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( ,inv5tions4--,inv5tions ( ?is ,c5tury ,outgr[? ( ,pa/ ,ones4--,egyptian ,crook$ ,/ick1 ,precursor ( ,mod]n ,pl\gh4--,h]o ( ,alex&ria & ,james ,watt4--,david's ,h>p & ! ,gr& ,piano4--,electrical ,sci5ce 9 #afjj & ! ,pres5t ,day4--,evolution & ,int]relation ( ! ,arts4--,age ( ,ma*9e ,inv5tions4--,its ,beg9n+4--,! ,inducem5ts to ,inv5tion4-- ,necessity n ,always ! ,"m4--,wants ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4-- ,accid5t4--,gov]nm5tal ,protection ! ,greate/ ,inc5tive4-- ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ,pat5t ,laws4--,influ5ce ( ,p]sonal1 ,political & ,intellectual ,fre$om & ,education4--,arts ( ,civilization ,due to ! ,inv5tor4--,macaulay's ,e/imate4-- ,w ,inv5tions ,cont9ue to ,increase or ,decrease4--,effect ( ,economic1 ,indu/rial & ,social ,life ^u ,inv5tions4--,:at ,inv5tions h ,done = ,humanity4--,?read ( ! ,c5turies4-- ,! ,roll ( ,inv5tions too ,va/ = ,enum]ation4 #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,its ,,implem5ts4 ,! ,egyptians ! ,e>lie/ & ,greate/ ,agriculturi/s4-- ,rome & ,f>m+4--,cato1 ,v>ro1 ,virgil4--,columella4--,pl9y4-- ,palladius4--,! ,decl9e ( ,agriculture4--,nor!rn ,b>b>ism4-- ,l[e/ ,ebb 9 ! ,middle ,ages4--,revival 9 ! ,fifte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies4--,) ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+4--,publications !n1 ,conc]n+4--,gr[? 9 ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies4--,je?ro ,tull4--,ar?ur ,"y4--,wa%+ton4-- ,jeff]son4--,! ,art ,sci5tifically ,comm5c$ ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy's ,lectures on ,soils & ,plants1 #ahjb-ahab4--,societies4-- 8,book ,f>m+0 & ,prejudice ( ,f>m]s4--,a ,revisit ( ,ru? & ,c9c9natus at ,beg9n+ ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,_! ,implem5ts /ill ! ,common ,ones 9 ,use4--,! ,pl\gh & its ,hi/ory4--,its ,ess5tial ,p>ts & _! ,evolution to ,mod]n ,=ms4--,orig9at$ 9 ,holl&4--,gr[? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4--,small1 ,jeff]son1 ,newbold4--,"l ,kames' ,compla9t4-- ,! ,am]ican ,pl\gh4--,cutt+ ,disks4--,/eam ,pl\ghs3 ,implem5ts = ,prep>+ ! ,soil = ,plant+4--,v>i\s ,=ms ( ,h>r[s4 #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts4 ,! ,s[+ ( ,gra94--,! ,s[] ( ! ,p>ables4--,8 ,art & its ,defects ,la/$ until ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,! ,problems to be ,solv$4--,assyrian & ,*9ese ,se$+ ,implem5ts4--,india4-- ,italy ,fir/ to ,introduce a ,gra9 ,s[+ ,ma*9e1 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,zanon's ,"w on ,agriculture1 #agfd4--;,au/ria & ,engl&4--,a ,spani>d's ,inv5tion4--,don ,lescatello4--,! ,drill ( ,je?ro ,tull4--,a ,cl]gyman1 ,cooke's ,ma*9e4--,wa%+ton & ,o!rs4--,mod]n ,improvem5ts 9 ,se$]s & _! ,op]ation & ,functions4--,=ce ,fe$ & ,gravity ,fe$4--,graduat$ ,fl[4-- ,divid$ ,fe$s = ,sep>ate ,gra9s & ,f]tiliz+ ,mat]ial4-- ,g>d5 ,pl\ghs & ,se$]s4--,gangs ( ,heavy ,ones4--,op]at$ by ,/eam4--,corn ,plant]s4--,walk+ & ,rid+4--,objects ( ,prop] ,plant+4--,h[ ,accompli%$ by ,ma*9]y4--,v>iety ( ,ma*9es4--,potatoes & ! ,f9e/ ,se$s4--,transplant]s4-- ,cultivators4--,_! ,purposes & ,v>ieties4--,primitive & ,mod]n ,toil]s4--,millet4--,till]s ( ! ,soil no ,long] 8,bro!rs ( ! ,ox40 #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,agricultural ,,inv5tions4 ,h>ve/+ 9 ,anci5t ,times4--,! ,sickle4--,pl9y's ,ma*9e4-- ,n[ ! ,clov] ,head]4--,palladius' ,description4--,improv$ 9 #aghf4--,scot*man's ,gra9 ,cradle 9 #agid4--,! ,sev5 ,anci5t ,wond]s & ! ,sev5 ,mod]n ,wond]s4--,! ,mod]n ,h>ve/] & ! ,cotton ,g94--,requirem5ts ( ! ,h>ve/]4--,boyce4-- ,me>es4--,plucknett4--,glad/one & ! ,fir/ ,front ,draft ,ma*9e1 #ahjf4--,salon5 introduc$ ,vibrat+ ,knives ov] ,/ation>y ,blades1 #ahjg4--,ogle & ,reciprocat+ ,knife ,b>1 #ahbb4--,rev4 ,patrick ,bell1 #ahbc1 ,cuts an ,acre ( ,gra9 9 an ,h\r4--,m[]s & ,reap]s 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahbj4--,reap] & ,?re%] comb9$ by ,lane1 ( ,ma9e1 #ahbh4--,mann+'s ,h>ve/]1 #ahca4--,s*nebly4--,hussey4--,mc,cormick 1 #ahcc-cd4--;,h>ve/]s & ,m[]s at ,_w's ,fair1 ,london1 #ahea4--;,automatic ,b9d]s4--,wire & ,tw9e4--,advances ,%[n at ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 #ahgf4-- ,inv5tions ,beyond ! ,wilde/ ,dreams ( ,=m] ,f>m]s4--,"o ,inv5tion ,g5]ates ,ano!r4--,lawn ,m[]s4--,hay ,=ks & ,/ack]s4--,corn1 ,cotton1 ,potato1 ,flax ,h>ve/]s4--,?re%+4-- ,! ,old ,flail4--,egyptian & ,roman ,me?ods4--,! ,fir/ ,mod]n ,?re%+ ,ma*9e4--,m5zies1 ,leckie1 ,meikle4--,comb9$ ,h>ve/]s & ,?re%]s4--,flax ,?re%]s & ,brakes4--,cotton ,g9s4--,eli ,:itney4--,enorm\s ,importance ( ?is ,ma*9e 9 ,cotton ,products4--,displacem5t ( ,lab\r4 #cb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,agricultural ,,inv5tions 7cont9u$74 ,h>ve/ ,end$1 ,comes ! ,prep>ation ( ,gra9 & ,fruits = ,food4--,clean+4--,sep>at+4--,gr9d+4--,f ann+ ,mills & ,sir ,walt] ,scott4--,! ,rudim5t>y ,mills4--,egyptian4--,hebrew1 ,grecian1 & ,roman ,me?ods1 ,prevail$ until ,middle ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,! ,upp] & ,ne!r ,mill ,/one 9 ,mod]n ,dress4-- ,mod]n ,mills ,inv5t$ at ,close ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,oliv] ,evans ( ,am]ica1 #agee-ahai4--;,evans' ,sy/em ,prevail$ = ,?ree ,qu>t]s ( a ,c5tury4--,new ,sy/em4--,middl+s4--,l[ ,mill+4-- ,high ,mill+4--,roll] ,mills4--,middl+s ,sep>ators4--,du/ ,explosions & ,prev5tion4--,vegetable ,cutt]s4--,*opp]s4--,fruit ,p>]s & ,slic]s4--,great ,range ( ,me*anisms to ,treat ! ,t5d]e/ ,pods & ,smalle/ ,se$s4--,cru%+ ,sug> ,cane4-- ,press+ & ,bal+4--,e ,product has its own ,prop] ,ma*9e = ,pick+1 ,press+1 ,pack+1 or ,bal+4--,cotton ,compress4-- ,ext5sive & ,enorm\s ,cotton ,crops ( ! ,_w4--,cotton ,presses ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4--,hay & its ,bal+4--,bale ,ties4-- ,fruits & ,foods4--,ma*9es = ,ga!r+1 ,pack+1 ,pres]v+1 etc41 all ,mod]n4--,dry+ & ,evaporat+4--,seal+4-- ,transport+4--,tobacco4--,its ,enorm\s ,production4--,! ,int]dict ( ,james ,i41 & ( ,popes1 ,k+s1 ,sultans1 etc4--,v>iety ( ,ma*9es = its ,treatm5t4 #de ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,*emi/ry1 ,,m$ic9es1 ,,surg]y1 ,,d5ti/ry4 ,*emi/ry among ! ,anci5ts4--,egyptians4--,phnicians4-- ,israelites4--,greeks & ,romans4--,*9ese4--,became a ,sci5ce 9 ! ,sev5te5? & ,eighte5? ,c5turies4--,libavius4--,van ,helmont4--,glaub]--,ta*5ius4--,boyle4-- ,lm]y4--,be*]4-- ,/ahl4--,bo]haave4--,black4--,cav5di%4-- ,lavoisi]4--,prie/ley4-- ,*emi/ry ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury a ,new ,_w4--,atomic & ,molecul> ,!ories4--,light1 ,heat1 & ,electricity4--,correlation & ,cons]vation ( ,=ces4--,spectrum ,analysis4--,laws ( ,*emical ,*anges4--,john ,dalton4--,wolla/on4--,gay4--,lussac4-- ,b]zelius4--,huyg5s'& ,newton's ,discov]ies 9 ,light 9 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,unfold$ & ,develop$ by ,fraunh(]1 ,kir*(f4--,buns5 9 ! ,n9ete5?4--,"y ( ,am]ica4-- ,comb9ation ( ,spectroscope & ,telescope4--,hugg9s ( ,engl&1 ,spectrum ,analysis ( ! ,/>s4--,heat & o!r ,=ces4--,c\nt ,rum=d4--,davy4--,may]4--,helmholtz4--,c old+4--,j\le4--,grove4-- ,f>aday4--,sir ,william ,?omson4--,le ,conte & ,m>t94--,fr5* ,revolution & ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4--,lavoisi]1 ,b]?ollet4-- ,guyton4--,f\rcroy4--,napoleon4--,sir ,humphry ,davy4--,liebig4-- ,f]m5tation4--,alcohol4--,yea/4--,malt4- -,w9es4--,be]4--,huxley's ,lecture on ,yea/1 #ahga4--,prote94--,protoplasm4--,evoluti on f "o all-p]vad+ ,=ce4--,alcohol & ,pa/eur4--,manufacture ( ,liquors4--,c>bonat+4--,soils & ,f]tilis]s4--,liquids1 ,oils1 ,sug> & ,fats4--,blea*+ & ,dye+4--,anil9e ,col\rs4-- ,p]fumes4--,electro-,*emical ,me?ods4--,appli$ to ! ,production ( ,artificial ,light4--,abradants4--,dis9fectants4--,p igm5ts4-- ,m9]al ,analysis4--,purification ( ,wat] & ,sewage4-- ,electroplat+ ,metals4--,*emicals & ! ,f9e ,arts4--,r$emption ( ,wa/e ,mat]ials4--,m$ic9es & ,surg]y4--,_! ,gr[? f ,empiricism4--,an/hetics4--,davy4--,mort on4--,jackson4--,innum]able ,m$ical ,comp\nds4--,antiseptic ,treatm5t ( ,w\nds4--,va/ ,v>iety ( ,surgical ,in/rum5ts ,inv5t$4--,f\r ,?\s& ,pat5ts 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,alone4--,d5ti/ry4--,its ,anci5t ,orig94-- ,acc\nt ( ,h]odotus4--,revolution 91 dur+ ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,in/rum5ts4--,artificial ,tee?4--,va/ ,relief f ,pa94 #eh ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,/eam ,,eng9es4 ,prophecy ( ,dr4 ,d>w9 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,review ( ! ,art f ,h]o to ,james ,watt4--,pump+ ,eng9es4--,road ,c>riages4-- ,watt4--,cugnot4--,rumsey4--,fit*4--,oli v] ,evans4--,read4-- ,sym+ton4--,trevi?ick4--,locomotives4--, bl5k9sop4--,griffi?4-- ,bramah4--,horse ,eng9e4--,hancock4--,blackett4--,george ,/eph5son4--,hackwor?4--,brai?waite4--,e ricsson4--,huskisson ,fir/ ,victim ( ,railroad ,accid5t4--,segu94--,john ,c4 ,/ev5s4-- ,horatio ,all54--,pet] ,coop]4--,sym+ton4--,"l ,dundas4--,fulton & ,liv+/on4--,! ,fir/ ,successful ,/eamboat4--,transatlantic ,/eam ,navigation4--,sc>bor\gh ( ,georgia4--,bell ( ,scotl&4-- ,cun>d ,l9e2 ,paddle ,:eels4--,screw ,propell]s4--,! ,age ( ,k9etic ,en]gy4--,pr(essor ,?ur/on4--,v>iety ( ,eng9es & ,boil]s4--,corliss4--,bicycle & ,automobile ,eng9es4--,napoleon's ,/age ,trip & ,pres5t ,locomotion4--,daniel ,web/]'s ,survey ( ! ,art4 #gc ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,transportation4 ,! ,duties ( a ,civil ,eng9e]4--,great ,eng9e]+ ( ! ,pa/4--,! ,divisions4--,/eam4--,m9+4--,hydraulic4- - ,electrical4--,m>9e4--,bridge ,mak+1 ,its ,developm5t4--,fir/ ,ar*$ ,iron ,bridge4--,d>by4--,tel=d4--,lead+ ,bridges ( ! ,c5tury4--,susp5sion4--,tubul>4--,tubul> ,ar*4--,truss4-- ,cantilev]4--,spid]'s ,web & ,susp5sion4--,sir ,samuel ,br[n4-- ,! ,twe$4--,m5ai ,/raits & ,tel=d4--,m4 ,*aley & ,frib\rg4--,j4 ,k4 ,brunel & ,isle ( ,b\rbon4--,briti% ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,/ates unit$ 9 #ahee--,niag>a4--,john ,a4 ,roebl+4--,! ,brooklyn ,bridge4--,caissons & ! ,caisson ,disease4--,tubul> ,bridge at ,m5ai4--8,! ,gr&e/ ,lift 9 ,eng9e]+40--,rob]t ,/eph5son4--,! ,tubul> ,ar* at ,wa%+ton4--,capta9 ,meigs & ,capta9 ,eads4--,/4 ,l\is ,bridge4--,truss ,sy/em & ,va/ ,mod]n ,bridges4--,cantilev] ,succe$$ ! ,susp5sion4--,new ,niag>a & ,riv] ,=?4--,s*neid]4--,hayes4--,f[l] & ,bak]4--,milton's ,description4--,ligh?\ses4--,smeaton4--, d\glass4--,b>?oldi4-- ,eiffel4--,excavat+1 ,dr$g+1 ,dra9+4--,road-mak+4-- ,railroads4--,canals4--,tunnels4--,excav at+4--,des]t ,l&s ,reclaim$4--,holl& & ,florida ,swamps4--,! ,tunnels ( ! ,alps4--,suez ,canal4--,eng9e]+1 z se5 f a ,pullman ,c>4--,cable ,transportation4--,pneumatic ,lock ,sy/em4--,gra9 ,elevators--,progress 9 ,civilisation4 #ic ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity4 ,!ories & ,def9itions4--,frankl9's & a ,mod]n ,"o4-- ,v>ieties ( ! ,=ce4--,g5]ation4--,dynamic ,en]gy4-- ,discov]ies be=e ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,magnetism & ,electricity4--,fa!rs ( ! ,sci5ce4--,doctor ,gilb]t4--,otto von ,gu]icke4--,sir ,isaac ,newton4--,gray4--,dufay4--,pr(essor ,mus*5broeck4--,cuneus4--,*>les ,morrison4--,frankl9 & ,galvani4--,volta4--,! ,door to ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,inv5tions !n ,op5$4--,fabroni4--,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,wolla/on1 ,ni*olson1 & ,c>lisle4--,ritt] ,foll[$--,electrolysis4--,f>aday & its ,laws4--,davy & ! ,electric ,light4--,batt]ies4--,daniell4-- ,grove4--,buns54--,brilliant ,discov]ies f #ahjj to #ahbj4-- ,o]/$1 ,s*weigg]4--,magnetis+ ,helix4--,indicators4--,arago & ,davy4--,ampre's ,discov]ies4--,/urgeon & ! fir/ ,electro-,magnet1 #ahbe4--,telegraphy4--,gauss1 ,web]1 ,s*ill+4-- ,pr(essor ,b>l['s ,demon/ration t ,telegraphy 0 ,impracticable4--,joseph ,h5ry4--,p[]ful ,magnets4--,mod]n & ,anci5t ,telegraphy ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4--,! ,?ird ,decade4--,george ,simon ,ohm4--,/e9heil4--,telegraph ( ,morse1 ,vail1 ,dana1 ,gale4-- ,:eat/one4--,u4,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt on ,morse ,sy/em4--,8 ,alphabet & ,subm>9e ,telegraph4--,mi*ael ,f>aday & ,sci5ce ( ,magnets4--,/eam & ,magneto-,dynamo ,ma*9es4--,*emical ,aff9ity & ,electricity4--,helmholtz1 ,f>aday1 ,h5ry1 & ,pixii4-- ,ruhmkorff ,coil4--,page4--,electrical ,light4--,decomposition ( ,wat]4--,pr(essor ,nollet4--,fir/ ,practical ,electric ,light ,%one on ! ,sea1 #aheh4--;,f>aday & ,holmes4--,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4--,dr4 ,w4 ,siem5s4--,wilde's ,ma*9e4--,o!r ,p[]ful ,magnetic ,ma*9es4--,field ,magnets4--,z4 ,gramme4-- ,! ,v>i\s ,ways & ,means ( ,develop+ ,electric ,light4-- ,geissl] ,tubes4--,fir/ ,h\se ,light$ 9 ,am]ica4--,moses ,g4 ,f>m]4--,jablo*(f's ,c&le4--,fr5* ,regulators4--,outdoor & ,indoor ,illum9ation4--,siem5s1 ,f>m]1 ,bru%1 ,maxim1 ,we/+h\se1 ,edison1 ,swan1 ,lane--,fox & ,o!rs4--,arc ,lamps ( ,heffn] von ,alt5eck4--,ocean ,cables4--,cyrus ,w4 ,field4--,john ,bright's ,expression4--,weak ,curr5ts4--,?omson's ,rem$y4--,mirror ,galvanomet]4--,c5t5nial ,exhibition & ! ,telephone4-- ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 #ahge4--,! ,telephone & ,helmholtz' ,!ory ( ,tone4--,scott's ,phonautograph4--,page's ,production ( ,galvanic ,music & ,rese>*es ( ,reis4--,its ,sl[ ,gr[?4--,! ,ideas ( ,f>aday & ,h5ry /ill ! ,basis ( ! ,great ,ma*9es4--8,l9es ( ,=ce40--,electric ,railway4--,/orage ,batt]ies4--,dynamos4--,fir/ ,railway at ,b]l91 #ahgi4--,!n ,saxony1 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,new ,york4--,telph]age by ,pr(essor ,j5k94--,problems ,solv$4--,electrical ,magicians4--,edison & ,tesla4--,rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ,telegraphy4--,! ,talks ,bo? ,ways at ,same ,"t & ,multipli$4--,pr9t+ ,sy/ems by ,types & ,o!rwise4--,electrical ,elevators4--,microphone4--,ticks ( a ,wat* & ! ,tread ( a ,fly ,record$4--,musical ,s\nds f ,m9]als & ,o!r ,sub/ances4--,signall+ & ,o!r ,appliances4--,! ,x ,rays4--,wireless ,telegraphy4 #aaa ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,hoi/+1 ,,convey+1 ,,& ,,/or+4 ,drudg]y ( ,anci5t ,times ,reliev$ by ,mod]n ,inv5tions4-- ,! ,lab\r ( ,m5 & ,bea/s n[ ,done by ,/eam ,giants4-- ,lab\r-,sav+ ,appliances = ,transportation4--,tall ,build+s & ,elevators4--,evolution ,sl[ until #ai? ,c5tury4--,c>ry+ ( ,weights4--,! ,pyramids4--,mod]n ,me?ods4--,%ip-,load+4-- ,! ,six ,ord9>y ,p[]s ,alone ,us$ until ! ,"t ( ,watt4-- ,elevator ,mills ( ,oliv] ,evans4--,! ,hydraulic ,press ( ,bramah4--,! ,lift+ ( ,tubul> ,bridge by ,robt4 ,/eph5son4-- ,compress$ ,air ,elevator ( ,slade4--,c\nt]balance ,lifts ( ,van ,elvean4--,mod]n ,elevator ( ,otis1 #ahei4--,/eam-,wat]4-- ,compress$ ,air4--,electricity3 ,elevators1 h[ ,controll$4-- ,/ore ,s]vice ,conveyors4--,pneumatic ,transmission3 ,dodge's ,air ,bla/ ,conveyor4--,mode ( ,swit*+ ,conveyors4--8,lazy ,tongs0 ,conveyors4--,buff]s4--,endless ,cables4--,clut*es1 ,safety4--,lab\r-,sav+ ,devices & ,d]angem5t ( ,lab\r4-- ,9 ,"o ,s5se1 ,inv5tions ,lab\r-,increas+ ,devices4 #aeb ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,hydraulics4 ,old z ! ,?ir/ ( ,man4--,prehi/oric ,inv5tions4--,*9a4-- ,pl9y's ,record4--,egyptian1 ,c>?ag9ian1 ,greek & ,roman ,wat] ,works4--8,pneumatics ( ,h]o40--,ov]%ot1 ,und]%ot1 & ,brea/ ,:eels1 ,anci5t4--,screw ( ,ar*im$es4--,front9us1 a ,roman ,inspector4--#aeic1 ,s]vire ,inv5ts ! ,rot>y ,pump4--#aehf1 ,/ev9us ( ,holl&1 ,fa!r ( ! ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce4--,galileo1 ,torricelli1 ,pascal1 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 ! ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,b]n\lli1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,eul]1 ,abb ,bossut1 ,v5turi1 & ,eylewe9 9 ! ,eighte5?4--,wat] ,di/ribution !n ,orig9at$4--,pet] ,maurice & ! ,london ,bridge ,pumps4--,la ,hire's ,d\ble ,act+ ,pump4--,dr4 ,john ,all5 & ,david ,ramsey ( ,engl&4--,frankl9's ,=ce ,pump4--,wat] ,ram ( ,:itehur/ & ,montgolfi]4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,op5s ) ,bramah's ,pumps4-- ,wat] & ,/eam4--,pumps ! ,/rong ,h&s ( ,hydraulics4--,review ( ,pa/ ,inv5tions3 ,pascal's ,p>adox4--,turb9es ( ,=neyron4-- ,p[] ( ,niag>a & ,turb9es !re4--,jonval's4--,eul]'s ,old ,c5trifugal ,pumps ,reviv$4--,massa*usetts & ,appold ,sy/ems4-- ,l[l&s ( ,holl&1 ,m>%es ( ,italy1 ,swamps ( ,florida1 ,dra9$4--,injectors4--,giff>d4--,int5sif i]s4--,hydraulicis+4-- ,hydraulic ,jack & ,cleopatra's ,ne$le4--,fl[ ( ,cold ,metal4-- ,lead ,pipe ,made1 & ,cold ,/eel ,/ret*$ by ,wat] ,pressure4-- ,cotton ,presses1 ,sir ,wm4 ,arm/rong's ,inv5tions4--,tw$dle & ,sir ,wm4 ,fairbairn4--,wat] ,motors4--,ba?s & ,closets4--,results ( ,mod]n ,improvem5ts4--,g]m ,!ory & ,filt]s4 #afd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,pneumatics ,,& ,,pneumatic ,,ma*9es4 ,! ,sl[ ,m>* ( ! ,human ,m9d4--,burke4--,! ,age ( ,me*anical ,inv5tions n until ne>ly ,watt's ,/eam ,eng9e4--,review ( 8,le>n+0 until t ,"t4--,motor ,eng9es n ,produc$ until ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,sugge/$ by ! ,bell[s & ! ,cannon4--,huyg5s & ,pap94--,van ,helmont ! ,au?or ( ! ,t]m 8,gas10 #aegg-afdd4--,rob]t ,boyle & ! ,air ,pump4--,law ( ,gases4--,m>iotte4--,abb ,hauteville1 #afhb4--,! ,he>t & a ,motor4--,sun ,burn]4--,murdock1 #agih1 ,uses ,coal ,gas = ,illum9ation4--,john ,b>b] & ,c>burett$ ,hydrog54-- ,/reet's ,heat$ ,gas4--#ahja1 ,lebon ,proposes ,coal ,gas ,motor4-- ,inve/igations ( ,dalton & ,gay-,lussac1 #ahaj4--;,heat eng9es3 ,air1 ,gas1 ,/eam1 ,vapor1 ,sol>4--,explosive4--,temp]ature ! ,tie t ,b9ds !m z ,"o ,family4--#ahbc-bf1 ,sir ,samuel ,br[n4-- ,gunp[d] & ,gas ,eng9e4--,davy & ,f>aday4--,gas to a ,liquid ,/ate4--,wright1 #ahcc4--;,burdett's ,compress$ ,air ,eng9e1 #ahch4-- ,l5oir's4--,hugon's4--,beau de ,rohes' ,inve/igations4--,oil ,wells ( ,unit$ ,/ates1 #ahfj4--,petroleum ,eng9es4--,brayton1 ,spiel4-- ,otto's ,gas ,eng9e & ,improvem5ts4--,ammoniacal ,gas ,eng9es4-- ,nobels' ,inv5tions4--,/orm's ,gunp[d] ,eng9e4--,gas & ,vap\r ,comp>$ ) ,/eam4--,pr(4 ,j5k9s' ,pr$iction4--,gas to ,supplant ,/eam4--,compress$ ,air ,eng9es4--,innum]able ,applications ( ,pneumatic ,ma*9es4--,a ,numb] ,m5tion$4-- ,_! ,univ]sal ,application to ! ,useful & ,f9e ,arts4 #ahb ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,art ,,( ,,heat+1 ,,v5tilat+1 ,,cook+1 ,,refrig]at+ ,,& ,,light+4 ,prome!us & ! ,mod]n ,mat*4--#afhj1 ,godfrey ,hanckwitz ,inv5t$ ,fir/ ,phosphor\s ,mat*4--,o!r ,=ms ( ,mat*es4-- ,prome!an ,mat*es 9 #ahbj4--;,john ,walk]4--,lucif]4--,tons ( ,*emicals1 ,hundr$s ( ,p9e ,trees ,ye>ly ,made into ,mat*es4-- ,spl9ts & ,ma*9es4--,reub5 ,p>tridge4--,poriri]4--,pa/ebo>d ,box4--,ma*9es = ,assort+ & ,dipp+1 ,dry+ & ,box+4-- ,cook+ & ,heat+ ,/oves4--,hi/ory (1 f ,rome to ,b5 ,frankl94--,! ,old-,fa%ion$ ,fireplace4--,v>ieties ( ,coal ,/oves4--,/ove ,fireplace4--,v5tilation4--,hot ,air ,furnaces4-- ,h[ ,heat is ,di/ribut$1 ,reta9$1 & ,moi/5$4--,hot ,wat] ,circulation4--,incubators4--,bak+ ,ov5s1 ! ,dut* & ! ,mod]n4--,va/ ,numb] ( ,/ove & ,furnace ,f\ndries 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,v5tilation4--,p>liam5t ,build+s & ,u4 ,s4 ,capitol4-- ,em95t ,sci5tific ,m5 :o h ,made ,v5tilation a ,/udy4--,be/ ,modes4--,its ,great ,importance4--,c> ,heat]s4--,grass & ,refuse ,burn+ ,/oves4--,oil1 ,vap\r1 & ,gas ,/oves1 _! ,con/ruction & ,op]ation4--,/]ilis+4--,electric ,heat+ & ,cook+4-- ,refrig]ation4--,messrs4 ,c>r ( ,france1 #ahgj4--;,artificial ,ice4--,sulphuric ,acid & ,ammonia ,processes4--,absorption & ,compression ,me?ods ,describ$4--,refrig]at+ ,c>s4--,liquid ,air4 #aii ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,metallurgy4 ,! ,antiquity ( ! ,art4--,! 8,lo/ ,arts0 ,r$iscov]$4-- ,! ,e>lie/ ,=ms ( ,smelt+ ,furnaces4--,anci5t ,iron & ,/eel4--,india & ,africa4--,e>ly ,spa9 & ! ,catalan ,furnace4--,! ,arm\r ( ,don ,quixote4--,bell's ,hi/ory ( ! ,art4--,g]many4--,ca/ ,iron ,made by ,anci5ts1 ,disus$ = #ae ,c5turies4--,re9v5t$ by ,page & ,baude 9 ,engl&1 #aedc4-- ,g]man ,furnaces4--,dud ,dudley1 ! ,ox=d ,graduate & 8 ,furnace1 #afai4--,orig9 ( ,coke 9 ,engl&4--,use 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,revival ( ,ca/ ,iron4--,ca/ ,/eel 9 ,engl&1 ,huntsman1 #agdj4--;,h5ry ,cort & ,puddl+1 #aghd1 & its ,subsequ5t ,wond]ful ,value4--,/eam ,eng9e ( ,watt & ,iron4--,ref9+ ( ,preci\s ,metals4--,amalgamat+ ,process4--,review ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4--,h]s*el's ,di/9ction ( ,empirical & ,sci5tific ,art4--,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,sci5tific ,metallurgy4--,/eam1 ,*emi/ry1 ,electricity4--,rog]s' ,iron ,floor4--,neilson's ,hot ,air ,bla/1 #ahbh1 ,pat5t ,su/a9$4--,an?racite ,coal4--,colossal ,furnaces4--,gas ,produc]s4--,buns5's ,exp]im5ts4--,con/itu5ts ( ,ores4--,squeez+ ,process4--,burd5's ,me?od4--,me*anical ,puddl]s4--,rot>y4--,h5ry ,bessem]'s ,great ,process--#ahee-ahfj4-- ,/eel f ,iron4--,holley's ,app>atus4--,effects ( & ,*anges 9 ,bessem] ,process4--,old ,me?ods & ,means ,reviv$ & ,improv$4-- ,em95t ,inv5tors4--,new ,metals & ,new ,processes ,discov]$4-- ,h>veyis$ ,/eel4--,irresi/ible ,projectiles & ,imp5etrable ,arm\r ,plate4--,krupp's ,works4--,imm5se ,manufactures 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,treatm5t ( ,gold1 ,silv]1 ,copp]1 ,lead1 etc42 ,m9+ ,op]ations1 ,sep>ation1 ,r$uction4--,*emical ,me?ods3 ,lixiviation or ,lea*+4--,mac,arthur4--,=re/4--,sir ,humphry ,davy4--,s*eele4--,*lor9e & ,cyanide ,processes4--,alloys4-- ,babbitt+4--,metallic ,lubricants4--,v>i\s ,alloys & ,uses4-- ,r$uction ( ,alum9ium & o!r ,metals4--,electro-,metallurgy4-- ,diamonds to be ,made4--,all ,arts h ,wait$ on ,developm5t ( ?is ,art4 #bah ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,metal ,,work+ ,,processes ,,& ,,ma*9es4--,,tube ,,mak+4--,,weld+4--,,anneal+ ,,& ,,temp]+4--,,coat+ ,,& ,,metal ,,f\nd+4--,,metal ,,w>e4--,,wire ,,work+4 ,metal ,work+ ,tools ,"o ( ! ,glories ( #ai? ,c5tury4--,wood ,work+ & ,metal ,work+4--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,la!4--,turn+ ,metal ,la!4--,a ,lo/ ,art 9 ,use 9 ,egypt & 9 ,solomon's ,"t4--,reviv$ 9 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4--,=gott5 & ,reviv$ aga9 9 ,eighte5?4--,sir ,samuel ,b5?am & ,joseph ,bramah ,laid ,f\ndation ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,tools4--,! ,slide ,re/ & ,h5ry ,maudsley4--,nasmy?'s ,description4--,va/ ,rolls1 & ,mo/ ,delicate ,wat* ,me*anisms1 cut by ! ,la! & its ,tools4--,metal ,plan+4--,em95t ,inv5tors1 #ahaa-ahdj4-- ,_m ,inv5tions & ,modifications ,result+ 9 a ,wond]ful ,evolution4--,metal-,bor+ ,ma*9es4--,mod]n ,vulcan's ,titanic ,"w-,%op4--,screw ,mak+4--,dem& ,impossible to ,supply "u ,old ,me?od4--,great ,display at ,london ,exhibition1 #ahea1 & ,c5t5nial1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgf4--;,j4 ,:itwor? ,co41 ( ,engl&1 ,sell]s ,co41 ( ,am]ica1 & ,o!rs4--,! ,great ,revelation4-- ,hoopes & ,t[ns5d & ! ,fl[ ( ,cold1 ,solid ,metal4--,cold ,pun*+1 etc4--,ma*9e-,made ,horse-,%oes4--,! ,blacksmi? & ,mod]n ,inv5tions4--,mak+ ( ,great ,tubes4--,weld+ by ,electricity1 & ,temp]+ & ,anneal+4--,h[ ,arm\r ,plate is ,h>d5$4--,metals ,coat$4--,electro-,plat+ & ,ca/+4-- ,great ,domes ,gild$4--,m\lds = ,metal ,f\nd+4--,ma*9es & ,me?ods4--,/eel ,+ots4--,%eet ,metal & ,p]sonal ,w>e4-- ,great ,v>iety ( ,ma*9es = ,mak+4--,wire ,made ,articles4-- ,description ( ,great ,mod]n ,"w-,%op4 #bdj ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ordnance1 ,,arms1 ,,ammunition1 ,,& ,,explosives4 ,?is ,art ,sl[ 9 ,gr[?1 b no ,art ,progress$ ,fa/]4--,! ,inc5tives to its ,developm5t4--,! ,greate/ ,in/rum5ts 9 ! ,new ,civilisation4--,peace & its ,fruits ,e/abli%$ by !m4--,its ,hi/ory4--,*9ese ,cannon4--,india4--,! ,moors4-- ,arabs4--,cannon at ,cordova 9 #abhj4--,! ,spani>ds & ,gibralt>1 #acji4--,! ,spread ( ,artill]y ?r\gh ,europe4--,description ( ,anci5t ,guns4--,bree* ,load]s & ,/one ,cannon ,balls4--,wr\ght ,iron ,cannon & ,%ells 9 #ae? ,c5tury4--,big ,cannon ( ! ,h9doos & ,russians4--,/range ,names4--,france "u ,l\is ,,xi4--,improvem5ts ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4--,holl&'s ,mort> ,%ells & ,gr5ades 9 ! ,sev5te5?4--,coehorn ,mort>s & ,dut* ,h[itz]s4--,l\is ,,xiv4--,fr5* ,artill]y ,conqu]s ,italy4-- ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--8,que5 ,ann's ,pocket ,piece40--,gribeauval ! ,inv5tor ( ! ,greate/ ,improvem5ts 9 ! ,eighte5?4-- ,8 ,sy/em ,us$ by ,bonap>te at ,t\lon1 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & 9 ,italy4--,m>5go1 #ahjj4--,small ,arms1 _! ,hi/ory4--,f ! ,arquebus to ! ,mod]n ,rifle4--,rifle1 ! ,weapon ( ! ,am]ican ,settl]1 & ! ,revolution4--,puckle's ,celebrat$ ,bree*-,load+ ,cannon ,pat5t1 & ,*ri/ian & ,turk ,bullets4-- #ahjc1 ,p]cussion ,pr9ciple 9 ,fire-arms1 ,inv5t$ by a ,cl]gyman1 ,=sy?4--#ahjh1 ,g5l4 ,%rapnel4--,bormann ( ,belgium4--#ahad1 ,%aw & ! ,cap4--,fl9t ,locks ,/ill 9 ,use1 #ahdg4--;,colt's ,revolv]s1 #ahce-ahea4--;,hi/ory ( ,cannon aga9 ,rev]t$ to4--,columbiads ( ,bom=d4--,paixhan 9 #ahbb4--,%ells ( ! ,crimea4--,ke>s>ge & ,alabama4--,requirem5ts ( ,mod]n ,ordnance4--,rodman ,"o ( ! ,pione]s4--,woodbridge's ,wire ,w\nd ,guns1 ,piezomet]1 & ,%ell ,sabot4--,sir ,william ,arm/rong & ,sir ,jos4 ,:itwor?4--,krupp's ,cannon & ,works4--,! ,late/ ,improvem5ts4--,compress$ ,air ,ordnance4--,con/ructions ( ,metals & ,explosives4--,! 8,range ,f9d]40--,small ,arms aga9 ,consid]$4--,hi/ory ( ! ,bree* ,load] & ,metallic ,c>tridges4--,wood5 ,walls & ,/one ,=ts disappe>$4--,monitor & ,m]rimac4--,blan*>d & ,hall4--,gill4--,spr+field ,rifle4-- ,ma*9e ,guns4--,electric ,batt]y4--,gatl+'s1 ,hot*kiss'4-- ,explosives4--,torp$oes4--,effect ( ,mod]n ,weapons4 #beb ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,pap] ,,& ,,pr9t+1 ,,typewrit+ ,,& ,,! ,,l9otype4 ,pap]-mak+ ,prec$$ ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4--,! ,wasp ,prec$$ ,man4--,! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9doos1 ,egyptians1 & o!r ,ori5tals _h ,inv5t$ ,bo? ,arts4--,hi/ory ( ,papyrus4--,p>*m5t4-- ,twelf? ,c5tury ,docum5ts ,writt5 on ,l95 ,pap] /ill ,extant4--,wat] ,m>ks4--,wall ,pap]1 ,sub/itute = ,tape/ry1 #afdj4--;,holl& 9 ,advance1 ,sev5te5? ,c5tury4--,ritt5h\se ( ,holl& ,introduces ,pap]-,mak+ 9 ,am]ica1 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,pap] a ,de> ,commodity4--,! ,revolution ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--#djj ,diff]5t ,mat]ials n[ ,us$4-- ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,op5s ) ,rob]t's ,pap]-,mak+ ,ma*9e4-- ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]4--,imm5se ,gr[? ( _! ,sy/em4--,mod]n ,discov]ies ( ,*emi/s4--,soda ,pulp & ,sulphite ,processes4-- ,pap] ,mills4--,pap] ,bag ,ma*9es1 etc4--,pr9t+4--,*9ese ,inv5t$ ,bo? ,block & ,movable ,types4--,european ,inv5tors4-- ,! ,claims ( ,diff]5t ,nations4--,f ,s\!rn ,italy to ,sw$54--,spread ( ! ,art4--,pr9t+ ,press & ! ,re=mation4--,fir/ ,pr9t+ ,press 9 ,new ,_w ,set up 9 ,mexico1 #aecf4--,!n 9 ,brazil4--,!n 9 #afci 9 ,massa*usetts4--,types & ,presses4--,engli% & ,am]ican4-- ,ramage & ,frankl94--,blaew ( ,am/]dam4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,op5s ) ,e>l ( ,/anhope's ,h& ,press4--,clym] ( ,philadelphia1 #ahag4--,! ,fir/ ,ma*9e ,presses4--,ni*olson 9 ,eighte5?4--,konig & ,bau] 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahac4-- ,london ,times1 #ahad4--ahae1 ,c[p]'s ,electrotype plates4--#ahbb1 ,fir/ ,p[] ,press 9 ,unit$ ,/ates4--,treadwell4--,bruce's ,type ,ca/+ ,ma*9es4--,hoe's ,presses4--,john ,walt]'s4--,g]man & ,am]ican ,presses4--,capacities ( ,mod]n ,presses4--,mail ,m>k+4--,typewrit+4--,sugge/$ 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4-- ,reviv$ by ,fr5* 9 #ahdj4--,lead+ ,features ,inv5t$ 9 ,u4 ,s41 #aheg4--;,electro-,magnet ,typewrit]s4--,cahill4-- ,book-b9d+4--,review ( ! ,art4--,l9otype 8,mo/ ,rem>kable ,ma*9e ( ,c5tury40--,m]gan?al]4--,rog]s4--,progre ss & ,triumphs ( ! ,art4 #bgc ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,textiles4 ,! ,di/aff & ! ,sp9dle1 )\t a ,*ange f ,anci5t ,days to ,middle ( ,f\rte5? ,c5tury4--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,clo? ,mak+4--,woman ! ,natural ,goddess ( ! ,art4--,! ,anci5t & ,isolat$ ,weav]s ( ,mexico4--,aft] #dj ,c5turies ( ,h&-,weav+ ,comes ,john ,kay1 ( ,engl&1 #agcc4--,! ,sp9n+ ,ma*9es ( ,wyatt & ,h>greaves4--#agch-agfi1 ,ri*>d ,arkwright4--,! 8,sp9n+ ,j5ny0 & ! 8,?ro/le40--,! ,/eam ,eng9e & ,weav+4--#aggf1 ,crompton & ! 8,mule40--#aghe1 ,c>twright & ,p[] ,looms4--#agic1 ,eli ,:itney & ! ,cotton ,g94-- #agic-ahac1 ,samuel ,slat]1 ,l[ell1 & ,cotton ,factories ( ,am]ica4--,! ,dom9ion ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,:at x ,comprises 9 ! ,art ( ,sp9n+ & ,weav+4--,description ( ,op]ations4--,bobb9s ( ,asa ,arnold & ! ,r+ ,frame ( ,j5ks4--,spool+ ,ma*9es4--,w>p+ & ,dress+ & o!r ,f9i%+ ,op]ations4--,embroid]y4--,clo? ,f9i%+4--,! ,celebrat$ ,jacqu>d ,loom4--,jacqu>d & ,napoleon4--,bonelli's ,electric ,loom4--,fancy ,wooll5 ,looms ( ,george ,crompton4-- ,bigel['s ,c>pet ,looms4--,figur+1 ,col\r+1 ,emboss+4-- ,clo? ,press+ & ,creas+4--,felt+4--,ribbons4--,comp>ison ( ,p5elopes ( ,pa/ & ,pres5t4--,knitt+ ,days ( our ,gr&mo!rs & ,knitt+ ,ma*9es4--,a ,mile ( ,/ock+s4-- ,fancy ,/ock+ & ,embroid]y ,ma*9es4--,nett+ & ,turki% ,c>pets4--,matt+4--,spun ,glass1 etc4--,h&1 & ! ,skill$ ,lab\r ( ,ma*9]y4 #bib ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,g>m5ts4 8,man is a ,tool-us+ ,animal1 ( :i* ,tru?1 ,clo!s are b "o ,example40--,=m ( ,ne$le n ,*ang$ until #agge4-- ,weis5?al4--,embroid]y ,ne$le4--,sa9t's ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #agij4--;,john ,duncan's ,tambor+ ,ma*9e1 #ahjd4--;,eye ,po9t$ ,ne$les = ,rope ,matt+1 #ahjg4--,mad]sp]g]'s ,sew+ ,ma*9e1 #ahad4--;,france & ! ,?imonni] ,ma*9e1 #ahcj-ahdh-ej1 ,made ( ,wood4--,de/roy$ by ,mob4--,engli% ,embroid]+ ,ma*9e1 #ahda4-- ,concurr5t ,inv5tions 9 ,widely ,sep>at$ ,c\ntries4--,?imonni] 9 ,france1 ,hunt 9 ,am]ica1 #ahcb1 #ahcd4--;,elias ,h[e1 #ahdf4-- ,description ( ,h[e's ,inv5tions4--,recital ( 8 ,/ruggles & f9al ,triumphs4--,! ,te/ ( ,priority4--,lea!r ,sew+ ,ma*9es ( ,gre5\gh & ,corliss1 #ahdb-dc4--;,bean's ,runn+ ,/it*1 #ahdc4--,! ,decade ( #ahdi-ahei1 ,greate/ 9 ,c5tury 9 ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,inv5tions4--,hood's 8,song ( ! ,%irt10 a ,dy+ ,drudg]y4--,improvem5ts aft] ,h[e4--,blodgett & ,l]['s ,dip ,motion4--,wilson's ,f\r-,motion ,fe$4--,s+]'s ,inv5tions1 _! ,importance1 8 ,rise f ,pov]ty to ,great ,weal?4--,! ,grov] & ,bak]4--,! ,display 9 #ahgf at ! ,c5t5nial4--,va/ ,gr[? ( ! ,indu/ry4--,extraord9>y ,v]satility ( ,inv5tion 9 ,sew+ & ,reap+ ,ma*9es1 & ,bree*-,load+ ,fire-arms4-- ,comm]cial ,success due to ,division ( ,lab\r & ,assembl+ ( ,p>ts4--,innum]able ,additions to ! ,art4--,sev5ty-five ,diff]5t ,/it*es4--,pass+ ( ! ,quilt+ ,p>ty4--,embroid]y & ,button-hole ,ma*9es4--,g>m5t-cutt+ ,ma*9es4--,bonnets & ,inv5tions ( ,wom54--,hat ,mak+4--,its ,hi/ory4--,bonjeau's ,improvem5ts 9 ,pla9 ,clo?s1 #ahcd4--;,effect ( ,mod]n ,inv5tions on ,we>+ ,app>el & ,condition ( ! ,poor4--,! ,epo* ( ,good ,clo!s4 #caj ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,indu/rial ,,ma*9es4 ,inv5tions ,eng5d] ,o!rs4--,co-op]ative ,gr[?4--,broom ,mak+4--,crude ,condition until ! ,mod]n ,la!1 ,m&rel1 ,%uttle & ,sew+ ,ma*9e4--,broom ,sew+ ,ma*9es4--,effect on ,lab\r4--,! ,bru% & ,bru% ,ma*9es4--,a ,hundr$ ,species ( ,bru%es1 ea* ,made by a ,special ,ma*9e4--,fir/ ,successful ,bru% ,ma*9e1 ,woodbury's1 #ahgj4--,wond]ful ,op]ations4-- ,/reet-,sweep+ ,ma*9es1 #ahca4--,mo/ ,effective ,=m4--,abrad+ ,ma*9es4--,application ( ,s& ,bla/4--,nature's ,ma*9e ,pat5t$ by ,tilghman 9 #ahgj4--,?+s ,done by ! ,s& ,bla/ & ,h[4--,em]y & ,corundum ,ma*9es4--,va/ ,application 9 ,cutt+1 ,gr9d+1 ,poli%+4--,wa%+ & ,iron+ ,ma*9es4-- ,_! ,contribution to ,cleanl9ess & ,com=t4--,laundry ,appliances4--,old & ! ,new ,mangle4--,/>* ,apply+4--,/eam ,laundry ,ma*9]y4--,description ( ,"w done 9 a ,mod]n ,laundry4 #cbh ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,wood-,,work+4 ,contra/ ( ,prehi/oric ,lab\r & ,implem5ts & ,mod]n ,tools4--,! ,ages ( ,/one1 ,bronze1 ,iron1 & ! ,age ( ,wood4--,! ,sl[ ,gr[? ( ,wood-work+ ,inv5tions4--,tools ( ! ,egyptians4--,saw ( ! ,greeks4--,kn[n to ,h9doos & ,africans4--,acc\nts ( ,pl9y & ,ansonius z to ,planes & ,m>ble ,saw+4--,saw-mills ( ,france1 ,g]many1 ,norway1 ,sw$54--,holl& #ajj ,ye>s ahead ( ,engl&1 & ,:y4--,william ,p5n ,f\nd ,saw-mills 9 ,am]ica 9 #afhb4--,:at made ,am]icans ,inv5tors4--,progress ,unkn[n :]e ,saw-mills are n4--,/eam & ,saw ,mills4--,spl5did ,sy/em & ,inv5tions ( ,samuel ,b5?am1 ,bramah & ,bran* at ,close ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury4-- ,fir/ ,decade ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,produces ,wond]ful ,inv5tor1 ,?omas ,blan*>d4--,8 ,life & ,inv5tions4--,ma*9es = ,turn+ ,irregul> ,=ms 9 ,wood & ,metal4--,! ,bor+ ,worm & ,bor+ ,ma*9e4--,gun-mak+ & ,mortis+ ,ma*9es4-- ,complicat$ ,ornam5tal ,wood-cutt+ & ,c>v+ ,ma*9es4-- ,:atev] ,made by ,h& c be ,bett] ,made by ,ma*9]y4-- ,patt]n-,cutt+ ,ma*9es4--,xylopla/y4--,art ( ,h& ,c>v+ ,reviv$4--,b5d+ ( ,wood by ,fire & ,/eam4--,! ,problems ,solv$ by ,wood-work+ ,inv5tors4--,great ,saws at ! ,vi5na ,exposition1 #ahgc4--;,bor+ ,tools1 ,aug]s1 ,planes1 ,la!s1 etc4 ,h[ ,improv$ & by ,:om4--8,! ,univ]sal ,wood ,work]s40-- ,flexible ,%aft+4--,%+les & ,tiles4--,a ,great ,log1 h[ ,turn$ into ,bundles ( ,%+les4--,v5e]+4--,:at ,pl9y ,?\ght ( ,x4--,brunel's ,ma*9es1 #ahje-ahjh4--;,homes ,made ,beautiful by ,mod]n ,wood-work+4--,objects )\t & ,)9 a ,h\se1 ,made by ,su* ,ma*9]y4--,array ( ,wood-work+ ,ma*9]y at ,int]national ,expositions4--,! ,art ( ,=e/ry4 #cci ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,furniture4--,,bottl+1 ,,pres]v+1 ,,& ,,lamplight+4 ,univ]sal ,supply ( ,conv5i5t & ,ornam5tal ,furniture ,due to ,mod]n ,inv5tions & ,ma*9]y4--,! ,furniture ( ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks & ,romans4--,tables4--,mod]n ,improvem5ts4-- ,comb9$ ,tables1 ,desks1 & ,*airs4--,special ,=ms ( ,ea*4-- ,b$s3 ,advance f ! ,pond]\s ,b$/eads ( ,=m] ,times4-- ,mod]n1 ,ornam5tal1 ,heal?ful ,/yles4--,iron1 ,brass1 ,spr+s1 ,surgical & ,invalid ,*airs & ,b$s4--,kit*5 ,ut5sils4--,va/ ,am\nt ( ,drudg]y ,reliev$4--,curta9s1 ,%ades1 & ,scre5s4-- ,great ,*anges ,produc$ by ,/eam+ & ,b5d+ ,wood4--,! ,b5twood ,w>e ,factories ( ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 ,moravia 7#ahgj-gc71 9 ,va/ ,bee* ,=e/s ,foll[$ 9 o!r ,c\ntries4--,mod]n ,*airs ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds4--,! ,d5ti/ & ! ,!atre4--,bottle ,/opp]s4--,enorm\s ,dem& = ,cork ,exhau/+ ! ,supply4-- ,mod]n ,sub/itutes4--,fruit ,j>s1 etc4--,lamplight+1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4--,revolution ,produc$ by ,petroleum4--,wickless & ,electric ,lamps4 #ced ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,lea!r4 ,lea!r & ,prehi/oric ,man4--,e>lie/ ,implem5ts & ,processes ,=]unn]s ( ,mod]n ,inv5tions4--,mod]n ,lea!r ,unkn[n to ! ,e>lie/ ,races4--,tann+4--,lea!rs ( ,diff]5t ,nations4-- ,h& ,tools & ,v>iety ( ,op]ations4--,inv5tions ( ,n9ete5? ,c5tury--,lab\r-,sav+ ,ma*9]y & ,new ,processes4--,epo* ( ,mod]n ,ma*9]y4--#aghj1 ,john ,bull & 8 ,scrap+ ,ma*9e1 ,hide-mill1 ,pione] ,ma*9e ( ,c5tury4--,fle%+ ,ma*9es4-- ,tann+ ,app>atus4--,reel ,ma*9es4--,tann+ ,processes & ! ,*emi/s4--,ma*9es = ,diff]5t ,op]ations4--,p5dulum ,lev] ,ma*9e4--,lea!r ,splitt+1 & o!r ,rem>kable ,ma*9es4-- ,boots & ,%oes1 _! ,"* be=e ,mod]n ,inv5tions4-- ,r&olph's ,rivet+ ,ma*9e ( #ahji4--;,great ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,brunel's ,ma*9es4--#ahah1 ,walk] ,inv5ts ! ,wood5 ,peg4--,peg-mak+ ,ma*9es4--#aheh1 ,/urtevant's ,great ,improvem5t4--,fifty-five ,million ,pairs ( ,boots & ,%oes !n ,annually ,pegg$4--,metal ,wire1 & ,screw ,pegs4--,la/-turn+ ,ma*9es ( ,blan*>d4--,mc,kay's ,%oe ,sew+ ,ma*9e4-- ,revolution 9 ,%oe ,mak+4--,special ,ma*9es = ,mak+ ,e ,"p4--,"o ,ma*9e ,makes #cjj ,pairs a ,day4--,_m ,millions made ,daily4--,va/ ,increase ( ,lab\r]s z ! ,art ,advances4-- ,illu/rations ( ,yankee ,ent]prise4--,mod]n & ,anci5t ,h>nesses4--,emboss$ ,lea!r4--,book ,cov]s & ! _m ,useful & ,beautiful ,lea!r ,articles4--,! ,va/ & ,important ,lea!r ,manufactures4 #cfa ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,m9]als4--,,wells4 ,anci5t ,tools & ! ,art ( ,build+4--,! ,p>!non4-- ,aqu$ucts ( ,rome4--,tombs ( ,india4--,halls ( ,alhambra4-- ,go?ic ,ca!drals4--,/eam ,fir/ ,drew ,coal1 !n ,saw$ ,wood & !n ,/one4--,/one-cutt+ ,ma*9]y4--,c>v+4--,dress+4-- ,drill+4--,tunnels4--,wond]ful ,"w ( ,/one-,bor+ ,ma*9e on ,pill>s ( ,ohio ,/ate ,capitol4--,/one ,drills & ,compress$ ,air4--,hell ,gate4--,cru%+ ,/ones & ,ores4--,blake's ,cru%]4-- 8,road ,metal40--,diff]5t ,=m ( ,cru%]s4--,assort+ ,coal4-- ,/eam & ,coal1 /rong ,bro!rs4--,compress$ ,air = ,m9+ ,ma*9]y4--,mighty ,picks ,driv5 by ,air4--,electric ,motor4-- ,ma*9es = ,scre5+1 ,load+1 & ,weigh+4--,ore ,mills4-- ,sep>ators4--,c5trifugal ,action4--,ore ,wa%+4--,amalgamators3 ,electric1 ,lead1 ,m]cury1 ,plate1 ,vacuum1 ,vap\r1 etc4--,! ,revolution 9 ,m9+4--,well ,bor+ an ,anci5t ,art4--,artesian ,wells4--,coal ,oil & ,coal ,wells4--,prec$$ by ,discov]y ( ,p>aff9e & its ,uses4--,rei*5ba*1 ,"y4--,petroleum ,discov]y4--,new ,indu/ry4--,col4 ,drake & ,fir/ ,oil ,well4-- ,sudd5 ,ri*es ( ,f>m]s4--,bor+ ,wat] ,wells4--,gre5's ,driv5 ,wells4--,! ,des]ts ,made to ,bloom z ! ,rose4 #cgc ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,horology ,,& ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,precision4 ,"t ,measur+ ,in/rum5ts ( ,antiquity4--,sun-dial4--,clepsydra1 ,h\r-glass1 ,graduat$ ,c&le4--,plato's ,bell4--,! ,clepsydra ( ,ctesibius4--,inc5se ,/icks ( ,*9ese4--,sun-dials ( ,greeks & ,romans4--,c&les ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4--,wond]ful ,clocks ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,h5ry de ,vick ( ,france1 #acgj4--,two ,hundr$ ,ye>s )\t ,advance4--,a/ronom]s1 ,bra*e & ,valh]ius4--#aebe1 ,ze*'s ,fusee4--,prog5itors ( ,mod]n ,wat*1 #aejj4--aehb1 ,sw++ ,lamp ( ,galileo4--#afci1 ,galileo's ,book4--,huyg5s & ! ,p5dulum4--,dr4 ,hooke's & ,david ,ramsey's ,inv5tions4--,hair-,spr+ ,balances4--,george ! ,?ird's ,small ,"t-,piece4--,eighte5? ,c5tury ,division ( ,"t ,pieces into ,h\rs1 ,m9utes & ,seconds4--,/em ,w9d]s4--,a/ronomical ,discov]ies & ,*ronomet]s4--,dut*1 ,lead+ ,clockmak]s2 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&4--,sy/ems ,foll[$ 9 ^! ,c\ntries4-- ,m9ute ,sub-divisions ( ,lab\r4--,wat* & ,clock ,mak+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,am]ican ,sy/em4--,wond]ful ,ma*9es = e ,"p4--,wat* factories4--,pope's ,simile4--,revolution 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,electric ,sy/em4--#djjj ,pat5ts 9 ,u4,s4 s9ce #ahjj4--,regi/]+ ,devices4--8,a ,me*anical ,consci5ce40-- ,ca% ,regi/]s4--,vot+ ,ma*9es4--,electrical ,record]s4-- ,cyclomet]s4--,spe$ ,indicators4--,weigh+ ,scales & ,ma*9es1 ,hi/ory (4--,! ,fairbanks ( ,v]mont1 #ahca4--,plat=m & o!r ,scales4--,spr+ ,weigh+4--,automatic ,record]s ( ,weight & ,prices4--,te/+ ,ma*9es1 ,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,am]ican4--,! ,em]y ,scales4--,gages1 ,dynamomet]s4--,hydraulic ,te/+4--,delicate ,op]ations4--,/r5g? ( a ,horse-hair & ,great ,/eel ,beam1 ,te/$ by ,same ,ma*9e4--,effect on ,public ,works4 #chd ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,music1 ,,ac\/ics1 ,,optics1 ,,photography1 ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,musical ,in/rum5ts ,old z ,religion4--,ab\nd$ be=e ! ,lyre ( ,apollo or ! ,h>p ( ,orpheus4--,_! ,evolution4--,to ,meet ,wants & ,gr[+ ,ta/es4--,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ! ,laws ( ,helmholtz4--,! ,/ory ( ! ,piano1 ! ,que51 ,involves :ole ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,music4--,anci5t ,h>p & ,gr[?4-- ,psalt]y & ,dulcim] ( ,assyrians & ,hebrews4--,no ,inv5tions by ,greeks & ,romans 9 ?is ,art4--,fifte5? ,c5tury & ! ,clavici!rium4--,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ! ,virg9al & ! ,sp9et4--,sev5te5? ,c5tury1 ! ,clavi*ord & ,h>psi*ord4-- ,italian ,cembello4--,ba*1 ,moz>t1 ,h&el1 ,haydn4--,cri/(ori ( ,flor5ce1 ,s*reib] ( ,g]many & ,mod]n ,piano4--,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,pianos ( ,broadwood & ,clem5ti ( ,london1 ,er>d ( ,/rasburg1 ,petzold ( ,p>is & ,o!rs4--,two ,?\s& ,ye>s ,tak5 to ,rip5 ! ,mod]n ,piano4--,description ( ,piano ,p>ts4-- ,helmholtz's ,great ,"w1 #ahfb4--;,effect on ,sy/em ( ,music & ,musical ,in/rum5ts4--,! ,organ1 ,k+ 9 ! ,realm ( ,music4-- ,hi/ory (1 f ,e>lie/ ,times4--,improvem5ts ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,! ,auto-h>p4--,self-play+ ,in/rum5ts4--,! ,sci5ce ( ,ac\/ics & ,practical ,applications4--,auricul> ,tubes4-- ,telephone1 ,phonograph1 ,graphophone1 ,gramophone4--,_! ,evolution & _! ,inv5tors4--,optical ,in/rum5ts4--,_! ,gr[?4--,lipp]%eim1 ,galileo1 ,lieb]kulm1 ,john ,doll&4--,! ,improvem5ts & ,inv5tors ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,brew/] & ! ,kaleidoscope1 ,/]eoscope4--,l5ticul> ,l5ses4-- ,ligh?\se ,illum9ation4--,f>aday & ,tyndall4--,abb ,moigno's ,tr\bles4--,oph?almoscope4--,spectroscop e4--,mak+ ( ,great ,l5ses4--,sol>met]4--,measur+ ! ,position & ,di/ances ( ,unse5 ,objects4--,light ,conv]t$ into ,music4--,dagu]re & ,photography4--,hi/ory & ,developm5t4--,col\r ,reproduction4-- ,p5cils4--,pa9t+4--,air ,bru%es4--,telegraphic ,photographs4 #djj ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,safes ,,& ,,locks4 ,safes1 h[ ,con/ruct$ be=e ?is ,c5tury4--,classification4-- ,c5tury ,/>ts out to ,make ,safes ,firepro(4--,scott 9 #ahja4-- ,m>r1 #ahcd4--,result ( ,great ,fire 9 ,new ,york1 #ahce4--,wild]'s & ,h]r+'s ,safes4--,burgl>-pro( ,safes1 #ahce4--;,*ubb1 ,newton1 ,?ompson1 ,hall1 ,m>v9 & ,o!rs4--,electricity4--,seal ,locks f #ahae4--,locks ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds 9 ,anci5t ,days4--,( ,pond]\s ,size4--,key ( ! ,h\se ( ,david4--,lock ( ,p5elope's ,h\se4--,locks ( ! ,middle ,ages4--,lett] ,locks ( ! ,dut*1 #afej4--;,c>ew's ,v]se4--,eighte5? ,c5tury ,locks4--,tumbl]s4-- ,joseph ,bramah's ,locks4--,comb9ation1 ,p]mutation & ,"t ,locks4--,yale ,locks4--,mod]n ,locks ,inv5t$ = ,special ,uses4-- ,ma/] or ,second>y ,key ,locks4--,value ( ,simple1 ,*eap1 ,effective ,locks4--,mail ,locks & ,o!rs4--,great] ,g5]al ,security = ,prop]ty ( all ,k9ds n[ ,obta9$4 #dbj ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,c>riages ,,& ,,c>ry+ ,,ma*9es ,,g5]ally4 ,review ( ,conveyances f ,"t ( ,ptolemy's ,great ,procession1 #bgj ,b4 ,c41 until ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,! ,old ,/age ,coa*es4-- ,coa*es ( ! ,ri*1 ! ,middle ,classes & ! ,poor4--,! ,pa/ ,art ,comp>$ ) ! ,art z ,exhibit$ at ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf at ,philadelphia4--,! ,v>ieties ( ,diff]5t ,vehicles !re ,display$ by ,diff]5t ,nations4--,velocip$es & ,bicycles4--#ahjj to #ahfi4--;,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,engli%1 ,scot*4-- ,! 8,drais9e0 ( ,von ,drais1 #ahaf4--;,johnson's 8,curricle10 #ahah4--;,gomp]tz's 8,d&y0 & 8,hobby ,horse10 #ahba4--,mi*aux's1 #ahfc4--,lallem5t's ( ,france1 #ahff1 ,crank & ,p$al4--,am]ica & ,europe ,adopts x1 #ahff1 #ahfi4--,pneumatic ,rubb] ,tire ,inv5t$ by ,?omson1 #ahde4--,sleeps ,=ty ,ye>s4--,improvem5ts s9ce #ahfi4--,motor ,vehicles & ,automobiles4--,traction ,eng9es4--,brakes1 ,railway1 ,air & ,electric4--,automatic ,c\pl]s1 ,buff]s1 & ,ve/ibule ,tra9s4 #dbh ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,%ips ,,& ,,%ip ,,build+4 8,%ips are b ,bo>ds40--8,! ,great ,h>ry40--,noah's ,ark ! ,prototype ( ! ,mod]n 8,:ale-back40--,phnicians4-- ,nor?m54--,dut*1 ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican ,types4-- ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ! ,yankee ,clipp]s4--,donald ,mc,kay4-- 8,great ,republic40--,/eam z ,motive ,p[] 9 ,%ips ! ,lead+ ,ev5t 9 ! ,art4--,"l ,dundas & ,/eam ,canal ,boats4--,iron ,%ips 9 ,place ( ,wood1 #ahbi-cj4--;,john ,laird ( ,birk5head4-- ,sir ,william ,fairbairn4--,clyde ,works4--,comp>ison ( ,wood & ,iron4--#ahdd1 ! ,great ,brita94--,john ,ericsson4--,monitor & ,m]rimac4--,composite ,/yle ( ,vessels4--,m>9e ,propulsion4-- ,paddle ,:eels4--,screws4--#ahjd1 ,john ,/ev5s4--#ahjg1 ,fulton4-- ,screw ,propell] ( ,ericsson4--,! ,ogd51 ! ,/ockton & ! ,pr9ceton1 ! ,fir/ ,naval ,w>%ip ( its ,k9d4--,! ,two ,revolutions ,produc$ by ,ericsson4--,pneumatic ,propell]s4-- ,description ( a ,w>%ip4--,! ,deuts*l&4--,torp$o ,boats4-- ,frankl9 & ,oil on ! ,waves4--,air ,%ips4--,c\nt ,zeppel9's ,boat4--,o!r ,plans ( ,air ,navigation4--,! ,problems to be ,solv$4 #dch ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,illum9at+ ,,gas4 ,:at ,artificial ,light has done = ,man4--,its ,condition be=e ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4--,exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,clayton1 ,hon4 ,r4 ,boyle1 ,dr4 ,hales1 ,bi%op ,watson1 ,"l ,dundonald1 ,dr4 ,rickel1 & ,william ,murdock 9 ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--#ahja1 ,le ,bon ,makes ,gas1 ,proposes to ,light ,p>is4--#ahjc1 ,engli% ,p]iodicals ,discuss ! ,subject4--#ahjf1 ,melville ( ,newport1 ,u4 ,s41 ,lights ,h\se & ,/reet4--#ahag1 ,fir/ ,ligh?\se ,lit by ,gas4--,! ,beav] ,tail on ,atlantic ,coa/4--,p>liam5t 9 #ahac1 ,london ,/reets ,lit 9 #ahae1 ,p>is1 #ahbj1 ,am]ican ,cities #ahaf-be4-- ,gas ,processes4--,*emi/ry4--,prie/ley & ,dalton4--,b]?ollet1 ,graham1 & ,o!rs4--,clegg ( ,engl& & 8 ,gas ,ma*9es4-- ,art ,revolutionis$ by ,inv5tion ( ,wat] ,gas1 #ahbc-ahdg4-- ,donovan1 ,l[e1 ,:ite4--,t4 ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e1 ,an?racite ,process1 #ahgc4--;,competition ) ,electricity4--,siem5s' ,reg5]ative ,sy/em4--,! ,g5]ators1 ,c>buretors1 ,retorts1 ,mix]s1 ,purifi]s1 ,met]s1 ,scrubb]s1 ,hold]s1 ,cond5s]s1 ,gov]nors1 ,indicators1 ,regi/]s1 ,*>g]s1 ,pressure ,regulators1 etc4-- ,portable ,gas ,app>atus4--,arg& ,burn]s4--,acetyl5e ,gas4-- ,calcium ,c>bide4--,magnesium4--,buns5 ,burn] & ,welsba* ,mantle4 #dej ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,pott]y1 ,,pla/ics1 ,,porcela9s1 ,,/onew>e1 ,,glass1 ,,rubb]1 ,,celluloid4 ,brickmak+ f ! ,e>lie/ ,ages to ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4-- ,pott]y1 its ,orig9 ,unkn[n4--,its ,evolution4--,wom5 ! ,fir/ ,inv5tors 9 ,c]amic & ,textile ,arts4--,progress ( ,man ,trac$ 9 ,pott]y4--,review ( ,pott]y f ,"t ( ,hom] to ! ,w$gwood ,w>e ( ,eighte5? ,c5tury4--,lab\r-,sav+ ,devices ( ,n9ete5?4--,op]ations 9 ,brickmak+ & ,ma*9]y4--,! ,celebrat$ ,pug ,mill1 ! ,pione]4--,m\ld+ & ,press+4-- ,dry+ & ,burn+4--,! ,sl[ ,gr[? ( ,me?ods4--,useful ,contrivances nev] :olly ,supplant$4--,mod]n ,heat ,di/ributors4--,h(fman's ,kilns4--,w$gwood's ,pott]y 9 ,eighte5?4--,siem5s' ,reg5]ators 9 ,n9ete5?1 & o!r ,kilns4--,susan ,frackelton's4--,! ,filt] ,press4--,*9ese & ,fr5* ,porcela9s--,battam's ,imitations ( ,m>bles & ,pla/] ,m\lds4--,fai5ce4--,porcela9 ,m\ld+ & ,col\rs4--,atomis]s & ,backgr\nds4--,rookwood ,pott]y & ,miss ,fry4--,enamell$ ,w>e4--,artificial ,/one4--,mod]n ,cem5ts4--,glass ! ,si/] ( ,pott]y4--,! ,inv5tors ( ,bl[+1 ,cutt+1 ,trimm+ by ,%e>s & ,diamond ,cutt+1 ,anci5t & ,unkn[n4--,glass ,w9d[s & ,mirrors ,unkn[n to ! ,poor ,prior to ,eighte5? ,c5tury4-- ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ! ,sci5tific ,age ( ,glass4--,its ,comm]cial ,developm5t4--,cry/al ,palace ( #ahea4--;,description ( ,mod]n ,discov]ies4--,mat]ials4--,col\rs & ,f>aday's ,discov]y 9 #ahbd4--;,gaffield's ,ext5sive ,exp]im5ts 9 ,produc+ ,col\rs4--,! ,g]man ,glass ,works at ,j5a ( ,abbe & ,s*ott4--,me?ods ,foll[$ = ,diff]5t ,v>ieties4-- ,ma*9es = ,diff]5t ,purposes4--,cut ,glass & o!r ,beautiful ,w>e4--,cameo ,cutt+4--,porcela9 ,electroplat+4-- ,rubb]1 ,hi/ory (1 9 ,sev5te5?1 ,eighte5? & ,n9ete5? ,c5turies4--,sket* ( ,goodye>4--,8 ,inv5tions & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,art4--,glass ,wool ( ,volcano ( ,kilauea & ,krupp's ,bla/ ,furnaces4 #deg ,,inv5tions ,,9 ,,! ,,c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory--,,inv5tions ,,& ,,discov]ies--,,_! ,,developm5t4 ,9 treat+ ( ! subject ( ,inv5tions x is prop] to di/+ui% !m f _! sci5tific k9dr$--,discov]ies4 ,! hi/ory ( inv5tions is ! hi/ory ( new & useful contrivances made by man = practical purposes4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5tific discov]ies is ! record ( new ?+s f\nd 9 ,nature1 its laws1 =ces1 or mat]ials1 & br\ght to light1 z !y exi/1 ei!r s+ly1 or 9 relation1 or 9 comb9ation4 ,?us ,galileo inv5t$ ! telescope1 & ,newton discov]$ ! law ( gravitation4 ,! practical use ( ! inv5tion :5 turn$ to ! heav5ly bodies s]v$ to confirm ! tru? ( ! discov]y4 ,discov]y & inv5tion may be1 & (t5 are1 unit$ z ! s\l is to ! body4 ,! union ( ! two produces "o or m inv5tions4 ,?us ! inv5t$ electro-telegraph consi/s ( ! comb9ation ( discov]ies ( c]ta9 laws ( electricity ) an app>atus1 by :i* signs are communicat$ to di/ances by electrical influ5ce4 ,inv5tions & discov]ies d n prec$e or foll[ ea* o!r 9 ord]4 ,! in/rum5t may be made be=e ! laws :i* gov]n its op]ation are discov]$4 ,! discov]y may long prec$e its adaptation 9 physical =m1 & bo? ! discov]y & adaptation may occur toge!r4 ,among ! great inv5tions ( ! pa/ are alphabetical writ+1 ,arabic notation1 ! m>9]'s compass1 ! telescope1 ! pr9t+-press1 & ! /eam-eng9e4 ,among ! great discov]ies ( ! pa/ are ! attraction ( gravitation1 ! laws ( planet>y motion1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & velocity ( light4 ,among ! great inv5tions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are ! spectroscope1 ! electric telegraph1 ! telephone1 ! phonograph1 ! railways1 & ! /eam-%ips4 ,among ! great discov]ies ( ?is c5tury are ! correlation & cons]vation ( =ces1 an/hetics1 laws ( electrical en]gy1 ! g]m !ory ( disease1 ! molecul> !ory ( gases1 ! p]iodic law ( ,m5deljeff 9 *emi/ry1 antiseptic surg]y1 & ! vortex !ory ( matt]4 ,?is %ort enum]ation w s]ve to indicate ! diff]5t roads along :i* inv5tions & ! discov]ies ( sci5ce progress4 ,by _m x is ?\ght t ! inv5tions & discov]ies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury exce$ 9 numb] & importance all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! k9d 9 all ! ages ( ! pa/4 ,s m>vell\s h be5 ^! developm5ts ( ?is c5tury t1 n cont5t ) sob] def9itions1 m5 h def9$ inv5t1 ev5 :5 speak+ only ( me*anical productions1 z 8creat+ :at _h n be=e exi/$20 & ?is p]iod has be5 describ$ z an age ( new creations4 ,! f>-(f cry ( ! ,royal ,prea*]1 8,!re is no new ?+ "u ! sun3 ,is !re any?+ :]e( x may be said1 see ?is is new1 x ha? be5 already ( old "t :i* 0 be=e u10 is reg>d$ z a cry ( satiety & despair1 f9d+ no responsive e*o 9 ! array ( inv5tions ( ?is bright age4 ,b 9 "o s5se ! ,prea*]'s words are ev] pr(\ndly true4 ,! =ces & mat]ials ( ,nature always exi/1 await+ man's discov]y1 & at be/ he c b v>y _! relations1 re-direct _! c\rse1 or *ange _! =ms4 ,9 a /ill n>r[] s5se ! tru? ( ! ,prea*]'s decl>ation is app>5t3-- ,9 an address be=e ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhe1 ! late ,pr(4 ,f4 ,a4 ,seely1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice1 set =? t x 0 "o ( ! e/abli%$ laws ( ,inv5tion1 t1 8,e human inv5tion has sprung f "s prior inv5tion1 or f "s prior kn[n exp$i5t40 ,inv5tions1 he said1 d n1 l _! protectress1 ,pallas ,a!ne1 spr+ =? full gr[n f ! heads ( _! au?ors2 t bo? z to mod]n inv5tions & z to ^? ^: hi/ory is unrecord$1 ea* exhibits 9 itself ! evid5ce ( a simil> sub-/ructure2 & t1 89 ! process ( elim9ation we g back & back & f9d no re/+ place till we rea* ! rude set ( exp$i5ts1 ! orig9al end[m5t ( m5 & brutes alike40 ,inv5tions1 !n1 are n creations1 b ! evolution ( man-made contrivances4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 z 0 once said by ,william ,h4 ,sew>d3 8,! ex]cise ( ! inv5tive faculty is ! ne>e/ ak9 to t ( ! ,creator ( any faculty possess$ by ! human m9d2 = :ile x does n create 9 ! same s5se t ! ,creator did1 yet x is ! ne>e/ approa* to x ( any?+ kn[n to man40 ,!re is no hi/ory1 rock-record1 or o!r evid5ce ( 8 exi/5ce z man1 :i* discloses a p]iod :5 he 0 n an inv5tor4 ,inv5tion is t div9e sp>k :i* drove1 & /ill drives him to ! production ( means to meet 8 wants1 :ile x illum9ates 8 way4 ,f t inw>d sp>k mu/ h soon foll[$ ! inv5tion ( t out] fire to w>m & *e] him1 & to melt & m\ld ! e>? to 8 desires4 ,=m$ = society1 ! necessity ( communication ) 8 fell[s develop$ ! p[] ( spee*4 ,spee* develop$ writt5 *>act]s & alphabets4 ,common communication develop$ conc]t ( action1 & f conc]t ( action sprung ! arts ( society4 ,b ! evolution ( inv5tion has n be5 uni=m4 ,long p]iods ( sl[ness & /agnation h alt]nat$ ) %ort] or long] p]iods ( prolific gr[?1 & ^! ) seasons ( slumb] & repression4 ,?us1 ,pr(4 ,langley has said t man 0 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & possibly millions1 9 evolv+ a cutt+ edge by rubb+ "o /one on ano!r2 b only a few ?\s& ye>s to next develop bronze tools1 & a /ill %ort] p]iod tools ( iron4 ,we _c say h[ long ! p]iod 0 f ! age ( iron tools to ! build+ ( ! pyramids1 b we "k t be=e ^? /up5d\s /ructures arose1 ! six elem5t>y me*anical p[]s1 ! lev]1 ! :eel1 ! pulley1 ! incl9$ plane1 ! w$ge & ! screw1 7 inv5t$4 ,& )\t ^? p[]s1 :at me*anical tool or ma*9e has s9ce be5 develop$8 ,! age ( inv5tions 9 ! times ( ! anci5ts re/$ ma9ly ^u simple applications ( ^! me*anical p[]s4 ,! middle ages slumb]$1 b on ! com+ ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 ! inv5tions ( ! anci5ts 7 reviv$1 new ones add$1 & _! gr[? & developm5t ext5d$ ) ev]-increas+ spe$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! inv5tions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wond]ful & innum]able z !y are1 & m>vell\s 9 results produc$1 are b ! fruit ( ! se$ s[n 9 ! pa/1 & ! blossom ( ! buds gr[n ^u ! /alks ( =m] g5]ations4 ,! e>ly crude /one hat*et has become ! ke5 f9i%$ metal implem5t ( to-day1 & ! latt] involves 9 itself ! culm9ation ( a long s]ies ( processes = conv]t+ ! r\gh ore into ! h>d & gli/5+ /eel4 ,! crook$ & po9t$ /ick ) :i* ! ,egyptian turn$ ! s&s ( ! ,nile has sl[ly gr[n to be ! f9i%$ pl\gh t is n[ driv5 ?r\gh ! sod by /eam4 ,! /eam-op]at$ toys ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria 7 reviv$ 9 pr9ciple & incorporat$ 9 ! eng9es ( ,pap9 & ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & ! bett] eng9es ( ,sav]y1 ,newcom51 & m especially ( ,james ,watt 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 left ! improvem5ts 9 /eam-eng9es ( ! n9ete5? c5tury--great z !y are--inv5tions only 9 matt] ( detail4 ,x has be5 said t electrical sci5ce began ) ! lab\rs ( ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 publi%$ 9 #afjj4 ,^!1 ) ! electrical discov]ies & inv5tions ( ,gray1 ,frankl91 ,galvani1 & o!rs 9 ! next c5tury1 t]m9at+ ) ! inv5tion ( 8 batt]y by ,volta 9 #ahjj1 con/itut$ ! framework on :i* 0 built t _w ( fla%+ light & e>?-circl+ messages 9 :i* we n[ live4 ,! /udy ( inv5tions 9 any "o or all eras _c proce$ intellig5tly unless acc\nt is tak5 n only ( _! mode ( con/ruction1 & ( _! evolution "o f ano!r1 b ( ! evolution ( di/9ct arts1 _! relation1 _! int]dep5d5ce 9 gr[?1 & _! mutual progress4 ,! pr9ciples adopt$ by ! anci5ts 9 weav+ & sp9n+ by h& are ^? /ill 9 =ce2 b s great 0 ! advance ( inv5tions f h&-op]at$ me*anisms to ma*9es 9 ^! & o!r arts1 & especially 9 /eam1 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t x has be5 claim$ t ! age ( ma*9e production or inv5tion !n = ! fir/ "t really began4 ,:5 ! humble lift became ! complet$ elevator ( to-day1 ! 8sky-scrap]0 build+s appe>$2 b ^! build+s wait$ ^u ! inv5tion ( _! /eel skeletons1 & ! /eel 0 ! *ild ( ! ,bessem] process4 ,! h>p ) :i* ,david /irr$ ! dead s\l ( ,saul 0 ! prototype ( ! sweet clavi*ord1 ! romantic virg9al1 ! t9kl+ h>psi*ord1 & ! gr& piano4 ,! ?rumm+ ( ! *ords by ! f+]s 0 succe$$ by ! /rik+ keys2 & ! m p]fect r5dition ( tones await$ ! application ( new discov]ies 9 ! realm ( musical s\nds4 ,! keys & ! lev]s 9 ! art ( musical in/rum5ts 7 transf]r$ to ! art ( pr9t+1 & are f\nd to-day /rik+ a m homely music on ! type-writ] & on ^? o!r & m wond]ful pr9t+ in/rum5ts t m\ld1 & set1 & di/ribute ! type4 ,b ^! results ( lat] days did n rea* _! p]fect$ op]ations & =ms until _m o!r arts _h be5 discov]$ & develop$1 by :i* to treat & improve ! wood1 & ! wire1 & all ! o!r mat]ials ( :i* ^? e>ly in/rum5ts 7 compos$1 & by :i* ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( _! op]ations became kn[n4 ,admitt+ t man possesses ! faculty ( inv5tion1 :at are ! motives t induce its ex]cise8 ,:y s prolific 9 inv5tions n[8 ,& w !y cont9ue to increase 9 numb] & importance1 or decrease8 ,an int]e/+ treatise ( bulky dim5sions might be writt5 9 answ] to ^! qu]ies1 & ! answ]s might n !n be :olly satisfactory4 ,space p]mits ! submission ( b a few obs]vations & sugge/ions on ^! po9ts3---- ,necessity is /ill ! "m ( inv5tions1 b n ( all ( !m4 ,! press+ ne$s ( man 9 fight+ nak$ness & hung]1 wild bea/s & /orms1 may h driv5 him to ! production ( mo/ ( 8 e>ly contrivances2 b z "t w5t on & 8 wants ( e k9d multipli$1 o!r factors ?an m]e necessity ent]$ into ! problem1 & n[ x is requir$ to acc\nt = ! multiplicity ( inv5tions "u ! g5]al head ( ,wants4 ,to-day x is ! want ( ! luxuries1 z well z ( ! necessities ( life1 ! want ( ri*es1 di/9ction1 p[]1 & place1 ! wants ( philan?ropy & ! wants ( selfi%ness1 & t re/less1 inh]5t1 unsatisfi$1 indescribable want :i* is ev] pu%+ man onw>d on ! road ( progress1 t mu/ be reg>d$ z ! spr+s ( inv5tion4 ,accid5t is ?\ght to be ! fruitful s\rce ( great inv5tions4 ,x is a factor t _c be ignor$4 ,b accid5ts are only occasional helps1 r>ely occurr+1--fla%es ( light sudd5ly reveal+ ! end ( ! pa? along :i* ! inv5tor has be5 pa9fully toil+1 & unnotic$ except by him alone4 ,!y are sudd5 discov]ies :i* = ! mo/ "p simply %ort5 8 j\rney4 ,! r>e complete contrivance reveal$ by accid5t is n an inv5tion at all1 b a discov]y4 ,! greate/ inc5tive 9 mod]n times to ! production ( inv5tions is gov]nm5tal protection4 ,:5 gov]nm5ts began to recognize ! "r ( prop]ty 9 inv5tions1 & to devise & en=ce means by :i* _! au?or %\ld hold & enjoy ! same1 z he holds 8 l&1 8 h\se1 or 8 horse1 !n inv5tions sprung =? z f a great unseal$ f\nta94 ,?is pr9ciple fir/ f\nd recognition 9 ,engl& 9 #afbc1 :5 p>liam5t1 /ung by ! abuse ( ! royal pr]ogative 9 ! grant ( exclusive p]sonal privileges t s]v$ to cru% ! gr[? ( inv5tions & n to multiply !m1 by its celebrat$ ,/atute ( ,monopolies1 aboli%$ all su* privileges1 b except$ f its provisions ! grant ( pat5ts 8= ! sole work+ or mak+ ( any mann] ( new manufactures )9 ?is realm to ! true & fir/ inv5tor0 !re(4 ,?is /atute _h little =ce1 h[ev]1 9 enc\rag+ & protect+ inv5tors until ! next c5tury1 & until aft] ! great inv5tions ( ,arkwright 9 sp9n+ & ,james ,watt 9 /eam-eng9es _h be5 invad$1 & ! att5tion ( ! c\rts call$ m s]i\sly !reby to ! prop]ty rights ( inv5tors1 & to ! necessity ( a lib]al exposition ( ! law & its prop] en=cem5t4 ,!n foll[$ 9 #aghi ! incorporation ( t fam\s provision 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 decl>+ t ,congress %all h ! p[] 8,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts by secur+ = limit$ times to au?ors & inv5tors ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies40 ,9 #agia foll[$ ! law ( ! ,national ,assembly ( ,france = ! protection ( new inv5tions1 sett+ =? 9 ! preamble1 among o!r ?+s1 8t n to reg>d an indu/rial inv5tion z ! prop]ty ( its au?or w\ld be to attack ! ess5tial rights ( man40 ,^! fundam5tal pr9ciples h s9ce be5 adopt$ & incorporat$ 9 _! laws by all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,inv5tions 9 _! nature be+ = ! good ( all m5 & = all "t1 x has be5 deem$ wise by all nations 9 _! legislation n to p]mit ! inv5tor to lock up 8 prop]ty 9 secret1 or conf9e x to 8 own use2 & h5ce ! univ]sal practice is to enact laws giv+ him1 8 heirs1 & assigns1 exclusive own]%ip to ?is species ( 8 prop]ty = a limit$ "t only1 adjudg$ suffici5t to rew>d him = 8 ef=ts 9 its production1 & to enc\rage o!rs 9 l productions2 :ile he1 9 consid]ation = ?is protection1 is to fully make kn[n 8 inv5tion1 s t ! public may be enabl$ to freely make & use x aft] its exclusive own]%ip %all h expir$4 ,9 addition to ! motives & inc5tives m5tion$ induc+ ?is mod]n mighty outfl[ ( inv5tions1 reg>d mu/ be _h to ! conditions ( p]sonal1 political & intellectual fre$om1 & ( education4 ,!re is no class ( inv5tors :]e ! mass ( m5 are slaves2 & :5 d5se ignorance ab\nds1 inv5tion sleeps4 ,9 ! days ( ! greate/ intellectual fre$om ( ,greece1 ,ar*im$es1 ,euclid1 & ,h]o1 its great inv5tors1 fl\ri%$2 b :5 its political /atus _h r$uc$ ! mass ( citiz5s to slaves1 :5 ! "w ( ! artisan & ! inv5tor 0 n appreciat$ beyond ! gift ( an occasional cr[n ( laurel1 :5 manual lab\r & ! lab\r] 7 scorn$1 inv5tions 7 n born1 or1 if born1 f\nd no n\ri%m5t to prolong _! lives4 ,9 ,rome1 ! lab\r] f\nd little respect beyond ! bea/s ( burd5 ^: burd5s he %>$1 & ! inv5tor f\nd no provision ( fo/]+ c>e or protection 9 h] mighty jurisprud5ce4 ,! middle ages c>efully repress$ ! m9ds ( m51 & hid away 9 d>k recesses ! in/rum5ts ( le>n+4 ,:5 m5 at l5g? awoke to claim _! bir?right ( fre$om1 !y inv5t$ ! pr9t+-press & r$iscov]$ gunp[d]1 ) :i* to de/roy ! tyranny ( bo? prie/s & k+s4 ,!n arose ! mod]n inv5tor1 & ) him came ! fre$om & ! arts ( civilisation :i* we n[ enjoy4 ,:at ! ex]cise ( free & protect$ inv5tion has br\ght to ?is c5tury is ?us summ>is$ by ,macaulay3 8,x has l5g!n$ life2 x has mitigat$ pa92 has ext+ui%$ diseases2 has increas$ ! f]tility ( ! soil2 giv5 new security to ! m>9]2 furni%$ new arms to ! w>rior2 spann$ great riv]s & e/u>ies ) bridges ( =m unkn[n to our fa!rs2 x has guid$ ! ?und]bolt innocu\sly f heav5 to e>?2 x has light$ up ! night ) spl5d\r ( ! day2 x has ext5d$ ! range ( human vision2 x has multipli$ ! p[] ( ! human muscles2 x has accel]at$ motion2 x has annihilat$ di/ance2 x has facilitat$ int]c\rse1 correspond5ce1 all fri5dly (fices1 all despat* ( bus9ess2 x has enabl$ man to desc5d to ! dep?s ( ! sea1 to so> into ! air1 to p5etrate securely into ! noxi\s recesses ( ! e>?2 to trav]se ! l& 9 c>ts :i* :irl along )\t horses2 to cross ! ocean 9 %ips :i* run _m knots an h\r aga9/ ! w9d4 ,^? are b a "p ( its fruits1 & ( its fir/ fruits1 = x is a philosophy :i* nev] re/s1 :i* is nev] p]fect4 ,its law is progress4 ,a po9t :i* ye/]day 0 invisible is its goal to-day1 & w be its />t+ po9t to-morr[40 ,! onw>d fl[ ( inv5tions may be int]rupt$1 if n mat]ially /ay$1 by ! cessation ( "s ( ! causes & inc5tives :i* n[ give !m life4 ,:5 com=t = all & re/ = all1 & a suitable division ( lab\r1 & an equal di/ribution ( its fruits are rea*$1 9 t /ate ( society :i* is pictur$ 9 ! visions ( ! social philosoph]1 or z fa/ z su* conditions are rea*$1 s soon w cease ! prick+ ( ^? spurs ( inv5tion1--individual rew>ds1 ! glori\s /rife ( competition1 ! h>r[+ necessities1 & ! ambitions = place & p[]4 ,if all are to co-op]ate & %>e alike1 :at ne$ ( exclusive protection & fi]ce & individual /ruggle8 ,:y n sit d[n n[ & break ! loaf & %>e x1 & p\r ! w9e1 & enjoy ?+s z !y are1 )\t a ?\ght = ! morr[8 ,! same results z to inv5tions may be rea*$ 9 diff]5t b less pleasant ways3 ,:5 all ! indu/ries are absorb$ by huge comb9ations ( capital ! /rife ( competition among individuals1 & ! mak+ ( individual inv5tions to meet su* competition1 w greatly disappe>4 ,or1 ! same results may be effect$ by /r+5t laws ( lab\r organisations1 9 re/rict+ or repress+ all individual indep5d5t ef=t1 prescrib+ :at %all be done or :at %all n be done along c]ta9 l9es ( manufacture or employm5t4 ,s t ! progress ( future inv5tions dep5ds on ! outcome ( ! great economic1 indu/rial1 & social battles :i* are n[ loom+ on ! pa?way ( ! future4 ,b :at ! inv5tions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 & :at !y h done = ,humanity1 is a *apt] t mu/ be read by all ^? n[ liv+ or to come :o wi% to le>n ! hi/ory ( _! race4 ,x is a /ory :i* ga!rs up all ! ?reads ( previ\s c5turies & weaves !m into a fabric :i* mu/ be us$ 9 all ! com+ ages 9 ! atta9m5t ( _! com=ts1 _! adornm5ts1 & _! civilisations4 ,to enum]ate all ! inv5tions ( ! c5tury w\ld be l call+ up a va/ army ( m5 & proclaim+ ! "n ( ea*4 ,! be/ t c be done is to divide ! wide field into *apt]s1 & 9 ^! *apt]s give z be/ "o may an idea ( ! lead+ inv5tions t h produc$ ! greate/ indu/ries ( ! ,_w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,agriculture ,,& ,,its ,,implem5ts4 ,! ,egyptians 7 ! e>lie/ & greate/ agriculturi/s1 & f !m ! art 0 le>n$ by ! ,greeks4 ,greece 9 ! days ( h] glory greatly improv$ ! art1 & "s ( h] able/ m5 wrote valuable treatises on its diff]5t topics4 ,its f>m]s ?or\ghly pl\gh$ & f]tilis$ ! soil1 us$ v>i\s implem5ts = its cultivation1 paid great att5tion to ! rais+ ( fruits1--! apple1 pe>1 *]ry1 plum1 qu9ce1 pea*1 lemon1 fig & _m o!r v>ieties suitable to _! climate1 & improv$ ! bre$s ( cattle1 horse & %eep4 ,:51 h[ev]1 social pride & luxuri\s city life became ! dom9ant passions1 agriculture 0 left to m5ials1 & ! art gradually fad$ ) ! ,/ate4 ,rome 9 h] be/ days plac$ f>m+ 9 high reg>d4 ,h] be/ writ]s wrote volum9\sly on agricultural subjects1 a tract ( l& 0 allott$ to e citiz51 :i* 0 c>efully cultivat$1 & ^! citiz5 f>m]s 7 h] wor?ie/ & mo/ hon\r$ sons4 ,! condition & ne$s ( ! soil 7 /udi$1 its /r5g? repl5i%$ by c>eful f]tilisation1 & x 0 work$ ) c>e4 ,!re 7 pl\ghs :i* 7 made heavy or light z ! diff]5t soils requir$1 & !re 7 a v>iety ( f>m implem5ts1 su* z spades1 hoes1 h>r[s & rakes4 ,gra9s1 su* z :eat1 b>ley1 rye & oats1 7 rais$1 a v>iety ( fruits & vegetables1 & great att5tion paid to ! bre$+ ( /ock4 ,cato & ,v>ro1 ,virgil & ,columella1 ,pl9y & ,palladius delight$ to in/ruct ! f>m] & praise 8 occupation4 ,b z ! ,roman ,empire grew1 its armies absorb$ its intellig5t f>m]s1 ! till+ ( ! soil 0 left to ! m5ial & ! slave1 & ! ,empire & agriculture decl9$ toge!r4 ,!n came ! hordes ( nor!rn b>b>ians p\r+ 9 waves ov] ! s\!rn c\ntries & bury+ f sight _! arts & civilisation4 ,! gloom ( ! middle ages !n clos$ d[n ^u ! ,european _w4 ,:atev] good may h be5 accompli%$ 9 o!r directions by ! crusades1 agriculture rea*$ its l[e/ ebb1 save 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! culture ( ! soil receiv$ att5tion f mona/ic in/itutions4 ,! sixte5? c5tury has be5 fix$ ^u z ! "t :5 ,europe awoke f its long slumb]4 ,!n x 0 aft] ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press _h become well e/abli%$ t publications on agriculture began to appe>4 ,! ,boke ( ,husb&rie1 9 #aebc1 by ,sir ,an?ony ,fitzh]b]t2 ,?omas ,tuss]'s ,five ,hundr$ ,po9ts ( ,good ,husb&ry2 ,b>naby ,googe's ,! ,:ole ,art ( ,husb&ry2 ,! ,jewel ,h\se ( ,art & ,nature1 by ,sir ,hugh ,platt2 ! ,engli% ,improv] ( ,walt] ,bli!1 & ! writ+s ( ,sir ,ri*>d ,we/on on ! husb&ry ( ,brabant & ,fl&]s1 7 ! pr9cipal tor*es by :i* ! light on ?is subject 0 h&$ d[n ?r\gh ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,fur!r awak5+ 0 _h 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! *ief "p ( :i* 0 giv5 by ,je?ro ,tull1 an ,engli% agriculturi/1 :o liv$1 & wrote1 & lab\r$ 9 ! cause betwe5 #afhj & #agdj4 ,tull's lead+ idea 0 ! ?or\gh pulv]isation ( ! soil1 8 doctr9es be+ t plants d]iv$ _! n\ri%m5t f m9ute p>ticles ( soil1 h5ce ! ne$ ( its pulv]isation4 ,he inv5t$ & introduc$ a horse hoe1 a gra9 drill1 & a ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,next appe>$ ,ar?ur ,"y1 ( ,engl&1 born 9 #agda1 ^: life 0 ext5d$ into ! #ai? c5tury1 & to :om ! _w 0 greatly indebt$ = ! spread ( agricultural k4 ,he devot$ frequ5t & long j\rneys to obta9+ in=mation on agricultural subjects1 & 8 writ+s attract$ ! att5tion & assi/ance ( ! le>n$ ev]y:]e4 ,8 *ief "w 0 ! mak+ kn[n widely ( ! b5eficial effects ( ammonia & ammoniacal comp\nds on vegetation4 ,_m o!r useful bran*es ( ! subject1 cle>ly treat$ by him1 are f\nd 9 8 ,annals ( ,agriculture4 ,x 0 ?is same ,ar?ur ,"y ) :om ,wa%+ton correspond$ f 8 quiet retreat at ,m\nt ,v]non4 ,aft] ! close ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 9 #aghc & be=e ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution 9 #aghi & 8 elevation to ! ,presid5cy 9 t ye>1 ,wa%+ton devot$ v mu* ( 8 "t to ! cultivation ( 8 l>ge e/ate 9 ,virg9ia4 ,he took great int]e/ 9 e improvem5t 9 agriculture & its implem5ts4 ,he inv5t$ a pl\gh & a rot>y se$ drill1 improv$ 8 h>r[s & mills1 & made _m inquiries relative to ! efficacy ( pl\ghs & ?re%+ ma*9es made 9 ,engl& & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t he op5$ an int]e/+ correspond5ce ) ,"y on improvem5ts 9 agriculture1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on ev5 :ile he 0 ,presid5t1 & he avail$ himself ( ! pr(f] ( ,"y's s]vices to fill an ord] = se$s & two pl\ghs f a ,london m]*ant4 ,he also wrote to ,rob]t ,c>y ,co41 m]*ants 9 ,london1 conc]n+ an eng9e he _h he>d ( z be+ con/ruct$ 9 ,switz]l&1 = pull+ up trees & _! /umps by ! roots1 & ord]$ "o to be s5t him if ! ma*9e 7 effici5t4 ,jeff]son1 ,wa%+ton's great contemporane\s /atesman & ,virg9ia plant]1 & to :om has be5 ascrib$ ! *ief glory ( ! ,am]ican pat5t sy/em1 himself also an inv5tor1 enri*$ 8 c\ntry by ! full sci5tific k he _h ga9$ f all ,europe ( agricultural pursuits & improvem5ts4 ,! progress ( ! art1 9 a fundam5tal s5se1 t is 9 a k ( ! con/itu5ts1 prop]ties1 & ne$s ( ! soil1 comm5c$ ) ! inve/igations ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy at ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 result+ 9 8 celebrat$ lectures be=e ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture f #ahjb to #ahab1 & 8 practical exp]im5ts 9 ! gr[? ( plants & ! nature ( f]tilis]s4 ,agricultural societies & bo>ds 7 a *>act]i/ic product ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,b ?is bir?1 or revival ( agricultural /udies1 ! en?usia/ic int]e/ tak5 !re9 by its great & le>n$ m51 & all its valuable publications & discov]ies1 bore comp>atively little fruit 9 t c5tury4 ,! ignorance & prejudice ( ! great mass ( f>m]s l$ to a det]m9$1 & 9 _m in/ances viol5t resi/ance to ! introduction ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y & ! practical application ( :at !y call$ 8book-f>m+40 ,a fe> ( driv+ p out ( employm5t l$ !m to make w> ^u new agricultural ma*9es & _! inv5tors1 z !y _h ^u weav+ & sp9n+ inv5tions4 ,?is w> 0 m m>k$ 9 ,engl& ?an else:]e1 because !re m ( ! new ma*9es 7 fir/ introduc$1 & ! numb] ( lab\r]s 9 ^? fields 0 ! greate/4 ,9 ,am]ica ! ignorance took ! mild] %ape ( contempt & prejudice4 ,f>m]s refus$1 = in/ance1 to use ca/-iron pl\ghs z x 0 fe>$ !y w\ld poison ! soil4 ,s sl[ 0 ! inv5tion & introduction ( new devices1 t if ,ru? _h revisit$ ! e>? at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 %e might h se5 aga9 9 ! fields ( ! husb&m5 ev]y:]e ! sickle ( ! reap]s beh9d :om %e glean$ 9 ! fields ( ,boaz1 he>d aga9 ! beat+ on ! ?re%+ floor1 & felt ! old famili> ru% ( ! w9n[+ w9d4 ,c9c9natus return+ !n w\ld h recognis$ ! pl\gh 9 common use z ab\t ! same 9 =m z t :i* he once ab&on$ on 8 f>m beyond ! ,tib]4 ,b ) ! spread ( publications1 ! ext5sion ( le>n+1 ! protection n[ at la/ obta9$ & en=c$ = inv5tions1 & ) ! f\ndations laid & ! guide-po/s erect$ 9 ne>ly e art & sci5ce by previ\s discov]]s1 inv5tors & writ]s1 ! c5tury 0 n[ ready to />t on t c>e] ( inv5tions :i* has r5d]$ x s glori\s4 ,z ! turn+ ov] & loos5+ ( ! sod & ! soil = ! reception ( se$ 01 & /ill is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! art ( agriculture1 ! pl\gh is ! fir/ implem5t to be consid]$ 9 ?is review4 ,a pl\gh possesses five ess5tial features1--a frame or beam to :i* ! horses are atta*$ & :i* is provid$ ) h&les by :i* ! op]ator guides ! pl\gh1 a %>e to sev] ! bottom ( a slice ( l&--! furr[--f ! l& b5ea?1 a m\ld bo>d foll[+ ! %>e to turn ! furr[ ov] to "o side1 & a l&side1 ! side opposite ! m\ld bo>d & :i* presses aga9/ ! unpl\gh$ gr\nd & /eadies ! pl\gh4 ,to ^! h be5 commonly add$ a device call$ ! c\lt]1 :i* is a knife or %>p disk fa/5$ to ! frame 9 advance ( ! %>e & adapt$ to cut ! sod or soil s t ! furr[ may be m easily turn$1 an adju/able gauge :eel secur$ to ! beam 9 advance ( ! c\lt]1 & :i* runs ^u ! surface ( ! soil to det]m9e by ! di/ance betwe5 ! p]imet] ( ! :eel at ! bottom & ! bottom ( ! pl\gh %>e ! dep? ( ! furr[1 & a clevis1 :i* is an adju/able metal /rap atta*$ to ! end ( ! beam to :i* ! draught is secur$1 & by :i* ! pit* ( ! beam & ! dep? & wid? ( ! furr[ are regulat$4 ,! g5]al features1 ! beam1 h&les1 & %>e1 h exi/$ 9 pl\ghs f ! e>lie/ ages 9 hi/ory4 ,a pl\gh ) a metal %>e 0 ref]r$ to by ! prophecy ( ,isaiah sev5 c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 8,!y %all beat _! swords into pl\gh-%>es20 & su* a pl\gh ) ! c\lt] & gauge :eel add$ is f\nd 9 ! ,caylus collection ( ,greek antiquities4 ,! inv5tions ( c5turies 9 pl\ghs h proce$$ along ! l9es ( ! elem5ts above enum]at$4 ,! lead+ features ( ! mod]n pl\gh ) a %>e & m\ld bo>d con/ruct$ to run 9 a c]ta9 track & turn its furr[s "o ov] aga9/ ! o!r1 appe> to h orig9at$ 9 ,holl& 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 & f !re 7 made kn[n to ,engl&4 ,james ,small ( ,scotl& wrote ( & made pl\ghs hav+ a ca/-iron m\ld bo>d & ca/ & wr\ght iron %>es 9 #aghd-he4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ab\t ! same "t1 ,?os4 ,jeff]son /udi$ & wrote ^u ! prop] %ape to be giv5 to ! m\ld bo>d4 ,*>les ,newbold 9 #agig took out ! fir/ pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = a pl\gh--all p>ts ca/ 9 "o piece ( solid iron except ! beam & h&les4 ,x is a fav\rite idea ) "s writ]s & ) m talk]s1 t :5 ! necessity really arises = an inv5tion ! natural inv5tive g5ius ( man w at once supply x4 ,no?+ 0 m ne$$ & s\ght aft] = ?irty c5turies among till]s ( ! soil ?an a good pl\gh1 & :at f9ally suppli$ x 0 n necessity alone1 b improv$ bra9s4 ,long 7 ! cont9u$ ef=ts1 /imulat$ no d\bt 9 "p by necessity1 b /imulat$ also by o!r motives1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1 & among :i* are ! love ( progress1 ! hope ( ga91 & legislative protection 9 ! possession ( inv5tive prop]ty4 ,! be/ plans ( writ]s & inv5tors ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 n fully develop$ until ! n9ete5?1 & x c be safely said t )9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s a bett] pl\gh has be5 produc$ ?an 9 all ( ! ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e4 ,! defects :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury's improvem5ts 9 pl\ghs 7 design$ to rem$y c be/ be und]/ood by fir/ realis+ :at 0 ! condition ( pl\ghs 9 common use :5 ! c5tury op5$4 ,diff]5t p>ts ( ! pl\gh1 su* z ! %>e & c\lt]1 7 con/ruct$ ( iron1 b ! g5]al practice among f>m]s 0 to make ! beam & frame1 h&les & m\ld bo>d ( /rong & heavy timb]4 ,! beam 0 /raight1 long1 & heavy1 & t & ! m\ld g5]ally hew$ f a tree4 ,! m\ld bo>d on bo? sides to prev5t its we>+ out too rapidly 0 cov]$ ) m or less ?ick plates ( iron4 ,! h&les 7 made f crook$ bran*es ( trees4 8,! beam10 x is said1 80 set at any pit* t fancy might dictate1 ) ! h&les fa/5$ on almo/ at "r angles ) x1 ?us leav+ ! pl\ghman little control ov] 8 implem5t :i* did its "w 9 a v sl[ & imp]fect mann]40 ,x 0 "s su* pl\gh t ,"l ,kames compla9$ ab\t 9 ! ,g5tleman ,f>m] 9 #agfh1 z be+ us$ 9 ,scotl&--two horses & two ox5 7 necess>y to pull x1 8! ridges 9 ! fields 7 high & broad1 9 fact enorm\s masses ( accumulat$ e>?1 t c\ld n admit ( cross pl\gh+ or cultivation2 %all[ pl\gh+ univ]sal2 ribb+1 by :i* half ! l& 0 left untill$1 a g5]al practice ov] ! great] "p ( ,scotl&2 a cont9ual /ruggle betwe5 ! corn & we$s = sup]iority40 ,z late z #ahbj an ,am]ican writ] 0 mak+ ! same compla9t4 8,y\r furr[s10 he said1 8/& up l ! ribs ( a lean horse 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*4 ,a lazy pl\ghman may sit on ! beam & c\nt e b\t ( 8 day's "w2 besides ! greate/ objection to all ^! pl\ghs is t !y d n p]=m ! "w well & ! exp5se is enorm\s = blacksmi? "w40 ,x 0 compla9$ by ano!r t x took eight or t5 ox5 to draw x1 a man to ride ^u ! beam to keep x on ! gr\nd1 & a man foll[$ ! pl\gh ) a heavy iron hoe to dig up ! 8baulks40 ,! improvem5ts made 9 ! pl\gh dur+ ! c5tury h _h = _! object to less5 ! great friction betwe5 ! wide1 heavy1 ill-=m$ %>e & m\ld bo>d1 & ! gr\nd1 :i* has be5 accompli%$ by giv+ to ! %>e a %>p clean tap]+ =m1 & to ! m\ld bo>d a %ape be/ calculat$ to turn ! furr[ slice2 to improve ! l9e ( draught s t ! pull ( ! team may be mo/ advantage\sly employ$1 :i* has be5 effect$ aft] long trials1 /udy & exp]im5t 9 ! arrangem5t ( beam1 clevis & draft rod1 sett+ ! c\lt] at a prop] angle & giv+ ! l&side a plane & p>allel surface2 to increase ! we> & less5 ! weight ( ! p>ts1 :i* has be5 accompli%$ by +5i\s processes 9 treat+ ! metal ( :i* ! p>ts are compos$1 & less5+ ! numb] ( p>ts2 to r5d] ! pl\gh easily repairable by ca/+ ! p>ts 9 sets & numb]+ !m1 by :i* any "p may be replac$ by ! manufactur] )\t resort to ! blacksmi?4 ,9 %ort !re is no "p ( ! pl\gh b :at has receiv$ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion ( ! inv5tor4 ,?is has be5 evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone ne>ly elev5 ?\s& pat5ts on pl\ghs 7 issu$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t all ! applications = ^! pat5ts 7 exam9$ z to _! novelty1 be=e ! grant ( ! pat5t1 ! enorm\s am\nt ( /udy & inv5tion exp5d$ on ?is article c be appreciat$4 ,among ! c5tury's improvem5ts 9 ?is l9e is ! use ( disks 9 place ( ! old %ovel blades to p5etrate ! e>? & revolve 9 contact !re)4 ,cutt+ disks are h>ness$ to /eam motors & are adapt$ to break up at "o op]ation a wide /rip ( gr\nd4 ,! long-/udi$ problem ( employ+ a gang ( pl\ghs to pl\gh back & =? & successfully op]at$ by /eam has be5 solv$1 & electricity is n[ be+ introduc$ z a motor 9 place ( /eam4 ,?us millions ( broad acres :i* nev] w\ld h be5 o!rwise turn$ are n[ cultivat$4 ,! tir$ muscle-/ra9$ pl\ghman :o homew>d plodd$ 8 we>y way at night may n[ com=tably ride at 8 ease ^u ! pl\gh1 :ile at ! same "t ! bea/s t pull x h a light] load ?an ev] be=e4 ,next to ! pl\gh among ! implem5ts = break+1 cle>+ & o!rwise prep>+ ! soil = ! reception ( se$1 comes ! h>r[4 ,f "t immemorial x has be5 cu/om>y to arm "s sort ( a frame ) wood5 or iron spikes to scrat* ! e>? aft] ! pl\gh+4 ,b ?is c5tury has greatly improv$ ! old con/ructions4 ,h>r[s are n[ f\nd ev]y:]e made 9 sections to give flexibility to ! frame2 collect$ 9 gangs to increase ! ext5t ( op]ation2 made ) disks in/ead ( spikes1 ) :i* to cut ! roots ( we$s & sep>ate ! soil1 in/ead ( m]ely scrat*+ !m4 ,a /ill lat] inv5tion1 curv$ spr+ tee?1 has be5 f\nd f> sup]ior to spikes or disks 9 ?r[+ up1 sep>at+ & pulv]is+ ! soil4 ,a h>r[ compris+ two ranks ( oppositely curv$ trail+ tee? is especially popul> 9 "s c\ntries4 ,^! ?ree di/9ct classes ( h>r[s1 ! disk type1 ! curv$ spr+ too? type1 & gangs ( sections ( concavo-convex disks1 p>ticul>ly di/+ui% ?is class ( implem5ts f ! old =ms ( previ\s ages4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,agricultural ,,implem5ts4 ,x is wond]ful = h[ _m g5]ations m5 7 cont5t$ to ?r[ gra9 into ! air z ! ,p>able relates3 8,behold1 a s[] w5t =? to s[1 & :5 he s[$ "s se$s fell by ! way side1 & ! f[ls came & dev\r$ !m up3 "s fell on /ony places :]e !y _h n mu* e>?1 & =?) !y sprung up1 because !y _h no deepness ( e>?2 & :5 ! sun 0 up !y 7 scor*$2 & because !y _h no root !y )]$ away4 ,& "s fell among ?orns & ! ?orns sprung up & *ok$ !m4 ,b o!rs fell into good gr\nd & br\ght =? fruit1 "s a hundr$fold1 "s sixtyfold1 & "s ?irtyfold40 ,"h are indicat$ ! defects 9 deposit+ ! se$ t only ! inv5tions ( ! c5tury h fully correct$4 ,! equal di/ribution ( ! se$ & n its wide scatt]+1 its s[+ 9 regul> drills or plant+ at int]vals1 at c]ta9 & uni=m dep?s1 ! adaptation ( devices to meet ! v>iations 9 ! l& to be plant$1 & 9 %ort ! sub/itution ( quick1 c]ta91 positive me*anisms = ! sl[1 unc]ta91 v>iable h& ( man4 ,n only has ! increase an hundr$fold be5 obta9$1 b ) ! ma*9es ( to-day ! s[+ & plant+ ( a hundr$fold m l& has be5 made possible1 ! employm5t ( armies ( m5 :]e idl5ess w\ld h reign$1 & ! fe$+ ( millions ( p among :om hung] w\ld o!rwise h prevail$4 ,n only did ?is ma*9]y n exi/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 b ! agricultural ma*9es & devices 9 ?is l9e ( ! "* exi/+ fifty ye>s ago are n[ disc>d$ z useless & wor?less4 ,x is true t1 z 9 ! case ( ! pl\ghs1 attempts _h be5 made ?r\gh ! c5turies to inv5t & improve se$+ implem5ts4 ,! ,assyrians #ejj ye>s ,b4 ,c4 _h 9 use a rude pl\gh 9 :i* beh9d ! %>p wood5 pl\gh po9t 0 fix$ a b[l-%ap$ hopp] ?r\gh :i* se$ 0 dropp$ into ! furr[1 & 0 cov]$ by ! fall+ back ( ! furr[ ^u x4 ,! ,*9ese1 probably be=e t "t1 _h a :eelb>r[ arrangem5t ) a se$ hopp] & sep>ate se$ sp\ts4 ,9 ,india a drill+ hopp] _h be5 atta*$ to a pl\gh4 ,italy claims ! hon\r among ,european nations ( fir/ introduc+ a ma*9e = s[+ gra94 ,x 0 inv5t$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & is describ$ by ,zanon 9 8 ,"w on ,agriculture pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #agfd4 ,x 0 a ma*9e m\nt$ on two :eels1 t _h a se$ box 9 ! bottom ( :i* 0 a s]ies ( holes op5+ into a correspond+ numb] ( metal tubes or funnels4 ,at _! front ^! tubes at _! l[] ends 7 %>p5$ to make small furr[s into :i* ! se$ dropp$4 ,simil> s+le ma*9es 7 9 ! c\rse ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies devis$ 9 ,au/ria & ,engl&4 ,! "o 9 ,au/ria 0 inv5t$ by a ,spani>d1 "o ,don ,joseph de ,lescatello1 te/$ 9 ,luxemb\rg 9 #affb4 ,! inv5tor 0 rew>d$ by ! ,emp]or1 recomm5d$ to ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 & 9 #affc & #affd 8 ma*9es 7 made & sold at ,madrid4 ,! k ( ?is ,spani>d's inv5tion 0 made kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 #afii by ! ,e>l ( ,s&wi* & ,john ,evelyn4 ,je?ro ,tull 9 ,engl& %ortly aft] inv5t$ & introduc$ a comb9$ sy/em ( drill+1 pl\gh+ & cultivat+4 ,he s[$ diff]5t se$s f ! same ma*9e1 & arrang$ t !y might be cov]$ at diff]5t dep?s4 ,tull's ma*9es 7 mu* improv$ by ,james ,cooke1 a cl]gyman ( ,lanca%ire1 ,engl&2 & also 9 ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,baldw9 & ,wells ( ,norfolk1 ,engl&4 ,wa%+ton & o!rs 9 ,am]ica _h also comm5c$ to inv5t & exp]im5t ) se$+ ma*9es4 ,b z be=e intimat$1 ! n9ete5? c5tury f\nd ! great mass ( f>m]s ev]y:]e s[+ _! :eat & o!r gra9s by ?r[+ !m into ! air by h&1 to be met by ! gu/s ( w9d & bl[n into holl[s & on ridges1 on /ones & ?orny places1--requir+ (t5 a second & ?ird repetition ( ! same t$i\s process4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,c(f91 a di/+ui%$ j\rnali/ ( ,bo/on1 9 an address be=e ! ,pat5t ,committee ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate1 set =? ! advantages obta9$ by ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 se$]s z foll[s3 8,! se$] cov]s ! soil to a uni=m dep?4 ,x s[s ev5ly1 & s[s a specific quantity4 ,y may graduate x s t1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 y c det]m9e ! am\nt p] acre ev5 to a qu>t ( :eat4 ,!y s[ all k9ds ( gra91--:eat1 clov]1 & sup]phosphate1 if ne$ be1 at once4 ,!y h>r[ at ! same "t4 ,!y make ! crop m c]ta94 ,x is ! unit$ te/imony ( manufactur]s & f>m]s alike t ! crop is increas$ f "o-eigh? to "o-f\r?1 especially 9 ! w9t] :eat4 ,w9t] :eat1 y are aw>e1 9 ! freez+ & ?aw+ season1 is apt to heave out4 ,x is desirable to bury ! se$ a uni=m & prop] dep? & to ?r[ ov] ! "y plant su* an am\nt ( soil t x %all n heave ) ! freez+ & ?aw+4 ,( ! #cfj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat rais$ la/ ye> ,i suppose m ?an #cjj1jjj1jjj 0 w9t] :eat4 ,"o-eigh? ( ?is is #cg1gjj1jjj bu%els40 ,x w\ld seem to _m t aft] ! adoption ( a se$ hopp]1 & sp\ts ) %>p5$ ends t cut ! drill r[s 9 ! furr[s & deposit$ ! se$ !re91 t little 0 left to be done 9 ?is class ( inv5tions2 b a great _m improvem5ts 7 necess>y4 ,gravity alone c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u = fe$+ ! se$4 ,means _h to be devis$ = a cont9u\s & regul> dis*>ge f ea* gra9 tube2 = v>y+ ! quantity ( ! se$ f$ by v>y+ ! escape op5+s1 or by positive me*anical movem5ts v>iable 9 spe$2 = fix+ accurately ! quantity ( se$ dis*>g$2 = *ang+ ! app>atus to fe$ co>se or f9e se$2 & = r5d]+ ! app>atus effici5t on diff]5t surfaces--/eep hillsides1 level pla9s1 irregul> l&s4 ,an important /ep 0 ! sub/itution ( :at is call$ ! 8=ce fe$0 = ! gravity fe$4 ,!re is a v>iety ( devices = ?is purpose1 ! pr9ciple ( "o ( !m be+ a revolv+ fe$ :eel locat$ b5ea? ! hopp]1 & above ea* sp\t1 ! two cas+s betwe5 :i* ! fe$ :eel revolves =m+ ! out] walls ( a complete measur+ *annel1 or ?roat1 ?r\gh :i* ! gra9 is c>ri$ by ! rot>y motion ( ! :eel1 ?us provid+ ! means ( measur+ ! se$ ) z mu* accuracy z c\ld be done by a small measure4 ,! quantity s[n p] acre is gov]n$ by simply increas+ or dim9i%+ ! spe$ ( ! fe$ :eel4 ,9 "o =m ( device ?is *ange ( spe$ is alt]$ by a sy/em ( cone ge>+4 ,a graduat$ fl[ ( ! se$ has also be5 effect$ by ! employm5t ( a cyl9d] hav+ a smoo? & flut$ "p work+ 9 a cup b5ea? ! hopp] ) provision = adju/m5t ( ! smoo? "p t[>ds & f ! flut$ "p to cut (f or increase ! fl[4 ,to avoid ! use ( a sep>ate app>atus = sep>ate sizes ( gra9 & o!r se$1 ! se$ hold] has be5 divid$ into p>ts--"o "p = conta9+ :eat1 b>ley & o!r m$ium-siz$ gra9s1 & ano!r = corn1 peas & ! l>g] se$s4 ,& z ^! p>ts are us$ on sep>ate occasions1 ! respective ap]tures are op5$ or clos$ by a slid+ bottom & by a s+le movem5t ( ! h&4 ,rubb] tubes = conduct+ ! se$ ?r\gh ! holl[ holes 7 introduc$ 9 place ( ! metal sp\ts t answ]$ bo? z a sp\t & a hoe4 ,9 place ( ! common hoe drill ( a =m us$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 ! hoes be+ =c$ into ! soil by ! use ( lev]s & weights1 :at are kn[n z 8%oe drills0 h l>gely succe$$4 ,a s]ies ( %oes are pivot$ to ! frame1 ext5d b5ea? ! se$ box1 & are provid$ ) spr+s = depress+ or rais+ !m4 ,all k9ds ( se$s & f]tilis]s1 sep>ately or toge!r1 may be n[ s[n1 & ! broadca/ s[+ ( a l>g] area ?an t cov]$ by ! ?r[ ( ! h& c n[ be giv5 by ma*9]y4 ,corn & cotton se$ are ?us also plant$1 mix$ or unmix$ ) ! f]tilis+ mat]ial4 ,n only h light pl\ghs be5 comb9$ ) small se$ boxes & "o or m se$ tubes1 = easy "w 9 g>d5s1 b ! arrangem5ts v>i$ & grad$ = diff]5t uses until is rea*$ t great ma*9e run by /eam p[]1 9 :i* is assembl$ a gang ( heavy h>r[s 9 front to loos5 & pulv]ise ! soil1 !n ! se$ & f]tilis+ drill ( capaci\s wid? = s[+ ! gra9 9 r[s1 foll[$ by a light] broad h>r[ to cov] ! se$1 & all s arrang$ t ! /eam lifts ! heavy frames on turn+1 & all controll$ easily by ! man :o rides ^u ! ma*9e4 ,9 plant+ at int]vals or 9 hills1 z corn & potatoes1 & o!r l l>g] se$s1 no long] is ! f>m] requir$ to trudge across ! wide field c>ry+ a heavy load 9 bag or box1 or compel 8 boys or wom5 folk to drop ! se$ :ile he foll[s on labori\sly ) ! hoe4 ,he may n[ ride1 if he s *oose1 & ! ma*9e :i* c>ries him furni%es ! motive p[] = op]at+ ! supply & cut-(f ( ! gra9 at int]vals4 ,! object ( ! f>m] 9 plant+ corn is to plant x 9 /raight l9es ab\t f\r feet ap>t ea* way1 putt+ f ?ree to five gra9s into ea* spot 9 a scatt]$ & n huddl$ condition4 ,^! objects are toge!r nicely accompli%$ by a v>iety ( mod]n ma*9es4 ,! plant+ ( great fields ( potatoes has be5 greatly facilitat$ by ma*9]y t fir/ slices !m & !n s[s ! slices cont9u\sly 9 a r[1 or drops !m 9 sep>ate spots or hills1 z may be desir$4 ,! f9e/ se$s1 su* z grass & clov]1 onion & turnip se$1 & delicate se$ l rice1 are h&l$ & s[n by ma*9es )\t cru%+ or bruis+1 & ) ! utmo/ exactness4 ,j :at se$ is necess>y to be suppli$ to ! ma*9e = a giv5 area is decid$ ^u1 & ! ma*9e di/ributes ! same ) ! same nicety t a doctor di/ributes ! prop] dose ( pellets ^u ! palm ( 8 pati5t4 ,transplant]s z well z plant]s h be5 devis$4 ,^! transplant]s w dig ! plant tr5*1 di/ribute ! f]tilis]1 set ! plant1 pack ! e>? & wat] ! plant1 automatically4 ,! class ( ma*9es kn[n z cultivators are ^? only1 prop]ly speak+1 :i* are employ$ to cultivate ! plant aft] ! crop is above ! gr\nd4 ,! duties :i* !y p]=m are to loos5 ! e>?1 de/roy ! we$s1 & ?r[ ! loos5$ e>? ar\nd ! gr[+ plant4 ,"h aga9 ! labori\s hoe has be5 succe$$ by ! lab\r-sav+ ma*9e4 ,cultivators h names :i* indicate _! con/ruction & ! crop ) :i* !y are adapt$ to be us$4 ,?us !re are 8corn cultivators10 8cotton cultivators10 8sug>-cane cultivators10 etc4 ,rid+ cultivators are kn[n z 8sulky cultivators0 :]e !y are provid$ ) two :eels & a seat = ! driv]4 ,if work$ betwe5 two r[s !y are t]m$ s+le1 & :5 betwe5 ?ree r[s1 d\ble cultivators4 ,a rid+ cultivator adapt$ to "w ?ree r[s has an ar*$ axle to pass ov] ! r[s ( ! gr[+ plants & cultivate bo? sides ( ! plants 9 ea* r[4 ,d\ble cultivators are con/ruct$ s t _! outside tee? may be adju/$ 9 & out f ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e to meet ! wid? ( ! r[s betwe5 :i* !y op]ate4 ,a 8walk+ cultivator0 is :5 ! op]ator walks & guides ! ma*9e ) ! h&s z ) pl\ghs4 ,ord9>y pl\ghs are conv]t$ into cultivators by supply+ !m ) d\ble adju/able m\ld bo>ds4 ,+5i\s arrangem5ts g5]ally exi/ = wid5+ or n>r[+ ! cultivator & = ?r[+ ! soil f ! c5tre ( ! furr[ to opposite sides & aga9/ ! plant4 ,! dep? to :i* ! %>es or cultivator blades "w 9 ! gr\nd may be adju/$ by a gauge :eel ^u ! draught beam1 or a roll] on ! back ( ! frame4 ,disk cultivators are ^? 9 :i* disk blades in/ead ( pl\ghs are us$ ) :i* to di/urb ! soil already brok54 ,z ) pl\ghs1 s ) cultivators1 /eam-eng9es are employ$ to draw a gang ( cultivat+ tee? or blades1 _! framework1 & ! op]ator seat$ !reon1 to & fro across ! field betwe5 two or m r[s1 turn+ & runn+ ! ma*9e at ! end ( ! r[s4 ,millet's rec5t celebrat$ pa9t+ repres5ts a brutal1 primitive type ( a man lean+ heavily on a hoe z anci5t & w(ul 9 "* z ! man himself4 ,x is a picture ( hopeless drudg]y & blank ignorance4 ,m>kham1 ! poet1 has seiz$ ^u ?is picture1 dwelt eloqu5tly on its horrors1 & apo/rophis$ x z if x 7 a condition n[ exi/+4 ,he exclaims1 8,o ma/]s1 lords & rul]s 9 all l&s ,h[ w ! future reckon ) ?is man80 ,! pres5t has already reckon$ ) him1 & he & 8 awkw>d implem5t ( drudg]y n[h]e exi/1 except z left-ov] specim5s ( anci5t & pre-hi/oric mis]y occasionally f\nd 9 "s b5ight$ region ( ! _w4 ,! pl\gh & ! hoe are ! *ief implem5ts ) :i* man has subdu$ ! e>?4 ,_! use has n be5 conf9$ to ! drudge & ! slave1 b m51 ! lead]s & ornam5ts ( _! race1 h /ood beh9d !m add+ to !mselves graces1 & cr[n+ labor ) dignity4 ,c9c9natus is only "o ( a long l9e ( public m5 9 anci5t & mod]n times :o h s]v$ _! c\ntry 9 ! pl\ghfield z well z on ! field ( battle & 9 ! halls ( ,legislation4 ,we he> ! song ( ! poet ris+ ) t ( ! l>k z he turns ! sod4 ,burns1 lam5t+ t 8 %>e upte>s ! b$ ( ! 8wee mode/ crimson-tipp$ fl[]0 & sorr[+ t he has turn$ ! 8,m\sie0 f its 8bit o' leaves & /ibble0 by ! cruel c\lt]4 ,! f9e/ natures1 tun$ too f9e to meet ! rude bla/s ( ! _w1 h %runk l ,c[p] to rural sc5es1 & s\ght ) ! hoe among fl[]s & plants = t balm & /r5g? unf\nd 9 cr[d$ m>ts4 ,b ! dignity imp>t$ to ! pr(ession ( ,agriculture by a few has n[ by ! g5ius ( inv5tion become ! h]itage ( all4 ,:ile prophets h lam5t$1 & arti/s h pa9t$1 & poets sorr[$ ov] ! drudg]ies ( ! till]s ( ! soil1 ! till]s h /eadily & quietly & ) inf9ite pati5ce & toil work$ out _! own salvation4 ,!y no long] f9d !mselves 8plund]$ & pr(an$ & dis9h]it$10 b !y h yok$ ! =ces ( nature to _! s]vice1 & ! cultivation ( ! e>?1 ! s[+ ( ! se$1 ! n\ri%m5t ( ! plant1 h become to !m ?+s ( pleasurable lab\r4 ,) ! aid ( ^! inv5tions :i* h be5 turn$ into _! h&s by ! prolific developm5ts ( ! c5tury !y are1 s f> z ! soil is conc]n$1 no long] 8bro!rs ( ! ox10 b k+ ( k+s & "l ( lords4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,agricultural ,,inv5tions4 ,if ! f>m]1 t[>d ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 tir$ ) ! sickle & ! scy! = cutt+ 8 grass & gra91 _h look$ ab\t = m exp$iti\s means1 he w\ld h f\nd no?+ bett] = cutt+ 8 grass2 & = h>ve/+ 8 gra9 he w\ld h be5 ref]r$ to a ma*9e t _h exi/$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is ma*9e 0 describ$ by ,pl9y1 writ+ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fj1 :o says t x 0 us$ on ! pla9s ( ,rhtia4 ,! same ma*9e 0 describ$ by ,palladius 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,t ma*9e is sub/antially ! ma*9e t is us$ to-day = cutt+ & ga!r+ clov] heads to obta9 ! se$4 ,x is n[ call$ a head]4 ,a ma*9e t has be5 9 use = eighte5 c5turies des]ves to be describ$1 & its inv5tor rememb]$2 b ! "n ( ! inv5tor has be5 lo/ 9 oblivion4 ,! description ( ,palladius is z foll[s3 8,9 ! pla9s ( ,gaul1 !y use ?is quick way ( reap+1 & )\t reap]s cut l>ge fields ) an ox 9 "o day4 ,= ?is purpose a ma*9e is made c>ri$ ^u two :eels2 ! squ>e surface has bo>ds erect$ at ! side1 :i*1 slop+ outw>d1 make a wid] space above4 ,! bo>d on ! =e "p is l[] ?an ! o!rs4 ,^u x !re are a great _m small tee?1 wide set 9 a r[1 answ]+ to ! height ( ! e>s ( corn 7:eat71 & turn$ upw>d at ! ends4 ,on ! back "p ( ! ma*9e two %ort %afts are fix$ l ! poles ( a litt]2 to ^! an ox is yok$1 ) 8 head to ! ma*9e1 & ! yoke & traces likewise turn$ ! contr>y way4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is pu%$ ?r\gh ! /&+ corn all ! e>s are compreh5d$ by ! tee? & cut (f by !m f ! /raw & drop into ! ma*9e4 ,! driv] sets x high] or l[] z he f9ds x necess>y4 ,by a few go+s & return+s ! :ole field is reap$4 ,?is ma*9e does v well 9 pla9 & smoo? fields40 ,z late z #aghf improvem5ts 7 be+ attempt$ 9 ,engl& on ?is old ,gallic ma*9e4 ,at t "t ,pitt1 9 t c\ntry1 arrang$ a cyl9d] ) combs or ripples :i* tore (f ! heads ( ! gra9-/alks & dis*>g$ !m into a box on ! ma*9e4 ,f t date until #ahjj foll[$ attempts to make a cutt+ app>atus consi/+ ( blades on a revolv+ cyl9d] rotat$ by ! rot>y motion ( ! :eels on :i* ! ma*9e 0 c>ri$4 ,9 #agid1 a ,scot*man inv5t$ ! gra9 cradle4 ,above ! blade ( a scy! 7 arrang$ a set ( f+]s project+ f a po/ 9 ! scy! sna?4 ,?is 0 consid]$ a wond]ful implem5t4 ,a report ( a ,scotti% ,highl& ,agricultural ,society ab\t t "t said ( ?is new ma*9e3 8,) a common sickle1 sev5 m5 9 t5 h\rs reap$ "o & "o-half acres ( :eat1--ab\t "o-qu>t] ( an acre ea*4 ,) ! new ma*9e a man c cut "o & "o-half acres 9 t5 h\rs1 to be rak$1 b\nd1 & /ack$ by two o!rs40 ,x 0 ) su* crude & imp]fect inv5tions t ! f>m]s fac$ ! gra9 & grass fields ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! anci5t _w h (t5 be5 comp>$ ) ! wond]s ( inv5tion ( ?is pres5t day4 ,s5ator ,platt 9 an address at ! ,pat5t ,c5t5nial ,celebration 9 ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahia1 made su* a contra/3 8,! old wond]s ( ! _w 7 ! ,pyramids1 ! ,hang+ ,g>d5s ( ,babylon1 ! ,phidian /atue ( ,jupit]1 ! ,mausoleum1 ! ,temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 ! ,colossus ( ,rhodes1 & ! ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria4 ,two 7 tombs ( k+s1 "o 0 ! playgr\nd ( a pett$ que51 "o 0 ! habitat ( ! _w's d>ke/ sup]/ition1 "o ! %r9e ( a hea!n god1 ano!r 0 a crude attempt to produce a "w ( art solely to excite wond]1 & "o only1 ! ligh?\se at ,alex&ria1 0 ( ! slighte/ b5efit to mank9d4 ,!y 7 creat$ ma9ly by tyrants2 mo/ ( !m by ! unrequit$ toil ( degrad$ & enslav$ lab\r]s4 ,9 !m 0 nei!r improvem5t nor advancem5t = ! p40 ,) "s excess ( patriotic pride1 he contra/s ^! ) :at he calls 8! sev5 wond]s ( ,am]ican inv5tion40 ,!y 7 ! cotton-g92 ! adaptation ( /eam to me?ods ( transportation2 ! application ( electricity to bus9ess pursuits2 ! h>ve/]2 ! mod]n pr9t+-press2 ! ocean cable2 & ! sew+ ma*9e4 8,h[ wond]ful10 he adds1 89 conception1 9 con/ruction1 9 purpose1 ^! great inv5tions are2 h[ !y dw>f ! ,pyramids & all ! wond]s ( antiquity2 :at a tra9 ( bless+s ea* br\ght ) its entrance into social life2 h[ wide1 direct & f>-rea*+ _! b5efits4 ,ea* 0 ! h]ald ( a social revolution2 ea* 0 a human b5efactor2 ea* 0 a new ,goddess ( ,lib]ty2 ea* 0 a great ,emancipator ( man f ! bondage ( lab\r2 ea* 0 a new tea*] come ^u e>?2 ea* 0 a moral =ce40 ,( ^! sev5 wond]s1 ! h>ve/] & ! cotton-g9 w only be describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 8,h>ve/]0 has sometimes be5 us$ z a broad t]m to cov] bo? m[]s & reap]s4 ,9 a rec5t & m re/rict$ s5se1 x is appli$ to a ma*9e t cuts gra91 sep>ates x into gavels1 & b9ds x4 ,! difficulty t confront$ ! inv5tion ( m[]s 0 ! con/ruction1 location & op]ation ( ! cutt+ "p4 ,to conv]t ! scy! or ! sickle1 or "s o!r %>p blade into a fa/ reciprocat+ cutt]1 to hang su* cutt] l[ s t x w\ld cut ne> ! gr\nd1 to protect x f contact ) /ones by a prop] gu>d1 to actuate x by ! :eels ( ! vehicle1 to h+e ! cutt]-b> to ! frame s t its out] end might be rais$1 & to arrange a seat on ! ma*9e s t ! driv] c\ld control ! op]at+ p>ts by means ( a lev]1 or h&les1 7 ! ma9 problems to be solv$4 ,9 #agii1 ,boyce1 ( ,engl&1 _h a v]tical %aft ) six rotat+ scy!s b5ea? ! frame ( ! implem5t4 ,?is di$ ) ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjj1 ,me>es1 8 c\ntryman1 tri$ to adapt %e>s4 ,he 0 foll[$ !re1 9 #ahje1 by ,plucknett1 :o introduc$ a horizontal1 rotat+1 circul> blade4 ,o!rs1 subsequ5tly1 adopt$ ?is idea1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,x _h be5 cu/om>y1 z 9 old5 times1 to pu% ! app>atus =w>d by a horse or horses hit*$ beh9d4 ,b1 9 #ahjf1 ,glad/one _h pat5t$ a front draft ma*9e1 ) a revolv+ :eel arm$ ) knife-blades cutt+ at "o side ( ! ma*9e & a segm5t-b> ) f+]s :i* ga!r$ ! gra9 & held ! /raw :ile ! knife cut x4 ,!n1 9 #ahjg1 ,salon5 introduc$ vibrat+ knifes ov] /ation>y blades1 f+]s to ga!r gra9 to ! cutt]s1 & a rake to c>ry ! gra9 (f to "o side4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,ogle1 also ( ,engl&1 0 ! fir/ to inv5t ! reciprocat+ knife-b>4 ,?is is ! movem5t t has be5 giv5 9 all ! successful ma*9es s9ce4 ,ogle's 0 a crude ma*9e1 b x furni%$ ! ideas ( project+ ! cutt]-b> at ! side ( a reel to ga!r ! gra9 to ! cutt] & ( a gra9 plat=m :i* 0 tilt$ to drop ! %eaf4 ,! _w is indebt$ also to ! ,rev4 ,patrick ,bell1 ( ,scotl&1 :o _h inv5t$ & built z e>ly z #ahbc-bf1 a ma*9e :i* w\ld cut an acre ( gra9 9 an h\r1 & is ?us describ$ by ,knight3 8,! ma*9e _h a squ>e frame on two :eels :i* ran loose on ! axle1 except :5 clut*$ !reto to give motion to ! cutt]s4 ,! cutt]-b> _h fix$ triangul> cutt]s betwe5 ea* ( :i* 0 a movable vibrat+ cutt]1 :i* made a %e> cut aga9/ ! edge ( ! /ation>y cutt]1 on ea* side4 ,x _h a reel ) twelve vanes to press ! gra9 t[>d ! cutt]s1 & cause x to fall ^u a travell+ apron :i* c>ri$ away cut gra9 & deposit$ x at ! side ( ! ma*9e4 ,! reel 0 driv5 by bevel-ge>+40 ,x 0 us$ b a few ye>s & !n reviv$ aga9 at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,london1 9 #ahea4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 inv5tions 9 m[]s & reap]s began to make _! appe>ance ab\t #ahbj4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,bailey 0 ! fir/ to pat5t a m[+ ma*9e4 ,x 0 a circul> revolv+ scy! on a v]tical axis1 rotat$ by ge>+ f ! ma9 axle1 & s t ! scy! 0 self-%>p5$ by pass+ "u a :et-/one fix$ on an axis & revolv+ ) ! scy! & 0 pull$ by a horse 9 front4 ,9 #ahbh1 ,lane1 ( ,ma9e1 comb9$ ! reap] & ?re%]4 ,9 #ahca1 ,mann+ _h a r[ ( f+]s & a reciprocat+ knife1 & 9 #ahcc1 ,s*nebly introduc$ ! idea ( a horizontal endless apron on :i* ! gra9 fell1 con/ruct$ to travel int]mitt5tly s z to divide ! gra9 into sep>ate p>ts or gavels1 & deliv] ! gavels at "o side4 ,hussey1 ( ,m>yl&1 9 #ahcc1 produc$ ! mo/ useful h>ve/] up to t "t4 ,x _h op5 gu>d f+]s1 a knife made ( triangul> sections1 reciprocat+ 9 ! gu>d1 & a cutt]-b> on a h+$ frame4 ,!n came ! celebrat$ reap] ( ,mc,cormick1 ( ,virg9ia1 9 #ahcd1 & 8 improvem5ts ( #ahde-ahdg1 & by #ahej he _h built hundr$s ( 8 ma*9es4 ,o!r inv5tors1 too num]\s to m5tion1 f t "t pu%$ =w>d ) _! improvem5ts4 ,!n came _m public trials & conte/s betwe5 rival manufactur]s & inv5tors4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ notable 0 ! conte/ at ! ,_w's ,fair1 9 ,london1 9 #ahea4 ,?is exhibition1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d ! _w _h se51 giv+ to ! nations tak+ "p su* an a/oni%+ revelation ( ea* o!r's productions1 & /imulat+ 9 ea* su* a surpris+ gr[? 9 all ! indu/rial & f9e arts1 reveal$ no?+ m gratify+ to ! lov] ( 8 k9d ?an ^? inv5tions ( ! prec$+ half-c5tury t _h s greatly lift$ ! f>m lab\r] f 8 furr[ ( drudg]y4 ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s ( su* inv5tions 7 ! h>ve/]s4 ,bell's ma*9e1 previ\sly describ$1 & ,hussey's & ,mc,cormick's 7 ! pr9cipal conte/+ ma*9es4 ,!y 7 set to "w 9 fields ( gra91 & to ,mc,cormick 0 f9ally aw>d$ ! m$al ( hon\r4 ,?is conte/ also op5$ ! eyes ( ! _w to ! fact t va/ tracts ( idle l&1 exce$+ 9 ext5t ! areas ( _m /ates & c\ntries1 c\ld n[ be s[n & reap$--a fact impossible ) ! scy! & ! sickle4 ,x 0 ! h]ald ( ! admission into ! family ( nations ( new t]ritories & /ates1 :i*1 )\t ^! ma*9es1 w\ld unto ?is day be /ill wild wild]nesses & trackless des]ts4 ,?is great trial also 0 foll[$ by _m o!rs1 ,/ate & ,int]national4 ,9 #aheb1 !re 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a g5]al trial ( reap]s & m[]s at ,g5eva1 ,new ,york2 9 #ahee1 at ! ,fr5* ,exposition1 at ,p>is1 :]e aga9 ,mc,cormick met ) a triumph2 9 #aheg1 at ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 & subsequ5tly at all ! great ,/ate & ,int]national ,expositions4 ,^! conte/s s]v$ to br+ out ! failures1 & ! /ill-exi/+ wants 9 ?is l9e ( ma*9]y4 ,! e>li] ma*9es 7 clumsy4 ,!y 7 g5]ally "o-:eel$ ma*9es1 lack$ flexibility ( p>ts & 7 co/ly4 ,!y cut1 inde$1 va/ tracts ( gra9 & grass1 b ! ma*9es _h to be foll[$ by an army ( m5 to b9d & ga!r ! fall5 gra94 ,?is army dem&$ high wages & mat]ially increas$ ! co/ ( reap+ ! crop1 & sadly dim9i%$ ! pr(its4 ,:5 ! ,vi5na ,exposition1 9 #ahgc1 0 held1 a great advance 0 %[n 9 ?is & all o!r classes ( agricultural ma*9]y4 ,reap]s & m[]s 7 light] 9 con/ruction1 & f> less 9 co/1 & /rong] & m effective 9 e way4 ,! old orig9al ma*9es ( ,mc,cormick on :i* he _h work$ = tw5ty ye>s prior to ! #ahea triumph1 _h be5 succe$$ by ano!r ( 8 ma*9es1 on :i* an additional tw5ty ye>s ( /udy1 exp]im5t & improvem5t _h be5 exp5d$4 ,an endless numb] ( inv5tors _h 9 ! meantime ent]$ ! li/s4 ,! frame1 ! motive ge>+1 ! h+$ cutt]-b> & knives1 ! driv]'s seat1 ! reel1 ! divid]1 = sep>at+ ! swa? ( gra9 to be cut f ! uncut1 ! rais+ & depress+ lev]1 ! self-rak]1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* all ! p>ts 7 compos$ _h all receiv$ ! greate/ att5tion1 & n[ 0 await+ ! com+ ( a p]fect me*anical b9d] t w\ld roll ! gra9 on ! ma*9e into a bundle1 automatically b9d x1 & drop ! b\nd bundles on ! gr\nd4 ,! latt] addition came 9 an incomplete %ape to ,vi5na4 ,! be/ =m 0 a crude wire b9d]4 ,9 #ahgf at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 ! m[]s & reap]s blossom$ /ill m fully1 b n into full fruition2 = x 0 n until two or ?ree ye>s !reaft] t ! celebrat$ tw9e b9d]s1 :i* sup]s$$ ! wire1 7 fully develop$4 ,?9k ( ! almo/ miracul\s ex]cise ( inv5tion 9 mak+ a ma*9e to automatically cut ! gra91 elevate x to a plat=m1 sep>ate & roll x into %eaves1 seize a /\t cord f a reel1 wrap x ab\t ! %eaf1 tie a knot t no sailor c\ld untie1 cut ! cord1 & ?r[ ! b\nd %eaf to "o side ^u ! gr\nd6 ,s great became ! dem& = ?is b9d]s' tw9e t great corporations engag$ 9 its manufacture1 & !y 9 turn =m$ a great tru/ to control ! _w's supply4 ,?is "o item ( tw9e1 alone1 am\nt$ to millions ( doll>s e ye>1 & f its manufacture arose economic que/ions consid]$ by legislators1 & s]i\s litigation requir+ ! att5tion ( ! c\rts4 ,at ?is ,c5t5nial ,exhibition1 besides tw5ty or m great manufactur+ firms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o exhibit$ reap]s & m[]s1 ,canada1 f>-away ,au/ralia1 & ,russia br\ght ea* a f9e ma*9e ( ?is wond]ful class4 ,& n only ^! c\ntries1 b ne>ly all ( ,europe s5t agricultural ma*9es & implem5ts 9 su* numb]s & sup]ior con/ruction t !y surpass$ ! wilde/ dreams ( ! f>m] ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury be=e4 ,up to ?is "t1 ab\t elev5 ?\s& pat5ts h be5 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all presumably on sep>ate improvem5ts 9 m[]s & reap]s alone4 ,?is numb] includes1 ( c\rse1 _m pat5ts issu$ to inv5tors ( o!r c\ntries4 ,be=e leav+ ?is bran* ( ! subject ! lawn-m[] %\ld n be ov]look$1 ) its spiral blades on a revolv+ cyl9d]1 a h& lev] by :i* x c be pu%$ ov] a lawn & ! grass cut z smoo? z ! gre5 rug ^u a lady's *amb]4 ,x is ! law ( inv5tions t "o inv5tion necessitates & g5]ates ano!r4 ,?us ! va/ly increas$ facilities = cutt+ grass necessitat$ new means = tak+ c>e ( x :5 cut4 ,& ^! new means 7 ! hay t$d] to /ir x1 ! horse hay-rake1 ! great hay-=ks to load1 & ! hay-/ack]s4 ,h>ve/]s = grass & gra9 h be5 supplem5t$ by ,corn1 ,cotton1 ,potato & ,flax ,h>ve/]s4 ,! ?re%+-floor /ill res\nds to ! flail z ! gra9 is beat5 f ! heads ( ! /alks4 ,m5 & horses /ill tread x out1 ! wood5 drag & ! heavy wa9 ) its gang ( :eels1 & all ! old me?ods ( ?re%+ famili> to ! ,egyptians & lat] among ! ,romans may /ill be f\nd 9 use 9 diff]5t portions ( ! _w4 ,m5zies ( ,scotl&1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ to inv5t a ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,x 0 unsuccessful4 ,!n came ,leckie1 ( ,/irl+%ire1 :o improv$ x4 ,b ! type ( ! mod]n ?re%+ ma*9e 0 ! inv5tion ( a ,scot*man1 "o ,meikle1 ( ,tyn+ham1 ,ea/ ,lo?ian1 9 #aghf4 ,meikle ?rew ! gra9 on to an incl9$ bo>d1 f :5ce x 0 f$ betwe5 two flut$ roll]s to a cyl9d] arm$ ) blades :i* beat x1 !nce to a second beat+ cyl9d] op]at+ ov] a concave grat+ ?r\gh :i* ! loos5$ gra9 fell to a receptacle b5ea?2 !nce ! /raw 0 c>ri$ ov] a ?ird beat+ cyl9d] :i* loos5$ ! /raw & %ook out ! rema9+ gra9 to ! same receptacle1 & ! beat5 /raw 0 !n c>ri$ out ( ! ma*9e4 ,meikle add$ _m improvem5ts1 among :i* 0 a fan-mill by :i* ! gra9 0 sep>at$ & clean$ f bo? /raw & *aff4 ,?is ma*9e1 complet$ & p]fect$ ab\t ! ye> #ahjj1 has se5 no dep>ture 9 pr9ciple 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! pr9cipal *ange has be5 ! sub/itution ( a spik$ drum runn+ at a high] spe$ = ,meikle's beat] drum arm$ ) blades4 ,9 c\ntries l ,cali=nia1 says ! ,u4,s4 ,commission] ( ,pat5ts 9 8 report = #ahie1 8,:]e ! climate is dry & ! gra9 is ready = ?re%+ z soon z x is cut1 !re is 9 g5]al use a type ( ma*9e kn[n z a comb9$ h>ve/] & ?re%] 9 :i* a ?re%] & a h>ve/] ma*9e ( ! head] type are m\nt$ on a s+le plat=m1 & ! heads ( gra9 are c>ri$ directly f ! h>ve/] by elevators into ! ?re%+ ma*9e1 f :i* ! ?re%$ gra9 is deliv]$ into bags & is !n ready = %ipm5t4 ,"s ( ^! ma*9es are drawn by horses & "s h a portable eng9e m\nt$ on ! same truck ) ! h>ve/] propell+ ! ma*9e1 :ile furni%+ p[] to drive ! me*anism at ! same "t4 ,comb9$ h>ve/]s & ?re%]s h be5 kn[n s9ce #ahcf1 b !y h be5 mu* improv$ & are n[ built on a mu* l>g] scale40 ,flax-?re%]s = beat+ ! gra9 f ! bolls ( ! cur$ flax plant1 remov+ ! bolls1 releas+ & clean+ ! se$1 are also a mod]n inv5tion4 ,flax & ,hemp ,brakes1 ma*9es by :i* ! woody & cellul> portion ( ! flax is sep>at$ f ! fibr\s portion1 produc$ 9 practical %ape 9 ! c5tury1 & flank$ by ! improv$ pull]s1 cutt]s1 ?re%]s1 scut*]s1 hackles1 c>d]s1 & rov]s1 h supplant$ ,egyptian me?ods ( #c1jjj ye>s' /&+1 = prep>+ ! flax = sp9n+1 z well z ! crude improvem5ts ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,aft] ! f\ndation ( cotton manufacture _h be5 laid 8z "o ( ! greate/ ( ! _w's indu/ries10 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ^? five great ,engli% inv5tors1 ,kay1 :o inv5t$ ! fly-%uttle1 ,h>greaves1 ! 8,sp9n+ ,j5ny10 ,arkwright1 ! wat]-frame1 ,crompton1 ! sp9n+-mule1 & ,c>twright1 ! p[]-loom1 came ,eli ,:itney 9 #agic1 a "y s*ool tea*] f ,massa*usetts locat$ 9 ,georgia1 :o inv5t$ ! cotton-g94 ,8 crude ma*9e1 work$ by a s+le p]son1 c\ld clean m cotton 9 a s+le day ?an c\ld be done by a man 9 sev]al mon?s1 by h&4 ,! enorm\s importance ( su* a ma*9e began to be appreciat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & x set cotton up z a ,k+ ^: dom9ion has ext5d$ across ! seas4 ,prior to #ahga1 inv5tions 9 ?is art 7 ma9ly direct$ to p]fect+ ! /ructure ( ?is prim>y g94 ,by t ma*9e only ! long /aple fibre 0 secur$1 leav+ ! cotton se$ cov]$ ) a %ort fibre1 :i* ) ! se$ 0 reg>d$ z a wa/e product4 ,to reclaim ?is %ort fibre & secure ! se$ 9 condition = use1 h be5 ! endeav\rs ( _m inv5tors dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,^! objects h be5 atta9$ by a ma*9e kn[n z ! del9t]1 "o ( ! fir/ practical =ms ( :i* appe>$ ab\t #ahhc4 ,9 a bullet9 publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 #ahie1 entitl$1 8,production & ,price ( ,cotton = ,"o ,hundr$ ,ye>s10 ! p]iod comm5ces ) ! introduction ( ,:itney's saw g91 & ends ) ! ye> m5tion$ & ) ! production 9 t ye> ( ! l>ge/ crop ! _w _h ev] se54 ,no o!r agricultural crop comm&s su* univ]sal att5tion4 ,millions ( p are employ$ 9 its production & manufacture4 ,h[ insignificant comp>$ ) ! wond] wr\ght by ?is "o ma*9e seems inde$ any ( ! old sev5 wond]s ( ! _w6 ,al?\gh ! displacem5t ( lab\r occasion$ by ! introduction ( ! cotton-g9 0 n sev]ely felt1 z x 0 slave lab\r1 yet t inv5tion af=ds a good illu/ration ( ! fact t lab\r-sav+ ma*9es increase ! supply ( ! article1 ! increas$ supply l[]s its price1 ! l[] price increases ! dem&1 ! increas$ dem& gives rise to m ma*9es & develops o!r inv5tions & arts1 all ( :i* results 9 ! employm5t ( t5 ?\s& p to e "o ?\s& at "w on ! product orig9ally4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,agricultural ,,inv5tions 7cont9u$74 ,:5 ! h>ve/ is end$ & ! gold5 /ores ( gra9s & fruits are ga!r$1 !n ! "q arises :at %all be next done to prep>e !m = food & = %ipm5t to ! di/ant consum]4 ,if ! clean+ ( ! gra9 & sep>at+ x f ! *aff & dirt are n _h 9 ! ?re%+ process1 sep>ate ma*9es are employ$ = fann+ & scre5+4 ,x 0 only dur+ ! #ah? c5tury t fann+ mills 7 introduc$2 & x is relat$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 "o ( 8 novels t "s ( 8 c\ntrym5 consid]$ x _! religi\s duty to wait = a natural w9d to sep>ate ! *aff f ! :eat2 t !y 7 greatly %ock$ by an inv5tion :i* w\ld raise a :irlw9d 9 calm wea!r1 & t !y look$ ^u ! use ( su* a ma*9e z rebellion aga9/ ,god4 ,z to ! gr9d+ ( ! gra91 ! rudim5t>y means /ill exi/1 & are /ill us$ by rudim5t>y peoples1 & to meet exceptional necessities2 ^! are ! primeval holl[$ /one & mort> & pe/le1 & !y too 7 8! mills ( ! ,gods0 9 ,egyptian1 ,hebrew & ,e>ly ,greek days3 ! qu]n--t is1 ! upp] runn+ /one & ! l[] /ation>y groov$ "o--0 a lat] ,roman inv5tion & c be f\nd describ$ only a c5tury or two be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,crude z ^! means 7 !y 7 ! *ief ones us$ 9 mill+ until )9 a c5tury & a qu>t] ago4 ,9 a v rec5t bright "w publi%$ 9 ,london1 by ,ri*>d ,b5nett & ,john ,elton1 on ,corn ,mills1 etc41 !y say on ?is po9t3 8,! mill ( ! la/ c5tury1 t1 by :i*1 despite its imp]fections1 ! production ( fl\r rose f "o ( ! smalle/ to "o ( ! greate/ & mo/ valuable indu/ries ( ! _w1 0 ess5tially a /ructure ( few p>ts1 :e!r driv5 by wat] or w9d1 & its processes 7 exce$+ly simple4 ,! :eat 0 clean$ by a rude ma*9e consi/+ ( a c\ple ( cyl9d]s & scre5s1 & an air bla/ pass$ ?r\gh a pair ( mill-/ones1 runn+ v close toge!r1 9 ord] t ! greate/ am\nt ( fl\r might be produc$ at "o gr9d+4 ,! meal 0 !n bolt$1 & ! tail+s1 consi/+ ( bran1 middl+s & adh]5t fl\r1 aga9 sift$ & re-gr\nd4 ,x seems probable t ! mill] ( ! "t _h a fair notion ( ! high grade ( fl\r gr\nd f middl+s1 b no sy/ematic me?od ( proc$ure = its production 0 adopt$40 ,! upp] & ! ne!r mill-/one is /ill a mo/ useful device4 ,! 8dress10 :i* consi/s ( ! grooves :i* are =m$ 9 ! meet+ faces ( ! /ones1 has be5 *ang$ 9 _m ways to meet ! requirem5ts 9 produc+ fl\r 9 v>y+ degrees ( f95ess4 ,ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ to make su* grooves4 ,a ,swiss ma*9e = ?is purpose consi/s ( two disks c>ry+ diamonds 9 _! p]iph]ies1 :i*1 be+ put 9 rapid revolution1 cut p>allel grooves 9 ! face ( ! /one4 ,a great advance 9 mill+ 0 made bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe by ! inv5tions ( ,oliv] ,evans4 ,evans 0 born 9 ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e1 ,u4,s41 9 #agee1 & di$ 9 #ahai4 ,he 0 a poor boy & an appr5tice to a :eelwright1 & :ile ?us engag$ 8 inv5tive p[]s 7 develop$4 ,he _h an idea ( a l& c>riage propell$ )\t animal p[]4 ,at ! age ( #bb he inv5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ c>d tee?1 :i* sup]s$$ ! old me?od ( mak+ !m by h&4 ,lat] he inv5t$ /eam-eng9es & /eam-boats1 to :i* att5tion w h]eaft] be call$4 ,ent]+ into bus9ess ) 8 bro!rs )9 ! p]iod ext5d+ f #aghe to #ahjj1 he produc$ ^? inv5tions 9 mill+ :i* by ! op5+ ( ! #ai? c5tury _h revolutionis$ ! art4 ,a description ( ! mo/ important ( ^! inv5tions 0 publi%$ by him 9 #agie 9 a book entitl$ ,! ,"y ,millwright & ,mill]'s ,gri/4 ,pat5ts 7 grant$ ,evans by ! ,/ates ( ,delaw>e1 ,m>yl& & ,p5nsylvania 9 #aghg1 & by ! ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t 9 #agij & #ahjh4 ,z ^! inv5tions =m$ ! basis ( ! mo/ important subsequ5t devices ( ! c5tury1 a brief /atem5t ( 8 sy/em is prop]3 ,f ! "t ! gra9 0 empti$ f ! waggon to ! f9al production ( ! f9e/ fl\r at ! close ( ! process1 all manual lab\r 0 disp5s$ )4 ,! gra9 0 fir/ empti$ into a box hung on a scale beam :]e x 0 weigh$1 !n run into an elevator :i* rais$ x to a *amb] ov] clean+ ma*9es ?r\gh :i* x 0 pass$1 & reclaim$ by ! same means if desir$2 !n x 0 run d[n into a *amb] ov] ! hopp]s ( ! mill-/ones2 :5 gr\nd x fell f ! mill-/ones into conveyors & z c>ri$ along subject$ to ! heat$ air ( a kiln dri]2 !n c>ri$ into a meal elevator to be rais$ & dropp$ on to a cool+ floor :]e x 0 met by :at is call$ a hopp] boy1 consi/+ ( a c5tral r\nd upright %aft revolv+ on a pivot1 & provid$ ) horizontal arms & sweeps adapt$ to be rais$ & l[]$ & turn$1 by :i* means ! meal 0 cont9ually /irr$ ar\nd1 lift$ & turn$ on ! floor & !n ga!r$ on to ! bolt+ hopp]s1 ! bolts be+ cyl9drical sieves ( v>y+ degrees ( f95ess to sep>ate ! fl\r f its co>s] impurities1 & :5 n bolt$ suffici5tly1 c>ri$ by a conveyor call$ a drill to an elevator to be dump$ aga9 into ! bolt+ hopp]s & be re-bolt$4 ,:5 n suffici5tly gr\nd ! same drill 0 us$ to c>ry ! meal to ! gr9d /ones4 ,x 0 ! design ( ! process to keep ! meal 9 con/ant motion f fir/ to la/ s z to ?or\ghly dry & cool x1 to heat x fur!r 9 ! meantime1 & to run ! ma*9es s sl[ly z to prev5t ! rise & wa/e ( ! fl\r 9 ! =m ( du/4 ,! ,evans sy/em1 ) m9or modifications & improvem5ts1 0 ! prevail+ "o = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,new mills1 :5 erect$1 7 provid$ ) ?is sy/em1 & _m mills 9 _! quiet retreats ev]y:]e awoke f _! dr[sy me?ods & 7 equipp$ ) ! new "o4 ,b ! :ole sy/em ( mill+ has und]gone ano!r great *ange )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s3 ,dur+ t "t x has be5 le>n$ t ! co>s] portion or k]nel ( :eat :i* lies next to ! sk9 ( ! b]ry & betwe5 ! sk9 & ! he>t is ! mo/ valuable & nutriti\s "p1 z x consi/s l>gely ( glut51 :ile ! int]ior consi/s ( />*1 :i* :5 dry becomes a pe>ly p[d]4 ,"u ! old sy/ems ?is co>s] "p1 kn[n z middl+s1 0 elim9at$1 & gr\nd = fe$ = cattle1 or into :at 0 reg>d$ z an inf]ior grade ( fl\r f :i* to make co>se bread4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 !re=e1 "u ! old me?od to set ! gr9d+ surfaces v close ) ke5 %>p burrs1 s t ?is co>s] "p 0 cut (f & mix$ ) ! small p>ticles ( bran1 f9e fuzz & o!r =eign sub/ances1 :i* 0 sep>at$ f ! f9] "p ( ! k]nel by ! bolt+4 ,! new process consi/s ( remov+ ! out] sk9 & adh]5t impurities f ! middl+s1 !n sep>at+ ! middl+s f ! c5tral f9] "p & !n regr9d+ ! middl+s into fl\r4 ,?is middl+s fl\r be+ sup]ior1 z /at$1 to :at 0 call$ /raight grade1 x became desirable to obta9 z mu* middl+s z possible1 & to ?is end x 0 necess>y to set ! gr9d+ surfaces fur!r ap>t s z to gr9d high1 h5ce ! high mill+ process z di/+ui%$ f l[ mill+4 ,= ! bett] p]=mance ( ! high roll+ process1 roll] mills 7 inv5t$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! crack+ process by :i* ! k]nel c\ld be crack$ & ! glut5 middl+s sep>at$ f ! />*y he>t c\ld be/ be _h by ! employm5t ( roll]s or cyl9d]s 9 place ( face /ones1 & at ! same "t ! heat+ ( ! product1 :i* injures x1 be avoid$4 ,! roll]s op]ate 9 sets1 & successive crack+s are obta9$ by pass+ & repass+1 if necess>y1 ! gra9 ?r\gh ^! roll]s1 set at diff]5t di/ances ap>t4 ,! op]ation on gra9s ( diff]5t qualities1 :e!r h>d or s(t1 or conta9+ m or less ( ! glut5 middl+s1 or />*y p>ts1 & _! m9ute & grad$ sep>ation1 ?us are obta9$ ) ! greate/ nicety4 ,! ,hung>ians1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,au/rians1 ! ,swiss1 ! ,engli% & ! ,am]icans h all inv5t$ useful =ms ( ^! roll]s4 ,?is process 0 accompani$ by ! inv5tion ( new =ms ( middl+s sep>ators & purifi]s1 9 :i* upw>d drafts ( air are made to pass up ?r\gh flat1 grad$ %ak+ bolts1 9 an enclos$ case1 by :i* ! bran specks & fuzz are lift$ & convey$ away f ! %ak5 mat]ial4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 su* z ! great :eat /ate ( ,m9nesota1 ,u4,s41 :]e ! :eat _h be=e be5 ( inf]ior m>ket value ow+ to ! poor] grade ( fl\r obta9$ by ! old processes1 t same :eat 0 made to produce ! mo/ sup]ior fl\r "u ! new processes1 ?us increas+ ! ye>ly value ( ! crops by _m millions ( doll>s4 ,disa/r\s fl\r du/ explosions 9 "s ( ! great mills at ,m9neapolis1 9 #ahgg-gh1 develop$ ! inv5tion ( du/ collectors1 by :i* ! susp5d$ p>ticles ( fl\r du/ are )drawn f ! ma*9]y & ! mill1 & ! air is cle>$ = respiration & = ! production ( ! f9e/ fl\r1 :ile ! mill is kept clos$ & com=table 9 cold seasons4 ,"o ( ! late/ =ms ( su* a collector has = its ess5tial pr9ciple ! v]tical or rotatory air curr5t1 :i* x is claim$ moves & precipitates ! f9e/ p>ticles4 ,! inv5tions 9 ! class ( mills h s multipli$ 9 ^! latt] days1 t ne>ly e kn[n article t ne$s to be clean$ & hull$1 or gr\nd1 or crack$ or pulv]iz$1 has its own specially design$ ma*9e4 ,w9d & wat] z motive p[]s h be5 supplant$ by /eam & electricity4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 "o volume to describe ?is great v>iety4 ,knight1 9 8 ,me*anical ,diction>y1 gives a li/ "u 8,mills10 ( m ?an a hundr$ di/9ct ma*9es & processes relat+ to gr9d+1 hull+1 cru%+1 pulv]is+ & mix+ products4 ,vegetable ,cutt]s4--,mod]n +5uity has n neglect$ ^? m humble devices :i* save ! drudg]y ( h& "w 9 ! prep>ation ( vegetables & roots = food = man & bea/s1 & = use especially :5 l>ge quantities are to be prep>$4 ,?us1 we f9d ma*9es arm$ ) blades & work$ by spr+s & a lev]1 = *opp+1 o!rs = cutt+ /alks1 o!r ma*9es = p>+ & slic+1 su* z apple & potato p>]s & slic]s1 o!rs = grat+ & pulp+1 o!rs = se$+ fruits1 su* z *]ries & rais9s1 & an entire range ( me*anisms1 f ^? :i* h&le delicately ! t5d]e/ pod & smalle/ se$1 to ! pond]\s ma*9es = cutt+ & cru%+ ! cane 9 sug> mak+4 ,press+ & ,bal+4--,! want ( press+ loose mat]ials & pack+ bulky ones1 l hay1 wool1 cotton1 hops1 etc1 & o!r co>s] products1 into small1 compact bales & bodies1 to facilitate _! transportation1 0 imm$iately felt on ! great increase ( su* products 9 ! c5tury4 ,f ?is arose press+ & bal+ ma*9es ( a great v>iety1 until ne>ly e agricultural product t c be press$1 pack$ or bal$ has its special ma*9e = t op]ation4 ,besides ^? above indicat$ relat+ to agricultural products1 we h cane presses1 *eese presses1 butt] presses1 cig> & tobacco presses1 cork presses1 & fl\r pack]s1 fruit & l>d presses1 peat presses1 sug> presses & o!rs4 ,lead+ me*anical pr9ciples 9 presses are also indicat$ by "n1 z screw presses1 toggle presses1 beat] press1 revolv+ press1 hydraulic press1 rack & p9ion press1 & roll+ pressure press & s on4 ,!re are ! presses also t are us$ 9 compress+ cotton4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t cotton is rais$ 9 ab\t tw5ty diff]5t c\ntries1 & t ! cotton crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( #ahig-ih 0 #aj1hig1heg bales1 ( ab\t #ejj lbs4 ea*2 ( ,india1 7e/imat$7 = ! same p]iod1 #b1hdd1jjj1 ( #djj lbs ea*2 ( ,*9a ab\t #a1cbj1jjj1 ( #ejj lbs ea*1 & betwe5 two & ?ree million bales 9 ! o!r c\ntries1 x is int]e/+ to consid] h[ ! _w's production ( ?is enorm\s mass ( ela/ic fibre1 am\nt+ to sev5te5 or eighte5 million bales1 ( f\r & five hundr$ p\nds ea*1 is compress$ & b\nd4 ,! screw press 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( ma*9e us$1 & !n came ! hydraulic press4 ,lat] x has be5 cu/om>y to press ! cotton by screw presses or small hydraulic presses at ! plantation1 b9d x ) ropes or metal b&s & !n transport x to "s c5tral or seabo>d /ation :]e an imm5se e/abli%m5t exi/s1 provid$ ) a great /eam-op]at$ press1 9 :i* ! bale f ! c\ntry is plac$ & r$uc$ to "o-f\r? or "o-?ird its size1 & :ile "u pressure new metallic b&s appli$1 :5 ! bale is ready = %ipm5t4 ,?is 0 a ga9 ( a rem>kable am\nt ( room on %ipbo>d & on c>s1 & solv$ a comm]cial problem4 ,b n[ ?is process1 & ! comm]cial rectangul> bale1 seem de/9$ to be supplant$ by roll] presses set up ne> ! plantations !mselves1 into :i* ! cotton is f$ directly f ! g91 roll$ ^u itself betwe5 ! roll]s & compress$ into r\nd bales ( great] d5sity ?an ! squ>e bale1 ?us sav+ a great am\nt ( co/ 9 disp5s+ ) ! /eam & hydraulic plants1 ) great additional advantages 9 conv5i5ce ( h&l+ & co/ ( transportation4 ,x is s arrang$ also t ! cotton may be roll$ into clean1 uni=m d5se lay]s1 s t ! same may be unw\nd at ! mill & directly appli$ to ! ma*9es = its manufacture into fabrics1 )\t ! usual t$i\s & exp5sive prelim9>y op]ations ( comb+ & re-roll+4 ,x has also rema9$ = ! develop$ ma*9e ( ! c5tury to conv]t hay into an export commodity to di/ant c\ntries by ! bal+ process4 ,bale ties !mselves h receiv$ great att5tion f inv5tors1 & ! mo/ successful h won =tunes = _! own]s4 ,mo/ +5i\s ma*9es h be5 devis$ = pick+ cotton 9 ! fields1 b none h yet rea*$ t /age ( p]fection suffici5t to supplant ! human f+]s4 ,fruits & ,foods4--,to prep>e & transport fruits 9 _! natural /ate to f> di/ant po9ts1 :ile pres]v+ !m f decay = long times1 is1 9 ! l>ge way dem&$ by ! _w's great appetites1 altoge!r a success ( mod]n inv5tion4 ,to ga!r ! fruit )\t bruis+ by me*anical pick]s1 & !n to place ! fruit1 oranges = in/ance1 9 ! h&s ( an intellig5t ma*9e :i* w automatically1 b delicately & effectually1 wrap ! same 9 a pap] cov]+1 & dis*>ge !m )\t h>m1 are among ! rec5t inv5tive wond]s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone #fg pat5ts _h be5 grant$ up to #ahie = fruit wrapp+ ma*9es4 ,inv5tions relat+ to dry+ & evaporat+ fruit1 & hav+ = _! ma9 object to pres]ve z mu* z possible ! natural ta/e & col\r ( ! fruit1 h be5 num]\s4 ,spread+ ! fruit 9 ! air & lett+ ! sun & air d ! re/ is n[ a crude process4 ,^! are ! g5]al types ( dry+ & evaporat+ ma*9es3 ,fir/1 ^? 9 :i* trays ( fruit are plac$ ^u /ation>y l$ges )9 a heat$ *amb]2 second1 ^? 9 :i* ! trays are rais$ & l[]$ by me*anical means t[>d or f>!r f ! s\rce ( heat z ! dry+ progresses2 ?ird1 ^? 9 :i* ! fruit is plac$ 9 imp]=ate /eam jacket$ pans4 ,_m improvem5ts1 ( c\rse1 h be5 made 9 detail ( =m1 9 v5tilation1 ! supply+ & regulat+ ( heat & ! mov+ ( trays4 ,! h]metically seal$ glass or e>!nw>e fruit j>1 ! lids ( :i* c be screw$ or lock$ d[n ^u a rubb] b&1 aft] ! j> is fill$ & ! small rema9d] ( air drawn out by a conv5i5t /eam heat]1 n[ us$ by ! million1 is an illu/ration ( ! _m useful mod]n contrivances 9 ?is l9e4 ,/]ilisation4--,9 pres]v+1 ! desirability ( prev5t+ disease & keep+ foods 9 a pure /ate has develop$ 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury _m devices by :i* ! food is subject$ to a /eam heat 9 *amb]s1 &1 by devices op]at$ f ! outside1 ! cans or bottles are op5$ & %ut :ile /ill )9 ! /eam-fill$ *amb]4 ,dia/ase4--,by heat+ />*y matt]s ) sub/ances conta9+ dia/ase1 a p>tial trans=mation is effect$1 :i* w mat]ially %ort5 & aid its dige/ion1 & ?is fact has be5 l>gely made use ( 9 ! prep>ation ( soluble foods1 especially ^? design$ = infants & invalids1 su* z malt$ milk & lactat$ food4 ,milk]s4--,inv5tion has n only be5 ex]cis$ 9 ! pres]vation & transportation ( milk1 b 9 ! task ( milk+ itself4 ,s9ce #ahfj inv5tors h be5 seek+ pat5ts = milk]s1 "s hav+ tubes op]at$ by air-pumps1 o!rs on ! same pr9ciple 9 :i* ! vacuum is made to increase & decrease or pulsate1 & o!rs = ma*9es 9 :i* ! tubes are me*anically contract$ by pressure plates4 ,slaught]+4--,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! slaught]+ ( animals1 by :i* a great am\nt ( its repulsiv5ess & ! unheal?fulness ( its surr\nd+s h be5 remov$4 ,^! improvem5ts relate to ! con/ruction ( prop] build+s & appliances = ! h&l+ ( ! animals1 ! means = slaught]+1 & modes ( tak+ c>e ( ! meat & transport+ ! same4 ,villages1 t[ns1 & ev5 _m cities1 are n[ reliev$ ( ! =m]ly unsav\ry slaught]-h\ses1 & ! "w is done f great c5tres ( supply1 :]e meats 9 e %ape are prep>$ = food & %ipm5t4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 a bulky volume1 mu* less 9 a s+le *apt]1 to satisfactorily enum]ate ^? ?\s&s ( inv5tions :i*1 tak+ hold ( ! food products ( ! e>?1 h spread !m z a fea/ be=e ! tribes ( m54 ,tobacco4--,"s ( ! be/ inv5tive g5ius ( ! c5tury has be5 ex]cis$ 9 provid+ = man's com=t1 n a food1 b :at he believes to be a solace4 8,sublime ,tobacco6 :i* f ,ea/ to ,we/ ,*e]s ! t>'s lab\r or ! ,turkman's re/40 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 9 ! ye> #ahhe1 !re 7 #geb1ebj acres ( l& devot$ to ! production ( tobacco1 ! am\nt 9 p\nds gr[n be+ #efb1gcf1jjj1 & ! value ( :i* 0 e/imat$ z #dc1bfe1eih4 ,^! am\nts h be5 some:at less 9 ye>s s9ce !n1 b ! appetite cont9ues1 & any defici5cy 9 ! supply is made up by enorm\s importation4 ,?us1 9 #ahif1 !re 7 import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cb1ibd1iff p\nds ( tobacco1 ( v>i\s k9ds1 valu$ at #af1ejc1acj4 ,!re are no reliable /ati/ics %[+ t1 man = man1 ! p ( t c\ntry are great] lov]s ( ! we$ ?an ! p ( o!r c\ntries1 b ! annual value ( tobacco rais$ & import$ by !m be+ ?us ab\t #fj1jjj1jjj1 x indicates ! /r5g? ( ! habit & ! int]e/ 9 ! nurture ( ! plant ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,nei!r ! 8,c\nt]bla/e to ,tobacco0 ( ,k+ ,james ,i41 & ! condemnations ( k+s1 popes1 prie/s & sultans1 t foll[$ its e>ly introduction into ,europe1 s]v$ to *oke ! we$ 9 its infancy or *eck its aft] gr[?4 ,n[ x is att5d$ f ! day ( its plant+ until x rea*es ! lips ( ! consum] by contrivances ( consummate skill to fit x = its de/9$ purpose4 ,besides ! pl\ghs1 ! cultivators & ! we$]s ( especial =ms us$ to cultivate ! plant1 !re are1 aft] ! gr[n plant is cut 9 ! field1 h\ses ( v>i\s designs = dry+ x1 ma*9es = roll+ ! leaves out smoo?ly 9 %eets2 ma*9es = remov+ ! /ems f ! leaves & = cru%+ ! /em2 ma*9es = press+ x into %ape1 & = press+ x1 :e!r solid or 9 granul> =m1 into boxes1 tubs & bags2 ma*9es = granulat+ x & = gr9d+ x into snuff2 ma*9es = twi/+ x into cords2 ma*9es = flav\r+ ! leaf ) sac*>9e & o!r matt]s2 ma*9es = mak+ cig>s1 & ma*9es ( a great v>iety & ( ! mo/ +5i\s con/ruction = mak+ cig>ettes & putt+ !m 9 packages4 ,samples ( pipes made by diff]5t ages & by diff]5t peoples w\ld =m a collection ( wond]ful art & +5uity1 second only to an exhibition ( ! means & me?ods ( mak+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,*emi/ry4 ,*emi/ry1 hav+ = its field ! prop]ties & *anges ( matt]1 has excit$ m or less att5tion ev] s9ce m5 _h ! p[] to obs]ve1 to ?9k1 & to exp]im5t4 ,"s k ( *emi/ry mu/ h exi/$ among ! anci5ts to h enabl$ ! ,egyptians to smelt ores & "w metals1 to dye _! clo?s1 to make glass1 & to pres]ve _! dead f decomposition2 s1 too1 to ?is ext5t among ! ,phnicians1 ! ,israelites1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans2 & p]haps to a great] ext5t among ! ,*9ese1 :o add$ p[d] to ! above nam$ & o!r *emical products4 ,ari/otle speculat$1 & ! al*emi/s ( ! middle ages busi$ !mselves 9 magic & guess-"w4 ,x rea*$ ! dignity ( a sci5ce 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 by ! lab\rs ( su* m51 9 ! =m] c5tury1 z ,libavius1 ,van ,helmont1 ,glaub]1 ,ta*5ius1 ,boyle1 ,lm]y & ,be*]2 ,/ahl1 ,bo]haave & ,hamb]g 9 bo?2 & ( ,black1 ,cav5di%1 ,lavoisi]1 ,prie/ley & o!rs 9 ! eighte5?4 ,b s great h be5 ! discov]ies & inv5tions 9 ?is sci5ce dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury t any *emi/ ( any previ\s age1 if p]mitt$ to look =w>d ^u !m1 w\ld h felt 8,l "s wat*] ( ! skies ,:5 a new planet swims into 8 k540 ,inde$1 ! *emi/ry ( ?is c5tury is a new _w1 ( :i* all ! previ\s discov]ies 9 t l9e 7 b float+ nebul4 ,s va/ & a/oni%+ly fa/ has be5 ! gr[? & developm5t ( ?is sci5ce t be=e ! c5tury 0 two-?irds ?r\gh its c\rse ,watts publi%$ 8 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry 9 five volumes1 av]ag+ a ?\s& closely pr9t$ pages1 foll[$ soon by a ?\s&-page supplem5t2 & x w\ld h requir$ su* a volume e ye> s9ce to adequately report ! progress ( ! sci5ce4 ,nom5clatures1 =mulas1 app>atuses & processes h all *ang$4 ,x 0 deem$ necess>y to publi% works on ,! ,new ,*emi/ry1 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke is ! au?or ( an admirable volume "u t title4 ,we c1 !re=e1 9 ?is *apt] only /ep f "o to ano!r ( "s ( ! peaks t rise above ! va/ surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & note "s ( ! less] objects z !y appe> 9 ! vales bel[4 ,! lead+ discov]ies ( ! c5tury :i* h done s mu* to aid ,*emi/ry 9 its giant /rides are ! atomic & molecul> !ories1 ! me*anics ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 ! correlation & cons]vation ( =ces1 _! inv>iable quantity1 & _! inde/ructibility1 spectrum analysis & ! laws ( *emical *anges4 ,john ,dalton1 t humble *ild ( ,engli% nor?-c\ntry ,quak] /ock1 self-taught & a tea*] all 8 life1 9 #ahjc gave to ! _w 8 atomic !ory ( *emi/ry1 :]eby ! exi/5ce ( matt] 9 ultimate atoms 0 remov$ f ! region ( ! speculation ( c]ta9 anci5t philosoph]s1 & e/abli%$ on a sure f\ndation4 ,! "q ask$ & answ]$ by ,dalton 01 :at is ! relative weight ( ! atoms compos+ ! elem5t>y bodies8 ,he discov]$ t "o *emical elem5t or comp\nd c comb9e ) ano!r *emical elem5t1 to =m a new comp\nd1 9 two diff]5t proportions by weight1 :i* /& to ea* o!r 9 ! simple ratio ( "o to two2 & at ! same "t he publi%$ a table ( ! ,relative weight ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( ,gase\s & o!r ,bodies4 ,al?\gh ! details ( ?is table h s9ce be5 *ang$1 ! pr9ciples ( 8 discov]y rema9 un*ang$4 ,says ,pr(essor ,roscoe3 8,*emi/ry c\ld h>dly be said to exi/ z a sci5ce be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( comb9ation 9 multiple proportions1 & ! subsequ5t progress ( *emical sci5ce mat]ially dep5d$ ^u ! det]m9ation ( ^! comb9$ proportions or atomic weights ( ! elem5ts fir/ set up by ,dalton4 ,s t among ! f\nd]s ( our sci5ce1 next to ! "n ( ! great ,fr5* ,philosoph]1 ,lavoisi]1 w /& 9 future ages ! "n ( ,john ,dalton1 ( ,man*e/]40 ,less conspicu\s b /ill em95tly useful 7 8 discov]ies & lab\rs 9 o!r directions1 9 ! expansion ( gases1 evaporation1 /eam1 etc4 ,wolla/on & ,gay-,lussac1 bo? great *emi/s1 appli$ ,dalton's discov]y to wide & mo/ important fields 9 ! *emical arts4 ,also contemporane\s ) ,dalton 0 ! great ,g]man *emi/1 ,b]zelius1 :o confirm$ & ext5d$ ! discov]ies ( ,dalton4 ,m ?an ?is1 x has be5 said ( ,b]zelius3 8,9 him 7 unit$ all ! diff]5t impulses :i* h advanc$ ! sci5ce s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t epo*4 ,! fruit ( 8 labors is scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! entire doma9 ( ! sci5ce4 ,h>dly a sub/ance exi/s to ! k ( :i* he has n 9 "s way contribut$4 ,a direct desc5dant ( ! s*ool ( 8 c\ntryman1 ,b]gman1 he 0 especially r5[n$ z an analy/4 ,no *emi/ has det]m9$ by direct exp]im5t ! composition ( a great] numb] ( sub/ances4 ,no "o has ex]t$ a great] influ5ce 9 ext5d+ ! field ( analytical *emi/ry40 ,z to light1 ! great ,huyg5s1 ! a/ronom] & ma!matician1 ! improv] ( diff]5tial calculus & ( telescopes1 ! inv5tor ( ! p5dulum clock1 *ronomet]s1 & ! balance :eel to ! wat*1 & discov]] ( ! laws ( ! d\ble refraction ( light & ( pol>isation1 _h 9 ! #ag? c5tury cle>ly advanc$ ! idea t light 0 propagat$ f lum9\s bodies1 n z a /ream ( p>ticles ?r\gh ! air b 9 waves or vibrations ( e!r1 :i* is a univ]sal m$ium ext5d+ ?r\gh all space & into all bodies4 ,?is fundam5tal pr9ciple n[ ent]s into ! explanation ( all ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,newton 9 ! next c5tury1 ) ! prism1 decompos$ light1 & 9 a d>k5$ *amb] reproduc$ all ! col\rs & t9ts ( ! ra9b[4 ,b !re 7 d>k l9es 9 t beam ( brok5 sunlight :i* ,newton did n notice4 ,x 0 left to ,joseph von ,fraunh(]1 a ,g]man optician1 & to ! #ai? c5tury1 & ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,newton's exp]im5ts ) ! prism1 to discov]1 ) f9] prisms t he _h made1 "s #eij ( ^! black l9es cross+ ! sol> spectrum4 ,:at !y 7 he did n "k1 b conjectur$ t !y 7 caus$ by some?+ :i* exi/$ 9 ! sun & />s & n 9 our air4 ,b f t "t !y 7 call$ ,fraunh(]'s d>k l9es4 ,f ! vantage gr\nd ( ^! developm5ts we are n[ enabl$ to /ep to t m\nta9 peak ( discov]y f :i* ! sun & />s 7 look$ into1 _! elem5ts portray$1 _! v motions det]m9$1 & _! bro!rhood ) ! e>?1 9 sub/ance1 asc]ta9$4 ,! great discov]y ( ! cause ( ,fraunh(]'s d>k b&s 9 ! brok5 sunlight 0 made by ,gu/ave ,rob]t ,kir*(f1 a ,g]man physician1 9 8 laboratory 9 ,heidelb]g1 9 #ahfj1 9 conjunction ) 8 fell[ work]1 ,rob]t ,buns54 ,kir*(f happ5$ to let a sol> ray pass ?r\gh a flame col\r$ ) sodium1 & ?r\gh a prism1 s t ! spectrum ( ! sun & ! flame fell "o ^u ano!r4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! well kn[n yell[ l9e ( sodium w\ld come out 9 ! sol> spectrum1 b x 0 j ! opposite t took place4 ,:]e ! bright yell[ l9e %\ld h fall5 appe>$ a d>k l9e4 ,) ?is obs]vation 0 c\pl$ ! reflection t heat passes f a body ( a high] temp]ature to "o ( a l[]1 & n inv]sely4 ,exp]im5ts foll[$3 iron1 sodium1 copp]1 etc41 7 heat$ to inc&esc5ce & _! col\rs prismatically sep>at$4 ,^! 7 transv]s$ ) ! same col\rs ( o!r heat$ bodies1 & ! latt] 7 absorb$ & r5d]$ black4 ,kir*(f !n ann\nc$ 8 law t all bodies absorb *iefly ^? col\rs :i* !y !mselves emit4 ,!re=e ^! vap\rs ( ! sun :i* 7 r5d]$ 9 black l9es 7 s produc$ by cross+ t]re/rial vapors ( ! same nature4 ,?us by ! prism & ! bl[pipe 7 ! same sub/ances f\nd 9 ! sun1 ! />s1 & ! e>?4 ,! elem5ts ( e sub/ance submitt$ to ! process 7 analys$1 & _m secrets 9 ! univ]se ( matt] 7 reveal$4 ,"y1 ( ,am]ica1 inv5t$ a spl5did comb9ation ( spectroscope & telescope1 & ,hugg9s ( ,engl& 0 ! fir/ to e/abli% by spectrum analysis ! approa* & retreat ( ! />s4 ,x 0 prior to ?is "t t ^? wond]ful discov]ies & lab\rs 7 made :i* develop$ ! true nature ( heat1 :i* demon/rat$ ! k9%ip & correlation ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 _! cons]vation1 or prop]ty ( be+ conv]t$ "o into ano!r1 & ! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 ( :i* =ce is b ano!r "n4 ,! fir/ demon/rations z to ! nature ( heat 7 giv5 by ! ,am]ican ,c\nt ,rum=d1 & !n by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 j at ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & !n foll[$ 9 ?is ! brilliant lab\rs & discov]ies ( ,may] & ,helmholtz ( ,g]many1 ,cold+ ( ,d5m>k1 & ,j\le1 ,grove1 ,f>aday1 ,sir ,william ,?omson ( ,engl&1 ( ,h5ry1 ,le ,conte & ,m>t9 ( ,am]ica1 z to ! correlation & conv]tibility ( all ! =ces4 ,! ,fr5* revolution1 & ! ,napoleonic w>s1 isolat+ ,france & exhau/+ its res\rces1 its *emi/s 7 appeal$ to devote _! g5ius & rese>*es to practical ?+s2 to ! munitions ( w>1 ! rejuv5ation ( ! soil1 ! gr[+ ( new crops1 l ! sug> beet1 & new manufactur+ products4 ,lavoisi] _h laid deep & broad 9 ,france ! f\ndations ( *emi/ry1 & giv5 ! sci5ce nom5clature t la/$ a c5tury4 ,s t ! succe$+ great tea*]s1 ,b]?ollet1 ,guyton1 ,f\rcroy & _! associates1 & ! in/itutions ( in/ruction 9 ! sci5ces fo/]$ by !m1 & inspir$ 9 t direction by ,napoleon1 b5t _! en]gies 9 mat]ial directions1 & a trem5d\s impulse 0 ?us giv5 to ! practical application ( *emi/ry to ! arts & manufactures ( ! c5tury4 ,! same _s1 to a less ext5t1 h[ev]1 manife/$ itself 9 ,engl&1 & z e>ly z #ahjb we f9d ,sir ,humphry ,davy beg9n+ 8 celebrat$ lectures on ! ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry be=e a bo>d ( agriculture1 a "w t has pass$ ?r\gh _m editions 9 almo/ e mod]n language4 ,:5 ! fact is recall$ t agricultural *emi/ry embraces ! entire natural sci5ce ( vegetable & animal production1 & includes1 besides1 mu* ( physics1 meteorology & geology1 ! ext5t & importance ( ! subject may be appreciat$2 & yet su* appreciation 0 n manife/$ 9 a practical mann] until ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x 0 only t[>d ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury t ! vague & anci5t notions t air1 wat]1 oil & salt =m$ ! nutrition ( plants1 began to be modifi$4 ,davy recogniz$ & expla9$ ! b5eficial f]tiliz+ effects ( ammonia1 & analys$ & expla9$ num]\s f]tiliz]s1 includ+ guano4 ,x is due to 8 discov]ies & publications1 comb9$ ) ^? ( ! em95t m5 on ! cont95t1 above ref]r$ to1 t agricultural *emi/ry arose to ! dignity ( a sci5ce4 ,! mo/ brilliant1 eloqu5t & devot$ apo/le ( t sci5ce :o foll[$ ,davy 0 ,ju/us von ,liebig ( ,g]many1 :o 0 born 9 ,d>m/adt 9 #ahjc1 ! ye> aft] ,davy comm5c$ 8 lectures 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 9 response to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce t he gave to ! _w 8 great publications on ,*emi/ry 9 its application to ,agriculture1 ,comm]ce1 ,physiology1 & ,pa?ology1 f :i* great practical good result$ ! _w ov]4 ,"o ( 8 favorite subjects 0 t ( f]m5tation1 & ?is calls up ! exce$+ly int]e/+ discov]ies 9 ! nature ( alcohol1 yea/1 m\ld--ag+ malt1 w9es & be]--& _! accompany+ b5eficial results4 ,9 "o ( ,huxley's *>m+ lectures--su* z he delight$ to give be=e a popul> audi5ce--deliv]$ 9 #ahga1 at ,man*e/]1 on ! subject ( 8,yea/10 he tells h[ any liquid conta9+ sug>1 su* z a mixture ( honey & wat]1 if left to itself und]goes ! peculi> *ange we "k z f]m5tation1 & 9 ! process ! scum1 or ?ick] muddy "p t =ms on top1 becomes yea/1 c>bonic acid gas escapes 9 bubbles f ! liquid1 & ! liquid itself becomes spirits ( w9e or alcohol4 8,alcohol0 0 a t]m us$ until ! #ag? c5tury to designate a v f9e subtle p[d]1 & !n became ! "n ( ! subtle _s aris+ f f]m5tation4 ,x 0 ,leeuw5hoek ( ,holl& :o1 two hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ! use ( a f9e microscope he inv5t$1 fir/ discov]$ t ! muddy scum 0 a sub/ance made up ( an enorm\s multitude ( v m9ute gra9s float+ sep>ately1 & 9 lumps & 9 heaps1 9 ! liquid4 ,!n1 9 ! next c5tury ! ,fr5*man1 ,cagni>d de la ,t\r1 discov]$ t ^! bodies grew to a c]ta9 size & !n budd$1 & f ! buds ! plant multipli$2 & ?us t ?is yea/ 0 a mass ( liv+ plants1 :i* receiv$ 9 sci5ce ! "n ( 8torula10 t ! yea/ plant 0 a k9d ( fungus or m\ld1 gr[+ & multiply+4 ,!n came ,fabroni1 ! ,fr5* *emi/1 at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 :o discov]$ t ! yea/ plant 0 ( bag-l =m1 or a cell ( woody matt]1 & t ! cell conta9$ a sub/ance compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,?is 0 a vegeto-animal sub/ance1 hav+ peculi>ities ( 8animal products40 ,!n came ! great *emi/s ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ) _! delicate me?ods ( analysis1 & decid$ t ?is plant 9 its *ief "p 0 id5tical ) t elem5t :i* =ms ! *ief "p ( our own blood4 ,t x 0 prote91 a sub/ance :i* =ms ! f\ndation ( e animal organism4 ,all agre$ t x 0 ! yea/ plant t f]m5t$ or broke up ! sug> elem5t1 & produc$ ! alcohol4 ,helmholtz demon/rat$ t x 0 ! m9ute p>ticles ( ! solid "p ( ! plant t produc$ ! f]m5tation1 & t su* p>ticles mu/ be gr[+ or alive1 to produce x4 ,f :5ce sprang ?is wond]ful plant--"p vegetable1 "p animal8 ,by a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts x 0 f\nd t if sub/ances :i* c\ld be f]m5t$ 7 kept entirely clos$ to ! out] air1 no plant w\ld =m & no f]m5tation take place4 ,x 0 conclud$ !n1 & s asc]ta9$1 t ! torulae 9 ! plant proce$$ f ! torulae 9 ! atmosph]e1 f 8gay motes t p ! sunbeams40 ,conc]n+ j h[ ! torulae broke up or f]m5t$ ! sug>1 great *emi/s h diff]$4 ,aft] ! discov]y t ! yea/ 0 a plant hav+ cells =m$ ( ! pure matt] ( wood1 & conta9+ a semi-fluid mass id5tical ) ! composition :i* con/itutes ! fle% ( animals1 came ! fur!r discov]y t all plants1 high & l[1 are made up ( ! same k9d ( cells1 & _! cont5ts4 ,!n ?is rem>kable result came out1 t h[ev] mu* a plant may o!rwise diff] f an animal1 yet1 9 ess5tial con/itu5ts ! cellul> con/ructure ( animal & plant is ! same4 ,to ?is sub/ance ( en]gy & life1 common 9 ! m9ute plant cell & ! animal cell1 ! ,g]man botani/1 ,hugo von ,mohl1 ab\t fifty ye>s ago gave ! "n 8protoplasm40 ,!n came ?is a/\nd+ conclusion1 t ?is protoplasm be+ common to bo? plant & animal life1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce consi/$ only 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! cells are built up & are modifi$ 9 ! build+4 ,& f t "p ( ^! great discov]ies :i* reveal$ ! fact t ! sug>y elem5t 0 infect$1 z x 71 f ! g]ms ( ! air1 produc+ f]m5tation & its results1 arose t rem>kable !ory ( _m diseases kn[n z ! 8g]m !ory40 ,&1 z x 0 f\nd 9 ! yea/ plant t only ! solid "p or p>ticle ( ! plant g]m9at$ f]m5tation & reaction1 s1 too1 x has be5 f\nd by ! g]m !ory t only ! solid p>ticle ( ! contagi\s matt] c g]m9ate or gr[ ! disease4 ,9 ?is unfold+ ( ! wond]s ( *emi/ry 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! old empirical walls betwe5 =ces & organisms1 & organic & inorganic *emi/ry1 are break+ d[n1 & cele/ial & t]re/rial bodies & vap\rs1 liv+ be+s1 & gr[+ plants are discov]$ to be ! evolution ( "o all-p]vad+ ess5ce & =ce4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! l9es ( ,t5nyson3 8,l>ge elem5ts 9 ord] br\ght ,& tracts ( calm f tempe/ made1 ,& _w fluctuation sway$ ,9 vassal tides t foll[$ ?\ght4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o ,god1 "o law1 "o elem5t1 ,& "o f>-(f div9e ev5t ,to :i* ! :ole creation moves40 ,9 ! class ( alcohol & 9 ! field ( yea/1 ! "w ( ,pa/eur1 begun 9 ,france1 has be5 foll[$ by improvem5ts 9 me?ods = select+ prop] f]m5ts & exclud+ improp] ones1 & 9 improv$ processes = ag+ & pres]v+ alcoholic liquors by de/roy+ delet]i\s f]m5ts4 ,takam9e1 9 us+ z f]m5t1 koji1 motu & moya%i1 diff]5t =ms ( m\ld1 & propos+ to d entirely away ) malt 9 ! manufacture ( be] & :iskey1 has made a notewor?y dep>ture4 ,manufactur+ ( malt by ! pneumatic process1 & /irr+ malt dur+ g]m9ation1 are among ! improvem5ts4 ,c>bonat+4--,! inject+ ( c>bonic acid gas into v>i\s wat]s to r5d] !m :olesome1 & also into be]s & w9es dur+ f]m5tation1 & to save delay & prev5t impurities1 are decid$ improvem5ts4 ,! imm5se improvem5ts & discov]ies 9 ! "* ( soils & f]tilis]s h already be5 allud$ to4 ,hundr$s ( in/rum5ts h be5 inv5t$ = measur+1 analys+1 weigh+1 sep>at+1 volatilis+ & o!rwise apply+ *emical processes to practical purposes4 ,to ! *emi/ry ( ! c5tury ! _w is indebt$ = ^? devices & processes = ! utilisation & manufacture ( _m useful products f ! liquids & oils1 sug> f cane & beets1 revivify+ bone-black1 c5trifugal ma*9]y = ref9+ sug>1 9 defecat+ x by *emicals & heat1 9 evaporat+ x 9 pans1 9 sep>at+ />* & conv]t+ x into glucose1 etc4 ,oils & ,fats4--,up to )9 ?is c5tury ! va/ am\nt ( cotton se$ produc$ ) t crop 0 a wa/e4 ,!n by ! process1 fir/ ( /eam+ ! se$ & express+ ! oil1 n[ by ! process ( extraction by ! aid ( volatile solv5ts1 & ca/+ (f ! solv5ts by di/illation1 an imm5sely valuable product has be5 obta9$4 ,! utilis+ ( oils 9 ! manufacture ( oilclo? & l9oleum & rubb]1 has become ( great comm]cial value4 ,=m]ly sulphur 0 ! vulcanis+ ag5t1 n[ *loride ( sulphur has be5 sub/itut$ = pure sulphur4 ,/eam & ! di/illation processes h be5 appli$ ) great success to ! mak+ ( glyc]9e f fat & f soap und]lye & 9 extract+ fat f v>i\s wa/e products4 ,blea*+ & ,dye+4--,( c\rse ^! arts are v old1 b ! old me?ods w\ld n be recognis$ 9 ! mod]n processes2 & ^? :o liv$ be=e ! c5tury knew no?+ ( ! magnific5t col\rs1 & c]ta9 ess5ces1 & sweet sav\rs t c be obta9$ f ! black1 h&-soil+ pieces ( coal4 ,9 ! mak+ ( illum9at+ gas1 itself a f9i%$ *emical product ( ! c5tury1 a va/ am\nt ( once wa/$ products1 especially coal t>1 are n[ ext5sively us$2 & f coal t> & ! residuum ( petroleum oils1 n[ come ^? spl5did anil9e dyes :i* h produc$ su* a revolution 9 ! _w ( col\rs4 ,! saturation ( s& by a dye & its application to fabrics by an air bla/2 ! circulation ( ! fluid colors1 or ( fluids = blea*+ or dry+1 or oxidis+1 ?r\gh p]=at$ cyl9d]s or cops on :i* ! clo?s are w\nd2 devices = ! runn+ ( ske9s ?r\gh dyes1 ! great improvem5ts 9 c>bon dyes & k9dr$ col\rs1 ! processes ( mak+ ! col\rs on ! fibre1 & ! p]fumes made by ! syn!tic processes1 are among ! inv5tions 9 ?is field4 ,! space t a li/ ( ! new *emical products ( ?is age & _! description w\ld fill1 has already be5 indicat$ by ref]5ce to ! great diction>y ( ,watts4 ,"s ( ! electro-*emical products w be h]e9aft] ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*apt] on ,electricity1 & ! *emi/ry ( ,metallurgy w be treat$ "u ! latt] topic4 ,electro-*emical ,me?ods4--,space w only p]mit x to be said t ^! me?ods are n[ employ$ 9 ! production ( a l>ge numb] ( elem5ts1 by means ( :i* v _m ( !m :i* 7 be=e m]e laboratory specim5s1 h n[ become *eap & useful s]vants ( mank9d 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways2 su* z alum9ium1 t light & non-corrosive metal1 r$uc$ f _m doll>s an ounce a g5]ation ago1 to #cj & #dj c5ts a p\nd n[2 c>borundum1 l>gely sup]s$+ em]y & diamond du/ z an abradant2 artificial diamonds2 calcium c>bide1 f :i* ! new illum9at+ acetyl5e gas is made2 dis9fectants ( _m k9ds2 pigm5ts1 *romium1 manganese1 & *lorates by ! ?\s& tons4 ,! mo/ useful new *emical processes are ^? us$ 9 purify+ wat] sewage & milk1 9 electroplat+ metals & o!r sub/ances1 9 ! application ( *emicals to ! f9e arts1 9 extract+ grease f wool1 & ! mak+ ( _m useful products f ! wa/e mat]ials ( ! dumps & g>bage banks4 ,m$ic9es & ,surg]y4--,"o hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! practice ( m$ic9e 01 9 ! ma91 empirical4 ,c]ta9 effects 7 kn[n to usually foll[ ! giv+ ( c]ta9 drugs1 or ! application ( c]ta9 measures1 b :y or h[ ^! effects 7 produc$1 0 unkn[n4 ,! great /eps =w>d h be5 made ^u ! true sci5tific f\ndation e/abli%$ by ! discov]ies & inv5tions 9 ! fields ( physics1 *emi/ry & biology4 ,! discov]y ( anae/hetics & _! application 9 surg]y & ! practice ( m$ic9e1 no d\bt con/itutes ! lead+ inv5tion ( ! c5tury 9 ?is field4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy sugge/$ x 9 #ahjj1 & ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,morton 0 ! fir/ to apply an anae/hetic to relieve pa9 9 a surgical op]ation1 :i* he did 9 a hospital 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahdf4 ,bo? its orig9al sugge/ion & application 7 also claim$ by o!rs4 ,n only relief f int5se pa9 to ! pati5t dur+ ! op]ation1 b imm5se advantages are ga9$ by ! long & c>eful exam9ation af=d$ ( injur$ or diseas$ p>ts1 o!rwise difficult or impossible 9 a consci\s pati5t4 ,! exquisite pa9 & suff]+ endur$ previ\s to ! use ( anae/hetics (t5 caus$ dea? by exhau/ion4 ,_m delicate op]ations c n[ be p]=m$ = ! relief ( long-cont9u$ diseases :i* be=e w\ld h be5 haz>d\s or impossible4 ,h[ _m be=e suff]$ unto dea? long-drawn-out pa9 & disease r ?an submit to ! torture ( ! knife6 ,h[ _m lives h be5 sav$1 & h[ f> advanc$ has become ! k ( ! human body & its pa9ful diseases1 by ?is b5efic5t rem$y6 ,inv5tions 9 ! field ( m$ic9e consi/ *iefly 9 ^? innum]able compositions & comp\nds :i* h result$ f *emical discov]ies4 ,gelat9e capsules us$ to conceal unpalatable rem$ies may be m5tion$ z a mo/ acceptable mod]n inv5tion 9 ?is class4 ,inv5tions & discov]ies 9 ! field ( surg]y relate n only to in/rum5talities b processes4 ,! antiseptic treatm5t ( w\nds1 by :i* ! long & exhau/+ suppuration is avoid$1 is among ! mo/ notable ( ! latt]4 ,9 in/rum5ts va/ improvem5ts h be5 made2 special =ms adapt$ = op]ation 9 e =m ( injury2 9 syr+es1 especially hypod]mic1 ^? us$ = subcutane\s injections ( liquid rem$ies2 inhal]s = apply+ m$icat$ vap\rs & devices = apply+ volatile anae/hetics1 & devices = atomis+ & spray+ liquids4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone ab\t f\r ?\s& pat5ts h be5 grant$ = inv5tions 9 surgical in/rum5ts4 ,d5ti/ry4--,?is art has be5 revolutionis$ dur+ ! c5tury4 ,ev5 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 "o special set ( physicians _h ! treatm5t ( tee?2 & artificial tee? h be5 kn[n & us$ = _m ages1 b all seems crude & b>b>\s until ^! lat] days4 ,9 addition to ! use ( anae/hetics1 improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ne>ly e =m ( d5tal in/rum5ts1 su* z =ceps1 d5tal eng9es1 plugg]s1 drills1 hamm]s1 etc41 & 9 ! means & mat]ials = mak+ tee?4 ,lat] lead+ inv5tions h ref]5ce to utilis+ ! roots ( de/roy$ tee? z supports on :i* to =m bridges to :i* artificial tee? are secur$1 & to cr[ns = decay$ tee? t /ill h a solid base4 ,!re exi/s no long] ! dread ( ! d5ti/'s *air unless ! pati5t has neglect$ too long ! visit4 ,pa9 _c be all avoid$1 b x is ameliorat$2 & ! new results 9 workman%ip 9 ! sav+ & 9 ! mak+ ( tee? are va/ improvem5ts ov] ! =m] me?ods4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,/eam ,,& ,,/eam ,,eng9es4 8,soon %all ?y arm1 unconqu]$ /eam6 af> ,drag ! sl[ b>ge1 or drive ! rapid c>2 ,or 9 wide wav+ w+s exp&$ be> ,! fly+ *>iot ?r\gh ! field ( air40 ,?us sang ! poet prophet1 ! good ,dr4 ,d>w9 ( ,li*field1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,newcom5 & ,watt _h n !n demon/rat$ t /eam 0 n unconqu]able1 b ! hit*+ x to ! sl[ b>ge & ! rapid c> 0 yet to come4 ,x has come1 & al?\gh ! prophecy is yet to be r\nd$ into fulfilm5t by ! driv+ ( ! 8fly+ *>iot ?r\gh ! field ( air10 t too is to come4 ,! prophecy ( ! doctor poet 0 z sugge/ive ( ! practical means ( c>ry+ x into effect z 7 all ! means propos$ dur+ ! fir/ sev5te5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,era = conqu]+ /eam & h>ness+ x z a useful s]vant to man4 ,toys1 speculations1 dreams1 obs]vations1 />tl+ exp]im5ts1 ^! (t5 con/itute ! framework on :i* is hung ! title ( ,inv5tor2 b ! n9ete5? c5tury has dem&$ a bett] support = t pr\d title4 ,he alone :o fir/ trans=ms 8 ideas into actual "w & useful s]vice 9 "s field ( man's labor1 or cle>ly tea*es o!rs to d s1 is n[ recognis$ z ! true inv5tor4 ,te/$ by ?is rule !re 0 sc>cely an inv5tor 9 ! field ( /eam 9 all ! long /ret*es ( "t prec$+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,& if !re 71 !y _h no record+ scribes to embalm _! ef=ts 9 hi/ory4 ,we %all nev] "k h[ e>ly man le>n$ ! wond]ful p[] ( ! _s t spr+s f heat$ wat]4 ,x 0 d\btless f "s sad exp]i5ce 9 ignorantly attempt+ to put fett]s on x4 ,! hi/ory ( /eam z a motor g5]ally comm5ces ) ref]5ce to t toy call$ ! aeolipile1 describ$ by ,h]o ( ,alex&ria 9 a treatise on pneumatics ab\t two c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 & :i* 0 ! inv5tion ( ei!r himself or ,ctesibius1 8 tea*]4 ,?is toy consi/$ ( a globe pivot$ on two supports1 "o ( :i* 0 a communicat+ pipe lead+ into a heat$ cauldron ( wat] b5ea?4 ,! globe 0 provid$ ) two escape pipes on diametrically opposite sides & b5t s z to dis*>ge 9 opposite directions4 ,/eam admitt$ into ! globe f ! cauldron escap$ ?r\gh ! side pipes1 & its pressure on ^! pipes caus$ ! globe to rotate4 ,h]o ?us demon/rat$ t wat] c be conv]t$ into /eam & /eam into "w4 ,s9ce t anci5t day ,h]o's app>atus has be5 frequ5tly re9v5t$ by m5 ignorant ( ! e>ly ef=t1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! inv5tion z well z sub/antially ! same =m h be5 put into _m practical uses4 ,h]o 9 8 celebrat$ treatise describ$ o!r devices1 curi\s siphons & pumps4 ,_m ( !m are suppos$ to h be5 us$ 9 ! p]=mance ( "s ( ! />tl+ religi\s rites at ! alt>s ( ! ,greek prie/s4 ,f ,h]o's day ! record drops d[n to ! middle ages1 & /ill x f9ds progress 9 ?is art conf9$ to a few obs]vations & speculations4 ,william ( ,malmesbury 9 #aaej wrote some?+ on ! subject & call$ att5tion to "s crude exp]im5ts he _h he>d ( 9 ,g]many4 ,pass+ f ! slumb] ( ! middle ages1 we are assur$ by "s ,spani% hi/orians t "o ,blasco de ,g>ay1 9 #aedc1 propell$ a %ip hav+ paddle :eels by /eam at ,b>celona4 ,b ! publication 0 long aft] ! alleg$ ev5t1 & is reg>d$ z apocryphal4 ,obs]vations became m acute 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 exp]im5ts m frequ5t1 & publications m full & num]\s4 ,c>dan ,ramelli & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 le>n$ ,italians1 & ! accompli%$ ,pr(4 ,jacob ,besson ( ,orleans1 ,france1 all did mu* by _! writ+s to make kn[n !oretically ! wond]ful p[]s ( /eam1 & to sugge/ modes ( its practical op]ation1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,giambatti/a della ,porta1 a g5tleman ( ,naples1 possess+ high & v>i$ accompli%m5ts 9 all ! sci5ces z !y 7 kn[n at t day1 #afja1 & :o inv5t$ ! magic-lant]n & cam]a obscura1 9 a "w call$ ,spiritalia1 describ$ h[ /eam pressure c\ld be employ$ to raise a column ( wat]1 h[ a vacuum 0 produc$ by ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 a clos$ vessel1 & h[ ! cond5s+ vessel %\ld be sep>at$ f ! boil]4 ,revault 9 ,france %[$ 9 #afje h[ a bomb%ell might be explod$ by /eam4 ,salomon de ,caus1 eng9e] & ar*itect to ,l\is ,,xiii1 9 #afae describ$ h[ wat] might be rais$ by ! expansion ( /eam4 ,9 #afbi ! ,italian1 ,branco1 publi%$ at ,rome an acc\nt ( ! application ( a /eam jet ^u ! vanes ( a small :eel to run x1 & told h[ 9 o!r ways ,h]o's eng9e might be employ$ = useful purposes4 ,! fir/ ,engli% publication describ+ a way ( apply+ /eam appe>$ 9 #afcj 9 a pat5t grant$ to ,david ,ramseye1 = a mode ( rais+ wat] !reby4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by pat5ts to ,grant 9 #afcb & to "o ,=d 9 #afdj4 ,dur+ t c5tury ^! crude ma*9es 7 call$ 8fire eng9es40 ,x seems to h be5 common 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury to use a bla/ ( /eam to improve ! draft ( *imneys & ( bla/ furnaces4 ,?is application ( /eam to smoke & smelt+ has be5 frequ5tly reviv$ by mod]n inv5tors ) mu* fl\ri% ( orig9ality4 ,x is ) a c]ta9 feel+ ( delight & relief1 aft] a prolong$ se>* ?r\gh ! c5turies = "s evid5ce ( h>ness+ ?is mighty ag5t to man's use1 t we come to ! ef=ts ( ! good ,m>quis ( ,worce/]--,edw>d ,som]set4 ,he x 0 :o 9 #afee wrote ( ! ,inv5tions ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,he aft]w>ds amplifi$ ?is title by call+ 8 book ,a ,c5tury ( ,names & ,scantl+s ( su* ,inv5tions z at pres5t ,i call to m9d to h tri$ & p]fect$1 etc4 ,!re are ab\t "o hundr$ ( ^! 8,scantl+s10 & 8 descriptions ( !m are v brief b int]e/+4 ,"s1 if reviv$ n[ & put to use1 w\ld ?r[ propos$ fly+ ma*9es into ! backgr\nd1 z !y involv$ p]petual motion4 ,b to 8 honor be x said t he 0 ! fir/ /eam-eng9e build]4 ,a pat5t 0 issu$ to him 9 #affc4 ,x 0 ab\t #affh t he built & put 9 successful op]ation at ,raglan ,ca/le at ,vauxhall1 ne> ,london1 a /eam eng9e to =ce wat] upw>d4 ,he made sep>ate boil]s1 :i* he work$ alt]nately1 & convey$ ! /eam f !m to a vessel 9 :i* its pressure op]at$ to =ce ! wat] up4 ,un=tunately he did n leave a description ( 8 inv5tions suffici5tly full to enable lat] me*anics to make & use !m4 ,he /rove 9 va9 to get capital int]e/$ & a company =m$ to manufacture 8 eng9es4 ,! age ( fe> & speculation z to /eam ceas$ :5 ! ,m>quis set 8 eng9e to pump+ wat]1 & f t "t inv5tors w5t on to put ! arm ( /eam to "w4 ,9 #afhc ,sir ,samuel ,morl& comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,worce/] eng9es = use & sale2 ,hautefeuille ( ,france taught ! use ( gas1 describ$ h[ gas z well z /eam eng9es might be con/ruct$1 & 0 ! fir/ to propose ! use ( ! pi/on4 ,! le>n$ writ+s ( ! great ,dut* sci5ti/ & inv5tor1 ,huyg5s1 on heat & light /eam & gas1 also !n came =?1 & 8 assi/ant1 ! ,fr5* physici/ & doctor1 ,d5is ,pap91 9 #afij1 propos$ /eam z a univ]sal motive p[]1 inv5t$ a /eam eng9e hav+ a pi/on & a safety valve1 & ev5 a crude paddle /eam]1 :i* x is said 0 tri$ 9 #agjg on ! riv] ,fulda4 ,!n 9 #afih came ,?omas ,sav]y1 :o pat5t$ a /eam eng9e t 0 us$ 9 dra9+ m9es4 ,! eighte5? c5tury ?us comm5c$ ) a practical k ( ! p[] ( /eam & ( means = controll+ & work+ x4 ,!n foll[$ ! comb9$ inv5tion ( ,newcom51 ,cawley & ,sav]y1 9 #agje1 ( ! mo/ successful pump+ eng9e up to t "t4 ,9 ?is eng9e a cyl9d] 0 employ$ = receiv+ ! /eam f a sep>ate boil]4 ,!re 0 a pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] driv5 up by ! /eam admitt$ bel[ x1 aid$ by a c\nt]poise at "o end ( an eng9e beam4 ,! /eam 0 !n cut (f f ! boil] & cond5s$ by ! introduction b5ea? ! pi/on ( a jet ( wat]1 & ! cond5s$ /eam & wat] drawn (f by a pipe4 ,atmosph]ic pressure =c$ ! pi/on d[n4 ,! pi/on & pump rods 7 connect$ to ! opposite ends ( a work+ beam ( a pump+ eng9e1 z 9 "s mod]n eng9es4 ,gauge cocks to indicate ! height ( wat]1 & a safety valve to regulate ! pressure ( /eam1 7 employ$4 ,!n came ! +5i\s improvem5t ( ! boy ,humphrey ,pott]1 connect+ ! valve ge> ) ! eng9e beam by cords1 s z to d automatically :at he 0 set to d by h&1 & ! improvem5t on t ( ! ,beighton plug rod4 ,/ill fur!r improv$ by o!rs1 ! ,newcom5 eng9e came into use ?r\gh out ,europe4 ,jona?an ,hulls pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agcf a m>9e /eam eng9e1 & 9 #agcg publi%$ a description ( a ,newcom5 eng9e appli$ to 8 sy/em = t[+ %ips4 ,william ,h5ry1 ( ,p5nsylvania1 tri$ a model /eamboat on ! ,cone/oga riv] 9 #agfc4 ,?is 0 practically ! /ate ( ! art1 9 #agfc1 :5 ,james ,watt ent]$ ! field4 ,8 brilliant inv5tions h>ness$ /eam to m ?an pump+ eng9es1 made x a univ]sal s]vant 9 manifold indu/ries1 & />t$ x on a c>e] :i* has revolutioniz$ ! trade & manufactures ( ! _w4 ,to und]/& :at ! n9ete5? c5tury has done 9 /eam motive p[] we mu/ fir/ "k :at ,watt did 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 z he !n laid ! f\ndation on :i* ! lat] inv5tions h all be5 built4 ,tak+ up ! crude b successful work+ eng9e ( ,newcom51 a model ( :i* _h be5 s5t to him = repairs1 he began an exhau/ive /udy ( ! prop]ties ( /eam & ( ! means = produc+ & controll+ x4 ,he f\nd x necess>y to devise a new sy/em4 ,watt saw t ! alt]nate heat+ & cool+ ( ! cyl9d] made ! eng9e "w sl[ly & caus$ an excessive consumption ( /eam4 ,he conclud$ t 8! cyl9d] %\ld always be z hot z ! /eam t ent]$ x40 ,he !re=e clos$ ! cyl9d] & provid$ a sep>ate cond5s+ vessel into :i* ! /eam 0 l$ aft] x rais$ ! pi/on4 ,he provid$ an air-tight jacket = ! cyl9d]1 to ma9ta9 its heat4 ,he add$ a tight pack+ 9 ! cyl9d]-head = ! pi/on-rod to move ?r\gh1 & a /eam-tight /uff+-box on ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,he caus$ ! /eam to alt]nately ent] bel[ & above ! pi/on & be alt]nately cond5s$ to drive ! pi/on d[n z well z up1 & ?is made ! eng9e d\ble-act+1 increas+ its p[] & spe$4 ,he conv]t$ ! reciprocat+ motion ( ! pi/on into a rot>y motion by ! adoption ( ! crank1 & introduc$ ! well-kn[n p>allel motion1 & _m o!r improvem5ts4 ,9 %ort1 he demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t by a practical & effici5t eng9e t ! expansive =ce ( /eam c\ld be us$ to drive all ord9>y ma*9]y4 ,he !n secur$ 8 inv5tions by pat5ts aga9/ piracy1 & su/a9$ !m successfully 9 _m a h>d-f\ght battle4 ,x _h tak5 him ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury to d all ^! ?+s4 ,watt 0 ! prop] precursor ( ! n9ete5? c5tury inv5tions1 z 9 him 7 comb9$ ! p[] & atta9m5ts ( a great sci5ti/ & ! g5ius ( a great me*anic4 ,! la/ eighte5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 pass$ 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 & he 0 ?us enabl$ to see 8 inv5tions br\ght )9 its ?re%old & appli$ to ^? arts :i* h made ?is age s glori\s 9 me*anical a*ievem5ts4 ,watt s fitly repres5ts ! class ( mod]n great inv5tors 9 8 "* & atta9m5ts t ! description ( him by ,sir ,walt] ,scott is "h p]t95t z a tribute to t class1 & z a del9eation ( ! g5]al "* ( ^? b5efactors ( 8 race ( :i* he 0 s conspicu\s an example3-- ,says ,sir ,walt]3-- 8,amid/ ?is company /ood ,mr4 ,watt1 ! man ^: g5ius discov]$ ! means ( multiply+ our national res\rces to a degree1 p]haps1 ev5 beyond 8 own /up5d\s p[]s ( calculation & comb9ation2 br++ ! treasures ( ! abyss to ! summit ( ! e>?--giv+ to ! feeble arm ( man ! mom5tum ( an ,afrite--comm&+ manufactures to rise--af=d+ means ( disp5s+ ) t "t & tide :i* wait = no man--& ( sail+ )\t t w9d :i* defi$ ! comm&s & ?reats ( ,x]xes himself4 ,?is pot5t comm&] ( ! elem5ts--?is abridg] ( "t & space--?is magician1 ^: cl\dy ma*9]y has produc$ a *ange 9 ! _w1 ! effects ( :i*1 extraord9>y z !y are1 are p]haps only beg9n+ to be felt--0 n only ! mo/ pr(\nd man ( sci5ce1 ! mo/ successful comb9] ( p[]s & calculator ( numb]s1 z adapt$ to practical purposes1 0 n only "o ( ! mo/ g5]ally well-in=m$1 b "o ( ! be/ & k9de/ ( human be+s40 ,! fir/ practical application ( /eam z a work+ =ce 0 to pump+1 z has be5 /at$4 ,aft] ,watt's sy/em 0 devis$1 sugge/ions & exp]im5ts z to road locomotives & c>riages 7 made1 & o!r applications came ?ick & fa/4 ,a ,fr5* (fic]1 ,cugnot1 9 #agfi & #aggj1 0 ! fir/ to try ! road c>riage eng9e4 ,o!r prom95t ,fr5*m5 made enc\rag+ exp]im5ts on small /eamboats--foll[$ 9 #aghd-hf by ,james ,rumsey & ,john ,fit* 9 ,am]ica 9 ! same l9e4 ,watt pat5t$ a road eng9e 9 #aghd4 ,ab\t ! same "t 8 assi/ant1 ,murdock1 complet$ & tri$ a model locomotive driv5 by a 8gras%opp]0 eng9e4 ,oliv] ,evans1 ! great ,am]ican contempor>y ( ,watt1 _h 9 #aggi devis$ a high-pressure non-cond5s+ /eam eng9e 9 a =m /ill us$4 ,9 #aghf-g he obta9$ 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,m>yl& pat5ts = apply+ /eam to driv+ fl\r mills & propell+ waggons4 ,also ab\t ?is "t1 ,sym+ton1 ! ,scot*man1 con/ruct$ a work+ model ( a /eam c>riage1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london4 ,sym+ton & 8 fell[ ,scot*m51 ,mill] & ,taylor1 9 #aghh-hi also con/ruct$ work+ /eamboats4 ,9 #agif ,ri*>d ,trevi?ick1 a ,corni% m>9e capta91 0 produc+ a road locomotive4 ,! c5tury ?us op5$ ) activity 9 /eam motive p[]4 ,! 8scantl+s0 ( ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/] 7 n[ be+ conv]t$ into complete /ructures4 ,& s great 0 ! activity & ! numb] ( inv5tors t he is a d>+ man :o w\ld n[ decide priority betwe5 !m4 ,! e>lie/ applications 9 ?is c5tury ( /eam p[] 7 9 ! l9e ( road eng9es4 ,on ,*ri/mas eve ( #ahja1 ,trevi?ick made ! initial trip ) ! fir/ successful /eam road locomotive ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,camborne 9 ,cornwall1 c>ry+ pass5g]s4 ,9 "o ( 8 trips he pass$ into ! c\ntry roads & came to a tollgate ?r\gh :i* a fright5$ keep] ha/ily pass$ him )\t toll1 hail+ him z ! devil4 ,p]si/5t ef=ts cont9u$ to be made to introduce a practical /eam road c>riage 9 ,engl& until #ahbg4 ,aft] ,trevi?ick foll[$ ,bl5k9sop1 :o made a locomotive :i* ran t5 miles an h\r4 ,!n came ,julius ,griffi?1 9 #ahba1 ( ,brompton1 :o pat5t$ a /eam c>riage :i* 0 built by ,joseph ,bramah1 "o ( ! able/ me*anics ( 8 "t4 ,gordon1 ,brunton & ,gurney attempt$ a curi\s & amus+ /eam c>riage1 resembl+ a horse 9 action--hav+ jo9t$ legs & feet1 b ?is animal 0 n successful4 ,walt] ,hancock1 9 #ahbg1 0 "o ( ! mo/ p]si/5t & successful inv5tors 9 ?is l9e2 b bad roads & an unsympa!tic public disc\rag$ inv5tors 9 _! ef=ts to introduce /eam road c>riages1 & _! att5tion 0 turn$ to ! locomotive to run on rails or tracks especially prep>$ = !m4 ,wood5 & iron rails _h be5 introduc$ a c5tury be=e = heavy c>s & wagons 9 pull+ loads f m9es & else:]e1 b :5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury x _h be5 f\nd t ! eng9es ( ,watt c\ld be us$ to drag su* loads1 x 0 deem$ necess>y to make a rail hav+ its top surface r\gh5$ ) ridges & ! :eels ( ! eng9e & c>s provid$ ) tee? or cogs to prev5t anticipat$ slipp+4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,blackett & ,george ,/eph5son discov]$ t ! adhesion ( smoo? :eels to smoo? rails 0 suffici5t4 ,)\t ov]look+ ! fact t ,william ,h5dley built & op]at$ a locomotive call$ ! ,puff+ ,billy 9 #ahjc1 & ,hackwor? "o a little lat]1 yet to ! g5ius ( ,/eph5son is due *iefly ! successful introduction ( ! mod]n locomotive4 ,8 lab\rs & inv5tions cont9u$ f #ahab = tw5ty ye>s1 & culm9at$ at two great trials3 ! fir/ "o on ! ,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway 9 #ahbi1 :5 he compet$ ) ,hackwor? & ,brai?waite & ,ericsson1 & ) ! ,rocket won ! race2 & ! second at ! op5+ ( ! same road 9 #ahcj1 :5 ) ! ,nor?umbrian1 at ! head ( sev5 o!r locomotives & a long tra9 ( tw5ty-eight c>riages1 9 :i* 7 seat$ six hundr$ pass5g]s1 he ran ! tra9 successfully betwe5 ! two t[ns4 ,on ?is occasion ,mr4 ,huskisson1 ,home ,secret>y 9 ! ,briti% ,cab9et1 :ile ! c>s 7 /opp+ to wat] ! eng9es1 & he 0 out on ! track talk+ ) ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 0 knock$ d[n by "o ( ! eng9es & _h "o ( 8 legs cru%$4 ,plac$ on bo>d ( ! ,nor?umbrian1 x 0 driv5 at ! rate ( ?irty-six miles an h\r by ,/eph5son to ,eccles4 ,mr4 ,huskisson di$ !re t night4 ,?is 0 its fir/ victim1 & ! greate/ spe$ yet atta9$ by a locomotive4 ,! ye> #ahbi !re=e c be reg>d$ z ! comm5cem5t ( ! life ( ! locomotive = transportation ( pass5g]s4 ,! /eam bla/ ?r[n into ! smoke/ack by ,hackwor?1 ! tubul> boil] ( ,segu9 & ! l9k motion ( ,/eph5son 7 !n1 z !y n[ are1 ! ess5tial features ( locomotives4 ,9 ! meantime ,am]ica _h n be5 idle4 ,! ,james ,watt ( ,am]ica1 ,oliv] ,evans1 9 #ahjd complet$ a flat-bottom$ boat to be us$ 9 dr$g+ at ! ,philadelphia docks1 & m\nt+ x on :eels drove x by its own /eam eng9e ?r\gh ! /reets to ! riv] bank4 ,laun*+ ! craft1 he propell$ x d[n ! riv] by us+ ! same eng9e to drive ! paddle :eels4 ,he gave to ?is eng9e ! /range "n ( ,oruktor ,amphibolos4 ,john ,c4 ,/ev5s ( ,new ,j]sey 01 9 #ahab1 urg+ ! legislature ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to build railways1 & ass]t+ t he c\ld see no?+ to h9d] a /eam c>riage f mov+ ) a velocity ( "o hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,9 #ahbi ,george ,/eph5son 9 ,engl& _h made = ,am]ican p>ties a locomotive call$ ,! ,/\rbridge ,lion1 :i* 9 t ye> 0 br\ght to ,am]ica & us$ on ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,r4 ,r4 by ,horatio ,all54 ,pet] ,coop] 9 ! same ye> con/ruct$ a locomotive = %ort curves1 = ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad4 ,return+ n[ to /eam navigation3--,sym+ton aga9 ent]$ ! field 9 #ahja-b & con/ruct$ = ,"l ,dundas a /eamboat1 nam$ aft] 8 wife1 ! ,*>lotte ,dundas1 = t[+ on a canal1 :i* 0 successfully op]at$4 ,rob]t ,fulton1 an ,am]ican arti/1 & subsequ5tly a civil eng9e]1 built a /eamboat on ! ,se9e 9 #ahjc1 assi/$ by ,r4 ,liv+/on1 !n ,am]ican ,m9i/] to ,france4 ,!n 9 #ahjf ,fulton1 hav+ return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 comm5c$ to build ano!r /eamboat1 9 :i* he 0 aga9 assi/$ by ,liv+/on1 & 9 :i* he plac$ ma*9]y made by ,b\lton & ,watt 9 ,engl&4 ,?is /eamboat1 nam$ ! ,cl]mont1 0 #acj ft4 long1 #ah ft4 beam1 #g ft4 dep? & #afj tons burd54 ,x made its fir/ trip on ! ,hudson1 f ,new ,york to ,albany & return1 9 ,augu/1 #ahjg1 & subsequ5tly made regul> trips4 ,x 0 ! fir/ comm]cially successful /eamboat ev] made1 z ,george ,/eph5son's 0 ! fir/ comm]cially successful locomotive4 ,9 ! meantime ,col4 ,john ,/ev5s ( ,new ,j]sey 0 also at "w on a /eamboat1 & _h 9 #ahjd built su* a boat at 8 %ops1 hav+ a screw propell] & a flue boil]4 ,almo/ simultane\sly ) ,fulton he br\ght out ! ,phnix1 a side-:eel /eam] hav+ holl[ wat] l9es & provid$ ) fea!r+ paddle :eels1 & z ,fulton & ,liv+/on _h a monopoly ( ! ,hudson1 ,/ev5s took 8 boat by sea f ,new ,york ar\nd to ,delaw>e bay & up ! ,delaw>e riv]4 ,?is 0 9 #ahjh1 & 0 ! fir/ sea voyage ev] made by a /eam vessel4 ,transatlantic /eam%ip navigation 0 />t$ 9 #ahai4 ,a ,mr4 ,sc>bor\gh ( ,savannah1 ,ga41 9 #ahah pur*as$ a %ip ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty tons burd51 :i* 0 nam$ ! ,savannah4 ,equipp$ ) eng9e & ma*9]y x /eam$ out ( ,new ,york ,h>b\r on ! #bg? day ( ,m>*1 #ahai1 & successfully rea*$ ,savannah1 ,georgia4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,may 9 ! same ye> %e left ,savannah = ,liv]pool1 mak+ ! trip 9 #bb days4 ,f ,liv]pool %e w5t to ,cop5hag51 ,/ockholm1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,cron/adt & ,arundel1 & f ! latt] port return$ to ,savannah1 mak+ ! passage 9 tw5ty-five days4 ,b ,scotti% wat]s1 & ! wat]s ar\nd o!r coa/s ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 _h be5 trav]s$ by /eamboats be=e ?is celebrat$ trip ( ! ,savannah4 ,bell's /eamboat betwe5 ,glasg[ & ,gre5ock 9 #ahab 0 foll[$ by five o!rs 9 #ahad2 & sev5 /eamboats pli$ on ! ,?ames 9 #ahag4 ,s ! locomotives & ! /eamboats & /eam%ips cont9u$ to multiply1 & :5 ! fir/ =ty ye>s ( ! c5tury _h be5 rea*$ ! ,iron ,horse 0 fairly in/all$ on ! fields ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & ! riv]s & ! oceans 7 pl\gh$ by its si/]s1 ! /eam vessels4 ,x 0 9 #ahdj t ! fam\s ,cun>d l9e ( transatlantic /eam]s 0 e/abli%$1 soon foll[$ by ! ,coll9s l9e & o!rs4 ,a few ye>s be=e1 ,john ,c4 ,/ev5s 9 ,am]ica & ,john ,ericsson 9 ,engl& _h br\ght =w>d ! screw propell]2 & ,ericsson 0 ! fir/ to c\ple ! eng9e to ! propell] %aft4 ,x succe$$ ! successful paddle :eels ( ,fulton 9 ,am]ica & ,bell 9 ,engl&4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury is ! age ( k9etic en]gy3 ! en]gy ( ei!r solid1 liquid1 gase\s or electrical matt] trans=m$ into useful "w4 ,x has be5 /at$ by t em95t speciali/ 9 /eam eng9e]+1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,h4 ,?ur/on1 t 8! /eam eng9e is a ma*9e :i* is especially design$ to trans=m en]gy orig9ally dormant or pot5tial into active & useful available k9etic en]gy20 & t ! great problem 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce is 8to con/ruct a ma*9e :i* %all 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] possible conv]t ! k9etic en]gy ( heat into me*anical p[]1 ! heat be+ d]iv$ f ! combu/ion ( fuel1 & /eam be+ ! receiv] & conveyor ( t heat40 ,watt & 8 contempor>ies reg>d$ heat z a mat]ial sub/ance call$ 8,phlogi/on40 ,! mod]n k9etic !ory ( heat 0 a subsequ5t discov]y1 z else:]e expla9$4 ,! inv5tors ( ! la/ "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h direct$ _! be/ lab\rs to con/ruct an eng9e z above def9$ by ,?ur/on4 ,fir/ z to ! boil]3 ,ef=ts 7 made fir/ to get away f ! little old sph]ical boil] ( ,h]o4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury ,smeaton devis$ ! horizontal l5g!n$ cyl9drical boil] trav]s$ by a flue4 ,oliv] ,evans foll[$ ) two longitud9al flues4 ,na?an ,read ( ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #agia1 inv5t$ a tubul> boil] 9 :i* ! flues & gases are conduct$ ?r\gh tubes pass+ ?r\gh ! boil] into ! smoke/ack4 ,su* boil]s are adapt$ = portable /ation>y eng9es1 locomotives1 fire & m>9e eng9es1 & ! fire is built )9 ! boil] frame4 ,!n 9 ! #ai? c5tury came ! use ( sectional boil]s--a comb9ation ( small vessels in/ead ( a l>ge common "o1 increas+ ! /r5g? :ile dim9i%+ capacity--to obta9 high pressure ( /eam4 ,!n came improv$ weight$ & o!r safety valves to regulate & control ?is pressure4 ,! comp\nd or d\ble cyl9d] high-pressure eng9e ( ,hornbl[] ( ,engl&1 9 #agha1 & ! high-pressure non-cond5s+ /eam eng9e devis$ by ,evans 9 #aggi1 7 recon/ruct$ & improv$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,to give p]fect motion & ! slighte/ friction to ! pi/on2 to regulate ! supply ( /eam to ! eng9e by prop] valves2 to det]m9e su* supply by _m v>ieties ( gov]nors & ?us control ! spe$2 to devise valve ge> :i* di/ributes ! /eam ?r\gh its cycles ( motion by :i* to admit ! /eam alt]nately to ea* end ( ! /eam cyl9d] z ! pi/on moves backw>d & =w>d1 & exhau/ valves to op5 & close ! p>ts ?r\gh :i* ! /eam escapes2 to automatically op]ate su* valves2 to cond5se ! escap+ /eam & to remove ! wat] ( cond5sation2 to devise p[]ful /eam brakes--^! are "s ( ! important details on :i* inv5tors h ex]cis$ _! ke5e/ wits4 ,!n aga9 ! ext5sive inv5tions ( ! c5tury h giv5 rise to a great classification to designate _! =ms or _! uses3 cond5s+ & non-cond5s+1 high-pressure or l[-pressure--! =m] t]m be+ appli$ to eng9es suppli$ ) /eam ( #ej lbs4 pressure to ! squ>e in* & upw>d1 & ! latt] to eng9es work+ "u #dj lbs4 pressure--& ! l[ pressure are ne>ly always ! cond5s+ & ! high pressure ! non-cond5s+2 reciprocat+ & rot>y--! latt] hav+ a pi/on atta*$ to a %aft & revolv+ )9 a cyl9d] ( :i* ! axis is p>allel ) ! axis ( rotation ( ! pi/on4 ,direct act+1 :]e ! pi/on rod acts directly ^u ! connect+ rod & ?r\gh x ^u ! crank1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a beam or lev]2 oscillat+1 9 :i* ! pi/on rods are atta*$ directly to ! crank p9 & z ! crank revolves ! cyl9d] oscillates ^u trunnions1 "o on ea* side ( x1 ?r\gh :i* ! /eam ent]s & leaves ! /eam *e/4 ,!n z to _! use1 eng9es are kn[n z /ation>y1 pump+1 portable1 locomotive or m>9e4 ,! be/-kn[n eng9e ( ! /ation>y k9d is ! ,corliss1 :i* is v ext5sively us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe4 ,among o!r lat] improvem5ts is ! duplex pump+ eng9e1 9 :i* "o eng9e controls ! valve ( ! o!r2 comp5sat+ devices = /eam pump+1 by :i* p[] is accumulat$ by mak+ ! fir/ half ( ! /roke ( ! /eam pi/on assi/ 9 mov+ ! pi/on ! o!r half ( ! /roke dur+ ! expansion ( /eam2 /eam or air h& hamm]s on :i* ! pi/on is ! hamm] & /rikes a tool project+ ?r\gh ! head into ! cyl9d]2 rock drill+1 9 :i* ! movem5t ( ! valves is op]at$ by ! pi/on at any portion ( its /roke2 %aft gov]nors1 9 :i* ! ecc5tric = op]at+ ! eng9e valves is mov$ ar\nd or across ! ma9 or auxili>y %aft2 multiple cyl9d]s1 9 :i* sev]al cyl9d]s1 ei!r s+le or d\ble1 are arrang$ to co-op]ate ) a common %aft2 impact rot>y1 kn[n z /eam turb9es1 a revival 9 "s respects ( ,h]o's eng9e4 ,& !n1 f9ally1 ! delicate & +5i\s bicycle & automobile /eam eng9es4 ,!n !re are /eam s&+ devices = locomotives by :i* s& is automatically f$ to ! rails at ! same "t ! air brake is appli$4 ,/>t+ valves us$ = />t+ comp\nd locomotives on asc5d+ /eep grades1 9 :i* bo? l[ & high pressure cyl9d]s are suppli$ ) live /eam1 & :5 ! /eam1 exhau/$ f ei!r high or l[ pressure cyl9d]s into ! receiv]s1 has rea*$ a pr$et]m9$ pressure1 ! eng9e works on ! comp\nd pr9ciple4 ,s+le act+ comp\nd eng9es1 9 :i* two or m cyl9d]s are arrang$ t&em1 ! /eam act+ only 9 "o direction1 & ! exhau/ /eam ( "o act+ ^u ! pi/on 9 ! cyl9d] next ( ! s]ies1 are arrang$ 9 pairs1 s t :ile "o is act+ d[nw>d ! o!r is act+ upw>d4 ,?rottle valves automatically clos$ ^u ! bur/+ ( a pipe1 or ! break+ ( ma*9]y1 are op]at$ by electricity1 automatically1 or by h& at a di/ance4 ,napoleon1 ^u 8 disa/r\s retreat f ,mosc[1 anxi\s to rea* ,p>is z soon z possible1 left 8 army on ! way1 provid$ himself ) a travell+ & sleep+ c>riage1 & ) relays ( fre% horses at diff]5t po9ts manag$1 by extraord9>y /r5u\s ef=ts day & night1 to travel f ,smorgoni to ,p>is1 a di/ance ( #ajjj miles1 betwe5 ! #e? & #aj? ( ,decemb]1 #ahab4 ,?is 0 at ! av]age rate ( ab\t two hundr$ miles a day1 or eight or n9e miles an h\r4 ,x 0 a mo/ rem>kable ride = any age by horse conveyance4 ,)9 ! span ( a man's life aft] t ev5t any "o c\ld take a trip ( t di/ance 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ) great ease & com=t1 eat+ & sleep+ on ! c>1 & ) conv5i5t telegraph & telephone /ations along ! r\te by :i* to comunicate by p51 or ^w ( m\?1 ) di/ant fri5ds at ei!r end ( ! j\rney4 ,if ,napoleon _h deem$ x be/ to h cont9u$ 8 j\rney across ! ,atlantic to ,am]ica he w\ld h be5 compell$ to pass sev]al weeks on an uncom=table sail+ vessel4 ,n[1 a float+ palace w\ld await him :i* w\ld c>ry him across 9 less ?an six days4 ,%\ld mank9d be seiz$ ) a sudd5 desire to replace all ! locomotives 9 ! _w by horse p[] x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to d x4 ,x 0 rec5tly e/imat$ t !re 7 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& locomotives 9 use on ! railroads ( ! _w2 & z a fair av]age w\ld give !m five hundr$ horse p[] ea*1 x w be se5 t !y are ! equival5t ( sev5ty-five million horses4 ,space & "t w n admit ( m9ute descriptions1 or h>dly a m5tion1 ( ! almo/ innum]able improvem5ts ( ! c5tury 9 /eam4 ,hav+ se5 ! pr9ciples on :i* ^! inv5tions h be5 con/ruct$1 enum]at$ ! lead+ ones & glanc$ at ! mo/ prom95t facts 9 _! hi/ory1 we mu/ ref] ! seek] = m p>ticul>s to ^? publications ( mod]n pat5t (fices1 9 :i* ea* regim5t & company ( ?is va/ army is embalm$ 9 its own especial & pond]\s volume4 ,a survey ( ! field w call to m9d1 h[ev]1 ! eloqu5t words ( ,daniel ,web/]3-- 8,&1 la/ ( all1 ) inimitable p[]1 & ) a #8:irlw9d s\nd' comes ! pot5t ag5cy ( /eam4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! pa/1 :at c5turies ( improvem5t has ?is s+le ag5t compress$ 9 ! %ort compass ( fifty ye>s6 ,ev]y:]e practicable1 ev]y:]e effici5t1 x has an arm a ?\s& times /rong] ?an t ( ,h]cules1 & to :i* human +5uity is capable ( fitt+ a ?\s& times z _m h&s z belong$ to ,bri>eus4 ,/eam is f\nd triumphant 9 op]ation on ! seas2 & "u ! influ5ce ( its /rong propulsion1 ! gallant %ip1 #8,aga9/ ! w9d1 aga9/ ! tide ,/ill /eadies ) an upright keel4' ,x is on ! riv]s1 & ! boatman may repose ^u 8 o>s2 x is on highways1 & ex]ts itself along ! c\rses ( l& conveyances2 x is at ! bottom ( m9es1 a ?\s& feet bel[ ! e>?'s surface2 x is 9 ! mills & 9 ! work%ops ( ! trades4 ,x r[s1 x pumps1 x excavates1 x c>ries1 x draws1 x lifts1 x hamm]s1 x sp9s1 x weaves1 x pr9ts4 ,x seems to say to m51 at lea/ to ! class ( artisans3 #8,leave (f y\r manual lab\r1 give up y\r bodily toil2 be/[ b y\r skill & reason to ! direct+ ( my p[] & ,i w be> ! toil1 ) no muscle to gr[ we>y1 no n]ve to relax1 no brea/ to feel fa9tness6' ,:at fur!r improvem5t may /ill be made 9 ! use ( ?is a/oni%+ p[] x is impossible to "k1 & x 7 va9 to conjecture4 ,:at we d "k is t x has mo/ ess5tially alt]$ ! face ( affairs1 & t no visible limit yet appe>s beyond :i* its progress is se5 to be impossible40 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,transportation4 ,! field ( s]vice ( a civil eng9e] has ?us be5 eloqu5tly /at$ by a rec5t writ] 9 ,*amb]s's ,j\rnal3 8,8 duties call ^u him to devise ! means = surm\nt+ ob/acles ( ! mo/ =midable k9d4 ,he has to "w 9 ! wat]1 ov] ! wat]1 & "u ! wat]2 to cause /reams to fl[2 to *eck !m f ov]fl[+2 to raise wat] to a great height2 to build docks & walls t w be> ! da%+ ( waves2 to conv]t dry l& into h>b\rs1 & l[ wat] %ores into dry l&2 to con/ruct ligh?\ses on lonely rocks2 to build l(ty aqu$ucts = ! conveyance ( wat]1 & viaducts1 = ! conveyance ( railway tra9s2 to burr[ into ! b[els ( ! e>? ) tunnels1 %afts1 pits & m9es2 to span torr5ts & rav9es ) bridges2 to con/ruct *imneys t rival ! l(tie/ spires & pyramids 9 height2 to climb m\nta9s ) roads & railways2 to s9k wells to va/ dep?s 9 se>* ( wat]4 ,by untir+ pati5ce1 skill1 en]gy & inv5tion1 he produces 9 ^! sev]al ways works :i* c]ta9ly rank among ! m>vels ( human p[]40 ,! pyramids ( ,egypt1 ! roads1 bridges & aqu$ucts built by ! ,*9ese & by ,rome2 ! great bridges ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & especially ^? built by t /range frat]nal ord] kn[n z ! 8,bro!rs ( ! ,bridge02 ! ocean-defy+ ligh?\ses ( a lat] p]iod--^!1 & m ?an ^!1 atte/ ! fact t !re 7 great eng9e]s be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b ! eng9e]+ ( to-day is ! h&-maid ( all ! ,sci5ces2 & z !y ea* h advanc$ dur+ ! c5tury beyond all t 0 imag9$1 or dream$ ( z possible 9 =m] times1 s h ! lab\rs ( eng9e]+ correspond+ly multipli$4 ,no long] are su* lab\rs classifi$ & gr\p$ 9 "o field1 call$ ,civil ,eng9e]+1 b !y h be5 necess>ily divid$ into great additional new & indep5d5t fields1 kn[n z ,/eam ,eng9e]+1 ,m9+ ,eng9e]+1 ,hydraulic ,eng9e]+1 ,electrical ,eng9e]+ & ,m>9e ,eng9e]+4 ,)9 ea* ( ^! fields are assembl$ innum]able appliances :i* are ! (fspr+ ( ! inv5tive g5ius ( ! c5tury j clos$4 ,we h se5 h[ "o discov]y1 or ! developm5t ( a c]ta9 art1 br+s 9 its tra9 & (t5 necessitates o!r inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,! developm5t & d$ication ( ! /eam eng9e to ! transportation ( goods & m5 call$ = improvem5ts 9 ! roads & rails on :i* ! eng9e & its load 7 to travel1 & ?is dem& br\ght =? ^? mod]n railway bridges :i* are ! f9e/ examples 9 ! art ( bridge mak+ t ! _w has ev] se54 ,! greate/ bridges ( =m] ages 7 built ( /one & solid masonry4 ,n[ iron & /eel h be5 sub/itut$1 & ^! light b sub/antial frameworks span wide riv]s & deep rav9es ) almo/ ! same spe$ & gracefulness t ! spid] sp9s 8 silk5 web f limb to limb4 ,^!1 too1 wait$ = _! con/ruction on t next turn 9 ! :eel ( evolution1 :i* br\ght bett] processes 9 ! mak+ ( iron & /eel1 & bett] tools & appliances = work+ metals1 & 9 h&l+ va/ & heavy bodies4 ,! fir/ ar*$ iron bridge 0 ov] ! ,sev]n at ,coalbrookdale1 ,engl&1 erect$ by ,abraham ,d>by 9 #aggg4 ,9 #agic "o 0 erect$ by ,tel=d at ,buildwas1 & 9 ! same ye> ,burd5 complet$ an ar* across ! weir at ,sund]l&4 ,! mo/ prom95t classes ( bridges 9 :i* ! highe/ inv5tive & con/ructive g5ius ( ! eng9e]s ( ! c5tury are illu/rat$ are kn[n z ! susp5sion1 ! tubul> & ! tubul> ar*1 ! truss & cantilev]4 ,susp5sion bridges consi/+ ( twi/$ v9es1 ( iron *a9s1 or ( bamboo1 or cane1 or ( ropes1 h be5 kn[n 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w f "t immemorial1 b !y be> only a primitive & sugge/ive resemblance to ! great iron cable bridges ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ notable /ructure ( ?is k9d 0 con/ruct$ by ,sir ,samuel ,br[n1 across ! ,twe$ at ,b]wick1 ,engl&1 9 #ahai4 ,br[n 0 born 9 ,london 9 #aggf & di$ 9 #aheb4 ,he ent]$ ! navy at ! age ( #ah1 0 made comm&] 9 #ahaa1 & retir$ z capta9 9 #ahdb4 ,we h allud$ to ! spid]'s web1 & ,smiles1 9 8 ,self ,help1 relates z an example ( intellig5t obs]vation t :ile ,capt ,br[n 0 occupi$ 9 /udy+ ! "* ( bridges ) ! view ( con/ruct+ "o ( a *eap description to be ?r[n across ! ,twe$1 ne> :i* he liv$1 he 0 walk+ 9 8 g>d5 "o dewy autumn morn+ :5 he saw a t9y spid]'s web susp5d$ across 8 pa?4 ,! idea imm$iately occurr$ to him ( a bridge ( iron wires4 ,9 #ahbi ,br[n also 0 ! eng9e] = susp5sion bridges built ov] ! ,esk at ,montrose & ov] ! ,?ames at ,hamm]smi?4 ,be=e t "t1 a span 9 a bridge ( #ajj feet 0 consid]$ rem>kably long4 ,susp5sion bridges are be/ adapt$ = long spans1 & h be5 con/ruct$ ) spans m ?an twice z long z any o!r =m4 ,sir ,samuel ,br[n's bridge _h a span ( #ddi feet4 ,?is class ( bridges is usually con/ruct$ ) *a9s or cables pass+ ov] t[]s1 ) ! roadway susp5d$ b5ea?4 ,! ends ( ! *a9s or cables are securely an*or$4 ,! cables are !n pass$ ov] t[]s1 on :i* !y are support$ 9 movable saddles1 s t ! t[]s are n ov]?r[n by ! /ra9 on ! cables4 ,nice calculations h to be made z to ! t5sion to be plac$ on ! cables1 ! all[ance = deflection1 & ! equal di/ribution ( weight4 ,! floor-way 9 ! e>li] bridges ( ?is type 0 support$ by means ( a s]ies ( equidi/ant v]tical rods1 & 0 lack+ /iffness1 b ?is 0 rem$i$ by truss+ ! road b$1 us+ incl9$ /ays ext5d+ f ! t[]s & p>tially support+ ! roadway = "s di/ance out f ! t[]4 ,! next f9e/ susp5sion bridge 0 con/ruct$ by ,?omas ,tel=d & f9i%$ 9 #ahbf1 across ! ,m5ai ,/rait to connect ! isl& ( ,anglesea ) ! ma9l& ( ,wales4 ,tel=d 0 born 9 ,dumfries%ire1 ,scotl&1 9 #ageg1 & di$ 9 ,we/m9/] 9 #ahcd4 ,beg9n+ life z a /one mason1 he rose by 8 own indu/ry to be a ma/] among ar*itects & a pr9ce among build]s ( iron bridges1 aqu$ucts1 canals1 tunnels1 h>b\rs & docks4 ,! ,m5ai bridge 0 compos$ ( *a9s or wire ropes1 ea* ne>ly a ?ird ( a mile 9 l5g?1 & :i* desc5d$ #fj feet into slop+ pits or drifts1 :]e !y 7 screw$ to ca/-iron frames emb$d$ 9 ! rocks4 ,! span ( ! susp5d$ c5tral ar* 0 #efj feet1 & ! plat=m 0 #ajj feet above high wat]4 ,sev5 /one ar*es ( #eb feet span make up ! re/ ( ! bridge4 ,b a susp5sion bridge 0 complet$ 9 #ahcd by ,m4 ,*alley ( ,lyon ov] ! ,saane at ,frib\rg1 ,switz]l&1 :i* greatly surpass$ ! ,m5ai bridge4 ,! span is #hhj feet f pi] to pi]1 & ! roadway is #afg feet above ! riv]4 ,x is support$ by f\r iron wire cables1 ea* consi/+ ( #ajef wires4 ,x 0 te/$ by plac+ #ae pieces ( artill]y1 drawn by #ej horses & accompani$ by #cjj m5 cr[d$ toge!r z closely z possible1 fir/ at ! c5tre1 & !n at ea* extreme1 caus+ a depression ( #ci in*es1 b no s5sible oscillation 0 exp]i5c$4 ,isamb>d ,k4 ,brunel 0 ano!r great eng9e]1 :o con/ruct$ a susp5sion bridge at ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon 9 #ahbc1 & ! ,*>+ ,cross ov] ! ,?ames at ,hung]=d 9 #ahde1 :i* 0 a footbridge1 hav+ a span ( #fge feet1 ! longe/ span ( any bridge 9 ,engl&4 ,!n foll[$ f9] & l>g] susp5sion bridges 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x 0 across ! ,niag>a 9 front ( ! great falls t 9 #ahee ,briti% ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 jo9$ by a magnific5t susp5sion bridge1 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! _w1 & ! two ,engli% speak+ c\ntries 7 !n physically & comm]cially unit$4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! bridge1 "o portion ( :i* 0 = a railway1 ! %riek ( ! locomotive & ! ro> ( ! tra9 m+l$ ) ! ro> ( ! wild torr5t #bej feet bel[4 ,! bridge1 #hjj feet long1 is a s+le span1 support$ by f\r enorm\s cables ( wire /ret*+ f ! ,canadian cliff to ! opposite ,unit$ ,/ates cliff4 ,! cables pass ov] ! tops ( l(ty /one t[]s aris+ f ^! cliffs1 & ea* cable consi/s ( no less ?an #d1jjj di/9ct wires4 ,! roadway hangs f ^! cables1 susp5d$ by #fbd v]tical rods4 ,! eng9e] ( ?is bridge 0 ,john ,a4 ,roebl+1 a native ( ,prussia1 born !re 9 #ahjf1 & :o di$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahfi4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool 9 ,b]l91 & emigrat$ to ,am]ica at ! age ( #be4 ,8 labors 7 fir/ z a canal & railway eng9e]1 !n he became ! inv5tor & manufactur] ( a new =m ( wire rope1 & !n turn$ 8 att5tion to ! con/ruction ( aqu$ucts & susp5sion bridges4 ,aft] ! ,niag>a bridge1 above describ$1 he comm5c$ ano!r bridge ( great] dim5sions ov] ! same riv]1 :i* 0 f9i%$ )9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,8 next "w 0 ! spl5did susp5sion bridge at ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 :i* has a cle> span ( #ajeg feet4 ,9 #ahfi1 9 connection ) 8 son1 ,wa%+ton ,a4 ,roebl+1 he comm5c$ t magnific5t susp5sion bridge to unite ! great cities ( ,new ,york & ,brooklyn1 & :i*1 by its completion1 result$ 9 ! consolidation ( ^? cities z ,great] ,new ,york4 ,! ,roebl+s1 fa!r & son1 7 to ! eng9e]+ ( ,am]ica :at ,george ,/eph5son & 8 son ,rob]t 7 to ! locomotive & railway & bridge eng9e]+ ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,brooklyn bridge1 kn[n also z ! ,ea/ ,riv] bridge1 0 =mally op5$ to ! public on ! #bd? ( ,may #ahhc4 ,mo/ enorm\s & unexpect$ te*nical difficulties 7 met & ov]come 9 its con/ruction4 ,its total l5g? is ne>ly #f1jjj feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! susp5d$ /ructure f an*orage to an*orage is #c1ded feet4 ,a /atem5t ( ! g5]al features ( ?is bridge indicates ! nature ( ! con/ruction ( su* bridges z a class1 & di/+ui%es !m f ! comp>atively simple =ms ( pa/ ages4 ,?is /ructure is support$ by two enorm\s t[]s1 hav+ a height ( #bgf feet above ! surface ( ! wat]1 c>ry+ at _! tops ! saddles :i* support ! cables1 & hav+ a span betwe5 !m ( #a1eie feet4 ,! t[]s are ea* pi]c$ by two ar*ways1 #ca feet wide1 & #abj feet high1 ?r\gh :i* op5+s passes ! floor ( ! bridge at ! height ( #aah feet above high wat] m>k4 ,!re are f\r support+ cables1 ea* #af in*es 9 diamet]1 & ea* compos$ ( ab\t #e1jjj s+le wires4 ,! wire is "o-eigh? size2 #bgh s+le wires are gr\p$ into a rope1 & #ai ropes bun*$ to =m a cable4 ,! iron saddles at ! top ( ! l(ty t[]s1 & on :i* ! cables re/1 are made movable to p]mit its expansion & compression--& !y glide ?r\gh m9ute di/ances on iron roll]s 9 saddle plates emb$d$ & an*or$ 9 ! t[]s1 9 response to /ra9s & *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! enorm\s cables pass f ! t[]s %orew>d to _! an*orages #icj feet away1 & :i* are solid masses ( masonry1 ea* #acb x #aai feet at base & top1 #hi feet high1 & weigh+ #fj1jjj tons4 ,! bridge is divid$ into five av5ues3 "o c5tral "o = foot pass5g]s1 two out] ones = vehicles1 & ! o!rs = ! /reet c>s4 ,! co/ ( ! bridge 0 ne>ly #ae1jjj1jjj4 ,tw5ty fatal & _m disabl+ accid5ts occurr$ dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! bridge4 ,! great eng9e] ,roebl+ 0 ! fir/ victim to an accid5t4 ,he _h 8 foot cru%$ :ile lay+ ! f\ndation ( "o ( ! /one pi]s1 & di$ ( lockjaw4 ,x 0 necess>y to build up ! great pi]s by ! aid ( caissons1 :i* are wat]-tight cas+s built ( timb] & metal & sunk to ! riv] b$ & sometimes f> bel[ x1 )9 :i* are built ! f\ndations ( pi]s or t[]s1 & into :i* air is pump$ = ! workm54 ,a fire 9 "o ( ! caissons1 :i* necessitat$ its flood+ by wat]1 & to :i* ! son1 ,wa%+ton ,roebl+1 0 expos$1 result$ 9 pro/rat+ him ) a peculi> =m ( caisson disease1 :i* de/roy$ ! n]ves ( motion )\t impair+ 8 intellectual faculties4 ,b1 al?