,,! ,,cradle ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/4            
,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,primitive ,,*ri/ianity4 
,,by ,,octavius ,,brooks ,,fro?+ham4    
,,new ,,york3     ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s   
,,sons4     #ahb ,,fif? ,,av5ue4        
#ahgg4      ,,copyright1     ,g4 ,p4    
,,putnam',s ,,sons4     #ahgg4          
,,preface4   ,! lit]>y int5tion ( ?is   
volume is suffici5tly decl>$ 9 ! op5+   
p>agraph1 & ne$ n be =e%ad[$ 9 a        
preface2 b z ! au?or's deep] motive may 
be call$ 9 "q1 he takes ! lib]ty to say 
a ^w or two 9 m p>ticul> explanation4 ,!
 ?\ght has occurr$ to him on read+ ov]  
:at he has writt51 z a casual read]     
might1 t1 9 8 solicitude to make 8      
positions p]fectly cle>1 & to /ate 8    
po9ts concisely1 he may h laid himself  
op5 to ! *>ge ( c>ry+ on a controv]sy "u
 ! pret5ce ( expla9+ a lit]ature4 ,su* a
 reproa*1 8 he>t tells him1 w\ld be     
undes]v$4 ,he disclaims all purpose &   
desire to weak5 ! moral supports ( any  
=m ( religion2 z little purpose or      
desire to und]m9e ,*ri/ianity1 z to     

revive ,judaism4 ,x is 8 hone/ belief t 
no g5u9e int]e/s ( religion are         
compromis$ by sci5tific or lit]>y       
/udies2 t religion is indep5d5t (       
hi/ory1 t ,*ri/ianity is indep5d5t ( !  
,new ,te/am5t4 ,he is cordially p]suad$ 
t ! admission ( e "o ( 8 conclusions    
w\ld leave ! in/itutions ( ! *ur*       
precisely1 9 e spiritual respect1 z !y  
are2 & 9 ?us decl>+ he has no m5tal     
res]ve1 no mi/y philosophical mean+ t   
pres]ves expressions :ile de/roy+ ideas2
 he uses c&id1 intelligible spee*4 ,!   
lily's p]fect *>m suff]s no abatem5t f !
 *emi/'s analysis ( ! slime into :i* x  
/rikes its sl5d] root2 ! grape ( !      
,johannisb]g v9ey>ds is no less lusci\s 
f ! fact t ! soil has be5 subject$ to ! 
microscope2 ! f9e qualities ( ! human   
be+1 man or woman1 are ! same on any    
!ory1 ! bible !ory ( ! p]fect ,adam1 or 
,d>w9's ( ! an?ropoid ape4 ,! h]o is h]o
 /ill1 & ! sa9t sa9t1 :atev] 8 ance/ry4 
,we reject ! inf]5ce ( writ]s l ,godfrey
 ,higg9s1 ,?omas ,inman1 & ,jules ,s\ry1

 :o w\ld p]suade u t ,*ri/ianity mu/ be 
a =m ( nature-wor%ip1 because           
nature-wor%ip 0 a l>ge con/itu5t elem5t 
9 ! fai?s f :i* x sprung2 :y %\ld we n  
reject ! inf]5ce ( ^? :o w\ld p]suade u 
t ,*ri/ianity is doom$ because ! f\r    
gospels are pron\nc$ ung5u9e8           
,*ri/ianity is a hi/orical fact2 an     
in/itution2 x /&s ^u its m]its1 & mu/   
ju/ify its m]its by its p]=mances2 fir/ 
demon/rat+ its p[]1 aft]w>d press+ its  
claim2 v9dicat+ its title to exi/ by its
 capacity to meet ! actual conditions ( 
exi/5ce1 & !n ask+ respect ! gr\nd (    
good s]vice4 ,! *ur* t arrogates =      
itself ! "r to control ! spiritual      
conc]ns ( ! mod]n _w mu/ n plead 9      
ju/ification ( its pret5sion t x        
satisfi$ ! requirem5ts ( dev\t p ( ano!r
 hemisph]e1 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,!       
religion t fails to repres5t ! religi\s 
s5tim5ts ( liv+ m5 w n support itself by
 demon/rat+ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,new         
,te/am5t1 ! sup]natural bir? ( ,jesus1  
or ! inspiration ( ,paul4 ,o!r que/ions 

?an ^! are ask$ n[4 ,:5 a s]i\s man     
wi%es to "k :at ,*ri/ianity has to say 9
 reg>d to ! position ( woman 9 mod]n    
society1 a quotation f a lett] to !     
*ri/ians 9 ! ,greek city ( ,cor9?1 is n 
a satisfactory reply4 ,*ri/ianity mu/   
prove its adaptation to ! h\r t n[ is2  
its adaptation to days gone by1 is n to 
! purpose4  ,! *ur* ( ,rome _h a glimpse
 ( ?is1 & reveal$ x :5 x took ! gr\nd t 
! ,new ,te/am5t did n conta9 ! :ole     
revelation2 t ! s\rce ( inspiration lay 
beh9d t1 us$ t z "o ( its manife/ations1
 & con/antly suppli$ new sugge/ions z !y
 7 ne$$4 ,c>d9al ,wiseman did n hesitate
 to admit t ! doctr9e ( tr9ity 0 n /at$ 
9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ?\gh und\bt$ly a     
belief ( ! *ur*4 ,x w\ld h be5 b a /ep  
fur!r 9 ! same direction1 if ,dr4       
,newman %\ld decl>e t ! critics might h 
_! way ) ! e>ly records ( ! religion1   
:i*1 h[ev] curi\s z lit]>y rema9s1 7 n  
ess5tial to ! con/itution or ! "w ( !   
*ur*4 ,/rauss & ,r5an may speculate &   
welcome2 ! mission ( ! *ur* be+ to bless

 mank9d1 _! labors are innoc5t4 ,a *ur* 
t does n bless mank9d _c be sav$ by     
,augu/e ,nicolas2 a *ur* t does bless   
mank9d _c be injur$ by ,erne/ ,r5an4    
,lead+ prote/ant m9ds1 )\t mak+ s mu*   
concession z ! *ur* ( ,rome1 h          
practically accept$ ! position "h       
ma9ta9$4 ,x is becom+ less common1 e    
day1 to base ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity on !
 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! mo/ le>n$1 e>ne/1 &  
intellig5t comm5d _! fai? on its        
reasonabl5ess1 confront+ mod]n problems 
9 a mod]n way4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t quotes
 no scripture aga9/ ! doctr9e (         
evolution4 ,no "o read+ ,dr4 ,mc,cosh on
 ! developm5t hypo!sis1 w\ld suppose him
 to be a believ] 9 ! inspiration ( !    
bible4 ,he reasons l a reasonable man1  
meet+ argum5t ) argum5t1 feel+ dispos$  
to confront facts ) some?+ h>d] ?an     
texts4 ,! well in/ruct$ *ri/ian1 if he  
ent]s ! ar5a ( sci5tific discussion at  
all1 uses sci5tific weapons1 & foll[s ! 
rules ( sci5tific w>f>e4 ,! problems    
laid be=e ! mod]n _w are new2 sc>cely "o

 ( !m 0 prop\nd$ dur+ ! fir/ two        
c5turies ( our era2 n "o 0 prop\nd$ 9   
mod]n t]ms4 ,! mo/ univ]sal ( !m1 l     
pov]ty1 vice1 ! relations ( ! /rong & ! 
weak1 pres5t an aspect :i* nei!r *ur*1  
,fa!r1 nor ,apo/le w\ld recognize4      
,:atev] be>+ ,*ri/ianity has on ^!      
que/ions mu/ be timely if x is to be    
efficaci\s4  ,! doctr9e ( *ri/ian       
developm5t1 z x is held n[ by di/+ui%$  
tea*]s ( ! *ri/ian *ur*1 imply+ z x does
 incomplet5ess & !re=e defect 9 !       
antec$5t /ages ( progress po9ts cle>ly  
to ! apo/olic & po/ apo/olic times z    
ages ( rudim5tal exp]i5ce1 t5tative &   
crude4 ,:y %\ld n ! ent]ta9]s ( ?is     
doctr9e calmly surr5d] ! records &      
rema9s ( ! prep>atory g5]ations to      
antiqu>ian s*ol>s :o are will+ to       
inve/igate _! "*8 ,no discov]y !y c make
 w alt] ! results :i* ! c5turies h      
matur$4 ,!y w simply m cle>ly exhibit ! 
process :]eby ! results h be5 rea*$4    
,we may g fur!r ?an ?is1 & ma9ta9 t !   
unres]v$ ab&onm5t to criticism ( !      

lit]ature & m5 ( ! e>ly epo*s w\ld be a 
positive advantage to ,*ri/ianity1 =    
!reby ! religion w\ld be reliev$ f a    
s]i\s emb>rassm5t4 ,! duty1 assum$ by   
*ri/ians1 ( v9dicat+ ! tru? ( :atev] is 
f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t imposes grave    
difficulties4 ,x is safe to say t a v   
l>ge "p ( ! disbelief 9 ,*ri/ianity     
proce$s f d\bts rais$ by ,/rauss1 ,r5an1
 & o!rs :o h ca/ discr$it on "s portions
 ( ?is lit]ature4 ,*ri/ians h _! fai?   
%ak5 by ^? au?ors2 & d\btless "s :o are 
n *ri/ians are prejudic$ aga9/ !        
religion by books ( rational criticism4 
,! romani/1 fail+ to e/abli% by ! ,new  
,te/am5t1 or by ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ two   
c5turies1 ! primacy ( ,pet]1 ! supremacy
 ( ,rome1 ! validity ( ! sacram5ts1 !   
div9e sanction ( ! episcopacy1 loses !  
conv]t :om ! maje/ic ord] ( ! papacy    
might attract4 ,! prote/ant1 fail+ to   
prove by apo/olic texts 8 c>d9al dogmas1
 pre-de/9ation1 atonem5t1 election1 mu/ 
see dep>t unsatisfi$1 ! inquir] :om a   
philosophical exposition might h won4 ,!

 necessity ( ju/ify+ ! acc\nt ( !       
miracul\s bir? ( ,jesus repels ! d\bt]  
:om a purely intellectual conception (  
inc>nation might h fasc9at$2 & !        
obligation to believe ! /ory ( a        
physical resurrection is an add$ ob/acle
 to ! reception ( a spiritual fai? 9    
immortality4 ,s*ol>%ip has s effectually
 %[n ! impossibility ( br++ apo/olical  
gu>antee = ! cre$ ( *ri/5dom1 t ! cre$  
_c get ev5 common ju/ice done x :ile x  
compromises itself ) ! beliefs ( !      
primitive *ur*4 ,! inspiration ( ! ,new 
,te/am5t is an article t unsettles4     
,naturally x is ! fir/ po9t ( attack1 & 
its extreme vuln]ability raises a       
suspicion ( weakness 9 ! :ole sy/em4 ,! 
prote/ant !ology1 z held by ! m         
enlight5$ m9ds1 is capable (            
philosophical /atem5t & def5ce2 b x _c  
be /at$ 9 ,new ,te/am5t language1 or    
def5d$ on apo/olical au?ority4 ,! cre$  
really has n a fair *ance to be         
appreciat$4 ,its p[] to uphold spiritual
 ideas1 & develop spiritual tru?s2 its  

speculative res\rces z an antagoni/ (   
sci5tific mat]ialism1 animal fatalism1 &
 s5sualism1 are r5d]$ all b useless4    
,p[]ful m9ds are fett]$1 & good s*ol>%ip
 is wa/$ 9 ! attempt to id5tify beg9n+s 
) results1 roots ) fruits4  ,?is is a   
consid]ation ( mu* weight4 ,:5 we       
rememb] h[ mu* "t & conc]n are giv5 to !
 /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t = controv]sial  
or apologetic purposes1 to e/abli% its  
g5u95ess1 ma9ta9 its au?ority1 ju/ify   
its miracles1 expla9 away its           
difficulties1 reconcile its             
contradictions1 h>monize its diff]5ces1 
read into its texts ! ?\ghts ( lat]     
g5]ations1 & !n reflect on ! lack ( m9d 
be/[$ on ! important task ( recomm5d+   
religi\s ideas to a _w t is sp5d+       
enorm\s sums ( intellectual =ce on !    
problems ( physical sci5ce & ! arts (   
mat]ial civilization1 ! close           
association ( ! late/ ) ! e>lie/ fai?   
seems a deplorable mis=tune4 ,if !re ev]
 0 a "t :5 ! purely spiritual elem5ts 9 
! religion ( ! =emo/ races ( mank9d %\ld

 be develop$ & press$1 ! "t is n[2 & to 
miss ! opportunity by misplac+ ! en]gy t
 w\ld r$eem x is any?+ b consol+ to     
e>ne/ m9ds4  ,?us might reason a full   
believ] 9 ! cre$ ( *ri/5dom1 a devot$   
memb] ( ! *ur*2 ,greek1 ,roman1 ,g]man1 
,engli%4 ,! man ( lett]s view+ !        
situation f 8 own po9t1 w1 ( c\rse1 feel
 less int5sely ! mis*iefs entail$ by !  
error2 b ! error w be to him no less    
evid5t4 ,x is sometimes1 9 w>1 an       
advantage to lose outworks t _c be      
def5d$ )\t fatally weak5+ ! l9e1 draw+ !
 /r5g? ( ! g>rison away f vuln]able     
po9ts1 & expos+ ! c5tre to =midable     
assault4 ,! pres5t writ]1 ?\gh no fri5d 
to ! *ri/ian sy/em1 believes himself to 
be a fri5d ( spiritual beliefs1 & w\ld  
gladly feel t he is1 by 8 essay1 r      
/r5g!n+ ?an weak5+ ! cause ( fai?1 by   
:atev] class ( m5 ma9ta9$4              
,,cont5ts4   ,i4 ,,false ,,position ,,( 
,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4  ,,ii4 ,,!         
,,messiah4  ,,iii4 ,,! ,,sects4  ,,iv4  
,,! ,,messiah ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4  

,v4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ians4  ,,vi4       
,,paul',s ,,new ,,dep>ture4  ,,vii4 ,,! 
,,la/ ,,gospel4  ,,viii4 ,,! ,,we/]n    
,,*ur*4  ,,ix4 ,,jesus4  ,,au?orities4  
,i4  ,,false ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,new   
,,te/am5t4   ,! orig9al purpose ( ?is   
little volume 0 to indicate ! place ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,hebrew 
p1 to %[ 9 fact h[ x is compreh5d$ 9 !  
scope ( t lit]ature4 ,! plan has be5    
wid5$ to satisfy ! dem&s ( a l>g] class 
( read]s1 & to record m fully ! "w ( its
 lead+ idea4 ,/ill ! consid]ation ( !   
,new ,te/am5t lit]ature is ( prim>y     
importance4 ,! writ] submits t ! ,new   
,te/am5t is to be receiv$ z a natural   
product ( ! ,hebrew g5ius1 its cont5ts  
atte/+ ! creative p[] ( ! ,jewi% m9d4   
,he hopes to make x seem probable to    
unprejudic$ p1 t its diff]5t books m]ely
 c>ry to ! la/ po9t ( att5uation1 &     
f9ally exhau/ ! capacity ( ideas t ex]t$
 a controll+ influ5ce on ! developm5t ( 
t bran* ( ! human family4 ,to pr(undity 
( rese>*1 or orig9ality ( conclusion1 he

 makes no claim4 ,he simply records 9   
compact & summ>y =m1 ! results ( read+ &
 reflection1 ga!r$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s1 
kept 9 note books1 revis$ ye> by ye>1   
te/$ by use 9 oral in/ruction1 & r$uc$  
to sy/em by (t5 repeat$ manipulation4 ,!
 resemblance ( 8 views1 9 c]ta9         
p>ticul>s1 to ^? set =? by ,g]man       
critics ( ! s*ool ( ,/rauss or ( ,baur1 
he is at no pa9s to conceal4 ,8 deep    
indebt$ness to !m1 he delights to       
confess4 ,at ! same "t he c hone/ly say 
t he is a disciple ( no special s*ool1  
writes 9 ! int]e/ ( no !ory or gr\p (   
!ories1 b simply desires to e/abli% a   
po9t ( lit]>y consequ5ce4 ,all polemic  
or dogmatical int5tion he disav[s1 all  
disposition to l[] ! dignity1 impair !  
validity1 or weak5 ! spiritual supports 
( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 aim1 truly & sob]ly   
speak+1 is to set c]ta9 lit]>y facts 9  
_! j relation to "o ano!r4  ,x has n be5
 cu/om>y1 nor is x n[ cu/om>y to assign 
to ! ,new ,te/am5t a place among !      
lit]>y productions ( ! human m9d4 ,!    

collection ( books be>+ t "n has be51 & 
/ill is reg>d$ by advocates ( "o or     
ano!r !ory ( inspiration1 z (           
exceptional orig91 9 t !y express !     
div9e1 n ! human m9d2 be+ writ+s        
sup]-human 9 sub/ance if n 9 =m1 conta9+
 ?\ghts t c\ld n h occurr$ to ! unaid$  
intellig5ce ( man1 nei!r are am5able to 
! judgm5t ( un9spir$ reason4 ,to read   
?is volume z o!r volumes are read is    
=bidd52 to apply to x ord9>y critical   
me?ods is held to be an imp]t95ce2 to   
detect errors or flaws 9 x1 z 9 ,hom]1  
,plato1 ,?ucydides1 is pron\nc$ an      
unp>donable arrogance4 ,a book t conta9s
 revelations ( ! supreme wisdom & w mu/ 
be accept$ & rev]$1 mu/ n be arraign$4  
,criticism has !re=e1 among believ]s    
*iefly we may almo/ say solely1 be5     
occupi$ ) ! task ( e/abli%+ ! g5u95ess &
 au!nticity ( ! writ+s1 h>moniz+ _!     
tea*+s1 arrang+ _! cont5ts1 expla9+     
texts 9 accordance ) ! preconceiv$ !ory 
( a div9e orig91 v9dicat+ d\btful       
passages aga9/ ! objections ( skeptics1 

& extract+ f *apt] & v]se ! s5se requir$
 by ! cre$4 ,lit]ature has be5 p]mitt$  
to illu/rate or confirm po9ts1 b has n  
be5 call$ 9 to correct1 = t w\ld be to  
judge ! inf9ite by ! f9ite m9d4  ,9     
accordance ) ?is accept$ view ( ! ,new  
,te/am5t z a miracul\s book1 /ud5ts ( x 
h fall5 into ! way ( survey+ x z a      
deta*$ field1 unconnect$ by organic     
elem5ts ) ! surr\nd+ t]ritory ( m9d2 h  
exam9$ x z if x made no "p ( an ext5sive
 geological =mation1 z m5 =m]ly took up 
an a]olite or measur$ a b\ld]4 ,!       
mat]ials ( k respect+ ! book h be5 s\ght
 )9 ! volume itself1 nei!r ,greek1      
,roman1 ,g]man nor ,engli%man presum+ to
 ?9k t a beam f ! outside _w c\ld       
illum9e a book      ,:i* gives a light  
to e age1     ,:i* gives1 b borr[s none4
  ,! rationali/s x is ne$less to say1   
avoid$ ?is error1 b !y betray$ a s5se ( 
! p]il aris+ f x1 9 ! polemical _s t    
*>act]iz$ mu* ( _! writ+4 ,9 ,g]many1 ! 
tone ( rationalism 0 m sob] & sci5tific 
?an else:]e1 because biblical que/ions 7

 !re discuss$ 9 ! s*ola/ic seclusion ( !
 ,univ]sity1 9 lectures deliv]$ by le>n$
 pr(essors to /ud5ts engag$ 9 pursuits  
purely intellectual4 ,! lectures 7 n    
address$ to an excitable multitude1 z   
su* disc\rses are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9  
,france or ,engl&1 & p>ticul>ly 9       
,am]ica1 & consequ5tly /irr$ no religi\s
 passions4 ,! books publi%$ 7 read by a 
small class ( speciali/s :o /udi$ !m z  
!y w\ld treatises 9 any o!r dep>tm5t (  
anci5t lit]ature4 ,ne>ly half a c5tury  
ago ! disbelief 9 miracles1 port5ts1 &  
sup]natural int]v5tions1 0 ent]ta9$ &   
publi%$ by ,g]man univ]sity pr(essors2  
/ories ( prodigies 7 discr$it$ on !     
g5]al gr\nd ( _! incr$ibility1 & ! books
 t report$ !m 7 set d[n z untru/wor?y1  
:atev] might be ! evid5ce ( _! g5u95ess4
 ,a miracul\s n>rative 0 on ! face ( x  
unau!ntic4 ,ef=ts 7 accord+ly made to   
br+ ! ,new ,te/am5t writ+s )9 !         
categories ( lit]ature4 ,criticism began
 ! task by apply+ rules ( natural       
int]pretation to ! leg5d>y portions1 ?us

 aboli%+ ! sup]natural peculi>ity &     
leav+ ! m]ely human p>ts to ju/ify      
!mselves4 ,! me?od 0 ! be/ t (f]$1 b x 0
 unsci5tific2 unnaturally natural2      
confus$ f ! necessity ( supplem5t+ k by 
conjecture1 & faulty ?r\gh ! am\nt (    
arbitr>y supposition t _h to be         
introduc$4 ,att5tion 0 direct$ to !     
hi/orical or biographical aspect ( !    
books1 & only incid5tally to _! lit]>y  
"*1 z productions ( _! age4  ,! me?od   
pursu$ by ,/rauss 0 /rictly sci5tific & 
lit]>y1 ?\gh on ! surface x seem$ to be 
conc]n$ ) biographical details4 ,by     
treat+ ! n>ratives ( miracles z my?ical 
r ?an z leg5d>y1 z intellectual &       
dogmatic r ?an z fanciful or imag9>y    
creations1 & by trac+ _! orig9 to !     
tradition>y beliefs ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1  
he ran bo? lit]atures toge!r z "o1 %[+ !
 new to be a cont9uation or reproduction
 ( ! old4 ,! con/ruction1 o!rwise1 ( !  
,new ,te/am5t lit]ature conc]n$ him b   
incid5tally4 ,! fir/ ,life ( ,jesus1    
publi%$ 9 "p 9 #ahce1 0 devot$ to !     

discussion ( ! gospels z books ( hi/ory4
 ,! second--a revision--0 publi%$ 9     
#ahfd1 conta9$ a mu* l>g] proportion (  
lit]>y matt] 9 ! =m ( docum5t>y         
discussion1 made frequ5t ref]5ces to    
,baur1 & o!r writ]s ( ! ,tueb+5 ,s*ool1 
& atta*$ great weight to _! conclusions4
 ,9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,fai?1 publi%$ ne>ly
 t5 ye>s lat]1 ! ma9 conclusions ( ,baur
 are adopt$ z ! legitimate issue (      
lit]>y criticism1 ?\gh )\t attempt at   
=mal reconciliation ) 8 own orig9al     
view4  ,baur's me?od 0 orig9al )        
himself4 ,he f9ds ! key to ! secret ( ! 
composition ( ! fir/ ?ree ,gospels1 !   
,acts ( ! ,apo/les & portions ( o!r     
books1 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 ,paul & ,pet]  
feel+ly describ$ 9 ! second *apt] ( !   
lett] to ! ,galatians4 ,! synoptical    
,gospels1 he cont5ds1 & ) s+ul> +5uity  
argues1 are ! results ( t controv]sy    
betwe5 ! broad & ! n>r[ *ur*es2 are n1  
!re=e1 writ+s ( hi/orical value or      
biographical mom5t1 b books ( a doctr9al
 "*1 n controv]sial or                  

polemical1--m$iatorial & conciliatory r 
?an aggressive1--b writt5 9 a           
controv]sial int]e/1 & intelligible only
 :5 read by a controv]sial light4 ,baur 
call$ 8 ! hi/orical me?od1 z di/+ui%$ f 
! dogmatical1 ! textual1 ! negative2    
because 8 />t+ po9t 0 a hi/orical fact1 
namely1 ! actual dispute record$1 9     
language ( passionate e>ne/ness1 by "o (
 ! p>ties to x1 & di/9ctly confess$ 9 ! 
attitude ( ! o!r4 ,b ,baur's me?od has a
 /ill bett] title to be call$ lit]>y1 = 
x is conc]n$ ) ! lit]>y composition ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t writ+s1 & ) ! dispute z   
acc\nt+ = _! exi/5ce & =m4 ,8 /udies on 
! f\r? ,gospel1 & on ! life & writ+s ( !
 ,apo/le ,paul1 are admirable examples (
 ! unprejudic$ lit]>y me?od2 by f> ! mo/
 intellig5t1 compreh5sive & consi/5t ev]
 made2 simply invaluable 9 _! k9d4 ,!y  
conta9 all t is necess>y = a complete   
rationale ( ! ,new ,te/am5t lit]ature4  
,^!1 tak5 9 connection ) 8 ,hi/ory ( !  
,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies1 8 ,orig9 ( !     
,episcopate1 8 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 put !    

pati5t & att5tive /ud5t 9 possession ( !
 full case4 ,b ,baur lack$ con/ructive  
tal5t ( a high ord]1 & has be5 less     
successful ?an inf]ior m5 9 embrac+     
details 9 a wide g5]alization4  ,r5an   
adopts ! me?od ( ! e>ly rationali/s1 b  
applies x ) a fre$om & facility ( :i* !y
 7 incapable4 ,he takes up ! ,gospels z 
hi/ory1 & sifts ! lit]ature 9 ord] to   
get at ! hi/ory4 ,he claims to possess !
 hi/orical s5se1 by virtue ( :i* he is  
able to sep>ate ! g5u9e f ! ung5u9e     
portions ( ! ,gospels4 ,x is a po9t )   
him to %[ h[ ! "* ( ,jesus 0 m\ld$ by ! 
_s ( 8 age1 & by ! lit]ature on :i* he 0
 nurtur$2 b 8 treatm5t ( ! evangelical  
n>ratives z a mass ( biographical notes 
reflect+1 ) m or less correctness1 !    
p]sonality ( ,jesus1 is n q compatible )
 a rational or ev5 a lit]>y treatm5t (  
!m z a cont9uation ( ! traditions ( !   
,hebrew p4 ,! con/ructive =ce be+ c5tr$ 
9 ,jesus himself1 ! full recognition ( !
 creative g5ius ( ! ,hebrew m9d1 :i* 0  
illu/rat$ 9 ,jesus & 8 age1 0 preclud$4 

,r5an is 9 a measure compell$ to make   
,jesus a prodigy--an exceptional p]son1 
:o baffles ord9>y /&>ds ( judgm5t2 & 9 s
 do+ di/orts ! connection betwe5 him1 ! 
g5]ations t w5t be=e1 & ! g5]ations t   
came aft]4 ,/rauss does m ju/ice to !   
,new ,te/am5t lit]ature1 9 attempt+ only
 its p>tial explanation4 ,baur does m   
ju/ice to x 9 seek+ a lit]>y explanation
 ( ! writ+s z !y are4 ,r5an picks &     
*ooses accord+ to our arbitr>y crit]ion1
 :i* caprici\sly disports itself ov] a  
field cov]$ ) promiscu\s treasures4  ,"l
 ,amb]ley's m rec5t attempt reveals !   
weakness ( ! common proc$ure4 ,)\t !    
le>n+ ( ,/rauss1 ! p]spicacity ( ,baur1 
or ! brilliant audacity ( ,r5an1 he     
/rays ov] ! field1 mak+ sugge/ions nei!r
 pr(\nd nor orig9al1 & r oblit]at+ !    
di/9ct impressions 8 pr$ecessors h made 
?an mak+ new ones ( 8 own4 ,8 *apt] on  
,jesus w illu/rate ! confusion t mu/    
issue f a false me?od1 :i* does n des]ve
 to be call$ a me?od at all4  ,books h  
be5 writt5 ab\t ! ,new ,te/am5t by !    

?\s&--libr>ies ( books2 b !y m]ely      
supplant & refute "o ano!r4 ,ea* is     
entitl$ to z mu* consid]ation z ! re/1 &
 to no m4 ,! old mat]ials are turn$ ov] 
& ov]2 ! texts are subject$ to new      
cross-exam9ations2 ! *apt]s & incid5ts  
are %uffl$ ab\t ) fre% +5uity2 new      
suppositions are />t$2 new comb9ations  
are made2 b all ) no satisfactory       
result4 ,:e!r x be ,augu/e ,nicolas1 :o 
recon/ructs ! ,gospels to ju/ify !      
pr$ispositions ( ,romanism2 or ,edmond  
de ,press5se1 :o does ! same s]vice =   
lib]al ,prote/antism2 or ,h5ry ,w>d     
,bee*]1 :o con/ructs a ,*ri/ out ( !    
elem5ts ( an exub]ant fancy2 or ,william
 ,h5ry ,furness1 :o is c]ta9 t          
naturalness furni%es ! t\*/one (        
hi/orical tru?2 ! conclusion is ab\t    
equally inconclusive4  ,! lit]>y me?od  
avoids ! dogmatical emb>rassm5ts incid5t
 to ! sup]natural !ory2 (f]s easy       
solutions ( difficult problems2 connects
 incid5ts ) _! antec$5ts2 int]prets d>k 
say+s by ! light ( association2 & places

 fragm5ts 9 ! places :]e !y belong4 ,an 
exhau/ive application ( ?is treatm5t    
w\ld probably expla9 e passage 9 ! ,new 
,te/am5t writ+s4 ,a p>tial application (
 x l ! pres5t w indicate at lea/ "s ( ! 
capacities ( ! me?od4  ,! lit]>y        
treatm5t diff]s f ! dogmatical repres5t$
 by ! old] !ologians :o us$ ! ,new      
,te/am5t z a text book ( doctr9e2 f !   
purely exegetical or critical1 :i*      
consi/$ 9 ! imp>tial exam9ation ( its   
sep>ate p>ts2 f ! de/ructive or         
decompos+ treatm5t pursu$ by ! s-call$  
rationalism2 & f ! hi/orical1 z employ$ 
by ,baur & ! ,tueb+5 s*ool4 ,x is 9 "s  
respects m compreh5sive & positive ?an  
ei!r ( ^!1 :ile 9 special po9ts x adopts
 all b ! fir/4 ,e o!r me?od pres5ts a   
controv]sial face1 & is some?+ less ?an 
sci5tific1 by be+ to a c]ta9 degree     
inhospitable4 ,?is consults only ! laws 
:i* preside ov] ! lit]>y expression giv5
 to human ?\ghts4  ,x has be5 cu/om>y ) 
*ri/ians to wid5 z mu* z possible ! gulf
 betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts1 9    

ord] t ,*ri/ianity might appe> 9 ! light
 ( a fre% & transc5d5t revelation1      
supplem5t+ ! anci5t1 b supplant+ x4 ,!  
mo/ favorable view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t    
reg>ds x z a por* to ! new edifice1 a   
collection ( types & =egleams ( a gr&eur
 ab\t to foll[4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t has be5
 & /ill is held to be prep>atory to !   
,new2 ,moses is ! s*oolma/] to br+ m5 to
 ,*ri/4 ,! contra/ ( ,law ) ,gospel1    
,comm&m5t ) ,beatitude1 ,ju/ice ) ,love1
 has be5 pres5t$ 9 e =m4 ,*ri/ian tea*]s
 h delight$ to exhibit ! ess5tial       
sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity to ,judaism1 h 
quot$ ) triumph ! maxims t fell f ! lips
 ( ,jesus1 & :i*1 !y surmis$1 c\ld n be 
p>allel$ 9 ! eld] ,scriptures1 & h put !
 lea/ favorable con/ruction on su*      
passages 9 ! anci5t books z seem$ to    
conta9 ! ?\ghts ( evangeli/s & apo/les4 
,a m +5u\s /udy ( ! ,hebrew ,law1       
accord+ to ! olde/ traditions1 z well z 
its lat] int]pretations by ! prophets1  
r$uces ^! diff]5ces mat]ially by br++   
into relief s5tim5ts & precepts :]e( !  

,new ,te/am5t morality is b an e*o4 ,!re
 are passages 9 ,exodus1 ,leviticus1    
,deut]onomy1 ev5 t5d]] 9 _! humanity ?an
 any?+ 9 ! gospels4 ,! prea*] f ! ,m\nt1
 ! prophet ( ! ,beatitudes1 does b      
repeat ) p]suasive lips :at ! law-giv]s 
( 8 race proclaim$ 9 mighty tones (     
comm&4 ,su* an acqua9tance ) ! lat]     
lit]ature ( ! ,jews z is readily obta9$ 
n[ f popul> s\rces1 w conv9ce ! ord9>ily
 fair m9d t ! orig9ality ( ! ,new       
,te/am5t has be5 greatly ov]-e/imat$4   
,ev5 a ha/y read+ ( easily accessible   
books1 makes x cle> t ,jesus & 8        
disciples 7 ,jews 9 m9d & "* z well z by
 c\ntry & race2 & w r5d] x at lea/      
d\btful :e!r !y ev] outgrew ! traditions
 ( _! bir?4 ,paul's claim to be a       
,hebrew ( ! ,hebrews1 a ,ph>isee ( !    
,ph>isees1 circumcis$ ! eigh? day1 ( !  
/ock ( ,israel1 ( ! tribe ( ,b5jam91 is 
f\nd to be m ?an ju/ifi$ by 8 writ+s2 & 
ev5 ,john's exalt$ spirituality proves  
to be an aroma f a lit]ature :i*        
,*ri/ianity disav[s4 ,! phrases         

,r$emption1 ,grace1 ,fai?1 ,baptism1    
,salvation1 ,reg5]ation1 ,son ( ,man1   
,son ( ,god1 ,k+dom ( ,heav51 are native
 to ?is lit]ature1 & z famili> !re z 9  
gospel or epi/le4 ,! symbolism ( !      
,apocalypse1 ,jewi% ?r\gh\t1 ) its ,new 
,j]usalem1 its consecration ( ! numb]   
twelve1--twelve f\ndations1 twelve      
gates1 twelve />s1 twelve angels1--po9ts
 to deep] correspond5ces t d n meet !   
eye1 b occur to reflection4 ,we rememb] 
t ! ,new ,te/am5t con/antly ref]s to !  
,old2 t great /ress is laid on !        
fulfilm5t ( anci5t prophecies2 t ,jesus 
explicitly decl>es1 at ! op5+ ( 8       
m9i/ry1 t he came n to de/roy ! law or !
 prophets1 b to reaffirm & complete !m1 
say+ ) e>ne/ =ce till heav5 & e>? pass1 
n "o jot or tittle %all 9 any wise pass 
f ! law until all be fulfill$4 ,we      
discov] t 8 criticisms bore h>d on !    
casui/s :o corrupt$ ! law by _! glosses1
 b 7 made 9 ! int]e/ ( ! orig9al        
comm&m5t1 :i* _h be5 c>icatur$4 ,9 a ^w1
 s completely is ! space betwe5 ! old   

disp5sation & ! new bridg$ ov]1 t ! mo/ 
delicate & fragile fancies1 ! lighte/   
imag]y1 ! da9tie/ fabrics ( !           
intellectual _w are transport$ )\t r5t  
or fracture1 across ! gulf op5$ by !    
captivity1 & ! des]ts caus$ by !        
desolat+ qu>rels t att5d$ ! new attempts
 at recon/ruction1 :ile ! massive ideas 
t lie at ! f\ndation ( ,hebraic ?\ght1  
:]ev] f\nd1 are l&$ )\t risk or         
confusion 9 ! new t]ritory4 ,betwe5 !   
,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian scriptures !re is n 
s mu* z a blank leaf4  ,if ?is c be made
 app>5t )\t ov]-/at+ ! facts1 ev]y?+ 9 !
 ,new ,te/am5t1 f ! "* ( ,jesus1 & !    
con/itution ( ! primitive *ur*1 to !    
lat] developm5t by ,paul1 & ! late/ by  
,john1 mu/ be subject$ to a revision1   
:i* ?\gh fatal to ,*ri/ianity's claim to
 be a special revelation1 w re/ore      
dignity to ! ,semitic "*1 & consi/5cy to
 ! developm5t ( hi/oric tru?4 ,bett]    
/ill1 x w heal ! brea* betwe5 two great 
religions1 & w contribute to t dis>mam5t
 ( fai?s f :i* good he>ts anticipate mo/

 important results4 ,( all ?is h9ts only
 c be giv5 9 a %ort essay l ?is2 b if ! 
h9ts are sugge/ive 9 !mselves or f _!   
arrangem5t1 a s]vice w be r5d]$ to !    
cause ( tru? t may des]ve recognition4  
,,ii4  ,,! ,,messiah4   ,! p]iod ( !    
captivity 9 ,babylon1 :i* is commonly   
reg>d$ z a p]iod ( sadness & desolation1
 a blank space ( int]ruption 9 !        
nation's life1 01 9 reality1 a p]iod (  
int5se m5tal activity2 probably ! highe/
 spiritual mom5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! p4      
,dispossess$ ( _! own t]ritory1 reliev$ 
( ! burd5 & fre$ f ! di/raction (       
politics1 _! dis9tegrat+ tribal feuds   
t]m9at$ by =eign conque/1 liv+1 z       
unoppress$ exiles1 9 "o ( ! _w's greate/
 cities1 ) opportunities = obs]vation & 
reflection nev] enjoy$ be=e1 hav+       
unbrok5 leisure 9 ! mid/ ( mat]ial &    
intellectual opul5ce1 ! true *ildr5 (   
,israel devot$ !mselves to ! task (     
rebuild+ spiritually ! /ate t _h be5    
politically ov]?r[n4 ,! writ+s t reflect
 ?is p]iod1 p>ticul>ly ! lat] portions (

 ,isaiah1 exhibit ! s\l ( ! nation 9    
pr\d resi/ance aga9/ ! unbelief1 !      
disloyalty1 ! worldl9ess1 t 7 demoraliz+
 ! less noble "p ( _! c\ntrym54 ,! duty 
0 laid on !m to support ! national "*1  
revive ! national fai?1 re/ore !        
national c\rage1 & rebuild ! national   
purpose4 ,to ?is end !y collect$ !      
traditions ( pa/ glory1 ga!r$ up !      
fragm5ts ( leg5d & song1 reanimat$ !    
s\ls ( _! h]oes & sa9ts1 develop$ ideas 
t exi/$ only 9 g]m1 arrang$ n>ratives & 
legislation1 & con/ruct$ an ideal /ate4 
,!re is reason to believe t ! real g5ius
 ( ! p 0 fir/ call$ into full ex]cise1 &
 put on its c>e] ( developm5t at ?is "t2
 t ,babylon 0 a =c+ nurs]y1 n a prison  
cell2 creat+ in/ead ( /ifl+ a nation4 ,!
 a/oni%+ outbur/ ( intellectual & moral 
en]gy t accompani$ ! return f !         
,babyloni% captivity atte/s ! spiritual 
activity ( t my/]i\s & mom5t\s "t4 ,:5 !
 h\r ( deliv]ance /ruck1 ! company (    
defeat$1 di%e>t5$1 cru%$1 to all seem+1 
reckless1 lawless1 godless exiles came  

=? trans=m$ into a b& ( puritans4 ,!    
books t rema9 f ^? g5]ations1 ,daniel1 !
 ,maccabees1 ,esdras1 are *>g$ ) an     
impetu\s eloqu5ce & a fr5zi$ zeal4  ,!  
,talmud1 t va/ treasury ( speculation on
 div9e ?+s1 _h its orig9 ab\t ?is p]iod4
 ,rec5t rese>*es into t wild]ness (     
?\ght reveal wond]s & beauties t 7 nev] 
till rec5tly divulg$4 ,! deepe/         
insights1 ! mo/ bewild]+ fancies1 exi/  
!re side by side4 ,! intellectual p[]s (
 a race exhau/$ !mselves 9 ef=ts to     
p5etrate ! my/]ies ( fai?4 ,! fragm5ts (
 national lit]ature t _h be5 rescu$ f   
oblivion1 7 pond]$ ov]1 scrut9iz$1      
arrang$1 classifi$1 ) a sup]/iti\s      
v5]ation t w\ld n be satisfi$ till all !
 possibilities ( int]pretation _h be5   
tri$4 ,! comm& to se>* ! scriptures = 9 
!m 7 ! words ( et]nal life1 0 accept$ & 
fai?fully obey$4 ,! ,talmud says        
,emanuel ,deuts*1 is m ?an a book (     
laws1 x is a microcosm1 embrac+1 ev5 z  
does ! ,bible1 heav5 & e>?4 ,x is z if  
all ! prose & poetry1 ! sci5ce1 ! fai? &

 speculation ( ! old _w 71 ?\gh only 9  
fa9t reflections1 b\nd up 9 x 9 nuce4 ,!
 !me ( discussion1 conjecture1          
speculation1 allegory 01 f fir/ to la/1 
! same1--! relation betwe5 ,jehovah & 8 
p1 ! nature & conditions ( salvation1 ! 
purport ( ! law1 ! be>+ ( ! promises4 ,!
 entire field ( inve/igation 0 op51     
rea*+ all ! way f ! numb] ( words 9 !   
,bible to ! secret ( inf9ite be+4 ,no   
passage 0 left unexpos$ ) all ! ke5ness 
t fai? aid$ by culture c\ld supply2 & :5
 reason rea*$ ! end ( its te!r1 fancy   
took up ! "w & ?read$ ) unwe>i$ indu/ry 
! mazes ( allegory4  ,among ! problems t
 *all5g$ solution 0 ! "o t\*+ !         
,messiah1 8 attributes & (fices1 8      
nature & 8 k+dom4 ,?is !me _h           
inexhau/ible capacities & inf9ite       
attraction1 = x 0 b ano!r =m ( ! !me (  
national deliv]ance :i* 0 upp]mo/ 9 !   
,hebrew m9d4  ,! hi/ory ( ! ,messianic  
idea is involv$ 9 ! obscurity t cl\ds ! 
e>ly hi/ory ( ,israel2 & ?is aga9 is    
emb>rass$ ) ! extreme difficulty (      

decid+ ! antiquity ( ! ,hebrew          
scriptures4 ,at :at mom5t 0 ,israel     
fully p]suad$ ( its provid5tial de/9y8  
,t is ! "q4 ,= ! g]ms ( ! ,messianic    
idea 7 conta9$ 9 ! bosom ( t p]suasion4 
,t ! idea 0 sl[ 9 =m+ mu/ be conc$$ "u  
any e/imate ( its antiquity2 = its      
developm5t dep5d$ on ! exp]i5ces ( !    
nation1 & ^! exp]i5ces und]w5t 9 hi/ory 
num]\s & viol5t fluctuations4 ,! hope ( 
a deliv]] came ) ! felt ne$ (           
deliv]ance1 & ! consci\sness ( ?is ne$  
grew ) ! sor5ess ( ! calamity "u :i* !  
nation groan$1 z ! "* ( x 0 det]m9$ by !
 "* ( ! calamity4 ,! national           
expectation 0 necess>ily vague at fir/4 
,x re/$ orig9ally on ! tradition ( a    
g5]al promise giv5 to ,abraham t 8      
desc5dants %\ld be a great & happy      
nation1 bless+ & r$eem+ ! nations ( !   
e>?2 t _! p[] %\ld be _w-wide1 _! weal? 
inexhau/ible1 _! peace undi/urb$1 _!    
moral supremacy gladly ackn[l$g$4 ,! ,"l
 %all cause ?9e enemies t rise up aga9/ 
!e to be smitt5 be=e ?y face2 !y %all   

come out aga9/ !e "o way1 & flee be=e !e
 sev5 ways4 ,! ,"l %all comm& ! bless+  
^u !e 9 ?y /oreh\ses1 & 9 all t ?\      
sette/ ?y h& unto2 & he %all bless !e 9 
! l& :i* ! ,"l ?y ,god give? !e4 ,! ,"l 
%all e/abli% !e an holy p unto himself1 
z he ha? sworn unto !e1 if ?\ %alt keep 
! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l1 & walk 9 8 ways2 & 
all p ( ! e>? %all see t ?\ art call$ by
 ! "n ( ! ,"l4  ,z a promise made by    
,jehovah mu/ be kept1 ! anticipation (  
its fulfilm5t became /rong z ! prospect 
( x grew dim4 ,! days ( disa/] 7 ! days 
( expectation4 ,! prophets laid /ress on
 ! condition1 *>g$ ! delay ^u           
lukew>mness1 & urg$ ! necessity ( /rict]
 con=mity ) ! div9e w2 b ! p1 oblivi\s (
 duty1 held to ! pl$ge & *]i%$ !        
anticipation4 ,:5 ! national hope assum$
 ! concrete =m ( fai? 9 ! adv5t ( an    
individual1 :5 ! conception ( !         
individual became clo!d 9 sup]natural   
attributes1 is unc]ta94 ,probably !     
look$-= deliv]] 0 f ! fir/ reg>d$ z m   
?an human4 ,x c\ld h>dly be o!rwise1 z  

he 0 to be ! repres5tative & ag5t (     
,jehovah1 an inc>nation ( 8 tru? &      
righte\sness4 ,! ,hebrews easily        
conf\nd+ ! human ) ! sup]-human1 7      
always tempt$ to ascribe sup]natural    
qualities to _! political & spiritual   
lead]s1 believ+ t !y 7 div9ely          
commission$1 atte/$ & fur!r$2 & ! p]son 
:o 0 to accompli% :at none ( !m _h s mu*
 z hopefully und]tak51 w\ld naturally be
 clo!d by an en?usia/ic imag9ation1 )   
attributes m ?an mortal4 ,! poets       
depict$ ! /ories ( ! future re/oration 9
 language ( extraord9>y spl5dor4 ,joel1 
"s say eight hundr$ ye>s be=e ,jesus1   
two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! fir/ captivity1  
=e%ad[s ! re/oration1 b )\t any         
portraiture ( ! victori\s ,pr9ce4 ,a    
c5tury & a half lat] we w suppose1 !    
fir/ ,isaiah speaks ( ! provid5tial *ild
 ( ! nation1 on ^: %\ld] ! gov]nm5t %all
 re/1 ^: "n %all be call$ ,wond]ful     
,c\nsellor1 ,mighty ,pot5tate1 ,ev]la/+ 
,fa!r1 ,pr9ce ( ,peace2 ^: dom9ion %all 
be great1 :o %all fix & e/abli% ! ?rone 

& k+dom ( ,david1 ?r\gh ju/ice & equity 
= ev]1 & 9 peace )\t end2 a l9eal       
desc5dant f ,david1 a spr\t f 8 root4   
,! _s ( ,jehovah %all re/ ^u him1     ,!
 _s ( wisdom & und]/&+1     ,! _s (     
c\nsel & might1     ,! _s ( k & fe> (   
,jehovah4     ,righte\sness %all be !   
girdle ( 8 lo9s1     ,& fai?fulness !   
girdle ( 8 re9s2     ,to him %all !     
nation repair1     ,& 8 dwell+ place    
%all be glori\s4  ,! second ,isaiah1    
suppos$ to h writt5 dur+ ! exile & n    
long be=e its t]m9ation1 associates !   
hope ( re/oration & return ) k+ ,cyrus1 
on ^: clem5cy ! ,jews built great       
expectations1 intimat+ ev5 t he might be
 ! promis$ deliv]]4 ,he sai? ( ,cyrus3  
',he is my %eph]d2 he %all p]=m all my  
pleasure4' ,he sai? ( ,j]usalem3 ',%e   
%all be built2' & ( ! temple3 ',h]      
f\ndation %all be laid4'  ,9 ! book (   
,daniel1 by "s suppos$ to h be5 writt5  
dur+ ! captivity1 by o!rs z late z      
,antio*us ,epiphanes 7,b4 ,c41 #age71 ! 
re/oration is describ$ 9 trem5d\s       

language1 & ! ,messiah is portray$ z a  
sup]natural p]sonage1 9 close relation )
 ,jehovah himself4 ,he is spok5 ( z a   
man1 yet ) su* epi!ts z only a ,jewi%   
imag9ation c\ld use 9 describ+ a human  
be+4 ,he9ri* ,ewald1 9 ! fif? volume ( 8
 hi/ory ( ! p ( ,israel1 devotes        
tw5ty-?ree pages to an acc\nt ( !       
developm5t ( ! national expectation ( a 
,messiah1 :i* he calls ! second         
prep>atory condition ( ! consummation 9 
,jesus4 ,aft] allud+ to ,joel's f]v5t   
anticipation1 & ,isaiah's description ( 
! glory t 0 to come ?r\gh ! ,k+1 9 :om !
 _s ( pure div9ity p5etrat$1 animat$ &  
glorifi$ ev]y?+1 s t 8 human nature 0   
exalt$ to ! ,god-l p[]1 ^: actions1     
spee*1 brea? ev5 atte/$ deity1 he says3 
,x is n to be que/ion$ t ?is mo/ exalt$ 
=m ( ! conception ( ! anticipat$        
,messiah appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! latt] p]iod
 ( ?is hi/ory1 :5 be=e ! great victory (
 ! ,maccabees1 ! et]nal hopes ( ,israel 
7 di/urb$ 9 _! f\ndations along ) its   
political prospects1 & ! adv5t ( a ,k+ (

 ,david's l9e seem$ :olly impossible4   
,at ?is "t ! dea?less hope became m     
int]ior & imp]i%able 9 ?is new1 glori\s1
 cele/ial idea1 & ! ,messiah pres5t$    
himself be=e prophetic vision z exi/+ f 
all et]nity1 along ) ! inde/ructible    
pr]ogatives ( ,israel1 :i* 7 ?\ght ( z  
exi/+ 9 an ideal realm1 ready to manife/
 !mselves visibly :5 ! h\r ( de/9y %\ld 
come4 ,& we are able1 on hi/orical      
gr\nds1 to assume t ! deep-s\l$ au?or ( 
! book ( ,daniel1 0 ! man :o fir/ sket*$
 ! spl5did %ape ( ! ,messiah1 & ! sup]b 
outl9e ( 8 k+dom1 9 8 f>-rea*+1 ke51    
sugge/ive1 lum9\s phrases2 :ile         
imm$iately aft] him ! fir/ compos] ( our
 book ( ,eno* develop$ ! traits furni%$ 
him1 ) an equal w>m? ( language & a     
spiritual insight1 n deep] p]haps1 b    
quiet] & m compreh5sive4 ,ewald supposes
 ! book ( ,eno* to h be5 writt5 at v>i\s
 int]vals betwe5 #add & #abj 7,b4 ,c47 &
 to h be5 complet$ 9 its pres5t =m 9 !  
fir/ half ( ! c5tury t prece$$ ! com+ ( 
,*ri/4 ,! book 0 reg>d$ z ( au?ority by 

