,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies47           
,,triumphs ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y
 ,,9 ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce4  ,illu/ration3 
,,george ,,/eph5son',s ,,home4 ,page    
#abj4         ,,triumphs ,,(            
,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y     ,,9 ,,art 
,,& ,,sci5ce4      ,,by     ,j4         
,,hamilton ,,fyfe4       ,,peace ,,ha?  
,,h] ,,victories ,,no ,,less ,,?an ,,w>4
       ,,london3     ,t4 ,,nelson ,,&   
,,sons1 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[2     ,,ed9burgh2
 ,,& ,,new ,,york4      #ahga4          
,preface4      ,peace ha? h] victories1 
no less r5[n$ ?an w>4--,,milton4   ,x is
 n difficult to acc\nt = ! pre-em95ce1  
g5]ally assign$ to ! victories ( w> ov] 
! victories ( peace 9 popul> hi/ory4 ,! 
noise & o/5tation :i* att5d ! =m]1 ! air
 ( romance :i* surr\nds !m1--lay firm   
hold ( ! imag9ation1 :ile ! directness &
 rapidity ) :i*1 9 su* transactions1 !  
effect foll[s ! cause1 inve/ !m ) a     
peculi> *>m = simple & sup]ficial       
obs]v]s4 ,z ,s*ill] says1--             
,/raight =w>d goes     ,! lightn+'s pa?1

 & /raight ! fe>ful pa?     ,( ! cannon 
ball4 ,direct x flies1 & rapid1         
,%att]+ t x may rea*1 & %att]+ :at x    
rea*es4     ,my son6 ! road ! human be+ 
travels1     ,t on :i* bless+ comes &   
goes1 do? foll[     ,! riv]'s c\rse1 !  
valley's playful w9d+s3     ,curves r\nd
 ! corn-field & ! hill ( v9es1          
,hon\r+ ! holy b\nds ( prop]ty6     ,&  
?us secure1 ?\gh late1 leads to its end4
  ,! pa? ( peace is long & devi\s1 n[   
dw9dl+ into a m]e foot-track1 n[ lo/ to 
sight 9 "s d5se ?icket2 & ! h]oes :o    
pursue x are (t5 mock$ at by ! cr[d z   
poor1 half-witt$ s\ls1 w&]+ ei!r        
aimlessly or 9 fooli% *ase ( "s ,jack o'
 lant]n t ev] rec$es be=e !m4 ,! goal !y
 aim at seems to ! common eye s         
vision>y1 & _! progress t[>ds x s       
imp]ceptible1--& ev5 :5 rea*$1 x takes s
 long be=e ! b5efits ( _! a*ievem5t are 
g5]ally recognis$1--t x is p]haps no    
wond] we %\ld be m attract$ by ! /irr+  
n>ratives ( w>1 ?an by ! sad1 simple    
hi/ories ( ! great pione]s ( indu/ry &  

sci5ce4  ,picturesque & impos+ z de$s ( 
arms appe>1 ! victories ( peace--!      
developm5t ( great discov]ies &         
inv5tions1 ! p]=mance ( s]5e acts (     
b5efic5ce1 ! a*ievem5ts ( social        
re=m--possess a deep] int]e/ & a tru]   
romance = ! see+ eye & ! und]/&+ he>t4  
,w\nds & dea? h to be enc\nt]$ 9 !      
/ruggles ( peace z well z 9 ! conte/s ( 
w>2 & peace has h] m>tyrs z well z h]   
h]oes4 ,! /ory ( ! cotton-sp9n+ inv5tion
 is at once z tragic & romantic z ! /ory
 ( ! ,p59sul> w>4 ,!re 7 =lorn hopes (  
brave m5 9 bo?2 b 9 ! "o case !y 7 *e]$ 
by sympa?y & association1 9 ! o!r !     
desp]ate pione]s _h to face a _w ( foes1
 alone1 unfri5d$1 solit>y1 sl[4  ,!     
foll[+ pages conta9 sket*es ( "s ( ! m  
mom5t\s victories ( peace1 & ! h]oes :o 
took "p 9 !m4 ,! read] ne$ h>dly be     
rem9d$ t ?is brief li/ does n exhau/ !  
catalogue ei!r ( su* ev5ts or p]sons1 & 
t only a few ( a repres5tative "* are "h
 select$4  ,9 ! pres5t edition ! diff]5t
 sections h be5 c>efully revis$1 & !    

details br\ght d[n to ! late/ possible  
date4                                   
,j4 ,h4 ,f4     ,cont5ts4   ,,! ,,art   
,,( ,,pr9t+--     #a4 ,john ,gut5b]g1   
#ac     #b4 ,william ,caxton1           
#bh     #c4 ,! ,pr9t+ ,ma*9e1           
#cb  ,,! ,,/eam ,,eng9e--     #a4 ,!    
,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 & 8 ,successors1    
#ec     #b4 ,james ,watt1               
#fc  ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,cotton--   
#a4 ,kay & ,h>greaves1                  
#gg     #b4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,arkwright1     
#ha     #c4 ,samuel ,crompton1          
#ij     #d4 ,dr4 ,c>twright1            
#ih     #e4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1          
#ajd  ,,! ,,railway ,,& ,,!             
,,locomotive--     #a4 ,! ,fly+ ,coa*1  
#aaa     #b4 ,! ,/eph5sons3 ,fa!r &     
,son1                  #aaf     #c4 ,!  
,gr[? ( ,railways1                      
#acc  ,,! ,,ligh?\se--     #a4 ,!       
,eddy/one1                              
#ada     #b4 ,! ,bell ,rock1            
#aec     #c4 ,! ,sk]ryvore1             
#afj  ,,/eam ,,navigation--     #a4     

,james ,sym+ton1                        
#aga     #b4 ,rob]t ,fulton1            
#agf     #c4 ,h5ry ,bell1               
#ahc     #d4 ,ocean ,/eam]s1            
#ahf  ,,iron ,,manufacture--     ,h5ry  
,cort1                                  
#aic  ,,! ,,electric ,,telegraph--      
#a4 ,mr4 ,cooke1                        
#bja     #b4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1       
#bjd     #c4 ,! ,subm>9e ,telegraph1    
#bji  ,,! ,,silk ,,manufacture--     #a4
 ,john ,lombe1                          
#bba     #b4 ,william ,lee1             
#bbe     #c4 ,joseph ,m>ie ,jacqu>d1    
#bbg  ,,! ,,pott]',s ,,art--     #a4    
,luca ,della ,robbia1                   
#bcg     #b4 ,b]n>d ,palissy1           
#bda     #c4 ,josiah ,w$gwood1          
#bej  ,,! ,,m9]',s ,,safety ,,lamp--    
#a4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1               
#bfc     #b4 ,george ,/eph5son's ,lamp1 
#bge  ,,p5ny ,,po/age--     #a4 ,sir    
,r[l& ,hill1                            
#bgi     #b4 ,new ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,po/al 
,sy/em1             #bib  ,,! ,,ov]l&   

,,r\te--     #a4 ,lieut5ant ,waghorn1   
#bii     #b4 ,! ,suez ,canal1           
#cji     ,! ,art ( ,pr9t+4              
,i4--,,john ,,gut5b]g4  ,,ii4--,,william
 ,,caxton4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e4 
,! ,art ( ,pr9t+4      ,a creature he   
call$ to wait on 8 w1     ,half iron1   
half vap\r--a dread to behold--     ,:i*
 ev]more pant$1 & ev]more roll$1     ,& 
utt]$ 8 words a millionfold4     ,=?    
sprung !y 9 air1 d[n ra9+ 9 dew1     ,& 
m5 f$ ^u !m1 & mighty !y grew4          
,,leigh ,,hunt1 ,sword & ,p54           
,i4--,,john ,,gut5b]g4   ,"s ,dut*      
writ]s1 inspir$ by a n unnatural feel+ (
 patriotism1 h endeav\r$ to claim !     
hon\r ( inv5t+ ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ = a      
c\ntryman ( _! own1 ,laur5ce ,co/] (    
,ha>lem4 ,_! sole reliance1 h[ev]1 is ^u
 ! /atem5ts ( "o ,hadrian ,junius1 :o 0 
born at ,horn1 9 ,nor? ,holl&1 9 #aeaa4 
,ab\t #aege he wrote a "w1 entitl$      
,batavia1 9 :i* ! acc\nt ( ,co/] fir/   
appe>$4 ,&1 z an unimpea*able au?ority  
has rem>k$1 almo/ e succe$+ advocate (  

,co/]'s pret5sions has tak5 ! lib]ty (  
alt]+1 amplify+1 or contradict+ ! acc\nt
 ( ,junius1 accord+ z x might suit 8 own
 l9e ( argum5t2 b n "o ( !m has succe$$ 
9 produc+ a solit>y fact 9 confirmation 
( x4 ,! acc\nts :i* are giv5 ( ,co/]'s  
discov]y by ,junius & 8 successors      
pres5t _m contradictory features4 ,?us  
,junius says3 ,walk+ 9 a neighb\r+ wood1
 z citiz5s are accu/om$ to d aft] d9n] &
 on holidays1 he began to cut lett]s (  
bee*-b>k1 ) :i*1 = amusem5t--! lett]s   
be+ inv]t$ z on a seal--he impress$ %ort
 s5t5ces on pap] = ! *ildr5 ( 8         
son-9-law4 ,a lat] writ]1 ,scriv]ius1 is
 m imag9ative3 ,co/]1 he says1 walk+ 9 !
 wood1 pick$ up a small b\gh ( a bee*1  
or r ( an oak-tree1 bl[n (f by ! w9d2 & 
aft] amus+ himself ) cutt+ "s lett]s on 
x1 wrapp$ x up 9 pap]1 & aft]w>ds laid  
himself d[n to sleep4 ,:5 he awoke1 he  
p]ceiv$ t ! pap]1 by a %[] ( ra9 or "s  
accid5t hav+ got moi/1 _h receiv$ an    
impression f ^! lett]s2 :i* induc$ him  
to pursue ! accid5tal discov]y4  ,n only

 are ^! acc\nts evid5tly defici5t 9     
au!nticity1 b x %\ld be rem>k$ t !      
e>lie/ ( !m 0 n put be=e ! _w until     
,laur5ce ,co/] _h be5 ne>ly a hundr$ &  
fifty ye>s 9 8 grave4 ,! presum$ writ] (
 ! n>rative :i* fir/ did ju/ice to 8    
memory _h be5 also twelve ye>s dead :5 8
 book 0 publi%$4 ,8 in=mation1 or r !   
in=mation br\ght =w>d "u cov] ( 8 "n1 0 
d]iv$ f an old man :o1 :5 a boy1 _h he>d
 x f ano!r old man :o liv$ ) ,co/] at ! 
"t ( ! robb]y1 & :o _h he>d ! acc\nt ( !
 inv5tion f 8 ma/]4 ,=1 to expla9 ! fact
 ( ! e>ly appe>ance ( typography 9      
,g]many1 ! ,dut* writ]s are =c$ to !    
hypo!sis t an appr5tice ( ,co/]'s /ole  
all 8 ma/]'s types & ut5sils1 flee+ ) !m
 fir/ to ,am/]dam1 second to ,cologne1 &
 la/ly to ,m5tz6 ,! :ole /ory is too    
improbable to be accept$ by any imp>tial
 inquir]2 & ! be/ au?orities are agre$ 9
 dismiss+ ! ,dut* fiction ) ! contempt x
 des]ves1 & 9 ascrib+ to ,,john         
,,gut5b]g1 ( ,m5tz1 ! hon\r to :i* he is
 ju/ly entitl$4         99       99     

99       99       99  ,( ! c>e] (       
,gut5b]g we %all speak pres5tly1 b let u
 fir/ po9t out t ! inv5tion (           
typography1 l all great inv5tions1 0 no 
sudd5 conception ( g5ius--n ! bir? ( "s 
s+ul>ly felicit\s mom5t ( inspiration--b
 ! result ( :at may be call$ a gradual  
s]ies ( causes4 ,pr9t+ ) movable types 0
 ! natural outcome ( pr9t+ ) blocks4 ,we
 mu/ g back1 !re=e1 a few ye>s1 to      
exam9e into ! orig9 ( block books4  ,mr4
 ,jackson obs]ves t !re _c be a d\bt t !
 pr9ciple on :i* wood engrav+ is        
f\nd$--t ( tak+ impressions on pap] or  
p>*m5t1 ) ink1 f prom95t l9es--0 kn[n & 
practis$ 9 atte/+ docum5ts 9 ! ?irte5? &
 f\rte5? c5turies4 ,t[>ds ! end ( !     
f\rte5?1 or ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5?   
c5tury1 he says1 !re seems reason to    
believe t ?is pr9ciple 0 adopt$ by !    
,g]man c>d-mak]s = ! purpose ( m>k+ !   
outl9es ( ! figures on _! c>ds1 :i* !y  
aft]w>ds col\r$ by ! practice call$     
/5cill+4  ,x 0 ! ,g]mans :o fir/        
practis$ c>d-mak+ z a trade1 & z e>ly z 

#adah ! "n ( a k>t5ma*]1 or c>d-mak]1   
occurs 9 ! burgess-books ( ,augsburg4 ,9
 ! t[n-books ( ,nuremburg1 ! designation
 =ms*neid]1 or figure-cutt]1 is f\nd 9  
#addi2 & we may presume t block books--t
 is1 books ea* page ( :i* 0 cut on a    
s+le block--7 introduc$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,^!
 books 7 on religi\s subjects1 & 7      
int5d$1 p]haps1 by ! monks z a k9d (    
c\nt]balance aga9/ ! play+-c>ds2 ?us    
endeav\r+ to supply a rem$y = ! evil1 & 
extract+ f ! s]p5t a cure = 8 bite4  ,! 
e>lie/ woodcut kn[n--"o ( ,/4           
,*ri/oph]--be>s ! date ( #adcb1 & 0 f\nd
 9 a conv5t situat$ )9 ab\t fifty miles 
( ! city ( ,augsburg--! conv5t (        
,buxheim1 ne> ,memm+54 ,x 0 pa/$ on !   
inside ( ! "r h& cov] ( a manuscript    
entitl$ ,laus ,virg9is1 & measures elev5
 & a qu>t] in*es 9 height1 by eight &   
"o-eigh? in*es 9 wid?4  ,! foll[+       
description ( x by ,jackson is          
int]e/+3--  ,to ! left ( ! engrav+ !    
arti/ has introduc$1 ) a noble disreg>d 
( p]spective1 :at ,bewick w\ld h call$ a

 'bit ( nature4' ,9 ! =egr\nd a figure  
is se5 driv+ an ass load$ ) a sack t[>ds
 a wat]-mill2 :ile by a /eep pa? a      
figure1 p]haps int5d$ = ! mill]1 is se5 
c>ry+ a full sack f ! back-door ( ! mill
 t[>ds a cottage4 ,to ! "r is se5 a     
h]mit--kn[n by ! bell ov] ! entrance to 
8 dwell+--hold+ a l>ge lant]n to direct 
,/4 ,*ri/oph] z he crosses ! /ream4 ,!  
c\plet at ! foot ( ! cut1--             
',cri/(ori faciem die quacunque tu]is1  
,illa nempe die morte mala non mori]is1'
  may be translat$ z foll[s1--      ,ea*
 day t ?\ ! image ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] %all  
see1     ,t day no frightful =m ( dea?  
%all *ance to fall on !e4  ,^! l9es     
allude to a sup]/ition1 once popul> 9   
all ,ca?olic c\ntries1 t on ! day !y saw
 a figure or image ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 !y  
w\ld be safe f a viol5t dea?1 or f dea? 
unabsolv$ & unconfess$4  ,pass+ ov] "s  
o!r woodcuts ( great antiquity1 9 all ( 
:i* ! figures are accompani$ by engrav$ 
lett]s1 we come to ! block books prop]4 
,( ^!1 ! mo/ fam\s are call$1 !         

,apocalypsis1 seu ,hi/oria ,sancti      
,johannis 7! ,apocalypse1 or ,hi/ory (  
,/4 ,john72 ! ,hi/oria ,virg9is ex      
,cantico ,canticorum 7,/ory ( ! ,virg91 
f ! ,song ( ,songs72 & ! ,biblia        
,paup]um 7,bible ( ! ,poor74 ,! fir/ is 
a hi/ory1 pictorial & lit]al1 ( ! life &
 revelations ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1  
p>tly d]iv$ f ! book ( ,revelation1 &   
p>tly f ecclesia/ical tradition4 ,!     
second is a simil> biography ( ! ,virg9 
,m>y1 z x is suppos$ to be typifi$ 9 !  
,song ( ,solomon2 & ! ?ird consi/s (    
subjects repres5t+ _m ( ! mo/ important 
passages 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 )   
texts to illu/rate ! subject1 or cl9* ! 
lesson ( duty x may %ad[ =?4  ,) respect
 to ! engrav+1 we are told t ! cuts are 
execut$ 9 ! simple/ mann]1 z !re is n ! 
lea/ attempt at %ad+1 by means ( cross  
l9es or hat*+s1 to be detect$ 9 any "o (
 ! designs4 ,! mo/ difficult "p ( !     
engrav]'s task1 says ,jackson1 suppos+ !
 draw+ to h be5 made by ano!r p]son1    
w\ld be ! cutt+ ( ! lett]s1 :i*1 9      

sev]al ( ! subjects1 mu/ h occupi$ a    
consid]able portion ( "t1 & h dem&$ no  
small degree ( p]sev]ance1 c>e1 & skill4
  ,^! block books 7 foll[$ by o!rs 9 :i*
 no illu/rations appe>$1 b 9 :i* !      
entire page 0 occupi$ ) text4 ,!        
,grammatical ,prim]1 call$ ! ,donatus1 f
 ! "n ( its suppos$ compil]1 0 ?us      
pr9t$1 or engrav$1 enabl+ copies ( x to 
be multipli$ at a mu* *eap] rate ?an !y 
c\ld be produc$ 9 manuscript4  ,& ?us we
 see t ! art ( pr9t+--or1 m correctly   
speak+1 engrav+ on wood--has advanc$ f !
 production ( a s+le figure1 ) m]ely a  
few words b5ea? x1 to ! impression (    
:ole pages ( text4 ,next1 = ! engrav$   
page 7 to be sub/itut$ movable lett]s ( 
metal1 w$g$ toge!r )9 an iron frame2 &  
impressions1 in/ead ( be+ obta9$ by !   
sl[ & t$i\s process ( friction1 7 to be 
secur$ by ! swift & p[]ful action ( !   
press4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 ,john   
,ga5sfleis*1 or ,gut5b]g1 0 born at     
,m5tz4 ,he sprung f an hon\rable family1

 & x is said t he himself 0 by bir? a   
knight4 ,he seems to h be5 a p]son ( "s 
prop]ty4  ,ab\t #adcd we f9d him liv+ 9 
,/rasburg1 &1 9 p>tn]%ip ) a c]ta9 ,&rew
 ,drytz*]1 endeav\r+ to p]fect ! art (  
typography4 ,h[ he 0 induc$ to direct 8 
att5tion t[>ds ?is object1 & "u :at     
circum/ances he began 8 exp]im5ts1 x is 
impossible to say2 b !re c be no d\bt t 
he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o conceiv$ ! idea (  
movable types--an idea :i* is ! v       
f\ndation ( ! art ( pr9t+4  ,an old     
,g]man *ronicl] furni%es ! foll[+ acc\nt
 ( ! e>ly /ages ( ! great pr9t]'s       
discov]y3--  ,at ?is "t 7ab\t #adch71 9 
! city ( ,m5tz1 on ! ,rh9e1 9 ,g]many1 &
 n 9 ,italy z "s p]sons h errone\sly    
writt51 t wond]ful & !n unhe>d-( art (  
pr9t+ & *>act]iz+ books 0 inv5t$ &      
devis$ by ,john ,gut5b]g]1 citiz5 (     
,m5tz1 :o1 hav+ exp5d$ mo/ ( 8 prop]ty 9
 ! inv5tion ( ?is art1 on acc\nt ( !    
difficulties :i* he exp]i5c$ on all     
sides1 0 ab\t to ab&on x altoge!r2 :51  
by ! advice & ?r\gh ! means ( ,john     

,fu/1 likewise a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 he     
succe$$ 9 br++ x to p]fection4 ,at fir/ 
!y =m$ or engrav$ ! *>act]s or lett]s 9 
writt5 ord] on blocks ( wood1 & 9 ?is   
mann] !y pr9t$ ! vocabul>y call$ a      
',ca?olicon4' ,b ) ^! =ms or blocks !y  
c\ld pr9t no?+ else1 because ! *>act]s  
c\ld n be transpos$ 9 ^! tablets1 b 7   
engrav$ !reon1 z we h said4 ,to ?is     
inv5tion succe$$ a m subtle "o1 = !y    
f\nd out ! means ( cutt+ ! =ms ( all !  
lett]s ( ! alphabet1 :i* !y call$       
matrices1 f :i* aga9 !y ca/ *>act]s (   
copp] or t9 ( suffici5t h>dness to resi/
 ! necess>y pressure1 :i* !y _h be=e    
engrav$ by h&4  ,?is is a v brief &     
summ>y acc\nt ( a great inv5tion4 ,by   
comp>ison ( o!r au?orities we are enabl$
 to br+ toge!r a f> great] numb] (      
details1 ?\gh we mu/ ackn[l$ge t _m ( ^!
 h little f\ndation b 9 tradition or    
romance4  ,let u1 !re=e1 take a peep at 
! fir/ pr9t]1 work+ 9 seclusion &       
solitude 9 ! old hi/oric city (         
,/rasburg1 & endeav\r+ to elaborate 9   

practice ! gr& idea :i* has be5 conceiv$
 & matur$ by 8 en]getic bra94           
,d\btlessly he knew n ! full importance 
( ?is idea1 or ( h[ great a social &    
religi\s revolution x 0 to be ! se$1 &  
yet we _c believe t he 0 altoge!r       
unconsci\s ( its value to future        
g5]ations4  ,%utt+ himself up 9 8 own   
room1 see+ no "o1 r>ely cross+ !        
?re%old1 all[+ himself h>dly any repose1
 he set himself to "w out ! plan he _h  
=m$4 ,) a knife & "s pieces ( wood he   
con/ruct$ a set ( movable types1 on "o  
face ( ea* ( :i* a lett] ( ! alphabet 0 
c>v$ 9 relief1 & :i* 7 /rung toge!r1 9 !
 ord] ( words & s5t5ces1 ^u a piece (   
wire4 ,by means ( ^! he succe$$ 9       
produc+ ^u p>*m5t a v satisfactory      
impression4  ,to be out ( ! way ( pry+  
eyes1 he took up 8 qu>t]s 9 ! ru9s ( !  
old mona/]y ( ,/4 ,arboga/e1 outside !  
t[n1 :i* _h long be5 ab&on$ by ! monks  
to ! rats & begg>s ( ! neighb\rhood2 & !
 bett] to mask 8 designs1 z well z to   
procure ! funds necess>y = 8 exp]im5ts1 

he set up z a sort ( artific] 9 jewell]y
 & metal-"w1 sett+ & poli%+ preci\s     
/ones1 & prep>+ ,v5etian glass =        
mirrors1 :i* he aft]w>ds m\nt$ 9 frames 
( metal & c>v$ wood4 ,^! av[$ lab\rs he 
op5ly practis$1 along ) a c\ple (       
assi/ants1 9 a public "p ( ! mona/]y2 b 
9 ! dep?s ( ! cloi/]s1 9 a d>k seclud$  
spot1 he fitt$ up a little cell z !     
ateli] ( 8 secret op]ations2 & !re1     
secur$ by bolts & b>s1 & a ?ick oak5    
door1 aga9/ ! intrusion ( any "o :o     
might p5etrate s f> into ! int]ior ( !  
ru9s1 he appli$ himself to 8 great "w4  
,he quickly p]ceiv$1 z a man ( 8        
inv5tiv5ess 0 sure to p]ceive1 !        
sup]iority ( lett]s ( metal ov] ^? (    
wood4 ,he inv5t$ v>i\s col\r$ inks1 at  
once oily & dry1 = pr9t+ )2 bru%es &    
roll]s = transf]r+ ! ink to ! face ( !  
types2 =ms1 or cases1 = keep+ toge!r !  
types arrang$ 9 pages2 & a press = br++ 
! ink$ types & ! pap] 9 contact4        
,illu/ration3 ,,gut5b]g ,,9 ,,! ,,old   
,,mona/]y4 ,page #bb4  ,day & night1    

:5ev] he c\ld sp>e an in/ant f 8 pr(ess$
 occupations1 he devot$ himself to !    
developm5t ( 8 great design4 ,at night  
he c\ld h>dly sleep = ?9k+ ( x1 & 8 ha/y
 snat*es ( slumb] 7 di/urb$ by agitat+  
dreams4 ,tradition has pres]v$ ! /ory ( 
"o ( ^! = u z he aft]w>ds told x to 8   
fri5ds4 ,he dreamt t1 z he sat fea/+ 8  
eyes ^u ! impression ( 8 fir/ page (    
type1 he he>d two voices :isp]+ at 8    
e>--! "o s(t & musical1 ! o!r h>%1 dull1
 & bitt] 9 its tones4 ,! "o bade him    
rejoice at ! great "w he _h a*iev$2     
unveil$ ! future1 & %[$ ! m5 ( diff]5t  
g5]ations1 ! peoples ( di/ant l&s1 hold+
 high conv]se by means ( 8 inv5tion2 &  
*e]$ him ) ! hope ( an immortal fame4   
,ay1 put 9 ! o!r voice1 immortal he     
might be1 b at :at a price6 ,man1 m (t5 
p]v]se & wick$ ?an wise & good1 w\ld    
pr(ane ! new faculty ?is art creat$1 & !
 ages1 in/ead ( bless+1 w\ld h cause to 
curse ! man :o gave x to ! _w4 ,!re=e   
let him reg>d 8 inv5tion z a s$uctive b 
fatal dream1 :i*1 if fulfill$1 w\ld     

place 9 ! h&s ( man1 s9ful & err+ z he  
01 only ano!r in/rum5t ( evil4 ,gut5b]g1
 :om ! fir/ voice _h ?r[n into an ec/asy
 ( delight1 n[ %udd]$ at ! ?\ght ( !    
fe>ful p[] to corrupt & to debase 8 art 
w\ld give to wick$ m51 & awoke 9 an     
agony ( d\bt4 ,he seiz$ 8 mallet1 & _h  
almo/ brok5 up 8 types & press1 :5 he   
paus$ to reflect t1 aft] all1 ,god's    
gifts1 al?\gh sometimes p]il\s & capable
 ( abuse1 7 nev] evil 9 !mselves1 & t to
 give ano!r means ( utt]ance to ! piety 
& reason ( mank9d 0 to promote ! spread 
( virtue & intellig5ce1 :i* 7 bo? div9e4
 ,s he clos$ 8 e>s to ! sugge/ions ( !  
tempt]1 & p]si/$ 9 8 "w4  ,gut5b]g _h   
sc>cely complet$ 8 pr9t+ ma*9e1 & got x 
into work+ ord]1 :5 ! jeal\sy & di/ru/ (
 8 associates 9 ! nom9al bus9ess he     
c>ri$ on1 br\ght him into tr\ble ) !    
au?orities ( ,/rasburg4 ,he c\ld h sav$ 
himself by ! disclosure ( all ! secrets 
( 8 inv5tion2 b ?is he refus$ to d4 ,8  
goods 7 confiscat$2 & he return$        
p5niless1 ) a heavy he>t1 to 8 native   

t[n ,m5tz4 ,!re1 9 p>tn]%ip ) a weal?y  
goldsmi? nam$ ,john ,fu/1 & 8 son-9-law 
,s*oeff]1 he />t$ a pr9t+ (fice2 f :i*  
he s5t out _m works1 mo/ly ( a religi\s 
"*4 ,! ent]prise ?rove2 b mis=tune 0 ev]
 dogg+ ,gut5b]g's /eps1 & he _h b a     
brief ta/e ( prosp]ity4 ,! prie/s look$ 
) suspicion ^u ! new art1 :i* enabl$ p  
to read = !mselves :at be=e !y _h to    
take on tru/ f !m4 ,! transcrib]s (     
books1--a l>ge & influ5tial guild1--7   
also ho/ile to ! inv5tion1 :i* ?reat5$  
to deprive !m ( _! livelihood4 ,^! two  
bodies =m$ a league aga9/ ! pr9t]s2 & ^u
 ! head ( poor ,gut5b]g 7 empti$ all !  
vials ( _! wra?4 ,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 )     
crafty adroitness1 manag$ to conciliate 
_! oppon5ts1 & to (f] up _! p>tn] z a   
sacrifice = !mselves4 ,by ! zeal ( 8    
enemies1 & ! trea*]y ( 8 fri5ds1        
,gut5b]g 0 driv5 out ( ,m5tz4 ,aft] w&]+
 ab\t = "s "t 9 pov]ty & neglect1       
,adolphus1 ! ,elector ( ,nassau1 became 
8 patron2 & at 8 c\rt ,gut5b]g set up a 
press1 & pr9t$ a numb] ( works ) 8 own  

h&s4 ,?\gh poor1 8 la/ ye>s 7 sp5t 9    
peace2 & :5 he di$1 he _h only a few    
copies ( ! productions ( 8 press to     
leave to 8 si/]4  ,mean:ile1 at         
,/rasburg1 "s ( 8 =m] associates piec$  
toge!r ! revelations t _h fall5 f him1  
:ile at ! old mona/]y1 z to 8 inv5tion2 
& n only work$ x ) success1 b claim$ all
 ! cr$it ( its orig94 ,9 ! same way1    
,fu/ & ,s*oeff]1 at ,m5tz1 grew ri*     
?r\gh ! inv5tion ( ! man !y _h betray$1 
& tri$ to rob ( 8 fame4  ,!re is a      
curi\s1 b n v well au!nticat$ /ory ab\t 
a visit ,fu/ made to ,p>is to pu% ! sale
 ( 8 ,bibles4 ,! tradition ( ! ,devil & 
,dr4 ,fau/us1 writes ,d',israeli 9 !    
,curiosities ( ,lit]ature1 0 said to h  
be5 d]iv$ f ! odd circum/ances 9 :i* !  
,bibles ( ! fir/ pr9t]1 ,fu/1 appe>$ to 
! _w4 ,:5 ,fu/ _h discov]$ ?is new art1 
& pr9t$ (f a consid]able numb] ( copies 
( ! ,bible to imitate ^? :i* 7 commonly 
sold z ,,mss41 he und]took ! sale ( !m  
at ,p>is4 ,x 0 8 int]e/ to conceal ?is  
discov]y & to pass (f 8 pr9t$ copies =  

,,mss4 ,b1 enabl$ to sell 8 ,bibles at  
sixty cr[ns1 :ile ! o!r scribes dem&$   
five hundr$1 ?is rais$ univ]sal         
a/oni%m5t2 & /ill m :5 he produc$ copies
 z fa/ z !y 7 want$1 & ev5 l[]$ 8 price4
 ,! uni=mity ( ! copies increas$ !      
wond]4 ,in=mations 7 giv5 9 to !        
magi/rates aga9/ him z a magician2 & on 
se>*+ 8 lodg+s1 a great numb] ( copies 7
 f\nd4 ,! r$ ink1 & ,fu/'s r$ ink is    
peculi>ly brilliant1 :i* embelli%$ 8    
copies1 0 said to be 8 blood2 & x 0     
solemnly adjudg$ t he 0 9 league ) !    
,inf]nal4 ,fu/ at l5g? 0 oblig$1 to save
 himself f a bonfire1 to reveal 8 art to
 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is1 :o dis*>g$ him f  
all prosecution 9 consid]ation ( !      
wond]ful inv5tion4  ,! edition ( !      
,bible1 :i* 0 "o ( ! v fir/ productions 
( ,gut5b]g & ,fu/'s press1 is call$ !   
,maz>91 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ kn[n copy 
hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 ! fam\s libr>y =m$  
by ,c>d9al ,maz>94 ,x seems to h be5    
pr9t$ z e>ly z ,augu/ #adef1 & is a     
truly admirable specim5 ( typography2 ! 

*>act]s be+ v cle> & di/9ct1 & !        
uni=mity ( ! pr9t+ p]fectly rem>kable4  
,a copy 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,p>is is  
b\nd 9 two volumes1 & e complete page   
consi/s ( two columns1 ea* conta9+      
=ty-two l9es4 ,! read] w recognize !    
appropriat5ess ( ! fact t f ! fir/ pr9t+
 press ! fir/ important "w produc$ %\ld 
be a copy ( ,god's ,^w4 ,x sanctifi$ !  
new art :i* 0 to be s fruitful ( good & 
evil results--! good sup]ab\nd+1 &      
cle>ly visible--! evil little1 & de/9$1 
p]haps1 to be direct$ ev5tually to      
good--= successive g5]ations ( mank9d4  
,x 0 a fitt+ =]unn] ( ! long g5]ation ( 
books :i* h s9ce issu$ s ceaselessly f !
 pr9t+ press2 books1 ( ! majority ( :i* 
we may say1 ) ,milton1 t !y conta9 a    
pot5cy ( life 9 !m to be z active z ^?  
s\ls 7 ^: prog5y !y are2 to pres]ve1 z 9
 a vial1 ! pure/ efficacy & extraction (
 ! liv+ intellects t fe$ !m4  ,gut5b]g's
 c>e] 0 da%$ ) _m lights & %ad[s1 b x   
clos$ 9 peace4 ,9 #adfe1 !              
,ar*bi%op-elector ( ,m5tz appo9t$ him "o

 ( 8 c\rti]s1 ) ! same all[ance ( clo?+ 
z ! rema9d] ( ! nobles att5d+ 8 c\rt1 & 
all o!r privileges & exemptions4 ,x is  
probable t f ?is "t he ab&on$ ! practice
 ( 8 new inv5tion4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is  
unc]ta92 b !re is docum5t>y evid5ce     
extant :i* proves t x occurr$ be=e      
,febru>y #bd1 #adfh4 ,he 0 int]r$ 9 !   
*ur* ( ! ,recollets at ,m5tz1 & ! foll[+
 epitaph 0 compos$ by 8 k9sman ,adam    
,gel?aus3--      ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,s4        
,joanni ,gesnyfleis*1 artis impressoriae
 rep]tori1 de omni     natione et l+ua  
optime m]ito1 9 nom9is sui memoriam     
immortalem ,adam ,gel?aus posuit4 ,ossa 
ejus 9 ecclesia ,d4     ,francisci      
,mogunt9a felicit] cubant4              
,,ii4--,,william ,,caxton4   ,dur+ ! la/
 ?irty or =ty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1  
:ile pr9t+ 0 becom+ gradually m & m     
practis$ on ! ,cont95t1 & ! presses (   
,m5tz1 ,bamb]g1 ,cologne1 ,/rasburg1    
,augsburg1 ,rome1 ,v5ice1 & ,milan1 7   
s5d+ =? numb]s ( ,bibles1 & v>i\s le>n$ 
& !ological works1 *iefly 9 ,lat91 an   

,engli% m]*ant1 a man ( sub/ance & ( no 
little note 9 ,*epe1 appe>$ at ! c\rt ( 
! ,duke ( ,burgundy at ,bruges1 to      
negotiate a comm]cial treaty betwe5 t   
sov]eign & ! k+ ( ,engl&2 :i*           
accompli%$1 ! wor?y ambassador seems to 
h lik$ ! place & ! p s well1 & to h be5 
s mu* lik$ 9 return1 t = "s ye>s        
aft]w>ds he took up 8 resid5ce !re1     
hold+ "s hon\rable1 easy appo9tm5t 9 !  
h\sehold ( ! ,du*ess ( ,burgundy4 ,?is 0
 ,william ,caxton1 :o "h rip5$1 if he   
did n acquire1 8 love ( lit]ature &     
s*ol>%ip1 & began1 f hatr$ ( idl5ess1 to
 take p5 9 h& himself4  ,:5 ,i rememb]1 
says he1 9 8 preface to 8 fir/ "w1 a    
translation ( a fanciful ,recueil des   
,hi/oires de ,troye1 t e man is b\nd5 by
 ! comm&m5t & c\nsel ( ! wise man to    
es*ew slo? & idl5ess1 :i* is "m & n\ri%]
 ( vices1 & ought to put himself into   
virtu\s occupation & bus9ess1 !n ,i1    
hav+ no great *>ge or occupation1 foll[+
 ! said c\nsel1 took a ,fr5* book1 &    
read !re9 _m /range m>vell\s hi/ories4  

,& = s mu* z ?is book 0 new & late made1
 & drawn into ,fr5*1 & nev] se5 9 our   
,engli% tongue1 ,i ?\ght 9 myself1 x    
%\ld be a good bus9ess to translate x   
into our ,engli%1 to ! end t x might be 
_h z well 9 ! royaume ( ,engl& z 9 o!r  
l&s1 & also to pass !re) ! "t2 & ?us    
conclud$ 9 myself to beg9 ?is said "w1 &
 =?) took p5 & ink1 & began boldly to   
run =?1 z bl9d ,bay>d1 9 ?is pres5t "w4 
,:ile at "w ^u ?is translation1 ,caxton 
f\nd leisure to visit sev]al ( ! ,g]man 
t[ns :]e pr9t+ presses 7 e/abli%$1 & to 
get an insight into ! my/]ies ( ! art1 s
 t by ! "t he _h f9i%$ ! volume1 he 0   
able to pr9t x4 ,at ! close ( ! ?ird    
book ( ! ,recuyell1 he says3 ,?us end ,i
 ?is book :i* ,i h translat$ aft] m9e   
au?or1 z nigh z ,god ha? giv5 me cunn+1 
to :om be giv5 ! laud & praise4 ,& = z  
mu* z 9 ! writ+ ( ! same my p5 is worn1 
m9e h& we>y & n /eadfa/1 m9e ey5 dimm$ )
 ov]mu* look+ on ! :ite pap]1 & my      
c\rage n s prone & ready to lab\r z x   
ha? be51 & t age creepe? on me daily1 & 

feeble? all ! body2 & also because ,i h 
promis$ to div]s g5tlem5 & to my fri5ds1
 to address to !m z ha/ily z ,i might1  
?is said book1 !re=e ,i h practis$ &    
le>n$1 at my great *>ge & disp5se1 to   
orda9 ?is said book 9 pr9t1 aft] ! mann]
 & =m y may "h see2 & is n writt5 ) p5 &
 ink z o!r books are1 to ! end t e man  
may h !m at once4 ,= all ! books ( ?is  
/ory1 nam$ ! ',recuyell ( ! ,hi/oryes ( 
,troye1' ?us impr9t$ z ye "h see1 7     
begun 9 "o day1 & also f9i%$ 9 "o day 7t
 is1 9 ! same space ( "t74  ,by ! ye>   
#adgg1 ,caxton _h return$ to ,london1 & 
set up a pr9t+ e/abli%m5t )9 ! prec9cts 
( ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 _h giv5 to ! _w !    
?ree fir/ books ev] pr9t$ 9 ,engl&1--,! 
,game & ,play ( ! ,*esse 7,m>* #adgd72  
,a boke ( ! hoole ,lyf ( ,jason 7#adge72
 & ,! ,dictes & ,notable ,wyse ,say5ges 
( ! ,phylosoph]s 7#adgg71--;& 0 fairly  
/>t$ 9 ! great "w ( supply+ pr9t$ books 
to 8 c\ntrym51 :i*1 z a plac>d 9 8 l>ge/
 type sets =?1 if any "o want$1 emprynt$
 aft] ! =me ( ?is pres5t lettre :i*e b5 

well & truly correct1 late hym come to  
,we/mon/]1 9 to ! ,almonesrye1 at ! re$ 
pale1 & he %al h !m good *epe4 ,f !     
situation ( ! fir/ pr9t+ (fice1 ! t]m   
*apel is appli$ to su* e/abli%m5ts to   
?is day4  ,illu/ration3 ,,william       
,,caxton4 ,page #cj4  ,caxton publi%$   
betwe5 sixty & sev5ty diff]5t works dur+
 ! sev5te5 ye>s ( 8 c>e] z a pr9t]1 all 
( !m 9 :at is call$ black lett]1 & !    
bulk ( !m 9 ,engli%4 ,he _h always a    
view to ! improvem5t ( ! p 9 ! works he 
publi%$1 & ?\gh _m ( 8 productions may  
seem to u to be ( an unpr(itable k9d1 x 
is cle> t 9 ! issue ( *ivalr\s          
n>ratives1 & ( ,*auc]'s poems 7to :om1  
says ! old pr9t]1 ought to be giv5 great
 laud & prais+ = 8 noble mak+ & writ+71 
he 0 aim+ at ! diffusion ( a nobl] _s1 &
 a high] ta/e ?an !n prevail$4  ,9      
#adij1 ,caxton1 an old1 worn man1 v]g+  
on f\rscore ye>s ( age1 wrote1 ,e man   
ought to int5d 9 su* wise to live 9 ?is 
_w1 by keep+ ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 t he   
may come to a good end2 & !n1 out ( ?is 

_w full ( wret*$ness & tribulation1 he  
may g to heav51 unto ,god & 8 sa9ts1    
unto joy p]durable2 & pass$ away1 /ill  
lab\r+ at 8 po/4 ,he di$ :ile writ+1 ,! 
mo/ virtu\s hi/ory ( ! dev\t & "r r5\n$ 
,lives ( ,holy ,fa!rs liv+ 9 ! des]t1   
wor?y ( remembrance to all well-dispos$ 
p]sons4  ,wynkyne de ,worde fill$ 8     
ma/]'s place 9 ! almonry ( ,we/m9/]2 & !
 guild ( pr9t]s gradually wax$ /rong 9  
numb]s & influ5ce4 ,9 ,g]many !y 7      
privileg$ to we> robes trimm$ ) gold &  
silv]1 su* z ! nobles !mselves appe>$ 92
 & to display on _! escut*eon1 an eagle 
) w+s out/ret*$ ov] ! globe1--a symbol (
 ! flight ( ?\ght & words ?r\gh\t ! _w4 
,9 our own c\ntry1 ! pr9t]s 7 m5 (      
erudition & lit]>y acquirem5ts2 & 7     
hon\r$ z became _! mission4             
,,iii4--,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,ma*9e4   ,betwe5 !
 rude screw-press ( ,gut5b]g or ,caxton1
 sl[ & lab\r$ 9 its work+1 to !         
fir/-class pr9t+ ma*9e ( our own day1   
?r[+ (f its fifte5 or eighte5 ?\s&      
copies ( a l>ge f\r-page j\rnal 9 an    

h\r1 :at a /ride has be5 tak5 9 ! noble 
art6 ,/ep by /ep1 sl[ly b surely1 has ! 
advance be5 made1--"o improvem5t sugge/$
 aft] ano!r at long int]vals1 & by v>i\s
 m9ds4 ,) ! p]fection ( ! pr9t+ press1 !
 "n ( ,e>l ,/anhope is *iefly associat$2
 b1 al?\gh :5 he _h put ! f9i%+ t\*es to
 its con/ruction1 imm5sely sup]ior to   
all =m] ma*9es1 x 0 unavailable = rapid 
pr9t+4 ,9 relation to ! dem& = lit]ature
 & ! means ( supply+ x1 ! _w _h1 half a 
c5tury ago1 rea*$ mu* ! same deadlock z 
9 ! days :5 ! production ( books dep5d$ 
solely on ! swiftness ( ! transcrib]'s  
p51 & :5 ! pr9t+ press exi/$ only 9 !   
f]vid bra9 & quick imag9ation ( a "y    
,g]man /ud5t4 ,n only ! gr[?1 b ! spread
 ( lit]ature1 0 re/rict$ by ! lab\r1    
exp5se1 & delay incid5t to !            
multiplication ( copies2 & ! popul>     
appetite = read+ 0 9 t transition /ate  
:5 an increas$ supply w\ld develop x    
beyond all b\nds or calculation1 :ile a 
cont9uance ( ! />vation supply w\ld 9   
all likelihood ?r[ x into a decl9e f    

want ( ex]cise4  ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?+s :5 
a revolution 9 ! art ( pr9t+ 0 effect$  
:i*1 9 importance1 c be comp>$ only to !
 orig9al discov]y ( pr9t+4 ,9 fact1 s9ce
 ! days ( ,gut5b]g to ! pres5t h\r1 !re 
has be5 only "o great revolution 9 !    
art1 & t 0 ! introduction ( /eam pr9t+ 9
 #ahad4 ,! neat & elegant1 b sl[-mov+   
,/anhope press1 0 aft] all b little 9   
advance ( its rude prototype ( ! fifte5?
 c5tury1 ! *ief features ( :i* x pres]v$
 almo/ )\t alt]ation4 ,! /eam pr9t+     
ma*9e took a leap ahead t plac$ x at su*
 a di/ance f ! pr9t+ press1 t !y are    
h>dly to be recognis$ z ! (fspr+ ( !    
same common /ock4 ,all family           
resemblance has di$ out1 al?\gh ! pr9t+ 
ma*9e is c]ta9ly a developm5t ( ! little
 screw press4  ,( ! revolution ( #ahad1 
:i* plac$ ! pr9t+ ma*9e 9 ! seat ( p[]1 
vice ! press giv5 ov] to subord9ate     
employm5t1 ,mr4 ,john ,walt] ( ! ,times 
0 ! prom95t & lead+ ag5t4 ,b = 8        
=esight1 ent]prise1 & p]sev]ance1 ! /eam
 ma*9e might h be5 ev5 n[ 9 e>lie/      

infancy1 if n unborn4  ,famili> z !     
inv5tion ( ! /eam pr9t+ ma*9e is n[1 9 !
 beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury x %>$ !       
ridicule :i* 0 ?r[n ^u ! project ( sail+
 /eam %ips ^u ! sea1 & driv+ /eam       
c>riages ^u l&4 ,x seem$ z mad &        
prepo/]\s an idea to pr9t (f #ejjj      
impressions ( a pap] l ! ,times 9 "o    
h\r1 z1 9 ! same "t1 to paddle a %ip    
fifte5 miles aga9/ w9d & tide1 or to    
propel a heavily lad5 tra9 ( c>riages   
fifty miles4 ,mr4 ,walt]1 h[ev]1 0      
conv9c$ t ! ?+ c\ld be done1 & lo/ no "t
 9 attempt+ x4 ,"s notion ( !           
difficulties he _h to ov]come1 & !      
disappo9tm5ts he _h to endure1 :ile     
engag$ 9 ?is ent]prise1 may be ga!r$ f !
 foll[+ extracts f ! biography ( ,mr4   
,walt]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times at ! "t ( 
8 dea? 9 ,july #ahdg3--  ,z e>ly z ! ye>
 #ahjd1 an +5i\s compositor1 nam$ ,?omas
 ,m>tyn1 _h inv5t$ a self-act+ ma*9e =  
work+ ! press1 & _h produc$ a model :i* 
satisfi$ ,mr4 ,walt] ( ! feasibility ( !
 s*eme4 ,be+ assi/$ by ,mr4 ,walt] ) !  

necess>y funds1 he made consid]able     
progress t[>ds ! completion ( 8 "w1 9 ! 
c\rse ( :i* he 0 expos$ to mu* p]sonal  
dang] f ! ho/ility ( ! pressm51 :o v[$  
v5geance aga9/ ! man ^: inv5tions       
?reat5$ de/ruction to _! craft4 ,to su* 
a l5g? 0 _! opposition c>ri$1 t x 0 f\nd
 necess>y to introduce ! v>i\s pieces ( 
! ma*9e into ! premises ) ! utmo/       
possible secresy1 :ile ,m>tyn himself 0 
oblig$ to %elt] himself "u v>i\s        
disguises 9 ord] to escape _! fury4 ,mr4
 ,walt]1 h[ev]1 0 n yet p]mitt$ to reap 
! fruits ( 8 ent]prise4 ,on ! v eve (   
success he 0 doom$ to bitt]             
disappo9tm5t4 ,he _h exhau/$ 8 own funds
 9 ! attempt1 & 8 fa!r1 :o _h hi!rto    
assi/$ him1 became di%e>t5$1 & refus$   
him any fur!r aid4 ,! project 01 !re=e1 
= ! "t ab&on$4  ,mr4 ,walt]1 h[ev]1 0 n 
! man to be det]r$ f :at he _h once     
resolv$ to d4 ,he gave 8 m9d incessantly
 to ! subject1 & c\rt$ aid f all qu>t]s1
 ) 8 usual munific5ce4 ,9 ! ye> #ahad he
 0 induc$ by a cl]ical fri5d1 9 ^:      

judgm5t he confid$1 to make a fre%      
exp]im5t2 &1 accord+ly1 ! ma*9]y ( !    
amiable & +5i\s ,ko5ig1 assi/$ by 8 "y  
fri5d ,b[]1 0 introduc$--n1 inde$1 at   
fir/ into ! ,times (fice1 b into !      
adjo9+ premises1 su* caution be+ ?\ght  
necess>y ^u ! ?reat5$ viol5ce ( !       
pressm54 ,"h ! "w advanc$1 "u ! frequ5t 
inspection & advice ( ! fri5d allud$ to4
 ,at "o p]iod ^! two able me*anics      
susp5d$ _! anxi\s toil1 & left !        
premises 9 disgu/4 ,aft] ! lapse1 h[ev]1
 ( ab\t ?ree days1 ! same g5tleman      
discov]$ _! retreat1 induc$ !m to       
return1 %[$ !m1 to _! surprise1 _!      
difficulty conqu]$1 & ! "w /ill 9       
progress4 ,! night on :i* ?is curi\s    
ma*9e 0 fir/ br\ght into use 9 its new  
abode 0 "o ( great anxiety1 & ev5 al>m4 
,! suspici\s pressm5 _h ?reat5$         
de/ruction to any "o ^: inv5tions might 
susp5d _! employm5t4 ',de/ruction to him
 & 8 traps4' ,!y 7 direct$ to wait =    
expect$ news f ! ,cont95t4 ,x 0 ab\t six
 o'clock 9 ! morn+ :5 ,mr4 ,walt] w5t   

into ! press-room1 & a/oni%$ its        
occupants by tell+ !m t ',! ,times 0    
already pr9t$ by /eam6 ,t if !y attempt$
 viol5ce1 !re 0 a =ce ready to suppress 
x2 b t if !y 7 peaceable1 _! wages %\ld 
be cont9u$ to e "o ( !m till simil>     
employm5t c\ld be procur$1'--a promise  
:i* 01 no d\bt1 fai?fully p]=m$2 & hav+ 
s said1 he di/ribut$ sev]al copies among
 !m4 ,?us 0 ?is mo/ haz>d\s ent]prise   
und]tak5 & successfully c>ri$ ?r\gh1 &  
pr9t+ by /eam on an almo/ gigantic scale
 giv5 to ! _w4  ,on t memorable day1 !  
#bi? ( ,novemb] #ahad1 appe>$ ! foll[+  
ann\ncem5t1--,our j\rnal ( ?is day      
pres5ts to ! public ! practical result (
 ! greate/ improvem5t connect$ ) pr9t+  
s9ce ! discov]y ( ! art itself4 ,! read]
 n[ holds 9 8 h&s "o ( ! _m ?\s&        
impressions ( ! ,times newspap] :i* 7   
tak5 (f la/ night by a me*anical        
app>atus4 ,t ! magnitude ( ! inv5tion   
may be ju/ly appreciat$ by its effects1 
we %all in=m ! public t aft] ! lett]s   
are plac$ by ! compositors1 & enclos$ 9 

:at is call$ a =m1 little m rema9s = man
 to d ?an to att5d & wat* ?is unconsci\s
 ag5t 9 its op]ations4 ,! ma*9e is !n   
m]ely suppli$ ) pap]2 itself places !   
=m1 inks x1 adju/s ! pap] to ! =m newly 
ink$1 /amps ! %eet1 & gives x =? to !   
h&s ( ! att5dant1 at ! same "t )draw+ ! 
=m = a fre% coat ( ink1 :i* itself aga9 
di/ributes1 to meet ! ensu+ %eet1 n[    
advanc+ = impression2 & ! :ole ( ^!     
complicat$ acts is p]=m$ ) su* a        
velocity & simultane\sness ( movem5t1 t 
no less ?an #aajj %eets are impress$ 9  
"o h\r4  ,ko5ig's ma*9e 01 h[ev]1 v     
complicat$1 & be=e long1 x 0 supplant$  
by t ( ,applega? & ,c[p]1 :i* 0 mu*     
simpl] 9 con/ruction1 & requir$ only two
 boys to att5d x--"o to lay on1 & ! o!r 
to take (f ! %eets4 ,! v]tical ma*9e :i*
 ,mr4 ,applega? subsequ5tly inv5t$1 f>  
excell$ 8 =m] a*ievem5t2 b x has 9 turn 
be5 sup]s$$ by ! ma*9e ( ,messrs4 ,hoe (
 ,new ,york4 ,all ^! ma*9es 7 fir/      
br\ght into use 9 ! ,times' pr9t+ (fice2
 & to ! enc\ragem5t ! proprietors ( t   

e/abli%m5t h always af=d$ to inv5tive   
tal5t1 ! read9ess ) :i* !y h giv5 a     
trial to new ma*9es1 & ! pr9cely        
lib]ality ) :i* !y h rew>d$ improvem5ts1
 is greatly due ! pres5t advanc$ /ate ( 
! noble craft & my/]y4  ,! pr9t+-h\se ( 
! ,times1 ne> ,blackfri>s ,bridge1 =ms a
 companion picture to ,gut5b]g's        
pr9t+-room 9 ! old abbey at ,/rasburg1 &
 illu/rates n only ! developm5t ( ! art1
 b ! progress ( ! _w dur+ ! int]v5+     
c5turies4 ,visit ,pr9t+-,h\se ,squ>e 9 !
 day-"t1 & y f9d x a quiet1 sleepy      
place1 ) h>dly any signs ( life or      
movem5t ab\t x1 except 9 ! adv]tisem5t  
(fice 9 ! corn]1 :]e p are cont9ually   
go+ out & 91 & ! cl]ks h a busy "t ( x1 
%ovell+ money into ! till all day long4 
,b come back 9 ! ev5+1 & ! place w we> a
 v diff]5t aspect4 ,all signs ( dr[s9ess
 h disappe>$1 & ! (fice is all light$   
up1 & in/9ct ) bu/le & activity4        
,mess5g]s are ru%+ out & 91 telegraph   
boys1 railway port]s1 & devils ( all    
sorts & sizes4 ,cabs are driv+ up e few 

m9utes1 & deposit+ report]s1 hot f !    
gall]y ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons or ! ,h\se (
 ,lords1 ea* ) 8 budget ( %ort-h& notes 
to deciph] & transcribe4 ,up /airs 9 8  
sanctum ! editor & 8 deputies are busy  
prep>+ or select+ ! articles & reports  
:i* are to appe> 9 ! next day's pap]4 ,9
 ano!r "p ( ! build+ ! compositors are  
h>d at "w1 pick+ up types1 & arrang+ !m 
9 /ick-fulls1 :i* be+ empti$ out into   
galleys1 are firmly fix$ !re9 by little 
w$ges ( wood1 9 ord] t pro(s may be tak5
 ( !m4 ,! pro(s pass into ! h&s ( !     
v>i\s sets ( read]s1 :o comp>e !m ) !   
copy f :i* !y 7 set up1 & m>k any errors
 on ! m>g9 ( ! slips1 :i* !n f9d _! way 
back to ! compositors1 :o correct !     
types accord+ to ! m>ks4 ,! galleys are 
next seiz$ by ! p]sons *>g$ ) ! mak+-up 
( ! pap]1 :o divide !m into columns (   
equal l5g?4 ,an ord9>y ,times newspap]1 
) a s+le inside %eet ( adv]tisem5ts1    
conta9s sev5ty-two columns1 or #ag1ejj  
l9es1 made up ( upw>ds ( a million      
pieces ( types1 ( :i* matt] ab\t        

two-fif?s are (t5 writt51 compos$1 &    
correct$ aft] sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,if
 ! adv]tisem5t %eet be d\ble1 z x       
frequ5tly is1 ! pap] w conta9 n9ety-six 
columns4 ,! types set up by !           
compositors are n s5t to ! ma*9e4 ,a    
m\ld is tak5 ( !m 9 a composition ( br[n
 pap]1 by means ( :i* a /]eotype is ca/ 
9 metal1 & f ?is ! pap] is pr9t$4 ,!    
adv]tisem5t %eet1 s+le or d\ble1 z !    
case may be1 is g5]ally ready = ! press 
betwe5 sev5 or eight o'clock at night4  
,! re/ ( ! pap] is divid$ into two      
=ms1--t is1 columns arrang$ 9 pages &   
b\nd toge!r by an iron frame1 "o = ea*  
side ( ! %eet4 ,into ! fir/ ( ^! ! p]son
 :o makes up ! pap] endeav\rs to place  
all ! e>ly news1 & x is ready = press   
usually ab\t f\r o'clock4 ,! o!r =m is  
res]v$ = ! lead+ articles1 telegrams1 & 
all ! late/ intellig5ce1 & does n rea* !
 press till ne> five o'clock4  ,! fir/  
sight ( ,hoe's ma*9e1 by sev]al ( :i* ! 
,times is n[ pr9t$1 fills ! behold] )   
bewild]m5t & awe4 ,y see be=e y a huge  

pile ( iron cyl9d]s1 :eels1 cranks1 &   
lev]s1 :irl+ away at a rate t makes y   
giddy to look at1 & ) a gr9d+ & gna%+ ( 
tee? t almo/ drives y deaf to li/5 to4  
,) insatiable appetite ! furi\s mon/]   
dev\rs ream aft] ream ( sn[y %eets (    
pap]1 plac$ 9 its _m gap+ jaws by !     
slaves :o wait on x1 b seems to f9d none
 to its ta/e or suitable to its         
dige/ion1 = back come all ! %eets aga91 
ea* ) ! m>k ( ?is /range bea/ pr9t$ on  
"o side4 ,its hung] nev] is appeas$1--x 
is always swall[+ & always disgorg+1 & x
 is z mu* z ! little devils :o wait on x
 c d1 to put ! pap] betwe5 its lips &   
take x out aga94 ,b a bell r+s sudd5ly1 
! mon/] gives a gasp1 & is /raightway   
/ill1 & dead to all appe>ance4 ,^u a    
clos] inspection1 n[ t x is at re/1 & ) 
"s explanation f ! =eman y beg9 to h "s 
idea ( ! process t has be5 go+ on be=e  
y\r a/oni%$ eyes4  ,! core ( ! ma*9e    
consi/s ( a l>ge drum1 turn+ on a       
horizontal axis1 r\nd :i* revolve t5    
small] cyl9d]s1 also on horizontal axes1

 9 close proximity to ! drum4 ,!        
/]eotyp$ matt] is b\nd1 l a malefactor  
on ! :eel1 to ! c5tral drum1 & r\nd ea* 
cyl9d] a %eet ( pap] is con/antly be+   
pass$4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t if ! type 
be ink$1 & ea* ( ! cyl9d]s be kept      
prop]ly suppli$ ) a %eet ( pap]1 a s+le 
revolution ( ! drum w cause ! t5 cyl9d]s
 to revolve likewise1 & produce an      
impression on "o side ( ea* ( ! %eets ( 
pap]4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to h 
! type ink$ t5 times dur+ e revolution (
 ! drum2 & ?is is manag$ by a v +5i\s   
contrivance1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is too         
complicat$ = description "h4 ,! fe$+ ( !
 cyl9d]s is provid$ = 9 ?is way4 ,ov]   
ea* cyl9d] is a slop+ desk1 ^u :i* re/s 
a heap ( %eets ( :ite pap]4 ,a lad--!   
lay]-on--/&s by ! side ( ! desk & pu%es 
=w>d ! pap]1 a %eet at a "t1 t[>ds !    
tape f+]s ( ! ma*9e1 :i*1 clut*+ hold ( 
x1 drag x into ! int]ior1 :]e x is pass$
 r\nd ! cyl9d]s1 & pr9t$ on ! out] side 
by pressure aga9/ ! types on ! drum4 ,! 
%eet is !n laid hold ( by ano!r set (   

tapes1 c>ri$ to ! o!r end ( ! ma*9e f t 
at :i* x ent]$1 & !re laid d[n on a desk
 by a project+ flapp] ( la?-"w4 ,ano!r  
lad--! tak]-(f--is 9 att5dance to remove
 ! pr9t$ %eets1 at c]ta9 int]vals4 ,!   
drum revolves 9 less ?an two seconds2 & 
9 t "t !re=e t5 %eets--= ! same op]ation
 is p]=m$ simultane\sly by ! t5         
cyl9d]s--are suck$ 9 at "o end &        
disgorg$ at ! o!r pr9t$ on "o side1 ?us 
giv+ ab\t #bj1jjj impressions 9 an h\r4 
,su* is ! late/ m>vel ( ! noble craft & 
my/]y ( pr9t+2 b x is n to be suppos$ t 
! limits ( production h ev5 n[ be5      
rea*$4 ,! great] ! supply ! great] has  
gr[n ! dem&2 ! m p read1 ! m !y want to 
read2 & pa/ exp]i5ce assures u t +5uity 
& ent]prise w n fail to exp& & multiply 
! p[]s ( ! press1 s t ! increas+        
appetite = lit]ature may be fully met4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,we h briefly allud$ to /]eotyp+2 b "s  
full] notice seems requisite ( a process
 s valuable & important1 )\t :i*1 inde$1
 ! rapid multiplication ( copies ( a    

newspap]1 ev5 by a ,hoe's six-cyl9d]    
ma*9e1 w\ld be impossible4 ,if /]eotyp+ 
_h n be5 inv5t$1 ! pr9t] w\ld require to
 set up z _m =ms ( type z !re are       
cyl9d]s 9 ! ma*9e he uses2 an exp5sive &
 "t-consum+ op]ation :i* is n[ disp5s$  
)1 because he c resort to ca/s4 ,!re is 
yet ano!r advantage ga9$ by ! process2  
ca/s ( ! diff]5t %eets ( a book c be    
pres]v$ = any l5g? ( "t2 & :5 additional
 copies or new editions are ne$$1 ^!    
ca/s c at once be s5t to ! ma*9e1 & !   
publi%] is sav$ ! great exp5se (        
re-sett+4  ,! read] is well aw>e t :ile 
_m books disappe> ) ! day :i* call$ !m  
=?1 s !re are o!rs = :i* ! dem& is      
con/ant4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be ! case soon  
aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ! plan !n    
adopt$ 0 ! exp5sive & cumbr\s "o ( sett+
 up ! :ole ( ! book 9 reque/1 & to keep 
! type /&+ = future editions4 ,!        
disadvantages ( ?is plan 7 obvi\s--a    
l>ge outlay = type1 ! am\nt ( space     
occupi$ by a con/antly increas+ numb] ( 
=ms1 & ! liability to injury f ! fall+  

out ( lett]s1 f bl[s1 & o!r accid5ts4 ,z
 e>ly z ! eighte5? c5tury attempts seem 
to h be5 made to rem$y ^! inconv5i5ces  
by cem5t+ ! types toge!r at ! bottom )  
lead or sold] to effect _! great]       
pres]vation4 ,canius1 a ,fr5* hi/orian (
 pr9t+1 /ates t 9 ,june #ahja he receiv$
 a lett] f c]ta9 booksell]s ( ,leyd51 ) 
a copy ( _! /]eotype ,bible1 ! plates = 
:i* 7 =m$ by sold]+ toge!r ! bottom (   
common types ) "s melt$ sub/ance to !   
?ickness ( ab\t ?ree quires (           
writ+-pap]2 &1 x is add$1 ,^! plates 7  
made ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury by an 
arti/ nam$ ,van du ,mey4  ,?is1 h[ev]1 0
 n true /]eotyp+2 ^: lead+ pr9ciple is  
to disp5se ) ! movable types--to set !m 
aga91 z x 71 at lib]ty--by mak+ up      
p]fect fac-similes 9 type-metal ( !     
v>i\s comb9ations into :i* !y may h     
ent]$4 ,^! fac-similes be+ made1 ! type 
is set free1 & may be di/ribut$1 & us$ =
 mak+ up fre% pages2 :i* may once m     
furni%1 s to speak1 ! pun*es to ! m\ld  
into :i* ! type-metal is p\r$ = !       