\gh disabl$ f active "w1 ,mr4 ,roebl+ cont9u$ to sup]9t5d ! va/ project ?r\gh ! con/ant m$iation ( 8 wife4 ,tubul> ,bridges4--,^! are bridges =m$ by a great tube or holl[ beam ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* a roadway or railway passes4 ,! "n w\ld indicate t ! bridge 0 cyl9drical 9 =m1 & ?is 0 ! fir/ idea4 ,b x 0 conclud$ aft] exp]im5t t a rectangul> =m 0 ! be/1 z x is m rigid ?an ei!r a cyl9drical or elliptical tube4 ,! adoption ( ?is =m 0 due to ,fairbairn1 ! celebrat$ ,engli% inv5tor & eng9e] ( iron /ructures4 ,! ,m5ai tubul> railway bridge1 adjac5t to ! susp5sion bridge ( ,tel=d across ! same /rait1 & already describ$1 0 ! fir/ example ( ?is type ( bridge4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 0 ! eng9e] ( ?is great /ructure1 aid$ by ! sugge/ions ( ,fairbairn & o!r em95t eng9e]s4 ,?is bridge 0 op5$ = railway traffic 9 ,m>*1 #ahej4 ,x 0 built on ?ree t[]s & %ore abutm5ts4 ,! wid? ( ! /rait is divid$ by ^! t[]s into f\r spans--two ( #dfj feet ea*1 & two ( #bcj feet4 ,9 appe>ance1 ! bridge look$ l "o huge1 long1 n>r[ iron box1 b x consi/$ really ( f\r bridges1 ea* made ( a pair ( rectangul> tubes1 & ?r\gh "o set ( tubes ! tra9s pass$ 9 go+ 9 "o direction1 & ?r\gh ! o!r set 9 go+ ! opposite direction4 ,^! pond]\s tubes 7 compos$ ( wr\ght-iron plates1 f ?ree-eigh?s to ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* ?ick1 ! l>ge/ #ab feet 9 l5g?1 rivet$ toge!r & /iff5$ by angle irons4 ,!y v>i$ 9 height--! c5tral ones be+ ! highe/ & ^? ne>e/ ! %ore ! l[e/4 ,! c5tral ones are #cj feet high1 & ! inn] ones ab\t #bb feet4 ,_! wid? 0 ab\t #ad feet4 ,!y 7 built ^u plat=ms on ! ,ca]n>von %ore1 & ! great problem 0 h[ to lift !m & put !m 9 place1 especially ! c5tral ones1 :i* 7 #dfj feet 9 l5g?4 ,ea* tube weigh$ #a1hjj p\nds1 & !y 7 to be rais$ #aib feet4 ,?is op]ation has be5 describ$ z 8! gr&e/ lift ev] effect$ 9 eng9e]+40 ,x 0 accompli%$ by means ( p[]ful hydraulic presses4 ,ano!r & /ill gr&] example ( ?is /yle ( bridge is ! ,victoria at ,montreal1 ,canada4 ,?is also 0 design$ by ,rob]t ,/eph5son & built "u 8 direction by ,james ,hodges ( ,montreal4 ,"w 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahed & x 0 complet$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahei1 & op5$ = travel 9 #ahfj4 ,x consi/s ( #bd pi]s1 #bdb feet ap>t1 except ! c5tre "o1 f :i* ! span is #ccj feet4 ,! tube is 9 sections & quadrangul> 9 =m4 ,e plate & piece ( iron 0 made & pun*$ 9 ,engl& & br\ght across ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,canada little rema9$ to be done b to put ! p>ts toge!r & 9 position4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 9 itself a ,h]culean task4 ,! enorm\s /ructure 0 to be plac$ sixty feet above ! swift curr5t ( ! broad ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & :]e9 huge masses ( ice1 ea* block f ?ree to five feet 9 ?ickness1 accumulat$ e w9t]4 ,! "w 0 accompli%$ by ! erection ( a va/ rigid /age ( timb]1 on :i* ! tubes 7 built up plate by plate4 ,:5 all 0 complet$ ! great /ag+ 0 remov$1 & ! mighty tube re/$ alone & secure ^u its massive w$ge-fac$ pi]s ris+ f ! b$rock ( ! flood bel[4 ,! ,tubul> ,ar* ,bridge4--,?is diff]s f ! tubul> bridge prop]1 9 t ! =m] consi/s ( a bridge ! body ( :i* is support$ by a tubul> ar*way ( iron & /eel1 :]eas 9 ! latt] ! body ( ! bridge itself is a tube4 ,! tubul> ar* is also prop]ly class$ z a gird] bridge because ! great tube :i* cov]s ! span is simply an imm5se beam or gird]1 :i* supports ! sup]/ructure on :i* ! floor ( ! bridge is laid4 ,a f9e illu/ration ( ?is /yle ( bridge is se5 9 :at is kn[n z ! aqu$uct bridge ov] ,rock ,creek at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 9 :i* ! ar* consi/s ( two ca/-iron jo9t$ pipes1 support+ a d\ble c>riage & a d\ble /reet c> way1 & ?r\gh :i* pipes all ! wat] = ! supply ( ! ,city ( ,wa%+ton passes4 ,g5]al ,m4 ,c4 ,meigs 0 ! eng9e]4 ,ano!r f> gr&] illu/ration ( su* a /ructure1 9 comb9ation ) ! truss sy/em1 is t ( ! ,ill9ois & ,/4 ,l\is bridge1 across ! ,mississippi1 ( :i* ,capta9 ,james ,b4 ,eads 0 ! eng9e]4 ,!re are ?ree great spans1 ! c5tral "o ( :i* has a l5g? ( ab\t #ebj feet1 & ! o!rs a few feet less4 ,f\r ar*es =m ea* span1 ea* ar* consi/+ ( an upp] & l[] curv$ memb] or rib1 ext5d+ f pi] to pi]1 & ea* memb] compos$ ( two p>allel /eel tubes4 ,truss & truss ar*$ bridges4--,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 are ^? q mod]n =ms ( iron or wood5 bridges 9 :i* a supplem5t>y frame "w1 consi/+ ( iron rods plac$ obliquely1 v]tically or diagonally1 & cem5t$ toge!r1 & ) ! ma9 horizontal beams ei!r above or bel[ ! same1 to produce a /iff & rigid /ructure1 calculat$ to resi/ /ra9 f all directions4 ,previ\s to ! #ai? c5tury1 ! greate/ bridges be+ con/ruct$ mo/ly ( solid masonry pi]s & ar*es1 no dem& = a bridge ( ?is k9d exi/$2 b aft] ! use ( wr\ght iron & /eel became ext5sive 9 bridge mak+1 & z ^! app>5tly light & airy frames may be ext5d$1 piece by piece across ! wide/ riv]s1 /raits1 & arms ( ! sea1 a sub/itute = ! great1 exp5sive1 & frequ5t support+ pi]s became a want1 & 0 suppli$ by ! sy/em ( trusses & truss ar*es4 ,! truss sy/em has also be5 appli$ to ! con/ruction ( va/ mod]n bridges 9 places :]e timb] is accessible & *eap4 ,ea* diff]5t sy/em inv5t$ be>s ! "n ( its inv5tor4 ,?us1 we h ! ,rid]1 ! ,f9k1 ! ,bollman1 ! ,:ipple1 ! ,h[e1 ! ,jones1 ! ,l9ville1 ! ,mc,callum1 ,t[ne's lattice & o!r sy/ems4 ,:at is call$ ! cantilev] sy/em has ( late ye>s to a great ext5t sup]s$$ ! susp5sion con/ruction4 ,?is consi/s ( beams or gird]s ext5d+ out f ! opposite pi]s at an upw>d diagonal angle1 & meet+ at ! c5tre ov] ! span1 & !re solidly connect$ toge!r1 or to horizontal gird]s1 9 su* mann] t ! compression load is ?r[n on to ! support+ pi]s1 upw>d /ra9s receiv$ at ! c5tre1 & side deflections provid$ aga9/4 ,x is suppos$ t great] rigidity is obta9$ by ?is means ?an by ! susp5sion1 &1 l ! susp5sion1 great wid?s may be spann$ )\t an "u support+ frame "w4 ,two f9e examples ( ?is type are f\nd1 "o 9 a bridge across ! ,niag>a adjac5t to ! susp5sion bridge above describ$ & "o across ! riv] ,=? at ,que5s ,f]ry 9 ,scotl&4 ,! ,niag>a ,bridge is a comb9ation ( ca/ /eel & iron4 ,x 0 design$ by ,c4 ,c4 ,s*neid] & ,edmund ,hayes4 ,x 0 built = a d\ble-track railroad4 ,! total l5g? ( ! bridge is #iaj feet betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! an*orage pi]s4 ,! cantilev]s re/ on two gigantic /eel t[]s1 /&+ on massive /one pi]s #ci feet high4 ,! cle> span betwe5 ! t[]s is #dgj feet1 & ! height ( ! bridge1 f ! mad ru% ( wat]s to ! c> track is #bci feet4 ,messrs ,f[l] & ,bak] 7 ! eng9e]s ( ! ,=? railway bridge4 ,x 0 begun 9 #ahhc & f9i%$ 9 #ahij4 ,x is built ne>ly all ( /eel1 & is "o ( ! mo/ /up5d\s works ( ! k9d4 ,x crosses two *annels =m$ by ! isl& ( ,in*g>vie1 & ea* ( ! *annel spans is #agaj feet 9 ! cle> & a cle> headway ( #aej feet "u ! bridge4 ,?ree balanc$ cantilev]s are employ$1 pois$ on f\r gigantic /eel tube legs support$ on f\r huge masonry pi]s4 ,! height ( ! bridge above ! pi]s is #ccj feet4 ,! cantilev] portion has ! appe>ance ( a va/ elongat$ diamond4 ,/eel lattice "w ( gird]s1 =ms ! upp] side ( ! cantilev]1 :ile ! "u side consi/s ( a holl[ curve approa*+ 9 =m a quadrant ( a circle drawn f ! base ( ! legs or /ruts to ! ends ( ! cantilev]4 ,su* is ! gr[? ( ^! great bridges ) _! trem5d\s spans across :i* man is sp9n+ 8 iron webs1 t :5 se5 at night ) a fi]y eng9e pull+ its ?und]+ tra9 across 9 ! d>kness1 "o is rem9d$ ( ,milton's description1 8ov] ! d>k abyss ^: boil+ gulf tamely endur$ a bridge ( wondr\s l5g?1 f ,hell cont9u$1 rea*+ ! utmo/ orb ( ?is frail _w40 ,! ligh?\ses ( ! c5tury1 9 masonry1 d n greatly excel 9 g5]al pr9ciples ^? ( prec$+ ones1 z at ,eddy/one1 design$ by ,smeaton4 ,ni*olas ,d\glass1 h[ev]1 inv5t$ a new sy/em ( dovetail+1 & great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! sy/em ( illum9at+4 ,ligh?\ses are also di/+ui%$ f ^? ( prec$+ c5turies by ! sub/itution ( iron & ca/ /eel = masonry4 ,! fir/ ca/-iron ligh?\se 0 put up at ,po9t ,morant1 ,jamaica1 9 #ahdb4 ,s9ce !n !y h tak5 ! =m ( iron skeleton t[]s4 ,"o ( ! late/ & mo/ picturesque ( ligh?\ses is t ( ,b>?oldi's /atue ( ,lib]ty enlight5+ ! _w1 ! gift ( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 fram$ by ,m4 ,eiffel1 ! great ,fr5* eng9e]1 & set up by ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,b$loe's ,isl& 9 ,new ,york h>bor4 ,x consi/s ( copp] plates on a network ( iron4 ,al?\gh ! /atue is l>g] ?an any 9 ! _w ( su* composite con/ruction1 its success z a ligh?\se is n z notable z _m f>!r seaw>d4 ,9 excavat+1 dr$g+ & dra9+1 ! inv5tions ( ! c5tury h be5 v num]\s1 b1 l num]\s advances 9 ! arts1 su* inv5tions1 s f> z great works are conc]n$1 h develop$ f & are closely relat$ to /eam eng9e]+4 ,! mak+ ( roads1 railroads1 canals & tunnels has call$ =? ?\s&s ( +5i\s me*anisms = _! accompli%m5t4 ,a half doz5 m5 ) a /eam-p[] excavator or dr$g] c 9 "o day p]=m a great] ext5t ( "w ?an c\ld a ?\s& m5 & a ?\s& horses 9 a s+le day a few g5]ations ago4 ,an excavat+ ma*9e consi/+ ( /eel knives to cut ! e>?1 iron scoops1 buckets & dipp]s to scoop x up1 endless *a9s or cranes to lift !m1 actuat$ by /eam1 & op]at$ by a s+le eng9e]1 w excavate cubic y>ds ( e>? by ! m9ute & at a co/ ( b a few doll>s a day4 ,dr$g+ ma*9es ( a great v>iety h be5 con/ruct$4 ,drags & scoops = elevat+1 & buckets1 scrap]s & %ovels1 & rotat+ knives to fir/ loos5 ! e>?1 suction pumps & pipes1 :i* w suck great quantities ( ! loos5$ e>? ?r\gh pipes to places to be fill$--^! & k9dr$ devices are n[ con/antly employ$ to dig & excavate1 to deep5 & wid5 riv]s1 to dra9 l&s1 to dig canals1 to make h>b\rs1 to fill up ! wa/e places & to make c\rses = wat] 9 des]t l&s4 ,inv5tions = ! excavat+ ( clay1 pil+ & burn+ x 9 a crude /ate = balla/ = railways1 are important1 especially = ^? railways :i* trav]se areas :]e clay is pl5tiful1 & /ones & gravel are lack+4 ,s9k+ %afts ?r\gh quicks&s by artificially freez+ ! s&1 s z to =m a firm froz5 wall imm$iately ar\nd ! area :]e ! %aft is to be sunk1 is a rec5t new idea4 ,mod]n c\ntries especially are wak+ up to ! necessity ( good roads1 n only z a necess>y means ( transportation1 b z a pre-requisite to dec5t civilisation 9 all respects4 ,&1 !re=e1 great activity has be5 _h 9 ! la/ ?ird ( a c5tury 9 inv5tion ( ma*9es = f9i%+ & repair+ roads4 ,9 ! matt] ( sew] con/ruction1 reg>d$ n[ s necess>y 9 all civilis$ cities & ?ickly-settl$ communities z "o ( ! means ( prop] sanitation1 great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 deep sew]age1 9 :i* ! "w is l>gely p]=m$ bel[ ! surface & ) little ob/ruction to /reet traffic4 ,9 connection ) excavat+ & dr$g+ ma*9es1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ^? great works 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* !y bore su* important p>ts1 z dra9age & l& reclamation1 su* z is se5 9 ! mod]n ext5sions ( l& reclamation 9 ,holl&1 9 ! ,ha>lem lake di/rict 9 ! ,nor? "p ( ,engl&1 ! swamps ( ,florida & ! dra9age ( ! ,london di/rict2 9 mod]n tunnels su* z ! ,hoosac 9 ,am]ica & ! ?ree great ones ?r\gh ! ,alps3 ! ,mont ,c5is1 ,/4 ,go?>d1 & ,arlb]g1 ! "w 9 :i* develop$ an entirely new sy/em ( eng9e]+1 by ! application ( newly-discov]$ explosives = bla/+1 new rock-drill+ ma*9]y1 new air-compress+ ma*9es = driv+ ! drill ma*9es & v5tilat+ ! works1 & new hydraulic & pump+ ma*9]y = s9k+ %afts & pump+ out ! wat]4 ,! great canals1 especially ! ,suez1 develop$ a new sy/em ( canal eng9e]+4 ,?us by mod]n inv5tions ( devices = digg+ & bla/+1 dr$g+ & dra9+ & att5dant op]ations1 "s ( ! greate/ works ( man on e>? h be5 produc$1 & ev9c$ ! ex]cise ( 8 highe/ inv5tive g5ius4 ,if "o wi%es an ocul> demon/ration ( ! wond]s wr\ght 9 ! #ai? c5tury 9 ! sev]al doma9s ( eng9e]+1 let him take a ,pullman tra9 across ! cont95t f ,new ,york to ,san ,francisco4 ,! di/ance is #c1jjj miles & ! "t is f\r days & f\r nights4 ,! c> 9 :i* ! pass5g] f9ds himself is a m>vel ( woodwork & uphol/]y--a description ( ! ma*9]y & processes = produc+ :i* belongs to o!r arts4 ,! railroad tracks ^u :i* ! vehicle moves are 9 !mselves ! results ( _m inv5tions4 ,!re is ! wid? ( ! track1 & x 0 only aft] a long & exp5sive conte/ t c\ntries & corporations settl$ ^u a uni=m gauge4 ,! common gauge ( ! lead+ c\ntries & roads is n[ #d feet #h in*es4 ,a great] wid? is kn[n z a broad gauge1 a less wid? z a n>r[ gauge4 ,!n z to ! rail3 fir/ ! wood51 !n ! iron & n[ ! /eel1 & all ( _m %apes & weights4 ,! ,t-rail inv5t$ by ,birk5saw 9 #ahbj1 hav+ two flanges at ! top to =m a wide b]? = ! :eels ( ! roll+ /ock1 ! v]tical portion gripp$ by *airs :i* are spik$ to ! ties1 is ! be/ kn[n4 ,!n ! frogs1 a ,v-%ap$ device by :i* ! :eels are guid$ f "o l9e ( rails to ano!r1 :5 !y =m angles ) ea* o!r2 ! c> :eel made ) a flange or flanges to fit ! rail1 & ! railway gates1 +5i\s contrivances t gu>d railway cross+s & are op]at$ automatically by ! pass+ tra9s1 b m commonly by wat*m54 ,! c> may be light$ ) electricity1 & z ! tra9 da%es along at ! rate ( #cj to #hj miles an h\r1 x may be /opp$ 9 less ?an a m9ute by ! t\* ( ! eng9e] on an air brake4 ,is x midw9t] & are m\nta9s ( sn[ enc\nt]$8 ,!y disappe> be=e ! railway sn[-pl\gh m quickly ?an !y came4 ,x passes ov] bridges1 ?r\gh tunnels1 across viaducts1 ar\nd ! edges ( m\nta9 peaks1 e mile reveal+ ! wondr\s "w ( man's inv5tive g5ius = encompass+ ! e>? ) spe$1 safety & com=t4 ,ov] "o-half million miles ( ^! railway tracks are on ! e>?'s surface to-day6 ,n only has ! railway sup]s$$ horse p[] 9 ! matt] ( transportation to a va/ ext5t1 b o!r modes ( transportation are tak+ ! place ( t useful animal4 ,! old-fa%ion$ /age coa*1 & !n ! omnibus1 7 successively succe$$ by ! /reet c> drawn by horses1 & !n ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago ! horse began to be )drawn f t "w & ! cable sub/itut$4 ,cable transportation develop$ f ! art ( mak+ iron wire & /eel wire ropes or cables4 ,& endless cables plac$ und]gr\nd1 convey$ ov] roll]s & support$ on suitable yokes1 & driv5 f a great c5tral p[] h\se1 came into use1 & to :i* ! c>s 7 connect$ by +5i\sly contriv$ lev] grips--op]at$ by ! driv] on ! c>4 ,^! great cable con/ructions1 exp5sive z !y 71 7 f\nd m economical ?an horse p[]4 ,9 fact1 !re is no mod]nly discov]$ practical motive p[] b :at has be5 f\nd less exp5sive bo? z to "t & money ?an horse p[]4 ,b ! cable = ?is purpose is n[ 9 turn ev]y:]e yield+ to electricity1 ! great motor next to /eam4 ,! ov]head cable sy/em = ! transportation ( mat]ials ( v>i\s descriptions 9 c>ri]s1 also run by a c5tral motor1 is /ill v ext5sively us$4 ,! cable plan has also be5 tri$ ) "s success 9 ! propell+ ( canal boats4 ,canals1 !mselves1 al?\gh f9d+ a mo/ s]i\s & 9 "s localities an entirely de/ructive rival 9 ! railroad1 h gr[n 9 size & importance1 & 9 appliances t h be5 sub/itut$ = ! old-/yle locks4 ,! late/ =m ( ?is device is :at is kn[n z ! pneumatic balance lock sy/em4 ,x has be5 said by ,octave ,*anute t 8,progress 9 civilisation may fairly be said to be dep5d5t ^u ! facilities = m5 to get ab\t1 ^u _! int]c\rse ) o!r m5 & nations1 n only 9 ord] to supply _! mutual ne$s *eaply1 b to le>n f ea* o!r _! wants1 _! discov]ies & _! inv5tions40 ,next to ! p[] & means = mov+ p1 come ! imm5se & wond]ful inv5tions = lift+ & load+1 su* z cranes & d]ricks1 means = coal+ %ips & /eam]s1 = h&l+ & /or+ ! great agricultural products1 gra9 & hay1 & t mod]n wond]1 ! gra9 elevator1 t dots ! coa/s ( riv]s1 lakes & seas1 receives ! va/ /ores ( gold5 gra9 f ?\s&s ( /eam c>s t come to x lad5 f di/ant pla9s & dis*>ges x swiftly 9 m\nta9 loads into vessels & /eam]s to be c>ri$ to ! multitudes across ! seas1 & to satisfy t ev]-cont9u+ cry1 8,give u ?is day our daily bread40 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,electricity4 ,9 #aijj ! real nature ( electricity appe>s to be z unkn[n z x 0 9 #ahjj4 ,frankl9 9 ! eighte5? c5tury def9$ electricity z consi/+ ( p>ticles ( matt] incomp>ably m subtle ?an air1 & :i* p]vad$ all bodies4 ,at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury electricity def9$ z 8simply a =m ( en]gy :i* imp>ts to mat]ial sub/ances a peculi> /ate or condition1 & t all su* sub/ances p>take m or less ( ?is condition40 ,^! !ories & ! late discov]y ( ,h]tz t electrical en]gy manife/s itself 9 ! =m ( waves1 oscillations or vibrations1 simil> to light1 b n s rapid z ! vibrations ( light1 con/itute ab\t all t is kn[n ab\t ! nature ( ?is =ce4 ,frankl9 believ$ x 0 a s+le fluid1 b o!rs taught t !re 7 two k9ds ( electricity1 positive & negative1 t ! l k9ds 7 repulsive & ! unlike k9ds attractive1 & t :5 g5]at$ x fl[$ 9 curr5ts4 ,su* t]ms are n n[ reg>d$ z repres5t+ actual v>ieties ( ?is =ce1 b are reta9$ z conv5i5t modes ( expression1 = want ( bett] ones1 z express+ ! conditions or /ates ( electricity :5 produc$4 ,electricity produc$ by friction1 t is1 develop$ ^u ! surface ( a body by rubb+ x ) a dissimil> body1 & call$ frictional or /atic electricity1 0 ! only k9d produc$ artificially 9 ! days ( ,frankl94 ,:at is kn[n z galvanism1 or animal electricity1 also takes its date 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made4 ,s9ce #agii !re h be5 discov]$ additional s\rces1 among :i* are voltaic electricity1 or electricity produc$ by *emical action1 su* z is manife/$ :5 two dissimil> metals are br\ght ne> ea* o!r or toge!r1 & electrical manife/ations produc$ by a decompos+ action1 "o ^u ! o!r ?r\gh a suitable m$ium2 inductive electricity1 or electricity develop$ or induc$ 9 "o body by its proximity to ano!r body ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is fl[+2 magnetic electricity1 ! conv]sion ( ! p[] ( a magnet into electric =ce1 & ! rev]se ( ?is1 ! production ( magnetic =ce by a curr5t ( electricity2 & !rmal electricity1 or t g5]at$ by heat4 ,electricity develop$ by ^!1 or o!r means 9 contra-di/9ction to t produc$ by friction1 has be5 call$ dynamic2 b all electric =ce is n[ reg>d$ z dynamic1 9 ! s5se t =ces are always 9 motion & nev] at re/4 ,_m ( ! manife/ations & exp]im5ts 9 lat] day fields :i*1 by reason ( _! production by diff]5t means1 h be5 giv5 ! names ( discov]y & inv5tion1 _h become kn[n to ,frankl9 & o!rs1 by means ( ! old me?ods 9 frictional electricity4 ,!y are all1 h[ev]1 b diff]5t r\tes lead+ to ! same goal4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! brilliant discov]ies ( mod]n times confront+ u on e side we %\ld n =get ! hon\rable ef=ts ( ! fa!rs ( ! sci5ce4 ,we ne$ n dwell on :at ! anci5ts produc$ 9 ?is l9e4 ,x 0 a s+le fact only3--,! ,greeks discov]$ t amb]1 a res9\s sub/ance1 :5 rubb$ w\ld attract light] bodies to x4 ,9 #afjj appe>$ ! fa!r ( mod]n electricity--,dr4 ,gilb]t ( ,col*e/]1 physician to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,he reviv$ ! "o exp]im5t ( antiquity1 & add$ to x ! fur!r fact t _m sub/ances besides amb]1 :5 rubb$1 w\ld manife/ ! same electric condition1 su* z sulphur1 sapphire1 wax1 glass & o!r bodies4 ,& ?us he op5$ ! field ( electrodes4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to use ! t]ms1 electricity1 electric & electrode1 :i* he d]iv$ f ! ^w elektron1 ! ,greek "n = amb]4 ,he obs]v$ ! actions ( magnets1 & conjectur$ ! fundam5tal id5tity ( magnetism & electricity4 ,he arrang$ an electromet]1 consi/+ ( an iron ne$le pois$ on a pivot1 by :i* to note ! action ( ! magnet4 ,?is 0 ab\t ! "t t ,otto von ,gu]icke ( ,magdeburg1 ,g]many1 0 born4 ,he became a 8natural0 philosoph]1 & = ?irty-five ye>s 0 burgoma/] ( 8 native t[n4 ,he inv5t$ ! air-pump1 & he x 0 :o illu/rat$ ! =ce ( atmosph]ic pressure by fitt+ toge!r two holl[ brass hemisph]es :i*1 aft] ! air )9 !m _h be5 exhau/$1 c\ld n be pull$ ap>t4 ,he also inv5t$ a b>omet]1 & z an a/ronom] sugge/$ t ! return ( comets might be calculat$4 ,he inv5t$ & con/ruct$ ! fir/ ma*9e = g5]at+ electricity4 ,x consi/$ ( a ball ( sulphur rotat$ on an axis1 & :i* 0 electrifi$ by friction ( ! h&1 ! ball receiv+ negative electricity :ile ! positive fl[$ ?r\gh ! p]son to ! e>?4 ,) ?is ma*9e 8he he>d ! fir/ s\nd & saw ! fir/ light 9 artificially excit$ electricity40 ,! ma*9e 0 improv$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton & o!rs1 & be=e ! close ( t c5tury 0 put into sub/antially its pres5t =m ( a r\nd glass plate rotat$ betwe5 insulat$ lea!r cu%ions coat$ ) an amalgam ( t9 & z9c1 ! positive or vitre\s electricity ?us develop$ be+ accumulat$ on two l>ge holl[ brass cyl9d]s ) globul> ends1 support$ on glass pill>s4 ,gray 9 #agbi discov]$ ! conductive p[] ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 & t ! electrical influ5ce c\ld be convey$ to a di/ance by means ( an insulat$ wire4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! electric telegraph4 ,dufay1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] & au?or1 :o 9 #agcc-agcg wrote ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 01 x seems1 ! fir/ to obs]ve electrical attractions & repulsions2 t electrifi$ res9\s sub/ances repell$ l sub/ances :ile !y attract$ bodies electrifi$ by contact ) glass2 & he1 !re=e1 to ! latt] appli$ ! t]m vitre\s electricity & to ! =m] ! t]m res9\s electricity4 ,9 #agde ,pr(4 ,mus*5broeck ( ,leyd5 ,univ]sity develop$ ! celebrat$ ,leyd5 j>4 ,?is is a glass j> coat$ bo? inside & outside ) t9foil = ab\t f\r-fif?s ( its height4 ,its m\? is clos$ ) a cork ?r\gh :i* is pass$ a metallic rod1 t]m9at+ above 9 a knob & connect$ bel[ ) ! inn] coat+ by a *a9 or a piece ( t9foil4 ,if ! inn] coat+ be connect$ ) an electrical ma*9e & ! out] coat+ ) ! e>?1 a curr5t ( electricity is e/abli%$1 & ! inn] coat+ receives :at is call$ a positive & ! out] coat+ a negative *>ge4 ,on connect+ ! two surfaces by means ( a metallic dis*>g] hav+ a non-conduct+ h&le a sp>k is obta9$4 ,?us ! ,leyd5 j> is bo? a collector & a cond5s] ( electricity4 ,on arrang+ a s]ies ( su* j>s & jo9+ _! out] & inn] surfaces1 & connect+ ! s]ies ) an electrical ma*9e1 a batt]y is obta9$ ( great] or less p[] accord+ to ! numb] ( j>s employ$ & ! ext5t ( supply f ! ma*9e4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ,leyd5 j> 0 discov]$ by accid5t4 ,cuneus1 a pupil ( ,mus*5broeck1 0 "o day try+ to *>ge "s wat] 9 a glass bottle ) electricity by connect+ x ) a *a9 to ! sp>k+ knob ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,hold+ ! bottle 9 "o h& he arrang$ ! *a9 ) ! o!r1 & receiv$ a viol5t %ock4 ,8 tea*] !n tri$ ! exp]im5t himself1 ) a /ill liveli] & m conv9c+ result1 :]eupon he decl>$ t he w\ld n repeat ! trial = ! :ole ,k+dom ( ,france4 ,:5 ! sci5ce ( /atic electricity 0 ?us f> develop$1 ) a ma*9e = g5]at+ x & a collector to receive x1 _m exp]im5ts foll[$4 ,*>les ,morrison 9 #agec1 9 ! ,scots ,magaz9e1 propos$ a telegraph sy/em ( insulat$ wires ) a correspond+ numb] ( *>act]s to be signall$ betwe5 two /ations4 ,o!r s*emes 7 propos$ at diff]5t times d[n to ! close ( ! c5tury4 ,frankl9 records among sev]al o!r exp]im5ts ) frictional electricity accumulat$ by ! ,leyd5 j> batt]y ! foll[+ results1 produc$ *iefly by himself3 ,! exi/5ce ( an attractive & a repulsive action ( electricity2 ! re/oration ( ! equilibrium ( electrical =ce betwe5 electrifi$ & non-electrifi$ bodies1 or betwe5 bodies diff]5tly suppli$ ) ! =ce2 ! electroscope1 a body *>g$ ) electricity & us$ to indicate ! pres5ce & condition ( electricity 9 ano!r body2 ! production ( "w1 z ! turn+ ( :eels1 by :i* x 0 propos$ a spit = roa/+ meat might be =m$1 & ! r++ ( *imes by a :eel1 :i* 0 done2 ! fir+ ( gunp[d]1 ! fir+ ( wood1 res9 & spirits2 ! draw+ (f a *>ge f electrifi$ bodies at a ne> di/ance by po9t$ rods2 ! heat+ & melt+ ( metals2 ! production ( light2 ! magnetis+ ( ne$les & ( b>s ( iron1 giv+ rise to ! analogy ( magnetism & electricity4 ,frankl91 :o _h gone ?us f>1 & :o also _h drawn ! lightn+ f ! cl\ds1 id5tifi$ x z electricity1 & taught ! mode ( its subjection1 felt *agr9$ t m _h n be5 done ) ?is subtle ag5t 9 ! s]vice ( man4 ,he believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! day-spr+ ( sci5ce 0 op5+1 & he seem$ to h caught "s reflection ( its com+ light4 ,obs]v+ ! return to life & activity ( "s flies long imprison$ 9 a bottle ( ,madeira w9e & :i* he re/or$ by exposure to ! sun & air1 he wrote t he %\ld l to be imm]s$ at dea? ) a few fri5ds 9 a cask ( ,madeira1 to be recall$ to life a hundr$ ye>s !nce to obs]ve ! /ate ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x w\ld n h be5 necess>y = him to h be5 embalm$ t l5g? ( "t to h witness$ "s great developm5ts ( 8 favorite sci5ce4 ,he di$ 9 #agij1 & x has be5 said t !re 0 m real progress 9 ?is sci5ce 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ?an 9 all previ\s c5turies put toge!r4 ,be=e op5+ ! door ( ! #ai? c5tury1 let u glance at "o m exp]im5t 9 ! #ah?3 ,:ile ! ag$ ,frankl9 0 dy+1 ,dr4 ,luigi ,galvani ( ,bologna1 an ,italian physician1 m$ical lectur]1 & le>n$ au?or1 0 prep>+ = publication 8 celebrat$ "w1 ,de viribus ,electricitatis 9 ,motu ,muscul>i ,comm5t>ius1 9 :i* he describ$ 8 discov]y made a few ye>s be=e ( ! action ( ! electric curr5t on ! legs & sp9al column ( a frog hung on a copp] nail4 ,?is discov]y at once excit$ ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s1 b 9 ! abs5ce ( any imm$iate practical results ! multitude dubb$ him ! 8frog philosoph]40 ,he proce$$ ) 8 exp]im5ts on animals & animal matt]1 & develop$ ! doctr9e & !ories ( :at is kn[n z animal or galvanic electricity4 ,8 fell[ c\ntryman & contempor>y1 ,pr(4 ,volta ( ,pavia1 took decid$ issue ) ,galvani & ma9ta9$ t ! pret5d$ animal electricity 0 no?+ b electricity develop$ by ! contact ( two diff]5t metals4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations & discov]ies h e/abli%$ ! fact t bo? !ories h tru? = _! basis1 & t electricity is develop$ bo? by muscul> & n]v\s en]gy z well z by *emical action4 ,9 #agii ,volta inv5t$ 8 celebrat$ pile1 consi/+ ( alt]nate disks ( copp] & z9c sep>at$ by a clo? moi/5$ ) a dilute acid2 & soon aft] an arrangem5t ( cups--ea* conta9+ a dilute acid & a copp] & a z9c plate plac$ a little di/ance ap>t1 & ?us disp5s+ ) ! clo?4 ,9 bo? in/ances he connect$ ! end plate ( "o k9d ) ! opposite end plate ( ! o!r k9d by a wire1 & 9 bo? arrangem5ts produc$ a curr5t ( electricity4 ,to ! discov]ies1 exp]im5ts1 & disputes ( ,galvani & ,volta & to ^? ( _! respective adh]5ts1 ! way 0 op5$ to ! spl5did electrical inv5tions ( ! c5tury1 & ! discov]y ( a new _w ( light1 heat1 spee* & p[]4 ,! discov]ies ( ,galvani & ,volta at once set lead+ sci5ti/s at "w4 ,fabroni ( ,flor5ce1 & ,sir ,humphry ,davy & ,wolla/on ( ,engl&1 comm5c$ int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 %[+ t rapid oxidation & *emical decomposition ( ! metals took place 9 ! voltaic pile4 ,by ! discov]ies ( ,galvani ! physicians & physiologi/s 7 greatly excit$1 & believ$ t by ?is new vital p[] ! nature ( all k9ds ( n]v\s diseases c\ld be explor$ & ! rem$y appli$4 ,volta's discov]y excit$ ! *emi/s4 ,if two dissimil> metals c\ld be decompos$ & p[] at ! same "t produc$ !y cont5d$ t practical "w might be done ) ! =ce4 ,9 #ahjj ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle decompos$ wat] by pass+ ! electric curr5t ?r\gh ! same2 ,ritt] decompos$ copp] sulphate1 & ,davy decompos$ ! alkalies1 pota% & soda4 ,?us ! art ( electrolysis--! decomposition ( sub/ances by ! galvanic curr5t1 0 e/abli%$4 ,lat] ,f>aday laid d[n its laws4 ,naturally inv5tions sprung up 9 new =ms ( batt]ies4 ,! pile & cup batt]y ( ,volta _h be5 succe$$ by ! tr\gh batt]y--a long box fill$ ) sep>at$ plates set 9 dilute acid4 ,! tr\gh batt]y 0 us$ by ,sir ,humphry ,davy 9 8 s]ies ( great exp]im5ts--#ahjf-ahjh--;9 :i* he isolat$ ! metallic bases1 calcium1 sodium1 potassium1 etc4 ,x consi/$ ( #bjjj d\ble plates ( copp] & z9c1 ea* hav+ a surface ( #cb squ>e in*es4 ,) ?is same tr\gh batt]y ,davy 9 #ahab produc$ ! fir/ electric c>bon light1 ! bright h]ald ( lat] glories4 ,among ! mo/ not$ new batt]ies 7 ,daniell's1 ,grove's & ,buns5's4 ,!y are call$ ! 8two fluid batt]ies10 because 9 place ( a s+le acidulat$ ba? 9 :i* ! dissimil> metals 7 be=e plac$1 two diff]5t liquid solutions 7 employ$4 ,john ,fr$]ick ,daniell ( ,london1 not$ = 8 great "w1 ,meteorological ,essays1 & o!r sci5tific publications1 & z ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,k+'s ,college1 9 #ahcf1 describ$ h[ a p[]ful & con/ant curr5t ( electricity may be cont9u$ = an unlimit$ p]iod by a batt]y compos$ ( z9c /&+ 9 an acid solution & a %eet ( copp] 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]4 ,sir ,william ,rob]t ,grove1 fir/ an ,engli% physician1 !n an em95t lawy]1 & !n a pr(essor ( natural philosophy1 & ! fir/ to ann\nce ! great !ory ( ! ,correlation ( ,physical ,=ces1 9 #ahci produc$ 8 batt]y1 mu* m p[]ful ?an any previ\s "o1 & /ill 9 g5]al use4 ,9 x z9c & plat9um are ! metals us$--! z9c b5t into cyl9drical =m & plac$ 9 a glass j> conta9+ a weak solution ( sulphuric acid1 :ile ! plat9um /&s 9 a por\s j> hold+ /rong nitric acid & surr\nd$ by ! z9c4 ,among ! electrical discov]ies ( ,grove 7 ! decomposition by electricity ( wat] into free oxyg5 & hydrog51 ! electricity ( ! flame ( ! bl[-pipe1 electrical action produc$ by proximity1 )\t contact1 ( dissimil> metals1 molecul> movem5ts induc$ 9 metals by ! electric curr5t1 & ! conv]sion ( electricity into me*anical =ce4 ,rob]t ,wilhelm ,buns51 a ,g]man *emi/ & philosoph] & sci5tific writ]1 :o inv5t$ "s ( ! mo/ important aids to sci5tific rese>* ( ! c5tury1 :o con/ruct$ ! be/ work+ *emical laboratory on ! cont95t & f\nd$ ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ools ( *emi/ry 9 ,europe1 inv5t$ a batt]y1 sometimes call$ ! c>bon batt]y1 9 :i* ! exp5sive pole ( plat9um 9 ! ,grove batt]y is replac$ by "o ( c>bon4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is comb9ation gave a great] curr5t ?an t ( z9c & plat9um4 ,a great v>iety ( useful voltaic batt]ies h s9ce be5 devis$ by o!rs1 too num]\s to be m5tion$ "h4 ,!re is ano!r =m ( batt]y hav+ = its object ! /or+ ( en]gy by electrolysis1 & lib]at+ x :5 desir$1 9 ! =m ( an electric curr5t1 & kn[n z an accumulator1 or second>y1 pol>ization1 or /orage batt]y4 ,pr(4 ,ritt] _h notic$ t ! two plates ( metal :i* furni%$ ! electric curr5t1 :5 plac$ 9 ! acid liquid & unit$1 c\ld 9 !mselves furni% a curr5t1 & ! inv5t+ ( /orage batt]ies 0 ?us produc$4 ,! pr9cipal ones ( ?is class are ,gu/ave ,plant's ( #ahfj & ,m4 ,camille ,faure's ( #ahhj4 ,^! h /ill fur!r be5 improv$4 ,/ill ano!r =m are ! !rmo-electric batt]ies1 9 :i* ! electro-motive =ce is produc$ by ! jo9+ ( two diff]5t metals1 connect+ !m by a wire & heat+ _! junctions4 ,?us1 an electric curr5t is obta9$ directly f heat1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iate processes ( boil+ wat] to produce /eam1 us+ ?is /eam to drive an eng9e1 & us+ ?is eng9e to turn a dynamo ma*9e to produce p[]4 ,b let u retrace our /eps3--,z previ\sly /at$1 ,frankl9 _h exp]im5t$ ) frictional electricity on ne$les1 & _h magnetis$ & pol>is$ !m & notic$ _! deflection2 & ,lesage _h e/abli%$ an exp]im5tal telegraph at ,g5eva by ! same k9d ( electricity m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b frictional electricity c\ld n be transmitt$ ) p[] ov] long di/ances1 & 0 = practical purposes uncontrollable by reason ( its great diffusion ov] surfaces1 :ile voltaic electricity 0 f\nd to be m int5se & c\ld be develop$ ) great p[] along a wire = any di/ance4 ,f9e wires _h be5 heat$ & ev5 melt$ by ,frankl9 by frictional electricity1 & n[ ,ritt]1 ,pfaff & o!rs obs]v$ ! same effect produc$ on ! conduct+ wires by a voltaic curr5t2 & ,curtet1 on clos+ ! passage ) a piece ( *>coal1 produc$ a brilliant light1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,davy's light already m5tion$4 ,z e>ly z #ahjb an ,italian savant1 ,gian ,d4 ,romagnosi ( ,tr5t1 le>n+ ( ,volta's discov]y1 obs]v$ & ann\nc$ 9 a public pr9t ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le :5 plac$ ne> a p>allel conductor ( ! galvanic curr5t4 ,9 ! ye>s #ahai & #ahbj s _m brilliant discov]ies & inv5tions 7 made by em95t m51 indep5d5tly & toge!r1 & at su* ne> & di/ant places1 t x is h>d tell+ :o & :i* 0 fir/4 ,x 0 9 #ahai t ! celebrat$ ,dani% physici/1 ,o]/$ ( ,cop5hag51 r$iscov]$ ! ph5om5a t ! voltaic curr5t w\ld deflect a magnetic ne$le1 & t ! ne$le w\ld turn at "r angles to ! wire4 ,9 #ahbj ,pr(4 ,s4 ,c4 ,s*weigg] ( ,halle discov]$ t ?is deflect+ =ce 0 increas$ :5 ! wire 0 w\nd sev]al times r\nd ! ne$le1 & ?us he inv5t$ ! magnetis+ helix4 ,he also !n inv5t$ a galvano-magnetic indicator 7a s+le-wire circuit7 by giv+ ! insulat$ wire a numb] ( turns ar\nd an elongat$ frame longitud9ally enclos+ ! compass ne$le1 ?us multiply+ ! effect ( ! curr5t ^u ! s5sitive ne$le1 & conv]t+ x into a practical measur+ in/rum5t--kn[n z ! galvanomet]1 & us$ to obs]ve ! /r5g? ( curr5ts4 ,9 ! same ye> ,arago f\nd t iron fil+s 7 attract$ by a voltaic *>g$ wire2 & ,arago & ,davy t a piece ( s(t iron surr\nd$ spirally by a wire ?r\gh :i* su* a curr5t 0 pass$ w\ld become magnetic1 attract to x o!r metals :ile 9 t condition1 imm$iately drop !m ! in/ant ! curr5t ceas$1 & t su* curr5t w\ld p]man5tly magnetise a /eel b>4 ,! elem5ts ( ! electro-magnet _h ?us be5 produc$4 ,x 0 9 t ye> t ,ampre discov]$ t magnetism is ! circulation ( curr5ts ( electricity at "r angles to ! axis ( ! ne$le or b> jo9+ ! two poles ( ! magnet4 ,he !n laid d[n ! laws ( int]action betwe5 magnets & electrical curr5ts1 & 9 ?is same ye> he propos$ an electric-magneto telegraph consi/+ ( ! comb9ation ( a voltaic batt]y1 conduct+ wires1 & magnetic ne$les1 "o ne$le = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,! discov]ies ( ,ampre z to ! laws ( electricity h be5 lik5$ to ! discov]y ( ,newton ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,/ill no practical result1 t is1 no useful ma*9e1 _h be5 produc$ by ! electro-magnet4 ,9 #ahbe ,/urgeon ( ,engl& b5t a piece ( wire into ! %ape ( a horse-%oe1 insulat$ x ) a coat+ ( seal+ wax1 w\nd a f9e copp] wire ar\nd x1 ?us mak+ a helix1 pass$ a galvanic curr5t ?r\gh ! helix1 & ?us inv5t$ ! fir/ practical electro-magnet4 ,b ,/urgeon's magnet 0 weak1 & c\ld n transmit p[] = m ?an fifty feet4 ,already1 h[ev]1 x _h be5 urg$ t ,/urgeon's magnet c\ld be us$ = telegraphic purposes1 & a futile trial 0 made4 ,9 ! field dur+ ?is decade also labor$ ! ,g]man pr(essors ,gauss & ,web]1 & ,b>on ,s*ill+ ( ,russia4 ,9 #ahbi ,pr(4 ,b>l[ ( ,engl& publi%$ an article 9 :i* he summ>is$ :at _h be5 done1 & sci5tifically demon/rat$ to 8 own satisfaction t an electro-magnetic telegraph 0 impracticable1 & 8 conclusion 0 accept$ by ! sci5tific _w z a fact4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 n ! fir/ nor ! la/ "t t sci5tific m5 _h pr$ict$ impracticabilities ) electricity :i* aft]w>ds blossom$ into full success4 ,b ev5 be=e ,pr(4 ,b>l[ 0 ?us arriv+ at 8 disc\rag+ conclusion1 ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry at ! ,albany ,in/itute 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york _h comm5c$ exp]im5ts :i* result$ 9 ! complete & successful demon/ration ( ! p[] ( electro-magnetism = n only telegraph purposes b = almo/ e advancem5t t has s9ce be5 _h 9 ?is bran* ( physics4 ,9 ,m>* #ahbi he exhibit$ at 8 ,in/itute ! magnetic 8spool0 or 8bobb910 t =m ( coil compos$ ( tightly-w\nd1 silk-cov]$ wire :i* he _h con/ruct$1 & :i* s9ce has be5 univ]sally employ$ = ne>ly e application ( electro-magnetism1 ( induction1 or ( magneto-electrics4 ,& 9 ! same ye> & 9 #ahcj he produc$ ^? p[]ful magnets ?r\gh :i* ! en]gy ( a galvanic batt]y 0 us$ to lift hundr$s ( tons ( weight4 ,9 view ( all ! facts n[ hi/orically e/abli%$1 !re c be no d\bt t previ\s to ,h5ry's exp]im5ts ! means = develop+ magnetism 9 s(t iron 7 imp]fectly und]/ood1 & t1 z f\nd by ,pr(4 ,b>l[1 ! electro-magnet :i* !n exi/$ 0 inapplicable & impracticable = ! transmission ( p[] to a di/ance4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry 0 ! fir/ to prove t a galvanic batt]y ( 8int5sity0 mu/ be employ$ to project ! curr5t ?r\gh a long conductor1 & t a magnet ( "o long wire mu/ be us$ to receive ?is curr5t2 ! fir/ to magnetise a piece ( s(t iron at a di/ance & call att5tion to its applicability to ! telegraph2 ! fir/ to actually s\nd a bell at a di/ance by means ( ! electro-magnet2 & ! fir/ to %[ t ! pr9ciples he develop$ 7 applicable & necess>y to ! practical op]ation ( an effective telegraph sy/em4 ,/urgeon1 ! p>5t ( ! electro-magnet1 on le>n+ ( ,h5ry's discov]ies & inv5tions1 wrote3 8,pr(essor ,h5ry has be5 enabl$ to produce a magnetic =ce :i* totally eclipses e o!r 9 ! :ole annals ( magnetism2 & no p>allel is to be f\nd s9ce ! miracul\s susp5sion ( ! celebrat$ ori5tal impo/or 9 8 iron c(f940 7,philosophical ,magaz9e & ,annals1 #ahcb47 ,! ?ird decade 0 n[ prep>$ = ! developm5t ( ! telegraph4 ,z to ! telegraph 9 its broade/ s5se1 z a means = convey+ intellig5ce to a di/ance quickly & )\t a mess5g]1 successful exp]im5ts ( t k9d h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times3--f ! signal fires ( ! anci5ts2 f ! flag signals betwe5 %ips at sea1 introduc$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! ,duke ( ,york1 !n ,admiral ( ! ,engli% fleet1 & aft]w>ds ,james ,,ii ( ,engl&2 f ! semaphore telegraph ( ,m4 ,*appe1 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #agid1 consi/+ ( b>s pivot$ to an upright /ation>y po/1 & made to sw+ v]tically or horizontally to indicate c]ta9 signals2 & f _m o!r =ms ( e>li] & lat] days4 ,z to electricity z an ag5t = ! transmission ( signals1 ! idea dates1 z already /at$1 f ! discov]y ( ,/eph5 ,gray 9 #agbi1 t ! electrical influ5ce c\ld be convey$ to a di/ance by ! means ( an insulat$ wire4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! practical sugge/ions ( ,frankl9 & o!rs4 ,b :51 z we h se51 voltaic electricity ent]$ ! field1 electricity became a m p[]ful & tractable s]vant1 & di/ant intellig5t signals became "o ( its fir/ labors4 ,! second decade 0 also made notable by ! discov]y & e/abli%m5t by ,george ,simon ,ohm1 a ,g]man pr(essor ( ,physics1 ( ! fundam5tal ma!matical law ( electricity3 ,x has be5 express$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 7a7 ! curr5t /r5g? is equal to ! electro-motive =ce divid$ by ! resi/ance2 7b7 ! =ce is equal to ! curr5t /r5g? multipli$ by ! resi/ance2 7c7 ! resi/ance is equal to ! =ce divid$ by ! curr5t /r5g?4 ,! hi/orical developm5t & evolution ( ! telegraph may be n[ summ>iz$3-- #a4 ,! discov]y ( galvanic electricity by ,galvani--#aghf-agij4 #b4 ,! galvanic or voltaic batt]y by ,volta 9 #ahjj4 #c4 ,! galvanic influ5ce on a magnetic ne$le by ,romagnosi 7#ahjb7 ,o]/$ 7#ahbj74 #d4 ,! galvanomet] ( ,s*weigg]1 #ahbj--! p>5t ( ! ne$le sy/em4 #e4 ,! electro-magnet by ,arago & ,/urgeon--#ahbj-ahbe--! p>5t ( ! magnet sy/em4 ,!n foll[$ 9 ! ?ird decade ! important s]ies ( /eps 9 ! evolution1 consi/+ (3-- ,fir/1 & mo/ vital1 ,h5ry's discov]y 9 #ahbi & #ahcj ( ! 8int5sity0 or spool-w\nd magnet1 & its intimate relation to ! 8int5sity0 batt]y1 & ! subord9ate use ( an armature z ! signall+ device4 ,second1 ,gauss's improvem5t 9 #ahcc 7or probably ,s*ill+'s consid]ably e>li]7 ( r$uc+ ! electric conductors to a s+le circuit by ! +5i\s use ( a dual sign s comb9$ z to produce a true alphabet4 ,?ird1 ,web]'s discov]y 9 #ahcc t ! conduct+ wires ( an electric telegraph c\ld be effici5tly c>ri$ ?r\gh ! air )\t any insulation except at _! po9ts ( support4 ,f\r?1 ,daniell's inv5tion ( a 8con/ant0 galvanic batt]y 9 #ahcf4 ,fif?1 ,/e9heil's rem>kable discov]y 9 #ahcg t ! e>? may =m ! return+ half ( a clos$ galvanic circuit1 s t a s+le conduct+ wire is suffici5t = all telegraphic purposes4 ,six?1 ,morse's adaptation ( ! armature & electro-magnet ( ,h5ry z a record+ in/rum5t 9 #ahcg 9 connection ) 8 improvem5t 9 #ahch on ! ,s*ill+1 ,gauss & ,/e9heil alphabets by employ+ ! simple 8dot & da%0 alphabet 9 a s+le l9e4 ,he 0 also assi/$ by ! sugge/ions ( ,pr(s4 ,dana & ,gale4 ,to :i* mu/ be add$ 8 adoption ( ,alfr$ ,vail's improv$ alphabet1 & ,vail's practical sugge/ions 9 respect to ! record+ & o!r in/rum5talities4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ! ef=ts 9 ,engl&1 made almo/ simultane\sly ) ^? ( ,morse1 ( ,:eat/one & ,cook & ,davy1 :o 7 rea*+ ! same goal by some:at diff]5t r\tes4 ,morse 9 #ahcg comm5c$ to put ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts & inve/igations 9 ! =m ( caveats1 applications & lett]s pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,europe4 ,he /ruggl$ h>d aga9/ indiff]5ce & pov]ty to introduce 8 inv5tion to ! _w4 ,x 0 n until #ahdd t he r$uc$ x to a comm]cial practical success4 ,he !n laid a telegraph f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore "u ! auspices ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 :i* aft] long hesitation appropriat$ #cj1jjj = ! purpose4 ,x 0 on ! #bd? day ( ,may1 #ahdd1 t ! fir/ =mal message 0 transmitt$ on ?is l9e betwe5 ! two cities & record$ by ! electro-magnet 9 ! dot & da% alphabet1 & ?is 0 imm$iately foll[$ by o!r messages on ! same l9e4 ,morse ga!r$ freely f all s\rces ( :i* he c\ld avail himself k ( :at _h gone be=e4 ,he 0 n a sci5tific discov]]1 b an inv5tor1 :o1 add+ a few ideas ( 8 own to :at _h be=e be5 discov]$1 0 ! fir/ to comb9e !m 9 a practical useful device4 ,:at he did z an inv5tor1 & :at anyone may d to con/itute himself an inv5tor1 by giv+ to ! _w a device :i* is useful 9 ! daily "w ( mank9d1 z di/+ui%$ f ! sci5tific discov]] :o /ops %ort ( successful indu/rial "w1 is ?us /at$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt 9 an op9ion su/a9+ ! validity ( 8 pat5ts1 aft] all ! previ\s art _h be5 produc$ be=e x3-- 8,nei!r c ! inquiries he made nor ! in=mation or advice he receiv$ f m5 ( sci5ce 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es impair 8 "r to ! "* ( an inv5tor4 ,no inv5tion c possibly be made1 consi/+ ( a comb9ation ( diff]5t elem5ts ( p[]1 )\t a ?or\gh k ( ! prop]ties ( ea* ( !m1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y op]ate on ea* o!r4 ,& x c make no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect1 :e!r he d]ives 8 in=mation f books1 or f conv]sation ) m5 skill$ 9 ! sci5ce4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 no pat5t 9 :i* a comb9ation ( diff]5t elem5ts is us$ w\ld ev] be obta9$1 = no man ev] made su* an inv5tion )\t hav+ fir/ obta9$ ?is in=mation1 unless x 0 discov]$ by "s =tunate accid5t4 ,& x is evid5t t su* an inv5tion z ! electro-magnetic telegraph c\ld nev] h be5 br\ght into action )\t x2 = a v high degree ( sci5tific k & ! nice/ skill 9 ! me*anic arts are comb9$ 9 x1 & 7 bo? necess>y to br+ x into successful op]ation4 ,! fact t ,morse s\ght & obta9$ ! necess>y in=mation & c\nsel f ! be/ s\rces1 & act$ ^u x1 nei!r impairs 8 rights z an inv5tor nor detracts f 8 m]its40--,o',reilly vs4 ,morse1 #e ,h[>d4 ,! comb9ation con/itut+ ,morse's inv5tion compris$ a ma9 wire circuit to transmit ! curr5t ?r\gh its :ole l5g? :5ev] clos$2 a ma9 galvanic batt]y to supply ! curr5t2 op]at+ keys to break & close ! ma9 circuit2 (fice circuits2 a circuit ( conductors & batt]ies at ea* (fice to record ! message !re2 receiv+ spr+ lev] magnets to close an (fice circuit :5 a curr5t passes ?r\gh ! ma9 circuit2 adju/+ screws to v>y ! =ce ( ! ma9 curr5t2 m>k+ app>atus1 consi/+ ( po9t$ pieces ( wire1 to ind5t dots & l9es ^u pap]2 clockwork to move ! pap] ind5t$2 & magnet s\nd]s to develop ! p[] ( ! po9t] & ( ! armatures to produce audible di/+ui%able s\nds4 ,x 0 soon le>n$ by op]ators h[ to di/+ui% ! signs or lett]s s5t by ! l5g? ( ! 8click0 ( ! armature1 & by ?us read+ by s\nd ! read+ ( ! signs on pap] 0 disp5s$ )1 & ! device became an electric-magnetic ac\/ic telegraph4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,morse sy/em has be5 improv$1 b its fundam5tal pr9ciples rema91 & _! _w-wide use con/itute /ill ! daily evid5ce ( ! imm5se value ( ! inv5tion to mank9d4 ,be=e ! #ahdd r$uction to practice1 ,morse _h orig9at$ & laid ! fir/ subm>9e telegraph4 ,?is 0 9 ,new ,york h>b\r 9 #ahdb4 ,9 a lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahdc1 he also sugge/$ ! project ( an ,atlantic telegraph4 ,:ile ,h5ry 0 busy ) 8 great magnets & ,morse /ruggl+ to introduce 8 telegraph1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday 0 mak+ ^? inve/igations & discov]ies :i* 7 to result 9 ! application ( electricity to ! s]vice ( man 9 /ill wid] & gr&] fields4 ,f>aday 0 a *emi/1 & ,davy's mo/ brilliant pupil & effici5t assi/ant4 ,8 e>lie/ exp]im5ts 7 9 ! l9e ( electrolysis4 ,?is 0 ab\t #ahbb1 b x 0 n until #ahca t he began to devote 8 brilliant tal5ts z an exp]im5tali/ & lectur] :olly to electrical rese>*es1 & = a qu>t] ( a c5tury 8 pati5t1 wond]ful lab\rs & discov]ies cont9u$4 ,x has be5 said t 8al?\gh ,o]/$ 0 ! discov]] ( electro-magnetism & ,ampre its exp\nd]1 ,f>aday made ! sci5ce ( magnets electrically :at x is at ! pres5t day40 ,great magnetic p[] hav+ be5 develop$ by pass+ a galvanic curr5t ar\nd a b> ( s(t iron1 ,f>aday conclud$ t x 0 reasonable to suppose t z me*anical action is accompani$ by an equal am\nt ( reaction1 electricity ought to be evolv$ f magnetism4 8,x 0 9 #ahca t ,f>aday demon/rat$ be=e ! ,royal ,society t if a magnetiz$ b> ( /eel be introduc$ into ! c5tre ( a helix ( insulat$ wire1 !re is at ! mom5t ( introduction ( ! magnet a curr5t ( electricity set up 9 a c]ta9 direction 9 ! insulat$ wire =m+ ! helix1 :ile on ! )drawal ( ! magnet f ! helix a curr5t 9 an opposite direction takes place4 8,he also discov]$ t ! same ph5om5on 0 to be obs]v$ if = ! magnet 0 sub/itut$ a coil ( insulat$ wire1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t f a voltaic elem5t 0 pass+2 & fur!r t :5 an insulat$ coil ( wire 0 made to revolve be=e ! poles ( a p]man5t magnet1 electric curr5ts 7 induc$ 9 ! wires ( ! coil40--,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,on ^! discov]ies 7 bas$ ! action ( all magneto-dynamo electric ma*9es--ma*9es t h enabl$ ! _w to conv]t ! en]gy ( a /eam eng9e 9 its /all1 or a di/ant wat]fall1 into electric en]gy = ! p]=mance ( ! h]culean lab\rs ( light+ a great city1 or an ocean-b\nd ligh?\se1 or transport+ quickly heavy loads ( p or freight up & d[n & to & fro ^u ! e>?4 ,z be=e /at$1 ,f>aday 0 also ! fir/ to proclaim ! laws ( electrolysis1 or electro-*emical decomposition4 ,he express$ conviction t ! =ces t]m$ *emical aff9ity & electricity are "o & ! same4 ,subsequ5tly ! great ,helmholtz1 hav+ prov$ by exp]im5t t 9 ! ph5om5a ( electrolysis no o!r =ce acts b ! mutual attractions ( ! atomic electric *>ges1 came to ! conclusion1 8t ! v mightie/ among ! *emical =ces are ( electric orig940 ,f>aday hav+ demon/rat$ by 8 exp]im5ts t *emical decomposition1 electricity1 magnetism1 heat & light1 are all int]-conv]tible & correlat$ =ces1 ! inv5tors ( ! age 7 n[ ready to /ep =w>d & put ^! !ories at "w 9 ma*9es 9 ! s]vice ( man4 ,f>aday 0 a lead] 9 ! field ( discov]y4 ,he left to inv5tors ! practical application ( 8 discov]ies4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry 9 ,am]ica 01 contemporane\sly ) ,f>aday1 develop+ electricity by means ( magnetic induction4 ,9 #ahcb1 ,pixii1 a philosophical in/rum5t-mak] ( ,p>is1 & ,joseph ,saxton1 an ,am]ican !n resid+ 9 ,london1 inv5t$ & con/ruct$ magneto-ma*9es on ,f>aday's pr9ciple ( r5d]+ magnetic a core ( s(t iron surr\nd$ ) insulat$ wire f a p]man5t magnet1 & rapidly rev]s+ its pol>ity1 :i* ma*9es 7 us$ to produce sp>ks1 decompose liquids & metals1 & fire combu/ible bodies4 ,saxton's ma*9e 0 ! well-kn[n electric %ock ma*9e op]at$ by turn+ a crank4 ,a simil> device is n[ us$ = r++ telephone call bells4 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g4 ,page ( ,wa%+ton & ,ruhmkorff ( ,p>is ea* made a ma*9e1 well kn[n z ! ,ruhmkorff coil1 by :i* int5se electro-magnetic curr5ts by induction 7 produc$4 ,! production ( electrical illum9ation 0 n[ talk$ ( m ?an ev]4 ,sci5ti/s & inv5tors n[ _h two =ms ( electrical ma*9es to produce light3 ! voltaic batt]y & ! magneto-electric app>atus4 ,b a p]iod ( comp>ative re/ took place 9 ?is l9e until #ahej1 :5 ,pr(4 ,nollet ( ,brussels made an ef=t to produce a p[]ful magneto-electric ma*9e = decompos+ wat] into its elem5ts ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 :i* gases 7 !n to be us$ 9 produc+ ! lime light2 & a company kn[n z 8,! ,alliance0 0 organiz$ at ,p>is to make l>ge ma*9es = ! production ( light4 ,we h se5 t ,davy produc$ a brilliant electric light ) two pieces ( *>coal 9 ! electric circuit ( a voltaic batt]y4 ,gre5] & ,/aite reviv$ ?is idea 9 a pat5t 9 #ahde4 ,%ortly aft] ,nollet's ma*9e1 ,f4 ,h4 ,holmes ( ,engl& improv$ x & appli$ ! curr5t directly to ! production ( electric light betwe5 c>bon po9ts4 ,& ,holmes & ,f>aday 9 #aheg prep>$ ?is ma*9e = use4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #h1 #aheh1 ! fir/ practical electric light1 ! "w ( ,f>aday & ,holmes1 fla%$ ov] ! tr\bl$ sea f ! ,s\? ,=el& ,ligh?\se4 ,on ,june #f1 #ahfb1 ?is light 0 also introduc$ into ! ligh?\se at ,dung5ess1 ,engl&4 ,! same light 0 introduc$ 9 ,fr5* ligh?\ses 9 ,decemb]1 #ahfc1 & also 9 ! "w on ! docks ( ,*]b\rg4 ,at ?is "t ,g]many 0 also awake to ! importance ( ?is inv5tion1 & ,dr4 ,w]n] ,siem5s ( ,b]l9 0 at "w develop+ a ma*9e = ! purpose into "o ( less co/ & ( great] use4 ,inv5tors 7 n yet satisfi$ ) ! p[] develop$ f ei!r ! voltaic batt]y or ! magneto-electric ma*9e1 & cont9u$ to improve ! latt]4 ,9 #ahfg1 ! same ye> t ,f>aday di$1 & too late = him to witness its glory1 came out ! mo/ p[]ful magneto-electric ma*9e t _h yet be5 produc$4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,wilde ( ,london1 & consi/$ ( v l>ge electro-magnets1 or field magnets1 receiv+ _! electric p[] f ! 8l9es ( =ce0 discov]$ by ,f>aday1 radiat+ f ! poles ( a s(t iron magnet1 comb9$ ) a small magneto-electric ma*9e hav+ p]man5t magnets1 & by :i* ! curr5t develop$ 9 ! small] ma*9e 0 s5t ?r\gh ! coils ( ! l>g] magnets4 ,by ?is me?od ! magnetic =ce 0 va/ly multipli$1 & electricity 0 produc$ 9 su* abundance z to fuse ?ick iron wire fifte5 in*es long & "o-f\r? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & to develop a magnific5t arc light4 ,quickly succe$+ ! ,wilde ma*9e came indep5d5t inv5tions 9 ! same direction f ,messrs4 ,g4 ,f>m] ( ,salem1 ,mass41 ,alfr$ ,y>ley & ,pr(4 ,*>les ,:eat/one ( ,engl&1 & ,dr4 ,siem5s ( ,b]l91 & ,ladd ( ,am]ica4 ,^! inv5tors conceiv$ & put 9 practice ! great idea ( employ+ ! curr5t f an electro-magnetic ma*9e to excite its own electric magnet4 ,!y 7 ?us t]m$ 8self-excit+40 ,! idea 0 t ! commutator 7an in/rum5t to *ange ! direction1 /r5g? or circuit ( ! curr5t7 %\ld be s connect$ ) ! coils ( ! field magnets t all or a "p ( ! curr5t develop$ 9 ! armature w\ld fl[ ?r\gh ^! coils1 s t all p]man5t magnets might be disp5s$ )1 & ! ma*9e us$ to excite itself or *>ge its own field magnets )\t ! aid ( any outside *>g+ or fe$+ me*anism4 ,mr4 ,z4 ,gramme1 ( ,france1 a little lat] ?an ,wilde made a great improvem5t4 ,previ\sly1 ma*9es furni%$ only mom5t>y curr5ts ( v>y+ /r5g? & pol>ity2 & ^! int]mitt5t curr5ts 7 h>d to control )\t loss 9 ! /r5g? ( curr5t & ! frequ5t production ( sp>ks4 ,gramme produc$ a ma*9e 9 :i*1 al?\gh z 9 o!r ma*9es ! magnetic field ( =ce 0 creat$ by a p[]ful magnet1 yet ! armature 0 a r+ made ( s(t iron rods1 & surr\nd$ by an endless coil ( wire1 & made to revolve betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet ) great rapidity1 produc+ a con/ant curr5t 9 "o direction4 ,by ,f>aday's discov]y1 :5 ! coil ( ! clos$ circuit 0 mov$ be=e ! poles ( ! magnet1 ! curr5t 0 c>ri$ half ! "t 9 "o direction & half 9 ! o!r1 con/itut+ :at is call$ an alt]nat+ curr5t4 ,gramme employ$ ! commutator to make ! curr5t direct in/ead ( alt]nat+4 ,dynamo-electric ma*9es = practical "w ( _m k9ds _h n[ be5 born & gr[n to /r5g?4 ,9 addition to ^! & _m o!r electrical ma*9es ?is c5tury has discov]$ sev]al ways by :i* ! electricity develop$ by su* ma*9es may be conv]t$ into light4 ,i4 ,by means ( two c>bon conductors betwe5 :i* passes a s]ies ( int5sely brilliant sp>ks :i* =m a species ( flame kn[n z ! voltaic arc1 & ! heat ( :i* is m int5se ?an t f any o!r kn[n artificial s\rce4 ,,ii4 ,by means ( a rod ( c>bon or kaol91 /rip ( plat9um or iridium1 a c>bon filam5t1 or o!r sub/ance plac$ betwe5 two conductors1 ! resi/ance oppos$ by su* rod1 /rip1 or filam5t to ! passage ( ! curr5t be+ s great z to develop heat to ! po9t ( inc&esc5ce1 & produce a /eady :ite & pure light4 ,attempts also h be5 made to produce illum9ation by :at is call$ /ratifi$ light produc$ by ! electric dis*>ge pass+ ?r\gh tubes conta9+ v>i\s gases4 ,^! tubes are kn[n z ,geissl] tubes1 f _! inv5tor4 ,/ill ano!r me?od is ! production ( a cont9u\s light f a vibratory movem5t ( c>bon electrodes to & f ea* o!r1 produc+ a bright fla% at ea* sep>ation1 & ma9ta9+ ! sep>ations at su* a rate t ! effect ( ! light produc$ is cont9u\s4 ,b ^! additional me?ods d n appe> z yet to be comm]cially successful4 ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t be=e dynamo-magneto-electric ma*9es 7 us$ practically 9 ! production ( ! electric light = ! purposes ( illum9ation1 ! voltaic batt]y 0 us$ = ! same purpose1 b n economically4 ,! fir/ private dwell+ h\se ev] light$ 9 ,am]ica1 or d\btless any:]e else1 by electricity1 0 t ( ,moses ,g4 ,f>m]1 9 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 9 ! ye> #ahei4 ,a voltaic batt]y furni%$ ! curr5t to conduct+ wires :i* l$ to two electric lamps on ! mantel-piece ( ! draw+-room1 & 9 :i* /rips ( plat9um con/itut$ ! resi/+ & light+ m$ium4 ,a s(t1 mild1 agreeable light 0 produc$1 :i* 0 m delightful to read or sew by ?an any artificial light ev] be=e kn[n4 ,ei!r or bo? lamps c\ld be light$ by turn+ a button1 & !y 7 ma9ta9$ = sev]al weeks1 b 7 discont9u$ = ! reason t ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ !m 0 mu* great] ?an ( gas light4 ,x 0 9 connection ) ! effective dynamo-electric app>atus ( ,m4 ,gramme above ref]r$ to t ! electric c&le inv5t$ by ,m4 ,paul ,jablo*(f became soon !reaft] ext5sively employ$ = electric light+ 9 ,p>is1 & else:]e 9 ,europe4 ,?is inv5tion1 l ! great majority ( useful inv5tions1 is not$ = its simplicity4 ,x consi/s ( two c>bon p5cils plac$ side by side & insulat$ f ea* o!r by means ( a ?9 plate ( "s refractory mat]ial :i* is a non-conductor at ord9>y temp]atures1 b :i* becomes a conductor1 & consequ5tly a light1 :5 fus$ by ! action ( a p[]ful curr5t4 ,pla/] ( ,p>is 0 f\nd to be ! mo/ suitable mat]ial = ?is purpose1 & ! light produc$ 0 s(t1 mell[1 slightly rose-col\r$1 & q agreeable to ! eye4 ,x hav+ be5 f\nd t c>bon 0 bett] adapt$ = light+ purposes ?an plat9um or o!r metals1 by reason ( its great] radiat+ p[] = equal temp]atures1 & /ill great] infusibility at high temp]atures1 inv5tors turn$ _! att5tion to ! production ( ! be/ c>bon lamp4 ,! two po9t$ pieces ( h>d conduct+ c>bon us$ = ! sep>at$ t]m9als con/itute ! voltaic arc light--a light only excell$ 9 int5se brilliancy by ! sun itself4 ,x is necess>y 9 ord] to make su* a light successful t x %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,b z x is f\nd t bo? c>bons wa/e away "u ! consum+ action ( ! int5se heat eng5d]$ by _! resi/ance to ! electric curr5t1 & t "o electrode1 ! positive1 wa/es away twice z fa/ z ! opposite negative electrode1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts soon becomes too great = ! curr5t long] to leap ov] x1 & ! light is !n ext+ui%$4 ,_m +5i\s contrivances h be5 devis$ = correct+ ?is tr\ble1 & ma9ta9+ a cont9u\sly uni=m di/ance betwe5 ! c>bons by giv+ to !m a self-adju/+ automatic action4 ,su* an app>atus is call$ a regulator1 & ! v>iety ( regulators is v great4 ,! ,fr5* 7 among ! fir/ to contrive su* regulators1--,duboscq1 ,f\cault1 ,s]r91 ,h\d91 & ,lont9 inv5t$ mo/ useful =ms ( su* app>atus4 ,o!r e>ly inv5tors 7 ,h>t ( ,scotl&1 ,siem5s ( ,g]many1 ,?ompson & ,h\/on ( ,engl&1 & ,f>m]1 ,bru%1 ,wallace1 ,maxim1 & ,we/on & ,we/+h\se ( ,am]ica4 ,gramme made 8 armature ( iron rods to prev5t its de/ruction by heat4 ,we/on 9 #ahhb improv$ ?is me?od by mak+ ! armature ( sep>ate & insulat$ %eets ( iron ar\nd :i* ! coil is w\nd4 ,! arc light is adapt$ = /reets & great build+s1 etc42 b = indoor illum9ation1 :5 a mild]1 s(t] light is desirable1 ! inc&esc5t light 0 inv5t$1 & ?is consi/s ( a curv$ filam5t ( c>bon ab\t ! size ( a co>se horsehair1 seat$ 9 a bulb ( glass f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$4 ,9 exhau/$ air c>bon rods or filam5ts are n consum$1 & s great +5uity 0 ex]cis$ on t l9e4 ,among ! e>ly not$ inv5tors ( inc&esc5t c>bon filam5t lamps 7 ,edison & ,maxim ( ,new ,york1 ,swan1 & ,lane-,fox ( ,engl&4 ,ano!r problem to be solv$ arose 9 ! propos$ use ( arc lamps ^u an ext5d$ scale1 or 9 s]ies1 z 9 /reet light+1 :]e9 ! curr5t to all lamps 0 suppli$ by a s+le wire1 & :]e x 0 f\nd t ow+ to ! unequal consumption ( ! c>bons "s 7 burn+ well1 "s poorly1 & "s go+ out4 ,x 0 ess5tial1 !re=e1 to make ea* lamp indep5d5t ( ! resi/ance ( ! ma9 circuit & ( ! action ( ! o!r lamps1 & to h its regulat+ me*anism gov]n$ entirely by ! resi/ance ( its own arc4 ,! solution ( ?is difficult problem 0 ! inv5tion by ,heffn] von ,alt5eck ( ,g]many1 & 8 device came into use :]ev] ?r\gh\t ! _w arc lamps 7 op]at$4 ,we/+h\se also improv$ ! direct alt]nat+ sy/em ( light+ by "o wire by ! introduction ( two conduct+ wires p>allel to ea* o!r1 & pass+ an int]rupt$ or alt]nat+ curr5t ?r\gh "o1 !reby induc+ a simil> & always an alt]nat+ curr5t ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,bru% adopt$ a ?ree-wire sy/em2 & bo? obta9$ a uni=m consumption ( ! c>bons4 ,9 a volume l ?is1 room exi/s = m5tion only ( ^? inv5tions :i* burn z beacon lights on ! talle/ hills--& s we mu/ n[ pass on to o!rs4 ,j z ,f>aday 0 br++ 8 long s]ies ( exp]im5tal rese>*es to a close 9 #ahef-ei1 & introduc+ ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs into ! ligh?\ses ( ,engl&1 ,cyrus ,w4 ,field ( ,new ,york _h comm5c$ 8 trials 9 ! great s*eme ( an ocean cable to 8moor ! new _w alongside ! old10 z ,john ,bright express$ x4 ,aft] cross+ ! ocean f ,new ,york to ,engl& fifty times1 & baffl$ (t5 by ! ocean1 :i* broke 8 cables1 & by ! incr$ul\s public ( bo? hemisph]es1 :o laugh$ at him1 & by electricity1 :i* refus$ to d 8 bidd+1 he at la/ ov]came all ob/acles1 & 9 #ahff ! cable two ?\s& miles 9 l5g? _h be5 successfully /ret*$ & communication p]fect$4 ,to employ curr5ts ( great p[]1 ! cable insulation w\ld h be5 dis9tegrat$ & f9ally de/roy$ by heat4 ,!re=e only feeble curr5ts c\ld be us$4 ,b across t long di/ance ^! curr5ts = _m reasons grew /ill weak]4 ,! inv5tor1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 0 at h& to provide ! rem$y4 ,fir/1 by 8 mirror galvanomet]4 ,a ne$le 9 ! %ape ( a small magnet & connect$ to ! curr5t wires1 is atta*$ to ! back ( a small concave mirror hav+ a hole 9 its c5tre2 opposite ! mirror is plac$ a graduat$ scale bo>d1 hav+ slits ?r\gh x1 & a light$ lamp beh9d x4 ,! light is ?r[n ?r\gh ! slits across to ! hole at ! c5t] ( ! mirror & ^u ! ne$le4 ,! feeble/ imag9able curr5t suffices to deflect ! ne$le 9 "o direction1 :i* ?r[s back ! little beam ( light ^u x to ! graduat$ front ( ! scale4 ,:5 ! curr5t is rev]s$ ! ne$le & its %ad[ are deflect$ 9 ! o!r direction1 & s by a comb9ation ( "r & left motions1 & pauses1 ( ! spots ( light to repres5t lett]s1 ! message is spell$ out4 ,second1 a m exp$iti\s in/rum5t call$ ! syphon record]4 ,9 ?is ! galvanomet] ne$le is connect$ to a f9e glass syphon tube conduct+ ink f a res]voir on to a /rip ( pap] :i* is drawn "u ! po9t ( ! tube ) a uni=m motion4 ,! irregul> movem5ts giv5 ! galvanomet] ne$le by ! v>y+ curr5t are cle>ly del9eat$ on ! pap]4 ,or 9 writ+ v long cables ! po9t ( ! syphon may n t\* ! pap]1 b ! ink by electrical attraction f ! pap] is eject$ f ! syphon ^u ! pap] 9 a succession ( f9e dots4 ,! irregul> l9es ( dots & da%es 7 translat$ into words 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,morse telegraph4 ,an in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,int]national ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 :i* 0 consid]$ by ! judges 8! greate/ m>vel hi!rto a*iev$ by ! electric telegraph40 ,su* 0 ! language us$ bo? by ,pr(4 ,joseph ,h5ry & ,sir ,wm4 ,?omson1 & concurr$ 9 by ! o!r em95t judges f ,am]ica1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,au/ria & ,switz]l&4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 ! ,telephone4 ,x embodi$1 = ! practical purpose ( transmitt+ articulate spee* to di/ances1 ! union ( ! two great =ces1--s\nd & electricity4 ,x consi/$ ( a me?od & an app>atus4 ,! app>atus or means consi/$ ( an electric batt]y circuit1 a transmitt+ cone plac$ at "o end ( ! l9e into :i* spee* & o!r vocal s\nds 7 utt]$1 a diaphragm aga9/ :i* ! s\nds 7 project$1 an armature secur$ to or =m+ a "p ( ! diaphragm1 an electro-magnet loosely connect$ to ! armature1 a wire connect+ ?is magnet ) ano!r precisely simil> arrangem5t ( magnet1 armature1 diaphragm1 & cone1 at ! receiv+ end4 ,:5 spee* 0 utt]$ 9 ! transmitt] ! s\nd vibrations 7 receiv$ on ! diaphragm1 communicat$ to ! electricis$ armature1 f !nce by induction to ! magnet & ! connect+ wire curr5t1 :i*1 undulat+ ) precisely ! same =m ( s\nd vibrations1 c>ri$ !m 9 exactly ! same =m to ! receiv+ magnet4 ,!y 7 !n c>ri$ ?r\gh ! receiv+ armature & reproduc$ on ! receiv+ diaphragm1 ) all ! same *>act]i/ics ( pit*1 l\dness & quality4 ,! inv5tor 0 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 by nativity a ,scot*man1 !n a resid5t ( ,canada1 & f9ally a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 fa!r 0 a tea*] ( vocal physiology at ,ed9burgh1 & he himself became a tea*] ( deaf mutes4 ,?is occupation naturally l$ him to a ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! laws ( s\nd4 ,he ackn[l$g$ ! aid he receiv$ f ! great "w ( ,helmholtz on ! ,!ory ( ,tone4 ,8 att5tion 0 call$ to s\nds transmitt$ & reproduc$ by ! electric curr5t1 especially by ! ease ) :i* telegraph op]ators read _! messages by ! duration ( ! 8click0 ( _! in/rum5ts4 ,he knew ( ! old device ( a tightly-/ret*$ /r+ or wire betwe5 two little boxes4 ,he _h read ! publication ( ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g4 ,page1 ( ,am]ica1 9 #ahcg1 on ! ,production ( ,galvanic ,music1 9 :i* 0 describ$ h[ musical notes 7 transmitt$ & reproduc$ by an int]rupt$ magnetic circuit4 ,he became acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5tal musical telephonic & ac\/ic rese>*es ( ,reis1 & o!rs ( ,g]many1 & ^? ( celebrat$ sci5ti/s 9 ,france1 especially ! phonautograph ( ,scott1 a delicate in/rum5t hav+ a cone membrane & po9t]1 & us$ to reproduce on smok$ glass ! waves ( s\nd4 ,he comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts ) magneto in/rum5ts 9 #ahgd1 cont9u$ !m 9 #ahge1 :5 he succe$$ 9 reproduc+ spee*1 b poorly1 ow+ to 8 imp]fect in/rum5ts1 & !n made out 8 application1 & obta9$ a pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,july1 #ahgf4 ,l all ! o!r rem>kable inv5tions record$ 9 ^! pages1 ?is 8m>vel0 did n spr+ =? z a sudd5 creation1 b 0 a sl[ gr[? ( a plant d]iv$ f old ideas1 al?\gh x blossom$ out sudd5ly "o day :5 audible s\nds 7 accid5tally produc$ ^u an app>atus ) :i* he 0 exp]im5t+4 ,x is impossible "h to n>rate ! trem5d\s conflict t ,bell n[ enc\nt]$ to e/abli% 8 title z fir/ inv5tor1 or to enum]ate ! multitude ( improvem5ts & *anges made :i* g to make up ! successful telephone ( to-day4 ,! messages ( ! voice are c>ri$ on ! w+s ( electricity :]ev] any messages are c>ri$1 except "u ! wide/ seas1 & ?is difficulty inv5tors are n[ seek+ to ov]come4 ,! /ory ( ! m>vell\s inv5tions ( ! c5tury 9 electricity is a fasc9at+ "o1 b 9 l5g? & details x is also m>vell\s1 & we mu/ ha/5 unwill+ly to a close4 ,num]\s applications ( x w be m5tion$ 9 *apt]s relat+ to o!r arts4 ,9 ! g5]ation ( ?is mighty =ce improvem5ts h be5 made1 b ^? ( greate/ p[] /ill involve ! pr9ciples discov]$ by ,f>aday & ,h5ry sev5ty ye>s ago4 ,! ideas ( ,f>aday ( ! 8l9es ( =ce0--! magnetic p[] /ream+ f ! poles ( ! magnet some:at z ! rays ( heat issue on all sides f a hot body1 =m+ ! magnetic field--& t a magnet behaves l an electric curr5t1 produc+ an electric wave by its approa* to or recession f a coil ( wire1 jo9$ ) ,h5ry's idea ( increas+ ! magnetis+ effect by increas+ ! numb] ( coils ar\nd ! magnet1 ent] into all p[]ful dynamo electric ma*9es ( to-day4 ,9 !m ! l9es ( =ce mu/ fl[ ar\nd ! frame & across ! pa? ( ! armature2 & !re mu/ be a set ( conductors to cut ! l9es ( =ce twice 9 e revolution ( ! cyl9d] c>ry+ ! armature f :i* ! curr5t is tak54 ,:5 ma*9es _h be5 produc$ = g5]at+ ) "s economy p[]ful curr5ts ( electricity1 _! use = ! _w's bus9ess purposes rapidly increas$4 ,among su* applications1 & foll[+ closely ! electric light+1 came ! electric railway4 ,a sub/itute = ! sl[ animal1 horse1 & = ! dang]\s1 noisy /eam horse & its lumb]+ locomotive & tra91 0 hail$ ) delight4 ,inv5tors came =w>d ) adaptations ( all ! old sy/ems !y c\ld ?9k ( = ! purpose1 & ) _m new ones4 ,"o plan 0 to adapt ! /orage batt]y--t sil5t *emical mon/] :i* c>ries its own p[] & its own ma*9e--& place "o on ea* c> to actuate a motor connect$ to ! driv+ :eels4 ,ano!r plan 0 to conduct ! curr5t f ! dynamo ma*9e at its /ation along ! rails on "o side ( ! track to ! motor on ! c> & ! return curr5t on ! opposite track2 ano!r 0 to c>ry ! curr5t to ! c> on a ?ird rail betwe5 ! track1 us+ bo? ! o!r rails = ! return2 ano!r to use an ov]head wire = ! curr5t f ! dynamo1 & connect x ) ! c> by a rod1 "o end ( :i* _h a little :eel or trolley runn+ on ! ov]head wire1 to take up ! curr5t1 ! o!r end be+ connect$ by a wire to ! c> motor2 ano!r plan to h a tr5* made lead+ f ! c5tral /ation und]nea? ! track ! :ole l5g? ( ! l9e1 & put into ?is tr5* conduct+ wires f ! dynamo1 to "o ( :i* ! c> motor %\ld be connect$ by a trolley rod or 8bru%10 ext5d+ d[n ?r\gh a c5tral slot betwe5 ! rails ( ! track to c>ry ! electric supply into ! motor4 ,9 all ^! cases a lev] 0 suppli$ to cut (f communication betwe5 ! conduct+ wire & ! motor1 & a brake lev] to /op ! c>4 ,all ( ^! plans h be5 tri$1 & "s ( !m are /ill be+ tri$ ) _m improvem5ts 9 detail1 b n 9 pr9ciple4 ,! fir/ electrical railway 0 con/ruct$ & op]at$ at ,b]l9 9 #ahgi1 by ,messrs ,siem5s & ,halske4 ,x 0 two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ feet long & built on ! ?ird rail sy/em4 ,?is 0 an exp]im5t b a successful "o4 ,x 0 foll[$ v soon by ano!r l9e ne> ,b]l9 = actual traffic2 !n /ill ano!r 9 ,saxony4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exposition 9 #ahha1 ,sir ,wm4 ,siem5s _h 9 op]ation a road ab\t "o ?\s& six hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 on :i* x is e/imat$ n9ety-five ?\s& pass5g]s 7 convey$ 9 sev5 weeks4 ,!n 9 ! next ye> 9 ,london2 & !n 9 ! foll[+ ye> "o 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne> ,new ,york1 con/ruct$ by ,edison4 ,& ?us !y spread1 until e important t[n & city 9 ! _w seems to h its electric plant1 & its electric c> sy/em1 & ( c\rse its light+1 telephone & telegraph sy/ems4 ,9 #ahhb ,pr(4 ,fleem+ ,j5k9 ( ,engl& inv5t$ & has put to use a sy/em call$ ,telph]age1 by :i* c>s are susp5d$ on an ov]head wire :i* is bo? ! track & electrical conductor4 ,x has be5 f\nd to be advantage\s 9 ! transportation ( freight f m9es & o!r places to c5tral /ations4 ,) ! com+ ( ! electric railway1 ! sl[1 mu*-abus$ horse1 ! puff+ /eam eng9e bl[+ (f smoke & c9d]s ?r\gh ! /reets1 ! great heavy c>s1 rails & roadb$s1 ! dang]\s collisions & accid5ts1 h disappe>$4 ,! great problems to solve h relat$ to g5]ation1 =m1 di/ribution & division ( ! electric curr5t at ! dynamos at ! c5tral /ations = ! purposes ( runn+ ! di/ant motors & = furni%+ indep5d5t supplies ( light1 heat1 s\nd & p[]4 ,^! problems h receiv$ ! att5tion ( ! ke5e/ inv5tors & electrical eng9e]s & h be5 solv$4 ,! description ( ! inv5tions made by su* electrical magicians z ,?omas ,edison & ,nikola ,tesla w\ld fill volumes4 ,! orig9al plan ( s5d+ b "o message ov] a wire at a "t has also be5 improv$2 & duplex1 quadruplex & multiplex sy/ems h be5 inv5t$ 7by ,/e>ns1 ,f>m]1 ,edison & o!rs7 & appli$1 :i* h multipli$ ! capacity ( ! telegraphs1 & by :i* ev5 ! alleg$ all-talk-at-!-same-"t habit ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! great human family c be c>ri$ on 9 opposite directions on ! same wire at ! same "t betwe5 _! ga!r+s 9 diff]5t cities & )\t a break4 ,to und]/& ! mann] ( multiply+ messages or signals on ! same l9e1 & us+ app>5tly ! same electric curr5t to p]=m diff]5t op]ations1 ! m9d mu/ rev]t to ! !ory already ref]r$ to1 t a curr5t ( electricity does n consi/ ( a /ream ( matt] fl[+ l wat] ?r\gh a conductor 9 "o direction1 b ( p>ticles ( subtle e!r1 vibrat+ or oscillat+ 9 waves f & ar\nd ! conductor :i* excites !m2 t ! vibration ( ?is l9e ( waves proce$s at ! rate ( _m ?\s& miles p] second1 almo/ ) ! velocity ( waves ( light1 ) :i* !y are s closely relat$2 t ?is wave curr5t is susceptible ( be+ v>i$ 9 direction & 9 /r5g?1 accord+ to ! impulse giv5 by ! initial pressure ( ! transmitt+ & excit+ in/rum5t2 & t "s wave curr5ts h p[] by reason ( _! =m or /r5g? to p5etrate or pass o!rs com+ f an opposite direction4 ,s t 9 ! multiplex process1 = in/ance1 ea* transmission hav+ a c]ta9 direction or /r5g? & its own set ( transmitt+ & receiv+ in/rum5ts1 w h p[] to give its own peculi> & indep5d5t signal or message4 ,app>5tly !re is b "o cont9u\s curr5t1 b 9 reality ea* transmission is sep>at$ f ! o!rs by an almo/ inconceivably %ort int]val ( "t4 ,among ! inv5tions 9 ! class ( ,telegraphy %\ld also be m5tion$ ! dial & ! pr9t+ sy/ems4 ,ev] s9ce ! electric telegraph 0 inv5t$1 attempts h be5 made to use ! electric influ5ce to op]ate ei!r a po9t] to po9t out ! lett]s ( ! message s5t on a dial1 or to pr9t !m on a mov+ /rip ( pap]2 & also to automatically reproduce on pap] ! h&writ+ ( ! s5d] or writ] ( ! message4 ,! e>lie/ ef=ts 7 by ,cooke & ,pr(4 ,:eat/one ( ,london1 9 #ahcf-cg2 b x 0 n until #ahci1 aft] ,pr(4 ,h5ry _h succe$$ 9 p]fect+ ! electromagnet1 t dial & pr9t+ telegraphs 7 successfully produc$4 ,dial telegraphs consi/ ( ! comb9ation ) magnets1 armatures & pr9t$ dial plate ( a clock-"w & a po9t]1 means to set ! po9t] at ! communicat+ end 7:i* 9 "s in/ances has be5 a piano keybo>d7 to any lett]1 ! curr5t op]at+ automatically to indicate ! same lett]s at ! receiv+ end4 ,^! in/rum5ts h be5 modifi$ & improv$ by ,brequet & ,from5t ( ,france1 ,dr4 ,siem5s & ,kram]1 & ,siem5s & ,halske ( ,g]many1 ,pr(4 ,:eat/one ( ,engl&1 ,*e/] & ,hamblet ( ,am]ica1 & o!rs4 ,!y h be5 us$ ext5sively ^u private & municipal l9es bo? 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! type-pr9t+ telegraph 0 coeval ) ! dial1 & orig9at$ ) ,morse & ,vail z e>ly z #ahcg4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! *>act]s is effect$ 9 v>i\s ways2 sometimes by clockwork me*anism & sometimes by ! direct action ( an electromagnet4 ,:eat/one exhibit$ "o 9 #ahda4 ,h\se ( ,v]mont inv5t$ 9 #ahde-ahdf ! fir/ pr9t+ telegraph t 0 br\ght into any ext5sive use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!n foll[$ t ( ,david ,e4 ,hughes ( ,k5tucky 9 #ahee1 aid$ by 8 co-inv5tor ,george ,m4 ,phelps ( ,troy1 ,new ,york1 & :i* 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t1 by ! ,unit$ ,k+dom ,telegraph ,co4 ( ,great ,brita91 & by ! ,am]ican ,telegraph ,co 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! sy/em 0 subsequ5tly greatly improv$ by ,hughes & o!rs4 ,alex&] ,ba9 ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahde-df orig9at$ ! mod]n automatic *emical telegraph4 ,9 ?is sy/em a k9d ( pun* 0 us$ to p]=ate two r[s ( holes gr\p$ to repres5t lett]s on a /rip ( pap] conduct$ ov] a metal cyl9d] & arrang$ s z to p]mit spr+ lev]s to drop ?r\gh ! p]=ations & t\* ! cyl9d]1 ?us =m+ an electrical contact2 & a record+ app>atus consi/+ ( a /rip ( pap] c>ri$ ?r\gh a *emical solution ( an acid & pota% & ov] a metal roll]1 & und]nea? "o or two /yles1 or p5s1 :i* p5s 7 connect$ by live wires ) ! poles ( two batt]ies at ! s5d+ /ation4 ,! op]ation is su* t color$ m>ks ^u ! pap] 7 made by ! p5s correspond+ precisely to ! p]=ations 9 ! /rip at ! s5d+ /ation4 ,siem5s1 ,:eat/one & o!rs also improv$ ?is sy/em2 b none ( ^! sy/ems h z yet replac$ or equall$ 9 ext5sive use ! ,morse key & s\nd] sy/em1 & its great ac\/ic advantage ( read+ ! messages by ! click ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! type-pr9t+ sy/em1 h[ev]1 has be5 rec5tly greatly improv$ by ! inv5tions ( ,h[e1 ,c4 ,l4 ,buck+ham1 ,fiske & o!rs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,special contrivances & adaptations ( ! telegraph = pr9t+ /ock reports & = transmitt+ fire al>m1 police1 & em]g5cy calls1 h be5 inv5t$4 ,! erection ( tall (fice & o!r build+s1 "s to ! height ( m ?an tw5ty /ories1 made practicable by ! inv5tion ( ! elevator sy/em1 has 9 turn br\ght out mo/ +5i\s devices = op]at+ & controll+ ! elevators to insure safety & at ! same "t produce economy 9 ! motive p[]4 ,! utility ( ! telephone has be5 greatly increas$ by ! inv5tions ( ,hughes & ,edison ( ! microphone4 ,?is consi/s1 9 "o =m1 ( pieces ( c>bon 9 loose contact plac$ 9 ! circuit ( a telephone4 ,! v slighte/ vibrations communicat$ to ! wood are he>d di/9ctly 9 ! telephone4 ,by ^! inv5tions & c]ta9 improvem5ts n only e s\nd & note ( an op]a or conc]t has be5 c>ri$ to di/ant places1 b ! slighte/ :isp]s1 ! m9ute movem5ts ( a wat*1 ev5 ! tread ( a fly1 & ! pressure ( a f+]1 h be5 r5d]$ audible4 ,by ! aid ( ! electric curr5t c]ta9 rays ( light direct$ ^u ! m9]al sel5ium1 & "s o!r sub/ances1 h be5 discov]$ to emit musical s\nds4 ,s wond]ful & my/]i\s appe> ^! communications along ! electric wire t ea* & e =ce 9 ! univ]se seems to h a voice await+ utt]ance to man4 ,! hope is indulg$ t by "s su* means we may inde$ yet receive ! 8t\* ( a vani%$ h& & ! s\nd ( a voice t is /ill40 ,9 #ahgi t em95t ,engli% sci5ti/1 ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,crookes1 publi%$ 8 ext5sive rese>*es 9 electrical dis*>ges z manife/$ 9 glass tubes f :i* ! air _h be5 exhau/$4 ,^! same tubes h already be5 ref]r$ to z ,geissl] tubes1 f ! "n ( a "y arti/ ( ,bonn :o inv5t$ !m4 ,9 ^! tubes are inclos$ v>i\s gases ?r\gh :i* ! sp>ks f an induction coil c be pass$ by means ( plat9um electrodes fus$ into ! glass1 & on ! passage ( ! curr5t a s(t & delicately-t9t$ light is produc$ :i* /reams ?r\gh ! tube f pole to pole4 ,9 #ahie1 ,wm4 ,konrad ,ro5tg51 pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg1 :ile exp]im5t+ ) ^! ,crookes & ,geissl] tubes1 discov]$ ) "o ( !m1 :i* he _h cov]$ ) a sort ( black c>dbo>d1 t ! rays emanat+ f ! same & imp++ on c]ta9 objects w\ld r5d] !m self-lum9\s1 or fluoresc5t2 & on fur!r inve/igation t su* rays1 unlike ! rays ( sunlight1 7 n deflect$1 refract$ or cond5s$2 b t !y proce$$ 9 /raight l9es f ! po9t at :i* !y 7 produc$1 & p5etrat$ v>i\s articles1 su* z fle%1 blood1 & muscle1 & ?icknesses ( pap]1 clo? & lea!r1 & o!r sub/ances :i* are opaque to ord9>y light2 & t ?us :ile p5etrat+ su* objects & r5d]+ !m lum9\s1 if a portion ( ! same 7 ( a "* too d5se to admit ( ! p5etration1 ! d>k %ad[ ( su* ob/acle w\ld appe> 9 ! o!rwise lum9\s mass4 ,unable to expla9 ! nature or cause ( ?is wond]ful revelation1 ,ro5tg5 gave to ! light an algebraic "n = ! unkn[n--! ,x rays4 ,?is wond]ful discov]y1 at fir/ reg>d$ z a figm5t ( sci5tific magic1 soon attract$ pr(\nd att5tion4 ,at fir/ ! exp]im5ts 7 conf9$ to ! gratification ( curiosity--! int]ior ( ! h& 0 explor$1 & on "o occasion ! little mummifi$ h& ( an ,egyptian pr9cess fold$ 9 dea? ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 0 held up to ?is light1 & ! bones1 dri$ blood1 & muscle ( ! anci5t ,ph>aohs exhibit$ to ! />tl$ eyes ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b soon surg]y & m$ic9e took advantage ( ! unkn[n rays = practical purposes4 ,! location ( previ\sly unrea*able bullets1 & ! condition ( int]nal injuries1 7 det]m9$2 ! cause ( conceal$ disease 0 trac$1 ! liv+ bra9 explor$1 & ! pulsations ( ! liv+ he>t 7 witness$4 ,ret>dation ( ! /r5g? ( ! electric curr5t by ! inductive influ5ce ( neighbor+ wires & e>? curr5ts1 toge!r ) ! !ory t ! electric en]gy p]vades all space & matt]1 gave rise to ! idea t if ! en]gy once e/abli%$ c\ld be set 9 motion at su* po9t above ! ord9>y surface ( ! e>? z w\ld free ?is upp] curr5t f all inductive di/urbance1 impulses ( su* p[] might be convey$ f "o high po9t & communicat$ to ano!r z to produce signals )\t ! use ( a conduct+ wire1 reta9+ only ! usual batt]ies & ! e>? connection4 ,on ,july #cj?1 #ahgb1 ,mahl5 ,loomis ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 took out a pat5t = 8! utilization ( natural electricity f elevat$ po9ts0 = telegraphic purposes1 bas$ on ! pr9ciple m5tion$1 & made successful exp]im5ts on ! ,blue ,ridge m\nta9s 9 ,virg9ia ne> ,wa%+ton1 acc\nts ( :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ,wa%+ton pap]s at ! "t2 b be+ poor & receiv+ no aid or enc\ragem5t he 0 compell$ to give x up4 ,m>coni ( ,italy has be5 m successful 9 ?is direction1 & has s5t electric messages & signals f high /ations ov] ! ,engli% ,*annel f ! %ores ( ,france to ,engl&4 ,s t n[ wireless telegraphy is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,x is c]ta9ly ?rill+ to realize t !re is a my/]i\s1 sil5t1 invisible & p[]ful me*anical ag5t on e side ( u1 wait+ to d our bidd+1 & to l5d a h& 9 e field ( human lab\r1 & yet unable to be s us$ )\t excitem5t to action & direction 9 its c\rse by "s ma/]1 int]m$iate betwe5 itself & man4 ,! pr9cipal ma/]s = ?is purpose are /eam & wat] p[]4 ,a small portion ( ! p[] ( ! resi/less ,niag>a has be5 tak51 div]t$ to turn ! ma*9]y :i* excites electricity to action1 & ?is en]gy 9 turn employ$ to op]ate a multitude ( ! mo/ p[]ful motors & ma*9es ( _m descriptions4 ,s great is ! might ( ?is will+ ag5t t at a s+le turn ( ! h& ( man x ru%es =? to d "w = him f> exce$+ 9 wond] & ext5t any lab\r ( ! gods ( my?ological r5[n4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,hoi/+1 ,,convey+ ,,& ,,/or+4 ,allusion has be5 made to ! /up5d\s build+s & works ( ! anci5ts & ( ! middle ages2 ! imm5se multitude ( work]s & great ext5t ( "t & lab\r employ$ 9 _! con/ruction2 & h[ ! awful drudg]y involv$ 9 su* und]tak+s 0 reliev$ by ! inv5tion ( mod]n eng9e]+ devices--! cranes1 ! d]ricks1 & ! /eam giants to op]ate !m1 s t va/ loads :i* requir$ l>ge numb]s ( m5 & bea/s to move1 & long p]iods ( "t 9 :i* to move !m1 c n[ be lift$ ) ease & c>ri$ to great heights & di/ances 9 a few m9utes by ! h&s ( "o or ( a few m54 ,b outside ( ! l9e ( su* und]tak+s !re is an imm5se field ( labor-sav+ appliances adapt$ = use 9 transportation ( small] loads f place to place1 )9 & )\t build+s1 & = c>ry+ p & freight f ! l[] to ! upp] /ories ( tall /ructures4 ,9 fact ! tall build+s :i* we see n[ 9 almo/ e great city t[]+ cl\dw>d f ! gr\nd to ! height ( fifte51 tw5ty & tw5ty-five /ories1 w\ld h be5 extravagant & useless _h n ! inv5tion ( ! mod]n elevator r5d]$ _! highe/ p>ts z easy ( access z _! l[e/1 & at ! same "t giv5 to ! air space above ! city lot z great a comm]cial value 9 feet & in*es z ! /ret* ( e>? itself4 ,_m ( ! 8sky-scrap]s0 s call$1 are spl5did monum5ts ( ! late/ inv5tions ( ! c5tury4 ,x is by means ( ! mod]n elevator t ! bus9ess ( a :ole t[n may be transact$ "u a s+le ro(4 ,9 ! multiplicity ( mod]n human contrivances by :i* ! sweat & drudg]y ( life are sav$1 & "t economis$ = wor?i] objects1 we are apt to ov]look ! pa9ful & labori\s /eps by :i* !y 7 rea*$1 & to reg>d ) impati5ce1 or at lea/ ) indiff]5ce1 ! /ory ( _! evolution2 & yet no correct or pr(\nd k ( ! gr[? ( humanity to its high] planes c be obta9$ )\t not+ to :at ext5t ! m9or inv5tions1 z well z ! />tl+ ones1 h aid$ ! upw>d progress4 ,= in/ance1 consid] h[ few & comp>atively awkw>d 7 ! me*anical means be=e ?is c5tury4 ,! innum]able army ( m5 :5 m5 7 slaves1 & :5 blood & muscle & bra9 7 *eap1 :o1 lab\r+ ) ! bea/1 toil$ upw>d = ye>s on incl9$ ways to lay ! /ones ( ! /up5d\s pyramids1 /ill _h _! c\nt]p>t c5turies lat] 9 ! /ream ( m5 c>ry+ on _! %\ld]s ! loads ( gra9 & o!r freight & burd5s f ! %ore to ! holds ( vessels1 f vessels to ! %ore1 f ! gr\nd to high build+s & f "o "p ( great w>eh\ses to ano!r4 ,n[ look at a vessel mov$ to a :>f1 capable ( hold+ fifty ?\s& or "o hundr$ ?\s& bu%els ( gra9 & hav+ t am\nt p\r$ into x 9 ?ree h\rs f ! sp\ts ( an elevator1 to :i* ! gra9 has be5 c>ri$ 9 a myriad buckets on a *a9 by /eam p[] 9 ab\t ! same "t2 or to ^? arrangem5ts ( c>ri]s1 travell+ on ropes1 cords1 wires1 or cables1 by :i* mat]ials are quickly convey$ f "o "p ( "s /ructure or place to ano!r1 z hay & gra9 9 b>ns or m[s1 ores f m9es to c>s1 m]*&ise ( all k9ds f "o "p ( a great /ore to ano!r2 or %ot ?r\gh pipes und]gr\nd f "o section ( a city or t[n to _! de/9ation by a curr5t ( air4 ,true1 z x has be=e be5 /at$1 ! anci5ts & lat] g5]ations _h ! w$ge1 ! pulley1 ! incl9$ plane1 ! screw & ! w9dlass1 & by ^! p[]s1 modifi$ 9 =m & increas$ 9 size z ! occasion dem&$1 9 ! =m ( cranes1 d]ricks1 & op]at$ by animal p[]1 mat]ials 7 lift$ & transport$2 b d[n to ! "t ( ! practical & successful application ( /eam by ,watt 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & until a mu* lat] p]iod 9 mo/ places 9 ! _w1 ^! simple means actuat$ alone by m5 or animals 7 ! be/ means employ$ = elevat+ & convey+ loads1 & ev5 !y 7 employ$ to a comp>atively limit$ ext5t4 ,! c5tury 0 well />t$ be=e x 0 common to employ cups on elevator b&s 9 mills1 inv5t$ by ,oliv] ,evans 9 #aghj1 to c>ry gra9 to ! top ( ! mill1 f :5ce x 0 to fall by gravity to ! gr9d+ & fl\r+ app>atus bel[4 ,x 0 n until #agie t t p[]ful mod]n app>atus--! hydraulic1 or hydro/atic1 press 0 pat5t$ by ,bramah 9 ,engl&4 ,! model he !n made is n[ 9 ! museum ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 ,london4 ,9 ?is a res]voir = wat] is provid$1 on :i* is plac$ a pump hav+ a pi/on rod work$ by a h& lev]4 ,! wat] is convey$ f ! res]voir to a cyl9d] by a pipe1 & ?is cyl9d] is provid$ ) a pi/on c>ry+ at its top a table1 :i* rises betwe5 guides4 ,! load to be c>ri$ is plac$ on ?is table1 & z ! ma*9e 0 at fir/ design$ to compress mat]ials ! load is press$ by ! ris+ table aga9/ an upp] /ation>y plate4 ,! elevation ( ! table is proportionate to ! quantity ( wat] inject$1 & ! p[] proportionate to ! receptive areas ( ! pump & ! cyl9d]4 ,! fir/ great application ( ma*9es built on ?is pr9ciple 0 by ,rob]t ,/eph5son 9 ! elevation ( ! gigantic tubes = ! tubul> bridge across ! ,m5ai /raits1 already describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,civil ,eng9e]+4 ,! c5tury 0 half ?r\gh ) be=e x 0 propos$ to use wat] & /eam = pass5g] elevators4 ,9 #aheb ,j4 ,t4 ,slade 9 ,engl& pat5t$ a device consi/+ ( a drum to be actuat$ by /eam1 wat]1 or compress$ air1 ar\nd :i* drum ropes 7 w\nd1 & to :i* ropes 7 atta*$ sep>ate cages 9 sep>ate wells1 to c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 ! cages mov+ 9 guides1 & provid$ ) brakes & lev]s to /op & control ! cages & ! movem5t ( ! drum4 ,l\is ,t4 ,van ,elvean1 also ( ,engl&1 9 #aheh inv5t$ c\nt]balance weights = su* lifts4 ,otis1 an ,am]ican1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ 9 ,am]ica & ,engl& 9 #ahei ! fir/ approa* to ! mod]n pass5g] elevator = hotels1 w>eh\ses1 & o!r /ructures4 ,! motive p[] 0 pref]ably a /eam eng9e2 & ! elevat+ means 0 a l>ge screw plac$ v]tically & made to revolve by suitable ge>+1 & a cyl9d] to :i* ! c> 0 atta*$1 hav+ projections to "w 9 ! ?reads ( ! screw4 ,means 7 provid$ to />t & to /op ! c>1 & to ret>d its o!rwise sudd5 fall & /oppage4 ,elevators1 :i* are n[ s l>gely us$ to raise pass5g]s & freight f ! l[] to ! upp] /ories ( high edifices1 h = _! motive p[] /eam1 wat]1 compress$ air1 & electricity4 ,) /eam a drum is rotat$ ov] :i* a hoi/+ wire-rope is w\nd1 to :i* ! elevator c> is atta*$4 ,! c> = pass5g]s may be a small b elegantly furni%$ room1 :i* is c>ri$ on guide blocks1 & ! /ation>y guides are provid$ ) rat*et tee? ) :i* pawls on ! c> are adapt$ to engage %\ld ! hoi/+ rope give way4 ,to ! hoi/+ rope is atta*$ a c\nt]balance weight to p>tly meet ! weight ( ! c> 9 ord] to prev5t ! c> f /ick+ fa/ on its passage1 & also to prev5t a sudd5 dropp+ ( ! c> %\ld ! rope become slack4 ,a h& rope = ! op]ator is provid$1 :i* at its l[] end is connect$ ) a />t+ lev] controll+ ! valves ( ! cyl9d]s into :i* /eam is admitt$ to />t ! pi/on %aft1 :i* 9 turn actuates ! ge> :eels1 by :i* movem5t ! ropes are w\nd ar\nd ! drums4 ,9 ano!r =m ( /eam elevator ! drums are turn$ 9 opposite directions1 by "r & left worms driv5 by a belt4 ,9 ! hydraulic =m ( elevator1 a motor work$ by wat] is employ$ to lift ! c>1 al?\gh /eam p[] is also employ$ to raise ! wat]4 ,! c> is connect$ to wire cables pass+ ov] l>ge %eaves at ! top ( ! well room to a c\nt]balanc+ bucket4 ,?is bucket fits closely 9 a wat]-tight upright tube1 or /&-pipe1 ab\t two feet 9 diamet]1 ext5d+ f ! basem5t to ! upp] /ory4 ,ne> ?is /&-pipe 9 ! upp] /ory is plac$ a wat] supply tank4 ,a pipe dis*>ges ! wat] f ! tank into ! bucket1 :i* moves up & d[n 9 ! /& pipe4 ,!re is a valve 9 ! tank :i* is op5$ by /epp+ on a treadle 9 ! c>1 & ?is action admits to ! bucket j en\gh weight ( wat] to ov]balance ! load on ! c>4 ,z soon z ! bucket is heavi] ?an ! c> x desc5ds1 & ( c\rse draws ! c> upw>d1 ?us us+ ! m9imum p[] requir$ to raise ea* load1 r ?an1 :5 /eam is employ$1 ! full p[] ( ! eng9e ea* & e "t4 ,! spe$ is controll$ by means ( brakes or clamps t firmly clasp wr\ght-iron slides secur$ to po/s on ea* side ( ! well room1 ! op]ator hav+ control ( ^! brakes by a lev] on ! c>4 ,:5 ! c> has asc5d$ z f> z desir$1 ! op]ator /eps ^u ano!r treadle 9 ! c> connect$ ) a valve 9 ! bottom ( ! bucket & ?us dis*>ges ! wat] into ! receiv+ tank bel[ until ! c> is heavi] ?an ! bucket1 :5 x !n ( c\rse desc5ds4 ,! wat] is ?us tak5 f ! upp] tank into ! bucket1 dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! /&-pipe into ! receiv+ tank "u ! floor ( ! basem5t & !n pump$ back aga9 to ! upp] tank1 s t x is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 )\t loss4 ,v>i\s modifications h be5 made 9 ! hydraulic =ms4 ,9 place ( /eam1 electricity 0 introduc$ to control ! hydraulic op]ation4 ,aga91 an electric motor has be5 inv5t$ to be plac$ on ! c> itself1 ) connect$ ge>+ engag+ rack b>s 9 ! well4 ,elevators h be5 contriv$ automatically controll$ by swit* me*anisms on ! l&+s2 & 9 connection ) ! electric motor safety devices are us$ to break ! motor circuit & ?us /op ! c> ! mom5t ! elevator door is op5$2 & !re are devices to break ! circuit & /op ! c> at once1 %\ld an ob/ruction1 ! foot = in/ance1 be accid5tally ?ru/ out into ! pa? ( ! c> frame4 ,columns ( wat] & ( air h be5 s arrang$ t %\ld ! c> fall ! fall w be brok5 by ! wat] or air cu%ion made to yield gradually to ! pressure4 ,s _m safety devices h be5 inv5t$ t !re is n[ no excuse = accid5ts4 ,!y result by a crim9al neglect ( build]s or eng9e]s to provide !mselves ) su* devices1 or by a mo/ ignorant or c>eless managem5t & op]ation ( simple actuat+ me*anisms4 ,betwe5 #ahhj & #ahij !re 0 great activity 9 ! inv5tion ( :at is kn[n z /ore s]vice conveyors4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ =ms1 & "o :i* _h be5 p>tly select$ f o!r arts1 0 to susp5d f a rigid frame "w connect$ to ! floor1 ro(1 or side ( ! build+1 a long plat=m 9 ! direction ?r\gh ! build+ x 0 desir$ ! road to run1 giv+ ?is plat=m a slight incl9ation4 ,on ?is plat=m 7 plac$ tracks1 & f ! tracks 7 susp5d$ trucks1 baskets1 or o!r m]*&ise receptacles1 hav+ :eels re/+ on & adapt$ to roll on ! tracks4 ,d\ble or s+le tracks c\ld be provid$ z desir$4 ,! c>s ran on ^! tracks by gravity1 & consid]able +5uity 0 display$ 9 ! feature alone ( provid+ ! out-go+ & return+ incl9$ tracks2 9 h& /raps & lev]s = rais+ & l[]+ ! c>riage1 "p or all ( x1 to or f ! tracks1 & 9 buff]s to break ! =ce ( ! bl[ ( ! c>riages :5 arriv+ at _! /opp+ places4 ,!n ab\t #ahhb-hc x 0 f\nd by "s inv5tors if mod]ately f9e wires 7 /ret*$ level1 & z tight z possible1 !y w\ld af=d su* little friction & resi/ance to light & nicely balanc$ :eels1 t no incl9ation ( ! tracks 0 necess>y1 & t ! c>riages m\nt$ on su* :eels & tracks w\ld run ! entire l5g? ( a long build+ & turn corn]s n too %>p by a s+le initial pu% ( ! h&4 ,9 o!r arrangem5ts a c>ri] is self-propell$ by means ( a coil$ spr+ on ! c>ri]1 :i* beg9s its op]ation z soon z ! c>ri] is giv5 a />t2 & to meet ! exhau/$ /r5g? ( su* spr+1 coil$ spr+s at diff]5t po9ts on ! l9e are arrang$ to engage & give ! c>ri] an additional pu%4 ,be=e ! c>ri] is /opp$ its action is su* z to automatically rew9d its spr+4 ,a sy/em ( pneumatic transmission 0 inv5t$1 by :i* a c>ri] is caus$ to travel ?r\gh a tube by ! ag5cy ( an air curr5t1 creat$ !re9 by an air compressor1 bl[]1 or simil> device4 ,! device is s arrang$ t ! air curr5t is caus$ to take ei!r direction ?r\gh ! tube2 & 9 "s in/ances gravity may be us$ to assi/ a vacuum =m$ beh9d ! c>ri]4 ,! tube is controll$ at ea* end by "o or m slid+ gates or valves1 & ! c>ri] is made to actuate ! gates1 & close ! "o beh9d x1 s t ! c>ri] may be dis*>g$ )\t p]mitt+ ! escape ( ! air & consequ5t r$uction ( pressure4 ,an int]e/+ inv5tion has be5 made by ,james ,m4 ,dodge ( ,philadelphia 9 ! l9e ( conveyors1 :]eby pea coal & o!r q heavy mat]ials introduc$ by a hopp] into a tr\gh are subject$ to a p[]ful air bla/ :i* pu%es ! mat]ial =w>d2 & z ! tr\gh is provid$ ) a s]ies ( frequ5tly occurr+ slots or p]=ations op5 to ! out] air & incl9$ opposite ! direction ( travel1 ! p[]ful curr5t f ! bl[] 9 escap+ ?r\gh su* outlets t5ds to lift or buoy ! mat]ial & c>ry x =w>d 9 ! air curr5t1 !reby greatly r$uc+ frictional contact & increas+ ! impell+ op]ation4 ,! inv5tor claims t ) su* an app>atus _m tons ( mat]ial p] h\r may be convey$ ) a comp>atively small work+ air pressure4 ,9 ord] t a conveyor c>riage may be automatically swit*$ (f at a c]ta9 place or /ation on ! l9e1 "o mode adopt$ 0 to arrange at a gate or /ation a sort ( p9 or projection or o!r deflector to engage "s recess or correspond+ feature on ! c>riage1 s z to arre/ & turn ! c>riage 9 its new direction at t po9t4 ,ano!r mode 0 ! adoption ( electro-magnets1 :i* w\ld op]ate at a c]ta9 place to arre/ or div]t ! c>riage2 & 9 ei!r case ! c>riage 0 s con/ruct$ t its engag+ features w\ld op]ate automatically only 9 conjunction ) c]ta9 features at a p>ticul> place on ! l9e4 ,signals h be5 also adopt$1 9 "s cases op]at$ by an electric curr5t1 by :i* ! op]ator c det]m9e :e!r or n ! controll+ devices h op]at$ to /op ! c>ri] at ! desir$ place4 ,by electric or me*anical means x is also provid$ t "o or m loop bran*es may be connect$ ) or disconnect$ f ! ma9 circuit4 ,! 8lazy tongs0 pr9ciple has be5 introduc$1 by :i* a long lazy-tongs is %ot =? ?r\gh a tube or box to c>ry =w>d ! c>riage2 & ! same pr9ciple is employ$ 9 fire-escapes to ?r[ up a cage to a great height to a w9d[ or o!r po9t1 :i* cage is l[]$ g5tly & safely by ! same means to ! gr\nd4 ,buff]s ( all k9ds h be5 devis$ to effect ! /oppage ( ! c>ri] )\t injury !reto "u ! diff]5t degrees ( =ce ) :i* x is mov$ ^u its way1 to prev5t reb\nd+1 & to enable ! c>ri] to be dis*>g$ ) facility at ! end ( its r\te4 ,among ! e>ly me*anical means ( transport+ ! c>riage 0 an endless cable mov$ cont9u\sly by an eng9e1 & ?is adoption ( cable pr9ciple 9 /ore s]vice 0 co-eval ) its adoption = runn+ /reet c>s4 ,also ! sy/em ( swit*+ ! c>s f ! ma9 l9e to a bran*1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( a city1 at ! same "t t all l9es are receiv+ _! motive p[] f ! ma9 l9e1 corresponds to ! mann] ( convey+ ca% to all p>ts ( a build+ at ! same "t f _m po9ts4 ,to ! great dep>tm5t /ore or mon/r\s build+ :]e91 z we h said1 ! :ole bus9ess ( a t[n may be transact$1 ! assemblage & conjo9t use ( elevators & conveyors seem to be actually necess>y4 ,a v useful & important l9e ( inv5tions consi/s 9 means = =m+ connections betwe5 rot>y %afts & _! pulleys & me*anisms to be op]at$ !reby1 by :i* su* me*anism c be />t$ or /opp$ at once1 or _! motion rev]s$ or ret>d$2 or by :i* an actuat+ %aft may be automatically /opp$4 ,^! means are kn[n z clut*es4 ,!y are design$ (t5 to af=d a yield+ connection betwe5 ! %aft & a ma*9e :i* %all prev5t excessive /ra9 & we> ^u />t+ ( ! %aft4 ,!y are also (t5 provid$ ) a spr+ connection1 :i*1 9 ! rotation ( ! %aft 9 ei!r direction1 w op]ate to relieve ! /ra9 ^u ! %aft1 or %afts1 & its driv+ motor4 ,safety clut*es are num]\s1 by :i* ! ma*9e is quickly & automatically /opp$ by ! action ( electro-magnets %\ld a workman or o!r ob/ruction be caught 9 ! ma*9]y4 ,electric auxili>y me*anism has also be5 devis$ to />t or /op ! ma9 ma*9e sl[ly1 & ?us prev5t injury to small or delicate p>ts ( complicat$ ma*9es1 l pr9t+ presses = in/ance4 ,clut*es are arrang$ sometimes 9 ! =m ( weights1 resembl+ ! action ( ! weights 9 /eam gov]nors1 :]eby c5trifugal action is reli$ ^u = sw++ ! weights outw>d to effect a clut*+ & c\pl+ ( ! %aft1 or o!r me*anism1 s t two l9es ( %aft+ are c\pl$1 or ! ma*9e />t$1 or spe$$1 at a c]ta9 "t dur+ ! op]ation4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! great mis*ief aris+ sometimes f undue /ra9 ^u & ! break+ ( a %aft1 a weak c\pl+ compos$ ( a l9k is sometimes employ$ betwe5 ! %aft & ! driv5 ma*9e1 :]eby1 %\ld ! =ce become sudd5ly too great1 ! l9k ( weak] metal is brok51 & ! connection betwe5 ! %aft !reby de/roy$ & ! ma*9e /opp$4 ,to ?is class ( inv5tions1 z well z to _m o!rs1 ! phrase1 8lab\r-sav+01 is appli$ z a descriptive t]m1 & z x is a correct "o 9 mo/ in/ances1 s9ce !y save ! lab\r ( _m human h&s1 !y are reg>d$ by _m z detrim5tal to a great ext5t1 z !y result 9 ?r[+ out ( employm5t a l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,?is d]angem5t does sometimes occur1 b ! curtailm5t ( ! numb] ( lab\r]s is b tempor>y aft] all4 ,! increas$ production ( mat]ials1 result+ f *eap] & bett] processes1 & f ! r$uc$ co/ ( h&l+ !m1 necessitates ! employm5t ( a l>g] numb] ( p]sons to take c>e (1 9 _m ways1 ! great] output caus$ by ! increas$ dem&2 ! new ma*9]y dem&s ! lab\r ( additional numb]s 9 its manufacture2 ! increase 9 ! size & heights ( build+s involves new modes ( con/ruction & a great] numb] ( artisans 9 _! erection2 new =ms ( indu/ry spr++ f e practical inv5tion :i* produces a new product or results 9 a new mode ( op]ation1 complicates ! sy/ems ( lab\r1 & creates a dem& = a l>ge numb] ( employ]s & employees 9 new fields4 ,h5ce1 x is only necess>y to resort to comp>ative1 /ati/ics 7too ext5sive to cite "h7 to %[ t ! numb] ( unemploy$ p 9 proportion to ! populations1 is less 9 ! pres5t age ?an 9 any previ\s "o4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 inv5tions %\ld be class$ z lab\r-increas+ devices4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,hydraulics4 ,! sci5ce ( ,hydraulics appe>s to be z old z ! ?ir/ ( man4 ,:5 prehi/oric m5 _h only /one implem5ts1 ) :i* to d _! "w1 !y built aqu$ucts1 res]voirs & deep wells :i* rival 9 ext5t _m great simil> works t are ! boa/ ( _! mod]n desc5dants4 ,mod]n inv5tors h also produc$ ) a fl\ri% nice in/rum5talities = rais+ wat]1 ag5cies :i* are cov]$ ) ! moss ( untold c5turies 9 ,*9a4 ,x 0 m ?an an anci5t obs]vation t came d[n to ,pl9y's "t = record1 t wat] w\ld rise to a level ) its s\rce4 ,! obs]vation1 h[ev]1 0 put into practical use 9 8 "t & long be=e )\t a k ( its philosophical cause4 ,no?