,t]tullian1 ?\gh ,orig5 & ,augu/9e      
class$ x ) apocryphal writ+s4 ,9 x !    
figure ( ! ,messiah is inve/$ )         
sup]-human attributes4 ,he is call$ ,!  
,son ( ,god1 ^: "n 0 spok5 be=e ! sun 0 
made2 :o exi/$ f ! beg9n+ 9 ! pres5ce ( 
,god1 t is1 0 pre-exi/5t4 ,at ! same "t 
8 human *>act]i/ics are insi/$ on4 ,he  
is call$ ,son ( ,man1 ev5 ,son ( ,woman1
 ,! ,ano9t$1 ,! ,elect1 ,! ,righte\s    
,"o1 aft] ! /yle ( e>li] ,hebrew        
anticipation4 ,! doctr9es ( angelic     
ord]s & adm9i/rations1 ( ,satan & 8     
legions1 ( resurrection & ! f9al        
judgm5t1 ?\gh def9itely %ap$1 p]haps by 
association ) ,p]sian my?ologies1 lay   
conceal$ 9 possibility )9 ! orig9al     
?\ght ( ultimate supremacy :i* work$ s  
long & s actively1 ?\gh s obscurely1 9 !
 m9d ( ! ,jewi% race4  ,! books (       
,maccabees1 belong+1 accord+ to ,ewald1 
to ! la/ half c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 conta9 
significant h9ts ( ! future beliefs (   
,israel4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( ,,ii4      
,maccabees1 v]ses #d-i1 we read3 ,x is  

also f\nd 9 ! records t ,j]emy !        
prophet1 be+ w>n$ ( ,god1 comm&$ !      
tab]nacle & ! ark to g ) him1 z he w5t  
=? into ! m\nta9 :]e ,moses climb$ up & 
saw ! h]itage ( ,god4 ,& :5 ,j]emy came 
?i!r he f\nd a holl[ cave :]e9 he laid !
 tab]nacle & ! ark & ! alt> ( inc5se1 & 
!n /opp$ ! door4 ,& "s ( ^? t foll[$ him
 came to m>k ! way1 b !y c\ld n f9d x2  
:i*1 :5 ,j]emy p]ceiv$1 he blam$ !m1    
say+3 ,z = t place x %all be unkn[n     
until ! "t t ,god ga!r 8 p aga9 toge!r1 
& receive !m unto m]cy4 ,!n %all ! ,"l  
%[ !m ^! ?+s1 & ! glory ( ! ,"l %all    
appe>1 & ! cl\d also1 z x 0 %[$ unto    
,moses4 ,is x a /ret* ( conjecture on ! 
t5u\s ?read ( fancy to f9d ?is          
reappe>ance describ$ 9 ,revelations     
,,xi41 #ai1 9 ^! words3 ,& ! temple (   
,god 0 op5$ 9 heav51 & !re 0 se5 9 !    
temple ! ark ( 8 cov5ant2 & !re 7       
lightn+s1 & voices1 & ?und]+s1 & an     
e>?quake1 & great hail8 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ 
*apt] ! se] describes himself z c>ri$   
away 9 ! _s to a great & high m\nta9 &  

%[n t great city ! ,holy ,j]usalem1     
desc5d+ out ( heav51 f ,god4 ,& he he>d 
a great voice out ( heav51 say+3        
,behold1 ! tab]nacle ( ,god is ) m52 ,he
 w dwell ) !m1 & !y %all be ,8 p1 & ,god
 himself %all be ) !m1 _! ,god4 ,!      
heav5ly ,j]usalem t came f ! cl\ds is ! 
heav5ly city1 ! g]m :]e( 0 c>ri$ up &   
hidd5 9 ! cl\d by ,j]emy1 ! prophet4 ,! 
apocryphal books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t lodge
 ! anci5t ,hebraic idea 9 ! v he>t ( !  
,new4  ,! e>lie/ phases ( ! ,messianic  
hope 7 ! mo/ exalt$ 9 spirituality4 ,z !
 =tunes ( ! p became entangl$ ) ^? ( o!r
 /ates1 & ! heavy h& ( =eign oppression 
0 laid ^u !m1 ! anticipation lo/ its    
religi\s & assum$ a political "*4 ,!    
,messiah assum$ ! aspect ( a temporal   
pr9ce1 no o!r conception ( him meet+ !  
requirem5ts ( ! "t4 ,! d>k days _h come 
aga91 & 7 m ?reat5+ ?an ev]4 ,sixty-?ree
 ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus1 ,pompey !   
,great1 return+ f ! ,ea/1 flu%$ )       
victory1 approa*$ ,j]usalem4 ,! city %ut
 its gates aga9/ him1 b ! resi/ance1    

?\gh /ubborn1 0 ov]come at la/1 &       
,judaea 01 ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 swept into ! 
mass ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! conqu]or1    
pr\d b magnanim\s1 sp>$ ! p ! la/       
humiliation4 ,he respect$ no national   
scruples1 p]haps made a po9t ( disreg>d+
 !m2 he ev5 p5etrat$ into ! ,holy (     
,holies1 a piece ( sacrilegi\s audacity 
t no ,g5tile _h v5tur$ on be=e him2 b he
 0 consid]ate ( ! national _s 9 o!r     
respects1 & left ! ,/ate1 9 semblance at
 lea/1 exi/+4 ,he quell$ ! factions t   
di/ract$ ! c\ntry1 repair$ ! ru9 caus$ 9
 ! city by ! siege1 re/or$ ! injur$     
temple1 & dep>t$ leav+ ! c\ntry 9 ! h&s 
( native rul]s1 ! ,empire be+ ?r[n into 
! backgr\nd4 ,9 ! backgr\nd1 h[ev]1 x   
lurk$1 a va/ p[]1 hold+ ,judaea dep5d5t 
& tribut>y4 ,! ,jewi% /ate 0 closely    
b\nd$ & %>ply def9$2 a portion ( its    
weal? 0 absorb$ 9 taxes4 ,an iron arm   
repress$ ! insurg5t fanaticism t ev] &  
anon broke out 9 zeal = ,jehovah4 ,!    
loyalty t 0 kept alive by religi\s      
traditions & 0 only ano!r "n = religi\s 

en?usiasm1 0 n all[$ expression4 ,/ill !
 ev5 pressure ( imp]ial p[] 0 n cruelly 
felt1 & by ! bett] portion ( ! p 0      
pref]r$ to ceaseless discord & an>*y4 ,!
 l[] ord]s1 easily r\s$ to fanaticism1  
provok$ ! ,roman rule to m evid5t &     
/r+5t dom9ion4 ,julius ,caes>1 pass+ by 
on 8 way to ,egypt1 paus$1 saw !        
situation1 & increas$ ! au?ority (      
,antipat]1 8 repres5tative1 :om he rais$
 to ! dignity ( ,procurator ( ,judaea4  
,! rule ( ,antipat] 01 9 ! ma91 j1 &    
comm5d$ itself to ! rational fri5ds ( ! 
,jewi% ,/ate4 ,he rebuilt ! wall :i* !  
assaults ( w> _h ?r[n d[n1 pacifi$ !    
c\ntry1 & e>n$ by 8 g5]al mod]ation !   
praise ( ! patriotic4 ,b ,antipat]1     
besides be+ ! repres5tative ( a ,g5tile 
despotism1 0 ( =eign race1 an ,idumaean1
 ( ! abhorr$ /ock ( ,edom4 ,spiritual   
acquiesc5ce 9 ! rule ( su* a pr9ce 0 n  
to be expect$4  ,antipat] 0 ! f\nd] ( ! 
,h]odian dyna/y4 ,:atev] may h be5 !    
ult]ior designs :i* ! pr9ces ( ?is      
dyna/y _h at he>t1 :e!r !y m$itat$ an   

,ea/]n ,empire c5t]+ 9 ,pale/9e1        
,j]usalem be+ ! great metropolis1 a     
purpose kept secret 9 _! brea/s till su*
 "t z ev5ts might ju/ify !m 9 ?r[+ (f ! 
dom9ion ( ,rome :i* !y _h us$ z an      
assi/ance 9 _! p]iod ( weakness2 or :e!r
 !y hop$ to comb9e ,*ur* & ,/ate 9      
,judaea 9 su* a way t ea* might support 
! o!r2 or :e!r1 9 _! passion = spl5dor1 
!y plott$ ! subv]sion ( religion by !   
pomp ( pagan civilization2 ! practical  
result ( _! dom9ion 0 ! exasp]ation ( ! 
,hebrew _s4  ,h]od1 ! son ( ,antipat]1  
des]v$1 on sev]al acc\nts1 ! title (    
,great t hi/ory has be/[$ on him4 ,he 0 
great z a soldi]1 great z a diplomati/1 
great z an adm9i/rator4 ,made k+ 9 8    
y\?2 e/abli%$ 9 8 p[] by ! ,roman s5ate2
 confirm$ 9 8 /ate by ,augu/us2 entru/$ 
) all b unlimit$ p[]s2 absolv$ f ! duty 
to pay tribute to ! empire2 8 long reign
 ( m ?an =ty ye>s 0 ( great mom5t to !  
,jewi% /ate4 ,int]nally he corrupt$ x1 b
 ext]nally he beautifi$ x4 ,! sup]b     
temple1 "o ( ! wond]s & ornam5ts ( !    

,ea/]n _w1 0 ( 8 build+1 & s delicately 
z well z munific5tly 0 x done1 t ! %ock 
( remov+ ! old edifice to make room = ! 
new 0 q avoid$4 ,he adorn$ ! city       
besides1 ) sumptu\s monum5ts &          
/ructures4 ,8 palaces1 !atres1 tombs 7 (
 unexampl$ magnific5ce4 ,nor 0 8        
att5tion conf9$ to ! city ( ,j]usalem2  
,caes>ea 0 enri*$ ) m>ble docks &       
palaces2 ,joppa 0 made h&some2 ,antonia 
0 =tifi$4 ,games & fea/s reliev$ !      
monotony ( ,ea/]n life1 & gratifi$ !    
,greek ta/e = spl5did gaiety4 ,b ?is 0  
all 9 ! int]e/ ( paganism4 ,if he       
rebuilt ! temple at ,j]usalem1 he       
rebuilt also ! temple at ,sam>ia4 ,if he
 made sup]b ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 9 ! holy
 city1 he enc\rag$ hea!n wor%ip 9 ! new 
city ( ,caes>ea4 ,?is introduction (    
,roman cu/oms deeply (f5d$ ! religi\s   
s5se ( ! nation4 ,outside ! city walls  
he _h an amphi!atre = b>b>\s games4     
,inside1 he _h a !atre = ,greek plays & 
dances4 ,! ca/le1 ,antonia1 well        
g>rison$1 a ca/le & a palace comb9$1    

comm&$ ! temple squ>e4 ,! ,roman eagle1 
fix$ ^u ! front ( ! temple1 0 an affront
 t no magnific5ce or munific5ce c\ld    
atone =4 ,8 private life 0 n calculat$  
to w9 ! favor ( a sev]ely puritanical p1
 or p]suade !m ( ! advantage ( be+ "u   
imp]ial dom9ion4 ,! ,greek leg5ds on 8  
co9s1 8 o/5tati\s enc\ragem5t ( =eign   
usages & p1 8 rude treatm5t ( ,hebrew   
prejudices1 & 8 haughty be>+ t[>ds !    
fir/ families add$ bitt]ness to ! mis]y 
( =eign sway4  ,yet ! situation became  
worse at 8 dea?4 ,= 8 successors _h 8   
audacity )\t 8 prud5ce1 & 7 dispos$1 z  
he 01 to be oppressive1 )\t be+1 z he 01
 magnific5t4 ,he did keep ! nation at   
peace by 8 tyranny1 if by 8 cruelty he  
und]m9$ security & provok$ !            
disaffection t made peace impossible    
aft] him4 ,! la/ acts ascrib$ to him1 ! 
ord] t ! mo/ em95t m5 ( ! nation %\ld be
 put to dea? at 8 decease1 & t ! infants
 ( ,be?lehem1 ! city ( ,david1 %\ld be  
massacr$1 atte/ m ?an ! vulg> belief 9 8
 cruelty2 !y be> witness to a conviction

 t ! _s ( ! p 0 n dead1 t ! despotism ( 
,rome _h fail$ to cru% ! hope ( ,israel4
 ,! dea? ( ,h]od1 :i* occurr$ :5 ,jesus 
0 a little *ild1 0 foll[$ by frightful  
social & political convulsions4 ,= two  
or ?ree ye>s all ! elem5ts ( disord] 7  
afoot4 ,betwe5 pret5d]s to ! vacant     
?rone ( ,h]od1 & aspirants to !         
,messianic ?rone ( ,david1 ,judaea 0    
torn & deva/at$4 ,revolt assum$ ! wilde/
 =m1 ! high] en?usiasm ( fai? yield$ to 
! l[] fury ( fanaticism2 ! cele/ial     
visions ( a k+dom ( heav5 7 completely  
bani%$ by ! smoke & flame ( political   
hate4 ,claimant aft] claimant ( !       
dang]\s supremacy ( ! ,messiah appe>$1  
pit*$ a camp 9 ! wild]ness1 rais$ !     
bann]1 ga!r$ a =ce1 0 attack$1 defeat$1 
bani%$ or crucifi$2 b ! fr5zy did n     
abate4 ,cons]vative ,jews1 9 _! despair1
 s5t an embassy to ,rome1 pray+ =       
tranquility "u ! equitable reign ( law4 
,!y want$ no k+ l ,h]od1 or ( ,h]od's   
l9e2 !y pray$ to be deliv]$ f all k+s :o
 7 n !mselves subject to imp]ial        

responsibility4 ,! gov]nor ( ,syria !y  
w\ld ackn[l$ge4 ,! petition 0 n grant$4 
,h]od's ?ree sons1 ,ar*elaus1 ,antipas &
 ,philip divid$ _! fa!r's dom9ion betwe5
 !m2 ,judaea 0 made a ,roman prov9ce1   
subject to taxation l any o!r4  ,! be/ (
 ! ?ree k+s 0 ,philip1 :o receiv$ z 8   
portion ! ,nor? ,ea/]n division1 ! mo/  
remote f ! c5tre ( di/urbance4 ,he 0 a  
quiet1 well-dispos$ man1 :o /aid at     
home1 att5d$ to 8 own bus9ess1 develop$ 
! res\rces ( 8 dom9ion1 & %[$ himself a 
fa!r to 8 p4 ,caes>ea ,philippi 0 built 
by him2 ,be?saida 0 rebuilt4 ,antipas1  
call$ also ,h]od1 0 appo9t$ rul] ov]    
,galilee & ,p]aea2 a cunn+1 unpr9cipl$  
man1 nicknam$ ! fox2 despotic & wilful1 
l 8 fa!r1 & l 8 fa!r1 fond ( display4   
,he built ,dio ,caes>ea1 z x 0 aft]w>ds 
call$1 & ,tib]ias1 on ! sea ( ,galilee4 
,he too 0 a good deal ( a pagan1 &      
deeply outrag$ ! ,hebrew consci5ce by   
repudiat+ 8 wife1 ! daught] ( ,aretas1  
an ,arabian k+1 & m>ry+ ! wife ( 8      
half-bro!r1 ,philip4 ,he 0 an ori5tal   

despot1 sup]/iti\s1 luxuri\s1 s5sual1   
wilful & weak2 q de/itute ( !           
/atesman%ip requir$ 9 ! rul] ( a        
turbul5t prov9ce1 :]e special c>e &     
skill 7 necess>y to reconcile ! ord] (  
civil gov]nm5t ) ! aspiration aft]      
!ocratic supremacy4 ,! spiritual fe>1   
:i* compell$ him to /& 9 awe ( religi\s 
en?usiasm1 put him on m ?an half e>ne/  
que/ ( prophetic mess5g]s1 made him     
curi\s ab\t miracles & signs1 & anxi\s n
 to (f5d ne$lessly ! high] p[]s1 0      
incessantly at w> ) ! self-reg>d+ policy
 :i* res5t$ ! smalle/ encroa*m5t on 8   
own au?ority4 ,to ma9ta9 8 ducal /ate1 &
 meet ! co/ ( 8 public & private        
extravagance1 he impos$ heavy taxes1 &  
collect$ !m 9 an unscrupul\s fa%ion1 :i*
 made him & ! empire he repres5t$       
extremely unpopul>4 ,jeal\s ( 8         
pr]ogative1 & ambiti\s ( regal rank1 he 
br\ght himself into disagreeable        
collision ) ! aspirations ( ! p he      
gov]n$4 ,8 imm$iate neighborhood to !   
c5tres ( ,jewi% en?usiasm1--he liv$ 9 ! 

v he>t ( x1 = ,galilee 0 ! seat &       
head-qu>t]s ( ,hebrew radicalism--made 8
 e movem5t felt4 ,9 him ! _s ( ! ,roman 
empire 01 9 ! belief ( ! p1 inc>nate4   
,! olde/ bro!r1 ,ar*elaus1 held ! *ief  
position1 bore ! highe/ title1 receiv$ !
 l>ge/ tribute1 m ?an a million (       
doll>s1 & resid$ 9 ,judaea1 ne>] !      
political c5tre ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 reign 0  
%ort4 ,8 cruelty & lawlessness1 8       
disreg>d ( private & public dec5cies    
rais$ 8 subjects aga9/ him4 ,augu/us1 on
 an appeal to ,rome = r$ress1 summon$   
him to 8 pres5ce1 li/5$ to ! *>ges & !  
def5ce1 & bani%$ him to ,gaul4 ,?is 0 9 
! ye> #f ( our era1 only ?ree ye>s aft] 
! dea? ( ,h]od4 ,! reign ( 8 bro!rs1    
,philip & ,antipas1 cov]$ ! p]iod ( !   
life ( ,jesus4  ,! tax+ :i* excit$ !    
wilde/ upro> aga9/ ! ,roman p[]1 took   
place at ?is p]iod1--,a4 ,d4 #g1--"u    
,cyr5ius or ,quir9us1 gov]nor ( ,syria2 
x 0 ! fir/ g5]al tax laid directly by ! 
imp]ial gov]nm5t1 & x rais$ a furi\s    
/orm ( opposition4 ,! ,hebrew _s 0 /ung 

into exasp]ation2 ! puritans ( ! nation1
 ! en?usia/s1 fanatics1 ! zealots ( !   
law1 ! lit]al con/ructioni/s ( prophecy1
 appeal$ to ! national temp]1 reviv$ !  
national fai?1 & fann$ into flame !     
combu/ible elem5ts t sm\ld]$ 9 ! bosom (
 ! race4 ,a native ,hebrew p>ty 0 =m$1  
on ! idea t ,judaea 0 = ! ,jews2 t !    
rule ( ! ,g5tile 0 ungodly2 t all       
support giv5 to x 0 disloyalty to       
,jehovah4 ,! popul> feel+ broke out 9   
op5 rebellion2 ! fanaticism ( ! zealots 
affect$ ! :ole nation4 ,:oev] _h !      
c\rage to draw ! sword 9 ! "n ( !       
,messiah 0 sure ( a foll[+1 ?\gh !re 0  
no *ance t ! upris+ w\ld end 9 any?+ b  
blood & worse oppression4 ,! mo/        
extravagant expectations 7 *]i%$ (      
miracul\s fur!rance & sup]-human aid4 ,!
 popul> imag9ation1 inflam$ by rhetoric 
tak5 f ,daniel1 ,eno*1 & o!r apocryphal 
books1 w5t beyond all sob] limits4 ,!   
prim>y conditions ( div9e assi/ance1    
sanctity1 fidelity1 pati5ce1 meekness ( 
tru/1 rev]5ce = ! ,"l's w1 7 neglect$ & 

=gott52 ! promise alone 0 kept 9 view2 !
 ^w ( ,jehovah 0 alone rememb]$2 8 comm&
 0 disreg>d$4 ,b ! ,"l's promise 0 n    
kept4 ,e new upris+ 0 foll[$ by fre%    
impositions2 ! dete/able dom9ion 0 fa/5$
 ^u ! p m hopelessly ?an ev]4 ,! temp] (
 ! dom9ation became bitt] & contemptu\s1
 z x _h n be5 be=e4 ,! "n ( ,jew 0      
synonym\s to ,roman e>s ) vulg>         
fanaticism4  ,9 place ( ,ar*elaus1      
,augu/us s5t procurators1 z !y 7 call$1 
,coponius1 ,m>cus ,ambivius1 ,annius    
,rufus4 ,! c\ntry 0 g5]ally tranquil "u 
_! %ort adm9i/rations2 b ! int]nal feuds
 7 n pacifi$4 ,! en?usiasm ( ! ,jews    
provok$ ! malignity ( ! ,sam>itans1 :o1 
hav+ be5 long] wont$ to =eign rule1 less
 res5t$ x1 & 7 n unwill+ to put !mselves
 9 league ) ! despot to cru% an anci5t  
foe4 ,x is relat$ t dur+ ! adm9i/ration 
( ,coponius1 "s evil-m9d$ ,sam>itans1   
/ole into ! op5 temple ( ,j]usalem1 on !
 passov] night1 & ?rew human bones into 
! holy place4 ,! build+ 0 desecrat$ = ! 
season & mu/ be purifi$ by special      

sacrifices be=e x c\ld be us$ aga94 ,!  
da/>dly act 0 associat$1 9 ! m9ds ( ! p1
 ) ! insult+ degradations ( ! ,g5tile   
p[]1 & ! _s ( rebellion 0 exasp]at$4    
,augu/us di$ ,a4 ,d4 #ad1 & 0 succe$$ by
 ,tib]ius1 ^: policy t[>ds ,judaea1 0 n 
oppressive s mu* z contemptu\s4 ,he 0   
too m]ciful to ! sick man to drive away 
! c>rion flies t 7 already surfeit$1 &  
let 9 a fre% sw>m ( blood-suck]s4 ,8    
vic]oys enjoy$ a long t]m ( (fice &     
plund]$ at leisure4 ,pontius ,pilate 0  
appo9t$ to ?is position 9 ! ye> #bf1    
ab\t f\r ye>s be=e ! public appe>ance ( 
,jesus1 & 0 kept !re till ! ye> #cg4 ,he
 01 9 _m respects1 a good adm9i/rator3  
ov]be>+1 ( c\rse1 = he 0 a ,roman2 8    
subjects 7 by nature1 irritat+1 & by    
reputation1 facti\s4 ,he 0 gre$y ( ga91 
?\gh n rapaci\s or extortionate2 n a man
 ( high pr9ciple2 n a sympa!tic or      
s5tim5tal man1 cold1 indiff]5t1 apa!tic 
r2 /ill1 mod]ate1 &1 on ! :ole1 j2      
liable to mi/akes ?r\gh /ubbornness &   
imprud5ce1 b nei!r cruel1 jeal\s1 nor   

v9dictive4 ,! reputation ( be+ all ^! 0 
easily e>n$ by a man 9 8 position2 = !  
,jews 7 s5sitive1 n easily satisfi$1 &  
dispos$ to con/rue unfavorably any acts 
( a =eign rul]4 ,z vic]oys w5t1 ,pilate 
0 n a bad man1 nor 0 he a bad specim5 ( 
8 class4 ,! smalle/ imprud5ce might     
precipitate riot 9 ,j]usalem4 ,on "o    
occasion1 ! troops f ,sam>ia1 com+ to   
w9t] at ,j]usalem1 7 all[$ to c>ry1     
emblazon$ on _! bann]1 ! image ( !      
emp]or1 to :i* ! ,roman soldi]s atta*$ a
 sacr$ "*4 ,! sight ( ! idolatr\s /&>d  
on ! morn+ ( its fir/ exhibition creat$ 
great excitem5t4 ,a riot broke =? at    
once2 a deputation wait$ on ! gov]nor at
 ,caes>ea1 to prote/ aga9/ ! outrage &  
dem& ! removal ( ! sacrilege4 ,pilate   
firmly )/ood ! supplicants1 ?9k+ ! honor
 ( ! emp]or at /ake4 ,five days & five  
nights ! petition]s /ay$1 press+ _!     
dem&4 ,on ! six? day1 ! gov]nor1 we>i$  
by _! importunity & resolv$ to put an   
end to ! annoyance1 _h 8 judgm5t-seat   
plac$ on ! race-c\rse1 ord]$ troops to  

lie conceal$ 9 ! ne> neighborhood1 &    
await$ ! visit ( ! ,jews4 ,! deputation 
came z usual ) _! compla9t2 at a signal1
 ! soldi]s appe>$ & surr\nd$ !          
suppliants1 :ile ! procurator ?reat5$ !m
 ) in/ant dea?1 if !y did n at once     
retire to _! homes4 ,! /]n puritans1    
no?+ daunt$1 ?rew !mselves at 8 feet1   
/ret*$ out _! necks1 & cri$3 ',x 7 bett]
 to die ?an to submit to insult to our  
holy laws4' ,! a/oni%$ gov]nor yield$1 &
 ! insignia 7 remov$4  ,on ano!r        
occasion ,pilate 0 made s5sible ( !     
inflammable "* ( ! p ) :om he _h to     
deal4 ,he _h all[$ ! con/ruction1 p]haps
 only ! re/oration1 ( a co/ly aqu$uct to
 supply ! city1 b m especially ! temple 
build+s1 ) pure wat]4 ,x 0 built at !   
in/ance ( ! ,sanh$rim & ! prie/s1 to :om
 an abundance ( wat] 0 a prime          
necessity4 ,9 consid]ation ( ?is fact1 z
 well z ( ! circum/ance t ! b5efit ( !  
improvem5t accru$ :olly to ! ,jewi% p1 x
 seem$ to ,pilate no m ?an j t ! exp5se 
%\ld be defray$ f moneys 9 ! temple     

treasury t 7 set ap>t = su* purposes4   
,!re is no evid5ce t 8 action 0         
unreasonable or 8 me?od ( pursu+ x      
(f5sive2 b clamors at once arose aga9/ 8
 project1 & on occasion ( 8 com+ to     
,j]usalem a tumultu\s cr[d press$ on    
him1 & insult+ epi!ts 7 flung at him f !
 rabble4 ,to /ill & scatt] !m soldi]s 7 
s5t1 9 ord9>y dress1 ) clubs 9 _! h&s1  
_! weapons be+ conceal$1 to ov]awe !    
malcont5ts4 ,?is fail+1 & ! tumult      
increas+1 ! signal ( attack 0 giv52 !   
soldi]s fell to ) a w2 blood 0 %$2      
innoc5t & guilty suff]$ alike4 ,z ?is   
occurr$ on a fea/ day1 ne> !            
,praetorium1 & n f> f ! temple itself1 x
 is q possible t ! sacr$ prec9cts 7     
di/urb$ by ! upro>1 & t ! /a9 ( blood   
t\*$ consecrat$ pavem5t4 ,! popul> m9d1 
excit$ & madd5$1 seiz$ on ! occurr5ce1  
repres5t$ x z a delib]ate affront on !  
"p ( ! gov]nor1 & *>g$ him ) m+l+ !     
blood ( innoc5t p ) ! sacrifices !y 7   
(f]+ to ,jehovah4 ,x is n unlikely t !  
t[] ( ,siloam :i* fell1 cru%+ eighte5   

citiz5s1 0 a "p ( ?is v aqu$uct wall1 & 
its fall may h be5 & probably 01 reg>d$ 
z a judgm5t on ! "w & on all :o         
c\nt5anc$ x4 ,t x made a pr(\nd         
impression on ! popul> imag9ation appe>s
 9 ! gospel n>ratives writt5 _m ye>s    
aft]w>ds4 ,ewald supposes t ?is accid5t 
happ5$ at an e>ly /age ( ! "w1 & 0 a    
lead+ cause ( ! fanatical outbreak t    
express$ ! popul> discont5t4  ,philo    
tells a /ory ( ,pilate's adm9i/ration1 s
 *>act]i/ic t x des]ves repeat+1 al?\gh1
 z ,ewald rem>ks1 x may be ano!r v]sion 
( ! incid5t ( ! /&>ds4 ,ewald1 h[ev]1 is
 incl9$ to ?9k x a di/9ct occurr5ce4    
,accord+ to ?is n>rative1 ,pilate1 9    
honor ( ! emp]or1 & 9 accordance ) a    
cu/om preval5t ?r\gh\t ! empire1        
especially 9 ! ,ea/1 caus$ to be set up 
9 a conspicu\s place 9 ,j]usalem1 two   
votive %ields ( gold1 "o be>+ ! "n (    
,tib]ius1 ! o!r 8 own4 ,! %ields _h no?+
 on !m b ! names2 no image1 no          
inscription1 no idolatr\s emblem1 simply
 ! two names4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 res5t$ by !  

fi]y populace :o c\ld n endure ! lighte/
 intimation ( _! subjection to a ,g5tile
 p[]4 ,! indignation rea*$ ! ari/ocracy2
 at lea/1 ! =ce ( ! movem5t did2 & !    
sons ( ,h]od1 all f\r ( !m1 accompani$  
by memb]s ( ! fir/ families & city      
(ficials1 =mally wait$ on ,pilate to    
dem& ! removal ( ! tablets1 & on 8      
refusal w5t to ,rome to lay ! matt] be=e
 ,tib]ius1 :o grant$1 on 8 "p1 ! reque/4
 ,be ! incid5t z record$ true or n1 !   
record ( x by s ne> a contempor>y & s   
cle> a judge z ,philo1 ?r[s a /rong     
light on ! situation1 br+s ! two p>ties 
into bold relief1 z !y confront "o      
ano!r1 & af=ds a glimpse into ! secret  
work+s ( ,hebrew political motives4  ,! 
pressure ( ! ,roman au?ority 0 incessant
 & sev]e1 ?\gh ! app>atus ( x 0 kept 9 !
 backgr\nd4 ,! gov]nor held 8 c\rt &    
head-qu>t]s at ,caes>ea1 a seaport t[n  
on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ab\t mid-way betwe5  
,joppa on ! s\?1 & ! promontory ( ,c>mel
 on ! nor?1 admirably situat$ ) reg>d to
 ,rome1 on ! "o side1 & ,pale/9e on !   

o!r4 ,= /rategic purposes ! place 0 well
 *os54 ,! milit>y =ce 9 ! c\ntry 0 n    
l>ge--ab\t a ?\s& m5--b x 0 effectively 
dispos$4 ,! ca/le ( ,antonia1 9 ! city (
 ,j]usalem1 conta9$ a g>rison judici\sly
 small1 b suffici5t = an exig5cy4 ,!    
vic]oy 0 pres5t 9 ! ,holy ,city on      
public days :5 great assemblages ( p1   
ga!r$ toge!r "u circum/ances provocative
 ( insurrection1 requir$ clos] wat* ?an 
usual4 ,he _h a resid5ce !re1 & a       
judgm5t-seat on a m>ble balcony 9 front 
( ! palace2 he ex]cis$ regal p[]s1 held 
! issues ( life & dea?1 c\ld depose     
prie/s ( any ord]2 9 %ort1 rul$ !       
subject p ) z mu* consid]ation z !      
peculi> circum/ances ( ! case dem&$1 b  
no m4 ,! p 7 nev] p]mitt$ to =get _!    
subject condition4 ,! hat$ tax-ga!r] w5t
 8 r\nds1 exact+ tribute to ! empire4 ,!
 evolutions ( soldi]s gave an aspect (  
omnipres5ce to ! =eign dom9ion4 ,! hope 
( deliv]ance lo/ its spiritual "*1 &    
took on decid$ly a political %ape4 ,!   
anticipation ( ! ,messiah became less   

ideal1 b m int5se4 ,! arm$ figure ( k+  
,david haunt$ ! dreams ( fanatics2 ev5 !
 angels t hov]$ be=e ! imag9ation (     
g5tl] en?usia/s wore brea/-plates & _h  
swords 9 _! h&s4 ,! k+dom look$ = 0 no  
reign ( tru?1 m]cy1 & k9dness1 b a reign
 ( =ce1 = =ce alone c\ld meet =ce4      
,,iii4  ,,! ,,sects4   ,! popul> aspect 
( ! ,messianic hope 0 political1 n      
religi\s or moral4 ,! "n ,messiah1 0    
synonym\s ) ,k+ ( ! ,jews2 x sugge/$    
political designs & aspirations4 ,!     
assumption ( t "* by any individual drew
 on him ! vigilance ( ! police4 ,9 ?is  
condition ( affairs ! public s5tim5t 0  
divid$ betwe5 ! ,cons]vatives & !       
,radicals4 ,! fir/ p>ty compris$ !      
weal?y1 settl$1 p]man5t1 cauti\s p ^:   
patriotism 0 t+$ ) prud5t reflection4   
,!y saw ! hopelessness ( revolt1 its    
inevitable failure1 & ! worse tyranny t 
w\ld foll[ its bloody suppression2 !y   
put g5]\s int]pretations on ! acts &    
int5tions ( ! imp]ial p[]1 did ju/ice & 
a little m ?an lit]al ju/ice to acts (  

clem5cy or =be>ance1 appreciat$ ! value 
( ! ,roman supremacy 9 pres]v+ int]nal  
quiet & keep+ o!r plund]]s at a di/ance2
 & _h confid5ce t pati5ce & diplomacy   
w\ld accompli% :at =ce c\ld n und]take4 
,!y 7 c>eful1 !re=e1 to ma9ta9 a good   
und]/&+ ) ! p[]s t 71 & fr[n$ on all    
attempts to revive ! national _s4  ,!   
cons]vatives 7 ( all %ades ( op9ion1 & (
 all p>ties2 ! radicals 71 z is usually 
! case1 conf9$ mo/ly to ^? :o _h little 
to lose1 ei!r ( weal?1 reputation1 or   
social position4 ,! supremacy ( ,israel1
 ! re/oration ( ! ,jewi% ,commonweal?1 !
 ov]?r[ ( ! weal?y & p[]ful1 !          
re9/atem5t ( ! poor1 ! unlett]$1 ! weak1
 ! suff]+1 ! d[ntrodd5 *ildr5 (         
,abraham1 compos$ ! gr\p ( ideas :i*    
made up ! sum ( _! intellectual life4 ,!
 ,roman dom9ion 0 abhorr$ n because x 0 
cruel1 b because x 0 sacrilegi\s4       
,diplomacy1 ) ^!1 0 ano!r ^w = "t-s]v+2 
policy ano!r phrase = c[>dice2 !y dete/$
 prud5ce z ignoble2 !y di/ru/$          
conciliation z apo/acy2 !y put ! wor/   

con/ruction on ! faire/ seem+ de$s1     
dread+ no?+ s mu* z agreem5t betwe5 !   
*ief m5 ( ,israel & ! m9ions ( ! empire4
  ,! educat$ & responsible classes 7    
*iefly cons]vative4 ,no sect 0 s        
entirely1 = no sect compris$ all ( ^!   
classes2 b "s sects 7 naturally m       
cons]vative ?an o!rs4 ,! ,sadducees 71  
on ! :ole1 ! mo/ s2 n by reason ( _!    
cre$ p>ticul>ly1 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( _!
 hi/orical antec$5ts4 ,aft] ! capture ( 
,j]usalem by ,ptolemy1 #cbj ,b4 ,c41 "s 
hundr$ ?\s& ,jews w5t to ,egypt & atta9$
 consequ5ce !re2 _h _! own religi\s     
rites & temple4 ,contact ) ,greek ?\ght 
& life !re enl>g$ _! m9ds4 ,_!          
old-fa%ion$ ,hebraism seem$ /rait & prim
 by ! side ( ! spl5did exub]ance (      
,g5tile life 9 ,alex&ria4 ,j]usalem     
look$1 9 ! di/ance1 l a prov9cial t[n2 !
 weal? ( pagan lit]ature dw>f$ _!       
,scriptures to ! dim5sions ( a s+le deep
 b n>r[ tradition4 ,!y 7 ,jews /ill1 b  
bigot$ ,jews no long]4 ,h[ unreasonable 
seem$ n[ ! prejudices ( exclusive race6 

h[ unwise ! attempts to ma9ta9          
peculi>ities ( cu/om6 h[ fanatical !    
ef=ts to impose !m ^u o!rs6 ,! _w 0 l>ge
 & v>i\s3 ! ord] ( ! _w foll[$ ! track (
 no "o law-giv]1 prophet or sa9t4  ,!   
sect ( ,sadducees is suppos$ to h ris5 f
 ?is pagan soil4 ,x 0 a sect (          
rationali/s1 free-?9k]s1 skeptics1      
eclectics2 ,jews1 b n dogmati/s ( any   
s*ool4 ,!y believ$ 9 culture & g5]al    
progress1 & _h ! *>act]i/ic traits ( m5 
s believ+4 ,!y 7 cool1 unimpassion$1    
sci5tific2 s5tim5talism !y abjur$2      
en?usiasm to !m 0 folly4 ,!y 7 glad to  
graft ,greek culture on ,hebrew ?\ght1 &
 w\ld n h be5 sorry to see ! small      
,hebrew /ate absorb$ by "s _w-wide      
civilization4 ,moses !y rev]$1 & 8 law2 
b ! aft]gr[?1 prie/ly & prophetic1 !y   
disc>d$4 ,no d\bt !y ?\ght ! prie/s     
sup]/iti\s1 ! prophets mad1 !           
re/orationi/s a set ( fools1 ! vision ( 
,israel's future supremacy ! mis*iev\s  
nightm>e ( di/emp]$ m9ds4 ,z a lit]>y   
class ! ,sadducees 7 few & select2      

ari/ocratic 9 ta/e1 sup]cili\s 9 mann]s4
 ,!y 7 9 favor ) ! gov]nors plac$ ov] ! 
p by ,roman au?ority1 on acc\nt ( _!    
cultur$ mod]ation2 & 9 return = social &
 political support1 receiv$ (fices 9 !  
,/ate1 & ev5 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,caiaphas1 !    
high prie/ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus1 0 a         
,sadducee1 & 0 rais$ to t dignity by    
,val]ius ,gratus1 ,pilate's pr$ecessor 9
 (fice4  ,! ,sadducee 0 a man ( ! _w2 n 
9 ! bad s5se1 b 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 
,disbeliev+ 9 immortality1 he conf9$ 8  
view to ! possibilities ( ! "t2         
disbeliev+ 9 angels & special           
provid5ces1 he put confid5ce 9 temporal 
p[]s2 disbeliev+ ! doctr9e ( div9e      
decrees & manife/ de/9y1 he pursu$ !    
calculations ( policy & held himself )9 
! reasonable compass ( human motives4   
,compromis]s on pr9ciple1 ! ,sadducees 7
 unpopul> 9 a community ( e>ne/ ,jews4  
,!y bore bad names1 7 call$ epicureans1 
s5suali/s1 mat]iali/s1 cold-blood$      
ari/ocrats1 allies ( despotism2 b !y    
des]v$ ^! abusive appellations no m ?an 

m5 ( ! same description 9 mod]n /ates   
des]ve !m4 ,! abusive epi!t 0 "o ( !    
p5alties !y _h to pay = ! intellectual &
 social consequ5ce !y enjoy$4  ,!       
,ph>isees 7 m num]\s1 m commonplace & m 
popul>4 ,!y 71 9 fact1 ! great popul>   
sect4 ,!y 7 ( m rec5t orig9 ?an !       
,sadducees1 _! hi/ory go+ back only ab\t
 a c5tury & a half be=e ! "t ( ,jesus4  
,_! "n1 :i* means exclusive or elect1   
set ap>t1 suffici5tly indicates _! "*4  
,!y 7 ! /rait sect2 ,hebrews ( !        
,hebrews2 ,puritans ( ! ,puritans2 !    
qu9tess5ce ( !ocratic f]vor & patriotic 
fai?2 ! true ,israel4 ,/rict            
con/ructioni/s !y 72 fri5ds to ! law & !
 te/imony2 wor%ipp]s ( ! lett] & ! =m2  
pa9/ak+ pres]v]s ( e iota ( ! writt5 ^w2
 firm believ]s 9 ! de/9y ( ,israel1 9 ! 
special provid5ce t c\ld accompli% x1 9 
! angelic p[]s ^: ag5cy might be ne$$ to
 fulfil x1 9 ! future life :5 x 0 to be 
fulfill$4 ,!y held to ! law1 & !y held  
to ! prophets1 major & m9or2 !y c\ld    
divide ! ^w ( ! ,"l to a hair4  ,!      

,ph>isees h usually be5 call$ a sect2 !y
 7 n s mu* a sect z a p>ty4 ,*ur* &     
,/ate be+ "o 9 ! conception ( a !ocracy1
 or gov]nm5t ( ,god1 ! devotee & !      
politician 7 ! same p]son2 ! dogmati/ 0 
! democrat2 ! man ( n>r[e/ cre$ 0 ! man 
( wide/ sympa?ies2 ! mo/ exclusive      
!ologian 0 ! mo/ popul> p>tisan4 ,to    
keep ,israel true to ! fai?1 &1 9       
consequ5ce ( t to save x f political    
decl9e1 01 f ! fir/1 ! ,ph>isee's       
mission4 ,he nev] lo/ x f 8 view4 ,8 eye
 0 /eadily fix$ on ! issues ( ! day1 z  
!y involv$ ! de/9ies ( ! future4 ,9 ord]
 t he might be a patriot1 he 0 anxi\s to
 pres]ve unimpair$ 8 puritanism2 & 9    
ord] t he might pres]ve 8 puritanism    
unimpair$1 he att5d$ dilig5tly to !     
duties ( patriotism4  ,! ,ph>isee *]i%$ 
! ,messianic hope4 ,x 0 "p ( 8 fai? 9 ! 
de/9y ( ,israel1 & ! great practical    
ju/ification ( 8 belief 9 ! resurrection
 ( ! dead2 he believ$ 9 p]sonal         
immortality1 because he believ$ 9 !     
,*ri/ :o w\ld come to be/[ x4 ,x 0 an   

article ( ! patriot's cre$2 ! joy ( !   
,messianic felicity be+ ! rew>d =       
fidelity to ,israel4 ,! hope pres5t$ to 
him its political aspect1 t be+ ! aspect
 really fasc9at+ to patriotic           
contemplation4 ,! moral & spiritual     
aspects 7 incid5tal to ?is4 ,9 fact !   
moral & spiritual aspects 7 sc>cely     
?\ght (4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity to   
develop ^! :5 ! lit]al doctr9e _h lo/   
its int]e/1 & ! heav5ly k+dom _h be5    
transport$ f ! e>? to ! skies4 ,a ?\s& &
 a half ( ye>s h n spiritualiz$ ! belief
 ) ! multitude4 ,/ill ! ,ph>isaic       
doctr9e is ! accept$ fai?2 a purely     
rational human fai? 9 immortality is    
ent]ta9$ by ! philosophical few4 ,!     
,ph>isees con/itut$ a sort ( ,"y ,m5's  
,hebrew ,association1 loosely organiz$ =
 ! ma9t5ance ( ! fai? & ! fulfilm5t ( ! 
de/9y ( ,israel4  ,b :ile all ,ph>isees 
%>$ ! same g5]al beliefs1 all 7 n ( !   
same m9d on que/ions ( imm$iate policy4 
,!y 7 divid$ into cons]vative & radical 
w+s4 ,! cons]vatives1 :e!r f temp]am5t1 

position1 conviction1 or selfi% int]e/1 
deprecat$ sudd5 or viol5t measures :i*  
w\ld defeat _! own ends & make a bad    
/ate ( ?+s worse4 ,!y c\nsell$          
mod]ation1 pati5ce1 acquiesc5ce 9 !     
actual & inevitable4 ,!y disc\nt5anc$ ! 
op5 expressions ( discont5t1 advis$     
submission to law1 & prea*$ ! duty (    
/rict religi\s obs]vance z ! prop]      
prep>ation1 on _! "p1 = ! provid5tial   
adv5t ( ! ,son ( ,man4 ,no d\bt ?is     
policy 0 prompt$ 9 _m cases by timidity1
 & 9 _m cases by "t-s]v+ craft2 b no    
d\bt x 0 9 _m cases sugge/$ by sob]     
/atesman%ip4 ,! cons]vative ,ph>isee 0  
ev5 less popul> ?an ! ,sadducee2 = !    
,sadducee pret5d$ to no belief 9        
,israel's provid5tial de/9y1 & to no    
sympa?y ) ,israel's ,messianic hope2    
:ile ! ,ph>isee made conspicu\s         
prote/ation ( or?odox zeal4 ,evid5ce ( !
 popul> dislike ( ! cons]vative ,ph>isee
 ab\nds4 ,he 0 look$ ^u z a r5egade4 ,he
 0 call$ pret5d] & hypocrite1 wolf 9    
%eep's clo?+1 a :it$ sepul*re4 ,he 0    

ridicul$ & lampoon$4 ,all mann] (       
he>tlessness 0 *>g$ aga9/ him1 z be+ a  
mon/] ( inhumanity4 ,! ,talmud1 says    
,deuts*1 inveighs ev5 m bitt]ly &       
cau/ically ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t1 aga9/   
:at x calls '! plague ( ,ph>isaism2' '! 
dy$ ones1' ':o d evil de$s1 l ,zimri1 & 
require a goodly rew>d1 l ,ph9ehas2' ':o
 prea* beautifully1 b behave            
unbeautifully4' ,_! artificial          
int]pretations1 _! divisions &          
sub-divisions1 _! attitudes & po/ur+s 7 
p>odi$ & c>icatur$4 ,! conv5tional      
,ph>isee 0 class$ "u "o ( six           
categories3 he did ! w ( ,god1 b f      
int]e/$ motives2 he 0 =ev] do+ ! w (    
,god1 b nev] accompli%+ x2 he p]=m$     
absurd p5ances to avoid imag9>y s9s2 he 
accept$ (fice 9 ! "* ( sa9t2 he         
sanctimoni\sly begg$ 8 neighbor to      
m5tion "s duty he _h inadv]t5tly omitt$1
 8 design be+ to seem fai?ful 9 all ?+s 
:5 he 0 fai?ful 9 no?+2 or1 if s9c]ely  
dev\t1 he 0 dev\t f fe>4 ,he _h no cr$it
 giv5 him = 8 virtues1 & m ?an due      

discr$it = 8 vices4 ,9 "t ( p]il !      
cons]vatives out-numb]$ ! radicals1 =   
radicalism 0 dang]\s2 & ! feel+ betwe5 !
 two classes 0 ! bitt]] on ?is acc\nt2 !
 cons]vatives hat+ ! radicals :om !y    
c\ld n dis[n1 ! radicals despis+ !      
cons]vatives :o 7 _! bro!rs 9 fai?4 ,ea*
 p>ty compromis$ ! o!r precisely :]e    
misappreh5sion 0 mo/ exasp]at+4  ,= !   
radicalism ( ! "t 0 exclusively1 we may 
say1 ph>isaic4 ,!re 0 no o!r ( any      
consid]able acc\nt4 ,none b believ]s 9 !
 re/oration ( ,israel1 9 ! triumphant   
v9dication ( h] fai? 9 a new & complete 
social ord] & 9 absolute political      
indep5d5ce2 none b believ]s 9 div9e     
int]position1 & a p]sonal resurrection (
 ! fai?ful = ! enjoym5t ( felicity 9 !  
,messianic k+dom2 none b dev\t /ud5ts ( 
! scripture1 recipi5ts ( ! :ole         
tradition1 vision>ies ( ! lit]al or     
spiritual ord]1 c\ld ent]ta9 s audaci\s 
a hope2 & all ^! 7 ,ph>isees4  ,!       
,ess5es1 a my/ical & seclud$ sect1 dwelt
 ap>t1 took no int]e/ 9 public affairs1 

& ex]t$ no influ5ce on public op9ion4   
,peculi> 9 _! usages1 secret 9 _!       
proce$+s1 contemplative 9 _! habits1    
quieti/s & dream]s1 !y s transfigur$ &  
sublimat$ ! views :i* !y %>$ ) _!       
compatriots1 t no po9t ( practical      
contact 0 visible4 ,f !m no prophet or  
re=m] came4 ,! s\l ( ! ,hebrew fai? 0   
all !y recogniz$2 ! body ( x !y 7       
indiff]5t to4 ,t 9 _m respects _!       
doctr9es1 precepts1 social usages &     
religi\s practices correspond$ ) ^? held
 by consci5ti\s ,jews1 ne$ n be         
que/ion$4 ,x does n foll[ t !y orig9at$ 
or communicat$ !m4 ,su* op9ions 7 simply
 adopt$ z a common inh]itance4 ,!       
,ess5es r )drew ?an imp>t$ _! belief4   
,all ! +5uity ( ,de,quincey is unavail+ 
to e/abli% a practical relation betwe5 !
 ,ess5es & any popul> movem5t 9 ,judaea4
 ,^! movem5ts 7 l$ by ! m en?usia/ic ( !
 ,ph>isees1 & foll[$ by ! multitude t   
%>$ _! ideas4  ,! lawy]s & scribes1     
,ph>isees = ! mo/ "p by pr(ession1 7 9  
consequ5ce ( _! pr(ession1 cons]vative4 

,m5 ( le>n+1 well balanc$ 9 m9d1        
c>efully educat$1 good l+ui/s1 ma/]s (t5
 9 !ology1 philosophy1 moral sci5ce1    
famili> z any 7 ) natural hi/ory1 !     
ma!matics1 botany1 engag$ 9 ! /udy &    
exposition ( ! sacr$ books1 !y 7 f !    
s*ola/ic nature ( _! pursuits1 dis9cl9$ 
to take "p 9 popul> re=ms4 ,!re 7 no    
zealots among !m2 !y 7 m5 ( mod]ate     
op9ions & calm temp]s1 capable ( /ubborn
 resi/ance to ! elem5ts ( agitation1 b  
incapable ( vehem5t sympa?ies )         
en?usiasm4  ,! ,h]odians1 7 a limit$ &  
nev] a popul> p>ty1 :o hop$ t1 9 "s way1
 ! deliv]ance ( ,israel might come ?r\gh
 ! family ( ,h]od1 z be+ ,jews b n      
bigots1 ( =eign extraction b ( ori5tal  
g5ius1 ^: dyna/y _h be51 & might aga9   
be1 indep5d5t ( ,rome4 ,^! m5 7 int]e/$ 
9 public affairs1 wat*$ n>r[ly ! signs (
 ! times 9 politics1 b 7 z jeal\s on !  
"o side1 ( popul> outbreaks1 z !y 7 on !
 o!r1 ( imp]ial dom9ation4 ,deliv]ance1 
9 _! judgm5t1 0 to come by diplomacy1 n 
by en?usiasm4 ,!y _h no religi\s cre$ t 

di/+ui%$ !m z a p>ty4 ,"s may h be5     
,sadducees2 m1 probably 7 ,ph>isees2 b  
:e!r ,ph>isees or ,sadducees1 !y 7 9 no 
dang] ( be+ demagogues or ! dupes (     
demagogues4 ,! p>ty 0 9 exi/5ce at !    
p]iod ( ,jesus2 b x c\ld n h be5 /rong4 
,its influ5ce1 if x ev] _h any1 0 decl9+
 ) ! decreas+ significance ( ! ,h]odian 
l9e4 ,we he> little ( !m 9 ! lit]ature (
 ! "t2 ) ! f9al & absolute supremacy (  
,rome1 !y disappe>$4 ,! casual m5tion ( 
!m1 once 9 ,mat!w & once 9 ,m>k1 on !   
same occasion1 & 9 connection ) !       
,ph>isees1 is evid5ce t !y 7 /ill 9     
exi/5ce late 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,t is _!  
la/ appe>ance4     ,,iv4  ,,! ,,messiah 
,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t4   ,! e>lie/    
writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! g5u9e lett]s
 ( ,paul1 writt5 n f> f ! ye> #fj1 ?irty
 ye>s m or less aft] ! receiv$ date ( ! 
crucifixion ( ,jesus1 take up & cont9ue 
! l9e ( ,jewi% tradition4 ,no traces    
exi/ ( lit]ature produc$ betwe5 ! op5+ (
 ! c5tury & ! epi/ol>y activity ( !     
apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,! times 7         

unfavorable to ! production & !         
pres]vation ( lit]>y "w4 ,! e>lie/      
gospels1 ev5 grant+ _! g5u95ess &       
au!nticity1 _c be assign$ to s e>ly a   
p]iod1 _c be cr[d$ back beyond ! ye>    
#gj1 & mu/ probably be plac$ lat] by t51
 fifte51 tw5ty ye>s4 ,!y be> evid5tly on
 _! pages ! impress ( ideas :i* ,paul   
made curr5t4 ,_! au?ors1 :5 n disciples 
( 8 s*ool1 respect$ x & _h reg>d to its 
claim4 ,! gospel ( ,luke betrays1 9 its 
:ole /ructure ! %ap+ h& ( a ,paul9e     
adh]5t4 ,its ca?olicity1 its            
anti-,judaic _s1 its frequ5t & approv+  
m5tion ( ,sam>itans1 its doctr9e (      
demons & p[]s ( ! inf]nal _w1 its       
con/ant recognition 9 precept & p>able (
 ! claims ( ! hea!n on ! salvation ( !  
,*ri/1 are a few ( ! pla9 m>ks ( a g5ius
 =eign to t ( ,pale/9e4 ,! gospel ( ,m>k
 is simil>ly ?\gh n s em95tly or s      
m9utely *>act]iz$4 ,ev5 ! gospel (      
,mat!w conta9s deposits f ?is =mation4  
,! language ( "o v]se 9 ! elev5?        
*apt]1--,all ?+s are deliv]$ unto me (  

