,,! ,,tea*]  ,,essays ,,& ,,addresses   
,,on ,,education   ,,by ,,george ,,h]b]t
 ,,palm] ,,& ,,alice ,,freeman ,,palm]  
,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york   ,,h\ghton    
,,miffl9 ,,company   ,! ,riv]side ,press
 ,cambridge   #aijh    ,,copyright1     
#aijh1 ,,by ,,george ,,h]b]t ,,palm]    
,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$   ,publi%$      
,novemb] #aijh    ,,second ,,impression 
,,preface   ,! pap]s ( ?is volume fall  
into ?ree gr\ps1 two ( ! ?ree be+ writt5
 by myself4 ,f my writ+s on education ,i
 h select$ only ^? :i* may h "s claim to
 p]man5t int]e/1 & all b two h be5 te/$ 
by previ\s publication4 ,^? ( ! fir/    
gr\p deal ) que/ions ab\t :i* we tea*]s1
 eag] ab\t our immeasurable art beyond  
mo/ pr(essional p]sons1 nev] cease to   
wond] & debate3 ,:at is tea*+8 ,h[ f>   
may x influ5ce "*8 ,c x be practic$ on  
p]sons too busy or too poor to come to  
our class-rooms8 ,to subjects ( :at     
scope %\ld x be appli$8 ,& h[ %all we   
cont5t ourselves ) its necess>y         
limitations8 ,"u ^! div]se head+s a k9d 

( philosophy ( education is outl9$4 ,!  
la/ two pap]s1 hav+ be5 giv5 z lectures 
& /5ographically report$1 ,i h left 9 _!
 orig9al colloquial =m4 ,a gr\p ( pap]s 
on ,h>v>d foll[s1 prec$$ by an          
explanatory note1 & ! volume closes ) a 
few pap]s by ,mrs4 ,palm]4 ,%e & ,i (t5 
talk$ ( prep>+ toge!r a book on         
education4 ,n[1 alone1 ,i ga!r up ^!    
fragm5ts4     ,,cont5ts                 
,,page           ,i4 ,,problems ,,(     
,,s*ool ,,& ,,college      ,i4 ,! ,ideal
 ,tea*]                                 
#c     ,,ii4 ,e?ical ,in/ruction 9 !    
,s*ools                          #ca    
,,iii4 ,moral ,in/ruction 9 ! ,s*ools   
#di     ,,iv4 ,self-,cultivation 9      
,engli%                                 
#gb      ,v4 ,d\bts ,ab\t ,univ]sity    
,ext5sion                          #aje 
,,vi4 ,specialization                   
#abc    ,,vii4 ,! ,glory ( ! ,imp]fect  
#adc            ,,ii4 ,,h>v>d ,,pap]s   
,,viii4 ,! ,new ,education              
#agc     ,,ix4 ,errone\s ,limitations ( 

! ,elective ,sy/em               #bjj   
,x4 ,necess>y ,limitations ( ! ,elective
 ,sy/em               #bci     ,,xi4    
,college ,exp5ses                       
#bgb    ,,xii4 ,a ,tea*] ( ! ,old5 ,"t  
#bhc            ,,iii4 ,,pap]s ,,by     
,,alice ,,freeman ,,palm]   ,,xiii4     
,?ree ,types ( ,wom5's ,colleges        
#cac    ,,xiv4 ,wom5's ,education 9 !   
,n9ete5? ,c5tury                #ccg    
,,xv4 ,wom5's ,education at ! ,_w's     
,fair                      #cea         
,,xvi4 ,:y ,g to ,college8              
#cfd     ,i  ,,problems ,,( ,,s*ool ,,& 
,,college     ,i  ,,! ,,ideal ,,tea*]   
,9 ,am]ica1 a l& ( idealism1 ! pr(ession
 ( tea*+ has become "o ( ! greate/ (    
human employm5ts4 ,9 #aijc-jd half a    
million tea*]s 7 9 *>ge ( sixte5 million
 pupils4 ,/at+ ! same facts diff]5tly1  
we may say t a fif? ( our entire        
population is con/antly at s*ool2 & t   
:]ev] "o hundr$ & sixty m51 wom51 &     
*ildr5 are ga!r$1 a tea*] is sure to be 
among !m4  ,b figures fail to express ! 

importance ( ! "w4 ,if ea* ye> an equal 
numb] ( p]sons %\ld come 9 contact ) z  
_m lawy]s1 no su* social consequ5ces    
w\ld foll[4 ,! t\* ( ! tea*]1 l t ( no  
o!r p]son1 is =mative4 ,our "y p are =  
long p]iods associat$ ) ^? :o are       
expect$ to fa%ion !m into m5 & wom5 ( an
 approv$ type4 ,a *>ge s influ5tial is  
committ$ to nobody else 9 ! community1 n
 ev5 to ! m9i/]s2 = ?\gh ^! h a m se>*+ 
aim1 !y are directly occupi$ ) x b "o   
day in/ead ( six1 b "o h\r in/ead (     
five4 ,accord+ly1 z ! tract ( k has     
wid5$1 & ! creative opportunities       
involv$ 9 conduct+ a "y p]son ov] x h   
correspond+ly become app>5t1 ! pr(ession
 ( tea*+ has ris5 to a notable height ( 
dignity & attractiv5ess4 ,x has mov$ f a
 subord9ate to a c5tral place 9 social  
influ5ce1 & n[ und]takes mu* ( ! "w :i* 
=m]ly fell to ! *ur*4 ,ea* ye> div9ity  
s*ools attract few] /ud5ts1 graduate &  
normal s*ools m4 ,on s*ool & college    
in/ruction ! community n[ be/[s its     
*oice/ m9ds1 its highe/ hopes1 & its    

l>ge/ sums4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aijc-jd !      
,unit$ ,/ates sp5t = tea*+ n less ?an   
#cej1jjj1jjj4  ,su* weighty "w is ill   
adapt$ = amateurs4 ,^? :o take x up =   
brief times & to make money usually f9d 
x unsatisfactory4 ,success is r>e1 !    
h\rs are fix$ & long1 !re is repetition 
& monotony1 & ! tea*] passes 8 days     
among inf]iors4 ,nor are ! pecuni>y ga9s
 consid]able4 ,!re are few prizes1 &    
nei!r 9 s*ool nor 9 college w a tea*]'s 
ord9>y income c>ry him mu* above want4  
,college tea*+ is fall+ m & m into ! h&s
 ( m5 ( indep5d5t means4 ,! poor c h>dly
 af=d to engage 9 x4 ,private s*ools1 x 
is true1 (t5 %[ l>ge incomes2 b !y are  
e>n$ by ! proprietors1 n ! tea*]s4 ,on !
 :ole1 tea*+ z a trade is poor &        
disappo9t+ bus9ess4  ,:51 h[ev]1 x is   
ent]$ z a pr(ession1 z a s]i\s &        
difficult f9e art1 !re are few          
employm5ts m satisfy+4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry
 ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 are foll[+ x ) a     
passionate devotion :i* takes little    
acc\nt ( ! income receiv$4 ,a trade aims

 prim>ily at p]sonal ga92 a pr(ession at
 ! ex]cise ( p[]s b5eficial to mank9d4  
,?is prime aim ( ! "o1 x is true1 (t5   
prop]ly becomes a subord9ate aim ( !    
o!r4 ,pr(essional m5 may ev5 be said to 
(f] w>es ( _! own--cures1 conv]sions1   
c\rt victories1 le>n+--mu* z trad]s d1 &
 to receive 9 return a k9d ( rew>d4 ,b !
 bus9ess ( ! lawy]1 doctor1 prea*]1 &   
tea*] nev] squ>es itself by equival5t   
ex*ange4 ,^! m5 d n give s mu* = s mu*4 
,!y give 9 lump & !y get 9 lump1 )\t    
precise balance4 ,! :ole notion ( b>ga9 
is inapplicable 9 a sph]e :]e ! ga9s (  
him :o s]ves & him :o is s]v$ co9cide2 &
 t is l>gely ! case ) ! pr(essions4 ,ea*
 ( !m furni%es its special opportunity =
 ! use ( p[]s :i* ! possessor takes     
delight 9 ex]cis+4 ,h>v>d ,college pays 
me = do+ :at ,i w\ld gladly pay x =     
all[+ me to d4 ,no pr(essional man1 !n1 
?9ks ( giv+ accord+ to measure4 ,once   
engag$1 he gives 8 be/1 gives 8 p]sonal 
int]e/1 himself4 ,8 he>t is 9 8 "w1 & = 
?is no equival5t is possible2 :at is    

accept$ is 9 ! nature ( a fee1 gratuity1
 or consid]ation1 :i* enables him :o    
receives x to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 expect$    
mode ( life4 ,! real paym5t is ! "w     
itself1 ?is & ! *ance to jo9 ) o!r      
memb]s ( ! pr(ession 9 guid+ & enl>g+ ! 
sph]e ( its activities4  ,! idea1       
sometimes advanc$1 t ! pr(essions might 
be ennobl$ by pay+ !m p[]fully1 is      
fanta/ic4 ,_! great attraction is _!    
removal f sordid aims4 ,m money %\ld    
c]ta9ly be sp5t on sev]al ( !m4 ,_!     
memb]s %\ld be bett] protect$ aga9/     
want1 anxiety1 neglect1 & bad conditions
 ( labor4 ,to d 8 be/ "w "o ne$s n m]ely
 to live1 b to live well4 ,yet 9 t      
increase ( sal>ies :i* is urg5tly ne$$1 
c>e %\ld be us$ n to all[ ! att5tion ( !
 pr(essional man to be div]t$ f :at is  
important1--! outgo ( 8 "w1--& become   
fix$ on :at is m]ely incid5tal1--8      
income4 ,:5 a pr(essor 9 "o ( our l>ge  
univ]sities1 ang]$ by ! refusal ( !     
presid5t to raise 8 sal>y on 8 be+ call$
 else:]e1 impati5tly exclaim$1 ,mr4     

,presid5t1 y are bank+ on ! devotion ( u
 tea*]s1 kn[+ t we d n will+ly leave ?is
 place1 ! presid5t prop]ly repli$1      
,c]ta9ly1 & no college c be manag$ on   
any o!r pr9ciple4 ,pr(essional m5 are n 
s silly z to despise money2 b aft] all1 
x is int]e/ 9 _! "w1 & n ! ?\ght (      
sal>y1 :i* pr$om9antly holds !m4        
,accord+ly 9 ?is pap] ,i address ^? only
 :o are drawn to tea*+ by ! love ( x1 :o
 reg>d x z ! mo/ vital ( ! ,f9e ,arts1  
:o int5d to give _! lives to ma/]+ its  
subtleties1 & :o are ready to meet "s   
h>d%ips & to put up ) mod]ate f>e if !y 
may w9 its ri* opportunities4  ,b       
suppos+ su* a temp]1 :at special        
qualifications w ! "w require8 ,! "q    
ask$ ?us broadly admits no precise      
answ]2 = 9 reality !re is no human      
excell5ce :i* is n useful = u tea*]s4   
,no good quality c be ?\ght ( :i* we c  
af=d to drop4 ,"s day we %all discov] a 
di/urb+ vacuum 9 ! spot :i* x left4 ,b  
,i propose a m limit$ problem3 :at are  
^? *>act]i/ics ( ! tea*] )\t :i* he mu/ 

fail1 & :at ^? :i*1 once 81 w almo/     
c]ta9ly insure him success8 ,are !re any
 su* ess5tials1 & h[ _m8 ,on ?is matt]  
,i h pond]$ long2 =1 tea*+ ?irty-n9e    
ye>s 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 ,i h ea* ye>    
f\nd out a little m fully my own        
incompet5ce4 ,i h ?us be5 =c$ to ask    
myself ! d\ble "q1 ?r\gh :at lacks d ,i 
fail1 & 9 :at direction lie ! roots ( my
 small successes8 ,( late ye>s ,i ?9k ,i
 h hit on ^! roots ( success & h come to
 believe t !re are f\r ( !m1--f\r       
*>act]i/ics :i* e tea*] mu/ possess4 ,( 
c\rse he may possess z _m m z he        
likes1--inde$1 ! m ! bett]4 ,b ^! f\r   
appe> fundam5tal4 ,i w briefly "n !m4   
,fir/1 a tea*] mu/ h an aptitude =      
vic>i\sness2 & second1 an already       
accumulat$ weal?2 & ?ird1 an ability to 
invigorate life ?r\gh k2 & f\r?1 a      
read9ess to be =gott54 ,hav+ ^!1 any    
tea*] is secure4 ,lack+ !m1 lack+ ev5   
"o1 he is liable to s]i\s failure4 ,b z 
"h /at$ !y h a curi\sly cabali/ic s\nd &
 %[ little relation to ! ne$s ( any     

pr(ession4 ,!y h be5 /at$ ) too mu*     
cond5sation1 & h become un9telligible   
?r\gh be+ too exact4 ,let me repair !   
error by successively exp&+ !m4  ,!     
tea*]'s art takes its rise 9 :at ,i call
 an aptitude = vic>i\sness4 ,z ye> by   
ye> my college boys prep>e to g =? into 
life1 "s lagg>d is sure to come to me & 
say1 ,i want a little advice4 ,mo/ ( my 
classmates h _! m9ds made up ab\t :at !y
 are go+ to d4 ,i am /ill unc]ta94 ,i r 
incl9e to be a tea*]1 because ,i am fond
 ( books & suspect t 9 any o!r pr(ession
 ,i c give !m b little "t4 ,bus9ess m5 d
 n read4 ,lawy]s only consult books4 ,& 
,i am by no means sure t m9i/]s h read  
all ! books !y quote4 ,on ! :ole x seems
 safe/ to *oose a pr(ession 9 :i* books 
w be my daily companions4 ,s ,i turn    
t[>d tea*+4 ,b be=e settl+ ! matt] ,i   
?\ght ,i w\ld ask h[ y reg>d !          
pr(ession4 ,a noble pr(ession1 ,i answ]1
 b q unfit = y4 ,i w\ld advise y to     
become a lawy]1 a c> conductor1 or      
some?+ equally h>mless4 ,d n turn to    

any?+ s p]il\s z tea*+4 ,y w\ld ru9 bo? 
x & y\rself2 = y are look+ 9 exactly !  
wrong direction4  ,su* an inquir] is "u 
a common misconception4 ,! tea*]'s task 
is n prim>ily ! acquisition ( k1 b !    
imp>tation ( x1--an entirely diff]5t    
matt]4 ,we tea*]s are =ev] tak+ ?\ghts  
out ( our m9ds & putt+ !m else:]e4 ,s   
long z we are cont5t to keep !m 9 our   
possession1 we are n tea*]s at all4 ,"o 
:o is int]e/$ 9 lay+ hold on wisdom is  
likely to become a s*ol>4 ,& :ile no    
d\bt x is well = a tea*] to be a fair   
s*ol>1--,i h kn[n sev]al su*1--t is n ! 
ma9 ?+4 ,:at con/itutes ! tea*] is !    
passion to make s*ol>s2 & aga9 & aga9 x 
happ5s t ! great s*ol> has no su*       
passion :atev]4  ,b ev5 t passion is    
useless )\t aid f imag9ation4 ,at e     
in/ant ( ! tea*]'s life he mu/ be       
controll$ by ?is mighty p[]4 ,mo/ human 
be+s are cont5t$ ) liv+ "o life &       
delight$ if !y c pass t agreeably4 ,b   
?is is f> f en\gh = u tea*]s4 ,we       
incessantly g outside ourselves & ent]  

into ! _m lives ab\t u1--lives dull1    
d>k1 & un9telligible to any b an eye l  
ours4 ,& ?is is imag9ation1 ! sympa!tic 
creation 9 ourselves ( conditions :i*   
belong to o!rs4 ,our pr(ession is !re=e 
a d\ble-end$ "o4 ,we inspect tru? z x   
rises fre% & int]e/+ be=e our eag]      
sight4 ,b t is only ! beg9n+ ( our task4
 ,swiftly we !n seize ! l9es ( lea/     
intellectual resi/ance 9 ali5 m9ds &1 ) 
p]petual ref]5ce to ^!1 foll[ our tru?  
till x is safely lodg$ beyond ourselves4
 ,ea* m9d has its peculi> set (         
frictions4 ,^? ( our pupils c nev] be ! 
same z ours4 ,we h pass$ f> on & "k all 
ab\t our subject4 ,= u x we>s an        
altoge!r diff]5t look f t :i* x has =   
beg9n]s4 ,x is _! p]plexities :i* we mu/
 reproduce &--z if a rose %\ld %ut & be 
a bud aga9--we mu/ reassume 9 our       
develop$ & accu/om$ s\ls some?+ ( !     
innoc5ce ( *ildhood4 ,su* is ! exquisite
 bus9ess ( ! tea*]1 to c>ry himself back
 ) all 8 weal? ( k & und]/& h[ 8 subject
 %\ld appe> to ! meagre m9d ( "o glanc+ 

at x = ! fir/ "t4  ,& :at absurd blund]s
 we make 9 ! process6 ,becom+ imm]s$ 9  
our own side ( ! affair1 we bl9d        
ourselves & readily attribute to our    
pupils modes ( ?\ght :i* are n 9 ! lea/ 
!irs4 ,i rememb] a lesson ,i _h on ?is  
po9t1 ,i :o _h be5 tea*+ e?ics half a   
lifetime4 ,my nephew1 five ye>s old1 0  
fond ( /ories f ! ,odyssey4 ,he w\ld    
creep into b$ ) me 9 ! morn+ & beg = !m4
 ,"o ,sunday1 aft] ,i _h giv5 him a     
pretty /iff bit ( adv5ture1 x occurr$ to
 me t x 0 an appropriate day = a moral4 
,ulysses 0 a v brave man1 ,i rem>k$4    
,yes1 he said1 & ,i am v brave4 ,i saw  
my opportunity & seiz$ x4 ,t is true1   
said ,i4 ,y h be5 ga9+ c\rage lately4 ,y
 us$ to cry easily1 b y don't d t       
n[adays4 ,:5 y want to cry n[1 y ?9k h[ 
l a baby x w\ld be to cry1 or h[ y w\ld 
di/urb "m & upset ! h\se2 & s y conclude
 n to cry4 ,! little fell[ seem$        
hopelessly puzzl$4 ,he lay sil5t a m9ute
 or two & !n said1 ,well no1 ,uncle1 ,i 
don't d t4 ,i j g %-%-%1 & ,i don't4    

,!re ! moral crisis is /at$ 9 its       
simplicity2 & ,i _h be5 putt+ (f on t   
holy little nature sophi/ications borr[$
 f my own batt]$ life4  ,b :ile ,i am   
expla9+ ! blund]s caus$ by              
self-engrossm5t & lack ( imag9ation1 let
 me %[ :at slight adju/m5ts w sometimes 
c>ry u pa/ depress+ difficulties4 ,"o   
ye> :5 ,i 0 lectur+ on "s intricate     
problems ( obligation1 ,i began to d\bt 
:e!r my class 0 foll[+ me1 & ,i det]m9$ 
t ,i w\ld make !m talk4 ,s ! next day ,i
 con/ruct$ an +5i\s e?ical case &1 aft] 
/at+ x to ! class1 ,i said1 ,suppos+ n[ 
! /ate ( affairs 7 ?us & ?us1 & !       
int]e/s ( ! p]sons involv$ 7 su* & su*1 
h[ w\ld y decide ! "q ( "r1--,mr4       
,jones4 ,poor ,jones rose 9 confusion4  
,y mean1 he said1 if ! case 7 z y h /at$
 x8 ,well1 hm1 hm1 hm1--yes1--,i don't  
?9k ,i "k1 sir4 ,& he sat d[n4 ,i call$ 
on "o & ano!r ) ! same result4 ,a panic 
0 ^u !m1 & all _! m9ds 7 alike empty4 ,i
 w5t home disgu/$1 wond]+ :e!r !y _h    
compreh5d$ any?+ ,i _h said dur+ !      

previ\s =tnight1 & hop+ ,i might nev] h 
su* a /upid lot ( /ud5ts aga94 ,sudd5ly 
x fla%$ ^u me t x 0 ,i :o 0 /upid4 ,t is
 usually ! case :5 a class fails2 x is !
 tea*]'s fault4 ,! next day ,i w5t back 
prep>$ to beg9 at ! "r end4 ,i began1   
,oh1 ,mr4 ,jones4 ,he rose1 & ,i proce$$
 to /ate ! situation z be=e4 ,by ! "t ,i
 paus$ he _h collect$ 8 wits1 _h work$  
(f 8 sup]flu\s flurry1 & 0 ready to give
 me an admirable answ]4 ,inde$ 9 a few  
m9utes ! :ole class 0 engag$ 9 an eag]  
discussion4 ,my previ\s error _h be5 9 n
 rememb]+ t !y1 ,i1 & ev]ybody1 :5      
sudd5ly attack$ ) a big "q1 are n 9 !   
be/ condition = answ]+4 ,occupi$ z ,i 0 
) my end ( ! /ory1 ! que/ion+ end1 ,i _h
 n work$ 9 t d\ble-end$ fa%ion :i* alone
 c br+ ! tea*] success2 9 %ort1 ,i 0    
defici5t 9 vic>i\sness1--9 swiftly putt+
 myself 9 ! weak "o's place & be>+ 8    
burd54  ,n[ x is 9 ?is *ief bus9ess ( ! 
arti/ic tea*]1 to labor imag9atively    
himself 9 ord] to dim9i% ! labors ( 8   
sl5d] pupil1 t mo/ ( our failures occur4

 ,in/ead ( lam5t+ ! imp]vi\sness ( our  
pupils1 we _h bett] ask ourselves m     
frequ5tly :e!r we h neatly adju/$ our   
tea*+s to ! conditions ( _! m9ds4 ,we h 
no "r to tumble out 9 a mass :atev]     
comes into our heads1 leav+ to t feeble 
folk ! "w ( f9d+ 9 x :at ord] !y may4   
,ours x %\ld be to see t e beg9n+1      
middle1 & end ( :at we say is helpfully 
%ap$ = readie/ access to ^? less        
intellig5t & int]e/$ ?an we4 ,b ?is is  
vic>i\sness4 ,noblesse oblige4 ,9 ?is   
pr(ession any "o :o w be great mu/ be a 
nimble s]vant1 8 head full ( o!rs' ne$s4
  ,"s disc\rag$ tea*]1 glad to discov] t
 8 pa/ failures h be5 due to ! abs5ce ( 
sympa!tic imag9ation1 may resolve t he w
 n commit t blund] aga94 ,on go+ to 8   
class to-morr[ he w look out ^u 8       
subject ) 8 pupils' eyes1 n ) 8 own4    
,let him attempt x1 & 8 pupils w surely 
say to "o ano!r1 ,:at is ! matt] to-day 
) tea*]8 ,!y w get no?+ f t ex]cise4    
,no1 :at is want$ is n a resolve1 b an  
aptitude4 ,! "t = us+ vic>i\sness is n !

 "t = acquir+ x4 ,r x is ! "t = dismiss+
 all ?\ghts ( x f ! m9d4 ,on ent]+ !    
classroom we %\ld leave e consid]ation (
 me?od outside ! door1 & talk simply z  
int]e/$ m5 & wom5 9 :atev] way comes mo/
 natural to u4 ,b into t nature         
vic>i\sness %\ld long ago h be5 wr\ght4 
,x %\ld be already on h&4 ,=tunate we if
 our great-gr&mo!r suppli$ u ) x be=e we
 7 born4 ,!re are p]sons :o1 ) all good 
w1 c nev] be tea*]s4 ,!y are n made 9 t 
way4 ,_! bus9ess x is to pry into k1 to 
engage 9 action1 to make money1 or to   
pursue :atev] o!r aim _! p[]s dictate2 b
 !y d n readily ?9k 9 t]ms ( ! o!r      
p]son4 ,!y %\ld n1 !n1 be tea*]s4  ,!   
tea*]'s habit is well summ$ 9 !         
,apo/le's rule1 ,look n e man on 8 own  
?+s1 b e man also--x is d\ble--on ! ?+s 
( o!rs4 ,& ?is habit %\ld become z ne>ly
 z possible an in/9ct4 ,until x is r5d]$
 in/9ctive & passes beyond consci\s     
direction1 x w be ( little wor?4 ,let u 
!n1 z we g into society1 z we walk !    
/reets1 z we sit at table1 practice     

altrui/ic limb]ness & le>n to escape f  
ourselves4 ,a true tea*] is always      
m$itat+ 8 "w1 discipl9+ himself = 8     
pr(ession1 prob+ ! problems ( 8 glori\s 
art1 & see+ illu/ration ( !m ev]y:]e4 ,9
 only "o place is he fre$ f su*         
criticism1 & t is 9 8 classroom4 ,"h 9 !
 mom5t ( action he lets himself g1      
unhamp]$ by !ory1 us+ ! nature acquir$  
else:]e1 & utt]+ z simply z possible !  
fulness ( 8 m9d & he>t4 ,direct human   
int]c\rse requires in/9ctive aptitudes4 
,till altrui/ic vic>i\sness has become  
our second nature1 we %all n deeply     
influ5ce anybody4  ,b sympa!tic         
imag9ation is n all a tea*] ne$s4       
,exclusive altruism is absurd4 ,on ?is  
po9t too ,i once got in/ruction f ! m\?s
 ( babes & suckl+s4 ,! *ildr5 ( a fri5d 
( m9e1 *ildr5 ( six & f\r1 _h j gone to 
b$4 ,_! "m ov]he>d !m talk+ :5 !y %\ld h
 be5 asleep4 ,wond]+ :at !y might ne$1  
%e /epp$ into ! entry & li/5$4 ,!y 7    
discuss+ :at !y 7 "h 9 ! _w =4 ,t is    
ab\t ! size ( problems commonly f\nd 9  

infant m9ds4 ,! little girl sugge/$ t we
 are probably 9 ! _w to help o!rs4 ,:y1 
no inde$1 ,mabel1 said h] big bro!r1 =  
!n :at w\ld o!rs be "h =8 ,precisely6   
,if any?+ is only fit to give away1 x is
 n fit = t4 ,we mu/ "k & prize its      
goodness 9 ourselves be=e g5]osity is   
ev5 possible4  ,pla9ly1 !n1 beside 8    
aptitude = vic>i\sness1 our ideal tea*] 
w ne$ ! second qualification ( an       
already accumulat$ weal?4 ,^! hungry    
pupils are draw+ all _! n\ri%m5t f u1 & 
h we got x to give8 ,!y w be poor1 if we
 are poor2 ri* if we are weal?y4 ,we are
 _! s\rce ( supply4 ,e "t we cut        
ourselves (f f nutrition1 we enfeeble   
!m4 ,& h[ frequ5tly devot$ tea*]s make  
?is mi/ake6 d$icat+ !mselves s to !     
imm$iate ne$s ( ^? ab\t !m t !y !mselves
 gr[ ?9n] ea* ye>4 ,we all "k ! tea*]'s 
face4 ,x is meagre1 worn1 sacrificial1  
anxi\s1 p[]less4 ,t is exactly !        
opposite ( :at x %\ld be4 ,! tea*] %\ld 
be ! big b\nte\s be+ ( ! community4 ,o!r
 p may get along tol]ably by hold+      

:atev] small k comes _! way4 ,a mod]ate 
/ock w pretty well s]ve _! private turn4
 ,b t is n our case4 ,supply+ a         
multitude1 we ne$ weal? suffici5t = a   
multitude4 ,we %\ld !n be clut*+ at k on
 e side4 ,no?+ mu/ escape u4 ,x is a    
mi/ake to reject a bit ( tru? because x 
lies outside our prov9ce4 ,"s day we    
%all ne$ x4 ,all k is our prov9ce4  ,9  
prep>+ a lecture ,i f9d ,i always h to  
"w h>de/ on ! ?+s ,i d n say4 ,! ?+s ,i 
am sure to say ,i c easily get up4 ,!y  
are obvi\s & g5]ally accessible4 ,b !y1 
,i f9d1 are n en\gh4 ,i mu/ h a broad   
backgr\nd ( k :i* does n appe> 9 spee*4 
,i h to g ov] my entire subject & see h[
 ! ?+s ,i am to say look 9 _! v>i\s     
relations1 trac+ out connections :i* ,i 
%all n pres5t to my class4 ,"o might ask
 :at is ! use ( ?is8 ,:y prep>e m matt] 
?an c be us$8 ,e successful tea*] kn[s4 
,i _c tea* "r up to ! edge ( my k )\t a 
fe> ( fall+ (f4 ,my pupils discov] ?is  
fe>1 & my words are ineffective4 ,!y    
feel ! influ5ce ( :at ,i d n say4 ,"o _c

 precisely expla9 x2 b :5 ,i move freely
 across my subject z if x matt]$ little 
on :at "p ( x ,i re/1 !y get a s5se (   
assur$ p[] :i* is compulsive &          
fructify+4 ,! subject acquires          
consequ5ce1 _! m9ds swell1 & !y are eag]
 to ent] regions ( :i* !y _h n previ\sly
 ?\ght4  ,ev51 !n1 to tea* a small ?+   
well we mu/ be l>ge4 ,i ask$ a tea*] :at
 h] subject 01 & %e answ]$1 ,ari?metic 9
 ! ?ird grade4 ,b :]e is ! ?ird grade   
f\nd8 ,9 k1 or 9 ! s*ools8 ,unhappily x 
is 9 ! s*ools4 ,b if "o w\ld be a tea*] 
( ari?metic1 x mu/ be ari?metic %e      
tea*es & n ?ird grade at all4 ,we _c    
accept ^! artificial b\nds )\t damage4  
,in/ead ( accumulat$ weal? !y w br+ u   
accumulat$ pov]ty1 & increase x e day4  
,ye>s ago at ,h>v>d we began to discuss 
! e/abli%m5t ( a ,graduate ,s*ool2 & ,i1
 a "y in/ructor1 /eadily vot$ aga9/ x4  
,my ?\ght 0 ?is3 ,h>v>d ,college1 9     
spite ( :at ! public imag9es1 is a place
 ( sl5d] res\rces4 ,our means are       
inadequate = tea*+ ev5 und]graduates4 ,b

 graduate in/ruction is va/ly m         
exp5sive2 c\rses compos$ ( half a doz5  
/ud5ts take ! "t ( ! able/ pr(essors4 ,i
 ?\ght we c\ld n af=d ?is4 ,:y n leave  
graduate in/ruction to a univ]sity :i*  
gives itself entirely to t task8 ,w\ld x
 n be wis] to sp5d ourselves on ! l[]   
ranges ( le>n+1 cov]+ ^! adequately1 ?an
 to try to spread ourselves ov] ! entire
 field8  ,d\bt+ s1 ,i = "s "t oppos$ !  
com+ ( a ,graduate ,s*ool4 ,b a lum9\s  
rem>k ( our great ,presid5t %[$ me !    
error ( my ways4 ,9 ! c\rse ( debate he 
said "o ev5+1 ,x is n prim>ily = !      
graduates t ,i c>e = ?is s*ool2 x is = !
 und]graduates4 ,we %all nev] get good  
tea*+ "h s long z our in/ructors set a  
limit to _! subjects4 ,:5 !y are call$  
on to foll[ ^! ?r\gh\t1 trac+ !m f> (f  
t[>d ! unkn[n1 !y may become good       
tea*]s2 b n be=e4  ,i w5t home m$itat+4 
,i saw t ! ,presid5t 0 "r1 & t ,i 0     
myself 9 dang] ( ! /agnation he         
deprecat$4 ,i *ang$ my vote1 z did o!rs4
 ,! ,graduate ,s*ool 0 e/abli%$2 & ( all

 ! influ5ces :i* h contribut$ to raise !
 /&>d ( s*ol>%ip at ,h>v>d1 bo? = tea*]s
 & taught1 t graduate "w seems to me !  
greate/4 ,e pr(essor n[ mu/ be ! ma/] ( 
a field ( k1 & n ( a few pa?s runn+     
?r\gh x4  ,b ! ideal tea*] w accumulate 
weal?1 n m]ely = 8 pupils' sake1 b = 8  
own4 ,to be a great tea*] "o mu/ be a   
great p]sonality1 & )\t ard5t &         
individual ta/es ! roots ( our be+ are n
 f$4 ,= develop+ p]sonal p[] x is well1 
!re=e1 = ea* tea*] to cultivate int]e/s 
unconnect$ ) 8 (ficial "w4 ,let !       
ma!matician turn to ! ,engli% poets1 !  
tea*] ( classics to ! /udy ( birds &    
fl[]s1 & ea* w ga9 a lightness1 a fre$om
 f exhau/ion1 a m5tal hospitality1 :i* c
 only be acquir$ 9 "s dis9t]e/$ pursuit4
 ,su* a private subject becomes d\bly   
de> because x is j our own4 ,we pursue x
 z we w2 we let x call out our          
irresponsible ?\ghts2 & f x we ord9>ily 
c>ry (f a note ( di/9ction lack+ 9 ^? ^:
 lives are too tightly organiz$4  ,to   
?is second qualification ( ! tea*]1     

h[ev]1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to prefix a      
condition simil> to t :i* 0 add$ to !   
fir/4 ,we ne$ n m]ely weal?1 b an       
already accumulat$ weal?4 ,at ! mom5t :5
 weal? is want$ x _c be acquir$4 ,x %\ld
 h be5 ga!r$ & /or$ be=e ! occasion     
arose4 ,:at is m pitiable ?an :5 a p]son
 :o desires to be a b5efactor looks 9 8 
*e/ & f9ds x empty8 ,special k is want$1
 or tra9$ insight1 or pr(essional skill1
 or s\nd practical judgm5t2 & ! tea*] :o
 is call$ on has gone ?r\gh no su*      
discipl9e z assures ^! res\rces4 ,i am  
incl9$ to ?9k t wom5 are m liable to ?is
 sort ( bankruptcy ?an m54 ,_! sex is m 
sympa!tic ?an ours & !y sp5d m ha/ily4  
,!y w drop :at !y are do+ & run if a    
baby cries4 ,excell5ce requires a c]ta9 
h>dihood ( he>t1 :ile quick             
responsiv5ess is de/ructive ( ! l>g]    
giv+4 ,he :o w\ld be greatly g5]\s mu/  
tra9 himself long & t5aci\sly1 )\t mu*  
att5tion to mom5t>y calls4 ,! plan ( !  
,great ,tea*]1 by :i* he took ?irty ye>s
 = acquisition & ?ree = be/[al1 is n    

unwise1 provid$ t we too c say1 ,= _!   
sakes ,i sanctify myself4  ,b ! two     
qualifications ( ! tea*] already nam$ w 
n alone suffice4 ,i h kn[n p]sons :o 7  
sympa!tically imag9ative1 & :o c\ld n be
 d5i$ to possess l>ge intellectual      
weal?1 :o /ill fail$ z tea*]s4 ,"o ne$s 
a ?ird some?+1 ! p[] to invigorate life 
?r\gh le>n+4 ,we d n always notice h[ k 
naturally buffets4 ,x is (f5sive /uff1 &
 makes "y & :olesome m9ds rebel4 ,& well
 x may2 = :5 we le>n any?+1 we are      
oblig$ to break up ! _w1 inspect x      
piecemeal1 & let our m9ds seize x bit by
 bit4 ,n[ ab\t a fragm5t !re is always  
some?+ repulsive4 ,any "o :o is normally
 con/itut$ mu/ draw back 9 horror1 feel+
 t :at is br\ght him has little to d ) !
 beautiful _w he has kn[n4 ,:]e 0 !re   
ev] a heal?y *ild :o did n hate !       
multiplication table8 ,a boy :o did n   
dete/ su* ab/ractions z sev5 times eight
 w\ld h>dly be wor? educat+4 ,by no     
+5uity c we relieve k ( ?is un=tunate   
peculi>ity4 ,x mu/ be tak5 9 disjo9t$   

portions4 ,t is ! way att5tion is made4 
,9 consequ5ce ea* ( u mu/ be to "s ext5t
 a speciali/1 devot+ himself to c]ta9   
sides ( ! _w & neglect+ o!rs q z        
important4 ,^! are ! conditions "u :i*  
we imp]fect creatures "w4 ,our sight is 
n _w-wide4 ,:5 we give our att5tion to  
"o object1 by t v act we )draw x f o!rs4
 ,9 ?is way our *ildr5 mu/ le>n & h _!  
expansive natures subdu$ to p$agogic    
exig5cies4  ,because ?is belittlem5t    
?r\gh ! me?od ( approa* is inevitable1 x
 is all-important t ! tea*] %\ld possess
 a supplem5tal dignity1 replac+ !       
oppressive s5se ( pett9ess ) /imulat+   
intimations ( high ?+s 9 /ore4 ,p>tly on
 ?is acc\nt a book is an imp]fect       
in/ructor4 ,tru? !re1 be+ imp]sonal1    
seems untrue1 ab/ract1 & insignificant4 
,x ne$s to %9e ?r\gh a human be+ be=e x 
c ex]t its vital =ce on a "y /ud5t4 ,q z
 mu* = vital transmission z =           
intellectual elucidation1 is a tea*]    
employ$4 ,8 consolidat$ "* exhibits !   
ga9s :i* come f /udy4 ,he ne$ n po9t !m 

out4 ,if he is a s*ol>1 !re w appe> 9   
him an augu/ness1 accuracy1 fulness ( k1
 a buoyant en?usiasm ev5 9 drudg]y1 & an
 un%akable confid5ce t o!rs mu/ soon see
 & enjoy :at has enri*$ himself2 & all  
?is w quickly convey itself to 8 /ud5ts 
& create att5tion 9 8 classroom4 ,su*   
k9dl+ ( int]e/ is ! great function ( !  
tea*]4 ,p sometimes say1 ,i %\ld l to   
tea* if only pupils c>$ to le>n4 ,b !n  
!re w\ld be little ne$ ( tea*+4 ,boys :o
 h made up _! m9ds t k is wor? :ile are 
pretty sure to get x1 )\t reg>d to      
tea*]s4 ,our *ief conc]n is ) ^? :o are 
unawak5$4 ,9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel ,mi*ael    
,angelo has depict$ ! ,almighty mov+ 9  
cl\ds ov] ! rugg$ e>? :]e lies ! newly  
creat$ ,adam1 h>dly aw>e ( himself4 ,!  
tips ( ! f+]s t\*1 ! ,"l's & ,adam's1 & 
! huge frame loses its in]tness & re>s  
itself into action4 ,su* may be !       
electrify+ t\* ( ! tea*]4  ,b x mu/ be  
confess$ t n infrequ5tly1 in/ead (      
invigorat+ life ?r\gh k1 we tea*]s r$uce
 our classes to complete passivity4 ,!  

blund] is n altoge!r ours1 b is sugge/$ 
by c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( k itself3 = h[ c 
a le>n] beg9 )\t submitt+ 8 m9d1 accept+
 facts1 li/5+ to au?ority1 9 %ort becom+
 ob$i5t8 ,he is call$ on to put aside 8 
own notions & take :at tru? dictates4 ,i
 h said t k buffets1 =c+ u into an almo/
 slavi% attitude1 & t ?is is res5t$ by  
vigor\s natures4 ,9 almo/ e s*ool "s ( !
 mo/ orig9al1 aggressive1 & indep5d5t   
boys /& l[ 9 _! classes1 :ile at ! top  
/& gr9ds1--objects ( horror to all      
heal?y s\ls4  ,n[ x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess
 to see t ! onslaught ( k does n        
enfeeble4 ,betwe5 ! two sides ( k1      
in=mation & intellig5ce1 he is to keep !
 balance true4 ,:ile a boy is tak+ 9    
facts1 facts n all[$ to be twi/$ by any 
fancy or c>elessness1 he is all ! "t to 
be made to feel t ^! facts (f] him a    
field = critical & con/ructive action4  
,if !y leave him inactive1 docile1 &    
plodd+1 !re is some?+ wrong ) ! tea*+4  
,facts are p]nici\s :5 !y subjugate & d 
n quick5 ! m9d t grasps !m4 ,education  

%\ld unfold u & tru? toge!r2 & to enable
 x to d s ! le>n] mu/ nev] be all[$ to  
s9k into a m]e recipi5t4 ,he %\ld be    
call$ on to ?9k1 to obs]ve1 to =m 8 own 
judgm5ts1 ev5 at ! risk ( error &       
crudity4 ,tempor>y "o-sid$ness &        
extravagance is n too high a price to   
pay = orig9ality4 ,& ?is developm5t (   
p]sonal vigor1 emphasiz$ 9 our day by ! 
elective sy/em & indep5d5t rese>*1 is ! 
great aim ( education4 ,x %\ld affect ! 
l[] ranges ( /udy z truly z ! high]4 ,! 
m]e contemplation ( tru? is always a    
dead5+ affair4 ,_m a dull class 9 s*ool 
& college w\ld come to life if simply   
giv5 some?+ to d4 ,until ! m9d reacts = 
itself on :at x receives1 its education 
is h>dly begun4  ,! tea*] :o leads x s  
to react may be truly call$ productive1 
productive ( human be+s4 ,! noble ^w has
 rec5tly become ,g]maniz$ & corrupt$1 & 
is n[ h>dly m ?an a piece ( educational 
slang4 ,accord+ to ! judgm5ts ( to-day a
 tea*] may be unimag9ative1 p$antic1    
dull1 & may make 8 /ud5ts no less s2 he 

w /ill des]ve a cr[n ( wild olive z a   
productive man if he neglects 8         
classroom = ! pr9t+ press4 ,b ?is is to 
put fir/ ?+s second & second ?+s fir/4  
,he :o is orig9al & fecund1 & kn[s h[ to
 beget a simil> _s 9 8 /ud5ts1 w        
naturally wi% to express himself beyond 
8 classroom4 ,by snat*+ ! fragm5ts ( "t 
:i* 8 ardu\s "w all[s1 he may accompli% 
mu* wor?y writ+ & probably increase too 
8 wor? = 8 college1 8 /ud5ts1 & himself4
 ,b ! bus9ess ( book-mak+ is1 aft] all1 
collat]al ) u tea*]s4 ,n = ?is are we   
employ$1 desirable ?\gh x is = %[+ ! k9d
 ( m9d we be>4 ,_m ( my mo/ productive  
colleagues h pr9t$ little or no?+1 ?\gh 
!y h left a deep m>k on ! life & sci5ce 
( our "t4 ,i w\ld enc\rage publication4 
,x keeps ! solit>y /ud5t heal?y1 enables
 him to f9d 8 place among 8 fell[s1 & m 
di/9ctly to e/imate ! contributions he  
is mak+ to 8 subject4 ,b let him nev]   
neglect 8 prop] "w = t :i* mu/ always h 
9 x an elem5t ( adv]tis+4  ,too long ,i 
h delay$ ! f\r?1 ! disagreeable1 section

 ( my pap]4 ,briefly x is ?is3 a tea*]  
mu/ h a read9ess to be =gott54 ,& :at is
 h>d]8 ,we may be excell5t p]sons1 may  
be daily do+ k9dnesses1 & yet n be q    
will+ to h ^? k9dnesses ov]look$4 ,_m a 
man is ready to be g5]\s1 if by x he c  
w9 praise4 ,! love ( praise1--x is almo/
 our la/ infirmity2 b !re is no m baffl+
 infirmity = ! tea*]4 ,if praise &      
recognition are de> to him1 he may z    
well /op "w4 ,de> to him p]haps !y mu/  
be1 z a human be+2 b z a tea*]1 he is   
call$ on to rise above ord9>y human     
conditions4 ,:oev] has foll[$ me ?us f> 
w p]ceive ! reason4 ,i h %[n t a tea*]  
does n live = himself1 b = 8 pupil & = !
 tru? :i* he imp>ts4 ,8 aim is to be a  
colorless m$ium ?r\gh :i* t tru? may %9e
 on op5+ m9ds4 ,h[ c he be ?is if he is 
cont9ually int]pos+ himself & say+1     
,in/ead ( look+ at ! tru?1 my *ildr51   
look at me & see h[ skilfully ,i d my   
"w4 ,i ?\ght ,i taught y admirably      
to-day4 ,i hope y ?\ght s too4 ,no1 !   
tea*] mu/ keep himself entirely out ( ! 

way1 fix+ "y att5tion on ! pr(f]$ k & n 
on any?+ s small z ! "o :o br+s x4 ,only
 s c he be vic>i\s1 :ole-he>t$ 9        
invigorat+ ! lives committ$ to 8 *>ge4  
,moreov]1 any o!r c\rse is futile4 ,we  
_c tell :e!r ^? :om we are tea*+ h tak5 
our be/ po9ts or n4 ,^? be/ po9ts1 :at  
are !y8 ,we %all c\nt !m "o ?+1 our     
pupils ano!r4 ,we ga!r :at seems to u ( 
consequ5ce & p\r x out ^u our classes4  
,b if _! m9ds are n fitt$ to receive x1 
! little creatures h excell5t protective
 arrangem5ts :i* !y draw d[n1 & all we  
p\r is simply %$ z if no?+ _h fall52    
:ile aga9 we say some?+ s slight t we   
h>dly notice x1 b1 happ5+ to be j !     
nutritive elem5t :i* t small life !n    
ne$s1 x is caught up & turn$ into human 
fibre4 ,we _c tell4 ,we "w 9 ! d>k4 ,out
 ^u ! wat]s our bread is ca/1 & if we   
are wise we d n attempt to trace its    
return4  ,on ?is po9t ,i receiv$ capital
 in/ruction f "o ( my pupils4 ,9 tea*+ a
 c\rse on ,engli% ,empiricism ,i        
und]took a l9e ( exposition :i* ,i knew 

0 ab/ruse4 ,inde$1 ,i d\bt$ if _m ( !   
class c\ld foll[2 b !re on ! front seat 
sat "o ^: bright eyes 7 ev] ^u me4 ,x   
seem$ wor? :ile to tea* my ?ree or f\r  
be/ m51 t man 9 p>ticul>4 ,by ! end ( ! 
t]m !re 7 _m grumbl+s4 ,my class did n  
get mu* out ( me t ye>4 ,!y graduat$1 & 
a c\ple ( ye>s lat] ?is "y fell[ appe>$ 
at my door to say t he c\ld n pass ?r\gh
 ,cambridge )\t ?ank+ me = 8 "w on      
,locke1 ,b]keley1 & ,hume4 ,pleas$ to be
 assur$ t my que/ionable me?ods 7       
ju/ifi$1 & unwill+ to drop a subject s  
agreeable1 ,i ask$ if he c\ld tell      
precisely :]e ! value ( ! c\rse lay4    
,c]ta9ly1 he answ]$4 ,x all c5tr$ 9 a   
s+le rem>k ( ,locke's4 ,locke said we   
ought to h cle> & di/9ct ideas4 ,i don't
 ?9k ,i got any?+ else out ( ! c\rse4   
,well1 at fir/ ,i 0 incl9$ to ?9k !     
fell[ fooli%1 s to mi/ake a bit (       
commonplace = gospel tru?4 ,:y did he n 
li/5 to "s ( ! pr(\nd ?+s ,i 0 say+8 ,b 
on reflection ,i saw t he 0 "r & ,i     
wrong4 ,t trivial say+ _h come to him at

 a critical mom5t z a ^w ( p[]2 :ile !  
deep matt]s :i* int]e/$ me1 & :i* ,i _h 
be5 (f]+ him s confid5tly day by day1   
be+ unsuit$ to him1 _h pass$ him by4 ,he
 _h n he>d !m4  ,to su* prop]           
un?ankfulness we tea*]s mu/ accu/om     
ourselves4 ,we _c tell :at are our good 
de$s1 & %all only plague ourselves &    
h9d] our classes if we try to f9d out4  
,let u display our subjects z lucidly z 
possible1 all[ our pupils consid]able   
lic5se 9 appreh5sion1 & be cont5t       
ourselves to escape obs]vation4 ,b ?\gh 
:at we d rema9s unkn[n1 its results (t5 
awake deep affection4 ,few 9 ! community
 receive love m abundantly ?an we4      
,:]ev] we g1 we meet a smil+ face4      
,?r\gh\t ! _w1 by "s good =tune1 ! p]iod
 ( le>n+ is ! p]iod ( romance4 ,9 ^?    
halcyon days ( our boys & girls we h a  
%>e1 & ! gold5 lights :i* flood ! op5+  
ye>s are reflect$ on u4 ,?\gh our pupils
 _c foll[ our ef=ts 9 _! behalf1 & inde$
 ought n1--x be+ our art to conceal our 
art1--yet !y p]ceive t 9 ! ye>s :5 _!   

happy expansion occurr$ we 7 _! guides4 
,to u1 !re=e1 _! bl9d affections cl+ z  
to few beside _! p>5ts4 ,x is bett] to  
be lov$ ?an to be und]/ood4  ,p]haps "s 
read]s ( ?is pap] w beg9 to suspect t x 
is impossible to be a good tea*]4       
,c]ta9ly x is4 ,ea* ( ! f\r             
qualifications ,i h nam$ is endless4 ,n 
"o ( !m c be fully atta9$4 ,we c always 
be m imag9ative1 weal?y1 /imulat+1      
dis9t]e/$4 ,ea* ye> we creep a little   
ne>] to our goal1 only to f9d t a f9i%$ 
tea*] is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,our   
rea* w =ev] exce$ our grasp4 ,yet :at a 
delight 9 approximation6 ,ev5 9 our     
failures !re is com=t1 :5 we see t !y   
are g5]ally due n to te*nical b to      
p]sonal defects4 ,we h be5 putt+        
ourselves =w>d1 or h taught 9 me*anical 
r ?an vital fa%ion1 or h n und]tak5     
betimes ! labor ( prep>ation1 or h      
decl9$ ! tr\ble ( vic>i\sness4          
,evid5tly1 !n1 z we become bett] tea*]s 
we also become 9 "s sort bett] p]sons4  
,our beautiful art1 be+ s l>gely        

p]sonal1 w at la/ be se5 to connect     
itself ) ne>ly all o!r employm5ts4 ,e "m
 is a tea*]4 ,e m9i/]4 ,! lawy] tea*es !
 jury1 ! doctor 8 pati5t4 ,! clev]      
salesman might almo/ be said to use     
tea*+ 9 deal+ ) 8 cu/om]1 & all ( u to  
be tea*]s ( "o ano!r 9 daily int]c\rse4 
,z tea*+ is ! mo/ univ]sal ( !          
pr(essions1 ^? are =tunate :o are able  
to devote _! lives to its enri*+ /udy4  
,,ii  ,,e?ical ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,!     
,,s*ools   ,)9 a few ye>s a /rong dem&  
has aris5 = e?ical tea*+ 9 ! s*ools4    
,tea*]s !mselves h become int]e/$1 &    
:]ev] !y are ga!r$ ! "q1 ,:at %all ?is  
tea*+ be8 is eag]ly discuss$4 ,!        
educational j\rnals are full ( x4 ,)9 a 
ye> !re h be5 publi%$ sev5 books on !   
subject4 ,sev]al ( !m--x w\ld be h>dly  
an exagg]ation to say all--are books (  
m>k$ excell5ce4 ,seldom does s l>ge a   
p]c5tage ( books 9 a s+le ye>1 9 a s+le 
c\ntry1 & on a s+le subject rea* s high 
a level ( m]it4 ,i %all n criticise !m1 
h[ev]1 nor ev5 engage 9 ! popul>        

discussion ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,t         
discussion conc]ns itself *iefly ) !    
me?ods by :i* e?ics may be taught4 ,i   
wi% to g beh9d ?is controv]sy & to raise
 ! previ\s "q :e!r e?ics %\ld be taught 
to boys & girls at all4  ,evid5tly !re  
are /rong reasons :y x %\ld be4 ,always 
& ev]y:]e x is important t m5 %\ld be   
good4 ,to be a good man6--x is m ?an    
half ! fulfilm5t ( life4 ,bett] to miss 
fame1 weal?1 le>n+1 ?an to miss         
righte\sness4 ,& 9 ,am]ica1 too1 we mu/ 
dem& n ! m]e trifle t m5 %all be good = 
_! own sakes1 b good 9 ord] t ! life ( !
 /ate may be pres]v$4 ,a widespread     
righte\sness is 9 a republic a matt] (  
necessity4 ,:]e all rule all1 ea* man :o
 falls into evil c\rses infects 8       
neighbor1 corrupt+ ! law & corrupt+ /ill
 m its en=cem5t4 ,! "q ( manufactur+    
moral m5 becomes1 accord+ly1 9 a        
democracy1 urg5t to a degree unkn[n 9 a 
c\ntry :]e b a few select$ p]sons guide 
! /ate4  ,!re is also special urg5cy at 
! pres5t "t4 ,! anci5t & accr$it$ means 

( tra9+ y\? 9 goodness are becom+1 ,i w 
n say brok51 b enfeebl$ & di/ru/$4      
,hi!rto a l>ge "p ( ! moral in/ruction (
 mank9d has be5 sup]9t5d$ by ! cl]gy4 ,9
 e civiliz$ /ate ! exp5sive ma*9]y ( !  
,*ur* has be5 set up & plac$ 9 ! h&s (  
m5 ( dignity1 because x has be5 believ$ 
t by no o!r eng9e c we s effectively    
r5d] p upright4 ,i /ill believe ?is1 &  
,i am pretty confid5t t a good _m ye>s w
 pass be=e we %all disp5se ) ! ennobl+  
s]vices ( our m9i/]s4 ,& yet x is pla9 t
 mu* ( ! "w :i* =m]ly 0 exclusively !irs
 is s no long]4 ,mu* ( x is p]=m$ by    
books1 newspap]s1 & facilitat$ human    
int]c\rse4 ,m9i/]s d n n[ speak ) _! old
 au?ority2 !y speak m]ely z o!r m5      
speak2 & we are all ask+ :e!r 9 ! imm5se
 readju/m5t ( fai? n[ go+ on some?+ ( _!
 peculi> p[] ( moral z well z (         
intellectual guidance may n slip away4  
,! home too1 :i* has hi!rto be5 !       
fundam5tal ag5cy = fo/]+ morality 9 !   
"y1 is j n[ 9 sore ne$ ( repair4 ,we c  
no long] dep5d ^u x alone = moral       

gu>dian%ip4 ,x mu/ be supplem5t$1       
possibly recon/ruct$4 ,new dang]s to x h
 aris54 ,9 ! complex civilization ( city
 life1 9 ! huge influx ( untutor$       
=eign]s1 9 ! sub/itution ( ! ap>tm5t = !
 h\se1 9 ! great] ease ( divorce1 9 !   
l>g] fre$om n[ giv5 to *ildr51 to wom51 
9 ! break+ d[n ( class di/9ctions & !   
readi] accessibility ( man to man1 !re  
are p]ils = boy & girl :i* did n exi/   
be=e4 ,& :ile ^! *anges 9 ! outw>d =m ( 
dome/ic life are advanc+1 c]ta9         
protections aga9/ moral p]il :i* ! home 
=m]ly af=d$ h decay$4 ,x w\ld be curi\s 
to asc]ta9 9 h[ _m families ( our       
imm$iate "t daily pray]s are us$1 & to  
comp>e ! numb] ) t ( ^? 9 :i* ! holy    
practice 0 common fifty ye>s ago4 ,x    
w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ frequ5tly p>5ts
 to-day conv]se ) _! *ildr5 on subjects 
s]i\s1 pi\s1 or p]sonal4 ,! hurry (     
mod]n life has swept away _m uplift+    
intimacies4 ,ev5 9 families :i* prize !m
 mo/1 a few m9utes only c be _h ea* day 
= su* =tify+ ?+s4 ,dome/ic tra9+ has    

%runk1 :ile ! tra9+ ( haphaz>d          
companions1 ! tra9+ ( ! /reets1 ! tra9+ 
( ! newspap]s1 h acquir$ a pot5cy hi!rto
 unkn[n4  ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t 9 su* a 
moral crisis ! community turns to t     
ag5cy ^: p[] is already felt b5efic5tly 
9 a multitude ( o!r directions1 ! s*ool4
 ,! cry comes to u tea*]s1 ,we e/abli%$ 
y at fir/ to make our *ildr5 wis]2 we   
want y n[ = a pr(\nd] s]vice4 ,c y n    
unite moral culture ) intellectual8 ,x  
may be2 ?\gh discipl9e ( ! passions is  
enorm\sly m difficult ?an discipl9e ( ! 
m9d4 ,b at any rate we mu/ ackn[l$ge t  
our success 9 ! m5tal field is l>gely   
/ak$ on our success 9 ! moral4 ,our     
pupils w n le>n _! lessons 9 ari?metic  
if !y h n already made "s progress 9    
conc5tration1 9 self-=getfulness1 9     
acceptance ( duty4 ,nor c we t\* !m 9 a 
s+le section ( _! nature & hope =       
results4 ,in/ruction mu/ g all ?r\gh4   
,we are oblig$ to treat ea* little human
 be+ z a :ole if we w\ld h our treatm5t 
:olesome4 ,& !n too we h _h su*         

successes else:]e t we may well feel    
embold5$ = ! new task4 ,ne>ly ! :ole (  
life is n[ advantage\sly survey$ 9 "o =m
 or ano!r 9 our s*ools & colleges2 & we 
h usually f\nd t advance 9 in/ruction   
develops swiftly into bett]m5t (        
practice4 ,we tea*1 = example1 social   
sci5ce & analyze ! cu/oms ( ! pa/2 b    
soon we f9d b&s ( "y m5 & wom5 9 all !  
important cities criticis+ ! gov]nm5t ( 
^? cities1 sugge/+ bett] modes ( vot+1  
wis] =ms ( *>ity2 & be=e we "k x !      
community is trans=m$4 ,we _c tea* !    
sci5ce ( electricity )\t improv+ our    
/reet-c>s1 or at lea/ )\t rais+ hopes t 
!y may "s day be improv$4 ,ea* sci5ce   
claims its bro!r art4 ,!ory creeps ov]  
into action4 ,x w n /ay by itself2 x is 
p]vasive1 diffusive4 ,& z ?is p]vasive  
"* ( k 9 ! l[] ranges is p]ceiv$1 we    
tea*]s are urg$ to press =w>d its       
op]ation 9 ! high] also4 ,:y h we no    
s*ool-books on human "*1 ! highe/ ( all 
!mes8 ,once direct ! att5tion ( our     
pupils to ?is great topic1 & may we n   

ultimately br+ ab\t t moral enl>gem5t = 
:i* ! "t waits8  ,i h /at$ some:at at   
l5g? ! consid]ations 9 behalf ( e?ical  
in/ruction 9 ! s*ools because ^?        
consid]ations on ! :ole appe> to me     
illusory4 ,i _c believe su* in/ruction  
feasible4 ,7 x s1 ( c\rse x w\ld h my   
eag] support4 ,b ,i see 9 x grave       
difficulties1 difficulties imp]fectly   
und]/ood2 & a difficulty disreg>d$      
becomes a dang]1 possibly a cata/rophe4 
,let me expla9 9 a few words :]e ! dang]
 lies4  ,betwe5 morals & e?ics !re is a 
%>p di/9ction1 frequ5tly z ! two words  
are confus$4 ,usage1 h[ev]1 %[s ! mean+4
 ,if ,i call a man a man ( bad morals1  
,i evid5tly mean to ass]t t 8 conduct is
 corrupt2 he does ?+s :i* ! majority (  
mank9d believe he ought n to d4 ,x is 8 
practice ,i d5\nce1 n 8 intellectual    
=mulation4 ,9 ! same way we speak ( !   
petty morals ( society1 ref]r+ 9 !      
phrase to ! small practices ( mank9d1 ! 
unnumb]$ actions :i* disclose good or   
bad pr9ciples unconsci\sly hidd5 )94 ,x 

is entirely diff]5t :5 ,i call a man's  
e?ics bad4 ,i !n decl>e t ,i d n agree )
 8 compreh5sion ( moral pr9ciples4 ,8   
practice may be entirely correct4 ,i d n
 speak ( t2 x is 8 und]/&+ t is at      
fault4 ,= e?ics1 z 0 long ago rem>k$1 is
 relat$ to morals z geometry to c>p5try3
 ! "o is a sci5ce1 ! o!r its practical  
embodim5t4 ,9 ! =m]1 consci\sness is a  
prime factor2 f ! latt] x (t5 is abs5t  
altoge!r4  ,n[ :at is ask$ ( u tea*]s is
 t we invite our pupils to direct /udy (
 ! pr9ciples ( "r conduct1 t we awak5 _!
 consci\sness ab\t _! modes ( life1 & s 
by degrees imp>t to !m a sci5ce (       
righte\sness4 ,?is is !ory1 e?ics2 n    
morals1 practice2 & 9 my judgm5t x is   
dang]\s bus9ess1 ) ! sl5d]e/ *ance (    
success4 ,useless is x to say t ! aim ( 
su* in/ruction ne$ n be e?ical1 b moral4
 ,:atev] ! ultimate aim1 ! proc$ure (   
in/ruction is ( necessity sci5tific4 ,x 
op]ates ?r\gh intellig5ce1 & only gets  
into life s f> z ! in/ruct$ intellig5ce 
aft]w>d becomes a director4 ,?is is ! "w

 ( books & tea*]s ev]y:]e3 !y discipl9e 
! kn[+ act1 & s br+ )9 its influ5ce t   
multitude ( matt]s :i* dep5d = excell5t 
adju/m5t on cle> & ord]$ k4 ,su* a "w1  
h[ev]1 is evid5tly b p>tial4 ,_m matt]s 
d n take _! rise 9 k at all4 ,morality  
does n4 ,! boy z soon z born is adopt$  
unconsci\sly into "s sort ( moral _w4   
,:ile he is gr[+ up & is ?9k+ ( o!r ?+s1
 habits ( "* are seiz+ him4 ,by ! "t he 
comes to s*ool he is incru/$ ) cu/oms4  
,! idea t 8 moral education c be fa%ion$
 by 8 tea*] 9 ! same way z 8 education 9
 geography is fanta/ic4 ,x is only 8    
e?ical tra9+ :i* may n[ beg94 ,!        
att5tion ( su* a boy may be call$ to    
habits already =m$2 he may be l$ to     
dissect ^? habits1 to pass judgm5t on !m
 z "r or wrong1 & to inquire :y & h[ !y 
may be bett]$4 ,?is is ! only p[] tea*+ 
pr(esses3 x critically inquires1 x      
awak5s int]e/1 x inspects facts1 x      
discov]s laws4 ,& ?is process appli$ 9 !
 field ( "* yields e?ics1 ! sy/ematiz$ k
 ( human conduct4 ,x does n prim>ily    

yield morals1 improv$ p]=mance4  ,nor   
inde$ is p]=mance likely to be improv$  
by e?ical enlight5m5t if1 z ,i ma9ta91 !
 :ole bus9ess ( self-criticism 9 ! *ild 
is un:olesome4 ,by a c\rse ( e?ical     
tra9+ a "y p]son w1 9 my view1 mu* m    
probably become demoraliz$ ?an          
invigorat$4 ,:at we ought to desire1 if 
we w\ld h a boy gr[ morally /urdy1 is t 
introspection %\ld n set 9 e>ly & t he  
%\ld n become accu/om$ to wat* 8        
conduct4 ,& ! reason is obvi\s4 ,mu* z  
we incl9e to laud our pr]ogative (      
consci\sness & to ass]t t x is precisely
 :at di/+ui%es u f our poor relations1 !
 brutes1 we /ill mu/ ackn[l$ge t        
consci\sness has c]ta9 grave defects :5 
exalt$ into ! position ( a guide4 ,l>ge 
tracts ( life lie altoge!r beyond its   
control1 & ! conduct :i* c be affect$ by
 x is apt--especially 9 ! initial       
/ages--to be r5d]$ vague1 sl[1          
vacillat+1 & di/ort$4 ,only in/9ctive   
action is swift1 sure1 & firm4 ,= ?is   
reason we di/ru/ ! man :o calculates 8  

goodness4 ,we f9d him vulg> & repell5t4 
,we are f> f sure t he w keep t goodness
 long4 ,if ,i (f] to %ake h&s ) a man ) 
precisely t degree ( w>m? :i* ,i h      
decid$ x is well to express1 w he       
will+ly take my h&8 ,a few ye>s ago !re 
7 "s nons5se v]ses on ?is subject go+ ! 
r\nds ( ! ,engli% newspap]s4 ,!y seem$  
to me capitally to express ! morbid     
influ5ce ( consci\sness 9 a complex     
organism4 ,!y ran some:at z foll[s3     
,! c5tip$e 0 happy1 q1       ,until !   
toad = fun   ,said1 ,pray :i* leg comes 
aft] :i*8   ,?is work$ h] m9d to su* a  
pit*   ,%e lay di/ract$ 9 a dit*4       
,consid]+ h[ to run4  ,& well %e might6 
,imag9e ! hundr$ legs /e]$              
consci\sly--n[ x is "t to move ?is "o1  
n[ to move t6 ,! creature w\ld nev] move
 at all1 b w\ld be z incapable ( action 
z ,hamlet himself4 ,& are ! "y less     
complex ?an c5tip$es8 ,%all _! little   
lives be sudd5ly turn$ ov] to a fumbl+  
guide8 ,%all !y n r be /imulat$ to      
unconsci\s rectitude1 g5tly l$ into ^?  

bl9d b holy habits :i* make goodness    
easy1 & s be sav$ f ! p]il\s p]plexities
 ( m>k+ out _! own way8 ,s ?\ght !      
sagaci\s ,ari/otle4 ,to ! crude e>ly    
op9ion ( ,socrates t virtue is k1 he    
oppos$ ! rip5$ doctr9e t x is practice &
 habit4  ,?is1 !n1 is ! inexpugnable    
objection to ! e?ical in/ruction (      
*ildr53 ! end :i* %\ld be s\ght is      
p]=mance1 n k1 & we _c by supply+ !     
latt] induce ! =m]4 ,b d n ^!           
consid]ations cut ! gr\nd f "u practical
 tea*+ ( e k9d8 ,in/ruction is giv5 9   
o!r subjects 9 ! hope t x may f9ally    
issue 9 /r5g!n$ action1 & ,i h ackn[l$g$
 t z a fact ?is hope is repeat$ly       
ju/ifi$4 ,:y may n a simil> result appe>
 9 e?ics8 ,:at puts a diff]5ce betwe5 t 
/udy & electricity1 social sci5ce1 or   
manual tra9+8 ,?is3 accord+ z ! "w /udi$
 includes a creative elem5t & is int5d$ 
to give expression to a p]sonal life1   
consci\sness becomes an increas+ly      
dang]\s dep5d5ce4 ,:y are !re no classes
 & text-books = ! /udy ( deportm5t8 ,is 

x because mann]s are unimportant8 ,no1 b
 because !y make ! man1 & to be ( any   
wor? mu/ be an expression ( 8 v nature4 
,consci\s /udy w\ld t5d to di/ort r ?an 
to fa%ion !m4 ,_! practice _c be le>n$ 9
 ! same way z c>p5try4  ,b an analogy m 
enlight5+ = %[+ ! inaptitude ( ! *ild = 
direct /udy ( ! laws ( conduct is f\nd 9
 ! case ( spee*4 ,betwe5 spee* & morals 
! analogies are subtle & wide4 ,s m9ute 
are !y t spee* might almo/ be call$ a   
k9d ( vocal morality4 ,l morality1 x is 
some?+ possess$ long be=e we are aw>e ( 
x1 & x becomes p]fect or debas$ ) our   
gr[?4 ,we employ x to express ourselves 
& to come into ord]$ contact ) our      
neighbor4 ,by x we conf] b5efits & by x 
receive b5efits 9 turn4 ,rigid z are its
 laws1 we /ill feel ourselves free 9 its
 use1 ?\gh oblig$ to give to our        
spontane\s feel+s =ms con/ruct$ by m5 ( 
! pa/4 ,ease1 accuracy1 & scope are "h  
confess$ly ( va/ consequ5ce4 ,x has     
consequ5tly be5 f\nd a matt] ( extreme  
difficulty to br+ a "y p]son's att5tion 

helpfully to be> ^u 8 spee*4 ,indirect  
me?ods seem to be ! only pr(itable ones4
 ,philology1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 sy/ematic
 /udy ( ! laws ( language1 are dang]\s  
tools = a boy bel[ 8 te5s4 ,! *ild :o is
 to acquire excell5t spee* mu/ be       
enc\rag$ to keep att5tion away f ! words
 he uses & to fix x ^u t :i* he is to   
express4 ,ab/ract gramm> w ei!r conf\nd 
! tongue :i* x %\ld ease1 or else x w   
seem to h no connection ) liv+ reality1 
b to be an +5i\s contrivance inv5t$ by  
"s ,dry-z-du/ = ! torture ( s*oolboys4  
,& a simil> pair ( dang]s await ! "y    
/ud5t ( ! laws ( conduct4 ,on ! "o h&1 x
 is highly probable t he w n und]/& :at 
8 tea*] is talk+ ab\t4 ,he may le>n 8   
lesson2 he may answ] que/ions correctly2
 b he w assume t ^! ?+s h no?+ to d )   
him4 ,he becomes dull$ to moral         
di/9ctions1 & x is ! tea*+ ( e?ics t    
dulls him4 ,we see ! disa/r\s process 9 
full op]ation 9 a neighbor+ field4 ,!re 
are c\ntries :i* h regul> public        
in/ruction 9 religion4 ,! argum5t runs t

 s*ools are e/abli%$ to tea* :at is (   
consequ5ce to citiz5s1 & religion is ( m
 consequ5ce ?an any?+ else4 ,!re=e      
introduce x1 is ! conclusion4 ,!re=e    
keep x out1 is ! s\nd conclusion4 ,x    
lies too ne> ! life to be ann\nc$ 9     
(ficial propositions & /ill to reta9 a  
recognizable mean+4 ,i h kn[n a l>ge    
numb] ( ,g]man "y m54 ,i h yet to meet  
"o ^: religi\s nature has be5 deep5$ by 
8 in/ruction 9 s*ool4 ,& ! lack (       
influ5ce is noticeable n m]ely 9 ^? :o h
 fail$ 9 ! /udy1 b q z mu* 9 ^? :o h    
rank$ highe/4 ,9 nei!r case has ! augu/ 
discipl9e meant any?+4 ,! dang] w\ld be 
wid]1 ! disa/] f ! b5umb+ influ5ce m    
s]i\s1 if e?ical in/ruction %\ld be     
organiz$2 wid]1 because morality        
und]lies religion1 & ins5sitiv5ess to ! 
moral claim is m imm$iately & concretely
 de/ructive4 ,yet "h1 z 9 ! case (      
religion1 ( mann]s1 or ( spee*1 ! *ild w
 probably take to he>t v little ( :at is
 said4 ,at mo/ he w assume t ! text-book
 /atem5t ( ! rules ( righte\sness       

repres5ts ! way 9 :i* ! game ( life is  
play$ by "s p2 b he w pref] to play x 9 
8 own way /ill4 ,"y p are con/ruct$ )   
happy protective arrangem5ts2 !y are    
enviably imp]vi\s4 ,s 9 exp\nd+ moral   
pr9ciples 9 ! s*oolroom1 ,i believe we  
%all t\* ! *ild 9 v few moral spots4    
,nev]!less1 x becomes dull$ & h>d5$ if x
 li/5s long to sacr$ words unt\*$4  ,b !
 b5umb+ influ5ce is n ! grave/ dang]2   
analogies ( spee* sugge/ a grav] /ill4  
,if we try to tea* spee* too e>ly &     
really succe$ 9 fix+ ! *ild's att5tion  
^u its tongue1 we enfeeble its p[] (    
utt]ance4 ,consci\sness once awak5$1 !  
*ild is p]petually inquir+ :e!r ! ^w is 
! "r ^w1 & suspect+ t x is n q          
suffici5tly "r to be all[$ free passage4
 ,j s a mom5t\s tr\ble appe>s :5 ! moral
 consci\sness has be5 too e>ly /irr$4 ,t
 self-que/ion+ _s spr+s up :i* impels   
its tortur$ possessor to be cont9ually  
f+]+ 8 motives 9 un:olesome             
preoccupation ) himself4 ,in/ead ( ent]+
 he>tily into outw>d int]e/s1 ! wat*ful 

little morali/ is que/ion+ ab\t himself 
:e!r he has be5 z good z he %\ld h be51 
& :e!r a bett] man w\ld n h act$        
o!rwise4 ,no "p ( u is m susceptible (  
morbidness ?an ! moral s5se2 none       
demoralizes m ?or\ghly :5 morbid4 ,!    
tr\ble1 too1 affects *iefly ^? ( ! f9]  
fibre4 ,! majority ( heal?y *ildr51 z   
has be5 said1 h>d5 !mselves aga9/       
!oretic talk1 & x passes ov] !m l ! w9d4
 ,"h & !re a s5sitive s\l absorbs !     
poison & sets itself s]i\sly to "w      
in/all+ duty z ! ma9spr+ ( its life4 ,we
 all "k ! un:olesome result3 ! p]son f  
:om spontaneity is gone1 :o criticises  
ev]y?+ he does1 :o has lo/ 8 s5se (     
proportion1 :o teases himself endlessly 
& teases 8 fri5ds--s f> z !y rema9 8    
fri5ds--ab\t ! "r & wrong ( ea* petty   
act4 ,x is a disease1 a moral disease1 &
 takes ! place 9 ! spiritual life ( t   
:i* ! doctors are fond ( call+ n]v\s    
pro/ration 9 ! physical4 ,few c\ntries h
 be5 s desolat$ by x z ,new ,engl&4 ,x  
is our special sc\rge4 ,_m "h c>ry a    

consci5ce ab\t ) !m :i* makes u say1 ,h[
 mu* bett] (f !y w\ld be ) none6 ,i     
decl>e1 at times :5 ,i see ! ravages :i*
 consci5ti\sness works 9 our ,new ,engl&
 /ock1 ,i wi% ^! ,new ,engl&]s _h nev]  
he>d moral di/9ctions m5tion$4 ,bett] _!
 vices ?an _! virtues4 ,! wise tea*] w  
extirpate ! fir/ spr\t+s ( ! we$2 = a   
we$ m difficult to extirpate :5 gr[n !re
 is n4 ,we run a s]i\s risk ( implant+ x
 9 our *ildr5 :5 we und]take _! class   
in/ruction 9 e?ics4  ,su*1 !n1 are "s ( 
! consid]ations :i* %\ld give u pause :5
 ! public is clamor+ at our s*oolh\se   
doors & say+ to u tea*]s1 ,we _c br+ up 
our *ildr5 s z to make !m righte\s      
citiz5s4 ,und]take ! "w = u4 ,y h done s
 mu* already t we turn to y aga9 &      
entreat y\r help4 ,i ?9k we mu/ sadly   
reply1 ,!re are limits to :at we c d4   
,if y respect u1 y w n urge u to d ! ?+ 
t is n ours4 ,by press+ into c]ta9      
regions we %all br+ ^u y m disa/] ?an   
b5efit4  ,fully1 h[ev]1 z ! dang]s "h   
po9t$ out may be ackn[l$g$1 mu* ( a     

diff]5t sort rema9s also true4 ,h we n  
all receiv$ a l>ge measure ( moral      
culture at s*ool8 ,& are we q cont5t to 
say t ! greate/ ( subjects is           
untea*able8 ,i w\ld n say ?is2 on !     
contr>y1 ,i hold t no college is prop]ly
 organiz$ :]e ! tea*+ ( e?ics does n    
occupy a position ( honor4 ,! college1 n
 ! s*ool1 is ! place = ! /udy4 ,x w\ld  
be absurd to ma9ta9 t all o!r subjects (
 /udy are nutriti\s to man except t ( 8 
own nature2 b x is f> f absurd to ask t 
a "y man fir/ possess a nature be=e he  
und]takes to analyze x4 ,a /udy useless 
= develop+ initial p[] may /ill be      
highly pr(itable = doctr9e1 = repro(1 = 
correction1 = in/ruction 9 righte\sness4
 ,y\? %\ld be spontane\s1 in/9ctive1    
ebulli5t2 reflection :isp]s to ! gr[+   
man4 ,_m ( ! evils t ,i h ?us f> trac$  
are br\ght ab\t by project+ ^u a "y m9d 
problems :i* x has n yet enc\nt]$ 9     
itself4 ,su* problems ab\nd 9 ! lat]    
te5s & tw5ties1 & !n is ! "t to set ab\t
 _! discussion4  ,b ev5 9 college ,i    

w\ld h e?ical /udy m gu>d$ ?an ! re/4   
,_h ,i ! p[]1 ,i w\ld nev] all[ x to be 
requir$ ( all4 ,x %\ld be (f]$ only z an
 elective & 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! c\rse4 ,:5
 ,i ent]$ college ,i 0 put 9 my fre%man 
ye> into a prescrib$ /udy ( ?is sort4   
,happily ,i receiv$ no influ5ce f x     
:atev]4 ,x pass$ ov] & left me unt\*$2 &
 ,i ?9k x _h no m effect on ! majority (
 my classmates4 ,possibly "s ( ! m      
reflective took x to he>t & 7 h>m$2 b 9 
g5]al x 0 a m]e wa/+ ( preci\s o9tm5t   
:i* might h soo!d our w\nds if elect$ 9 
! s5ior ye>4 ,( c\rse great tea*]s defy 
all rules2 & "u a ,hopk9s1 a ,g>man1 or 
a ,hyde1 ! di/9ctions ( elective &      
prescrib$ become unimportant4 ,yet !    
pr9ciple is cle>3 wait till ! "y man is 
confront$ ) ! problems be=e y invite him
 to _! solution4 ,has he gr[n up        
unque/ion+8 ,has he accept$ ! moral code
 inh]it$ f honor$ p>5ts8 ,c he re/ 9    
wise habits8 ,!n let him be ?ankful & g 
8 way untaught4 ,b has he1 on ! o!r h&1 
felt t ! moral me*anism by :i* he 0 e>ly

 guid$ does n fit all cases8 ,has he    
f\nd "o class ( duties 9 conflict )     
ano!r8 ,has he discov]$ t ! moral /&>ds 
obta9+ 9 diff]5t sections ( society1 9  
diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 are irreconcilable8
 ,9 %ort1 is he puzzl$ & desir\s ( work+
 8 way ?r\gh 8 puzzles1 ( fac+ !m &     
track+ !m to _! beg9n+s8 ,!n is he ripe 
= ! /udy ( e?ics4  ,yet :5 x is s       
und]tak51 :5 ^? only are invit$ to      
p>take ( x :o 9 _! own he>ts h he>d its 
pa9ful call1 ev5 !n ,i w\ld h$ge x ab\t 
) two conditions4 ,fir/1 x %\ld be      
pursu$ z a sci5ce1 critically1 & ! /ud5t
 %\ld be in=m$ at ! outset t ! aim ( !  
c\rse is k1 n ! endeavor to make bett]  
m54 ,&1 secondly1 ,i w\ld insi/ t !     
/ud5ts !mselves d ! "w2 t !y d n        
passively li/5 to op9ions set =? by _!  
in/ructor1 b t !y address !mselves to   
rese>* & le>n to con/ruct moral judgm5ts
 :i* w be> critical inspection4 ,"s     
tea*]s1 no d\bt1 w ?9k x wise/ to       
accompli% ^! ?+s by trac+ ! c\rse (     
e?ics 9 ! pa/1 treat+ x z a hi/orical   

sci5ce4 ,o!rs w pref]1 by ann\nc+ _! own
 beliefs1 to /imulate _! /ud5ts to      
criticise ^? beliefs & to v5ture on _!  
own little con/ructions4 ,! me?od is    
unimportant2 x is only ( consequ5ce t ! 
/ud5ts !mselves d ! e?iciz+1 t !y trace 
! logic ( _! own beliefs & d n re/ 9    
dogmatic /atem5t4 ,yet su* an und]tak+  
may well sob] a tea*]4 ,i nev] see my   
class 9 e?ics come to _! fir/ lecture t 
,i d n tremble & say to myself t ,i am  
set = ! d[nfall ( "s ( !m4 ,9 e su*     
/udi\s company !re mu/ be unprep>$      
p]sons :om ! tea*] w damage4 ,he _c help
 x4 ,he mu/ move calmly =w>d1 confid5t 9
 8 subject1 b kn[+ t because x is liv+ x
 is dang]\s4     ,,iii  ,,moral         
,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ools   ,!      
prec$+ pap] has discuss$ suffici5tly !  
negative side ( moral education4 ,x has 
%[n h[ *ildr5 %\ld n be approa*$4 ,b few
 read]s w be will+ to leave ! matt] "h4 
,are !re no positive measures to be     
tak58 ,is !re no room 9 our s*ools = any
 tea*+ ( morality1 or mu/ ! mo/         

important ( subjects be altoge!r bani%$ 
f _! doors8 ,!re is mu* :i* might lead u
 to ?9k s4 ,if a tea*] may n in/ruct 8  
pupils 9 morality1 :at o!r conc]n ) x he
 %\ld h is n at once app>5t4 ,"o may ev5
 suspect t att5tion to x w di/ract him f
 8 prop] "w4 ,e human und]tak+ has "s   
c5tral aim & succe$s by loyalty to x4   
,ea* pr(ession1 = example1 s+les out "o 
( our _m ne$s & to ?is devotes itself   
:ole-he>t$ly4 ,su* a re/riction is wise4
 ,no pr(ession c\ld be /rong :i*        
attempt$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( man z a
 :ole4 ,! physician accord+ly selects 8 
little aim ( extirpat+ suff]+ & disease4
 ,8 /udies1 8 occupation1 8 aptitudes1 8
 hopes ( ga91 8 dignity z a public "*1  
all h ref]5ce to ?is4 ,:atev] is        
incompatible ) x1 ( h[ev] great wor? 9  
itself1 is rightly ignor$4 ,to save !   
s\l ( a pati5t may be ( l>g] consequ5ce 
?an to invigorate 8 body4 ,b ! fai?ful  
physician att5ds to spiritual matt]s    
only s f> z he ?9ks !m conducive to     
bodily heal?4 ,or aga9 ! pa9t]1 because 

he is sett+ ocul> beauty be=e u1 conc]ns
 himself ) h>monies ( color1 balance (  
masses1 rhy?ms ( l9e1 r ?an ) hi/ory1   
anecdote1 or incitem5ts to noble liv+4  
,i once he>d a pa9t] say1 ,!re is       
religion en\gh = me 9 see+ h[ half a    
doz5 figures c be made to g toge!r1 & ,i
 honor$ him = ! say+4 ,s too ,i %\ld    
hold t ! prop] aim ( ! m]*ant is        
money-mak+ & t only s mu* ( *>ity or    
public usefulness c fairly be dem&$ (   
him z does n conflict ) 8 pr(its4 ,x is 
true t !re are l>ge ways & petty ways ( 
acquir+ ga91 & "o's own advantage _c =  
long be sep>at$ f t ( o!rs4 ,/ill1 !    
m]*ant rightly desi/s f any c\rse :i* he
 f9ds 9 ! long run comm]cially          
unpr(itable4  ,:at1 !n1 is ! c5tral aim 
( tea*+8 ,confess$ly x is ! imp>tation (
 k4 ,:atev] fur!rs ?is %\ld be eag]ly   
pursu$2 & all t h9d]s x1 reject$4 ,:5   
s*oolma/]s und]/& _! bus9ess x w be     
useless = ! public to call to !m1 ,we   
want our *ildr5 to be patriotic4 ,drop =
 a "t y\r multiplication table :ile y   

r\se en?usiasm = ! old flag4 ,!y w\ld   
prop]ly reply1 ,we are ready to tea*    
,am]ican hi/ory4 ,z a "p ( human k1 x   
belongs to our prov9ce4 ,b ?\gh !       
politicians fail to /ir patriotism1 d n 
put _! neglect$ "w ^u u4 ,we h m ?an we 
c att5d to already4  ,n[ 9 my previ\s   
pap] ,i %[$ h[ a !oretic k ( good       
conduct _h bett] n be giv5 to *ildr54   
,by exposition ( holy laws !y are n     
n\ri%$1 b enfeebl$4 ,:at !y ne$ is "r   
habits1 n an und]/&+ ( !m3 to become    
good p]sons r ?an to acquire a critical 
acqua9tance ) goodness4 ,:at moral      
function !n rema9s = ! s*ools8 ,to      
furni% k ( morality has be5 prov$       
dang]\s4 ,= tea*]s to turn away f imp>t+
 k & devote _! scanty "t to fa%ion+ "*  
is to ab&on "w :i* !y alone are fitt$ to
 p]=m4 ,yet to let !m s5d =? boys &     
girls al]t 9 m9d & loose 9 "* is some?+ 
:i* no community w long endure4  ,until 
"o has cle>ly fac$ ^! alt]native        
p]plexities he is 9 no condition to     
advise ab\t graft+ morality into a s*ool

 curriculum2 = until !n he w be pretty  
sure to be misl$ by ! popul> notion (   
morality z a ?+ ap>t1 dem&+ sep>ate     
/udy1 a topic l geography or ,engli%    
lit]ature4 ,b ! morality nutriti\s =    
s*ool-*ildr5 is no?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,no     
additional h\r ne$ be provid$ = its     
tea*+4 ,9 tea*+ any?+1 we tea* x4 ,a    
false anti!sis 0 !re=e set up j n[ :5 we
 sugge/$ t a tea*]'s bus9ess 0 to imp>t 
k r ?an to fa%ion "*4 ,he _c d ! "o )\t 
! o!r4 ,let him be altoge!r true to 8   
sci5tific aims & refuse to accommodate  
!m to any?+ else2 he w be all ! bett]   
tea*] ( morality4 ,c>lyle tells ( a     
c>p5t] :o broke all ! t5 comm&m5ts ) e  
/roke ( 8 hamm]4 ,a s*ol> breaks or     
keeps !m ) e lesson le>n$4 ,s condition$
 on morality is ! process ( kn[+1 s     
inwr\ght is x 9 ! v /ructure ( ! s*ool1 
t a s*ool might well be call$ an e?ical 
in/rum5t & its daily sessions h\rs = !  
manufacture ( "*4 ,only ! species ( "*  
manufactur$ w l>gely dep5d on ! tea*]'s 
acqua9tance ) ! in/rum5t he is us+4 ,to 

increase t acqua9tance & give great]    
deftness 9 ! use ( s exquisite an       
in/rum5t is ! object ( ?is pap]4 ,once  
ma/]$1 ! tools ( 8 own trade w be m     
priz$ by ! e>ne/ tea*] ?an any          
additional h&book ( e?ics4  ,x w be     
easie/ to po9t out ! k9d ( moral        
in/ruction a s*ool is fitt$ to give1 if 
we di/+ui% ) some:at exagg]at$ %>pness  
its sev]al l9es ( activity4 ,a s*ool is 
prim>ily a place ( le>n+2 x is          
unavoidably a social unit1 & x is       
incid5tally a dep5d5t fell[%ip4 ,no "o (
 ^! aspects is ev] abs5t f x4 ,ea* af=ds
 its own opportunity = moral tra9+4 ,!  
comb9ation ( !m gives a s*ool its p[]4  
,yet ea* is s deta*able t x may well    
become ! subject ( indep5d5t /udy4  ,i4 
,a s*ool is prim>ily a place ( le>n+1 & 
to ?is purpose all else 9 x is          
rightfully subord9at$4 ,b le>n+ is      
itself an act1 & "o m dep5d5t ?an mo/ on
 moral guidance4 ,x occurs1 too1 at a   
p]iod ( life ^: *ief bus9ess is !       
trans=mation ( a ?+ ( nature into a     

spiritual be+4 ,sev]al /ages 9 ?is      
spiritual trans=mation ?r\gh :i* !      
process ( le>n+ takes u ,i w po9t out4  
,a s*ool g5]ally gives a *ild 8 fir/    
acqua9tance ) an au?oritatively organiz$
 _w & reveals 8 dep5d5ce ^u x4 ,by      
nature1 impulses & appetites rule him4  
,a *ild is *>m+ly self-c5tr$4 ,! _w &   
all its ord]$ go+s he notices m]ely z   
m9i/]+ to 8 desires4 ,no?+ b :at he     
wi%es1 & wi%es j n[1 is important4 ,he  
relates all ?is b little to ! wi%es (   
o!r p1 to ! inh]5t fixities ( ?+s1 to 8 
own future /ates1 to :e!r "o wi% is     
compatible ) ano!r4 ,8 imm$iate mood is 
ev]y?+4 ,( any diff]5ce betwe5 :at is   
:imsical or mom5t>y & :at is rational or
 p]man5t he is oblivi\s4 ,to him dreams 
& fancies are z sub/antial z />s1 hills1
 or mov+ creatures4 ,he has1 9 %ort1 no 
idea ( law nor any /&>ds ( reality4  ,n[
 x is ! fir/ bus9ess ( in/ruction to    
imp>t su* ideas & /&>ds2 b no less is   
?is a "w ( moralization4 ,! two         
accord+ly g on toge!r4 ,:e!r we call !  

