sehold is c>eless or 
incompet5t1 !n %e may cause untold wa/e1
 ineffici5cy & deg5]ation among h]      
s]vants & tradespeople1 & may nev] ev5  
be aw>e ( x4  ,a rec5t book by ,mr4 ,a4 
,ponsonby#hi gives "s extraord9>y       
in/ances ( unnecess>y exp5diture on     
food4 ,mr4 ,ponsonby is n1 ( c\rse1 to  
be tak5 z an unprejudic$ inve/igator2 he
 is writ+ r f ! /&po9t ( ! prea*] ?an f 
t ( ! unbiass$ sociologi/4 ,b 8 figures 
are n likely to be absolutely false1 & x
 is safe to say t if 9 a h\sehold       

conta9+ f\r 9 family & f\rte5 s]vants ! 
food bills am\nt$ 9 a week :5 !re 0     
little ent]ta9+ to ,l#fj1 #abs4 #g;d4   
7,l#c1 #gs4 #d;d4 p] head71#ij ei!r !   
s]vants 7 be+ f$ 9 a way t 0 q absurdly 
lavi%1 or mu* ( ! food 0 absolutely     
wa/$1 or !re 0 di%one/ collusion betwe5 
! h\sekeep] & *ef & ! tradespeople4 ,9  
any case1 ! ignorance & neglig5ce ( !   
mi/ress ( ! h\se 7 corrupt+ to h] /aff4 
7d7 ,,conclusion  ,9 %ort1 9 place (    
reg>d+ ! h\sehold z /&+ 9 no special    
relation to ! re/ ( ! community1 x ought
 to be und]/ood t ! function ( !        
h\sewife is ( ! utmo/ importance1 n only
 to h] own family1 b to ! :ole nation4  
,x is %e :o is f9ally responsible = !   
education ( ! *ildr52 x is %e :o1 9 !   
quiet & re/ful *>m ( ! home1 provides   
7or %\ld provide7 = h] husb& & gr[n-up  
*ildr5 ! recreation & refre%m5t :i* !y  
ne$4 ,if %e employs _m s]vants1 !n !    
example ( h] h\sehold w influ5ce = good 
or = evil ! homes ( _m work+-class      
c\ples4 ,x is ! dem& ( ! h\sehold t     

det]m9es :e!r ! lab\r ( ?is c\ntry %all 
be employ$ on debas$ articles ( %am     
luxury or on well made & arti/ic goods4 
,! consci5ti\s h\sewife c\ld also to "s 
ext5t disc\rage sweat+1 if %e refus$ to 
buy products :i* to h] k 7 made "u bad  
conditions4 ,! responsibilities ( !     
h\sewife place h] at e turn 9 economic  
relations to ! re/ ( ! community1 &     
!re=e x is only "r t com+ h\sewives %\ld
 be tra9$ n alone 9 ! manual crafts (   
cook+ & laundry-"w1 b also 9 ! g5]al    
pr9ciples ( economic sci5ce :i* und]lie 
! developm5t & pres5t organisation ( !  
h\sehold4 ,we may p]haps hope too t !   
pr9ciples ( h\sehold managem5t may 9    
turn react on economic sci5ce1 & may %[ 
to its pr(essors t value 9 use1 ?\gh m  
difficult to detect & e/imate ?an value 
9 ex*ange1 has be5 unduly neglect$ bo? 9
 !ory & practice4  ,if to ! managem5t ( 
our t[ns--:i* are1 aft] all1 only our   
homes on a l>g] scale--7 appli$ !       
pr9ciples us$ by a good h\sekeep] 9     
ord]+ h] home1 !n cleanl9ess1 beauty1 & 

conv5i5ce w\ld increase ar\nd u4 ,a     
sci5ce ( economics s modifi$ w\ld recall
 to a s*ol> ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ^w2 =   
:at1 aft] all1 did ! craft ( oikonomike1
 z fir/ develop$ by ,x5ophon &          
,ari/otle1 mean b j ! managem5t ( !     
home8   ,,footnotes3     #ac ,smi?1     
,weal? ( ,nations1 edit$ by ,j4 ,s4     
,ni*olson1 pp4 #ace &         #bhj4 ,x  
is ( c\rse true t ,adam ,smi? meant by  
?is m]ely         :at is 9 a way true1 t
 dome/ic s]vants e>n no pr(it =         
_! employ]s4 ,he does n d5y 7p4 #acf7 t 
_! lab\r         has a c]ta9 value4 ,b1 
l all ! economi/s :o foll[$         him1
 he is cont5t to dismiss dome/ic work]s 
) ?is cursory         treatm5t & to     
id5tify lab\r]s ) ! work]s hir$ =       
pr(it-mak+ purposes4     #ad ,see       
,pr9ciples ( ,economics 7#d? ed471 pp4  
#aib1 #ggb4     #ae ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples 
7#d? ed471 p4 #gfd3 ,! work+ classes _h 
!n no o!r b$s ?an loose /raw1 reek+ )   
v]m9 &         re/+ on damp floors4     
#af ,?orold ,rog]s is a p>tial          

exception4     #ag e4g4 ,r[ntree1       
,pov]ty3 a ,/udy ( ,t[n ,life2 portions 
(         ,boo?'s ,life & ,lab\r ( ! ,p2
 reports to ! ,bo>d (         ,trade on 
! co/ ( liv+4     #ah ,webb1 ,s4 & ,b41 
,indu/rial ,democracy 7*eap edition71 p4
 #fgd4     #ai ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples (    
,economics1 vol4 i4 p4 #aei4     #bj    
,!re is an assumption "h :i* ne$s p]haps
 "s discussion1         i4e4 t          
exp5diture or consumption ( goods c be  
mo/         conv5i5tly /udi$ on ! basis 
( family life4 ,?is is         obvi\sly 
! case ) h\se-room1 food1 fuel1         
cleanl9ess1         c41 less s ) reg>d  
to clo!s or recreation2 x 0 tru]        
( ! pa/ ?an ( ! pres5t1 & is tru] ( !   
poor ?an         ( ! ri*4 ,9 "s classes1
 e4g4 ! pr(essional class1         :]e  
m>riage is commonly delay$ & a          
consid]able p]iod may         int]v5e   
betwe5 ! end ( education & ! e/abli%m5t 
(         a fre% h\sehold1 x may be     
necess>y to supplem5t ! /udy         (  
family exp5diture by a consid]ation ( ! 

/&>d (         liv+ ( unm>ri$ m5 & wom54
 ,attempts1 too1 mu/ be made         to 
deal ) ! v>i\s =ms ( in/itutional life1 
v>y+         f prisons & workh\ses on ! 
"o h& to exp5sive         bo>d+-s*ools &
 hotels on ! o!r4 ,b :5 all ^!          
necess>y d$uctions h be5 made1 x rema9s 
true t 9         ord] to /udy exp5diture
 we mu/ 9 ! great majority (            
cases take ! family z our basis (       
inve/igation4 ,consumption         is   
organis$ on a family basis4     #ba ,see
 ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples1 book ii4 *ap4 ii4 
#bb ,a%ley1 ,economic ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4  
"p ii4 p4 #bfb4     #bc ,! economic     
hi/orian mu/ always be prep>$ to        
acquiesce 9 a         c]ta9 vagu5ess 9 !
 matt] ( dates4 ,he is n deal+ )        
def9ite ev5ts1 su* z battles & !        
enactm5t ( special         laws1 b r )  
social t5d5cies1 ea* con/itut$ by a     
l>ge numb] ( small ev5ts2 su* z1 =      
in/ance1 !         replacem5t ( h& lab\r
 by ma*9]y1 ! appe>ance (         limit$
 liability companies 9 ! place ( ! s+le 

employ]1         or ! det]m9ation (     
middle-class girls to e>n _! own        
liv+ in/ead ( rema9+ dep5d5t on fa!r or 
bro!rs4         ,t5d5cies su* z ^! appe>
 at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t             
indu/ries & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 &
 only a         mislead+ precision c be 
ga9$ by any m5tion ( def9ite            
dates4     #bd ,summ>is$ f ,seebohm1    
,village ,community1 pp4 #aef-aeg4      
#be ,gasquet1 ,engli% ,mona/ic ,life1 p4
 #aig4     #bf ,economic ,hi/ory1 vol4  
i4     #bg ,surtees ,society1 ,boldon   
,book1 p4 #bh4     #bh ,engli% ,mona/ic 
,life1 p4 #aih4     #bi ,! ,engli% 7    
fam$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages = _! pref]5ce =  
good bread4 ,!y w\ld eat no bread       
,t beans 9 come1           ,b (         
cocket#cj or cl]ematyn#cj or else (     
clean :eat4              --,pi]s        
,pl[man1 ,a4 vii4 #bib4     #cj ,bett]  
k9ds ( bread1 b n ! be/ 7wa/el74     #ca
 ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 p4 #bi4     #cb       
,app>5tly1 x is only )9 ! la/ hundr$    
ye>s t ! c[         has ceas$ to be a   

normal possession ( ! agricultural      
lab\r]4 ,see ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry 
& ,common ,fields1 pp4         #abb-abh4
     #cc ,eddy1 ,engli% ,h\se1 p4 #acc4 
#cd ,engl& at t "t possess$ h] own      
v9ey>ds1 e4g4 ne>         ,gl\ce/]1 &   
produc$ :ite w9e4     #ce ,rules ( ,s4  
,rob]t z giv5 9 ,walt] ( ,h5ley1 p4     
#ade4     #cf ,bro? 9 :i* ! meat _h be5 
boil$4     #cg ,pepp]4     #ch ,/iff4   
#ci ,meals & ,mann]s ( ! ,old5 ,"t1 p4  
#afd4     #dj ,k9d ( sauce4     #da     
,pork1 eggs1 cloves1 currants1 dates1   
sug> boil$ 9 a bladd]1         cut into 
/rips & s]v$ ) hot ri* sauce4     #db ,a
 soteltie 0 an elaborate confection (   
pa/ry pa9t$ or         adorn$ ) pap] to 
repres5t a sa9t or a figure ( spr+1     
summ]1 c4     #dc ,spic$ w9e4     #dd   
,pant] & pantry1 f pa94     #de ,butl]  
bottl]4     #df ,rules ( ,s4 ,rob]t 9   
,walt] ( ,h5ley1 pp4 #ach-adj1 passim4  
#dg ,webb1 ,essay on ,gl\ce/] ,abbey1 p4
 #ac4     #dh ,meals & ,mann]s1 p4 #gd4 
#di ,libes ,niges ,domus1 p4 #fe4       

#ej ,gasquet1 ,engli% ,mona/ic ,life1 p4
 #baa4     #ea ,! ma9t5ance ( a l>ge    
ret9ue 0 "o ( ! easie/ ways             
available = indicat+ ! possession (     
surplus weal?4 ,?is         fact1 c\pl$ 
) ! almo/ absurd ov]-elaboration ( !    
details ( s]v+1 incl9e me to believe t 9
 ! m$iaeval         ca/le s]vants 7     
num]\s & n ov]work$4     #eb ,riley1    
,memorials ( ,london1 p4 #dh4     #ec   
,riley1 ,memorials ( ,london1 p4 #aii4  
,!re is1 un=tunately1 no                
indication ( ! social /&+ ( ?is felon1  
,hugh le ,bev]e         by "n4 ,! li/ ( 
clo!s sugge/s t he 0 fairly             
well-to-d1 9 :i* case 8 equipm5t ( cook+
 & table         ut5sils is c]ta9ly     
meagre4 ,x is curi\s t pott]y is n      
m5tion$2 x c h>dly be urg$ t al?\gh 9   
use x 0         too unimportant = a     
place 9 ! inv5tory1 s9ce room is        
f\nd = "o small canvas bag1 value #a;d4 
#ed ,h5ce ! "n conv]tible husb&ry4      
#ee ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 a v summ>y /atem5t
 ( *anges :i* x         took c5turies to

 br+ ab\t4 ,on ! "o h&1 money economy   
exi/$ 9 ! m$iaeval t[n2 on ! o!r1       
subsi/5ce f>m+         cont9u$ 9 ,engl& 
to "s ext5t until )9 a hundr$ ye>s      
ago4 ,yet x is r\ghly true t 9 ! fifte5?
 & sixte5?         c5turies production =
 ! m>ket & n = use m>k$ly &             
sudd5ly increas$4     #ef ,by an ,act ( 
#aehi1 x 0 orda9$ t f\r acres ( l& %\ld 
be atta*$ to e cottage4 ,cf4 ,hasba*4   
,engli%         ,agricultural ,lab\r]1  
p4 #dj4     #eg ,see ,cunn+ham1 ,engli% 
,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dj    
7#d? ed474     #eh ,p\ltry4     #ei     
,description ( ,engl&1 p4 #bch ff4      
#fj ,op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #aej4     #fa 
,pickl$ pork4     #fb ,?is class is nev]
 describ$ by him4     #fc ,see          
,cunn+ham1 ii4 p4 #gh1 ,issue ( ,pat5ts 
= mak+ ,soap &         ,v9eg>4     #fd  
e4g4 ,slat]1 ,engli% ,peasantry & !     
,enclosure ( ! ,common         ,fields4 
,hasba*1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli%            
,agricultural         ,lab\r]4 ,toynbee1
 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution4 ,hobson1    

,evolution ( ,capitalism4     #fe ,ne>  
,halifax4 ,aft] we _h m\nt$ ! ?ird hill1
 we f\nd !         c\ntry "o cont9u\s   
village 444 h>dly a ,h\se /&+ out       
( speak+ di/ance f ano!r1 & z ! day wore
 on we         c\ld see at e ,h\se a    
t5t]1 & on almo/ e t5t] a         ,piece
 ( ,clo?1 ,k]sey or ,%alloon1 :i* are ! 
?ree articles         ( ?is c\ntry's    
lab\r4444 ,!n z e clo?i] mu/            
necess>ily keep "o horse at lea/ to fet*
 home 8 wool &         8 provisions f ! 
m>ket1 to c>ry 8 y>n to !               
sp9n]s1 8 ,manufacture to ! full+ mill1 
& :5 f9i%$         to ! m>ket to be sold
 & ! l2 s e "o g5]ally         keeps a  
c[ or two = 8 ,family4444 ,nor is !     
indu/ry ( !         p want+4444 ,?\gh we
 met few ,p )\t ,doors1 yet         )9  
we saw ! ,h\ses full ( lu/y fell[s1 "s  
at !         dye-vat1 "s at ! loom1 o!rs
 dress+ ! clo?s1 ! wom5         & *ildr5
 c>d+ or sp9n+4 ,all employ$ f ! y\nge/ 
to ! olde/4 ,sc>ce a ?+ above f\r ye>s  
old1 b its         h&s 7 suffici5t = its

 own support4 ,defoe1 ,t\r ?r\gh        
,great ,brita9 7#agfi71 vol4 iii4 p4    
#adf4     #ff ,! increase ( urban areas 
c be ga!r$ f ! ,c5sus         ,reports4 
,9 #ahea 444 ! population ( su* areas   
am\nt$         approximately to         
#i1jjj1jjj1 or #ej p] c5t4 ( ! total    
population ( ,engl& & ,wales2 by #ahha !
 population ( urban         sanit>y     
areas1 z def9$ by ! ,public ,heal?      
,acts1 #ahgb &         #ahge1 0         
#ag1fjj1jjj1 or #fh p] c5t4 ( !         
aggregate         population2 by #aija  
444 ! population ( bor\ghs & urban      
di/ricts am\nt$ to #be1jjj1jjj1 or #gg  
p] c5t4 ( !         aggregate           
population4--,blue ,book on ,public     
,heal? & ,social         ,conditions1 p4
 #f ,cd4 #dfga ( #aiji4     #fg ,x %\ld 
be not$1 too1 t ! advantages ( !        
l>ge-scale         me?od ( production   
are greatly dim9i%$ by ! dang]s (       
adult]ation4 ,cf4 p4 #agg4     #fh ,9 ! 
abs5ce ( an effici5t sy/em ( police1 x  
probably 0         n safe = wom5 to walk

 or travel alone4 ,9 ! security         
provid$ = u by pav$ & light$ /reets1    
gu>d$ by tra9$         con/ables1 & 9 ! 
complete safety ( mod]n me?ods (        
travell+1 "s ( u are apt n[ to =get ^!  
elem5t>y         consid]ations1 once (  
supreme importance4     #fi ,= ! :ole   
subject1 see ,hut*9s & ,h>rison1 ,hi/ory
 (         ,factory ,legislation4       
#gj ,9 ,educat$ ,work+ ,wom51 by ,cl>a  
,e4 ,collet1 #aijb4 ,miss ,collet       
says3 ,7 /ati/ics available x might     
p]haps be %[n t         ! unm>ri$ wom5  
are to a l>ge ext5t ! daught]s (        
cl]ks & pr(essional m54444 ,emigration  
is probably m         frequ5t 9 ! sal>i$
 class2 & :]e ! sons are oblig$         
to emigrate1 x frequ5tly happ5s t !     
daught]s h to         "w = _! liv+4 ,9  
?is class ,i believe ! inequality (     
! sexes is greate/ & ! *ances ( m>riage 
lea/ 7pp4         #cg-ch74     #ga ,p4  
#aga4     #gb ,i _c refra9 at ?is po9t f
 ins]t+ ! foll[+         quotations f   
,%irley 7*apt] xxii474 ,*>lotte         

,bronte's         g5ius illum9$ !       
situation ( _m girls ev5 9 h] "t1       
& ( a l>g] numb] s9ce4 ,c>ol9e is       
speak+4 ,old maids1         l ! h\seless
 & unemploy$ poor1 %\ld n ask = a       
place & an occupation 9 ! _w2 ! dem&    
di/urbs !         happy & ri*2 x di/urbs
 p>5ts4 ,look at ! num]\s               
families ( girls 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,! 
bro!rs ( ^!         girls are e "o 9    
bus9ess or 9 pr(essions 444 _!          
si/]s h no e>?ly employm5t b h\sehold "w
 &         sew+4444 ,m5 ( ,engl&6 look  
at y\r poor girls1 _m ( !m         fad+ 
ar\nd y1 dropp+ (f 9 consumption or     
decl9e2 or1         :at is worse1       
deg5]at+ to s\r old maids1 envi\s1      
backbit+1 wret*$1 because life is a     
des]t to !m2 or1 :at         is wor/ (  
all1 r$uc$ to /rive1 by sc>ce mode/     
coquetry         & debas+ artifice1 to  
ga9 t position & consid]ation         by
 m>riage :i* to celibacy is d5i$4       
#gc ,i am n sugge/+ "h t ! pione]s (    
wom5's high]         education 7 wrong 9

 ! attitude !y adopt$4 ,to w9 =         
wom5 intellectual fre$om 0 ! mo/        
important duty = !m1         & t c\ld   
only be a*iev$ by wom5 submitt+ to !    
same         intellectual te/s z m54 ,b 
! problems :i* call =         solution  
by _! successors ( a lat] g5]ation h    
assum$         a new =m4     #gd ,see   
,raymond ,unw91 ,h\s+ & ,t[n-,plann+4   
#ge ,9 ,june #aijh1 ! value ( ! prop]ty 
( ! v>i\s t5ants'         companies 0   
only a little %ort ( a qu>t] ( a million
         p\nds1 & _! op]ations h s9ce !n
 be5 ext5d$ 9         v>i\s directions4 
#gf ,= comp>ison3--                     
,numb] (           ,occupation4         
,p]sons ,employ$4                       
,agriculture                #a1aig1ibb  
,textile fabrics            #a1aee1cig  
,pr(essional occupations     #fjf1bfj   
#gg ,ow+ to a *ange 9 ! sy/em (         
enum]ation :i* alt]s !         basis (  
comp>ison1 ! ye> #ahia _c be us$ 9 our  
calculations4     #gh ,! compet5t       
s+le-h&$ maid is meant "h1 n ! little   

slavey :o assi/s h] mi/ress 9 ! r\gh] "p
 only (         ! "w4     #gi ,a fur!r  
inquiry is ne$$ into ?is matt]4 ,i am n 
at all         cle> :e!r s]vants are    
d]iv$ f ! class ( ! fairly              
prosp]\s artisan or f ! unskill$ lab\r+ 
class4     #hj ,!re are un=tunately no  
reliable /ati/ics z to ! av]age         
wages e>n$ by wom5 work]s1 b1 speak+ f a
 l>ge         exp]i5ce1 ,i e/imate t !  
av]age wage ( ! manual woman            
work]1 tak+ into acc\nt slackness1      
sickness1 c41 is         c]ta9ly n m ?an
 #gs4 #f;d4 all ! ye> r\nd4--,trade     
,unions1 by ,m>y ,mac>?ur1 9 ,wom5 9    
,indu/ry f ,sev5         ,po9ts ( ,view1
 p4 #ff4     #ha ,/eph5 ,reynolds 9 ,a  
,poor ,man's ,h\se pa9ts ?is situation  
) great psy*ological insight4     #hb   
,comp>e ,salmon1 ,dome/ic ,s]vice1 pp4  
#ade-f4     #hc ,comp>e ,engli%wom5's   
,ye>-book = #aiaj1 p4 #fi4     #hd e4g4 
,r[ntree1 ,pov]ty3 a ,/udy ( ,t[n ,life2
 ,liv]pool         ,economic &          
,/ati/ical ,society1 ,h[ ! ,casual      

,lab\r]         ,lives2 ,/udy ( ! ,diet 
( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes 9         ,ed9burgh
 7publi%$ by ,otto ,s*ulze  ,co41 n[ out
 ( pr9t72         ,rec5t ,blue-books on 
! ,co/ ( ,liv+1 c4     #he ,r[ntree1    
,pov]ty3 a ,/udy ( ,t[n ,life1 pp4 #aag1
 #bih ff41 z         to inadequacy (    
diet ( lab\r]1 pp4 #bce & #cjc4 ,mr4    
,r[ntree's conclusions h be5 impugn$ by 
sev]al critics1         & x may be t 8  
diet>y /&>d is too high4 ,b ev5 if      
x turns out t only a qu>t] & n a ?ird ( 
!         population are 9 receipt (    
incomes insuffici5t = !                 
exp5diture necess>y to secure bodily    
effici5cy1 ! fact is         s]i\s      
en\gh4     #hf ,calculat$ by ,messrs4   
,r[ntree & ,%]well to am\nt to #fs4     
#aj;d4         p] family ( ! work+-class
 population4 ,temp]ance ,problem        
& ,social ,re=m 7#g? ed471 p4 #bj4      
#hg ,pr9ciples 7#d? ed471 p4 #aid4      
#hh ,a special *>ge 0 made = gue/s 9 ?is
 h\sehold1 & !         am\nt receiv$ 0  
d$uct$ f ! weekly food bill4     #hi ,! 

,camel & ! ,ne$le's ,eye4     #ij ,!    
,camel & ! ,ne$le's ,eye1 p4 #aec4      
,,"s ,,relations ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce 
,,to ,,family ,,life ,,& ,,individual   
,,effici5cy  ,,by ,,alice ,,rav5hill    
,among ! _m notable *>act]i/ics by :i* !
 la/ half c5tury has be5 di/+ui%$1 !re  
are two :i* bid fair p]man5tly to col\r 
its records & mat]ially to influ5ce !   
future ( our c\ntry4 ,i ref] 9 ! fir/   
place to ! sci5tific /udy ( man1 8      
nature1 8 ne$s1 & 8 pot5tialities2 & 9 !
 second to ! gr[+ appreciation ( ! fact 
t ! c5tre ( e?ical gravity mu/ be %ift$ 
f absorption 9 ! sole conc]ns ( self to 
an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! affairs (      
o!rs--t is to say1 t selfi%ness mu/     
yield to well organis$ & discrim9at+    
social s]vice4   ,i4 ,,man',s ,,place   
,,9 ,,nature  ,x is ( c\rse no new ?+ = 
que/ions ^u ! real nature ( t complex   
creature1 man1 to =ce !mselves ^u !     
att5tion ( ! obs]vant1 & f "t immemorial
 ! philosophical h sp5t !mselves 9 ef=ts
 to solve ?is problem by !ories design$ 

to detect1 ev5 if n to acc\nt =1 !      
ag5cies active 9 ! =mation ( ! human m9d
 & body4 ,! records ( old] civilisations
 be> te/imony to _! lab\rs1 & are       
famili> to mo/ /ud5ts ( anci5t          
lit]atures4 ,b x 0 n till ! res\rces (  
mod]n sci5ce =g$ new tools = ! inquir] t
 x became possible to *isel out f !     
b$rock ( fact ! ma9 features ( man's    
physical & social hi/ory4  ,) admirable 
pati5ce & inf9ite skill1 ! sci5tific    
craftsm5 ( rec5t times h labori\sly     
piec$ toge!r ! scatt]$ *ips ( biological
 rese>*1 ( human tradition1 ( tribal    
cu/oms & ( _w-wide folklore1 until !    
dignity & p[]1 ! beauty & !             
possibilities ( human nature h em]g$ f !
 du/ ( ignorance & ! veil ( sup]/ition4 
,! result is t x is no long] p]missible 
to deplore 9 pessimi/ic tones !         
inevitable degradation ( ! race1 nor to 
accept ) sup95ess ! ?reat5$ det]ioration
 ( a population4 ,! =ces by :i* humanity
 is m\ld$ are no long] unkn[n2 !        
pr9ciples :i* und]lie social /ability h 

be5 id5tifi$2 ! means by :i* ! arts may 
be develop$1 :i* make life n only       
tol]able b heal?ful1 are ready to our   
h&s4  ,! f>-rea*+ significance ( ^!     
facts 9 connection ) human heal? &      
progress become app>5t :5 consid]$ 9 m  
detail4 ,obs]v]s ?r\gh\t ! ages h       
gradually not$1 & subsequ5tly turn$ to  
practical acc\nt 9 g>d51 mead[1 &       
f>my>d1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics common to all 
kn[n =ms ( vegetable & animal life4 ,by 
due consid]ation ( ^! x 0 f\nd possible 
to improve bre$s1 to /r5g!n & l5g!n     
life1 to av]t disease1 & g5]ally to     
enhance economic value4 ,x may n[ appe> 
simple en\gh1 to ext5d & apply ^!       
obs]vations to ! bett]m5t ( human life2 
b _m g5]ations ( human be+s slipp$ away 
be=e ! facts1 dimly disc]n$ by ,ari/otle
 & ,lucretius1 by ,buffon & ,lam>ck1 7  
cle>ly focuss$ by ,d>w91#ia ,wallace1   
,sp5c]1 & ,huxley1 ?r\gh ^: skill &     
lab\rs ! cont9uity ( ! web ( life 0 fir/
 display$ to ! _w at l>ge4 ,! design may
 "h be almo/ elem5t>y 9 its delicate    

simplicity2 !re its subtle intricacies  
well-nigh baffle description4 ,! v>iety 
( patt]n is m>vell\s inde$1 z ,nature   
weaves ) ceaseless indu/ry ! wo( (      
progressive developm5t4 ,b ! w>p ( ?is  
wondr\s web is nev]!less cont9u\s       
?r\gh\t its l5g?1 unit+ ! :ole into "o  
va/ fabric4  ,?is basic unity ( all     
manife/ations ( life has be5 fur!r      
sub/antiat$ by ano!r gr\p (             
sci5ti/s--,s*leid51 ,s*wann1 ,koellik]1 
& ,vir*[1 = in/ance--:o gradually &     
conclusively prov$ ! id5tity1 9 _!      
simple/ =m1 ( ^? liv+ bricks 7i4e4      
microscopic p>ticles ( protoplasm7 f :i*
 ! :ole va/ edifice ( life is con/ruct$4
 ,! capacity !y possess = diff]5tiation 
9 _! functions & 9 modes ( comb9ation   
long mask$ recognition ( ! fact t ea*   
commonweal? ( cells1 :e!r plant or      
animal1 is develop$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9  
ord]ly progression f a simil> m9ute     
speck ( protoplasm1 acceptation ( :i*   
has suffic$ to br+ ab\t a complete      
revolution 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,to ^!     