purpose ( effect+ ! fac-simile4  ,!     
inv5tor ( ?is +5i\s process ( ca/+      
plates f pages ( type 0 ,william ,g$1 a 
goldsmi? ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agce4 ,n       
possess+ suffici5t capital to c>ry out 8
 inv5tion1 he visit$ ,london1 & s\ght ! 
assi/ance ( ! ,london /ation]s2 f :om he
 receiv$ ! mo/ enc\rag+ words1 b no     
pecuni>y assi/ance4 ,b ,g$ 0 a man n    
readily discomfit$1 & apply+ at l5g? to 
! ,univ]sities & ! ,k+'s pr9t]1 he      
obta9$ ! effective patronage he ne$$4   
,he /]eotyp$ "s ,bibles & ,pray]-books1 
& ! %eets work$ (f f 8 plates 7 admitt$ 
equal 9 po9t ( appe>ance & accuracy to  
^? pr9t$ f ! type itself4  ,b e         
b5efactor ( 8 k9d is doom$ to meet ) !  
opposition ( ! envi\s1 ! ignorant1 or ! 
prejudic$4 ,! argum5t us$ by !          
idol-mak]s ( old1 ',sirs1 ye "k t by ?is
 craft we h our weal?1' &1 ',?is our    
craft is 9 dang] to be set at n\ght1' 01
 z is usual 9 su* cases1 urg$ aga9/ ?is 
mo/ useful & important inv5tion4 ,!     
compositors refus$ to set up works =    

/]eotyp+1 & ev5 ^? :i* 7 set up1 h[ev]  
c>efully read & correct$1 7 f\nd to be  
full ( gross errors4 ,! fact 01 t :5 !  
pages 7 s5t to be ca/1 ! compositors or 
pressm51 brib$1 x is said1 by a         
typef\nd]1 di/urb$ ! type1 & introduc$  
false lett]s & words4 ,poor ,g$ di$1 &  
left ! dang]\s secret ( 8 art 7:i* he   
did n disclose dur+ 8 life-"t7 to 8 son1
 :o1 aft] _m /ruggles = success1 fail$ z
 8 fa!r _h done be=e him4 ,!re is a     
tradition curr5t1 h[ev]1 t he jo9$ !    
,jacobite rebellion1 0 arre/$1          
imprison$1 tri$1 & s5t5c$1 b 0 ev5tually
 sp>$ 9 consid]ation ( ! value ( 8      
fa!r's admirable inv5tion4  ,t inv5tion1
 aft] be+ =gott5 = ne>ly half a c5tury1 
0 reviv$ by a ,dr4 ,tillo*1 & tak5 up1  
improv$1 & ext5d$ by ! +5i\s ,e>l       
,/anhope4 ,x is n[ practis$ 9 ! foll[+  
mann]3--  ,! type employ$ diff]s        
slightly f t 9 common use4 ,! lett] %\ld
 h no %\ld]1 b %\ld rise 9 a /raight l9e
 f ! foot2 ! spaces1 leads1 & quadrats  
are ( ! same height z ! /em ( ! lett]2 !

 object be+ to dim9i% ! numb] & dep? ( !
 cavities 9 ! page1 & ?us less5 ! *ances
 ( ! m\ld break+ (f & rema9+ 9 ! =m4    
,ea* page is correct$ ) ! utmo/ c>e1 &  
impos$ 9 a small *ase ) metal furniture 
7or frame-"w71 :i* rises to a level ) ! 
type4 ,( c\rse ! numb] ( pages 9 ! =m w 
v>y accord+ to ! size ( ! book2 a %eet  
be+ fold$ into sixte5 leaves1 twelve1   
eight1 f\r1 or two = #afmo1 #abmo1 #hvo1
 qu>to1 or folio4  ,hav+ our pages (    
type 9 complete ord]1 we n[ proce$ to   
rub ! surface ) a s(t bru% :i* has be5  
lightly dipp$ into a v ?9 oil4 ,plumbago
 is sometimes pref]r$4 ,a brass         
rectangul> frame ( ?ree sides1 ) bevell$
 bord]s adapt$ to ! size ( ! pages1 is  
plac$ ^u ! *ase s z to enclose ?ree     
sides ( ! type1 ! f\r? side be+ =m$ by a
 s+le brass edge1 hav+ ! same inw>d     
slop+ level z ! o!r ?ree sides4 ,! use (
 ?is frame is to det]m9e ! size &       
?ickness ( ! ca/1 :i* is next tak5 9    
pla/]-(-p>is--two k9ds ( ! said pla/]   
be+ us$2 ! f9] is mix$1 p\r$ ov] !      

surface ( ! type1 & g5tly work$ 9 ) a   
bru% s z to insure its close adhesion to
 ! exclusion ( bubbles ( air2 ! co>s]1  
aft] be+ mix$ ) wat]1 is simply p\r$ &  
spread ov] ! previ\s & f9] /ratum4  ,!  
sup]flu\s pla/] is next cle>$ away2 !   
m\ld soon sets2 ! frame is rais$2 & !   
m\ld comes (f f ! surface ( ! type1 on  
:i* x has be5 prev5t$ f encru/+ itself  
by ! ?9 film ( oil or plumbago4  ,! next
 /ep is to dress & smoo!n ! pla/]-m\ld1 
& set x on its edge 9 "o ( ! comp>tm5ts 
( a %eet-iron rack conta9$ 9 an ov51 &  
expos$1 until p]fectly dry1 to a        
temp]ature ( ab\t #djj deg44 ,?is       
occupies ab\t two h\rs4 ,a good workman1
 x is said1 w m\ld t5 octavo %eets1 or  
"o hundr$ & sixty pages 9 a day3 ea*    
m\ld g5]ally conta9s a c\ple ( octavo   
pages4  ,illu/ration  ,9 ! /ate to :i* x
 is n[ br\ght1 ! m\ld is exce$+ly       
friable1 & requires to be h&l$ ) becom+ 
c>e4 ,) ! face d[nw>ds x is plac$ ^u !  
flat ca/-iron float+-plate1 :i*1 9 its  
turn1 is set at ! bottom ( a squ>e      

ca/-iron tray1 ) upright edges slop+    
outw>ds1 call$ ! dipp+ pan4 ,x has a    
ca/-iron lid1 secur$ by a screw &       
%ackles1 n unlike a copy+ ma*9e4 ,?is   
pan hav+ be5 heat$ to #djj deg41 x is   
plung$ into an iron pot conta9+ ! melt$ 
alloy1 :i* hangs ov] a furnace1 ! pan   
be+ slightly incl9$ s z to p]mit !      
escape ( ! air4 ,a small space is left  
betwe5 ! back or upp] surface ( ! m\ld1 
& ! lid ( ! dipp+-pan1 & ! fluid metal  
on ent]+ into ! pan ?r\gh ! corn] op5+s1
 floats up ! pla/] toge!r ) ! iron plate
 7h5ce call$ ! float+-plate7 on :i* !   
m\ld is set1 ) ?is effect1 t ! metal    
fl[s ?r\gh ! not*es cut 9 ! edge ( !    
m\ld1 & fills up e "p ( x1 =m+ a lay] ( 
metal on its face correspond+ to ! dep? 
( ! bord]1 :ile on ! back is left m]ely 
a ?9 metallic film4  ,! dipp+-pan1 says 
,toml9son1 is susp5d$1 plung$ 9 ! metal1
 & remov$ by means ( a crane2 & :5 tak5 
out1 is set 9 a ci/]n ( wat] ^u supports
 s arrang$ t only ! bottom ( ! pan comes
 9 contact ) ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,!     

metal ?us sets1 or solidifies1 f bel[1 &
 conta9+ fluid above1 ma9ta9s a fluid   
pressure dur+ ! contraction :i*         
accompanies ! cool+4  ,z x ?us %r9ks 9  
dim5sions1 molt5 metal is p\r$ into !   
corn]s ( ! pan = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ !  
fluid pressure on ! m\ld1 & ?us secur+ a
 good & solid ca/4 ,= if ! pan 7 all[$  
to cool m sl[ly1 ! ?9 metallic film at !
 back ( ! inv]t$ pla/] m\ld w\ld        
probably solidify fir/1 & ?us prev5t !  
fluid pressure :i* is necess>y = fill+  
up all ! l9es ( ! m\ld4  ,toml9son      
concludes 8 description ( ^! int]e/+    
processes by in=m+ u t an exp]i5c$ &    
skill$ workman w make five dips1 ea*    
conta9+ two octavo pages1 9 ! c\rse ( an
 h\r1 or1 z already /at$1 at ! rate (   
ne>ly t5 octavo %eets a day4  ,:5 ! pan 
is op5$1 ! cake ( metal & pla/] is      
remov$1 & beat5 ^u its edges ) a mallet1
 to cle> away all sup]flu\s metal4 ,!   
/]eotype plate is !n tak5 by ! pick]1 :o
 planes its edges squ>e1 turns its back 
flat ^u a la! until ! prop] ?ickness is 

obta9$1 & removes any m9ute imp]fections
 aris+ f specks ( dirt & air-bubbles    
left among ! lett]s 9 ca/+ ! m\ld4      
,damag$ lett]s are cut out1 & sep>ate   
types sold]$ 9 z sub/itutes4 ,aft] all  
?is anxi\s c>e to obta9 p]fection1 !    
plate is pron\nc$ ready = work+1 & :5   
made up ) ! o!r plates into ! prop] =m1 
x may be work$ ei!r at ! h&-press or by 
ma*9e4  ,o!r modes ( /]eotyp+ h be5     
introduc$1 b n "o has atta9$ to !       
popul>ity ( ! me?od we h j describ$4    
,! ,/eam ,eng9e4    ,i4--,,! ,,m>quis   
,,( ,,worce/]4 ,,ii4--,,james ,,watt4   
,! ,/eam ,eng9e4      ,x is said t ideas
 produce revolutions & truly !y     d--n
 spiritual ideas only1 b ev5            
me*anical4--,,c>lyle4     ,i4--,,!      
,,m>quis ,,( ,,worce/]4   ,z ! la/      
c5tury 0 draw+ to its close1 two great  
revolutions 7 9 progress1 bo? ( :i* 7   
de/9$ to ex]cise a mighty influ5ce ^u ! 
ye>s to come1--! "o calm1 sil5t1        
peaceful1 ! o!r full ( s\nd & fury1 ba!d
 9 blood1 & cr[n$ ) ?orns1--! "o ! fruit

 ( long ye>s ( pati5t ?\ght & "w1 ! o!r 
! outcome ( long ye>s ( oppression1     
suff]+1 & s91--! "o 0 ,watt's inv5tion (
 ! /eam eng9e1 ! o!r ! great popul>     
revolt 9 ,france4 ,^! are ! two great   
ev5ts :i* set _! m>k ^u our c5tury1 gave
 =m & col\r to its "*1 & direction to   
its aims & aspirations4 ,9 ! pages (    
conv5tional hi/ory1 ( c\rse1 ! ,fr5*    
revolution1 ) its wild phantasmagoria ( 
retribution1 its massacres & m>tyrdoms1 
w no d\bt h assign$ to x ! =emo/ rank z 
! great feature ( ! era1--      ,= ev]  
s9ce hi/orians writ1       ,& ev] s9ce a
 b>d c\ld s+1     ,do? ea* exalt ) all 8
 wit       ,! noble art ( murd]+4  ,b ^?
 :o c look bel[ ! m]e surface ( ev5ts1 &
 ^: fancy is n captivat$ by ! melo-drama
 ( rebellion1 & ! pageantry ( w>1 w f9d 
t ,watt's /eam ma*9e work$ ! greate/    
revolution ( mod]n times1 & ex]cis$ !   
deepe/1 z well z wide/ & mo/ p]man5t    
influ5ce ov] ! :ole civiliz$ _w4  ,l all
 great discov]ies1 t ( ! motive p[] (   
/eam1 & ! important uses to :i* x might 

be appli$1 0 ! "w1 n ( any "o m9d1 b (  
sev]al m9ds1 ea* borr[+ some?+ f its    
pr$ecessor1 until at la/ ! fir/ vague & 
unc]ta9 ,idea 0 develop$ into a         
practical ,reality4 ,kn[n dimly to !    
anci5ts1 & probably employ$ by ! prie/s 
9 _! juggl]ies & pret5d$ miracles1 x 0 n
 till )9 ! la/ ?ree c5turies t any      
sy/ematic attempt 0 made to turn x to   
useful acc\nt4  ,b be=e we turn our     
att5tion to ! p]sons :o made1 &1 aft] _m
 failures & disc\ragem5ts1 successfully 
made ?is attempt1 x w be advisable we   
%\ld say some?+ z to ! pr9ciple on :i*  
_! inv5tion is f\nd$4  ,! read] kn[s t  
gases & vap\rs1 :5 imprison$ )9 a n>r[  
space1 d /ruggle z resolutely to escape 
z did ,/]ne's />l+ f 8 cage4 ,_! =ce (  
pressure is enorm\s1 & if conf9$ 9 a    
clos$ vessel1 !y w\ld spe$ily r5d x into
 fragm5ts4 ,let "s wat] boil 9 a pipk9  
^: lid fits v tightly2 9 a few m9utes ! 
vap\r or /eam aris+ f ! boil+ wat]1     
ov]com+ ! resi/ance ( ! lid1 raises x1 &
 ru%es =? into ! atmosph]e4  ,take a    

small quantity ( wat]1 & p\r x into !   
holl[ ( a ball ( metal4 ,!n ) ! aid ( a 
cork1 work$ by a metallic screw1 close !
 op5+ ( ! ball h]metically1 & place !   
ball 9 ! he>t ( a gl[+ fire4 ,! /eam =m$
 by ! boil+ wat] 9 ! inside ( ! metallic
 bomb1 f9d+ no *annel ( escape1 w bur/  
?r\gh ! bonds t s\ght to conf9e x1 &    
hurl af> ! fragm5ts ) a l\d & dang]\s   
explosion4  ,^! well-kn[n facts we      
adduce simply z a pro( ( ! imm5se       
me*anical p[] possess$ by /eam :5       
enclos$ )9 a limit$ area4 ,n[1 !        
que/ions mu/ h occurr$ to _m1 ?\gh !y 7 
!mselves unable to answ] !m1--,:y %\ld  
all ?is =ce be wa/$8 ,c x n be direct$  
to ! s]vice & uses ( man8 ,9 ! c\rse (  
"t1 h[ev]1 human intellig5ce did discov]
 a suffici5t reply1 & did contrive to   
utilize ?is a/oni%+ p[] by means ( !    
ma*9e n[ s fam\s z ! ,/eam ,eng9e4  ,let
 u take a boil] full ( wat]1 & br+ x up 
to boil+ po9t by means ( a furnace4     
,atta* to ?is boil] a tube1 :i* guides !
 /eam ( ! boil] into a holl[ metallic   

cyl9d]1 trav]s$ by a pi/on ris+ & s9k+ 9
 its int]ior4 ,x is evid5t t ! /eam ru%+
 ?r\gh ! tube into ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d]1 
& und]nea? ! pi/on1 w =ce ! pi/on1 by   
its pressure1 to rise to ! top ( !      
cyl9d]4 ,n[ let u *eck = a mom5t !      
influx ( ! /eam bel[ ! pi/on1 & turn+ ! 
/opcock1 all[ ! /eam :i* fills t space  
to escape outside2 &1 at ! same "t1 by  
op5+ a second tube1 let 9 a supply (    
/eam above ! pi/on3 ! pressure ( ! /eam1
 n[ ex]cis$ 9 a d[nw>d direction1 w =ce 
! pi/on to ! bottom ( its c\rse1 because
 !re w exi/ b5ea? x no resi/ance capable
 ( oppos+ ! pressure ( ! /eam4 ,if we   
con/antly keep up ?is alt]nat+ motion1 !
 pi/on n[ ris+ & n[ fall+1 we are 9 a   
position to pr(it by ! =ce ( /eam4 ,= if
 ! lev]1 atta*$ to ! rod ( ! pi/on at   
its l[] end1 is fix$ by its upp] to a   
crank ( ! rotat+ axle ( a work%op or    
factory1 is x n cle> t ! cont9u\s action
 ( ! /eam w give ?is axle a cont9u\s    
rotatory movem5t8 ,& ?is movem5t may be 
transmitt$1 by means ( b&s & pulleys1 to

 a numb] ( diff]5t ma*9es or eng9es all 
kept at "w by ! p[] ( a solit>y eng9e4  
,?is1 !n1 is ! pr9ciple on :i* !        
inv5tions ( ,pap91 ! ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1
 ,newcom51 & ,james ,watt h be5 bas$4   
,! great a/ronom] ,huygh5s conceiv$ !   
idea ( creat+ a motive ma*9e by explod+ 
a *>ge ( gunp[d] "u a cyl9d] trav]s$ by 
a pi/on3 ! air conta9$ 9 ?is cyl9d]1    
dilat$ by ! heat result+ f ! combu/ion (
 ! p[d]1 escap$ into ! out] air ?r\gh a 
valve1 :]eupon a p>tial void exi/$ b5ea?
 ! pi/on1 or1 r1 ! air consid]ably      
r>ifi$2 & f ?is mom5t ! pressure ( !    
atmosph]ic air fall+ on ! upp] "p ( !   
pi/on1 & be+ b imp]fectly c\nt]pois$ by 
! r>ifi$ air b5ea? ! pi/on1 precipitat$ 
?is pi/on to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4       
,consequ5tly1 said ,huygh5s1 if to !    
said pi/on 7 atta*$ a *a9 or cord coil+ 
ar\nd a pulley1 "o might raise up !     
weights plac$ at ! extremity ( ! cord1 &
 s produce a g5u9e me*anical effect4    
,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,!
 ,,/eam ,,eng9e4  ,b ,exp]im5t1 !       

t\*/one ( ,physical ,tru?1 soon reveal$ 
! defici5cies ( an app>atus su* z       
,huygh5s _h sugge/$4 ,! air b5ea? !     
pi/on 0 n suffici5tly r>ifi$2 ! void    
produc$ 0 too imp]fect4 ,evid5tly       
gunp[d] 0 n ! "r ag5t4 ,:at 08 ,d5is    
,pap9 answ]$1 ,/eam4 ,& ! fir/ ,/eam    
,eng9e ev] inv5t$ 0 inv5t$ by ?is +5i\s 
,fr5*man4  ,pap9 0 born at ,blois on !  
#bbnd ( ,augu/ #afde4 ,he di$ ab\t      
#agad1 b nei!r ! exact date nor ! place 
( 8 dea? is kn[n4 ,! lives ( mo/ m5 (   
g5ius are heavy ) %ad[s1 b ,pap9's c>e] 
0 m ?an ord9>ily *>act]iz$ by !         
incessant pursuit ( ! evil spirits (    
adv]sity & p]secution4 ,a ,prote/ant1 & 
dev\tly loyal to 8 cre$1 he fl$ f       
,france ) ?\s&s ( 8 co-religioni/s1 :5  
,l\is ,,xiv4 unwisely & unrighte\sly    
revok$ ! ,edict ( ,nantes1 :i* p]mitt$ !
 ,hugu5ots to wor%ip ,god aft] _! own   
fa%ion4 ,& x 0 abroad1 9 ,engl&1 ,italy1
 & ,g]many1 t he realiz$ ! majority ( 8 
inv5tions1 among :i* t ( ! ,/eam ,eng9e 
is ! mo/ conspicu\s4  ,9 #agjg ,pap9    

con/ruct$ a /eam eng9e on ! pr9ciple we 
h already describ$1 & plac$ x on bo>d a 
boat provid$ ) :eels4 ,emb>k+ at ,cassel
 on ! riv] ,fulda1 he made 8 way to     
,mu5d5 9 ,hanov]1 ) ! design ( ent]+ !  
wat]s ( ! ,wes]1 & !nce repair+ to      
,engl&1 to make kn[n 8 discov]y1 & te/  
its capabilities be=e ! public4 ,b ! h>%
 & ignorant boatm5 ( ! ,wes] w\ld n     
p]mit him to ent] ! riv]2 & :5 he       
indignantly compla9$1 !y _h ! b>b>ity to
 break 8 boat 9 pieces4 ,?is 0 ! cr[n+  
mis=tune ( ,pap9's life4 ,!nce=w>d he   
seems to h lo/ all he>t & hope4 ,he     
contriv$ to rea* ,london1 :]e ! ,royal  
,society1 ( :i* he 0 a memb]1 all[$ him 
a small pittance4  ,9 #afij ?is +5i\s   
man _h devis$ an eng9e 9 :i* atmosph]ic 
vap\r in/ead ( /eam 0 ! motive ag5t4 ,at
 a lat] p]iod1 ,newcom51 a native (     
,d>tm\? 9 ,devon%ire1 conceiv$ ! idea ( 
employ+ ! same s\rce ( p[]4  ,b1        
previ\sly1 ! value ( /eam1 if employ$ 9 
?is direction1 _h occurr$ to ! ,m>quis (
 ,worce/]1 a nobleman ( great ability & 

a quick imag9ation1 :o1 = 8 loyalty to !
 cause ( ,*>les ,i41 _h be5 conf9$ 9 !  
,t[] ( ,london z a prison]4 ,on "o      
occasion1 :ile sitt+ 9 8 solit>y *amb]1 
! tight cov] ( a kettle full ( boil+    
wat] 0 bl[n (f be=e 8 eyes2 = m]e       
amusem5t's sake he set x on aga91 saw x 
aga9 bl[n (f1 & !n began to reflect on !
 capabilities ( p[] ?us accid5tally     
reveal$ to him1 & to speculate on its   
application to me*anical ends4 ,be+ ( a 
quick1 +5i\s turn ( m9d1 he 0 n long 9  
discov]+ h[ x c\ld be direct$ &         
controll$4 ,:5 he publi%$ 8 project--,an
 ,admirable & ,mo/ ,=cible ,way to      
,drive up ,wat] by ,fire--he 0 abus$ &  
laugh$ at z be+ ei!r a madman or an     
impo/or4 ,he p]sev]$1 h[ev]1 & actually 
_h a little eng9e ( "s two horse p[] at 
"w rais+ wat] f ! ,?ames at ,vauxhall2  
by means ( :i*1 he writes1 a *ild's =ce 
br+e? up a hundr$ feet high an incr$ible
 quantity ( wat]1 & ,i may boldly call x
 ! mo/ /up5d\s "w 9 ! :ole _w4 ,!re is a
 f]v5t ,ejaculatory & ,extempor>y       

,?anksgiv+ ,pray] ( 8 extant1 compos$ :5
 fir/ ) 8 corporeal eyes he did see     
f9i%$ a p]fect trial ( 8 wat]-comm&+    
eng9e1 delightful & useful to :omsoev]  
ha? 9 recomm5dation ei!r k1 pr(it1 or   
pleasure4 ,?is & ! re/ ( 8 wond]ful     
,c5t5>y ( ,inv5tions1 only empti$ in/ead
 ( repl5i%+ 8 purse4 ,he 0 r$uc$ to     
borr[ paltry sums f 8 cr$itors1 &       
receiv$ nei!r respect = 8 g5ius nor     
sympa?y = 8 mis=tunes4 ,he 0 be=e 8 age1
 & suff]$ accord+ly4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,9 #afih 8 
"w 0 tak5 up by ,?omas ,sav]y1 a m9]1   
:o1 ?r\gh assidu\s lab\r & well-direct$ 
/udy1 _h become a skilful eng9e]4 ,he   
succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ an eng9e on !       
pr9ciple ( ! pressure ( aque\s vap\r1 & 
?is eng9e he employ$ successfully 9     
pump+ wat] out ( coal m9es4 ,we owe to  
,sav]y ! inv5tion ( a vacuum1 :i* 0     
sugge/$ to him1 x is said1 9 a curi\s   
mann]3 he happ5$ to ?r[ a w9e-flask1 :i*
 he _h j dra9$1 ^u ! fire2 a few drops (
 liquor at ! bottom ( ! flask soon fill$

 x ) /eam1 &1 tak+ x (f ! fire1 he      
plung$ x1 m\? d[nw>ds1 into a bas9 (    
cold wat] t 0 /&+ on ! table1 :51 a     
vacuum be+ produc$1 ! wat] imm$iately   
ru%$ up into ! flask4  ,9 trac+ ?is     
l9eage ( inv5tive g5ius1 we next come to
 ,?omas ,newcom51 a blacksmi?1 :o c>ri$ 
out ! pr9ciple ( ! pi/on 9 8 ,atmosph]ic
 ,eng9e1 = :i* he took out a pat5t 9    
#agje4 ,x is b j to recognize t ?is     
eng9e 0 ! fir/ :i* prov$ practically &  
widely useful1 & 01 9 tru?1 ! actual    
prog5itor ( ! pres5t /eam eng9e4 ,x 0   
*iefly us$ = work+ pumps4 ,to "o end ( a
 beam mov+ on a c5tral axis 0 atta*$ !  
rod ( ! pump to be work$2 to ! o!r1 !   
rod ( ! pi/on mov+ 9 ! cyl9d] bel[4     
,und]nea? ?is cyl9d] 0 a boil]1 & ! two 
7 connect$ by a pipe provid$ ) a        
/op-cock to regulate ! supply ( /eam4   
,:5 ! pump-rod 0 depress$1 & ! pi/on    
rais$ to ! top ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* 0 effect$
 by weights hang+ to ! pump-end ( !     
beam1 ! /op-cock 0 us$ to cut (f ! /eam1
 & a supply ( cold wat] inject$ into !  

cyl9d] ?r\gh a wat]-pipe connect$ ) !   
tank or ci/]n4 ,! /eam 9 ! cyl9d] 0     
imm$iately cond5s$2 a vacuum creat$ bel[
 ! pi/on2 ! latt] 0 !n =c$ d[n by       
atmosph]ic pressure1 br++ ) x ! end ( ! 
beam to :i* x 0 atta*$1 & rais+ ! o!r   
along ) ! pump-rod4 ,a fre% supply (    
/eam 0 admitt$ bel[ ! pi/on1 :i* 0 rais$
 by ! c\nt]poise2 & ?us ! motion 0      
con/antly r5ew$4 ,! op5+ & %utt+ ( !    
/op-cocks 0 at fir/ manag$ by an        
att5dant2 b a boy nam$ ,pott]1 :o 0     
employ$ = ?is purpose1 be+ fond] ( play 
?an "w1 contriv$ to save himself all    
tr\ble 9 ! matt] by fa/5+ ! h&les )     
pieces ( /r+ to "s ( ! cranks & lev]s4  
,subsequ5tly1 ,beighton1 an eng9e]1     
improv$ on ?is idea by sub/itut+ lev]s1 
act$ on by p9s 9 a rod susp5d$ f ! beam4
  ,prop]ly speak+1 ,newcom5's eng9e 0 n 
a /eam1 b an atmosph]ic eng9e2 = ?\gh   
/eam 0 employ$1 x =m$ no ess5tial       
feature ( ! contrivance1 & might h be5  
replac$ by an air-pump4 ,all ! use t 0  
made ( /eam 0 to produce a vacuum       

und]nea? ! pi/on1 :i* 0 press$ d[n by ! 
weight ( ! atmosph]e1 & rais$ by !      
c\nt]poise ( ! buckets at ! o!r end ( ! 
beam4 ,watt1 9 br++ ! expansive =ce (   
/eam to be> ^u ! work+ ( ! pi/on1 may be
 said to h really inv5t$ ! /eam eng9e4  
,half a c5tury be=e ! little model came 
into ,watt's h&s1 ,newcom5's eng9e _h   
be5 made z complete z its capabilities  
admitt$ (2 & ,watt /ruck into an        
entirely new l9e1 & inv5t$ an entirely  
new ma*9e1 :5 he produc$ 8 ,cond5s+     
,eng9e4     ,,ii4--,,james ,,watt4      
,!re are few places 9 our c\ntry :]e    
human ent]prise has effect$ su* va/ &   
m>vell\s *anges )9 ! c5tury z ! c\ntry  
trav]s$ by ! riv] ,clyde4 ,:]e ,glasg[  
n[ /ret*es f> & wide1 ) its miles (     
sw>m+ /reets1 its c\ntless mills1 &     
w>eh\ses1 & f\ndries1 its busy          
%ip-build+ y>ds1 its h>b\r ?rong$ )     
vessels ( e size & clime1 & its l>ge &  
weal?y population1 !re 0 to be se51 a   
hundr$ ye>s ago1 only an insignificant  
little burgh1 z dull & quiet z any rural

 m>ket-t[n ( our own day4 ,!re 0 a      
little quay at ! ,broomielaw1 seldom    
us$1 & p>tly ov]gr[n ) broom4 ,no boat  
ov] six tons' burd5 c\ld get s high up !
 riv]1 & ! appe>ance ( a ma/$ vessel 0  
almo/ an ev5t4 ,tobacco 0 ! *ief trade (
 ! t[n2 & ! tobacco m]*ants might be se5
 /rutt+ ab\t at ! ,cross 9 _! sc>let    
cloaks1 & look+ d[n on ! re/ ( !        
inhabitants1 :o got _! livelihood1 = !  
mo/ "p1 by deal+ 9 gr9d/ones1 coals1 &  
fi%--,glasg[ magi/rates1 z h]r+s are    
popul>ly call$1 be+ 9 z great repute !n 
z n[4 ,!re 7 b scanty means ( int]c\rse 
) o!r places1 & :at did exi/ 7 little   
us$1 except = goods1 :i* 7 convey$ on ! 
backs ( pack-horses4 ,! c>avan !n took  
two days to g to ,ed9burgh--y c run     
?r\gh n[ betwe5 ! two cities 9 little m 
?an an h\r4 ,!re is h>dly any trade t   
,glasg[ does n prosecute vigor\sly &    
successfully4 ,y may see any day y walk 
d[n to ! ,broomielaw1 vessels ( a ?\s&  
tons' burd5 at an*or !re1 & ! cu/om     
duties :i* 7 9 #agif little ov] ,l#ajj1 

h n[ rea*$ an am\nt exce$+ "o million6  
,glasg[ is indebt$1 9 a great "p1 = !   
gigantic /rides :i* x has made1 to !    
g5ius1 pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance ( a man :o1
 9 8 boyhood1 r m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1
 us$ to be scold$ by 8 aunt = wa/+ 8 "t1
 tak+ (f ! lid ( ! kettle1 putt+ x on   
aga91 hold+ n[ a cup1 n[ a silv] spoon  
ov] ! /eam z x rose f ! sp\t1 & cat*+ & 
c\nt+ ! drops ( wat] x fell into4 ,james
 ,watt 0 !n tak+ 8 fir/ elem5t>y lessons
 9 t sci5ce1 8 practical application (  
:i* 9 aft] life 0 to revolutionize !    
:ole sy/em ( me*anical movem5t1 & place 
an almo/ unlimit$ p[] at ! disposal ( ! 
indu/rial classes4  ,:5 a boy1 ,james   
,watt 0 delicate & sickly1 & s %y &     
s5sitive t 8 s*ool-days 7 a mis]y to    
him1 & he pr(it$ b little by 8          
att5dance4 ,at home1 ?\gh1 he 0 a great 
read]1 & pick$ up a great deal ( k =    
himself1 r>ely possess$ by ^? ( 8 ye>s4 
,"o day a fri5d 0 urg+ 8 fa!r to s5d    
,james to s*ool1 & n all[ him to trifle 
away 8 "t at home4 ,look h[ ! boy is    

occupi$1 said 8 fa!r1 be=e y condemn    
him4 ,?\gh only six ye>s old1 he 0 try+ 
to solve a geometrical problem on !     
floor ) a bit ( *alk4 ,z he grew old] he
 took to ! /udy ( optics & a/ronomy1 8  
curiosity be+ excit$ by ! quadrants &   
o!r in/rum5ts 9 8 fa!r's %op4 ,by ! age 
( fifte5 he _h twice gone ?r\gh ,de     
,graves&e's ,elem5ts ( ,natural         
,philosophy1 & he 0 also well v]s$ 9    
physiology1 botany1 m9]alogy1 &         
antiqu>ian lore4 ,he 0 fur!r an exp]t h&
 9 us+ ! tools 9 8 fa!r's work%op1 &    
c\ld d bo? c>p5try & metal "w4 ,aft] a  
brief /ay ) an old me*anic 9 ,glasg[1   
:o1 ?\gh he dignifi$ himself ) ! "n (   
optician1 nev] rose beyond m5d+         
spectacles1 tun+ sp9ets1 & mak+ fiddles 
& fi%+ tackle1 ,watt w5t at ! age (     
eighte5 to ,london1 :]e he work$ s h>d1 
& liv$ s sp>+ly 9 ord] to relieve 8 fa!r
 f ! burd5 ( ma9ta9+ him1 t 8 heal?     
suff]$1 & he _h to recruit x by a return
 to 8 native air4 ,dur+ ! ye> sp5t 9 !  
metropolis1 h[ev]1 he manag$ to le>n    

ne>ly all t ! memb]s ( ! trade !re c\ld 
tea*1 & soon %[$ himself a quick &      
skilful workman4  ,9 #ageg we f9d ! sign
 ( ,james ,watt1 ,ma!matical ,in/rum5t  
,mak] to ! ,college1 /uck up ov] !      
entrance to "o ( ! /airs 9 ! quadrangle 
( ,glasg[ ,college4 ,b ?\gh "u !        
patronage ( ! ,univ]sity1 8 trade 0 s   
poor1 t ?rifty & frugal z he 01 he _h a 
h>d /ruggle to live by x4 ,he 0 ready1  
h[ev]1 = any "w t came to h&1 & w\ld    
nev] let a job g pa/ him4 ,to execute an
 ord] = an organ :i* he accept$1 he     
/udi$ h>monics dilig5tly1 & ?\gh )\t any
 e> = music1 turn$ out a capital        
in/rum5t1 ) sev]al improvem5ts ( 8 own 9
 its action2 & he also und]took !       
manufacture ( guit>s1 viol9s1 & flutes4 
,all ?is :ile he 0 lay+ up va/ /ores ( k
 on all sorts ( subjects1 civil &       
milit>y eng9e]+1 natural hi/ory1        
languages1 lit]ature1 & art2 & among !  
pr(essors & /ud5ts :o dropp$ into 8     
little %op to h a *at ) him1 he soon    
came to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! able/ m5 ab\t

 ! college1 :ile 8 mode/y1 c&\r1 &      
oblig+ disposition ga9$ him _m good     
fri5ds4  ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,,watt4  
,page #fg4  ,among 8 multif>i\s         
pursuits1 ,watt _h exp]im5t$ a little 9 
! p[]s ( /eam2 b x 0 n till ! w9t] (    
#agfc-d1 :5 a model ( ,newcom5's eng9e 0
 put into 8 h&s = repair1 t he took up !
 matt] 9 e>ne/4 ,newcom5's eng9e 0 !n   
ab\t ! mo/ complete inv5tion ( its k9d2 
b its only value 0 its p[] ( produc+ a  
ready vacuum1 by rapid cond5sation on ! 
application ( cold2 & = practical       
purposes 0 nei!r *eap] nor quick] ?an   
animal p[]4 ,watt1 hav+ repair$ ! model1
 f\nd1 on sett+ x ago+1 t x w\ld n "w   
satisfactorily4 ,_h x be5 only a little 
less clumsy & imp]fect1 ,watt might nev]
 h reg>d$ x z m ?an ! f9e play?+1 = :i* 
he at fir/ took x2 b n[ ! difficulties (
 ! task r\s$ him to fur!r ef=ts4 ,he    
consult$ all ! books he c\ld get on !   
subject1 to asc]ta9 h[ ! defects c\ld be
 rem$i$2 & t s\rce ( in=mation exhau/$1 
he comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 &       

resolv$ to "w out ! problem = himself4  
,among o!r exp]im5ts1 he con/ruct$ a    
boil] :i* %[$ by inspection ! quantity (
 wat] evaporat$ 9 a giv5 "t1 & !reby    
asc]ta9$ ! quantity ( /eam us$ 9 e /roke
 ( ! eng9e4 ,he f\nd1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 t 
a small quantity ( wat] 9 ! =m ( /eam   
heat$ a l>ge quantity ( wat] inject$    
into ! cyl9d] = ! purpose ( cool+ x2 &  
^u fur!r exam9ation1 he asc]ta9$ ! /eam 
heat$ six times its weight ( well wat]  
up to ! temp]ature ( ! /eam itself 7#bab
 deg474 ,aft] v>i\s ineffectual s*emes1 
,watt 0 =c$ to ! conclusion t1 to make a
 p]fect /eam eng9e1 two app>5tly        
incompatible conditions mu/ be          
fulfill$--! cyl9d] mu/ always be z hot z
 ! /eam t came ru%+ into x1 & yet1 at   
ea* desc5t ( ! pi/on1 ! cyl9d] mu/      
become suffici5tly cold to cond5se !    
/eam4 ,he 0 at 8 wit's end h[ to        
accompli% ?is task1 :51 z he 0 tak+ a   
walk "o aft]noon1 ! idea fla%$ across 8 
m9d t1 z /eam 0 an ela/ic vap\r1 x w\ld 
exp& & ru% into a previ\sly exhau/$     

place2 & t1 !re=e1 all he _h to d to    
meet ! conditions he _h laid d[n1 0 to  
produce a vacuum 9 a sep>ate vessel1 &  
op5 a communication betwe5 ?is vessel & 
! cyl9d] ( ! /eam-eng9e at ! mom5t :5 ! 
pi/on 0 requir$ to desc5d1 & ! /eam w\ld
 dissem9ate itself & become divid$      
betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! adjo9+ vessel4 ,b z 
?is vessel w\ld be kept cold by an      
injection ( wat]1 ! /eam w\ld be        
annihilat$ z fa/ z x ent]$1 :i* w\ld    
cause a fre% outfl[ ( ! rema9+ /eam 9 ! 
cyl9d]1 till ne>ly ! :ole ( x 0 cond5s$1
 )\t ! cyl9d] itself be+ *ill$ 9 !      
op]ation4 ,"h 0 ! great key to !        
problem2 & :5 once ! idea ( sep>ate     
cond5sation 0 />t$1 _m o!r subord9ate   
improvem5ts1 z he said himself1 foll[$ z
 coroll>ies 9 rapid succession1 s t 9 ! 
c\rse ( "o or two days ! inv5tion 0 ?us 
f> complete 9 8 m9d4  ,x co/ him t5 long
 we>y ye>s ( pati5t speculation &       
exp]im5t1 to c>ry out ! idea1 ) little  
hope to buoy him up1 = to ! la/ he us$  
to say 8 fe> 0 always equal to 8        

hope1--& ) all ! c>es & emb>rassm5ts ( 8
 prec>i\s trade to p]plex & burd5 him4  
,ev5 :5 he _h 8 work+ model fairly      
complet$1 8 wor/ difficulties--!        
difficulties :i* mo/ di/ress$ & h>ass$ !
 %y1 s5sitive1 & retir+ ,watt--seem$    
only to h comm5c$4 ,to give ! inv5tion a
 fair practical trial requir$ an outlay 
( at lea/ ,l#ajjj2 & "o capitali/1 :o _h
 agre$ to jo9 him 9 ! und]tak+1 _h to   
give x up ?r\gh "s bus9ess losses4 ,/ill
 ,watt toil$ on1 always keep+ ! great   
object 9 view1--e>n+ bread = 8 family 7=
 he 0 m>ri$ by ?is "t71 by add+         
l&-survey+ to 8 me*anical lab\rs1 &1 9  
%ort1 turn+ 8 will+ h& to any hone/ job 
t (f]$4  ,he got a pat5t 9 #agfi1 &     
began build+ a l>ge eng9e2 b ! workm5 7 
new to ! task1 & :5 complet$1 its action
 0 spasmodic & unsatisfactory4 ,x is a  
sad ?+1 he !n wrote1 = a man to h 8 all 
hang+ by a s+le /r+4 ,if ,i _h :]e)al to
 pay = ! loss1 ,i don't ?9k ,i %\ld s   
mu* fe> a failure2 b ,i _c be> ! ?\ght (
 o!r p becom+ los]s by my s*eme1 & ,i h 

! happy disposition ( always pa9t+ !    
wor/4 ,& j !n1 to make matt]s /ill m    
gloomy1 he le>n$ t "s rascally l95-drap]
 9 ,london 0 plagi>iz+ ! great inv5tion 
he _h br\ght =? 9 su* sore & protract$  
travail4 ,( all ?+s 9 ! _w1 cri$ poor   
,watt1 sick ) hope def]r$1 & press$ )   
little c>k+ c>es on e side1 !re is no?+ 
s fooli% z inv5t+4  ,:5 ne>ly giv+ way  
to despair1 & on ! po9t ( ab&on+ 8      
inv5tion1 ,watt 0 =tunate en\gh to fall 
9 ) ,mat!w ,b\lton1 "o ( ! great        
manufactur+ pot5tates ( ,birm+ham1 an   
en]getic1 f>-see+ man1 :o ?rew himself  
into ! ent]prise ) all 8 _s2 & ! =tune (
 ! inv5tion 0 made4 ,an eng9e1 on ! new 
pr9ciple1 0 set up at ,soho2 & !re      
,b\lton & ,watt sold1 z ! =m] said to   
,boswell1 :at all ! _w desires to h1    
,,p[]2--! inf9ite p[] t animates ^?     
mighty eng9es1 :i*--            ,engl&'s
 arms ( conque/ are1     ,! trophies (  
h] bloodless w>3               ,brave   
weapons ^!4     ,victori\s ov] wave &   
soil1     ,) ^! %e sails1 %e weaves1 %e 

tills1     ,pi]ces ! ev]la/+ hills1     
,& spans ! seas4  ,watt's eng9e1 once   
fairly />t$1 0 n long 9 mak+ its way    
into g5]al use4 ,! fir/ /eam-eng9e us$ 9
 ,man*e/] 0 erect$ 9 #agij2 & n[ x is   
e/imat$ t 9 t di/rict1 )9 a radius ( t5 
miles1 !re are 9 con/ant "w m ?an fifty 
?\s& boil]s1 giv+ a total p[] ( upw>ds (
 "o million horses4 ,& ! unit$ /eam p[] 
( ,great ,brita9 is consid]$ equal to ! 
manual lab\r ( upw>ds ( f\r hundr$      
millions ( m51 or m ?an d\ble ! numb] ( 
males on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,f ! factory at
 ,soho1 ,watt's improv$ eng9es 7 disp]s$
 all ov] ! c\ntry1 especially 9         
,cornwall--! firm receiv+ ! value ( a   
?ird "p ( ! coal sav$ by ! use ( ! new  
ma*9e4 ,9 "o m9e1 :]e !re 7 ?ree pumps  
at "w1 ! proprietors ?\ght x wor? :ile1 
x is said1 to pur*ase ! rights ( !      
inv5tors1 at ! price ( ,l#bejj ye>ly =  
ea* eng9e4 ,! sav+1 !re=e1 on ! ?ree    
eng9es1 9 fuel alone1 mu/ h be5 at lea/ 
,l#gejj a ye>4  ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ! pres5t
 c5tury1 ,watt )drew himself entirely f 

bus9ess2 b ?\gh he liv$ 9 retirem5t1 he 
did n let 8 busy m9d get ru/y or sluggi%
 = want ( ex]cise4 ,at "o "t he took x  
into 8 head t 8 faculties 7 decl9+1 &   
?\gh upw>ds ( sev5ty ye>s ( age1 he     
resolv$ to te/ 8 m5tal p[]s by tak+ up  
"s new subject ( /udy4 ,x 0 no easy     
matt] to f9d "o q new to him1 s wide &  
compreh5sive _h be5 8 range ( /udy2 b at
 l5g? ! ,anglo-,saxon tongue occurr$ to 
him1 & he imm$iately appli$ himself to  
ma/] x1 ! facility ) :i* he did s1      
dispell+ all d\bt z to ! fail+ ( 8      
/up5d\s intellect4 ,he ?us busi$ himself
 9 v>i\s useful & ent]ta9+ pursuits1    
till close ^u 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9  
#ahai4  ,extraord9>y z 0 ,watt's        
inv5tive g5ius1 8 wide range ( k1       
!oretic & practical1 0 equally s4 ,great
 z is ! idea ) :i* 8 "n is *iefly       
associat$1 he 0 n a man ( "o idea1 b ( a
 ?\s&4 ,!re 0 h>dly a subject :i* came  
"u 8 notice :i* he did n ma/]2 &1 z 0   
said ( him1 x seem$ z if e subject      
casually />t$ by him _h be5 t he _h be5 

occupi$ 9 /udy+4 ,he _h no d\bt a rapid 
faculty ( acquir+ k2 b he ow$ !         
v]satility & copi\sness ( 8 atta9m5ts   
above all to 8 unwe>i$ indu/ry4 ,he 0   
always at "w on some?+ or o!r1 & he may 
truly be call$ "o ( ^? :o--             
,c\ld ,"t's h\r-glass fall1     ,w\ld1 z
 = se$ ( />s1 /oop = ! s&1     ,& by    
incessant lab\r ga!r all4  ,9 a rec5t   
volume ( memoirs by ,mrs4 ,s*immel      
,p5nick1 we f9d ! foll[+ graphic sket* (
 ?is extraord9>y man3--,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ 
complete specim5s ( ! melan*olic        
temp]am5t4 ,8 head 0 g5]ally b5t =w>d or
 lean+ on 8 h& 9 m$itation1 8 %\ld]s    
/oop+1 & 8 *e/ fall+ 91 8 limbs lank &  
unmuscul>1 & 8 complexion sall[4 ,8     
utt]ance 0 sl[ & impassion$1 deep & l[ 9
 tone1 ) a broad ,scot* acc5t2 8 mann]s 
g5tle1 mode/1 & unassum+4 ,9 a company  
:]e he 0 n kn[n1 unless spok5 to1 he    
might h tranquilly pass$ ! :ole "t 9    
pursu+ 8 own m$itations4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! 
room1 m5 ( lett]s1 m5 ( sci5ce1 _m      
milit>y m51 arti/s1 ladies1 & ev5 little

 *ildr51 ?rong$ ar\nd him4 ,i rememb] a 
celebrat$ ,sw$i% arti/ be+ in/ruct$ by  
him t rat's :isk]s made ! mo/ pliant    
pa9t+-bru%es2 ladies w\ld appeal to him 
on ! be/ modes ( devis+ grates1 cur+    
smok+ *imneys1 w>m+ _! h\ses1 & obta9+  
fa/ col\rs4  ,8 read+ 0 s+ul>ly ext5sive
 & div]sifi$4 ,he p]us$ almo/ e "w t    
came 9 8 way1 & us$ to say t he nev]    
op5$ a book1 no matt] :at its subject or
 wor?1 )\t le>n+ some?+ f x4 ,he _h a   
vivid imag9ation1 0 passionately fond ( 
fiction1 & 0 a v gift$ /ory-tell]       
himself4 ,:5 a boy1 /ay+ ) 8 aunt 9     
,glasg[1 he us$ e night to en?ral !     
att5tion ( ! little circle ) "s excit+  
n>rative1 :i* !y w\ld n g to b$ till !y 
_h he>d ! end (2 & kept !m 9 su* a /ate 
( tremor & excitem5t1 t 8 aunt us$ to   
?reat5 to s5d him away4  ,s9ce ,watt's  
"t1 innum]able pat5ts h be5 tak5 out =  
improvem5ts 9 ! /eam eng9e2 b 8 great   
inv5tion =ms ! basis ( ne>ly all ( !m1 &
 ! alt]ations ref] r to details ?an     
pr9ciples ( action4 ,! application (    

/eam to locomotive purposes1 h[ev]1 l$  
to ! con/ruction ( ! high pressure      
eng9e1 9 :i* ! cumbr\s cond5s+ app>atus 
is disp5s$ )1 & motion imp>t$ to ! pi/on
 by ! ela/ic p[] ( ! /eam be+ great] ?an
 t ( ! atmosph]e4     ,! ,manufacture ( 
,cotton4     ,i4--,,kay ,,& ,,h>greaves4
  ,,ii4--,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,arkwright4     
,,iii4--,,samuel ,,crompton4            
,,iv4--,,dr4 ,,c>twright4   ,v4--,,sir  
,,rob]t ,,peel4     ,! ,manufacture (   
,cotton4      ,are n our greate/ m5 z   
good z lo/8 ,! m5 :o walk     daily     
among u1 clo?+ u1 w>m+ u1 fe$+ u1 walk  
%r\d$ 9 d>kness1 m]e my?ic              
m54--,,c>lyle4     ,i4--,,kay ,,&       
,,h>greaves4   ,on ! #c;d ( ,may #agcd1 
!re 0 a hang+ at ,cork :i* made a good  
deal m noise ?an su* a v ord9>y ev5t    
g5]ally did 9 ^? days4 ,!re 0 no?+      
rem>kable ab\t ! malefactor1 or ! crime 
he _h committ$4 ,he 0 a v commonplace   
ruffian1 & _h e>n$ 8 elevation to !     
gall[s by a vulg> felony4 ,:at 0        
rem>kable ab\t ! affair 01 t ! wooll5   

weav]s ( ,cork1 be+ !n 9 a /ate ( great 
di/ress f want ( "w1 dress$ up ! convict
 9 cotton g>m5ts1 & t ! poor wret*1 hav+
 once be5 a weav] himself1 employ$ ! la/
 occasion he 0 ev] to h ( address+ 8    
fell[ creatures1 by assur+ !m t all 8   
misde$s & mis=tunes 7 to be trac$ to !  
p]nici\s practice ( we>+ cottons4       
,!re=e1 good ,*ri/ians1 he cont9u$1     
consid] t if y g on to suppress y\r own 
goods1 by we>+ su* cottons z ,i am n[   
clo!d 91 y w br+ y\r c\ntry into mis]y1 
:i* w consequ5tly sw>m ) su* unhappy    
malefactors z y\r pres5t ,object is2 & !
 blood ( e mis]able felon t w hang aft] 
?is w>n+ f ! gall[s w lie at y\r doors4 
,all :i* say+s 7 no d\bt greatly        
applaud$ by ! di%e>t5$ weav]s on ! spot1
 & mu* tak5 to he>t by ! citiz5s & g5try
 to :om !y 7 address$4  ,?is is only "o 
out ( ! _m illu/rations :i* might be    
drawn f ! *ronicles ( ^? days1 ( !      
prejudice & disc\ragem5t cotton _h to   
cont5d aga9/ on its fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is
 c\ntry4 ,prohibit$ ov] & ov] aga91 laid

 "u p5alties & high duties1 treat$ ) e  
sort ( contumely & oppression1 x _h long
 to /ruggle desp]ately = ! b>e/         
tol]ance2 yet x end$ by ov]com+ all     
ob/acles1 & di/anc+ its fav\r$ rival    
wool4 ,return+ good = evil1 cotton n[   
su/a9s "o-six? ( our fell[-c\ntrym51 &  
is an important ma9/ay ( our comm]ce &  
manufactures4  ,fir/ import$ into ,great
 ,brita9 t[>ds ! middle ( ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 cotton 0 b little us$ = purposes
 ( manufacture till ! middle ( !        
eighte5?4 ,! settlem5t ( "s ,flemi%     
emigrants 9 ,lanca%ire l$ to t di/rict  
becom+ ! pr9cipal seat ( ! cotton       
manufacture2 & probably ! ung5]\s nature
 ( its soil induc$ ! p to resort to     
sp9n+ & weav+ to make up = !            
unpr(itabl5ess ( _! agricultural lab\rs4
  ,a nobl] monum5t ( human skill1       
ent]prise1 & p]sev]ance1 ?an ! inv5tion 
( cotton-sp9n+ ma*9]y is h>dly to be met
 )2 b x mu/ also be own$ t its hi/ory1  
enc\rag+ z x is 9 "o aspect1 is 9 ano!r 
sad & humiliat+ to ! la/ degree4 ,x is  

difficult at fir/ to cr$it ! uni=m      
+ratitude & trea*]y :i* ! v>i\s inv5tors
 met ) f ! v m5 :om _! contrivances     
enri*$4 ,!re is no?+1 said ,james ,watt 
9 ! crisis ( 8 =tunes1 worn ) c>e1 &    
sick ) hope def]r$--!re is no?+ s fooli%
 z inv5t+2 & ) f> m reason ! inv5tors ( 
cotton-sp9n+ ma*9es c\ld e*o ! m\rnful  
cry4 ,x is sad to ?9k t s pr\d a *apt] (
 our hi/ory %\ld be> s d>k a /a94  ,9   
#agcc ! primitive me?od /ill prevail$ ( 
sp9n+ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 only "o ?read
 at a "t2 & weav+ up ! y>n 9 a loom1 !  
%uttle ( :i* _h to be ?r[n f "r to left 
& left to "r by bo? h&s alt]nately4 ,9 t
 ye>1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ /ep 0 made 9        
advance1 by ! inv5tion ( ! fly-%uttle1  
:i*1 by means ( a h&le & spr+1 c\ld be  
j]k$ f side to side ) "o h&4 ,?is       
contrivance 0 due to ! +5uity ( ,john   
,kay1 a loom-mak] at ,col*e/]1 & prov$ 8
 ru94 ,! weav]s did _! be/ to prev5t !  
use ( ! %uttle1--! ma/]s to get x us$1 &
 to *eat ! inv5tor out ( 8 rew>d4 ,poor 
,kay 0 soon br\ght l[ 9 ! _w by co/ly   

law-suits1 & be+ n yet tir$ ( inv5t+1   
devis$ a rude p[]-loom4 ,9 rev5ge a mob 
( weav]s broke into 8 h\se1 sma%$ all 8 
ma*9es1 & w\ld h sma%$ him too1 _h !y   
laid h&s on him4 ,he escap$ f _!        
clut*es1 to f9d 8 way to ,p>is1 & to die
 !re 9 mis]y n long aft]w>ds4 ,kay 0 !  
fir/ ( ! m>tyrs 9 ?is bran* ( inv5tion4 
,james ,h>greaves 0 ! next4  ,! use ( ! 
fly-%uttle greatly exp$it$ ! process (  
weav+1 & ! sp9n+ ( cotton soon fell     
beh9d4 ,! weav]s 7 (t5 br\ght to a      
/&-/ill = want ( weft to g on )1 & _h to
 sp5d _! morn+s go+ ab\t 9 se>* ( x1    
sometimes )\t gett+ z mu* z kept !m busy
 = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,! sc>city ( y>n 0 a  
con/ant compla9t2 & _m a busy bra9 0 at 
"w try+ to devise "s improvem5t on !    
common h&-:eel4 ,among/ o!rs1 ,james    
,h>greaves1 an +5i\s weav] at ,/&hill1  
ne> ,blackburn1 :o _h already improv$ ! 
mode ( clean+ & unravell+ ! cotton be=e 
sp9n+1 took ! subject into consid]ation4
 ,"o day1 :5 brood+ ov] x 9 8 cottage1  
idle = want ( weft1 ! accid5tal ov]turn+

 ( 8 wife's :eel sugge/$ to him !       
pr9ciple ( ! sp9n+-j5ny4 ,ly+ on its    
side1 ! :eel /ill cont9u$ 9 motion--!   
sp9dle be+ ?r[n f a horizontal into an  
upright position2 & x occurr$ to him t  
all he _h got to d 0 to place a numb] ( 
sp9dles side by side4 ,?is 0 9 #agfd1 & 
?ree ye>s aft]w>ds ,h>greaves _h work$  
out ! idea1 & con/ruct$ a sp9n+ frame1 )
 eight sp9dles & a horizontal :eel1 :i* 
he *ri/5$ aft] 8 wife ,j5ny1 ^: :eel _h 
fir/ put him 9 ! "r track4 ,directly !  
sp9n]s ( ! locality got k ( ?is ma*9e t 
0 to d eight times z mu* z any "o ( !m1 
!y broke into ! inv5tor's cottage1      
de/roy$ ! j5ny1 & compell$ him to fly = 
! safety ( 8 life to ,nott+ham4 ,he took
 out a pat5t1 b ! manufactur]s leagu$   
!mselves aga9/ !m4 ,sole1 fri5dless1    
p5niless1 he c\ld make no head aga9/ _! 
numb]s & influ5ce1 rel9qui%$ 8 inv5tion1
 & di$ 9 obscurity & di/ress t5 ye>s    
aft] he _h ! mis=tune to contrive !     
sp9n+-j5ny4  ,! hi/ory ( ! cotton       
manufacture n[ becomes id5tifi$ ) !     

lives ( ,arkwright1 ,crompton1 &        
,c>twright--! inv5tors ( ! wat]-frame1 !
 mule1 & ! p[]-loom4     ,,ii4--,,sir   
,,ri*>d ,,arkwright4   ,some:]e ab\t !  
ye> #ageb1 any "o pass+ along a c]ta9   
obscure alley 9 ,pre/on1 !n a m]e       
village comp>$ ) ! prosp]\s t[n into :i*
 x has s9ce exp&$1 might h obs]v$       
project+ f ! entrance to ! und]gr\nd    
flat ( "o ( ! h\ses1 a blue & :ite pole1
 ) a batt]$ t9 plate dangl+ at ! end (  
x1 ! object ( :i* 0 to indicate t if he 
want$ 8 hair cut or 8 *9 %av$1 he _h    
only to /ep d[n /airs1 & ! own] ( ! sign
 w\ld be delight$ to accommodate him4 ,b
 ei!r p 9 t qu>t] _h little or no       
sup]flu\s hair to get rid (1 or !y _h x 
tak5 (f else:]e2 = ,dicky ,arkwright1 ! 
b>b] 9 ! cell>1 = :om ! pole & plate    
/ood sponsor 9 ! upp] _w1 _h few        
opportunities ( display+ 8 tal5ts1 &    
sp5t mo/ ( 8 "t :ett+ 8 razors on a long
 piece ( lea!r1 "o end ( :i* 0 nail$ to 
! wall1 :ile ! o!r 0 drawn t[>ds him1 & 
keep+ ! hot wat] & ! soap ready = !     

cu/om]s :o seldom or nev] came4 ,?is    
sort ( ?+ did n suit ,dick's notions at 
all2 = he 0 ( an active temp]am5t1 &    
besides feel+ v dull at be+ s mu* by    
himself all day1 he pull$ r a long face 
:5 he c\nt$ out ! scanty array ( copp]s 
9 ! till aft] %utt+ up %op = ! night4 ,z
 he sat "o night1 be=e tumbl+ into 8    
truckle b$ t /ood 9 a recess 9 "o corn] 
( ! d+y little room1 m$itat+ on !       
h>dness ( ! times1 a bright idea /ruck  
him2 & ! next morn+ ! attractions ( !   
sign-pole 7 enhanc$ by a />+ plac>d1    
be>+ ! urg5t invitation3--      ,,come  
,,to ,,!     ,,subt]rane\s ,,b>b]6      
,,he ,,%aves ,,= ,a ,,p5ny66  ,n[       
twop5ce1 z we believe all ^? :o h       
inve/igat$ ! subject are agre$1 0 ! /&>d
 *>ge = a clean %ave at t p]iod2 & z    
soon z ?is innovation got w9d1 we c     
fancy h[ indignant ! frat]nity 7 at !   
unpr9cipl$ conduct ( "o ( _! numb]2 h[  
!y d5\nc$ ! reprobate1 & prophesi$ 8    
spe$y ru91 ov] _! pipes & be] 9 ! p>l\r 
( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 :i* !y patroniz$

 out ( respect = t h]o's enorm\s        
p]iwig1--9 _! eyes 8 *ief title to      
immortality1 & a bright example = !     
deg5]ate age1 :5 p _h n only tak5 to    
we>+ _! own hair1 b 7 ev5 beg9n+ to     
leave (f du/+ x ) fl\r6 ,& to make      
matt]s worse1 "h 0 a l[ fell[ (f]+ to   
%ave = a p5ny4 ,a numb] ( p1 tickl$ ) ! 
orig9ality ( ! plac>d1 & n unm9dful ( ! 
p5ny sav$1 began to patronize !         
,subt]rane\s b>b]1 & he soon drew s _m  
cu/om]s away f ! high]-pric$ %ops1 t !y 
7 oblig$ to come d[n1 aft] a :ile1 to a 
p5ny z well4 ,n to be outdone1          
,arkwright l[]$ 8 *>ge to a halfp5ny1 & 
/ill reta9$ 8 rank z ! *eape/ b>b] 9 !  
place4  ,arkwright's p>5ts _h be5 v poor
 p2 & z he 0 ! y\nge/ ( a family (      
?irte51 x may be readily suppos$ t all !
 s*ool le>n+ he got 0 ( ! mo/ meagre    
k9d1--if1 inde$1 he ev] 0 at s*ool at   
all1 :i* is v d\btful4 ,he 0 ( a v      
ard5t1 ent]pris+ temp]am5t1 h[ev]1 & :5 
once he took a ?+ 9 h&1 /ubbornly       
p]sev]$ 9 c>ry+ x ?r\gh to ! end4 ,ab\t 

! ye> #agfj1 be+ !n ab\t ?irty ye>s (   
age1 ,arkwright got tir$ ( ! %av+1 :i*  
br\ght him b a v scanty & prec>i\s      
livelihood1 & resolv$ to try 8 luck 9 a 
bus9ess :]e !re 0 m scope = 8 ent]prise 
& activity4 ,he !re=e began bus9ess z an
 it9]ant deal] 9 hair1 travell+ up & d[n
 ! c\ntry to collect x1 dress+ x        
himself1 & !n dispos+ ( x 9 a prep>$    
/ate to ! wig-mak]s4 ,z he 0 v quick 9  
detect+ any improvem5ts t might be made 
9 ! process ( dress+1 he soon acquir$ ! 
reputation among/ ! wig-mak]s ( supply+ 
a bett] article ?an any ( 8 rivals1 &   
drove a v good trade4 ,he _h also pick$ 
up or discov]$ = himself ! secret ( dye+
 ! hair 9 a p>ticul> way1 by :i* he n   
only augm5t$ 8 pr(its1 b enl>g$ ! circle
 ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,he ?rove s well1 t he 0  
able to lay by a little money & to m>ry4
 ,he 0 v fond ( sp5d+ :at leisure "t he 
_h 9 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 me*anics2 & = a   
:ile 0 v mu* tak5 up ) an attempt to    
solve ! attractive problem ( p]petual   
motion4 ,no d\bt he soon saw !          

hopelessness ( ! ef=t2 b al?\gh he left 
! "q unsolv$1 ! b5t ?us giv5 to 8 ?\ghts
 0 fruitful ( mo/ valuable consequ5ces4 
,liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( a manufactur+          
population1 ,arkwright 0 accu/om$ to he>
 daily compla9ts ( ! cont9ual difficulty
 ( procur+ suffici5t weft to keep !     
looms employ$2 :ile ! exportation (     
cotton goods gave rise to a gr[+ dem& = 
! manufactur$ article4 ,! weav]s g5]ally
 _h ! weft !y us$ spun = !m by _! wives 
or daught]s2 & ^? ^: families c\ld n    
supply ! necess>y quantity1 _h _! sp9n+ 
done by _! neighb\rs2 & ev5 by pay+1 z  
!y _h to d1 m = ! sp9n+ ?an ! price     
all[$ by _! ma/]s1 v few c\ld procure   
weft en\gh to keep !mselves con/antly at
 "w4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+1 we le>n1 = a  
weav] to walk ?ree or f\r miles 9 a     
morn+1 & call on five or six sp9n]s1    
be=e he c\ld collect weft to s]ve him = 
! re/ ( ! day4 ,arkwright mu/ h be5     
con/antly he>+ ( ?is difficulty1 & ( !  
re/rictions x plac$ on ! manufacture (  
cotton goods2 & be+ a me*anical g5ius1 0

 l$ to ?9k h[ x might be less5$1 if n   
got rid ( altoge!r4 ,! idea ( hav+ an   
automaton sp9n]1 in/ead ( "o ( fle% &   
blood1 _h occurr$ be=e !n to m ?an "o   
speculator2 b ! ?+ _h nev] answ]$1 & no 
models or descriptions ( ! ma*9es       
propos$ 7 pres]v$4 ,"o inv5tor _h1      
inde$1 de/roy$ 8 own ma*9e1 aft] hav+   
con/ruct$ x & f\nd x to "w1 = fe> t if x
 came into use x w\ld deprive ! poor    
sp9n]s ( _! livelihood1--9 reality its  
effect w\ld h be5 to provide employm5t &
 food = ?\s&s m ?an at t "t got a       
mis]able liv+ f _! sp9n+-:eels4  ,:ile  
,arkwright 0 int5t on ! discov]y (      
p]petual motion1 he fell 9 ) a clockmak]
 ( ! "n ( ,kay1 :o assi/$ him 9 mak+    
:eels & spr+s = ! contrivance he 0 try+ 
to complete4 ,?is l$ to an intimate     
connection betwe5 !m2 & :5 ,arkwright _h
 giv5 up ! p]petual motion affair1 &    
appli$ 8 ?\ghts to ! inv5tion ( "s ma*9e
 = produc+ cotton weft m rapidly ?an by 
! simple :eel1 ,kay cont9u$ to help him 
9 mak+ models4 ,arkwright soon became s 

engross$ 9 8 new task1 & s confid5t (   
ultimate success1 t he began to neglect 
8 regul> bus9ess4 ,all 8 ?\ghts1 & ne>ly
 all 8 "t1 7 giv5 up to ! great "w he _h
 tak5 9 h&4 ,8 trade fell (f2 he sp5t   
all 8 sav+s 9 pur*as+ mat]ials = models1
 & gett+ !m put toge!r1 & he fell into v
 di/ress$ circum/ances4 ,8 wife         
remon/rat$ ) him1 b 9 va92 & "o day1 9 a
 rage at :at %e consid]$ ! cause ( all  
_! privations1 %e sma%$ "s ( 8 models on
 ! floor4 ,su* an outrage 0 m ?an       
,arkwright c\ld be>1 & !y sep>at$4  ,9  
#agfh1 ,arkwright1 hav+ complet$ ! model
 ( a ma*9e = sp9n+ cotton ?read1 remov$ 
to ,pre/on1 tak+ ,kay ) him4 ,at ?is "t 
he _h h>dly a p5ny 9 ! _w1 & 0 almo/ 9  
rags4 ,8 pov]ty1 inde$1 0 su*1 t soon   
aft] 8 arrival 9 ,pre/on1 a conte/$     
election = a memb] ( ,p>liam5t hav+ tak5
 place1 he 0 s tatt]$ & mis]able 9 8    
appe>ance1 t ! p>ty ) :om he vot$ _h to 
give him a dec5t suit ( clo!s be=e he   
c\ld be se5 at ! poll+-boo?4 ,he _h got 
leave to set up 8 ma*9e 9 ! dwell+-h\se 

atta*$ to ! ,free ,gramm> ,s*ool2 b1    
afraid ( suff]+ f ! ho/ility ( ! sp9n]s1
 z ! un=tunate ,h>greaves _h done "s "t 
be=e1 he & ,kay ?\ght x be/ to leave    
,lanca%ire1 & try _! =tune 9 ,nott+ham4 
,poor & fri5dless1 x may easily be      
suppos$ t ,arkwright f\nd x a h>d matt] 
to get any "o to back him 9 a           
speculation :i* p !n reg>d$ z haz>d\s1  
if n illusory4 ,he got a few p\nds f "o 
( ! bank]s 9 ! t[n2 b t 0 soon sp5t1 &  
fur!r advances 7 refus$4 ,no?+ daunt$1  
,arkwright tri$ else:]e = help1 & at    
l5g? succe$$ 9 conv9c+ ,messrs4 ,ne$ &  
,/rutt1,a l>ge /ock+-weav]s 9 ! place1 (
 ! value ( 8 inv5tion1 & induc+ !m to   
ent] into p>tn]%ip ) him4 ,9 #agfi he   
took out a pat5t = ! ma*9e1 z its       
inv5tor1 & a mill1 work$ by horse-p[]1 0
 erect$ = sp9n+ cotton by ! new ma*9e4  
,two ye>s aft]1 he & 8 p>tn] set up     
ano!r mill 9 ,d]by%ire1 work$ by a      
wat]-:eel2 & 9 #agge he took out ano!r  
pat5t = "s improvem5ts on 8 orig9al     
s*eme4  ,! ma*9]y :i* he pat5t$ consi/$ 