*aotic conditions ( nature 9 :i* we beg9
 life ignorance or defici5t morality1 x 
is equally ! "w ( education to aboli%   
!m4 ,bo? education & morality set       
!mselves to rationalize ! moody1        
lawless1 transi5t1 isolat$1             
self-ass]tive1 & impati5t aspects ( ?+s1
 introduc+ ! wond]+ s*ol> to ! inh]5t   
necessities :i* surr\nd him4            
,s*oolma/]s1 says ,george ,h]b]t1 deliv]
 u to laws4 ,& probably mo/ ( u make our
 e>lie/ acqua9tance ) ^! impalpable &   
controll+ entities :5 we take our places
 9 ! s*ool4 ,!re our prim>y lesson is   
submission4 ,we are bidd5 to put away   
p]sonal lik+s & see h[ 9 !mselves ?+s   
really are4 ,eight times n9e does n     
p]mit itself to be sev5ty-?ree or       
sixty-f\r1 b exactly & =ev] sev5ty-two4 
,c9c9nati lies ob/9ately on ! ,ohio1 n  
on ! ,mississippi1 & x is nons5se to    
speak ( ,daniel ,web/] z a ,presid5t ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! agreem5t ( v]bs &    
n\ns1 ! reactions ( *emical elem5ts 71 x
 seems1 settl$ "s "t be=e we appe>$4 ,!y

 pay little att5tion to our humors4 ,we 
mu/ accept an already con/itut$ _w &    
adju/ our little self to its augu/      
realities4 ,( c\rse ! process is n      
complet$ at s*ool4 ,begun !re1 x        
cont9ues ?r\gh\t life2 its ext5t1       
t5acity1 & in/antane\s application m>k+ 
! degree :i* we rea* 9 sci5tific & moral
 culture4 ,let a tea*] attempt to light5
 ! task ( himself or 8 pupil by accept+ 
an inexact obs]vation1 a slip%od        
remembrance1 a c>eless /atem5t1 or a    
di/ort$ tru?1 & he w corrupt ! *ild's "*
 no less ?an 8 intellig5ce4 ,he confirms
 ! *ild's habit ( intrud+ himself into  
reality & ( rema9+ li/less :5 orda9$    
facts are call+4 ,education may well be 
def9$ z ! bani%m5t ( moods at ! bidd+ ( 
! p]man5tly real4  ,b to acquire su*    
ob$i5t al]tness p]si/5ce is necess>y1 & 
9 ga9+ x a *ild w9s a second victory ov]
 disord]ly nature4 ,by ?is he becomes   
acqua9t$ n m]ely ) an out] _w1 b ) a    
/ill /rang] object1 himself4 ,i h spok5 
already ( ! eag]ness ( "y desires4 ,!y  

are bl9d & disruptive ?+s4 ,"o ( !m pays
 small he$ to ano!r1 b ea* blocks !     
o!r's way1 prev5t+ any?+ l a coh]5t &   
unit$ life4 ,a *ild is notori\sly a     
creature ( ! mom5t1 look+ little be=e & 
aft]4 ,he mu/ be taught to d s be=e he c
 "k any?+ or be anybody4 ,a s*ool       
matures him by connect+ 8 do+s ( to-day 
) ^? ( to-morr[4 ,"h he beg9s to e/imate
 ! wor? ( ! pres5t by notic+ :at x      
contributes to an organic plan4 ,ea* h\r
 ( /udy br+s preci\s discipl9e 9 pref]r+
 :at is di/antly important to :at is    
mom5t>ily agreeable4 ,a p]sonal be+1 9  
"s degree emancipat$ f "t1 consequ5tly  
em]ges1 & a selfhood appe>s1 built up   
?r\gh endur+ int]e/s4 ,! :ole process is
 9 ! tea*]'s *>ge4 ,x is 8 to en=ce     
dilig5ce & s to assi/ ! vague little    
life to knit itself solidly toge!r4     
,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t to become ea*   
day ! possessor ( increas+ /ores ( novel
 & int]e/+ tru?s normally br+s dignity &
 pleasure4 ,?is honorable delight       
reacts1 too1 on ! process ( le>n+1      

quick5+ its pace1 %>p5+ its obs]vation1 
& confirm+ its p]si/5ce4 ,x is ( no less
 importance = ! "*1 to :i* x imp>ts     
ease1 c\rage1 beauty1 & res\rcefulness4 
,b on ! tea*] x w dep5d :e!r su*        
pleasure is f\nd4 ,a tea*] :o has ent]$ 
deeply into 8 subject1 & is n afraid (  
all[+ en?usiasm to appe>1 w make ! d5se/
 subject & ! d5se/ pupil gl[2 :ile a    
dull tea*] c 9 a few m9utes /rip ! mo/  
engross+ subject ( int]e/ & make !      
dilig5ce exact$ 9 its pursuit dead5+4 ,x
 is dang]\s to dissociate toil &        
delight4 ,! s*ool is ! place to initiate
 _! g5ial union4 ,:oev] le>ns !re to    
love k1 w be pretty secure ( becom+ an  
educat$ & useful man & ( f9d+           
satisfaction 9 :atev] employm5t may     
aft]w>ds be 84  ,"o m contribution to "*
 :i* comes f ! s*ool z a place ( le>n+  
,i w m5tion3 x %\ld create a s5se (     
fre$om4 ,)\t ?is bo? le>n+ & ! le>n] are
 di/ort$4 ,x is n en\gh t ! *ild become 
submissive to an already con/itut$ _w1  
ob$i5t to its au?oritative organization2

 n en\gh t he f9d pleasure 9 x1 or ev5  
discov] himself em]g+1 z "o day's       
dilig5ce is b\nd up ) t ( ano!r4 ,all ^!
 influ5ces may easily make him ?9k (    
himself z a passive creature1 &         
consequ5tly leave him half =m$4 ,!re is 
some?+ m4 ,rightly does ! ,psalmi/ call 
! fe> ( ! ,"l ! beg9n+ ( wisdom r ?an   
its end2 = t education is defective :i* 
fa%ions a docile & slavi% le>n]4 ,z !   
*ild introduces ord] into 8 previ\sly   
caprici\s acts1 ?\ghts1 & feel+s1 he    
%\ld feel 9 himself a p[] ( control     
unkn[n be=e1 & be enc\rag$ to f9d an    
honorable use = 8 v peculi>ities4 ,he   
%\ld be br\ght to see t ! _w is unf9i%$ 
& ne$s 8 joyful coop]ation1 t x has room
 = individual activity & admits         
rationally con/ruct$ purposes4 ,f 8     
e>lie/ ye>s a *ild %\ld be enc\rag$ to  
criticise1 to h pref]5ces1 & to busy    
himself ) imag9ative con/ructions2 = all
 ?is developm5t ( ord]ly fre$om & (     
rejoic+ 9 its ex]cise is build+ up at   
once bo? k & "*4  ,,ii4 ,yet a s*ool    

becomes an e?ical in/rum5t n m]ely ?r\gh
 be+ a place ( le>n+ b because x is also
 a social unit4 ,x is a coop]ative gr\p1
 or company ( p]sons pl$g$ e in/ant to  
consid] "o ano!r1 _! common purpose be+ 
j>r$ by ! obtrusion ( any "o's diss5t+  
w4 ,accord+ly mu* t is prop] else:]e    
becomes improp] "h4 ,z soon z a *ild    
ent]s a s*oolroom he is impress$ by !   
unaccu/om$ sil5ce4 ,a happy idea spr+s 9
 8 m9d & clamors = ! same outgo x w\ld h
 at home1 b x is re/ra9$ 9 def]5ce to ! 
assembl$ company4 ,9 cross+ ! room he is
 taught to tread lightly1 ?\gh = himself
 a joy\s da% might be agreeable2 b might
 x n di/ract ! att5tion ( ^? :o are     
/udy+8 ,! s*ool beg9s at n9e o'clock &  
ea* recitation at its fix$ h\r1 ^! times
 be+ no bett] ?an o!rs except z         
facilitat+ common corporate action4 ,to 
?is ea* "o's private ways become adju/$4
 ,! subord9ation ( ea* to all is writt5 
l>ge on e arrangem5t ( s*ool life2 & x  
ne$s mu/ be s if !re is to be moral     
advance4 ,= morality itself is no?+ b ! 

acceptance ( su* habits z express !     
helpful relations ( society & !         
individual4 ,punctuality1 ord]1 quiet1  
are signs t ! *ild's life is beg9n+ to  
be socializ$4 ,a tea*] :o fails to      
impress _! elem5t>y righte\sness on 8   
pupils brutalizes e *ild 9 8 *>ge4  ,su*
 relations betwe5 ! social :ole & ! "p  
assume a v>iety ( =ms1 & ! s*ool is !   
be/ place = introduc+ a *ild to _!      
niceties4 ,^? o!r p]sons :om a s*oolboy 
is call$ on cont9ually to reg>d may be  
ei!r 8 sup]iors1 equals1 or inf]iors4   
,to ea* we h specific duties1 express$ 9
 an appropriate type ( mann]s4 ,our     
tea*]s are above u1--above u 9 age1     
exp]i5ce1 wisdom1 & au?ority4 ,to treat 
!m z comrades is unseemly4 ,confession (
 _! sup]iority colors all our approa*es4
 ,!y are to be li/5$ to z o!rs are n4   
,_! w has ! "r ( way4 ,our be>+ t[>d !m1
 h[ev] tru/ful or ev5 affectionate1 %[s 
a respectfulness some:at remov$ f       
famili>ity4 ,on ! o!r h& s*oolmates are 
comrades1 at lea/ ^? ( ! same sex1      

class1 /r5g?1 & intellig5ce4 ,among !m  
we ass]t ourselves freely1 yet ) con/ant
 c>e to secure no less fre$om = !m1 & we
 gu>d !m aga9/ any damage or annoyance  
:i* our ha/y ass]tiv5ess might cause4 ,9
 case ( cla% betwe5 _! int]e/ & our own1
 ours is )drawn4 ,& !n t[>d ^? :o are   
bel[ u1 ei!r 9 rank or p[]s1 helpfulness
 spr+s =?4 ,we are eag] to bridge ov] ! 
sep>at+ *asm & by our w to aboli% h9d]+ 
defects4 ,^! ?ree types ( p]sonal       
adju/m5t--respect1 c\rtesy1 &           
helpfulness1 ) _! wide v>iety (         
comb9ation--=m ! gr\ndwork ( all good   
mann]s4 ,9 _! beg9n+s !y ne$ prompt+ &  
ov]sight f "s "o :o is already mature4  
,a s*ool :i* neglects to cultivate !m   
works almo/ irrep>able injury to its    
pupils4 ,= if ^! possibilities ( ref9$  
human int]c\rse are n op5$ 9 ! s*ool    
ye>s1 x is ) great difficulty !y are    
arriv$ at aft]w>ds4  ,! spiritualiz+    
influ5ce ( ! s*ool z a social unit is1  
h[ev]1 n conf9$ to ! classroom4 ,x is q 
z active on ! playgr\nd4 ,!re a boy     

le>ns to play fair1 accu/oms himself to 
t greate/ ( social ties1 l'esprit du    
corps4 ,?r\gh\t life a man ne$s         
cont9ually to m]ge 8 own int]e/s 9 ^? ( 
a gr\p4 ,he mu/ act z ! fa!r ( a family1
 an op]ative 9 a factory1 a vot] (      
,bo/on1 an ,am]ican citiz51 a memb] ( an
 eng9e company1 union1 *ur*1 or bus9ess 
firm4 ,8 own small conc]ns are tak5 up  
into ^! l>g] ones1 & devotion to !m is n
 felt z self-sacrifice4 ,a prep>ation = 
su* moral ennoblem5t is laid 9 ! sports 
( *ildhood4 ,:at does a memb] ( !       
football team c>e = batt]$ %9s or       
e>?-scrap$ h&s8 ,8 side has won1 & 8 own
 ga9s & losses are =gott54 ,soon 8 team 
goes =? aga9/ an outside team1 & n[ !   
honor ( ! :ole s*ool is 9 8 keep+4 ,:at 
pride is 86 ,z he puts on 8 uni=m1 he   
/rips (f 8 isolat$ p]sonality & /&s =? z
 ! tru/$ *ampion ( an in/itution4 ,nor  
does ?is augu/ sup]session ( ! private  
consci\sness by ! public arise 9        
connection ) sports alone4 ,z a memb] ( 
! s*ool1 a boy acts diff]5tly f :at he  

o!rwise w\ld4 ,!re is a /&>d ( conduct  
recogniz$ z suitable = a ,wa%+ton ,s*ool
 boy1 & f x 8 own does n widely dep>t4  
,= good or = ill ea* s*ool has its      
ideals ( good =m :i* are compulsive ov] 
its memb]s & are h&$ on f class to      
class4 ,to assi/ 9 m\ld+1 ref9+1 &      
ma9ta9+ ^! is ! weightie/ "w ( a        
s*oolma/]4 ,= ^! ideals h ab\t !m !     
sacr$ness ( :at is traditional1         
in/itutional1 & are ( an unse51 augu/1 &
 p5etrative p[]1 comp>able to no?+ else 
9 "*-=mation4 ,to modify !m ev] s       
slightly a tea*] %\ld be cont5t to "w = 
ye>s4  ,,iii4 ,a ?ird aspect ( ! s*ool  
,i h call$ its "* z a ,dep5d5t          
,fell[%ip1 & ,i h said t ?is is m]ely   
incid5tal4 ,a highly important incid5t x
 is1 h[ev]1 & "o t nev] fails to recur4 
,:at ,i w\ld indicate by ! d>k phrase is
 ?is3 9 e s*ool an imp]fect life is     
associat$ ) "o simil> b m advanc$1 "o f 
:i* x p]petually receives influ5ces t   
are n (ficial nor measurable 9 money    
paym5t4 ,a tea*] is hir$ prim>ily to    

tea*1 & ) a view also to 8 ability to   
keep ord] ?r\gh\t 8 little society & to 
make 8 au?ority respect$ !re4 ,b side by
 side ) ^! public duties runs !         
expression ( 8 p]sonality4 ,?is is 8    
own1 some?+ :i* he hides or discloses at
 8 pleasure4 ,to 8 pupils1 h[ev]1 he mu/
 always appe> 9 ! ?reefold "* ( tea*]1  
ma/]1 & develop$ human be+2 :ile !y     
correspond+ly pres5t !mselves to him z  
pupils1 memb]s ( ! s*ool1 & elem5t>y    
human be+s4 ,( ^! pairs ( relation%ips  
two are contra/$ & supplem5tal1--tea*] &
 pupil1 ma/] & s*ol>1 hav+ no?+ 9       
common1 ea* be+ precisely :at ! o!r is  
n4 ,z human be+s1 h[ev]1 pupil & tea*]  
are ak9 & remov$ f "o ano!r m]ely by !  
degree ( progress made by ! eld] along a
 common pa?4 ,"h !n ! relation is "o (  
fell[%ip1 b a fell[%ip :]e ! y\ng] is   
l>gely dep5d5t on ! old] = an und]/&+ ( 
:at he %\ld be4 ,by example1 fri5d%ip1 &
 p]sonal influ5ce a tea*] is c]ta9 to   
affect = good or ill e memb] ( 8 s*ool4 
,9 any acc\nt ( ! s*ool z an e?ical     

in/rum5t ?is subtle/ ( its moral ag5cies
 des]ves c>eful analysis4  ,!re are     
diff]5t sorts ( example4 ,i may obs]ve  
h[ ! %opman does up a package1 & d "o s 
myself ! next morn+4 ,a companion may h 
a special inflection ( voice1 :i* ,i may
 cat*4 ,i may be drawn to indu/ry by    
see+ h[ /eadily my classmate /udies4 ,i 
may adopt a phrase1 a smile1 or a polite
 ge/ure1 :i* 0 orig9ally my tea*]'s4    
,all ^! are cases ( direct imitation4   
,"s "o possesses a trait or an act :i*  
is pass$ ov] entire to ano!r p]son1 by  
:om x is sub/itut$ = "o ( 8 own4 ,?\gh !
 adoption ( su* ali5 ways is dang]\s1   
society c\ld h>dly g on )\t x4 ,x is its
 mode ( transmitt+ :at is suppos$ to be 
already te/$ & ( lodg+ x 9 ! lives (    
p]sons ( less exp]i5ce1 ) ! lea/ co/ to 
! receiv]s4 ,mo/ tea*]s w h habits :i*  
_! pupils may advantage\sly copy4 ,yet  
suppos+ ! imitat$ ways altoge!r good1   
:i* !y seldom are1 direct imitation is  
que/ionable z disreg>d+ ! p>ticul> "* ( 
him 9 :om ! ways are f\nd & 9 assum+ t  

!y w be equally appropriate if engraft$ 
on anybody4 ,b ?is is f> f true1 &      
consequ5tly he :o imitates mu* is1 or   
soon w be1 a weakl+4 ,on ! :ole1 a tea*]
 ne$s to gu>d 8 pupils aga9/ 8 imitable 
peculi>ities4 ,if s5sible1 he w snub    
:oev] is dispos$ to repeat !m4  ,/ill1  
!re is a noble sort ( imitation1 & t    
s*ool is a poor place :]e x does n g on4
 ,c]ta9 p]sons h a /range p[] (         
invigorat+ u by _! pres5ce4 ,:5 ) !m1 we
 c d :at seems impossible alone4 ,!y are
 our examples r z :oles1 & 9 _! /r5g? & 
_s1 ?an 9 _! s+le traits or acts2 & s   
:atev] is mo/ di/9ctive ( ourselves     
becomes r5ew$ ?r\gh contact ) !m4 ,x 0  
said ( ! late ,dr4 ,j[ett t he s5t out m
 pupils :o 7 widely unlike himself ?an  
any ,ox=d tea*] ( 8 "t4 ,t is enviable  
praise2 = ! :olesom5ess ( example is    
te/$ by inquir+ :e!r x develops         
diff]5ces or has only ! p[] ( duplicat+ 
! orig9al4 ,e tea*] kn[s h[ easy x is to
 s5d out *eap editions ( himself1 & 9 8 
weak] mom5ts he incl9es to issue !m4 ,b 

x is ignoble bus9ess4 ,our mann]s &     
tones & phrases & ! ways we h ( do+ ?is 
& t are aft] all valuable only z        
expressions ( ourselves4 ,= anybody else
 !y are rubbi%4 ,:at we %\ld l to imp>t 
is t e>ne/ness1 accuracy1 unselfi%ness1 
c&or1 rev]5ce = ,god's laws1 & /urd9ess 
?r\gh h>d%ip1 t[>d :i* we aspire--matt]s
 9 reality only half ours & :i* spr+ up 
) fre% & orig9al beauty 9 e s\l :]e !y  
once take root4 ,! ,dep5d5t ,fell[%ip ( 
a s*ool makes ^! l>g]1 enk9dl+1 &       
div]sify+ influ5ces peculi>ly possible4 
,x %\ld be a tea*]'s highe/ ambition to 
ex]cise !m4 ,& ?\gh we might naturally  
expect t su* inspir+ tea*]s w\ld be r>e1
 ,i seldom ent] a s*ool )\t f9d+        
indications ( ! pres5ce ( at lea/ "o (  
!m4  ,b = ^? :o w\ld acquire ?is l>g]   
influ5ce a /range caution is necess>y3  
,examples d n "w t are n real4 ,we      
sometimes try to set an example1 t is1  
to put on a type ( "* = ! b5efit ( a    
behold]2 & are usually disappo9t$4      
,p]sonal influ5ce is n an affair ( act+1

 b ( be+4 ,^? ab\t u are /rangely       
affect$ by :at we v]itably are1 only    
slightly by :at we w\ld h !m see4 ,if we
 are indispos$ to /udy1 yet1 kn[+ t     
indu/ry is good = our s*ol>s1 assume a  
bu/l+ dilig5ce1 !y are m likely to feel 
! real portion ( ! affair1 our laz9ess1 
?an ! activity :i* 0 design$ = _! copy+4
 ,a/oni%+ly %rewd are ! "y at sc5t+     
humbug & be+ unaffect$ by its           
pret5sions4 ,!re is consequ5tly no me?od
 to be le>n$ = ga9+ p]sonal influ5ce4   
,almo/ ev]y?+ else requires plan & ef=t4
 ,?is preci\s p[] ne$s little att5tion4 
,x w n come 9 "o way bett] ?an ano!r4 ,a
 fair measure ( sympa!tic tact is useful
 = />t+ x2 b 9 ! long run p]sons rude & 
suave1 talkative & sil5t1 h&some & ugly1
 /alw>t & slight1 possess x 9 ab\t equal
 degree1 ! v *>act]i/ics :i* we %\ld be 
dispos$ to c\nt disadvantage\s (t5 seem+
 to confirm its hold4 ,s9ce x g5]ally   
comes ab\t t our individual int]e/s     
become 9 "s measure ^? ( our pupils too1
 ! only safe rule = p]sonal influ5ce is 

to g he>tily ab\t our own affairs1 ) a  
fri5dly _s1 & let our usual nature h    
:atev] effect x may4  ,/ill1 !re is "o  
important mode ( prep>ation3 see+ t     
p]sonal influ5ce spr+s f :at we are1 we 
c really be a good deal4 ,9 a =m] pap]1 
on ,! ,ideal ,tea*]1 ,i po9t$ ?is out & 
insi/$ t to be ( any use 9 ! classroom  
we tea*]s mu/ br+ !re an already        
accumulat$ weal?4 ,i w n repeat :at ,i h
 said already1 = a little reflection w  
conv9ce any "o t :5 he lacks p]sonal    
influ5ce he lacks mu* besides4 ,a great 
example comes f a great nature1 & we :o 
live 9 fell[%ip ) dep5d5t & imitative   
y\? %\ld acquire natures l>ge en\gh to  
s]ve bo? _! ne$s & our own4 ,let tea*]s 
be big1 b\nte\s1 & unconv5tional1 & !y w
 h few backw>d pupils4  ,p]sonal        
influ5ce is (t5 assum$ to be great] !   
clos] ! intimacy4 ,i believe ! contr>y  
to be ! case4 ,famili>ity1 says ! %rewd 
prov]b1 bre$s contempt4 ,& c]ta9ly ! "y1
 :o are little tra9$ 9 e/imat+ values1  
:5 br\ght into close association ) _!   

eld]s are apt to fix _! att5tion on     
petty po9ts & s to miss ! l>g] l9es (   
"*4 ,^! !y see be/ across an int]val    
:]e1 ?\gh visible only 9 outl9e1 !y are 
cle>1 unconfus$ ) any?+ else1 & s       
productive ( _! be/ effect4 ,= !        
immature1 di/ance is a consid]able help 
9 induc+ en*antm5t1 & no?+ is s         
de/ructive ( high influ5ce z a          
slap-on-!-back acqua9tance4 ,"o :o is to
 help u mu* mu/ be above u4 ,a tea*]    
%\ld c>efully respect 8 own dignity & no
 less c>efully t ( 8 pupil4 ,9 our      
eag]ness to help1 we may easily *eap5 a 
f9e nature by intrud+ too frequ5tly into
 its res]ves2 & on ! o!r h& ,i h obs]v$ 
t ! boy :o comes (t5e/ = advice is he :o
 pr(its by x lea/4 ,x is safe/ n to     
m$dle mu* ) ! insides ( our pupils4 ,an 
occasional weighty ^w is m compulsive   
?an frequ5t talk4  ,)9 ! limits !n "h   
m>k$ out we :o live 9 ^! ,dep5d5t       
,fell[%ips mu/ submit to be admir$4 ,we 
mu/ all[ our pupils to idealize u & ev5 
(f] ourselves = imitation4 ,x is n      

pleasant4 ,usually nobody kn[s 8        
weaknesses bett] ?an ! "o :o is mi/ak5 =
 an example4 ,b :at a helpful mi/ake6   
,:at ennobl+ influ5ces come to s*oolboys
 :5 once !y c ?9k _! tea*] is ! sort (  
p]son !y w\ld l to be6 ,p]haps at ! v   
mom5t t tea*] is ?9k+ !y are ! sort (   
p]son he w\ld l to be4 ,no matt]4 ,:at  
!y admire is wor?y1 ev5 if n embodi$    
precisely :]e !y imag9e4 ,9 humility we 
accept _! admiration1 kn[+ t no?+ else c
 s enl>ge _! lives4 ,z ,i recall my     
college days1 !re rise be=e me two      
tea*]s4 ,z ,i ent]$ ! lecture rooms ( ^?
 two m51 ,i said to myself1 ,oh1 if "s  
day ,i c\ld be l t6 ,& always aft]w>ds z
 ,i w5t to ^? respective rooms1 !       
impression ( dignity deep5$4 ,i h =gott5
 ! lessons ,i le>n$ f ^? in/ructors4 ,i 
nev] c dis*>ge my debt to ! in/ructors  
!mselves4  ,su* are ! moral res\rces (  
our s*ools4 ,)\t turn+ aside 9 !        
slighte/ f _! prop] aim ( imp>t+ k1     
tea*]s are able1--almo/ compell$--to    
supply _! pupils ) an intellectual1     

social1 & p]sonal righte\sness4 ,:at m  
is want$8 ,:5 su* opportunities = moral 
in/ruction are already )9 _! grasp1 is x
 wor? :ile to incur ! grave dang]s (    
e?ical in/ruction too8 ,i ?9k n1 & ,i   
ev5 fe> t ! e/abli%m5t ( c\rses 9 moral 
!ory might weak5 ! s5se ( responsibility
 among ! o!r tea*]s & lead !m to atta*  
less importance to ! moralization ( _!  
pupils by !mselves4 ,?is is burd5some   
bus9ess1 no d\bt1 b we mu/ n %ift x to a
 s+le pair ( %\ld]s4 ,r let u insi/1 :5 
bad boys & girls cont9ue 9 a s*ool1 t ! 
blame belongs to ! tea*]s z a :ole1 & n 
to "s e?ical coa*4 ,x is f ! managem5t &
 temp] ( a s*ool t its =mative influ5ce 
proce$s4 ,we _c safely turn ov] any?+ s 
all-p]vad+ to ! in/ructors ( a s+le     
dep>tm5t4 ,t s*ool :]e neatness1        
c\rtesy1 simplicity1 obta92 :]e         
en?usiasm goes ) m5tal exactitude1      
?or\ghness ( "w ) int]e/1 & abs5ce (    
artificiality ) ref9em5t2 :]e sneaks1   
li>s1 loaf]s1 pret5d]s1 r\gh p]sons are 
despis$1 :ile tea*]s :o refuse to be    

me*anical hold sway--t s*ool is engag$ 9
 moral tra9+ all day long4  ,yet :ile ,i
 hold t ! sy/ematic /udy ( e?ics _h on !
 :ole bett] be left to ! colleges1 ,i   
confess t ! l9e :i* ,i h attempt$ to    
draw betwe5 consci\sness &              
unconsci\sness1 betwe5 ! age :i* is be/ 
direct$ by in/9ct & ! age :5 ! que/ion+ 
faculties put =w>d _! inexorable dem&s1 
is a wav]+ "o & _c be %>ply drawn4 ,by  
"o *ild x is cross$ at "o p]iod1 by     
ano!r at ano!r4 ,seldom is ! cross+     
notic$4 ,be=e we are aw>e we f9d        
ourselves 9 sorr[ on ! f>!r side4 ,happy
 ! y\? :o dur+ ! transition "t has a    
wise fri5d at h& to answ] a "q1 to speak
 a /eady+ ^w1 to op5 up ! vi/a :i* at ! 
mom5t ne$s to be cle>$4 ,only "o 9 close
 p]sonal t\* is s]viceable "h4 ,b 9     
defect ( home guidance1 to u tea*]s     
falls mu* ( ! *>ge ( develop+ ! y\?ful  
consci\sness ( moral matt]s naturally1  
smoo?ly1 & )\t j>4 ,?is has always be5 a
 "p ( ! tea*]'s (fice4 ,s f> z ,i c     
asc]ta9 s*ools ( ! old5 "t _h 9 !m a    

l>ge am\nt ( :olesome e?ical tra9+4     
,s*ools 7 unsy/ematic !n2 !re lay no    
exam9ation pap] ahead ( !m2 !re 0 "t =  
pause & talk4 ,if a subject arose :i* ! 
tea*] deem$ important = 8 pupils'       
p]sonal lives1 he c\ld lead !m on to "q 
ab\t x1 s f> z he believ$ discussion    
useful4 ,?is sort ( e?ical tra9+ ! hurry
 ( our "t has l>gely ext]m9at$2 & n[ t  
:olesome incid5tal in/ruction is gone1  
we dem& 9 ! mod]n way t a cle>-cut      
dep>tm5t ( e?ics be introduc$ into !    
curriculum4 ,b su* ?+s d n let !mselves 
be treat$ 9 dep>tm5tal fa%ion4 ,! tea*] 
mu/ /ill "w z a fri5d4 ,he _c be dis*>g$
 f kn[+ :5 & h[ to /imulate a "q1 f     
disc]n+ :i* boy or girl w\ld be help$ by
 consci\sness & :i* w\ld be h>m$4 ,9 ^! 
high regions our pupils _c be approa*$ 9
 classes4 ,!y require individual        
att5tion4 ,& n because we are tea*]s    
m]ely1 b because we & !y are human be+s1
 we mu/ be ready ) spiritual aid4       
,,iv  ,,self-,,cultivation ,,9 ,,engli% 
,engli% /udy has f\r aims3 ! ma/]y ( our

 language z a sci5ce1 z a hi/ory1 z a   
joy1 & z a tool4 ,i am conc]n$ ) b "o1 !
 ma/]y ( x z a tool4 ,philology & gramm>
 pres5t x z a sci5ce2 ! "o attempt+ to  
foll[ its words1 ! o!r its s5t5ces1     
?r\gh all ! intricacies ( _! gr[?1 & s  
to manife/ laws :i* lie hidd5 9 ^! airy 
products no less ?an 9 ! mov+ />s or !  
myriad fl[]s ( spr+4 ,fasc9at+ &        
important z all ?is is1 ,i d n recomm5d 
x "h4 ,= ,i want to call att5tion only  
to t sort ( ,engli% /udy :i* c be c>ri$ 
on )\t any l>ge app>atus ( books4 ,= a  
reason simil>1 ?\gh less cog5t1 ,i d n  
urge hi/orical /udy4 ,probably ! curr5t 
( ,engli% lit]ature is m attractive     
?r\gh its cont9uity ?an t ( any o!r     
nation4 ,notable works 9 v]se & prose h 
appe>$ 9 long succession1 & )\t gaps    
int]v5+1 9 a way t w\ld be h>d to       
p>allel 9 any o!r language kn[n to man4 
,a b\nte\s end[m5t ?is = e ,engli%      
speak]1 & "o :i* %\ld /imulate u to     
trace ! m>vell\s & close-l9k$ progress f
 ! times ( ! ,saxons to ^? ( ,t5nyson & 

,kipl+4 ,lit]ature too has ?is advantage
 ov] e o!r species ( art /udy1 t        
ev]ybody c exam9e ! orig9al ma/]pieces &
 n dep5d on reproductions1 z 9 ! cases (
 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ar*itecture2 or on 
int]m$iate int]pretation1 z 9 ! case (  
music4 ,to-day mo/ ( ^! ma/]pieces c be 
b\ght = a trifle1 & ev5 a poor man c    
foll[ ?r\gh c5turies ! ?\ghts ( 8       
ance/ors4 ,b ev5 s1 ready ( access z x  
is1 ,engli% c be /udi$ z a hi/ory only  
at ! co/ ( solid "t & cont9u\s att5tion1
 mu* m "t ?an ! majority ( ^? = :om ,i  
am writ+ c af=d4 ,by mo/ ( u our mighty 
lit]ature _c be tak5 9 its cont9u\s     
curr5t1 ! lat] /ret*es prov+ int]e/+    
?r\gh relation ) ! e>li]4 ,x mu/ be tak5
 fragm5t>ily1 if at all1 ! att5tion     
delay+ on ^? p>ts only :i* (f] ! greate/
 beauty or promise ! be/ exhil>ation4 ,9
 o!r words1 ,engli% may be possible z a 
joy :]e x is n possible z a hi/ory4 ,9 !
 endless weal? :i* our poetry1 /ory1    
essay1 & drama af=d1 e disposition may  
f9d its appropriate nutrim5t1           

correction1 or solace4 ,he is unwise1   
h[ev] busy1 :o does n h 8 lov$ au?ors1  
v]itable fri5ds ) :om he takes refuge 9 
! int]vals ( "w & by ^: intimacy he     
enl>ges1 ref9es1 sweet5s1 & embold5s 8  
own limit$ exi/5ce4 ,yet ! fact t       
,engli% z a joy mu/ l>gely be condition$
 by individual ta/e prev5ts me f (f]+   
g5]al rules = its pursuit4 ,! road :i*  
leads "o man /raight to ?is joy leads   
ano!r to t$ium4 ,9 all lit]>y enjoym5t  
!re is some?+ incalculable1 some?+      
wayw>d1 elud+ ! precision ( rule1 &     
r5d]+ inexact ! precepts ( him :o w\ld  
po9t out ! pa? to x4 ,:ile ,i believe t 
_m sugge/ions may be made1 useful to !  
"y enjoy] & promotive ( 8 wise vagrancy1
 ,i %all n und]take "h ! complicat$ task
 ( (f]+ !m4 ,let enjoym5t g1 let hi/ory 
g1 let sci5ce g1 & /ill ,engli%         
rema9s--,engli% z a tool4 ,e h\r our    
language is an eng9e = communicat+ )    
o!rs1 e in/ant = fa%ion+ ! ?\ghts ( our 
own m9ds4 ,i want to call att5tion to ! 
means ( ma/]+ ?is curi\s & ess5tial     

tool1 & to lead e "o :o reads me to     
become discont5t$ ) 8 employm5t ( x4  ,!
 importance ( lit]>y p[] ne$s no long   
argum5t4 ,ev]ybody ackn[l$ges x1 & sees 
t )\t x all o!r human faculties are     
maim$4 ,%akespe>e says t dea?-br++ "t   
insults o'er dull & spee*less tribes4 ,x
 & all :o live 9 x insult ov] !         
spee*less p]son4 ,s mutually dep5d5t are
 we t on our swift & full communication 
) "o ano!r is /ak$ ! success ( almo/ e  
s*eme we =m4 ,he :o c expla9 himself may
 comm& :at he wants4 ,he :o _c is left  
to ! pov]ty ( individual res\rce2 = m5 d
 :at we desire only :5 p]suad$4 ,!      
p]suasive & explanatory tongue is1      
!re=e1 "o ( ! *ief lev]s ( life4 ,its   
lev]age is felt )9 u z well z )\t1 =    
expression & ?\ght are integrally b\nd  
toge!r4 ,we d n fir/ possess complet$   
?\ghts & !n express !m4 ,! v =mation ( !
 outw>d product ext5ds1 %>p5s1 enri*es !
 m9d :i* produces1 s t he :o gives =?   
little aft] a "t is likely en\gh to     
discov] t he has little to give =?4 ,by 

expression too we may c>ry our b5efits &
 our names to a f> g5]ation4 ,?is       
durable "* ( fragile language puts a    
wide diff]5ce ( wor? betwe5 x & "s ( !  
o!r great objects ( desire1--heal?1     
weal?1 & beauty1 = example4 ,^! are     
notori\sly liable to accid5t4 ,we       
tremble :ile we h !m4 ,b lit]>y p[]1    
once ours1 is m likely ?an any o!r      
possession to be ours always4 ,x        
p]petuates & enl>ges itself by ! v fact 
( its exi/5ce & p]i%es only ) ! decay ( 
! man himself4 ,= ?is reason1 because m 
?an heal?1 weal?1 & beauty1 lit]>y /yle 
may be call$ ! man1 good judges h f\nd 9
 x ! f9al te/ ( culture & h said t he1 &
 he alone1 is a well-educat$ p]son :o   
uses 8 language ) p[] & beauty4 ,!      
supreme & ultimate product (            
civilization1 x has well be5 said1 is   
two or ?ree p]sons talk+ toge!r 9 a     
room4 ,betwe5 ourselves & our language  
!re accord+ly spr+s up an association   
peculi>ly close4 ,we are z s5sitive to  
criticism ( our spee* z ( our mann]s4 ,!

 "y man looks up ) awe to him :o has    
writt5 a book1 z already half div9e2 & !
 graceful speak] is a univ]sal object ( 
envy4  ,b ! v fact t lit]>y end[m5t is  
imm$iately recogniz$ & eag]ly envi$ has 
induc$ a /range illusion 9 reg>d to x4  
,x is suppos$ to be some?+ my/]i\s1     
innate 9 him :o possesses x & q out ( ! 
rea* ( him :o has x n4 ,! v contr>y is !
 fact4 ,no human employm5t is m free &  
calculable ?an ! w9n+ ( language4       
,und\bt$ly !re are natural aptitudes =  
x1 z !re are = f>m+1 seaman%ip1 or be+ a
 good husb&4 ,b n[h]e is /raight "w m   
effective4 ,p]si/5ce1 c>e1 discrim9at+  
obs]vation1 +5uity1 refusal to lose     
he>t1--traits :i* 9 e o!r occupation t5d
 t[>d excell5ce1--t5d t[>d x "h )       
special security4 ,:oev] goes to 8 grave
 ) bad ,engli% 9 8 m\? has no "o to     
blame b himself = ! disagreeable ta/e2 =
 if faulty spee* c be inh]it$1 x c be   
ext]m9at$ too4 ,i hope to po9t out "s ( 
! me?ods ( sub/itut+ good ,engli% = bad4
 ,& s9ce my space is brief1 & ,i wi% to 

be rememb]$1 ,i ?r[ :at ,i h to say into
 ! =m ( f\r simple precepts :i*1 if     
p]t9aci\sly obey$1 w1 ,i believe1 give  
anybody effective ma/]y ( ,engli% z a   
tool4  ,fir/ !n1 ,look well to y\r      
spee*4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t :5 a man
 seeks lit]>y p[] he goes to 8 room &   
plans an article = ! press4 ,b ?is is to
 beg9 lit]>y culture at ! wrong end4 ,we
 speak a hundr$ times = e once we write4
 ,! busie/ writ] produces little m ?an a
 volume a ye>1 n s mu* z 8 talk w\ld    
am\nt to 9 a week4 ,consequ5tly ?r\gh   
spee* x is usually decid$ :e!r a man is 
to h comm& ( 8 language or n4 ,if he is 
slov5ly 9 8 n9ety-n9e cases ( talk+1 he 
c seldom pull himself up to /r5g? &     
exactitude 9 ! hundr$? case ( writ+4 ,a 
p]son is made 9 "o piece1 & ! same be+  
runs ?r\gh a multitude ( p]=mances4     
,:e!r words are utt]$ on pap] or to !   
air1 ! effect on ! utt]] is ! same4     
,vigor or feebl5ess results accord+ z   
en]gy or slackness has be5 9 comm&4 ,i  
"k t c]ta9 adaptations to a new field   

are (t5 necess>y4 ,a good speak] may f9d
 awkw>dnesses 9 himself :5 he comes to  
write1 a good writ] :5 he speaks4 ,&    
c]ta9ly cases occur :]e a man exhibits  
di/9ct /r5g? 9 "o ( ! two1 speak+ or    
writ+1 & n 9 ! o!r4 ,b su* cases are    
r>e4 ,z a rule1 language once )9 our    
control c be employ$ = oral or = writt5 
purposes4 ,& s9ce ! opportunities = oral
 practice enorm\sly outbalance ^? =     
writt51 x is ! oral :i* are *iefly      
significant 9 ! developm5t ( lit]>y p[]4
 ,we rightly say ( ! accompli%$ writ] t 
he %[s a ma/]y ( 8 own tongue4  ,?is    
pr$om9ant influ5ce ( spee* m>ks ne>ly   
all great epo*s ( lit]ature4 ,! ,hom]ic 
poems are address$ to ! e>1 n to ! eye4 
,x is d\btful if ,hom] knew writ+1 c]ta9
 t he knew pr(\ndly e quality ( !       
tongue1--v]acity1 vividness1 %ortness ( 
s5t5ce1 simplicity ( ?\ght1 obligation  
to insure swift appreh5sion4 ,writ+ &   
rigidity are apt to g toge!r4 ,9 ,hom]'s
 smoo?-slipp+ v]ses "o cat*es ev]y:]e ! 
voice4 ,s too ! aphorisms ( ,hesiod     

might naturally pass f m\? to m\?1 & !  
/ories ( ,h]odotus be told by an old man
 at ! fireside4 ,e>ly ,greek lit]ature  
is pla/ic & g>rul\s4 ,its di/9ctive     
glory is t x conta9s no lit]>y note2 t x
 gives =? human feel+ n 9 conv5tional   
arrangem5t1 b ) app>5t spontaneity--9   
%ort1 t x is spee* lit]ature1 n book    
lit]ature4 ,& ! same t5d5cy cont9u$ long
 among ! ,greeks4 ,at ! culm9ation ( _! 
p[] ! drama 0 _! *ief lit]>y =m1--!     
drama1 :i* is b spee* ennobl$1 connect$1
 cl>ifi$4 ,plato too1 foll[+ ! dramatic 
prec$5t & ! prec$5t ( 8 talk+ ma/]1     
accept$ conv]sation z 8 m$ium =         
philosophy & imp>t$ to x ! vivacity1    
ease1 wayw>dness ev51 :i* ! be/         
conv]sation exhibits4 ,nor 0 ! exp]i5ce 
( ! ,greeks peculi>4 ,our lit]ature %[s 
a simil> t5d5cy4 ,its booki% times are  
its decad5t times1 its talk+ times its  
glory4 ,*auc]1 l ,h]odotus1 is a        
/ory-tell]1 & foll[s ! lead ( ^? :o on !
 ,cont95t ent]ta9$ c\rtly circles )     
pleasant tales4 ,%akespe>e & 8 fell[s 9 

! spaci\s times ( great ,elizabe? did n 
conc]n !mselves ) publication4 ,m>/on 9 
"o ( 8 prefaces ?9ks x necess>y to      
apologize = putt+ 8 piece 9 pr9t1 & says
 he w\ld n h done su* a ?+ if           
unscrupul\s p]sons1 he>+ ! play at !    
!atre1 _h n already pr9t$ corrupt       
v]sions ( x4 ,ev5 ! ,que5 ,anne's m51 f>
 remov$ ?\gh !y are f any?+ dramatic1   
/ill %ape _! ideals ( lit]ature by dem&s
 ( spee*4 ,! essays ( ! ,spectator1 !   
poems ( ,pope1 are ! rem>ks ( a         
cultivat$ g5tleman at an ev5+ p>ty4 ,"h 
is ! brevity1 ! good ta/e1 ! light t\*1 
! neat epigram1 ! avoidance ( :atev]    
might /ir passion1 controv]sy1 or       
labori\s ?\ght1 :i* *>act]ize !         
conv]sation ( a well-br$ man4 ,inde$ x  
is h>d to see h[ any lit]ature c be long
 vital :i* is bas$ on ! ?\ght ( a book &
 n on t ( liv+ utt]ance4 ,unless ! spee*
 notion is upp]mo/1 words w n run       
swiftly to _! m>k4 ,!y delay 9 delicate 
phras+s :ile naturalness & a s5se (     
reality disappe>4 ,wom5 are ! be/       

talk]s4 ,i sometimes please myself )    
notic+ t ?ree ( ! greate/ p]iods (      
,engli% lit]ature co9cide ) ! reigns ( !
 ?ree ,engli% que5s4  ,=tunate x is1 !n1
 t self-cultivation 9 ! use ( ,engli%   
mu/ *iefly come ?r\gh spee*2 because we 
are always speak+1 :atev] else we d4 ,9 
opportunities = acquir+ a ma/]y (       
language ! poore/ & busie/ are at no    
l>ge disadvantage z comp>$ ) ! leisur$  
ri*4 ,x is true ! /rong impulse :i*     
comes f ! sugge/ion & approval ( society
 may 9 "s cases be abs5t1 b ?is c be    
comp5sat$ by ! /urdy purpose ( ! le>n]4 
,a recognition ( ! beauty ( well-ord]$  
words1 a /rong desire1 pati5ce "u       
disc\ragem5ts1 & promptness 9 c\nt+ e   
occasion z ( consequ5ce1--^! are !      
simple ag5cies :i* sweep "o on to p[]4  
,wat* y\r spee* !n4 ,t is all :i* is    
ne$$4 ,only x is desirable to "k :at    
qualities ( spee* to wat* =4 ,i f9d     
?ree1--accuracy1 audacity1 & range1--&  
,i w say a few words ab\t ea*4          
,obvi\sly1 good ,engli% is exact        

,engli%4 ,our words %\ld fit our ?\ghts 
l a glove & be nei!r too wide nor too   
tight4 ,if too wide1 !y w include mu*   
vacuity beside ! int5d$ matt]4 ,if too  
tight1 !y w *eck ! /rong grasp4 ,( ! two
 dang]s1 loos5ess is by f> ! great]4    
,!re are p :o say :at !y mean ) su* a   
nak$ precision t nobody n famili> ) !   
subject c quickly cat* ! s5se4 ,george  
,h]b]t & ,em]son /ra9 ! att5tion ( _m4  
,b nigg>dly & angul> speak]s are r>e4   
,too frequ5tly words signify no?+ 9     
p>ticul>4 ,!y are m]ely ?r[n out 9 a    
c]ta9 direction to report a vague &     
undet]m9$ mean+ or ev5 a g5]al emotion4 
,! fir/ bus9ess ( e "o :o w\ld tra9     
himself 9 language is to articulate 8   
?\ght1 to "k def9itely :at he wi%es to  
say1 & !n to pick ^? words :i* compel ! 
he>] to ?9k ( ?is & only ?is4 ,= su* a  
purpose two words are (t5 bett] ?an     
?ree4 ,! few] ! words1 ! m pung5t !     
impression4 ,brevity is ! s\l1 n simply 
( a je/1 b ( wit 9 its f9] s5se :]e x is
 id5tical ) wisdom4 ,he :o c put a great

 deal into a little is ! ma/]4 ,s9ce    
firm texture is :at is want$1 n         
embroid]y or sup]pos$ ornam5t1 beauty   
has be5 well def9$ z ! purgation (      
sup]fluities4 ,& c]ta9ly _m a p>agraph  
might h its beauty bright5$ by lett+    
quiet words take ! place ( its l\d      
words1 omitt+ its v]ys1 & /rik+ out its 
purple pat*es ( f9e writ+4 ,"h is ,b5   
,jonson's description ( ,bacon's        
language3 ,!re happ5$ 9 my "t "o noble  
speak] :o 0 full ( gravity 9 8 spee*4   
,no man ev] spoke m neatly1 m pressly1 m
 weightily1 or suff]$ less empt9ess1    
less idl5ess1 9 :at he utt]$4 ,no memb] 
( 8 spee* b consi/$ ( 8 own graces4 ,8  
he>]s c\ld n c\gh or look aside )\t     
loss4 ,he comm&$ :5 he spoke1 & _h 8    
judges angry or pleas$ at 8 discretion4 
,su* are ! m5 :o comm&1 m5 :o speak     
neatly & pressly4 ,b to ga9 su*         
precision is toilsome bus9ess4 ,:ile we 
are 9 tra9+ = x1 no ^w mu/ unp]mitt$ly  
pass ! portal ( ! tee?4 ,some?+ l :at we
 mean mu/ nev] be c\nt$ equival5t to :at

 we mean4 ,& if we are n sure ( our     
mean+ or ( our ^w1 we mu/ pause until we
 are sure4 ,accuracy does n come (      
itself4 ,= p]sons :o c use sev]al       
languages1 capital practice 9 acquir+ x 
c be _h by translat+ f "o language to   
ano!r & see+ t ! entire s5se is c>ri$   
ov]4 ,^? :o h only _! native spee* w f9d
 x pr(itable (t5 to attempt def9itions (
 ! common words !y use4 ,inaccuracy w n 
/& up aga9/ ! habit ( def9ition4 ,dante 
boa/$ t no rhy?mic exig5cy _h ev] made  
him say :at he did n mean4 ,we he$less &
 un9t5d+ speak]s1 "u no exig5cy ( rhyme 
or reason1 say :at we mean b seldom1 &  
/ill m seldom mean :at we say4 ,to hold 
our ?\ghts & words 9 significant        
adju/m5t requires unceas+ consci\sness1 
a p]petual det]m9ation n to tell lies2 =
 ( c\rse e inaccuracy is a bit (        
untru?fulness4 ,we h some?+ 9 m9d1 yet  
convey some?+ else to our he>]4 ,& no   
moral purpose w save u f ?is            
untru?fulness unless t purpose is       
suffici5t to inspire ! daily drill :i*  

br+s ! p[] to be true4 ,aga9 & aga9 we  
are %ut up to evil because we h n       
acquir$ ! ability ( goodness4  ,b aft]  
all1 ,i hope t nobody :o he>s me w q    
agree4 ,!re is some?+ en]vat+ 9 consci\s
 c>e4 ,necess>y z x is 9 %ap+ our       
purposes1 if all[$ too direct &         
exclusive control consci\sness bre$s    
hesitation & feebl5ess4 ,action is n    
excell5t1 at lea/1 until spontane\s4 ,9 
piano-play+ we beg9 by pick+ out ea*    
sep>ate note2 b we d n call ! result    
music until we play our notes by !      
h&ful1 he$less h[ ea* is =m$4 ,& s x is 
ev]y:]e4 ,consci\sly selective conduct  
is elem5t>y & inf]ior4 ,p di/ru/ x1 or r
 !y di/ru/ him :o exhibits x4 ,if       
anybody talk+ to u visibly /udies 8     
words1 we turn away4 ,:at he says may be
 well en\gh z s*ool ex]cise1 b x is n   
conv]sation4 ,accord+ly1 if we w\ld h   
our spee* =cible1 we %all ne$ to put    
into x q z mu* ( audacity z we d (      
precision1 t]s5ess1 or simplicity4      
,accuracy alone is n a ?+ to be s\ght1 b

 accuracy & da%4 ,x 0 said ( ,fox1 !    
,engli% orator & /atesman1 t he 0       
accu/om$ to ?r[ himself headlong into ! 
middle ( a s5t5ce1 tru/+ to ,god        
,almighty to get him out4 ,s mu/ we     
speak4 ,we mu/ n be=e beg9n+ a s5t5ce   
decide :at ! end %all be2 = if we d1    
nobody w c>e to he> t end4 ,at ! beg9n+1
 x is ! beg9n+ :i* claims ! att5tion (  
bo? speak] & li/5]1 & trepidation ab\t  
go+ on w m> all4 ,we mu/ give our ?\ght 
its head1 & n drive x ) too tight a re91
 nor gr[ timid :5 x beg9s to prance a   
bit4 ,( c\rse we mu/ reta9 coolness 9   
c\rage1 apply+ ! results ( our previ\s  
discipl9e 9 accuracy2 b we ne$ n move s 
sl[ly z to become =mal4 ,p$antry is     
worse ?an blund]+4 ,if we c>e = grace & 
flexible beauty ( language1 we mu/ le>n 
to let our ?\ght run4 ,w\ld x1 !n1 be   
too mu* ( an ,iri% bull to say t 9      
acquir+ ,engli% we ne$ to cultivate     
spontaneity8 ,! uncultivat$ k9d is n    
wor? mu*2 x is wild & haphaz>d /uff1    
unadju/$ to its uses4 ,on ! o!r h& no   

spee* is ( mu* acc\nt1 h[ev] j1 :i*     
lacks ! elem5t ( c\rage4 ,accuracy &    
da%1 !n1 ! comb9ation ( ! two1 mu/ be   
our difficult aim2 & we mu/ n re/       
satisfi$ s long z ei!r dwells ) u alone4
  ,b are ! two s ho/ile z !y at fir/    
appe>8 ,or c1 inde$1 ! fir/ be obta9$   
)\t ! aid ( ! second8 ,suppos+ we are   
conv9c$ t words possess no value 9      
!mselves1 & are correct or incorrect    
only z !y truly report exp]i5ce1 we %all
 feel ourselves impell$ 9 ! m]e int]e/ (
 accuracy to *oose !m fre%ly & to put !m
 toge!r 9 ways 9 :i* !y nev] coop]at$   
be=e1 s z to set =? ) di/9ctness t :i* j
 we1 n o!r p1 h se5 or felt4 ,! reason  
:y we d n naturally h ?is d>+ exactitude
 is probably tw(old4 ,we let our        
exp]i5ces be blurr$1 n obs]v+ %>ply1 nor
 kn[+ ) any m9ut5ess :at we are ?9k+    
ab\t2 & s !re is no individuality 9 our 
language4 ,& !n1 besides1 we are        
t]roriz$ by cu/om & incl9$ to adju/ :at 
we w\ld say to :at o!rs h said be=e4 ,! 
cure = ! fir/ ( ^! tr\bles is to keep   

our eye on our object1 in/ead ( on our  
li/5] or ourselves2 & = ! second1 to    
le>n to rate ! expressiv5ess ( language 
m highly ?an its correctness4 ,!        
opposite ( ?is1 ! disposition to set    
correctness above expressiv5ess1        
produces t peculi>ly vulg> diction kn[n 
z s*ool-ma'am ,engli%1 9 :i* = ! sake ( 
a dull accord ) usage all ! picturesque1
 imag9ative & =ceful employm5t ( words  
is sacrific$4 ,( c\rse we mu/ use words 
s t p c und]/& !m1 & und]/& !m too )    
ease2 b ?is once grant$1 let our        
language be our own1 ob$i5t to our      
special ne$s4 ,:5ev]1 says ,?omas       
,jeff]son1 by small grammatical         
neglig5ces ! en]gy ( an idea c be       
cond5s$1 or a ^w be made to /& = a      
s5t5ce1 ,i hold grammatical rigor 9     
contempt4 ,"y man1 said ,h5ry ,w>d      
,bee*] to "o :o 0 po9t+ out grammatical 
errors 9 a s]mon ( 81 :5 ! ,engli%      
language gets 9 my way1 x doesn't /& a  
*ance4 ,no man c be conv9c+1 writ] or   
speak]1 :o is afraid to s5d 8 words     

:]ev] !y may be/ foll[ 8 mean+1 & ?is ) 
b little reg>d to :e!r any o!r p]son's  
words h ev] be5 !re be=e4 ,9 assess+    
m]it let u n /upefy ourselves ) us+     
negative /&>ds4 ,:at /amps a man z great
 is n fre$om f faults1 b abundance (    
p[]s4  ,su* audaci\s accuracy1 h[ev]1   
di/+ui%+ z x does noble spee* f         
commonplace spee*1 c be practis$ only by
 him :o has a wide range ( words4 ,our  
ord9>y range is absurdly n>r[4 ,x is    
important1 !re=e1 = anybody :o w\ld     
cultivate himself 9 ,engli% to make     
/r5u\s & sy/ematic ef=ts to enl>ge 8    
vocabul>y4 ,our diction>ies conta9 m ?an
 a hundr$ ?\s& words4 ,! av]age speak]  
employs ab\t ?ree ?\s&4 ,is ?is because 
ord9>y p h only ?ree or f\r ?\s& ?+s to 
say8 ,n at all4 ,x is simply due to     
dulness4 ,li/5 to ! av]age s*oolboy4 ,he
 has a doz5 or two n\ns1 half a doz5    
v]bs1 ?ree or f\r adjectives1 & en\gh   
conjunctions & prepositions to /ick !   
conglom]ate toge!r4 ,?is ord9>y spee*   
des]ves ! description :i* ,hobbes gave  

to 8 ,/ate ( ,nature1 t x is solit>y1   
poor1 na/y1 bruti% & %ort4 ,! fact is1  
we fall into ! way ( ?9k+ t ! weal?y    
words are = o!rs & t !y d n belong to u4
 ,we are l ^? :o h receiv$ a va/        
inh]itance1 b :o p]si/ 9 ! inconv5i5ces 
( h>d b$s1 scanty food1 rude clo?+1 :o  
nev] travel1 & :o limit _! pur*ases to !
 bleak necessities ( life4 ,ask su* p :y
 !y endure nigg>dly liv+ :ile weal? 9   
pl5ty is ly+ 9 ! bank1 & !y c only answ]
 t !y h nev] le>n$ h[ to sp5d4 ,b ?is is
 wor? le>n+4 ,milton us$ eight ?\s&     
words1 ,%akespe>e fifte5 ?\s&4 ,we h all
 ! subjects to talk ab\t t ^! e>ly      
speak]s _h2 & 9 addition we h bicycles &
 sci5ces & /rikes & political           
comb9ations & all ! complicat$ liv+ ( ! 
mod]n _w4  ,:y !n d we hesitate to swell
 our words to meet our ne$s8 ,x is a    
nons5se "q4 ,!re is no reason4 ,we are  
simply lazy1 too lazy to make ourselves 
com=table4 ,we let our vocabul>ies be   
limit$ & get along rawly )\t ! ref9em5ts
 ( human int]c\rse1 )\t ref9em5ts 9 our 

own ?\ghts2 = ?\ghts are almo/ z dep5d5t
 on words z words on ?\ghts4 ,= example1
 all exasp]ations we lump toge!r z      
aggravat+1 n consid]+ :e!r !y may n r be
 displeas+1 annoy+1 (f5sive1 disgu/+1   
irritat+1 or ev5 madd5+2 & )\t obs]v+   
too t 9 our reckless usage we h burn$ up
 a ^w :i* might be conv5i5t :5 we %\ld  
ne$ to m>k "s %ad+ ( ! ^w increase4 ,l !
 bad cook1 we seize ! fry+-pan :5ev] we 
ne$ to fry1 broil1 roa/1 or /ew1 & !n we
 wond] :y all our di%es ta/e alike :ile 
9 ! next h\se ! food is appetiz+4 ,x is 
all unnecess>y4 ,enl>ge ! vocabul>y4    
,let any "o :o wants to see himself gr[ 
resolve to adopt two new words ea* week4
 ,x w n be long be=e ! endless & en*ant+
 v>iety ( ! _w w beg9 to reflect itself 
9 8 spee*1 & 9 8 m9d z well4 ,i "k t :5 
we use a ^w = ! fir/ "t we are />tl$1 z 
if a fire-crack] w5t (f 9 our           
neighborhood4 ,we look ab\t ha/ily to   
see if any "o has notic$4 ,b f9d+ t no  
"o has1 we may be embold5$4 ,a ^w us$   
?ree times slips (f ! tongue ) entire   

naturalness4 ,!n x is ours =ev]1 & ) x  
"s phase ( life :i* _h be5 lack+ hi!rto4
 ,= ea* ^w pres5ts its own po9t ( view1 
discloses a special aspect ( ?+s1       
reports "s little importance n o!rwise  
convey$1 & s contributes its small      
emancipation to our ti$-up m9ds &       
tongues4  ,b a brief w>n+ may be        
necess>y to make my mean+ cle>4 ,9 urg+ 
! addition ( new words to our pres5t    
pov]ty-/rick5 /ock ,i am f> f sugge/+ t 
we %\ld seek out /range1 te*nical or    
inflat$ expressions1 :i* d n appe> 9    
ord9>y conv]sation4 ,! v opposite is my 
aim4 ,i w\ld put e man :o is n[ employ+ 
a diction m]ely local & p]sonal 9 comm& 
( ! approv$ res\rces ( ! ,engli%        
language4 ,our pov]ty usually comes     
?r\gh prov9ciality1 ?r\gh accept+ )\t   
criticism ! habits ( our special set4   
,my family1 my imm$iate fri5ds1 h a     
diction ( _! own4 ,pl5ty ( o!r words1   
recogniz$ z s\nd1 are kn[n to be curr5t 
9 books & to be employ$ by mode/ &      
intellig5t speak]s1 only we d n use !m4 

,our set has nev] said diction1 or      
curr5t1 or scope1 or scanty1 or hi!rto1 
or convey1 or lack4 ,f> f unusual z ^!  
words are1 to adopt !m might seem to set
 me ap>t f ^? ^: intellectual habits ,i 
%>e4 ,f ?is ,i %r9k4 ,i d n l to we>    
clo!s suitable en\gh = o!rs1 b n 9 !    
/yle ( my own pla9 circle4 ,yet if ea*  
"o ( t circle does ! same1 ! g5]al      
%abb9ess is increas$4 ,! talk ( all is  
made n>r[ en\gh to fit ! ?9ne/ !re4 ,:at
 we %\ld seek is to contribute to ea* ( 
! little companies ) :i* our life is    
b\nd up a g5tly enl>g+ influ5ce1 su*    
impulses z w n />tle or create deta*m5t1
 b :i* may save f humdrum1 r\t9e & dre>y
 usualness4 ,we _c be really k9d )\t be+
 a little v5turesome4 ,! small %ocks (  
our increas+ vocabul>y w 9 all          
probability be z helpful to our fri5ds z
 to ourselves4  ,su* !n are ! excell5ces
 ( spee*4 ,if we w\ld cultivate         
ourselves 9 ! use ( ,engli%1 we mu/ make
 our daily talk accurate1 d>+ & full4 ,i
 h insi/$ on ^! po9ts ! m because 9 my  

judgm5t all lit]>y p[]1 especially t (  
busy m51 is root$ 9 s\nd spee*4 ,b ?\gh 
! roots are "h1 ! gr[? is also else:]e4 
,& ,i pass to my lat] precepts1 :i*1 if 
! e>li] "o has be5 laid well to he>t1 w 
require only brief discussion4          
,secondly1 ,welcome e opportunity =     
writ+4 ,important z ,i h %[n spee* to   
be1 !re is mu* t x _c d4 ,seldom c x    
tea* /ructure4 ,its space is too small4 
,talk+ moves 9 s5t5ces1 & r>ely dem&s a 
p>agraph4 ,i make my little rem>k1--a   
doz5 or two words1--!n wait = my fri5d  
to h& me back z _m m4 ,?is g5tle ex*ange
 cont9ues by ! h\r2 b ei!r ( u w\ld feel
 himself unmann]ly if he %\ld grasp an  
entire five m9utes & make x un9t]rupt$ly
 84 ,t w\ld n be speak+1 b r spee*-mak+4
 ,! brief gr\p+s ( words :i* make up our
 talk furni% capital practice 9         
precision1 boldness & v>iety2 b !y d n  
conta9 room en\gh = ex]cis+ our         
con/ructive faculties4 ,consid]able l5g?
 is necess>y if we are to le>n h[ to set
 =? ,b 9 "r relation to ,a on ! "o h& & 

to ,c on ! o!r2 & :ile keep+ ea* a      
di/9ct "p1 are to be able ?r\gh _! smoo?
 progression to weld all ! p>ts toge!r  
into a compact$ :ole4 ,su* :ol5ess is   
:at we mean by lit]>y =m4 ,lack+ x1 any 
piece ( writ+ is a failure2 because 9   
tru? x is n a piece1 b pieces4 ,= ease (
 read+1 or = ! atta9m5t ( an int5d$     
effect1 unity is ess5tial--! multitude (
 /atem5ts1 anecdotes2 quotations1       
argu+s1 gay sport+s & appeals1 all b5d+ 
"o way _! graci\s influ5ce4 ,& ?is      
dom9ant unity ( ! entire piece obliges  
unity also 9 ! subord9ate p>ts4 ,n en\gh
 has be5 done :5 we h huddl$ toge!r a   
lot ( w&]+ s5t5ces & p5n$ !m 9 a        
p>agraph1 or ev5 :5 we h l9k$ !m toge!r 
by ! frail ties ( &1 &4 ,a s5t5ce mu/ be
 compell$ to say a s+le ?+2 a p>agraph1 
a s+le ?+2 an essay1 a s+le ?+4 ,ea* "p 
is to be a prelim9>y :ole & ! total a   
f9i%$ :ole4 ,b ! ability to con/ruct "o 
?+ out ( _m does n come by nature4 ,x   
implies fecundity1 re/ra9t1 an eye =    
effects1 ! =eca/ ( f9i% :ile we are /ill

 work+ 9 ! r\gh1 ob$i5ce to ! dem&s (   
developm5t & a deaf e> to :atev] calls u
 into ! by-pa?s ( caprice2 9 %ort x     
implies t ! good writ] is to be an      
arti/4  ,n[ some?+ ( ?is l>ge requirem5t
 :i* composition makes1 ! "y writ]      
in/9ctively feels1 & he is t]rifi$4 ,he 
kn[s h[ ill-fitt$ he is to direct toil  
coop]ant to an end2 & :5 he sits d[n to 
! desk & sees ! :ite %eet ( pap] be=e   
him1 he %iv]s4 ,let him "k t ! %iv] is a
 suitable "p ( ! p]=mance4 ,i well      
rememb] ! pleasure ) :i*1 z a "y man1 ,i
 he>d my v5]able & practis$ pr(essor (  
rhetoric say t he suppos$ !re 0 no "w   
kn[n to man m difficult ?an writ+4 ,up  
to t "t ,i _h suppos$ its sev]ities     
peculi> to myself4 ,x *e]$ me1 & gave me
 c\rage to try aga91 to le>n t ,i _h all
 mank9d = my fell[ suff]]s4 ,:]e ?is is 
n und]/ood1 writ+ is avoid$4 ,f su*     
avoidance ,i w\ld save ! "y writ] by my 
precept to seek e opportunity to write4 
,= mo/ ( u ?is is a new way ( confront+ 
composition--treat+ x z an opportunity1 

a *ance1 & n z a burd5 or compulsion4 ,x
 saves f slavi%ness & takes away !      
drudg]y ( writ+1 to view ea* piece ( x z
 a preci\s & necess>y /ep 9 ! pa?way to 
p[]4 ,to ^? engag$ 9 bread-w9n+         
employm5ts ^! opportunities w be few4   
,spr+ =w>d to !m1 !n1 us+ !m to ! full4 
,sev]e !y w be because s few1 = only    
practice bre$s ease2 b on t v acc\nt let
 no "o ( !m pass ) m]ely a second-be/   
p]=mance4 ,if a lett] is to be writt5 to
 a fri5d1 a report to an employ]1 a     
communication to a newspap]1 see t x has
 a beg9n+1 a middle & an end4 ,!        
majority ( writ+s are )\t ^! pleas+     
adornm5ts4 ,only ! great pieces possess 
!m4 ,be> ?is 9 m9d & w9 ! way to arti/ic
 composition by notic+ :at %\ld be said 
fir/1 :at second & :at ?ird4  ,i _c     
leave ?is subject1 h[ev]1 )\t           
congratulat+ ! pres5t g5]ation on its   
advantages ov] m9e4 ,*ildr5 are br\ght  
up to-day1 9 happy contra/ ) my compe]s1
 to feel t ! p5cil is no in/rum5t (     
torture1 h>dly inde$ to di/+ui% x f !   

tongue4 ,ab\t ! "t !y leave _! "m's arms
 !y take _! p5 9 h&4 ,on pap] !y are    
enc\rag$ to describe _! int]e/+ birds1  
fri5ds1 adv5tures4 ,_! writt5 lessons   
are almo/ z frequ5t z _! oral1 & !y le>n
 to write compositions :ile n yet q     
und]/&+ :at !y are ab\t4 ,"s ( ^!       
=tunate ones w1 ,i hope1 f9d ! language 
,i h sadly us$ ab\t ! difficulty ( writ+
 extravagant4 ,& let me say too t s9ce  
frequ5cy has m to d ) ease ( writ+ ?an  
any?+ else1 ,i c\nt ! newspap] m5 lucky 
because !y are writ+ all ! "t1 & ,i d n 
?9k s meanly ( _! product z ! pres5t    
popul> disp>agem5t w\ld seem to require4
 ,x is ha/y "w und\bt$ly & be>s ! m>ks (
 ha/e4 ,b 9 my judgm5t1 at no p]iod ( ! 
,engli% language has !re be5 s high an  
av]age ( s5sible1 vivaci\s & in=m+      
s5t5ces writt5 z appe>s 9 our daily     
press4 ,) bo? good & evil results1 !    
di/9ction betwe5 book lit]ature & spee* 
lit]ature is break+ d[n4 ,ev]ybody is   
writ+1 app>5tly 9 v]se & prose2 & if !  
high] graces ( /yle d n (t5 appe>1 nei!r

 on ! o!r h& d ! rud] awkw>dnesses &    
obscurities4 ,a c]ta9 /raight=w>d       
,engli% is becom+ e/abli%$4 ,a :ole     
nation is le>n+ ! use ( its "m tongue4  
,"u su* circum/ances x is d\bly necess>y
 t any "o :o is consci\s ( feebl5ess 9 8
 comm& ( ,engli% %\ld promptly & e>ne/ly
 beg9 ! cultivation ( x4  ,my ?ird      
precept %all be1 ,rememb] ! o!r p]son4  
,i h be5 urg+ self-cultivation 9 ,engli%
 z if x conc]n$ "o p]son alone1 ourself4
 ,b e utt]ance really conc]ns two4 ,its 
aim is social4 ,its object is           
communication2 & :ile unque/ionably     
prompt$ halfway by ! desire to ease our 
m9d ?r\gh self-expression1 x /ill f9ds  
its only ju/ification 9 ! advantage     
somebody else w draw f :at is said4     
,speak+ or writ+ is1 !re=e1 ev]y:]e a   
d\ble-end$ process4 ,x spr+s f me1 x    
p5etrates him2 & bo? ( ^! ends ne$      
wat*+4 ,is :at ,i say precisely :at ,i  
mean8 ,t is an important "q4 ,is :at ,i 
say s %ap$ t x c readily be assimilat$  
by him :o he>s8 ,?is is a "q ( q z great

 consequ5ce & mu* m likely to be =gott54
 ,we are s full ( ourselves t we d n    
rememb] ! o!r p]son4 ,helt]-skelt] we   
p\r =? our unaim$ words m]ely = our     
p]sonal relief1 he$less :e!r !y help or 
h9d] him :om !y /ill purport to address4
 ,= mo/ ( u are griev\sly lack+ 9       
imag9ation1 :i* is ! ability to g       
outside ourselves & take on ! conditions
 ( ano!r m9d4 ,yet ?is is :at ! lit]>y  
arti/ is always do+4 ,he has at once !  
ability to see = himself & ! ability to 
see himself z o!rs see him4 ,he c lead  
two lives z easily z "o life2 or r1 he  
has tra9$ himself to consid] t o!r life 
z ( m importance ?an 81 & to reckon 8   
com=t1 lik+s & labors z q subord9at$ to 
! s]vice ( t o!r4 ,all s]i\s lit]>y "w  
conta9s )9 x ?is read9ess to be> ano!r's
 burd54 ,i mu/ write ) pa9s1 t he may   
read ) ease4 ,i mu/    ,f9d out m5's    
wants & wills1   ,& meet !m !re4  ,z ,i 
write1 ,i mu/ unceas+ly /udy :at is !   
l9e ( lea/ intellectual resi/ance along 
:i* my ?\ght may ent] ! diff]5tly       

con/itut$ m9d2 & to t l9e ,i mu/ subtly 
adju/1 )\t enfeebl+1 my mean+4 ,w ?is   
comb9ation ( words or t make ! mean+    
cle>8 ,w ?is ord] ( pres5tation         
facilitate swiftness ( appreh5sion1 or w
 x clog ! movem5t8 ,:at temp]am5tal     
p]v]sities 9 me mu/ be set aside 9 ord] 
to r5d] my read]'s approa* to :at ,i    
w\ld tell him pleasant8 ,:at temp]am5tal
 p]v]sities 9 him mu/ be accept$ by me z
 fix$ facts1 condition+ all ,i say8 ,^! 
are ! que/ions ! skilful writ] is always
 ask+4  ,& ^! que/ions1 z w h be5       
p]ceiv$ already1 are moral que/ions no  
less ?an lit]>y4 ,t gold5 rule ( g5]\s  
s]vice by :i* we d = o!rs :at we w\ld h 
!m d = u is a rule ( writ+ too4 ,e writ]
 :o kn[s 8 trade p]ceives t he is a     
s]vant1 t x is 8 bus9ess to endure      
h>d%ip if only 8 read] may w9 fre$om f  
toil1 t no imp$im5t to t read]'s und]/&+
 is too slight to des]ve dilig5t        
att5tion1 t he has consequ5tly no "r to 
let a s+le s5t5ce slip f him            
unsocializ$--,i mean1 a s5t5ce :i* _c   

become z naturally ano!r's possession z 
8 own4 ,9 ! v act ( ass]t+ himself he   
lays aside :at is di/9ctively 84 ,&     
because ^! qualifications ( ! writ] are 
moral qualifications !y c nev] be       
completely fulfill$ s long z we live &  
write4 ,we may cont9ually approximate !m
 m ne>ly1 b !re w /ill always be        
possible an allur+ ref9em5t ( ex]cise   
beyond4 ,! _w ( ! lit]>y arti/ & ! moral
 man is int]e/+ ?r\gh its               
inexhau/ibility2 & he :o s]ves 8 fell[s 
by writ+ or by spee* is arti/ & moral   
man 9 "o4 ,writ+ a lett] is a simple    
matt]1 b x is a moral matt] & an        
arti/ic2 = x may be done ei!r )         
imag9ation or ) raw self-c5tr$ness4 ,:at
 ?+s w my correspond5t wi% to "k8 ,h[ c 
,i transport him out ( 8 prop]ly ali5   
surr\nd+s into ! vivid impressions :i*  
n[ are m9e8 ,h[ c ,i tell all ,i long to
 tell & /ill be sure ! tell+ w be = him 
z lucid & delightful z = me8 ,rememb] ! 
o!r p]son1 ,i say4 ,d n become absorb$ 9
 y\rself4 ,y\r int]e/s cov] only ! half 

( any piece ( writ+2 ! o!r man's less   
visible half is necess>y to complete    
y\rs4 ,& if ,i h "h discuss$ writ+ m ?an
 spee*1 t is m]ely because :5 we speak  
we utt] our fir/ ?\ghts1 b :5 we write1 
our second1--or bett] /ill1 our f\r?2 & 
9 ! great] delib]ation :i* writ+ af=ds  
,i h felt t ! dem&s ( morality & art1   
:i* are univ]sally imb$d$ 9 language1   
c\ld be m di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,yet none ! 
less truly d we ne$ to talk = ! o!r     
p]son ?an to write = him4  ,b !re rema9s
 a f\r? weighty precept1 & "o n altoge!r
 deta*able f ! ?ird4 ,x is ?is3 ,lean ^u
 ! subject4 ,we h se5 h[ ! us] (        
language1 :e!r 9 writ+ or 9 speak+1     
works = himself2 h[ he works = ano!r    
individual too2 b !re is "o m = :om 8 "w
 is p]=m$1 "o ( great] consequ5ce ?an   
any p]son1 & t is 8 subject4 ,f ?is     
comes 8 prim>y call4 ,^? :o 9 _!        
utt]ance fix _! ?\ghts on !mselves1 or  
on o!r selves1 nev] rea* p[]4 ,t resides
 9 ! subject4 ,!re we mu/ dwell ) x & be
 cont5t to h no o!r /r5g? ?an its4 ,:5 !

 fright5$ s*oolboy sits d[n to write    
ab\t ,spr+1 he _c imag9e :]e ! ?\ghts   
:i* are to make up 8 piece are to come  
f4 ,he cudgels 8 bra9 = ideas4 ,he      
exam9es 8 p5-po9t1 ! curta9s1 8 ink/&1  
to see if p]haps ideas may n be _h f ^!4
 ,he wond]s :at 8 tea*] w wi% him to say
 & he tries to recall h[ ! passage s\nd$
 9 ! ,?ird ,read]4 ,9 e direction b "o  
he turns1 & t is ! direction :]e lies ! 
prime mov] ( 8 toil1 8 subject4 ,( t he 
is afraid4 ,n[1 :at ,i want to make     
evid5t is t ?is subject is n 9 reality !
 foe1 b ! fri5d4 ,x is 8 only help]4 ,8 
composition is n to be1 z he seems to   
suppose1 a mass ( 8 labori\s inv5tions1 
b x is to be made up exclusively ( :at !
 subject dictates4 ,he has only to      
att5d4 ,at pres5t he /&s 9 8 own way1   
mak+ su* a d9 ) 8 private anxieties t he
 _c he> ! ri* sugge/ions ( ! subject4   
,he is bo!r$ ) consid]+ h[ he feels1 or 
:at he or somebody else w l to see on 8 
pap]4 ,?is is debilitat+ bus9ess4 ,he   
mu/ lean on 8 subject1 if he w\ld h 8   

writ+ /rong1 & busy himself ) :at x says
 r ?an ) :at he w\ld say4 ,mat!w        
,arnold1 9 ! important preface to 8     
poems ( #ahec1 contra/+ ! arti/ic me?ods
 ( ,greek poetry & mod]n poetry1 sums up
 ! tea*+ ( ! ,greeks 9 ^! words3 ,all   
dep5ds ^u ! subject2 *oose a fitt+      
action1 p5etrate y\rself ) ! feel+ ( its
 situations2 ?is done1 ev]y?+ else w    
foll[4 ,& he calls att5tion to !        
self-ass]tive & scatt]-bra9$ habits (   
our "t4 ,h[ diff]5t a way ( ?9k+ f ?is  
is ours6 ,we c h>dly at ! pres5t day    
und]/& :at ,m5&] meant :5 he told a man 
:o inquir$ z to ! progress ( 8 com$y t  
he _h f9i%$ x1 n hav+ yet writt5 a s+le 
l9e1 because he _h con/ruct$ ! action ( 
x 9 8 m9d4 ,a mod]n critic w\ld h assur$
 him t ! m]it ( 8 piece dep5d$ on !     
brilliant ?+s :i* arose "u 8 p5 z he w5t
 along4 ,i v]ily ?9k t ! majority ( u d 
n 9 our he>ts believe t !re is su* a ?+ 
z a total-impression to be d]iv$ f a    
poem or to be dem&$ f a poet4 ,we p]mit 
! poet to select any action he pleases &

 to suff] t action to g z x w1 provid$  
he gratifies u ) occasional bur/s ( f9e 
writ+ & ) a %[] ( isolat$ ?\ghts &      
images4 ,great writ]s put !mselves & _! 
p]sonal imag9+s out ( sight4 ,_! writ+  
becomes a k9d ( transp>5t w9d[ on :i*   
reality is reflect$1 & ?r\gh :i* p see1 
n !m1 b t ( :i* !y write4 ,h[ mu* we "k 
( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s6 ,h[ little (    
,%akespe>e6 ,( him t might almo/ be said
 :i* ,isaiah said ( ,god1 ,he hide?     
himself4 ,! be/ writ] is ! be/ m5tal    
li/5]1 ! "o :o pe]s f>!/ into 8 matt] & 
mo/ fully he$s its behe/s4 ,preem95tly  
ob$i5t is su* a writ]1--ref9$ly1        
en]getically ob$i5t4 ,i once sp5t a day 
) a great noveli/ :5 ! book :i*         
subsequ5tly prov$ 8 ma/]piece 0 only    
half writt54 ,i prais$ 8 mighty h]o1 b  
said ,i %\ld ?9k ! life ( an au?or w\ld 
be mis]able :o1 hav+ creat$ a "* s huge1
 n[ _h him 9 h& & mu/ f9d some?+ = him  
to d4 ,my fri5d seem$ puzzl$ by my      
rem>k1 b aft] a mom5t's pause said1 ,i  
don't ?9k y "k h[ we "w4 ,i h no?+ to d 

) ! "*4 ,n[ t he is creat$ he w act z he
 w4  ,& su* docility mu/ be cultivat$ by
 e "o :o w\ld write well1 su* /r5u\s    
docility4 ,( c\rse !re mu/ be en]gy 9   
pl5ty2 ! imag9ation :i* ,i describ$ 9 my
 ?ird section1 ! passion = solid =m z 9 
my second1 ! discipl9$ & d>+ p[]s z 9 my
 fir/2 b all ^! mu/ be ready at a       
mom5t's notice to move :]e ! matt] calls
 & to ackn[l$ge t all _! wor? is to be  
drawn f x4 ,religion is only enl>g$ good
 s5se1 & ! words ( ,jesus apply z well  
to ! ?+s ( e>? z ( heav54 ,i d n "k :]e 
we c\ld f9d a m comp5di\s /atem5t ( :at 
is mo/ important = "o to le>n :o w\ld   
cultivate himself 9 ,engli% ?an ! say+ 9
 :i* ,jesus ann\nces ! s\rce ( 8 p[]1 ,!
 ^w :i* ye he> is n m9e1 b ! ,fa!r's :i*
 s5t me4 ,:oev] c use su* words w be a  
noble speak] inde$4  ,^! !n are !       
fundam5tal precepts :i* e "o mu/ he$ :o 
w\ld comm& our beautiful ,engli%        
language4 ,!re is ( c\rse a fif?4 ,i    
h>dly ne$ "n x2 = x always foll[s aft]1 
:atev] o!rs prec$e4 ,x is t we %\ld d ! 