+ 9 ,egyptian sculpture portray+ ! arts 9 vogue ar\nd ! cradle ( ! human race is old] ?an ! long lev] rock+ ^u a cleft /ick1 "o arm ( ! lev] c>ry+ a bracket & ! o!r arm us$ to raise a bucket f a well4 ,=ty c5turies & m h n r5d]$ ?is device obsolete4 ,among o!r ma*9es ( ! ,egyptians1 ! ,c>?ag9ians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans = rais+ wat] 0 ! tympanum1 a drum-%ape :eel divid$ into radial p>titions1 *amb]s1 or pockets1 :i* 7 op5 to a %ort dep? on ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel1 & incl9$ t[>d ! axis1 & :i* 0 driv5 by animal or manual p[]4 ,^! pockets scoop$ up ! wat] f ! /ream or pond 9 :i* ! :eel 0 locat$ z ! :eel revolv$1 & direct$ x t[>d ! axis ( ! :eel1 :]e x ran out into tr\ghs1 pipes1 or gutt]s4 ,! ,noria1 a *a9 ( pots1 & ! screw ( ,ar*im$es 7 o!r =ms ( anci5t pumps4 ,! bucket pumps ) "s modifications are kn[n 9 mod]n times z scoop :eels1 & h be5 us$ ext5sively 9 ! dra9age ( l&s1 especially by ! ,dut*1 :o at fir/ drove !m by w9dmills & lat] by /eam4 ,! division ( wat]-:eels into ov]%ot1 und]%ot & brea/ :eels is n a mod]n sy/em4 ,9 ! ,pneumatics ( ,h]o1 :i* compilation ( inv5tions appe>$ 9 #bbe ,b4 ,c41 sev5ty-n9e illu/rations are giv5 & describ$ ( simple ma*9es1 betwe5 sixty & sev5ty ( :i* are hydraulic devices4 ,among ^!1 are siphon pumps1 ! =ce pump ( ,ctesibius1 a 8fire-pump10 hav+ two cyl9d]s1 & two pi/ons1 valves1 & lev]s4 ,we h 9 a previ\s *apt] ref]r$ to ,h]o's /eam eng9e4 ,! fact t a vacuum may be creat$ 9 a pump into :i* wat] w rise by atmosph]ic pressure appe>s to h be5 avail$ ( b n expla9$ or und]/ood4 ,! employm5t ( ! rope1 pulley & w9dlass to raise wat] 0 kn[n to ,h]o & 8 c\ntrym5 z well z by ! ,*9ese be=e !m4 ,! *a9 pump & o!r pumps ( simple =m h only be5 improv$ s9ce ,h]o's day 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,! screw ( ,ar*im$es has be5 ext5d$ 9 application z a c>ri] ( wat]1 & conv]t$ into a conveyor ( _m o!r mat]ials4 ,?us1 aqu$ucts1 res]voirs1 wat]-:eels 7us$ = gr9d+ gra971 simple =ms ( pumps1 f\nta9s1 hydraulic organs1 & a few o!r hydraulic devices1 7 kn[n to anci5t peoples1 b _! limit$ k ( ! laws ( pneumatics & _! little me*anical skill prev5t$ mu* g5]al progress or ext5sive g5]al use ( su* inv5tions4 ,x is said t ,front9us1 a ,roman ,consul1 & inspector ( public f\nta9s & aqu$ucts 9 ! reigns ( ,n]va & ,trajan1 & :o wrote a book1 ,de ,aqua$uctibus ,urbis ,romae ,comm5t>ius1 describ+ ! great aqu$ucts ( ,rome1 0 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ! anci5ts to attempt a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! motions ( liquids4 ,9 #aeic ,s]vi]e1 a ,fr5*man1 born 9 ,lyons1 inv5t$ ! rot>y pump4 ,9 ?is ! pi/ons consi/$ ( two cog :eels1 _! leaves int]me%+1 & rotat$ 9 an elliptical %ap$ *amb]4 ,! wat] ent]$ ! *amb] f a l[] pipe1 & ! action ( ! :eels 0 su* z to c>ry ! wat] ar\nd ! *amb] & =ce x out ?r\gh an opposite upp] pipe4 ,subsequ5t *anges involv$ ! rotat+ ( ! cyl9d] in/ead ( ! :eels & _m modifications 9 ! =m ( ! :eels4 ,! same pr9ciple 0 subsequ5tly adopt$ 9 rot>y /eam eng9es4 ,9 #aehf1 a few ye>s be=e ?is inv5tion ( ,s]vi]e1 ,/ev9us1 ! great eng9e] ( ! dikes ( ,holl&1 wrote le>n$ly on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,/atics & ,hydro/atics1 & ,:ewell /ates t 8 treatm5t ( ! subject embraces mo/ ( ! elem5t>y sci5ce ( hydraulics & hydro/atics ( ! pres5t day4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! inve/igations & treatises ( ,galileo1 8 pupil ,torricelli1 :o discov]$ ! law ( air pressure1 ! great ,fr5* g5ius1 ,pascal1 & ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 9 ! #ag? c5tury2 & ,daniel ,b]n\lli1 d',alemb]t1 ,eul]1 ! great ,g]man ma!matician & inv5tor ( ! c5trifugal pump1 ! ,abb ,bossut1 ,v5turi1 ,eylewe91 & o!rs 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,x 0 n until ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies t mank9d dep>t$ mu* f ! practice ( supply+ _! t[ns & cities ) wat] f di/ant spr+s1 riv]s & lakes1 by pipes & aqu$ucts1 & resort$ to wat] di/ribution sy/ems f t[]s & elevat$ res]voirs4 ,c]ta9 cities 9 ,g]many & ,france 7 ! fir/ to d ?is1 foll[$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ,engl&4 ,?is seems /range1 z to ,engl&1 z 9 #aehb "o ,pet] ,maurice1 a ,dut* eng9e]1 erect$ at ,london1 on ! old ar*$ bridge across ! ,?ames1 a s]ies ( =c+ pumps work$ by und]%ot :eels plac$ 9 ! curr5t ( ! riv]1 by :i* he =c$ a supply ( wat] to ! upp]mo/ rooms ( l(ty build+s adjac5t to ! bridge4 ,be=e ! inv5tions ( ,newcom5 & ,watt 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury ( /eam pumps1 ! lift & =ce pumps 7 op]at$ by :eels 9 curr5ts1 by horses1 & sometimes by ! =ce ( curr5ts ( common sew]s4 ,:5 ! wat]s ( riv]s adjac5t to t[ns & cities ?us began to be pump$ = dr9k+ purposes1 /ra9]s & filt]s ( v>i\s k9ds 7 inv5t$ ( necessity4 ,! fir/ ones ( :i* !re is any pr9t$ record made _! appe>ance 9 #aggf4 ,aft] ! pr9ciples ( hydraulics _h ?us be5 review$ & discuss$ by ! philosoph]s ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies & appli$1 to ! ext5t indicat$1 fur!r application ( !m 0 made1 & especially = ! propell+ ( vessels4 ,9 #agah ,la ,hire reviv$ & improv$ ! d\ble-act+ pump ( ,ctesibius1 b to :at ext5t he put x into use does n appe>4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ! d\ble-act+ pump hav+ two *amb]s & two valves1 & 9 :i* ! pi/on act$ to ?r[ ! wat] out at ea* /roke4 ,9 #agcj ,dr4 ,john ,all5 ( ,engl& design$ a vessel hav+ a tunnel or pipe op5 at ! /]n !re( ?r\gh :i* wat] 0 to be pump$ into ! air or sea--! reaction ?us occasion$ driv+ ! vessel =w>d4 ,he put su* a vessel at "w 9 a canal1 work+ ! pumps by manual labor1 & sugge/$ ! employm5t ( a /eam eng9e4 ,a vessel ( ?is k9d 0 pat5t$ by ,david ,ramsey ( ,engl& 9 #agch4 ,rumsey ( ,am]ica 9 #aghb also inv5t$ a simil> vessel1 built "o #ej feet long1 & ran x exp]im5tally on ! ,potomac riv]4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 also plann$ a boat ( ?is k9d 9 #aghe & illu/rat$ ! same by sket*es4 ,8 plan has s9ce be5 tri$ on ! ,s*eldt1 b two turb9es 7 sub/itut$ = 8 simple =ce pump4 ,fur!r m5tion w be made lat] on ( a few m elaborate inv5tions ( ?is k9d4 ,x also hav+ be5 discov]$ t ! fall ( a column ( wat] 9 a tube w\ld cause a portion ( x to rise high] ?an its s\rce by reason ( ! =ce ( mom5tum1 a ma*9e 0 devis$ by :i* successive impulses ( ?is =ce 7 us$1 9 comb9ation ) atmosph]ic pressure1 to raise a portion ( ! wat] at ea* impulse4 ,?is 0 ! well-kn[n ram1 & ! fir/ inv5tor ( su* a ma*9e 0 ,john ,:itehur/ ( ,*eapside1 ,engl&1 :o con/ruct$ "o 9 #aggb4 ,f a res]voir1 spr+1 or ci/]n ( wat]1 ! wat] 0 dis*>g$ d[nw>d into a long pipe ( small diamet]1 & f !nce into a %ort] pipe gov]n$ by a /op-cock4 ,on ! op5+ ( ! /op-cock ! wat] 0 giv5 a quick mom5tum1 & on clos+ ! cock wat] 0 =c$ by ! cont9u+ mom5tum ?r\gh ano!r pipe into an air *amb]4 ,a valve 9 ! latt]-m5tion$ pipe op5$ into ! air *amb]4 ,! air pressure s]v$ to ov]come ! mom5tum & to close ! *amb] & at ! same "t =c$ ! wat] receiv$ into ! air *amb] up an adjac5t pipe4 ,ano!r impulse 0 obta9$ & ano!r injection ( wat] into ! *amb] by aga9 op5+ ! /op-cock1 & ?us by successive impulses wat] 0 =c$ into ! *amb] & press$ by ! air up ?r\gh ! dis*>ge pipe & !nce ?r\gh a build+ or o!r receptacle4 ,b ! fact t ! /op-valve _h to be op5$ & clos$ by h& to obta9 ! desir$ numb] ( lifts r5d]$ ! ma*9e ineffective4 ,9 #agif ,montgolfi]1 a ,fr5*man & "o ( ! inv5tors ( ! balloon1 sub/itut$ = ! /op-cock ( ! ,:itehur/ ma*9e a loose impulse valve 9 ! wa/e pipe1 :]eby ! valve 0 rais$ by ! ru% ( ! wat]1 made to set itself1 *eck ! outfl[ & turn ! curr5t into ! air *amb]4 ,?is simple alt]ation *ang$ ! "* ( ! ma*9e entirely1 r5d]$ x automatic 9 action & conv]t$ x into a highly successful wat]-rais+ ma*9e4 ,= ?is inv5tion ,montgolfi] obta9$ a ,gold ,m$al f ! ,fr5* ,exposition ( #ahjb4 ,:]e a head c be _h f f\r to six feet1 wat] c be rais$ to ! height ( #cj feet4 ,bodies ( wat] great] 9 am\nt ?an is desir$ to be rais$ c ?us be utilis$1 & ?is simple ma*9e has come into v ext5sive use dur+ ! pres5t c5tury4 ,allusion 0 made 9 ! la/ *apt] to ! p[]ful hydraulic press ( ,joseph ,bramah inv5t$ 9 #agie-ahjj1 its practical introduction 9 ?is c5tury & improvem5ts !re9 ( o!rs4 ,aft] ! great improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e made by ,watt1 wat]1 /eam & air pressure jo9$ _! =ces on ! ?re%old ( ?is c5tury to lift & move ! _w1 z x _h nev] be5 mov$ be=e4 ,! /rong h&s ( hydraulics are pumps4 ,!y are divid$ into classes by names indicat+ _! purpose & mode ( op]ation1 su* z s+le1 d\ble-act+1 lift or =ce1 reciprocat+ or rot>y1 etc4 ,knight1 9 8 celebrat$ ,me*anical ,diction>y1 enum]ates #ajj diff]5tly con/ruct$ pumps connect$ ) ! v>i\s arts4 ,9 a broad] enum]ation1 "u ! head ( ,hydraulic ,eng9e]+ & ,eng9e]+ ,devices1 he gives a li/ ( ov] #fjj species4 ,! numb] has s9ce increas$4 ,ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ^! contrivances h be5 inv5t$ dur+ ! #ai? c5tury1 al?\gh ! philosophical pr9ciples ( ! op]ation ( mo/ ( !m _h be5 previ\sly discov]$4 ,! important epo*s 9 ! inv5tion ( pumps1 end+ ) ! #ah? c5tury1 7 ?us ! s+le-act+ pump ( ,ctesibius1 #bbe ,b4 ,c41 ! d\ble-act+ ( ,la ,hire 9 #agah1 ! hydraulic ram ( ,:itehur/1 #aggb1 & ! hydraulic press ( ,bramah ( #agie-ahjb4 ,bramah's press illu/rates h[ ! !ories ( "o age (t5 lie dormant1 b if true become ! practices ( a succe$+ age4 ,pascal1 #aej ye>s be=e ,bramah's "t1 _h writt5 ?is seem+ hydraulic p>adox3 8,if a vessel clos$ on all sides has two op5+s1 ! "o a hundr$ times z l>ge z ! o!r1 & if ea* be suppli$ ) a pi/on :i* fits x exactly1 !n a man pu%+ ! small pi/on w equilibrate t ( #ajj m5 pu%+ ! pi/on :i* is #ajj times z l>ge1 & w ov]come ! o!r #ii40 ,?is is ! law ( ! hydraulic press1 t int5sity ( pressure is ev]y:]e ! same4 ,! next important epo* 0 ! inv5tion ( ,=neyron 9 #ahbc1 ( ! wat]-:eel kn[n z ! ,turb9e & also z ! ,vortex ,:eel4 ,if we w return a mom5t to ! little /eam eng9e ( ! anci5t ,h]o ( ,alex&ria1 call$ ! ,eolipile1 x w be rememb]$ t ! /eam admitt$ into a pivot$ vessel & out ( x ?r\gh little opposite pipes1 hav+ b5t exits turn$ 9 contr>y directions1 caus$ ! vessel to rotate by reason ( ! reaction ( ! /eam aga9/ ! pipes4 ,9 :at is call$ ,b>k]'s mill1 br\ght out 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 sub/antially ! same =m ( eng9e is se5 ) wat] sub/itut$ = ! /eam4 ,a turb9e is a :eel usually plac$ horizontally to ! wat]4 ,! :eel is provid$ ) curv$ int]nal buckets aga9/ :i* ! wat] is l$ by out] curv$ passages1 ! guides & ! buckets bo? curv$ 9 su* mann] t ! wat] %all ent] ! :eel z ne>ly z possible )\t %ock1 & leave x ) ! lea/ possible velocity1 !reby utilis+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( en]gy4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,electrical inv5tions ref]5ce is made to ! mighty p[] ( ,niag>a us$ to actuate a great numb] ( electrical & o!r ma*9es ( va/ p[]4 ,?is utilisation _h long be5 ! dream ( eng9e]s4 ,sir ,william ,siem5s _h said t ! p[] ( all ! coal rais$ 9 ! _w w\ld b>ely repres5t ! p[] ( ,niag>a4 ,! dream has be5 realis$1 & ! turb9e is ! app>atus ?r\gh :i* ! p[] ( ! h>ness$ giant is transmitt$4 ,a canal is dug f ! riv] a mile above ! falls4 ,x conducts wat] to a p[] h\se ne> ! falls4 ,at ! p[] h\se ! canal is furni%$ ) a gate1 & ) cribs to keep back ! ob/ructions1 su* z /icks4 ,at ! gate is plac$ a v]tical iron tube call$ a p5/ock1 #g feet 9 diamet] & #afj feet deep4 ,at ! bottom ( ! p5/ock is plac$ a turb9e :eel fix$ on a %aft1 & to :i* %aft is connect$ an electric g5]ator or o!r p[] ma*9e4 ,on op5+ ! gate a mass ( wat] #g feet 9 diamet] falls ^u ! turb9e :eel #afj feet bel[4 ,! wat] ru%+ ?r\gh ! :eel turns x & its %aft _m hundr$ revolutions a m9ute4 ,all ! ma*9]y is ( enorm\s p[] & dim5sions4 ,"o electric g5]ator !re is #aa feet #g in*es 9 diamet] & sp9s ar\nd at ! rate ( #bej revolutions a m9ute4 ,means are provid$ by :i* ! spe$ ( ea* :eel is regulat$ automatically4 ,ea* turb9e 9 a p5/ock repres5ts ! p[] ( #e1jjj horses1 & !re are n[ t5 or m employ$4 ,aft] ! wat] has done its "w on ! :eels x falls into a tunnel & is c>ri$ back to ! riv] bel[ ! falls4 ,n only are ! manufactures ( v>i\s k9ds ( a l>ge t[n at ! falls ?us suppli$ ) p[]1 b electric p[] is transmitt$ to di/ant t[ns & cities4 ,turb9e pumps ( ! ,=neyron type h an outw>d fl[2 b ano!r =m1 inv5t$ also by a ,fr5*man1 ,jonval1 has a d[nw>d dis*>ge1 & o!rs are oblique1 d\ble1 comb9$ turb9e1 rot>y1 & c5trifugal1 embody+ simil> pr9ciples4 ,! t]m rot>y1 broadly speak+1 includes turb9e & c5trifugal pumps4 ,! c5trifugal pump1 inv5t$ by ,eul] 9 #aged1 0 tak5 up 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury & greatly improv$4 ,9 ! c5trifugal pump ( ! ord9>y =m ! wat] is receiv$ at ! c5tre ( ! :eel & div]t$ & c>ri$ out 9 an upw>d direction1 b 9 mo/ ( its mod]n =ms d]iv$ f ! turb9e1 ! pr9ciple is adopt$ ( s %ap+ ! vanes t ! wat]1 /rik+ !m 9 ! curv$ direction1 %all n h its l9e ( curvature sudd5ly *ang$4 ,among mod]n inv5tions ( ?is class ( pumps 0 ! 8,massa*usetts0 ( #ahah & ,mc,carty's1 9 #ahcj1 ( ,am]ica1 t ( "s contempor>y ,fr5* eng9e]s1 & subsequ5tly 9 ,france ! ,appold sy/em1 :i* latt] 0 br\ght into prom95t notice at ! ,london ,exposition ( #ahea4 ,improvem5ts ( great value 7 also made by ,pr(4 ,james ,?ompson ( ,engl&4 ,c5trifugal pumps h be5 us$ ) great success 9 lift+ l>ge bodies ( wat] to a mod]ate height1 & = dra9+ m>%es & o!r l[ l&s4 ,holl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl& & ,am]ica h1 ?r\gh "s ( _! able/ hydraulic eng9e]s & inv5tors1 produc$ mo/ rem>kable results 9 ^! v>i\s =ms ( pumps4 ,we h not$ :at has be5 done at ,niag>a ) ! turb9es2 & ! dra9age ( ! m>%es ( ,italy1 ! l[l&s ( ,holl&1 ! f5s ( ,engl& & ! swamps ( ,florida be> evid5ce ( ! value ( k9dr$ inv5tions4 ,t mod]n =m ( pump kn[n z ! injector1 has _m uses 9 ! arts & manufactures4 ,"o ( its mo/ useful functions is to automatically supply /eam boil]s ) wat]1 & regulate ! supply4 ,x 0 ! inv5tion ( ,giff>d1 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aheh1 & consi/s ( a /eam pipe lead+ f ! boil] & hav+ its nozzle project+ into an annul> space :i* communicates ) a fe$ pipe f a wat] supply4 ,a jet ( /eam is dis*>g$ ) =ce into ?is space1 produc+ a vacuum1 into :i* ! wat] f ! fe$ pipe ru%es1 & ! cond5s$ /eam & wat] are driv5 by ! mom5tum ( ! jet into a pipe lead+ into ! boil]4 ,?is exce$+ly useful app>atus has be5 improv$ & univ]sally us$ :]ev] /eam boil]s are f\nd4 ,?is idea ( inject+ a /ream ( /eam or wat] to create or increase ! fl[ ( ano!r /ream has be5 appli$ 9 int5sifi]s1 to increase ! pressure ( wat] 9 hydraulic ma9s1 pipes1 & ma*9es1 by additional pressure en]gy4 ,?us ! wat] f an ord9>y ma9 may be giv5 su* an increas$ pressure t a jet f a hydrant may be c>ri$ to ! tops ( high h\ses4 ,9 connection ) pump+ x may be said t a great deal has be5 discov]$ & inv5t$ dur+ ?is c5tury conc]n+ ! =ce & utilisation ( jets ( wat] & ! =ce ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh orifices4 ,9 ! art ( m9+1 a new sy/em call$ hydraulicis+ has be5 introduc$1 by :i* jets ( wat] at high pressure h be5 direct$ aga9/ banks & hills1 :i* h crumbl$1 be5 wa%$ away1 & made to reveal any preci\s ore !y h conceal$4 ,to assi/ ?is op]ation flexible nozzles h be5 inv5t$ :i* p]mit ! /ream to be easily turn$ 9 any desir$ direction4 ,return+ to ! idea ( rais+ weights by hydraulic pressure1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! rec5t inv5tion ( ! hydraulic jack1 a portable ma*9e = rais+ loads1 & :i* has displac$ ! old] & less effici5t screw jack4 ,z an example ( ! practical utility ( ! hydraulic jack1 ab\t a half c5tury ago x requir$ ! aid ( #dhj m5 work+ at cap/ans to raise ! ,luxor ,obelisk 9 ,p>is1 :il/ )9 #cj ye>s !reaft] ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 a heavi] monum5t1 0 rais$ to its pres5t position on ! ,?ames embankm5t by f\r m5 ea* work+ "o hydraulic jack4 ,by ! high pressures1 or /resses giv5 by ! hydraulic press x 0 le>n$ t cold metals h pla/icity & c be m\ld$ or /ret*$ l o!r pla/ic bodies4 ,?us 9 "o modification a ma*9e is _h = mak+ lead pipes3--,a 8conta9]0 is fill$ ) molt5 lead & !n all[$ to cool4 ,! conta9] is !n =c$ by ! pump aga9/ an elongat$ die ( ! size ( ! pipe requir$4 ,a pressure f "o to two tons p] squ>e in* is ex]t$1 ! lead is =c$ up ?r\gh ! die1 & ! pipe comes out complet$4 ,wr\ght iron & cold /eel c be =c$ l wax into diff]5t =ms1 & a rod ( /eel may be drawn ?r\gh a die to =m a piano wire4 ,by ano!r modification ( ! hydraulic press pipes & cables are cov]$ ) a coat+ ( lead to prev5t det]ioration f ru/ & o!r causes4 ,n only are cotton & o!r bulky mat]ials press$ into small compass by hydraulic ma*9es1 b v valuable oils are press$ f cotton se$ & f o!r mat]ials--! se$ be+ fir/ s(t5$1 !n made into cakes1 & ! cakes press$4 ,if x is desir$ to l9e tunnels or o!r *annels ) a metal l9+1 %ield or cas+1 l>ge segm5ts ( iron to compose ! cas+ are put 9 position1 & z fa/ z ! tunnel is excavat$ ! cas+ is press$ =w>d1 & :5 ! digg+ is done ! ca/-iron tunnel is complete4 ,if ! iron hoops on great casks are to be tight5$ ! cask is set on ! plate ( a hydraulic press1 ! hoops connect$ to a s]ies ( /eel arms project+ f an ov]hang+ support1 & ! cask is press$ upw>d until ! prop] degree ( tightness is secur$4 ,9 ! application ( hydraulic p[] to ma*9e tools great advances h be5 made4 ,x has become a sy/em1 9 :i* ,tw$dle ( ,engl& 0 a pione]4 ,! great =ce ( wat] pressure comb9$ ) comp>atively sl[ motion con/itutes ! basis ( ! sy/em4 ,sir ,william ,fairbairn _h done ) /eam :at ,tw$dle & o!rs accompli%$ ) wat]4 ,?us ! enorm\s =ce ( m5 & ! fe>ful clatt] =m]ly display$ 9 ^! huge works :]e ! rivet+ ( boil]s 0 c>ri$ on c n[ be disp5s$ )1 & 9 place ( ! noisy hamm] ) its ceaseless bl[s has come ! /eam or ! hydraulic rivet+ ma*9e1 :i* noiselessly drives ! rivet ?r\gh any ?ickness ( metal1 cl9*es ! same1 & smoo?s ! jo9t$ plate4 ,! =g+ & ! roll+ ( ! plates are p]=m$ by ! same means4 ,william ,george ,arm/rong ( ,engl&1 aft]w>d ,sir ,william1 fir/ a lawy]1 b ) ! /ronge/ be>+ t[>d me*anical subjects1 p]=m$ a great "w 9 ! advancem5t ( hydraulic eng9e]+4 ,x is claim$ t he did = hydraulic ma*9]y1 9 ! /orage & transmission ( p[] !reby1 :at ,watt did = ! /eam eng9e & ,bessem] did = /eel4 ,9 #ahch he produc$ 8 fir/ inv5tion1 an important improvem5t 9 ! hydraulic eng9e4 ,9 #ahdj1 9 a lett] to ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e1 he calls att5tion to ! advantages ( wat] z a me*anical ag5t & a res]voir ( p[]1 & %[$ h[ wat] pump$ to an elevat$ res]voir by a /eam eng9e might h ! pot5tial en]gy ?us /or$ utilis$ 9 _m advantage\s ways4 ,h[1 = in/ance1 a small eng9e pump+ cont9u\sly c\ld ?us supply _m l>ge eng9es work+ int]mitt5tly4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is idea he inv5t$ a crane1 :i* 0 erect$ on ,newca/le quay 9 #ahdf2 ano!r 0 con/ruct$ on ! ,alb]t dock at ,liv]pool1 & o!rs at o!r places4 ,^! cranes1 adapt$ = ! lift+ & c>ry+ ( enorm\s loads1 7 work$ by hydraulic pressure obta9$ f elevat$ tanks or res]voirs1 z above indicat$4 ,b z a sub/itute = su* tanks or res]voirs he inv5t$ ! ,accumulator4 ,?is consi/s ( a l>ge ca/-iron cyl9d] fitt$ ) a plung]1 :i* is made to "w wat]-tight !re9 by means ( suitable pack+4 ,to ?is plung] is atta*$ a weight$ case fill$ ) "o or _m tons ( metal or o!r co>se mat]ial4 ,wat] is pump$ into ! cyl9d] until ! plung] is rais$ to its full height )9 ! cyl9d]1 :5 ! supply ( wat] is cut (f by ! automatic op]ation ( a valve4 ,:5 ! cranes or o!r app>atus to be work$ !reby are 9 op]ation1 wat] is pass$ f ! cyl9d] ?r\gh a small pipe :i* actuates ! crane ?r\gh hydraulic pressure4 ,?is pressure ( c\rse dep5ds ^u ! weight ( ! plung]4 ,?us a pressure ( f #ejj to #a1jjj p\nds p] squ>e in* may be obta9$4 ,! desc5d+ plung] ma9ta9s a con/ant pressure ^u ! wat]1 & ! wat] is only pump$ into ! cyl9d] :5 x is requir$ to be fill$4 ,) s5sitive accumulators ( ?is "* hydraulic ma*9]y is mu* us$ on bo>d %ips = /e]+ !m1 & = load+1 dis*>g+ & /or+ c>goes4 ,wat] ,pressure ,eng9es or ,wat] ,motors ( a great v>iety z to useful details h be5 inv5t$ to take advantage ( a natural head ( wat] f falls :]ev] x exi/s1 or f artificial accumulators or f /reet ma9s4 ,!y resemble /eam eng9es1 9 t ! wat] "u pressure drives a pi/on 9 a cyl9d] some:at 9 ! mann] ( /eam4 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is class ( ma*9]y is ! admission ( wat] "u pressure to a cyl9d] :i* moves ! pi/on & is all[$ to escape on ! completion ( ! /roke4 ,!y are divid$ into two great classes1 s+le & d\ble act+ eng9es1 accord+ly z ! wat] is admitt$ to "o side ( ! pi/on only1 or to bo? sides alt]nately4 ,bo? k9ds are provid$ ) a regulator 9 ! =m ( a turn-cock1 weight1 or spr+ valve to regulate & control ! fl[ ( wat] & to make x cont9u\s4 ,!y are us$ = furni%+ a limit$ am\nt ( p[] = work+ small pr9t+ presses1 d5tal eng9es1 organs1 sew+ ma*9es1 & = _m o!r purposes :]e a light motor is desir$4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has se5 a revolution 9 ba?s & accompany+ closets4 ,h[ev] useful1 luxuri\s1 & magnific5t may h be5 ! patrician ba?s ( anci5t ,rome1 t sy/em1 :i* mod]n inve/igators h f\nd to be s complete to a c]ta9 ext5t1 0 n nor ev] has be5 9 ! possession ( ! poor4 ,x is )9 ! memory ( _m n[ liv+ ev]y:]e h[ wret*$ 0 ! sanit>y accommodations 9 e popul\s place a g5]ation or two ago4 ,n[1 ) ! mod]n wat] di/ribution sy/ems & *eap ba?+ app>atuses :i* c be br\ght to ! homes ( all1 ) plung]1 valv$ siphon & valv$ & wa%\t closets1 air valve1 liquid seal1 pipe inlet1 & valve seal traps1 & ) ! flu%+ & o!r hydraulic clean+ sy/ems = dra9s & cesspools1 little excuse c be _h = want ( prop] sanit>y regulations 9 any intellig5t community4 ,! result ( ! adoption ( ^! mod]n improvem5ts 9 ?is direction on ! heal? ( ! p has be5 to bani% plagues1 curtail epidemics1 & prolong = ye>s ! av]age duration ( human life4 ,h[ multipli$ are ! uses to :i* wat] is put1 & h[ completely x is be+ subject$ to ! use ( man6 ,riv]s & pipes h _! metres1 s t n[ ! velocity & volume ( riv]s & /reams are measur$ & controll$1 & floods prev5t$4 ,! supplies = cities & = families are e/imat$1 measur$ & record$ z easily z are ! supplies ( illum9at+ gas1 or ! fl[ ( food f elevators4 ,among ! m9or1 b v useful inv5tions1 are wat] scoops = pick+ up wat] = a tra9 :ile 9 motion1 consi/+ ( a curv$ op5 pipe on a c>1 ! m\? ( :i* /rikes a curr5t ( wat] 9 an op5 tr\gh betwe5 ! tracks & picks up & deposits 9 a m9ute a c> load ( wat] = ! eng9e4 ,nozzles to emit jets ( great velocity1 & ball nozzles t]m9at+ 9 a cup 9 :i* a ball is loosely seat$1 & :i* has ! effect1 z x is lift$ by ! jet1 to spread x into an umbrella-%ap$ spray1 are ( great value at fires 9 qu5*+ flame & smoke4 ,next to pure air to brea! we ne$ pure wat] to dr9k1 & mod]n discov]ies & inv5tions h done & are do+ mu* to help u to bo?4 ,pa/eur & o!rs h discov]$ & expla9$ ! g]m !ory ( disease & to :at ext5t x is due to impure wat]4 ,inv5tors h produc$ filt]s1 & !re is a l>ge class ( t "* :i* r5d] ! wat] pure z x ent]s ! dwell+1 & fit = all dome/ic purposes4 ,a specim5 ( ! latt] class is "o :i* is atta*$ to ! ma9 s]vice pipe z x ent]s f ! /reet4 ,! wat] is fir/ l$ into a cyl9d] /or$ ) co>se filt]+ mat]ial :i* cle>s ! wat] ( mud1 s$im5t & co>s] impurities1 & !n is conduct$ into a second cyl9d] provid$ ) a mass ( f9e gra9$ or p[d]$ *>coal1 or "s o!r mat]ial :i* has ! quality ( n only arre/+ all rema9+ injuri\s +r$i5ts1 b de/roys organisms1 neutralises ammonia & o!r delet]i\s matt]4 ,f !nce ! wat] is return$ to ! s]vice pipe & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,! filt] may be ?or\ghly cleans$ by rev]s+ ! movem5t ( ! wat]1 & c>ry+ x (f ?r\gh a dra9 pipe until x runs cle> & sweet1 :]eupon ! wat] is turn$ 9 its normal c\rse ?r\gh ! filt] & h\se4 ,9 a v rec5t report ( ,g5]al ,j4 ,m4 ,wilson1 ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a41 ! subject ( filtration ( wat]1 & especially ( public wat] supplies 9 ,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & on ! ,cont95t1 is v ?or\ghly treat$1 & ! conclusion arriv$ at !re is t ! sy/em t]m$ 8! ,am]ican10 or me*anical sy/em1 is ! mo/ successful "o4 ,?is consi/s1 fir/1 9 lead+ ! wat] into "o or m res]voirs1 !n coagulat+ susp5d$ matt] 9 ! wat] by ! use ( ! sulphate ( alum9a1 & !n all[+ ! wat] to fl[ ?r\gh a body ( co>se s&1 by :i* ! coagulat$ alum9at$ matt] is caught & held 9 ! int]/ices ( ! s&1 & ! bact]ia arre/$4 ,all objectionable matt] is ?us arre/$ by ! surface portion ( ! s& body1 :i* portion is f "t to "t scrap$ (f1 & ! :ole s& mass occasionally wa%$ out by upw>d curr5ts ( wat] =c$ ?r\gh ! same4 ,by ?is sy/em great rapidity ( filtration is obta9$1 ! rate be+ #abj1jjj1jjj gallons a day p] acre4 ,! ,engli% sy/em consi/s m 9 ! use ( ext5d$ & successive res]voirs or b$s ( s& alone1 or aid$ by ! use ( ! sulphate4 ,?is also is ext5sively us$ 9 _m l>ge cities4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,pneumatics ,,& ,,pneumatic ,,ma*9es4 8,! m>* ( ! human m9d is sl[10 exclaim$ ,burke 9 8 great spee* on 8,conciliation ) ! ,colonies40 ,x 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury t he 0 speak+1 & he 0 ref]r+ to ! sl[ discov]y ( ! et]nal laws ( ,provid5ce z appli$ 9 ! field ( political adm9i/ration to di/ant colonies4 ,! same c\ld !n h be5 said ( ! m>* ( ! human m9d 9 ! realms ( ,nature4 ,h[ sl[ _h be5 ! appreh5sion ( ! =ces ( t k9d b sil5t ,"m ^: /rong arms are ev] ready to lift & c>ry ! burd5s ( m5 :5ev] h] aid is dilig5tly s\ght6 ,! voice ( ,burke 01 h[ev]1 h>dly sil5t :5 ! human m9d sudd5ly awoke1 & its m>* 9 ! realms ( gov]nm5t & ( natural sci5ce s9ce !n _c be reg>d$ z sl[4 ,m ?an fifte5 c5turies be=e ,burke spoke1 n only _h ,greece discov]$ ! pr9ciples ( political fre$om = its citiz5s & its colonies1 b ! p[] ( /eam _h be5 discov]$1 & exp]im5tal "w be5 done ) x4 ,yet :5 ! fam\s orator made 8 spee* ! ,grecian exp]im5t 0 a toy ( ,k+s1 & ! /eam eng9e _h j develop$ f ?is toy into a mighty eng9e 9 ! h&s ( ,watt4 ,! age ( me*anical inv5tions _h j comm5c$ ) ! production ( ma*9es = sp9n+ & weav+4 ,& yet1 9 view ( ! rise ( le>n+1 & ! appe>ance f "t to "t ( mighty intellects 9 ! highe/ walks ( sci5ce1 ! gr[? ( ! m9d 9 ! l9e ( useful ma*9]y _h inde$ be5 /rangely sl[4 8,le>n+0 _h reviv$ 9 ,italy 9 ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies & spread we/w>d 9 ! #ad?4 ,9 ! #ae?1 gunp[d] & pr9t+ _h be5 discov]$1 & ,scalig]1 ! fam\s s*ol> ( ,italy1 & ,erasmus1 ! celebrat$ ,dut* philosoph]1 7 ! lead+ re/or]s ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,sci5ce !n also reviv$1 & ,cop]nicus1 ! ,pole1 gave u ! true !ory ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! #af? c5tury produc$ ! great ma!maticians & a/ronom]s ,ty*o ,brahe1 ! ,dane1 ,c>dan & ,galileo1 ! illu/ri\s ,italians1 & ,kepl]1 ! ,g]man a/ronom]1 ^: discov]y ( ! laws ( planet>y motion supplem5t$ ! works ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo & illum9at$ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,9 ! #ag? c5tury appe>$ ,torricelli1 ! inv5tor ( ! b>omet]2 ,gu]icke1 ! ,g]man1 inv5tor ( ! air pump2 ,fahr5heit1 ! inv5tor ( ! m]curial !rmomet] be>+ 8 "n2 ,leibnitz1 em95t 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce & philosophy2 ,huyg5s1 ! great ,dut* a/ronom] & philosoph]2 ,pascal ( ,france & ,sir ,isaac ,newton ( ,engl&1 ! wor?y successors ( ,kepl]1 ,galileo & ,cop]nicus2 & yet1 ) ! exception ( philosophical discov]ies & a few exp]im5ts1 ! field ( inv5tion 9 ! way ( motor eng9es /ill rema9$ practically clos$4 ,b slight z _h be5 ! discov]ies & exp]im5ts ref]r$ to1 !y 7 ! m9e f :i* ! inv5tions ( subsequ5t times 7 qu>ri$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/1 if n ! fir/ ( pneumatic ma*9es1 0 ! bell[s4 ,its inv5tion foll[$ ! discov]y ( fire & ( metals4 ,! bladd]s ( animals sugge/$ x1 & _! sk9s 7 sub/itut$ = ! bladd]s4 ,! ,egyptians h left a record ( its use1 ?irty-f\r c5turies ago1 & its use has be5 cont9u\s ev] s9ce4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! cannon4 ,x 0 probably ! e>lie/ attempt to obta9 motive p[] f heat4 ,! ball 0 driv5 out ( an iron cyl9d] by ! inflammatory p[] ( p[d]4 ,let a pi/on be sub/itut$ = ! cannon ball1 z 0 sugge/$ by ,huyg5s 9 #afhj & by ,pap9 9 #afij1 & ! *>ge ( p[d] s r$uc$ t :5 x is explod$ ! pi/on w n be ?r[n entirely out ( ! cyl9d]1 ano!r small explosive *>ge introduc$ on ! o!r side ( ! pi/on to =ce x back1 or let ! cyl9d] be v]tical & ! pi/on be driv5 back by gravity1 means provid$ to p]mit ! escape ( ! gas aft] x has done its "w1 & means to keep ! cyl9d] cool1 & we h ! prototype ( ! mod]n heat eng9es4 ,! gunp[d] exp]im5ts ( ,huyg5s & ,pap9 7 n successful1 b !y 7 ! prog5itors ( simil> inv5tions made two c5turies !reaft]4 ,jan ,bapti/a van ,helmont1 a ,flemi% physician 7#aegg-afdd71 0 ! fir/ to apply ! t]m1 gas to ! ela/ic fluids :i* resemble air 9 physical prop]ties4 ,rob]t ,boyle1 ! celebrat$ ,iri% s*ol> & sci5ti/1 & improv] ( ! air pump1 & ,edw9 ,m>iotte1 ! ,fr5* physici/ :o 0 fir/ to %[ t a fea!r & a co9 w drop ! same di/ance at ! same "t 9 a res]voir exhau/$ ( air1 7 ! indep5d5t discov]]s ( ,boyle's & ,m>iotte's law ( gases7#afej-afgf74 ,?is 0 t at any giv5 temp]ature ( a gas :i* is at re/ its volume v>ies inv]sely ) ! pressure put ^u x4 ,x foll[s f ?is law t ! d5sity & t5sion1 & !re=e ! expansive =ce ( a gas1 are proportional to ! compress+ =ce to :i* x is subject$4 ,x is said t ,abb ,hauteville1 ! son ( a bak] ( ,orleans1 ab\t #afgh propos$ to raise wat] by a p[d] motor2 & t 9 #afhb he describ$ a ma*9e bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 produc$ by ! alt]nate expansion & contraction ( ! he>t4 ,! production ( heat by conc5trat+ ! rays ( ! sun1 & = burn+ objects _h be5 kn[n f ! "t ( ,ar*im$es1 & be5 repeat$ f "t to "t4 ,?us /ood ?is art at ! close ( ! #ag? c5tury1 & ?us x rema9$ until ne> ! close ( ! #ah?4 ,9 ,engl& ,murdock1 ! ,corni% ,/eam ,eng9e]1 0 ! fir/ to make & use coal gas = illum9at+ purposes1 :i* he did 9 #agib & #agih4 ,its utilisation = o!r practical purposes 0 !n sugge/$4 ,gas eng9es z motive p[]s 7 fir/ describ$ 9 ! ,engli% pat5t to ,john ,b>b]1 9 #agia1 & !n 9 "o issu$ to ,rob]t ,/reet 9 #agid4 ,b>b] propos$ to introduce a /ream ( c>bonat$ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh "o port1 & a quantity ( air at ano!r1 & explode !m aga9/ ! pi/on4 ,/reet propos$ to drive up ! pi/on by ! expansive =ce ( a heat$ gas1 & anticipat$ _m mod]n ideas4 ,phillipe ,lebon1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 9 #agii & 9 #ahja anticipat$ 9 a !oretical way _m ideas s9ce successfully r$uc$ to practice4 ,he propos$ to use coal gas to drive a pi/on1 :i* 9 turn %\ld move ! %aft t work$ ! pumps :i* =c$ 9 ! gas & air1 & ?us make ! ma*9e d\ble-act+2 to introduce a *>ge ( inflammable gas mix$ ) suffici5t air to ignite x2 to compress ! air & gas be=e !y ent]$ ! motor cyl9d]2 to introduce ! *>ge alt]nately on ea* side ( ! pi/on2 & he also sugge/$ ! use ( ! electric sp>k to fire ! mixture4 ,b ,lebon 0 assass9at$ & did n live to "w out 8 ideas4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ,john ,dalton 9 ,engl&1 #ahja-ahjg1 & ,gay-,lussac 9 ,france began _! inve/igations ( gases & vap\rs4 ,dalton 0 n only ! au?or ( ! atomic !ory1 b ! discov]] ( ! lead+ ideas 9 ! 8,con/itution ( ,mix$ ,gases40 ,^! features 7 ! diffusion ( gases1 ! action ( gases on ea* o!r 9 vacuum--! influ5ce ( diff]5t temp]atures ^u !m1 _! *emical con/itu5ts & _! relative specific gravity4 ,gay-,lussac1 cont9u+ 8 inve/igations z to expansion ( air & gases "u increas$ temp]atures1 9 #ahjg-aj1 e/abli%$ ! law t :5 free f moi/ure !y all dilate uni=mly & to equal am\nts = all equal increm5ts ( temp]ature4 ,he also %[$ t ! gases comb9e1 z to volume1 9 simple proportions1 & t sev]al ( !m on be+ comp\nd$ contract$ always 9 su* simple proportions z "o-half1 "o-?ird1 or "o-qu>t]1 ( _! jo9t bulk4 ,by ^! laws all =ms ( eng9es :i* 7 made to "w ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( heat are class$ z heat eng9es--s t "u ?is head are includ$ /eam eng9es1 air eng9es1 gas eng9es1 vap\r eng9es & sol> eng9es4 ,! tie t b9ds ^! eng9es into "o great family is temp]ature4 ,x is ! heat t does ! "w4 ,:e!r x is a cannon1 ! p[] ( :i* is manife/$ 9 a fla%1 or ! sl[] mov+ /eam eng9e1 ^: ?robb+ he>t beats n until wat] is turn$ to /eam1 or ! sun1 ! p>5t ( !m all1 ^: rays are grasp$ & us$ direct1 ! "q 9 all cases is1 :at is ! am\nt ( heat produc$ & h[ c x be controll$8 ,x1 !n1 c make no diff]5ce :at ! ag5t is t is employ$1 :e!r air1 or gas1 or /eam1 or ! sun1 or gunp[d] explosion1 b :at is ! temp]ature to be atta9$ 9 ! cyl9d] or vessel 9 :i* !y "w4 ,p[] is ! measure ( "w done 9 a giv5 "t4 ,horse p[] is ! unit ( su* measurem5t1 & x consi/s ( ! am\nt ( p[] t is requir$ to raise "o p\nd ?r\gh a v]tical di/ance ( "o foot4 ,?is p[] is pressure & ! pressure is heat4 ,! unit ( heat is ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise ! temp]ature ( a p\nd ( di/ill$ wat] "o degree--f #ci degrees to #dj degrees ,f4 ,its am\nt or measurem5t is det]m9$ 9 any in/ance by a dynamomet]4 ,^! 7 ! discov]ies ) :i* ,philosophy op5$ ! n9ete5? c5tury s brilliantly 9 ! field ( ,pneumatics4 ,be=e t "t x seem$ impossible t explosive gases w\ld ev] be h>ness$ z /eam _h be5 & made to d cont9ual successful "w 9 a cyl9d] & beh9d a pi/on4 ,z yet means 7 to be f\nd to make ! eng9e effici5t z a d\ble-act+ "o--to />t ! untam$ /e$ at ! prop] mom5t & to /op him at ! mom5t he _h done 8 "w4 ,z ,newcom5 _h be5 ! fir/ 9 ! previ\s c5tury to apply ! /eam eng9e to practical "w--pump+ wat] f m9es--s ,samuel ,br[n ( ,engl& 0 ! fir/ 9 ?is c5tury to inv5t & use a gas eng9e ^u ! wat]4 ,br[n took out pat5ts 9 #ahbc & #ahbf4 ,he propos$ to use gunp[d] gas z ! motive p[]4 ,8 eng9e 0 also describ$ 9 ! ,me*anics' ,magaz9e publi%$ 9 ,london at t "t4 ,9 ! mak+ ( 8 eng9e he foll[$ ! idea ( a /eam eng9e1 b us$ ! flame ( an ignit$ gas jet to create a vacuum )9 ! cyl9d] in/ead ( /eam4 ,he fitt$ up an exp]im5tal boat ) su* an eng9e1 & means ^u ! boat to g5]ate ! gas4 ,! boat 0 !n op]at$ ^u ! ,?ames4 ,he also succe$$ exp]im5tally 9 adapt+ 8 eng9e to a road c>riage4 ,b ,br[n's ma*9es 7 cumbr\s1 complicat$1 & difficult to "w1 & !re=e did n come into public use4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#ahbc71 ,davy & ,f>aday reawak5$ int]e/ 9 gas eng9es by _! discov]y t a numb] ( gases c\ld be r$uc$ to a liquid /ate1 "s by great pressure1 & o!rs by cold1 & t ^u ! release ( ! pressure ! gases w\ld return to _! orig9al volume4 ,9 ! cond5sation heat 0 develop$1 & 9 re-expansion x 0 r5d]$ lat5t4 ,!n ,wright 9 #ahcc obta9$ a pat5t 9 :i* he exp\nd$ & illu/rat$ ! pr9ciples ( expansion & compression ( gas & air1 p]=m$ 9 sep>ate cyl9d]s1 ! production ( a vacuum by ! explosion & ! use ( a wat] jacket ar\nd ! cyl9d] = cool+ x4 ,= ,william ,burdett1 9 #ahch1 is claim$ ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to inv5t ! means ( compress+ ! gas & air previ\s to ! explosion1 sub/antially ! same z adopt$ 9 gas eng9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,! defects f\nd 9 gas eng9es ?us f> 7 want ( prop] prelim9>y compression1 !n 9 complete expansion1 & f9ally loss ( heat ?r\gh ! walls4 ,"s ye>s lat]1 ,l5oir1 a ,fr5*man1 inv5t$ a gas eng9e ( a successful type1 ( :i* ?ree hundr$ 9 #ahfb 7 9 use 9 ,france4 ,x %[$ :at c\ld be accompli%$ by an eng9e 9 :i* ! fuel 0 introduc$ & fir$ directly 9 ! pi/on cyl9d]4 ,its ess5tial features 7 a cyl9d] into :i* a mixture ( gas & air 0 admitt$ at atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ until ! pi/on made half its /roke1 :5 ! gas 0 explod$ by an electric sp>k4 ,a :eel ( great weight 0 hung ^u a %aft :i* 0 connect$ to ! pi/on1 & :i* weight absorb$ ! =ce sudd5ly develop$ by ! explosion1 & s mod]at$ ! spe$4 ,ano!r object ( ! use ( ! heavy :eel 0 to c>ry ! ma*9e ov] ! "o-half ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! driv+ p[] 0 abs5t4 ,hugon1 ano!r em95t ,fr5* eng9e]1 inv5t$ & con/ruct$ a gas eng9e on ! same pr9ciple z ,l5air's4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#ahej-fj7 ,m4 ,beau de ,rohes1 a ,fr5* eng9e]1 ?or\ghly inve/igat$ ! reasons ( ! uneconomical work+ ( gas motors1 & f\nd t x 0 due to want ( suffici5t compression ( ! gas & air previ\s to explosion1 incomplete expansion & loss ( heat ?r\gh ! walls ( ! cyl9d]1 & he 0 ! fir/ to =mulate a 8cycle0 ( op]ations necess>y to be foll[$ 9 ord] to r5d] a gas eng9e effici5t4 ,!y relat$ to ! size & dim5sions ( ! cyl9d]2 ! maximum spe$ ( ! pi/on2 ! greate/ possible expansion1 & ! highe/ pressure obta9able at ! beg9n+ ( ! act ( expansion4 ,! /udy & application ( ^! conditions creat$ great advancem5ts 9 gas eng9es4 ,) ! discov]y & developm5t ( ! oil wells 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #ahfj a new fuel 0 f\nd 9 ! crude petroleum1 z well z a s\rce ( light4 ,! application ( petroleum to eng9es1 ei!r to produce furnace heat1 or z introduc$ directly into ! pi/on cyl9d] mix$ ) inflammable gas to produce flame heat & expansion1 has giv5 a wond]ful impetus to ! utilisation ( gas eng9es4 ,g4 ,h4 ,brayton ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahgc inv5t$ a v effici5t eng9e 9 :i* ! vap\r ( petroleum mix$ ) air con/itut$ ! fuel4 ,adolf ,spiel ( ,b]l9 has also rec5tly inv5t$ a petroleum eng9e4 ,pr9cipal among ^? to :om ! _w is indebt$ = ! revolution 9 ! con/ruction ( gas eng9es & its e/abli%m5t z a successful rival to ! /eam eng9e is ,nicolaus ,a4 ,otto ( ,deutz on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! ,l5air & ,hugon sy/em ! expansive =ce ( ! explod$ gas 0 us$ directly ^u ! pi/on1 & ?r\gh ?is ^u ! o!r mov+ p>ts4 ,a great noise 0 produc$ by ^! con/ant explosions4 ,9 ! ,otto sy/em ! explosion is us$ indirectly & only to produce a vacuum bel[ ! pi/on1 :5 atmosph]ic pressure is us$ to give ! return /roke ( ! pi/on & produce ! effective "w4 ,! ,otto eng9e is noiseless4 ,?is is accompli%$ by 8 me?od ( mix+ & admitt+ ! gases4 ,he employs two diff]5t mixtures1 "o a 8feebly explosive mixture10 & ! o!r 8a /rongly explosive mixture10 us$ to op]ate on ! pi/on & ?us prolong ! explosions4 ,! mode ( op]ation ( "o ( ,otto's mo/ successful eng9es is z foll[s3 ,! l>ge fly :eel is />t$ by h& or o!r means1 & z ! pi/on moves =w>d x draws into ! cyl9d] a light *>ge ( mix$ coal gas & air1 & ! gas inlet is !n cut (f4 ,z ! pi/on returns x compresses ?is mixture4 ,at ! mom5t ! d[n /roke is complet$ ! compress$ mixture is ignit$1 &1 exp&+1 drives ! pi/on be=e x4 ,9 ! second return /roke ! burnt gases are expell$ f ! cyl9d] & ! :ole made ready to />t afre%4 ,"w is actually done 9 ! pi/on only dur+ "o-qu>t] ( ! "t x is 9 motion4 ,! fly-:eel c>ries =w>d ! "w at ! outset & ! ge>+ ! re/ ( ! "t4 ,otto 0 associat$ ) ,lang5 9 produc+ 8 fir/ ma*9e1 & its introduction at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf excit$ great att5tion4 ,otto & ,e4 ,w4 & ,w4 ,j4 ,crossley jo9tly1 & !n ,otto s+ly1 subsequ5tly pat5t$ notable improvem5ts4 ,simon ,bis*( & ,cl>k1 ,hurd & ,clayton 9 ,engl&2 ,daiml] ( ,deutz on ! ,rh9e1 ,rik] & ,wieg& ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & o!rs1 h made improvem5ts 9 ! ,otto sy/em4 ,ammoniacal gas eng9es h be5 successfully inv5t$4 ,aqua ammonia is plac$ 9 a g5]ator 9 :i* x is heat$4 ,! heat sep>ates ! ammonia gas f ! wat]1 & ! gas is !n us$ to op]ate a suitable eng9e4 ,! exhau/ gas is cool$1 pass$ into ! previ\sly weak5$ solution1 reabsorb$ & return$ to ! g5]ator4 ,9 #ahij ,*>les ,telli] ( ,france pat5t$ an ammoniacal eng9e1 also means = utilis+ sol> heat & exhau/ /eam = ! same purpose2 & 9 ! same ye> ,de ,sus9i1 also ( ,france1 pat5t$ an eng9e op]at$ by ! vap\r ( e!r2 ,a4 ,nobel1 ano!r ,fr5*man1 9 #ahid1 pat5t$ a ma*9e = propell+ torp$oes & o!r explosive missiles1 & = controll+ ! c\rse ( balloons1 ! motive p[] ( :i* is a gas develop$ 9 a clos$ res]voir by ! *emical reaction ( metallic sodium or potassium 9 a solution ( ammonia4 ,^! vap\r eng9es are us$ = vap\r laun*es1 bicycles & automobiles4 ,9 #ahea ! ideas ( ,huyg5s & ,pap9 ( two hundr$ ye>s be=e 7 reviv$ by ,w4 ,m4 ,/orm1 :o 9 t ye> took out a gunp[d] eng9e pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* ! air 0 compress$ by ! explosions ( small *>ges ( gunp[d]4 ,ab\t fifte5 o!r pat5ts h be5 tak5 out 9 ,am]ica s9ce t "t = su* eng9es4 ,9 "s ! eng9es are f$ by c>tridges :i* are explod$ by pull+ a trigg]4 ,z to gas & vapor eng9es g5]ally1 x may n[ be said1 9 comp>ison ) /eam1 t al?\gh ! /eam eng9e is n[ reg>d$ z almo/ p]fect 9 op]ation1 & t x c be />t$ & /opp$ & o!rwise controll$ quietly1 smoo?ly1 in/antane\sly1 & 9 ! mo/ uni=m & satisfactory mann]1 yet !re is ! comp>atively long delay 9 g5]at+ ! /eam 9 ! boil]1 & ! loss ( heat & p[] z x is conduct$ 9 pipes to ! work+ cyl9d]1 result+ 9 ! utilisation ( only t5 p] c5t ( ! actual p[] g5]at$1 :]eas gas & vap\r eng9es utilise tw5ty-five p] c5t ( ! p[] g5]at$1 & ! flame & explosions are n[ z easily & noiselessly controll$ z ! fl[ ( oil or wat]4 ,! _w is com+ to agree ) ,pr(4 ,fleem+ ,j5k9s t 8,gas eng9es w ultimately supplant ! /eam40 ,! smoke & c9d] nuisance ) !m has be5 solv$4 ,! si/] inv5tion ( ! gas eng9e is ! air eng9e4 ,!re c be no d\bt ab\t ! success ( ?is busy body1 z x is n[ a swift & successful motor 9 a ?\s& diff]5t fields4 ,ma*9es 9 :i* air1 ei!r hot or cold1 is us$ 9 place ( /eam z ! mov+ p[] to drive a pi/on1 or to be driv5 by a pi/on1 are kn[n g5]ally z air1 caloric1 or hot-air eng9es1 air compressors1 or compress$ air eng9es1 & are also class$ z pneumatic ma*9es1 air brakes1 or pumps4 ,!y are n[ specifically kn[n by ! "n ( ! purpose to :i* !y are appli$1 z air %ip1 v5tilator1 air brake1 fan bl[]1 air pi/ol1 air spr+1 etc4 ,! att5tion ( inv5tors 0 direct$ t[>ds compress$ & heat$ air z a motor z soon z /eam became a kn[n & effici5t s]vant2 b ! mo/ important & ! only successful air ma*9e exi/+ prior to ?is c5tury 0 ! air pump1 inv5t$ by ,gu]icke 9 #afej1 & subsequ5tly p]fect$ by ,rob]t ,boyle & o!rs4 ,! orig9al pump & ! ,magdeburg hemisph]es are /ill pres]v$4 ,x is record$ t ,amontons ( ,france1 9 #afii1 _h an atmosph]ic fire :eel or air eng9e 9 :i* a heat$ column ( air 0 made to drive a :eel4 ,x has already be5 not$ :at ,pap9 7#afhj-afij7 propos$ & did 9 /eam4 ,8 la/ publi%$ "w 0 a ,lat9 essay ^u a new sy/em = rais+ wat] by ! action ( fire1 publi%$ 9 #agjg4 ,! action ( conf9$ & compress$ /eam & gases1 & air1 is s ne>ly ! same 9 ! ma*9es 9 :i* !y con/itute ! motive p[] t ! hi/ory1 developm5t1 con/ruction1 & op]ation ( ! ma*9es ( "o class are closely int]wov5 ) ^? ( ! o!rs4 ,tak+ advantage ( :at _h be5 taught !m by ,watt & o!rs z to /eam & /eam eng9es1 & ( ! pr9ciples & laws ( gases z exp\nd$ by ,boyle1 ,m>iotte1 ,dalton1 & ,gay-,lussac1 t _m ( ! gases1 su* z air1 pres]ve a p]man5t expansive gase\s =m "u all degrees ( temp]ature & compression to :i* !y _h z yet be5 subject$1 t :5 compress$ & releas$ !y w exp&1 & ex]t a pressure 9 ! contr>y direction until ! gas & outside atmosph]ic pressure are 9 equilibrium1 t ?is compress$ gas pressure is equal1 & transmitt$ equally 9 all directions1 & t ! weight ( a column ( air re/+ on e horizontal squ>e in* at ! sea level is v ne>ly #ad4f p\nds1 ! inv5tors ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 enabl$ by ?is supreme illum9ation to ent] ) confid5ce into t "w ( me*anical contrivances :i* has r5d]$ ! age s m>vell\s4 ,x 0 natural t 9 ! fir/ developm5t ( me*anical appliances !y %\ld be devot$ to ^? pursuits 9 :i* m5 _h ! greate/ practical int]e/4 ,?us z to /eam x 0 fir/ appli$ to ! rais+ ( wat] f m9es & !n to road vehicles4 ,& s 9 #ahjj ,?os4 ,p>k9son ( ,engl& inv5t$ & pat5t$ an 8hydro/atic eng9e or ma*9e = ! purpose ( draw+ be] or any o!r liquid out ( a cell> or vault 9 a public h\se1 :i* is likewise int5d$ to be appli$ = rais+ wat] out ( m9es1 %ips or wells40 ,by ! use ( a sort ( an air pump he ma9ta9$ an air pressure on ! be] 9 an air-tight cask situat$ 9 ! cell>1 :i* 0 connect$ ) pipes hav+ air-tight valves1 ) ! upp] floor4 ,! liquid 0 =c$ f ! cell> by ! air pressure1 & :5 turn$ (f1 ! air pressure 0 resum$ 9 ! cask1 :i* 8pres]v$ ! be] f be+ ?r[n into a /ate ( flatness40 ,sub/antially ! same device 9 pr9ciple has be5 re9v5t$ & incorporat$ 9 pat5ts num]\s times s9ce4 ,9 ! innum]able applications ( ! pneumatic ma*9es & air tools ( ! c5tury1 especially ( air-compress+ devices1 to ! daily uses ( life1 we may1 by turn+ fir/ to our home1 f9d its inn] & out] walls pa9t$ by a pneumatic pa9t-spray+ ma*9e1 = su* h be5 made t w coat =ty-six ?\s& squ>e feet ( surface 9 six h\rs2 & x is said t pa9t c be ?us appli$ n only m quickly1 b m ?or\ghly & durably ?an by ! old process4 ,! p]iodical & fasc9at+ practice ( h\se clean+ is n[ greatly facilitat$ by an air bru% hav+ a pipe ) a ?9 wide end 9 :i* are num]\s p]=ations1 & ?r\gh :i* ! air is =c$ by a little pump1 & ) :i* app>atus a f> m effici5t clean+ effect ^u c>pets1 mattresses1 curta9s1 clo!s1 & furniture c be obta9$ ?an by ! "t-hon\r$ broom & du/]4 ,is ! home uncom=table by reason ( heat & summ] insects8 ,a compressor hav+ tanks or ci/]ns 9 ! cell> fill$ ) cool or cold air may be set to "w to r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! h\se & fan ! inmates ) a refre%+ breeze4 ,air eng9es h be5 inv5t$ :i* c be us$ to ei!r heat or cool ! air1 or d "o or ! o!r automatically4 ,! heat+ :5 want$ is by fuel 9 a furnace =c$ up by a work+ cyl9d]1 & ! cool+ by ! circulation ( wat] ar\nd small1 ?9 copp] tubes ?r\gh :i* ! air passes to ! cyl9d]4 ,d ! *imes ( ! di/ant *ur* bells lead "o to ! h\se ( wor%ip8 ,! wor%ipp] goes ) ! com=t+ assurance t ! *imes :i* s5d =? su* sweet h>monies are op]at$ n by toil+1 sweat+ m5 at ropes1 b by a musician :o plays z ^u an organ1 & works ! keys1 valves & /ops by ! aid ( compress$ air1 & sometimes by ! additional help ( electricity4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( (fice & o!r elevators1 9 :i* compress$ air is an important factor 9 op]at+ ! same & = prev5t+ accid5ts4 ,if a wat]fall is conv5i5t1 air is compress$ by ! body ( desc5d+ wat]1 & us$ to v5tilate tunnels1 & deep %afts & m9es1 or drive ! drills or o!r tools4 ,! pneumatic mail tube despat* sy/em1 by :i* lett]s1 p>cels1 etc41 are s5t f place to place by ! =ce ( atmosph]ic pressure 9 an air-exhau/$ tube1 is a decid$ly mod]n inv5tion1 unkn[n 9 use ev5 by ^? :o are /ill *ildr54 ,tubes z l>ge z eight in*es 9 diamet] are n[ 9 use 9 :i* c>tridge boxes are plac$1 ea* hold+ six hundr$ or m lett]s1 & :5 ! air is exhau/$ ! c>tridge is =c$ ?r\gh ! tubes to ! di/ance sometimes ( ?ree miles & m 9 a few m9utes4 ,9 travell+ by rail ! tra9 is n[ guid$ 9 />t+ or 9 /opp+ on to ! "r track1 :i* may be "o out ( =ty or fifty1 by a pneumatic swit*1 ! swit*es = ! :ole numb] ( tracks be+ "u ! control ( a s+le op]ator4 ,! fa/-mov+ tra9 is /opp$ by an air brake1 & ! locomotive bell is rung by t\*+ an air cyl9d]4 ,! 8baggage sma%+10 a cu/om m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an 9 ! obs]vance1 is prev5t$ by a pneumatic baggage arrangem5t consi/+ ( an air-conta9+ cyl9d]1 & an arm on :i* to place ! baggage1 & :i* arm is !n quickly rais$ by ! cyl9d] pi/on & is automatically swung ar\nd by a cam action c>ry+ ! baggage out ( or into ! c>4 ,bridge build+ has be5 s facilitat$ by ! use ( pneumatic ma*9es = rais+ heavy loads ( /one & iron1 & = rivet+ & hamm]+1 & o!r air tools1 aid$ by ! developm5t 9 ! art ( quick transportation1 t a firm ( bridge build]s 9 ,am]ica c build a spl5did bridge 9 ,africa )9 a hundr$ days aft] ! contract has be5 ent]$ ^u4 ,%ip build+ is ha/5$ by ^! same air drill+ & rivet+ ma*9es4 ,! propell+ ( c>s1 road vehicles1 boats1 balloons1 & ev5 %ips1 by explosive gases & compress$ air is an ext5sive art 9 itself1 yet /ill 9 its infancy1 & w be m fully describ$ 9 ! *apt] on c>ry+ ma*9es4 ,! realm ( ,art has receiv$ a notable advancem5t by ! use ( a little bl[-pipe or atomis] by :i* ! pigm5ts =m+ ! backgr\nd on beautiful vases are bl[n ) j t graduat$ =ce desir$ by ! op]ator to produce ! mo/ exquisitely smoo? & bl5d$ effects1 :ile ! v>y+ col\rs are made to melt imp]ceptibly into "o ano!r z delicately z ! m+l$ %ade & col\r$ sunlight fall on a =e/ brook4 ,b to enum]ate ! indu/rial arts to :i* air & o!r pneumatic ma*9es h be5 adapt$ w\ld be to catalogue !m all4 ,m5tion is made ( o!rs 9 *apt]s 9 :i* ^? special arts are treat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,art ,,( ,,heat+1 ,,v5tilat+1 ,,cook+1 ,,refrig]ation ,,& ,,light+4 ,t ,prome!us /ole fire f heav5 to give x to man is p]haps z au!ntic an acc\nt ( ! inv5tion ( fire z has be5 giv54 ,x is also report$ t he br\ght x to e>? 9 a holl[ tube4 ,if a small /ick or twig _h !n be5 dipp$ into ! div9e fire ! sugge/ion ( ! mod]n mat* may be suppos$ to h be5 made4 ,b m5 w5t on to reproduce ! fire 9 ! old way by rubb+ pieces ( wood toge!r1 or us+ ! fl9t1 ! /eel & ! t9d] until #afhj1 :5 ,godfrey ,hanckwitz ( ,london1 le>n+ ( ! rec5t discov]y ( phosphorus & its nature1 & inspir$ by ! ,prome!an idea1 wrapp$ ! phosphorus 9 folds ( br[n pap]1 rubb$ x until x took fire1 & !n ignit$ !reat "o end ( a /ick :i* he _h dipp$ 9 sulphur2 & ?is is commonly kn[n z ! fir/ inv5t$ mat*4 ,!re foll[$ ! production ( a some:at diff]5t =m ( mat*1 /icks fir/ dipp$ 9 sulphur1 & !n 9 a composition ( *lorate pota%1 sulphur1 colophony1 gum ( sug>1 & c9nab> = color+4 ,^! 7 arrang$ 9 boxes1 & 7 accompani$ by a vial conta9+ sulphuric acid1 into :i* ! mat* 0 dipp$ & !reby in/antly ignit$4 ,^! 7 call$ *emical mat*es & 7 sold at fir/ = ! high price ( fifte5 %ill+s a box4 ,!y 7 too co/ly = common use1 & s our fa!rs w5t on to ! n9ete5? c5tury us+ ! fl9t1 ! /eel & ! t9d]1 & dep5d+ on ! coal kept alive ^u _! own or _! neighb\r's he>?4 ,prome!us1 h[ev]1 did reappe> ab\t #ahbj-be1 :5 a mat* be>+ ! "n 8,prome!an0 0 inv5t$4 ,x consi/$ ( a roll ( pap] treat$ ) sug> & *lorate ( pota% & a small cell conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,?is cell 0 brok5 by a pair ( pli]s & ! acid ignit$ ! composition by contact !re)4 ,x 0 n until #ahbg-bi t ,john ,walk]1 *emi/1 at ,/ockton-^u-,tees1 improv$ ^u ! idea ( ,prome!us & ,hanckwitz ( giv+ fire to m5 9 a holl[ tube4 ,he us$ fold$ s&$ pap]--x may h be5 a tube--& ?r\gh ?is he drew a /ick coat$ ) *lorate ( pota% & phosphorus4 ,?is successful mat* 0 nam$ 8,lucif]10 ^: o!r "n 0 ,phosphor1 ! ,morn+ ,/>1 & ! ,k+ ( ! ,we/]n ,l&4 ,f>aday1 to :om also 0 giv5 ,prome!an inspiration1 procur$ "s ( ,walk]'s mat*es & br\ght !m to public notice4 ,9 _m respects ! mode ( _! manufacture has be5 improv$1 b 9 pr9ciple ( composition & ignition !y rema9 ! same z ,walk]'s to-day4 ,9 #ahde1 ,s*rott] ( ,vi5na discov]$ amorph\s or allotropic phosphorus1 :i* r5d]$ ! manufacture ( mat*es less dang]\s to heal? & prop]ty4 ,tons ( *emicals & hundr$s ( p9e trees are us$ ye>ly 9 ! mak+ ( mat*es1 & _m hundr$s ( millions ( !m are daily consum$4 ,b ?is va/ numb] ( mat*es c\ld n be suppli$ _h x n be5 = ! inv5tion ( ma*9es = mak+ & pack+ !m4 ,?us 9 #ahdb ,reub5 ,p>tridge ( ,am]ica pat5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ spl9ts4 ,o!rs = mak+ spl9ts & ! mat*es sep>ately1 quickly foll[$4 ,toge!r ) ^! came mat* dipp+ & mat* box ma*9es4 ,! spl9t ma*9es 7 = slitt+ a block ( wood ( ! prop] height d[nw>d ne>ly ! :ole way into mat* spl9ts1 leav+ _! butts 9 ! solid wood4 ,^! 7 squ>e & kn[n z block mat*es4 ,o!r me*anisms cut & divid$ ! block into /rips1 :i* 7 !n dipp$ at "o end1 dri$ & ti$ 9 bundles4 ,by o!r means1 a sw+ blade1 = in/ance1 ! mat*es 7 all sev]$ f ! block4 ,mat*es are made r\nd by "o ma*9e by press+ ! block aga9/ a plate hav+ circul> p]=ations1 & ! int]spaces are bevel$ s z to =m cutt+ edges4 ,poriri]1 a ,fr5*man1 inv5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ mat* boxes ( pa/ebo>d4 ,suitable siz$ rectangul> pieces ( pa/ebo>d r\nd$ at ! angles = mak+ ! body ( ! box are fir/ cut1 !n ^! pieces are introduc$ into ! ma*9e1 :]e by ! s+le bl[ ( a plung] !y are =c$ into a matrix or die & press$1 & receive by ?is s+le motion _! complete & f9al %ape4 ,! lid is made 9 ! same way4 ,by "o mod]n inv5tion mat*es aft] !y are cut are f$ into a ma*9e at ! rate ( "o hundr$ ?\s& an h\r1 on to a horizontal table1 ea* mat* sep>at$ f ! o!r by a ?9 p>tition4 ,!y are ?us laid 9 r[s1 "o r[ ov] ano!r1 & :ile be+ laid1 ! mat*es are pu%$ out a little way beyond ! edge ( ! table1 a di/ance f> en\gh to expose _! ends & to p]mit !m to be dipp$4 ,:5 a numb] ( ^! r[s are complet$ !y are clamp$ toge!r 9 a bundle & !n dipp$--fir/1 into a vessel ( hot sulphur1 & !n into "o ( phosphorus1 or o!r equival5t +r$i5ts may be us$ or add$4 ,aft] ! dipp+ !y are subject$ to a dry+ process & !n box$4 ,processes diff]1 b all are p]=m$ by ma*9]y4 ,9 _m factories :]e phosphorus is us$ )\t great c>e workm5 h be5 greatly affect$ !reby4 ,! fumes ( ! phosphorus attack ! tee?1 especially :5 decay$1 & p5etrate to ! jaw1 caus+ its gradual de/ruction1 b ?is has be5 avoid$ by prop] precautions4 ,! greatly-increas$ facility ( k9dl+ a fire by mat*es gave an impetus to ! inv5tion ( cook+ & heat+ /oves4 ,( c\rse /oves1 g5]ically speak+1 are n a production ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! ,romans _h _! laconicum or heat+ /ove1 :i* f its "n 0 an inv5tion f ,laconia4 ,x probably 0 made 9 mo/ cases ( brick or m>ble1 b might h be5 ( beat5 iron1 0 cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) an op5 cupola at ! top1 & 0 heat$ by ! flames ( ! hypocau/ b5ea?4 ,! hypocau/ 0 a hot-air furnace built 9 ! basem5t or cell> ( ! h\se & f :i* ! heat 0 conduct$ by flues to ! ba? rooms & o!r ap>tm5ts4 ,! ,*9ese ages ago heat$ _! holl[ til$ floors by und]gr\nd furnace fires4 ,we "k ( ! a?anor ( ! al*emi/s ( ! middle ages4 ,knight calls x ! 8orig9al base-burn+ furnace40 ,a furnace ( iron or e>!nw>e 0 provid$ on "o side ) an op5 /ack or t[] :i* op5$ at ! bottom into ! furnace1 & :i* /ack 0 kept fill$ ) *>coal1 or o!r fuel1 :i* f$ itself automatically into ! furnace z ! fuel on ! b$ !re( burn$ away4 ,watt introduc$ an arrangem5t on ! same pr9ciple 9 8 /eam boil] furnace 9 #agfg1 & ?\s&s ( /oves are n[ con/ruct$ )9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates also embody+ ! same pr9ciple4 ,! e>!nw>e & soap/one /oves ( cont95tal ,europe 7 us$ long be=e ! pres5t c5tury4 ,9 ,b5 ,frankl9's "t 9 ! ,am]ican ,colonies !re 0 n mu* ( a dem& = /oves outside ( ! l>ge/ cities1 :]e wood 0 gett+ a little sc>ce & high1 b ! philosoph] n only deem$ x prop] to inv5t an improvem5t 9 *imneys to prev5t _! smok+ & to bett] heat ! room1 b also devis$ an improv$ =m ( /ove1 & bo? inv5tions h be5 9 con/ant use unto ?is day4 ,frankl9 inv5t$ & introduc$ 8 celebrat$ /ove1 :i* he call$ ! ,p5nsylvania ,fire ,place1 9 #agde1 hav+ all ! advantages ( a *e]ful op5 fireplace1 & a heat produc]2 & :i* consi/$ ( an iron /ove ) an op5 front set well into ! room1 9 :i* front "p ! fire 0 k9dl$1 & ! products ( combu/ion conduct$ up a flue1 & !nce "u a false back & up ! *imney4 ,op5 heat spaces 7 left betwe5 ! two flues4 ,air inlets & damp]s 7 provid$4 ,9 8 description ( ?is /ove at t "t ,frankl9 also ref]r$ to ! iron box /oves us$ by ! ,dut*1 ! iron plates ext5d+ f ! he>?s & sides1 etc41 *imneys mak+ a d\ble fireplace us$ by ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,g]man /ove ( iron plates1 & s made t ! fuel _h to be put into x f ano!r room or f ! outside ( ! h\se4 ,he dwells ^u ! pleasure ( an op5 fire1 & ! de/ruction ( ?is pleasure by ! use ( ! clos$ /oves4 ,he also describes ! discom=ts ( ! fireplace 9 cold wea!r--( ! 8cold draught nipp+ "o's back & heels0--8scor*$ be=e & froz5 beh9d0--! %>p draughts ( cold f crevices f :i* _m cat* cold & f 8:5ce proce$ c\ghs1 cat>rhs1 too?a*es1 fev]s1 pleurisies & _m o!r diseases40 ,add$ to ! pleasure ( see+ ! crackl+ flames1 feel+ ! g5ial w>m?1 & ! diffusion ( a _s ( sociability & hospitality1 is ! fact ( increas$ purity ( ! air by reason ( ! fireplace z a fir/-class v5tilator4 ,h5ce x w nev] be disc>d$ by ^? :o c af=d its use2 b x alone is inadequate = heat+ & cook+ purposes4 ,x is mod]nly us$ z a luxury by ^? :o are able to comb9e ) x o!r means = heat+4 ,! great "q = solution 9 ?is art at all times has be5 h[ to produce ?r\gh dwell+ h\ses & l>g] build+s 9 cold & damp wea!r a uni=m di/ribution & circulation ( pure heat$ air4 ,! solution ( ?is "q has ( c\rse be5 greatly help$ 9 mod]n times by a bett] k ( ! nature ( air & o!r gases1 & ! laws :i* gov]n _! motions & comb9ations at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! mo/ successful =m ( heat+ coal /ove ( ! c5tury has be5 "o t comb9$ 9 itself ! features ( base-burn+3 t is1 a cov]$ magaz9e at ! c5tre or back ( ! /ove op5 at or ne> ! top ( ! /ove into :i* ! coal is plac$1 & :i* !n fe$s to ! bottom ( ! fire pot z fa/ z ! coal is consum$1 a heavy op5 fire pot plac$ z l[ z possible1 an a% grate connect$ ) ! bottom ( ! pot :i* c be %ak5 & dump$ to an a% box b5ea? )\t op5+ ! /ove1 ?us prev5t+ ! escape ( ! du/1 an illum9at+ *amb] ne>ly or entirely surr\nd+ ! fire pot1 provid$ ) mica w9d[s1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire is reflect$ & ! heat radiat$1 a *amb] above ! fire pot & surr\nd+ ! fuel *amb] & into :i* ! heat & hot gases arise1 produc+ additional radiat+ surface & p]mitt+ ! gases to escape ?r\gh a flue 9 ! *imney1 or1 lead+ !m fir/ ?r\gh ano!r *amb] to ! base ( ! /ove & !nce out1 & damp]s to control & regulate ! supply ( air to ! fuel1 & to cut (f ! escape or control ! c\rse ( ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! *e]ful /ove fireplace & /ove ( ,frankl9 & ! ,fr5* 7 reviv$1 comb9$ & improv$ "s ye>s ago by ,capt4 ,d\glas ,galton ( ! ,engli% army = use 9 b>racks1 b ?is /ove is also admirably adapt$ = h\ses4 ,x consi/s ( an op5 /ove or grate set 9 or at ! front ( ! fireplace ) an air inlet f )\t1 ! ?roat ( ! fireplace clos$ & a pipe ext5d+ ?r\gh x f ! /ove into ! *imney4 ,al?\gh a /eady fl[ ( heat1 desirable regulation ( temp]ature & great economy 9 ! consumption ( fuel1 by reason ( ! utilisation ( s mu* ( ! heat produc$1 7 obta9$ by ! mod]n /ove1 yet ! necessity ( hav+ a /ove 9 ne>ly e room1 ! ill-v5tilation due to ! non-supply ( pure out] air to ! room1 ! occasional diffusion ( a% du/ & noxi\s gases f ! /ove1 & inability to heat ! air along ! floor1 gave rise to a revival ( ! hot-air furnace1 plac$ "u ! floor 9 ! basem5t or cell>1 & _m mod]n & radical improvem5ts !re94 ,! heat obta9$ f /oves is effect$ by radiation--! ?r[+ outw>d ( ! waves ( heat f its s\rce1 :ile ! heat obta9$ f a hot-air furnace is effect$ by convection--! mov+ ( a body ( air to be heat$ to ! s\rce ( heat1 & !n :5 heat$ bodily convey$ to ! room to be w>m$4 ,h5ce 9 /oves & fireplaces only su* ob/ruction is plac$ betwe5 ! fire & ! room z w s]ve to convey away ! obnoxi\s smoke & gases1 & ! greate/ facility is (f]$ = radiation1 :ile 9 hot-air furnaces1 al?\gh provision is also made to c>ry away ! smoke & impure gases1 yet ! radiation is conf9$ z closely z possible to *amb]s ar\nd ! fire space1 :i* *amb]s are protect$ by imp]vi\s l9+s f ! out] air1 & into :i* fre% outdoor air is introduc$1 !n heat$ & convey$ to diff]5t ap>tm5ts by suitable pipes or flues1 & admitt$ or exclud$1 z desir$1 by regi/]s op]at$ by h& lev]s4 ,!re are /ation>y furnaces & portable furnaces2 ! =m] class enclose ! heat+ app>atus 9 walls ( brick or o!r masonry1 :ile 9 ! latt] ! out] cas+ & ! inn] p>ts are metal /ructures1 sep>able & removable4 ,9 bo? classes an out] curr5t ( pure air is made to c\rse ar\nd ! fire *amb] & ar\nd among o!r flues & *amb]s ?r\gh :i* ! products ( combu/ion are c>ri$1 s t all heat possible is utilis$4 ,vessels ( wat] are suppli$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t place 9 "o ( ! hot-air *amb]s to moi/5 & temp] ! air1 & damp]s are plac$ 9 ! pipes to regulate & guide ! supply ( heat to ! rooms above4 ,aft] ,watt _h inv5t$ 8 improvem5ts on ! /eam eng9e ! idea occurr$ to him ( us+ /eam = heat+ purposes4 ,accord+ly1 9 #aghd1 he made a holl[ %eet-iron box ( plates1 & suppli$ x ) /eam f ! boil] ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,x _h an air-escape cock1 & cond5s$-wat]-escape pipe2 & 9 #agii ,b\lton & ,watt con/ruct$ a heat+ app>atus 9 ,lee's factory1 ,man*e/]1 9 :i* ! /eam 0 conduct$ ?r\gh ca/-iron pipes1 :i* also s]v$ z supports to ! floor4 ,pat5ts 7 also tak5 out by o!rs 9 ,engl& = /eam-heat+ app>atuses dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,heat+ by ! circulation ( hot wat] ?r\gh pipes 0 also orig9at$ or reviv$ dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 & a %ort "t be=e ,watt's circulation ( /eam4 ,x is said t ,bonnema9 ( ,engl&1 9 #aggg1 desir+ to improve ! anci5t me?ods ( hat*+ p\ltry by artificial heat--practis$ by bo? anci5t & mod]n ,egyptians ages be=e x became a latt] day wond]1 & taught ! ,egyptians by ! o/ri*es--conceiv$ ! idea ( con/ruct+ q a l>ge incubator build+ ) %elves = ! eggs1 coops = hold+ ! *ick5s1 & a tube = circulat+ hot wat] lead+ f a boil] bel[ & above ea* %elf1 & ?r\gh ! coops1 & back to ! boil]4 ,?is incubator conta9s ! g]ms ( mod]n wat] heat]s4 ,9 bo? ! /eam & wat] heat+ sy/ems ! b& or collection ( pipes 9 ea* room may be cov]$ ) ornam5tal radiat+ plates1 or o!rwise treat$ or arrang$ to r5d] !m sightly & effective4 ,9 "o =m ( ! hot-wat] sy/em1 h[ev]1 ! collection ( a mass ( pipes 9 ! rooms is disp5s$ )1 & ! pipes are mass$ 9 an air *amb] ov] or adjac5t to ! furnace1 :]e !y are employ$ to heat a curr5t ( air introduc$ f ! outside1 & :i* heat$ pure air is convey$ ?r\gh ! h\se by flues & regi/]s z 9 ! hot-air furnace sy/em4 ,! hang+ ( ! crane1 ! turn+ ( ! spit1 ! roa/+ 9 a%es & on hot /ones1 ! heat+ ( & ! bak+ 9 ! big 8,dut*0 ov5s1 & "s o!r =ms ( cook+ by our =efa!rs _h _! pleasures & advantages1 & /ill are appreciat$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & = c]ta9 purposes1 b are *iefly hon\r$ 9 memory alone & rev]5c$ by disuse2 :ile ! mod]n cook+ /ove ) its roa/+ & hot wat] *amb]s1 its num]\s seats ov] ! fire = pots1 pans1 & kettles1 its easy means ( controll+ & direct+ ! heat1 its rotat+ grate1 &1 :5 desir$1 its rotat+ fire *amb]1 = turn+ ! hot fire on top to ! bottom1 & ! cold *ok$ fire to ! top1 its cleanl9ess & ?or\gh heat1 its economy 9 ! use ( fuel1 is adopt$ ev]y:]e1 & all ! gl[+ names ) :i* its mak]s & us]s *ri/5 x fail to exagg]ate its qualities :5 rightly made & us$4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! field ( lab\r & ! numb] ( lab\r]s1 *iefly ^? :o toil$ ) brick & mort>1 7 greatly r$uc$ :5 ^? huge fireplaces 7 s widely disc>d$4 ,?is mu/ h seem$ s especially 9 ^? regions :]e ! h\ses 7 built up to meet ! ye>n+ wants ( an outside *imney1 b armies ( m5 are engag$ 9 civilis$ c\ntries 9 mak+ /oves & furnaces1 :]e ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury ago v few 7 s employ$4 ,z 9 e indu/rial art old ?+s pass away1 b ! new ?+s come 9 great] numb]s1 dem& a great] numb] ( work]s1 develop new wants1 new fields ( lab\r1 & ! new & increas+ supply ( consum]s refuse to be satisfi$ ) old contrivances4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone !re are betwe5 f\r & five hundr$ /ove & furnace f\ndries1 9 :i* ab\t t5 ?\s& p are employ$1 & m ?an ?ree million /oves & furnaces produc$ annually1 :i* require ne>ly a million tons ( iron to make1 & ! value ( :i* is e/imat$ z at lea/ #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,! matt] ( v5tilation is su* a mat]ial "p ( heat+ t x _c escape att5tion4 ,!re c be no successful heat+ )\t a circulation ( air curr5ts1 & =tunately = man 9 8 h\se no good fire c be _h )\t an outfl[ ( heat & an infl[ ( cool] air4 ,! m ?is circulation is prev5t$ ! worse ! fire & ! v5tilation4 ,x seems to _m su* a simple ?+1 ?is *ange ( air--only to keep op5 ! w9d[ a little--to h a fireplace1 & conv5i5t door4 ,& yet "s ( ! brighte/ intellects ( ! c5tury h be5 engag$ 9 devis+ means to accompli% ! result1 & all are n yet agre$ z to :i* is ! be/ way4 ,h[ to remove ! heat$1 vitiat$ air & to supply fre% air :ile ma9ta9+ ! same uni=m temp]ature is a problem ( long /&+4 ,! hi/ory ( ! attempts to heat & v5tilate ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t s9ce ,wr5 und]took x 9 #affj has ju/ly be5 said to be hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,v5tilation s9ce t "t1 z ! mo/ em95t sci5tific au?orities 9 ! _w h be5 engag$ or consult$ 9 x1 & ! mo/ exhau/ive reports on ! subject h be5 r5d]$ by su* m5 z ,gay-,lussac1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,f>aday & ,dr4 ,arnott ( ,engl& & ,g54 ,mor9 ( ,france4 ,! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! ,h\ses ( ,congress 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,capitol = ! pa/ ?irty-five ye>s4 ,pr(4 ,h5ry1 ,dr4 ,bill+s1 ! ar*itect1 ,cl>k1 ( t c\ntry1 & _m o!r bright inv5tors & m5 ( ability h giv5 ! subject devot$ att5tion4 ,among ! means = creat+ v5tilation are und]gr\nd tunnels lead+ to ! out] air1 ) fans 9 !m to =ce ! fre% air 9 or draw ! poor air out1 holes 9 ! ceil+1 fire places1 op5+s ov] ! doors1 op5+s "u ! eaves1 op5+s 9 ! w9d[ frames1 %afts f ! floor or basem5t ) fires or gas jets to create an upw>d draught1 floors ) scre5$ op5+s to ! out] air1 /eam eng9es to "w a suction pipe 9 "o place & a bl[ pipe 9 ano!r1 air boxes communicat+ ) ! out] air1 scre5s1 hoods1 & deflectors at ^! v>i\s op5+s1--all ^!1 sep>ately or 9 comb9ation1 h be5 us$ = ! purpose ( draw+ ! vitiat$ air out & lett+ ! pure air 9 )\t creat+ draughts to *ill ! s5sitive1 or ov]heat+ to excite ! n]v\s4 ,!re seems to h be5 z _m devices inv5t$ to keep a h\se or build+ clos$ up tight :ile highly heat+ x1 z to v5tilate ! same & pres]ve an ev51 mod]ate temp]ature4 ,! mo/ approv$ sy/em ( v5tilation recognises ! fact t air is ( ! same weight & is possess$ ( ! same con/itu5ts 9 "o "p ( a room z at ano!r1 & to create a p]fect v5tilation a complete *ange & circulation mu/ take place4 ,x !re=e creates a draught1 aris+ f ! production ( a vacuum by a curr5t ( heat or by me*anical means1 or by "s o!r way1 :i* draws out ( a room ! us$ up1 vitiat$ air ?r\gh outlets at diff]5t places1 :ile pure out] air is admitt$ naturally1 or =c$ 9 if ne$ be1 ?r\gh num]\s small inlets1 su* outlets & inlets s locat$ & di/ribut$ & protect$ z n to give rise to s5sible draughts on ! occupants4 ,! be/ sy/em also recognises ! fact t all p>ts ( a h\se1 its cell>s & attic1 its p>l\rs & kit*5s1 its closets1 ba?rooms & *amb]s1 %\ld be alike clean & well v5tilat$1 & t if "o room is infect$ all are infect$4 ,! laurels be/[$ on inv5tors are no m wor?ily be/[$ ?an on ^? :o h inv5t$ devices :i* give to our homes1 (fices1 *ur*es & places ( amusem5t a pure & com=table atmosph]e4 ,c> ,heat]s4--,! pass+ away ( ! good old portable foot /ove = w>m+ ! feet1 especially :5 away f home1 & :ile travell+1 is n to be regrett$1 al?\gh 9 "s in/ances x 0 n at fir/ succe$$ by sup]ior devices4 ,= a long "t aft] ! introduction ( /eam1 railroad c>s & c>riages1 9 :i* any heat at all 0 us$1 7 heat$ by a /ove 9 ea* c>--g5]ally kept full ( r$ hot coal or wood--an exce$+ly dang]\s companion 9 case ( accid5t4 ,s9ce #ahga sy/ems h be5 inv5t$ & introduc$1 ! mo/ successful ( :i* consi/s ( utilis+ ! heat ( ! /eam f ! locomotive = produc+ a hot-wat] circulation ?r\gh pipes along ! floor ( ea* c>1 & 9 provid+ an em]g5cy heat] 9 ea* c> = heat+ ! wat] :5 /eam f ! locomotive is n available4 ,grass-burn+ ,/oves4--,!re are _m places 9 ?is _w :]e nei!r wood nor coal ab\nd1 or :]e ! same are v sc>ce1 b :]e wa/e grass & we$s1 wa/e hay & /raw1 & simil> combu/ible refuse are f\nd 9 great abundance4 ,/oves h be5 inv5t$ especially design$ = ! economical consumption ( su* fuel4 ,"o requisite is t su* light mat]ial %\ld be held 9 a compress$ /ate :ile 9 ! /ove to prev5t a too rapid combu/ion4 ,means = s hold+ ! mat]ial "u compression appe> to h be5 fir/ inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,hamilton ( ,am]ica 9 #ahgd4 ,"s means besides ! sickle & scy!1 hoe & pl\gh1 7 want$ to de/roy obnoxi\s /&+ grass & we$s4 ,a we$ l ! ,russian ?i/le1 = in/ance1 w defy all usual means = its ext]m9ation4 ,a fire *amb] has be5 inv5t$ :i* :5 drawn ov] ! gr\nd w burn a swa? z x advances1 & x is provid$ ) means1 su* z a wide flange on ! end ( ! *amb]1 :i* ext+ui%es ! fire & prev5ts its spread+ beyond ! pa?4 ,a simil> /ove ) jets ( flame f vap\r burn]s has be5 us$ to s(t5 h>d asphalt pavem5t :5 x is desir$ to take x up4 ,! art ( heat+ & cook+ by oil1 vap\r & gas /oves is "o t has aris5 dur+ ! latt] half ( ?is c5tury1 & has become ! subject ( a va/ numb] ( inv5tions & ext5sive indu/ries4 ,/oves ( ?is "* are z effici5t & economical z coal /oves1 & are 9 great dem&1 especially :]e coal & wood are sc>ce & high-pric$4 ,oil /oves z fir/ inv5t$ consi/$ ( almo/ ! ord9>y lamp1 )\t ! glass %ade set 9 ! /ove & 7 simil> to gas /oves4 ,b ^! 7 objectionable on acc\nt ( ! fumes emitt$4 ,by lat] inv5tions ! lamp has be5 greatly improv$4 ,! wick is arrang$ )9 tubul> slid+ cyl9d]s s z to be sep>at$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! /ove :5 x is n lit1 & bett] regulat+ devices adopt$1 :]eby ! oil is prev5t$ f spread+ f ! wick on to ! o!r p>ts ( ! /ove1 :i* give rise to obnoxi\s fumes by evaporation & heat+4 ,"s rec5t inv5tors h disp5s$ ) ! wick altoge!r & ! oil is burn$ practically l vap\r4 ,gasol9e1 & o!r heavy oily vap\rs are 9 _m /oves fir/ vap\ris$ by a prelim9>y heat+ 9 a *amb] be=e ! gas is ignit$ = use4 ,^! vap\rs are !n conduct$ by sep>ate jets to diff]5t po9ts 9 ! /ove :]e ! heat is to be appli$4 ,! dang] & unpleasant flame & smoke aris+ f ?is vap\ris+ 9 ! /ove h be5 obviat$ by inv5tions :i* vap\rise ! fuel by o!r means1 z by c>bonat+1 or load+ ! air ) ! vap\r 9 an elevat$ *amb] & conduct+ ! saturat$ air to ! burn]s2 or by agitation1 by means ( a quick-act+1 small1 b p[]ful fan4 ,/]ilis+4--,! rec5t sci5tific discov]ies & inve/igations ( injuri\s bact]ia r5d]$ x desirable to purify wat] by o!r means ?an filt]+1 especially = ! treatm5t ( disease-infect$ localities2 & ?is gave rise to ! inv5tion ( a sy/em ( heat /]ilis+ & filt]+ ! wat]1 9 "o process1 & out ( contact ) ! g]m-lad5 air1 ?us de/roy+ ! bact]ia & deliv]+ ! wat] 9 z pure & :olesome condition z possible4 ,we/ 9 #ahib pat5t$ su* a sy/em4 ,electric ,heat+ & ,cook+4--,ref]5ce has already be5 made 9 ! ,*apt] on ,electricity to ! use ( t ag5t 9 heat+ & cook+4 ,! use ( ! electric curr5t = ^! purposes has be5 f\nd to be p]fectly practical1 & = heat+ c>s especially1 :]e electricity is ! motive p[]1 a portion ( ! curr5t is economically employ$4 ,! art ( heat+ & cook+ naturally sugge/s ! o!r end ( ! l9e ( temp]ature--,refrig]ation4 ,a refrig]ation by :i* ord9>y ice is artificially produc$1 p]i%able food ( all k9ds pres]v$ = long times1 & transport$ = great di/ances1 :i* has prov$ an imm5se advantage to mank9d ev]y:]e & is /ill daily practis$ to ! gratification & com=t ( millions ( m51 mu/ receive at lea/ a pass+ notice4 ,! ,messrs4 ,e4 & ,f4 ,c>r ( ,france inv5t$ successful ma*9es ab\t #ahgj = mak+ ice by ! rapid absorption & evaporation ( heat by ! ammonia process4 ,! discov]ies & inv5tions ( o!rs 9 ! artificial production ( cold by means ( volatile liquids1 :e!r = ! mak+ ( ice or o!r purposes1 con/itut$ a great /ep 9 ! art ( refrig]ation4 ,vaporisation1 absorption1 compression or r$uction ( atmosph]ic pressure are ! pr9cipal me?ods ( produc+ cold4 ,by vaporisation1 wat]1 e!r1 sulphuric acid1 ammonia1 etc41 9 assum+ ! vapor\s =m *ange s5sible heat to lat5t heat & produce a degree ( cold :i* freezes an adjac5t body ( wat]4 ,! pr9ciple ( mak+ ice by evaporation & absorption may be illu/rat$ by two examples ( ! ,c>r me?ods3--,x is well kn[n :at a great attraction sulphuric acid has = wat]4 ,wat] to be froz5 is plac$ 9 a vessel connect$ by a pipe to a res]voir conta9+ sulphuric acid4 ,a vacuum is produc$ 9 ?is res]voir by ! use ( an air pump1 :ile ! acid is be+ con/antly /irr$4 ,less5+ ( ! atmosph]ic pressure ^u wat] causes its evaporation1 & z ! vap\r is quietly absorb$ by ! sulphuric acid ! wat] is quickly congeal$4 ,x is kn[n t ammonia c be cond5s$ into liquid =m by pressure or cold1 & is absorb$ by & soluble 9 wat] to an extraord9>y degree4 ,a g5]ator conta9+ a /rong solution ( ammonia is connect$ by a pipe to an empty receiv] imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! ammonia g5]ator is !n heat$1 its vap\r driv5 (f & conduct$ to a jacket ar\nd ! c5tre ( ! receiv] & is !re cond5s$ by pressure ( an air pump4 ,! c5tral cyl9drical space 9 ! receiv] is n[ fill$ ) wat]1 & ! op]ation is rev]s$4 ,! g5]ator is imm]s$ 9 cold wat] & pressure on ! liquid ammonia remov$4 ,! liquid ammonia n[ passes into ! gase\s /ate1 & is conduct$ to & reabsorb$ by ! wat] 9 ! g5]ator4 ,b 9 ?is evaporation great cold is produc$ & ! wat] 9 ! receiv] is soon froz54 ,tw9+'s inv5tions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahec & #ahfb ( ! compression ma*9e1 foll[$ by ,pictet ( ,france1 & a numb] ( improvem5ts else:]e h bid fair to displace ! absorption me?od4 ,9 disp5s+ ) absorption ^! ma*9es proce$ on ! n[ well-e/abli%$ !ory t air & _m o!r gases become heat$ :5 compress$2 t ?is heat c !n be drawn away1 & t :5 ! gas is all[$ to re-exp& x w absorb a l>ge am\nt ( heat f any solid or fluid ) :i* x is br\ght 9 contact1 & s freeze x4 ,accord+ly su* ma*9es are s con/ruct$ t by ! op]ation ( a pi/on1 or pi/ons1 9 a cyl9d]1 & actuat$ by /eam or o!r motive p[]1 ! air or gas is compress$ to ! desir$ temp]ature1 ! heat l$ (f & ! cold vap\r conduct$ ?r\gh pipes & ar\nd *amb]s :]e wat] is plac$ & :]e x is froz54 ,by ! be/ ma*9es f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& p\nds ( ice an h\r are produc$4 ,! art ( refrig]ation & ( mod]n transportation h br\ght ! fruits ( ! tropics 9 great abundance to ! doors ( ! dwell]s ( ! nor?1 & f ! %ores ( ! ,pacific to ! ,atlantic & across ! ,atlantic to ,europe4 ,a tra9 ( refrig]ator c>s 9 ,cali=nia lad5 ) delici\s assort$ fruits1 & provid$ ) fan bl[]s driv5 by ! c> axles to =ce ! air ?r\gh ice *amb]s1 f :5ce x is di/ribut$ by p]=at$ pipes ?r\gh ! fruit *amb]s1 & :]e9 ! temp]ature is ma9ta9$ at ab\t #dj ,fah41 c be l&$ 9 ,new ,york f\r days aft] />t+ on its j\rney ( #c1jjj miles1 ) ! fruits 9 p]fect condition4 ,b ! public is /ill excit$ & wond]+ ov] ! new k+ ( refrig]ation--liquid air4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! compression ( air to produce cold is a mod]n discov]y appli$ to practical uses1 & prom95t among ! inv5tors & discov]]s 9 ?is l9e h be5 ,pr(4 ,dew> & ,*>les ,e4 ,tripl]4 ,air may be compress$ & heat g5]at$ 9 ! process )drawn until ! temp]ature ( ! air is r$uc$ to #cab bel[ z]o1 at :i* po9t ! air is visible & to a c]ta9 ext5t assumes a peculi> mat]ial =m1 9 :i* =m x c be conf9$ 9 suitable vessels & us$ z a refrig]ant & z a motor ( great p[] :5 p]mitt$ to re-exp&4 ,x is said t x 0 n s long ago :5 ,pr(4 ,dew> produc$ ! fir/ ounce ( liquid air at a co/ ( #c1jjj1 b t n[ ,mr4 ,tripl] claims t he c produce x by 8 app>atus = five c5ts a gallon4 ,refrig]ation is at pres5t its mo/ natural & obvi\s use1 & x is claim$ t elev5 gallons ( ! mat]ial :5 gradually exp&$ has ! refrig]at+ p[] ( "o ton ( ice4 ,its use ( c\rse = all purposes = :i* cold c be us$ is ?us assur$4 ,x is also to be us$ z a motor 9 ! runn+ ( v>i\s k9ds ( eng9es4 ,x is to be us$ z a great alleviator ( human suff]+ 9 l[]+ & regulat+ ! temp]ature ( hospitals 9 hot wea!r1 & 9 surgical op]ations z a sub/itute = an/hetics & caut]is+ ag5ts4 ,x 0 "o ( ! m>vell\s attractions at ! great ,p>is ,exposition ( #aijj4 ,light+ is closely alli$ to ! v>i\s subjects h]e9 consid]$1 b consid]ation ( ! v>i\s modes & k9ds ( lamps = light+ w be res]v$ = ! ,*apt] on ,furniture = ,h\ses1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,metallurgy4 8,nigh on ! pla91 9 _m cells prep>$1 ,t und]nea? _h ve9s ( liquid fire ,sluic$ f ! lake1 a second multitude ,) wondr\s art f\nd$ ! massy ore2 ,sev]+ ea* k9d1 & scumm'd ! bullion dross2 ,a ?ird z soon _h =m$ )9 ! gr\nd ,a v>i\s m\ld1 & f ! boil+ cells ,by /range conveyance fill'd ea* holl[ nook2 ,z 9 an organ1 f "o bla/ ( w9d1 ,to _m a r[ ( pipes ! s\nd bo>d brea!s40 --,p>adise ,lo/4 ,ev] s9ce ^? p]i%$ races ( m5 :o left no o!r record b t engrav5 9 rude emblems on ! rocks1 or no o!r signs ( _! exi/5ce b 9 ! brok5 tools f\nd buri$ deep among ! solid leaves ( ! cru/$ e>?1 ev] s9ce ,tubal ,ca9 became 8an in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron10 ! art ( smelt+ has be5 kn[n4 ,! /one age fl\ri%$ ) implem5ts furni%$ ready-made by nature1 or ne$+ little %ap+ = _! use1 b ! ages ( metal :i* foll[$ requir$ ! aid ( fire direct$ by ! h& ( man to provide ! tool ( iron or bronze4 ,! ,greeks claim$ t ! discov]y ( iron 0 !irs1 & 0 made at ! burn+ ( a =e/ on ! m\nta9s ( ,ida 9 ,crete1 ab\t #aejj ,b4 ,c41 :5 ! ore conta9$ 9 ! rocks or soil on :i* ! =e/ /ood 0 melt$1 cleans$ ( its impurities1 & !n collect$ & hamm]$4 ,ar*eologi/s h depriv$ ! ,greeks ( ?is gift1 & c>ri$ back its orig9 to remot] ages & localities4 ,man fir/ discov]$ by obs]vation or accid5t t c]ta9 /ones 7 melt$ or s(t5$ by fire1 & t ! product c\ld be hamm]$ & %ap$4 ,!y le>n$ by exp]i5ce t ! melt+ c\ld be done m effectually :5 ! fuel & ! ore 7 mix$ & enclos$ by a wall ( /one2 t ! fire & heat c\ld be alone />t$ & ma9ta9$ by bl[+ air into ! fuel--& !y con/ruct$ a rude bell[s = ?is purpose4 ,f9d+ t ! melt$ metal sank ?r\gh ! mass ( consum$ fuel1 !y con/ruct$ a /one he>? on :i* to receive x4 ,?us 7 ! fir/ crude furnace & he>? inv5t$4 ,z to gold1 silv] & lead1 !y d\btless 7 f\nd fir/ 9 _! native /ate & mix$ ) o!r ores & 7 hamm]$ into ! desir$ %apes ) ! h>de/ /one implem5ts4 ,t copp] & t9 comb9$ w\ld make bronze 0 a m complex proce$+ & probably foll[$ in/ead ( prec$+1 z has sometimes be5 alleg$1 ! mak+ ( iron tools4 ,t bronze relics 7 f\nd app>5tly ( ant]ior manufacture to any made ( iron1 0 d\btless due to ! de/ruction ( ! iron by t great consum]--oxyg54 ,:at 0 v anci5tly call$ 8brass0 0 no d\bt gold-col\r$ copp]2 = :at is mod]nly kn[n z brass 0 n made until aft] ! discov]y ( z9c 9 ! #af? c5tury & its comb9ation ) copp]4 ,among ! 8lo/ arts0 re-discov]$ 9 lat] ages are ^? :i* suppli$ ! e>lie/ cities ) ornam5t$ vessels ( gold & copp]1 swords ( /eel t b5t & sprung l :alebones1 ca/+s t _h kn[n no tool to %ape _! cont\r & embelli%m5ts1 & monum5ts & tablets ( /eel & brass :i* excite ! wond] & admiration ( ! be/ 8artific]s 9 brass & iron0 ( ! pres5t day4 ,to und]/& & appreciate ! advancem5ts t h be5 made 9 metallurgy 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 x is necess>y to "k1 9 outl9e at lea/1 :at be=e _h be5 develop$4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( a smelt+ furnace ( hi/oric days1 su* z us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 ,hebrews1 & probably by ! ,h9doos & o!r anci5t peoples1 & /ill us$ 9 ,asia1 is ?us describ$ by ,dr4 ,ure3 8,! furnace or bloom>y 9 :i* ! ore is smelt$ is f #d to #e feet high2 x is some:at pe>-%ap$1 be+ ab\t #e feet wide at bottom & #a at top4 ,x is built entirely ( clay4 ,!re is an op5+ 9 front ab\t a foot or m 9 height :i* is fill$ ) clay at ! comm5cem5t1 & brok5 d[n at ! end ( ea* smelt+ op]ation4 ,! bell[s are usually made ( two goatsk9s ) bamboo nozzles1 :i* are ins]t$ into tubes ( clay t pass into ! furnace4 ,! furnace is fill$ ) *>coal1 & a light$ coal be+ introduc$ be=e ! nozzle1 ! mass 9 ! int]ior is soon k9dl$4 ,z soon z ?is is accompli%$1 a small portion ( ! ore previ\sly moi/5$ ) wat] to prev5t x f runn+ ?r\gh ! *>coal1 b )\t any flux :atev]1 is laid on top ( ! coals1 & cov]$ ) *>coal to fill up ! furnace4 ,9 ?is mann] ore & fuel are suppli$ & ! bell[s urg$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! process is /opp$ & ! tempor>y wall 9 front brok5 d[n ! bloom is remov$ ) a pair ( tongs f ! bottom ( ! furnace40 ,?is smelt+ 0 !n foll[$ by hamm]+ to fur!r sep>ate ! slag1 & probably aft] a reheat+ to increase ! malleability4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 ?is e>lie/ process pure c>bon 0 us$ z a fuel1 & a bla/ ( air to keep ! fire at a great heat 0 employ$4 ,to :at ext5t ?is c>bon & air bla/1 & ! mix+ & remix+ ) o!r +r$i5ts1 & reheat+ & rehamm]+1 may h be5 employ$ 9 v>i\s in/ances to modify ! conditions & r5d] ! metal malleable & m or less l mod]n /eel1 is n kn[n1 b t an excell5t quality ( iron resembl+ mod]n /eel 0 (t5 produc$ by ?is simple mode ( manufacture by diff]5t peoples1 is und\bt$ly ! fact4 ,/eel aft] all is iron ) a little m c>bon 9 x ?an 9 ! usual iron 9 ! smelt+ furnace1 to r5d] x h>d]1 & a little less c>bon ?an 9 ca/ or m\ld$ iron to r5d] x malleable1 & 9 bo? conditions 0 produc$ f "t immemorial1 ei!r by accid5t or design4 ,x 0 ) su* a furnace probably t ,india produc$ h] ke5-edg$ weapons t w\ld cut a web ( gossam]1 & ,damascus its fla%+ blades--! synonym ( ela/ic /r5g?4 ,africa1 :5 its mo/ b>b>\s tribes 7 fir/ discov]$1 0 mak+ v>i\s useful articles ( iron4 ,its e>lie/ modes ( manufacture 7 d\btless /ill foll[$ :5 ,dr4 ,liv+/one explor$ ! int]ior1 z !y n[ also are4 ,he ?us describes _! furnaces & iron3 8,at e ?ird or f\r? village 79 ! regions ne> ,lake ,nyassa7 we saw a kiln-look+ /ructure1 ab\t #f feet high & #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,x is a clay fire-h>d5$ furnace = smelt+ iron4 ,no flux is us$1 :e!r ) specul> iron1 ! yell[ hematite1 or magnetic ore1 & yet capital metal is produc$4 ,native manufactur$ iron is s good t ! natives decl>e ,engli% iron 8rott50 9 comp>ison1 & specim5s ( ,african hoes 7 pron\nc$ at ,birm+ham ne>ly equal to ! be/ ,sw$i% iron40 ,! natives ( ,india1 ! ,hott5tots1 ! e>ly ,britons1 ! ,*9ese1 ! savages ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 z discov]y or rese>* br\ght _! lab\rs to light1 or uncov]$ ! monum5ts ( _! e>lie/ life1 7 %[n to be acqua9t$ ) simil> simple =ms ( smelt+ furnaces4 ,e>ly ,spa9 produc$ a furnace :i* 0 adopt$ by ! :ole ( ,europe z fa/ z x became kn[n4 ,x 0 ! ,catalan furnace1 s nam$ f ! prov9ce ( ,catalonia1 :]e x probably fir/ orig9at$1 & x is /ill s kn[n & ext5sively us$4 8,x consi/s ( a f\r-sid$ cavity or he>?1 :i* is always plac$ )9 a build+ & sep>at$ f ! ma9 wall !re( by a ?9n] int]ior wall1 :i* 9 "p con/itutes "o side ( ! furnace4 ,! bla/ pipe comes ?r\gh ! wall1 & ent]s ! fire ?r\gh a flue :i* slants d[nw>d4 ,! bottom is =m$ ( a refractory /one1 :i* is r5ewable4 ,! furnace has no *imneys4 ,! bla/ is produc$ by means ( a fall ( wat] usually f #bb to #bg feet high1 ?r\gh a rectangul> tube1 into a rectangul> ci/]n bel[1 to ^: upp] "p ! bla/ pipe is connect$1 ! wat] escap+ ?r\gh a pipe bel[4 ,?is app>atus is ext]ior to ! build+1 & is said to af=d a cont9u\s bla/ ( great regul>ity2 ! air1 :5 x passes into ! furnace1 is1 h[ev]1 saturat$ ) moi/ure40--,knight4 ,no d\bt 9 su* a heat 0 =m$ ! metal f :i* 0 %ap$ ! arm\r ( ,don ,quixote & 8 prototypes4 ,bell 9 8 hi/ory ( ,metallurgy tells u t ! manufacture ( malleable iron mu/ h fall5 into decad5ce 9 ,engl&1 especially be=e ! reign ( ,elizabe? & ,*>les ,i41 z no furnaces equal ev5 to ! ,catalan _h = a long "t be5 9 use2 & ! ar*itectural iron column f\nd 9 anci5t ,delhi1 #af in*es 9 diamet]1 ab\t #dh feet long & calculat$ to weigh ab\t #ag tons1 c\ld n h be5 =m$ by any means kn[n 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is decad5ce 0 9 "p due to ! sev]e laws enact$ aga9/ ! de/ruction ( =e/s1 & mo/ ( ! iron 0 !n br\ght to ,engl& f ,g]many & o!r c\ntries4 ,f "t immemorial ! manufacture ( iron & /eel has be5 foll[$ 9 ,g]many1 & t c\ntry yet reta9s pre-em95ce 9 ?is art bo? z to me*anical & *emical processes4 ,x 0 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ! celebrat$ ,freib]g ,m9+ ,academy 0 f\nd$1 ! olde/ ( all exi/+ m9+ s*ools2 & bas$ on develop+ m9+ & metallurgy on sci5tific l9es1 x has /ood always on ! battle l9e 9 ! fight ( progress4 ,! e>ly smelt+ furnaces ( ,g]many resembl$ ! ,catalan1 & 7 call$ ! 8,/ck(510 & 9 ,sw$5 7 kn[n z ! 8,osmund40 ,9 ^! v pure iron 0 made4 ,! art ( mak+ ca/ iron1 :i* diff]s f ! ord9>y smelt$ iron 9 ! fact t x is melt$ & !n run into m\lds1 al?\gh kn[n among ! anci5ts m ?an =ty c5turies ago1 z %[n by ! ca/+s ( bronze & brass describ$ by _! writ]s & recov]$ f _! ru9s1 appe>s to h be5 =gott5 long be=e ! d>kness ( ! middle ages ga!r$4 ,!re is no record ( its practice f ! "t ! eld] ,pl9y describ$ its =m] use 7#dj-gi ,a4 ,d471 to ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is /at$ t !n ! lo/ art 0 re-inv5t$ by ,ralph ,page & ,pet] ,baude ( ,engl& 9 #aedc--:o 9 t ye> made ca/-iron 9 ,sussex4 ,! 8,/ck(50 furnace above ref]r$ to 0 succe$$ 9 ,g]many by high] ones call$ ! 8,floss(510 & ^! 7 foll[$ by /ill high] & l>g] ones call$ 8,blau(510 s t by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! furnaces 7 v capaci\s1 ! bla/ 0 good1 & x _h be5 le>n$ h[ to supply ! furnaces ) ore1 coal & lime-/one brok5 into small fragm5ts4 ,! lime 0 add$ z a flux1 & act$ to unite ) itself ! s&1 clay & o!r impurities to =m a slag or scoria4 ,! melt$ purifi$ iron fall+ to ! bottom 0 drawn (f ?r\gh a hole tapp$ 9 ! furnace1 & ! molt5 metal ran into *annels 9 a b$ ( s& call$ ! 8,s[ & pigs40 ,h5ce ! "n1 8pig iron40 ,! smelt+ ( ore by *>coal 9 ^? places :]e c>ri$ on ext5sively requir$ ! use ( a va/ am\nt ( wood1 & d5ud$ ! surr\nd+ l&s ( =e/s4 ,s great 0 ?is loss felt t x gave rise to ! prohibitory laws & ! decad5ce 9 ,engl& ( ! manufacture ( iron1 already allud$ to4 ,?is turn$ ! att5tion ( iron smelt]s to coal z a sub/itute4 ,pat5ts 7 grant$ 9 ,engl& = its use to sev]al unsuccessful inv5tors4 ,f9ally 9 #afai ,dud ,dudley1 a graduate ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity1 & to :om succe$$ 8 fa!r's iron furnaces 9 ,worce/]%ire1 obta9$ a pat5t & succe$$ 9 produc+ sev]al tons ( iron p] week by ! use ( ! pitcoal 9 a small bla/ furnace4 ,?is success inflam$ ! wood own]s & ! *>coal burn]s & !y de/roy$ ,dudley's works4 ,he met ) o!r disa/]s common to wor?y inv5tors & discont9u$ 8 ef=ts to improve ! art4 ,x is said t 9 #affd ,sir ,john ,w9t] ( ,engl& made coke by burn+ sea coal 9 clos$ pots4 ,b ?is 0 n foll[$ up1 & ! use ( *>coal & ! de/ruction ( ! =e/s w5t on until #agce1 :5 ,abraham ,d>by ( ! ,coalbrookdale ,iron ,works at ,%rop%ire1 ,engl&1 comm5c$ to treat ! s(t pit coal 9 ! same way z wood is treat$ 9 produc+ *>coal4 ,he propos$ to burn ! coal 9 a sm\ld]+ fire1 to expel ! sulphur & o!r impurities exi/+ 9 ! =m ( phosphorus1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 etc4 :ile sav+ ! c>bon4 ,! attempt 0 successful1 & ?us coke 0 made4 ,x 0 f\nd *eap] & sup]ior to ei!r coal or *>coal1 & produc$ a quick] fire & a great] heat4 ,?is 0 a wond]ful discov]y1 & 0 pres]v$ z a trade secret = a long "t4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to z a curiosity 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions 9 #agdg4 ,9 fact x 0 n introduc$ 9 ,am]ica until a c5tury lat]1 :5 9 #ahda ! s(t coal ab\nd+ ar\nd ,pittsburgh 9 ,p5nsylvania & 9 ! neighb\r+ regions ( ,ohio 0 ?us treat$4 ,ev5 its use !n 0 exp]im5tal1 & did n become a practical art 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until ab\t #ahfj4 ,) ! inv5tion ( coke came also ! revival ( ca/ iron4 ,! process ( mak+ ca/ /eel 0 re9v5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,b5jam9 ,huntsman ( ,att]cliff1 ne> ,%effield1 ab\t #agdj4 ,betwe5 t "t & #aggj he practis$ melt+ small pieces ( 8bli/]$0 /eel 7iron b>s :i* _h be5 c>bonis$ by smelt+ 9 *>coal7 9 clos$ clay crucibles4 ,9 #aghd ,h5ry ,cort ( ,engl& introduc$ ! puddl+ process & groov$ rolls4 ,puddl+ _h be5 inv5t$1 b n successfully us$ be=e4 ,! t]m 8puddl+0 orig9at$ 9 ! cov]+ ( ! he>? ( /ones at ! bottom ( ! furnace ) clay1 :i* 0 made pla/ic by mix+ ! clay 9 a puddle ( wat]2 & on :i* he>? ! ore :5 melt$ is receiv$4 ,:5 9 ?is melt$ condition ,cort & o!rs f\nd t ! metal 0 greatly improv$ by /irr+ x ) a long iron b> call$ a 8rabble10 & :i* 0 introduc$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! furnace4 ,?is /irr+ admitt$ air to ! mass & ! oxyg5 consum$ & expell$ ! c>bon1 silicon1 & o!r impurities4 ,! process 0 subsequ5tly aid$ by ! introduction ( pig iron brok5 into pieces & mix$ ) hamm]-slag1 c9d]1 & ore4 ,! mass is /irr$ f side to side ( ! furnace until x comes to a boil+ po9t1 :5 ! /irr+ is increas$ 9 quickness & viol5ce until a pa/y r\nd mass is collect$ by ! puddl]4 ,z %[+ ! value ( ,cort's discov]y & ! h>d exp]i5ce inv5tors sometimes h1 ,fairbairn /ates t ,cort 8exp5d$ a =tune ( upw>d ( #bj1jjj 9 p]fect+ 8 inv5tion = puddl+ iron & roll+ x into b>s & plates2 t he 0 robb$ ( ! fruits ( 8 discov]ies by ! villa9y ( (ficials 9 a high dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t2 & t he 0 ultimately left to />ve by ! apa?y & selfi%ness ( an ungrateful c\ntry4 ,8 inv5tions conf]r$ an am\nt ( weal? on ! c\ntry equival5t to #fjj1jjj1jjj1 & h giv5 employm5t to #fjj1jjj ( ! work+ population ( our l& = ! la/ ?ree or f\r g5]ations40 ,?is process ( puddl+ la/$ = ab\t an h\r & a half & entail$ extremely sev]e lab\r on ! workman4 ,! inv5tion ( me*anical puddl]s1 h]e9aft] ref]r$ to1 consi/+ *iefly ( rotat+ furnaces1 7 among ! b5efic5t developm5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,prior to ,cort's "t ! pla/ic lump or ball ( metal tak5 f ! furnace 0 g5]ally beat5 by hamm]s1 b ,cort's groov$ roll]s press$ out ! mass into %eets4 ,! improvem5ts ( ! /eam eng9e by ,watt greatly ext5d$ ! manufacture ( iron t[>d ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 z p[]ful air bla/s 7 obta9$ by ! use ( su* eng9es 9 place ( ! bl[]s work$ by man1 ! horse1 or ! ox4 ,s f> z ! art ( ref9+ ! preci\s metals is conc]n$1 z well z copp]1 t9 & iron1 x _h n1 previ\s to ?is c5tury1 proce$$ mu* beyond ! me?ods describ$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t writ+s2 & ^! includ$ ! ref9+ 9 furnaces1 pots1 & cov]$ crucibles1 & alloy+1 or ! mixture & fusion ) o!r metals4 ,furnaces to hold ! crucibles1 & made ( iron cyl9d]s l9$ ) fire brick1 :]eby ! crucibles 7 subject$ to great] heat1 7 also kn[n4 ,! amalgamat+ process 0 also kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & ,vitruvius 7,b4 ,c4 #bg7 & ,pl9y 7,a4 ,d4 #gi71 describe h[ m]cury 0 us$ = sep>at+ gold f its impurities4 ,its use at gold & silv] m9es 0 r5ew$ ext5sively 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?us we f9d t ! eighte5? c5tury clos$ ) ! k ( ! smelt+ furnaces ( v>i\s k9ds1 ( coke z a fuel 9 place ( *>coal1 ( furi\s air bla/s driv5 by /eam & o!r p[]1 ( ca/ iron & ca/ /eel1 & ( ref9+1 amalgamat+1 & comp\nd+ processes4 ,look+ back1 n[1 f ! ?re%old ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ov] ! pa? we h ?us trac$1 x w be se5 t :at _h be5 accompli%$ 9 metallurgy 0 ! result ( ! use ( ready means te/$ by prolong$ trials1 ( exp]im5ts m or less lucky 9 fields 9 :i* m5 7 grop+1 ( inv5tions )\t ! k ( ! real prop]ties ( ! mat]ials ) :i* inv5tors 7 work+ or ( ! unv>y+ laws :i* gov]n _! op]ations4 ,!y _h accompli%$ mu*1 b x 0 ! "w ma9ly ( empirics4 ,! art prec$+ ! n9ete5? c5tury comp>$ ) :at foll[$ is ! diff]5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce simply1 & exp]i5ce :5 comb9$ ) h>d ?9k+1 :i* is ?us /at$ by ,h]s*el3 8,art is ! application ( k to a practical end4 ,if ! k be m]ely accumulat$ exp]i5ce ! art is empirical2 b if x is exp]i5ce reason$ ^u & br\ght "u g5]al pr9ciples x assumes a high] "* & becomes a sci5tific art40 ,) ! developm5ts1 discov]ies & inv5tions 9 ! l9es ( /eam1 *emi/ry & electricity1 z else:]e told1 ! impetus !y gave to ! ex]cise ( bra9 =ce 9 e field ( nature at ! outset ( ! c5tury1 & ) _! practical aid1 ! art ( metallurgy soon began to exp& to great] usefulness1 & f9ally to its pres5t wond]ful doma94 ,! subject ( metallurgy 9 ?is c5tury soon became sci5tifically treat$ & its op]ations classifi$4 ,?us ! physical "* & metallic con/itu5ts ( ores receiv$ ! fir/ consid]ation2 !n ! prop] treatm5t to :i* ! ores 7 to be subject$ = ! purpose ( extract+ ! metal--:i* are ei!r me*anical or *emical4 ,! me*anical processes design$ to sep>ate ! ore f its enclos+ rock or o!r sup]flu\s e>?y matt] call$ gangue became kn[n z ore dress+ & ore conc5trat+4 ,^! includ$ mills ) roll]s1 & /amps op]at$ by gravity1 or /eam1 = break+ up ! ore rocks2 abrasion app>atus = comm9ut+ ! ore by rubb+ ! pieces ( ore "u pressure2 & smelt+1 or an equival5t process1 = melt+ ! ore & driv+ (f ! impurities by heat1 etc4 ,! *emical processes are ^? by :i* ! metal1 :atev] x may be1 is ei!r dissolv$ or sep>at$ f o!r con/itu5ts by ei!r ! application to ! ore ( c]ta9 metallic solutions ( c]ta9 acids1 or by ! fusion ( diff]5t ores or metals 9 sub/antially ! old /yles ( furnaces2 or its precipitation by amalgamat+1 or by electrolysis--! art ( decompos+ metals by electricity4 ,9 ! e>ly decades ( ! c5tury1 by ! help ( *emi/ry & physics1 ! nature ( heat1 c>bon1 & oxyg51 & ! great aff9ity iron has = oxyg51 became bett] kn[n2 & p>ticul>ly h[ 9 ! mak+ ( iron its behavi\r is influ5c$ by ! pres5ce ( c>bon & o!r =eign con/itu5ts2 also h[ necess>y to its p]fect sep>ation 0 ! prop] elim9ation ( ! oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,! use ( manganese & o!r highly oxidisable metals = ?is purpose 0 discov]$4 ,among ! e>lie/ mo/ notable inv5tions 9 ! c5tury1 9 ! manufacture ( iron1 0 t ( ,samuel ,b4 ,rog]s ( ,glamorgan%ire1 ,wales1 :o inv5t$ ! iron floor = furnaces ) a refractory l9+--a great improvem5t on ,cort's s& floor1 :i* gave too mu* silicon to ! iron2 & ! hot air bla/ by ,neilson ( ,glasg[1 ,scotl&1 pat5t$ 9 #ahbh4 ,! latt] consi/$ 9 ! use ( heat$ air z ! bla/ in/ead ( cold air--:]eby ignition ( ! fuel 0 quick5$1 int5sity ( ! heat & ! expulsion ( oxyg5 & c>bon f ! iron increas$1 & ! op]ation %ort5$ & improv$ 9 e way4 ,! pat5t 0 infr+$ & assail$1 b f9ally su/a9$ by ! highe/ c\rts ( ,engl&4 ,x produc$ an imm5se =w>d /ride 9 ! am\nt & quality ( iron manufactur$4 ,by ! introduction ( ! hot air bla/ x became practicable to use ! h>d an?racite coal z a fuel :]e su* coal ab\nd$2 & to use pig iron1 scrap iron1 & refractory ore & metals ) ! fuel to produce p>ticul> results4 ,furnaces 7 enl>g$ to colossal dim5sions1 "s be+ a hundr$ feet high & capable ( yield+ #hj or #ajj tons ( metal p] day4 ,! =ms ( furnaces & means = l9+ & cool+ ! he>? & adjac5t p>ts h receiv$ great att5tion4 ,! discov]y t ! flame escap+ f ! ?roat ( ! bla/ furnace 0 no?