,my ,fa!r2 & no man kn[e? ! ,son1 b !   
,fa!r1 nei!r kn[e? any man ! ,fa!r1 save
 ! ,son1 & he to :om ! ,son w reveal    
him1 confesses 9 e ^w1 its ,paul9e      
orig94 ,! passage lies l a b\ld] on a   
common4  ,?\gh conc]n$ ) a p]iod ant]ior
 to ! apo/le's conv]sion1 ) ev5ts :]e(  
he _h no k1 & ) a life f :i* he pr(ess$ 
to d]ive only 8 impulse1 ! gospels are  
writt51 n 9 ! /yle ( *ronicles or       
memoirs1 b 9 ! /yle ( disquisitions r4  
,f> f be+ ! artless1 guileless1 un/udi$ 
compositions !y h pass$ =1 !y are imbu$ 
) an atmosph]e ( reflection1 are +5i\sly
 elaborate &1 9 p>ts pa9fully /udi$4 ,!y
 are m$itat$ biographies1 9 :i* !       
biographical mat]ial is select$ &       
qualifi$ by speculative motives4        
,nev]!less1 ^! are ! only fragm5ts      
presumably ( hi/orical "* t we possess4 
,! p]iod t ,paul's m9i/ry supposes mu/  
be se>*$ = 9 ^! aft]-m9d$ books4 ,h5ce  
arise grave lit]>y difficulties4 ,sev]al
 po9ts mu/ be borne 9 m9d2 ! abs5ce (   
any contemporane\s acc\nt ( ! m9i/ry (  

,jesus2 ! utt] de>? ( e>ly memor&a2 !   
advanc$ age ( ! evangeli/s at ! "t !y   
wrote1 ev5 on ! common reckon+1 & !     
effect ( age 9 weak5+ recollection1     
sugge/+ fancies1 rais+ qu]ies1 inflam+  
imag9ations1 mak+ ! m9d receptive (     
!ories & m>vels2 ! influ5ce on !        
disciples & on ! intellectual _w ( a man
 s p[]ful z ,paul1 & ! alt]$ speculative
 climate ( ! lat] apo/olic age4 ,!      
lit]>y laws =bid "u ^! circum/ances our 
read+ ! gospel n>ratives z au!ntic      
hi/ories--con/ra9 u 9 fact to read !m1 9
 "s sort1 z disquisitions1 mak+ all[ance
 z we g along1 = ! infusion ( doctr9al  
elem5ts4  ,! actual ,jesus is1 ?us      
und]/ood1 inaccessible to sci5tific     
rese>*4 ,8 image _c be recov]$4 ,he left
 no memorial 9 writ+ ( himself2 8       
foll[]s 7 illit]ate2 ! m9d ( 8 age 0    
confus$4 ,paul receiv$ only traditions (
 him1 h[ def9ite we h no means ( kn[+1  
app>5tly n significant en\gh to be      
treasur$1 nor consi/5t en\gh to oppose a
 b>ri] to 8 own speculations4 ,! "* (   

,jesus is a fair subject = discussion & 
conjecture2 b at ?is /age 9 a lit]>y    
/udy su* discussion & conjecture w\ld be
 out ( place4 ,we h at pres5t simply to 
inquire into ! "* ( ! ,messianic hope z 
x 0 illu/rat$ 9 ! ante-,paul9e p]iod4   
,?is task is less difficult1 & may be   
accompli%$ )\t detrim5t to moral or     
spiritual qualities :i* ,jesus may h    
possess$4  ,! e>lie/ phase ( !          
,messianic hope 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t mu/ h 
correspond$ ) preval5t expectations (   
,israel 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( our fir/       
c5tury4 ,:at t 0 has be5 describ$4 ,!   
,son ( ,man ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k & ,luke1 _!  
,paul9e elem5ts be+ elim9at$1 meets !   
requirem5ts 9 e respect1 & 9 no p>ticul>
 transc5ds !m4 ,he is a radical ,ph>isee
 :o has at he>t ! enfran*isem5t ( 8 p4  
,he is repres5t$ z be+ a native (       
,galilee1 ! insurg5t di/rict ( ! c\ntry2
 nurtur$1 if n born 9 ,naz>e?1 "o ( its 
*ief cities2 re>$ z a y\? amid          
traditions ( patriotic devotion1 & amid 
sc5es associat$ ) h]oic dreams &        

endeavors4 ,! ,galileans 7 re/less1     
excitable p1 beyond ! rea* (            
conv5tionalities1 remote f ! c5tre ( p[]
 ecclesia/ical & secul>1 simple 9 _!    
lives1 bold ( spee*1 indep5d5t 9 ?\ght1 
?or\gh-go+ 9 ! sort ( radicalism t is   
common among p :o live out ( ! _w1 :o h 
leisure to discuss ! excit+ topics ( !  
day1 b too little k1 culture1 or s5se ( 
social responsibility to discuss !m     
s\ndly4 ,_! m5tal discont5t & moral     
intractability 7 prov]bial4 ,!y 7       
bellig]5ts4 ,! ,romans _h m tr\ble ) !m 
?an ) ! natives ( any o!r prov9ce4 ,!   
,messiahs all />t$ out f ,galilee1 &    
nev] fail$ to collect foll[]s r\nd _!   
/&>d4 ,! ,galileans m ?an o!rs1 liv$ 9 !
 anticipation ( ! ,deliv]]4 ,! ref]5ce (
 ! ,messiah to ,galilee is !re=e already
 an indication ( ! "* he is to assume4  
,ano!r indication1 equally po9t$1 is !  
brief association ) ,be?lehem1 ! city ( 
,david1 & ! pa9s tak5 to connect !      
,messiah ) ! royal l9e4 ,! e>ly         
traditions g out ( _! way to prove ?is4 

,a labor$ g5ealogy is inv5t$ to %[ ! pa?
 ( 8 desc5t4 ,prophecy & song are call$ 
9 to ratify 8 l9eage4 ,inspir$ lips     
repeat anci5t psalms ann\nc+ ! glory t  
is to come to ! ,h\se ( ,david4 ,an     
angel promises ,m>y t h] son %all h giv5
 unto him ! ?rone ( 8 fa!r1 ,david1 &   
%all reign ov] ! h\se ( ,jacob = ev]4 ,!
 ,messiah is call$ ! ,son ( ,david2 an  
appellation t c>ri$ ! idea ( temporal   
dom9ion & no o!r4 ,! leg5ds respect+ !  
massacre ( ! *ildr5 9 ,be?lehem & !     
flight into ,egypt1 belong to ! same    
circle ( pr$iction4  ,ano!r indication  
to ! same purpose is ! pati5t ef=t to   
repres5t ! ,messiah z fulfill+ ,old     
,te/am5t anticipations4 ,t ! scripture  
might be fulfill$ is ! reit]at$         
explanation ( 8 ord9>y actions4 ,!      
e>lie/ records miss no occasion = decl>+
 ! ,messiah's fidelity to ! law (       
,moses4 ,among ! fir/ words put into 8  
m\? is ! e>ne/ prote/ation3 ,?9k n t ,i 
am come to de/roy ! law & ! prophets2 ,i
 am n come to de/roy b to e/abli%2 & ?is

 /atem5t is foll[$ by a detail$ contra/ 
betwe5 ! lit]al & ! spiritual           
int]pretation ( ! law1 precisely 9 ! ve9
 ( ! prophets :o held !mselves to be !  
true fri5ds ( ! code :i* ! prie/s &     
=mali/s p]v]t$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is      
criticism disrespectful to ! comm&m5ts1 
or beyond ! m>k ( or?odox scripture4  ,!
 visit to ! ,bapti/1 :o1 ent]ta9+ !     
popul> notion ( ! ,messiah1 & believ+ 9 
8 spe$y adv5t1 welcom$ ,jesus to !      
vacant position2 ,jesus' response to !  
call1 & acceptance ( ! role1 are 9 !    
same ve94 ,let x n be =gott5 t ! lat]   
misgiv+s ( ! ,bapti/ 7 rais$ by ! app>5t
 failure ( ! ,messiah to ju/ify         
expectation2 t ,john1 f 8 prison1 s5ds a
 %>p message1 & t ! ,messiah1 in/ead (  
correct+ ! precursor's crude idea1      
simply bids him be pati5t & con/rue !   
signs 9 fai?4  ,! /ory ( ! ,temptation 9
 ! ,wild]ness1 closely patt]n$ aft]     
incid5ts 9 ! c>e] ( ,moses1 is calculat$
 to jo9 ! two closely by simil>ity (    
exp]i5ce4 ,t ! ,messiah %\ld be tempt$  

is q )9 ! circle ( lat] ,jewi%          
conceptions1 z ! lit]ature ( ! ,talmud  
proves4  ,! /ory ( ! ,transfiguration   
d]ives its po9t f ! circum/ance t !     
spirits ) :om ! *os5 "o held communion 7
 ,moses & ,elias1 ! law-giv] & ! prophet
 ( ! old disp5sation4  ,! phrase ,k+dom 
( ,heav51 s frequ5t on ! ,messiah's     
lips1 _h b "o mean+1 :i* 0 univ]sally   
und]/ood4 ,x describ$ a temporal rule1 !
 reign ( a pr9ce ( ,david's l9e4 ,no    
class ( p accept$ ! phrase 9 any diff]5t
 s5se4 ,! ,*ri/ n[h]e corrects ! vulg>  
op9ion1 or places 8 own 9 opposition to 
x4 ,! evangeli/ int5ds to convey ! idea 
t he is 9 full accord ) ! g5]al feel+4  
,! que/ions put to ! ,messiah & ! answ]s
 giv5 to !m are additional evid5ce ( ?is
 ass5t2 ! "q1 = example1 conc]n+ !      
obligation to pay tribute to ! ,roman   
gov]nm5t1 a te/ "q t\*+ ! v he>t (      
,jewi% patriotism1 & ! cauti\s reply1   
calculat$ to evade ! p]il ( a           
categorical decl>ation :i* 0 felt to be 
call$ =1 & to be due4 ,! rejo9d] ( !    

,*ri/ is design$ to satisfy ! popul>    
expectation )\t rais+ popul> upro>4 ,x  
is ! answ] ( a patriot1 b n ( a zealot4 
,_h ! ,messiah n correspond$ to ! image 
9 ! ,jewi% imag9ation1 ! inquiry might h
 be5 summ>ily dismiss$4 ,its evasion    
proves n t ! ,*ri/ transc5d$ ! av]age   
expectation1 b t he %>$ x4 ,! v]sion ( !
 incid5t giv5 9 ,mat!w ,,xvii1 confirms 
?is judgm5t2 = accord+ to t acc\nt !    
,messiah privately admits ! exemption f 
tribute1 & !n provides miracul\sly = its
 paym5t1 le/ we %\ld give (f5ce4  ,!    
nature ( ! excitem5t caus$ by ! ,messiah
 is ano!r evid5ce ( ! _s 9 :i* he       
wr\ght4 ,ev]y:]e he is greet$ z !       
,messiah1 ! son ( ,david2 ev]y:]e !     
multitudes flock to him1 z to ! expect$ 
k+4 ,8 intimate fri5ds are nev] disabus$
 ( ! notion t !y1 if !y cont9ue firm 9  
_! allegiance1 w hold places ( honor at 
8 "r h&4 ,he rem9ds !m ( ! /r+5cy ( !   
conditions1 b does n condemn ! idea4 ,an
 ambiti\s "m pres5ts h] two sons z      
c&idates = pref]m5t1 ask+ = !m seats at 

8 "r & left h&1 on 8 com+ to glory4 ,he 
rebukes ! selfi%ness ( ! ambition1 says 
t seats ( honor are = ^? t e>n !m1 n =  
^? t desire !m1 add+ t he has no        
au?ority to assign places ev5 to !      
wor?ie/2 b he does n disc\nt5ance !     
notion t he %all sit 9 glory1 t !re w be
 places ( honor on ei!r side ( him1 or t
 ! fai?ful s]vants w occupy !m4 ,inde$1 
8 reply confirms t anticipation4  ,!    
multitude1 impress$ by 8 claim1 desire  
to make him a k+4 ,he removes himself2 n
 because he repudiates all "r to !      
(fice1 he n[h]e h9ts t1 & 9 places he m 
?an h9ts ! contr>y1--b because he is n  
prep>$ to av[ 8 pret5sion4 ,! "t is n   
ripe = a manife/o4  ,! writ]s ab\t ?is  
p]iod take especial pa9s to limit !     
conception ( ! ,messiah )9 ! b\nd>ies ( 
! av]age patriotic ideal4 ,!y make him  
decl>e to ! twelve disciples1 z he s5ds 
!m =?1 t be=e !y %all h c>ri$ _! message
 to ! cities ( ,israel ! ,son ( ,man    
w\ld ann\nce himself4 ,on a lat]        
occasion he is made to say3 ,!re are "s 

"h :o w n ta/e ( dea? till !y see ! ,son
 ( ,man com+ 9 8 glory4 ,decl>ations l  
^! are po9t$ly inconsi/5t ) an          
intellectual or moral idea ( ! k+dom4 ,!
 notion ( progress1 in/ruction1 reg5]at+
 influ5ce1 gradual elevation ?r\gh ! p[]
 ( "*1 is preclud$4 ,! k+dom is to come 
9 "t1 sudd5ly1 unexpect$ly1 by a %ock ( 
sup]natural ag5cy1 at ! in/ant ! ,"l    
wills2 ! ,son ( ,man himself kn[s n :51 
= x is n dep5d5t on 8 activity z a      
re=m]1 8 success z a tea*]1 or 8        
influ5ce z a p]son1 b on ! decree (     
,jehovah4  ,! attempt on ! popul> feel+ 
9 ,j]usalem1 /rangely call$ ! triumphal 
entrance ( ! ,messiah into ! holy city1 
is un9telligible except z a political   
demon/ration2 :e!r project$ by ! ,*ri/  
or by 8 foll[]s1 or by ! ,*ri/ urg$ by !
 importunate expectations ( 8 foll[]s1  
:e!r und]tak5 hopefully or 9 desp]ation1
 x n[h]e appe>s t x 0 made 9 any moral  
or spiritual int]e/4 ,all ! incid5ts ( !
 n>rative po9t to a political end1 !    
public ass]tion ( ! ,*ri/'s ,messianic  

claim4 ,! ass1 us$ in/ead ( ! *>iot or !
 horse by royalty on /ate occasions1 &  
especially allud$ to by ! prophet       
,ze*>iah 9 connexion ) ! com+ ( ,zion's 
,k+2 ! palm bran*es & hosannahs1 emblems
 ( sacr$ maje/y2 ! cries ( ! att5dant   
?rong l\dly proclaim+ ! ,messiah2 !     
,galileaan composition ( ! cr[d1 m>k+ ! 
revolution>y temp] ( x2 ! blank         
reception ( ! pageant by ! citiz5s :o 7 
too w>y to commit !mselves to ! *ances (
 collision ) ! ,roman au?orities2 !     
complete failure ( ! demon/ration 9 !   
he>t ( cons]vative ,judaea2 ! be>+ ( !  
,*ri/ himself z ( "o consci\s ( a       
sublime b p]il\s mission2 all ^! ?+s f9d
 ready explanation by ! popul>          
conception ( ! ,messiah1 z a national   
deliv]]1 b are un9telligible on any o!r 
!ory4  ,! unspiritual "* ( ! ,messiah's 
attitude is made yet m app>5t z ! hi/ory
 draws to a close4 ,! viol5t purg+ ( !  
temple c only by great vigor (          
int]pretation be made to be> any save a 
national complexion4 ,x 0 ! ass]tion (  

,jehovah's "r to 8 own doma92 an        
indignant1 passionate ass]tion2 !       
decl>ation ( a zealot ^: zeal ov]rode   
consid]ations ( wisdom4  ,! ,*ri/'s be>+
 be=e 8 ,roman judge is ( ! same /ra92 !
 pr\d sil5ce ( ! arraign$ pr9ce2 ! bold 
ass]tion ( k+l9ess1 :5 *all5g$2 ! /ately
 defiance ( ! pagan's wra?2 ! appeal to 
sup]natural support2 ! pr$iction (      
angelic succor 9 ! h\r ( ne$1 9 /rict   
accordance ) ! apocalyptic expressions  
?r[n out at ! la/ supp]1 & rev]b]at$ 9  
trem5d\s rhetoric on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives &
 9 ! palace ( ! high prie/1 expressions 
9 full & lit]al h>mony ) ! ,jewi%       
conceptions ( ! ,*ri/'s relations ) !   
angelic _w1 :olly 9 ! _s ( ,daniel1     
,eno*1 & o!r apocryphal writ+s1 leave no
 d\bt on ! m9d t ?is p]sonage mov$ )9 ! 
limits ( ! common ,messianic conception4
 ,pilate condemns him reluctantly1 feel+
 t he is a h>mless vision>y1 b is oblig$
 to condemn him z "o :o p]si/5tly claim$
 to be ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews1 an enemy (      
,caes>1 an insurg5t aga9/ ! empire1 a   

pret5d] to ! ?rone1 a bold incit] to    
rebellion4 ,! dea? he und]goes is ! dea?
 ( ! traitor & mut9e]1 ! dea? t w\ld h  
be5 decre$ to ,judas ! ,gaulonite1 _h he
 be5 captur$ in/ead ( sla9 9 battle1 & t
 0 inflict$ on ?\s&s ( 8 delud$ foll[]s4
 ,! bitt] cry ( ! crucifi$ z he hung on 
! cross1 ,my ,god1 my ,god1 :y ha/ ?\   
=sak5 me8 disclos$ ! hope ( deliv]ance t
 till ! la/ mom5t su/a9$ 8 he>t1 &      
betray$ ! angui% felt :5 ! hope 0       
blight$2 ! sne]s & hoot+s ( ! rabble    
express$ _! conviction t he _h pret5d$  
to be :at he 0 n4  ,! miracles ascrib$  
to ! ,*ri/1 s f> f be+ inconsi/5t ) !   
ord9>y conception ( ! ,messianic (fice1 
7 necess>y to complete t conception4 ,x 
0 expect$ t ! ,messiah w\ld "w miracles4
 ,?is 0 "o ( 8 pr]ogatives2 a c]tificate
 ( 8 commission f ,jehovah1 & an        
in/rum5t ( great s]vice 9 c>ry+ out 8   
designs4 ,to ! ,jew ( t1 z ( prec$+     
p]iods1 to ! crude !i/ ( all p]iods1 !  
belief 9 miracles 0 & is easy4 ,9 su*   
judgm5t1 ! w ( ,god is absolute1 & :5   

%\ld t w be ex]t$ if n at provid5tial   
crises ( ne$1 or 9 fur!rance ( 8        
s]vants' "w8 ,! special miracles        
attribut$ to ! ,*ri/ ( ! e>lie/ ,new    
,te/am5t lit]ature are1 z ,/rauss       
conclusively %[s1 patt]n$ aft] p]=mances
 :i* met satisfactorily ! dem&s ( !     
,jewi% imag9ation2 be+ ei!r repetitions 
( anci5t m>vels1 or concrete expressions
 ( ideal fai?4 ,! miracles ( ?is ,*ri/  
are precisely adju/$ to ! exig5cies ( 8 
call+1 9 no respect transc5d+ or fall+  
%ort ( t /&>d4  ,! moral precepts put   
into ! ,messiah's m\? are also :at he   
might be expect$ to utt]4 ,! tea*+s ( ! 
s]mon on ! ,m\nt are e*oes1 & n altoge!r
 awak5+ or inspir+ e*oes1 ( anci5t      
e?ical law4 ,! beatitudes d n exce$ 9   
beauty ( s5tim5t or felicity ( phrase1  
lovely passages t gem ! pages ( prophet1
 psalmi/ & sage4 ,portions ( ! morality 
are h>%1 ungraci\s1 intemp]ate1 almo/   
inhuman z comp>$ ) ! mell[ gr&eur ( !   
old] law4 ,sev]al ( ! p>ables1 if tak5 9
 an e?ical s5se1 conta9 moral           

injunctions or ins9uations t are q      
unju/ifiable2 ! p>able1 = example1 ( !  
labor]s 9 ! v9ey>d1 ! la/ ( :om1 ?\gh !y
 h work$ b "o h\r1 receive ! same       
comp5sation z ! e>ly com]s1 :o _h borne 
! burd5 & heat ( ! day2--! p>able ( !   
/ew>d1 :i*1 lit]ally con/ru$1 palliates 
abuse ( tru/s2--! p>able ( ,dives &     
,laz>us1 :i* tea*es ! evil lesson t     
felicity or infelicity h]eaft] is       
consequ5t on =tune or mis=tune "h4 ,^! &
 o!r p>ables are depriv$ ( _! dang]\s   
moral t5d5cy by be+ remov$ f ! e?ical   
category1 & made to convey lessons ( a  
diff]5t k9d4 ,read ! /ory ( ! labor]s 9 
! v9ey>d z int5d$ to ju/ify ,jehovah 9  
grant+ ! same spiritual favors to !     
newly call$ ,g5tiles z to ! desc5dants (
 ,abraham :o1 f ! fir/1 answ]$ to ! call
 address$ to !m3--read ! /ory ( ! /ew>d 
z convey+ an explanation ( ! ,paul9e    
policy 9 mak+ capital ) ! ,g5tiles by   
(f]+ to !m on easy t]ms ! promises t !  
,jews %[$ !mselves unwor?y (1 &         
reject$3--read ! /ory ( ,dives & ,laz>us

 z conta9+ ! idea t ! poor 9 _s1 !      
outca/1 to :om ! mansions ( ! ,"l's     
h\se1 ! patrimony ( ,abraham _h nev] be5
 op5$1 ! p :o _h no?+ b fai?1--:om ev5  
pagan dogs commis]at$1--%\ld enjoy !    
bless$ness ( ! ,messiah's k+dom r ?an ^?
 :o claim$ a prescriptive "r to x on !  
gr\nd ( desc5t or privilege1--& !       
difficulty ( reconcil+ !m ) moral       
pr9ciple is avoid$4 ,^! p>ables & o!rs (
 l t5or1 d n belong to ! fir/ lay] (    
,messianic tradition1 b to ! second     
deposit made by ! ,apo/le ,paul4  ,to ! 
same p]iod belong o!r p>ables t conta9  
l>g] ideas ?an ! ,jewi% ,messiah ( !    
fir/ g5]ation c\ld ent]ta94 ,su* are !  
/ory ( ! net ca/ into ! sea & ga!r+ 9 ( 
e k9d1 t is1 ,greeks & ,romans1         
b>b>ians1 ,scy?ians1 bond & free1 n     
,hebrews only1--! miscellane\s haul be+ 
imp>tially exam9$--sweetness ( quality1 
n =ms ( scale be+ made ! condition (    
acceptance2--! /ory ( ! good ,sam>itan1 
design$ to place p reckon$ idolators &  
miscreants on a high] spiritual level   

?an ano9t$ prie/s ( :atev] ord]1 :o     
po/pon$ m]cy to sacrifice4 ,c\ld !      
,jewi% ,messiah attribute to ,sam>itans 
a grace t 0 ! highe/ adornm5t ( fai?ful 
,jews8 ,! /ory ( ! prodigal son belongs 
to ! same category4 ,! eld] bro!r1 :o   
has always be5 at home1 dutiful b       
ungraci\s nigg>dly & covet\s1 is ! ,jew 
:o has nev] left ! home/ead ( fai?1 b   
has /ay$ !re1 confid5tly expect+ !      
,messianic inh]itance z ! rew>d ( 8     
conv5tional or?odoxy4 ,! y\ng] bro!r is 
! ,g5tile1 ! infidel1 ! pagan apo/ate1  
:o ?r[s (f ! p>5tal au?ority & r$uces   
himself to spiritual begg>y4 ,he sp5ds  
all2 he cont5ts himself ) refuse2 is m  
hea!ni% ?an ! hea!n !mselves2 sw9i% 9 8 
habits4 ,yet ?is spiritual reprobate1 by
 8 unseemly behavior1 =feits no         
privilege4 ,! mansion ( ! ,fa!r's h\se  
is /ill op5 to him :5 he %all *oose to  
return4 ,! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac &    
,jacob waits & wat*es = ! p5it5t2 sees  
him a great way (f2 runs to meet him2   
?r[s 8 arms ab\t 8 neck2 re9/ates him 9 

8 place2 celebrates 8 arrival by fea/+1 
& puts him above ! eld] bro!r :o _h be5 
work+ 9 ! field :ile ! prodigal _h be5  
riot+ 9 ! city4 ,su* a lesson f ! lips (
 ! ,jewi% ,messiah w\ld h be5 a/oni%+   
inde$4 ,x w\ld h gone f> t[>ds ov]turn+ 
8 claim4 ,we "k t "s ye>s lat] ! lesson 
0 inculcat$ z a c>d9al doctr9e by ,paul 
& reg>d$ z a h]esy by ! ,*ri/'s p]sonal 
disciples1 & x is 9 accordance ) lit]>y 
laws to ref] to ?is lat] p]iod ! ideas t
 7 native to x4  ,! religi\s beliefs    
imput$ to ! ,messiah we are sket*+1 are 
! ord9>y beliefs ( 8 age & p4 ,8 fai? is
 ! fai? ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,8 idea ( ,god is
 ! national idea s(t5$1 z x always _h   
be51 by a g5tle m9d4 ,x ?9ks z 8        
c\ntrym5 ?\ght ab\t ,provid5ce1 fate &  
fre$om1 good & evil1 de/9y1 ! pa/ & !   
future ( 8 race4 ,he believes 9 !       
resurrection & ! judgm5t1 ! bless$ness t
 is 9 /ore = ! fai?ful ,israelite1 !    
mis]y t awaits ! unwor?y *ildr5 (       
,abraham4 ,8 moral classifications are !
 te*nical classifications ( ! en?usia/ic

 patriot1 :o conf\nd$ national )        
rational pr9ciples ( judgm5t4 ,he       
believes 9 good & bad angels1 9 gu>dian 
spirits & demoniacal possession4 ,a     
,ph>isee ( ! n>r[ lit]al s*ool he is n4 
,8 allegiance to ! ,mosaic law is       
spiritual1 n slavi%2 8 fai? 9 !         
p]petuity ( ! temple wor%ip is un5cumb]$
 ) =malism2 he discrim9ates betwe5 !    
prie/ly (fice & ! prie/ly "*1 betwe5 !  
=m & ! ess5ce ( sacrifice2 yet is he    
capable ( lurid feel+s & bitt] ?\ghts   
t[>ds ! ,ph>isees ( ano!r s*ool2 he _c  
ent] into ! m9d ( ! ,sadducee2 & !      
scribe is a p]son he _c respect4 ,on ?is
 side 8 intol]ance occasionally breaks  
=? ) inconsid]ate heat4 ,he calls 8     
oppon5ts bl9d guides1 hypocrites1 :it$  
sepul*res1 & ?reat5s !m ) ! wra? ( !    
,et]nal4  ,! ,messiah's ess5tial        
conception ( 8 (fice does n diff]       
mat]ially f t ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,he is no   
milit>y lead]2 he puts no confid5ce 9 ! 
sword2 he incites to no revolt4 ,b he   
does n tru/ to intellectual me?ods = 8  

success2 ! success t he anticipates is n
 su* z foll[s ! promulgation ( ideas1 or
 ! e/abli%m5t ( moral convictions4 ,he  
looks = demon/rations ( p[]1 n human b  
sup]-human4 ,! ho/s t surr\nd him1 & are
 reckon$ on to su/a9 him1 are ! ho/s (  
heav51 m>%all$ "u ! ,"l & prep>$ to     
sweep d[n ^u ! ,"l's foes :5 ! h\r (    
conflict %all /rike4 ,he w n draw !     
sword himself1 or all[ 8 foll[]s to gird
 on weapons ( w>2 b he is m ?an will+ to
 avail himself ( legions irresi/ible 9  
might4 ,james ,m>t9eau has t\*$ ?is po9t
 ) a ma/] h&3 ,! non-resi/ant pr9ciple  
meant no m 9 ! e>ly *ur* ?an t !        
disciples 7 n to anticipate ! h\r fa/   
approa*+ ( ! ,messiah's desc5t to claim 
8 ?rone4 ,b :5 t h\r /ruck !re 0 to be  
no want ( 'physical =ce' no %r9k+ f     
retribution z ei!r unju/ or undiv9e4 ,! 
'flam+ fire1' ! 'sudd5 de/ruction1' !   
'mighty angels1' ! 'tribulation &       
angui%1' 7 to =m ! ret9ue ( ,*ri/1 & !  
pione]s ( ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,! new reign 0
 to come ) =ce1 & on no?+ else 9 ! la/  

resort 0 !re any reliance2 only ! army 0
 to arrive f heav5 be=e ! e>?ly recruits
 7 tak5 up4 ',my k+dom1' said ,jesus1   
'is n ( ?is _w1 else w\ld my s]vants    
fight2' an expression :i* implies t no  
k+dom ( ?is _w c disp5se ) arms1 & t he 
himself1 7 he ! head ( a human polity1  
w\ld n =bid ! sword3 b :ile 'legions (  
angels' /ood ready = 8 ^w1 & only wait$ 
till ! ,scripture 0 fulfill$1 & ! h\r ( 
d>kness 0 pass$1 to obey ! signal (     
heav5ly invasion1 ! weapon ( e>?ly temp]
 might rema9 9 its %ea?4  ,x is n       
affirm$ "h t ! actual ,jesus correspond$
 to ?is ,messianic repres5tation2 t he  
fill$ x & no m2 t x correctly &         
adequately report$ him4 ,x may possibly 
pres5t only s mu* ( him z ! av]age ( 8  
contempor>ies c\ld appreciate4 ,!y may  
be "r :o are ( op9ion t ! f\r? evangeli/
 comes ne>] to ! hi/orical tru? ?an !   
fir/4 ,t ! e>lie/ ,new ,te/am5t         
conception ( ! ,messiah has be5         
correctly portray$ 9 ! prec$+ sket* may 
be grant$ )\t prejudice to ! hi/orical  

,jesus4 ,!y only :o assume ! id5tity (  
?is ,hebrew ,messiah ) ! man ( ,naz>e?1 
ne$ place him 9 ! ni*e t is "h made = ! 
,messiah4 ,!re are o!rs m noble4 ,let   
ea* decide = himself1 on ! evid5ce1 to  
:i* he belongs4 ,"s w decide t ! fir/   
acc\nt ( a wond]ful p]son mu/1 f !      
nature ( ! case1 be ! false/2 o!rs w    
decide t 9 ! nature ( ?+s x mu/ be !    
true/4 ,:i*ev] be ! decision ! lit]>y   
image rema9s unimpair$4 ,:e!r "t %\ld be
 judg$ requisite to emancipate ! liv+ "*
 f ! associations ( its environm5t1 &   
br+ x into full view2 or :e!r on ! o!r  
h& "t %\ld be reg>d$ z d>k5+ & confus+ !
 image1 = ! reason t x all[s ! gr[? (   
leg5ds & di/ort+ !ory1 is a "q t w be   
t\*$ by-&-by4 ,= ! pres5t x suffices to 
%[ :at ! e>lie/ repres5tation 01 & to   
trace its desc5t f ! traditions ( !     
race4 ,! mat]ials are adequate = ?is1   
:e!r = m or n4 ,! =m ( ,jesus may be    
lo/1 b ! =m ( ! ,messiah is di/9ct4     
,v4  ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*ri/ians4   ,! dea? ( 
! ,messiah did n disc\rage 8 foll[]s1 z 

x might h done _h he pres5t$ ! co>s]    
type ( ! anticipation illu/rat$ by      
,judas ( ,galilee ^: insurrection _h be5
 ext+ui%$ 9 blood "s ye>s be=e1 yet !   
movem5t ( ,judas did n cease at 8 dea?1 
b tr\bl$ ! /ate = sixty ye>s4 ,8 two    
sons1 ,james & ,john1 rais$ ! ,messianic
 /&>d fifte5 ye>s or !reab\ts aft] !    
crucifixion ( ,jesus1 & 7 !mselves      
crucifi$4 ,_! y\ng] bro!r1 ,m5ahem1     
r5ew$ ! attempt tw5ty ye>s lat]1 & s f> 
succe$$ t he cut 8 way to ! ?rone1      
assum$ ! "p ( a k+1 w5t 9 royal /ate to 
! temple1 & b = ! fury ( 8 fanaticism   
might h re-erect$ tempor>ily ! ?rone (  
,david4 ,b ?is k9d ( ,messiah1 besides  
be+ savage1 0 monoton\s4 ,8 appeal 0 to 
! l[] passions2 ! ?\ghtful1 imag9ative1 
contemplative1 poetic1 7 n drawn to him4
 ,8 foll[]s1 adh]5ts n                  
disciples1--might1 at ! be/1 h f\nd$ a  
dyna/y1 !y c\ld n h plant$ a *ur*4 ,!   
pure en?usiasm ( ! ,*ri/1 8 entire      
s+l5ess ( he>t1 ! abs5ce 9 him ( private
 ambition or self-seek+1 8 confid5ce 9 !

 heav5ly "* ( 8 mission1 8 reliance on  
sup]-human aid1 8 s9c]e p]suasion t !   
purpose ( 8 call+ w\ld n be ?w>t$ by    
dea?1 insur$ 8 hold on ^? :o _h tru/$   
him4 ,!y did n lose _! conviction t he 0
 ! ,messiah2 !y anticipat$ 8 return1 9  
glory1 to complete 8 "w2 9 t            
anticipation !y wait$1 wat*$ & pray$4 ,!
 "n ,*ri/ians 01 we are told1 giv51 9   
d]ision1 to ! believ]s 9 ,antio*4 ,b if 
!y _h *os5 a "n = !mselves1 !y c\ld n h 
hit on a m precisely descriptive "o4    
,*ri/ians !y 72 believ]s t ! ,*ri/ _h   
come1 t ! crucifi$ 0 ! ,*ri/1 t he w\ld 
reappe> & v9dicate 8 claim4 ,?is 0 _!   
s+le controll+ ?\ght1 ! only ?\ght t    
di/+ui%$ !m f _! c\ntrym5 :o reject$ !  
,messiah%ip ( _! fri5d4 ,!y 7 ,jews1 9 e
 respect2 ,jews ( ,jews1 en?usia/ic1    
dev\t1 ph>isaic ,jews1 ! firme/ (       
adh]5ts to ! ,law ( ,moses1 unqualifi$  
receiv]s ( tradition1 dilig5t /ud5ts ( !
 scriptures1 con/ant att5dants at !     
temple wor%ip1 urg5t 9 supplication1    
lit]al 9 cre$1 & punctual 9 obs]vance2  

acquiesc5t 9 ! claims ( ! prie/hood1    
scrupul\s 9 all ,hebrew etiquette4 ,!y 7
 det]m9$ t ! ,ma/]1 at 8 com+1 %\ld f9d 
!m ready4  ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 set an
 example ( sanctity wor?y ( a           
high-prie/4 ,9 fact1 he assum$ !        
position ( a prie/1 & fill$ x ) su*     
au/]ity t he 0 call$ ! righte\s4 ,he    
ta/$1 says ,hegesippus1 nei!r w9e nor   
/rong dr9k2 he ate no?+ t _h life2 8    
hair 0 nev] %orn2 8 body 0 nev] ano9t$ )
 oil1 or ba!d 9 wat]2 8 g>m5ts 7 ( l951 
nev] ( wool2 s p]fect 0 he 9 all        
righte\sness t1 ?\gh no consecrat$      
prie/1 he 0 p]mitt$ to ent] ! holy place
 beh9d ! veil ( ! temple1 & !re he sp5t 
h\rs 9 int]cession = ! p1 8 knees becom+
 z h>d z a camel's f contact ) ! /one   
pavem5t4 ,to ^? :o ask$ him ! way to    
life1 he repli$3 ,believe t ,jesus is ! 
,*ri/4 ,:5 "s diss5t]s prote/$ aga9/ ?is
 decl>ation & ask$ him to retract x1 he 
repeat$ x ) /rong] emphasis2 :5 !       
malcont5ts :o rev]$ him1 b w\ld h none (
 8 ,messiah1 rais$ a tumult & tri$ to   

intimidate him1 he reit]at$ ! /atem5t1  
add+3 ,he sits 9 heav51 at ! "r h& ( !  
,supreme p[]1 & w come 9 cl\ds4 ,= ?is  
te/imony1 says tradition1 he laid d[n 8 
life4  ,! fell[-believ]s ( ,james       
imitat$ him z closely z !y c\ld4 ,!y 7  
pr\d ( _! desc5t f ,abraham2 !y 7       
t5aci\s ( ! privileges grant$ to !      
twelve tribes2 !y kept up _! relation ) 
! synagogue2 !y _h fai? 9 =ms (         
obs]vance2 !y rev]$ ! ,sabba?2 _! tru/ 9
 ! lit]al efficacy ( pray] 0 implicit2  
!y 7 excessively jeal\s ( intellectual  
activity outside ( _! n>r[ communion2 _!
 anticipations 7 conf9$ to ! re/oration 
( ,israel1 & nev] w&]$ into ! region (  
social improvem5t or moral progress2 9  
g5]al e?ical & social culture !y 7 n    
int]e/$4  ,!y _h no ecclesia/ical       
e/abli%m5t ap>t f ! ,jewi% ,*ur*2 no    
sep>ate prie/hood1 no sacram5ts1 no     
cultus1 no rubric1 no cal5d>1 no        
liturgy4 ,! validity ( sacrifice !y     
ma9ta9$1 ! doctr9e ( sacrifice possess+ 
a deep] significance = !m f ! gr[+ fai? 

t _! ,"l 0 himself ! pas*al lamb1 ! %$d+
 ( ^: blood pur*as$ ! remission ( s9s4  
,h5ce a special enc\ragem5t ( !         
sac]dotal _s1 an exagg]at$ s5se ( !     
efficacy ( blood1 a !ory ( atonem5t m   
se>*+ & absolute ?an _h prevail$ 9 !    
anci5t *ur*4 ,! lat] doctr9e ( atonem5t 
9 ! *ri/ian *ur* may h gr[n f ?is small 
b vital g]m4  ,!y _h no dogma peculi> to
 !mselves1 ! doctr9es ( ! old ,*ur* be+ 
all !y ne$$2 !y _h no tr9ity or beg9n+ (
 tr9ity2 no *ri/ology2 no doctr9e (     
,fall2 no !ory ( fir/ & second ,adam2 no
 metaphysic2 no philosophy ( s9 &       
salvation2 no int]ior my/]y ( exp]i5ce4 
,:atev] newness ( cre$ !y av[$1 0 ow+ to
 _! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! ,*ri/1 & consi/$ 9 a
 few v simple inf]5ces f ?is t5et4 ,(   
c\rse ev5 sl[-m9d$1 lit]al1 ext]nal m5  
c\ld n ent]ta9 a belief l t1 & n be pu%$
 by x to c]ta9 practical conclusions4 ,!
 expectation ( ! ,*ri/'s com+ w\ld      
necess>ily raise que/ions respect+ !    
conditions ( acceptance ) him1 ! "* ( 8 
dom9ion1 ! duration ( x1 ! social *anges

 incid5tal to x2 b x does n appe> t     
speculation on ^! subjects 0 c>ri$ f>4  
,a crude mill5>ianism develop$ itself   
e>ly2 a cl\dy !ory ( atonem5t f\nd      
favor2 = ! re/1 conjecture1 x 0 little  
m1 dwelt cont5t$ly )9 ! conf9es (       
rabb9ical lore4  ,!re 0 no?+ peculi> 9  
_! moral precepts or usages1 no?+ t %\ld
 effect a *ange 9 ! receiv$ e?ics ( !   
nation4 ,_! ess5tial cre$ involv$ no    
practical innovation on private or      
social moralities4 ,! mosaic code 0     
famili> to !m f *ildhood4 ,! popul>     
comm5t>ies on x 7 promulgat$ f week to  
week 9 ! synagogues1 & _! validity 0 no 
m que/ion$ by ! ,*ri/ians ?an by ! mo/  
or?odox ( ,jews4  ,! daily exi/5ce ( ^! 
p 0 retir$ & simple4 ,!y _h frequ5t     
meet+s = talk1 song1 mutual *e] &       
confirmation2 full ( expectation &      
excitem5t !y mu/ h be52 wild ) memories 
& hopes4 ,= ! believ]s liv$ out (       
!mselves1 9 an ideal1 a sup]natural     
sph]e2 _! he>ts 7 9 heav5 ) _! ,ma/]1 ^:
 =m fill$ _! vision1 ^: voice !y seem$  

to he>1 f :om came1 z !y fanci$1        
impressions1 intimations1 influ5ces1    
unspok5 b brea!d messages int]pret$ by !
 s\l4 ,!y 7 vision>ies4 ,_! life 0      
illusion4 ,!y 7 transport$ beyond       
!mselves at times1 by ! prospect ( !    
,"l's ne>ness4 ,_! m9ds 7 daz$2 _!      
feel+s rais$ to ec/asy2 9 vision !y saw 
! heav5s op5 & fi]y tongues desc5d4 ,_! 
small upp] *amb] seem$ to tremble &     
dilate 9 sympa?y ) _! feel+s2 ! ceil+   
appe>$ to lift2 !y 7 mov$ by an impulse 
:i* !y c\ld n acc\nt =1 & reg>d$        
!mselves z inspir$4  ,9 ^! circum/ances1
 x is n to be wond]$ at t !y liv$ 9     
communities by !mselves1 pref]r+ !      
society ( _! fell[s2 t !y _h a common   
purse1 a common table2 t !y 7 ascetic & 
celibate2 t !y )drew f public affairs & 
f private bus9ess1 & approa*$ ne>ly to !
 ,ess5es1 ) :om !y _h mu* 9 common1     
p]petuat+ ! habit ( mona/icism1 :i*     
became aft]w>ds s prom95t a feature 9 ! 
,ea/]n *ur*4  ,nor is x surpris+ t !y   
reg>d$ ! intimate fri5ds ( _! ,*ri/ ) a 

peculi> v5]ation1 & ascrib$ to !m       
extraord9>y gifts4 ,! basis ( ! future  
hi]>*y 0 laid 9 ! honor paid to ^! few  
m54 ,!y 7 cr$it$ ) sup]natural insight1 
& ) ! possession ( miracul\s p[]4 ,_!   
t\* 0 heal+2 _! m]e %ad[ com=t$2 _!     
approval 0 bless+2 _! displeasure curs$4
 ,:at !y ratifi$ 0 fix$2 :at !y p]mitt$ 
0 decre$4 ,_! ^w 0 law2 x 0 = !m to     
admit & to exclude4 ,! p5alty (         
excommunication 0 9 _! h&s1 to be       
inflict$ at _! discretion4 ,sup]/ition  
w5t s f> z to conc$e to !m ! alt]natives
 ( life & dea?4 ,! leg5d ( ,ananias &   
,sapphira is evid5ce ( a cr$ulity t set 
n reason only1 b consci5ce at defiance4 
,9 _! infatuation !y believ$ t ! ,*ri/  
above communicat$ a sav+ spiritual grace
 to su* z ! apo/les t\*$ ) _! f+]s4  ,v 
s+ul>1 b v consi/5t & logical 7 ! views 
( dea? ent]ta9$ by ! bro!rhood 9 ,*ri/4 
,z _! ,"l delay$ 8 com+1 ! eld]s grew   
old & fell asleep4 ,!re 0 a bro!rhood ( 
! dead z well z ( ! liv+2 ! liv+ became 
few2 ! dead _m4 ,que/ions arose respect+

 ! de/9ation ( ^? dep>t$4 ,t !y _h p]i%$
 0 n to be ?\ght (2 z little to be ?\ght
 ( 0 ! possibility ( _! =feit+ _!       
privilege ( %>+ ! believ]s' triumph4 ,! 
resurrection ! disciples _h always      
believ$ 94 ,t1 at ! com+ ( ! ,messiah   
!re w\ld be a g5]al resurrection ( !    
fai?ful ,israelites f _! graves1 9 field
 or rock1 0 "p ( _! ance/ral fai?4 ,b   
n[1 ! matt] 0 br\ght home to !m ) pa9ful
 reality4 ,! ,*ri/ might come at any    
mom5t2 ! dead 7 _! own imm$iate k9dr$1  
_! p>5ts & bre?r54 ,! problem pres5t$ no
 difficulties to _! m9ds h[ev] agitat+ x
 might be to _! he>ts4 ,! ,"l w\ld come2
 ( t !re c\ld be no d\bt2 ! dead w\ld   
rise1 t 0 c]ta92 b 9 :at =m8 ,9 :at     
ord]8 ,w\ld ! liv+ h prec$5ce ( !m8 ,:]e
 w\ld ! meet+ take place8 ,h[ w\ld !    
dead "k t ! "t ( resurrection _h arriv$8
 ,! answ] came promptly z ! "q4 ,!      
trumpet ( ! angels w\ld proclaim ! ev5t 
to all creatures1 visible & invisible4  
,! elect w\ld respond to ! summons2 !   
gates ( ,hades w\ld bur/ asund]4 ,9     

e!rial =ms1 light] ?an air1 m radiant   
?an ! morn+1 ! fai?ful :o _h di$ 9 !    
,"l1 w\ld asc5d2 ! liv+ w\ld ex*ange _! 
t]re/rial bodies = bodies cele/ial1 &   
?us *ang$1 9 a mom5t1 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an   
eye1 w\ld m\nt upw>d to jo9 !m1 & all   
toge!r w\ld meet ! ,"l 9 ! air4 ,= !    
believ]s ! grave _h no victory & dea? no
 /+4  ,9 all ?is ! ,*ri/ians 7 /rictly  
)9 ! circle ( ,jewi% ?\ght4 ,! belief 9 
! resurrection wore diff]5t aspects 9   
diff]5t m9ds2 ! vision ( ! h]eaft]      
float$ _m-hu$ be=e ! imag9ations ( m54  
,! fi]y zealots :o took ! k+dom ( heav5 
by viol5ce1 dream$ ( ! resurrection ( ! 
body1 & ( tangible privileges ( dom9ion 
9 ! t]re/rial mill5nium4 ,! mild]       
en?usia/s1 :o c\ld n believe t fle% &   
blood c\ld inh]it ! k+dom ( ,god1 7     
con/ra9$ to inv5t a spiritual _w = !    
accommodation ( spiritual bodies4 ,"s   
conjectur$ t ! e!rial =ms w\ld m\nt to  
_! native seat1 only at ! t]m9ation ( ! 
?\s& ye>s reign2 ! spiritual _w be+     
br\ght 9 at ! end1 z a device (         

es*atology to dispose f9ally ( ! sa9ts  
:o c\ld nei!r die nor rema9 long] on    
e>?4 ,o!rs surmis$ t ! spiritual _w w\ld
 claim its own at once1 !re be+ no place
 on e>? :]e ! ris5 c\ld live & no       
occupations 9 :i* !y c\ld engage4 ,!    
crud] fai? 0 ! e>li]4  ,! fanatics1 z   
describ$ 9 ! second ,book ( ,maccabees1 
an apocryphal writ+ ( ! second c5tury   
be=e ,*ri/1 hop$ = a corporeal          
resurrection & a visible supremacy4 ,(  
sev5 sons1 :o1 ) _! "m1 7 b>b>\sly      
execut$ because !y refus$ to d5y _!     
religion by eat+ sw9es' fle%1 "o        
decl>es3 ,! ,k+ ( ! _w %all raise u up  
:o h di$ = 8 laws1 into ev]la/+ life2   
ano!r1 hold+ =? 8 h&s 7to be cut (f71   
said c\rage\sly1 ,^! ,i _h f heav51 & = 
8 laws ,i despise !m1 & f him ,i hope to
 receive !m aga94 ,! next %\ts3 ,x is   
good be+ put to dea? by m51 to look =   
hope f ,god1 to be rais$ up aga9 by him2
 z = !e1 ?\ %alt h no resurrection to   
life4 ,f9ally1 :5 all ! sev5 h di$      
h]oically1 ) words ( simil> import on _!

 lips1 ! "m is put to dea?1 hav+ exhort$
 h] y\nge/ born to fai?fulness ) !      
exhortation3 ,d\btless ! ,creator ( ! _w
 :o =m$ ! g5]ation ( man1 & f\nd out !  
beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 w also1 ( 8 own m]cy1 
give y brea? & life aga91 z ye n[ reg>d 
n y\r own selves = 8 laws' sake4 ,! same
 book records ! suicide ( ,razis3 ,"o ( 
! eld]s ( ,j]usalem1 a lov] ( 8         
c\ntrym51 & a man ( v good report1 :o = 
8 k9dness 0 call$ a ,fa!r ( ! ,jews1 = 9
 =m] times he _h be5 accus$ ( ,judaism1 
& did boldly jeop>d 8 body & life ) all 
vehem5cy = ! religion ( ! ,jews2 *oos+ r
 to die manfully ?an to come into ! h&s 
( ! wick$1 to be abus$ o!rwise ?an      
beseem$ 8 noble bir?1 he fell on 8      
sword4 ,nev]!less1 :ile !re 0 yet brea? 
)9 him1 be+ inflam$ ) ang]1 he rose up1 
& ?\gh 8 blood gu%$ out l sp\ts ( wat]1 
& 8 w\nds 7 griev\s1 yet he ran ?r\gh ! 
mid/ ( ! ?rong1 &1 /&+ ^u a /eep rock1  
:5 z 8 blood 0 n[ q gone1 he pluck$ out 
8 b[els1 & tak+ !m 9 bo? 8 h&s1 he ca/  
!m ^u ! ?rong1 & call+ ^u ! ,"l ( life &