"w1 & n ?9k ab\t x2 d x day aft] day & n
 gr[ we>y 9 bad do+4 ,e>ly & (t5 we mu/ 
be busy & be satisfi$ to h a great deal 
( labor produce b a small result4 ,i am 
told t e>ly 9 life ,john ,morley1 wi%+  
to engage 9 j\rnalism1 wrote an         
editorial & s5t x to a pap] e day =     
ne>ly a ye> be=e he succe$$ 9 gett+ "o  
accept$4 ,we all "k :at a p[] he became 
9 ,london j\rnalism4 ,i w n v\* = ! tru?
 ( ?is /ory1 b ,i am sure an ambiti\s   
au?or is wise :o writes a weekly essay =
 8 /ove4 ,publication is ( little       
consequ5ce s long z "o is gett+ "o's    
self hamm]$ into %ape4  ,b be=e ,i close
 ?is pap] let me ackn[l$ge t 9 x ,i h   
neglect$ a :ole class ( helpful         
influ5ces1 probably q z important z any 
,i h discuss$4 ,purposely ,i h pass$ !m 
by4 ,because ,i wi%$ to %[ :at we c d = 
ourselves1 ,i h ev]y:]e assum$ t our    
cultivation 9 ,engli% is to be effect$  
by nak$ volition & a k9d ( dead lift4   
,^! are mighty ag5cies1 b seldom 9 ?is  
int]lock$ _w d !y "w well alone4 ,!y are

 /ronge/ :5 back$ by social sugge/ion & 
unconsci\s cu/om4 ,ord9>ily ! good      
speak] is he :o keeps good company1 b   
increases ! helpful influ5ce ( t company
 by con/ant wat*fulness along ! l9es ,i 
h m>k$ out4 ,s supplem5t$1 my tea*+ is  
true4 ,by itself x is n true4 ,x ne$s ! 
supplem5tation ( o!rs4 ,let him :o w\ld 
speak or write well seek out good       
speak]s & writ]s4 ,let him live 9 _!    
society1--= ! society ( ! greate/ writ]s
 is op5 to ! mo/ seclud$1--let him feel 
! ease ( _! excell5ce1 ! +5uity1 grace &
 scope ( _! diction1 & he w soon f9d 9  
himself capacities ^: developm5t may be 
aid$ by ! precepts ,i h giv54 ,mo/ ( u  
cat* bett] ?an we le>n4 ,we take up     
unconsci\sly f our surr\nd+s :at we _c  
altoge!r create4 ,all ?is %\ld be       
rememb]$1 & we %\ld keep ourselves      
expos$ to ! :olesome words ( our fell[  
m54 ,yet our own ex]tions w n on t      
acc\nt be r5d]$ less important4 ,we may 
l>gely *oose ! influ5ces to :i* we      
submit2 we may ex]cise a selective      

att5tion among ^! influ5ces2 we may     
enjoy1 oppose1 modify1 or dilig5tly     
+raft :at is convey$ to u1--& = do+ any 
"o ( ^! ?+s rationally we mu/ be guid$  
by "s cle> aim4 ,su* aims1 altoge!r     
ess5tial ev5 if subsidi>y1 ,i h s\ght to
 supply2 & ,i w\ld reit]ate t he :o     
holds !m fa/ may become sup]ior to      
l+ui/ic =tune & be ! wise director ( 8  
sluggi% & ob/9ate tongue4 ,x is z c]ta9 
z any?+ c be t fai?ful endeavor w br+   
exp]tness 9 ! use ( ,engli%4 ,if we are 
wat*ful ( our spee*1 mak+ our words     
cont9ually m m9utely true1 free &       
res\rceful2 if we look ^u our occasions 
( writ+ z opportunities = ! delib]ate "w
 ( unifi$ con/ruction2 if 9 all our     
utt]ances we ?9k ( him :o he>s z well z 
( him :o speaks2 & above all1 if we fix 
! att5tion ( ourselves & our he>]s on ! 
matt] we talk ab\t & s let ourselves be 
support$ by our subject--we %all make a 
daily advance n only 9 ,engli% /udy1 b 9
 p]sonal p[]1 9 g5]al s]viceabl5ess & 9 
consequ5t delight4     ,v  ,,d\bts      

,,ab\t ,,univ]sity ,,ext5sion#a   ,a /ep
 has lately be5 tak5 9 ,am]ican         
education :i* excites ! int]e/ & hopes (
 u all4 ,engl& has be5 our              
tea*]1--,engl& & a p]suasive apo/le f t 
c\ntry4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,engli%       
univ]sities became discont5t$ ) _!      
isolation4 ,= g5]ations !y _h be5 devot+
 !mselves to a s+le class 9 ! community1
 & t too a class :i* ne$$ lea/ to be    
br\ght to intellig5ce & p[]4 ,! mass ( !
 nation1 ^? by :om its labor & comm]ce 7
 conduct$1 _h little access to ,ox=d &  
,cambridge4 ,pov]ty fir/1 !n social     
di/9ctions1 &1 until rec5t days1        
sect>ian haught9ess b>r$ !m out4 ,_!    
exclusion react$ on ! tra9+ ( !         
univ]sities !mselves4 ,cons]vatism      
fl\ri%$4 ,! wor? ( an intellectual      
int]e/ 0 rat$ r by its traditional "*   
?an by its clos5ess to life4 ,! sci5ces1
 latt]-day ?+s1 7 pursu$ h>dly at all4  
,! mod]n lit]atures1 ,engli% includ$1 _h
 no place4 ,plato & ,ari/otle furni%$   
mo/ ( ! philosophy4 ,:ile ! re/ ( ! _w 0

 d]iv+ f ,g]many me?ods ( /udy1 f       
,france me?ods ( exposition1 & f ,am]ica
 me?ods ( treat+ all m5 alike z         
rational1 ,engli% s*ol>%ip1 bas$ on no  
gymnasia1 lycees1 or high s*ools1 w5t   
its way1 little reg>d+ ! life ( its     
nation or t ( ! _w at l>ge4  ,b !re has 
come a *ange4 ,re=m]s h be5 endeavor+ to
 g out & f9d ! common man1 &1 9         
connection ) him1 to develop ^? subjects
 :i* be=e1 accord+ to univ]sity         
tradition1 7 look$ at some:at askance4  
,engli% lit]ature1 political economy1   
mod]n hi/ory1 h be5 put 9 ! =egr\nd (   
?is popul>iz$ education4 ,f> & wide     
?r\gh\t ,engl& an en?usia/ic b& ( "y    
tea*]s1 "u ! guidance ( (fic]s ( !      
univ]sities1 h be5 giv+ in/ruction 9 ^! 
subjects to companies 9 :i* social      
grades are = ! "t =gott54 ,& s9ce public
 libr>ies are r>e 9 ,engl&1 & among !   
poor] classes ! read+ habit is b        
slightly =m$1 an ambiti\s few among !   
he>]s h priz$ _! opportunities          
suffici5tly to und]take a c]ta9 am\nt ( 

/udy & to h& 9 pap]s = ! lectur] to     
inspect & to m>k4 ,9 exceptional cases z
 _m z "o ?ird ( ! audi5ce h ?us writt5  
ex]cises & pass$ exam9ations4 ,! great  
majority ( ^? 9 att5dance dur+ ! ?ree   
mon?s' t]m ( c\rse d no?+ m ?an li/5 to 
! weekly lecture4  ,?is is ! v          
successful ,engli% movem5t :i* = "s ye>s
 has be5 excit+ admiration ! _w ov]1 &  
:i* x is propos$ to introduce into !    
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,rightly to e/imate its  
wor? ^? aspects ( x to :i* att5tion has 
j be5 direct$ %\ld c>efully be borne 9  
m9d4 ,!y are ^!3 ! movem5t is z mu*     
social z s*ol>ly & accompanies a g5]al  
democratic upheaval ( an ari/ocratic    
nation2 x spr+s up 9 ! neighborhood (   
univ]sities to :i* ! common p d n       
resort1 & 9 :i* ^? subjects :i* mo/     
conc]n ! m9ds ( mod]n m5 are little     
taught2 9 its c\ntry o!r facilities =   
enabl+ ! av]age man to capture k--public
 libr>ies1 read+ clubs1 illu/rat$       
magaz9es1 free high s*ools--are n yet   
g5]al2 x fl\ri%es 9 a small & compact   

l&1 :]e a multitude ( popul\s t[ns are 9
 su* imm$iate neighborhood & s connect$ 
by a network ( railroads t he :o is     
busi$ 9 "o place to-day c1 ) ! slighte/ 
fatigue & exp5se1 appe> 9 five o!r t[ns 
dur+ ! rema9+ days ( ! week4  ,^!       
conditions1 & o!rs z gravely di/9ctive1 
d n exi/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,f ! fir/ ! ,am]ican
 college has be5 organiz$ by ! p & = !  
p4 ,x has be5 ab\t z mu* resort$ to by !
 poor z by ! ri*4 ,?r\gh a widely       
develop$ sy/em ( free public s*ools x   
has kept itself closely 9 t\* ) popul>  
ideals4 ,its graduates g into comm]cial 
life z (t5 z into m$ic9e1 ! m9i/ry1 or !
 law4 ,x has %[n itself capable (       
expansion too 9 adju/+ itself to ! mod]n
 enl>gem5t ( k4 ,! rigid curriculum1 :i*
 suit$ well en\gh ! ne$s ( our fa!rs1   
has be5 disc>d$1 & e college1 9         
proportion to ! res\rces at its comm&1  
n[ (f]s elective /udies & seeks to meet 
! ne$s ( diff]+ m54 ,to all :o c af=d   
f\r ye>s 7soon x may be ?ree71 & :o are 
ma/]s ( ab\t half z mu* capital z w\ld  

support !m dur+ ! same "t else:]e1 ! f\r
 hundr$ colleges ( our c\ntry (f] an    
education f> too good to be sup]s$$1    
duplicat$1 or weak5$4 ,9 ^! colleges    
excell5t provision has be5 made1 & has  
be5 made once = all1 = ev]ybody :o has a
 little "t & a little money to devote to
 sy/ematic education ( ! high] sort4  ,b
 our educational s*eme has "o s]i\s     
limitation1 & dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s !re 
h be5 _m e>ne/ ef=ts to surm\nt x4 ,n e 
man is free to seek a sy/ematic tra9+4  
,multitudes are ti$ to daily toil & only
 9 ! ev5+ c !y consid] _! own enl>gem5t4
 ,_m gr[ old be=e ! crav+ = k arises4   
,_m also1 ) m or less pr(it1 h att5d$ a 
college1 b are glad subsequ5tly to      
supply ^? defects ( education :i* !     
exp]i5ces ( life rel5tlessly br+ to     
view4 ,to all ^! classes1 caught 9 !    
:irl ( affairs1 ! college does n m9i/]4 
,x is true t mu* t su* p want !y get f !
 public libr>y1 especially z our        
libr>ians ( ! mod]n type en]getically   
accept _! duties z facilitators ( !     

public read+4 ,mu* is also obta9able f !
 *eap issues ( ! press & f su* end[$    
c\rses ( high] in/ruction z ^? ( !      
,l[ell1 ,coop]1 ,brooklyn1 ,peabody1 &  
,drexel in/itutes4 ,b1 aft] all1 ^!     
supplem5t>y aids1 ?\gh valuable1 are    
defici5t 9 guid+ p[]4 ,mo/ p]sons1      
especially if novices1 "w be/ "u        
inspection4 ,to le>n]s tea*]s are       
g5]ally important4 ,!re seems to be /ill
 a place 9 our well-suppli$ c\ntry = an 
organization :i* %all ar\se a m g5]al   
desire = k2 :i* %all /& ready to satisfy
 ?is desire m *eaply1 ) less int]ruption
 to daily occupation1 & consequ5tly 9   
ways m fragm5t>y ?an ! colleges c2 & yet
 "o :i* %all n leave its pupils alone ) 
books1 b %all supply !m ) ! impulse ( ! 
liv+ ^w & ?r\gh writ+1 discussion &     
direct$ read+1 %all economize & r5d]    
effective ! co/ly h\rs ( le>n+4         
,unque/ionably !re is a field "h :i* !  
colleges _c till1 a field ^: h>ve/ w\ld 
enri* u all4 ,c any o!r ag5cy till x8   
,to e exp]im5t ?us f> x has yield$ only 

meagre1 brief & exp5sive returns4 ,a    
capital ?+ x w\ld be to give to ! busy t
 :i* normally requires "t & att5tion2 b 
h[ to d x is ! "q1--h[ to d x 9 reality1
 & n 9 m]e outw>d seem+4  ,*autauqua has
 n done x1 impassion$ ?\gh t r\gh &     
g5]\s in/itution has be5 = wide &       
fragm5t>y culture4 ,its "w1 inde$1 has  
_h a diff]5t aim2 &1 amus+ z t "w (t5   
appe>s1 x ought to be und]/ood &        
ackn[l$g$ z ( fundam5tal consequ5ce 9   
our ha/ily settl$ & het]og5e\s l&4      
,*autauqua s5ds its little books & pap]s
 into /agnant homes f ,ma9e to ,cali=nia
 & gives ! sil5t occupants some?+ to ?9k
 ab\t4 ,conv]sation spr+s up2 & ) x fre%
 int]e/s1 fre% hopes4 ,a new tie is =m$ 
betwe5 "y & old1 z toge!r !y p]sue !    
same /udies & 9 ! same graduat+ class   
walk ?r\gh ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,any man :o  
loves k & 8 native l& mu/ be glad at    
he>t :5 he visits a summ] assembly (    
,*autauqua3 !re li/5s to ! ,orator's    
,recognition ,address2 att5ds ! swiftly 
successive ,r\nd ,tables ^u ,milton1    

,temp]ance1 ,geology1 ! ,am]ican        
,con/itution1 ! ,relations ( ,sci5ce &  
,religion1 & ! ,doctr9e ( ,r5t2 p]haps  
assi/s at ! ,cook+ ,s*ool1 ! ,pray]     
,meet+1 ! ,conc]t & ! ,gymna/ic ,drill2 
or w&]s "u ! trees among ! piazza$      
cottages & sees ! ,hall ( ,philosophy & 
! wood5 ,doric ,temple %9+ on _! little 
em95ces2 &1 be/ ( all1 p]ceives 9 :at   
?rongs h ga!r$ "h ! but*]1 ! bak]1 & !  
c&le/ick-mak]1--a ?rong !mselves1 _!    
wives & daught]s a ?rong--all heat$ 9   
body1 b none ! less agl[ = le>n+ & a    
good "t4 ,! comic aspects ( ?is mixture 
( sci5ce1 fre% air1 flirtation1 ,greek  
rem9isc5ce1 & dev\tness are pat5t en\gh2
 b ! way 9 :i* ! multitude is be+ won to
 disc>d di/ru/ ( k1 & to ?9k ( x r z !  
desirable goal = all1 is n s g5]ally    
rem>k$ by s*ol>ly obs]v]s4 ,yet t is !  
weighty fact4 ,! actual product 9       
education may n be l>ge2 en?usiasm & !  
memory may be m /imulat$ ?an ! rational 
intellig5ce4 ,b m9ds are set 9 motion2  
an intellectual _w1 beyond ! dome/ic &  

p]sonal1 beg9s to appe>2 /udi\s ?\ght   
=ms its fit fri5d%ip ) piety1 gladness &
 ! s5se ( a common humanity2 a gr\ndwork
 ( civilization is prep>$4 ,to f9d a    
popul> movem5t s composite & aspir+1 we 
mu/ g back to ! m$iaeval ,crusades or ! 
,greek ,my/]ies4 ,9 ^! alone d we obs]ve
 any?+ s ideal1 s biz>re1 s expressive (
 ! comb9$ intellectual & religi\s hopes 
( a p4 ,9 _m ,*autauqua homes pa!tic    
sacrifices w be made 9 ! next g5]ation  
to s5d ! boys & girls to a real college4
  ,n[1 9 propos+ to transport to ?is    
c\ntry ,engli% ext5sion me?ods ! manag]s
 h _h 9 m9d no?+ s elem5t>ily important 
z ,*autauqua4 ,!y h felt ! pity we all  
feel = p]sons ( good p>ts :o1 ?r\gh     
pov]ty or occupation1 are deb>r$ f a    
college tra9+4 ,!y seek to rea* m9ds    
already some:at prep>$1 & to su* !y     
und]take to supply solid in/ruction ( ! 
high] grades4 ,x is ?is m ambiti\s      
design :i* calls = criticism4 ,pr(essor 
,r4 ,g4 ,m\lton speaks ( ext5sion       
education z di/+ui%$ f s*ool education1 

be+ m\ld$ to meet ! wants ( adults4 ,&  
aga91 ,s f> z me?od is conc]n$1 we h    
consid]$ t we are b\nd to be n less     
?or\gh1 b m ?or\gh1 if possible1 ?an !  
univ]sities !mselves4 ,if1 9 ! g5]al    
educational campaign1 we lik5 ,*autauqua
 to a gu]rilla high s*ool1 univ]sity    
ext5sion w be a gu]rilla college4 ,bo?  
move ) light armor1 h rov+ commissions1 
attack individuals1 & !mselves appe> 9 !
 g>b ( ord9>y life2 b !y are equipp$ = a
 s]vice 9 :i* ! m cumbr\s organizations 
( s*ool & college h ?us f> prov$        
ineffective4 ,x is a =tunate circum/ance
 t1 ) fields ( op]ation s di/9ct1 no    
jeal\sy c exi/ betwe5 ! two b&s (       
volunte]s1 or betwe5 !m bo? & ! regul>  
army4 ,! success ( ei!r w\ld increase ! 
success ( ! o!r two4 ,to ,*autauqua we  
are all indebt$ = less5+ ! popul>       
suspicion ( exp]t k2 & if ! plans ( !   
ext5sion committee c\ld be c>ri$ out1   
college me?ods w\ld h a vogue1 & a      
consequ5t respect1 :i* !y h nev] yet    
enjoy$4  ,e "o1 accord+ly1 civilian or  

pr(essional1 wi%es ! movem5t well1 &    
recognizes t ! "w x proposes to d 9 our 
c\ntry is n at pres5t p]=m$4 ,its aims  
are excell5t4 ,are !y also practicable8 
,we _c ) c]ta9ty say t !y are n1 b x is 
"h t d\bts arise1--d\bts ( ?ree sorts3  
^? :i* suspect a fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 !
 two c\ntries :i* try ! exp]im5t2 ^? :i*
 are incr$ul\s ab\t ! p]man5t response  
:i* our p w make to ! education (f]$2 & 
^? :i* "q ! possibility ( secur+ a /able
 body ( ext5sion tea*]s4 ,! fir/ set (  
^! d\bts has be5 briefly b suffici5tly  
indicat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is pap]2 !      
second may ) /ill great] brevity be     
summ$ up "h 9 ! foll[+ connect$ s]ies ( 
inquiries3--  ,) ! multitude ( o!r      
opportunities = education :i* ,am]ican  
life af=ds1 w any l>ge body ( m5 & wom5 
att5d ext5sion lectures8 ,w !y att5d    
aft] ! novelty is worn (f1 say dur+ !   
?ird ye>8 ,w !y d any?+ m ?an att5d8 ,w 
!y foll[ c\rses ( /udy1 write essays1 & 
pass exam9ations8 ,w ! ext5sion sy/em1  
any bett] ?an its decay$ pr$ecessor1 !  

old lyceum sy/em1 resi/ ! dem&s ( popul>
 audi5ces & keep itself f slipp+ out (  
s]i\s in/ruction into lively & eloqu5t  
ent]ta9m5t8 ,if ! lectures are kept true
 to _! aim ( furni%+ solid in/ruction1 c
 !y 9 ! long run be paid =8 ,w x be     
possible to f9d 9 our c\ntry clu/]s (   
half a doz5 t[ns s gr\p$ & s ready to   
subscribe to a c\rse ( lectures on ea*  
day ( ! week t out ( ! entire six a liv+
 sal>y c be obta9$8 ,w ! new tea*]s be  
oblig$ to conf9e !mselves to ! suburbs (
 l>ge cities1 ab&on+ ! scatt]$ dwell]s 9
 ! c\ntry1 t portion ( our population   
:i* is almo/ ! only "o at pres5t cut (f 
f tol]able means ( culture8 ,if 9 ord]  
to pursue ^! de/itute ones1             
correspond5ce me?ods are employ$1 9     
addition to ! already approv$ me?ods (  
lecture in/ruction1 w l[]+ ( ! /&>d     
foll[8 ,9 ,engl& ?ree or f\r ye>s (     
ext5sion lectures are c\nt$ equival5t to
 "o ye> ( regul> /udy1 & a p]son :o has 
att5d$ ext5sion c\rses = ?is "t may be  
admitt$ )\t fur!r exam9ation to ! second

 ye> ( univ]sity resid5ce4 ,w any?+ ( ! 
sort be g5]ally attempt$ "h8  ,^! grave 
que/ions are z yet insusceptible (      
answ]4 ,affirmative1 desirable answ]s d 
n seem probable2 b exp]i5ce alone c make
 ! matt] pla94 ,( c\rse ! manag]s are   
wat*fully be>+ su* que/ions 9 m9d1 &    
critical wat*fulness may greatly aid !  
bett] answ] & h9d] ! less desirable4    
,accord+ly any?+ l a discussion ( ?is   
class ( practical d\bts w\ld be         
inappropriate "h4 ,data = ! =mation ( a 
confid5t op9ion d n exi/4 ,all t c be   
done by way ( w>n+ is to indicate c]ta9 
l>ge improbabilities1 leav+ !m to be    
confirm$ or ?w>t$ by "t & human +5uity4 
,b ) ! ?ird class ( d\bts ! case is     
diff]5t4 ,^! relate to ! con/itution ( !
 /aff ( tea*]s1 & "h suffici5t facts are
 at h& to p]mit a few po9ts to be       
demon/rat$ ) consid]able c]ta9ty4 ,:51 =
 example1 we ask f :at s\rce tea*]s are 
to be drawn1 we are usually told t !y   
mu/ come f college faculties4 ,if !     
me?od ( ! ext5sion lectur] is to be z   

?or\gh z t ( ! univ]sities !mselves1 !  
lectur]s mu/ be exp]ts1 n amateurs2 &   
:]e except at ! colleges does a body (  
exp]ts exi/8 ,no d\bt _m well-tra9$ m5  
are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! community z       
m]*ants1 doctors1 s*ool-tea*]s1 &       
lawy]s4 ,b ^! m51 :5 ( prov$ p[]1 h m   
?an !y prop]ly c att5d to 9 _! own      
affairs4 ,x seems to be ! colleges1     
!re=e1 to :i* ! movem5t mu/ look = its  
tea*]s2 & 9 ! exp]im5ts ?us f> made 9   
?is c\ntry ! ext5sion lectur+ has be5   
done = ! mo/ "p by college (fic]s4 ,a   
pr(essor ( hi/ory1 political economy1 or
 lit]ature has1 9 addition to 8 college 
tea*+1 also giv5 a c\rse ( in/ruction   
else:]e4 ,?is feature ( ! ,am]ican      
sy/em1 "o may say ) confid5ce1 mu/ prove
 a con/ant damage to ! "w ( ! colleges  
&1 if p]si/$ 91 mu/ ultimately de/roy ! 
ext5sion s*eme itself4  ,9 ,engl& !     
ext5sion tea*]s are n univ]sity tea*]s4 
,to h no indep5d5t /aff = ext5sion "w is
 a novelty ( ! ,am]ican und]tak+4 ,! v  
"n1 univ]sity ext5sion1 besides be+     

b>b>ic1 is 9 its ,engli% employm5t      
l>gely mislead+2 s9ce nei!r ! ag5cies = 
ext5d+ nor inde$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! /udies  
ext5d$1 are f\nd at ! univ]sities at    
all4 ,a small syndicate or committee1   
appo9t$ f among ! univ]sity (fic]s1 is !
 only %>e ! univ]sity has 9 ! bus9ess4  
,! impression1 s g5]al 9 ?is c\ntry1 t  
,engli% univ]sity tea*]s are roam+ ab\t 
! isl&1 lectur+ to mix$ audi5ces1 is an 
entire error4 ,! univ]sity tea*]s /ay at
 home & s5d o!r p1 _! own graduates     
*iefly1 to in/ruct ! multitude4 ,a      
committee ( !m decides on !             
qualifications = ! "w ( su* p]sons z c>e
 to devote !mselves to it9]ant tea*+ z a
 pr(ession4 ,= ^? s select$ !y arrange  
times1 places1 & subjects2 b !y !mselves
 d n move f _! own lecture rooms4 ,nor  
is !re occasion = _! do+ s4 ,9 ! sl5d]  
developm5t ( popul> education 9 ,engl&1 
_m m p]sons ( ! upp] classes become     
tra9$ z speciali/s ?an c f9d places z   
univ]sity tea*]s4 ,!re ?us arises a     
le>n$ & leisur$ accumulation :i*        

capitally s]ves ! c\ntry 9 case ( a new 
educational ne$4 ,on ?is accumulat$ /ock
 ( cultur$ m5--m5 :o o!rwise c\ld n     
easily br+ _! culture to m>ket--!       
ext5sion movem5t draws4 ,^! m5 are its  
tea*]s1 its p]man5t tea*]s1 s9ce !re are
 n compet+ places /riv+ to draw !m away4
 ,9 ! two c\ntries ! educational        
situation is exactly rev]s$3 9 ,engl&   
!re are m tra9$ m5 ?an positions2 9     
,am]ica1 m positions ?an tra9$ m54 ,x   
seems probable too t ?is condition ( ?+s
 w cont9ue long1 s f> z we are conc]n$2 
at lea/ !re is no pres5t prospect ( our 
rea*+ a limit 9 ! dem& = compet5t m54   
,:5ev] a college has a *air to fill1 x  
is necess>y to hunt f> & wide = a       
suitable p]son to fill x4 ,! dem& is n f
 ! old places alone4 ,almo/ e ye> a new 
college is f\nd$4 ,e ye> ! old ones gr[4
 ,9 tw5ty-five ye>s ,h>v>d has quadrupl$
 its /aff4 ,columbia1 ,cornell1         
,pr9ceton1 ,yale1 ! ,univ]sity (        
,mi*igan1 ! ,univ]sity (                
,p5nsylvania1--inde$ almo/ e /rong      

college 9 ! c\ntry1--%[s an imm5se      
advance4 ,a ,we/]n /ate is no soon]     
settl$ ?an x e/abli%es a /ate univ]sity1
 & ea* ( ! sects />ts f "o to ?ree      
colleges besides4 ,no su* p]petual      
expansion goes on 9 ,engl&4 ,! numb] (  
le>n$ positions !re is measurably fix$4 
,if m exp]ts ?an c fill !m1 or ?an c>e  
to ent] political life1 ! lib]al        
pr(essions1 & ! civil s]vice1 are       
manufactur$ 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ! surplus
 /ock is at ! disposal ( ! ext5sion     
syndicate4 ,_m ( ^! m5 too are p]sons ( 
means1 to :om a position ( dignity is ( 
m consequ5ce ?an a l>ge sal>y4 ,!       
problem1 accord+ly1 ( organiz+ popul>   
in/ruction out ( su* a body ( wait+     
exp]ts is a comp>atively simple "o2 b x 
is n s simple "h4 ,9 our c\ntry any man 
:o has a fair acqua9tance ) a special   
subject & mod]ate skill 9 imp>t+ x1     
especially if he w be cont5t$ ) a small 
sal>y1 c be pretty sure ( college       
appo9tm5t4  ,naturally en\gh1 !re=e1 !  
organiz]s ( ! ext5sion movem5t1 despair+

 ( f9d+ among u compet5t unatta*$       
tea*]s1 h turn$ at once to ! colleges2 b
 ! colleges are a v unsafe support to   
lean ^u4 ,a pr(essor 9 a univ]sity :]e !
 /udies are elective has no m sup]flu\s 
"t ?an a busy lawy]1 or doctor1 or      
bus9ess man4 ,m]ely to keep up ) !      
lit]ature ( a subject1 to say no?+ ( t  
rese>* & writ+ :i* %\ld enl>ge its      
limits1 is an enorm\s task4 ,tea*+ too  
is no long] an affair ( text-books &    
recitations4 ,leisurely days ( r\t9e    
ease belong to ! pa/4 ,a pr(essor       
n[adays mu/ prep>e lectures incessantly2
 mu/ p]petually revise !m2 mu/ arrange  
exam9ations2 direct ! read+ ( 8 /ud5ts2 
receive _! !ses2 himself read a l>ge "p 
( _! volum9\s writt5 "w2 p]sonally      
ov]see 8 advanc$ m52 ga!r !m ab\t him 9 
laboratory1 sem9>y & conf]5ce2 att5d    
innum]able committee & faculty meet+s2  
devise legislation = ! fur!r developm5t 
( 8 college & dep>tm5t2 correspond )    
s*ools & colleges :]e 8 /ud5ts1 aft]    
tak+ _! high] degree1 may suitably be   

plac$2 & if at ! end ( a h>d-work$ day  
he c f9d an h\r's leisure1 he mu/ /ill  
keep 8 door op5 = /ud5ts or fell[-(fic]s
 to ent]4 ,s labori\s h become ! duties 
( a univ]sity tea*] t few l>ge /affs n[ 
g ?r\gh a ye> )\t "o or two ( _! memb]s 
break+ d[n4 ,) ! gr[+ complexity ( "w x 
(t5 seems z if ! prop] bus9ess ( college
 (fic]s1 /udy & tea*+1 mu/ "s day cease 
altoge!r1 cr[d$ out by ! multif>i\s     
tasks ) :i* !y are only indirectly      
connect$4 ,x is useless to say t ^! ?+s 
are n necess>y4 ,:oev] neglects !m w    
cease to make 8 college1 8 subject & 8  
influ5ce gr[4 ,x is because pr(essors n[
 see t !y _c safely neglect !m t ! mod]n
 college diff]s fundam5tally f its      
humdrum pr$ecessor ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury 
ago4 ,any movem5t :i* seeks to )draw a  
pr(essor's att5tion f ^! ?+s1 & induces 
him to put 8 s\l else:]e1 inflicts on ! 
community a s]i\s damage4 ,no am\nt (   
intellectual /imulus furni%$ to little  
companies "h & !re c atone = ! loss t   
mu/ fall on education :5 college tea*]s 

pl$ge !mselves to d s]i\s "w 9 o!r      
places ?an 9 _! own libr>ies & lecture  
rooms4 ,to be an explor] & a guide 9 a  
dep>tm5t ( human k is an ardu\s         
pr(ession4 ,x admits no half-he>t$      
s]vice4  ,( c\rse if ! "w dem&$ else:]e 
is n s]i\s1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,r )     
b5efit ?an ) damage a college tea*] may 
on occasion reca/ ! in/ruction t 0      
int5d$ = pr(essionals & (f] x to a      
popul> audi5ce4 ,9 ?is way a pr(essor   
makes himself kn[n & makes 8 college    
kn[n4 ,_m ( ! small colleges are n[     
engag+ 9 univ]sity ext5sion z an        
inexp5sive means ( adv]tis+ !mselves4 ,b
 su* lectur+ is incid5tal1 volunt>y &   
p]petually liable to int]ruption4       
,beyond ! imm$iate s]ies ( lectures x _c
 be dep5d$ on4 ,!re is no?+ in/itutional
 ab\t x4 ,! m5 :o und]take x are own$   
else:]e1 & a second mortgage is n       
usually a v valuable piece ( prop]ty4 ,a
 movem5t :i* places its reliance on !   
casual tea*+ ( ov]work$ m5 is condemn$ f
 ! />t4 ,univ]sity ext5sion c nev] pass 

beyond ! /age ( amateurism & tempor>y   
exp$i5t until1 l its ,engli% namesake1 x
 has a p]man5t /aff ( in/ructors        
exclusively devot$ to its s]vice4  ,:]e1
 !n1 is su* a /aff to be obta9$8 ,9 view
 ( ! conditions ( education 9 ?is c\ntry
 already describ$1 x is improbable t x c
 be obta9$ at all4 ,b some?+ may /ill be
 done1--some?+1 h[ev]1 ( a m mode/ sort 
?an en?usia/s at pres5t h 9 m9d4 ,!re   
issue f our great univ]sities e ye> a   
numb] ( m5 :o h _h two or ?ree ye>s'    
tra9+ beyond _! ba*elor's degree4 ,"s ( 
!m h _h a ye> or two ( =eign /udy4 ,!y  
frequ5tly wi% to tea*4 ,places d n      
imm$iately op5 to !m4 ,if ! ext5sion    
movem5t w\ld set !m to "w1 x might h all
 _! "t at a mod]ate sal>y = two or ?ree 
ye>s4 ,su* m51 x is true1 w\ld be       
inexp]i5c$1 & _! connection ) it9]ant   
tea*+ c\ld n be r5d]$ la/+4 ,z soon z "o
 ( !m prov$ 8 p[] z a tea*]1 "s college 
w\ld call him2 & he w\ld seldom pref] ! 
nomadic & fragm5t>y life to an e/abli%$ 
"o4 ,pla9ly too "u ! *>ge ( su* m5 !    

grade ( in/ruction c\ld n be ! highe/2 b
 x might be s\nd1 inspirit+ ev51 & x is 
9 any case all t pres5t circum/ances    
r5d] possible4 ,we may m\rn t ^? :o are 
ma/]s 9 _! sev]al prov9ces are already  
fully employ$4 ,we may wi% !re 7 a      
multitude ( ma/]s sitt+ ab\t1 ready =   
enli/m5t 9 a mission>y und]tak+4 ,b !re 
are no su* ma/]s4 ,! facts are evid5t   
en\gh2 & if ! ext5sion movem5t aims at a
 durable exi/5ce1 x w respect ^! facts4 
,! m5 x wants x _c h )\t damag+ !m2 &   
damag+ !m1 x damages ! high] education (
 :i* !y are ! gu>dians4 ,tea*]s ( a l[] 
grade are at h&1 ready to be exp]im5t$  
)4 ,! few exp]im5ts already tri$ h be5  
fairly successful4 ,let ! ext5sion      
lead]s give up all ?\ght ( do+ "h :at   
has be5 done 9 ,engl&4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( 
t "w is p]=m$ = u by o!r means4 ,! wise/
 guidance1 accord+ly1 may n lead !      
movem5t to any long success4 ,if1 h[ev]1
 univ]sity ext5sion w keep itself cle>ly
 deta*$ f o!r educational ag5cies & make
 a quiet (f] ( humble yet s]viceable    

in/ruction1 !re is a fair prospect t by 
some:at sl[ degrees a p]man5t new p[]   
may be add$ to ! appliances = r5d]+ busy
 ,am]icans intellig5t4   ,,footnotes3   
#a ,pr9t$ 9 #ahib4     ,,vi             
,,specialization#b   ,ladies & g5tlem5 (
 ! graduat+ class1 ?is aft]noon belongs 
to y4 ,?is morn+ we d$icat$ a *ime (    
bells to ! memory ( ,mrs4 ,palm]1 & 9 ^?
 mov+ ex]cises y _h b a sl5d] %>e4      
,probably n half a doz5 ( y ev] saw h]  
:o1 once se51 0 lov$ ) romantic ardor4  
,und\bt$ly _m ( y are diff]5t f :at y   
w\ld h be5 _h %e n liv$1 & liv$ "h2 = h]
 influ5ce s pass$ into ! /ructure ( ?is 
,univ]sity t %e w %ape successive       
g5]ations ( y = a long "t to come4 ,b   
en\gh ( h]4 ,let u dismiss h] f our     
?\ghts4 ,too mu* praise we h already    
lavi%$ on "o :o 0 ev] simple &          
self-=gett+4 ,%e w\ld *ide our pr(usion4
 ,if we w\ld ?9k z %e w\ld wi% u to ?9k1
 let u turn r to ! common matt]s ( !    
day1 reflect+ on ^? joys & p]plexities  
:i* h att5d$ y ?r\gh\t ^! =mative ye>s4 

,"o especially among ^! p]plexities1    
p]haps ! greate/ ( all1 ,i w\ld invite y
 to consid] n[4 ,let me set x cle>ly    
be=e y4  ,?is morn+ ,i sat d[n to       
breakfa/ ) ab\t a hundr$ ( y :o _h ent]$
 on ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ degree :i* ?is
 ,univ]sity (f]s4 ,y 7 advanc$          
speciali/s4 ,y _h ea* *os5 "s s+le l9e (
 endeavor4 ,b ev5 !n ,i rememb]$ t y 7 n
 ! only speciali/s "h4 ,be=e me ?is     
aft]noon ,i see c&idates 9 m$ic9e1 m5 & 
wom5 :o h tak5 = _! specialty ! w>f>e ) 
pa9 & disease4 ,!y h said1 ,all t ,i c  
ev] "k1 ,i w br+ to be> on ?is urg5t    
problem4 ,"h also are ! lawy]s1         
impassion$ = ju/ice1 = ! quell+ ( human 
/rife4 ,t is _! specialty4 ,!y too      
re/rict !mselves to a s+le po9t ( view4 
,beside !m sit ! sci5tific m51 :o look+ 
ov] ! va/ expanse ( nature h accept$ !  
task ( trac+ ! physical aspects ( ?is   
m>vell\s ma*9e4 ,nor c ,i /op "h4       
,?r\gh\t ! und]graduate dep>tm5t1 z we  
all "k1 run dom9ant int]e/s4 ,i %\ld be 
a%am$ ( a "y man :o 9 8 f\r ye>s _h n   

f\nd "s compulsive int]e/2 = x is only  
:5 an int]e/ compels t we c say t       
education has begun4 ,s long z we are   
simply le>n+ :at is set be=e u1 tak+ !  
r\t9e mass ( academic subjects1 we may  
be fai?ful /ud5ts1 b we are n s*ol>s4   
,no1 x is :5 ) a free he>t we give      
ourselves to a subject1 bidd+ x take ( u
 all x dem&s & feel+ t we _h r att5d to 
x ?an to any?+ else1 because x expresses
 our p]sonal desires--!n x is t its     
quick5+ influ5ce takes hold4 ,b ?is is  
specialization4 ,we might ?9k ( !       
,univ]sity ( ,*icago !n z a great       
specializ+ ma*9e4  ,b :y has ea* ( y set
 himself ?is task ( specialization8     
,because ! _w ne$s lead]s1 & y h *os5   
y\rselves to be ^? lead]s4 ,are y aw>e  
h[ exceptional is y\r condition8 ,! la/ 
c5sus %[s t at pres5t h>dly "o p] c5t ( 
our population is 9 our colleges4 ,y are
 ( t "o p] c5t1 & y are "h 9 ord] t y   
may enlight5 ! o!r n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ,if
 ?r\gh ignorance y fail1 y w cause o!rs 
to fail & y _h bett] nev] h come to ?is 

,univ]sity4 ,to "s sort ( lead]%ip y h  
d$icat$ y\rselves1 & to ?is aim y %\ld  
be true4 ,b d n at times d\bts cross y\r
 m9d8 ,h y n occasionally ask$ y\rselves
 :e!r y c atta9 su* lead]%ip & make !   
mo/ ( y\r lives by %utt+ y\rselves up to
 a specialty8 ,multitudes ( int]e/+ ?+s 
are call+2 %all y turn away f !m & foll[
 a s+le l9e8 ,x w be wor? :ile to-day to
 consid] ^! fundam5tal que/ions &       
inquire h[ f> we are ju/ifi$ 9          
specializ+1 :at dang]s !re are 9 x1 & 9 
:at degree ^? dang]s may be avoid$4     
,let me say1 !n1 at ! />t1 t ,i reg>d   
specialization z absolutely ess5tial to 
s*ol>%ip4 ,!re is no s*ol>%ip )\t x1 = x
 is involv$ 9 ! v process ( kn[+4 ,:5 ,i
 look at ?is desk ,i am specializ+2 t   
is1 ,i am deta*+ ?is piece ( furniture f
 all else 9 ! room4 ,i am limit+ myself1
 & ,i _c see )\t x4 ,i c gaze )\t       
specialization1 b ,i _c see )\t         
specialization4 ,if ,i am to "k any?+ by
 sight1 t k mu/ come ?r\gh ! limitation 
( sight4 ,i seize ?is object1 ca/ away  

all o!rs1 & ?us fix my att5tion4 ,or if 
,i am c>efully to obs]ve1 ,i ev5 put my 
eye on a s+le po9t ( ! desk4 ,!re is no 
o!r way4 ,cle> k becomes possible only  
?r\gh precise obs]vation4 ,n[           
specialization is no?+ b ?is necess>y   
limitation ( att5tion2 & we1 z          
speciali/s1 are m]ely c>ry+ out on a    
l>ge scale :at e human be+ mu/ practise 
9 "s degree :5ev] he kn[s4 ,we employ ! 
process p]si/5tly1 & = ! sake ( sci5ce  
are will+ to hold ourselves /eadily to a
 s+le l9e ( obs]vation4 ,& we _c d      
o!rwise4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ 9 !       
specialization ( ! s5ses run ?r\gh\t all
 sci5ce4 ,if we w\ld "k1 we mu/ hold !  
att5tion long on a giv5 subject4  ,b !re
 is an un=tunate side to specialization4
 ,x obliges u to disc>d o!r important   
int]e/s4 ,to disc>d m]ely unimportant   
ones is easy4 ,b e ev5+ :5 ,i sit d[n to
 devote myself to my e?ics ,i am aw>e t 
!re are p]sons />v+ 9 ,bo/on :o might be
 sav$ if ,i %\ld drop my "w & g to !m4  
,yet ,i sit calmly !re & say1 ,let !m   

/>ve2 ,i am go+ to /udy e?ics4 ,i d n   
see h[ ,i c\ld be a suitable pr(essor ( 
e?ics unless ,i 7 will+ ?us to limit    
myself4 ,t is ! h>d "p1 z ,i und]/& x1 (
 specialization1--! cutt+ (f ( ?+s t are
 wor? :ile4 ,i am sure y h already f\nd 
x out4 ,_m ( y h come f places ( n>r[   
opportunity & "h f9d a welcome          
abundance4 ,rememb]+ h[ y h long$ to    
obta9 su* privileges1 y w be tempt$ to  
scatt] y\rselves ov] a wide field1 ga!r+
 a little "h & a little !re4 ,at ! end (
 ! ye> y w h no?+1 if y d t4 ,! only    
possibility ( ga9 is to *oose y\r field1
 devote s]i\s "t to x1 c\nt y\rself a   
speciali/1 & propose to live l "o4 ,goe!
 admirably ann\nces ! pr9ciple3 ,w]     
grosses w muss si* bes*ra5k5 ko5n54 ,y  
mu/ accept limitations if y w g on to   
p[]1 = 9 limitation ! v process ( k is  
root$4  ,fur!rmore1 n only is           
specialization =c$ ^u u by ! nature ( k1
 b )\t x our own p[]s _c receive        
appropriate discipl9e4 ,x is difficult  
bus9ess to fa%ion a s\nd obs]v]4 ,ea*   

prov9ce ( sci5ce has its special modes (
 obs]vation1 its own modes ( reason+    
ev54 ,s long z we are unfamili> ) ^! &  
oblig$ to hold ourselves to !m ?r\gh    
consci\s control1 our "w is poor4 ,x is 
sl[1 inaccurate1 & exhau/+4 ,only :5 we 
h tra9$ ourselves to su* aptitudes t )9 
a c]ta9 field our obs]vations & reason+s
 are in/9ctive d we become swift1 sure1 
& unfatigu$ 9 rese>*4 ,to tra9 our p[]s 
!n we mu/ beg9 to specialize e>ly & hold
 ourselves /eadily )9 b\nds4 ,z "o looks
 ov] ! names ( ^? :o h accompli%$ mu*1  
"o is surpris$ at ! numb] :o 7 e>ly     
speciali/s4 ,take my own dep>tm5t3      
,b]keley writes 8 great "w :5 he is     
tw5ty-five2 ,hume publi%es 8 ma/]piece  
at tw5ty-sev54 ,or aga91 ,keats _h      
br\ght 8 wond]ful results to            
accompli%m5t & di$ at tw5ty-five2       
,%elley at ?irty2 ,m>l[e1 ! greate/ loss
 ,engli% lett]s ev] met1 at tw5ty-sev54 
,x is j ! same 9 o!r fields3 ,alex&]    
dies at ?irty-six1 ,jesus at ?irty-?ree4
 ,yes1 let u look ne>] home3 ! mo/      

=cible lead] ,am]ican education has ev] 
_h became presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity  
at ?irty-five2 ,presid5t ,hyde ( ,b[do9 
took 8 position at tw5ty-sev52 my own   
wife1 ,alice ,freeman1 0 presid5t (     
,wellesley at tw5ty-six4 ,^! are e>ly   
speciali/s2 & because !y specializ$ e>ly
 !y acquir$ an aptitude1 a smoo?ness (  
"w1 a precision ( insight1 & wid? ( p[] 
:i* c\ld n h be5 !irs _h !y begun lat]4 
,i w\ld n d5y t !re h be5 g5iuses :o    
seem$ to beg9 late3 ,kant 0 su*2 ,locke 
0 su*4 ,y w recall _m )9 y\r own fields4
 ,b ,i ?9k :5 y se>* ! c>e] ( ^? :o come
 to p[] 9 comp>atively late ye>s1 y w   
f9d t !re has usually be5 a tra9 ( cov]t
 specialization runn+ ?r\gh _! lives4   
,!y may n h def9itely nam$ _! field to  
!mselves1 or produc$ "w )9 t field 9    
e>ly ye>s1 b ev]y?+ _h be5 conv]g+ t[>d 
t issue4 ,i believe1 !re=e1 y ought to  
respect y\r specialty1 because only     
?r\gh x c y\r p[]s be br\ght to _!      
highe/ accuracy & s]vice4  ,"o m        
ju/ification ( specialization ,i w      

briefly m5tion1 t x is necess>y = !     
organization ( society4 ,no motive is   
good = mu* until x is socializ$4 ,if    
specialization only develop$ our        
individual selves1 we c\ld h>dly ju/ify 
x2 b x is ! means ( progress = society4 
,! field ( k is va/2 no man c ma/] x1 & 
its imm5sity 0 nev] s fully und]/ood z  
to-day4 ,! only way ! :ole prov9ce c be 
conqu]$ & br\ght "u subjection to human 
ne$s is by p>t+ x out1 "o man be+ cont5t
 to till 8 little corn] :ile 8 neighbor 
is engag$ on some?+ widely diff]5t4 ,we 
mu/ "p out ! field ( k & specialize on  
our allott$ "w1 9 ord] t !re may be     
entirety 9 sci5ce4 ,if we seek to h     
entirety 9 ourselves1 sci5ce w be       
fragm5t>y & feeble4 ,t division ( labor 
:i* has prov$ effici5t ev]y:]e else is  
no less ne$ful 9 sci5ce4  ,b ,i suppose 
x is h>dly necess>y to ju/ify           
specialization to ?is audi5ce4 ,mo/ ( y 
h /ak$ heavily on x1 putt+ y\rselves to 
s]i\s inconv5i5ce1 _m ( y heavily       
mortgag+ y\r future1 9 ord] to come "h &

 devote y\rselves to "s s+le int]e/4 ,i 
might confid5tly g ?r\gh ?is room ask+  
ea* ( y :at is y\r subject8 ,& y w\ld   
pr\dly reply1 ,my subject is ?is4 ,my   
subject is ?is4 ,my subject is ?is4 ,i  
?9k y w\ld feel a%am$ if y _h n ?us     
specializ$4 ,i see no occasion1 !re=e1  
to elaborate :at ,i h urg$4 ,z ,i und]/&
 x1 ! ?ree roots ( specialization are   
^!3 x is gr\nd$ 9 ! v nature ( ! kn[+   
process2 x is gr\nd$ 9 ! ne$s (         
ourselves z individuals1 9 ord] t we may
 atta9 our maximum effici5cy2 x is      
gr\nd$ 9 ! ne$s ( society1 because only 
s c society rea* t fulness ( k :i* its  
progress requires4  ,b1 aft] all1 !     
beliefs :i* are accept$ z matt]s ( c\rse
 9 ?is room are l>gely d5\nc$ outside x4
 ,we mu/ ackn[l$ge t our confid5ce 9    
specialization enc\nt]s _m d\bts 9 !    
community4 ,x may be well1 !n1 to place 
ourselves :]e t community /&s & ask !   
g5]al public to tell u :y x d\bts u1 :at
 !re is 9 our specializ$ attitude :i* x 
?9ks defective1 & :at are ! compla9ts   

:i* x is dispos$ to br+ aga9/ u8 ,i w   
try to take ! position ( devil's        
advocate & plead ! cause ( ! objector to
 specialization4  ,specialization1 x is 
said1 leads to ignorance2 inde$ x r aims
 at ignorance ?an k4 ,:5 ,i att5d to ?is
 desk1 x is true ,i secure a bit ( k1 b 
h[ small is t bit 9 comp>ison to all !  
?+s 9 ?is room :i* ,i might "k ab\t6 ,x 
is b a fraction4 ,yet ,i h condemn$ all 
else 9 ! room to ignorance1 res]v+ only 
?is "o little object = k4 ,n[ t is :at  
we are all ( u do+ on a great scale2 by 
specializ+1 by limit+ our att5tion1 we  
cut (f :at is n att5d$ to4 ,x is (t5    
assum$ t att5tion is ma9ly a positive   
affair & occupi$ ) :at we are to "k4 ,b 
t is a v small portion ( x2 really its  
important "p is ! negative1 ! removal ( 
:at we d n wi% to obs]ve4 ,we cut       
ourselves (f f ! great mass ( k :i* is  
(f]$4 ,is x n !n true t e speciali/ has 
discipl9$ himself to be an ignoramus8   
,he has drawn a f5ce ar\nd a little     
portion ( ! univ]se & said1 ,)9 t f5ce  

,i "k some?+4 ,yes1 ! public replies1 b 
y d n "k any?+ outside4 ,& is n ! public
 "r8 ,:5 we /ep =w>d & claim to be le>n$
 m51 is n ! public ju/ifi$ 9 say+1 ,i "k
 a great deal m ?an y d2 ,i "k a ?\s&   
?+s & y "k only "o4 ,y say y "k t "o    
?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & ( c\rse ,i d n "k my   
?\s& ?+s ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,b x is n       
necess>y4 ,i p]ceive _! relations2 ,i c 
h&le !m2 ,i c use !m 9 practice2 c y8   
,well1 no1 we are oblig$ to say1 we     
speciali/s are a little fumbl+ :5 we try
 to take hold ( ! _w4 ,we are n altoge!r
 skilful 9 action1 j because we are su* 
speciali/s4 ,y /ud5ts "h h be5 devot+   
y\rselves to "s "o po9t--,i am afraid _m
 ( y are go+ to h sad exp]i5ce ( x--y h 
be5 le>n+ to "k some?+ nobody else on   
e>? does "k1 & !n y g =? to seek a      
position4 ,b ! _w may h no use = y2 !re 
are only two or ?ree positions ( t sort 
9 ! c\ntry1 & ^? may happ5 to be fill$4 
,j because y are su* an elaborate s*ol> 
y _c e>n y\r daily bread4 ,y h cut      
y\rself (f f ev]y?+ b t "o species (    

le>n+1 & t does n happ5 to be want$4    
,!re=e y are n want$4 ,su* is ! too     
frequ5t condition ( ! speciali/4 ,! ?\s&
 ?+s he does n "k2 x is only ! "o ?+ he 
does "k4 ,& because he is s ignorant1 he
 is helpless4  ,turn+ !n to our second  
ju/ification ( specialization1 ! case   
seems equally bad4 ,i said t            
specialization 0 ne$$ = ! tra9+ ( our   
p[]s4 ,! tra9+ ( !m all8 ,n t1 b ! tra9+
 ( only c]ta9 ones among !m4 ,! o!rs    
hang slack4 ,9 ^? regions ( ourselves we
 c\nt = little4 ,we are m5 ( weight only
 )9 ! range ( ! p[]s we h tra9$2 & :at a
 l>ge slice ( u lies outside ^!6        
,accord+ly ! g5]al public decl>es t !re 
is no judgm5t s bad z ! judgm5t ( a     
speciali/4 ,few practical situations    
exactly co9cide ) 8 specialty1 & outside
 8 specialty 8 judgm5t is worse ?an t ( 
! novice4 ,he has be5 tra9+ himself 9   
ref]5ce to some?+ precise2 & ! mom5t he 
v5tures beyond x1 ! v exactitude ( 8    
discipl9e limits 8 wor?4 ,! man :o has n
 be5 a speciali/1 :o has dabbl$ 9 all   

?+s & has acquir$ a r\gh & ready common 
s5se1 t man's judgm5t is wor? some?+ 9  
_m diff]5t sections ( life1 b ! judgm5t 
( ! speciali/ is pa9fully poor beyond 8 
usual range4 ,y rememb] h[1 9 ! comic   
op]a1 ! practice is satiriz$ ( appo9t+ a
 p]son :o has nev] be5 at sea to take   
*>ge ( ! navy ( a great c\ntry4 ,b t is 
! only s5sible c\rse to pursue4 ,put a  
speciali/ !re1 & ! navy w be wret*$ly   
organiz$1 because ! adm9i/ration ( !    
navy requires some?+ m ?an ! specialism 
( seaman%ip4 ,x is necess>y to coord9ate
 seaman%ip ) _m o!r consid]ations1 & !  
man tra9$ 9 ! specialty ( seaman%ip is  
little likely to h t ability4 ,!re=e    
ord9>ily we use our exp]ts be/ by putt+ 
!m "u ! control ( ^? :o are n exp]ts4   
,common s5se has ! la/ ^w4 ,! coord9at+ 
p[] :i* has n be5 discipl9$ 9 s+le l9es 
is :at ultimately takes ! direction (   
affairs4 ,we ne$ ! speciali/ )9 8 little
 field2 %ut him up !re1 & he is valuable
 en\gh2 b don't let him escape4 ,t seems
 to be ! view ( ! public4 ,!y keep !    

speciali/ conf9$ because !y utt]ly      
di/ru/ 8 judgm5t :5 he ext5ds himself   
abroad4  ,& :5 we look at ! ?ird ( our  
gr\nds = ju/ification1 social ne$1 !    
public decl>es t ! speciali/s are       
intol]ably presumptu\s4 ,kn[+ _! own    
subject1 !y imag9e !y c dictate to      
anybody & d n und]/& h[ limit$ is _!    
importance4 ,aga9 & aga9 x happ5s t     
because a man does "k "s "o ?+ pretty   
well he sets himself up z a great man 9 
g5]al4 ,my own prov9ce suff]s 9 ?is     
respect m ?an mo/2 = z soon z a man     
acquires consid]able skill 9 *emi/ry or 
biology1 he is apt to issue a           
pronunciam5to on philosophy4 ,b         
philosophy does n suff] alone4 ,ev]y:]e 
! fri5ds ( ! great speciali/ are tell+  
him he has prov$ himself a mighty man1 q
 compet5t to sit 9 judgm5t on ! univ]se2
 & he1 =gett+ t ! univ]se & ! p>ticul>  
subject he kn[s some?+ ab\t are two     
diff]5t ?+s1 really imag9es t 8 ignorant
 op9ions des]ve consid]ation4  ,n[ ,i   
suppose we mu/ ackn[l$ge t 9 all ?is    

blasphemy aga9/ our call+1 !re is a good
 deal ( tru?4 ,^! c]ta9ly are dang]s :i*
 all ( u speciali/s incur4 ,i agree t !y
 are inevitable dang]s4 ,d n1 h[ev]1 let
 u on acc\nt ( !m ab&on specialization &
 seek to acquire a mass ( miscellane\s  
in=mation4 ,bacon said1 ,i take all k = 
my prov9ce4 ,if we say x1 we %all become
 n ,bacons b fools4 ,no1 t is ! broad   
road to ignorance4 ,b lay+ ^! pr(\nd    
dang]s ( specialization well to he>t1   
assur$ t !y beset u all1 let u se>* =   
rem$ial measures4 ,let u ask h[ su*     
dang]s may be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,is !re
 a c]ta9 way 9 :i* we may engage 9 !    
speciali/'s rese>* & /ill save ourselves
 f "s ( ! evils ,i h "h depict$8 ,i ?9k 
!re is4 ,to f9d x we w foll[ ! same ?ree
 av5ues :i* h be5 lead+ u ?us f>4  ,9   
reg>d to ! fir/1 ! limitation (         
att5tion1 ,i und]/& t1 aft] all1 our    
specialty _c fill our entire life4 ,we d
 sometimes sit d[n to d9n]2 we          
occasionally talk ) a fri5d2 we n[ & !n 
take a j\rney2 we p]mit ourselves f "t  

to "t to read "s o!r book ?an "o :i*    
ref]s to our subject4 ,t is1 ,i take x1 
if we are fully alive to ! great dang] t
 9 specializ+ we are cutt+ (f a l>ge "p 
( ! univ]se1 we %all be wise 9 ga!r+    
eag]ly :atev] additional k we may       
acquire outside our specialty4 ,& ,i mu/
 say t ! l>g] numb] ( em95t speciali/s  
:om ,i h happ5$ to "k h be5 m5 pretty   
ri* 9 k outside _! specialties4 ,!y 7 m5
 :o well appreh5d$ ! extreme dang] ( _! 
limit$ modes ( pursuit & :o gre$ily     
grasp$1 !re=e1 at e bit ( k !y c\ld     
obta9 :i* lay beyond _! prov9ce4 ,!y    
appropriat$ all ! wisdom !y c\ld2 &     
m]ely because x did n exactly fit 9 ) _!
 specialty1 !y did n turn x away4 ,i d n
 "k h[ f> x is wise to g 9 ?is ef=t to  
repair ! "o-sid$ness 9 :i* mo/ ( u are  
compell$ to live4 ,a r extreme case 0   
once br\ght to my att5tion4 ,!re 0 a    
/ud5t at ,h>v>d :o _h be5 a high s*ol> )
 me1 & ,i f\nd t he 0 also s specializ+ 
9 ! classics t :5 he graduat$ he took   
classical honors4 ,"s ye>s lat] ,i le>n$

 t he 0 "o ( ! highe/ s*ol>s 9 ! ,m$ical
 ,s*ool4 ,meet+ him a few ye>s aft] he  
_h ent]$ 8 pr(ession1 ,i ask$1 ,h[ did x
 happ5 t y *ang$ y\r m9d s m>k$ly8 ,y   
devot$ y\rself to classics & philosophy 
9 college4 ,:at made y f9ally decide to 
become a physician8 ,f9ally decide6 said
 he4 ,:y1 f *ildhood up ,i nev] int5d$  
to be any?+ else4 ,b1 ,i p]si/$1 ,i _c  
be mi/ak5 9 recall+ t y devot$ y\rself 9
 college to classics & philosophy4 ,yes1
 he said1 ,i did1 because ,i knew ,i    
%\ld nev] h ano!r *ance at ^? subjects4 
,i 0 go+ to give ! re/ ( my life to     
m$ic9e1 s ,i took ^? ye>s = classics &  
philosophy4 ,i ask$1 ,wasn't t a great  
mi/ake2 hav5't y n[ f\nd out y\r blund]8
 ,oh1 no1 said he1 ,i am a mu* bett]    
physician on t acc\nt2 ,i c\ld n h done 
half s well if ,i hadn't _h all t tra9+ 
9 philosophy & classics4 ,n[ ,i _c      
advise su* a c\rse = ev]ybody4 ,x takes 
a big man to d t4 ,if y are big en\gh1 x
 is wor? :ile lay+ a v broad f\ndation2 
b consid]+ ! size on :i* mo/ ( u are    

plann$1 x is wis] to beg9 e>ly &        
specialize f ! v />t4  ,well1 !n1 "h is 
"o mode ( mak+ up = ! defects (         
specialization3 we may pick up k outside
 our subject4 ,b x is an imp]fect mode2 
y nev] c put away y\r limitations       
altoge!r4 ,y c d a great deal4 ,use y\r 
odd qu>t]-h\rs wisely & d n m]ely play 9
 fragm5t>y times1 und]/&+ t ^! are      
preci\s seasons = acquir+ ! k :i* lies  
beyond y\r prov9ce4 ,!n e "t y talk )   
anybody1 lead him neatly to :at he kn[s 
be/1 keep+ an att5tive e>1 becom+ a     
fir/-class li/5]1 & seek+ to get beyond 
y\rself4 ,by do+ s y w und\bt$ly mu*    
enl>ge ! n>r[ b\nds to :i* y h pl$g$    
y\rself4 ,yet ?is policy w n be en\gh4  
,x w require to be supplem5t$ by some?+ 
m4 ,!re=e ,i %\ld say 9 ! second place1 
t 9 discipl9+ our p[]s we mu/ be c>eful 
to conceive our specialty broadly en\gh4
 ,9 tak+ x too n>r[ly lies our *ief     
dang]4 ,!re are two types ( speciali/4  
,!re is ! man :o reg>ds 8 specialty z a 
door into :i* he goes & by :i* he %uts !

 _w out1 hid+ himself ) 8 own little    
int]e/s4 ,t is ! petty1 poor speciali/1 
! speciali/ :o nev] becomes a man ( p[]1
 h[ev] mu* he may be a man ( le>n+4 ,b  
!re is an entirely diff]5t sort (       
speciali/ f t2 x is ! man :o reg>ds 8   
specialty z a w9d[ out ( :i* he may pe] 
^u all ! _w4 ,8 specialty is m]ely a    
po9t ( view f :i* ev]y?+ is reg>d$4     
,consequ5tly )\t dep>t+ f our specialty 
ea* ( u may escape n>r[ness4 ,in/ead (  
runn+ ov] all ! e>? & contemplat+ x 9 a 
multitude ( diff]5t aspects1 ! wise     
speciali/ *ooses "s s+le po9t ( view &  
exam9es ! univ]se z x is relat$ to ?is4 
,ev]y?+ !re=e has a mean+ = him1 ev]y?+ 
contributes some?+ to 8 specialty4      
,n>r[+ himself :ile he is gett+ 8 p[]s  
discipl9$1 z ^? p[]s become tra9$ he    
slacks !m (f & gives !m a wid] range2 = 
he kn[s v well t :ile ! _w is cut up    
into little p>cels x nev] c be view$    
rightly4 ,x w always be di/ort$4 ,=1    
aft] all1 ?+s are :at !y are ?r\gh _!   
relations1 & if y snap ^? relations y   

nev] truly conceive any?+4 ,accord+ly1 z
 soon z we h got our specialty1 we %\ld 
beg9 to coord9ate t specialty ) ev]y?+  
else4 ,at fir/ we may fix our att5tion  
on "s s+le problem )9 a giv5 field1 b   
soon we discov] t we _c ma/] t problem  
)\t kn[+ ! re/ ( ! field also4 ,z we g  
on to "k ! re/ ( ! field & make ourself 
a fair ma/] ( t sci5ce1 we discov] t t  
sci5ce dep5ds on o!r sci5ces4 ,nev] 0   
!re an age ( ! _w 9 :i* ?is int]lock+ ( 
! sci5ces 0 s cle>ly p]ceiv$ z 9 our    
day4 ,=m]ly we seem$ able to isolate a  
p>ticul> topic & "k some?+ ( x1 b 9 our 
evolution>y "t no?+ ( t k9d is possible4
 ,ea* ?+ is an epitome ( ! :ole4 ,h y   
be5 tra9+ y\r eye to see a _w 9 a gra9 (
 s&8 ,c y look ?r\gh y\r specialty out  
^u ! total univ]se & say3 ,i am a       
speciali/ m]ely because ,i d n want to  
be a n>r[ man4 ,my specialty is my      
telescope4 ,ev]y?+ belongs to me4 ,i _c1
 x is true1 turn to x all at once4 ,be+ 
a feeble p]son ,i mu/ advance f po9t to 
po9t1 accept+ limitations2 b j z fa/ z  

,i c1 hav+ ma/]$ ^? limitations1 ,i %all
 ca/ !m aside & press on into ev] broad]
 regions4  ,b ,i said specialization 0  
fundam5tally ju/ifi$ ?r\gh !            
organization ( society1 because by its  
division ( toil we contribute our %>e to
 ! total ( human k2 & yet ! popul>      
objector decl>es t we are presumptu\s1 &
 because we h ma/]$ our own specialty we
 are apt to assume ourselves capable (  
pron\nc+ judgm5t ov] ! :ole field4      
,und\bt$ly !re is ?is dang]2 b su* a    
result is n inevitable4 ,! dang] is "o  
:i* we are p]fectly capable ( sett+     
aside4 ,! temp] ( our m9d decides !     
matt]1 & ?is is entirely )9 our control4
 ,:at is ! use ( our go+ =? presumptu\s 
p]sons8 ,we c]ta9ly %all be uns]viceable
 if we are p]sons ( t type4 ,t is n !   
type ( ,*>les ,d>w9 9 biology1 (        
,william ,james 9 psy*ology1 ( ,horace  
,h[>d ,furness 9 ,%akespe>e criticism1 (
 ,alb]t ,mi*elson 9 physics4 ,^! are m5 
z rem>kable = mode/y & simplicity z =   
s*ol>ly insight4 ,! true *>act]i/ic ( a 

le>n$ speciali/ is humility4 ,:at we    
want to be tra9+ ourselves 9 is respect 
= o!r p & a s5se ( solid>ity ) !m4 ,our 
"w w\ld be ( little use if !re 7 n      
somebody at our side :o c>$ no?+ = t "w 
( ours & c>$ imm5sely = 8 own4 ,x is our
 bus9ess to respect t o!r man1 :e!r he  
respects u or n4 ,we mu/ le>n to look ^u
 e speciali/ z a fell[ work]4 ,)\t him  
we _c be p]fect4 ,let u make ourselves z
 l>ge z possible1 9 ord] t we may       
contribute our little some?+ to t to :i*
 all o!rs are contribut+4 ,x is ?is     
coop]ative _s :i* x %\ld be ours to     
acquire4 ,& x seems to me t y are "u    
peculi>ly =tunate circum/ances = acquir+
 x4 ,:at /rikes me z fatal is to h a    
gr\p ( "y speciali/s tak5 & tra9$ by    
!mselves1 deta*$ly1 %ut (f f o!rs4 ,no?+
 ( t sort occurs "h4 ,e day y are rubb+ 
%\ld]s ) p]sons :o h o!r int]e/s ?an    
y\rs4 ,:5 y walk to d9n]1 y fall 9 ) a  
comrade :o has be5 sp5d+ 8 day ov]      
some?+ widely unlike t :i* has conc]n$  
y4 ,possibly y h be5 able to lead him to

 talk ab\t x2 possibly y h ga9$ an      
insight into :at he 0 seek+1 & se5 h[ 8 
"w l>gely supplem5ts y\r own4 ,if y h _h
 prop] respect = him & prop] humility 9 
reg>d to y\rself1 ?is great society (   
speciali/s has fill$ out y\r "w = y day 
aft] day2 & 9 t s5se ( coop]ation1 (    
los+ y\rselves 9 ! common s]vice (      
sci5tific mank9d1 y h f\nd ! v]itable   
glory ( ^! happy ye>s4   ,,footnotes3   
#b ,on ! morn+ ( ,june #i1 #aijh1 a *ime
 ( bells 0 d$icat$ at        !          
,univ]sity ( ,*icago 9 honor ( ,alice   
,freeman ,palm]4 ,at        !           
,convocation ,ex]cises 9 ! aft]noon !   
foll[+ address        0 deliv]$4        
,,vii  ,,! ,,glory ,,( ,,! ,,imp]fect#c 
,a few ye>s ago ,mat!w ,arnold1 aft]    
travell+ 9 ?is c\ntry & revis+ ! some:at
 unfavorable op9ion ( u :i* he _h =m$   
e>li] & at a di/ance1 /ill wrote 9 8 la/
 pap] on ,civilization 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 t ,am]ica1 9 spite ( its excell5ces1 is
 an un9t]e/+ l&4 ,he ?\ght our          
in/itutions rem>kable4 ,he po9t$ out h[ 

close a fit exi/s betwe5 !m & ! "* ( !  
citiz5s1 a fit s close z is h>dly to be 
f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,he saw mu* t is ( 
promise 9 our future4 ,b aft] all1 he   
decl>es t no man w live "h if he c live 
else:]e1 because ,am]ica is an un9t]e/+ 
l&4  ,?is rem>k ( ,mr4 ,arnold's is "o  
:i* we may well pond]4 ,z ,i consid] h[ 
_m ( y are prep>+ to g =? f college &   
e/abli% y\rselves 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,i ask  
myself :e!r y mu/ f9d y\r days un9t]e/+4
 ,y c]ta9ly h n be5 f9d+ !m un9t]e/+ "h4
 ,:]e 7 college days ev] dull8 ,x is a  
beautiful circum/ance t1 ! _w ov]1 !    
p]iod ( education is ! p]iod ( romance4 
,no su* ?+ 0 ev] he>d ( z a college     
/ud5t :o did n enjoy himself1 a college 
/ud5t :o 0 n full ( hope4 ,& if ?is has 
be5 ! case ) u prosaic males ( ! pa/1   
:at mu/ be ! exp]i5ce ( y\r own hopeful 
sex8 ,i am sure y are look+ =w>d )      
eag]ness to y\r int5d$ "w4 ,is x to be  
blight$8 ,are y to f9d life dull8 ,x    
might seem f ! rem>k ( ,mr4 ,arnold t x 
w\ld probably be s1 = y mu/ live 9 an   

un9t]e/+ l&4  ,:5 ?is rem>k ( ,mr4      
,arnold's 0 fir/ made a multitude (     
voices 9 all p>ts ( our c\ntry decl>$ t 
,mr4 ,arnold did n "k :at he 0 talk+    
ab\t4 ,z a /upid ,engli%man he _h come  
"h & _h fail$ to see :at our l& conta9s4
 ,9 reality e corn] ( x is /uff$ ) t    
beauty & di/9ction :i* he d5i$4 ,= t 0 !
 (f5sive feature ( 8 /atem5t3 he _h said
 9 sub/ance ! *ief s\rces ( int]e/ are  
beauty & di/9ction4 ,am]ica is n        
beautiful4 ,its sc5]y1 its p1 its pa/1  
are n di/+ui%$4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1
 = an intellig5t & cultivat$ man to f9d 
p]man5t int]e/s "h4  ,! ord9>y reply to 
^! unpleasant say+s 01 ,am]ica is       
beautiful1 ,am]ica is di/+ui%$4 ,b on ! 
face ( ! matt] ?is reply might well be  
di/ru/$4 ,mr4 ,arnold is n a man likely 
to make su* a mi/ake4 ,he is a tra9$    
obs]v]4 ,8 life has be5 pass$ 9         
criticism1 & criticism ( an extremely   
delicate sort4 ,x seems to me x mu/ be r
 8 /&>ds ?an 8 facts :i* are at fault4  
,_m ( u w\ld be sl[ to believe our tea*]

 _h made an error 9 obs]vation2 = to _m 
( u he has be5 a v great tea*] inde$4   
,?r\gh him we h le>n$ ! *>m (           
simplicity1 ! ref9em5t ( exactitude1 !  
/r5g? ( f9i%$ =m2 we h le>n$ calmness 9 
trial too1 ! pati5ce ( duty1 ability to 
wait :5 9 d\bt2 9 %ort1 we h le>n$      
dignity1 & he :o tea*es u dignity is n a
 man lightly to be =gott5 or disp>ag$4  
,i say1 !re=e1 t ?is answ] to ,mr4      
,arnold1 t he 0 9 error1 is "o :i* on   
its face might prud5tly be di/ru/$4  ,b 
= o!r ?an prud5tial reasons ,i incl9e to
 agree ) ,mr4 ,arnold's op9ion4 ,ev5    
?\gh ,i 7 n naturally dispos$ to cr$it 8
 judgm5t1 ,i %\ld be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge
 t my own obs]vations l>gely co9cide )  
84 ,9 ,europe ,i ?9k ,i f9d beauty m    
abundant ?an 9 ,am]ica4 ,c]ta9ly !      
di/+ui%$ objects1 ! di/+ui%$ p]sons1 :om
 ,i g !re to see1 are m num]\s ?an ^? ,i
 might by se>*+ f9d "h4 ,i _c ?9k ?is   
portion ( ,mr4 ,arnold's /atem5t c be   
impugn$4 ,& mu/ we !n accept 8          
conclusion & agree t y\r lives1 :ile    

%elt]$ 9 ?is int]e/+ college1 are       
!mselves int]e/+2 b t :5 y g =? !       
romance is to pass away8 ,i d n believe 
x1 because ,i "q ! /&>d :i* ,mr4 ,arnold
 employs4 ,he tells u t ! s\rces ( !    
int]e/+ are beauty & di/9ction4 ,i d\bt 
x4 ,h[ev] mu* delight & refre%m5t ^! may
 contribute to our lives1 ,i d n believe
 !y pr$om9antly con/itute our int]e/s4  
,evid5tly ,mr4 ,arnold _c h rea*$ 8     
op9ion ?r\gh obs]vation1 = ! commone/   
facts ( exp]i5ce confute him4 ,!re is 9 
e community a c]ta9 class ( p]sons ^:   
bus9ess x is to discov] :at p reg>d z   
int]e/+4 ,^! are ! newspap] editors2 !y 
are paid to f9d out = u int]e/+ matt]s e
 day4 ,!re is no?+ !y l bett] ?an to get
 hold ( some?+ int]e/+ :i* has n be5    
obs]v$ be=e4 ,are !y !n se>*]s = beauty 
& di/9ction8 ,i %\ld say n4 ,"h are !   
subjects :i* ^! seek]s aft] int]e/+ ?+s 
discuss$ 9 my morn+ pap]4 ,!re is an    
acc\nt ( di/urbances 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4    
,!re is a /atem5t ab\t ,mr4 ,bla9e's    
heal?4 ,!re is a report ( a prize fight4

 ,!re are speculations ab\t ! next g5]al
 election4 ,!re is a description ( a    
fa%ionable w$d+4 ,^! ?+s int]e/ me1 & ,i
 suspect !y int]e/ ! majority ( ! read]s
 ( t pap]2 ?\gh !y c h>dly be call$     
beautiful or di/+ui%$4 ,obvi\sly1 !re=e1
 if ,mr4 ,arnold _h inspect$ ! actual   
int]e/s ( to-day1 he w\ld h be5 oblig$  
to recognize "s o!r basis = !m ?an      
beauty & di/9ction4  ,yet ,i suppose all
 w feel x w\ld be bett] if ! trivial    
matt]s :i* excite our int]e/ 9 ! morn+  
j\rnal 7 ( a m beautiful1 ( a m di/+ui%$
 sort4 ,our int]e/s w\ld be m honorable 
!n4 ,^! ?+s int]e/ m]ely because !y are 
facts1 n because !y are beautiful4 ,a   
fact is int]e/+ ?r\gh be+ a fact1 & ?is 
commone/ & mo/ basal ( int]e/s ,mr4     
,arnold has ov]look$4 ,he has n p]ceiv$ 
t life itself is its own unceas+ int]e/4
  ,be=e we c decide1 h[ev]1 :e!r he has 
ov]look$ any?+ m1 we mu/ det]m9e :at is 
meant by beauty4 ,let u analyze ! matt] 
a little4 ,let u see if we c detect :y !
 beautiful & ! di/+ui%$ are int]e/+1 &  

/ill h[ we c provide a place = ! o!r    
int]e/s :i* are omitt$ 9 8 /atem5t4 ,if 
we %\ld look at a tree & ask ourselves  
:y ?is tree is m beautiful ?an ano!r1 we
 %\ld probably f9d we _h ?\ght x s on "s
 su* gr\nds z ^!3 ! total bun* ( bran*es
 & leaves1 t exquisite gre5 mass sunn+  
itself1 is no l>g] ?an c well be        
support$ on ! br[n trunk4 ,x is l>ge    
en\gh2 !re is no?+ lack+4 ,if x 7       
small]1 ! (fice ( ! trunk w\ld h>dly be 
fulfill$4 ,if l>g]1 ! trunk w\ld be     
ov]p[]$4 ,^? bran*es :i* ext5d !mselves 
to ! "r adequately balance ^? :i* are   
ext5d$ to ! left4 ,scrut9iz+ x1 we f9d e
 leaf 9 ord]1 ea* "o ready to a]ate its 
little sap & s conduce to ! life ( !    
:ole4 ,!re is no decay1 no brok5 bran*4 
,no?+ is defici5t1 b at ! same "t !re is
 no?+ sup]flu\s4 ,ea* "p m9i/]s to e "p4
 ,9 all p>ts ! tree is                  
proportionate--beautiful1 intr9sically  
beautiful1 because x is unsup]flu\s1    
unlack+4  ,& :5 we turn to o!r l>g]1 m  
intricately beautiful objects1 we f9d ! 