+ else ?an burn+ c>bon l$ ,fab] du ,faur at ,wass]alfug5 9 #ahcg to inv5t ! successful & highly valuable me?od ( utilis+ ! unburnt gas f ! bla/ furnace = heat+ purposes1 & to heat ! bla/ itself1 & drive ! /eam eng9e t blew ! bla/ into ! furnace1 )\t ! consumption ( additional fuel4 ,?is also l$ to ! inv5tion ( sep>ate gas produc]s4 ,buns5 9 #ahch made 8 fir/ exp]im5ts at ,hesse 9 collect+ ! gases f v>i\s p>ts ( ! furnace1 reveal+ _! composition & %[+ _! adaptability = v>i\s purposes4 ,?us1 f a sci5tific k ( ! con/itu5ts ( ores & ( furnace gases1 calculations c\ld be made 9 advance z to ! mat]ials requir$ to make pig iron1 ca/ iron1 & /eel ( p>ticul> qualities4 ,9 ! process ( puddl+ difficulty _h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 h&l+ ! bloom or ball aft] x 0 =m$ 9 ! furnace4 ,a sort ( squeez+ app>atus1 or tongs1 call$ ! alligator1 _h be5 employ$4 ,9 #ahdj ,h5ry ,burd5 ( ,am]ica inv5t$ & pat5t$ a me?od & means = treat+ ^! balls1 :]eby ! same 7 tak5 directly f ! furnace & pass$ betwe5 two pla9 conv]g+ metal surfaces1 by :i* ! balls 7 gradually b quickly press$ & squeez$ into a cyl9drical =m1 :ile a l>ge portion ( ! c9d]s & o!r =eign impurities 7 press$ out4 ,we h describ$ h[ by ,cort's puddl+ process trem5d\s lab\r 0 impos$ on ! workm5 9 /irr+ ! molt5 metal by h& ) 8rabbles40 ,a numb] ( me*anical puddl]s 7 inv5t$ to take ! place ( ^! h& means1 b ! mo/ important inv5tion 9 ?is direction 0 ! revolv+ puddl]s ( ,beadle/one1 pat5t$ 9 #aheg 9 ,engl&1 & ( ,heaton1 ,all5 & ,yates1 9 #ahfg-fh4 ,! mo/ successful1 h[ev]1 0 t ( ,danks ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahfh-fi4 ,! ,danks rot>y puddl] is a b>rel-%ap$1 refractory l9$ vessel1 hav+ a *amb] & fire grate & rotat$ by /eam1 into :i* pig iron =m$ by ! ord9>y bla/ furnaces1 & !n pulv]is$1 is plac$1 ) ! fuel4 ,molt5 metal f ! furnace is !n run 91 :i* toge!r ) ! fuel is !n subject$ to a /rong bla/4 ,successive *>ges may be made1 & at ! prop] "t ! puddl] is rotat$1 sl[ly at "s /ages & fa/] at o!rs1 until ! op]ation is complet$4 ,a mu* m ?or\gh & satisfactory result 9 ! production ( a pure malleable iron is ?us obta9$ ?an is possible by h& puddl+4 ,b ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 puddl+1 & 9 ! production ( /eel f iron1 & :i* h produc$ great] comm]cial results ?an any o!r inv5tions ( ! c5tury relat+ to metallurgy1 7 ! inv5tions ( ,h5ry ,bessem] ( ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 f #ahee to #ahfj4 ,9 place ( ! puddl+ 8rabbles0 to /ir ! molt5 metal1 or matte1 z x is call$1 :ile ! air bla/ ent]s to oxidise x1 he fir/ introduc$ ! molt5 metal f ! furnace into an imm5se egg-%ap$ vessel l9$ ) qu>tzose1 & hung 9 an incl9$ position on trunnions1 or melt$ ! metal 9 su* vessel1 & !n divid+ ! air bla/ into /reams =c$ ) great pressure ea* sep>ate /ream ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel into ! molt5 mass1 ?us mak+ ea* /ream ( driv5 air a rabble2 & !y toge!r blew & lift$ ! :ite mass into a huge1 surg+1 sun-bright f\nta94 ,! effect ( ?is 0 to burn out ! impurities1 silicon1 c>bon1 sulphur1 & phosphorus1 leav+ ! mass a pure s(t iron4 ,if /eel 0 want$ a small am\nt ( c>bon1 usually 9 ! =m ( spiegeleis51 0 introduc$ into ! conv]t] be=e ! process 0 complete4 ,a4 ,l4 ,holley ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates improv$ ! ,bessem] app>atus by enabl+ a great] numb] ( *>ges to be conv]t$ into /eel )9 a giv5 "t4 ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem] has liv$ to ga9 great =tunes by 8 inv5tions1 to see !m af=d new fields ( lab\r = armies ( m51 & to increase ! ri*es ( nations1 f :om he has receiv$ des]v$ hon\rs4 ,! ,bessem] process l$ to r5ew$ inve/igations & discov]ies z to heat & its utilisation1 ! con/itu5ts ( diff]5t metals & _! decomposition1 & z to ! p>ts play$ by c>bon1 silicon1 & phosphorus4 ,! c>bon introduc$ by ! *>ge ( pig iron 9 ! ,bessem] process 0 at fir/ suppos$ to be necess>y to produce ! greate/ heat1 b ?is 0 f\nd to be a mi/ake2 & phosphorus1 :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z a great enemy ( iron1 to be elim9at$ 9 e way1 0 f\nd to be a valuable con/itu5t1 & 0 reta9$ or add$ to make phosphorus /eel4 ,! ,bessem] process has be5 modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways3 by *ang+ ! mode ( introduc+ ! bla/ f ! bottom ( ! conv]t] to ! sides !re(1 & admitt+ ! bla/ m sl[ly at c]ta9 /ages2 by *ang+ ! "* ( ! pig iron & fuel to be treat$2 & by *ang+ ! %ape & op]ation ( ! conv]t]s1 mak+ !m cyl9drical & rot>y1 = in/ance4 ,! ,bessem] process is n[ l>gely us$ 9 treat+ copp]4 ,by ?is me?od ! bl[+ ?r\gh ! molt5 metal ( a bla/ ( air l>gely removes sulphur & o!r impurities4 ,! pr9ciples ( r$uction by ! old /yle furnaces & me?ods we h describ$ h be5 reviv$ & comb9$ ) improvem5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! old ,catalan /yle ( furnace has be5 reta9$ to smelt ! iron1 b 9 "o me?od ! iron is )drawn be=e x is r$uc$ completely & introduc$ into ano!r furnace1 :]e1 mix$ ) fur!r r$uc+ +r$i5ts1 a bett] result by f> is produc$ ) less lab\r4 ,x w\ld be a long li/ t w\ld "n ! mod]n discov]]s & inv5tors ( ! c5tury 9 ! manufacture ( iron & /eel4 ,b em95t 9 ! li/1 9 addition to ,davy & ,bessem]1 & o!rs already m5tion$1 are ,mu%et1 ,sir ,l4 ,bell1 ,p]cy1 ,blomfield1 ,beasley1 ,gi]s & ,snellus ( ,engl&2 ,m>t91 ,*5not1 ,du ,motay1 ,p]not & ,grun] ( ,france2 ,lohage1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,siem5s & ,hpf] ( ,g]many2 ,pr( ,s>n/rom & ,ak]man ( ,sw$52 ,turn] ( ,au/ria2 & ,holley1 ,slade1 ,blair1 ,jones1 ,sell]s1 ,clapp1 ,griffi?s & ,eames ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! new metals discov]$ 9 ! la/ c5tury h 9 ?is c5tury be5 comb9$ ) iron to make h>d] /eel4 ,?us we h nickel1 *romium1 & tung/5 /eel4 ,processes = h>d5+ /eel1 z ! 8,h>veyiz$0 /eel1 h giv5 rise to a conte/ betwe5 8irresi/ible0 projectiles & 8imp5etrable0 arm\r plate4 ,if !re are "s :o reg>d mod]n discov]ies & inv5tions 9 iron & /eel z less5+ ! numb] ( workm5 & *eap5+ ! product too mu*1 ?us caus+ tr\ble due to lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y1 let !m glance1 among o!r great works 9 ! _w1 at ,krupp's at ,ess51 :]e on ,janu>y #a/1 #ahii1 #da1gej p]sons 7 employ$1 & at :i* works dur+ ! previ\s ye> #a1aii1faj tons ( coal & coke 7 consum$1 or ab\t #djjj tons daily4 ,work]s 9 iron w n be out ( employm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e #af1jjj1jjj tons ( coke are produc$ annually1 #aif1dje1iec tons ( coal m9$1 #aa1jjj1jjj tons ( pig iron & ab\t #i1jjj1jjj tons ( /eel made4 ,! increase ( population )9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s be>s no comp>ison ) ?is enorm\s increase 9 iron & fuel4 ,x %[s t z inv5tions multiply1 s does ! dem& = _! bett] & *eap] products increase4 ,z ! o!r metals1 gold1 silv]1 copp] & lead (t5 occur toge!r1 & 9 ! same deposits ) iron1 ! same g5]al modes ( treatm5t to extract !m are (t5 appli$4 ,^! are kn[n z ! dry & ! wet me?ods1 & electro-r$uction4 ,ev] s9ce ,mammon b[$ 8 head 9 se>* = gold1 e means t ! m9d ( man c\ld sugge/ to obta9 x h be5 tri$1 b ! devices ( ?is c5tury h be5 m num]\s & m successful ?an any be=e4 ,! anci5t me?ods ( simply melt+ & 8skimm+ ! bullion dross0 h be5 sup]s$$4 ,mod]n me?ods may be divid$ into two g5]al classes1 ! me*anical & ! *emical4 ,( ! =m] me?ods1 :5 gold 0 f\nd loose 9 s& or gravel1 wa%+ 0 ! e>lie/ & mo/ univ]sally practis$1 & 0 call$ pann+4 ,9 ?is me?od m]cury is (t5 us$ to take up & secure ! f9e gold4 ,rock]s l a *ild's cradle1 into :i* ! dirt is %ovell$ & wa%$ ov] reta9+ riffles1 7 us$2 co>se-hair$ blankets & hides2 sluices & sep>ators1 ) or )\t quicksilv] l9+s to cat* ! gold2 & p[]ful /reams ( wat] work$ by compress$ air to te> d[n ! banks4 ,:]e wat] c\ld n be obta9$ ! ore & soil 7 pulv]is$ & dri$1 & !n ?r[n aga9/ ! w9d or a bla/ ( air1 & ! heavi] gold1 fall+ be=e ! light] du/1 0 caught on hides or blankets4 ,= ! cru%+ ( ! qu>tz 9 :i* gold 0 f\nd1 innum]able inv5tions 9 /amp mills1 roll]s1 cru%]s1 abrad]s1 pulv]is]s & amalgamators h be5 inv5t$2 & s ) roa/]s1 & furnaces1 & crucibles to melt ! preci\s metal1 sep>ate ! rema9+ impurities & conv]t x to use4 ,z to *emical me?ods = ! preci\s metals1 ! process ( lixiviation1 or lea*+1 by :i* ! ore is wa%$ out by a solution ( pota%1 or ) dilute sulphuric acid1 or boil+ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 is q mod]n4 ,ab\t #ahhi came out ! great cyanide process1 also kn[n z ! ,mac,arthur-,=re/ process 7!y be+ ! fir/ to obta9 pat5ts & introduce ! inv5tion71 consi/+ ( ! use ( cyanide potassium 9 solution1 :i* dissolves ! gold1 & :i* is !n precipitat$ by ! employm5t ( z9c4 ,?is process is be/ adapt$ to :at are kn[n z free mill+ or por\s ores1 :]e ! gold is free & v f9e & is attract$ readily by m]cury4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy discov]$ ! metal potassium by subject+ moi/5$ pota% to ! action ( a p[]ful voltaic batt]y2 ! positive pole gave (f oxyg5 & ! metallic globules ( pure potassium appe>$ at ! negative pole4 ,x is nev] f\nd uncomb9$ 9 nature4 ,n[ if potassium is heat$ 9 cyanog5 gas 7a gas procur$ by heat+ m]cury7 or obta9$ on a l>ge scale by ! decomposition ( yell[ prussiate ( pota%1 a :ite cry/all9e body v soluble 9 wat]1 & exce$+ly poison\s1 is obta9$4 ,:5 gold1 = in/ance1 obta9$ by pulv]is+ ! ore1 or f\nd free 9 s&1 is treat$ to su* a solution x is dissolv$ f its surr\nd+ con/itu5ts & precipitat$ by ! z9c1 z be=e /at$4 ,*lor9e is ano!r metal discov]$ by ,s*eele 9 #aggd1 b n kn[n z an elem5t>y elem5t until s e/abli%$ by ,davy's inve/igations 9 #ahaj1 :5 he gave x ! "n x n[ be>s1 f ! ,greek *loras1 yell[i% gre54 ,x is f\nd abundantly 9 ! m9]al _w 9 comb9ation ) common salt4 ,n[ x 0 f\nd t *lor9e is "o ( ! mo/ en]getic ( bodies1 surpass+ ev5 oxyg5 "u "s circum/ances1 & t a *lor9e solution w readily dissolve gold4 ,^!1 ! cyanide & *lor9ation processes1 h almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! old wa%+ & amalgamat+ me?ods ( treat+ free gold--& ! cyanide seems to be n[ tak+ ! lead4 ,alloys4--,! art ( fus+ diff]5t metals to make new comp\nds1 al?\gh always practis$1 has be5 greatly advanc$ by ! discov]]s & inv5tors ( ! c5tury4 ,z we h se51 amalgamat+ to extract gold & silv]1 & ! mak+ ( bronze f t9 & copp] 7 v e>ly foll[$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable & useful ( mod]n inv5tions or improvem5ts ( ! k9d 0 t ( ,isaac ,babbitt ( ,bo/on 9 #ahci1 :o 9 t ye> obta9$ pat5ts = :at ev] s9ce has be5 kn[n z 8babbitt+40 ,! great & undesirable friction produc$ by ! rubb+ ( ! ends ( j\rnals & %afts 9 _! be>+s ( ! same metal1 ca/ or wr\ght iron1 am\nt+ to "o-fif? ( ! am\nt ( p[] ex]t$ to turn !m1 _h long be5 exp]i5c$4 ,lubricants ( all k9ds _h be5 & are us$2 b ,babbitt's inv5tion 0 an anti-friction metal4 ,x is compos$ ( t91 antimony1 & copp]1 & al?\gh ! proportions & +r$i5ts h s9ce be5 v>i$1 ! :ole art is /ill kn[n z babbitt+4 ,o!r successful alloys h be5 made = gun metal1 %ea?+ ( %ips1 horse%oes1 organ pipes1 pl\gh %>es1 ro(+1 eyelets1 projectiles1 faucets1 & _m & v>i\s articles ( h>dw>e1 ornam5tal w>e1 & jewelry4 ,valuable metals1 su* z 7 n always r>e or sc>ce1 b v h>d to r$uce1 h be5 r5d]$ f> less 9 co/ ( production & m ext5sive 9 use by mod]n processes4 ,?us1 alum9ium1 an abundant elem5t 9 rocks & clay1 discov]$ by ! ,g]man *emi/ ,whl]1 9 #ahbg1 a preci\s metal1 s light1 bright1 & t\gh1 non-oxidiz+1 h>d] ?an z9c1 m sonor\s ?an silv]1 malleable & ductile z iron1 & m t5aci\s1 has be5 br\ght to ! front f an exp5sive & m]e laboratory production to common & useful purposes 9 all ! arts by ! processes comm5c+ 9 #ahed ) t ( ,/4 ,clair ,deoville1 ( ,france1 foll[$ by ^? ( ,h4 ,rose1 ,mor91 ,ca/n]1 ,tissi]1 ,hall1 & o!rs4 ,electro-metallurgy1 s f>1 has *iefly to d ) ! decomposition ( metals by ! electric curr5t1 & ! production ( v high temp]atures = furnaces1 by :i* ! mo/ refractory ores1 metals1 & o!r sub/ances may be melt$1 & results produc$ n obta9able 9 any o!r way4 ,by plac+ c]ta9 mixtures ( c>bon & s&1 or ( c>bon & clay1 betwe5 ! t]m9als ( a p[]ful curr5t1 a mat]ial resembl+ diamonds1 b h>d]1 has be5 produc$4 ,x has be5 nam$ c>bonundrum4 ,! production ( diamonds !mselves is look$ =4 ,/eel wire is n[ temp]$ & anneal$ by electricity1 z well z weld+ done1 ( :i* m5tion fur!r on w be made4 ,?us we h se5 h[ ! bir? ( ideas ( =m] g5]ations has giv5 rise 9 ! pres5t age to *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?4 ,arts h gr[n only z ma*9]y = ! accompli%m5t ( _! objects has develop$1 & ma*9]y has wait$ on ! developm5t ( ! metals compos+ x4 ,! civilisation ( to-day w\ld n h be5 possible if ! successors ( ,tubal ,ca9 _h n be5 l him1 in/ructors 8( e artific] 9 brass & iron40 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,metal ,,work+4 ,we ref]r$ 9 ! la/ *apt] to ! fact t metal :5 x came f ! melt+ & puddl+ furnace 0 =m]ly roll$ into %eets2 b1 :5 ! manufactur]s & consum]s got ^! %eets !n came ! sev]e1 labori\s "w by h& ( cutt+1 hamm]+1 bor+1 %ap+ & fitt+ ! p>ts = use & secur+ !m 9 place4 ,x is "o ( ! glories ( ?is c5tury t metal-work+ tools & ma*9]y h be5 inv5t$ t take ! metal f its inception1 m\ld & adapt x to man's w 9 e situation ) an inf9ite sav+ ( "t & lab\r1 & ) a p]fection & uni=mity ( op]ation entirely impossible by h&4 ,al?\gh ! tools = bor+ holes 9 wood1 su* z ! gimlet1 aug]1 & ! la! to hold1 turn & guide ! article to be op]at$ on by ! tool1 are common 9 "s respects ) ^? = drill+ & turn+ metal1 yet1 ! adaptation to use ) metal con/itutes a class ( metal-work+ appliances di/9ct 9 !mselves1 & ) "s exceptions n int]*angeable ) wood-work+ ut5sils4 ,! metal-work+ tools & ma*9es =m+ ! subject ( ?is *apt] are n ^? :i* f "t immemorial h be5 us$ to pi]ce1 hamm]1 cut1 & %ape metals1 direct$ by ! eye & h& ( man1 b r ^? inv5t$ to take ! place ( ! h& & eye & be op]at$ by o!r p[]s4 ,x ne$s o!r ?an manual p[] to subdue ! metals to ! pres5t wants ( man1 & until ^? mod]n motor p[]s1 su* z /eam1 compress$ air1 gas & electricity1 & mod]n hydraulic ma*9]y1 7 develop$1 automatic ma*9e tools to any ext5t 7 n inv5t$4 ,s1 too1 ! tools t are design$ to op]ate on h>d metal %\ld !mselves be ( ! be/ metal1 & until mod]n inv5tors r$iscov]$ ! art ( mak+ ca/ /eel su* tools 7 n obta9able4 ,! monum5ts & records ( anci5t & dep>t$ races %[ t x 0 kn[n by !m h[ to bore holes 9 wood1 /one & glass by "s %>p in/rum5ts turn$ by h&1 or x may be by lea!r cords1 z a top is turn$4 ,! la!1 a ma*9e to hold an object1 & at ! same "t revolve x :ile x is =m$ by ! h&1 or cut by a tool1 is z old z ! art ( pott]y1 & is illu/rat$ 9 ! olde/ ,egyptian monum5ts1 9 :i* ! god ,ptah is %[n 9 ! act ( m\ld+ man ^u ! ?r[+ :eel4 ,x is a device z necess>y to ! indu/rial gr[? ( man z ! axe or ! spade4 ,its use by ! ,egyptians appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to pott]y1 b ! anci5t ,greeks1 ,*9ese1 ,africans1 & ,h9doos us$ la!s1 = wood work+ 9 :i* ! "w 0 susp5d$ on horizontal supports1 & adapt$ to be rotat$ by means ( a rope & treadle & a spr+ b>1 impell$ by ! op]ator z he held ! cutt+ tool on ! object4 ,joseph ,holtzapffel 9 8 le>n$ "w on ,turn+ & ,me*anical ,manipulation1 gives a li/ ( old publications describ+ la!s = turn+ bo? wood & metal4 ,among ^! is ,h>tman ,s*app]'s book publi%$ at ,frank=t1 9 #aedh4 ,a la! on :i* 0 =m$ wood screws is describ$ 9 a "w ( ,jacques ,besson1 publi%$ at ,lyons1 ,france1 9 #aehb4 ,x is /at$ t !re is on exhibition 9 ! ,abbott museum ( ! ,hi/orical ,society1 ,new ,york1 a bronze dr9k+ vessel1 five in*es 9 diamet]1 t 0 exhum$ f an anci5t tomb 9 ,!bes1 & :i* be>s evid5ce ( hav+ be5 turn$ on a la!4 ,x is ?\ght by ^? skill$ 9 ! art t x 0 n possible to h con/ruct$ ! works ( metal 9 ,solomon's ,temple )\t a turn+ la!4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ publi%$ descriptions ( a metal turn+ la! 9 its lead+ features is t f\nd 9 a book publi%$ 9 ,london1 9 #afgg-hc1 by ,joseph ,moxon1 8hydograph]0 to ,k+ ,*>les ,,ii41 entitl$1 ,me*anical ,ex]cises1 or ! ,doctr9e ( ,h&y ,works4 ,he !re9 also describ$ a ma*9e = plan+ metal4 ,al?\gh !re is "s evid5ce t ^! inv5tions ( ! le>n$ g5tleman 7 made & put to "s use1 yet !y 7 soon =gott5 & 7 n reviv$ until a c5tury lat]1 :51 z be=e intimat$1 ! /eam eng9e _h be5 inv5t$ & furni%$ ! p[] = work+ !m4 ,wood-work+ implem5ts 9 :i* ! cutt+ tool 0 c>ri$ by a slid+ block 7 describ$ 9 ! ,engli% pat5ts ( ,g5]al ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am & ,joseph ,bramah1 9 #agic-id4 ,b until ?is c5tury1 & fairly )9 its bord]s1 man 0 cont5t g5]ally to use ! metal la! simply z a hold+ & turn+ support1 :ile he ) su* skill & /r5g? z he c\ld comm&1 & ) an exp5diture ( "t1 lab\r & pati5ce truly m>vell\s1 held & guid$ ) 8 h&s ! cutt+ tool ) :i* ! requir$ =m 0 made ^u or f ! sl[ly turn+ object be=e him4 ,! contrivance :i* 0 to take ! place ( ! h& & eye ( man 9 hold+1 apply+1 direct+ & impell+ a cutt+ tool to ! surface ( ! metal "w 0 ! slide-re/4 ,9 its mod]n successful automatic =m ,h5ry ,maudsley1 an eng9e] 9 ,london1 is claim$ to be ! fir/ inv5tor1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,! lead+ feature ( 8 =m ( ?is device consi/s ( an iron block :i* con/itutes ! re/1 cut ) grooves s z to adapt x to slide ^u its iron supports1 means to secure ! cutt+ tool solidly to ?is block1 & two screw h&les1 "o to adju/ ! tool t[>ds & aga9/ ! object to be cut 9 ! la!1 & ! o!r to slide ! re/ & tool l5g?wise z ! "w progresses1 :i* latt] motion may be giv5 by ! h&1 or effect$ automatically by a connection ( ! screw h&le ( ! slide & ! rotat+ object on ! la!4 ,a va/ v>iety ( inv5tions & op]ations h be5 effect$ by *anges 9 ^! ma9 features4 ,( ! value ( ?is inv5tion1 ,nasmy?1 a devot$ pupil ( ,maudsley & himself an em95t eng9e] & inv5tor1 ?us writes3--8,x 0 ?is hold+ ( a tool by means ( an iron h&1 & con/ra9+ x to move along ! surface ( ! "w 9 s c]ta9 a mann]1 & ) su* def9ite & precise motion1 :i* =m$ ! great era 9 ! hi/ory ( me*anics1 inasmu* z we !nce=w>d became possess$1 by its means1 ( ! p[] ( op]at+ alike on ! mo/ pond]\s or delicate pieces ( ma*9]y ) a degree ( m9ute precision1 ( :i* language _c convey an adequate idea2 & 9 _m cases we h1 ?r\gh its ag5cy1 equal facility 9 c>ry+ on ! mo/ p]fect workman%ip 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( c]ta9 ma*9es :]e nei!r ! h& nor ! eye c rea*1 & nev]!less we c give to ^! p>ts _! requir$ =m ) a degree ( accuracy z if we _h ! p[] ( trans=m+ our-selves into pigmy workm51 & s apply our lab\r to ! inn]mo/ holes & corn]s ( our ma*9]y40 ,! scope ( ! la!1 slide-re/ & op]at+ tool1 by its adaptation to cut out f a va/ roll ( /eel a pond]\s gun1 or by a *ange 9 ! size ( p>ts to op]ate 9 cutt+ or drill+ ! mo/ delicate portions ( t mo/ delicate ( all me*anisms1 a wat*1 rem9ds "o ( t o!r m>vel ( me*anical adaptation1 ! /eam hamm]1 :i* makes ! e>? tremble ) its mighty bl[s ^u a heat$ mass ( iron1 or lightly taps & cracks ! s(t-%ell$ nut )\t ! slighte/ t\* ( viol5ce ^u its enclos$ & fragile fruit4 ,! adaptation ( ! la! & slide to wood-work+ tools w be ref]r$ to 9 ! *apt] relat+ to wood-work+4 ,foll[+ ! inv5tion ( ! la! & ! slide-re/1 came ! metal-plan+ ma*9es4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,bu*anan's ,practical ,essays1 publi%$ 9 #ahda1 t a ,fr5* eng9e] 9 #agea1 9 con/ruct+ ! ,m>ly ,wat] ,works on ! ,se9e 9 ,france1 employ$ a ma*9e = plan+ out ! wr\ght iron pump-b>rels us$ 9 t "w1 & ?is is ?\ght to be ! fir/ in/ance 9 :i* iron 0 r$uc$ to a plane surface )\t *ipp+ or fil+4 ,b x ne$$ ! inv5tion ( ! slide-re/ & its application to metal-turn+ la!s to sugge/ & r5d] successful metal-plan+ ma*9es4 ,^! 7 suppli$ 9 ,engl& f #ahaa to #ahdj by ! g5ius ( ,bramah1 ,clem5t1 ,fox1 ,rob]ts1 ,r5nie1 ,:itwor?1 ,flet*]1 & a few o!rs4 ,:5 x is consid]$ h[ _m diff]5t =ms are ess5tial to ! completion ( metal ma*9es ( e description1 ! usefulness ( ma*9]y t w produce !m ) ! greate/ accuracy & despat* c be imag9$4 ,! _m modifications ( ! plan+ ma*9e h names t indicate to ! workman ! purpose = :i* !y are adapt$--z ! jack1 a small portable ma*9e1 quick & h&y2 ! jim cr[1 a ma*9e = plan+ bo? ways by rev]sal ( ! movem5t ( ! b$1 & x gets its "n because x c 8:eel ab\t & turn ab\t & d j s02 ! key groove ma*9e1 ! mill+ ma*9e ) a s]rat$-fac$ cutt] b>1 %ap+ ma*9e & %ap+ b>1 slott+ ma*9e1 crank plan]1 screw cutt+1 c>-:eel turn+1 bolt & nut screw+1 etc4 ,z to ! mutual evolution & important results ( ^! comb9$ inv5tions1 ! slide-re/ & ! plan]1 we aga9 quote ,nasmy?3-- 8,! fir/ plan+ ma*9e enabl$ u to produce ! second /ill bett]1 & t a bett] /ill1 & !n slide re/s ( ! mo/ p]fect k9d came /ream+ =? f !m1 & !y aga9 assi/$ 9 mak+ bett] /ill1 s t 9 a v %ort "t a mo/ important bran* ( eng9e]+ bus9ess1 namely1 tool-mak+1 arose1 :i* _h its exi/5ce n m]ely ow+ to ! pre-exi/+ dem& = su* tools1 b 9 fact rais$ a dem& ( its own creat+4 ,"o has only to g into any ( ^! va/ e/abli%m5ts :i* h sprung up 9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s to f9d t n9e-t5?s ( all ! f9e me*anisms 9 use & 9 process ( production are ?r\gh ! ag5cy1 m or less direct1 ( ! slide re/ & plan+ ma*9e40 ,spr++ out ( ^! inv5tions1 z f a fruitful soil1 came ! metal-bor+ ma*9es1 "o class = turn+ ! outside ( cyl9d]s to make !m true1 & ano!r class = bor+ & drill+ holes ?r\gh solid metal plates4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! la! 0 appli$ to ^? ma*9es 9 :i* ! %aft c>ry+ ! cutt+ or bor+ tool 0 held ei!r 9 a v]tical or 9 a horizontal position4 ,n[ fl[$ =?1 z f "s ,vulcan's titanic work%op1 ma*9es = mak+ bolts1 nuts1 rivets1 screws1 *a9s1 /aples1 c> :eels1 %afts1 etc41 & o!r ma*9es = apply+ !m to ! objects ) :i* !y 7 to be us$4 ,! progress ( screw-mak+ _h be5 su* t 9 #ahdj1 by ! ma*9es !n 9 use = cutt+1 slott+1 %av+1 ?read+1 & head+1 tw5ty m5 & boys 7 enabl$ to manufacture #bj1jjj screws 9 a day4 ,?irty-five ye>s lat] two girls t5d+ two ma*9es 7 enabl$ to manufacture #bdj1jjj screws a day4 ,s9ce !n ! process has proce$$ at ev5 a great] rate4 ,s great is ! consumption ( screws t x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to supply ! dem& by ! processes 9 vogue sixty ye>s ago4 ,9 ,engl&'s fir/ great ,int]national ,fair1 9 #ahea1 a new _w ( metallurgical products1 implem5ts1 processes1 & metal-work+ tools1 7 among ! gr& results ( ! half c5tury's inv5tions :i* 7 exhibit$ to ! assembl$ nations4 ,! lead+ exhibitor 9 ! l9e ( self-act+ la!s1 plan+1 slott+1 drill+ & bor+ ma*9es 0 ,j4 ,:itwor? ,co41 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&4 ,"h 7 = ! fir/ "t reveal$ 9 a compact =m ^? ma*9es :i* %ap$ metal z wood alone _h be5 previ\sly %ap$4 ,b ano!r qu>t] ( a c5tury br\ght /ill gr&] results1 :i* 7 display$ at ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf4 ,z ,j4 ,:itwor? ,co4 7 ! lead+ exhibitors at ,london 9 #ahea1 s 7 ,william ,sell]s ,co41 ( ,philadelphia1 ! lead+ exhibitors 9 ! #ahgf exhibition4 ,z %[+ ! progress ( ! c5tury1 ! (ficial report1 made 9 ?is class by citiz5s ( o!r c\ntries ?an ,am]ica1 set =? t ?is exhibit ( ! latt] company1 89 ext5t & value1 9 extraord9>y v>iety & orig9ality1 0 probably )\t p>allel 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( int]national exhibitions40 ,language seem$ to be inadequate to enable ! committee to describe satisfactorily ! extreme ref9em5t 9 e detail1 ! sup]ior quality ( mat]ial & workman%ip1 ! ma!matical accuracy1 ! beautiful outl9es1 ! p]fection 9 /r5g? & =m1 & ! sci5tific skill display$ 9 ! rem>kable assemblage ( ?is class ( ma*9]y at t exhibition4 ,an exhibit on t occasion made by ,messrs4 ,hoopes ,t[ns5d ( ,philadelphia attract$ great att5tion by ! fact t ! doctr9e ( ! fl[ ( solid metal1 s well exp\nd$ by t em95t ,fr5* sci5ti/1 ,m4 ,tresca1 0 !re9 well illu/rat$4 ,x consi/$ ( a l>ge collection ( bolts & screws :i* _h be5 cold-pun*$1 z well z ( elevator & c>ri] *a9s1 ! l9ks ( :i* _h be5 s pun*$4 ,?is pun*+ ( ! cold metal )\t cutt+1 bor+1 drill+1 hamm]+1 or o!rwise %ap+ ! metal1 0 inde$ a revelation4 ,s also at ?is ,exhibition 0 a f9] collection ( ma*9e-made horse%oes ?an _h ev] previ\sly be5 pres5t$ to ! _w4 ,a bett] & m intellig5t & ref9$ treatm5t ( t noble animal1 ! horse1 & especially 9 ! c>e ( 8 feet1 _h sprung up dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 conspicu\sly advocat$ by ,mr4 ,flem+ 9 ,engl&1 & foll[$ promptly 9 ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,)9 ! la/ =ty ye>s ne>ly two hundr$ pat5ts h be5 tak5 out 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone = ma*9es = mak+ horse%oes4 ,prejudices1 jeal\sies & objections ( all k9ds 7 rais$ at fir/ aga9/ ! ma*9e-made horse%oe1 z well z ! horse%oe nail1 b ! horses h won1 & ! blacksmi?s h be5 b5efit$ despite _! e>ly objections4 ,! smi?s make l>g] incomes 9 buy+ & apply+ ! ma*9e-made %oes4 ,! %oes are n only hamm]$ into %ape on ! ma*9e1 b !re are ma*9es = /amp+ !m out f metal at a s+le bl[2 = compress+ sev]al ?icknesses ( raw hide & m\ld+ !m 9 a /eel m\ld1 produc+ a light1 ela/ic %oe1 & )\t calks2 furni%+ %oes = defective ho(s1 flexible %oes = ! relief & cure ( contract$ or flat feet1 %oes =m$ ) a jo9t at ! toe1 & light1 h>d %oes made ( alum9ium4 ,tube ,mak+4--,in/ead ( heat+ /rips ( metal & weld+ ! edges toge!r1 tubes may n[ be made seamless by roll+ ! heat$ metal ar\nd a solid heat$ rod2 or by plac+ a hot +ot 9 a die & =c+ a m&rel ?r\gh ! +ot4 ,& z to tube & metal b5d+1 !re are wond]ful ma*9es :i* b5d %eets ( metal into great tubes1 funnels1 %ip ma/s & cyl9d]s4 ,weld+4--,z to weld+--! seams1 in/ead ( be+ hamm]$1 are n[ =m$ by melt+ & cond5s+ ! edges1 or adjo9+ p>ts1 by ! electric curr5t4 ,anneal+ & ,temp]+4--,/eel wire & plates are n[ temp]$ & anneal$ by electricity4 ,x is f\nd t !y c be heat$ to a high temp]ature m quickly & ev5ly by ! electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh !m ?an by combu/ion1 & ! process is mu* us$ 9 mak+ clock & wat* spr+s4 ,"o way ( h>d5+ plates1 especially arm\r plates1 by :at is call$ ! ,h>veyiz$ process1 is by emb$d+ ! face ( ! plate 9 c>bon1 protect+ ! back & sides ) s&1 heat+ to ab\t ! melt+ po9t ( ca/ iron1 & !n h>d5+ ! face by *ill+1 or o!rwise4 ,coat+ ) ,metal4--,al?\gh cov]+ metal ) metal has be5 practis$ f ! e>lie/ times1 accompli%$ by heat+ & hamm]+1 x 0 n until ?is c5tury t electro-plat+1 & plat+ by *emical processes1 z by dipp+ ! metal into c]ta9 *emical solutions1 & by ! use ( automatic ma*9]y1 7 adopt$4 ,x 0 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury t ,volta discov]$ t 9 ! voltaic batt]y c]ta9 metallic salts 7 r$uc$ to _! elem5ts & deposit$ at ! negative pole2 & t ,wolla/on demon/rat$ h[ a silv] plate 9 ba? ( sulphate ( copp] ?r\gh :i* a curr5t 0 pass$ became cov]$ ) copp]4 ,!n 9 #ahch1 ,sp5c] appli$ ^! pr9ciples 9 mak+ ca/s1 & ,jacobi 9 ,russia %ortly aft] electro-gild$ a dome ( a ca!dral 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,space w n p]mit ! enum]ation ( ! va/ v>iety ( processes & ma*9es = coat+ & gild+ t h s9ce foll[$4 ,metal ,f\nd+4--,! treatm5t ( metal aft] x fl[s f ! furnaces1 or is p\r$ f ! crucibles into m\lds1 by ! op]ations ( fac+1 dry+1 cov]+1 ca/+ & /ripp+1 has giv5 rise to a multitude ( ma*9es & me?ods = ca/+ a great v>iety ( objects4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ inv5tions 9 ?is class h = _! object ! *ill+1 or *ill h>d5+1 ( ! out] surfaces ( articles :i* are subject to ! mo/ & h>de/ we>1 z axle boxes1 hamm]s1 anvils1 etc41 :i* is effect$ by expos+ ! r$-hot metal to a bla/ ( cold air1 or by introduc+ a piece ( iron into a m\ld conta9+ ! molt5 metal4 ,9 ca/+ /eel +ots1 9 ord] to produce a uni=m compact /ructure1 ,gi]s ( ,engl& inv5t$ 8soak+ pits ( s&0 into :i* ! +ot f ! m\ld is plac$ & !n cov]$1 s t ! heat radiat+ outw>d re-heats ! ext]ior1 & ! +ot is !n roll$ )\t re-heat+4 ,%eet ,metal ,w>e4--,important improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ?is l9e4 ,wond]ful ma*9es h be5 made :i*1 receiv+ )9 !m a piece ( flat metal1 w1 by a s+le bl[ ( a plung] 9 a die1 /amp out a metal c or box ) tightly clos$ seams1 & all ready = ! cov]1 :i* is made 9 ano!r simil> ma*9e2 or by :i* an endless *a9 ( cans are c>ri$ into a ma*9e & !re automatically sold]$ at _! seams2 & ano!r :i* sold]s ! heads on fill$ cans z fa/ z !y c be f$ into ! ma*9e4 ,metal ,p]sonal ,w>e4--,buckles1 clasps1 hooks & eyelets1 %ank$ buttons1 & simil> objects are n[ /amp$ up & out1 )\t m manual lab\r ?an is necess>y to supply ! ma*9es ) ! metal1 & to take c>e ( ! complet$ articles4 ,wire ,work+4--,n only unsightly b useful b>b$ wire f5ces1 & ! mo/ ornam5tal wire "w & nett+ = _m purposes1 su* z f5ces1 scre5s1 cages1 etc41 are n[ made by +5i\s ma*9es1 & n by h& tools4 ,9 /epp+ into "s "o ( ! great mod]n works :]e v>i$ indu/ries are c>ri$ on "u "o g5]al managem5t1 "o _c help realis+ ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 old sy/ems & ! new4 ,9 "o portion ( ! e/abli%m5t ! crude ores are receiv$ & smelt$ & treat$1 ) a small =ce & ) ease1 until ! poli%$ metal is complete & ready = manipulation 9 ! manufacture ( a hundr$ diff]5t objects4 ,9 ano!r "p pond]\s or small] la!s & plan+ ma*9es are turn+ =? _m v>i$ =ms2 9 quiet corn]s ! bor+1 drill+1 & rivet+ ma*9es are do+ _! "w )\t ! clang ( hamm]s2 9 ano!r1 an app>5tly "y /ud5t is conduct+ ! sci5tific op]ation ( coat+ or gild+ metals2 9 ano!r1 girls may be se5 ) light ma*9es1 /amp+1 or burni%+1 or assembl+ ! diff]5t p>ts ( f9i%$ metal w>e2 & ! motive p[] ( all ?is is ! sil5t b all-p[]ful electric curr5t receiv$ f ! smoo?-runn+ dynamo giant :o works ) va/ b unse5 en]gy 9 a d5 by himself1 n a smoky or a d+y d51 b light1 clean1 poli%$1 & beautiful z ! work%op ( a god4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,ordnance1 ,,arms ,,& ,,explosives4 ,al?\gh ! progress 9 ! inv5tion ( fire-arms ( all descriptions seems sl[ dur+ ! ages prec$+ ! #ai? c5tury1 yet x w be f\nd on inve/igation t no art progress$ fa/]4 ,no o!r art 0 spurr$ to activity by su* /rong inc5tives1 & none receiv$ ! same enc\ragem5t & rew>d = its developm5t4 ,! art ( w> 0 ! trade ( k+s & pr9ces1 & pr9cely 0 ! rew>d to ! subject :o 0 ! fir/ to inv5t ! mo/ de/ructive weapon4 ,"u su* high patronage mo/ ( ! ideas & pr9ciples ( ordnance n[ prevail+ 7 discov]$ or sugge/$1 b 7 embodi$ = ! mo/ "p 9 rude & ineffici5t contrivances4 ,! art wait$ = its success on ! developm5t ( o!r arts1 & on ! m5tal expansion & fre$om giv+ rise to sci5tific inve/igation & results4 ,! cannon & musket !mselves became ! greate/ in/rum5ts = ! advancem5t ( ! new civilisation1 h[ev] mu* x 0 int5d$ o!rwise by _! k+ly proprietors1 & ! new civilisation return$ ! complim5t ?r\gh its tra9$ intellects by giv+ to w> its pres5t de/ructive effici5cy4 ,to ?is effici5cy1 great z ! p>adox may seem1 ,peace holds :at quiet fields x has1 or w h1 until mo/ m5 le>n to love peace & hate ! arts ( w>4 ,z to ! ,*9ese is giv5 ! cr$it = ! inv5tion ( gunp[d]1 s !y mu/ also be reg>d$ z ! fir/ to ?r[ projectiles by its means4 ,b _! inv5tions 9 ^! directions may be class$ z fireworks1 & h no mat]ial be>+ on ! mod]n art ( ,ordnance4 ,x is suppos$ t ! ^w 8cannon10 is d]iv$ f ! same root z 8cane10 orig9ally signify+ a holl[ re$2 & t ^! holl[ re$s or simil> tubes clos$ at "o end 7 us$ to fire rockets by p[d]4 ,x is also /at$ t ! practice exi/$ among ! ,*9ese z e>ly z #ifi ,a4 ,d4 ( ty+ rockets to _! arr[s to propel !m to great] di/ances1 z well z = inc5di>y purposes4 ,?is basic idea _h p]colat$ f ,*9a ?r\gh ,india to ! ,moors & ,arabs1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few c5turies _h develop$ into a crude artill]y us$ by ! ,moors 9 ! siege ( ,cordova 9 #abhj4 ,! ,spani>ds1 ?us le>n+ ! use ( ! cannon1 turn$ ! lesson ^u _! in/ructors1 :5 "u ,f]d9& ,,iv4 !y took ,gibralt> f ! ,moors 9 #acji4 ,!n ! k ( artill]y soon spread ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! ,fr5* us$ x at ! siege ( ,puy ,guillaume 9 #acch1 & ! ,engli% _h ?ree small guns at ,crecy 9 #acdf4 ,^! antique guns 7 made by weld+ longitud9al b>s ( iron toge!r & b9d+ !m by iron r+s %runk on :ile hot4 ,be+ %ap$ int]nally & ext]nally l an apo!c>y's mort>1 !y 7 call$ mort>s or bomb>ds4 ,"s 7 bree*-load]s1 hav+ a removable *amb] at ! bree* into :i* ! *>ge ( p[d] 0 ins]t$ beh9d ! ball4 ,! balls 7 /one4 ,^! e>ly cannon1 bomb>ds1 & mort>s 7 m\nt$ on heavy solid wood5 frames & mov$ ) great difficulty f place to place4 ,!n 9 ! fifte5? c5tury !y comm5c$ to make wr\ght-iron cannon1 & holl[ projectiles1 conta9+ a bur/+ *>ge ( p[d] to be explod$ by a fuse lit be=e ! %ell 0 fir$4 ,9 ! next c5tury cannon 7 ca/4 ,! ,h9doos1 :5 _! acqua9tance 0 made by ! ,europeans1 7 z f> advanc$ z ! latt] 9 cannon & fire-arms4 ,"o cannon 0 f\nd at ,bejapoor1 9 ,india1 ca/ ( bronze1 be>+ date #aedh1 & call$ ! 8,ma/] ( ! ,field10 :i* weigh$ #hi1fjj p\nds1 & o!rs ( simil> size ( lat] dates4 ,great ca/ bronze guns ( ab\t ! same weight z ! ,h9doo guns 7 also produc$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,russia1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,_m & /range 7 ! names giv5 by ,europeans to _! cannon 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies to d5ote _! size & ! weight ( ! ball !y c>ri$3 su* z ! ,assick1 ! ,bomb>d1 ! ,basilisk1 ! cannon ,royal1 or ,c>?\n1 ! ,culv]91 ,demi-culv]91 ,falcon1 ,sir51 ,s]p5t9e1 etc4 ,! bomb>ds 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 made s l>ge & heavy1 especially 9 ,france1 t !y c\ld n be mov$ )\t be+ tak5 ap>t4 ,:5 ! heavy1 unwieldy bomb>ds ) /one balls 7 us$1 artill]y 0 mo/ly conf9$ to ca/les1 t[ns1 =ts1 & %ips4 ,:5 us$ 9 ! field !y 7 dragg$ ab\t by _m yokes ( ox54 ,b 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ,france "u ,l\is ,,xi4 _h le>n$ to ca/ light] brass cannon1 to m\nt !m on c>riages t c\ld be drawn by f\r or six horses1 & :i* c>riages _h trunnions 9 :i* ! cannon 7 swung s z to be elevat$ or depress$1 & ca/-iron projectiles 7 us$ in/ead ( /ones1 field artill]y took its rise1 & by its use ! maps ( ! _w 7 *ang$4 ,?us ) _! artill]y ! ,fr5* "u ,*>les ,,viii41 ! successor ( ,l\is ,,xi41 conqu]$ ,italy4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,europe 0 busy 9 adopt+ ^! & o!r *anges4 ,cannon 7 made ( all sizes & calibres1 b 7 n arrang$ 9 battle ) mu* precision4 ,case %ot 7 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many b n br\ght into g5]al use4 ,%ells 7 inv5t$ by ! ,italians & fir$ f mort>s1 b _! mode ( con/ruction 0 pres]v$ 9 great secrecy4 ,! e>ly bree*-load]s _h be5 disc>d$1 z x 0 n kn[n h[ to make ! bree* gas-tight1 & ! explosions r5d]$ ! guns m dang]\s to _! us]s ?an to ! enemy4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,holl& began to make useful mort> %ells & h& gr5ades4 ,maurice & ,h5ry ,fr$]ick ( ,nassau1 & ,gu/ave ,adolphus1 made _m improvem5ts 9 ! sizes & con/ruction ( cannon4 ,9 #afgd1 ,coehorn1 an (fic] 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 inv5t$ ! celebrat$ mort> :i* be>s 8 "n1 & ! use ( :i* has cont9u$ to ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,dut* also inv5t$ ! h[itz]1 a %ort gun 9 :i* ! projectiles c\ld be introduc$ by h&4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,comm+es ( ,france inv5t$ mort>s :i* ?rew projectiles weigh+ #eej p\nds4 ,9 ?is "p ( t c5tury also great improvem5ts 7 made "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,limb]s1 by :i* ! front "p ( ! gun c>riage 0 made sep>able f ! cannon "p & provid$ ) ! ammunition *e/2 ! prolonge1 a cord & hook by :i* ! gun "p c\ld be mov$ ar\nd by h&2 & ! elevat+ screw1 by :i* ! muzzle ( ! gun c\ld be rais$ or depress$1--7 inv5t$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 ?\ght by artill]i/s 9 ,engl& t ! long] ! gun ! f>!r x w\ld c>ry4 ,"o1 call$ 8,que5 ,ann's ,pocket ,piece0 /ill pres]v$ at ,dov]1 is tw5ty-five feet long & c>ries a ball only tw5ty-five p\nds 9 weight4 ,x 0 only aft] repeat$ exp]im5ts t x 0 le>n$ t ! %ort] guns c>ri$ ! projectile ! greate/ di/ance4 ,! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7 made by ,gribeauval1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* artill]i/1 ab\t #agfe4 ,he _h guns made ( su* mat]ial & ( su* size z to adapt !m to ! diff]5t s]vices to :i* !y 7 to be put1 z field1 siege1 g>rison1 & sea coa/4 ,he gave great] mobility to ! sy/em by introduc+ six-p\nd h[itz]s1 & mak+ gun c>riages light]2 he introduc$ ! sy/em ( fix$ ammunition1 sep>ate comp>tm5ts 9 ! gun c>riages = ! projectiles1 & ! *>ges ( p[d] 9 pap] or clo? bags or cyl9d]s2 improv$ ! con/ruction ( ! elevat+ screw1 adapt$ ! tang5t scale1 =m$ ! artill]y into horse batt]ies1 & devis$ new equipm5ts & a new sy/em ( tactics4 ,x 0 ) ,gribeauval's improv$ sy/em t 8,citiz5 ,bonap>te1 "y artill]y (fic]10 took ,t\lon2 ) :i* ! same "y 8bronze artill]y (fic]0 let g 8 great guns 9 ! ,cul-de-,sac ,dauph9 aga9/ ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ro*2 on ! ,port ,royal2 at ! ,!atre de la ,republique2 8& ! ?+ we specifically call ,fr5* ,revolution is bl[n into space by x1 & became a ?+ t 040 ,x 0 ) ?is sy/em t ?is same "y (fic] won 8 fir/ brilliant victories 9 ,italy4 ,:5 ! fruit ( ^! victories _h be5 lo/ dur+ 8 abs5ce he reappe>$ ) 8 favorite artill]y1 & on ! ?re%old ( ! c5tury1 9 ,may #ahjj1 z 8,fir/ ,consul ( ! ,republic0 re-a*iev$ at ,m>5go ! supremacy ( ,france ov] ,au/ria4 ,z to small arms1 z be=e sugge/$1 !y d\btless _h _! orig9 9 ! practice ( ! ,*9ese 9 ?r[+ fire balls f bamboo b>rels by ! explosion ( light *>ges ( p[d]1 z illu/rat$ to ?is day 9 :at are kn[n z 8,roman ,c&les40 ,fire-crack]s & gr5ades 7 also kn[n to ! ,*9ese & ! ,greeks4 ,among anci5t fire-arms ! pr9cipal ones 7 ! arquebus1 also bomb>delle1 & ! blund]buss4 ,!y 7 inv5t$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury b 7 n mu* us$ until ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! guns = ! mo/ "p 7 s heavy t !y _h to be re/$ on "s object to be fir$4 ,! soldi]s c>ri$ a sort ( tripod = ?is purpose4 ,! gun 0 fir$ by a sl[-burn+ cord1 a live coal1 a lit /ick1 or a long rod heat$ at "o end1 & call$ a mat*4 ,! blund]buss 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,x 0 a l>ge1 %ort1 funnel-%ap$ muzzle-load]1 & load$ ) nails1 slugs1 etc4 ,! injuries & h>d%ips suff]$ by ! m5 :o us$ x1 r ?an by ! enemy1 r5d]$ its "n significant4 ,among ! e>lie/ fire-arms ( ?is p]iod "o 0 inv5t$ :i* 0 a bree*-load] & revolv]4 ,! bree* _h f\r *amb]s & 0 rotat$ by h& on an arb\r p>allel to ! b>rel4 ,! ext5t ( its use is n le>n$4 ,to ignite ! p[d] ! 8:eel-lock0 & 8snap-haunce0 7 inv5t$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! :eel lock consi/$ ( a furr[$ :eel & 0 turn$ by ! trigg] & *a9 aga9/ a fix$ piece ( iron on ! /ock to excite sp>ks :i* fell on to ! prim+4 ,! snap-haunce1 a /raight piece ( furr[$ /eel1 sup]s$$ ! :eel-lock4 ,! sixte5? c5tury _h got well />t$ be=e ! ,engli% c\ld be induc$ to give up ! cross-b[ & arr[1 & adopt ! musket4 ,aft] !y _h introduc$ ! musket ) ! snap-haunce & wood5 ramrod1 x became kn[n1 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 z ! 8,br[n ,bess40 ,! 8old fl9t-lock0 0 q a mod]n inv5tion1 n appe>+ until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a bright idea to fix a piece ( fl9t into ! cock & arrange x to /rike a /eel cap on ! prim+ pan :5 ! trigg] 0 fir$2 & x sup]s$$ ! old mat*1 :eel-lock1 & snap-haunce4 ,! fl9t-lock 0 us$ by armies well into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & is /ill 9 private use 9 remote localities4 ,z ! arquebus succe$$ ! b[ & arr[1 s ! musket1 a smoo? & s+le-b>rel muzzle-load] ) a fl9t-lock & a wood5 ramrod1 succe$$ ! arquebus4 ,rifles1 :i* 7 ! old fl9t-lock muskets ) _! b>rels provid$ ) spiral grooves to give ! bullet a rot>y motion & cause x to keep "o po9t con/antly 9 front dur+ its flight1 is claim$ z ! inv5tion ( ,augu/9 ,kutl] ( ,g]many 9 #aebj1 & also ( ,ko/] ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 ab\t #afbj4 ,muskets ) /raight grooves are said to h be5 us$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! rifle ) a long b>rel & its fl9t-lock 0 a fav\rite weapon ( ! ,am]ican settl]4 ,x 0 made 9 ,am]ica1 & he f\ght ! ,indian w>s & ! w> ( ! ,revolution ) x4 ,x w\ld n d to conclude ?is sket* ( antique cannon & fire-arms )\t ref]r+ to ,puckle's celebrat$ ,engli% pat5t ,no4 #dah1 ( ,may #ae1 #agah1 = 8,a ,def5ce40 ,! pat5t />ts out ) ! motto3 8,def5d+ ,k+ ,george1 y\r ,c\ntry1 & ,lawes1 ,is def5d+ ,y\rselves & ,prote/ant ,cause40 ,x proce$s to describe a 8,portable ,gun or ,ma*9e0 hav+ a s+le b>rel1 ) a set ( removable *amb]s :i* are *>g$ ) bullets be=e !y are plac$ 9 ! gun1 a h&le to turn ! *amb]s to br+ ea* *amb] 9 l9e ) ! b>rel1 a tripod on :i* ! gun is m\nt$ & on :i* x is to be turn$1 a screw = elevat+ & turn+ ! gun 9 diff]5t directions1 a set ( squ>e *amb]s 8= %oot+ squ>e bullets aga9/ ,turks10 a set ( r\nd *amb]s 8= %oot+ r\nd bullets aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians20 & sep>ate draw+s %[ ! squ>e bullets = ! ,turks & ! r\nd bullets = ! ,*ri/ians4 ,hi/ory is sil5t z to :e!r ,mr4 ,puckle's pat5t 0 put 9 practice1 b x conta9$ ! g]ms ( "s mod]n inv5tions4 ,among ! fir/ inv5tions ( ! c5tury 0 a v important "o made by a cl]gyman1 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,=sy?1 a ,scot*man1 :o 9 #ahjc inv5t$ ! p]cussion pr9ciple 9 fire-arms4 ,9 #ahjg he pat5t$ 9 ,engl& detonat+ p[d] & pellets :i* 7 us$ = artill]y4 ,ab\t #ahjh ,g5]al ,%rapnel ( ! ,engli% army inv5t$ ! celebrat$ %ell kn[n by 8 "n4 ,x !n consi/$ ( a comp>atively ?9 %ell fill$ ) bullets1 hav+ a fuse lit by ! fir+ ( ! gun1 & adapt$ to explode ! %ell 9 front ( ! object fir$ at4 ,?is fuse 0 sup]s$$ by "o inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,bormann ( ,belgium1 :i* greatly add$ to ! value ( case %ot4 ,9 #ahad ,jo%ua ,%aw ( ,engl& inv5t$ ! p]cussion cap4 ,?us1 by ! inv5tion ( ! p]cussion pr9ciple by ,=sy?1 & t little copp] cyl9d] ( ,%aw1 hav+ a flake ( fulm9at+ p[d] inside & adapt$ to fit ! nipple ( a gun & be explod$ by ! fall ( ! hamm]1 0 s\nd$ ! dea? knell ( ! old fl9t-locks ) :i* ! greate/ battles ( ! _w _h be5 & 7 at t "t be+ f\ght4 ,! advantages ga9$ by ! cap 7 ! c]ta9 & in/antane\s fire1 ! sav+ 9 "t1 p[]1 & p[d] obta9$ by mak+ small] ! orifice ?r\gh :i* ! ignition 0 introduc$1 & ! protection f moi/ure giv5 by ! cov]+ cap4 ,& yet s sl[ is ! gr[? ( inv5tions sometimes t all ,europe cont9u$ to make ! fl9t-locks = _m ye>s aft] ! p]cussion cap 0 inv5t$2 & ,g5]al ,scott1 9 ! w> betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico 9 #ahdg1 decl9$ to give ! army ! p]cussion cap musket4 ,! cap sugge/$ ! necessity & inv5tion ( ma*9es = mak+ !m quickly & 9 great quantities4 ,! celebrat$ 8,colt's0 revolv] 0 inv5t$ by ,colonel ,samuel ,colt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahce4 ,he cont9u$ to improve x1 & 9 #ahea exhibit$ x at ! ,_w's ,fair1 ,london1 :]e x excit$ great surprise & att5tion4 ,s9ce !n ! revolv] has become a great weapon 9 bo? private & public w>f>e4 ,! next great inv5tions 9 small arms 7 ! readoption & improvem5t ( ! bree*-load]1 ! mak+ ( metallic c>tridges1 ! magaz9e gun1 smokeless p[d] & o!r explosives1 to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made4 ,to return to cannons3--,9 #ahab ,colonel ,bom=d1 an ,am]ican (fic]1 inv5t$ :at is call$ ! 8,columbiad10 a k9d ( cannon be/ adapt$ = sea-coa/ purposes4 ,!y are long-*amb]$ pieces1 comb9+ c]ta9 qualities ( ! gun1 h[itz] & mort>1 & capable ( project+ %ells & solid %ot ) heavy *>ges ( p[d] at high angles ( elevation1 & peculi>ly adapt$ to def5d n>r[ *annels & sea-coa/ def5ces4 ,a simil> gun 0 inv5t$ by ,g5]al ,paixhans ( ! ,fr5* army 9 #ahbb4 ,! adoption ( ! ,paixhans long-*amb]$ guns1 design$ to ?r[ heavy %ells horizontally z well z at a slight elevation & z easily z solid %ot1 0 att5d$ ) great results4 ,us$ by ! ,fr5* 9 #ahcb1 9 ! quick victori\s siege ( ,antw]p1 by ! allies at ,seba/opol1 :]e ! :ole ,russian fleet 0 de/roy$ 9 ab\t an h\r1 & 9 ! fight ( ! ,ke>s>ge & ! doom$ ,alabama (f ,*]b\rg 9 ! ,am]ican civil w>1 x =c$ inv5tors 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries to devise new & bett] arm\r = ! def5ce ( %ips4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by guns ( /ill great] p5etrative p[]4 ,!n z ano!r result effect$ by ^! great] guns came ! pass+ away ( ! old-fa%ion$ brick & /one =ts z a means ( def5ce4 ,9 an int]e/+ address by ,major ,cl>5ce ,e4 ,dutton ( ! ,ordnance ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4,s4,a41 at ! ,c5t5nial ,pat5t ,congress at ,wa%+ton 9 #ahia1 he ?us /at$ :at ! fundam5tal improvem5ts 7 t h *>act]is$ ! mod]n ordnance dur+ ! c5tury3 #a4 ,! regulation & control ( ! action ( gunp[d] 9 su* a mann] z to ex]t less /ra9 ^u ! gun1 & to imp>t m en]gy to ! projectile4 #b4 ,to s con/ruct ! gun z to transf] a portion ( ! /ra9 f ! int]ior p>ts ( ! walls :i* _h borne too mu* ( x1 to ! ext]ior p>ts :i* _h borne too little1 ?us ne>ly equalis+ ! /ra9 ?r\gh\t ! entire ?ickness ( ! walls4 #c4 ,to provide a metal :i* %\ld be at once /rong] & saf] ?an any :i* _h be5 us$ be=e4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,g5]al ,rodman1 8"o ( ! pione]s ( arm$ sci5ce10 comm5c$ ab\t #ahdg a s]ies ( inve/igations & exp]im5ts on ! p[] & action ( gunp[d] & ! /ra9s receiv$ by e "p ( ! gun by ! explod+ gases1 ( v great importance2 & 9 ?is matt] he 0 assi/$ greatly by ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,woodbridge1 :o inv5t$ an +5i\s app>atus t]m$ a 8piezomet]10 or a pressure measur]1 by :i* ! pressure ( ! gases at ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! gun 0 det]m9$ ) ma!matical c]ta9ty4 ,dr4 ,woodbridge also add$ greatly to ! success ( rifl$ cannon4 ,! success 9 rifl+ small arms1 by :i* an elongat$ ball is made to reta9 ! same end =emo/ dur+ its flight1 l$ aga9 to ! attempts ( rifl+ cannon = ! same purpose1 :i* 7 f9ally successful4 ,b ?is success 0 due n to ! spiral grooves 9 ! cannon bore1 b 9 atta*m5ts to ! ball compell+ x to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! grooves & giv+ x ! prop] initial movem5t4 ,! tr\ble ) ^! atta*m5ts 0 t !y 7 ei!r /ripp$ (f1 or /ripp$ away1 by ! gun spirals4 ,woodbridge 9 #ahej ov]came ! difficulty by inv5t+ an improv$ sabot1 consi/+ ( a r+ compos$ ( metal s(t] ?an ! projectile or cannon1 fix$ on ! inn] end ( ! projectile & groov$ at its re> end1 s t :5 ! gun is fir$ & ! ball driv5 =w>d ^! grooves exp&1 act+ valvul>ly to fill ! grooves 9 ! gun1 ?us prev5t+ ! escape ( ! gases1 :ile ! r+ at ! same "t is =c$ =w>d on to ! %ell s tightly & =cibly t ! projectile is inv>iably giv5 a rot>y motion & made to advance /rictly 9 ! l9e ( axis ( ! bore1 & 9 ! same l9e dur+ ! c\rse ( its flight4 ,?is inv5tion 9 pr9ciple has be5 foll[$ ev] s9ce1 al?\gh o!r =ms h be5 giv5 ! sabot1 & x is due to ?is inv5tion t mod]n rifl$ cannon h be5 s wond]fully accurate 9 range & effici5t 9 ! p5etrat+ & de/ructive p[] bo? on sea & l&4 ,woodbridge also inv5t$ ! wire-w\nd cannon1 & a ma*9e = w9d+ ! wire ^u ! gun1 ?us giv+ ! brea* "p1 especially1 imm5se /r5g?4 ,9 ,engl&1 among ! fir/ notable & great] inv5tors 9 ordnance dur+ ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 a p]iod :i* embraces ! r$uction to practice ( ! mo/ wond]ful & successful inv5tions 9 weapons ( w> :i* ! _w _h up to t "t se51 are ,lanca/]1 :o inv5t$ ! elliptical bore2 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 :o1 comm5c+ 9 #ahhe1 con/ruct$ a gun built ( wr\ght-iron b>s twi/$ into coils & appli$ ov] a /eel core & b\nd by "o or m wr\ght-iron r+s1 all appli$ at :ite heat & %runk on by contraction due to cool+1 by :i* me?od smoo?-bore1 muzzle-load+ cannon ( imm5se calibre1 "o weigh+ "o hundr$ tons1 7 made4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ,arm/rong1 inv5tor ( bree*-load]s2 ,blakely1 inv5tor ( cannon made ( /eel tubes & an out] jacket ( ca/ iron2 & ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?1 inv5tor ( mo/ p[]ful /eel cannon & compress$ /eel projectiles4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,fri$ri* ,krupp at ,ess51 ,prussia1 inv5t$ & introduc$ su* improvem5ts 9 bree*-load+ cannon z revolutionis$ ! manufacture ( t species ( ordnance1 & e/abli%$ ! f\ndation ( ! greate/ ordnance works 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ ( 8 great bree*-load+ /eel guns 0 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahfg4 ,a ,krupp gun f9i%$ at ,ess5 9 ! #gj's 0 !n ! l>ge/ /eel gun ! _w _h ev] se54 ,x weigh$ sev5ty-two tons1 & 0 ?irty-two feet long4 ,! *>ge consi/$ ( #che p\nds ( p[d]1 ! %ell weigh$ #a1ffj p\nds1 hav+ a bur/+ *>ge ( p[d] ( #bb p\nds1 & a velocity ( #a1fdj feet p] second4 ,x 0 e/imat$ t if ! gun 7 fir$ at an angle ( #dc ! %ell w\ld be c>ri$ a di/ance ( fifte5 miles4 ,x 0 9 ! ,krupp guns1 & also 9 ! ,arm/rong bree*-load]s1 t a simple feature 0 = ! fir/ "t introduc$ :i* prov$ ( imm5se importance 9 giv+ great additional expansive =ce to ! explosion ( ! p[d]4 ,?is 0 an increase 9 ! size ( ! p[d] *amb] s z to all[ a vacant space 9 x unfill$ ) p[d]4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,rodman1 comm5c+ 9 #ahdg1 & ,dahlgr5 9 #ahej1 & ,p>rott 9 #ahfj1 inv5t$ & introduc$ "s noticeable improvem5ts 9 ca/-iron1 smoo?-bore1 & rifl$ cannon4 ,9 ,france ,g5]al ,paixhans & ,colonel ,treuille de ,beaulieu improv$ ! %ells & ordnance4 ,! late/ improvem5ts 9 cannon indicate t ! old smoo?-bore muzzle-load] guns are to be entirely sup]s$$ by bree*-load]s1 j z 9 small arms ! muzzle-load+ musket has giv5 way to ! bree*-load+ rifle4 ,a s+le lev] is n[ employ$1 a s+le turn ( :i* w close or op5 ! bree*1 & :5 op5$ expel ! %ell by ! same movem5t4 ,=m]ly bree*-load]s 7 conf9$ to ! heavie/ ordnance2 n[ !y are a "p ( ! lighte/ field pieces4 ,z to ! op]ation ( ^? imm5se guns above ref]r$ to1 :i* con/itute pr9cipally sea-coa/ def5ces & ! heavy armam5t = =ts1 gun c>riages h be5 inv5t$ :]eby ! huge guns are quickly rais$ f beh9d imm5se embrasures by pneumatic or hydraulic cyl9d]s1 quickly fir$ 7! range hav+ be5 be=e accurately asc]ta9$7 & !n z quickly l[]$ out ( sight1 ! latt] movem5t be+ aid$ by ! recoil action ( ! gun4 ,x is ess5tial t ! full =ce ( ! gases ( explosion %all be ex]t$ aga9/ ! base ( ! projectile1 & !re=e all escape ( su* gases be prev5t$4 ,to ?is end valuable improvem5ts 9 gas *ecks h be5 made1--"o k9d consi/+ ( an annul> canvas sack conta9+ asbe/os & tall[ plac$ betwe5 ! front face ( ! bree* block & a mu%room-%ap$ piece1 aga9/ :i* ! explosion imp+es4 ,z among projectiles & %ells = cannon ^? h be5 inv5t$ :i* are load$ ) dynamite or o!r high explosive1 a new class ( ,compress$ air ordnance has be5 />t$1 9 :i* air or gas is us$ = ! propell+ p[] 9 place ( p[d]1 :]eby ! *ances ( explod+ su* %ells 9 ! bore ( ! gun are greatly less5$4 ,! con/ruction ( metals1 bo? = cannon to resi/ mo/ int5se explosives & = plates to resi/ ! p5etration ( ! be/ projectiles1 h receiv$ great att5tion4 ,!y are matt]s p]ta9+ to metallurgy1 & are treat$ ( "u t head4 ,! /rife /ill cont9ues betwe5 imp5etrable arm\r plate & irresi/ible projectiles4 ,)9 ! la/ decade or s %ells h be5 inv5t$ ) ! design simply to %att] or fracture ! plate by :i* ! way is brok5 = subsequ5t %ots4 ,o!r %ells h be5 inv5t$ c>ry+ a high explosive & capable ( p5etrat+ arm\r plates ( great ?ickness1 & explod+ aft] su* p5etration has tak5 place4 ,a great accompanim5t to artill]y is 8,! ,range ,f9d]10 a telescopic app>atus = asc]ta9+ accurately ! location & di/ance ( objects to be fir$ at4 ,return+ to small arms1--at ! "t p]cussion caps 7 inv5t$ 9 ,engl&1 #ahjc-ahad1 ,john ,h4 ,hall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates inv5t$ a bree*-load+ rifle4 ,x 0 9 sub/ance an ord9>y musket cut 9 two at ! bree*1 ) ! re> piece connect$ by a h+e & trunnion to ! front piece1 ! bore ( ! two pieces be+ 9 l9e :5 clamp$1 & ! ball & c>tridge ins]t$ :5 ! *amb] 0 ?r[n up4 ,a l>ge numb] 7 at once manufactur$ & us$ 9 ! ,u4,s4 ,army4 ,a small] size1 call$ c>b9es1 7 us$ by ! m\nt$ troops4 ,aft] ab\t tw5ty ye>s' use ^! guns began to be reg>d$ z dang]\s 9 "s respects1 & _! manufacture & use /opp$1 al?\gh ! c>b9es cont9u$ 9 use to "s ext5t 9 ! cavalry4 ,a bree*-load+ rifle 0 also inv5t$ by ,colonel ,pauly ( ,france 9 #ahab1 & improv$ by ,dreyse 9 #ahce2 also 9 ,norway 9 #ahch1 & 9 a few ye>s adopt$ by ,sw$5 z sup]ior to all muzzle-load+ arms4 ,ab\t #ahda ! celebrat$ 8,ne$le ,gun0 0 inv5t$ 9 ,prussia1 & its sup]iority ov] all muzzle-load]s 0 demon/rat$ 9 #ahdh 9 ! fir/ ,s*leswig-,hol/e9 w>4 ,c>tridges1 9 :i* ! ball & p[d] 7 secur$ toge!r 9 "o package1 7 old 9 artill]y1 z has be5 %[n1 b _! use = small arms is a lat] inv5tion4 ,metallic c>tridges1 made ( %eet metal ) a fulm9ate cap 9 "o end & a rim on ! end ( ! %ell by :i* x c\ld be extract$ aft] ! explosion1 7 inv5t$ by num]\s p]sons 9 ,europe & ,am]ica dur+ ! evolution ( ! bree*-load]4 ,comb9$ metal case & pap] pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahaf1 & num]\s :olly metallic c>tridge %ells 7 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,unit$ ,/ates betwe5 #ahdj & #ahfj4 ,m4 ,lefau*eux ( ,france1 9 ! lat] p]iod1 devis$ a metal gas *eck c>tridge :i* 0 a great advance4 ,a numb] ( inv5tors 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates besides ,hall _h produc$ bree*-load+ small arms be=e ! ,civil ,w> ( #ahfa1 b ) ! exception ( ,colt's revolv] & ,%>p's c>b9e1 ! latt] us$ by ! cavalry to a small ext5t1 none 7 fir/ adopt$ 9 t great conflict4 ,lat]1 ! ,h5ry or ,w9*e/] bree*-load+ rifle & ! ,sp5c] magaz9e gun 7 introduc$ & did good s]vice4 ,b ! :ole kn[n sy/em ( bree*-load+ small arms 0 (ficially condemn$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,milit>y au?orities previ\s to t w>4 ,! abs5ce ( ma*9es to make a suitable c>tridge 9 l>ge quantities & va/ imm$iate necessities compell$ ! au?orities to ignore ! te/$ ,prussian & ,sw$i% bree*-load]s & ^? ( _! own c\ntrym5 & to ransack ,europe = muskets ( anci5t patt]n4 ,^! 7 work$ by ! soldi]s "u ! anci5t tactics1 ( load1 ram1 *>ge & fire1 until a /ray bullet /ruck ! ramrod1 or ! dis*>ge ( a few ramm$ c>tridges s ov]-heat$ ! musket z to !reby disp5se ) ! soldi] & 8 gun = fur!r s]vice 9 t field4 ,h[ev]1 private individuals & companies cont9u$ to inv5t & improve1 & ! civil w> 9 ,am]ica revolutionis$ ! sy/ems ( w>f>e & its weapons4 ,! wood5 walls ( ! navies disappe>$ z a def5ce aft] ! conflict betwe5 ! ,monitor & ! ,m]rimac1 & muzzle-load+ muskets became ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,torp$oes1 bo? /ation>y & movable1 !n became a successful weapon ( w>f>e4 ,soon aft] t w>1 & :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h adopt$ ! ,spr+field bree*-load+ rifle1 ! works at ,spr+field 7 equipp$ ) ne>ly =ty diff]5t ma*9es1 ea* = mak+ a sep>ate "p ( a gun 9 great quantities4 ,_m ( ^! _h be5 inv5t$ by ,?omas ,blan*>d =ty ye>s be=e4 ,t great inv5tor ( lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y _h !n design$ ma*9es = ! %ap+ & mak+ ( gun /ocks & = =m+ ! accompany+ p>ts4 ,blan*>d 0 a contempor>y ( ,hall1 & ,hall1 to p]fect 8 bree*-load]1 0 ! fir/ to inv5t ma*9es = mak+ its v>i\s p>ts4 ,8 0 ! fir/ int]*angeable sy/em 9 ! mak+ ( small arms4 ,army (fic]s _h come to reg>d 8! gun z only ! casket :ile ! c>tridge is ! jewel20 & to ?is end ,j4 ,g4 ,gill at ! ,u4,s4 ,ars5al at ,frank=d1 ,philadelphia1 devis$ a s]ies ( c>tridge-mak+ ma*9es :i* rank$ among ! highe/ triumphs ( ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,! s+le bree*-load] is n[ be+ succe$$ by ! magaz9e gun1 by :i* a supply ( c>tridges 9 a *amb] is automatically f$ into ! b>rel4 ,! ,spr+field1 has be5 remodell$ z a magaz9e load]4 ,among lat] types ( repeat+ rifles1 kn[n f ! names ( _! inv5tors1 are ! 8,krag-,jorg5s510 & ! 8,maus]10 & ! crack ( ^! is he>d ar\nd ! _w4 ,mod]n rifles are r5d]$ m deadly by ! fact t !y c be load$ & fir$ 9 a recumb5t position1 & ) smokeless p[d]1 by :i* ! soldi] & 8 location rema9 conceal$ f 8 foe4 ,! recoil ( ! gun 9 bo? l>ge & small arms is n[ utilis$ to expel ! fir$ c>tridge %ell1 & to )draw a fre% "o f its magaz9e & place x 9 position 9 ! *amb]4 ,compress$ air & explosive gases h be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,a small electric batt]y has be5 plac$ 9 ! /ock to explode ! c>tridge :5 ! trigg] is pull$4 ,sport+ guns h kept pace ) o!r small arms 9 improvem5ts1 & among mod]n =ms are ^? :i* dis*>ge 9 alt]native succession ! two b>rels by a s+le trigg]4 ,revolv]s h be5 improv$ & ! ,smi? & ,wesson is kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! idea ( ,ma*9e ,guns1 or ,mitrailleuses1 0 n a new "o1 z we h se5 f ,puckle's celebrat$ pat5t ( #agah4 ,also hi/ory m5tions a gun compos$ ( f\r bree*-load+ tubes ( small calibre1 plac$ on a two-:eel$ c>t us$ 9 ,fl&]s z e>ly z #acdg1 & ( f\r-tub$ guns us$ by ! ,scot* dur+ ! civil w> 9 #afdd4 ,! ma*9e gun inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,gatl+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,civil ,w> & subsequ5tly p]fect$1 has become a "p ( ! armam5t ( e civilis$ nation4 ,! object ( ! gun is to comb9e 9 "o piece ! de/ructive effect ( a great _m1 & to ?r[ a cont9u\s hail ( projectiles4 ,! gun is m\nt$ on a tripod2 ! c>tridges are conta9$ 9 a hopp] m\nt$ on ! bree* ( ! gun & are f$ f locks into ! b>rels 7:i* are usually five or t5 9 numb]7 z ! locks & b>rels are revolv$ by a h& crank4 ,z ! h&le is turn$ ! c>tridges are fir/ giv5 a =w>d motion1 :i* ?ru/s !m into ! b>rels1 closes ! bree* & fires ! c>tridges 9 succession1 & !n a backw>d motion :i* extracts ! empty %ells4 ,! gun weighs "o hundr$ p\nds & fir+ may be kept up ) a t5-b>rel$ gun at "o ?\s& %ots a m9ute4 ,! ,hot*kiss revolv+ cannon is ano!r celebrat$ ,am]ican production nam$ f its inv5tor1 & con/ruct$ to ?r[ heavi] projectiles ?an ! ,gatl+4 ,x also has revolv+ b>rels & great solidity 9 ! bree* me*anism4 ,x has be5 f\nd to be ( great s]vice 9 resi/+ ! attacks ( torp$o boats4 ,x is adapt$ to fire long-range %ells ) great rapidity & p[]ful effect1 & is exce$+ly effici5t 9 def5ce ( dit*es & entr5*m5ts4 ,explosives4--,! desire to make ! mo/ effective explosives = gunn]y l$ to _! inv5tion n only = t purpose b = ! m peaceful pursuit ( bla/+4 ,gun ,cotton1 t mixture ( nitric acid & cotton1 made by ,s*nbe9 9 #ahdf1 & exp]im5t$ ) = a long "t z a sub/itute = gunp[d] 9 cannon & small arms & f9ally disc>d$ = t purpose1 is n[ be+ aga9 reviv$1 b us$ *iefly = bla/+4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! discov]y ( nitro-glyc]9e1 a /ill m p[]ful explosive ag5t--too p[]ful & uncontrollable = guns z orig9ally made4 ,!y did n sup]s$e gunp[d]1 b smokeless p[d]s h come1 conta9+ nitro-cellulose1 or nitro-glyc]9e r5d]$ pla/ic1 coh]5t & homog5e\s1 & conv]t$ into rods or gra9s ( free runn+ p[d]1 to aid ! bree*-load]s & magaz9e guns1 :ile ! high explosives1 gun-cotton1 nitro-glyc]9e1 dynamite1 dual9e1 etc41 h become ! favorite ag5cies = ^? fe>ful (f5sive & def5sive weapons1 ! ,torp$oes4 ,f ab\t ! "t ( ! discov]y ( gunp[d]1 /ation>y & float+ *amb]s & m9es ( p[d]1 to be dis*>g$ 9 e>ly times by fuses 7lat] by p]cussion or electricity71 h exi/$1 b mod]n inv5tions h r5d]$ !m ( m fe>ful importance ?an 0 ev] dream$ ( be=e ?is c5tury4 ,! late/ inv5tion 9 ?is class is ! subm>9e torp$o boat1 :i*1 mov+ rapidly t[>ds an enemy's vessel1 sudd5ly disappe>s f sight b5ea? ! wat]1 & /rikes ! vessel at its l[e/ or mo/ vuln]able po9t4 ,to ! inquiry z to :e!r all ?is va/ array ( mod]n implem5ts ( de/ruction is to less5 ! de/ruction ( human life1 %ort5 w>1 mitigate its horrors & t5d t[>d peace1 !re c be b "o answ]4 ,all ^! desirable results h be5 accompli%$ :5ev] ! new inv5tions ( importance h be5 us$4 8,w>like ,tribes0 h be5 put to flight s easily by civilis$ armies 9 mod]n times t su* tribes h be5 d\bt$ z possess+ _! boa/$ or ev5 natural c\rage4 ,nations ) a glori\s pa/ z to brav]y b ) a poor armam5t h gone d[n sudd5ly be=e small] =ces arm$ ) mod]n ordnance4 ,! results w\ld h be5 rev]s$1 & ! d]ision w\ld h proce$$ f ! o!r side1 if ! conditions _h be5 rev]s$1 & ^? tribes & brave peoples be5 arm$ ) ! be/ weapons & ! k ( _! use4 ,! c\rage ( ! majority ( m5 on ! battle-field is begot ( confid5ce & en?usiasm1 b ?is confid5ce & en?usiasm1 h[ev] great ! cause1 soon fail1 & discretion becomes ! bett] "p ( val\r1 if m5 f9d t _! weapons are weak & useless aga9/ va/ly sup]ior arms ( ! enemy4 ,! slaught] & de/ruction 9 a few h\rs ) mod]n weapons may n be m t]rible ?an c\ld be inflict$ ) ! old arms by f> great] =ces at close qu>t]s 9 a great] l5g? ( "t 9 ! pa/1 b ! end comes soon]2 & ! prolongation ( ! /ruggle ) r5ew$ sacrifices ( life1 & ! long cont9u$ & exhau/+ campaigns1 giv+ rise to diseases m de/ructive ?an %ot or %ell1 are !reby greatly less5$1 if n altoge!r avoid$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,pap] ,,& ,,pr9t+4 ,pap]-mak+4--8,! art pres]vative ( all arts0--itself mu/ h means ( pres]vation1 & h5ce ! art ( pap]-mak+ prec$es ! art ( pr9t+4 ,x 0 ,pl9y :o wrote1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 t 8,all ! usages ( civilis$ life dep5d 9 a rem>kable degree ^u ! employm5t ( pap]4 ,at all ev5ts ! remembrance ( pa/ ev5ts40 ,naturally to ! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9doo1 & ! ,egyptian1 we g ) inquiries z to orig91 & f9d t z to bo? arts !y 7 mak+ ! mo/ delicate pap] f wood & vegetable fibres & pr9t+ ) great nicety1 long be=e ,europeans _h ev5 le>n$ to use papyrus or p>*m5t1 or _h conceiv$ ! idea ( type4 ,s f> z we "k ! wasp alone prec$$ ! anci5t ,ori5tals 9 ! mak+ ( pap]4 ,its gray %+l$ h\se made 9 lay]s1 work$ up into pap] by a ma/] h& f decay$ wood1 pulp$1 & glut9is$1 wat]pro($1 ) int]nal ti]s ( *amb]s1 a =tress1 a home1 & an airy habitation1 is /ill beyond ! p[] ( human inv5tion to reproduce4 ,papyrus--! pap] ( ! ,egyptians3 ,n only _! pap]1 b its pi? "o ( _! articles ( food1 & its out] portions mat]ial = pap]1 boxes1 baskets1 boats1 mats1 m$ic9es1 clo?s & o!r articles ( m]*&ise4 ,once "o ( ! fruits ( ! ,nile1 n[ no long] gr[+ !re4 ,on its fragile leaves 7 record$ & pres]v$ ! anci5t lit]atures--! records ( dyna/ies--! songs ( ! ,hebrew prophets--! e>ly annals ( ,greece & ,rome--! va/1 lo/ tomes ( ,alex&ria4 ,^? :i* 7 =tunately pres]v$ & transf]r$ to m endur+ =ms n[ con/itute ! great] "p ( all we h ( ! writ+s ( ^? dep>t$ ages4 ,9 mak+ pap] f papyrus1 ! inn] portion next to ! pi? 0 sep>at$ into ?9 leaves2 ^! 7 laid 9 two or m lay]s1 moi/5$ & press$ toge!r to =m a leaf2 two or m leaves unit$ at _! edges if desir$1 or end to end1 beat5 smoo? ) a mallet1 poli%$ ) a piece ( iron or %ell1 ! ends1 or sides1 or bo?1 ( ! %eet sometimes neatly ornam5t$1 & !n roll$ on a wood5 cyl9d]4 ,! ,romans & o!r anci5t nations import$ mo/ ( _! papyrus f ,egypt1 al?\gh rais+ x to consid]able ext5t 9 _! own swamps4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,s>ac5s conqu]$ ,egypt & c>ri$ back !refrom1 papyrus1 & ! k ( h[ to make pap] f x to ,europe4 ,p>*m5t manufactur$ f ! sk9s ( "y calves1 kids1 lambs1 %eep1 & goats1 0 an e>ly rival ( papyrus1 & 0 kn[n & us$ 9 ,europe be=e papyrus 0 !re introduc$4 ,! s(t5+ ( vegetable & woody fibre ( v>i\s k9ds1 flax & raw cotton & rags1 & r$uc+ x into pulp1 dry+1 beat+1 & roll+ x into pap]1 seem to h be5 sugge/$ to ,europe by ! introduction ( papyrus1 = we le>n ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( su* pap] by ! ,arabians1 ,s>ac5s1 ,spani>ds & ! ,fr5* along ?r\gh ! eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,papyrus does n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 sup]s$$ until ! twelf? c5tury4 ,public docum5ts are /ill extant writt5 9 ! twelf? c5tury on pap] made f flax & rags2 & pap] mills began to put 9 an appe>ance 9 ,g]many 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! fibre 0 r$uc$ to pulp by /amp]s4 ,engl& began to make pap] 9 ! next c5tury4 ,pulp+ ! fibre by s(t5+ x 9 wat] & beat+ ! same _h !n be5 practis$ = f\r c5turies4 ,roll]s 9 ! mills = roll+ ! pulp into %eets 7 introduc$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & pap] mak]s began to di/+ui% _! goods f ^? made by o!rs by wat] m>ks impress$ 9 ! pulp %eets4 ,! jug & ! pot 0 "o fav\rite wat] m>k 9 t c5tury1 succe$$ by a fool's cap1 :i* "n has s9ce adh]$ to pap] ( a c]ta9 size1 ) or )\t ! cap4 ,s f> 0 ! mak+ ( pap] advanc$ 9 ,europe t ab\t #afdj wall pap] began to be made z a sub/itute = tape/ry2 al?\gh z to ?is fa%ion ! ,*9ese 7 /ill ahead "s indef9ite numb] ( c5turies4 ,holl& 0 f> advanc$ 9 pap]-mak+ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! revolution ( #afhh hav+ s]i\sly int]rupt$ ! art 9 ,engl&1 t c\ntry import$ pap] f ,holl& dur+ t p]iod am\nt+ to #ajj1jjj4 ,x 0 a native ( ,holl&1 ,ritt5h\se1 :o introduc$ pap]-mak+ 9 ,am]ica & erect$ a mill ne> ,philadelphia 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & !re made pap] f l95 rags4 ,! ,dut* also _h sub/itut$ cyl9d]s arm$ ) blades 9 place ( /amp]s & us$ _! w9dmills to run !m4 ,! ,g]mans & ,fr5* exp]im5t$ ) wood & /raw4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury "s manufactur]s 9 ,europe _h le>n$ to make :ite pap] f :ite rags1 & z good 9 quality1 & "s ?9k bett]1 ?an is made at ! pres5t day4 ,! ess5tials ( pap] mak+ by h& f rags & raw vegetable fibres1 ! soak+ ( fibres 9 wat] & boil+ !m 9 lyes1 ! beat+1 roll+1 smoo?+1 siz+ & poli%+ ( ! pap]1 7 !n kn[n & practis$4 ,b ! be/ pap] 0 !n a de> commodity4 ,! art ( blea*+ col\r$ /ock 0 unkn[n1 & :ite pap] 0 made alone f /ock t came :ite into ! mill4 ,! processes 7 ne>ly all h& op]ations4 8,beat+0 0 p\nd+ 9 a mort>4 ,! pulp 0 laid by h& ^u m\lds made ( p>allel /r&s ( co>se brass wire2 & ! mak+ ( ! pulp by gr9d+ wood & treat+ x *emically to s(t5 x 0 exp]im5tal4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury produc$ a revolution4 ,x introduc$ ! use ( mod]n ma*9]y1 & mod]n *emical processes1 by :i* all kn[n v>ieties & sizes ( pap]1 ( all col\rs1 z well z pap] vessels1 are made daily 9 imm5se quantities 9 all civilis$ c\ntries1 f all sorts ( fibr\s mat]ials4 ,knight1 9 8 ,me*anical ,diction>y1 gives a li/ ( ne>ly #djj diff]5t mat]ials = pap] mak+ t _h be5 us$ or sugge/$1 = ! mo/ "p )9 ! c5tury & up to tw5ty ye>s ago1 & ! numb] has s9ce increas$4 ,! mod]n revolution comm5c$ 9 #agii1 :5 ,l\is ,rob]t1 an employee ( ,franois ,didot ( ,essones1 ,france1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ ! fir/ ma*9e = mak+ pap] 9 a long1 wide1 cont9u\s web4 ,! ,fr5* gov]nm5t 9 #ahjj grant$ him a rew>d ( #h1jjj francs4 ,! ma*9e 0 !n exhibit$ 9 ,engl& & !re te/$ ) success4 ,x 0 !re t ,messrs4 ,f\rdr9i]1 a weal?y /ation]y firm1 pur*as$ ! pat5ts1 exp5d$ #fj1jjj = improvem5ts on ! ma*9e1 & fir/ gave to ! _w its practical b5efits4 ,?is exp5diture bankrupt$ !m1 z ! ma*9es 7 n at once remun]ative1 & p>liam5t refus$ to grant !m pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,gamble1 ,donk91 ,koops1 ! ,f\rdr9i]s1 ,dick5son1 & ,wilkes1 7 ! fir/ inv5tors to improve ! ,rob]t ma*9e1 & to give x t =m :i* 9 _m ess5tial features rema9s to-day4 ,!y1 toge!r ) lat] inv5tors1 gave to ! _w a new sy/em ( pap] mak+4 ,by #ahgb two hundr$ & n9ety-n9e ,f\rdr9i] ma*9es 7 runn+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone4 ,9 ! improv$ ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e or sy/em1 rags1 or wood1 or /raw are gr\nd or o!rwise r$uc$ to pulp1 & !n ! pulp1 :5 prop]ly soak$ & dra9$1 is dump$ into a regulat+ box1 pass+ "u a copp] gate to regulate ! am\nt & dep? ( fe$1 !n c>ri$ along ?r\gh /ra9]s1 scre5]s or dress]s1 to free ! mass f clots & r$uce x to ! prop] f95ess1 ov] an endless wire apron1 spread ev5ly ov] ?is apron by a %ak+ motion1 subject$ to ! action ( a suction box by :i* ! wat] is drawn (f by air-suction pumps1 c>ri$ betwe5 clo?-cov]$ roll]s :i* press & coh]e x1 c>ri$ on to a mov+ long felt blanket to fur!r free x f moi/ure1 & :i* cont9ues to hold ! %eet ( pulp 9 =m2 !n ) ! blanket ?r\gh press rolls adju/able to a desir$ pressure & provid$ ) means to remove !refrom adh]+ pulp & to arre/ ! progress ( ! pap] if necess>y2 !n ?r\gh ano!r set ( compression roll]s1 :5 ! cond5s$ & matt$ pulp1 n[ pap]1 is c>ri$ on to a second blanket1 pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eam cyl9d]s1 :]e ! web is p>tially dri$1 & aga9 compress$1 !nce ?r\gh ano!r s]ies ( roll]s & dry+ cyl9d]s1 :i* /ill fur!r dry & /ret* x1 & n[1 f9ally complet$1 ! %eet is w\nd on a receiv+ cyl9d]4 ,! numb] ( roll]s & cyl9d]s & ! position & ! l5g? ( ! process to fully dry1 compact1 /ret* & f9i% ! %eet1 may be1 & are1 v>i$ greatly4 ,if x is desir$ to impress on or into ! pap] wat] m>ks1 lett]s1 words1 or ornam5tal matt]1 ! pap] 9 its moi/ /age1 aft] x passes ?r\gh ! suction boxes1 is pass$ "u a 8d&y0 or fancy scroll$ roll provid$ on its surface ) ! desir$ design4 ,:5 x is desir$ to give x a smoo?1 glossy surface1 ! pap]1 aft] its completion1 is pass$ ?r\gh animal siz+ mat]ial1 & !n betwe5 dry+ & smoo?+ roll]s4 ,or ?is siz+ may be appli$ to ! pulp at ! outset ( ! op]ation4 ,col\r+ mat]ial1 :5 desir$1 is appli$ to ! pulp1 be=e press+4 ,by ! use ( ma*9es "u ?is sy/em1 a va/ am\nt ( mat]ial1 ca/-(f rags1 etc41 be=e reg>d$ z wa/e1 0 utilis$ = pap] mak+4 ,! mod]n discov]ies ( ! *emi/s ( ! c5tury z to ! nature ( fibres1 be/ modes & mat]ials = r$uc+ !m to pulp1 & blea*+ processes1 h br\ght ! art ( pap] mak+ f wood & o!r fibr\s mat]ials to its pres5t high & prosp]\s condition4 ,:at are kn[n z ! soda-pulp & ! sulphite processes are examples ( ?is4 ,! latt] & o!r acid processes 7 n successful until cem5t-l9$ dige/]s 7 inv5t$ to )/& _! corrod+ action4 ,b n[ x is only necess>y to h a conv5i5t =e/ ( almo/ any k9d ( wood to ju/ify ! e/abli%m5t ( a pap] mill4 ,x 0 ! sc>city ( rags1 especially ( l95 rags1 t =c$ inv5tors to f9d o!r pap]-produc+ mat]ials4 ,x w\ld be impossible & un9t]e/+ 9 a "w ( ?is "* to enum]ate ! me*anical details con/itut+ ! improvem5ts ( ! c5tury 9 pap]-mak+ ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 ,?\s&s ( pat5ts h be5 grant$ = su* inv5tions4 ,) "o mod]n ,f\rdr9i] ma*9e1 & a few beat+ eng9es1 a small pap] mill w n[ turn out daily z mu* pap] z c\ld be made by twelve mills a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,9 m\ld+ pulp into articles ( manufacture1 satisfactory ma*9es h be5 inv5t$1 n only = ! m]e =m+ !m into %ape1 b = wat]-pro(+ & indurat+ ! same4 ,f ! mak+ ( a pond]\s pap] c> :eel to a lady's delicate "w basket1 success has be5 atta9$4 ,pap] bag ma*9es1 ma*9es = mak+ pap] boxes1 apply+ & /ay+ corn]s ( su* boxes1 = mak+ cell cases us$ 9 pack+ eggs & fruit1 & = wrapp+ fruit2 ma*9es = affix+ v>i\s =ms ( labels & addresses1 are among ! wond]s ( mod]n inv5tions relat+ to pap]4 ,x is wond]ful h[ art & +5uity unit$ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago to produce attractive wall pap]s4 ,previ\s to t "t !y 7 dull & conv5tional 9 appe>ance4 ,n[ beautiful designs are roll$ out f ma*9es4 ,pr9t+4--,we h already se5 h[ pap] mak+ & pr9t+ grew up toge!r an indef9ite numb] ( c5turies ago 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,bo? block pr9t+ & movable types 7 ! production ( ! ,*9ese1 ) :i* on _! little pages ( _m-col\r$ pap] !y pr9t$ myriads ( volumes ( _! /range lit]ature 9 /rang] *>act]s dur+ c5turies :5 ,europeans 7 pa9fully inscrib+ _! ?\ghts ) ! /ylus & crude p5s ^u papyrus & ! dri$ sk9s ( animals4 ,b ! ,european & 8 desc5dants delight to hon\r mo/ ! e>ly inv5tors ( _! own c\ntries4 ,italy ref]s ) pride to ! pr9t+ f blocks practis$ by ! ,v5etians1 & at ,rav5na1 f #abhj to #acjj2 f type at ,subiaco 9 ! ,roman t]ritory 9 #adfe1 & to ! fir/ ,roman book pr9t$ 9 #adgj2 ! ,dut* to ,laur5s ,co/]1 :om !y allege inv5t$ movable type 9 #adbc4 ,"s ( ! ,dut* h d\bt$ ?is1 & p9 _! fai? on ,jacob ,bella]t1 z ! fir/ pr9t]1 & ,g]>d ,leeu1 8 workman1 :o made ! types at ,ha>lem1 9 #adhc4 ,! ,g]mans rely ) confid5ce on ,john ,gutt5b]g1 :o at ,/rasburg1 z e>ly z #adcf1 _h wood5 blocks1 & wood5 movable types1 & :o1 two or ?ree ye>s aft]1 pr9t$ sev]al works2 on ! p>tn]%ip ( ,fau/ & ,gutt5b]g 9 #adej at ,m5tz1 & _! ,bible 9 ,lat9 pr9t$ 9 #adef on vellum ) types imitat+ manuscript 9 =m1 & illu/rat$ by h&2 &1 f9ally1 on ,pet] ,s*oeff] ( ,g]n%eim1 :o !n made matrices 9 :i* 7 ca/ ! lett]s s+ly1 & :o !reby s pleas$ 8 ma/]1 ,fau/1 t ! latt] gave him 8 daught]1 ,*ri/9a1 9 m>riage4 ,f ,g]many ! art spread to ,p>is & !nce to ,engl&4 ,ab\t #adgd ,caxton 0 pr9t+ 8 black-lett] books 9 ,engl&4 ,spa9 foll[$1 & x is /at$ t 9 #aejj !re 7 two hundr$ pr9t+ (fices 9 ,europe4 ,! religi\s & political turmoils 9 ,g]many 9 ! sixte5? c5tury gave an imm5se impetus to pr9t+ !re4 ,! pr9t+ press 0 ! h&maid ( ! ,re=mation4 ,9 ,am]ica ! fir/ pr9t+ press 0 set up 9 ,mexico 9 #aecf1 & 9 ,lima1 ,brazil1 9 #aehf4 ,9 #afci1 n9ete5 ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( ! ,pilgrims on ! bleak rock at ,plym\?1 !y set up a pr9t+ press at ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,! art ( pr9t+ soon resolv$ itself into two classes3 fir/1 composition1 ! arrang+ ( ! type 9 ! prop] ord] into words & pages2 & second1 press "w2 ! tak+ ( impressions f ! types1 or f ca/s ( types 9 plates--be+ a facsimile ( a type b$4 ,?is 0 /]eotyp+--! inv5tion ( ,william ,g$1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agca4 ,types soon came to be made ev]y:]e ( uni=m height2 t ( ,engl& & ,am]ica be+ #ib-ajj ( an in*1 & became univ]sally classifi$ by names accord+ to _! sizes1 z pica1 small pica1 long prim]1 m9ion1 nonp>eil1 etc4 ,aft] movable types came ! inv5tion ( ,presses4 ,! e>lie/ 7 compos$ ( a wood5 frame on :i* 7 plac$ ! simple screw & a lev] to =ce a plate d[n ^u a %eet ( pap] plac$ on ! b$ ( type :i* _h be5 set 9 ! press1 ) a spr+ to automatically raise ! screw & plate aft] ! deliv]y ( ! impression4 ,?is 0 inv5t$ by ,blaew ( ,am/]dam 9 #afbj4 ,su*1 also1 0 ! ,ramage press1 & on su* a "o ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 work$ at 8 trade z a pr9t]1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,london4 ,8 ,london press1 on :i* he work$ 9 #agbe1 0 c>ri$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & is n[ on exhibition 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,?is 0 sub/antially ! /ate ( ! art at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,!n ,e>l ,/anhope 9 ,engl& inv5t$ a press entirely ( iron1 & ! p[] consi/$ ( ! comb9ation ( a toggle jo9t & lev]4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican improvem5t 0 inv5t$ by ,george ,clym]1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahag1 ! p[] be+ an improv$ lev] consi/+ ( ?ree simple lev]s ( ! second ord]4 ,?is 0 sup]s$$ by ! 8,wa%+ton0 press inv5t$ by ,samuel ,ru/ 9 #ahbi4 ,x has z ess5tial p>ts ! toggle jo9t & lev]1 & 9 ! frame "w1 z 9 ! ,/anhope1 type b$1 rails on :i* ! b$ 0 mov$ 9 & out1 means to move ! b$1 ! plat51 ! tympan on :i* ! %eet is plac$1 ! frisket1 a p]=at$ %eet ( pap]1 to pres]ve ! pr9t$ %eet1 an ink+ roll] & frame4 ,9 ?is 0 subsequ5tly introduc$ an automatic device = ink+ ! roll]1 z x 0 mov$ back f ov] ! b$ ( type on to an ink+ table4 ,?is1 sub/antially1 has be5 ! h& press ev] s9ce4 ,) "o ( ^! h&-presses & ! aid ( two m5 ab\t two hundr$ & fifty %eets an h\r c\ld be pr9t$ on "o side4 ,! increase 9 ! circulation ( newspap]s be=e ! op5+ ( ! #ai? c5tury dem&$ great] rapidity ( production & turn$ ! att5tion ( inv5tors to ! con/ruction ( p[] or ma*9e presses4 ,l ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e1 ! p[] press 0 conceiv$ 9 ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & l t art 0 also n develop$ until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,william ,ni*olson ( ,engl& is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ inv5tor ( a ma*9e pr9t+ press4 ,he obta9$ an ,engli% pat5t = x 9 #agbj4 ,! type 7 to be plac$ on ! face ( "o cyl9d]1 :i* 0 design$ to be 9 ge>1 revolv$ )1 & press ^u ano!r cyl9d] cov]$ ) s(t lea!r1 ! type cyl9d] to be ink$ by a ?ird cyl9d] to :i* ! ink+ app>atus1 0 appli$1 & ! pap] to be pr9t$ by be+ pass$ betwe5 ! type & ! impression cyl9d]4 ,^! ideas 7 incorporat$ into ! be/ pr9t+ ma*9es t h s9ce be5 made4 ,b ! fir/ successful ma*9e pr9t+ press 0 ! inv5tion ( two ,saxons1 ,knig & ,bau]1 9 #ahac1 :o introduc$ _! ideas f ,g]many1 con/ruct$ ! ma*9e 9 ,london1 & on :i* on ! #bh? ( ,novemb]1 #ahad1 an issue ( ! ,london ,times 0 pr9t$4 ,! ,times ann\nc$ to its read]s t day t !y 7 = ! fir/ "t p]us+ a pap] pr9t$ ^u a ma*9e driv5 by /eam p[]4 ,:at a union ( mighty =ces 0 h]ald$ 9 ?is simple ann\ncem5t6 ,! union ( ! /eam eng9e1 ! pr9t+ press1 & a great & p[]ful j\rnal6 ,an ,ar*im$ean lev] _h be5 f\nd at la/ ) :i* to move ! _w4 ,! production ( pr9t$ %eets p] h\r ov] ! h&-press 0 at once quadrupl$1 & v %ortly #ahjj %eets p] h\r 7 pr9t$4 ,?is ma*9e 0 ( t class kn[n z cyl9d] presses4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ord9>y type 0 us$1 & ! type-=m 0 flat & pass$ b5ea? a l>ge impression cyl9d] on :i* ! pap] 0 held by tapes4 ,! type-=m 0 reciprocat$ b5ea? an ink+ app>atus & ! pap] cyl9d] alt]nately4 ,! ink+ app>atus consi/$ ( a s]ies ( roll]s1 to ! fir/ ( :i* ! ink 0 eject$ f a tr\gh & di/ribut$ to ! o!rs4 ,9 #ahae ,c[p] pat5t$ 9 ,engl& electrotype plates to be affix$ to a cyl9d]4 ,applega? & ,c[p] improv$ ! ,knig ma*9e 9 ! matt] ( ! ink di/ribut+ roll]s1 & 9 ! adaptation ( f\r pr9t+ cyl9d]s to ! reciprocat+ type b$1 :]eby1 ) "s o!r m9or *anges1 #ejjj impressions on "o side 7 produc$ p] h\r4 ,aga9 ,applega? greatly *ang$ ! arrangem5t ( cyl9d]s & multipli$ _! numb]1 & ! numb] ( ! o!r p>ts1 s t 9 #ahdh ! %eets pr9t$ on "o side 7 fir/ #hjjj & !n #ab1jjj an h\r4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,daniel ,treadwell ( ,bo/on inv5t$ ! fir/ p[] pr9t+ ma*9e 9 #ahbb4 ,two ( ^! ma*9es 7 at t "t set up 9 ,new ,york city4 ,x 0 a flat b$ press & 0 long us$ 9 ,wa%+ton 9 pr9t+ = ! gov]nm5t4 ,david ,bruce ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahch1 inv5t$ ! fir/ successful type-ca/+ ma*9e1 :i*1 :5 %ortly aft]w>d x 0 p]fect$1 became ! model = type-ca/+ ma*9es = ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,previ\s to t "t type 7 g5]ally made by ca/+ !m 9 h&-m\lds--! metal be+ p\r$ 9 ) a spoon4 ,rob]t ,hoe1 an ,engli% inv5tor1 w5t to ,new ,york 9 #ahjc1 & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! mak+ ( pr9t+ presses4 ,8 son1 ,ri*>d ,m>* ,hoe1 inh]it$ 8 fa!r's inv5tive g5ius4 ,:ile 9 ,engl& 9 #ahcg-ahdj1 obta9+ a pat5t on & introduc+ a circul> saw1 he became int]e/$ 9 ! pr9t+ presses ( ! ,london ,times4 ,return+ home1 he inv5t$ & p]fect$ a rot>y ma*9e :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ! 8,lightn+ ,press40 ,x fir/ _h f\r & !n t5 cyl9d]s arrang$ 9 a circle4 ,z f9ally complet$1 x pr9t$ f a cont9u\s roll ( pap] sev]al miles 9 l5g?1 & on bo? sides at ! same "t1 cutt+ (f & fold+ ready = deliv]y1 #ae1jjj to #bj1jjj newspap]s an h\r1 ! pap] be+ drawn ?r\gh ! press at ! rate ( #a1jjj feet 9 a m9ute4 ,be=e x 0 9 ?is f9al1 complet$ %ape1 x 0 adopt$ by ! ,london ,times4 ,john ,walt] ( ,london 9 ! meantime inv5t$ a ma*9e ( a simil> class4 ,he also us$ a %eet ( pap] miles long4 ,x 0 fir/ damp$1 pass$ ?r\gh blott+ rolls1 & !n to ! pr9t+ cyl9d]s4 ,x gave out #aa1jjj p]fect$ %eets1 or #bb1jjj impressions an h\r1 & z ea* %eet 0 pr9t$1 x 0 cut by a knife on ! cyl9d]1 & ! %eets pil$ on ! pap] bo>ds4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ! ,london ,times & ! ,new ,york ,times4 ,a ,g]man press at ,augsburg1 & ! ,campbell presses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h also become celebrat$ z web p]fect+ presses1 9 :i* ! web is pr9t$1 ! %eets cut1 associat$1 fold$1 & deliv]$ at high spe$4 ,"o ( ! late/ quadruple /]eotype p]fect+ presses made by ,hoe ,co4 ( ,new ,york has a runn+ capacity ( #dh1jjj pap]s p] h\r4 ,on ano!r1 a ,new ,york pap] has turn$ (f ne>ly six hundr$ ?\s& copies 9 a s+le day1 requir+ = _! pr9t+ n9ety-f\r tons ( pap]4 ,among o!r celebrat$ inv5tors ( pr9t+ presses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ,isaac ,adams1 ,taylor1 ,gordon1 ,pott]1 ,hawk9s1 ,bullock1 ,cottrell1 ,campbell1 ,babcock1 & ,firm4 ,mail-m>k+ ,ma*9es1 9 :i* provision is made = hold+ ! pr9t+ me*anism out ( op]ative position 9 case a lett] is n 9 position to be /amp$2 address-pr9t+ ma*9es1 includ+ ma*9es = pr9t+ addresses by means ( a /5cil2 ma*9es = automatically sett+ & di/ribut+ ! type1 includ+ ^? 9 :i* ! individual types are caus$ to ent] ! prop] receptacle by means ( nicks 9 ! type1 :i* engage correspond+ projections on a /ation>y gu>d plate1 & automatic type ju/ify+ ma*9es4 ,all su* h be5 inv5t$1 develop$1 & p]fect$ 9 ! la/ half c5tury4 ,ano!r inv5tion :i* has add$ wond]fully to pu% ! c5tury along1 is ! ,typewrit]4 ,x has long be5 said t 8,! p5 is mighti] ?an ! sword10 b f pres5t indications1 x is prop] to add t ! typewrit] is mighti] ?an ! p54 ,a ma*9e 9 :i* movable types are caus$ to yield impressions on pap] to =m lett]s by means ( key lev]s op]at$ by h&1 has be5 "o ( sl[ gr[? f its conception to its pres5t practical & successful =m4 ,"s "o sugge/$ ! idea 9 ,engl& 9 a pat5t 9 #agad4 ,! idea re/$ until #ahdj1 :5 a ,fr5* inv5tor reviv$ x 9 a pat5t4 ,at ! same "t pat5ts began to come out 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & ab\t =ty pat5ts 9 ea* ( ^! two c\ntries 7 grant$ f t "t until #ahge4 ,s9ce t date ab\t #adjj pat5ts m h be5 issu$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a l>ge numb] 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 only t ye> & be=e #ahhj1 t ! fir/ popul> comm]cially successful ma*9es 7 made & introduc$4 ,! lead+ g5]ic idea ( all subsequ5t successful devices ( ?is k9d 0 cle>ly set =? 9 ! pat5t ( ,s4 ,w4 ,francis ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aheg4 ,?is feature is ! arrang+ ( a r[ ( hamm]s 9 a circle s t :5 put 9 motion !y w all /rike ! same place1 :i* is ! c5tre ( t circle4 ,! arrangem5t ( a r[ ( pivot$ hamm]s or type lev]s1 ea* op]at$ by a sep>ate key lev] to /rike an ink$ ribbon 9 front ( a %eet ( pap]1 means to automatically move ! c>riage c>ry+ ! pap] roll f "r to left z ! lett]s are successfully pr9t$1 leav+ a space betwe5 ea* lett] & ^w1 & s\nd+ a signal :5 ! end ( a l9e is rea*$1 s t ! c>riage may be return$ to its =m] position--all ^! & "s o!r m9or b necess>y op]ations may seem simple en\gh :5 /at$1 b _! accompli%m5t requir$ ! c>eful /udy ( _m inv5tors = ye>s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ mod]n ( typewrit]s has a s+le electro-magnet to actuate all ! type b>s ( a set1 & to ?r[ ea* type f its normal position to ! pr9t+ c5tre4 ,by an extremely light t\* giv5 to ea* key lev] ! circuit is clos$ & causes ! lev] to /rike )\t ! necessity ( press+ ! key d[n its :ole ext5t & releas+ x be=e ! next key /rikes4 ,by ?is device1 ! op]ator is reliev$ ( fatigue1 z 8 f+]s may glide quickly f "o key to ano!r1 ! pr9t+ is made uni=m1 & f> great] spe$ atta9$ by reason ( ! quick & delicate action4 ,mr4 ,?addeus ,cahill ( ,wa%+ton appe>s to be ! fir/ to h inv5t$ ! mo/ successful ( ?is type ( ma*9es4 ,book-b9d+ ,ma*9]y is ano!r new production ( ! c5tury4 ,x may be t ! old h& me?ods w\ld give to a book a /rong] b9d+ ?an is f\nd on mo/ books to-day1 b ! mod]n public dem&s & has obta9$ ma*9]y t w take ! loose %eets & b9d !m ready = deliv]y1 at ! rate ( t5 or fifte5 ?\s& volumes a day4 ,! 8qua9t & curi\s volumes ( =gott5 lore10 ! ,lat9 folios 9 oak or ivory bo>ds ) brass clasps1 or b\nd 9 velvet1 or 9 crimson sat91 ornam5t$ ) f9e/ ne$lework or preci\s /ones1 or ! m humble bee* bo>ds1 & calf & %eep sk9s ) metal edges & iron clasps1 9 all ( :i* ! %eets 7 /\tly sew$ toge!r & glu$1 :5 glue 0 kn[n1 to ! cov]s1 are n[ b relics ( ! pa/4 ,ma*9]y came to ! front q rapidly aft] #ahbe1 at :i* "t clo? _h be5 introduc$ z *eap] ?an lea!r1 & z *eap & a m endur+ b9d] ?an pap]4 ,! processes 9 book-b9d+ are enum]at$ z foll[s2 & = ea* process a ma*9e has be5 inv5t$ )9 ! la/ sixty ye>s to d ! "w3 ,fold+ ! %eets2 ,ga!r+ ! consecutive %eets2 ,roll+ ! backs ( fold$ %eets2 ,saw cutt+ ! backs = ! combs2 ,sew+2 ,r\nd+ ! back ( ! sew$ %eets4 ,edge cutt+2 ,b9d+1 secur+ ! books to ! sides1 cov]+ ) musl91 lea!r or pap]4 ,tool+ & lett]+4 ,edge gilt+4 ,"o ( ! be/ mod]n illu/rations ( human ?\ght & complicat$ manual op]ations conta9$ 9 automatic ma*9]y is ! ,l9otype4 ,x is a great /ep f ! humble inv5tion ( ,s*oeff] five hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago ( ca/ movable type to t ( ano!r ,g]man1 ,m]g5?al]1 9 #ahij-ib4 ,! ,l9otype 7a l9e ( type7 0 pron\nc$ by ! ,london ,eng9e]+ 8z ! mo/ rem>kable ma*9e ( ?is c5tury40 ,x 0 ! outcome ( twelve ye>s ( cont9u\s exp]im5t & inv5tion1 & ! exp5diture ( m ?an a million doll>s4 ,a brief description ( ?is inv5tion is giv5 9 ! report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates commission] ( pat5ts = #ahie z foll[s3 8,9 ! pres5t ,m]g5?al] con/ruction !re is a magaz9e conta9+ a s]ies ( tubes = ! lett] or "* m\lds1 ea* ( :i* m\lds is provid$ ) a s+le "*4 ,!re are a numb] ( duplicates ( ea* "*1 & ! m\lds conta9+ ! same "* are all arrang$ 9 "o tube4 ,! ma*9e is provid$ ) a s]ies ( f+] keys1 :i*1 :5 press$ l ! keys ( a typewrit]1 cause ! lett] m\lds to assemble 9 a l9e 9 _! prop] ord] = pr9t4 ,a l9e m\ld & a melt+ pot are !n br\ght into prop] relation to ! assembl$ l9e ( lett] m\lds & a ca/ is tak51 call$ ! l9otype1 :i* repres5ts ! entire l9e1 a column wide1 ( ! matt] to be pr9t$4 ,! lett] m\lds are !n automatically return$ to _! prop] magaz9e tube4 ,! ,m]g5?al] ma*9e is l>gely 9 use 9 ! pr9cipal newspap] (fices1 ) ! result t a s+le op]ator does at lea/ ! "w ( f\r av]age compositors40 ,mr ,rog]s obta9$ a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t1 ,septemb] #bc1 #ahij1 = a ma*9e = ca/+ l9es ( type1 ! pr9cipal feature ( :i* is t ! lett] m\lds are /rung on wires secur$ on a h+$ frame4 8,:5 ! frame is 9 "o position1 ! lett] m\lds are releas$ by ! keys1 slide d[n ! wires by gravity & are assembl$ 9 l9e at ! ca/+ po9t4 ,aft] ! ca/ is tak51 ! l[] ends ( ! guide wires are elevat$1 :i* causes ! lett] m\lds to slide back on ! wires to _! orig9al position1 :5 ! op]ation is repeat$ = ! next l9e40 ,op]at$ by a s+le p]son1 ! ,m]g5?al] produces & assembles l9otypes ready = ! press or /]eotyp+ table at ! rate ( f #c1fjj to #g1jjj ems 7type *>act]s7 p] h\r4 ,x p]mits ! face or /yle ( type to be *ang$ at w & x p]mits ! op]ator to read & correct 8 matt] z he proce$s4 ,to ! aid ( ! ord9>y pr9t+ press came electrotyp+1 /5ographic col\r pr9t+1 engrav+1 & small] job & c>d presses1 all entirely new creations )9 ! c5tury1 & ( inf9ite v>iety1 ea* 9 itself =m+ a new class 9 typographic art1 & a valuable addition to ! m>vell\s trans=mation4 ,! introduction ( ! l9otype & o!r mod]n ma*9es into pr9t+ (fices has )\t d\bt _m times r$uc$ & displac$ manual lab\r1 & caus$ at ^? times at lea/ tempor>y suff]+ among employees4 ,b /ati/ics d n %[ t z a :ole !re are few] pr9t]s 9 ! l&4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! =ce seems to increase1 j z ! numb] ( pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts increase1 ) ! multiplication ( new inv5tions4 ,z 9 o!r arts1 ! di/ress caus$ by ! displacem5t ( h&-lab\r by ma*9]y is local & tempor>y4 ,! :ole art re/s = its developm5t on ! dem& = read+ matt]1 & ! dem& nev] seems to let up4 ,x increases z fa/ z ! means ( ! consum]s increase = procur+ x4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s ago a dec5t private libr>y1 consi/+ ( a hundr$ or s volumes1 "o or two weekly newspap]s1 & an occasional p]iodical1 0 ! badge & possession alone ( ! weal?y few4 ,n[ ne>ly e read+ citiz5 ( e village has pil$ up 9 "s corn] ( 8 h\se a bett] supply ?an t1 ( b\nd or unb\nd lit]ature1 & ( a f> sup]ior quality4 ,besides ! tons ( read+ matt] ( all k9ds turn$ out daily by ! city presses1 e village wants its own pap] & its t[n libr>y1 & e "o ( its bus9ess m5 has rec\rse to ! typewrit] & ! pr9t] = 8 lett]s1 8 c>ds1 & 8 adv]tisem5ts4 ,to supply ! pres5t dem& = pr9t$ matt] ) ! implem5ts ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 x w\ld be necess>y to draw ^u & exhau/ ! supply ( lab\r]s 9 ne>ly e o!r occupation4 ,pr9t+ w\ld become ! "o univ]sal pr(ession4 ,! ro> ( ! guns at ,wat]loo & ! click ( ! fir/ p[] pr9t+ press 9 ,london 7 ne>ly simultane\s4 ,! milit>y ,colossus !n tumbl$1 & ! ,press began to lead mank9d4 ,w>s /ill cont9ue1 & w1 until m5 are civilis$2 b ! vangu>d ( civilisation are ! pr9t]s1 & n ! w>riors4 ,! m>vell\s glory ( ! n9ete5? c5tury has proce$$ f ! intellig5ce ( ! p1 awak5$1 /imulat$1 & guid$ by ! press4 ,b ! press itself1 & its s]vitors & mess5g]s1 spe$+ on ! w+s ( electricity1 are ! *ildr5 ( ! inv5tors4 ,^! inv5tions h made ! book & ! newspap] ! poor man's ,univ]sity4 ,!y are mirrors :i* ?r[ into 8 humble home reflections ( ! sc5es ( busy life ev]y:]e4 ,by !m k is spread1 ?\ght ar\s$1 & univ]sal education e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,textiles4 ,sp9n+3--,a bun* ( comb$ fibre fix$ 9 ! =k$ end ( a /ick call$ a di/aff1 held "u ! left arm1 :ile ) ! "r =ef+] & ?umb ! h\sewife or maid5 deftly drew out & twi/$ a ?read ( y>n ( ! fibre & w\nd x ^u a /ick call$ a sp9dle1 0 ! art ( sp9n+ t came d[n to ,europe f ,anci5t ,egypt or ,india )\t a *ange ?r\gh all ! c5turies to at lea/ ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 9 ,engl& to ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,!n ! sp9n+ :eel 0 introduc$1 :i* is said to h also be5 long 9 use 9 ,india4 ,by ! use ( ! :eel ! sp9dle 0 no long] held 9 ! h&1 b1 set ^u a frame & connect$ by a cord or belt to ! :eel1 0 made to :irl by turn+ ! :eel by h&1 or by a treadle4 ,! sp9dle 0 connect$ to ! bun* ( cotton by a cord1 or by a s+le rov+ ( cotton or wool atta*$ to ! sp9dle1 :i* 0 held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 & z ! sp9dle revolv$ ! ?read 0 drawn out & twi/$ & w\nd by ! sp9dle ^u itself4 ,9 ! clo? ( ! anci5t ,ea/ ! w>p & weft 7 bo? ( cotton4 ,9 ,engl& ! w>p 0 l95 & ! weft 0 cotton4 ,! w>p 0 made by ! clo? & l95 manufactur]s1 & ! weft y>ns furni%$ by ! woman sp9/]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,by bo? ^! me?ods only a s+le ?read at a "t 0 spun4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! sp9n+ op]ation1 ! draw+ out & twi/+ a ?read or cord f a bun* or roll ( fibre1 has rema9$ ! same ?r\gh all "t4 ,! light & delicate "w1 ! pure & s(t mat]ial1 & ! beauty & usefulness ( raim5ts produc$1 h all ?r\gh "t made woman ! natural goddess1 ! prie/ess1 ! patroness1 & ! vot>y ( ?is art4 ,! object ( all mod]n ma*9]y1 h[ev] complicat$ or wond]ful1 has simply be5 to increase ! spe$ & effici5cy ( ! anci5t mode ( op]ation & to multiply its results4 ,! loom1 t antique frame on :i* ! ?reads 7 laid 9 "o direction to =m ! w>p1 & cross$ by ! y>ns 9 ! opposite direction1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! w>p by ! %uttle ?r[n by h&1 to =m ! wo(1 or weft1 compris$ a device z old z1 if n old] ?an1 ! di/aff & sp9dle4 ,! anci5t & isolat$ races ( ,mexico _h also le>n$ ! art ( sp9n+ & weav+4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ ent]$ t c\ntry !y f\nd ! natives clo!d 9 cotton1 wov5 pla91 or 9 _m col\rs4 ,aft] =ty c5turies ( un*ang$ life1 x occurr$ to ,john ,kay ( ,bury1 ,engl&1 t ! weav+ process might be improv$4 ,9 #agcc he _h succe$$ 9 inv5t+ ! pick] motion1 8pick] peg10 or 8fly40 ,?is consi/$ ( me*anical means = ?r[+ ! %uttle across ! web by a sudd5 j]k ( a b>--"o at ea* side--op]at$ by pull+ a cord4 ,he c\ld ?us ?r[ ! %uttle f>!r & quick] ?an by h&--make wid] clo?1 & d z mu* "w 9 ! same "t z two m5 _h done be=e4 ,?is improvem5t put weav+ ahead ( sp9n+1 & ! weav]s 7 cont9ually call+ on ! sp9dl]s = m weft y>ns4 ,?is set ! wits ( inv5tors at "w to bett] ! sp9n+ means4 ,at ! same "t t ,kay 0 /ruggl+ ) 8 inv5tion ( ! fly+ %uttle1 ano!r poor man1 b ) less success1 _h conceiv$ ano!r idea1 z to sp9n+4 ,john ,wyatt ( ,li*field ?\ght x w\ld be a good ?+ to draw out ! sliv] ( cotton or wool betwe5 two sets ( roll]s1 "o end ( ! sliv] be+ held & f$ by "o set ( roll]s1 :ile ! opposite end 0 be+ drawn by ! o!r set ( roll]s mov+ at a great] spe$4 ,8 inv5tion1 al?\gh n !n us$1 0 pat5t$ 9 #agch by ,lewis ,paul1 :o 9 "t won a =tune by x1 :ile ,wyatt di$ poor1 & x 0 claim$ t ,paul & n ,wyatt 0 ! true inv5tor4 ,ab\t #agfd a little accid5t occurr+ 9 ! home ( ,james ,h>greaves1 an ,engli% weav] ( ,blackburn1 sugge/$ to t obs]vant p]son an inv5tion t 0 z important z t ( ,kay4 ,he 0 /udy+ h>d h[ to get up a ma*9e to meet ! weav]s' dem&s = cotton y>ns4 ,"o day :ile ,h>greaves 0 sp9n+1 surr\nd$ by 8 *ildr51 "o ( !m upset ! sp9n+ :eel1 probably 9 a *ildr5's frolic1 & aft] x fell & :ile ly+ 9 a horizontal position1 ) ! sp9dle 9 a v]tical position1 & ! :eel & ! sp9dle /ill runn+1 ! idea fla%$ into ,h>greaves' m9d t a numb] ( sp9dles might be plac$ upright & run f ! same p[]4 ,?us prompt$ he comm5c$ "w1 work+ 9 secret & at odd h\rs1 & f9ally1 aft] two or ?ree ye>s1 complet$ a crude ma*9e1 :i* he call$ ! sp9n+ j5ny1 "s say aft] 8 wife1 & o!rs t ! "n came f 8g910 ! common abbreviat$ "n ( an eng9e4 ,?is ma*9e _h eight or t5 sp9dles driv5 by cords or belts f ! same :eel1 & op]at$ by h& or foot4 ,! rov+s at "o end 7 atta*$ to ! sp9dles & _! opposite portions held toge!r & drawn out by a clasp held 9 ! h&4 ,:5 ! ?read y>n 0 drawn out suffici5tly x 0 w\nd ^u ! sp9dles by a rev]se movem5t ( ! :eel4 ,?us f9ally 7 means provid$ to supply ! dem& = ! weft y>ns4 ,"o p]son ) "o ( ,h>greaves' ma*9es c\ld 9 ! same "t sp9 z mu* z tw5ty or ?irty p]sons ) _! :eels4 ,b ^? :o 7 to be mo/ b5efit$ by ! inv5tion 7 ! mo/ al>m$1 = fe> ( ! de/ruction ( _! bus9ess1 & !y arose 9 _! wra?1 & demoli%$ ,h>greaves' lab\rs4 ,x 0 a h>d "t = inv5tors4 ,! law ( ,engl& !n 0 t pat5ts 7 invalid if ! inv5tion 0 made kn[n be=e ! pat5t 0 appli$ =1 & "p ( ! public insi/$ on demoli%+ ! inv5tion if x 0 s made kn[n1 s t to avoid ! law & ! lawless ! h>ass$ inv5tors kept & work$ _! inv5tions 9 secret z long z !y c\ld4 ,h>greaves fl$ to ,nott+ham1 :]e works 7 soon />t$ ) 8 sp9n+ j5nys4 ,! ideas ( ,kay1 ,wyatt & ,h>greaves are said to h be5 anticipat$ 9 ,italy4 ,!re 7 mak]s ( clo?s at ,flor5ce1 & also 9 ,spa9 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 :o 7 f> 9 advance ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* 9 ?is art1 b ! descriptions ( ma*9]y employ$ by !m are too vague & scanty to su/a9 ! allegation4 ,& n[ ! long ice age ( h& work+ 0 break+ up1 & ! age ( ma*9e production 0 fa/ sett+ 94 ,h>greaves 0 9 ! mid/ ( 8 tr\bles & 8 e>ly triumphs1 9 #agfe-agfi1 :5 ,ri*>d ,arkwright ent]$ ! field4 ,arkwright1 fir/ a b>b]1 & !n a travell+ buy] ( hair1 & f9ally a knight1 le>n$1 z he travell$ ?r\gh ,lanca%ire1 ,li*field1 ,blackburn & ,nott+ham1 ( ! inv5tions & lab\rs ( ,wyatt1 ,kay & ,h>greaves4 ,possess$ z he 0 ( "s me*anical skill & inv5tive g5ius1 & realis+ t ! h>ve/ 0 ripe & ! lab\r]s few1 ent]$ ! field ( inv5tions1 & ) ! help ( ,kay1 reviv$ ! old ideas ( ,john ,wyatt & ,lewis ,paul ( sp9n+ by roll]s1 :i* _h n[ slumb]$ = ?irty ye>s4 ,kay & ,arkwright con/ruct$ a work+ model1 & on ?is ,arkwright by h>d pu%+ & h>d "w obta9$ capital1 & improv$1 complet$ & pat5t$ 8 ma*9e4 ,! ma*9e 0 fir/ us$ by him 9 a mill erect$ at ,nott+ham & work$ by horses2 !n at ,crom=d1 & 9 ?is mill ! p[] us$ to drive ! sp9n+ ma*9e 0 a wat] :eel4 ,8 inv5tion 0 !re=e giv5 ! "n ( ! wat] frame1 :i* x reta9$ long aft] /eam _h be5 sub/itut$ = wat] z ! driv+ p[]4 ,x 0 also nam$ ! ?ro/le1 f ! fact t x gave a humm+ or s++ s\nd :ile at "w2 b x is commonly kn[n z ! draw+ frame4 ,arkwright pat5t$ useful improvem5ts4 ,he _h to cont5d ) mobs & ) ! c\rts1 :i* comb9$ to de/roy 8 ma*9es & 8 pat5t1 b he f9ally succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ mills1 & 9 e>n+ f ! ,gov]nm5t1 manufactur]s1 & ! public a great & well-m]it$ munific5ce4 ,x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce t ,watt's /eam eng9e pat5t & ,arkwright's fir/ pat5t = 8 sp9n+ ma*9e 7 issu$ 9 ! same ye>--#agfi4 ,! new era ( inv5tion 0 dawn+ fa/4 ,!n1 9 #aggf1 came ,samuel ,crompton ( ,bolton1 :o inv5t$ a comb9ation ( ! j5ny ( ,h>greaves & ! roll] wat] frame ( ,arkwright1 & to di/+ui% 8 inv5tion f ! o!rs he nam$ x ! 