( a numb] ( diff]5t contrivances2 b !   
*ief ( ^!1 & ! "o :i* he p>ticul>ly     
claim$ entirely z 8 own inv5tion 7= he  
frankly admitt$ t "s ( ! o!r p>ts 7 only
 developm5ts ( o!r inv5tors71 0 :at is  
call$ ! wat]-frame ?ro/le = draw+ out ! 
cotton f a co>se to a f9] & h>d] twi/$  
?read1 & s r5d]+ x fit to be us$ = !    
w>p1 or longitud9al ?reads ( ! clo?1 :i*
 7 =m$ ( l951 z well z ! weft4 ,?is     
app>atus 0 a comb9ation ( ! c>d+ & sp9n+
 ma*9]y2 & ! pr9ciple ( hav+ two pairs (
 roll]s1 "o revolv+ fa/] ?an ! o!r1 0 n[
 = ! fir/ "t appli$ to ma*9]y4  ,9 a ye>
 or two ! success ( ,arkwright's        
inv5tions 0 fairly e/abli%$4 ,!         
manufactur]s 7 fully alive to its       
importance2 & ,arkwright n[ reap$ !     
rew>d ( all ! toil & dang] he _h        
und]gone 9 ! %ape ( a dilig5t & p]si/5t 
attempt to rob him ( 8 monopoly1 :i* 0  
c>ri$ on = a numb] ( ye>s1 & 0 at l5g?  
successful4 ,"s ( ! manufactur]s1 :o 7  
gre$y to pr(it by ! new ma*9]y )\t pay+ 
! inv5tor1 got hold ( ,kay1 :o _h       

qu>rell$ ) ,arkwright "s "t be=e1 & f\nd
 him a will+ in/rum5t 9 _! h&s4 ,x w\ld 
take too long to g ov] all ! law        
processes :i* ,arkwright _h n[ to engage
 9 to def5d 8 rights4 ,kay got up a /ory
 t ! real inv5tor 0 a poor re$ mak] nam$
 ,highs1 :o _h once employ$ him to make 
a model1 ! secret ( :i* he _h imp>t$ to 
,arkwright2 & ?is 0 a capital excuse =  
us+ ! new ma*9]y 9 defiance ( ! pat5t1  
al?\gh ! evid5ce at ! v>i\s trials is n[
 held completely to v9dicate            
,arkwright's title z inv5tor4 ,"o law   
plea 0 lo/ to him1 on acc\nt ( "s       
te*nical omission 9 ! specifications2   
ano!r re/or$ to him ! enjoym5t ( 8      
monopoly2 & a ?ird trial de/roy$ !      
pat5t1 :i* ,arkwright nev] took any /eps
 to recov]4  ,besides try+ to defraud   
,arkwright ( 8 pat5t-rights1 ! rival    
manufactur]s1 ) jeal\s inconsi/5cy1 did 
_! be/ to disc\nt5ance ! use ( ! y>ns he
 made1 al?\gh mu* sup]ior 9 quality to  
:at 0 !n 9 use4 ,b ,arkwright n only    
surm\nt$ ?is ob/acle1 b turn$ x to good 

acc\nt1 = x set him to manufactur+ ! y>n
 into /ock+s & calicoes1 ! duty on :i*  
be+ soon aft] l[]$1 9 spite ( ! /r5u\s  
opposition ( ! manufactur]s1 turn$ out a
 v pr(itable speculation4  ,= ! fir/    
five ye>s ,arkwright's mills yield$     
little or no pr(it2 b aft] t1 ! adv]se  
tide aga9/ :i* he _h /ruggl$ s bravely  
*ang$1 & he foll[$ a prosp]\s &         
hon\rable c>e] till 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9
 #agib4 ,he 0 knight$1 n = be+1 z he 01 
a b5efactor to 8 c\ntry1 b because1 9 8 
capacity ( high %]iff1 he *anc$ to read 
"s trump]y address to ! k+4 ,he left    
beh9d a =tune ( ab\t half a million     
/]l+4  ,,footnotes3  ,a ,! f\nd] ( !    
family ( ,/rutt ( ,belp]1 aft]w>ds      
ennobl$4     ,,iii4--,,samuel           
,,crompton4   ,excell5t z 0 ! y>n       
produc$ by ! sp9n+-j5ny & ! wat]-frame1 
comp>$ ) ! old h&-spun /uff1 x 0 co>se &
 full ( knots2 & :5 a dem& arose =      
imitations ( ! f9e ,india musl9s1 !     
weav]s f\nd !y c\ld produce b a v poor  
piece ( "w ) su* r\gh mat]ials4  ,among 

^? :o 7 inconv5i5c$ = want ( a bett]    
sort ( y>n 0 "y ,samuel ,crompton1 :o   
liv$ ) 8 wid[$ "m & two si/]s 9 an old  
c\ntry h\se call$ ,hall-9-!-,wood1 ne>  
:at 0 !n ! little rural t[n ( ,bolton 9 
! ,moors4 ,:5 ,samuel 0 only five ye>s  
old 8 fa!r di$1 & left 8 wid[ ) ! ?ree  
*ildr5 on h] h&s1 to /ruggle ?r\gh ! _w 
z be/ %e c\ld4 ,a h>d-work+1 en]getic1  
,god-fe>+ woman1 %e buckl$ to ! fight ) 
a /\t he>t & a resolute w4 ,h] husb& _h 
be5 bo? f>m] & weav]1 l mo/ ( ! m5 9 t  
qu>t]2 & %e did h] be/ to fill 8 place1 
look+ aft] ! little f>m & ! ?ree c[s1 & 
work+ at ! loom1 ! y>n = :i* %e taught !
 bairns to sp94 ,:atev] %e took 9 h& %e 
did ) might & ma91 & ! result 01 h] webs
 7 ! be/ wov51 h] butt] ! ri*e/1 h]     
honey ! pure/1 h] home-made w9es ! f9e/ 
flav\r$ ( any 9 ! di/rict4 ,small z h]  
means 71 %e gave h] boy ! be/ education 
t c\ld be got 9 ,bolton--fir/ at a      
day-s*ool1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 he 0 old en\gh
 to take 8 place by day betwe5 !        
treadles1 at a night-s*ool4 ,rigid 9 h] 

s5se ( duty1 & resolute to d h] own %>e 
( ! "w1 %e exact$ ! same f o!rs1 & kept 
h] lad tightly to ! loom4 ,e day he _h  
to d a c]ta9 quantity ( "w2 & !re 0 no  
look+ h] 9 ! face unless ea* ev5+ saw x 
done1 & well done too4 ,anxi\s to       
satisfy 8 "m1 & yet get "t = 8 fav\rite 
amusem5t ( fiddle-mak+ & fiddle-play+1  
,sam grew quickly s5sitive ( !          
imp]fections ( ! ma*9]y he _h to "w )4  
,he 0 plagu$ to deea?1 he us$ to say1   
wi' m5d9' ! brok5 ?reeads2 & c\ld n help
 ?9k+ _m a "t :e!r ! j5ny c\ld n be     
improv$ s z to sp9 m quickly1 & produce 
a bett] ?read4 ,by ! "t he came to man's
 e/ate1 9 #aggd1 8 ?\ghts _h settl$ s f>
 into a track1 t he 0 able to beg9 mak+ 
a contrivance ( 8 own1 :i* he hop$ w\ld 
accompli% ! object he _h 9 view4 ,he _h 
a few common tools :i* _h belong$ to 8  
fa!r1 b 8 own clasp-knife s]v$ ne>ly e  
purpose 9 8 ready h&s4 ,he _h 8 bits (  
?+s fil$ at ! smi?y1 & to get money =   
mat]ials1 he fiddl$ at ! !atre = #as4   
#f;d4 a night4 ,e m9ute he c\ld sp>e f !

 task-"w ( ! day 0 sp5t 9 8 little room 
ov] ! por* ( ! hall 9 =w>d+ 8 inv5tion4 
,z x advanc$1 he grew m & m engross$ )  
x1 & (t5 ! dawn f\nd him /ill at "w on  
x4 ,! good folks d[n 9 ,bolton 7 sorely 
puzzl$ to ?9k :at light x 0 t 0 s (t5   
se5 glimm]+ at uncanny h\rs up at ! old 
hall4 ,! /ory w5t abroad t ! place 0    
haunt$1 & t ! gho/ ( "s =m] resid5t1    
uneasy f ! sorr[s or ! s9s ( 8 pa/ life1
 kept wat* & w>d till cock cr[1 ) a     
spectral lamp4 ,! my/]y 0 cle>$ up at   
la/4 ,x 0 discov]$ t ! gho/ 0 only ,sam 
,crompton fa%+ himself ov] bits ( wood &
 iron2 & ,sam 0 po9t$ out z a           
conjuror--! cant t]m = inv5tor--:5 he   
walk$ ?r\gh ! t[n4  ,! five ye>s ( lab\r
 & anxiety bore fruit 9 #aggi1 :5 !     
mule-j5ny ) its sp9dle c>riage 0 f9i%$ &
 set to "w4 ,z its "n indicates1 x 0 an 
+5i\s cross betwe5 ! j5ny & !           
wat]-frame1 comb9+ ! be/ features ( bo? 
) sev]al novel ones1 :i* r5d]$ x a v    
valuable ma*9e4  ,j z ,crompton _h put !
 f9i%+ t\*es to 8 mule1 ! weav]s &      

sp9n]s broke out 9 op5 riot at          
,blackburn1 & sc\r$ ! c\ntry ) ! cry1   
,m51 n ma*9es2 break+ e ma*9e !y c\ld   
lay h&s on4 ,to keep himself out (      
tr\ble & save 8 mule1 ,crompton took x  
to pieces1 & hid x 9 ! ro( ( ! hall4 ,:5
 ! /orm _h swept pa/1 he br\ght x out1  
put x toge!r1 & began to use x 9 8 daily
 "w4 ,! f9e y>n he turn$ out made q a   
s5sation1 & ! fame ( 8 inv5tion spread  
f> & wide4 ,p came f all qu>t]s to get a
 sight ( x2 & :5 d5i$ admittance1 br\ght
 ladd]s & h>r[s1 & climb$ up to ! w9d[ (
 ! room :]e x /ood4 ,"o p]t9aci\s fell[ 
actually ensconc$ himself = sev]al days 
9 ! cockl(t1 f :i* he wat*$ ,crompton at
 "w 9 ! room bel[1 ?r\gh a gimlet hole  
he bor$ 9 ! ceil+4 ,crompton lo/ all    
pati5ce ) ?is con/ant espionage4 ,:y    
c\ldn't folk let him enjoy 8 ma*9e by   
himself8 he ask$4 ,a fri5d1 ^: advice he
 ask$1 urg$ him n to ?9k ( tak+ out a   
pat5t1 b to make a pres5t ( 8 inv5tion  
to ! community at l>ge4 ,save me f my   
fri5ds1 ,crompton might well h cri$4    

,simple1 guileless fell[ t he 01 he act$
 on 8 fri5d's advice1 & on a numb] (    
manufactur]s putt+ d[n _! names =       
subscriptions v>y+ f a gu9ea to a cr[n1 
?rew op5 ! inv5tion to ! _w4 ,:5 ! "t   
came = ! subscriptions to be call$ 91 "s
 ( ! manufactur]s actually 7 base en\gh 
to refuse paym5t ( ! paltry sums !y _h  
promis$1 & ov]:elm$ ) abuse ! man by !  
fruit ( ^: bra9 !y 7 mak+ _! =tunes4 ,:5
 all ! money 0 collect$1 x am\nt$ to    
only ,l#fj1 j z mu* z built ,crompton a 
new ma*9e1 ) no m ?an f\r sp9dles4  ,%y1
 simple1 confid+1 innoc5t ( ! cunn+ ways
 ( ! _w1 sadly backw>d 9 ! /udy (       
mank9d1 & p]haps some:at ung5ial &      
unpractis$ to boot1 ,crompton1 f ! "t :5
 "o w\ld h ?\ght he _h set 8 foot on !  
fir/ r\nd ( ! ladd] ( =tune1 w5t /umbl+ 
on f "o mis=tune to ano!r1 ill-us$ on e 
side1 & unsuccessful 9 e ef=t to get on 
9 ! _w4 ,:e$l$ out ( 8 pat5t rights1    
*eat$ ( ! money promis$ him1 8 workm5   
lur$ away f him z soon z he _h taught !m
 ! con/ruction ( ! mule1 he grew morbid 

& di/ru/ful ( ev]yone4 ,he w\ld h no m  
workm52 & z ! production ( 8 ma*9es 0   
?us re/rict$ to ! lab\rs ( 8 own h&s1 he
 c\ld n compete ) ! l>ge factories1 :o  
drew all ! cu/om]s away f him4 ,peel1 ! 
fa!r ( ! /atesman1 (f]$ him fir/ a      
lucrative place ( tru/1 & aft]w>ds a    
p>tn]%ip2 b he w\ld n li/5 to him4 ,he  
grew m wret*$ & disc\rag$ e day4 ,9     
despair he cut up 8 sp9n+ ma*9es1 &     
hack$ to pieces ) an axe a c>d+ ma*9e he
 _h inv5t$1 exclaim+ bitt]ly1 ,!y %all n
 h ?is too4  ,he !n retir$ into         
comp>ative obscurity at ,oldham1 :]e he 
drudg$ away at weav+1 f>m+1 c[-keep+1 & 
ov]see+ ! poor1 & f\nd x no easy matt]  
)al to support 8 family1 = he _h m>ri$  
"s ye>s be=e4 ,aft]w>ds he re-appe>$ at 
,bolton z a small manufactur]2 & !re 0 a
 brief int]val ( sun%9e4 ,! musl9 trade 
0 v brisk1 & ! weav]s walk$ ab\t )      
five-p\nd notes /uck 9 _! hats1 & dress$
 out 9 ruffl$ %irts & top boots1 l f9e  
g5tlem54 ,:ile ?is la/$ ,crompton f\nd  
abundant sale = 8 sup]ior y>n4 ,b trade 

grew depress$1 & ! gloom settl$ ov]     
,crompton's life to its close4  ,! idea 
0 />t$ ( gett+ ,p>liam5t to d some?+ =  
him2 b he 0 too indep5d5t to supplicate 
gov]nm5t (ficials 9 p]son4 ,sp5c]       
,p]ceval1 ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 0  
will+ to befri5d him2 b ,crompton's ill 
luck 0 at 8 heels4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,may    
#ahab1 ,crompton 0 talk+ ) ,peel & ano!r
 g5tleman 9 ! lobby ( ! ,h\se (         
,commons1 :5 ,p]ceval walk$ up to !m1   
say+1 ,y w be glad to "k we mean to     
propose ,l#bj1jjj = ,crompton4 ,d y ?9k 
x w be satisfactory8 ,crompton walk$    
away out ( delicacy n to he> ! answ]4   
,an in/ant aft]w>ds !re 0 a great %\t1 &
 a ru% ( p 9 al>m4 ,p]ceval lay ba!d 9 8
 own blood1 sla9 by ! bullet ( ! assass9
 ,bell+ham4 ,crompton _h lo/ 8 fri5d4   
,:5 ! subject ( a grant to ! inv5tor ( !
 sp9n+-mule 0 br\ght up 9 ! ,h\se a few 
days aft]w>ds by ,"l ,/anley 7n[ ,"l    
,d]by71 only ,l#ejjj 0 propos$4 ,no "o  
?\ght ( increas+ x4 ,let's give ! man a 
,l#ajj a-ye>1 said an hon\rable memb]2  

x's z mu* z he c dr9k4 ,s ! vote 0 agre$
 to2 ?\gh at t v "t ! duty accru+ to !  
rev5ue f ! cotton wool import$ to be    
spun ^u ! mule 0 ,l#cjj1jjj a-ye>1 or m 
?an ,l#ajjj a work+ day4 ,! impulse :i* 
?is inv5tion gave to ! cotton           
manufactures ( ,great ,brita91 & !      
comm]cial prosp]ity to :i* x l$1 enabl$ 
! c\ntry to be> ! heavy dra9 ( ! w>     
taxes2 & x has be5 said1 ) no little    
tru?1 t ,crompton contribut$ z mu* z    
,well+ton to ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon4 ,z  
soon z x became kn[n1 ! mule-sp9dle took
 ! lead 9 cotton-sp9n+ ma*9es4 ,9 #ahaa 
above #d1fjj1jjj mule-sp9dles1 made by 8
 patt]n1 7 9 use4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is  
calculat$ t !re are upw>ds ( #cj1jjj1jjj
 9 use 9 ,great ,brita92 & ! increase   
goes on at ! rate ( above #a1jjj1jjj    
a-ye>4 ,9 ,france !re 7 9 #ahej ab\t    
#c1jjj1jjj sp9dles on ,crompton's       
pr9ciple2 & "o firm ( mule mak]s        
7,hibb]t1 ,platt1 & ,company1 (         
,oldham71 make mules at ! rate (        
#ejj1jjj sp9dles a-ye>4 ,! imm5se       

impetus giv5 to trade1 money1           
civilization1 & com=t by ?is inv5tion is
 almo/ incalculable4  ,! grant ( ,l#ejjj
 0 soon swall[$ up 9 ! paym5t ( 8 debts1
 & 9 meet+ ! losses ( 8 bus9ess4 ,no?+ m
 0 ev] done = him4 ,! k+1 :o 0 fond (   
patroniz+ m]it1 took no notice ( him2 8 
elde/ son 0 promis$ a commission1 :i* he
 did n get2 & "s "t aft]1 :5 /ruggl+    
?r\gh life on only ,l#ajj a-ye>1 ! po/ (
 sub-inspector ( ! factories 9 ,bolton  
became vacant2 ?\gh he appli$ = ! (fice1
 = :i* he 0 em95tly qualifi$1 he 0 pass$
 ov] 9 fav\r ( ! natural son ( "o ( !   
ex-secret>ies ( /ate--a man :o did n "k 
a mule f a sp9n+-j5ny4,b  ,crompton sp5t
 8 la/ days 9 pov]ty & privation1 & di$ 
at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r1 9 #ahbg4         
,,footnotes3  ,b ,a!naeum4              
,,iv4--,,dr4 ,,c>twright4   ,9 ! summ] (
 #aghd a numb] ( g5tlem5 7 *att+1 aft]  
d9n]1 9 a c\ntry h\se at ,matlock 9     
,d]by%ire4 ,"s ext5sive cotton-mills _h 
rec5tly be5 set up 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & !
 conv]sation turn$ ^u ! wond]ful        

inv5tions :i* _h be5 introduc$ = sp9n+  
cotton4 ,!re 7 "o or two g5tlem5 pres5t 
connect$ ) ! manufactur+ int]e/1 :o 7 v 
bitt] aga9/ ,arkwright & 8 s*emes4  ,x's
 all v well1 said "o ( ! grumbl]s1 b :at
 w all ?is rapid production ( y>n lead  
to8 ,putt+ aside ! ru9 ( ! poor sp9n]s1 
:o w be />v$ because !y hav5't z _m arms
 z ^! t]rible ma*9es1 y'll f9d t x w end
 9 a great deal m y>n be+ spun ?an c be 
wov5 into clo?1 & 9 l>ge quantities (   
y>n be+ export$ to ! ,cont95t1 :]e x w  
be work$ up by =eign weav]s1 to ! injury
 ( our home manufacture4 ,t w be ! %ort 
& ! long ( x1 m>k my words4  ,well1 b1  
sir1 rem>k$ a grave1 portly1 middle-ag$ 
g5tleman ( cl]ical appe>ance1 aft] a few
 m9utes' reflection1 :5 y talk ( !      
impossibility ( ! weav+ keep+ up ) !    
sp9n+1 y =get t ma*9]y may yet be appli$
 to ! =m] z well z ! latt]4 ,:y may !re 
n be a loom contriv$ = work+ up y>n z   
fa/ z ! sp9dle produces x4 ,t long-head$
 fell[ ,arkwright mu/ j set ab\t inv5t+ 
a weav+ ma*9e4  ,/uff & nons5se1 return$

 ! practical man petti%ly1 z ?\gh x 7   
h>dly wor? :ile notic+ ! rem>ks ( su* a 
dream]4 ,y might z well bid ,arkwright  
gr[ ! clo? ready made4 ,weav+ by ma*9]y 
is utt]ly impossible4 ,y mu/ rememb] h[ 
mu* m complex a process x is ?an sp9n+1 
& :at a v>iety ( movem5ts x involves4   
,weav+ by ma*9]y is a m]e idle vision1  
my de> sir1 & %[s y "k no?+ ab\t !      
op]ation4  ,well1 ,i mu/ confess my     
ignorance on ! subject ( weav+1 repli$ !
 cl]gyman2 b surely x c't be a m complex
 matt] ?an mov+ ! pieces 9 a game (     
*ess4 ,n[1 !re's an automaton figure n[ 
exhibit+ 9 ,london1 :i* h&les ! *ess m51
 & places !m on ! prop] squ>es ( ! bo>d1
 & makes ! mo/ intricate moves1 = all ! 
_w z if x 7 alive4 ,if t c be done1 ,i  
don't see :y weav+ %\ld baffle a clev]  
me*ani/4 ,a few ye>s ago we %\ld h      
laugh$ at ! notion ( do+ :at ,arkwright 
has done2 & ,i'm c]ta9 t be=e _m ye>s   
are ov]1 we %all h 'weav+ ,johnnies1' z 
well z 'sp9n+ ,j5nies4'  ,dr4           
,c>twright1 = t 0 ! cl]gyman's "n1      

confid5tly z he =etold t ma*9e-weav+    
w\ld be devis$ be=e long1 little dreamt 
at t mom5t t he 0 himself to br+ ab\t ! 
fulfilm5t ( 8 own pr$iction4 ,a quiet1  
c\ntry cl]gyman1 ( lit]>y ta/es1 a      
s*ol>1 & poeta/]1 he _h sp5t 8 life     
hi!rto 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 m9i/]ial duties1 
writ+ articles & v]ses1 & _h nev] giv5 !
 slighte/ att5tion to me*anics1         
!oretical or practical4 ,he _h nev] s   
mu* z se5 a loom at "w1 & _h n ! remote/
 notion ( ! pr9ciple or mode ( its      
con/ruction4 ,b ! *ance conv]sation at !
 ,matlock d9n] table sudd5ly r\s$ 8     
int]e/ 9 ! subject4 ,he walk$ home      
m$itat+ on :at sort ( a process weav+   
mu/ be2 brood$ ov] ! subject = days &   
weeks1--0 (t5 obs]v$ by 8 family /rid+  
up & d[n ! room 9 a fit ( ab/raction1   
?r[+ 8 arms f side to side l a weav]    
j]k+ ! %uttles1--& at la/ succe$$ 9     
evolv+1 z ! ,g]mans w\ld say1 f ! dep?s 
( 8 moral consci\sness1 ! idea ( a      
p[]-loom4 ,) ! help ( a smi? & a c>p5t]1
 he set ab\t ! con/ruction ( a numb] (  

exp]im5tal ma*9es1 & at l5g?1 aft] five 
or six mon?s' application1 turn$ out a  
rude1 clumsy piece ( "w1 :i* 0 ! basis (
 8 inv5tion4  ,! w>p1 he says1 0 laid   
p]p5dicul>ly1 ! re$ fell ) ! =ce ( at   
lea/ half a hundr$weight1 & ! spr+s :i* 
?rew ! %uttle 7 /rong en\gh to h ?r[n a 
,congreve rocket4 ,9 %ort1 x requir$ !  
/r5g? ( two p[]ful m5 to "w ! ma*9e at a
 sl[ rate1 & only = a %ort "t4 ,?is be+ 
done1 ,i !n condesc5d$ to see h[ o!r p  
wove2 & y w guess my a/oni%m5t :5 ,i    
comp>$ _! easy modes ( op]ation ) m9e4  
,avail+ myself ( :at ,i !n saw1 ,i made 
a loom 9 its g5]al pr9ciples ne>ly z !y 
are n[ made4 ,b x 0 n till ! ye> #aghg t
 ,i complet$ my inv5tion4  ,hav+ giv5   
himself to ! contrivance ( a loom t %\ld
 be able to keep pace 9 ! work+ up ( !  
y>n ) ! j5ny :i* produc$ x1 solely f    
motives ( philan?ropy1 he felt b\nd1 n[ 
t he _h devis$ ! ma*9e1 to prove its    
utility1 & br+ x into use4 ,to h /opp$ )
 ! "w ( inv5tion1 w\ld1 he conceiv$1 h  
be5 to leave ! "w half undone2 &1 !re=e1

 at no slight sacrifice ( p]sonal       
incl9ation1 & to ! rupture ( all old    
ties1 associations1 & ways ( life1 he   
quitt$ ! ease & seclusion ( 8 p>sonage1 
ab&on$ ! pursuits :i* _h =m]ly be5 8    
delight1 & devot$ himself to ! promotion
 ( 8 inv5tion4 ,he set up weav+ & sp9n+ 
factories at ,donca/]1 &1 b5t on !      
welf>e ( 8 race1 began ! we>y1 pa9ful   
/ruggle t 0 to be 8 ru91 & to end only )
 8 life4 ,i h ! wor/ me*anical          
conception any man c h1 wrote 8 fri5d   
,crabbe1 b y h my be/ wi%es4 ,may y     
weave webs ( gold4 ,alas6 ! good man    
wove = himself r a web ( dismal         
sack-clo?1 sore & griev\s to 8 peace1 l 
! h>% %irts ( hair old devotees us$ to  
vex _! fle% ) = _! s9s4 ,! gold5 webs 7 
= o!r folk's we>1--= ^? :o toil$ n ) _! 
bra9 z he _h done1 b :o reap$ :at !y _h 
n s[n4  ,he _h inv5t$ a ma*9e t 0 to    
promote indu/ry1 & save ! ,engli% weav]s
 f be+ driv5 f ! field1 z 0 beg9n+ to be
 ! case1 by =eign weav]s2 & ma/]s & m5 7
 up 9 arms aga9/ him z soon z 8 design 0

 kn[n4 ,8 goods 7 malici\sly damag$1--8 
workm5 7 spirit$ away f him1--8 pat5t "r
 0 infr+$4 ,calumny & hatr$ dogg$ 8     
/eps4 ,aft] a succession ( disa/]s1 8   
prospects assum$ a bright] aspect1 :5 a 
l>ge ,man*e/] firm contract$ = ! use (  
f\r hundr$ looms4 ,a few days aft] !y 7 
at "w1 ! mill t _h be5 built to receive 
!m /ood a heap ( black5$ ru9s4  ,/ill1  
he w\ld n give up till all 8 res\rces 7 
exhau/$1--& surely & n sl[ly t ev5t drew
 nigh4 ,! =tune ( ,l#cj1jjj ) :i* he    
/>t$ 9 ! ent]prise melt$ rapidly away2 &
 at l5g? ! day came :51 ) an empty      
purse1 a frame %att]$ ) anxiety & toil1 
b ) a brave1 /\t he>t /ill beat+ 9 8    
brea/1 ,c>twright turn$ 8 back ^u 8     
mills1 & w5t (f to ,london to ga9 a liv+
 by 8 p54 ,z he turn$ f ! sc5e ( 8      
mis=tunes1 he exclaim$1--      ,) firm1 
un%ak5 m9d1 t wreck ,i see1     ,nor ?9k
 ! doom ( man %\ld be rev]s$ = me4  ,!  
lion t has once eat5 a man has ev] aft]1
 x is said1 a wild crav+ aft] human     
blood4 ,& x w\ld seem t ! faculty (     

inv5tion1 once ar\s$1 its appetite =    
ex]cise is con/ant & insatiable4        
,c>twright hav+ discov]$ 8 dormant p[]s1
 c\ld no m cease to use !m ?an to eat4  
,a return to 8 quiet lit]>y ways1 fond z
 he /ill 0 ( su* pursuits1 0 impossible4
 ,an inv5tor he 01 & an inv5tor he mu/  
cont9ue till 8 eye 0 glaz$1 & 8 bra9    
numb$ 9 dea?4 ,:5 a cl]gyman he set     
himself to /udy m$ic9e1 & acquir$ great 
skill & k 9 ! sci5ce1 solely = ! b5efit 
( ! poor p>i%ion]s1 & n[ he gave himself
 up to ! lab\rs ( inv5tion ) ! same     
b5evol5t motives4 ,ga9 _h n tempt$ him  
to ent] ! ar5a1--disc\ragem5t & ru9 7 n 
to drive him f x4 ,! res\rces ( 8 +5uity
 seem$ inexhau/ible1 & !re 0 no limit to
 its range ( objects4 ,wool-comb+       
ma*9es1 bread & biscuit bak+ ma*9es1    
rope-mak+ ma*9es1 pl\ghs1 & :eel        
c>riages1 fire-prev5tatives1 7 9 turn   
inv5t$ or improv$ by him4 ,he pr$ict$ ! 
use ( /eam-%ips1 & /eam-c>riages1--&    
himself devis$ a model ( ! =m] 7)       
clock-"w in/ead ( a /eam-eng9e71 :i* a  

little boy us$ to play ) on ! ponds at  
,woburn1 t 0 to gr[ up into an em95t    
/atesman--,"l ,john ,russell4 ,to ! v   
la/ h\r ( 8 life 8 bra9 0 teem+ ) new   
designs4 ,he w5t d[n to ,dov] 9 8       
eightie? ye> = w>m sea-ba?+1 & sugge/$  
to 8 ba?man a way ( pump+ up ! wat] t   
sav$ him ! wages ( two m52 & almo/ ! day
 be=e 8 dea?1 he wrote an elaborate     
/atem5t ( a new mode he _h discov]$ (   
work+ ! /eam-eng9e4 ,mov$ by an         
irresi/ible impulse to promote ! public 
weal1 he truly fulfill$ ! resolution he 
express$ 9 v]se1--      ,) m9d unwe>i$1 
/ill w ,i engage1     ,9 spite ( fail+  
vig\r & ( age1     ,nor quit ! combat   
till ,i quit ! /age4  ,9 #ahjh he 0     
rew>d$ by ,p>liam5t = 8 inv5tion ( !    
p[]-loom1 & ! losses x br\ght ^u him1 by
 a grant ( ,l#aj1jjj4 ,he di$ 9 ,octob] 
#ahbc4     ,v4--,,sir ,,rob]t ,,peel4   
,c>twright's p[]-loom 0 aft]w>ds tak5 9 
h& & greatly improv$ by o!r +5i\s       
p]sons--me*anics & weav]s4 ,! names ( _m
 clev] me*anics1 says a writ] 9 !       

,qu>t]ly ,review1 :o contribut$ to      
advance x1 /ep by /ep1 ?r\gh failure &  
disappo9tm5t1 h long be5 =gott54 ,"s    
broke _! he>ts ov] _! projects :5       
app>5tly on ! eve ( success4 ,no "o 0 m 
indefatigable 9 8 endeav\rs to ov]come !
 difficulties ( ! contrivance ?an       
,william ,radcliffe1 a manufactur] at   
,mellor1 ne> ,man*e/]1 ^: inv5tion ( !  
dress+-ma*9e 0 an important /ep 9       
advance4 ,) ! assi/ance ( an +5i\s "y   
weav] 9 8 employm5t1 nam$ ,johnson1 he  
also br\ght out ! d&y-loom1 :i* effects 
almo/ all t c be done = ! h&-loom z to  
motion4 ,radcliffe 0 n1 h[ev]1          
successful z a manufactur]2 he exhau/$ 8
 means 9 exp]im5ts1 ( :i* 8             
contempor>ies & successors 7 to d]ive ! 
b5efit2 & aft] exp5d+ imm5se lab\r1 & a 
consid]able =tune 9 8 improvem5ts1 he   
di$ 9 pov]ty 9 ,man*e/] only a few ye>s 
ago4  ,to ! ,peel family ! cotton       
manufacture is greatly indebt$ = its    
progress4 ,rob]t ,peel1 ! f\nd] ( !     
family1 develop$ ! plan ( pr9t+ calico1 

& 8 successors p]fect$ x 9 a v>iety (   
ways4 ,:ile occupi$ z a small f>m] ne>  
,blackburn1 he gave a great deal (      
att5tion to ! subject1 & made a great _m
 exp]im5ts4 ,"o day1 :5 sket*+ a patt]n 
on ! back ( a pewt] d9n]-plate1 ! idea  
occurr$ to him1 t if col\r 7 rubb$ ^u ! 
design an impression might be pr9t$ (f x
 ^u calico4 ,he te/$ ! plan at once4    
,fill+ 9 ! patt]n ) col\r on ! back ( ! 
plate1 & plac+ a piece ( calico ov] x1  
he pass$ x ?r\gh a mangle1 & 0 delight$ 
) see+ ! calico come out duly pr9t$4    
,?is 0 8 fir/ essay 9 calico-pr9t+2 & he
 soon work$ out ! idea1 pat5t$ x1 & />t+
 z a calico-pr9t]1 succe$$ s well1 t he 
gave up ! f>m & devot$ himself entirely 
to t bus9ess4 ,8 sons succe$$ him2 & !  
,peel family1 divid$ into num]\s firms1 
became "o ( ! *ief pill>s ( ! cotton    
manufacture4  ,to su* p]fection has     
calico-pr9t+ n[ be5 br\ght1 t a mile (  
calico c be pr9t$ 9 an h\r1 or ?ree     
cotton dresses 9 a m9ute2 & s ext5sive  
is ! production ( t article1 t "o firm  

alone--t ( ,hoyle--turns out 9 a ye> m  
?an #aj1jjj miles ( x1 or m ?an         
suffici5t to measure ! diamet] ( our    
planet4  ,x 0 a fav\rite say+ ( old ,sir
 ,rob]t ,peel1 9 reg>d to ! importance (
 comm]cial weal? 9 a national po9t (    
view1 t ! ga9s ( individuals 7 small    
comp>$ ) ! national ga9s aris+ f trade2 
& !re c be no d\bt t ! success ( !      
cotton trade has contribut$ ess5tially  
to ! pres5t afflu5ce & prosp]ity ( !    
,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x has plac$ *eap &      
com=table clo?+ )9 ! rea* ( all1 &      
provid$ well-paid employm5t = multitudes
 ( p2 & ! gr[? ( population to :i* x has
 l$1 & consequ5t increase 9 !           
consumption ( ! v>i\s necess>ies &      
luxuries ( life1 h giv5 a /imulus to all
 ! o!r bran*es ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,f  
"o ( ! mo/ mis]able prov9ces 9 ! l&1    
,lanca%ire has gr[n to be "o ( ! mo/    
prosp]\s4 ,)9 a hundr$ & fifty ye>s !   
population has increas$ t5fold1 & l& has
 ris5 to fifty times its value =        
agricultural1 & sev5ty times =          

manufactur+ purposes4 ,f an             
insignificant c\ntry t[n & a little fi%+
 village h sprung ,man*e/] & ,liv]pool2 
& _m o!r t[ns ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry owe _!   
exi/5ce to ! same s\rce4 ,^! are ! great
 monum5ts to ! a*ievem5ts ( ,arkwright1 
,crompton1 ,peel1 & ! o!r capta9s (     
indu/ry :o wr\ght ?is mighty *ange1 & ! 
be/ trophies ( _! g5ius & ent]prise4    
,! ,railway & ! ,locomotive4            
,i4--,,! ,,fly+ ,,coa*4  ,,ii4--,,!     
,,/eph5sons3 ,,fa!r ,,& ,,son4          
,,iii4--,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,railways4      
,! ,railway & ! ,locomotive     ,i4--,,!
 ,,fly+ ,,coa*4   ,x is ! grey dawn ( a 
f9e spr+ morn+ 9 ! ye> #affi1 & e>ly    
?\gh x be1 !re are _m folks a/ir & ga!r+
 9 clu/]s be=e ! anci5t1 wea!r-/a9$     
front ( ,all ,s\ls' ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,! 
,fly+ ,coa* :i* has be5 s mu* talk$     
ab\t1 & :i* has be5 solemnly consid]$ & 
sanction$ by ! heads ( ! ,univ]sity1 is 
to make its fir/ j\rney to ! metropolis 
to-day1 & to accompli% x betwe5 sunrise 
& sunset4 ,hi!rto ! j\rney has occupi$  

two days1 ! travell]s sleep+ a night on 
! road2 & ! new und]tak+ is reg>d$ z v  
bold & haz>d\s4 ,a buzz rises f ! knots 
( p z !y discuss its prospects1--"s v   
sangu9e1 "s v d\btful1 n a few v angry  
at ! presumption ( ! ent]prise4 ,b six  
o'clock is on ! /rike--all ! pass5g]s   
are seat$1 "s ( !m r wi%ful to be safe  
on ! pavem5t aga9--! driv] has got !    
re9s 9 8 h&--! gu>d s\nds 8 bugle1 & (f 
goes ! ,fly+ ,coa* at a rattl+ pace1    
amid/ ! *e]+ ( ! cr[d & ! b5$ictions ( !
 univ]sity ,dons1 :o h come d[n to hon\r
 ! ev5t ) _! pres5ce4 ,le>n$1           
lib]al-m9d$ m5 ^! ,dons are = ! times !y
 live 92 b only fancy :at !y w\ld ?9k if
 "s old se]1 ^: m$itation & rese>* _h   
,pi]c$ ! future1 f> z human eye c\ld    
see1     ,se5 ! vision ( ! _w1 & all !  
wond]s t w\ld be1  7 to come =? & tell  
!m1 t be=e two c5turies 7 ov] m5 w\ld   
?9k f> less ( travell+ f ,ox=d to       
,london 9 "o h\r ?an !y !n did ( do+ s 9
 a day1 by means ( a ma*9e ( iron1 m\nt$
 ^u :eels1 :i* %\ld ru% along ! gr\nd1 &

 drag a load1 :i* a hundr$ horses c\ld n
 move1 z ?\gh x 7 a fea!r4 ,rog] ,bacon 
_h prophesi$ z mu* f\r c5turies be=e2 ! 
,m>quis ( ,worce/] 0 prop\nd+ ! same    
!ory at t v day1 & yet :o c blame !m if 
!y treat$ ! notion z ! falsehood ( an   
impo/or1 or ! halluc9ation ( a lunatic8 
,9 ^! days :5 railways trav]se ! c\ntry 
9 e direction1 & are /ill multiply+     
rapidly1 :5 no two t[ns ( ! lea/ size & 
consid]ation are unprovid$ ) ?is mode ( 
mutual communication--:5 we /ep into a  
railway c>riage z readily z into an     
omnibus1 & breakfa/+ com=tably 9        
,london1 are :isk$ (f to ,ed9burgh1     
almo/ 9 "t = ! fa%ionable d9n] h\r1--x  
requires no little ef=t to realize !    
incr$ulity & contempt ) :i* ! idea (    
sup]s$+ ! /age-coa* by ! /eam           
locomotive1 & hav+ l9es ( iron railways 
in/ead ( ! common highways1 0 reg>d$ =  
_m ye>s aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4
 ,ev5 aft] ! practicability ( ! project 
_h be5 prov$1 & /eam-eng9es _h be5 se5  
puff+ along ! rails1 ) a tra9 ( c>riages

 atta*$1 ev5 s late z #ahbe1 we f9d "o (
 ! lead+ p]iodicals--! ,qu>t]ly         
,review--d5\nc+ ! gross exagg]ation ( ! 
p[]s ( ! locomotive :i* its promot]s 7  
guilty (1 & pr$ict+ t ?\gh x might      
delude = a "t1 x mu/ end 9 !            
mortification ( all conc]n$4 ,! fact 01 
said ! writ]1 t p w\ld z soon suff]     
!mselves to be fir$ (f l a ,congreve    
rocket1 z tru/ !mselves to ! m]cy ( su* 
a ma*9e1 go+ at su* a rate--! rate (    
eighte5 miles an h\r1 :i* p n[-a-days1  
accu/om$ to da% along 9 express tra9s at
 two or ?ree times t spe$1 w\ld deem a  
p]fect snail-pace4  ,! railway _h ! />t 
( ! locomotive by a c\ple ( c5turies1 & 
d]ives its p>5tage f ! clumsy wood5     
way-leaves or tram-roads :i* 7 laid d[n 
to less5 ! lab\r ( dragg+ ! coal-waggons
 to & f ! place ( %ipm5t 9 ! ,newca/le  
coll]ies4 ,^! 7 9 use f ! beg9n+ ( !    
sev5te5? c5tury1 b x 0 n till ! beg9n+ (
 ! n9ete5? t ! locomotive /eam-eng9e    
made its appe>ance4 ,watt himself took  
out a pat5t = a locomotive 9 #aghd1 b   

no?+ came ( x2 & ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/    
prov$ ! practicability ( apply+ /eam to 
! purposes ( locomotion is due to a     
,corni%man nam$ ,trevi?ick1 :o devis$ a 
high-pressure eng9e ( v +5i\s           
con/ruction1 & actually set x to "w on  
"o ( ! roads 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,at fir/1   
!re=e1 !re 0 no alliance betwe5 ! eng9e 
& ! rail2 & ?\gh aft]w>ds ,trevi?ick    
adapt$ x to run on a tram-way1 some?+   
w5t wrong ) x1 & ! idea 0 = ! "t ab&on$4
 ,!re 0 a long-head$ eng9e-man 9 "o ( ! 
,newca/le colli]ies ab\t ?is "t1 9 ^:   
m9d ! true solution ( ! problem 0       
rapidly develop+1 b ,trevi?ick _h ne>ly 
=e/all$ him4 ,! /ories ( ^! two m5 af=d 
a mo/ in/ructive lesson4 ,a man (       
und\bt$ tal5t & +5uity1 ) influ5tial    
fri5ds bo? 9 ,cornwall & ,london1       
,trevi?ick _h a fair />t 9 life1 & e    
opportunity ( di/+ui%+ himself4 ,b he   
lack$ /ead9ess & p]sev]ance1 & no?+     
prosp]$ ) him4 ,he _h no soon] appli$   
himself to "o s*eme ?an he ?rew x up1 & 
became engross$ 9 ano!r1 to be ab&on$ 9 

turn = "s new fav\rite4 ,he 0 always    
beg9n+ "s novelty1 & nev] end+ :at he _h
 begun1 & ! consequ5ce 0 an almo/       
con/ant succession ( failures4 ,he 0    
always unhappy & unsuccessful4 ,if n[ & 
!n a gleam ( success did bright5 on 8   
pa?1 x 0 b tempor>y1 & 0 spe$ily absorb$
 9 ! gloom ( failure4 ,he f\nd a man (  
capital to take up 8 high-pressure      
eng9e1 got 8 locomotive built & set to  
"w1 br\ght 8 balla/ eng9e into use1 &   
/ood 9 no want ( praise & enc\ragem5t2 &
 yet1 "o aft] ano!r 8 s*emes w5t wrong4 
,n "o ( !m did well1 because he nev]    
/uck to any ( !m long en\gh4 ,! _w      
always w5t wrong ) him1 he said himself4
 ,he always w5t wrong ) ! _w1 said m    
truly ^? :o knew him4 ,8 ha/e1          
impati5ce1 & want ( p]sev]ance ru9$ him4
 ,aft] actually witness+ 8 /eam eng9e at
 "w 9 ,wales1 dragg+ a tra9 ( heavy     
waggons at ! rate ( five miles an h\r1  
he lo/ conceit ( 8 inv5tion1 w5t away to
 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & did n return to      
,engl& till ,/eph5son _h solv$ !        

difficulty ( /eam locomotion1 & 0 lay+  
out ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton ,railway4 ,!  
humble eng9e-man1 )\t education1 )\t    
fri5ds1 )\t money1 ) c\ntless ob/acles 9
 8 way1 & n a s+le advantage1 save 8    
native g5ius & resolution1 _h won ! day1
 & di/anc$ 8 m fav\r$ & accompli%$      
rival4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,,george ,,/eph5son
 to br+ ab\t ! alliance ( ! locomotive &
 ! railroad--man & wife1 z he us$ to    
call !m--^: union1 l t ( heav5 & e>? 9 !
 old my?ology1 0 to be> an (fspr+ (     
,titanic might--! mod]n railway4        
,,ii4--,,! ,,/eph5sons3 ,,fa!r ,,&      
,,son4   ,t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 
a b>e-legg$ h]d-laddie1 ab\t eight ye>s 
old1 might h be5 se51 9 a field at      
,dewley ,burn1 a little village n f> f  
,newca/le1 amus+ himself by mak+        
clay-eng9es1 ) bits ( hemlock-/alk =    
imag9>y pipes4 ,! *ild is fa!r ( ! man2 
& 9 aft] ye>s t little fell[ became !   
inv5tor ( ! pass5g] locomotive1 & z !   
f\nd] ( ! gigantic railway sy/em :i* n[ 
spreads its fibres ov] ! l5g? & bread?1 

n only ( our own c\ntry1 b ( ! civiliz$ 
_w1 ! true h]o ( ! half-c5tury4  ,!     
second son ( a fireman to "o ( ! colli]y
 eng9es1 :o _h six *ildr5 & a wife to   
support on an income ( twelve %ill+s    
a-week1 ,george ,/eph5son _h to beg9 "w 
:ile q a *ild4 ,at fir/ he 0 set to look
 aft] a neighb\r's c[s1 & keep !m f     
/ray+2 & aft]w>ds he 0 promot$ to ! "w (
 lead+ horses at ! pl\gh1 hoe+ turnips1 
& su* l1 at a sal>y ( f\rp5ce a-day4 ,! 
lad _h always be5 fond ( pok+ ab\t 9 8  
fa!r's eng9e h\se2 & 8 great ambition at
 ?is "t 0 to become a fireman l 8 fa!r4 
,& at l5g?1 aft] be+ employ$ 9 v>i\s    
ways ab\t ! colli]y1 he 01 at ! age (   
f\rte51 appo9t$ 8 fa!r's assi/ant at a  
%ill+ a-day4 ,! next ye> he got a       
situation z fireman on 8 own acc\nt2 &  
n[1 said he1 :5 8 wages 7 advanc$ to    
twelve %ill+s a-week--n[ ,i'm a made man
 = life4  ,! next /ep he took 0 to get !
 place ( plugman to ! same eng9e t 8    
fa!r att5d$ z fireman1 ! =m] po/ be+ r !
 high] ( ! two4 ,! bus9ess ( ! plugman1 

! un9itiat$ may be in=m$1 is to wat* !  
eng9e1 & see t x works prop]ly--! "n be+
 d]iv$ f ! duty ( plugg+ ! tube at !    
bottom ( ! %aft1 s t ! action ( ! pump  
%\ld n be int]f]$ ) by ! exposure ( !   
suction-holes4 ,george n[ devot$ himself
 en?usia/ically to ! /udy ( ! eng9e "u 8
 c>e4 ,x became a sort ( pet ) him2 & he
 0 nev] we>y ( tak+ x to pieces1 clean+ 
x1 putt+ x toge!r aga91 & inspect+ its  
v>i\s p>ts ) admiration & delight1 s t  
he soon made himself ?or\ghly ma/] ( its
 me?od ( work+ & con/ruction4  ,eighte5 
ye>s old by ?is "t1 ,george ,/eph5son 0 
:olly un$ucat$4 ,8 fa!r's small e>n+s1 &
 ! l>ge family he _h to fe$1 at a "t :5 
provisions 7 sc>ce & at w> prices1      
prev5t$ 8 hav+ any s*ool+ 9 8 e>ly ye>s2
 & he n[ set himself to repair 8        
defici5cies 9 t respect4 ,8 duties      
occupi$ him twelve h\rs a-day1 s t he _h
 b little leisure to himself2 b he 0 b5t
 on improv+ himself1 & aft] ! duties ( !
 day 7 ov]1 w5t to a night-s*ool kept by
 a poor tea*] 9 ! village ( ,wat]-r[1   

:]e he 0 n[ situat$1 on ?ree nights dur+
 ! week1 to take lessons 9 read+ &      
spell+1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! sci5ce (         
pot-hooks & hang]s z well2 s t by ! "t  
he 0 n9ete5 he 0 able to read cle>ly1 & 
to write 8 own "n4 ,!n he took to       
ari?metic1 = :i* he %[$ a /rong         
pr$ilection4 ,he _h always a sum or two 
by him to "w out :ile at ! eng9e side1 &
 soon made great progress4  ,! next ye> 
he 0 appo9t$ brakesman at ,black        
,coll]ton ,colli]y1 ) six %ill+s add$ to
 8 wages1 :i* 7 n[ ne>ly a p\nd a-week1 
& he 0 always mak+ a few %ill+s extra by
 m5d+ 8 fell[-workm5's %oes1 a job at   
:i* he 0 r exp]t4 ,busy z he 0 ) 8 v>i\s
 tasks1 he f\nd "t to fall 9 love4      
,pretty ,fanny ,h5d]son1 a s]vant at a  
neighb\r+ f>m1 caught 8 fancy2 & gett+  
h] %oes to m5d1 x co/ him a great ef=t  
to return !m to ! comely own] aft] !y 7 
pat*$ up4 ,he c>ri$ !m ab\t ) him 9 8   
pocket = "s "t1 & w\ld pull !m out1 & !n
 gaze fondly at !m ) z mu* emotion z !  
old /ory tells u ! sight ( ! da9ty glass

 slipp]1 :i* ,c9d]ella dropp$ at ! ball1
 excit$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! "y pr9ce4 ,b5t ^u 
tak+ up h\se = himself1 ) ,fanny z      
presid+ g5ius1 ,/eph5son n[ began to    
save up1 & decl>$ himself a ri* man :5  
he put 8 fir/ gu9ea 9 ! box4  ,in/ead ( 
sp5d+ ! ,saturday aft]noon ) 8          
fell[-workm5 9 ! public-h\se1 ,/eph5son 
employ$ himself 9 tak+ ! eng9e to       
pieces1 & clean+ x2 b besides 8 att5tion
 to "w1 he 0 also rem>kable = 8 skill at
 putt+ & wre/l+1 9 :i* he beat mo/ ( 8  
comrades4 ,& he 0 n )\t pluck ei!r1 z he
 let a great hulk+ fell[1 :o 0 ! bully (
 ! village1 "k to 8 co/1 by giv+ him su*
 a drubb+ z made him a sadd] & wis] man 
= "s "t aft]w>ds4 ,he /ill cont9u$ 8    
att5dance at ! night-s*ool1 till he _h  
got out ( ! ma/] z mu* in/ruction 9     
ari?metic z he 0 able to supply4  ,by ! 
"t he 0 ( age he _h sav$ up en\gh to    
take a little cottage & furni% x        
com=tably1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 v humbly2 & 9 
! w9t] ( #ahjb1 ,fanny1 n[ ,mrs4 ,george
 ,/eph5son1 rode home f *ur* on         

horseback1 seat$ on a pillion beh9d h]  
husb&1 ) h] arms r\nd 8 wai/2 & v pr\d &
 happy1 we may be sure1 he 0 t day1 z ! 
neighb\rs came to _! doors to wi% him   
,god spe$ 9 8 new mode ( life4  ,hav+   
le>n$ all he c\ld f ! village tea*]1    
,george ,/eph5son n[ began to /udy      
m5suration & ma!matics at home by       
himself2 b he also f\nd "t to make a    
numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 ! hope ( f9d+ out ! 
secret ( p]petual motion1 & to make     
%oe-la/s & %oes1 z well z m5d !m4 ,at ! 
end ( #ahjc 8 only son1 ,rob]t1 0 born2 
& soon aft] ! family remov$ to          
,kill+wor?1 sev5 miles f ,newca/le1 :]e 
,george got ! place ( brakesman4 ,!y _h 
n be5 settl$ long "h :5 ,fanny di$--a   
loss :i* affect$ ,george deeply1 &      
atta*$ him all ! m int5sely to ! (fspr+ 
( _! union4 ,at ?is "t ev]y?+ seem$ to g
 wrong ) him4 ,z if 8 wife's dea? 0 n   
grief en\gh1 8 fa!r met ) an accid5t :i*
 depriv$ him ( 8 eye-sight1 & %att]$ 8  
frame2 ,george himself 0 drawn = !      
militia1 & _h to pay a heavy sum ( money

 = a sub/itute2 & ) 8 fa!r1 & "m1 & 8   
own boy to support1 at a "t :5 taxes 7  
excessive & food de>1 he _h only a sal>y
 ( ,l#ej or ,l#fj a-ye> to meet all     
claims4 ,he 0 on ! v]ge ( despair1 &    
w\ld h emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 if1         
=tunately = our c\ntry1 he _h n be5     
unable to raise suffici5t money = 8     
passage4 ,s he _h to /ay 9 ! old c\ntry1
 :]e a bright & glori\s future await$   
him1 d>k & desp]ate z ! prospect !n     
appe>$4  ,he /ill w5t on mak+ models &  
exp]im5ts1 & p]fect+ 8 k ( 8 own eng9e4 
,to add to 8 e>n+s he also took to      
clock-clean+1 ) ! view ( sav+ up en\gh  
to give 8 boy ! be/ education x 0 9 8   
p[] to be/[4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( my c>e]1
 he us$ aft]w>ds to say1 :5 ,rob]t 0 a  
little boy1 ,i saw h[ defici5t ,i 0 9   
education1 & ,i made up my m9d t he %\ld
 n lab\r "u ! same defect1 b t ,i w\ld  
put him to a good s*ool1 & give him a   
lib]al tra9+4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 a poor man1 &
 h[ d y ?9k ,i manag$8 ,i betook myself 
to m5d+ my neighb\rs' clocks & wat*es at

 nights1 aft] my daily lab\r 0 done1 &  
?us ,i procur$ ! means ( educat+ my son4
 ,george began by tea*+ 8 son to "w )   
him2 & :5 ! little *ap c\ld n rea* s    
high z to put a clock-h& on1 w\ld set   
him on a *air = ! purpose1 & v pr\d     
,rob]t 0 :5ev] he c\ld help fa!r 9 any (
 8 jobs4  ,ab\t ?is "t a new pit hav+   
be5 sunk 9 ! di/rict :]e he work$1 !    
eng9e fix$ = ! purpose ( pump+ ! wat]   
out ( ! %aft 0 f\nd a failure4 ,?is soon
 rea*$ ,george's e>s4 ,he walk$ ov] to !
 pit1 c>efully exam9$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( !  
ma*9]y1 & turn$ ! matt] ov] 9 8 m9d4 ,"o
 day :5 he 0 look+ at x1 & almo/ conv9c$
 t he _h discov]$ ! cause ( ! failure1  
"o ( ! workm5 came up1 & ask$ him if he 
c\ld tell :at 0 wrong4  ,yes1 said      
,george2 & ,i ?9k ,i c\ld alt] x1 & 9 a 
week's "t s5d y to ! bottom4  ,george   
(f]$ 8 s]vices to ! eng9e]4 ,e exp$i5t  
_h be5 tri$ to repair ! eng9e1 & all _h 
fail$4 ,!re c\ld be no h>m1 if no good1 
9 ,/eph5son try+ 8 h& at x4 ,s he got   
leave1 & set to "w4 ,he took ! eng9e    

entirely to pieces1 & 9 f\r days _h     
repair$ x ?or\ghly1 s t ! workm5 c\ld   
get to ! bottom & proce$ ) _! lab\rs4   
,george ,/eph5son's skill z an          
eng9e-doctor began to be nois$ abroad1 &
 secur$ him ! po/ ( eng9e-wright at     
,kill+wor?1 ) a sal>y ( ,l#ajj a-ye>4   
,rob]t 0 n[ old en\gh to g to s*ool1 & 0
 s5t to "o 9 ,newca/le1 to :i*1 dress$ 9
 a suit ( co>se grey /uff cut out by 8  
fa!r1 he rode e day ^u a donkey4 ,rob]t 
sp5t mu* ( 8 sp>e "t 9 ! ,lit]>y &      
,philosophical ,in/itute ( ,newca/le2 & 
w\ld sometimes take home a volume f !   
libr>y1 :i* fa!r & son w\ld eag]ly p]use
 toge!r4 ,occasionally !y tri$ *emical  
exp]im5ts toge!r2 & n[ & !n ,rob]t w\ld 
try 8 h& by himself4 ,on "o occasion he 
electrifi$ ! c[s 9 an adjac5t enclosure 
by means ( an electric kite1 mak+ !     
bewild]$ animals da% madly ab\t ! field1
 ) _! tails erect on end2 & ano!r "t he 
adm9i/]$ a sev]e electric %ock to 8     
fa!r's ,gall[ay pony1 :i* ne>ly knock$ x
 ov]1 & drew d[n ^u him ! affect$ wra? (

 8 fa!r1 :o1 com+ out at ! in/ant1 %ook 
8 :ip at him & call$ him a mis*iev\s    
sc\ndrel1 ?\gh pleas$ all ! :ile at !   
lad's +5uity & ent]prise4 ,z an e>ly    
pro( ( ! =m]1 !re /ill /&s ov] ! cottage
 door at ,kill+wor? a sun-dial1         
con/ruct$ by ,rob]t :5 he 0 ?irte5 ye>s 
old1 ) "s little help f 8 fa!r4  ,! idea
 ( con/ruct+ a /eam-eng9e to run on !   
colli]y tram-roads lead+ to !           
%ipp+-place 0 n[ receiv+ consid]able    
att5tion f ! eng9e]+ community4 ,sev]al 
s*emes _h be5 prop\nd$1 & eng9es        
actually made2 b none ( !m _h be5 br\ght
 into use4 ,a mi/ak5 notion prevail$ t !
 pla9 r\nd :eels ( an eng9e w\ld slip   
r\nd )\t cat*+ hold ( ! rails1 & t ?us  
no progress w\ld be made2 b ,george     
,/eph5son soon became conv9c$ t ! weight
 ( ! eng9e w\ld ( itself be suffici5t to
 press ! :eels to ! rails1 s t !y c\ld n
 fail to bite4 ,he turn$ ! subject ov] &
 ov] 9 8 m9d1 te/$ 8 conceptions by     
c\ntless exp]im5ts1 & at l5g? complet$ 8
 s*eme4 ,money = ! con/ruction ( a      

locomotive eng9e on 8 plan hav+ be5     
suppli$ by ,"l ,rav5swor?1 "o 0 made    
aft] _m difficulties1 & plac$ ^u !      
tram-road at ,kill+wor?1 :]e x drew a   
load ( #cj tons up a some:at /eep       
gradi5t at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r4   
,/ill !re 0 v little sav+ 9 co/1 &      
little advance 9 spe$ z comp>$ )        
horse-p[]2 b 9 a second "o1 :i*         
,/eph5son quickly set ab\t con/ruct+1 he
 turn$ ! wa/e /eam into ! *imney to     
increase ! draught1 & ?us puff ! fuel   
into a brisk] flame1 & create a l>g]    
volume ( /eam to propel ! locomotive4 ,!
 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! eng9e ?us =m$ 
rema9 9 op]ation to ?is day2 & x may 9  
tru? be t]m$ ! prog5itor ( ! great      
locomotive family4  ,9 #ahba ,george    
,/eph5son got ! appo9tm5t ( eng9e]1 )   
,l#cjj ( sal>y1 to ! ,/ockton & ,d>l+ton
 ,railway ,company1 9 ! ,act ( ,p>liam5t
 = :i* p[] 0 giv5 to use locomotive     
eng9es1 if ne$ful1 ei!r = ! conveyance (
 goods or pass5g]s4 ,:5 ! l9e 0 op5$1 x 
0 work$ p>tly by horses & p>tly by      

locomotive & /ation>y eng9es4 ,?is l$ to
 a p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,pease ( 
,d>l+ton1 ! *ief projector ( ! l9e1 &   
,/eph5son1 9 a locomotive manufactory 9 
,newca/le1--= _m ye>s ! only "o ( ! k9d 
9 exi/5ce4  ,mean:ile1 "y ,rob]t        
,/eph5son1 hav+ sp5t a ye> or two 9 ga9+
 a practical acqua9tance ) ! ma*9]y &   
work+ ( a colli]y1 w5t to ! ,univ]sity (
 ,ed9burgh1 :]e he sp5t a session 9     
att5d+ ! c\rses ( lectures on *emi/ry1  
natural philosophy1 & geology4 ,he made 
! be/ ( 8 opportunities2 & t he might   
pr(it to ! utmo/ by ! lectures1 he /udi$
 %ort-h&1 & took !m all d[n v]batim1    
transcrib+ 8 notes e ev5+ be=e he w5t to
 b$4 ,rob]t br\ght home ! prize =       
ma!matics1 & %[$ he _h made s mu*       
progress at college t1 ?\gh ! ,l#hj :i* 
! session co/ 0 a l>ge sum to 8 fa!r at 
t "t1 ,george nev] fail$1 !n or         
aft]w>ds1 to decl>e t x 0 "o ( ! be/    
inve/m5ts he _h ev] made4  ,aft] a ye>  
or two 9 8 fa!r's locomotive factory1   
,rob]t sp5t two or ?ree ye>s 9 *>ge ( ! 

ma*9]y ( a m9+ company 9 ,columbia1 &   
return$ to ,engl& at ! close ( #ahbg1 to
 f9d ! great "q1 ,:e!r locomotives c be 
successfully & pr(itably appli$ to      
pass5g] traffic8 hotly agitat$1 8 fa!r1 
almo/ alone1 tak+ ! side ( ! travell+1  
aga9/ t ( ! fix$ eng9es1 & insi/+ t !   
:eel & ! rail 7 cle>ly & closely "p ( "o
 sy/em4  ,! success ( ! ,d>l+ton l9e    
induc$ ! ,liv]pool m]*ants to project a 
l9e betwe5 t t[n & ,man*e/]2 & ,george  
,/eph5son 0 almo/ unanim\sly *os5       
eng9e]1 ?\gh x 0 /ill undet]m9$ :e!r !  
new l9e %\ld be work$ by /eam or horse  
p[]4 ,b1 ap>t f t "q1 a great1 &1 z x   
appe>$ to mo/ ( ! eng9e]s ( ! "t1 an    
insurm\ntable difficulty exi/$ 9 !      
quagmire ( ,*at ,moss1--an enorm\s mass 
( wat]y pulp1 :i* rose 9 height 9 wet1 &
 sank 9 dry wea!r l a sponge1 & ov] ^:  
trea*]\s dep?s x 0 pron\nc$ impossible  
to =m a firm road4 ,x 0 p]fect madness  
to ?9k ( su* a ?+1 said ! eng9e]s1 &    
none ( !m w\ld support ,/eph5son's      
s*eme2 b he resolv$ to see :at c\ld be  

done4 ,truck-load aft] truck-load ( /uff
 0 empti$ into ! moss1 & /ill !         
insatiable bog kept gap+ z ?\gh x _h n  
_h half a fe$4 ,! directors1 al>m$1 w\ld
 h ab&on$ ! project1 _h !y n be5 s      
deeply involv$ t !y 7 oblig$ to let     
,/eph5son cont9ue4 ,b he nev] d\bt$     
himself--n = a mom5t4 ,he only pu%$ on !
 works m vigor\sly2 &1 be=e six mon?s 7 
ov]1 ! directors f\nd !mselves :irl+    
along ov] ! v bog !y expect$ all _!     
capital 0 to be fruitlessly sunk to !   
bottom (4 ,/ill1 no decision _h be5 come
 to z to :e!r locomotive or fix$ eng9es 
7 to be adopt$2 & ! ,/eph5sons 7 /ill   
battl+ bravely 9 fav\r ( ! locomotive   
aga9/ a ho/ ( oppon5ts4 ,rob]t did 8    
fa!r good s]vice by ! able & pi?y       
pamphlets :i* he wrote on ! subject2 &  
at l5g? _! p]sev]ance 0 rew>d$ by !     
directors cons5t+ to employ a           
locomotive1 if !y c\ld get "o t w\ld run
 at ! rate ( t5 miles an h\r1 & n weigh 
m ?an six tons1 includ+ t5d]2 & (f]+ a  
rew>d ( ,l#ejj = ! be/ eng9e fulfill+ ^!

 conditions4 ,george ,/eph5son & 8 son  
set to "w imm$iately1 & ! product ( _!  
unit$ skill & +5uity 0 ! celebrat$      
,rocket1 :i* c>ri$ (f ! prize1 & atta9$ 
a spe$ ( tw5ty-n9e miles on ! op5+ day4 
,! practicability & success ( !         
locomotive 0 n[ beyond a d\bt2 f t day  
=w>d public op9ion began to turn4 ,(    
c\rse1 = _m a long ye> aft]w>ds !re 7 n 
want+ numb]s ( bigot$ m5 ( ! old s*ool  
:o cri$ d[n ! new-fangl$ sy/em1 & w\ld  
he> ( no means ( transit b ! /age-coa* &
 ! canal-boat4 ,b %rewd folk1 l ! old   
,duke ( ,bridgewat]1 ^: faculties 7     
%>p5$ by _! pockets be+ 9 dang]1 c\ld n 
help cry+ out1 ,!re's mis*ief 9 ^!      
tram-ways6 ,i wi% ! canals mayn't suff]2
 &1 )9 t5 ye>s ( ! day :5 ! ,rocket w5t 
puff+ triumphantly along ! ,liv]pool &  
,man*e/] l9e1 mo/ s5sible p _h become   
conv9c$ ( ! importance ( ! locomotive   
railway1 & sc>cely a pr9cipal t[n 9 !   
c\ntry b 0 suppli$ ) a l9e4  ,!         
,/eph5sons _h f\ght a h>d fight = _!    
protege1 rail & :eel1 & n[ !y 7 to reap 

! fruits ( _! ent]prise & =esight4 ,to  
ne>ly all ! mo/ important ( ! new l9es  
,george ,/eph5son act$ z eng9e]2 & ?us1 
9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s1 above #cba miles (
 railway 7 con/ruct$ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1  
at a co/ ( ,l#aa1jjj1jjj /]l+4 ,rob]t at
 fir/ left 8 fa!r to att5d to ! lay+ out
 ( railways1 & direct$ 8 att5tion to !  
improvem5t ( ! locomotive 9 all its     
details1 exp]im5t+ incessantly1 & try+  
n[ "o new device1 n[ ano!r4 ,x 0        
a/oni%+1 says ,mr4 ,smiles1 to obs]ve ! 
rapidity ( ! improvem5ts effect$1--e    
eng9e turn$ out ( ,/eph5son's work%ops  
exhibit+ an advance ^u its pr$ecessor 9 
po9t ( spe$1 p[]1 & work+ effici5cy4    
,by ?is "t ,george _h tak5 up 8 resid5ce
 at ,tapton ,h\se1 ne> ,*e/]field1 :]e  
he cont9u$ to reside = ! rema9d] ( 8    
life4 ,close by 7 "s ext5sive coal-pits1
 :i* he _h tak5 9 lease1 & f :i* he     
suppli$ ,london ) ! fir/ coals s5t by   
railway4 ,he 0 n[ a man ( weal? & fame1 
kn[n & hon\r$ ?r\gh\t 8 own c\ntry1 & 9 
_m =eign ones1 & bless$ ) _m a /aun*1   

true fri5d4 ,m ?an once he 0 (f]$       
knigh?ood by ,sir ,rob]t ,peel1 b decl9$
 ! hon\r4 ,z he grew up 9 ye>s1 he      
gradually ab&on$ 8 railway bus9ess to ! 
*>ge ( 8 son1 & settl$ d[n into a quiet 
c\ntry g5tleman ( agricultural ta/es4   
,he 0 v fond ( g>d5+ & f>m+1 & sp5t _m a
 long day sup]9t5d+ ! op]ations 9 !     
fields4 ,:5 a boy1 he _h always be5 v   
fond ( tam+ birds & rabbits1 & _h once  
_h flocks ( rob9s1 :i*1 9 ! h>d w9t]1   
us$ to come hopp+ r\nd 8 feet = crumbs4 
,& n[1 9 8 old age1 he _h special pets  
among 8 dogs & horses1 & 0 pr\d ( 8     
sup]ior bre$ ( rabbits4 ,!re 0 sc>cely a
 ne/ on 8 e/ate t he 0 n acqua9t$ )2 &  
he us$ to g r\nd f day to day to look at
 !m1 & see t !y 7 kept un9jur$4  ,! ye> 
be=e 8 dea? he visit$ ,sir ,rob]t ,peel 
at ,drayton ,manor4 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 !     
geologi/1 0 ( ! p>ty4 ,"o ,sunday1 z !y 
7 return+ f *ur*1 !y obs]v$ a tra9 spe$+
 along ! valley 9 ! di/ance4  ,n[1      
,buckl&1 said ,mr4 ,/eph5son1 ,i h a    
pos] = y4 ,c y tell me :at is ! p[] t is

 driv+ t tra98  ,well1 said ! o!r1 ,i   
suppose x is "o ( y\r big eng9es4  ,b   
:at drives ! eng9e8  ,oh1 v likely a    
canny ,newca/le driv]4  ,:at d y say to 
! light ( ! sun8  ,h[ c t be8 ask$ !    
pr(essor4  ,x is no?+ else1 said !      
eng9e]4 ,x is light bottl$ up 9 ! e>? = 
t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s--light1 absorb$ by   
plants & vegetables1 be+ necess>y = !   
cond5sation ( c>bon dur+ ! process ( _! 
gr[?1 if x be n c>bon 9 ano!r =m2 & n[1 
aft] be+ buri$ 9 ! e>? = long ages 9    
fields ( coal1 t lat5t light is aga9    
br\ght =? & lib]at$1 made to "w z 9 t   
locomotive1 = great human purposes4  ,on
 ! #ab? ( ,augu/ #ahdh1 ?is great1 good 
man--"o ( ! true/ h]oes t ev] liv$1 & "o
 ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( our           
c\ntry--pass$ f among u1 leav+ 8 son1   
,rob]t1 to develop & ext5d ! great "w ( 
:i* he _h laid ! f\ndation4  ,among "o (
 ! fir/ railways ( any ext5t ( :i*      
,rob]t ,/eph5son _h ! lay+ out1 0 !     
,london & ,birm+ham2 & x is relat$1 z an
 illu/ration ( 8 consci5ti\s p]sev]ance 

9 execut+ ! task1 t 9 ! c\rse ( !       
exam9ation ( ! c\ntry he walk$ ov] !    
:ole ( ! int]v5+ di/ricts upw>ds ( tw5ty
 times4 ,_m o!r l9es1 9 ,engl& & abroad1
 7 execut$ by him 9 rapid succession2 & 
x 0 /at$ a few ye>s ago1 t ! l9es (     
railway con/ruct$ "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce _h   
involv$ an outlay ( ,l#gj1jjj1jjj /]l+4 
,! ?ree great works1 h[ev]1 ) :i* 8 "n w
 always be mo/ intimately associat$1 &  
:i* are ! gr&e/ monum5ts ( 8 g5ius1 are 
! ,high ,level ,bridge at ,newca/le1 !  
,britannia ,bridge across ! ,m5ai       
,/raits1 & ! ,victoria ,bridge across ! 
,/4 ,lawr5ce at ,montreal4 ,! fir/ two  
are suffici5tly well kn[n--! "o spr++   
across ! valley ( ! ,tyne1 betwe5 ! busy
 t[ns ( ,newca/le & ,gate%ead2 ! o!r    
spann+1 9 mid air1 a wide arm ( ! sea1  
at su* a height t vessels ( l>ge burd5 9
 full sail c pass b5ea?4 ,! ?ird great  
ef=t ( ,rob]t ,/eph5son's prolific bra9 
he did n live to see ! completion (4 ,! 
,victoria ,bridge at ,montreal is       
con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple z !        