 _s to re/ore him ^? aga91 he ?us di$4  
,! angel ( ! book ( ,daniel calls up a  
fair] vision3 ,_m ( !m t sleep 9 ! du/ (
 ! e>? %all awake1 "s to ev]la/+ life1 &
 "s to %ame & ev]la/+ contempt4 ,& !y t 
be wise %all %9e z ! brightness ( !     
firmam5t2 & !y t turn _m to             
righte\sness1 z ! />s = ev] & ev]4      
,some?+ l ?is1 p]haps1 0 ! anticipation 
( ! ,*ri/ sket*$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,!      
p]sonal conception is %ad[y4 ,!re is    
no?+ to indicate positively t he dep>t$ 
f ! usual op9ion ( a physical           
resurrection & a k+dom ( heav5 on e>?1 a
 p]iod ( t]re/rial happ9ess "u ! rule ( 
,jehovah4 ,! decl>ation to ! ?ief on !  
cross3 ,?is day ?\ %alt be ) me 9       
,p>adise1 belongs to a lat] tradition1  
correspond+ to ! ideas ( ,paul4 ,!      
p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us mu/ be assign$
 to ! same circle ( doctr9e4 ,! say+    
respect+ *ildr51 ,_! angels always      
behold ! face ( my fa!r 9 heav51 conveys
 no m ?an ! belief 9 gu>dian spirits4 ,!
 angels are n dep>t$ *ildr51 b ! wat*]s 

ov] ! lives ( liv+ ones4 ,! reply giv5  
to ! ,sadducees1 9 ,matt4 ,,xxii41 ,9 ! 
resurrection !y nei!r m>ry1 nor are giv5
 9 m>riage1 b are z ! angels ( ,god 9   
heav51 implies t ! temporal condition ( 
! ,messiah's subjects w diff] 9         
important respects f _! pres5t social   
e/ate1 b does n sugge/ a cele/ial       
locality = its organization2 & !        
decl>ation t foll[s3 ,god is n ! ,god ( 
! dead1 b ( ! liv+1 affirms m]ely t     
,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob are n         
annihilat$1 t !y are1 or w be1 alive2 b 
h[1 :]e1 or :51 is left undecid$4 ,!    
expression1 ,?y k+dom come1 9 !         
pat]no/]1 s diff]5t f ! latt] petition3 
,may we come into ?y k+dom1 looks t[>ds 
an e>?ly p>adise4 ,! succe$+ phrase1 ,?y
 w be done on e>? z x is 9 heav51 po9ts 
9 ! same direction4 ,x is probable t !  
,*ri/1 liv+ & expect+ to live1          
contemplat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 ,messianic 
dom9ion 9 ,pale/9e4 ,aft] 8 dea? &      
disappe>ance1 ! ?\ghts ( 8 fri5ds turn$ 
else:i!r1 & ) an increas+ /ead9ess1 z 8 

return 0 delay$1 & ! probabilities ( _! 
go+ to him outweigh$ ! probabilities ( 8
 com+ to !m4 ,! *ange ( expectation 01 x
 is likely1 a gradual1 sil5t1 &         
unp]ceiv$ "o1 effect$ sl[ly1 & n        
complet$ till a new conception ( ! ,*ri/
 supplant$ ! old "o1 & trans=m$ e       
feature ( ! ,messianic belief4 ,9 less  
?an tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? (       
,jesus1 ?is *ange 0 s f> effect$ t x 0  
capable ( full lit]>y expression4 ,!    
writ+s t publi% x1 are ! g5u9e lett]s ( 
,paul1 & o!r scriptures produc$ "u !    
inspiration ( 8 idea4     ,,vi4         
,,paul',s ,,new ,,dep>ture4   ,!re is   
reason to ?9k1 z we h said1 t ! fir/    
,messianic impulse w\ld h sp5t itself   
ineffectually 9 a few ye>s1 _h n a fre% 
impulse be5 giv5 by a new conception ( !
 ,messiah4 ,! ,*ri/ outl9$ 9 ! e>lie/   
lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld h>dly h
 f\nd$ a p]man5t *ur*1 or giv5 8 "n to a
 di/9ct religion4 ,a new conception     
came1 9 due "t1 f an unexpect$ qu>t]1   
?r\gh a man :o 0 bo? ,jew & ,greek2 ,jew

 by p>5tage1 nurture1 tra9+ & g5ius2    
,greek by bir?-place1 resid5ce &        
association2 a man well v]s$ 9          
scripture1 a pupil ( approv$ rabbis1    
famili> ) ! talmud1 & deeply int]e/$ 9  
talmudical speculation2 a ,ph>isee ( !  
/raite/ sect2 an en?usia/--yes1 a       
fanatic by temp]am5t2 on ! o!r h&1 a m9d
 some:at exp&$ by int]c\rse ) ! p & !   
lit]ature ( o!r nations4 ,paul's feel+  
on ! ,*ri/ "q 0 always int5se4 ,he made 
x a p]sonal matt]1 ev5 9 8 comp>ative   
y\?2 di/+ui%+ himself by 8 zeal 9 behalf
 ( correct op9ion on ! subject4 ,he     
appe>s1 fir/1 a "y man1 z a p]secutor ( 
! ,jews :o believ$ t ! ,*ri/ _h actually
 come1 & :o 7 wait+ = 8 return 9 cl\ds4 
,t idea seem$ to him vision>y & dang]\s2
 he made x 8 bus9ess to ext]m9ate x by  
viol5ce1 if necess>y4 ,b ! fury ( 8     
demon/ration prov$ 8 int]e/ 9 ! g5]al   
idea4 ,he 0 at he>t a ,messianic        
believ]1 ?\gh n 9 t /yle4 ,a ,messianic 
believ] he cont9u$ to be1 b to ! end z  
little z at fir/1 9 t /yle4 ,to ! ord9>y

 belief he nev] 0 conv]t$2 8 repudiation
 ( x 0 p]haps at no "t less vehem5t ?an 
x 0 at ! beg9n+2 z 8 own ?\ght matur$1 8
 rejection ( ! fai? he p]secut$ 9 8 y\?1
 became x seems m delib]ate1 if less    
viol5t4  ,z he pursu$ "o phase ( !      
,messianic expectation1 ano!r aspect ( x
 bur/ ^u him ) ! spl5dor ( a revelation1
 & det]m9$ 8 c>e]4 ,! man :o _h brea!d  
fury aga9/ "o type1 became ! apo/le (   
ano!r4 ,! same fi]y zeal t bla/$ ! "o1  
w>m$ ! o!r into life4 ,9 ! book ( !     
,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! fir/ m>tyr at ^:  
/on+ ,paul assi/$1 bore ! ,greek "n     
,/eph51 :5ce1 z well z f o!r            
indications1 x has be5 surmis$ by ,baur 
& o!rs t he 0 a precursor ( ! future    
,g5tile p>ty1 pursu$ & sla9 by ! or?odox
 on acc\nt ( 8 infidelity to ! cause (  
,hebrew national exclusiv5ess4 ,if ?is  
conjecture be admitt$1 ! de$ ,paul _h   
abett$1 may h be5 ! imm$iate cause ( 8  
own moral revulsion ( feel+4 ,! sla9    
ov]-came ! slay]4 ,! dy+ h& committ$ to 
! fi]ce by/&] ! tor* x c\ld c>ry no     

fur!r4 ,! murd]$ ,greek rais$ up !      
apo/le to ! ,greeks1 ?us av5g+ himself  
by s5d+ 8 adv]s>y to m>tyrdom 9 ! same  
cause = :i* he himself bl$4 ,9 religi\s 
f]vors su* reactions h be5 frequ5t4  ,= 
,paul 01 f fir/ to la/1 ! same p]son1 9 
no natural feature ( m9d or "* *ang$4 ,8
 religi\s belief rema9$ ess5tially1 ev5 
incid5tally unalt]$4 ,a ,ph>isee he 0   
born1 & a ,ph>isee he cont9u$4 ,!       
ph>isaic doctr9e ( ! resurrection 0 !   
corn] /one ( 8 sy/em1 ! beg9n+1 middle &
 end ( 8 fai?1 ! />t+ po9t ( 8 cre$4 ,8 
conception ( ,god 0 ! ord9>y conception1
 unqualifi$1 unmitigat$1 uncompromis$4  
,! div9e sov]eignty nev] suff]$ weak5+  
at 8 h&s4 ,"o c h>dly op5 ! epi/le to ! 
,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome1 )\t com+      
across "s trem5d\s ass]tion ( ! absolute
 supremacy ( ,god4 ,read ! passage 9 !  
fir/ *apt]1 #bj-bf v]ses2 9 ! second    
*apt]1 #f-ab v]ses2 9 ! n9? *apt]1      
#ad-bc v]ses2 9 ! elev5? *apt]1 fir/    
v]se & onw>d4 ,read #a ,cor941 fifte5?  
*apt]1 #bd-bi v]ses4 ,! old fa%ion$     

,jewi% conception is express$ 9 language
 simply revolt+ 9 its bald inhumanity4  
,! views ( ,div9e ,provid5ce set =? 9 "s
 ( ^! s5t5ces are an?ropomorphitic to a 
degree t is amaz+ 9 an intellectual man 
( 8 age & race4 ,8 discussions ( fate & 
free-w betok5 ! /]nness ( a dogmatic1 r 
?an ! disc]nm5t ( a philosophic1 m9d4 ,8
 notion ( hi/ory has ! n>r[ness ( !     
national "*4 ,8 e?ics are tak5 f ! law (
 ,moses1 & n f ! m b5ignant v]sions ( x4
 ,! gr&e/ e?ical *apt] he ev] wrote1 !  
twelf? *apt] ( ,romans1 conta9s no less 
?an ?ree in/ances ( grave infidelity to 
! highe/ /&>d ( morality 9 8 own        
scriptures4 ,rabbi ,hillel said3 ,love  
peace1 & pursue peace2 love mank9d1 &   
br+ !m ne> ! law4 ,! moral condition ( !
 _w dep5ds on ?ree ?+s1--,tru?1 ,ju/ice1
 & ,peace4 ,paul says3 ,if x be         
possible1 s mu* z lye? 9 y1 live        
peaceably ) all m51 imply+ cle>ly t x   
might n always be possible1 & 9 su*     
cases 0 n to be expect$4 ,! tacit       
proviso 9 ! phrase s mu* z lye? 9 y1    

dis*>ges ! obligation ( its imp]ative   
"*2 z if consci\s t ! duty might prove  
too mu* = ! moral p[]1 he w n impose x4 
,x is writt5 9 ! ,talmud3 ,?\ %alt love 
?y neighbor2 ev5 if he be a crim9al1 &  
has =feit$ 8 life1 practise *>ity t[>ds 
him 9 ! la/ mom5ts4 ,paul drops f> bel[ 
?is :5 he bids 8 disciples1 ,av5ge n    
y\rselves1 b r give place unto wra?     
7make room = wra? t is wra? inde$47 ,= x
 is writt51 'v5geance is m9e2 ,i w      
repay1 sai? ! ,"l4' ,!re=e 7because !   
,"l's v5geance w be m t]rible ?an y\rs71
 if ?9e enemy hung]1 fe$ him3 if he     
?ir/1 give him dr9k2 = 9 s do+1 ?\ %alt 
heap coals ( fire on 8 head4 ,t is1 by  
%[+ k9dness y w inflict on him t5fold   
agony6  ,su* a disciple w\ld n adorn !  
memb]%ip ( a mod]n ,peace ,society4 ,!  
language ascrib$ to him 9 ,ephesians    
bri/les ) milit>y metaphor2 ,fight !    
good fight ( fai?1 ,! helmet (          
salvation1 ,! sword ( ! ,_s1 ,armor (   
light4  ,9 ! days ( our own anti-slav]y 
conflict1 8 dictum1 ,slaves obey y\r    

ma/]s1 9 fe> & trembl+1 9 s+l5ess (     
he>t1 0 a t[] ( /r5g? & a f\nta9 (      
refre%m5t to _m an uphold] ( ! patri>*al
 sy/em4 ,! lat] ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,we/ c\ld 
safely ju/ify _! quiet tol]ation ( !    
sy/em ( slav]y 9 ! ,roman ,empire by !  
precepts ( ! =emo/ apo/le4 ,if !        
g5u95ess ( ! epi/le to ,philemon c\ld be
 ma9ta9$1 ! case w\ld we> a diff]5t     
look4 ,b x is mu* m ?an d\btful :e!r ev5
 t qualifi$ humanity proce$$ f 8 p54  ,9
 our own g5]ation ! apo/le is a s]i\s   
/umbl+ block 9 ! way ( evangelical wom5 
:o are fri5dly to ! aspirations ( _!    
sex4 ,he %[$ ! mo/ /ubborn ,hebrew      
pr9ciples on ?is subject4 ,wives1 submit
 y\rselves to y\r husb&s2 ,let y\r wom5 
keep sil5ce 9 ! *ur*es2 if !y wi% to    
le>n any?+1 let !m ask _! husb&s at     
home2 = x is a %ame = wom5 to speak 9 ! 
*ur*4 ,x is p]mitt$ !m to be "u ob$i5ce4
 ,! ,h9doo scripture spoke bett]3 ,:]e  
wom5 are honor$1 !re ! deities are      
pleas$4 ,:]e !y are di%onor$ !re all    
religi\s acts become fruitless4  ,h[ c !

 mo/ cons]vative ,republicans accept z  
tea*] a man :o c\nsels religi\s m51 9   
proportion z !y are religi\s1 to surr5d]
 _! full1 unqualifi$1 s9c]e allegiance  
to e/abli%$ au?orities because !y are   
e/abli%$1 h[ev] despotic1 f]oci\s nay   
vile !y may be2 ev5 to su* despotisms z 
t ( ,n]o2--ma9ta9+ t resi/ance to su* is
 equival5t to resi/+ ! ord9ance (       
,god8--giv+ ?is n z ! c\nsel ( prud5ce1 
b z ! dictate ( consci5ce1 ?us proclaim+
 exemption f criticism or assault1 =    
inhuman tyrannies8 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is is  
inculcat$ by ! sweep+ decl>ation3 ,let e
 s\l be subject to ! high] p[]s3 = !re  
is no p[] b ( ,god2 ! e/abli%$ p[]s are 
orda9$ ( ,god4 ,no d\bt ! bidd+ 0 giv5 9
 view ( a turbul5t or insurrection>y _s 
among ! ,israelites 9 ,rome1 b x is giv5
 )\t explanation or limit4 ,x ratifies !
 div9e "r ( k+s3 sanctions ! pr9ciple t 
might makes "r4 ,paul 0 an en?usia/ =   
ideas2 n a !ologian1 n a social re=m]1 b
 "o ^: zeal 0 sp5t on doctr9es4         
,prevail+ly intellectual1 8 :ole nature 

0 fus$ by ! electric t\* ( a new ?\ght4 
,paul's acqua9tance ) ! ,talmud is      
evid5c$ by 8 writ+s4 ,8 use ( allegory1 
8 fanciful analogies1 8 my/ical         
int]pretations1 8 play on words1 8      
passion = types & symbols1 8 +5i\s      
speculations on hi/ory & es*atology1    
betray 8 famili>ity ) t curi\s          
lit]ature4 ,he f\nd a m9e ( preci\s     
mat]ial 9 ! my?ical ,adam ,ca$mon1 !    
prog5itor1 ! prototype1 ! f$]al head ( !
 race1 ! man :o 0 n a man b a microcosm1
 creat$ by special act f sift$ clay2 a  
creature ^: erect$ head t\*$ ! firmam5t1
 ^: ext5d$ body rea*$ across ! e>?2 a   
be+ to :om all save ,satan did          
obeisance2 :o1 b = 8 transgression1 w\ld
 h enjoy$ an immortality on e>?2 ^: s9  
entail$ on ! human race all ! evils1    
mat]ial & moral1 t h curs$ ! _w2 !      
primordial man1 :o conta9$ 9 himself !  
g]ms ( all mank9d2 ^: corruption ta9t$ !
 nature ( g5]ations ( desc5dants4 ,!    
,talmud exhau/s speculation on ?is      
prodigi\s p]sonality4 ,! doctr9e ( !    

*ri/ian *ur* = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s 0 n s 
mu* color$ z %ap$ by ! rabbis :o ex]cis$
 _! subtlety on ?is tempt+ !me4 ,philo1 
a contempor>y ( ,paul1 is 9 no respect  
beh9d ! mo/ imag9ative 9 8 conjectures  
on ?is sublime leg5d4 ,t ,paul1 a /ud5t 
( ! ,talmud1 fell 9 ) !m1 %\ld excite no
 surprise4 ,t he add$ no?+ is due       
probably to ! fact t !re 0 no?+ to add4 
,f ! ,talmud1 also1 & f o!r rabb9ical   
writ+s1 ,paul d]iv$ a complete          
angelology1 a dep>tm5t ( speculation 9  
:i* ! ,jewi% lit]ature aft] ! captivity 
0 exce$+ly prolific--,meta?ron1         
,s&alphon1 ,aka?riel1 ,suriel1 7 famili>
 to 8 m9d4 ,x is a bold sugge/ion made  
by ,dr4 ,isaac ,m4 ,wise1 ! ,hebrew     
rabbi fre% f ! ,talmud1#a t             
,meta?ron1--,greek3 meta ?ronon1 ne> !  
?rone1 call$ by em95t titles1 k+ ( !    
angels1 pr9ce ( ! c\nt5ance1 impress$   
,paul's imag9ation & 0 ! orig9al ( 8    
,*ri/4 ,betwe5 ?is supreme angel1       
co-ord9ate ) deity & spiritually ak9 to 
him1 & ! ,*ri/ ( ,paul's conception1 !  

correspond5ce seems to be too close to  
be accid5tal2 s close1 inde$1 t "s1     
unable to d5y or to confute x1 are driv5
 to surmise t ! fir/ conception orig9at$
 ) ! apo/le4 ,x is m probable h[ev]1    
?\gh n provable1 t ! rabb9ical idea 0 ! 
e>li]1 & t ! apo/le took t z well z !   
,adam ,ca$mon f ! rabbis4 ,! pr9ce (    
angels precisely met 8 requirem5t z a   
c\nt]-vail+ p[] to ,adam1 & suppli$ a   
gr\nd = 8 !ory ( ! second ,adam1 ! liv+ 
_s1 ! ,"l f ,heav51 ! primal man ( a new
 creation1 ! fir/ born ( a new prog5y1 !
 orig9ator ( a law ( life :i* %\ld *eck 
& c\nt]act ! law ( s9 & dea?4 ,! second 
,man 0 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! fir/4  ,footnote  
#a3 ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #cce-cda4  
,he is a man1 yet is he no man2 8 fle%  
is only ! lik5ess ( s9ful fle%1 liable  
to dea?1 b n implicat+ ! p]sonality 9   
dy+4 ,he is ! spiritual1 heav5ly1 ideal 
man2 cele/ial1 glori\s1 image ( ,god1   
transluc5t1 s9less1 impeccable2         
pre-exi/5t1 ( c\rse2 )\t fa!r or "m2 an 
expression ( div9ity2 a creator ( new   

worlds = ! habitation ( ! ,sons ( ,god4 
,8 bir? is an entrance into humanity f  
an abode ( light4 ,! mission ( ?is      
transc5d5t be+ is1 9 a ^w1 to break !   
=ce ( transmitt$ s91 & rev]se ! de/9y ( 
! race4 ,he imp>ts ! pr9ciple ( life1   
:i* is to re/ore all ?+s4 ,a multitude (
 incid5tal po9ts are involv$ 9 ?is      
fundam5tal "o1 po9ts ( !ology1          
an?ropology1 hi/ory1 e?ics1 metaphysics1
 t pres5t no difficulty to "o :o has ?is
 key4 ,! long disquisitions on ! ,mosaic
 law1 ! discussions on ! privileges ( ! 
,hebrew race & ! rights ( o!r races 7   
necess>y4 ,! famili> doctr9e ( !        
resurrection d]iv$ fre% int]e/ f        
association ) ! g5]al !ory1 inasmu* z x 
suppli$ a gr\nd-"w = ! expectation t !  
glorifi$ ,"o w\ld reappe>2 & ! hypo!sis 
( a spiritual body1 v5tur$ & fully      
develop$ by ! rabbis1 ev5 illu/rat$ by  
analogies ( ! corn ( :eat :i* ! apo/le  
makes s mu* ( 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ,i4   
,cor9?ians1 suppli$ all else t 0 want+  
to complete ! s*eme4 ,! ,*ri/1 be+      

s9less1 0 held to be incorruptible2 dea?
 _h no dom9ion ov] him1 0 9 fact 9 8    
case1 an exc>nation1 ! prep>ation = an  
asc5t to ! realm ( light he came f1 & to
 8 seat at ! "r h& ( 8 ,fa!r1 in/ead (  
be+ a desc5t into ! region ( d>kness to 
:i* mortals are doom$4 ,! doctr9e ( la/ 
?+s foll[s f ! doctr9e ( fir/ ?+s4 ,!y  
:o are "o ) ,*ri/ ?r\gh fai? %>e 8      
dea?lessness4 ,if !y die1 x is m]ely a  
tempor>y retirem5t1 9 :i* !y await !    
com+ ( _! ,"l1 :o w 9 8 own "t call !m  
out ( _! prison h\se4 ,! l>g] numb]1    
h[ev]1 7 n1 9 ! apo/le's belief1 de/9$  
to die at all2 b might look z he did1 to
 be transfigur$1 by ! putt+ (f ( _! vile
 bodies1 & ! putt+ on ( glori\s bodies l
 t ( ! great =]unn]4 ,9 8 amplifications
 on ?is !me1 ,paul %[s little           
orig9ality1 & adds no?+ important to !  
mat]ial ly+ ready to 8 h&4  ,! advantage
 8 s*eme gave him z a prea*] to !       
,g5tiles is too obvi\s to be dwelt on4  
,z a ,greek by bir? & culture1 he 0     
int]e/$ 9 ! fate ( o!r nations besides !

 ,jews4 ,a sy/em ( religion adapt$ to ! 
traditions & satisfactory to ! hopes ( a
 peculi> p1--a national1 exclusive      
religion 9 ! b5efits :]e( none b ,jews  
might %>e1 & f ^: grace no l9eal        
desc5dant ( ,abraham c\ld be exclud$1   
did n comm5d itself to ?is man1 half    
,jew1 half ,greek4 ,! fai? t obta9$ 8   
allegiance1 & awoke 8 zeal mu/ possess a
 human "* by virtue ( :i* its message   
c\ld be c>ri$ to all mank9d4 ,su* a fai?
 8 new !ory ( ! ,*ri/ gave him4 ,he c\ld
 say to 8 ,greek fri5ds3 ,?is religion t
 ,i br+ y is no ,hebrew peculi>ity4 ,its
 ,*ri/ is no son ( ,david1 b a son (    
,god2 its heav5 is no ,messianic k+dom 9
 ,judaea1 b a region ( light above !    
skies2 its pr9ciple is fai?1 n ob$i5ce  
to a c]emonial or legal code2 x disp5ses
 entirely ) ! requirem5ts ( ! law (     
,moses2 makes no acc\nt ( sacrifices or 
prie/s2 presumes on no acqua9tance )    
,hebrew scriptures1 or rev]5ce = ,hebrew
 m52 que/ions ( circumcision &          
uncircumcision are trivial & imp]t95t4  

,! religion ( ,*ri/ addresses y z m51 n 
z ,jewi% m52 x appeals to ! univ]sal    
s5se ( moral & spiritual infirmity1 &   
(f]s a moral & spiritual1 n a te*nical  
deliv]ance2 in/ead ( limit+1 x w enl>ge 
y2 in/ead ( b9d+1 x w emancipate y2 its 
g5ius is lib]ty1 ?r\gh :i* y are set    
free f c]emonialism1 ritualism1         
dogmatism1 moralism1 & are made p>tak]s 
( a new intellectual life4  ,n all at   
once did ?is s*eme unfold itself be=e ! 
apo/le's vision4 ,gradually x came to   
him z he m$itat$ alone1 or exp]im5t$ ) x
 on li/5]s 9 remote places4 ,naturally1 
he avoid$ ! associations ( ! p he _h    
p]secut$1 & ! tea*]s !y look$ up to4 ,he
 _h no?+ to le>n f !m2 he und]/ood _!   
sy/em & 0 dissatisfi$ ) x1 9 %ort1      
reject$ x4 ,_! ,jewi% ,messiah1 lit]al1 
national1 hebraic1 0 n an attractive    
p]sonage to 8 m9d4 ,! promise ( felicity
 9 a ,jewi% k+dom ( heav5 0 n en*ant+4  
,! daily life ( ! believ]s 9 ,j]usalem 0
 =mal1 unnatural1 repulsive to "o :o _h 
walk$ l>ge 9 =eign cities & realms (    

?\ght4 ,! apo/les1 ,pet]1 ,james1 ,john1
 _h no?+ important to tell him t he did 
n "k already4 ,! e>?ly details ( ! life 
( ,jesus might h int]e/$ him1 b !       
int]ior "* & ! human significance ( !   
,*ri/ 7 ! ma9 ?+1 & ^! he may h ?\ght   
himself m 9 ! way ( appreciat+ by a     
tempor>y retirem5t to ! dep?s ( 8 own   
consci\sness4 ,hav+ matur$ 8 ?\ghts1 he 
did put himself 9 communication ) !     
orig9al disciples1 ) :at result is      
frankly /at$ 9 8 lett] to ! ,galatians3 
,to ^? :o seem$ to be some:at 7:at !y 7 
is no conc]n ( m9e1 ,god accepte? no    
man's p]son71 b :o 9 conf]5ce add$ no?+ 
to me1 ,i did n give way1 9 subjection1 
no1 n = an h\r4 ,s heat$ he becomes1 z  
he rememb]s ?is int]view1 t he c sc>cely
 write coh]5tly ab\t x4 ,! two          
conceptions ( ! ,*ri/ & 8 (fice 7 s f>  
ap>t1 t he did n1 to 8 dy+ day1 =m      
intimate relations ) ! tea*]s ( !       
primitive gospel4 ,!y taught an         
uncong5ial s*eme4  ,f ! fir/1 ,paul's   
sph]e ( action 0 ! ,g5tile _w to :i* 8  

message 0 adapt$4 ,if 8 fir/ appeal 0   
address$ to ,jews1 x 0 simply because   
,*ri/ianity1 z he und]/ood x1 be+ an    
outgr[? f ,jewi% ?\ght1 a developm5t (  
,jewi% tradition1 %\ld naturally be m   
intelligible & m welcome to !m ?an to p 
:o _h no hi/orical or lit]>y prep>ation 
= x4 ,b he took ! broad gr\nd ) !m1 &   
address$ 8 ^w to outsid]s ! mom5t       
/ubbornly dogmatical ,jews decl9$ to    
receive x on 8 t]ms4 ,! attempt made by 
! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 to %[ t 
,paul modifi$ or qualifi$ 8 s*eme to br+
 x into h>mony ) ! old] s*eme t he      
supplant$1 fails f ! circum/ance t !    
writ] disc]ns no peculi>ity 9 8 !ory ( !
 ,*ri/1 & consequ5tly misses completely 
! gr\nd ( any antagonism4  ,?is is      
writt5 9 ! p]suasion t ! ,acts ( !      
,apo/les is n tru/wor?y z hi/ory2 has 9 
fact no hi/orical int5t1 b belongs to ! 
class ( writ+s t may be call$           
conciliatory1 or m$iatorial1 design$ to 
br+ oppos+ views toge!r1 to heal        
divisions1 & smoo? ov] r\gh places4 ,by 

pull+ h>d at bo? ends ( ! /r+1 dragg+   
,pet] t[>ds ,paul1 & ,paul t[>ds ,pet]1 
ascrib+ to bo? ! same op9ions1 imput+ to
 bo? ! same designs1 & pass+ bo? ?r\gh !
 same exp]i5ces1 ! au?or w\ld make 8    
read]s believe t !y /ood on ! same      
f\ndation4 ,! gr\nds ( ! op9ion above   
/at$ _c be giv5 "h2 b !re are gr\nds =  
x1 & solid ones1 z any "o may discov] :o
 w take ! pa9s to look at ,edw>d        
,zell]'s essay on ! ,acts1 or any o!r   
argum5t f an unprejudic$ po9t ( view4 ,!
 conclusion may be arriv$ at1 h[ev]1 by 
a %ort] process1 namely1 by tak+ ,paul's
 ,*ri/ology z giv5 by himself 9 8 own   
lett]s1 & !n consid]+ h[ completely x is
 exclud$ f ! book4 ,x seems to ! pres5t 
writ] no?+ less ?an c]ta91 z pla9 z any 
po9t ( lit]>y criticism c be1 t ! ,acts 
( ! ,apo/les is n to be reli$ on =      
in=mation respect+ ! life & op9ions ( ! 
apo/le ,paul4 ,9 ?is op9ion writ]s      
belong+ to v diff]5t s*ools ( religi\s  
philosophy1 ,mackay1 = example1 &       
,m>t9eau1 are cordially agre$4 ,?is mu/ 

h5ce=? be reg>d$ z "o ( ! po9ts         
e/abli%$4 ,! firm] ! appreh5sion (      
,paul's peculi>ity1 ! /rong] is !       
conviction t ! description ( 8 conduct 9
 ! book ( ,acts mu/ be fanciful4 ,if he 
tells ! tru?1 z !re is no reason to     
d\bt1 ! unkn[n au?or ( ! ,acts romances4
  ,! necessity t ,paul 0 "u ( comm5d+ 8 
*ri/ology to ! ,jews1 a self-impos$     
necessity 9 "p1 inasmu* z 8 own g5ius   
be+ ,jewi%1 impos$ x on him1 emb>rass$ !
 movem5t ( 8 m9d to su* a degree t he 0 
nev] able to d p]fect ju/ice to 8 own   
!ory4 ,mu* "t 0 sp5t 9 expla9+ 8 conduct
 to or?odox ,jews1 or 9 answ]+ que/ions 
rais$ by hebrew casui/ry4 ,! epi/le to !
 ,romans1 ! mo/ labor$ ( 8 compositions1
 is a long argum5t address$ to 8        
c\ntrym5 9 ,rome1 ) ! design ( p]suad+  
!m t ,jehovah 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 accept+     
,g5tiles :o con=m$ to 8 requirem5ts1 & 9
 reject+ *ildr5 ( ,abraham :o did n4    
,?is is ! burd5 ( ! lett]4 ,! argum5t is
 light$ up by spl5did bur/s ( eloqu5ce1 
& div]sifi$ by ke5 rem>ks on po9ts (    

psy*ology4 ,b1 omitt+ two or ?ree ( !   
*apt]s & scatt]$ passages 9 o!rs1 !     
rema9d] is intellectually arid & devoid 
( human int]e/4 ,! same may be said ( ! 
lett] to ! ,galatians4 ,! epi/les to !  
,!ssalonians1 & ^? to ! ,cor9?ians1 are 
occupi$ *iefly ) matt]s ( local &       
incid5tal conc]n4 ,x is probable t      
,paul's g5ius 0 disa/r\sly circumscrib$ 
)9 hebrew limits aft] all2 t he nev]    
completely emancipat$ himself ev5 f !   
old "t traditions ( 8 p2 t ! ,jewi% half
 ( ! man 0 n ! weak] half4 ,a philosoph]
 he 0 n2 a !ologian1 9 ! great s5se1 he 
0 n2 a metaphysician he 0 n2 a          
psy*ologi/ he 0 n4 ,he 0 an apo/le1 a   
prea*]4 ,! problems he discuss$ 7 =mal r
 ?an vital1 & ! _s 9 :i* he discuss$ !m 
0 ! temp] ( ! dogmati/ r ?an t ( ! se]4 
,h[ev] ?is may be1 x may be affirm$ t 8 
sy/em conta9$ no /rictly orig9al ideas2 
t 8 lead+ ?\ghts1 & ev5 ! phases ( 8    
?\ght1 7 borr[$ f ! lit]ature ( 8       
nation1 or1 at lea/1 may be f\nd !re4   
,x is a frequ5t rem>k t1 b = ,/4 ,paul1 

,*ri/ianity might h _h no life out (    
,judaea2 :i* is tantam\nt to say+ t x   
might h _h no prolong$ or ext5d$ life at
 all1 b w\ld h p]i%$ z an incid5tal     
phase ( ,judaism4 ,! rem>k is ess5tially
 j2 at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t !  
,*ri/ianity :i* ,paul devis$ & plant$ 0 
a sy/em q unlike t ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ?\gh
 /ill ano!r phase ( ,judaism1 a div]g5t 
& cosmopolitan phase4  ,o!r pieces (    
lit]ature1 ,ephesians1 ,colossians1     
,philippians1 ,hebrews1 :i*1 :e!r !     
compositions ( ,paul or n1 conta9       
developm5ts ( 8 ?\ght1 & may be call$   
,paul9e1 c>ry fur!r 8 c5tral speculation
 & apply 8 pr9ciple to ! new problems t 
pres5t$ !mselves 9 ! social life ( !    
religion2 yet ^! d n g beyond ! l9es (  
,jewi% ?\ght4 ,! significant passage 9  
,philippians1 ,:o1 al?\gh he 0 9 ! =m ( 
,god1 ?\ght n t an equality ) ,god1 0 a 
?+ he ought gre$ily to grasp at1 sugge/s
 ! ,greek my?us ( ,lucif]1 :o fell      
because1 be+ already ! brighte/ ( be+s1 
he 0 discont5t$ ) a =mal inf]iority (   

rank4 ,8 crime consi/$ 9 rapaci\sly     
grasp+ at a p[] :i* 01 9 all b ! "n1 8  
own4 ,! ,*ri/1 9 contra/1 0 satisfi$ ) !
 sub/ance2 he will+ly resign$ pret5sion 
to ! position4 ,b ! ,greek my?us 0 !    
reflection ( a leg5d f ! f>!r ,ea/1 &   
came to ?is au?or m naturally ?r\gh     
,judaism ?an ?r\gh ,paganism4 ,accord+  
to ,ne&]'s classification ! ,gno/ics1 f 
:om ?is !osophic conception came1 7     
,judai/ic4 ,giesel]'s classification    
leads to ! same inf]5ce1 = ! ,alex&rian 
,gnosis 0 ! product ( ,greek ?\ght1     
bl5d$ ) ,jewi%4 ,! classification (     
,giesel] has reg>d to ! s\rce :5ce !    
speculation came2 t ( ,ne&] to ! t5d5cy 
( ! speculation4 ,9 :i*ev] aspect we    
view ! my?1 its ,jewi% "* is app>5t4 ,! 
writ] has pu%$ 8 speculations into new  
fields t yet lay )9 ! ance/ral doma94   
,he describes ! ,*ri/ z be+ b !         
semblance ( a man1 9 fa%ion a man1 n 9  
sub/ance4 ,! ?\ght is a fur!r           
developm5t1 yet a /rictly logical "o1 ( 
,paul's idea t ! ,*ri/ 0 made 9 !       

lik5ess ( s9ful fle%4 ,! two expressions
 are p>allel1 9 fact id5tical2 body1 9  
,paul9e phrase be+1 f ! nature ( ! case1
 s9ful body4 ,! writ] speaks ( ! dom9ion
 ( ! ,*ri/ z ext5d$ ov] ! ?ree sph]es1  
heav51 e>?1 & ! "u-_w2 sc>cely !reby    
enl>g+ ! scope ( a previ\s ?\ght1 = z   
mu* z ^! sph]es 7 compreh5d$ 9 ! dom9ion
 ( ! ,*ri/ :o creat$ ! worlds1 ! new    
worlds t con/itut$ ! new creation1 :]e( 
he 0 ,"l4  ,! lett] to ! ,hebrews1 an   
exce$+ly elaborate exposition ( ! close 
relation betwe5 ! new fai? & ! old1 an  
argum5t & a plea = ! new fai? z conta9+ 
9 sub/ance all t ! old conta9$ 9 =m1 is 
,jewi% 9 color+ ?r\gh\t1 an exagg]ation 
( ,jewi% ideas4 ,! argum5t is t         
,*ri/ianity excels ,judaism 9 its own   
excell5cies4 ,! ,*ri/ is call$ high     
prie/1 p]petual prie/1 possess+ ! p[] to
 conf] endless life4 ,by ! sacrifice (  
himself he has ent]$ at once into ! holy
 ( holies4 ,he has ta/$ dea? = e        
man--ano!r way ( say+ t he has depriv$  
dea? = e man ( its bitt]ness4 ,he has   

de/roy$ ! devil :o held ! k+dom ( dea?4 
,he has reconcil$ man ) ,god by aboli%+ 
dea?1 & ) dea? s91 :i* is ! /r5g? (     
dea?4 ,! ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z ! au?or ( 
salvation to all t obey him2 he lives   
=ev] to make int]cession2 8 blood purges
 m5's consci5ces f reliance on dead     
works2 he1 once = all1 has devot$       
himself to be> ! s9s ( _m2 he w come    
aga91 & br+ salvation to su* z wait =   
him2 all ^! are m]ely complet$          
expressions ( ! idea enunciat$ by ,paul4
  ,! ,*ri/ himself is describ$ 9 ?is    
epi/le z ! appo9t$ heir ( all ?+s2 !    
brightness ( ,god's glory & ! express   
image ( ,8 p]son2 uphold+ all ?+s by !  
^w ( ,8 p[]2 ! ,fir/ ,begott52 ! object 
( adoration by ! angels4 ,to support ?is
 view1 ! ,old ,te/am5t is +5i\sly quot$ 
& misappli$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,jewi% ?\ght 
appe>s also 9 ! passages t describe !   
,*ri/ z an ag5t1 appo9t$ to 8 (fice2 an 
(ficial1 sitt+ at ! "r h& ( ! ,maje/y on
 ,high2 z fulfill+ ,8 mission & obta9+  
,8 glory ?r\gh suff]+2 z subject$ to    

human exp]i5ces ( temptation2 z /rictly 
sub-ord9ate to ,god4  ,! scriptures     
entitl$ ,colossians & ,ephesians betray 
/ill great] famili>ity ) ,alex&ro-,jewi%
 conceptions1 & a yet deep] sympa?y )   
!m4 ,! ,*ri/ is "h ! image ( ,god1 !    
fir/-born ( e creature4 ,x is decl>$ t  
by ,him 7 all ?+s creat$ t are 9 heav5 &
 on e>?2 ?+s visible & invisible2       
?rones1 dom9ions1 pr9cipalities1 p[]s2  
by ,him & = ,him !y 7 creat$4 ,he is f> 
above all pr9cipality1 & p[]1 & might1 &
 dom9ion1 & e "n t is nam$1 :e!r 9 ?is  
_w or ! _w to come4 ,he is all 9 all4   
,he is ! pl]oma1 ! fulness1 ! abyss (   
possibility4 ,! fulness ( ! ,godhead    
dwells 9 ,him visibly4 ,he exhau/s !    
div9e capacity ( expression4 ,he is !   
reality ( ,god4 ,t[>ds mank9d he is !   
reconcil]4 ,9 him all ?+s are ga!r$     
toge!r 9 "o4 ,by ! blood ( 8 cross he   
has made peace & reconcil$ all ?+s to   
himself2 ?+s on e>? & ?+s 9 heav54 ,9 a 
/rik+ passage1 ! writ] ( ,ephesians     
describes ! ,*ri/ z fir/ desc5d+ into ! 

"u _w to release ! captives b\nd 9 !    
*a9s ( ,satan1 & !nce asc5d+ up on high 
& s5d+ d[n gifts to m54  ,bo? ( ^!      
compositions ab\nd 9 ,gno/ic            
phraesology4 ,! ab/ruse t]ms ,my/]y1    
,wisdom1 ,a,eon1 ,pr9ce ( ! ,p[]s recur 
aga9 & aga91 & always ) ! cabali/ic     
mean+4 ,! writ]s are caught 9 ! me%es ( 
,ori5tal speculation1 & app>5tly make no
 ef=t to extricate !mselves4 ,on !      
contr>y1 !y welcome _! en?ralm5t1 tak+ !
 b9d+ cords to be guid+ /r+s t[>ds !    
tru?4 ,s f>1 aga91 in/ead ( escap+ f !  
,jewi% tradition we are te!r$ to x m    
securely ?an be=e4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,new
 ,te/am5t is se5 to be /ill a           
cont9uation & completion ( ! lit]ature (
 ! ,old4 ,! e>lie/ =m ( ! ,messianic    
doctr9e is completely di/anc$4 ,sc>cely 
a trace ( x rema9s4 ,( ! ?rone ( ,david 
n a ^w4 ,n a ^w ( ,moses & ! ,prophets1 
( ! hi/orical fulfilm5t ( anci5t        
pr$iction1 ( ! temple wor%ip1 ( ! *os5  
p4 ,ph>isees & ,sadducees are alike     
omitt$4 ,! v ^w k+dom1 z d5ot+ a visible

 ,messianic reign1 is dropp$4 ,b !      
t]ritory ( ,judaism has n be5 ab&on$4   
,galilee is des]t$2 ,j]usalem is        
ov]?r[n2 b ! s*ools ( ! rabb9s are op54 
,x w be rem>k$ t ! moral tea*+ is m     
vague & my/ical ?an x 0 9 ! e>ly "t4 ,! 
!ological _s prevails ov] ! human2 !    
ecclesia/ical sup]s$es ! e?ical4        
,practical pr9ciple is po/pon$ to       
!oretical doctr9e4 ,! virtues prescrib$ 
are gho/ly1 te*nical2 ! graces ( a *ur*1
 n ! qualities ( a bro!rhood4 ,!        
intellectual air is ?9n] & m difficult  
to inhale4 ,! spiritual atmosph]e is n  
inspir+4 ,intellig5ce c make no?+ (     
writ+ l ?is3 ,! husb& is ! head ( !     
wife1 ev5 z ,*ri/ is ! head ( ! ,*ur*2 &
 ,he is ! ,savi\r ( ! body4 ,!re=e1 z ! 
,*ur* is subject to ,*ri/1 s let wives  
be subject 9 all ?+s to _! husb&s4      
,husb&s love y\r wives1 ev5 z ,*ri/ also
 lov$ ! ,*ur*1 & gave ,himself = x1 t   
,he might sanctify & cleanse x ) ! wa%+ 
( wat] by ! ,^w2 t ,he might pres5t x to
 ,himself a glori\s ,*ur*1 n hav+ spot  

or wr9kle1 or any su* ?+2 b t x %\ld be 
holy & )\t blemi%4 ,! abs5ce ( rational 
gr\nd = duty 9 ! mo/ famili> relations (
 life c\ld n be m explicitly decl>$ ?an 
9 a passage l ?is4 ,t su* an age %\ld h 
_h a sci5tific sy/em ( morality _c be   
expect$2 b t ! traditional sy/em %\ld h 
be5 lo/1 & a fanta/ical "o set up 9 its 
place1 is a te/imony to ! influ5ce ( !  
my/ical _s4 ,! fanciful morality ( a    
small & en?usia/ic body may be int]e/+  
to ! memb]s ( ! body & influ5tial on _! 
conduct2 b x is no evid5ce ( heal? 9 !  
moral con/itution ( ! g5]ation4 ,!      
repres5tation ( ! ,*ri/ian w>f>e z a    
conflict n aga9/ fle% & blood1--t is1   
aga9/ organiz$ evil 9 society & !       
,/ate1--b aga9/ pr9cipalities1 aga9/    
p[]s1 aga9/ ! pr9ces ( d>kness1 aga9/   
wick$ spirits t dwell 9 ! air1 is ano!r 
evid5ce t consci5ce _h become vision>y4 
,su* reason+ is ( a piece ) ! argum5t = 
!re be+ f\r gospels & no m1 namely1 t   
!re 7 f\r qu>t]s ( ! heav51 & f\r w9ds2 
or ) ! argum5t = p]petual virg9ity1 t x 

suppli$ ! ,*ur* ) ve/als4 ,su* !ologis+ 
%[s h[ f> speculation may be sep>at$ f  
reality & yet be ent]ta9$ by human m9ds4
     ,,vii4  ,,! ,,la/ ,,gospel4   ,!   
au?or ( ! f\r? ,gospel is unkn[n1 b x is
 incr$ible t ?is wond]ful book1 wond]ful
 = f9i% ( lit]>y execution z well z =   
vigor ( intellectual conception1 0      
writt5 by a ,galilean fi%]man2 a man (  
brood+ & morbid disposition1 ^:         
intemp]ate zeal e>n$ = him ! title son (
 ?und]2 :o1 accord+ to ,luke1 propos$ to
 call d[n fire f heav5 to consume c]ta9 
,sam>itans t decl9$ to receive ! ma/]2  
:o1 accord+ to ! same au?ority1 rebuk$  
c]ta9 o!rs t conjur$ by ! ,*ri/'s "n1 b 
did n jo9 8 company2 :o1 ?r\gh 8 "m1    
ask$ = "o ( ! be/ seats 9 ! k+dom2 a man
 :o 0 mo/ intimately associat$ ) !      
,james describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]2 a man :o 
late 9 life1 _h a reputation =          
intol]ance :i* />t$ a tradition ( him to
 ! effect t be+ 9 ! public ba?1 & see+  
ent] ! h]etic ,c]9?us1 he ru%$ out1     
call+ on all o!rs to foll[1 if !y w\ld n

 be ov]:elm$ by ! ru9 su* a blasphem]   
w\ld pull d[n on _! heads4 ,all !       
traditions respect+ ,john are to ! same 
purport2 8 con/ant association ) ,james 
& ,pet]1 bo? disciples ( ! n>r[e/ cre$2 
8 advocacy ( *iliasm1 ! doctr9e ( !     
mill5nial reign ( a ?\s& ye>s1 z te/ifi$
 to by ,ephesian presbyt]s on ! au?ority
 ( ,ir5aeus2 ! description ( him1       
report$ by ,eusebius1 z a high prie/    
we>+ ! mitre1 /&+ 9 ! ord] ( succession 
!re=e z a hi]>* ( ! anci5t disp5sation1 
a *ur*man ma9ta9+ ! anci5t symbolical   
rites4  ,t su* a composition z ! f\r?   
,gospel 0 writt5 by su* a man1 9 8 old  
age too1 ! laws ( lit]>y criticism _c   
admit4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ! ung5u95ess (
 ! f\r? ,gospel has = sev]al ye>s seem$ 
z di/9ctly prov$ z any po9t 9 lit]>y    
criticism c be4 ,to ma9ta9 ! ,johannean 
orig9 ( ! book1 x mu/ be assum$ t !     
apo/le liv$ to an extreme old age1 ne>ly
 d\ble ! full ?ree score ye>s & t5      
allott$ to mank9d2 t 8 entire nature    
*ang$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 8 y\? & 8      

s5ility2 t1 )\t /udy+ 9 ! s*ools1 he    
became a pr(\nd adept 9 speculative     
philosophy2 & t by ! same miracul\s     
be/[m5t1 he acquir$ a skill 9 lett]s    
surpass+ t ( any 9 8 g5]ation1 f>       
surpass+ t ( ,paul1 :o 0 an educat$ man1
 & completely ca/+ into ! %ade ,philo1 !
 be/ s*ol> ( a =m] era4 ,all ?is1 too1  
mu/ be assum$1 = !re is n a fragm5t ( ! 
evid5ce to support ! bold presumption ( 
au?or%ip4  ,! book belongs ne>] to !    
middle ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1 &
 is ! result ( an attempt to pres5t !   
,*ri/ z ! inc>nate ,^w ( ,god4 ,! au?or 
is n oblig$ to g f> to f9d 8 mat]ials2  
!y lie ready %ap$ to 8 h& 9 ! writ+s (  
,philo & ! ,gno/ics ( 8 c5tury4 ,! ?read
 ( ,hebrew tradition1 has1 by ?is "t1   
become exce$+ly ?92 ve/iges ( ! popul>  
,jewi% conception appe>1 b fa9tly1 "h & 
!re4 ,nicodemus recognizes ! div9e "* ( 
! ,*ri/ by 8 p[] to "w miracles4 ,!     
,*ri/ respects ! tradition :i* accord$  
special privileges to ! g5u9e *ildr5 (  
,abraham2 he decl>es to ! woman (       