8mule40 ,! mule 0 a c>riage on :eels to :i* ! sp9dles 7 atta*$4 ,:5 ! mule 0 drawn out "o way on its frame ! rov+s 7 drawn f bobb9s ?r\gh roll]s on a /ation>y frame1 /ret*$ & twi/$ into ?reads1 & !n z ! mule 0 run back ! spun ?reads 7 w\nd on spools on ! sp9dles4 ,! mule entirely sup]s$$ ! use ( ! j5ny4 ,not)/&+ ! advantage 9 names ! mule did m delicate "w ?an ! j5ny4 ,x avoid$ ! cont9u\s /ret* on ! ?read ( ! j5ny by fir/ complet+ ! ?read & !n w9d+ x4 ,crompton's mule 0 mov$ back & =? by h&4 ,rob]ts subsequ5tly made x self-act+4 ,next1 foll[$ 9 ,engl& ! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,c>twright1 :o1 turn+ 8 att5tion to looms1 inv5t$ ! fir/ loom run by ma*9]y1 ! fir/ p[] loom1 #aghd-he4 ,!n ! riot]s turn$ on him1 & he exp]i5c$ ! same att5tions receiv$ by ,h>greaves & ,arkwright4 ,! ignorance ( ages di$ 9 ?is bran* ( human progress1 z x (t5 dies 9 o!rs1 ) a viol5t wr5*4 ,b ! age ( /eam _h at la/ come1 & ) x ! sp9n+ ma*9e1 ! p[] loom1 ! pr9t+ press1 & ! discov]y among m5 ( ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 _! fre$om to ex]cise su* p[]s1 & _! "r to possess ! fruits ( _! lab\rs4 ,! complet$ inv5tions ( ,arkwright & o!rs1 comb9$ ) ,watt's /eam eng9e1 revolutionis$ trade1 & result$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( mills & factories4 ,a ?\s& sp9dles :irl$ :]e "o humm$ be=e4 ,! factory life :i* drew ! wom5 & girls f _! c\ntry homes to heat$1 & closely occupi$1 ill v5tilat$ build+s )9 t[n limits1 01 h[ev]1 n reg>d$ z an improvem5t 9 ! matt] ( heal?2 & x 0 a long "t be=e mills 7 con/ruct$ & op]at$ ) ! view to ! correction ( ?is evil4 ,! great increase 9 dem& = cotton produc$ by ^! ma*9e inv5tions c\ld n h be5 met _h x n be5 = ,eli ,:itney's inv5tion ( ! saw g9 9 ,am]ica 9 #agic4 ,! clean+ ( ! se$ f ! cotton accompli%$ by ?is ma*9e produc$ z great a revolution 9 ! culture ( cotton 9 ,am]ica z ! inv5tions ( ,arkwright & o!rs accompli%$ 9 sp9n+ & weav+ 9 ,engl&4 ,am]ica _h also le>n$ ( ,arkwright's ma*9]y4 ,samuel ,slat]1 a =m] employee ( ,arkwright1 introduc$ x to ,rhode ,isl& 9 #aghi1 & built a great cotton mill !re 9 #agic4 ,o!rs foll[$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,)9 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! introduction ( ,arkwright's ma*9es 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re 7 a hundr$ mills !re ) a hundr$ ?\s& sp9dles4 ,z has be5 said1 x 0 cu/om>y = weav]s to make ! w>p on _! looms at "o place1 & ! sp9n]s to furni% ! y>ns = ! weft f _! homes1 & ev5 aft] ! sp9n+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$ ! sp9n+ & weav+ 7 done at sep>ate places4 ,x rema9$ = ,francis ,c4 ,l[ell ( ,bo/on1 :o _h be5 /udy+ ! art ( sp9n+ & weav+ 9 ,engl& & ,scotl& & ! inv5tions ( ,arkwright & ,crompton1 to e/abli% 9 #ahac at ,wal?am1 ,mass41 ) ! aid ( ,paul ,moody1 ma*9i/1 ! fir/ factory 9 ! _w :]e9 7 comb9$ "u "o ro( all ! processes = conv]t+ cotton into clo?4 ,! task ( ! c5tury 9 ?is art has be5 to greatly ext5d ! dom9ion ( ma*9]y 9 ! treatm5t ( cotton & wool 9 all /ages1 f ! reception ( ! raw mat]ial at ! door ( ! factory to its f9al completion 9 ! =m ( ! *oice/ clo?1 & to increase ! capacity ( ma*9es suffici5tly to meet an ev]-increas+ & enorm\s consumption4 ,!re are f tw5ty to =ty sep>ate & di/9ct op]ations p]=m$ bo? 9 sp9n+ & weav+ & ! completion ( a piece ( clo? f cotton or wool1 & ne>ly all ( ^! op]ations are accompli%$ by ma*9]y4 ,! c5tury's improvem5ts & inv5tions 9 ma*9es = treat+ & sp9n+ cotton comprise ma*9es = fir/ op5+ & te>+ ! matt$ mass ap>t z x is tak5 f ! bales1 !n clean+1 c>d+1 draw+1 rov+1 /ret*+1 sp9n+1 w9d+1 d\bl+1 dress+1 w>p+1 weav+1 etc4 ,=m]ly1 ! op5+ ma*9es 7 simply cyl9d]s arm$ ) spikes1 to :i* ! cotton 0 l$ ?r\gh nipp+ roll]s1 & !n deliv]$ 9 a loose1 fluffy condition4 ,:5 su* a ma*9e 0 associat$ ) a bl[+ ma*9e to bl[ out ! du/ & cleanse ! fibre1 ! loose & scatt]$ condition 9 :i* ! cotton 0 left gave rise to a great dang] f fire1 & de/ructive fires (t5 occurr$4 ,! object ( ! lat] op5+ ma*9]y is to conf9e ! cotton )9 a cas+ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! ma*9e1 dur+ :i* passage x is ?or\ghly /ret*$1 beat5 & bl[n & !n roll$ into a cont9u\s %eet or lap4 ,at ! same "t1 by nice devices1 x is ev5$1 t is1 fre$ f all knots1 & made ( uni=m ?ickness1 :ile a c]ta9 quantity only ( cotton ( kn[n weight is all[$ to pass ?r\gh to con/itute ! requir$ lap4 ,f9ally ! lap is w\nd ^u a roll]1 :i* :5 fill$ is remov$ to ! c>d]4 ,al?\gh ! cotton is n[ a :ite1 s(t1 clean1 d[ny %eet1 /ill ! fibres cross ea* o!r 9 e direction1 & !y require to be /raight5$ & laid p>allel be=e ! sp9n+4 ,?is is done by c>d+4 ,paul1 ,h>greaves1 ,rob]t ,peel1 & ,arkwright _h work$ 9 con/ruct+ a ma*9e to take ! place ( h& c>d+1 & x 0 f9ally r$uc$ by ,arkwright1 t[>ds ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 to its pres5t =m & pr9ciple4 ,b to make ^? n>r[1 ribbon-l1 clean1 long l9es ( roll$ cotton1 kn[n z sliv]s1 by ma*9]y ) great] precision & uni=mity ?an is possible by h&1 & ) a ?\s& times great] rapidity1 has be5 ! "w ( _m inv5tors at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ma*9e c>ds are cyl9d]s clo!d ) lea!r & provid$ ) sep>ate sets ( sl5d]1 %>p1 b5t f+]s4 ,! diff]5t c>ds are arrang$ to move pa/ ea* o!r 9 opposite directions1 s z to cat* & dis5tangle ! fibres4 ,flat1 ov]head /ation>y c>ds are also us$ ?r\gh :i* ! cotton is c>ri$4 ,z "o op]ation ( c>d+ is n suffici5t = mo/ purposes ! cotton is subject$ to "o or m successive c>d+s4 ,s +5i\s is ! /ructure 9 "s ( its p>ts t z ! /ream ( cotton passes on1 any exi/+ knots d n fail to excite ! att5tion ( ! ma*9e1 :i* at once arre/s !m & holds !m until dis5tangl$4 ,9 connection ) ! c>ds1 comb]s & /ripp]s are us$ to assi/ 9 fur!r clean+ & /raight5+ ! fibre1 :i* is f9ally remov$ f ! c>ds & ! combs by ! d(f]4 ,! cotton is /ripp$ f ! d(f] by ! d(f] knife & 9 ! =m ( delicate1 flat n>r[ ribbons1 :i* are drawn ?r\gh a small funnel to consolidate !m1 & f9ally deliv]$ 9 a coil$ =m into a tall t9 c4 ,! mat]ial is !n c>ri$ to a draw+ frame1 :i* takes ! spongy sliv]s1 &1 c>ry+ !m ?r\gh successive sets ( roll]s mov+ at increas$ spe$1 elongates1 equalises1 /raight5s & 8d\bles0 !m1 & f9ally cond5ses !m into two or m rolls by pass+ ! same ?r\gh a trumpet-%ap$ funnel4 ,z ! y>ns /ill ne$ to be twi/$1 !y are pass$ ?r\gh a rov+ frame simil> to a draw+ frame4 ,an +5i\s device connect$ ) ! w9d+ ( ! rov+ y>ns ^u bobb9s may be "h not$4 ,=m]ly ! bobb9s on :i* ! y>ns 7 w\nd increas$ 9 spe$ z !y 7 fill$1 ?us endang]+ & (t5 break+ ! ?read1 & at all times increas+ ! t5sion4 ,9 #ahbc ,asa ,arnold ( ,rhode ,isl& inv5t$ 8a diff]5tial motion0 by :i* ! velocity ( ! bobb9 is kept uni=m4 ,! rov+ hav+ be5 r$uc$ to prop] size = ! int5d$ numb] ( y>ns1 n[ goes to ! sp9n+ ma*9e1 to /ill fur!r draw out ! ?reads & give to !m a m uni=m twi/ & t5uity4 ,! sp9n+ ma*9e is simply an improv$ =m ( ,crompton's mule1 already describ$4 ,great z h be5 ! improvem5ts 9 _m matt]s 9 sp9dle /ructure1 ! draw+1 ! /ret*+ & ! twi/+ /ill rema9 fundam5tally ! same 9 pr9ciple z 9 ! s++ ?ro/le ( ,arkwright & ! /eady mule ( ,crompton4 ,& yet s great & rapid has be5 ! advancem5t ( inv5tions z to details & to meet ! great dem&1 t ! ma*9]y ( half a c5tury ago has be5 almo/ entirely disc>d$ & supplant$ by diff]5t types4 ,a great improvem5t on ! sp9n+ frame ( ! #ah? c5tury is ! r+ frame inv5t$ by ,j5ks4 ,9 ?is ! sp9dles1 arrang$ v]tically 9 ! frame1 are driv5 by b&s f a c5tral cyl9d]1 & project ?r\gh ap]tures 9 a horizontal b>4 ,a flang$ ridge ar\nd ea* ap]ture =ms a r+ & af=ds a track = a little /eel hoop call$ a travell]1 :i* is sprung ov] ! r+4 ,! travell] guides ! ?read on to ! spool4 ,z ! sp9dles revolve1 ! ?read pass+ ?r\gh ! travell] revolves x rapidly1 & ! horizontal b> ris+ & fall+ has ! effect ( w9d+ ! y>n alt]nately & regul>ly ^u ! spools4 ,! bobb9s ( ! sp9dle frame 7 f\nd n l>ge en\gh to conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( y>n to p]mit ( a long cont9u\s op]ation :5 ! w>p came to be appli$1 & besides !re 7 occasional defects 9 ! ?read :i* c\ld n be detect$ until x broke1 if ! y>n 0 us$ directly f ! bobb9s4 ,s to save mu* "t & tr\ble spool+ ma*9es 7 inv5t$ :i* w9d ! y>n f ! bobb9s hold+ #abjj to #ahjj y>ds1 to l>ge spools1 ea* hold+ #ah1jjj to #bj1jjj y>ds2 & !n by pass+ ! y>n ?r\gh f9e slots 9 guides :i* lead to ! spool1 lumps or weak places1 :i* w\ld break ! y>ns at ! guide1 c\ld at once be discov]$ & ! y>n reti$ firmly1 s t !re w\ld be no fur!r break+ 9 ! w>p]4 ,aft] ! y>n is f9ally spool$ x is f\nd t its surface is /ill r\gh & cov]$ ) fuzz4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 t x %all be smoo!d out & be giv5 some:at ( a lu/re be=e weav+4 ,^! f9al op]ations are p]=m$ by ! w>p+ & dress+ ma*9es4 ,9 ! w>p+ ma*9e ! ?reads are drawn betwe5 roll]s1 ! t5sion ( :i* c be regulat$1 & !n ?r\gh a 8re$10 a comb-%ap$ device :i* sep>ates ! ?reads1 & !n f9ally w\nd ^u a l>ge cyl9d]4 ,9 ?is ma*9e a device is also arrang$ :i* op]ates to /op ! ma*9e at once if any ?read is brok54 ,:5 ! cyl9d] is fill$ x is !n tak5 to ! dress]1 :i* 9 its mod]n & useful =m is kn[n z ! 8slu%]10 by :i* ! y>ns are drawn ?r\gh hot />*1 ! sup]flu\s />* squeez$ out1 & ! y>ns1 kept sep>at$ all ! "t1 dri$ by pass+ !m ar\nd l>ge dry+ cyl9d]s1 or ?r\gh a clos$ box heat$ by /eam pipes1 & !n w\nd ^u ! loom beam or cyl9d]4 ,9 weav+1 z 9 sp9n+1 h[ev] advanc$1 complicat$ & improv$ ! means may be beyond ! h& me?ods & simple looms ( pa/ ages1 ! g5]al pr9ciples 9 ! process are /ill ! same4 ,^! means1 g5]ally & broadly speak+1 consi/ ( a frame = two sets ( ?reads1 a roll]1 call$ ! w>p beam1 = receiv+ & hold+ ! ?reads :i* =m ! w>p1 a clo? beam ^u :i* ! clo? is w\nd z x is wov51 ! w>p ?reads1 be+ fir/ laid p>allel1 c>ri$ f ! w>p beam & atta*$ to ! clo? beam2 means call$ h$dles1 :i* ) _! mov+ frames con/itute 8a h>ness10 consi/+ ( a set ( v]tical /r+s or rods hav+ c5tral loops ?r\gh :i* ! ?reads are pass$1 two or m sets ( :i* receive alt]nate ?reads1 & by ! reciprocation ( :i* ! ?reads are sep>at$ into sets1 decussat$1 =m+ betwe5 !m :at is call$ a %$ ?r\gh :i* ! %uttle is ?r[n2 means = ?r[+ ! %uttle2 & means1 call$ ! batt51 lay or la!1 = =c+ or pack+ ! weft tight into ! angle =m$ by ! op5$ w>p & s r5d]+ ! fabric tight & compact1 & !n ! motive p[] = turn+ ! clo? beam & w9d+ ! clo? z fa/ z complet$4 ,x is along ^! l9es t ! inv5tors h wr\ght _! m>vell\s *anges f h& to p[] looms4 ,prior to #ahjj1 9 ! weav+ ( figures into clo?s1 x 0 cu/om>y to employ boys to pull ! cords 9 ! loom h>ness 9 ord] to arrange ! col\r$ ?reads 9 _! relative positions4 ,9 t ye> appe>$ at ! front ,joseph ,m>ie ,jacqu>d1 a ,fr5* me*anician & native ( ,lyons1 ^: p>5ts 7 weav]s1 a prolific inv5tor 9 8 y\?1 a wayw>d w&]] aft] =tune & a wife1 a soldi] 9 ! ,revolution1 los+ a son fight+ by 8 side1 ek+ out a poor liv+ ) 8 wife's help at /raw weav+1 f9ally employ$ by a silk manufactur]1 & :ile ?us engag$1 produc+ t loom :i* has ev] s9ce be5 kn[n by 8 "n4 ,?is loom 0 p]sonally inspect$ by ,napoleon1 :o rew>d$ ! inv5tor ) hon\rs & a p5sion4 ,x 0 !n demoli%$ by a mob & its inv5tor revil$1 b x aft]w>d became ! pride ( ,lyons & ! means ( its r5[n & weal? 9 ! weav+ ( silks ( ri* designs4 ,! lead+ feature ( ! ,jacqu>d loom consi/s ( a *a9 ( p]=at$ patt]n c>ds made to pass ov] a drum1 ?r\gh :i* c>ds c]ta9 ne$les pass1 caus+ c]ta9 ?reads ( ! w>p to rise & fall1 accord+ to ! holes 9 ! c>ds1 & ?us admitt+ at c]ta9 places 9 ! w>p col\r$ weft ?reads ?r[n by ! %uttle1 & reproduc+ ! patt]n :i* is p]=at$ 9 ! c>ds4 ,! ,jacqu>d device c\ld be appli$ to any loom1 & x work$ a revolution 9 ! manufacture ( figur$ goods4 ,! complexity & exp5siv5ess ( ,jacqu>d's loom 7 greatly r$uc$ by subsequ5t improvem5ts4 ,9 #ahed ,m4 ,bonelli con/ruct$ an electric loom 9 :i* ! c>ds ( ! ,jacqu>d app>atus are sup]s$$ by an endless b& ( t9-foil$ pap]1 :i* s]ves z an electrical conductor to op]ate ! w>p ?read ne$les1 :i* be=e _h ea* be5 actuat$ by a spiral spr+4 ,! ,jacqu>d loom 0 also greatly improv$ by ! ,engli% inv5tors1 ,b>l[1 ,taylor1 ,m>ta9 & o!rs4 ,radcliffe & ,johnson1 also ( ,engl&1 _h inv5t$ & introduc$ ! ma*9es = dress+ ! y>ns 9 "o op]ation be=e ! weav+2 ,horrocks & ,m>sl& ( ,/ockport greatly improv$ ! adaptation ( /eam to ! driv+ ( looms1 & ,rob]ts ( ,man*e/] made /rik+ advances 9 _! me*anical p>ts & 9 br++ !m to _! pres5t /ate ( wond]ful effici5cy4 ,9 ,am]ica1 9 #ahcf1 ,george ,crompton ( ,taunton1 ,massa*usetts1 comm5c$ a s]ies ( inv5tions 9 p[] looms = ! manufacture ( fancy wooll5 goods1 & 9 ! details ( su* looms g5]ally1 p>ticul>ly 9 increas+ ! spe$ ( ! %uttle1 :i* va/ly increas$ ! production ( su* goods & gave to 8 looms a _w-wide reputation4 ,e4 ,b4 ,bigel[ ( ,massa*usetts 9 #ahdh inv5t$ a p[] loom1 :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,exhibition at ,london 9 #ahea1 & a/oni%$ ! _w by 8 exhibition ( c>pets sup]ior to any wov5 by h&4 ,by ! lat] improvem5ts1 & ! aid ( /eam p[]1 a s+le ,am]ican ,bigel[ c>pet loom c turn out n[ "o hundr$ y>ds ( ,brussels c>pet 9 a day1 f> sup]ior 9 quality to any c>pet :i* c\ld possibly be made by h&1 :5 a man toil$ pa9fully to produce five y>ds a day4 ,mr4 ,bigel[ 0 also a pione] inv5tor ( p[] ma*9es = weav+ coa* lace1 & cotton *ecks & g+hams4 ,james ,lyall ( ,new ,york inv5t$ a p[] loom applicable ei!r to ! weav+ ( v wide & heavy fabrics1 su* z jute canvas = ! f\ndation ( floor oil clo?1 or to fabrics made ( ! f9e/ & mo/ delicate y>ns4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 if space p]mitt$1 to describe ! great v>iety ( ma*9es t h be5 inv5t$ = dress+1 f9i%+ & treat+ clo?s aft] !y are wov53 ,! teasl+ ma*9e1 by :i* ! nap ( wooll5 clo? is rais$2 ! clo? dry+ ma*9e1 ) heat$ roll]s1 ov] :i* ! clo? is pass$ to drive (f ! moi/ure acquir$ 9 dye+1 wa%+1 etc41 ! clo? pr9t+1 figur+1 col\r+ & emboss+ ma*9es1 ) engrav$ cyl9d]s2 clo? press+ & creas+ ma*9es1 & ! clo? cutt+ ma*9es = cutt+ ! clo? into /rips ( all l5g?s1 or = cutt+ piles ( clo? 9 a s+le op]ation into p>ts ( g>m5ts correspond+ to ! pre>rang$ patt]n2 ma*9es = mak+ felt clo?1 & /amp+ or m\ld+ diff]5t articles ( app>el f felt1 etc41 etc4 ,= ! mak+ ( ribbons & o!r k9d ( n>r[ w>e1 ! ne$le p[] loom has be5 inv5t$1 9 :i* ! f9e weft ?read is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! web by a ne$le in/ead ( a %uttle4 ,?is adaptation ( ! ne$le to looms has plac$ ribbons )9 ! rea* ( ! poor z well z ! ri* girl4 ,:at a comp>ison betwe5 ! "w ( ! virtu\s ,p5elopes & ! weav]s ( a c5tury ago & to-day6 ,!n ) h] :eel1 & by walk+ to & f x z ! y>n 0 drawn out1 & w\nd up1 a maid5 c\ld sp9 twelve ske9s ( ?read 9 t5 h\rs1 produc+ a ?read a little m ?an ?ree miles 9 l5g?1 :ile ! l5g? ( h] walk to & fro 0 ab\t five miles4 ,n[ "o ,p5elope c att5d to six or eight hundr$ sp9dles1 ea* ( :i* sp9s five ?\s& y>ds ( ?read a day1 or1 ) ! eight hundr$ sp9dles1 f\r million y>ds1 or ne>ly tw5ty-"o hundr$ miles ( ?read 9 a day1 :ile %e ne$ n walk at all4 ,x 0 :5 ! weav] ?rew ! %uttle ?r\gh ! w>p by h& t ,job's exclamation1 8,my days are l a weav]'s %uttle0 0 an appropriate text on ! brevity ( human life4 ,x may be j z appropriate n[1 b f> m /rik+1 :5 x is realis$ t ma*9es n[ ?r[ ! %uttle "o hundr$ & eighty times a m9ute1 or ?ree times a second4 ,fly+ z fa/ z x does1 :5 ! %uttle becomes exhau/$ ( y>n a late inv5tion pres5ts a new bobb9 & a new supply ( y>n to ! %uttle )\t /opp+ ! ma*9e4 ,z to knitt+1 ! c5tury has se5 ! day pass :5 all hosi]y 0 knit by h&4 ,fir/1 ma*9es 7 inv5t$ = knitt+ ! leg or ! foot ( ! /ock+1 :i* 7 !n jo9$ by h&1 & !n came ma*9es t made ! /ock+ complete4 ,! social indu/ry s quietly b sl[ly foll[$ by ! good wom5 9 _! *imney corn]s ) _! knitt+ ne$les1 by :i* a woman might possibly knit a pair a day1 0 succe$$ a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago by ma*9es1 twelve ( :i* c\ld be att5d$ to by a boy1 :i* w\ld knit & complete five ?\s& pairs a week4 ,su* a ma*9e comm5ces ) ! /ock+ at ! top1 knits d[n1 wid5+ & n>r[+1 *anges ! /it* z x goes on to ! heel1 %apes ! heel1 & f9i%es at ! end ( ! toe1 all "o ?read1 & !n x recomm5ces ! op]ation & goes on ) ano!r & ano!r4 ,fancy /ock+s1 ) num]\s col\rs bl5d$1 are s knit1 & if ! y>n holds out a mile ( /ock+s may be ?us knit1 )\t a break & )\t an att5dant4 ,by ^! ma*9es ! a/\nd+ result 0 rea*$ ( mak+ ! /ock+s at ! co/ ( "o-six? ( a mill p] pair4 ,! wond]ful r$uction 9 ! co/ ( all k9ds ( textile fabrics due to ! p]fection ( sp9n+ & loom me*anisms1 & its p[] to meet ! result+ enorm\s increase 9 dem&1 has enabl$ ! poor ( to-day to be clad bett] & ) a f> great] v>iety ( app>el ?an x 0 possible = ! ri* a hundr$ ye>s ago2 & ! increas$ consumption & dem& h br\ght into ^! fields ( lab\r1 & into o!r fields ( lab\r creat$ by ^!1 great armies ( m5 & wom51 not)/&+ ! lab\r-sav+ devices4 ,! wants ( ! _w c no long] be suppli$ by skill$ h& lab\r4 ,& x is bett] t ma*9es d ! skill$ lab\r1 if ! product is increas$ :ile made bett] & *eap]1 & ! numb] ( lab\r]s 9 ! end increas$ by ! developm5t & dem&s ( ! art4 ,among ! rec5t devices is "o :i* disp5ses ) ! exp5sive & skilful "w by h& ( draw+ ! w>p ?reads into ! eyes ( ! h$dles & ?r\gh ! re$ ( ! loom4 ,cane-back$ & bottom$ *airs & l\nges only a few ye>s ago 7 a luxury ( ! ri* & made sl[ly by h&4 ,n[ ! op5 me% cane fabric1 hav+ diagonal /r&s1 & o!r v>ieties1 are made rapidly by ma*9]y4 ,turki% c>pets are wov51 & floors ! _w ov] are c>pet$ ) ^? ri* mat]ials ! sight ( :i* w\ld h a/oni%$ ! ord9>y behold] a half c5tury ago4 ,matt+ is wov52 wire1 cane1 /raw1 spun glass2 9 fact1 ev]y?+ t c be wov5 by h& into useful articles n[ f9ds its especially con/ruct$ ma*9e = weav+ x4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,g>m5ts4 8,man is a tool-us+ animal4 ,weak 9 himself1 & ( small /ature1 he /&s on a basis1 at mo/ = ! flatte/-sol$1 ( "s half squ>e foot1 insecurely en\gh2 has to /raddle out 8 legs le/ ! v w9d supplant him4 ,feeble/ ( bip$s6 ,?ree qu9tals are a cru%+ load = him2 ! /e] ( ! mead[ tosses him al(t1 l a wa/e rag4 ,nev]!less he c use tools1 c devise tools2 ) ^! ! granite m\nta9 melts into light du/ be=e him2 he kneads gl[+ iron z if x 7 pa/e2 seas are 8 smoo? highway1 w9ds & fire 8 unwe>y+ /e$s4 ,n[h]e d y f9d him )\t tools2 )\t tools he is no?+1 ) tools he is all4444 ,man is a tool-us+ animal1 ( :i* tru?1 clo!s are b "o example40--,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! records ( man's a*ievem5ts to f9d ! beg9n+s ( inv5tions1 we discov] ! glimm]+ ( a *ange 9 ! =m ( ! immemorial ne$le1 9 an ,engli% pat5t grant$ to ,*>les ,f4 ,weis5?al1 ,june #bd1 #agge4 ,x 0 a ne$le ) a c5trally locat$ eye1 & ) bo? ends po9t$1 design$ = embroid]y "w by h&1 & ! object ( ! two po9ts 0 to prev5t ! turn+ ( ! ne$le end = end aft] its passage ?r\gh ! clo?4 ,b x 0 n until ! #ai? c5tury t ! idea 0 r$uc$ to practice 9 sew+ ma*9es4 ,to ,?omas ,sa9t1 a cab9et mak] by trade1 ( ,gre5hills ,r5ts1 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,sepul*re1 ,middlesex ,c\nty1 ,engl&1 ! _w is indebt$ = ! fir/ cle> conception ( a sew+ ma*9e4 ,sa9t's att5tion 0 attract$ to ! sl[ way ( sew+ boots & %oes & o!r lea!r "w1 s he det]m9$ to improve ! me?od4 ,he took out a pat5t ,septemb] #ag1 #agij1 & al?\gh ! g]ms ( "s ( ! lead+ p>ts ( ! mod]n sew+ ma*9e are !re describ$1 x does n appe> t 8 pat5t 0 appli$ to practice4 ,9 fact1 x slumb]$ 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,briti% pat5t (fice = two g5]ations1 & aft] ! lead+ sew+ ma*9es ( ! c5tury _h be5 inv5t$ & introduc$1 be=e x 0 r$iscov]$1 & its cont5ts appreciat$ 9 ! light ( m rec5t developm5ts4 ,probably ,sa9t's ma*9e1 if con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) 8 plans1 w\ld n h done mu* good "w1 c]ta9ly n ) wov5 clo?1 z he propos$ to employ a hook$ ne$le to c>ry a loop ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 :i* w\ld h be5 sn>l$ by ! clo? ?reads2 b f 8 draw+s & description x is cle>ly e/abli%$ t he 0 fir/ to conceive ( a v]tically reciprocat+ ne$le = =m+ a seam f a cont9u\s ?read drawn f a spool2 a seam 9 :i* ea* loop is lock$1 or en*a9$ ) a subsequ5t loop1 to =m :at is kn[n z ! *a91 or s+le ?read /it*2 & a horizontal slid+ plate1 to support ! mat]ial to be sew$1 & by :i* ! mat]ial 0 also mov$ sideways aft] ea* /it*4 ,may #cj1 #ahjd1 ,john ,duncan receiv$ an ,engli% pat5t = 8tambor+ on clo?40 ,he propos$ to employ a s]ies ( hook$ ne$les atta*$ 9 a /raight l9e to a horizontal b>1 :i*1 :5 ?read$1 7 fir/ ?ru/ =w>d & _! hook$ ends c>ri$ ?r\gh ! clo?1 :]e ea* ne$le hook 0 suppli$ ) a ?read by a ?read c>ri]4 ,!n ! motion ( ! b> 0 rev]s$1 :i* drew ! ?read back ?r\gh ! clo? 9 ! =m ( loops1 & ?r\gh ! loops fir/ =m$1 ?us produc+ a *a9 /it*4 ,! clo? 0 automatically %ift$ to correspond to ! patt]n to be produc$1 & ?us 0 *a9 /it* embroid]y fir/ manufactur$4 ,f ?is po9t ( "t successful embroid]y ma*9es 7 made4 ,9 #ahjg ano!r ,engli%man pat5t$ a ma*9e = mak+ a sort ( rope matt+1 9 :i* he describes two eye-po9t$1 ?read-c>ry+1 p]=at+ ne$les1 ea* held 9 a reciprocat+ ne$le b>1 & design$ to unite sev]al small ropes laid p>allel1 by a reciprocat+ movem5t4 ,a ,g]man publication1 ! ,kun/ & ,g5]be ,blatt1 = #ahag1 & ,k>m>s*'s ,hi/ory ( ,te*nology1 made m5tion ( a sew+ ma*9e inv5t$ by "o ,mr4 ,joseph ,mad]sp]g] ( ,vi5na1 =m]ly f ,kuef/e9 9 ! ,tyrol1 & = :i* he receiv$ royal lett]s pat5t 9 #ahad4 ,f ^! descriptions x appe>s ,mad]sp]g] us$ a ne$le po9t$ at bo? ends1 & ! eye 9 ! c5tre1 inv5t$ _m ye>s be=e by ,weis5?al1 z above /at$1 :i* 0 mov$ v]tically up & d[n1 pi]c+ alt]nately ! top & bottom ( ! /uff1 & :i* c>ri$ a %ort ?read1 en\gh to make ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty /it*es1 :i* ma*9e 0 driv5 by a crank & h&le1 on :i* sew+ 0 made ( _m diff]5t %ap$ =ms1 by slight *anges1 & :i* sew$ ) f> great] accuracy & rapidity ?an h& "w4 ,! inv5tor 0 /riv+ to simplify ! ma*9e1 b to :at ext5t x _h be5 us$ or _h be5 improv$1 or :at f9ally became ( x1 does n appe>4 ,yet x is a bit ( evid5ce %[+ t ,g]many came next to ,engl& 9 ! e>li] ideas1 conceptions (1 & /ruggles aft] a sew+ ma*9e4 ,france !n ent]$ ! li/1 & x 0 9 #ahcj t ,b>!lmy ,?imonni] !re produc$ & pat5t$ a sew+ ma*9e1 :i* he cont9u$ to improve & to fur!r pat5t 9 #ahdh & 9 #ahej 9 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,?imonni] resembl$ 9 "s prom95t respects ! ma*9e t _h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,sa9t pat5t1 b unlike ,sa9t's1 x 0 r$uc$ to successful practice1 & possess$ "s po9ts 9 common ) m mod]n ma*9es4 ,^! 7 ! flat clo? plate1 v]tical po/1 ov]hung arm1 v]tically reciprocat+ ne$le1 & cont9u\s ?read4 ,! cro*et or b>b$ ne$le 0 work$ by a treadle1 & ^u pu%+ ! ne$le d[n ?r\gh ! clo?1 x !re caught a ?read f a c>ri]1 c>ri$ ! loop to & laid x ^u ! upp] surface ( ! clo?4 ,aga9 desc5d+1 x br\ght up ano!r loop1 en*a9$ x ) ! "o la/ made1 mak+ a *a9 /it*1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( loops on ! upp] side4 ,?imonni] made q a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es1 con/ruct$ mo/ly ( wood1 & :i* 7 us$ to make army clo?+ at ,p>is4 ,!y 7 be/ adapt$ to "w on lea!r & 9 embroid]+4 ,!y 7 s f> successful z to ar\se ! jeal\sy & fe> ( ! workm5 & work+ wom51 &1 z 9 ! case ( ,h>greaves1 ,jacqu>d1 & o!rs1 a mob broke into 8 %op1 de/roy$ 8 ma*9es1 ru9$ 8 bus9ess1 & he di$ p5niless 9 #aheg4 ,9 ! meantime an ,engli% pat5t1 ,no4 #hidh1 ( ,may #d1 #ahda1 _h be5 issu$ to ,newton & ,ar*bold = a ma*9e = embroid]+ ! backs ( gloves1 hav+ an eye-po9t$ ne$le1 work$ by a vibrat+ lev]1 & adapt$ to c>ry a ?read ?r\gh ! back ( ! glove1 held on a frame--! frame & glove mov+ toge!r aft] ea* /it*4 ,! g]ms ( inv5tions (t5 develop & fructify simultane\sly 9 di/ant places1 )\t1 s f> z any "o c asc]ta91 ! slighte/ mutual k or co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! sep>ate inv5tors4 ,betwe5 #ahcb & #ahcd1 :ile ,?imonni] 0 9 ! mid/ ( 8 e>ly /ruggles 9 ,p>is1 ,walt] ,hunt 0 inv5t+ a sew+ ma*9e 9 ,new ,york1 :i* he complet$ at t "t & on :i* he sew$ "o or two g>m5ts4 ,b z x 0 exp]im5tal 9 =m1 & ,hunt 0 full ( o!r inv5tions & s*emes1 he put x aside1 & x probably w\ld nev] h be5 he>d ( _h n ,elias ,h[e ( ,massa*usetts1 t5 ye>s aft] ,hunt _h ab&on$ 8 inv5tion1 b )\t k ( ,hunt's ef=ts1 made ! fir/ practical successful sew+ ma*9e = comm]cial purposes ! _w _h ev] se51 obta9$ 8 pat5t1 & made claims !re9 :i* cov]$ n only 8 special =m ( improvem5ts1 b ,hunt's old device z well4 ,h[e's pat5t 0 issu$ ,septemb] #aj1 #ahdf4 ,9 t he claim$ to be ! fir/ & orig9al inv5tor ( 8,a sew+ ma*9e1 con/ruct$ & op]at$ to =m a seam1 sub/antially z describ$40 ,also 8,! comb9ation ( a ne$le & a %uttle1 or equival5t1 & hold+ surfaces1 con/ruct$ & op]at+ sub/antially z describ$40 ,also 8,! comb9ation ( hold+ surfaces ) a ba/] plate or equival5t1 con/ruct$ & op]at+ sub/antially z describ$40 ,also 8,a groov$ & eye-po9t$ ne$le1 con/ruct$ & adapt$ = rapid ma*9e sew+ sub/antially z describ$40 ,:5 ! ma*9e comm5c$ to be a practical success ?is pat5t 0 infr+$1 & :5 ,h[e su$ ^u x a few ye>s aft] its issue1 x woke up ,hunt & all o!r alleg$ prior inv5tors2 & all prior pat5ts & publications ! _w ov]1 relat+ to sew+ ma*9es1 7 rak$ up to defeat ,h[e's claims4 ,b ! c\rts1 aft] long delib]ation1 held t al?\gh1 s f> z ,hunt 0 conc]n$ he _h )\t d\bt made a ma*9e 9 _m respects l ,h[e's ma*9e1 t x _h a curv$1 eye-po9t$ ne$le simil> to ,h[e's op]at$ by a vibrat+ arm & go+ ?r\gh ! clo?1 a %uttle c>ry+ ! ?read t pass$ ?r\gh ! loop made by ! ne$le ?read1 ?us mak+ a lock /it* by draw+ x up to "o side ( ! clo?1 & t ?is ma*9e did1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 sew1 yet t x end$ 9 an exp]im5t1 0 laid aside1 de/roy$1 & nev] p]fect$ nor us$ s z to give to ! public ! k & b5efit ( a complet$ inv5tion1 & 0 n !re=e an anticipation 9 ! eye ( ! law ( ,h[e's complet$1 m successful & pat5t$ ma*9e4 ,public successful use is ! fact 9 _m cases :i* alone e/abli%es ! title ( an inv5tor1 :5 all o!r te/s fail4 ,& ?is is "r 9 "o s5se1 z ! laws ( all c\ntries 9 respect to protection by pat5ts = inv5tions are bas$ ^u ! prim>y condition ( b5efit to society4 ,?is b5efit is n d]iv$ f ! inv5tor :o hides 8 complet$ inv5tion = ye>s 9 8 closet1 or ?r[s x on a du/ heap4 ,z to previ\s pat5ts & publications1 "s 7 n publi%$ be=e ,h[e's inv5tions 7 made1 & o!rs 7 insuffici5t 9 %[+ sub/antially ! same ma*9e & mode ( op]ation4 ,& z to prior use abroad1 x 0 n reg>d$ "u ! law ( 8 c\ntry z compet5t evid5ce4 ,seldom h ! lives ( great inv5tors pres5t$ a m /rik+ example ( ! vicissitudes1 ! despair1 & ! f9al triumphs ( =tune1 :i* are commonly _! lot1 ?an is %[n 9 ! case ( ,h[e4 ,a ma*9i/ ) a wife & *ildr5 to support1 8 heal? too feeble to e>n h>dly a scanty liv+1 he wat*es 8 fai?ful wife ply h] con/ant ne$le1 & wond]s :y a ma*9e _c be made to d ! "w4 ,! idea _c be put aside1 & ) su* poor aids z he c comm& he comm5ces 8 task4 ,at la/1 amid ! trials ( bitt] pov]ty1 he br+s 8 inv5tion to t /age 9 :i* he induces a fri5d to advance "s money1 by ! promise ( a %>e 9 ! future pat5t1 & !reby ga9s a tempor>y home = 8 family & a g>ret = 8 work%op4 ,day aft] day & night aft] night he lab\rs1 & f9ally1 9 ,april1 #ahde1 ! r crude ma*9e is complet$1 & two wooll5 suits ( clo?+ are sew$ !reon1 "o = a fri5d1 & "o = himself4 ,!n came ! ef=t to make m ma*9es & place !m on ! m>ket4 ,p admir$ ! ma*9es z a curiosity1 b none 7 induc$ to buy !m or help him pecuni>ily4 ,f9ally1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 he obta9$ 8 pat5t1 b by t "t 8 be/ fri5ds _h become disc\rag$1 & he 0 compell$ to return ) 8 family to 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,to e>n 8 bread he s\ght & f\nd employm5t on a railway locomotive4 ,by "s means 8 bro!r sold "o ( 8 ma*9es to ,mr4 ,william ,?omas1 a corset mak] ( ,london1 & ,h[e 0 induc$ to g !re to make /ays1 & 8 ma*9es4 ,he took 8 wife & *ildr5 ) him4 ,! arrangem5t made ) 8 employ] 0 n su* z to enable him to keep 8 family !re1 & he soon s5t !m home4 ,unable to sell 8 ma*9es1 he 0 soon r$uc$ to want4 ,he pawn$ 8 pat5t & 8 la/ ma*9e1 & procur$ money to return to ,new ,york1 :]e he arriv$ p5niless 9 #ahdi4 ,he !n le>n$ t 8 wife 0 dy+ ( consumption at ,cambridge4 ,he 0 compell$ to wait until money c\ld be s5t him to pay 8 passage home1 & rea*$ !re j be=e 8 wife's dea?4 ,he !n le>n$ t dur+ 8 abs5ce 8 pat5t & ma*9e _h attract$ att5tion1 t o!rs _h tak5 ! matt] up1 add$ _! improvem5ts to 8 ma*9es1 & t _m 9 v>i\s places 7 be+ made & sold :i* 7 infr+em5ts ( 8 pat5t4 ,a great dem& = sew+ ma*9es _h sprung up4 ,he induc$ fri5ds to aga9 help him4 ,suits 7 comm5c$ :i*1 al?\gh bitt]ly f\ght = six ye>s1 7 f9ally successful4 ,n[ =tune turn$ h] smil+ face ^u him4 ,m$als & diplomas1 ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r1 & millions ( money became 84 ,:5 ! great civil w> broke out 9 #ahfa1 he ent]$ ! army z a private soldi]1 & advanc$ ! money to pay ! regim5t to :i* he belong$1 :5 ! ,gov]nm5t payma/] _h be5 long delay$4 ,8 life 0 sadd5$ by ! fact t 8 wife _h n liv$ to %>e 8 =tune4 ,he di$ 9 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york1 ,octob] #c1 #ahfg1 9 ! mid/ ( life1 ri*es1 & hon\r1 at ! comp>atively e>ly age ( =ty-eight4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! e>ly inv5tors ( sew+ ma*9es 9 ,am]ica :o ent]$ ! field ab\t ! same "t ) ,h[e1 m5tion %\ld be made ( ,j4 ,j4 ,gre5\gh & ,george ,corliss1 :o _h ma*9es pat5t$ respectively 9 #ahdb & #ahdc1 = sew+ lea!r1 ) d\ble po9t$ ne$les2 & ! runn+ /it* sew+ ma*9e us$ = ba/+1 made & pat5t$ by ,b4 ,w4 ,bean 9 #ahdc4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ma*9es _h be5 devis$ = sew+ l5g?s ( calico & o!r clo?s toge!r1 previ\s to blea*+1 dye+ or pr9t+4 ,! edges ( ! clo?s 7 fir/ crimp$ or flut$ & !n sew$ by a runn+ /it*4 ,! decade ( #ahdi-ahei1 imm$iately foll[+ ! developm5t ( ! ,h[e ma*9e1 0 ! greate/ 9 ! c5tury = produc+ ^? successful sew+ ma*9es :i* 7 ! f\ndation ( ! art1 e/abli%$ a new indu/rial epo*1 & conv]t$ ,hood's 8,song ( ! ,%irt0 into a lam5t commemorative ( ! mis]ies ( a slavi% b dy+ indu/ry4 ,x 0 dur+ t decade t1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,bat*ell] inv5t$ ! p]petual fe$ = mov+ ! clo? horizontally "u & pa/ ! ne$le4 ,9 ,h[e's ! clo? c\ld be sew$ b a c]ta9 di/ance at a "t1 & !n ! ma*9e mu/ be readju/$ = a new l5g?4 ,!n ,blodgett & ,l][ imp>t$ to ! eye-po9t$ ne$le :at is call$ ! 8dip motion10--! ne$le be+ made to desc5d completely ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 !n to rise a little to =m a loop2 ! %uttle !n ent]$ ! loop1 ! ne$le desc5d$ aga9 a %ort di/ance1 :ile ! %uttle pass$ ?r\gh ! loop ( ! ne$le ?read1 & !n ! ne$le 0 rais$ above ! clo?4 ,x 0 !n t ,all5 ,b4 ,wilson inv5t$ ! /ill m fam\s 8f\r-motion fe$0 = fe$+ ! clo? =w>d4 ,he employ$ a b> hav+ saw l tee? on "o edge :i* project$ up ?r\gh a slott$ plate & engag$ ! clo?4 ,he !n fir/ mov$ ! b> =w>d c>ry+ ! clo?2 second1 dropp$ ! b>2 ?ird1 mov$ x back "u ! plate2 & f\r?1 rais$ x to its fir/ position to aga9 engage ! clo?4 ,^! motions 7 s tim$ ) ! movem5t ( ! ne$le & s quickly done t ! clo? 0 c>ri$ =w>d :ile ! ne$le 0 rais$1 ! passage & quick action ( ! ne$le 0 n int]f]$ )1 & ! fe$+ & ! sew+ seem to be simultane\s4 ,! int]mitt5t grasp & fe$ ( ! clo? 7 h>dly p]ceptible1 & yet x p]mitt$ ! clo? to be turn$ to make a curv$ seam4 ,wilson also inv5t$ ! rotat+ hook :i* cat*es ! loop ( ! upp] ?read1 & drops a disk bobb9 ?r\gh x to =m ! /it*4 ,! %uttle 0 ?us disp5s$ )1 & an entirely new dep>ture 0 made 9 ! art4 ,^! ) o!r improvem5ts made up ! celebrat$ 8,:eel] & ,wilson0 ma*9e4 ,n[ also appe>$ 8! ,s+]10 consi/+ *iefly ( ! inv5tion ( ,t4 ,m4 ,s+]4 ,he improv$ ! op]ation ( ! ne$le b>1 devis$ a r\gh5$ fe$ :eel1 z a sub/itute = ,wilson's s]rat$ b>1 introduc$ a spr+ press] foot1 alongside ! ne$le1 to hold ! "w d[n 9 prop] position :ile p]mitt+ x to be mov$ =w>d or 9 any o!r direction4 ,a 8friction pad0 0 also plac$ betwe5 ! clo? seam & ! spool1 to prev5t ! ?read f k9k+ or twi/+ "u ! po9t ( ! desc5d+ ne$le4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to give ! %uttle an additional =w>d movem5t aft] x _h once /opp$1 to draw ! /it* tight1--su* op]ation be+ tak5 :ile ! fe$ mov$ ! clo? 9 ! rev]se direction1 & :ile1 ! ne$le complet$ its upw>d motion1 s t ! two ?reads 7 simultane\sly drawn1 & f9ally a spr+ guide ^u ! %uttle to control ! slack ( ! ?read1 & prev5t its cat*+ by ! ne$le4 ,by reason ( ^! improvem5ts x is ?\ght by _m t ,s+] 0 ! fir/ to furni% ! p ) a successful op]at+ & practical sew+ ma*9e4 ,at any rate1 ! _w at la/ s highly appreciat$ 8 ma*9es1 t x lift$ him f pov]ty to an e/ate :i* 0 valu$ at betwe5 eight & t5 millions ( doll>s at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahge4 ,s+] 0 also ! fir/ to inv5t ! 8ruffl]10 a ma*9e = ruffl+ or ga!r+ clo?1 & a device :i* laid an embroid]+ ?read ^u ! surface ( ! clo? "u ! ne$le ?read4 ,! 8,grov] & ,bak]0 ano!r celebrat$ ,am]ican ma*9e1 0 inv5t$ by ,william ,o4 ,grov] & ,william ,e4 ,bak] 9 #ahea4 ,by c]ta9 *anges !y made 9 ! ?read c>ri] & connections1 !y 7 enabl$ to make a d\ble loop$ /it*4 ,?is requir$ m ?read1 b ! /it* made 0 unexcell$ 9 /r5g?4 ,& s ! "w w5t on1 f /ep to /ep1 & f ! completion ( "o ma*9e aft] ano!r1 until :5 ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition came to be held 9 ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 a f9e array ( excell5t sew+ ma*9es 0 _h1 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 pr9cipally1 b also ^? ( inv5tors & manufactur]s 9 ,great ,brita91 ,canada1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,belgium1 ,sw$5 & ,d5m>k4 ,up to t "t ab\t tw5ty-two hundr$ pat5ts _h be5 grant$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 all ( :i*1 ) ! exception ( a v few1 7 = inv5tions made )9 ! prec$+ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,& dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury ab\t five ?\s& m ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts h be5 issu$ = devices 9 ?is art4 ,?is numb] includes _m1 ( c\rse1 to inv5tors ( o!r c\ntries4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ^! pat5ts 7 issu$ only aft] an exam9ation 9 ea* case z to its novelty1 & al?\gh slight z may h be5 ! *anges or additions1 yet sub/antially diff]5t !y mu/ h be5 9 ne>ly all respects1 x may to "s ext5t be realiz$ h[ great & incessant has be5 ! ex]cise ( inv5tion 9 ?is useful class ( ma*9es4 ,on ?is po9t ( ! ex]cise ( inv5tion 9 sew+ ma*9es1 z well z on "s o!rs gr[+ out ( ! subject1 ,knight1 writ+ 9 8 ,me*anical ,diction>y1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 rem>ks3 8,if requir$ to "n ! ?ree subjects on :i* ! mo/ extraord9>y v]satility ( inv5tion has be5 exp5d$1 ! answ] w\ld be )\t hesitation1 ! sew+ ma*9e1 reap+ ma*9e & bree*-load+ fire>m4 ,ea* ( ^! has ?\s&s ( pat5ts1 & al?\gh ea* is ! gr[? ( ! la/ =ty ye>s1 x is only dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s t !y h fill$ any notable place 9 ! _w4 ,x 0 !n only by a comb9ation ( tal5ts t any ( ^! ?ree important inv5tions 0 enabl$ to a*ieve rem>kable success4 ,! sew+ ma*9e previ\s to #ahea1 made )\t ! admirable division ( lab\r :i* is a feature 9 all well conduct$ factories1 0 h>d to make1 & comp>atively h>d to run4 ,! sy/em ( assembl+1 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! artill]y s]vice ( ,france by ,g5]al ,gribeauval 9 #agfe & br\ght to proximate p]fection by ,colonel ,colt 9 ! manufacture ( ! revolv] at ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 has economis$ mat]ial & "t1 improv$ ! quality z well z *eap5$ ! product4 ,!re is to-day1 & 9 fact has be5 = "s ye>s1 m actual inv5tion 9 ! special ma*9es = mak+ sew+ ma*9es ?an 9 ! ma*9es !mselves4 ,! assembl+ sy/em1 t is1 mak+ ! compon5t p>ts ( an article 9 di/9ct pieces ( patt]n1 s z to be int]*angeable1 & ! putt+ !m toge!r1 is ! only sy/em ( ord]4 ,h[ else %\ld ! ,provid5ce ,tool ,company execute _! ord] = #fjj1jjj rifles = ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t8 ,h[ o!rwise c\ld ! ,*ampion ,h>ve/+ ,ma*9e ,company ( ,spr+field1 ,ohio1 turn out an equipp$ ma*9e e f\r m9utes ea* work+ day ( t5 h\rs8 ,or1 to draw ! illu/ration f ! subject 9 h&1 h[ by any o!r ?an ! nice/ arrangem5t ( detail c ! ,s+] ,sew+ ,ma*9e ,company make #f1jjj ma*9es p] week at ,elizabe?port1 ,new ,j]sey80 ,:5 sew+ ma*9es 7 s f> complet$ z to be easily run by a h& crank1 or treadle1 ! application ( p[] to run !m s+ly1 or 9 s]ies1 & to run ma*9es ( a l>g] & m p[]ful description1 soon naturally foll[$--s t g>m5t-mak+ factories ( all k9ds1 :e!r ( clo? or lea!r1 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 _m c\ntries--9 :i* /eam or electric p[] is utilis$ z ! motor1 & ?us human /ra9 & lab\r sav$1 :ile ! am\nt ( production is increas$4 ,no radical *anges 9 ! pr9ciple or mode ( op]ation ( sew+ ma*9es h be5 made 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s2 b ! ef=ts ( inv5tors h be5 direct$ to improve ! previ\sly e/abli%$ types1 & to devise atta*m5ts ( all k9ds1 by ! aid ( :i* any?+ t c be sew$1 c be sew$ ^u a ma*9e4 ,tuck+1 ruffl+1 braid+1 cord+1 hemm+1 turn+1 plait+1 gag+1 & o!r atta*m5t devices are num]\s4 ,inv5tors h rivall$ "o ano!r 9 orig9at+ new =ms ( /it*es4 ,ab\t sev5ty-five di/9ct /it*es h be5 devis$1 ea* ( :i* mu/ ( c\rse be produc$ by a *ange 9 me*anism4 ,:5 sew+ ma*9es 7 9 _! infancy1 & conf9$ to sew+ /raight seams & o!r pla9 sew+1 x 0 pr$ict$ t x 0 n possible to take f ! h&s ( wom5 ! mak+ ( f9e embroid]y f intricate patt]ns1 or ! work+ ( button-holes1 & ! de/ruction ( ! quilt+ p>ty 0 n appreh5d$4 ,nor 0 x expect$ t human h&s c\ld be disp5s$ ) 9 ! cutt+ out ( g>m5ts4 ,& yet ^! ?+s h foll[$4 ,ma*9es1 by a beautiful b complex sy/em ( ne$les1 work+ to "s ext5t on ! ,jacqu>d sy/em ( p]=at$ c>d bo>ds1 & by ! help ( pneumatic or electrical p[]1 w "w out on mo/ delicate clo?s embroid]y ( exquisite patt]ns4 ,! button-hole ma*9es w take ! g>m5t1 cut ! button-hole at ! desir$ po9t1 & ei!r1 z 9 "o class ( ma*9es1 by mov+ ! fabric ab\t ! /it*-=m+ me*anism1 or1 z 9 ano!r class1 mov+ ! /it*-=m+ me*anism ab\t ! button-hole1 complete ! delicate task 9 ! nice/ & mo/ effective mann]4 ,quilt+ ma*9es h _! own bees1 consi/+ ( a guide :i* regulates ! spaces betwe5 ! seams1 & adju/s !m to any wid?1 & a s+le ne$le1 or gang ( ne$les1 ! latt] "u ! control ( cams :i* =ce ! ne$les to quilt c]ta9 desir$ patt]ns4 ,& z to cutt+1 x is only necess>y to place ! numb] ( pieces ( fabric desir$ to be cut 9 cutt+ dies1 or ^u a table1 & ov] !m an 8ov]-bo>d0 cutt]1 :i* comprises a reciprocat+ b&-saw1 or a rot>y knife1 all quick1 ke5 & delicate1 9 an app>atus guid$ by h&1 9 ord] to produce 9 ! op]ation a great pile ( ! p>ts =m]ly s sl[ly produc$1 "o at a "t1 by scissors or %e>s4 ,if m5 7 cont5t$ ) t s+le useful g>m5t ( "s savages1 a blanket ) a slit cut 9 x = ! passage ( ! head & neck1 n only w\ld a va/ portion ( ! joys & sorr[s ( social philosophy h be5 avoid$1 b an imm5se /ra9 & tr\ble on ! "p ( inv5tors ( ! c5tury w\ld h be5 obviat$4 ,b man's prop5sity = we>+ clo!s has l$ to ! inv5tion ( e v>iety ( tools = mak+ !m fa/]1 *eap]1 & bett]4 ,no ma*9e has yet be5 inv5t$ t w take ! place ( ! deft f+]s ( wom5 9 c]ta9 l9es ( ornam5tation1 z 9 f9al completion & trimm+ ( _! hats4 ,! airy & erratic dem&s ( fa%ion are too nimble to be suppli$ by ! sl[ processes ( ma*9]y1 al?\gh ! crude gr\nd-"w1 ! frame1 has be5 %ap$1 m\ld$ & sew$ by ma*9es2 & wom5 !mselves h inv5t$ & pat5t$ bonnet frames & patt]ns4 ,b no su* difficulty 9 inv5tion has occurr$ 9 hat-mak+ = m54 ,f ! treat+ & cutt+ ( ! raw mat]ial1 f ! out] b\nd edge1 & ! b& ab\t ! body1 to ! tip ( ! cr[n1 a ma*9e may be f\nd = p]=m+ ea* sep>ate /ep4 ,especially is ?is ! case ) ! h>d felt & ! high silk hats4 ,sev5ty-five ye>s ago ! mak+ ( hats 0 by h& processes4 ,n[ 9 all hat factories ma*9es are employ$1 & ! +5uity display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( "s ( !m is m>vell\s4 ,x is exce$+ly difficult to f9d _m ( ! old h& implem5ts exi/+ ev5 z relics4 ,wool & fur ea* has its special ma*9es = turn+ x into a hat4 ,! op]ations ( clean+ & prep>+ ! mat]ial1 felt+ ! fur1 :5 fur is us$1 %ap+ ! hat body1 & !n ! brim1 wa%+1 dy+1 h>d5+ & /iff5+ x1 /ret*+1 smoo?+1 f9i%+1 siz+1 l9+1 trimm+1 all are n[ done by ma*9es devis$ = ea* special purpose4 ,a description ( ^! processes w\ld be int]e/+1 b ev5 9 an abbreviat$ =m w\ld fill a book4 ,! wond]ful ?+s done 9 ! manufacture ( boots & %oes & rubb] goods w be ref]r$ to 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,al?\gh x 0 old f "t immemorial to col\r cotton goods1 & ! calico p[] pr9t+ cyl9d] 0 inv5t$ & introduc$ into ,engl& 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury & began to turn out at once imm5se quantities ( decorat$ calicoes & *9tz1 yet figur$ wov5 goods 7 a novelty sixty ye>s ago4 ,9 #ahcd1 ,mr4 ,bonjeau1 a prom95t wool manufactur] 9 ,s$an1 ,france1 & an lve ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 conceiv$ ! idea ( modify+ ! pla9 clo?s1 univ]sally made1 by ! union ( diff]5t t9ts & patt]ns4 ,?is he 0 enabl$ to d by ! ,jacqu>d loom4 ,! manufacture ( fancy wov5 clo?s1 cassim]es1 wor/$ coat+s1 etc41 ( great beauty1 comb9$ ) /r5g? ( fabrication1 foll[$ 9 all civilis$ c\ntries1 b _! univ]sal adoption z we>+ app>el 0 due 9 "p to ! less5+ ( ! exp5se 9 ! mak+ !m into g>m5ts by ! sew+ ma*9e4 ,z to ! effect ( mod]n inv5tions on we>+ app>el1 x is n app>5t t !y 7 necess>y to supply ! w>drobes ( ! ri*4 ,! ,solomons & ! ,que5 ( ,%eba ( anci5t days1 & all _! small & great successors 9 ! halls ( ,=tune1 h _h _! ri* robes1 _! purple & _! f9e l951 :e!r made 9 "o way or ano!r2 b mod]n inv5tions h bani%$ ! day :5 ! poor man's h>d lab\r ( a long day w n suffice to br+ 8 wife a y>d ( *eape/ clo?4 ,toil1 !n1 z h>d z he & 8 poor wife & *ildr5 might1 _! unit$ lab\rs w\ld h>dly suffice to clo! !m 9 m ?an ! poorly-dress$ sk9s ( animals & ! co>se/ ( homespun wool4 ,n[1 cottons & calicoes are made & sold at a pr(it = ?ree c5ts a y>d2 & ! poore/ woman 9 ! l& may appe> 9 neat1 com=table & ta/eful dress1 ! entire co/ ( mat]ial & labor ( :i* ne$ n exce$ fifty c5ts4 ,! com=t1 respectability & dignity ( a l>ge family1 :i* dep5d s mu* on clo!s1 may be ensur$ at ! co/ ( a few doll>s4 ,& z to ! condition ( ! sew+ woman1 try+ & poor z x is 9 _m in/ances1 yet %e c e>n m money ) less physical exhau/ion ?an "u ! old sy/em4 ,! epo* ( good clo!s = ! p1 ) all t x means 9 ! fight upw>d f degradation1 began 9 ?is c5tury1 & x 0 due to ! inv5tions :i* h be5 above outl9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,indu/rial ,,ma*9es4 ,"o inv5tion eng5d]s ano!r1 or co-op]ates ) ano!r4 ,none lives1 or /&s1 or dies1 alone4 ,s1 9 ! humble b ext5sive art ( broom-mak+1 m5 & wom5 work$ along ?r\gh ages b9d+ ) _! h&s ! supple twigs ( trees or bu%es1 or ( corn1 by ?ongs1 or cords1 or wire1 ^u ! rudely-=m$ coll> ( a h&-smoo!d /ick1 until ! mod]n la! & holl[ m&rel arm$ ) cutt]s1 ! p[]-driv5 %uttle1 & ! sew+ ma*9e1 7 inv5t$4 ,! la! & m&rel to hold ! /ick :ile x 0 cut 0 us$ be=e1 b x 0 long )9 ! c5tury t a holl[ m&rel 0 fir/ inv5t$1 :i* 0 provid$ int]nally ) cutt+ bevell$ knives1 & into :i* ! /ick 0 plac$1 c>ri$ ?r\gh longitud9ally1 & dur+ its passage cut smoo? & f9i%$4 ,z broom corn became ! *ief product f :i* brooms are made1 x became desirable to h a ma*9e1 aft] ! corn _h be5 scrap$ ( its se$1 to size & prep>e ! /ems 9 regul> l5g?s = ! v>i\s sizes ( brooms1 & accord+ly su* a ma*9e 0 inv5t$4 ,!n a ma*9e 0 ne$$ & inv5t$ to w9d ! corn-bru% ) ! cord or wire & tie x 9 a r\nd bun*1 prep>atory to flatt5+ & sew+ x4 ,!n foll[$ diff]5t =ms ( broom-sew+ ma*9es4 ,among ! pione]s 0 "o :i* receiv$ ! r\nd bun* betwe5 two compress+ jaws1 & press$ x flat4 ,:ile s held a ne$le ) its co>se ?read 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! broom above ! b9d+ & ! cord tw9$ ar\nd x4 ,!n a %uttle1 also c>ry+ a /\t ?read1 0 ?r[n ov] ! cord1 ! ne$le rec$$ & 0 !n =c$ ?r\gh ! broom aga9 "u ! b9d+ cord4 ,?us 9 conjunction ) ! %uttle ! /it*es 7 =m$ alt]nately above & bel[ ! b9d+ tw9e1 ! hold+ jaws be+ rais$ int]mitt5tly = t purpose4 ,z ea* /it* 0 =m$ ! ma*9e f$ ! broom along lat]ally & int]mitt5tly4 ,by ano!r +5i\s device ! cord 0 ti$ & cut1 :5 ! sew+ 0 complet$4 ,x is only by su* ma*9es :i* treat ! entire article f ! fir/ to ! la/ /ep1 t ! imm5se numb] ( brooms n[ necess>y to supply ! m>ket are made4 ,true x is t at fir/ lab\r 0 displac$4 ,at "o "t sev5te5 skill$ workm5 w\ld manufacture five hundr$ doz5 brooms p] week4 ,!y _h r$uc$ ! =ce ( e>li] times by mak+ l>g] quantities by bett] processes4 ,!n :5 ! broom-sew+ ma*9es & o!r inv5tions got fairly to "w1 n9e m5 w\ld turn out twelve hundr$ doz5 brooms p] week4 ,?us1 :ile ! =ce 0 r$uc$ ne>ly "o-half1 ! quantity ( product 0 m ?an d\bl$4 ,b z ! co/ ( lab\r decreas$ & ! product increas$1 ! product became m pl5tiful & *eap]1 ! dem& & use became great]1 m broom-corn 0 rais$1 m broom-factories />t$1 & soon ! tempor>y displacem5t ( lab\r 0 succe$$ by a p]man5t increase 9 manufacture & 9 lab\r]s1 an increase 9 _! wages1 & an improvem5t 9 _! condition4 ,useful & ext5sive z is its use1 ! broom does n comp>e 9 v>iety & wide application to ! bru%4 ,! human body1 clo?1 lea!r1 metals1 wood & gra9s1 ev]y?+ t ne$s rubb+1 clean+1 pa9t+ & poli%+1 meets ! acqua9tance ( ! bru%4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ species ( bru%es might be enum]at$1 ea* hav+ an especial con/ruction = a p>ticul> use4 ,al?\gh ! majority ( bru%es are /ill made by h&1 yet a few mo/ +5i\s ma*9es h be5 made :i* greatly facilitate & spe$ ! op]ation1 & _m me*anical appliances h be5 inv5t$ 9 aid ( h&-"w4 ,^! ma*9es & appliances1 toge!r ) ^? :i* cut1 turn1 bore1 smoo?1 & poli% ! h&les & backs1 to :i* ! bru% "p is secur$1 h greatly *ang$ & improv$ ! art ( bru%-mak+ dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,! fir/ ma*9e :i* attract$ g5]al att5tion 0 inv5t$ by ,osc> ,d4 & ,e4 ,c4 ,woodbury ( ,new ,york1 & pat5t$ 9 #ahgj4 ,z 9 h&-mak+ & be=e subject$ to ! action ( ! ma*9e1 ! bri/les are sort$ z to l5g? & color4 ,a bru%-back1 bor$ ) holes by a gang ( bits1 :i* holes d n ext5d1 h[ev]1 all ! way ?r\gh ! back1 is plac$ 9 ! ma*9e "u a cone-jo9t$ plung]1 adapt$ to ent] ! hole 9 ! bru%-back4 ,a comb-%ap$ slitt$ plate 9 ! ma*9e has !n ea* slit fill$ ) bri/les1 suffici5t 9 numb] to =m a s+le tuft4 ,:5 ! ma*9e is />t$1 ! bri/les 9 a slit are =c$ out !refrom ?r\gh a twi/$ guideway1 :i* =ms !m into a r\nd tuft1 & :i* is laid horizontally b5ea? a plung]1 :i*1 desc5d+1 fir/ d\bles ! tuft1 & z ! plung] cont9ues to desc5d1 =ces ! d\ble end d[n into ! hole4 ,! plung] is suppli$ ) a wire f a reel1 turns z x desc5ds1 & twi/s ! wire ar\nd ! l[] end ( ! tuft1 ! wire be+ direct$ 9 t way by a spiral groove )9 ! plung]4 ,! cont9u+ action ( ! plung] is su* z to screw ! wire into ! back4 ,! wire is cut :5 ! rot>y plung] comm5ces its desc5t1 & :5 ! tuft is ?us secur$ ! plung] asc5ds1 ! block is mov$ = ano!r hole1 & ano!r set ( bri/les is pres5t$ = manipulation4 ,bru%es ) #gj holes c be turn$ out by ?is ma*9e at ! rate ( "o a m9ute4 ,ano!r mo/ +5i\s ma*9e = ?is purpose is t ( ,k5n$y1 ,diss1 & ,cannan1 pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #ahib4 ,9 ?is1 bru% blocks ( v>y+ sizes1 b ( ! same patt]n1 are bor$ by ! same ma*9e :i* receives ! bri/les1 & ! tufts are ins]t$ z fa/ z ! holes are bor$4 ,bo? ma*9es are automatic 9 op]ation4 ,/reet-sweep+ ma*9es began to appe> ab\t #ahca 9 ,engl&1 %ortly aft] 9 ,france1 & !n 9 cities 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! simple/ =m & mo/ effective sweep] comprises a l>ge cyl9d] arm$ ) spiral r[s ( spl9ts & hung diagonally on ! "u side & across a frame hav+ two or f\r :eels4 ,?is cyl9d] is connect$ by bevell$ ge>+ ) ! :eels1 & 9 revolv+ ?r[s ! dirt f ! /reet into a ridge on "o side !re(1 :]e x is swept into heaps by h& sweep]s1 & is !n c>t$ (f4 ,k+ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! inv5tor4 ,a m rec5t improvem5t consi/s 9 ! use ( pneumatic means = remov+ ! du/ t is caus$ by ! use ( revolv+ brooms or bru%es1 su* removal be+ effect$ by means ( a hood t cov]s ! area ( ! /reet b5ea? ! body ( ! ma*9e1 & incloses an air exhau/1 ! sweep+s be+ drawn ?r\gh ! exhau/ me*anism & deposit$ 9 a receptacle = ! purpose1 or 9 "s in/ances deposit$ 9 a furnace c>ri$ by ! ma*9e & !re burn$4 ,9 cities hav+ h>d1 smoo?1 pav$ /reets & suffici5t municipal funds1 ! mo/ effective1 b mo/ exp5sive way1 has be5 f\nd to keep a l>ge =ce ( m5 con/antly at "w ) hoes1 %ovels1 brooms1 bags & c>ts1 remov+ ! dirt z fa/ z x accumulates4 ,abrad+ ,ma*9es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ inv5tions ( ! c5tury is ! application ( ! s&-bla/ to indu/rial & arti/ic purposes4 ,= ages ! s&s ( ! des]t & wild m\nta9 pla9s1 lift$ & driv5 by ! :irl+ w9ds1 _h %e>$ & poli%$ ! edges & faces ( rocks1 & cut !m into fanta/ic %apes1 & ! s&s ( ! %ore1 toss$ by ! w9ds ( ! sea1 _h long scrat*$ & ble>$ ! w9d[s ( ! fi%]man's hut1 be=e x occurr$ to ! m9d ( man t "h 7 a =ce & an ag5t :i* c\ld be h>ness$ into 8 s]vice4 ,x 0 due f9ally to ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,b4 ,f4 ,tilghman ( ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 :o1 9 #ahgj1 pat5t$ a process by :i* common s&1 p[d]$ qu>tz1 em]y1 or o!r comm9ut$ %>p cutt+ mat]ial1 may be bl[n or driv5 ) su* =ce ^u ! surface ( ! h>de/ mat]ials1 z to cut1 clean1 engrave1 & o!rwise abrade !m1 9 ! mo/ wond]ful & satisfactory mann]4 ,diamonds are abrad$2 glass depoli%$1 or engrav$1 or bor$2 metal ca/+s clean$2 li?ographic z9c plates gra9$2 silv]w>e fro/$2 /one & glass = jewelry %ap$ & figur$2 ! inscriptions & ornam5ts ( monum5ts & tomb/ones cut !reon2 engrav+s & photographs copi$2 /eel files clean$ & %>p5$1 & /ones & m>ble c>v$ into =ms ( beauty ) m exactness & 9 f> less "t ?an by ! *isel ( ! artisan4 ,! gi/ ( ! process is ! employm5t ( a jet ( s& or o!r h>d abrad+ mat]ial1 driv5 at a high velocity by a bla/ ( air or /eam1 "u a c]ta9 pressure1 9 accordance ) ! "* ( ! "w to be done4 ,! s& is plac$ 9 a box-l receptacle into :i* ! air or /eam is =c$1 & ! s& fl[+ into ! same *amb] is driv5 ?r\gh a n>r[ slit or slits 9 ! =m ( a ?9 %eet1 directly on to ! object to be abrad$4 ,by "o me?od ! surface ( ! object is fir/ coat$ ) t9foil on :i* ! arti/ traces 8 design1 & ?is is !n coat$ ) melt$ transp>5t wax4 ,!n :5 ! wax is h>d5$ x is cut away along ! l9es already indicat$1 & se5 ?r\gh ! wax4 ,! object n[ is subject$ to ! bla/1 & z ! s& w n p5etrate a s(t5$ mat]ial suffici5t to abrade a surface b5ea?1 ! expos$ portions alone w be cut away4 ,! s& aft] x /rikes is c>ri$ (f by a bla/ to "s receptacle1 f :i* x is return$ to its =m] place = fur!r use4 ,o!r means may be us$ 9 ! place ( a slitt$ box1 z a small or l>g] bl[-pipe2 b ! driv+ ( ! s&1 or simil> abrad+ mat]ial1 ) great =ce by ! /eam or air bla/1 is ! ess5tial feature ( ! process4 ,em]y1 t v>iety ( ! m9]al corundum1 consi/+ ( cry/all9e alum9a1 resembl+ 9 appe>ance d>k1 f9e-gra9$ iron ore1 rank+ next to ! diamond 9 h>dness1 & a si/] ( ! sapphire & ! ruby1 has long be5 us$ z an abradant4 ,! ,ea/]n nations h us$ corundum = ?is purpose = ages4 ,turkey & ,greece once _h a monopoly ( x4 ,knight says3 8,! corundum /one us$ by ! ,h9doos & ,*9ese is compos$ ( corundum p[d]$1 two p>ts2 lac res91 "o "p4 ,! two are intimately mix$ 9 an e>!n vessel1 knead$ & flatt5$1 %ap$ & poli%$4 ,a hole 9 ! /one = ! axis is made by a heat$ copp] rod40 ,h[ev] anci5t ! use ( artificial /ones = gr9d+ & poli%+1 nev]!less x is true t ! solid em]y :eel 9 ! =m t has made x g5]ally useful1 9 ma*9es kn[n z em]y gr9d]s1 is a mod]n inv5tion1 & ( ,am]ican orig94 ,9 ! manufacture ( su* ma*9es great att5tion & ! highe/ sci5tific skill has be5 paid1 fir/1 to ! mat]ial compos+ ! :eel1 & to ! cem5t+ sub/ances by :i* ! em]y is compact$ & b\nd 9 ! /ronge/ mann]1 to prev5t bur/+ :5 driv5 at great spe$2 secondly1 to ! con/ruction ( ma*9es & :eels ( a composition v>y+ f ! f9e/ to ! co>se/2 & ?irdly1 to ! prop] balanc+ ( ! :eels 9 ! ma*9es1 an op]ation ( great nicety1 9 ord] t ! :eel may be us$ on delicate tools1 :5 driv5 at high spe$1 )\t produc+ unev5 "w1 m>k+ ! objects1 or endang]+ ! break+1 or bur/+ ( ! :eel4 ,su* ma*9es1 :5 prop]ly con/ruct$1 al?\gh n adapt$ to take ! place ( ! file1 o!r /eel-cutt+ tools1 & ! gr9d/one = _m purposes1 yet h v ext5sively displac$ ^? tools = cutt+ edges1 & ! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( h>d5$ metals1 by reason *iefly ( _! great] conv5i5ce1 spe$1 & g5]al adaptability4 ,n only tools ( all sizes are gr\nd & poli%$1 b pl\gh%>es1 /ove & wr\ght-iron plates1 iron ca/+s1 ! inn] surfaces ( holl[ ironw>e1 ! be>+s ( sp9dles1 arb\rs1 & ! surfaces ( /eel1 *ill$ or ca/-iron rolls1 etc4 ,9 ! great class ( ,indu/rial ,me*anics1 no ma*9es ( ! c5tury h contribut$ m to ! com=t & cleanl9ess ( mank9d ?an ^? by :i* we>+ app>el 9 its va/ quantities is wa%$ & iron$ m ?or\ghly1 spe$ily1 & satisfactorily 9 e way ?an is possible by ! old h& sy/ems4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ h[ "u ! old sy/em su* a l>ge "p ( humanity1 & ?is ! weak] "p1 devot$ su* imm5se "t & lab\r to ! univ]sal wa%+ & iron+ days1 ! inv5tion ( ^! ma*9es & appliances mu/ be reg>d$ z among ! great lab\r-sav+ bless+s ( ! c5tury4 ,true1 ! individual wa%]woman & wa%]man1 & iron]s1 h by no means disappe>$1 & are /ill 9 evid5ce ev]y:]e1 yet ! univ]sal & g5]al devotion ( "o-half ! human race to ! wa%-tub & iron+-table = two or m days 9 ! week is no long] necess>y4 ,& ev5 = ! individual work]1 ! conv5i5t appliances & helps t h be5 inv5t$ h greatly reliev$ ! occupation ( pa9 & drudg]y4 ,among mod]n devices 9 ! laundry1 work$ by h&1 is1 fir/1 ! wa%+-ma*9e1 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is adapt$ ( roll+ ov] or knead+ ! clo!s4 ,by mov+ a lev] by h& up & d[n1 ! clo!s are ?or\ghly rubb$1 squeez$ & lift$ at ea* /roke4 ,!n comes ! wr+]1 a common =m ( :i* consi/s ( two p>allel rolls ( vulcaniz$ & o!rwise specially treat$ rubb]1 fitt$ to %afts :i*1 by an arrangem5t ( cog-:eels1 ge>+ & spr+s 9 ! framework at ! ends ( rolls1 & a crank h&le1 are made to roll on ea* o!r4 ,! clo!s are pass$ betwe5 ! roll]s1 ! spr+s p]mit ! roll]s to yield & "p m or less1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! clo!s4 ,!n ! old-fa%ion$1 or ! new-fa%ion$ mangle is br\ght into play4 ,! old-/yle mangle _h a box1 weight$ ) /one1 :i* 0 reciprocat$ on roll]s1 & 0 run back & =? ^u ! clo!s spread ^u a poli%$ table b5ea?4 ,"o ( ! m mod]n /yles is on ! pr9ciple ( ! wr+] above describ$1 or a s]ies ( roll]s arrang$ ar\nd a c5tral drum1 & ea* hav+ a rubb] spr+ atta*$1 by :i* means ! clo!s are n subject$ to undue pressure at "o or two po9ts1 z 9 ! fir/ m5tion$ k9d4 ,/>* is also appli$ by a simil> ma*9e4 ,! clo? is dipp$ into a body ( />*1 or ! same is appli$ by h&1 & !n ! sup]flu\s />* squeez$ out z ! clo!s are pass$ ?r\gh ! roll]s4 ,b = hotels & o!r l>ge in/itutions wa%+ is n[ done by /eam-p[] ma*9]y4 ,x is an attractive sight to /ep into a mod]n laundry1 op]at$ ) ! late/ ma*9]y on ! l>ge/ scale4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y 9 _m localities is to cl>ify ! wat]4 ,?is is done by atta*+ to ! s]vice pipe tanks fill$ ) filt]+ mat]ial1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s be=e rea*+ ! boil]4 ,! driv+ eng9e & %aft+ are compactly plac$ at "o end or side ( ! room1 ) boil]s & kettles conv5i5tly adjac5t4 ,! wat] & clo!s are suppli$ to ! wa%+-ma*9e1 & op]at$ by ! eng9e4 ,/eam may be us$ 9 addition to ! eng9e to keep x boil+ hot1 or /eam may be sub/itut$ entirely = ! wat]4 ,! ma*9e may be "o ( sev]al types select$ especially = ! p>ticul> class ( goods to be wa%$4 ,!re is ! da%-:eel1 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! cyl9d] *urn2 ! out] case be+ /ation>y & ! revolv+ da%-:eel wat]-tight1 or p]=at$1 :i* is ! pref]r$ =m = coll>s & cuffs4 ,9 place ( ! da%-:eel cyl9d]s are sometimes us$1 hav+ f sixty to sev5ty revolutions a m9ute4 ,ano!r =m has vibrat+ arms or beat]s1 giv+ betwe5 f\r hundr$ & five hundr$ /rokes a m9ute1 & by :i* ! clo!s are squeez$ betwe5 rubb+ corrugat$ bo>ds4 ,! rubb+ bo>ds also roll ! clo!s ov] & ov] until !y are ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,9 ano!r =m a rotat+ cyl9d] = ! clo!s is provid$ ) an arrangem5t ( pipes by :i* ei!r /eam1 wat] or blue+ c be introduc$ z desir$1 into ! cyl9d]1 ?r\gh its holl[ j\rnals1 s t ! clo!s c be wa%$1 r9s$1 & blu$ )\t removal f ! ma*9e4 ,ano!r type has p]=at$1 reciprocat+ pi/ons1 betwe5 :i* ! clo!s are alt]nately squeez$ & releas$1 a supply ( fre% wat] be+ con/antly introduc$ ?r\gh "o ( ! holl[ cyl9d] j\rnals1 :ile ! us$ wat] is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! opposite j\rnal2 & 9 /ill ano!r ! clo!s are plac$ 9 a p]=at$ cyl9d] )9 an out] cas+1 & propell] blades1 assi/$ by o!r spiral blades1 =ce a cont9u\s curr5t ( wat] ?r\gh ! clo!s4 ,9 iron+1 holl[ poli%+ rolls ( v>i\s sizes are us$1 heat$ ei!r by /eam or gas4 ,! articles to be iron$ are plac$ 9 prop] position ^u a table & c>ri$ "u & 9 contact ) ! rolls4 ,or ! goods are iron$ betwe5 a heat$ cyl9d] & a revolv+ drum cov]$ ) felt+1 & ! poli%+ effect$ by ! cyl9d] revolv+ fa/] ?an ! drum4 ,+5i\s =ms ( h&-op]at$ iron+ ma*9es = turn+ ov] & iron+ ! edges ( coll>s1 & o!r articles1 are 9 successful use4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,wood-,,work+4 ,9 survey+ ! wond]ful road along :i* h travell$ ! toil+ inv5tors1 until ! spl5did fields ( ! pres5t c5tury h be5 rea*$1 ! m9d indulges 9 contra/s & rev]ts to ! f> gone p]iod ( man's deprivations1 :5 man1 ! animal1 0 fight+ = food & %elt]4 8,poor nak$ wret*es1 :]esoe'er y are1 ,t bide ! pelt+ ( ?is pitiless /orm1 ,h[ %all y\r h\seless heads & unf$ sides1 ,y\r loop'd & w9d['d ragg$ness1 def5d y ,f seasons su* z ^!80 --,k+ ,le> ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,:5 ! implem5ts ( lab\r & ! weapons ( w> 7 *iefly made ( /one1 or bronze1 or iron1 su* p]iods became ! 8age0 ( /one1 or bronze1 or iron2 & we sometimes he> ( ! ages ( /eam1 /eel & electricity4 ,b ! age ( wood has always exi/$1 :]ev] =e/s ab\nd$4 ,x 01 d\btless1 ! e>lie/ 8age0 9 ! indu/ries ( man1 b is n likely to be ! late/1 z ! class ( inv5tions we are ab\t to consid]1 al?\gh giv+ complete dom9ion to man ov] ! =e/s1 are ha/5+ _! de/ruction4 ,z 9 e o!r class ( inv5tions1 !re _h be5 inv5tions 9 ! class ( wood-work+ ?r\gh ! ages prec$+ ?is c5tury1 9 tools1 implem5ts & ma*9es2 b n until ne> ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury _h !re be5 mu* ( a break 9 ! univ]sal toil by h&4 ,! implem5ts produc$ 71 = ! mo/ "p1 ! result ( ! sl[ gr[? ( exp]i5ce & me*anical skill1 r ?an ! product ( inv5tive g5ius4 ,true1 ! turn+-la!1 ! axe1 ! hamm]1 ! *isel1 ! saw1 ! aug]1 ! plane1 ! screw1 & cutt+ & o!r wood-%ap+ in/rum5ts 9 simple =ms exi/$ 9 abundance4 ,! ,egyptians us$ _! saws ( bronze4 ,! ,greeks deifi$ _! suppos$ inv5tor ( ! saw1 ,talus1 or ,p]dix1 & !y claim$ ,!odore ( ,lamos z ! inv5tor ( ! turn+-la!2 al?\gh ! ma9 idea ( pivot+ an object betwe5 two supports1 s t x c\ld be turn$ :ile ! h&s 7 free to apply a tool to its %ap+1 0 old 9 ! pott]'s :eel ( ! ,egyptians1 :i* 0 turn$ :ile ! vessel re/+ ^u x 0 %ap$ & ornam5t$ by ! h& & tools4 ,x appe>s also to h be5 kn[n by ! ,h9doos & ! ,africans4 ,pl9y ref]s to ! curl$ *ips rais$ by ! plane1 & ,ansonius ref]s to mills driv5 by ! wat]s ( ! ,moselle = saw+ m>ble into slabs4 ,e>ly records m5tion saw-mills run by wat]-p[] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 ,g]many & ,norway2 & ,sw$5 _h !m 9 ! next c5tury4 ,holl& _h !m "o hundr$ ye>s at lea/ be=e !y 7 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,fe>ful ( ! entire de/ruction ( ! =e/s by ! wood us$ 9 ! manufacture ( iron1 & incit$ by ! opposition & jeal\sy ( h& sawy]s1 ,engl& pass$ "s rigid laws on ! subject 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 :i*1 al?\gh pres]v+ ! =e/s1 gave = a long "t ! almo/ exclusive manufacture ( iron & lumb] to ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,ev5 z late z #agfh1 a saw-mill1 built at ,limeh\se1 "u ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 by ,james ,/ansfield1 0 de/roy$ by a mob4 ,saw-mills design$ to be run by wat]-p[] _h be5 introduc$ into ! ,am]ican colonies by ! ,dut* m ?an a c5tury be=e !y made _! appe>ance 9 ,engl&4 ,william ,p5n f\nd t !y _h long be5 at "w on ! ,delaw>e :5 he rea*$ its %ores 9 #afhb4 ,x 0 no?+ indig5\s to ! climate or race t r5d]$ ! ,am]icans inv5tors4 ,! e>ly coloni/s1 drawn f ! mo/ civilis$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 c>ri$ to ! new _w k ( ! late/ & be/ appliances kn[n to _! respective c\ntries 9 ! v>i\s arts4 ,) ?ree ?\s& miles ( wat] betwe5 !m & ! s\rce ( su* appliances1 & betwe5 !m & ! s\rce ( arbitr>y p[] & laws to hamp] ef=ts & ent]prise1 ) /]n necessity on e h& prompt+ !m to avail !mselves ( e means to meet _! daily wants1 all kn[n inv5tions 7 put to use1 & bra9s 7 con/antly ex]cis$ 9 devis+ new means to aid1 or take ! place (1 manual lab\r1 :i* 0 sc>ce4 ,surr\nd$1 too1 by va/ =e/s1 f :i* _! h\ses1 _! *ur*es & _! s*ools mu/ be con/ruct$1 ^! pione]s naturally turn$ _! ?\ghts t[>d wood-work+ ma*9]y4 ,! att5tion to ?is art necess>ily creat$ int]e/ 9 & develop$ o!r arts4 ,?us con/ant devotion to pursuits /r5u\sly dem&+ lab\r-sav+ devices evolv$ a race ( ke5 inv5tors & me*anics4 ,s t :5 ,watt _h develop$ 8 wond]ful application ( /eam to indu/rial purposes1 ,am]ica 0 ready to sub/itute /eam = wat]-p[] 9 ! runn+ ( saw-mills4 ,/eam saw-mills comm5c$ to buzz ) ! op5+ ( ! c5tury4 ,z to ! relation ( t humble ma*9e1 ! saw-mill1 to ! progress ( civilisation1 x 0 once said3 8,! axe produces ! log hut1 b n until ! saw-mill is introduc$ d fram$ dwell+s & villages arise2 x is civilisation's pione] ma*9e2 ! precursor ( ! c>p5t]1 :eelwright & turn]1 ! pa9t]1 ! jo9]1 & legions ( o!r pr(essions4 ,progress is unkn[n :]e x is n4 ,its comp>ative abs5ce 9 ! ,s\!rn ,am]ican cont95t 0 n ! lea/ cause ( ! trifl+ advancem5t made !re dur+ ?ree c5turies & a half4 ,surr\nd$ by =e/s ( ! mo/ valuable & v>iegat$ timb]1 ) wat]-p[] 9 m\nta9 /reams1 equally neglect$1 ! masses ( ! p liv$ 9 %anties & mud hovels1 n m commodi\s ?an ^? ( ! aborig9es1 nor m durable ?an ! annual /ructures ( birds4 ,:]ev] man has n fix$ & com=table homes1 he is1 z reg>ds civilisation1 /ation>y2 improvem5t "u su* circum/ances has nev] tak5 place1 nor c x40 ,mill]1 9 ,engl&1 9 #aggg1 _h describ$ 9 8 pat5t a circul> saw1 & ,hatton1 9 #aggf1 _h vaguely describ$ a plan+ ma*9e2 b ! inception ( ! m>vell\s gr[? 9 wood-work+ ma*9]y 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury occurr$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! eighte5?4 ,x 0 due to ! spl5did ef=ts ( ,g5]al ,samuel ,b5?am1 & ( ,bramah & ,bran*1 bo? z to metal-work+ & wood-work+ ma*9]y4 ,g5]al ,b5?am1 a bro!r ( ! celebrat$ juri/1 ,j]emy ,b5?am1 _h 8 att5tion drawn to ! sl[1 labori\s1 & crude me?ods ( work+ 9 wood1 :ile mak+ a t\r ( ,europe1 & especially 9 ,russia1 & engag$ 9 inspect+ ! art ( %ip-build+ 9 ^? c\ntries1 9 behalf ( ! ,briti% ,admiralty4 ,on 8 return1 #agia-agib1 he conv]t$ 8 home into a %op = mak+ wood-work+ ma*9es4 ,^! includ$ 8,plan+1 m\ld+1 rabbet+1 groov+1 mortis+1 & saw+1 bo? 9 co>se & f9e "w1 9 curv$1 w9d+1 & transv]se directions1 & %ap+ wood 9 complicat$ =ms40 ,( ! am\nt ( bills pres5t$ to & paid = by ! ,admiralty = ^! ma*9es1 ,g5]al ,b5?am receiv$ ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,^! ma*9es 7 develop$ & 9 use j z ! new c5tury approa*$4 ,?us1 ) ! exception ( ! saw-mill1 x may be aga9 said t prior to ?is c5tury ! means mank9d _h to aid !m 9 _! "w 9 metals & 9 wood 7 conf9$ to h& tools1 & ^! 7 = ! mo/ "p ( a simple & crude description4 ,! gr\nd-"w n[ be+ laid1 ! c5tury advanc$ into a region ( inv5tion 9 tools & ma*9]y = wood-work+ ( e description1 f> beyond ! wilde/ dreams ( all =m] c>p5t]s & jo9]s4 ,n only 7 ! ma*9es !mselves inv5t$1 b !y gave rise 9 turn to a ho/ ( inv5tions 9 metal-work+ = mak+ !m4 ,9 ! same l9e ( inv5tions !re appe>$ 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! c5tury "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ( m51 & a mo/ fitt+ type ( t great class ( ,yankee inv5tors :o h c>v$ _! way to r5[n ) all implem5ts1 f ! jack-knife to ! electrically-driv5 univ]sal %ap+ ma*9e4 ,?omas ,blan*>d1 born 9 ,massa*usetts 9 #aghh1 :ile a boy1 0 accu/om$ to a/oni% 8 companions by ! m9iature w9d-:eels & wat]-:eels t he :ittl$ out ) 8 knife4 ,:ile att5d+ ! p>ties ( "y p :o ga!r$ on w9t] ev5+s at diff]5t homes 9 ! c\ntry to p>e apples1 ! idea ( a p>+ ma*9e occurr$ to him1 & :5 only ?irte5 ye>s ( age1 he inv5t$ & made ! fir/ apple-p>+ ma*9e1 ) :i* m apples c\ld be p>$ 9 a giv5 "t ?an any twelve ( 8 girl acqua9tances c\ld p>e ) a knife4 ,at eighte51 :ile work+ 9 a %op1 driv+ ! heads d[n on tacks1 on an anvil1 ) a hamm]1 he inv5t$ ! fir/ tack-=m+ ma*9e1 :i*1 :5 p]fect$ by him1 made five hundr$ tacks a m9ute1 & :i* has nev] s9ce be5 improv$ 9 pr9ciple4 ,he improv$ ! /eam eng9e1 & inv5t$ "o ( ! fir/ envelope ma*9es4 ,he made ! fir/ metal la! = cutt+ out ! butts ( gun-b>rels4 ,b 8 greate/ triumphs 7 9 wood-work+ ma*9]y4 ,*all5g$ to make a ma*9e t w\ld make a gun /ock1 always be=e t "t reg>d$ an impossible task1 its e "p be+ s irregul> 9 =m1 he seclud$ himself 9 8 work%op = six mon?s1 & aft] con/ant lab\r & exp]im5ts he at ! end ( t "t _h produc$ a ma*9e t m ?an a/oni%$ ! entire _w1 & :i* work$ a revolution 9 ! mak+ ( all irregul> =ms f wood4 ,?is 0 9 #ahai4 ,?is ma*9e w\ld n only make a p]fect gun-/ock1 b %oe la/s1 & %ips' tackle-blocks1 axe-h&les1 & a multitude ( irregul>-%ap$ blocks :i* be=e _h always requir$ ! mo/ exp]t h& op]atives to produce4 ,?is ma*9e became ! subject ( p>liam5t>y inquiry on ! "p ( ,engl&1 & s great 7 ! d\bts conc]n+ x1 t successive commissions 7 appo9t$ to exam9e & report ^u x4 ,f9ally ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ord]$ eight or t5 ( su* ma*9es = ! mak+ ( gun-/ocks = its army1 & paid ,blan*>d ab\t #dj1jjj = !m4 ,he 0 once je/+ly ask$ at ! navy dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton if he c\ld turn a sev5ty-f\r8 ,he at once repli$1 8,yes1 if y w furni% me ! block40 ,( c\rse infr+]s appe>$1 b he ma9ta9$ 8 rights & title z fir/ & orig9al inv5tor aft] ! mo/ se>*+ trials 9 c\rt4 ,! g5]ic idea ( ,blan*>d's la! = turn+ irregul> =ms consi/s 9 ! use ( a patt]n ( ! device :i* is to be %ap$ f ! r\gh mat]ial1 plac+ su* patt]n 9 a la!1 alongside ( ! r\gh block1 & hav+ a guide :eel :i* has an arm hav+ cutt]s1 & :i* guide foll[s all ! l9es ( ! patt]n1 & :i* cutt]s1 ext5d+ to ! r\gh mat]ial1 *ip x away to ! dep? & 9 ! direction imp>t$ by ! patt]n l9es to ! guide1 ?us produc+ f ! r\gh block a p]fect repres5tation ( ! patt]n4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 /udies 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 inv5tions ,blan*>d's att5tion 0 drawn to ! op]ations ( a bor+ worm ^u an old oak log4 ,closely exam9+ & wat*+ ! same by ! aid ( a microscope1 he ga9$ valuable ideas f ! "w ( 8 humble tea*]1 :i* he incorporat$ into 8 new cutt+ & bor+ ma*9es4 ,8 s]ies ( ma*9es 9 gun-mak+ 7 design$ to make & %ape automatically e "p ( ! gun1 :e!r ( wood or metal4 ,8 ma*9es1 & subsequ5t improvem5ts by o!rs1 = bor+1 mortis+ & turn+1 display wond]ful +5uity4 ,a mod]n mortis+ ma*9e1 = in/ance1 is adapt$ to quickly & accurately cut a squ>e or oblong hole to any desir$ dep?1 wid?1 & l5g? by cutt+ blades2 to automatically reciprocate ! cutt]s bo? v]tically & horizontally 9 ord] to cut ! mortise1 bo? z to l5g? & dep?1 at "o "t1 & to automatically )draw ! cutt]s :5 !y h f9i%$ cutt+ ! mortise4 ,!y are provid$ ) simple means = sett+ & fe$+ ! cutt]s to d ?is "w1 & :ile giv+ ! cutt]s a positive action1 ample cle>ance is provid$ = ! removal ( ! *ips z fa/ z !y are cut4 ,f :at su* inv5tions w produce 9 ! way ( complicat$ & ornam5tal workman%ip we may conclude t x is a law ( inv5tion t :atev] c be made by h& may be made by a ma*9e1 & made bett]4 ,c>v+ ,ma*9es made _! appe>ance e>ly 9 ! c5tury4 ,9 #ahjj a ,mr4 ,watt ( ,london produc$ "o1 on :i* he c>v$ m$allions & figures 9 ivory & ebony4 ,also subsequ5tly1 ,john ,hawk9s ( ! same city1 & a ,mr4 ,*ev]ton1 inv5t$ ma*9es = ! same purpose4 ,ano!r ,engli%man1 ,brai?waite1 9 #ahdj1 inv5t$ a mo/ attractive c>v+ process 9 :i*1 in/ead ( cutt+ tools1 he employ$ burn+ z 8 ag5t4 ,heat$ ca/s ( previ\sly c>v$ models 7 press$ into or on to wet wood1 & ! *>coal surfaces !n bru%$ (f ) h>d bru%es4 ,aft] ,blan*>d's turn+-la!s & bor+ app>atus1 appe>$ ma*9es 9 :i* a s]ies ( cutt]s 7 employ$1 guid$ by a trac+ lev] atta*$ to a c>v$ model1 & actuat+ ! cutt] to reproduce on mat]ial plac$ ^u an adju/+ table a copy ( ! model4 ,ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ :i* consi/ ( h>d iron or /eel roll]s on ! surface ( :i* are cut beautiful patt]ns1 & betwe5 :i* wood previ\sly s(t5$ by /eam is pass$1 & designs ?us impress$ !reon4 ,a simil> process ( emboss+1 0 devis$ 9 ,p>is & call$ ,xylopla/y1 by :i* /eam-s(t5$ wood is compress$ 9 c>v$ m\lds1 :i* give x bas-relief impressions4 ,b 9 ! c>v+ ( wood by h&1 a beautiful art1 :i* has be5 reviv$ )9 ! pa/ g5]ation1 !re are t\*es ( s5tim5t1 ta/e & human toil1 :i*1 l ! t\*es ( ! pa9t] & ! ma/] ( music1 appeal to cultivat$ m9ds 9 a high] ?an me*anical s5se4 ,! mills ( ! mod]n gods1 ! inv5tors1 gr9d ) exce$+ & exact f95ess1 b ! "w ( a human h& ^u a manufactur$ article /ill appeals to human sympa?y4 ,! b5d+ ( wood :5 heat$ by fire or /eam _h be5 kn[n & practis$ to a limit$ ext5t1 b ,blan*>d inv5t$ a clamp+ ma*9e1 to :i* improvem5ts h be5 add$1 & by :i* %ip timb]s1 furniture1 pl\ghs1 piano frames1 c>riage b[s1 /air & h\se bani/]s & balu/]s1 :eel rims1 /aves1 etc41 etc41 are b5t to ! desir$ =ms1 & )\t break+4 ,b5d+ to a c]ta9 ext5t does n weak5 wood1 b /ret*+ ! same has be5 f\nd to impair & de/roy its /r5g?4 ,! pr9cipal problems :i* ! inv5tors ( ! c5tury h solv$ 9 ! class ( wood-work+ h be5 ! adaptation to rapid-work+ ma*9]y ( ! saw & o!r blades1 to sev]2 ! plane to smoo?1 ! aug]1 ! bit & ! gimlet to bore1 ! hamm] to drive1 & a comb9ation ( all or a "p ( ^! to %ape & f9i% ! complet$ article4 ,x 0 a great /ep f ! reciprocat+ h& saw1 work$ pa9fully by "o or two m51 to ! b& saw1 inv5t$ by a ,london me*anic1 ,william ,newbury1 9 #ahjh4 ,?is 0 an endless /eel belt s]rat$ on "o edge1 m\nt$ on pulleys1 & driv5 cont9u\sly by ! p[] ( /eam ?r\gh ! h>de/ & ! heavie/ "w4 ,pliable1 to con=m to ! faces ( ! :eels ov] :i* x is c>ri$1 x w b5d ) all ! s9uosities ( long timb]1 no "t is lo/ 9 its op]ation1 & no lab\r ( human h&s is necess>y to guide x or ! object on :i* x works4 ,at ! ,vi5na ,exposition 9 #ahgc1 ! fir/ mammo? saw ( ?is description 0 exhibit$4 ,! saw itself 0 made by ! celebrat$ firm ( ,p]9 ,co41 ( ,p>is1 ^u ma*9]y ! draw+s ( :i* 7 made by ,mr4 ,van ,pelt ( ,new ,york1 & con/ruct$ by ,ri*>ds1 ,l\don & ,kelly ( ,philadelphia4 ,! saw 0 fifty-five feet long1 & saw$ planks f a p9e log ?ree feet ?ick1 at ! rate ( sixty sup]ficial feet p] m9ute4 ,! difficulty ( secur+ a p]fectly reliable weld 9 ! endless /eel b& 0 ov]come by ,m4 ,p]91 :o receiv$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition 9 #ahfg ! ,gr& ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,n[ gangs ( su* saws may be f\nd 9 ,am]ica & else:]e1 & circul> saws h also be5 add$4 ,saws t bo? cut1 =m1 & plane ! bo>ds at ! same "t are n[ kn[n4 ,bor+ tools1 bo? = h& & ma*9]y1 dem&$ improvem5t4 ,=m]ly aug]s & simil> bor+ tools _h m]ely a curv$ %>p5$ end & a concavity to hold ! *ips1 & ! :ole tool _h to be )drawn to empty ! *ips4 ,x 0 kn[n z a pod aug]4 ,9 #ahji1 ,l',homm$ieu1 a ,fr5*man1 inv5t$ an aug] ) two pods & cutt+ lips1 a c5tral screw & a twi/$ %ank4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,lilley ( ,connecticut made a twi/$ aug]1 & ^! screw-=m1 twi/$1 cutt+ tools ( v>i\s k9ds1 ) _! cutt+ lips1 & by :i* ! %av+s or *ips 7 )drawn cont9u\sly f ! hole z ! cutt+ proce$$1 became s improv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates t !y 7 kn[n z ! ,am]ican aug]s & bits4 ,! plan+ ma*9es ( ,g5]al ,b5?am 7 improv$ by ,bramah1 & he & ,maudsley also greatly improv$ o!r wood-work+ ma*9es & tools 9 ,engl&--#ahjb-ahaj4 ,we h be=e1 9 ! *apt] on metal-work+1 %[n ! importance ( ! slide-re/1 plan] & la!1 :5 comb9$1 & :i* also are ext5sively adapt$ to wood-work+4 ,9 ,bramah's ma*9e1 a v]tical sp9dle c>ri$ at its l[] extremity a horizontal :eel hav+ tw5ty-eight cutt] blades1 foll[$ by a plane also atta*$ to a :eel4 ,a bo>d 0 by ^! means p]fectly trimm$ & smoo!d f end to end1 z x 0 c>ri$ aga9/ ! cutt]s by suitable mov+ means4 ,william ,woodwor? ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahbh1 pat5t$ a celebrat$ plan+ ma*9e :i* became s popul> & its use 0 reg>d$ s necess>y 9 ! wood-work+ trades1 t ! pat5t 0 look$ ^u z an odi\s monopoly4 ,x consi/$ ( a comb9ation ( roll]s arm$ ) cutt]s1 atta*$ to a horizontal %aft revolv+ at a great spe$1 & ( means = fe$+ ! bo>ds to ! cutt]s4 ,) ,b5?am's1 ,bramah's1 ,blan*>d's1 & ,woodwor?'s ideas = a basis1 ^? innum]able improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ma*9]y1 by :i* wood is conv]t$ ) almo/ lightn+ rapidity into all ! =ms 9 :i* we see x1 :e!r ornam5tal or useful1 9 mod]n homes & o!r /ructures4 ,"s ma*9es are kn[n z 8,univ]sal ,wood ,work]s40 ,9 ^! a s+le ma*9e is provid$ ) v>i\s tools1 & adapt$ to p]=m a great v>iety ( "w by %ift+ ! position ( ! mat]ial & ! tools4 ,! foll[+ op]ations c be p]=m$ on su* a ma*9e3--,plan+1 bevell+1 tap]+1 t5on+1 tongue+ & groov+ 7grooves /raight1 circul> or angul>71 mak+ ( jo9ts1 twi/+ & a numb] ( o!r op]ations4 ,! lat] inv5tion by ,/[ ( ,philadelphia ( a flexible %aft1 made up ( a s]ies ( coils ( /eel wire1 giv5 a lea!r cov]+1 & to :i* c be atta*$ aug]s1 bits1 or metal drills1 ! tool appli$ to its "w f any direction1 & its direction v>i$ :ile at "w1 has excit$ great att5tion4 ,%+les are z old 9 ! art z ! framework ( build+s4 ,rome 0 ro($ ) %+les = c5turies1 made ( oak or p9e4 ,tiles1 pla9 & fancy1 & slates1 h to a c]ta9 ext5t sup]s$$ wood %+l+1 b ! wood w always be us$ :]e x c be f\nd 9 pl5ty1 z ma*9es w n[ turn !m out complete fa/] ?an !y c be haul$ away4 ,a %+le is a ?9 piece ( wood1 ?ick] at "o end ?an at ! o!r1 hav+ p>allel sides1 ab\t ?ree times z long z x is wide1 hav+ g5]ally smoo? surfaces & edges4 ,all ^! features are n[ giv5 to ! %+le by mod]n ma*9es4 ,a great log is roll$ into a mill at "o end & soon comes out at ! o!r 9 bundles ( %+les2 ! logs saw$ into blocks1 ! blocks split or saw$ aga9 into %+le sizes1 tap]$1 plan$ 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood1 ! complete %+les collect$ & b\nd 9 bundles1 ea* op]ation by a special ma*9e1 or by a s]ies ( me*anisms4 ,v5e]+1 t art ( cov]+ *eap or ord9>y wood ) a ?9 cov]+ ( m ornam5tal & valuable wood1 kn[n f ! days ( ! ,egyptians1 has be5 va/ly ext5d$ by mod]n ma*9]y4 ,! practice1 h[ev]1 s emphatically d5\nc$ c5turies ago by ,pl9y1 z 8! mon/r\s inv5tion ( pa9t & dyes appli$ to ! woods or v5e]s1 to imitate o!r woods10 has yet its practition]s & admir]s4 ,t4 ,m4 ,brunel1 9 #ahje-ahjh1 devis$ a set ( circul> saws run by a /eam eng9e1 :i* cut %eets ( rosewood & mahogany1 "o-f\rte5? ( an in* ?ick1 ) great spe$ & accuracy4 ,s9ce t day ! v5e] plan+ ma*9e1 = delicately smoo?+ ! %eets1 ! /raight5+ ma*9e1 = /raight5+ scrolls t h be5 cut f logs1 ! poli%+ ma*9es = giv+ ! %eets _! bright & glossy appe>ance1 ! press+ ma*9e = apply+ !m to ! surfaces to :i* !y are to be atta*$1 ! hamm]+ ma*9e = =c+ out sup]flu\s glue f betwe5 a v5e] & ! piece to :i* x is appli$2 all ( ^! & num]\s modifications ( ! same h be5 inv5t$1 & result$ 9 plac+ 9 ! homes ev]y:]e _m beautiful ornam5tal articles ( furniture1 :i* be=e ! v ri* only c\ld af=d to h4 ,special =ms ( ma*9]y = mak+ v>i\s articles ( wood are ab\t z num]\s z ! articles !mselves4 ,we appe> be=e ! h\se & "k be=e ent]+ t its doors & sills1 clapbo>ds & w9d[ frames1 its sa%es & bl9ds1 its cornices1 its embrasures & pill>s1 & %+les1 ea* or all h _h a special ma*9e inv5t$ = its manufacture4 ,we ent] ! h\se & f9d x is s ) objects )9--! floor+ may be adorn$ ) ! beautiful art ( m>quetry & p>quetry1 wood mosaic "w1 ! wa9scot+ & ! frescoes & ceil+s1 ! /airs & /aircases1 its c>v$ & ornam5tal support+ frames & balu/]s1 ! *>m+ mantel frames ar\nd ! hospitable fireplaces1 & e article ( furniture we see 9 :i* wood is a "p4 ,s1 too1 x is ) e useful wood5 implem5t & article )9 & )\t ! h\se1--! trays1 ! buckets1 ! b>rels1 ! tubs1 ! clo!s-p9s1 ! broom-h&les1 ! mops1 ! iron+ & bread bo>ds2 & outside ! h\se1 ! f5ces1 rail+s & po/s--_m ( ^! objects entirely unkn[n to ! poor ( =m] g5]ations1 uncommon ) ! ri*1 & ! ma*9]y = mak+ !m unkn[n to all4 ,x 0 a noble array ( woodwork & ma*9]y ) :i* ! nations surpris$ & greet$ ! _w1 at ea* ( its notable int]national ,expositions dur+ ! c5tury4 ,ea* occasion surpass$ its pr$ecessor 9 ! beauty ( con/ruction ( ! ma*9es display$ & effici5cy ( _! "w4 ,! names ( ! memb]s ( ?is array 7 h>d & unc\?1 su* z ! axe1 ! adze1 & ! bit1 ! aug]1 b>k-cutt+ & gr9d+ ma*9es1 bl9d-slat bor+1 & t5on+1 dovetail1 mortis+1 mat*+ & plan+1 wood splitt+1 turn+1 :eel+ & plan+1 wood-b5d+1 rim-bor+ d[ell+1 felly-jo9t+1 etc41 etc4 ,^! names & ! clam\r ( ! ma*9es 7 pa9ful to ! e>1 b to ! ?\ghtful1 !y 7 conv]t$ into sweet] music1 :5 reflection br\ght to m9d ! h>d toil ( human h&s !y _h sav$1 ! be=e unkn[n com=ts & bless+s ( civilisation !y _h br\ght & 7 br++ to ! human race1 & ! endur+ =ms ( beauty !y _h produc$4 ,to ! inv5tion ( wood-work+ ma*9]y we are also indebt$ = ! awak5+ ( int]e/ 9 ! qualities ( wood = a va/ numb] ( arti/ic purposes4 ,x 0 a revelation1 at ! great ,philadelphia ,exposition ( #ahgf1 to behold ! specim5s ( diff]5t woods f all ! =e/s ( ! e>?1 select$ & assembl$ to display _! wond]ful gra9 & o!r qualities1 & %[+ h[ well nature 0 /or+ up = u 9 its sil5t %ades ^? gr[?s :i* 7 wait+ ! g5ius ( inv5tion to conv]t into =ms ( use & beauty = e home4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,furniture4 ,s f> z ma*9]y is conc]n$ = conv]t+ wood into furniture1 ! same has be5 anticipat$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 b mu* rema9s to be said ab\t ! articles ( furniture !mselves4 ,al?\gh f anci5t days ! mo/ anci5t c\ntries provid$ by h& elaborate & beautiful articles ( furniture ( _m descriptions1 yet x has be5 left = mod]n advances 9 ma*9]y & k9dr$ arts to yield t univ]sal supply ( conv5i5t & ornam5tal furniture :i* n[ prevails4 ,! ,egyptians us$ *airs & tables ( a m mod]n =m ?an ! ,greeks or ,romans1 :o loll$ ab\t on c\*es ev5 at _! meals2 b ! ,egyptians did n h ! conv5i5t section tables built 9 slid+ sections1 :i* p]mit ! table to be enl>g$ to accommodate an increas$ numb] ( gue/s4 ,& n[ rec5tly ?is mod]n =m ( table has be5 improv$1 by arrang+ ! sections & leaves s t :5 ! sections are slid out ! leaves are automatically rais$ & plac$ 9 position1 :i* is done ei!r by lazy-tongs me*anism1 or by a s]ies ( p>allel l9ks3 ,tables con/ruct$ ) fold+ deta*able & adju/able legs1 tables con/ruct$ = special purposes z sew+ ma*9es1 & typewrit+ ma*9e tables1 by :i* ! ma*9e head may be dropp$ b5ea? ! table top :5 n 9 use2 tables comb9$ ) desks :]e9 ! table "p may be slid into ! desk "p :5 n 9 use & ! slid+ cov] pull$ d[n to cov] & lock f sight bo? ! table & desk2 surgical tables1 adapt$ to be rais$ or l[]$ at ei!r end or at ei!r side & to be ext5d$2 8knock d[n0 tables1 adapt$ to be tak5 all ap>t = %ipm5t or /orage2 tables comb9$ ) *airs to be fold$ d[n by ! side ( ! *air :5 n 9 use2 & _m o!r useful =ms h be5 add$ to ! li/4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 display$ 9 ! con/ruction ( desks1 to save & economise space4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( a comb9$ fold+ desk & ext5sible table4 ,ano!r =m is an arrangem5t ( desk draw]s1 :]eby :5 "o draw] is lock$ or unlock$ all ! re/ are lock$ or unlock$ automatically4 ,:atev] %ape or function anyone desires 9 a desk may be met1 except1 p]haps1 ! p]=mance ( ! actual "w ( ! occupant4 ,9 ! matt] ( b$s1 ! pr9cipal developm5ts h be5 due to ! advancem5t ( wood-work+ ma*9]y1 & ! manufacture ( iron1 /eel1 & brass4 ,! old-fa%ion$ pond]\s b$/eads1 put toge!r by heavy screws1 h giv5 way to ^? mortis$ & t5on$1 jo9$ & mat*$1 & by :i* !y c easily be put up & tak5 d[n2 & to iron & brass b$/eads1 :i* are bo? ornam5tal & m heal?ful4 ,no b$ may be )\t an inexp5sive /eel spr+ frame or mattress = ! support ( ! b$d+4 ,fold+ b$s made to economise space1 & :5 fold$ upright become an ornam5tal bureau2 & invalid b$/eads1 design$ = %ift+ ! position ( ! invalid1 are among ! _m mod]n improvem5ts4 ,kit*5 ,ut5sils4--,a va/ am\nt ( drudg]y 9 ! kit*5 has be5 reliev$ by ! conv5i5t inv5tions 9 labor-sav+ appliances3 c(fee & spice mills1 c-op5]s1 /ation>y wa%tubs1 /opp] extractors1 sup]s$+ ! old /yle ( h&-corkscrews :]e l>ge numb]s ( bottles are to be uncork$2 refrig]ators & provision safes1 atta*+ & lift+ devices & conv5i5t cul9>y di%es & ut5sils ( great v>iety4 ,curta9s1 %ades & scre5s h be5 wond]fully improv$ & _! use made widely possible by mod]n inv5tions & new adaptation ( old me?ods4 ,wood1 cotton1 silk1 pap]1 comb9$ or uncomb9$ ) o!r mat]ials1 9 _m novel ways unkn[n to our ance/ors1 h r5d]$ ^! articles available 9 ?\s&s ( homes :]e _! use 0 unkn[n & impossible a c5tury ago4 ,among ! mo/ conv5i5t atta*m5ts to %ades is ! spr+ roll]1 inv5t$ by ,h>t%orn ( ,am]ica1 9 #ahfd1 :]eby ! %ade is automatically roll$ ^u its /ick to raise or l[] x4 ,w9d[ scre5s = ! purpose ( exclud+ flies1 mosquitoes1 & o!r insects1 :ile freely admitt+ ! air1 are n[ made ext5sible & adju/able 9 diff]5t ways to fit diff]5t sizes ( w9d[s4 ,curta9s & %ades are provid$ ) neat & mo/ attractive support+ rods1 to :i* !y are atta*$ by brass or wood5 r+s1 & provid$ ) easily manipulat$ devices to raise & securely hold !m 9 any desir$ position4 ,! art ( /eam+ wood & b5d+ x1 by iron patt]n =ms adju/able to ! =ms desir$1 z p>ticul>ly devis$ 9 pr9ciple by ,blan*>d 9 ,am]ica 9 #ahbh-ahdj1 ref]r$ to 9 ,wood-work+1 has produc$ great *anges 9 ! art ( furniture mak+1 especially 9 *airs4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ illu/ration ( ! results ( ?is art occurr$ 9 ,au/ria4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago ! manufacture 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria ( furniture by ma*9]y1 especially ( b5t wood-w>e1 became well e/abli%$ !re2 & by ! "t ( ! ,vi5na ,exposition 9 #ahgc1 factories on a mo/ ext5sive scale = ! con/ruction ( b$ furniture 7 9 op]ation among ! va/ m\nta9 bee* =e/s ( ,moravia & ,hung>y4 ,! greate/ ( ^! works 7 locat$ 9 ,great ,urgroez1 ,hung>y1 & ,bisritz1 ,moravia1 ) tw5ty or m auxili>y e/abli%m5ts4 ,betwe5 five & six ?\s& "w p 7 employ$1 ! great] "p ( :om 7 females1 & x 0 necess>y to use /eam & wat] motors1 to ! ext5t ( _m hundr$ horse p[]4 ,! =e/s 7 fell$1 & ! tree-tops remov$ & made into *>coal = use 9 ! glass works ( ,bohemia4 ,! trunks 7 haul$ to ! mills & saw$ into planks ( suitable ?ickness by gang-saws4 ,! planks 9 turn 7 cut ) circul> saws into squ>e pieces = turn+1 & !n ! pieces turn$ & cut on la!s1 to give !m ! size requir$ & ! r\nd$ %ape2 ! pieces !n /eam$ :ile 9 _! gre5 /ate = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 suitable boil]s1 !n tak5 out & b5t to ! desir$ %ape on a ca/-iron frame by h&1 !n subject$1 ) ! desir$ patt]n1 to ! patt]n-turn+ table1 & cut2 !n kept lock$ 9 ! patt]n's iron embrace until ! pieces 7 dri$ & p]man5tly set 9 %ape1 !n clamp$ to a b5*1 fil$1 rasp$1 /a9$1 & ,fr5* poli%$ by ! deft h&s ( ! wom52 !n assembl$ 9 prop] position 9 frames ( ! =m ( ! *air or o!r article to be made1 _! contact surface saw$ to fit at ! jo9ts1 & !n f9ally ! p>ts glu$ toge!r & fur!r secur$ by ! addition ( a few screws or balls4 ,*airs1 l\nges & light] furniture 7 ?us made f b5t pieces ( wood ) v few jo9ts1 hav+ a neat & attractive appe>ance1 & possess+ great /r5g?4 ,! art has spread to o!r =e/s & o!r c\ntries1 & ! turn$1 b5t1 highly poli%$ & beautiful furniture ( ?is g5]ation w\ld h be5 b a dream ( beauty to ! h\sehold] ( a c5tury ago4 ,*ildr5's *airs are made s t ! seat may be rais$ or l[]$1 or ! *air conv]t$ into a p]ambulator4 ,d5ti/'s *airs h be5 develop$ until x is only necess>y = ! op]ator to turn a valve gov]n+ a fluid1 g5]ally oil1 "u pressure to raise or l[] ! *air & ! pati5t4 ,9 ! m agreeable situation at ! !atre or conc]t "o may hang 8 hat on ! bottom ( ! *air1 upturn$ to af=d access to x ?r\gh a cr[d$ r[1 & turn+ d[n ! *air1 sit ) pleasure1 z ! curta9 is roll$ up by compress$ air1 or electricity1 at ! t\* ( a button4 ,to ! un?9k+ & unobs]v+1 ! subject ( bottle /opp]s is n entranc+1 b ^? acqua9t$ ) ! art "k ) :at long1 cont9u\s1 e>ne/ ef=ts1 ?\s&s ( inv5tors h s\ght = ! be/ & *eape/ bottle /opp] to take ! place ( corks--! enorm\s dem& = :i* 0 exhau/+ ! supply & r5d]+ _! price almo/ prohibitive4 ,"o ( ! mo/ successful types is a /opp] ( rubb] comb9$ ) a metal disk1 & hung by a wire on ! neck ( ! bottle1 s t ! /opp] c be us$ ov] & ov] aga92 ano!r =m compos$ ( glass1 or porcela91 & cork2 ano!r is a ?9 disk ( cork plac$ 9 a ?9 metal cap :i* is crimp$ ov] a %\ld] on ! neck ( ! bottle1 & /ill ano!r is a ?9 disk ( pa/ebo>d adapt$ = milk bottles & press$ tightly )9 a rim on ! inside ( ! neck ( ! bottle4 ,9 ?is connection %\ld be m5tion$ t self-seal+ fruit j>1 kn[n f its inv5tor z 8,mason's fruit j>10 :i* came into su* univ]sal use--t comb9ation ( screw cap1 screw-?read$ j>-neck & ! rubb] r+1 or gasket1 on :i* ! cap 0 screw$ s tightly z to seal ! j> h]metically4 ,9 lamplight+1 :at a wond]ful *ange f ! old oil lamps ( =m] ages6 ,! mod]n lamp may be said to be an improv$ means ( grace1 z x w hold out mu* long]1 & %$ a f> m attractive light = ! s9n]1 ^: return1 by its g5ial light1 is1 ev5 to ! end1 s greatly desir$4 ,! discov]y ( petroleum & its introduction z a light produc$ a revolution 9 ! con/ruction ( lamps4 ,wicks 7 n disc>d$1 b *ang$ 9 %ape f r\nd to flat1 & ow+ to ! co>s5ess & disagreeable od\r ( coal oil1 especially 9 its e>ly unref9$ days1 devices fir/ _h = _! object ! easy fe$+ ( ! wick1 & p]fect combu/ion4 ,to ?is end ! burn] portion ?r\gh :i* ! wick pass$ 0 p]=at$ at its base to create a prop] draft1 & lat] ! cap ov] ! base 0 also p]=at$4 ,b ) ref9$ oil ! disagreeable od\r cont9u$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ?is 0 ma9ly due to ! fact t bo? 9 lamps & /oves ! oil w\ld ooze out ( ! wick on to ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! lamps or /ove1 & :5 ! wick 0 lit ! heat w\ld burn or heat ! oil & ?us produce ! od\r4 ,inv5tors !re=e contriv$ to sep>ate ! oil res]voir & wick "p :5 ! lamp or /ove 7 n 9 use2 & f9ally1 9 /oves1 to disp5se ) ! wick altoge!r4 ,z wickless oil /oves are n[ 9 successful use ! wickless lamp may be expect$ to foll[4 ,! lamp1 h[ev]1 t ?r[s all o!rs into ! %ade is t od\rless1 heatless1 magic1 mell[1 temp]$ light ( electricity1 t spr+s out f ! little filam5t1 9 its h]metically seal$ glass cage1 & %9es ) unsurpass$ lovel9ess on all ^? =tunate en\gh to possess x4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,lea!r4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate h[ prehi/oric man came to use ! sk9 ( ! bea/s ( ! field = w>m? & %elt]4 ,orig9ally no d\bt1 & = untold c5turies1 ! use 0 conf9$ to ! hairy1 undress$1 fre%1 or dri$ sk9s1 kn[n z pelts4 ,!n came ! use ( bett] tools4 ,! g>m5ts h p]i%$1 b ! tools ( /one & ( bronze surviv$1 :i*1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? employ$ among ! e>lie/ hi/oric tribes ( m51 7 f\nd to be adapt$ to cut & /rip ! hairy cov]+ f ! bodies ( animals1 & clean1 p\nd1 scrape & o!rwise adapt !m to use4 ,& ev] s9ce ! /ory ( man began to be pres]v$ 9 la/+ records f f>!/ ,ori5tal to ! nor!rnmo/ limits ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 memorials ( ! e>ly implem5ts ( lab\r 9 ! prep>ation ( hides = human we> h be5 f\nd4 ,! aborig9es knew h[ to %>p5 bones ( ! animals !y kill$ to scrape1 clean1 s(t5 or r\gh5 _! sk9s4 ,!y knew h[ to sweat1 dry1 & smoke ! sk9s1 & ?is crude season+ process 0 ! =]unn] ( mod]n tann+4 ,b lea!r z we "k x n[1 t s(t1 flexible1 insoluble comb9ation ( ! gelat9e & fibr9e ( ! sk9 ) tannic acid1 produc+ a durable & imputrescible article1 t w )/& decay f ! jo9t attack ( moi/ure1 w>m? & air1 0 unkn[n to ! e>li] races ( m51 = its production 0 due to ?or\gh tann+1 & ?or\gh tann+ 0 a lat] art4 ,:5 m5 7 sk9-dress$ animals !y knew little or no?+ ( tann+4 ,tannic acid is f\nd 9 ne>ly e plant t gr[s1 & its comb9ation ) ! fre% sk9s spread or ?r[n !reon1 may h giv5 rise to ! obs]vation ( ! b5eficial result & subsequ5t practice4 ,b :e!r discov]$ by *ance1 accid5t or exp]i5ce1 or inv5t$ f necessity1 ! art ( tann+ %\ld h r5d]$ ! "n ( ! discov]] immortal4 ,! e>lie/ records1 h[ev]1 describe ! art1 b n ! inv5tor4 ,f ! "t ! ,hebrews cov]$ ! alt>s ( _! tab]nacles ) rams' sk9s dy$ r$1 z record$ 9 ,exodus2 :5 !y & ! ,egyptians work$ _! lea!r1 curry+ & /ret*+ x ) _! knives1 awls1 /ones1 & o!r implem5ts1 mak+ lea!r wat] buckets1 resembl+ v mu* ^? n[ made by ma*9]y1 cov]+ _! h>ps & %ields ) lea!r1 ornam5tal & emboss$2 f ! days ( ! e>ly ,africans1 fam\s = _! yell[1 r$ & black morocco2 f ! days ( ! old national dress ( ! ,p]sians ) _! lea!r tr\s]s1 aprons1 helmets1 belts & %irts2 f ! "t t ! anci5t ,scy?ians utilis$ ! sk9s ( _! enemies1 & ,h]odotus describ$ ! beauty & o!r good qualities ( ! human hide2 f ! e>ly days ( t peculi> f9e & agreeable lea!r ( ! ,russians1 fragrant ) ! oil ( ! bir*2 f ! days ( ! :ite lea!r ( ! ,hung>ians1 ! olive-tann$ lea!r ( ! ,s>ac5s2 f ! "t ( ! celebrat$ ,cordovan lea!r ( ! ,spani>ds2 f ! anci5t cold p]iods ( ! ,esquimaux & ! ,sc&9avians1 :o1 clad 9 ! w>m sk9s ( ! ,arctic be>s1 /ret*$ t\gh-tann$ sealsk9 ov] ! frame "w ( _! boats2 f ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! art ( ! lea!r work] to ! nak$ ,briton1 d[n to almo/ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 sub/antially ! same h& tools1 h>d h& lab\r1 & ! old elb[ lubricant 7 kn[n & practis$4 ,h& tools h improv$1 ( c\rse1 z o!r arts 9 wood & iron mak+ h develop$1 b ! op]ations are ab\t ! same4 ,!re 7 & mu/ be fle%+ knives to scrape f (f ! hide ! adh]5t fle% & lime1--= ?is ! hide is plac$ ov] ! convex edge ( an incl9$ beam & ! "w is call$ beam+2 ! curri]s' knife = remov+ ! hair2 skiv+1 or ! cutt+ (f ! r\gh edges & fle%y p>ts on ! bord] ( ! hide2 %av+ & flatt5+2 ! cutt+ away ( ! inequalities left aft] skiv+2 /on+1 ! rubb+ ( ! lea!r by a sc\r+ /one to r5d] x smoo?2 slick+1 to remove ! wat] & grease2 or to smoo? & poli%1 by a rectangul> %>p5$ /one1 /eel or glass tool2 :it5+1 to %ave (f ?9 /rips ( ! fle%1 leav+ ! lea!r ?9n]1 :it] & m pliable2 /uff+1 to s(t5 ! scrap$ & p\nd$ hides & make !m por\s2 gra9+1 ! giv+ to ! hair or gra9 side a granul> appe>ance by rubb+ ) a groov$ or r\gh5$ piece ( wood2 bruis+ or bo>d+ to make ! lea!r supple & pliable by br++ ! two fle% sides toge!r & rubb+ ) a gra9+ bo>d2 sc\r+1 by aid ( a /ream ( wat] to :it5 ! lea!r by rubb+ ) a slick+ /one or /eel4 ,! inv5tions ( ! c5tury consi/ 9 lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y = ^! purposes1 new tann+ & dress+ processes1 & innum]able ma*9es = mak+ special articles ( lea!r4 ,z be=e /at$1 ! epo* ( mod]n ma*9]y comm5c$ ) ! practical application ( wat] p[] to o!r ?an gr9d+ mills1 & ( /eam 9 place ( wat]1 contemporane\sly ) ! inv5tion ( sp9n+ & weav+ ma*9]y 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,^! got fairly to "w at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 & ! uses ( ma*9]y spread to ! treatm5t ( lea!r4 ,john ,bull 0 ! appropriate "n ( ! man :o fir/ pat5t$ a scrap+ ma*9e 9 ,engl&1 ab\t #aghj1 & ,joseph ,weeks ! next "o1 "s ye>s lat]4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ma*9es ( ! c5tury 0 ! hide mill1 :i*1 aft] ! h& tools _h scrap$ & /on$1 %av$ & h>d5$ ! hides1 0 us$ to rub & dub !m1 & s(t5 & swell !m = tann+4 ,pegg$ roll]s 7 ! e>lie/ =m = ?is purpose1 & lat] corrugat$ roll]s & p[]-work$ hamm]s 7 employ$4 ,hundr$s ( hides c\ld be s(t5$ daily by ^! means4 ,!n came +5i\s ma*9es to take ! place ( ! previ\s op]ations ( ! h& tools1--! fle%+ ma*9e1 9 "o =m ( :i* ! hides are plac$ on a curv$ b$1 & ! fle%y p>ts scrap$ (f or remov$ by revolv+ glass blades1 or by curv$ tee? ( /eel & wood 9 a roll] "u :i* a table is giv5 a to-&-fro movem5t2 tann+ app>atus ( a great v>iety1 by :i* hides1 aft] !y are ?or\ghly wa%$ & s(t5$1 & ! pores op5$ by swell+1 are subject$ to movem5ts 9 ! tann+ liquor vats1 su* z rock+ or oscillat+1 rot>y1 or v]tical2 or treat$ by an air exhau/1 kn[n z ! vacuum process2 9 all ( :i* ! object is to ?or\ghly impregnate 9 ! %orte/ "t all ! int]/ices & pores ( ! sk9 ) ! tannic acid1 by :i* ! fibr\s & gelat9\s matt] is made to comb9e to =m lea!r1 & by :i* process1 also1 ! hide is greatly increas$ 9 weight4 ,reel ma*9es are !n employ$ to transf] ! hides f "o vat to ano!r1 ?us subject+ !m to liquors ( increas+ /r5g?4 ,soak+ 9 vats =m]ly occupi$ twelve or eighte5 mon?s1 b "u ! new me?ods ! "t has be5 greatly r$uc$4 ,& n[ s9ce #ahhj1 ! *emi/s are pu%+ aside ! vegetable processes1 & sub/itut+ m9]al processes1 by :i* tann+ is /ill fur!r %ort5$ & *eap5$4 ,! new processes dep5d *iefly on ! use ( *romium comp\nds4 ,!n came sc\r+ ma*9es1 9 :i* a rapidly revolv+ /iff bru% is us$ to sc\r ! gra9 or hair side1 remov+ ! sup]flu\s col\r+ matt]1 call$ ! bloom1 & s(t5+ & cleans+ ! hide2 ! slick+ or poli%+ ma*9es to clean1 /ret* & smoo? ! lea!r by glass1 /one1 or copp] blades on a rapidly-mov+ belt c>ri$ ov] pulleys2 :it5+1 buff+1 skiv+1 fle%+ & %av+ ma*9es1 all = cutt+ (f c]ta9 portions & inequalities ( ! lea!r1 & r$uc+ its ?ickness4 ,9 "o =m ( ?is class ( ma*9es an oscillat+ p5dulum lev] is employ$1 c>ry+ at its end a revolv+ cyl9d] hav+ ?irty or m spiral blades4 ,! p5dulum sw+s to & fro at ! rate ( n9ety movem5ts a m9ute1 :ile ! cyl9d] rolls ov] ! lea!r at ! rate ( #bghj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,sc>f+1 skiv+1 *amf]+1 bevell+1 fea!r-edg+1 appe> to be synonym\s t]ms = a v>iety ( ma*9es = cutt+ ! edges ( lea!r obliquely1 = ! purpose *iefly ( mak+ lap seams1 sc>f-jo9ts1 & r$uc+ ! ?ickness & /iffness ( lea!r at ^? & c]ta9 o!r po9ts4 ,!n !re are lea!r-splitt+ ma*9es1 consi/+ ( "o or m roll]s & a pressure b>1 :i* draw & press ! lea!r aga9/ a horizontally arrang$ & adju/able knife1 :i* nicely splits ! lea!r 9 two p>ts1 & ?us d\bles ! quantity4 ,?is ?9 split lea!r is mu* us$ 9 mak+ a *eap quality ( boots & %oes & o!r articles4 ,!re are also corrugat+1 creas+1 flut+1 pebbl+1 pi]c+ & pun*+ ma*9es2 ma*9es = gr9d+ ! b>k & also = gr9d+ ! lea!r2 ma*9es = glu+ sections ( lea!r toge!r1 & ma*9es = sew+ !m2 ma*9es = r\nd+ flat /rips ( lea!r1 = ! mak+ ( :ips & tubes2 ma*9es = scallop+ ! edges2 & a v +5i\s ma*9e = assort+ lea!r /rips or /r+s accord+ to _! size or ?ickness4 ,! mo/ important improvem5ts ( ! c5tury 9 lea!r work+ relate to ! manufacture ( boots & %oes4 ,x c\ld well be said ( boots & %oes1 especially ^? made = ! great mass ( humanity1 be=e ! mod]n improvem5ts 9 means & processes _h be5 inv5t$3 8,_! feet ?r\gh fai?less lea!r met ! dirt40 ,x is true t 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ! art ( lea!r & boot & %oe mak+ _h s f> advanc$ t good durable foot we> 0 produc$ by long & t$i\s processes ( tann+1 & by c>eful mak+ up ( ! lea!r into boots & %oes by h&2 ! knife1 ! awl1 ! wax$ ?read1 ! nails & hamm] & o!r h& tools ( ! "* above ref]r$ to be+ employ$4 ,b ! process 0 a t$i\s & co/ly "o & ! articles produc$ 7 beyond ! limits ( ! poor man's purse4 ,h5ce ! wood5 %oes1 & ^? made ( co>se hide & dress$ & undress$ sk9s1 & ( co>se clo?1 mix$ or unmix$ ) lea!r4 ,9 #ahji1 ,david ,mead ,r&olph ( ,engl& pat5t$ ma*9]y = rivet+ soles & heels to ! upp]s in/ead ( sew+ !m toge!r4 ,! celebrat$ civil eng9e]1 ,isamb>d ,m4 ,brunel1 %ortly !reaft] add$ sev]al ma*9es ( 8 own inv5tion to ,r&olph's me?od1 & he e/abli%$ a l>ge manufactory = ! mak+ *iefly ( army %oes4 ,! v>i\s sep>ate processes p]=m$ by 8 ma*9es involv$ ! cutt+ out ( ! lea!r1 h>d5+ x by roll+1 secur+ ! welt on to ! inn] sole by small nails1 & /udd+ ! out] sole ) l>g] nails4 ,divisions ( m5 7 employ$ to "w ea* sep>ate /ep1 & ! %oes 7 pass$ f "o process to ano!r until complete4 ,l>ge quantities ( %oes 7 made at r$uc$ prices1 b compla9ts 7 made z to ! nails p5etrat+ into ! %oe & hurt+ ! feet4 ,! dem& = army %oes fell (f1 & ! sy/em 0 ab&on$2 b x _h incit$ inv5tion 9 ! direction ( ma*9e-made %oes & ! day ( exclusive h& lab\r 0 doom$4 ,ab\t #ahah ,joseph ,walk] ( ,hopk9/on1 ,massa*usetts inv5t$ ! wood5 peg4 ,mak+ & apply+ pegs by h& 0 too sl[ "w1 & ma*9es 7 at once contriv$ = mak+ !m4 ,z "o inv5tion necessitates & begets o!rs1 s special =ms ( ma*9es = saw+ & work+ up wood into pegs 7 devis$4 ,su* ma*9]y 0 = fir/ saw+ ! select$ log ( wood into slices across ! gra9 a little ?ick] ?an ! l5g? ( a peg & cutt+ out knots 9 ! wood2 !n plan+ ! head ( ! block smoo?2 groov+ ! block ) a ,v-%ap$ cutt+ tool2 splitt+ ! pegs ap>t1 & !n blea*+1 dry+1 poli%+ & w9n[+ !m4 ,x took =ty or fifty ye>s to p]fect ^! & k9dr$ ma*9es1 b at ! end ( t "t !re 0 a factory at ,burl+ton1 ,v]mont1 :i* f f\r cords ( wood1 made e day f\r hundr$ bu%els ( %oe pegs4 ,ab\t #aheh ,b4 ,f4 ,/urtevant ( ,massa*usetts made a great improvem5t 9 ?is l9e4 ,he 0 a v poor man1 gett+ a liv+ by pegg+ on ! soles ( a few pair ( %oes ea* day4 ,he devis$ a pegg+ ma*9e1 & out ( 8 scanty e>n+s & at odd h\rs1 ) mu* pa9 & lab\r1 & by borr[+ money1 he f9ally complet$ x4 ,! ma*9e made :at 0 call$ 8peg wood10 a long ribbon /rip ( season$ wood1 %>p5$ on "o edge & design$ to be f$ into ! ma*9e = pegg+ %oes4 ,! %oes 7 punctur$ by awls driv5 by ma*9]y1 & !n z ! peg /rip 0 c>ri$ to x ! ma*9e sev]$ ! /rip into *isel-edg$ pegs1 & peg-driv+ me*anism drove !m into ! holes4 ,n9e hundr$ pegs a m9ute 7 driv54 ,x soon almo/ supplant$ all o!r peg-driv+ ma*9es1 & aft] ! ma*9es 7 q g5]ally introduc$1 !re 7 made 9 "o ye> alone 9 ,new ,engl& fifty-five million pairs ( boots & %oes pegg$ by ! ,/urtevant ma*9es4 ,o!r =ms ( pegs foll[$1 su* z ! metal screw pegs1 & ma*9es to cut !m (f f a cont9u\s spiral wire f :i* !y 7 made4 ,la/s on :i* ! %oes 7 made _h be5 manufactur$ by ! hundr$ ?