discov]ies 7 %ortly add$ ,pa/eur's      
conception ( ! nature & causation (     
infective diseases2 a k :i* br\ght ) x a
 great accession ( p[] ov] hi!rto       
my/]i\s & uncontrollable conditions4 ,& 
f9ally1 man's eyes h be5 op5$ to !      
compreh5sion ( ,nature's means (        
self-def5ce aga9/ ! micro-organisms (   
disease4 ,?us1 :ile humanity is by ^!   
means arm$ ) mo/ pot5t weapons aga9/ !  
inroads ( infection1 decay1 & dea?1 !   
light ?r[n ^u ! my/]y ( ! orig9 ( ea*   
individual life has %[n man 8 true place
 9 ! k+dom ( nature4 ,! application ( ^!
 great discov]ies1 toge!r ) increas$    
opportunity = & accuracy 9 _!           
utilisation1 con/itute ! basis ( ! mod]n
 me?ods ( hygi5e4  ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d
 t until less ?an a c5tury ago x 0 man's
 cu/om to dissociate himself :olly f !  
less highly develop$ animals & plants   
:i* he employ$ s freely = 8 support &   
conv5i5ce4 ,he set himself on ! highe/  
p9nacle1 z x 71 ( ! edifice ( life1     
believ+ himself to be indep5d5t ( !     

influ5ces by :i* ! re/ ( ! build+ 0     
dom9at$4 ,& ?us ?r\gh c\ntless ages he  
suff]$1 langui%$1 & di$1 unconsci\s t ! 
=ces he _h le>n$ m or less to control 9 
husb&ry & f>my>d 7 9 _! turn controll+  
him 9 ! conduct ( 8 life4 ,ignorant     
alike ( ! influ5ces ( 8 own inh]it$     
nature or ( ^? ( 8 environm5t1 he paid  
no he$ to ! responsibilities (          
transmitt+ ! tor* ( life undimm$ to     
succe$+ g5]ations1 & gave no ?\ght to   
utilis+ to 8 own p]sonal p]fect+ !      
res\rces ( ,nature1 :i* he habitually   
employ$ to increase 8 weal? or to       
improve 8 crops & /ock4  ,x 0 inde$ to !
 control ( 8 surr\nd+s t man fir/ gave m
 or less c>eless he$4 ,! fact t         
environm5t c ei!r /imulate or /unt bo?  
physical & m5tal p[]s1 ?ru/ itself too  
p]si/5tly on 8 att5tion to be ignor$2 b 
! influ5ce ( a good p>5tage or ( s\nd   
ance/ry 0 less obvi\s1 & = g5]ations    
receiv$ little or no att5tion4 ,vague   
talk on family temp]1 family habits1    
family voices 0 common en\gh1 b no m ?an

 a pass+ curiosity 0 ar\s$ z to _! hidd5
 import1 nor 0 _! pr(\nd significance   
suspect$4  ,?us1 ?\gh half a c5tury has 
pass$ s9ce ,d>w9 plac$ man#ib 9 8 prop] 
position 9 ! sequ5ce ( biological =ms1  
dur+ :i* int]im enorm\s /rides h be5    
made 9 apply+ to ! bett]m5t ( human     
exi/5ce ! pr9ciples f\nd to hold good 9 
! case ( l[li] type ( life1 public      
s5tim5t has s f> only support$ sanit>y  
re=ms direct$ to ! promotion ( improv$  
environm5t4 ,& ?is 9 spite ( ,sir       
,francis ,galton's#ic fir/ appeal 9 !   
cause ( eug5ics m ?an =ty ye>s ago4 ,!  
di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( progressive races
 & ! "r ( e unborn *ild to be ! (fspr+ (
 heal?y1 self-respect+1 virtu\s p>5ts h 
be5 repeat$ly po9t$ out2 :ile att5tion  
is drawn to ! accumulat+ evid5ce 9 fav\r
 ( ! fact t ( all influ5ces ^u !        
individual 8 inh]it$ nature is ! mo/    
p[]ful4 ,yet ! public e> rema9s deaf to 
! cry t ! pres5t g5]ation is l>gely     
responsible = ! weal or woe ( _!        
*ildr5's *ildr54  ,?is is n ! place 9   

:i* to discuss ,d>w9's !ory ( h]$ity nor
 its subsequ5t elaboration &            
amplification by 8 contempor>ies or     
successors4#id ,b ! "t is come :5       
emphasis mu/ be laid ^u ! duty ( ga9+ "s
 g5]al acqua9tance ) ! subject & its    
applications 9 ! case ( an ,imp]ial p4  
,x may be also well to po9t out t       
pessimism is n necess>ily associat$ ) ! 
fruits ( ! /udies c>ri$ on by our /ud5ts
 ( inh]it$ qualities1 su* z ,sir        
,francis ,galton or ,pr(essors ,?omson1 
,bateson1 ,k>l ,pe>son1 & o!rs2 only _! 
results give u reason to pause1 = !y _c 
lightly be disreg>d$4 ,!y tell u t we   
hold 9 our h&s to-day ! m5tal vig\r &   
bodily p[]s ( an untold numb] (         
desc5dants1 !re=e x behoves u to consid]
 our ways & be wise :ile !re is yet "t4 
,= our enc\ragem5t also be x kn[n1 t    
:ile ! lamp ( mod]n hygi5e illum9ates ! 
errors ( ! pa/1 x %$s its bright rays   
ov] ! pa?s ( ! pres5t1 & p5etrates to "s
 ext5t ! dim twilight ( ! future4       
,,ii4 ,,factors ,,adv]se ,,to ,,human   

,,progress  ,x is a matt] = regret t !  
sympa!tic consid]ation = ! suff]+s (    
o!rs1 :i* f\nd su* gr& expon5ts 9 ,john 
,h[>d1 9 ,elizabe? ,fry1 & 9 ?\s&s m    
s9ce mod]n me?ods ( philan?ropy 7       
initiat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1#ie has    
t5d$ latt]ly to lose its virility4 ,x is
 giv+ place to a maudl9 s5tim5tality1   
:i* seeks n only to pres]ve life at all 
co/s1 b to p]mit1 nay to enc\rage1 !    
production ( a quality ( human life1 s  
defective1 s devitalis$1 t x ?reat5s to 
m9imise ! multiplication ( ! fit1 by    
tax+ !m to _! detrim5t ) ! c>e & support
 ( ! unfit4 ,s to smoo? ! pa? ( ! weakly
 & uns\nd z to put a premium on _!      
f]tility is false philan?ropy & faulty  
hygi5e2 = x is well to rememb] t        
reasonable ex]tion is b5eficial to      
heal?2 t to ov]come ob/acles is /imulat+
 to ! en]getic2 t "s /ruggle = ! means (
 livelihood calls =? res\rcefulness &   
adaptability 9 ! intellig5t4 ,success 9 
! battle ( life comes to ^? made ( /uff 
equal to ! we> & te> ( daily exi/5ce1 & 

possess$ ( ! qualities :i* conduce to   
progress4 ,^! are !y :o are compet5t to 
p]petuate ! be/ qualities ( a good /ock2
 ^! %\ld be ! *os5 bulw>ks ( a nation's 
progress2 nor mu/ _! numb]s be swamp$ by
 ! ail+1 ! crippl$1 ! defective1 & !    
insane4  ,a proportion probably ( "s ( !
 deeply seat$1 complicat$1 social       
problems :i* h pres5t$ !mselves1        
unp]ceiv$ & almo/ unconsci\sly1 are !   
outcome ( a "o-sid$ /udy ( hygi5e3 ^!1  
comb9$ ) ! sl[ gr[? ( social sci5ce1 & a
 sickly1 easy-go+ susceptibility1 h be5 
all[$ to obscure ! real issues ( _m     
well-int5tion$ b unwise & ill-consid]$  
philan?ropic measures4 ,! necessity1 !  
urg5t necessity1 has n[1 h[ev]1 aris5 = 
! bold & sci5tific solution ( ^! social 
problems4 ,! "w ( biologi/s1            
sociologi/s1 & /ud5ts ( hi/ory dur+ !   
la/ t5 ye>s has illum9at$ ! :ole "q (   
race progress & public heal? ) a light s
 p[]ful & cle> t ev5 he :o runs c read !
 signs ( ! times by its cle> rays2 :ile 
to ! millions ( p>5ts & gu>dians ^:     

lives are sp5t 9 ! c>e ( *ildr5 & home1 
its brilliance ?r[s into high relief !  
dignifi$ responsibility ( _! "w1 its    
f>-rea*+ wor? & endur+ influ5ce1 z well 
z ! fact t = its adequate p]=mance      
some?+ m is necess>y ?an a b[+          
acqua9tance ) mod]n sanit>y sci5ce4  ,= 
:at is ! message ( sci5tific hygi5e to !
 p>5t & h\sehold] ( ! tw5tie? c5tury8   
,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,burnham1 ( ,cl>ke         
,univ]sity1 ,u4,s4,a41 a _w-wide        
au?ority on ! subject1 has =mulat$ ?is  
message = u into ?ree t]se1 b tell+ &   
sugge/ive1 comm&s4  ,! fir/ gives solemn
 w>n+ to bew>e ( fads & ( ! _m popul>   
doctr9es :i* are m$iaeval 9 _! crudities
 & damag+ by _! unconsid]$ acceptance4  
,! second prea*es ! gospel ( "w &       
self-control1 :i* mu/ be practis$ 9 ?is 
z 9 e o!r connection :]e progress & good
 results are desir$4  ,! ?ird en=ces !  
doctr9e ( cleanl9ess to a degree z      
compreh5sive z x is unusual--cleanl9ess 
9 p]son1 dwell+1 & food2 9 air1 wat]1 & 
decoration2 9 occupation1 environm5t &  

morals2 ! "w ( home hygi5e be+ to secure
 = ea* family conditions :i* w p]mit    
normal & unhamp]$ function+ = all !     
organs ( ea* "o ( its memb]s2 ela/icity 
& pliancy 9 ! functions be+ a prim>y    
*>act]i/ic ( heal?4  ,if once x be      
accept$ t heal?1 capacity1 endurance1 & 
en]gy are m p[]ful weapons = a          
progressive p ?an are sword or gun1     
ob$i5ce to ^! comm&s w be g5]al & _!    
results endur+4 ,! pages ( hi/ory tea* u
 t ea* nation 9 turn has exhibit$ ^!    
qualities at its z5i? ( success1 :e!r x 
7 ! relatively highly civilis$          
inhabitants ( ,greece & ,rome1 or !     
b>b>ian hordes "u ,attila4 ,!y *>act]ise
 equally ea* gr\p ( successful pione]s1 
:e!r !y be ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs ( !        
sixte5?1 ! ,hugu5ots ( ! sev5te5?1 or ! 
successful coloni/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4  
,:5 h[ev] _! cultivation is neglect$ !  
=ce ( ! life curr5t ( a p or community  
is lo/2 ! mighty riv] ( a nation's      
prosp]ity dw9dles to an insignificant   
/reamlet ( m]e exi/5ce1 soon to be lo/  

to view 9 ! morass ( oblivion4  ,to :at 
g5]al causes may su* det]ioration be    
attribut$8 ,among ! m prom95t mu/ be    
m5tion$ ignorance ( man's physical      
nature & ( ! nurture ess5tial to 8      
welf>e2 subtle =ms ( self-indulg5ce2    
l[]$ /&>ds ( morality2 en]vat+ luxury1  
or1 9 "s cases1 s sev]e a /ruggle =     
exi/5ce among ! salt ( ! population 7!  
upp]1 middle1 & pr(essional classes1    
sup]ior me*anics & artisans71 t ev5     
patriotism does n ju/ify a quiv]ful (   
*ildr54 ,b ! p]si/5ce ( ^! causes is a  
national calamity4 ,x is ! sci5ce & art 
( hygi5e :i* is emphasis+ _! disa/r\s   
consequ5ces4 ,no long] 9 its infancy1 no
 long] a m]e collection ( fads1         
que/ionable /ati/ics1 & empirical       
doctr9es1 hygi5e is prep>$ to in=m u h[ 
to promote human effici5cy 9 e relation 
( life--dome/ic1 occupational1 social1 &
 imp]ial4 ,its t5ets are firmly bas$ ^u 
a goodly gr\p ( sci5ces1 & _!           
utilisation call into play a :ole range 
( arts4 ,its !ories f9d confirmation 9 !

 social problems ( ! day1 & ! exp]i5ce  
ga9$ f _! t5tative & p>tial application 
af=ds s\nd evid5ce ( _! wor? to ! _w4 ,!
 expectation ( life1 = in/ance1 has be5 
ext5d$ t5 ye>s 9 half a c5tury2 9 tw5ty 
ye>s ! dea?-rate has decreas$ ?irty p]  
c5t4 ,disease has be5 f\nd 9 mo/        
in/ances to be controllable1 & has be5  
controll$2 unheal?y occupations h _h _! 
dang]s curb$ if n entirely bani%$1 & !  
lot ( _m has be5 immeasurably bright5$4 
,yet ! weak jo9ts 9 ! nation's h>ness   
are gap+1 & ! vig\r & virility ( !      
masses appe> to be dim9i%+4 ,aga9 we    
ask1 ,:y8   ,,iii4 ,,/ages ,,9 ,,!      
,,gr[? ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce  ,! answ] 
may be f\nd by ref]5ce to ! late        
,pr(essor de ,*aumont's n[ classical    
outl9e ( ! /ages to be id5tifi$ 9 !     
hygi5ic education ( a race4 ,he divid$  
^! into ?ree p]iods1 ( :i* he describ$ !
 fir/ z m]ely ,in/9ctive1 = ef=ts aft]  
sanit>y practice 7 dictat$ solely by !  
p]sonal discom=t associat$ ) _! neglect4
 ,9 ^? f>-(f prehi/oric days1 ,pr(essor 

,boyd ,dawk9s tells u t primitive man1  
!n 9 8 nomadic /age1 w\ld dig runnels to
 c>ry (f ! ra9 wat] f ! ne> neighb\rhood
 ( 8 %elt]s1 or w\ld move on to fre%    
pa/ures :5 8 family & h]ds _h f\l$ !    
ne>e/ /ream1 or *ange 8 camp+ gr\nd :5 !
 accumulat$ refuse ( 8 food & 8 pr[ess z
 a hunt] int]f]$ ) conv5i5t access to 8 
dwell+2 b he took no precautions to     
prev5t ! recurr5ce ( ^! discom=ts1 & 8  
ef=ts to remove _! consequ5ces 7 purely 
tempor>y4  ,to ?is !re succe$$ :at      
,pr(essor de ,*aumont designat$ !       
,sup]natural p]iod1#if :i* ext5d$ ov] _m
 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 dur+ ! dawn ( :i* ,ea/]n 
rul]s (t5 comb9$ 9 _! own p]son ! triple
 call+s ( prie/1 prophet1 & physician4  
,:e!r x be 9 ,*9a or 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,egypt 
or 9 ,india1 among ! ,greeks1 ! ,arabs1 
or ! ,hebrews1 ! practice ( physical    
morality & ( p]sonal cleanl9ess1 (      
re/rictions ( diet or protection f      
infection1 7 closely wov5 into !        
religion ( ! p4 ,reasons ( heal? &      
sanit>y advantages p]meate ! rules ( m  

fai?s ?an t ( ! ,jews--^: ,lawgiv]      
embodi$ 9 ! ,p5tateu* heal? maxims n[   
kn[n to h be5 d]iv$ f e>li]             
civilisations4  ,b1 rem>kable & int]e/+ 
z are ! anci5t sanit>y codes to a       
g5]ation :i* pr(esses to believe 9 !    
necessity = hygi5ic practice1 _! usage 0
 t9ctur$ f ! fir/ by a mass (           
sup]/ition4 ,tradition & fatalism hamp]$
 true consi/5cy betwe5 fai? & works2 !  
(t5 s\nd regulations suff]$ f _!        
empirical f\ndations4 ,con/ant w>f>e1   
v>i$ by alt]nations ( luxury )          
asceticism1 comb9$ to absorb m5's m9ds &
 to p]v]t _! common s5se1 s t plague &  
fam9e1 disease & p5ury1 7 sup]/iti\sly  
reg>d$ z discipl9e f ! ,deity1 n to be  
av]t$ or avoid$1 b r to be accept$ z a  
*a/isem5t prompt$ by love4 ,! cre$ t to 
save suff]+ to ! vile body might risk ! 
salvation ( ! s\l1 co/ ,europe f> de>]  
?an is at all g5]ally recognis$2 = !    
noble1 ! pure1 ! high-m9d$1 !           
intellectual1 segregat$ !mselves =      
c5turies 9 mona/]y & conv5t1 9 ! firm   

fai? t by d5y+ to !mselves ! joy (      
p>5?ood !y promot$ ! spiritual welf>e ( 
_! c\ntry4 ,ignorant ( _! racial        
responsibilities1 !y left z prog5itors (
 ! next g5]ation ! less ref9$ & rud]    
elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,x is no cause =
 surprise1 !re=e1 t progress 9          
sanitation mov$ sl[ly4 ,dome/ic & urban 
conditions 7 p]mitt$ ( a "* well def9$  
by ! facts t1 9 m$iaeval times1 a man ( 
=ty-five or fifty 0 consid]$ long liv$1 
& t fir/ attempts to control disease 7  
bas$ ^u comm]cial conv5i5ce r ?an ^u !  
sav+ ( life4  ,to ?is long night (      
sup]/ition succe$$ ! ?ird & la/ p]iod1  
kn[n z ! ,rational1 ( :i* ! fir/ dawn+s 
c be detect$ ev5 9 ,plantag5et days4 ,9 
?is p]iod x is desirable fur!r to       
diff]5tiate ?ree /ages ( progress--7a7 t
 ( ,developm5t1 :5 uneas9ess made itself
 felt1 b f abs5ce ( k ef=ts at re=m &   
control 7 crude1 ?\gh (t5 intellig5t2   
7b7 ! /age ( ,legislation1 & 7c7 ! /age 
( ,fre$om4#ig  ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 =        
in/ance1 ,h5ry ,,iii4 effect$ an        

improvem5t on any =m] practice by br++  
wat] to ! city ( ,london 9 pipes1 made  
by bor+ or burn+ a *annel ?r\gh ! trunks
 ( l>ge trees4 ,half a c5tury lat]1 9   
#abig-h1 laws 7 promulgat$ ^u ! subjects
 ( (f5sive trades1 food adult]ation1 &  
w&]+ pigs2 :ile ,ri*>d ,,ii4 impos$     
p5alties ^u ^? guilty ( f\l+ riv]s &    
dit*es4 ,out ( sight out ( m9d1 h[ev]1 0
 ! sanit>y cre$ ( ?is & _m succe$+      
g5]ations1 s t too (t5 ! app>5t ga9 ( ! 
mom5t s[$ ! noxi\s se$ ( int5sifi$      
subsequ5t ills4  ,sir ,john ,simon has  
po9t$ out t x 0 n until ! e>ly "p ( !   
eighte5? c5tury t hygi5e 9 its mod]n    
significance loom$ on ! social horizon )
 cle>] outl9e & m def9ite aims4 ,a      
gradual trans=mation took place 9 ! next
 hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 :5 ! national     
records1 z well z ! reports (           
philan?ropic organisations1 indicate !  
gradual gr[? ( a public op9ion :i*      
pres5tly s\ght its sanit>y salvation 9  
legislation4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury saw1 z a 
consequ5ce1 ! accumulation ( a huge mass

 ( public heal? laws1 design$ to        
accompli% re=ms :]e philan?ropy or      
self-int]e/ _h fail$ to influ5ce habits4
  ,! sugge/$ designation1 namely1 !     
,legislative1 is !re=e peculi>ly        
appropriate = ?is1 ! second /age (      
progress 9 ! ?ird p]iod ( our c\ntry's  
hygi5ic education4 ,to legislation m5   
p9n$ _! fai? z ! mo/ pot5t weapon (     
re=m4 ,f ! fir/ mo/ inadequate &        
ineffective ,factory ,act ( #ahjb until 
! enactm5ts ( ! la/ p>liam5t>y session1 
ea* ye> has se5 sub/antial additions    
made to ! gr[+ mass ( sanit>y           
legislation1 :i* has become unwieldy 9  
bulk & int5sely complicat$ 9 ma*9]y4    
,any attempt to enum]ate ev5 a few ( !  
public heal? laws :i* cr[d our /atute   
books w\ld "h be t$i\s & out ( place1   
?\gh ! community 9 g5]al ought to be    
bett] acqua9t$ ?an x is ) its p[]s &    
obligations4 ,=1 tru? to tell1 fifty    
ye>s ( public heal? adm9i/ration has    
prov$ t human be+s are n yet consum$ ) a
 suffici5tly /rong desire = heal? &     

effici5cy to be will+ to *ange          
objectionable or un:olesome habits or to
 sacrifice _! conception ( com=t at !   
sugge/ion ( (ficials4 ,inde$ ! /]n]     
measures ( compulsory con=mity 7 s      
necess>y to ! education ( ! public 9 !  
elem5ts ( heal?y liv+1 t ! ye> #ahff saw
 ! comm5cem5t ( a new era 9 ,public     
,heal? ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,!      
gramm> ( common sanit>y legislation1#ih 
writes ! hi/orian ( our ,engli% ,sanit>y
 ,in/itutions1 !n fir/ acquir$ ! novel  
virtue ( an imp]ative mood4 ,mu/ 0      
sub/itut$ 9 "s laws = may1 & ?\gh !     
p]missive has n1 ev5 9 fifty ye>s1      
entirely giv5 place to ! p]emptory1 !   
ef=ts to effect individual re=m by ,act 
( ,p>liam5t h1 s9ce ! =mation ( ! ,local
 ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d 9 #ahgb1 assum$ m      
importance & vig\r4  ,s9ce t date !     
reports ( heal? committees all ov] !    
c\ntry record ! sub/antial results (    
p]sev]+ "w 9 ! int]e/s ( hygi5e1        
qualifi$ by ! fact t ! exp]i5ce ( o!r   
nations has be5 abundantly confirm$ by  

our own1 namely1 t x is futile to       
legislate 9 advance ( public op9ion4    
,until ! populace has be5 impregnat$ ) a
 k ( :at is "r1 "r action1 ?\gh dem&$ by
 its legislators1 w be p]v]t$ by        
ignorant int5tion or by res5tful        
indol5ce4 ,ev5 ^? :o h s]v$ ! cause (   
sanitation mo/ loyally recognise t      
co]cion is b a poor yea/ ) :i* to leav5 
measures = ! public weal2 ! product is  
liable to become s\r & wor?less r ?an   
:olesome & effective4 ,"o high] grade   
mu/ be pass$ by ! nation "u ! tutelage (
 a sanit>y re=m be=e its education c be 
call$ complete4  ,! f9al /age 9 ?is la/ 
long p]iod is describ$ by ,pr(essor de  
,*aumont z t ( ,fre$om1 ( :i* ! atta9m5t
 is n possible until action is bas$ on  
intellig5t individual conviction4 ,!n & 
!n alone !re w be a g5]al recognition t 
rights are inevitably associat$ )       
responsibilities1 & t true lib]ty is    
foll[$ n by lic5se1 b by self-control & 
respect = ! rights ( o!rs4   ,,iv4 ,,:y 
,,! ,,ideals ,,( ,,mod]n ,,hygi5e ,,are 

,,n ,,atta9$  ,& s x has come ab\t t1 ) 
?is ideal 9 view1 ! me?ods ( mod]n      
hygi5e are direct$ to awak5 ! nation's  
sanit>y consci5ce & to /imulate ! gr[? (
 true civic fre$om4 ,^! me?ods may be   
fairly def9$ z ! work+ ( common s5se    
aid$ by ! results ( sci5tific rese>*1 9 
_! turn support$ by v c>efully te/$     
applications4 ,necess>ily x is assum$ t 
ea* individual w accord to !m           
intellig5t1 p]sonal support &1 :]e      
necess>y1 w be will+ to s9k unreasonable
 likes & dislikes 9 ! sea ( social      
s]vice4  ,examples ( ! enorm\s b5efit   
insep>able f well-consid]$ sanit>y      
legislation c\ld be multipli$2 ?\gh1 on 
! o!r h&1 x is also necess>y to *eck    
optimism by _m illu/rations ( ! griev\s 
h>m /ill be+ wr\ght by want ( ?\ght4    
,h9drance to possible progress is also  
associat$ ) ! ignorance ( ^? ^:         
developm5t has n yet atta9$ ! level :5  
fre$om ( action c be p]mitt$4 ,x is "s (
 ! results ( ?is ignorant indol5ce :i*  
cause ! m9ds ( ! ?\ghtful & f>-sight$ to

 be t5se ) anxiety = ! welf>e ( _!      
c\ntry1 & ar\se a wi% = fur!r & m /r+5t 
public heal? enactm5ts4 ,nev]!less1 aga9
 x mu/ be said t to legislate 9 advance 
( public op9ion is futile4 ,only aft]   
/up5d\s ex]tion1 = in/ance1 has ! s]i\s 
& cont9u$ mortality among infants excit$
 g5]al att5tion2 & ! curi\s1 widespread 
indiff]5ce to ! recomm5dations ( rec5t  
,royal ,commissions on ! ,poor ,law & ! 
,c>e ( ! ,feeble-m9d$ indicates t1 7    
infant mortality controllable by        
legislation1 su* legislation w\ld /ill  
fail ( its object unless x 7 also       
realis$ t a *ild's hold on life is      
practically dep5d5t ^u p>5tal c>e1 & is 
intimately associat$ ) mat]nal nutrition
 be=e its bir?4  ,or aga92 ! law relat+ 
to ! protection ( ! public food supply  
is approa*+ a high pit* ( excell5ce2 !  
p5alties on adult]ation or on ! sale (  
diseas$ or o!rwise un:olesome food/uffs 
are sev]e & q frequ5tly inflict$2 b ^!  
regulations are p[]less to influ5ce !   
errors ( nutrition con/antly reflect$ 9 

! features ( our population at ea* age  
p]iod1 nei!r c !y /em ! tide (          
self-indulg5ce1 emotionalism & luxury   
:i* en]vate & det]iorate ?\s&s ( our p4 
,va9 inde$ are _! endeav\rs to disguise 
by alcoholism & drugs ! traces ( _!     
mis=tunes4 ,/]n ,nature is rel5tless2 h]
 laws are z ^? ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians2 !  
*ildr5's tee? %all be set on edge by !  
fruits ( ! reckless folly & intemp]ance 
( _! ance/ors4  ,is sanit>y legislation 
!re=e a failure1 or by :at means c light
 f ! sun ( k p5etrate ?is d5se mass (   
ignorance & apa?y8 ,= :at reason has x  
oppos$ su* a resi/ant surface to !      
manipulations ( ! re=m] or to ! co]cions
 ( ! (ficial8 ,^! que/ions d n1         
un=tunately1 admit ( concise or         
conclusive replies4  ,ea* political p>ty
 9 turn po9ts ! f+] ( reproa* & d]ision 
at its oppon5ts = ! mode/ success by :i*
 _! legislative ef=ts at social re=ms   
are att5d$4 ,disease1 malnutrition1     
alcoholism & ov]work cont9ue to hamp] _!
 ef=ts1 & w cont9ue s to d1 until a     

sanit>y consci5ce is awak5$ 9 ea* brea/1
 at an age :5 habits & ideals are /ill  
un=m$4  ,!re is no royal road to !      
solution ( ^! s]i\s problems4 ,!y call =
 inf9ite1 pati5t & untir+ tact1 :ile !y 
also dem& ! employm5t ( _m & v>i$       
well-consid]$ me?ods1 bas$ on a s\nd    
f\ndation ( sanit>y & social sci5ce4 ,! 
day = re=m by !ory is ov]2 ! mom5t =    
practice by individual example &        
co-op]ative ef=t has arriv$4   ,v4 ,,"s 
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,man',s ,,physical   
,,nature  ,be=e proce$+ to sugge/ "s    
means by :i* to increase ! /ability ( ! 
national heal? ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( family   
life1 x w be advantage\s to recall !    
advice giv5 to /ud5ts ( any =m ( life by
 ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,?omson3--t !y %\ld1  
be=e attempt+ to =m conclusions z to its
 nature1 submit its con/itution to      
analysis1 ) ! assi/ance ( :at he        
describ$ z ! biological prism4 ,?is1 he 
says1 w ?r[ light on ! inh]it$ nature ( 
! creature--! capital1 s to say1 ) :i* x
 is end[$ at bir?4 ,x w illum9ate !     