,sam>ia t salvation is ( ! ,jews2 he    
ann\nces t et]nal life consi/s 9 ! k (  
,god1 & ! acceptance ( 8 ,son4 ,moses is
 said to h writt5 ( ! ,*ri/4 ,fa!r      
,abraham rejoic$ to see 8 day4 ,isaiah  
sang 8 glory1 & spake ( him4 ,! braz5   
s]p5t is a type ( 8 mission to deliv]4  
,= ! re/1 ! conceptions ( deity1 (      
provid5ce1 ( salvation1 ( ! et]nal _w1  
are q diff]5t f ! recogniz$ ,hebrew     
conceptions--! title giv5 to ,god sixty 
times 9 ! gospel1 :ile ! ^w ,god1 occurs
 less ?an tw5ty1 is ,fa!r1 & ?is t]m is 
us$1 n 9 ! s5se ( ,mat!w's ,our ,fa!r 9 
,heav51 :i* describes ! ,old ,te/am5t   
,jehovah "u 8 m amiable aspect1 b r z   
designat+ ! abyss ( pot5tial be+1 z !   
t]m is employ$ 9 ! tr9it>ian =mula1 9   
:i* ! ,godhead is brok5 up into ?ree    
di/9ctions2 ! decl>ation ,god is ,_s1   
or1 z ! language equally well p]mits1   
,_s is ,god1 intimates t ! individuality
 ( ,god has disappe>$1 t ! idea ( deity 
has become intellectual4 ,! "o hundr$ & 
?irty-n9? psalm expresses p]haps z      

my/ical an appreh5sion ( ,god z ! old   
,hebrew ?\ght admits (1 b t psalm reta9s
 ! div9e individuality2 ! limits are    
n[h]e transgress$2 x is a sympa!tic1    
reg>dful eye t se>*es ! secret place1 & 
an att5tive m9d t notes ! un>ticulat$   
?\ght4 ,! intellig5ce loses no po9t (   
cle>ness 9 becom+ p5etrative4 ,b 9 !    
f\r? ,gospel1 ! individuality is gone   
altoge!r4 ,! ,fa!r love?1 b ) an        
ab/ract1 imp]sonal sympa?y2 ! ,fa!r     
drawe?1 b ) an organic1 elem5tal        
attraction2 ! ,fa!r ha? life 9 himself1 
& ha? giv5 ! ,son to h life 9 himself2 b
 nei!r ! possession nor ! communication 
( ?is p[] implies ! be/[al ( a concrete 
gift4 ,! ,fa!r judge? no man1 b ha? giv5
 all judgm5t to ! ,son--a phrase        
intimat+ t he _h gone into retirem5t1 _h
 )drawn f active int]e/ 9 human conc]ns1
 _h sunk into ! dep?s ( ! ,absolute4 ,! 
expression ,god is ,_s1 tak5 alone1     
conveys no idea t is n conta9$ 9 !      
,hebrew conception ( ! =mless ,jehovah2 
b :5 tak5 9 connection ) o!r            

expressions1 x is se5 to convey some?+  
m1 & some?+ diff]5t4 ,! =mless ,god may 
be /rictly local2 ! ,_s is diffus$4  ,9 
?is book1 ! ,*ri/ takes ! place ( ,god1 
z ! reveal$ or manife/ ,god2 he is !    
,logos1 ! inc>nate ^w4 ,he 0 ) ,god 9 ! 
beg9n+4 ,all ?+s 7 made by him4 ,9 him 0
 life1 & ! life 0 ! light ( m54 ,he ha? 
life 9 himself4 ,he is ! only begott5   
son1 :o came d[n f heav52 he is 9 heav54
 ,all judgm5t is committ$ to him2 9 him 
! div9e glory is manife/2 ap>t f him is 
no spiritual life2 he is ! v9e1 ! door2 
he is ! int]cessor ?r\gh :om pray] mu/  
be transmitt$ 9 ord] to be made avail+4 
,! div9e pres5ce is tak5 out ( nature1 &
 transf]r$ to ! spiritual _w2 ,god is   
made ecclesia/ical & dogmatic4 ,m5 are  
sav$1 n by natural piety & excell5ce1 b 
by fai? 9 ! ,*ri/ z ! ,logos4 ,! :ole   
sum ( ,*ri/ianity is convey$ 9 ?is "o   
position3 ! manife/ation ( ! ,div9e     
,glory 9 ! ,only ,begott5 ,son4 ,?is    
manife/ation is ( itself1 ! com+ (      
salvation1 ! gift ( ,god's life to      

mank9d4 ,by ?is1 ! ,*ri/ ov]comes ! p[]s
 ( d>kness & evil4 ,he has come a light 
into ! _w2 by him come grace & tru?2 to 
believe 9 him is a sign ( ,god's work+4 
,he t come? to him %all nev] hung]2 he t
 believe? on him %all nev] ?ir/4 ,x is  
en\gh t bl9d m5 believe2 to die1 believ+
 9 him1 is to live2 to live1 believ+ 9  
him1 is to be sav$ f ! p[] ( dea?1 &    
made immortal4 ,to believe 9 him is !   
same ?+ z to believe 9 ! ,fa!r4 ,n to   
believe 9 him1 is to be consign$ to     
spiritual dea? ) s9n]s2 to believe on ! 
,son is to h ev]la/+ life4 ,?is idea    
recurs ) monoton\s p]sev]ance1 "s sixty 
times4  ,t ?is conception ( ! ,*ri/ is n
 orig9al ) our au?or has already be5    
said _m times4 ,x _h be5 9 ! _w two     
hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 day1 & _h work$ its  
way into ! sub/ance ( ! lat] ,jewi%     
?\ght4 ,! p]sonification ( ! div9e      
reason e>ly occurr$ to ! ,jews :o _h be5
 t\*$ ) ! passion = speculation 9 ! city
 ( ,alex&ria4 ,long ago att5tion 0 call$
 by ,&rews ,norton1 among ourselves1 to 

bold p]sonifications ( wisdom & ! div9e 
reason1 9 ! ,apocrypha ( ! ,old         
,te/am5t4 ,%e is ! brea? ( ! p[] ( ,god1
 a pure influ5ce proce$+ f ! glory ( !  
,almighty4 ,%e is ! brightness ( !      
ev]la/+ light1 ! unspott$ mirror ( ! p[]
 ( ,god1 & ! image ( 8 goodness4 ,*apt]s
 sev5 & eight ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom conta9
 an apo!osis ( wisdom z ! creative p[]4 
,9 ! eighte5? *apt] ! imag]y gr[s mu*   
/rong]4 ,?9e almighty ^w leap$ d[n f    
heav5 out ( ?y royal ?rone1 z a fi]ce   
man-(-w> into ! mid/ ( a l& (           
de/ruction4 ,! tw5ty-f\r? *apt] (       
,ecclesia/icus is devot$ to ! same !me4 
,! ,^w is describ$ z a be+3 ! fir/ born 
( ,god2 ! active ag5t 9 creation2 hav+  
its dwell+-place 9 ,israel1 its seat 9 !
 ,law ( ,moses4  ,philo pu%es !         
speculation mu* fur!r4 ,! ,logos is )   
him a mo/ int]e/+ subject ( disc\rse1   
tempt+ him to wond]ful feats (          
imag9ation4 ,!re is sc>cely a p]sonify+ 
or exalt+ epi!t t he does n be/[ on !   
div9e ,reason4 ,he describes x z a      

di/9ct be+2 calls x ,a ,rock1 ,! ,summit
 ( ! ,univ]se1 ,be=e ,all ,?+s1         
,fir/-begott5 ,son ( ,god1 ,et]nal      
,bread f ,heav51 ,f\nta9 ( ,wisdom1     
,guide to ,god1 ,sub/itute = ,god1      
,image ( ,god1 ,prie/1 ,creator ( !     
,worlds1 ,second ,god1 ,int]pret] (     
,god1 ,ambassador ( ,god1 ,p[] ( ,god1  
,k+1 ,angel1 ,man1 ,m$iator1 ,light1 ,! 
,beg9n+1 ,! ,ea/1 ,! ,"n ( ,god1        
,int]cessor4 ,! curi\s on ?is subject   
may consult ,luecke's ,introduction to !
 ,f\r? ,gospel1 or ,gfro]]'s ,philo1 &  
he w be m ?an satisfi$ t ! ,logos ( !   
f\r? ,gospel is ! same z ,philo's1 & has
 ! same orig94  ,*ri/ian s*ol>s :o admit
 ?is h be5 anxi\s to break ! =ce ( !    
inf]5ce1 by all[+ ! simil>ity ( !       
conception & !n suppos+ ! evangeli/ to h
 /at$ ! doctr9e t he might /amp x z     
h]esy4 ,b he n[h]e does /amp x z h]esy4 
,he puts x boldly on ! front ( 8        
exposition & con/ructs 8 :ole "w 9      
con=mity ) x4 ,in/ead ( refut+ x or     
d5\nc+ x1 he c>ries ! idea out 9 all its

 applications1 supplem5t+ x ) a         
complet5ess t ,philo nev] ?\ght (4  ,!  
,logos becomes a man2 is made fle%2     
appe>s z an inc>nation2 9 ord] t ! ,god 
:om no man has se5 at any "t1 may be    
manife/$4 ,he has no p>5tage2 is n born1
 ev5 sup]naturally2 he passes ?r\gh no  
*ildi% passages2 receives no nurture 9 a
 home2 has no exp]i5ce ( gr[? or        
developm5t4 ,! incid5t ( 8 baptism by   
,john 9 ! sacr$ riv] is c>efully        
exclud$1 t :ole episode1 s important 9 !
 e>lie/ n>ratives1 be+ dismiss$ 9 !     
phrase1 ,^u :om ?\ %alt see ! _s        
desc5d+1 & rema9+ on him1 ! same is he t
 baptize? ) ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,john says ( 
him3 ,?is is he t1 com+ aft] me1 is     
pref]r$ be=e me1 = he exi/$ be=e me4 ,i 
saw ! _s desc5d+ f heav5 l a dove1 & x  
abode ^u him4 ,i knew him n1 b came1    
baptiz+ ) wat]1 t he might be made      
manife/ to ,israel4 ,i am a voice cry+ 9
 ! des]t4 ,e ^w negatives ! notion t !  
,logos receiv$ consecration at ! h&s ( a
 prophet ( ! old disp5sation4 ,he is    

pre-exi/5t2 he comes f heav52 he is full
 ( grace & tru?2 ( 8 fulness all h      
receiv$1 grace ^u grace4  ,! temptation 
is omitt$ = ! same reason4 ,! div9e ^w  
_c1 ev5 9 =m1 und]go ! exp]i5ce ( moral 
discipl9e4 ,! b>e sugge/ion ( evil ta9t 
is =eign to him4 ,he mu/ n come ne>     
en\gh to evil to repel x4 ,a dramatic   
sc5e 9 ,mat!w repres5ts ! conflict      
betwe5 ! ,messiah & ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,_w2 a 
conflict inconceivable 9 ! case ( a     
div9e be+ :o is1 by nature1 ,"l ( !     
entire spiritual univ]se1--^: m]e       
appe>ance dispels ! night4  ,ev5 ! /ory 
( ! transfiguration1 :i* 9 "s respects  
w\ld seem admirably illu/rative ( !     
logos !ory1 is omitt$1 probably = !     
reason t ,moses & ,elias are ! prom95t  
p]sonages 9 x4  ,z a ?+ ( c\rse1 ! agony
 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane is unm5tion$4 ,a 
sugge/ion ( x occurs 9 a previ\s *apt]1 
7,,xii4 #bg71 b 9 ano!r connection1 & = 
an opposite purpose1 namely1 to extort a
 tribute to ! glory ( ! ,logos4  ,!     
cross on :i* ! ,^w is susp5d$1 is       

transfigur$ into an elevation ( honor4  
,on x ! ,son ( ,god endures no mortal   
agony2 by x he is lift$ up t he may draw
 all m5 unto him4 ,8 crucifixion is a   
consummation1 a triumph4 ,he m\nts1 %[s 
himself1 & vani%es away4 ,! suff]+ is an
 appe>ance ( suff]+4 ,! %ame is turn$ to
 glory4 ,! torm5tors are ag5ts 9        
accompli%+ a trans=mation4 ,! god       
passes1 )\t a groan or an expression (  
weakness2 cle> z ev] 9 8 p]ceptions1    
see+ 8 "m & ! belov$ disciple /&+       
toge!r1 he says3 woman1 behold ?y son2  
son1 behold ?y "m4 ,kn[+ t all ?+s 7 n[ 
accompli%$1 t ! scripture might be      
fulfill$1 he said ,i ?ir/2 hav+ receiv$ 
! v9eg>1 he rem>k$ x is f9i%$1 b[$ 8    
head1 & gave up ! gho/4 ,f 8 dead =m    
issue /reams ( wat] & blood1 a la/ sign1
 z ! conv]sion ( wat] into w9e 0 ! fir/1
 t ! disp5sation ( ,law1 symboliz$ by   
,john's wat] baptism1 & ! disp5sation ( 
! _s symboliz$ by w9e & by blood1 7 bo? 
complet$ 9 him4  ,! resurrection ( !    
,*ri/ is n describ$ z ! resurrection ( a

 body1 b z ! app>ition ( a spiritual =m4
 ,x is n recogniz$ by ,m>y ?r\gh any    
ext]nal resemblance to a =m] self1 b    
?r\gh a spiritual impression2 x /&s     
sudd5ly be=e h]1 =bids h] t\*1 is n     
palpable1 & z sudd5ly disappe>s2 !      
,logos asc5ds to ! ,fa!r2 returns1 br++ 
! _s t he _h promis$2 ent]s ! *amb] :]e 
! disciples are ga!r$1 ! door be+       
c>efully clos$ f fe> ( ! ,jews1 ent]s   
)\t op5+ ! door1 is visible = an in/ant1
 & is no m se52 re-ent]s = ! purpose (  
giv+ palpable demon/ration ( 8 reality  
to ! d\bt+ ,?omas1 :o1 h[ev] does n     
accept x1 receives ! skeptic's homage & 
aga9 disappe>s4  ,^! app>itions &       
occultations are frequ5t 9 ! gospel1 !  
,*ri/'s outw>d =m be+ only a facade1    
removable at pleasure4 ,! num]\s com+s &
 go+s1 hid+s1 disclosures1 pres5ces1    
abs5ces1 are acc\nt$ = on ?is           
supposition1 bett] ?an on any o!r4 ,he  
goes up to ! fea/ at ,j]usalem1 n op5ly1
 b z x 7 9 secret1 veil$1 disguis$4 ,he 
comes be=e ! cr[d _m ( :om mu/ h be5    

famili> ) 8 p]son1 b is unrecogniz$2 he 
discloses himself = a mom5t1 speaks     
excit+ words t raise a tumult1 & !n1 at 
! height ( ! turmoil1 becomes invisible4
 ,!y s\ght to take him2 b no man laid   
h&s on him1 = 8 h\r 0 n yet come4 ,on a 
subsequ5t occasion 8 he>]s1 int5sely    
ar\s$ by 8 language1 took up /ones to   
ca/ at him2 b he hid himself1 & w5t out 
( ! temple1 go+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( !m1 & s  
pass$ by4 ,8 enemies s\ght to take him1 
b he escap$ out ( _! h&s4 ,hav+ spok51  
he dep>ts1 & hides himself2 b aga91 )\t 
app>5tly *ang+ 8 locality or abs5t+     
himself = any p]iod1 he is aga9 he>d    
proclaim+ 8 mission4  ,!re is no hi/ory 
9 ?is book4 ,! inc>nate ,^w c h no      
hi/ory4 ,8 c>e] be+ !ological1 ! ev5ts 9
 x _c be o!r ?an spectral4 ,he is n 9 ! 
_w ( cause & effect4 ,8 actions are     
ph5om5al2 ! passages ( 8 life d n op5   
into "o ano!r1 d n lead any:]e2 no?+    
foll[s any?+ else1 no?+ moves2 !re is no
 progress t[>ds developm5t4 ,! biography
 is a succession ( sc5es1 a diorama4    

,!re are no sequ5ces or consequ5ces4    
,/ones are tak5 up1 b nev] ?r[n2 h&s are
 uplift$ to /rike1 b no bl[ is deliv]$4 
,! movem5t to arre/ is nev] c>ri$ out4  
,! miracles are n de$s ( p[] or m]cy1 !y
 are signs1 ?r[n out to attract popul>  
att5tion1 demon/rations ( ! div9e       
pres5ce2 sometimes m]ely symbolical     
=e%ad[+s or int]pretations ( speculative
 ideas1 z 9 ! case ( ! turn+ ( wat] into
 w9e at ! m>riage fea/2 ! op5+ ( ! bl9d 
man's eyes1 signify+ t he 0 come a light
 into ! _w2 ! resurrection ( ,laz>us1 a 
sc5ic comm5t>y on ! text1 ,i am !       
resurrection & ! life4 ,^! are pictures 
n p]=mances4 ,none ( !m are m5tion$ 9 ! 
e>li] traditions1 = ! probable reason t 
!y nev] occurr$1 nev] 7 rumor$ to h     
occurr$4 ,!y 7 design$ by ! arti/ ( !   
f\r? ,gospel1 = 8 private gall]y (      
illu/rations4 ,! arti/ 0 a ,greek ,jew  
:o took ,hebrew ideals = 8 models1 b he 
0 sometimes oblig$ to g f> to f9d !m4 ,!
 h9t = ! conv]sion ( ! wat] into w9e1   
may h come f ! leg5ds ( ,israelite      

soj\rn 9 ,egypt1 :]e ,moses1 ! fir/     
deliv]]1 turn$ wat] into blood1 !       
my/ical synonym ( w9e2 ,eli%a may h     
furni%$ a /udy = ! elaborate picture ( !
 bl9d man's cure1 & ,isaiah may h       
suppli$ ! motive = x1 9 8 fam\s prophecy
 t ! eyes ( ! bl9d %all be op5$4 ,!     
/udies = ! gr& c>toon ( ,laz>us 7 made  
possibly :ile ! arti/ mus$ ov] ! /ories 
( ,elijah rais+ ! son ( ! wid[1 or (    
,eli%a reviv+ "o already dead by m]e    
contact ) 8 bones4  ,9 ! ve9s ( ! ,logos
 fl[s no passionate blood4 ,8 language  
is vehem5t1 b sugge/s no correspond+    
emotion2 ! words are n vascul>4 ,c]ta9  
sup]ficial peculi>ities ( ^! disc\rses  
are noticeable at once1 _! l5g?1 _!     
/atel9ess1 _! absolut5ess1 _! l\d-voic$1
 declamatory "*1 _! oracul> tone4 ,b    
little scrut9y is requir$ to discov] t  
!y are monotones2 t _! !me is always !  
same1 namely1 ! claims ( ! ,*ri/2 t !y  
unfold no sy/em ( moral or spiritual    
tea*+1 proce$ 9 no rational ord]1 arrive
 at no conclusions2 t !y conta9 no      

argum5ts1 answ] no que/ions1 meet no    
inquir+ /ates ( m9d2 t !y resemble      
orations m ?an disc\rses ( any o!r k9d1 
b are unlike orations1 9 hav+ nei!r     
beg9n+ middle nor end1 9 q lack+ po9t & 
application1 9 proce$+ no :i!r1 9 simply
 /&+ /ill & reit]at+ ! same sublime     
ab/ractions1 )\t reg>d to logical or    
rhetorical proprieties4  ,?is be+       
discov]$1 ! conclusion foll[s swiftly1 t
 ! div9e ,logos c\ld n disc\rse o!rwise4
 ,8 addresses1 l 8 de$s1 are design$ to 
be revelations ( himself2 expressions1 n
 ( 8 ?\ghts1 b ( 8 be+1 n ( 8 "*1 b ( 8 
nature4 ,!y are ! ,^w made articulate1 z
 8 wond]s are ! ,^w made mighty1 z 8 =m 
is ! ,^w made visible4 ,a human be+1    
seek+ to conv9ce1 p]suade1 in/ruct      
mank9d1 w f necessity pursue a diff]5t  
c\rse f ! div9e ,reason pres5t+ itself  
to ! _w4 ,its v audi5ces are imp]sonal1 
consi/+ n ( individuals or ( p>ties1 b (
 ab/ractions labell$ ,jews1 :o come l   
%ad[s1 s dep>t4  ,s unhuman is ! ,*ri/1 
s entirely )\t ne> relations ) mank9d1 t

 :5 he has left ! _w1 a sub/itute may be
 provid$ = him1 9 ! %ape ( ! ,holy ,_s1 
ano!r p]sonality proce$+ f him & 8      
,fa!r1 & appo9t$ to complete 8 "w2 to   
reprove ! _w ( s91 ( righte\sness1 & (  
judgm5t2 to guide ! disciples into all  
tru?2 to br+ to _! remembrance all t _h 
be5 said to !m2 to com=t !m1 & abide )  
!m = ev]4 ,! idea loses itself 9        
vagu5ess at times1 n[ be+ id5tifi$ ) !  
,*ri/1 n[ appe>+ z a ,_s ( ,tru?1 n[ be+
 an indwell+ pres5ce1 n[ an efflu5ce f !
 ,logos4 ,b all ! :ile some?+ l an      
individual consci\sness is pres]v$2 ! _s
 is z palpable z ! ,logos himself 04 ,"h
 is already ! g]m ( a tr9ity matur+ )9 !
 bosom ( ! ,hebrew mono!ism4 ,! process 
has be5 simple2 ! consecutive /eps h be5
 inevitable4 ,b 9 ! process ! solid     
gr\nd ( ,judaism has be5 left2 ! massive
 sub/ance ( ! anci5t fai? has be5 melt$ 
into cl\d4  ,h[ entirely nebul\s x has  
become "u ! action ( speculative m9d is 
/rik+ly app>5t on exam9ation ( ! e?ical 
*>act]i/ics ( ! f\r? gospel4 ,! concrete

 virtues ( ! anci5t race1 ! hone/ human 
righte\sness & *>ity h disappe>$1 & 9 _!
 place are c]ta9 spectral graces :i* h  
quality ( a te*nical1 b little ( a human
 sort4 ,t1 accord+ to ! ,logos doctr9e  
m5 are sav$1 n by natural goodness or   
piety b by fai? 9 ! ,*ri/1 is writt5 all
 ov] ! book4 ,b ?is is n ! po9t4 ,x is n
 en\gh t "* has no sav+ p[]1 x is       
disp5s$ )2 & in/ead ( x1 some?+ is set  
up :i* possesses none ( ! elem5ts ( "*4 
,! compact pr9ciples ( human duty :i*   
hold s l>ge a place 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t   
scriptures1 & are s ess5tial 9 ! e>lie/ 
,messianic conception1 are n f\nd "h1 at
 all4 ,! s]mon on ! m\nt is omitt$4 ,!  
beatitudes are unm5tion$4 ,! p>ables are
 n rememb]$4 ,!re is no *apt] 9 ! book t
 be>s comp>ison 9 po9t ( moral vigor or 
nobl5ess ) ! twelf? *apt] ( ,romans1 or 
! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,cor9?ians4 ,humanity 
has %runk to ! dim5sions ( an incipi5t  
,*ri/5dom4 ,! m5 & wom5 :om ! ,jesus (  
,mat!w addresses1 to :om ,paul makes    
appeal1 are m5 & wom5 no m2 n ev5 ,jews 

by race1 n ev5 a knot ( radical ,jews2  
!y are disciples1 believ]s1 bre?r54     
,*ri/ians1 n fell[ m51 are to love "o   
ano!r4 ,s %all ye be my disciples1 if ye
 h love "o = ano!r4 ,by ?is %all all m5 
"k t ye are my disciples4 ,( ! broad    
human love1 ! recognition ( bro!rhood on
 ! human gr\nd1 duty to love ^? :o are n
 disciples1 !re is n a ^w4 ,! common    
fai?1 n ! common nature1 is ! bond4 ,!  
promises 9 ! f\rte5? *apt]1 ! w>n+s 9 ! 
fifte5?1 ! c\nsel 9 ! sixte5?1 !        
consecration 9 ! sev5te5? are all = !   
believ]s1 n = ! do]s2 = ! do]s only s f>
 z !y are believ]s1 & )9 ! limits ( !   
believ+ community4 ,! t5d] ^w love %r9ks
 to ecclesia/ical proportions4 ,if a man
 love me he w keep my words2 & my ,fa!r 
w love him1 & we w come to him1 & make  
our abode ) him2 b ! words are n words (
 exhortation to practical righte\sness1 
!y are words ( admonition aga9/         
unbelief4 ,if ye love me1 keep my       
comm&m5ts2 b ! comm&m5ts are n !        
:olesome enactm5ts ( ! ,hebrew          

decalogue1 b a bidd+ to walk by ! light 
:ile ye h ! light1 to d ! w ( ,him t s5t
 me1 :i* is to believe on him :om ,he   
ha? s5t4 ,he t believe? n is condemn$   
already 9 8 n believ+ 9 ! only begott5  
,son ( ,god4 ,!re is no sweet] ^w ?an   
love2 !re is no m compreh5sive law ?an !
 law ( love2 b :5 love is *ang$ f a     
virtue to a s5tim5t1 & :5 ! duty (      
practis+ x is limit$ to memb]s ( a      
doctr9al communion1 ! practical issue is
 m likely to be sect>ian n>r[ness ?an   
human fell[%ip4  ,z ! speculation rises 
! spectral "* ( ! morality becomes m    
/>tl+4 ,! s-call$ epi/les ( ,john c>ry !
 ,logos idea consid]ably fur!r ?an !    
gospel does4 ,! mission ( ! ,logos is m 
%>ply discrim9at$4 ,he is describ$ z a  
s9 (f]+4 ,he is ! propitiation = our    
s9s1 & n = ours only1 b also = ! s9s ( !
 :ole _w4 ,! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/       
cleanses u f all s94 ,he 0 manife/$ to  
take away our s9s1 & 9 ,him is no s94 ,!
 ^w manife/$ is ! key to ! doctr9e4 ,!  
,son ( ,god 0 manife/$ t ,he might      

de/roy ! works ( ! devil4 ,x is ! same  
conception z 9 ! gospel2 ! ,pr9ce (     
,light confront+ ! ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness1   
%am+ him & attract+ away 8 subjects4 ,! 
anti-,*ri/ n[ comes into view2 ! s9 unto
 dea? is nam$2 ! second adv5t is        
ann\nc$1 ?\gh n accord+ to ! mill5nial  
anticipations ( a =m] day4 ,he t d5ie? t
 ,jesus is ! ,*ri/ is a li>4 ,e _s t    
confesses t ,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 !    
fle% is ( ,god4 ,e _s :i* confesse? n t 
,jesus ,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle% is n (    
,god4 ,belief or unbelief 9 ! inc>nation
 ( ! ,logos is made ! te/ ( "o's        
spiritual relation%ip1 m>k+ him z a     
c&idate = et]nal felicity 9 ! realm ( ! 
bless$1 or z a victim ( endless mis]y 9 
! realm ( ,satan4 ,?us ! v he>t (       
natural goodness is eat5 out4 ,( virtue 
!re rema9s small trace4 ,a great deal ( 
v /rong language is us$ ab\t s91 b s9s  
are n p>ticul>iz$4 ,s91 z an ab/raction1
 a pr9ciple1 a p[]1 a =ce1 a deep seat$ 
ta9t 9 ! nature1 in]adicable except by !
 infusion ( a new _s ( life1 is         

repres5t$ z ! dreadful ?+2 & ,love1     
ano!r ab/raction1 is rais$ to honor z a 
spiritual grace1 equally unconnect$ ) ! 
human w4 ,belov$1 let u love "o ano!r2 =
 love is ( ,god1 & e "o t love? is born 
( ,god & kn[e? ,god4 ,he t love? n kn[e?
 n ,god1 = ,god is ,love4 ,! words h a  
deep & t5d] s\nd4 ,b ! consid]ation t ! 
belov$ are ^? only :o confess t ,jesus  
,*ri/ is come 9 ! fle%1 t all o!rs are !
 rev]se ( belov$1 causes t nei!r ! dep? 
nor ! sweetness rema9s4 ,! love does n  
mean compassion1 or pity1 or good-w1 or 
helpfulness2 x has no ref]5ce to ! poor1
 ! ne$y1 ! sick1 sorr[ful1 wick$2 x has 
no d[nw>d look1 is de/itute ( humility1 
is z f> z c well be f ! love describ$ by
 ,paul 9 8 p]fect lyric4 ,x is1 we may  
say1 ! opposite ( t1 be+ a quality t    
di/+ui%es ! elect f ! non-elect1 & makes
 _! special election ! m sure4  ,!      
lit]>y "* ( ! f\r? gospel mu/ be rem>k$ 
on z a peculi> indication ( ! m5tal     
exhau/ion t accompanies ! la/ /ages ( an
 intellectual movem5t4 ,! lit]ature ( ! 

c5tury prec$+ ,jesus fairly ?robs )     
p]sonal vitality4 ,x is sc>cely m ?an an
 expression ( individual en]gies4 ,!    
e>lie/ writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! g5u9e
 lett]s ( ,paul1 are animat$ 9 e l9e by 
8 own vehem5t p]sonality2 ! speculative 
portions ( !m /ir ! blood1 s real are ! 
issues pres5t$1 s vital are ! int]e/s at
 /ake4 ,%apeless1 & sometimes incoh]5t1 
! ?\ghts tumble out ( ! writ]'s ov]*>g$ 
he>t4 ,! ,*ri/ is an ideal p]sonage1 b 8
 mission is trem5d\sly real2 we are mov$
 by a battle cry z ! apo/le's ideas bur/
 ^u u4  ,! lit]ature ( ! succe$+ p]iod1 
?\gh m elaborate & self-consci\s1 be>+  
traces ( reflection1 & ev5 artifice 9   
composition1 is yet w>m ) ! pres5ce ( a 
real purpose4 ,b ! f\r? gospel is a     
purely lit]>y "w2 a composition1 !      
production ( an arti/ 9 language4 ,its  
au?or1 p]haps because he 0 simply an    
arti/ 9 language1 is unkn[n4 ,trace ( an
 hi/orical ,jesus 9 x !re is none4 ,no  
brea? f ! _w ( liv+ m5 bl[s ?r\gh x2 no 
/ir ( social exi/5ce1 no movem5t ( human

 affairs ruffles its calm surface4 ,! p 
are n real p1 ! issues are n real       
issues1 ! conflict is n a real conflict4
 ,we h a book1 n a gospel4  ,! writ]    
=mally ann\nces ! subject ( 8 spiritual 
drama1 & !n proce$s to develop x1       
accord+ to approv$ rules ( lit]>y art4  
,fir/ comes ! prologue1 sett+ =? 9 a few
 s5t5ti\s passages ! c>d9al idea ( !    
piece4 ,?is occupies eighte5 v]ses ( !  
fir/ *apt]1 & is foll[$ by !            
introduction ( ,john ! ,bapti/ & 8      
te/imony4 ,?is occupies eighte5 v]ses m4
 ,! manife/ation ( ! ,logos to ! fir/   
company ( disciples is describ$ ) due   
circum/ance 9 ! rema9d] ( ! *apt]4 ,!   
symbolical op5+ ( ! public m9i/ry1 at   
,cana1 ! fir/ op5 manife/ation ( ! glory
 9 ! miracle ( turn+ wat] into w9e1 by  
:i* is signifi$ ! call+ to sub/itute a  
spiritual = a natural ord]1 occupies !  
fir/ t5 v]ses ( ! second *apt]4 ,!n !   
m9i/ry ( revelation beg9s1 ) signs &    
demon/rations4 ,! city ( ,j]usalem is   
*os5 z ! sc5e ( x2 & ! sc5e nev] *anges 

= long] ?an a mom5t1 & !n x *anges )\t  
hi/orical1 or biographical motive4 ,!   
cleans+ ( ! temple is plac$ at ! beg9n+1
 ) undisguis$ purpose to ann\nce 8      
claim1 & ! dialectical conte/ is op5$4  
,nicodemus1 a rul] ( ! ,jews1 seeks a   
nocturnal int]view1 betrays ! ignorance 
( ! k+dom :i* *>act]izes all save !     
reg5]ate1 ev5 ! wise/1 & gives occasion 
to ! ,*ri/ to decl>e ! intr9sic         
sup]iority ( ! ,son ( ,god1 & !         
conditions ( salvation ?r\gh him2       
,nicodemus furni%+ ! />t+ po9t = a l(ty 
declamation :i* so>s beyond him into !  
region ( transc5d5tal ideas4 ,! ,bapti/1
 in/ead ( d\bt+1 z 9 ,mat!w1 & s5d+ an  
embassy to ! ,*ri/ to asc]ta9 ! reasons 
( 8 n disclos+ himself1 is himself      
que/ion$ by skeptical disciples1 &      
re-assures !m by words t are an e*o ( ! 
,*ri/'s own4  ,! int]view ) ! woman (   
,sam>ia is introduc$ = ! purpose (      
extract+ ano!r confession ( ! ,*ri/'s   
supremacy f a diff]5t ord] ( m9d4       
,nicodemus repres5t$ ,judaism 9 its     

pride ( au?ority & le>n+4 ,! woman (    
,sam>ia repres5ts ! ignorant1           
sup]/iti\s1 yet /ubborn idolatry reckon$
 by ! ,jews z no bett] ?an hea!nism2 h] 
five husb&s are ! five sects into :i*   
,judaism 0 divid$4 ,%e too is pictur$ to
 u z sitt+ by a well & draw+ wat]4 ,!   
conv]sation beg9s ) ! ,*ri/'s decl>ation
 ( 8 p[] to create p]5nial spr+s ( wat] 
9 ! he>t1 & leads imm$iately up to !    
great disclosure ( himself4 ,sup]/ition1
 l sup]cili\sness1 li/5s & is p]suad$4  
,! m5tion ( ,galilee is necess>y to     
acc\nt = ! episode 9 ,sam>ia1 b no?+    
occurs !re4 ,! next sc5e is laid aga9 9 
,j]usalem4 ,! wat] ( ,be!sda is br\ght  
into competition ) ! quick5+ _s ( !     
,*ri/2 ! cure ( ! sick man introduces a 
my/ical disc\rse on ! spiritual         
suffici5cy ( ! ,son ( ,god4  ,ano!r sc5e
 is pres5t$1 & once m 9 ,j]usalem4      
,ano!r s]ies ( tableaux is arrang$4 ,?is
 "t ! ,*ri/ is pictur$ z break+ bread & 
walk+ on wat]1 :5ce occasion is tak5 to 
descant on ! bread ( life4 ,= ! purpose 

( mak+ a fre% appe>ance 9 ,j]usalem1 &  
pres5t+ 8 claim "u a new aspect1        
,galilee is call$ into requisition aga91
 b z usual1 ! drama is enact$ 9         
,j]usalem1 :i* is ! c5tre ( !           
opposition4 ,?is "t1 ! ,*ri/1 hav+      
decl9$ to g up 9 8 own "* to meet 8     
critics1 goes up 9 disguise1 incognito1 
& amazes ! congregat$ multitude by 8    
sup]b assumptions ( au?ority1 & 8       
ov]:elm+ d5unciations ( all :o d n      
receive him2 d5unciations s             
uncompromis+1 t diss5sions are creat$4  
,"s w\ld h tak5 him1 b none laid h&s on 
him4 ,z always1 ! demon/ration results 9
 br++ out 8 fri5ds & enemies1 9 %[+ :o 7
 & :o 7 n 8 own1 :i* is ! aim & end ( e 
manife/ation4 ,! ,logos pres5ts himself1
 makes 8 /atem5t1 ass]ts 8 pr]ogative1  
(f]s ! alt]native ( spiritual life or   
dea?1 & retires1 leav+ ! result to !    
spiritual laws4  ,! /ory ( ! woman tak5 
9 adult]y :i* imm$iately foll[s ?is     
passage1 probably made no "p ( ! orig9al
 gospel1 z x appe>s out ( all           

connection4 ,x is pron\nc$ by "s ( ! be/
 critics to be ung5u9e4 ,! obvi\s       
improbability ( its incid5ts1 ! locality
 ( x1--! ,m\nt ( ,olives1--! ,*ri/'s    
my/]i\s proce$+ ( writ+ on ! gr\nd1 & 8 
unacc\ntable v]dict1 deprive ! tale (   
all b lit]>y int]e/4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 a  
lit]>y po9t ( view1 or w\ld be if x 7   
set 9 lit]>y relations2 = x illu/rates !
 ,*ri/'s supremacy1 8 sup]natural p[] ( 
rebuke & insight1 8 au?ority to grant   
absolution on purely !ological gr\nds4  
,! doctr9e t none b ! guiltless are     
entitl$ to pron\nce s5t5ce on guilt w\ld
 put an end to c5sor%ip ( e k9d1 b is q 
9 accordance ) ! e?ical tone ( ! book4  
,! au?or h[ev]1 turns ! incid5t to no   
acc\nt1 b proce$s ) new sc5es 9 8       
speculative drama4 ,i am ! light ( ! _w2
 he t foll[e? me %all n walk 9 d>kness1 
b %all h ! light ( life2 ! ,*ri/ ent]s  
once m into ! old debate1 once m ! claim
 is *all5g$1 once m ! angry discussion  
fl[s on1 becom+1 at ?is juncture m      
viol5t ?an ev]2 t]rible d5unciations    

leap f ! div9e lips2 ! adv]s>ies are    
call$ a devil's brood1 li>s1 murd]]s at 
he>t4 ,at ! close ( ! f9al outbur/1 !   
unse5 h&s raise ! vision>y /ones1 b     
,jesus hid himself1 w5t out ( ! temple1 
go+ ?r\gh ! mid/ ( !m1 & s pass$ by4  ,!
 spee* h[ev] is cont9u$2 ! ma9 doctr9e (
 x1 namely t ! ,*ri/ is ! ,light ( !    
,_w1 be+ illu/rat$ by ! miracle ( giv+  
sight to a man bl9d f 8 bir?1--! /ory   
be+ told at great l5g? & ) exce$+ly     
m9ute detail1 s z to cov] e po9t (      
circum/ance4 ,?is seems to be a critical
 mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea4 ,!      
vehem5ce subsides = a "t1 & ! light ( ! 
_w %9es g5tly z a %eph]d's lant]n %[+   
w&]+ %eep ! way to ! true fold4 ,b !    
s(te/ ^w /irs up ang]2 ! ,jews take up  
/ones1 n to ?r[ !m1 b to exhibit temp]1 
& ! act closes tranquilly l ^? t prec$$ 
x4  ,! resurrection ( ,laz>us prep>es ! 
way = ! clos+ sc5es4 ,t su* a /ory1 s   
artificially con/ruct$1 s evid5tly      
introduc$ = effect1 told by "o writ] & n
 z mu* z allud$ to by ! o!rs1 told ) s  

mu* circum/ance & ) s little reg>d =    
biographical probability1 told = a      
dogmatical purpose1 & fitt$ into !      
n>rative at ! precise juncture :]e a    
turn+ po9t 0 want$1 %\ld be accept$ z   
hi/ory by any unfett]$ m9d2 t a critic l
 ,r5an1 pr(ess+ a pr(\nd rev]5ce = ! "* 
( ,jesus1 %\ld h admitt$ x z 9 "s s5se  
true1 & %\ld h be5 driv5 9 explanation (
 x to a !ory utt]ly fatal to ! moral "* 
( ! colossal man he celebrates1 ?us     
sacrific+ ! moral greatness ( ,jesus to 
a p]v]se s5se ( hi/orical tru?1 proves !
 ob/9acy ( traditional prejudice4 ,!    
n>rative is too evid5tly a lit]>y       
device1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to deceive anybody 
( awak5$ disc]nm5t4 ,its manife/        
artifice is su* t x alone w\ld be en\gh 
to ca/ suspicion on all ! miracul\s     
n>rations ( ! book4  ,f t day =? ! ,jews
 took c\nsel toge!r to put him to dea?4 
,! crisis has come1 & ev5ts ha/5 on     
t[>ds ! cata/rophe1 :i*1 z has be5 said1
 0 no cata/rophe1 b a consummation4     
,m>y1 in/ead ( sitt+ at 8 feet z a      

disciple1 ano9ts !m ) spik5>d & wipes !m
 ) ! hair ( h] head2 ! holy woman p]=m+ 
! act else:]e ascrib$ to a s9n]1 ! act  
itself be+ a c]emony ( consecration1    
in/ead ( a m>k ( p5it5ce4 ,! triumphal  
entry into ,j]usalem1 else:]e describ$ z
 ! ,messiah's own project1 is conv]t$   
into a spontane\s demon/ration 9 8      
honor1 r5d]$ by mu* p1 :o _h he>d t     
,jesus 0 com+ to ,j]usalem4 ,c]ta9      
,greeks pres5t !mselves & ask an        
introduction1 z to a royal p]sonage4 ,!y
 are ! fir/ fruits ( ! ,g5tile _w2 _!   
com+ is welcom$ z a sign ( f9al victory4
 ,! h\r is come1 says ,jesus1 on receiv+
 !m1 t ! ,son ( ,man %\ld be glorifi$4  
,! heav5s e*o 8 exclamation2 an audible 
voice1 int]pret$ z ! voice ( an angel1  
pron\nc+ ! glorification c]ta9 & et]nal4
 ,! ,son ( ,god adds 8 own              
int]pretation1 confirm+ t ( 8 fri5ds2   
prophesies ! spe$y judgm5t ( ! _w & 8   
own elevation to glory by means ( !     
cross1 makes 8 la/ /atem5t1 & !         
dialectical w> is at an end4  ,! re/ ( !

 life is giv5 to ! disciples4 ,! la/    
supp]1 its agony & di/ress ( m9d omitt$1
 is an occasion = impress+ on 8 own !   
lesson ( mutual love4 ,! dep>ture (     
,judas on 8 err& is ! signal = a bur/ ( 
rapture4 ,words ( consolation1 m+l$ )   
promises ( ! ,_s ( ,tru?1 ,! ,com=t]1   
words ( bless+ too foll[1 int5d$ to     
beget 9 8 fri5ds ! feel+ t1 ?\gh abs5t1 
he w /ill be pres5t ) !m4 ,!y are bidd5 
to rememb] him z ! s\rce ( _! life2 are 
admoni%$ to keep unbrok5 ! spiritual    
bond t unites !m to him 9 vital sympa?y2
 are assur$ t ! mission he came to e>?  
to dis*>ge w be fulfill$ by ! ,holy     
,gho/2 & f9ally are solemnly consecrat$ 
by prie/ly supplication z ! rescu$      
*ildr5 ( ,god4  ,! /ory ( ! arre/ is    
told 9 a /ra9 equally suit$ to ! idea on
 :i* ! book is con/ruct$4 ,9 full       
consci\sness ( 8 position1 ,jesus /eps  
=? out ( ! %ad[ ( my/]y to meet ,judas &
 8 troop1 :o h come1 expect+ to f9d him 
9 8 g>d5 retreat4 ,! soldi]s1 ov]-aw$ by
 ! app>ition1 />t backw>d & fall to !   

gr\nd1 pro/rate be=e ! ,son ( ,god4 ,!  
trial goes on be=e ,annas & ,caiaphas1  
prie/s1 & ,pilate1 ,roman vic]oy4 ,!    
p[]s ( ,*ur* & ,/ate pron\nce on him2   
be=e ! p[]s ( ,*ur* & ,/ate he ann\nces 
himself & makes 8 royal claim4 ,9 !     
pres5ce ( ! ,high ,prie/1 :o is sc>cely 
m ?an a "n 9 ?is proce$+1 introduc$ 9   
ord] t ,judaism might h "o m opportunity
 ( reject+ ! maje/y ( heav51 ,jesus     
suff]s an indignity at ! h&s ( "o ( !   
prelate's (fic]s2 b ,pilate1 ! pagan1   
%udd]s be=e ! awful p]sonage :o tells   
him t he c\ld h no p[] at all except x 7
 giv5 him f above2 t he 0 b a tool (    
provid5ce4 ,! guilt ( ! execution is ?us
 transf]r$ f 8 %\ld]s to de/9y2 = !     
,jews1 no less ?an ! gov]nor1 are fat$4 
,! h\r ( glorification has come1 & !    
,son ( ,man moves ) /ately /ep t[>ds 8  
asc5sion4  ,! process ( )drawal f !     
visible sph]e has already be5 describ$4 
,x is n effect$ at once4 ,z a lant]n 9 !
 h& ( "o walk+ 9 a wood fla%es out &    
aga9 hides itself1 becom+ dimm] & dimm] 

until f9ally x q disappe>s1 s ! ,son (  
,god is _m times visible & invisible    
be=e he vani%es altoge!r f sight4 ,no   
bodily asc5sion is necess>y to be> away 
"o ^: com+ & go+ are n condition$ by    
space or "t4 ,8 =m has always be5 a     
transluc5t veil1 :i* c\ld at pleasure be
 remov$4 ,8 mission end$1 !re is no m   
occasion = 8 self-revelation1 & he is   
unse54 ,! unreality ( a repres5tation l 
?is mu/ be too app>5t to be argu$4  ,f  
?is exposition x appe>s t ! ,new        
,te/am5t lit]ature is1 9 "s sort1 to !  
end1 a cont9uation ( ! lit]ature ( !    
,old ,te/am5t4 ,z ! e>lie/ phase (      
,*ri/ianity 0 ,judaism1 ) a belief 9 !  
,messiah's adv5t sup]add$1 s ! fir/     
lit]ature ( ,*ri/ianity is ! lit]ature (
 ,judaism1 writt5 on ! supposition t !  
,*ri/ has come4 ,judaism is ,*ri/ianity 
/ill expectant ( a ,*ri/ to come1 or1 z 
) ! radical ,jews1 unexpectant ( a      
p]sonal ,messiah2 ,*ri/ianity is        
,judaism ) ! expectation fulfill$4 ,!   
,judaic elem5t 0 n limit$ to ! little   

knot ( ,j]usalemites :o hung ab\t ! holy
 city & wait$ !re = ! ,*ri/'s com+2 x 0 
conspicu\s 9 ! sy/em ( ,paul1 & s f> f  
be+ abs5t f ! lat] =m1 kn[n by ! "n (   
,john1 det]m9es ! c>d9al idea ( t1 &    
%apes its b5t4 ,:atev] additions are    
made1 gr[ out ( ?is c>d9al idea1 z      
bran*es f its /em4 ,! /rict mono!ism ( !
 ,hebrew fai? is sacrific$ to !         
,messianic conception4 ,! ,*ri/ 9 "t    
becomes a tw9 ,deity1 a ,holy ,gho/ be+ 
requir$ to fill up ! gulf betwe5 godhead
 & humanity4  ,b = ! fury ( ! discord t 
arose & deep5$ betwe5 ! ,jews :o accept$
 ! ,*ri/ & ! ,jews :o pref]r$ /ill to   
wait = him1 ! lat]1 z well z ! e>li] =m 
( ,*ri/ianity1 might possibly h be5 m]g$
 9 ,judaism4 ,! believ]s 9 ! ,messianic 
adv5t 7 radical to ! po9t ( fanaticism4 
,!y 7 ! re/less advocates ( *ange1      
agitators1 revolutioni/s4 ,_! passionate
 zeal c\ld n brook indiff]5ce or        
coolness4 ,no?+ %ort ( a f]vid          
allegiance satisfi$ !m4 ,! recusants _h 
to be> h>d names1 z ! gospels atte/4 ,! 

ill-=tune ( ! ,messiah1 ! bitt]         
opposition he enc\nt]$1 8 untimely dea?1
 7 *>g$ ^u ! fai?lessness ( ! nation :o 
w\ld n confess him4 ,^!1 & n ! ,roman   
,gov]nm5t t actually put him to dea?1 7 
held answ]able = 8 crucifixion2 ?us a   
discord 0 plant$1 :i* all ! g5]ations ( 
,*ri/5dom h fail$ to eradicate4 ,!re    
has1 f t "t to ?is1 be5 implacable hatr$
 betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,jew4  ,! sep>ation1 
:i* might h be5 heal$ or oblit]at$1 _h  
?is be5 ! sole cause ( x1 0 wid5$ by !  
subsequ5t brea* betwe5 ! *ri/ians       
!mselves1 :i* drew att5tion (f f !      
previ\s issue4 ,! position tak5 by      
,paul1 t ! mission ( ! ,*ri/ 0 ext5d$ to
 ! ,g5tiles & compreh5d$ !m on precisely
 ! same conditions ) ! ,jews1 0 exce$+ly
 disagreeable & ev5 %ock+ to !          
cons]vatives1 :o held t ! ,*ri/ 0 s5t to
 ,israel only1 & especially to t portion
 ( ,israel t clung t5aci\sly to !       
traditions ( ! law4 ,! necess>y         
criticism ( ! ,law :i* ,paul's position 
requir$1 ! app>5t disrespect %[n to     

,moses & ! prophets1 ! disreg>d ( !     
ance/ral claim set up by ! *ildr5 (     
,abraham1 ! sub/itution ( an int]ior    
pr9ciple--fai?--:i* any hea!n might     
adopt1 = ! old fa%ion$ legal requirem5ts
 to :i* none b or?odox ,jews c\ld con=m1
 0 h>dly less ?an blasphem\s 9 _! reg>d2
 & a feud 0 begun1 :i* 9 viol5ce &      
rancor1 excell$ ! qu>rel betwe5 !       
or?odox *ri/ians & ! ,jews4 ,! traces ( 
?is controv]sy1 pla9ly m>k$ 9 ! writ+s (
 ,paul1 are visible on ! lit]ature ( 8  
own & ( ! succe$+ p]iod1 & disappe> only
 9 ! ev5ts ( great] significance incid5t
 to ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 ! complete      
disp]sion ( ! ,jews1 & ! bl5d+ ( p>ties 
9 ! ,we/]n ,empire4 ,f]d9& ,*ri/ian     
,baur may h pu%$ too f> 9 "s directions1
 8 !ory t ! entire gospel lit]ature ( ! 
,new ,te/am5t 0 det]m9$ z to its =m by !
 exig5cies ( ?is controv]sy1 ! canonical
 books ( ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ! ,acts 
( ! ,apo/les all be+ writt5 9 ! int]e/ (
 reconciliation2 b 8 fundam5tal         
position1 z 9 ! case ( ,/rauss1 has nev]

 be5 c>ri$1 or ev5 %ak51 by assault4 ,! 
extreme po9ts 9 controv]sy are fix$ ) a 
good deal ( c]ta9ty4 ,paul's own /atem5t
 9 ! second *apt] ( ,galatians is fairly
 explicable only on ! supposition ( a   
viol5t collision1 ! nature ( :i* is !re 
def9$1 ! be>+s ( :i* are indicat$ 9 t & 
9 o!r und\bt$ writ+s ( ! apo/le4 ,_m    
passages !re9 are un9telligible on any  
o!r hypo!sis4 ,! ,apocalypse & ! ,epi/le
 ( ,james1 z cle>ly set =? ! opposite   
view1 9 language & implication ( !      
/ronge/ k9d1 & 9 a _s ( decid$          
antagonism4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is1 z 
else:]e h9t$1 prep>$ ) a view ( mak+ x  
appe> t no controv]sy exi/$2 t ,pet]    
c>ri$ ! gospel to ! ,g5tiles1 & t ,paul 
insi/$ on ! validity ( circumcision1 !  
m>k ( initiation into ! ,jewi% *ur*4 ,! 
n>rative is s =c$1 ! incid5ts s         
artificial1 ! aim s evid5t1 ! limitation
 ( view s m>k$1 t ! book betrays its own
 "*4 ,to admit ! g5u95ess ( ! ,acts is  
to ?r[ into confusion ! little hi/ory t 
we c]ta9ly "k1 & to unfix ! cont9uity ( 

ev5ts4 ,h[ f> ! ?ree fir/ gospels       
correspond 9 purpose ) ! ,acts1 is a    
nice "q1 :i* ne$ n be answ]$ "h1 :i* may
 be left unansw]$ )\t detrim5t to !     
s\ndness ( ! g5]al !ory4 ,:e!r or no !  
controv]sy 0 ( su* absorb+ mom5t1 :e!r  
or no x la/$ z long z ,baur believes1 or
 ex]t$ z wide an influ5ce on lit]ature1 
its effect 9 draw+ ! ?\ghts away f !    
e>li] dispute betwe5 ! ,messianic & !   
anti-,messianic ,jews1 & 9 deta*+ !     
*ri/ians f _! orig9al associations is   
unimpair$4 ,f ! break+ out ( t dispute1 
:i* occurr$ )9 fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s ( ! 
crucifixion1 at ! late/1 ,*ri/ianity    
foll[$ its own law ( developm5t4  ,b1   
?\gh ?us disc>d$1 dis[n$1 f9ally dete/$1
 ! v "n ( ,jew1 z e>ly z ! f\r? gospel1 
be+ associat$ ) a /iff-neck$ bigotry    
imp5etrable to conviction1 ! old        
religion ma9ta9$ its sway ov] ! *ild t  
_h tak5 its portion ( goods & gone away 
to make a home ( its own4 ,! ,pale/9ian 
& ,asiatic lit]ature ( ! "y fai? be>s ! 
/amp ( its ,hebrew l9eage1 z has be5    

%[n4 ,! ,*ri/ sprung f its bosom1 0     
in/ruct$ 9 its s*ools1 0 glorifi$ ?r\gh 
its imag9ation4 ,! resurrection 0 its   
prophecy2 ! heav5 to :i* he asc5d$ 0 (  
its build+ & color+2 ! ?rone :]eon he   
seat$ himself 0 ( its con/ruction2 !    
,fa!r at ^: "r h& he reign$ 0 its own   
anci5t deity4 ,8 v "n1 ! "n he cont9ues 
to be> to ?is day1--,messiah--is ! "n   
:]eby %e lov$ to describe h] own ideal  
man4 ,9 ! dep? ( 8 degradation1 9 ! heat
 ( 8 p]secution1 9 ! agony ( 8 despair1 
! ,jew c\ld reflect t 8 rel5tless       
oppressor ow$ to him ! v fai? he 0      
compell$ to curse4 ,! victim 0 !        
conqu]or4 ,! reflection may /ill h be5  
bitt]2 :atev] sweetness x br\ght 0      
flavor$ ) v5geance1 except 9 ! greate/  
s\ls :o lov$ _! religion bett] ?an _!   
fame4     ,,viii4  ,,! ,,we/]n ,,*ur*4  
,our /ory is n yet told4 ,z reg>ds !    
,new ,te/am5t books1 ?\gh ! g5ius t     
produc$ !m 0 ,ea/]n1 ! judgm5t t br\ght 
!m toge!r 9 a s+le collection 0 ,we/]n4 
,no li/ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t books pret5d+ 

to c>ry weight 0 made until ! ye> #cfj4 
,= two c5turies & a half !re 0 no       
,*ri/ian bible4 ,! canon1 z x n[ /&s1 0 
fix$ by ,pope ,innoc5t ,i41 ,a4 ,d4     
#dje1 by a special decree4 ,:y precisely
 ^! books 7 select$ f ! mass ( lit]ature
 !n 9 exi/5ce & use1 is--except 9 two or
 ?ree cases :]e ! prevail+ s5tim5t ( !  
actual ,*ur* ?rew out a book l ,eno* or 
kept 9 a book l ! ,apocalypse--/ill op5 
to conjecture4 ,9 su* a dilemma         
,s*wegl]'s conjecture1 t ! ir5ical or   
reconcil+ books 7 reta9$1 & ! p>tisan   
writ+s dropp$1 is z plausible z any1    
p]haps m s4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome _h two     
patron sa9ts--,pet] & ,paul2 x claim$ to
 be f\nd$ by bo? ,apo/les1 &1 on ?is    
pr9ciple1 adopt$ its canon ( scripture4 
,! ,new ,te/am5t1 by its arrangem5t1 01 
x is claim$1 an expression 9 lit]ature (
 ! ,ca?olic claim4  ,z reg>ds ! ,*ri/   
idea1 ?\gh =m$ 9 ! ,ea/1 ! ,we/ gave x  
curr5cy1 made x ! c5tral feature ( a va/
 religi\s sy/em1 cr[n$ x & plac$ x on a 
?rone4 ,_h ! creative ?\ght ( ,judaism  

be5 conf9$ to ! ,ea/1 our conc]n ) x ne$
 h gone no fur!r4 ,b ! ?\ght 0 n conf9$ 
to ! ,ea/1 ev5 9 ! wide/ compreh5sion ( 
t t]m4 ,! ,jews 7 ev]y:]e4 ,! repeat$   
disa/]s :i* befel _! c\ntry gave fre%   
impulse to _! cre$4 ,_! ideas spread z  
_! /ate dim9i%$2 & _! ideas 7 s vital t 
!y captur$ & engag$ ! float+            
speculations ( ! ,g5tile _w :5ev] !y 7  
enc\nt]$4 ,9 ,alex&ria1 :]e ,jews _h be5
 = two hundr$ & fifty or ?ree hundr$    
ye>s1 & :i!r !y flock$ by ?\s&s aft] ea*
 fre% national disa/]1 ! fai?1 in/ead ( 
be+ ext+ui%$ by ! flood ( speculation 9 
t busy c5tre ( ! _w's ?\ght1 reviv$1    
drew 9 copi\s supplies ( blood f !      
,greek _s1 & ent]$ on a new c>e]4 ,if x 
be true1 z is decl>$ 9 ,smi?'s          
,diction>y ( ,geography1 t :5 ! city (  
,alex&ria 0 f\nd$ 7,b4 ,c4 #ccb7 x 0    
laid out 9 ?ree sections1 "o ( :i* 0    
assign$ to ! ,jews1 _! political &      
social influ5ce mu/ h correspond$ to _! 
numb]s4 ,pr(4 ,huidekop] revives &      
rea]gues ! belief1 t travell$ m5 (      

lett]s f ,greece1 preem95t among !m1    
,plato1 :o visit$ ,egypt1 borr[$ f !    
,jews ! ideas :i* ennobl$ & beautifi$ ! 
,greek philosophy4 ,! doctr9es ( !      
,/oics1 ,greek & ,roman1 be>1 9 ,mr4    
,huidekop]'s op9ion1 evid5t m>ks (      
,jewi% orig94 ,?is is go+1 we ?9k1      
beyond w>rant ( ! facts4 ,we may claim  
mu* less & /ill place v high !          
intellectual sway ( ?is rem>kable p4 ,x 
may be confid5tly ass]t$1 t 9 portions (
 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 & ,nor!rn ,egypt1 
_! fai? _h l>gely displac$ ! anci5t     
sup]/itions4  ,! spl5did lit]ature ( !  
,apocrypha1 ,ecclesia/icus & ,wisdom1 ! 
ri* fund ( speculation 9 ! ,talmud1 !   
intellectual weal? ( ,philo1 ! ,paul9e &
 ,johannean ,gnosis1 brilliantly atte/  
_! intellectual vigor4 ,! ,rev4 ,brooke 
,foss ,walcott1 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( !
 ,bible1 decl>es1 t f ! date ( !        
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 9 ! ye> #gj1 !  
p[] ( ,judaism z a pres5t liv+ =ce1 0   
/ay$4 ,b su* a /atem5t c be accept$ only
 9 a mu* qualifi$ s5se4 ,! de/ruction ( 