same pr9ciple involv$4 ,fulness (       
relations among ! p>ts1 p]fection (     
organism1 abs5ce ( incongruity1         
con/itute ! beauty ( ! object4 ,7 y ev] 
9 ,wilt%ire 9 ,engl&1 & did y visit !   
spl5did seat ( ! ,e>ls ( ,pembroke1     
,wilton ,h\se8 ,x is a magnific5t pile1 
design$ by ,holbe9 ! pa9t]1 erect$ be=e 
,elizabe? began to reign4 ,its gre5     
lawns1 prep>$ ages ago1 7 adapt$ to _!  
positions orig9ally & p]=m _! anci5t    
(fices to-day4 ,"t has *ang$ its g>d5s  
only by mak+ !m m lovely ?an :5 !y 7    
plann$4 ,s h>moni\s ) "o ano!r are      
gr\nds & ca/le t1 look+ on ! /ately     
dwell+1 "o imag9es t ! ,creator himself 
mu/ h _h x 9 m9d 9 8 design ( ! spot4 ,&
 :5 y ent]1 all is equally congru\s4    
,ar\nd ! c5tral c\rt runs ! cloi/]$     
/atu>y gall]y1 out ( :i* op5 ! sev]al   
halls4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ^!1 y notice !      
portraits n only ( pa/ memb]s ( !       
family--m5 :o h be5 among ! mo/ di/+ui%$
 ( ,engl&'s wor?ies--b also portraits ( 
! em95t fri5ds ( ! ,pembrokes1 pa9t$ by 

notable arti/s :o 7 (t5 !mselves also   
fri5ds ( ! family4 ,9 ! libr>y is %[n   
,sidney's ,arcadia1 writt5 9 ?is v g>d51
 ) a lock ( ,elizabe?'s hair inclos$4 ,9
 ! *ief hall a play ( ,%akespe>e's is   
report$ to h be5 p]=m$ by 8 company4    
,half a doz5 names t %9e 9 lit]ature l5d
 intellectual glory to ! place4 ,b z y  
walk f room to room1 amaz$ at !         
accumulation ( weal? & pr\d tradition1 y
 p]ceive h[ ea* casual object makes its 
sep>ate contribution to ! g5]al         
impression ( /atel9ess4 ,a glance f a   
w9d[ discloses an en*ant+ view3 9 !     
di/ance1 pa/ ! c$>s1 rises ! spire (    
,salisbury ,ca!dral1 "o ( ! mo/ peaceful
 & aspir+ 9 ,engl&4 ,all p>ts--sc5]y1   
build+s1 ri* possessions1 hi/oric       
h]itages--m9i/] to p>ts4 ,romantic      
imag9ation is /irr$4 ,x is beautiful1   
beautiful beyond any?+ ,am]ica c %[4  ,&
 if we turn to t region :]e beauty is   
mo/ subtly embodi$1 if we turn to human 
"*1 we f9d ! conditions n dissimil>4 ,! 
"* :i* impresses u mo/ is t :i* has     

fully organiz$ its p[]s1 s t e ability  
f9ds its appropriate place )\t prom95ce2
 "o ) no false humility & )\t           
self-ass]tion2 a "* :i* _c be ov]?r[n by
 petty circum/ance1 b1 /eadfa/ 9 itself1
 no "p lack+1 no "p sup]flu\s1 easily   
lets its ample functions assi/ "o ano!r 
9 all t !y are summon$ to p]=m4 ,:5 we  
behold a man l ?is1 we say1 ,?is is :at 
,i w\ld be4 ,"h is ! goal t[>d :i* ,i   
w\ld t5d4 ,?is man1 l ,wilton ,h\se1 l !
 beautiful tree1 is a f9i%$ ?+4 ,x is   
true :5 we turn our att5tion back & once
 m criticise1 we see t x is n s4 ,no    
human "* c be f9i%$4 ,x is its glory t x
 _c be4 ,x mu/ ev] press =w>d2 ea* /ep  
rea*$ is b ! vantage-gr\nd = a fur!r    
/ep4 ,!re is no complet5ess 9 human     
"*--9 human "* save "o4  ,& mu/ we !n   
consid] human "* un9t]e/+8 ,accord+ to  
,mr4 ,arnold's /&>d p]haps we ought to d
 s4 ,b ?r\gh ?is v case ! n>r[ness ( t  
/&>d becomes app>5t4 ,mr4 ,arnold       
rightly p]ceives t beauty is "o ( our   
high] int]e/s4 ,x c]ta9ly is n our only 

or our highe/1 because 9 t :i* is mo/   
pr(\ndly int]e/+1 human life1 !         
complet5ess ( p>ts :i* con/itutes beauty
 is nev] rea*$4 ,!re mu/ obvi\sly be    
ano!r & a high] s\rce ( int]e/1 "o too  
exalt$ to be f\nd :]e a:ile ago ,i      
sket*$ x1 9 ! m]e occurr5ce ( a fact4   
,we _c say t all ev5ts1 simply because  
!y occur1 are alike int]e/+4 ,to f9d 9  
!m an intellig5t int]e/ we mu/ rate _!  
wor?4 ,i agree1 accord+ly1 ) ,mr4       
,arnold 9 ?9k+ t x is ! passion =       
p]fection1 ! assessm5t ( wor?s1 :i* is  
at ! root ( all endur+ int]e/s4 ,b ,i   
believe t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ?is passion 
= p]fection1 ?is deepe/ root ( human    
int]e/s1 has pres5t$ itself 9 two =ms4  
,! ,greek conceiv$ x 9 "o way1 !        
,*ri/ian has conceiv$ x 9 ano!r4  ,x 0 !
 (fice ( t a/oni%+ p1 ! ,greeks1 to tea*
 u to honor complet5ess1 ! maje/y ( !   
r\nd$ :ole4 ,we see ?is 9 e dep>tm5t (  
_! m>vell\s life4 ,:5ev] we look at a   
,greek /atue1 x seems impossible t x    
%\ld be o!rwise )\t loss2 we _c imag9e  

any portion *ang$2 ! ?+ has rea*$ its   
complet5ess4 ,be=e x we c only b[ & feel
 at re/4 ,j s x is :5 we exam9e ,greek  
ar*itecture4 ,!re too we f9d ! same     
ord]$ proportion1 ! same adju/m5t ( "p  
to "p4 ,& if we turn to ,greek          
lit]ature1 ! /ately symmetry is no less 
rem>kable4 ,:at page ( ,sophocles c\ld  
be /rick5 out8 ,:at page--:at s5t5ce8 ,j
 en\gh1 n m ?an en\gh6 ,! ?\ght has     
gr[n1 has ass]t$ its entirety2 & :5 t   
entirety has be5 rea*$1 x has /opp$1    
delight$ ) its own p]fection4 ,a spl5did
 ideal1 an ideal :i* nev] c fail1 ,i am 
sure1 to int]e/ man s long z he rema9s  
intellig5t6  ,& yet ?is beautiful ,greek
 "w %[s only "o aspect ( ! _w4 ,x omitt$
 some?+1 x omitt$ =mative life4 ,joy 9  
bir?1 delight 9 beg9n+s1 int]e/ 9       
orig9s1--^! ?+s did n belong to !       
,greek2 !y came 9 ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is  
,jesus ,*ri/ :o turns our att5tion t[>d 
gr[?1 & s tea*es u to delight 9 !       
imp]fect r ?an 9 ! p]fect4 ,x is he :o1 
wi%+ to give to 8 disciples a model (   

:at !y %\ld be1 does n select ! complet$
 man1 b takes ! little *ild & sets him  
be=e !m & to ! sup]cili\s says1 ,take   
he$ t ye despise n "o ( ^! little ones4 
,he tea*es u to rev]5ce ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 
,& at fir/ ?\ght x might well seem t ?is
 rev]5ce = ! imp]fect 0 a retrogression4
 ,:at6 is n a consummate man m admirable
 ?an a *ild8 ,no1 ,jesus answ]$2 &      
because he answ]$ s1 pity 0 born4 ,be=e 
! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,i ?9k we may say
 t ! sick1 ! afflict$1 ! *ild--%all ,i n
 say ! woman8--7 b slightly und]/ood4 ,x
 is because ,god has come d[n f heav51  
manife/+ ev5 himself 9 =ms (            
imp]fection1 x is on ?is acc\nt t our   
intellectual horizon has be5 enl>g$4 ,we
 may n[ delight 9 ! l[ly1 we may /oop & 
ga!r imp]fect ?+s & rejoice 9           
!m1--rejoice beyond ! old ,greek        
rejoic+4  ,yet x is easy to mi/ake !    
nature ( ?is *ange ( /&>d1 & 9 do+ s to 
run into grave moral dang]4 ,if we      
cont5t ourselves ) ! imp]fect r ?an ) ! 
p]fect1 we are b>b>ians4 ,we are n      

,*ri/ians nor are we ,greeks1 we are    
b>b>ians4 ,b t is n ! _s ( ,jesus4 ,he  
tea*es u to cat* ! future 9 ! in/ant1 to
 see ! inf9ite 9 ! f9ite1 to wat* ! gr[?
 ( ! p]fect out ( ! imp]fect4 ,& he     
tea*es u t ?is delight 9 progress1 9    
gr[?1 9 aspiration1 9 complet+1 may     
rightly be great] ?an our exultation 9  
complet5ess4 ,9 8 view ! joy ( p]fect+  
is beyond ! joy ( p]fection4  ,n[ ,i    
want to be sure t y "y wom51 :o are     
prep>+ y\rselves "h = l>g] life & are   
soon to em]ge into ! p]plex+ _w1 g =? ) 
cle> & ,*ri/ian purpose4 ,= ?\gh :at ,i 
h be5 discuss+ may appe> dry & ab/ract1 
x is an extremely practical matt]4      
,consid] a mom5t 9 :i* direction y are  
to seek ! int]e/s ( y\r life4 ,w y dem& 
t ! ?+s ab\t y %all already possess _!  
p]fection8 ,w y ask f life t x be       
complet$1 f9i%$1 beautiful8 ,if s1 y are
 doom$ to dre>y days4 ,or are y to get  
y\r intellectual eyes op51 see beauty 9 
! mak+1 & come to rejoice 9 x !re r ?an 
aft] x is made8 ,t is ! "q ,i wi% to    

pres5t to-day2 & ,i %all ask y to exam9e
 sev]al prov9ces ( life & see h[ diff]5t
 !y appe> :5 survey$ f "o po9t ( view or
 f ! o!r4  ,und\bt$ly all ( y on leav+  
"h w g into "s home1 ei!r ! home ( y\r  
p>5ts or--less =tunate--"s /rang]'s     
home4 ,& :5 y come !re1 ,i ?9k ,i c     
=etell "o ?+3 x w be a tol]ably imp]fect
 place 9 :i* y f9d y\rself4 ,y w notice 
a great _m po9ts 9 :i* x is improvable2 
t is to say1 a great _m respects 9 :i* y
 might prop]ly wi% x o!rwise4 ,x w seem 
to y1 ,i d>e say1 a little pla91 a      
little commonplace1 comp>$ ) y\r        
beautiful college & ! college life "h4  
,i d\bt :e!r y w f9d all ! memb]s ( y\r 
family--de> ?\gh !y may be--s wise1 s   
g5tle-mann]$1 s able to contribute to   
y\r intellectual life z are y\r         
companions "h4 ,w y feel !n1 ,ah6 home  
is a dull place2 ,i wi% ,i 7 back 9     
college aga96 ,i ?9k ,i 0 made = college
 life4 ,possibly en\gh ,i 0 made = a    
weal?y life4 ,i am sure ,i 0 made = a   
com=table life4 ,b ,i d n f9d ^! ?+s "h4

 ,i w sit & wi% ,i _h !m4 ,( c\rse ,i   
ought n to enjoy a home t is %ort (     
p]fection2 & ,i recognize t ?is is a    
good way f complete4 ,is ?is to be y\r  
attitude8 ,or are y go+ to say1 ,h[     
int]e/+ ?is home6 ,:at a brave /ruggle !
 de> p are mak+ ) ! res\rces at _!      
comm&6 ,:at k9dness is %[n by my tir$   
"m2 h[ swift %e is 9 f9d+ out ! _m small
 wants ( ! h\sehold6 ,h[ dilig5t my     
fa!r6 ,%\ld ,i1 if ,i _h _h only _! n>r[
 opportunities1 be s intellig5t1 s k9d1 
s self-sacrific+ z !y8 ,:at c ,i d to %[
 !m my gratitude8 ,:at c ,i contribute  
t[>d ! fur!rance1 ! enl>gem5t1 !        
p]fect+1 ( ?is home8 ,t is ! wise c\rse4
 ,ent] ?is home n m]ely z a matt] ( lov+
 duty1 b f9d 9 x also y\r own /rong     
int]e/s1 & le>n to say1 ,?is home is n a
 p]fect home1 happily n a p]fect home4  
,i h some?+ "h to d4 ,x is f> m int]e/+ 
?an if x 7 already complete4  ,& aga91 y
 w n always live 9 a place s attractive 
z ,clevel&4 ,!re are cities :i* h n y\r 
beautiful lake1 y\r di/ant views1 y\r   

*>m+ h\ses excell5tly %ad$ ) trees4 ,^! 
?+s are exceptional & _c always be y\rs4
 ,y may be oblig$ to live 9 an ,am]ican 
t[n :i* appe>s to y highly unf9i%$1 a   
t[n :i* con/antly sugge/s t mu* /ill    
rema9s to be done4 ,& !n are y go+ to   
say1 ,?is place is n beautiful1 & ,i (  
c\rse am a lov] ( ! beautiful4 ,h[ c\ld 
"o s sup]ior z ,i re/ 9 su* surr\nd+s8  
,i c\ld n respect myself 7 ,i n         
discont5t$4 ,is t to be y\r attitude8 ,x
 is1 ,i am sorry to ?9k1 ! attitude ( _m
 :o g f our colleges4 ,!y h be5 taught  
to rev]5ce p]fection1 to honor          
excell5ce2 & in/ead ( mak+ x _! "w to   
c>ry ?is excell5ce =?1 & to be int]e/$ 9
 spread+ x f> & wide 9 ! _w1 !y sit d[n 
& m\rn t x has n yet come4 ,h[ dull ! _w
 w\ld be _h x come6 ,p]fection1 beauty8 
,x con/itutes a re/+-place = u2 x does n
 con/itute our work+-place4  ,i ma9ta91 
!re=e1 9 reg>d to our l& z a :ole t !re 
is no o!r s int]e/+ on ! face ( ! e>?2 &
 ,i am l$ to ?is conviction by ! v      
reason+ :i* br\ght ,mr4 ,arnold to a    

contr>y op9ion4 ,i accept 8 judgm5t ( ! 
beauty ( ,am]ica4 ,8 premise is correct1
 b x %\ld h conduct$ him to ! opposite  
conclusion4 ,9 ,am]ica we /ill are 9 !  
mak+4 ,we are n yet beautiful &         
di/+ui%$2 & t is :y ,am]ica1 beyond e   
o!r c\ntry1 awak5s a noble int]e/4 ,!   
beauty :i* is 9 ! old l&s1 & :i*        
refre%es = a season1 is aft] all a      
species ( dea?4 ,^? :o dwell among su*  
sc5es are appeas$1 !y are n quick5$4    
,let !m keep _! pa/2 we h our future4   
,we may d mu*4 ,:at !y c d is l>gely at 
an end4  ,9 lit]ature also ,i wi% to br+
 ^! di/9ctions be=e y1 ^! diff]5ces (   
/&>d2 & p]haps ,i _c accompli% ?is bett]
 ?an by exhibit+ !m z !y are pres5t$ 9 a
 few v]ses f ! poet ( ! imp]fect4 ,i    
suppose if we try to m>k out ) precision
 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,br[n+1--,i mean n to m>k x
 out z ! ,br[n+ societies d1 b to m>k x 
out ) precision1--we might say t its    
di/9ctive feature is t he has guid$     
himself by ! pr9ciple on :i* ,i h       
insi/$3 he has s\ght = beauty :]e !re is

 seem+ *aos2 he has lov$ gr[?1 has priz$
 progress1 has not$ ! advance ( !       
spiritual1 ! press+ on ( ! f9ite s\l    
?r\gh h9drance to its junction ) !      
inf9ite4 ,?is x is :i* has inspir$ 8    
some:at crabb$ v]ses1 & has made m5     
will+ to und]go ! labor ( read+ !m1 t !y
 too may p>take ( 8 insight4 ,9 "o ( 8  
poems--"o :i* seems to me to conta9 "s (
 8 sublime/ z well z "s ( 8 mo/         
commonplace l9es1 ! poem on ,old        
,pictures 9 ,flor5ce1--he discrim9ates  
betwe5 ,greek & ,*ri/ian art 9 mu* !    
same way ,i h done4 ,9 ,greek ,art1 ,mr4
 ,br[n+ says3--    ,y saw y\rself z y   
wi%$ y 71     ,z y might h be51 z y _c  
be2   ,e>? "h1 rebuk$ by ,olympus !re2  
,& grew cont5t 9 y\r poor degree   ,)   
y\r little p[]1 by ^? /atues' godhead1  
,& y\r little scope1 by _! eyes' full   
sway1   ,& y\r little grace1 by _! grace
 embodi$1     ,& y\r little date1 by _! 
=ms t /ay4    ,y w\ld fa9 be k+li]1 say1
 ?an ,i am8     ,ev5 s1 y w n sit l     
,!seus4   ,y w\ld prove a model8 ,! son 

( ,priam     ,has yet ! advantage 9     
arms' & knees' use4   ,y're wro?--c y   
slay y\r snake l ,apollo8     ,y're     
griev$--/ill ,niobe's ! gr&]6   ,y      
live--!re's ! ,rac]s' frieze to foll[3  
,y die--!re's ! dy+ ,alex&]4    ,s1 te/+
 y\r weakness by _! /r5g?1     ,y\r     
meagre *>ms by _! r\nd$ beauty1         
,measur$ by ,art 9 y\r bread? & l5g?1   
,y le>n$--to submit is a mortal's duty4 
,gr[? came :51 look+ y\r la/ on !m all1 
,y turn$ y\r eyes inw>dly "o f9e day    
,& cri$ ) a />t--,:at if we s small     
,be great] & gr&] ! :ile ?an !y6   ,are 
!y p]fect ( l9eam5t1 p]fect ( /ature8   
,9 bo?1 ( su* l[] types are we          
,precisely because ( our wid] nature2   
,= "t1 !irs--ours1 = et]nity4           
,to-day's brief passion limits _! range2
     ,x see!s ) ! morr[ = u & m4   ,!y  
are p]fect--h[ else8 !y %all nev] *ange3
     ,we are faulty--:y n8 we h "t 9    
/ore4   ,! ,artific]'s h& is n arre/$   
,) u2 we are r\gh-hewn1 no-wise poli%$3 
,!y /& = our copy1 & once inve/$     ,) 

all !y c tea*1 we %all see !m aboli%$4  
,y w notice t 9 ?is subtle /udy ,mr4    
,br[n+ po9ts out h[ ?r\gh contact )     
p]fection !re may come cont5t ) our     
pres5t lot4 ,?is ,i call ! dang] (      
p]fection1 our possible belittlem5t     
?r\gh beauty4 ,= 9 ! lives ( u all !re  
%\ld be a div9e discont5t1--n devili%   
discont5t1 b div9e discont5t1--a        
consci\sness t life may be l>g] ?an we h
 yet atta9$1 t we are to press beyond   
:at we h rea*$1 t joy lies 9 ! future1 9
 t :i* has n be5 f\nd1 r ?an 9 ! realiz$
 pres5t4 ,& x seems to me if ev] a p 7  
call$ on to und]/& ?is glory ( !        
imp]fect1 x is we ( ,am]ica1 x is y ( ! 
,middle ,we/2 x is especially y :o are  
und]tak+ "h ! exp]im5t ( a woman's      
college4 ,y are at ! beg9n+1 & t fact   
%\ld l5d an int]e/ to y\r "w :i* _c s   
readily be realiz$ 9 our old]           
in/itutions4 ,z y look ea/w>d ^u my own 
huge univ]sity1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 x    
probably appe>s to y s+ul>ly beautiful1 
rev]5d 9 its age1 magnific5t 9 its      

end[m5ts1 equable 9 its work+2 p]haps y 
contemplate x z ne>+ p]fection1 &       
contra/ y\r incipi5t college ) x z h>dly
 des]v+ ! "n4 ,y are entirely mi/ak54   
,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 to its glory be x    
said1 is enorm\sly unf9i%$2 x is a great
 way f p]fect2 x is full ( blemi%es4 ,we
 are t9k]+ at x all ! "t2 & if x 7 n s1 
,i = "o %\ld decl9e to be connect$ ) x4 
,its int]e/ = me w\ld cease4 ,y are to  
/>t free f "s trammels t we feel4       
,because we h s l>ge a pa/ laid ^u u we 
h n "s fre$oms ( gr[?1 "s opportunities 
( enl>gem5t1 :i* y possess4 ,accord+ly1 
9 y\r v exp]im5t "h y h a sup]b         
illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ,i am try+ to  
expla94 ,?is "y & imp]fect college %\ld 
int]e/ y :o are memb]s ( x2 x %\ld      
int]e/ ?is intellig5t city4 ,wise       
patrons %\ld f9d "h a g]m capable ( su* 
broad & int]e/+ gr[? z may well call out
 _! he>tie/ en?usiasm4  ,if !n ! modes (
 accept+ ! passion = p]fection are s    
div]g5t z ,i h indicat$1 is x possible  
to sugge/ me?ods by :i* we may discipl9e

 ourselves 9 ! nobl] way ( seek+ !      
int]e/s ( life8--,i mean by tak+ "p )   
?+s 9 _! beg9n+s1 le>n+ to rev]5ce !m   
!re1 & s atta9+ an int]e/ :i* w         
cont9ually be support$ & c>ri$ =w>d4 ,y 
may look ) "s anxiety ^u ! doctr9e :i*  
,i h laid d[n4 ,y may say1 ,b beauty is 
s$uctive2 beauty allures me4 ,i "k t !  
imp]fect 9 its /ruggle t[>d p]fection is
 ! nobl] matt]4 ,i "k t ,am]ica is1 =   
him :o c see all ?+s1 a m int]e/+ l& ?an
 ,spa94 ,yes1 ,i "k ?is1 b ,i f9d x h>d 
to feel x4 ,my /rong temptation is to   
lie & dream 9 romance1 9 ideal          
p]fection4 ,by :at means may ,i         
discipl9e myself out ( ?is degrad$ habit
 & br+ myself into ! high] life1 s t ,i 
%all always be int]e/$ 9 progress1 9 !  
future r ?an 9 ! pa/1 9 ! on-go+ r ?an 9
 ! complet$ life8 ,i _c give an exact & 
f9al receipt = ?is bett] m9d4 ,a        
p]si/5tly /udi$ exp]i5ce mu/ be ! tea*]4
 ,to-day y may und]/& :at ,i say1 y may 
resolve to live accord+ to ! me?ods ,i  
approve4 ,b y may be sure t to-morr[ y w

 ne$ to le>n x all ov] aga94 ,& yet ,i  
?9k ,i c m5tion sev]al =ms ( discipl9e1 
z ,i may call !m4 ,i c direct y\r       
att5tion to c]ta9 modes by :i* y may    
in/ruct y\rselves h[ to take an int]e/ 9
 ! imp]fect ?+1 & /ill keep t int]e/ an 
honorable "o4  ,9 my judgm5t1 !n1 y\r   
fir/ c>e %\ld be to le>n to obs]ve4 ,a  
simple matt]--"o1 ,i d>e say1 :i* x w   
seem to y difficult to avoid4 ,y h a    
pair ( eyes2 h[ c y fail to obs]ve8 ,ah6
 b eyes c only look1 & t is n obs]v+4   
,we mu/ n re/ 9 look+1 b mu/ p5etrate   
into ?+s1 if we w\ld f9d out :at is !re4
 ,& to f9d ?is out is wor? :ile1 =      
ev]y?+ :5 obs]v$ is ( imm5se int]e/4    
,!re is no object s remote f human life 
t :5 we come to /udy x we may n detect  
)9 its n>r[ compass illum9at+ & !re=e   
int]e/+ matt]4 ,b x makes a great       
diff]5ce :e!r we d ?us really obs]ve1   
:e!r we hold att5tion to ! ?+ 9 h&1 &   
see :at x conta9s4 ,once1 aft] puzzl+   
long ov] ! *>m ( ,hom]1 ,i appli$ to a  
le>n$ fri5d & said to him1 ,c y tell me 

:y ,hom] is s int]e/+8 ,:y c't y & ,i   
write z he wrote8 ,:y is x t 8 art is   
lo/1 & t to-day x is impossible = u to  
awak5 an int]e/ at all comp>able to     
88--,well1 said my fri5d1 ,i h (t5      
m$itat$ on t1 b x seems to come to ab\t 
?is3 ,hom] look$ long at a ?+4 ,:y1 said
 he1 d y "k t if y %\ld hold up y\r ?umb
 & look at x long en\gh1 y w\ld f9d x   
imm5sely int]e/+8 ,hom] looks a great   
:ile at 8 ?umb4 ,he sees precisely ! ?+ 
he is deal+ )4 ,he does n confuse x )   
any?+ else4 ,x is %>p to him2 & because 
x is %>p to him x /&s out %>ply = u ov] 
?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,h y acquir$ ?is art1 or d
 y ha/ily glance at insignificant       
objects8 ,d y see ! ?+ exactly z x is8  
,d y /rip away f x y\r own lik+s &      
dislik+s1 y\r own previ\s notions ( :at 
x ought to be8 ,d y come face to face ) 
?+s8 ,if y d1 ! h>de/ situation 9 life  
may well be to y a delight4 ,= y w n    
reg>d h>d%ips1 b only opportunities4    
,possibly y may ev5 feel1 ,yes1 "h are j
 ! difficulties ,i l to explore4 ,h[ c  

"o be int]e/$ 9 easy ?+s8 ,! h>d ?+s (  
life are ! ones = :i* we ought to give  
?anks4 ,s we may feel if we h made !    
cool & h>dy temp] ( ! obs]v] our own1 if
 we h le>n$ to put ourselves into a     
situation & to und]/& x on all sides4   
,:y1 ! ?+s on :i* we h ?us conc5trat$   
att5tion become our p]man5t int]e/s4 ,= 
example1 unluckily :5 ,i 0 tra9$ ,i 0 n 
discipl9$ 9 botany4 ,i _c1 !re=e1 n[    
obs]ve ! rose4 ,"s ( y c1 = y h be5     
/udy+ botany "h4 ,i h to look /upidly on
 ! total beauty ( ! lovely object2 ,i c 
see x only z a :ole1 :ile y1 f9e obs]v]1
 :o h tra9$ y\r p[]s to pi]ce x1 c      
compreh5d its v /ructure & see h[       
m>vell\sly ! bloom+ ?+ is put toge!r4   
,my eyes 7 dull$ to t long ago2 ,i _c   
obs]ve x4 ,bew>e1 d n let y\rselves gr[ 
dull4 ,obs]ve1 obs]ve1 obs]ve 9 e       
direction6 ,keep y\r eyes op54 ,g =w>d1 
und]/&+ t ! _w 0 made = y\r k1 t y h !  
"r to ent] into & possess x4  ,& !n     
besides1 y ne$ to tra9 y\rselves to     
sympa?ize ) t :i* lies beyond y4 ,x is  

easy to sympa?ize ) t :i* lies )9 y4 ,_m
 p]sons g ?r\gh life sympa?iz+ )        
!mselves incessantly4 ,:at unhappy      
p]sons6 ,h[ unfit = any?+ important6 ,!y
 are full ( !mselves & answ] _! own     
motion1 :ile !re beyond !m lies all !   
weal?y _w 9 :i* !y might be %>]s4 ,=    
sympa?y is feel+ )1--x is !             
id5tification ( ourself ) t :i* at      
pres5t is n ourself4 ,x is go+ =? & jo9+
 t :i* we behold1 n /&+ alo( & m]ely    
obs]v+1 z ,i said at fir/4 ,:5 we       
obs]ve1 ! object we obs]ve is ali5 to u2
 :5 we sympa?ize1 we id5tify ourselves )
 x4 ,y may g into a home & obs]ve1 & y w
 make e p]son 9 t home wret*$4 ,b g into
 a home & sympa?ize1 f9d out :at lies   
beyond y !re1 see h[ diff]5tly ^? p]sons
 are ?9k+ & feel+ f ! ways 9 :i* y are  
accu/om$ to ?9k & feel2 yet notice h[   
imp]fect y are 9 y\rself1 & h[ important
 x is t p]sons %\ld be fa%ion$ ?us      
diff]5t f y if ev5 y\r own completion is
 to come2 !n1 ,i say1 y w f9d y\rself   
becom+ l>ge 9 y\r own be+1 & a l>ge     

b5efactor ( o!rs4  ,d n /unt sympa?y1   
!n4 ,d n all[ walls to rise up & hem x  
94 ,nev] say to y\rself1 ,?is is my way2
 ,i don't d s & s4 ,i "k only ?is & t2  
,i don't want to "k any?+ else4 ,y o!r p
 may h t habit1 b ^! are my habits1 & ,i
 always d ?us & ?us4 ,d n say t4 ,no?+  
is m immoral ?an moral psy*ology4 ,y    
%\ld h no int]e/ 9 y\rself z y /&2      
because a l>g] selfhood lies beyond y1 &
 y %\ld be go+ =? & claim+ y\r h]itage  
!re4 ,d n /& ap>t f ! movem5ts ( !      
c\ntry1--! political1 *>itable1         
religi\s1 sci5tific1 lit]>y             
movem5ts1--h[ev] di/a/efully !y may     
/rike y4 ,id5tify y\rself ) !m1         
sympa?ize ) !m4 ,!y all h a noble side2 
seek x out & claim x z y\r own4 ,?r[    
y\rself into all life & make x nobly    
y\rs4  ,b ,i am afraid x w\ld be        
impossible = y ?us to obs]ve1 ?us to    
sympa?ize1 unless y br+ )9 y\r imp]fect 
self j gr\nds ( self-respect4 ,y mu/    
contribute to ?+s if y w\ld draw f ?+s4 
,y mu/ already h acquir$ "s sort (      

excell5ce 9 ord] to detect l>g]         
excell5ce else:]e4 ,y %\ld !re=e h made 
y\rself ! ma/] ( some?+ :i* y c d1 & d  
on ! :ole bett] ?an anybody else4 ,t is 
! moral aspect ( competition1 t "o p]son
 c d a c]ta9 ?+ be/ & s x is giv5 him to
 d4 ,"s ( y :o are go+ out into ! _w    
be=e long w1 ,i fe>1 be a/oni%$ to f9d t
 ! _w is already full4 ,x has no place =
 y2 x nev] anticipat$ y\r com+ & x has  
res]v$ = y no corn]4 ,y\r only means (  
ga9+ a corn] w be by do+ some?+ bett]   
?an ! p :o are already !re4 ,!n !y w    
make y a place4 ,& t is :at y %\ld be   
consid]+ "h4 ,y %\ld be tra9+ y\rself to
 d some?+ well1 x really does n matt]   
mu* :at4 ,c y make dresses well8 ,c y   
cook a good loaf ( bread8 ,c y write a  
poem or run a typewrit]8 ,c y d any?+   
well8 ,are y a ma/] some:]e8 ,if y are1 
! _w w h a place = y2 & m ?an t1 y w h  
)9 y\rself j gr\nds = self-respect4  ,to
 sum up1 :at ,i h be5 say+ ?r\gh\t ?is  
address m]ely am\nts to ?is3 t !        
imp]fect ?+--! "o ?+ ( g5u9e int]e/ 9   

all ! _w--gets its "r to be respect$    
only ?r\gh its connection ) ! totality (
 ?+s4 ,d n1 !n1 :5 y leave college say  
to y\rself1 ,i "k ,greek4 ,t is a       
spl5did ?+ to "k4 ,^! p :om ,i am meet+ 
d n "k x & are obvi\sly ( a l[] grade   
?an ,i4 ,t w n be self-respectful1      
because x %[s t y h n und]/ood y\r prop]
 place4 ,y %\ld respect y\rself z a "p (
 all1 & n z ( indep5d5t wor?4 ,to call  
?is wide _w our own l>g] self is n too  
extravagant an expression4 ,b if we are 
to c\nt x s1 !n we mu/ c\nt ! p>ticul>  
?+ :i* we are capable ( do+ z m]ely our 
special contribution to ! great self4 ,&
 we mu/ und]/& t _m are mak+ simil>     
contributions4 ,:at ,i want y to feel1  
!re=e1 is ! pr(\nd conception ( mutual  
helpfulness & result+ individual dignity
 :i* ,/4 ,paul has set =?1 accord+ to   
:i* ea* ( u is p]=m+ a special function 
9 ! common life1 & t life ( all is      
recogniz$ z ! div9e life1 ! manife/ation
 ( ! life ( ! ,fa!r4 ,:5 y h come to t  
po9t1 :5 y h se5 9 ! imp]fect a portion1

 an aspect1 ( ! total1 p]fect1 div9e    
life1 !n ,i am n afraid life w be       
un9t]e/+4 ,inde$ ,i w\ld say to e "o :o 
goes f ?is college1 y c c\nt ) confid5ce
 on a life :i* %all be va/ly m int]e/+  
beyond ! college walls ?an ev] x has    
prov$ "h1 if y h once acquir$ ! art (   
p5etrat+ into ! imp]fect1 & f9d+ 9      
limit$1 f9ite life ! inf9ite life4 ,to  
appreh5d ?us1 draws u a pr(it f all ?+s 
we see4     ,,ii  ,,h>v>d ,,pap]s   ,!  
foll[+ pap]s relate prim>ily to ,h>v>d  
,univ]sity & are *iefly ( hi/oric       
int]e/4 ,b s9ce out ( t c5tre (         
inve/igation & criticism has come a l>ge
 "p ( :at is significant 9 ,am]ican     
education1 ! /ory ( its exp]i5ces w be  
f\nd pretty g5]ally in/ructive = :oev]  
w\ld tea* or le>n4  ,! fir/ ?ree pap]s 7
 publi%$ 9 ! ,&ov] ,review = #ahhe1     
#ahhf1 & #ahhg1 & are n[ pr9t$ )\t      
alt]ation4 ,"t has *ang$ mo/ ( ! facts  
record$ 9 ^! pap]s1 & ! ,univ]sity is n[
 a diff]5t place f ! "o depict$ "h4 ,an 
educational revolution 0 !n 9 progress1 

m influ5tial ?an any :i* has ev] visit$ 
our c\ntry be=e or s9ce4 ,h>v>d 0 its   
lead]1 & _h consequ5tly become an object
 ( suspicion ?r\gh wide sections ( ! l&4
 ,i 0 "o ( ^? :o s\ght to allay ^?      
suspicions & to cle> up "s ( ! m5tal    
confusions 9 :i* !y arose4 ,to-day      
,h>v>d's cause is won4 ,all c\rses lead+
 to ! ,ba*elor's degree ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry
 n[ recognize ! importance ( p]sonal    
*oice4 ,b ! hi/ory ( ! /ruggle exhibits 
) peculi> di/9ctness a conflict :i*     
p]petually goes on betwe5 two curr5ts ( 
human progress1 a conflict ^: oppos+    
ideals are almo/ equally necess>y & ^:  
*ampions nev] fail alike to awak5       
sympa?y4 ,z a result ( ?is /ruggle our  
*ildr5 enjoy an ampl] h]itage ?an 0 op5 
to u _! fa!rs4 ,d !y compreh5d _! add$  
weal? & turn x to ! high uses = :i* x 0 
design$8 ,9 good measure !y d4 ,a brief 
consid]ation ( ! e?ical aims :i* h %ap$ 
! mod]n college may enable !m to d s    
/ill m4  ,app5d$ to ^! are two pap]s3 "o
 on college economics 9 #ahhg1 describ+ 

! fir/ attempt ev] made1 ,i believe1 to 
asc]ta9 f /ud5ts !mselves ! co/ ( !     
high] education2 ! o!r sett+ =? a       
picturesque & noble figure :o belong$ to
 ! days be=e ! ,flood1 :5 ! prescrib$   
sy/em 0 /ill supreme4   ,,footnotes3    
#c ,deliv]$ at ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( !    
,woman's ,college (        ,we/]n       
,res]ve ,univ]sity4     ,,viii  ,,!     
,,new ,,education   ,dur+ ! ye> #ahhd-he
 ! fre%m5 ( ,h>v>d ,college *ose a      
majority ( _! /udies4 ,up to t "t no    
college1 s f> z ,i "k1 all[$ its fir/   
ye>'s m5 any *oice :atev]4              
,occasionally1 "o mod]n language has be5
 p]mitt$ r ?an ano!r2 & :]e colleges are
 organiz$ by s*ools1--t is1 ) indep5d5t 
gr\ps ( /udies ea* lead+ to a diff]5t   
degree1--! fre%man by ent]+ "o s*ool    
turns away f o!rs1 & s ex]cises a k9d ( 
selection4 ,b ) ^! possible exceptions1 
! same /udies h always be5 requir$ ( all
 ! memb]s ( a giv5 fre%man class4 ,"u ! 
new ,h>v>d rules1 b sev5 sixte5?s ( ! "w
 ( ! fre%man ye> w be prescrib$2 !      

entire rema9d] ( ! college c\rse1 ) !   
exception ( a few ex]cises 9 ,engli%    
composition1 w be elective4 ,a fragm5t (
 prescrib$ "w s inconsid]able is likely 
soon to disappe>4 ,at no di/ant day !   
,h>v>d /ud5t w m>k out = himself 8      
entire curriculum f entrance to         
graduation4  ,ev5 if ?is probable result
 %\ld n foll[1 ! pres5t /ep t[>d x is   
too significant to be pass$ ov] 9       
sil5ce1 = x indicates t aft] m ?an half 
a c5tury ( exp]im5t ! ,h>v>d ,faculty   
are conv9c$ ( ! wor? ( ! elective sy/em4
 ,9 _! eyes1 option is an eng9e (       
effici5cy4 ,p g5]ally treat x z a       
concession4 ,fre$om is confess$ly       
agreeable2 re/ive boys l x2 let !m h z  
mu* z w n h>m !m4 ,b ! ,h>v>d au?orities
 mean mu* m ?an ?is4 ,!y h ?r[n away t  
e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( ,am]ican education1 
t e head %\ld conta9 a giv5 k9d ( k2 &  
hav+ already organiz$ _! college f ! top
 almo/ to ! bottom on a :olly diff]5t   
plan1 !y n[ decl>e t _! new pr9ciple has
 be5 prov$ s safe & effective t x %\ld  

supplant ! old] me?od1 ev5 9 t ye> :5   
/ud5ts are ackn[l$g$ to be lea/ capable 
( self-direction4  ,on :at facts d !y   
build su* confid5ce8 ,:at d !y mean by  
call+ _! elective pr9ciple a sy/em8     
,does n ! new me?od1 :ile r5d]+         
education m agreeable1 t5d to l[] its   
/&>d8 ,or1 if x succe$s 9 /imulat+      
te*nical s*ol>%ip1 is x equally         
successful 9 fo/]+ "* & 9 =m+ vigor\s & 
law-rev]+ m58 ,^! que/ions ,i propose to
 answ]1 = !y are que/ions :i* e fri5d ( 
,h>v>d1 & inde$ ( ,am]ican education1   
wi%es p press+ly to ask4 ,^? mo/ likely 
to ask !m are quiet1 ,god-fe>+ p>5ts1   
:o1 hav+ br$ _! sons to a s5se ( duty1  
expect college life to broad5 &         
consolidate ! discipl9e ( ! home4 ,^!   
are ! p>5ts e college wants to rea*4 ,_!
 sons1 :e!r ri* or poor1 are ! bone &   
s9ew ( ! l&4 ,9 my judgm5t ! new        
education1 once und]/ood1 w appeal to !m
 m /rongly ?an to any o!r class4  ,b x  
is n easy to und]/& x4 ,my own und]/&+ (
 x has be5 ( sl[ gr[?4 ,:51 9 #ahgj1 ,i 

left ,&ov] ,sem9>y & came to tea* at    
,h>v>d1 ,i di/ru/$ ! m extreme          
developm5ts ( ! elective sy/em4 ,up to  
#ahgf ,i oppos$ ! introduction (        
volunt>y att5dance at recitations4 ,n   
until f\r ye>s ago did ,i beg9 to favor 
! remission ( ,greek 9 ! requisites =   
entrance4 ,9 all ^! cases my p>ty 0     
defeat$2 my fe>s prov$ gr\ndless2 :at ,i
 wi%$ to accompli% 0 effect$ by means   
:i* ,i _h oppos$4 ,i am !re=e t         
desirable p]suad]1 ! man :o has himself 
be5 p]suad$4 ,! misconceptions ?r\gh :i*
 ,i pass$1 ,i am sure beset o!rs4 ,i    
want to cle> !m away1 & to pres5t "s ( !
 reasons :i* h turn$ me f an adh]5t ( ! 
old to an apo/le ( ! new fai?4  ,an     
elem5t>y misconception des]ves a pass+  
^w4 ,! new sy/em is n a m]e cutt+ (     
/raps2 x is a sy/em4 ,its /ud5t is /ill 
"u bonds1 bonds m compulsive ?an ! old1 
because fitt$ ) nic] adju/m5t to ea*    
"o's p]son4 ,on ,h4 ,m4 ,s4 ,p9a=e !    
desires ( e sailor receive in/ant       
recognition4 ,! new education w n agree 

to t4 ,x rema9s au?oritative4 ,x w n    
subject its /ud5t to ali5 /&>ds1 nor    
treat 8 delib]ate wi%es z matt]s ( no   
consequ5ce2 b x does insi/ on t au?ority
 :i* reveals to a man 8 own bett]       
purposes & makes !m firm] & f9] ?an !y  
c\ld h become if direct$ by himself     
alone4 ,:at ! am\nt ( a "y man's /udy   
%all be1 & :at its grade ( excell5ce1 a 
body ( exp]ts decides4 ,! /ud5t himself 
det]m9es its specific topic4  ,ev]ybody 
kn[s h[ f> ?is is f a prescrib$ sy/em2 n
 s _m see t x is at a consid]able remove
 f unregulat$ or nomadic /udy4 ,an      
,am]ican at a ,g]man univ]sity1 or at a 
summ] s*ool ( languages1 applies = no   
degree & is "u no re/ra9t4 ,he *ooses   
:atev] /udies he likes1 t5 c\rses or    
five or "o2 he works on !m z mu* z suits
 8 ne$ or 8 caprice2 he submits :at he  
does to no te/2 he receives no m>k2 ! "t
 he wa/es is purely 8 own conc]n4 ,/udy 
l ?is1 rov+ /udy1 is n sy/ematic at all4
 ,x is advantage\s to adult /ud5ts1--to 
^? alone ^: wills are /eady1 & :o "k _! 

own wants precisely4 ,mo/ colleges draw 
a %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! small b        
important body ( /ud5ts ( ?is           
class--special /ud5ts1 z !y are call$--&
 ! great company ( regul>s4 ,^! latt]   
are c&idates = a degree1 are "u con/ant 
inspection1 & are mov$ along ! l9e only 
z !y atta9 a def9ite /&>d 9 bo? !       
quantity & quality ( _! "w4 ,aft]       
accompli%+ ! /udies ( ! fre%man ye>1    
p>tly prescrib$ & p>tly elective1 a     
,h>v>d /ud5t mu/ pass successfully f\r  
elective c\rses 9 ea* ( 8 subsequ5t ?ree
 ye>s4 ,by a c\rse is und]/ood a s+le   
l9e ( /udy receiv+ ?ree h\rs a week (   
in/ruction2 fifty p] c5t ( a maximum m>k
 mu/ be won 9 ea* ye> 9 ord] to pass4   
,?r[+ out ! fre%man ye>1 ! precise mean+
 ( ! ,h>v>d ,b4,a4 degree is !re=e ?is3 
its hold] has pres5t$ twelve c\rses (   
/udy select$ by himself1 & has ma/]$ !m 
at lea/ half p]fectly4  ,"h1 !n1 is !   
ess5ce ( ! elective sy/em1--fix$        
quantity & quality ( /udy1 v>iable      
topic4 ,"w & mod]ate excell5ce are      

matt]s )9 ev]ybody's rea*4 ,x is n      
unfair to dem& !m ( all4 ,if a man _c %[
 success some:]e1 he is /amp$ ipso facto
 a wor?less fell[4 ,b into ! specific   
topic ( "w an elem5t ( individuality    
ent]s4 ,to succe$ 9 a p>ticul> bran* (  
/udy requires fitness1 ta/e1            
volition1--incalculable factors1 kn[n to
 nobody b ! man himself4 ,"h1 if any:]e1
 is ! prop] field = *oice2 & all        
,am]ican colleges are n[ sub/antially   
agre$ 9 accept+ ! elective pr9ciple 9   
?is s5se & apply+ x )9 ! limits "h m>k$ 
out4 ,x is an error to suppose t        
election is ! ha/y craze ( a s+le       
college4 ,e s5ior class 9 ,new ,engl&   
elects a portion ( its /udies4 ,e       
important ,new ,engl& college all[s     
election 9 ! junior ye>4 ,amh]/1 ,b[do91
 ,yale1 & ,h>v>d all[ x 9 ! sophomore4  
,outside ( ,new ,engl& ! case is ! same4
 ,x is true1 all ! colleges except      
,h>v>d reta9 a modicum ( prescrib$ /udy 
ev5 9 ! s5ior ye>2 b election 9 "s      
degree is admitt$ ev]y:]e1 & ! t5d5cy is

 /eadily 9 ! direction ( a wid] *oice4  
,! tru? is1 ,h>v>d has introduc$ !      
pr9ciple m sl[ly ?an o!r colleges4 ,%e 0
 m]ely "o ( ! e>lie/ to beg94 ,9 #ahbe1 
on ! recomm5dation ( ,judge ,/ory1      
options 7 fir/ all[$1 9 mod]n languages4
 ,tw5ty ye>s ( exp]im5t foll[$4 ,9 #ahdf
 electives 7 f9ally e/abli%$ = s5iors & 
juniors2 9 #ahfg = sophomores2 9 #ahhd =
 fre%m54 ,b ! old me?od 0 ab&on$ s sl[ly
 t z late z #ahga "s prescrib$ /udy     
rema9$ = s5iors1 till #ahgi = juniors1 &
 till #ahhd = sophomores4 ,dur+ ?is long
 & unnotic$ p]iod1 c>eful comp>ison 0   
made betwe5 ! new & old me?ods4 ,a mass 
( facts 0 accumulat$1 :i* subsequ5tly   
r5d]$ possible an extremely rapid       
adoption ( ! sy/em by o!r colleges4     
,public confid5ce 0 te/$4 ,comp>+ ! new 
,h>v>d ) ! old1 x is pla9 en\gh t a     
revolution has tak5 place2 b x is a     
revolution l t 9 ! ,engl& ( ,victoria1  
wr\ght n by sudd5 %ock1 b quietly1      
consid]ately1 cons]vatively1 inevitably4
 ,^? :o h wat*$ ! college h approv$2 !  

"t ( transition has be5 a "t ( unexampl$
 prosp]ity4 ,= ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ! gifts
 to ! ,univ]sity h av]ag$ #bej1jjj a    
ye>4 ,! /eady increase 9 /ud5ts may be  
se5 at a glance by divid+ ! la/         
tw5ty-five ye>s into five-ye> p]iods1 & 
not+ ! av]age numb] ( und]graduates 9   
ea*3 #ahfa-fe1 #dbc2 #ahff-gj1 #dgg2    
#ahga-ge1 #feg2 #ahgf-hj1 #hjh2         
#ahha-he1 #hgc4  ,^! facts are suffici5t
 to %[ t ,h>v>d has rea*$ h] pres5t     
great prosp]ity by becom+ ! pione] 9 a  
g5]al educational movem5t4 ,:at made !  
movem5t g5]al 0 ! dread ( flimsy /udy4  
,our _w is l>g] ?an ! "o our gr&fa!rs   
inhabit$2 x is m m9utely subdivid$1 m   
f9ely relat$1 m subtly & broadly kn[n4  
,! rise ( physical sci5ce & ! enl>gem5t 
( humani/ic int]e/s oblige ! college (  
to-day to tea* elaborately _m topics :i*
 =m]ly 7 n taught at all4 ,n s _m ye>s  
ago a lib]al education prep>$ m5 almo/  
exclusively = ! f\r pr(essions1--prea*+1
 tea*+1 m$ic9e1 & law4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury 
( its exi/5ce "o half ! graduates (     

,h>v>d became m9i/]s4 ,( ! graduates ( !
 la/ t5 ye>s a full ?ird h ent]$ none ( 
! f\r pr(essions4 ,) a n>r[ field ( k1 &
 ) /ud5ts :o requir$ no great v>iety (  
tra9+1 ! task ( a college 0 simple4 ,a  
s+le programme dec5tly cov]$ ! ne$s (   
all4 ,b z ! field ( k wid5$1 & m5 began 
to notice a diff]5ce betwe5 its cont5ts 
& ^? ( ! college curriculum1 an ef=t 0  
made to enl>ge ! latt] by add+ subjects 
f ! =m]4 ,mod]n languages crept 91      
foll[$ by sci5ces1 political economy1   
new dep>tm5ts ( hi/ory1 lit]ature1 art1 
philosophy4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! 7 add$ to ! 
/udies already taught4 ,b ! l5g? (      
college days is limit$4 ,! life ( man   
has n ext5d$ ) ! ext5sion ( sci5ce4 ,to 
multiply subjects 0 soon f\nd equival5t 
to *eap5+ k4 ,:]e ?ree subjects are     
/udi$ 9 place ( "o1 ea* is pu%$ only "o 
?ird z f>4 ,a cr[d$ curriculum is a     
curriculum ( sup]ficialities1 :]e m5 are
 =ev] occupi$ ) alphabets &             
multiplication-tables1--elem5t>y matt]s1
 conta9+ little m5tal nutrim5t4         

,?or\ghgo+ discipl9e1 ! acquisition (   
habits ( intellectual ma/]y1 calls =    
acqua9tance ) k 9 its high] ranges1 &   
!re is no way ( rea*+ ^! remot] regions 
dur+ ! brief season ( college life      
except by divid+ ! field & press+ along 
pa?s :]e p]sonal friction is lea/4      
,accord+ly1 alt]native options began to 
be all[$1 at fir/ betwe5 ! new subjects 
introduc$1 !n betwe5 ^! & ! old ones4 ,b
 9 ?is inevitable admission ( option a  
new pr9ciple 0 introduc$ ^: g]m9al =ce  
c\ld n aft]w>ds be /ay$4 ,! old         
conception _h be5 t !re 7 c]ta9 matt]s a
 k ( :i* con/itut$ a lib]al education4  
,comp>$ ) ! possession ( ^!1 ! temp] ( !
 receiv+ m9d 0 a second>y affair4 ,?is  
view became unt5able4 ,"u ! new         
conditions1 college faculties 7 =c$ to  
recognize p]sonal aptitudes1 & to /ake  
intellectual ga9s ^u !m4 ,9 assess+ !   
wor? ( /udies1 att5tion 0 ?us )drawn f  
_! subject-matt] & transf]r$ to !       
response !y call$ =? 9 ! appreh5d]4     
,h5ce arose a new ideal ( education1 9  

:i* temp] ( m9d _h preem95ce ov]        
quaesita1 ! guidance ( ! p[]s ( kn[+ ov]
 ! /ore ( matt]s kn[n4 ,! new education 
has accord+ly pass$ ?r\gh two /ages (   
developm5t3 fir/1 9 ord] to avoid       
sup]ficiality :5 k 0 com+ 9 l a flood1 x
 0 f\nd necess>y to admit *oice2        
secondly1 9 ! v necessity ( ?is         
admission 0 disclos$ a m spiritual ideal
 ( ! relation ( ! m9d ( man to k4  ,&   
?is new ideal1 ,i hold1 %\ld n[ comm5d  
itself n z a ?+ good en\gh if collat]al1
 b z a pr9ciple1 organic & exclusive4   
,to ju/ify its dom9ance a s+le comp5di\s
 reason is suffici5t3 x uplifts "* z no 
o!r tra9+ c1 & ?r\gh influ5ce on "* x   
ennobles all me?ods ( tea*+ & discipl9e4
 ,we say to our /ud5t at ,h>v>d1 ,/udy  
,greek1 ,g]man1 hi/ory1 or botany1--:at 
y w2 ! "o ?+ ( consequ5ce is t y %\ld w 
to /udy some?+4 ,! moral factor is ?us  
put =w>d1 :]e x belongs4 ,! w is honor$ 
z ( prime consequ5ce4 ,o!r sy/ems treat 
x z a m]ely concurr5t & auxili> =ce4 ,!y
 try to smuggle x into op]ation wrapp$ 9

 a mass ( matt]-(-c\rse p]=mances4 ,x is
 ! di/9ctive m]it ( ! elective sy/em t x
 /rips (f disguises1 places ! great     
facts ( ! moral life 9 ! =egr\nd1 =ces !
 /ud5t to be consci\s ( :at he is do+1  
p]mits him to become a p>tak] 9 8 own   
"w1 & makes him p]ceive t ga9s & losses 
are imm$iately connect$ ) a volitional  
attitude4 ,:5 su* a consci\sness is     
ar\s$1 e /ep 9 k becomes a /ep t[>d     
maturity4 ,!re is no sudd5 trans=mation1
 b ! boy comes gradually to p]ceive t 9 
! det]m9ation ( ! w are f\nd ! promise &
 pot5cy ( e =m ( life4 ,_m p seem to    
suppose t at "s epo* 9 ! life ( a "y man
 ! capacity to *oose />ts up ( itself1  
ready-made4 ,x is n s4 ,*oice1 l o!r    
human p[]s1 ne$s practice = /r5g?4 ,to  
le>n h[ to *oose1 we mu/ *oose4 ,keep a 
boy f ex]cis+ 8 w dur+ ! =mative p]iod f
 eighte5 to tw5ty-two1 & y turn him into
 ! _w a *ild :5 by ye>s he %\ld be a    
man4 ,to p]mit *oice is dang]\s2 b n to 
p]mit x is m dang]\s2 = x r5d]s dep5d5cy
 habitual1 places outside ! "* ^? spr+s 

( action :i* %\ld be set )9 x1 treats   
p]sonal adhesion z ( little acc\nt1 &   
?r\gh anxiety to %ield a "y life f evil 
cuts x (f f opportunities ( virile good4
 ,ev5 :5 successful1 ! directive process
 bre$s an excell5ce n to be desir$4     
,plants & /ones commit no errors4 ,!y   
are "u a prescrib$ sy/em & foll[ giv5   
laws4 ,p]sonal man is 9 cont9ual dang]1 
= to self-direction is atta*$ !         
pr]ogative ( s94 ,= build+ up a moral   
manhood1 ! v errors ( *oice are         
s]viceable4  ,i am n describ+ !oretic   
advantages4 ,a manli] type ( "* actually
 appe>s z ! elective pr9ciple ext5ds4 ,!
 signs ( ! bett] life are n easy to     
communicate to ^? :o h n liv$ 9 !       
peculi> _w ( a college4 ,a great] ease 9
 uprightness1 a quick] response to      
/udi\s appeal1 a deep] s]i\sness1 /ill  
keep+ reli% = m]rim5t1 a readi]         
am5ability to consid]ations ( ord]1 an  
increase ( c\rtesy1 a gr[+ disreg>d (   
co>s5ess & vice1 a decay ( ! boyi% fancy
 t x is girli% to %[                    

en?usiasm1--t5d5cies 9 ^! directions1   
h>dly p]ceptible to o!rs1 gladd5 !      
wat*ful he>t ( a tea*] & assure him t 8 
"w is n return+ to him void4 ,e company 
( "y m5 has a notion ( :at x is         
g5tlemanly to d4 ,into ?is curr5t ideal 
! mo/ artificial & incongru\s elem5ts   
ent]4 ,p]haps x is c\nt$ good =m to haze
 a fre%man1 to we> ! correcte/ cut (    
tr\s]s1 to h a big biceps muscle1 or to 
be reput$ a man ( bra9s4 ,:atev] !      
notion1 x is allegiance to "s su* bl9d  
ideal1 r ?an ! acceptance ( ab/ract     
pr9ciples ( conduct1 :i* guides a "y    
man's life4 ,to *ange ev] s little ^!   
influ5tial ideals is ! ambition ( !     
educator2 b !y are p]si/5t ?+s1 held ) !
 amaz+ cons]vatism ( y\?4 ,:5 ,i say t a
 bett] tone prevails z ! elective sy/em 
takes root1 ,i mean t ,i f9d ! ^w       
g5tleman1 z x drops f /ud5t m\?s1 enl>g+
 & deep5+ its mean+ f ye> to ye>1 dep>t+
 f its usage z a t]m ( outw>d           
description & draw+ to itself qualities 
m int]ior4 ,direct evid5ce on a matt] s 

elusive c h>dly be giv51 b ,i c ?r[ a   
few sidelights ^u x4 ,haz+1 w9d[-sma%+1 
di/urb+ a lecture-room1 are ?+s ( ! pa/4
 ,! (fice ( proctor--! lit]>y policeman 
( ! old5 "t--has become a s9ecure4      
,sev]al ye>s ago ! ,faculty aw>d$       
,honorable ,m5tion at graduation to     
/ud5ts :o atta9$ a high rank 9 ?ree or m
 c\rses ( a s+le dep>tm5t4 ,! honor 0 n 
an exalt$ "o1 b be+ well )9 ! p[]s ( all
 x soon became n q ! ?+ to graduate )\t 
x4 ,9 ! la/ s5ior class #ia m5 out (    
#aia receiv$ ,honorable ,m5tion4 ,?is   
la/ fact %[s t a dec5t s*ol>%ip has     
become reputable4 ,b m ?an ?is is true3 
! rank :i* is reckon$ dec5t s*ol>%ip is 
/eadily ris+4 ,i w\ld n ov]/ate !       
improvem5t4 ,! scale ( m>k+ itself may h
 ris5 slightly4 ,b tak+ ! c5tral s*ol> (
 ea* class dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1--! s*ol>1
 t is1 :o /&s midway betwe5 ! head & !  
foot1--?is presumably av]age p]son has  
receiv$ ! foll[+ m>ks1 ! maximum be+    
#ajj3--    ,,ye>    #ahgd  #ahge  #ahgf 
#ahgg  #ahgh  #ahgi  #ahhj  #ahha  #ahhb

  #ahhc            -#ge   -#gf   -#gg   
-#gh   -#gi   -#hj   -#ha   -#hb   -#hc 
-#hd                                    
----------------------------------------
---------   ,fre%4    #ei    #ee    #eg 
#ef    #fb    #fb    #fe    #fg    #fd  
#fc   ,soph4     #ei    #fd    #fc      
#fe    #fg    #fh    #gj    #fi    #fi  
#fh   ,jun4      #fg    #fe    #ff      
#fg    #gj    #fh    #gb    #ge    #gb  
#gb   ,s54      #fg    #gj    #gj    #gc
    #gf    #gc    #gg    #ge    #gi     
#ha  ,x w be obs]v$ t ! m>ks 9 ?is table
 become high] z ! /ud5t approa*es ! end 
( 8 c\rse & rea*es ! ye>s :]e ! elective
 pr9ciple is lea/ re/rict$4 ,let ! eye  
pass f ! left upp] corn] ( ! table to ! 
"r l[] corn] & take 9 ! full            
significance ( a *ange :i* has trans=m$ 
fre%m51 doom$ to prescrib$ /udies & half
 ( !m rank+ bel[ sixty p] c5t1 into     
s5iors s en]getic t half ( !m w9 f\r    
fif?s ( a p]fect m>k 9 f\r electives4 ,x
 is n only ! poor :o are affect$ 9 ?is  
way4 ,ab\t half ! m5 :o appe> on ! ,rank

 ,li/ ea* ye> receive no pecuni>y aid1 &
 are probably n ne$y m54  ,b x may be   
suspect$ t high m>ks mean easy /udies4  
,! _m diff]5t l9es ( "w _c be equally   
sev]e1 & x is said t ^? :i* call = lea/ 
ex]tion w be sure to prove ! favorites4 
,z ?is *>ge ( s(t c\rses is ! /ock      
objection to ! elective sy/em1 ,i %all  
be oblig$ to exam9e x some:at m9utely4  
,l mo/ ( ! popul> objections1 x re/s on 
an a priori assumption t ?us ?+s mu/ be4
 ,/ati/ics all run ! o!r way4 ,yet ,i am
 n surpris$ t p believe x4 ,i believ$ x 
once myself :5 ,i knew no?+ b prescrib$ 
sy/ems4 ,"u ^!1 x c]ta9ly is true t ease
 is ! ma9 factor 9 mak+ a /udy popul>4  
,:5 *oice is p]mitt$1 ! factor ( int]e/ 
gets fre] play1 & ex]ts an influ5ce t   
w\ld n be anticipat$ by ^? :o h nev] se5
 x 9 op]ation4 ,sev]e /udies are (t5    
highly popul> if ! subject is attractive
 & ! tea*+ cle>4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! fifte5
 c\rses :i* 9 #ahhc-hd 7! la/ ye> = :i* 
returns are complete7 conta9$ ! l>ge/   
numb]s ( s5iors & juniors1 ^? classes   

be+ at t "t ! only ones :i* _h no       
prescrib$ /udies3 ,mill's political     
economy1 #abe s5iors & juniors2         
,european hi/ory f ! middle ( ! eighte5?
 c5tury1 #ajb2 hi/ory ( anci5t art1 #hj2
 comp>ative zoology1 #eh2 political &   
con/itutional hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
#ef2 psy*ology1 #eb2 geology1 #dg2      
con/itutional gov]nm5t ( ,engl& & !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 #de2 advanc$ geology1 )  
field "w1 #dc2 ,hom]1 sixte5 books1 #dj2
 e?ics1 #ch2 logic1 & introduction to   
philosophy1 #ch2 ,%akespe>e1 six plays1 
#cg2 economic hi/ory1 advanc$ c\rse1    
#cf2 legal hi/ory ( ,engl& to ! sixte5? 
c5tury1 #ce4 ,9 ^! ye>s ! s5ior & junior
 classes toge!r conta9$ #djd m51 :o *ose
 f\r electives apiece4 ,9 all1 !re=e1   
#afaf *oices 7 made4 ,! above li/ %[s   
#hcb2 s t1 z ne>ly z may be1 "o half ( !
 total "w ( two ye>s is "h repres5t$4 ,!
 o!r half 0 devot$ to int]e/s m special1
 :i* 7 pursu$ 9 small] companies4  ,are 
^! *oices unwise8 ,are !y n ! /udies :i*
 %\ld l>gely occupy a "y man's ?\ghts   

t[>d ! close ( 8 college life8 ,!y are !
 ones mo/ frequ5tly set = ! s5ior &     
junior ye>s by colleges :i* reta9       
prescrib$ /udies4 ,f ye> to ye> *oices  
diff] a little4 ,! c\rses at ! l[] end (
 ! li/ may give place to o!rs :i* d n   
appe> "h4 ,i pr9t ! li/ simply to       
indicate ! g5]al "* ( ! /udies elect$4  
,9 x appe>s only "o out ( all ! mod]n   
languages1 & t1 too1 a c\rse 9 pure     
lit]ature 9 :i* ! m>k+ is n reput$ t5d]4
 ,ano!r ye> a c\rse ( ,fr5* or ,g]man   
might come 92 b ord9>ily--except :5 *os5
 by speciali/s--! languages1 mod]n &    
anci5t1 are elect$ mo/ l>gely dur+ !    
sophomore ye>4 ,foll[+ directly !       
prescrib$ l+ui/ic /udies ( ! fre%man    
ye>1 !y are des]v$ly among ! mo/ popul>1
 ?\gh n ! easie/1 c\rses4 ,9 ne>ly half 
! c\rses "h %[n no text-book is us$1 & !
 am\nt ( read+ necess>y = gett+ an      
av]age m>k is l>ge4 ,a %elf ( books     
repres5t+ orig9al au?orities is res]v$  
by ! in/ructor at ! ,libr>y1 & ! pupil  
is s5t !re to prep>e 8 "w4  ,h[1 x w be 

ask$1 are *oices s judici\s secur$8     
,simply by mak+ !m delib]ate4 ,la/ ,june
 /udies 7 *os5 = ! com+ ye>4 ,dur+ !    
previ\s mon? /ud5ts 7 discuss+ ) "o     
ano!r :at _! electives %\ld be4 ,h[ ?is 
or t c\rse is conduct$1 :at are !       
peculi>ities ( its tea*]1 :at is !      
proportion 9 x betwe5 "w giv5 & ga9s _h1
 are matt]s :i* !n int]e/ ! inhabitants 
( ,hollis & ,holyoke z /ocks int]e/     
,wall ,/reet4 ,mo/ /ud5ts1 too1 h "s    
intimacy ) "o or ano!r memb] ( !        
,faculty1 to :om !y are 9 ! habit (     
ref]r+ p]plexities4 ,?is advice is n[   
s\ght1 & (t5 discreetly reject$4 ,!     
,elective ,pamphlet is = a "t ! be/-read
 book 9 college4 ,! p]plex+ "q is1 ,:at 
c\rses to give up8 ,all f9d too _m :i*  
!y wi% to take4 ,! pamphlet ( ?is ye>   
(f]s #ahi c\rses1 divid$ among tw5ty    
dep>tm5ts4 ,! five mod]n languages1 =   
example1 (f]1 all told1 #cd diff]5t     
c\rses2 ,sanskrit1 ,p]sian1 ,assyrian1  
,hebrew1 & ,arabic1 #ad2 ,greek & ,lat91
 #ah ea*2 natural hi/ory1 #ai2 physics &

 *emi/ry1 #ah2 ma!matics1 #ah2 hi/ory & 
philosophy1 #ab ea*2 ! f9e arts1 includ+
 music1 #aa2 political economy1 #g2     
,roman law1 #b4 ,^! numb]s w %[ ! range 
( *oice2 on its ext5t a great deal ( !  
effici5cy ( ! sy/em dep5ds4#d ,aft] !   
electives are *os5 & report$ 9 writ+ to 
! ,dean1 ! long vacation beg9s1 :5 plans
 ( /udy come "u ! scrut9y ( p>5ts1 ( !  
p>i% m9i/]1 or ( ! college graduate :o  
lives 9 ! next /reet4 ,until ,septemb]  
#ba1 any elective may be *ang$ on notice
 s5t to ! ,dean4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t5 days ( 
! t]m1 no *anges are all[$4 ,?is is a "t
 ( trial1 :5 "o sees = himself 8 *os5   
/udies4 ,aft]w>ds1 = a %ort "t1 *anges  
are easy1 if ! in/ructors cons5t4 ,= !  
rema9d] ( ! ye> no *ange is possible1   
unless ! reasons = *ange appe> to !     
,dean important4 ,o!r re/rictions on !  
fre$om ( *oice w readily be und]/ood )\t
 explanation4 ,advanc$ /udies _c be tak5
 till prelim9>y ones are pass$4 ,notices
 are publi%$ by ! ,fr5* & ,g]man        
dep>tm5ts t /ud5ts :o elect ^? languages

 mu/ be plac$ :]e pr(ici5cy fits !m to  
g4 ,c\rses especially te*nical 9 "* are 
m>k$ ) a /> 9 ! ,elective ,pamphlet1 &  
_c be *os5 till ! in/ructor is consult$4
  ,by means l ^! ! ,faculty try to      
prev5t ! wa/+ ( "t ov] unpr(itable      
/udies4 ,( c\rse !y d n succe$4 ,i %\ld 
r\ghly guess t a qu>t]1 possibly a ?ird1
 ( ! *oices made might be improv$4 ,?is 
e/imate is bas$ on ! answ]s ,i h receiv$
 to a "q put to "s fifty rec5t          
graduates3 ,9 ! light ( y\r pres5t      
exp]i5ce1 h[ _m ( y\r electives w\ld y  
*ange8 ,i seldom f9d a man :o w\ld n    
*ange "s2 /ill m r>ely "o :o w\ld *ange 
"o half4 ,z ,i look back on my own      
college days1 sp5t *iefly on prescrib$  
/udies1 ,i see t to make ^! s]ve my ne$s
 m ?an half %\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,!re 0  
,anglo-,saxon1 = example1 :i* 0 requir$ 
( all1 no ,engli% lit]ature be+ p]mitt$4
 ,a c\rse 9 advanc$ *emical physics1    
s]viceable no d\bt to "s ( my           
classmates1 came ^u me prematurely1 &   
/irr$ s int5se an av]sion to physical   

/udy t subsequ5t ye>s 7 tr\bl$ to       
ov]come x4 ,"o meagre meal ( philosophy 
0 p]haps z mu* z mo/ ( u s5iors c\ld    
dige/1 b ,i w5t away hungry = m4 ,i lov$
 ,greek1 b = two ye>s ,i 0 subject to ! 
in/ructions ( a c]ta9 pr(essor1 n[ dead1
 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ s*ol>s &         
unpr(itable tea*]s ,i ev] knew4 ,( !    
/udies :i* br\ght me b5efit1 few did s 9
 any vigor\s fa%ion4 ,e read] w p>allel 
my exp]i5ce f 8 own4 ,prescrib$ /udies  
may be ill-judg$ or ill-adapt$1 ill-tim$
 or ill-taught1 b none ! less inexorably
 !y fall on j & unju/4 ,! wa/es ( *oice 
*iefly affect ! %iftless & ! dull1 m5 :o
 _c be h>m$ mu* by be+ wa/$4 ,! wa/es ( 
prescription ravage ! en]getic1 !       
cle>-sight$1 ! orig9al1--! v classes :o 
/& 9 greate/ ne$ ( protection4 ,:at ,i  
w\ld ass]t1 !re=e1 is n t 9 ! elective  
sy/em we h discov]$ ! secret ( /opp+    
educational wa/e4 ,t w g on z long z m5 
ne$ tea*+4 ,i simply hold t ! mon/r\s & 
peculi>ly p]nici\s wa/es ( ! old sy/em  
are n[ be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,select   

y\r clo? discreetly1 ord] ! be/ tailor 9
 t[n to make x up1 & y w /ill require   
pati5ce = _m misfits2 b !y w be few]1 at
 any rate1 ?an :5 g>m5ts are s]v$ out to
 y & ! :ole regim5t by ! gov]nm5t       
qu>t]ma/]4  ,nobody :o has taught bo?   
elective & prescrib$ /udies ne$ be told 
h[ ! in/ruction 9 ! two cases diff]s4 ,)
 p]functory /ud5ts1 a tea*] is conc]n$ )
 devices = =c+ 8 pupils onw>d4 ,tea*+   
becomes a second>y affair2 ! "t = x is  
exhau/$ 9 que/ion+ possible %irks4      
,in=mation mu/ be elicit$1 n imp>t$4 ,! 
text-book1 ) its fix$ lessons1 is a ?+ (
 consequ5ce4 ,x is ! tea*]'s bus9ess to 
wat* 8 pupils1 to see t !y c>ry (f !    
requisite k2 _! bus9ess1 !n1 x soon     
becomes to try to escape )\t x4 ,betwe5 
tea*] & s*ol> !re goes on an ignoble    
game ( mat*+ wits1 9 :i* ! tea*] is sm>t
 if he c cat* a boy1 & ! boy is sm>t if 
he c "k no?+ )\t be+ f\nd out4 ,because 
( ?is suppos$ antagonism ( int]e/s      
,am]ican high] education seldom escapes 
an air ( unreality4 ,we seem to be at ! 

op]a b\ffe4 ,a boy appe>s at !          
le>n+-%op1 pur*ases 8 p>cel ( k1 & !n   
tries to toss x "u ! c\nt] & dodge out (
 ! door be=e ! %opman c be quick en\gh  
to make him c>ry (f ! goods4 ,no?+ c    
cure su* folly except insi/5ce t pupil's
 neglect is n tea*]'s injury4 ,!        
elective sy/em po9ts out to a man t he  
has some?+ at /ake 9 a /udy1 & s tra9s  
him to look ^u "t squ&]$ z a p]sonal    
loss4 ,:]e ?is consci\sness c be        
presum$1 a high] /yle ( tea*+ becomes   
possible4 ,me?ods spr+ up unlike =mal   
lectures1 unlike humdrum recitations4 ,!
 /ud5t acquires--:at he w ne$ 9 aft]    
life--! p[] to look up a s+le subject 9 
_m books4 ,!ses are writt52 discussions 
held2 9 high] c\rses1 problems ( rese>* 
sup]s$e def9$ tasks4 ,dur+ #ahfj-fa1    
fifty-six p] c5t ( ! ,h>v>d             
und]graduates consult$ ! college libr>y2
 dur+ #ahhc-hd1 eighty-five p] c5t4  ,9 
a simil> way gov]nm5tal problems *ange  
_! "*4 ,=m]ly1 x 0 assum$ t a /ud5t :o  
foll[$ 8 own wi%es w\ld be indispos$ to 

att5d recitations4 ,p5alties 7 accord+ly
 e/abli%$ to compel him to come4 ,at    
pres5t1 !re is n "o ( 8 twelve          
recitations a week :i* a ,h>v>d /ud5t   
might n cut4 ,( c\rse ,i d n mean t     
unlimit$ abs5ce is all[$4 ,any "o :o did
 n appe> = a week w\ld be ask$ :at he 0 
do+4 ,b = sev]al ye>s !re has be5 no    
me*anical regulation1--s mu* abs5ce1 s  
mu* p5alty4 ,i _h ! curiosity to see h[ 
l>gely1 "u ?is sy/em ( tru/1 ! la/ s5ior
 class _h c>$ to /ay away4 ,i c\nt$ all 
abs5ces1 excus$ & unexcus$4 ,"s m5 _h   
be5 sick = consid]able p]iods2 "s _h be5
 wor?less1 & _h %amelessly abus$ _!     
fre$om4 ,reckon+ 9 all misde$s & all    
mis=tunes1 ,i f\nd t on ! av]age ea* man
 _h be5 abs5t a little less ?an twice a 
week4#e ,! te/ ( high "* is ! am\nt (   
fre$om x w absorb )\t go+ to pieces4 ,! 
elective sy/em enl>ges ! capacity to    
absorb fre$om undi/urb$4 ,b x w\ld be   
unfair to imply t ! new _s is awak5$ 9  
/ud5ts alone4 ,pr(essors are !mselves   
in/ruct$4 ,! ob/acles to _! prop] "w1 ^?

 sev]e/ ( all ob/acles :i* come f       
defective sympa?y1 are cle>$ away4 ,a   
tea*] draws ne> 8 class1 & le>ns :at he 
c d = x4 ,long ago x 0 said t among !   
,g5tiles--p spiritually rude--great ones
 ex]cis$ au?ority1 :ile 9 a /ate (      
righte\sness ?is %\ld n be s2 !re !     
lead] w\ld e/imate 8 importance by 8    
s]viceability4 ,x 0 a tea*] :o spoke1 & 
he spoke to tea*]s4 ,to-day tea*]s'     
dang]s lie 9 ! same direction4 ,always  
deal+ ) inf]iors1 isolat$ f criticism1  
by nature n less sluggi% ?an o!rs1 ?r\gh
 ! honorable passion :i* !y feel = _!   
subject dispos$ to set ! private        
inve/igation ( x above its exposition1  
tea*]s are cont9ually tempt$ to ?9k ( a 
class z if x exi/$ = _! sakes r ?an !y =
 its4 ,fa/5 pupils to ! b5*es1 & no?+   
c\nt]acts ?is temptation except t       
individual consci5ce :i* 9 all ( u is a 
faculty t w well be> /r5g!n+4 ,x may be 
j to condemn ! dull1 ! intol]ant1 !     
self-absorb$ tea*]2 b :y n condemn also 
! sy/em :i* p]petuates him8 ,nobody     

likes to be ineffici5t2 slackness is    
l>gely a fault ( inadv]t5ce4 ,t sy/em is
 good :i* makes inadv]t5ce difficult &  
op5s ! way = a tea*] to discov] :e!r 8  
in/ructions hit4 ,give /ud5ts *oice1 & a
 pr(essor gets ! p[] to see himself z   
o!rs see him4  ,h[ ?is is accompli%$    
appe>s by exam9+ ?ree possible cases4   
,suppose1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i become     
neglig5t ?is ye>1 am busy ) private     
affairs1 & s cont5t myself ) imp>t+     
no?+1 ) call+ (f que/ions f a text-book1
 or ) read+ my old lectures2 ,i %all f9d
 out my mi/ake pla9ly en\gh next ,june1 
:5 few] m5 ?an usual elect my c\rses4   
,suppose1 secondly1 ,i give my class    
important matt]1 b put x 9 su* a =m t "y
 m9ds _c readily assimilate x2 ! same   
effect foll[s1 only 9 ?is case ,i %all  
probably attract a small company ( !    
h>di] spirits1--9 "s subjects ! v       
mat]ial a tea*] desires4 ,or suppose1   
la/ly1 ,i seek popul>ity1 aim at        
ent]ta9m5t1 & give my pupils little "w  
to d2 my elective becomes a k9d ( s9k1  

into :i* are dra9$ (f ! intellectual    
dregs ( ! college4 ,o!r tea*]s w get rid
 ( _! loaf]s2 ,i %all take !m 94 ,b ,i  
am n likely to reta9 !m4 ,a tea*] is    
kn[n by ! company he keeps4 ,9 a vigor\s
 community a s(t elective br+s no honor 
to its f\nd]4 ,i %all be apt to         
introduce a little /iff5+ into my c\rses
 ea* ye>1 till ! appe>ance ( ! prop]    
grade ( /ud5t tells me ,i am prov$ to h 
a value4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 ! new me?od a
 self-regulat+ adju/m5t4 ,tea*] & taught
 are put on _! good behavior4 ,a _s (   
fai?fulness is infus$ into bo?1 & by t v
 fact ! fri5dlie/ relation is e/abli%$  
betwe5 !m4  ,i h left myself little room
 to expla9 :y ! elective sy/em %\ld be  
begun z e>ly z ! fre%man ye>1 & surely n
 mu* room is ne$$4 ,a sy/em prov$ to    
ex]t a happy influ5ce ov] "*1 & !nce ov]
 mann]s & s*ol>ly disposition1 is       
exactly ! matur+ ag5cy ne$$ by ! fre%man
 ( eighte54 ,x is ! bett] suit$ to him  
because ! e>ly ye>s ( college life are  
its lea/ valuable portion1 :i* c be>1   

!re=e1 mo/ economically ! discipl9+     
losses sure to come :5 a /ud5t is le>n+ 
to *oose4 ,m ?an ?is1 ! *ange f s*ool   
me?ods to "* me?ods is too grave a "o to
 be pass$ ov] z an incid5t 9 !          
transition f ye> to ye>4 ,a *ange (     
resid5ce %\ld m>k x4 ,x %\ld /& at !    
entrance to a new c>e]4 ,p>5ts %\ld be  
w>n$1 & ^? :o h br\ght up _! sons to    
habits ( luxuri\s ease %\ld be made     
fully aw>e t a college :i* appeals to "*
 has no place = *ildr5 ( !irs4  ,e mode 
( tra9+ has its exclusions4 ,i pref] !  
"o :i* br+s lea/ pr(it to our dang]\s   
classes1--! indol5t ri*4 ,leslie ,/eph5 
has said t ! only argum5t rascals c     
und]/& is ! hangman4 ,! only inducem5t  
to /udy1 = boys ( loose e>ly life1 is   
compulsion4 ,b = ! pla9 democratic _m1  
:o h s\nd se$ 9 !mselves1 :o h kn[n duty
 e>ly1 & :o h f\nd 9 wor?y ?+s _! law & 
impulse1 ! elective sy/em1 ev5 dur+ !   
fre%man ye>1 gives an opportunity =     
moral & m5tal expansion su* z no        
compulsory sy/em c af=d4         99     

99       99       99       99  ,p]haps 9
 clos+ ,i ought to caution ! read] t he 
has be5 li/5+ to a description (        
t5d5cies m]ely1 & n ( complet$ atta9m5t4
 ,9 no college is ! ,new ,education     
fully embodi$4 ,x is an ideal1 t[>d :i* 
all are mov+1 & a p[]fully influ5tial   
ideal4 ,9 expla9+ x1 = ! sake (         
simplicity ,i h conf9$ myself to trac+ !
 work+ ( its c5tral pr9ciple1 & ,i h    
drawn my illu/rations f t ,h>v>d life ) 
:i* ,i am mo/ famili>4 ,b simplicity    
di/orts2 ! %ad[s disappe>4 ,i am afraid 
,i may seem to h h9t$ t ! ,h>v>d tra9+  
already comes pretty ne> p]fection4 ,x  
does n--let me say s di/9ctly4 ,we h mu*
 to le>n4 ,side by side ) nobl] t5d5cies
 to :i* ,i h direct$ att5tion1 di%e>t5+ 
?+s appe>4 ,! exam9ation pap] /ill      
attacks le>n+ on its intellectual side1 
! m>k+ sy/em on its moral4 ,all ,i h    
s\ght to e/abli% is ?is3 !re is a me?od 
:i* we & _m o!r colleges 9 diff]5t      
degrees h adopt$1 :i* is demon/rably a  
s\nd me?od4 ,its s\ndness %\ld by ?is "t

 be g5]ally ackn[l$g$1 & criticism %\ld 
n[ turn to ! important "w ( bett]+ its  
details ( op]ation4 ,may :at ,i h writt5
 enc\rage su* criticism & help to make x
 wise1 p5etrative1 & fri5dly4           
,,footnotes3     #d ,b a great deal ( ! 
exp5se also4 ,h[ mu* l>g] ! /aff (      
tea*]s mu/ be :]e ev]y?+ is taught to   
anybody ?an :]e        a few subjects   
are (f]$ to all1 may be se5 by comp>+ ! 
numb] ( tea*]s at ,h>v>d--#adf1 in/ruct+
 #aehf m5--)        ^? ( ,glasg[        
,univ]sity 9 #ahgh--db1 in/ruct+ #bjah  
m54     #e ,or sixte5 p] c5t ( 8        
recitations4 ,read]s may l to           
comp>e ?is result ) ! numb] ( abs5ces   
else:]e4 ,at        a prom95t ,new      
,engl& college1 "o ( ! be/ ( ^? :i*     
require att5dance1 a /ud5t is excus$ f  
t5 p] c5t (        8 ex]cises4 ,b ?is   
am\nt does n cov] abs5ces (             
necessity1--abs5ces caus$ by sickness1  
by ne$s ( family1        & by ! _m o!r  
p]fectly legitimate h9drances to        
att5dance4 ,! p]c5tage giv5 = ! ,h>v>d  

s5iors        includes all abs5ces      
:atsoev]4     ,,ix  ,,errone\s          
,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,elective ,,sy/em
   ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,&ov] ,review a
 ye> ago1 ,i call$ att5tion to ! fact t 
a new pr9ciple is at "w 9 ,am]ican      
education4 ,t pr9ciple1 briefly /at$1 is
 ?is3 ! /ud5t n[ consci\sly %>es 9 8 own
 upbuild+4 ,8 /udies are knitt$ closely 
to 8 p]sonal life4 ,"u ?is influ5ce a   
new species ( p[] is develop$4 ,s*ol>%ip
 broad5s & deep5s1 boyi%ness dim9i%es1  
tea*] & pupil meet less artificially4 ,!
 college1 z an in/itution1 w9s fre%     
life4 ,public confid5ce awak5s2 pupils1 
b5efactions1 fl[ 94 ,ov] :at ,i wrote an
 eag] controv]sy has aris51 a controv]sy
 :i* mu/ h prov$ in/ructive to ^? :o ne$
 in/ruction mo/4 ,9 ! la/ resort        
que/ions ( education are decid$ by      
educators1 z ^? ( sanitation by sanit>y 
eng9e]s2 b 9 bo? cases ! decision has   
ref]5ce to public ne$s1 & p require to  
be in/ruct$ 9 ! work+ ( appliances :i*  
are design$ = _! com=t4 ,!re is dang] t 

su* in/ruction may n be giv54           
,pr(essional m5 become absorb$ 9 _! art 
& cont5t !mselves ) retic5ce1 leav+ !   
public ignorant ( ! devices by :i* its  
heal? is to be pres]v$4 ,a great        
opportunity1 !re=e1 comes to ! common   
h\sehold] :5 ^! pr(essional m5 fall f\l 
( "o ano!r4 ,9 press+ argum5ts home !y  
frequ5tly take to ord9>y spee*1 &       
anybody :o !n l5ds an e> le>ns ( !      
my/]ies4 ,! pres5t discussion1 ,i am    
sure1 has br\ght ?is in=matory ga9 to e 
p>5t :o reads ! ,&ov] ,review & has a   
/udi\s boy4 ,! ga9 w h be5 great]       
because ( ! c&or & c\rtesy ) :i* !      
attack+ p>ty has deliv]$ its assault4 ,!
 conte/ has be5 e>ne/4 ,its issues h be5
 rightly judg$ mom5t\s4 ,= good or =    
ill1 ! *oice y\? ( ! l& are to be %ap$  
by :atev] educational policy f9ally w9s4
 ,yet1 s f> z ,i recall1 no unk9d ^w has
 slipp$ f ! p5 ( "o ( my /\t oppon5ts2  
no disp>agem5t ( man or college has mix$
 ) ! en]getic advocacy ( pr9ciple2 !    
discussion has set 9 well t[>d ?+s4 ,i  