\s& on ! wood-turn+ la!s inv5t$ by ,blan*>d1 describ$ 9 ! *apt] on ,wood-,work+4 ,9 #aheh also1 ab\t ! same "t ! ,/urtevant pegg+ ma*9e 0 introduc$1 ! %oe-sew+ ma*9e 0 develop$4 ,! ,mc,kay ,%oe-,sew+ ,ma*9e ,co4 ( ,massa*usetts aft] an exp5diture ( #acj1jjj1 & ?ree ye>s' "t 9 exp]im5ts1 7 enabl$ to put _! ma*9es 9 practical op]ation4 ,! pegg+ ma*9es & sew+ ma*9es work$ a revolution 9 %oemak+4 ,a revolution 9 ! art ( %oemak+ ?us />t$ 0 foll[$ up by wondr\s ma*9es inv5t$ to meet e "p ( ! manufacture4 ,la/+ ma*9es = draw+ & fitt+ ! lea!r ov] la/s1 9 :i* ! out] edges ( ! lea!r are drawn ov] ! bottom ( ! la/ & tack$ !reto by ! h&s & f+]s ( ! ma*9e in/ead ( ^? ( ! human h&1 7 inv5t$4 ,ind5t+ ma*9es3--,! welt is kn[n z t /rip ( lea!r ar\nd ! %oe betwe5 ! upp] & ! sole1 & ma*9es 7 inv5t$ = cutt+ & plac+ ?is1 ind5t+ x = ! purpose ( r5d]+ x flexible & sep>at+ ! /it*es1 all a "w until rec5tly entirely done by h&4 ,ma*9es = tw9+ ! seams 9 ! upp]s1 & =m+ ! scallops2 ma*9es especially adapt$ to ! mak+ ( ! heel1 z heel trimm+ & compress+1 r\nd+ & poli%+1 & = nail+ ! f9i%$ heel to ! boot or %oe2 ma*9es = treat+ ! sole 9 e way1 roll+ x1 9 place ( ! good old way ( p\nd+ x on a lap /one2 trimm+1 r\nd+1 smoo?+1 & poli%+ x2 ma*9es = cutt+ out gores2 ma*9es = m>k+ ! upp]s s t at "o op]ation e %oe w be /amp$ by its size1 numb]1 "n ( manufacture1 numb] ( case1 & any o!r conv5i5t symbols2 ma*9es = sett+ ! buttons & eyelets2 all ^! are simply memb]s 9 ! long l9e ( inv5tions 9 ?is art4 ,! old /yle ( boot has giv5 way to ! mod]n %oe & gait]1 b = ! b5efit ( ^? :o /ill we> !m1 special ma*9es = %ap+ ! leg1 call$ boot trees1 h be5 contriv$4 ,s f> _h ! art advanc$ t tw5ty ye>s ago "o work+man ) mu* ( ?is improv$ ma*9]y comb9$ 9 "o ma*9e call$ ! 8bootmak]10 c\ld make ?ree hundr$ pairs ( boots or %oes a day4 ,upw>d ( ?ree ?\s& su* ma*9es 7 !n at "w ?r\gh\t ! _w2 & "o hundr$ & fifty million pairs ( boots 7 !n be+ made annually !reon4 ,n[ ! numb] ( ma*9es & pairs ( boots & %oes has be5 quadrupl$4 ,& ! _w is hav+ its feet clo!d f> m ext5sively1 bett] & at less co/ ?an 0 ev] possible by ! h& sy/em4 ,! numb] ( work]s 9 ! art1 bo? m5 & wom51 has va/ly increas$ in/ead ( be+ dim9i%$1 :ile _! wages h greatly advanc$ ov] ! old rates4 ,z an illu/ration ( h[ rapidly mod]n ent]prise & inv5tion proce$s 9 ,yankeel&1 x has be5 relat$ t "s ye>s ago 9 ,massa*usetts1 aft] _m ( ^! %oe-mak+ ma*9es _h got into use1 a factory :i* 0 turn+ out #bdjj pairs ( %oes e day 0 completely de/roy$ by fire on a ,w$nesday night4 ,on ,?ursday ! manufactur] hir$ a neighb\r+ build+ & set c>p5t]s at "w fitt+ x up4 ,on ,friday he ord]$ a new & complete outfit ( ma*9]y f ,bo/on2 on ,saturday ! ma*9]y arriv$ & ! m5 set x up2 on ,monday "w 0 />t$1 & on ,tuesday ! manufactur] 0 fill+ 8 ord]s to ! full numb] ( #bdjj pairs a day4 ,!re are v _m p 9 ! _w :o /ill pref] ! h&-made %oe1 & !re is no?+ to prev5t ! _w g5]ally f go+ back to t sy/em if !y *oose2 b ,/4 ,crisp9's g5tle art has blossom$ into a va/] field ( bless+s = mank9d "u ! fruitful impetus ( inv5tion ?an if left to vegetate "u ! simple processes ( primitive man4 ,horses1 no less ?an man1 h %>$ 9 ! improvem5t 9 lea!r manufacture4 ,! h>nesses ( ! f>m]'s & lab\r+ man's horses a c5tury ago1 :5 !y 7 =tunate en\gh to own horses1 7 ( ! crude/ description4 ,ropes1 cords1 co>se b&s ( lea!r 7 ! common provisions4 ,n[ ! /r5g? & *eapness ( h>nesses enable ! poor man to equip 8 horse ) a work+ suit impossible to h be5 produc$ a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,to ! beautiful effects produc$ by ! use ( mod]n emboss+ ma*9es on pap] & wood h be5 add$ _m *>m+ patt]ns 9 emboss$ lea!r4 ,books & lea!r cases1 saddl]y & h\sehold ornam5tation ( v>i\s descriptions h be5 ei!r m\ld$ into =ms ( beauty1 or /amp$ or roll$ by cameo & intaglio designs cut into ! surface ( fa/-mov+ cyl9d]s4 ,! lea!r manufactures h become s va/ly important & valuable 9 "s c\ntries1 especially 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--second1 almo/ to agricultural products--t x w\ld be v int]e/+ to ext5d ! description to _m processes & ma*9es1 & to facts display+ ! enorm\s traffic 9 lea!r1 n[ necess>ily omitt$ = want ( space4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,m9]als--,,wells4 ,do/ ?\ he> ! hamm] ( ,?or1 ,wield$ 9 8 gloves ( iron8 ,z ) lea!r1 s ) /one1 ! h& tools & h>d lab\r h n *ang$ 9 pr9ciple s9ce ! anci5t days4 ,! hamm] = break+1 ! lev] = lift+1 ! saw = cutt+1 rubb+-/ones & irons = smoo?+ & poli%+1 s& & wat] = ! same purpose1 ! mallet & *isel1 & o!r implem5ts = ornam5t+1 ! squ>e1 ! level1 & ! plumb = _! respective purposes1 all are z old z ! art ( build+4 ,& z = build+s & sculpture ( /one & m>ble made by h& tools1 we h yet to excel ! pyramids1 ! ,p>!non ( ,a!ns1 :i* 8,e>? pr\dly we>s z ! be/ gem ^u h] zone10 ! palaces1 coliseums1 & aqu$ucts ( ,rome1 ! gr& & poli%$ tombs ( ,india1 ! exquisite halls ( ! ,alhambra1 & ! ,go?ic ca!drals4 ,b ! "t came :5 human blood & toil became too de> to be ! possession solely ( ! rul]s & ! weal?y1 & to be us$ alone to p]petuate & commemorate ri*es1 p[] & glory4 ,close on ! expansion ( m5's m9ds came ! expansion ( /eam & ! developm5t ( mod]n inv5tions4 ,! fir/ application ( ! /eam eng9e 9 fields ( human lab\r 0 ! draw+ ( wat] f ! coal m9es ( ,engl&2 !n 9 draw+ ! coal itself4 ,x 0 only a /ep = ! /eam eng9e into a new field ( lab\r :5 ,g5]al ,b5?am introduc$ 8 sy/em ( wood-saw+ ma*9]y 9 #ahjj2 & f saw+ wood to saw+ /one 0 only "o m /ep4 ,we f9d t tak5 9 #ahjc 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :5 ,oliv] ,evans ( ,philadelphia drove ) a high-pressure /eam eng9e1 8twelve saws 9 heavy frames1 saw+ at ! rate ( "o hundr$ feet ( m>ble 9 twelve h\rs40 ,h[ long w\ld x h tak5 h& sawy]s ( m>ble at anci5t ,p>os & ,naxos to h done ! same8 ,/one-cutt+ ma*9es ( o!r =ms ?an saw+ !n foll[$4 ,x 0 desir$ to divide l>ge blocks g5]ally at ! qu>ries to facilitate transportation4 ,ma*9es = ?is purpose are call$ /one-*annell+ ma*9es4 ,!y consi/ ( a gang ( *isels b\nd toge!r & set on a framework :i* travels on a track adjac5t to ! /one to be cut1 & s arrang$ t ! cutt]s may be set to ! /one at desir$ angles1 mov$ automatically =w>d & back 9 ! grooves !y are cutt+1 be f$ 9 or out1 rais$ or l[]$1 deta*$1 & o!rwise manipulat$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,o!r /one-cutt+ ma*9es _h = _! objects ! cutt+ & m\ld+ ! edges ( tables1 mantels & slabs2 & ! cutt+ ( circul> & o!r curv$ "w4 ,9 ! lat] /yle ( ma*9e ! cutt] fix$ on ! end ( a sp9dle is guid$ 9 ! desir$ directions on ! surface ( ! /one by a po9t]1 :i*1 atta*$ to ! cutt] sp9dle1 moves 9 ! grooves ( a patt]n also connect$ to ! rotat+ support c>ry+ ! cutt]4 ,o!r =ms ( mo/ +5i\s /one-dress+ & c>v+ ma*9es h be5 devis$ = cutt+ m\ld+s1 & ornam5tal figures & devices1 9 accordance ) a model or patt]n fix$ to ! "u side ( ! table :i* c>ries ! /one or m>ble to be dress$2 & 9 :i*1 by means ( a guide mov+ 9 ! patt]n1 ! diamond cutt] or cutt]s1 c>ri$ 9 a circul> frame above ! "w & adju/$ to its surface1 are mov$ 9 ! v>y+ directions det]m9$ by ! patt]n4 ,a /ream ( wat] is direct$ on ! /one to cle> x ( ! du/ dur+ ! op]ations4 ,! c>v+ ( /one by ma*9]y is n[ a si/] bran* ( wood c>v+4 ,monum5ts1 ornam5tation1 & intricate =ms ( figures & *>act]s are wr\ght ) great accuracy by cutt+ & dress+ tools guid$ by ! patt]ns1 or direct$ by ! h& ( ! op]ator4 ,= ! dress+ ( ! faces ( gr9d/ones1 special =ms ( cutt+ ma*9es h be5 devis$4 ,x 0 a sl[ & t$i\s task to drill holes ?r\gh /one by h& tools2 & x 0 inde$ a revolution 9 ?is bran* ( ! art :5 /eam eng9es 7 employ$ to rotate a rod arm$ at its end ) diamond or o!r cutt]s aga9/ ! h>de/ /one4 ,?is mode ( drill+ also effect$ a revolution 9 ! art ( bla/+4 ,!n1 nei!r height1 nor dep?1 nor ?ickness ( ! /one c\ld prev5t ! progress ( ! drill rod4 ,tunnels ?r\gh m\nta9 walls1 & wells ?r\gh solid qu>tz are cut to ! dep? ( ?\s&s ( feet4 ,"o in/ance is relat$ ( ! wond]ful effici5cy on a small] scale ( su* a ma*9e3 ,! imm5se columns ( ! ,/ate ,capitol at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 7 consid]$ too heavy = ! f\ndation on :i* !y re/$4 ,! ,am]ican ,diamond ,rock ,bor+ ,company ( ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 bor$ out a tw5ty-f\r in* core f ea* ( ! great pill>s1 & ?us reliev$ ! dang]4 ,9 ! mo/ economical & successful /one drills compress$ air is employ$ z ! motive p[] to drive ! drills1 :i* may be us$ s+ly or 9 gangs1 & :i* may be adju/$ aga9/ ! rock or qu>ry 9 any direction4 ,:5 9 position & ready = "w a few mom5ts w suffice to bore ! holes1 apply ! explosive & bla/ ! l$ge4 ,! clean+ away ( subm>9e l$ges 9 h>b\rs1 su* z ! great "w at ,hell ,gate 9 ! h>b\r ( ,new ,york1 has ?us be5 effect$4 ,cru%+3--,among ! mo/ useful inv5tions relat+ to /one work+ are ma*9es = cru%+ /ones & ores1 & assort+ !m4 ,! old way ( hamm]+ by h& 0 fir/ succe$$ by p[]ful /amp hamm]s work$ by /eam4 ,bo? me?ods ( c\rse are /ill foll[$1 b !y dem& too great an exp5diture ( =ce & "t4 ,ab\t a ?ird ( a c5tury ago1 ,eli ,:itney ,blake ( ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 0 a pione] inv5tor ( a new & mo/ successful type ( /one break+ ma*9e1 :i* ev] s9ce has be5 kn[n z ! 8,blake ,cru%]40 ,?is cru%] consi/s ( two pond]\s upright jaws1 "o fix$ & ! o!r movable1 betwe5 :i* ! /ones or ores to be cru%$ are f$4 ,ea* ( ! jaws is l9$ ) ! h>de/ k9d ( *ill$ /eel4 ,! movable jaw is incl9$ f its l[] end f ! fix$ jaw & at its upp] end is pivot$ to sw+ on a heavy r\nd iron b>4 ,! movable jaw is =c$ t[>d ! fix$ jaw by two opposite toggle lev]s set1 9 "o =m ( ! cru%]1 at _! inn] ends 9 /eel be>+s ( a v]tical vibrat+1 rock+ lev]1 "o ( ! toggles be>+ at its out] end aga9/ ! movable jaw & ! out] toggle aga9/ a solid frame-"w4 ,! rock+ lev] is op]at$ ?r\gh a crank by a /eam eng9e1 & z x is vibrat$1 ! toggle jo9t =ces ! lev] end ( ! movable jaw t[>ds ! fix$ jaw ) imm5se =ce1 break+ ! h>de/ /one l an egg%ell4 ,! sett+ ( ! movable jaw at an incl9e enables ! l>ge /one to be fir/ crack$1 ! movable jaw !n op5s1 & z ! /one falls l[] betwe5 ! m contract$ jaws1 x is brok5 f9]1 until x is f9ally cru%$ or pulv]iz$ & falls ?r\gh at ! bottom4 ,! movable jaw is adju/able & c be set to cru% /ones to a c]ta9 size4 ,z ! rock drill made a revolution 9 bla/+ & tunnell+1 s ! ,blake cru%] revolutionis$ ! art ( road mak+4 8,road metal10 z ! supply ( brok5 /ones = roads is n[ call$1 is ! fruit ( ! cru%]4 ,hundr$s ( tons ( /one p] day c be cru%$ to j ! size desir$1 & ! ma*9e may be mov$ f place to place :]e mo/ conv5i5t to use4 ,o!r cru%]s h be5 inv5t$1 =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( abrasion4 ,! /ones1 or ore1 fall betwe5 two great revolv+ disks1 hav+ corrugat$ /eel faces1 :i* are set ! desir$ di/ance ap>t1 & betwe5 :i* ! /ones are cru%$ by ! rubb+ action4 ,9 ?is /yle ( ma*9e ! pr9ciple ( a gradual break+ f a co>se to a f9] grade1 is ma9ta9$ by sett+ ! disks f>!r ap>t at ! c5tre :]e ! /one ent]s1 & ne>] toge!r at _! p]iph]ies :]e ! brok5 /one is dis*>g$4 ,l>ge smoo? or corrugat$ roll]s1 conical disks1 conc5tric roll]s arm$ ) tee? ( v>y+ sizes1 & yet s arrang$ z to pres]ve ! feature ( ! n>r[+ ?roat at ! bottom or place ( dis*>ge1 h also be5 devis$ & ext5sively us$4 ,a long l9e ( inv5tions has appe>$ especially adapt$ to break up & sep>ate coal into diff]5t sizes4 ,to view ! v>i\s mon/r\s heaps ( assort$ coals at ! m\? ( a coal m9e creates an impression t "s great wit* _h impos$ on a poor victim ! gigantic & seem+ly impossible task ( break+ & assort+ a va/ heap ( coal into ^! sep>ate piles )9 a c]ta9 "t--a task :i* also seems to h be5 miracul\sly & successfully p]=m$ )9 su* an exce$+ly %ort "t z to ei!r satisfy or confuse ! presid+ evil g5ius4 ,mod]n civilisation has be5 develop$ mo/ly f /eam & coal1 & !y h be5 to ea* o!r z /rong bro!rs1 gr[+ m & m mutually dep5d5t to meet ! dem&s made ^u !m4 ,! m9+ ( coal1 & its subsequ5t treatm5t = burn+1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e1 7 long1 pa9ful1 & labori\s tasks1 & ! /eam eng9e c\ld nev] h _h its mod]n wants suppli$ if its p[] _h n be5 us$ to supplem5t1 ) a hundr$fold increas$ effect1 ! lab\r ( human h&s4 ,x be+ impracticable to c>ry /eam or ! /eam eng9e to ! bottom ( ! m9e = "w !re1 compress$ air is !re employ$1 :i* is compress$ by a /eam eng9e up at ! m\?4 ,by ?is compress$ air op]at$ 9 a cyl9d] to drive a pi/on1 & a connect+ rod & a pick1 a massive /eel pick atta*$ to ! rod may be driv5 9 any direction aga9/ ! wall ( coal at ! rate ( f n9ety to "o hundr$ & tw5ty bl[s p] m9ute2 & at ! same "t ! dis*>g$ compress$1 cold1 pure1 fre% air fl[s into & ?r\gh ! m9e1 af=d+ v5tilation :5 & :]e mo/ ne$$4 ,9 addition to ^! great drills1 m rec5t inv5tors h br\ght out small ma*9es = s+le op]ators1 work$ by ! electric motor4 ,aft] ! coal is lift$ out1 brok5 & assort$1 x ne$s to be wa%$ free ( ! adh]+ du/ & dirt2 & = ?is purpose ma*9es are provid$1 z well z = scre5+1 load+ & weigh+4 ,! op]ations ( break+1 assort+ & wa%+ are (t5 comb9$ 9 "o ma*9e1 :ile an int]m$iate h& process = sep>at+ ! pieces ( slate f ! coal may be employ$2 b additional automatic means = sep>at+ ! coal & slate are provid$1 consi/+ 9 =c+ ) great p[] wat] ?r\gh ! coal z x falls into a *amb]1 :i* c>ries ! light] slate to ! top ( ! *amb]1 :]e x is at once drawn (f4 ,! *ief ( ma*9es ) ores is ! ore mill1 :i* n only breaks up ! ore b gr9ds or pulv]ises x4 ,"s *emical & o!r processes = r$uc+ ores h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! ,*apt] on ,metallurgy4 ,o!r me*anical processes consi/ ( sep>ators ( v>i\s descriptions--a prom95t "o ( :i* acts on ! pr9cipal ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,! cru%$ mat]ial f a sp\t be+ l$ to ! c5tre ( a rapidly rotat+ disk is ?r[n (f by c5trifugal =ce2 & z ! light] portions are ?r[n f>!r f ! disk1 & ! heavi] portions ne>] to ! same1 ! mat]ial is automatically assort$ z to size & weight4 ,z ! disk revolves ^! assort$ portions fall ?r\gh prop]ly grad$ ap]tures into sep>ate *annels ( a circul> tr\gh1 f :5ce !y are swept out by bru%es secur$ to a support revolv+ ) ! disk4 ,_m =ms ( ore wa%+ ma*9es h be5 inv5t$ to treat ! ore aft] x has be5 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,^! are kn[n by v>i\s names1 z jigg]s1 riffl]s1 conc5trators1 wa%+ frames1 etc4 ,a /ream ( wat] is direct$ on1 into1 & ?r\gh ! mass ( pulv]is$ ore & dirt1 ! dirt & k9dr$ mat]ials1 light] ?an ! ore1 are rais$ & float$ t[>ds ! top ( ! receptacle & c>ri$ away1 :ile ! ore settles4 ,?is op]ation is frequ5tly c>ri$ on 9 connection ) amalgamat$ surfaces ov] :i* ! metal is pass$ to /ill fur!r attract & conc5trate ! ore4 ,an endless apron travell+ ov] cyl9d]s is sometimes employ$1 compos$ ( slats ! surface ( ea* ( :i* is coat$ ) an amalgam1 & on ?is belt ! p[d]$ ore is spread ?9ly & c>ri$ =w>d4 ,! vibrations ( ! belt t5d to %ake & di/ribute ! ore p>ticles1 ! amalgam attracts !m1 ! refuse is ?r[n (f z ! belt passes d[n ov] ! cyl9d]1 :ile ! ore p>ticles are reta9$ & bru%$ (f into a prop] receptacle4 ,amalgamators !mselves =m a l>ge class ( inv5tions4 ,!y are kn[n z electric1 lead1 m]cury1 plate1 vacuum1 vap\r1 etc4 ,by ! help ( ^! & a va/ numb] ( o!r k9dr$ inv5tions1 ! bus9ess ( m9+ 9 all its bran*es has be5 revolutionis$ & trans=m$1 ev5 )9 ! la/ half c5tury4 ,) ! va/ increase 9 ! output ( coal1 & ( ores1 & ! incalculable sav+ ( h& lab\r1 ! numb] ( op]ators has be5 increas$ 9 ! same proportion1 _! wages increas$1 _! h\rs ( lab\r %ort5$1 & _! com=ts multipli$ 9 v>iety & quantity1 ) a dim9i%$ co/4 ,! :ole bus9ess ( m9+ has be5 rais$ f ceaseless d>kness & drudg]y to light & dignity4 ,opportunity has be5 creat$ = m9]s to become m5 ( /&+ 9 ! community 9 :i* !y live2 & means provid$ = educat+ _! *ildr5 & = obta9+ com=table homes adorn$ ) ! ref9em5ts ( civilisation4 ,well bor+ is an anci5t art--kn[n to ! ,egyptians & ! ,*9ese4 ,wells 7 coeval ) ,abraham :5 8 s]vant _h ! celebrat$ int]view ) ,rebecca4 8,jacob's well at ,sy*>--! anci5t ,%e*im--has be5 visit$ by travell]s 9 all ages & has be5 m9utely describ$4 ,x is n9e feet 9 diamet] & "o hundr$ & five feet deep1 made entirely ?r\gh rock4 ,:5 visit$ by ,maundrel x conta9$ fifte5 feet ( wat]40--,knight4 ,"s k9d ( a drill mu/ h be5 us$ to h cut s great a dep? ?r\gh rock4 ,! ,*9ese me?od ( bor+ wells f "t immemorial has be5 by ! use ( a %>p *isel-l piece ( h>d iron on ! end ( a heavy iron & wood frame weigh+ f\r or five hundr$ p\nds1 lift$ by a lev] & turn$ by a rattan cord op]at$ by h&1 & by :i* wells f fifte5 hundr$ to eighte5 hundr$ feet 9 dep? & five or six in*es 9 diamet] h be5 bor$4 ,?is me?od has lately be5 improv$ by atta*+ ! *isel "p1 :i* is made v heavy1 to a rope ( peculi> manufacture1 :i* gives ! *isel a turn z x /rikes1 comb9$ ) an air pump to suck up f ! hole ! accumulat+ dirt & wat]4 ,artesian wells appe> to h fir/ be5 kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! prov9ce ( ,artois1 ,france1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,h5ce _! "n4 ,! previ\s /ate ( ! art 9 ,egypt1 ,*9a & else:]e 0 n !n kn[n4 ,o!r mod]n inv5tions 9 well-mak+ ma*9]y h consi/$ 9 innum]able devices to supplant manual lab\r & to meet new conditions4 ,coal ,oil3--,rei*5ba*1 ! ,g]man *emi/1 discov]$ p>aff9e4 ,"y1 soon aft]1 9 #ahej1 pat5t$ p>aff9e oil made f coal4 ,^! discov]ies1 add$ to ! long obs]v$ fact ( coal oil float+ on /reams 9 ,p5nsylvania & else:]e1 l$ to ! se>* = its natural s\rce4 ,! discov]y ( ! res]voirs ( petroleum 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahee-ahfj1 & subsequ5tly ( gas1 :i* nature _h conceal$ = s long a "t1 gave a great impetus to inv5tions to obta9 & control ^! ri*es4 ,) e>?-augurs1 drills1 & drill clean+ & cle>+ & 8fi%+0 app>atus1 & devices = creat+ a new fl[ ( oil1 & tub+1 new =ms ( pack+1 etc41 inv5tors creat$ a new indu/ry4 ,colonel ,e4 ,drake sank ! fir/ oil well 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #ahei4 ,s9ce !n1 #abe1jjj oil wells h be5 drill$ 9 t & neighb\r+ localities4 ,! _w has seldom se5 su* excitem5t1 except 9 ,cali=nia on ! discov]y ( gold1 z att5d$ ! coal oil discov]y4 ,! fir/ wells sunk gu%$ ?\s&s ( b>rels a day4 ,f>m]s & o!r lab\r+ m5 w5t to b$ poor & woke up ri*4 ,rocky wild]nesses & b>r5 fields sudd5ly became ,eldorados4 ,! burn+ riv]s ( oil 7 a reflection ( ! gold5 treasures :i* fl[$ into ! h&s & pockets ( ?\s&s z f a p]petual f\nta9 t\*$ by "s great magician's w&4 ,old me?ods ( bor+ wells 7 too sl[1 & al?\gh ! und]ly+ pr9ciple 0 ! same1 ! new me?ods & means inv5t$ enabl$ wells to be bor$ ) "o-t5? ! lab\r1 9 "o-t5? ! "t1 & at "o-t5? ! co/4 ,_m great cities & pla9s & des]ts h be5 provid$ ) ^! wells ow+ to ! ease ) :i* !y c n[ be sunk4 ,ano!r +5i\s me?od ( s9k+ wells 0 inv5t$ by ,colonel ,n4 ,w4 ,gre5e at ,cortl&1 ,new ,york1 9 #ahfb4 ,x became kn[n z ! 8driv5 well10 & consi/$ ( a po9t$ tube provid$ ) holes above ! po9t$ end1 & an inclos$ tube to prev5t ! passage ( s& or gravel ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! out] tube4 ,:5 ! po9t$ tube 0 driv5 until wat] 0 rea*$ ! inn] tube 0 )drawn & a pump me*anism ins]t$4 ,?is well1 s simple1 s *eap & effective1 has be5 us$ 9 all c\ntries by ?\s&s ( f>m]s on dry pla9s & by soldi]s 9 _m des]t l&s4 ,) ^! & mod]n =ms ( artesian wells ! des]ts h lit]ally be5 made to blossom z ! rose4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,horology ,,& ,,in/rum5ts ,,( ,,precision4 8,"t measures all ?+s1 b ,i measure x40 ,s f> z we at pres5t "k !re 7 f\r =ms ( "t-measur+ in/rum5ts kn[n to antiquity--! sun-dial1 ! clepsydra or wat] clock1 ! h\r-glass1 & ! graduat$ c&le4 ,! sun-dial1 by :i* "t 0 measur$ by ! %ad[ ca/ f a p91 rod or pill> ^u a graduat$ horizontal plate--! graduations consi/+ ( twelve equal p>ts1 9 :i* ! h\rs ( ! day 7 divid$1 71 bo? z to ! in/rum5t & ! division ( ! day into h\rs1 inv5t$ by ! ,babylonians or o!r ,ori5tal race1 set up on ! pla9s ( ,*aldea1 con/ruct$ by ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos--put into v>i\s =ms by ^! nations1 & adapt$1 b unimprov$1 by ! le>n$ ,greeks & conqu]+ ,romans4 ,x appe>s to h be5 unkn[n to ! ,assyrians & ,egyptians1 or if kn[n1 its k conf9$ to _! wise m51 z x does n appe> 9 any ( _! monum5ts4 ,! clepsydra1 an in/rum5t by :i* 9 its e>lie/ =m a portion ( "t 0 measur$ by ! escape ( wat] f a small orifice 9 ! bottom ( a %ell or vase1 or by :i* ! empty vase1 plac$ 9 ano!r vessel fill$ ) wat]1 0 gradually fill$ ?r\gh ! orifice & :i* sank )9 a c]ta9 "t1 is suppos$ by _m to h prec$$ ! inv5tion ( ! sun-dial4 ,at any rate !y 7 us$ contemporane\sly by ! same peoples4 ,9 its lat] =m1 :5 ! day & night 7 ea* divid$ into twelve h\rs1 ! vessel 0 correspond+ly graduat$1 & a float rais$ by ! infl[+ wat] impell$ a po9t] atta*$ to ! float aga9/ ! graduations4 ,plato1 x is said1 contriv$ a bell s connect$ ) ! po9t] t x 0 /ruck at ea* h\r ( ! night4 ,b ! be/ ( anci5t clepsydras 0 inv5t$ by ,ctesibius ( ,alex&ria ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,he 0 ! pupil ( ,ar*im$es1 & adopt+ 8 ma/]'s idea ( ge>$ :eels1 he m\nt$ a too!d :eel on a %aft ext5d+ ?r\gh ! vessel & c>ry+ at "o end outside ( ! vessel a po9t] adapt$ to move ar\nd ! face ( a dial graduat$ ) ! #bd h\rs4 ,! v]tical too!d rod or rack1 adapt$ to be rais$ or l[]$ by a float 9 a vessel gradually fill$ ) wat]1 engag$ a p9ion fix$ on ano!r horizontal %aft1 :i* p9ion 9 turn engag$ ! l>g] :eel4 ,x 0 n difficult to proportion ! p>ts & control ! supply ( wat] to make ! po9t complete its circuit regul>ly4 ,!n ! same inv5tor disp5s$ ) ! :eel1 rack1 & p9ion1 & sub/itut$ a cord to :i* a float 0 atta*$1 pass+ ! cord ov] a groov$ pulley & secur+ a weight at its o!r end4 ,! pulley 0 fix$ on ! %aft :i* c>ri$ ! h\r h&4 ,! float 0 a c\nt]balance to ! weight1 & z x 0 lift$ by ! wat] ! weight /ret*$ ! cord & turn$ ! pulley1 :i* caus$ ! po9t] to move on ! dial & indicate ! h\r4 ,! wat] ?us act$ z an escapem5t to control ! motive p[]4 ,9 "o =m ! wat] dropp$ on :eels :i* _h _! motion communicat$ to a small /atue t gradually rose & po9t$ ) a rod to ! h\r ^u ! dial4 ,?us ! ess5tial p>ts ( a clock--an escapem5t1 :i* is a device to control ! p[] 9 a clock or wat* s t x %all act int]mitt5tly on ! "t index1 a motive p[]1 :i* 0 !n wat] or a weight1 a dial to display ! h\rs1 & an index to po9t !m out--7 inv5t$ at ?is e>ly age4 ,b ! art advanc$ practically no fur!r = _m c5turies4 ,! h\r-glass is too famili> to ne$ description4 ,! inc5se /icks ( ! ,*9ese1 ! combu/ion ( :i* proce$$ s sl[ly & regul>ly z to r5d] !m available = "t measures1 7 ! precursors ( ! graduat$ c&les4 ,) ! ungraduat$ sun-dial ! ,greeks fix$ _! times = ba?+ & eat+4 ,:5 ! %ad[ 0 six feet long x 0 "t to ba!1 :5 twice t l5g? x 0 "t to sup4 ,! clepsydra became 9 ,greece a useful in/rum5t to en=ce ! law 9 re/rict+ loquaci\s orators & lawy]s to reasonable limits 9 _! addresses4 ,& 9 ,rome ! sun-dials1 ! clepsydras & ! h\r-glass 7 us$ = ! same purpose1 & m g5]ally ?an 9 ,greece1 to regulate ! h\rs ( bus9ess & pleasure4 ,! graduat$ c&les are *iefly notable z to _! use1 if n inv5tion1 by ,alfr$ ! ,great 9 ab\t #hhc4 ,!y 7 #ab in*es long1 divid$ into #ab p>ts1 ( :i* ?ree w\ld burn 9 "o h\r4 ,9 use !y 7 %ield$ f ! w9d by ?9 pieces ( horn1 & ?us ! 8horn lant]n0 orig9at$4 ,) !m he divid$ ! day into ?ree equal p>ts1 "o = religion1 "o = public affairs1 & "o = re/ & recreation4 ,useful clocks ( wondr\s make 7 describ$ 9 ! annals ( ! middle ages1 especially 9 ,g]many1 made by monks & o!rs = ,k+s1 mona/]ies & *ur*es4 ,! old ,saxon & ,teutonic words cligga1 & glocke1 signify+ ! /rik+ ( a bell1 & f :i* ! "n clock is d]iv$1 indicates ! e>ly comb9ation ( /rik+ & "t-keep+ me*anism4 ,! records are scant z to ! p>ticul>s ( inv5tions 9 horology dur+ ! middle ages & d[n to ! sixte5? c5tury1 b we "k t weights1 & tra9s ( :eels & spr+s1 & "s say p5dulums1 7 us$ 9 clockwork1 & t ! tones ( h\rly bells float$ =? f ! dim religi\s light ( old ca!drals4 ,!y all appe> to h involv$ 9 diff]5t =ms ! pr9ciple ( ! old clepsydra1 us+ ei!r weights or wat] z ! motive p[] to drive a set ( :eels & to move a po9t] ov] ! face ( a dial4 ,h5ry de ,vick ( ,france ab\t #acgj con/ruct$ a celebrat$ clock = ,*>les ,v41 ! fir/ ne>e/ approa* to mod]n weight clocks4 ,! weight 0 us$ to unw9d a cord f a b>rel4 ,! b>rel 0 connect$ to a rat*et & !re 7 comb9$ !re) a tra9 ( too!d :eels & p9ions1 an escapem5t consi/+ ( a cr[n :eel controll$ by two pallets1 :i* 9 turn 7 op]at$ alt]nately by two weights on a balanc$ rod4 ,an h\r h& 0 c>ri$ by a %aft ( ! great :eel1 & a dial plate divid$ into h\rs4 ,?is 0 a great advance1 z a m accurate division ( "t 0 _h by improv+ ! iso*ron\s prop]ties ( ! vibrat+ escapem5t4 ,b ! _w 0 /ill want+ a "t-keep] to record small] portions ( ! day ?an ! h\r & a m accurate ma*9e ?an ,vick's4 ,two hundr$ ye>s1 ne>ly1 elaps$ be=e ! next important advance 9 horology4 ,by ?is "t great a/ronom]s l ,ty*o ,brahe & ,valh]ius _h divid$ ! "t-record+ dials into m9utes & seconds4 ,ab\t #aebe ,jacob ,ze* ( ,prague inv5t$ ! fusee1 :i* 0 re-inv5t$ & improv$ by ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,hooke1 #abe ye>s lat]4 ,small portable clocks1 ! prog5itors ( ! mod]n wat*1 comm5c$ to appe> ab\t #aejj4 ,x 0 !n t ,pet] ,hele ( ,nuremb]g sub/itut$ = weights z ! motive p[] a ribbon ( /eel1 :i* he w\nd ar\nd a c5tral sp9dle1 connect+ "o end to a tra9 ( :eels to :i* x gave motion z x unw\nd4 ,!n foll[$ ! fam\s obs]vation ( ! sw++ lamp by ! !n "y ,galileo1 ab\t #aehb1 :ile l\ng+ 9 ! ca!dral ( ,pisa4 ,! iso*ronism ( ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum inf]r$ f ?is obs]vation 0 n publi%$ or put to practical application 9 clocks = ne>ly sixty ye>s aft]w>d4 ,9 #afci ,galileo1 !n old & bl9d1 dictat$ to 8 son "o ( 8 books 9 :i* he discuss$ ! iso*ronal prop]ties ( oscillat+ bodies1 & _! adaptation z "t measures4 ,he & o!rs _h us$ ! p5dulum = divid+ "t1 b mov$ x by h& & c\nt$ its vibrations4 ,b ,huyg5s1 ! great ,dut* sci5ti/1 ab\t #aeef 0 ! fir/ to expla9 ! pr9ciples & prop]ties ( ! p5dulum z a "t measur] & to apply x mo/ successfully to clocks4 ,8 application ( x 0 to ! old clock ( ,vick's4 ,! sev5te5? c5tury ?us op5$ up a new era 9 clock & wat* mak+4 ,! inve/igations1 discov]ies1 & inv5tions ( ,huyg5s & o!r ,dut* clock-mak]s1 ( ,dr4 ,hooke & ,david ,ramsey ( ,engl&1 ,hautefeuille ( ,france1 & a few o!rs plac$ ! art ( clock & wat* mak+ on ! sci5tific basis on :i* x has ev] s9ce re/$4 ,! p5dulum & wat*-spr+s ne$$ to h _! movem5ts controll$ & balanc$ by bett] escapem5ts4 ,huyg5s ?\ght t ! p5dulum %\ld be long & sw+ 9 a cycloidal c\rse1 b ,dr4 ,hooke f\nd ! bett] way to produce p]fect iso*ron\s movem5ts 0 to cause ! p5dulum to sw+ 9 %ort arcs1 :i* he accompli%$ by 8 inv5tion ( ! an*or escapem5t4 ,! fusee :i* ,dr4 ,hooke re-inv5t$ consi/s ( a conical spirally-groov$ pulley1 ar\nd :i* a *a9 is w\nd1 & :i* is connect$ at "o end to a b>rel1 9 :i* ! ma9 actuat+ spr+ is tightly coil$4 ,! fusee is ?us int]pos$ betwe5 ! :eel tra9 & ! spr+ to equalise ! p[] ( ! latt]4 ,to ,dr4 ,hooke mu/ also be cr$it$ ! inv5tion ( t delicate b effici5t device1 ! hair-spr+ balance = wat*es4 ,8 inv5tions 9 ?is l9e 7 direct$ to ! be/ means ( utilis+ & controll+ ! =ce ( spr+s1 8 motto be+ 8ut t5sio sic vis10 7z ! t5sion is s is ! =ce47 ,repeat+ wat*es to /rike ! h\rs1 half-h\rs & qu>t]s1 made _! appe>ance 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! next c5tury ,arnold made "o = ,george ,,iii41 z small z an ,engli% sixp5ce4 ,?is repeat$ ! h\rs1 halves & qu>t]s1 & 9 x = ! fir/ "t 9 ! art a jewel 0 us$ z a be>+ = ! arbors1 & ?is p>ticul> "o 0 a ruby made into a m9ute cyl9d]4 ,aft] ! discov]y & practical application ( weights1 spr+s1 :eels1 lev]s & escapem5ts to "t me*anisms1 subsequ5t inv5tions1 num]\s z !y h be51 h consi/$ *iefly1 n 9 ! discov]y ( new pr9ciples1 b 9 new me?ods 9 ! application ( old ones4 ,prior to ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 clocks 7 cumbr\s & exp5sive1 & ! wat*es rightly reg>d$ z co/ly toys2 & z to _! accuracy 9 "t-measur+1 ! *eap] ones 7 h>dly z satisfactory z ! anci5t sun-dials4 ,) ! com+ ( ! ma*9e inv5tions & ! new indu/rial & social ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury came an almo/ sudd5 new appreciation ( ! value ( "t4 ,h\rs1 m9utes & seconds began to be c>efully priz$1 bo? by ! trades & pr(essions1 & ! dem& f ! common p = accurate "t records became great4 ,?is dem& x has be5 ! (fice ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to supply1 & to place clocks & wat*es )9 ! rea* ( ! poor z well z ! ri*4 ,:ile ?us less5+ ! co/ ( "t-keep]s _! value has be5 enhanc$ by increas+ _! accuracy & durability4 ,among ! o!r ideas = :i* ! eighte5? c5tury 0 fam\s 9 wat*-mak+ 0 t ( disp5s+ ) ! key = w9d+1 ?us sav+ ! los+ ( keys & prev5t+ access ( du/1 an idea :i*1 h[ev]1 0 p]fect$ only 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 *iefly di/+ui%$ by its sci5tific improvem5ts 9 "t-keep]s1 to adapt !m = a/ronomical obs]vations & = use at sea1 9 n only accurately det]m9+ ! "t1 b ! degrees ( longitude4 ,*ronomet]s 7 inv5t$1 di/+ui%$ f wat*es & clocks1 by means by :i* ! fluctuation ( ! p>ts caus$ by ! v>iations 9 temp]ature are obviat$ or comp5sat$4 ,9 clocks :at are kn[n z ! m]curial & gridiron p5dulums 7 inv5t$ respectively t[>d ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury by ,graham & ,h>rison1 & ! latt] also subsequ5tly inv5t$ ! exp&+ & contract+ balance :eel = wat*es4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ^! appliances is ! employm5t ( two diff]5t metals :i* exp& unequally1 & ?us ma9ta9 an uni=mity ( op]ation4 ,! ,dut*1 ) ,huyg5s 9 ! lead1 7 long among ! lead+ clock-mak]s4 ,g]many rank$ next4 ,x 0 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury t a wond]ful indu/ry 9 clock-mak+ !re comm5c$1 :i* la/$ = two c5turies4 ,! ,black ,=e/ region ( ,s\? ,g]many became a fam\s locality = ! manufacture ( *eap wood5 clocks4 ,! sy/em adopt$ 0 a m9ute division ( lab\r4 ,f f\rte5 to tw5ty ?\s& h&s tw5ty ye>s ago 7 employ$ 9 ! ,s*w>zwald di/rict4 ,lab\r-sav+ ma*9es 7 ignor$ almo/ entirely4 ,! annual production f9ally rea*$ ne>ly two million clocks1 ( ! value ( ab\t five million doll>s4 ,switz]l& 9 wat*-mak+ foll[$ precisely ! example ( ,g]many 9 clock-mak+4 ,x comm5c$ !re 9 ! sev5te5? & culm9at$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,_m ?\s&s ( its population 7 engag$ 9 ! bus9ess & x fl\ri%$ "u ! fo/]+ c>e ( ! gov]nm5t--by ! e/abli%m5t ( a/ronomical obs]vations = te/+ ! adju/m5t ( ! be/ wat*es1 ! giv+ ( prizes1 & ! e/abli%m5t & enc\ragem5t ( s*ools ( horology conduct$ on ?or\gh sci5tific me?ods4 ,a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago x 0 e/imat$ t 9 ,switz]l& #dj1jjj p]sons out ( a population ( #aej1jjj 7 engag$ 9 wat*-mak+1 & t ! annual production sometimes rea*$ #a1fjj1jjj complet$ movem5ts4 ,! :ole _w 0 _! m>ket4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 0 9 #ahge import+ #acd1jjj wat*es annually f t c\ntry4 ,z 9 ,g]many1 s "o *>act]i/ic ( ! ,swiss sy/em 0 a m9ute sub-division ( ! lab\r4 ,individuals & entire families _h c]ta9 p>ts only to make4 ,x is said t ! ,swiss wat* pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( "o hundr$ & ?irty diff]5t workm5 be=e x 0 put ^u ! m>ket4 ,! use ( ma*9es 0 also1 z 9 ,g]many1 ignor$4 ,by ?is national devotion to a s+le trade & its sub-division ( lab\r1 ! successful production ( complicat$ wat*es became great & _! prices comp>atively l[4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! comm5cem5t ( its c>e] & at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury _h no clocks or wat*es ( its own manufacture4 ,b x soon foll[$ ! example ( ,g]many & ,switz]l& & e/abli%$ *eap clock manufactories1 fir/ ( wood1 & !n ( metal1 :i* became fam\s & ( _w-wide use4 ,b x c\ld make no headway aga9/ ! *eap lab\r ( ,europe 9 wat*-mak+1 & ! c\ntry 0 flood$ ) wat*es ( all qualities1 pr9cipally f ,switz]l& & ,engl&4 ,f9ally1 at ! half-way m>k 9 ! c5tury1 ! inquiry arose among ,am]icans1 :y c\ld n ! sy/em ( ! m9ute sub-division ( human lab\r foll[$ 9 wat*-mak+ c\ntries s *eaply & pr(itably1 be accompli%$ by ma*9]y8 ,! field 0 op51 ! prize 0 great1 & ! gov]nm5t /ood ready to grant exclusive pat5ts to e inv5tor :o w\ld devise a new & useful ma*9e4 ,! problem 0 great1 z ! fields abroad _h be5 fill$ = g5]ations by skill$ artisans :o _h r$uc$ ! complicat$ me*anism ( wat*-mak+ to a f9e art4 ,=tunately ! habit _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica 9 sev]al ( ! lead+ indu/ries1 pr9cipally 9 t ( fire-arms1 ( fabricat+ sep>ate ma*9]y = ! indep5d5t mak+ ( num]\s p>ts ( ! same implem5t1 :]eby uni=mity & int]*angeability 7 e/abli%$4 ,"u su* a practice1 :i* 0 kn[n z ! ,am]ican sy/em1 a duplicate ( ! smalle/ "p ( a complicat$ ma*9e1 lo/ or worn out ?\s&s ( miles f ! factory1 c\ld soon be furni%$ by simply s5d+ ! numb] or "n ( su* requir$ "p to ! manufactur]1 or to ! ne>e/ deal] 9 su* ma*9es4 ,) su* enc\ragem5t & example ! s*eme ( wat*-mak+ 0 comm5c$4 ,soon l>ge factories 7 built1 & by ! "t ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition 9 #ahgf1 ! ,am]ican ,wat* ,company ( ,wal?am1 ,massa*usetts1 7 enabl$ to pres5t an exhibit ( wat* movem5ts made by ma*9]y1 :i* a/oni%$ ! _w4 ,o!r great companies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry soon foll[$ ) ! same g5]al sy/em4 ,ma*9es1 work+ ) ! app>5t intellig5ce & facility ( human m9ds & h&s1 & ) great] ma!matical accuracy ?an 0 possible ) ! h&s1 appe>$3--= cutt+ out ! f9e/ tee? f blank :eels /amp$ out f /eel or brass2 = mak+ & cutt+ ! smalle/1 f9e/ ?read$ screws by ! ?\s&s p] h\r & ) greate/ uni=mity & accuracy2 = jewel-mak+2 = cutt+ & poli%+ by diamonds1 or sapphire-arm$ tools1 ! r\gh1 unpoli%$ diamond & ruby1 crysolite1 g>net1 or aqua-m>9e1 & = bor+1 f9i%+ & sett+ ! same2 = ! =mation ( ! mo/ delicate p9s or arbors2 = ! mak+ ( ! escapem5ts1 includ+ =ks1 pallets1 roll]s1 & scape :eels2 = mak+ spr+s & balances1 includ+ ! ma9-spr+s & hair-spr+s2 = mak+ & sett+ ! /em-w9d+ p>ts2 = mak+ ! cases1 & engrav+ ! same1 etc4 ,! li/ w\ld be too long to simply "n all ! +5i\s ma*9es !re exhibit$ & subsequ5tly inv5t$ = e important op]ation4 ,x 0 ! aim ( ^! manufactur]s to locate e great factory 9 "s quiet & attractive spot1 free f ! du/ ( t[n1 & city1 & divide x into _m dep>tm5ts1 f ! blacksmi?+ to ! pack+ & transportation ( ! complet$ article2 & to conduct e dep>tm5t ) ! be/ me*anical & ma!matical skill t money & bra9s c\ld provide4 ,! same sy/em 0 foll[$ ) equal success 9 produc+ ! fir/-class pocket-*ronomet] = ! nice/ "w to :i* *ronomet]s c be put4 ,?us ) e wat* & its e "p made ! exact duplicate ( its fell[1 uni=mity 9 "t-keep+ has be5 e/abli%$2 & ! simile ( ,pope is no long] s correct1 8',tis ) our judgm5ts z our wat*es1 none g j alike1 yet ea* believes 8 own40 ,a simple /atem5t ( ?is sy/em illu/rates ) great] =ce ?an an entire volume ! revolution ! n9ete5? c5tury has produc$ 9 ! useful art ( horology4 ,& yet ! /ory %\ld n omit ref]5ce to ! application ( ! electric sy/em to clocks1 :]eby clocks at di/ant po9ts ( a city or c\ntry are connect$1 automatically correct$ & set to /&>d "t f a c5tral obs]vatory or o!r "t /ation4 ,great z 7 ! advances 9 horology dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 ! numb] ( inv5tions t h be5 made 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury is evid5c$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone ab\t #d1jjj pat5ts h be5 grant$ s9ce #ahjj1 :i*1 h[ev]1 repres5t n only ,am]ican inv5tors b v _m ( o!r c\ntries4 ,regi/]+ ,devices4--,devices = record+ f>es & money h employ$ ! ke5e/ wits ( _m inv5tors & is an art ( q rec5t orig94 ,att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to f>e regi/]s 9 public vehicles1 ! object ( :i* is to accurately report to ! prop] (fice ( ! company at ! end ( a trip1 or ( ! day1 ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ & ! f>es receiv$4 ,portable regi/]s1 to be c>ri$ by ! conductor & op]at$ 9 front ( ! pass5g] h be5 almo/ univ]sally succe$$ by /ation>y ones set up at "o end ( ! vehicle 9 op5 view ( all ! pass5g]s & op]at$ by a /rap & lev] by ! conductor4 ,^! f>e regi/]s h be5 call$ 8,a me*anical consci5ce = /reet c> conductors40 ,ca% ,regi/]s1 int5d$ to compel hone/y on ! "p ( retail salesm51 are requir$ to be op]at$ by !m1 & :5 ! prop] lev]1 or lev]s1 or x may be a crank h&le1 is or are t\*$1 ! ma*9e automatically records ! am\nt ( ! sale1 ! am\nt ( *ange giv51 & ! total am\nt ( all ! sales & money receiv$ & paid out4 ,vot+ ,ma*9es--design$ to ov]come ! difficulties1 exp5diture ( "t1 & ! commission ( errors & frauds exp]i5c$ 9 ! read+ & c\nt+ ( votes--h receiv$ great att5tion f inv5tors1 & are n yet 9 a satisfactory condition4 ,! problem involves ! disp5s+ ( pr9t+ ! ballots1 ! prev5tion ( fraudul5t deposition ( ballots1 ! automatic correct c\nt+ ( ! same1 & a display ( ! result z soon z ! ballot+ is clos$4 ,successful electrical devices h be5 made = record+ ! votes ( a great numb] ( p]sons 9 a l>ge assembly by ! t\* ( an 8aye0 or 8nay0 button at ! seat ( ! vot] & ! record+ ( ! same on pap] at a c5tral desk4 ,! inv5tion & ext5sive use ( bicycles1 automobiles1 etc41 h giv5 rise to ! inv5tion ( cyclomet]s1 :i* are small devices connect$ to "s "p ( ! vehicle to indicate to ! rid] or driv] ! rate at :i* he is rid+1 & ! numb] ( miles ridd54 ,spe$ ,indicators4--,_m municipalities hav+ adopt$ ord9ances limit+ ! rate ( spe$ = /reet & /eam c>s1 bicycles1 automobiles1 & o!r vehicles1 a want 0 creat$1 :i* has be5 met1 = devices to indicate to ! pass5g]s1 driv]s or conductors ! rate at :i* ! vehicle is travell+1 & to s\nd an al>m 9 case ( excess ( spe$1 s t brakes c be appli$ & ! spe$ r$uc$4 ,or to relieve p]sons ( anxiety & tr\ble 9 ?is respect1 +5i\s devices h be5 contriv$ :i* automatically r$uce ! spe$ :5 ! prescrib$ limit has be5 exce$$4 ,weigh+ ,scales & ,ma*9es4--8,j balances & j weights0 h be5 requir$ f ! day ( ! decl>ation1 8a false weight is an abom9ation unto ! ,"l40 ,& !re=e /rict accuracy mu/ always be ! measure ( m]it ( a weigh+ ma*9e4 ,to ?is /&>d ! inv5tions ( ! c5tury 9 weigh+ scales h come4 ,until ?is c5tury ! ord9>y balance ) equal ev5 arms susp5d$ f a c5tral po9t1 & ea* c>ry+ means = susp5d+ articles to be weigh$1 or comp>$ 9 weights1 & ! lat] /eely>d ) its unequal arms1 ) its graduat$ long arms & a slid+ weight & hold+ pan1 7 ! pr9cipal =ms ( weigh+ ma*9es4 ,plat=m scales 7 describ$ 9 an ,engli% pat5t to "o ,salman 9 #agif1 b _! use is n record$4 ,! comp\nd lev] scale on ! pr9ciple ( ! /eely>d1 b arrang$ to be us$ ) a plat=m1 0 inv5t$ & came into use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #ahca4 ,?addeus & ,era/us ,fairbanks ( ,/4 ,johnsbury1 ,v]mont1 7 ! inv5tors1 & x 0 f\nd to meet ! want ( f>m]s 9 weigh+ hemp1 hay1 etc41 by m conv5i5t means ?an ! ord9>y /eely>d4 ,!y conv]t$ ! /eely>d into plat=m scales4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( su* ma*9es are1 fir/1 a conv5i5t plat=m nicely balanc$ on knife edges ( /eel lev]s1 & second1 a graduat$ horizontal beam1 a slid+ weight !reon connect$ by an upright rod at "o end to ! beam1 & at its opposite end to ! balance frame b5ea? ! plat=m4 ,! modification 9 size & adaptation ( ?is ma*9e = ! weigh+ ( diff]5t commodities am\nt$ to "s #djj diff]5t v>ieties--runn+ f ! delicately-con/ruct$ app>atus = weigh+ ! fraction ( a gra91 to ! pond]\s ma*9es = weigh+ & record+ ! load$ freight c> ( fifty or sixty tons1 or ! canal-boat or o!r vessel ) its load ( five or six hundr$ tons4 ,! adaptation ( a balance plat=m on :i* to place a light load1 or to drive !reon ) heavy loads1 :e!r ( horses1 /eam1 or wat] vehicles1 0 a great bless+ to mank9d4 ,no wond] t !y 7 soon sold all ov] ! _w1 & t mon>*s & p ha/5$ to heap honors on ! inv5tors4 ,spr+ weigh+ scales h rec5tly be5 inv5t$1 :i* w accurately & automatically %[ n only ! weight b ! total price ( ! goods weigh$1 ! price p] unit be+ kn[n & fix$4 ,9 ! weigh+ ( l>ge masses ( co>se mat]ial1 su* z gra91 coal1 cotton se$1 & ! l1 ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$ :i* automatically weigh su* mat]ials & at ! same "t regi/] ! weight4 ,previ\s to ?is c5tury no me?od 0 kn[n1 except ! ex]cise ( good judgm5t 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce1 ( accurately te/+ ! /r5g? ( mat]ials4 ,wood & metals 7 us$ 9 unnecess>ily cumbr\s =ms = ! purpose to :i* !y 7 put1 9 ord] to ensure safety1 or else ! /r5g? ( ! p>ts fail$ :]e x 0 mo/ ne$$4 ,! idea ( te/+ ! t5sile1 transv]se1 & cubical resi/+ /r5g? ( mat]ials has be5 appli$ to _m o!r objects ?an beams & b>s ( wood & metals2 to belts1 clo?s1 cables1 wires1 fibres1 pap]1 tw9e1 y>n1 cem5t1 & to liquids4 ,kiraldy1 ,k5n$y1 & o!rs ( ,engl&1 ,?omasset ( ,france1 ,riehle ( ,g]many1 & ,fairbanks1 ,?ur/on & ,em]y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are among ! not$ inv5tors ( su* ma*9es4 ,9 ! ,em]y sy/em ( ma*9es1 consi/+ ( scales1 gages1 & dynamomet]s1 ! p[] ex]t$ on ! mat]ial te/$ is transmitt$ f ! load to an indicat+ device by means ( liquid act+ on diaphragms4 ,! same pr9ciple is employ$ 9 8 weigh+ ma*9es4 ,by "o ( ^! hydraulic te/+ ma*9es ! t5sile /r5g? ( =g$ l9ks has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! ex]tion ( a p[] am\nt+ to ov] #gjj1jjj p\nds be=e break+ a l9k1 ! *a9 break+ ) a l\d report4 ,! mo/ delicate mat]ials are te/$ by ! same ma*9e--! t5sile /r5g? ( a horsehair1 "s ( :i* are f\nd to /& ! /ra9 ( "o & two p\nds4 ,eggs & nuts are crack$ )\t be+ cru%$1 & ! p[] ex]t$ & ! /ra9 endur$ automatically record$4 ,/eel beams & rods h be5 subject$ to a /ra9 ( a million p\nds be=e break+4 ,gov]nm5ts1 municipalities1 & ! p g5]ally are ?us provid$ ) means by :i* !y c proce$ ) ! greate/ confid5ce 9 ! safe & economical con/ruction & completion ( _! build+s & public works4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,music1 ,,ac\/ics1 ,,optics1 ,,f9e ,,arts4 ,nei!r ! hi/oric nor prehi/oric records f9d man )\t musical in/rum5ts ( "s sort4 ,!y are z old z religion1 & h be5 f\nd :]ev] evid5ce ( religi\s rites ( any description h be5 f\nd1 z !y con/itut$ "p ( ! in/rum5talities ( su* rites4 ,!y are f\nd z relics ( wor%ip & ! dance1 ages aft] ! wor%ipp]s & ! danc]s h become "p ( ! e>?'s /rata4 ,!y h be5 f\nd :]ev] ! e>lie/ civilisations h be5 discov]$2 & !y appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z desirable & necess>y z ! weapons & ! lab\r implem5ts ( ^? civilisations4 ,!y ab\nd$ 9 ,*9a1 9 ,india1 & 9 ,egypt be=e ! lyre ( ,apollo 0 inv5t$1 or ! *>m+ h>p ( ,orpheus 0 conceiv$4 ,!re 0 little melody accord+ to mod]n /&>ds1 b ! musical in/rum5ts1 l all o!r inv5tions1 ! fruit ( ! bra9 ( man1 7 sl[ly evolv$ z he want$ !m1 & to meet ! conditions surr\nd+ him4 ,!re 7 ! con* %ell trumpet1 ! /one1 bone1 wood & metal dance rattles1 ! beaks ( birds1 & ! horns & tee? ( bea/s1 = ! same rattl+ purpose4 ,! simple re$ pipes1 ! holl[ wood5 drums1 ! sk9 drum-heads1 ! /ret*$ /r+s ( fibre & ( t5dons1 ! flutes1 ! h>ps1 ! guit>s1 ! psalt]ies1 & hundr$s ( o!r =ms ( musical in/rum5ts1 v>i$ z ! skill & fancy ( man v>i$1 & 9 accordance ) _! ta/e & wants1 along ! entire gamut ( noises & rude melodies4 ,! anci5t races _h ! in/rum5ts1 b _! voices1 except z !y exi/$ 9 ! traditions ( _! gods1 7 n h>moni\s4 ,z mod]n wants & ta/es develop$ & music became a sci5ce ! dem&s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 7 met by a ,helmholtz1 :o discov]$ & expla9$ ! laws ( h>mony1 & by _m +5i\s manufactur]s1 :o s revolutionis$ ! pian(orte action1 & ! action ( musical in/rum5ts con/ruct$ on ^! pr9ciples1 t _! pr$ecessors w\ld h>dly be recognis$ z prototypes4 ,! /ory ( ! piano1 t que5 ( musical in/rum5ts1 involves ! :ole hi/ory ( ! art ( music4 ,its evolution f ! anci5t h>p1 glean$ by man f ! w9d1 8t gr& old h>p]1 :o smote 8 ?und] h>p ( p9es10 is too long a /ory to "h recite 9 detail4 ,x mu/ suffice to say1 x />t$ ) ! h>p1 9 its simple/ =m1 compos$ ( a frame ) animal t5dons /ret*$ tight !reon & twang$ by ! f+]s4 ,!n foll[$ /r+s ( v>i$ l5g?1 size1 & t5sion1 to obta9 diff]5t tones1 soon accompani$ by an in/rum5t call$ ! plectrum--a bone or ivory /ick ) :i* to vibrate ! /r+s1 to save ! f+]s4 ,?is 0 ! h>p ( ! ,egyptians1 & ( ,jubal1 8! fa!r ( all su* z h&le ! h>p & ! organ10 & half-bro!r ( ,tubal ,ca91 ! great tea*] 8( e artific] 9 brass & iron40 ,!n ! h>p 0 laid pro/rate1 its /r+s /ret*$ ov] a s\nd+ bo>d1 & ea* held & adapt$ to be tight5$ by pegs1 & play$ ^u by little hamm]s hav+ s(t pellets or corks at _! ends4 ,?is 0 ! psalt]y & ! dulcim] ( ! ,assyrians & ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,greeks d]iv$ _! musical in/rum5ts f ! ,egyptians1 & ! ,romans borr[$ !irs f ! ,greeks1 b nei!r ! ,greeks nor ! ,romans inv5t$ any4 ,!n1 aft] f\rte5 or fifte5 c5turies1 we f9d ! h>p1 bo? 9 a horizontal & an upright position1 ) its /r+s play$ ^u by keys4 ,?is 0 ! clavici!rium4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury came ! virg9al1 & ! sp9et1 ^? s(t1 t9kl+ in/rum5ts fav\r$ by ,que5 ,elizabe? & ,que5 ,m>y1 & :i*1 rec5tly br\ght f obscurity1 h be5 made to revive ! anci5t ,elizabe?an melodies1 to ! delight ( mod]n he>]s4 ,^! 7 foll[$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ! clavi*ord1 ! fav\rite in/rum5t ( ,ba*4 ,!n appe>$ ! h>psi*ord1 a /ill ne>] approa* to ! piano1 hav+ a h& or knee-work$ p$al1 & on :i* ,moz>t & ,h&el & ,haydn br\ght out _! gr& productions4 ,! anci5t ,italian cembello 0 ano!r sp9et4 ,?us1 ?r\gh ! c5turies ^! in/rum5ts _h sl[ly gr[n4 ,by #agaa 9 ,italy1 "u ! inv5tive g5ius ( ,b>tolommeo ,cri/(ori ( ,flor5ce1 !y _h culm9at$ 9 ! mod]n piano4 ,! piano z devis$ by him diff]$ f ! in/rum5ts prec$+ x *iefly 9 ?is1 t 9 ! latt] ! /r+s 7 vibrat$ by /rik+ & pull+ on !m by pieces ( quills atta*$ to lev]s & op]at$ by keys1 :]eas1 9 ! piano !re 7 appli$ hamm]s 9 place ( quills4 ,9 ! #ahgf exhibition at ,philadelphia1 a piano 0 display$ :i* _h be5 made by ,johannes ,*ri/ian ,s*reib] ( ,g]many 9 #agda4 ,!n 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,broadwood & ,clem5ti ( ,london & ,er>d ( ,/rasburg & ,petzold ( ,p>is comm5c$ ! manufacture ( _! f9e in/rum5ts4 ,er>d p>ticul>ly made _m improvem5ts 9 t & 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! piano1 its hamm]s & keys1 & ,s\?well ( ,dubl9 9 ! damp]s4 ,by !m & ! ,coll>ds ( ,london1 ,be*/e9 ( ,b]l91 & ,*ick]+1 ,/e9way1 ,web]1 ,s*oma*]1 ,deck] & ,knabe ( ,am]ica1 0 ! piano 8rip5$ aft] ! lapse ( m ?an #b1jjj ye>s into ! p]fectness ( ! magnific5t in/rum5ts ( mod]n times1 ) _! bett] mat]ials1 m exact appliances1 f9] adju/m5ts1 great] /r5g? ( p>ts1 increase ( compass & p[]1 ela/ic responsiv5ess ( t\*1 enl>g$ sonority1 satisfy+ delicacy1 & s++ "* 9 tone40 ,a piano comprises five pr9cipal p>ts3 fir/1 ! fram+2 second1 ! s\nd+ bo>d2 ?ird1 ! /r++2 f\r?1 ! key me*anism1 or action1 & fif?1 ! ornam5tal case4 ,to supply ^! sev]al p>ts sep>ate classes ( skill$ artisans h aris51 ! =e/s h be5 ransack$ = _! *oice/ woods1 ! m9es h be5 made to yield _! *oice/ /ores1 & ! =ge to weld its f9e/ "w4 ,sci5ce has giv5 to music ! ard5t devotion ( a lov]1 & resolv$ a confus$ mass ( m or less pleasant noises into liquid h>monies4 ,9 #ahfb appe>$ ,helmholtz's great "w on ! 8,law & ,tones & ! ,!ory ( ,music40 ,he x 0 :o inv5t$ ! me?od ( analys+ s\nd4 ,by ! use ( holl[ bodies call$ resonators he f\nd t e s\nd z x g5]ally occurs 9 nature & z x is produc$ by mo/ ( our musical in/rum5ts1 or ! human voice1 is n a s+le simple s\nd1 b a comp\nd ( sev]al tones ( diff]5t int5sity & pit*2 all ( :i* diff]5t tones comb9$ are he>d z "o2 & t ! diff]5ce ( quality or timbre ( ! s\nds ( diff]5t musical in/rum5ts resides 9 ! diff]5t composition ( ^! s\nds2 t diff]5t comp\nd s\nds conta9 ! same fundam5tal tone b diff]5tly mix$ ) o!r tones4 ,he expla9$ h[ ^! fundam5tal & comp\nd tones might be fully develop$ to produce ei!r h>moni\s or dissonant s5sations4 ,8 rese>*es 7 c>ri$ f>!r & add$ to by ,pr(4 ,may] ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,^! !ories 7 practically appli$ 9 ! pianos produc$ by ! celebrat$ firm ( ,/e9way & ,sons ( ,new ,york2 & _! inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 ! iron fram+1 9 lay+ ( /r+s 9 relation to ! c5tre ( ! s\nd+-bo>d1 9 8resonators0 9 upright frames1 & 9 o!r features1 f #ahff to #ahgf1 produc$ a revolution 9 ! art ( piano mak+4 ,if ! piano is prop]ly ! que5 ( musical in/rum5ts1 ! organ may be rightly reg>d$1 z x has be5 nam$1 8,k+ 9 ! realm ( music40 ,x is an in/rum5t1 ! notes ( :i* are produc$ by ! ru% ( air ?r\gh pipes ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! air be+ suppli$ by bell[s or o!r means1 & controll$ by valves :i* are op]at$ by keys1 & by :i* ! supply ( air is admitt$ or cut (f4 ,! e>lie/ description appe>s to be t 9 ! 8,spiritalia0 ( ,h]o ( ,alex&ria 7#aej-bjj ,b4 ,c47 & ,ctesibius ( ,alex&ria 0 ! inv5tor4 ,a s]ies ( pipes ( v>y+ l5g?s 7 fill$ by an air-pump :i* 0 op]at$ by a w9d-mill4 ,organs 7 aga9 orig9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies2 & a ,greek epigram ( ! f\r? c5tury ref]s to "o z provid$ ) 8re$s ( a new species agitat$ by bla/s ( w9d t ru% f a lea!rn cav]n b5ea? _! roots1 :ile a robu/ mortal1 runn+ ) swift f+]s ov] ! concordant keys1 makes !m smoo?ly dance & emit h>moni\s s\nds40 ,! same 9 pr9ciple to-day1 b m complicat$ 9 /ructure1 8yet ( easy control "u ! h&s ( exp]ts1 f]tile 9 v>i$ symphoni\s effects1 giv+ ) equal & satisfy+ success ! g5tle/ & mo/ sympa!tic tones z well z complete & sublimely full utt]ances ( musical inspiration40 ,! improvem5ts ( ! c5tury h consi/$ 9 add+ a great v>iety ( /ops2 9 connections & c\pl]s ( ! great keybo>d & pipes2 9 ! p$al "p2 9 ! con/ruction ( ! pipes & w9d *e/s2 & pr9cipally 9 ! adaptation ( /eam1 wat]1 air1 & electricity1 9 place ( ! muscles ( m51 z p[]s 9 furni%+ ! supply ( air4 ,"s ( ! great organs ( ! c5tury1 hav+ ?ree or f\r ?\s& pipes1 ) all ! mod]n improvem5ts1 & comb9+ great p[] ) ! utmo/ brilliancy & delicacy ( utt]ance1 & ) a bl5d$ effect :i* is gr&1 solemn & mo/ impressive1 r5d] inde$ ?is noble in/rum5t ! 8k+0 9 ! realm ( music4 ,9 ! report ( #ahie ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( pat5ts x is /at$ t 8! autoh>p has be5 develop$ )9 ! pa/ few ye>s1 hav+ b>s arrang$ transv]sely across ! /r+s & provid$ ) damp]s :i*1 :5 depress$1 sil5ce all ! /r+s except ^? produc+ ! desir$ *ords4 8,an +5i\s musical in/rum5t ( ! class hav+ keybo>ds l ! piano or organ has be5 rec5tly inv5t$4 ,all keybo>d in/rum5ts 9 ord9>y use produce tones t are only approximately correct 9 pit*1 because ^! mu/ be limit$ 9 numb] to twelve1 to ! octave1 :ile ! tones ( ! viol9 are absolute or untemp]$4 ,! improv$ in/rum5t produces untemp]$ tones )\t requir+ extraord9>y v>iations f ! usual arrangem5t ( ! keys40 ,self-play+ musical in/rum5ts h be5 kn[n = m ?an =ty ye>s1 b x is )9 ! pa/ tw5ty-five ye>s t devices h be5 inv5t$ = controll+ tones by pneumatic or electrical appliances to produce expressions4 ,examples ( ! lat] ( ^! ?ree k9ds ( musical in/rum5ts may be f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pat5ts ( ,zimm]mann 9 #ahhb1 ,tanaka1 #ahij1 & ,gally1 #ahgi4 ,! sci5ce ( ac\/ics & its practical applications h greatly advanc$1 *iefly due to ! rese>*es ( ,helmholtz1 ref]r$ to above4 ,:5 ! nature & laws ( ! waves ( s\nd became fully kn[n a great field ( inv5tions 0 op5$4 ,!n came ! telephone1 phonograph1 graphophone & gramophone4 ,! telephone dep5ds ^u a comb9ation ( electricity & ! waves ( ! human voice4 ,! phonograph & its modifications dep5d alone on s\nd waves--! record+ ( ! waves f "o vibrat+ membrane & _! exact reproduction on ano!r vibrat+ membrane4 ,! ac\/ic prop]ties ( *ur*es & o!r build+s 7 improv$ by ! adaptation ( banks ( f9e wires to prev5t ! re-e*o+ ( s\nds4 ,auricul> tubes adapt$ to be appli$ to ! e>s & conceal$ by ! hair1 & o!r =ms ( aural in/rum5ts1 7 devis$4 ,! ,megaphone ( ,edison appe>$1 consi/+ ( two l>ge funnels hav+ ela/ic conduct+ tubes f _! apices to ! aural orifice4 ,conv]sation 9 mod]ate tones has be5 he>d & und]/ood by _! use at a di/ance ( "o & a half miles4 ,! megaphone has be5 f\nd v useful 9 speak+ to l>ge outdoor cr[ds4 ,b let u g back a little3 ,9 #ahde1 ,*as4 ,b\rseuil ( ,france publi%$ ! idea t ! vibrations ( spee* utt]$ aga9/ a diaphragm might break or make an electric contact1 & ! electric pulsations !reby produc$ might set ano!r diaphragm vibrat+ :i* %\ld produce ! transmitt$ s\nd waves4 ,9 #aheg1 ano!r ,fr5*man1 ,leon ,scott1 pat5t$ 9 ,france 8 ,phonautograph--an in/rum5t consi/+ ( a l>ge b>rel-l m\?-piece into :i* words 7 spok51 a membrane !re9 aga9/ :i* ! voice vibrations 7 receiv$1 a /ylus atta*$ to ?is vibrat+ membrane1 & a rotat+ cyl9d] cov]$ ) black5$ pap]1 aga9/ :i* ! /ylus bore & on :i* x record$ ! s\nd waves 9 exact =m receiv$ on ! vibrat+ diaphragm4 ,!n came ! rese>*es & publications ( ,helmholtz & ,knig on ac\/ic sci5ce1 #ahfb-ahff4 ,!n "y ,philip ,reis ( ,frank=t1 ,g]many1 attempt$ to put all ^! !ories into an app>atus to reproduce spee*1 b did n q succe$4 ,!n 9 #ahgd-ahge1 ,bell took up ! matt]1 & at ! ,philadelphia exhibition1 #ahgf1 a/oni%$ ! _w by ! revelations ( ! telephone4 ,9 ,april1 #ahgg1 ,*>les ,cros1 a ,fr5*man1 9 a communication to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is1 aft] describ+ an app>atus l ! ,scott phonautograph1 set =? h[ trac$ undulat+ l9es ( voice vibrations might be reproduc$ 9 intaglio or 9 relief1 & reproduc$ ^u a vibrat+ membrane by a po9t$ /ylus atta*$ !reto & foll[+ ! l9e ( ! orig9al pulsations4 ,! communication seems to h be5 pigeon-hol$1 & n read 9 op5 session until ,decemb]1 #ahgg1 & until aft] ,?omas ,a4 ,edison _h actually complet$ & us$ 8 phonograph 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cros re/$ on ! sugge/ion4 ,edison1 )\t kn[+ ( ,cros' sugge/ion1 0 fir/ to make & actually use ! same inv5tion4 ,edison's cyl9d]1 on :i* ! s\nds 7 record$ & f :i* !y 7 reproduc$1 0 cov]$ by t9 foil4 ,a great advance 0 made by ,dr4 ,*i*e/] ,a4 ,bell & ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ta9t]1 :o 9 #ahhf pat5t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates means ( cutt+ or engrav+ ! s\nd waves 9 a solid body4 ,! solid body !y employ$ 0 a ?9 pa/ebo>d cyl9d] cov]$ ) wax4 ,?is app>atus !y call$ ! graphophone4 ,two ye>s !reaft]1 ,mr4 ,emile ,b]l9] ( ,wa%+ton _h inv5t$ ! gramophone1 :i* consi/s 9 et*+ on a metallic plate ! record ( voice waves4 ,he has t]m$ 8 inv5tion1 8! art ( et*+ ! human voice40 ,he prep>es a poli%$ metal plate1 g5]ally z9c1 ) an extremely ?9 coat+ ( film or fatty milk1 :i* dries ^u & adh]es to ! plate4 ,! /ylus p5etrates ?is film1 meet+ f x ! slighte/ possible resi/ance1 & traces !reon ! message4 ,! record plate is !n subject$ to a p>ticul>ly con/itut$ acid ba?1 :i*1 ent]+ ! groove or grooves =m$ by ! /ylus1 cuts or et*es ! same into ! plate4 ,! groove ?us =m$ may be deep5$ by ano!r acid solution4 ,:5 ?us produc$1 z _m copies ( ! record z desir$ may be made by ! electrotyp] or pr9t plat]4 ,! public is n[ famili> ) ! diff]5t =ms ( ?is wond]ful in/rum5t1 & l ! telephone1 !y no long] seem m>vell\s4 ,yet x is only )9 ! age ( a y\? or a maid5 :5 ! allegations or pr$ictions t ! human voice w\ld soon be c>ri$ ov] ! l&1 & reproduc$ across a cont95t1 or be pres]v$ or engrav5 on tablets & reproduc$ at pleasure any:]e1 9 ?is or any subsequ5t g5]ation1 7 !mselves reg>d$ z /range messages ( dream]s & madm54 ,optical ,in/rum5ts4--,!re 7 practical inv5tions 9 optical in/rum5ts long be=e ?is c5tury4 ,a*romatic & o!r l5ses 7 kn[n1 & ! microscope1 ! telescope & spectacles4 ,! inv5tive g5ius ( ?is c5tury 9 ! field ( optics has n eclips$ ! telescope & microscope ( =m] ages4 ,!y 7 ! fruits ( ! ef=ts ( _m ages & ( _m m9ds1 al?\gh ,hans ,lipp]%eim ( ,holl& 9 #afjh appe>s to h made ! fir/ successful in/rum5t 8= see+ ?+s at a di/ance40 ,galileo soon !reaft] greatly improv$ & increas$ its capacity1 & 0 ! fir/ to direct x t[>ds ! heav5s4 ,& z to ! microscope1 ,dr4 ,lieb]kulm1 ( ,b]l91 9 #agdj1 made ! fir/ successful sol> microscope4 ,z well kn[n1 x consi/$ ess5tially ( two l5ses & a mirror1 by :i* ! sun's rays are reflect$ on ! fir/ l5s1 conc5trat$ on ! object & fur!r magnifi$ by ! second l5s4 ,! dep?s ( ! />s & ! m9ute/ mote t floats 9 ! sun beam reflect ! glory ( ^? inv5tions4 ,! inv5tion ( ,john ,doll& ( ,london1 ab\t #ageh1 ( ! a*romatic l5s %\ld be borne 9 m9d 9 connection ) telescopes1 microscopes1 etc4 ,he x 0 :o inv5t$ ! comb9ation ( two l5ses1 "o concave & ! o!r convex1 "o ( fl9t glass & ! o!r ( cr[n glass1 :i*1 refract+ 9 contr>y ways1 neutralis$ ! disp]sion ( col\r rays & produc$ a cle>1 col\rless light4 ,_m improvem5ts & discov]ies 9 optics & optical in/rum5ts h be5 made dur+ ! c5tury1 due to ! rese>*es ( su* sci5ti/s z ,arago1 ,brew/]1 ,"y1 ,fresnel1 ,airy1 ,hamilton1 ,lloyd1 ,cau*y & o!rs1 & ( ! lab\rs ( ! army ( skill$ exp]ts & me*anicians :o h foll[$ _! lead4 ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 born 9 ,scotl& 9 #agha1 made 7#ahaj-ahdj7 _m improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ! microscope & telescope1 inv5t$ ! kaleidoscope1 introduc$ 9 ! /]eoscope ! pr9ciples & lead+ features :i* ^? beautiful in/rum5ts /ill embody1 & r5d]$ x popul> among sci5ti/s & arti/s4 ,x is said t ,pr(4 ,eliot ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahcd 0 ! fir/ to conceive ( ! idea ( a /]eoscope1 by :i* two diff]5t pictures ( ! same object1 tak5 by photography1 to correspond to ! two diff]5t positions ( an object z view$ by ! two eyes1 are comb9$ into "o view by two reflect+ mirrors set at an angle ( ab\t #de1 & convey+ to ! eyes a s+le reflection ( ! object z a solid body4 ,b ,sir ,*>les ,:eaton 9 #ahch con/ruct$ ! fir/ in/rum5t1 & 9 #ahdi ,brew/] introduc$ ! pres5t =m ( l5ticul> l5ses4 ,brew/] also demon/rat$ ! utility ( dioptric l5ses1 & zones 9 ligh?\se illum9ation2 & 9 :i* field ,f>aday & ,tyndall also subsequ5tly work$ ) ! addition ( electrical appliances4 ,! lab\rs ( ^! ?ree m5 h illum9at$ ! wilde/ wat]s ( ! sea & pres]v$ a ?\s& fleets ( comm]ce & ( w> f awful %ipwreck4 ,z illu/rat+ ! difficulties sometimes enc\nt]$ 9 introduc+ an inv5tion into use1 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,*emi/ry "s ye>s ago relat$ t ! ,abb ,moigno1 9 introduc+ ! /]eoscope to ! savants ( ,france1 fir/ took x to ,arago1 b ,arago _h a defect ( vision :i* made him see d\ble1 & he c\ld only see 9 x a m$ley ( f\r pictures2 !n ! ,abb w5t to ,sav>t1 b un=tunately ,sav>t _h b "o eye & 0 q incapable ( appreciat+ ! ?+4 ,!n ,becqu]el 0 next visit$1 b he 0 ne>ly bl9d & c\ld see no?+ 9 ! new optical toy4 ,n disc\rag$1 ! ,abb !n call$ ^u ,puillet ( ! ,cons]vatoire des ,arts et ,meti]s4 ,puillet 0 mu* int]e/$1 b he 0 tr\bl$ ) a squ9t :i* pres5t$ to 8 anxi\s gaze b a blurr$ mixture ( images4 ,la/ly ,brot 0 tri$4 ,brot believ$ 9 ! corpuscul> !ory ( light1 & 0 oppos$ to ! undulatory !ory1 & ! good ,abb n be+ able to assure him t ! in/rum5t did n contradict 8 !ory1 ,brot refus$ to h any?+ to d ) x4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! physical disabilities ( sci5ti/s1 ! /]eoscope f9ally made its way 9 ,france4 ,besides increas+ ! p[] ( ! eye to discov] ! secrets & beauties ( nature1 mod]n inv5tion has turn$ ^u ! eye itself & display$ ! wond]s exi/+ !re1 beh9d its d>k glass doors4 ,x 0 ,helmholtz :o 9 #ahea describ$ 8 ,oph?almoscope4 ,he arrang$ a c&le s t its rays ( light1 fall+ on an incl9$ reflector1 7 ?r[n ?r\gh ! pupil ( ! pati5t's eye1 ^: ret9a reflect$ ! image receiv$ on ! ret9a back to ! mirror :]e x c\ld be view$ by ! obs]v]4 ,?is image 0 ! backgr\nd ( ! eye1 & its delicate blood vessels & tissues c\ld ?us be obs]v$4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 improv$ & x gave rise to ! contrivance ( _m delicate surgical in/rum5ts = op]at+ on ! eye4 ,! ,spectroscope is an in/rum5t by :i* ! col\rs ( ! sol> rays are sep>at$ & view$1 z well z ^? ( o!r inc&esc5t bodies4 ,by x1 n only ! elem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies h be5 det]m9$1 b rem>kable results h be5 _h 9 analys+ well-kn[n metals & discov]+ new ones4 ,its p[]s & its pr9ciples h be5 s develop$ dur+ ! c5tury by ! discov]ies1 inv5tions & inve/igations ( ,h]s*el1 ,wolla/on1 ,fraunh(]1 ,brons5 & ,kir*(f1 ,/e9heil1 ,tyndall1 ,hugg9s1 ,drap] & o!rs1 t spectrum analysis has gr[n f ! sep>ation ( light into its col\rs by ! prism ( ,newton1 to :at ,dr4 ,hugg9s has aptly t]m$ 8a new s5se40 ,we h fur!r ref]r$ to ?is wond]ful discov]y 9 ! ,*apt] on ,*emi/ry4 ,! inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 optical in/rum5ts gave rise to great advances 9 ! mak+ ( l5ses1 bas$ on sci5tific pr9ciples1 & n re/+ alone on h>d "w & exp]i5ce4 ,alvan ,cl>k a son ( ,am]ica1 & ,pr(4 ,ern/ ,abbe ( ,g]many1 h )9 ! la/ ?ird ( ! c5tury produc$ a revolution 9 ! manufacture ( l5ses1 & !reby ext5d$ ! realms ( k to new worlds ( matt] 9 ! heav5s & on e>?4 ,sol>met]4--,9 #ahie a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 0 grant$ to ,mr4 ,be*l] = an in/rum5t call$ a sol>met]4 ,x is design$ = tak+ obs]vations ( heav5ly bodies & record+ me*anically ! p>ts ( ! a/ronomical triangle us$ 9 navigation & l "w4 ,its *ief purpose is to det]m9e ! position ( ! compass error ( a %ip at sea indep5d5tly ( ! visibility ( ! sea horizon4 ,if ! horizon is cl\d$1 & ! sun or a kn[n /> is visible1 a %ip's position c /ill be det]m9$ by ! sol>met]4 ,in/rum5ts = ,measur+ ! ,position & ,di/ances ( ,unse5 ,objects4--,"s ( ! late/ ( su* in/rum5ts w enable "o to see & %oot at an object ar\nd a corn]1 or at lea/ out ( sight4 ,?us a ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t 0 grant$ to ,fiske 9 #ahhi1 :]e9 x is set =? t by /ation+ obs]v]s at po9ts di/ant f a gun1 :i* po9ts are at ! extremities ( a kn[n base l9e1 & :i* comm& a view ( ! area )9 ! range ( ! gun1 ! obs]v]s discov] ! position & range ( ! object by triangulation & set c]ta9 po9t]s4 ,by means ( electrical connection betwe5 ^? po9t]s & po9t]s at ! gun /ation bas$ on ! sy/em ( ! ,:eat/one bridge1 ! latt] po9t]s1 or ! guns !mselves s]v+ z po9t]s1 may be plac$ 9 position to indicate ! l9e ( fire4 ,by a nice arrangem5t ( mirror & l5ses atta*$ to a fire>m ! same object may be accompli%$4 ,simil> app>atuses 9 :i* ! reflectory surfaces ( mirrors m\nt$ on an elevat$ frame-"w1 & kn[n z ,polemoscopes & ,altiscopes & ,range-,f9d]s1 h also be5 inv5t$1 & us$ ) artill]y4 ,b su* devices may be pr(itably us$ = m peaceful & amus+ purposes4 ,born ) ! e> attun$ to music & ! eye to obs]ve beauty1 ! h& ( ,art 0 to trace & make p]man5t ! fleet+ =ms :i* melody & ! eye impress$ ^u ! s\l ( man4 ,9 fact mod]n sci5ce has demon/rat$ t tones & col\rs are insep>able4 ,bell & ,ta9t] ) _! photophone h conv]t$ ! undulatory waves ( light into ! sweete/ music4 ,rev]s+ ! process1 beautiful fla%es ( light h be5 produc$ f musical vibrations by ! phonophote ( ,m4 ,c\lon & ! phonoscope ( ,h5ry ,edmunds4 ,entranc+ z ! /ory is1 we c only "h allude to a few ( ^? discov]ies & inv5tions t h become ! h&maid5s ( ! art :i* guid$ ! *isel ( ,phidias & inspir$ ! bru% ( ,raphael4 ,photography4--,! art ( produc+ p]man5t images ( ! 8human face div9e10 natural sc5es1 & o!r objects1 by ! ag5cy ( light1 is due m to ! discov]ies ( ! *emi/ ?an to ! inv5tions ( ! me*anic2 & to ! *emi/s ( ?is c5tury4 ,at ! same "t a me*anical inv5tion ( old times became a necess>y appliance 9 ! r$uction ( ! !ories ( ! *emi/s to practice3--,! ,cam]a ,obscura1 t d>k box 9 :i* a mirror is plac$1 provid$ also ) a piece ( gr\nd glass or :ite c>dbo>d pap]1 & hav+ a project+ "p at "o end 9 :i* a l5s is plac$1 :]eby :5 ! l5s "p is direct$ to an object an image ( ! same is ?r[n by ! rays ( light focus$ by ! l5s ^u ! mirror1 & reflect$ by ! mirror to ! glass or pap] bo>d1 0 inv5t$ by ,rog] ,bacon ab\t #abig1 or by ,alb]ta 9 #adcg1 describ$ by ,leon>do da ,v9ci 9 #aejj z an imitation ( ! /ructure ( ! eye1 aga9 by ,bapti/a ,porta 9 #aehi1 & remodell$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 #agjj4 ,until ! #ai? c5tury x 0 us$ only 9 ! tak+ ( sket*es & sc5es on or f ! c>d or glass on :i* ! reflection 0 ?r[n4 ,celebrat$ *emi/s su* z ,%eele ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & ,ritt]1 ,wolla/on1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 ,"y1 ,gay-,lussac1 ,!n>d1 & o!rs 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ai? c5tury1 began to turn _! att5tion to ! *emical & molecul> *anges :i* ! sunlight & its sep>ate rays effect$ 9 c]ta9 sub/ances1 & especially ^u c]ta9 comp\nds ( silv]4 ,9 s5sitis+ ! receiv+ pap]1 glass1 or metal ) su* a comp\nd x mu/ necess>ily be protect$ f exposure to sunlight1 & ?is fact1 toge!r ) ! desire to s5sitise ! image produc$ by ! cam]a1 n only sugge/$ b seem$ to r5d] t in/rum5t indisp5sable to photography4 ,nev]!less ! exp]im5ts ( *emi/s fell %ort ( ! high m>k1 & x 0 res]v$ = an arti/ to unite ! ef=ts ( ! sun & ! *emi/s 9 a successful in/rum5t4 ,x 0 ,l\is ,jacques ,m& ,dagu]re1 born at ,corneilles1 ,france1 9 #aghi1 & :o di$ 9 #ahea1 :o 0 ! fir/ to r$uce to practice ! inv5tion call$ aft] 8 "n4 ,he 0 a brilliant sc5e pa9t]1 & especially successful 9 pa9t+ panoramas4 ,9 #ahbb1 assi/$ by ,b\ton1 he _h inv5t$ ! diorama1 by :i* col\r$ lights repres5t+ ! v>i\s *anges ( ! day & season 7 ?r[n ^u ! canvasses 9 8 beautiful panoramas ( ,rome1 ,london1 ,naples & o!r great cities4 ,sev]al ye>s previ\s to #ahci he & ,joseph ,n4 ,niepce1 le>n+ ( ! ef=ts ( *emi/s 9 t l9e1 began indep5d5tly1 & !n toge!r1 to develop ! art ( obta9+ p]man5t copies ( objects produc$ by ! *emical action ( ! sun4 ,niepce di$ :ile !y 7 ?us engag$4 ,dagu]re prosecut$ 8 rese>*es alone1 & t[>d ! close ( #ahch 8 success 0 su* t he made kn[n 8 inv5tion to ,arago1 & ,arago ann\nc$ x 9 an eloqu5t & en?usia/ic address to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,janu>y #ahci4 ,x at once excit$ great att5tion1 :i* 0 height5$ by ! pictures produc$ by ! new process4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 9 consid]ation ( ! details ( ! inv5tion & its improvem5ts be+ made public & on reque/ ( ,dagu]re1 grant$ him an annuity & "o also to ,niepce's son4 ,at fir/ only pictures ( natural objects 7 tak52 b 9 le>n+ ( ,dagu]re's process ,dr4 ,john ,william ,drap] ( ,new ,york1 a native ( ,engl& & adopt$ son ( ,am]ica1 ! brilliant au?or ( ,! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 & o!r great works1 9 ! same ye>1 #ahci1 took portraits ( p]sons by photography1 & he 0 ! fir/ to d ?is4 ,drap] 0 also ! fir/ 9 ,am]ica to reveal ! wond]s ( ! spectroscope2 & he 0 fir/ to %[ t ea* col\r ( ! spectrum _h its own peculi> *emical effect4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdg4 ,! sun 0 n[ fairly h>ness$ 9 ! s]vice ( man 9 ! new great art ( ,photography4 ,natural philosoph]s1 *emi/s1 inv5tors1 me*anics1 all n[ press$ =w>d1 & /ill press =w>d to improve ! art1 to e/abli% new gr[?s f ! old art1 & ext5d its doma9s4 ,^? doma9s h ! g5]ic t]m ( ,photo-,processes4 ,dagu]reotypy1 :ile ! fa!r ( !m all1 is n[ h>dly practis$ z ,dagu]re practis$ x1 & has become a small subord9ate sub-division ( ! great class4 ,yet m fai?ful lik5esses are n yet produc$ ?an by ?is n[ old process4 ,among ! *ildr5 ( ! ,photo-,process family are ! ,calotype1 ,ambrotype1 ,f]reotype1 ,collodion & ,silv] ,pr9t+1 ,c>bon ,pr9t+1 ,heliotype1 ,heliogravure1 ,photo5grav+ 7relief intaglio-,woodburytype71 ,photoli?ography2 ,alb]ttype2 ,photoz9cograph1 ,photogelat9e-pr9t+2 ,photomicrography 7to depict microscopic objects71 ,k9etographs1 & ,photosculpture4 ,a _w ( me*anical contrivances h be5 inv5t$3--,octnomet]s1 ,ba?s1 ,burni%+ tools1 ,cam]as & ,cam]a /&s1 ,magaz9e & ,roll hold]s2 ,d>k rooms & ,focuss+ devices1 ,heat]s & ,dri]s2 ,exposure ,met]s1 etc4 etc4 ,! ,k9etograph1 = tak+ a s]ies ( pictures ( rapidly mov+ objects1 & by :i* ! liv+ object1 p]son or p]sons1 are made to appe> mov+ be=e u z !y mov$ :5 ! picture 0 tak51 is a m>vell\s inv5tion2 & yet simple :5 ! process is und]/ood4 ,photography & pr9t+ h comb9$ to revolutionise ! art ( illu/ration4 ,exact copies ( an orig9al1 :e!r ( a pa9t+ or a photograph1 are n[ produc$ on pap] ) all ! orig9al %ades & col\rs4 ,! long-s\ght-= problem ( photograph+ 9 col\rs has 9 a measure be5 solv$4 ,! 8?ree col\r processes0 is ! "n giv5 to ! new (fspr+ ( ! inv5tors :i* reproduces by ! cam]a ! natural col\rs ( objects4 ,! sci5ti/s ,maxwell ,"y & ,helmholtz e/abli%$ ! !ory t ! ?ree col\rs1 r$1 gre51 & blue1 7 ! prim>y col\rs1 & f a mixture ( ^!1 second>y col\rs are produc$4 ,h5ry ,coll5 9 #ahfe laid d[n ! l9es on :i* ! practical r$uction %\ld take place2 & )9 ! la/ decade ,f4 ,e4 ,ives ( ,philadelphia has inv5t$ ! ,photo*romoscope = produc+ pictures 9 _! natural col\rs4 ,! process consi/s 9 bl5d+ 9 "o picture ! sep>ate photographic views tak5 on sep>ate negative plates1 ea* s5sitis$ to receive "o ( ! prim>y col\rs1 :i* are !n expos$ & bl5d$ simultane\sly 9 a triple cam]a4 ,plates & films & _m o!r articles & processes h help$ to e/abli% ! ,art ( ,photography on its new basis4 ,among ! m9or inv5tions relat+ to ,art1 m5tion may be made ( t v useful article ! lead p5cil1 :i* all h employ$ s mu* "t 9 %>p5+ to ! detrim5t ( "t & clean h&s4 ,)9 a decade1 p5cils 9 :i* ! lead or crayon is cov]$ in/ead ( ) wood1 ) slitt$1 p]=at$ or creas$ pap]1 spirally roll$ !reon1 & on :i* by unroll+ a portion at a "t a new po9t is expos$2 or t o!r /yle 9 :i* a numb] ( %ort1 %>p5$ m>k+ leads1 or crayons1 are arrang$ 9 s]ies & adapt$ to be project$ "o aft] ! o!r z fa/ z worn away4 ,9 ,pa9t+ mod]n inv5tions & discov]ies h simply add$ to ! in/rum5talities ( g5ius b h creat$ no royal road to ! art made glori\s by ,titian & ,raphael4 ,x has giv5 to ! arti/s1 ?r\gh its *emi/s1 a _w ( new col\rs1 & ?r\gh its me*anics new & conv5i5t appliances4 ,air ,bru%es h prov$ a great help by :i* ! pa9t or o!r col\r+ matt] is spray$ 9 heavy1 light1 or almo/ invisible %[]s to produce backgr\nds by ! =ce ( air bl[n ^u ! pigm5ts held 9 drops at ! end ( a f9e spray+ tube4 ,made ( l>g] proportions1 ?is bru% has be5 us$ = fresco pa9t+1 & = pa9t+ l>ge objects1 su* z build+s1 :i* x admits ( do+ ) great rapidity4 ,a description ( mod]n me?ods ( apply+ col\rs to porcela9 & pott]y is giv5 9 ! *apt] treat+ ( ^? subjects4 ,telegraphic pictures3--,p]haps x is appropriate 9 clos+ ?is *apt] t ref]5ce be made to t process by :i* ! lik5ess ( ! di/ant read] may be tak5 telegraphically4 ,a picture 9 relief is fir/ made by ! swell$ gelat9e or o!r process2 a trac+ po9t is !n mov$ 9 ! l9es across ! undulat+ surface ( ! pictures1 & ! movem5ts ( ?is trac] are imp>t$ by suitable electrical app>atus to a cutt] or engrav+ tool at ! opposite end ( ! l9e & !re reproduc$ ^u a suitable sub/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,safes ,,& ,,locks4 ,prior to ! c5tury safes 7 n con/ruct$ to )/& ! te/ ( int5se heat4 ,ef=ts 7 num]\s1 h[ev]1 to r5d] !m safe aga9/ ! entrance ( ?ieves1 b ! +5uity ( ! ?ieves advanc$ m rapidly ?an ! +5uity ( safe-mak]s4 ,& ! race betwe5 ^! two classes ( inv5tors /ill cont9ues4 ,= ) ! ex]cise ( a va/ am\nt ( +5uity 9 intricate locks1 aid$ by all ! advancem5t ( sci5ce z to ! nature ( metals1 _! t\gh manufacture & _! resi/ance to explosives1 ?ieves /ill manage to break 9 & /eal4 ,! only sure protection aga9/ burgl>s at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury appe>s to consi/ ( :at x 0 at ! close ( any previ\s c5tury--! prepond]ance ( physical =ce & ! be/ weapons4 ,among ! late/ inv5tions are electrical connections ) ! safe1 :]eby tamp]+ !re) al>ms "o or m wat*m5 at a ne> /ation4 ,a classification ( safes embraces1 ,fire-pro(1 ,burgl>-pro(1 ,safe ,bolt ,works1 ,express & ,deposit ,safes & ,boxes1 ,circul> ,doors1 ,pressure ,me*anism1 & ,wat] & ,air ,protective ,devices4 ,! att5tion ( ! e>lie/ inv5tors ( ! c5tury 7 direct$ t[>d mak+ safes fire-pro(4 ,9 ,engl& ! fir/ pat5t grant$ = a fire-pro( safe 0 to ,ri*>d ,scott 9 #ahja4 ,x _h two cas+s1 an inn] & out] "o1 includ+ ! door1 & ! int]space 0 fill$ 9 ) *>coal1 or wood1 & treat$ ) a solution ( alkal9e salt4 ,?is idea ( int]spac+ fill$ 9 ) non-combu/ible mat]ial has be5 g5]ally foll[$ ev] s9ce4 ,! p>ticul> inv5tions 9 t l9e consi/ 9 ! discov]y & appliance ( new l9+ mat]ials1 v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! int]spac+1 & new me?ods 9 ! con/ruction ( ! cas+s1 & ! selection ( ! be/ metals = su* con/ruction4 ,9 #ahcd ,william ,m>r ( ,engl& pat5t$ a l9+ = a d\ble metallic *e/1 fill$ ) non-combu/ible mat]ials su* z mica1 or talc clay1 lime1 & graphite4 ,asbe/os comm5c$ to be us$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,! great fire 9 ,new ,york ,city 9 #ahce1 de/roy+ hundr$s ( millions ( doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty ( e description1 gave a great impetus to ! inv5tion ( fire-pro( safes 9 ,am]ica4 ,b4 ,g4 ,wild] !re pat5t$ 9 #ahdc 8 celebrat$ safe1 n[ ext5sively us$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,x consi/$ ( a d\ble box ( wr\ght-iron plates /r5g!n$ at ! edges ) b> iron1 ) a b> across ! middle2 & z a fill+ = ! int]spaces he us$ hydrat$ gypsum1 hydraulic cem5t1 pla/] ( p>is1 /eatite1 alum1 & ! dri$ residuum ( soda wat]4 ,h]r+ 0 ano!r ,am]ican :o inv5t$ celebrat$ safes1 made ) a boil]-iron ext]ior1 a h>d5$ /eel inn] safe1 ) ! int]ior fill$ ) a ca/+ ( frankl9ite ar\nd rods ( s(t /eel4 ,?us ! e>?1 air & wat] 7 ransack$ = l9+ mat]ials1 9 "s cases m = ! purpose ( obta9+ a pat5t ?an to accompli% any real advance 9 ! art4 ,wat] itself 0 introduc$ z a l9+1 made to fl[ ?r\gh ! safes1 sometimes f ! city ma9s1 & s reta9$ t :5 ! temp]ature 9 case ( fire rea*$ #bab ,f4 x became /eam2 & an arrangem5t = introduc+ /eam 9 place ( wat] 0 contriv$4 ,among o!r l9+ mat]ials f\nd suitable 7 soap/one1 alum9a1 ammonia1 copp]as1 />*1 ,epsom salts1 & gypsum1 pap]1 pulp1 & alum1 & a mixture ( v>i\s o!r mat]ials4 ,aft] safes 7 produc$ t w\ld come out ( fi]y furnaces :]e !y _h be5 buri$ = days )\t ev5 ! smell ( fire or smoke ^u _! cont5ts1 inv5tors comm5c$ to direct _! att5tion to burgl>-pro( safes4 ,*ubb1 9 #ahce1 pat5t$ a process ( r5d]+ wood5 safes burgl> pro( by l9+ !m ) /eel1 or case-h>d5$ iron plate4 ,newton 9 #ahec produc$ "o made ( an out] %ell ( ca/ iron1 an int]ior network ( wr\ght iron rods1 & fluid iron p\r$ betwe5 ^!1 s t a comp\nd mass 0 =m$ ( diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance to turn aside ! burgl>'s tools4 ,*ubb aga91 9 #aheg1 & 9 subsequ5t ye>s1 & ,*>twood1 ,glock]1 & ,?ompson & ,tann & o!rs 9 ,engl& inv5t$ new =ms to prev5t ! ins]tion ( w$ges & ! drill+ by tools4 ,hall & ,m>v9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates also inv5t$ safes = ! same purpose4 ,hall _h ?ick /eel plates dovetail$ toge!r2 & angle irons t5on$ at ! corn]s4 ,m>v9's safe 0 globe%ap$1 to pres5t no sali5t po9ts = ! action ( tools1 made ( *rome /eel1 m\nt$ 9 ?is %ape on a plat=m1 or enclos$ 9 a fire-pro( safe4 ,h]r+ also inv5t$ a safe 9 :i* he h+$ & groov$ ! doors ) d\ble cas+s1 & :i* he hung ) a lev]-h+e1 provid$ ! doors ) sep>ate locks & pack$ all ! jo9ts ) rubb] to prev5t ! op]ation ( ! air pump--:i* _h become a dang]\s device ( burgl>s ) :i* to introduce explosives to bl[ op5 ! doors4 ,/ill lat] & m elaborate means h be5 us$ to fru/rate ! burgl>s4 ,electricity has be5 conv]t$ into an automatic w>d] to gu>d ! ca/le & ! safe & to give an al>m to conv5i5t /ations :5 ! locks or doors are m$dl$ ) & ! prop] manipulation n us$4 ,express safes = railroad c>s h be5 made ( p>ts telescop$ or cr[d$ toge!r by hydraulic p[]1 requir+ heavy ma*9]y = lock+ & unlock+1 & ?is ma*9]y is locat$ 9 ma*9e %ops along ! r\te & n accessible to burgl>s4 ,ab\t #ahae inv5tors comm5c$ to produce devices to %[ ) c]ta9ty if a lock _h be5 tamp]$ )4 ,! keyhole 0 clos$ by a revolv+ metallic curta91 & pap] 0 secur$ ov] ! keyhole4 ,z a fur!r means ( detection photographs ( "s irregul> object are made1 "o ( :i* is plac$ ov] ! keyhole & ! o!r is reta9$4 ,?is prev5ts ! sub/itution ( "o piece ( pap] = ano!r piece )\t detection4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pat5ts h be5 tak5 out on glass cov]+s = locks :i* h to be brok5 be=e ! lock c be turn$4 ,^! are call$ seal locks4 ,locks ( v>i\s k9ds1 consi/+ at lea/ ( ! two g5]al features ( a bolt & a key to move ! bolt1 h exi/$ f v anci5t days4 ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,hebrews & ! ,*9ese1 & ,ori5tal nations g5]ally _h locks & keys ( pond]\s size4 ,isaiah speaks ( ! key ( ! h\se ( ,david2 & ,hom] writes sonor\sly ( ! lock 9 ! h\se ( ,p5elope ) its braz5 key1 ! respond5t w>ds1 ! fly+ b>s & valves :i*1 8,l\d z a bull makes hills & valley r+1 ,s ro>$ ! lock :5 x releas$ ! spr+40 ,! ca/les1 *ur*es & conv5ts ( ! middle ages _h _! (t5 highly ornam5tal locks & _! w>d]s to gu>d & op5 !m4 ,lat]1 locks 7 inv5t$ ) complex w>ds4 ,^! are c>v$ pieces ( metal 9 ! lock :i* fit into clefts or grooves 9 ! key & prev5t ! lock f be+ op5$ except by its own prop] key4 ,z e>ly z #afej ! ,dut* _h inv5t$ ! ,lett] lock1 ! prog5itor ( ! mod]n p]mutation lock1 consi/+ ( a lock ! bolt ( :i* is surr\nd$ by sev]al r+s on :i* 7 cut ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :i* by a pre>rangem5t on ! "p ( ! own] 7 made to spell a c]ta9 ^w or numb] ( words be=e ! lock c\ld be op5$4 ,c>ew1 9 v]ses writt5 9 #afba1 ref]s to "o ( ^! locks z foll[s3-- 8,z do? a lock t goes ) lett]s2 =1 till e "o be kn[n1 ,! lock's z fa/ z ?\gh y _h f\nd none40 ,! art _h also advanc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury to ! use ( tumbl]s 9 locks1 ! lev] or lat* or plate :i* falls into a not* ( ! bolt & prev5ts x f be+ %ot until x has be5 rais$ or releas$ by ! action ( ! key4 ,b>ron 9 ,engl& 9 #aggh obta9$ a pat5t = su* a lock4 ,joseph ,bramah1 :o has be=e be5 ref]r$ to 9 connection ) ! hydraulic press he inv5t$1 also 9 #aghd inv5t$ & pat5t$ 9 ,engl& a lock :i* obta9$ a _w-wide reputation & a c5tury's ext5sive use4 ,x 0 ! fir/1 or among ! fir/ ( locks :i* tr\bl$ mod]n burgl>s' picks4 ,its lead+ features 7 a key ) longitud9al slots1 a b>rel enclos+ a spr+1 plates1 call$ slid]s1 not*$ unequally & re/+ aga9/ ! spr+1 a plate ) a c5tral p]=ation & slits lead+ !refrom to engage ! not*es ( ! slides simultane\sly & all[ ! frame to be turn$ by ! key s z to actuate ! bolt4 ,*ubb & ,hobbs ( ,engl& made important improvem5ts 9 tumbl] locks1 :i* = a long "t 7 reg>d$ z unpickable4 ,mo/ important advances h be5 made dur+ ! c5tury 9 ,comb9ation or ,p]mutation ,locks & ,"t ,locks4 ,= a long "t p]mutation or comb9ation locks consi/$ ( modifications ( "o g5]al pr9ciple1 & t 0 ! ,dut* lett] lock already ref]r$ to1 or ! :eel lock1 compos$ ( a s]ies ( disks ) lett]s ar\nd _! edges4 ,! int]ior arrangem5t is su* z to prev5t ! bolt be+ %ot until a s]ies ( lett]s 7 9 l9e1 =m+ a comb9ation kn[n only to ! op]ator4 ,"t locks are con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( clockwork1 s t !y _c be op5$ ev5 ) ! prop] key until a regulat$ int]val ( "t has elaps$4 ,among ! mo/ celebrat$ comb9ation & "t locks ( ! c5tury are ^? kn[n z ! ,yale locks1 *iefly ! inv5tions ( ,l\is ,yale1 ,jr41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,! ,yale d\ble dial lock is a d\ble comb9ation bank or safe lock hav+ two dials1 ea* op]at+ its own set ( tumbl]s & bolts1 s t two p]sons1 ea* 9 possession ( 8 own comb9ation1 mu/ be pres5t at a c]ta9 "t 9 ord] to unlock x4 ,if ?is d\ble security is n desir$1 "o p]son alone may be possess$ ( bo? comb9ations1 or ! comb9ations may be set z "o4 ,9 _! "t locks a safe c be set s z to n only r5d] x impossible to unlock except at a pr$et]m9$ "t ea* day1 b ! arrangem5t is su* t on int]v5+ ,sundays ! "t me*anism w entirely prev5t ! op]ation ( ! lock or ! op5+ ( ! door on t day4 ,ano!r feature ( ! lock is ! ?91 flat keys ) bevel-edg$ not*+s1 or ) longitud9al s9u\s corrugations to fit a n>r[ slit ( a cyl9d] lock4 ,to make locks = use ) ! corrugat$ keys ma*9es ( z great +5uity z ! locks 7 devis$4 ,9 su* a lock ! keyhole1 :i* is a little v n>r[ slit1 is =m$ s9u\sly to correspond to ! s9uosities ( ! key4 ,no o!r key w fit x1 nor c x be pick$ by a tool1 z ! tool mu/ be an exact duplicate ( ! key 9 ord] to ent] & move 9 ! keyhole4 ,( late ye>s num]\s locks h be5 inv5t$ = ! special uses to :i* !y are to be appli$4 ,?us1 "o type ( lock is t = safety deposit vaults & boxes1 9 :i* a prim>y key 9 ! keep+ ( a janitor op]ates alone ! tumbl]s or gu>d me*anism to set ! lock1 :ile ! box own] may use a second>y key to completely unlock ! box or vault4 ,ma/]1 or second>y key locks1 are n[ 9 common use 9 hotels & ap>tm5t-h\ses1 by :i* ! key ( ! door held by a gue/ w unlock only 8 door1 b ! ma/] key held by ! manag] or janitor w unlock all ! doors4 ,?is saves ! duplication & multiplicity ( a va/ numb] ( extra keys4 ,! value ( a simple1 *eap1 safe1 effective lock 9 a place :]e its advantages are appreciat$ by all classes ( p ev]y:]e is illu/rat$ 9 ! application ( ! mod]n rot>y regi/]+ lock to ! s+le article ( mail bags4 ,=m]ly x 0 n unusual t losses by !ft ( mail matt] 7 due 9 "p to ! extraction ( a portion ( ! mail matt] by unlock+ or remov+ ! lock & !n re/or+ x 9 place4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) its #gf1jjj1jjj ( p1 f\nd x necess>y to use 9 its mail s]vice hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( mail p\*es1 hav+ locks = secur+ packages ( valuable matt]4 ,b ^! locks are ( su* "* t x is impossible = anyone to break into ! bag & conceal ! evid5ce ( 8 crime4 ,! un=tunate ?ief is r$uc$ to ! necessity ( /eal+ ! :ole p\*4 ,losses "u ?is sy/em h gr[n s small 8z to be almo/ incapable ( ma!matical calculation40 ,safe & conv5i5t locks = s v _m purposes are n[ s common1 ev5 to prev5t ! unau?oris$ use ( an umbrella1 or ! unfri5dly tak+ away ( a bicycle or o!r vehicle1 t not)/&+ ! n9ete5? c5tury dynamite ) :i* burgl>s /ill cont9ue to bl[ op5 ! be/ con/ruct$ safes & vaults1 /ill a univ]sal s5se ( great] security 9 su* matt]s is beg9n+ to manife/ itself2 & n only ! loss ( valuables by fire & !ft is becom+ ! exception1 b ! temptation to /eal is be+ gradually remov$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,c>ry+ ,,ma*9es4 ,! reflect+ obs]v] delights occasionally to %ift ! sc5es ( ! pres5t /age & br+ to ! front ! processions ( ! pa/4 ,t fam\s triumphal "o1 = in/ance1 ( ,ptolemy ( ,philadelphus1 at ,alex&ria1 ab\t #bgj ,b4 ,c41 !n 9 ! mid/ ( 8 p[] & glory1 9 :i* !re 7 *>iots & cumbr\s wagons drawn by elephants & goats1 antelopes1 oryxes1 buffaloes1 o/ri*es1 gnus & zebras2 !n a tribe ( ! ,scy?ians1 :5 ) _m scores ( ox5 !y 7 %ift+ _! light1 big r\nd h\ses1 made ( felt clo? & m\nt$ on road c>ts1 to a new camp+ place2 next a wild1 mad da% ( ! ,roman *>iote]s ar\nd ! amphi!atre1 or a triumphal m>* ) *>iots ( c>v$ ivory be>+ al(t ! ensigns ( victory2 & n[ an army ( ! anci5t ,britons driv+ ?r\gh ^! same *>iote]s ( ,cs> ) _! own rude *>iots1 hav+ %>p hooks & crook$ iron blades ext5d+ f _! axles2 n[ a 8,lady's ,*air0 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury--! /ate c>riage ( ! "t--) a long1 wood5-ro($ & w9d[$ body1 hav+ a door at ea* end1 re/+ on a cumbr\s frame )\t spr+s1 & ! axles unit$ rigidly to a long rea*2 next comes a l9e ( impos+ clumsy /ate coa*es ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) bodies provid$ ) pill>s to support ! ro(1 & adorn$ ) curta9s ( clo? & lea!r1 b /ill de/itute ( spr+s2 & "h 9 /ately approa* comes a l9e ( m curi\s & m com=table 8royal coa*es0 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 spr+s 7 = ! fir/ "t introduc$2 & n[ rumbles =w>d a l9e ( ^? fam\s old ,engli% /age coa*es orig9at$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :i* 7 two days fly+ f ,ox=d to ,london1 a di/ance ( fifty-five miles2 b a sc5e 9 ! next c5tury %[s ^! pond]\s vehicles greatly improv$1 & ! mod]n ,engli% /age mail-coa*es ( ,palm] 9 l9e4 ,ref]r+ to ,palm]'s coa*es1 ,knight says3 8,palm]1 accord+ to ,de ,qu9cey1 0 twice z great a man z ,galileo1 because he n only inv5t$ mail-coa*es 7( m g5]al practical utility ?an ,jupit]'s satellites71 b m>ri$ ! daught] ( a duke1 & succe$$ 9 gett+ ! po/-(fice to use !m4 ,?is revolutionis$ ! :ole bus9ess40 ,! coa*es 7 built ) /eel spr+s1 w9d[s ( great /r5g? & lightness comb9$1 boots = ! baggage1 seats = a few outside pass5g]s1 & a gu>d ) a gr& uni=m1 to protect ! mail & /& = ! dignity ( 8 maje/y's gov]nm5t4 ,by ! sy/em ( *ang+ horses frequ5tly great spe$ 0 atta9$1 & ! di/ance f ,ed9burgh to ,london1 #djj miles1 0 made 9 #dj h\rs4 ,o!r l9es ( coa*es1 arrang$ to c>ry d\ble ! numb] ( pass5g]s outside ?an 91 f\rte5 to six1 7 made heavi]1 & took ! road m leisurely4 ,! c>ts & conveyances ( ! poor 7 cumbr\s1 heavy contrivances1 )\t spr+s1 mo/ly two-:eel1 heavy c>ts4 ,! middle classes at t "t 7 n se5 rid+ 9 coa*es ( _! own1 b g5]ally on horseback1 z ! coa*es ( ! ri* 7 too exp5sive1 & ! conveyances ( ! poor 7 too rude 9 con/ruction1 & too pa9ful 9 op]ation4 ,let ! obs]v] n[ pass to ! l>ge/ & mo/ v>i$ exhibition ( ! be/ types ( mod]n vehicles ( e description t ! _w _h ev] se51 ! ,int]national ,exhibition at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf1 & behold :at wond]ful *anges art1 sci5ce1 inv5tion1 & me*anical skill _h wr\ght 9 ?is doma94 ,"h 7 ! c>riages ( ! ri*1 con/ruct$ ( ! f9e/ & mo/ appropriate woods t sci5ce & exp]i5ce _h f\nd be/ adapt$ = ! v>i\s p>ts1 requir+ ! comb9ation ( /r5g? & lightness1 ! be/ /eel = ! spr+s1 embody+ 9 !mselves a _w ( inv5tion & discov]y1 & spl5did f9i% & poli% 9 all p>ts unkn[n to =m] g5]ations4 ,"h1 too1 7 f\nd vehicles ( a great v>iety = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( e family1 f ! smalle/ to ! l>ge/ means4 ,! f>m] & ! truckman 7 especially provid$ =4 ,"o e/abli%m5t mak+ an exhibition at t "t1 employ$ "s six hundr$ or sev5 hundr$ h&s1 f\r hundr$ horse-p[] ( /eam1 turn+ out sixty wagons a day1 or "o 9 e t5 m9utes ( ea* work+ day 9 ! ye>4 ,"h ,engl& %[$ h] victoria1 h] br\ghams1 l&aus1 phtons1 sport+-c>ts1 wagonettes1 drays & dog-c>ts2 ,canada h] spl5did sleighs2 ,france h] sup]b b>\*es1 c>riages1 d\ble-top sociables1 ! celebrat$ ,coll+e pat5t axle-trees & spr+s2 ,g]many ! be/ c>riage axles1 spr+s & ge>s2 ,russia its fam\s l[-:eel$ fa/-runn+ c>riages2 ,norway its c>ryalls1 or sulkies1 & sleighs /rongly built1 & made ( wood f ^? va/ =e/s t ev] ab\nd 9 /r5g? & beauty4 ,"o anci5t sleigh !re 01 demurely /&+ by its mod]n companions1 said to h be5 built 9 #afbe1 & x 0 /ill good4 ,am]ica /ood =emo/ 9 c>riage :eels ( be/ mat]ials & beautiful workman%ip1 b5t rims1 turn$ & f9i%$ spokes1 mortis$ hubs1 /eel tires1 bus9ess & f>m wagons1 c>ts & baby c>riages4 ,ea* trade & field ( lab\r _h its own especially adapt$ complete & f9i%$ vehicle4 ,!re 7 hay wagons & he>ses2 be] wagons & ice c>ts2 doctors' buggies1 express wagons1 drays1 package deliv]y wagons2 p$dl]s' wagons ) all ! %elves & comp>tm5ts ( a m9iature /ore1 skeleton wagons1 & sportsm5's1 & light & graceful two & f\r 8:eel]s40 ,beautiful displays ( b5t & poli%$ woods1 a spl5did array ( arti/ic1 elegant1 & useful h>nesses1 & all ! traps t g to make mod]n means ( conveyance by animal p[] s *eap1 conv5i5t1 /rong & attractive t civilisation seem$ to h rea*$ a /op 9 pr9ciples ( con/ruction ( vehicles & 9 _! mat]ials1 & s9ce cont5ts itself 9 improv+ details4 ,to ?is c5tury is due ! developm5t ( t class ( c>riages1 ! g5]ic t]m = :i* is ,velocip$es--a ^w :i* w\ld imply a vehicle propell$ by ! feet1 al?\gh x has be5 appli$ to vehicles propell$ by ! h&s & /e]$ by ! feet4 ,?is "n orig9at$ ) ! ,fr5*1 & sev]al ,fr5*m5 pat5t$ velocip$es f #ahjj to #ahba4 ,tricycles hav+ ?ree :eels1 propell$ by ! h&s & /e]$ ) ! feet1 7 also inv5t$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury4 ,! t]m ,bicycle does n appe> to h be5 us$ until ab\t #ahfi4 ,al?\gh su* /ructures _h be5 ref]r$ to 9 publications be=e1 yet ! mod]n bicycle appe>s to h be5 fir/ practically con/ruct$ 9 ,g]many4 ,9 #ahaf ,b>on von ,drais ( ,manheim made a vehicle consi/+ ( two :eels arrang$ "o be=e ! o!r1 & connect$ by a b>1 ! =w>d :eel axl$ 9 a =k :i* 0 swivel$ to ! front end ( ! b> & _h h&les to guide ! ma*9e1 ) a seat on ! b> midway betwe5 ! two :eels1 & arrang$ s t ! driv] %\ld be/ride ! b>4 ,b !re 0 no support = ! rid]'s feet1 & ! vehicle 0 propell$ by ?ru/+ 8 feet alt]nately aga9/ ! gr\nd4 ,?is ma*9e 0 call$ ! 8,drais9e0 & und\bt$ly 0 ! prog5itor ( ! mod]n bicycle4 ,d5is ,johnson pat5t$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahah a simil> vehicle :i* he nam$ ! 8,p$e/rian ,curricle40 ,ano!r /yle 0 call$ ! 8,d&y ,horse40 ,ano!r =m 0 t ( ,gomp]tz 9 ,engl& 9 #ahba1 :o contriv$ a segm5tal rack connect$ ) a frame ov] ! front :eel & engag+ a p9ion on ! :eel axle4 ,) "s improvem5ts add$ by o!rs1 ! vehicle came into q ext5sive & popul> use 9 "s ( ! cities 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x 0 also nam$ ! 8,d&y0 & ! 8,hobby ,horse40 ,treadles 7 subsequ5tly appli$1 b aft] a "t ! ma*9e fell into disuse & 0 app>5tly =gott54 ,9 #ahfc1 h[ev]1 ! idea 0 reviv$ by a ,fr5*man1 ,mi*aux1 :o add$ ! crank to ! front :eel axle ( ! 8,drais9e0 7also call$ ! 8clrifr407 ,9 #ahff ,pi]re ,lallem5t ( ,france1 hav+ adapt$ ! idea ( ! crank & p$al movem5t & obta9$ a pat5t1 w5t to ,am]ica1 :]e aft] two ye>s ( public indiff]5ce ! ma*9e sudd5ly sprung into fav\r4 ,9 #ahfi a popul> wave 9 its fav\r also spread ov] "p ( ,europe1 & all classes ( p 7 rid+ x4 ,b ! :eels _h h>d tires1 ! roads & _m ( ! /reets 7 n smoo?1 ! vehicle got ! "n ( ! 8bone-break]0 & its use ceas$4 ,dur+ ! few ye>s foll[+ "s new /yles ( frames 7 inv5t$4 ,?us "s v high :eels1 ) a small :eel 9 front1 or "o beh9d1 :eels ) lev]s 9 addition to ! crank1 etc41 & !n = a "t ! art re/$ aga94 ,"s "o !n recall$ ! fact t ,mc,millan1 a ,scot*man1 ab\t #ahch-ahda1 _h us$ two l[ :eels l ! 8,drais9e0 ) a driv+ ge>1 & t ,dalzell1 also ( ,scotl&1 _h 9 #ahde made a simil> ma*9e4 ,p>ts ( ^! old ma*9es 7 f\nd & ! :eel recon/ruct$4 ,!n 9 ! sev5ties ! entire field 0 ?r[n op5 to wom5 by ! inv5tion 9 ,engl& ( ! 8drop frame10 :i* remov$ completely ! difficulty z to arrangem5t ( ! skirts & ?us d\bl$ ! int]e/ 9 & desire = a com=table rid+ ma*9e4 ,b !y 7 /ill1 to a great degree1 8bone-break]s40 ,!n ,j4 ,b4 ,dunlop1 a vet]9>y surgeon ( ,belfa/1 ,irel&1 9 ord] to meet ! compla9ts ( 8 son t ! :eel 0 too h>d1 ?\ght ( ! pneumatic rubb] tire1 & appli$ x ) great success4 ,?is 0 a v notable & orig9al re-inv5tion4 ,a re-inv5tion1 because a man 8born be=e 8 "t0 _h inv5t$ & pat5t$ ! pneumatic tire m ?an =ty ye>s be=e4 ,x 0 n want$ !n & ev]ybody _h =gott5 x4 ,?is man 0 ,rob]t ,william ,?omson1 a civil eng9e] ( ,adelphi1 ,middlesex c\nty1 ,engl&4 ,9 #ahde he obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,engl&1 & %ortly aft] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 bo? pat5ts he describes h[ he propos$ to make a tire = all k9ds ( vehicles consi/+ ( a holl[ rubb] tube1 ) an inn] mix$ canvas & rubb] l9+1 a tube & a screw cup by :i* to inflate x1 & sev]al ways = prev5t+ punctures4 ,to obviate ! bad results ( punctures he propos$ also to make 8 tire 9 sectional comp>tm5ts1 s t if "o comp>tm5t 0 punctur$ ! o!rs w\ld /ill hold good4 ,he also propos$ to use vulcanis$ rubb]1 ?us utilis+ ! !n v rec5t discov]y ( ,goodye> ( mix+ sulphur ) s(t rubb]1 & to apply ! same to ! canvas l9+4 ,&1 n[1 :5 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury _h be5 rea*$1 & aft] a c5tury's h>d "w by ! inv5tors1 ! pres5t wond]ful vehicle1 kn[n z ! 