,j]usalem put an end to ! ,/ate m       
completely ?an ! ov]?r[ ( any mod]n city
 c\ld d2 = ! holy city 0 ! home ( !     
national life 9 a peculi> s5se2 x 0 !   
seat ( ! national wor%ip 9 :i* !        
national life c5tr$4 ,) ! temple fell ! 
in/itutions t re/$ on ! temple4 ,:5 !   
walls 7 ?r[n d[n & ! gr& build+s        
levell$1 x 0 l eras+ ! m>ks ( hi/ory1   
te>+ up ! roots ( tradition & sett+ !   
seal ( de/9y on ! nation's future4 ,!   
t]ritory 0 small2 ! p[] ( ! great city 0
 felt 9 e "p ( x1 & ! qu5*+ ( its light 
left ! l& 9 d>kness4 ,b ! cata/rophe :i*
 t]m9at$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,/ate1 gave a new
 life to ! religi\s idea & op5$ a new   
ar5a = its conque/s4 ,x greatly increas$
 ! numb] ( ,jews 9 ! city ( ,rome1 !    
imp]ial city ( ! ,we/1 ! conqu]+        
metropolis2 rais$ ! congregations       
already exi/+ !re to a position (       
consid]able importance2 s]v$ to unite1  
by ! sympa?y ( a common sorr[1 p>ties t 
_h be5 divid$2 _h ! effect 9 "s measure 
to weak5 antipa?ies1 h>monize op9ions & 

inflame zeal2 9 a ^w1 transf]r$ to      
,italy ! fai? t1 9 outw>d =m1 _h be5    
cru%$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,!nce=? ,judaism1 :i* 
_h be5 a bl5d$ wor%ip & polity1 ceas$ to
 be a polity1 & became m int5sely ?an   
ev]1 because m exclusively1 a wor%ip4   
,! hi/ory ( ! settlem5t ( ,jews 9 ,rome1
 is naturally obscure4 ,be+ ma9ly ( !   
m]cantile & trad+ class _! pres5ce !re  
might h be5 expect$ e>ly4 ,!y 7 re/less1
 ent]pris+1 indu/ri\s1 eag] & skilful 9 
b>t]2 & ,rome attract$ all su*1 be+ !   
bus9ess c5tre ( ! we/]n _w4 ,political  
affairs at home 7 nev] long favorable to
 peaceful pursuits1 & 7 frequ5tly 9 su* 
confusion t ! transactions ( ord9>y     
exi/5ce 7 prec>i\s4 ,! numb]s t 7 c>ri$ 
away to ,babylon compris$ x is probable 
! m em95t class4 ,z _m1 if n m1 f\nd _! 
way to o!r cities1 & ( ^! ,rome receiv$ 
its %>e4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion br+s !m be=e u
 z already ( consequ5ce f _! weal? &    
intellig5ce4 ,sixty ye>s be=e ! *ri/ian 
era1 ,cic]o comm5d$ ,lucius ,val]ius    
,flaccus1 praetor ( ! di/rict ( ,asia   

,m9or1 because he did n enc\rage an     
exorbitant exp5diture ( money on !      
con/ruction ( ! temple1 by ,jews1 !     
exportation ( ^: weal? f ,rome 0 felt z 
an evil4 ,he /ates t "u ! directions (  
,flaccus1 "o hundr$ p\nds weight ( gold 
7#be1jjj7 _h be5 seiz$ at ,apamea1 9    
,asia ,m9or2 tw5ty p\nds at ,laodicea4  
,! ,jews 7 ri*4 ,_! demon/rations (     
grief at ! dea? ( ,julius ,caes>1 !     
conqu]or ( _! conqu]or1 ,pompey1 & !    
enlight5$ fri5d ( ! p1 argu$ by ! numb] 
& l\dness ( ! voices1 ! pres5ce ( a     
multitude4 ,"o may read 9 any book (    
,jewi% hi/ory t ,josephus reckon$ at    
eight ?\s& ! ,jews :o 7 pres5t1 :5 at ! 
dea? ( k+ ,h]od1 8 son ,ar*elaus appe>$ 
be=e ,augu/us2 t ! poor among !m 7      
num]\s en\gh to procure f ,augu/us a    
decree au?oriz+ !m to receive _! %>e ( !
 b\nty ( corn on ano!r day1 :5 ! day (  
g5]al di/ribution fell on _! ,sabba?2 t 
"o emp]or expell$ !m z a dang]\s elem5t 
9 ! city2 t ano!r = ! same reason laid  
special p5alties & burd5s on !m2 t !    

ari/ocratic p>ty 0 /eadily ho/ile to !m4
 ,tacitus1 _! enemy1 speaks ( !         
deportation ( f\r ?\s& "y ,israelites to
 ,s>d9ia4 ,josephus makes ! a/\nd+1 !   
fabul\s /atem5t t 9 ! ye> #ff1 ! ,jews 9
 ,rome requir$ two hundr$ & fifty-six   
?\s& lambs = _! pas*al commemoration4#b 
,su* a provision w\ld imply a population
 ( two million & a half at lea/4 ,t !   
,jews 7 ( "s importance is atte/$ by !  
comm5ts made on !m by ,roman writ]s2 by 
,m>tial1 :o alludes to _! cu/oms 9 8    
epigrams2 by ,ovid1 :o criticises _!    
obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? z hav+ ! "* ( a   
debas+ sup]/ition & introduces a %irk   
:o1 hav+ exhau/$ all pretexts1 makes a  
pretext ( respect+ ! ,sabba? 9 ord] n to
 incur ! ill w ( ! ,jews2 by ,p]sius1 :o
 rem>ks satirically on ! ,sabba?        
obs]vances & ! rite ( circumcision2 by  
,plut>*1 :o m9utely describes ! ,mosaic 
sy/em ( laws4 ,satire betrays fe> z well
 z dislike4 ,! great writ] disda9s to   
c>icature p :o are inconspicu\s4 ,juv5al
 0 a great writ]1 & 8 env5om$ raill]y   

aga9/ ! ,jews has become famili> by     
quotation4 ,x w\ld seem1 f 8 invectives1
 t ,jewi% ideas & practices _h crept    
into public approval1 & 7 ex]t+ an      
influ5ce on ! education ( ,roman y\?4   
,he compla9s bitt]ly ( p>5ts :o br+ up  
_! *ildr5 to ?9k m ( ! laws ( ,moses ?an
 ( ! laws ( _! c\ntry4--,"s !re are1    
assign$ by =tune to ,sabba? fe>+ fa!rs1 
:o adore no?+ b ! cl\ds & ! g5ius ( !   
sky2 :o see no di/9ction betwe5 ! sw9e's
 fle% z food & ! fle% ( man4 ,habitually
 despis+ ! laws ( ,rome1 !y /udy1 keep &
 rev]e ! code ( ,judaea1 a tradition    
giv5 by ,moses 9 a d>k volume4 ,! blame 
is ) ! fa!r1 ) :om e sev5? day is devot$
 to idl5ess1 & )drawn f ! uses ( life4  
,juv5al liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ & !  
e>ly "p ( ! second c5tury1 ab\t a       
g5]ation aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 
,admitt+ ! g5u95ess ( ! passage1 & !    
gr\nd ( ! criticism1 nei!r ( :i* is     
disput$1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,jews 0 by no   
means contemptible4  ,footnote #b3      
,bellum ,judaicum1 ,,vii4 #ag4  ,milman 

conjectures t :ile ! numb] ( ,jews 9    
,rome 0 mu* increas$1 _! respectability 
z well z _! popul>ity 7 mu* dim9i%$ by !
 imm5se influx ( ! mo/ de/itute z well z
 ( ! mo/ unruly ( ! race1 :o 7 swept    
into captivity by ?\s&s aft] ! fall (   
,j]usalem4 ,?is may be true4 ,!re is    
reason to believe t ! importation ( s   
great a numb] ( /rang]s 0 att5d$ by     
pov]ty1 di/ress1 & squalor1 horrible to 
?9k (4 ,x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,t !y   
%\ld infe/ & infect :ole di/ricts ( !   
city2 t !y %\ld pit* _! vagabond t5ts on
 vacant plots ( gr\nd1 & %\ld *ange fair
 di/ricts1 g>d5s & groves into          
disreputable & f\l prec9cts2 t !y %\ld  
resort to mean trades = support1 p$dl+1 
traffick+ 9 old clo!s1 rags1 mat*es1    
brok5 glass1 or %\ld s9k into m5dicancy1
 is simply 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ,b x is    
fair to suppose t ! exiles f ,j]usalem  
w\ld br+ ) !m ! memory ( _! suff]+s dur+
 ! unexampl$ horrors ( t trem5d\s w>2   
w\ld br+ ) !m also a fi]c] s5se (       
loyalty to ! fai? = :i* su* agonies _h  

be5 borne1 su* sacrifices _h be5 made4  
,t !y held _! religion de>1 is c]ta94   
,_! ,sabba?s 7 obs]v$1 _! laws rev]$1 _!
 synagogues frequ5t$1 _! peculi>ities ( 
race *]i%$ & p]petuat$ by tradition f   
fa!r to son4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t !y 
anticipat$ ! ,*ri/ians 9 _! practice (  
bury+ _! dead 9 ! catacombs1 :i* bore a 
/rong resemblance to ! rocky cav]ns :]e 
9 ! fa!rl&1 _! ance/ors 7 laid4 ,!      
catacombs 9 ! neighborhood ( !          
,tran/ev]e1 ! di/rict :]e ! ,jews mo/ly 
liv$1 are pla9ly associat$ ) !m4 ,!     
sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick appe>s on ! wall1 &
 ! inscriptions be> witness to ! pi\s   
con/ancy ( ! race4#c ,!y made proselytes
 among ! pagans we>y ( _! decrepit &    
moribund fai?s1 & ?us ext5d$ ! religi\s 
ideas :i* !y s t5aci\sly held4 ,among   
!mselves !re 0 close association1 p>tly 
f tradition & p>tly f race4 ,"s         
semblance ( _! anci5t in/itutions 0 kept
 up2 _! g5]al c\ncil2 _! tribunal (     
laws4 ,circum/ances alone prev5t$ !m f  
ma9ta9+ _! ance/ral religion 9 its      

gr&eur4 ,s5eca1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fir/  
c5tury1 repres5ts ,jewi% usages z hav+  
p]vad$ all nations2 he is speak+ ( !    
,sabba?4 ,paul f\nd ?riv+ synagogues1   
:]ev] he w5t1 & wrote to "s t he c\ld n 
visit1 be=e ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem    
made ! f9al disp]sion4  ,footnote #c3   
,see ,milman's ,jews1 ,,ii4 p4 #dfa4  ,!
 ,messianic hope 0 /rong 9 ^! p2 all !  
/rong] on acc\nt ( _! political         
degradation4 ,born 9 sorr[1 !           
anticipation grew ke5 9 bitt] h\rs4 ,t  
,jehovah w\ld ab&on !m1 c\ld n be       
believ$4 ,! ?\ght w\ld be a!ism4 ,! hope
 kept ! ea/]n ,jews 9 a p]petual /ate ( 
insurrection4 ,! cry1 lo "h1 lo !re6 0  
incessant4 ,! la/ great insurrection1 t 
( ,b>-,co*ab1 reveal$ an a/oni%+ fr5zy (
 zeal4 ,x 0 purely a ,messianic upris+4 
,judaism _h excit$ ! fe>s ( ! ,emp]or   
,hadrian1#d & induc$ him to inflict     
unusual sev]ities on ! p4 ,he _h =bidd5 
circumcision1 ! rite ( initiation into  
_! *ur*2 he _h prohibit$ ! obs]vance ( !
 ,sabba? & ! public read+ ( ! law1 ?us  

dry+ up ! s\rces ( ! national fai?4 ,he 
_h ev5 ?reat5$ to aboli% ! hi/orical    
rally+ po9t ( ! religion by plant+ a    
,roman colony on ! site ( ,j]usalem &   
build+ a %r9e to ,jupit] on ! place :]e 
! temple _h /ood4 ,measures s viol5t &  
radical c\ld h>dly h be5 prompt$ by     
any?+ less al>m+ ?an ! upspr++ ( t      
indomitable conviction :i* work$ at !   
he>t ( ! p4 ,! effect ( ! viol5ce 0 to  
/imulate t conviction to fury4 ,! night 
( _! despair 0 once m illum9$ by ! /> ( 
! ea/4 ,! bann] ( ! ,messiah 0 rais$4   
,port5ts z ( old 7 se5 9 ! sky2 ! cl\ds 
7 wat*$ = ! glory t %\ld appe>4         
,b>-,co*ab1 ! son ( ! />1 seem$ to fill 
out ! popul> idea ( ! deliv]]4 ,miracles
 7 ascrib$ to him2 flames issu$ f 8 m\?4
 ,! vulg> imag9ation made ha/e to       
trans=m ! audaci\s fanatic into a *ild (
 ,david4 ,multitudes flock$ to 8 /&>d4  
,! :ole ,jewi% race ?r\gh\t ! _w1 says  
,milman1 0 9 commotion2 ^? :o d>$ n     
betray _! int]e/ 9 ! common cause op5ly1
 did s 9 secret1 & p]haps "s ( ! weal?y 

,jews 9 ! remote prov9ces privately     
contribut$ f _! res\rces4 ,native ,jews 
& /rang]s swell$ 8 ranks4 ,x is probable
 t _m ( ! fugitives f ! insurg5ts 9     
,egypt & ,cyr5e _h f\nd _! way to       
,pale/9e & lay hid 9 caves & fa/nesses4 
,no d\bt "s f ! ,mesopotamian prov9ces  
came to ! aid ( _! bre?r54 ,^? :o _h    
d5i$ or disguis$ _! circumcision1 ha/5$ 
to r5ew t di/+ui%+ m>k ( _! ,israeliti% 
desc5t1 to entitle !mselves to a %>e 9 !
 great r$emption4 ,! insurrection ga9$  
head4 ,! heights ab\t ,j]usalem 7 seiz$ 
& occupi$2 =tifications 7 erect$2 caves 
7 dug1 & subt]ranean passages cut betwe5
 ! g>rison$ positions2 arms 7 collect$2 
no?+ b ! ho/ ( angels 0 ne$$ to insure  
victory4 ,! angels did n appe>2 ! ,roman
 legions did4 ,! c>nage1 dur+ ! ?ree or 
f\r ye>s ( ! w>--= s long & possibly    
long]1 ! w> la/$--0 frightful4 ,!       
,messiah1 n prov+ himself a conqu]or1 0 
held to h prov$ himself an impo/or1 !   
son ( a lie4 ,! holy city 0 once m      
de/roy$1 ?is "t completely4 ,a new city1

 peopl$ by =eign]s1 arose on its site4  
,! effect ( ! outbreak1 :i* 0 felt f> & 
wide1 9 "t & space1 0 disa/r\s to ,jewi%
 influ5ce 9 ! empire4 ,f ?is "t ,judaism
 lo/ its good "n1 & at ! same "t its    
hold on ! cultivat$ m9d ( ,europe4      
,fanaticism s wild & de/ructive 0       
entitl$ to no respect4  ,footnote #d3   
,see ,huidekop]'s ,judaism 9 ,rome1 p4  
#cbe-cbi4  ,! ,*ri/ians1 ( c\rse1 took  
no "p 9 ! great ris+1 & _h no int]e/ 9  
x4 ,x 0 _! fai? t ! ,messiah _h already 
come2 & h[ev] confid5t _! expectation ( 
8 reappe>ance to judge ! nations & r$eem
 8 elect1 "t _h s f> sob]$ ! hopes ( ev5
 ! rude/ among !m1 t !y no long] look$ =
 a man ( w>1 no long] 7 attract$ by     
bann]s 9 ! h&s ( ruffians or trumpet    
bla/s bl[n by human lips4 ,! feel+ 0    
ga9+ gr\nd1 if x 0 n q confirm$1 t      
in/ead ( wait+ = ! ,*ri/ to come to !m1 
!y 7 to g to him 9 8 heav54 ,h5ce1      
,jews1 ?\gh !y might be 9 ! ess5tials ( 
_! religi\s fai?1 !y 7 :olly ali5at$ f  
^? ( _! race :o look$ = a cosmical or   

political demon/ration4 ,t ?is want (   
sympa?y & failure to p>ticipate1 wid5$ !
 brea* betwe5 !m & ! ,jews :o /ill      
expect$ a temporal deliv]]1 !re c be    
little "q2 t 9 times ( great excitem5t1 
! ,*ri/ian ,jews 7 expos$ to sc(f+ &    
p]secution is equally und5iable4        
,b>-,co*ab treat$ !m ) extreme cruelty4 
,x is ev5 probable t 9 ,rome & !        
prov9ces ( ! empire a settl$ hatr$ ( !  
,*ri/ians animat$ ,jews ( ! av]age /amp1
 & f\nd expression 9 ! usual =ms (      
popul> malignity4 ,x is easy to believe 
t ,jews 9 ,rome1 possess+ influ5ce 9    
high qu>t]s1 ?ru/ ,*ri/ians betwe5      
!mselves & p]secution4 ,?is1 inde$1 is  
extremely probable4#e ,b t1 9 ord9>y    
times1 an active animosity prevail$ on !
 "p ( ! ,jews ( ! old s*ool aga9/ ,jews 
( ! new s*ool1 is n cle>ly prov$4 ,!    
latt] 7 or?odox1 cons]vative ,jews1     
loyal to ! national fai? 9 e respect    
save "o1 namely1 _! p]suasion t ! ,*ri/ 
0 no long] to be look$ =1 hav+ already  
appe>$4 ,to ^? ,jews1 :o _h ab&on$ !    

belief t he w\ld appe>1 or :o _h all[$ t
 belief to s9k into ! backgr\nd ( _!    
m9ds1 ! belief ( ! ,*ri/ians w\ld       
occasion no bitt]ness4 ,x is /ill a     
common impression t ! p]secution record$
 9 ! book ( ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 to   
:i* ,/ephanos1 ! ,greek conv]t1 fell a  
victim1 0 direct$ by ,jews aga9/        
,*ri/ians4 ,b x has be5 made to appe> m 
?an probable1--admitt+ ! hi/orical tru? 
( ! n>rative--t ! assault 0 made by !   
,judaiz+ ^u ! anti-,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians2 !
 ,jews :o 7 n ,*ri/ians at all1 tak+ no 
"p 9 x4 ,! reason+ ^u :i* ?is conclusion
 is bas$1 w be f\nd 9 ,zell]'s book on !
 ,acts1 an exhau/ive treatise :i* mu/ be
 /udi$ by anybody :o w\ld und]/& t      
curi\s composition4 ,! ma9 positions may
 be appreh5d$ by ! intellig5t read] on  
c>efully p]us+ ! /ory z writt51 & not+ !
 conspicu\s fact1 t ! qu>rel is betwe5  
radicals & cons]vatives2 betwe5 !       
advocates ( a broad policy1 compreh5d+  
,greeks & ,romans on ! same t]ms )      
,jews1 & ! *ampions ( a re/rict$ policy1

 conf9+ ! b5efits ( ! ,messiah's adv5t  
to ! true ,israelites4  ,footnote #e3   
,see ,judaism 9 ,rome1 p4 #bde4  ,!     
de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 0 "o ( ! causes t
 may h op]at$ to close ?is gulf4 ,by    
break+ up ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,*ri/ian    
cons]vatism1 & disp]s+ ! l+]]s !re among
 ! inhabitants ( ,g5tile cities1 x      
weak5$ _! ties1 wid5$ _! exp]i5ce1 s(t5$
 _! prejudices1 & prep>$ !m to accept ! 
l>g] int]pretation ( _! fai?4 ,! writ+s 
( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 all ( !m produc$ aft]
 ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1 "s ( !m fifty
 or sixty ye>s aft]1 none ( !m less ?an 
t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 be> traces ( ?is     
enl>gem5t4 ,! ,jewi% *ri/ians liv+ 9    
,greek & ,roman ,cities c\ld h>dly avoid
 ! temptations to adopt t view ( _! fai?
 :i* comm5d$ x to ! communities :]e( !y 
7 a "p1 & ?is 0 ! view pres5t$ by ,paul 
& 8 s*ool1 ! intellectual1 or1 z "s     
pref] to call x1 ! spiritual view4      
,accord+ to ?is view1 also1 ! new       
religion 0 graft$ on ! old1 ,judaism 0 !
 f\ndation2 ! root f :i* sprung !       

bran*es1 h[ev] widely spread+4 ,paul1 z 
has be5 rem>k$1 address$ himself        
inv>iably to ,jews1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & 
turn$ to ! ,g5tiles only :5 ! ,jews     
reject$ him4 ,! ess5tial beliefs ( !    
religi\s ,jew he reta9$1 nev] ex*ang+ !m
 = ! beliefs ( ,paganism1 or qualify+ !m
 ) ! speculations ( hea!n philosophy4   
,he labor$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! fai? (        
,israel1 broadly int]pret$1 nor1 9      
respect ( 8 fundam5tal conceptions1 did 
he ev] w&] f> f ! religion ( 8 fa!rs4 ,!
 spiritual di/ance betwe5 ! s*ool he    
f\nd$1 & ! s*ool t 9 8 life "t he       
oppos$1 0 n s wide t x might n 9 c\rse (
 "t1 be dim9i%$1 until at l5g? x        
disappe>$ entirely4 ,p>ties hold+ ! same
 c>d9al belief1 w n =ev] be sep>at$ by  
incid5tal b>ri]s1 especially :51 z 0 !  
case ) ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem1        
provid5ce moves ! *ief b>ri]s away4     
,o!r inducem5ts to a good und]/&+ betwe5
 ! two p>ties ( ,*ri/ian ,jews 7 at "w4 
,h]esies ( all sorts 7 spr++ up )9 !    
*ur*es1 :i* c\ld be suppress$ only by ! 

moral p[] ( a common p]suasion 9 ! m9ds 
( ! *ief bodies4 ,que/ions 7 rais$ :i*  
nei!r bran* ( ! *ri/ian community c\ld  
satisfactorily answ]2 controv]sies      
arose1 dem&+ some?+ l an ecclesia/ical  
au?ority to adju/4 ,unless ! new        
religion 0 to split into petty sections 
& be pulv]iz$ to no?+ness1 ! re/oration 
( old brea*es 0 an absolute necessity4  
,! dang] 0 ( too sudd5 & artificial a   
compromise betwe5 ! ma9 divisions1      
result+ 9 a compact organization t might
 arre/ ! movem5ts ( ! _s ( lib]ty4 ,!   
*ur* did ev5tually obta9 supremacy 9    
dogma & rite1 ?r\gh ! imp]ative dem& =  
unity t 0 urg5tly press$ e>ly 9 ! second
 c5tury4  ,judaism conta9$ 9 its bosom  
two elem5ts1 "o /ation>y1 ! o!r         
progressive2 "o close1 ! o!r expansive2 
"o c5traliz+ 9 ,judaea & wait+ till x   
%\ld attract ! out] _w to x1 ! o!r =?   
rea*+ beyond ,pale/9e1 & seek+ to comm5d
 ! fai? ( ,israel to ^? :o knew x n4 ,^!
 two elem5ts coexi/$ f e>ly times1 &    
caus$ p]petual f]m5t by _! /ruggles to  

ov]ma/] ea* o!r4 ,! prie/ /ood = ! "o   
pr9ciple1 ! n>r[]1 ! fix$1 ! in/itut$2 !
 prophet /ood = ! o!r1 ! intellectual1 !
 expansive1 ! progressive4 ,! prie/ /ay$
 at home to adm9i/] ! ord9ances2 !      
prophet j\rney$ ab\t1 to spread !       
salvation4 ,! prie/ 0 a fixture1 !      
prophet 0 a mission>y4  ,! two divisions
 ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian community repres5t$
 ^! c\nt] t5d5cies4 ,! s*ool ( ,pet]1   
,james1 & ,john1 ! hi]>*al1 cons]vative 
s*ool1 ma9ta9$ ! attitude ( expectation4
 ,!y wait$ & pray$1 exact$ rigid        
compliance ) ord9ances2 clung to _!     
associations ) places & seasons2 7      
t5aci\s ( holy usages2 requir$          
punctuality & accuracy ( po/ur+1 7 /rict
 9 con=mity ) legal prescriptions1 made 
a po9t ( circumcision1 or o!r rites (   
initiation into ! true *ur*4 ,! s*ool ( 
,paul & ,apollos took up ! pr9ciple (   
univ]sality1 disp5s$ ) :atev] hamp]$ _! 
movem5ts & imp$$ _! action1 &1 tak+     
ess5tial ideas only1 mak+ !mselves all  
?+s to all m51 if p]adv5ture1 !y might  

w9 "s1 prea*$ ! message freely1 to z _m 
z w\ld he>4 ,! two pr9ciples1 h[ev]     
discordant 9 op]ation1 dem&$ ea* o!r4   
,!y c\ld n long exi/ ap>t2 ! unity & !  
univ]sality 7 mutually complem5t>y4     
,unity alone1 w\ld br+ isolation1       
solit>9ess1 & ultimate dea? f dim9ution4
 ,univ]sality alone w\ld lead to        
dissipation1 att5uation1 & disappe>ance4
 ,x 0 !re=e n long be=e ! extremes drew 
toge!r & met4  ,lecky1 ! hi/orian (     
,european morals1 assigns z a reason :y 
! ,jews 9 ,rome 7 less vehem5tly        
p]secut$ ?an ! ,*ri/ians1 t ! ,jewi%    
religion 0 ess5tially cons]vative &     
unexpansive4 ,! ,*ri/ians1 on ! o!r h&1 
7 ard5t mission>ies4 ,w\ld x n be m     
exact to say t ! ,jews ( "o s*ool 7     
ess5tially cons]vative & unexpansive2 t 
! ,jews ( ano!r s*ool 7 ard5t           
mission>ies8 ,t ! "o s*ool %\ld be      
p]secut$1 :ile ! o!r 0 left 9 peace1 0  
p]fectly natural1 especially 9          
communities :]e _! ess5tial id5tity 0 n 
und]/ood4 ,!re is no necessity = suppos+

 t ! two fai?s 7 actually di/+ui%$      
because "o attract$ att5tion & provok$  
attack1 :ile ! o!r did no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,n 
hi/ory only1 b common obs]vation        
furni%es abundant examples ( fai?s      
fundam5tally ! same1 meet+ v diff]5t    
=tunes1 accord+ to ! attitude :i*       
circum/ances compell$ !m to assume4 ,!  
,*ri/ians might h pres5t$ ! aggressive  
front ( ,judaism1 z ,paul did1 & /ill n 
h =feit$ _! claim to be true *ildr5 (   
,israel4  ,!re is1 9 fact1 no d\bt t    
disc]n+ p]sons p]ceiv$ ! sub/antial     
id5tity ( ! two religions4 ,x is conc$$ 
on all sides1 by ,jewi% & by ,*ri/ian   
writ]s1--,milman & ,salvador1 ,jo/ &    
,m]ivale1 corroborat+ "o ano!r1--t ,jews
 7 tak5 = ,*ri/ians & ,*ri/ians = ,jews4
 ,!y 7 subject$ to ! same criticism2 !y 
7 expos$ to ! same contumely4 ,inde$ x  
may be que/ion$ :e!r ! e>ly p]secutions 
t 7 inflict$ on ! ,*ri/ians 7 n really  
direct$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 ^: reputation =  
re/lessness & fanaticism1 = /iffness &  
intol]ance1 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( all   

classes ( society4 ,! ,jews 7 a m>k =   
p]secution be=e !re 0 a ,*ri/ian 9      
,rome1 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era began4 ,!y 7 
p]secut$ on precisely ! same pretexts t 
7 us$ 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!y _h a  
recogniz$ locality1 /&+ & "*4 ,!y 7 _m 9
 numb] & consid]able 9 influ5ce4 ,! l[] 
ord]s dislik$ _! au/]ity2 ! high] ord]s 
dread$ _! organization2 philosoph]s     
despis$ !m z sup]/iti\s2 politicians    
hat$ !m z intractable2 emp]ors us$ !m :5
 !y wi%$ to div]t angry comm5t f _! own 
acts4 ,!y 7 fair game = imp]ial pursuit4
 ,a raid on ! ,jews 0 popul>4 ,x is     
possible1 to say ! lea/1 t ! ,*ri/ians  
w\ld h pass$ unmole/$ b = _! association
 ) ! ,israelites4 ,?is is no novel      
ins9uation2 ,milman h9t$ at x m ?an a   
qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 9 8 ,hi/ory (     
,*ri/ianity4 ,:5 ! public peace 0       
di/urb$ by ! diss5sions among ! ,jewi%  
population ( ,rome1 ! summ>y s5t5ce (   
,claudius visit$ bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians )
 ! same indiff]5t sev]ity4 ,s ! ,n]onian
 p]secution 0 an accid5t aris+ out ( !  

fire at ,rome2 no "p ( a sy/ematic plan 
= ! suppression ( =eign religions4 ,x   
might h fall5 on any o!r sect or body ( 
m5 :o might h be5 designat$ z victims to
 appease ! popul> res5tm5t4 ,accu/om$ to
 ! sep>ate wor%ip ( ! ,jews1 to ! _m1   
,*ri/ianity appe>$ at fir/ only z a     
modification ( t belief4#f ,! same      
conjecture is m boldly v5tur$ 9 !       
,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,:at       
caprice ( cruelty direct$ ! att5tion (  
,n]o to ! ,*ri/ians1 & made him suppose 
!m victims important en\gh to glut !    
popul> indignation at ! burn+ ( ,rome1 x
 is impossible to det]m9e4 ,! cause &   
ext5t ( ! ,domitian p]secution is       
equally obscure4 ,! son ( ,vespasian 0 n
 likely to be m]ciful to any connect$ ) 
! fanatic ,jews4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( !   
second c5tury1 "u ,trajan1 p]secution   
aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians is rag+ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,t1 
h[ev]1 7,i feel increas$ confid5ce 9 !  
op9ion71 0 a local1 or r ,asiatic       
p]secution1 aris+ out ( ! vigilant & n  
gr\ndless appreh5sion ( ! sull5 & brood+

 prep>ation = insurrection among ! :ole 
,jewi% race 7) :om ,roman t]ror & hatr$ 
/ill conf\nd$ ! ,*ri/ians71 :i* broke   
out 9 ! bloody massacres ( ,cyr5e &     
,cyprus1 & 9 ! f9al rebellion1 dur+ !   
reign ( ,hadrian1 "u ,b>-,co*ab4#g ,if !
 ,*ri/ians made !mselves p>ticul>ly     
obnoxi\s1 !y did s by _! zeal = beliefs 
:i* !y %>$ ) ! ,jews & d]iv$ f !m2      
beliefs 9 ! p]sonality ( ,god1 !        
imm$iat5ess ( ,provid5ce1 ! law ( moral 
retribution1 & ! immortal de/9ies ( !   
human s\l4 ,_! belief 9 ! asc5d$ &      
reign+ ,*ri/ gave po9t to _! zeal2 b !  
,jews1 too1 clung to _! hope ( ! ,*ri/1 
& ?r\gh ! vitality ( _! hope 7 kn[n4    
,footnote #f3 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1    
,,ii2 p4 #h4  ,footnote #g3 ,vol4 ,i42  
p4 #ebh4  ,! importance ascrib$ to      
,*ri/ianity z a special moral =ce work+ 
9 ! con/itution ( ! hea!n _w1 is1 by    
rec5t admission1 ackn[l$g$ to h be5 mu* 
exagg]at$4 ,! *apt] on ,! /ate ( ! _w   
t[>d ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury 9 ,r5an's 
,apo/les1 sums up ) s+ul> calmness1     

cle>ness & easy /r5g?1 ! influ5ces t 7  
sl[ly trans=m+ ! social condition ( !   
empire2 ! nobl] ideas1 ! pur] morals1 ! 
am5ities & humanities t 7 /eal+ 9 to    
temp] ! viol5ce1 mitigate ! f]ocity1    
s(t5 ! h>dness & uplift ! grossness ( ! 
we/]n _w4 ,samuel ,johnson's little     
essay on ,! ,wor%ip ( ,jesus is a subtle
 glance into ! same facts1 trac+ !      
efficacy ( p[]s t co-op]at$ 9 produc+ ! 
atmosph]ic *ange :i* 0 z summ] succe$+  
w9t] ov] ! civiliz$ e>?4 ,mr4 ,lecky1 ) 
broad] t\*1 b accurately &              
consci5ti\sly1 pa9ts a noble picture on 
! same subject4 ,b o!r arti/s1 ( a      
diff]5t s*ool1 make ! same              
repres5tation4 ,m]ivale1 lectur+ 9      
#ahfd1 on ! ,boyle f\ndation1 9 ! ,*apel
 ,royal1 at ,:itehall1 on ! ,conv]sion (
 ! ,roman ,empire1 9 ! int]e/ ( !       
*ri/ian ,*ur*1 says1 ! influ5ce (       
,grecian conque/ 0 em95tly soo?+ &      
civiliz+2 x diffus$ ideas ( humanity &  
moral culture1 :ile ! conqu]ors !mselves
 imbib$ on _! side ! highe/ ( moral     

lessons1 lessons ( lib]ality1 (         
tol]ation1 ( sympa?y ) all ,god's human 
creation4 ,plut>*1 9 a few rapid t\*es1 
en=c$ by a vivid illu/ration :i* we may 
pass ov]1 gives ! picture ( ! new humane
 polity1 ! new idea ( human society     
fla%$ ^u ! imag9ation ( mank9d by !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! ,mac$onian ,empire4 ,su*1
 at lea/1 x appe>$ to ! m9d ( a writ]   
five c5turies lat]2 b !re are traces    
pres]v$1 ev5 9 ! wrecks ( anci5t        
civilization1 ( ! moral effect :i* x    
actually produc$ on ! feel+s ( society1 
mu* m ne>ly contemporane\s4 ,! conqu]or1
 inde$1 p]i%$ e>ly1 b n prematurely4 ,! 
great empire 0 split into fragm5ts1 b   
ea* long pres]v$ a s5se ( ! unity f :i* 
x 0 brok5 (f4 ,all 7 leav5$ m or less ) 
a common idea ( civilization1 &         
recogniz$ man z "o be+ 9 v>i\s /ages (  
developm5t1 to be tra9$ "u "o guidance &
 elevat$ to "o spiritual level4 ,9 ! two
 great k+doms ( ,egypt & ,syria1 :i*    
sprang out ( ! ,mac$onian1--9 ! two     
great cities ( ,alex&ria & ,antio*1 to  

:i* ! true religion owes s deep a       
debt1--! unity ( ! human race 0         
practically ass]t$ & ma9ta9$4 ,aft] ?ree
 c5turies ( national amalgamation1 !    
result ( a widespread political         
revolution1 aft] ! diffusion ( ,grecian 
ideas among e p1 f ! ,ionian to !       
,caspian or ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! reception 9 
return1 ( manifold ideas1 & 9 religi\s  
matt]s ( mu* high] ideas1 f ! ,p]sian1 !
 ,indian1 ! ,egyptian & ! ,jew1 ! p ev5 
( ,a!ns1 ! v c5tre & eye ( ,greece1 7   
prep>$ to admit ! c>d9al doctr9e (      
,paul's prea*+4  ,! same writ] cordially
 admits ! moral gr&eur & ! moral p[] ( !
 philosoph]s ^: tea*+ _h1 = sev]al      
g5]ations1 be5 leav5+ ! ?\ght & ennobl+ 
! humanity ( ! ,roman _w4 ,! philosophy 
( ! ,/oics1 ! highe/ & holie/ moral !ory
 at ! "t ( our ,"l's com+1--! !ory :i*  
mo/ wor?ily cont5d$ aga9/ ! m]ely       
political religion ( ! day1 ! !ory :i*  
oppos$ ! pure/ ideas & ! l(tie/ aims to 
! grovell+ pr9ciples ( a n>r[ & selfi%  
exp$i5cy on :i* ! frame ( ! hea!n ritual

 re/$--0 ! direct creation ( ! s5se (   
unity & equality dissem9at$ among !     
*oic] spirits ( hea!n society by !      
results ( ! ,mac$onian conque/4 ,b = t  
conque/ x c\ld h>dly h exi/$ at all4 ,x 
0 ! philosophy ( ,plato1 sublim$ &      
h>moniz$ by ! political circum/ances ( !
 times4 ,x 0 :at ,plato w\ld h imag9$1  
_h he be5 a subject ( ,alex&]4  ,x      
taught1 nom9ally at lea/1 ! equality (  
all ,god's *ildr5--( ,greek & b>b>ian1 (
 bond & free4 ,x r5\nc$ ! exclusive     
ideas ( ! commonweal? on :i* ,plato _h  
made %ipwreck ( 8 consi/5cy4 ,x decl>$ t
 to ! wise man all ! _w is 8 c\ntry4 ,x 
0 ?or\ghly compreh5sive & cosmopolitan4 
,in/ead ( a political union x prea*$ !  
moral union ( all good m51--a city (    
true philosoph]s1 a community ( religi\s
 s5tim5t1 a communion ( sa9ts1 to be    
develop$ p>tly "h bel[1 b m consummately
 9 ! future /ate ( a glorifi$ h]eaft]4  
,x aspir$1 at lea/1 to ! doctr9e ( an   
immortal city ( ! s\l1 a provid5ce "u   
:i* t immortality 0 to be ga9$1 a rew>d 

= ! good1 possibly1 b ev5 m dubi\sly1 a 
puni%m5t ( ! wick$4  ,m]ivale1 x w be   
und]/ood1 writ+ 9 ! int]e/ (            
,*ri/ianity1 makes note ( ! limitations 
( ! ,/oic ,philosophy1 calls x vague1   
unsatisfactory & ari/ocratic1 !         
peculi>ity ( a select class ( m9ds2 & s 
x 01 to a degree2 b t x _h a mighty     
influ5ce ?r\gh\t ! intellectual _w1 z   
mu* z any sy/em ( belief c\ld h1 mu/ be 
confess$4 ,s f> z ideas w5t1 x          
compreh5d$ ! wise/ & be/ !re 74 ,z      
respect$ ! au?ority by :i* ! ideas 7    
recomm5d$ & gu>ante$1 x 0 ! au?ority ( !
 intellectual lights ( ! _w4 ,to say t !
 tru?s 7 limit$1 is to say :at may be   
said ( e intellectual sy/em "u ! sun1   
includ+ ! beliefs ( *ri/ian apo/les :i* 
! *ri/ian ,*ur* has outgr[n4 ,to say t  
!y 7 n f9al1 is to say :at w be affirm$ 
( e intellectual sy/em till ! end ( "t4 
,!re ! beliefs 71 /at$1 urg$1 prea*$ )  
e>ne/ness by m5 ( live m9ds1 fully awake
 to ! ne$s ( ! society !y adorn$1 ?9k+ &
 writ+1 n = _! own ent]ta9m5t1 b = !    

improvem5t ( mank9d4 ,_! books 7 n read 
by ! multitude1 ! multitude c\ld n read3
 sc>cely c !y read n[4 ,b ! m5 influ5c$ 
! directors ( op9ion1 ! mak]s ( laws1 ! 
build]s ( in/itutions1 ! weal?y1 !      
in/ruct$1 ! high 9 place4  ,nor mu/ x be
 =gott5 t ^! ideas ( philosophy did n   
rema9 cold speculations4 ,!y bore       
*>act]i/ic fruits 9 humanity ( e k9d4 ,!
 bro!rhood 0 n a s5tim5t1 x 0 a pr9ciple
 ( wide b5efic5ce4 ,! *>ities ( ?is     
gospel atte/$ ! pres5ce ( a w>m he>t 9 !
 metropolis ( ! hea!n _w4 ,( ?is !re c  
no long] be any d\bt4 ,works l t (      
,d5is' ,hi/oire des ,!ories et des      
,idees ,morales dans l',antiquite1      
reveal a condition ( becom+ 9 ! ,roman  
,empire t might dispel ! fe>s ( ! mo/   
skeptical 9 reg>d to ! cont9u\s moral   
progress ( ! race4 ,! imm5se popul>     
di/ributions ( corn :i* f be+ occasional
 _h become habitual 9 ,rome1 7 z a rule 
prompt$ by no humane feel+1 7 n design$ 
to mitigate suff]+ or express           
compassion4 ,!y 7 9 ! ma91 devices =    

ga9+ popul>ity4 ,caius ,grac*us1 :o1 m  
?an a c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 c>ri$ a law    
mak+ compulsory ! sale ( corn to ! poor 
at a nom9al price1 0 p]haps actuat$ by a
 wor?i] motive2 b x is d\btful :e!r 8   
successors 74 ,cato ( ,utica 0 n4       
,clodius ,pul*] 0 n4 ,! emp]ors 7 oblig$
 to pur*ase popul>ity by ^! enorm\s     
bribes4 ,x is said t ,augu/us caus$ !   
mon?ly di/ribution to be made to two    
hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,half a million claim$ ! 
b\nty "u ! ,anton9es4 ,! addition ( a   
ration ( oil to ! corn2 ! sub/itution ( 
bread = ! corn2 ! supplem5t+ ( ?is by an
 all[ance ( pork2 a subsequ5t supply ( !
 article ( salt to ! poor on simil>ly   
easy t]ms2 ! di/ribution ( portions (   
l&2 ! imp]ial legacies1 donations1      
gratuities1 m5tion$ z be/[$ on occasion2
 ! public ba?s provid$ & ?r[n op5 to all
 at a trifl+ exp5se1 7 also means ( w9n+
 or reta9+ ! good w ( a fickle &        
turbul5t populace4 ,!y nei!r express$ a 
humane s5tim5t nor produc$ a humane     
result4 ,!y 7 sugge/$ by ambition1 no   

bett] sometimes ?an t ( ! demagogue1 &  
!y begot idl5ess1 & demoralization4 ,b  
"s "p ( ! b5efic5ce mu/ h sprung f a m  
g5]\s motive4 ,! int]e/ manife/$ by     
sev]al emp]ors 9 public education1 & !  
appropriation made = ! ma9t5ance ( !    
*ildr5 ( ! poor1 five ?\s& ( :om are    
said1 by ,pl9y1 to h be5 support$ by !  
gov]nm5t1 "u ,trajan1 :o presume nev]   
he>d ( ,*ri/ianity1--_c fairly be       
ascrib$ to political motives4 ,! private
 *>ities ( ! y\ng] ,pl9y1 :o devot$ a   
small patrimony to ! ma9t5ance ( poor   
*ildr5 9 ,como1 8 native place2 (       
,coelia ,macr9a1 :o f\nd$ a *>ity = "o  
hundr$ at ,t]rac9a2 ,hadrian's1 b\nties 
to poor wom52 ,anton9e's loans ( money  
to ! poor at r$uc$ rates ( int]e/2 !    
in/itutions d$icat$ to ! support ( girls
 by ,anton9us & ,m>cus ,aurelius2 !     
private infirm>ies = slaves2 ! milit>y  
hospitals1 c]ta9ly ow$ _! exi/5ce to a  
humane feel+4 ,pl9y is responsible = !  
/atem5t t bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome ! poor  
_h mutual insurance societies :i*       

provid$ = _! sick & infirm memb]s4      
,tacitus expatiates on ! g5]osity ( !   
ri*1 :o1 on occasion ( a cata/rophe ne> 
,rome1 ?rew op5 _! h\ses & tax$ _!      
res\rces to relieve ! suff]+4#h         
,footnote #h3 ,= ref]5ces1 see ,lecky's 
,european ,morals1 ,,ii41 p4 #gi-ha4    
,su* acts atte/ a g5u9e k9dness4 ,!     
prote/s ( ! be/ citiz5s aga9/ ! bloody  
gladiatorial %[s1--a prote/ s eag] &    
p]si/5t t ! trade ( ! gladiator 0       
s]i\sly injur$--mu/ h be5 9 ! highe/    
degree unpopul>1 = ! populace f\nd 9 ^! 
%[s _! favorite amusem5t4 ,!            
remon/rances ( philan?ropic m5 aga9/ !  
b>b>ities ( ! p5al code2 ! call = !     
aboli%m5t ( ! dea? p5alty2 ! pity = !   
woes ( neglect$ *ildr52 ! indignation at
 ! crime ( infanticide2 ! e>ne/ int]e/  
tak5 9 ! problems ( pro/itution & ! mo/ 
revolt+ aspects ( paup]ism 7 su* z might
 h proce$$ f n9ete5? c5tury p4#i ,/rong]
 words 7 nev] spok5 by ,am]ican         
abolitioni/s ?an 7 utt]$ by pagan lips  
aga9/ ! slav]y t 0 pull+ d[n ! ,roman   

,/ate4  ,footnote #i3 ,see ,d5is1 ,,ii41
 p4 #ee-bah4  ,t b5efic5ce 9 ! ,roman   
,empire dur+ ! latt] half ( ! fir/      
c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ! second 0       
fitful1 =mal1 limit$1 & unimpassion$1 z 
comp>$ ) ! *>ities ( ,*ri/ians 9 _!     
communities1 ne$ n be said2 ( c\rse x 04
 ,! ,*ri/ians succe$$ to ! legacies (   
k9dness left by ! pagans2 !y 7          
comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & 7 b\nd to "o
 ano!r by peculi> ties2 !y 7 !mselves ( 
! great family ( ! poor2 !y 7 oblig$ to 
help "o ano!r 9 ! only way !y c\ld1 by  
p]sonal ef=t & sacrifice4 ,_!           
traditions1 too1 ( b5efic5ce 7 ori5tal4 
,! diff]5ce 9 _s betwe5 ,roman &        
,*ri/ian *>ity _c be fairly describ$ z a
 diff]5ce betwe5 hea!n *>ity & *ri/ian2 
x is m j to call x a diff]5ce betwe5    
,ea/]n *>ity & ,we/]n4 ,! ,ori5tals1    
includ+ ! ,jews1 made b5efic5ce 9 its   
v>i\s =ms1 an individual duty4 ,k9dness 
to ! sick1 ! un=tunate1 ! poor1         
compassion ) ! sorr[ful1 almsgiv+ to !  
de/itute1 hospitality to ! /rang]1 are  

virtues *>act]i/ic ( all ea/]n p4 ,!    
,new ,te/am5t *iefly e*oes ! s5tim5t ( !
 ,old on ?is matt]1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t   
*imes 9 ) ! voices ( ea/]n tea*]s4 ,9 ! 
,we/1 gov]nm5t und]took responsibilities
 :i* 9 ori5tal l&s1 7 assum$ by         
individuals2 p 7 to a mu* great] degree 
mass$ 9 ord]s & classes2 ! di/ance 0    
wid] betwe5 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$1 &    
consid]ations ( /ate m gravely affect$ !
 actions :i* else:]e seem$ to conc]n    
only ! private consci5ce & he>t4 ,! "q (
 advantage betwe5 ^! two sy/ems is /ill 
an op5 "o4 ,9 e g5]ation !re h be5 "s1  
*ri/ians too1 :o pref]r$ ! we/]n me?od  
to ! ea/]n1 z be+ less co/ly1 & m       
me?odical2 ! debate on ! relative       
advantages & disadvantages ( ! p]sonal &
 ! imp]sonal me?ods /ill goes on 9 mod]n
 communities2 nei!r sy/em prevails      
exclusively 9 any *ri/ian l&2 ! ,lat9   
races /ill1 z a rule1 pref] ! ,roman    
way1 ,france = example1 :]e *>ity is a  
matt] ( public r ?an ( private conc]n4  
,! mis*iefs ( ! ori5tal me?od 7 app>5t  

be=e ,*ri/ianity appe>$1 & its zeal\s   
adoption ( !m e>ly awak5$ misgiv+s4 ,!  
indiscrim9ate almsgiv+1 ! elevation (   
pov]ty to ! rank ( a privilege1 !       
glorification ( self-impov]i%m5t1 !     
acceptance ( feel+ z a div9e monitor1 & 
( emotion z a heav5ly in/9ct1 !         
sub/itution ( ! wor%ip ( ! he>t =       
def]5ce to reason1 ! loose compassion1 !
 practical & pr(ess$ communism--= "s ( !
 fa!rs ma9ta9$ t all prop]ty 0 bas$ on  
usurpation1 t all m5 _h a common "r 9 ! 
e>?1 & t none 0 entitl$ to hold weal?   
except z a tru/ = o!rs--soon disclos$   
disa/r\s results4 ,aga9/ ! evils t are  
fairly *>geable ^u ! :olesale measures (
 ! imp]ial b\nty1 mu/ be (fset ! equally
 grave1 & 9 "s respects1 n dissimil>    
evils incid5t to ! unpr9cipl$ practice (
 lov+ k9dness on ! "p ( ! bi%ops & _!   
flocks1 ! increase ( ! dep5d5t1 !       
enc\ragem5t ( paup]ism1 ! wa/e ( weal?1 
! worse wa/e ( humanity4 ,national      
philan?ropy 9 ,london & ,new ,york f9ds 
no m s]i\s ob/acle to its advance ?an ! 