_c call ?is rem>kable4 ,( c\rse x is n  
easy to be fair & /rong at once4        
,sweetness & light are (t5 p>t$4 ,yet we
 rightly expect ! s*ol>'s life to       
civilize him :o pursues x1 & we         
anticipate f books a ref9em5t ( ! _s & !
 mann]s z well z ! und]/&+4 ,my oppon5ts
 h be5 s*ol>s1 & h spok5 z s*ol>s speak4
 ,x is a pleasure to l+] 9 _! k9dly     
cont5ti\s company4 ,s ,i gladly accept !
 invitation ( ! editors ( ! ,review to  
sum up our discussion & to add "s       
explanatory la/ words4  ,! pap]s :i* h  
appe>$ fall into two easily di/+ui%able 
classes1 ! descriptive & ! critical4 ,to
 ! =m] ,i devote b a brief space1 s mu* 
m direct is ! be>+ ( ! latt] on ! ma9   
topic ( debate--! "q1 namely1 :at c\rse 
! high] education c & :at x _c n[ take4 
,yet ! descriptive pap]s p]=m a s]vice &
 des]ve a welcome ^w4 ,suspect+ t ,i 0  
%[+ (f ,h>v>d r favorably1 pr(essors    
plant$ else:]e h attempt$ to make an    
equally favorable exhibit ( _! own      
colleges4 ,9 my manife/o !y h se5 a     

covet$ opportunity to br+ =w>d          
correspond+ /ati/ics :i* h n be5 =m$ "u 
! ,h>v>d me?od4 ,p]haps ?is 0 to mi/ake 
my aim a little4 ,i did int5d to advance
 my college 9 public e/eem2 %e des]ves t
 ( me 9 ev]y?+ ,i write4 ,b prim>ily ,i 
?\ght ( myself z ! exp\nd] ( an         
important policy1 :i* happ5s to h be5   
long] p]ceiv$ & m elaborately /udi$ at  
,h>v>d ?an else:]e4 ,i hope ,i did n    
imply t ,h>v>d1 hav+ ?is excell5ce1 has 
all o!rs4 ,%e has _m weaknesses1 :i*    
%\ld n be %ield$ f disc]n+ discussion4  
,nor did ,i int5d to commit ! inju/ice  
to ,h>v>d--an inju/ice z gross z x is   
frequ5t--( treat+ h] z a m]e embodim5t (
 ! elective sy/em4 ,h>v>d is a complex &
 augu/ in/itution1 possess$ ( all !     
attractions :i* c be l5t by age1        
tradition1 le>n+1 cont9ually r5ew$      
res\rces1 =tunate situation1 widespread 
cli5tage1 en?usia/ic loyalty1 & =ceful  
guidance4 ,%e is ! intellectual "m ( u  
all1 honor$ c]ta9ly by me1 & ,i believe 
by ?\s&s ( o!rs1 = a multiplicity (     

subtle influ5ces :i* /ret* f> outside h]
 special modes ( in/ruction4 ,b = ! la/ 
half-c5tury ,h>v>d has be5 develop+ a   
new & important policy ( education4     
,co9cid5t ) ?is developm5t %e has atta9$
 enorm\s popul> e/eem & int]nal p[]4 ,! 
value & limits ( ?is policy1 ! s\rces ( 
?is e/eem & p[]1 ,i wi% ev]ybody1       
colleges & populace1 to scrut9ize4 ,to  
make ^! ?+s und]/ood is to help ! high] 
education ev]y:]e4  ,9 und]tak+ ?is     
quasi philosophical task1 ,i c\nt x a   
piece ( good =tune to h provok$ s _m    
lucid acc\nts ( :at o!r colleges are    
do+4 ,! m ( ^! ! bett]4 ,! public _c be 
too p]si/5tly rem9d$ ( ! di/9ctive m]its
 ( ?is college & ( t4 ,let ea* be z     
zeal\s z possible2 ga9s made by "o are  
ga9s = all4 ,depreciatory rivalry betwe5
 colleges is z silly z x is :5 religi\s 
sects qu>rel 9 ! mid/ ( a p]i%+ _w4     
,probably su* rivalries h _! rise 9 !   
dull supposition t a fix$ con/itu5cy (  
pupils exi/s some:]e1 :i* if n turn$    
t[>d "o college may be drawn to ano!r4  

,z ! old political economi/s tell ( a   
wages fund1 fix$ & con/ant 9 ea*        
community1 s college gov]nors are apt to
 imag9e a public pupil-ho>d1 n          
susceptible ( mu* increase or dim9ution1
 :i* may by inadv]t5ce fall into o!r h&s
 ?an _! own4 ,9 reality ea* college     
creates its con/itu5cy4 ,its /ud5ts     
come1 9 ! ma91 f ! in]t mass ( !        
uncollegiate public4 ,only "o 9 eight   
among ,h>v>d /ud5ts is a son ( a ,h>v>d 
graduate2 & probably ! small colleges   
beget afre% an ev5 l>g] p]c5tage ( _!   
/ud5ts4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! small colleges 
h be5 a p[] 9 ! l&4 ,to disp>age !m %all
 nev] be my (fice4 ,9 a l>g] degree ?an 
! great univ]sities !y spread ! college 
idea among p :o w\ld n o!rwise possess  
x4 ,! boy :o lives )9 fifty miles ( "o (
 !m reflects :e!r he w or w n h a       
college tra9+4 ,7 !re no college 9 !    
neighborhood1 he might nev] consid] !   
matt] at all4 ,x is natural en\gh =     
und]graduates to decry e college except 
_! own2 b ^? :o love education g5]\sly1 

& :o seek to spread x f> & wide1 _c af=d
 ! luxury ( envy4 ,"o common dang]      
besett+ u all %\ld b9d u toge!r4 ,9 !   
allurem5ts ( comm]ce boys may =get t    
college is call+4 ,!y d =get x4 ,accord+
 to my computations ! numb] ( p]sons 9 !
 ,new ,engl& colleges to-day is ab\t !  
same z ! numb] 9 ! insane asylums2 b    
little m ?an ! numb] ( idiots4 ,probably
 ?is numb] is n increas+ 9 proportion to
 population4 ,pr(essor ,newton1 (       
,ob]l91 f9ds t ! increase ( /ud5ts dur+ 
! t5 ye>s betwe5 #ahgj & #ahhj1 9 tw5ty 
( our olde/ lead+ colleges1 0 less ?an  
?ree & a half p] c5t1 ! population ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates increas+ dur+ ! same p]iod
 tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 ,9 view ( facts l   
^!1 c>eful /udy ( ! l9e along :i*       
college gr[? is /ill possible becomes a 
necessity4 ,x w b5efit all colleges     
alike4 ,no "o engag$ 9 x has a side to  
ma9ta94 ,we are all alike seek]s4       
,:atev] in/ructive exp]i5ce any college 
c contribute to ! common /udy1 & :atev] 
pupils %e may !reby ga91 w be matt] =   

g5]al rejoic+4  ,to su* a /udy ! second1
 or critical1 class ( pap]s furni%es    
important /imulus2 = ^! h n conf9$      
!mselves to describ+ in/itutions3 !y h  
gone on to discuss ! value & limits ( ! 
pr9ciple :i* actuates ! new education   
ev]y:]e4 ,9 _m respects _! writ]s & ,i  
are 9 full accord4 ,9 moral aim we      
always are1 & g5]ally too 9 our e/imate 
( ! pres5t /atus4 ,we all confess t !   
conditions ( college education h *ang$1 
t ! field ( k has enl>g$1 t a lib]al    
tra9+ n[adays mu/ fit m5 = m ?an ! f\r  
pr(essions ( prea*+1 tea*+1 m$ic9e1 &   
law4 ,we agree t ! prescrib$ sy/ems ( ! 
pa/ are outgr[n4 ,we d n want !m4 ,we   
d\bt :e!r !y 7 well suit$ to _! own "t2 
we are sure !y w nev] fit ours4         
,readju/m5ts ( curricula1 we all decl>e1
 mu/ be und]tak5 if ! high] education is
 to reta9 its hold on our p4 ,fur!r     
/ill1 we agree 9 ! direction ( ?is      
readju/m5t4 ,my critics1 no less ?an ,i1
 believe t a widely ext5d$ scope mu/ be 
giv5 to individual *oice4 ,) ! possible 

exception ( ,pr(essor ,d5ison1 ab\t ^:  
op9ion ,i am unc]ta91 ev]ybody :o has   
tak5 "p 9 ! controv]sy recognizes !     
elective pr9ciple z a b5eficial "o &    
ma9ta9s t 9 "s =m or o!r x has come to  
/ay1 ,p g5]ally are n aw>e :at a        
cons5sus ( op9ion on ?is po9t late ye>s 
h br\ght ab\t4 ,to rid ourselves once = 
all ( fur!r controv]sy let u weigh well 
! words ( my oppon5ts4  ,mr4 ,bre>ley   
beg9s 8 criticism address$ to ! ,new    
,york ,h>v>d ,club ?us3 ,we premise t e 
"o accepts ! elective pr9ciple4 ,"s     
sy/em bas$ on t pr9ciple mu/ be         
e/abli%$4 ,no "o wants ! old requir$    
sy/ems back1 or any new requir$ sy/em4  
,pr(essor ,h[ison says3 ,an elective    
sy/em1 9 its prop] place1 & "u its due  
conditions1 is demon/rably s\nd4        
,pr(essor ,ladd does n express himself v
 fully on ?is po9t 9 ! ,&ov] ,review1 b 
8 op9ions may be le>n$ f ! ,new ,engl&] 
= ,janu>y1 #ahhe4 ,:51 9 #ahhd1 ,yale   
,college re=m$ its curriculum &         
introduc$ elective /udies1 x became     

desirable to in/ruct ! graduates ab\t ! 
reasons = a /ep :i* _h be5 long resi/$4 
,aft] a brief trial ( ! new sy/em1      
,pr(essor ,ladd publi%$ 8 impressions ( 
x4 ,i /rongly comm5d 8 c&id pap] to !   
att5tion ( ^? :o /ill believe ! old     
me?ods ! saf]4 ,he ass]ts t a p]fect &  
f9al c\rse ( college /udy is1 if n an   
unatta9able ideal1 at pres5t an         
impossible a*ievem5t4 ,! consid]ations  
:i* 7 ! def9ite & almo/ compulsory      
reasons = in/itut+ a compreh5sive *ange 
he gr\ps "u ! foll[+ heads3 7#a7 ! ne$ (
 mod]n languages2 7#b7 ! cr[d+ ( /udies 
9 ! s5ior ye>2 7#c7 ! het]og5e\s &      
planless "* ( ! total c\rse2 7#d7 ! ne$ 
( mak+ all[ance = ! ta/es1 ! contemplat$
 pursuits1 & ! aptitudes ( ! individual 
/ud5t4 ,sub/antially1 ^! are ! evils (  
prescription :i* ,i po9t$ out2 only1 9  
my view1 !y are evils n conf9$ to a s+le
 ye>4 ,/at+ 8 obs]vation ( ! results (  
election1 ,pr(essor ,ladd says3         
,increas$ will+ness 9 /udy1 & ev5 a new 
& m>k$ en?usiasm on ! "p ( a consid]able

 numb] ( /ud5ts1 is ano!r effect ( ! new
 c\rse already realiz$4 ,! entire body (
 /ud5ts 9 ! upp] classes is m att5tive1 
regul>1 int]e/$1 & ev5 eag]1 ?an ev]    
be=e4 ,m intimate & effective relations 
are secur$ 9 _m cases betwe5 tea*]s &   
pupils4  ,^! convictions 9 reg>d to !   
effici5cy :i* ! elective pr9ciple l5ds  
to education are n conf9$ to my critics 
& myself4 ,let me cite te/imony f       
repres5tatives ( o!r colleges4 ,! la/   
,amh]/ ,catalogue records 7page #bd7 t  
excell5t results h appe>$ f ?is !       
elective me?od4 ,! special wants ( !    
/ud5t are ?us met1 8 ze/ & progress 9 8 
"w are increas$1 & 8 association ) 8    
tea*]s becomes ?us m close & intimate4  
,presid5t ,rob9son says1 9 8 annual     
report = #ahhe to ! ,corporation ( ,br[n
 ,univ]sity3 ,!re are advantages 9 a    
c>efully gu>d$ sy/em ( optional /udies n
 o!rwise obta9able4 ,! sav+ ( "t 9      
prep>+ = a special call+ 9 life is      
some?+1 & ! cumulative zeal 9 giv5 l9es 
( /udy1 :]e a gratifi$ & gr[+ ta/e is   

ev] beckon+ onw>d1 is /ill m4 ,b above  
all1 "s provision = *oice among         
ev]-multiply+ c\rses ( /udy has become a
 necessity4 ,9 address+ ! ,am]ican      
,in/itute ( ,in/ruction at ,b> ,h>bor1  
,july #g1 #ahhf1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4      
,h>dy1 ( ,d>tm\?1 is report$ z say+3 ,e 
educator n[ recognizes ! fact t         
individual *>act]i/ics are always       
suffici5tly m>k$ to dem& 8 e>lie/       
att5tion2 &1 fur!rmore1 t !re is a /age 
9 ! process ( education :]e ! *oice1 !  
responsibility1 & ! fre$om ( !          
individual %\ld h a wide scope4         
,presid5t ,adams1 9 8 inaugural address 
at ,cornell 9 #ahhe1 ass]t$ t !re are   
v>ieties ( gifts1 call !m1 if y w1      
fundam5tal diff]5ces1 t make x          
impossible to tra9 successfully all ( a 
gr\p ( boys to ! same /&>d4 ,^!         
diff]5ces are p>tly matt]s ( %e]        
ability1 & p>tly matt]s ( ta/e2 = if a  
boy has s great an av]sion to a giv5    
/udy t he c nev] be br\ght to apply     
himself to x ) "s measure ( fondness1 he

 is z sure n to succe$ 9 x z he w\ld be 
if he 7 lack+ ! requisite m5tal         
capacity4  ,9 det]m9+1 !n1 :at ! new    
education may wisely be1 let ?is be     
consid]$ settl$3 x mu/ conta9 a l>ge    
elem5t ( election4 ,t is ! op9ion ( ^!  
unbias$ judges4 ,!y f9d p]sonal *oice   
necess>y = promot+ a wid] range ( topics
 9 ! college1 a great] zeal on ! "p ( ! 
/ud5t1 & m suitable relations betwe5    
tea*] & pupil4 ,) ?is judgm5t ,i1 (     
c\rse1 he>tily agree1 ?\gh ,i %\ld make 
m prom95t ! moral reason ( ! facts4 ,i  
%\ld insi/ t a "r "* & temp] 9 ! receiv+
 m9d is always a pr]equisite ( wor?y    
/udy4#f ,b ,i misrepres5t ^! g5tlem5 if 
,i all[ _! te/imony to /op "h4 ,!y      
ma9ta9 t ! elective pr9ciple z ?us f>   
c>ri$ out1 ?\gh valuable1 is /ill meagre
 & "o-sid$4 ,!y d n ?9k x w be f\nd     
self-suffic+ & capable ( gu>d+ its own  
work+4 ,!y see t x has dang]s peculi> to
 itself1 & believe t to escape !m x w   
require to be re/rict$ & furni%$ )      
supplem5tal influ5ces4 ,i believe s too4

 ,*oice is important1 b x is also       
important t "o %\ld *oose well4 ,!      
individual is sacr$1 b only s f> z he is
 capable ( recogniz+ ! sacr$ness ( laws 
:i* he has _h no "p 9 mak+4 ,unre/rict$ 
arbitr>y *oice is indi/+ui%able f *aos2 
& und\bt$ly e me?od ( tra9+ :i* avoids  
me*anism & includes *oice z a factor    
leaves a door op5 9 ! direction ( *aos4 
,inf9ite ,wisdom left t door op5 :5 man 
0 creat$4 ,to dang]s f ?is s\rce ,i am  
fully alive4 ,i totally diss5t f ^?     
advocates ( ! elective sy/em :o w\ld    
id5tify x ) a laissez-faire policy4 ,!  
cry t we mu/ let nature take c>e (      
itself is a famili> "o 9 trade1 9 art1 9
 m$ic9e1 9 social relations1 9 !        
religi\s life1 9 education2 b 9 ! long  
run x always proves inadequate4 ,man is 
a p]sonal _s1 a director1 a be+ fitt$ to
 comp>e & to organize =ces1 n to take !m
 z !y rise1 l a creature ( nature4 ,!   
future w c]ta9ly n tol]ate an education 
less organic ?an t ( ! pa/2 b j z       
c]ta9ly w x dem& t ! organic tie %all be

 a liv+ "o1--"o ^: bond may assi/ ^? :om
 x re/ricts to become spontane\s1       
=cible1 & div]se4 ,if ,i am (f]$ only ! 
alt]native ( absolutism or              
laissez-faire1 ,i *oose laissez-faire4  
,out ( *aotic nature beautiful =ms d    
cont9ually come =?4 ,b absolutism kills 
9 ! cradle4 ,x _c tol]ate a life t is   
imp]fect1 & s x /ifles :at x %\ld n\ri%4
  ,up to ?is po9t my critics & ,i h     
walk$ h& 9 h&4 ,h5ce=? we "p company4 ,i
 %all n foll[ out all our little        
div]g5cies4 ,my object f ! fir/ has be5 
to trace ! l9e along :i* education may  
n[ proce$4 ,x mu/1 x seems1 be a l9e    
includ+ election2 b election limit$ h[8 
,to dis5tangle an answ] to ?is vex$ "q1 
,i pass by ! _m po9ts 9 :i* my critics h
 %[n t ,i am fooli%1 & ! few o!rs 9 :i* 
,i might %[ !m s1 & turn to ! fundam5tal
 issue betwe5 u1 our judgm5t ( :at !    
supplem5tal influ5ces are :i* w r5d]    
p]sonal initiative safe4 ,p]sonal       
initiative is assur$4 ,! au?oritative   
utt]ances ,i h j quot$ %[ t x c nev]    

aga9 be expell$ f ,am]ican colleges4 ,b 
:at *ecks are compatible ) x8 ,accept+  
*oice1 :at treatm5t w r5d] x cont9ually 
wis]8 ,"h diff]5ces ( judgm5t beg9 to   
appe>1 & "h ,i _h hop$ to receive light 
f my critics4 ,! "q is "o :]e coop]ative
 exp]i5ce is ess5tial4 ,b ^? :o h writt5
 aga9/ me seem h>dly to h realiz$ its   
importance4 ,!y g5]ally conf9e !mselves 
to %[+ h[ bad my plans are1 & m]ely h9t 
at bett] ones :i* !y !mselves might (f]4
 ,b :at are ^! plans8 ,wise ways ( tra9+
 boys are ( m consequ5ce ?an ,h>v>d     
misde$s4 ,we want to he> ( a con/ructive
 policy :i* c take a "y man ( n9ete5 & s
 tra9 him 9 self-direction t f\r ye>s   
lat] he may v5ture out alone into a     
p]plex+1 & = ! mo/ "p ho/ile1 _w4 ,! ?+ 
to be done is to tea* boys h[ to manage 
!mselves4 ,admit t ! ,h>v>d discipl9e   
does n d ?is p]fectly at pres5t2 :at w d
 x bett]8 ,"h we are at an educational  
crisis4 ,we /& ) ?is aim ( self-guidance
 9 our h&s4 ,:at are we go+ to d ) x8 ,x
 is z dang]\s z a bomb4 ,b we _c drop x4

 ,x is too late to objurgate4 ,x is     
bett] to ?9k calmly :at possible modes (
 treatm5t are /ill op54 ,:5 railroads 7 
f\nd dang]\s1 m5 did n take to          
/age-coa*es aga92 !y only /udi$         
railroad+ ! m4  ,n[ 9 ! mass ( negative 
criticism :i* ! la/ ye> has produc$ ,i  
detect ?ree positive sugge/ions1 ?ree   
ways 9 :i* x is ?\ght limitation may be 
usefully appli$ to supplem5t !          
inevitable p]sonal initiative4 ,^! modes
 ( limitation1 x is true1 are n work$   
out ) any fulness ( practical detail1 z 
if _! advocates 7 conv9c$ t ! future 0 )
 !m4 ,r !y are ?r[n out z h9ts ( :at    
might be desirable if facts & ! public  
w\ld n int]f]e4 ,b z !y seem to be !    
only conceivable modes ( re/rict+ !     
elective pr9ciple by any species (      
outside *eckage1 ,i propose to devote ! 
rema9d] ( ?is pap] to an exam9ation ( _!
 feasibility4 ,9 a subsequ5t pap] ,i    
%all indicate :at sort ( corrective     
appe>s to me m likely to prove congru\s 
& la/+4  ,i4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion is t !   

elective pr9ciple %\ld be limit$ f      
b5ea?4 ,univ]sities & s*ools are to     
advance _! grade1 s t f9ally !          
univ]sities w secure ?ree or f\r ye>s ( 
purely elective /udy1 :ile ! s*ools1 9  
addition to _! pres5t labors1 w take    
*>ge ( ! /udies =m]ly prescrib$ by !    
college4 ,! s*ools1 9 %ort1 are to      
become ,g]man gymnasia1 & ! colleges to 
delay becom+ univ]sities until ?is      
reg5]ation ( ! s*ools is accompli%$4#g  
,a c]ta9 sum ( topics is said to be     
ess5tial to ! culture ( ! man & !       
citiz54 ,9 ! int]e/ ( *ur* & /ate1 "y   
m9ds mu/ be provid$ ) c]ta9 fact =ms1 ) 
a common consci\sness1 a common basis ( 
humanism4 ,important z p]sonal election 
is1 to all[ x to take place be=e ?is    
common basis is laid is to /rike a bl[  
at ! hi/oric sub/ance ( civilization4   
,h[ ext5sive ?is common consci\sness is 
to be may be le>n$ f ,pr(essor ,h[ison's
 rem>k t languages1 classical & mod]n2  
ma!matics1 9 all its g5]al conceptions1 
?or\ghly appreh5d$2 physics1 acquir$ 9 a

 simil> mann]1 & ! o!r natural sci5ces1 
?\gh ) mu* less ( detail2 hi/ory &      
politics2 lit]ature1 especially ( ! "m  
tongue1 b1 indisp5sably1 ! ma/]pieces 9 
o!r languages1 p>ticul>ly ! classic2    
philosophy1 9 ! ?or\gh elem5ts (        
psy*ology1 logic1 metaphysics1 & e?ics1 
ea* hi/orically treat$1 & economics1 9 !
 hi/ory ( elem5t>y pr9ciples1 mu/ all   
ent] into any education t c claim to be 
lib]al4  ,! practical objections to ?is 
mon>*ical s*eme are _m4 ,i call att5tion
 to ?ree only4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 !      
argum5t on :i* x is bas$ proves too mu*4
 ,if we suppose a common consci\sness to
 be a matt] ( su* importance1 & t x _c  
be secur$ except by sam5ess ( /udies1 !n
 t /ate is crim9ally c>eless :i* all[s  
n9ety-n9e hundr$?s ( its memb]s to get  
an individual consci\sness by ! simple  
exp$i5t ( nev] ent]+ college4 ,! !ory   
seems to dem& t e male--& :y n          
female8--betwe5 sixte5 & tw5ty be       
indoctr9at$ 9 ! ess5tial subject-matt]s1
 )\t reg>d to :at he or %e may p]sonally

 ne$ to "k or d4 ,?is is ! plan (       
religi\s tea*+ adopt$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*1
 :i* en=ces its fact =ms ( doctr9e on   
all alike2 )\t secur+1 h[ev]1 by ?is    
means1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( ! outside 
_w1 any special fre%ness ( religi\s     
life4 ,i d n believe ! results w\ld be  
bett] 9 ! high] secul> culture1 & ,i    
%\ld be sorry to see ,roman me?ods      
appli$ !re2 b if !y are to be appli$1   
let !m fall imp>tially on all memb]s ( !
 community4 ,to put into swaddl+ clo!s !
 man :o is wise en\gh to seek an        
education1 & to leave 8 dull] bro!r to  
kick ab\t z he pleases1 seems a little  
arbitr>y4  ,b secondly1 !re is no m     
prospect ( p]suad+ our high s*ools to   
accept ! prescrib$ subjects ( ! colleges
 ?an !re is ( p]suad+ our gov]nm5t to   
trans=m itself into ! ,g]man4 ,already !
 high s*ools & ! colleges are unhappily 
draw+ ap>t4 ,! only hope ( _! ne>]      
approa* is 9 ! remission by ! colleges (
 "s ( ! m burd5some subjects at pres5t  
exact$4 ,paid = by common taxation1 ^!  

s*ools are call$ on to equip ! common   
man = 8 daily /ruggle4 ,t !y w "o day   
devote !mselves to lay+ ! f\ndations (  
an ideally be/ education = m5 ( leisure 
is grotesquely improbable4 ,al?\gh      
,h>v>d draws r m ?an "o-?ird ( h] /ud5ts
 f /ates outside ,new ,engl&1 ! :ole    
numb] ( /ud5ts :o h come to h] f ! high 
s*ools ( ^! /ates1 dur+ a p]iod ( ! la/ 
t5 ye>s1 is b sixty-six4 ,fitt+ =       
college is becom+ an al>m+ly te*nical   
matt]1 & is fall+ l>gely into ! h&s (   
private tutors & academies4  ,x may be  
said1 h[ev]1 ?irdly1 t x is j ^!        
academies :i* might advantage\sly take !
 pres5t fre%m5 & sophomore /udies4 ,!y  
w\ld ?us become ! exclusive av5ues to ! 
univ]sity ( ! future1 leav+ x free to d 
its own prop] "w ) elective /udies4     
,consid]+ ! great exp5se :i* ?is l5g!n+ 
( ! curriculum ( ! academy implies1 x is
 pla9 t ! numb] ( s*ools capable ( fitt+
 boys 9 ?is way w\ld always be small4   
,^! few academies1 ) _! monopoly ( le>n$
 tra9+1 w\ld lose _! pres5t "* & be     

erect$ into little colleges1--colleges (
 a second grade4 ,t any su* ?+ is likely
 to occur1 ,i d n believe2 b if x 71    
w\ld x aid ! high] education & promote  
its wide disp]sion8 ,precisely !        
contr>y4 ,in/ead ( go+ to ! univ]sity f 
! academies1 boys w\ld cont5t !mselves )
 ! tol]able education already receiv$4  
,= ! mo/ "p !y w\ld decl9e to g f>!r4 ,x
 is useless to say t ?is does n happ5 9 
,g]many1 :]e ! numb]s resort+ to !      
univ]sity are s l>ge z to h become !    
subject ( compla9t2 = ! ,g]man gov]nm5t1
 controll+ z x does all access to !     
pr(essions1 is able to =ce ?r\gh !      
gymnasia & ?r\gh special c\rses at !    
univ]sity a body ( "y m5 :o w\ld o!rwise
 be seek+ _! =tunes else:]e4 ,:e!r su*  
control w\ld be desirable 9 ?is c\ntry1 
,i w n consid]4 ,"s que/ions are n      
feasible ev5 = discussion4 ,b x is to   
,engli% exp]i5ce we mu/ look to see :at 
our case w\ld be4 ,! great public s*ools
 ( ,engl&--,eton1 ,rugby1 ,h>r[1        
,w9*e/]1 ,we/m9/]1 ,*elt5ham--are ( no  

high] ord] ?an "u ! propos$ plan ,&ov] &
 ,exet] w\ld become4 ,f ^! two academies
 ne>ly n9ety-five p] c5t ( ! s5ior      
classes n[ ent] "s college4 ,b ( ! "y m5
 graduat+ f ! ,engli% s*ools nam$1 s f> 
z ,i c asc]ta91 less ?an fifty p] c5t g 
to ! univ]sity4 ,) ! great] pressure    
t[>d comm]cial life 9 ?is c\ntry1 !     
numb] w\ld c]ta9ly be less ?an 9 ,engl&4
 ,to build up colleges ( a second grade1
 & to p]mit none b ^? :o h pass$ !m to  
ent] colleges ( ! fir/1 is to cut (f !  
high] education f ne>ly all ^? :o d n   
belong to ! privileg$ classes2 x is to  
make ! common consci\sness less common1 
& to turn x1 ev5 m effectually ?an at   
pres5t1 into ! consci\sness ( a clique4 
,he :o mu/ make a liv+ = himself or =   
o!rs _c af=d to rea* 8 pr(ession late4  
,! age ( ent]+ college is already too   
high4 ,) improv$ me?ods ( tea*+ ,i hope 
x maybe some:at r$uc$4 ,at any rate1 e  
/udy n[ add$ to ! high s*ools or        
academies is a fre% b>ri] betwe5        
education & ! p4  ,,ii4 ,if1 !n1 by     

prescrib+ a l>ge am\nt ( /udy outside ! 
univ]sity ! elective pr9ciple is n      
likely to be successfully limit$1 is x n
 probable t )9 ! college itself ! two   
c\nt] pr9ciples ( election &            
prescription1 mutually limit+1 mutually 
support+1 w always be reta9$8 ,?is is ! 
second sugge/ion2 to br+ /udies ( *oice 
& /udies comm&$ into juxtaposition4 ,!  
backbone ( ! college is to be kept      
prescrib$1 ! fle%y p>ts to be made      
elective4 ,by a special modification ( !
 plan1 ! lat] ye>s are turn$ l>gely1    
p]haps :olly1 t[>d election1 & a l9e is 
drawn at ! junior1 or ev5 ! sophomore   
ye>1 bel[ :i* elective /udies are =bidd5
 to p5etrate4 ,is n ?is ! plan t w      
f9ally be judg$ safe/8 ,x c]ta9ly is !  
safe/ = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s4 ,be=e x c 
securely rea* any?+ else1 e college mu/ 
pass ?r\gh ?is int]m$iate /ate4 ,aft]   
half a c5tury ( te/+ election ,h>v>d    
/ill reta9s "s prescrib$ /udies4 ,!     
,h>v>d juniors *ose = n9ete5 ye>s be=e !
 sophomores1 & ! sophomores sev5te5 ye>s

 be=e ! fre%m54 ,9 introduc+ electives a
 sob] pace is comm5dable4 ,a univ]sity  
is *>g$ ) ! greate/ ( public tru/s4 ,!  
intellig5ce ( ! community is1 to a l>ge 
ext5t1 9 its keep+4 ,x is b\nd to keep  
away f risky exp]im5ts1 to disreg>d     
%ift+ popul> fancies1 & to be z         
cons]vative z cle>ness ( sight w p]mit4 
,i d n plead1 !re=e1 t ,h>v>d & ,yale   
%\ld aboli% all prescription ! com+ ye>4
 ,!y c]ta9ly %\ld n4 ,9 my op9ion mo/   
colleges are mov+ too fa/ 9 ! elective  
direction already4 ,i m]ely plead t we  
mu/ see :]e we are go+4 ,z public       
guides1 we mu/ =eca/ ! track ( ! future 
if we w\ld avoid /umbl+ into pa?s :i*   
lead n[h]e4 ,t is all ,i am attempt+ "h4
 ,i want to asc]ta9 :e!r ! dual sy/em ( 
limitation is a /able sy/em1 "o 9 :i* we
 c put our tru/1 or :e!r x is a tempor>y
 conv5i5ce1 likely to slip away a little
 ye> aft] ye>4 ,:at does hi/ory say8    
,let u exam9e ! facts ( ! pa/4 ,! foll[+
 table %[s at ! left ! fifte5 ,new      
,engl& colleges4 ,9 ! next ?ree p>allel 

columns is pr9t$ ! p]c5tage ( elective  
/udies :i* exi/$ 9 ^! colleges 9        
#ahge-gf2 9 ! la/ ?ree1 ! p]c5tage :i*  
exi/s to-day4 ,to r5d] ! comp>ison m    
exact1 ,i pr9t ! sophomore1 junior1 &   
s5ior ye>s sep>ately1 res]v+ ! problem (
 ! fre%man ye> = lat] discussion4       
#ahge-gf          #ahhe-hf              
--------------------------------        
,soph4 ,jun4 ,s54 ,soph4 ,jun4 ,s54     
----------------------------------------
--   ,amh]/     4#jd  4#bj  4#jh   4#bj 
4#ge  4#ge   ,bates         #j    #j    
#j     #j    #j    #j   ,bo/on        #j
    #j    #j   4#ce  4#ff  4#hb   ,b[do9
       #j    #j    #j   4#ae  4#be  4#be
   ,br[n         #j  4#jd  4#jd   4#ad  
4#cg  4#ee   ,colby         #j    #j    
#j     #j  4#jh  4#af   ,d>tm\?     #j  
#j    #j     #j  4#da  4#cf   ,h>v>d    
4#ej  4#gh #a4jj  #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj     
,middlebury    #j    #j    #j     #j    
#j    #j   ,tr9ity       #j    #j    #j 
#j  4#be  4#be   ,tufts         #j  4#ag
  4#ag     #j  4#bh  4#dc   ,v]mont     

#j    #j    #j     #j    #j    #j       
,wesleyan      #j  4#dg  4#dg   4#af    
4#dg  4#fd   ,williams      #j    #j    
#j     #j    #j  4#cg   ,yale           
#j    #j    #j   4#ac  4#ec  4#hj  ,?is 
table yields f\r conclusions3 7#a7 ,a   
rapid & fateful revolution is go+ on 9 !
 high] education ( ,new ,engl&4 ,we d n 
exagg]ate ! *ange :5 we speak ( an old  
education & a new4 7#b7 ,! spread ( x is
 9 tol]able proportion to ! weal? ( !   
college conc]n$4 ,! new modes are       
exp5sive4 ,x is n disapproval :i* is    
hold+ ! colleges back2 x is inability to
 meet ! co/4 ,i am sorry to po9t out ?is
 fact4 ,to my m9d "o ( ! grave/         
p]plexities ( ! new education is ! qu]y1
 ,:at are ! small colleges to d8 ,!y h a
 usefulness altoge!r peculi>2 yet f !   
life-giv+ mod]n me?ods ( tra9+ !y are ( 
necessity l>gely cut (f4 7#c7 ,!        
colleges :i* long ago =esaw _! com+     
necessities h be5 able to proce$ m      
cauti\sly ?an ^? :i* ackn[l$g$ !m late4 
7#d7 ,! movem5t is "o ( /eady advance4  

,!re is no go+ back4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1
 too1 t ! /able/ colleges h be5 proce$+ 
) ^! *anges _m m ye>s ?an ! p]iod %[n 9 
! table4 ,are we1 !n1 prep>$ to dismiss 
prejudice f our m9ds & to recognize :at 
/ead9ess ( advance means8 ,9 o!r matt]s 
:5 a g5]al t5d5cy 9 a giv5 direction is 
discov]$1 ext5d+ ov] a long s]ies (     
ye>s1 visible 9 individuals widely      
unlike1 & pres5t+ no solit>y case (     
backw>d turn+1 we are apt to conclude t 
!re is a =ce 9 ! movem5t :i* w c>ry x   
/ill fur!r onw>d4 ,we are n dispos$ to  
seize on "s po9t 9 its pa? & to c\nt t  
an ultimate hold+-gr\nd4 ,?is1 ,i say1  
w\ld be a natural conclusion unless we  
c\ld detect 9 ! movem5t t5d5cies at "w 9
 an opposite direction4 ,are !re any su*
 t5d5cies "h8 ,i _c f9d !m4             
,prescription inv>iably loses2 election 
inv>iably ga9s4  ,b 9 ord] to make a    
rational pr$iction ab\t ! future we mu/ 
"k m ?an ! b>e facts ( ! pa/2 we ne$ to 
"k :y ^! p>ticul> facts h aris54 ,:at   
are ! reasons t :5ev] elective &        

prescrib$ /udies are mix$1 an extrusive 
=ce regul>ly appe>s 9 ! elective8 ,!    
reasons are n f> to seek4 ,probably e   
pr(essor 9 ,new ,engl& und]/&s !m4 ,!   
two sy/ems are s incongru\s t ea* br+s  
out ! vices r ?an ! virtues ( its       
incompatible bro!r4 ,prescrib$ /udies1  
side by side ) elective1 appe> a        
bondage2 elective1 side by side )       
prescrib$1 an indulg5ce4 ,s long z all  
/udies are prescrib$1 "o may be set     
above ano!r 9 ! m9d ( ! pupil on gr\nds 
( intr9sic wor?2 let c]ta9 /udies       
express ! pupil's wi%es1 & almo/ c]ta9ly
 ! rema9d]1 valuable z !y may be 9      
!mselves1 w express 8 dise/eem4 ,x is   
useless to say ?is %\ld n be s4 ,x      
always is4 ,! zeal ( "w1 ! fre%ness (   
int]e/1 :i* n[ appe> 9 ! *os5 /udies1   
are d$uct$ f ^? :i* are =c$4 ,on ! latt]
 z little labor z possible is exp5d$4   
,!y become p]functory & me*anical1 &    
soon re/ive pupils & dissatisfi$ tea*]s 
call = fre% ext5sion ( en]giz+ *oice4   
,?is is :y ! y\ng] (fic]s 9 all !       

colleges are eag] to give increas$ scope
 to ! elective /udies4 ,!y _c any long] 
get fir/-rate "w done 9 ! prescrib$4    
,al>m$ by ! dang]s ( ! new pr9ciple1 z  
!y (t5 & ju/ly are1 !y f9d t ! pres5ce (
 prescription1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ !       
dang]s1 adds ano!r & a peculi>ly        
enfeebl+ "o to ^? :i* exi/$ be=e4 ,s    
c]ta9 are ^! dang]s1 & s inevitable !   
exp&+ p[] ( ! elective pr9ciple1 t x is 
que/ionable :e!r x w\ld n be wise = a   
college to refuse to h any?+ to d )     
elective /udies s soon z x kn[s itself  
too weak to all[ !m to spread4  ,= :]e w
 ! spread+ /op8 ,x _c /op till ! causes 
( x /op4 ,! table j giv5 %[s no         
likelihood ( its /opp+ at all1 & a      
little reflection w %[ t ea* enl>gem5t  
increases ! reasons = ano!r enl>gem5t   
/ill4 ,if prescrib$ /udies are ev]      
exceptional1 ineffective1 & obnoxi\s1 !y
 c]ta9ly become m s z !y dim9i% 9 numb]4
 ,a college :i* reta9s "o ( !m is 9 a   
condition ( un/able equilibrium4 ,b is  
?is true ( ! fre%man ye>8 ,w n a special

 class ( consid]ations keep prescription
 endur+ & influ5tial !re1 long aft] x   
has lo/ its usefulness 9 ! lat] ye>s8 ,a
 boy ( n9ete5 comes f home ab\t z       
untra9$ 9 w z 9 intellig5ce4 ,w x n     
always be ?\ght be/ to give him a ye> 9 
:i* to acqua9t himself ) 8 surr\nd+s &  
to le>n :at /udies he may aft]w>ds      
pr(itably select8 ,possibly x w4 ,i     
incl9e to ?9k n4 ,! case ( ! fre%man ye>
 is und\bt$ly peculi>4 ,tak+ a l>ge body
 ( colleges1 we h direct evid5ce t dur+ 
_! la/ ?ree ye>s ! elective pr9ciple    
/eadily w9s & nev] loses4 ,we h b a     
trifle ( su* evid5ce z reg>ds ! fre%man 
ye>4 ,!re ! /ruggle ( ! two =ces has    
b>ely begun4 ,x has begun at ,h>v>d1 & !
 usual result is already =e%ad[$4 ,!    
prescrib$ /udies are disp>ag$ /udies2 !y
 are n work$ at ! be/ advantage4 ,/ill1 
,i d n l to prophesy on evid5ce s n>r[4 
,i w m]ely say ,i see no reason to      
suppose t colleges w meet ) p]man5t     
success 9 m+l+ incompatible k9ds ( /udy 
9 _! fre%man ye>4 ,b ,i c only surmise4 

,let any college t incl9es to try !     
exp]im5t d s4  ,x may be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 a
 wis] c\rse to keep ! fre%man ye> unt\*$
 by *oice4 ,a solid ye> ( prescription  
is ?us secur$ z a limitation on !       
election t is to foll[4 ,?is plan is s  
(t5 advis$1 especially by p]sons        
unacqua9t$ ) ! practical work+ (        
colleges1 t x requires a brief          
exam9ation by itself4  ,let u suppose ! 
revolution :i* we h trac$ 9 ! sophomore1
 junior1 & s5ior ye>s to h rea*$ its    
natural t]m9us2 let u suppose t 9 ^!    
ye>s all /udies h become elective1 :ile 
! fre%man ye> rema9s completely         
prescrib$2 ! college w !n fall into two 
p>ts1 a prep>atory dep>tm5t & a         
univ]sity dep>tm5t4 ,9 ^! two dep>tm5ts 
! "* ( ! in/ruction1 ! me?ods ( /udy1 ! 
consci\sness ( ! /ud5ts1 w be altoge!r  
dissimil>4 ,! fre%m5 w n be tak5 by upp]
 classm5 z companions2 !y w be look$ d[n
 ^u z *ildr54 ,haz+ w f9d abundant      
excuse4 ,an abrupt l9e w be drawn1 on ^:
 f>!r side fre$om w lie1 on ^: hi!r     

side1 bondage4 ,! sophomore1 a be+ :o at
 be/ has 8 peculi>ities1 w f9d 8 s5se ( 
self-suffici5cy d\bl$4 ,:atev] badly-br$
 boy p>5ts incl9e to s5d to college w   
seem to !m safe en\gh = a ye>1 & !y w   
suppose t dur+ ?is p]iod he w le>n h[ to
 behave4 ,( c\rse he w le>n no?+ ( !    
sort4 ,manly discipl9e has n yet begun4 
,at ! end ( ! fre%man ye> a boy w be    
only s mu* less a boy z increase ( age  
may make him4 ,?r\gh be+ =c$ to /udy    
ma!matics ?is ye> !re comes no su/a9+   
influ5ce fitt$ to =tify ! judgm5t :5 "o 
is call$ ! next ye> to *oose betwe5     
,greek & ,g]man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! *ange 
f s*ool me?ods to matur+ me?ods is r5d]$
 z dang]\s z possible by all[+ x to take
 place q nak$ly1 by itself1 unsupport$  
by o!r *anges1 & at ! m]e dictation ( ! 
almanac4 ,an emancipation s b>e & sudd5 
is n usual else:]e4 ,= boys :o d n g to 
college1 dep>ture f home is commonly    
recogniz$ z a fit occasion = putt+ on t 
dang]\s g>m5t1 ! toga virilis4 ,entrance
 to ! univ]sity con/itutes a simil>     

epo*1 :5 *ange ( resid5ce1 new          
companions1 alt]$ conditions ( liv+1 a  
realization t ! old supports are gone1 &
 ! presumption ) :i* e "o n[ meets ! y\?
 t he is to be treat$ z a man among m51 
become helpful influ5ces coop]at+ to    
ease ! h>d & inevitable transition f    
p>5tal control to p]sonal               
self-direction4 ,a saf] "t = beg9n+     
individual responsibility _c be f\nd4   
,at any rate1 :e!r my diagnosis (       
reasons is correct or n1 ! fact is      
cle>1--self-respect+ colleges d n       
tol]ate prep>atory dep>tm5ts4 ,!y d n "w
 well4 ,!y are an elem5t ( weakness 9 ! 
in/itution :i* h>bors !m4 ,ev5 :]e at   
fir/ !y are judg$ necess>y1 s soon z !  
college gr[s /rong !y are dropp$4 ,:5 we
 attempt to plan an education = times to
 come1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d e/abli%$ facts4 
,turn ! fre%man ye> into a prep>atory   
dep>tm5t1 fill x ) /udies anti!tic 9    
aim1 me?od1 & _s to ^? ( lat] ye>s1 &   
some?+ is e/abli%$ :i* no sob] college  
ev] p]mitt$ to rema9 long )9 its bord]s4

 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! pa/ )\t an         
exception4 ,to suppose ! future w be    
diff]5t is b ! bl9d hope ( a timid      
transitionalism4  ,,iii4 ,! ?ird        
sugge/ion = re/rict+ election is ! gr\p 
sy/em4 ,?is des]ves a m respectful      
treatm5t ?an ! me?ods hi!rto discuss$1 =
 x is some?+ m ?an a sugge/ion3 x is a  
sy/em1 a con/ructive plan ( education1  
?\ght out 9 all its p>ts1 & direct$ t[>d
 an int5d$ end4 ,! def9ition :i* ,i h   
else:]e (f]$ ( ! elective sy/em1 t x    
dem&s a fix$ quantity & quality ( /udy )
 v>iable topic1 w\ld be applicable also 
to ! gr\p sy/em4 ,accord+ly x belongs to
 ! new education r ?an to ! old4 ,no    
less ?an ! elective sy/em x is oppos$ to
 ! me?ods ( re/riction ?us f> describ$4 
,^! latt] me?ods attempt to limit       
election by ! balla/ ( an ali5 pr9ciple 
lodg$ b5ea? x or by its side4 ,!y put a 
weight ( prescription into ! prep>atory 
s*ools1 into ! e>ly college ye>s1 or    
into p>allel l9es ( /udy ext5d+ ?r\gh\t 
! college c\rse4 ,! s\rce ( _! practical

 tr\ble lies "h3 ! two pr9ciples1       
election & prescription1 are n[h]e      
unit$2 !y rema9 sund]$ & at w>1         
uns]viceable = ea* o!r's defects4 ,!    
gr\p sy/em int]tw9es !m4 ,x p]mits *oice
 9 ev]y?+1 b at ! same "t prescribes    
ev]y?+4 ,?is x effects by enl>g+ ! unit 
( *oice & prescrib+ its con/itu5t       
factors4 ,a gr\p or block ( /udies is   
(f]$ = *oice1 n a s+le /udy4 ,all !     
/udies ( a gr\p mu/ be tak5 if any are1 
! if be+ ! only matt] left = ! /ud5t to 
settle4 ,! gr\p may include all ! /udies
 op5 to a /ud5t at ! univ]sity4 ,"o     
decision may det]m9e 8 entire c\rse4    
,or1 z 9 ! some:at analog\s arrangem5t (
 ! ,engli% univ]sities1 "o gr\p may be  
select$ at ! beg9n+ & ano!r 9 ! middle (
 ! univ]sity life4 ,! gr\p itself is    
sometimes contriv$ s z to all[ an       
individual v>iation2 diff]5t /ud5ts read
 diff]5t books2 a special phase (       
philosophy1 hi/ory1 or sci5ce receives  
prom95ce4 ,b ! b\nd>ies ( ! gr\p _c be  
cross$4 ,all ! /udies select$ by !      

college au?orities to =m a s+le gr\p mu/
 be tak52 no o!rs c be4  ,9 ?is me?od ( 
limit+ *oice !re is mu* t is attractive4
 ,i feel t attraction /rongly4 ,"u !    
exceptional conditions :i* exi/ at !    
,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 a gr\p sy/em 
has done excell5t "w4 ,l all ! re/ ( !  
_w1 ,i honor t "w & admire its wise     
directors4 ,b gr\p sy/ems seem to me to 
possess features too objectionable to   
p]mit !m to become ! preval5t type ( !  
future1 & ,i d n see h[ ^! features c be
 remov$ )\t ab&on+ :at is di/9ctive1 &  
*ang+ ! :ole plan into ! elective sy/em1
 pure & simple4 ,! objectionable        
features connect !mselves ) ! size ( !  
unit ( *oice1 ) difficulties 9 !        
con/ruction ( ! gr\ps1 & ) ! attempt to 
en=ce specialization4 ,b ^! are         
enigmatic phrases2 let me expla9 !m4    
,obvi\sly1 = ! "y1 =esight is a h>d     
matt]4 ,:ile discipl9+ !m 9 ! intricate 
art ( look+ ahead1 ,i %\ld ?9k x wise to
 furni% frequ5tly a means ( repair+     
errors4 ,p5alties = bad *oices %\ld n be

 too sev]e4 ,n[ pla9ly ! l>g] ! unit (  
*oice1 ! grav] ! consequ5ces ( errone\s 
judgm5t4 ,! gr\p sy/em takes a l>ge     
unit1 a body ( /udies2 ! simple elective
 sy/em1 a small unit1 ! s+le /udy4      
,errors ( *oice are consequ5tly less    
rep>able "u ! gr\p sy/em ?an "u pure    
election4 ,to meet ?is difficulty !     
college c\rse at ,baltimore has be5     
r$uc$ f f\r ye>s to ?ree2 b ev5 s1 a    
/ud5t :o selects a gr\p = :i* he f9ds   
himself unfit _c br+ himself into prop] 
adju/m5t )\t ! loss ( a ye>4 ,if he does
 n discov] 8 unfitness until ! second   
ye> has begun1 he loses two ye>s4 ,"u ! 
elective sy/em1 ! l>ge/ possible p5alty 
= a s+le mi/ake is ! loss ( a s+le /udy1
 "o qu>t] ( a ye>'s "w4 ,?is necess>y   
diff]5ce 9 ease ( rep>ability appe>s to 
me to m>k an inf]iority 9 gr\p sy/ems1  
consid]$ z me?ods ( educat+ *oice4 ,to !
 public x may seem o!rwise4 ,i am (t5   
a/oni%$ to f9d p approv+ irrep>able     
*oices & condemn+ rep>able ones4 ,t y\?s
 betwe5 n9ete5 & tw5ty-?ree %\ld select 

/udies = !mselves %ocks _m p :o look    
k9dly en\gh on m>riages contract$ dur+  
^? ye>s4 ,boys /ill unbe>d$ h a l>ge %>e
 9 decid+ :e!r !y w g to college1 to a  
sci5tific s*ool1 to a /ore1 to sea1 or  
to a cattle-ran*4 ,_! lives are /ak$ on 
! wisdom ( ! /ep tak54 ,yet ! ,am]ican  
mode ( meet+ ^! family problems seems to
 our community1 on ! :ole1 saf] ?an !   
,engli% way ( regulat+ !m by tradition &
 dictation4 ,! *oice ) heavy /akes ( !  
boy :o does n g to college is frequ5tly 
set (f favorably aga9/ ! *oices ) light 
/akes ( ! boy :o goes4 ,p]haps a        
simil>ly l5i5t judgm5t w 9 ! long run be
 pass$ on ! great /akes involv$ 9 gr\p  
sy/ems4 ,i d\bt x4 ,i ?9k x w ultimately
 be judg$ less dang]\s & m matur+ to    
grant a "y man1 9 8 passage ?r\gh a     
p]iod ( moral discipl9e1 frequ5t        
opportunities ( repair4  ,aga91 !       
practical difficulties ( decid+ :at     
gr\ps %all be =m$ are enorm\s4 ,:at     
/udies %all ent] into ea*8 ,h[ _m gr\ps 
%all !re be8 ,if b "o1 we h !           

old-fa%ion$ college ) no election4 ,if  
two1 we h ! plan :i* ,yale has j ab&on$1
 a fix$ und]graduate dep>tm5t ma9ta9$ 9 
p>allel vigor ) a fix$ sci5tific s*ool4 
,b 9 conc$+ ! claims ( v>iety ev5 to ?is
 degree1 we h treat$ ! fundam5tal       
diff]5ces betwe5 man & man z wor?y1 n   
repreh5sible2 & c we say t ! prop]      
diff]5ces are only two8 ,mu/ we n       
ackn[l$ge a _w at lea/ z complex z t !y 
h 9 ,baltimore1 :]e !re appe> to be sev5
 reputable species ( mank9d3 ,^? :o wi% 
a good classical tra9+2 ^? :o look t[>d 
a c\rse 9 m$ic9e2 ^? :o pref] ma!matical
 /udies ) ref]5ce to eng9e]+1 a/ronomy1 
& tea*+2 ^? :o wi% an education 9       
sci5tific /udies1 n hav+ *os5 a         
specialty2 ^? :o expect to pursue a     
c\rse 9 !ology2 ^? :o propose to /udy   
law2 ^? :o wi% a lit]>y tra9+ n rigidly 
classical4 ,"h a classification ( human 
wi%es is attempt$1 b "o suspects t !re  
are legitimate wi%es :i* lie outside !  
s*eme4 ,x does n1 = example1 at once    
appe> :y a prospective *emi/ %\ld be    

deb>r$ f all regul> /udy ( ma!matics4 ,x
 seems h>d t a y\? ( lit]>y ta/es %\ld  
be cut (f f ,greek at entrance unless he
 w agree to take five ex]cises 9 x ea*  
week ?r\gh\t 8 college c\rse4 ,"o does n
 feel q easy 9 all[+ nobody b a lawy] or
 a devotee ( mod]n languages to read a  
page ( ,engli% or ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,!   
,johns ,hopk9s programme is ! mo/ +5i\s 
& ! mo/ flexible contrivance = work+ a  
gr\p sy/em t ,i h ev] se54 ,= ?is reason
 ,i m5tion x z ! mo/ favorable type (   
all4 ,consid]+ its purposes1 ,i d n     
believe x c be mu* improv$4 ,z appli$ to
 its little b& ( /ud5ts1 #aaf1 x c]ta9ly
 works few h>d%ips4 ,yet all !          
exclusions ,i h nam$1 & _m m besides1   
appe> 9 x4 ,i in/ance ^! simply to %[   
:at b>ri]s to k ! be/ gr\p sy/em erects4
 ,remove ^!1 & o!rs q z great are       
introduc$4 ,try to avoid !m by all[+ !  
/ud5t ( "o gr\p to take c]ta9 /udies 9  
ano!r1 & ! sole l9e :i* p>ts ! gr\p     
sy/em f ! elective is ab&on$4 ,9        
practice1 x usually is ab&on$4          

,confront$ ) ! exig5cies ( op]ation1 !  
s-call$ gr\p sy/em turns into an        
elective sy/em1 ) highly specializ$ l9es
 ( /udy /rongly recomm5d$4 ,) ?is m     
g5ial work+ ,i h no?+ n[ to d4 ,my po9t 
is ?is3 a sy/em ( h>d & fa/ gr\ps       
pres5ts difficulties ( con/ruction &    
ma9t5ance too great to recomm5d x to !  
av]age college ( ! future z ! be/ mode (
 limit+ ! elective pr9ciple4  ,probably1
 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty w *iefly be felt 
by p]sons engag$ 9 ! actual "w (        
educational organization4 ,! out] public
 w ?9k x a m s]i\s objection t gr\p$    
colleges are 9 reality pr(essional      
s*ools c>ri$ d[n to ! limits ( boyhood4 
,s f> z !y hold by _! gr\ps1 !y are     
nurs]ies ( specialization4 ,t ?is is    
necess>ily s may n at fir/ be app>5t4 ,a
 little consid]ation ( ! contra/ 9 aim  
betwe5 gr\p sy/ems & prescrib$ w make ! 
matt] pla94 ,prescrib$ sy/ems h ga9$ _! 
long hold on popul> confid5ce by aim+ at
 h>moni\s culture4 ,!y argue1 ju/ly     
en\gh1 t ea* sep>ate sort ( k furni%es  

some?+ ( its own to ! mak+ ( a man4 ,?is
 p>ticul> some?+1 !y say1 c be _h f no  
o!r s\rce4 ,! sum ( ^! some?+s          
con/itutes a r\nd$ :ole4 ,! man :o has n
 exp]i5c$ ea* ( !m 9 "s degree1 h[ev]   
small1 is imp]fectly plann$4 ,"o :o has 
be5 t\*$ by all has laid ! f\ndations ( 
a lib]al education4 ,degree (           
acqua9tance ) ?is subject or ) t may    
subsequ5tly enl>ge4 ,s*ol>ly int]e/ may 
conc5trate4 ,b at ! fir/1 ! prop] aim is
 balanc$ k1 h>moni\s developm5t ( all   
ess5tial p[]s1 avoidance ( "o-sid$ness4 
,on ?is aim ! gr\p sy/em be/[s b a      
second>y att5tion4 ,reg>d+ prim>ily     
/udies1 n m51 x attempts to organize    
s+le connect$ dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,accord+ly 
x p]mits only ^? /udies to be pursu$    
toge!r :i* imm$iately coh]e4 ,x lays out
 five1 t51 any numb] ( pa?s ?r\gh !     
field ( k1 & to "o ( ^! pa?s ! pilgrim  
is conf9$4 ,ea* gr\p con/itutes a       
specialty1--a specialty int5sifi$ 9 "*  
z1 9 ord] to escape ! difficulties (    
ma9t5ance j po9t$ out1 ! numb] ( gr\ps  

is all[$ to increase4 ,by insi/5ce on   
specialization reg>d = g5]al culture is 
driv5 into a subord9ate place4 ,!       
advocates ( prescription ma9ta9 t !re   
are n half a doz5 gr\nd-plans ( p]fect$ 
humanity4 ,!y say !re is b "o4 ,if we   
introduce v>iety ( design into a        
curriculum1 we neglect t ideal man :o   
resides alike 9 all4 ,we tru/1 on !     
contr>y1 9 our p[] to hit "s l9e ( /udy 
:i* may des]v$ly appeal to "o human be+ 
:ile n s appeal+ to ano!r4 ,we simply   
note ! /udies :i* are mo/ congru\s ) !  
special l9e select$1 & by ?is congruity 
we %ape our gr\p4 ,9 ! new aim1         
congruity ( /udies1 adaptation to a     
pr(essional purpose1 takes prec$5ce (   
h>moni\s developm5t ( p[]s4  ,i h no    
d\bt t specialization is de/9$ to become
 m m>k$ 9 ! ,am]ican education ( !      
future4 ,x mu/ become s if we are to    
produce ! /rong dep>tm5tal s*ol>s :o    
illum9ate le>n+ 9 o!r c\ntries2 inde$1 x
 mu/ become s if we are to tra9 compet5t
 exp]ts = ! affairs ( daily life4 ,!    

popul> di/ru/ ( specializ+ is sure to   
gr[ less z our p become famili> ) its   
effects & see h[ (t5 n>r[ & ?or\gh /udy1
 und]tak5 9 e>ly life1 leads to ultimate
 bread?4 ,x is a pretty dream t a man   
may />t broad & !n conc5trate1 b n9e out
 ( e t5 /rong m5 h tak5 ! opposite      
c\rse4 ,!y h begun 9 "s "o-sid$ way1 & h
 add$ o!r sides z occasion requir$4     
,almo/ 9 8 te5s ,%akespe>e makes a      
specialty ( ! !atre1 ,napoleon ( milit>y
 sci5ce1 ,bee?ov5 ( music1 ,hunt] (     
m$ic9e1 ,f>aday ( *emi/ry1 ,hamilton (  
political sci5ce4 ,! great body (       
pa9t]s1 musicians1 poets1 noveli/s1     
!ologians1 politicians1 are e>ly        
speciali/s4 ,9 fact1 self-made m5 are   
g5]ally speciali/s4 ,some?+ has ar\s$ an
 int]e/1 & !y h foll[$ x out until !y h 
survey$ a wide horizon f a s+le po9t (  
view4 ,9 (f]+ wid] opportunities =      
specialization1 colleges h m]ely be5    
assimilat+ _! own modes ( tra9+ to ^?   
:i* prevail 9 ! _w at l>ge4  ,x does n1 
!re=e1 seem to me objectionable t gr\p  

sy/ems set a high value on              
specialization4 ,t is :at e man does1 & 
e cle>-ey$ college mu/ d x too4 ,:at ,i 
object to is t gr\p sy/ems1 s f> z !y   
adh]e to _! aim1 en=ce specialization4  
,among e half-doz5 /ud5ts1 probably "o w
 be injur$ if he _c specialize l>gely2  
two or ?ree m might wisely specialize 9 
l[] degree2 b to =ce ! rema9+ two or    
?ree into curricula %ap$ by pr(essional 
bias is to d !m s]i\s damage4 ,!re are  
sob] boys ( little intrepidity or       
positive ta/e1 boys :o prop]ly en\gh wi%
 to "k :at o!rs "k4 ,!y w n make s*ol>s4
 ,!y 7 n born to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( k4 
,!y h ano!r function3 !y pres]ve &      
di/ribute su* k z already exi/s4 ,_m (  
!m are p]sons ( weal?4 ,to furni% !m    
glimpses ( v>i$ le>n+ is to save !m f   
b>b>ism4 ,/ill ano!r l>ge class is      
compos$ ( boys :o develop late4 ,!y are 
boys :o w "o day acquire an int]e/ ( _! 
own1 if !y are all[$ to roam ab\t       
some:at aimlessly 9 ! doma9 ( wisdom    
until !y are tw5ty-"o4 ,bo? ( ^! classes

 h _! rights4 ,! prescrib$ sy/em 0 built
 to support !m2 ! elective %elt]s &     
improves !m2 b a gr\p sy/em %uts !m all 
out1 if !y w n on leav+ s*ool adopt     
pr(essional c\rses4 ,:5ev] ,i c he> ( a 
gr\p sy/em :i* l ! old college has a    
place = ! indi/9ct "y man1 & l ! new    
elective college matures him annually by
 sugge/+ t he take "p 9 %ap+ 8 own c>e]1
 ,i w accept ! gr\p sy/em4 ,!n1 too1 !  
public w probably accept x4 ,until !n1  
rigid gr\ps w be ?\ght by _m to lay too 
great a /ra9 on unseason$ p[]s ( *oice1 
to pres5t too _m practical difficulties 
( con/ruction1 & to %[ too doctr9aire a 
confid5ce t e y\? w fit )\t p9*+ into a 
specializ$ class4   ,,footnotes3     #f 
,^! conditions ( intellectual n\ri%m5t 7
 long ago        recogniz$ 9 o!r1 less  
=mal1 dep>tm5ts ( m5tal tra9+4        ,9
 8 essays on ,books & ,read+ ,presid5t  
,port] wrote 9        #ahga3 ,! p]son :o
 asks4 ,:at %all ,i read8 or1 ,) :at    
%all ,i beg98 may h read = ye>s 9 a     
me*anical r\t9e1        & ) a li/less   

_s2 ) sc>cely an indep5d5t ?\ght1       
) no plans ( self-improvem5t1 & few     
aspirations =        self-culture4 ,to  
all ^! classes ! advice is full ( mean+3
        ',read :at w satisfy y\r wants &
 appease y\r desires1 &        y w      
comply ) ! fir/ condition to read+ )    
int]e/        & pr(it4' ,hung] & ?ir/   
are bett] ?an manifold        appliances
 & directions1 9 respect to o!r ?an !   
bodily        wants1 t[>ds a good       
appetite & a heal?y dige/ion4 ,if a man 
has any self-k or any p[] (             
self-direction1 he is        surely     
compet5t to ask himself :at is ! subject
 or subjects        9 respect to :i* he 
/&s mo/ 9 ne$ ( k or        excitem5t f 
books4 ,if he c answ] ?is "q1 he has    
gone v f> t[>ds answ]+ ! "q1 ',:at book 
or books        c ,i read ) satisfaction
 & pr(it8' 7,*ap4 iv1 p4 #ci47     #g ,9
 def]5ce to c]ta9 writ]s ,i employ _!   
favorite t]m        univ]sity 9 contra/ 
) ! t]m college1 yet ,i mu/ own         
,i d n "k :at x means4 ,an old          

signification is cle>4 ,a               
univ]sity is an assemblage ( s*ools1 z  
our gov]nm5t is        an assemblage (  
/ates4 ,9 ,engl&1 diff]5t corporations1 
giv+ sub/antially simil> in/ruction1 are
 br\ght toge!r        by a common body  
:i* conf]s ! degrees4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 a  
gr\p ( pr(essional s*ools--law1 m$ic9e1 
!ology1 &        sci5ce--are associat$  
?r\gh "o gov]n+ body ) !        college 
prop]1 t is1 ) ! c&idates = ! ,b4,a4    
degree4        ,9 ?is useful s5se1      
,tufts & ,b[do9 are univ]sities2 ,amh]/ 
& ,br[n1 colleges4 ,b ,g]many1 :i* has  
?r[n s _m        p>ts ( ! _w into       
confusion1 has introduc$ exaltation     
& my/]y "h4 ,a univ]sity n[ appe>s to   
mean a college        z good z x c be1 a
 /imulat+ conception1 b n a        f9i%$
 or precise "o4 ,i w\ld n disp>age x4 ,x
 is a t]m        ( aspiration1 good to  
conjure )4 ,:5 we want to elevate       
m5's ideas1 or to obta9 _! doll>s1 x is 
well to talk        ab\t creat+ a true  
univ]sity3 j z x is wise to bid !       

=w>d-rea*+ boy to become a true         
g5tleman4     ,x  ,,necess>y            
,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,elective ,,sy/em
   ,! prec$+ pap] has suffici5tly       
discuss$ ! impossible limitations ( !   
elective sy/em1 & has %[n ) "s m9ut5ess 
! gr\nds ( _! impossibility4 ,! me?ods  
!re exam9$ are ! only ones sugge/$ by my
 critics4 ,!y all agree 9 ?is1 t !y seek
 to n>r[ ! scope ( *oice4 ,!y try to    
comb9e ) x a ho/ile factor1 & !y diff]  
m]ely 9 _! mode ( comb9ation4 ,! fir/   
puts a re/ra9+ *eck be=e election2 !    
second puts "o by its side2 ! ?ird makes
 ! two insep>able by all[+ no?+ to be   
*os5 :i* is n fir/ prescrib$4 ,! g5]al  
purpose ( all ^! me?ods is m9e also4    
,election mu/ be limit$4 ,un*>t]$ *oice 
is lic5ti\s & self-de/ructive4 ,i qu>rel
 ) !m only because ! modes ( effect+ _! 
purpose t5d to produce results ( a      
transi5t & inappropriate sort4 ,! aim ( 
education1 z ,i conceive x1 is to       
spiritualize ! l>ge/ possible numb] (   
p]sons1 t is1 to tea* !m h[ to d _! own 

?9k+ & will+ & to d x well4 ,b ^! me?ods
 effect some?+ widely diff]5t4 ,!y ei!r 
ari/ocratize :]e !y %\ld democratize1 or
 !y belittle :]e !y %\ld mature1 or else
 !y pr(essionalize :]e !y %\ld humanize4
 ,a common tr\ble besets !m all3 !      
limit+ au?ority is plac$ 9 ext]nal &    
arbitr>y juxtaposition to ! p]sonal     
initiative :i* x pr(esses to support4 ,x
 %\ld gr[ out ( ?is initiative & be its 
int]pret] & realization4 ,by limitation 
( *oice ! propos]s ( ^! s*emes appe> to 
mean mak+ *oice less4 ,i mean =tify+ x1 
keep+ x true to itself1 mak+ x m4       
,control t dim9i%es ! quantity ( *oice  
is "o ?+2 control t raises ! quality1 q 
ano!r4 ,h[ important is ?is di/9ction & 
h[ frequ5tly x is =gott56 ,words l      
limitation1 control1 au?ority1 ob$i5ce1 
are words ( maje/y1 b words also (      
d\btful import4 ,!y c>ry a freight (    
wisdom or ( folly1 accord+ to ! end     
t[>ds :i* !y /e]4 ,9 ord] to sanction or
 disc>d limitations :i* induce ob$i5ce1 
we mu/ be> t end 9 m9d4 ,let u /op a    

mom5t1 & see t we h x 9 m9d n[4  ,old   
educational sy/ems are (t5 said to h    
err$ by excess ( au?ority4 ,i c\ld n say
 s4 ,! elective sy/em1 if x is to       
possess ! future1 mu/ become z          
au?oritative z !y4 ,m accurately we say 
t _! au?ority 0 ( a wrong sort4 ,a fa!r 
may ex]cise an au?ority ov] 8 *ild no   
less directive ?an t ( ! ma/] ov] !     
slave2 b ! fa!r is try+ to accompli%    
some?+ :i* ! ma/] disreg>ds2 ! fa!r     
hopes to make ! w ( ano!r /rong1 ! ma/] 
to make x weak2 ! fa!r comm&s :at ! *ild
 himself w\ld wi%1 _h he suffici5t      
exp]i5ce4 ,! *ild's ob$i5ce accord+ly   
enlight5s1 /eadies1 invigorates 8       
indep5d5t w4 ,invigoration is ! purpose 
( ! comm&4 ,! au?ority is ak9--secretly 
ak9--to ! *ild's own desires4 ,no ali5  
p[] int]v5es1 z :5 a slave obeys4 ,"h a 
=eign w ?w>ts ! slave's prop] motions4  
,ov] aga9/ 8 own legitimate desires1 !  
desire ( a totally diff]5t be+ appe>s & 
claims prec$5ce4 ,ob$i5ce l ?is br+s no 
ennoblem5t4 ,! (t5] a *ild obeys1 ! less

 ( a *ild is he2 ! (t5] a slave1 ! m    
completely he is a slave4 ,r\ghly to    
say1 !n1 t submission to au?ority is    
heal?y = a college boy1 argues a m5tal  
confusion4 ,!re are two k9ds (          
au?ority1--! au?ority ( moral guidance1 
& ! au?ority ( repressive control3      
p>5tal au?ority1 respect+ & vivify+ !   
individual life & ?us cont9ually t5d+ to
 sup]s$e itself2 & ma/]ly au?ority1 ^:  
comm&1 out ( relation to ! obey]'s wi%1 
t5ds ev] to br+ ! ob$i5t into bondage4  
,:i* %all college au?ority be8 ,au?ority
 is necess>y1 ev]-pres5t au?ority4 ,if !
 "y man's *oice is to become a ?+ (     
wor?1 x mu/ be encompass$ ) limitations4
 ,b z ! ne$ ( ^! limitations spr+s f !  
imp]fections ( *oice1 s %\ld _! aim be  
to p]fect *oice1 n to repress x4 ,to    
impose limitations :i* d n ultimately   
enl>ge ! y\? !y b9d is to make ! means (
 education oblige aga9/ its ma9 end4    
,?is moral au?ority is :at ! new        
education seeks4 ,to a casual eye1 !    
colleges ( to-day seem to be gr[+       

disorganiz$2 a clos] view %[s           
con/ruction tak+ place1 b tak+ place    
along ! l9es ( ! vital di/9ction j po9t$
 out4 ,m5 are /riv+ to br+ ab\t a g]mane
 & e?ical au?ority 9 ! room ( ! bas]    
me*anical au?orities ( ! pa/4 ,9 ?is    
di/9ction1 !n1 a clue is to be f\nd :i*1
 if foll[$ up1 w lead u away f          
impossible limitations ( ! elective     
sy/em1 & conduct u at l5g? to !         
possible1 nay1 to ! inevitable ones4 ,z 
! elective pr9ciple is ess5tially       
e?ical1 its limitations1 if helpfully   
congru\s1 mu/ be e?ical too4 ,!y mu/ be 
simply ! means ( br++ home to ! "y *oos]
 ! sacr$ conditions ( *oice2 :i*        
conditions1 if ,i rightly und]/& !m1 may
 compactly be entitl$ ^? (              
int5tionality1 in=mation1 & p]si/5ce4   
,to secure ^! conditions1 limitations   
exi/4 ,9 ! v nature ( *oice su*         
conditions are impli$4 ,*oice is s\nd z 
!y prevail1 :imsical z !y dim9i%4 ,an   
education :i* lays /ress on ! elective  
pr9ciple is b\nd to lay /ress on ^!     

conditions also4 ,x _c slip ov] into    
lazy ways ( lett+ its /ud5ts drift1 &   
/ill look = cr$it z an elective sy/em4  
,p w di/ru/ x4 ,t is :y !y di/ru/ ,h>v>d
 to-day4 ,! objections br\ght aga9/ !   
elective sy/em ( ,h>v>d are 9 reality n 
levell$ aga9/ ! elective sy/em at all4  
,!y are direct$ aga9/ its ba/>d bro!r1  
laissez-faire4 ,objectors suspect t !   
conditions ( *oice :i* ,i h nam$ are n  
fulfill$4 ,!y are n fulfill$1 ,i        
confess1 or r ,i /\tly ma9ta94 ,to come 
any:]e ne> fulfill+ !m requires long "t 
& /udy1 & action unimp$$ by a           
misconceiv+ community4 ,bo? "t & /udy   
,h>v>d has giv51 has giv5 l>gely4 ,!    
records ( s*ol>%ip & deportm5t :i* ,i   
exhibit$ 9 my fir/ pap] %[ 9 h[ high a  
degree ,h>v>d has already be5 able to   
remove f *oice ! caprici\s1 ignorant1 & 
un/eadfa/ *>act]i/ics :i* rightly br+ x 
into disrepute4 ,b mu* rema9s to d1 & 9 
t do+ we are hamp]$ by ! fact t a       
portion ( ! public is /ill look+ 9 wrong
 directions4 ,x _c get ov] its hank]+   

aft] ! delusive modes ( limitation :i*  
,i h discuss$4 ,x does n p]si/5tly see t
 at pres5t ! prop] "w ( education is !  
/udy ( means by :i* self-direction may  
be r5d]$ safe4 ,lead]s ( education      
!mselves see ?is b dimly1 z ! pap]s ( my
 critics naively %[4 ,until *oice 0     
frankly accept$ z ! fit basis = !       
direction ( a p]son by a p]son1 its     
=tify+ limitations c\ld n be /udi$4 ,n[ 
!y mu/ be /udi$1 n[ t ! old me?ods (    
autocratic control are break+ d[n4 ,z a 
moral w comes to be recogniz$ z ! be/   
sort ( /eam p[]1 ! modes ( g5]at+ t p[] 
acquire new claims to att5tion4 ,h5ce=? 
! tra9+ ( ! w mu/ be und]tak5 by !      
elective sy/em z an integral "p ( its   
discipl9e4  ,i am n s presumptu\s z to  
attempt to prophesy ! precise =ms :i*   
me?ods ( moral guidance w take4 ,moral  
guidance is a delicate affair4 ,its _s  
is m important ?an its proc$ure4        
,flexibility is its /r5g?4 ,me?ods f9al1
 rigid1 & m9ute d n belong to x4 ,nor c 
x af=d to =get ! "o great tru? (        

laissez-faire1 t wills :i* are to be    
kept fre% & vigor\s w n be> mu* look+   
aft]4 ,"t1 too1 is an important factor 9
 ! %ap+ ( moral influ5ces4 ,exp]im5ts n[
 9 progress at ,h>v>d & else:]e mu/     
discrim9ate safe f unsafe limitations4  
,leav+ !n to ! future ! task ( %[+ h[   
wide ! scope ( matur+ discipl9e may     
become1 ,i w m]ely try to sket* ! ma9   
l9es along :i* exp]im5ts are n[ proce$+1
 ,i w give a few illu/rative examples ( 
:at is be+ done & :y1 & ,i w /ate       
some:at at l>ge h[1 9 my judgm5t1 m is  
yet to be accompli%$4 ,to make ! matt]  
cle>1 a free exposition %all be giv5 ( !
 puzzl+ head+s already nam$2 t is1 ,i w 
fir/ rambl+ly discuss ! limitations on  
*oice :i* may deep5 ! /ud5t's           
int5tionality ( aim2 secondly1 ^? :i*   
increase 8 in=mation 9 reg>d to means2 &
 ?irdly1 ^? :i* may /r5g!n 8 p]si/5ce 9 
a c\rse once *os54  ,i4 ,t int5tionality
 %\ld be cultivat$1 ,i ne$ n sp5d _m    
words 9 expla9+4 ,ev]ybody ackn[l$ges t 
)\t a c]ta9 degree ( x *oice is         

impossible4 ,_m p]sons ass]t also t boys
 come to college ) no cle> int5tions1 n 
kn[+ :at !y want1 wait+ to be told2 =   
su*1 x is said1 an elective sy/em is    
manife/ly absurd4 ,i admit ! fact4 ,x is
 true4 ,! majority ( ! fre%m5 :om ,i h  
kn[n 9 ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s h be51 at     
entrance1 defici5t 9 s]i\s aims4 ,b f   
?is fact ,i draw a conclusion q opposite
 to ! "o sugge/$4 ,x is election1       
sy/ematiz$ election1 :i* ^! boys ne$2 = 
:5 we say a "y /ud5t has no def9ite     
aims1 we imply t he has nev] become     
suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 any giv5          
intellectual l9e to h acquir$ ! wi% to  
foll[ t l9e f>!r4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s is  
lam5table1 & c]ta9ly %[s t prescrib$    
me?ods--! prop] me?ods1 9 my judgm5t1 = 
! s*ool ye>s--h 9 8 case prov$          
inadequate4 ,x is useless to cont9ue !m 
into ye>s confess$ly less suit$ to _!   
ex]cise4 ,p]haps x is ab\t equally      
useless to ab&on ! ill-=m$ boy to       
unguid$ *oice4 ,prescription says1 ,?is 
p]son is unfit to *oose1 keep him s2    

laissez-faire says1 ,if he is unfit to  
*oose1 let him p]i%2 b a wat*ful        
elective sy/em mu/ say1 ,grant+ him to  
be unfit1 if he is n spoil$1 ,i w fit   
him4 ,& c we fit him8 ,i "k well en\gh t
 indiff]5t tea*]s incl9e to %irk ! task4
 ,!y l to divide pupils into ! deceptive
 classes ( good & bad1 mean+ by ! =m] ^?
 :o int5d to "w1 & by ! latt] ^? :o     
int5d n to4 ,b we mu/ get rid (         
indiff]5t tea*]s4 ,tea*]s ) en?usiasm 9 
!m soon discov] t ! two classes ( pupils
 ,i h nam$ may z well be dismiss$ f     
consid]ation4 ,:]e aims h become        
def9ite1 a tea*] has little m to d4 ,!  
boy :o means to "w w get le>n+ "u !     
poore/ tea*] & ! wor/ sy/em2 :ile ! boy 
:o means n to "w may be =c$ up to !     
,pi]ian spr+1 b w h>dly be made to dr9k4
 ,a vigor\s tea*] does n assume int5tion
 to be ready-made4 ,he c\nts x 8        
cont9ual (fice to help 9 mak+ x4 ,on !  
middle two qu>t]s ( a class he sp5ds 8  
h>de/ ef=ts1 on /ud5ts :o are fri5dly to
 le>n+ b n impassion$ = x1 on ^? :o l ! 