functional nature ( its p>ts1 & w reveal
 :at x does 9 ! c\rse ( its ceaseless   
activities--n]v\s1 muscul> & organic4   
,fur!r1 ! prismatic rays w r5d] visible 
! results ( "s ( ! influ5ces dep5d5t ^u 
! environm5t ) :i* x is surr\nd$1 :i*   
play ^u x be=e & aft] bir?4 ,un=tunately
 ^! rays1 :5 direct$ to human nature1 _c
 p5etrate s deeply nor divulge s cle>ly 
! secrets ( ?is ! highe/ & mo/ complex  
=m ( life1 z !y d :5 direct$ to its     
simpl] manife/ations4 ,all ord9>y       
difficulties are enhanc$ by our human   
capacity = racial admixture & ! creation
 ( an artificial environm5t4  ,?is mu*1 
h[ev]1 is cle>ly reveal$ by a p>tial    
analysis4 ,human be+s1 9 common ) all   
life1 are di/+ui%$ by ! p[] ( movem5t1 &
 are s5sitive to _m =ms ( ext]nal       
/imulus3--heat1 cold1 electricity1 or   
pressure4 ,!y pass _! lives 9 rhy?mic   
alt]nations ( activity & repose2 !y     
brea!2 !y absorb food to supply en]gy & 
to ma9ta9 unimpair$ ! sub/ance ( _!     
bodies2 !y excrete wa/e products4 ,!y   

%>e ) plants & animals an intr9sic      
t5d5cy to cont9ue _! gr[? = a c]ta9     
p]iod & up to a def9ite am\nt1 :ile1 at 
! close ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ p]iod ( gr[?1  
ability to transmit life absorbs ! en]gy
 hi!rto utilis$ = p]sonal developm5t1 by
 :i* means ! p]petuation ( a species is 
secur$4 ,rese>* %[s1 also )\t           
possibility ( "q1 t c]ta9 simil>        
*>act]i/ics di/+ui% ! me*anism ( e type 
( animal life2 ?\gh ! ma*9]y be 9 "s    
cases ( ! simple/1 9 o!rs highly        
complex4 ,?us h be5 reveal$ _m secrets (
 man's physical nature2 z1 = in/ance1 ! 
k t1 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( _! exi/5ce1     
high] =ms ( life recapitulate m or less 
imp]fectly c]ta9 f>-(f ance/ral phases (
 developm5t1 ( :i* liv+ specim5s are    
/ill to be f\nd on ! l[] bran*es (      
humanity's huge g5ealogical tree4 ,by   
means also ( ! close & detail$          
obs]vation ( ^! l[li] organisms a cle>] 
conception has be5 =m$ ( ! intricacies (
 gr[? & ! prolong$ process ( developm5t 
9 mank9d4 ,j h[ human be+s h come to be 

:at !y are1 m5tally & morally z well z  
physically1 is a /ill unsolv$ problem4  
,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m miss+ *apt]s 9 !  
long /ory ( life1 ?\gh s f> no          
contradictions h be5 detect$ 9 its      
argum5ts4 ,! sad side ( ?is biological  
lore exi/s 9 ! n[ asc]ta9$ fact t !     
highe/ intellectual & moral p[]s1 ^? la/
 to develop1 are ! fir/ to suff] arre/  
or to die away :5 ! organism is subject$
 to premature exhau/ion or to precoci\s 
responsibility4 ,pr$ispos+ causes are   
f\nd 9 disease1 dissipation1 or         
defective nurture4  ,ano!r ( ! m        
important lessons to be le>nt f ! pages 
( ?is book ( life's hi/ory is !         
cons]vative influ5ce ( ! law ( inh]it$  
nature2 a law :i* makes = ! pres]vation 
( racial types by suppress+ wide        
deviations f ! normal4 ,a famili>       
illu/ration ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! fact t
 ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts ( great height or ( v 
%ort /ature usually rev]t to ! av]age ( 
! race4 ,! significance ( ?is g5etic    
relation 9 ma9ta9+ an effici5t p 0      

unrecognis$ until q rec5t times1 & ?\gh 
valuable evid5ce is accumulat+ on !     
desc5t ( h]$it>y "* 9 mank9d1 no def9ite
 conclusions h yet be5 rea*$ on !       
int5sity ( ! transmission ( qualities4  
,x is1 ( c\rse1 a subject ( int5se      
complexity1 ! full discussion ( :i* is  
"h impossible4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( future    
g5]ations x is1 h[ev]1 to be wi%$ t m   
?\ght 7 giv5 to ! conclusions x is      
all[able to draw4 ,if1 = in/ance1 says a
 rec5t writ]1 in/ead ( all[+ ! race to  
mate at r&om we select$ bo? p>5ts = "s  
"o quality1 we c\ld raise ! int5sity (  
inh]itance & e/abli% gradually1 by      
cont9u$ selection1 a /ra9 9 :i* !       
quality rea*$ a value mu* high] ?an !   
av]age 9 ! orig9al mix$ race4444#ii ,?us
 c\ld a race be /r5g!n$ = life's calls1 
or1 on ! contr>y1 until & unless ! p are
 awak5$ to ! exi/5ce & be>+ on _!       
national security ( su* fundam5tal      
hygi5ic influ5ces1 x c be emasculat$4   
,no su* selection is likely ev] to      
dom9ate human m>riages1 b an            

appreciation ( ^! & simil> facts is     
fundam5tal to national progress2 & 9 "t 
! dissem9ation ( su* k w be consid]$ a  
p>5tal duty1 ! m urg5t s9ce ! res\rces (
 civilisation & ill-regulat$ sympa?y h  
comb9$ to bru% aside ! /]n] laws (      
nature1 s t ! det]iorat$ ?reat5 to      
become ! *ief prog5itors ( ! next       
g5]ation4  ,dur+ ! process ( /udy+ !    
abundant evid5ce ( life's progress f !  
simple to ! complex1 x becomes also     
app>5t t x is affect$ by =ces o!r ?an   
h]$ity4 ,recognition ( ! ev]-pres5t     
influ5ce ( ^! pot5t b (t5 disreg>d$ =ces
 makes = h>moni\s liv+1 :]eas _! neglect
 is associat$ ) heavy p5alties4 ,i ref] 
to ! capacity = individual v>iation f ! 
racial type2 to ! modification ( ea*    
individual by 8 or h] surr\nd+s2 & to ! 
p]sonal pr$isposition1 te*nically       
describ$ z dia!sis1 :i* influ5ces !     
reaction made to e =m ( /imulus4 ,( ^!  
?ree =ces1 ! fir/ is ! result ( an      
inborn t5d5cy to deviate f ! ance/ral   
type2 an ord]ly process ) a def9ite     

int5tion1 by no means a m]e *ance       
fluctuation4 ,?is c]ta9ly makes =       
progress z well z = int]e/ 9 life1 ?\gh 
x enhances ! difficulties ( education1  
because x dem&s ! adaptation (          
conditions to ea* individual's          
requirem5ts4 ,! second1 ! law (         
modification1 takes into acc\nt !       
influ5ce ( environm5t ^u inh]it$ nature2
 ! effects ( climate1 & food1 = example1
 or ( =ms ( occupation4 ,pr$isposition  
is1 ( c\rse1 a p]sonal quality--a factor
 ( prim>y importance 9 our              
susceptibility to or p[] to resi/       
disease or 9 our capacity to )/& adv]se 
conditions4 ,?is prop]ty is responsible 
= ! great] or less degree ( adaptability
 to new conditions possess$ by ea* ( u1 
& is conc]n$ ) our p[] to live 9 tune or
 at discord ) our surr\nd+s4  ,ano!r    
biological law1 t ( p]iodicity1#ajj or (
 rhy?mic alt]nations ( activity & re/1  
has hi!rto (t5 suff]$ among human be+s m
 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance ( its      
t5ets2 ?\gh unque/ionably con=mity to   

its requirem5ts makes = heal? &         
/ability4 ,?r\gh\t nature habits (      
rhy?mic1 organic activity are too       
famili> to attract att5tion4 ,( ^!1 !   
p]iodic return ( ! seasons1 = in/ance1  
or ! daily tides1 ! fl[]+ ( plants & !  
rip5+ ( fruit1 ! migrations ( birds & ! 
hib]nation ( c]ta9 insects & animals1   
are obvi\s examples4 ,^! rhy?ms h be5   
prov$ by exp]i5ce to be advantage\s 9 ! 
_w4 ,!y make = effici5cy & economise    
en]gy1 &1 f _! high degree ( developm5t 
9 man's nature1 x may be fairly assum$ t
 to him _! obs]vance is ( great         
consequ5ce4 ,_m ( !m are beyond 8       
control2 su*1 = example1 z ! diurnal    
v>iations ( 8 body temp]ature1 ! beat+ (
 ! he>t1 ! call ( hung]1 or ! rhy?m (   
gr[?4 ,o!rs he c obs]ve or abuse accord+
 to 8 pleasure2 sleep1 = in/ance1 or !  
rhy?m ( "w1 or ! daily dis*>ge f 8 body 
( its wa/e products4#aja ,x is ! "w (   
hygi5e to demon/rate h[ to comb9e       
ob$i5ce to all ^! laws ) ! dem&s ( mod]n
 exi/5ce1 & x is ! duty ( man to con=m  

reasonably to modes ( life bas$ on ^!   
demon/rations4 ,m especially does       
responsibility = ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9   
rhy?ms1 su* z sleep1 devolve ^u !       
organis] ( a *ild's e>ly life4   ,,vi4  
,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,family ,,life ,,&     
,,its ,,relation%ip ,,to ,,sanit>y      
,,sci5ce  ,fur!r rese>*es into ! records
 ( ! pa/1 & a clos] /udy ( ! und]ly+    
pr9ciples ^u :i* humanity has =mulat$ _m
 g5]ally adopt$ cu/oms1 indicate h[     
unexpect$ly intimate is ! relation      
betwe5 ! gr[? ( a social organisation & 
! orig9 ( primitive ef=ts aft] !        
pres]vation ( life & heal?4 ,! _w at    
l>ge is s accu/om$ to ! widespread      
exi/5ce ( family life t curiosity is    
r>ely ar\s$ z to its orig91 int5tion &  
wor?2 consequ5tly to ignorance ( its    
significance mu/ be attribut$ ! ass]tion
 t ! cu/om is well-nigh obsolete & !    
proposal ( "s w\ld-be re=m]s to aboli% !
 in/itution & to in/al ! ,/ate 9 loco   
p>5tis4  ,pr(essor ,mc,dougall#ajb      
assures u t su* is ! social importance (

 ! family t all :o h giv5 s]i\s att5tion
 to ! "q are agre$ t ! /ability ( !     
family is ! prime condition ( a heal?y  
/ate4 ,?is op9ion is support$ by o!r    
writ]s1#ajc :o h emphasis$ _! conviction
 t ! heal?ful developm5t ( !            
individual--ev5 ! possibilities ( racial
 progress--dep5d to a l>ge degree ^u    
ma9ta9+ intact ! integrity ( family     
life4 ,_! conclusions are bas$ ^u rec5t 
rese>*es into ! sci5ces ( biology1      
sociology1 & economics4  ,! orig9 ( ?is 
relation is app>5tly traceable to "o ( !
 _m =ms ( human association :i* h prov$ 
advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :5 ! 
value to a man & 8 wife ( s protect+ _! 
(fspr+ dur+ *ildhood t !re %\ld be lat] 
on an array ( lu/y sons & indu/ri\s     
daught]s ?ru/ itself on _! notice4 ,!   
division ( /r5u\s "w1 = in/ance1 !      
pursuit & prep>ation ( food1 ! effective
 def5ce ( _! rude %elt]s aga9/ !        
depr$ations ( _! foes1 7 sub/antial     
advantages to be d]iv$ 9 primitive times
 f ! possession ( a l>ge gr\p ( *ildr54 

,^u ! y\?ful vig\r & /r5g? ( _! family !
 p>5ts c\ld rely also :5 ov]tak5 by !   
weakness ( old age or by accid5t or     
disease4  ,^! economic & sociological   
advantages 7 s e>ly appreciat$ & are s  
widely adopt$ t traces ( family life are
 to be detect$ 9 ! hi/ory & cu/oms ( e  
tribe or community hi!rto inve/igat$4 ,!
 bond ?us =m$1 ev5 among/ ! l[e/        
savages1 fir/ develop$1 !n /r5g!n$ !    
ties ( natural affection betwe5 a "m &  
h] *ildr5 & prolong$ its emotional      
exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! pat]nal p>5t1 x  
is probable t ! motives :i* incit$ him  
to make ! ef=ts necess>y = ! protection 
( 8 helpless infants might m probably be
 f\nd 9 ! desire to leave an av5g] on   
individual enemies & a feel+ t fun]al   
rites w\ld be duly p]=m$ aft] 8 dea?1 z 
well z 8 tribe /r5g!n$ 9 w>4  ,! gradual
 developm5t ( ! human home has be5      
admirably describ$ by m ?an "o writ]1 :o
 has associat$ its evolution ) !        
greg>i\s in/9ct1 recognis$ 9 _m ( !     
high] =ms ( animal life4#ajd ,)9 reason1

 associat$ numb]s repres5t p[]--p[] to  
pres]ve ! prog5y1 !re=e to ma9ta9 !     
numb]s1 :i* aga9 9 reason make = social 
support & indep5d5ce4 ,p[] = def5ce1 p[]
 to secure an adequate supply ( food &  
ability to diff]5tiate occupations1 ?us 
divid+ lab\r1 s t :ile ! m5 ( a family  
gr\p 7 engag$ 9 w> or ! *ase1 _! wom5k9d
 devot$ _! att5tion to ! creature com=ts
 :i* promote heal? & effici5cy--^! are  
all factors :i* make = progress4        
,,vii4 ,,woman',s ,,vocation ,,9 ,,home 
,,& ,,family ,,life  ,& s x came ab\t t 
to "s ext5t woman's special & privileg$ 
vocation z a home-mak] began ev5 9      
prehi/oric times4 ,^u h] x devolv$ to   
re> ! *ildr5 %e bore2 to cook1 to m5d1  
to make1 to sp9 & dye & weave2 to prep>e
 a welcome = ! victor & to m9i/] to !   
sick or w\nd$4 ,no s5se ( m5ial         
limitation 9 _! duties 0 app>5t among ! 
notable wom5 ( ! pa/4 ,!y 7 skill$      
work]s1 capable & respect$ manag]s1 "u  
^: direction m5 z well z wom5 c>ri$ out 
! details ( daily "w1 to ^: c>e 9 lat]  

c5turies ca/le & g>rison 7 entru/$ 9 !  
abs5ce ( _! lords1 & :o mo/ evid5tly    
assum$ ?is responsibility ) confid5ce & 
success4  ,! *ang+ conditions ( ! la/   
?ree c5turies1 h[ev]1 react$ 9 _m ways  
to ! detrim5t ( wom5's dome/ic en]gies &
 sapp$ _! pride 9 ! vocation ( h\sewife4
 ,indu/rial developm5ts took mu*        
occupation out ( _! h&s1 & !y 7 n       
app>5tly conc]n$ to und]take o!rs m 9   
consonance ) mod]n life4 ,z conc5tration
 ( ! population 9 l>ge c5tres und]m9$ ! 
la/ survival ( feudal conditions1 !     
/rong cons]vative in/9ct ( wom5 made x  
h>d = !m to adapt !mselves & _!         
h\seholds to revis$ me?ods3--to         
sub/itute new lamps = old1 s t gradually
 x seems wom5 became split up into two  
p>ties1 some:at out ( sympa?y "o ) !    
o!r4 ,adh]5ce to ! traditions ( ! pa/ & 
! attractions ( social life di/+ui%$ !  
"o p>ty2 a re/less desire to give scope 
to _! :ole nature & to "w out _! own    
salvation on unconv5tional l9es possess$
 ! o!r4 ,9 ! "o case !re 0 no desire =  

dome/ic re=mation4 ,:at me?ods c\ld be  
bett] ?an _! great-gr&mo!r's6 ,9 ! o!r1 
glimpses ( :at seem$ a f> wid] & m      
intellectual life ?an t ( ! ord9>y      
h\sewife dim9i%$ int]e/ 9 ! physical    
ne$s ( human nature1 :i* x 0 ?\ght made 
no claims on m5tal faculties1 & ( :i* ! 
daily c>e 0 con/antly associat$ )       
irksome re/rictions & a position (      
f9ancial dep5d5ce4  ,x is n possible "h 
ev5 to outl9e ! num]\s social &         
comm]cial innovations :i* h modifi$ e   
side ( daily life = ! la/ two hundr$    
ye>s2 b1 :5 incl9$ h>%ly to rebuke wom5 
= "s ( _! n[ almo/ inexplicable bl9dness
 to ^! *anges1 x is well to rememb] t ! 
flood ( new discov]ies1 new inv5tions1  
new modes ( transit1 new =ms (          
occupation & amusem5t1 new means (      
money-mak+ & fre% excitem5ts impos$ an  
enorm\s /ra9 ^u n]v\s sy/ems1 /ill b    
sl[ly adapt+ !mselves to ! /ir & /ress (
 ! mod]n _w4 ,t eyes %\ld be tempor>ily 
dazzl$ by ! brilliance ( ! wond]ful     
c5tury2 t ! fir/ results ( fre$om f a   

p]iod ( unnatural re/ra9t %\ld be       
intoxication ) lib]ty1 is n surpris+4   
,full ( enc\ragem5t is1 h[ev]1 ! fact t 
an increas+ numb] ( wom5 ( all ranks are
 engag$ to-day 9 ef=ts to direct ! light
 ( mod]n k to ! bett]m5t ( human life2 !
 movem5t speaks = ! innate s\ndness ( _!
 womanhood & = _! realisation ( _!      
imp]ial responsibilities4 ,_m ( ^! ef=ts
 are /ill unsy/ematis$1 _m good         
int5tions are held to be ( equal wor? ) 
organis$ practical k2 _m wom5 are alive 
only to ! ne$s ( ! lea/ fav\r$ ( !      
community & are dead to ! urg5t calls = 
intellig5t re=ms 9 _! own domiciles4 ,b 
if ! will+ m9d be !re1 ! direction ( !  
"w into desirable *annels w sl[ly ?\gh  
surely foll[4 ,x is mo/ c]ta9ly         
unnecess>y to p\r e girl into ! m\ld ( a
 conv5tional ,g]man hausfrau 9 ord] t %e
 may p]ceive ! inn] mean+ ( family life4
 ,god fulfils ,himself 9 _m ways1 &     
div]sity ( tra9+ & ( int]e/s is z       
b5eficial z x is desirable4 ,nei!r c !  
wom5 ( a c\ntry s+le-h&$ cons]ve ?is    

great in/itution ( family life4 ,!      
loyalty ( boys & ! co-op]ation ( m5 are 
imp]ative to its pres]vation4 ,!y z well
 z _! mo!rs1 wives1 & si/]s mu/ realise 
its responsibilities & opportunities1 & 
mu/ ma9ta9 ! dignifi$ position ( ^? :o  
preside ov] ?is unit ( community life2  
!y also mu/ respond to ! cry+ ne$ = its 
adaptation to ! requirem5ts ( mod]n     
civilisation4   ,,viii4 ,,! ,,function  
,,( ,,! ,,family ,,9 ,,national ,,life  
,mrs4 ,bosanquet#aje has told u t ! mo/ 
important economic function ( ! family  
to-day is its direct control ( !        
prosp]ity or ru9 ( nations2 = "h alone  
are f\nd 9 comb9ation ! =ces :i* det]m9e
 ! quantity ( ! population ) ! =ces :i* 
det]m9e its quality4 ,to control ^! =ces
 (f]s1 to say ! lea/1 a life-"w =       
c\ntless m5 & wom54 ,bo? p>5ts mu/      
safegu>d ! "* ( _! *ildr5's inh]it$     
nature2 bo? sexes are m or less directly
 or remotely conc]n$ 9 ! provision ( a  
suitable environm5t = human lives1      
infant or adult4 ,"u ! circum/ances x   

may well be a matt] = surprise t we h   
be5 s sl[ to p]ceive t ! "r p]=mance (  
^! duties dem&s a prelim9>y /udy ( ! art
 ( pres]v+ heal? & promot+ progress1 &  
we m>vel at ! placid _s ( cont5t :i* has
 sanction$ ! conv]sion into a /ronghold 
( empiricism1 ! v place :]e a s\nd k (  
progressive sanit>y sci5ce is ( prim>y  
importance4  ,9 ! book to :i* ref]5ce   
has be5 already made1 ,mrs4 ,bosanquet  
also enum]ates ! causes :i* 9 h] op9ion 
militate mo/ actively aga9/ ! cont9uance
 ( family life at ! pres5t day4 ,among  
o!rs %e m5tions evasion (               
responsibility1 self-indulg5ce 7) :i* we
 are v famili>71 reliance ^u ext]nal    
s\rces ( ma9t5ance1 & ! unequal         
di/ribution among ! memb]s ( a family ( 
! burd5 ( support4 ,fur!r1 %e ref]s to !
 un=tunate failure among p>5ts to       
realise t ! old ,roman cu/oms ( p>5tal  
possession & filial submission are out (
 date to-day1 & calls ^u ! wise gu>dian 
to sub/itute o!rs :i* lead to loyalty & 
love4  ,! new movem5t = a /udy ( !      

*>act]i/ics ( *ildhood & adolesc5ce %\ld
 mat]ially contribute to ! realisation t
 ?is p>5tal attitude ( dom9ant au?ority 
mu/ be n[ associat$ ) & modifi$ by a m  
balanc$ und]/&+ ( ! phases ( y\?ful     
developm5t & ( ! intricacies (          
individual temp]am5t4 ,conv5i5ce has    
hi!rto enc\rag$ ! cu/om>y regulation ( a
 gr\p ( "y lives z if !y 7 "o & ! same  
individual1 no all[ance be+ made =      
v>iation 9 "* or 9 age1 9 prop5sities or
 9 heal?4 ,ea* nurs]y p>ty or infant    
s*ool s]ves to illu/rate ! po9t4        
,individual t5d5cies to cold or to      
fatigue1 to n]ve /orms or to indol5ce2  
individual capacities 9 diet1 occupation
 or ex]cise1 mu/ be intellig5tly        
respect$ if pot5tialities are to become 
actualities4  ,9 ! well-conduct$ home1 =
 example1 a /udy ( individual "* mu/ 9 !
 future replace ca/-iron discipl9e or   
easy-go+1 *ild-spoil+ indulg5ce4 ,! fact
 t ! e>ly cultivation ( good habits     
makes = heal?ful happ9ess mu/ be g5]ally
 appreciat$2 & ! duty ( ! home to       

provide opportunity = ! ex]cise (       
p]sonal ta/es1 ! importance ( tra9+ z a 
relief to n]v\s /ra9 & z ! be/ means to 
develop res\rce & skill1 mu/ be p]ceiv$4
 ,x w be by ?is con/ant und]/&+         
sup]vision 9 e>ly ye>s1 & lat] by !     
cultivation ( an intimate sympa!tic     
comrade%ip ) 8 *ildr51 t ! mod]n p>5t w 
reta9 = 8 c\ntry ! cem5t+ =ce ( family  
life4   ,,ix4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,infancy 
,! great discov]y ( ,john ,fiske z to ! 
reasons = ! long cont9uance ( *ildhood 9
 man mu/ n be ov]look$ 9 ?is connection2
 x be>s s directly on heal? & effici5cy1
 & is closely associat$ ) ! importance (
 ! family to ! individual z well z to ! 
nation4 ,:y1 x may be ask$1 is man's    
p]iod ( helplessness s prolong$2 :y1 :5 
8 bra9 developm5t rea*es s high a /&>d1 
is he = ye>s 9 a position ( entire      
dep5d5ce1 :]eas snakelet & *ick are     
practically self-support+ f ! h\r (     
hat*+8 ,:5 ! l[] =ms ( animal life are  
comp>$ ) mank9d1 ! non-exi/5ce 9 _! case
 ( any su* /age z infancy is at once    

app>5t4 ,!y are br\ght into ! _w able to
 take c>e ( !mselves & to live an       
indep5d5t individual exi/5ce4 ,"y pigs  
run almo/ z soon z !y are born1 "y      
swall[s fly directly !y are fl$g$4  ,n[1
 if ! /ructure ( l[] animals be exam9$1 
x w be f\nd t !y h no c5tral w>eh\se    
correspond+ to ! human bra9 = ! /orage (
 new s5sations or = an elaborate &      
orig9al response to !m4 ,ea* su* animal 
repeats ! life ( its p>5ts2 ea* responds
 9 exactly ! same way to ! contact (    
air1 ( e>?1 ( food1 or ( wat]4 ,_!      
activities1 x is true1 are di/+ui%$ by  
accuracy & despat*1 b ! (fspr+ ( a h5 ( 
! tw5tie? c5tury has no l>g] capacity = 
! v>iation ( ^! activities ?an has !    
*ick :i* 0 hat*$ out six ?\s& ye>s ago4 
,! gu9ea-pig ( to-day1 = example1 rema9s
 m5tally at ! level ( 8 ?\s&? ance/or4  
,:]e9 !n lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pig & 
! baby8  ,z animals rise 9 ! scale1 z _!
 bra9s become m subtle1 m elaborate 9   
/ructure1 _! actions become             
correspond+ly m num]\s & complicat$1 m  

v>i$1 m individual4 ,! n]v\s sy/ems (   
su* animals are *>act]is$ by an increas+
 complexity ( developm5t1 & ?is provides
 ! ma*9]y necess>y to ! p]=mance ( an   
increas+ numb] ( muscul> & m5tal        
co-ord9ations2 !y c adapt !mselves to   
unfamili> surr\nd+s & possess mu*       
enhanc$ advantages 9 ! /ruggle =        
exi/5ce4 ,b1 associat$ ) ^! advantages1 
is a mu* long] p]iod ( immaturity1      
because1 :]e ! capacity = flexibility & 
progress is great1 ! ant5atal p]iod is  
insuffici5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! necess>y 
n]v\s connections or ev5 = ! developm5t 
( ! bra9 cells betwe5 :i* ^! connections
 w be =m$4 ,! *ick w h its full plumage 
9 t5 weeks1 b m5tally x is f> bel[ a dog
 or a monkey1 ^: p]iod ( immaturity is  
mu* long]4 ,simil>ly1 ! dog atta9s 8    
maturity long be=e ! monkey1 :o is      
inf9itely 8 sup]ior 9 f]tility (        
res\rce1 p[] to le>n ?r\gh imitation1 & 
capacity = att5tion4 ,! infant 9 its    
turn is f> long] 9 a dep5d5t condition  
?an ! highe/ ape4  ,relatively l>ge 9   

bulk at bir?1 & rea*+ usually its full  
mass 9 ! fir/ f\rte5 ye>s ( life1 !     
human bra9 possesses ?r\gh\t *ildhood   
va/ sil5t areas1 big ) future           
pot5tialities1 areas 9 :i* ! cells are  
sl[ly rip5+ to function4 ,ev5 aft] full 
gr[? 9 size is rea*$1 _m m ye>s mu/ pass
 be=e capacity = ! high] m5tal functions
 or = ! complete control ( su* functions
 has develop$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t1 
?r\gh\t ?is p]iod ( immaturity1 errors (
 nutrition or defective /imulation may  
int]f]e ) function4 ,"o ( ! mo/         
important duties ( ! home is to provide 
! suit$ environm5t = its *ild occupants 
dur+ ^! long & anxi\s ye>s4 ,h[ long !y 
are has be5 emphasis$ by ,dr4           
,cl\/on1#ajf :o has said t1 ( all !     
p]iods ( bra9 gr[?1 ! mo/ important1 z  
reg>ds ! developm5t ( our highe/ moral &
 m5tal pot5tialities1 is t betwe5       
eighte5 & tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 :5 !   
capacity = self-control %\ld be com+    
into function 9 its highe/ relations1 & 
:5 failure to rip5 9 due c\rse is       

fraught ) mo/ s]i\s consequ5ces = !     
future4  ,!re is no su* ?+1 !re=e1 z    
infancy or p>5tal c>e 9 ! l[e/ ord]s (  
animal life2 ( :i*1 "o result is a      
gigantic mortality among _! (fspr+4     
,enorm\s numb]s ( eggs are laid to      
ensure ! pres]vation ( ! species :5 left
 to f5d = !mselves4 ,! turbot1 =        
in/ance1 mu/ deposit millions ( m9ute   
glassy ova or ! species w\ld become     
ext9ct4 ,ev5 among frogs ! de/ruction ( 
tadpoles is s great t provision mu/ be  
made to all[ = ?is loss4 ,! fo/]+ c>e ( 
birds = _! "y at once p]mits a great    
r$uction 9 ! numb] ( ! (fspr+2 b1 ?\gh  
birds give evid5ce ( "s capacity =      
p>5tal c>e1 infancy1 z su*1 is really   
conf9$ to mammalian "y4 ,ev5 "h x is    
curtail$ 9 a va/ numb] ( species2 b     
:]ev] x exi/s x /&s = p[] to progress1 &
 repres5ts capacity = b5efit+ by1 inde$ 
dep5d+ ^u1 education1 if only 9 ! simple
 =m ( le>n+ by imitation--a =m famili>  
to read]s ( su* books z ,long's ,s*ools 
( ! ,woods4  ,pla/icity is ! hall-m>k ( 

progress2 educability indicates a bra9 m
 or less compet5t to assimilate1 to     
rememb]1 to comp>e1 to discrim9ate4 ,?is
 door ( progress has be5 m]ely set aj> =
 ev5 ! high] apes2 x is op5 to man only4
 ,! p]iod ( pla/icity is evid5tly       
prolong$ 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* 
consci\s intellig5ce has sup]s$$ m]e    
brute =ce 9 promot+ successful          
survival--t is to say1 ! transmission ( 
m5tal ability r ?an ( physical /r5g?    
po/pones maturity4 ,man alone possesses 
9 full ! p[]s ( selection & adaptation1 
( reason & ( emotion1 ( memory & ( m5tal
 orig9ality1 :i* are includ$ 9 8 ri*    
h]itage ( life4 ,if he is to realise 8  
full pot5tialities1 he mu/ h protection 
= ye>s aft] bir? & an ext5d$ "t =       
developm5t4 ,! immature infant mu/ be   
f$1 %elt]$1 & /imulat$1 if ! inh]5t p[]s
 ( adju/m5t to surr\nd+s are to develop 
normally4 ,b s great is ! in/ability    
associat$ ) human immaturity & future   
pot5tiality1 t arre/$ developm5t is too 
(t5 ! heavy p5alty paid by ! *ild = !   