,britannia ,bridge1 b on a mu* l>g]     
scale4 ,! ,victoria ,bridge1 says ,mr4  
,smiles1 ) its approa*es1 is only sixty 
y>ds %ort ( two miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 its    
gigantic /r5g? & maje/ic proportions1   
!re is no /ructure to comp>e ) x 9      
anci5t or mod]n times4 ,x consi/s ( n   
less ?an tw5ty-five imm5se tubul>       
bridges jo9$ into "o2 ! great c5tral    
span be+ #ccb feet1 ! o!rs1 #bdb feet 9 
l5g?4 ,! weight ( ! wr\ght iron on !    
bridge is ab\t #aj1jjj tons1 & ! pi]s   
are ( massive /one1 conta9+ "s #hjjj    
tons ea* ( solid masonry4  ,aft] !      
completion ( ! ,britannia ,bridge1 &    
aga9 aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,high ,level       
,bridge1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son 0 (f]$ ! hon\r
 ( knigh?ood1 :i*1 l 8 fa!r be=e him1 he
 respectfully decl9$4 ,9 #aheg he       
receiv$ ! title ( ,d4,c4,l4 f !         
,univ]sity ( ,ox=d2 & = _m ye>s be=e 8  
dea? he repres5t$ ,:itby 9 ,p>liam5t4   
,he 0 passionately fond ( ya*t+1 & almo/
 imm$iately aft] a trip to ,norway 9 !  
summ] ( #ahei1 he 0 seiz$ ) a mortal    

illness1 & di$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]4 ,on
 ! #ad? ,octob] he 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/]1  
among/ ! illu/ri\s dead ( ,engl&4  ,no  
man c\ld be m belov$ ?an ,rob]t         
,/eph5son 0 by a wide circle ( fri5ds1 &
 none bett] des]v$ x4 ,9 society1 writes
 "o :o _h opportunities ( int]c\rse )   
him1 he 0 simply *>m+ & fasc9at+ 9 !    
highe/ degree1 f 8 natural goodness (   
he>t & ! g5ial ze/ ) :i* he reli%$ life 
himself & p>ticipat$ its enjoym5t )     
o!rs4 ,he 0 g5]\s & ev5 pr9cely 9 8     
exp5diture--n ^u himself1 b on 8 fri5ds4
 ,on bo>d ! ,titania1 or at 8 h\se 9    
,gl\ce/] ,squ>e1 8 frequ5t & num]\s     
gue/s f\nd 8 spl5did res\rces at all    
times conv]t$ to _! gratification ) a   
grace ( hospitality :i*1 al?\gh s$ul\s1 
0 nev] oppressive4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( !      
patron 9 8 mann]1 or ( ! ,olympic       
condesc5sion :i* is sometimes affect$ by
 mu* less] m54 ,a fri5d 7& h[ _m fri5ds 
he _h67 0 at once 8 equal1 & treat$ )   
republican fre$om1 yet ) ! mo/ high-br$ 
c\rtesy & happy consid]at5ess4444 ,8    

paym5t ( half ! debt ( ,l#fjjj1 :i*     
weigh$ l an incubus on an in/itution at 
,newca/le1 is g5]ally kn[n2 b 8 private 
*>ities 7 z b\ndless z 8 nature 0 g5]\s1
 & z quietly p]=m$ z t nature 0         
uno/5tati\s4 ,su*1 !n1 0 ,rob]t         
,/eph5son1 z complete a "* 9 !          
multif>i\s relations ( life z probably  
any man has met or w meet 9 ! c\rse ( 8 
exp]i5ce4 ,n unlike1 or r exce$+ly l1 8 
fa!r 9 "s respects1 especially 9 ! easy1
 unimpos+ mann] 9 :i* he w5t ab\t 8     
life's "w1 he 0 h>dly to be acc\nt$ 8   
fa!r's inf]ior1 except p]haps 9 ! h]oic 
quality ( combativ5ess4 ,fa!r & son1    
indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 & bo? 9          
conjunction1 h left gr& & b5efic5t      
results to po/]ity1 & bo? recall to u   
,monckton ,milnes's m5 ( old1 :o        
',w5t ab\t _! grave/ tasks     ,l noble 
boys at play4'     ,,iii4--,,! ,,gr[?   
,,( ,,railways4   ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #ahah 
t ,?omas ,gray ( ,nott+ham1 travell+ 9 !
 nor? ( ,engl&1 happ5$ to visit "o ( !  
colli]ies4 ,z he /ood wat*+ a tra9 (    

load$ waggons be+ propell$ by /eam along
 ! tram-road :i* l$ f ! m\? ( ! pit to !
 :>f :]e ! coals 7 %ipp$1 ! idea fla%$  
?r\gh 8 m9d t ! same sy/em 0 applicable 
to ! ord9>y purposes ( locomotion4  ,:y6
 he exclaim$ to ! eng9e] :o 0 %[+ him   
ov] ! place1--:y are !re n tram-roads   
laid d[n all ov] ,engl& s z to sup]s$e  
our common roads1 & /eam eng9es employ$ 
to drag waggons full ( goods1 & c>riages
 full ( pass5g]s along !m1 in/ead (     
horse-p[]8  ,propose t to ! nation1     
repli$ 8 companion1 & see :at y w get by
 x4 ,:y1 sir1 y w\ld be worri$ to dea? =
 y\r pa9s4  ,gray 0 n to be balk$1      
h[ev]4 ,! idea took firm possession ( 8 
m9d1 & became ! "o great subject ( 8    
?\ghts & conv]sation4 ,he talk$ ab\t x  
to ev]ybody :om he met1 & :o _h pati5ce 
to li/5 to him1 wrote lett]s & memorials
 to public m51 & aft]w>ds appeal$ to ! p
 at l>ge4 ,he 0 laugh$ at z a :imsical1 
cro*etty fell[1 & no "o gave any s]i\s  
att5tion to 8 views4 ,mr4 ,jones (      
,grom=d ,manor1 & ,mr4 ,pease (         

,d>l+ton1 also di/+ui%$ !mselves by _!  
agitation 9 fav\r ( railways1 at a "t :5
 !y 7 reg>d$ ) suspicion & al>m4 ,! gr[+
 trade ( ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 & o!r    
l>ge t[ns1 h[ev]1 spoke m imp]atively & 
=cibly 9 fav\r ( ! new project ?an any  
am\nt ( individual agitation4 ,! means (
 communication betwe5 ! v>i\s           
manufactur+ t[ns _h fall5 f> beh9d _!   
wants2 & x 0 at l5g? felt t "s new sy/em
 mu/ be adopt$4 ,! railroad & !         
locomotive got a trial2 & be=e long !   
c>ri]s' c>ts & ! /age coa*es 7 driv5 (f 
! road = want ( cu/om1 al?\gh !         
conveyance ( goods & pass5g]s ?r\gh\t ! 
c\ntry w5t on multiply+ an hundr$-fold4 
,"o c fancy ! a/oni%m5t & awe ) :i* !   
c\ntry-folk wat*$ ! progress ( ! fir/   
railway tra9 ?r\gh _! peaceful          
acres1--h[ old & "y left _! "w & ru%$   
out to see ! m>vell\s spectacle1--h[ !  
olde/ inhabitants %ook _! heads1 &      
mutt]$ ab\t *ang$ times1--h[ ! horses 9 
! field trembl$ ) fe>1 & ?rew up _!     
heels at _! iron rival z x w5t snort+   

pa/--a /range1 iron mon/]1 ! h&icraft ( 
man1 able to drag ! heavie/ burd5s1 &   
yet out/rip ,fly+ ,*ild]s or ,eclipse1 z
 fre% at ! end ( a j\rney z at ! beg9n+1
 & nev] to be tir$ out by any toil1 if  
only kept 9 meat & dr9k4 ,j z 9 ! days (
 ,*>les ! ,fir/1 hone/1 %ort-sight$ folk
 prophesi$ ! ru9 ( ! empire & a judgm5t 
^u ! use ( coa*es1 & bewail$ ! mis=tunes
 ( ! hundr$s ( able-bodi$ m5 :o w\ld be 
?r[n out ( employm5t2 s 9 ! e>ly days ( 
! railroad1 great fe>s 7 ent]ta9$ t !   
horses' occupation w\ld be gone1 & t !  
noble bre$ w\ld quickly become ext9ct4  
,!re 0 no measure to ! lam5tations ov] !
 ru9 ( t great in/itution ( ,engli%     
life--! /age-coa*1 ) its gallant driv] &
 gu>d1 & spank+ team4  ,! ext5sion ( !  
railway sy/em is "o ( ! wond]s ( our "t4
 ,! few score miles ( railroad plant$ 9 
#ahbe h put =? (f%oots & bran*es1 till  
n[ a mighty net-"w ( "s t5 ?\s& miles 9 
all1 is spread ov] ! ?ree k+doms1 ) _m  
fre% %oots 9 bud4 ,up to ! end ( #ahcd1 
:5 n a hundr$ miles ( railway 7 op51 !  

annual av]age ( travell]s by coa* 0 "s  
six millions a ye>2 t5 ye>s aft]w>ds !re
 7 m ?an f\r times t numb]1 & to-day !  
annual av]age is m ?an a hundr$         
millions6 ,! numb] ( p]sons employ$ ^u !
 work+ railroads ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom am\nt
 to ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s&1 :ile   
ne>ly half z _m f9d employm5t 9 !       
con/ruction ( new l9es4  ,a few facts1  
/at$ by ! late ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/eph5son1   
illu/rate 9 a v /rik+ mann] ! gigantic  
proportion ( ! railway sy/em ( ,great   
,brita93--,! railway has pi]c$ ! e>? )  
tunnels to ! ext5t ( m ?an fifty miles1 
& !re are ab\t twelve miles ( viaducts 9
 ! vic9ity ( ,london alone4 ,! e>?works 
:i* h be5 ?r[n up w\ld measure          
#eej1jjj1jjj cubic y>ds1 beside :i* ,/4 
,paul's w\ld %r9k to a pigmy1 = x w\ld  
=m a pyramid a mile & a half high1 ) a  
base l>g] ?an ! :ole ( ,/4 ,james's     
,p>k4 ,e mom5t f\r tons ( coal fla%es   
into /eam tw5ty tons ( wat]--z mu* wat] 
z w\ld suffice to supply ! dome/ic & o!r
 wants ( a t[n ! size ( ,liv]pool1 & z  

mu* coal z equals half ! consumption ( !
 metropolis4 ,! we> & te> is s great t  
tw5ty ?\s& tons ( iron h to be replac$  
annually1 & ?ree hundr$ ?\s& trees1 or z
 mu* z five ?\s& acres c\ld produce1 h  
to be fell$ = sleep]s4  ,:5 ,george     
,/eph5son 0 plann+ ! ,liv]pool &        
,man*e/] l9e1 ! directors entreat$ him1 
:5 !y w5t to ,p>liam5t1 n to talk ( go+ 
at a fa/] rate ?an t5 miles an h\r1 or  
he w\ld put a cross on ! conc]n4 ,george
 0 sangu9e1 h[ev]1 & spoke ( fifte5     
miles an h\r1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( !        
committee1 :o began to ?9k him crazy4 ,!
 av]age spe$ is n[ tw5ty-five miles an  
h\r1 & a mile a m9ute c be done1 if ne$ 
be4 ,! w9d is h>d pu%$ to keep ahead ( a
 good eng9e at its fulle/ spe$4,c ,!    
express tra9s on ! broad gauge ( !      
,great ,we/]n travel at ! rate (        
fifty-"o miles an h\r1 or =ty-?ree1     
includ+ /oppages4 ,to atta9 ?is rate1 a 
spe$ ( sixty miles an h\r is adopt$     
midway betwe5 "s ( ! /ations1 & ev5     
sev5ty miles an h\r h be5 rea*$ 9 c]ta9 

exp]im5tal trips4 ,! eng9es on ?is l9e c
 draw a pass5g]-tra9 weigh+ "o hundr$ & 
tw5ty tons at a spe$ ( sixty miles an   
h\r1 ! eng9e & t5d] !mselves weigh+ an  
additional fifty-two tons4 ,! ord9>y    
luggage-tra9s weigh "s six hundr$ tons  
ea*4 ,! locomotive1 h[ev]1 goes on !    
pr9ciple t ! lab\r] is wor?y ( 8 hire2  
if x works h>d1 x eats voraci\sly4 ,at  
ord9>y mail spe$ ! eng9e consumes ab\t  
tw5ty lbs4 ( coke p] mile2 s t1 co/+    
,l#bejj to beg9 )1 & sp5d+ an all[ance (
 ,l#bjjj a ye>--z mu* z an "u-secret>y (
 /ate--! locomotive is r an extravagant 
cu/om]--only1 x works v h>d = ! money1 &
 e>ns x ov] & ov] aga94 ,) all its /r5g?
 & size1 ! locomotive is a mu* m        
delicate conc]n ?an w\ld be suppos$2 !  
#edaf diff]5t pieces ( :i* x is compos$ 
mu/ be put toge!r z c>efully z a wat*1  
&1 ?\gh gu>ante$ to g two ye>s )\t a    
doctor1 exacts ! mo/ devot$ att5tion f  
its gu>dians to keep x 9 ord]4  ,x w\ld 
fill a volume ( huge dim5sions to dilate
 on all ! phases ( ! social revolution  

:i* ! mod]n railway has wr\ght 9 our own
 & o!r c\ntries2 h[ x is daily          
annihilat+ "t & space1 & mak+ ! ,l&'s   
,end & ,john o',groat's ,h\se next door 
neighb\rs2 rubb+ d[n old prejudices &   
jeal\sies1 bo? national & prov9cial1    
promot+ comm]ce1 develop+ manufacture1  
trans=m+ poor little villages into      
fl\ri%+ t[ns1 & indu/ri\s t[ns into     
mighty cities2 c>ry+ civilization into !
 he>t ( ! jungle & ! des]t1 &1 ) its    
tw9-bro!r1 ! /eam-%ip1 jo9+ h&s & he>ts 
9 peace & amity all ! _w ov]4 ,aft] !   
wond]s ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 :o c d\bt t  
our *ildr51 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 w    
reg>d u z little less backw>d ?an we n[ 
d our fa!rs at its dawn8  ,,footnotes3  
,c ,! w9d is calculat$ to travel at !   
rate ( eighty-two feet 9 a second2 !    
pace ( a /eam-eng9e1 at ! rate ( sixty  
miles an h\r1 w\ld be r m4     ,!       
,ligh?\se4     ,i4--,,! ,,eddy/one4     
,,ii4--,,! ,,bell ,,rock4 ,,iii4--,,!   
,,sk]ryvore4     ,! ,ligh?\se4      ,f> 
9 ! bosom ( ! deep1     ,o'er ^! wild   

%elves my wat* ,i keep3     ,a ruddy    
gleam ( *angeful light1     ,b\nd on !  
dusky br[ ( night2     ,! seaman bids my
 lu/re hail1     ,& scorns to /rike 8   
timor\s sail4--,,scott4     ,i4--,,!    
,,eddy/one4   ,:5 wor?y ,mr4 ,phillips1 
! ,liv]pool ,quak]1 tak+ ?\ght 9 :at way
 he c\ld be/ b5efit 8 fell[-creatures1  
built ! beacon on ! ,smalls ,rock 9     
#aggb1 he c\ld h>dly h made a happi]    
selection ( a great good to s]ve & save 
humanity4 ,!re are few ent]prises m     
h]oic or b5efic5t ?an ^? connect$ ) !   
con/ruction & managem5t ( ligh?\ses4 ,f 
fir/ to la/1 f ! re>+ ( ! column on !   
rock to ! monoton\s1 nightly vigil 9    
att5dance on ! lamps--f ! sett+ to !    
ris+ ( ! sun--! val\r1 intrepidity1 &   
endurance1 ( all conc]n$ are call$ into 
play1 & ! wild p]ils & /irr+ adv5tures  
!y exp]i5ce imp>t to ! /ory ( _! lab\rs 
a ?rill+ & romantic int]e/4 ,9 ! case ( 
! ,smalls ,ligh?\se1 = in/ance1         
,:iteside1 ! self-taught eng9e]1 & 8    
p>ty ( ,corni% m9]s _h no soon] l&$1 &  

got a long iron %aft work$ a few feet   
into ! rock1 ?an a /orm arose t drove   
away _! cutt]1 & kept !m cl++ ) !       
t5acity ( despair to ! half-fa/5$ rod = 
?ree days & two nights1 :5 ! w9d fell & 
! sea calm$1 & !y 7 rescu$1 r dead ?an  
alive1 numb$ f _! long imm]sion 9 !     
wat]1 :i* rose almo/ to _! necks1 &     
exhau/$ f want ( food4 ,& aft] !        
ligh?\se _h be5 erect$1 ! eng9e] & "s ( 
8 m5 aga9 f\nd !mselves1 z a pap] 9 a   
bottle !y _h ca/ into ! sea reveal$ to  
^? on %ore1 9 a mo/ dang]\s & di/ress$  
condition on ! ,smalls1 cut (f f ! ma9l&
 by ! /ormy wea!r1 )\t fuel1 & almo/ at 
! end ( _! /ock ( food & wat]--9 :i*    
al>m+ situation !y _h to rema9 "s "t    
be=e _! fri5ds c\ld get out to _!       
relief4 ,mo/ sea-girt beacons h _! own  
leg5ds ( simil> p]ils & =titude2 & !    
n>ratives ( ! erection ( ! ?ree great   
ligh?\ses ( ,eddy/one1 ,in*cape1 &      
,sk]ryvore1 :i* may be select$ z ! types
 ( ! re/1 are full ( incid5ts z excit+ z
 any hair bread? 'scapes i' ! imm95t    

deadly brea*4  ,ab\t f\rte5 miles s\? f 
,plym\?1 & t5 f ! ,ram's ,head1 on !    
,corni% coa/1 lies a p]il\s reef (      
rocks1 aga9/ :i* ! long roll+ swell ( ! 
,atlantic waves da%es ) appall+ =ce1 &  
breaks up into ^? swirl+ eddies f :i* ! 
reef is nam$--! ,eddy/one4 ,^u ^!       
trea*]\s crags _m a gallant vessel has  
f\nd]$ & gone d[n )9 sight ( ! %ore x _h
 sc>cely quitt$ or 0 j ab\t to rea*2 &  
situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( a mu* frequ5t$ track1
 ! rapid succession ( calamities at !   
,eddy/one 0 n long 9 awak5+ m5's m9ds to
 ! necessity ( "s w>n+ light4 ,!        
exposure ( ! reef to ! wild fury ( !    
,atlantic1 & ! small ext5t ( ! surface (
 ! *ief rock1 h[ev]1 r5d]$ ! con/ruction
 ( a ligh?\se 9 su* a situation a "w (  
great & 7z x 0 long consid]$7 insup]able
 difficulty4 ,! project 0 long talk$ (  
be=e any "o 0 f\nd d>+ en\gh to attempt 
! task2 & :5 at l5g? 9 #afif ,h5ry      
,w9/anley /epp$ =w>d to und]take x1 he  
might h be5 ?\ght ( all o!rs ! v la/ f  
^: bra9 s s]i\s a conception w\ld h     

emanat$4 ,! great hobby ( 8 life _h be5 
to fill 8 h\se at ,littlebury1 9 ,essex1
 ) me*anical devices ( ! mo/ absurd &   
fanta/ic k9d4 ,if a visitor1 retir+ to 8
 b$room1 kick$ aside an old slipp] on ! 
floor1 purposely ?r[n 9 8 way1 up />t$ a
 gho/ ( hide\s =m4 ,if1 />tl$ at !      
sight1 he fell back into an arm *air    
plac$ tempt+ly at h&1 a pair ( gigantic 
arms w\ld in/antly spr+ =? & clasp him a
 prison] 9 _! rude embrace4 ,tir$ ( ^!  
disagreeable surprises1 ! a/oni%$ gue/  
p]haps took refuge 9 ! g>d51 & s\ght    
repose 9 a pleasant arb\r by ! side ( a 
canal2 b he _h sc>cely seat$ himself1 :5
 he f\nd himself sudd5ly set adrift on !
 wat]1 :]e he float$ ab\t till 8        
:imsical ho/ came to 8 relief4 ,su* 0 ! 
man :o n[ ent]$ ^u "o ( ! mo/ =midable  
eng9e]+ ent]prises 9 ! _w4  ,al?\gh     
,w9/anley's ligh?\se 0 b a slight affair
 comp>$ ) its successors1 x occupi$ six 
ye>s 9 ! erection--! frequ5t ris+ ( !   
sea ov] ! rock1 & ! difficulty & dang] (
 pass+ to & f x greatly ret>d+ !        

op]ations1 & r5d]+ !m practicable only  
dur+ a %ort summ] season4 ,= t5 or      
f\rte5 days aft] a /orm _h pass$1 & :5  
all 0 calm else:]e1 ! gr\nd-swell f !   
,atlantic 0 (t5 s heavy among ^! rocks t
 ! waves sprang two hundr$ feet1 & m1 9 
! air1 bury+ ! works f sight4 ,! fir/   
summ] 0 sp5t 9 bor+ twelve holes 9 !    
rock1 & fix+ !re9 twelve l>ge irons z a 
holdfa/ = ! works t 7 to be re>$4 ,!    
next season saw ! comm5cem5t ( a r\nd   
pill>1 :i* 0 to =m ! /eeple ( ! t[]1 z  
well z af=d protection to ! workm5 :ile 
at _! lab\rs4 ,:5 ,w9/anley bade f>ewell
 to ! rock = t ye>1 ! t[] _h ris5 to !  
height ( twelve feet2 & resum+ op]ations
 next spr+1 he built at x till x rea*$ !
 height ( eighty feet4 ,hav+ got !      
ap>tm5ts fit = occupation1 & ! lant]n   
set up1 ,w9/anley det]m9$ to take up 8  
abode !re ) 8 m51 9 ord] t no "t might  
be lo/ 9 go+ to & f ! rock4 ,! fir/     
night !y sp5t on ! rock a great /orm    
arose1 & = elev5 days x 0 impossible to 
hold any communication ) ! %ore4 ,n be+ 

acqua9t$ ) ! height ( ! sea's ris+1     
writes ! ar*itect1 we 7 almo/ dr[n$ )   
wet1 & our provisions 9 z bad a         
condition1 ?\gh we work$ night & day z  
mu* z possible to make %elt] =          
ourselves4 ,! /orm abat+1 !y w5t on %ore
 = a little repose2 b soon return+1 set 
to "w aga9 ) undim9i%$ en]gy4  ,on !    
#ad? ,novemb] ( ! same ye> 7#afih71     
,w9/anley light$ 8 lant]n = ! fir/ "t4  
,a long spell ( boi/]\s wea!r foll[$1 & 
x 0 n till ?ree days be=e ,*ri/mas t !y 
7 able to quit _! desolate abode1 be+   
almo/ at ! la/ extremity = want (       
provisions2 b by good ,provid5ce !n two 
boats came ) provisions & ! family t 0  
to take c>e ( ! light2 & s end$ ?is     
ye>'s "w4  ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! sea rose  
to a mu* great] height ?an _h be5       
anticipat$1 ! lant]n1 al?\gh sixty feet 
above ! rock1 be+ (t5 buri$ "u wat]4    
,w9/anley 01 !re=e1 "u ! necessity (    
enl>g+ ! t[] & c>ry+ x to a great]      
elevation4 ,! f\r? season1 accord+ly1 0 
sp5t 9 encas+ ! t[] ) fre% outworks1 &  

add+ =ty feet to its height4 ,?is prov$ 
too high = its /r5g? to be>2 & 9 ! c\rse
 ( ?ree ye>s ! w9ds & waves _h made sad 
havoc 9 ! un/able fabric4  ,9 ,novemb]  
#agjc1 ,w9/anley w5t out to ! rock      
himself1 accompani$ by 8 workm51 to     
in/itute ! repairs4 ,z he 0 putt+ (f 9 !
 boat f ,plym\?1 a fri5d :o _h = "s "t  
be=e be5 wat*+ ! condition ( ! ligh?\se 
) mu* anxiety1 m5tion$ to him 8         
suspicion t x 0 9 a bad way1 & c\ld n   
la/ long4 ,w9/anley1 full ( fai? 9 !    
/ability ( 8 "w1 repli$ t he only wi%$  
to be !re 9 ! greate/ /orm t ev] blew "u
 ! face ( ! heav5s1 t he might see :at  
effect x w\ld h on 8 /ructure4 ,& ) ^!  
words he %ov$ (f f ! bea*1 & made = !   
rock4  ,) ! la/ gleams ( daylight1 be=e 
! night fell & %r\d$ x f view1 ! t[] 0  
se5 ris+ pr\dly f ! mid/ ( ! wat]s4     
,be=e ! dawn x _h disappe>$ = ev]1 & !  
waves 7 la%+ fi]cely r\nd ! b>e bleak   
l$ge ( ! fatal rock4 ,poor ,w9/anley _h 
_h 8 presumptu\s wi% only too fully     
realiz$4 ,! /orm ( ! #bf? ,novemb] 0 "o 

( ! mo/ fe>ful t ev] ravag$ our %ores4  
,! :ole coa/ suff]$ sev]ely f its fury1 
& :5 ! morn+ came1 n a sign rema9$ ( !  
ligh?\se1 ar*itect1 or workm51 save a   
fragm5t ( *a9-cable w$g$ firmly into a  
crevice ( ! rock4 ,! disappe>ance ( !   
w>n+ light 0 quickly foll[$ by ! wreck (
 a l>ge homew>d-b\nd man-(-w>1 & ! loss 
( ne>ly all h] crew1 ^u ! rocks4  ,?is  
fir/ ,eddy/one ligh?\se 0 a /range1     
fanta/ic look+ /ructure1 defici5t 9 e   
elem5t ( /ability1 & ! wond] 0 n t x    
fell 9 pieces z x did1 b t x 0 able to  
)/& s long ! boi/]\s wea!r ( ! ,*annel4 
,b if ( little m]it z an ar*itect1      
,w9/anley at lea/ des]ves respect1 z    
,smeaton rem>ks1 = ! h]oism he display$ 
9 und]tak+ a piece ( "w t be=e _h be5   
look$ on z impossible4  ,= f\r ye>s !   
,eddy/one rema9$ b>e & unt5ant$1 till1 9
 ! summ] ( #agjf1 ! erection ( a new    
ligh?\se 0 comm5c$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce (   
,john ,rudy]d1 by pr(ession a silk-m]c] 
9 ,ludgate ,hill1 b by natural g5ius an 
eng9e] ( consid]able m]it4 ,) su* skill 

& en]gy did he apply himself to ! "w1 t 
be=e two summ]s 7 ov] 8 t[] 0 complet$1 
& its fri5dly light beam$ ov] ! tr\bl$  
wat]s & sunk5 crags4 ,rudy]d's ligh?\se 
0 entirely ( wood1 weight$ at ! base by 
a few c\rses ( mason "w1 & #ib feet 9   
height4 ,9 =m1 x 0 a smoo?1 solid cone (
 elegant simplicity1 unbrok5 by any ( ^?
 ornam5tal outworks1 :i* (f]$ ! w9d &   
sea s _m po9ts to lay hold (1 9         
,w9/anley's :imsical pagoda4 ,smeaton   
speaks ( ,rudy]d's t[] z a ma/]ly       
p]=mance2 & _h x n be5 de/roy$ by fire1 
=ty-six ye>s aft] its erection1 !re     
seems little reason to suppose x might n
 h be5 /&+ to ?is day1--al?\gh no d\bt !
 ravages ( ! worm 9 ! wood w\ld h dem&$ 
frequ5t repairs4 ,on ! #b;d ,decemb]    
#agee1 "s fi%]m5 :o happ5$ to be on !   
bea* v e>ly 9 ! morn+ prep>+ _! nets1 7 
/>tl$ by ! sight ( volumes ( smoke issu+
 f ! ligh?\se4 ,!y in/antly gave ! al>m1
 & a boat 0 quickly mann$ = ! relief ( !
 suff]]s4 ,x did n rea* ! rock till ab\t
 t5 o'clock1 & ! fire _h !n be5 rag+ =  

eight h\rs4 ,x 0 fir/ discov]$ by !     
light-keep] ^u wat* :o1 go+ into !      
lant]n ab\t two o'clock 9 ! morn+ to    
snuff ! c&les1 f\nd ! place fill$ )     
smoke4 ,he op5$ ! door ( ! lant]n into !
 balcony1 & a mass ( flame imm$iately   
bur/ f ! inside ( ! cupola4 ,he lo/ no  
"t 9 seiz+ ! buckets ( wat] kept at h&1 
& da%+ !m ov] ! fire1 b )\t effect4 ,8  
two companions 7 asleep1 & x 0 "s "t    
be=e !y he>d 8 %\ts = assi/ance4 ,:5 at 
l5g? !y did be/ir !mselves1 all ! wat] 9
 ! h\se 0 exhau/$4 ,! light-keep]--an   
old man 9 8 n9ety-f\r? ye>--urg$ !m to  
repl5i% ! buckets f ! sea2 b !          
difficulty ( l[]+ ! buckets to su* a    
dep?1 & _! confusion & t]ror at ! sudd5 
cata/rophe & _! imp5d+ fate1 de/roy$ _! 
pres5ce ( m9d1 & r5d]$ !m q p[]less4 ,! 
old man did 8 be/ to prev5t ! advance ( 
! flames2 b1 exhau/$ by ! unavail+      
lab\r1 & sev]ely injur$ by ! melt+ lead 
f ! ro(1 he _h to desi/4 ,z ! fire      
spread f po9t to po9t1 ) rapid /rides   
desc5d+ f ! summit to ! base1 ! poor    

wret*es fl$ be=e x1 retreat+ f room to  
room1 till at la/ !y 7 driv5 to seek    
%elt] f ! blaz+ timb]s & r$ hot b>s1 9 a
 cleft ( ! rock4 ,!re !y 7 f\nd by _!   
pres]v]s1 cr\*+ toge!r half dead )      
suff]+ & fright4 ,x 0 ) ! greate/       
difficulty t !y 7 got into ! boat2 & !y 
_h no soon] rea*$ ! %ore ?an "o ( !m1   
craz$ by ! t]rors he _h und]gone1 ran   
away1 & 0 nev] he>d ( m4 ,! old man l+]$
 on = a few days 9 great agony1 & di$ f 
! injuries he _h receiv$4  ,su* 0 ! fate
 ( ! second ligh?\se on ! ,eddy/one1--"o
 elem5t rev5g+1 z x 71 ! conque/ ov]    
ano!r4  ,9 spite ( ! fatality :i* seem$ 
to att5d ^! ligh?\ses1 ! lessees ( !    
,eddy/one--= x 0 !n 9 private h&s1 & did
 n come into ! h&s ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se    
till _m ye>s aft]--resolv$ to make ano!r
 attempt2 & ?is "t !y select$ z !       
ar*itect "o ( ! able/ pr(essional m5 ( !
 day1 & ) sagaci\s lib]ality1 adopt$ 8  
advice to build x ( /one & granite4     
,smeaton truly belong$ to ! class (     
heav5-born eng9e]s4 ,f 8 e>lie/ ye>s !  

b5t ( 8 g5ius unmi/akably reveal$       
itself4 ,be=e he 0 six ye>s old1 he "o  
day t]rifi$ 8 p>5ts by climb+ to ! top (
 a b>n to fix up "s contrivance he _h   
put toge!r1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a w9dmill2 &
 ano!r "t he con/ruct$ a pump t rais$   
wat]1 aft] wat*+ "s workm5 s9k+ "o4 ,& z
 he grew old]1 8 ef=ts took a m ambiti\s
 range1 & 7 all equally rem>kable = _!  
orig9ality & success4 ,8 fa!r de/9$ him 
= ! b>2 b 8 incl9ation = eng9e]+ 0 s    
irresi/ible1 t he all[$ him to resign   
all *ance ( ! woolsack1 & set up 9      
bus9ess z a ma!matical in/rum5t mak]4   
,he gradually advanc$ to ! pr(ession (  
civil eng9e]+1--:i* he 0 ! fir/ man 9   
,engl& to pursue1 & :i* he may be said  
to h creat$4  ,x 0 9 #agef he comm5c$ ! 
con/ruction ( ! great "w :i* may be     
reg>d$ z ! monum5t ( 8 fame4 ,hav+      
decid$ t 8 ligh?\se %\ld be ( /one1 !   
next po9t to be settl$ 0 its =m4 ,8     
?\ghts1 he tells u 9 8 book1 in/9ctively
 rev]t$ to ! analogy betwe5 a ligh?\se  
%aft & ! trunk ( a /ately oak4 ,he      

rem>k$ ! spread+ roots tak+ a broad1    
firm grip ( ! soil1 ! rise ( ! swell+   
base1 gradually less5+ 9 gir? 9 a       
graceful curve1 till a prep>ation be+   
requir$ = ! support ( ! spread+ b\ghs1 a
 r5ew$ swell+ ( diamet] takes place2 &  
he held t cutt+ (f ! bran*es we h1 9 !  
trunk ( an oak1 a type ( su* a ligh?\se 
column z is be/ adapt$ to resi/ !       
influ5ce ( ! w9ds & waves4 ,:e!r or n   
,smeaton arriv$ at ! =m ( 8 ligh?\se1   
:i* has s9ce become ! model = all o!rs1 
f ?is fanciful analogy1 its appe>ance   
ris+ f ! rock pres5ts a /rong           
resemblance to a noble tree /ripp$ ( its
 b\ghs & foliage4  ,smeaton comm5c$ !   
und]tak+ by visit+ ! rock 9 ! spr+ (    
#agef1 accurately measur+ its v irregul>
 surface1 & 9 ord] to ensure exactness 9
 8 plans1 mak+ a model ( x4 ,9 ! summ] (
 ! same ye> he prep>$ ! f\ndation by    
cutt+ ! surface ( ! rock 9 regul> /eps  
or tr5*es1 into :i* ! blocks ( /one 7 to
 be dovetail$4 ,! fir/ /one 0 laid 9    
,june #ageg1 & ! la/ 9 ,augu/ #agei4 ,( 

t p]iod !re 7 only #dca days :5 x 0     
possible to /& on ! rock1 & s small a   
portion ev5 ( ^! 0 available = c>ry+ on 
! "w1 t x is calculat$ ! build+ 9       
reality occupi$ b six weeks4 ,! :ole 0  
complet$ )\t ! slighte/ accid5t to any  
"o2 & s well 7 all ! arrangem5ts made1 t
 n a m9ute 0 lo/ by confusion or delay  
among/ ! workm54  ,! t[] measures #hf   
feet 9 height1 & #bf feet 9 diamet] at !
 level ( ! fir/ entire c\rse1 ! diamet] 
"u ! cornice be+ only #ae feet4 ,! fir/ 
twelve feet ( ! /ructure =m a solid mass
 ( masonry1--! blocks ( /one be+ held   
toge!r by means ( /one joggles1         
dovetail$ jo9ts1 & oak5 tree-nails4 ,all
 ! floors ( ! edifice are ar*$2 to      
c\nt]act ! possible outbur/ ( :i*1      
,smeaton b\nd ! c\rses ( 8 /one "w      
toge!r by belts ( iron *a91 :i*1 be+ set
 9 grooves :ile 9 a heat$ /ate1 by !    
application ( hot lead1 on cool+1 (     
c\rse1 tight5$ _! clasp on ! t[]4       
,?r\gh\t ! :ole "w ! greate/ +5uity is  
display$ 9 obta9+ ! greate/ am\nt (     

resi/ance1 & comb9+ ! two great         
pr9ciples ( /r5g? & weight1--te*nically 
speak+1 cohesion & in]tia4  ,on ! #af?  
,octob] #agei1 ! w>n+ light once m1 aft]
 an int]val ( f\r ye>s1 %one =? ov] !   
tr\bl$ wat]s f ! dang]\s rock2 b x 0 b a
 feeble illum9ation at ! be/1 = x came f
 only a gr\p ( tall[ c&les4 ,x 0 bett]  
?an no?+1 c]ta9ly2 b ! exhibition ( a   
few glimm]+ c&les 0 b a paltry          
conclusion to s /up5d\s an und]tak+4 ,= 
_m ye>s1 h[ev]1 no /rong] light gleam$ f
 ! t[]1 till1 9 #ahjg1 :5 x pass$ f !   
h&s ( private proprietors into ! *>ge ( 
! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 ! mutton dips 7        
supplant$ by ,arg& burn]s1 ) silv]$     
copp] reflectors4  ,imp]fect1 h[ev]1 z  
us$ to be ! light+ app>atus1 ! ,eddy/one
 ,beacon has always be5 a great boon to 
all ^? t g d[n to ! sea 9 great %ips1 & 
has robb$ ^! p]il\s wat]s ( mu* ( _!    
t]ror4 ,we c readily sympa?ize ) !      
exultation ( ! great eng9e] :o re>$ x1  
:5 /&+ on ! ,hoe at ,plym\?1 he sp5t _m 
an h\r1 ) 8 telescope1 wat*+ ! great    

swoll5 waves1 9 p[]less fury1 da% aga9/ 
8 t[]1 & fly up 9 a :ite column1        
enwrapp+ x l a %eet1 ris+ at ! lea/ to  
d\ble ! height ( ! t[]1 & totally       
int]cept+ x f sight4 ,x is n[ m ?an a   
hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,smeaton's ,ligh?\se   
fir/ rose ^u ! ,eddy/one2 b1 9 spite ( !
 _m furi\s /orms :i* h put its /ability 
to rude & se>*+ pro(1 x /ill lifts its  
head pr\dly ov] ! waves1 & %[s no signs 
( fail+ /r5g?4     ,,ii4--,,! ,,bell    
,,rock4   ,! ,in* ,cape1 or ,bell ,rock1
 is a long1 n>r[ reef on ! ea/ coa/ (   
,scotl&1 at ! m\? ( ! ,fri? ( ,tay1 & "s
 doz5 ( miles f ! ne>e/ l&4 ,at high    
wat] ! :ole l$ge is buri$ out ( sight2 &
 ev5 at ! ebb ! highe/ "p ( x is only   
?ree or f\r feet out ( ! wat]4 ,9 ! days
 ( old1 z ! tradition goes1 "o ( !      
abbots ( ,arbroa?1 among _m good works1 
exhibit$ 8 piety & humanity by plac+ ^u 
a float atta*$ to ! p]il\s reef a l>ge  
bell1 s susp5d$ z to be toll$ by ! ris+ 
& fall+ ( ! waves4      ,on a buoy1 9 ! 
/orm x float$ & swung1     ,& ov] !     

waves its w>n+ rung4  ,_m a /orm-toss$  
m>9] he>d ! fri5dly knell t w>n$ him ( !
 ne>ness ( ! fatal rock1 & *ang$ 8 c\rse
 be=e x 0 too late1 ) bless+s on ! good 
old monk :o _h hung up ! bell2 b aft] "s
 ye>s1 "o ( ! pirates :o infe/$ ! coa/  
cut x d[n 9 wanton cruelty1 & 0 "o ( !  
fir/ :o suff]$ f ! loss4 ,n long aft]1  
he p]i%$ ^u ?is v rock1 :i* a d5se fog  
%r\d$ f sight1 & no bell gave timely    
w>n+ (4      ,& ev5 9 8 dy+ fe>1     ,"o
 dreadful s\nd did ! rov] he>2     ,a   
s\nd z if ) ! ,in* ,cape ,bell1     ,!  
devil bel[ 0 r++ 8 knell4  ,aft] ! lapse
 ( _m ye>s1 two attempts 7 made to raise
 a beacon ( sp>s ^u ! rock2 b "o aft] ! 
o!r !y fell a prey to ! angry waves1 & 7
 h>dly set up be=e !y disappe>$4 ,x 0 n 
till ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury t !            
,commission]s ( ,nor!rn ,ligh?\ses took 
up ! idea ( erect+ a ligh?\se on ?is    
reef1 ! mo/ dang]\s on all ! coa/4      
,sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e !y got !       
sanction ( ,p>liam5t to ! und]tak+1 &   
#ahjg arriv$ be=e x 0 actually ent]$ ^u4

  ,mr4 ,rob]t ,/ev5son1 to :om ! "w 0   
intru/$ z eng9e]1 _h f a v e>ly age be5 
employ$ 9 connection ) ligh?\ses4 ,he   
w5t almo/ directly f s*ool to ! (fice ( 
,mr4 ,?omas ,smi? ( ,ed9burgh1 & :5 t   
g5tleman 0 appo9t$ eng9e] to ! ,nor!rn  
,ligh?\se ,commission]s1 became 8       
assi/ant1 & aft]w>ds successor4 ,:5 only
 n9ete51 ,mr4 ,/ev5son sup]9t5d$ !      
con/ruction ( ! ligh?\se on ! isl& (    
,little ,cumbray2 & dur+ ! "t he 0      
eng9e] to ! ,commission]s1 :i* po/ he   
held till #ahdb1 he erect$ no few] ?an  
=ty-two ligh?\ses1 & introduc$ a great  
_m valuable improvem5ts into ! sy/em4 ,8
 reputation1 h[ev]1 w be *iefly         
p]petuat$ z ! ar*itect ( ! ,bell ,rock  
,ligh?\se4  ,on ! #ag? ,augu/ #ahjg1    
,mr4 ,/ev5son & 8 m5 l&$ on ! rock1 to !
 a/oni%m5t & discomposure ( ! seals :o  
_h1 f "t immemorial1 be5 9 undi/urb$    
possession ( x1 & n[ fl\nd]$ (f into !  
wat] on ! approa* ( ! usurp]s4 ,! workm5
 at once set ab\t prep>+ ! rock = !     
erection ( a tempor>y pyramid on :i* a  

b>rack-h\se 0 to be plac$ = ! reception 
( ! workm54 ,!y c\ld only "w on ! rock =
 a few h\rs at spr+-tide4 ,z soon z !   
flood-tide began to rise ar\nd !m1 putt+
 out ! fire ( ! smi?'s =ge1 & gradually 
cov]+ ! rock1 !y _h to ga!r up _! tools 
& retreat to a float+ b>rack moor$ at a 
consid]able di/ance1 9 ord] to rea* :i* 
!y _h to r[ 9 small boats to ! t5d]1 by 
:i* !y 7 !n convey$ to _! qu>t]s4 ,!    
op]ations ( ?is fir/ season 7 p>ticul>ly
 try+ to ! m51 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ to r[
 backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 ! rock & ! t5d]
 at e tide1 :i* 9 r\gh wea!r 0 a v heavy
 pull1 & hav+ (t5 aft] t to "w on ! rock
 knee deep 9 wat]1 only quitt+ x = !    
boats :5 absolutely compell$ by ! swell+
 waves4 ,sometimes ! sea w\ld be s fi]ce
 = days toge!r t no boat c\ld live 9 x1 
& ! m5 _h1 !re=e1 to rema9 coop$ up     
we>ily on bo>d ! float+ b>rack4  ,"o day
 9 ,septemb]1 :5 ! eng9e] & ?irty-"o m5 
7 on ! rock1 ! t5d] broke f its moor+s1 
& began to drift away f ! rock1 j z !   
tide 0 ris+4 ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 p]*$ on an  

em95ce above ! re/1 survey+ !m at _!    
lab\rs1 0 ! fir/1 & = a :ile1 ! m5 be+  
all int5t on _! "w1 ! only "o1 :o obs]v$
 :at _h happ5$4 ,he said no?+1 b w5t to 
! highe/ po9t ( ! rock1 & kept an anxi\s
 wat* on ! progress ( ! vessel & ! ris+ 
( ! sea4 ,fir/ ! m5 on ! l[] ti] ( !    
works1 !n by degrees ^? above !m1 /ruck 
"w on ! approa* ( ! wat]4 ,!y ga!r$ up  
_! tools & made t[>ds ! spot :]e ! boats
 7 moor$1 to get _! jackets & /ock+s &  
prep>e = quitt+ ! rock4 ,:at _! feel+s 7
 :5 !y f\nd only a c\ple ( boats !re1 & 
! t5d] drift+ (f ) ! o!r 9 t[1 may be   
conceiv$4 ,all ! p]il ( _! situation mu/
 h fla%$ across _! m9ds z !y look$      
across ! rag+ sea1 & saw ! di/ance      
betwe5 ! t5d] & ! rock increas+ e mom5t1
 :ile all ar\nd !m ! wat] rose high] &  
high]4 ,9 ano!r h\r1 ! waves w\ld be    
roll+ twelve feet & m above ! crag on   
:i* !y /ood1 & all hope ( ! t5d] be+    
able to "w r\nd to !m 0 be+ quickly     
dissipat$4 ,!y wat*$ ! fleet+ vessel & !
 ris+ tide1 & _! he>ts sank )9 !m1 b n a

 ^w 0 utt]$4 ,!y /ood sil5tly c\nt+ _!  
numb]s & calculat+ ! capacity ( ! boats2
 & !n !y turn$ _! eyes ^u _! tru/$      
lead]1 z if _! la/ hope lay 9 8 c\nsel4 
,/ev5son nev] =got ! appall+ solemnity (
 ! mom5t4 ,"o *ance1 & b a sl5d] "o1 (  
escape alone occurr$ to him4 ,x 0 t1    
/ripp+ !mselves ( _! clo!s1 & dive/+ !  
two boats1 z mu* z possible1 ( ev]y?+ t 
weight$ & encumb]$ !m1 s _m m5 %\ld take
 _! seats 9 ! boats1 :ile ! o!rs hung on
 by ! gunwales2 & t !y %\ld !n "w _!    
way1 z be/ !y c\ld1 t[>ds ei!r ! t5d] or
 ! float+ b>rack4 ,/ev5son 0 ab\t to    
expla9 ?is to 8 m51 b f\nd t all p[] (  
spee* _h left him4 ,! anxiety ( t       
dreadful mom5t _h p>*$ 8 ?roat1 & 8     
tongue clave to ! ro( ( 8 m\?4 ,he /oop$
 to "o ( ! little pools at 8 feet to    
moi/5 8 fev]$ lips ) ! salt wat]4       
,sudd5ly a %\t 0 rais$1 ,a boat6 ,a     
boat6 & ?r\gh ! haze a l>ge pilot boat  
c\ld dimly be disc]n$ mak+ t[>ds ! rock4
 ,! pilot _h obs]v$ ! ,smeaton drift+   
(f1 &1 guess+ at once ! critical        

position ( ! workm5 on ! rock1 _h ha/5$ 
to _! relief4  ,next morn+ :5 ! bell    
s\nd$ on bo>d ! b>rack = ! return to !  
rock1 only eight out ( ! tw5ty-six      
workm51 beside ! =eman & seam51 made _! 
appe>ance on deck to accompany _! lead]4
 ,mr4 ,/ev5son saw x w\ld be useless to 
argue ) !m !n4 ,s he made no rem>k1 &   
proce$$ ) ! eight will+ workm5 to !     
rock1 :]e !y sp5t f\r h\rs at "w4 ,on   
return+ to ! b>rack1 ! eighte5 m5 :o _h 
rema9$ on bo>d appe>$ q a%am$ ( _!      
c[>dice2 & )\t a ^w be+ said to !m1 7 ! 
fir/ to take _! places 9 ! boats :5 !   
bell rang aga9 9 ! aft]noon4  ,at l5g? !
 b>rack 0 complet$1 & ! m5 7 !n reliev$ 
f ! toil ( r[+ backw>ds & =w>ds betwe5 !
 t5d] & ! rock1 z well z f ! con/ant    
sickness :i* torm5t$ !m on bo>d ! float+
 b>rack4 ,!y 7 n[ able to prolong _!    
lab\rs1 :5 ! tide p]mitt$1 into ! night4
 ,at su* times ! rock assum$ a s+ul>ly  
picturesque & romantic aspect--its      
surface cr[d$ ) m5 9 all v>iety (       
attitudes1 ! two =ges & num]\s tor*es   

light+ up ! sc5e1 & ?r[+ a lurid gleam  
across ! wat]s1 & ! l\d dong ( ! anvils 
m+l+ ) ! da%+ ( ! break]s4  ,on ! #ah?  
,july #ahjh1 ! site hav+ be5 prop]ly    
excavat$1 ! fir/ /one ( ! ligh?\se 0    
laid by ! ,duke ( ,argyle2 & by ! end ( 
! second season "s five or six feet (   
build+ _h be5 erect$1 & 7 left to ! m]cy
 ( ! waves till ! ensu+ spr+4 ,! ?ird   
season's op]ations rais$ ! masonry to a 
height ( ?irty feet above ! sea1 & !    
f\r? season saw ! completion ( ! t[]4   
,on ! fir/ night 9 ,febru>y ( ! succe$+ 
ye> 7#ahaa7 ! lamp 0 lit1 & beam$ =?    
across ! wat]s4  ,! ,bell ,rock ,t[] is 
#ajj feet 9 height1 #db feet 9 diamet]  
at ! base1 & #ae feet at ! top4 ,! door 
is #cj feet f ! base1 & ! asc5t is by a 
massive bronze ladd]4 ,! light is       
revolv+1 & pres5ts a :ite & r$ light    
alt]nately1 by means ( %ades ( r$ glass 
arrang$ 9 a frame4 ,! ma*9]y :i* causes 
! revolution ( ! lamp is also appli$ to 
! toll+ ( two l>ge bells1 9 ord] to give
 w>n+ to ! m>9] ( 8 approa* to ! rock 9 

foggy wea!r1 ?us reviv+ ! traditional   
practice f :i* ! rock takes its "n4     
,,iii4--,,! ,,sk]ryvore4   ,hav+ crept  
^u deck ab\t f\r 9 ! morn+1 ,i f9d we   
are beat+ to w9dw>d (f ! ,isle ( ,tyree1
 ) ! det]m9ation on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son
 t 8 con/itu5ts %\ld visit a reef (     
rocks call$ ,sk]ry ,vhor1 :]e he ?\ght x
 w\ld be ess5tial to h a ligh?\se4 ,l\d 
remon/rances on ! "p ( ! commission]s1  
:o "o & all decl>e !y w subscribe to 8  
op9ion1 :atev] x may be1 r ?an cont9ue  
?is dreadful buffet+4 ,quiet p]sev]ance 
on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 & great kick+1 
b\nc+1 & squabbl+ ^u t ( ! ya*t1 :o     
seems to l ! idea ( ,sk]ry ,vhor z      
little z ! commission]s4 ,at l5g?1 by   
d9t ( ex]tion1 came 9 sight ( ?is long  
range ( rocks 7*iefly "u wat]71 on :i* !
 tide breaks 9 a mo/ trem5d\s /yle4 ,!re
 appe> a few l[ broad rocks at "o end ( 
! reef :i* is ab\t a mile 9 l5g?4 ,^!   
are nev] entirely "u wat]1 ?\gh ! surf  
da%es ov] !m4 ,we took possession ( x 9 
! "n ( ! commission]s1 & g5]\sly be/[$  

our own great names on its crags &      
creeks4 ,! rock 0 c>efully measur$ by   
,mr4 ,/ev5son4 ,x w be a mo/ desolate   
position = a ligh?\se--! ,bell ,rock &  
,eddy/one a joke to x1 = ! ne>e/ l& is !
 wild isl& ( ,tyree1 at #ad miles       
di/ance4  ,su* is an entry 9 ! di>y (   
,sir ,walt] ,scott's ,ya*t ,t\r1 on !   
#bg? ,augu/ #ahad2 b al?\gh ! necessity 
( a ligh?\se on ! ,sk]ry ,vhor1 or1 z x 
is n[ g5]ally call$1 ,sk]ryvore1 0 fully
 ackn[l$g$ by ! au?orities1 x 0 n till  
tw5ty-f\r ye>s aft]w>ds t ! und]tak+ 0  
actually comm5c$1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce (    
,mr4 ,alan ,/ev5son1 ! son ( ! em95t    
eng9e] :o erect$ ! ,bell ,rock          
,ligh?\se4  ,9 ! execution ( ?is great  
"w1 if ! son _h1 z comp>$ ) 8 fa!r1     
c]ta9 advantages 9 8 fav\r1 he _h also  
v>i\s disadvantages to cont5d ) at      
,sk]ryvore f :i* ! eng9e] ( ! ,bell     
,rock 0 free4 ,mr4 ,alan ,/ev5son _h    
/eam p[] at 8 comm&1 & ! b5efit ( all ! 
exp]i5ce d]iv$ f ! exp]im5ts ( 8        
pr$ecessors 9 simil> op]ations2 b at !  

same "t1 ! rock on :i* he _h to "w 0 at 
a great] di/ance f ! l&1 & sep>at$ f x  
by a m dang]\s passage ?an t ( ei!r !   
,bell or ! ,eddy/one2 & ! geological    
=mation ( :i* ! rock is compos$1 0 mu* m
 difficult to "w ^u4 ,! ,sk]ryvore is   
di/ant f ,tyree1 ! ne>e/ inhabit$ isl&1 
ab\t #aa miles2 ev5 9 f9e wea!r !       
int]v5+ passage is a try+ "o1 & 9 r\gh  
wea!r no %ip c live 9 su* a sea1 /udd$ z
 x is ) trea*]\s rocks4 ,! s&/one ( !   
,bell ,rock is worn into rugg$          
inequalities1 :i* fav\r$ ! op]ations ( !
 eng9e]2 b ! action ( ! waves on !      
igne\s =mation ( ! ,sk]ryvore has giv5 x
 all ! smoo?ness & slipp]y poli% ( a    
mass ( d>k col\r$ glass4 ,inde$1 ! =eman
 ( ! masons1 on fir/ visit+ ! rock1 n   
unju/ly comp>$ ! op]ation ( asc5d+ x to 
t ( climb+ up ! neck ( a bottle4  ,! #g?
 ,augu/ #ahch 0 ! fir/ day ( entire "w  
on ! rock1 & ) succe$+ ones 0 sp5t 9 !  
erection ( a tempor>y b>rack ( wood1 = !
 m5 to lodge 9 on ! rock4 ,x 0 complet$ 
be=e ! season clos$2 b "o ( ! fir/ heavy

 gales 9 ,novemb] wr5*$ x f its hold+s1 
& swept x into ! sea1 leav+ no?+ to m>k 
! site b a few brok5 & twi/$ /an*ions1  
atta*$ to "o ( :i* 0 a portion ( a great
 beam :i* _h be5 %ak5 & r5t1 by da%+    
aga9/ ! rocks1 into a bundle ( rib&s4   
,?us 9 "o night 7 oblit]at$ ! results ( 
a :ole season's toil1 & ) !m1 ! hopes ! 
m5 *]i%$ ( hav+ a dwell+ on ! rock1     
in/ead ( on bo>d ! brig1 :]e !y suff]$  
int5sely f ! mis]ies ( con/ant sickness4
  ,! excavation ( ! f\ndations occupi$ !
 :ole ( ! summ] season ( #ahci1 f ! #f? 
,may to ! #c;d ,septemb]4 ,! h>d1       
nitrifi$ rock held out /\tly aga9/ !    
assaults ( bo? iron & gunp[d]2 & mu* "t 
0 sp5t 9 holl[+ out ! bas9 9 :i* !      
ligh?\se 0 to be fix$4 ,f ! limit$ ext5t
 ( ! rock & ! abs5ce ( any place (      
%elt]1 ! bla/+ 0 an op]ation (          
consid]able dang]1 z ! m5 _h no place to
 run to1 & x _h to be manag$ ) great    
caution4 ,only a small portion ( ! rock 
c\ld be bl[n up at a "t1 & c>e _h to be 
tak5 to cov] ! "p ov] ) mats & nett+s   

made ( old rope to *eck ! flight ( !    
/ones4 ,! excavation ( ! fl9ty mass     
occupi$ ne>ly two summ]s4  ,! op]ations 
( #ahdj includ$1 mu* to ! delight ( !   
workm51 ! recon/ruction ( ! b>rack1 to  
:i* !y 7 glad to remove f ! toss+       
vessel4 ,! second edifice 0 m sub/antial
 ?an ! fir/1 & prov$ m endur+4 ,rude &  
n>r[ z x 01 x (f]$1 aft] ! discom=ts ( !
 vessel1 almo/ a luxuri\s lodg+ to its  
h>dy inmates4  ,pack$ #dj feet above !  
wea!r-beat5 rock1 9 ?is s+ul> abode1    
writes ! eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,alan ,/ev5son1 ) 
a goodly company ( ?irty m51 ,i h sp5t  
_m a we>y day & night1 at ^? times :5 ! 
sea prev5t$ any "o go+ d[n to ! rock1   
anxi\sly look+ = supplies f ! %ore1 &   
e>ne/ly long+ = a *ange ( wea!r         
fav\rable to ! recomm5cem5t ( ! works4  
,= miles ar\nd no?+ c\ld be se5 b :ite  
foam+ break]s1 & no?+ he>d b h[l+ w9ds &
 la%+ waves4 ,our slumb]s1 too1 7 at    
times fe>fully int]rupt$ by ! sudd5 p\r+
 ( ! sea ov] ! ro(1 ! rock+ ( ! h\se on 
its pill>s1 & ! spurt+ ( wat] ?r\gh !   