results ( /udy b l t5nis also1 &        
popul>ity1 & cig>s1 & slackness4 ,!     
culture ( ^! weak wills is ! problem ( e
 college4 ,"h are un9t5tional boys wait+
 to be turn$ into int5tional m54 ,:at   
limitations on intellectual & moral     
vagrancy w help !m =w>d8  ,! *ief       
limitation1 ! "o und]ly+ all o!rs1 ! "o 
:i* no clev] contrivance c ev] sup]s$e1 
is vitaliz$ tea*+4 ,suitable subjects1  
attractively taught1 awake le?>gic      
int5tion z no?+ else c4 ,an elective    
sy/em1 z ev5 its enemies confess1       
enorm\sly /imulates ! zeal ( tea*]s4 ,x 
consequ5tly br+s to be> on unawak5$ boys
 influ5ces ( a /rangely quick5+ "*4 ,:5 
,i he> a man tra9$ "u ! old me?ods (    
prescription say1 ,at ! "t ,i 0 9       
college ,i c\ld n h *os5 /udies =       
myself1 & ,i d n believe my son c1 ,i   
see1 & am n surpris$ to see1 t he does n
 und]/& :at =ces ! elective sy/em sets  
a/ir4 ,s p[]ful an influ5ce h ^! =ces   
ov] bo? tea*]s & pupils1 t que/ions (   
h>d & easy /udies d n1 z outsid]s are   

apt to suppose1 s]i\sly di/urb ! =mation
 ( s\nd int5tions4 ,! _m lead]s 9       
education ^: op9ions on election ,i     
quot$ 9 my previ\s pap] agree t ! new   
modes t5d to sobriety & int5tionality ( 
aim4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,ladd speaks ( !     
unexpect$ wisdom & manl9ess ( ! *oices  
already made 9 ! fir/ ye> ( election at 
,new ,hav51 he well expresses ! gratifi$
 surprise :i* e "o exp]i5ces on p]ceiv+ 
9 ! v con/itution ( ! elective sy/em a  
sort ( limitation on wayw>d *oice4 ,?is 
limitation seems to me1 z ,pr(essor     
,ladd says he f\nd x1#h a tol]able      
prev5tive ( *oices directly aim$ at     
ease4 ,9 a community devot$ to a?letics1
 baseball is n play$ because x is s(t1 &
 football avoid$ on acc\nt ( its        
difficulty4 ,a simil> /ate ( ?+s mu/ be 
br\ght ab\t 9 /udies4 ,9 a c]ta9 l[     
degree x has come ab\t already4 ,z      
election bre$s new life 9 tea*+1 ! old  
slov5ly habit ( lik+ be/ :at co/s lea/  
beg9s to disappe>4 ,easy c\rses w exi/ &
 ought to exi/4 ,prescrib$ colleges1 x  

is (t5 =gott51 h m ( !m ?an elective    
colleges4 ,! important matt] is1 to see 
t !y fall to ! "r p]sons4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is
 prescrib$1 /ud5ts :o d n wi% easy      
/udies are /ill oblig$ to take !m4 ,"u  
election1 s(t c\rses may (t5 be pursu$ )
 advantage4 ,a /ud5t ^: o!r c\rses      
l>gely dep5d = _! pr(it on ! am\nt (    
private read+ or ( laboratory practice  
accompli%$ 9 connection ) !m is wise 9  
*oos+ "o or m 9 :i* ! bulk ( ! "w is    
tak5 by ! tea*]4 ,i d n say t s(t c\rses
 are always select$ ) ^! wise aims 9    
view4 ,_m ,i "k are n4 ,we h our prop]  
%>e ( h>d5$ loaf]s--t>es 9 our su/a9+   
corn--:o h an un]r+ in/9ct z to :]e !y c
 mo/ safely settle4 ,b l>ge numb]s ( !  
m5 9 s(t c\rses are !re to good purpose2
 & ,i ma9ta9 t ! sup]ficial /udy ( a    
subject1 acqua9t+ "o ) broad outl9es1 is
 n necess>ily a wor?less /udy4 ,at      
,h>v>d to-day ,i believe we h too few   
su* sup]ficial c\rses4 ,z ,i look ov] ! 
,elective ,pamphlet1 & note ! necess>ily
 v>y+ degrees ( difficulty 9 ! /udies   

ann\nc$ !re1 ,i c\nt b six :i* c1 ) any 
ju/ice1 be entitl$ s(t c\rses2 & sev]al 
( ^! mu/ be reckon$ by anybody an       
inspiration to ! /ud5ts :o pursue !m4   
,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ! elective sy/em1 z  
,i h %[n else:]e1 to r$uce ! numb] ( s(t
 c\rses some:at bel[ ! desirable numb]4 
,i insi/1 !re=e1 t "u a pretty loose    
elective sy/em boys are little dispos$  
to int5tionally vici\s *oices4 ,my fe>s 
look 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,i d n      
expect depravity1 b ,i want to head (f  
aimless trifl+4 ,i agree ) ! oppon5ts ( 
election 9 ?9k+ t !re is dang]1         
especially dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( college   
life1 t righte\s int5tion may n be      
di/9ct & en]getic4 ,boys drift4         
,inadequate influ5ces induce _!         
decisions4 ,! incl9ations ( ! clique 9  
:i* a "y man f9ds himself are1 )\t mu*  
?\ght1 accept$ z 8 own4 ,he$lessness is 
! "y man's bane4 ,x %\ld n be mi/ak5 =  
vice2 ! two are diff]5t4 ,a boy :o w    
ent] a dormitory at twelve o'clock at   
night1 & g to ! ?ird /ory :i/l+ & beat+ 

"t on ! bani/]s1 c]ta9ly seems a bruti% 
p]son2 b he is ord9>ily a k9d en\gh     
fell[1 capable ( a good deal (          
self-sacrifice :5 br\ght face to face ) 
ne$4 ,he simply does n ?9k4 ,s x is 9   
/udy3 !re1 too1 he does n ?9k4 ,n[ 9    
college a boy %\ld le>n p]petually to   
?9k2 & an excell5t way ( help+ him to   
le>n is to ask him (t5 :at he is ?9k+   
ab\t4 ,! object ( ! que/ion+ %\ld n be  
to ?w>t ! boy's aims1 r to insure t !y  
are 9 reality 8 own4 ,ess5tially 8 to ! 
la/ !y %\ld rema91 ev5 ?\gh intr9sically
 !y may n be ! be/4 ,"y p]sons1 mu* m   
?an _! eld]s1 require to talk ov] plans 
f "t to "t ) an exp]i5c$ critic1 9 ord] 
to le>n by degrees ! difficult art (    
plann+4 ,by su* talk int5tionality is   
=tifi$4 ,!re is mu* ( ?is talk already2 
talk ( y\ng] /ud5ts ) old]1 talk ) wise 
p]sons at home1 & m & m e ye> ) ! tea*]s
 ( ! c\rses left & ! c\rses ent]$4 ,all 
?is is good4 ,haphaz>d modes bre$ an    
a/oni%+ av]age ( *oices t possess a     
mean+4 ,! wa/e ( a laissez-faire sy/em  

comes n[h]e ne> ! wa/e ( a prescrib$4 ,b
 :at is good :5 comp>$ ) a bad ?+ may be
 poor :5 comp>$ ) excell5ce itself4 ,we 
mu/ g on4 ,a college1 l a man1 %\ld     
always be say+1 ,nev] 0 ,i s good z     
to-day1 & nev] aga9 w ,i be s bad4 ,we  
mu/ welcome criticisms m ?an praises1 & 
seek aft] our weak po9ts z aft] hid     
treasures4 ,! elective sy/em seems to me
 weak at pres5t ?r\gh lack+ organiz$    
means ( br++ ! /ud5t & 8 int5tions face 
to face4 ,int5tions gr[ by be+ look$ at4
 ,at ! ,engli% univ]sities a "y man on  
ent]+ a college is put 9 *>ge ( a       
special tutor1 )\t ^: cons5t he c d     
little ei!r 9 ! way ( /udy or ( p]sonal 
managem5t4#i ,dep5d5ce s extreme is     
p]haps bett] suit$ to an infant s*ool   
?an to an ,am]ican college2 & ev5 9     
,engl&1 :]e respectful subs]vi5ce on !  
"p ( ! "y has be5 cultivat$ = g5]ations1
 ! sy/em is los+ gr\nd4 ,s9ce ! tutors 7
 all[$ to m>ry & to leave ! college     
home1 tutorial influ5ce has be5 *ang+4  
,9 mo/ ,am]ican colleges tw5ty-five ye>s

 ago !re 7 (fic]s kn[n z class tutors1  
to :om1 9 case ( ne$1 a /ud5t might     
turn4 ,petty p]missions 7 receiv$ f ^!  
m51 in/ead ( f a me*anical c5tral (fice4
 ,s f> z ?is plan set p]sonal sup]vision
 9 ! place ( r\t9e x 01 9 my eyes1 good4
 ,b ! relation ( a class tutor to 8 boys
 0 usually "o ( m awe ?an fri5d%ip4 ,at 
! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity !re is a    
bo>d ( advis]s1 to "s memb] ( :i* ea*   
/ud5t is assign$ at entrance4 ,! advis] 
/&s 9 loco p>5tis to 8 *>ges4 ,! value (
 su* adju/m5ts dep5ds on ! nature ( !   
p>5tal tie4 ,if ! relation is work$ s z 
to /imulate ! /ud5t's indep5d5ce1 x is  
good2 if s z to dis*>ge him f           
responsibility1 x unfits = ! life t     
foll[s4 ,at ,h>v>d special /ud5ts n     
c&idates = a degree h rec5tly be5 put 9 
*>ge ( a committee1 to :om !y are oblig$
 to report _! previ\s hi/ory & _! plans 
( /udy = ea* succe$+ ye>4 ,! committee  
mu/ "k at all times :at _! *>ges are    
do+4 ,some?+ ( ?is sort1 ,i am conv9c$1 
w be dem&$ at no di/ant day1 z a means (

 /eady+ all /ud5ts 9 elective colleges4 
,l>ge p]sonal sup]vision ne$ n mean     
dim9ution ( fre$om4 ,a "y man may       
possess 8 fre$om m solidly if he        
recognizes an obligation to /ate & def5d
 ! reasons :i* induce 8 *oice4 ,=       
myself1 ,i %\ld be will+ to make !      
functions ( su* advisory committees     
some:at broad4 ,z a college gr[s1 ! old 
ways ( br++ ab\t acqua9tance betwe5     
(fic]s & /ud5ts become impracticable4 ,b
 ! ne$ ( p]sonal acqua9tance1 unhappily1
 does n cease4 ,new ways %\ld be        
provid$4 ,a boy dropp$ into ! middle ( a
 l>ge college mu/ n be lo/ to sight2 he 
mu/ be look$ aft]4 ,to all[ ! tea*]'s "w
 ( in/ruction to become divorc$ f 8     
pa/oral1 8 prie/ly1 function is to *eap5
 & ext]nalize education4 ,i w\ld h e    
/ud5t 9 college suppli$ ) somebody :o   
might s]ve z a discretion>y fri5d2 & ,i 
%\ld n ?9k x a disadvantage t su* an    
expectation ( fri5d%ip w\ld be z apt to 
bett] ! in/ructor z ! /ud5t4  ,be=e     
leav+ ?is "p ( my subject1 ,i may m5tion

 a subord9ate1 b /ill valuable1 means ( 
limit+ *oice s z to increase its        
int5tionality4 ,! /udies op5 to *oice 9 
! e>ly ye>s %\ld be few & elem5t>y4 ,!  
significance ( advanc$ c\rses _c be     
und]/ood till elem5t>y ones are ma/]$1 &
 immature *oice %\ld n be confus$ by _m 
issues4 ,at ,h>v>d ?is mode ( limitation
 is l>gely employ$4 ,al?\gh ! elective  
li/ = #ahhf-hg %[s #agb c\rses1 a       
fre%man has h>dly m ?an "o eigh? ( ^! to
 *oose f2 9 any giv5 case ?is numb] w   
probably be r$uc$ ab\t "o half by       
insuffici5t prep>ation or conflict (    
h\rs4 ,seem+ly ab\t a ?ird ( ! li/ is   
(f]$ to ! av]age sophomore2 b ?is am\nt 
is aga9 cut d[n ne>ly "o half by !      
op]ation ( simil> causes4 ,! practice ( 
h$g+ electives ) qualifications is a    
gr[+ "o4 ,x may well gr[ m4 ,x (f]s     
guidance precisely at ! po9t :]e x is   
mo/ ne$$4 ,x protects rational *oice1 & 
gu>ds aga9/ _m ( ! dang]s :i* ! foes (  
election ju/ly dread4  ,,ii4 ,a second  
class ( limitations ( ! elective sy/em1 

possible & fri5dly1 spr+s f ! ne$ (     
furni%+ ! "y elector ample in=mation    
ab\t t :i* he is to *oose4 ,! be/       
int5tions require judici\s aim4 ,if     
/udies are tak5 9 ! d>k1 )\t "r         
anticipation ( _! subject-matt]1 or 9   
ignorance ( _! relation to o!r /udies1  
small results foll[4 ,"h1 ,i ?9k x w be 
g5]ally agre$1 prescrib$ sy/ems are     
especially weak4 ,_! pupils h little k  
be=eh& ( :at a c\rse is design$ to      
accompli%4 ,"w is und]tak5 bl9dly1 m9ds 
cons5t+ z little z wills4 ,an elective  
sy/em is impossible "u su* conditions4  
,its /ud5t mu/ "k :5 he *ooses1 :at he  
*ooses4 ,he mu/ be able to e/imate :e!r 
! *oice ( ,greek #e w fur!r 8 designs   
bett] ?an ! *oice ( ,greek #h4  ,at     
,h>v>d1 me?ods ( furni%+ in=mation are  
pretty fully develop$4 ,9 ,may an       
elective pamphlet is issu$1 :i* ann\nces
 ev]y?+ t is to be taught 9 ! college   
dur+ ! foll[+ ye>4 ,mo/ dep>tm5ts1 also1
 issue additional pamphlets1 describ+ ) 
mu* detail ! nature ( _! special c\rses1

 & ! consid]ations :i* %\ld lead a /ud5t
 to "o r ?an ano!r4 ,if ! c\rses ( a    
dep>tm5t are arrang$ prop]ly1 pursu+ "o 
gives ! mo/ ne$ful k ab\t ! available   
next4 ,?is k is g5]ally supplem5t$ at ! 
close ( ! ye> by explanations on ! "p ( 
! in/ructor ab\t ! c\rses t foll[4 ,9 ! 
,elective ,pamphlet a />1 prefix$ to    
c\rses ( an advanc$ & especially        
te*nical "*1 indicates t ! in/ructor mu/
 be privately consult$ be=e ^! c\rses c 
be *os54 ,consultations ) in/ructors    
ab\t all c\rses are frequ5t4 ,t mo/     
effective means ( di/ribut+ in=mation1 !
 talk ( /ud5ts1 goes on unceas+ly4 ,)   
"t1 p]haps1 means may be devis$ = in=m+ 
a /ud5t m l>gely :at he is *oos+4 ,!    
fulle/ in=mation is desirable4 ,t :i* is
 at pres5t mo/ ne$$ is1 ,i ?9k1 "s r\gh 
indication ( ! relations ( ! sev]al     
prov9ces ( /udy to "o ano!r4 ,in=mation 
( ?is sort is peculi>ly h>d to supply1  
because ! k on :i* x pr(esses to re/ _c 
be precise & unimpea*able4 ,we deal "h )
 intricate problems1 9 reg>d to :i*     

exp]ts are f> f agre$1 problems :]e !   
diff]5t po9t ( view provid$ 9 ! nature (
 ea* individual w rightly readju/ :atev]
 g5]al conclusions are drawn4 ,! old    
type ( college _h an easy way ( settl+  
^! tr\blesome matt]s dogmatically1 by   
vot+1 9 op5 faculty-meet+1 :at %\ld be  
c\nt$ ! normal sequ5ce ( /udies1 & :at  
_! mixture4 ,b z ! votes ( diff]5t      
colleges %[$ no uni=mity1 p h gradually 
come to p]ceive t ! subject is "o :]e   
only l>ge outl9es c di/9ctly be made    
out4#aj ,to ^! l>ge outl9es ,i ?9k x    
important to direct ! att5tion (        
und]graduates4 ,9 mo/ ,g]man univ]sities
 a c\rse ( ,encyclopa$ie is (f]$1 a     
c\rse :i* gives 9 brief a survey ( !    
sci5ces1 & attempts to fix approximately
 ! place ( ea* 9 ! total organization ( 
k4 ,i am n aw>e t su* a c\rse exi/s 9   
any ,am]ican college4 ,inde$1 !re 0     
h>dly a place = x till dogmatic         
prescription 0 %ak54 ,b if some?+ ( !   
k9d 7 n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! fre%man ye>1 our  
"y m5 might be reliev$ ( a c]ta9        

intellectual %ort-sight$ness1 & ! *oices
 ( "o ye> might bett] keep 9 view ^? ( !
 o!r ?ree4  ,,iii4 ,& n[ grant+ t a     
/ud5t has />t$ ) good int5tions & is    
well in=m$ ab\t ! direction :]e pr(it   
lies1 /ill h we any assurance t he w pu%
 ^? int5tions ) a fair degree ( t5acity 
?r\gh ! di/ractions :i* beset 8 daily   
pa?8 ,we ne$1 inde$ we mu/ h1 a ?ird    
class ( helpful limitations :i* may     
secure ! p]si/5t adhesion ( our /ud5t to
 8 *os5 l9e ( "w4 ,probably ?is class ( 
limitations is ! mo/ important & complex
 ( all4 ,to yield a pay+ return1 /udy   
mu/ be /uck to4 ,a decision has little  
mean+ unless ! volition ( to-day br+s 9 
its tra9 a volition to-morr[4           
,self-direction implies su* pati5t      
cont9uance 9 well-do+ t only aft]       
p]si/5ce has become some:at habitual c  
*oice be call$ mature4 ,to e/abli%      
onw>d-lead+ habits1 !re=e1 %\ld be "o ( 
! *ief objects 9 devis+ limitations (   
election4 ,only we mu/ n mi/ake2 we mu/ 
look bel[ ! surface4 ,me*anical dilig5ce

 (t5 cov]s m5tal slo?4 ,x is n habits ( 
passive docility t are desirable1 habits
 ( timidity & uncriticis+ acceptance4   
,aga9/ =m+ ^! p]nici\s & easily acquir$ 
habits1 x may be necess>y ev5 to erect  
b>ri]s4 ,! habit want$ is ! habit (     
spontane\s attack4 ,prescription dead5$ 
?is vital habit2 x me*aniz$4 ,8 task    
remov$1 ! /ud5t _h little indep5d5t     
mom5tum4 ,election invigorates ! spr+s (
 action4 ,=m]ly ,i did n see ?is1 & ,i  
favor$ prescrib$ sy/ems1 ?9k+ !m sy/ems 
( duty4 ,t abs5ce ( an aggressive       
intellectual life :i* prescrib$ /udies  
induce1 ,i1 l _m o!rs1 mi/ook =         
fai?fulness4 ,exp]i5ce has in/ruct$ me4 
,i no long] h any "q t = ! av]age man   
s\nd habits ( /eady endeavor gr[ be/ 9  
fields ( *oice4 ,em]son's words are     
words ( sob]ness3--    ,he t worke? high
 & wise       ,nor pauses 9 8 plan1   ,w
 take ! sun out ( ! skies       ,ere    
fre$om out ( man4  ,fur!rmore1 9        
attempt+ to /imulate p]si/5ce ,i believe
 we mu/ ultimately rely on ! rational   

int]e/ 9 /udy :i* we c ar\se & hold4    
,und\bt$ly mu* c be done to save ?is    
int]e/ f di/urbance & to hold vacillat+ 
att5tion fix$ ^u x2 b x1 & x alone1 is  
to be ! driv+ =ce4 ,me?ods ( college    
gov]nm5t mu/ be reckon$ wise z !y pu%   
into ! =egr\nd ! intr9sic *>m ( wisdom1 
mis*iev\s z !y hide x beh9d fidelity to 
te*nical dem&4 ,9 o!r matt]s we readily 
ackn[l$ge int]e/ z an effici5t =ce4 ,we 
call x a =ce z broad z ! wor? ( k1 & z  
deep z ! curiosity ( man4 ,put y\r he>t 
into y\r "w1 we say1 if y w make x      
excell5t4 ,a doz5 prov]bs tell t x is   
love t makes ! _w g r\nd4 ,e employm5t (
 life spr+s f an und]ly+ desire4 ,!     
cricket] wants to w9 ! game2 ! fi%]man  
to cat* fi%2 ! f>m] to ga!r crops2 !    
m]*ant to make money2 ! physician to    
cure 8 pati5t2 ! /ud5t to become wise4  
,elim9ate desire1 put 9 its place       
allegiance to ! rules ( a game1 & :at1 9
 any ( ^! cases1 w\ld be ! *ance (      
p]si/5t endeavor8 ,x seems almo/ a      
truism to say t limitations ( p]sonal   

ef=t design$ to /r5g!n p]si/5cy mu/ be  
su* z w height5 ! wi% & cle> its pa? to 
its object4  ,obvi\s z is ! tru? "h     
pres5t$1 x seems 9 "s degree to h escap$
 ! att5tion ( my critics4 ,aft] %[+ t ! 
grade ( s*ol>%ip at ,h>v>d /eadily      
rises1 t our /ud5ts become m decor\s &  
_! me?ods ( "w less *ildi%1 ,i /at$ t1  
"u an extremely loose mode ( regulat+   
att5dance five six?s ( ! ex]cises 7     
att5d$ by all our m51 wor/ & be/1 sick &
 well1 mo/ reckless & mo/ discreet4 ,few
 portions ( my obnoxi\s pap] h occasion$
 a l\d] outcry4 ,i am told ( a neighbor+
 college :]e ! b5*es %[ b ?ree p] c5t ( 
abs5tees4 ,i wond] :at ! p]c5tage is 9  
,*>le/[n ,/ate ,prison4 ,nobody d\bts t 
att5dance w be clos] if compell$4 ,b !  
int]e/+ "q /ill rema9s1 ,are /ud5ts by  
su* means le>n+ habits ( spontane\s     
regul>ity8 ,?is "q c be answ]$ only :5 !
 conceal+ re/ra9t is remov$4 ,x has be5 
remov$ at ,h>v>d1--9 my judgm5t too     
l>gely remov$1--& ! great body ( our    
/ud5ts is se5 to desire le>n+ & to      

desire x all ! "t4 ,is x c]ta9 t !      
/ud5ts ( o!r colleges1 if left ) little 
or no re/ra9t1 w\ld %[ a bett] record8  
,! po9t ( fidelity & regul>ity1 x is    
said1 is ( supreme importance4 ,s x is4 
,b fidelity & regul>ity 9 /udy1 n 9     
att5d+ recitations4 ,if ev] ! ,h>v>d    
sy/em is p]fect$1 s t /ud5ts "h are z   
eag] = k z ! be/ class ( ,g]man         
univ]sity m51 ,i d n believe we %all see
 a l[] rate ( abs5ce2 only !n1 ea*      
abs5ce w be us$1 z x is n at pres5t1 = a
 /udi\s purpose4 ,! mod]n tea*]         
/imulates private read+1 exacts !ses1   
directs "w 9 libr>ies4 ,pupils engag$ 9 
^! ?+s are n dep5d5t on recitations z   
text-book s*oolboys are4 ,! grade (     
high] education _c rise mu* s long z !  
pres5t extreme /ress is laid on         
appe>ance 9 ! class-room4  ,9 say+ ?is  
,i w\ld n be und]/ood to def5d ! me?od (
 deal+ ) abs5ces :i* has = "s ye>s be5  
practis$ at ,h>v>d4 ,i ?9k ! me?od bad4 
,i h always ?\ght x s1 & h /eadily      
favor$ a diff]5t sy/em4 ,! behavior (   

our /ud5ts "u a regulation s loose seems
 to me a /rik+ te/imony to ! s*ol>ly _s 
preval5t "h4 ,z su* ,i m5tion$ x 9 my   
fir/ pap]1 & z su* ,i w\ld aga9 call    
att5tion to x4 ,b ,i am n satisfi$ ) !  
pres5t good results4 ,i want to impress 
on e /ud5t t abs5ce f ! class-room c be 
ju/ifi$ by no?+ %ort ( illness or a     
s*ol>ly purpose4 ,= a ga9ful purpose !  
m]*ant is occasionally abs5t f 8 (fice2 
= a ga9ful purpose a s*ol> ( m9e may    
omit a recitation4 ,b ,smi? c be abs5t  
pr(itably :5 ,br[n w\ld meet ) loss4 ,i 
accord+ly object to me?ods ( limit+     
abs5ce :i* exact ! same num]ical        
regul>ity ( all4 ,college records may   
look clean1 yet /ud5ts be le>n+ little  
ab\t duty4 ,limitation1 9 my judgm5t1   
%\ld be s adju/$ z to /r5g!n ! man's    
p]sonal adhesion to plans ( daily /udy4 
,su* limitations _c be fix$ by /atute & 
work$ by a s+le cl]k4 ,moral discipl9e  
is n a ?+ to be suppli$ by :olesale4    
,pr(essors mu/ be individually *>g$ ) ! 
ov]sight ( _! m54 ,i w\ld h excuses =   

occasional abs5ce made to ! in/ructor1 &
 ,i %\ld expect him to c\nt x a "p ( 8  
"w to see t ! bett] purposes ( 8 s*ol>s 
did n gr[ feeble4 ,a pr(essor :o ex]cis$
 su* sup]visory p[] slackly w\ld make 8 
c\rse ! resort ( ! indol5t2 "o :o 0     
ov]-/r+5t w\ld see himself des]t$ by    
indol5t & e>ne/ alike4 ,my rule w\ld be 
t no /ud5t be all[$ to pres5t himself at
 an exam9ation :o c\ld n %[ 8 tea*]'s   
c]tificate t 8 att5dance on daily "w 0  
satisfactory4 ,traditions 9 ?is c\ntry &
 9 ,g]many are s diff]5t t ,i %\ld h    
confid5ce 9 a me?od work+ well "h ?\gh x
 work$ ill !re4 ,at any rate1 :5ev] x   
fell into decay1 x c\ld--a proviso      
necess>y 9 all moral matt]s--be         
readju/$4 ,a rule some?+ l ?is ! ,h>v>d 
,faculty has rec5tly adopt$ by vot+ t   
any in/ructor1 ) ! approval ( ! ,dean1  
may at any "t exclude f 8 c\rse any     
/ud5t :o 9 8 judgm5t has neglect$ ! "w (
 ! c\rse4 ,probably ! am\nt ( abs5ce :i*
 has hi!rto occurr$ at ,h>v>d w "u ?is  
vote dim9i%4  ,suppose1 !n1 by ^!       

limitations on a /ud5t's caprice we h   
secur$ 8 p]si/5ce 9 outw>d endeavor1    
/ill "o ?+ m is ne$$4 ,we h br\ght him  
bodily to a recitation room2 b 8 m9d mu/
 be !re too1 8 ar\s$ & active m9d4      
,limitations t w secure ?is slipp]y "p (
 ! p]son are difficult to devise4       
,nev]!less1 !y are wor? /udy+4 ,_!      
object is pla94 ,!y are to lead a /ud5t 
to d some?+ e day2 to aid him to ov]come
 ^? t5d5cies to procra/9ation1          
self-confid5ce1 & passive absorption :i*
 are ! regul> & calculable dang]s ( y\?4
 ,!y are to tea* him h[ n to cram1 to   
inspire him ) respect = /eady ef=t1 & to
 enable him ea* ye> to f9d su* ef=t m   
habitual to himself4 ,^! are h>d tasks4 
,! old education tri$ to meet !m by !   
use ( daily recitations1 a plan n )\t   
advantages4 ,! new education is pres]v+ 
! valuable features ( recitations by    
adopt+ & develop+ ! ,sem9>4 ,b          
recitations pure & simple h s]i\s       
drawbacks4 ,!y presuppose a text-book1  
:i*1 :ile x br+s def9it5ess1 br+s also  

n>r[ness ( view4 ,! le>n] ma/]s a book1 
n a subject4 ,aft]-life possesses no?+  
analog\s to ! text-book4 ,a /ruggl+ man 
w9s :at he wants f _m books1 f 8 own    
?\ght1 f frequ5t consultations4 ,:y %\ld
 n a /ud5t be discipl9$ 9 ! ways he mu/ 
aft]w>ds employ8 ,moreov]1 recitations h
 ! disadvantage t no l>ge numb] ( m5 c  
take "p on any s+le day4 ,! times (     
trial ei!r become am5able to reckon+1   
or1 9 ord] to prev5t reckon+1 a tea*]   
mu/ resort to s*emes :i* d n comm5d him 
to 8 class4 ,und\bt$ly 9 recitation !   
recit] ga9s1 b ! ga9s ( ! re/ ( ! class 
are small4 ,! li/5]s w\ld be m pr(it$ by
 in/ruction4 ,an h\r ) an exp]t %\ld    
c>ry /ud5ts =w>d2 to occupy x 9 asc]ta9+
 :]e !y n[ /& is wa/eful4 ,= all ^!     
reasons !re has be5 ( late ye>s a /rong 
reaction aga9/ recitations4 ,lectures h 
be5 introduc$1 & ! "t =m]ly sp5t by a   
pr(essor 9 he>+ boys is n[ sp5t by boys 
9 he>+ a pr(essor4 ,pla9ly 9 ?is !re is 
a ga91 b a ga9 :i* ne$s c>eful          
limitation if ! /ud5t's p]si/5ce 9 "w is

 to be reta9$4 ,a pure lecture sy/em is 
a broad road to ignorance4 ,/ud5ts are  
ent]ta9$ or bor$1 b at ! end ( a mon? !y
 "k little m ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,lectures 
always seem to me an inh]itance f ! days
 :5 books 7 n4 ,le>n+--h[ (t5 mu/ x be  
said6--is n acceptance2 x is criticism1 
x is attack1 x is do+4 ,an active elem5t
 is ev]y:]e involv$ 9 x4 ,p]sonal       
sanction is want$ = e /ep4 ,"o :o w gr[ 
wise mu/ p]=m processes himself1 n sit  
at ease & behold ano!r's p]=mance4  ,^! 
simple tru?s are n[ tol]ably und]/ood at
 ,h>v>d4 ,!re rema9 9 ! college few     
c\rses ( pure recitations or ( pure     
lectures4 ,i wi% all 7 =bidd5 by /atute4
 ,9 almo/ all c\rses1 9 "o way or ano!r1
 frequ5t opportunity is giv5 ! /ud5t to 
%[ :at he is do+4 ,9 "s1 especially 9   
elem5t>y c\rses1 lectures run p>allel ) 
a text-book4 ,9 "s1 !ses1 t is1 writt5  
discussions1 are exact$ mon?ly1         
half-ye>ly1 annually1 9 addition to     
exam9ations4 ,9 "s1 exam9ations are     
frequ5t4 ,9 "s1 a daily "q1 to be answ]$

 9 writ+ on ! spot1 is (f]$ to ! :ole   
class4 ,(t51 especially 9 philosophical 
subjects1 ! h\r is occupi$ ) debate     
betwe5 (fic] & /ud5ts4 ,m & m1 physical 
subjects are taught by ! laboratory1    
l+ui/ic & hi/orical by ! libr>y4 ,9 a   
liv+ univ]sity a great v>iety ( me?ods  
spr+ up1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject
 & ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,v>iety %\ld 
exi/4 ,9 con/antly div]sifi$ ways ea*   
/ud5t %\ld be assur$ t he is expect$ to 
be do+ some?+ all ! "t1 & t somebody    
besides himself kn[s :at he is do+4 ,z  
yet ?is assurance is n atta9$2 we c only
 claim to be work+ t[>d x4 ,e ye> we    
discov] "s fre% limitation :i* w make   
p]si/5ce m natural1 neglect m /range4 ,i
 believe /udy at ,h>v>d is to-day m     
int]e/$1 en]getic1 & p]si/5t ?an x has  
ev] be5 be=e4 ,b t is no gr\nd =        
satisfaction4 ,a p[]ful college mu/ =ev]
 be dissatisfi$4 ,ea* ye> x mu/ address 
itself anew to /r5g!n+ ! t5acity ( its  
/ud5ts 9 _! zeal = k4  ,by ! side ( ^!  
l>g] limitations 9 ! int]e/ ( p]si/5cy1 

x may be well to m5tion "o or two       
examples ( small] ones :i* h ! same end 
9 view4 ,by "s provision x mu/ be made  
difficult to )draw f a /udy once *os54  
,*oice %\ld be delib]ate & !n be f9al4  
,x probably w n be delib]ate unless x is
 und]/ood to be f9al4 ,a few weeks may  
be all[$ = an inspection ( a *os5 c\rse1
 b at ! close ( ! fir/ mon?'s tea*+ !   
,h>v>d ,faculty tie up _! /ud5ts & all[ 
*ange only on petition & = ! mo/ conv9c+
 cause4 ,an elective college :i* did n  
make *anges ( electives difficult w\ld  
be an eng9e = disc\rag+ int5tionality & 
p]si/5ce4  ,i incl9e to ?9k1 too1 t a   
regulation =bidd+ elem5t>y c\rses 9 !   
lat] ye>s w\ld r5d] our education m     
coh]5t4 ,9 ?is matt] elective colleges h
 an opportunity :i* prescrib$ ones miss4
 ,9 ord] to be fair to all ! sci5ces1   
college faculties are oblig$ to scatt]  
fragm5ts ( !m ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( 
prescrib$ curricula4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s   
ago e ,h>v>d man wait$ till 8 s5ior ye> 
be=e beg9n+ philosophy1 ac\/ics1 hi/ory1

 & political economy4 ,to-day ! f\rte5  
o!r ,new ,engl& colleges1 mo/ ( :om1 l !
 ,h>v>d ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 (f] a    
c]ta9 numb] ( elective /udies1 /ill %[  
s5ior ye>s l>gely occupi$ ) elem5t>y    
/udies4 ,five =bid philosophy be=e !    
s5ior ye>2 eight1 political economy2    
two1 hi/ory2 six1 geology4 ,out ( ! sev5
 colleges :i* (f] "s "o ( ! ea/]n       
languages1 all except ,h>v>d oblige !   
alphabet to be le>n$ 9 ! s5ior ye>4 ,( !
 six :i* (f] ,italian or ,spani%1 ,h>v>d
 alone p]mits a beg9n+ to be made be=e !
 junior ye>1 :ile two take up ^!        
languages = ! fir/ "t 9 ! s5ior ye>4 ,9 
?ree ,new ,engl& colleges ,g]man _c be  
begun till ! junior ye>4 ,9 a majority1 
a physical subject is begun 9 ! junior &
 ano!r 9 ! s5ior ye>4 ,at ,yale nobody b
 a s5ior c /udy *emi/ry4 ,su*           
po/ponem5t1 & by consequ5ce su*         
fragm5t>y "w1 may be necess>y :]e e>ly  
college ye>s are cr[d$ ) prescrib$      
/udies4 ,b an elective sy/em c employ   
its lat] ye>s to bett] advantage4 ,x c  

br+ to a mature und]/&+ ! int]e/s :i*   
fre%m5 & sophomores h already acquir$4  
,elem5t>y /udies are n matur+ /udies2 !y
 d n make ! fibre ( a /ud5t firm4 ,to   
/udies ( a solidify+ sort ! la/ ye>s    
%\ld be devot$4 ,i %\ld l to =bid s5iors
 to take any elem5t>y /udy :atev]1 & to 
=bid juniors all except philosophy1     
political economy1 hi/ory1 f9e arts1    
,sanskrit1 ,hebrew1 & law4 ,"u su* a    
rule we %\ld graduate m m5 :o w\ld be   
fir/ rate at some?+2 & a man :o is fir/ 
rate at some?+ is g5]ally pretty good at
 any?+4  ,su*1 !n1 are a few examples ( 
! ways 9 :i* *oice may be limit$ s z to 
become /rong4 ,!y are b examples1 int5d$
 m]ely to draw att5tion to ! ?ree k9ds (
 limitation /ill possible4 ,humble ways 
!y may seem1 n p>ticul>ly int]e/+ to he>
 ab\t2 bus9ess me?ods "o might call !m4 
,b by means ( ^! & su* z ^! ! "y s*ol>  
becomes cle>] 9 int5tion1 l>g] 9        
in=mation1 h>di] 9 p]si/5ce4 ,9 urg+ su*
 means ,i %all be se5 to be no ?ick & ?9
 advocate ( election4 ,t ,i h nev] be54 

,orig9ally a d\bt]1 ,i h come to reg>d !
 elective sy/em1 t is1 election "u su*  
limitations z ,i h describ$1 z !        
safe/--inde$ z ! only possible--c\rse   
:i* education c n[ take1 ,i advocate x  
he>tily z a sy/em :i* ne$ n c>ry u too  
fa/ or too f> 9 any "o direction1 z a   
sy/em s inh]5tly flexible t its own     
great virtues readily unite ) ^? ( an   
ali5 type4 ,"u its %elt]+ *>ge ! wor?i] 
advantages ( bo? gr\p$ & prescrib$      
sy/ems are atta9able4 ,i proclaim x1    
!re=e1 n z a popul> cry nor z an        
educational panacea1 b z a sob]         
opportunity = moral & intellectual      
tra9+4 ,limit$ z x is at ,h>v>d1 ,i see 
t x works admirably ) ! /udi\s1         
/imulat+ly ) ^? ( weak] w1 n un5durably 
) ! deprav$4 ,^! are great results4 ,!y 
_c be set aside by call+ !m ! outcome ( 
individualism4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are4  
,b individualism is an unc]ta9 t]m4 ,9 e
 "o ( u !re is a contemptible           
individuality1 gr\nd$ 9 :at is ephem]al 
& caprici\sly p]sonal4 ,sy/ematic       

election1 z ,i h %[n1 puts limitations  
on ?is4 ,b !re is a noble individuality 
:i* %\ld be ! object ( our fo/]+ c>e4   
,no?+ t l5ds x /r5g? & f95ess c be c\nt$
 trivial4 ,to =m a true individuality   
is1 inde$1 ! ideal ( ! elective sy/em4  
,let me briefly sket* my conception ( t 
ideal4  ,george ,h]b]t1 prais+ ,god = ! 
physical _w :i* ,he has made1 says t 9 x
 all ?+s h _! w1 yet none b ?9e4 ,su* a 
free h>mony betwe5 ?9k+ man & a ,"l ( 8 
?\ght x is ! (fice ( education to br+   
ab\t4 ,at ! />t x does n exi/4 ,! *ild  
is aw>e ( 8 own w1 & he is aw>e ( little
 else4 ,he imag9es t "o pleas+ fancy may
 be will$ z easily z ano!r4 ,z he       
matures1 he discov]s t 8 w is effective 
:5 x accords ) ! make ( ! _w &          
ineffective :5 x does n4 ,?is discov]y1 
br++ z x does increas$ respect = ! make 
( ! _w & ev5 = its ,mak]1 degrades or   
ennobles accord+ z ! facts ( ! _w are n[
 view$ z re/rictive f9alities or z an   
app>atus = l>g] self-expression4 ,see+ !
 p[] ( t :i* is n himself1 a man may    

become passively receptive1 & say1 ,!n  
,i am to h no w ( my own2 or he may     
become newly en]getic1 kn[+ t ?\gh he c 
h no w ( 8 sep>ate own1 yet all ! p[] ( 
,god is 8 if he w b und]/&4 ,a man ( !  
latt] sort is spiritually educat$4 ,mu* 
/ill rema9s to be done 9 und]/&+ special
 laws2 & ) ea* fre% und]/&+1 a fre%     
possibility ( individual life is        
disclos$4 ,! wor?1 h[ev]1 ( ! :ole      
process lies 9 ! man's honor+ 8 own w1 b
 honor+ x only z x gr[s /rong ?r\gh     
accordance ) ! w ( ,god4  ,n[ into our  
colleges comes a mix$ multitude made up 
( all ! ?ree classes nam$3 ! *ildi%1 :o 
imag9e !y c w any?+2 ! docile1 s passive
 9 ! pres5ce ( an ord]$ _w t !y h little
 individual w left2 ! spiritually-m9d$  
or orig9al1 :o ) /rong int]e/s ( _! own 
seek to develop ^! ?r\gh liv+ contact ) 
tru?s :i* !y h n made4 ,our educational 
modes mu/ meet !m all1 respect+ _! wills
 :]ev] wise1 & tea*+ ! feeble to        
discrim9ate fanciful f righte\s desires4
 ,= c>ry+ =w>d su* a tra9+ ! elective   

sy/em seems to me to h peculi>          
aptitudes4 ,:at ,i h call$ its          
limitations w be se5 to be spiritual    
assi/ances4 ,to ! fur!r inv5tion ( su*  
!re is no end4 ,a wat*ful pati5ce is !  
"o great requisite1 pati5ce 9 directors1
 in/ruct$ criticism on ! "p ( ! public1 
& a brave expression ( confid5ce :5     
confid5ce is se5 to h be5 e>n$4         
,,footnotes3     #h ,d\btless "s h c>ri$
 out ! int5tion ( mak+ ev]y?+        z  
s(t z possible = !mselves4 ,b ! *oices1 
9 fact1 d        n z yet %[ ! exi/5ce ( 
any su* int5tion 9 any                  
consid]able numb] ( cases2 !y %[ r ! v  
rev]se4--,pr(essor ,ladd 9 ,! ,new      
,engl&]1 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1        p4 #aai4
     #i ,z ! m9ute p]sonal c>e giv5 to  
individual /ud5ts 9 !        ,engli%    
univ]sities is (t5 & des]v$ly prais$1 ,i
 may z        well say t x co/s some?+4 
,ox=d sp5ds ea* ye> ab\t                
#b1jjj1jjj on #bejj m52 ,h>v>d1 #fej1jjj
 on #agjj4    #aj ,i may n h a bett]    
opportunity ?an ?is to cle> up a petty  

difficulty :i* seems to agitate "s ( my 
critics4 ,!y say        !y want ! degree
 ( ,a4,b4 to mean some?+ def9ite1 :ile  
at        pres5t1 "u ! elective sy/em1 x
 means "o ?+ = ,john        ,doe1 &     
some?+ altoge!r diff]5t = 8 classmate1  
,ri*>d ,roe4 ,t is true4 ,besides       
embody+ ! g5]al        signification t !
 be>] has be5 work+ f\r ye>s 9 a        
way to satisfy college gu>dians1 !      
/ately lett]s d take on        an       
individual v>iation ( mean+ = e man :o  
w9s !m4        ,!y mu/ d s z long z we  
are engag$ 9 ! =mation (        liv+    
p]sons4 ,if ! college 7 a factory1 our  
case w\ld be        diff]5t4 ,we might  
!n (f] a label :i* w\ld keep its        
id5tity ( mean+ = all ! articles turn$  
out4 ,:]ev]        education has be5 a  
liv+ ?+1 ! s+le degree has always       
conta9$ ?is elem5t ( v>iety4 ,! ,g]man  
degree is z        div]se 9 mean+ z     
ours4 ,! degree ( ! ,engli% univ]sity   
is div]se1 & m div]se = ,honors m5--!   
only ones :o        c prop]ly be said to

 des]ve x--?an = in]t ,pass m54         
,degrees 9 ?is c\ntry h1 f ! fir/1 _h   
consid]able        div]sity1 college    
diff]+ f college 9 requirem5t1 &        
c]ta9ly /ud5t f /ud5t 9 atta9m5t4 ,t    
tw5ty-five        ye>s ago we 7 approa*+
 too great uni=mity 9 !                 
signification ( degrees1 ,i suppose mo/ 
educators n[ admit4        ,t 0 a       
me*anical & /agnant p]iod1 & m5 h br\ght
        ov] f x to ! m active days ( !  
pres5t ideals =m$        !n4 ,precision 
( /atem5t goes ) figures1 ) etiquette1  
) milit>y matt]s2 b descriptions ( !    
quality ( p]sons        mu/ be /at$ 9 ! 
r\nd4     ,,xi  ,,college ,,exp5ses#aa  
,! subject ( college exp5ses has be5 mu*
 debat$ lately4 ,at our ,comm5cem5t     
d9n]1 a ye> ago1 att5tion 0 call$ to x4 
,our *airman on t occasion ju/ly insi/$ 
t ! ideal ( ! ,univ]sity %\ld be pla9   
liv+ & high ?9k+4 ,& c]ta9ly !re is apt 
to be some?+ vulg>1 z well z vici\s1 9 !
 man ( books :o turns away f w9n+       
intellectual weal? & indulges 9 tawdry  

extravagance4 ,yet e fri5d ( ,h>v>d is  
oblig$ to ackn[l$ge ) %ame t ! loose    
sp5d] has a lodg+ 9 our y>d4 ,no        
cle>-sight$ obs]v] c draw ne> & n       
p]ceive t 9 all 8 native hide\sness !   
man ( ! club & ! dog-c>t is among u4  ,i
 d n ?9k ?is /range4 ,9 fact1 ,i reg>d x
 z inevitable4 ,x is necess>ily connect$
 ) our gr[?4 ,! old ,college we might   
comp>e1 = moral & intellectual range1 ) 
a c\ntry village2 our pres5t ,univ]sity 
is a great city1 & we mu/ accept !      
_m-sid$ life1 ! temptations z well z !  
opportunities1 ( ! great city4 ,probably
 n[h]e on ?is planet c a ?\s& "y m5 be  
f\nd1 betwe5 ! ages ( eighte5 &         
tw5ty-f\r1 :o w n %[ examples ( !       
he$less1 ! temptable1 & ! deprav$4 ,let 
u n1 !n1 %r9k f ackn[l$g+ ! ugly fact2  
extravagance is "h1--%ameless1 co>se    
extravagance4 ,i hope no?+ ,i say may   
dim9i% our s5se ( its indec5cy4 ,b h[   
widespread is x8 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( 
t important "q4 ,h[ l>gely does x infect
 ! ,college8 ,are _m /ud5ts l>ge sp5d]s8

 ,mu/ a man ( mod]ate means on com+ "h  
be put to %ame8 ,w he f9d himself a     
disp>ag$ p]son1 out ( accord ) ! _s ( ! 
place1 & unable to obta9 its *>act]i/ic 
advantages8 ,^! are ! weighty que/ions4 
,only aft] we h answ]$ !m c we det]m9e !
 moral s\ndness ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,:]ev]  
we g on e>? we %all f9d ! insol5tly ri* 
& wa/eful4 ,!y1 l ! poor1 are always )  
u2 _! qualities are *eap4 ,b :at we want
 to "k is :e!r1 side by side ) !m1 we h 
a company ( sob] m51 :o c>e = high] ?+s 
& :o sp5d no m ?an ! high] ?+s require4 
,facts ( proportion & degree =m ! firm  
basis ( g5]al judgm5ts1 & yet ,i am aw>e
 t ^! are ! h>de/ facts to obta94       
,hi!rto nobody has kn[n any su* facts 9 
reg>d to ! exp5ses ( ,h>v>d4 ,ass]tions 
ab\t ! /yle ( liv+ "h h only express$ ! 
p]sonal op9ion ( ! ass]tor1 or at be/ h 
be5 g5]alizations f a few *ance cases4  
,no sy/ematic evid5ce on ! subject has  
exi/$4 ,x is "t x did exi/1 & ,i h made 
an attempt to obta9 x4 ,to ea* memb] ( !
 graduat+ class ,i s5t a circul>1 a mon?

 ago1 ask+ if he w\ld be will+ to tell  
me 9 confid5ce :at 8 college c\rse _h   
co/4 ,i desir$ him to include 9 8 report
 all exp5ses :atev]4 ,he 0 to /ate n    
m]ely 8 tuition1 bo>d1 & lodg+1 b also 8
 furniture1 books1 clo?+1 travel1       
subscriptions1 & amusem5ts2 9 fact1 e   
doll> he _h sp5t dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( 8    
/udy1 except 8 *>ges = ,class ,day & !  
summ] vacations2 ^! times v>y+ s widely1
 x seem$ to me1 9 _! co/ to diff]5t m5 t
 !y c\ld n in/ructively ent] into an    
av]age4  ,! reply has be5 v l>ge inde$4 
,to my surprise1 out ( a class ( two    
hundr$ & ?irty-five m5 actually 9       
resid5ce1 two hundr$ & n9ete51 or       
n9ety-?ree p] c5t1 h s5t reports4 ,am ,i
 wrong 9 suppos+ t ?is v g5]al read9ess 
to tell is itself a sign ( upright      
conduct8 ,b ,i w\ld n exagg]ate ! wor? (
 ! returns4 ,!y _c be tru/$ to a figure4
 ,x has n be5 possible to obta9 itemiz$ 
/atem5ts4 ,college boys1 l o!r p1 d n   
always keep acc\nts4 ,b ,i reque/$ my   
correspond5ts1 9 cases ( unc]ta9ty1     

always to "n ! l>g] figure2 & ?\gh ^? :o
 h liv$ freely probably h less k ab\t   
:at !y h sp5t ?an h _! economical       
classmates1 ,i ?9k we may accept _!     
reports 9 ! r\gh4 ,we c be reasonably   
sure :e!r !y h exce$$ or fall5 bel[ a   
c]ta9 m$ium l9e1 & = purposes m precise 
,i %all n attempt to use !m4 ,any?+ l   
m9ute accuracy ,i wi% expressly to      
repudiate4 ,! evid5ce ,i (f] only claims
 to be ! be/ t exi/s at pres5t2 & ,i mu/
 say t ! a/oni%+ frankness & fulness ( !
 reports give me /rong p]sonal assurance
 ( ! good fai? ( ! writ]s4 ,9 ^! lett]s 
,i h se5 a vivid picture ( ! /ruggles1 !
 hopes1 ! errors1 & ! rep5t+s ( ! manly 
"y lives t surr\nd me4  ,:at1 !n1 are ! 
results8 ,out ( ! two hundr$ & n9ete5 m5
 :o h repli$1 fifty-six1 or ab\t "o     
qu>t] ( ! class1 h sp5t betwe5 #dej &   
#fej 9 ea* ( ! f\r ye>s ( resid5ce2     
fifty-f\r1 or aga9 ab\t a qu>t]1 h sp5t 
betwe5 #fej & #ige2 b sixty-"o1 h>dly m 
?an a qu>t]1 h sp5t a l>g] sum ?an      
#abjj4 ,! smalle/ am\nt 9 any "o ye> 0  

#djj2 ! l>ge/1 #djjj4ab  ,i ask y to    
consid] ^! figures4 ,!y are n />tl+1 b  
!y seem to me to indicate t a sob]ly    
s5sible av]age ( exp5se prevails at     
,h>v>d4 ,!y sugge/ t /ud5ts are1 aft]   
all1 m]ely "y m5 tempor>ily remov$ f    
homes1 & t !y are practis+ "h1 )\t      
viol5t *ange1 ! habits :i* ! home has   
=m$4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to l>ge      
exp5diture sp5d freely "h2 ^? ( quiet & 
consid]ate habits d n lightly ab&on !m4 
,i d\bt if dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s   
luxury has increas$ 9 ! colleges z      
rapidly z x has 9 ! outside _w4  ,!re is
 no reason1 ei!r1 to suppose t !        
addition ( ! sixte5 m5 :o h n repli$    
w\ld appreciably affect my results4 ,!  
/&+ ( ^! m5 on ! la/ annual rank-li/ 0  
sixty-eight p] c5t4 ,!y seem to me      
av]age p]sons4 ,_! sil5ce ,i attribute  
to mi/akes ( ! mail1 to bus9ess1 to     
neglect1 or to ! v natural dis9cl9ation 
to disclose _! private affairs4 ,to     
refuse to answ] my intrusive que/ions1  
or ev5 to ackn[l$ge t college days 7    

co/ly1 is n 9 itself evid5ce (          
wantonness4 ,small sp5d]s are usually   
high s*ol>s2 b ?is is by no means always
 ! case4 ,9 ! mo/ economical gr\p ,i    
f\nd sev5 :o did n rea* a rank ( sev5ty 
p] c5t4 la/ ye>2 :]eas out ( ! sev5     
l>ge/ sp5d]s ( ! class ?ree pass$       
sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ,x w\ld be ra% to   
conclude t l>ge sums _c be honorably    
employ$4  ,b x may seem t ! smalle/ ( ! 
sums nam$ is l>ge = a poor man4 ,x may  
be believ$ t ev5 aft] re/ra9t & wisdom  
are us$1 ,h>v>d rema9s ! college ( !    
ri*4 ,!re is mu* 9 our circum/ances to  
make x s4 ,an excell5t education is     
unque/ionably a co/ly ?+1 & to live :]e 
_m m5 wi% to live calls = a good deal ( 
money4 ,we h1 x is true1 ?is spl5did    
hall1 :i* less5s our exp5se = food &    
encompasses u ) ennobl+ influ5ces2 b x  
co/s #aej a ye> to bo>d "h4 ,our tuition
 bill ea* ye> is #aej4 ,! ,univ]sity    
owns #dej rooms2 b n a ?ird ( !m r5t =  
less ?an #aej a ye>1 ! av]age r5t be+   
#adf4 ,^! l>ge *>ges = tuition &        

room-r5t are made necess>y by !         
smallness ( ! g5]al fund :i* pays !     
runn+ exp5ses ( ! college4 ,v few ( !   
pr(essor%ips are end[$1 & s !           
tuition-fee & room-r5t mu/ ma9ly c>ry ! 
exp5ses ( tea*+4  ,/ill1 !re is ano!r   
side to ! /ory4 ,?us f> ,i h figur$ out 
! exp5ses1 & h said no?+ ab\t ! means ( 
meet+ !m4 ,p]haps to get ! advantages ( 
,h>v>d a /ud5t may ne$ to sp5d l>gely2 b
 a c]ta9 circum/ance enables him to d   
s1--,i mean ! mat*less b5evol5ce ( ^? :o
 h prec$$ u "h4 ,! great sums intru/$ to
 u = di/ribution 9 prizes1 loan-funds1 &
 s*ol>%ips make x possible = our /ud5ts 
to (fset ! co/ ( _! education to su* a  
degree t ! net output ( a poor boy "h is
 probably less ?an 9 mo/ ,new ,engl&    
colleges4 ,at any rate1 ,i h ask$ a l>ge
 numb] ( poor /ud5ts :y !y came to      
exp5sive ,h>v>d1 & aga9 & aga9 ,i h     
receiv$ ! reply3 ,i c\ld n af=d to g    
else:]e4  ,! magnitude ( ?is b5efici>y  
aid ,i d\bt if p g5]ally und]/&1 & ,i h 
accord+ly tak5 pa9s to asc]ta9 :at 0 !  

am\nt giv5 away ?is ye>4 ,i f9d t to    
und]graduates alone x 0 #cf1jjj2 to     
memb]s ( ! graduate dep>tm5t1 #aa1jjj2 &
 to ! pr(essional s*ools #fjjj3 mak+ 9 a
 s+le ye> a total ( assi/ance to /ud5ts 
( ! ,univ]sity ( m ?an #ec1jjj4 ,next   
ye> ?is enorm\s sum w be increas$       
#ac1jjj by ! munific5t beque/ ( ,mr4    
,price ,gre5leaf4 ,fully to e/imate !   
favorable position ( ! poor man at      
,h>v>d1 we %\ld take into acc\nt also ! 
great opportunities = e>n+ money ?r\gh  
private tuition1 ?r\gh innum]able av5ues
 ( trade1 & ?r\gh writ+ = ! public      
press4 ,a l>ge numb] ( my correspond5ts 
tell ( money e>n$ outside _!            
s*ol>%ips4#ac  ,^! imm5se aids provid$ =
 our /ud5ts ma9ta9 a balance (          
conditions "h1 & enable ev5 ! poore/ to 
obta9 a ,h>v>d education4 ,& :at an     
education x is2 h[ broad & deep &       
individually /imulat+1--! mo/ truly     
,am]ican education :i* ! cont95t af=ds6 
,b ,i h no ne$ to eulogize x4 ,x has    
already ent]$ into ! v /ructure ( y :o  

li/54 ,let me r close ) two pieces (    
advice4  ,! fir/ %all be to p>5ts4 ,give
 y\r son a compet5t all[ance :5 y s5d   
him to ,h>v>d1 & oblige him to /ick to  
x4 ,to le>n calculation w contribute z  
mu* to 8 equipm5t = life z any elective 
/udy he c pursue2 & calculation he w n  
le>n unless1 aft] a little exp]i5ce1 y  
tell him precisely :at sum he is to     
receive4 ,if 9 a haphaz>d way y p\r     
#bjjj into 8 pocket1 !n 9 an equally    
haphaz>d way #bjjj w come out4 ,:atev]  
extravagance exi/s at ,h>v>d to-day is !
 fault ( y fooli% p>5ts4 ,! college1 z a
 college1 _c /op extravagance4 ,x _c    
take away a ?\s& doll>s f y\r son & tell
 him--:at w\ld be p]fectly true--t he w 
be bett] (f ) ! rema9+ ?\s&2 t y mu/ d  
y\rselves4 ,& if y ask1 ,:at is a       
compet5t all[ance8 out ( :at my         
correspond5ts say ,i w frame y five     
answ]s4 ,if y\r son is some?+ ( an arti/
 9 economy1 he may live "h on #fjj1 or  
less2 he w require to be an arti/ to    
accompli% x4 ,if he w live closely1     

c>efully1 yet ) full reg>d to all t is  
requir$1 he may d s1 ) ne>ly half 8     
class1 on n m ?an #hjj4 ,if y wi% him to
 live at ease & to obta9 ! _m ref9em5ts 
:i* money w pur*ase1 give him #ajjj4    
,inde$1 if ,i 7 a v ri* man1 & _h a boy 
^: "* ,i c\ld tru/1 s t ,i c\ld be sure 
t all he laid out w\ld be laid out      
wisely1 ,i might add #bjj m1 = ! pur*ase
 ( books & o!r appliances ( delicate    
culture4 ,b ,i %\ld be sure t e doll> ,i
 gave him ov] #abjj w\ld be a doll> (   
dang]4  ,let my second piece ( advice be
 to all ( y graduates4 ,:5 y meet a poor
 boy1 d n ra%ly urge him to come to     
,h>v>d4 ,e/imate c>efully 8 p[]s4 ,if he
 is a good boy1--docile1 wor?y1         
commonplace1--advise him to g some:]e   
else4 ,"h he w f9d himself borne d[n by 
l>ge exp5se & by ! cr[d :o /& above him4
 ,b :5ev] y enc\nt] a poor boy ( eag]1  
aggressive m9d1 a y\? ( en]gy1 "o       
capable ( feel+ ! enjoym5t ( /ruggl+ ) a
 multitude & ( mak+ 8 m]it kn[n1 say to 
him t ,h>v>d ,college is expressly      

con/itut$ = su* z he4 ,"h he w f9d !    
l>ge/ provision = 8 ne$s & ! cle>e/     
field = 8 tal5ts4 ,money is a p[]       
ev]y:]e4 ,x is a p[] "h2 b a p[] ( f> m 
re/rict$ scope ?an 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,9   
?is magnific5t hall ri* & poor d9e      
toge!r daily4 ,at ! ,union !y debate    
toge!r4 ,at ! clubs :i* fo/] special    
int]e/s1--! ,f9ance ,club1 !            
,philological ,club1 ! ,philosophical   
,club1 ! ,fr5* ,club1 ! ,signet1 & ! ,o4
 ,k4--consid]ations ( money h no place4 
,if ! poor man is a man ( muscle1 !     
a?letic organizations w welcome him2 if 
a man skill$ 9 words1 he w be made an   
editor ( ! college pap]s2 & if he has ! 
p[]s t fit him = su* a place1 ! :ole    
body ( 8 classmates w elect him ,orator1
 ,ivy ,orator1 ,odi/1 or ,poet1 )\t !   
slighte/ reg>d to :e!r 8 purse is full  
or empty4 ,! poor man1 x is true1 w n be
 *os5 = ornam5tal (fices1 = positions   
:i* imply an acqua9tance ) etiquette1 & 
he may be cut (f f intimacy ) !         
frequ5t]s ( ! ballroom & ! op]a2 b z he 

w probably h little "t or ta/e = ^! ?+s1
 8 loss w n be l>ge4 ,9 %ort1 if he has 
any?+ 9 him1--has he s*ol>%ip1 bra9s1   
wit1 companionability1 /\t moral        
purpose1 or quiet ,*ri/ian "*1--8       
qualities w f9d z prompt a recognition  
at ,h>v>d z any:]e on e>?4              
,,footnotes3    #aa ,deliv]$ 9 ,memorial
 ,hall1 ,cambridge1 ,june #bi1 #ahhg4   
,s9ce ?is        date ! scale (         
exp5diture 9 college1 z else:]e1 has be5
        /eadily ris+4    #ab ,p]haps ,i 
_h bett] m5tion ! adju/m5ts by :i* ^!   
results        h be5 rea*$4 ,:5 a man   
has be5 9 college dur+ only !           
clos+ ye>s ( ! c\rse1 ,i assume t he    
w\ld h liv$ at        ! same rate _h he 
be5 "h ?r\gh\t x4 ,i h add$ #aej        
= p]sons :o bo>d at home1 & ano!r hundr$
 = ^? :o        lodge !re4 ,?\gh ,i ask$
 to h ! exp5ses ( ,class ,day &        !
 summ] vacations omitt$1 9 "s in/ances  
,i h reason to        suspect t !y are  
includ$2 b ( c\rse ,i h be5 oblig$      
to let ! error rema91 & ,i h nev] d$uct$

 ! money        :i* /ud5ts (t5 say !y   
expect to recov] at graduation by       
! sale ( furniture & o!r goods4 ,!re is 
a noticeable        t5d5cy to l>g]      
outlay z ! ye>s advance4 ,"s /ud5ts     
attribute ?is to ! great] co/ ( ! /udies
 ( ! lat]        ye>s1 to ! m exp5sive  
books & ! laboratory *>ges2        o!rs1
 to societies & subscriptions2 o!rs1 to 
enl>g$        acqua9tance )             
opportunities = sp5d+4    #ac ,= ! sake 
( lucidity1 ,i keep ! exp5se acc\nt & ! 
income        acc\nt di/9ct4 ,= example1
 a man reports t he has sp5t        #gjj
 a ye>1 w9n+ ea* ye> a s*ol>%ip ( #bjj1 
& e>n+        by tutor+ #ajj1 & #ej by  
"s o!r means4 ,! balance        aga9/   
him is only #cej a ye>2 b ,i h includ$  
him 9 !        gr\p ( #gjj sp5d]s4      
,,xii  ,a ,,tea*] ,,( ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t   
,on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y1 #ahhc1           
,evangel9us ,apo/olides ,sophocles1     
,pr(essor ( ,anci5t1 ,byzant9e1 & ,mod]n
 ,greek 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 di$ at     
,cambridge1 9 ! corn] room ( ,holwor?y  

,hall :i* he _h occupi$ = ne>ly =ty     
ye>s4 ,a pa/ g5]ation ( ,am]ican        
s*oolboys knew him gratefully z ! au?or 
( a compact & lucid ,greek gramm>4      
,college /ud5ts--probably z l>ge a numb]
 z ev] sat "u an ,am]ican pr(essor--7   
introduc$ by him to ! poets & hi/orians 
( ,greece4 ,s*ol>s ( a rip] gr[?1 bo? 9 
,europe & ,am]ica1 h wond]$ at !        
precision & lov+ dilig5ce ) :i*1 9 8    
diction>y ( ! lat] & ,bzyant9e ,greek1  
he assess$ ! corrupt lit]>y co9age ( 8  
native l&4 ,8 brief contributions to !  
,nation & o!r j\rnals 7 always          
noticeable = exact k & scrupul\s lit]>y 
hone/y4 ,z a great s*ol>1 !re=e1 & "o :o
 ?r\gh a long life labor$ to beget      
s*ol>%ip 9 o!rs1 ,sophocles des]ves well
 ( ,am]ica4 ,at a "t :5 ,greek 0 usually
 /udi$ z ! s*oolboy /udies x1 ?is /range
 ,greek came among u1 connect$ himself )
 our olde/ univ]sity1 & %[$ u an example
 ( encyclopa$ic le>n+1 & su* famili> &  
liv+ acqua9tance ) ,hom] &              
,a,eschylus--yes1 ev5 ) ,polybius1      

,lucian1 & ,a!naeus--z we h ) ,t5nyson &
 ,%akespe>e & ,burke & ,macaulay4 ,m ?an
 ?is1 he %[$ u h[ su* le>n+ is ga!r$4   
,to a doz5 g5]ations ( impressible      
college /ud5ts he pres5t$ a type ( an   
au/]e life direct$ to s]5e ends1 a life 
suffici5t = itself & fill$ ) a          
nev]-ha/5+ dilig5ce :i* issu$ 9 va/     
m5tal /ores4  ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! purpose 
( ?is pap] to trace ! influ5ce ov]      
,am]ican s*ol>%ip ( ?is h>dly dome/icat$
 wise man ( ! ,ea/4 ,nor w !re be any   
attempt to n>rate ! outw>d ev5ts ( 8    
life4 ,^! 7 nev] fully kn[n2 & c\ld !y  
be discov]$1 !re w\ld be a k9d ( impiety
 9 report+ !m4 ,few traits 7 s          
*>act]i/ic ( him z 8 wi% to conceal 8   
hi/ory4 ,8 motto might h be5 t (        
,epicurus & ,desc>tes3 ,well hid is well
 liv$4 ,yet 9 spite ( 8 concealm5ts1    
p]haps 9 "p because ( !m1 few p]sons    
connect$ ) ,h>v>d h ev] left beh9d !m an
 impression ( su* massive individuality4
 ,he 0 long a notable figure 9 univ]sity
 life1 "o ( ^? picturesque *>act]s :o by

 _! v be+ give impulse to aspir+ mortals
 & *eck ! ev]-encroa*+ commonplace4 ,x  
w\ld be ungrateful to all[ "o =m]ly s   
/imulat+ & talk$ ab\t to fall into      
oblivion4 ,n[ t a dec5t int]val aft]    
dea? has pass$1 a memorial to ?is       
unusual man may be rev]5tly set up4 ,8  
lik5ess may be drawn by a fond ?\gh     
fai?ful h&4 ,or at lea/ su* /ories ab\t 
him may be k9dly put into ! record (    
pr9t z w reflect "s ( ^? rugg$1         
p>adoxical1 witty1 & b5ignant aspects ( 
8 nature :i* m>k$ him (f f ! humdrum h]d
 ( m54  ,my own fir/ approa* to         
,sophocles 0 at ! end ( my ,junior ye> 9
 college4 ,x 0 necess>y = me to be abs5t
 f 8 aft]noon recitation4 ,9 ^? di/ant  
days abs5ces 7 reg>d$ by ,h>v>d law z   
luxuries1 & a small fix$ quantity ( !m1 
a sort ( sailor's grog1 0 cr$it$ )      
little *>ge ea* half-ye> to e /ud5t4 ,i 
0 already ne>+ ! limit ( ! un5l>geable  
eight1 & c\ld n well v5ture to add ano!r
 to my score4 ,x seem$ saf] to try to w9
 indulg5ce f my fi]ce-ey$ in/ructor4    

,e>ly "o morn+ ,i w5t to ,sophocles's   
room4 ,pr(essor ,sophocles1 ,i said1 ,i 
want to be excus$ f att5d+ ! ,greek     
recitation ?is aft]noon4 ,i h no p[] to 
excuse1 utt]$ 9 ! gruffe/ ( tones1 :ile 
he look$ ! o!r way4 ,b ,i _c be "h4 ,i  
mu/ be out ( t[n at ?ree o'clock4 ,i h  
no p[]4 ,y _h bett] see ! presid5t4     
,f9d+ ! situation desp]ate1 ,i took a   
desp]ate leap4 ,b ! presid5t probably   
w\ld n all[ my excuse4 ,at ! play ( !   
,ha/y ,pudd+ ,club to-night ,i am to    
appe> z lead+ lady4 ,i mu/ g to         
,brookl9e ?is aft]noon & h my si/] dress
 me4 ,no muscle ( ! /]n face mov$2 b he 
rose1 walk$ to a table :]e 8 class li/s 
lay1 &1 tak+ up a p5cil1 calmly said3 ,y
 _h bett] say no?+ to ! presid5t4 ,y are
 "h n[4 ,i w m>k y s4 ,he sniff$1 he    
b[$1 &1 )\t smile or ^w f ei!r ( u1 ,i  
left ! room4 ,z ,i came to "k ,sophocles
 aft]w>ds1 ,i f\nd t 9 ?is trivial e>ly 
int]view ,i _h come ^u "s ( ! mo/       
di/9ctive traits ( 8 "*2 "h 0 an epitome
 ( 8 brusqu]ie1 8 dignity1 8 :imsical   

logic1 & 8 k9d he>t4  ,outw>dly he 0    
always brusque & repell5t4 ,a c]ta9     
savag]y m>k$ 8 v face4 ,he once obs]v$  
t1 9 introduc+ a "*1 ,hom] is apt to    
draw att5tion to ! eye4 ,c]ta9ly 9      
himself ?is 0 ! feature :i* fir/        
attract$ notice2 = 8 eye _h uncommon    
al]tness & intellig5ce4 ,^? :o knew him 
well detect$ 9 x a hidd5 sweetness2 b   
aga9/ ! /rang] x burn$ & gl>$1 & gu>d$  
all av5ues ( approa*4 ,/>tl$ x 01 l !   
eye ( a wild animal1 & p5etrat+1 pe]+   
?r\gh ! portals ( ! bra9 l ! brass      
cannon4 ,ov] x cr\*$ bu%y br[s1 & all   
ar\nd ! great head bri/l$ :ite hair1 on 
=ehead1 *eeks1 & lips1 s t little fle%  
rema9$ visible1 & ! life 0 settl$ 9 two 
fi]y spots4 ,?is conc5tration (         
expression 9 ! few elem5t>y features (  
%ape1 hair1 & eyes made ! head a        
magnific5t subject = pa9t+4 ,rembr&t    
%\ld h pa9t$ x4 ,b he w\ld nev] all[ a  
portrait ( himself to be drawn4 ,into 8 
p]sonality /rang]s mu/ n intrude4       
,v5tur+ once to try = memor&a ( 8 face1 

,i took an arti/ to 8 room4 ,! c\rtesy (
 ,sophocles 0 too /ately to all[ him to 
turn my fri5d away1 b he seat$ himself 9
 a %ad$ w9d[1 & kept 8 head 9 con/ant   
motion4 ,:5 my fru/rat$ fri5d _h dep>t$1
 ,sophocles told me1 ?\gh )\t direct    
reproa*1 ( two sket*es :i* _h be=e be5  
surreptiti\sly made1--"o by ! p5cil ( a 
/ud5t 9 8 class1 ano!r 9 oils by a lady 
:o _h foll[$ him on ! /reet4 ,t[>d      
photography 8 av]sion 0 weak]2 p]haps   
because 9 t art a human be+ less op5ly  
m$dl$ ) him4  ,f ?is s5se ( p]sonal     
dignity1 :i* made him at all times      
det]m9$ to keep out ( ! grasp ( o!rs1   
mu* ( 8 brusqu5ess sprang4 ,on ! morn+  
aft] he return$ f 8 visit to ,greece a  
fell[ pr(essor saw him on ! opposite    
side ( ! /reet1 &1 ha/5+ across1 greet$ 
him w>mly3 ,s y h be5 home1 ,mr4        
,sophocles2 & h[ did y f9d y\r "m8 ,%e 0
 up an apple-tree1 said ,sophocles1     
conf9+ himself to ! facts ( ! case4 ,a  
boy :o sn[ball$ him on ! /reet he       
prosecut$ rel5tlessly1 & he c\ld n be   

appeas$ until a consid]able f9e 0       
impos$2 b he paid ! f9e himself4 ,_m a  
bold pu% 0 made to asc]ta9 8 age2 yet1  
h[ev] sudd5ly ! "q came1 or h[ev]       
craftily "o crept f date to date1 !re 0 
a uni=m lack ( success4 ,i see          
,allibone's ,diction>y says y 7 born 9  
#ahje1 a g5tleman rem>k$4 ,"s /atem5ts h
 be5 ne>]1 & "s h be5 f>!r f ! tru?4 ,"o
 day1 :5 a viol5t attack ( illness fell 
on him1 a physician 0 call$ = diagnosis4
 ,he felt ! pulse1 he exam9$ ! tongue1  
he he>d ! report ( ! symptoms1 !n       
sudd5ly ask$1 ,h[ old are y1 ,mr4       
,sophocles8 ,) z ready pres5ce ( m9d & z
 pretty +5uity z if he 7 n ly+ at ! po9t
 ( dea?1 ,sophocles answ]$3 ,! ,arabs1  
,dr4 ,w41 e/imate age by sev]al /&>ds4  
,! age ( ,hassan1 ! port]1 is reckon$ by
 8 wr9kles2 t ( ,abdallah1 ! physician1 
by ! lives he has sav$2 t ( ,a*met1 !   
sage1 by 8 wisdom4 ,i1 all my life a    
s*ol>1 am ne>+ my hundr$? ye>4 ,to ^? :o
 _h once come close to ,sophocles ^!    
little res]ves1 nev] ass]t$ ) impati5ce1

 7 *>act]i/ic & ende>+4 ,i happ5 to "k 8
 age2 hot irons %all n draw x f me4     
,closely connect$ ) 8 repell5t res]ve 0 
! /]n indep5d5ce ( 8 modes ( life4 ,9 8 
s*eme1 little ?+s 7 kept small & great  
?+s l>ge4 ,:at 0 ! true read+ 9 a       
passage ( ,ari/ophanes1 :at ! usage ( a 
c]ta9 ^w 9 ,byzant9e ,greek1--^! 7      
matt]s on :i* a man might well reflect &
 labor4 ,b ( :at consequ5ce 0 x if !    
breakfa/ 0 slight or ! coat worn8       
,accord+ly1 a s+le room1 9 :i* a light 0
 seldom se51 suffic$ him dur+ 8 =ty ye>s
 ( life 9 ! college y>d4 ,x 0 totally   
b>e ( com=ts4 ,x conta9$ no c>pet1 no   
/uff$ furniture1 no bookcase4 ,! college
 libr>y furni%$ ! volumes he 0 at any "t
 us+1 & ^! lay along ! floor1 beside 8  
diction>y1 8 %oes1 & ! box t conta9$ !  
sick *ick54 ,a s+le b>e table held !    
book he _h j laid d[n1 toge!r ) a ,greek
 newspap]1 a silv] wat*1 a cravat1 a    
pap] package or two1 & "s scraps (      
bread4 ,8 simple meals 7 prep>$ by      
himself ov] a small op5 /ove1 :i* s]v$  

at once = heat & cook]y4 ,eat+1 h[ev]1 0
 always treat$ z a subord9ate &         
incid5tal bus9ess1 des]v+ no fix$ "t1 no
 di%es1 nor ! sett+ ( a table4 ,!       
peasants ( ! ,ea/1 ! monks ( s\!rn      
mona/]ies1 live *iefly on bread & fruit1
 reli%$ ) a little w9e2 & ,sophocles1 9 
spite ( ,cambridge & ,am]ica1 0 to ! la/
 a peasant & a monk4 ,su* simple        
nutrim5ts be/ fitt$ 8 con/itution1 = !y 
f\nd _! acqua9tance !re4 ,! we/]n _w _h 
come to him by accid5t1 & 0 ignor$2 !   
,ea/ 0 9 8 blood1 & ord]$ all 8 go+s4   
,yet1 z a grave man ( ! ,ea/ might1 he  
_h 8 fe/ivities1 & c\ld on occasion be  
gay4 ,among a few fri5ds he c\ld tell a 
capital /ory & enjoy a well-cook$ di%4  
,b 8 ord9>y f>e 0 meagre 9 ! extreme4 ,=
 "o ( 8 he>ti] meals he w\ld cut a piece
 ( meat into bits & roa/ x on a spit1 z 
,hom]'s p roa/$ !irs4 ,:y n use a       
gridiron8 ,i once ask$4 ,x is n ! same1 
he said4 ,! juice !n runs into ! fire4  
,b :5 ,i turn my spit x ba/es itself4 ,8
 ta/e 0 m ?an usually s5sitive1 kept f9e

 & discrim9at+ by ! re/ra9t 9 :i* he    
held x4 ,inde$1 all 8 s5ses1 except     
sight1 7 acute4  ,! w9e he drank 0 !    
delicate unres9at$ ,greek               
w9e1--,cor9?ian1 or ,*ian1 or ,cyprian2 
! am\nt ( wat] to be mix$ ) ea* be+     
c>efully debat$ & employ$4 ,ea* w9t] a  
cask 0 s5t him f a special v9ey>d on !  
heights ( ,cor9?1 & occasion$ some?+ l a
 g5]al rejoic+ 9 ,cambridge1 s widely 7 
its flavor\s cont5ts di/ribut$4 ,:5ev]  
?is cask arriv$1 or :5 !re came a box f 
,mt4 ,s9ai fill$ ) potato-l             
sweetmeats1--a pa/e ( figs1 dates1 &    
nuts1 /uff$ into sew$ goatsk9s1--or :5 8
 h5s _h be5 lay+ a goodly numb] ( eggs1 
!n "u ! blue cloak a selection (        
bottles1 or ( sweetmeats1 or ( eggs w\ld
 be borne to a fri5d's h\se1 :]e = an   
h\r ! old man sat 9 dignity & calm1 op5+
 & clos+ 8 eyes & 8 jack-knife2 utt]+   
mean:ile deta*$ rem>ks1 wise1 gruff1    
bit+1 yet seldom lack+ a k]nel (        
k9dness1 till b$time came1 n9e o'clock1 
& he 0 gone1 ! gifts--if ?anks 7        

fe>$--left 9 a *air by ! door4 ,!re 7   
half a doz5 h\ses & d9n] tables 9       
,cambridge to :i* he w5t ) pleasure1    
h\ses :]e he seem$ to f9d a solace 9 !  
neighborhood ( 8 k9d4 ,b human be+s 7 an
 exceptional luxury4 ,he _h nev] le>n$  
to expect !m4 ,!y nev] became           
necessities ( 8 daily life1 & ,i d\bt if
 he miss$ !m :5 !y 7 abs5t4 ,z he sl[ly 
recov]$ /r5g?1 aft] "o ( 8 lat]         
illnesses1 ,i urg$ him to sp5d a mon? ) 
me4 ,refus+ 9 a brief s5t5ce1 he add$ ) 
unusual g5tl5ess3 ,to be alone is n !   
same = me & = y4 ,i h nev] kn[n any?+   
else4  ,unque/ionably mu* ( 8           
disposition to rema9 alo( & to resi/ !  
on-com+ intrud] 0 br$ by ! exp]i5ces ( 8
 e>ly y\?4 ,8 native place1 ,tsang>ada1 
is a village ( ea/]n ,!ssaly1 f> up     
among ! slopes ( ! ,p9dus4 ,?i!r1 sev]al
 c5turies ago1 an ance/or l$ a migration
 f ! we/ coa/ ( ,greece1 & s\ght a      
refuge f ,turki% oppression4 ,f g5]ation
 to g5]ation 8 fa!rs cont9u$ to be      
%eph]ds ( _! p1 ! (fice ( ,proe/os1 or  

gov]nor1 be+ h]$it>y 9 ! h\se4 ,/urdy m5
 ^? ance/ors mu/ h be51 & picturesque _!
 times4 ,9 late w9t] aft]noons1 at #c   
,holwor?y1 :5 ! dusk began to settle    
among ! elms ab\t ! y>d1 leg5ds ( ^!    
h]oes & _! f>-(f days w\ld loit] ?r\gh !
 exile's m9d4 ,at su* times bloody do+s 
w\ld be n>rat$ ) all ! coolness t appe>s
 9 ,caes>'s ,comm5t>ies1 & ov] ! li/5]  
w\ld come a s5se ( a fanta/ic _w z      
diff]5t f our own z t ( ,bret ,h>te's   
,argonauts4 ,my great-gr&fa!r 0 n easily
 di/urb$4 ,he 0 a "y man & ,proe/os4 ,8 
/one h\se /ood ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,he 0     
sitt+ 9 its great room "o ev5+1 & he>d a
 noise4 ,he look$ ar\nd1 & saw ?ree m5  
by ! f>!r door4 ',:at are y "h =8' ',we 
h come to assass9ate y4' ',:o s5t y8'   
',&reas4' ,x 0 a political enemy4 ',h[  
mu* did ,&reas promise y8' ',a doll>4'  
',i w promise y two doll>s if y w g &   
assass9ate ,&reas4' ,s !y turn$1 w5t1 & 
assass9at$ ,&reas4 ,my great-gr&fa!r w5t
 to ,scyros ! next day1 & rema9$ !re    
five ye>s4 ,9 five ye>s ^! ?+s are      

=gott5 9 ,greece4 ,!n he came back1 &   
br\ght a wife f ,scyros1 & 0 ,proe/os   
once m4  ,ano!r ev5+3 ,p said my gr&fa!r
 di$ ( leprosy4 ,p]haps he did4 ,z      
,proe/os he gave a decision aga9/ a     
woman1 & %e hat$ him4 ,"o night %e crept
 up beh9d ! h\se1 :]e 8 clo!s lay on !  
gr\nd1 & spread ov] 8 clo!s ! clo!s ( a 
lep]4 ,aft] t he 0 n well4 ,8 hair fell 
(f & he di$4 ,b p]haps x 0 n leprosy2   
p]haps he di$ ( fe>4 ,! ,knights (      
,malta 7 worry+ ! ,turks4 ,!y sail$ into
 ! h>bor ( ,volo1 & ?reat5$ to bomb>d ! 
t[n4 ,! ,turks seiz$ ! lead+ ,greeks &  
%ut !m up 9 ! mosque4 ,:5 ! fir/ gun 0  
fir$ by ! frigate1 ! heads ( ! ,greeks 7
 to come (f4 ,my gr&fa!r w5t into !     
mosque a "y man4 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r      
aft]w>ds1 ! gun 0 he>d1 & my gr&fa!r    
wait$ = ! headsman4 ,b ! %ot toppl$ d[n 
! m9>et1 & ! ,knights ( ,malta 7 s      
pleas$ t !y sail$ away1 satisfi$4 ,!    
,turks1 wat*+ !m1 =got ab\t ! prison]s4 
,b two h\rs lat]1 :5 my gr&fa!r came out
 ( ! mosque1 he 0 an old man4 ,he c\ld n

 walk well4 ,8 hair fell (f1 & he di$4  
,sometimes ,i caught glimpses ( ,turki% 
oppression 9 times ( peace4 ,i rememb] !
 fir/ "t ,i saw ! w$d+ gift giv54 ,no   
new-made bride mu/ leave ! h\se %e      
visits )\t a gift4 ,my "m's si/] m>ri$1 
& came to see u4 ,i 0 a boy4 ,%e /ood at
 ! door to g1 & my "m rememb]$ %e _h n  
_h ! gift4 ,!re 0 n mu* to give4 ,!     
,turks _h be5 worse ?an usual1 & ev]y?+ 
0 buri$4 ,b my "m c\ld n let h] g )\t ! 
gift4 ,%e se>*$ ! h\se1 & f\nd a        
sauc]1--x 0 a beautiful sauc]2 & ?is %e 
gave h] si/]1 :o took x & w5t away4  ,h[
 did y get ! "n ( ,sophocles8 ,i ask$1  
"o ev5+4 ,is y\r family suppos$ to be   
connect$ ) t ( ! poet8 ,my "n is n      
,sophocles4 ,i h no family "n4 ,9       
,greece1 :5 a *ild is born1 x is c>ri$  
to ! gr&fa!r to receive a "n4 7,i ?\ght 
h[1 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! nurse puts ! infant 
,odysseus 9 ! arms ( 8 "m's fa!r1       
,autolycus1 = nam+47 ,! gr&fa!r gives   
him 8 own "n4 ,! fa!r's "n1 ( c\rse1 is 
diff]5t2 & ?is he too gives :5 he       

becomes a gr&fa!r4 ,s 9 old ,greek      
families two names alt]nate ?r\gh       
g5]ations4 ,my gr&fa!r's "n 0           
,evangel9os4 ,?is he gave to me2 & ,i 0 
di/+ui%$ f o!rs ( t "n because ,i 0 !   
son ( ,apo/olos1 ,apo/olides4 ,b my be/ 
s*oolma/] 0 fond ( ! poet ,sophocles1 & 
he 0 fond ( me4 ,he us$ to call me 8    
little ,sophocles4 ,! o!r boys he>d x1 &
 !y began to call me s4 ,x 0 a nickname4
 ,b :5 ,i left home p took x = my family
 "n4 ,!y ?\ght ,i mu/ h a family "n4 ,i 
did n contradict !m4 ,x makes no        
diff]5ce4 ,?is is z good z any4 ,"o     
morn+ he receiv$ a telegram (           
congratulation f ! monks 9 ,cairo4 ,x is
 my day1 he said4 ,h[ did ! monks "k x 0
 y\r bir?day8 ,i ask$4 ,x is n my       
bir?day4 ,nobody ?9ks ab\t t4 ,x is     
=gott54 ,?is is my sa9t's day4 ,com+    
into ! _w is ( no consequ5ce2 com+ "u ! 
*>ge ( ! sa9ts is :at we c>e =4 ,my "n  
puts me 9 ! ,virg9's *>ge1 & ! fea/ ( ! 
,annunciation is my day4 ,! monks "k my 
"n4  ,to ! ,greek ,*ur* he 0 always     

loyal4 ,its fai? _h glorifi$ 8 y\?1 & to
 x he turn$ = /r5g? ?r\gh\t 8 solit>y   
ye>s4 ,its conv5tual discipl9e 0 de> to 
him1 & (t5] ?an ( 8 bir?place at ! foot 
( ,mt4 ,olympus he dream$ ( ,mt4 ,s9ai4 
,on ,mt4 ,s9ai ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian f\nd$ 
! mo/ rev]$ ( all ,greek mona/]ies4 ,/&+
 remote on its sacr$ m\nta91 ! mona/]y  
dep5ds on ,cairo = its supplies4 ,9     
,cairo1 accord+ly1 !re is a bran* or    
ag5cy :i* dur+ ! boyhood ( ,sophocles 0 
presid$ ov] by 8 ,uncle ,con/antius4 ,at
 twelve he jo9$ ?is uncle 9 ,cairo4 ,9 !
 ag5cy !re1 9 ! p>5t mona/]y on ,s9ai   
itself1 & 9 j\rney+s betwe5 ! two1 !    
happy ye>s 7 sp5t :i* %ap$ 8            
intellectual & religi\s con/itution4    
,?\gh he nev] outw>dly became a monk1 he
 l>gely became "o )94 ,8 ador$ uncle    
,con/antius 0 8 spiritual fa!r4 ,?r\gh  
him 8 ideals _h be5 acquir$1--8 passion 
= le>n+1 8 h>dihood 9 duty1 8           
imp]turbable pati5ce1 8 brief spee* :i* 
all[$ only s _m words z might scantily  
clo! 8 ?\ght1 8 indiff]5ce to p]sonal   

com=t4 ,he nev] spoke ! "n ( ,con/antius
 )\t "s sign ( rev]5ce2 & 9 8 w1 aft]   
mak+ c]ta9 private beque/s1 & leav+ to  
,h>v>d ,college all 8 pr9t$ books &     
/]eotype plates1 he adds ?is clause3    
,all ! residue & rema9d] ( my prop]ty & 
e/ate ,i devise & bequea? to ! said     
,presid5t & ,fell[s ( ,h>v>d ,college 9 
tru/1 to keep ! same z a p]man5t fund1 &
 to apply ! income !re( 9 two equal     
p>ts3 "o "p to ! pur*ase ( ,greek &     
,lat9 books 7mean+ h]eby ! anci5t       
classics7 or ( ,arabic books1 or ( books
 illu/rat+ or expla9+ su* ,greek1 ,lat91
 or ,arabic books2 & ! o!r "p to !      
,catalogue ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,g5]al         
,libr>y4444 ,my w is t ! entire income (
 ! said fund be exp5d$ 9 e ye>1 & t !   
fund be kept =ev] unimpair$1 & be call$ 
& kn[n z ! ,con/antius ,fund1 9 memory (
 my pat]nal uncle1 ,con/antius !        
,s9aite1 ,kon/antios ,s9aitnes4  ,?is   
man1 !n1 by bir?1 tra9+1 & temp] a      
solit>y2 ^: h]itage 0 ,mt4 ,olympus1 & !
 mona/]y ( ,ju/9ian1 & ! ,greek qu>t] ( 