ignorance & c>elessness ( 8 p>5ts4#ajg  
,faults ( food & clo?+1 insuffici5t     
w>m?1 cleanl9ess1 or ex]cise1 premature 
"w or precoci\s responsibility &        
indep5d5ce1 prolong$ ov]/ra9 or         
insuffici5t /imulation ( m9d & body1 are
 ! preval5t causes by :i* a *ild's      
normal gr[? is w>p$ & prejudic$4 ,:]e   
?is occurs he nev] ent]s into 8         
bir?right ( p[]2 x has too (t5 be5      
?\ghtlessly b>t]$ by 8 natural gu>dians1
 lit]ally = a m]e mess ( pottage4   ,x4 
,,causes ,,:i* ,,m5ace ,,heal?ful       
,,infancy ,,& ,,*ildhood  ,p]haps "o ( !
 greate/ inconsi/5cies ( an inconsi/5t  
nation lies 9 ! fact t ! extraord9>y    
ignorance ( ! elem5t>y ne$s ( a t5d]    
infant is n conf9$ to "o section (      
society2 x is f\nd 9 ,belgravia z well z
 9 ,b]mondsey4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! *ief s\rces 
( ! tub]culosis :i* is responsible = !  
pres5ce ( #de p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 9 !    
,london ,invalid ,s*ools are conf9$ to !
 homes ( ! poor] classes1#aji inquiries 
into ! incid5ce ( rickets among *ildr5 9

 ,glasg[ %[ a high] p]c5tage ( cases 9 !
 families ( me*anics ?an (              
lab\r]s#aaj--;a cle> illu/ration t      
ignorance & n pov]ty is "h ! pr$ispos+  
cause4 ,impure air & /uffy1 ill-v5tilat$
 rooms are conc]n$ 9 ! susceptibility to
 bo? diseases1 z is also malnutrition ) 
its associat$ dim9ution ( ! innate p[]s 
( self-protection4 ,b1 9 ! "o case1     
inability to provide suitable food is ! 
g5]al cause2 :ile 9 ! o!r1 inexcusable  
ignorance ( ! "r =ms 9 :i* food %\ld be 
suppli$ to "y *ildr5 is a c]ta9 s\rce ( 
! evil4  ,! ?\ght is pa!tic1 = ! causes 
are :olly prev5table4 ,pitiful also1    
because less excusable1 is ! griev\s    
injury to heal? associat$ ) a m\? full (
 rott5 tee?1 p]mitt$ z x is among       
families possess$ ( suffici5t means to  
meet ! co/ ( cure1 :o pref] to sp5d _!  
money ^u dress & amusem5t1 or among !   
memb]s ( :i* necess>y endurance ( a     
trifl+ %ock has n be5 cultivat$4 ,7 !   
f\lness ( ! dis*>ge f a c>i\s too? to be
 ext]nally visible1 ! ae/hetic in/9ct   

among ! ref9$ w\ld clam\r = prompt      
treatm5t2 b1 un=tunately = heal?1 !     
results ( ! disease are conceal$1 &     
consequ5tly condon$4  ,aga93 light1     
sun%9e & quiet are n[ kn[n to be        
ess5tial to physical developm5t & to !  
possession ( a s\nd n]v\s sy/em2 !      
/atem5t am\nts to a platitude1 = is n e 
weal?y invalid despat*$ to complete     
convalesc5ce by ! sea or 9 ! c\ntry1 &  
is n ! cu/om ( a g5]al annual holiday   
due l>gely to ! consci\s b5efits d]iv$ f
 an op5-air life f> f ! bu/le ( t[ns8   
,yet physical morality is s poorly      
develop$ t ! atmosph]e ( suburban z well
 z urban di/ricts is p]man5tly obscur$  
by ! prev5table & wa/eful results (     
imp]fect combu/ion1 ?\gh ! detrim5t is  
incalculable to ^? ^: lives see no *ange
 ( air4 ,! ceaseless rumble ( noisy     
traffic1 all[$ to di/urb ! re/ ( ?\s&s1 
or m probably ( millions1 ( our         
population1 is ano!r factor responsible 
= ! preval5ce ( un/able n]ves & (       
ill-balanc$ bra9s4 ,x assumes great     

gravity :5 x is realis$ t among ^!      
sleep]s are numb]$ ! *ildr5 ^: h\rs (   
re/ are already mo/ s]i\sly curtail$4   
,ano!r s9 aga9/ *ildhood be>s long      
endur+ fruits4 ,i ref] to ! t]rible     
results ^u ! lives ( ^? infants :o      
survive ef=ts to prev5t _! bir?4 ,! fact
 ought to be1 if x is n1 common k2 yet !
 sale ( ! infam\s drugs1 necess>y to !  
crime1 by p5nywor?s1 9 e drug-/ore1 is  
tacitly sanction$ by ! community4       
,pr(essor ,sadl]'s#aaa det]m9ation to   
direct att5tion to ! requirem5ts ( our  
adolesc5ts has ar\s$ su* response1 t    
excuse is n[ impossible = ignor+ !      
detrim5tal effects ^u "y p ( unskill$1  
exhau/+ bl9d alley "w1 or ( remov+      
prematurely ! re/ra9t ( moral discipl9e 
& sy/ematis$ tra9+4#aab ,/ati/ics %[ n  
only ! economic disa/]s :i* result f !  
unsatisfactory me?ods ( pa/ ye>s2 !y br+
 home also ! /eady increase 9 ! p]c5tage
 ( ! proportion ( n]v\s in/ability z    
well z ( anaemia1 :i* int]f]e ) ! =m (  
bra9 gr[? s rapid 9 adolesc5ce 7namely1 

increase 9 complexity ( association1 & 9
 p[] to inhibit1 to reason1 & to        
conc5trate74 ,ano!r result ( ^!         
inve/igations is to draw att5tion to !  
increase 9 organic he>t disease1 :i* has
 be5 %[n to occur 9 m ?an ?irty p] c5t4 
( ! ,london err& boys :o are engag$ 9   
prolong$ "w on ,saturdays1 z well z 9   
out-(-s*ool h\rs dur+ ! week4#aac  ,%\ld
 n p>5ts in=m !mselves dilig5tly on ^!  
matt]s8 = !re are w>n+s & to sp>e f     
physician & educationali/ ^u ?is        
reckless wreckage ( ! nation's mo/      
valuable asset4 ,x 0 po9t$ out t5 ye>s  
ago t ! imposition ( adult duties ^u !  
*ild1 or ev5 ^u ! "y adolesc5t1 is ! mo/
 effective ma*9]y = ! manufacture ( !   
unemploy$ & ! unemployable4 ,only n[1   
h[ev]1 are bye-laws be+ sanction$ :i*   
impose at all adequate re/rictions ^u   
*ild lab\r4 ,= a long] p]iod ! /eady    
migration ( ! rural population f c\ntry 
to t[ns has be5 bemoan$1 z c\pl$ ) !    
risk le/ ! det]ioration ( ! individual  
decl9e into ! deg5]ation ( ! race4      

,nev]!less1 9 spite ( ! su/a9$ ef=ts ( !
 ,rural ,h\s+ ,association & ( private  
individuals1 ! h\s+ problem /ill lies at
 ! root ( "s at lea/ ( ?is exodus4      
,mis]able & inconv5i5t z are hundr$s (  
our cottages1 _! numb] is /ill          
insuffici5t 9 _m places to meet ! dem&2 
s p]=ce ! "y p ( m>riageable age mu/ g1 
or ! elem5t>y code ( dec5cy mu/ be      
violat$4  ,! curse ( alcohol1#aad too1  
lies heavy on our l&2 x %ort5s life1    
incapacitates = "w1 impov]i%es &        
degrades2 visits 9 innum]able =ms ! s9s 
( ! p>5ts ^u _! innoc5t yet griev\sly   
afflict$ *ildr52 promotes crime & p]v]ts
 judgm5t4 ,ea* ye> br+s m /ati/ical &   
biological evid5ce ( its endur+ &       
det]iorat+ effects ^u humanity4 ,x seems
 /range1 !re=e1 t ! law to insi/ ^u !   
provision ( an adequate wat] supply = e 
dwell+ rema9s entirely insuffici5t to   
meet ! mo/ urg5t ne$s ( _m t[n /reets z 
well z c\ntry villages4 ,cleanl9ess is  
consequ5tly impossible1 & ! public-h\se 
mu/ be p]=ce frequ5t$1 = x provides a   

bev]age m palatable & p]haps z :olesome 
z ! cottag]'s ne>e/ supply4   ,,xi4 ,,! 
,,s\rce ,,( ,,^! ,,causes ,,to ,,be     
,,f\nd ,,9 ,,faulty ,,adm9i/ration ,,(  
,,! ,,home  ,may n ! causes ( "s        
consid]able proportion ( ?is apa?y be   
trac$ to a want ( popul> fai? 9 ! tea*+s
 ( hygi5e8 ,is n "o s\rce ( ! preval5t  
unbelief 9 its t5ets to be f\nd 9 !     
widespread ignorance ( ! "r adm9i/ration
 ( human life 9 ! home1 :i* turns out   
!re=e a product ( unheal?y1 inh>moni\s  
citiz5s1 :o are a s\rce ( weakness to _!
 c\ntry & a m5ace to civilisation8 ,h[  
c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,if ! cradle ( life  
be defective1 & its occupants be        
debilitat$1 x is n ! nursl+s alone ^u   
:om ! p5alties w fall2 :]eas if home    
adm9i/ration be guid$ by intellig5ce1 & 
! quality ( ! inmates be high1          
individual & national prosp]ity are     
assur$4 ,! burd5 ( responsibility or !  
privilege ( promot+ progress 7accord+ to
 ! _s 9 :i* obligations are assum$7 re/s
 ) ^? :o propose to be or already are   

p>5ts2 !y be+ influ5c$ 9 _! turn by !   
educational & social conditions ( _!    
surr\nd+s4 ,p>5tal c>e & intellig5t home
 managem5t are ?us intimately conc]n$ ) 
! physical evolution ( ! race1 z well z 
) its moral developm5t4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 
assume an increas+ r ?an a dim9i%+      
importance1 if ! full developm5t (      
pot5tialities is to be insur$ 9 ! ris+  
g5]ation1 & racial progress promot$4    
,any proclivity to depreciate ! dignity 
or to und]m9e ! influ5ce ( ^!           
in/itutions mu/ be c>efully exam9$ &1 if
 necess>y1 /]nly repress$4  ,! fact t   
su* t5d5cies %[ signs ( spr\t+ is1 x    
seems to me1 a s]i\s reflection ^u !    
p>5tal & dome/ic me?ods ( ! day4 ,!re is
 no smoke )\t fuel2 faults are r>ely all
 on "o side2 ! "y are n necess>ily      
always 9 ! wrong2 !re=e1 a c\rse (      
self-exam9ation into _! me?ods & motives
 may be a :olesome & fruitful discipl9e 
= ^? :o are responsible = ! nature &    
nurture ( our *ildr51 & = ! /ability &  
effici5cy ( adolesc5t & adult4 ,! abs5ce

 ( ela/icity & adaptation to mod]n      
requirem5ts among ! eld]s ( a family is 
(t5 responsible = mis]able homes1 & =   
mu* arre/$ developm5t 9 _! inmates4     
,,xii4 ,,h>monies ,,& ,,di%>monies ,,9  
,,human ,,life  ,su* a condition (      
affairs is1 h[ev]1 no long] to be       
tol]at$2 = ! result ( rese>* c>ri$ out  
dur+ ! pa/ & pres5t c5turies has op5$ up
 a hi!rto unsuspect$ vi/a ( progress to 
mank9d1 if & :5 he is intellig5t en\gh  
to e/abli% an h>moni\s unison betwe5    
himself & 8 environm5t4 ,once ! j>r+    
discords ( debility1 disease1 &         
det]ioration h be5 modulat$ into ! major
 *ords ( heal?--moral & physical--!     
lat5t pot5tialities ( 8 high] life w be 
quick5$ into productive activity4 ,!    
misconception ( humanity :i* has d5i$ to
 x ! p[] to rise above ! level ( pres5t 
atta9m5ts1 :i* has dwelt insi/5tly ^u ! 
hopeless degradation ( ! body1 has      
br\ght ab\t a condition ( en]vat+ &     
passive fatalism1 bas$ ^u ! conviction t
 all re=m+ ef=ts mu/ be direct$ solely  

to ! prep>ation ( "o "p only ( man's    
triune nature = ano!r & future sph]e (  
exi/5ce4 ,! duty & possibility ( build+ 
a fit temple = man's spiritual nature "h
 & n[ is ! ideal ( a m9ority to-day--9 !
 future x w be t ( an ov]:elm+ majority2
 = ! pro(s ( human capacity = progress1 
( man's p[] to control ! =ces ( nature1 
are ev] becom+ m firmly au!nticat$1 &   
all t !y imply w soon become f> bett]   
und]/ood4  ,?\gh our k ( ! subject is   
/ill incomplete & (t5 t5tative1 mu*     
progress has be5 made1 = in/ance1 9 a   
correct conception ( ! means by :i* !   
physiological balance ( human life is   
adju/$1 s9ce ,met*nik(f#aae drew        
att5tion to ! int]f]5ce br\ght ab\t 9   
man's normal developm5t by c]ta9        
fundam5tal di%>monies 9 8 con/itution1 (
 :i* ! end is premature dea?1 if n a    
pa?ological old age4 ,x is q evid5t t   
unju/ifiable encroa*m5ts ^u ! res]ve    
p[]s ( ! human body h be5 commonly      
p]mitt$ hi!rto1 & ?\gh ea* ye> br+s fre%
 pro( ( ! extraord9>y end[m5t :i* x     

possesses to respond to ! dem&s made ^u 
x1 yet ea* ye> also confirms !          
conviction t ?is res]ve fund mu/ 9      
future be husb&$ & us$ ) economy4 ,:5 ^!
 p[]s are con/antly drawn ^u ! body is  
necess>ily r$uc$ to a l[] level ( heal?4
 ,if ! metaphor be employ$ ( ! body z a 
build+ 9 c\rse ( erection1 x becomes    
obvi\s t if "o ( a gr\p ( conv]g+ ?ru/s 
be mu* weak5$ or )drawn1 a skilful      
re>rangem5t ( =ces may meet ! /ra91 b ! 
total /r5g? ( ! /ructure is r$uc$4 ,9 h[
 _m cases has ! temple ( a *ild's body  
be5 p]man5tly damag$ by su* )drawals1 or
 h[ _m adolesc5ts are laun*$ into life )
 _! capital ( heal? s]i\sly dim9i%$ by  
premature calls ^u its res\rces4  ,!    
duty to ma9ta9 s f> z possible a        
condition ( physiological equilibrium 9 
ourselves & 9 our *ildr5 am\nts to an   
obligation2 = :i* reason heal? promotion
 dur+ ! pla/ic p]iod ( e>ly life assumes
 a new importance4 ,( c\rse1 a c]ta9    
capacity = vic>i\s activity is associat$
 ) ! v>i\s organs ( ! body 9 ord] to    

ma9ta9 _! functions aga9/ tempor>y      
failure4 ,heal?y tissues are furni%$ )  
p[] to respond to increas$ call =       
ex]tion4 ,h[ (t5 are !y mo/ sorely abus$
 & unwisely tax$8 ,ev5 n[1 :5 made aw>e 
( ^! facts1 we are sl[ to apply to !    
conduct ( life ! lessons ?us taught u1 &
 cont9ue to be fill$ ) self-commis]ation
 = ! results to our bodies ( ov]tax+ _! 
capacity = accurate readju/m5t4  ,x is n
 possible1 mu* less desirable1 t ! :ole 
population %\ld plunge into amateur     
/udies ( rec5t physiological advance1   
nor ev5 t x %\ld dabble1 z its units are
 too mu* dispos$ to d1 9                
pseudo-sci5tific pa?ological            
publications4 ,b x is bo? possible &    
desirable = all :o assume ! direction ( 
_! own lives or ^? ( *ildr5 to read1    
m>k1 le>n1 & inw>dly dige/ "s fruits ( !
 lab\rs ( o!rs 9 ! g>d5 ( heal?4  ,7 !re
 "o fix$ /&>d ( heal? to :i* all c\ld   
atta91 ! practice ( hygi5e w\ld be      
att5d$ by a *>m+ simplicity4            
,un=tunately1 mod]n sci5ce =ces u to    

conclude t ea* individual c only rea* 8 
own p>ticul> /&>d ( well-be+4 ,! grades 
( heal? are consequ5tly inf9ite 9 numb]1
 & ! task :i* devolves on p>5ts &       
gu>dians to secure t ! /&>d possible to 
ea* *ild "u _! c>e be atta9$ is no light
 "o4 ,s g5]al is ! bl9dness to ^! tru?s1
 t ! degree ( heal? enjoy$ is 9 mo/     
cases f> bel[ ! possible /&>d2 ! results
 ( ance/ral vice1 ( p>5tal ignorance1 or
 ( defective environm5t hav+ sapp$      
prematurely ! spr+s ( progressive       
pot5tiality4#aaf ,! m5tal & physical    
balance is ?us r5d]$ relatively less    
/able & ! p[]s ( resi/ance to adv]se    
conditions are dim9i%$4  ,happily1 by   
virtue ( its inh]5t p[]1 b /rictly 9    
proportion to ! vig\r ( ?is p[]1 an     
organism is usually able to /rike a new 
balance2 = ! capacity to rega9 its      
equilibrium is exquisitely delicate 9   
human nature1 if ! *ange be nei!r too   
sudd5 nor too sev]e4 ,?r\gh\t life ?is  
process ( self-adaptation to ! pres5ce (
 morbid influ5ces is con/antly ex]cis+  

its protective p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ef=t  
to ov]come disadvantage\s conditions be 
v great or mu* prolong$1 ! life ( !     
individual is nev] q s vigor\s &        
symmetrical z x might & %\ld h be54 ,9 a
 lum9\s address1 deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity
 ( ,le$s "s few mon?s ago1#aag ,"l      
,ju/ice ,flet*] ,m\lton in/itut$ a      
comp>ison betwe5 ! human organism1 :i*  
inv>iably t5ds to sw+ back to ! normal  
:5ev] ! balance ( heal? is di/urb$1 & a 
%ip :i* has safely wea!r$ a /ormy       
voyage4 ,! %ip1 he writes1 is n /able1  
if /ability means t %e c defy ! =ces t  
be> on h] to move h] f h] normal upright
 position1 = 444 ! slighte/ roll ( ! sea
 444 w make h] heel ov]4 ,b %e is /able1
 because :5 made to lean ov]1 !re is    
!reby g5]at$ a sy/em ( =ces t5d+ to     
return h] to h] place1 :i* gr[s great] !
 great] is ! displacem5t1 & ?us         
ultimately becomes suffici5t to ov]p[] !
 di/urb+ =ces4444 ,z ! %ip arrives      
safely1 h] con/ruction mu/ be su* t     
di/urbances t5d to "r !mselves :5       

/ability is s]i\sly endang]$4 ,"s       
correspond+ right+ =ce also t5ds to br+ 
back an organism to its normal /ate4  ,!
 caution may n be amiss t ! amplitude ( 
! sw+ ( a human p5dulum1 z well z !     
accuracy ( its f9al balance1 dep5ds n   
only ^u inh]it$ nature & ! am\nt (      
res]ve =ce possess$1 b w be /able or    
feeble1 durable or transi5t1 accord+ to 
! influ5ce ( environm5t4  ,9 :at way1 x 
w be ask$1 c individual capacity = heal?
 be gaug$8 to :at degree c ! p[] to     
progress or to resi/ encroa*m5ts be     
/r5g!n$8 at :at age is intellig5t       
sup]vision mo/ important8  ,no concise &
 conclusive answ]s c be giv5 to ^! mo/  
natural inquiries1 b mu* light has be5  
rec5tly ?r[n ^u ! long duration (       
immaturity & associat$ in/ability 9     
mank9d2 ^u ! p[] ( self-protection      
inh]5t 9 ! body2#aah ^u ! influ5ce !reon
 ( its environm5t2 ^u ! p5etrat+ p[] (  
h]$ity2 & ^u ! urg5t importance ( !     
adolesc5t p]iod4  ,fur!r1 x appe>s t !  
heal?ful body is equipp$ to )/& ! attack

 ( ! bact]ia ( mo/ diseases1 ?\gh !     
me*anism ( self-def5ce is ( m k9ds ?an  
"o4 ,( ! diff]5t pa?ological bact]ia    
id5tifi$ up to ! pres5t1 = in/ance1 "s  
appe> to be em95tly s5sible to "o k9d ( 
action ( normal blood fluids1 :ile !y   
are 9 a mu* less measure s5sible1 or    
are1 p]haps1 entirely ins5sible to o!rs2
 a complication :i* enhances our        
respectful admiration = ! m>vell\s &    
intricate sy/em :i* provides = our      
bodily welf>e4 ,obvi\sly1 human nature  
w\ld be practically immune f disease if 
?is protective ma*9]y 7 always 9 good   
work+ ord]3 un=tunately ?is is n        
inv>iably ! case--h5ce disease4 ,x is ! 
duty ( hygi5e to insure con/ant physical
 equilibrium1 b ! intricate tactics (   
,nature are z yet s imp]fectly und]/ood 
t man is n yet an ally ( great wor? 9 h]
 op]ations4  ,nev]!less1 ! p]ception t !
 secret ( individual heal? lies 9 fo/]+ 
! resi/ant or protective elem5ts1 :i*   
%\ld be pres5t 9 normal blood1 m>ks a   
great /ep 9 advance2 = f x h orig9at$   

measures to curtail ! c\rse ( an illness
 & to r$uce ! risk ( its recurr5ce4 ,x  
is h>dly ,utopian to =eca/1 z ,sir      
,almro? ,wright has done1 t ! physician 
( ! future w take ^u himself a /ill     
high] role ?an he has hi!rto assum$ 9   
?is "w ( ! prev5tion ( ill-heal?1 = he w
 attempt1 by means ( sy/ematically      
/r5g!n+ individual capacity = resi/ance 
to disease1 to remove ! necessity = cur+
 ^? :o h fall5 victims to its attacks4  
,! ga9 9 heal?1 9 happ9ess1 9 "t & 9    
money w\ld be incalculable4 ,= in/ance1 
_h ! dea?-rate all ov] ,engl& dur+ #aijh
 /ood at #ac4h p] ?\s&1 in/ead ( at     
fav\r$ places only1 no less ?an #cc1hca 
lives w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,( ^! dea?s1     
"o-fif? 7 ^? ( infants "u twelve mon?s  
old1 ! majority ( !m :olly prev5table4  
,:at a reckless wa/e ( racial & national
 capital2 :at an unnecess>y cause (     
bitt] sorr[ & disappo9tm5t2 :at a s\rce 
( unpr(itable exp5diture6 ,! calculation
 has be5 made t = ea* dea? !re are at   
lea/ six cases ( m or less s]i\s        

illness1 involv+ conf9em5t to b$ = a few
 days or a few weeks z ! case may be4 ,a
 simple multiplication sum w enable !   
read] to e/imate ! am\nt ( s]i\s illness
 repres5t$ by ! total arriv$ at3 ! loss 
9 "t1 heal?1 happ9ess & effici5cy is    
incalculable4  ,! bright prospects =    
human heal? 9 ! future1 !re=e1 rely     
l>gely ^u ! use :i* w be made ( ?is     
protective ma*9]y1 & ! prospective ga9  
to humanity lies 9 ! hope t :5 family   
hi/ories are kept sy/ematically & !     
inh]it$ t5d5cies ( a *ild are f> m      
accurately kn[n1 ! invad+ =ces ( disease
 w nev] get a foot+1 because precautions
 to /r5g!n ! body's own def5sive p[]s w 
be tak5 z a matt] ( r\t9e practice4 ,!  
physiological balance be+ ?us pres]v$ f 
di/urbance1 ! great fund ( en]gy n[     
utilis$ to resi/ encroa*m5ts w be       
available = productive purposes4  ,s    
great a re=mation _c ( c\rse be br\ght  
ab\t till %ame is felt = ! sc&al\sly l[ 
/&>d ( heal? n[ common among all        
classes1 nor until a g5]al det]m9ation  

is develop$ to remove ! m9or mis]ies f  
:i* we all suff] m or less impati5tly4  
,,xiii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,m5tal    
,,hygi5e ,,9 ,,family ,,life  ,! result 
( a curi\s obtus5ess to ! economics (   
p]sonal & dome/ic hygi5e is also        
responsible = ano!r s]i\s d]eliction (  
p>5tal duty1 by :i* heal? & progress h  
be5 griev\sly1 ?\gh q unnecess>ily &    
con/antly1 hamp]$4 ,i ref] to ! g5]al   
failure to economise n]v\s en]gy or to  
take any int]e/ 9 :at is rightly call$  
m5tal hygi5e4 ,yet ,press & p alike     
deplore ! evid5t increase ( m5tal       
abnormalities1 & anticipate ! future )  
undisguis$ anxiety4 ,x has be5 well said
 t ?\gh m5 c>ry m ( ! wood1 wom5 c>ry n 
less ( ! worries ( life4 ,!y may 9 "s   
cases escape ! physical toil :i*        
/r5g!ns2 !y d n escape ! m5tal toil :i* 
demoralises & kills _s & en]gy if n body
 & heal?4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! bra9 tissues d n  
create m5tal activities1 nev]!less we   
all "k t !y are condition$ 9 "s         
inexplicable way by t organ4 ,d]angem5t 