seams ( ! doors & w9d[s2 symptoms :i*1  
to "o sudd5ly ar\s$ f s\nd sleep1       
recall$ ! appall+ fate ( ! =m] b>rack1  
:i* _h be5 engulph$ 9 ! foam n tw5ty    
y>ds f our dwell+1 & = a mom5t seem$ to 
summon u to a simil> fate4 ,on two      
occasions 9 p>ticul>1 ^! s5sations 7 s  
vivid z to cause almo/ e "o to spr+ out 
( b$2 & "s ( ! m5 fl$ f ! b>rack by a   
tempor>y gangway to ! m /able1 b less   
com=table %elt] af=d$ by ! b>e walls ( !
 ligh?\se t[]1 !n unf9i%$1 :]e !y sp5t !
 rema9d] ( ! night 9 ! d>kness & ! cold4
  ,9 spite ( _! anxiety to get on ) !   
"w1 & _! intrepidity 9 avail+ !mselves (
 e opportunity1 ^! gallant m5 7 (t5 =c$ 
by /ress ( wea!r into an inactivity :i* 
we may be sure !y felt sadly irksome &  
aga9/ ! gra94 ,at su* seasons1 says ,mr4
 ,/ev5son1 mu* ( our "t 0 sp5t 9 b$1 =  
!re alone we _h effectual %elt] f ! w9ds
 & ! spray :i* rea*$ e cranny 9 ! walls 
( our b>rack4 ,on "o occasion !y 7 =    
f\rte5 days )\t communication ) ! %ore1 
& :5 at l5g? ! seas subsid$1 & !y 7 able

 to make ! signal to ,tyree t a l&+ at !
 rock 0 practicable1 sc>cely tw5ty-f\r  
h\rs' /ock ( provisions rema9$ on !     
rock4 ,9 spite ( h>d%ips & p]ils1 h[ev]1
 ! eng9e] decl>es t life on ! ,sk]ryvore
 ,rock 0 by no means de/itute ( its     
peculi> pleasures4 ,! gr&eur ( ! ocean's
 rage--! deep murmur ( ! waves--! ho>se 
cry ( ! sea birds1 :i* :eel$ cont9ually 
ov] u1 especially at our meals--! l[    
moan+ ( ! w9d--or ! gorge\s brightness (
 a glossy sea & a cl\dless sky--& !     
solemn /illness ( a deep blue vault1    
/udd$ ) />s1 or *e]$ by ! spl5d\rs ( !  
full moon1--7 ! phases ( ext]nal ?+s t  
(t5 arre/$ our ?\ghts 9 a situation :]e1
 ) all ! bu/le t sometimes prevail$1 !re
 0 necess>ily s mu* "t = reflection4 ,^?
 *anges1 toge!r ) ! cont9ual succession 
( hopes & fe>s connect$ ) ! important "w
 9 :i* we 7 engag$1 & ! (t recurr+ calls
 = advice or direction1 z well z        
occasional h\rs devot$ to read+ &       
correspond5ce1 & ! pleasures ( news f   
home1 7 m ?an suffici5t to reconcile me 

to--nay1 to make me really enjoy--an    
un9t]rupt$ resid5ce1 on "o occasion1 ( n
 less ?an five weeks on t des]t rock4   
,! ,sk]ryvore ,ligh?\se 0 at l5g?       
successfully complet$4 ,! height ( ! t[]
 is #ach feet #f in*es1 ( :i* ! fir/ #bf
 feet is solid4 ,x conta9s a mass ( /one
 "w ( m ?an d\ble ! quantity ( ! ,bell  
,rock1 & ne>ly five times t ( !         
,eddy/one4 ,! entire co/1 includ+ /eam  
tug & ! build+ ( a small h>b\r at ,hyni%
 = ! reception ( ! little vessel t n[   
att5ds ! ligh?\se1 0 ,l#hf1igg4 ,! light
 is revolv+1 & rea*es its brighte/ /ate 
once e m9ute4 ,x is produc$ by !        
revolution ( eight great annul> l5ses   
ar\nd a c5tral light1 ) f\r wicks1 & c  
be se5 f ! deck ( a vessel at ! di/ance 
( #ah miles4 ,mr4 ,alan ,/ev5son sums up
 8 deeply int]e/+ n>rative 9 ! foll[+   
words3 ,9 su* a situation z !           
,sk]ryvore1 innum]able delays &         
disappo9tm5ts 7 to be expect$ by ^?     
engag$ 9 ! "w2 & ! entire loss ( ! fruit
 ( ! fir/ season's lab\r 9 ! c\rse ( a  

few h\rs1 0 a good lesson 9 ! s*ool (   
pati5ce1 & ( tru/ 9 some?+ bett] ?an an 
arm ( fle%4 ,dur+ our progress1 also1   
cranes & o!r mat]ials 7 swept away by ! 
waves2 vessels 7 driv5 by sudd5 gales to
 seek %elt] at a di/ance f ! rocky %ores
 ( ,mull & ,tyree2 & ! workm5 7 left on 
! rock despond+ & idle1 & de/itute ( _m 
( ! com=ts ) :i* a m roomy & %elt]$     
dwell+1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( fri5ds1 is   
g5]ally connect$4 ,daily risks 7 run 9  
l&+ on ! rock 9 a heavy surf1 9 bla/+ ! 
spl9t]y gneiss1 or by ! fall+ ( heavy   
bodies f ! t[] on a n>r[ space bel[1 to 
:i* s _m p]sons 7 necess>ily conf9$4    
,yet _h we n any loss ( ei!r life or    
limb2 & al?\gh our lab\rs 7 prolong$ f  
dawn to night1 & our provisions 7 *iefly
 salt1 ! heal? ( ! p1 ) ! exception ( a 
few slight cases ( dys5t]y1 0 g5]ally   
good ?r\gh\t ! six successive summ]s (  
our soj\rn on ! rock4 ,! close ( ! "w 0 
welcom$ ) ?ankfulness by all engag$ 9 x2
 & our rem>kable pres]vation 0 view$1   
ev5 by _m ( ! mo/ ?\ghtless1 z1 9 a     

peculi> mann]1 ! graci\s "w ( ,him by   
:om ! v hairs ( our heads are all       
numb]$6     ,/eam ,navigation4          
,i4--,,james ,,sym+ton4  ,,ii4--,,rob]t 
,,fulton4 ,,iii4--,,h5ry ,,bell4        
,,iv4--,,ocean ,,/eam]s4     ,/eam      
,navigation4     ,i4--,,james ,,sym+ton4
   ,( ! _m triumphs ( ent]prise a*iev$  
by ! ag5cy ( t trem5d\s p[] :i* ,james  
,watt tam$ & put 9 h>ness = 8 race1     
p]haps ! greate/ & mo/ mom5t\s is t :i* 
has rev]s$ ! old prov]b1 t "t & tide    
wait = no man1 giv5 t5-fold mean+ to !  
tru? t seas b jo9 ! regions !y divide1 &
 enabl$ our %ips to da% across !        
trackless deep 9 spite ( oppos+         
elem5ts1--      ,aga9/ w9d1 aga9/ tide1 
,/eady+ ) upright keel1  9 a fraction ( 
! "t1 & ) a fraction ( ! co/ & p]il ( ! 
old mode ( naval locomotion4 ,h[ amply  
realiz$ has be5 ,james ,bell's pr$iction
 m ?an half a c5tury ago1 ,i w v5ture to
 affirm t hi/ory does n af=d an in/ance 
( su* rapid improvem5t 9 comm]ce &      
civilization1 z t :i* w be effect$ by   

/eam vessels6  ,t[>ds ! close ( ! la/   
c5tury1 a numb] ( +5i\s m9ds 7 9 travail
 ) ! s*eme ( /eam navigation4 ,! ,m>quis
 de ,j\ffroy 9 ,france1 & ,fit* &       
,rumsey 9 ,am]ica1 7 successful 9       
exp]im5ts ( its feasibility2 b x is to !
 ef=ts ( ,mill] & ,sym+ton 9 ,scotl&1   
foll[$ up by ^? ( ,fulton & ,bell1 t we 
are *iefly & m imm$iately indebt$ = !   
practical developm5t ( ! project4  ,hav+
 a natural b5t = me*anical contrivances1
 & abundance ( leisure & money to       
indulge 8 ta/es1 ,mr4 ,mill] (          
,dalsw9ton1 9 ,dumfries%ire1 some:]e    
ab\t ! ye> #aghe1 0 full ( s*emes =     
driv+ %ips by means ( paddle-:eels1--by 
no means a novel idea1 = x 0 kn[n to !  
,romans1 if n to ! ,egyptians1 & _h (t5 
be5 tri$ be=e4  ,all he aim$ at         
orig9ally 01 to turn ! :eels by ! p[] ( 
m5 or horses2 & ?is he manag$ to d      
successfully en\gh4 ,s+le1 d\ble1 &     
treble boats 7 (t5 to be se5 driv+ along
 ,dalsw9ton ,lake1 mov$ by paddle-:eels 
in/ead ( o>s4 ,on "o occasion1 at ,lei?1

 "o ( ! d\ble boats1 sixty feet long1   
propell$ by two :eels1 ea* ( :i* 0 turn$
 by a c\ple ( m51 0 mat*$ aga9/ a       
,cu/om-h\se boat1 :i* 0 reckon$ a fa/   
sail]4 ,! paddle-:eels did duty v well2 
b ! m5 7 soon knock$ up ) turn+ !m1 & ! 
want ( "s o!r motive p[] 0 /rongly felt4
 ,a "y man nam$ ,taylor1 :o 0 tutor to  
,mr4 ,mill]'s boys1 is said to h sugge/$
 ! use ( /eam2 b :e!r ?is be s or n1 x 0
 n till ,mill] met ) ,james ,sym+ton t !
 idea assum$ a practical =m4  ,9 #aghf  
,james ,sym+ton1 !n jo9t-eng9e] ) 8     
bro!r ,george1 to ! ,wanlockhead ,m9es1 
0 /ruck ) ! idea :i*1 z we h se51 sev]al
 o!r +5i\s m9ds 7 also busy ) ab\t !    
same "t1--( r5d]+ ! /eam-eng9e available
 = locomotion bo? on l& & sea4 ,aft] mu*
 /udy & reflection1 he succe$$ 9 embody+
 ! idea 9 a work+ model4 ,x 0 support$  
on f\r :eels1 :i* 7 mov$ 9 any direction
 by means ( a small /eam-eng9e1 & c\ld  
c>ry #af cwt41 besides coals1 wat]1 c4  
,x 0 exhibit$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 ! summ] (   
#aghf1 & made a consid]able s5sation4   

,mr4 ,mill]1 fond ( all su* inv5tions1  
did n fail to get a sight ( ,sym+ton's  
locomotive eng9e1 ! fir/ "t he 0 9 t[n4 
,he 0 delight$ ) its +5uity &           
complet5ess1 & procur$ an int]view ) !  
au?or4 ,( c\rse1 ,mill] 0 full ( 8 own  
exp]im5ts1 & told ,sym+ton ! :ole /ory (
 8 ef=ts to propel vessels by           
paddle-:eels1 & ! want ( "s /rong]1 & m 
con/ant p[] ?an t ( m5 to turn ! cap/an1
 ^u :i* ! motion ( ! :eels dep5d$4      
,sym+ton at once express$ ! op9ion he _h
 =m$1--t /eam 0 equally available =     
vessels z = c>riages1 & %[$ him h[ !    
/eam-eng9e :i* he _h devis$ = 8         
locomotive c\ld be appli$ to !          
paddle-:eels4 ,mill] 0 s mu* /ruck by 8 
/atem5ts1 :i* he illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to
 ! model1 t he det]m9$ to h an eng9e    
made on ! same plan1 & fitt$ into "o ( 8
 d\ble boats4 ,accord+ly1 an eng9e 0    
built "u ,sym+ton's directions &        
sup]9t5d5ce1 s5t to ,dalsw9ton1 & put   
toge!r 9 ,octob] #aghh4 ,! eng9e1 9 a   
/rong oak frame1 0 plac$ 9 ! "o half ( a

 d\ble pleasure-boat1 ! boil] occupy+ ! 
o!r half1 & ! paddle-:eels be+ fix$ 9 ! 
middle4  ,! autumn 0 )]+ into w9t]1 !   
yell[ leaves 7 swirl+ to ! gr\nd ) e    
little brea? ( w9d1 & ! b\ghs 7 beg9n+  
to %[ =? b>e & grim1 :5 ! little boat 0 
laun*$ ^u ! bosom ( ,dalsw9ton ,lo*4 ,at
 l5g? all ! prep>ations 7 f9i%$1 & on ! 
#ad? ,novemb] ,mr4 ,mill] _h ! delight (
 see+ ! vessel glid+ ov] ! mimic waves (
 ! lake at ! rate ( five miles an h\r4  
,! company on bo>d ! boat on t memorable
 occasion 7--,mr4 ,mill] himself1 (     
c\rse1 n]v\s ) pleasure & exultation2   
,taylor1 ! tutor2 ,alex&] ,nasmy? 7!    
well-kn[n l&scape pa9t]1 & fa!r ( ! man 
:o1 9 ! next g5]ation1 0 to inv5t !     
wond]ful /eam-hamm]1 t knocks masses (  
iron ab\t l putty1 & c yet s mod]ate its
 =ce z to crack a nut )\t bruis+ !      
k]nel72 a brisk /ripl+ ) /rongly m>k$   
features1 by "n ,h>ry ,br\gham1 aft]w>ds
 to be ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 & p]haps
 ! mo/ _m-sid$ g5ius ( 8 "t2 &--la/ &   
greate/ ( ! gr\p--!re 0 "o ( ,mr4       

,mill]'s t5ants1 ! f>m] (               
,ellisl&1--,rob]t ,burns1 ! great b>d ( 
,scotl&1 enjoy+ to ! full1 no d\bt1 !   
novelty ( ! exp$ition1 b1 we mu/        
suppose1 unconsci\s ( its import & gr&  
future consequ5ces1 s9ce he has accord$ 
x no commemorative v]se4 ,_m a "t1 says 
,mr4 ,james ,nasmy?1 son ( ! di/+ui%$   
pa9t]1 ,i h he>d my fa!r describe !     
delight :i* ?is fir/ & successful essay 
at /eam navigation yield$ ! p>ty 9 "q4  
,i only wi% ,burns _h immortaliz$ x 9   
fit1 cl9k+ rhyme1 =1 inde$1 x 0 a       
subject wor?y ( 8 highe/ muse4  ,!      
exp]im5t 0 next tri$ on a l>ge scale ) a
 canal boat1 on ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal1 b
 "o ( ! :eels broke4 ,n to be balk$1    
,sym+ton _h /rong] :eels made1 & ! next 
"t ! /eam 0 put on1 ! vessel w5t (f at !
 rate ( sev5 miles an h\r4 ,! exp]im5t 0
 sev]al times repeat$ ) success4 ,!     
vessel1 h[ev]1 0 s slight1 t _m m trips 
w\ld h knock$ x to pieces2 & x 0 !re=e  
dismantl$4 ,! fitt+ up ( ^! vessels1 & !
 work+ ( !m1 =m$ a heavy dra9 ^u ,mr4   

,mill]'s purse2 & hav+ laid satisfactory
 pro( be=e ! _w t ! ?+ c\ld be done1 he 
rel9qui%$ ! ent]prise1 & left x to be   
work$ out by o!rs4 ,j !n1 h[ev]1 no "o  
came =w>d to fill 8 place2 & = "s ye>s !
 idea slumb]$4  ,9 #ahja ,sym+ton c\ld n
 af=d to indulge 9 fur!r ef=ts at 8 own 
exp5se1 b he f\nd a patron 9 ,"l        
,dundas1 :o commission$ him to con/ruct 
a /eam-tug = dragg+ canal boats4 ,a /\t1
 s]viceable tug 0 built2 & a s]ies (    
exp]im5ts ent]$ ^u to te/ h] effici5cy1 
:i* co/ upw>ds ( ,l#cjjj4 ,"o bleak1    
/ormy spr+-day 9 #ahjb1 ! p on ! banks (
 ! ,=? & ,clyde ,canal might h be5 se5  
/>+ ) wond]1 at ! %ort1 /umpy little tug
 pu%+ gallantly on at ! rate ( ?ree or  
f\r miles an h\r1 ) a /rong w9d "r 9 h] 
tee?1 t no o!r vessel c\ld make head    
aga9/1 & two load$ vessels 7ea* ( m ?an 
#gj tons burd57 9 t[4 ,by itself1 ! tug 
c\ld d six miles an h\r )\t any great   
/ra94 ,! company made "s objection1     
h[ev]1 ab\t ! banks ( ! canal be+       
injur$1 & ! tug fell into disuse4 ,x    

s]v$ an important end1 ?\gh1 9 giv+ bo? 
,fulton & ,bell a basis = _! op]ations1 
& mu/ be consid]$ ! p>5t ( our mod]n    
/eam-craft4     ,,ii4--,,rob]t ,,fulton4
   ,aft] ,dr4 ,c>twright1 ! inv5tor ( ! 
p[]-loom1 _h retir$ p5niless f 8        
manufactur+ ent]prises1 & _h tak5 up 8  
abode 9 ,london1 "o ( ! con/ant visitors
 at 8 mode/ resid5ce 9 ,m>ylebone       
,fields1 0 a ?91 %>p-featur$ ,am]ican1  
ab\t tw5ty-eight ye>s ( age1 an arti/ by
 pr(ession1 & =m]ly /ud5t ( ,b5jam9     
,we/1 :o1 h[ev]1 0 n[ mu* m int]e/$ 9 ! 
art ( eng9e]+ ?an ! art ( pa9t+4 ,f an  
e>ly age he _h %[n a ta/e = me*anics1 & 
0 fond ( sp5d+ 8 play-h\rs at s*ool     
loit]+ ab\t work%ops & factories1 wat*+ 
! m5 at _! "w1 & /udy+ ! ma*9es &       
in/rum5ts !y us$4 ,?is soj\rn 9 ,engl&  
_h br\ght him into contact ) ! ,duke (  
,bridgewat]1 ! great canal projector1 & 
,"l ,/anhope1 well kn[n = 8 improvem5ts 
9 ! pr9t+ press & o!r contrivances1 9 ^:
 company 8 boyi% b5t t[>ds me*anics 0   
reviv$1 & became q a passion ) him4 ,he 

?rew aside 8 bru%es & palette1 & appli$ 
himself to 8 fav\rite pursuit ) he>t &  
s\l4 ,hav+ =m$ ! acqua9tance (          
,c>twright1 he became a daily visitor at
 8 h\se1 & ! en?usia/ic1 good-natur$    
doctor & he w\ld sit debat+ = h\rs !    
great problem3 ,:e!r x 7 practicable to 
move vessels by /eam8 ,fulton1 eag]1    
re/less1 vivaci\s1 ) p5cil 9 h&1 0      
p]petually sket*+ plans ( paddle-:eels2 
:ile ! doctor1 calm1 dignifi$1 & e>ne/1 
equally engross$ 9 ! subject1 0 contriv+
 v>i\s modes ( br++ /eam to act ^u !m4  
,nei!r ( !m _h any d\bt t ! ?+ c\ld be  
done1 b ! h[ long baffl$ !m2 & ev5 ?\gh 
! doctor con/ruct$ ! model ( a boat1    
:i*1 be+ w\nd up l a clock1 mov$ on !   
wat] 9 a highly satisfactory mann]1 no?+
 practical came ( _! cogitations till "s
 ye>s aft]4  ,:ile on a visit to ,p>is1 
,fulton 0 /ruck ) ! injury :i* /&+      
navies ( m5-(-w> inflict$ on ! m]cantile
 m>9e1 & gave 8 :ole att5tion1 z he     
says1 to f9d out ! means ( de/roy+ su*  
eng9es ( oppression1 by "s me?od :i*    

w\ld put x out ( ! p[] ( any nation to  
ma9ta9 su* a sy/em1 & compel e gov]nm5t 
to adopt ! simple pr9ciples ( education1
 indu/ry1 & a free circulation ( its    
produce4 ,! means pres5t$ itself to 8   
m9d 9 ! %ape ( an explosive %ell1 call$ 
! torp$o1 by :i* any %ip ( w> c\ld be   
bl[n to pieces2 & = six or sev5 ye>s he 
occupi$ himself 9 fruitless attempts to 
get fir/ ! gov]nm5t ( ,france1 & !n t ( 
,engl&1 to take up 8 project4 ,he did n 
ab&on 8 s*emes ) reg>d to /eam-vessels1 
h[ev]2 b1 "u ! auspices ( ,mr4          
,liv+/one1 ! ,am]ican ambassador1 made  
sev]al exp]im5ts4 ,"o vessel (          
consid]able size broke ?r\gh ! middle :5
 ! eng9es 7 plac$ on bo>d1 b a second "o
 0 r m successful1 ?\gh b a sl[ rate (  
movem5t 0 atta9$4 ,8 project came "u !  
notice ( ,napoleon1 !n ,fir/ ,consul1 :o
 did n fail to appreciate its value4 ,x 
01 he said1 capable ( *ang+ ! face ( !  
_w2 & he direct$ a commission to inquire
 into its m]its4 ,no?+ came ( x1 h[ev]4 
,%ortly aft]1 ,fulton visit$ ,scotl&1 & 

got an introduction to ,sym+ton1 :om he 
press$ = a sight ( 8 boat4 ,sym+ton     
g5]\sly cons5t$1 & gave him a %ort sail 
on bo>d ! /eam-tug4 ,fulton made no     
concealm5t ( 8 int5tion ( />t+ /eamboats
 9 8 own c\ntry1 :i!r he 0 ab\t to      
return1 & ask$ ,sym+ton to all[ him to  
make a few notes ( 8 obs]vations on     
bo>d4 ,sym+ton _h no objections2 &1     
!re=e1 he says1 ,fulton pull$ out a     
memor&um book1 & aft] putt+ sev]al po9t$
 que/ions respect+ ! g5]al con/ruction &
 effect ( ! ma*9e1 :i* ,i answ]$ 9 a mo/
 explicit mann]1 he jott$ d[n p>ticul>ly
 ev]y?+ !n describ$1 ) 8 own rem>ks ^u !
 boat :ile mov+ ) him on bo>d along !   
canal4 ,fulton 0 v lib]al 9 8 promises n
 to =get 8 assi/ance1 if he got         
/eamboats e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica2 b ,sym+ton
 nev] he>d any?+ m ( him4  ,fulton 0 at 
,new ,york 9 #ahjf1 & busy gett+ a      
/eamboat put toge!r4 ,x 0 a co/ly       
und]tak+1 & he _h little sp>e ca% ( 8   
own2 s he (f]$ %>es 9 ! conc]n to 8     
fri5ds1 b no "o w\ld h any?+ to d ) s   

ridicul\s a s*eme1 z !y ?\ght4 ,my      
fri5ds1 says ,fulton1 7 civil1 b %y4 ,!y
 li/5$ ) pati5ce to my explanations1 b )
 a settl$ ca/ ( incr$ulity on _!        
c\nt5ances4 ,i felt ! full =ce ( !      
lam5tation ( ! poet1--      ',tru?s w\ld
 y tea*1 to save a s9k+ l&1     ,all    
%un1 none aid y1 & few und]/&4'  ,z ,i  
_h occasion to pass daily to & f !      
build+-y>d :ile my boat 0 9 progress1 ,i
 h (t5 loit]$1 unkn[n1 ne> ! idle gr\ps 
( /rang]s1 ga!r+ 9 little circles1 &    
he>d v>i\s inquiries z to ! object ( ?is
 new vehicle4 ,! language 0 uni=mly t ( 
scorn1 sne]1 or ridicule4 ,! l\d laugh  
rose at my exp5se1 ! dry je/1 ! wise    
calculation ( losses & exp5diture1 !    
dull1 b endless repetition ( '! ,fulton 
,folly4' ,nev] did a s+le enc\rag+      
rem>k1 a bright hope1 or a w>m wi%1     
cross my pa?4  ,let !m laugh t w94 ,!   
success :i* %ortly att5d$ ,fulton's     
s*eme turn$ ! tables ^u ^? :o _h mock$  
at him4 ,! ,cl]mont 0 complet$ 9 ,augu/ 
#ahjg1 & ! day arriv$ :5 ! trial 0 to be

 made on ! ,hudson riv]4 ,to me1 wrote  
,fulton1 x 0 a mo/ try+ & int]e/+       
occasion4 ,i want$ "s fri5ds to g on    
bo>d to witness ! fir/ successful trip4 
,_m ( !m did me ! fav\r to att5d z a m>k
 ( p]sonal respect2 b x 0 manife/ !y did
 x ) reluctance1 fe>+ to be p>tn]s ( my 
mortification1 & n ( my triumph4 ,!     
mom5t arriv$ 9 :i* ! ^w 0 to be giv5 = !
 vessel to move4 ,my fri5ds 7 9 gr\ps on
 ! deck4 ,!re 0 anxiety mix$ ) fe> among
 !m4 ,!y 7 sil5t1 sad1 & we>y4 ,i read 9
 _! looks no?+ b disa/]1 & almo/ rep5t$ 
( my ef=ts4 ,! signal 0 giv51 & ! boat  
mov$ on a %ort di/ance1 & !n /opp$ &    
became immovable4 ,to ! sil5ce ( !      
prec$+ mom5t n[ succe$$ murmurs (       
discont5t & agitation1 & :isp]s & %rugs4
 ,i c\ld he> di/9ctly repeat$--',i told 
y s2 x is a fooli% s*eme2 ,i wi% we 7   
well out ( x4' ,i elevat$ myself on a   
plat=m1 & /at$ t ,i knew n :at 0 !      
matt]2 b if !y w\ld be quiet1 & indulge 
me = half an h\r1 ,i w\ld ei!r g on or  
ab&on ! voyage4 ,i w5t bel[1 & discov]$ 

t a slight misadju/m5t 0 ! cause4 ,x 0  
obviat$4 ,! boat w5t on2 we left ,new   
,york2 we pass$ ?r\gh ! ,highl&s2 we    
rea*$ ,albany6 ,yet ev5 _! imag9ation   
sup]s$$ ! =ce ( fact4 ,x 0 d\bt$ if x   
c\ld be done aga91 or if x c\ld be made1
 9 any case1 ( any great value4  ,!     
simple-m9d$ c\ntry folk on ! banks ( !  
,hudson 7 almo/ fright5$ out ( _! wits  
at ! awful app>ition :i* !y saw glid+   
along ! riv]1 & :i*1 especially :5 se5  
indi/9ctly loom+ ?r\gh ! night1 look$ to
 _! bewild]$ eyes1 a mon/] mov+ on !    
wat]1 defy+ ! w9ds & tide1 & brea?+     
flames & smoke4 ,p9e-wood 0 us$ = fuel1 
& :5ev] ! fire 0 /irr$1 a great bur/ (  
sp>ks issu$ f ! *imney4 ,?is uncommon   
light1 says ,cold51 ! biograph] (       
,fulton1 fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( !   
crews ( o!r vessels4 ,not)/&+ ! w9d &   
tide 7 adv]se to its approa*1 !y saw )  
a/oni%m5t t x 0 rapidly com+ t[>ds !m2 &
 :5 x came s ne> t ! noise ( ! ma*9]y & 
paddles 7 he>d1 ! crews 9 "s in/ances   
%runk b5ea? _! decks f ! t]rific sight1 

& o!rs left _! vessels to g on %ore2    
:ile o!rs1 aga91 pro/rat$ !mselves1 &   
bes\ght ,provid5ce to protect !m f !    
approa* ( ! horrible mon/] :i* 0 m>*+ on
 ! tides1 & light+ its pa? by ! fires   
:i* x vomit$4  ,) ! novelty ( !         
spectacle its t]ror di$ away1 & p soon  
got tir$ ( ru%+ out to see ! rem>kable  
ma*9e t _h once seem$ s miracul\s to !m4
 ,! ,cl]mont soon began to travel       
regul>ly z a passage-boat betwe5 ,albany
 & ,new ,york1 o!r /eam-vessels 7       
con/ruct$ on its model1 & by degrees !  
/eam m>9e ( ,am]ica grew into ! ho/ x is
 at pres5t4 ,?irty ye>s aft] ! fir/     
exp]im5t on ! ,hudson1 x 0 calculat$    
#acjj /eamboats _h be5 built 9 ! ,/ates4
  ,fulton did n live long to enjoy 8    
triumphs4 ,he di$ 9 #ahae1 hav+ be5     
actively engag$ 9 promot+ /eam          
navigation to 8 la/ h\rs4               
,,iii4--,,h5ry ,,bell4   ,! hon\r :i* 9 
,am]ica atta*$ to ,fulton z ! man :o    
fir/ br\ght ! /eamboat into use1 & to ! 
,riv] ,hudson z be+ ! sc5e ( ! exp]im5t1

 9 our own c\ntry fell 79 a some:at less
 degree1 be+ subsequ5t71 to ,h5ry ,bell1
 & ! ,riv] ,clyde4  ,br\ght up z a      
millwright1 ,bell1 f want ( funds to />t
 9 bus9ess1 0 oblig$ = _m ye>s to ga9 8 
liv+ z a common c>p5t] 9 ,glasg[1 :]e he
 0 not$ among ! trade z be+ v fond (    
s*emes1 & suspect$ on t acc\nt by       
n>r[-m9d$ folk ( be+ n v reliable 9 !   
l[] bran*es ( 8 craft4 ,s*eme aft] s*eme
 issu$ f 8 f]tile m9d2 b he 0 ra% & ha/y
 9 work+ !m out1 & few prov$ ( mu* wor?4
 ,/eam navigation be+ "o ( ! vex$       
problems ( ! "t1 _h e fasc9ation = 8    
peculi> g5ius2 & he seems to h be5      
brood+ ov] x z ! la/ c5tury 0 clos+1 & !
 pres5t op5+ ^u ! _w4 ,:5 ,fulton visit$
 ,sym+ton's inv5tion1 ,bell appe>s to h 
accompani$ him1 & to h aft]w>ds         
correspond$ ) him on ! subject4 ,?is1 he
 says1 l$ me to ?9k ( ! absurdity (     
writ+ my op9ions to o!r c\ntries1 & n   
putt+ x 9 practice myself 9 my own      
c\ntry2 & f ^! consid]ations ,i 0 r\s$  
to set on foot a /eamboat1 = :i* ,i made

 a numb] ( diff]5t models be=e ,i 0     
satisfi$4 ,hav+ remov$ to ! little      
village ( ,hel5sburgh1 on ! banks ( !   
,clyde1 & !re e/abli%$ a hotel &        
ba?-h\se1 :i* 8 wife manag$1 he         
endeav\r$ to "w ! passage-boats by :i*  
visitors 7 br\ght to ! place1 by means (
 paddle-:eels work$ by ! h&1 in/ead (   
o>s2 b ! plan did n succe$ v well1 = !  
same reason t l$ to ,mr4 ,mill]'s       
ab&onm5t ( x--! ineffici5cy ( manual    
p[]1 :i* c\ld n be appli$ ) suffici5tly 
su/a9$ & cont9u\s =ce4 ,he !re=e gave x 
up1 & turn$ 8 att5tion to ! employm5t ( 
/eam p[] = ! same purpose4 ,( c\rse1 he 
0 laugh$ at = 8 pa9s2 & ,h5ry ,bell's   
project = hav+ /eam]s on ! ,clyde became
 a /&+ joke among ! frequ5t]s ( !       
wat]+-place4 ,ev5 aft] ! p]man5t success
 ( ,fulton's s*eme 0 kn[n1 p w\ld n     
mod]ate _! incr$ulity2 b ,bell's fai?1  
:i* _h nev] wav]$1 0 n[ confirm$1 & he  
set ab\t ! "w ) r$\bl$ en]gy4  ,9 #ahaa1
 ,bell1 hav+ procur$ ! necess>y funds1  
_h a /eam-boat built ( tw5ty-five tons &

 f\r horse p[]4 ,he nam$ x ! ,comet1    
because a comet _h j !n appe>$ 9 !      
nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,comet began to  
run regul>ly betwe5 ,glasg[ &           
,hel5sburgh 9 ,janu>y #ahab1 & cont9u$  
to ply successfully dur+ ! summ] ( t    
ye>4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 %e br\ght r loss  
?an ga9 to h] projector4 ,p 7 %y ( tru/+
 !mselves on bo>d1 & p>ties int]e/$ 9 ! 
/age-coa*es & sail+ vessels1 spread all 
sorts ( absurd reports ab\t h]4 ,x 0 n  
till %e _h gone = "s "t )\t accid5t1 t  
t\ri/s began to ?9k !y might z well save
 _! money & _! "t by patroniz+ ! new    
mode ( conveyance4 ,9 ! second ye> ,bell
 took ! ,comet (f ! ,clyde1 & s5t h] on 
a t\r r\nd ! op5 coa/s ( ! ?ree k+doms4 
,be=e long ! safety & utility ( /eam    
navigation 0 admitt$ on all h&s1 &      
num]\s rival ent]prises 7 on foot4 ,9   
#ahbj ! ,comet 0 lo/ betwe5 ,glasg[ &   
,=t ,william2 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r (  
,bell's vessels 0 burnt to !            
wat]-edge--two mis=tunes t c>ri$ ,l#cjjj
 out ( 8 pocket4 ,8 rivals1 ) abundant  

capital1 soon drove him out ( ! field1 &
 ,bell sank into pov]ty & neglect4 ,a   
small annuity f ! ,clyde tru/ees1 & a   
subscription among 8 fri5ds1 to keep him
 f />v+1 7 all ! rew>ds he ev] receiv$ =
 8 ent]prise & p]sev]ance4 ,he di$ 9    
#ahcj 9 ! sixty-f\r? ye> ( 8 age4       
,,iv4--,,ocean ,,/eam]s4   ,9 ! qu>t] ( 
a c5tury :i* elaps$ betwe5 #ahab1 :5 !  
,comet fir/ began to *urn ! wat]s ( !   
,clyde1 & #ahcg1 /eam navigation        
progress$ /eadily & surely4 ,at fir/1   
cont5t ) ply+ along riv]s & quiet bays1 
/eam]s by-&-by v5tur$ out ^u ! op5 sea4 
,we owe ! regul> e/abli%m5t ( deep-sea  
packets to ! c\rage & ent]prise ( ,mr4  
,david ,napi] ( ,glasg[1 :o1 says ,mr4  
,scott ,russell1 has effect$ m = !      
improvem5t ( /eam navigation ?an any o!r
 man4 ,he 0 quick to appreciate !       
capabilities ( /eam-vessels1 & saw t !y 
7 fit = some?+ m ?an m]e inl& voyages4  
,be=e />t+ "o ( !m ^u ! op5 sea1 h[ev]1 
he c>efully e/imat$ ! dang] to be       
enc\nt]$ & ! difficulties to be ov]come4

 ,he took passage at ! wor/ season ( !  
ye> 9 "o ( ! sail+ vessels :i* =m]ly    
pli$ betwe5 ,glasg[ & ,belfa/1 & :i* (t5
 requir$ a week to p]=m a j\rney t is n[
 done by /eam 9 a few h\rs4  ,/ation+   
himself on an elevat$ "p ( ! deck1 he   
kept a close wat* on ! movem5ts ( !     
vessel1 obs]v+ ! toss+ to :i* %e 0      
subject$ by ! waves1 ! ext5t ( ! dip :5 
%e sank into a tr\gh1 ! height (        
elevation :5 lift$ on ! summit ( a wave1
 & calculat+ 9 8 m9d h[ all ?is w\ld    
tell on ! paddle-:eels4 ,?r\gh ! r\ghe/ 
( ! /orm1 :5 ! vessel 0 pit*+ wor/1 & ! 
w9d bl[+ at its fi]ce/1 he kept 8 place 
on deck1 reg>dless ( ! dr5*+ spray & !  
bla/ t almo/ c>ri$ him (f 8 legs4 ,:5 at
 l5g? he _h satisfi$ himself by !       
obs]vation ( 8 own eyes & inquiries ( ! 
capta9 & crew1 t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! voyage  
:i* a /eam] c\ld n enc\nt]1 he retir$   
cont5t$ly to 8 cab91 leav+ ev]ybody     
a/oni%$ at 8 /range curiosity respect+ !
 effect ( r\gh wea!r on ! %ip4  ,n long 
aft] ,david ,napi] />t$ ! ,rob ,roy     

/eam-packet betwe5 ,gre5ock & ,belfa/1 &
 aft]w>ds betwe5 ,dov] & ,calais4 ,9 !  
c\rse ( two or ?ree ye>s m he _h        
e/abli%$ /eam communication betwe5      
,holyhead & ,dubl91 ,liv]pool &         
,gre5ock1 & v>i\s o!r p>ts4 ,! l5g? (   
ea* unbrok5 passage 0 !n consid]$ !     
great difficulty2 b z /eam]s got improv$
 bo? 9 =m & ma*9]y1 passages ( great]   
l5g? 7 successfully accompli%$4 ,/eam]s 
trav]s$ 9 all directions ! ,g]man       
,ocean1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,baltic1 &1 9 
%ort1 all ! wat]s on ! ea/]n side ( !   
,atlantic2 & 7 9 use ^u all ! riv]s &   
lakes ( any size 9 ,europe4  ,at l5g?1 9
 #ahcf1 ! />tl+ project 0 set on foot ( 
sup]s$+ ! f>-fam$ ,new ,york & ,liv]pool
 packet %ips by a fleet ( /eam-%ips4    
,be=e ?is ! ,savannah1 a /eam vessel (  
#cjj tons1 _h1 9 #ahai1 cross$ f ,new   
,york to ,liv]pool 9 tw5ty-six days1    
p>tly ) sails & p>tly ) /eam2 & ano!r   
/eam vessel _h1 9 #ahbe1 made ! voyage f
 ,engl& to ,calcutta2 b "o swall[ does n
 make a summ]1 & _m le>n$ folks1 on bo? 

sides ( ! ,atlantic1 %ook _! heads      
d\btfully at ! d>+ s*eme ( regul> /eam  
communication across #ac1jjj miles (    
ocean4 ,! exp]im5t 0 to be made1 h[ev]2 
& on ! #d? ,april #ahch1 ! ,sirius1 (   
#gjj tons & #cbj horse p[]1 sail$ f     
,cork = ! f> ,we/4 ,f\r days aft] !     
,great ,we/]n foll[$ 9 h] wake f        
,bri/ol4  ,great 0 ! excitem5t 9 ,new   
,york z ! "t drew nigh :5 ! ,sirius 0   
consid]$ due4 ,= days toge!r ! ,batt]y 0
 cr[d$ ) anxi\s wat*]s1 f ! fir/ break+ 
( ! cold1 grey dawn till night dropp$   
its d>k curta9 on ! sc5e4 ,at t "t a    
telescope 0 a ?+ to be begg$1 borr[$1 or
 /ol51--to be got1 someh[ or o!r1 if    
only = a m9ute1--& a man :o possess$ "o 
0 to be look$ up to1 made mu* (1 &1 if  
possible1 coax$ out ( ! loan ( x4 ,all  
day long a hundr$ telescopes swept !    
sea4 ,! ocean /eam] 0 ! great topic ( ! 
h\r1 & any appe>ance ( h]8 ! con/ant "q 
:5 two p met4 ,on ,/4 ,george's day1 !  
#bc;d ,april1 a dim1 dusky speck on ! f>
 horizon grew "u ! eye ( ! ?\s&s (      

brea?less wat*]s into a long tra9 (     
smoke1 b5ea? :i*1 z ! h\rs wore on1     
appe>$ ! black pr[ ( a huge /eam-boat4  
,!re %e 01 long look$ = come at la/2 & )
 ! ,am]ican col\rs at ! =e1 & ! flag (  
,old ,engl& ru/l+ at ! /]n1 ! ,sirius   
swept into ! h>b\r amid/ ! *e]s ( !     
multitude1 ! r++ ( ! city bells1 & !    
fir+ ( salutes4 ,! excitem5t rea*$ its  
climax1 & ! %\t+ & fir+ grew deaf5+1 :51
 "s few h\rs lat] on ! same auspici\s   
day1 ! ,great ,we/]n came to an*or      
alongside ( h] rival4  ,tw5ty-two ye>s h
 pass$ s9ce !n1 & ! m>vel ( #ahch has   
become a m]e ev]yday affair4 ,!re are "s
 f\rte5 diff]5t l9es ( /eam]s1 compris+ 
m ?an fifty vessels1 runn+ betwe5 !     
,unit$ ,/ates & ,europe1 to say no?+ ( !
 magnific5t /eam fleets ( ! ,p59sul> &  
,ori5tal1 ! ,royal ,we/ ,india1 ,briti% 
& ,nor? ,am]ican1 ,pacific1 ,au/ralian1 
,s\? ,we/]n1 & o!r companies4  ,!       
employm5t ( iron 9 ! con/ruction ( %ips1
 ?us secur+ at once lightness & /r5g?1 &
 ! inv5tion ( ! screw propell]1 9 #ahcf1

 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,smi?1 a f>m] at       
,h5don1 by means ( :i* a vessel c comb9e
 all ! qualities ( a fir/-rate sail+ %ip
 ) ! use ( /eam p[]1 gave a great       
impulse to /eam navigation1 :i* is /ill 
mak+ /eady & cont9u\s progress4 ,f "o   
/eam vessel 9 #ahab ! numb] 9 ! k+dom   
has ris5 successively to #bj 9 #ahbj1   
#hbd 9 #ahdj1 & ov] #bjjj 9 #ahfj4 ,dur+
 #aheh1 #aec /eam]s 7 built 9 ! ,unit$  
,k+dom1 ( :i* #aab 7 ( iron4 ,x is      
int]e/+ to obs]ve ! advance 9 size ( !  
/eam vessels f _! fir/ introduction on !
 ,clyde4                                
,l5g?4     ,bread?4     #ahab4 ,comet   
#dj feet   #aj-a_/b feet4     #ahbe4    
,ent]prise 7built expressly to g to     
,india1 coal+ at int]m$iate             
/ations7                                
#abb       #bg           #ahce4 ,tagus  
7= ,m$it]ranean7              #ahb      
#bh           #ahch4 ,great ,we/]n 7!   
fir/ %ip built           expressly =    
,transatlantic s]vice7   #bcf           
#ce-a_/b       #ahdd4 ,great ,brita9 7! 

fir/ l>ge screw           %ip1 & l>ge/  
iron %ip up to t           "t7          
#cbb       #ea           #ahec4         
,himalaya 7iron7                        
#cgj       #dc-a_/b       #ahef4 ,p]sia 
7d47                           #cij     
#de           #ahei4 ,great ,ea/]n 7d47 
#fhj       #hc        ,9 ! int]val      
betwe5 #ahab & #ahgj ! numb] ( /eam]s 9 
! ,unit$ ,k+dom has increas$ f "o to    
ne>ly ?ree ?\s&2 & ! ocean-go+ /eam] (  
#ahgj is ne>ly six times ! l5g? ( t (   
#ahbe1 & sev5te5 times ! l5g? ( !       
,comet1 :ile ! diff]5ce 9 tonnage is    
/ill great]4 ,h[ ,fulton or ,bell w\ld  
op5 _! eyes at ! sight ( a va/ mov+     
city1 su* z ! ,big ,%ip1 an eigh? ( a   
mile 9 l5g?1 propell$ by bo?            
paddle-:eels & screw1 ea* work$ by f\r  
huge eng9es6     ,iron ,manufacture4    
,,h5ry ,,cort4     ,iron ,manufacture4  
,,h5ry ,,cort4   ,! multif>i\s use (    
iron 9 our day has giv5 its "n to ! age4
 ,we h got f> beyond ! primitive        
applications ( t metal--e day x is      

supplant+ "s o!r sub/ance1 & !re is no  
say+ :]e ! wide-spread & v>i$ s]vice we 
exact f x w /op4 ,! inv5tion ( !        
/eam-eng9e1 & ! improvem5t ( manufactur+
 ma*9es1 w\ld be comp>atively valueless1
 unless we _h at comm& a *eap & abundant
 supply ( iron = _! con/ruction4 ,! l&  
is cov]$ ) a net-"w ( iron rails1       
trav]s$ by iron /e$s--gulfs & valleys   
are spann$ by iron ar*es & iron         
tubes--huge %ips ( iron ride ^u ! deep4 
,ev5 /ones & bricks are be+ disc>d$ =   
?is all-useful sub/ance1 & ( iron we are
 build+ h\ses1 palaces1 !atres1 *ur*es1 
& spaci\s domes4 ,!re is no end to its  
uses4  ,& yet1 x is only betwe5 sev5ty &
 eighty ye>s ago s9ce ,brita91 ! ri*e/ (
 all c\ntries 9 native ore1 0 dep5d5t ^u
 o!rs = h] supply ( ! manufactur$ metal4
 ,we want$ b little iron 9 ^? days1     
comp>$ ) ! pres5t dem&1 & yet t little  
we c\ld n furni% ourselves )4 ,z mu* z a
 million & a half a-ye> w5t out ( our   
pockets to pur*ase wr\ght iron f ,sw$5  
alone1 & we 7 good cu/om]s to ,russia z 

well4 ,all ! iron t our c\ntry c\ld !n  
produce 0 "s #ag1jjj tons4 ,! man :o %[$
 u h[ to turn our own ore to acc\nt1 :o 
r5d]$ u indep5d5t ( all o!r c\ntries =  
our supply1 & made u ! great purveyors (
 wr\ght iron to ! _w1 :o op5$ up to u   
?is great s\rce ( national weal?1 0     
,h5ry ,cort ( ,gosport4  ,! great       
difficulty :i* he solv$ 0 h[ to get     
wr\ght iron out ( ! crude iron z x came 
f ! smelt+ furnace1 )\t us+ *>coal4 ,) b
 a small tract ( c\ntry1 d5sely peopl$1 
we _h b a scant supply ( wood at our    
comm&4 ,! great =e/s :i* once ov]spread 
! l& 7 gradually vani%+1 p>tly be=e !   
spread ( population & ! gr[? ( t[ns1 &  
p>tly f ! inroads made on !m by ! dem& =
 timb]4 ,=m]ly1 ! fir/ trans=mation ( ! 
ore into pig iron 7! crude =m ( !       
manufactur$ metal7 0 effect$ by means ( 
wood2 & ! consumption 0 s great t an    
,act 0 pass$ 9 #aeha re/ra9+ its use4   
,soon aft]w>ds ,"l ,dudley discov]$ t   
coal w\ld answ] ! purpose j z well1 &   
obta9$ a pat5t ( monopoly4 ,he reap$ b  

little pr(it f 8 inv5tion1 h[ev]1 = 8   
iron-works 7 de/roy$ by a mob2 & x 0 n  
till a c5tury aft]w>ds1 :5 p got m al>m$
 at ! gr[+ sc>city ( timb]1 & ! increas$
 dem& = x1 t ! plan 0 g5]ally adopt$4   
,?is 0 "o /ep 9 ! "r direction1 b ano!r 
yet rema9$ to be made1 = ! manufacture 0
 /ill hamp]$ 9 our c\ntry by ! want (   
wood = ! second process--! conv]sion (  
crude into malleable iron1 9 :i* /ate   
alone x is fit = s]vice4  ,ab\t ! ye>   
#aghe1 ,h5ry ,cort1 iron-ma/]1 (        
,gosport1 aft] _m ye>s ( pati5t &       
we>isome rese>*1 ( anxi\s ?\ght1 &      
indefatigable exp]im5t1 9 :i* he sp5t a 
private =tune ( "s ,l#bj1jjj1 p]fect$ a 
c\ple ( inv5tions ( priceless value4 ,! 
fir/ 0 ! process ( conv]t+ pig iron into
 wr\ght iron by ! flame ( pit coal 9 a  
puddl+ furnace1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! use (   
*>coal1--! co/ & sc>city ( :i* _h be=e  
=m$ su* a dead weight on ! trade1 &     
plac$ u at su* a disadvantage comp>$ )  
,sw$5 & ,russia4 ,! second 0 a fur!r    
process = draw+ ! iron into b>s by means

 ( groov$ roll]s4 ,till !n1 ?is op]ation
 _h to be p]=m$ ) hamm] & anvil1 & 0 v  
t$i\s & labori\s4 ,! new sy/em n only   
r$uc$ ! co/ & lab\r ( produc+ iron to   
"o-tw5tie? ( :at !y 7 previ\sly1 b      
greatly improv$ ! quality ( ! article   
produc$4  ,x is n easy to e/imate all t 
,h5ry ,cort's inv5tions h done = ?is    
c\ntry4 ,)\t !m we %\ld h lo/ an ov]fl[+
 & inexhau/ible s\rce ( national weal?1 
&1 moreov]1 l>ge sums w\ld h be5 tak5   
out ( ! c\ntry 9 ! pur*ase ( wr\ght     
metal2 we %\ld nev] h be5 able to give  
full scope to ! great me*anical         
inv5tions br\ght =? t[>ds ! close ( !   
la/1 & ! op5+ ( ! pres5t c5tury2 we %\ld
 h be5 deb>r$ f tak+ rank z ! great     
eng9e]s & eng9e-mak]s = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,!
 direct ga9 to ?is c\ntry f ! inv5tions 
( ,h5ry ,cort1 :i* enabl$ u to "w up our
 own iron1 has be5 calculat$ z equal by 
?is "t to n less ?an a hundr$ millions2 
& x is h>dly possible to exagg]ate !    
b5efits :i* x has conf]r$4 ,"l          
,%effield's prophecy1 t ! adoption ( ^! 

processes w\ld be wor? m to ,brita9 ?an 
a doz5 colonies1 may be said to h be5   
fulfill$4  ,l _m ano!r b5efactor ( 8    
c\ntry1 ,cort got little good out ( 8   
inv5tion = himself4 ,he took out a pat5t
 = 8 process1 & arrang$ ) ! lead+       
iron-ma/]s to accept a royalty ( t5     
%ill+s a ton = ! use ( !m4 ,) a l>ge    
=tune 9 prospect1 8 purse 0 j !n exhau/$
 by ! exp5ses he _h incurr$ 9 exp]im5ts 
& rese>*es2 & he _h to look out = a     
capitali/ to aid him 9 work+ ! pat5t on 
8 own acc\nt4 ,z ill luck w\ld h x1 he  
ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) a c]ta9 ,adam     
,jellicoe1 !n deputy-payma/] ( ! navy4  
,jellicoe 0 consid]$ a man ( sub/ance1 &
 a ?or\ghly respectable "*4 ,he 0 to    
advance ! ready money1 & to receive 9   
return half ( ! pr(its ( ! trade1 ,cort 
assign+ to him1 by way ( collat]al      
security1 8 pat5t rights4 ,= a ye> or   
two all w5t well4 ,! pat5t 0 ev]y:]e    
adopt$1 & ,cort's own iron works drove a
 lucrative & gr[+ trade4 ,he seem$ 9 a  
fair way ( gett+ back ! =tune he _h sp5t

 9 br++ out ! inv5tions1 d\bl$ or       
trebl$1 z he well des]v$4 ,! respectable
 ,jellicoe 0 seiz$ ) a mortal sickness3 
at 8 dea? 8 desk 0 fill$ by ano!r1 8    
books 7 exam9$1 & x turn$ out t he _h   
be5 robb+ ! gov]nm5t = _m a ye> back1 & 
0 a l>ge default]4 ,cort1 ( c\rse1 _h   
no?+ to d ) ?is villany1 b he _h to pay 
! p5alty ( x4 ,z ,jellicoe's p>tn] he 0 
responsible1 9 ^? days ( unlimit$       
liability1 = all ,jellicoe's debts2 b t 
0 n ! wor/ ( x4 ,! treasur] ( ! navy 0 n
 cont5t to exact only ! paym5t (        
,jellicoe's defalcations1 z he _h no    
d\bt a "r to d1 b confiscat$ ! :ole (   
,cort's pat5t rights1 bus9ess1 &        
prop]ty1 :i* w\ld h paid ! debt sev5 or 
eight times ov]1 _h x be5 fairly valu$4 
,?is incid5t has nev] be5 prop]ly cle>$ 
up1 b :at glimpses ( its secret passages
 h be5 obta9$1 seem to indicate cle>ly  
en\gh t poor ,cort 0 ! victim1 n ( "o1 b
 ( two or m sw9dl]s4 ,to ! day ( 8 dea? 
he nev] c\ld obta9 a di/9ct acc\nt ( !  
proce$+s2 & :51 aft] 8 dea?1 a ,royal   

,commission 0 appo9t$ to inquire into ! 
matt]1 ! treasur] ( ! navy & 8 deputy   
took c>e1 a week or two be=e !          
,commission met1 to indemnify ea* o!r by
 a jo9t release1 & to burn _! acc\nts = 
upw>ds ( a million & a half ( public    
money1 = ! application ( :i* !y 7       
responsible1 z well z all pap]s relat+  
to ,cort's case4 ,:5 ! ,commission met1 
& ! treasur] & 8 deputy 7 call$ be=e x1 
!y refus$ to answ] que/ions :i* w\ld    
crim9ate !mselves4  ,8 connection )     
,jellicoe 01 ( c\rse1 ! ru9 ( ,h5ry     
,cort4 ,he _h no means ( re-e/abli%+    
himself 9 bus9ess2 he 0 robb$ ( all     
income f 8 pat5ts2 & he di$ ru9$ &      
brok5-he>t$ t5 ye>s aft]1 leav+ a family
 ( n9e *ildr51 )\t a sixp5ce 9 ! _w4    
,f\r ( ^! *ildr5 n[ survive--old1       
infirm1 & indig5t--only sav$ f be+      
dep5d5t ^u p>i% b\nty by p5sions1 am\nt+
 9 ! aggregate to ,l#ij p] annum4 ,well 
may x be said1 ,!re %\ld be m gratitude 
9 our ,iron ,age to ! *ildr5 ( ,,h5ry   
,,cort4     ,! ,electric ,telegraph4    

,i4--,,mr4 ,,cooke4  ,,ii4--,,pr(essor  
,,:eat/one4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,subm>9e       
,,telegraph4     ,! ,electric           
,telegraph4      ,speak ! ^w & ?9k !    
?\ght1     ,quick 'tis z ) lightn+      
caught--     ,ov]1 "u l&s or seas1      
,to ! f> antipodes2     ,"h aga91 z soon
 z gone1     ,mak+ all ! e>? z "o2      
,mosc[ speaks at twelve o'clock1--      
,london reads ere noon ! %ock4          
,i4--,,mr4 ,,cooke4   ,( all ! m>vels ( 
our "t1 ! mo/ m>vell\s is ! subjugation 
( ! electric fluid1 t pot5t elem5tal    
=ce1--tw9 bro!r ( ! fatal lightn+1--to  
be our submissive c\ri]1 to be> our     
messages f l& to l&1 & put a girdle r\nd
 ab\t ! e>? 9 =ty m9utes4 ,! ,prosp]o t 
tam$ ?is ,ariel 0 no individual g5ius1 b
 two s+le g5tlem5 roll$ into "o4 ,! idea
 ( employ+ ! electric curr5t = !        
conveyance ( signals betwe5 di/ant      
po9ts1 c be trac$ pretty f> back 9 date2
 b to ,mr4 ,cooke & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one 
is und\bt$ly due ! cr$it ( hav+ made !  
electric telegraph an actual &          

accompli%$ fact1 & r5d]$ x practicable =
 ev]yday uses4  ,hav+ s]v$ = a numb] (  
ye>s z an (fic] 9 our ,indian army1 ,mr4
 ,cooke came back to ,europe to recruit 
8 heal? 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahcf1 & took up 8 
abode at ,heidelb]g4 ,he f\nd agreeable 
occupation = 8 leisure 9 ! /udy (       
anatomy1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( anatomical 
models = 8 fa!r's museum at ,durham1 :]e
 he 0 a pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity4         
,entirely self-taught 9 ?is delicate    
art1 ,mr4 ,cooke appli$ himself to x )  
*>act]i/ic ard\r1 & atta9$ rem>kable    
skill4 ,"o day he happ5$ to witness "s  
exp]im5ts :i* 7 made by ,pr(essor       
,mo5cke1 to illu/rate ! feasibility (   
electric signall+4 ,a curr5t (          
electricity 0 pass$ ?r\gh a long wire1 &
 set a magnetic ne$le at ! end quiv]+ "u
 its influ5ce4 ,! exp]im5t 0 a v simple 
"o1 & n at all novel2 b ,cooke _h nev]  
paid any att5tion to ! subject be=e1 & 0
 mu* /ruck ) :at he saw4 ,he became     
/rongly impress$ ) ! possibility (      
employ+ electricity 9 ! transmission (  

telegraphic intellig5ce betwe5 di/ant   
places4 ,f ! day he witness$ ! exp]im5ts
 9 ,pr(essor ,mo5cke's classroom1 he    
=sook ! dissect+ knife1 ?rew aside 8    
modell+ tools1 & appli$ himself to !    
realization ( 8 conception4 ,) su* ard\r
 & devotion did he lab\r1 & su* skill & 
+5uity did he br+ to ! "w1 t )9 ?ree    
weeks he _h con/ruct$ a telegraph ) six 
wires1 =m+ ?ree complete metallic       
curr5ts1 & influ5c+ ?ree ne$les1 by !   
v>i$ incl9ation ( :i* tw5ty-six diff]5t 
signals 7 designat$4 ,9 t %ort "t he _h 
also inv5t$ ! detector1 by :i* injuries 
to ! wires1 :e!r f wat]1 fracture1 or   
contact ) sub/ances capable ( div]t+ !  
curr5t1 7 readily trac$1 & ! al>um1 by  
:i* notice is giv5 at "o end ( ! wire t 
a message is com+ f ! o!r4 ,bo? ^!      
contrivances 7 ( ! utmo/ value1--inde$1 
)\t !m electric telegraphy w\ld be      
impracticable1--& are /ill 9 use4       
,possess+ m ( a me*anical ?an a         
sci5tific g5ius1 ,mr4 ,cooke be/[$ m ( 8
 "t & +5uity on ! p]fection ( a         

telegraph to be work$ by clock me*anism1
 set 9 action by ! )drawal ( a det5t by 
an electro magnet ?an 9 ! completion ( !
 electric telegraph pure & simple4      
,soon aft] hav+ inv5t$ 8 telegraph1 he  
came ov] to ,london1 & sp5t ! re/ ( !   
ye> 9 mak+ a v>iety ( in/rum5ts1 & 9    
ef=ts to get 8 telegraph introduc$ on ! 
,liv]pool & ,man*e/] ,railway4 ,he f\nd 
an ob/acle to ! complete success ( 8    
me*anical telegraph1 9 ! difficulty (   
transmitt+ to a di/ance suffici5t       
electric p[] to "w ! electro magnet ^u  
:i* its action dep5d$4 ,a fri5d advis$  
him to consult ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 !n  
kn[n to be deeply engag$ 9 electrical   
exp]im5ts1 ) a view to telegraphy2 &    
accord+ly1 an int]view betwe5 !m took   
place 9 ,febru>y #ahcg4                 
,,ii4--,,pr(essor ,,:eat/one4   ,mr4    
,*>les ,:eat/one1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,pr(essor
 ( ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy 9 ,k+'s      
,college at ! "t ( t int]view1 _h made  
consid]able advances 9 ! sci5tific "p ( 
! ent]prise4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] z

 a mak] & sell] ( musical in/rum5ts 9   
,london1 he 0 l$ to inve/igate ! sci5ce 
( s\nd2 & f 8 rese>*es 9 t direction1 he
 0 l$--mu* z ,h]s*el 0 l$--to devote    
himself to optics1 & to /udy !          
philosophy ( light4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to po9t
 out ! peculi>ity ( b9ocul> vision1 & to
 describe ! /]eoscope1 :i* has s9ce     
become s popul> an in/rum5t4 ,gradually1
 h[ev]1 8 ?\ghts & rese>*es came to be  
/eadfa/ly direct$ to ! application (    
electricity to ! communication (        
signals4 ,9 det]m9+ ! rate at :i* !     
electric curr5t travels ?r\gh a wire he 
_h laid d[n1 he made an important /ride 
t[>ds ! end 9 view4 ,he prov$ by a s]ies
 ( mo/ +5i\s exp]im5ts1 t "o sp>k (     
electricity leaps on be=e ano!r1 & t its
 progress is a "q ( "t4 ,he f\nd t      
electricity travels ?r\gh a copp] wire z
 fa/ z1 if n fa/]1 ?an light1 t is1 at !
 rate ( #bjj1jjj miles 9 a second2 b    
?r\gh an iron wire1 electricity moves at
 ! rate ( only #ae1djj miles 9 a second4
 ,9 #ahcf ,mr4 ,:eat/one _h begun       

exp]im5ts 9 ! vaults ( ,k+'s ,college1 )
 f\r miles ( wire1 prop]ly insulat$1 & 0
 work+ out ! details ( a telegraph1 !   
sci5tific pr9ciples ( :i* he _h already 
laid d[n4 ,he _h discov]$ an orig9al    
me?od ( conv]t+ a few wires into a      
consid]able numb] ( circuits1 s t !     
greate/ numb] ( signals c\ld be         
transmitt$ by a limit$ numb] ( wires1 by
 ! deflection ( magnetic ne$les4 ,mr4   
,:eat/one1 h[ev]1 0 some:at backw>d 9 ! 
me*anical p>ts ( ! s*eme1 & ! meet+     
betwe5 him & ,cooke 0 !re=e ( ! greate/ 
b5efit to bo?1 & an admirable           
illu/ration ( ! old prov]b1 t two heads 
are bett] ?an "o4 ,_h !y nev] be5 br\ght
 toge!r1--_h !y kept on work+ out _! own
 ideas ap>t--ea* w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5   
able to produce an electric telegraph2 b
 a great deal ( "t w\ld h be5 lo/1 & _! 
respective ef=ts less complete &        
valuable ?an ! "o !y effect$ 9          
conjunction4 ,cooke want$ s\nd1         
sci5tific k2 ,:eat/one want$ me*anical  
+5uity2 & _! union suppli$ mutual       

defici5cies4 ,a p>tn]%ip 0 imm$iately   
=m$ betwe5 !m4 ,be=e _! comb9$ g5ius all
 difficulties vani%$2 & 9 ! ,june ( !   
same ye> !y 7 able to take out a pat5t =
 a telegraph ) five wires & five ne$les4
 ,_! respective %>es 9 its inv5tion are 
cle>ly m>k$ out by ,sir ,j4 ,brunel &   
,pr(essor ,daniell1 :o1 z arbit]s betwe5
 ! two ^u t delicate "q1 gave ! foll[+  
aw>d 9 #ahda3--  ,:il/ ,mr4 ,cooke is   
entitl$ to /& alone z ! g5tleman to :om 
?is c\ntry is indebt$ = hav+ practically
 introduc$ & c>ri$ out ! electric       
telegraph z a useful und]tak+1 promis+  
to be a "w ( national importance2 &     
,pr(essor ,:eat/one is ackn[l$g$ z !    
sci5tific man ^: pr(\nd & successful    
rese>*es _h already prep>$ ! public to  
receive x z a project capable (         
practical application1--x is to ! unit$ 
lab\rs ( two g5tlem5 s well qualifi$ =  
mutual assi/ance1 t we mu/ attribute !  
rapid progress :i* ?is important        
inv5tion has made dur+ ! five ye>s s9ce 
!y h be5 associat$4  ,%ortly aft] ! tak+

 out ( a pat5t1 wires 7 laid d[n betwe5 
,eu/on ,squ>e ,t]m9us & ,camd5 ,t[n     
,/ation1 on ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway2 & !
 new telegraph 0 subject$ to trial4     
,late 9 ! ev5+ ( ! #be? ,july #ahcg1 9 a
 d+y little room 9 "o ( ! ,eu/on ,squ>e 
(fices1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one sat alone1 )
 a h& on ea* h&le ( ! signal in/rum5t1 &
 an anxi\s eye ^u ! dial1 ) its ne$les z
 yet 9 motionless repose4 ,9 ano!r      
little room at ! ,camd5 ,t[n ,/ation1   
,mr4 ,cooke 0 seat$ 9 a simil> position 
be=e ! in/rum5t at ! o!r end ( ! wires1 
along ) ,mr41 n[ ,sir ,*>les ,fox1      
,rob]t ,/eph5son1 & "s o!r g5tlem54 ,x 0
 a try+1 agitat+ mom5t = ! two          
inv5tors1--h[ ,:eat/one's pulse mu/ h   
?robb$1 & 8 he>t beat1 z he j]k$ ! h&le1
 broke ! electric curr5t1 & s5t ! ne$les
 quiv]+ on ! dial2 9 :at susp5se he mu/ 
h sp5t ! next few m9utes1 hold+ 8 brea? 
z ?\gh to he> 8 fell['s voice1 & almo/  
afraid to look at ! dial le/ no answ]   
%\ld be made2 ) :at a ?rill ( joy mu/   
ea* h se5 ! ne$les wag kn[+ly & spell   

out _! preci\s message1--! ,all's well2 
?ank ,god1 t fla%$ f he>t to he>t1 along
 ! l9e ( s5seless wire4 ,nev]1 said     
,:eat/one1 did ,i feel su* a tumultu\s  
s5sation be=e1 z :5 all alone 9 ! /ill  
room ,i he>d ! ne$les click2 & z ,i     
spell$ ! words1 ,i felt all ! magnitude 
( ! inv5tion n[ prov$ to be practicable 
beyond cavil or dispute4  ,a few days   
be=e ?is trial ( ! telegraph 9 ,london1 
,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 is said to h _h "o (
 8 own inv5tion at "w !re2 & x is a     
difficult "q to decide :e!r he or ,cooke
 & ,:eat/one 7 ! fir/ inv5tors4 ,x is1  
h[ev]1 a "q ( no consequ5ce1 z ea* work$
 indep5d5tly4 ,s9ce ! fir/ ,engli%      
electric telegraph 0 pat5t$1 !re h be5 a
 ?\s& & "o o!r contrivances ( a simil>  
k9d tak5 out2 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 =  
practical purposes1 ! orig9al app>atus1 
) ! improvem5ts :i* its own inv5tors h  
made on x1 is n /ill ! be/ ( !m all4  ,f
 be+ us$ m]ely to c>ry railway messages1
 ! telegraph 0 br\ght into ! s]vice ( ! 
g5]al public2 ! advantages ( su* almo/  

in/antane\s communication 7 readily     
appreciat$2 & eight ye>s aft] ,messrs4  
,cooke & ,:eat/one took out _! pat5t1   
l9es ( telegraph to ! ext5t ( #ejj miles
 7 9 op]ation 9 ,engl& ^u ! orig9al     
plan4 ,9 #ahee telegraphic correspond5ce
 _h become s g5]al1 t ! ,electric       
,telegraph ,company 0 />t$ to supply !  
dem&4 ,9 t e/abli%m5t ! ,ne$le          
,telegraph ( ,:eat/one & ,cooke is ! "o 
g5]ally us$1 ) ! ,*emical ,record+      
,telegraph ( ,ba9 = special occasions4  
,by means ( ! latt]1 blue l9es ( v>i\s  
l5g?s1 accord+ to an alphabet1 are drawn
 ^u a ribbon ( pap]1 & z _m z #bj1jjj   
words c be s5t 9 an h\r1 ?\gh ! ord9>y  
rate is #ajj p] m9ute4 ,9 ! pur*ase (   
pat5t rights alone1 ! ,company h sp5t   
,l#agj1jjj1 & !y are e ye> add+ to !    
l5g? ( _! wires4 ,9 ,june #ahej !y _h   
#fgcj miles ( wires1 & despat*$ #bi1bde 
messages a ye>4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahec !y _h 
#bd1cdj miles ( wires1 & despat*$       
#bab1ddj messages a-ye>4 ,_! l9es n[    
ext5d ov] a mu* l>g] mileage1 & convey a

 greatly increas$ numb] ( messages4 ,!  
,magnetic ,telegraph ,company h also a  
l>ge ext5t ( wires1 & d a consid]able   
bus9ess4     ,,iii4--,,! ,,subm>9e      
,,telegraph4   ,! l& telegraph hav+ _h  
su* success1 ! next /ep 0 to c>ry !     
wires across ! deep1 & l9k cont95t to   
cont95t1--an all-important /ep = an isl&
 k+dom su* z ours1 ) its legion ( di/ant
 colonies4 ,! success ( a subm]g$ cable 
betwe5 ,gosport & ,portsm\?1 & ( "o     
across ! docks at ,hull1 prov$ !        
feasibility ( a wat] telegraph1 at lea/ 
on a small scale1 & x 0 n long be=e m   
ambiti\s attempts 7 made4 ,on ! #bh? (  
,augu/ #ahej1 a cable1 #cj miles long1 9
 a gutta p]*a %ea?+1 0 /ret*$ at !      
bottom ( ! /raits betwe5 ,dov] & ,cape  
,grisnez1 ne> ,calais4 ,messages (      
congratulation sp$ along ?is wire betwe5
 ,engl& & ,france2 & al?\gh a ridge (   
rocks fil$ ! cable asund] on ! ,fr5*    
coa/1 ! susp5sion ( communication 0 only
 tempor>y4 ,! l9k has once m be5        
e/abli%$1 & is 9 daily use4 ,! fir/ news

 s5t by ! wire to ,engl& 0 ( ! celebrat$
 c\p d'etat ( ! #b;d ,decemb]1 :i* cle>$
 ! way = ,l\is ,napoleon's asc5t ( !    
?rone4 ,num]\s o!r cables h s9ce be5    
sunk b5ea? ! wat]s2 complete telegraphic
 communication has j be5 e/abli%$ betwe5
 ,engl& & ,india1 & w1 no d\bt1 be=e    
long be ext5d$ to ,au/ralia4  ,! greate/
 ent]prise ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s
 unaccompli%$--t is1 ! lay+ ( !         
,atlantic cable4 ,a company 0 />t$ 9    
#ahef to c>ry out ?is great ent]prise1 !
 gov]nm5ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$  
,/ates engag+ to assi/ !m1 n only ) an  
annual subsidy ( ,l#aj1jjj a-ye> =      
tw5ty-five ye>s1 b to furni% ! m5 & %ips
 requir$ = lay+ ! cable f "o side ( !   
,atlantic to ! o!r4 ,! *ief difficulty  
:i* engag$ ! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,wildman   
,:iteh\se & ! o!r ag5ts ( ! notable     
ent]prise 0 ! enorm\s size ( ! cable    
:i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld be necess>y4 ,!    
g5]al belief at t "t 01 t ! great] !    
di/ance to be trav]s$1 ! l>g] mu/ be !  
wire along :i* ! electric curr5t 0 to   

pass1 & t ! rate ( spe$ w\ld be 9       
proportion to ! size ( ! conductor4 ,mr4
 ,:iteh\se1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x w\ld be z    
well to beg9 by mak+ sure t ?is 0 really
 ! case1 & t a mon/] cable 0 ess5tial2 &
 aft] "s ?ree ?\s& sep>ate obs]vations &
 exp]im5ts1 0 delight$ to f9d t !       
difficulty :i* />$ !m 9 ! face 0        
imag9>y4 ,in/ead ( a l>ge cable         
transmitt+ ! curr5t fa/] ?an a small "o1
 he asc]ta9$ beyond a d\bt1 t ! bigg] ! 
wire1 ! sl[] 0 ! passage ( !            
electricity4 ,x w\ld be ne$ful1 !re=e1  
to make ! cable only /rong en\gh to /& !
 /ra9 ( its own weight1 & heavy en\gh to
 s9k to ! bottom4 ,a s+le wire w\ld h   
be5 q suffici5t1 b a /r& ( sev5 wires ( 
! f9e/ copp] 0 us$ = ! cable1 s t !     
fracture ( "o ( !m might n int]f]e ) !  
communication1--z long z "o wire 0 left 
intact ! curr5t w\ld proce$4 ,a triple  
coat+ ( gutta p]*a1 to keep ! sea f     
suck+ out ! electricity1 & a ?ick coat+ 
( iron wire1 to s9k ! cable to ! bottom 
& give x /r5g?1 7 add$ to ! copp] rope1 