,cairo1 & ! isles ( ,greece2 ^:         
intimates 7 ,hesiod & ,p9d> & ,arrian & 
,basilides1--?is man x 0 :o1 f #ahdb    
onw>d1 0 deput$ to int]pret to ,am]ican 
college boys ! hall[$ writ+s ( 8 race4  
,?irty ye>s ago too1 at ! p]iod :5 ,i   
sat on ! gre5 b5* 9 front ( ! long-legg$
 desk1 college boys 7 boys inde$4 ,!y _h
 no m k ?an ! high-s*ool boy ( to-day1 &
 !y 7 kept 9 ord] by mu* ! same me?ods4 
,?us x happ5$1 by "s jocose p]v]sity 9 !
 arrangem5t ( human affairs1 t ?r\gh\t  
our ,sophomore & ,junior ye>s we        
sportive y\ng/]s 7 oblig$ to endure     
,sophocles1 & ,sophocles 0 oblig$ to    
endure u4 ,no wond] if he treat$ u ) a  
good deal ( contempt4 ,no wond] t 8 p[] 
( scorn1 orig9ally spl5did1 enri*$      
itself f ye> to ye>4 ,we le>n$1 x is    
true1 some?+ ab\t ev]y?+ except ,greek2 
& ! be/ ?+ we le>n$ 0 a new type ( human
 nature4 ,:o t 0 ev] 8 pupil w =get !   
calm be>+1 ! occasional p9* ( snuff1 !  
av]t$ eye1 ! murmur ( ! int]ior voice1 &
 ! /ocky little figure ) ! lion's head8 

,!re 9 ! corn] he /ood1 z /r&$ & solit>y
 z ! ,egyptian obelisk 9 ! hurry+ ,place
 de la ,concorde4 ,9 a curi\s sort (    
fa%ion he 0 fai?ful to :at he mu/ h felt
 an obnoxi\s duty4 ,he 0 nev] abs5t f 8 
po/1 nor did he cut %ort ! h\rs1 b he   
gave u only su* att5tion z 0 nom9at$ 9 !
 bond2 he appe>$ to hurry pa/1 z by set 
purpose1 ! beauties ( :at we read1 & he 
took pleasure 9 snubb+ expectancy &     
aspiration4  ,:5 ,i ent]$ college1 says 
an em95t ,greek s*ol>1 ,i 0 full ( !    
notion1 :i* ,i probably c\ld n h        
ju/ifi$1 t ! ,greeks 7 ! greate/ p t _h 
ev] liv$4 ,my en?usiasm 0 fann$ into a  
w>m] gl[ :5 ,i le>n$ t my tea*] 0       
himself a ,greek1 & t our fir/ lesson 0 
to be ! /ory ( ,!rmopylae4 ,aft] !      
passage ( ,h]odotus _h be5 duly read1   
,sophocles began3 ',y mu/ n suppose ^!  
m5 /ay$ 9 ! ,pass because !y 7 brave2 !y
 7 afraid to run away4' ,a %iv] w5t d[n 
my back4 ,ev5 if :at he said _h be5     
true1 x ought nev] to h be5 told to a   
,fre%man4  ,! univ]sal cu/om ( ^? days 0

 ! he>+ ( recitations1 & to ?is         
,sophocles con=m$ s f> z to set a lesson
 & to call = its translation bit by bit4
 ,b :5 a /ud5t _h read 8 suitable t5    
l9es1 he 0 /opp$ by ! rais$ f+]2 &      
,sophocles1 fix+ 8 eyes on vacancy &    
tak+ 8 />t f "s casual sugge/ion ( !    
passage1 began a monologue1--a monologue
 n unlike "o ( ,br[n+'s 9 its caprices1 
its involvem5t1 its adaptation to !     
speak]'s m9d r ?an to ! he>]'s1 & its   
ease 9 glanc+ f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to  
heav54 ,dur+ ^! int]vals ! sluggi%      
slumb]$1 ! indu/ri\s devot$ !mselves to 
books & pap]s br\ght 9 ! pocket = !     
purpose1 ! dreamy enjoy$ ! opportunity (
 wond]+ :at ! /range words & _! /ill    
/rang] utt]] might mean4 ,! monologue 0 
sometimes long & sometimes %ort1 accord+
 z ! !me :i* _h be5 /ruck k9dl$ !       
rhapsodi/ & enabl$ him1 ) great] or less
 complet5ess1 to =get 8 class4 ,:5 "s   
subtlety 0 approa*$1 a smile--! only    
smile ev] se5 on 8 face by              
/rang]s--lift$ = a mom5t ! corn] ( !    

m\?4 ,! /ud5t :o _h be5 recit+ /ood     
mean:ile1 b sat :5 ! voice /opp$1 ! :ite
 head nodd$1 ! p5cil made a record1 & a 
new "n 0 call$4  ,!re 7 p]ils1 ( c\rse1 
9 records ( ?is sort4 ,reasons = !      
figures :i* subsequ5tly appe>$ on !     
college books 7 n easy to f9d4 ,"s ( u  
acc\nt$ = our m>ks by ! fact t we _h r$ 
hair or long noses2 o!rs pref]r$ !      
explanation t our pr(essor's p5cil      
happ5$ to move m readily to ! "r h& or  
to ! left4 ,= ! mo/ "p we took          
good-natur$ly :atev] 0 giv5 u1 ?\gh     
que/ion+s w\ld sometimes arise4 ,a      
little be=e my "t !re ent]$ an ambiti\s 
"y fell[1 :o *]i%$ l>ge purposes 9      
,greek4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ mon? "u 8    
que] in/ructor he w5t to ! reg5t &      
inquir$ = 8 m>k 9 ,plato4 ,x 0 ?ree1 !  
maximum be+ eight4 ,horror-/rick51 he   
p5etrat$ ,sophocles's room4 ,pr(essor   
,sophocles1 he said4 ,i f9d my m>k is   
only ?ree4 ,!re mu/ be "s mi/ake4 ,!re  
is ano!r ,jones 9 ! class1 y "k1 ,j4 ,s4
 ,jones 7a lump ( fle%71 & may x n be t 

our m>ks h be5 confus$8 ,an unmov$      
c\nt5ance1 a little wave ( ! h&1        
accompani$ ! answ]3 ,y mu/ take y\r     
*ance1--y mu/ take y\r *ance4 ,9 my own 
section1 :5 anybody 0 abs5t f a c]ta9   
b5*1 poor ,pr9dle 0 always oblig$ to g  
=w>d & say1 ,i 0 "h to-day1 ,pr(essor   
,sophocles1 or else ! gap on ! b5* :]e  
six m5 %\ld sit 0 *>g$ to ,pr9dle's     
acc\nt4 ,9 ^? easy-go+ days1 :5 m5 7    
exam9$ = entrance to college orally & 9 
squads1 !re 0 a good deal ( eag]ness    
among ! kn[+ ones to get into ! squad ( 
,sophocles2 = x 0 believ$ t he admitt$  
ev]ybody1 on ! gr\nd t none ( u knew any
 ,greek1 & x 0 consequ5tly unfair to    
discrim9ate4 ,fanta/ic /ories 7         
attribut$ to him1 = ^: tru? or error    
none c\ld v\*1 & 7 h&$ on f class to    
class4 ,:at does ,philadelphia mean8    
,bro!rly love1 ! /ud5t answ]s4 ,yes6 ,x 
is to rem9d u ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 
:o kill$ 8 bro!r4 ,a ,g]man comm5tator  
_h some:]e m5tion$ lions 9 connection ) 
! ,peloponnesus1 & ,sophocles inquires (

 ,br[n if he kn[s ! date :5 lions fir/  
appe>$ 9 ! ,peloponnesus4 ,he does n1   
nor does ,smi? nor ,rob9son4 ,at l5g?   
,gre51 driv5 to bay1 decl>es 9          
desp]ation t he doesn't believe !re ev] 
7 lions 9 ! ,peloponnesus4 ,to :om      
,sophocles3 ,y are "r4 ,!re 7 none4 ,d y
 read y\r exam9ation books8 he once ask$
 a fell[ in/ructor4 ,if !y are bett] ?an
 y expect1 ! writ]s *eat2 if !y are no  
bett]1 "t is wa/$4 ,is to-day /ory day  
or contradiction day8 he is report$ to h
 said to "o :o1 9 ! w> "t1 eag]ly h&$   
him a newspap]1 & ask$ if he _h se5 !   
morn+'s news4  ,h[ mu* ( ?is cynicism ( 
conduct & ( spee* 0 g5u9e p]haps he knew
 z little z ! re/ ( u2 b c]ta9ly x      
imp>t$ a pessimi/ic t+e to all he did & 
said4 ,to he> him talk1 "o w\ld suppose 
! _w 0 rul$ by accid5t or by an utt]ly  
irrational fate2 = 9 8 m9d ! two        
conceptions seem$ closely to co9cide4 ,8
 words 7 nev] abusive2 !y 7 delib]ate1  
peaceful ev52 b !y made x v pla9 t s    
long z "o liv$ !re 0 no use 9 expect+   

any?+4 ,p>adoxes 7 a little m probable  
?an ord]$ calculations2 b ev5 p>adoxes  
w\ld fail4 ,human be+s 7 altoge!r       
impot5t1 ?\gh !y fuss$ & /rutt$ z if !y 
c\ld accompli% great ?+s4 ,h[ silly 0   
tru/ 9 m5's goodness & p[]1 ev5 9 "o's  
own6 ,mo/ m5 7 bad & /upid1--,g]mans    
especially s4 ,! ,am]icans knew no?+1 & 
nev] c\ld "k4 ,a wise man w\ld n try to 
tea* !m4 ,yet "s p]sons dream$ (        
e/abli%+ a univ]sity 9 ,am]ica6 ,did !y 
expect s*ol>%ip :]e !re 7 politicians & 
bus9ess m58 ,evil influ5ces 7 f> too    
/rong4 ,!y always 74 ,! good 7 made     
expressly to suff]1 ! evil to succe$4   
,bett] leave ! _w alone1 & keep "o's    
self true4 ,put a drop ( milk into a    
gallon ( ink2 x w make no diff]5ce4 ,put
 a drop ( ink into a gallon ( milk2 !   
:ole is spoil$4  ,i h felt compell$ to  
dwell at "s l5g? on ^! cynical1         
illogical1 & au/]e aspects (            
,sophocles's "*1 & ev5 to po9t out !    
circum/ances ( 8 life :i* may h %ap$ !m1
 because ^! 7 ! features by :i* ! _w    

commonly judg$ him1 & 0 misl$4 ,"o meet+
 him casually _h little m to judge by4  
,s entire 0 8 res]ve1 s little did he   
p]mit close conv]sation1 s seldom did he
 raise 8 eye 9 8 sl[ walks on ! /reet1 s
 r>ely might a /rang] pass )9 ! bolt$   
door ( 8 *amb]1 t to ! la/ he bore to ! 
av]age college /ud5t ! "* ( a sph9x1    
m>vell\s 9 self-suffici5cy1 amaz+ 9     
erudition1 romantic 9 8 sugge/ion (     
di/ant l&s & cu/oms1 & =ev] piqu+       
curiosity by 8 ecc5tric & s>ca/ic say+s4
 ,all ?is :imsicality & pessimism w\ld h
 be5 *eap en\gh1 & little wor? record+1 
_h x /ood alone4 ,:at l5t x price &     
beauty 0 t x 0 ! utt]ance ( a s+ul>ly   
self-d5y+ & t5d] s\l4 ,! incongruity    
betwe5 8 bitt] spee* & 8 k9d he>t ende>$
 bo? to ^? :o knew him4 ,l 8 v5]able    
cloak1 8 grotesque language (t5 hid a   
b\nty und]nea?4 ,h[ _m /ud5ts h receiv$ 
8 surly b5efactions6 ,9 h[ _m small     
tradesm5's %ops did he h 8 appo9t$ *air6
 ,8 room 0 b>e3 b 9 8 native t[n an     
aqu$uct 0 built2 8 importunate &        

ungrateful relatives 7 p5sion$2 ! monks 
( ,mt4 ,s9ai 7 protect$ aga9/ want2 !   
*ildr5 & gr&-*ildr5 ( ^? :o _h befri5d$ 
8 e>ly ye>s 9 ,am]ica 7 wat*$ ov] ) a   
fa!r's love2 & by c>e = helpless        
creatures :]ev] !y cross$ 8 pa? he kept 
himself clean ( selfi%ness4  ,"o w9t]   
night1 at ne>ly t5 o'clock1 ,i 0 call$  
to my door4 ,!re /ood ,sophocles4 ,:5 ,i
 ask$ him :y he 0 n 9 b$ an h\r ago1 ,a4
 has gone home1 he said4 ,i "k x1 ,i    
answ]$2 = ,a4 0 a "y in/ructor de> to   
me4 ,he is sick1 he w5t on4 ,yes4 ,he   
has no money4 ,well1 we w see h[ he w   
get along4 ,b y mu/ get him "s money1 & 
,i mu/ "k ab\t x4 ,& he w\ld n g back   
into ! /orm--?is graybe>d pr(essor1     
solicit\s = an ov]work$ tutor--till ,i  
assur$ him t arrangem5ts _h be5 made =  
cont9u+ ,a4's sal>y dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,i   
decl>e1 9 tell+ ! tale ,i am a%am$4 ,am 
,i wrong+ ! good man by disclos+ 8      
secret1 & say+ t he 0 n ! cynical       
curmudgeon = :i* he tri$ to pass8 ,b    
already be=e he 0 9 8 grave ! secret _h 

be5 discov]$1 & _m gave him p]si/5tly ! 
love :i* he /ill tri$ to wave away4     
,t[>d dumb & immature creatures 8       
t5d]ness 0 m frank1 = ^! c\ld n ?ank    
him4 ,*ildr5 always recogniz$ 9 him _!  
fri5d4 ,a gr\p ( curly-heads usually    
appe>$ 9 8 w9d[ on ,class ,day4 ,a /ray 
cat knew him at once1 &1 ?\gh he seldom 
/rok$ h]1 w\ld quickly accommodate      
h]self ne> 8 legs4 ,by him spid]s 7     
wat*$1 & _! ?9 wants suppli$4 ,b 8      
solit>y he>t w5t out mo/ unres]v$ly & ) 
! mo/ pa!tic devotion t[>d fragile      
*ick5s2 & out ( ^! un9t]e/+ little birds
 he elicit$ a degree ( responsive       
intellig5ce :i* 0 />tl+ to see4 ,"o ( 8 
de>e/ fri5ds1 com+ home f a j\rney1     
br\ght him a c\ple ( bantam eggs4 ,:5   
hat*$ & gr[n1 !y develop$ into a little 
five-in* burni%$ cock1 :i* %one l a     
jewel or a bird ( p>adise1 & a m sob] b 
exquisite h54 ,^! two1 ,frank & ,n9a1 & 
all _! num]\s prog5y = _m ye>s1         
,sophocles tra9$ to ! h&4 ,ea* knew its 
"n1 & w\ld run f ! flock :5 its         

:ite-hair$ keep] call$1 &1 sitt+ ^u 8 h&
 or %\ld]1 w\ld %[ que] signs (         
affection1 n hesitat+ ev5 to cr[4 ,!    
same g5]\s fri5d :o gave ! eggs gave    
%elt] also to ! w+$ consequ5ces4 ,& ?us 
x happ5$ t ?ree times a day1 s long z he
 0 able to leave 8 room1 ,sophocles w5t 
to t h\se :]e ,radcliffe ,college is n[ 
%elt]$ to att5d 8 pets4 ,:ite grapes 7  
c>ri$ !re1 & ! *oice/ ( corn & clam%ell2
 & endless /udy 0 giv5 to devis+        
conv5i5ces = h\s+1 ne/+1 & ! prom5ade4  
,b he did n dem& too mu* f 8 *ick5s4 ,9 
_! case1 z 9 deal+ ) human be+s1 he felt
 x wise to be> 9 m9d ! limit & to       
respect ! =eorda9$4 ,:5 ,n9a 0 lay+     
badly1 "o spr+time1 ,i sugge/$ a special
 food z a good egg-produc]4 ,b          
,sophocles decl9$ to use x4 ,y may ha/5 
matt]s1 he said1 b y _c *ange !m4 ,a h5 
is born ) j s _m eggs to lay4 ,y _c     
increase ! numb]4 ,! eggs1 z soon z     
laid1 7 p5cill$ ) ! date & ! "n ( ! "m1 
& 7 !n di/ribut$ among 8 fri5ds1 or     
sp>+ly eat5 at 8 own meals4 ,to eat a   

*ick5 itself 0 a k9d ( cannibalism f :i*
 8 :ole nature %rank4 ,i d n eat :at ,i 
love1 he said1 reject+ ! b[l ( *ick5    
bro? ,i press$ ^u him 9 8 la/ sickness4 
,= protect+ creatures naturally s       
helpless1 /]nness--or at lea/ its outw>d
 seem+--became occasionally necess>y4   
,"o day "y ,?ornton's dog leap$ into !  
h5-y>d & caus$ a commotion !re4         
,sophocles 0 prompt 9 def5ce4 ,he drew a
 pi/ol & fir$1 :ile ! dog1 p]ceiv+ 8    
mi/ake1 retreat$ z he _h come4 ,! foll[+
 day ,?ornton ,s5ior1 walk+ d[n ! /reet1
 0 sudd5ly emb>rass$ by see+ ,sophocles 
on ! same sidewalk4 ,rememb]+1 h[ev]1 ! 
old man's usually av]t$ gaze1 he hop$ to
 pass unnotic$4 ,b z ! two came abrea/1 
gruff words & a pi]c+ eye signall$      
/oppage4 ,mr4 ,?ornton1 y h a son4 ,yes1
 ,mr4 ,sophocles1 a boy g5]ally         
well-mean+ b sometimes ?\ghtless4 ,y\r  
son has a dog4 ,a n]v\s dog1 r difficult
 to regulate4 ,! dog worri$ my *ick5s4  
,s ,i he>d1 & 0 sorry en\gh to he> x4 ,i
 fir$ a pi/ol at him4 ,v prop]ly4 ,a    

pity y didn't hit him4 ,! pi/ol 0 n     
load$4 ,& be=e ,mr4 ,?ornton c\ld recov]
 8 wits = a suitable reply ,sophocles _h
 drawn f 8 pocket "o ( 8 long ,s9aitic  
sweetmeats1 _h cut (f a lump ) 8        
jack-knife1 h&$ x to ,mr4 ,?ornton1 & ) 
! words1 ,?is is = ! boy :o owns ! dog1 
0 gone4 ,! incid5t well illu/rates !    
sweetness & savag]y ( ! man1 8 pla9ness1
 8 read9ess to "r a wrong & protect !   
weak1 8 rejection ( smoo? & unnecess>y  
words1 8 rugg$ ext]ior1 & ! und]ly+     
k9dness :i* ev] att5d$ x4  ,if 9 ways s 
uncommon 8 cl++ nature1 cut (f f dome/ic
 opportunity1 w5t out to *ildr5 &       
unresponsive creatures1 x may be imag9$ 
h[ good cause ( love he furni%$ to 8 few
 intimates among mank9d4 ,!y f\nd 9 him 
sweet c\rtesy1 undem&+ g5tl5ess1 an     
almo/ fem99e tact 9 adapt+ :at he c\ld  
give to :at !y might receive4 ,to _!    
eyes ! great s*ol>1 ! au/]e monk1 !     
biz>re pr(essor1 ! pessimi/1 7 hidd5 by 
! l>ge & lovable man4 ,ev5 /rang]s      
recogniz$ him z no common p]son1 s      

?or\ghly 0 all he did & said purg$ (    
sup]fluity1 s v]aci\s 0 he1 s free f    
apology4 ,8 ev]yday ?\ghts 7 wor?y      
?\ghts4 ,he knew no %ame or fe>1 & _h   
small wi%1 ,i ?9k1 = any *ange4 ,always 
a dev\t ,*ri/ian1 he seldom us$         
expressions ( regret or hope4 ,probably 
he conc]n$ himself little ) ^! or o!r   
feel+s4 ,9 ! la/ days ( 8 life1 x is    
true1 :5 8 ?\ghts 7 (t5] 9 ,arabia ?an 9
 ,cambridge1 he once or twice ref]r$ to 
! ambition ( le>n+ z ! temptation :i* _h
 drawn him out f ! mona/]y1 & _h giv5   
him a life less holy ?an he might h l$  
among ! monks4 ,b ^! 7 moods ( humility 
r ?an ( regret4 ,habitually he ma9ta9$  
an elevation above circum/ances1--0 x   
,/oicism or ,*ri/ianity8--:i* imp>t$ to 
8 behavior1 ev5 :5 mo/ ecc5tric1 an     
un%akable dignity4 ,:5 ,i h f\nd him 9 8
 room1 curl$ up 9 %irt & draw]s1 read+ !
 ,arabian ,nights1 ! ,greek s]vice book1
 or ! ,ladd] ( ! ,virtues by ,john      
,klimakos1 he has ris5 to receive me ) !
 be>+ ( an ,arab %eikh1 & has laid by ! 

,greek folio & motion$ me to a *air ) a 
/atel9ess n natural to our l& or c5tury4
 ,x w\ld be clumsy to lik5 him to "o (  
,plut>*'s m52 = ?\gh !re 0 mu* ( ! h]oic
 & extraord9>y 9 8 "* & mann]s1 no?+    
ab\t him sugge/$ a suspicion ( be+ on   
%[4 ,! m\ld 9 :i* he 0 ca/ 0 =m$ e>li]4 
,9 8 be>+ & spee*1 & 9 a c]ta9 l>ge     
simplicity ( m5tal /ructure1 he 0 ! mo/ 
,hom]ic man ,i ev] knew4     ,,iii      
,,pap]s ,,by ,,alice ,,freeman ,,palm]  
,:ile ,mrs4 ,palm] always avoid$ writ+1 
& ?\ght--g5]\s prodigal6--t h] "w 0 be/ 
accompli%$ by spok5 words1 h] comply+ _s
 c\ld n always resi/ ! appeals ( magaz9e
 editors4 ,i c\ld wi% n[ t _! reque/s _h
 be5 ev5 m urg5t4 ,& ,i believe t ^? :o 
read ^! pages w regret t "o possess$ (  
su* bread? ( view1 cle>ness1 *>m &      
cog5cy ( /yle %\ld h left a lit]>y      
record s meagre4 ,all ^! pap]s are pr9t$
 precisely z %e left !m1 )\t ! *ange ( a
 ^w4 ,i h n ev5 v5tur$ on correction 9 !
 pr9t$ report ( "o ( h] addresses1 t on 
go+ to college4 ,its loos] /ructure well

 illu/rates h] mode ( mov+ an audi5ce & 
br++ its mo!rs to ! c\rse ( conduct %e  
approv$4     ,,xiii  ,,?ree ,,types ,,( 
,,wom5',s ,,colleges#ad   ,am]ican      
college education 9 ! qu>t]-c5tury s9ce 
! ,civil ,w> has und]gone m num]\s & m  
fundam5tal *anges ?an befell x 9 a      
hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,^! *anges h n occurr$
 unnotic$4 ,a multitude ( j\rnals &     
associations are busy e ye> discuss+ !  
results ( ! exp]im5ts 9 tea*+ :i* g on )
 increas+ d>+ & fruitfulness 9 ne>ly all
 our colleges & s*ools4 ,!re /ill exi/s 
a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion among !        
directors ( m5's colleges 9 reg>d to a  
v>iety ( important que/ions3 !          
conditions & prop] age = entrance2 !    
l5g? ( ! c\rse ( /udy2 ! elective sy/em1
 bo? ( gov]nm5t & in/ruction2 !         
requirem5ts = ! ba*elor's & ma/]'s      
degrees2 ! /ress to be laid on graduate 
"w--^!1 & _m sequ5ts ( ^!1 t\*+ !       
physical1 social1 & religi\s life ( ! "y
 m5 ( ! l&1 are und]go+ %>p discussion4 
,! advanc$ education ( "y wom5 is expos$

 to all ! unc]ta9ties :i* beset !       
education ( m51 b x has p]plexities (   
its own 9 addition4 ,aft] fifty ye>s (  
argum5t & tw5ty-five ( v>i$ & co/ly     
exp]im5t1 x might be easy to suppose t  
we are /ill 9 *aos1 almo/ z f> f kn[+ ! 
be/ way to tra9 a woman z we 7 at !     
beg9n+4 ,no educational conv5tion meets 
)\t a session devot$ to ! difficulties 9
 ! high] education ( wom51 s important  
has ! subject become1 & s h>d is x to   
satisfy 9 any "o sy/em ! v>iety ( its   
ne$s4 ,yet *aos may be ?\ght m *aotic   
?an x really is4 ,9 ! d9 ( discussion x 
w\ld n be /range if ! fair degree (     
concord already rea*$ %\ld sometimes be 
miss$4 ,we are c]ta9ly /ill f> f hav+   
f\nd ! "o be/ me?od ( college tra9+ =   
girls4 ,"s ( u hope we may nev] f9d x1  
believ+ t 9 div]sity1 no less ?an 9     
unity1 !re is /r5g?4 ,b already ?ree    
tol]ably cle>1 consi/5t1 & accr$it$     
types ( education appe>1 :i* x w be !   
purpose ( ?is pap] to expla94 ,! nature 
( ea*1 ) its special /r5g?s &           

weaknesses1 w be set =? 9 no _s (       
p>tisan%ip1 b 9 ! belief t a cool       
und]/&+ ( :at is do+ at pres5t among    
fifty ?\s& college girls may make u wis]
 & m pati5t 9 our future gr[?4 ,:at1 !n1
 are ! ?ree types1 & h[ h !y aris58  ,:5
 to a few d>+ m9ds ! conviction came t  
education 0 a "r ( p]sonality r ?an (   
sex1 & :5 !re 0 add$ to ?is gr[+ s5tim5t
 ! press+ dem& = educat$ wom5 z tea*]s &
 z lead]s 9 philan?ropy1 ! simple/ means
 ( equipp+ wom5 ) ! ne$ful prep>ation 0 
f\nd 9 ! exi/+ s*ools & colleges4       
,scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry 7 colleges =  
m51 "y = ! mo/ "p & small1 & greatly    
lack+ any?+ l a prop] end[m5t4 ,9 ne>ly 
e /ate we/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 univ]sities
 _h be5 f\nd$ by ! volunt>y tax ( ! :ole
 population4 ,connect$ ) all ! m p[]ful 
religi\s d5om9ations 7 s*ools & colleges
 :i* call$ ^u _! adh]5ts = gifts &      
/ud5ts4 ,^! democratic in/itutions _h ! 
vigor ( y\?1 & 7 ambiti\s & /ruggl+4    
,:y1 ask$ ! practical m5 ( affairs :o   
controll$ !m1 %\ld n our daught]s g on )

 our sons f ! public s*ools to !        
univ]sity :i* we are sacrific+ to equip 
& ma9ta98 ,:y %\ld we duplicate !       
enorm\sly exp5sive appliances (         
education1 :5 our exi/+ colleges w\ld be
 bett]$ by m /ud5ts8 ,by f> ! l>ge      
majority ( our boys & girls /udy toge!r 
z *ildr52 !y "w toge!r z m5 & wom5 9 all
 ! important conc]ns ( life2 :y %\ld !y 
be sep>at$ 9 ! lecture room = only ! f\r
 ye>s betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty-two1 :5 t  
sep>ation means ! d\bl+ ( an equipm5t   
already too poor by half8  ,x is n      
/range t ) ?is & mu* m practical reason+
 ( a simil> k9d1 co$ucation 0 e/abli%$ 9
 "s colleges at _! beg9n+1 9 o!rs aft]  
debate & by a radical *ange 9 policy4   
,:5 once ! *ivalr\s desire 0 ar\s$ to   
give girls z good an education z _!     
bro!rs1 we/]n m5 c>ri$ out ! pr9ciple   
unfl9*+ly4 ,f ! k9d]g>t5 to ! prep>ation
 = ! doctorate ( philosophy1 educational
 opportunities are n[ practically alike 
= m5 & wom54 ,! total numb] ( colleges (
 arts & sci5ces emp[]$ by law to give   

degrees1 report+ to ,wa%+ton 9 #ahhh1 0 
?ree hundr$ & eighty-n9e4 ,( ^! two     
hundr$ & ?irty-sev51 or ne>ly two ?irds1
 7 co$ucational4 ,among !m are all !    
/ate univ]sities1 & ne>ly all ! colleges
 "u ! patronage ( ! ,prote/ant sects4   
,hi!rto ,i h spok5 z if co$ucation 7 a  
we/]n movem5t2 & 9 ! ,we/ x c]ta9ly has 
_h great] curr5cy ?an else:]e4 ,b x     
orig9at$1 at lea/ s f> z conc]ns sup]ior
 second>y tra9+1 9 ,massa*usetts4       
,brad=d ,academy1 *>t]$ 9 #ahjd1 is !   
olde/ incorporat$ in/itution 9 ! c\ntry 
to :i* boys & girls 7 f ! fir/ admitt$2 
b x clos$ its dep>tm5t = boys 9 #ahcf1  
?ree ye>s aft] ! f\ndation (            
co$ucational ,ob]l91 & 9 ! v ye> :5     
,m\nt ,holyoke 0 op5$ by ,m>y ,lyon1 9 !
 l>ge hope ( do+ = "y wom5 :at ,h>v>d _h
 be5 f\nd$ to d = "y m5 j two hundr$    
ye>s be=e4 ,ipswi* & ,abbot ,academies 9
 ,massa*usetts _h already be5 *>t]$ to  
educate girls alone4 ,x has be5 !       
dom9ant s5tim5t 9 ! ,ea/ t boys & girls 
%\ld be educat$ sep>ately4 ,! old]1 m   

g5]\sly end[$1 m cons]vative seats (    
le>n+1 inh]it+ ! complications ( !      
dormitory sy/em1 h rema9$ clos$ to wom54
 ,! requirem5ts = ! two sexes are ?\ght 
to be diff]5t4 ,girls are to be tra9$ = 
private1 boys = public life4 ,let e     
opportunity be giv51 x is said1 =       
develop+ accompli%$1 yes1 ev5 le>n$     
wom52 b let ! process ( acquir+ k take  
place "u c>eful gu>dian%ip1 among !     
ref9em5ts ( home life1 ) graceful wom51 
_! in/ructors1 z companions1 & )        
suitable opportunities = social life4   
,mu* /ress is laid ^u assi/+ girl /ud5ts
 to atta9 balanc$ *>act]s1 *>m+ mann]s1 
& ambitions t are n unwomanly4 ,a p[]ful
 moral1 (t5 a deeply religi\s e>ne/ness1
 %ap$ ! discussion1 & f9ally laid !     
f\ndations ( woman's education 9 ! ,ea/4
  ,9 ! %ort p]iod ( ! tw5ty ye>s aft] ! 
w> ! f\r wom5's colleges :i* are ! ri*e/
 9 end[m5ts & /ud5ts ( any 9 ! _w 7     
f\nd$ & set 9 motion4 ,^!               
colleges--,vass>1 op5$ 9 #ahfe1         
,wellesley & ,smi? 9 #ahge1 & ,bryn     

,mawr 9 #ahhe--;h receiv$ 9 gifts ( e   
k9d ab\t #f1jjj1jjj1 & are educat+ ne>ly
 two ?\s& /ud5ts4 ,= ! :ole c\ntry !    
,commission] ( ,education reports two   
hundr$ & sev5 in/itutions = ! sup]ior   
in/ruction ( wom51 ) m ?an tw5ty-five   
?\s& /ud5ts4 ,b ^! res\rces prov$       
inadequate4 ,!re came an increas+ dem&1 
especially f tea*]s1 = education ( all  
sorts2 m & m1 too1 = tra9+ 9 subjects ( 
advanc$ rese>*4 ,= ?is1 only ! be/      
equipp$ m5's univ]sities 7 ?\ght        
suffici5t1 & wom5 began to resort to !  
great univ]sities ( ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,9
 an attempt to meet a dem& ( ?is sort ! 
,h>v>d ,annex began1 twelve ye>s ago1 to
 provide wom5 ) in/ruction by memb]s ( !
 ,h>v>d ,faculty4  ,:]e1 9 a great c5tre
 ( education1 = _m ye>s books h         
accumulat$1 & museums & laboratories h  
multipli$1 :]e ! pre/ige & associations 
( a v5]able pa/ h gr[n up1 & cultivat$  
surr\nd+s assure a s*ol>ly atmosph]e2 9 
%ort1 9 ! %ad[ ( all t goes to make up !
 graci\s influ5ces ( an old & honorable 

univ]sity1 x 0 to be expect$ t e>ne/    
wom5 w\ld ga!r to seek a %>e 9 !        
en?usiasm = s*ol>%ip1 & ! opportunities 
= acquir+ x1 :i* _! bro!rs _h enjoy$ =  
two hundr$ & fifty ye>s4  ,^!1          
!n--co$ucation1 ! woman's college1 & !  
annex--are ! ?ree great types ( college 
9 :i* ! long agitation 9 behalf ( wom5's
 education has ?us f> issu$4 ,( c\rse !y
 are b types--t is1 !y d n always exi/  
di/9ct & entire2 !y are r ! c5tral =ms  
to :i* _m v>ieties approximate4 ,!      
*>act]i/ic features ( ea* ,i mu/ n[     
describe1 &1 z ,i promis$ at ! beg9n+1  
po9t out _! inh]5t /r5g?s & weaknesses2 
= ea*1 :ile hav+ mu* to recomm5d x1 /ill
 be>s 9 itself ! defects ( its          
qualities4 ,to expla9 dang]s z well z   
promises is ! bus9ess ( ! critic1 z     
contra/$ ) t ( ! advocate4 ,to ?is      
bus9ess ,i n[ turn1 & ,i may naturally h
 mo/ 9 m9d ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 my  
own ,alma ,mat]1 ,wellesley ,college1 ) 
^: gov]nm5t ,i h be5 connect$ = a doz5  
ye>s1 & ! ,h>v>d ,annex1 ^: neighbor ,i 

n[ am4  ,co$ucation involves1 z its "n  
implies1 ! education ( a company ( "y m5
 & wom5 z a s+le body4 ,to ! two sexes  
alike are pres5t$ ! same conditions (   
admission1 ( opportunities dur+ ! c\rse1
 ( requirem5ts = ! degrees1 (           
gu>dian%ip1 ( discipl9e1 ( organization4
 ,! typical features are id5tical       
classrooms1 libr>ies1 & laboratories1   
occupi$ at ! same "t1 "u ! same         
in/ructors2 & ! same honors = l "w4     
,ord9>ily all ! in/ructors are m51      
al?\gh 9 a few univ]sities pr(essor%ips 
are held by wom54 ,usually no           
dormitories or bo>d+-h\ses are provid$ =
 ei!r ! "y m5 or wom51 & no m           
surveillance is kept ov] ! "o ?an ov] ! 
o!r4 ,?is feature1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tial4
 ,at ,cornell1 ,ob]l91 & else:]e1 (t5   
out ( local necessity1 build+s h be5    
provid$ :]e ! "y wom5 may--9 "s         
in/ances1 mu/--live toge!r "u ! ord9>y  
regulations ( home life1 ) a lady 9     
*>ge4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ! high] co$ucational   
in/itutions ! pr9ciple has f ! fir/ be5 

assum$ t /ud5ts ( bo? sexes become      
suffici5tly matur$ by eighte5 ye>s (    
home1 s*ool1 & social life--especially  
"u ! ample opportunities = le>n+ ! uses 
( fre$om :i* our social habits          
af=d--safely to und]take a college      
c\rse1 & advantage\sly to ord] _! daily 
lives4 ,( c\rse all h a moral support 9 
! advice & example ( _! tea*]s1 & !y are
 held to good intellectual "w by !      
p]petual dem& ( ! classroom1 !          
laboratory1 & ! !sis4  ,! girl :o goes  
to ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan to-day1 j z  
:5 ,i ent]$ !re 9 #ahgb1 f9ds h] own    
bo>d+-place 9 "o ( ! quiet homes ( !    
pleasant little city ^: int]e/ c5tres 9 
! two ?\s& five hundr$ /ud5ts scatt]$ )9
 its bord]s4 ,%e makes ! bus9ess        
arrangem5ts = h] w9t]'s fuel & its      
/orage2 %e f9ds h] wa%]woman or h]      
laundry2 %e arranges h] own h\rs (      
ex]cise1 ( /udy1 & ( sleep2 %e *ooses h]
 own society1 clubs1 & *ur*4 ,! advice  
%e gets comes f ano!r girl /ud5t (      
sophomoric dignity :o *ances to be 9 !  

same h\se1 or possibly f a /ill m       
advanc$ "y woman :om %e met on ! j\rney1
 or sat ne> 9 *ur* on h] fir/ ,sunday4  
,/rong is ! comrade%ip among ^! ambiti\s
 girls1 :o nurse "o ano!r 9 illness1    
admoni% "o ano!r 9 heal?1 & rival "o    
ano!r 9 /udy only less eag]ly ?an !y all
 rival ! boys4 ,9 my "t 9 college !     
little gr\p ( girls1 sudd5ly introduc$  
into ! army ( "y m51 felt t ! fate ( our
 sex hung ^u prov+ t lady ,greek involv$
 ! acc5ts1 & t wom5's m9ds 7 p>ticul>ly 
absorptive ( ! calculus & metaphysics4  
,& /ill 9 ^? sections :]e1 ) gr[+       
exp]i5ce1 ! anxieties ab\t co$ucation h 
be5 allay$1 a heal?y & he>ty relation%ip
 & hone/ rivalry betwe5 "y m5 & wom5    
exi/s4 ,x is a /imulat+ atmosph]e1 &    
develops 9 good /ock a /r5g? & indep5d5t
 balance :i* tell 9 aft]-life4  ,9      
e/imat+ ! wor? ( su* a sy/em z ?is1 we  
may say at once t x does n meet e ne$ ( 
a woman's nature4 ,no sy/em c--no sy/em 
t has yet be5 devis$4 ,a woman is an    
object ( attraction to m51 & also 9     

h]self s delicately organiz$ z to be    
fitt$ peculi>ly = ! graces &            
dome/icities ( life4 ,! ex]cise ( h]    
special function ( mo!rhood dem&s %elt]$
 circum/ances & ref9$ moral p]ceptions4 
,b !n1 ov] & above all ?is1 %e is a     
human be+--a p]son1 t is1 :o has h] own 
way 9 ! _w to make1 & :o w come to      
success or failure1 9 h] home or outside
 x1 accord+ z h] judgm5t is =tifi$1 h]  
obs]vations & exp]i5ces are enl>g$1 h]  
c\rage is r5d]$ /rong & calm1 h] moral  
e/imates are tra9$ to be accurate1      
broad1 & swift4 ,9 a l>ge tract ( h]    
"*--is x ! l>ge/ tract8--h] own ne$s &  
^? ( ! "y man are id5tical4 ,bo? are    
rational p]sons1 & ! great] "p ( ! "y   
man's education is address$ to 8        
rational p]sonality r ?an to !          
peculi>ities ( 8 sex4 ,:y1 ! def5d]s (  
co$ucation ask1 may n ! same pr9ciples  
apply to wom58 ,:y tra9 a girl          
specifically to be a wife & "m1 :5 no   
great ne$ is felt = tra9+ a boy to be a 
husb& & fa!r8 ,9 education1 z a public  

matt]1 ! two sexes meet on common gr\nd4
 ,! diff]5ces mu/ be att5d$ to          
privately4  ,at any rate1 :atev] may be 
?\ght ( ! relative importance ( ! two   
sides--! woman side & ! human side--x w 
be g5]ally agre$ t ! tra9+ ( a "y woman 
is apt to be peculi>ly weak 9 ag5cies = 
br++ home to h] ! importance ( direct & 
rational action4 ,! artificialities (   
society1 ! enfeebl+ indulg5ce ext5d$ to 
pretty sill9ess1 ! gallantry ( m5 glad  
ev] to accept ! h>d ?+s & leave to h] ! 
easy--by ^! influ5ces any com=tably     
plac$ & pleas+ girl is pretty sure to be
 surr\nd$ 9 h] e>ly te5s4 ,!            
co$ucationi/s ?9k x :olesome t 9 h] lat]
 te5s & e>ly tw5ties %e %\ld be subject$
 to an imp>tial judgm5t1 ready to       
e/imate h] )\t sw]v+1 & to tell h] z    
freely :5 %e is silly1 ignorant1 fussy1 
or indol5t z h] bro!r himself is told4  
,co$ucation1 z a sy/em1 mu/ m9imize !   
diff]5t ne$s ( m5 & wom52 x appeals to  
!m & provides = !m alike1 & !n all[s !  
natural ta/es & in/9cts ( ea* scope =   

individuality4 ,! /r5g?s ( ?is sy/em1   
accord+ly1 are to be f\nd 9 its t5d5cy  
to promote indep5d5ce ( judgm5t1        
individuality ( ta/es1 common-s5se &    
=esight 9 self-guidance1 dis9cl9ation to
 claim favor1 int]e/ 9 le>n+ = its own  
sake2 fri5dly1 natural1 unromantic1     
non-s5tim5tal relations ) m54 ,! e>ly   
fe> t co$ucation w\ld result 9 classroom
 romances has prov$ exagg]at$4 ,^! "y   
wom5 d m>ry2 s d o!rs2 s d "y m54       
,m>riage is n 9 itself an evil1 & _m    
happy homes h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! belief t    
long & quiet acqua9tance 9 intellectual 
"w1 & intimate int]e/s ( ! same deep]   
sort1 =m z solid a basis = a successful 
m>riage z ballroom int]c\rse or a summ] 
at ,b> ,h>bor4  ,! weaknesses ( ?is     
sy/em are m]ely ! conv]se ( its /r5g?s4 
,x does n usually provide = :at is      
di/9ctively fem99e4 ,ref9+ home         
influ5ces & social ov]sight are l>gely  
lack+2 & if !y are want+ 9 ! home f :i* 
! /ud5t comes1 x mu/ n be expect$ t %e w
 %[1 on graduation1 ! graces ( mann]1 ! 

niceties ( spee* & dress1 & ! %y        
delicacy :i* h be5 enc\rag$ 9 h] m      
t5d]ly nurtur$ si/]4  ,! woman's college
 is organiz$ "u a diff]5t & f> m complex
 conception4 ,! *ief bus9ess ( ! man's  
college1 :e!r girls are admitt$ to x or 
n1 is to give in/ruction ( ! be/        
available quality 9 z _m subjects z     
possible2 to furni% e ne$$ appliance = !
 acquirem5t ( k & ! enc\ragem5t (       
special inve/igation4 ,! woman's college
 aims to d all ?is1 b x aims also to    
make = its /ud5ts a home )9 its own     
walls & to develop o!r p[]s 9 !m ?an !  
m]ely intellectual4 ,at ! outset ?is may
 seem a simple matt]1 b x quickly proves
 z complicat$ z life itself4 ,:5 girls  
are ga!r$ toge!r by hundr$s1 isolat$ f !
 ord9>y conditions ( e/abli%$           
communities1 ! college /&s to !m        
preem95tly 9 loco p>5tis4 ,x mu/ provide
 resid5t physicians & tra9$ nurses1 be  
ready 9 case ( illness &1 to prev5t     
illness1 mu/ direct ex]cise1 sleep1     
hygi5e & sanitation1 accept+ !          

responsibility n only ( ! pres5t heal? (
 its /ud5ts1 b also 9 l>ge degree ( _!  
physical p[] 9 ! future4 ,x g5]ally     
furni%es !m means ( social access to !  
be/ m5 & wom5 ( _! neighborhood2 x draws
 to !m lead]s 9 moral & social re=ms1 to
 give inspiration 9 high ideals & g5]\s 
self-sacrifice1 & x und]takes religi\s  
in/ruction :ile seek+ /ill to respect ! 
v>i$ fai?s ( its /ud5ts4 ,9 %ort1 !     
arrangem5ts ( ! woman's college1 z      
conceiv$ by f\nd]s1 tru/ees1 & faculty1 
h usually aim$ ) consci\s directness at 
build+ up "*1 inspir+ to ! s]vice (     
o!rs1 cultivat+ mann]s1 develop+ ta/e1 &
 /r5g!n+ heal?1 z well z provid+ ! means
 ( s\nd le>n+4  ,x may be said t a      
simil> upbuild+ ( ! p]sonal life results
 f ! tra9+ ( e college t is wor?y ( !   
"n2 & =tunately x is impossible to      
enl>ge k )\t1 to "s ext5t1 enl>g+ life4 
,b ! "q is "o ( directness or           
indirectness ( aim4 ,! woman's college  
puts ?is aim 9 ! =egr\nd side by side ) 
! acquisition ( k4 ,by sett+ its /ud5ts 

ap>t 9 homog5e\s companies1 x seeks to  
cultivate common ideals4 ,( its tea*+   
=ce1 a l>ge numb] are wom5 :o live ) !  
/ud5ts 9 ! college build+s1 sit ) !m at 
table1 jo9 9 _! fe/ivities1 & 9         
numb]less intimate ways %>e & guide !   
common life4 ,e /ud5t1 no matt] h[ l>ge 
! college1 has fri5dly access at any "t 
to sev]al memb]s ( ! faculty1 q ap>t f  
h] relations ) !m 9 ! classroom4 ,9     
appo9t+ ^! wom5 to ! faculty no bo>d (  
tru/ees w\ld consid] x suffici5t t a    
c&idate 0 an accompli%$ speciali/4 ,%e  
mu/ be ?is1 b %e %\ld be also a lady (  
unobjectionable mann]s & influ5tial "*2 
%e %\ld h amiability & a discreet temp]1
 = %e is to be a guid+ =ce 9 a complex  
community1 cont9ually 9 ! pres5ce ( h]  
/ud5ts1 an (fic] ( adm9i/ration &       
gov]nm5t no less ?an ( in/ruction4      
,h>v>d & ,johns ,hopk9s c ask _! pupils 
to att5d ! lectures ( a great s*ol>1    
h[ev] brusque 8 be>+ or unbru%$ 8 hair4 
,!y w n "q _! g5iuses too %>ply1 & w    
tru/ _! /ud5ts to look out = _! own     

proprieties ( dress1 mann]s1 & spee*4 ,b
 nei!r ,wellesley nor any o!r woman's   
college c\ld f9d a place 9 its faculty =
 a woman ,sophocles or ,sylve/]4 ,le>n+ 
alone is n en\gh = wom54  ,n only 9 !   
appo9tm5t ( its tea*+ body1 b 9 all its 
appliances ! sep>ate college aims at a  
r\nd$ ref9em5t1 at cultivat+ a s5se (   
beauty1 at imp>t+ simple ta/es & g5]\s  
sympa?ies4 ,to effect ?is1 pictures are 
hung on ! walls1 /atues & fl[]s decorate
 ! rooms1 conc]ts br+ music to !        
magnifi$ home1 & p>ties & receptions are
 paid = out ( ! college purse4 ,!       
influ5ce ( hundr$s ( m5tally eag] girls 
^u ! *>act]s ( "o ano!r1 :5 !y live =   
f\r ye>s 9 ! close/ daily companion%ip1 
is mo/ int]e/+ to see4 ,i h wat*$ !     
ennobl+ process g on = _m ye>s among    
,wellesley /ud5ts1 & ,i am confid5t t no
 m heal?y1 g5]\s1 democratic1           
beauty-lov+1 s]viceable society ( p     
exi/s ?an ! girls' college community    
af=ds4 ,t *oice/ product ( mod]n        
civilization1 ! ,am]ican girl1 is "h 9  

all h] div]se colors4 ,%e comes f m ?an 
a doz5 religi\s d5om9ations & f e       
political p>ty2 f ne>ly e /ate &        
t]ritory 9 ! ,union1 & f ! =eign l&s    
into :i* ,engli% & ,am]ican mission>ies1
 m]*ants1 or soldi]s h p5etrat$4 ,!     
f>m]'s daught] f ! we/]n prairies is    
beside ! *ild ^: fa!r owns half a doz5  
mill t[ns ( ,new ,engl&4 ,! pride ( a   
,s\!rn s5ator's home rooms ) an anxi\s  
girl :o mu/ borr[ all ! money = h]      
college c\rse because h] fa!r's life 0  
giv5 = ! ,union4 ,side by side 9 !      
boats1 on ! t5nis-gr\nds1 at ! table1   
arm 9 arm on ! long walks1 debat+ 9 !   
societies1 vigor\s toge!r 9 ! gymnasium 
& ! libr>y1 girls ( e grade ga!r ! ri*  
exp]i5ces :i* w t9cture _! future toil1 
& make ! _w p]petually seem an int]e/+ &
 fri5dly place4 ,!y "h le>n to see great
 ?+s l>ge1 & little ?+s small4  ,?is    
detail$ explanation ( ! peculi>ities ( !
 girls' college r5d]s unnecess>y any    
long discussion ( its /r5g?s &          
weaknesses4 ,accord+ to ! po9t ( view ( 

! critic ^! peculi>ities !mselves w be  
c\nt$ means ( invigoration or (         
enfeeblem5t4 ,liv+ s close to "o ano!r z
 girls "h d1 ! sympa!tic & altrui/ic    
virtues acquire great prom95ce4 ,petty  
selfi%ness retreats or becomes ext9ct4  
,an e>ne/1 high-m9d$ _s is easily       
cultivat$1 & ! break betwe5 college life
 & ! life f :i* ! /ud5t comes is r$uc$  
to a m9imum4  ,x is ?is v fact :i* is   
(t5 alleg$ z ! *ief objection to !      
girls' college4 ,x is said t its /ud5ts 
nev] escape f !mselves & _! dome/ic     
/&>d1 t !y d n readily acquire a        
sci5tific _s1 & become individual 9 ta/e
 & conduct4 ,is x desirable t !y %\ld8  
,t ,i %all n und]take to decide4 ,i h   
m]ely tri$ to expla9 ! k9ds ( human "w  
:i* ! diff]5t types ( high] tra9+-s*ools
 are be/ fitt$ to effect = wom54 ,:e!r !
 "o or ! o!r k9d ( "w ne$s mo/ to be    
done is a "q ( social e?ics :i* ! future
 mu/ answ]4 ,i h set =? a type1 p]haps 9
 ! endeavor aft] cle>ness exagg]at+ a   
little its outl9es1 & contra/+ x m %>ply

 ) its two neighbor types ?an individual
 cases w\ld ju/ify4 ,!re are colleges = 
wom5 :i* closely approximate 9 aim &    
me?od ! colleges = m54 ,no d\bt ^? :i*  
move fur!/ 9 ! directions ,i h indicat$ 
are capable ( modification4 ,b ,i       
believe :at ,i h said gives a           
sub/antially true acc\nt ( an actually  
exi/+ type--a type p[]ful 9 /irr+ !     
en?usiasm ( ^? :o are submitt$ to x1    
subtle 9 its p5etrat+ influ5ces ov] !m1 
& effective 9 w9n+ ! confid5ce ( a      
multitude ( p>5ts :o w\ld nev] s5d _!   
daught]s to colleges ( a diff]5t type4  
,! ?ird type is ! annex1 a rec5t &      
int]e/+ exp]im5t 9 ! education ( girls1 
^: future x is yet difficult to pr$ict4 
,only a few cases exi/1 & z ! ,h>v>d    
,annex is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 by reason ( 
its doz5 ye>s ( age & ne>ly two hundr$  
/ud5ts1 ,i %all describe x z ! typical  
example4 ,9 ! ,h>v>d ,annex gr\ps ( "y  
wom5 und]take c\rses ( /udy 9 classes ^:
 in/ruction is furni%$ entirely by      
memb]s ( ! ,h>v>d ,faculty4 ,no college 

(fic] is oblig$ to give ?is in/ruction1 
& ! ,annex /aff ( tea*]s is1 !re=e1     
liable to consid]able v>iation f ye> to 
ye>4 ,?\gh ! usual f\r classes appe> 9  
its curriculum1 ! l>ge majority ( its   
/ud5ts devote !mselves to special       
subjects4 ,a weal?y girl turns f        
fa%ionable society to pursue a s+le     
c\rse 9 hi/ory or economics2 a h>d-work$
 tea*] draws inspiration dur+ a few     
aft]noons ea* week f a fam\s ,greek or  
,lat9 pr(essor2 a woman :o has be5 long 
famili> ) ,fr5* lit]ature explores ) a  
le>n$ speciali/ "s s+le p]iod 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ! language4 ,because ! opportunities 
= advanc$ & deta*$ /udy are s tempt+1 _m
 ladies liv+ 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,annex
 ent] "o or m ( its c\rses4 ,!re are    
consequ5tly among its /ud5ts wom5 mu*   
old] ?an ! av]age ( ^? :o att5d !       
colleges4  ,! bus9ess arrangem5ts are   
tak5 *>ge ( by a committee ( ladies &   
g5tlem51 :o provide classrooms1 sugge/  
bo>d+-places1 secure ! in/ructors1      
solicit ! int]e/ ( ! public--9 %ort1    

manage all ! details ( an indep5d5t     
in/itution2 = ! notewor?y feature ( its 
relation to its p[]ful neighbor is ?is3 
t ! two1 :ile actively fri5dly1 h no    
(ficial or organic tie :atev]4 ,9 ! same
 city "y m5 & "y wom5 ( collegiate rank 
are /udy+ ! same subjects "u ! same     
in/ructors2 b !re are two colleges1 n   
"o4 ,no detail 9 ! managem5t ( ,h>v>d   
,college is *ang$ by ! pres5ce 9        
,cambridge ( ! ,h>v>d ,annex4 ,if !     
corporation ( ,h>v>d %\ld assume !      
f9ancial responsibility1 sup]vise !     
gov]nm5t1 & give ! girl graduates       
degrees1 mak+ no o!r *anges :atev]1 !   
,annex w\ld !n become a s*ool ( !       
univ]sity1 ab\t z di/9ct f ,h>v>d       
,college z ! m$ical1 law1 or div9ity    
s*ools4 ,! /ud5ts ( ! m$ical s*ool d n  
att5d ! same lectures or frequ5t ! same 
build+s z ! college und]graduates4 ,!   
imm$iate gov]n+ bo>ds ( college & m$ical
 s*ool are sep>ate4 ,b "h comp>ison     
fails1 = ! /ud5ts ( ! pr(essional s*ools
 may elect c\rses 9 ! college & make use

 ( all its res\rces4 ,?is ! "y wom5 _c  
d4 ,!y h only ! rights ( all ,cambridge 
ladies to att5d ! _m public lectures &  
read+s ( ! univ]sity4  ,! ,h>v>d ,annex 
is1 !n1 to-day a woman's college1 ) no  
degrees1 no dormitories1 no wom5        
in/ructors1 & ) a /aff ( tea*]s made up 
f volunte]s ( ano!r college4 ,! ,fay    
,h\se1 :]e (fices1 lecture & wait+      
rooms1 libr>y & laboratories are ga!r$1 
is 9 ! he>t ( ,old ,cambridge1 b at a   
little di/ance f ! college build+s4 ,?is
 is ! c5tre ( ! social & lit]>y life ( !
 /ud5ts4 ,"h !y ga!r _! fri5ds at       
aft]noon teas2 "h ! v>i\s clubs :i* h   
sprung up1 z numb]s h increas$1 hold _! 
meet+s & give _! ent]ta9m5ts4 ,! /ud5ts 
lodge 9 all p>ts ( ,cambridge & !       
neighbor+ t[ns1 & are directly          
responsible = _! conduct only to        
!mselves4 ,! ladies ( ! managem5t are   
lavi% 9 "t & c>e to make ! girls' lives 
happy & :olesome2 ! secret>y is always  
at h& to give advice2 b ! p]sonal life (
 ! /ud5ts is z sep>ate & indep5d5t z 9 !

 typical co$ucational college4  ,x is   
impossible to e/imate ei!r favorably or 
adv]sely ! p]man5t wor? ( an und]tak+   
/ill 9 its infancy4 ,manife/ly1 !       
opportunities = ! v highe/ tra9+ are "h 
sup]b1 if !y happ5 to exi/ at all4 ,9   
?is1 h[ev]1 is ! incalculable feature ( 
! sy/em4 ,! ,annex lives by favor1 n by 
"r1 & x is impossible to pr$ict :at !   
ext5t ( favor may at any "t be4 ,a girl 
he>s t an admirable c\rse ( lectures has
 be5 giv5 on a topic 9 :i* %e is greatly
 int]e/$4 ,%e arranges to jo9 ! ,annex &
 ent] ! c\rse1 b le>ns 9 ! summ]        
vacation t ?r\gh pressure ( o!r "w !    
pr(essor w be unable to tea* 9 ! ,annex 
! foll[+ ye>4 ,! fact t favor rules1 & n
 rights1 peculi>ly hamp]s sci5tific &   
laboratory c\rses1 & = its lit]>y "w    
obliges ! ,annex l>gely to dep5d on its 
own libr>y4 ,yet :5 all ^! weaknesses   
are confess$--& by none are !y confess$ 
m frankly ?an by ! wise & devot$ manag]s
 ( ! ,annex !mselves--x %\ld be said t  
hi!rto !y h n practically h9d]$ !       

=mation ( a _s ( s*ol>%ip1 eag]1 free & 
sane to an extraord9>y degree4 ,! ,annex
 girl succe$s 9 rema9+ a private &      
unobs]v$ g5tlewoman1 :ile /ill1 9 c]ta9 
directions1 pu%+ h] /udies to an advanc$
 po9t seldom rea*$ else:]e4  ,a plan 9  
"s respects sup]ficially analog\s to !  
,am]ican annex has be5 9 op]ation = _m  
ye>s at ! ,engli%1 & m rec5tly at "s ( !
 ,scot* univ]sities1 :]e a hall or      
college = wom5 uses _m ( ! res\rces ( ! 
univ]sity4 ,b ?is plan is s complicat$ )
 ! peculi> organization ( ,engli%       
univ]sity life t x _c usefully be       
discuss$ "h4 ,9 ! few colleges 9 ?is    
c\ntry :]e1 v rec5tly1 ! annex exp]im5t 
is be+ tri$1 its me?ods v>y m>k$ly4     
,b>n>d ,college 9 ,new ,york is an annex
 ( ,columbia only 9 a s5se1 = n all h]  
in/ruction is giv5 by ,columbia's tea*+ 
=ce1 ?\gh ,columbia w conf] degrees ^u  
h] graduates4 ,! new ,woman's ,college  
at ,clevel& su/a9s tempor>ily ! same    
relations to ,adelb]t ,college1 ?\gh to 
a /ill great] ext5t %e provides         

indep5d5t in/ruction4  ,9 bo? ,b>n>d &  
,clevel& wom5 are engag$ 9 in/ruction & 
9 gov]nm5t4 ,inde$1 ! new annexes :i* h 
aris5 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s seem to promise 
indep5d5t colleges = wom5 9 ! imm$iate  
neighborhood (1 & 9 close relation%ip )1
 old] & bett] equipp$ univ]sities = m51 
^: res\rces !y c to "s ext5t use1 ^:    
/&>ds !y c apply1 ^: te/s !y c meet4 ,:5
 !y possess a fix$ /aff ( tea*]s !y are 
n1 ( c\rse1 liable to ! in/abilities :i*
 at pres5t beset ! ,h>v>d ,annex4 ,s f>1
 h[ev]1 z ^! tea*]s belong to ! annex1 &
 are n drawn f ! neighbor+ univ]sity1 ! 
annex is assimilat$ to ! type ( ! ord9>y
 woman's college1 & loses its di/9ctive 
m]its4 ,if ! connection betwe5 x & !    
univ]sity %\ld ev] become s close t x _h
 ! same "r to ! pr(essors z ! univ]sity 
itself1 x w\ld become a "q :e!r ! b>ri]s
 betwe5 ! m5's & ! wom5's lecture rooms 
c\ld be economically ma9ta9$4  ,! prec$+
 survey has %[n h[ 9 co$ucation a       
woman's /udy is c>ri$ on inside a man's 
college1 9 ! wom5's college outside x1 9

 ! annex beside x4 ,ea* ( ^! situations 
has its advantage4 ,b w ! community be  
cont5t to accept ?is2 p]man5tly to =ego 
! c\nt] advantages1 & ev5 aft] x fully  
realizes ! p[]s & limitations ( !       
diff]5t types1 firmly to ma9ta9 !m 9 _! 
di/9ctive vigor8 ,pres5t indications    
r5d] ?is improbable4 ,already           
co$ucational colleges incl9e to m c>eful
 lead]%ip = _! girls4 ,! sep>ate        
colleges1 ) gr[+ weal?1 are le>n+ to    
value intrepidity1 & are c>ry+ _!       
op]ations close up to ! l&s ( ! ,ph4,d4 
,! annex sw+s 9 its middle air1         
sometimes incl9+ to ! "o side1 sometimes
 to ! o!r4 ,& outside !m all1 ! great   
body ( m5's colleges cont9ually f9d x   
h>d] to ma9ta9 _! isolation1 & ext5d "o 
privilege aft] ano!r to ! seek+ sex4  ,!
 result ( all ^! div]sities is ! mo/    
in/ructive body ( exp]im5t t ! _w has   
se5 = det]m9+ ! be/ ways ( br++ woman to
 h] p[]s4 ,:ile ! public m9d is s       
unc]ta91 s liable to panic1 & s d\btful 
:e!r1 aft] all1 x is n bett] = a girl to

 be a goose1 ! _m me?ods ( education    
assi/ "o ano!r mightily 9 _! unit$ w>f>e
 aga9/ ignorance1 selfi% privileges1 &  
antiquat$ ideals4 ,x is well t = a good 
:ile to come woman's high] education    
%\ld be all ?+s to all mo!rs1 if by any 
means x may save girls4 ,^? :o are h>dy 
en\gh may cont9ue to m+le _! girls ) m52
 :ile a p>5t :o w\ld be %ock$ t h]      
daught] %\ld d any?+ s ambigu\s z to    
ent] a man's college may be p]suad$ to  
s5d h] to a girls'4 ,^? :o f9d x easi]  
to honor an old univ]sity ?an ! eag]    
life ( a "y college1 may be tempt$ into 
an annex4 ,! important ?+ is t ! adh]5ts
 ( ^! diff]+ types %\ld n fall into     
jeal\sy1 & belittle ! value ( ^? :o are 
p]=m+ a "w :i* !y !mselves _c d s well4 
,to und]/& "o ano!r k9dly is ! bus9ess (
 ! h\r--to und]/& & to wait4            
,,footnotes3    #ad ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,=um =
 ,septemb]1 #ahia4     ,,xiv  ,,wom5',s 
,,education ,,9 ,,! ,,n9ete5?           
,,c5tury#ae   ,"o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive &   
f>-rea*+ movem5ts ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is 

t :i* has br\ght ab\t ! pres5t l>ge     
opportunities = ! high] education (     
wom54 ,conf9+ itself to no c\ntry1 ?is  
va/ movem5t has advanc$ rapidly 9 "s1   
sl[ly & timidly 9 o!rs4 ,9 ,am]ica ?ree 
broad p]iods m>k its progress3 fir/1 !  
p]iod ( quiesc5ce1 :i* ends ab\t #ahcj2 
second1 ! p]iod ( agitation1 end+ ) !   
civil w>2 ! ?ird1 ?\gh f> z yet f       
completion1 may be call$ ! p]iod (      
accompli%m5t4  ,= ! fir/ two hundr$ ye>s
 9 ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry little         
importance 0 atta*$ to ! education (    
wom51 ?\gh be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury began1 
tw5ty-f\r colleges _h be5 f\nd$ = !     
education ( m54 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is    
c5tury private s*ools = girls 7 exp5sive
 & %ort-liv$4 ,! common s*ools 7 ! only 
grades ( public in/ruction op5 to "y    
wom54 ,9 ! cities ( ,massa*usetts1 :]e m
 0 done = ! education ( boys ?an        
else:]e1 girls 7 all[$ to g to s*ool    
only a small "p ( ! ye>1 & 9 "s places  
c\ld ev5 !n use ! s*oolroom only 9 !    
e>ly h\rs ( ! day1 or on ^? aft]noons :5

 ! boys _h a half-holiday4 ,any?+ l a   
c>eful tra9+ ( girls 0 n yet ?\ght (4   
,?is comp>ative neglect ( wom5 is less  
to be wond]$ at :5 we rememb] t !       
colleges :i* exi/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is    
c5tury _h be5 f\nd$ to fit m5 = ! le>n$ 
pr(essions1 *iefly = ! m9i/ry4 ,nei!r "h
 nor else:]e 0 x cu/om>y to give advanc$
 education to boys de/9$ = bus9ess4 ,!  
c\ntry1 too1 0 impov]i%$ by ! long      
/ruggle = indep5d5ce4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0    
bankrupt1 unable to pay its vet]an      
soldi]s4 ,irritation & unre/ 7 ev]y:]e  
preval5t until ! end+ ( ! second w> )   
,engl&1 9 #ahae4 ,imm$iately succe$+ ?is
 began t great migration to ! ,we/ &    
,s\?-we/ :i* c>ri$ ?\s&s ( ! mo/        
ambiti\s "y m5 & wom5 f ! ,ea/ to pu%   
our fronti]s f>!r & f>!r into !         
wild]ness4 ,ev5 9 ! old] p>ts ( ! c\ntry
 ! population 0 widely scatt]$4 ,! p    
liv$ = ! mo/ "p 9 villages & isolat$    
f>ms4 ,city life 0 uncommon4 ,z late z  
#ahdj only n9e p] c5t ( ! population 0  
liv+ 9 cities ( #hjjj or m inhabitants4 

,"u su* conditions no?+ m ?an ! b>e     
necessities ( education c\ld be reg>d$4 
,b ?is v isolation br$ a k9d ( equality4
 ,9 di/rict s*ools x became natural =   
boys & girls to /udy toge!r & to receive
 ! same in/ruction f tea*]s :o 7 (t5 "y 
& en?usia/ic4 ,^! 7 z a rule college    
/ud5ts1 grant$ long w9t] vacations f _! 
own /udies t !y might e>n money by tea*+
 village s*ools4 ,?us mo/ "y wom5 %>$ ) 
_! bro!rs ! be/ elem5t>y tra9+ ! c\ntry 
af=d$1 :ile college education 0 res]v$ =
 ! few "y m5 :o 7 prep>+ = ! m9i/ry or =
 "s o!r le>n$ pr(ession4  ,f ! beg9n+ x 
_h be5 ! g5]al cu/om ( ?is c\ntry to    
educate boys & girls toge!r up to !     
college age4 ,to-day 9 less ?an six p]  
c5t ( all our cities is !re any sep>ate 
provision ( s*ools = boys & girls4 ,?is 
habitual e>ly />t toge!r has made x     
natural = our m5 & wom5 subsequ5tly to  
read ! same books1 to h ! same ta/es &  
int]e/s1 & jo9tly to approve a l>ge     
social fre$om4 ,on ! :ole1 wom5 h       
usually _h m leisure ?an m5 = !         

cultivat+ ( s*ol>ly ta/es4  ,! fir/     
end[m5t ( ! high] education ( wom5 9 ?is
 c\ntry 0 made by ! ,moravians 9 !      
sem9>y = girls :i* !y f\nd$ at          
,be?lehem1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 #agdi4 ,!y   
f\nd$ ano!r girls' sem9>y at ,lititz 9  
#agid4 ,?\gh bo? ( ^! honorable         
f\ndations cont9ue 9 effective op]ation 
to-day1 _! influ5ce has be5 = ! mo/ "p  
conf9$ to ! religi\s communion ( _!     
f\nd]s4 ,9 #ahjd an academy ) wid]      
connections 0 f\nd$ at ,brad=d1         
,massa*usetts1 at fir/ op5 to boys &    
girls1 s9ce #ahcf limit$ to girls4 ,f t 
"t academies & sem9>ies = girls increas$
 rapidly4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable 0 ,troy   
,sem9>y1 f\nd$ by ,emma ,h>t ,will>d &  
*>t]$ 9 #ahai4 ,miss ,will>d drew up    
broad & orig9al plans = ! high]         
education ( girls1 laid !m be=e         
,presid5t ,monroe1 appeal$ to ! ,new    
,york ,legislature = aid1 & dream$ (    
e/abli%+ some?+ l collegiate tra9+4 ,m  
?an ?ree hundr$ /ud5ts ent]$ h] fam\s   
sem9>y1 & = sev5te5 ye>s %e c>ri$ x on )

 gr[+ reputation4 ,h] address to !      
,presid5t 9 #ahai is /ill a /rong       
/atem5t ( ! importance to ! republic (  
an enlight5$ & discipl9$ womanhood4     
,ev5 m influ5tial 0 ! life & "w ( ,m>y  
,lyon1 :o 9 #ahcg f\nd$ ,m\nt ,holyoke  
,sem9>y1 & labor$ = ! education ( wom5  
until h] dea?1 9 #ahdi4 ,( /rong        
religi\s nature1 great c\rage & res\rce1
 %e w5t up & d[n ,new ,engl& secur+     
funds & pupils4 ,h] r>e gift ( inspir+  
bo? m5 & wom5 induc$ wide acceptance (  
h] ideals ( "* & intellig5ce4 ,sem9>ies 
patt]n$ aft] ,m\nt ,holyoke sprang up   
all ov] ! l&1 & /ill rema9 z c5tres (   
p[]ful influ5ce1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,middle 
,we/ & on ! ,pacific ,coa/4  ,) ?is     
developm5t1 ?r\gh ! end[m5t ( _m        
excell5t sem9>ies1 ( ! prim>y education 
( girls into some?+ l second>y or       
high-s*ool opportunities1 ! p]iod (     
quiesc5ce comes to an end4 ,!re foll[s a
 p]iod ( agitation :5 ! full privilege (
 college tra9+ side by side ) m5 0 dem&$
 = wom54 ,?is agitation 0 closely       

connect$ on ! "o h& ) ! antislav]y      
movem5t & ! g5]al passion = moral re=m  
at t "t curr5t2 &1 on ! o!r1 ) ! int]e/ 
9 tea*+ & t /udy ( its me?ods :i*       
,horace ,mann fo/]$4 ,f #ahcj to #ahfe x
 0 becom+ evid5t t wom5 7 de/9$ to h a  
l>ge %>e 9 ! in/ruction ( *ildr54 ,= ?is
 "w !y s\ght to fit !mselves1 & ! re=m]s
 aid$ !m4 ,ob]l9 ,college1 :i* began z a
 collegiate in/itute 9 #ahcc1 0 9 #ahej 
*>t]$ z a college4 ,f ! beg9n+ x admitt$
 wom51 & 9 #ahda ?ree wom5 took its     
diploma4 ,antio* ,college1 "u ,horace   
,mann's lead]%ip1 op5$ 9 #ahec1 admitt+ 
wom5 on equal t]ms ) m54 ,9 #ahee       
,elmira ,college 0 f\nd$1 ! fir/        
in/itution *>t]$ z a sep>ate college =  
wom54  ,ev5 be=e ! ,civil ,w> !         
comm]cial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry _h become s
 mu* ext5d$ t trade 0 ris+ into a       
dignity comp>able to t ( ! le>n$        
pr(essions4 ,m5 7 m & m des]t+ tea*+ = !
 bus9ess life1 & _! places1 at fir/     
*iefly 9 ! l[] grades1 7 be+ fill$ by   
wom54 ,dur+ ! five ye>s ( ! w> ?is      

sup]session ( m5 by wom5 tea*]s advanc$ 
rapidly4 ,x has s9ce acquir$ su* impetus
 t at pres5t m ?an two ?irds ( ! tra9+ (
 ! "y ( bo? sexes bel[ ! college grade  
has fall5 out ( ! h&s ( m54 ,9 ! mean   
"t1 too1 ?\gh 9 small] numb]s1 wom5 h   
invad$ ! o!r pr(essions & h ev5 ent]$   
into trade4 ,^! demon/rations ( a       
previ\sly unsuspect$ capacity h be5 bo? 
! cause & ! effect ( enl>g$             
opportunities = m5tal equipm5t4 ,! la/  
?irty or =ty ye>s h se5 ! op5+ ( t new  
era 9 wom5's education :i* ,i h v5tur$  
to call ! p]iod ( accompli%m5t4  ,f !   
middle ( ! c5tury ! movem5t to op5 !    
/ate univ]sities to wom51 to f\nd       
colleges = m5 & wom5 on equal t]ms1 & to
 e/abli% indep5d5t colleges = wom5      
spread rapidly4 ,f _! fir/ organization 
! /ate univ]sities ( ,utah 7#ahej71 ,i[a
 7#ahef71 ,wa%+ton 7#ahfb71 ,kansas     
7#ahff71 ,m9nesota 7#ahfh71 ,nebraska   
7#ahga7 admitt$ wom54 ,indiana1 f\nd$ 9 
#ahbj1 op5$ its doors to wom5 9 #ahfh1 &
 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgj by ,mi*igan1 at t "t !

 l>ge/ & f> ! mo/ influ5tial ( all !    
/ate univ]sities4 ,f t "t ! movem5t     
became g5]al4 ,! example ( ,mi*igan 0   
foll[$ until at ! pres5t "t all !       
colleges & univ]sities ( ! ,we/1 except+
 ^? "u ,ca?olic managem5t1 are op5 to   
wom54 ,! only /ate univ]sity 9 ! ,ea/1 t
 ( ,ma9e1 admitt$ wom5 9 #ahgb4         
,virg9ia1 ,georgia1 & ,l\isiana alone   
among all ! /ate univ]sities ( ! c\ntry 
rema9 clos$ to wom54 ,?is sudd5 op5+ to 
wom5 ( practically all univ]sities      
support$ by public funds is n m         
extraord9>y ?an ! imm5se end[m5ts :i*   
dur+ ! same p]iod h be5 put into        
indep5d5t colleges = wom51 or into      
colleges :i* admit m5 & wom5 on equal   
t]ms4 ,( ^! privately end[$ colleges1   
,cornell1 orig9ally f\nd$ = m51 l$ ! way
 9 #ahgb 9 op5+ its doors to wom54 ,!   
,we/ & ,s\? foll[$ rapidly1 ! ,ea/ m    
sl[ly4 ,( ! #dhj colleges :i* at ! end (
 ! c5tury are report$ by ! ,bureau (    
,education1 #ccf admit wom52 or1 exclud+
 ! ,ca?olic colleges1 #hj p] c5t ( all  

are op5 to wom54 ,( ! sixty lead+       
colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re are only 
t5 9 :i* wom5 are n admitt$ to "s       
dep>tm5t4 ,^! t5 are all on ! ,atlantic 
seabo>d & are all old f\ndations4  ,?is 
sub/antial accompli%m5t dur+ ! la/ =ty  
ye>s ( ! "r ( wom5 to a college         
education has n1 h[ev]1 result$ 9 fix+ a
 s+le type ( college 9 :i* t education  
%all be obta9$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?ree     
cle>ly contra/$ types n[ exi/ side by   
side4 ,^! are ! indep5d5t college1 !    
co$ucational college1 & ! affiliat$     
college4  ,to ! indep5d5t college = wom5
 m5 are n admitt$1 ?\gh ! grade1 !      
organization1 & ! g5]al aim are suppos$ 
to be ! same z 9 ! colleges exclusively 
= m54 ,! fir/ college ( ?is type1       
,elmira 7#ahee71 has be5 already        
m5tion$4 ,! f\r l>ge/ wom5's            
colleges--,vass>1 op5$ 9 #ahfa2 ,smi?1 9
 #ahge2 ,wellesley1 9 #ahge1 & ,bryn    
,mawr1 9 #ahhe--take rank among ! sixty 
lead+ colleges ( ! c\ntry 9 weal?1      
equipm5t1 tea*]s & /ud5ts1 & v>iety (   

/udies (f]$4 ,wells ,college1 *>t]$ z a 
college 9 #ahgj1 ! ,woman's ,college (  
,baltimore1 op5$ 9 #ahhh1 & ,mt4        
,holyoke1 reorganiz$ z a college 9      
#ahic1 h also l>ge end[m5ts & att5dance4
 ,all ! wom5's colleges are emp[]$ to   
conf] ! same degrees z are giv5 9 ! m5's
 colleges4  ,! developm5t ( co$ucation1 
! prevail+ type ( education 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates = bo? m5 & wom51 has already be5 
suffici5tly describ$4 ,9 co$ucational   
colleges m5 & wom5 h ! same in/ructors1 
recite 9 ! same classes1 & enjoy ! same 
fre$om 9 *oice ( /udies4 ,to ! faculties
 ( ^! colleges wom5 are occasionally    
appo9t$1 &1 l _! male colleagues1 tea*  
mix$ classes ( m5 & wom54 ,_m           
co$ucational colleges are )\t halls (   
resid5ce4 ,:]e ^! exi/1 special build+s 
are assign$ to ! wom5 /ud5ts4  ,!       
affiliat$ colleges1 :ile exclusively =  
wom51 are closely connect$ ) /rong      
colleges = m51 ^: equipm5t &            
opportunities !y are expect$ 9 "s degree
 to %>e4 ,at pres5t !re are five su*3   