b5evol5ce t is inculcat$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1
 & by au?ority ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x is 
! battle ( sci5ce aga9/ s5tim5t4  ,!    
increas$ dev\tness t %[$ itself 9 !     
empire1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury1
 ! pi\s passion t broke out1 is         
attributable to natural causes1 t h be5 
m5tion$ by e au?or :o has writt5 on !   
subject4 ,x is famili> k t ! decay (    
in/itutions1 ! dis9tegration ( social   
bonds1 ! g5]al decl9e ( positive        
religi\s fai?1 a decl9e p>tly due1      
possibly1 to ! tol]ance :i* plac$ all   
fai?s side by side1 0 foll[$1 or we     
might say accompani$ by a long+ aft]    
div9e ?+s t 0 wild 9 ! f]vor ( its      
impulse4 ,! complac5t reign ( skepticism
 0 succe$$ by a volcanic outbreak (     
sup]/ition4 ,:at has be5 call$ a /orm ( 
sup]naturalism bur/ =?1 ) ! usual       
accompanim5ts ( fr5zy1 & took possession
 ( all classes4 ,only g5]al causes ( ?is
 c be assign$4 ,t x 0 due to any special
 influ5ce _c be alleg$4 ,t x 0 due to   
any sup]natural int]position ( heav51 is

 an unnecess>y supposition4 ,! cursory  
read] ( ! hi/ory ( ! empire1 z writt5 by
 intellig5t mod]n s*ol>s1 ( :atev]      
s*ool1 sees pla9ly en\gh ! pass t ?+s _h
 come to & h[ !y came to x4 ,*ri/ianity 
came 9 on ! wave ( ?is movem5t1 felt its
 =ce1 /ruck into its *annel1 0 borne    
al(t on its bosom4 ,x is cu/om>y to     
speak ( all ?is spiritual f]m5t z a     
prep>ation = ,*ri/ianity2 x 0 su* a     
prep>ation z left ,*ri/ianity little ( a
 peculi> k9d to d4 ,:at new elem5t x    
introduc$1 x w\ld be h>d to say n[1     
h[ev] easy x seem$ half a c5tury ago4 ,!
 des]t l& ( hea!nism has be5 explor$1 & 
! result is a discov]y ( f]tile pla9s   
in/ead ( b>r5ness4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 !
 ante-,*ri/ian & ! po/-*ri/ian eras is1 
if n oblit]at$1 yet s f> effac$1 t !    
transition f "o to ! o!r is natural &   
facile4  ,! long+ = spiritual           
satisfaction t /irr$ 9 ! he>t ( !       
empire1 f\nd nei!r its s\rce nor its    
gratification exclusively 9 ! religion t
 aft]w>ds became ! pr(ess$ fai? ( ,rome4

 ,x slak$ its ?ir/ at old] f\nta9s4 ,su*
 long+s w1 at ne$1 op5 f\nta9s ( liv+   
wat] = _! own supply4 ,pass+ ?r\gh !    
valley ( ,baca !y create a well1 !      
/reams :]e( fill ! pools4 ,! smitt5 rock
 p\rs out its torr5ts4 ,! hungry s\l    
creates its h>ve/ z x goes along1 fe$+  
itself by ! way ) food t seems to fall  
miracul\sly f ! sky4 ,x makes a religion
 if !re be none at h&4 ,a new heav5     
peopl$ ) angels2 a new e>? full (       
provid5ces come into be+ at its call4 ,b
 9 ?is em]g5cy ! religion 0 extant 9 !  
_w1 already v5]able1 already prov$4 ,x 0
 ! religion ( ,israel1 ) all t 0        
necess>y to attract att5tion & comm&    
rev]5ce2 a holy ,god1 an imm$iate       
provid5ce1 a solemn hi/ory1 a glori\s   
prophecy1 an inspir+ hope1 traditions1  
in/itutions1 a temple1 a prie/hood1     
sacrifices1 a code ( laws1 c]emonial &  
moral1 poetry1 le>n+1 music1 my/]y1     
/ately =ms ( m5 & wom51 judges1 k+s1    
h]oes1 m>tyrs1 sa9ts1 a sup]b lit]ature1
 leg5ds ( virtue1 fe/ivals ( joy1       

visions ( resurrection & judgm5t1       
precepts ( righte\sness1 promises (     
peace1 songs ( victory & ( sorr[1 dreams
 ( a heav5ly k+dom to be won by ob$i5ce 
to div9e law1 t5d] lessons ( *>ity1 /]n 
lessons ( d5ial1 fasc9at+ attractions & 
yet m fasc9at+ fe>s1 g5tle p]suasions & 
awful m5aces1 calculat$ to lay hold on e
 mood1 to ?rill & to satisfy e human    
emotion4 ,! religion ( ,israel lack$    
little b outw>d pre/ige ( p[] & weal? to
 make x precisely :at ! "t requir$2 & 9 
times ( real e>ne/ness ! pre/ige ( p[] &
 weal? is readily disp5s$ )4 ,!         
unfa%ionable fai? is ! v "o to attract  
worldly p on _! fir/ awak5+ to spiritual
 s5sibility4 ,! %[ ( worldl9ess is !n1  
to ! worldly1 p>ticul>ly (f5sive4 ,! lu/
 ( ! fle%1 ! lu/ ( ! eyes1 ! pride (    
life1 delight 9 abas+ !mselves be=e rags
 & fil?1 wi%+ to rea* ! opposite        
extreme4 ,! graces ( ! religi\s "*1     
humility1 meekness1 self-accusation1    
contrition1 f9d 9 associations ) !      
co>se1 ! h>d1 ! repulsive1 _! fitte/    

expression4 ,h5ce x 0 t ,judaism1       
h]et(ore ! fai? ( ! despis$1 became !   
fai? ( ! despis]s4 ,its v dogmatism1 its
 pr\d exclusiv5ess & intol]ance1 7 9 its
 favor4 ,its haughty res]ve assi/$ x2   
its sup]b disda9 ( o!r fai?s1 its boa/ (
 antiquity1 its claim to a monopoly ( ! 
future ( ! race1 ex]t$ a weird spell ov]
 ! daz$ & decrepit m9ds ( ! sup]/iti\s1 
high & l[4 ,its l(ty belief 9 miracle & 
sign1 fairly con/ra9$ ! skeptical to b[ 
! head4  ,! int]e/ felt 9 ,judaism1 &   
its influ5ce on society 9 its high      
places1 h already be5 allud$ to1 & ne$ n
 be fur!r insi/$ on4 ,! te/imony (      
,juv5al--! te/imony ( s>casm &          
compla9t--is en\gh to e/abli% ! fact t a
 curiosity am\nt+ to infatuation _h tak5
 possession especially ( ! wom5 ( ,rome4
  ,if x be ask$ :y ,judaism1 !n1 0 n    
made ! religion ( ! empire1 in/ead (    
,*ri/ianity1 :i* x hat$ ) all ! f]vor ( 
close relation%ip1 ! answ] is at h&3    
,judaism laid no emphasis on its        
cosmopolitan features1 & disc\rag$      

belief 9 ! hi/orical fulfilm5t ( its own
 prophecy4 ,! *>ge t x 0 a national     
religion1 ! religion ( a race1 x 0 at no
 pa9s to repel2 on ! contr>y1 x seems to
 h exagg]at$ ?is claim to di/9ction1 /&+
 on its dignity1 despis+ ! arts (       
propag&ism & dem&+ ! submission ( o!r   
cre$s4 ,?is attitude alone might h      
recomm5d$ ! religion 9 "s qu>t]s1 & w\ld
 n h s]i\sly emb>rass$ x 9 any1 suppos+ 
x to h be5 l(tily & wor?ily su/a9$4 ,a  
grav] cause ( its unpopul>ity 0 its     
failure to lay /ress on its ,messianic  
idea4 ,x w\ld abate no?+ ( its mono!i/ic
 gr&eur4 ,its ,god 0 ! ev]la/+1 !       
inf9ite1 ! =mless1 ! invisible4 ,! comm&
 to make ( ,him no image :atev]1 ei!r   
animal or human1 to associate ,him )    
nei!r place nor "t1 0 obey$ to ! lett]4 
,among a p extremely s5sitive to grace (
 =m & beauty ( color1 ! ,jews _h no art2
 !y set up no /atue2 !y pa9t$ no        
picture2 !y all[$ no emblem t c\ld be   
wor%ipp$4 ,_! ,holy ,_s 0 an influ5ce2  
_! ,messiah 0 a di/ant hope2 _! k+dom ( 

heav5 0 a dream4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( bo?     
s*ools--! cons]vative & ! lib]al--?ru/  
into ! =egr\nd ! conceptions :i* _!     
co-religioni/s kept 9 ! %ad[ (          
anticipation4 ,9 _! belief1 prophecy 0  
fulfill$4 ,! ,messiah _h come2 he _h    
tak5 on human %ape2 he _h pass$ ?r\gh an
 e>?ly c>e]2 he _h asc5d$ 9 visible =m  
to ! skies2 he sat !re at ! "r h& ( !   
,maje/y on high2 he 0 active 9 8 c>e = 8
 own1 suff]+ & sorr[+ on e>?2 he s5t !  
,holy ,_s1 ! com=t] & guide to 8 fri5ds 
9 _! affliction2 he 0 ! imm$iate ,god2  
he he>d & answ]$ pray]2 he p>don$ s92 he
 op5$ ! gates ( heav5 to believ]s4 ,!y  
did n scruple to make images ( him2 to  
repres5t him 9 emblems2 to eke out _!   
own rude art by adopt+ ! art :i* ! hea!n
 _h ceas$ to v5]ate1 &1 :]e !y c\ld1    
re-d$icat+ /atues ( ,apollo & ,jupit] to
 _! ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 eag] to h leg5d>y      
portraits accept$ z fai?ful lik5esses ( 
_! ,"l4 ,fables 7 inv5t$1 l t (         
,v]onica's napk91 to give curr5cy to    
c]ta9 heads z ! ,*ri/'s own image (     

himself miracul\sly impr9t$ on a clo?4  
,!y claim$ to h se5 him1 9 mom5ts (     
ec/asy2 !y ascrib$ to 8 prompt+1 /ates (
 feel+1 purposes & c\rses ( action4 ,by 
e means !y creat$ & deep5$ ! impression 
t ! ,div9ity !y wor%ipp$ 0 a real ,god1 
& no intellectual ab/raction4  ,?is 0 ! 
v ?+ ! pagan _w want$--a p]sonal ,deity1
 ,provid5ce1 ,savi\r4 ,?r\gh _!         
acquiesc5ce 9 ?is dem&1 o!r ori5tal     
fai?s1 )\t a ti! ( ,israel's            
gr&eur--my?ological1 sup]/iti\s1 s5sual 
ev5--ga9$ a popul>ity t ,judaism c\ld n 
atta94 ,! /range ,egyptian div9ities    
drew _m to _! %r9es4 ,?ree              
emp]ors--,commodus1 ,c>acalla &         
,heliogabalus--are said to h be5 devot$ 
to ! my/]ies ( ,isis & ,s]apis4 ,juv5al 
describes ,roman wom5 z break+ ! ice on 
! froz5 ,tib]1 at ! dawn ( day1 & plung+
 ?rice into ! /ream ( purification2 z   
pa9fully dragg+ !mselves on ble$+ knees 
ar\nd ! field ( ,t>qu92 z project+      
pilgrimages to ,egypt1 exp$itions 9 se>*
 ( ! holy wat] requir$ at ! %r9e ( !    

goddess4 ,! ,p]sian ,mi?ras _h 8 ?rongs 
( ador+ devotees4 ,! prom95ce giv5 at   
?is p]iod to ! /atues ( ,mi?ras1 !      
exi/5ce ( temples to ,isis & ,s]apis1   
atte/ ! p[] t ^! div9ities ex]t$ ov] !  
imag9ation ( ! ,italian p4 ,^! p dem&$  
deities human 9 %ape & attributes4 ,s   
clamor\s 7 !y = images1 t !y w\ld       
consecrate !m at any co/ ( dec5cy4 ,!   
emp]or ,augu/us 0 deifi$4 ,8 /atue on ! 
public squ>e1 8 insignia on a bann]1 8  
"n on a %ield excit$ v5]ation4 ,! noble/
 religion )\t a human c5tre 0 less priz$
 ?an ! ignoble/ ) "o1 & ! fai? ( ,israel
 0 compell$ to yield to ! degrad+       
fasc9ations ( ! ,bona ,dea4  ,! ,*ri/ian
 ,jews1 ) _! ,messiah1 took ! popul>    
desire at its be/1 & satisfi$ x4 ,!     
image !y pres5t$1 ?\gh to ! m9d's eye   
only1 0 s mu* m graci\s ?an ! lovelie/ t
 ea/]n or we/]n art furni%$ t its       
acceptance 0 assur$4 ,e>ly 9 ! f\r?     
c5tury ! impression made 0 too deep to  
be ov]look$ by ! controll]s ( public    
op9ion4 ,! politic ,con/ant9e1 seek+ a  

spiritual ally1 & f9d+ none among !     
fai?s ( 8 own l&1 call$ 9 ! ,naz>5e to  
aid him 9 e/abli%+ an empire ov] ! s\ls 
( 8 subjects4 ,*ri/ 0 k+ 9 fact be=e he 
0 =mally cr[n$4  ,b ! true hi/ory ( 8   
reign began ) ! c]emony ( 8 coronation2 
! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity z a di/9ct       
religion comm5ces ) ! s-call$ conv]sion 
( ,con/ant9e4 ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity 0 !     
fir/1 "s ?9k ! consummate1 9 fact !     
only1 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! adoption ( !      
religion z ! ,/ate ,*ur*1 0 = x a new   
creation4 ,f t mom5t1 began ! ef=ts to  
complete its dogmatical sy/em by a      
succession ( c\ncils1 ! fir/ "o1 t (    
,nicaea1 be+ held ,a4 ,d4 #cbe1 ab\t    
twelve ye>s aft] ! imp]ial conv]sion2 t 
( ,s>dica--ecclesia/ically ( great      
importance--9 #cdg1 & ! c\ncils ( ,arles
 & ( ,milan 9 #ceb4  ,once seat$ on a   
?rone ( p[]1 a cr[n on 8 head1 a sceptre
 9 8 h&1 clo!d ) au?ority1 protect$ by  
armies1 gird$ ) law1 in/igator (        
policies1 *ief ( c]emonies1 ! ,*ri/ 9   
heav5 rapidly complet$ ! /ructure :]e(  

,con/ant9e _h plac$ ! corn]-/one4 ,!    
mat]ials he ga!r$ "r & left1 :]ev] !y 7 
to be f\nd4 ,"r ( supremacy made !m 84  
,judaism gave temple1 & synagogue1 !    
organization ( its prie/hood1 !         
di/9ction betwe5 prie/ & layman1 its    
wor%ip1 music1 scripture1 litany1       
s5tim5t & usage ( pray]1 its ascetic _s1
 its doctr9es ( resurrection & judgm5t1 
its code ( righte\sness1 its alt> =ms1  
its hi/ory1 & its prophecy4 ,paganism 0 
laid "u contribution = its milit>y _s4  
,! /ations ( ! ,passion1 7 copi$ f army 
usage1 s 7 its practical temp]1 its     
reg>d = prec$5t law & policy1 its rules 
( ob$i5ce1 its di/ru/ ( speculation1 its
 horror ( s*ism1 its passion = unity1   
its skill 9 diplomacy1 its solid respect
 = au?ority4 ,quietly1 )\t leave ask$1  
or apology (f]$1 ! insignia ( ! old     
fai?s 7 transf]r$ to ! new4 ,! title (  
,sov]eign ,pontifex1 or bridgemak]--giv5
 orig9ally to ! *ief ( ! guild (        
me*anics1 pass$ along f ! p]iod ( !     
e>lie/ k+s ?r\gh p]sons ( consul>       

dignity1 & f9ally be/[$ on ! ,roman     
emp]ors2 a title giv5 at fir/1 9        
commemoration ( ! pons ,janicul>is1 :i* 
jo9$ ! city to ! highe/ ( ! surr\nd+    
hills--0 conf]r$ on ! bi%ops or popes ^:
 (fice x 0 to bridge ov] ! gulf betwe5 !
 e>? & ! cele/ial m\nta9s4 ,! /atues (  
,jupit]1 ,apollo1 ,m]cury1 ,orpheus1 did
 duty = ! ,*ri/4 ,! ,?ames riv] god     
(ficiates at ! baptism ( ,jesus 9 !     
,jordan4 ,pet] holds ! keys ( ,janus4   
,moses we>s ! horns ( ,jove4 ,c]es1     
,cybele1 ,demet]1 assume new names z    
,que5 ( ,heav51 ,/> ( ! ,sea1 ,m>ia     
,illum9atrix2 ,dionysius is ,/4 ,d5is2  
,cosmos is ,/4 ,cosmo2 ,pluto &         
,pros]p9e resign _! seats 9 ! hall (    
f9al judgm5t1 to ! ,*ri/ & 8 "m4 ,!     
,p>cae depute "o ( _! numb]1 ,la*esis1 !
 dispos] ( lots1 to set ! /amp ( de/9y  
^u ! dea?s ( ,*ri/ian believ]s4 ,! aura 
placida ( ! poets1 ! g5tle breeze1 is   
p]sonifi$ z ,aura & ,placida4 ,! p]petua
 felicitas ( ! devotee becomes a lovely 
pres5ce 9 ! =ms ( ,/4 ,p]petua & ,/4    

,felicitas1 gu>dian angels ( ! pi\s s\l4
 ,no relic ( ,paganism 0 p]mitt$ to     
rema9 9 its casket4 ,! depositories 7   
all ransack$4 ,! %ad[y h&s ( ,egyptian  
prie/s plac$ ! urn ( holy wat] at ! por*
 ( ! basilica1 :i* /ood ready to be     
conv]t$ into a temple4 ,prie/s ( ! mo/  
anci5t fai?s ( ,pale/9e1 ,assyria1      
,babylon1 ,!bes1 ,p]sia1 7 p]mitt$ to   
erect ! alt> at ! po9t :]e ! transv]se  
beam ( ! cross meets ! ma9 /em4 ,! h&s t
 con/ruct$ ! temple 9 cruci=m %ape _h   
long become too att5uat$ to ca/ ! fa9te/
 %ad[4 ,!re ,devaki ) ! infant ,cri%na1 
,maya ) ! babe ,boodha1 ,juno ) ! *ild  
,m>s1 repres5t ,m>y ) ,jesus 9 h] arms4 
,co>se emblems are n reject$2 !         
,assyrian dove is a t5d] symbol ( !     
,holy ,gho/4 ,! rag bags & toy boxes 7  
explor$4 ,a bauble :i* ! ,roman         
s*ool-boy _h ?r[n away 0 pick$ up &     
call$ an agnus dei4 ,! mu/y w>drobes (  
=gott5 hi]>*ies furni%$ co/umes = !     
(fic]s ( ! new pr9ce4 ,alb & *asuble    
recall$ ! fa%ions ( ,numa's day4 ,! ca/ 

(f purple habits & %oes ( pagan emp]ors 
beautifi$ ! augu/ p]sons ( *ri/ian      
,popes4 ,! c>d9al mu/ be cont5t$ ) !    
robes once worn by s5ators4 ,zoroa/]    
b\nd ab\t ! monks ! girdle he inv5t$ z a
 protection aga9/ evil spirits1 & clo!d 
!m 9 ! frocks he _h f\nd conv5i5t = 8   
ritual4 ,! ,pope ?ru/ out 8 foot to be  
kiss$1 z ,caligula1 ,heliogabalus1 &    
,julius ,caes> _h ?ru/ out !irs4 ,no?+  
came amiss to ! fai? t 0 to dis*>ge     
h5ce=? ! (fices ( spiritual impression4 
,/oles1 veils1 crozi]s1 7 all 9         
requisition )\t too close scrut9y ( _!  
antec$5ts4 ,a complete inve/igation (   
?is subject w probably reveal ! fact t  
,*ri/ianity owes its entire w>drobe1    
ecclesia/ical1 symbolical1 dogmatical1  
to ! religions t prec$$ x4 ,! po9t (    
difficulty to decide is 9 :at respect   
,*ri/ianity diff]s f ! eld] fai?s4 ,?is 
is ! next task its apologi/s h to p]=m4 
,b ?is "q does n conc]n u "h4 ,hav+     
indicat$ ! s\rce :5ce ! religion        
proce$$1 & ! process by :i* ! successive

 /ages 9 its developm5t 7 rea*$1 we h   
done all t 0 purpos$4 ,we h tri$ to make
 x cle> t ! ,messianic conception f :i* 
x />t$1 & f :i* its life 0 d]iv$ at ea* 
p]iod ( its gr[?1 presid$ ov] its de/9y 
9 ! we/]n _w1 & introduc$ x to ! place (
 honor x 0 aft]w>ds call$ to fill4  ,:at
 t place 0 & h[ ! ,*ur* fill$ x has be5 
told 9 a multitude ( hi/orical books4 ,!
 hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity is n ! /ory ( a   
develop+ idea1 b a record ( ! a*ievem5ts
 ( an idea develop$1 organiz$1 in/itut$4
 ,f ! date ( ! e/abli%$ religion1 !     
writ+s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t became !       
lit]ature ( ! e>lie/ p]iod4 ,9 ! we/]n  
_w ! m9d ( ,*ri/5dom exp&$ to deep] &   
wid] ?\ghts1 a new lit]ature 0 orig9at$ 
( great ri*ness1 afflu5ce & beauty1 &   
gave expression to ideas :i*1 9 !       
primitive p]iod c\ld n h be5 =m$4 ,!    
,greek & ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 ! s*oolm51 !     
ca?olic !ologians1 ,italian1 ,spani%1   
,fr5*1 ! ,g]man my/ical writ]s1 !       
,prote/ant div9es & prea*]s1 h produc$  
writ+s unsurpass$ 9 intellectual /r5g? &

 spiritual disc]nm5t4 ,! possibilities (
 speculation h be5 exhau/$2 ! abysses ( 
reflection h be5 s\nd$2 ! heights (     
m$itation h be5 scal$4 ,! *ri/ian idea (
 salvation has be5 appli$ to e phase (  
human exp]i5ce1 & to e problem ( social 
life4 ,! rudim5tal conceptions h be5    
di/anc$2 ! orig9al limitations h be5    
ov]pass$4 ,rites h be5 *>g$ ) new       
significance1 symbols load$ ) new       
mean+s1 doctr9es int]pret$ 9 new s5ses4 
,*ri/ianity z ! mod]n _w kn[s x1 is a   
new creation4 ,! "n ( ,messiah is spok51
 b ) feel+s unkn[n to ! ,jews ( ! fir/ &
 second c5tury4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is     
reg>d$ z a /ore h\se ( g]ms1 a magaz9e (
 texts to be int]pret$ by ! light ( !   
full orb$ _s1 & unfold$ to meet ! ne$s (
 an old] _w4 ,! cord :i* connect$ !     
religion ) ! "m fai? ( ,israel 0 brok5 &
 ! fai? ent]$ on an indep5d5t exi/5ce4  
,to ! cradle succe$s ! ca!dral4         
,,ix4  ,,jesus4   ,x w be rem>k$ t 9 !  
=ego+ *apt]s no acc\nt is giv5 ( ,jesus1
 & no acc\nt made ( him4 ,8 "n has n be5

 writt5 except :]e ! common usage (     
spee* made x necess>y4 ,! writ] has     
c>efully avoid$ occasion = express+ an  
op9ion 9 reg>d to 8 "*1 8 p]=mance1 or 8
 claim2 has c>efully avoid$ s do+2 !    
omission has be5 int5tional4 ,! purpose 
( 8 essay is to give ! hi/ory ( an idea1
 n ! hi/ory ( a p]son1 to trace !       
developm5t ( a ?\ght1 n ! influ5ce ( a  
life1 lett+ x be inf]r$ :e!r ! life 7   
necess>y1 & if necess>y1 :]e9 & h[ f>   
necess>y to ! %ap+ ( ! ?\ght4 ,b ?is    
task w n be judg$ to h be5 fairly       
dis*>g$ unless he decl>es ! nature ( !  
inf]5ce he himself draws4 ,! "q ,:at ?9k
 ye ( ! ,*ri/8 mean+ ,:at ?9k ye (      
,jesus8 may be fairly put to him1 & %\ld
 be frankly answ]$4 ,t !re are two      
di/9ct que/ions "h propos$1 ne$ n at !  
close ( ?is essay be said4 ,jesus is !  
"n ( a man2 ,*ri/1 or r ,! ,*ri/1 is !  
"n ( an idea4 ,! hi/ory ( ,jesus is !   
hi/ory ( an individual2 ! hi/ory ( !    
,*ri/ is ! hi/ory ( a doctr9e4 ,an essay
 on ! ,*ri/-idea t\*es ! p]son ( ,jesus1

 only z he is associat$ ) ! ,*ri/-idea  
or is made a repres5tative ( x4 ,_h he n
 be5 associat$ ) t idea1 ei!r ?r\gh 8   
own design or 9 ! belief ( 8 c\ntrym51 !
 omission ( all m5tion ( 8 "n w\ld      
provoke no criticism4 ,! common op9ion t
 he 0 9 "s s5se ! ,*ri/2 t b = him !    
,*ri/-idea w\ld n h be5 made conspicu\s 
9 ! way & at ! "t x 02 t ! exi/5ce ( !  
,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 ! conv]sion ( ,paul1 !  
composition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! c\rse (
 religi\s ?\ght 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n _w 0  
direct$ by 8 m9d2 t ! social life1--!   
morals & mann]s1 ! he>t1 consci5ce1     
feel+1 s\l--( mank9d1 9 ! e>li] & lat]  
c5turies ( 8 era 0 det]m9$ by 8 "*1     
r5d]s necess>y a ^w ( comm5t on !       
validity ( 8 individual claim4  ,if ei!r
 ( ! f\r gospels is to be accept$ z     
biography x mu/ be ! fir/1 z be+ !      
e>lie/ 9 date1 & z conta9+ less ?an ei!r
 ( ! o!rs ( speculative admixture4 ,!   
fir/ gospel re/s1 accord+ to an anci5t  
tradition1 on memor&a or notes tak5 by a
 companion ( ,jesus & aft]w>ds writt5   

out1 9 ! popul> language ( ! c\ntry1 = !
 use ( ! disciples & o!rs 9 ,judaea &   
,galilee4 ,! disappe>ance ( all save a  
few fragm5ts ( ?is book1 & ( any writ+  
answ]+ 9 description to x1 !            
impossibility ( id5tify+ x ) ! pres5t   
,gospel ( ,mat!w1 or ( prov+ t ! exi/+  
,gospel ( ,mat!w re/s ^u x2#aj !        
comp>atively late date to :i* our ,greek
 ,mat!w mu/ be assign$--?irty ye>s at   
lea/1 probably fifty or sixty aft]      
,jesus' dea?1 & ! absolute failure ( all
 attempts to trace its records to an eye
 witness ( any sort1 7say no?+ ( a      
compet5t eye witness1 cle> ( head1      
t5aci\s ( memory1 v]aci\s 9 spee*17 all 
conspire to /amp ) imprud5ce !          
conjecture t ! ,*ri/ ( ,mat!w & ! ,jesus
 ( hi/ory 7 "o & ! same4 ,?is w\ld be ! 
case 7 ! picture h>moni\sly proportion$1
 z x is n4  ,footnote #aj3 ,! "* &      
influ5ce ( ! ,gospel ( ! ,hebrews & (   
o!r books ( ! same k9d is consid]$ 9    
full by ,mr4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld 9 ,! ,lo/ & 
,ho/ile ,gospels4 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld argues

 t :ile nei!r ( our pres5t ,gospels is  
entitl$ to be call$ g5u9e 9 ! ord9>y    
s5se1 !y conta9 au!ntic biographical    
mat]ials4 ,x is 8 op9ion t at ! close ( 
! fir/ c5tury almo/ e ,*ur* _h its own  
,gospel1 ) :i* alone x 0 acqua9t$4 ,b x 
does n foll[ t ^! ,gospels 7 n z        
tru/wor?y z ! f\r :i* we n[ alone       
recognize4 7p4 #bc47 ,mr4 ,b>+-,g\ld's  
argum5t is n /rong4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( !  
,gospel ( ! ,hebrews is no e>li] ?an !  
middle ( ! second c5tury2 ! rema9+      
fragm5ts ( x are too few & too          
undecisive to be ( weight2 & x 01 by all
 confession1 writt5 9 ! int]e/ ( !      
,naz>5e or ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians4 ,mr4     
,b>+-,g\ld himself classes x ) !        
,clem5t9e writ+s & calls !m ,! ,lo/     
,petr9e ,gospels4  ,! f\r? ,gospel is   
usually accept$ z ! "w ( a disciple1 !  
lov$ disciple1 ! bosom fri5d1 ^:        
appreh5sion ( ! spiritual "* ( ,jesus 0 
mu* ke5] & tru] ?an t ( any bus9ess man1
 any m]e foll[]1 any commonplace1       
inconspicu\s p]son l ,mat!w4 ,b ! f\r?  

,gospel1 all[+ t x 0 writt5 by ,john !  
disciple1 mu/1 to insi/ on a =m] rem>k1 
h be5 writt5 9 8 extreme old age1 & aft]
 a m5tal & spiritual trans=mation s     
complete z to leave no trace ( !        
,galilean y\? :om ,jesus took to 8 he>t4
 ,! zealot has become a my/ic2 !        
,pale/9ian ,jew has become an ,asiatic  
,greek3 ! son ( ?und] is a philosoph]2 !
 fi%]man is a cultivat$ writ]1 acqua9t$ 
) ! subtle/ =ms ( speculation4 ,is x    
conceivable t su* a man %\ld h reta9$ 8 
impressions ( biographical incid5ts &   
p]sonal traits1 or t reta9+ !m he %\ld h
 all[$ !m _! due prom95ce 9 8 record8 c 
8 picture be accept$ z a portrait8      
,c]ta9ly1 "s are impati5t to say1 & =   
?is v reason2 z ! p]fect1 ! only        
portrait2 ! picture ( ! v man1 !        
biography ( 8 s\l2 we accept x z we     
accept ,plato's portrait ( ,socrates4 ,b
 d we accept ,plato's portrait (        
,socrates1 z a piece done to ! life8    
,plato 0 a great arti/1 z all ! _w kn[s 
f 8 au!ntic works4 ,b ev5 9 8 case1 we d

 n "k :e!r he1 9 depict+ ,socrates1     
meant to pa9t ! man z he really 01 or an
 ideal head1 conceiv$ accord+ to !      
,socratic type4 ,to comp>e ,john's      
portrait ( ,jesus ) ,plato's portrait ( 
,socrates1 is besides1 a proce$+ q      
illogical2 = we mu/ assume1 9 ! fir/    
place1 t ,john pa9t$ ?is portrait (     
,jesus1 & 9 ! next place t ! portrait   
mu/ be a good "o because he pa9t$       
x1--?is be+ ! only piece ( 8 ev] on     
exhibition4  ,to say ) ,r5an & o!rs t ! 
idealiz$ lik5ess mu/ f ! nature ( ! case
 be ! correct "o1 because su* a p]son z 
,jesus 01 is be/ se5 at a di/ance & by  
poetic gaze1 is aga9 to beg ! "q4 ,h[ d 
we "k t ,jesus 0 su* a p]son8 ,h[ d we  
"k t ! mo/ spiritual appreh5sion ( him1 
0 ! true/2 t !y judg$ him mo/ ju/ly1 :o 
judg$ him f ! highe/ po9t2 t ! glorify+ 
imag9ations alone pres5t$ 8 full /ature 
& proportions1 t ! ord9>y m9ds          
imm$iately ab\t him necess>ily          
miscon/ru$ & misrepres5t$ him8 ,9 ! ord]
 ( exp]i5ce1 hi/orical & biographical   

tru? is discov]$ by /ripp+ (f lay] aft] 
lay] ( exagg]ation & go+ back to !      
/atem5ts ( contempor>ies4 ,z a rule1    
figures are r$uc$1 n enl>g$1 by         
criticism4 ,! influ5ce ( admiration is  
recogniz$ z di/ort+ & falsify+1 :ile    
exalt+4 ,! process ( leg5d-mak+ beg9s   
imm$iately1 goes on rapidly & )         
accel]at+ spe$1 & mu/ be lib]ally all[$ 
= by ! seek] aft] tru?4 ,9 scores (     
in/ances ! hi/orical individual turns   
out to be v mu* small] ?an he 0 pa9t$ by
 8 t]rifi$ or lov+ wor%ipp]s4 ,9 no s+le
 case has x be5 e/abli%$ t he 0 great]1 
or z great4 ,x is no d\bt1 conceivable t
 su* a case %\ld occur1 b x nev] has    
occurr$1 9 kn[n in/ances1 & _c be       
presum$ to h occurr$ 9 any p>ticul>     
in/ance4 ,! presumptions are aga9/ !    
correctness ( ! glorifi$ image4 ,!      
disposition to exagg]ate is s mu* /rong]
 ?an ! disposition to und]rate1 t ev5   
really great m5 are plac$ high] ?an !y  
belong (t5] ?an l[]4 ,! hi/orical me?od 
works backw>ds4 ,k %r9ks ! man4 ,em95t  

examples t jump to recollection in/antly
 confirm ?is view4  ,! case ( ,mahomet  
is 9 po9t4 ,"h1 ! critical proc$ure 0   
tw(old2 fir/ to rescue a figure f !     
dep?s ( infamy & !n to recov] ! same    
figure f ! cl\dl& ( fancy4 ,"u !        
pressure ( *ri/ian hate ! fame (        
,mahomet sank to ! l[e/ po9t4 ,he 0     
impo/or1 li>1 *eat1 "n = all            
%amefulness4 ,f ?is muck heap he has be5
 pluck$ by valiant h&s1 & plac$ on ! li/
 ( h]oes4 ,n[ ano!r process is beg9n+1  
to f9d precisely :at k9d ( h]o he 02 & x
 is safe to say t "u ?is process !      
dim5sions ( ! h]o %r9k4 ,! arabian      
e/imate ( ! prophet w n be> close       
exam9ation4 ,! glamor ( pi\s en?usiasm  
be+ dispell$1 ! traits ( nationality %[ 
!mselves2 ! ec/asy is se5 to be         
complicat$ ) epilepsy2 ! revelations    
p>take ( ! g5]al ori5tal "*2 ! tru?s are
 ! c>d9al tru?s ( ! semitic religions2 !
 p]sonal qualities are ( ! same ca/ t   
di/+ui%es ! arabian m9d4 ,! dete/ation &
 ! homage are bo? unju/ifiable4  ,ano!r 

example 9 po9t is ,buddha2 a "n cov]$ by
 ages ( fable1 & s ?ickly t 8 hi/orical 
exi/5ce 0 long d\bt$4 ,x 0 que/ion$ :e!r
 he 0 any?+ m sub/antial ?an a vision4  
,! mi/ ( leg5d has already be5 s f>     
disp]s$ t a gr& =m is disc]n$ mov+ up & 
d[n 9 ,india4 ,pres5tly x w be measur$ &
 outl9$4 ,x is safe to pr$ict           
intellectual & moral %r9kage ( ! p]son  
"u ! op]ation ( ?is scrut9y4 ,j n[ !    
impression ( 8 greatness is some:at     
ov]p[]+4 ,he looks morally gigantic z   
comp>$ ) tea*]s :o are bett] kn[n4 ,we  
quote 8 say+s ) unb\nd$ admiration2 we  
comm5d 8 life z an illu/ration ( :atev] 
mo/ exalts humanity4 ,b if ! "t ev]     
comes :5 8 l9eam5ts are fully reveal$ to
 sight1 he w be f\nd nei!r mu* great]   
nor mu* bett] ?an 8 g5]ation ju/ifi$4   
,! critics ( ,/rauss' ,life ( ,jesus    
insi/$ on ! necessity ( a hi/orical     
f\ndation = 8 "*4 ,su* a p]son !y decl>$
 mu/ h liv$2 he c\ld n h be5 inv5t$4    
,/range position to take1 9 view ( !    
fact t idealization is "o ( ! commone/  

feats ( mank9d2 t ! human imag9ation is 
cont9ually con/ruct+ h]oes out (        
poltroons1 & transmut+ lead into gold6  
,"s idealization !re is1 by ! g5]al     
confession ( unprejudic$ m54 ,! :ole _c 
be receiv$ z lit]al fact4 ,!re is "h &  
!re a bit ( color put on to height5 !   
effect4 ,:o %all decide h[ mu*8 ,if !   
figure is glorifi$ a little1 :y n a     
great deal8 ,if a great deal1 :y n      
altoge!r8 ,! mat]ials = con/ruct+ !     
p]son be+ giv51 z !y are1 9 ! hebrew    
g5ius1 & ! pla/ic p[] be+ provid$ z x   
is1 by ! hebrew en?usiasm1 ! result     
might h be5 pr$ict$1 a good way 9       
advance ( hi/ory4 ,! argum5t aga9/      
,/rauss' me?od proves too mu*4  ,!      
critics ( ,baur urg$ ) ceaseless        
it]ation ! absurdity ( acc\nt+ = ! ,new 
,te/am5t1 & expla9+ ! developm5ts ( !   
fir/ c5tury1 by means ( bodiless ideas1 
sub/itut+ phantoms ( ?\ght = p]sons1    
intellectual issues = ! int]actions (   
liv+ m54 ,life1 x 0 said1 presupposes   
life2 life alone g5]ates life4 ,to      

create a ,new ,te/am5t out ( rabb9ical  
fancies is prepo/]\s4 ,true en\gh4      
,hi/ory is n spectral2 b nei!r are ideas
 spectral4 ,ideas imply liv+ m9ds1 &    
liv+ m9ds are p]sons4 ,b ! p]sons are n 
( necessity s+le individuals4 ,!y may be
 multitudes2 !y may be g5]ations2 !y    
probably are a nation4 ,! individuals t 
loom up conspicu\sly repres5t           
multitudes1 an epo*1 ( :i* !y are m\?   
pieces & ag5ts4 ,d no individuals :atev]
 loom up8 ,none ! less creative is !    
epo*2 none ! less vital are ! ideas4 ,! 
great ev5ts ( ! _w dep5d n on           
individuals1 b on ! cumulative =ce &    
provid5tial meet+ ( wide social t5d5cies
 t h be5 ga!r+ head = ages & po9t+ 9    
c]ta9 directions4 ,mahomet1 a s5sitive1 
receptive1 responsive _s1 gave a "n to !
 arabian movem5t2 he nei!r orig9at$ x1  
nor f9ally %ap$ x4 ,lu!r1 brave1        
self-pois$1 indep5d5t s\l1 0 n ! au?or (
 ! ,re=mation1 ?\gh he gave "* to x4    
,o!rs _h gone be=e him1 & brok5 a way4  
,! "t = re=mation _h come1 ?\s&s 7 wat*+

 = ! light :i* ,lu!r descri$1 & eag]ly  
aid$ 9 its diffusion4 ,innum]able sp>ks 
bur/ into flame4 ,he 0 *ild1 n fa!r ( ! 
movem5t2 s x may h be5 ) ,jesus1 )      
,pet]1 ) ,paul4 ,!y presuppos$ ! ideas (
 _! age1 & ! ag5cy ( liv+ m54 ,!        
lit]ature ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* is all 
t ,baur conc]n$ himself )1 /&s = :at x  
is1 a lit]ature2 a product (            
intellectual activity 9 ! age t creat$  
x4 ,! popul> notion t ,scripture 0 p5n$ 
by m5 ^: m9ds 7 full ( ?\ghts n _! own1 
b ,god's1 conta9s a rational tru?4 ,all 
great lit]ature1 all lit]ature t is n   
occasional1 incid5tal1 ephem]al1 is     
inspir$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,! writ]s held ! p5 
:ile ! _s ( _! age1 ( _m ages1 ( all    
ages at l5g?1 roll$ ?r\gh !m4 ,x is true
 ( all repres5tative1 ( all national    
books4 ,x is true ( ! ,iliad ( ,hom]1 ( 
,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 ( ! ,book (   
,job1 ! ,koran1 ! ,?ree ,k+s1 !         
,ramayana1 ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ,dhammapada1
 ! eld] ,edda4 ,su* books z express !   
m9d ( an epo* are productions ( an era1 

n ( a man4 ,! productive =ce is 9 ! "t4 
,! man is ( mom5t b incid5tally4 ,9     
discuss+ su* works1 all consid]ation ( !
 man may be disp5s$ )4 ,/rauss & ,baur 7
 ,hegelians1 :o reg>d$ ! _w-movem5ts    
describ$ 9 lit]atures & ev5ts1 z mom5ts 
9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,god4 ,no?+ to !m1 !re=e1
 0 spectral4 ,9 trac+ ! p$igree ( ideas1
 !y felt !mselves to be trac+ !         
footpr9ts ( ,deity4  ,! difficulty (    
con/ruct+ "o h>moni\s "* f ! f\r gospels
 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ne$ n be expatiat$ on
 "h4 ,x is a difficulty t nev] has be5  
ov]come1 & t increases 9 dim5sions ) our
 k ( ! book4 ,x is1 ( c\rse possible1 n 
easy1 b possible1 = "o /&+ at ei!r      
extreme to drag ! opposite extreme into 
app>5t accord4 ,! believ] 9 ! div9ity ( 
! ,*ri/ plant+ himself on ! doctr9e ( ! 
,logos1 reads 8 !ory into ! e>li]       
gospels1 loads ! language ) mean+ x 0   
nev] meant to be>1 /ret*es ! homely     
incid5ts on ! rack ( 8 hypo!sis1 &      
pa9fully excavates ! figure he has      
already laid !re4 ,! believ] 9 !        

humanity ( ! ,*ri/1 pursu+ ! opposite   
me?od1 belittles ! ,johannean conception
 till x comes )9 ! compass ( 8 argum5t1 
dilutes ! /atem5ts1 expurgates &        
att5uates ! ?\ght1 till no?+ rema9s b   
s5tim5talism4 ,ea* v9dicates "o view by 
sacrific+ ! o!r4 ,to "o :o w\ld pres]ve 
bo? repres5tations1 ! task ( comb9ation 
is desp]ate4 ,!y are ! c5tres ( two     
opposite sy/ems4 ,"o is a human be+1 a  
man2 ! o!r is a demi-god4 ,"o is a tea*]
 ( moral & religi\s tru?2 ! o!r is an   
inc>nation ( ! tru?4 ,"o indicates !    
way2 ! o!r is ! way4 ,"o invites to     
life2 ! o!r is ! life4 ,"o talks ab\t   
,god & immortality2 ! o!r manife/s ,god1
 & is immortality4 ,"o po9ts to heav52 !
 o!r is 9 heav54 ,"o is a helpful human 
fri5d2 ! o!r is a div9e ,savi\r4 ,"o    
claims allegiance on ! gr\nd ( 8        
provid5tial call+2 ! o!r dem&s spiritual
 surr5d] on ! gr\nd ( 8 transc5d5t      
nature4 ,"o collects a body ( disciples2
 ! o!r =ms & consecrates a *ur*1 & puts 
x 9 *>ge ( a ,holy ,_s1 t %all save x f 

error & evil4 ,aft] :at has be5 said 9  
previ\s *apt]s x is unnecess>y to       
enl>ge4 ,let :oev] w take ,furness'     
portrait ( ,jesus on "o h&1 &           
,press5se's on ! o!r2 let him place !m  
side by side2 let him subject !m to     
close scrut9y1 comp>+ ea* ) ! orig9al   
sket*es2 & he w rise f ! contemplation  
satisfi$ t ! two pictures _c repres5t ! 
same p]son4  ,sc>cely less is !         
difficulty ( con/ruct+ a h>moni\s "* f !
 fir/ gospel alone4 ,r5an br\ght to ?is 
exp]im5t r>e p[]s ( m9d1 & a s+ul> skill
 9 lett]s4 ,an ori5tali/1 well v]s$ 9 ! 
productions ( ea/]n g5ius2 an accompli%$
 lit]>y inve/igator1 practis$ 9 disc]n+ 
betwe5 ! g5u9e & ! spuri\s2 )\t dogmatic
 prejudice or pr$ilection1 nei!r *ri/ian
 nor anti-*ri/ian2 en?usia/ic1 yet      
critical2 approa*+ ! subject f !        
hi/orical direction2 prep>+ himself     
labori\sly = 8 task1 & devot+ to x all !
 capacity !re 0 9 him1 ,r5an yet        
signally fail$ to con/ruct a morally    
h>moni\s figure4 ,?\gh conceiv+ ,jesus z

 simply a man1 he 0 oblig$ to resort to 
mo/ obnoxi\s extravagances to make !    
n>ratives coh]e4 ,! ,vie de ,jesus is a 
/&+ refutation ( ! !ory t ! elem5ts ( a 
h>moni\s biography are to be f\nd 9 !   
fir/ gospel4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ ( ! fir/     
gospel :o curses unbeliev+ &            
inhospitable cities2 :o ?reat5s to d5y 9
 heav5 ^? t d5y him on e>?2 :o speaks ( 
! unp>donable s91 t %all n be =giv51    
ei!r 9 ?is _w1 or 9 ! _w to come2 :o w h
 none call$ ,ma/] b himself2 :o condemns
 to ev]la/+ fire1 prep>$ = ! devil & 8  
angels ^? :o h n assi/$ ^! my bre?r52 :o
 bids 8 fri5ds reg>d z no bett] ?an a   
hea!n man & a publican1 ! (f5d] :o w n  
li/5 to ! ,*ur*2 :o laun*es             
indiscrim9ate invective aga9/ scribes & 
ph>isees2 :o anticipates sitt+ on a     
?rone1 a judge ( all nations1 ) 8 *os5  
foll[]s sitt+ on twelve ?rones (        
au?ority 9 ! same k+dom4 ,^! /atem5ts   
mu/ be qualifi$1 allegoriz$1            
spiritualiz$ a good deal1 be=e !y c be  
made cong5ial ) ! attributes ( meekness1

 humility1 g5tl5ess1 pati5ce1           
lov+-k9dness1 human sympa?y1 b5evol5ce1 
ju/ice1 t adorn ! image ( a human       
,jesus4 ,"o set ( qualities or ! o!r1   
mu/ be disav[$1 unless we w\ld incur !  
reproa* t has fall5 on ,r5an1 ( trans=m+
 ,jesus into a t]ribly magnific5t1 &    
sup]bly unlovely p]son4 ,( ?is !re is no
 necessity1 = !re is no necessity =     
con/ruct+ a h>moni\s "*1 on any         
hypo!sis4 ,we are n call$ on to con/ruct
 a "* at all4 ,we may frankly own t !   
mat]ials = con/ruct+ a "* are n furni%$4
 ,! fir/ gospels exhibit /ages 9 !      
developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ idea2 !y d n give a
 portraiture ( ! man ,jesus4  ,!        
hypo!sis ( m5tal & s5tim5tal developm5t 
9 ! exp]i5ce ( ,jesus comes to ! aid ( !
 believ]s4 ,signs ( su* an int]ior      
progress d c]ta9ly appe>1 or c be made  
to appe> by =ce ( en?usia/ic exegesis4  
,! tea*] :o admoni%es 8 disciples n to  
ca/ _! pe>ls be=e sw9e1 relates1 )      
approval1 ! p>able ( ! s[] :o flung 8   
se$ "r & left1 he$less t "s fell on     