& !n ! cable 0 complete4 ,no less ?an   
#cbe1jjj miles ( iron & copp] wire 7    
wov5 into ?is great cable1--z mu* z     
might be w\nd ?irte5 times r\nd ! globe2
 & its weight 0 ab\t a ton p] mile4 ,!  
l5g? ( ! cable 0 #ah1idg miles--"s #fjj 
miles be+ all[$ to come & g ^u1 9 case (
 accid5ts4  ,! end ( ,july #aheg 0      
select$ = ! sail+ ( ! %ips t 7 to lay ! 
cable1 z fogs & gales 7 !n out ( season1
 & no iceb]gs to be met )4 ,on ! #h? (  
,augu/1 ! ,agamemnon 7,engli%7 & ,niag>a
 7,am]ican71 ) f\r small] /eam]s to     
att5d !m1 & ea* ) half ( ! mighty cable 
9 h] hold1 got up _! /eam & left        
,val5tia ,h>b\r4 ,"o end ( ! cable 0    
c>ri$ by a numb] ( boats f ! ,niag>a on 
%ore1 :]e ! ,"l-,lieut5ant 0 9 wait+ to 
receive x1 & place x 9 contact ) !      
batt]ies1 :i* 7 arrang$ 9 a little t5t  
^u ! bea*4 ,a slight accid5t to ! cable 
= a little :ile delay$ ! dep>ture ( !   
%ips2 b by ! #aj? !y _h got #bjj miles  
out to sea1 & s f> ! cable _h be5 laid  
successfully4 ,messages pass$ & repass$ 

betwe5 ! %ips & ! %ore4 ,! next day !   
eng9e] discov]+ t too mu* cable 0 be+   
paid out1 telegraph$ to ! p on bo>d to  
put a great] grip on x2 ! op]ation 0    
clumsily manag$1 & ! cable snapp$1 s9k+ 
to a dep? ( #ab1jjj feet4  ,n di%e>t5$1 
h[ev]1 ! ,company replac$ ! lo/ portion 
( ! cable2 ! ,gov]nm5t aga9 furni%$ %ips
 & m51 & ! cable 0 actually laid at !   
bottom ( ! ,atlantic f ,val5tia ,bay to 
,tr9ity ,h>b\r4  ,addresses (           
congratulation pass$ betwe5 ! ,que5 & ! 
,presid5t ( ! ,/ates1 & num]\s messages 
7 transmitt$4 ,b gradually ! signals    
grew fa9t] & m fa9t1 till !y ceas$      
altoge!r4 ,! cable 0 /rick5 dumb4 ,a    
little to ! nor? ( ! fiftie? p>allel (  
latitude1 at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 :]e
 ! plateau is unbrok5 by any great      
depression1 "s #aejj miles ( ! disabl$  
cable 7 ly+1 on a s(t b$ ( mud1 :i* 0   
con/antly ?ick5+1 at a dep? ( f #aj1jjj 
to #ae1jjj feet4  ,! importance (       
telegraphic communication betwe5 ,engl& 
& ! ,unit$ ,/ates 01 h[ev]1 s obvi\s t  

its projectors 7 n to be daunt$ by !    
failure !y _h su/a9$4 ,nor 0 x altoge!r 
a failure4 ,!y _h prov$ t a cable c\ld  
be laid1 & messages fla%$ ?r\gh x4 ,:at 
0 want$ 0 evid5tly a /rong] cable1 :i*  
%\ld be less liable to injury1 & m      
p]fect 9 its insulation ( ! telegraphic 
wires4  ,f #aheh to #ahfd1 ! ,company 7 
engag$ 9 ! difficult task ( rais+ fre%  
funds1 & 9 endeav\r+ to secure grants f 
! ,briti% & ,am]ican ,gov]nm5ts4 ,_! m5 
( sci5ce1 mean:ile1 7 devis+ improvem5ts
 9 ! =m ( cable1 & contriv+ fre%        
app>atus to facilitate its subm]sion4   
,ev5tually ! ,telegraph ,con/ruction &  
,ma9t5ance ,company1 an union ( ! ,gutta
 ,p]*a ,company ) ! celebrat$ firm (    
,glass & ,elliott1 con/ruct$ an entirely
 new cable1 :i* 0 n only co/li]1 b ?ick]
 & /rong] ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,! conductor1
 ?ree hundr$ p\nds p] mile1 & "o-sev5? (
 an in* ?ick1 consi/$ ( sev5 ,no4 #ah   
copp] wires1 ea* "o-tw5tie? ( an in* 9  
?ickness4 ,! core or he>t ( ! cable1    
says a writ] 9 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia1 

0 =m$ ( f\r lay]s ( gutta p]*a alt]nat+ 
) f\r ( ,*att]ton's comp\nd 7a solution 
( gutta p]*a 9 ,/ockholm t>72 ! wire &  
conductor be+ sev5 hundr$ p\nds p] mile1
 & n9e-tw5tie?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,outside 
?is 0 a coat+ ( hemp or jute y>n1       
saturat$ ) a pres]vative composition2   
:ile ! %ea? consi/$ ( t5 iron wires1 ea*
 previ\sly cov]$ ) five t>r$ ,manilla   
y>ns4 ,! :ole cable 0 an in* & "o eigh? 
?ick1 weigh$ ?irty-five & ?ree-qu>t]    
hundr$weights p] mile1 & 0 /rong en\gh  
to endure a break+ /ra9 ( sev5 tons &   
?ree-qu>t]s4 ,dur+ ! v>i\s processes (  
manufacture1 ! electrical quality ( !   
cable 0 te/$ to an unusual ext5t4 ,!    
portions ( f9i%$ core 7 te/$ by imm]sion
 9 wat] at v>i\s temp]atures2 next      
submitt$ to a pressure ( six hundr$     
p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 to imitate ! ocean
 pressure at s great dep?2 !n ! conduct+
 p[] ( ! copp] wire 0 te/$ by a         
galvanomet]2 & v>i\s exp]im5ts 7 also   
made on ! insulat+ prop]ty ( ! gutta    
p]*a4 ,! v>i\s pieces hav+ be5 ?us      

sev]ely put to ! pro(1 !y 7 splic$ end  
to end1 & ! jo9ts or splic+s te/$4 ,9 a 
^w1 no?+ 0 left undone t c\ld insure !  
success or gu>antee ! /ability ( ! new  
cable4  ,:5 complet$1 ! cable measur$   
two ?\s& ?ree hundr$ miles1 & weigh$    
upw>ds ( f\r ?\s& tons4 ,x 0 felt t su* 
a burd5 c\ld only be intru/$ to         
,brunel's big %ip1 ! ,great ,ea/]n4 ,=  
?is purpose ?ree huge iron tanks 7      
built1 9 ! =e1 middle1 & aft holds ( !  
vessel1 ea* f fifty to sixty feet 9     
diamet]1 & ea* tw5ty & a half feet 9    
dep?2 & 9 ^! ! cable 0 deposit$ 9 ?ree  
va/ coils4  ,on ! #bcrd ( ,july #ahfe1 !
 ,great ,ea/]n left ,val5tia1 ! subm>9e 
cable be+ jo9$ end to end to a m massive
 %ore cable1 :i* 0 haul$ up ! cliff at  
,foilhumm]um ,bay1 to a telegraph-h\se  
at ! top4 ,! electric condition ( !     
cable 0 cont9ually te/$ dur+ ! %ip's    
voyage across ! ,atlantic2 & m ?an once 
its effici5cy 0 di/urb$ by fragm5ts (   
wire pi]c+ ! gutta p]*a & de/roy+ !     
insulation4 ,at l5g? on ,augu/ #bnd1 !  

cable snapp$ by ov]/ra9+1 & ! end sank  
to ! bottom 9 two ?\s& fa?oms wat]1 at a
 di/ance ( "o ?\s& & sixty-f\r miles f !
 ,iri% coa/4 ,attempts 7 made to recov] 
x by dr$g+4 ,a five-arm$ grapnel1       
susp5d$ to ! end ( a /\t iron-wire rope 
five miles long1 0 flung ov]bo>d2 & :5 x
 rea*$ ! bottom1 ! ,great ,ea/]n /eam$  
to & fro 9 ! direction :]e ! lo/ cable 0
 suppos$ to be ly+2 b failure foll[$ ^u 
failure1 & ! cable 0 nev] once hook$4   
,!re rema9$ no?+ to be done b = ! ,great
 ,ea/]n to return to ,engl& ) ! news (  
h] non-success1 & leav+ 7includ+ !      
failure ( #aheg-h7 ne>ly f\r ?\s& tons (
 electric cable at ! bottom ( ! ocean4  
,! promot]s ( ocean telegraphy1 h[ev]1 7
 det]m9$ to be resolute to ! end4 ,a new
 ,company 0 =m$1 new capital 0 rais$1 & 
a ?ird cable manufactur$1 diff]+ 9 "s   
respects f ! =m]4 ,! outside jacket 0   
made ( hemp in/ead ( jute2 ! iron wires 
( ! %ea? 7 galvaniz$1 & ! ,manilla hemp 
:i* cov]$ !m 0 n t>r$4 ,*iefly ?r\gh !  
abs5ce ( ! t>1 ! weight ( ! cable 0     

dim9i%$ five hundr$ p\nds p] mile2 :ile 
its /r5g? or break+ /ra9 0 increas$4 ,a 
suffici5t quantity ( ?is improv$ cable 0
 made to cross ! ,atlantic1 ) all due   
all[ance = slack2 & also a suffici5t    
quantity ( ! #ahfe cable to rem$y !     
disa/] ( t ye>4  ,on ,july #ac?1 #ahff1 
! ,great ,ea/]n once m set =? on h]     
int]e/+ voyage1 accompani$ by ! /eam]s  
,t]rible1 ,m$way1 & ,albany1 to assi/ 9 
! subm]sion ( ! cable1 & to act z       
auxili>ies :5ev] ne$$4 ,! l9e ( r\te    
*os5 lay ab\t midway betwe5 ^? ( ! #aheh
 & #ahfe cables1 b at no great di/ance f
 ei!r4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n ex*ang$         
telegrams almo/ cont9u\sly ) ,val5tia z 
%e /eam$ t[>ds ! ,am]ican cont95t2 &    
great 7 ! congratulations :5 %e safely  
arriv$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,he>t's ,cont5t1     
,newf\ndl&1 on ! #bg?4  ,op]ations 7    
next comm5c$ to recov] ! end ( ! #ahfe  
cable1 & complete its subm]g5ce4 ,!     
,albany1 ,m$way1 & ,t]rible 7 despat*$  
on ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 to ! po9t :]e1 deep  
d[n b5ea? ! d>kl+ waves1 ! cable 0      

suppos$ to be ly+1 & on ! #i? or #aj? !y
 7 jo9$ by ! ,great ,ea/]n1 :5 grappl+ 0
 comm5c$1 & c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! rema9d] ( !
 mon?4 ,! cable 0 repeat$ly caught1 &   
rais$ to a great] or less height f !    
ocean b$2 b some?+ or o!r snapp$ or     
slipp$ e "t1 & d[n w5t ! cable aga94 ,at
 la/1 aft] mu* trial ( pati5ce1 ! end ( 
! cable 0 safely fi%$ up on ,septemb]   
#a/2 & electric messages 7 at once s5t  
?r\gh to ,val5tia1 j z well z if ! cable
 _h n _h twelve mon?s' soak+ 9 !        
,atlantic4 ,an additional l5g? hav+ be5 
splic$ to x1 ! lay+ recomm5c$2 & on !   
#h? ! squadron ent]$ ,he>t's ,cont5t1   
hav+ ?us succe$$ 9 lay+ a second l9e (  
cable f ,irel& to ,am]ica4  ,! two      
cables1 ! old & ! new1 cont9u$ to "w v  
smoo?ly dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahff & #ahfg2 b 9
 ,may #ahfg1 ! new cable 0 damag$ by an 
iceb]g1 :i* drift$ across x at a di/ance
 ( ab\t ?ree miles f ! ,newf\ndl& %ore4 
,! injury 0 soon repair$2 b aga91 9     
,july #ahfg1 ! same cable broke at ab\t 
fifty miles f ,newf\ndl&4  ,! e>li]     

cable cont9u$ to "w = sev]al ye>s1 b bo?
 cables gave way t[>ds ! close ( !      
autumn ( #ahgj4 ,no special inconv5i5ce 
0 felt1 h[ev]1 z two ye>s ago a ,fr5*   
l9e ( cable 0 laid d[n betwe5 ,europe & 
,am]ica2 ! ,great ,ea/]n be+ aga9       
employ$1 & ! op]ations be+ conduct$ "u !
 sup]9t5d5ce ( ,engli% electricians4 ,! 
two ,briti% cables w probably be repair$
 9 ! spr+ ( ! pres5t ye> 7#ahga74       
,subm>9e cables h multipli$ rec5tly1 &  
almo/ e ocean fl[s ov] ! my/]i\s wires  
:i* fla% intellig5ce b5ea? ! roll+ wat]s
 f po9t to po9t ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,by a  
telegraph-cable1 :i* is p>tly subm>9e1 !
 ,india ,(fice 9 ,we/m9/] is unit$ ) !  
,gov]nor-,g5]al & 8 ,c\ncil at          
,calcutta4 ,!re is also communication   
betwe5 ,s+apore & ,au/ralia1 & ! network
 ( ocean telegraphy is be+ s rapidly    
ext5d$ t1 be=e long1 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t
 9 ! metropolis w be enabl$ to convey   
its in/ructions 9 a few h\rs to !       
adm9i/rative au?orities 9 e ,briti%     
colony4 ,& ?us ! words :i* ! poet puts  

into ! m\? ( ,puck w be ne>ly realiz$ 9 
a s5se ! poet nev] dream$ (--,i'll put a
 girdle r\nd ab\t ! _w 9 =ty m9utes4    
,! ,silk ,manufacture4     ,i4--,,john  
,,lombe4  ,,ii4--,,william ,,lee4       
,,iii4--,,joseph ,,m>ie ,,jacqu>d4      
,! ,silk ,manufacture4     ,i4--,,john  
,,lombe4   ,9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or       
,ju/9ian1 a c\ple ( ,p]sian monks1 on a 
religi\s mission to ,*9a1 br\ght away ) 
!m a quantity ( silkworms' eggs conceal$
 9 a piece ( holl[ cane1 :i* !y c>ri$ to
 ,con/ant9ople4 ,!re !y hat*$ ! eggs1   
re>$ ! worms1 & spun ! silk1--= ! fir/  
"t introduc+ t manufacture into ,europe1
 & de/roy+ ! close monopoly :i* ,*9a _h 
hi!rto enjoy$4 ,f ,con/ant9ople ! k & ! 
practice ( ! art gradually ext5d$ to    
,greece1 !nce to ,italy1 & next to      
,spa94 ,ea* c\ntry1 z 9 turn x ga9$     
possession ( ! secret1 /rove to pres]ve 
x ) jeal\s c>e2 b to little purpose4 ,a 
secret t s _m ?\s&s already %>$ 9       
common1 c\ld n long rema9 s1 al?\gh its 
passage to o!r c\ntries might be = a "t 

def]r$4 ,france & ,engl& 7 beh9d mo/ ( !
 o!r /ates ( ,europe 9 obta9+ a k ( !   
craft & my/]y4 ,! manufacture ( silk did
 n take root 9 ,france till ! reign (   
,francis ,i42 & 0 h>dly kn[n 9 ,engl&   
till ! p]secutions ( ! ,duke ( ,p>ma 9  
#aehe drove a great numb] ( !           
manufactur]s ( ,antw]p to seek refuge 9 
our l&4 ,james ,i4 0 v anxi\s to promote
 ! bre$ ( silkworms1 & ! production (   
silk5 fabrics4 ,dur+ 8 reign a great _m 
mulb]ry-trees 7 plant$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! 
c\ntry--among o!rs1 t celebrat$ "o 9    
,%akspe>e's g>d5 at ,/rat=d-on-,avon--& 
an attempt 0 made to re> ! worm 9 our   
c\ntry1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ung5ial climate   
fru/rat$4 ,silk-?r[/]s1 dy]s1 & weav]s 7
 br\ght ov] f ! ,cont95t2 & !           
manufacture made su* progress t1 by     
#afbi1 ! silk-?r[/]s ( ,london 7        
incorporat$1 & ?irty ye>s aft] employ$  
no few] ?an #dj1jjj h&s4 ,! emigration f
 ,france consequ5t on ! revocation ( !  
,edict ( ,nantes 7#afhe7 add$ n only to 
! numb]s engag$ 9 ! trade1 b to ! ta/e1 

skill1 & ent]prise ) :i* x 0 conduct$4  
,x is n easy to e/imate h[ deeply       
,france w\nd$ h]self by ! iniquit\s     
p]secution ( ! ,prote/ants1 or h[ l>gely
 ! emigrants repaid by _! indu/ry !     
%elt] :i* ,brita9 af=d$ !m4  ,al?\gh !  
manufacture _h n[ become fairly         
naturaliz$ 9 ,engl&1 x 0 re/rict$ by our
 ignorance ( ! fir/ process to :i* !    
silk 0 subject$4 ,up till #agah1 ! :ole 
( ! silk us$ 9 ,engl&1 = :atev] purpose1
 0 import$ ?r[n1 t is1 =m$ into ?reads (
 v>i\s k9ds & twi/s4 ,a "y ,engli%man   
nam$ ,john ,lombe1 impress$ ) ! idea t  
our dep5d5ce on o!r c\ntries = a supply 
( ?r[n silk prev5t$ u f reap+ ! full    
b5efit ( ! manufacture1 & f compet+ )   
=eign trad]s1 conceiv$ ! project (      
visit+ ,italy1 & discov]+ ! secret ( !  
op]ation4 ,he accord+ly w5t ov] to      
,pi$mont 9 #agae1 b f\nd ! difficulties 
great] ?an he _h anticipat$4 ,he appli$ 
= admittance at sev]al factories1 b 0   
told t an exam9ation ( ! ma*9]y 0       
/rictly prohibit$4 ,n to be balk$1 he   

resolv$1 z a la/ resort1 to try if he   
c\ld accompli% by /ratagem :at he _h    
fail$ to d op5ly4 ,disguis+ himself 9 ! 
dress ( a common lab\r]1 he brib$ a     
c\ple ( ! workm5 connect$ ) "o ( !      
factories1 & ) _! connivance obta9$     
access 9 secret to ! works4 ,8 visits 7 
few & %ort2 b he made ! be/ use ( 8 "t4 
,he c>efully exam9$ ! v>i\s p>ts ( !    
ma*9]y1 asc]ta9$ ! pr9ciple ( its       
op]ation1 & made himself completely ma/]
 ( ! :ole process ( ?r[+4 ,ea* night    
be=e he w5t to b$ he not$ d[n ev]y?+ he 
_h se51 & drew sket*es ( p>ts ( !       
ma*9]y4 ,?is plot1 h[ev]1 0 discov]$ by 
! ,italians4 ,he & 8 accomplices _h to  
fly = _! lives1 & n )\t great difficulty
 escap$ to a %ip :i* convey$ !m to      
,engl&4  ,lombe _h n =gott5 to c>ry (f )
 him 8 note-book1 sket*es1 & a *e/ full 
( ma*9]y1 & on 8 return home lo/ no "t 9
 practis+ ! art ( ?r[+ silk4 ,on a      
swampy isl& 9 ! riv] ,d]w5t1 at ,d]by1  
he built a magnific5t mill1 yet /&+1    
call$ ! ,old ,silk ,mill4 ,its erection 

occupi$ f\r ye>s1 & co/ ,l#cj1jjj4 ,x 0 
five /oreys 9 height1 & an eigh? ( a    
mile 9 l5g?4 ,! gr& ma*9e numb]$ no few]
 ?an #ac1chd :eels4 ,x 0 said t x c\ld  
produce #cah1ejd1ifj y>ds ( organz9e    
silk ?read daily2 b ! e/imate is no d\bt
 exagg]at$4  ,:ile ! mill 0 build+1     
,lombe1 9 ord] to save "t & e>n money to
 c>ry on ! works1 op5$ a manufactory 9 !
 ,t[n ,hall ( ,d]by4 ,8 ma*9]y m ?an    
fulfill$ 8 expectations1 & enabl$ him to
 sell ?r[n silk at mu* l[] prices ?an 7 
*>g$ by ! ,italians4 ,a ?riv+ trade 0   
?us e/abli%$1 & ,engl& reliev$ f all    
dep5d5ce on o!r c\ntries = ?r[n silk4   
,! ,italians conceiv$ a bitt] hatr$     
aga9/ ,lombe = hav+ brok5 9 ^u _!       
monopoly & dim9i%$ _! trade4 ,9 rev5ge1 
!re=e1 accord+ to ,william ,hutton1 !   
hi/orian ( ,d]by1 !y det]m9$ 8          
de/ruction1 & hop$ t ( 8 works w\ld     
foll[4 ,an ,italian woman 0 despat*$ to 
corrupt h] two c\ntrym5 :o assi/$ ,lombe
 9 ! managem5t ( ! works4 ,%e obta9$    
employm5t 9 ! factory1 & ga9$ ov] "o ( !

 ,italians to h] iniquit\s design4 ,!y  
prep>$ a sl[ poison1 & adm9i/]$ x 9     
small doses to ,lombe1 :o1 aft] l+]+    
?ree or f\r ye>s 9 agony1 di$ at ! e>ly 
age ( tw5ty-n9e4 ,! ,italian fl$2 !     
woman 0 seiz$ & subject$ to a close     
exam9ation1 b no def9ite pro( c\ld be   
elicit$ t ,lombe _h be5 poison$4 ,lombe 
0 buri$ 9 great /ate1 z a m>k ( respect 
on ! "p ( 8 t[nsm54 ,he 01 says ,hutton1
 a man ( quiet deportm5t1 :o _h br\ght a
 b5eficial manufactory into ! place1    
employ$ ! poor1 & at advanc$ wages1--&  
?us c\ld n fail to meet ) respect2 & 8  
melan*oly end excit$ mu* sympa?y4       
,,ii4--,,william ,,lee4   ,9 ! ,/ock+   
,weav]s' ,hall1 9 ,r$cross ,/reet1      
,london1 !re us$ to hang a picture1     
repres5t+ a man 9 collegiate co/ume 9 ! 
act ( po9t+ to an iron /ock+-frame1 &   
address+ a woman busily knitt+ ) ne$les 
by h&4 ,und]nea? ! picture appe>$ !     
foll[+ inscription3 ,9 ! ye> #aehi1 !   
+5i\s ,william ,lee1 ,a4,m41 ( ,/4      
,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 devis$ ?is

 pr(itable art = /ock+s 7b1 be+ despis$1
 w5t to ,france71 yet ( iron to himself1
 b to u & to o!rs ( gold2 9 memory ( :om
 ?is is "h pa9t$4 ,z to :o ?is ,william 
,lee 01 & ! way 9 :i* he came to inv5t !
 /ock+-frame1 !re are conflict+ /ories1 
b ! "o mo/ g5]ally receiv$ & be/        
au!nticat$ is z foll[s3--  ,william     
,lee1 a native ( ,woodbor\gh1 ne>       
,nott+ham1 0 a fell[ ( "o ( ! ,cambridge
 ,colleges4 ,he fell 9 love ) a "y      
c\ntry lass1 m>ri$ h]1 & consequ5tly    
=feit$ 8 fell[%ip4 ,a poor s*ol>1 ) mu* 
le>n+1 b )\t money or ! k ( any trade1  
he f\nd himself 9 v emb>rass$           
circum/ances4 ,l _m ano!r poor s*ol>1 he
 might exclaim3--      ,all ! arts ,i h 
skill 91             ,div9e & humane2   
,yet all's n wor? a %ill+2     ,alas6   
poor s*ol>1 :i!r wilt ?\ g8  ,8 wife1   
h[ev]1 0 a v indu/ri\s woman1 & by h]   
knitt+ contribut$ to _! jo9t support4 ,x
 is said--b ! /ory lacks au!ntic        
confirmation--t :5 ,lee 0 c\rt+ h]1 %e  
always appe>$ s mu* m occupi$ ) h]      

knitt+ ?an ) ! s(t spee*es he 0 :isp]+ 9
 h] e>1 t h] lov] ?\ght ( inv5t+ a ma*9e
 t w\ld facilitate & =w>d ! op]ation (  
knitt+1 & s leave ! object ( 8 love m   
leisure to conv]se ) him4 ,love1 inde$1 
says ,beckmann1 is f]tile 9 inv5tion1 & 
gave rise1 x is said1 to ! art ( pa9t+2 
b a ma*9e s complex 9 its p>ts1 & s     
wond]ful 9 its effects1 w\ld seem to    
require long] & great] reflection1 m    
judgm5t1 & m "t & pati5ce ?an c\ld be   
expect$ ( a lov]4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 ,lee1 
9 8 pa9fully en=c$ idl5ess1 sat _m a    
long h\r wat*+ 8 wife's nimble f+]s     
toil+ to support him1 8 m9d aga9 recurr$
 to ! idea ( a ma*9e t w\ld give re/ to 
h] we>y f+]s4 ,8 cogitations result$ 9 !
 contrivance ( a /ock+-frame1 :i*       
imitat$ ! movem5ts ( ! f+]s 9 knitt+4   
,illu/ration3 ,,william ,,lee1 ,,!      
,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,/ock+-,,frame4 ,page
 #bbf4  ,al?\gh ! inv5tion ( ?is loom   
gave a great impulse to ! manufacture ( 
silk /ock+s 9 ,engl&1 & plac$ our       
productions 9 advance ( ^? ( o!r        

c\ntries1 ,lee reap$ b little pr(it f x4
 ,he met ) neglect bo? f ,que5 ,elizabe?
 & ,james ,i42 &1 n succe$+ z a         
manufactur] on 8 own acc\nt1 w5t to     
,france1 :]e he did v well until aft] ! 
assass9ation ( ,h5ri ,,iv41 :5 he %>$ ! 
p]secutions ( ! ,prote/ants1 & di$ 9    
great di/ress 9 ,p>is4                  
,,iii4--,,joseph ,,m>ie ,,jacqu>d4      
,joseph ,m>ie ,jacqu>d1 ! inv5tor ( !   
loom :i* be>s 8 "n1 & to :om ! ext5t &  
prosp]ity ( ! silk manufacture ( our "t 
is ma9ly due1 0 born at ,lyons 9 #ageb1 
( humble p>5ts1 bo? ( :om 7 weav]s4 ,8  
fa!r taught him to ply ! %uttle2 b =    
education ( any o!r sort1 he 0 left to 8
 own devices4 ,he manag$ to pick up "s k
 ( read+ & writ+ = himself2 b 8 fav\rite
 occupation 0 ! con/ruction ( little    
models ( h\ses1 t[]s1 articles (        
furniture1 & s on1 :i* he execut$ ) mu* 
ta/e & accuracy4 ,on be+ appr5tic$ to a 
type-f\nd]1 he exhibit$ 8 aptitude =    
me*anical contrivances by inv5t+ a numb]
 ( improv$ tools = ! use ( ! workm54 ,on

 8 fa!r's dea? he set up z a manufactur]
 ( figur$ fabrics2 b al?\gh a skilful   
workman1 he 0 a bad manag]1 & ! end ( ! 
und]tak+ 01 t he _h to sell 8 looms to  
pay 8 debts4 ,he m>ri$1 b did n receive 
! d[ry ) 8 wife :i* he expect$1 & to    
support 8 family _h to sell ! h\se 8    
fa!r _h left him1--! la/ remnant ( 8    
little h]itage4 ,! inv5tion ( num]\s    
+5i\s ma*9es = weav+1 type-f\nd+1 c41   
prov$ ! activity ( 8 g5ius1 b produc$ n 
a f>?+ = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 wife & *ild4   
,he took s]vice ) a lime-mak] at ,bre/1 
:ile 8 wife made & sold /raw hats 9 a   
little %op at ,lyons4 ,he solac$ himself
 = ! drudg]y ( 8 lab\rs by sp5d+ 8      
leisure 9 ! /udy ( ma*9es =             
figure-weav+4 ,! idea ( ! beautiful     
app>atus :i* he aft]w>ds p]fect$ began  
to dawn on him1 b = ! "t x 0 driv5 out (
 8 m9d by ! /irr+ transactions ( ! "t4  
,! :irlw9d ( ! ,revolution 0 sweep+     
?r\gh ! l&4 ,jacqu>d ard5tly embrac$ !  
cause ( ! p1 took "p 9 ! gallant def5ce 
( ,lyons 9 #agic1 fl$ = 8 life on !     

r$uction ( ! city1 & ) 8 son--a lad (   
sixte5--jo9$ ! army ( ! ,rh9e4 ,8 boy   
fell by 8 side on ! field ( battle1 &   
,jacqu>d1 de/itute & brok5-he>t$1       
return$ to ,lyons4 ,8 h\se _h be5 burn$ 
d[n2 8 wife 0 n[h]e to be he>d (4 ,at   
l5g? he discov]$ h] 9 a mis]able g>ret1 
e>n+ a b>e subsi/5ce by plait+ /raw4 ,= 
want ( o!r employm5t he %>$ h] lab\rs1  
till ,lyons began to rise f its ru9s1 to
 recov] its scatt]$ population1 & revive
 its indu/ry4 ,jacqu>d appli$ himself ) 
r5ew$ en]gy to ! completion ( ! ma*9e ( 
:i* he _h1 be=e ! ,revolution1 conceiv$ 
! idea2 exhibit$ x at ! ,national       
,exposition ( ! ,products ( ,indu/ry 9  
#ahja2 & obta9$ a bronze m$al & a t5    
ye>s' pat5t4  ,dur+ ! peace ( ,ami5s1   
,jacqu>d happ5$ to take up a newspap] 9 
a cab>et :i* he frequ5t$1 & 8 eye fell  
on a translat$ extract f an ,engli%     
j\rnal1 /at+ t a prize 0 (f]$ by a      
society 9 ,london = ! con/ruction ( a   
ma*9e = weav+ nets4 ,z a m]e amusem5t he
 turn$ 8 ?\ghts to ! subject1 contriv$ a

 numb] ( models1 & at la/ solv$ !       
problem4 ,he made a ma*9e & wove a      
little net ) x4 ,"o day he met a fri5d  
:o _h read ! p>agraph f ! ,engli% pap]4 
,jacqu>d drew ! net f 8 pocket say+1    
,oh6 ,i've got ov] ! difficulty6 see1   
!re is a net ,i've made4 ,aft] t he took
 no m ?\ght ab\t ! matt]1 & _h q =gott5 
x1 :5 he 0 />tl$ by a summons to appe>  
at ! ,prefectal ,palace4 ,! prefect     
receiv$ him v k9dly1 & express$ 8       
a/oni%m5t t 8 me*anical g5ius %\ld s    
long h rema9$ 9 obscurity4 ,jacqu>d c\ld
 n imag9e h[ ! prefect _h discov]$ 8    
me*anical exp]im5ts1 & began vaguely to 
dread t he _h got into "s %ock+ scrape4 
,he /amm]$ out a sort ( apology4 ,!     
prefect 0 surpris$ he %\ld d5y 8 own    
tal5t1 & said he _h be5 in=m$ t he _h   
inv5t$ a ma*9e = weav+ nets4 ,jacqu>d   
own$ t he _h4  ,well1 !n1 y're ! "r man1
 aft] all1 said ! prefect4 ,i h ord]s f 
! emp]or to s5d ! ma*9e to ,p>is4  ,yes1
 b y mu/ give me "t to make x1 repli$   
,jacqu>d4  ,9 a week or two ,jacqu>d    

aga9 pres5t$ himself at ! palace ) 8    
ma*9e & a half manufactur$ net4 ,!      
prefect 0 eag] to see h[ x work$4  ,c\nt
 ! numb] ( loops 9 t net1 said ,jacqu>d1
 & !n /rike ! b> ) y\r foot4  ,! prefect
 did s1 & 0 surpris$ & delight$ to see  
ano!r loop add$ to ! numb]4  ,capital6  
cri$ he4 ,i h 8 maje/y's ord]s1 ,m4     
,jacqu>d1 to s5d y & y\r ma*9e to ,p>is4
  ,to ,p>is6 ,h[ c t be8 ,h[ c ,i leave 
my bus9ess "h8  ,!re is no help = x2 & n
 only mu/ y g to ,p>is1 b y mu/ />t at  
once1 )\t an h\r's delay4  ,if x mu/ be1
 x mu/4 ,i w g home & pack up a little  
bundle1 & tell my wife ab\t my j\rney1  
,i %all be ready to />t to-morr[4       
,to-morr[ won't d2 y mu/ g to-day4 ,a   
c>riage is wait+ to take y to ,p>is2 & y
 mu/ n g home4 ,i w s5d to y\r h\se =   
any ?+s y want1 & convey any message to 
y\r wife4 ,i w provide y ) money = !    
j\rney4  ,!re 0 no help = x1 s ,jacqu>d 
got into ! c>riage1 along ) a g5d>me :o 
0 to take *>ge ( him1 & wond]$1 all !   
way to ,p>is1 :at x all meant4 ,on rea*+

 ! capital he 0 tak5 be=e ,napoleon1 :o 
receiv$ him 9 a v condesc5d+ mann]4     
,c>not1 :o 0 also pres5t1 c\ld n at fir/
 compreh5d ! ma*9e1 & turn+ to !        
inv5tor1 exclaim$ r\ghly1 ,:at1 d y     
pret5d to d :at is beyond ! p[] ( man8  
,c y tie a knot 9 a /ret*$ /r+8         
,jacqu>d1 n at all disconc]t$1 expla9$ !
 con/ruction ( 8 ma*9e s simply &       
cle>ly1 z to conv9ce ! incr$ul\s m9i/] t
 x accompli%$ :at he _h hi!rto deem$ an 
impossibility4  ,jacqu>d 0 n[ employ$ 9 
! ,cons]vatory ( ,arts & ,manufactures  
to repair & keep 9 ord] ! models &      
ma*9es4 ,at ?is "t a magnific5t %awl 0  
be+ wov5 9 "o ( ! gov]nm5t works = !    
,empress ,joseph9e4 ,v co/ly &          
complicat$ ma*9]y 0 employ$1 & ne>ly    
,l#ajjj _h already be5 sp5t on x4 ,x    
appe>$ to ,jacqu>d t ! %awl might be    
manufactur$ 9 a mu* simpl] & less       
exp5sive mann]4 ,he ?\ght t ! pr9ciple (
 a ma*9e ( ,vauc\s9's might be appli$ to
 ! op]ation1 b f\nd x too complex & sl[4
 ,he brood$ ov] ! subject1 made a great 

_m exp]im5ts1 & at la/ succe$$ 9        
contriv+ an improv$ app>atus4  ,he      
return$ to ,lyons to sup]9t5d !         
introduction ( 8 ma*9e = figure-weav+ & 
! manufacture ( nets4 ,! =m] inv5tion 0 
pur*as$ = ! use ( ! p1 & 0 br\ght into  
use v sl[ly4 ,! weav]s ( ,lyons d5\nc$  
,jacqu>d z ! enemy ( ! p1 :o 0 /riv+ to 
de/roy _! trade1 & />ve !mselves &      
families1 & us$ e ef=t to prev5t !      
introduction ( 8 ma*9e4 ,!y wilfully    
spoil$ _! "w 9 ord] to br+ ! new process
 into discr$it4 ,! ma*9e 0 ord]$ to be  
de/roy$ 9 "o ( ! public squ>es4 ,x 0    
brok5 to pieces1--! iron-"w 0 sold = old
 metal1 & ! wood-"w = faggots4 ,jacqu>d 
himself _h on "o occasion to be rescu$ f
 ! h&s ( a mob :o 7 go+ to ?r[ him into 
! ,rhone4  ,be=e ,jacqu>d's dea? 9      
#ahce1 8 app>atus _h n only made its way
 into e manufactory 9 ,france1 b 0 us$ 9
 ,engl&1 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 &  
,am]ica4 ,ev5 ! ,*9ese condesc5d$ to    
avail !mselves ( ?is inv5tion ( a       
b>b>ian4  ,jacqu>d's app>atus is1       

/rictly speak+1 n a loom1 b an app5dage 
to "o4 ,x is int5d$ to elevate or       
depress1 by b>s1 ! w>p ?reads = !       
reception ( ! %uttle1 ! patt]ns be+     
regulat$ by means ( b&s ( pun*$ c>ds    
act+ on ne$les ) loops & eyes4 ,at fir/ 
appli$ to silk weav+ only1 ! use ( ?is  
ma*9e has s9ce be5 ext5d$ to ! bobb9    
net1 c>pets1 & o!r fancy manufactures4  
,by its ag5cy ! ri*e/ & mo/ complex     
designs1 :i* c\ld =m]ly be a*iev$ only  
by ! mo/ skilful lab\r]s1 ) a pa9ful    
degree ( lab\r1 & at an exorbitant co/1 
are n[ produc$ ) facility by ! mo/      
ord9>y workm51 & at ! mo/ mod]ate price4
  ,( late ye>s ! silk manufacture has   
greatly improv$1 bo? 9 "* & ext5t4 ,!   
products ( ,briti% looms exhibit$ at !  
,great ,exhibition ( #ahfb vi$ ) ^? ( ! 
,cont95t4 ,e ye> upw>ds ( ,l#b1cjj1jjj  
wor? ( silk is br\ght to ,engl&2 & !    
silk manufacture engages "s             
,l#ee1jjj1jjj ( capital1 & employs elev5
 to twelve hundr$ ?\s& ( our population4
     ,! ,pott]'s ,art4     ,i4--,,luca  

,,della ,,robbia4  ,,ii4--,,b]n>d       
,,palissy4 ,,iii4--,,josiah ,,w$gwood4  
,! ,pott]'s ,art4     ,i4--,,luca       
,,della ,,robbia4   ,!re c be little    
d\bt z to ! antiquity ( ! pott]y        
manufacture4 ,x probably _h its orig9 9 
t ( bricks1 :i* at a v e>ly date m5 made
 = purposes ( con/ruction2 b x is n     
impossible t he _h previ\sly contriv$ to
 fabricate ! common] articles ( dome/ic 
economy1 su* z pans & di%es1 ( sun-dri$ 
clay4  ,bricks1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 are    
fa%ion$ out ( a co>se clay1 su* z we    
meet ) 9 v num]\s localities4 ,aft] mix+
 up ) wat] a k9d ( pa/e out ( ^! clayey 
e>?s1 ! m\ld] works up ! pa/e into !    
%ape ( bricks1 & !y are !n expos$ to !  
heat ( ! kiln4 ,sometimes x 0 ?\ght     
suffici5t to dry ^! bricks 9 ! rays ( a 
burn+ sun2 b1 s dri$1 _! solidity is v  
inconsid]able4 ,bak$ bricks owe _!      
r$ness ( col\r to ! oxide ( iron :i* !y 
conta94 ,!y are ei!r m\ld$ ) ! h& or ca/
 9 rectangul> frames ( wood1 du/$ ) s&4 
,to bake !m1 !y are pil$ up 9 huge      

/acks1 9 :i* int]vals are left = /or+ & 
k9dl+ ! fuel4 ,!y are also bak$ 9 kilns4
  ,! common] pott]y w>es are manufactur$
 ) ! co>se impure clays1 :i* are all[$  
to rot 9 tr5*es = sev]al ye>s to r5d] !m
 m pla/ic4 ,fl[]-pots1 sug>-pans1 vases1
 & o!r & m graceful articles1 are m\ld$ 
on ! pott]'s :eel4  ,n[1 ?is pott]'s    
:eel is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t in/rum5ts (   
human indu/ry1 "o ( ! e>lie/ inv5tions  
by :i* man utiliz$ & economiz$ 8 lab\r4 
,x consi/s ( a l>ge disc ( wood1 to :i* 
a rotatory motion is giv5 by ! workman's
 foot4 ,a second & small] disc1 on :i*  
is plac$ ! pa/e = work+1 is fix$ ^u !   
upp] extremity ( ! v]tical axis to :i* !
 l>g] & inf]ior disc is atta*$4 ,seat$  
on 8 b5*1 ! workman places 9 ! c5tre ( !
 disc a c]ta9 quantity ( s(t moi/ clay1 
& turn+ ! :eel ) 8 foot1 m\lds ! said   
pa/e ) bo? h&s1 until x assumes ! desir$
 %ape4 ,y c imag9e no pretti] spectacle 
?an t ( a skilful pott] caus+ ! clay1 "u
 8 nimble f+]s1 to assume ! mo/ v>i$    
=ms4 ,x seems z if by miracle ! vase 0  

creat$ sudd5ly1 & ! rude clay sprang    
into a life & beauty ( its own4  ,!     
,campanian pott]ies1 improp]ly b        
commonly call$ ! ,etruscan1 & ! anci5t  
,greek w>es1 belong to ! class ( s(t &  
lu/r\s pott]ies :i* are no long]        
manufactur$4 ,! ,etruscan vases are !   
mo/ rem>kable specim5s ( ! anci5t       
pott]'s art2 pure1 simple1 & elegant 9  
=m1 !y _c be surpass$ by any ef=ts ( !  
mod]n pott]4 ,! pa/e ( :i* !y are made  
is v f9e & homog5e\s1 coat$ ) a peculi> 
glassy lu/re1 :i* is ?9 b t5aci\s1 r$ or
 black1 & =m$ ( silica r5d]$ fusible by 
an alkali4 ,!y 7 bak$ at a l[           
temp]ature4 ,9 ?is w>e1 :i* 0 9 vogue   
betwe5 #ejj & #cbj ,b4,c41 ! ,aret9e &  
,roman pott]y orig9at$4 ,! =m] 0        
manufactur$ at ,arezzo or ,arretium4  ,!
 k ( glazes1 :i* 0 acquir$ by !         
,egyptians & ,assyrians1 seems to h be5 
h&$ d[n to ! ,p]sians1 ,moors1 & ,arabs4
 ,fay5ces1 & enamell$ bricks & plaques1 
7 commonly us$ among !m 9 ! twelf?      
c5tury1 & among ! ,h9dus 9 ! f\rte5?4 ,!

 celebrat$ glaz$ tiles1 or azulejos1 :i*
 contribute s mu* to ! beauty ( !       
,alhambra1 7 introduc$ into ,spa9 by !  
,moors ab\t #gaa ,a4,d4 ,9 ,italy1 x is 
suppos$1 !y 7 made kn[n z e>ly z !      
conque/ ( ,majorca by ! ,pisans1 9 #aaae
 ,a4,d4 ,b ,brongni>t places _!         
introduction ?ree c5turies lat]1 or 9   
#adae1 & says ?is peculi> k9d ( w>e 0   
call$ ,majolica1 f ,majorica or         
,majorca4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 ! 
,italian enamell$ fay5ce1 :i* 0 us$ =   
subjects 9 relief by ! celebrat$        
,flor5t9e sculptor1 ,luca della ,robbia4
  ,robbia _h be5 br$ to ! trade ( a     
goldsmi?--9 ^? days a trade ( great     
di/9ction & opul5ce--b 8 arti/ic ta/es  
c\ld n be controll$1 & he ab&on$ x to   
become a sculptor4 ,a man ( a s+ul>ly   
en?usia/ic & ard5t nature1 he appli$    
himself ardu\sly to 8 new "w4 ,he work$ 
all day ) 8 *isel1 & sat up1 ev5 ?r\gh !
 night1 to /udy4 ,(t51 says ,vas>i1 :5 8
 feet 7 froz5 ) cold 9 ! night "t1 he   
kept !m 9 a basket ( %av+s to w>m !m1 t 

he might n be compell$ to discont9ue 8  
draw+s4 ,su* devotion c\ld h>dly fail to
 secure success4 ,luca 0 recognis$ z "o 
( ! fir/ sculptors ( ! day1 & execut$ a 
numb] ( great works 9 bronze & m>ble4   
,on ! conclusion ( "s important         
commissions1 he 0 /ruck ) !             
disproportion betwe5 ! paym5t he receiv$
 & ! "t & lab\r he _h exp5d$2 &1 ab&on+ 
m>ble & bronze1 resolv$ to "w 9 clay4   
,be=e he c\ld d t1 h[ev]1 x 0 necess>y  
to discov] "s means ( r5d]+ durable !   
works :i* he execut$ 9 t mat]ial4       
,apply+ himself to ! task ) *>act]i/ic  
zeal & p]sev]ance1 he at l5g? succe$$ 9 
discov]+ a mode ( protect+ su*          
productions f ! injuries ( "t1 by means 
( a glaze or enamel1 :i* conf]r$ n only 
an almo/ et]nal durability1 b additional
 beauty on 8 works 9 t]ra cotta4 ,at    
fir/ ?is enamel 0 ( a pure :ite1 b he   
aft]w>ds add$ ! fur!r inv5tion ( col\r+ 
x4 ,! fame ( ^! productions spread ov]  
,europe1 & ,luca f\nd abundant &        
pr(itable employm5t dur+ ! re/ ( 8 days1

 ! "w be+ c>ri$ on1 aft] 8 dea?1 by     
bro!rs & desc5dants4     ,,ii4--,,b]n>d 
,,palissy4   ,! next great ma/] 9 ! art 
0 ,b]n>d ,palissy1--a man di/+ui%$ n    
only = 8 arti/ic g5ius1 b = 8           
philosophical atta9m5ts1 8 noble1 manly 
"*1 & zeal\s piety4 ,born ( poor p>5ts  
ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,b]n>d
 ,palissy 0 tak5 z appr5tice by a       
l&-surveyor1 :o _h be5 mu* /ruck ) !    
boy's quickness & +5uity4 ,l&-survey+1 (
 c\rse1 involv$ "s k ( draw+2 & ?us a   
ta/e = pa9t+ 0 develop$4 ,f draw+ l9es &
 diagrams he w5t on to copy f ! great   
ma/]s4 ,z ?is new tal5t became kn[n he  
obta9$ employm5t 9 pa9t+ designs on     
glass4 ,he receiv$ commissions 9 v>i\s  
p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & 9 8 travels employ$ 8
 m9d 9 ! /udy ( natural objects4 ,he    
exam9$ ! "* ( ! soils & m9]als ^u 8     
r\te1 & ! bett] to grapple ) ! subject1 
devot$ 8 att5tion to *emi/ry4 ,at l5g?  
he settl$ & m>ri$ at ,/a9es1 & = a "t   
liv$ ?riftily z a pa9t]4  ,"o day he 0  
%[n an elegant cup ( ,italian           

manufacture1 beautifully enamell$4 ,!   
art ( enamell+ 0 !n entirely unkn[n 9   
,france1 & ,palissy 0 at once seiz$ ) ! 
idea1 t if he c\ld b discov] ! secret x 
w\ld enable him to place 8 wife & family
 9 great] com=t4 ,s1 !re=e1 he writes1  
reg>dless ( ! fact t ,i _h no k ( clays1
 ,i began to seek = ^! enamels z a man  
gropes 9 ! d>k4 ,i reflect$ t ,god _h   
gift$ me ) "s k ( draw+1 & ,i took      
c\rage 9 my he>t1 & bes\ght him to give 
me wisdom & skill4  ,illu/ration3       
,,palissy ,,! ,,pott]4 ,page #bdb4  ,he 
lo/ no "t 9 comm5c+ 8 exp]im5ts4 ,he    
b\ght a quantity ( e>!n pots1 broke !m  
into fragm5ts1 & cov]+ !m ) v>i\s       
*emical comp\nds1 bak$ !m 9 a little    
furnace ( 8 own con/ruction1 9 ! hope ( 
discov]+ ! :ite enamel1 :i* he _h be5   
told 0 ! key to all ! re/4 ,aga9 & aga9 
he v>i$ ! +r$i5ts ( ! compositions1 !   
proportions 9 :i* !y 7 mix$1 ! quality (
 ! clay on :i* !y 7 spread1 ! heat ( !  
furnace to :i* !y 7 subject$2 b ! :ite  
enamel 0 /ill z great a my/]y z ev]4    

,in/ead ( disc\rag+1 ea* new defeat     
seem$ to confirm 8 hope ( ultimate      
success & to increase 8 p]sev]ance4     
,pa9t+ & survey+ he no long] practis$1  
except :5 %e] necessity compell$ him to 
resort to !m to provide bread = 8       
family4 ,! discov]y ( ! enamel _h become
 ! great mission ( 8 life1 & to t all   
o!r occupations mu/ be sacrific$4 ,?us  
hav+ blund]$ sev]al times at great      
exp5se & ?r\gh mu* tr\ble1 ) sorr[s &   
sighs1 ,i 0 e day p\nd+ & gr9d+ new     
mat]ials & con/ruct+ new furnaces1 :i*  
co/ mu* money1 & consum$ my wood & my   
"t4 ,two ye>s _h pass$ n[ 9 fruitless   
ef=t4 ,food 0 becom+ sc>ce 9 ! little   
h\sehold1 8 wife worn & %rewi%1 ! *ildr5
 ?9 & sickly4 ,b !n came ! ?\ght to *e] 
him1--:5 ! enamel 0 f\nd 8 =tune w\ld be
 made1 !re w\ld !n be an end to all 8   
privations1 anxieties1 & dome/ic        
unhapp9ess1 ,lisette w\ld live at ease1 
& 8 *ildr5 lack no com=t4 ,no1 ! "w mu/ 
n be giv5 up yet4 ,8 own furnace 0      
clumsy & imp]fect1--p]haps 8            

compositions w\ld turn out bett] 9 a    
regul> kiln4 ,s m pots 7 b\ght & brok5  
into fragm5ts1 :i*1 cov]$ ) *emical     
prep>ations1 7 fir$ at a pott]y 9 !     
neighb\rhood4 ,bat* aft] bat* 0 prep>$ &
 despat*$ to ! kiln1 b all prov$        
di%e>t5+ failures4 ,/ill ) great co/1   
loss ( "t1 confusion1 & sorr[1 he       
p]sev]$1 ! wife gr[+ m %rewi%1 ! *ildr5 
m p9*$ & hagg>d4 ,by good luck at ?is "t
 came ! royal commission]s to e/abli% ! 
gabelle or tax 9 ! di/rict ( ,sa9tonge1 
& ,palissy 0 employ$ to survey ! salt   
m>%es4 ,x 0 a v pr(itable job1 &        
,palissy's affairs began to look m      
fl\ri%+4 ,b ! "w 0 no soon] conclud$1   
?an ! w o' ! wisp1 z 8 wife & neighb\rs 
held x1 0 danc+ aga9 be=e 8 eyes1 & he 0
 back1 ) r$\bl$ en]gy1 to 8 fav\rite    
occupation1 div+ into ! secret (        
enamels4  ,two ye>s ( unremitt+1 anxi\s 
toil1 ( gr9d+ & mix+1 ( innum]able      
visits to ! kiln1 sangu9e ( success1 )  
ev] new prep>ations2 ( inv>iable j\rneys
 home aga91 sad & we>y1 = ! mom5t utt]ly

 disc\rag$2 ( dome/ic bick]+s2 ( mock]y 
& c5sure among neighb\rs1 & /ill !      
enamel 0 a my/]y1--/ill ,palissy1       
seem+ly z f> f ! end z ev]1 0 eag] to   
prosecute ! se>*4 ,he appe>$ to h an    
inw>d conviction t he w\ld succe$2 b    
mean:ile ! remon/rances ( 8 wife1 !     
pale1 ?9 faces ( 8 bairns1 w>n$ him he  
mu/ desi/1 & resume ! employm5ts t at   
lea/ br\ght food & clo?+4 ,!re %\ld be  
"o m trial on a gr& scale1--if t fail$1 
!n !re %\ld be an end ( 8 exp]im5ts4    
,god will$1 he says1 t :5 ,i _h begun to
 lose my c\rage1 & 0 gone = ! la/ "t to 
a glass-furnace1 hav+ a man ) me c>ry+ m
 ?an ?ree hundr$ pieces1 !re 0 "o among 
^? pieces :i* 0 melt$ )9 f\r h\rs aft] x
 _h be5 plac$ 9 ! furnace1 :i* trial    
turn$ out :ite & poli%$1 9 a way t caus$
 me su* joy z made me ?9k ,i 0 become a 
new creature4 ,he ru%$ home1 bur/ into 8
 wife's *amb]1 %\t+1 ,i h f\nd x6  ,f t 
mom5t he 0 m en?usia/ic ?an ev] 9 8     
se>*4 ,he _h discov]$ ! :ite enamel4 ,! 
next ?+ to be done 0 to apply x4 ,he mu/

 n[ "w at home & 9 secret4 ,he set ab\t 
m\ld+ vessels ( clay aft] designs ( 8   
own1 & bak$ !m 9 a furnace :i* he _h    
built 9 imitation ( ! "o at ! pott]y4 ,!
 gr9d+ & comp\nd+ ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! enamel
 co/ him ! lab\r1 day & night1 ( ano!r  
mon?4 ,!n all 0 ready = ! f9al process4 
,! vessels1 coat$ ) ! preci\s mixture1  
are rang$ 9 ! furnace1 ! fire is lit &  
blazes fi]cely4 ,to /9t ! supply ( fuel 
w\ld be to *eat himself ( a =tune = !   
sake ( a few p5ce1 s he does n sp>e     
wood4 ,all t day he dilig5tly fe$s !    
fire1 nor lets x slack5 ?r\gh ! night4  
,! excitem5t w n let him sleep ev5 if he
 w\ld4 ,! prize he has /riv5 = ?r\gh ^! 
we>y ye>s1 = :i* he has borne mock]y &  
privation1 is n[ all b )9 8 grasp2 9    
ano!r h\r or two he w h possess$ x4  ,! 
grey dawn comes1 b /ill ! enamel melts  
n4 ,8 boy br+s him a portion ( ! scanty 
family meal4 ,!re %all soon be an end to
 t mis]able f>e6 ,m faggots are ca/ on !
 fire4 ,! night falls1 & ! sun rises on 
! ?ird day ( 8 t5d+ & wat*+ at ! furnace

 door1 b /ill ! p[d] %[s no signs (     
melt+4 ,pale1 hagg>d1 sick at he>t )    
anxiety & dread1 worn ) wat*+1 p>*$ &   
fev]$ ) ! heat ( ! fire1 ?r\gh ano!r1 & 
yet ano!r & ano!r day & night1 ?r\gh six
 days & six nights 9 all1 ,b]n>d        
,palissy wat*es by ! gl>+ furnace1 fe$s 
x cont9ually ) wood1 & /ill ! enamel is 
unmelt$4 ,see+ x 0 n possible to make ! 
said enamel melt1 ,i 0 l a man 9        
desp]ation2 & al?\gh q /upifi$ ) lab\r1 
,i c\nsell$ to myself t 9 my mixture !re
 might be "s fault4 ,!re=e ,i began once
 m to p\nd & gr9d m mat]ials1 all ! "t  
)\t lett+ my furnace cool4 ,9 ?is way ,i
 _h d\ble lab\r1 to p\nd1 gr9d1 & ma9ta9
 ! fire4 ,i 0 also =c$ to g aga9 &      
pur*ase pots 9 ord] to prove ! said     
comp\nd1 see+ t ,i _h lo/ all ! vessels 
:i* ,i _h made myself4 ,& hav+ cov]$ !  
new pieces ) ! said enamel1 ,i put !m   
into ! furnace1 keep+ ! fire /ill at its
 height4  ,by ?is "t x 0 no easy matt]  
to keep ! fire at its height4 ,8 /ock ( 
fuel 0 exhau/$2 he _h no money to buy   

any m1 & yet fuel mu/ be _h4 ,on ! v eve
 ( success--alas6 an eve t s seldom has 
a dawn--x w\ld nev] d to lose x all =   
want ( wood1 n :ile wood ( any k9d 0    
procurable4 ,he ru%$ into ! g>d51 tore  
up ! pal+s1 ! trellis "w t support$ !   
v9es1 ga!r$ e scrap ( wood he c\ld f9d1 
& ca/ !m on ! fire4 ,b soon aga9 ! deep 
r$ gl[ ( ! furnace began to fade1 & /ill
 x _h n done its "w4 ,sudd5ly a cra%+   
noise 0 he>d2 8 wife1 ! *ildr5 cl++ to  
h] g[n1 ru%$ 94 ,palissy _h seiz$ !     
*airs & table1 _h torn ! door f its     
h+es1 wr5*$ ! w9d[ frames f _! sockets1 
& brok5 !m 9 pieces to s]ve z fuel = !  
all-dev\r+ fire4 ,n[ he 0 busy break+ up
 ! v floor+ ( ! h\se4 ,& all 9 va96 ,!  
composition w\ld n melt4  ,i suff]$ an  
angui% t ,i _c speak1 = ,i 0 q exhau/$ &
 dri$ up by ! heat ( ! furnace4 ,fur!r  
to console me1 ,i 0 ! object ( mock]y2  
ev5 ^? f :om solace 0 due1 ran1 cry+    
?r\gh ! t[n t ,i 0 burn+ my floors4 ,9  
?is way my cr$it 0 tak5 f me1 & ,i 0    
reg>d$ z a madman1 if n1 z he tells u   

else:]e1 z "o seek+ ill-gott5 ga9s1 &   
sold to ! evil "o = fil?y lucre4  ,he   
made ano!r ef=t1 engag$ a pott] to assi/
 him1 giv+ ! clo!s (f 8 own back to pay 
him1 & aft]w>ds receiv+ aid f a fri5dly 
neighb\r1 & ?is "t prov$ t 8 mixture 0 (
 ! "r k9d4 ,b ! furnace hav+ be5 built )
 mort> :i* 0 full ( fl9ts1 bur/ ) !     
heat1 & ! spl9t]s adh]$ to ! pott]y4    
,soon] ?an all[ su* imp]fect specim5s ( 
8 art to g =? to ! _w1 ,palissy de/roy$ 
!m1 al?\gh "s w\ld h b\ght !m at a mean 
price4  ,bett] days1 h[ev]1 7 at h& =   
himself & family4 ,8 next ef=ts 7       
successful4 ,an introduction to ! ,duke 
( ,montmor5cy procur$ him ! patronage ( 
t nobleman1 z well z ( ! k+4 ,he n[ f\nd
 pr(itable employm5t = himself & food = 
8 family4 ,dur+ ! space ( fifte5 or     
sixte5 ye>s 9 all1 he said aft]w>ds1 ,i 
h blund]$ on at my bus9ess4 ,:5 ,i _h   
le>n$ to gu>d aga9/ "o dang]1 !re came  
ano!r on :i* ,i _h n reckon$4 ,all ?is  
caus$ me su* lab\r & heav9ess ( _s1 t   
be=e ,i c\ld r5d] my enamels fusible at 