,radcliffe ,college1 ! orig9ator ( ?is  
type1 connect$ ) ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 &   
op5$ 9 #ahgi2 ,sophie ,newcomb ,memorial
 ,college1 at ,tulane ,univ]sity1 op5$ 9
 #ahhf2 ! ,college = ,wom5 ( ,we/]n     
,res]ve ,univ]sity1 #ahhh2 ,b>n>d       
,college1 at ,columbia ,univ]sity1      
#ahhi2 ! ,woman's ,college ( ,br[n      
,univ]sity1 #ahib4 ,9 all ^! colleges ! 
/&>ds = entrance & graduation are ! same
 z ^? exact$ f m5 9 ! univ]sities ) :i* 
!y are affiliat$4 ,to a consid]able     
ext5t ! in/ructors also are ! same4     
,dur+ ! la/ qu>t]-c5tury _m pr(essional 
s*ools h be5 op5$ to wom5--s*ools (     
!ology1 law1 m$ic9e1 d5ti/ry1 ph>macy1  
te*nology1 agriculture4 ,! numb] ( wom5 
ent]+ ^! pr(essions is rapidly increas+4
 ,s9ce #ahij ! increase ( wom5 /ud5ts 9 
m$ic9e is #fd p] c5t1 9 d5ti/ry #bje p] 
c5t1 9 ph>macy #aij p] c5t1 9 te*nology 
& agriculture #aid p] c5t4  ,:ile ?is   
great advance has be5 accompli%$ 9      
,am]ica1 wom5 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t1 
especially dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 h be5 

dem&+ bett] education4 ,?\gh mu* m sl[ly
 & 9 few] numb]s ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y h 
ev]y:]e succe$$ 9 secur+ decid$         
advantages4 ,no c\ntry n[ refuses !m a  
%>e 9 lib]al /udy1 9 ! in/ruction ( "y  
*ildr51 & 9 ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e4 ,z    
might be expect$1 ,engli%-speak+ wom51  
f> m ?an any o!rs1 h won & us$ !        
opportunities ( univ]sity tra9+4 ,s9ce  
#ahfj wom5 h be5 /udy+ at ,cambridge1   
,engl&1 & s9ce #ahgi at ,ox=d4 ,at ^!   
anci5t seats ( le>n+ !y h n[ e privilege
 except ! =mal degree4 ,to all o!r      
,engli% & ,scot* univ]sities1 & to !    
univ]sities ( ! ,briti% colonies1 wom5  
are admitt$1 & f !m !y receive degrees4 
,9 ! mo/ nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe--9   
,icel&1 ,f9l&1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k--!
 high s*ools & univ]sities are freely   
op5 to wom54 ,9 ea/]n ,europe able wom5 
h made ef=ts to secure advanc$ /udy1 &  
^! ef=ts h be5 mo/ p]si/5t 9 ,russia &  
s9ce ! ,crimean w>4 ,:5 d5i$ 9 _! own   
l&1 ,russian wom5 h flock$ to ! ,swiss &
 ,fr5* univ]sities1 & h ev5 gone 9      

consid]able numb]s to ,f9l& & to ,italy4
 ,n[ ,russia is sl[ly respond+ to its   
wom5's entreaties4 ,dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s !
 univ]sities ( ,rumania1 ,bulg>ia1      
,hung>y1 & ,greece h be5 op5 to wom52   
:ile 9 ,con/ant9ople ! ,am]ican ,college
 = ,girls (f]s ! wom5 ( ! ,ea/ !        
sy/ematic tra9+ ( ! ,new ,engl& type (  
college4 ,9 we/]n1 c5tral1 & s\!rn      
,europe all univ]sity doors are op54 ,9 
^! c\ntries1 degrees & honors may       
ev]y:]e be _h by wom51 except 9 ,g]many 
& ,au/ria4 ,ev5 "h1 by special p]mission
 ( ! ,m9i/] ( ,education1 or ! pr(essor 
9 *>ge1 wom5 may he> lectures4 ,ea* ye>1
 too1 m wom5 are grant$ degrees by      
special vote & z exceptional cases4  ,9 
brief1 x may be said t practically all  
,european univ]sities are n[ op5 to     
wom54 ,no ,am]ican woman ( s*ol>%ip1    
prop]ly qualifi$ = ! "w %e und]takes1   
ne$ fe> refusal if %e seeks ! in/ruction
 ( ! greate/ ,european s*ol>s 9 h] *os5 
field4 ,ea* ye> ,am]ican wom5 are tak+ )
 di/9ction ! highe/ univ]sity degrees ( 

! ,cont95t4 ,to aid !m1 _m fell[%ips &  
graduate s*ol>%ips1 rang+ 9 value f #cjj
 to #ajjj1 are (f]$ = =eign /udy by our 
colleges = wom5 & by private            
associations ( wom5 :o seek to promote  
s*ol>%ip4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ambiti\s "y    
wom5 :o are prep>+ !mselves = tea*+ or =
 ! high] fields ( sci5tific rese>*      
annually compete = ?is aid4 ,?ree ye>s  
ago an association 0 =m$ = ma9ta9+ an   
,am]ican woman's table 9 ! ,zoological  
,/ation at ,naples4 ,by pay+ #ejj a ye> 
!y are ?us able to grant to select$     
/ud5ts ! mo/ favorable conditions =     
biological inve/igation4 ,?is           
association has also j (f]$ a prize (   
#ajjj1 to be grant$ two ye>s h5ce1 = !  
be/ piece ( orig9al sci5tific "w done 9 
! mean "t by a woman4 ,! ,am]ican       
,s*ools ( ,classical ,/udies 9 ,a!ns &  
,rome admit wom5 on ! same t]ms z m51 & 
aw>d _! fell[%ips to m5 & wom5          
indiff]5tly4 ,"o ( ^! fell[%ips1 am\nt+ 
to #ajjj a ye>1 has j be5 won by a      
woman4  ,! exp]i5ce1 !n1 ( ! la/ ?irty  

ye>s %[s a condition ( wom5's education 
undream$ ( at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,x   
%[s t ?\gh /ill hamp]$ "h & !re by      
timor\s re/rictions1 wom5 are 9         
sub/antial possession ( mu* ! same      
opportunities z are available = m54 ,x  
%[s t !y h bo? ! capacity & ! desire =  
college tra9+1 t !y c make pr(itable &  
approv$ use ( x :5 obta9$1 & t !y are   
eag] = t broad] & m orig9al /udy aft]   
college "w is ov] :i* is at once ! mo/  
novel & ! mo/ glori\s feature (         
univ]sity education to-day4 ,inde$1 wom5
 h tak5 m ?an _! due proportion ( !     
prizes1 honors1 & fell[%ips :i* h be5   
accessible to !m on ! same t]ms z to m54
 ,_! resort to in/itutions ( high] le>n+
 has increas$ f> m ?an t ( m54 ,9 #ahgb 
! total numb] ( college /ud5ts 9 ea*    
million ( population 0 #eij4 ,la/ ye> x 
_h ris5 to #abgj1 mu* m ?an d\bl+ 9     
tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! numb] ( 
m5 _h ris5 f #edj to #idg1 or _h n q    
d\bl$4 ,! wom5 rose f #ej 9 #ahgb to    
#cbc 9 #ahii1 hav+ increas$ _! =m]      

proportional numb] m ?an six times1 &   
?is advance has also be5 ma9ta9$ 9      
graduate & pr(essional s*ools4  ,!      
imm5sity ( ! *ange :i* ! la/ c5tury has 
wr\ght 9 wom5's education may be/ be se5
 by sett+ side by side ! conditions at  
its beg9n+ & at its close4 ,9 #ahjj no  
colleges = wom5 exi/$1 & only two end[$ 
s*ools = girls--^! belong+ to a small   
,g]man sect4 ,!y _h no high s*ools1 & ! 
be/ gramm> s*ools 9 cities 7 op5 to !m  
only "u re/rictions4 ,! common] gramm> &
 di/rict s*ools1 & an occasional private
 s*ool d$icat$ to accompli%m5ts1 7 _!   
only av5ues to le>n+4 ,!re 0 little     
ho/ility to _! education1 s9ce x 0      
g5]ally assum$ by m5 & by !mselves t    
intellectual matt]s did n conc]n !m4 ,no
 pr(ession 0 op5 to !m1 n ev5 t ( tea*+1
 & only sev5 possible trades &          
occupations4  ,9 #aijj a ?ird ( all !   
college /ud5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are    
wom54 ,sixty p] c5t ( ! pupils 9 !      
second>y s*ools1 bo? public & private1  
are girls--i4e4 m girls are prep>+ =    

college ?an boys4 ,wom5 hav+ 9 g5]al m  
leisure ?an m51 !re is reason to expect 
t !re w soon be m wom5 ?an m5 9 our     
colleges & graduate s*ools4 ,! "t1 too1 
has pass$ :5 girls w5t to college to    
prep>e !mselves solely = tea*+ or = o!r 
bread-w9n+ occupations4 ,9 consid]able  
numb]s !y n[ seek intellectual res\rces 
& ! enri*m5t ( _! private lives4 ,?us f>
 betwe5 #ej & #fj p] c5t ( wom5 college 
graduates h at "s "t taught4 ,9 ! c\ntry
 at l>ge m ?an #gj p] c5t ( ! tea*+ is  
done by wom51 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic       
portion ov] #hj p] c5t4 ,ev5 9 !        
second>y s*ools1 public & private1 m    
wom5 ?an m5 are tea*+1 ?\gh 9 all o!r   
c\ntries ! advanc$ in/ruction ( boys is 
exclusively 9 ! h&s ( m54 ,nev] be=e has
 a nation intru/$ all ! s*ool tra9+ ( ! 
va/ majority ( its future population1 m5
 z well z wom51 to wom5 alone4          
,,footnotes3    #ae ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,new  
,york ,ev5+ ,po/1 #aijj4     ,,xv       
,,wom5',s ,,education ,,at ,,! ,,_w',s  
,,fair#af   ,few p]sons h /ood 9 ! ,c\rt

 ( ,honor at ,*icago & felt ! surpass+  
spl5dors ga!r$ !re1 )\t a c]ta9 dismay  
ov] its swiftly approa*+ disappe>ance4  
,nev] 9 ! _w be=e has beauty be5 s lavi%
 & s transi5t4 ,probably 9 all dep>tm5ts
 ( ! ,fair a hundr$ million doll>s h be5
 sp5t4 ,n[ ! nation's holiday is done1 !
 little half-ye> is ov]1 & ! palaces )  
_! widely ga!r$ treasures vani% l a     
dream4 ,is all inde$ gone8 ,w no?+      
rema98 ,wise obs]v]s p]ceive "s p]man5t 
results ( ! m]ry-mak+4 ,:at ^! w be 9 ! 
busy life ( m51 o!rs may decide3 ,i po9t
 out *iefly a few ( ! b5eficial         
influ5ces ( ! great ,fair on ! life (   
wom54  ,! triumph ( wom5 9 :at may be   
call$ _! deta*$ exi/5ce1 t is1 9 _!     
guidance ( !mselves & ! sep>at$ affairs 
( _! sex1 has be5 unexpect$ly great4 ,! 
,gov]nm5t appo9t$ an indep5d5t ,bo>d (  
,lady ,manag]s :o1 ?r\gh _m             
difficulties1 ga!r$ f e qu>t] ( ! globe 
int]e/+ exhibits ( fem99e indu/ry &     
skill4 ,^! !y gracefully dispos$ 9 "o ( 
! mo/ dignifi$ build+s ( ! ,fair1 itself

 a woman's design4 ,"h !y attractively  
illu/rat$ e aspect ( ! life ( wom51     
dome/ic1 philan?ropic1 comm]cial1       
lit]>y1 arti/ic1 & trac$ _! hi/oric     
advance4 ,close at h&1 9 ano!r build+   
also ( _! own erection1 !y appropriately
 appe>$ z ! gu>dians & tea*]s ( little  
*ildr54 ,_! halls 7 cr[d$1 _! d9n]s     
prais$1 _! reception invitations covet$4
 ,?r\gh\t !y %[$ organiz+ ability on a  
huge scale2 !y develop$ notewor?y       
lead]s2 :at is m1 !y foll[$ !m1 & !y h  
qu>rell$ no m1 & h pull$ wires less1 ?an
 m5 9 simil> situations2 _! c\rage1 _!  
en]gy1 _! tact 9 ! erection ( a monum5t 
to woman 7 a/oni%+2 & ! ef=ts ( _!      
,c5tral ,bo>d 7 effici5tly second$ by   
simil> companies 9 e /ate4 ,z 9 !       
,sanit>y & ,*ri/ian ,commissions & !    
hospital s]vice ( ! w>1 9 ! multitude ( 
wom5's clubs1 ! ,woman's ,*ri/ian       
,temp]ance ,union1 ! ,k+'s ,daught]s1 ! 
associations = promot+ wom5's suffrage1 
s once m "h wom5 f\nd an opportunity to 
prove _! ability z a b&$ sex2 & x is    

cle> t !y awak5$ 9 ! nation a deep]     
respect = _! p[]s4  ,b ! v triumph does 
away ) its fur!r necessity4 ,hav+ amply 
prov$ :at !y c d :5 b&$ toge!r1 wom5 may
 n[ ! m easily cease to treat !mselves z
 a peculi> p4 ,h5ce=? !y are human be+s4
 ,wom5's build+s1 wom5's exhibits1 may  
safely become ?+s ( ! pa/4 ,at any      
future fair no special treatm5t ( wom5  
is likely to be call$ =4 ,aft] :at has  
be5 a*iev$1 ! self-consci\sness ( wom5 w
 be less5$1 & _! s5sitiv5ess ab\t _! own
 position1 capacity1 & rights w be      
naturally outgr[n4 ,! an?ropologi/ may  
p]haps /ill assemble ! "w ( a s+le sex1 
! "w ( p ( a s+le color1 or ( ^? hav+   
blue eyes4 ,b ord9>y p w f9d less & less
 int]e/ 9 ^! artificial classifications1
 & w m & m incl9e to measure m5's &     
wom5's products by ! same scale4 ,ev5 at
 ,*icago l>ge numb]s ( wom5 pref]r$ to  
range _! exhibits 9 ! common halls r ?an
 "u fem99e bann]s1 & _! demon/ration ( !
 ne$lessness ( any special treatm5t ( _!
 sex mu/ be reckon$ z "o ( ! mo/        

consid]able ( ! p]man5t ga9s = wom5 f ! 
,fair4  ,if1 !n1 wom5 h demon/rat$ t !y 
are m ?an isolat$ ph5om5a1 t !y %\ld    
inde$ be treat$ z integral memb]s ( !   
human family1 9 ord] to e/imate rightly 
! la/+ advantages !y h d]iv$ f ! ,fair  
we mu/ seek ^? advantages n 9 isolations
 b 9 conjunctions4 ,9 ! common life (   
man !re is a womanly side & a manly     
side4 ,bo? h pr(it$ by "o spl5did ev5t4 
,manufactures & transportation & m9+ &  
agriculture w h]eaft] be diff]5t because
 ( :at has occurr$ at ,*icago2 b s w    
dome/ic sci5ce1 ! tra9+ ( ! "y1 ! swift 
intellectual int]e/1 ! f9] patriotism1 !
 appreh5sion ( beauty1 ! moral balance4 
,x is by gr[? 9 ^! ?+s t ! emancipation 
( wom5 is to come ab\t1 & ! ,fair has   
fo/]$ !m all 9 an extraord9>y degree4   
,al?\gh ! ,fair 0 (ficially kn[n z a    
,_w's ,fair1 & x did conta9 honorable   
contributions f _m =eign c\ntries1 x 01 
9 a s5se t no o!r exhibition has be5    
be=e1 a nation's fair4 ,x 0 ! climact]ic
 expression ( ,am]ica's exi/5ce4 ,x     

ga!r$ toge!r our pa/ & our pres5t1 &    
indicat$ n unc]ta9ly our future4 ,"h 7  
made visible our beg9n+s1 our           
a*ievem5ts1 our hopes1 our dreams4 ,!   
nation became consci\s ( itself & 0     
/rong1 beautiful1 pr\d4 ,all sections ( 
! c\ntry n only contribut$ _! mo/       
*>act]i/ic objects ( use & beauty1 b _! 
inhabitants also came1 & le>n$ to "k "o 
ano!r1 & _! l&4 ,dur+ ! la/ two ye>s !re
 has h>dly be5 a village 9 ! c\ntry :i* 
has n _h its club or circle /udy+ !     
hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no section   
has be5 too poor to subscribe money =   
ma9ta9+ national or /ate pride4 ,9 ord] 
to see ! great result1 m5 h mortgag$ _! 
f>ms1 lonely wom5 h tak5 heavy life     
insurance1 /r+5t economy w gladly be    
practis$ = ye>s4 ,a fri5d tells me t %e 
saw an old man1 z he left ! ,c\rt (     
,honor ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 turn to 8       
gray-hair$ wife & say1 ,well1 ,susan1 x 
paid ev5 if x did take all ! burial     
money4  ,once be=e1 we rea*$ a simil>   
pit* ( national consci\sness1--9 w>4    

,"y1 unprep>$1 divid$ aga9/ ourselves1  
we f\nd ourselves able to mass great    
armies1 endure long /ra9s1 organize     
campaigns1 commiss>iats1 hospitals1 9   
altoge!r indep5d5t ways1 & on a scale   
great] ?an ,europe _h se54 ,!n m5 & wom5
 alike le>n$ ! value ( mutual confid5ce1
 ! /r5g? ( coop]ation & organization4   
,once aga9 n[1 b ?is "t 9 ! int]e/ (    
beauty & ( peace1 we h /udi$ ! art (    
subord9at+ fragm5t>y int]e/s to ^? ( a  
:ole4 ,! tra9+ we h receiv$ z a nation 9
 produc+ & /udy+ ! ,fair1 mu/ result 9 a
 deep] national dignity1 :i* w bo? free 
u f irritat+ s5sitiv5ess ov] =eign      
criticism1 & give u read9ess to le>n f  
o!r c\ntries :atev] lessons !y c tea*4  
,our own prov9ces too w become less     
prov9cial4 ,) increas$ acqua9tance1 !   
,ea/ has begun to drop its tol]ation ( !
 ,we/1 & to put fri5dl9ess & honor 9 its
 place4 ,no m w x be believ$ along !    
,atlantic coa/ t ! ,mississippi ,valley 
c>es only = pork1 gra9 & lumb]4 ,z su*  
sup]/itions decay1 a m tru/ful unity    

becomes possible4 ,! entire nation kn[s 
itself a nation1 possess$ ( common      
ideals4 ,9 ?is height5$ national        
dignity1 wom5 w h a l>ge & ennobl+ %>e4 
,b fur!r1 f ! ,fair m51 & wom5 ) !m1 h  
acquir$ a new s5se ( ! ga9s t come f    
m9ute ob$i5ce to law4 ,hi!rto1 g z y    
please has be5 pretty l>gely ! pr9ciple 
( ,am]ican life4 ,9 ! tra9+ s*ool ( !   
la/ two ye>s ( prep>ation & ! six mon?s 
( ! hold+ ( ! ,fair1 our p1 p>ticul>ly  
our wom51 h be5 solidly taught ! h>d &  
ne$ful lesson t :ims1 wayw>dness1 ha/e1 
inaccuracy1 pett9ess1 p]sonal           
consid]ations1 d n make = /r5g?4 ,:]ev] 
^! h ent]$1 !y h flaw$ ! beautiful :ole1
 & fleck$ ! honor ( u all4 ,:]e !y h be5
 abs5t results h appe>$ :i* make u all  
rejoice4 ,nev] 9 s wide an und]tak+ 0 ! 
unity ( a s+le design s triumphant4 ,z  
an unkn[n multitude coop]at$ 9 ! build+ 
( a m$iaeval ca!dral1 s ?r\gh\t our l&  
multitudes h be5 daily ready to         
contribute _! unm>k$ be/ = ! erection ( 
a common glory4 ,we h ?us le>n$ to prize

 second ?\ghts above fir/ ?\ghts1 to    
league our lives & purposes ) ^? ( o!rs1
 & to subord9ate ! ass]tion ( ourselves 
to t ( a univ]sal reason4 ,h5ce has     
sprung a new tru/ 9 "o ano!r & a new    
confid5ce 9 our future4 ,! fri5dl9ess ( 
our p1 already r5d]$ natural by our     
democratic in/itutions1 has receiv$ a   
deep] sanction4 ,h[ di/9ctly x 0 m>k$ on
 ! faces ( ! visitors at ! ,fair6 ,i 0  
=tunate en\gh to sp5d sev]al h\rs !re on
 ,*icago ,day1 :5 ne>ly sev5 hundr$ &   
fifty ?\s& p 7 admitt$4 ,! appe>ance (  
^? pla91 intellig5t1 happy1 helpful     
?\s&s1 all /rang]s & all k9d1 0 ! mo/   
enc\rag+ sight "o woman _h at ! ,fair4  
,x has be5 said t ! moral education ( a 
*ild consi/s 9 imp>t+ to him ! ?ree     
qualities1 ob$i5ce1 sympa?y1 dignity4   
,^! all h be5 taught by ! ,fair1 & wom51
 m swiftly p]ceptive ?an m51 h probably 
le>n$ _! lesson be/4  ,"o m pr(\nd      
effect ( ! ,fair ^u human "* mu/ be     
m5tion$1 on "* 9 ^? features :i* are (  
especial importance to wom54 ,our p h "h

 ga9$ a new s5se ( beauty1 & ( beauty at
 its highe/ & r>e/1 n ! beauty ( ornam5t
 & decoration1 b t ( proportion1        
balance1 & ord]$ suitability ( p>ts4 ,e 
girl likes pretty ?+s1 b ! rational     
basis ( beauty 9 ! h>moni\s expression (
 use1 & 9 furni%+ to ! eye ! quiet      
satisfaction ( its normal dem&s1 seldom 
attracts att5tion4 ,at ,*icago ^! ?+s   
became app>5t4 ,ea* build+ outw>dly     
ann\nc$ its inn] purpose4 ,ea* ga9$ its 
effect ma9ly by outl9e & balance (      
masses r ?an by ri*ness ( detail4 ,ea* 0
 design$ 9 ref]5ce to its site & to its 
neighbor build+s4 ,almo/ e "o re/$ ! eye
 :i* x /ill /imulat$4 ,color1 =m1       
purpose1 proportion1 sculpture1         
vegetation1 /ret*es ( wat]1 ! br[n e>?1 
all coop]at$ t[>d ! happy effect4 ,:at  
visitor c\ld see x & n h begott5 9 him !
 dem& = beauty 9 8 own surr\nd+s8 ,x is 
said t ! ,c5t5nial ,exhibition affect$ !
 dome/ic ar*itecture & ! h\sehold       
decoration ( ! :ole ea/]n seabo>d4 ,!   
,fair w d ! same1 b x w br+ ab\t a      

beauty ( a high]1 simpl] sort4 ,9 p f e 
section1 arti/ic ta/e has be5 develop$1 
or ev5 creat$2 & n only 9 _! h\ses1 b 9 
! ar*itecture ( _! public build+s &     
/reets %all we see ! results ( ?is      
vision ( ! ,:ite ,city by ! ,lake4      
,huddl$ h\ses 9 incongru\s surr\nd+s w  
become less common4 ,at he>t we         
,am]icans are ideali/s1 & at a "t :5 !  
g5]al weal? is rapidly increas+1 x is an
 indescribable ga9 to h _h su* a tra9+ (
 ! ae/hetic s5se z days among ! great   
build+s & nights on ! lagoons h br\ght  
to millions ( our p4 ,! tea*ability ( ! 
common ,am]ican is almo/ pa!tic4 ,"o    
build+ 0 always cr[d$--! ,f9e ,arts     
,build+2 yet great pictures 7 ! "o ?+   
exhibit$ ) :i* ,am]icans h hi!rto _h    
little or no acqua9tance4 ,?is beauty1  
connect$ ess5tially ) ! fem99e side (   
life1 w h]eaft]1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( !   
,fair1 become a m usual possession ( u  
all4  ,if su* are ! p]man5t ga9s = "*   
:i* wom5 9 common ) m51 yet ev5 m ?an   
!y1 h d]iv$ f ! ,fair1 !re rema9 to be  

consid]$ c]ta9 helps :i* h be5 br\ght to
 wom5 9 "s ( _! mo/ di/9ctive           
occupations4 ,( c\rse !y h _h "h an     
opportunity to comp>e ! diff]5t k9ds (  
sew+-ma*9es1 pianos1 type-writ]s1       
telegraphs1 clo!s-wr+]s1 /oves1 &       
baby-c>riages1 & no d\bt !y w d _!      
future "w ) ^! complicat$ eng9es m      
effectively because ( su* comp>ative    
/udy4 ,b !re are ?ree dep>tm5ts :i*     
ance/ral usage has especially consecrat$
 to wom51 & to intellig5t me?ods 9 ea* (
 ^! ! ,fair has giv5 a mighty impulse4  
,^! ?ree dep>tm5ts are ! c>e ( ! home1 !
 c>e ( ! "y1 & ! c>e ( ! sick1 ! poor1 &
 ! deprav$4  ,at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgf  
,vi5na bread 0 made kn[n1 & ! native    
article1 sodd5 ) sal]atus1 :i* up to t  
"t _h desolat$ ! c\ntry1 began to       
disappe>4 ,! results 9 cook]y f !       
,*icago ,exhibition w be wid]4 ,!y t\* !
 kit*5 ) intellig5ce at m po9ts4 ,:]e   
tradition has reign$ unque/ion$1 sci5ce 
is beg9n+ to p5etrate1 & we are no long]
 all[$ to eat )\t ask+ :y & :at4 ,?is   

new dome/ic sci5ce--?reat5+ ^w--0 set =?
 admirably 9 ! ,rum=d ,kit*51 :]e a     
capital ?irty-c5t lun*eon 0 s]v$ e day1 
comp\nd$ ( j ^? +r$i5ts :i* ! human     
frame c\ld be demon/rat$ to require4 ,! 
heal?-food companies1 too1 array$ _!    
appetiz+ w>es4 ,work+m5's homes %[$ on  
h[ small a sum a family c\ld live1 &    
live well4 ,arrangem5ts = /]iliz+ wat] &
 milk 7 !re1 ,atk9son cook]s1 gas &     
k]os5e /oves4 ,! prop] sanitation ( !   
home 0 taught1 & bo>ds ( heal? turn$ out
 to ! pla9 gaze ( ! _w _! inquisitorial 
processes4 ,numb]less means ( increas+ !
 heal?1 ease1 & happ9ess ( ! h\sehold ) 
! lea/ exp5diture ( "t & money 7 "h     
/udi$ by cr[ds ( despair+ h\sekeep]s4   
,_m1 no d\bt1 7 bewild]$2 b _m1 too1 w5t
 away conv9c$ t ! mo/ anci5t employm5t (
 wom5 0 ris+ to ! dignity &             
attractiv5ess ( a le>n$ pr(ession4  ,:5 
x is rememb]$ t n9e t5?s ( ! tea*]s (   
elem5t>y s*ools are wom51 x c be se5 h[ 
important = !m 0 ! magnific5t           
educational exhibit4 ,"h c\ld be /udi$  

all t ! age c\nts be/ 9 k9d]g>t51       
prim>y1 gramm>1 high & normal s*ools1 & 
9 all ! v>ieties ( tra9+ 9 cook]y1 sew+1
 dressmak+1 manual tra9+1 draw+1 pa9t+1 
c>v+4 ,_m ( ! exhibitors %[$ great skill
 9 mak+ _! me?ods appreh5sible to !     
/rang]4  ,& !n !re 7 ! modes ( bodily   
tra9+1 & ! lam5table image ( ! mis=m$   
av]age girl2 & 9 ! *ildr5's build+      
classes c\ld actually be se5 engag$ 9   
happy ex]cise1 & close at h& appliances 
= ! nurs]y & ! playgr\nd4 ,nor 9 !      
enl>g$ appliances = woman's dome/ic life
 mu/ ^? be omitt$ :i* tell h[ *eaply &  
ri*ly ! girl may n[ obta9 a college     
tra9+ l h] bro!r1 & become z intellig5t 
z he4 ,no woman w5t away f ! educational
 exhibits ( ! ,fair 9 ! belief t woman's
 sph]e 0 necess>ily n>r[4  ,!re is no   
ne$ to dilate on ! light %$ by ! ,fair  
^u problems ( sickness1 pov]ty1 & crime4
 ,ev]ybody kn[s t no?+ s complete _h be5
 se5 be=e4 ,! ,an?ropological ,build+ 0 
a museum ( ^! subjects1 & scatt]$ 9 o!r 
p>ts ( ! ,fair 0 mu* to int]e/ ! puzzl$ 

& sympa!tic s\l4 ,"o c\ld f9d out :at an
 ideal hospital 0 l1 & h[ its s]vice &  
appliances %\ld be ord]$4 ,"o /udi$ "u  
compet5t tea*]s ! c>e ( ! dep5d5t &     
del9qu5t classes4 ,"o le>n$ to di/+ui%  
surface *>ity f s\nd4 ,z m5 gr[ busi] & 
wom5 m compet5t1 ! guidance (           
philan?ropy passes cont9ually m & m into
 ! g5tl] h&s4 ,wom5 s]ve l>gely on bo>ds
 ( hospitals1 prisons1 *>ities1 & re=ms1
 & urg5tly feel ! ne$ ( ampl] k4 ,!     
,fair did mu* to %[ !m ways ( obta9+ x4 
,su* are ! p]man5t results ( ! ,fair mo/
 likely to affect wom54 ,!y fall into   
?ree classes3 ! pro(s wom5 h giv5 ( _!  
indep5d5t p[]1 _! ability to organize & 
to "w t[>d a di/ant1 difficult1 &       
complex end2 ! enl>gem5t ( _! outlook1  
manife/+ itself 9 a new s5se ( memb]%ip 
9 a nation1 a m will+ ob$i5ce to law1 & 
a high] appreciation ( beauty2 &1 la/ly1
 ! direct assi/ance giv5 to wom5 9 _! m 
*>act]i/ic employm5ts ( h\sekeep+1      
tea*+1 & m9i/]+ to ! afflict$4 ,t ^! are
 all1 or ev5 ! mo/ important1 results   

:i* ea* woman w judge %e has obta9$1 is 
n pret5d$4 ,ev]ybody saw at ! ,fair     
some?+ :i* br\ght to individual him or  
h] a ga9 incomp>able4  ,&1 aft] all1 !  
greate/ ?+ 0 ! total1 glitt]+1 murmur\s1
 re/ful1 magical1 evanesc5t ,fair       
itself1 seat$ by ! blue wat]s1 we>+ !   
five cr[ns1 s]v$ by novel boatm51 & ) ! 
lap s full ( treasure t z piece by piece
 x 0 held up1 x %one1 0 wond]$ at1 & 0  
lo/ aga9 9 ! pile4 ,?is amaz+ spectacle 
w fla% = ye>s ^u ! inw>d eye ( our p1 & 
be a joy ( _! solitude4   ,,footnotes3  
#af ,publi%$ 9 ,! ,=um = ,decemb]1      
#ahia4     ,,xvi  ,,:y ,,g ,,to         
,,college8   ,to a l>gely increas+ numb]
 ( "y girls college doors are op5+ e    
ye>4 ,e ye> adds to ! numb] ( m5 :o feel
 z a fri5d ( m9e1 a successful lawy] 9 a
 great city1 felt :5 9 talk+ ( ! future 
( 8 f\r little *ildr5 he said1 ,= ! two 
boys x is n s s]i\s1 b ,i lie d[n at    
night afraid to die & leave my daught]s 
only a bank acc\nt4 ,ye> by ye>1 too1 ! 
exp]i5ces ( life are tea*+ mo!rs t      

happ9ess does n necess>ily come to _!   
daught]s :5 acc\nts are l>ge & banks are
 s\nd1 b t on ! contr>y !y take grave   
risks :5 !y tru/ ev]y?+ to accumulat$   
weal? & ! *ance ( a happy m>riage4 ,our 
,am]ican girls !mselves are becom+ aw>e 
t !y ne$ ! /imulus1 ! discipl9e1 ! k1 ! 
int]e/s ( ! college 9 addition to !     
s*ool1 if !y are to prep>e !mselves = ! 
mo/ s]viceable lives4  ,b !re are /ill  
p>5ts :o say1 ,!re is no ne$ t my       
daught] %\ld tea*2 !n :y %\ld %e g to   
college8 ,i w n reply t college tra9+ is
 a life insurance = a girl1 a pl$ge t %e
 possesses ! discipl9$ ability to e>n a 
liv+ = h]self & o!rs 9 case ( ne$2 = ,i 
pref] to insi/ on ! importance ( giv+ e 
girl1 no matt] :at h] pres5t            
circum/ances1 a special tra9+ 9 "s "o ?+
 by :i* %e c r5d] society s]vice1 n (   
amateur b ( exp]t sort1 & s]vice too =  
:i* x w be will+ to pay a price4 ,!     
numb] ( families w surely increase :o w 
foll[ ! example ( an em95t bank] ^:     
daught]s h be5 giv5 ea* h] specialty4   

,"o has *os5 music1 & has gone f> ) !   
be/ ma/]s 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 s f>
 t %e n[ holds a high rank among        
musicians at home & abroad4 ,ano!r has  
tak5 art2 & has n be5 cont5t to pa9t    
pretty gifts = h] fri5ds1 b 9 ! /udios (
 ,new ,york1 ,muni*1 & ,p>is %e has won 
! "r to be call$ an arti/1 & 9 h] /udio 
at home to pa9t portraits :i* h a m>ket 
value4 ,a ?ird has prov$ t %e c e>n h]  
liv+1 if ne$ be1 by h] exquisite        
jellies1 pres]ves1 & sweetmeats4 ,yet ! 
h\se 9 ! m\nta9s1 ! h\se by ! sea1 & !  
fri5ds 9 ! city are n neglect$1 nor are 
^! "y wom5 f\nd less attractive because 
( _! special accompli%m5ts4  ,:ile x is 
n true t all girls %\ld g to college any
 m ?an t all boys %\ld g1 x is nev]!less
 true t !y %\ld g 9 great] numb]s ?an at
 pres5t4 ,!y fail to g because !y1 _!   
p>5ts1 & _! tea*]s1 d n see cle>ly !    
p]sonal b5efits di/9ct f ! comm]cial    
value ( a college tra9+4 ,i wi% "h to   
discuss ^! b5efits1 ^! l>g] gifts ( !   
college life1--:at !y may be1 & = :om !y

 are wait+4  ,x is und\bt$ly true t _m  
girls are totally unfitt$ by home &     
s*ool life = a valuable college c\rse4  
,^! joys & successes1 ^! high int]e/s & 
fri5d%ips1 are n = ! self-consci\s &    
n]v\s invalid1 nor = h] :o 9 ! exub]ance
 ( y\? recklessly ignores ! laws ( a    
heal?y life4 ,! good society ( s*ol>s & 
( libr>ies & laboratories has no place &
 no attraction = h] :o f9ds no message 9
 ,plato1 no beauty 9 ma!matical ord]1 & 
:o nev] longs to "k ! mean+ ( ! />s ov] 
h] head or ! fl[]s "u h] feet4 ,nei!r w 
! f9] opportunities ( college life      
appeal to "o :o1 until %e is eighte5 7is
 !re su* a girl 9 ?is c\ntry871 has felt
 no passion = ! s]vice ( o!rs1 no desire
 to "k if ?r\gh hi/ory1 or philosophy1  
or any /udy ( ! laws ( society1 %e c    
le>n :y ! _w is s sad1 s h>d1 s selfi% z
 %e f9ds x1 ev5 :5 %e looks ^u x f ! mo/
 %elt]$ life4 ,no1 ! college _c be1 %\ld
 n try to be1 a sub/itute = ! hospital1 
re=matory1 or k9d]g>t54 ,to d its be/ "w
 x %\ld be organiz$ = ! /rong1 n = !    

weak2 = ! high-m9d$1 self-controll$1    
g5]\s1 & c\rage\s spirits1 n = !        
indiff]5t1 ! dull1 ! idle1 or ^? :o are 
already =m+ _! *>act]s on ! amusem5t    
!ory ( life4 ,all ^! p]v]t$ "y p may1 & 
(t5 d1 get l>ge b5efit & invigoration1  
new ideals1 & unselfi% purposes f _! f\r
 ye>s' companion%ip ) tea*]s & comrades 
( a high] physical1 m5tal1 & moral      
/ature ?an _! own4 ,i h se5 girls *ange 
s mu* 9 college t ,i h wond]$ if _!     
fri5ds at home w\ld "k !m1--! voice1 !  
c>riage1 ! unconsci\s mann]1 all tell+ a
 /ory ( new ta/es & habits & loves &    
int]e/s1 t _h wr\ght out 9 v tru? a new 
creature4 ,yet 9 spite ( ?is ,i h       
sometimes ?\ght t 9 college m ?an       
else:]e ! old law holds1 ,to him t ha?  
%all be giv5 & he %all h abundance1 b f 
him :o ha? n %all be tak5 away ev5 t :i*
 he seeme? to h4 ,= x is ! "y life :i*  
is op5 & prep>$ to receive :i* obta9s ! 
graci\s & uplift+ influ5ces ( college   
days4 ,:at1 !n1 = su* p]sons are ! ri* &
 abid+ rew>ds ( /udy 9 college or       

univ]sity8  ,preem95tly ! college is a  
place ( education4 ,t is ! gr\nd ( its  
be+4 ,we g to college to "k1 assur$ t k 
is sweet & p[]ful1 t a good education   
emancipates ! m9d & makes u citiz5s ( ! 
_w4 ,no college :i* does n ?or\ghly     
educate c be call$ good1 no matt] :at   
else x does4 ,no /ud5t :o fails to get a
 little k on _m subjects1 & mu* k on "s1
 c be said to h succe$$1 :atev] o!r     
advantages %e may h f\nd by ! way4 ,x is
 a beautiful & significant fact t 9 all 
times ! ye>s ( le>n+ h be5 also ! ye>s (
 romance4 ,^? :o love girls & boys pray 
t our colleges may be homes ( s\nd      
le>n+1 = k is ! condition ( e college   
bless+4 ,let no man incapable (         
ma!matics ent] "h1 ,plato is report$ to 
h inscrib$ ov] 8 ,academy door4 ,let no 
"o to :om h>d /udy is repulsive hope =  
any?+ f u1 ,am]ican colleges might      
p>aphrase4 ,accord+ly 9 my talk to-day  
,i %all say little ( ! direct b5efits ( 
k :i* ! college af=ds4 ,^! may be       
assum$4 ,x is on _! acc\nt t "o knocks  

at ! college door4 ,b seek+ ?is fir/1 a 
good _m o!r ?+s are add$4 ,i want to    
po9t out "s ( ^! collat]al advantages ( 
go+ to college1 or r to draw att5tion to
 "s ( ! _m =ms 9 :i* ! w9n+ ( k pres5ts 
itself4  ,! fir/ ( ^! is happ9ess4      
,ev]ybody wants a good "t1 especially e 
girl 9 h] te5s4 ,a good "t1 x is true1  
does n always 9 ^! ye>s mean :at x w    
mean by & by1 any m ?an ! girl ( eighte5
 plays ) ! doll :i* entranc$ ! *ild (   
eight4 ,x takes "s "t to discov] t "w is
 ! be/ sort ( play1 & "s p nev] discov] 
x at all4 ,b :5 mo!rs ask su* que/ions z
 ^!3 ,h[ c ,i make my daught] happy8 ,h[
 c ,i give h] ! be/ society8 ,h[ c %e h 
a good "t8 ! answ] 9 mo/ cases is       
simple4 ,s5d h] to college--to almo/ any
 college4 ,s5d h] because !re is no o!r 
place :]e betwe5 eighte5 & tw5ty-two %e 
is s likely to h a g5u9ely good "t4     
,m]ely = good times1 = romance1 =       
society1 college life (f]s unequall$    
opportunities4 ,( c\rse no idle p]son c 
possibly be happy1 ev5 = a day1 nor %e  

:o makes a bus9ess ( try+ to amuse      
h]self4 ,= full happ9ess1 ?\gh its spr+s
 are )91 we want heal? & fri5ds & "w &  
objects ( aspiration4 ,we live by       
admiration1 hope1 & love1 says          
,wordswor?4 ,! college ab\nds 9 all     
?ree4 ,9 ! college "t new p[]s are      
spr\t+1 & intellig5ce1 m]rim5t1         
tru?fulness1 & g5]osity are m natural   
?an ! opposite qualities (t5 become 9   
lat] ye>s4 ,an exhil>at+ atmosph]e      
p]vades ! place4 ,we :o are 9 x all ! "t
 feel t we live at ! f\nta9 ( p]petual  
y\?1 & ^? :o take b a f\r ye>s' ba? 9 x 
become m *e]ful1 /rong1 & full ( promise
 ?an !y are ev] likely to f9d !mselves  
aga92 = a college is a k9d ( comp5dium (
 ! ?+s t mo/ m5 long =4 ,x is usually   
plant$ 9 a beautiful spot1 ! *>m ( trees
 & wat] be+ add$ to /ately build+s &    
/imulat+ works ( art4 ,v5]able          
associations ( ! pa/ hall[ its halls4   
,lead]s 9 ! /irr+ _w ( to-day return at 
ea* ,comm5cem5t to %>e ! fre% life ( !  
new class4 ,books1 pictures1 music1     

collections1 appliances 9 e field1 le>n$
 tea*]s1 mir?ful fri5ds1 a?letics =     
holidays1 ! be/ words ( ! be/ m5 = holy 
days1--all are "h4 ,no wond] t m5 look  
back ^u _! college life z ^u halcyon    
days1 ! romantic p]iod ( y\?4 ,no wond] 
t ,dr4 ,holmes's poems to 8 ,h>v>d      
classmates f9d an e*o 9 college reunions
 ev]y:]e2 & gray-hair$ m51 :o outside ! 
n>r[+ circle ( home h n he>d _! fir/    
names = ye>s1 rema9 ,bill & ,joe & ,john
 & ,george to college comrades1 ev5 if  
unse5 = m ?an a g5]ation4  ,yet a girl  
%\ld g to college n m]ely to obta9 f\r  
happy ye>s1 b to make a second ga91 :i* 
is (t5 ov]look$1 & is little und]/ood   
ev5 :5 p]ceiv$2 ,i mean a ga9 9 heal?4  
,! old notion t l[ vitality is a matt] (
 c\rse ) wom52 t to be delicate is a m>k
 ( sup]ior ref9em5t1 especially 9       
well-to-d families2 t sickness is a     
disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1--^! notions   
meet ) no acceptance 9 college4 ,ye>s   
ago ,i saw 9 ! mirror frame ( a college 
fre%man's room ?is little =mula3        

,sickness is c>elessness1 c>elessness is
 selfi%ness1 & selfi%ness is s94 ,& ,i h
 (t5 notic$ among college girls an air (
 humiliation & %ame :5 oblig$ to confess
 a lack ( physical vigor1 z if !y 7     
convict$ ( manag+ life ) bad judgm5t1 or
 ( "s moral del9qu5cy4 ,) ! spread+     
sci5tific conviction t heal? is a matt] 
l>gely "u ea* p]son's control1 t ev5    
inh]it$ t5d5cies to disease ne$ n be    
all[$ to run _! riot\s c\rse un*eck$1   
!re comes an e>ne/ purpose to be /rong &
 free4 ,fasc9at+ fields ( k are wait+ to
 be explor$2 possibilities ( do+1 z well
 z ( kn[+1 are on e side2 new & de>     
fri5d%ips enl>ge & sweet5 dreams (      
future /udy & "w1 & ! "y /ud5t _c af=d  
quiv]+ n]ves or small lungs or an a*+   
head any m ?an bad ta/e1 r\gh mann]s1 or
 a weak w4 ,h&icapp$ by inh]itance or   
bad tra9+1 %e f9ds ! plan ( college life
 itself h] support] & fri5d4 ,! /eady1  
long-cont9u$ r\t9e ( m5tal "w1 physical 
ex]cise1 recreation1 & sleep1 ! simple &
 :olesome food1 9 place ( irregul> &    

un/udi$ diet1 "w out salvation = h]4    
,in/ead ( be+ left to g out ( doors :5  
%e feels l x1 ! regul> tra9+ ( !        
gymnasium1 ! boats on lake & riv]1 !    
t5nis c\rt1 ! golf l9ks1 ! basket ball1 
! bicycle1 ! long walk among ! woods 9  
se>* ( botanical or geological          
specim5s1--all ^! & _m m call to ! busy 
/ud5t1 until %e realizes t !y h _!      
rightful place 9 e well-ord]$ day ( e   
mon?4 ,s %e le>ns1 little by little1 t  
buoyant heal? is a preci\s possession to
 be won & kept4  ,x is significant t    
already /ati/ical inve/igation 9 ?is    
c\ntry & 9 ,engl& %[s t ! /&>d ( heal?  
is high] among ! wom5 :o hold college   
degrees ?an among any o!r equal numb] ( 
! same age & class4 ,& x is int]e/+ also
 to obs]ve to :at sort ( que/ions our   
rec5t girl graduates h be5 incl9$ to    
devote att5tion4 ,!y h be5 l>gely !     
neglect$ problems ( little *ildr5 & _!  
heal?1 ( home sanitation1 ( food & its  
*oice & prep>ation1 ( dome/ic s]vice1 ( 
! cleanl9ess ( s*ools & public build+s4 

,colleges = girls are pl$g$ by _! v     
con/itution to make p]si/5t w> on ! wat]
 cure1 ! n]v9e retreat1 ! insane asylum1
 ! hospital1--^? bitt] fruits ( !       
emotional lives ( ?\s&s ( wom54 ,i c    
nev] af=d a sick heada*e aga91 life is s
 int]e/+ & !re is s mu* to d1 a delicate
 girl said to me at ! end ( h] fir/     
college ye>4 ,& :ile h] "m 0 9 a f>-(f  
invalid retreat1 %e und]took ! battle   
aga9/ fate ) ! same intellig5ce & c\rage
 :i* %e put into h] calculus problems & 
h] translations ( ,sophocles4 ,h]       
beautiful home & h] rosy & happy *ildr5 
prove ! measure ( h] h>d-won success4   
,=m]ly ! majority ( physicians _h b "o  
"q = ! "m ( ! n]v\s & delicate girl1    
,does %e g to s*ool8 ,& only "o         
prescription1 ,take h] out ( s*ool4     
,nev] a sugge/ion z to supp]s ( pickles 
& p\nd-cake1 nev] a h9t ab\t midnight   
danc+ & hurri$ daytime ways4 ,b n[ !    
s5sible doctor asks1 ,:at are h]        
int]e/s8 ,:at are h] ta/es8 ,:at are h] 
habits8 ,& he f9ds new int]e/s = h]1 &  

urges ! =mation ( out-(-door ta/es &    
/eady occupation = ! m9d1 9 ord] to draw
 ! morbid girl f h]self into !          
invigorat+ _w outside4 ,?is ! college   
does l>gely ?r\gh its ?ird gift (       
fri5d%ip4  ,until a girl goes away f    
home to s*ool or college1 h] fri5ds are 
*iefly *os5 = h] by circum/ances4 ,h] "y
 relatives1 h] neighbors 9 ! same /reet1
 ^? :o happ5 to g to ! same s*ool or    
*ur*1--^! %e makes h] girli% intimates4 
,%e goes to college ) ! entire          
conviction1 half unkn[n to h]self1 t h] 
fa!r's political p>ty conta9s all !     
hone/ m51 h] "m's social circle all !   
true ladies1 h] *ur* all ! real sa9ts ( 
! community4 ,& ! small] ! t[n1 ! m     
absolute is h] belief4 ,b 9 college %e  
f9ds t ! girl :o e>n$ h] s*ol>%ip 9 !   
village s*ool sits beside ! bank]'s     
daught]2 ! ,new ,engl& f>m]'s *ild rooms
 next ! heiress ( a ,hawaiian sug>      
plantation2 ! daught]s ( ! oppos+       
c&idates 9 a %>ply f\ght election h gr[n
 great fri5ds 9 college boats &         

laboratories2 & be=e h] diploma is won  
%e realizes h[ mu* ri*] a _w %e lives 9 
?an %e ev] dream$ ( at home4 ,! weal? t 
lies 9 diff]5ces has dawn$ ^u h] vision4
 ,x is only :5 ! ri* & poor sit d[n     
toge!r t ei!r c und]/& h[ ! ,"l is !    
,mak] ( !m all4  ,to-day above all ?+s  
we ne$ ! influ5ce ( m5 & wom5 (         
fri5dl9ess1 ( g5]\s nature1 (           
hospitality to new ideas1 9 %ort1 (     
social imag9ation4 ,b in/ead1 we f9d ea*
 political p>ty bitt]ly call+ ! o!r     
di%one/1 ea* class suspici\s ( !        
int5tions ( ! o!r1 & 9 social life !    
pettie/ /&>ds ( conduct4 ,is x n well = 
u t ! colleges all ov] ! c\ntry /ill (f]
 to _! =tunate /ud5ts a society ( ! mo/ 
democratic sort1--"o 9 :i* a fa!r's     
money1 a "m's social position1 c assure 
no di/9ction & make no close fri5ds8 ,"h
 capacity ( e k9d c\nts = its full      
value4 ,"h en?usiasm waits to make h]oes
 ( ^? :o c lead4 ,"h *>m+ mann]s1 noble 
"*1 amiable temp]1 s*ol>ly p[]1 f9d _!  
full opportunity & inspire su* fri5d%ips

 z are seldom made aft]w>d4 ,i h =gott5 
my *emi/ry1 & my classical philology _c 
be> exam9ation2 b all r\nd ! _w !re are 
m5 & wom5 at "w1 my intimates ( college 
days1 :o h made ! wide e>? a fri5dly    
place to me4 ,( e cre$1 ( e p>ty1 9     
f>-away places & 9 ne>1 ! ?\ght ( !m    
makes me m c\rage\s 9 duty & m fai?ful  
to opportunity1 ?\gh = _m ye>s we may n 
h _h "t to write ea* o!r a lett]4 ,!    
basis ( all valuable & endur+ fri5d%ips 
is n accid5t or juxtaposition1 b ta/es1 
int]e/s1 habits1 "w1 ambitions4 ,x is = 
?is reason t to college fri5d%ip cl+s a 
romance entirely its own4 ,"o ( ! fri5ds
 may sp5d h] days 9 ! laboratory1 eag]ly
 *as+ ! %y facts t hide beyond !        
microscope's f9e vision1 & ! o!r may    
fill h] h\rs & h] he>t ) ! poets & !    
philosoph]s2 "o may /eadfa/ly pursue h] 
way t[>d ! comm& ( a hospital1 & ! o!r  
t[>d ! _w ( lett]s & ( art2 ^! div]g5ces
 con/itute no b>ri]1 b r an aid to !    
fulness ( fri5d%ip4 ,& ! fact t "o goes 
9 a simple g[n :i* %e has e>n$ & made   

h]self1 & ! o!r lives :5 at home 9 a    
m]*ant's mod]n palace--:at has t to d ) 
! ?+s ! girls c>e ab\t & ! dreams !y    
talk ov] 9 ! walk by ! riv] or ! bicycle
 ride ?r\gh c\ntry roads8 ,if any "y man
 to-day goes ?r\gh ,h>v>d lonely1       
neglect$1 unfri5d$1 if any girl lives   
solit>y & wret*$ 9 h] life at           
,wellesley1 x is _! own fault4 ,x mu/ be
 because !y are suspici\s1 unfri5dly1 or
 disagreeable !mselves4 ,c]ta9ly x is   
true t 9 ! associations ( college life1 
m ?an 9 any o!r t ! c\ntry c %[1 :at is 
extrane\s1 artificial1 & tempor>y falls 
away1 & ! e-day relations ( life & "w   
take on a "* t is simple1 natural1      
g5u9e4 ,& s x comes ab\t t ! f\r? gift (
 college life is ideals ( p]sonal "*4   
,to "s p ! %ap+ ideals ( :at "* %\ld be1
 (t5 held unconsci\sly1 come f ! books  
!y read2 b to ! majority !y are giv5 by 
! p]sons :om !y mo/ admire be=e !y are  
tw5ty ye>s old4 ,! greate/ ?+ any fri5d 
or tea*]1 ei!r 9 s*ool or college1 c d =
 a /ud5t is to furni% him ) a p]sonal   

ideal4 ,! college pr(essors :o trans=m$ 
me ?r\gh my acqua9tance ) !m--ah1 !y 7  
few1 & ,i am sure ,i did n h a doz5     
conv]sations ) !m outside _!            
classrooms--gave me1 ea* 9 8 diff]5t    
way1 an ideal ( "*1 ( conduct1 ( !      
s*ol>1 ! lead]1 ( :i* !y & ,i 7 totally 
unconsci\s at ! "t4 ,= _m ye>s ,i h kn[n
 t my /udy ) !m1 no matt] :e!r (        
philosophy or ( ,greek1 ( ma!matics or  
hi/ory or ,engli%1 enl>g$ my notions (  
life1 uplift$ my /&>ds ( culture1 & s   
inspir$ me ) new possibilities (        
usefulness & ( happ9ess4 ,n ! facts &   
!ories t ,i le>n$ s mu* z ! m5 :o taught
 me1 gave ?is inspiration4 ,! community 
at l>ge is "r 9 say+ t x wants ! p]sonal
 influ5ce ( pr(essors on /ud5ts1 b x is 
:olly wrong 9 assum+ t ?is preci\s      
influ5ce comes f frequ5t meet+s or talks
 on miscellane\s subjects4 ,!re is q z  
likely to be a quick5+ =ce 9 ! some:at  
remote & my/]i\s p[] ( ! tea*] :o       
devotes himself to amass+ treasures (   
s*ol>%ip1 or to pati5tly work+ out ! be/

 me?ods ( tea*+2 :o /&+ some:at ap>t1   
/ill rema9s an ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian s*ol>1
 ! j1 ! c\rte\s man or woman4 ,to come  
"u ! influ5ce ( "o su* tea*] is en\gh to
 make college life wor? :ile4 ,a "y man 
:o came to ,h>v>d ) eighty c5ts 9 8     
pocket1 & work$ 8 way ?r\gh1 nev] a high
 s*ol>1 & n[ 9 a bus9ess :i* looks v    
commonplace1 told me ! o!r day t he w\ld
 n c>e to be alive if he _h n gone to   
college4 ,8 face flu%$ z he expla9$ h[  
diff]5t 8 days w\ld h be5 if he _h n    
kn[n two ( 8 pr(essors4 ,d y use y\r    
college /udies 9 y\r bus9ess8 ,i ask$4  
,oh1 no6 he answ]$4 ,b ,i am ano!r man 9
 do+ ! bus9ess2 & :5 ! day's "w is done 
,i live ano!r life because ( my college 
exp]i5ces4 ,! bus9ess & ,i are bo? !    
bett] = x e day4 ,h[ _m a "y girl has _h
 h] :ole horizon ext5d$ by ! *ang$      
ideals %e ga9$ 9 college6 ,yet ?is is   
l>gely because ! associations & /udies  
!re are likely to give h] p]man5t       
int]e/s--! fif? & p]haps ! greate/ gift 
( college life ( :i* ,i %all speak4  ,! 

old fairy /ory :i* *>m$ u 9 *ildhood    
end$ ) ,& !y 7 m>ri$ & liv$ happy ev]   
aft]4 ,x conduct$ to ! alt>1 hav+ br\ght
 ! happy pair ?r\gh innum]able          
difficulties1 & left u ) ! cont5t$ s5se 
t all ! mi/akes & problems w\ld n[ vani%
 & life be "o long day ( uncl\d$ bliss4 
,i h se5 devot$ & intellig5t mo!rs      
arrange _! "y daught]s' education &     
companion%ips precisely on ?is basis4   
,!y plann$ z if ^! pretty & *>m+ girls 7
 go+ to live only tw5ty or tw5ty-five   
ye>s at ! utmo/1 & _h consequ5tly no ne$
 ( ! weal?y int]e/s t %\ld r\nd out !   
fullgr[n woman's /ature1 mak+ h] y\ng] 9
 feel+ at =ty ?an at tw5ty1 & m lovely &
 admir$ at eighty ?an at ei!r4  ,em]son 
9 writ+ ( beauty decl>es t ! secret (   
ugl9ess consi/s n 9 irregul> outl9e1 b 9
 be+ un9t]e/+4 ,we love any =ms1 h[ev]  
ugly1 f :i* great qualities %9e4 ,if    
comm&1 eloqu5ce1 art1 or inv5tion exi/s 
9 ! mo/ de=m$ p]son1 all ! accid5ts t   
usually displease1 please1 & raise e/eem
 & wond] high]4 ,beauty )\t grace is !  

head )\t ! body4 ,beauty )\t expression 
tires4 ,( c\rse su* consid]ations c     
h>dly come ) full =ce to ! "y girl      
h]self1 :o feels ag$ at eighte51 &      
imag9es t ! tr\bles & problems ( life & 
?\ght are h]s already4 ,oh1 tell me     
to-night1 cri$ a college fre%man once to
 h] presid5t1 :i* is ! "r side & :i* is 
! wrong side ( ?is ,&ov] "q ab\t        
es*atology8 ,! "y girl is impati5t ( op5
 que/ions1 & irritat$ at h] inability to
 answ] !m4 ,nei!r c %e believe t ! fir/ 
headlong ze/ ) :i* %e ?r[s h]self into  
society1 a?letics1 into ev]y?+ :i* comes
 9 h] way1 c ev] fail4 ,b h] eld]s "k1  
look+ on1 t our ,am]ican girl1 ! comrade
 ( h] p>5ts & ( h] bro!rs & _! fri5ds1  
br\ght up f babyhood 9 ! eag] talk (    
politics & society1 ( religi\s belief1 (
 public action1 ( social                
responsibility--t ?is typical girl1 ) h]
 quick sympa?ies1 h] cle> head1 h] w>m  
he>t1 h] outrea*+ h&s1 w n p]man5tly be 
satisfi$ or self-respect+1 ?\gh %e h !  
prettie/ dresses & hats 9 t[n1 or ! mo/ 

*>m+ ( d9n]s1 dances1 & teas4 ,unless   
!re comes to h]1 & comes e>ly1 ! "o *ief
 happ9ess ( life1--a m>riage (          
comrade%ip1--%e mu/ face = h]self ! "q1 
,:at %all ,i d ) my life8  ,i recall a  
sup]b girl ( tw5ty z ,i ov]took h] "o   
w9t] morn+ hurry+ along ,commonweal?    
,av5ue4 ,%e spoke ( a brilliant p>ty at 
a fri5d's ! previ\s ev5+4 ,b1 oh6 %e    
cri$1 ?r[+ up h] h&s 9 a k9d ( hopeless 
impati5ce1 tell me :at to d4 ,my danc+  
days are ov]6 ,i laugh$ at h]1 ,h y     
spra9$ y\r ankle8 ,b ,i saw ,i _h made a
 mi/ake :5 %e add$1 ,x is no laugh+     
matt]4 ,i h be5 out ?ree ye>s4 ,i h n   
done :at !y expect$ ( me1 ) a flu% & a  
%rug1 & !re is a cr[d ( nice girls com+ 
on ?is w9t]2 & anyway1 ,i am s tir$ (   
go+ to teas & ball-games & assemblies6  
,i don't c>e ! lea/ 9 ! _w = =eign      
missions1 &1 ) a /amp1 ,i am n go+      
slumm+ among ! ,italians4 ,i h too mu*  
respect = ! ,italians4 ,& :at %all ,i d 
) ! re/ ( my life8 ,t 0 a frank /atem5t 
( :at any girl ( bra9s or consci5ce     

feels1 ) m or less bitt] di/9ctness1    
unless %e m>ries e>ly1 or has "s press+ 
"w = :i* %e is well tra9$4  ,yet ev5 if 
t :i* is ! pr(ession ( woman p>         
excell5ce be h]s1 h[ c %e be p]5nially s
 int]e/+ a companion to h] husb& &      
*ildr5 z if %e _h ke5 p]sonal ta/es1    
long h] own1 & gr[+ ) h] gr[?8 ,inde$1 9
 t respect ! condition ( m5 is almo/ !  
same z t ( wom54 ,x w\ld be q ! same 7 x
 n = ! fact t a man's bus9ess or        
pr(ession is g5]ally 9 itself a means ( 
gr[?1 ( education1 ( dignity4 ,he leans 
8 life aga9/ x4 ,he builds 8 home 9 !   
%ad[ ( x4 ,x b9ds 8 days toge!r 9 a k9d 
( natural piety1 & makes him advance 9  
/r5g? & nobility z he fulfils ! common  
r\nd1 ! daily task4 ,& t is ! reason :y 
m5 9 ! pa/1 if !y h be5 honorable m51 h 
gr[n old bett] ?an wom54 ,m5 usually    
reta9 _! ability long]1 _! m5tal        
al]tness & hospitality4 ,!y add f9e     
quality to f9e quality1 pass+ f /r5g? to
 /r5g? & pres]v+ 9 old age :atev] has   
be5 be/ 9 y\?4 ,x 0 a sudd5 recognition 

( ?is fact :i* made a "y fri5d ( m9e say
 la/ w9t]1 ,i am n go+ to p>ties any m2 
! m5 be/ wor? talk+ ) are too old to    
dance4  ,ev5 ) ! help ( a p]man5t       
bus9ess or pr(ession1 h[ev]1 ! mo/      
int]e/+ m5 ,i "k are ^? :o h an         
avocation z well z a vocation4 ,i mean a
 ta/e or "w q ap>t f ! bus9ess ( life4  
,?is revives1 inspires1 & cultivates !m 
p]petually4 ,x matt]s little :at x is1  
if only x is real & p]sonal1 is l>ge    
en\gh to la/1 & possesses ! p[] ( gr[?4 
,a "y sea-capta9 f a ,new ,engl& village
 on a long & lonely voyage falls ^u a   
copy ( ,%elley4 ,appeal is made to 8 f9e
 b untra9$ m9d1 & ! book ( ! boy poet   
becomes ! seaman's univ]sity4 ,! wide _w
 ( poetry & ( ! o!r f9e arts is op5$1 & 
! ,%elleyian speciali/ becomes a        
cultivat$1 orig9al1 & *>m+ man4 ,a busy 
m]*ant loves fl[]s1 & 9 all 8 free h\rs 
/udies !m4 ,ea* new spr+ adds k to 8 k1 
& 8 fri5ds cont9ually br+ him _! /range 
discov]ies4 ,) gr[+ weal? he cultivates 
r>e & beautiful plants1 & %>es !m ) 8   

=tunate acqua9tances4 ,happy ! companion
 invit$ to a walk or a drive ) su*      
obs]vant eyes1 su* vivid talk6 ,because 
( ?is *e]ful int]e/ 9 fl[]s1 & ?is +5i\s
 skill 9 deal+ ) !m1 ! man himself is   
int]e/+4 ,all 8 p[]s are al]t1 & 8      
judgm5t is valu$ 9 public life & 9      
private bus9ess4 ,or is x m exact to say
 t because he is ! k9d ( man :o w\ld    
insi/ ^u hav+ su* int]e/s outside 8     
daily "w1 he is /ill fre% & "y & capable
 ( gr[? at an age :5 _m o!r m5 are dull 
& old & c]ta9 t ! "t ( decay is at h&8  
,!re are two reasons :y wom5 ne$ to     
cultivate ^! l>ge & abid+ int]e/s ev5 m 
p]si/5tly ?an m54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y h 
m leisure4 ,!y are inde$ ! only leisur$ 
class 9 ! c\ntry1 ! only l>ge body (    
p]sons :o are n call$ ^u to w9 _! daily 
bread 9 direct1 wage-e>n+ ways4 ,z yet1 
=tunately1 few m5 among u h s little    
self-respect z to idle ab\t our /reets &
 draw+-rooms because _! fa!rs are ri*   
en\gh to support !m4 ,we are n )\t our  
unemploy$ poor2 b rov+ tramps & idle    

clubm5 are aft] all n ( l>ge consequ5ce4
 ,our s]i\s non-produc+ classes are     
*iefly wom54 ,x is ! regul> ambition ( !
 *ivalr\s ,am]ican to make all ! wom5 :o
 dep5d on him s com=table t !y ne$ d    
no?+ = !mselves4 ,ma*9]y has tak5 ne>ly 
all ! =m] occupations ( wom5 out ( !    
home into ! %op & factory4 ,widespread  
weal? & com=t1 & ! inh]it$ !ory t x is n
 well = ! woman to e>n money s long z   
fa!r or bro!rs c support h]1 h br\ght   
ab\t a condition ( ?+s 9 :i* !re is     
social dang]1 unless ) ! l>g] leisure   
are giv5 high & endur+ int]e/s4 ,to     
heal? especially !re is great dang]1 =  
no?+ breaks d[n a woman's heal? l       
idl5ess & its result+ ennui4 ,m p1 ,i am
 sure1 are brok5 d[n n]v\sly because !y 
are bor$1 ?an because !y are ov]work$2 &
 m /ill g to pieces ?r\gh fuss9ess1     
un:olesome liv+1 worry ov] petty        
details1 & ! daily disappo9tm5ts :i*    
result f small & sup]ficial tra9+4 ,&   
!n1 besides ! dang] to heal?1 !re is !  
dang] to "*4 ,i ne$ n dwell on ! und]m9+

 influ5ce :i* m5 also feel :5 occupation
 is tak5 away & no absorb+ private      
int]e/ fills ! vacancy4 ,! vices (      
luxuri\s city life are p]haps h>dly m   
de/ructive to "* ?an is ! sl[           
det]ioration ( b>r5 c\ntry life4 ,?\gh !
 conditions 9 ! two cases are exactly   
opposite1 ! tr\ble is (t5 !             
same1--abs5ce ( noble int]e/s4 ,9 ! city
 re/less idl5ess organizes amusem5t2 9 !
 c\ntry deadly dulness succe$s daily    
toil4  ,b !re is a second reason :y a   
girl %\ld acquire = h]self /rong & wor?y
 int]e/s4 ,! regul> occupations ( wom5 9
 _! homes are g5]ally disconnect$ & (   
little educational value1 at lea/ z ^?  
homes are at pres5t conduct$4 ,giv5 !   
be/ w 9 ! _w1 ! daily do+ ( h\sehold    
details becomes a we>isome monotony if !
 m]e p]=mance ( !m is all4 ,to make     
drudg]y div9e a woman mu/ h a bra9 to   
plan & eyes to see h[ to sweep a room z 
to ,god's laws4 ,imag9ation & k %\ld be 
! h\rly companions ( h] :o w\ld make a  
f9e art ( ea* detail 9 kit*5 & nurs]y4  

,too long has ! p9 be5 ! appropriate    
symbol ( ! av]age woman's life--! p91   
:i* only tempor>ily holds toge!r ?+s :i*
 may or may n h any organic connection )
 "o ano!r4 ,:ile und\bt$ly mo/ wom5 mu/ 
sp5d ! l>g] "p ( life 9 ?is mode/ p9-"w1
 hold+ toge!r ! little ?+s ( home &     
s*ool & society & *ur*1 x is also true1 
t cohesive "w itself _c be done well1   
ev5 9 humble circum/ances1 except by !  
ref9$1 ! tra9$1 ! gr[+ woman4 ,! smalle/
 village1 ! pla9e/ home1 give ample     
space = ! res\rces ( ! tra9$ college    
woman4 ,& ! reason :y su* homes & su*   
villages are s (t5 b>r5 ( grace & v>iety
 is j because ^! f9e qualities h n rul$ 
!m4 ,! high] graces ( civilization halt 
among u2 da9ty & f9i%$ ways ( liv+ give 
place to common ways1 :ile vulg> ta/es1 
slatt]nly habits1 cl\ds & despond5cy    
reign 9 ! h\se4 ,little *ildr5 "u five  
ye>s ( age die 9 ne$less ?\s&s because (
 ! dull1 unimag9ative wom5 on :om !y    
dep5d4 ,su* wom5 h be5 satisfi$ ) j     
gett+ along1 in/ead ( pack+ ev]y?+ !y d 

) bra9s1 in/ead ( /udy+ ! be/ possible  
way ( do+ ev]y?+ small or l>ge2 = !re is
 always a be/ way1 :e!r ( sett+ a table1
 ( trimm+ a hat1 or tea*+ a *ild to     
read4 ,& ?is ta/e = p]fection c be      
cultivat$2 inde$1 x mu/ be cultivat$1 if
 our /&>ds ( liv+ are to be rais$4 ,!re 
is n[ sci5tific k en\gh1 !re is money   
en\gh1 to prev5t ! va/ majority ( !     
evils :i* afflict our social organism1  
if m]e k or weal? c\ld avail2 b ! great]
 difficulty is to make intellig5ce1 "*1 
good ta/e1 unselfi%ness prevail4  ,:at1 
!n1 are ! int]e/s :i* p[]fully appeal to
 m9d & he>t1 & s are fitt$ to become !  
/r5g!n+ companions ( a woman's life8 ,i 
%all m5tion only ?ree1 all ( !m su* z   
are elaborately fo/]$ by college life4  
,! fir/ is ! love ( great lit]ature4 ,i 
d n mean t use ( books by :i* a man may 
get :at is call$ a good education & s be
 bett] qualifi$ = ! battle ( life1 nor d
 ,i m5tion books 9 _! "* z res]voirs (  
k1 books :i* we ne$ = special purposes1 
& :i* are no long] ( consequ5ce :5 our  

purpose ) !m is s]v$4 ,i h 9 m9d ! great
 books1 especially ! great poets1 books 
to be adopt$ z a res\rce & a solace4 ,! 
*ief reason :y s _m p d n "k h[ to make 
comrades ( su* books is because !y h    
come to !m too late4 ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry 
enorm\s numb]s ( read]s1--probably a    
l>g] numb] :o read1 & :o read _m h\rs 9 
! week1 ?an has ev] be5 kn[n else:]e 9 !
 _w4 ,b :at d ^! millions read besides !
 newspap]s8 ,possibly a d5om9ational    
religi\s weekly & ano!r j\rnal ( fa%ion 
or bus9ess4 ,!n come ! ?\s&s :o read !  
be/ magaz9es1 & :atev] else is = ! mom5t
 popul> 9 novels & poetry--! la/ dialect
 /ory1 ! fa%ionable poem1 ! que/ionable 
b talk$-( novel4 ,let a viol5t attack be
 made on ! dec5cy ( a new /ory1 &       
in/antly1 if only x is clev]1 its au?or 
becomes fam\s4  ,b ! fa%ions 9 read+ ( a
 re/less race--! wom5 too idle1 ! m5 too
 heavily work$--,i w n discuss "h4 ,let 
light lit]ature be dev\r$ by our        
populace z 8 drug is tak5 by !          
opium-eat]1 & ) a simil> n>cotic effect4

 ,we c only seek out ! *ildr51 & hope by
 giv+ !m f babyhood bits ( ! noble/     
lit]ature1 to prep>e !m = ! great       
opportunities ( mature life4 ,i urge1   
!re=e1 read+ z a m5tal /imulus1 z a     
solace 9 tr\ble1 a p]petual s\rce (     
delight2 & ,i w\ld po9t out t we mu/ n  
delay to make ! great fri5d%ips t await 
u on ! libr>y %elves until sickness %uts
 ! door on ! out] _w1 or dea? ent]s !   
home & sil5ces ! voices t once help$ to 
make ^! fri5d%ips sweet4 ,if ,hom] &    
,%akespe>e & ,wordswor? & ,br[n+ are to 
h mean+ = u :5 we ne$ !m mo/1 x w be    
because !y come to u z old famili>      
fri5ds ^: influ5ces h p]meat$ ! glad &  
busy days be=e4 ,! la/ "t ,i he>d ,james
 ,russell ,l[ell talk to college girls1 
he said1--= he 0 too ill to say _m      
words1--,i h only ?is "o message to     
leave ) y4 ,9 all y\r "w 9 college nev] 
lose sight ( ! reason :y y h come "h4 ,x
 is n t y may get some?+ by :i* to e>n  
y\r bread1 b t e m\?ful ( bread may be !
 sweet] to y\r ta/e4  ,& ?is is ! p[]   

possess$ by ! mighty dead1--m5 ( e "t & 
nation1 ^: voices dea? _c sil5ce1 :o are
 wait+ ev5 at ! poor man's elb[1 ^:     
illum9at+ words may be _h = ! price ( a 
day's "w 9 ! kit*5 or ! /reet1 = lack ( 
love ( :om _m a luxuri\s home is a dull 
& solit>y spot1 bre$+ mis]y & vice4 ,n[ 
! mod]n college is especially equipp$ to
 introduce its /ud5ts to su* lit]ature4 
,! libr>y is at la/ und]/ood to be !    
he>t ( ! college4 ,! mod]n libr>ian is n
 ! keep] ( books z 0 8 pr$ecessor1 b !  
di/ribut] ( !m1 & ! guide to _!         
res\rces1 pr\d :5 he increases ! use ( 8
 treasures4 ,e language1 anci5t or      
mod]n1 :i* conta9s a lit]ature is n[    
taught 9 college4 ,its hi/ory is exam9$1
 its philology1 its ma/]pieces1 & m ?an 
ev] is ,engli% lit]ature /udi$ & lov$4  
,!re is n[ e opportunity = ! college    
/ud5t to become an exp]t 9 ! use ( 8 own
 tongue & p54 ,:at o!r m5 pa9fully /rive
 = he c enjoy to ! full ) comp>atively  
little ef=t4  ,b !re is a second        
invigorat+ int]e/ to :i* college tra9+  

introduces its /ud5t4 ,i mean ! /udy (  
nature1 intimacy ) ! /range & beautiful 
_w 9 :i* we live4 ,nature nev] did      
betray ! he>t t lov$ h]1 sang h] poet & 
high prie/4 ,:5 ! _w has be5 too mu* )  
u1 no?+ else is s refre%+ to tir$ eyes &
 m9d z woods & wat]1 & an intellig5t k (
 ! life )9 !m4 ,= a g5]ation pa/ !re has
 be5 a well-nigh univ]sal turn+ ( !     
population t[>d ! cities4 ,9 #ahdj only 
n9e p] c5t ( our p liv$ 9 cities ( eight
 ?\s& inhabitants or m4 ,n[ m ?an a ?ird
 ( u are f\nd 9 cities4 ,b ! electric   
c>1 ! telephone1 ! bicycle1 /ill keep   
av5ues to ! c\ntry op54 ,c]ta9 x is t   
city p feel a gr[+ hung] = ! c\ntry1    
p>ticul>ly :5 grass beg9s to gr[4 ,?is  
is a heal?y ta/e1 & mu/ increase ! g5]al
 k & love ( nature4 ,=tunate are !      
little *ildr5 9 ^? s*ools ^: tea*]s "k &
 love ! _w 9 :i* !y live4 ,_! "y eyes   
are e>ly op5$ to ! beauty ( birds &     
trees & plants4 ,n only %\ld we expect  
our girls to h a feel+ = ! f9e sunset or
 ! wide-rea*+ panorama ( field & wat]1 b

 to "k some?+ also ab\t ! less obvi\s   
aspects ( nature1 its /ructure1 its     
me?ods ( "w1 & ! endless div]sity ( its 
p>ts4 ,no "o c h read ,mat!w ,arnold's  
lett]s to 8 wife1 8 "m1 & 8 si/]1 )\t   
be+ /ruck by ! imm5se enjoym5t he took  
?r\gh\t 8 s+ul>ly simple & h>d-work+    
life 9 fl[]s & trees & riv]s4 ,! ,engli%
 lake c\ntry _h giv5 him ?is happy      
inh]itance1 ) ev]y:]e its s\nd ( runn+  
wat] & its weal? ( gre5]y4 ,!re is a    
close connection betwe5 ! m>vell\s      
unbrok5 l9e ( ,engli% song & !          
passionate love ( ! ,engli%man = a home 
9 ! mid/ ( birds1 trees1 & gre5 fields4 
,! _w is s full ( a numb] ( ?+s1   ,t ,i
 ?9k we %\ld all be z happy z k+s1  is !
 op9ion ( ev]ybody :o kn[s nature z did 
,rob]t ,l\is ,/ev5son4 ,& s our college 
/ud5t may beg9 to "k x4 ,let h] ent] !  
laboratories & inve/igate = h]self4 ,let
 h] make h] delicate exp]im5ts ) !      
bl[pipe or ! balance2 let h] track      
my/]i\s life f "o hid+-place to ano!r2  
let h] "n all ! birds )\t a gun1 & make 

intimates ( fl[] & fi% & butt]fly--& %e 
is dull inde$ if breezy ta/es d n foll[ 
h] ?r\gh life1 & =bid any ( h] days to  
be empty ( intellig5t enjoym5t4 ,keep   
y\r ye>s beautiful2 make y\r own        
atmosph]e1 0 ! p>t+ advice ( my college 
presid5t1 himself a liv+ illu/ration (  
:at he said4  ,b x is a %ort /ep f !    
love ( ! complex & engag+ _w 9 :i* we   
live to ! love ( our comrades 9 x4      
,accord+ly ! ?ird preci\s int]e/ to be  
cultivat$ by ! college /ud5t is an      
int]e/ 9 p4 ,! s*ol> to-day is n a be+  
:o dwells ap>t 9 8 cloi/]1 ! monk's     
successor2 he is a lead] ( ! ?\ghts &   
conduct ( m54 ,s ! new subjects :i* /&  
beside ! classics & ma!matics ( m$iaeval
 culture are hi/ory1 economics1 e?ics1 &
 sociology4 ,al?\gh ^! subjects are z   
yet m]ely 9 ! mak+1 ?\s&s ( /ud5ts are  
flock+ to _! inve/igation1 & are go+ out
 to try _! t5tative k 9 ,college        
,settlem5ts & ,city ,missions &         
,*ildr5's ,aid ,societies4 ,! be/       
in/9cts ( g5]\s y\? are becom+ enli/$ 9 

^! liv+ !mes4 ,& :y %\ld our daught]s   
rema9 alo( f ! mo/ absorb+ "w ( mod]n   
city life1 "w q z fasc9at+ to "y wom5 z 
to "y m58 ,dur+ _m ye>s ( li/5+ to      
college s]mons & public lectures 9      
,wellesley1 ,i always notic$ a quick5$  
att5tion 9 ! audi5ce :5ev] ! discussion 
t\*$ politics or !ology4 ,^! are1 aft]  
all1 ! p]man5t & p]emptory int]e/s1 & !y
 %\ld be giv5 _! full place 9 a heal?y &
 vigor\s life4  ,b if t life includes a 
love ( books1 ( nature1 ( p1 x w        
naturally turn to enl>g$ conceptions (  
religion--my six? & la/ gift ( college  
life4 ,9 8 fir/ s]mon z ,ma/] ( ,balliol
 ,college1 ,dr4 ,j[ett spoke ( !        
college1 ,fir/ z a place ( education1   
secondly z a place ( society1 ?irdly z a
 place ( religion4 ,he obs]v$ t m5 ( v  
great ability (t5 fail 9 life because !y
 are unable to play _! "p ) effect4 ,!y 
are %y1 awkw>d1 self-consci\s1 defici5t 
9 mann]s1 faults :i* are z ru9\s z      
vices4 ,! supreme end ( college tra9+1  
he said1 is usefulness 9 aft] life4     

,simil>ly1 :5 ! city ( ,cambridge       
celebrat$ 9 ,h>v>d's ,memorial ,hall !  
life & dea? ( ! gallant "y ex-,gov]nor (
 ,massa*usetts1 ,william ,e4 ,russell1  
m5 did well to hang above 8 portrait "s 
wise words he _h lately said1 ,nev] =get
 ! ev]la/+ diff]5ce betwe5 mak+ a liv+ &
 mak+ a life4 ,t he himself nev] =got2 &
 x 0 well to rem9d citiz5s & /ud5ts ( x1
 z !y /ood !re fac+ too ! anci5t words  
all ,h>v>d m5 face :5 !y take _! college
 degrees & g out into ! _w1 ,!y t be    
wise %all %9e z ! brightness ( !        
firmam5t1 & !y t turn _m to righte\sness
 z ! />s = ev] & ev]4 ,good words ^! to 
g out f college )4 ,! girls ( ,wellesley
 ga!r e morn+ at *apel to b[ _! heads   
toge!r = a mom5t be=e !y scatt] among ! 
libr>ies & lecture rooms & beg9 !       
exp]im5ts ( ! new day4 ,& always _!     
college motto meets ! eyes t are rais$  
to its p5etrat+ message1 ,n to be m9i/]$
 unto1 b to m9i/]4 ,h[ _m a "y he>t has 
loyally respond$1 ,& to give life a     
ransom = _m4 ,t is ! ,wellesley _s2 & ! 

same sweet _s ( dev\t s]vice has gone =?
 f all our college halls4 ,9 any ( !m "o
 may cat* ! e*o ( ,:itti]'s noble       
psalm1--    ,our ,"l & ,ma/] ( u all6   
,:ate'er our "n or sign1   ,we own ,?y  
sway1 we he> ,?y call1       ,we te/ our
 lives by ,?9e4  ,t is ! supreme te/ (  
life1--its consecrat$ s]viceabl5ess4 ,! 
,ma/] ( ,balliol 0 "r2 ! brave m5 & wom5
 :o f\nd$ our s*ools & colleges 7 n     
wrong4 ,= ,*ri/ & ! ,*ur* univ]sities 7 
set up 9 ! wild]ness ( ,new ,engl&2 = ! 
l>ge s]vice ( ! /ate !y h be5 f\nd$ &   
ma9ta9$ at public co/ 9 e section ( !   
c\ntry :]e m5 h settl$1 f ! ,alleghanies
 across ! prairies & ,rocky ,m\nta9s d[n
 to ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,f\nd$ prim>ily z   
seats ( le>n+1 _! tea*]s h be5 n only   
sci5ti/s & l+ui/s1 philosoph]s &        
hi/orians1 b m5 & wom5 ( holy purposes1 
s\nd patriotism1 c\rage\s convictions1  
ref9$ & noble ta/es4 ,set z ^! tea*]s h 
be5 ^u a hill1 _! light has at no p]iod 
( our c\ntry's hi/ory be5 hid4 ,!y h =m$
 a l>ge factor 9 our civilization1 & 9  

_! own beautiful *>act]s h cont9ually   
%[n u h[ to comb9e religion & life1 !   
ideal & practical1 ! human & ! div9e4   
,su* are "s ( ! l>g] influ5ces to be _h 
f college life4 ,x is true all ! good   
gifts ,i h nam$ may be secur$ )\t ! aid 
( ! college4 ,we all "k "y m5 & wom5 :o 
h _h no college tra9+1 :o are z         
cultivat$1 rational1 res\rceful1 & happy
 z any p we "k1 :o excel 9 e "o ( ^!    
p>ticul>s ! college graduates ab\t !m4  
,i believe !y (t5 bitt]ly regret ! lack 
( a college education4 ,& we see "y m5 &
 wom5 go+ ?r\gh college deaf & bl9d to  
_! great *ances !re1 & aft]w>ds curi\sly
 c>eless & wa/eful ( ! be/ ?+s 9 life4  
,:ile all ?is is true1 x is true too t  
to ! op5-m9d$ & ambiti\s boy or girl (  
mod]ate heal?1 ability1 self-control1 & 
/udi\sness1 a college c\rse (f]s ! mo/  
attractive1 easy1 & probable way (      
secur+ happ9ess & heal?1 good fri5ds &  
high ideals1 p]man5t int]e/s ( a noble  
k9d1 & l>ge capacity = usefulness 9 !   
_w4 ,x has be5 well said t ! ability to 

see great ?+s l>ge & little ?+s small is
 ! f9al te/ ( education4 ,! foes ( life1
 especially ( wom5's lives1 are caprice1
 we>isome incapacity1 & petty judgm5ts4 
,f ^! oppressive foes we long to escape 
to ! rule ( "r reason1 :]e all ?+s are  
possible1 & life becomes a glory in/ead 
( a gr9d4 ,no college1 ) ! be/ tea*]s & 
collections 9 ! _w1 c by its own p[]    
imp>t all ?is to any woman4 ,b if "o has
 set h] face 9 t direction1 :]e else c  
%e f9d s _m h&s rea*$ out to help1 s _m 
enc\rag+ voices 9 ! air1 s _m favor+    
influ5ces fill+ ! days & nights8     ,! 
,riv]side ,press   ,,cambridge1         
,,massa*usetts   ,u4 ,s4 ,a