9 any "p ( ! bra9 d]anges or dim9i%es   
its functions2 non-developm5t 9 any "p (
 ! bra9 c & does arre/ m9d gr[?4 ,*ronic
 ov]-fatigue & exhau/ion1 anaemia h[ev] 
produc$1 ! circulation ?r\gh ! n]v\s    
tissues ( impure blood1 alt] ! "* ( !   
m5tal processes4 ,! results ( />vation  
may s di/ort !m1 t ! horrors ( ! ,fr5*  
,revolution are attribut$ by "s         
au?orities to ?is p>ticul> cause4 ,t !  
imp]fect lymph circulation associat$ )  
ad5oid vegetations acc\nts = mu* s-call$
 /upidity is "o ( ! fir/ fruits ( !     
m$ical inspection ( s*ool *ildr52 t a   
sev]e %ock may de/roy intellig5ce is a  
fact famili> to e exp]t 9 m5tal hygi5e4 
,if x 7 g5]ally kn[n to p>5ts t e       
impression receiv$ by ?is1 ! mo/        
s5sitive ( all organs1 is /or$ up f e>ly
 infancy1 albeit subconsci\sly1 & c at  
"s future "t rise up into ! field (     
consci\sness1 influ5c+ bo? ?\ght &      
action = good or ill1 a v diff]5t l9e ( 
conduct w\ld be tak5 t[>ds ! p]sons or !
 places :i* make up a "y *ild's         

surr\nd+s & mo/ indelibly impress 8 bra9
 cells4  ,x is surely "t1 !re=e1 t "s   
broad outl9e ( ! process ( normal       
developm5t ( ! :ole n]v\s sy/em %\ld be 
possess$ by all 9 *>ge ( *ildr54 ,e "m1 
= example1 %\ld "k t ! movem5ts ( a     
new-born baby1 su* z ! facial           
contortions obs]v$ dur+ sleep1 or !     
/ret*+ & b5d+ ( ! limbs 9 v "y infants1 
involunt>y & automatic 9 "*1 con/itute !
 simple/ =m ( n]v\s activity4 ,!y are ! 
necess>y precursors ( t intellectual    
ability1 to ! developm5t ( :i* p>5tal   
ambitions aspire1 & %\ld m]ge into m    
advanc$ =ms ( n]ve & muscle             
co-ord9ation1 :i*1 rightly utilis$1 are 
invaluable ag5ts 9 infant education4#aai
 ,an intellig5t nurse possess$ ( ev5 ?is
 outl9e c\ld beg9 q e>ly t tra9+ 9      
physiological righte\sness & 9 ! /rict  
volunt>y control ( ! :ole gr\p (        
emotional expressions1 ( :i*1 z a little
 reflection w quickly %[1 good mann]s   
l>gely consi/4 ,pres5tly1 z ! bra9 cells
 are /imulat$ into function by nutrition

 & a quick] & m ext5sive recognition (  
ext]nal s5sations is acquir$1 a *ild w  
p]=m in/9ctive movem5ts1 su* z sitt+1   
crawl+1 /&+1 walk+1 jump+ & ?r[+4 ,?\gh 
consid]able latitude mu/ be all[$ = _!  
wide individual v>iation1 failure to    
display ^! evid5ces ( m5tal progress    
%\ld call = c>eful inve/igation4 ,lat]  
on1 skill 9 a hundr$ diff]5t =ms (      
muscul> activity %\ld be display$2 b _m 
ye>s w elapse be=e full control ( ! body
 9 all its p>ts w be acquir$1 & m ye>s  
/ill mu/ roll by be=e reason$ control ( 
! m5tal & moral actions is develop$4 ,! 
la/ ye>s ( ?is long p]iod ( developm5t  
are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ critical ( ! :ole2   
?\gh all dep5d = _! fav\rable fruition  
^u an inf9ity ( lov+ c>e & suitable     
provision = _! appropriate activities4  
,!re w\ld be a m>k$ r$uction 9 exhau/+  
discipl9>y difficulties 7 e p>5t aw>e t1
 to ! almo/ vegetative "* ( ! fir/ few  
po/-natal mon?s 7:5 sleep w or %\ld     
absorb at lea/ tw5ty h\rs out ( !       
tw5ty-f\r71 w succe$ a p]iod (          

extraord9>y activity1 :i* la/s till ab\t
 eight or n9e ye>s ( age1 :5 ! m9d is   
ess5tially an explor+ organ2 imitative1 
impressionable1 ret5tive4 ,e legitimate 
opportunity = ! lib]al gratification (  
^! *>act]i/ics %\ld be provid$1 z well z
 suitable surr\nd+s = ! eag]1 inquir+   
bra94 ,elaborate toys are n necess>y1   
nor is premature book-le>n+ p]missible2 
b fre$om to inve/igate1 to exp]im5t1 to 
te/1 to explore1 is ! *ild's urg5t ne$1 
z well z suitable arrangem5ts = !       
int]v5+ p]iods ( pr(\nd sleep4 ,repress$
 activity is (t5 responsible = brea*es (
 discipl9e2 s is insuffici5t sleep1     
foll[+ on ov]-excitem5t1 acc\ntable =   
temp] & passions4  ,! next phase ( gr[? 
is /ill di/+ui%$ by ?is cont9u$ capacity
 = & dep5d5ce ^u muscul> activity1 b !  
m9d becomes m reflective1 m productive4 
,! p[] to initiate %\ld develop dur+ ?is
 /age ( developm5t1 z well z increas$   
p[] to control m5tal & bodily functions2
 &1 ?r\gh\t ea* ( ^! p]iods1 !re %\ld be
 a /eady1 un9t]mitt5t =mation ( good    

habits4 ,at fir/1 ! nature ( ^! w be    
*iefly physical2 ! habitual p]=mance ( !
 bodily functions %\ld be safegu>d$1    
until _! neglect is att5d$ by discom=t &
 _! violation becomes almo/ pa9ful4 ,!n1
 by degrees1 ! moral & m5tal nature     
develops4  ,?us is ! *ild prep>$ = !    
/ress & turmoil ( ! long & anxi\s ye>s (
 adolesc5ce2 :51 "u ! influ5ce ( new    
emotions1 ( fre% temptations1 (         
unfamili> p[]s1 ! "* built on ! s&s (   
p>5tal indulg5ce is und]m9$1 if n swept 
clean away2 :]eas :5 built on ! firm    
rock ( good habits x em]ges un%ak5 f !  
/orm4  ,t *ildhood is an hon\rable e/ate
 mu/ be n[ evid5t2 pregnant z x is )    
possibilities1 pa!tic 9 ! risks         
associat$ ) its pla/icity & dep5d5ce4   
,%\ld x !re=e be necess>y 9 ! tw5tie?   
c5tury to po9t out t1 :5 ! fund ( n]v\s 
en]gy is con/antly exhau/$ by defici5t  
sleep & poor food2 :5 a dem& on function
 9 advance ( :at nature is prep>$ to    
comply ) is p]si/5tly made1 z x has     
habitually be5 9 our s*ools2 :5         

exagg]at$ & p]nici\s /imuli are all[$ to
 fatigue & to p>alyse our *ild          
population2 :5 inadequate tra9+ 9 ! "r  
conduct ( life is provid$1 & no         
in=mation giv5 on ! dawn+ functions (   
pot5tial p>5?ood2 :5 premature          
responsibility is impos$ or precoci\s & 
un:olesome indep5d5ce is p]mitt$2 wor/ (
 all1 :51 ?r\gh p>5tal disease or       
alcoholism1 ! bra9 tissue is ( too poor 
a quality to resi/ ! /ra9 ( mod]n       
life--x is no matt] = surprise t m5tal  
in/ability & insanity are on ! increase1
 nor t deg5]ates hamp] by _!            
helplessness & crime ! productive       
capacity ( ! normal4  ,! importance (   
m5tal hygi5e calls = no m emphasis on my
 "p2 ?\gh1 did space p]mit1 fur!r       
illu/rations might be giv5 ( its scope4 
,x includes ! me?ods 9 our nurs]ies1 !  
curriculum ( our s*ools1 ! c>e ( our    
adolesc5ts1 ! increas+ diff]5tiation (  
our indu/rial processes1 ! "* ( our (t5 
miscall$ recreations4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! 
w>d+ (f ( n]v\s breakd[ns1 &1 ) ,goe!1 x

 w\ld call ! att5tion ( all wom5 to !   
fact t ! secret ( re/ is f\nd n 9 quitt+
 a busy c>e]1 b r ! fitt+ ( self to "o's
 sph]e4 ,x views ) anxiety ! gr[+       
disreg>d ( religi\s obligations &       
re/ra9ts1 & emphasises ! grave ant5atal 
responsibilities ( p>5ts = _! (fspr+2 !y
 :o %\ld be ! mo/ ard5t advocates ( a   
s\nd h]$ity1 z well z ! promot]s ( a    
good home environm5t = _! *ildr54       
,,xiv4 ,,woman',s ,,responsibilities ,,=
 ,,home ,,adm9i/ration  ,?us1 ?\gh !    
human con/itution is /ill imp]fectly    
und]/ood1 ?\gh its intricacies & !      
details ( environm5tal influ5ces are    
/ill ma9ly undef9$1 ! wom5 ( e nation   
mu/ nev]!less see to x t progress 9 !   
adm9i/ration ( ! home keeps pace ) mod]n
 dem&s = revis$ me?ods & less           
cons]vative practice1 9 ord] to give e  
*ance ( normal heal? to _! occupants4   
,x is a s]i\s reflection ^u _m          
h\sekeep]s t ! hall-m>k ( progressive   
civilisation1 namely gr[? 9 p[] to      
organise1 is g5]ally abs5t f _! dome/ic 

me?ods4 ,! "t w come :5 x w be to !m a  
matt] = ! deepe/ se>*+s ( he>t t !y are 
directly & inexcusably responsible = a  
mass ( ! di%>monies :i* disfigure !     
fugue ( family life4 ,! fact is too     
c]ta9 to be d5i$4 ,homes h n develop$ 9 
proportion to ! opportunities (f]$1 & ! 
*ief oppon5ts to progress h be5 _!      
organis]s4 ,! economic l9k !y =m betwe5 
! physical economics ( ! individual & ! 
social economics ( ! nation has be5     
unnotic$4 ,ref]5ce to ! hygi5ic         
significance ( due economy ( "t1 ( /r5g?
 & ( heal?1 z well z ( money1 has hi!rto
 be5 g5]ally met ) incr$ul\s smiles2 &  
?\gh home has be5 extoll$ z ! place =   
*ildr51 h[ scant has be5 ! att5tion     
devot$ to _! legitimate requirem5ts1 &  
h[ few dem&s = special tra9+ h emanat$  
f1 or be5 attempt$ by1 ^? :o h und]tak5 
! sole *>ge ( "y lives dur+ _! mo/      
important & impressionable ye>s4  ,! new
 movem5t1 design$ to fo/] ! sci5ce & art
 ( "r liv+1 _c ga9 /r5g? & influ5ce     
unless x receives ! :ole-he>t$ support (

 ! millions ( wom5 ^: lives & en]gies   
are absorb$ 9 ! c>e ( man's physical    
ne$s4 ,x behoves !m to recognise t      
intuition & tireless indu/ry are        
insuffici5t qualifications = _! imp]ial 
s]vice1 & !y mu/ !mselves promote !     
sub/itution ( sy/ematic tra9+ =         
rule-(-?umb anomalies4  ,?is tra9+ mu/  
be v>i$ & compreh5sive4 ,no o!r         
pr(ession is conc]n$ ) s _m int]e/s nor 
associat$ ) m fateful responsibilities4 
,= ^? :o c af=d ! "t1 x %\ld include a  
g5]al acqua9tance ) ! biological basis (
 life1 & %\ld fur!r direct att5tion to !
 va/ m5tal & moral end[m5ts :i* give    
pre-em95ce to our race4 ,! products (   
lit]ature & art & ! records ( natural & 
moral sci5ce af=d ev] pres5t evid5ce ( !
 ext5t ( ^! end[m5ts1 & ( ! executive   
capacity associat$ ) _! utilisation4    
,*emi/ry mu/ play a prom95t "p 9 !      
tra9+1 7 x only = ! insight x gives into
 ! inviolable law ( cause & effect6     
besides :i* physiologi/s tell u t ! *ief
 comm]ce ( our bodies ) _! environm5t is

 *emical2 !re=e1 ?is subject becomes an 
indisp5sable elem5t 9 any compreh5sive  
c\rse ( dome/ic tra9+4 ,)\t a work+     
acqua9tance ) ! physics ( wat]1 ( heat1 
or ( air1 a h\sewife is at ! m]cy ( h]  
ar*itect1 if n ( h] plumb] & h] s]vants4
 ,9 ! abs5ce ( an introduction to       
bact]iology %e lives 9 con/ant p]plexity
 ov] ! vag>ies ( h] l>d]2 & is at a loss
 to und]/& ! s\rces ( f]m5tation or !   
me?ods ( infection by ! majority ( kn[n 
diseases4 ,)\t an insight into economics
 %e is helpless 9 ! h&s ( ! adv]tis] or 
! v5dor ( pat5t prep>ations1 all ( ^:   
w>es are w>rant$ to p]=m impossible     
feats ) an inf9itesimal exp5diture (    
tr\ble4 ,at _! be/ ^! prep>ations are   
exp5sive1 & at _! wor/ !y are injuri\s  
to heal?4  ,"s p]sonal practice ( !     
dome/ic arts is also advisable ev5 = !  
weal?y2 x is inde$ ess5tial to a "r     
adju/m5t ( ! daily duties 9 a home1 ?\gh
 naturally ! degree ( skill acquir$ w   
dep5d on ! /yle ( liv+4 ,a /udy ( hygi5e
 9 suffici5t detail is ( c\rse          

imp]ative1 & :ile x w remove            
difficulties by expla9+ common errors 9 
diet1 habits1 & dress1 x w be f\nd      
mat]ially to light5 lab\r4 ,f9ally1     
hygi5e w r5d] extraord9>y assi/ance 9 ! 
"r re>+ ( *ildr5 & 9 ! g5]al arrangem5ts
 ( family life4  ,! objections may "h be
 advanc$ t ! /udy ( ^! sci5tific        
subjects is uncong5ial to ^? ^:         
temp]am5ts are arti/ic or lit]>y2 ^u ^! 
p sanit>y sci5ce has surely meagre      
claims1 :ile life is n long en\gh = all 
to pursue su* exhau/ive /udies4 ,! reply
 to ! fir/ objection mu/ be 9 !         
negative4 ,!re c be no heal? "u mod]n   
conditions ( exi/5ce unless ^? :o assume
 responsibility 9 ! affairs ( m5 possess
 a sci5tific acqua9tance ) its "r       
regulation4 ,! subjects j enum]at$ are !
 v pill>s :i* support ! temple (        
,hygeia4 ,b1 = ! enc\ragem5t ( ^!       
compla9ants1 be x add$ t ! temple walls 
dem& decoration2 ! %elves mu/ be fill$ )
 :olesome m5tal prov5d]2 ! gifts ( bo?  
arti/ & au?or are !re=e contributory to 

h>moni\s liv+1 & an unlimit$ scope is   
(f]$ to _! utilisation4 ,! build+ :i*   
%elt]s a heal?y family1 = in/ance1 %\ld 
be *>act]is$ n only by advances on exi/+
 provisions = conv5i5ce b by symmetry 9 
its p>ts4 ,! te/ ( beauty 7use1 ease1 & 
economy7 c c]ta9ly n be pass$ by a l>ge 
proportion ( mod]n h\ses1 nei!r d !y    
provide ! space :i* gives to ea*        
occupant a *ance to utilise 8 own gifts 
or to pursue 8 own hobby4 ,space ne$s 9 
its turn regulation1 = ! sav+ ( /eps mu/
 be consid]$ & compactness is ess5tial4 
,decorations & furniture %\ld also be   
suitable 9 =m & col\r to _! purpose1 n a
 m]e het]og5e\s confusion (             
inappropriate col\rs & articles1 out (  
tune "o ) ! o!r4  ,! natural ne$s (     
normal *ildr51 too1 mu/ be m tak5 into  
acc\nt 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/1 & !      
conv5i5ces (f]$ by sci5tific progress   
mu/ be f> m g5]ally introduc$ into ! mo/
 mode/ homes4 ,"h is a huge field =     
intellig5t1 arti/ic "w2 = true beauty & 
real utility are ne> ( k94  ,x has be5  

said t z 9 ! _w ( life ! localisation ( 
function made ! organ subsequ5tly to    
become responsible = t function1 s may !
 diff]5tiation ( lab\r develop          
individual tal5ts1 j z ! ex]cise ( our  
vital activities has l$ to !            
diff]5tiation ( p>ts 9 a h\se4 ,?us1 z  
satisfaction ( hung] is a fir/          
necessity1 eat+ made ! kit*51 :]e means 
= ! gratification ( ?is in/9ct 7        
localis$4 ,by degrees ! gr[? ( m5's     
social & intellectual dem&s l$ to !     
sett+ ap>t ( a *amb] = conv]sation2 t   
is1 ! p>l\r4 ,/orage ( bread call$ !    
pantry into exi/5ce2 increas$ ref9em5t  
necessitat$ a scull]y = ! wa%+ ( cups & 
platt]s4 ,c5turies1 h[ev]1 elaps$ be=e !
 enl>g+ p]sonality ( ! individual dem&$ 
privacy = ! toilet & ! "r to isolate    
himself p]iodically f ! bu/le &         
publicity ( gr\p life4 ,! g5]al         
provision ( sep>ate b$*amb]s = ea* unit 
( a h\sehold is n ev5 yet habitual1 ?\gh
 mo/ desirable 9 ! int]e/s ( heal?4     
,rep>ation ( ! omission w m>k a fur!r   

phase ( social evolution1 & w remove "o 
dis9tegrat+ =ce n[ cont9ually at "w 9   
home life4 ,"h aga9 ! arti/ w mo/       
advantage\sly collaborate ) l&lord & )  
heal? au?orities to devise means = !    
suitable satisfaction ( ?is laudable    
dem&4  ,fur!r objections to ! adoption (
 any compreh5sive s*emes = tra9+        
h\sewives ( all ranks are f\nd 9 !      
app>5t want ( "t available = ! purpose &
 ! prohibitive co/ incurr$ if ! p]iod ( 
education be prolong$4 ,! be/ answ]s to 
bo? objections are f\nd 9 ! movem5t n[  
active all ov] ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica  
to furni% m & full] opportunities = ?is 
tra9+1 & to ext5d1 n curtail1 its       
duration4 ,m ?an ?is3 ?is movem5t1 :i*  
g5]ally orig9at$ 9 ! desire to improve  
home life among ! poore/1 has rec5tly   
ext5d$ itself j z g5]ally to in/itutions
 = high] education1 ^u ^: pupils &      
/ud5ts its claims are n[ recognis$4 ,!re
 is no sugge/ion1 = in/ance1 9 ,g]many  
or ,engl&1 ,norway or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 (
 re/rict+ ! education ( girls by ?is    

movem5t or ( prematurely en=c+ ^u !m    
te*nical in/ruction4 ,! gr[? ( public   
op9ion is due r to a belat$ realisation 
t ! end ( all education is ! bett]m5t ( 
life1 & t sugge/$ applications to !     
practical conc]ns ( daily life 9 ! c\rse
 ( a girl's g5]al education make = !    
s\nd] assimilation ( !ory by ! pupil1 & 
are ?us contriv$ a d\ble debt to pay4   
,! progress ( prev5tive m$ic9e has also 
introduc$ ano!r inc5tive to ! diffusion 
( ?is tra9+2 = x af=ds conv9c+ pro(s t !
 f\ndation ( ! national heal? is laid 9 
! home4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! f\ndation is      
p]mitt$ to be imp]fect ! edifice mu/    
necess>ily be un/able4  ,among o!r      
influ5ces prejudicial to family life1 ! 
=ce ( :i* 0 = a long "t unsuspect$1     
m5tion mu/ be made ( mod]n indu/rialism1
 ! reop5+ ( pr(essional life to wom51 ) 
its associat$ f9ancial indep5d5ce & !   
increas+ s$uctions ( society4 ,= a      
c5tury pa/ ! t5d5cy has be5 to discr$it 
h\sekeep+ z an unsy/ematis$ occupation1 
:i* has emphasis$ ! common & sometimes  

humiliat+ f9ancial dep5d5ce ( its       
repres5tatives4 ,! fir/ nation to       
p]ceive ! importance ( /emm+ ?is dang]\s
 tide 0 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e conclusive 
demon/rations are n[ (f]$ ( ! fact t    
intellig5t h\sekeep+ calls = a high     
degree ( capacity1 & t its problems dem&
 ! res\rces ( a univ]sity = _! solution4
 ,by ! recognition ( h\secraft z a      
pr(ession1 ,am]ican colleges accompli%$ 
ev5 m ?an at fir/ !y anticipat$4 ,a     
satisfactory proportion ( _! /ud5ts     
return to home life conv9c$ ( its scope 
& importance1 & satisfi$ to p]=m !      
duties :i* !re pres5t !mselves1 in/ead (
 seek+ outside occupations & divorc+    
!mselves f family int]e/s4 ,! ,k+'s     
,college ,c\rse = graduate /ud5ts 9     
,home ,sci5ce & ,h\sehold ,economics    
bids fair to ex]cise an influ5ce ( z    
satisfactory1 ?\gh naturally ( a        
slightly v>iant1 "*4   ,,xv4 ,,!        
,,functions ,,( ,,! ,,home  ,if !       
functions ( ! home are briefly enum]at$ 
"u ?ree heads1 no h9t ( exagg]ation w   

atta* to ! ass]tion t by its atmosph]e  
*ildr5 are modifi$ 9 s\l & body1 & t ^u 
its outlook dep5ds ! ideals & heal? (   
all its occupants4  ,! fir/ function ( !
 home may be fitly def9$ z ,protective4 
,if its evolution be trac$ x w be f\nd t
 home life orig9at$ 9 a crav+ = w>m?1   
safety1 & %elt]2 9 ! desire = a place   
:]e ! we>y c\ld re/ & :]e security f ill
 0 assur$4 ,physical com=t1 sympa?y &   
sanctu>y are1 or %\ld be1 prim>y        
*>act]i/ics ( e home4  ,! second        
function ( ! home is ,educational4 ,x is
 l>gely responsible = ! sy/ematic       
=mation ( good habits1 :i* %\ld "h be   
/imulat$ by example & precept1 & e      
advantage tak5 ( ! imitative in/9cts s  
p[]ful 9 e>ly life4 ,)9 its prec9cts c>e
 c be ex]cis$ to af=d opportunity = !   
developm5t ( individuality2 x is also1  
p> excell5ce1 ! place = e>ly tra9+ 9 !  
judici\s exp5diture ( en]gy & 9 !       
acquirem5t ( self-control4 ,su* tra9+   
improves bra9 p[]1 relieves n]v\s       
t5sion1 & obviates ! t5d5cy to m5tal &  

moral confusion & disord]l9ess :i* is   
associat$ ) its abs5ce4 ,9 a good home !
 *ild's sanit>y education %\ld be fairly
 complete1 at lea/ 9 its ma9 pr9ciples1 
be=e ! infection ( bad habits f )\t c   
int]f]e ) automatic practice or weak5   
fai? 9 home /&>ds & conduct4 ,regul>    
wa%+ ( ! tee?1 = in/ance1 %\ld be e>ly  
inculcat$1 & rigid consci5ti\sness 9    
matt]s ( p]sonal cleanl9ess3--ext]nal1  
by ba?+1 rubb+1 & bru%+2 int]nal1 by    
/rict daily att5tion to ! bodily        
functions4 ,sl[ & ?or\gh ma/ication (   
food %\ld be cultivat$1 z well z good   
habits ( po/ure1 ( enunciation1 & (     
regul> ex]cise4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 habits (
 prompt & *e]ful ob$i5ce1 ( tru?fulness1
 & 9 due c\rse ( moral purity1 mu/ be   
wr\ght into ! v fibre ( a *ild's be+4 ,!
 discipl9e ( home ought to be above all 
?+s consi/5t2 g5tle1 ?\gh firm & well   
consid]$4 ,! virtues ( ob$i5ce1 (       
self-re/ra9t1 & ( respect = o!rs %\ld   
become in/9ctive almo/ f infancy2 = !y  
s[ ! se$s ( physical morality 9 lat]    

life4  ,! ?ird function ( ! home is     
,social4 ,be=e ! pres5t era ( only      
*ildr51 ! exagg]at$ individualism 0     
uncommon1 ( :i* _m ( !m are n[          
un=tunately ! victims4 ,:5 l>ge families
 7 ! fa%ion1 ! give-&-take 9 nurs]y &   
s*oolroom gave e>ly tra9+ 9 ! duty (    
p>ticipation 9 ! int]e/s1 ! pleasures1  
or ! sorr[s ( o!rs2 x rubb$ (f ! r\gh   
angles ( selfi%ness & gave invaluable   
lessons 9 consid]ation = ^? ^:          
circum/ances v>i$ f imm$iate individual 
exp]i5ce4 ,! wid] social sph]e1 = :i*   
mu* ( ! r\gh & tumble ( family life 0 an
 excell5t prep>ation1 0 n famili> !n to 
"y *ildr5 z x is n[1 :5 ! mod]n *ild's  
premature introduction to its           
attractions is n only a con/ant s\rce ( 
physical detrim5t & ( m5tal exhau/ion1 b
 t5ds to disguise its real "* & to      
/imulate precoci\sly ! capacity to      
respond to its dem&s4 ,occasional       
glimpses ( ?is l>g] life are a desirable
 "p ( home education2 b con/ant         
famili>ity ) its excitem5ts is to be    

/]nly deprecat$ 9 ! causes ( heal? & (  
m5tal /ability4  ,:]e & :51 !n1 are only
 *ildr5 to receive ?is necess>y social  
tra9+1 occupants z !y are ( solit>y     
nurs]ies2 or :]e are ^! qualities to be 
develop$ 9 ! millions ( *ildr5 re>$ "u  
circum/ances ( su* acute ov]cr[d+ &     
pov]ty t ! am5ities ( life are obscur$  
by its fi]ce & exhau/+ conditions8      
,obs]vation %[s t ! function (          
accompli%+ ?is tra9+ is /eadily devolv+ 
^u ! s*ool4 ,un=tunately1 ?\gh ! s*ool  
does (f] necess>y opportunities = social
 int]c\rse1 ?is int]c\rse is relatively 
( an advanc$ type1 :i* presupposes "s   
previ\s tra9+ 9 ! m elem5t>y pr9ciples (
 community life1 mo/ fitly acquir$ at   
home4 ,?is t5d5cy to =ce ! s*ool to     
supplant in/ead ( to supplem5t home     
tra9+ mu/ be resi/$1 z x involves loss  
to p>5ts z well z to ! *ildr5 !mselves4 
,! /ress "h laid ^u ! social function ( 
! home may seem to "s exagg]at$1 & its  
association ) ! subject ( ?is pap] may  
appe> f>-fet*$2 b to ! writ] its press+ 

importance calls = ?is emphasis1 = its  
connection ) habits ( sanit>y practice  
)9 & )\t ! home is ( ! close/4 ,! social
 _s is ! v ess5ce ( sympa?y2 x ex]cises 
! imag9ation1 x wid5s ! horizon1 x      
quick5s ! s5se ( duty & ( self-respect4 
,if graduation ?r\gh ! s*ool ( dome/ic1 
social tra9+ be omitt$ 9 *ildhood1 !    
realisation ( p]sonal responsibility is 
too (t5 indef9itely po/pon$4            
,consid]ation = o!rs1 c>e = _! welf>e & 
p]sonal sacrifice = _! protection1 mu/  
ev] bulk l>gely 9 importance ?r\gh\t    
life1 & mu/ always be associat$ )       
self-respect & self-control4 ,:5 ?is    
s5se ( p]sonal responsibility is        
habitual1 conduct :i* makes =           
limitations ( heal? 9 self1 family1 or  
neighb\rs w appe> unju/ifiable2 &       
neglect ( ei!r dome/ic or civic duties w
 become z unp>donable z x is            
unpatriotic4  ,b antec$5t to ! atta9m5t 
( ?is ideal1 fundam5tal ev5 to its      
ent]ta9m5t1 is ! adju/m5t or readju/m5t 
( home influ5ces or me?ods1 z ! case may

 be1 to a high] /&>d4 ,a bett] und]/&+ (
 ! con/itution ( ^? = ^: welf>e ! home  
is e/abli%$ mu/ also be insi/$ ^u z an  
integral "p ( g5]al education4  ,x may  
be wise to po9t out t no proposal to    
sweep away 9 :olesale fa%ion all !      
dome/ic traditions & family me?ods ( ?is
 or any o!r phase ( civilisation is ev5 
sugge/$4 ,ap>t f ! impossibility ( su* a
 holocau/1 treasures ( great wor? h be5 
h&$ on to u by our =ebe>s1 ( :i* !      
majority only ne$ "s slight readju/m5t  
to enri* _m g5]ations yet to come4  ,to 
take a some:at extreme example4 ,!      
m5tion ( su* homely1 old-fa%ion$1       
dome/ic rem$ies z black-currant tea = a 
bad c\gh1 or soap & sug> pla/]s = a     
boil--g5u9e relics f our gr&mo!rs--n[   
usually excite a smile ( d]ision2       
nev]!less !y h be5 in/anc$ by "o ( our  
mo/ able liv+ pa?ologi/s#abj = _!       
admirable adaptation to _! purpose1 & h 
be5 %[n to re/ ^u a hi!rto unsuspect$   
basis ( physiological !rapeutics4       
,ano!r illu/ration may be drawn f !     