! same degrees ( heat1 ,i v]ily ?\ght ,i
 %\ld be at ! door ( my sepul*re4444 ,b 
,i h f\nd no?+ bett] ?an to obs]ve !    
c\nsel ( ,god1 8 edicts1 /atutes1 &     
ord9ances2 & 9 reg>d to 8 w1 ,i h se5 t 
he has comm&$ 8 foll[]s to eat bread by 
! lab\r ( _! bodies1 & to multiply _!   
tal5ts :i* he has committ$ to !m4  ,:5 !
 ,re=mation came1 ,palissy 0 an e>ne/   
re=m]1 on ,sunday morn+s assembl+ a     
numb] ( simple1 unle>n$ m5 = religi\s   
wor%ip1 & exhort+ !m to good works4     
,c\rt fav\r exempt$ him f edicts aga9/  
,prote/ants1 b c\ld n %ield him f popul>
 prejudice4 ,8 work%ops at ,sa9tes 7    
de/roy$2 & to save 8 life & pres]ve !   
art he _h inv5t$1 ! k+ call$ him to     
,p>is z a s]vant ( 8 own4 ,?us he escap$
 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,besides  
be+ a skilful pott]1 ,palissy 0 a       
naturali/ ( no little em95ce4 ,i h _h no
 o!r book ?an heav5 & e>?1 :i* are op5  
to all1 he us$ to say2 b he read !      
wondr\s volume well1 :ile o!rs knew x   
*iefly at second-h&1 & h5ce 8 sup]iority

 to mo/ ( ! naturali/s ( ! day4 ,he 0 9 
! habit ( lectur+ to ! le>n$ m5 ( !     
capital on natural hi/ory & *emi/ry4 ,:5
 m ?an eighty ye>s ( age he 0 accus$ (  
h]esy1 & %ut up 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,! k+1    
visit+ him 9 prison1 said1 ,my good man1
 if y d n r5\nce y\r views ^u religi\s  
matt]s1 ,i %all be con/ra9$ to leave y 9
 ! h&s ( my enemies4 ,sire1 repli$      
,palissy1 ^? :o con/ra9 y1 a k+1 c nev] 
h p[] ov] me1 because ,i "k h[ to die4  
,palissy di$ 9 prison1 ag$ & exhau/$1 9 
#aeij1 at ! age ( eighty4  ,be=e 8 dea? 
8 w>es _h become fam\s1 & 7 greatly     
priz$4 ,! enamel1 :i* he w5t ?r\gh s mu*
 toil & suff]+ to discov]1 0 ! f\ndation
 ( a fl\ri%+ national manufacture4      
,,iii4--,,josiah ,,w$gwood4   ,josiah   
,w$gwood1 ^: "n 9 connection )          
pott]y-w>e has become a h\sehold ^w     
among/ u1 0 ! y\ng] son ( a pott] at    
,burslem1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 :o _h also a    
little pat* ( gr\nd :i* he f>m$4 ,:5    
,josiah 0 only elev5 ye>s old1 8 fa!r   
di$1 & he 0 ?us left dep5d5t ^u 8 eld]  

bro!r1 :o employ$ him z a ?r[] at 8 own 
:eel4 ,an attack ( smallpox1 9 its mo/  
malignant =m1 soon aft] endang]$ 8 life1
 & he surviv$ only by ! sacrifice ( 8   
left leg1 9 :i* ! dregs ( ! disease _h  
settl$1 & :i* _h to be cut (f4 ,weak &  
disabl$1 he 0 n[ ?r[n ^u ! _w to seek 8 
own =tune4 ,at fir/ x 0 v uphill "w )   
him1 & he f\nd x no easy matt] to       
provide ev5 ! mo/ frugal f>e4 ,he 0     
gift$1 h[ev]1 ) a v f9e ta/e 9 devis+   
patt]ns = articles ( e>!nw>e1 & f\nd    
ready cu/om = plates1 knife-h&les1 &    
jugs ( fanciful %ape4 ,he work$ away    
indu/ri\sly himself1 & 0 able by degrees
 to employ assi/ance & enl>ge 8         
e/abli%m5t4 ,! pott]y manufactures ( ?is
 c\ntry 7 !n 9 a v primitive condition4 
,only ! co>se/ sort ( articles 7 made1 &
 any attempt to give elegance to !      
designs 0 v r>e inde$4 ,all ! m         
ornam5tal & f9] class ( goods came f !  
,cont95t4 ,w$gwood saw no reason :y we  
%\ld n emulate =eign]s 9 ! beauty ( !   
=ms into :i* ! clay 0 ?r[n1 & made a    

po9t ( s5d+ out ( 8 own %op articles ( z
 elegant a %ape z possible4 ,?is feature
 9 8 productions 0 n ov]look$ by        
cu/om]s1 & he f\nd a gr[+ dem& = !m4 ,! 
co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial 01 h[ev]1 a great  
drawback to ! ext5sion ( ! trade 9      
native pott]y2 & x seem$ almo/ l ?r[+   
good designs away to apply !m to su*    
rude w>es4 ,w$gwood saw cle>ly t if     
e>!nw>e 0 ev] to become a pr(itable     
,engli% manufacture1 some?+ mu/ be done 
to improve ! quality ( ! clay4 ,he      
brood$ ov] ! subject1 te/$ all ! diff]5t
 sorts ( e>? 9 ! di/rict1 & at l5g?     
discov]$ "o1 conta9+ silica1 :i*1 black 
9 col\r be=e x w5t into ! ov51 came out 
( x a pure & beautiful :ite4 ,?is fact  
asc]ta9$1 he 0 n long 9 turn+ x to      
practical acc\nt1 by mix+ fl9t p[d] ) ! 
r$ e>? ( ! pott]ies1 & ?us obta9+ a     
mat]ial :i* became :ite :5 expos$ to !  
heat ( a furnace4 ,! next /ep 0 to cov] 
?is mat]ial ) a transp>5t glaze2 & he   
c\ld !n turn out e>!nw>e z pure 9       
quality z t f ! ,cont95t4 ,?is 0 !      

f\ndation n only ( 8 own =tune1 b ( a   
manufacture :i* has s9ce provid$        
pr(itable employm5t = ?\s&s ( 8         
c\ntrym51 besides plac+ )9 ! rea* ( ev5 
! humble/ ( !m good s]viceable e>!nw>e =
 h\sehold use4  ,! success ( 8 :ite     
/onew>e 0 su*1 t he 0 able to quit !    
little ?at*$ h\se he _h =m]ly occupi$1 &
 op5 %op 9 l>g] & m impos+ premises4 ,he
 increas$ ! numb] ( 8 h&s1 & drove an   
ext5sive & gr[+ trade4 ,he 0 n cont5t to
 halt aft] ! discov]y ( ! :ite /onew>e4 
,on ! contr>y1 ! success he _h already  
atta9$ only impell$ him to fur!r ef=ts  
to improve ! trade he _h tak5 up1 & :i* 
n[ became q a passion ) him4 ,:5 he     
devot$ himself to any p>ticul> ef=t 9   
connection ) x1 8 fir/ ?\ght 0 always h[
 to turn out ! v be/ article t c\ld be  
made--8 la/ ?\ght 0 :e!r x w\ld pay him 
or n4 ,he /uck up = ! hon\r ( old       
,engl&1 & ma9ta9$ t :atev] ent]prise    
c\ld be a*iev$1 t ,engli% skill &       
ent]prise 0 compet5t to d4 ,al?\gh he _h
 nev] _h any education himself wor?     

speak+ (1 8 natural %rewdness & ke5     
faculty ( obs]vation suppli$ 8          
defici5cies 9 t respect2 & :5 he appli$ 
himself1 z he n[ did1 to ! /udy (       
*emi/ry1 ) a view to ! improvem5t ( !   
pott]y art1 he made rapid & sub/antial  
progress1 & pass$ mu/] cr$itably ev5 9 !
 company ( m5 ( sci5ce & le>n+4 ,he     
contribut$ _m valuable communications to
 ! ,royal ,society1 & inv5t$ a !rmomet] 
= measur+ ! high] degrees ( heat employ$
 9 ! v>i\s arts ( pott]y4  ,aga9 8      
premises prov$ too conf9$ = 8 exp&+     
trade1 & he remov$ to a l>g] e/abli%m5t1
 & !re p]fect$ t cream-col\r$ w>e ) :i* 
,que5 ,*>lotte 0 s delight$1 t %e ord]$ 
a :ole s]vice ( x1 & comm&+ t x %\ld be 
call$ aft] h]--! ,que5's ,w>e1 & t its  
inv5tor %\ld receive ! title ( ! ,royal 
,pott]4  ,a royal pott] ,w$gwood truly  
02 ! v k+ ( e>!nw>e manufactures1       
resolute 9 8 det]m9ation to atta9 !     
highe/ degree ( p]fection 9 8           
productions1 indefatigable 9 8 lab\rs1 &
 un/9t+ 9 8 outlay to secure t end4 ,he 

inv5t$ altoge!r sev5 or eight diff]5t   
k9ds ( w>e2 & succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! greate/
 delicacy & purity ( mat]ial1 & utmo/   
elegance ( design1 ) /r5g?1 durability1 
& *eapness4 ,! effect ( ! improvem5ts he
 successively introduc$ into !          
manufacture ( e>!nw>e is ?us describ$ by
 a =eign writ] ab\t ?is p]iod3 ,its     
excell5t workman%ip1 its solidity1 !    
advantage :i* x possesses ( su/a9+ !    
action ( fire1 its f9e glaze1           
imp5etrable to acids1 ! beauty &        
conv5i5ce ( its =m1 & ! *eapness ( its  
price1 h giv5 rise to a comm]ce s active
 & s univ]sal1 t 9 travell+ f ,p>is to  
,pet]sburg1 f ,am/]dam to ! fur!/ port (
 ,sw$51 & f ,dunkirk to ! extremity ( ! 
s\? ( ,france1 "o is s]v$ at e inn )    
,w$gwood w>e4 ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ,italy
 are suppli$ ) x1 & vessels are load$ ) 
x = ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! 
cont95t ( ,am]ica4 ,w$gwood himself1 :5 
exam9$ be=e a committee ( ! ,h\se (     
,commons 9 #aghe1 "s ?irty ye>s aft] he 
_h begun 8 op]ations1 /at$ t f provid+  

only casual employm5t to a small numb] (
 ineffici5t & badly remun]at$ workm51 ! 
manufacture _h increas$ to an ext5t t   
gave direct employm5t to ab\t tw5ty ?\s&
 p]sons1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! increas$
 numb]s :o e>n$ a livelihood by digg+   
coals = ! use ( ! pott]ies1 by c>ry+ !  
productions f "o qu>t] to ano!r1 & 9 _m 
o!r ways4  ,w$gwood did n conf9e himself
 to ! manufacture ( useful articles1    
?\gh su*1 ( c\rse1 =m$ ! bulk ( 8 trade1
 b publi%$ beautiful imitations (       
,egyptian1 ,greek1 & ,etruscan vases1   
copies ( cameos1 m$allions1 tablets1 & s
 on4 ,valuable sets ( old porcela9 7    
frequ5tly intru/$ to him = imitation1 9 
:i* he succe$$ s well t x 0 difficult to
 tell ! orig9al f ! c\nt]feit1 except   
sometimes f ! sup]ior excell5ce & beauty
 ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! celebrat$ ,b>b]9i     
,vase 0 = sale1 ,w$gwood1 b5t ^u mak+   
copies ( x1 made heavy bids aga9/ !     
,du*ess ( ,portl& = x2 & 0 only induc$  
to desi/ by ! promise1 t he %\ld h !    
loan ( x 9 ord] t he might copy x4      

,accord+ly1 ! du*ess _h ! vase knock$   
d[n to h] at eighte5 hundr$ gu9eas1 &   
,w$gwood made fifty copies ( x1 :i* he  
sold at fifty gu9eas ea*1 & 0 ?us       
consid]ably out ( pocket by !           
transaction4 ,he did x1 h[ev]1 n = !    
sake ( pr(it1 b to %[ :at an ,engli%    
pott]y c\ld accompli%4  ,besides copy+ f
 antique objects1 ,w$gwood tri$ to rival
 !m 9 ! ta/e & elegance ( orig9al       
productions4 ,he f\nd out ,flaxman :5 he
 0 an unkn[n /ud5t1 & employ$ him1 ^u v 
lib]al t]ms1 to design = him2 & ?us !   
articles ( e>!nw>e :i* he manufactur$   
prov$ ( ! greate/ value 9 ! art         
education ( ! p4 ,we owe n a little ( ! 
improv$ ta/e & popul> appreciation &    
enjoym5t ( ! f9e arts 9 our own day to !
 g5]\s ent]prise ( ,josiah ,w$gwood1 & 8
 tal5t$ designs4  ,9 ord] to secure e   
access f ! pott]ies to ! ea/]n & we/]n  
coa/s ( ! isl&1 ,w$gwood propos$1 &1 ) !
 aid ( o!rs :om he induc$ to jo9 him1   
c>ri$ out ! ,gr& ,trunk ,canal betwe5 ! 
,tr5t & ! ,m]sey4 ,he himself con/ruct$ 

a turnpike road t5 miles 9 l5g? ?r\gh ! 
pott]ies1 & built a village = 8 "w-p1   
:i* he call$ ,etruria1 & :]e he e/abli%$
 8 works4 ,he di$ !re 9 #agie1 at ! age 
( sixty-five1 leav+ a l>ge =tune & an   
hon\r$ "n1 :i* he _h acquir$ by 8 own   
indu/ry1 ent]prise1 & g5]osity4  ,a     
rem>kable memorial to ! g5ius & arti/ic 
lab\rs ( ,w$gwood 0 erect$ 9 #ahfc1 & "s
 ref]5ce to x %\ld und\bt$ly be made 9  
^! pages4  ,x is a tw(old memorial3 a   
bronze /atue at ,/oke-^u-,tr5t1 & a     
memorial in/itute1 erect$ close to !    
bir?-place ( ! ,great ,pott] at         
,burslem4 ,! f\ndation-/one 0 laid on ! 
#bf? ( ,octob] by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4   
,glad/one1 ,m4,p41 !n ,*ancellor ( !    
,ex*equ]1 9 ! pres5ce ( a v l>ge &      
en?usia/ic assemblage4 ,! ,*ancellor    
deliv]$ a public address1 :i* 9 eloqu5t 
t]ms did homage to ,w$gwood's great     
m5tal qualities & 8 s]vices to 8 c\ntry4
  ,he describ$ z 8 mo/ signal &         
*>act]i/ic m]it1 ! firmness & fulness ( 
8 p]ception ( ! true law ( :at we t]m   

indu/rial art1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( !     
application ( ! high] art to indu/ry--! 
law :i* tea*es u to aim fir/ at giv+ to 
e object ! greate/ possible degree (    
fitness & conv5i5ce = its purpose1 &    
next at mak+ x ! article ( ! highe/     
degree ( beauty1 :i* compatibly ) t     
fitness & conv5i5ce x w be>--:i* does n 
sub/itute ! second>y = ! prim>y end1 b  
recognizes z "p ( ! bus9ess ! /udy to   
h>monize ! two4  ,mr4 ,glad/one obs]v$1 
t to h a /rong grasp ( ?is pr9ciple1 &  
to "w x out to its results 9 ! details (
 a va/ & v>i$ manufacture1 0 a praise   
high en\gh = any man1 at any "t & 9 any 
place4 ,b he ?\ght x 0 high] & m peculi>
 9 ! case ( ,w$gwood ?an x c\ld be 9    
almo/ any o!r case4 ,= t tru? ( art :i* 
he saw s cle>ly1 & :i* lies at ! root ( 
excell5ce1 is "o ( :i* ,engl&1 8 c\ntry1
 has n usually _h a p]ception at all    
correspond+ 9 /r5g? & fulness ) h] o!r  
r>e end[m5ts4 ,%e has long tak5 a lead  
among ! ,european nations = ! *eapness (
 h] manufactures1 n s = _! beauty4 ,& if

 ! day %\ld arrive :5 %e %all be z em95t
 = purity ( ta/e z %e is n[ = economy ( 
production1 ! result w probably be due  
to no o!r s+le man 9 s rem>kable a      
degree z to ,josiah ,w$gwood4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,we conclude ) a lively extract f !     
,*ancellor's exhau/ive & int]e/+        
address3--  ,w$gwood1 he says1 9 8      
pursuit ( beauty1 did n ov]look         
ex*angeable value or practical          
usefulness4 ,! fir/ he c\ld n ov]look1 =
 he _h to live by 8 trade2 & x 0 by !   
pr(it d]iv$ f ! ext5d$ sale ( 8 humbl]  
productions t he 0 enabl$ to be> ! risks
 & *>ges ( 8 high] works4 ,comm]ce did =
 him :at ! ,k+ ( ,france did = ,sevres1 
& ! ,duke ( ,cumb]l& = ,*elsea1 x f\nd  
him 9 funds4 ,& ,i w\ld v5ture to say t 
! l[] works ( ,w$gwood are e :it z mu*  
di/+ui%$ by ! f95ess & accuracy ( _!    
adaptation to _! uses z 8 high] ones by 
_! successful exhibition ( ! f9e/ arts4 
,take1 = in/ance1 8 common plates1 ( !  
value (1 ,i "k n h[ few1 b c]ta9ly ( a v

 few p5ce ea*4 ,!y fit "o ano!r z       
closely z c>ds 9 a pack4 ,at lea/1 ,i = 
"o h nev] se5 plates t fit l ! plates ( 
,w$gwood1 & become "o solid mass4 ,su*  
accuracy ( =m mu/1 ,i appreh5d1 r5d] !m 
mu* m safe 9 c>riage4444  ,aga91 take   
su* a jug z he w\ld manufacture = !     
wa%-/& table ( a g>ret4 ,i h se5 ^! made
 app>5tly ( ! commone/ mat]ial us$ 9 !  
trade4 ,b in/ead ( be+ built up1 l !    
usual & mu* m fa%ionable jugs ( mod]n   
manufacture1 9 su* a %ape t a crane c\ld
 n easily get 8 neck to b5d into !m1 & !
 wat] c h>dly be p\r$ out )\t risk (    
spra9+ ! wri/1 !y are con/ruct$ 9 a     
simple capaci\s =m1 ( fl[+ curves1 broad
 at ! top1 & s well pois$ t a slight &  
easy movem5t ( ! h& dis*>ges ! wat]4 ,a 
r\nd *eese-hold] or di%1 aga91 g5]ally  
pres5ts 9 its upp] "p a flat space      
surr\nd$ by a curv$ rim2 b ! *eese-hold]
 ( ,w$gwood w make itself kn[n by ?is--t
 ! flat is s dead a flat1 & ! curve s   
m>k$ & bold a curve2 ?us at once furni%+
 ! eye ) a l9e agreeable & well-def9$1 &

 af=d+ ! utmo/ available space = !      
*eese4 ,i feel p]suad$ t a ,wilt%ire    
*eese1 if x c\ld speak1 w\ld decl>e     
itself m com=table 9 a di% ( ,w$gwood's 
?an 9 any o!r di%4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,! wor?ie/        
successor to ,w$gwood :om ,engl& has    
kn[n 0 ! late ,h]b]t ,m9ton1 :o 0       
sc>cely less di/+ui%$ ?an 8 pr$ecessor =
 p]sev]ance1 pati5t ef=t1 & arti/ic     
s5tim5t4 ,we owe to him 9 a great       
measure ! revival ( ! elegant art (     
manufactur+ encau/ic tiles4  ,! pr9cipal
 v>ieties ( c]amic w>e n[ 9 use         
are3--#a4 ,porcela91 :i* is compos$1 9  
,engl&1 ( s&1 calc9$ bones1 *9a-clay1 & 
pota%2 &1 at ,dresd51 ( kaol91 felsp>1 &
 brok5 biscuit-porcela92 #b4 ,p>ian1 :i*
 is us$ 9 a liquid /ate1 & p\r$ into    
pla/]-(-p>is m\lds2 #c4 ,e>!nw>e1 !     
,fay5ce ( ! ,italians1 & ! ,delft ( !   
,dut*1 made ( v>i\s k9ds ( clay1 ) a    
mixture ( p[d]$ calc9$ fl9t2 &1 #d4     
,/onew>e1 compos$ ( sev]al k9ds ( pla/ic
 clay1 mix$ ) felsp> & s&1 &            

occasionally a little lime4  ,x is      
e/imat$ t our ,engli% pott]ies n only   
supply ! dem& ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 b      
export w>e to ! value ( ne>ly a million 
& a half annually4 ,! e/abli%m5ts are   
ab\t #aij 9 numb]2 employ #ge1jjj to    
#hj1jjj op]atives2 & export #ij1jjj1jjj 
pieces4     ,! ,m9]'s ,safety ,lamp4    
,,sir ,,humphrey ,,davy4     ,! ,m9]'s  
,safety ,lamp4     ,,sir ,,humphrey     
,,davy4   ,:at's t8 ,is ! h\se com+ d[n8
 cri$ ,mr4 ,borlase1 ! surgeon-apo!c>y (
 ,p5zance1 jump+ out ( 8 cozy arm-*air1 
z a trem5d\s explosion %ook ! h\se f top
 to bottom1 mak+ a great j+le among !   
gallipots 9 ! %op bel[1 & r\s+ him f a  
com=table nap4  ,please1 sir1 said      
,betty1 ! h\semaid1 putt+ h] head into !
 room1 "h's t boy ,davy be5 a-bl[+ (    
hisself up ag54 ,drat him1 he's always  
up to "s trick or o!r6 ,he'll be ! dea? 
( all ( u "s day1 t boy w1 z sure z my  
"n's ,betty4  ,br+ him "h directly1     
repli$ h] ma/]1 knitt+ 8 br[1 & screw+ 8
 mild c\nt5ance into an elaborate       

imitation ( t ( a judge he once saw at !
 assizes1 ) ! black cap on1 s5t5c+ "s   
poor wret* to be hang$4 ,really1 ?is    
sort ( ?+ won't d at all4  ,only1 x mu/ 
be own$1 ,mr4 ,borlase _h said t _m     
times be=e1 & put on ! t]rible judicial 
look too1 & yet t boy ,davy 0 at 8      
tricks aga9 z mu* z ev]4  ,i'll br+ z   
mu* z ,i c f9d ( him1 sir1 said ,betty1 
ga!r+ up h] apron1 z if %e fully expect$
 to discov] ! object ( h] se>* 9 a      
fragm5t>y condition4  ,pres5tly !re 0   
he>d a %uffl+ 9 ! passage1 & a some:at  
unga9ly y\?1 ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age1 0  
?ru/ into ! room1 ) ! due complem5t (   
legs1 arms1 & o!r memb]s1 & only some:at
 ! grimi] ab\t ! face = ! explosion4 ,8 
f+]s 7 all yell[ ) acids1 & 8 clo!s     
pl5tifully v>iegat$ ) /a9s f ! same     
comp\nds4 ,at fir/ sight he look$ r a   
dull1 l\ti% boy1 b 8 %>p1 cle> eyes     
some:at r$eem$ 8 expression on a second 
glance4  ,"h he is1 sir1 cri$ ,betty    
triumphantly1 z ?\gh %e really _h f\nd  
him 9 pieces1 & took cr$it = hav+ put   

him clev]ly toge!r aga94  ,well1        
,humphrey1 said ,mr4 ,borlase1 :at h y  
be5 up to n[8 ,y'll nev] re/1 ,i'm      
afraid1 till y h ! h\se on fire4  ,oh6  
if y please1 sir1 ,i 0 only exp]im5t+ 9 
! g>ret1 & !re's no h>m done4  ,no h>m  
done6 e*o$ ,betty2 & if !re isn't x's no
 fault ( y\rs1 y na/y monkey4 ,i decl>e 
t bl[ up gave me su* a turn y c\ld ha'  
knock$ me d[n ) a fea!r1 & !re's a smell
 all ov] ! h\se en\gh to pison any "o4  
,t'll d1 ,betty1 said h] ma/]1 f9d+ !   
grim judicial c\nt5ance r difficult to  
keep up1 & anxi\s to pron\nce s5t5ce    
be=e x q wore (f4 ,i'll tell y :at x is1
 "y ,davy1 ?is sort ( ?+ won't d at all4
 ,i mu/ speak to ,mr4 ,tonk9e ab\t y2 & 
if ,i cat* y at x aga91 y'll h to take  
y\rself & y\r exp]im5ts some:]e else4 ,s
 ,i w>n y4 ,y _h mu* bett] att5d to y\r 
"w4 ,x 0 only ! o!r day y gave old      
,goody ,jones a pap]ful ( cay5ne in/ead 
( c9namon2 & !re's ,joe ,grimsly1 !     
beadle1 be5 "h half a doz5 times ?is day
 = ^? pills ,i told y to make up1 &     

!y're n ready yet4 ,s j y take y\rself  
(f1 m9d y\r bus9ess1 & don't let me h   
any m nons5se1 or x'll be ! worse = y4  
,& s ! culprit gladly back$ out ( !     
room1 n a :it aba%$ by ! reprim&1 = x 0 
no novelty1 to beg9 8 exp]im5ts aga9 &  
aga91 & "o day1 by way ( comp5sation =  
keep+ 8 ma/]'s h\sehold 9 con/ant t]ror 
( be+ bl[n up1 to make 8 "n famili> z a 
h\sehold ^w1 by ! inv5tion ( a little   
in/rum5t t w\ld save ?\s&s & ?\s&s f !  
fe>ful consequ5ces ( coal-pit           
explosions4  ,! ,mr4 ,tonk9e t 8 ma/]   
ref]r$ to 0 ! self-con/itut$ protector (
 ! ,davy family4 ,old ,davy _h be5 a    
c>v] 9 ! t[n1 & dy+1 left 8 wid[ 9 v    
di/ress$ circum/ances1 :5 ?is g5]\s     
fri5d came =w>d & took ^u himself ! *>ge
 ( ! wid[ & h] *ildr54 ,"y ,humphrey1 on
 leav+ s*ool1 _h be5 plac$ ) ,mr4       
,borlase to be br\ght up z an apo!c>y2 b
 he 0 mu* fond] ( rambl+ ab\t ! c\ntry1 
or exp]im5t+ 9 ! g>ret :i* he _h        
con/itut$ 8 laboratory1 ?an comp\nd+    
drugs beh9d 8 ma/]'s c\nt]4 ,z a boy he 

0 n p>ticul>ly sm>t1 al?\gh he 0        
di/+ui%$ = ! facility ) :i* he glean$ ! 
sub/ance ( any book t happ5$ to take 8  
fancy1 & = an e>ly pr$ilection = poetry4
 ,z he grew up1 ! ard5t1 inquisitive    
turn ( 8 m9d display$ itself m /rongly4 
,he 0 v fond ( sp5d+ :at leisure "t he  
_h 9 /roll+ along ! rocky coa/ se>*+ =  
sea-drift & m9]als1 or read+ "s fav\rite
 book4      ,!re along ! bea* he w&]$1  
n\ri%+ a y\? sublime1     ,) !          
fairy-tales ( sci5ce1 & ! long result ( 
"t4  ,9 aft] life he us$ (t5 to tell h[ 
:5 tir$ he w\ld sit d[n on ! crags &    
ex]cise 8 fancy 9 anticipations ( future
 r5[n1 = already ! ambition ( di/+ui%+  
himself 9 8 fav\rite sci5ce _h seiz$    
him4 ,i h nei!r ri*es1 nor p[]1 nor     
bir?1 he wrote 9 8 memor&um-book1 to    
recomm5d me2 yet if ,i live1 ,i tru/ ,i 
%all n be ( less s]vice to mank9d & my  
fri5ds ?an if ,i _h be5 born ) all ^!   
advantages4 ,he read a great deal1 &    
?\gh )\t mu* me?od1 manag$1 9 a         
wond]fully %ort "t1 to ma/] ! rudim5ts (

 natural philosophy & *emi/ry1 to say   
no?+ ( consid]able acqua9tance ) botany1
 anatomy1 & geometry2 s t ?\gh ! pe/le &
 mort> might h a quiet] "t ( x ?an suit$
 8 ma/]'s notions1 ,humphrey 0 busy     
en\gh 9 o!r ways4  ,illu/ration3        
,,humphrey',s ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,!      
,,diffusion ,,( ,,heat4 ,page #bfg4  ,9 
8 walk along ! bea*1 ! nature ( ! air   
conta9$ 9 ! bladd]s ( sea-we$ 0 a       
con/ant subject ( speculation ) him2 &  
he us$ to sigh ov] ! limit$ laboratory  
at 8 comm&1 :i* prev5t$ him f ?or\ghly  
inve/igat+ ! matt]4 ,b "o day1 z good   
luck w\ld h x1 ! waves ?rew up a case ( 
surgical in/rum5ts f "s wreck$ vessel1  
some:at ru/y & s& clogg$1 b 9 ,davy's   
+5i\s h&s capable ( be+ turn$ to good   
acc\nt4 ,out ( an old syr+e1 :i* 0      
conta9$ 9 ! case1 he manag$ to con/ruct 
a v tol]able air pump2 & ) an old %ade  
lamp1 & a c\ple ( small metal tubes1 he 
set himself to "w to discov] ! causes ( 
! diffusion ( heat4 ,at fir/ sight !    
want ( prop] in/rum5ts = c>ry+ on 8     

rese>*es might appe> r a h9drance to 8  
progress 9 ! pa?s ( sci5tific discov]y2 
b1 9 tru?1 8 subsequ5t success z an     
exp]im5tali/ has be5 v prop]ly          
attribut$1 9 no small degree1 to t      
necessity :i* is ! p>5t ( inv5tion1 &   
:i* =c$ him to ex]cise 8 skill & +5uity 
9 mak+ ! mo/ ( ! scanty mat]ials at 8   
comm&4 ,_h he1 says "o ( 8 biograph]s1 9
 ! comm5cem5t ( 8 c>e] be5 furni%$ ) all
 ^? appliances :i* he enjoy$ at a lat]  
p]iod1 x is m ?an probable t he might   
nev] h acquir$ t wond]ful tact (        
manipulation1 t ability ( sugge/+       
exp$i5ts1 & ( contriv+ app>atus1 s z to 
meet & surm\nt ! difficulties :i* mu/   
con/antly arise dur+ ! progress ( !     
philosoph] ?r\gh ! unbeat5 track &      
unexplor$ regions ( sci5ce6  ,:ile ,davy
 0 ?us busily engag$ qualify+ himself = 
! di/+ui%$ c>e] t await$ him1 ,gregory  
,watt1 ! son ( ! celebrat$ ,james ,watt1
 be+ 9 delicate heal?1 came to ,p5zance 
= *ange ( air1 & lodg$ ) ,mrs4 ,davy4   
,at fir/ he & ,humphrey did n get on v  

well toge!r1 = ! latt] _h j be5 read+ "s
 metaphysical works1 & 0 v fond (       
indulg+ 9 crude & flippant speculations 
on su* subjects1 :i* r displeas$ ! %y   
invalid4 ,b "o day "s *ance rem>k (     
,davy's gave tok5 ( 8 ext5sive k (      
natural hi/ory & *emi/ry1 & !nce=? a    
close intimacy sprang up betwe5 !m1     
greatly to ! lad's advantage1 = ,watt's 
sci5tific k set him 9 a m sy/ematic     
groove ( /udy1 & enc\rag$ him to        
conc5trate 8 en]gies on 8 fav\rite      
pursuit4  ,ano!r useful fri5d ,davy also
 f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 aft]w>ds ,presid5t
 ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,pass+ along "o   
day1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t obs]v$ a y\? mak+     
/range contortions ( face z he hung ov] 
! hut* gate ( ,borlase's h\se2 & be+    
told by a companion t he 0 ! son ( ,davy
 ! c>v]1 & v fond ( mak+ *emical        
exp]im5ts1 he _h a talk ) ! lad1 &      
discov]+ 8 tal5ts1 0 ev] aft]w>ds 8     
/aun* fri5d & patron4  ,?r\gh 8 two     
fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,gilb]t & ,mr4 ,watt1 ,davy
 =m$ ! acqua9tance ( ,dr4 ,b$does1 :o 0 

j sett+ up at ,bri/ol1 "u ! title (     
,pneumatic ,in/itution1 an e/abli%m5t = 
inve/igat+ ! m$ical prop]ties ( diff]5t 
gases2 & :o1 appreciat+ 8 abilities1    
gave him ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! new          
in/itution4  ,al?\gh only tw5ty ye>s (  
age at ?is "t1 ,davy 0 well abrea/ ( !  
sci5ce ( ! day1 & soon appli$ 8 vigor\s 
& se>*+ intellect to sev]al successful  
inve/igations4 ,8 fir/ sci5tific        
discov]y 0 ! detection ( silice\s e>? 9 
! out] coat+ ( re$s & grasses4 ,a *ild 0
 rubb+ two pieces ( bonnet cane toge!r1 
& he notic$ t a fa9t light 0 emitt$2 &  
on /rik+ !m %>ply toge!r1 vivid sp>ks 7 
produc$ j z if !y _h be5 fl9t & /eel4 ,!
 fact t :5 ! out] sk9 0 peel$ (f ?is    
prop]ty 0 de/roy$1 %[$ t x 0 conf9$ to !
 sk91 & on subject+ x to analysis silex 
0 obta9$1 & /ill m 9 re$s & grasses4  ,z
 sup]9t5d5t ( ,dr4 ,b$doe's in/itution1 
8 att5tion 01 ( c\rse1 *iefly direct$ to
 ! subject ( gases1 & ) ! en?usiasm (   
y\?1 he appli$ himself ard5tly to !     
inve/igation ( _! elem5ts & effects1    

attempt+ sev]al v dang]\s exp]im5ts 9   
brea?+ gases1 & m ?an once ne>ly        
sacrific+ 8 life4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^!       
exp]im5ts he f\nd out ! peculi>         
prop]ties ( nitr\s oxide1 or1 z x has   
s9ce be5 popul>ly call$1 laugh+ gas1 :i*
 impels any "o :o inhales x to g ?r\gh  
"s *>act]i/ic action1--a droll fell[ to 
laugh1 a dismal "o to weep & sigh1 a    
pugnaci\s man to fight & wre/le1 or a   
musical "o to s+4  ,at tw5ty-two ye>s ( 
age1 su* 0 ! reputation he _h acquir$1 t
 he got ! appo9tm5t ( lectur] at !      
,royal ,in/itution1 :i* 0 j !n e/abli%$1
 & f\nd himself 9 a little :ile n only a
 man ( m>k 9 ! sci5tific1 b a lion 9 !  
fa%ionable _w4 ,natural philosophy &    
*emi/ry _h begun to attract a good deal 
( att5tion at t "t2 & ,davy's en?usiasm1
 8 cle> & vivid explanations ( ! my/]ies
 ( sci5ce1 & ! poetry & imag9ation ) :i*
 he inve/$ ! dry bones ( sci5tific      
facts1 caught ! popul> ta/e exactly4 ,8 
lecture-room became a fa%ionable l\nge1 
& 0 cr[d$ ) all sorts ( di/+ui%$ p4 ,!  

"y lectur] became q ! rage1 & 0 pett$ & 
fet$ z ! lion ( ! day4 ,x 0 only six    
ye>s back t he 0 ! druggi/'s boy 9 a    
little c\ntry t[n1 al>m+ & annoy+ !     
h\sehold ) 8 indefatigable exp]im5ts4   
,he c\ld h>dly h imag9$1 z "o ( 8       
day-dreams at ! sea-side1 t 8 fame w\ld 
be acquir$ s quickly4  ,9 spite ( all ! 
flatt]ies & att5tions :i* 7 %[]$ ^u him1
 ,davy /uck manfully to 8 pr(ession2 &  
if 8 reputation 0 some:at artificial &  
exagg]at$ at ! comm5cem5t1 he amply e>n$
 & consolidat$ x by 8 valuable          
contributions to sci5ce dur+ ! re/ ( 8  
c>e]4  ,! "n ( ,humphrey ,davy w always 
be be/ kn[n f its association ) ! +5i\s 
safety lamp :i* he inv5t$1 & :i* well   
entitles him to rank z "o ( ! b5efactors
 ( mank9d4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #ahae t ,davy   
fir/ turn$ 8 att5tion to ?is subject4 ,(
 frequ5t occurr5ce f ! v fir/ comm5cem5t
 ( coal-m9+1 ! numb] ( accid5ts f       
fire-damp _h be5 sadly multipli$ by !   
increase ( m9+ op]ations consequ5t on ! 
introduction ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! dreadful

 "* ( "s ( ! explosions :i* occurr$ ab\t
 ?is "t1 ! appall+ numb] ( lives lo/1 & 
! wide-spread desolation 9 "s ( !       
colli]y di/ricts :i* !y _h occasion$1   
weigh$ heavily on ! m9ds ( all connect$ 
) su* matt]s4 ,n m]ely 7 ! feel+s (     
humanity w\nd$ by ! t]rible & con/ant   
dang] to :i* ! intrepid m9]s 7 expos$1 b
 x began to be gravely que/ion$ :e!r !  
high rate ( wage :i* ! colli] requir$ to
 pay him n only = 8 lab\r1 b = ! risk he
 ran1 w\ld admit ( ! m9es be+ pr(itably 
work$4 ,x 0 felt t "s /r5u\s ef=t mu/ be
 made to pres]ve ! m9]s f _! awful foe4 
,davy 0 !n 9 ! pl5itude ( 8 reputation1 
& a committee ( coal-own]s bes\ght him  
to inve/igate ! subject1 & if possible  
provide "s prev5tative aga9/ explosions4
 ,davy at once w5t to ! nor? ( ,engl&1  
visit$ a numb] ( ! pr9cipal pits1 obta9$
 specim5s ( fire-damp1 analyz$ !m       
c>efully1 & hav+ discov]$ ! peculi>ities
 ( ?is elem5t ( de/ruction1 aft] num]\s 
exp]im5ts devis$ ! safety-lamp z its    
antagoni/4  ,! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is     

contrivance re/s1 are ! modification ( !
 explosive t5d5cies ( fire-damp 7!      
inflammable gas 9 m9es7 :5 mix$ )       
c>bonic acid & nitrog52 & ! ob/acle     
pres5t$ to ! passage ( an explosion1 if 
x %\ld occur1 ?r\gh a hole less ?an !   
sev5? ( an in* 9 diamet]2 & accord+ly1  
:ile ! small oil lamp 9 burn+ itself    
mixes ! surr\nd+ gas ) c>bonic acid &   
nitrog51 ! cyl9d] ( wire-gauze :i*      
surr\nds x prev5ts ! escape ( any       
explosion4 ,x is curi\s t ,george       
,/eph5son1 ! celebrat$ eng9e]1 ab\t !   
same "t1 hit on mu* ! same exp$i5t4  ,to
 control a p[] t 9 its trem5d\s effects 
seems to emulate ! lightn+ & ! e>?quake1
 & to enclose x 9 a net ( ! mo/ sl5d]   
texture1 0 inde$ a gr& a*ievem5t2 & :5  
we consid] ! _m ?\s& lives :i* x has be5
 ! means ( sav+ f a sudd5 & cruel dea?1 
x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! noble/  
triumphs1 n only ( sci5ce1 b ( humanity1
 :i* ! _w has ev] se54 ,hon\rs 7 %[]$ ^u
 ,davy1 f ! m9]s & coal-own]s1 f        
sci5tific associations1 f cr[n$ heads2 b

 all mu/ agree ) ,playfair 9 ?9k+ t x is
 little t ! highe/ praise1 & t ev5 !    
voice ( national gratitude :5 mo/       
/rongly express$1 c add to ! happ9ess ( 
"o :o is consci\s ( hav+ done su* a     
s]vice to 8 fell[-m54 ,davy himself said
 he valu$ x m ?an any?+ he ev] did4 ,:5 
urg$ by 8 fri5ds to take out a pat5t = !
 inv5tion1 he repli$1--,no1 ,i nev]     
?\ght ( su* a ?+4 ,my sole object 0 to  
s]ve ! cause ( humanity1 & if ,i h      
succe$$1 ,i am amply rew>d$ by !        
gratify+ reflection ( hav+ done s4  ,!  
hon\rs ( knigh?ood & b>onetage 7        
successively conf]r$ on ,davy z a rew>d 
= 8 sci5tific lab\rs2 & ! e/eem ( 8     
pr(essional bre?r5 0 %[n 9 8 election to
 ! ,presid5t-%ip ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1
 9 :i*1 oddly en\gh1 he 0 succe$$ by 8  
old fri5d ,mr4 ,gilb]t1 :o _h fir/ tak5 
him by ! h&1 & :om he _h got ahead ( 9 !
 race ( life4  ,davy di$ at ,g5eva be=e 
he _h complet$ 8 fifty-fir/ ye>1 no d\bt
 f ov]-ex]tion & ! unheal?y "* ( !      
rese>*es he prosecut$ s recklessly4     

,assidu\s z he 0 9 8 devotion to 8      
fav\rite sci5ce1 he f\nd "t also to ma/]
 sev]al cont95tal languages2 to keep    
himself well acqua9t$ )1 & also to      
contribute to ! lit]ature ( ! day2 & to 
indulge 8 passion = fly-fi%+1 at :i* he 
0 a ke5 & practis$ adept4  ,em95t z 7 ! 
tal5ts ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 &        
valuable z 8 discov]y ( ! safety-lamp   
has prov$1 x is b fair to own t 8 cr$it 
to ! latt] has be5 v op5ly d5i$4 ,two   
p]sons ( sci5tific celebrity h be5 put  
=w>d z ! real inv5tors ( !              
safety-lamp--namely1 ,dr4 ,reid ,clanny 
( ,newca/le1 & ! great railway-eng9e]1  
,george ,/eph5son4 ,( ,clanny's         
safety-lamp a description appe>$ 9 !    
,philosophical ,transactions 9 #ahac--t 
is1 t5 ye>s be=e ,sir ,humphrey made 8  
communication to ! ,royal ,society4     
,h[ev]1 x 0 a complicat$ affair1 :i*    
requir$ ! :ole att5tion ( a boy to "w x1
 & 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( =c+ 9 air     
?r\gh wat] by ! ag5cy ( bell[s4         
,/eph5son's 0 a v diff]5t app>atus4 ,9  

its g5]al pr9ciple x resembl$ ,davy's1 !
 *ief diff]5ce be+1 t he ins]t$ a glass 
cyl9d] inside ! wire-gauze cyl9d]1 &    
inside ! top ( ! glass cyl9d] a p]=at$  
metallic *imney--! supply ( air be+ kept
 up ?r\gh a triple circle ( small holes 
9 ! bottom4  ,/eph5son's claim has1 (   
c\rse1 be5 disput$ by ! fri5ds & admir]s
 ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy2 b ,mr4 ,smile  
has conclusively prov$ t 8 lamp1 !      
,geordy1 0 9 use at ! ,kill+wor?        
colli]ies at ! v "t t ,davy 0 conduct+ !
 exp]im5ts :i* l$ to 8 inv5tion4 ,x is n
 to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t ,davy knew aught
 ( :at ,/eph5son _h accompli%$4 ,x seems
 to be "o ( ^? r>e cases 9 :i* two m9ds1
 work+ indep5d5tly1 & unkn[n ea* to !   
o!r1 h bo? arriv$ simultane\sly at !    
same result4     ,p5ny ,po/age4         
,,sir ,,r[l& ,,hill4     ,p5ny ,po/age4 
,he comes1 ! h]ald ( a noisy _w1        
,news f all nations lumb'r+ at 8 back1--
     ,h\ses 9 a%es1 & ! fall ( /ocks2   
,bir?s1 dea?s1 & m>riages2 epi/les wet  
,) te>s t trickl$ d[n ! writ]'s *eeks   

,fa/ z ! p]iods ( 8 flu5t quill2     ,or
 *>g$ ) am'r\s sighs ( abs5t swa9s1     
,or nymphs responsive4                  
,,c[p]4   ,! gr[? ( ! po/al sy/em is a  
sure measure ( ! progress ( indu/ry1    
comm]ce1 education1 & all t goes to make
 up ! sum ( civilization2 & !re is no m 
/rik+ illu/ration to be f\nd ( ! /rides 
:i* our c\ntry has made 9 t direction   
s9ce ! c5tury began ?an ! introduction (
 a *eap & rapid deliv]y ( lett]s1 & !   
crav+ :i* x has at once satisfi$ &      
augm5t$4 ,no?+ gives u s =cible an idea 
( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,brita9 ( ! pres5t
 day & ! ,brita9 ( ! ,/u>t or ev5 ( !   
,georgian p]iod1 ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! 
po/al communication ( ^! times & ( our  
own4 ,! it* ( writ+ is n[ s /rong 9 u1  
we are s con/antly writ+ or receiv+     
lett]s1 our appetite = !m is s rav5\s1 t
 we wond] h[ p got on 9 ! days :5 !     
po/man 0 ! exclusive mess5g] ( ! k+1 &  
:5 ev5 maje/y 0 s badly s]v$ t1 z "o old
 po/ma/],d wrote 9 self-exculpation ( "s
 delay1 :5 plac>ds are s5t 7to ord] !   

imm$iate =w>d+ ( "s /ate despat*es7 !   
con/ables _m times be fayne to take !   
horses oute ( pl[es & c>tes1 :]e91 he   
gravely adds1 c be no extreme dilig5ce4 
,x 0 a sure sign t ! c\ntry 0 go+ ahead 
:5 ,cromwell 7#afef7 f\nd x wor? :ile to
 e/abli% po/s = ! p at l>ge1 & 0 able to
 f>m out ! po/ (fice = ,l#aj1jjj a ye>4 
,! pr(its ( t e/abli%m5t 7 d\bl$ by ! "t
 ! ,/u>ts return$ to ! ?rone1 & m ?an   
d\bl$ aga9 be=e ! close ( ! sev5te5?    
c5tury4 ,! c\ntry has kept on gr[+ out (
 sy/em aft] sy/em1 l a lad out ( 8      
clo!s1 & at diff]5t times has _h new    
ones made to its measure4 ,brian ,tuke's
 easy plan ( borr[+ f>m]s' horses on :i*
 to m\nt 8 emiss>ies1 gave place to     
regul> relays ( po/-boys & po/-horses2  
&1 9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! robb]y ( ! mails  
by /urdy highwaym5 _h become almo/ !    
rule1 & _! safe conveyance ! exception1 
po/-boys 7 9 turn supplant$ by a sy/em (
 /age-coa*es1 convoy$ by an arm$ gu>d4  
,?is 0 ?\ght a great advance2 & s x 04  
,a pu%+1 zeal\s man nam$ ,palm] orig9at$

 ! s*eme4 ,amid/ _m o!r avocations1 he  
f\nd "t to travel on ! outside (        
/age-coa*es1 = ! sake ( talk+ ) ! coa*m5
 & obs]v+ ! r\tes1 "h1 !re1 & ev]y:]e   
all ov] ,engl&1 & ?us matur$ all !      
details ( 8 plan f p]sonal exp]i5ce4    
,none b an en?usia/1 said ,%]idan 9 a   
rapture ( admiration 9 ! ,h\se (        
,commons1 c\ld h conceiv$1 none b an    
en?usia/ c\ld h practically ent]ta9$1   
none b an en?usia/ c\ld h c>ri$ out su* 
a sy/em4  ,/ill1 9 spite ( ! exactitude 
) :i* ,palm]'s s*eme 0 decl>$ to fit !  
wants ( ! c\ntry1 x soon began to be    
gr[n out ( l ! re/4 ,x became too %ort1 
too tight1 too /rait5$ e way1 & imp$$ ! 
circulation ( correspond5ce1--no        
unimportant art]y ( our national sy/em4 
,! co/ ( po/age 0 too high1 ! mode (    
deliv]y too sl[1 & ! consequ5ce 01 t p  
ei!r repress$ _! desire to write lett]s1
 or s5t !m ?r\gh "s *eap] & illegitimate
 *annel4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott knew a man  
:o recollect$ ! mail f ,london rea*+    
,ed9burgh ) only a s+le lett]4 ,( all ! 

t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! mod]n ,babylon1 only "o 
solit>y individual _h got any?+ to say  
to anybody 9 ! metropolis ( ! si/] k+dom
 wor? pay+ po/age =4 ,we look back n[1  
writes ,miss ,m>t9eau1 ) a sort ( amaz$ 
compassion to ! old crusad+ times1 :5   
w>rior-husb&s & _! wives1 grey-head$    
p>5ts & _! brave sons1 p>t$ ) ! k t x   
mu/ be mon?s or ye>s be=e !y c\ld he> ( 
"o ano!r's exi/5ce4 ,we wond] h[ !y bore
 ! dep? ( sil5ce6 ,& we feel ! same n[  
ab\t ! families ( ,pol> voyag]s4 ,b1    
till a doz5 ye>s ago1 x did n occur to  
_m ( u h[ l ?is 0 ! fate ( ! l>ge/ class
 9 our own c\ntry4 ,! fact is1 !re 0 no 
full & free epi/ol>y int]c\rse 9 !      
c\ntry1 except betwe5 ^? :o _h ! comm& (
 franks4 ,!re 7 few families 9 ! wide   
middle class :o did n feel ! co/ (      
po/age a heavy item 9 _! exp5diture2 &  
if ! "y p s5t lett]s home only once a   
=tnight1 ! am\nt at ! ye>'s end 0 a r   
s]i\s matt]4 ,b x 0 ! va/ multitudes ( !
 l[] ord]s :o suff]$ l ! crusad+        
families ( old1 & ! geographical        

discov]]s ( all times4 ,:5 once _!      
families p>t$ (f f home x 0 a sep>ation 
almo/ l t ( dea?4 ,! hundr$s ( ?\s&s (  
appr5tices1 ( %opm51 ( gov]nesses1 (    
dome/ic s]vants1 7 cut (f f family      
relations z if seas or des]ts lay betwe5
 !m & home4 ,if ! %ill+ = ea* lett] c\ld
 be sav$ by ! economy ( weeks or mon?s  
at fir/1 ! r>ity ( correspond5ce w5t on 
to increase ! r>ity2 new int]e/s ha/5$ !
 dy+ out ( old ones2 & ! anci5t dome/ic 
affections 7 b too apt to )] away1 till 
! wi% = int]c\rse 0 gone4 ,! "y girl    
c\ld n ease h] he>t by p\r+ out h] c>es 
& difficulties to h] "m be=e %e slept1 z
 %e c n[1 :5 ! p5ny & ! %eet ( pap] are 
! only condition ( ! correspond5ce4 ,!  
"y lad felt t a lett] home 0 a s]i\s &  
=mal matt]1 :5 x mu/ co/ 8 p>5ts m ?an  
any indulg5ce !y ev] ?\ght ( = !mselves2
 & ! old fun & light-he>t$ness 7 dropp$ 
(f f su* dome/ic int]c\rse z !re 04 ,!  
effect ^u ! morals ( ?is k9d ( re/ra9t  
is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! evid5ce     
af=d$ 9 ! army4 ,x 0 a well-kn[n fact1 t

 9 regim5ts :]e ! comm&+ (fic] 0 k9d &  
c\rte\s ab\t frank+ lett]s = ! privates1
 & enc\rag$ !m to write z (t5 z !y      
pleas$1 ! soldi]s 7 m sob] & manly1 m   
virtu\s & dome/ic 9 _! affections1 ?an  
:]e difficulty 0 made by ! indol5ce or  
/iffness ( ! frank+ (fic]4  ,"u ! co/ly 
po/al sy/em1 ! rev5ue ( ! po/ (fice did 
n1 z x _h hi!rto done1 & %\ld h cont9u$ 
to d1 keep pace ) ! progress ( ! c\ntry4
 ,! appetite = communication betwe5     
di/ant fri5ds or m5 ( bus9ess 0 evid5tly
 ei!r decay+1 or f9d+ v5t 9 an unlawful 
way4 ,! latt] 0 *iefly ! case4 ,!re 7   
va/ numb]s ( p sep>at$ f ea* o!r by long
 we>y miles1 too _m to p]mit ( visits1  
:o c\ld n resi/ writ+ to ea* o!r1--!    
doat+ p>5t to ! *ild1 ! lov] to 8       
mi/ress1 ! m]*ant to 8 ag5ts1 ! lawy] to
 8 cli5ts4 ,^? :o c\ld n af=d po/age1 7 
! v class :o c\ld n get franks2 = !     
pr9ciple 01 t ^? :o c\ld be/ af=d po/age
 money %\ld h pl5ty ( franks1 :i* 71 (  
c\rse1 q out ( ! way ( poor1 humble     
folks1--! fat s[ _h 8 e> well greas$1 ! 

lean1 />v+ "o _h to consume 8 own fat1 l
 ! be>1 or g )\t4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ^? 
:o 7 eag] to write & c\ld n get lett]s  
?r\gh ! po/1 f\nd o!r means ( =w>d+ !m  
to ! evasion ( ! law4 ,!re 0 no limit to
 ! ex]cise ( +5uity 9 ?is direction4    
,?ree or f\r lett]s 7 writt5 on "o piece
 ( pap]1 to be cut up & di/ribut$       
sep>ately by "o ( ! recipi5ts2 newspap]s
 7 turn$ into lett]s by und]scor+ or    
prick+ ) a p9 ! lett]s requir$ to =m !  
v>i\s words ( ! communication2 "s       
peculi>ity 9 ! /yle ( address on !      
outside 0 arrang$ betwe5 correspond5ts1 
! sight ( :i* 0 en\gh to indicate a     
message1 & ! lett] 0 !n reject$1 hav+   
s]v$ its purpose2 & s on1 9 a hundr$ o!r
 ways1 fraudul5t means 7 f\nd ( evad+ ! 
law4 ,"s c>ri]s _h a l>ge & pr(itable   
bus9ess 9 smuggl+ lett]s4 ,9 _m popul\s 
di/ricts ! numb] ( lett]s convey$ by    
c>ri]s at a p5ny ea* 9 an illegal way f>
 exce$$ ^? s5t ?r\gh ! po/4 ,9 ,man*e/]1
 = e lett] t w5t by ! po/man1 six w5t by
 ! c>ri]2 & 9 ,glasg[ ! proportion 0 z  

"o to t54 ,all ?is 0 notori\s4 ,! mo/   
hon\rable p saw no great h>m 9 *eat+ !  
po/ to s5d a ^w ( com=t or enc\ragem5t  
to an abs5t fri5d1--x 0 a vice t lean$  
to virtue's side4 ,b x 0 a bad ?+ = !   
c\ntry t p %\ld be driv5 to su* devices1
 9 obey+ a natural & prop] impulse4 ,!  
man :o began by smuggl+ lett]s1 might   
end by smuggl+ tobacco or br&y2 & !     
sy/em 0 morally p]nici\s4 ,all felt !   
evil1 b rem$y seem$ impossible4 ,z !    
urg5cy = a *ange grew to a head1 ! man  
came to effect x1--a man ( op5 he>t1 :o 
c\ld ent] into family impulses2 a man ( 
philosophical +5uity1 :o c\ld devise a  
rem$ial s*eme2 a man ( bus9ess1 :o c\ld 
=tify su* a s*eme ) impregnable         
accuracy--t man 0 ,r[l& ,hill4  ,:5 q a 
"y man1 on a p$e/rian excursion ?r\gh ! 
lake di/rict1 ,r[l& ,hill1 pass+ a      
cottage door1 obs]v$ ! po/man deliv] a  
lett] to a woman1 & ov]he>d h]1 aft]    
look+ anxi\sly at ! envelope1 & !n      
return+ x1 say %e _h no money to pay !  
po/age4 ,! man 0 ab\t to put x back 9 8 

wallet & pass on1 = x 0 an e-day ?+ =   
him to receive su* a reply f ! poor     
c\ntryfolk1 :5 ,mr4 ,hill 9 8 goodness (
 he>t1 out ( compassion = ! woman1 /epp$
 =w>d & paid ! %ill+1 reg>dless ( _m    
%akes ( ! head1 & h9ts ( remon/rance f  
h]1 :i* he int]pret$ z m]ely unwill+ness
 to trespass on a /rang]'s b\nty4 ,z    
soon z ! po/man 0 out ( sight %e broke !
 seal1 & %[$ him :y %e did n want him to
 pay = ! lett]4 ,! %eet 0 a blank1 & !  
envelope _h s]v$ z a means (            
communication betwe5 h] & h]            
correspond5t4 ,x appe>$ t %e _h arrang$ 
) h] bro!r1 t z long z all w5t well )   
him he %\ld s5d a blank %eet 9 t way    
once a qu>t]1 & ?us %e _h tid+s ( him   
)\t pay+ ! po/age4  ,z he pursu$ 8 walk1
 ,mr4 ,hill c\ld n help m$itat+ on !    
incid5t1 :i* _h made a deep impression  
on 8 m9d4 ,he c\ld n blame ! poor woman 
& h] bro!r = ! trick !y _h play$ ^u !   
po/ (fice 9 ord] to correspond ) ea*    
o!r2 & yet he felt !re mu/ be some?+    
wrong 9 a sy/em :i* put x out ( _! rea*1

 & ( o!rs simil>ly circum/anc$1 to d s 9
 a lawful mann]4 ,e c\ntry po/-ma/] _h a
 budget ( t\*+ /ories ( poor folk :o 7  
tantaliz$ ) ! sight ( a lett] f "s de>  
"o1 full1 p]haps1 ( k9d words & *e]+    
news1 or ask+ sympa?y & condol5ce 9     
mis=tune1 or transmitt+ money to help !m
 9 _! /raits2 z well z ( c\ntless little
 frauds ( ! sort describ$1 :i* !y c\ld n
 always h>d5 !mselves to circumv5t &    
puni%1 s pite\sly eag] did ! poor s\ls  
appe> to be to get ^w ( _! fri5ds4 ,&   
yet1 9 spite ( all sorts ( frauds1 to p 
9 humble life lett]s came l angels'     
visits1 few & f> betwe54  ,mr4 ,hill    
ask$ himself :e!r !re 0 no means (      
less5+ ! co/ ( po/age1 :e!r ! gov]nm5t  
c\ld n af=d to *>ge a l[] rate1 or      
manage to get ! "w done m *eaply8 ,keep+
 8 e>s & eyes op51 always on ! al]t to  
pick up a fact z reg>d$ ! pres5t1 or a  
h9t = ! future1 exam9+ ! mode ( c>riage 
& deliv]y1 ! r\tes *os51 & ! "t occupi$1
 ,mr4 ,hill1 aft] a :ile1 arriv$ at !   
conviction1 t ! po/age rates might n    

only be r$uc$1 b t ! transmission (     
lett]s might be m quickly p]=m$ by a    
remodell+ ( ! sy/em4 ,he asc]ta9$ t !   
co/ ( m]e transit incurr$ ^u a lett] s5t
 f ,london to ,ed9burgh1 a di/ance (    
#djj miles1 0 n m ?an a ?irty-six? "p ( 
a p5ny1 & t1 !re=e1 !re 0 a m>g91 "u !  
exi/+ *>ge1 ( #aa-ce_/cf;d4 = extra     
exp5ses & pr(it4 ,he obs]v$ t ! twop5ny 
po/s ( ,london & o!r l>ge t[ns 7 f\nd to
 answ] v well1 al?\gh p1 be+ )9 easy    
di/ances ( ea* o!r1 did n ne$ s mu* z 9 
! c\ntry to correspond 9 writ+1 & t !   
c>ri]s1 9 spite ( ! illegality ( !      
traffic1 _h loads ( lett]s to deliv] at 
a p5ny ea*1 & t p5ny paid !m = _!       
tr\ble1 z well z _! risk ( detection4   
,he !re=e came to ! conclusion1 t :at 0 
want$1 & :at x 0 q possible to e/abli%1 
0 a uni=m p5ny po/age rate ov] ! :ole ( 
! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,he calculat$ t if t 7 
adopt$1 ! numb] ( p !n 9 ! habit ( writ+
 lett]s w\ld write a great _m m ?an ev]2
 t o!rs1 :o _h be5 preclud$ by ! exp5se 
f correspond+1 w\ld come into ! field2 &

 t hundr$s ( lett]s =w>d$ illegally w\ld
 n[ pass ?r\gh ! po/1 s t ! numb] (     
lett]s s5t by po/ w\ld be increas$      
f\rfold1 & ! rev5ue1 at fir/1 p]haps a  
trifle curtail$1 w\ld soon m\nt up aga94
  ,! po/-(fice au?orities 7 greatly     
%ock$ & disgu/$ at s audaci\s & utopian 
a proposal4 ,b ! public 7 greatly       
delight$ ) x1 only d\bt+ :e!r x 0 n too 
good news to be true4 ,fir/ by means (  
an anonym\s pamphlet1 !n by direct &    
p]sonal application to ! gov]nm5t1 ,mr4 
,hill endeav\r$ to get 8 plans tak5 into
 consid]ation--no easy matt]1 =         
circumlocution (ficials _h pass$ f      
contemptu\s indiff]5ce to active        
ho/ility1 z !y gradually discov]$ h[    
=midable an antagoni/ 9 ! tru? &        
accuracy ( 8 calculations1 ! s9c]ity &  
e>ne/ness ( 8 purpose1 !y _h to deal )4 
,x 0 a great national cause ,mr4 ,hill 0
 fight+1 & he 0 n to be put d[n4 ,! p   
took 8 side1 ,p>liam5t grant$ an        
inquiry1 & ! result 0 a report 9 fav\r (
 8 s*eme4 ,on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ #ahci--:y 

is n ! anniv]s>y kept ) rejoic+s8--p5ny 
po/age became ! law ( ! l&4  ,dur+ ! la/
 weeks ( ! ye> a uni=m f\rp5ny rate 0   
*>g$ by way ( accu/om+ p to ! *eap      
sy/em1 & sav+ (ficial feel+s f ! rude   
%ock ( a sudd5 desc5t f ! respectable   
rate ( a %ill+1 to ! vulg> "o ( a p5ny4 
,on ! #aj? ,janu>y #ahdj ! p5ny sy/em   
came into =ce4 ,at fir/ ,mr4 ,hill      
avail$ himself ( a sugge/ion ?r[n out "s
 ye>s be=e by ,mr4 ,*>les ,knight1 t !  
be/ way ( collect+ ! p5ny po/age on     
newspap]s w\ld be to h /amp$ cov]s2 b   
subsequ5tly /amp$ envelopes 7 done away 
)1 & que5's heads introduc$4 ,! frank+  
privilege1 ( c\rse1 di$ ) ! de> po/age4 
,^u ! adoption ( ! s*eme1 ,mr4 ,hill    
receiv$ an appo9tm5t 9 ! po/ (fice 9    
ord] to sup]9t5d its work+2 b he _h an  
uneasy b]? ( x4 ,8 plan 0 adopt$ only 9 
"p1--! po/age rate 0 l[]$1 :ile ! o!r   
comp5sat+ & ess5tial features 7 ?r[n    
aside2 (ficial jeal\sy ( re=m %[$ itself
 9 v>i\s attempts to ?w>t 8 ef=ts1 & to 
fulfil its pr$iction ( failure to !     