8safety bicycle10 _h obta9$ a successful & p]man5t foo?old among ! vehicles ( mank9d4 ,prop] proportions1 l[ :eels1 *a9-ge>+1 treadles1 p$als & cranks1 cu%ion & pneumatic tires1 drop frames1 /eel spokes l a spid]'s web1 ball-be>+s = ! crank & axle p>ts1 a spr+-support$ cu%ion$ seat :i* c\ld be rais$ or l[]$1 adju/able h&les1 & ! cle>e/-bra9$ sci5tific me*anics to con/ruct all p>ts f ! be/ mat]ials & ) ma!matical exactness--all ?is has be5 done4 ,to ^! accompli%m5ts h be5 add$ a great v>iety ( tires to prev5t we> & punctur+1 among :i* are self-heal+ tires1 hav+ a l9+ ( visc\s or pla/ic rubb] to close up automatically ! air holes4 ,_m ways ( clamp+ ! tire to ! rim h be5 contriv$4 ,s h brakes ( v>i\s descriptions1 "s consi/+ ( disks on ! driv+ %aft1 br\ght into frictional contact by a t\* ( ! toe on ! p$al1 z a sub/itute = ^? appli$ to ! surface ( ! tire1 kn[n z 8spoon brakes02 saddles1 spe$-ge>+s1 m5's ma*9es 9 :i* by ! removal ( ! upp] b> ! ma*9e is conv]t$ into "o = ! use ( wom52 ! sub/itution ( ! direct action1 consi/+ ( bevel$ ge>+ = ! sprocket *a91 etc41 etc4 ,! ideas ( ,william ,?omson z to pneumatic & cu%ion$ tires are n[1 aft] a lapse ( fifty ye>s1 g5]ally adopt$4 ,ev5 sportsm5 7 glad to seize ^u !m1 & :eels ( sulkies1 provid$ ) ! pneumatic tires1 h enabl$ !m to l[] ! record ( trott+ horses4 ,_! use on _m o!r vehicles has accompli%$ 8 objects1 8( less5+ ! p[] requir$ to draw c>riages1 r5d]+ ! motion easi]1 & dim9i%+ ! noise40 ,x is impossible to ov]look ! fact 9 connection ) ?is subject t ! processes & ma*9]y especially inv5t$ to make ! v>i\s p>ts ( a bicycle are z wond]ful z ! :eel itself4 ,c\nt+ ! spokes !re are1 x is e/imat$1 m ?an #cjj diff]5t p>ts 9 su* a :eel4 ,! be/ & late/ inv5tions & discov]ies 9 ! mak+ ( metals1 wood1 rubb] & lea!r h be5 drawn ^u 9 supply+ ^! useful c>ri]s4 ,& :at a revolution !y h produc$ 9 ! mak+ ( good roads1 ! sav+ ( "t1 ! dispat* ( bus9ess1 & m ?an all else1 9 ! increase ( ! pleasure1 ! heal? & ! amusem5t ( mank9d6 ,x 0 q natural t :5 ! rubb] cu%ion & pneumatic tires r\nd$ ! pleasure ( easy & noiseless rid+ 9 vehicles t ,motor vehicles %\ld be reviv$ & improv$4 ,s we h ! ,automobiles 9 great v>iety4 ,inv5tion has be5 & is /ill be+ greatly ex]cis$ z to ! be/ motive p[]1 9 ! adaption ( electric motors1 oil & gasol9e or vap\r eng9es1 spr+s & air pumps1 9 attempts to r$uce ! numb] ( complicat$ p>ts1 & to r5d] less /r5u\s ! m5tal & muscul> /ra9 ( ! op]ator4 ,traction ,eng9es4--,! old road eng9es t ant$at$ ! locomotives are be+ reviv$1 & new ideas spr++ f o!r arts are be+ incorporat$ 9 ^! useful ma*9es to r5d] !m m available ?an 9 =m] g5]ations4 ,_m ( ! pr9ciples & features ( motor vehicles1 b on a heavi] scale1 are be+ introduc$ to adapt !m to ! draw+ ( f> heavi] loads4 ,late devices comprise a spr+ l9k betwe5 ! p[] & ! traction :eel to prev5t too sudd5 a />t1 & p]mit a yield+ motion2 /e]+ devices by :i* ! p[] ( ! eng9e is us$ to /e] ! ma*9e2 & application ( conv5i5t & easily-work$ brakes4 ,an example ( a mod]n traction eng9e may be f\nd atta*$ to "o or m heavy c>s adapt$ = /reet "w1 & on :i* may be f\nd app>atus = mak+ ! mix$ mat]ials ( :i* ! roadb$ is to be con/ruct$1 & all ( :i* is mov$ along z ! road or /reet surface is complet$4 ,:5 ^! f9e roads become ! possession ( a c\ntry light traction eng9es = pass5g] traffic w be f\nd l>gely supplant+ ! horse & ! /eam railroad eng9es4 ,brakes1 railway & electric1 h already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! prop] *apt]s4 ,9 ! late/ sy/em ( railroad+ great] att5tion has be5 paid to ! lives & limbs ( ^? employ$ z workm5 on ! tra9s1 especially to ^? ( brakem54 ,& if corporations h be5 sl[ to adopt su* m]ciful devices1 legislatures h /epp$ 9 to help ! matt]4 ,"o great s\rce ( accid5ts 9 ?is respect has be5 due to ! necessity ( ! brakem5 ent]+ betwe5 ! c>s :ile !y are 9 motion to c\ple !m by h&4 ,?is is n[ be+ aboli%$ by automatic c\pl]s1 by :i*1 :5 ! lock+ means h be5 )drawn f connection or ?r[n up1 !y w be s held until ! c>s meet aga91 :5 ! lock+ p>ts on ! respective c>s w be automatically ?r[n & lock$1 z easily & on ! same pr9ciple z ! h& ( "o man may clasp ! h& ( ano!r4 ,! com=t ( pass5g]s & ! safety ( freight h also be5 greatly increas$ by ! inv5tion ( ,buff]s on railroad c>s & tra9s to prev5t sudd5 & viol5t concussion4 ,fluid pressure c> buff]s1 9 :i* a con/ant supply ( fluid "u pressure is provid$ by a pump or tra9 pipe connect$ to ! eng9e is "o ( a great v>iety4 ,ano!r notable improvem5t 9 ?is l9e is ! spl5did ve/ibule tra9s1 9 :i* ! c>s are connect$ to "o ano!r by enclos$ passages & :i* at _! meet+ ends are provid$ ) yield+ly support$ door-l frames engag+ "o ano!r by frictional contact1 usually1 :]eby ! %ock & rock+ ( c>s are prev5t$ 9 />t+ & /opp+1 & _! oscillation r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,z collisions & accid5ts _c always be prev5t$1 c> frames are n[ built 9 :i* ! frames are truss$1 & made ( roll$ /eel plates1 angles1 & *annels1 :]eby a c> body ( great resi/ance to telescop+ or cru%+ is obta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,%ips ,,& ,,%ip-,,build+4 8,f> z ! breeze c be>1 ! bill[s foam1 ,survey our empire1 & behold our home40 8,%ips are b bo>ds10 soliloquis$ ! crafty ,%ylock1 & 7 ?is /ill true1 yet ?is pres5t p]iod has se5 wond]ful *anges 9 con/ruction4 ,! high ca/ellat$ b[s & /]ns & long pr[s ( ,! ,great ,h>ry1 ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & its successors 9 ! eighte5?1 ) "s mod]ation ( cumb]some matt]1 gave way to light]1 spe$i] =ms1 fir/ appe>+ 9 ! quick-glid+ ,yankee clipp]s1 dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,em95t naval ar*itects h reg>d$ ! proportions ( ,noah's ark1 #cjj cubits long1 #ej cubits broad & #cj cubits high1 9 :i* ! l5g? 0 six times ! bread?1 & ! dep? ?ree-fif?s ( ! bread?1 z ! be/ comb9ation ( ! elem5ts ( /r5g?1 capacity & /ability4 ,ev5 t mo/ mod]n m]cantile vessel kn[n z ! 8:ale-back0 ) its ne>ly flat bottom1 v]tical sides1 ar*$ top or deck1 skegg$ or spoon-%ap$ at b[ & /]n1 /raight deck l9es1 ! upp] deck cab9s & /e]+ ge> rais$ on holl[ turrets1 ) ma*9]y & c>go 9 ! ma9 hull1 has n dep>t$ mu* f ! safe rule ( proportions ( its anci5t prototype4 ,b 9 o!r respects ! ideas ( ,noah & ( ! ,phnicians1 ! be/ ( anci5t %ip-build]s1 z well z ! ,nor?m51 ! ,dut*1 ! ,fr5*1 & ! ,engli%1 ! be/ %ip-build]s ( lat] c5turies1 7 decid$ly improv$ ^u by ! ,am]icans1 :o1 z above intimat$1 7 revolutioniz+ ! art & build+ ! f9e/ vessels 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 & ^! rivall$ 9 spe$ ! /eam vessels = "s ye>s aft] /eam%ips 7 pl\gh+ ! riv]s & ! ocean4 ,disc>d+ ! l(ty decks =e & aft & pond]\s topsides1 ! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ! ,am]ican 8clipp]s0 7 _! f9e %>p l9es1 built long & l[1 broad ( beam be=e ! c5tre1 %>p above ! wat]1 & deep aft4 ,a typical vessel ( ?is sort 0 ! clipp] %ip ,great ,republic1 built by ,donald ,mc,kay ( ,bo/on dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury4 ,%e 0 #cbe feet long1 #ec feet wide1 #cg feet deep1 ) a capacity ( ab\t #djjj tons4 ,%e _h f\r ma/s1 ea* provid$ ) a lightn+ rod4 ,a s+le suit ( h] sails consi/$ ( #ae1efc y>ds ( canvas4 ,h] keel rose = #fj feet =w>d1 gradually curv$ into ! arc ( a circle z x bl5d$ ) ! /]n4 ,vessels ( h] type ran sev5te5 & eighte5 miles an h\r at a "t :5 /eam vessels 7 mak+ only twelve or f\rte5 miles an h\r1 ! latt] spe$ be+ "o :i* x 0 pr$ict$ by naval eng9e]s c\ld n ) safety be exce$$ ) ocean /eam%ips4 ,^! vessels direct$ ! att5tion ( %ip-build]s to two prom95t features1 ! %ape ( ! b[ & ! l5g? ( ! vessel4 ,= ! old convex =m ( b[ & /]n1 ! pr9cipal ( an elongat$ w$ge 0 sub/itut$1 ! w$ge slightly holl[$ on its face1 by :i* ! wat]s 7 m easily p>t$ & ?r[n aside4 ,a dep>ture 0 e>ly made 9 ! matt] ( /r5g!n+ ! 8ribs ( oak0 to bett] meet ! /ra9s f ! r\gh seas4 ,9 #ahaj ,sir ,rob]t ,sepp+s1 surveyor ( ! ,engli% navy1 devis$ & introduc$ ! sy/em ( diagonal brac+4 ,?is 0 an arrangem5t ( timb]s cross+ ! ribs on ! inside ( ! %ip at angles ( ab\t #de1 & brac$ by diagonals & /ruts4 ,( c\rse ! great & lead+ ev5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 9 ! matt] ( inv5tions relat+ to %ips 0 ! introduction ( /eam z ! motive p[]4 ,( ?is we h treat$ 9 ! *apt] on /eam eng9e]+4 ,! giant1 /eam1 dem&$ & receiv$ ! obeisance ( e art be=e devot+ 8 inexhau/ible /r5g? to _! s]vice4 ,sy/ems ( wood-work+ & metal manufacture mu/ be revolutionis$ to give him room to "w1 & to )/& ! /rokes ( 8 mighty arm4 ,"l ,dundas at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury _h an iron boat built = ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 :i* 0 propell$ by /eam4 ,b ! dep>ture f ! adage t 8%ips are b bo>ds0 did n take place1 h[ev]1 until ab\t #ahbi-cj1 :5 ! sub/itution ( iron = wood 9 ! con/ruction ( vessels _h pass$ beyond ! exp]im5tal /age4 ,9 ^? ye>s ! firm ( ,john ,laird ( ,birk5head began ! build+ ( practical iron vessels1 & he 0 foll[$ soon by ,sir ,william ,fairbairn at ,man*e/]1 & ,r&olph1 ,eld] ,co41 & ! ,fairfield ,works on ! ,clyde4 ,! advantage ( iron ov] wood 9 /r5g?1 & 9 p[] to )/& trem5d\s %ocks1 0 e>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! ,great ,brita9 built ab\t #ahdd1 ! fir/ l>ge1 successful1 seago+ vessel con/ruct$4 ,n long !reaft] ?is same vessel lay helpless ^u ! coa/ ( ,irel&1 driv5 !re by a great /orm1 & beat5 by ! trem5d\s waves ( ! ,atlantic ) a =ce t w\ld h 9 a few h\rs or days brok5 up & pulv]is$ a 8%ip ( bo>ds10 & yet ! ,great ,brita9 lay !re sev]al weeks1 0 f9ally br\ght (f1 & aga9 re/or$ to successful s]vice4 ,wood & iron bo? h _! peculi> advantages & disadvantages4 ,wood is n only light]1 b easily procur$ & work$1 & *eap]1 9 _m small & private %ip-y>ds :]e an iron frame & p>ts w\ld be difficult & exp5sive to produce4 ,x is ?\ght t z to ! f\l+ ( %ips' bottoms a wood5 hull cov]$ ) copp] f\ls less1 & consequ5tly imp$es ! spe$ less2 t ! damage done by %ocks or ! p5etration ( %ot is n s great or difficult to repair1 & t ! dang] ( v>iation ( ! compass by reason ( local attraction ( ! metal is less4 ,b ! advantages ( iron & /eel f> outnumb] ^? ( wood4 ,its /r5g?1 its adaptability = all sizes & =ms & l9es1 its increas$ *eapness1 its resi/ance to %ot p5etration1 its durability1 & n[ its easy procurem5t1 con/itute qualities :i* h e/abli%$ iron %ip-build+ z a great new & mod]n art4 ,9 ?is mod]n revolution 9 iron-clad %ips1 _! adaptation to naval w>f>e 0 due to ! g5ius ( ,john ,ericsson1 & dates practically f ! celebrat$ battle betwe5 ! iron-clads ! ,m]rimac & ! ,monitor 9 ,hampton ,roads on ! ,virg9ia coa/ 9 ! ,civil w> 9 ,am]ica 9 ,april1 #ahfb4 ,al?\gh ! t5d5cy at fir/ 9 build+ iron & /eel vessels1 especially = ! navy1 0 t[>ds an entire metal /ructure1 lat] exp]i5ce result$ 9 a m composite /yle1 us+ wood 9 "s p>ts1 :]e f\nd be/ adapt$ by its capacity ( lightness1 non-absorption ( heat & less electrical conductivity1 etc41 & at ! same "t protect+ su* int]ior portions by an iron %ell or frame-"w4 ,"o great improvem5t 9 %ip-build+1 :e!r 9 wood or metal1 ?\ght ( & practis$ to "s ext5t 9 =m] times1 b aft] all a *ild ( ?is c5tury1 is ! build+ ( ! hull & hold 9 comp>tm5ts1 wat]-tight1 & sometimes fire-pro(1 s t 9 case ( a leakage or a fire 9 "o or m comp>tm5ts1 ! fire or wat] may be conf9$ !re & ! ext5sion ( ! dang] to ! entire %ip prev5t$4 ,9 ! matt] ( ,m>9e ,propulsion1 :5 ! /eam eng9e 0 made a practical & useful s]vant by ,watt1 & m5 began to ?9k ( driv+ boats & %ips ) x1 ! problem 0 h[ to adapt x to use ) propell+ means already kn[n4 ,paddle-:eels & o!r :eels to move boats 9 place ( o>s _h be5 sugge/$1 & to "s ext5t us$ f "t to "t1 s9ce ! days ( ! ,romans2 & !y 7 among ! fir/ devices us$ 9 /eam vessels4 ,_! :irl may /ill be he>d on _m wat]s4 ,le>n$ m5 saw no reason :y ! screw ( ,ar*im$es %\ld n be us$ = ! same purpose1 & ! idea 0 occasionally advocat$ by ,fr5* & ,engli% philosoph]s f at lea/ #afhj1 by ,frankl9 & ,watt less ?an a c5tury lat]1 & f9ally1 9 #agid1 ,lyttleton ( ,engl& obta9$ a pat5t = 8 8aquatic propell]10 consi/+ ( ?reads =m$ on a cyl9d] & revolv+ 9 a frame at ! head1 /]n1 or side ( a vessel4 ,o!r means _h be5 also sugge/$ prior to #ahjj1 & by ! same set ( philosoph]s1 & exp]im5tally us$ by practical build]s1 su* z /eam-pumps = receiv+ ! wat] =w>d1 or amid%ips1 & =c+ x out a/]n1 ?us creat+ a propulsive movem5t4 ,! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury teem$ ) ^! sugge/ions & exp]im5ts1 b x rema9$ = ! n9ete5? to see _! embodim5t & adaptation to successful comm]cial use4 ,! e>lie/1 mo/ successful demon/rations ( screw propell]s & paddle :eels 9 /eam vessels 9 ! c5tury 7 ! con/ruction & use ( a boat ) tw9 screws by ,col4 ,john ,/ev5s ( ,hobok51 ,n4 ,j41 9 #ahjd & ! paddle-:eel /eamboat trial ( ,fulton on ! ,hudson 9 #ahjg4 ,b x 0 left to ,john ,ericsson1 t great ,sw$i% inv5tor1 go+ to ,engl& 9 #ahbf ) 8 bra9 full ( ideas z to /eam & sol> eng9es1 to fir/ p]fect ! screw-propell]4 ,he !re pat5t$ 9 #ahcf 8 celebrat$ propell]1 consi/+ ( sev]al blades or segm5ts ( a screw1 & bas$ on su* correct pr9ciples ( twi/ t !y 7 at once adopt$ & appli$ to /eam vessels4 ,9 #ahcg-ahci ! k ( 8 inv5tions _h prec$$ him to ,am]ica1 :]e 8 propell] 0 at once introduc$ & us$ 9 ! vessels ,frances ,b4 ,ogd5 & ! ,rob]t ,e4 ,/ockton 7! latt] built by ! ,lairds ( ,birk5head & laun*$ 9 #ahcg74 ,9 #ahci or #ahdj ,ericsson w5t to ,am]ica1 & 9 #ahda he 0 engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,u4,s4 %ip ( w> ,pr9ceton1 ! fir/ naval screw w>%ip built hav+ propell+ ma*9]y "u ! wat] l9e & out ( rea* ( %ot4 ,! idea t /eam%ips c\ld n be safely run at a great] spe$ ?an t5 or twelve miles an h\r 0 n[ ab&on$4 ,twice ,ericsson revolutionis$ ! naval con/ruction ( ! _w by 8 inv5tions 9 ,am]ica3 fir/ by ! introduction ( 8 screw-propell] 9 ! ,pr9ceton2 & second1 by build+ ! iron-clad ,monitor4 ,s9ce ,ericsson's day o!r inv5tors h made !mselves also fam\s by giv+ new twi/s to ! tail ( ?is fam\s fi% & new =ms to its iron-ribb$ body4 ,pneumatic ,propell]s op]at$ by ! expulsion ( air or gas aga9/ ! surr\nd+ body ( wat]1 & *a9-propell]s1 consi/+ ( a revolv+ *a9 provid$ ) paddles or floats1 h also be5 inv5t$ & te/$1 ) m or less successful results4 ,a great w>%ip z %e lies 9 "s "o ( ! va/ mod]n %ip-y>ds ( ! _w1 re/+ securely on h] long /eel backbone1 f :i* great ribs ( /eel rise & curve on ei!r side & f> ov]head1 l a mon/r\s skeleton ( "s huge animal t ! sea alone c produce1 clo!d ) a sk91 also ( /eel2 h] huge int]ior1 l9$ at bottom ) an arm\r$ deck t /ret*es across ! entire bread? ( ! vessel1 & built ^u ?is deck1 capaci\s /eel comp>tm5ts enclos+ ! eng9es & boil]s1 ! coal1 ! magaz9es1 ! electric plant = supply+ p[] to v>i\s motors = light+ ! %ip & = furni%+ ! curr5t to p[]ful se>*-lights2 hav+ comp>tm5ts = ! sick1 ! apo!c>y %op1 & ! surgeon's hospital1 ! m5's & ! (fic]s' qu>t]s2 above ^! ! conn+ t[] & ! arm\r$ pilot-h\se1 !n ! great guns int]sp]s$ among ^! v>i\s p>ts1 look+ l ! sunk5 eyes1 or protrud+ l ! bony prom95ces ( "s awful sea mon/]1 is a /ructure t gives "o an idea ( ! imm5se dep>ture :i* has occurr$ dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 n only f ! wood5 walls ( ! navies ( all ! pa/1 b f all its me*anical arts4 ,:at a great ocean l9] conta9s & :at ! contributions are to mod]n %ip-build+ f o!r mod]n arts is set =? 9 ! foll[+ extract f ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e = ,septemb]1 #aijj1 9 describ+ ! ,deuts*l&4 8,! ,deuts*l&1 = in/ance has a complete refrig]at+ plant1 f\r hospitals1 a safety deposit vault = ! imm5se quantities ( gold & silv] :i* pass betwe5 ! banks ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 eight kit*5s1 a complete po/-(fice ) ,g]man & ,am]ican cl]ks1 ?irty electrical motors1 ?irty-six pumps1 mo/ ( !m ( ,am]ican & ,engli% make1 no few] ?an sev5ty-two /eam eng9es1 a complete drug /ore1 a complete fire dep>tm5t1 ) pumps1 hose & o!r fire-fight+ ma*9]y1 a libr>y1 #bfjj electric lights1 two b>b] %ops1 room = an or*e/ra & brass b&1 a telegraph sy/em1 a telephone sy/em1 a complete pr9t+ e/abli%m5t1 a photographic d>k room1 a cig> /ore1 an electric fire-al>m sy/em1 & a special refrig]ator = fl[]s40 ,we h se51 9 treat+ ( safes & locks1 h[ burgl>s keep pace ) ! late/ inv5tions to protect prop]ty by ! use ( dynamite & nitro-glyc]9e explosions4 ,! rev]se ( ?is practice prevails :5 ^? policem5 ( ! seas1 ! torp$o boats1 gu>d ! treasures ( ! %ore4 ,x is !re ! def5d]s are arm$ ) ! irresi/ible explosives4 ,^! explosives are ei!r plant$ 9 h>b\rs & dis*>g$ by electricity f ! %ore1 or c>ri$ by v swift arm\r$ boats1 or by boats capable ( be+ subm]g$1 direct$1 & propell$ by me*anisms conta9$ !re & controll$ f ! %ore1 or f ano!r vessel2 or by boats conta9+ all in/rum5talities1 crew1 & comm&]1 & capable ( subm]g+ & rais+ itself1 & ( attack+ & explod+ ! torp$o :5 & :]e desir$4 ,! latt] are n[ consid]$ z ! mo/ =midable & effici5t class ( de/roy]s4 ,no matt] h[ /aun*1 s\nd & gr& 9 dim5sions man may build 8 %ips1 old ,neptune c /ill toss !m4 ,b ,frankl91 a c5tury & a half ago1 call$ att5tion to 8 exp]im5ts ( oil+ 8 locks :5 9 a tempe/u\s mood1 & ?us r5d]+ ! temp] ( ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea z placid z a summ] pond4 ,%ips t _h become unmanageable 7 ?us enabl$1 by spread+ oil on ! waves f ! w9dw>d side1 to be br\ght "u control1 & dang]\s surfs subdu$1 s t boats c\ld l&4 ,frankl9's idea ( p\r+ oil on ! tr\bl$ wat]s has be5 reviv$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury & v>i\s means = do+ x vigor\sly pat5t$4 ,! means h v>i$ 9 _m in/ances1 b *iefly consi/ ( bags & o!r receptacles to hold & di/ribute ! oil ^u ! surr\nd+ wat] ) economy & uni=mity4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury ! _w 0 /ill wait+ = ! successful ,air-%ip4 ,a few successful exp]im5ts 9 balloon navigation by ! aid ( small eng9es ( diff]5t =ms h be5 made s9ce #ahee4 ,"s believe t ,c\nt ,zeppel91 an (fic] ( ! ,g]man army has solv$ ! great problem1 especially s9ce ! asc5t ( 8 %ip made on ,july #b1 #aijj1 at ,lake ,con/ance4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t no vessel has yet be5 made to successfully fly unless made on ! balloon pr9ciple1 & ,c\nt ,zeppel9's boat is on t pr9ciple4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,eug5 ,wolf1 an a]onaut :o took "p 9 ! asc5t ref]r$ to & :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! same 9 ! ,novemb] numb] ( ,mc,clure's1 #aijj1 x is n compos$ ( "o balloon1 b ( a r[ ( !m1 & ^! are n expos$ :5 inflat$ to e breeze t bl[s1 b enclos$ & comb9$ 9 an enorm\s cyl9drical %ell1 #dbj feet 9 l5g?1 ab\t #ch feet 9 diamet]1 ) a volume ( #ad1ghj cubic y>ds & ) ends po9t$ l a cig>4 ,?is %ell is a framework made up ( alum9ium trellis "w1 & divid$ into sev5te5 comp>tm5ts1 ea* hav+ its own gas bag4 ,! frame is fur!r /r5g!n$ & ! balloons /ay$ by a network ( alum9ium wire1 & ! entire frame cov]$ ) a s(t ramie fibre4 ,ov] ?is is plac$ a wat]-tight cov]+ ( pegamoid1 & ! l[] "p cov]$ ) light silk4 ,an air space ( two feet is left betwe5 ! cov] & ! balloons4 ,b5ea? ! balloons ext5ds a walk+ bridge #bbf feet long1 & f ?is bridge is susp5d$ two alum9ium c>s1 at front & re> ( ! c5tre1 adapt$ to hold all ! op]ative ma*9]y & ! op]ator & o!r pass5g]s4 ,! balloons1 provid$ ) prop] valves1 s]v$ to lift ! /ructure2 l>ge f\r-w+$ screws1 "o on ea* side ( ! %ip1 _! %afts m\nt$ on a light framework ext5d+ f ! body ( ! %ip1 & driv5 backw>d & =w>d by two light b5z9e eng9es1 "o on ea* c>1 con/itut$ ! propell+ =ce4 ,dirigibility 7/e]+7 0 provid$ = by an app>atus consi/+ ( a d\ble pair ( rudd]s1 "o pair =w>d & "o aft1 rea*+ out l great f9s1 & controll$ by light metal cords f ! c>s4 ,a balla/ ( wat] 0 c>ri$ 9 a comp>tm5t "u ea* c>4 ,to give ! %ip an upw>d or a d[nw>d movem5t ! plane on :i* ! %ip re/s 0 provid$ ) a weight adapt$ to slip back & =? on a cable und]nea? ! balloon %ell4 ,:5 ! weight 0 f> aft ! tip ( ! %ip 0 upw>d & ! movem5t 0 upw>d1 :5 at ! =w>d end ! movem5t 0 d[nw>d1 & :5 at ! c5tre ! %ip 0 pois$ & travell$ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! trip 0 made ov] ! lake on a quiet ev5+4 ,a di/ance ( ?ree & ?ree-qu>t] miles1 at a height ( #acjj feet1 0 made 9 sev5te5 m9utes4 ,evolutions f a /raight c\rse 7 accompli%$4 ,! %ip 0 l[]$ to ! lake1 on :i* x settl$ easily & rode smoo?ly4 ,! o!r great plan ( air navigation receiv+ ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s & a]onauts is ! a]oplane sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! cohesive =ce ( ! air is s exce$+ly small t x _c be reli$ ^u z a suffici5t resi/+ m$ium ?r\gh :i* propulsion may be accompli%$ alone by a c\nt]-resi/+ ag5t l propell] blades1 yet x is kn[n :at weight ! air has & x has be5 asc]ta9$ :at expanse ( a ?9 plane is necess>y )\t o!r means to support ! weight ( a man 9 ! air4 ,to ?is idea mu/ be add$ ! means ( flight1 ( />t+ & ma9ta9+ a /able flight & ( direct+ its c\rse4 ,c>eful obs]vation ( ! mann] ( ! flight ( l>ge heavy birds1 especially 9 />t+1 has l$ to "s successful exp]im5ts4 ,!y d n rise at once1 b require an initiative =ce = so>+ :i* !y obta9 by runn+ on ! gr\nd be=e spread+ _! w+s4 ,! action ( ! w+s 9 fold+ & unfold+ = ma9ta9+ ! flight & controll+ its direction1 is !n to be not$4 ,x is along ^! l9es t inv5tions 9 ?is sy/em are n[ work+4 ,an initiative me*anism to />t ! %ip along ! e>? or wat]1 to raise x at an angle1 to spread planes ( suffici5t ext5t to support ! weight ( ! ma*9e & its op]ators on ! body ( ! air column1 light eng9es to give ! w+-planes an op5+ & clos+ action1 rudd]s to /e] by1 means = ma9ta9+ equilibrium1 & means :5 l&+ to float ^u ! wat] or roll ^u ! l&1 ^! are ! pr9cipal problems t navigators ( ! great seas above u are n[ at "w ^u4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,illum9at+ ,,gas4 8,h[ wond]ful t sunbeams absorb$ by vegetation 9 ! primordial ages ( ! e>? & buri$ 9 its dep?s z vegetable fossils ?r\gh immeasurable eras ( "t1 until sy/em ^u sy/em ( sl[ly =m$ rocks h be5 pil$ above1 %\ld come =? at la/1 at ! dis5*ant+ t\* ( sci5ce1 & turn ! light ( civilis$ man into day40--,pr(4 ,e4 ,l4 ,y\mans4 8,! inv5tion ( artificial light has ext5d$ ! available t]m ( human life1 by giv+ ! night to man's use2 x has1 by ! social int]c\rse x enc\rages1 poli%$ 8 mann]s & ref9$ 8 ta/es1 & p]haps z mu* z any?+ else1 has aid$ 8 intellectual progress40--,drap]4 ,if "o desires to "k :at ! condition ( cities1 t[ns & peoples 0 be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury _h light5$ & enlight5$ !m1 let him /ep into "s poor c\ntry t[n 9 "s out-(-!-way region 7& su* may yet be f\nd7 at night1 pick 8 way along r\gh pavem5ts1 & no pavem5ts1 by ! light ( a smoky lamp plac$ "h & !re at corn]s1 & ( weep+ lamps & limp c&les 9 ! w9d[s ( %ops & h\ses1 & meet p arm$ ) t9 lant]ns ?r[+ a dubi\s light across ! pa?ways4 ,let him be prep>$ to be assail$ by ! od\rs ( undra9$ gutt]s1 dit*es1 & roads call$ /reets1 & escape1 if he c1 /umbl+ & fall+ into !m4 ,let him take c>e also t he avoid 9 ! d>kness ! dripp+s f ! ov]hang+ eaves or w9d[s1 & fall+ ^u ! slipp]y /eps ( ! dim doorway he may be ab\t to ent]4 ,)91 let him ov]look1 if he c1 9 ! hospitable reception1 ! dim & smoky atmosph]e1 & obs]ve t ! brighte/ & be/ z well z ! mo/ *e]ful illum9ant fla%es f ! wide op5 fireplace4 ,occasionally a gl[+ grate might be met4 ,! eighte5? c5tury did h its gl[+ grates1 & its /ill m gl[+ furnaces ( coal 9 :i* ! ore 0 melt$ & by ! light ( :i* ! ca/+s 7 made4 ,x is v /range t ye> aft] ye> = successive g5]ations m5 saw ! h>d black coal break "u ! influ5ce ( heat & bur/ into flames :i* lit up e corn]1 )\t le>n+1 beyond sundry accid5ts & exp]im5ts1 t ?is ga/1 or gee/1 or _s1 or vap\r1 or gas1 z x 0 v>i\sly call$1 c\ld be l$ away f its s\rce1 ignit$ at a di/ance1 & made to give light & heat at o!r places ?an j :]e x 0 g5]at$4 ,?us ,dr4 ,clayton1 ,dean ( ,kild>e1 ,irel&1 9 #afhh di/ill$ gas f coal & lit & burn$ x1 & told 8 le>n$ fri5d1 ! ,hon4 ,rob]t ,boyle1 ab\t x1 :o ann\nc$ x ) int]e/ to ! ,royal ,society1 & aga9 x f9ds m5tion 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions fifty ye>s lat]4 ,!n1 9 #agbf1 ,dr4 ,hales told h[ _m cubic in*es ( gas a c]ta9 numb] ( gra9s ( coal w\ld produce4 ,!n ,bi%op ,watson 9 #agej pass$ "s gas ?r\gh wat] & c>ri$ x 9 pipes f "o place to ano!r2 & !n ,"l ,dundonald 9 #aghf built "s ov5s1 di/ill$ coal & t>1 burn$ ! gas1 & got a pat5t4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,dr4 ,rickel ( ,wrzburg light$ 8 laboratory ) gas made by ! dry di/illation ( bones2 b all ^! 7 exp]im5ts4 ,f9ally1 ,william ,murdock1 ! own] ( l>ge work%ops at ,r$ru?1 9 ,cornwall1 a practical man & me*anic1 & a ke5 obs]v]1 us+ s(t coal to a l>ge ext5t 9 8 %ops1 tri$ ) success 9 #agib to collect ! escap+ gas & ) x lit up ! %ops4 ,:e!r he cont9u$ /eadily to s use ! gas or only at int]vals1 at any rate x seems to h be5 exp]im5tal & fail$ to attract att5tion4 ,x appe>s t he repeat$ ! exp]im5t at ! celebrat$ /eam eng9e works ( ,b\lton & ,watt at ,soho1 ne> ,birm+ham1 9 #agih1 & aga9 illum9at$ ! works 9 #ahjb1 on occasion ( a peace jubilee4 ,9 ! meantime1 9 #ahja1 ,le ,bon1 a ,fr5*man at ,p>is1 _h succe$$ 9 mak+ illum9at+ gas f wood1 lit 8 h\se !re)1 & propos$ to light ! :ole city ( ,p>is4 ,?us x may be said t illum9at+ gas & ! new c5tury 7 born toge!r--! =m] prec$+ ! latt] a little & light+ ! way4 ,!n 9 #ahjc ! ,engli% p]iodicals began to take ! matt] up & discuss ! :ole subject4 ,"o magaz9e object$ to its use 9 h\ses on ! gr\nd t ! curta9s & furniture w\ld be ru9$ by ! saturation produc$ by ! oxyg5 & hydrog51 & t ! curta9s w\ld h to be wrung out ! next morn+ aft] ! illum9ation4 ,!re d\btless 0 good cause = objection to ! smoky1 unpleasant smell+ light !n produc$4 ,9 ,am]ica 9 #ahjf ,david ,melville ( ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 light$ ) gas 8 own h\se & ! /reet 9 front ( x4 ,9 #ahac he took out a pat5t & light$ sev]al factories4 ,9 #ahag 8 process 0 appli$ to ,beav] ,tail ,ligh?\se on ! ,atlantic coa/--! fir/ use ( illum9at+ gas 9 ligh?\ses4 ,coal oil & electricity h s9ce be5 f\nd bett] illum9ants = ?is purpose4 ,murdo*1 ,w9s]1 ,clegg & o!rs cont9u$ to illum9ate ! public works & build+s ( ,engl&4 ,we/m9/] ,bridge & ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 light$ 9 #ahac1 & ! /reets ( ,london 9 #ahae4 ,p>is 0 light$ 9 #ahbj1 & ! l>ge/ ,am]ican cities f #ahaf to #ahbe4 ,b x requir$ ! "w ( ! *emi/s z well z ! me*anics to produce ! be/ gas4 ,! rod ( ,sci5ce _h t\*$ ! rock aga9 & f ! e>? _h sprung ano!r s]vant ) p[] to s]ve mank9d1 & wait$ ! skill$ bra9 & h& to direct its c\rse4 ,produc$ almo/ entirely f bitum9\s coal1 x 0 f\nd to be compos$ *iefly ( c>bon1 oxyg5 & hydrog52 b v>i\s o!r gases 7 mix$ !re)4 ,to det]m9e ! prop] proportions ( ^! gases1 to "k :i* %\ld be increas$ or :olly or p>tly elim9at$1 requir$ ! c>eful lab\rs ( pati5t *emi/s4 ,!y taught also h[ ! gas %\ld be di/ill$1 cond5s$1 clean$1 scrubb$1 conf9$ 9 retorts1 & its fl[ measur$ & controll$4 ,=tunately ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? _h produc$ *emi/s ^: inve/igations & discov]ies pav$ ! way = success 9 ?is revolution 9 ! _w ( light4 ,prie/ley _h discov]$ oxyg54 ,dalton _h divid$ matt] into atoms1 & %[n t 9 its e =m1 :e!r solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 ^! atoms _h _! own indep5d5t1 *>act]i/ic1 unalt]able weight1 & t gases diffus$ !mselves 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,b]?ollet1 ,graham1 & a ho/ ( o!rs 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 advanc$ ! art4 ,! highe/ skill$ me*anics1 l ,clegg ( ,engl&1 suppli$ ! app>atus4 ,he x 0 :o inv5t$ a gas purifi]1 liquid gas met]1 & o!r useful contrivances4 ,z ! "* ( ! gas z an illum9ator dep5ds on ! quantity ( hydro-c>bon1 or olefiant elem5ts x conta9s1 great ef=ts 7 made to inv5t processes & means ( c>buret+ x4 ,! manufacture ( gas 0 revolutionis$ by ! inv5tion ( wat] gas4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple ( ?is process is ! mixture ( hydrog5 ) ! vap\r ( "s hydro-c>bon3 ,hydrog5 burns ) v little light & ! purpose ( ! hydro-c>bon is to increase ! brilliancy ( ! flame4 ,! hydrog5 gas is s obta9$ by ! decomposition ( wat]1 effect$ by pass+ /eam ?r\gh highly heat$ coals4 ,pat5ts began to be tak5 out 9 ?is l9e 9 ,engl& 9 #ahbc-bd2 by ,donovan 9 #ahcj2 ,geo4 ,l[e 9 #ahcb1 & ,:ite 9 #ahdg4 ,b 9 ,engl& wat] gas c\ld n compete ) coal gas 9 *eapness4 ,on ! contr>y1 9 ,am]ica1 especially aft] ! petroleum wells 7 op5$ up1 & nature suppli$ ! hydro-c>bon 9 ro>+ wells & f\nta9s1 wat] gas came to ! front4 ,! lead+ inv5tion !re 9 ?is l9e 0 t ( ,t4 ,s4 ,c4 ,l[e ( ,morri/[n1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #ahgc4 ,9 ,l[e's process an?racite coal might be us$1 :i* 0 rais$ 9 a suitable retort to a great heat1 !n sup]heat$ /eam admitt$ ov] ?is hot b$ & decompos$ into hydrog5 & c>bonic oxide2 !n a small /ream ( naph?a or crude petroleum 0 ?r[n ^u ! surface ( ! burn+ coal1 & f ^! decompositions & mixtures a ri* olefiant product & o!r light-giv+ gases 7 produc$4 ,! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,philadelphia 9 #ahhf aw>d$ ,l[e1 or 8 repres5tatives1 a gr& m$al ( hon\r1 8 be+ ! inv5tion exhibit$ t ye> :i* 9 _! op9ion contribut$ mo/ to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,a numb] ( inv5tors h foll[$ 9 ! direction set by ,l[e4 ,! l>ge/ "p ( gas manufacture1 :i* has become s ext5sive1 embodies ! basic idea ( ! ,l[e process4 ,! competition set up by ! electricians1 especially 9 ! production ( ! beautiful inc&esc5t light = indoor illum9ation1 has spurr$ inv5tors ( gas processes to r5ew$ ef=ts--mu* to ! b5efit ( t great multitude :o sit 9 d>kness until corporations furni% !m ) light4 ,x 0 f\nd by ,siem5s1 ! great ,g]man inv5tor ( mod]n gas reg5]ative furnace sy/ems1 t ! quality ( ! gas 0 mu* improv$1 & a great] int5sity ( light obta9$1 by heat+ ! gases & air be=e combu/ion--a plan p>ticul>ly adapt$ 9 light+ l>ge spaces4 ,to describe 9 detail ! l>ge numb] ( inv5tions relat+ to ! manufacture ( gas w\ld require a huge volume--! g5]ators1 c>buretors1 retorts1 mix]s1 purifi]s1 metres1 scrubb]s1 hold]s1 cond5s]s1 gov]nors1 indicators1 regi/]s1 *>g]s1 pressure regulators1 etc41 etc4 ,x 0 a great conv5i5ce outside ( t[ns & cities1 :]e gas ma9s c\ld n be laid1 to h dome/ic plants & portable gas app>atus1 work$ on ! same pr9ciples1 b 9 m9iature =m1 adapt$ to a s+le h\se1 b ! ex]cise ( great +5uity 0 requir$ to r5d] su* adaptation successful4 ,9 ! use ( liquid illum9ants1 :i* ne$ a wick to fe$ !m1 ! ,arg& burn]--t arrangem5t ( conc5tric tubes betwe5 :i* ! wick is conf9$--al?\gh inv5t$ by ,arg& 9 #aghd1 yet has occupi$ a va/ field ( usefulness 9 connection ) ! lamps ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,a dang]\s b v ext5sively us$ illum9at+ liquid be=e coal oil 0 discov]$ 0 camph5e1 di/ill$ f turp5t9e4 ,x gave a good light b 0 n a safe dome/ic companion4 ,great att5tion has rec5tly be5 paid to ! production ( acetyl5e gas1 produc$ by ! reaction betwe5 calcium c>bide & wat]4 ,! mak+ ( ! calcium c>bide by ! decomposition ( mix$ pulv]is$ lime & coal by ! use ( a p[]ful electric batt]y1 is a prelim9>y /ep 9 ! production ( ?is gas1 & 0 a subsequ5t discov]y4 ,! electric light1 acetyl5e1 magnesium1 & o!r mod]n s\rces ( light1 al?\gh !y may be m brilliant & int5se ?an coal gas1 _c compete 9 *eapness ( production ) ! latt]4 ,?us f> illum9at+ coal gas is /ill ! que5 ( artificial lights4 ,aft] gas 0 fairly />t$ 9 light+ /reets & build+s its adaptation to lamps foll[$2 & among ! mo/ not$ ( gas lamps is t ( ,von ,welsba*1 :o comb9$ a buns5 gas flame & a glass *imney ) a 8mantle0 locat$ !re94 ,?is mantle is a gauze-l /ructure made ( refractory qu>tz1 or ( c]ta9 oxides1 :i* :5 heat$ by ! gas flame produce an inc&esc5t gl[ ( int5se brilliancy1 ) a r$uc$ consumption ( gas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,brick1 ,,pott]y1 ,,glass1 ,,pla/ics4 ,:5 ! n9ete5? c5tury dawn$1 m5 7 mak+ brick 9 ! same way = ! mo/ "p t !y 7 fifty c5turies be=e4 ,x is record$ 9 ! elev5? *apt] ( ,g5esis t :5 8! :ole e>? 0 ( "o language & "o spee*1 x came to pass z !y j\rney$ f ! ea/ t !y f\nd a pla9 9 ! l& ( ,%9>2 & !y dwelt !re1 & !y said to "o ano!r1 ,g to1 let u make brick & burn !m ?or\ghly1 ,& !y _h brick = /one1 & slime _h !y = mort>40 ,!n comm5c$ ! build+ ( ,babel4 ,:o taught ! trade to ! brick-mak]s ( ,%9>8 ,! j\rney f ! ea/ cont9u$1 & ) x w5t brick mak+ to ,greece & ,rome1 across ! cont95t ( ,europe1 across ! ,engli% *annel1 until ! brick "w ( ,cs>1 /amp$ by ! trade m>k ( 8 legions1 0 f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 & ?r\gh ! fields ( ,ca]leon & ,york4 ,alfr$ ! ,great enc\rag$ ! trade1 & ! manufacture fl\ri%$ f9ely "u ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,elizabe? & ,*>les ,i4 ,z to ,pott]y3--,c\ld we only "k :o among ! peoples ( ! e>? fir/ discov]$1 us$1 or inv5t$ fire1 we might "k :o 7 ! fir/ mak]s ( bak$ e>!nw>e4 ,d\btless ! art ( pott]y arose be=e m5 le>n$ to bake ! pla/ic clay1 9 t grop+ "t :5 m51 knead+ ! s(t clay ) _! f+]s1 or impr9t+ _! foot/eps 9 ! yield+ surface & le>n+ t ! sun's heat /iff5$ & dri$ ^? =ms into durability1 appli$ ! discov]y to ! mak+ ( crude vessels1 z *ildr5 unto ?is day make di%es f ! t5aci\s mud4 ,b ! artificial burn+ ( ! vessels 0 no d\bt a lat] imitation ( ,nature4 ,alongside ! rude/ & e>lie/ *ipp$ /one implem5ts h be5 f\nd ! holl[ clay di% = hold+ fire1 or food1 or wat]4 8,z ! fragm5t ( a spee* or song1 a wak+ or a sleep+ vision1 ! dream ( a vani%$ h&1 a draught ( wat] f a famili> spr+1 ! almo/ p]i%$ fragrance ( a press$ fl[] call back ! s+]1 ! lov$ & lo/1 ! lov$ & won1 ! home ( *ildhood1 or ! p>t+ h\r1 s 9 ! same mann] !re l+] 9 ?is cr[n+ decade ( ! cr[n+ c5tury bits ( anci5t +5uity :i* recall to a :ole p ! fragrance & beauty ( its pa/40 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,t4 ,mason4 ,! same gift$ writ]1 adds3 8,:o has n read1 ) almo/ break+ he>t1 ! /ory ( ,palissy1 ! ,hugu5ot pott]8 ,b :at h our witnesses to say ( t long l9e ( humble creatures t conjur$ out ( prophetic clay1 )\t :eels or furnace1 =ms & decorations ( imp]i%able beauty1 :i* are n[ be+ copi$ 9 glorifi$ mat]ial 9 ! be/ factories ( ! _w8 ,9 c]amic z well z textile art ! fir/ inv5tors 7 wom54 ,!y qu>ri$ ! clay1 manipulat$ x1 con/ruct$ & decorat$ ! w>e1 burn$ x 9 a rude furnace & wore x out 9 a hundr$ uses40 ,f ! e>ly dawn ( human hi/ory to its pres5t noonday civilisation ! progress ( man may be trac$ 9 8 pott]y4 ,be=e pr9t+ 0 an art1 he inscrib$ on x 8 lit]ature4 ,poets & pa9t]s h adorn$ x2 & 9 its manufacture h be5 embodi$ ?r\gh all ages ! *oice/ discov]ies ( ! *emi/1 ! inv5tor & ! me*anic4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to trace ! hi/ory ( pott]y f at lea/ ! "t ( ,hom]1 :o draws a metaphor f ! pott] seat$ be=e 8 :eel & twirl+ x ) bo? h&s1 z he %apes ! pla/ic clay ^u x2 to dwell ^u ! clay tablets & _m-col\r$ vases1 cov]$ ) ,egyptian sc5es & hi/ory2 to re-excite wond] ov] ! arts ( ,*9a1 9 h] porcela91 ! production ( its delicacy & bright col\rs wrapp$ 9 su* my/]y1 & /agnant = s _m ages1 b reviv$ & rejuv5at$ 9 ,japan2 to recall to m9d ! /yles & composition ( ! ,phnician vases ) my?ological leg5ds burn$ immortally !re92 ! spl5did "w ( ! ,greek pott]ies2 to lift ! ,samian enwrea!d b[l1 8fill$ ) ,samian w9e02 to look ^u ! ,roman pott]y1 /atues & /atuettes ( ,rome's e>li] & bett] days2 ! celebrat$ ,fai5ce 7enamell$ pott]y7 at its home 9 ,fa5za1 ,italy1 & f ! h&s ( its ma/]1 ,luca della ,robia2 to trace ! hi/ory ( ! r>e ,italian majolica2 to tread ) light /eps ! bright tiles ( ! ,s>ac5s2 to rehe>se ! /ory ( ,b]n>d ,palissy1 ! fa!r ( ! beautiful ,fr5* enamell$ w>e2 to br+ to view ! spl5did old w>e ( ,nuremb]g1 ! rais$ :ite figures on ! deep blue plaques ( ,flor5ce1 ! hone/ ,delft w>e ( ,holl&2 & f9ally to relate ! revolution 9 ! production ( pott]y ?r\gh\t all ,europe caus$ by ! discov]ies & inv5tions ( ,w$gwood ( ,engl& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,all ?is w\ld be int]e/+1 b we mu/ ha/5 on to ! equally spl5did & m practical works ( ! busy n9ete5? c5tury1 9 :i* _m toilsome me?ods ( ! pa/ h be5 sup]s$$ by lab\r-sav+ contrivances4 ,! application ( ma*9]y to ! manufacture ( brick began to receive att5tion dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 aft] ,watt _h h>ness$ /eam1 & a few pat5ts 7 issu$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica at t "t = su* ma*9]y ( t "*1 b little 0 practically done4 ,! op]ations 9 brickmak+1 to ! accompli%m5t ( :i* by ma*9es ! inv5tors ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h devot$ great tal5t1 relate3 ,fir/1 to ! prep>ation ( ! clay4--,9 anci5t ,egypt1 9 places :]e wat] ab\nd$1 x appe>s t ! clay 0 lift$ f ! bottoms ( ponds & lakes on ! end ( poles1 0 =m$ into bricks1 !n sun-dri$1 mod]nly call$ adobes4 ,! clay = mak+ ^! requir$ a /iff5+ mat]ial4 ,= ?is /raw 0 us$1 mix$ ) ! clay2 & /ubble 0 also us$ 9 ! diff]5t c\rses4 ,h5ce ! old metaphor ( wor?lessness ( 8bricks )\t /raw10 b ( c\rse 9 burn+1 & 9 mod]n processes ( press+ unburnt bricks1 /raw is no long] us$4 ,s& %\ld ab\nd 9 ! clay 9 a c]ta9 proportion1 or be mix$ !re)1 o!rwise ! clay1 :e!r burn$ or unburn$1 w crumble4 ,/ones1 gravel & /icks mu/ be remov$1 o!rwise ! contraction ( ! clay & expansion ( ! /ones on burn+1 produce a weak & crumbl+ /ructure4 ,brick clay g5]ally is col\r$ by ! oxide ( iron1 & 9 proportion z ?is ab\nds ! burn$ brick is ( a light] or a deep] r$4 ,x may be desir$ to add col\r+ matt] or mix diff]5t =ms ( clay1 or add s& or o!r +r$i5ts4 ,clay treat$ by h& 0 = ages knead$ z d\gh is knead$1 by ! h& or feet1 & ! clay 0 (t5 long subject$1 sometimes = ye>s1 to exposure to ! air1 fro/ & sun to dis9tegrate & rip5 x4 ,z ! clay mu/ be fir/ dis9tegrat$1 gr\nd or pulv]is$1 z gra9 is fir/ gr\nd to fl\r to make & m\ld ! bread1 s ! use ( a gr9d+ mill 0 long ago sugge/$4 ,! fir/ ma*9e us$ to d all ?is "w goes by ! humble "n ( pug mill4 ,_m ages ago ! ,*ilians ( ,s\? ,am]ica hung two pond]\s solid wood or /one :eels on an axis turn$ by a v]tical %aft & op]at$ by animal p[]2 ! :eels 7 made to run r\nd on a deep bas9 9 :i* ores1 or /ones1 or gra9 7 plac$ to be cru%$4 ,?is ,*ilian mill1 9 pr9ciple1 0 adopt$ a c5tury or s ago 9 ,europe to ! gr9d+ ( clay4 ,! pug mill has assum$ _m diff]5t =ms 9 ?is age2 & sep>ate prelim9>y mills1 consi/+ ( roll]s ( diff]5t =ms = gr9d+1 alone are (t5 us$ be=e ! mix+ op]ation4 ,9 "o mod]n =m ! pug mill consi/s ( an inv]t$ conical-%ap$ cyl9d] provid$ ) a set ( int]ior revolv+ blades arrang$ horizontally1 & bel[ ?is a spiral arrangem5t ( blades on a v]tical axis1 by :i* ! clay is ?or\ghly cut up & cru%$ aga9/ ! surr\nd+ walls ( ! mill1 9 ! meantime s(t5$ ) wat] or /eam if desir$1 & mix$ ) s& if necess>y1 & :5 ?us gr\nd & temp]$ is f9ally press$ d[n ?r\gh ! l[] op5+ ( ! cyl9d] & directly into suitable brick m\lds b5ea?4 ,second4--,! next op]ation is = m\ld+ & press+ ! brick4 ,to take ! place ( t anci5t & /ill us$ mode ( fill+ a m\ld ( a c]ta9 size by ! h&s ) a lump ( s(t clay1 scrap+ (f ! surplus1 & !n dump+ ! m\ld ^u a dry+ floor1 a great v>iety ( ma*9es h be5 inv5t$4 ,9 "s ! pug mill is arrang$ horizontally to fe$ out ! clay 9 ! =m ( a long horizontal slab1 :i* is cut up into prop] l5g?s to =m ! bricks4 ,"s ma*9es are 9 ! =m ( a l>ge horizontal revolv+ :eel1 hav+ ! m\lds arrang$ 9 its top face1 ea* m\ld *>g$ ) clay z ! :eel pres5ts x "u ! dis*>g+ sp\t ( ! gr9d+ mill1 & !n ! clay is press$ by pi/ons or plung]s work$ by a rock+ beam1 & adapt$ to desc5d & fit into ! m\ld at /at$ int]vals2 or ! m\lds1 c>ri$ 9 a circul> direction1 may h movable bottom plates1 :i* may be press$ upw>ds successively by pi/ons atta*$ to !m & rais$ by incl9es on :i* !y travel1 =c+ ! clay aga9/ a l>ge circul> top plate1 & 9 ! la/ "p ( ! movem5t c>ry+ ! press$ brick ?r\gh an ap]ture to ! top ( ! plate1 :]e x is met by & c>ri$ away on an endless apron4 ,9 "s ma*9es two great :eels me% toge!r1 "o c>ry+ ! m\lds 9 its face1 & ! o!r ! press] plate plung]s1 work+ 9 ! =m]1 ! bricks be+ f9ally =c$ out on to a mov+ belt by ! action ( cam foll[]s1 or by o!r means4 ,9 o!rs ! m\lds are pass$1 ea* b5ea? a gravity-desc5d+ or cam-=c$ plung]1 ! clay be+ ?us /amp$ by impact into =m2 or 9 o!r =ms ! clay 9 ! m\lds may be subject$ to successive pressure f ! cam-op]at$ pi/ons arrang$ horizontally & on a l9e ) ! dis*>g+ belt4 ,?ird1 ! dry+ & burn+ ( ! brick4--,! old me?ods 7 pa9fully sl[ & t$i\s4 ,a long "t 0 occupi$ 9 season+ ! clay1 & !n aft] ! bricks 7 m\ld$1 ano!r long "t 0 necess>y to dry !m1 & a f9al l5g?y p]iod 0 employ$ to burn !m 9 crude kilns4 ,^! old me?ods 7 too sl[ = mod]n wants4 ,b !y /ill are 9 vogue alongside ( mod]n inv5tions1 z 9 all ages ! use ( old arts & implem5ts h cont9u$ along by ! side ( lat] inv5tions & discov]ies4 ,no useful contrivances are sudd5ly or app>5tly ev] entirely supplant$4 ,! implem5ts ( ! /one age are /ill f\nd 9 use by "s ^: environm5t has depriv$ !m ( ! k ( or desire to use bett] tools4 ,! s+le ox pull+ ! crook$ /ick pl\gh1 or o!r simil> anci5t e>? /irr]1 & ,ru? ) h] sickle & %eaves1 may be f\nd n f> f ! /eam pl\gh & ! automatic b9d]4 ,b ! use ( antiquat$ ma*9]y is n foll[$ by ^? :o lead ! procession 9 ?is indu/rial age4 ,consequ5tly o!r means ?an ! sl[ processes ( nature to dry brick & o!r c]amics1 & ! crude kilns are giv+ way to mod]n heat di/ribut+ /ructures4 ,air & heat are driv5 by fans ?r\gh *amb]s1 9 :i* ! brick are op5ly pil$ on c>s1 ! surplus heat & /eam f an eng9e-room be+ (t5 us$ = ?is purpose1 & ! c>s s lad5 are sl[ly pu%$ on ! tracks ?r\gh heat$ *amb]s4 ,passages & pipes & *imneys = heat & air controll$ by valves are provid$1 & ! wa/e moi/ure drawn (f ?r\gh bottom dra9s or up *imneys1 ! draft ( :i* is increas$ by a hot bla/1 or bla/s ( heat$ air are driv5 9 "o direction ?r\gh a *amb] :ile ! brick are mov$ ?r\gh 9 ! opposite direction1 or a s]ies ( dry+ *amb]s are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by iron fold+-doors1 ! temp]ature increas+ z c>s are mov$ on tracks f "o *amb] to ano!r4 ,dr4 ,h(fmann ( ,b]l9 inv5t$ diff]5t =ms ( dry+ & burn+ *amb]s :i* attract$ great att5tion4 ,9 8 kiln ! bricks are /ack$ 9 an annul> *amb]1 & ! fire made to progress f "o section ( ! *amb] to ano!r1 burn+ ! brick z ! heat advances2 & z fa/ z "o section ( gre5 brick is dri$1 or burn$1 x is )drawn1 & a gre5 section pres5t$4 ,au/ria introduc$ mo/ successful & ?or\gh sy/ems ( dry+ brick ab\t #ahgj4 ,9 "s great kilns fires are nev] all[$ to cease4 ,"o kiln _h be5 kept ?us heat$ = fifte5 ye>s4 ,?us great quantities ( gre5 brick c at any "t be pu%$ into ! kiln on tracks1 & :5 burn$ pu%$ out1 & ?us ! process may g on cont9u\sly day & night4 ,to return to pott]y3 ,z be=e /at$1 ,w$gwood ( ,engl& revolutionis$ ! art ( pott]y 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 aid$ by ,flaxman4 ,be=e _! "t all e>!nw>e pott]y 0 :at is n[ call$ 8s(t pott]y40 ,t is1 x 0 unglaz$1 simply bak$ clay2 lu/r\s or semi-glaz$ & enamell$ hav+ a h>d] surface4 ,w$gwood inv5t$ ! h>d porcela9 surface1 & v _m beautiful designs4 ,to improve su* e>!nw>e & to be/ decorate x1 are ! objects ar\nd :i* mod]n inv5tions h mo/ly clu/]$4 ,! 8reg5]ative0 pr9ciple ( heat+ above ref]r$ to employ$ 9 "s kilns1 & s successfully incorporat$ 9 ! reg5]ators inv5t$ s9ce #ahej by ,siem5s1 ,frank1 ,boetius1 ,bi*]\x1 ,p\s>d & o!rs1 consi/+ 9 us+ ! int5sely hot wa/$ gases f laboratories or combu/ion *amb]s to heat ! incom+ air1 & c>ry+ ! m+l$ products ( combu/ion into *amb]s & passages to heat1 dry or burn mat]ials plac$ !re91 has be5 ( great s]vice 9 ! production ( mod]n pott]y2 n only 9 a great sav+ 9 ! am\nt ( fuel1 b 9 r$uction 9 loss ( pieces ( w>e spoil$ 9 ! fir+4 ,! old me?od ( burn+ wood1 or s(t coal1 or *>coal at ! bottom ( a small old-fa%ion$ cyl9drical fire brick kiln att5d$ to by h&1 & heat+ ! articles ( pott]y arrang$ on %elves 9 ! *amb] above1 is done away ) to a great ext5t 9 l>ge manufactories = ! mak+ ( /one & e>!nw>e--al?\gh /ill foll[$ 9 _m porcela9 kilns4 ,inv5tions 9 ! l9e ( pott]y kilns h receiv$ ! aid ( woman4 ,susan ,frackelton ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates inv5t$ a portable kiln = fir+ pott]y & porcela91 = :i* %e obta9$ a pat5t 9 #ahhf4 ,z 9 dry+ clay = brick1 s 9 dry+ clay = porcela9 & pott]y g5]ally1 great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! dry+ ( ! clay1 & o!r mat]ials to be mix$ !re)4 ,a great /ep 0 tak5 to aid dry+ by ! inv5tion ( ! filt] press1 9 :i* ! mat]ials1 aft] !y are mix$ & :ile /ill wet1 are subject$ to su* pressure t all surplus wat] is remov$ & all air squeez$ out1 by :i* ! inclosure ( air bubbles 9 ! clay is prev5t$4 ,despair+ ( excell+ ! ,*9a porcela91 al?\gh ,fr5* inve/igators hav+ alleg$ _! discov]y ( su* me?ods1 mod]n inv5tors h cont5t$ !mselves 9 inv5t+ new me?ods & compositions4 ,*>les ,aoisseau1 ! pott] ( ,t\rs1 born 9 #agif1 r$iscov]$ & reviv$ ! art ( ,palissy4 ,ab\t #ahdb1 ,?omas ,battam ( ,engl& inv5t$ ! me?od ( imitat+ m>ble & o!r /atu>y by a composition ( silica1 alum9a1 soda1 & traces ( lime1 magnesia1 & iron1 r$uc+ x to liquid =m & p\r+ x into pla/] m\lds1 =m+ ! figure or gr\p4 ,8 pla/] ca/s soon became fam\s4 ,9 ! use ( mat]ials ! aid ( *emi/s 0 _h 9 f9d+ ! prop] +r$i5ts to fuse ) s& to produce ! be/ =ms ( common & f9e ,fai5ce4 ,porcela9 ,m\ld+1 & its accompany+ ornam5tation & ! use ( app>atus = m\ld+ by compression & by exhau/ion ( ! air has become s9ce t "t a great indu/ry4 ,porcela9 ,col\rs4--,*emi/s also aid$ 9 discov]+ :at metallic +r$i5ts c\ld be/ be us$ :5 mix$ ) ! clay & s& to produce ! desir$ col\rs4 ,z soon z a new metal 0 discov]$1 x 0 te/$ to f9d1 among o!r ?+s1 :at vitrifiable col\r x w\ld produce4 ,9 ! production ( metallic glazes1 ! oxides g5]ally are employ$4 ,! col\rs are usually appli$ to w>e :5 x is 9 its unglaz$ or biscuit =m4 ,9 ! biscuit or bisque =m pott]y is bibul\s1 ! prep>$ glaze s9ks into its pores & :5 burn$ =ms a vitre\s coat+4 ,! application ( oil col\rs & designs to w>e be=e bak+ by ! 8bat0 sy/em ( pr9t+ orig9at$ 9 ! eighte5? & 0 p]fect$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x consi/s ( impress+ oil pictures on a bat ( glue & !n press+ ! bat on to ! por\s unbak$ clay or porcela9 :i* transf]r$ ! col\rs4 ,?is 0 ano!r revolution 9 ! art4 ,"o mann] = ages ( apply+ col\rs to w>e is fir/ to r$uce ! mixture to a liquid =m1 call$ 8slip10 & !n1 if ! ,*9ese me?od is foll[$1 to dip ! col\r up on ! end ( a holl[ bamboo rod1 :i* end is cov]$ ) wire gauze1 !n by bl[+ ?r\gh ! rod ! col\r 0 spray$ or deposit$ on ! w>e4 ,ano!r me?od is ! use ( a bru% & comb4 ,! bru% be+ dipp$ into ! col\r$ matt]1 ! comb is pass$ ov] ! bru% 9 su* mann] z to cause ! pa9t to spatt] ! object ) f9e drops or p>ticles4 ,a v rec5t me?od1 by :i* ! beautiful backgr\nd & bl5d$ col\rs ( ! celebrat$ ,rookwood pott]y ( ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio1 h become di/+ui%$1 consi/s 9 lay+ ! col\r ^u ! w>e 9 a cl\d or %eet ( almo/ imp]ceptible mi/ by ! use ( an air atomis] bl[n by ! op]ator4 ,by ! use ( ?is simple in/rum5t1 ! lay+ on a s+le col\r1 or ! delicate bl5d+ & %ad+s ( two or m col\rs 9 v beautiful effects is easily produc$4 ,?is use ( ! atomis] comm5c$ 9 #ahhd1 & 0 claim$ z ! inv5tion ( a lady1 ,miss ,laura ,fry1 :o obta9$ a pat5t = ?us bl[+ ! atomis$ spray col\r+ matt] on pott]y 9 #ahhi2 b x 0 held by ! c\rts t %e 0 anticipat$ by exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 & by descriptions 9 previ\s pat5ts ( ! spray+ ( pa9t on o!r objects by compress$ air app>atus kn[n z ! air bru%4 ,h[ev]1 ?is introduction ( ! use ( ! atomis] caus$ q a revolution 9 ! art ( apply+ col\rs to pott]y 9 ! =m+ ( backgr\nds4 ,enamell$ w>e is no long] conf9$ to pott]y4 ,ab\t #ahgh ,ni$r+haus 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began to enamel %eet iron by ! application ( glaze & iron oxide1 giv+ su* articles a granite appe>ance2 & s9ce !n metallic cook+ vessels1 ba? tubs1 etc41 h be5 conv]t$ 9 appe>ance into ! f9e/ e>!nw>e & porcela91 & f> m durable1 beautiful & useful ?an ! pla9 metal alone = su* purposes4 ,:5 we rememb] t = _m c5turies1 wood & pewt]1 & to "s ext5t crude e>!nw>e1 7 ! mat]ials f :i* ! di%es ( ! great bulk ( ! human family 7 made1 z well z _! table & mantel ornam5ts1 & comp>e !m 9 "* & pl5te\sness ) ! table & o!r w>e ( ev5 ! poore/ "* ( to-day1 we c appreciate h[ mu* has be5 done 9 ?is direction to help ! human family by mod]n inv5tions4 ,artificial ,/one4--,! _w z yet has n s f> exhau/$ its supply ( /one & m>ble z to compel a resort to artificial productions on a great scale1 & yet to meet ! dem&s ( ^? localities :]e9 ! natural supplies ( good build+ /ones & m>ble are v sc>ce1 necessitat+ :5 us$ a long & exp5sive transportation1 me?ods h be5 adopt$ by :i*1 at comp>atively small co/1 f9e imitations ( ! be/ /ones & m>bles h be5 produc$1 hav+ all ! durable & arti/ic qualities ( ! orig9als1 z = ! mo/ "p1 !y are compos$ ( ! same mat]ials z ! /one & m>bles !mselves4 ,! *>act]i/ic backgr\nds1 ! ve9s & %ad[+s1 & ! s(t col\rs ( v>i\s m>bles h be5 q successfully imitat$ by treat+ dehydrat$ gypsum ) v>i\s col\r+ solutions4 ,s& /ones h be5 m\ld$ or press$ f ! same +r$i5ts1 & ) ei!r smoo? or undress$ faces4 ,:5 necess>y ! mixture is col\r$1 to resemble precisely ! orig9al /ones4 ,"o ( ! improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture & use ( mod]n cem5ts & artificial /ones consi/s 9 _! application to ! mak+ ( /reets & sidewalks4 ,neat1 smoo?1 h>d1 beautiful pavem5ts are n[ tak+ ! place ev]y:]e ( ! unsatisfactory gravel1 wood1 & brick pavem5ts ( =m] days4 ,we "k t ! ,romans & o!r anci5t peoples _h _! hydraulic cem5ts1 & ! pla/] on "s ( _! walls /&s to-day to atte/ its good quality4 ,mod]n inv5tors h turn$ _! att5tion 9 rec5t ye>s to ! production ( ma*9es to gr9d1 cru%1 mix & set ! mat]ials1 & to apply !m to l>ge wall surfaces1 9 place ( h& lab\r4 ,ready-made pla/] ( a f9e quality is n[ manufactur$ 9 great quantities4 ,x ne$s only ! addition ( a little wat] to r$uce x to a condition = use2 & a ma*9e op]at$ by compress$ air may be _h = spread+ x quickly ov] ! la? "w ( wood or %eet metal1 slats1 or ov] r\gh cem5t ceil+s & walls4 ,glass4--,! ,si/] ( ,pott]y is ,glass4 ,x may h be5 an accid5tal discov]y1 occurr+ :5 m5 made fire ^u a s&y knoll or bea*1 t fire c\ld melt & fuse s& & a%es1 or s& & lime1 or s& & soda or "s o!r alkali1 & ) :i* may also h be5 mix$ "s p>ticles ( iron1 or lead1 or manganese1 or alum9a to produce t h>d1 lu/r\s1 vitre\s1 brittle article t we call glass4 ,b :o inv5t$ ! me?od ( bl[+ ! viscid mass into =m on ! end ( a holl[ tube8 ,:o inv5t$ ! scissors & %e>s = cutt+ & trimm+ x :5 s(t8 ,or ! use ( ! diamond1 or its du/1 = poli%+ x :5 h>d8 ,hi/ory is sil5t on ^! po9ts4 ,! tablets ( ! mo/ anci5t days ( ,egypt1 yet recov]$1 %[ glass bl[]s at "w at _! trade--& ! names ( ! fir/ & orig9al inv5tors are buri$ 9 oblivion4 ,ea* age has h&$ d[n to u f _m c\ntries specim5s ( glass w>e :i* w comp>e fav\rably 9 beauty & f9i% ) any t c be made to-day4 ,yet ) ! k ( mak+ glass ( ! f9e/ description exi/+ = c5turies1 x is /range t its manufacture 0 n ext5d$ to supply ! wants ( mank9d1 to :i* its use n[ seems s indisp5sable4 ,& yet z late z ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies glass w9d[s 7 f\nd only 9 ! h\ses ( ! weal?y1 9 ! *ur*es & palaces1 & glass mirrors 7 unkn[n except to ! ri*1 z curiosities1 & z aids to ! sci5ti/s 9 ! e>ly days ( telescopy4 ,poor p us$ oil$ pap]1 is+lass1 ?9ly %av$ lea!r1 resembl+ p>*m5t1 & ?9 %eets ( s(t pale cry/alis$ /one kn[n z talc1 & soap/one4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 *>act]is$ z ! sci5tific c5tury ( glass1 & ! t]m comm]cial1 may well be add$ to t designation4 ,its comm]cial importance & ! advancem5t 9 its manufacture dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! c5tury is illu/rat$ 9 ! fact t ! ,cry/al ,palace ( ! ,london ,indu/rial ,exhibition ( #ahea1 al?\gh conta9+ ne>ly #ijj1jjj squ>e feet ( glass1 0 furni%$ by a s+le firm1 ,messrs4 ,*ance ,co4 ( ,london1 )\t mat]ially delay+ _! o!r ord]s4 ,9 addition to sci5tific discov]ies1 ! manufacture ( glass 9 ,engl& receiv$ a great impetus by ! removal ( on]\s excise duties :i* _h be5 impos$ on its manufacture4 ,! pr9cipal improvem5ts 9 ! art ( glass-mak+ effect$ dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 ,mat]ials4--,by ! inve/igations ( *emi/s & practical trials x 0 le>n$ :at p>ticul> effect 0 produc$ by ! old +r$i5ts employ$1 & x 0 f\nd t ! col\rs & qualities ( glass1 su* z cle>ness1 /r5g?1 t5acity1 purity1 etc41 c\ld be greatly modifi$ & improv$ by ! addition to ! s& ( c]ta9 new +r$i5ts4 ,by analysis x 0 le>n$ :at diff]5t metallic oxides %\ld be employ$ to produce diff]5t col\rs4 ,?is k be=e 0 ei!r pres]v$ 9 secrecy1 or accid5tally or empirically practis$1 or unkn[n4 ,?us x 0 le>n$ & e/abli%$ t lime h>d5s ! glass & adds to its lu/re2 t ! use ( ord9>y +r$i5ts1 ! silicates ( lime1 magnesia1 iron1 soda & pota%1 9 _! impure =m1 w produce ! co>s] k9ds ( glass1 su* z t ( :i* gre5 bottles are made2 t silicates ( soda & lime give ! common w9d[ glass & ,fr5* plate2 t ! beautiful v>ieties ( ,bohemian glass are *iefly a silicate ( pota% & lime2 t cry/al or fl9t glass1 s call$ because =m]ly pulv]is$ fl9ts 7 us$ 9 mak+ x1 c be made ( a suitable comb9ation ( potassia plumbic silicate2 t ! plumbic oxide greatly increases its transp>5cy1 brilliancy1 & refractive p[]2 t pa/e--t =m ( glass f :i* imitations ( diamonds are cut1 may be produc$ by add+ a l>ge proportion ( ! oxide ( lead2 t by ! addition ( a trace ( f]ric oxide or uranic acid ! yell[ topaz c be _h2 t by sub/itut+ cobaltic oxide ! brilliant blue sapphire is produc$2 t cup]ic oxide w give ! em]ald1 gold oxide ! ruby1 manganic oxide ! royal purple1 & a mixture ( cobaltic & manganic oxides ! ri* black onyx4 ,pr(essor ,f>aday z e>ly z #ahbd _h notic$ a *ange 9 col\r gradually produc$ 9 glass conta9+ oxide ( manganese by exposure to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,?is obs]vation induc$ an ,am]ican g5tleman1 ,mr4 ,?omas ,gaffield1 a m]*ant ( ,bo/on1 to fur!r exp]im5t 9 ?is direction4 ,8 exp]im5ts comm5c$ 9 #ahfc1 & he subject$ eighty diff]5t k9ds ( glass1 col\r$ & uncol\r$1 & manufactur$ 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries1 to ?is exposure ( ! sun's rays4 ,he f\nd t n only glass hav+ manganese z an elem5t1 b ne>ly e species ( glass1 0 s affect$1 "s 9 %ort] & "s 9 long] times2 t ?is discoloration 0 n due to ! heat rays ( ! sun1 b to its act9ic rays2 & t ! orig9al col\r ( ! glass c\ld be reproduc$ by reheat+ ! same4 ,mr4 ,gaffield also ext5d$ 8 exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! p[] ( diff]5t col\r$ glasses to transmit ! act9ic or *emical rays1 & f\nd t blue w\ld transmit ! mo/ & r$ & orange ! lea/4 ,o!rs proce$$ on l9es ( inve/igation 9 asc]ta9+ ! be/ mat]ials to be employ$ 9 glass-mak+ 9 produc+ ! cle>e/ & mo/ p]man5t uncol\r$ light2 ! be/ col\r$ lights = desir$ purposes2 glasses hav+ ! be/ effects on ! gr[? ( plants2 & ! be/ class = refract+1 disp]s+ & transmitt+ bo? natural lights & ^? great mod]n artificial lights1 gas & electricity4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( mod]n sci5tific inve/igation & success 9 glass-mak+ mat]ials is se5 at ! celebrat$ ,g]man glass works at ,j5a "u ! managem5t ( ,pr(essors ,ern/ ,abbe & ,dr4 ,s*ott1 comm5c$ 9 #ahha4 ,!y1 too1 f\nd t _m sub/ances _h ea* its own peculi> effect 9 ! refraction & disp]sion ( light1 & introduc$ no few] ?an tw5ty-eight new sub/ances 9 glass mak+4 ,_! special "w 0 ! production ( glass = ! f9e/ sci5tific & optical purposes1 & ! highe/ grades ( comm]cial glass4 ,!y h orig9at$ ov] "o hundr$ new k9ds ( glass4 ,_! l5ses = telescopes & microscopes & photographic cam]as1 & glass & prisms1 & = all *emical & o!r sci5tific "w1 h a worldwide reputation4 ,s t 9 mat]ials ( composition ! old days 9 :i* !re 7 sub/antially b two v>ieties ( glass--! old-fa%ion$ /&>d cr[n1 & fl9t glass--h pass$ away4 ,me?ods4--,! revolution 9 ! production ( glass has be5 greatly aid$ also by new me?ods ( treatm5t ( ! old z well z ! new mat]ials4 ,= in/ance1 ! application ( ! ,siem5s reg5]ative furnace1 already allud$ to 9 ref]r+ to pott]y1 9 place ( old-fa%ion$ kilns1 & by :i* ! am\nt ( smoke is greatly dim9i%$1 fuel sav$1 & ! col\r ( ! glass improv$4 ,pots are us$ conta9+ ! mat]ials to be melt$ & n heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! burn+ fuel1 b by ! heat$ gases 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts4 ,ano!r process is t ( ,m4 de la ,ba/ie1 add$ to by o!rs1 ( t\gh5+ glass by plung+ x :ile hot & pa/y & aft] x has be5 %ap$1 anneal$1 & reheat$1 into a ba? ( grease1 :]eby ! rapid cool+ & ! grease *anges its molecul> condition s t x is less d5se1 resi/s break+ to a great] degree1 & pres5ts no %>p edges :5 brok54 ,ano!r process is t ( mak+ plate glass by ! cyl9d] process--roll+ x into l>ge %eets4 ,o!r processes are ^? = produc+ holl[ w>e by press+ 9 m\lds2 = decorat+2 = surface enamell+ ( %eet glass :]eby beautiful lace patt]ns are transf]r$ f ! wov5 or nett$ fabric itself by us+ x z a /5cil to di/ribute ^u ! surface ! pulv]is$ enamel1 :i* is aft]w>ds burn$ on2 ( produc+ iridesc5t glass 9 :i* is exhibit$ ! lights & %ad[s ( delicate soap bubble col\rs by ! ?r[+ aga9/ ! surface ( hydro*loric acid "u pressure1 or ! fumes ( o!r mat]ials volatilis$ 9 a reheat+ furnace4 ,!n !re is ,dode's process = plat9is+ glass1 by :i* a reflect+ mirror is produc$ )\t silv]+ or o!rwise coat+ its back1 by fir/ apply+ a ?9 coat+ ( plat9ic *oride mix$ ) an oil to ! surface ( ! glass & heat+ ! same1 by :i* ! mirror reflects f its front face4 ,! plat9um film is s ?9 t ! p5cil & h& ( a draughtsman may be se5 ?r\gh x1 ! object to be copi$ be+ se5 by reflection4 ,aga9 !re is ! process ( mak+ glass wool or silk--:i* is glass drawn out into su* extremely f9e ?reads t x may be us$ = all purposes ( silk ?reads 9 ! mak+ ( fabrics = decorative purposes & 9 "s m useful purposes1 su* z ! filtration ( wat] & o!r liquids4 ,we h already _h occasion to ref] to ,tilghman's s& bla/ 9 describ+ pneumatic app>atus4 ,9 glass manufacture ! process is us$ 9 et*+ on glass designs ( e k9d1 bo? simple & intricate4 ,! s& =c$ by /eam1 or by compress$ air on ! expos$ portions ( ! glass on :i* ! design re/s1 w cut ! same deeply1 or mo/ delicately1 z ! h& & eye ( ! op]ator may direct4 ,ma*9es4--,9 addition to ! new /yles ( furnaces1 m\lds & melt+1 & roll+ mills to :i* we h allud$1 m5tion may be made ( anneal+ & cool+ ov5s1 by :i* latt] ! glass is greatly improv$ by be+ all[$ to gradually cool4 ,a l>ge numb] ( in/rum5ts h be5 inv5t$ = special purposes1 su* z = mak+ ! beautiful exp5sive cut glass1 :i* is fl9t glass gr\nd by :eels ( iron1 /one1 & em]y into ! desir$ designs1 :ile wat] is be+ appli$1 & !n poli%$ by :eels ( wood1 & pumice1 or rott5/one2 = gr9d+ & poli%+ glass = l5ses2 & = poli%+ & f9i%+ plate glass2 = apply+ glass l9+ to metal pipes1 tubes1 etc42 = ! delicate engrav+ ( glass by small revolv+ copp] disks1 v>y+ 9 size f ! diamet] ( a c5t d[n to "o-fifte5? ( an in*1 cutt+ ! f9e/ blade ( grass1 a t9y bud1 ! d[ny w+ ( an insect1 or ! fa9t %ad[ ( an exquisite eyebr[4 ,cameo cutt+ & incru/ation2 porcela9 electroplat+ & m\ld+ app>atus1 & app>atus = mak+ porcela9 plates be=e dry+ & burn+1 may be add$ to ! li/4 ,x w\ld be a mu* long] li/ to enum]ate ! v>i\s objects made ( glass unkn[n or n 9 common use 9 =m] g5]ations4 ,! read] mu/ call to m9d or imag9e any article :i* he ?9ks desirable to be made f or cov]$ ) ?is lu/r\s inde/ructible mat]ial1 or any practicable =m ( in/rum5t = ! transmission ( light1 & x is q likely he w f9d x already at h& 9 %ops or in/rum5ts 9 factories ready = its mak+4 ,rubb]--,goodye>4 ,! rubb] tree1 :e!r 9 ,india ) its imm5se trunk t[]+ above all its fell[s & we>+ a l(ty cr[n1 hundr$s ( feet 9 circumf]5ce1 ( mix$ gre5 & yell[ blossoms2 or 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 m sl5d] & %ort] b /ill beautiful 9 clu/]$ leaves & fl[]s on its long1 loosely p5d5t bran*es2 or 9 ,africa1 /ill m sl5d] & gr[+ z a giant creep] ^u ! highe/ trees along ! wat] c\rses1 hid+ its /ruggl+ support & fe/oon+ ! :ole =e/ ) its glossy d>k gre5 leaves1 sweetly sc5t$1 pure :ite1 />-l fl[]s1 & its orange-l fruit--yields f its ve9s a milk :i* man has conv]t$ into "o ( ! mo/ useful articles ( ! c5tury4 ,! modes ( treat+ ?is milky juice v>ies among ! natives ( ! sev]al c\ntries :]e ! trees ab\nd4 ,9 ,africa !y cut or /rip ! b>k1 & z ! milk oozes out ! natives cat* & sme> x ?ickly ov] _! limbs & bodies1 & :5 x dries pull x (f & cut x into blocks = transportation4 ,9 ,brazil ! juice is collect$ 9 clay vessels & smok$ & dri$ 9 a sm\ld]+ fire ( palm nuts1 :i* gives ! mat]ial its d>k br[n appe>ance4 ,!y m\ld ! s(t5$ rubb] ov] clay patt]ns 9 ! =m ( %oes1 j>s1 vases1 tubes1 etc41 & z !y are /icky !y c>ry !m sep>at$ on poles to ! l>ge t[ns & sea ports & sell !m 9 ?is condition4 ,x 0 "s su* articles t fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ,europeans1 :o dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury call$ ! att5tion ( _! c\ntrym5 to !m4 ,x 0 9 #agcf t ,la ,condam9e describ$ rubb] to ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,he aft]w>d resid$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,amazon t5 ye>s1 & !n he & ,,mm4 ,h]iss5t1 ,macqu]1 & ,grossat1 aga9 by _! writ+s & exp]im5ts int]e/$ ! sci5tific & comm]cial _w 9 ! matt]4 ,9 #aggj ,dr4 ,prie/ley publi%$ ! fact t ?is rubb] _h become notable = rubb+ out p5cil m>ks1 bits ( x be+ sold = a high price = t purpose4 ,ab\t #agig1 "s ,engli%man began to make wat]-pro( v>ni% f x1 & to take out pat5ts = ! same4 ,?is 0 z f> z ! art _h advanc$ 9 ca\t*\c1 or rubb]1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #ahai ,mr4 ,mack9to%1 ( ,glasg[1 began exp]im5t+ ) ! oil ( naph?a obta9$ f gas works z a solv5t = ,india rubb]2 & s successfully t he made a wat]-pro( v>ni% :i* 0 appli$ to fabrics1 took out 8 pat5t 9 ,engl& 9 #ahbc1 & ?us 0 />t$ ! celebrat$ 8,mack9to%es40 ,9 #ahbe ,?omas ,c4 ,wales1 a m]*ant ( ,bo/on1 conceiv$ ! idea ( s5d+ ,am]ican boot & %oe la/s to ,brazil = use 9 place ( _! clay models4 ,?is soon result$ 9 s5d+ great quantities ( rubb] ov]%oes to ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! importation ( rubb] & ! manufacture ( wat]-pro( g>m5ts & articles !refrom n[ rapidly increas$ 9 ^? c\ntries4 ,b no?+ t c\ld be done w\ld prev5t ! rubb] f gett+ s(t 9 summ] & h>d & brittle 9 ! w9t]4 ,some?+ 0 ne$$ to r5d] ! rubb] ins5sible to ! *anges ( temp]ature4 ,= fifty ye>s1 ev] s9ce ! manufactur]s & inv5tors ( ,europe & ,am]ica _h le>n$ ( ! wat]-pro( "* ( rubb]1 !y _h be5 /riv+ to f9d some?+ to ov]come ?is difficulty4 ,f9ally x became ! lot ( "o man to supply ! want4 ,8 "n 0 ,*>les ,goodye>4 ,born ) ! c5tury1 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 & receiv+ b a public s*ool education1 he engag$ ) 8 fa!r 9 ! h>dw>e bus9ess 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?is prov+ a failure1 he1 9 #ahcj1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! improvem5t ( rubb] goods4 ,he became almo/ a fanatic on ! subject--go+ f place to place clad 9 rubb] fabrics1 talk+ ab\t x to m]*ants1 me*anics1 sci5ti/s1 *emi/s1 anybody t w\ld li/51 mak+ 8 exp]im5ts con/antly2 deeply 9 debt on acc\nt ( 8 own & 8 fa!r's bus9ess failures1 ?r[n into jail = debt = mon?s1 cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts !re ) philosophical1 good-natur$ p]si/5ce2 out ( jail /eep$ to 8 lips 9 pov]ty2 8 family suff]+ = ! necess>ies ( life2 sell+ ! s*ool books ( 8 *ildr5 = mat]ial to cont9ue 8 "w1 & tak+ a pat5t 9 #ahce = a rubb] cem5t1 :i* did n help him mu*4 ,f9d+ t nitric acid improv$ ! quality ( ! rubb] by remov+ its adhesiv5ess1 he introduc$ ?is process1 :i* met ) great fav\r1 0 appli$ g5]ally to ! manufacture ( ov]%oes1 & help$ 8 condition4 ,b 8 trials & tr\bles cont9u$4 ,f9ally "o ,na?aniel ,haywood sugge/$ ! use ( sulphur\s acid gas1 & ?is 0 f\nd an improvem5t2 b /ill ! rubb] w\ld get h>d 9 w9t]1 & al?\gh n s s(t 9 summ]1 yet ! od\r 0 (f5sive4 ,yet by ! use ( ?is improvem5t he 0 enabl$ to raise m money to get ,haywood a pat5t = x1 :ile he became its own]4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 fur!r tr\bles1 & :ile exp]im5t+ ) ! sulphur mix$ ) rubb] he f\nd by accid5tal burn+ or p>tly melt+ ( ! two toge!r on a /ove1 t ! "p 9 :i* ! sulphur 0 emb$d$ 0 h>d & inela/ic1 & t ! "p lea/ impregnat$ ) ! sulphur 0 proportionately s(t] & m ela/ic4 ,at la/ ! great secret 0 discov]$6 ,& n[ at ?is lat] day1 :5 #ej1jjj1jjj wor? ( rubb] goods are made annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone1 ! :ole imm5se bus9ess is /ill divid$ into b two classes--h>d & s(t--h>d or vulcaniz$ l t call$ 8ebonite10 or s(t1 x may be1 z a delicate waf]4 ,& ^! qualities dep5d on & v>y z a great] or less am\nt ( sulphur is us$1 z describ$ 9 ! pat5ts ( ,goodye>1 comm5c+ ) 8 ,fr5* pat5t ( #ahdd4 ,!n ( c\rse ! pirates began _! attacks1 & he 0 kept poor 9 def5d+ 8 pat5ts1 & di$ comp>atively s 9 #ahfj2 b happy 9 8 great discov]y4 ,he _h receiv$1 h[ev]1 ! :ole _w's hon\rs--! great c\ncil m$al at ! ,nations ,fair 9 ,london 9 #ahea ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r by ,napoleon ,,iii41 & less] tributes f o!r nations4 ,x c be imag9$ ! ri*es t fl[$ into ! laps ( ,goodye>'s successors2 ! wide field op5$ = new inv5tions 9 ma*9es & processes2 & ! va/ add$ com=ts to mank9d result+ f ,goodye>'s introduction ( a new & useful mat]ial to man4--,a mat]ial :i*1 takes its place & /&s 9 l9e ) wood1 & lea!r1 & glass1 & iron1 & /eel6 ,b rubb] & /eel z we n[ "k !m are n ! only new fabrics giv5 to mank9d by ! inv5tors ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,! "w ( ! silk worm has be5 rivall$2 & a wool z :ite & s(t z t clipp$ f ! cleane/ lamb has be5 drawn by ! h&s ( ^! magicians f ! hot & furi\s slag t bur/s f a bla/ furnace4 ,! silk ref]r$ to is made f a solution ( t inflammable mat]ial ( trem5d\s =ce kn[n z gun-cotton1 or pyroxyl94 ,dr4 ,*>donnet 0 ! inv5tor ( ! lead+ =m ( ! article1 :i* he introduc$ & pat5t$ ab\t #ahhh4 ,! solution made is ( a visc\s "*1 all[$ to escape f a vessel ?r\gh small orifices 9 f9e /reams2 & z ! solv5t "p evaporates rapidly ^! f9e /reams become h>d1 flexible fibres1 :i* gli/5 ) a beautiful lu/re & c be us$ z a sub/itute = "s purposes = ! f9e ?reads spun by t my/]i\s ma/] ( 8 craft--! silk worm4 ,! gu/s ( w9d t drove aga9/ ! molt5 lava ?r[n f ! crat] ( ,kilauea1 produc+ z x did1 a fall ( :ite1 metallic1 hairy-l mat]ial resembl+ wool1 sugge/$ to man an indu/rial application ( ! same me?od4 ,& at ! great works ( ,krupp at ,ess51 ,prussia1 = in/ance1 may be witness$ a f9e /ream ( molt5 slag fl[+ f an iron furnace1 & z x falls is met by a /rong bla/ ( cold air :i* trans=ms x into a silky mass z :ite & f9e z cotton4 ,,index4 ,abbe1 ,pr(4 ,ern/1 #dab1 #dgc4 ,abbott ,museum1 ,n4,y41 #bdb4 ,abrad+ ma*9es1 #ccb4 ,acetyl5e1 #gj1 #def4 ,accumulators1 #agg4 ,a*romatic l5s1 #daj4 ,ac\/ics1 #djf4 ,address+ ma*9es1 #bhe4 ,aeolipile1 #gd4 ,affix]s1 #bhe4 ,african inv5tions1 #cdj1 #dgf4 ,agriculture1 ,*ap4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,agricultural *emi/ry1 #fd4 ,agricultural societies1 #af4 ,a]onautics4 7,see ,air ,%ips & ,balloons1 #afi1 #dde1 #ddh47 ,air ,atomiz]s1 #dfg4 ,air brakes1 #hi1 #ajh1 #aic4 ,air ,bru%es1 #aie1 #dah4 ,air ,compressors & propell]s1 #aie4 ,air ,drills1 #aid4 ,air ,eng9es1 #hi1 #aic1 #aid4 ,air propell]s4 7,see ,pneumatics47 ,air ,pumps1 #ee1 #aac1 #aid1 #aie1 #aif1 #aig1 #djd4 ,air ,%ips1 #ddf1 #ddi4 ,airy1 #daj4 8,alabama10 ,!1 #bfa4 ,al>m ,locks4 7,see ,locks47 ,al*emi/ry & al*emi/s4 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,alcohol1 #fe4 ,alfr$ ! ,great1 #chf1 #deg4 ,alemb]t1 ,d41 #afg4 ,alhambra1 #cgc4 ,all51 ,horatio1 #hc4 ,all51 ,dr4 ,john1 #afh4 ,allotropic phosphorus4 7,see ,mat*es47 ,all5 & ,yates4 7,see ,puddl+47 ,alloys1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,altiscope1 #dac4 ,alum9ium1 #bch4 ,amalgamators1 #chj4 ,am]ican ,inv5tions1 #cda4 ,ammonia1 #aia1 #bae4 ,ammoniacal gas eng9es1 #aia4 ,ampre1 #abb1 #acj4 ,amontons air eng9es1 #aic4 ,anci5t smelt+4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,an/hetics1 #b1 #ga4 ,anil9e dyes1 #fi4 ,anneal+ & temp]+1 #bdh4 ,antiseptics1 #b1 #gb4 ,antw]p1 ,siege (1 #bfa4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,aoisseau1 ,*as41 #dff4 ,apollo1 #djj4 ,applega?1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,aqu$ucts1 #ic1 #aff1 #afg4 ,arabs1 #bec1 #bgd4 ,arabic notation1 #b4 ,arago1 #abb1 #daj1 #daa1 #daf4 ,arc ,lamps1 #acg4 ,ar*im$es1 #i1 #afe1 #ahe1 #ddb4 ,ari/otle1 #eh4 ,arg& burn]1 #def4 ,arkwright1 ,ri*>d1 #db1 #bif1 #bih1 #cja4 ,arlb]g tunnel1 #ajg4 ,armor1 plate1 #bfb1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,arnold1 ,asa1 #cja4 ,arnold1 wat*mak]1 #chi4 ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,william ,g41 #agf1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,arquebus4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,artesian ,wells1 #ch4 ,artificial 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#abc4 ,b>rel mak+4 7,see ,wood ,work+47 ,b>?oldi1 #aje4 ,ba/ie1 #dgc4 ,bat*ell]1 #cah4 ,ba?s--closets1 #agh4 ,ba? sy/em1 ,porcela91 #dff4 ,battam1 ,?omas1 artificial m>ble1 #dff4 ,baude1 ,pet]1 #bbd4 ,beadle/one1 metallurgi/1 #bca4 ,bean1 ,b4 ,w41 #cah4 ,beaulieu1 ,col4 7,ordnance71 #bfd4 ,beat+ eng9es4 7,see ,pap]47 ,be*]1 #eh4 ,be*l]1 #dac4 ,becqu]el1 #dd4 ,b$s1 #cee4 ,b$--pr9t+1 #bhb4 ,be]4 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,bella]t1 ,jacob1 #bhj4 ,bell1 ,alex4 ,graham1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #djg1 #dad4 ,bell1 ,c4 ,a41 #djh4 ,bell1 ,sir ,l41 metallurgy1 #bbc4 ,bell's hi/ory ( metallurgy1 #bbc4 ,bell1 ,rev4 ,patrick1 #cf1 #ch4 ,bells & ,bell mak+--,metallurgy4 ,b5d+ wood1 #cdi1 #ceg4 7,see ,woodwork+47 ,b5nett1 ,ri*>d1 #df4 ,b5?am1 ,sir ,sam'l1 #bdb1 #cdb1 #cdi1 #cgd4 ,b]gman1 #fa4 ,b]l9]1 ,emile1 #djh4 ,b]n\lli1 ,d41 #afg4 ,b]?ollet1 #fd1 #ded4 ,b]zelius1 #fj4 ,bessem]1 ,h5ry1 & process1 #agf1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,besson1 ,pr(4 ,j41 #ge1 #bdb4 ,bi*]\x1 pott]1 #dfe4 ,bicycles1 #dca4 ,bigel[1 ,e4 ,b41 #cje4 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,br[n1 ,sir ,saml41 #ie1 #ahg1 #ahh4 8,br[n ,bess10 #beh4 ,bruce1 ,david1 #bhd4 ,brunel1 ,i4 ,k41 #ig4 ,brunel1 ,i4 ,m41 #cea1 #cfg4 ,brunton1 #hb4 ,bru%--,bru% light1 #acg4 ,bru%es & ,bru% mak+1 #ccj4 ,bu*anan's ,practical ,essays1 #bdd4 ,buck+ham1 ,c4 ,l41 #adh4 ,buff+ ma*9es1 #cfe4 ,build]s' h>dw>e1 #bej4 ,build+s1 tall1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,buff]s1 #dcg4 7,see ,railways1 ,elevator1 etc41 #afj1 #afa47 ,buns51 ,robt4 ,w41 #aai1 #abj1 #bcj4 ,buns5 light1 #def4 ,burd51 ,h5ry1 #ie4 ,burdett1 ,wm41 #ahh4 ,burke1 ,edmund1 #ahb4 ,burns1 ,rob]t1 #ca4 ,butt]1 #ed1 #ee4 ,button-hole ma*9es1 #cbc4 ,buns54 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,c4 ,cable transportation1 #aji4 ,cs>1 #deg4 ,cahill1 ,?addeus1 #bhg4 ,caissons1 #ajj4 ,calcium-c>bide1 #gj1 #def4 ,calico mak+ & pr9t+1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,cali=nia1 #chb4 ,cameo cutt+1 #dge4 ,cam]a obscura1 #dad4 ,campbell pr9t+ press1 #bhe4 ,canada1 #dj1 #dcj4 ,canals1 & boats =1 #hd1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aaj1 #ddj4 ,canal locks1 #aaj4 ,cane wov5 goods1 #cjh4 ,cannons & fire>ms1 #beb-bgb4 ,cantilev] bridges1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,ca\t*\c4 7,see ,rubb]1 #dgf47 ,caps1--gun1 #bei4 ,c> heat+1 #baa4 ,c>s1 sleep+1 #dca4 7,see ,railways47 ,c> tracks1 #ajh4 ,c> rails1 #ajh4 ,c> :eels1 #ajh4 ,c>b9es1 #bff4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,c>bon--*emi/ry4 ,c>bonat+1 #fh4 ,c>borundum1 #gj4 ,c>dan1 #ahc4 ,c>d+1 #bih1 #cjj4 ,c>dova4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,c>lyle1 #caj4 ,c>not4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,c>p5try1 #cci1 #ceb4 ,c>pets & ,looms1 #cje4 ,c>r ,bro!rs1 #bad4 ,c>riages & c>ry+ ma*9es1 #hb1 #dbh-dcg4 ,c>?ag5ians1 #afd4 ,c>ts4 7,see ,coa*es & ,waggons47 ,c>tridges1 #bfg4 ,c>twright1 ,rev4 ,edwd41 #big4 ,c>v+ ma*9]y1 #cdf4 ,case-%ot4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,ca% regi/]s1 #cie4 ,ca/ iron1 #bbc4 ,catalan furnace1 #bbb4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,cau*y1 #daj4 ,caus1 ,salomon de1 #ge4 ,cav5di%1 #eh4 ,caxton1 #bhj4 ,c5t5nial ,exhibition4 #ahgf2 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #adj1 #bdf1 #cbj1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cic1 #djb1 #dcj4 ,c5trifugal ma*9es 7pumps71 #agb1 #agc4 ,*>coal4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,*airs4 7,see ,furniture47 ,*aff sep>ator4 7,see ,mill+47 ,*a9 :eels--hydraulics1 #aef4 ,*airs1 tables1 desks1 etc4 7,see ,furniture1 #cea1 #ceh47 ,*alley1 ,m41 #ig4 8,*ampion h>ve/]s0--,h>ve/]s4 ,*ance ,co41 ,glass mak]s1 #dgj4 ,*annell+ %oes4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,*anute1 ,octave1 #aaj4 ,*appe1 ,m41 #abe4 ,*>les ,i4 7,see ,ordnance2 ,*>les ,,ii41 #bdb2 ,*>les ,v41 #chg2 ,*>les ,,viii41 #bfe47 ,*emi/ry1 #eh1 #gj4 ,*emical ,telegraph4 7,see ,telegraphy47 ,*e/]-dial telegraph1 #adf4 ,*ili1 #dfa4 ,*ill h>d5+1 #bej4 ,*ick]+ pianos1 #djc4 ,*imes1 #aif4 ,*9a & ,*9ese inv5tions1 #bd1 #eb1 #afe1 #bbb1 #bda1 #bec1 #beg1 #bgc1 #bge1 #bhj1 #chd1 #chf1 #djj1 #dbc1 #dfe4 ,*lorates1 #gj4 ,*lor9e1 #bcg4 ,*lor9ation1 #bcg4 ,*romium1 #gj4 ,*ronomet]s1 #cij1 #cid4 ,*ubb-safes1 #dbb1 #dbe4 ,cig> & cig>ette ma*9es1 #ef1 #eg4 ,c9c9nati ,bridge4 7,see ,eng9e]+47 ,c9c9natus1 #ag1 #ca4 ,circulation ( blood1 #b4 ,civil ,eng9e]+1 #ic-aaj4 ,cl>k1 ,alvan1 #dab4 ,clavi*ord1 #djb4 ,clayton1 ,dr41 #afhh1 #dea4 ,clay1 ,treatm5t (4 7,see ,brick & ,pott]y mak+47 ,clean+ gra91 etc4 7,see ,mills47 ,clem5t1 metal work]1 #bdd4 ,clem5ti1 piani/1 #djc4 ,clepsydra1 #chd1 #che1 #chf4 8,cl]mont40 7,see ,/eam ,%ips47 ,clipp]s1 ,%ips1 #dci4 ,clocks1 #chd4 7,see ,horology47 ,clocks1 ,ess5tial p>ts (1 #chf4 ,closets4 7,see ,ba?s47 ,clo?1 ,mak+1 ,f9i%+1 #cjf2 ,dry+1 #cjf2 ,pr9t+1 #cjf2 ,creas+ & press+1 #cjf2 ,cutt+1 #cjf-cbd2 ,fancy wov51 #bje-cjf4 ,clo!s4 7,see ,g>m5ts47 ,clov] ,head]1 #cb4 ,clut*es1 #afa-afb4 ,clym]1 ( ,philadelphia1 press1 #bhb4 ,coa*es1 /ages1 mail1 etc41 #dbh-dca4 ,coa* lace1 #cjf4 ,coal1 #bbe1 #cgh1 #chj2 ,coal break]s & clean]s1 #cgh-chj4 ,coal gas1 #dej2 ,coal t> colors4 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,coal m9+4 7,see ,ores47 ,coal+ ,%ips1 #aaj4 ,coehorn1 %ell1 #bee4 ,c(f91 j\rnali/1 #be4 ,coke4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,cold metal pun*+1 work+ & roll+1 #bdf-bdg4 ,cold+ ( ,d5m>k1 #fc4 ,coll>ds1 pianos1 #djc4 ,coll51 ,h5ry1 #dag4 ,coll9s l9e4 7,see ,/eam ,%ips47 ,coll+e1 #dcj4 ,color+ clo?1 #cbe4 ,colors & color+1 #dfd-dfg4 ,color process4 7,see ,photography1 #dag1 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7,see ,textiles47 8,c\nt]bla/ to ,tobacco10 #aee4 ,c\pl]s1 #dcg4 ,c[p]1 #ca4 ,c[p]1 pr9t]1 #bhc4 ,c[ley1 #gg4 ,cradle1 gra91 #cc4 ,cranes & d]ricks1 #aaj1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aga4 ,crecy1 7#acdf74 7,see ,ordnance47 ,cri/(ori1 piani/1 #djb4 ,crompton1 ,saml41 #db1 #big1 #bih1 #cja4 ,crompton1 ,george1 #cje4 ,crookes1 ,pr(4 ,wm41 #adi4 ,crooke tubes1 #adi4 ,cros1 ,*>les1 #djg4 ,cru%]s1 /one & ore1 #cgf4 ,cry/al ,palace1 #dgj4 ,ctesibius1 #gd1 #afe1 #afh1 #che4 ,cultivators1 #bi1 #cj4 ,curtet1 #aba4 ,cugnot1 #agfi1 #ha4 ,culv]94 7,see ,cannon47 ,cun>d l9e1 #hf4 ,cuneus1 #aae4 ,curta9s ,%ades & ,scre5s1 #cef4 ,cyanide4 ,cyanide process1 #bcf4 ,cyclomet]s1 #cif4 ,d4 ,dagu]re1 #dae-daf4 ,dagu]reotype1 #dae4 ,dahlgr51 ,cannon1 #bfd4 ,danks1 ,rot>y puddl]1 #bca4 ,dalton1 ,john1 #ei-fj1 #ahf1 #aid1 #dec4 ,damascus ,/eel1 #bba4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,dana1 ,pr(41 #abf4 ,daniell's batt]y1 #aai1 #abf4 ,d>by1 ,abraham1 #aggg1 #ie1 #bbe4 ,d>w91 ,dr41 #ah? c5t41 #gc4 ,davy1 ,humphry1 ,sir1 #af1 #fc1 #fd1 #gj1 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#dcj-dca47 ,drais1 ,b>on ,von1 #dcb4 ,drake1 ,e4 ,s41 ,col41 #chb4 ,drap]1 ,j4 ,w41 ,pr(41 #dab1 #daf1 #dej4 ,draw+ ,ma*9es1 ,sp9n+1 #bif1 #bih1 #cja4 ,dr$g+1 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,dress+2 ( ?read & clo?s1 #bii1 #cjb2 ( sk9s4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,drills1 se$]s1 #bj1 #bg4 ,drills1 /one ore & iron1 #cge1 #cgh4 ,dry+ app>atus4 7,see ,kilns47 ,dreyse1 #bff4 ,dual9e1 #bgj4 ,duboscq1 #acg4 ,dudley1 ,dud1 #bbd4 ,duncan1 ,john1 #caa4 ,dundas1 ,*>lotte1 #hd4 ,dundonald1 ,"l1 #dea4 ,dundas1 ,"l1 #hc1 #ddj4 ,dunlop1 ,j4 ,b41 ,bicycles1 #dcc4 ,duplex ,eng9es1 #hh4 ,dulcim]4 7,see ,music47 ,du/ ,explosions & ,collectors1 #ej4 ,dut* ,pap]1 #bgg2 ,pr9t+1 #bhj4 ,dut* ,canals1 #ajg4 ,dut* ,clocks1 #chh1 #cia4 ,dut* ,furnaces & ,/oves1 #bjc4 ,dut* ,locks1 #dbd4 ,dut* ,%ips1 #dci4 ,dut* ,w>e1 #dei4 ,dutton1 ,maj4 ,c4 ,e41 #bfa4 ,dynamomet]1 #ahg1 #cih4 ,dynamite1 #bgj4 ,dynamo ,electric ,ma*9es1 #acj1 #acd1 #bea4 ,e4 ,eads1 ,james ,b41 #ajb4 ,eames ( ,u4 ,s41 #bcd4 ,ea/ ,riv] ,bridge1 #ih1 #ii4 ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se1 #aje4 ,edison1 #acg1 #add1 #ade1 #adh1 #djg1 #djh4 ,egyptian agriculture1 arts & inv5tions1 #e1 #ac1 #db1 #de1 #eh1 #afd1 #ahd1 #bbj1 #bda1 #bgc1 #bib1 #cdj1 #ced1 #djj1 #djb1 #dbc1 #deg1 #dfj1 #dgj4 ,eiffel1 ,m41 #aje4 ,electricity1 #e1 #aaa-aea4 ,electric ,al>ms4 7,see ,locks47 ,electric ,batt]ies1 #aag-acb4 ,electric ,cable1 #ach4 ,electric ,heat+1 #bac4 ,electric ,light+1 #ajh1 #aai1 #aba to #acg1 #cfj1 #def4 ,electro-,*emi/ry1 #gj4 ,electro-magnets1 #abj-acc4 ,electro ,metallurgy1 #gj1 #bch1 #bdi4 ,electrodes1 #aac1 #ace4 ,electrolysis1 #abi1 #aca4 ,electromet]1 #aac1 #abb4 ,electrical ,music1 #adh4 ,electro ,plat+1 #bdi4 ,electric ,railway1 #adc1 #add4 ,electric ,signals & ,/ops1 #afj1 #afb4 ,electric ,telegraphy1 #b1 #aad1 #abb1 #abc1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg4 ,electrotyp+1 #bhc1 #bij4 ,electric ,type ,pr9t+1 #adg1 #adh4 ,electric ,type ,writ]1 #bhg4 ,electric ,vot]s1 #cif4 ,elevators1 #f1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg4 ,eliot1 ,pr(41 #daj4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #djb4 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,s4 ,c41 gas1 #ded1 #dee4 ,lubricants1 #bcg4 ,lyall1 ,james1 #cjf4 ,lyttleton1 #ddb4 ,m4 ,mac,arthur-,=re/1 cyanide process1 #bcf4 ,macaulay1 ,"l1 #aj4 ,mack9to%1 ( ,glasg[1 #dgg4 ,ma*9e guns1 #bfi4 ,mad]sp]g]1 ,jos41 #cab4 ,magdeburg1 #aic4 ,magic lant]n4 7,see ,optics47 ,magnets & ,magnetic ,electricity1 #aab1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acj1 #acc4 ,mail bags & locks1 #dbg4 ,mail s]vice1 #dbg4 ,mail m>k+1 #bhe4 ,majolica4 7,see ,pott]y47 ,malt1 #fe1 #ff4 ,man a tool-us+ animal1 #caj4 ,mann+1 #ahca1 #cg4 ,m>ble1 artificial1 #dfh1 #dfi4 ,m>9e propulsion1 #ddb4 ,m>coni1 #aea4 ,m>iotte's law ( gases1 #ahd1 #aid4 ,m>k]s & cutt]s1 #cbd4 ,m>kham1 #cj4 ,m>sl&1 looms1 #cja4 ,m>r1 ,wm41 #dba4 ,m>t91 ,pr(41 #fc4 ,m>v9's safes1 #dba4 ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 #dde1 #ddg4 ,mc,cormick reap]1 #cg1 #ch4 ,mc,callum bridge1 #ajc4 ,mc,kay1 %ips1 #dci4 ,mc,kay1 %oe ma*9es1 #cfi4 ,mc,millan bicycle1 #dcc4 ,m>y1 ,que51 #djb4 ,mason1 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,t41 #deh4 ,massa*usetts1 mills1 #bih1 #cfi4 ,massa*usetts1 %oe mak+1 #cgj4 ,ma/] locks1 #dbc1 #dbf4 ,mat*es1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja4 ,matt+1 #cji1 #cab4 ,maudsley1 ,h5ry1 #bdc1 #cdi4 ,maurice ( ,nassau1 #bee4 ,maurice1 ,pet]1 #afg4 ,maus] rifle1 #bfi4 ,mausoleum1 #cd4 ,maxim electric light1 #acg4 ,maxwell1 #dag4 ,may]1 ,pr(41 #djd4 ,me>es1 #ahjj1 #ce4 ,meat1 ,prep>ation (1 #ee4 ,me*anical p[]s1 #d4 ,m$ic9e & surg]y1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb4 ,meigs1 ,g5]al ,m4 ,c41 #ajb4 ,meikle1 #aghf1 #da4 ,megaphone1 #djg4 ,melville1 ,david1 #deb4 ,m5ai ,/raits bridges1 #if4 ,m5deljeff1 #b4 ,m5zies ( ,scotl&1 #da4 ,m]g5?al]1 #bhh4 ,m]rimac & ,monitor1 #bfh1 #dda4 ,metals & ,metallurgy1 #bah-bci4 ,metal f\nd+1 #bdi4 ,metal work+ & turn+1 #bdj2 bor+1 plan+1 #bea2 hamm]+1 %ap+1 #bdj2 mod]n metal work+ plant1 #bej4 ,metal1 p]sonal w>e1 buckles1 clasps1 hooks1 buttons1 etc41 #bej4 ,met]s1 gas & wat]1 #agh4 ,mexico1 #bha1 #bib4 ,microphone1 #adh4 ,microscope1 #dji4 ,middl+s purifi]1 #di1 #ej4 ,milk1 milk]s1 #ed1 #ee4 ,millet1 #cj4 ,mills1 #de to #ea4 ,mill+1 high1 l[1 #di4 ,mill]1 wood work+1 #cdb4 ,mill] & ,taylor1 #ha4 ,millwright1 ,! ,"y1 #dg4 ,milton1 #aje1 #bah4 ,m9]al wool1 m9]als & m9+1 #cgc-chc4 ,m9neapolis mills1 #ej4 ,mitrailleuses1 #bfi4 ,mod]n ma*9]y1 its comm5cem5t1 #cfd4 ,mohl1 von1 ,hugo1 #fg4 ,moigno1 ,abb1 #daa4 ,mold1 ag+4 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,m\ld+4 7,see ,wood-work+ & ,glass mak+47 ,monks1 #chg4 8,monitor10 ,!1 #bfh1 #dda4 ,montgolfi]1 #afi4 ,moody1 ,paul1 #bih4 ,moors1 #bec4 ,mor91 ,g5l41 #bji1 #bch4 ,morl&1 ,sir ,sam'l1 #gg4 ,morrison1 ,*as41 #aae4 ,morse1 ,s4 ,b4 ,f41 #abf1 #abg1 #abh1 #abi4 ,mort>s1 #bec4 ,mortise mak+1 #cde4 ,morton1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,t4 ,g41 #ga4 ,motor vehicles1 #dce4 ,mont ,c5is ,tunnel1 #ajg4 ,m[]s1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ci4 ,moxon1 ,jos41 #bdb4 ,moz>t1 #djb4 ,murdock1 ,wm41 #ahe1 #deb4 ,music1 #djj-djf4 ,musical in/rum5ts1 #f1 #djj4 ,musical electrical app>atus1 #djf4 ,mus*5broeck1 ,pr(41 #agde1 #aad1 #aae4 ,mu%et1 iron & /eel1 #bcd4 ,muskets4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,muzzle load]s1 #bfc1 #bfd4 ,n4 ,national ,assembly1 ,france1 #i4 ,napoleon4 7,see ,bonap>te47 ,naph?a1 #ded4 ,nasmy?1 #bdc1 #bde4 ,ne$le1 #caj1 #cac4 ,ne$le gun1 #bff4 ,ni$r+haus1 #dfh4 ,nett+4 7,see ,sp9n+47 ,newcom51 #e1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi1 #afg1 #ahg4 ,newbold1 ,*as41 #ai4 ,newbury1 ,wm41 #cdh4 ,newton1 ,sir ,isaac1 #i1 #aa1 #fa1 #aad1 #afg1 #ahc1 #dad4 ,niag>a bridges1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,niag>a p[]1 #aga1 #agb4 ,ni*olson & ,c>lisle1 #aah4 ,ni*olson1 ,wm41 ( ,engl&1 #bhb4 ,nickel4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,niepce1 ,jas4 ,n41 #dae4 ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #bgj4 ,noah's ,ark1 #dch4 ,nobel1 ,a41 #aib4 ,nollet1 ,pr(41 #acb4 ,noria1 ,!1 #afe4 ,norway1 #bff1 #dcj1 #dci4 ,nozzles1 flexible1 #agd2 wat]1 #agi4 ,o4 ,o]/$1 #aba1 #acj4 ,ogle1 #ahbb1 #cf4 ,ohm1 ,g4 ,s41 #abe4 ,oils & fats1 #fi4 ,oil clo?1 #cjf4 ,oil lamps1 #cei4 ,oil /oves & furnaces1 #aij1 #bab4 ,oil+ waves1 #ddf4 ,oil wells1 #aij1 #chb4 ,omnibus4 7,see ,/ages & ,c>ri]s47 ,op5+ & bl[+ ma*9es1 cotton1 #bii4 ,op?almoscope1 #daa4 ,optical in/rum5ts1 #dji-dab4 ,ordnance1 arms1 explosives1 #beb to #bgb4 ,ores1 treatm5t (1 #bbi1 #bej1 #bea1 #cgc to #chj4 ,ore sep>ators1 #cgi4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,organs1 #djd4 ,ornam5tal iron "w4 7,see ,metal ,work+47 ,ornam5tal wood "w4 7,see ,wood ,work+47 ,oscillat+ eng9es4 7,see ,/eam47 ,osmund furnaces4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,otis elevators1 #aee4 ,otto1 ,nicolaus ,a41 ,otto eng9e1 #aij1 #aia4 ,oxyg51 #eh1 #dec4 7,see ,prie/ley47 ,p4 ,paddle :eels & vessels1 #ddc4 ,pa9ts1 #dff4 ,pa9t+1 #dah1 #dai1 #dei4 ,pa9t+ ma*9es1 #aic1 #dah1 #dfg4 ,paixhans1 ,g5l41 #bfa1 #bfd4 ,page1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g41 #acb1 #ada4 ,page1 ,ralph1 #bbd4 ,palissy1 ,b]n>d1 #deh4 ,palm]1 /age-coa*es1 #dbi4 ,palladius1 #cb4 ,panoramas1 #dae4 ,pap] & pr9t+1 #bgc-bia4 ,pap] bag ma*9]y1 #bgi4 ,pap91 #e1 #gg1 #ahd1 #aib1 #aic4 ,papyrus1 #bgc1 #bgd4 ,p>aff9e4 7,see ,oils47 ,p>*m5t1 #bgd4 ,p>k9son1 ,?os41 #aid4 ,p>liam5t1 ,h\se (1 #bji4 ,p>quetry4 7,see ,wood-work+47 ,p>rott1 gun1 #bfd4 ,p>!non1 #cgc4 ,p>tridge1 ,reub51 mat*es1 #bjj4 ,pascal1 #aff1 #afh1 #agj1 #ahc4 ,pa/eur1 #fh4 ,pat5ts1 _! orig9 & purpose1 #h1 #ba4 ,patt]n mak+4 7,see ,wood1 ,metal1 & ,textiles47 ,pauley1 ,col41 #bff4 ,pegs1 #cfg1 #cfh4 ,p5cils1 #dah4 ,p5dulum4 7,see ,horology47 ,p5dulum ma*9es1 #cfe4 ,p5elope1 #cjf4 ,p5nsylvania fireplace1 #bjc4 ,p]cussion caps1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,p]cy4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,p]mutation locks1 #dbe4 ,p]not1 #bcd4 ,p]9 ,co41 saws1 #cdh4 ,p]sians1 #cfb4 ,petroleum1 #cei1 #chb4 ,petzold1 #djc4 ,pfaff1 #aba4 ,ph>os ( ,alex&ria1 #cd4 ,phelps1 ,g4 ,m41 #adg4 ,phnicians1 #dci1 #dei4 8,phnix10 ,!4 7,see ,%ips47 ,phonautograph1 #ada1 #djg4 ,phonograph1 #b1 #djf4 ,phonophone1 #dad4 ,phonoscope1 #dad4 ,photophone1 #dad4 ,phosphorus mat*es1 #bjj4 ,photo*romoscope1 #dag4 ,photography1 #daj1 #dad1 #daf1 #dah4 ,photo-processes1 #dag4 ,piano1 #f1 #dja-djd4 ,pick+ ma*9e1 #bih1 #bii4 ,pick]-motion1 looms1 #big4 ,piezomet]1 #bfb4 ,pigm5ts1 #gj4 ,pitt1 inv5tor1 #aghf1 #cc4 ,pixii1 #aca4 ,planes1 #cdj1 #cej4 7,see ,wood-work+47 ,plan+ ma*9es1 #bde1 #cdi1 #cej4 7,see ,wood-work+47 ,plant1 ,g41 #abj4 ,plant]s4 7,see ,*ap4 ,,iii47 ,pla/]1 #dfi4 ,plato1 #che4 ,platt1 ,sir ,hugh1 #ad4 ,platt1 ,s5ator1 #ce4 ,pl9y1 #cb1 #afd1 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bgc1 #cdj4 ,pl\ghs1 #e1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj4 ,plucknett1 #ahjh1 #ce4 ,pneumatics1 #afe1 #ahb to #aih4 ,pneumatic ma*9es1 #aie1 #aig1 #aih4 ,pneumatic propell]s1 #ddd4 ,pneumatic tires1 #dcc4 ,pneumatic tubes & transmission1 #aei1 #aif4 ,polemoscope1 #dac4 ,poli%+ glass1 #dge4 ,pope1 ,alex&]1 #cid4 ,porcela91 #dfe1 #dff4 ,poriri] 7mat* ma*9e71 #bja4 ,porta ,bapti/a1 #dad4 ,porta ,g4 della1 #ge4 ,portable eng9es1 #hh4 ,potato plant]s1 #bh4 ,potassium1 #bcf4 ,pott]1 ,humphrey1 #gh4 ,pott]y1 #deg-dfi4 ,p\s>d1 #dfe4 ,p[d]1 #bec4 ,p[]1 measure (1 #ahg4 ,prehi/oric inv5tions4 7,see beg9n+ ( ea* ,*apt]47 ,press+ ma*9es1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec4 ,prie/ley1 #eh1 #dec1 #dgg4 8,pr9ceton10 ,!1 #ddc4 ,pr9t+ press1 #b1 #f1 #bgc-bia4 ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 #bee4 ,projectiles1 #bec-bgj4 ,prome!us1 #aii1 #bjj4 ,protoplasm1 #fg4 ,prussia1 #bff4 ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i41 ,tool ,co41 #cbb4 ,psalt]ies1 #dja4 ,ptah1 #bda4 ,puckle's pat5t bree* load]1 #beh1 #bei4 ,puddl+1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bca4 ,pug mills1 #dfa4 ,pullman c>1 #ajg4 ,pulp1 #bge-bgi4 ,pumps1 #ahg4 ,ptolemy1 #dbh4 ,puillet1 #daa4 ,puy ,guillaume1 battle (1 #acch1 #bec4 ,pyramids1 #cd1 #ic4 ,q4 ,quadruplex telegraphy4 7,see ,telegraphy47 8,que5 ,ann's ,pocket ,piece10 #bef4 ,que5 ( ,%eba1 #cbf4 ,qu]n1 #de4 ,quilt+ ma*9e1 #cbd4 ,r4 ,radcliffe1 #cje4 ,radiation & radiators1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,railways1 rails & tracks1 #ajf1 #ajh2 c>s1 #ajh1 #aji2 frogs1 #ajh4 ,railway c>s1 #dcf1 #dcg4 ,rakes4 7,see ,agriculture47 ,ramage ,press1 #bha4 ,ramseye1 ,david1 #afcj1 #gf4 ,ramelli1 ,c>dan1 #ge4 ,ramsey1 ,david1 #agch1 #afh1 #chi4 ,ram1 wat]4 7,see ,pumps47 ,r&olph1 ,david ,m41 #cfg4 ,r&olph1 ,eld] & ,co41 #ddj4 ,ranges4 7,see ,/oves47 ,range f9d]1 #dac4 ,raphael1 #dah4 ,ra:ides4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,read1 ,na?an1 #agia1 #hg4 ,reap]s4 7,see ,h>ve/]s1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch47 ,rei*5ba*1 #chb4 ,reis1 ,pr(41 #ada1 #djg4 ,ref9+ metals1 #bbg4 ,refrig]ation1 #bac1 #bad1 #baf4 ,reg5]ators1 #dfe4 ,reg5]ative furnace4 7,see ,metallurgy1 also1 #dfd47 ,regi/]s1 #cie4 ,regulators1 ,electric1 #acg2 "t1 #acg4 ,r5nie1 #bdd4 ,repeat+ wat*es1 #chi4 ,res]voirs1 #aff1 #ahj4 ,resonators1 #djd4 ,revault1 #afje1 #ge4 ,revolv]s4 7,see ,fire ,arms47 ,rhode ,isl&1 #bih4 ,ribbon mak+1 #cjf4 ,rickel1 ,dr41 #dea4 ,rid] bridge1 #ajc4 ,riehle1 te/+ ma*41 #cih4 ,rifles1 #beh1 #bei1 #bfj4 ,rifl$ cannon1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,r+ frame-sp9n+1 #cjb4 ,ritt]1 #aah1 #aba4 ,rivet+1 #agf4 ,road c>riage1 /eam1 #hc4 ,roads1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,road mak+1 #ajf4 ,robia1 ,luca della1 #dei4 ,rob]t1 ,l\is1 #bgf4 ,rob]ts1 #bdd4 ,rock drill+1 #ajg4 ,rock]s1 ore1 #bce4 ,rockets1 #bec4 ,rodman1 ,g5]al1 gun1 #bfd4 ,roebl+1 ,john ,a41 eng9e]1 #ih1 #ii4 ,roebl+1 ,wa%+ton1 #ih1 #ajj4 ,ro5tg51 ,x rays1 #adi4 ,rohes1 ,m4 ,beau de1 #ahi4 ,rog]s1 ,saml4 ,b41 metallurgi/1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,rog]s1 type mak]1 #bhi4 ,roll] press1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,roman arts1 inv5tions1 etc41 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #de1 #ic1 #afd1 #aff1 #agh1 #bjb1 #bgd1 #deg1 #dei4 ,rookwood pott]y1 #dfg4 ,romagnosi1 ,g4 ,d41 #aba4 ,roscoe1 ,pr(4 7,see ,*emi/ry47 ,rose1 ,h41 #bch4 ,rot>y eng9es4 7,see ,/eam47 ,rot>y pr9t+ press1 #bhd4 7,see ,pr9t+47 ,rot>y pumps4 7,see ,wat] & ,/eam ,eng47 ,rov+1 sp9n+1 #bih1 #bii4 ,rubb]1 #fi1 #dcd4 ,ruhmkorff coil1 #acb4 ,rum=d1 ,c\nt1 #fc4 ,rumsey1 ,james1 #ha1 #afh4 ,russia1 #dj1 #bed1 #dcj4 ,russian lea!r1 #cfb4 ,ru/1 ,saml41 #bhb4 ,ru?1 #af4 ,s4 ,sabot1 projectiles1 #bfb1 #bfc4 ,safes & locks1 #dbj-dbg4 ,safety valves1 #hg4 ,sa9t1 ,?omas1 sew+ ma*9e1 #caa4 ,salman1 scales mak]1 #cif4 ,salon51 #ahjg1 m[]1 #cf4 ,samians & ,samos1 #dei4 ,s& bla/1 #ccb1 #ccd1 #dge4 ,s& filt]s4 7,see ,filt]s47 ,s&wi*1 ,e>l1 #afii1 #be4 ,s>ac5s1 #bgd4 ,s>n/rom1 ,pr(41 #bcd4 ,sav]y1 ,?os41 #e1 #gg4 ,saws1 #cdj1 #cda1 #cdb1 #cdh1 #cea4 ,saw mills1 #cda1 #cdb4 ,saxton1 ,jos41 #aca4 ,scales1 #cie4 ,scalig]1 #ahc4 ,sc&9avians1 #cfc4 ,sc>bor\gh1 #he4 ,s*ill+1 ,b>on1 #abf4 ,s*nbe91 #bgj4 ,s*app]1 ,h>tman1 #bda4 ,s*oeff]1 ,pet]1 #bgj4 ,s*reib]1 #djc4 ,s*rott] 7mat*es71 #bjj4 ,s*weigg]1 ,s4 ,c41 #abf4 ,scoops1 #agh4 ,scotl&1 #ai1 #bj1 #cc4 ,scott1 phonautograph1 #ada1 #djg4 ,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 #de1 #hj4 ,scott1 ,g54 ,w41 #bfj4 ,scott1 ,ri*'d1 #dbj4 ,sc\r+ ma*9es4 7,see ,lea!r & ,clo?1 & ,gra947 ,screw1 ,ar*im$ean4 7,see ,%ips & ,propell]47 ,screw1 press1 #eb4 ,screw propell]1 #he1 #ddc4 ,screw mak+1 #bde1 #bdf4 ,scy?ians1 #cfb1 #dbh4 ,scy!s1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce4 ,se$ drills1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #bg4 ,seely1 ,f4 ,a41 #c4 ,self-play+ ,in/rum5ts1 #djf4 ,segu91 #hc4 ,sell]s1 ,wm41 #bcd1 #bdg4 ,sep>ators1 ,gra91 #dh1 #di2 milk1 #ed2 ore1 #cgi4 7,see ,mills47 ,sepp+s1 ,sir ,rob]t1 #ddj4 ,s]r91 #acg4 ,s]vi]e1 #aff4 ,sew>d1 ,wm4 ,h41 #c4 ,sev5 ,wond]s1 ,!1 #cd1 #ce4 ,sew+ ma*9es1 #caa-cbc4 ,sew] con/ruction1 #ajg4 ,%ades & scre5s1 #cef4 ,%ap+ ma*9es1 #bde4 ,%>p's c>b9e1 #bfg4 ,%aw1 ,jo%ua1 #bfj4 ,%eele1 #dae4 ,%eet metal w>e1 #bej4 ,%ells1 #bfd4 ,%+le mak+1 #cej4 ,%9>1 ,brick mak+ 91 #deg4 ,%ips1 w>1 & o!rs1 #bfa1 #cdc1 #dch-ddi4 ,%oes & ma*9]y1 #cfe-cga4 ,%oles1 inv5tor1 type writ+1 #bhf4 ,%rapnel1 #bei4 ,%uttles1 #bic4 7,see ,textiles47 ,sickle1 #cb1 #cc4 ,side :eel /eamboats1 #he4 ,siem5s1 ,dr4 ,w]n]1 #acc4 ,siem5s1 ,wm41 ,sir41 #add1 #aga4 ,siem5s & ,halske1 #add1 #adf4 ,siem5s1 ,c4 ,l41 #adg1 #bcd1 #dfe4 ,silk mak+4 7,see ,sp9n+47 ,silk1 artificial4 7,see ,glass47 ,silv]1 #bai4 ,s+]1 sew+ ma*9e1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,s9k+ %afts1 ,mode (1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,skiv+4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,slade1 ,j4 ,t41 #aee4 ,slat]1 ,?omas1 #bih4 ,slaught]+1 #ee4 ,sleighs1 #dcj1 #dca4 ,slide1 re/1 #bdc1 #cdi4 ,slott+ ma*9es1 #bde4 ,small arms1 #bff4 7,see ,ordnance47 ,small1 ,jas41 #aghd1 #ah4 ,smeaton1 #hg1 #aje4 ,smelt+1 #bbj4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,smiles1 ,self ,help1 #ie4 ,smi? ,wesson1 revolv]s1 #bfi4 ,snellus1 #bcd4 ,sn[ pl\ghs1 #aji4 ,soda1 pulp1 #bgh4 ,sol>met]1 #dac4 ,solomon's temple1 #bdb4 ,som]set1 ,m>quis ( ,worce/]4 7,see ,/eam47 ,s\nd1 #djf4 7,see ,ac\/ics47 ,s[+1 #bc4 ,spani% inv5tions1 #be1 #ge1 #bec1 #bgd1 #bhj1 #bib4 ,spectacles4 7,see ,optics47 ,spectrum1 analysis1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 #dab4 ,spectroscope1 #b1 #dab4 ,spe$ ,indicators1 #cif4 ,sp5c]1 gun1 #bfg4 ,sp5c]1 metal coat+1 #bdi4 ,sp9et1 #djb4 ,sp9n+1 #f1 #bib1 #bif1 #cjj4 7,see ,textiles47 8,sp9n+ ,j5ny10 #big4 ,sp9n+ ,mule1 #big1 #cjj4 8,spiritalia10 #djd4 ,splitt+1 lea!r1 #cff4 ,spool+1 #cjb4 ,spr+field musket1 #bfh4 ,spun glass4 7,see ,sp9n+ & #dgd47 ,/amp mills & metal work+1 #bcf1 #bej4 ,/&>d "t1 #cid4 ,/anhope1 ,e>l1 #bhb4 ,/4 ,go?>d tunnel1 #ajg4 ,/4 ,l\is bridge1 #ajb4 ,/eam eng9es1 #b1 #e1 #gc to #ie2 boil]s1 #hf2 heat+1 #bjg2 pumps1 #gi1 #ha1 #hh4 ,/eam %ips1 #b1 #hd1 #he1 #ddj4 ,/e>ns1 #ade4 ,/eel1 manufacture (4 7,see ,metallurgy47 ,/e9heil1 #abf1 #dab4 ,/e9way1 pianos1 #djc4 ,/5ograph+1 #bij4 ,/]eoscope1 #daj1 #daa4 ,/]eotyp+1 #bha4 ,/]ilisation1 #ed1 #bac4 ,/eph5son1 ,geo41 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #ih4 ,/eph5son1 ,rob]t1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #aee4 ,/ev5s1 ,john ,c41 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #ddc4 ,/ev9us1 #aff4 ,/it*+ ma*9es4 7,see ,sew+47 ,/ock+ mak+1 #cjg4 ,/one cutt+1 c>v+ & dress+1 #cgd1 #cge4 ,/one cru%+1 #cgf4 ,/one1 artificial1 #dfh4 ,/orage batt]y1 #abj4 ,/orm1 ,w4 ,m4 7,gunp[d] ,eng9e17 #aib4 ,/ore s]vice1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aeh1 #aei4 ,/oves1 #bjj-bjf4 ,/reet1 ,rob]t1 #ahe4 ,/reet sweep+1 #cca4 ,/[1 #cej4 ,/ck(51 metallurgy1 #bbd4 ,/urgeon1 inv5tor1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,/urtevant1 ,b4 ,f4 7%oes71 #cfh4 ,subm>9e bla/+1 etc41 #ajg4 ,suez canal1 #ajg4 ,sug>1 #fi4 ,sun-dial1 #chd4 ,subdivision ( labor1 #cib4 7,see ,ordnance & ,sew+ ,ma*9es47 ,surg]y & in/rum5ts1 #gj4 ,susp5sion bridges1 #ie1 #if-ajj4 ,swan1 light1 #acg4 ,sw$51 #bff4 ,sweep+ ma*9es1 #cca4 ,swiss manufactures1 7,see ,wat*es1 etc47 ,switz]l&1 #af1 #df1 #cia4 ,sym+ton1 #ha1 #hc1 #he4 ,syphon record]1 #aci4 ,t4 ,t-rail1 #ajh4 ,tables1 #ced4 7,see ,furniture47 ,ta*5ius1 #eh4 ,tack mak+1 #cdd4 ,ta9t]1 ,c4 ,s41 #djh1 #dad4 ,takam9e1 #fh4 ,talus1 or ,p]dix1 saw inv5tor1 #cdj4 ,tann+4 7,see ,lea!r47 ,tape/ry1 #bge4 ,teasl+1 #cjf4 ,t$d]s1 #dj4 ,telegraph1 #abd-abh1 #aci1 #adj4 ,telegraphic pictures1 #dai4 ,telephone1 #b1 #adj1 #ada1 #adb1 #djf4 ,telescope1 #b1 #dji4 ,telph]age1 #add4 ,tel=d1 #ie1 #if4 ,t5nyson1 #fg4 ,tesla1 #ade4 ,te/+ ma*9es1 #cih4 ,textiles1 #bib-cji4 ,!rmo-electricity1 #aab1 #abj4 ,!odore ( ,samos1 #cdj4 ,?imonni]1 #cac4 ,?omson1 ,sir ,wm41 #fc1 #aci4 ,?ompson1 ,robt4 ,wm41 #dcc1 #dce4 ,?ompson ,h\/on1 #acg4 8,?ree color process10 #dag4 ,?read mak+4 7,see ,sp9n+47 ,?re%+ ma*9es1 #dj1 #da4 ,?ro/le1 #bif4 ,?ur/on1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,h41 #hf4 ,tiles1 #cej4 ,tilghman1 ,b4 ,f41 s& bla/1 #ccb1 #dge4 ,"t locks1 #dbe4 ,"t measur+ ( ! anci5ts1 #chd4 ,tissi]1 #bch4 ,tobacco & ma*9]y1 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4 ,tools1 primitive1 #caj1 #cbh1 #cci4 ,torp$o vessels1 #bga1 #dde4 ,torp$oes1 #bga4 ,torricelli1 #aff1 #ahc4 ,t\r1 ,cagni>d de la1 #fe4 ,t[ne's lattice bridge1 #ajc4 ,traction railways & eng9es1 #dcf4 ,transplant]s1 #bi4 ,transportation1 #ajg1 #aji4 ,treadwell1 ,daniel1 #bhd4 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