nurs]y tradition t bad temp] is (t5     
effectually cur$ by a dose ( rhub>b4#aba
 ,c>efully conduct$ obs]vations ^u      
*ildr5 confirm ! conv5tional connection 
( peevi%ness ) disord]$ dige/ion4 ,x has
 be5 f\nd t ga/ric indige/ion produces  
ov]s5sitiv5ess1 fretfulness1 &          
irritability1 :ile *ronic con/ipation   
results 9 erratic conduct1 /upidity1    
languor1 heada*e1 & mood9ess4 ,^!       
effects may be s f>-rea*+ t1 = no o!r   
reason ?an *ronic con/ipation1 *ildr5   
may lose a l>ge proportion ( !          
advantages provid$ 9 s*ool life2 !y may 
ev5 run ! risk ( be+ class$ z backw>d1 f
 ! int]f]5ce ) m5tal progress ( ! food  
poisons reabsorb$ into _! circulation4  
,mod]n me?ods ( *ild tra9+ lay great    
emphasis ^u ! prev5tion ( ^! or k9dr$   
conditions by e>ly =mation ( good       
habits2 or1 :5 c>elessness necessitates 
curative treatm5t1 our old nurse's      
panacea ( drugs is ! la/ resort2 ! fir/ 
consi/s 9 attempts to re-e/abli% normal 
functions by ! m natural means ( suit$  

food & special ex]cise4  ,x is "t1 too1 
t ! s-call$ h>d5+ fallacies1 responsible
 = ! maim+ ( c\ntless lives1 7 f9ally   
expos$ & explod$4 ,! idea1 = example1   
dies h>d t b5eficial endurance is       
cultivat$ by exposure to cold2 !re=e1   
b>e necks1 arms & legs are laud$ z means
 ( develop+ a ,sp>tan _s 9 "y *ildr54   
,n[ no pr(\nd /udy ( hygi5e is requir$  
to demon/rate ! close int]dep5d5ce (    
w>m? ) gr[? & nutrition1 or to %[ t !   
*illy & und]clo!d1 s$5t>y *ild is bo?   
/unt$ & />v$2 :]eas ! suitably clo!d &  
freely active *ild is able to c>ry on   
unhamp]$ ! necess>y processes ( gr[? &  
developm5t4#abb ,s important is w>m? to 
! infant1 t eighty p] c5t4 ( ! total    
en]gy d]iv$ f its food is utilis$ = !   
ma9t5ance ( ! body temp]ature ess5tial  
to gr[? & = ! activities ( ! organic &  
muscul> sy/ems4  ,*ildr51 9 accordance )
 ! law ( ! relation betwe5 mass &       
surface 9 a cube1 h1 relatively to _!   
mass1 ab\t ?rice ! body surface possess$
 by an adult4 ,! greate/ loss ( heat    

occurs by radiation f ! sk9 & by !      
evaporation ( sweat1 !re=e undue loss f 
?is ext5sive area %\ld be prev5t$ by its
 suitable cov]+2 o!rwise ! *ild is plac$
 at a f> m s]i\s disadvantage ?an w\ld  
be suff]$ by an adult simil>ly situat$2 
= 9 8 case gr[? z well z equilibrium mu/
 be ma9ta9$4 ,few p>5ts realise ! fur!r 
fact t ! p[] ( heat regulation is v     
imp]fect at bir?2 inde$ its sl[         
developm5t acc\nts = ! in/ability ( a   
*ild's temp]ature = _m ye>s aft]4 ,!    
fallacy !re=e ( seek+ to /r5g!n a "y    
life by inadequate clo?+1 by en=c$ &    
prolong$ inactivity1 or by ab/95ce f !  
s\rce ( all en]gy--food--mu/ be         
p]si/5tly expos$4 ,q rec5tly1 also1 ,dr4
 ,euri* has advanc$ evid5ce to %[ t !   
quality ( sleep is adv]sely affect$ :]e 
! sleep] is insuffici5tly protect$ f    
cold1 ?us emphasis+ ! injury to heal?   
associat$ ) go+ to b$ ) cold feet4  ,all
 p>5ts are ambiti\s t _! (fspr+ %all be 
di/+ui%$ by ! en]gy1 ! /ability1 !      
endurance & ! p[] :i* *>act]ise ! cream 

( humanity4 ,! lives ( "y p are c>efully
 plann$ ) ?is object 9 view4 ,! wak+    
h\rs ( mo/ girls & boys are di/ribut$ 9 
ord]$ sequ5ce betwe5 :at is int5d$ to be
 conc5trat$ "w & vigor\s m or less      
excit+ play4 ,b ! fact has be5 v        
commonly ignor$ t ^! "y p are built up (
 "y cells1 :i* cells are pass+ ?r\gh    
almo/ e conceivable phase ( in/ability 9
 ! c\rse ( developm5t2 consequ5tly      
recurr+ p]iods ( leisure & re/ are z    
important to nutrition & n]v\s /ability1
 m especially 9 ! case ( girls1 z are ! 
mo/ elaborate arrangem5ts = ex]cise4    
,?us x comes ab\t t _m y\?s & maid5s    
suff] f *ronic ?\gh unrecognis$ fatigue1
 :ile o!rs are unable to employ         
pleasurably ev5 a %ort space ( "t to    
!mselves1 f9d+ no int]e/ 9 occupations f
 :i* excitem5t is abs5t4 ,! habitual    
limitation ( ! h\rs ( sleep among ! ris+
 g5]ation is equally s]i\s4 ,! loss :i* 
w\ld be unbe>able1#abc says ,dr4 ,acl&1 
ev5 among our mo/ fav\r$ *ildr51 7 x n =
 ! indulg5ce p]mitt$ !m dur+ _! long    

holidays4 ,is x n a p>5tal duty to insi/
 ^u ! necess>y provision = re/ be+ made 
9 e s*ool1 & ought n inviolable rules ^u
 ! subject be laid d[n 9 _! home        
circles8 ,sleep1 be x rememb]$1 is !    
prop]ty ( animals possess$ ( bra9s &    
end[$ ) consci\sness2 x af=ds me*anical 
re/1 & is accompani$ by a respite f !   
*emical *anges :i* are p>ticul>ly rapid 
dur+ *ildhood & adolesc5ce4 ,! int5se   
activity ( ! *ild's wak+ h\rs mu/ be    
c\nt]balanc$ by ample p]iods ( entire   
re/4 ,habits ( prolong$ pr(\nd sleep are
 said to be ! be/ inve/m5t aga9/ m5tal  
in/ability & insanity2 yet p>5ts p]mit a
 con/ant loss ( f two to f\r h\rs' sleep
 ea* night ?r\gh\t ! long p]iod (       
immaturity4#abd ,our newspap]s & lunatic
 asylums be> evid5ce to ! price paid =  
?is n[ inexcusable c>elessness4  ,_m m  
examples might be giv5 ( simil>         
fallacies :i* apply to lat] p]iods (    
life4 ,h[ soon w a lov+ daught] all[    
h]self to le>n t ! consumption ( l>ge   
quantities ( highly nutriti\s food w n  

make = ! prolongation ( an ag$ p>5t's   
life8 ,! fact t ab/emi\sness & rigid    
con=mity to ! simple life are n         
co9cid5ts ( longevity1 b contributory to
 x1 %\ld be n[ common k4 ,:5 w ! day    
come t ! fact w be accept$ t alcohol    
does n w>m & protect ! consum]1 b       
actually l[]s ! temp]ature1 & by ?is    
means1 9 cold wea!r1 r5d]s him a m ready
 prey to ! effects ( exposure4 ,:5 w !  
value ( good "w cease to be measur$ by !
 exhau/ion x br+s ab\t or ! breakd[n to 
:i* x conduces8 ,is x n1 "t t ! h\sewife
 %\ld be aba%$ r ?an self-commis]at+ :5 
a bad cold runs ?r\gh h] h\sehold1 =    
obs]vation ( c]ta9 elem5t>y pr9ciples ( 
dis9fection w\ld g f> to av]t su* a     
cata/rophe8 ,:5 w ! fallacy be de/roy$  
:i* gauges ! /r5g? ( a dis9fectant by ! 
pung5cy ( its od\r8 ,! k n[ available on
 ^! & _m o!r po9ts only awaits          
assimilation by ! h\sekeep]s ( ! empire1
 to s]ve z a p[]ful lev] by :i* to raise
 ! /&>d ( heal? 9 its e "p4   ,,xvi4    
,,home ,,life ,,an ,,important ,,sph]e  

,,= ,,sanit>y ,,sci5ce  ,! urg5t call = 
a m intimate acqua9tance ) ^! t5ets (   
dome/ic sanit>y sci5ce calls = no fur!r 
examples1 ?\gh at ! risk ( we>y+ ! read]
 "o or two m may be select$ to illu/rate
 _! claims ^u e memb] ( a h\sehold4  ,x 
behoves ! h\sehold]1 9 ! fir/ place1 to 
*oose 8 dwell+ ) c>e2 &1 9 ! second1 to 
ma9ta9 ! heal? ( its inmates by 8 own   
conduct & by compliance ) ! requirem5ts 
( public heal? enactm5ts4 ,he mu/ be    
g5]ally acqua9t$1 !re=e1 ) ! ess5tials (
 a heal?y home & ) ! obligations he mu/ 
fulfil or ! dem&s he may legitimately   
make ^u local au?orities & neighb\rs2   
o!rwise he _c insure t 8 own c>e is n   
fru/rat$ by d]elictions ( duty on ! "p (
 o!rs4 ,! selection & pur*ase ( !       
family's food w probably devolve ^u 8   
wife1 b x re/s ) him to insi/ t ?is food
 is produc$1 transport$ or di/ribut$1 ) 
due obs]vance ( cleanl9ess1 & t reliable
 protection f sophi/ication or          
adult]ation is ma9ta9$4 ,if con=mity to 
necess>y /&>ds z well z ! good quality (

 _! products is to be safegu>d$1 !      
premises ( dairy1 bakeh\se1             
slaught]-h\se1 laundry1 m>ket1 & local  
purveyor ( goods %\ld come "u 8         
intellig5t inspection4 ,! surr\nd+s z   
well z ! conv5i5ces ( a h\se also call =
 c>eful consid]ation1 especially :5 "s (
 its inmates are ( t5d] ye>s2 & ! rem9d]
 t to ! provision = light & air 9 its   
rooms mu/ be assign$ a great] prom95ce  
?an ! m]e prett9ess ( ext]nal elevation 
is /ill necess>y4 ,x is ! h\sehold] :o =
 "s "t to come mu/ f 8 wid] k (         
economics p]sonally safegu>d 8 wom5-folk
 f unnecess>y ex]tion & *ronic fatigue1 
by ! provision ( effici5t fitt+s &      
equipm5t1 by a judici\s exp5diture ^u   
lab\r-sav+ devices1 & by insi/5ce ^u    
adequate re/1 recreation1 & remun]ation4
 ,to ! graduate 9 ! s*ool ( p]sonal     
exp]i5ce ! duty ( public s]vice w next  
arise1 9 ord] t ! advantages enjoy$ 9 8 
own home may be ext5d$ to ^? = :om *eap 
h\s+ mu/ be provid$4 ,civic claims mu/ 9
 ! ne> future appe> mu* m prom95tly ?an 

hi!rto 9 ! balance-%eet ( duty4  ,!     
necessity = a /udy ( *ild life & its    
requirem5ts ought to be realis$ by bo?  
p>5ts be=e ! bitt] results ( inexp]i5ce 
h p]man5tly %ad[$ _! home4 ,?is %\ld be 
pursu$ by ! man z well z ! woman be=e   
m>riage is consummat$1 if _! (fspr+ is  
to be well born & well nurtur$4         
,mat]nal c>e is ( c\rse ! m conspicu\s  
dur+ ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( a *ild's life2 b  
dur+ ! next fifte51 m especially 9 !    
case ( 8 sons1 x is ! fa!r's example1   
sympa?y1 & companion%ip :i* w /e] !m    
heal?ily ?r\gh ! /ormy seas (           
adolesc5ce1 :i* w safegu>d !m f p]nici\s
 habits & w ext5d a help+ h& 9 mom5ts ( 
temptation4  ,to enum]ate !             
opportunities = hygi5ic practice by !   
prime organis] ( dome/ic me?ods--!      
"m--is almo/ sup]flu\s at ?is po9t4 ,x  
is ! f\ndation ^u :i* dep5ds ! welf>e ( 
ea* memb] ( a h\sehold2 = x is !        
h\sekeep] :o plans ! food & is          
responsible = its "* & suitability to   
age1 season1 heal?1 & occupation4 ,x is 

%e :o sup]9t5ds1 if %e does n c>ry out1 
! details ( cleanl9ess1 s ardu\s &      
disc\rag+ 9 our great cities4 ,x is %e  
:o selects ! clo?+ ( h] family2 :o      
directs ! ord] ( _! lives3--_! "w &     
play1 _! re/ & ex]cise1 _! sleep & _!   
habits4 ,x is h] place to %ake fai? 9   
popul> pat5t prep>ations1 by good       
reasons & demon/rations ( _! exagg]at$  
claims on purse & p]son4#abe ,x is h]   
example :i* sets ! tone 9 recreation1   
pursuit ( hobby1 or *oice ( lit]ature4  
,x is h] inf9ite1 und]/&+ pati5ce :i*   
cem5ts brea*es 9 family love2 x is h]   
skilful treatm5t :i* heals w\nds1       
spiritual z well z physical4 ,x is h]   
privilege to devise bett] me?ods = daily
 do+s & to appreciate ! pr9ciples ( s\nd
 economics4 ,x falls on h] to disc\rage 
futile exp5diture ( heal?1 "t1 or temp]2
 to be alive to possibilities (         
progress2 to %[ by h] de$s h[ pr(\nd is 
h] fai? 9 ! dignity ( a home-mak] & h]  
recognition ( ! extraord9>y dem&s made  
by h] pr(ession on intellig5ce1 moral   

capacity1 & m5tal atta9m5ts4  ,x has be5
 sl[ly dawn+ ^u "s m9ds = half a c5tury 
at lea/ t kit*5 me?ods 9 _m ( _! details
 fail to meet ! requirem5ts ( sanit>y   
sci5ce4 ,! ord9>y cook does n ev5       
suspect :at cleanl9ess means f !        
laboratory po9t ( view2 nei!r1 alas6    
does h] mi/ress1 9 ! case ( #ij p] c5t4 
( middle-class h\sekeep]s4 ,bo? alike   
*e]fully ignore ! relative value z      
cleans+ ag5ts ( boil+ z comp>$ ) scald+ 
wat]2 & ref] to ! broad %\ld]s ( ! wea!r
 or1 q frankly1 to bad luck1 ! wa/e (   
food directly attributable to ignorant &
 uncleanly me?ods 9 m>ket1 purveyor's   
c>t1 or scull]y4 ,yet no valid excuse c 
n[ be (f]$ = ignorance ( ! real causes (
 ! s\r+ ( milk1 ! ta9t+ ( meat1 or !    
decay ( vegetables2 nei!r is x          
p]missible to entru/ to ! untra9$ ! c>e 
( l>d] & refrig]ator1 except "u         
intellig5t sup]vision4 ,x is ( c\rse a  
sign ( progress t ! mod]n h\sewife      
prides h]self ^u ! deliv]y ( ! daily    
milk supply 9 bottles4 ,b a q sup]ficial

 acqua9tance ) bact]iology w\ld %[ !    
imp]fect "* ( su* a protection4 ,! milk 
may /ill be p\r$ by ! cook f ! unwa%$   
m\? ( a bottle1 grasp$1 ev5 if b        
mom5t>ily1 by ! h& ( a milkman1 :i*     
%ortly be=e 0 c>ess+ 8 horse or s]v+ him
 z a sub/itute = a pocket-h&k]*ief6 ,:5 
! num]\s uses ( pap] 9 ! kit*5 are      
consid]$1 ! advantage ( a sci5tific     
acqua9tance ) its con/itu5ts & absorb5t 
prop]ties %\ld h>dly ne$ emphasis4 ,b ! 
laissez-faire attitude1 common 9 _m     
h\seholds1 p]mits newspap] or br[n-pap] 
bags ( que/ionable antec$5ts to be us$  
indiscrim9ately = ! l9+ ( cake t9s or ! 
dra9+ ( fri$ foods4 ,%\ld ?is be tol]at$
 any long]8  ,a s\nd] k ( ! risks to    
heal? associat$ ) un:olesome food w\ld  
surely *eck ! gr[+ disposition to       
pur*ase provisions ov] ! telephone1     
in/ead ( by p]sonal inspection & c>eful 
selection2 = ! risks associat$ ) /ale   
vegetables or ) woolly fi% w\ld be      
recognis$1 9 ! light ( ?is full] k1 z   
too s]i\s to be enc\nt]$ by any "o      

responsible = ! heal? ( a h\sehold4     
,aga91 cold /orage is s ju/ly cr$it$ ) !
 num]\s & unque/ionable b5efits :i* x   
conf]s ^u ! h\sewife1 t %e is apt to    
=get ! co9cid5t dang]s2 only ?r\gh      
t>dily acquir$ exp]i5ce does %e become  
aw>e t foods :i* are ?aw$ aft] freez+   
possess a s+ul> faculty = rapid         
det]ioration1 & und]go subtle &         
detrim5tal *anges :5 s pres]v$ ov] a    
long p]iod4 ,no excuse = cont9u$        
ignorance z to ! *anges responsible =   
su* det]ioration is n[ p]missible2 nei!r
 c x be condon$ 9 connection ) ! flora (
 ! refrig]ator1 n[ kn[n to be acc\ntable
 = ! unpleasant & all-p]vad+ flav\rs ( !
 food /or$ 9 su* a receptacle1 & itself 
! product ( defective cleanl9ess4 ,!    
idiosyncrasies ( diff]5t groc]ies1 z    
reg>ds temp]ature & receptacles1 h      
hi!rto receiv$ no att5tion1 ?\gh ! art (
 pres]v+ fruits1 fre% z well z dri$1 is 
bett] appreciat$ ?an 0 =m]ly ! case4  ,x
 w\ld be easy to %[1 too1 did space     
p]mit1 :at ample scope !re is = !       

application ( sanit>y sci5ce 9 !        
/or]oom1 z well z ! true hygi5ic        
inw>dness ( frequ5t coats ( limewa% 9   
l>d] & scull]y1 n to m5tion ! wor? (    
imp]vi\s cov]+s to _! wall surfaces &   
%elves4 ,?is sugge/s ! inquiry3 ,h[ _m  
wom5 to-day are v]s$ 9 ! ext]nal te/s1  
simple z "s ( !m are1 :i* c be appli$ to
 t9s conta9+ food/uffs1 ) ! object (    
gaug+ ! quality ( _! cont5ts2 or :o     
among our ord9>y h\sewives und]/&s !    
reasons = ! employm5t ( reliable1       
dome/ic me?ods ( pres]v+ ! cont5ts ( !  
l>d]1 su* z /]ilisation by ! use ( heat1
 or :y fat1 sug>1 salt1 or v9eg> are    
pref]able to ! s$uctive yet que/ionable 
*emicals1 s attractive to ! produc] &   
purveyor ( provisions8  ,a bett] und]/&+
 ( ! relation ( sanit>y sci5ce to daily 
life w\ld also facilitate "s ( ! pa9ful 
/eps :i* mu/ inevitably be tak51 9 ord] 
to bridge ! gulf set betwe5 ! feudal    
me?ods ( ! pa/ & ! mod]n problems (     
dome/ic s]vice4 ,t ! isolation f h] k9d 
( a g5]al s]vant pr$isposes to anaemia  

is /at$ z a fact on good au?ority1 b x  
is c]ta9ly n g5]ally kn[n4 ,t abs5ce (  
opportunity = recreation or social      
int]c\rse has l$ & may lead aga9 to     
deception1 if n to worse1 is recognis$  
unwill+ly1 if at all4 ,t human nature is
 physiologically simil>1 h[ev] div]se   
its ext]nal appe>ance & /&>ds1 is v h>d 
to realise or to act ^u2 s ! fact t     
suitable provision = ba?+ & :olesome    
sleep by dep5d5ts is n always made1 is  
apt to be ignor$ on economic gr\nds2 & !
 resultant complications are assign$ to 
any b _! real cause4  ,! solution (     
ano!r ( ! acute problems ( ! day dep5ds 
^u ! wom5 also ( ?is c\ntry4 ,i ref] to 
! "* ( ! influ5ce1 an influ5ce ( ! mo/  
intimate1 to :i* "y *ildr5 are subject$ 
dur+ infancy4 ,9 addition to vulg>ities 
( conduct or enunciation1 actual moral  
h>m may be suff]$ f want ( c>e 9 ! *oice
 ( a *ild's att5dant4 ,bad habits1      
impossible to eradicate1 are to be trac$
 to ?is s\rce only4 ,_! hygi5ic import  
calls = no fur!r /ress4 ,_! prev5tion   

re/s entirely ) ! *ild's p>5ts4  ,ano!r 
illu/ration ( ! ne$ = a bett]           
acqua9tance ) hygi5e is f\nd 9 ! g5]al  
cu/om ( entru/+ ! prep>ation & c>e ( !  
daily diet to empirically prep>$1       
ill-in=m$1 "y wom54 ,asc]ta9$ facts 9   
connection )1 = in/ance1 typhoid        
c>ri]s#abf %\ld h surely creat$ almo/ a 
panic 9 ! h\seholds ( ,engl&2 b x is r>e
 to le>n t ev5 "o mi/ress has inquir$   
into ! p]sonal habits ( h] cook1 or t %e
 has conc]n$ h]self p]sonally 9 !       
cultivation ( mo/ c>eful att5tion to    
necess>y h&-wa%+ by h] h\sehold4 ,a m]e 
tyro 9 sanit>y sci5ce w\ld take w>n+ &  
be on h] gu>d aga9/ ?is & o!r disgu/+ & 
prev5table s\rces ( dome/ic infection4  
,f9ally1 ! protective function ( ! home 
mu/ n be all[$ to obscure ! educational 
& social4 ,x is ! "r ( all *ildr5 to be 
tra9$ 9 habits ( social1 z well z (     
family1 sanit>y s]vice4 ,v e>ly ! love (
 ceaseless do+1 by :i* ^! little p are  
di/+ui%$1 c be tak5 hold ( z an ag5t 9  
?is dep>tm5t ( education4 ,habits (     

neatness & ord]1 ( k9dness & ready help1
 ( self-sacrifice & self-control1 become
 lifelong 9 _! p]si/5ce & develop a     
physical z well z moral consci5ce :i*   
makes = public heal?4 ,b1 )\t           
appropriate /imulus ?is int]e/ 9 o!rs1  
?is s5se ( civic obligation1 rema9s 9   
abeyance4 ,!re=e girls %\ld be enc\rag$ 
9 ! educational practice ( ! dome/ic    
arts ab\t ! age ( ?irte5 or f\rte52 ?\gh
 in/ruction 9 ! c>e ( *ildr5 may be     
po/pon$ = a ye> or two4 ,always x %\ld  
prec$e m>riage & be adapt$ to !         
prospective social sph]e ( ! pupils4 ,x 
w\ld be advantage\s to fo/] ! int]e/ (  
boys 9 social sanitation by !           
introduction ( "s equival5t tra9+ into  
_! curriculum4  ,en\gh has be5 said to  
%[ t k ( h\sehold adm9i/ration mu/ soon 
become an indisp5sable qualification =  
any woman :o und]takes ! *>ge ( human   
lives1 :e!r x be z wife or gu>dian1 z   
(ficial or philan?ropi/1 z physician or 
educator1 z head ( an in/itution 7su* z 
orphanage1 asylum1 hospital or prison71 

or z almon] ( public funds4 ,to be      
practical & influ5tial ?is compreh5sive 
subject mu/ be sy/ematically acquir$ &  
securely bas$2 x mu/ be accord$ !       
support ( m51 & x mu/ receive !         
recognition due to its imp]ial          
importance4 ,?us su/a9$ & =tifi$1       
acqua9tance ) all t is compreh5d$ 9 !   
dome/ic adm9i/ration = good ( human     
lives w lead our wom5 to r$eem _! _m    
%ortcom+s 9 ! pa/1 & w /imulate !m to   
assume ) c\rage\s confid5ce _! weighty  
responsibilities 9 ! pres5t & future4   
,:e!r prep>$ or n = _! dis*>ge1 ^!      
responsibilities _c be evad$4 ,^u _!    
capable fulfilm5t dep5d human heal? &   
happ9ess4 ,heal? & good e/ate ( body are
 above all gold1 said ,ecclesia/icus1 & 
a /rong body above inf9ite weal?4 ,se5 9
 its true light ?is great1 beautiful1   
responsible "w becomes ! highe/ =m (    
consecrat$ s]vice to ! ,s\rce ( all     
,life & to ! ,giv] ( all ^? good ?+s :i*
 humanity is int5d$ ri*ly to enjoy4     
,,footnotes3     #ia ,d>w9ism & ,human  

,life1 by ,j4 ,ar?ur ,?omson1 ,m4,a41 c4
         7,&rew ,melrose47     #ib ,!   
,desc5t ( ,man1 by ,*>les ,d>w94 7,j4   
,murray47     #ic ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 by   
,sir ,francis ,galton4     #id ,h]$ity1 
by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,?omson4 7,j4 ,murray47    
#ie ,engli% ,sanit>y ,in/itutions1 *ap4 
viii41 ,! ,gr[? (         ,humanity 9   
,briti% ,politics4 ,sir ,j4 ,simon4     
7,cassell  ,co47     #if ,les ,p\voirs  
en ,mati]e d',hygi5e--,"p i4 ,l',hygi5e 
dans les         ,legislations de       
l',antiquite4 ,alfr$ ,filassi]4 7,p>is3 
,jules         ,r\sset47     #ig ,engli%
 ,sanit>y ,in/itutions1 "p i4 *ap4 i4   
,sir ,john ,simon4         7,cassell    
,co47     #ih ,engli% ,sanit>y          
,in/itutions1 "p i4 *aps4 iii41 iv41 v41
 vi4         ,sir ,john ,simon4         
7,cassell  ,co47     #ii ,! ,family & ! 
,nation1 *ap4 i4 ,:e?am4 7,longmans47   
#ajj ,select$ ,essays & ,addresses by   
,sir ,james ,paget1 ,f4,r4,s4--,!       
,*ronometry ( ,life1 ,royal ,society    
,croonian ,lecture1 ,may #ahei4         

,edit$ by ,/eph5 ,paget1 ,f4,r4,c4,s4   
7,longmans  ,co47    #aja ,! ,diurnal   
,c\rse ( ,effici5cy4 ,h[>d ,d4 ,m>%4 7,!
 ,sci5ce         ,press1 ,n4,y47    #ajb
 ,social ,psy*ology1 section ii4 *ap4 x4
 ,william ,mc,dougall4         7,me?u547
    #ajc ,! ,family1 ,lecture i4 ,e4 ,c4
 ,p>sons4 7,putnam47    #ajd ,! ,family1
 ,lecture ii4 ,e4 ,c4 ,p>sons4          
7,putnam47    #aje ,! ,family1 "p i4    
*ap4 ix4 ,hel5 ,bosanquet4 7,macmillan &
         ,co47    #ajf ,! ,hygi5e (     
,m9d1 *ap4 iv4 ,t4 ,s4 ,cl\/on4         
7,me?u547    #ajg ,report ( !           
,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on !       
,employm5t (         ,s*ool ,*ildr51    
appo9t$ by ,h4 ,m4 ,pr9cipal ,secret>y (
 ,/ate         = ! ,home ,dep>tm5t1     
#aija4          ,report ( ! ,royal      
,commission on ,physical ,tra9+         
7,scotl&71 #aijc1 ,neill  ,co41 ,ltd41  
,bellevue1 ,ed9burgh4          ,report (
 ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on      
,physical         ,det]ioration1 #aijd4 
,report ( ! ,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee

 on ! ,model ,c\rse         ( ,physical 
,ex]cises1 #aijd4          ,report ( !  
,int]-,dep>tm5tal ,committee on ,m$ical 
,inspection & ,fe$+ ( ,*ildr5 att5d+    
,public ,elem5t>y         ,s*ools1      
#aije4          ,report ( ,dr4 ,w4      
,leslie ,mack5zie & ,capta9 ,a4 ,fo/] on
 a         ,collection ( ,/ati/ics z to 
! ,physical ,condition (         ,*ildr5
 att5d+ ! ,public ,s*ools ( ! ,s*ool    
,bo>d =         ,glasg[1 #aijg4         
,report ( ! ,royal ,commission on ! ,c>e
 & ,control ( !         ,feeble-m9d$1   
#aijh4          ,report ( ! ,royal      
,commission on ! ,poor ,laws & !        
,unemploy$--,majority & ,m9ority1       
#aiji4ajh    #ajh ,9 ea* case1 unless   
o!rwise m5tion$1 ^! ,reports are        
publi%$ by ,wyman  ,sons4    #aji ,!    
,hygi5e ,s*ool ( ,life1 *ap4 viii4 p4   
#abi4 ,ralph ,h4         ,cr[ley4       
7,me?u547    #aaj ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal    
,sanit>y ,in/itute1 ,april              
#aije--,physical         ,inspection (  
,s*ool ,*ildr5 9 ,relation to ,public   