s*eme4 ,! consequ5ce 01 t ! imm$iate    
results 7 n s satisfactory z c\ld h be5 
wi%$4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( lett]s 0  
c]ta9ly v great4 ,dur+ ! la/ mon? ( !   
old sy/em ! total numb] ( lett]s pass+  
?r\gh ! po/ (fice 0 little m ?an two    
millions & a half1 ( :i* only a fif? 7  
paid lett]s2 :ile a twelvemon? aft] !   
introduction ( ! new sy/em ! total numb]
 ( lett]s _h ris5 to ne>ly six millions 
p] mon?1 ( :i* ! unpaid lett]s =m$ less 
?an a twelf? "p4 ,v heavy exp5ses1      
h[ev]1 n connect$ ) ! new plan1 _h be5  
incurr$2 & ! consequ5ce 01 t ! pr(its ( 
! po/ (fice 7 only a f\r? ( :at !y _h   
be54 ,advantage 0 tak5 ( ?is to get ,mr4
 ,hill ou/$ f 8 po/2 b1 aft] he _h      
transf]r$ 8 s]vices = "s ye>s to !      
managem5t ( ! ,london & ,brighton       
,railway1 ! au?orities 7 glad to receive
 him back aga91 to place ! remodell+ ( !
 sy/em 9 8 h&s1 & to all[ him to        
introduce ! o!r p>ts ( 8 s*eme :i* _h   
be=e be5 neglect$4 ,9 ?is "w ,mr4 ,hill 
0 busily engag$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 & mo/ 

( 8 plans 7 gradually c>ri$ out ) great 
advantage to ! public4 ,9 #ahdf a public
 te/imonial ( ,l#ac1cfj 0 pres5t$ to    
,mr4 ,hill 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 di/+ui%$   
s]vices to ! c\ntry2 & at a lat] date he
 0 made a ,knight ( ! ,ba?4  ,*eap      
po/age has n[ be5 fairly tri$1 & mu/ be 
pron\nc$ a gr& success4 ,x has become "p
 & p>cel ( our national life1 & has be5 
f\nd preci\s z ! gift ( a new faculty4  
,we %\ld miss ! loss ( *eap & rapid     
correspond5ce ) our fri5ds &            
acqua9tances almo/ z mu* z ! loss (     
spee* or ! loss ( sight4 ,! po/man has  
n[ to f9d 8 way to ! humble/1 poore/    
di/ricts1 :]e tw5ty ye>s back 8 knock 0 
nev] he>d2 & :at 0 once a r>e luxury1   
has n[ come to be consid]$ a common     
necess>y ( life4 ,in/ead ( only         
sev5ty-six millions ( lett]s pass+ ?r\gh
 ! po/ 9 a ye>1 z 9 #ahch1 ! numb] has  
ris5 to betwe5 sev5 & eight hundr$      
millions4 ,on ! av]age e individual 9   
,engl& receives tw5ty-eight lett]s a-ye>
 79 ,london ! individual av]age is      

=ty-six71 9 ,scotl& eighte51 & 9 ,irel& 
n9e4  ,! gross rev5ue d]iv$ f ^! s\rces 
is ov] f\r millions2 & "s ( ! railway   
companies ea* make m money out ( !      
conveyance ( ! mails 9 a ye>1 ?an !     
annual rev5ue ( ! :ole k+dom 9 ! days ( 
,william & ,m>y4  ,! moral & social     
effects ( ! *eap po/age are             
incalculable4 ,x has t5d$ to /r5g!n &   
p]petuate dome/ic ties1 to br+ ! mo/    
scatt]$ & di/ant memb]s ( a family "u ! 
b5ign influ5ces ( home1 & to fo/] feel+s
 ( fri5d%ip & sympa?y betwe5 man & man4 
,^u ! education & intellig5ce ( ! p1    
too1 x has _h1 concurr5tly ) o!r causes1
 a m>k$ effect4 ,_m :o look$ ^u ! art ( 
writ+ z only a temptation to =g]y1 7    
induc$ to take p5 9 h& & ma/] ! sci5ce (
 pot-hooks & hang]s1 = ! sake (         
correspond+ ) _! fri5ds1 & ( be+ able to
 read ! lett]s !y receiv$4 ,9 #ahci a   
?ird ( ! m5 & half ( ! wom5 :o 7 m>ri$1 
accord+ to ! regi/r>'s returns1 c\ld n  
sign _! own names2 9 #aheg t 0 ! case ) 
only a sev5? ( ! m51 & a fif? ( ! wom52 

& n a little ( ?is advanc$ education may
 be attribut$ to ! impulse giv5 by !    
introduction ( *eap po/age4  ,nor h !   
advantages d]iv$ f ! po/ (fice by !     
great body ( ! public end$ "h4 ,x has   
%[n itself ! mo/ progressive dep>tm5t ( 
! gov]nm5t1 & has und]tak5 _m b5evol5t  
bran*es ( "w :i* 7 nev] contemplat$ by  
,sir ,r[l& ,hill4 ,?us x c>ries on an   
ext5sive sav+s-bank sy/em1 work$ out by 
,mr4 ,frank ,ives ,scudamore1 adopt$ by 
,mr4 ,glad/one :5 ,*ancellor ( !        
,ex*equ]1 & e/abli%$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t
 9 #ahfa4 ,?is valuable dep>tm5t1 ^:    
op]ations are n[ ( a v ext5sive "*1     
keeps a sep>ate acc\nt = e depositor1   
ackn[l$ges ! receipt1 &1 on ! requisite 
notice be+ furni%$1 s5ds out w>rants    
au?oriz+ po/-ma/]s to pay su* sums z    
depositors may wi% to )draw4 ,! deposits
 are h&$ ov] to ! ,commission]s = !     
r$uction ( ! ,national ,debt1 & repaid  
to ! depositors ?r\gh ! po/ (fice4 ,!   
rate ( int]e/ payable to depositors is  
two & a half p] c5t4 ,ea* depositor has 

8 sav+s-bank book1 :i* is s5t to him    
ye>ly = exam9ation1 & ! increas+ int]e/ 
calculat$ & all[$4  ,! po/ (fice n[     
acts1 too1 z a life-insurance society1  
(f]+ advantages to ! op]ative :i* no o!r
 society c (f]1 & :i* ! public are      
beg9n+ to appreciate4  ,9 #ahfi ! entire
 telegraphic sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom    
pass$ into ! h&s ( ! po/ (fice1 ^:      
adm9i/rators h %[n !mselves anxi\s to   
(f] increas$ facilities to ! public = ! 
transaction ( bus9ess4 ,! numb] (       
telegraphic /ations has be5 greatly     
increas$1 & ! rate r$uc$ at :i* messages
 are fla%$ f "o "p ( ! isl& to ! o!r4   
,f9ally1 a rec5t innovation1 made       
entirely 9 ! int]e/ ( ! public weal1 is 
! introduction ( ,halfp5ny ,po/ ,c>ds4  
,on "o side ( ^! missives ! s5d] writes 
! "n & address ( 8 correspond5t2 on !   
o!r1 ! communication int5d$ = him4 ,!   
c>d already be>s a halfp5ny /amp        
impress$1 & no?+ m rema9s to be done b  
to deposit x 9 ! ne>e/ (fice or         
pill>-po/4 ,we ?9k1 !n1 x may fairly be 

said t ! po/ (fice has %[n itself anxi\s
 to keep abrea/ ) ! ev]-increas+ wants (
 ! comm]cial classes ( ,great ,brita94  
99       99       99       99       99  
,:ile ^! pages are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 
! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 app>5tly issu$ "u   
(ficial direction1 h attract$ our       
att5tion4 ,we app5d !m "h1 z !y _c fail 
to int]e/ ! read]3--,x appe>s t !re are 
9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom #f miles #gab y>ds (  
pneumatic tubes 9 connection ) ! po/al  
telegraphic sy/em 7#ahga74 ,( ^!1 #d    
miles #fch y>ds exi/ 9 ,london1 & #b    
miles #gd y>ds 9 ! prov9ces--! latt] be+
 conf9$ to ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1         
,birm+ham1 & ,glasg[4 ,( ! total l5g? ( 
tubes n[ exi/+1 only #b miles #acbd y>ds
 exi/$ prior to ! transf] ( ! telegraphs
 to ! po/ (fice2 s t no less ?an #c     
miles #aadh y>ds h be5 laid s9ce t date2
 or1 9 o!r words1 ! sy/em has be5       
consid]ably m ?an d\bl$ 9 less ?an a    
ye>4 ,! total l5g? ( new tubes ord]$ & 9
 progress exce$s #c miles1 & :5 ^! are  
complet$1 ! sy/em w be ne>ly #aj miles 9

 l5g?4 ,all ( ! tubes 9 ! prov9ces1 &   
all b two ( ^? 9 ,london1 are work$ on  
,cl>k's sy/em4 ,! two :i* =m an         
exception are ^? betwe5 ,telegraph      
,/reet & ,/4 ,m>t9's-le-,gr&1 :i* are   
work$ on ,siem5s' sy/em4 ,! =m] are made
 ( lead1 ) a diamet] v>y+ f #a-a_/d to  
#b-a_/d in*es--! m frequ5t size be+     
#a-a_/b in*es4 ,! latt] are made ( iron1
 & h a diamet] ( #c in*es4 ,! idea (    
iron tubes work$ on ,siem5s' pr9ciple is
 d]iv$1 we believe1 f ,b]l91 :]e ! sy/em
 is entirely ( ?is description2 & ( !   
new tubes 9 progress1 t f ,/4           
,m>t9's-le-,gr& to ,temple ,b> w be (   
?is k9d4 ,all ( ! tubes n[ 9 exi/5ce are
 work$ 9 bo? directions by means (      
alt]nate pressure & vacuum2 ! motive    
p[]1 9 ! %ape ( a /eam-eng9e1 be+       
/ation$ at ! c5tral (fice1 ) :i* !      
out-/ations h communication by ?is      
means4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! diff]5ce 
( "t occupi$ by ! diff]5t tubes 9       
,london 9 pass+ ! 'c>ri]s' ?r\gh f "o   
end to ! o!r--! spe$ be+ gov]n$ by !    

l5g? & diamet] ( ! tube1 & by !         
circum/ance :e!r x is c>ri$ 9 a /raight 
l9e1 or has to enc\nt] %>p curves & b5ds
 on its way4 ,! great advantage ( ?is   
means ( communication1 = %ort di/ance1  
ov] ! electric is1 t ! tubes are n      
liable to sudd5 blocks ( "w z ! wires   
are1 & t a doz5 or m messages may be s5t
 ?r\gh1 at "o bl[1 if desir$4 ,= local  
telegraphs 9 great t[ns ! pneumatic     
sy/em is invaluable1 & is c]ta9 to be   
greatly ext5d$ "u ! po/al adm9i/ration4 
,,footnotes3  ,d ,brian ,tuke1 ma/] ( ! 
po/ to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4     ,! ,ov]l&  
,r\te4       ,,lieut5ant ,,waghorn4     
,! ,ov]l& ,r\te4     ,,lieut5ant        
,,waghorn4   ,wor?y to /& on a p> )1 or 
at l[e/1 9 ! v next rank to1 ! m5 :o    
orig9ate great inv5tions1 are ^? ^:     
=esight & en]gy discov] ! means ( ext5d+
 _! utility2 & 9 %ort5+ ! j\rney betwe5 
,europe & ,india1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( !   
ov]l& r\te1 ,lieut5ant ,waghorn         
practically a*iev$ z great a triumph ov]
 "t & space1 z if he _h inv5t$ a ma*9e =

 ! purpose t w\ld h trav]s$ ! old r\te 9
 ! same "t4  ,x 0 9 #ahbg t ,?omas      
,waghorn fir/ promulgat$ ! idea ( /eam  
communication betwe5 our ,ea/]n         
possessions & ! "m c\ntry4 ,he 0 !n     
tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & _h j return$ to
 ,calcutta f r\gh & ardu\s s]vice 9 !   
,arracan w>4 ,:5 a mid%ipman ( b>ely    
sev5te51 he _h pass$ ! navigation       
exam9ation = lieut5ant1--! y\nge/1 x    
appe>s1 :o ev] did s2 b al?\gh1         
consequ5tly1 eligible = t rank1 he _h   
nev] rea*$ x up to ?is "t1 9 spite ( !  
di/9ction he _h acquir$ 9 v>i\s actions4
 ,8 heal? _h be5 s mu* %att]$ by a fev] 
caught 9 ,arracan1 t he _h to return to 
,engl&2 b he did n leave ,calcutta )\t  
communicat+ 8 design to ! gov]nm5t !re1 
& obta9+ a lett] ( cr$5ce f ,"l         
,comb]m]e 7!n vice-presid5t 9 c\ncil7 to
 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 recomm5d+ him1 
9 consequ5ce ( 8 m]itori\s conduct 9 !  
rec5t w>1 z a fit & prop] p]son to op5  
/eam navigation ) ,india1 via ! ,cape ( 
,good ,hope4  ,! idea1 h[ev]1 0 j !n 9  

advance ( ! "t1 & all ,waghorn's        
agitation 9 its fav\r prov$ ( no avail4 
,9 ! meantime1 ! idea ( sav+ ! "t sp5t 9
 d\bl+ ! ,cape1 by means ( a r\te ?r\gh 
! ,m$it]ranean1 across ! ,i/hmus (      
,suez1 & d[n ! ,r$ ,sea1 _h occurr$ to  
him2 & 9 #ahbi he procur$ a commission f
 ! ,ea/ ,india ,directory to report on !
 probability ( ,r$ ,sea navigation1 & at
 ! same "t to convey c]ta9 despat*es to 
,sir ,john ,malcolm1 ,gov]nor ( ,bombay4
  ,he got notice ( ?is mission on ! #bd?
 ,octob]1 & 0 desir$ to be at ,suez by !
 #h? ,decemb]1 9 ord] to cat* ! /eam]   
,ent]prise1 & proce$ 9 h] to ,india4 ,he
 took only f\r days to make ready = !   
j\rney1 & on ! #bh? left ,london on !   
top ( ! ,eagle /age-coa* f ,grace*ur*   
,/reet4 ,circum/ances 7 any?+ b         
propiti\s all ?r\gh ?is exp$ition ( 82 &
 yet he defi$ & disreg>d$ !m all4       
,bridges broke d[n at c5tral po9ts1     
fall+ avalan*es _h to be kept cle> (1 an
 accid5t disabl$ ! /eam]1 & he _h to g  
"s hundr$ & ?irty miles out ( 8 way 9   

consequ5ce4 ,9 spite ( all t1 he da%$   
?r\gh five k+doms1 & rea*$ ,trie/e 9 n9e
 days1 or little m ?an half ! "t occupi$
 by ! po/-(fice mails on ! same j\rney4 
,impati5t ( delay1 he le>n$ t an        
,au/rian brig _h left = ,alex&ria !     
night be=e1 b ! breeze _h fall51 & %e 0 
/ill to be caught a glimpse ( f !       
hill-tops4 ,a fre% po/+ c>riage 0 got   
out1 & (f he w5t 9 *ase ( ! vessel1 hop+
 to make up to h] at ,pesano1 tw5ty     
miles d[n ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice4 ,! calm /ill
 prevail$2 & z he w5t da%+ along he c\ld
 cat* sight1 n[ & !n1 z ! c>riage pass$ 
"s op5 "p ( ! road & disclos$ ! sea1 ( !
 brig creep+ lazily along4 ,e h\r he    
ga9$ on h]2 in/ead ( a dull1 black speck
 ^u ! horizon1 he began to make out h]  
hull1 h] sails1 & rigg+4 ,he urg$ !     
po/-boys ) r$\bl$ vehem5ce--kept !m go+ 
at a furi\s pace4 ,he 0 )9 ?ree miles ( 
! vessel--x 0 crawl+1 he 0 fly+--ano!r  
half h\r w\ld see him safe on bo>d1 & !n
 heigh = ,india4 ,b /ay1 surely t 0 !   
w9d among ! trees2 c\ld ! breeze h ris58

 ,x _h inde$4 ,a /rong nor!rly w9d      
sprang up2 gradually ! sails ( ! brig   
swell$ out be=e x1 & poor ,waghorn1 ) 8 
pant+1 jad$ horses1 0 left f> beh9d4 ,! 
*ase 0 hopeless n[--s he w5t back       
m\rnfully to ,trie/e--exhau/$ 9 body )  
fatigue1 & rack$ by disappo9tm5t aft] ! 
previ\s excitem5t4  ,! next %ip1 a      
,spani% "o1 0 n to sail = ?ree days4 ,t 
0 m ?an ,waghorn c\ld endure2 he w5t to 
! capta91 urg$ him1 brib$ him ) fifty   
doll>s to make x two days1 in/ead (     
?ree1 & succe$$4 ,9 eight & =ty h\rs he 
0 some:at consol$ = 8 =m] disc\ragem5t1 
to f9d himself at l5g? at sea4 ,9 sixte5
 days he 0 at ,alex&ria1 & aft] a re/ ( 
only five h\rs !re1 hir$ donkeys & 0 (f 
to ,rosetta4 ,! donkeys 7 9 ! conspiracy
 aga9/ him1 z well z ! w9d & !          
avalan*es4 ,! fir/ day !y trott$ & walk$
 along z brisk z may be1 & our          
indefatigable travell] work$ !m well4 ,x
 is well kn[n t ! donkey ( ! ea/ is a   
p>agon ( wisdom1 comp>$ ) 8 dunce ( a   
bro!r 9 ,europe2 & ^u a night's         

reflection1 ,mr4 ,waghorn's donkeys seem
 to h cle>ly p]ceiv$ t he _h no notion (
 easy /ages1 & 0 b5t on keep+ !m go+ z  
fa/ z he c\ld1 & z long z daylight      
suff]$4 ,s ! second day !y manag$ to    
/umble1 & limp1 & fall d[n int5tionally 
f\r or five times1 & to put on a pitiful
 affectation ( fatigue & we>9ess1--a    
common dodge1 ! driv]s said1 ( ^? kn[+  
animals4  ,=tunately he 0 soon able to  
disp5se ) ! deceitful donkeys2 & emb>k+ 
on ! ,nile1 und]took to navigate ! boat 
himself1 9 ord] to take s\nd+s & make   
obs]vations 9 reg>d to ! r\te4 ,aft]    
brief repose at ,rosetta1 he set out =  
,cairo on a cange1 a sort ( boat (      
fifte5 tons bur!n1 ) two l>ge latte5    
sails4 ,! capta9 und]took to l& him at  
,cairo 9 ?ree days & f\r nights2 b !    
boat w5t agr\nd on a %oal1 & aft] tack+ 
= five days & nights1 ,waghorn lo/ all  
pati5ce1 & proce$$ to 8 de/9ation ^u    
donkeys4 ,he cross$ ! des]t f ,cairo to 
,suez 9 f\r days1 on two ( :i* he       
travell$ sev5ty-f\r miles4 ,he 0 ?us    

able to keep 8 appo9tm5t & be at ,suez  
by ! #h? ,decemb]1 b !re 0 no sign ( !  
/eam]4 ,! w9d 0 bl[+ "r 9 h] tee?2 s    
aft] wait+ two days1 ) fev]i% impati5ce1
 ,mr4 ,waghorn det]m9$ to sail d[n !    
c5tre ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 an op5 boat1 9 !  
hope ( meet+ ! /eam] some:]e above      
,cossi]4 ,all ! seam5 ( ! locality held 
up _! h&s at ! proposal ( ! mad         
,engli%man1 & tri$ to dissuade him4 ,x 0
 ! op9ion1 he knew1 ( nautical          
au?orities at ! "t1 t ! ,r$ ,sea 0 n    
navigable4 ,b he c\ld n re/ quiet at    
,suez2 he _h important despat*es to     
deliv]2 he 0 commission$ to inquire into
 ! navigability ( ^! wat]s2 & out he    
w\ld g 9 an op5 boat1 let folk say :at  
!y w\ld1 & s he did4  ,he emb>k$1 says !
 n>rator ( 8 ,life & ,lab\rs1 9         
,h\sehold ,words1,e 9 an op5 boat1 & )\t
 hav+ any p]sonal k ( ! navigation ( ?is
 sea1 )\t *>t1 )\t compass1 or ev5 !    
enc\ragem5t ( a s+le prec$5t = su* an   
ent]prise--8 only guide ! sun by day1 & 
! nor? /> by night--he sail$ d[n ! c5tre

 ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,( ?is mo/ int]e/+ &     
unprec$5t$ voyage ,mr4 ,waghorn gives no
 detail$ acc\nt4 ,all int]m$iate ?+s are
 abruptly cut (f ) ^! v *>act]i/ic      
words3 ',suffice x to say1 ,i arriv$ at 
,juddah1 #fbj miles 9 six & a half days1
 9 t boat6' ,y get no?+ m ?an ! sum     
total4 ,he kept a sailor's log-j\rnal2 b
 x is only meant = sailors to read1 ?\gh
 n[ & !n y obta9 a glimpse ( ! sort ( "w
 he w5t ?r\gh4 ,?us3 ',sunday1          
#ac?--,/rong1 ,n4,w4 w9d1 half a gale1 b
 scudd+ "u /orm-sail4 ,sunset1 an*or$ = 
! night4 ,jaffate5 ,isl&s out ( sight to
 ! ,n4 ,lo/ two an*ors dur+ ! night1' c4
 ,! re/ is equally nautical & te*nical4 
,9 "o ( ! _m scatt]$ pap]s collect$ s9ce
 ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,waghorn1 we f9d a v     
slight pass+ allusion to toils1 p]ils1 &
 privations1 :i*1 h[ev]1 he calmly says1
 7 'insep>able f su* a voyage "u su*    
circum/ances1'--b n "o t\* ( description
 f fir/ to la/4 ,a m extraord9>y in/ance
 ( great practical exp]i5ce & k1        
resolutely & fully c>ry+ out a project  

:i* mu/ ( necessity h appe>$ little %ort
 ( madness to almo/ ev]ybody else1 0    
nev] record$4 ,he 0 p]fectly successful1
 s f> z ! navigation 0 conc]n$1 & 9 !   
c\rse he adopt$1 not)/&+ t 8 crew ( six 
,arabs mut9i$4 ,x appe>s 7= he tells u  
only ! b>e fact7 !y 7 only subdu$ on !  
pr9ciple kn[n to philosoph]s 9 !ory1 &  
to high-c\rag$ m51 accu/om$ to comm&1 by
 exp]i5ce1--namely1 t ! "o man :o is    
brav]1 /rong]1 & firm] ?an any          
individual ( t5 or tw5ty m51 is m ?an a 
mat* = ! t5 or tw5ty put toge!r4 ,he    
t\*$ at ,cossi] on ! #ad?1 n hav+ fall5 
9 ) ! ,ent]prise4 ,!re he 0 told by !   
gov]nor t ! /eam] 0 expect$ e h\r4 ,mr4 
,waghorn 0 9 no /ate ( m9d to wait v    
long2 s1 f9d+ %e did n arrive1 he aga9  
put to sea 9 8 op5 boat1 resolv$1 if he 
did n fall 9 ) h]1 to proce$ ! entire   
di/ance to ,juddah--a di/ance ( #djj    
miles fur!r4 ,( ?is fur!r voyage he does
 n leave any record1 ev5 9 8 log1 beyond
 ! simple decl>ation t he 'emb>k$ =     
,juddah--ran ! di/ance 9 ?ree days &    

tw5ty-"o h\rs & a qu>t]--& on ! #bc;d   
an*or$ 8 boat close to "o ( ! ,ea/      
,india ,company's cruis]s1 ! ,b5>es4' ,b
 n[ comes ! mo/ try+ "p ( 8 :ole        
und]tak+--! "p :i* a man ( 8 vigor\sly  
con/itut$ impulses 0 lea/ able to be> z 
! climax ( 8 prolong$ & ardu\s ef=ts1   
privations1 anxieties1 & fatigue4       
,repair+ on bo>d ! ,b5>es to le>n !     
news1 ! capta9 in=m$ him t1 9 consequ5ce
 ( be+ f\nd 9 a defective /ate on h]    
arrival at ,bombay1 '! ,ent]prise 0 n   
com+ at all4' ,?is intellig5ce seems to 
h fell$ him l a bl[1 & he 0 imm$iately  
seiz$ ) a deliri\s fev]4 ,! capta9 &    
(fic]s ( ! ,b5>es felt great sympa?y &  
int]e/ 9 ?is sad result ( s _m          
extraord9>y ef=ts1 & deta9+ him on bo>d1
 be/[$ e att5tion on 8 malady4  ,x 0 six
 weeks be=e he c\ld proce$ by sail+     
vessel to ,bombay1 :]e he arriv$ on !   
#ba/ ,m>*1 hav+1 9 spite ( all !        
drawbacks 9 8 way1 accompli%$ ! j\rney 9
 f\r mon?s & tw5ty-"o days--q an        
extraord9>y rapidity at t "t4 ,_h he    

escap$ ! fev] at ,juddah1 & fall5 9 ) ! 
,ent]prise at ! "r "t1 ne>ly two mon?s  
might h be5 sav$4  ,he _h prov$ !       
practicability ( ! ov]l& r\te1 & he n[  
devot$ himself to its e/abli%m5t4 ,9 an 
address to ! ,home ,gov]nm5t & ! ,ea/   
,india ,company1 he ?us expresses 8     
views3--  ,( myself1 ,i tru/ ,i may be  
excus$ :5 ,i say1 t ! highe/ object ( my
 ambition has ev] be5 an ext5sive       
usefulness2 & my l9e ( life--my turn (  
m9d--my disposition1 long ago impell$ me
 to give all my leisure1 & all my       
opportunities ( obs]vation1 to !        
introduction ( /eam-vessels1 & p]man5tly
 e/abli%+ !m z ! means ( communication  
betwe5 ,india & ,engl& includ+ all !    
colonies on ! r\te4 ,! va/ importance ( 
?ree mon?s' e>li] in=mation to 8        
,maje/y's gov]nm5t1 & to ! ,hon\rable   
,company1--:e!r relative to a w> or a   
peace--to abundant or to %ort crops--to 
! sickness or convalesc5ce ( a colony or
 di/rict1 & (t5times ev5 ( an           
individual2 ! advantages to ! m]*ant1 by

 enabl+ him to regulate 8 supplies &    
ord]s accord+ to circum/ances & dem&s2 !
 anxieties ( ! ?\s&s ( my c\ntrym5 9    
,india = acc\nts1 & fur!r acc\nts1 ( _! 
p>5ts1 *ildr51 & fri5ds at home2 !      
correspond+ anxieties ( ^? relatives &  
fri5ds 9 ?is c\ntry2--9 a ^w1 ! spe$ie/ 
possible transit ( lett]s to ! t5s (    
?\s&s :o at all times 9 solicitude await
 !m1 01 to my m9d1 a s]vice ( ! greate/ 
g5]al importance2 & x %all n be my fault
 if ,i d n1 & = ev] e/abli% x4  ,! s*eme
 :i* he ?us resolutely & en?usia/ically 
decl>$ 8 adoption (1 he liv$ to c>ry    
out1 b at ! co/ ( ye>s ( we>y advocacy1 
agitation = help1 desp]ate attempts on 8
 own acc\nt1 or 9 conjunction ) a few   
ent]pris+ associates1 9 ! tee? ( con/ant
 disc\ragem5t1 (ficial indiff]5ce1      
jeal\sy1 & disguis$ ho/ility4 ,! ,ea/   
,india ,company told him !re 0 no ne$ ( 
/eam navigation to ! ,ea/ at all1 ord]$ 
him to m9d 8 own bus9ess & return to    
field s]vice1 circulat$ reports ( 8     
insanity ?r\gh _! ag5ts 9 ,egypt :5     

,waghorn w5t !re to enli/ ! ,pa%a 9 8   
cause4 ,! ov]l& r\te1 h[ev]1 0 no !ory1 
b an und\bt$ fact4 ,waghorn nev] = a    
mom5t relax$ 8 grasp ( x1 or d\bt$ its  
value2 & 9 ! end1 aft] unhe>d (         
difficulties1 disappo9tm5ts1 &          
opposition1 into ! long1 pa9ful /ory (  
:i* we ne$ n ent]1 succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! 
ov]l& r\te4 ,:5 he left ,egypt 9 #ahda1 
he _h provid$ ,engli% c>riages1 vans1 & 
horses1 = ! conveyance ( pass5g]s across
 ! des]t1 plac$ small /eam]s on ! ,nile 
& ,alex&rian ,canal1 & built ! eight    
halt+-places on ! des]t betwe5 ,cairo & 
,suez4 ,he also set up ! ?ree hotels 9 !
 same qu>t] 9 :i* e com=t1 & ev5 "s     
luxuries1 7 provid$ & /or$ = ! pass+    
travell]1--among :i* %\ld be m5tion$    
iron tanks ) good wat]1 rang$ 9 cell>s  
b5ea?2--& all ?is 9 a region :i* 0      
previ\sly a wa/e ( arid s&s & scor*+    
gravel1 beset ) w&]+ robb]s & _! camels4
 ,^! w&]+ robb]s he conv]t$ into fai?ful
 guides1 z !y are n[ f\nd to be by e    
travell]2 & ev5 ladies ) _! infants are 

enabl$ to cross & re-cross ! des]t ) z  
mu* security z if !y 7 9 ,europe4  ,9   
ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 s]vices1 ,mr4 ,waghorn  
receiv$ ! rank ( lieut5ant 9 ! ,royal   
,navy1 a grant ( ,l#aejj1 & an annuity (
 ,l#bjj a-ye> f ,gov]nm5t1 & ano!r      
annuity ( ,l#bjj f ! ,ea/ ,india        
,company2 b he did n live long to enjoy 
8 well-e>n$ rew>ds4 ,! c>e1 & anxiety1 &
 fatigue he _h und]gone _h %att]$ 8     
con/itution4 ,?r\gh "s misund]/&+ or    
mismanagem5t on ! "p ( ! ,ea/ ,india    
,company1 rivals 7 all[$ to /ep 9 & c>ry
 (f ! *ief pr(its ( ! ov]l& sy/em1 & 8  
la/ ye>s 7 embitt]$ by v>i\s disputes ) 
! au?orities4 ,he di$ 9 ! end ( #ahdi1  
by ye>s only 9 ! prime ( life2 b old1 & 
worn by 8 lab\rs be=e 8 "t4 ,su* 0 !    
c>e] ( ! pione] ( ! ,ov]l& ,r\te4  ,b 9 
connection ) ,engl&'s r\te to ,india1 ! 
"n ( ,monsieur de ,lesseps mu/ nev] be  
=gott51 nor ! great ent]prise :i*1 at s 
mu* co/1 & 9 spite ( s _m ob/acles1 he  
successfully c>ri$ out--! ,suez ,canal4 
,:5 he fir/ project$ x he met ) mo/ ( ! 

ob/acles :i* are ?r[n 9 ! way ( great   
inv5tions4 ,engl&1 jeal\s ( a s*eme :i* 
seem$ likely to ?r[ into ! h&s ( a =eign
 p[] ! ne>e/ r\te to h] belov$ ,india1  
/ood sull5ly alo(1 & refus$ to          
contribute moral or pecuni>y support2   
:ile "s ( ! mo/ em95t ,engli% & =eign   
eng9e]s op5ly decl>$ t x c\ld nev] be   
c>ri$ out4 ,m4 de ,lesseps1 h[ev]1 0 "o 
( ^? m5 :o1 :5 !y h seiz$ a great idea1 
c nev] be ?r[n (f x4 ,x _h tak5 full    
possession ( 8 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 &   
intellect6 he felt t x c\ld1 & he       
det]m9$ t x %\ld be realiz$4 ,he conqu]$
 e difficulty3 he rais$ funds2 he secur$
 ! support ( 8 own gov]nm5t2 & 9 #ahef  
he obta9$ f ! ,pa%a ( ,egypt ! exclusive
 privilege ( con/ruct+ a %ip-canal f    
,tyneh1 ne> ! ru9s ( ! anci5t ,pelusium1
 to ,suez4  ,m4 de ,lesseps det]m9$ t 8 
canal %\ld be cut 9 a /raight l9e1 ) an 
av]age wid? ( #ccj feet1 & at an uni=m  
dep? ( #bj feet "u l[-wat] m>k1 :ile at 
ea* end 0 to be con/ruct$ a sluice-lock1
 #ccj feet long by #gj wide4 ,fur!r1 at 

ea* end he propos$ to execute a         
magnific5t h>b\r2 t at ! ,m$it]ranean   
end 0 to be ext5d$ five miles into !    
sea1 s z to obta9 a p]man5t dep? ( wat] 
= a %ip draw+ tw5ty-?ree feet1 on acc\nt
 ( ! enorm\s quantity ( mud annually    
silt$ up by ! ,nile2 t at ! ,r$ ,sea end
 0 to be ?ree miles long4  ,9 #ahfe !   
great canal 0 begun4 ,! ,m$it]ranean    
entrance is at ,port ,said1 ab\t !      
middle ( ! n>r[ neck ( l& betwe5 ,lake  
,m5zaleh & ! sea1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( !      
,delta4 ,!nce x is c>ri$ = ab\t tw5ty   
miles across ,m5zaleh ,lake1 be+ #aab   
y>ds wide at ! surface1 #bf y>ds at !   
bottom1 & #bf feet deep4 ,on ea* side an
 artificial bank rises "s #ae feet high4
 ,! di/ance !nce to ,abu ,ballah ,lake  
is #aa miles1 ?r\gh gr\nd :i* v>ies f   
#ae to #cj feet above ! level ( ! sea4  
,?is lake be+ trav]s$1 !re is l& aga9--a
 tr\blesome & %ifty soil--to ,timsah    
,lake1 ! canal be+ cut at a dep? bel[ ! 
sea-level ( #ej to #ajj feet4 ,on ! %ore
 ( ,timsah ,lake has ris5 a new & busy  

t[n1 ! c5tral po9t ( ! canal1 & nam$    
,ismailia1 9 hon\r ( ! pres5t ,pa%a (   
,egypt4  ,a space ( eight miles int]v5es
 betwe5 ! ,timsah ,lake & ! ,bitt]      
,lakes1 & 9 ?is space ! cutt+s are v    
deep & difficult4 ,! soil be+ almo/     
purely s&1 ! con/ant lab\r ( p[]ful     
dr$g+ ma*9es is con/antly requir$1 to   
prev5t ! *annel f fill+ up4 ,! deepe/   
cutt+ occurs at ,el ,guisr1 or ,girs*1 &
 is no less ?an #he feet bel[ ! surface3
 at ! wat]-level x is #aab y>ds wide1 at
 ! summit-level #agc y>ds4 ,9 trav]s+ ! 
,bitt] ,lakes ! c\rse ( ! canal is m>k$ 
by embankm5ts4 ,f ! s\!rn end ( ^! lakes
 to ,suez1 a di/ance ( ab\t ?irte5      
miles1 ! cutt+s are heavy & deep4  ,aft]
 _m disc\rag+ failures1 ,m4 de ,lesseps'
 great "w 0 complet$ la/ ye>1 & ! =mal  
op5+ ( ! canal took place 9 ! pres5ce ( 
! ,pr9ce & ,pr9cess ( ,wales1 & a goodly
 numb] ( pr9ces1 pot5tates1 & di/+ui%$  
p]sonages4 ,x is n[ op5 to navigation f 
end to end1 & %ips ( consid]able tonnage
 h successfully accompli%$ ! passage4   

,:e!r ! canal is a comm]cial success may
 /ill be d\bt$4 ,! co/ ( fur!r deep5+ & 
enl>g+ x1 & ( ma9ta9+ its banks &       
h>b\rs1 am\nts to a sum :i*1 z yet1 !   
traffic *>ges are n at all likely to    
defray4 ,b1 9 an eng9e]+ s5se1 ! ,suez  
,canal is "o ( ! wond]s ( ?is wond]ful  
n9ete5? c5tury4  ,,footnotes3  ,e ,augu/
 #ag1 #ahej4            99       99     
99       99       99     ,beautifully   
,illu/rat$ ,works4   ,,e>? ,,& ,,sea4 ,f
 ! ,fr5* ( ,,l\is ,,figui]4 ,translat$1 
,edit$1 & ,enl>g$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,,dav5port 
,,adams1 ,illu/rat$ ) ,two ,hundr$ &    
,fifty ,engrav+s by ,,freeman1          
,,giacomelli1 ,,yan ,d',,arg5t1 ,,prior1
 ,,f\lqui]1 ,,ri\1 ,,laplante1 & o!r    
,arti/s4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,h&somely b\nd 9
 clo? & gold4 ,price #aes4  ,?is volume 
is f\nd$ ^u ,m4 ,figui]'s ,la ,t]re et  
,les ,m]s1 b s _m additions h be5 made  
to ! orig9al1 & its aim & scope h be5 s 
l>gely ext5d$1 t x may almo/ be call$ a 
new "w4 ,^! additions & ?is ext5sion 7  
deem$ necess>y by ! ,editor1 9 ord] to  

r5d] x m suitable = ! ,briti% public1 & 
9 ord] to br+ x up to ! /&>d (          
geographical k4   ,,! ,,des]t ,,_w4 ,f !
 ,fr5* ( ,,ar?ur ,,mang94 ,translat$1   
,edit$1 & ,enl>g$ by ! ,translator ( ,! 
,bird1 by ,mi*elet4 ,) ,"o ,hundr$ &    
,sixty ,illu/rations by ,w4 ,,freeman1  
,,f\lqui]1 & ,,yan ,d',,arg5t4 ,imp]ial 
#hvo1 full gilt side & gilt edges4      
,price #abs4 #f;d4      ,,saturday      
,,review4--,! illu/rations are num]\s1 &
     extremely well cut4 ,two h&som] & m
 readable volumes ?an     ?is & ',!     
,my/]ies ( ! ,ocean' x w\ld be difficult
 to     produce4   ,,! ,,my/]ies ,,( ,,!
 ,,ocean4 ,f ! ,fr5* ( ,,ar?ur ,,mang94 
,by ! ,translator ( ,! ,bird4 ,) ,"o    
,hundr$ & ,?irty ,illu/rations by ,w4   
,,freeman & ,j4 ,,noel4 ,imp]ial #hvo1  
full gilt side & gilt edges4 ,price     
#ajs4 #f;d4      ,,pall ,,mall          
,,gazette4--,sci5ce walks to-day 9 h]   
silv]     slipp]s4 ,we h "h ano!r       
sumptu\sly produc$ popul>     manual f  
,france4 ,x is an acc\nt1 complete 9    

ext5t &     tol]ably full 9 detail1 ( ! 
,sea4 ,x is em95tly     readable4444 ,! 
illu/rations are altoge!r excell5t2 & ! 
production ( su* a book proves at lea/ t
 !re are v     _m p]sons :o c be        
calculat$ on = desir+ to "k     some?+ (
 physical sci5ce4   ,,! ,,bird4 ,by     
,,jules ,,mi*elet1 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory (   
,france1 c4 ,illu/rat$ by ,two ,hundr$ &
 ,t5 ,exquisite ,engrav+s by            
,,giacomelli4 ,imp]ial #hvo1 full gilt  
side & gilt edges4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4   
,,we/m9/] ,,review4--,?is "w consi/s (  
an exposition (     v>i\s orni?ological 
matt]s f po9ts ( view :i* c\ld     h>dly
 be ?\ght (1 except by a writ] (        
,mi*elet's peculi>     g5ius4 ,) 8      
argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! pres]vation ( our   
small birds we he>tily concur4 ,!       
translation seems to be     g5]ally well
 execut$2 & 9 ! matt] ( pap] &          
pr9t+1 ! book is almo/ an ouvrage de    
luxe4 ,!     illu/rations are g5]ally v 
beautiful4      ,,! ,,art ,,j\rnal4--,x 
is a *>m+ book to read1 & a mo/         

valuable volume to ?9k ov]4444 ,x 0 a   
wise1 & we _c     d\bt x w be a         
pr(itable1 duty to publi% x "h1 :]e x   
mu/ take a place second only to t x     
occupies 9 !     language 9 :i* x 0     
writt54444 ,c]ta9ly natural hi/ory      
has nev]1 9 our op9ion1 be5 m           
exquisitely illu/rat$ by                
wood-engrav+ ?an 9 ! :ole ( ^! designs  
by ,m4     ,giacomelli1 :o has treat$ ! 
subject ) r>e delicacy (     p5cil & !  
mo/ *>m+ poetical feel+--a feel+        
p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! writt5            
descriptions ( ,m4     ,mi*elet himself4
     ,,! ,s,c,h,oe,n,b,e,r,g-,,cotta    
,,s]ies ,,( ,,books4  ,9 ,clo? ,b9d+1   
#fs4 #f;d4 ea*2 9 ,morocco1 #abs4 ea*4  
,,*ronicles ,,( ,,!                     
,s,c,h,oe,n,b,e,r,g-,,cotta ,,family4   
,,! ,,times4--,we are confid5t t mo/    
wom5 w read x )     ke5 pleasure1 & t ^?
 m5 :o take x up w n easily     lay x   
d[n )\t confess+ t !y h ga9$ "s pure    
& ennobl+ ?\ghts f ! p]usal4   ,,di>y   
,,( ,,mrs4 ,,kitty ,,trevylyan3 ,a ,/ory

 ( ! ,times ( ,:itefield & ! ,wesleys4  
,,glasg[ ,,citiz54--,! v>i\s *>act]s are
 well     discrim9at$1 & ! /ory fl[s on 
naturally & pleasantly     to ! end4    
,,! ,,draytons ,,& ,,! ,,dav5ants3 ,a   
,/ory ( ! ,civil ,w>s4      ,,daily     
,,review4--,x is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all !  
au?oress' productions4   ,,on ,,bo?     
,,sides ,,( ,,! ,,sea3 ,a ,/ory ( !     
,commonweal? & ! ,re/oration4           
,,a!naeum4--,a good deal ( +5uity has   
be5 employ$ = !     purpose ( gr\p+     
toge!r _m ( ! well-kn[n *>act]s     ( t 
day2 & 9 spite ( ! g5]al gravity ( !    
n>rative1 !re is evid5ce ( a consid]able
 s5se ( quiet     hum\r bo? 9 ! *>act]s 
& 9 ! language employ$4   ,,w9ifr$      
,,b]tram1 ,,& ,,! ,,_w ,,%e ,,liv$ ,,94 
,,eclectic4--,v acceptable to _m ?\s&s1 
& only ne$+     to be m5tion$ to be     
s\ght = & read4   ,,! ,,m>tyrs ,,(      
,,spa9 ,,& ,,! ,,lib]ators ,,( ,,holl&2 
or1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,si/]s ,dolores &      
,co/anza ,cazalla4   ,,sket*es ,,(      
,,*ri/ian ,,life ,,9 ,,engl& ,,9 ,,!    

,,old5 ,,"t4   ,,di>y ,,( ,,bro!r       
,,b>?olomew1 ,,) ,,o!r ,,tales ,,&      
,,sket*es ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,life ,,9      
,,diff]5t ,,l&s ,,& ,,ages4   ,,w&]+s   
,,ov] ,,bible ,,l&s ,,& ,,seas4 ,) a    
,photograph1 & o!r ,illu/rations4       
,,wat*words ,,= ,,! ,,w>f>e ,,( ,,life  
7,f ! ,writ+s ( ,lu!r74 ,translat$ &    
,arrang$ by ! ,au?or ( ,!               
,s*o5b]g-,cotta ,family4   ,,poems4 ,by 
! ,au?or ( ,*ronicles ( !               
,s*o5b]g-,cotta ,family4 ,,cont5ts3--,! 
,wom5 ( ! ,gospels--,! ,?ree            
,wak+s--,songs & ,hymns--,memorial      
,v]ses4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt edges4         
,,valuable ,,works4   ,,by ,,! ,,rev4   
,j4 ,c4 ,,ryle1 ,b4,a4  ,,! ,,*ri/ian   
,,lead]s ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,c5tury2 or1    
,engl& a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago4 ,by ! ,rev4
 ,j4 ,c4 ,,ryle1 ,b4,a41 ,*ri/ ,*ur*1   
,ox=d1 ,au?or ( ,expository ,?\ghts1 c4 
,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4     
,,pall ,,mall ,,gazette4--,mr4 ,ryle has
 evid5tly a complete     acqua9tance ) 8
 subject1 su* z a m]e critical hi/orian 

w\ld nev] be likely to acquire2 & we    
believe !re is no     book exi/+ :i*    
conta9s ne>ly ! same am\nt (            
in=mation ^u x4   ,,by ,,! ,,rev4       
,,william ,,arnot4  ,,laws ,,f ,,heav5  
,,= ,,life ,,on ,,e>?--,,illu/rations   
,,( ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,prov]bs4 ,new      
,edition4 ,complete 9 ,"o ,volume4 ,cr[n
 #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #gs4 #f;d4          
,,family ,,treasury4--,a noble volume by
 "o ( ! fre%e/ &     mo/ vigor\s writ]s 
( ! pres5t day4  ,,! ,,p>ables ,,( ,,our
 ,,"l4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? antique4 ,price 
#gs4 #f;d4      ,,rev4 ,,james          
,,hamilton1 ,d4,d4--,! be/ family book  
on !     ,p>ables4                      
,,spurgeon4--,mr4 ,arnot is ! fitte/ man
 liv+ to exp\nd !     ,p>ables1 = he is 
himself a great ma/] ( metaphorical     
tea*+4 ,9 ! valuable "w be=e u !re is1 z
 is usual     ) ! au?or1 mu* /rik+      
orig9ality1 & mu* unp>ad$     le>n+4 ,! 
fir/ w make x popul>1 ! second w        
comm5d x to ! ?\ghtful4 ,_m writ]s h    
done well ^u     ?is subject1 b 9 "s    

respects1 z f> z space w\ld p]mit       
him1 our fri5d excels !m all4 ',!       
,p>ables' w be a fit     companion to   
',! ,prov]bs1' & bo? books w be         
immortal4   ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,a4 ,a4     
,,hodge1 ,d4,d4  ,,outl9es ,,( ,,!ology4
 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,goold1     
,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,biblical ,lit]ature
 & ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cr[n #hvo4
 ,price #fs4 #f;d4      ,,spurgeon4--,we
 c be/ %[ our appreciation ( ?is able   
,body     ( ,div9ity by m5tion+ t we h  
us$ x 9 our college     ) mu*           
satisfaction bo? to tutor & /ud5ts4 ,we 
int5d to     make x a class-book1 & urge
 all "y m5 :o are anxi\s to     become  
good !ologians to ma/] x ?or\ghly4 ,(   
c\rse we d     n endorse ! *apt] on     
baptism4 ,to a few ( ! ,doctor's        
op9ions 9 o!r p>ts we might object1 b z 
a ,h&-book (     ,!ology1 9 our judgm5t1
 x is l ,golia?'s sword--'!re is        
none l x4'  ,,! ,,atonem5t4 ,edit$ by ! 
,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,goold1 ,d4,d41 ,cr[n     
#hvo4 ,price #es4      ,,extract ,,f    

,,lett] ,,by ,,! ,,au?or ,,to ,,!       
,,editor ,,( ,,?is     ,,edition4--,?is 
"w has be5 writt5 ) a view to meet !    
rationali/ic speculations ( ! pres5t day
 z to ! nature     ( s91 ! ext5t ( human
 depravity & moral ability1 !     nature
 ( our connection ) ,adam1 ! nature &   
ext5t ( !     ,atonem5t1 c4 c4 ,s mu*   
has be5 writt5 t is positively          
false1 or fatally defective1 by         
,maurice1 ,j[ett1 ,bu%nell1 &     o!rs1 
t x appe>$ high "t t ^? :o love ! tru?  
%\ld r\se !mselves to d :at !y c to     
def5d & exalt     x4   ,,by ,,! ,,rev4  
,,islay ,,burns1 ,d4,d4  ,,hi/ory ,,(   
,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,*ri/3 ,) a ,special    
,view to ! ,del9eation ( ,*ri/ian ,fai? 
& ,life4 ,) ,notes1 ,*ronological       
,tables1 ,li/s ( ,c\ncils1 ,exam9ation  
,que/ions1 & o!r ,illu/rative ,matt]4   
7,f ,a4,d4 #a to ,a4,d4 #cac47 ,cr[n    
#hvo1 clo? antique4 ,price #es4         
,beautifully ,illu/rat$ ,books = ! ,"y4 
,,! ,,swiss ,,family ,,rob9son2 or1     
,adv5tures ( a ,%ipwreck$ ,family on a  

,desolate ,isl&4 ,a ,new & ,unabridg$   
,translation4 ,) an ,introduction f !   
,fr5* ( ,,*>les ,,nodi]4 ,illu/rat$ )   
upw>ds ( ,?ree ,hundr$ ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n 
#hvo1 clo? extra4 ,price #fs4  ,?is is a
 new & unabridg$ translation ( a "w :i* 
has acquir$ a great & well-m]it$        
popul>ity f its happy comb9ation (      
in/ruction & amusem5t1 ( ! int]e/ (     
romance ) ! discov]ies ( sci5ce4        
,,paul ,,& ,,virg9ia4 ,f ! ,fr5* (      
,,b]n>d9 ,,de ,,sa9t-,,pi]re4 ,an       
,entirely ,new ,translation1 )          
,botanical ,notes1 & upw>ds ( ,n9ety    
,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt 
edges4 ,price #ds4   ,,! ,,_w ,,at      
,,home3 ,pictures & ,sc5es f ,f>-(f     
,l&s4 ,by ,,m>y & ,,elizabe? ,,kirby4 ,)
 upw>ds ( ,"o ,hundr$ & ,?irty          
,illu/rations4 ,squ>e #hvo4 ,clo?1 ri*ly
 gilt4 ,price #fs4      ,,!             
,,times4--,an admirable collection (    
adv5tures &     incid5ts 9 =eign l&s1   
glean$ l>gely f =eign     s\rces1 &     
excell5tly illu/rat$4      ,,briti%     

,,qu>t]ly ,,review4--,a v *>m+ book2 "o 
( !     be/ popul> wond]-books = "y p t 
we h se54 ,9     language ( s+ul>       
simplicity1 & ) a v pr(use use (     v  
effective woodcuts1 ! di/9ctive features
 ( f>-(f     l&s--_! natural hi/ory1 !  
mann]s & cu/oms ( _!     inhabitants1 _!
 physical ph5om5a1 c4--are br\ght home  
to     ! fireside 9 a way to entrance   
alike ! *ildr5 ( five or     six ye>s   
old1 & ! old] folk :o in/ruct !m4 ,no   
bett]     book has appe>$ ?is season4   
,,book ,,= ,,boys--,,illu/rat$ ,,by     
,,gu/ave ,,dore4  ,,ge(frey ,,!         
,,knight4 ,a ,tale ( ,*ivalry ( ! ,days 
( ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,) ,tw5ty ,full-page      
,engrav+s by ,,gu/ave ,,dore4 ,po/ #hvo1
 clo? extra1 gilt edges4 ,price #ds4    
,,! ,,scotsman4--',ge(frey ! ,knight'   
appe>s n[ 9 p]haps     ! mo/ attractive 
=m x has yet assum$4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! be/     
/yle1 x is /ill fur!r enri*$ by a numb] 
( admirable     engrav+s by ,gu/ave     
,dore1 illu/rat+ all ! mo/ ?rill+       
adv5tures relat$4   ,,cats ,,& ,,dogs2  

or1 ,notes & ,anecdotes ( ,two ,great   
,families ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,by ,mrs4 
,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,new ,edition4 ,) upw>ds
 ( ,=ty ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?     
extra1 gilt edges4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4    
,,! ,,times4--,a full & well-writt5     
acc\nt ( bo? ! fel9e     & ! can9e      
species4 ,x is fill$ ) spirit$ engrav+s1
     _m ( :i*1 giv+ pictures ( tig] &   
lion hunt+1 w     h special attractions 
= ! ,gordon ,cumm+s & ,g]r>ds     &     
,liv+/ones ( ! future1 :o are n[ 9 our  
s*ool-rooms4   ,,new ,,gift-,,book ,,=  
,,boys4  ,,! ,,playgr\nd ,,& ,,!        
,,p>l\r4 ,a ,h&-,book ( ,boys' ,games1  
,sports1 & ,amusem5ts4 ,by ,,alfr$      
,,elliott4 ,) ,"o ,hundr$ ,illu/rations4
 ,po/ #hvo4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4           
,,illu/rat$ ,,times4--,we h n = "s "t   
se5 any ,book (     ,sports bett] got up
 or m c>efully compil$ ?an ?is4         
,,books ,,= ,,boys4   ,,! ,,=e/1 ,,!    
,,jungle1 ,,& ,,! ,,prairie2 or1 ,sc5es 
) ! ,trapp] & ! ,hunt] 9 ,_m ,l&s4 ,by  
,,alfr$ ,,elliott4 ,) ,?irty ,engrav+s4 

,po/ #hvo1 clo? extra1 gilt edges4      
,price #es4      ,,daily ,,news4--,an   
excell5t volume1 9 :i* lessons 9 zoology
     are communicat$ :il/ ! read]       
accompanies ! hunt] 9 !     jungles (   
,india1 ! lairs ( ,africa1 ! prairies ( 
,am]ica1     & ! pla9s ( ,ceylon4   ,,by
 ,r4 ,m4 ,,ballantyne4  ,new & ,*eap]   
,editions4  ,,! ,,"y ,,fur-,,trad]s3 ,a 
,tale ( ! ,f> ,nor?4 ,) ,illu/rations4  
,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #cs4  ,,ungava3 
,a ,tale ( ,esquimaux ,l&4 ,)           
,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price  
#cs4  ,,! ,,coral ,,isl&3 ,a ,tale ( !  
,pacific4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1  
clo?4 ,price #cs4  ,,m>t9 ,,rattl]2 or1 
,a ,boy's ,adv5tures 9 ! ,=e/s (        
,brazil4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1   
clo?4 ,price #cs4  ,,! ,,dog ,,crusoe   
,,& ,,8 ,,ma/]3 ,a ,tale ( ! ,we/]n     
,prairies4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1 
clo?4 ,price #cs4  ,,! ,,gorilla        
,,hunt]s3 ,a ,tale ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,) 
,illu/rations4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price  
#cs4  ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,ice2 or1 ,adv5tures

 9 ! ,pol> ,regions4 ,) ,engrav+s4 ,po/ 
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #cs4   ,,by ,j4 ,h4  
,,fyfe4  ,,m]*ant ,,ent]prise2 or1 !    
,hi/ory ( ,comm]ce f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4  
,c>avans ( ,old--,! ,pho5icians--,m>ts (
 ! ,m$it]ranean1 c4 ,) ,eight           
,illu/rations f designs by ,,cl>k       
,,/anton1 ,esq41 ,r4,s4,a4 ,po/ #hvo1   
clo? extra4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,briti% 
,,ent]prise ,,beyond ,,! ,,seas2 or1 ,! 
,plant+ ( our ,colonies4 ,illu/rat$4    
,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #cs4  ,,triumphs
 ,,( ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y4         
,illu/rat$4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo? extra4      
,price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,by ,w4 ,h4 ,g4    
,,k+/on4  ,new ,editions1 ,illu/rat$4   
,,r\nd ,,! ,,_w3 ,a ,tale = ,boys4 ,)   
,fifty-two ,engrav+s4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?   
extra4 ,price #es4  ,,old ,,jack3 ,a    
,sea ,tale4 ,) ,sixty ,engrav+s4 ,po/   
#hvo1 clo? extra4 ,price #es4  ,,my     
,,fir/ ,,voyage ,,to ,,s\!rn ,,seas4 ,) 
,=ty-two ,engrav+s4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?     
extra4 ,price #es4     ,,books ,,= ,,!  
,,"y4     ,,art ,,j\rnal4--,among ! be/ 

,publi%]s ( ,books = ! ,"y    we mu/    
rank ! names ( ! ,messrs4 ,nelson4      
,,af> ,,9 ,,! ,,=e/2 or1 ,pictures (    
,life & ,sc5]y 9 ! ,wilds ( ,canada4 ,by
 ,mrs4 ,,traill1 ,au?or ( ! ,canadian   
,crusoes1 c4 ,illu/rat$4 ,foolscap #hvo1
 clo?4 ,price #bs4  ,,fai?ful ,,&       
,,true2 or1 ,! ,evans ,family4 ,by !    
,au?or ( ,tony ,/>r's ,legacy1 c4 ,po/  
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,?+s ,,9
 ,,! ,,=e/4 ,by ,,m>y ,,& ,,elizabe?    
,,kirby4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price   
#as4 #f;d4  ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,a ,,p94   
,by ,f4 ,m4 ,s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,foolscap   
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4  ,,old    
,,rob9 ,,& ,,8 ,,prov]b4 ,by ,mrs4      
,,h5ry ,f4 ,,brock4 ,foolscap #hvo1     
clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4  ,,tru? ,,is    
,,always ,,be/2 or1 ,a ,fault ,confess$ 
is ,half ,r$ress$4 ,by ,,m>y ,,&        
,,elizabe? ,,kirby4 ,foolscap #hvo1     
clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4  ,,tru?s ,,&    
,,fancies ,,f ,,fairy ,,l&2 or ,fairy   
,/ories ) a ,purpose4 ,) ,f\r ,/eel     
,plates4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price   

#as4 #f;d4  ,,sc5es ,,( ,,! ,,old5 ,,"t4
 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,records ( ,noble       
,lives1 ,! ,boy ,makes ! ,man1 c4 ,)    
,f\r ,/eel ,plates4 ,foolscap #hvo1     
clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4  ,,alice        
,,/anley1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ,mrs4 ,s4  
,c4 ,,hall4 ,) ,f\r ,/eel ,engrav+s4    
,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 
,,! ,,playfell[1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by     
,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,hall4 ,) ,f\r ,/eel     
,engrav+s4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price 
#as4 #f;d4  ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 &   
o!r ,tales4 ,by ,mrs4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,hall4 ,)
 ,f\r ,/eel ,engrav+s4 ,foolscap #hvo1  
clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4  ,,/ories ,,f   
,,greek ,,my?ology4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,james 
,,wood4 ,) ,f\r ,/eel ,plates4 ,foolscap
 #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #as4 #f;d4   ,new   
,illu/rat$ ,edition4  ,,paul ,,&        
,,virg9ia4 ,) ,sev5ty ,cuts4 ,royal     
#cbmo1 clo?1 gilt edges4 ,price #as4    
,,books ,,= ,,! ,,"y4   ,,isabel',s     
,,secret2 or1 ,a ,si/]'s ,love4 ,by !   
,au?or ( ,! ,/ory ( a ,happy ,little    
,girl4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #cs4     

#f;d4  ,,anna ,,lee3 ,! ,maid5--,!      
,wife--,! ,"m4 ,by ,t4 ,s4 ,,ar?ur4 ,po/
 #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,true  
,,ri*es2 or1 ,weal? )\t ,w+s4 ,by ,t4   
,s4 ,,ar?ur4 ,) ,five ,engrav+s4 ,po/   
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4           
,,woodleigh ,,h\se2 or1 ,! ,happy       
,holidays4 ,) ,eight ,engrav+s4 ,po/    
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4           
,,mission>y ,,ev5+s ,,at ,,home4 ,by ,h4
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edges4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,! ,,gold5   
,,mission>y ,,p5ny1 & o!r ,addresses to 
! ,"y4 ,by ! late ,rev4 ,,james         
,,bolton1 ,kilburn4 ,foolscap #hvo1     
clo?4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,m>ion',s     
,,sundays2 or1 ,/ories on ! ,comm&m5ts4 
,) ,engrav+s4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4     
,price #bs4  ,,annals ,,( ,,! ,,poor4 ,)
 ,memoir ( ! ,au?or4 ,) ,eight ,plates  
pr9t$ 9 ,col\rs4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4  
,price #bs42 or1 clo? extra1 gilt edges1
 price #cs4  ,,nelly ,,n[lan',s         
,,exp]i5ce1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,by ,mrs4 ,s4
 ,c4 ,,hall4 ,illu/rat$4 ,foolscap #hvo1

 clo?4 ,price #bs4  ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,!  
,,:ite-,,rock ,,cove4 ,a ,tale = ! ,"y4 
,) ,six ,engrav+s4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?      
extra4 ,price #cs4  ,,f> ,,& ,,ne>2 or1 
,/ories ( a ,*ri/mas ,tree4 ,by ,,ita4  
,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece4 ,foolscap     
#hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,!      
,,fl[] ,,( ,,! ,,family3 ,a ,tale (     
,dome/ic ,life4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4   
,price #bs4  ,,! ,,_w',s ,,bir?day4 ,by 
! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,,gauss54 ,)      
,plates4 ,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price   
#bs4 #f;d4  ,,woodruff2 or1 ,sweete/ :5 
,cru%$4 ,a ,tale4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,veit*4    
,foolscap #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #bs4  ,,!  
,,regul> ,,s]vice2 or1 ! ,/ory ( ,reub5 
,in*4 ,by ! ,au?or ( ,village           
,mission>ies1 ,"u ! ,microscope1 c4     
,illu/rat$4 ,po/ #hvo1 clo?4 ,price #as4
 #f;d4     ,,! ,a4 ,l4 ,o4 ,e4 ,,s]ies  
,,( ,,books ,,= ,,"y ,,p4  ,,beautifully
 ,,illu/rat$ ,,& ,,elegantly ,,b\nd4    
,,*ur* ,,( ,,engl& ,,sunday-,,s*ool     
,,magaz9e4--,) ,a4 ,l4 ,o4 ,e4's        
well-kn[n p[]s ( description &          

imag9ation1 circum/ances     are        
describ$ & *>act]s sket*$1 :i* we       
believe _m     read]s w recognize z _!  
own4   ,po/ #hvo1 ,clo?4  ,,claudia4 ,a 
,tale4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,hebrew      
,,h]oes4 ,a ,tale f\nd$ on ,jewi%       
,hi/ory4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,on ,,!    
,,way2 or ,places ,pass$ by ,pilgrims4  
,illu/rat$4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,!      
,,triumph ,,ov] ,,midian4 ,illu/rat$4   
,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,h\se ,,beautiful2  
or1 ,! ,bible ,museum4 ,illu/rat$4      
,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,rescu$ ,,f ,,egypt4
 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,pride 
,,& ,,8 ,,prison]s4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4   
,,! ,,gold5 ,,fleece4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price
 #bs4 #f;d4  ,,! ,,roby ,,family4 ,)    
,sev5 ,illu/rations4 ,gilt edges4 ,price
 #cs4 #f;d4  ,,! ,,robb]s' ,,cave3 ,a   
,/ory ( ,italy4 ,) ,sev5 ,illu/rations4 
,gilt edges1 ) beautifully illum9at$    
side4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4  ,,old ,,fri5ds 
,,) ,,new ,,faces4 ,vignette ,title4    
,gilt edges4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,/ory  
,,( ,a ,,ne$le4 ,) ,sev5 ,illu/rations4 

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side4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,my           
,,neighb\r',s ,,%oes2 or1 ,feel+ =      
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beautifully illum9at$ side4 ,price #bs4 
#f;d4   ,foolscap #hvo1 ,clo?4  ,,idols 
,,9 ,,! ,,he>t4 ,a ,tale4 ,price #cs4   
#f;d4  ,,! ,,silv] ,,casket2 or1 ,love n
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#cs4  ,,w> ,,& ,,peace4 ,a ,tale ( !    
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#cs4  ,,! ,,holiday ,,*aplet4           
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,price #cs4  ,,! ,,sunday ,,*aplet4     
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,price #cs4  ,,miracles ,,( ,,heav5ly   
,,love ,,9 ,,daily ,,life4 ,price #bs4  
#f;d4  ,,:isp]+ ,,unse52 or1 ,be ye     
,do]s ( ! ,^w1 & n ,he>]s ,only4        
,illu/rat$4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4           
,,p>liam5t ,,9 ,,! ,,play-,,room4       
,illu/rat$4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,!      
,,m9e2 or1 ,d>kness & ,light4           
,illu/rat$4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4  ,,flora2 
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or1 ,f\r ,heads to ,furni%4 ,price #bs4 
#f;d4  ,,zaida',s ,,nurs]y              
,,note-,,book4 ,a ,book = ,mo!rs4 ,price
 #bs4  ,,poems ,,& ,,hymns4 ,price #as4 
#f;d4  ,,rambles ,,( ,a ,,rat4          
,illu/rat$4 ,price #bs4  ,,/ories ,,f   
,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,jews4 ,illu/rat$4
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#ahmo ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 
,new ,editions1 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 
,clo? ,extra4  ,,! ,,"y ,,pilgrim4 ,a   
,tale ,illu/rat+ ! ,pilgrim's ,progress4
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,,! ,,%eph]d ,,( ,,be?lehem4 ,) ,=ty    
,engrav+s4 ,price #es4  ,,exiles ,,9    
,,babylon2 or1 ,*ildr5 ( ,light4        
,?irty-f\r ,cuts4 ,price #es4           
,,precepts ,,9 ,,practice4 ,) ,=ty      
,engrav+s4 ,price #ds4  ,,!             
,,giant-,,kill]4 ,) ,=ty ,engrav+s4     
,price #ds4  ,,fairy ,,"k-,a-,,bit4 ,)  
,?irty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,price #cs4   
#f;d4         99       99       99      
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s+le3 ',recuyell ( !                    
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read]4 *ang$ to read]1    ,page #fe3    
home1 *ang$ to home4    ,page #abh3     
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mortal sickness3 *ang$ to a mortal      
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