,heal?         ,adm9i/ration4 ,a4 ,k4   
,*alm]s1 ,m4,d41 ,m4,o4,h41 ,glasg[4    
#aaa ,cont9uation ,s*ools 9 ,engl& &    
,else:]e4 ,m4 ,e4 ,sadl]4               
7,man*e/] ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijg47    
#aab ,report ( ,dep>tm5tal ,committee on
 ,employm5t ( ,*ildr5 ,act1             
#aijc4 7,wyman  ,son1 ,july #aiaj47     
#aac ,report to ! ,l4,c4,c4 ,education  
,committee ( ! ,m$ical ,(fic]           
7,s*ools71 ,m>* #ca1 #aijf4 7,p4 ,j4 ,k+
  ,son47    #aad ,! ,dr9k ,problem1     
edit$ by ,t4 ,n4 ,kelynack1 ,m4,d4      
7,me?u547    #aae ,! ,nature ( ,man1    
p>ts i4 ii4 *ap4 vii42 "p iii4 *ap4 xii4
         ,met*nik(f4 7,he9emann47       
#aaf ,pr9cipia ,!rapeutica1 *aps4 ii4   
iii4 ,h>r+ton ,sa9sbury4                
7,me?u547    #aag ,"s ,?\ghts on        
,causation 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,an     
address         deliv]$ to ! ,faculty ( 
,m$ic9e1 ,octob] #aiji1 by ,"l          
,flet*] ,m\lton4    #aah ,/udies on     
,immunisation4 ,sir ,almro? ,wright1    
,f4,r4,s4 7,con/able47         ,immunity

 9 ,infective ,diseases4 ,met*nik(f4    
7,cambridge         ,univ]sity ,press47 
,immunity & ,specific ,!rapy4 ,w4 d',e/e
         ,em]y4 7,lewis  ,sons47    #aai
 ,infant ,education4 ,eric ,prit*>d1    
,m4,d4 7,kimpton74    #abj ,/udies on   
,immunisation1 pp4 #bgi1 #dfb4 ,sir     
,almro? ,wright1         ,f4,r4,s41     
,m4,d4 7,con/able47    #aba ,addresses &
 ,proce$+s ( ! ,national ,education     
,association1         ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41  
#aijd1 pp4 #ieb-ifb--,! ,*icago         
,hospital ,s*ool         = ,n]v\s &     
,delicate ,*ildr51 by ,m>y ,r4          
,campbell4    #abb ,*ildr5 9 ,heal? &   
,disease1 p4 #da4 ,david ,=sy?1 ,m4,d4  
7,murray47    #abc ,on ! ,h\rs ( ,sleep 
at ,public ,s*ools4 ,a pap] read be=e ! 
,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,s*ools ,association1  
,may #aa1 #aije1 by ,t4 ,d4             
,acl&1 ,m4,a4    #abd ,"s ,results ( an 
,inve/igation into ,h\rs ( ,sleep (     
,s*ool         ,*ildr54--,int]national  
,magaz9e ( ,s*ool ,hygi5e1 vol4 v4      
"p i4 ,alice ,rav5hill4    #abe ,secret 

,rem$ies3 ,:at !y ,co/ & ,:at !y        
,conta94 ,briti%         ,m$ical        
,association4 ,popul> ,drugs3 ,_! ,use &
 ,abuse4         ,sidney ,helli]1 ,m4,d4
 7,w]n] ,laurie47    #abf ,human ,c>ri]s
 ( ,typhoid & o!r ,zymotic              
,diseases4--,!         ,sanit>y ,record1
 ,sept4 #h1 #aiaj1 pp4 #bae-baf4        
,,mod]n ,,woman ,,& ,,! ,,dome/ic ,,arts
  ,,by ,,mrs4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,eddison         
,,memb]1 ,,education ,,committee1 ,,we/ 
,,rid+ ,,c\nty ,,c\ncil1 ,,etc4  ,i4    
,,ne$lework ,,& ,,dressmak+             
,,introduction  ,mod]n woman f9ds h]self
 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury heiress to an       
accumulation ( dome/ic exp]i5ce h&$ d[n 
f h] primitive si/]s1 mu* ( :i* orig9at$
 9 necessity1 & survives f cu/om4  ,x is
 said t ( ! billion & a half human be+s 
on ! e>?1 ab\t #gjj1jjj1jjj are females1
 & :at %>e _! mo!rs & gr&mo!rs1 back to 
! remote/ g5]ation1 h _h 9 orig9at+ &   
develop+ culture is a "q :i* conc]ns !  
:ole race1 ?\gh allusion only c be made 
to x 9 ?is pap]4  ,if1 f ! /udy (       

an?ropology1 we f9d t man 0 ! hunt]1 !  
kill] ( food1 x 0 woman :o c>$ = x1     
prep>$ x = use1 till$ ! gr\nd1 clean$1  
dri$1 cut1 & sew$ sk9s = clo?+ & %elt]4 
,x is believ$ by _m au?orities t x 0    
woman :o inv5t$ & made _m ( ! implem5ts 
) :i* %e work$1 & :o spun1 wove1 & dy$  
fibres ( all k9ds into /rong1 useful1 & 
sometimes beautiful fabrics ( v>i$ &    
pleas+ t9ts & col\rs1 f dyes ( h] own   
mak+1 :i* %e obta9$ f animal & vegetable
 s\rces4 ,! introduction ( mu* pla9 &   
ornam5tal /it*]y1 ! =]unn] ( ! ne$lework
 ( ! pres5t day1 foll[$ quickly ^u !    
com+ ( textiles4  ,until ! inv5tion (   
ma*9]y & ! in/itution ( ! factory sy/em1
 ! practice ( a l>ge numb] ( arts 0 9 ! 
h&s ( wom5 z "p ( _! lives & homes4 ,n[1
 h[ev]1 wom5 are no long] lea!r-dress]s1
 pott]s1 or weav]s 9 ! home--^! arts h  
become trades = m51 c>ri$ on 9          
factories2 & ev5 ! m intimate arts (    
cook+1 clean+1 & ne$lework are ?reat5$ f
 ! outside4  ,! *eapness & read9ess )   
:i* ! products ( ! factory c be obta9$1 

:e!r = ! purposes ( food or ( clo?+1 has
 to a l>ge ext5t remov$ ! desire to     
ex]cise ^! arts h]self1 especially f !  
woman ^: "t c be o!rwise employ$ to h]  
f9ancial advantage 9 indu/rial pursuits4
 ,x w\ld almo/ appe> t %e has fail$ to  
p]ceive ! intellectual & ae/hetic       
enjoym5t to be d]iv$ f !m1 & has be5    
cont5t to p]mit ! skill & k %e orig9ally
 acquir$ & ex]cis$ to ru/ f want (      
practice z ea* g5]ation succe$s its     
pr$ecessor4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! accumulat$
 pr(its f ! factory h made x possible = 
well-(f wom5 to depute _! own %>e (     
cook+1 clean+1 sew+1 & ! c>e ( *ildr5 by
 paym5ts to _! less f9ancially =tunate  
si/]s1 usually untra9$ wom5 ( n>r[      
education1 public op9ion has %[n a      
t5d5cy to reg>d ^! arts z m5ial1 & to "s
 ext5t d]ogatory 9 practice to ! educat$
 & ref9$4 ,among/ ?is class ( wom51     
consequ5tly1 k ( ^! arts has /eadily    
dw9dl$1 until ! home-made jams1 jellies1
 cordials & pickles ( our gr&mo!rs1 !   
l95 !y spun1 wove1 & fa%ion$1 are no    

long] ! glory ( our /or]ooms &          
l95-presses2 :ile ! home has come to be 
less & less reg>d$ z ! "r & prop] place 
= in/ruction 9 ! dome/ic arts4  ,deep   
d[n1 h[ev]1 9 ! mod]n woman's nature    
lies ! old in/9ct = ord]1 = c>+ = ?+s   
animate & inanimate4 ,?is in/9ct has    
f\nd expression s9ce ! e>ly sev5ties    
among m =tunately situat$ wom5 9 an     
endeav\r to arre/ ! decay ( :at ,i h    
call$ ! m intimate h\sehold arts1 to    
promote _! revival & to raise _! /atus 9
 education--an endeav\r due1 %all we    
say1 to some?+ 9 ! air1 a k9d ( ,zeit   
,gei/--beg9n+ m or less contemporane\sly
 on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 9 ,great      
,brita91 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada2 
an endeav\r n to b5efit !mselves alone1 
b to help _! poor] si/]s4  ,x 0 soon    
agre$ t ! cultivation ( ! h\sehold arts 
belong$ to education1 & t !y might &    
%\ld be taught 9 s*ools2 b !            
que/ions--,:at 0 _! l9k ) g5]al         
education1 by :at me?ods !y c\ld be mo/ 
appropriately taught1 & 9 ! curriculum (

 :at s*ools !y %\ld f9d a place--h be5 !
 basis ( prolong$ exp]im5tal ef=t4 ,x is
 n[ ! op9ion ( a l>ge section ( p]sons (
 au?ority 9 education1 t ^! arts are    
nei!r sacr$ my/]ies :i* c only be       
und]/ood by pati5t life /udy1 nor1 on ! 
o!r h&1 c any woman1 :atev] h]          
intellectual ability1 ma/] !m )\t tra9+4
 ,x has be5 well said1 9 effect1 t ! =m]
 attitude leads to a contempt = ! pla9  
ev]yday ?+s ( life1 :ile ! latt] is     
responsible = ! cultivation ( a girl's  
head at ! exp5se ( h] h&s4  ,! arts (   
cook+ & clean+ took ! lead 9 ord] (     
exp]im5t4 ,! results1 z record$1 h prov$
 _! position to belong directly to !    
region ( appli$ sci5ce1 & to be wor?y ( 
a place 9 a specially arrang$ c\rse (   
h\sehold sci5ce & economics = wom51 (   
univ]sity /&>d4 ,we may confid5tly      
expect t ?is result only anticipates a  
correspond+ triumph1 await+ 9 its turn  
simil> exp]im5tal "w1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ 
on = "s ye>s 9 respect ( ! tea*+ also ( 
! art ( ne$lework4 ,^! exp]im5tal ef=ts 

include ! intellig5t employm5t ( !      
p5cil1 ! scissors1 & ! ne$le 9 !        
production ( g>m5ts1 drap]ies1 nap]y1 & 
s =?4 ,! l9es along :i* at ! pres5t     
mom5t ?is developm5t is proce$+ h reg>d 
inde$ n only to ! practical wor? (      
ne$lecraft1 b to its intimate           
association ) g5]al education z well z  
to decorative & appli$ art4  ,:5 we     
inquire :at h be5 ! results ( pa/ me?ods
 ( tea*+ ne$lework 9 our elem5t>y       
s*ools1 & f9d t !y are 9 no way         
comm5surate ) ! "t1 lab\r1 & money sp5t 
^u !m1 x surely is wise to call a halt &
 exam9e into our aims & me?ods4 ,!      
circul> ( ,sugge/ions = ! ,tea*+ (      
,ne$lework issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education
 9 ,augu/ #aiji is n ! fir/ au?oritative
 pron\ncem5t ( ! ,bo>d on ?is matt]1 b  
is ! outcome ( ! well-consid]$ criticism
 invit$ ^u _! ,sugge/ions on ! same     
subject issu$ 9 #aije1 :i* tea*]s & o!rs
 7 ask$ to consid] z a *all5ge to       
indep5d5t ?\ght on ! subjects ( :i* x   
treat$4   ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(           

,,ne$lework  ,?is *all5ge has result$ 9 
! /atem5t ( c]ta9 important pr9ciples 9 
! new circul> & ( ! prop] attitude ( !  
tea*] t[>ds !m1 viz43--    ,i4 ,! duplex
 aspect ( ne$lework4      #a4 ,z a      
sep>ate bran* ( in/ruction1 ! aim ( :i* 
is     pr(ici5cy4      #b4 ,z a means to
 an end1 o!r ?an 7b n exclud+7 a        
c]ta9 pr(ici5cy1 i4e4 to develop !      
intellig5ce & ev5     to =m ! "* ( !    
*ild4    ,,ii4 ,! subject mu/ be made   
int]e/+ if x is to be   educational4 ,! 
mak+ ( specim5s is n int]e/+1 & %\ld    
be disc\rag$1 except+ = ! practice ( new
 /it*es be=e   !y c be us$ on a complete
 g>m5t or article1 h[ev] small1   = !   
*ild h]self or = o!rs4    ,,iii4        
,correlation ( ne$lework ) draw+ &      
ari?metic 9 !   high] classes4      #a4 
,to tra9 ! eye 9 =m & proportion4       
#b4 ,to illu/rate pr9ciples ( ari?metic1
 by measur+ &     decid+ ^u quantities &
 by calculat+ co/1 introduc+            
incid5tally ideas ( economy & ?rift4    
,,iv4 ,ne$lework lessons are ord9>ily   

un9t]e/+ & we>isome   to body & m9d4    
,?is ne$ n & %\ld n be2 if ! subject is 
taught ) ! :y & :]e=e ( ?+s1 x %\ld r   
/imulate intellig5ce & capacity4    ,v4 
,opportunity is af=d$ by ! lesson =     
practically &   tactfully inculcat+ !   
*>m ( neatness1 cleanl9ess1 &   tid9ess 
9 p]son & 9 clo?+1 enc\rag+ ! *ild 9    
self-respect & to reg>d z a matt] ( %ame
 t any girl %\ld   rea* woman's e/ate   
)\t a practical k ( ! use %e   c make ( 
! ne$le4  ,c]ta9 sugge/ions foll[ z a   
basis = a m detail$ s*eme1 viz43--      
#a4 ,classification ( s*ol>s z to age & 
capacity4    #b4 ,size ( illu/rations & 
use ( blackbo>d4    #c4 ,in/ruction (   
weakly *ildr51 & c>e ( eyesight4    #d4 
,ex]cises 9 knitt+ & v>i\s =ms (        
con/ructive h&work   = v "y *ildr51 9   
prep>ation = def9ite in/ruction 9       
ne$lework at a lat] age4    #e4         
,condemnation ( habit ( c\nt+ ?reads4   
#f4 ,ord] ( tea*+ processes 9 ne$lework1
 f simple to   complex4    #g4          
,suitability ( mat]ials1 ne$les1 &      

?reads to ea* o!r1 &   ( ! /yle ( sew+  
to ! g>m5ts :i* ! *ildr5 %\ld   we>4    
#h4 ,direction ( att5tion to ! fact t   
h&s & eyes :i* h   be5 s5sibly tra9$ to 
execute pla9 "w w acquire fancy   "w q  
readily lat] on if leisure c be f\nd4   
#i4 ,new me?ods & /it*es to be le>n$ on 
wa/e mat]ial4    #aj4 ,importance (     
practice 9 m5d+ at s*ool & at home4     
#aa4 ,importance ( cutt+-out &          
patt]n-mak+4    #ab4 ,g>m5ts made to be 
worn1 n kept at s*ool4    #ac4          
,elaborate mak+-up ( pap] g>m5ts to be  
disc\rag$4    #ad4 ,r\gh sket*es to tra9
 ! eye to recognise ! value to ea*   o!r
 ( diff]5t p>ts ( a patt]n4    #ae4     
,importance ( recognition ( diff]5ce    
betwe5 a well-cut &   an ill-cut g>m5t4 
#af4 ,calculation ( k9d1 quantity1 & co/
 ( mat]ial to be work$   out 9 an       
ari?metic lesson4    #ag4 ,note-books & 
records to be kept4    #ah4 ,fix+ to be 
done by actual mak] ( g>m5t--n a jo9t   
production4    #ai4 ,use ( sew+ ma*9e   
p]mitt$ = long seams & hems4    #bj4 ,no

 "t to be wa/$ :ile wait+ = tea*]'s     
help4   ,indep5d5t "w to be enc\rag$4   
,knitt+ & o!r suitable "w   to be at h&4
  ,?is excell5t & s5sible pap] (        
sugge/ions means an (f] ( fre$om on ! "p
 ( ! ,bo>d2 x rema9s1 !re=e1 b to accept
 & adopt its conditions4 ,a practical   
difficulty1 h[ev]1 at once arises f !   
fact t1 aft] a long p]iod ( bondage to  
_m ,regulations1 x is difficult = !     
tea*+ pr(ession 9 g5]al to realise t    
indep5d5t judgm5t is n[ expect$ ( !m1   
inde$ is requir$1 ?\gh ?is is a phase   
tempor>y & evanesc5t1 :i* w quickly     
adju/ itself4  ,= lack ( "t & space we  
mu/ "h pass ov] ! important "q ( !      
relation ( ! dome/ic arts to ! g5]al    
s*ool curriculum1 z well z ! proportion 
( "t to be allott$ z betwe5 ne$lework & 
! o!r dome/ic arts1 & dwell = a mom5t on
 ! relative qualifications ( our tea*]s 
9 diff]5t sections ( ! :ole subject tak5
 at its wide/1 = ^! qualifications      
reflect ! exi/+ dem&s ( ! public4 ,tak+ 
,engl&1 = example--h[ d we /& ) o!r     

c\ntries 9 ?is respect8 ,speak+ g5]ally1
 & z "o :o1 ?\gh n pr(essionally a      
tea*]1 has = _m ye>s _h a h& 9 ! tra9+ (
 tea*]s1 & :o has giv5 mu* "t & ?\ght to
 ! comp>ative /udy1 bo? !oretical &     
practical1 ( ne$lework & dressmak+1 x   
seems to me t1 z to sew+1 we are z good1
 if n 9 "s ways bett] ?an our neighb\rs1
 ?\gh we h be5 apt to reg>d ! p]fection 
( our /it*es z an end 9 itself1 :i*     
decid$ly vitiates our conclusion4 ,we   
also appe> to h mu* to le>n1 or at lea/ 
to practise1 9 respect ( suitability (  
mat]ials1 ne$les1 & ?reads to ea* o!r1 &
 ( ! /yle ( "w to ! purpose requir$4 ,z 
to cut & ! hang ( ! ?+1 & ! root        
diff]5ce betwe5 an ill-cut & a well-cut 
g>m5t1 ,i fe> we make a bad ?ird )      
,france & ,au/ria2 b ) our newly acquir$
 fre$om we c & we mu/ *ange all t3 !    
public beg9 to dem& x4  ,9 ! fir/ place1
 we mu/ cle> our m9ds ( ! indef9ite cl\d
 ( detail 9 :i* !y h be5 s long subm]g$2
 or1 to *ange ! metaphor1 :]eas hi!rto  
we h too (t5 n be5 able to see ! wood = 

! trees1 we mu/ n[ le>n cle>ly to       
di/+ui% betwe5 pr9ciples & me?ods1 :i* 9
 practice are ov] frequ5tly confus$3 !n1
 q easily & naturally1 ! tea*] w d]ive  
result+ details f ! few def9ite         
pr9ciples :i* are ! basis alike ( !     
simple/ g>m5t & ! mo/ arti/ic h&icraft1 
& ! pr9ciples once und]/ood1 9 "o       
in/ance1 ! pupils w be able to make wid]
 applications = !mselves4  ,x is        
important "h to emphasise t "s elem5t>y 
k ( hygi5e1 physiology1 & anatomy is    
necess>y = ! intellig5t appreciation ( !
 requirem5ts ( ! body z to clo?+1 & (   
its alt]ations 9 %ape :5 muscles are    
t5se or relax$4 ,by a reliable sy/em (  
draft+ f direct measurem5t1 su* z "o (  
^? 9 use 9 ! ,ecoles ,pr(essionelles (  
,p>is1 a %ap$ bodice c be produc$ fitt+ 
! arms & figure easily & gracefully1 & f
 ?is patt]n c be d$uc$ fur!r patt]ns (  
o!r g>m5ts1 :e!r tight1 loose1 or       
semi-fitt+1 :i* hang f ! %\ld] or !     
wai/4  ,:5 ! !ory ( draft+ has be5      
le>n$1 & ! %apes & proportions ( a      

patt]n & its d]ivatives are und]/ood1   
m\lage or modell+ on ! figure 9 musl91  
%\ld be attempt$2 ?\gh1 be x rememb]$1  
m\lage %\ld n be reg>d$ z a sub/itute = 
draft+1 b z its necess>y accompanim5t1 =
 x af=ds opportunity = eye tra9+1 & =   
le>n+ h[ & :]e at c]ta9 po9ts ! mat]ial 
%\ld be /ret*$ or held easily on !      
figure4 ,! pupil is ?us prep>$ to h&le !
 patt]n intellig5tly :5 cut out 9       
mat]ial4  ,i h se5 x object$ t only     
awkw>d & wood5 l9es c be obta9$ f draft+
 on pap] because ( its rigidity1 &      
because ! patt]n is built up ^u a       
framework ( /raight l9es at "r angles to
 ea* o!r4 ,! objector _c h und]/ood t ! 
rectangul> con/ruction l9es h no        
connection ) ! outl9es ( ! patt]n1      
except z af=d+ po9ts d'appui1 :i* are   
f\nd by direct measurem5t4 ,^!          
con/ruction l9es /& = ! w>p & wo(1 or   
?read ( ! mat]ial to be us$ = ! g>m5t4  
,/ress mu/ be also laid on ! fact t !   
grace or angul>ity ( ! patt]n outl9e    
actually dep5d ^u ! eye tra9+ &         

p]ception ( curves d]iv$ f draw+        
lessons1 :i* mu/1 = ?is z well z o!r    
reasons1 =m a "p ( ! s*eme ( in/ruction4
   ,,conclusion  ,limits ( "t & space h 
only all[$ me to t\* ! fr+e ( a fasc9at+
 & useful subject2 b ! frequ5t conf]5ces
 ( tea*]s n[ be+ held 9 diff]5t c5tres1 
& ! new sugge/ions ( ! ,bo>d (          
,education are /imulat+ s mu* int]e/ &  
discussion t ,i feel t ! educational    
tea*+ ( ne$lework 9 its broad s5se 9    
,engl& has a *e]ful future4 ,!re is     
already mu* excell5t tea*+ & "w done 9  
"s ( ! trade s*ools 9 ,london z well z 9
 a few ( its elem5t>y s*ools1 & o!rs    
else:]e1 :i* leaves little to be desir$ 
f _m po9ts ( view4  ,ap>t f ! mod]n     
educational treatm5t ( ne$lecraft &     
dressmak+1 ?\gh aris+ directly f x1 are 
! unque/ion$ advantages :i* may result  
to any woman ( :atev] rank or social    
position :o is will+ to devote1 9 ! fir/
 in/ance1 a little "t & intellig5ce to  
ma/]+ a few elem5t>y pr9ciples          
introductory to _! practical            

application1 ei!r by h]self or by any "o
 9 h] employm5t1 to ! cutt+ & mak+ ( h] 
own g>m5ts f direct measurem5t1 modifi$ 
by measurem5ts ( individual c>riage or  
con=mation4  ,:5 ^! modifications are   
cle>ly und]/ood1 ! prov+ ( ! flat patt]n
 on ! table aft] draft+ %\ld produce a  
well-%ap$ & correct l9+1 )\t ! mis]y (  
/&+ = h\rs 9 ! ord9>y way to be fitt$   
on4 ,if f9] t\*es are ne$$1 !y are ( !  
nature ( m\lage1 or modell+2 ! diff]5t  
p>ts ( ! patt]n reta9 _! balance &      
relative proportions1 & ! l5g? ( !      
op]ation is mu* %ort5$4  ,! majority (  
wom51 especially :5 pa/ y\?1 are n s    
happy z to possess ! !oretically        
p]fectly balanc$ & well-proportion$     
figure :i* has be5 s successfully adopt$
 by ! be/ bus9ess h\ses z ! basis =     
cutt+ high-class ready-made g>m5ts4     
,happy inde$ is ! woman :o c walk       
/raight into !m )\t ! (f]$ slight       
alt]ation :i* s (t5 spoils ! cut & br+s 
bitt] disappo9tm5t to ! we>]4 ,!re are  
few wom5 :o h n groan$ "u ! wa/e ( "t & 

fatigue entail$ by be+ fitt$ on "u ! h&s
 ( ! little dressmak]1 or = t matt] "u  
h&s ( mu* great] pret5sion1 ) no idea ( 
pr9ciples 9 cutt+1 :o p9* & drag & smoo?
 d[n by rule-(-?umb1 produc+ g>m5ts )\t 
balance or ease1 ^: faults may be       
disguis$ by trimm+ or drap]y1 b ^:      
discom=t is always pres5t to ! we>]4    
,wom5 h 9 fact s long submitt$ to ?is   
tyranny ( rule-(-?umb 9 dress-cutt+1 z  
insep>ate f x1 t1 z is _! nature1 !y    
cont9ue to endure :at !y ?9k _c be cur$4
 ,nev]!less1 ! discom=ts & unc]ta9ties (
 ?is rule-(-?umb mis]y may be entirely  
elim9at$1 & x is = ! mod]n woman to dem&
 & insi/ ^u its elim9ation4  ,let me    
especially recomm5d to ladies possess+ !
 invaluable qualities 9 ?is connection (
 ta/e & /yle 9 dress1 :o may be ?9k+ (  
tak+ up dressmak+ z a pr(ession1 t z an 
important prelim9>y /ep !y %\ld ma/] !  
pr9ciples ( a good me?od ( cutt+4 ,let  
!m make sure t ! me?od c lay claim to   
?is description2 t x is reliable & n    
altoge!r empirical4 ,?us !y w r5d]      

!mselves to "s ext5t indep5d5t ( !      
possible vag>ies & misfits ( _! cutt]s &
 work]s4 ,! excell5t c\rses ( in/ruction
 n[ c>ri$ on 9 ! trade s*ools already   
ref]r$ to %\ld ere long create a supply 
( well-tra9$ "y wom5 :o w d _! be/ "w "u
 an in/ruct$ head1 & w be able to c>ry  
out intellig5tly h] ideas & directions4 
,"u su* conditions !re %\ld be no room =
 failure 9 a bus9ess ( ?is k9d4 ,z a    
result1 ! arts ( ne$lecraft & (         
dressmak+ w be rais$ to ! plane (       
sci5tific c]ta9ty & success :i* is _!   
due1 in/ead ( rema9+ at ! (t5 l[ level (
 ! unorganis$1 empirical & in>ti/ic     
occupations--a frequ5t s\rce ( f9ancial 
disa/] to _! expon5ts & ( p]5nial       
vexation to ! helpless victims ( _!     
products4   ,,ii4 ,,h\secraft  ,!       
position ( mod]n woman t[>ds matt]s     
dome/ic is some:at undef9$1 & at be/ c  
h>dly be consid]$ satisfactory4 ,h]     
attitude t[>ds h\sekeep+ is n "o (      
en?usiasm4 ,! ,lanca%ire mill-girl is   
pr\d to h a h\se ( h] own1 b pref]s h]  

life at ! mill to "o sp5t 9 ord]+ t     
h\se2 ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] consid]s   
h\sekeep+ ( s little economic int]e/ t  
%e is injur$ if %e may n devote h] m>ri$
 life to a pr(ession dem&+ ! be/ ( h]   
en]gy2 ! univ]sity graduate pret5ds to a
 m9d sup]ior to physical com=t & welf>e 
unless x c be produc$ by a creature less
 specialis$ ?an h]self4  ,9 ! field (   
paid occupations = wom51 educat$ &      
un$ucat$1 dome/ic "w /&s l[2 n          
necess>ily l[ 9 scale ( paym5t1 b       
un9vit+ z a sph]e ( "w & lack+ ! dignity
 ( skill$ employm5t4 ,t good h\sewives  
may be f\nd 9 e grade ( society is      
evid5t1 b ! g5]al tr5d ( our social     
evolution dem&s t "s organis$ ef=t %all 
be made to simplify actual "w & to raise
 ! appreciation ( t "w4  ,9 hi/ory &    
philosophy1 ! moral advantages ( a good 
home h be5 ackn[l$g$ & extoll$4 ,!      
physical advantages are only n[ be+     
fully emphasis$1 & !re is an            
ev]-increas+ dem& t wom5 %all dilig5tly 
apply _! be/ ef=ts1 fir/ to ! problems (

 ! individual h\sehold1 & !n beyond x to
 ^? =ms ( h\sekeep+ t fall to municipal 
& national control4 ,we ne$ a diff]5t   
e/imate1 a bett] realisation1 ( !       
enorm\s responsibility t lies 9 fe$+1   
h\s+1 & g5]al hygi5ic conditions1 & su* 
a realisation mu/ "w f ! top d[nw>ds 9  
our social & intellectual /rata4  ,9 !  
c>e ( ! sick we h se5 a complete        
revolution4 ,ev5 s rec5tly z ! days (   
our gr&p>5ts ,s>ah ,gamp 0 ! g5]al      
refuge--n[ h] "n is a byword4 ,! "w (   
nurs+ & ! c>e ( an invalid's room1 be x 
home or hospital1 has be5 rais$ f m]e   
manual lab\r4 ,intellect has e/abli%$   
=mulae & dogma on :i* work]s c be tra9$1
 & ! "w itself has be5 prov$ n alone a  
suitable means by :i* a woman c e>n h]  
liv+1 b also a pr(ession dem&+ a        
dignifi$ respect & admiration4 ,!       
rese>*es ( m$ical laboratories--!       
accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! great physicians
 & surgeons ( ! _w--are con/antly plac+ 
valuable k 9 ! h&s ( nurses & ^? :o tra9
 !m4 ,elaboration & fuss h gone 9 fav\r 

( a simplicity ( s]vice bas$ on         
sci5tific facts2 ! influ5ce ( ! tra9$   
work] has to "s ext5t p]meat$ ! untra9$ 
s]vice ( home nurs+4 ,great may /ill be 
our ignorance & great ! ne$ = a m       
adequate s]vice1 especially 9 ! homes ( 
! poor1 b tak5 z a :ole ! c>e ( ! sick  
has be5 rais$ to :at we may1 )\t        
ambiguity1 call a sci5tific art4 ,nurs+ 
may be popul> f a love ( su* "w & f its 
f9ancial return1 b ! real /r5g? ( !     
nurs+ _w lies 9 its organis$ provision (
 skill$ wom5 s5t out to _! "w ) a k (   
its detail & a tra9+ 9 r\t9e1 paid = by 
s]vice dur+ ye>s ( appr5tice%ip4  ,!    
*anges t h be5 effect$ 9 reg>d to ! c>e 
( ! sick may n =m a p]fect analogy ( :at
 c be done 9 o!r =ms ( dome/ic "w1 b !y 
at lea/ con/itute a lesson 9 cause &    
effect1 ) _m sugge/ions = ! w\ld-be     
re=m]4 ,improvem5t 9 nurs+ owes its fir/
 impetus to a realisation ( ! "p a nurse
 mu/ ( necessity play 9 cur+ or         
alleviat+ suff]+1 & any real improvem5ts
 9 our g5]al dome/ic "w & conditions w  

only be s]i\sly consid]$ :5 !y are      
prop]ly appreciat$ 9 _! relation to !   
heal? & effici5cy ( ! nation4 ,to br+   
?is home to individuals & classes mu/ be
 ! "w ( education4 ,let u magnify !     
(fice ( ! h\sewife unduly r ?an leave x 
unrecognis$4 ,we mu/ dem& some?+ m ?an  
m]e manipulative skill f ! manual       
work]--a k & int]e/ f ^? :o direct h]   
"w2 a place 9 laboratories & s*ools = ! 
_m problems wor?y ( elucidation4 ,to    
make lessons 9 h\secraft a "p ( !       
curriculum ( elem5t>y & second>y s*ools 
has its own good2 to make lessons 9     
sick-nurs+ also a "p might be good2 b to
 leave bo? !re w\ld be only to pat*1 n  
m5d1 a r5t 9 our social conditions4 ,!  
matt] mu/ f9d its way into univ]sities &
 rese>* s*ools = its physical & economic
 inve/igation--z 9 o!r k9ds ( "w we ne$ 
an ari/ocracy ( bra9s to guide !        
democracy ( h&s to f\nd an appr5tice%ip 
sy/em t %all provide effici5t work]s to 
br+ ! mighty =ces ( *emical1 physical1 &
 biological sci5ce to be> directly on   

su* matt]s z selection ( foods1 me?ods (
 cook+1 bett] app>atus = clean+         
purposes1 & an evolution ( h\se-plann+ &
 furni%+ t %all r$uce ! pres5t          
elaboration ( s]vice & clean+4 ,x is n  
possible t e woman :o cooks a potato    
%all be intimately acqua9t$ ) ! /ructure
 ( />*-cells or ! effect ( heat on ^?   
cells1 nor is x likely t we %all aim at 
a sy/em t makes ! cook+ ( our food z    
exact z a laboratory exp]im5t1 b t      
!rmomet]1 microscope1 & te/-tube h _!   
own "p to play is evid5t4 ,! use ( a    
dis9fectant by a nurse is a sci5tific   
op]ation1 ! scope ( :i* has only be5    
made possible by _m & c>eful            
inve/igations 9 :i* ! specialis$ ef=t ( 
! few has result$ 9 a def9ite =mula & a 
h&y prep>ation only to be us$ )         
intellig5t appreciation ( its purpose4  
,%e und]/&s its use & abuse1 h[ to adapt
 x to circum/ances1 & probably h[ to f9d
 a sub/itute = x if occasion requires4  
,x is mu* on ^! l9es t _m ( ! problems (
 kit*5 & h\sehold int]e/ mu/ be attack$4

  ,we ne$ a simple & reliable           
classification ( foods t %all be useful 
to ! practical cook4 ,a quantitative    
analysis ( proteid or c>bo-hydrate      
qualities ( :eat1 l5tils1 or milk may =m
 excell5t ex]cise = laboratory classes1 
b ev5 !re x is too (t5 taught )\t any   
relation to ! assimilative prop]ties ( !
 av]age dige/ion & _! consequ5t effect  
on food values4 ,= ord9>y use we want   
all ?is br\ght to a g5]al outlook ( !   
value1 & comp>ative value1 ( su* ord9>y 
food z bread1 oatmeal1 eggs1 & beef2 n  
only z to suitable proportions 9 our    
diet & to me?ods ( cook+1 b also z a    
help 9 provid+ suitable sub/itutes = a  
p>ticul> commodity 9 "t ( sc>city4      
,beyond ! inevitable victims ( ! ,iri%  
potato fam9e1 _m suff]$ q unnecess>ily =
 want ( ability to replace ! famili>    
potato by a possible sub/itute2 & to-day
 we are little m intellig5t 9 our cat]+4
 ,quantity & quality ( ! potato crop mu/
 ea* ye> to "s ext5t make itself felt on
 small purses1 & :ile n dep5d5t on ?is  

"o article ( diet we might (t5 help a   
meagre table by a good sub/itute su* z  
rice1 hom9y1 dumpl+s1 & an increas$     
supply ( fre% vegetables4 ,sub/itutes = 
but*]'s meat too (t5 sugge/ ! purely    
veget>ian di% t to mo/ p is b a pis     
all]4 ,to replace "p or ev5 mo/ ( ! meat
 9 a di% ) a food ( approximate dietetic
 value w\ld g5]ally be m acceptable4 ,a 
di% ( h>icot beans cook$ ) a little m9c$
 beef is1 = example1 a v diff]5t di% f !
 veget>ian treatm5t ( ! same article4   
,pea-s\p made ) ! addition ( a ham or   
beef bone w g5]ally w9 approval ov] its 
less ta/y rival4 ,! value ( eggs & ! _m 
ways ( us+ *eese--! possibilities (     
oatmeal beyond m]e porridge--are all    
matt]s wor? und]/&+2 s also is ! problem
 ( our milk supply4  ,! fact t          
legislation is active 9 secur+ ! hygi5ic
 conditions ( ! :olesale milk supply _c 
excuse individual indiff]5ce to ei!r its
 actual value or suitable treatm5t4 ,!  
inf]iority ( skim or sep>at$ milk to    
:ole milk has be5 s emphasis$ t 9 _m    

places a useful article is ly+ z a drug 
9 ! m>ket4 ,t skim milk is z useful z _m
 /ocks & mu* bett] ?an wat] = mak+      
porridge1 maigre s\ps1 sauces1 = mix+   
bread & scones1 has yet to be           
appreciat$1 & w only be s :5 ! true     
economic use ( food is remov$ f its     
pres5t haphaz>d position among !        
in/9ctive arts6  ,! con/ructive         
consi/5cy ( meat1 fi%1 & vegetables mu/ 
be cle>ly set out if we are to und]/& ! 
effect ^u !m ( heat4 ,! prim>y me?ods ( 
cook+ & ! /&>d proportions ( +r$i5ts may
 already be us$ ) an intellig5ce t at   
lea/ puts aside ! recipe book2 b !      
rese>* t c produce a satisfactory sy/em 
( cat]+ & cook+ has yet to invade !     
high] education ( m5 & wom54 ,a         
sugge/ion ( ! sci5tific treatm5t (      
dome/ic matt]s too (t5 presumes an      
elaboration ( "w r ?an a r$uction ( x1 &
 yet we all realise ! lab\r-sav+ &      
economic return t has be5 ! result (    
sci5ce appli$ to comm]cial indu/ries4   
,!re mu/ be a def9ite aim to simplify   

h\sekeep+ & dome/ic "w2 ! conditions (  
life h gone t made a wom5 f9d scope =   
all h] en]gy 9 adm9i/]+ ! affairs ( h]  
h\se or 9 employ+ o!rs to t end4  ,to ! 
un9itiat$ ! v>i\s cul9>y processes seem 
endless1 & to arrive at a prop]         
accompli%m5t ( ^! is g5]ally consid]$ a 
matt] ( cont9u\s practice4 ,a bett]     
und]/&+ ( ! matt] readily %[s t :ile _m 
processes c only be p]fect$ by          
repetition1 !re are ev5 m t fall "u     
sci5ce r ?an art4 ,take1 = example1 !   
pr9ciples und]ly+ ! cook+ ( meat by     
/ew+4 ,?is is surely a process :]e      
manipulation is nil4 ,to make pa/ry or  
bread we mu/ h a c]ta9 practice 9 !     
manipulation to give ! deftness 7on :i* 
f9al success dep5ds7 9 addition to any  
und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples involv$2 b ) reg>d
 to /ew+ & _m simil> processes x %\ld be
 possible to h "o lesson made s explicit
 t ! actual process 0 kn[n = all "t--!  
,iri% /ew ( an artisan's home or ! da9ty
 entree ( ! ,ritz be+ only an adaptation
 ( giv5 pr9ciples to diff]5t foods4  ,9 

ord] to r$uce prim>y me?ods to su*      
bus9ess-l proportions1 x is necess>y to 
consid] !m 9 _! effect on diff]5t foods1
 hav+ due reg>d to texture & to ! effect
 ( a moi/ or a dry heat4 ,x w\ld be a   
matt] ( int]e/ to "k h[ ! e/abli%$      
me?ods ( cook+ meat & fi% all really    
conduce to "o end1 viz4 to s(t5 ! fibres
 by /eam =m$ f _! own juices4 ,! rules =
 mo/ me?ods ( cook+ ^! foods lead to ?is
 assumption1 ?\gh nom9ally bas$ only on 
a means ( reta9+ ^! juices 9 ord] to    
save a valuable "p ( ! food4 ,! actual  
"p play$ by ! liquid 9 :i* foods are    
cook$ is possibly v small1 b n to be    
ignor$2 ! pres5ce ( salt 9 ! wat] 9 :i* 
beef or potatoes is cook$ makes an      
appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! flav\r &       
probably 9 ! food value4 ,! relation ( !
 fat us$ 9 fry+ to ! food fri$ 9 x is   
too (t5 q misund]/ood1 & a dyspeptic    
pati5t consequ5tly is ord]$ no fri$     
food4  ,to fry 9 butt] s\nds well1 b x  
is practically impossible2 to saute 9   
butt] at a temp]ature all[+ "s ( ! butt]

 to ent] ! food1 is q a valuable me?od (
 cook+2 b to raise ! temp]ature to a    
po9t at :i* fry+ c be done is to *> !   
butt]4 ,to fry prop]ly1 ! food %\ld be  
imm]s$ 9 fat s hot t ! outside ( meat is
 imm$iately set4 ,!n all[ ! heat+ ( !   
juices inside ! meat to p]=m ! necess>y 
cook+4 ,! imm]sion ( ! cold food soon   
l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! fat & makes       
cont9u$ imm]sion possible4 ,! be/ k9d ( 
fat = ?is purpose & ! relative          
temp]ature at :i* diff]5t fats may be   
us$ ne$s m inve/igation4 ,at pres5t =   
ord9>y kit*5 use we h no m reliable te/ 
( temp]ature ?an to v5ture a bit ( bread
 & judge by result4 ,"o ?+ we may       
accept--fry+ is n a greasy or ri* me?od 
( cook+4 ,! fat us$ is m]ely a means (  
exclud+ atmosph]e & cook+ food at a high
 temp]ature2 x be>s no m relation to !  
food itself ?an does ! atmosph]e ( ! ov5
 9 bak+4  ,?is "q ( temp]atures & _!    
relation to ! k9d ( food1 z also to !   
v>i\s cook]y processes1 ne$s c>eful     
h&l+2 we want n alone a def9ite dogma   

e/abli%$ on a sci5tific basis1 b we want
 ! means to apply x br\ght )9 easy      
rea*--rea* ( a limit$ purse & a limit$  
intellectual capacity1 = we are n all   
s*ol>s4 ,!re is no reason :y a !rmomet] 
%\ld n become "p ( our kit*5 equipm5t j 
z readily z t old s&-glass :i* regulat$ 
! boil+ ( an egg1 b1 be=e x is ! case1  
_m o!r matt]s mu/ fall into l9e4 ,x is  
probable t a c>eful inve/igation ( ! be/
 means ( fry+1 boil+1 /ew+1 c4 w\ld     
effect a consid]able revolution 9 our   
h\sehold pots & pans4 ,is x impossible  
to produce a pan 9 :i* a giv5 quantity (
 fat or oil %\ld be easily br\ght to1   
say1 #djj deg4 ,fahr41 & yet be unable  
to exce$ t temp]ature8 ,x w\ld s        
safegu>d exp5se f burn+ t ! mo/         
delightful fry+ m$ium1 olive oil1 w\ld  
be readily us$ by _m p4  ,! matt] (     
wat*+1 & wait+1 & judg+ ! exact m9ute = 
c]ta9 op]ations takes f> m "t ?an is    
g5]ally suppos$1 & ! gloom surr\nd+ !   
av]age kit*5 range increases !          
difficulty4 ,! cook :o und]/&s ! use (  

d\ble pans = ov5 & range has done some?+
 to save bo? "t & anxiety1 b x is evid5t
 t mu* m might be done to r5d] _m cook]y
 processes almo/ automatic4 ,! sci5ce t 
controls ! production ( su* comm]cial   
products z biscuits1 t9n$ foods1        
pickles1 & jam1 & turns !m out to a     
uni=m /&>d1 is at pres5t remote f !     
h\sehold kit*54 ,su* sci5tific k has be5
 produc$ at a comm]cial value =         
comm]cial ent]prise4 ,we ne$ our        
problems br\ght into univ]sities &      
colleges2 into ! *annels :]e rese>* is  
made public2 into ! laboratories (      
s*ools1 :]e1 if no wond]ful result may  
be proclaim$1 we h at lea/ e/abli%$ a   
sci5tific me?od ( approa*+ ! "w ( kit*51
 laundry1 & /or]oom4 ,! ord9>y tea*+ ( !
 dome/ic subjects too (t5 t5ds to       
magnify ! difficulties 9 ord] to %[ h[  
!y may be ov]come4 ,! simplification (  
me?ods by classification w\ld d mu*1 & !
 evolution ( possible devices = sav+    
lab\r w\ld d /ill m1 to e/abli% a       
fav\rable view ( h\sekeep+4 ,:at is wor?

 do+ is wor? do+ well2 b x is do+       
unnecess>ily t spells drudg]y4  ,our    
attitude 9 consid]+ h\sehold problems   
turns almo/ involunt>ily to cook+1 b !  
ne$ = an intellectual grasp ( matt]s    
dome/ic is equally pot5t 9 me?ods (     
clean+4 ,if ! ^w hygi5e1 :i* we use s   
glibly1 7 really und]/ood & appreciat$1 
! mod]n h\se-build] & furni%] w\ld      
quickly be s5t to swell ! ranks ( !     
unemploy$1 & we %\ld dem& con/ruction & 
fitt+s :i* w\ld m9imise ! problems ( du/
 & t>ni%1 provide suitable /orage =     
food1 & all[ clean+ to be simple1       
/raight=w>d1 & effici5t4 ,! adv5t ( !   
vacuum clean] is less valuable 9 itself 
?an 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a new pr9ciple =   
deal+ ) du/1 & "o t may ev5tually       
revolutionise our h\se-clean+4 ,we ne$ a
 simple appliance ( equal sci5tific     
value to r$uce "s at lea/ ( ! lab\r     
entail$ 9 wa%+-up4 ,pots & pans1 plates 
& di%es may be economis$ 9 numb] by a   
c>eful work]1 b clean$ !y mu/ be1 & !   
av]age s9k ( scull]y or pantry is little

 remov$ f ! pri/9e incomplet5ess ( its  
fir/ appe>ance4 ,!re is1 9 ! cloi/]s (  
,gl\ce/] ,ca!dral1 a s9k1 evid5tly us$  
by ! monks ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :i* is   
id5tical ) ^? f\nd 9 scull]ies ( to-day1
 & yet *emi/ry & physics h revolutionis$
 our indu/ries & produc$ all sorts (    
sci5tific me?ods = clean+1 light+1 &    
heat+ on a l>ge scale4 ,p]haps :5 ! same
 woman :o takes a ,d4,sc4 be/[s "s ( h] 
en]gy on ! wa%+ ( di%es we %all get to  
some?+ less primitive ?an wa%+ ea*      
individual greasy plate ) a mop or clo?4
 ,! only sci5tific treatm5t ( wa%+-up   
us$ at pres5t seems op5 to criticism1 & 
is only suit$ to l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 b x  
%\ld be possible to con/ruct e s9k ) "s 
sort ( d\*e & g5]al fitt+s suit$ to ?is 
"w4  ,! "q ( ! position ( mod]n woman   
t[>ds laundry-"w seems to h resolv$     
itself into "o ( income4 ,if %e c pay = 
! s]vices ( a /eam laundry %e does s4 ,9
 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom x is e/imat$ t !re are 
#cj1jjj public laundries1 b we h yet to 
f9d "o t c produce a li/ ( *>ges )9     

reasonable limits ( a small income4 ,9 !
 homes t are run on incomes ( ,l#ajj to 
,l#djj a-ye>1 & :]e ! laundry-"w is done
 at ! public laundry1 ! am\nt ( wa%+ mu/
 be small1 or "s o!r side ( ! exp5diture
 mu/ be s]i\sly curtail$4 ,laundry+     
p]=m$ intellig5tly & "u suitable        
conditions is nei!r difficult nor       
unpleasant4 ,to /& ov] a wa%-tub rubb+  
ea* article by h&2 to /ra9 e muscle     
empty+ t tub2 to dry g>m5ts on a rail   
across a kit*5 & iron !m ne> a blaz+    
fire is n intellig5t1 & c only be foll[$
 by wom5 driv5 by cu/om to wa% clo!s at 
all4 ,p]haps 9 no section ( h\sehold "w 
are sci5tific me?ods )9 rea* z 9 !      
laundry2 ! exi/5ce ( ! public laundry & 
! rivalry ( diff]5t firms has produc$ an
 op5 m>ket = appliances ( all k9ds1 & ! 
exhibition ( laundry ut5sils1 ma*9es1   
c41 has become an annual ev5t4 ,?\gh _m 
( ! inv5tions are de/9$ = ! p[] & g5]al 
scope ( ! public laundry1 !re are always
 a numb] ( home appliances to be se52 _m
 m w\ld be adapt$ if !re 7 m dem&4 ,any 

real scope = ^! mu/ re/ 9 ! fir/ place )
 ar*itect & h\se-build]4 ,9 ! ,nor? (   
,engl& x is usual to build a small      
wa%-h\se to ne>ly e h\se1 b ! g5]al     
con/ruction ( ^! wa%-h\ses is su* z to  
disc\rage any desire to use !m4 ,only   
cold wat] is provid$2 ! boil] is arrang$
 z a deta*$ unit2 ! possibility ( a dry+
 cupbo>d 9 connection ) kit*5 /ove or   
hot-wat] cyl9d] is nev] consid]$1 & !   
economical heat+ ( irons is g5]ally     
ov]look$4 ,! use ( irons heat$ by gas1  
*>coal1 & me?ylat$ _s w\ld be m g5]al if
 ^! 7 m effici5tly con/ruct$ & less     
exp5sive4 ,! provision ( electricity at 
a co/ )9 ! rea* ( ord9>y folk w simplify
 _m ?+s 9 laundry-"w z 9 cook+ & clean+4
 ,in/ruction is1 to "s ext5t1 already   
available z to soaps1 det]g5t solutions 
& blea*+ ag5ts4 ,we ne$ m appreciation (
 ! "p t may be play$ by ! process (     
/eep+ & ! m9imum ( h&l+ ) :i* clo!s may 
be effici5tly wa%$ & f9i%$4 ,! pr(it &  
loss 9 ! matt] _c be e/imat$ only 9     
lab\r1 "t1 soap1 & fir+2 ! we> & te> (  

fabric 9 public laundries comp>$ ) home 
h&l+ & ! risk ( infection involv$ mu/   
bo? be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,if we make    
laundry+ easy we d mu* to make a frequ5t
 *ange ( g>m5t possible to a section ( !
 community incl9$ to economise 9 ?is    
direction1 & we %\ld probably make      
fa%ionable ^? h\sehold mat]ials t may be
 consign$ to a wa%-tub1 in/ead ( pay+ a 
reluctant visit to ! dry-clean]--*9tz1  
cretonne1 & ,bolton %eet+ in/ead ( s]ge1
 tape/ry1 & plu%4 ,we owe "o debt (     
gratitude to ! public laundry--x has    
rais$ a section ( h\sehold "w to ! level
 ( a skill$ indu/ry1 ?\gh z yet !re     
seems no sy/em ( appr5tice%ip t turns   
out ! complete laundress4  ,= ! limits (
 a %ort pap] ^! matt]s h p]haps be5     
treat$ some:at discursively1 b ! object 
has be5 atta9$ if1 by ! few illu/rations
 select$1 "s att5tion has be5 drawn to !
 field ( inquiry :i* lies op51 & ! urg5t
 ne$ = a def9ite application ( sci5tific
 m9ds to problems :i*1 amid all !       
advances ( ?is progressive age1 seem to 

lag beh9d4 ,! inclusion ( h\secraft z "p
 ( ! curriculum ( elem5t>y & second>y   
s*ools may d mu* to r\se int]e/ &       
ov]come "s difficulties ( cook+1 c41 b  
to any "o famili> ) ^! classes x is     
evid5t t _! scope is v limit$1 if only =
 ! reason t ! tea*+ s (t5 treats ! "w ( 
h\sekeep+ z an imitative art1 bas$1 =   
want ( reliable sci5tific data1 on rules
 & recipes t are practically organis$   
tradition no m4 ,9 second>y s*ools1 !   
introduction ( laboratory "w has op5$ up
 fre% possibilities ( a m reasonable    
treatm5t ( h\secraft1 = x is c]ta9 t1 :5
 tea*]s are prop]ly equipp$ = _! "w1    
biology1 physics1 & *emi/ry 7organic &  
inorganic7 c be successfully taught     
along l9es t br+ )9 ! scope ( s*ool     
sci5ce su* matt]s z food & fe$+1 cook+ &
 wa%+1 fuels1 heat+1 v5tilation1 &      
hygi5e4  ,to tea* *emi/ry & physics 9 ! 
usual academic mann] & !n tack on a     
c\rse ( cook]y & laundry-"w at ! end (  
s*ool life _c possibly be ( ! same value
 z ! co-ord9at$ c\rses2 we want         

sci5tific me?od ev5 m ?an sci5ce = ^!   
s*ools girls1 :o %all s soon be !       
h\sekeep]s & home-mak]s4 ,we may say )  
,/ev5son1 ,a dogma le>n$ is only a new  
error--! old 0 p]haps z good2 b a _s    
communicat$ is a p]petual possession4 ,=
 ^? girls :o pass on to a univ]sity or  
te*nical s*ool we want an intellig5ce   
al]t to all t may lie 9 fur!r           
inve/igation ( ^? problems sugge/$ at   
s*ool4  ,a c]ta9 jeal\sy may be p>don$ t
 ! possible evolution ( h\sekeep+ may be
 ! "w ( wom52 ! lead]s ( ! woman's      
movem5t h s (t5 spoil$ _! "w by foll[+ !
 l9es ( m5's activities & aim+ at a goal
 ess5tially mascul9e4 ,! ?+s t g to     
h\sekeep+ seem s intimately connect$ )  
mo!rhood & mo!r+ t x mu/ be hop$ our mo/
 able wom5 w br+ _! intellig5ce1 _!     
education1 & _! s5se ( national         
responsibility to ! task ( h\sekeep+--to
 ! simplification ( its problems1 !     
r$uction ( ! lab\r involv$1 & !         
organisation ( ! paid s]vice4 ,!re is   
c]ta9ly scope = ma/]-m9ds4  ,we t\*$ on 

! organisation ( ! nurs+ s]vice4 ,if x  
is possible to duly c>e = ! sick & at ! 
same "t tra9 an effici5t nurse1 x is    
surely possible to provide prop] s]vice 
9 ! huge c>avans]ies ( our mod]n life1 &
 at ! same "t provide a suitable        
appr5tice%ip = ! dome/ic work]4 ,good   
in/ruction at s*ool1 foll[$ by "o or two
 ye>s ( def9ite tra9+ 9 a ho/el or      
bo>d+-h\se1 %\ld produce a class (      
skill$ wom5 work]s :o c be organis$ &   
employ$ on ! same l9es z ^? ( ! nurs+   
s]vice4  ,9 _m bran*es ( lab\r ! wom5   
are ou/+ ! m52 unless we c make good !  
pres5t brea* 9 our home bulw>k & tra9   
our army ( def5ce1 we may f9d m5 ou/+   
wom5 9 _! own p>ticul> sph]e4  ,am]ica &
 ,canada1 realis+ t _! covet$           
nationality mu/ be f\nd$ on homes1 h    
br\ght into _! univ]sities ! sci5ce (   
home affairs4 ,engl&1 9 spite ( ! w>n+  
note s\nd$ by inquiries into physical   
det]ioration1 infant mortality1 & k9dr$ 
evils1 has be5 cont5t ) a tradition (   
good homes1 & has s f> done little m ?an

 provide a smatt]+ ( cook]y lessons =   
elem5t>y s*ool girls4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a
 promise ( bett] ?+s4 ,"o univ]sity     
college has made a v5ture into home     
sci5ce1 & o!r univ]sities w\ld soon be  
at "w if ! necess>y money c\ld be       
secur$4 ,oh1 = "s silv]-tongu$ evangeli/
 to cry 9 ! e>s ( our philan?ropic      
millionaires all t might be done = ?is  
c\ntry by br++ its be/ bra9s to consid] 
! mat]ial ?+s t g to ! mak+ ( a good    
home6     ,,! ,,end    ,pr9t$ by        
,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson  ,,co4           
,ed9burgh  ,london