?orns t grew up & *ok$ !m1 & "s on /ony 
gr\nd1 :]e hav+ no root1 !y )]$ away4 ,!
 man :o twice frigidly repuls$ !        
,canaanite woman :o begg$ on h] knees ! 
boon ( 8 compassion1 tell+ h] t he 0 n  
s5t1 save to ! lo/ %eep ( ! h\se (      
,israel1 add+1 x is n meet to take !    
*ildr5's bread & ca/ x to ! dogs1 n only
 ext5ds 8 effectual sympa?y to h] 9 h]  
imm$iate ne$1 b is f\nd aft]w>d1 seek+ &
 sav+ ^! v lo/1 go+ into ! wild]ness to 
f9d !m t _h gone a/ray1 visit+ ! c\ntry 
( ! pagan ,g]ges5es1 & op5+ ! bl9d eyes 
( ,sam>itans4 ,! twelve disciples call$ 
& s5t to ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 "o  
to ea* tribe1 none to sp>e = ! p beyond 
! bord]s ( ,pale/9e1 became lat] sev5ty 
apo/les commission$ to c>ry ! message ( 
! k+dom to all ! tribes ( ! e>?4 ,!     
exorcis] ( evil spirits beg9s by ca/+   
devils into ! h]d ( sw9e1 ?us spoil+ !  
pig-m>ket ( a village1 h]e9 %[+ himself 
a true ,jew1 & ends by sitt+ at meat )  
publicans & s9n]s4 ,by +5i\s piec+1     
light skipp+ ov] dates & discrepancies  

c>eless ( sequ5ce & consequ5ce1 )       
resolute purpose to extract f !         
docum5ts1 by all or any means1 a        
consi/5t human "*1 ! developm5t !ory may
 be pu%$ a little way4 ,b x soon comes  
aga9/ an insurm\ntable difficulty2 !    
/ream n>r[s j :]e x ought to wid51      
namely1 z x approa*es ! ocean4 ,x is    
t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] t ! fanaticism     
discloses itself4 ,! t]rible outbreaks (
 ang]1 ! invectives1 ! diatribes1 !     
sup]b claims ( au?ority1 ! horrid       
descriptions ( ! day ( judgm5t1 !       
disc\ragem5t & despair1 come at ! la/4  
,! s]5ity disappe>s2 ! sunlight pales2 !
 day closes 9 mi/4 ,! man %r9ks1 in/ead 
( exp&+1 z he gr[s4  ,?is is ,r5an's    
acc\nt ( x2 an acc\nt m deeply color$ ) 
gloom ?an ne$ be2 = t ! baffl$1 tortur$ 
,jesus1 lo/ 8 moral poise1 & became a   
delib]ate impo/or1 is n fairly d$ucible 
f any text2 b ! acc\nt is /ill          
ess5tially close & natural4 ,/>t+1 z    
,r5an does1 f ! position t ! f\r gospels
 conta9 mat]ials = an intelligible      

portraiture ( ,jesus2 t ^? mat]ials may 
be discov]$1 sift$1 & arrang$ s z to    
produce a well proportion$ figure2 & t !
 pr9ciple ( ?is human con/ruction1 mu/1 
on ! supposition1 be ! pr9ciple accord+ 
to :i* ! *>act]s ( m5 are & mu/ be      
con/ruct$1 namely1 by trac+ ! actions & 
reactions betwe5 !m & ! circum/ances (  
_! "t & place2 />t+1 we say1 f ?is      
position1 x is difficult to avoid !     
inf]5ces t he draws 9 reg>d to !        
disa/r\s effect t skepticism &          
opposition _h on ! m5tal & moral "* ( ! 
h]o4 ,t he made no concession to        
necessity2 t he boldly decl>$ w> aga9/  
nature1 a complete rupture ) k9dr$2 t he
 exact$ f 8 associates an utt] ab&onm5t 
( t]re/rial satisfactions1 an absolute  
consecration to 8 "w1 is no m ?an ! pla9
 texts imply4 ,r5an does n /ra9 language
 :5 he says3 ,9 8 excess ( rigor1 he w5t
 s f> z to suppress natural desire4 ,8  
requirem5ts knew no b\nds4 ,scorn+ !    
:olesome limitations ( human nature1 he 
w\ld h p live = him only1 love him      

alone4 ,some?+ pret]natural & /range    
m+l$ ) 8 disc\rse2 z if a fire 0 consum+
 ! roots ( 8 life1 & r$uc+ ! :ole to a  
frightful des]t4 ,! s5tim5t ( disgu/    
t[>ds ! _w1 gloomy & bitt]1 ( excessive 
abnegation :i* *>act]izes *ri/ian       
p]fection1 _h = its au?or1 n ! s5sitive 
joy\s morali/ ( ! e>li] "t1 b ! sombre  
titan1 :om a va/ & appall+ pres5tim5t   
c>ri$ fur!r & fur!r away f humanity4 ,x 
looks z ?\gh1 9 ^! mom5ts ( conflict ) !
 mo/ legitimate desires ( ! he>t1 he    
=got ! pleasure ( liv+ & lov+1 ( see+ & 
feel+4 ,x is easy to believe t f ! view 
( ,jesus1 at ?is epo* ( 8 life1 e ?\ght 
save = ! k+dom ( ,god1 _h :olly         
disappe>$4 ,he 01 s to speak1 entirely  
out ( nature2 family1 fri5ds1 c\ntry _h 
no mean+ to him4 ,a /range passion =    
suff]+ & p]secution possess$ him4 ,8    
blood seem$ ! wat] ( a second baptism he
 mu/ be ba!d 91 & he _h ! air ( "o driv5
 by a s+ul> impulse to anticipate ?is   
baptism :i* alone c\ld qu5* 8 ?ir/4 ,at 
times 8 reason seem$ di/urb$4 ,he       

exp]i5c$ inw>d agitations & agonies4 ,! 
trem5d\s vision ( ! k+dom ( ,god1       
ceaselessly flam+ be=e 8 eyes1 made him 
giddy4 ,8 fri5ds ?\ght him1 at mom5ts1  
beside himself4 ,8 enemies decl>$ him   
possess$ by a devil4 ,8 passionate      
temp]am5t1 c>ri$ him1 9 an in/ant1 ov] !
 bord]s ( human nature4 99 99 99 ,urg5t1
 imp]i\s1 he brook$ no opposition4 ,8   
native g5tl5ess left him2 he 0 at times 
rude & fanta/ical4 99 99 99 ,at times 8 
ill humor aga9/ all opposition pu%$ him 
to actions unacc\ntable & prepo/]\s4 ,x 
0 n t 8 virtue sank2 8 /ruggle aga9/    
reality 9 ! "n ( ! ideal became         
insupportable4 ,he hurl$ himself 9 angry
 revolt aga9/ ! _w4 99 99 99 ,! tone he 
_h assum$ c\ld n be su/a9$ m ?an a few  
mon?s4 ,x 0 "t = dea? to put an end to a
 situation /ra9$ to excess1 to snat* him
 f ! emb>rassm5ts ( a pa? t _h no issue1
 &1 deliv]$ f a trial too protract$1 to 
introduce him1 /a9less1 into ! s]5ity ( 
8 heav54  ,?is is /rong language1 ev5   
%ock+ to m9ds accu/om$ to wor%ip a "* ( 

ideal p]fection4 ,b x is sc>cely bold]  
?an ! case w>rants4 ,! privilege to pick
 & *oose mat]ial has its limits4 ,we h  
no "r to take :at pleases u & leave !   
re/4 ,/atem5ts t re/ on equal evid5ce   
des]ve equal acceptance4 ,if ! result be
 n agreeable1 ! responsibility is n ) ! 
critic4  ,! only wond] is t su* a p]son 
z ! lit]al record ju/ifies1 %\ld be     
accept$ z ! f\nd] ( a religion4 ,h[ c   
,r5an /& be=e 8 portrait ( ,jesus1 &    
say1 ! man "h del9eat$ m]its a place at 
! summit ( human gr&eur2 ?is is !       
supreme man2 a sublime p]sonage2 e day  
he presides ov] ! de/9y ( ! _w2 to call 
him div9e is no exagg]ation2 amid !     
columns t1 9 vulg> uni=mity cr[d ! pla91
 !re are "s t po9t to ! skies & atte/ a 
nobl] de/9y = man2 ,jesus is ! l(tie/ ( 
^!2 9 him is conc5tr$ all t is highe/ & 
be/ 9 human nature4 ,su* a conclusion is
 n ju/ifi$ by ! premises4 ,! homage is n
 w>rant$ by ! facts4 ,x w n d to make   
out a catalogue ( human weaknesses1 & !n
 urge ^? v weaknesses z a *ief title to 

glory4  ,9 ! op9ion ( "s x is wis] &    
k9d] to confess at once t ! image (     
,jesus has be5 irrecov]ably lo/4 ,9 !   
judgm5t ( ^!1 x is unphilosophical to   
set up an ideal :]e none is requir$4 ,no
 d\bt e effect mu/ h a cause1 b to      
assume ! cause1 or to insi/ on !        
validity ( any s+le or special cause1 is
 unsci5tific4 ,ea* ev5t has _m causes1 a
 complexity ( causes4 ,r5an himself     
says3 ,x is und5iable t circum/ances    
told = mu*1 9 ! success ( ?is wond]ful  
revolution4 ,ea* /age 9 ! developm5t (  
humanity has its privileg$ epo*1 9 :i* x
 rea*es p]fection )\t ef=t1 by a sort ( 
spontane\s in/9ct4 ,! ,jewi% /ate (f]$ !
 mo/ rem>kable intellectual & moral     
conditions t ! human race ev] pres5t$4  
,x 0 "o ( ^? div9e mom5ts :5 a ?\s&     
hidd5 =ces conspire to produce gr&      
results1 :5 f9e spirits are support$ by 
floods ( admiration & sympa?y4  ,9 tru?1
 0 su* a p]son z ,jesus is presum$ to h 
be51 necess>y to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! 
religion aft]w>ds call$ ,*ri/ian8 ,z an 

impell+ =ce he 0 n requir$1 = 8 age 0   
?robb+ & bur/+ ) suppress$ en]gy4 ,!    
pressure ( ! ,roman empire 0 requir$ to 
keep x d[n4 ,! ,messianic hope _h su*   
vitality t x cond5s$ into mom5ts ! moral
 results ( ages4 ,! common p 7 wat*+ to 
see ! heav5s op51 int]pret$ peals (     
?und] z angel voices1 & saw div9e       
port5ts 9 ! flight ( birds4 ,mo!rs      
dream$ t _! boys w\ld be ,messiah4 ,!   
wilde/ prea*] drew a cr[d4 ,! he>t ( !  
nation swell$ big ) ! conviction t ! h\r
 ( de/9y 0 ab\t to /rike1 t ! k+dom (   
heav5 0 at h&4 ,! cr[n 0 ready = any    
k+ly head t might d>e to assume x4 ,t 9 
su* a /ate ( ?+s anticipation %\ld      
fulfil itself1 ! dream become real1 !   
vision become solid1 is n surpris+4 ,x 0
 n ! fir/ "t fai? has become fact4 ,!   
fir/ g5]ation ( our era exhibit$ no     
ph5om5a t prec$+ g5]ations _h n prep>$ =
 & c\ld n produce4 ,no surpris+ orig9al 
=ce ne$ h be5 manife/$4 ,! _s 0 ! native
 _s ( ! old v9e gr[+ 9 ! old v9ey>d4    
,jesus is n necess>y to acc\nt = ! e?ics

 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y 7 z has be5     
said1 ! native e?ics ( ,judaism1        
unqualifi$4 ,! bread? & ! limitation1 ! 
ideal beauty & ! practical po9t 7 alike 
,jewi%4 ,! gorge\s ab/ractions1 ga!r$ up
 9 "o disc\rse1 look l fre% revelations 
( ,god2 z autumn leaves pluck$ & set 9 a
 vase seem m lum9\s ?an d myriads ( !   
same leaves cov]+ ! m\nta9s & ! mead[s1 
_! crimson & gold bl5d+ ) ! br[n ( !    
soil & ! inf9ite blue ( ! sky4 ,! e?ics 
( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 l ! e?ics ( ! ,old1 h
 _! root 9 ! fai? t ,israel 0 a *os5 p2 
9 ! expectation ( a k+ 9 :om ! fai? %\ld
 be cr[n$2 9 ! anticipation ( a judgm5t 
day1 a national re/oration1 a cele/ial  
sun-bur/1 a f9al felicity = ! fai?ful ( 
,israel4 ,! en?usiasm1 ! extravagance1 !
 fanaticism1 ! passive tru/1 ! active   
intol]ance1 ! asceticism1 ! arbitr>9ess1
 bespeak 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 !       
pres5ce ( an int5se b n>r[ _s4 ,!y are n
 ! e?ics ( ?is _w4 ,!y are n temporal4  
,! p[] ( an orig9al1 creative s\l %\ld  
be atte/$ by "s modification ( ! popul> 

code1 r ?an by an exagg]ation ( x4 ,we  
%\ld look = some?+ new1 n = a m emphatic
 repetition ( ! old4 ,b no?+ new appe>s4
 ,! exagg]ations are exagg]at$2 !       
precepts sugge/$ by ! di/ant prospect ( 
! k+dom are simply reit]at$ 9 view ( its
 spe$y e/abli%m5t4 ,tru/ 9 ,provid5ce & 
fai? 9 ! ,messiah are all 9 all2 !      
virtues ( common exi/5ce are less &     
less4 ,! inhumanities t ,r5an ascribes  
to an access ( fanaticism 9 ,jesus are !
 humanities ( an unreal ,utopia4  ,!    
prodigi\s manife/ation ( m5tal &        
spiritual =ce t broke out 9 ,paul       
requires no explanation ap>t f 8 own    
g5ius4 ,he nev] saw ,jesus & app>5tly 0 
incuri\s ab\t him4 ,8 orig9ality 0      
intellectual1 & 8 sy/em be>s no trace ( 
a =eign p]sonality4 ,z ,r5an says3 ,!   
,*ri/ :o communicates private           
revelations to him is a phantom ( 8 own 
mak+2 ,x is himself he li/5s to1 :ile   
fancy+ t he he>s ,jesus4 ,if ev] man 0  
self-motiv$1 self-impell$1 self-actuat$1
 x 0 he4 ,he ne$$ no prompt]4 ,hot (    

bra9 & he>t1 he 0 only too swift to     
move4 ,:e!r1 z "s ?9k1 driv5 by         
ov]-ma/]+ ambition to lead a new        
movem5t1 or1 z o!rs cont5d1 con/ra9$ by 
inw>d urg5cy to attempt a moral re=m on 
a speculative basis1 or1 accord+ to yet 
a ?ird supposition1 eag] to be> ! glad  
tid+s ( ! gospel to ! g5tile _w1 8 own  
g5ius 0 f fir/ to la/1 8 guide &        
inspiration4 ,!re is no evid5ce to prove
 t 8 conv]sion add$ any?+ new to ! mass 
( 8 moral nature1 or *ang$ ! quality (  
rul+ attributes1 or det]m9$ ! b5t ( 8 w 
to unprem$itat$ issues4 ,he 0 conv]t$ to
 ! ,*ri/1 n to ,jesus2 & 8 conv]sion to 
! ,*ri/1 0 no?+ absolutely unprep>$ =4  
,8 zeal = ,israel blaz$ furi\sly aga9/ !
 disciples :o claim$ t ! ,*ri/ _h come1 
& to ! end ( 8 /ormy days x /ill cont9u$
 to burn aga9/ disciples ( ! n>r[ s*ool 
:o w\ld n believe he _h come to any b   
,jews4 ,8 zeal = ,israel1 s5t him away  
by himself to m$itate a gr&] ,*ri/4 ,!  
,*ri/1 n ,jesus1 0 8 wat*-cry4 ,a man ( 
ideas1 int5sely int]e/$ 9 speculative   

que/ions1 ke5ly alive to ! joy (        
controv]sy & ! ec/asy ( propag&ism1 he  
fill$ 8 boil] ) wat] z he ru%$ along1   
leav+ ,pet] & ! re/ to fill !irs at !   
naz>5e spr+4 ,s little is ,jesus to be  
cr$it$ ) ,paul's a*ievem5t1 t x is !    
fa%ion to call 8 a di/9ct movem5t4      
,en?usia/ic admir]s ( 8 g5ius1 call him 
! real f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,sev]e      
critics ( 8 claim accuse him ( corrupt+ 
! religion ( ,jesus 9 its _s1 & div]t+ x
 f its purpose4 ,on ei!r supposition1 he
 0 n a disciple4  ,! wor%ip ( ,jesus1 x 
has be5 said1 is ! r$eem+ feature (     
,*ri/ianity4 ,?is evid5tly is ! op9ion (
 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o writes1 conf\nd+1
 z is usual1 ,jesus ) ! ,*ri/3 ,! mo/   
valuable "p ( ! effect on ! "* :i*      
,*ri/ianity has produc$ by hold+ up 9 a 
div9e p]son a /&>d ( excell5ce & a model
 = imitation1 is available ev5 to !     
absolute unbeliev]1 & c nev]more be lo/ 
to humanity4 ,= x is ,*ri/ r ?an ,god   
:om ,*ri/ianity has held up to believ]s 
z ! patt]n ( p]fection = humanity4 ,x is

 ! ,god inc>nate1 m ?an ! ,god ( ! ,jews
 or ( nature1 :o be+ idealiz$ has tak5 s
 great & salut>y a hold on ! mod]n m9d2 
& m to ! same effect1 9 ! essay on      
,!ism4 ,be=e ,mr4 ,mill's intellectual  
ecc5tricities 7 z well und]/ood z !y are
 n[1 ?is te/imony to ! humaniz+ influ5ce
 ( *ri/ian1 z di/9ct f philosophical    
!ism1 w\ld h possess$ great weight4 ,z x
 is1 x only excites our wond] t s ke5 & 
inexorable a ?9k] %\ld s completely lose
 sight ( facts4 ,t ,*ri/5dom has        
wor%ipp$ ! ,*ri/ is true4 ,is x true t x
 has wor%ipp$ ,jesus8 ,aga9 we might    
say3 ,yes2--! ,jesus :o dem&$ fai? 9    
himself z ! condition ( salvation2 !    
,jesus :o depict$ ! ,son ( ,man1 sitt+  
on a ?rone ( judgm5t1 summon+ be=e him  
all nations1 & plac+ ! %eep on 8 "r h&1 
! goats on 8 left2 ! ,jesus :o ?reat5$  
ev]la/+ fire1 & spoke ( ! devil & 8     
angels2 ! ,jesus :o made ! *ur* umpire 9
 matt]s ( fai? & works2 ! ,jesus :o bade
 8 fri5ds =sake fa!r & "m1 bro!r & si/] 
= 8 sake4 ,b did ,*ri/5dom ev] deify !  

man ( ! ,beatitudes1 ! relator ( !      
p>ables ( ! ,good ,sam>itan & !         
,prodigal ,son1 ! fri5d ( publicans &   
s9n]s8 ,is ,jesus ! c5tral figure 9 !   
,nic5e1 or ! ,a?anasian cre$8 ,is he !  
,god ( ,calv91 or ( ,lu!r1 ( ,augu/9e1  
ev5 ( ,borromeo1 or ,f5elon8 ,long be=e 
! dogmatical or ecclesia/ical sy/em (   
,*ri/5dom 0 =m$1 ! image ( ,jesus _h    
fad$ away f ! m9ds ( *ri/ians1 if x ev] 
0 /amp$ !re4 ,t x 0 ev] /amp$ !re is n q
 app>5t4 ,9 ! ea/ !re exi/s no trace ( x
 aft] ! apo/olic age1 or beyond ! circle
 ( 8 p]sonal fri5ds4 ,9 ! we/ ! p]sonal 
influ5ce is n di/9ctly visible at any   
di/ance4 ,f ! report$ h]oism ( ! e>ly   
*ri/ian c5turies no solid conclusion c  
be drawn1 = ! reason t ! reports come f 
panegyri/s l ,t]tullian1 & f a p]iod :5 
! apo/olic age _h become a tradition4   
,writ]s l ,ne&] make ! mo/ ( a few      
record$ in/ances ( devotion :i* di/+ui%$
 ! *ri/ians f ! pagans ab\t !m2 & ,james
 ,m>t9eau uses !m z evid5ce ( an orig9al
 spiritual g5ius 9 ! "y religion4 ,!y   

are inde$ beautiful1 b !y d n ref] back 
s f> z ! hi/orical ,jesus = _! s\rce (  
inspiration4 ,t 9 a community compos$1 )
 sc>cely an exception1 ( poor p1 !      
ord9>y social di/9ctions %\ld be        
unobs]v$2 t slaves1 among :om 9 e>ly    
times _m conv]ts 7 made1 %\ld h be5     
ackn[l$g$ z bre?r5 9 ,*ri/2 %\ld h      
appe>$ 9 public religi\s meet+s z equal 
) ! re/ be=e ! ,"l2 %\ld h p>tak5 ( !   
communion on ! same t]ms1 tak+ _! place 
among ! believ]s1 & receiv+ !           
passionless kiss ( bro!rhood & (        
si/]hood1 is n surpris+1 especially :5 x
 is consid]$ t ^! slaves belong$ to     
h>dy1 :ite races1 t !y dis*>g$1 "s ( !m 
at lea/1 ! mo/ honorable (fices ( labor1
 & 71 except = ! m]e accid5t ( _!       
condition1 physically z well z morally1 
pe]s ( ! be/4  ,x is simply 9 ! c\rse ( 
nature t poor p1 gr\p$ 9 communities1   
%>+ a common & a pa9ful lot1 %\ld help  
ea* o!r 9 times ( tr\ble4 ,! *ri/ians   
did s4 ,at e weekly or mon?ly s]vice    
collections 7 made = ! relief ( ! poor1 

! sick1 ! infirm1 ! ag$1 wid[s1         
prison]s1 & toil]s 9 ! m9es4 ,^!        
contributions 7 s5t to ! po9ts ( greate/
 ne$1 conv]g+ on occasion f _m          
directions at c5tres ( extreme          
necessity4 ,x is record$ t ab\t ! middle
 ( ! ?ird c5tury sev]al memb]s ( ! *ur* 
9 ,numidia1 m5 & wom51 7 c>ri$ (f       
captive by b>b>ians4 ,! ,numidian *ur*es
 be+ poor appli$ to ! ,metropolitan *ur*
 at ,c>?age4 ,cyprian1 ! bi%op !re1     
collect$ m ?an f\r ?\s& doll>s 9 8      
diocese & s5t ! money z ransom1 ) a     
lett] full ( s5tim5ts ( k9dness4 ,on    
ano!r occasion a portion ( ! sacr$      
vessels ( ! sanctu>y 7 sold to raise    
funds = a simil> purpose4 ,9 ?is !re 0  
no?+ /range4 ,! acts 7 done 9 /rict     
con=mity ) a long e/abli%$ usage4  ,a m 
rem>kable example (t5 cit$ 9 evid5ce t !
 _s ( ,jesus 0 alive /ill 9 ! societies 
t wor%ipp$ him z ,"l1 occurr$ 9 ! ye>   
#bed1 %ortly aft] ! ,decian p]secution1 
! mo/ g5]al & ! mo/ hide\s to :i* ! *ur*
 _h be5 expos$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is     

p]secution1 :i* 0 att5d$ ) su* slaught] 
t ! unburi$ bodies poison$ ! air1 a     
fe>ful pe/il5ce broke out 9 ! city (    
,alex&ria4 ,unhappily = ! lit]alness ( !
 tru?1 x is ,lactantius :o tells ! /ory4
 ,! plague1 he says1 made its appe>ance 
) trem5d\s viol5ce & desolat$ ! city1 s 
t1 z ,dionysius1 ! ,*ri/ian bi%op       
writes1 !re 7 n s _m inhabitants left1 (
 all ages1 z h]et(ore c\ld be numb]$    
betwe5 =ty & sev5ty4 ,9 ?is em]g5cy !   
p]secut$ *ri/ians =got all b _! ,"l's   
precept1 & 7 unwe>i$ 9 _! att5dance on !
 sick1 _m p]i%+ 9 ! p]=mance ( ?is duty 
by tak+ ! infection4 ',9 ?is way1' says 
! bi%op ) t\*+ simplicity1 '! be/ ( !   
bre?r5 dep>t$ ?is life1 "s m9i/]s1 & "s 
deacons1' ! hea!n hav+ ab&on$ _! fri5ds 
& relations to ! c>e ( ! v p]sons :om !y
 _h be5 accu/om$ to call m5-hat]s4 ,a l 
noble self-devotion 0 %[n at ,c>?age1 :5
 ! pe/il5ce :i* _h desolat$ ,alex&ria   
made its appe>ance 9 t city1 &1 ,i quote
 ! words ( a contempor>y1 'all fl$ 9    
horror f ! contagion1 ab&on+ _!         

relations & fri5ds1 z if !y ?\ght t by  
avoid+ ! plague1 any "o might also      
exclude dea? altoge!r4 ,mean:ile ! city 
0 /rew$ ) ! bodies or r c>casses ( !    
dead1 :i* seem$ to call = pity f !      
pass]s by1 :o might !mselves s soon %>e 
! same fate2 b no "o c>$ = any?+ b      
mis]able pelf2 no "o trembl$ at !       
consid]ation ( :at might s soon befall  
him 9 8 turn2 no "o did = ano!r :at he  
w\ld h wi%$ o!rs to d = him4 ,! bi%op   
h]eupon call$ toge!r 8 flock1 &1 sett+  
be=e !m ! example & tea*+ ( _! ,"l1     
call$ on !m to act up to x4 ,he said t  
if !y took c>e only ( _! own p1 !y did b
 :at ! commone/ feel+ w\ld dictate2 !   
s]vant ( ,*ri/ mu/ d m1 he mu/ love 8   
enemies1 & pray = 8 p]secutors2 = ,god  
made 8 sun to rise & 8 ra9 to fall on   
all alike1 & he :o w\ld be ! *ild ( ,god
 mu/ imitate 8 ,fa!r4' ,! p respond$ to 
8 appeal2 !y =m$ !mselves into classes1 
& !y ^: pov]ty prev5t$ !m f do+ m gave  
_! p]sonal att5dance :ile ^? :o _h      
prop]ty aid$ yet fur!r4 ,no "o quitt$ 8 

po/ b ) 8 life4 ,! example %[s ! m      
glori\sly aga9/ ! d>k backgr\nd ( horror
 t /ood s ne>4 ,yet1 to ! mis]y ( !     
p]secution by :i* ! p 7 educat$ 9       
sympa?y1 pati5ce1 =titude1 & will+ness  
to resign life1 ! b5ignant h]oism mu/1 9
 "p1 h be5 due4 ,previ\s to ! p]secution
 ! _s ( consecration _h dep>t$ f ! *ur*4
 ,*ri/ianity _h become a social & class 
affair4 ,luxury _h crept 91 & eat5 up ! 
he>t ( conviction4 ,! alliance ( *ur* & 
/ate _h be5 especially disa/r\s to !    
*ur*1 ! m+l+ ( secul> ambition )        
spiritual aspiration op]at+ fatally on !
 f9] qualities ( fai?4 ,few c\ld h      
suspect$ !n t ! _s ( ,jesus _h ev] be5 )
 ! *ur*4 ,! p]secution purg$ ! *ri/ian  
communities ) fire4 ,! surface 0 burn$  
ov]1 & only ! roots & se$s 7 left 9 !   
gr\nd4 ,! p]secution end$1 tranquillity 
be+ re/or$1 ! roots burgeon$1 ! se$s    
sprung up1 all ! h]oism ( ! two dreadful
 ye>s1 all ! pati5ce & =titude turn$ to 
g5tl5ess2 & a copi\s ra9 ( m]cy1 bless+ 
e body1 ev5 ! p]secutors1 0 ! result ( !

 battle's ?und] & flame4 ,! suff]+ t _h 
be5 endur$ s(t5$ ! he>t t[>ds all       
suff]+4 ,! p]secutors no long] active or
 hateful1 _! passive =be>ance seem$1 9  
contra/ ) _! rec5t fury1 a species (    
m]cy call+ = positive gratitude4 ,n to  
be hat$ 0 felt to be id5tical ) be+     
lov$2 n to kill 0 by sudd5 revulsion (  
emotion1 accept$ z a k9dly sav+ ( life4 
,to be k9d to ^? :o _h desi/$ f hurt+ 0 
natural4 ,besides1 ! p]secution 0 incit$
 & press$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ,rome4 ,!     
populace ev5 !re 7 n responsible = x1 & 
9 ! di/ant prov9ces simply foll[$ !     
metropolitan prec$5t4 ,_! infatuation _h
 !re=e its pitiable z well z its        
outrage\s aspect4 ,!y too 7 victims ( ! 
imp]ial policy1 7 p]i%+ ( ! contagion   
:i* t policy caus$1 & ?us 7 pay+ a      
t]rible p5alty = _! own unwitt+ crime4  
,x is unnecess>y to suppose t any       
p]sonal contagion f ! "* ( ,jesus1 /eal+
 ?r\gh ! murky ages ( ea/]n & we/]n     
life1 communicat$ its sav+ grace to !   
,c>?ag9ian bro!rhood4 ,un9spir$ human   

nature is suffici5t to expla9 ! b5efic5t
 display4  ,! conclusion is t no cle>ly 
def9$ traces ( ! p]sonal ,jesus rema9 on
 ! surface or b5ea? ! surface (         
,*ri/5dom4 ,! sil5ce ( ,josephus & o!r  
secul> hi/orians may be acc\nt$ = )\t   
fall+ back on a !ory ( ho/ility or      
contempt4 ,! ,*ri/-idea _c be sp>$ f    
,*ri/ian developm5t1 b ! p]sonal ,jesus1
 9 "s measure1 c be4  ,9 "s measure1 n  
:olly2 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! *ur* does     
require 8 pres5ce2 ! fir/1 ! orig9al1 ! 
only disciples liv$ "u ! influ5ce ( a   
great p]sonalty1 & 7 m\ld$ by x4 ,_!    
atta*m5t to a comm&+ fri5d is av[$ 9 !  
app>5tly au!ntic p>ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4
 ,if we "k any?+ ab\t ^? m51 x is t !y  
liv$1 mov$ & _h _! be+ 9 ! memory ( a   
great fri5d4 ,_! atta*m5t to him took   
hold ( _! he>t-/r+s4 ,!y 7 haunt$ by    
him4 ,?is appe>s 9 _! frequ5t meet+s = !
 expression & confirmation ( _! feel+s1 
9 _! communion supp]s1 memorial         
occasions purely & always1 )\t a trace (
 my/icism or a %ade ( awe2 9 _! atta*m5t

 to ! places he _h consecrat$ by 8      
pres5ce2 9 _! affection = ea* o!r4      
,ignorant !y 71 un9tellectual1          
unspiritual 9 ! moral s5se ( ! ^w1 r    
imp]vi\s to ideas1 dull1 common place1  
simple-he>t$4 ,!y 7 n so>+ spirits1     
audaci\s1 indep5d5t l ,paul1 b exactly !
 rev]se1 timid1 self-di/ru/ful1         
pusillanim\s by con/itution4 ,_!        
ambition flew l[1 flutt]+ r\nd sp>kl+   
jewels on ! ,messianic cr[n4 ,_! ma/] 0 
n su* an "o z !y w\ld h *os51 _h !y be5 
all[$ to select4 ,he met none ( _!      
expectations1 he fulfill$ none ( _!     
hopes4 ,8 rebuke 0 m frequ5t & m cordial
 ?an 8 praise4 ,_! /upidity annoy$ him1 
_! selfi%ness griev$ 8 he>t4 ,in/ead (  
ju/ify+ _! confid5ce 9 him z ! ,*ri/1 he
 utt]ly ov]?rew "o =m ( x by all[+      
himself to be captur$1 convict$ & put to
 dea?4 ,/ill !y clung to 8 memory4      
,true1 !y clung to him 9 ! conviction t 
he 0 ! ,*ri/ & w\ld h confess$ !mselves 
dupes _h t conviction be5 dispell$4 ,b  
:y 0 x n dispell$8 ,:y did !y believe1 9

 ! face ( ! cru%+ demon/ration ( !      
cross8 ,!y anticipat$ 8 return1 because 
he _h told !m he %\ld reappe> 9 cl\ds4  
,b :y did !y believe him8 ,:y did !y    
believe1 :5 mon? aft] mon?1 ye> aft]    
ye>1 w5t by & /ill he did n return8 ,x 0
 because !y lov$ him1 & tru/$ him 9     
spite ( evid5ce4 ,:5 he did n return1 !y
 ?\ght he meant to try _! fai?2 /ill !y 
met toge!r2 /ill !y pray$ & wait$1      
imag9+ !mselves to be 9 intimate        
communion ) him 9 8 skies4  ,t ^! m51 ) 
_! unwor?y conceptions ( ! k+dom1       
accept$ him z _! ,*ri/1 proves n only t 
8 p[] ov] !m 0 v great1 b t he himself  
liv$ on ! highe/ level ( hebrew ?\ght1 &
 illu/rat$ ! highe/ type ( hebrew "*2 t 
he 0 a g5u9e prophet & sa9t2 all ! m s1 
p]haps1 = ! complet5ess ( 8             
self-abnegation4 ,_h he rais$ ! /&>d (  
revolt1 & appeal$ to arms1 8 "n might h 
be5 m conspicu\s 9 secul> hi/ory4 ,he   
sacrific$ himself :olly2 kept no %r$ (  
preem95ce = 8 own beho(4  ,h5ce1 ! p]son
 ( ,jesus1 ?\gh x may h be5 imm5se1 is  

indi/9ct4 ,t a great "* 0 !re may be    
conc$$2 b precisely :]e9 ! "* 0 great1  
is left to our conjecture4 ,( ! em95t   
p]sons :o h sway$ ! spiritual de/9ies ( 
mank9d1 none has m completely disappe>$ 
f ! critical view4 ,! ideal image :i*   
*ri/ians h1 = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s       
wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,jesus1 has no       
au!ntic1 di/9ctly visible c\nt]p>t 9    
hi/ory4  ,?is conclusion w be di/ress+  
to ^? :o h accord$ to ,jesus1 by virtue 
( a p]fect humanity a c]ta9 primacy ov] 
! human race1 & ev5 to ^? :o1 reg>d+ him
 z ! complete fulfilm5t & p]fect type ( 
human "* h look$ to him z ! beacon />   
guid+ ! nations1 grop+ on _! way4 ,x w  
be welcome only to ! few calm m9ds :o   
feel ! =ce ( ideas1 ! reg5]at+ p[] (    
pr9ciples4 ,^! w rejoice to be reliev$ (
 ! la/ ?9 %ad[ ( a sup]natural au?ority 
9 ! pa/1 & committ$ )\t res]ve to !     
support & solace ( simple humanity tra9$
 9 ! humble obs]vance ( un9t]rupt$ law4 
,_! gratitude = ! human influ5ce ( !    
p]son is unqualifi$ by di/ru/ ( ! claims

 ( ! individual4  ,! ,*ri/ ( ! f\r?     
,gospel--! inc>nate ,^w--:o has be5     
ass]t+ absolute spiritual creator%ip ov]
 8 disciples1 call+ himself ! v9e :]e(  
!y 7 bran*es1 ! door by :i* !y mu/ ent]1
 ! light by :i* !y mu/ walk1 ! way _!   
/eps mu/ tread1--says to !m at !        
critical h\r3 ,x is exp$i5t = y t ,i g  
away2 if ,i g n away ! ,com=t] _c come  
to y4 ,!re 0 dang] 9 8 p]sonal          
cont9uance4 ,!y 7 to live n 9 dep5d5ce  
on him1 b 9 communion ) ! ,_s ( ,tru?1  
:i*1 z proce$+ f him & f ! ,fa!r also1 0
 to br+ fre%ly home to !m :at he _h     
said1 & to guide !m fur!r on to all     
tru?4 ,h[ _m times mu/ ^? words be      
repeat$1 ) new applications 9 ! new     
exig5cies ( fai?6 ,h[ little disposition
 d we f9d 9 8 foll[]s to he$ !m6 ,!y h  
gone on ) ! process ( idealization1     
plac+ him high] & high]2 mak+ 8 p]sonal 
exi/5ce m & m ess5tial2 insi/+ m & m    
urg5tly on ! necessity ( private        
int]c\rse ) him2 lett+ ! ,fa!r subside  
into ! backgr\nd z an efflu5ce1 & !     

,holy ,gho/ lapse f individual id5tity  
into imp]sonal influ5ce1 9 ord] t he    
might be all 9 all z reg5]ator & savi\r4
 ,f age to age ! p]sonal ,jesus has be5 
made ! object ( an extreme adoration1   
till n[1 fai? 9 ! liv+ ,*ri/ is ! he>t (
 ! gospel2 philosophy1 sci5ce1 culture1 
humanity are ?ru/ resolutely aside1 & ! 
great tea*]s ( ! race are ext+ui%$ 9    
ord] t 8 light may %9e4  ,yet f age to  
age ! w>n+ has be5 giv5 aga91 ! va9     
f>ewell has be5 spok51 x is exp$i5t = y 
t ,i g away4 ,p]haps he w5t1 9 "o =m2 b 
he quickly re-appe>$ 9 ano!r2 & ea* new 
pres5tation _h its own special k9d (    
evil effect4 ,! ,*ri/ ( ,pet]1 ,james & 
,john retir$ to make room = ,paul's ,"l 
f heav54 ,he )drew 9 favor ( ! inc>nate 
,^w4 ,! inc>nate ,^w loses itself 9 !   
,second ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,!          
imag9ation ( man1 unable to inv5t fur!r 
trans=mations re/$ "h3 ,*ri/5dom =      
fifte5 hundr$ ye>s has knelt 9 awe be=e 
! div9e image x project$ on ! cl\ds (   
heav54 ,b ! "w ( dis5*antm5t began e>ly4

 ,! sublimat$ ideal sl[ly came d[n f !  
skies4 ,! glorifi$ ,*ri/ assum$ !       
l9eam5ts ( a human be+1 f ,deity became 
ar*angel1 *ief ( all ! cele/ial hi]>*y2 
f ar*angel slipp$ d[n ?r\gh ! ranks (   
spirits1 till he occupi$ ! place ( ,son 
( ,god1 preexi/5t1 & 9 attributes1      
sup]-human2 !nce he decl9$ a /ep to !   
position ( premi]%ip ov] ! human family1
 ! inaugurator ( a new type ( man1      
virg9-born z indicat+ t he 0 n ! natural
 product ( ! g5]ations b 0 introduc$    
into nature by an orig9al law2 a fur!r  
lapse f ! supreme dignity br\ght him to 
! plane ( humanity1 b report$ him z     
miracul\sly end[$ ) gifts f ! ,holy ,_s1
 sup]naturally grac$ ) attributes ( p[] 
& wisdom1 s5t on a special mission to   
f\nd a *ur* & decl>e a law1 rais$ f !   
dead to demon/rate immortality1 & lift$ 
to ! skies to e/abli% ! pres5ce ( a liv+
 ,deity4 ,to ?is em95t /ation he bids   
f>ewell to /& z ! p]fect man1 tea*]1    
re=m]1 sa9t1 be=e ! en?usia/ic gaze (   
humanit>ians1 :o made am5ds = !         

spoliation ( 8 cele/ial w>drobe by !    
spl5dor ) :i* !y end[$ 8 human s\l4 ,"h 
! ideali/s place him1 /ill claim+ = him 
no exceptional bir?1 no sup]-human      
orig91 no preexi/5ce1 no miracul\s p[]s 
ov] nature1 no sup]iority ( wit or      
wisdom1 no immunity f errors ( op9ion or
 mi/akes ( judgm5t1 no fat$ sanctity (  
w1 no moral impeccability1 b ascrib+ to 
him an un]r+ness ( spiritual insight1 an
 ev5 l(t9ess ( s\l1 an incorruptibility 
( consci5ce1 a dep? & compreh5siv5ess ( 
humanity :i* raise him f> above ! plane 
( hi/ory1 & tempt !m to look long+ly    
backw>d1 in/ead ( direct+ a /eady gaze  
=w>d4 ,b ?is figure is n[ se5 to be an  
ideal1 l ! re/ unju/ifi$ by *ronicle or 
by fact4 ,! com=t]1 :i* is ! _s ( tru?1 
requires t he %\ld g away1 foll[+ 8     
pr$ecessors into ! realm ( maje/ic &    
b5efic5t illusion4 ,! ,*ri/ 9 e guise   
disappe>s & !re rema9 only ! unev5 &    
incomplete footpr9ts ( a son ( man f :i*
 we c conclude only t a regal p]son at  
"o "t pass$ t way4  ,all ^!             

trans=mations1 x w be obs]v$1 came 9 !  
ord] ( m5tal developm5t1 ea* timely &   
b5efic5t 9 its place4 ,! cr[n+ & !      
dis-cr[n+ 7 alike inevitable & good4 ,! 
glorification & ! disappe>ance 7 bo?    
ju/ifi$4 ,! f9al *ange comes nei!r too  
late nor too soon2 n too late1 = /ill ! 
imm5se majority ( mank9d live 9 s5tim5t 
& imag9ation1 wor%ip ideal %apes1 be+ q 
incapable ( appreciat+ k1 lov+ tru?1 or 
obey+ pr9ciples4 ,x w be g5]ations yet1 
be=e any save ! comp>atively few ?9k !y 
c live )\t ?is great fri5d at _! side4  
,s5tim5t is cons]vative4 ,! poetic feel+
 deta9s 9 picturesque =m ! ideas :i* if 
expos$ to ! action ( cle> intellig5ce   
w\ld be reject$ z unsub/antial4 ,!      
imag9ation l ! ivy loves to beautify    
ru9s1 mak+ ev5 robb] ca/les & des]t$    
palaces attractive to t\ri/s4           
,wordswor?1 ! poet ( ,nature expresses !
 feel+ t w at times come ov] p[]ful &   
cultivat$ m9ds1 9 moods ( s5tim5t--     
,! _w is too mu* ) u2 late & soon1      
,gett+ & sp5d+ we lay wa/e our p[]s4    

,little we see 9 ,nature t is ours2     
,we h giv5 our he>ts away1 a sordid     
boon6     ,?is ,sea t b>es h] bosom to !
 ,moon1     ,! w9ds t w be h[l+ at all  
h\rs1     ,& are up-ga!r$ n[ l sleep+   
fl[]s1     ,= ?is1 = ev]y?+1 we are out 
( tune1     ,x moves u n2--,great ,god6 
,i'd r be     ,a ,pagan suckl$ 9 a cre$ 
outworn2     ,s might ,i1 /&+ on ?is    
pleasant lea1     ,h glimpses t w\ld    
make me less =lorn1     ,h sight (      
,proteus ris+ f ! sea1     ,or he> old  
,triton bl[ 8 wrea!d horn4  ,?is is pure
 s5tim5t4 ,! sea 0 z lovely to          
,wordswor?1 is z lovely to ,tyndall1 z x
 0 to ! sup]/iti\s ,greeks4 ,! w9ds     
awak5 simil> emotions 9 ! s5sitive be+4 
,:y !n1 %\ld ,wordswor?1 hav+ all t is  
or ev] 0 to be _h1 beauty ( =m1 movem5t1
 color1 regret ! sup]/ition t peopl$ !  
sea ) fanciful be+s & animat$ ! w9ds )  
sup]natural spirits8 ,:y n be cont5t ) !
 facts1 & ! m cont5t1 because ! fancies 
are gone t disguis$ !m8 ,is x n a       
weakness to love dreams bett] ?an       

realities8 ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 9 8     
admirable ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 !  
,,xviii c5tury expla9s ?is mood ( m9d by
 say+ t = ! expression ( feel+ symbols  
are necess>y1 & sup]/ition supplies all 
! symbols !re are4 ,! b>e tru? may awak5
 emotions1 b x gives !m no voice1 &     
emotion unutt]$1 becomes feeble2 9 all b
 s5sitive natures x dies4 ,9 "t1 says   
,mr4 ,/eph51 ! loss may be replac$1 !   
new language may be le>nt2 we may be    
cont5t ) direct vision1 in/ead ( mix+   
facts ) dreams2 b ! process is sl[2 &   
till x is complet$1 ! new belief w n h !
 old p[] ov] ! m9d4 ,! symbols :i* h be5
 associat$ ) ! hopes & fe>s1 ) ! l(tie/ 
aspirations & w>me/ affections ( s _m   
g5]ations may be prov$ to be only       
symbols2 b !y long reta9 _! p[] ov] !   
imag9ation4 ,x is n wise1 !re=e1 to be  
impati5t ) s5tim5t t has s valid an     
excuse2 nor is x magnanim\s to /igmatize
 z weak & *ildi% ! romantic atta*m5t to 
! symbol :i* is all t rema9s1 :i*1 ) !  
un?9k+1 unadv5tur\s multitude is s l>ge 

a "p ( :at abides ( ! m9d's spiritual   
end[m5t4 ,we mu/ be pati5t ) !          
cons]vatism t is born1 n ( fe>1 b (     
feel+1 sympa?iz+ :5 we c1 ) ^? t grieve 
:5 ! idols lose _! sanctity1 & rejoic+ t
 s5tim5t has ! p[] to break ! %ock caus$
 by ! sudd5 dispell+ ( illusions4 ,at ! 
same "t1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t intellect  
is ! propell+ =ce 9 ! intellectual _w2 t
 ! acute1 unimag9ative1 det]m9$ m9ds1   
impati5t ( ! mi/s1 h[ev] beautiful1 t   
conceal k1 cle> a way = ! homes & g>d5s 
( ! new g5]ations2 t ! love ( tru?1     
simple & unadorn$1 is ! "m at la/ ( real
 beauty4  ,! disappe>ance ( ! respl5d5t 
figure ( ! ,*ri/ f ! heav5 ( our        
philosophy has n1 !re=e1 come too soon2 
= ?9k+1 cle>-sight$1 brave & resolute   
m9ds !re are4 ,disc]n+ eyes1 bright &   
g5tle1 look out & see ! fields1 s[n )   
new se$1 :it5+ = a new h>ve/4 ,to su* z 
^! ,jesus is no long] necess>y = fai? 9 
humanity1 = en?usiasm & con/ancy 9      
humanity's s]vice4 ,h]oic m5 & sa9tly   
wom5 exi/ 9 su* numb]s & 9 su* v>iety t 

!y sit 9 judgm5t on ! judges1 & call !  
c5sors to acc\nt4 ,! education ( mank9d 
9 ! qualities t knit & adorn society has
 gone s f> t ^! virtues require no long]
 a sup]-human repres5tative to give !m  
honor4 ,k ( e k9d has s abundantly      
increas$ t ! aid ( revelation to ?r[    
light on important subjects is n dem&$4 
,philosophy1 lit]ature1 sci5ce h tak5   
possession ( ! fields once occupi$ by ! 
surmise ( fai?1 & are c>efully mapp+ out
 ! dep>tm5ts ( speculation4 ,! problems 
t rema9 d>k1--& !y are ! _m1--we are    
cont5t %\ld rema9 s till light comes f !
 prop] s\rces4 ,! d>ke/ ( !m1 no d>k]   
?an !y h always be51 are no long]       
complicat$ by ! difficulties (          
revelation :i* add$ enigmas :]e !re 7   
en\gh be=e1 b lie op5 to all ! light t c
 be ?r[n ^u !m4 ,! confusion introduc$  
into ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( ! _w's          
developm5t by ! exceptionally           
provid5tial man subsides1 & ! cumulative
 p[] ( hi/ory is br\ght to be> on !     
necessities ( ! h\r4 ,reliev$ f ! sacr$ 

duty ( turn+ backw>d = ! =m ( ! p]fect  
man1 !reby ov]look+ ! pres5t & suspect+ 
! future1 we are p]mitt$ to e/imate     
fairly ! conditions ( ! pres5t exi/5ce1 
& to prep>e = ! future ) unprejudic$1   
rational m9ds4 ,! /&>d ( moral atta9m5t 
& ! quality ( moral "* set up z         
au?oritative by any s+le race1 h[ev]    
di/+ui%$1 by any "o era1 h[ev]          
brilliant1 abuses & injures ! /&>ds (   
o!r races1 & ca/s suspicion on !        
attributes ( o!r g5]ations4 ,! belief t 
at "s "t humanity has already come to   
full fl[]1 disc\rages ! labor]s 9 !     
human g>d54 ,humanity is /ill a-mak+2   
its p]fection is prophecy n hi/ory4  ,! 
lesson ( ! h\r is self-dep5d5ce1 or r1  
if we pref]1 dep5d5ce on ! laws (       
reason4 ,x w be a ga9 = tru? :5 true    
?\ghts %all be welcom$ because !y are   
true1 n because !y are spok5 by a       
p>ticul> sage2 :5 errone\s ?\ghts %all  
be judg$ by _! dem]its1 )\t fe> ( ca/+  
affront on ! "* ( a sa9t4 ,james        
,m>t9eau's t5d] wisdom ga9s no?+ 9 *>m  

by be+ attribut$ to 8 beautiful fiction 
( a ,*ri/1 & ,mr4 ,moody's pa9ful       
c>icatures ( ,provid5ce h an unfair     
advantage 9 be+ %elt]$ beh9d ! au?ority 
( ! ,hebrew ,messiah4 ,! holy beauty (  
,mr4 ,m>t9eau's ideal p]son is m ?an    
(fset by ! awful gr&eur ( ! evangelical 
,av5g]1 equally a creature ( imag9ation4
 ,9 ! realm ( fancy ! lurid conception  
outla/s & ov]:elms ! radiant "o4 ,safety
 lies 9 )drawal f ! realm ( fancy1 &    
dome/ication 9 ! humbl] realm ( fact4 ,!
 lesson c be n[ safely taught4 ,let m5  
le>n x z soon z !y w4 ,dep5d5ce on      
individual p]sonalities has be5 ! rule  
hi!rto2 dep5d5ce on g5]al ideas &       
organic laws1 dep5d5ce on discov]$ fact 
& intellig5t conclusion1 w be ! reliance
 h]eaft]4 ,z = ! dem&s ( ! he>t1 :i* mu/
 h p]sons to cl+ to1 !y w adju/ !mselves
 to ! new sci5ce & w satisfy !mselves 9 
! future z !y h done 9 ! pa/4 ,are all !
 f9e p]sonalities dead8 ,!n ! soon] we  
give !m a *ance to revive by remov+ !   
prodigi\s p]sonality ^: %ad[ has blight$

 !m1 ! bett] = u4 ,are !re none to love 
) en?usia/ic ardor8 ,:o h made u ?9k s1 
if n !y by :om all amiable & adorable   
attributes h be5 claim$ be=e8 ,are !re  
no feet x is an honor to sit at1 no     
heads x is a privilege to ano9t1 no h&s 
x is a dignity to kiss8 ,^: fault c ?is 
be1 if n !irs :o *all5g$ ! adoration (  
m5 & wom5 & pron\nc$ x consecrat$       
because r5d]$ to him = "o8 ,are !re no  
lead]s wor? foll[+1 no causes wor?      
esp\s+8 ,!y t ?9k s mu/ be li/5+ to !   
voice t bade m5 foll[ 9 ,galilee1 &     
sigh+ because !y _c take up ! cross t 0 
impos$ on ! fai?ful 9 ! cities (        
,judaea4  ,! imag9ation ( man has n lo/ 
its p[] or =gott5 its function s9ce x   
p]=m$ ! prodigi\s task ( en?ron+ its    
hope by ! side ( ! godhead4 ,x is       
adequate to new & heal?i] p]=mance4 ,a  
_w ( fre% mat]ials lies be=e x2 new     
heav5s display _! glories2 a new e>?    
(f]s opportunity & prospect2 a new      
humanity pres5ts its v>ieties ( good &  
evil4 ,new beauties gladd5 ! op5 vision2

 new glories fasc9ate ! k9dl+ hope4 ,!  
regions ( possibility1 s f> f be+       
exhau/$1 h b begun to disclose _!       
treasures4 ,! realities ( to-day surpass
 ! ideals ( ye/]day4 ,art has a new     
bir?4 ,poetry has a new bir?4           
,philosophy teems ) new bir?s4 ,^! all  
look =w>d ) confid5t expectation4 ,:y   
%\ld religion1 :i* has built up m       
gr&eurs ?an any ( !m1 turn h] back to ! 
new day1 confess h] creative p[]        
exhau/$1 & creep back to ! images ( h]  
own idolatry8 ,! ,*ri/-idea1 become     
human1 w surpass its old triumphs4      
,,au?orities4   ,to meet ! wi%es ( su* z
 may desire to "k on :at gr\nds 8       
op9ions are f\nd$1 or to pursue !m      
fur!r1 ! au?or gives ! titles ( a few   
books t may be pr(itably consult$4 ,x 7 
easy to make a long li/ ( erudite works2
 mu* easi] ?an to make a %ort li/ (     
accessible & sugge/ive volumes4 ,9 an   
essay prep>$ = ! intellig5t & ?\ghtful1 
n = ! le>n$ or s*ol>ly class1 ref]5ce to
 /ores ( erudition w\ld be out ( place4 

,= ?is reason1 ! pages are left         
un5cumb]$ ) notes1 & ! books cit$ are   
purposely su* z come )9 easy rea* (     
g5]al read]s4 ,! bett] kn[n book is     
pref]r$ be=e ! less kn[n1 ! cons]vative 
:5 x w answ] ! purpose1 be=e !          
de/ructive4 ,if ! :ole case 7 pres5table
 9 ,engli%1 none b ,engli% au?orities   
w\ld be m5tion$4 ,un=tunately = ! g5]al 
read]1 ! be/ lit]ature is 9 ,g]man or   
,fr5*1 mu* ( :i* is /ill untranslat$4   
,to indicate ^! is a necessity = ^? :o  
are acqua9t$ ) ^? languages1 :ile ^? :o 
are n1 w1 x is believ$1 f9d en\gh 9     
,engli% writ+s reasonably to satisfy _! 
ne$4  ,! titles ( ! books indicate      
suffici5tly ! po9ts on :i* !y ?r[ light4
 ,! classical ref]5ces1 :i* are num]\s1 
are mo/ copi\s 9 ,d5is & ,huidekop]1    
?\gh ,lecky1 ,r5an1 ,johnson & o!rs cite
 all ! mo/ important4      ,all51 ,j4   
,h4          ,hebrew ,m5 & ,times4      
,baur1 ,f4 ,c4           ,kanonis*e     
,evangeli54                             
,paulus1--7,translat$47                 

,drei ,er/5 ,jahrhund]te4               
,socrates und ,*ri/us4                  
,die ,tueb+] ,s*ule4                    
,ursprung des ,episcopaets4             
,b>+-,g\ld1 ,s4      ,lo/ & ,ho/ile     
,gospels4      ,buddha4                 
,romantic ,hi/ory (4      ,coh54        
,les ,deicides1 7,translat$47           
,coqu]el1 ,a4          ,hi/oire du      
,cr$o4                           ,les   
premi]es ,trans=mations                 
,hi/oriques du ,*ri/ianisme4            
,des ,beaux ,arts en ,italie4           
,c[p]1 ,b4 ,h>ris4    ,! ,apocryphal    
,gospels4      ,deuts*1 ,e4           ,!
 ,talmud4      ,didron4                 
,iconographie ,*reti5ne1 7,translat$47  
,ewald1 ,he9ri*4      ,hi/ory ( ! ,p    
,israel4                                
,prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4            
,drei ,er/5 ,evangeli54                 
,engli% ,life ( ,jesus4      ,fontane's4
            ,le ,*ri/ianisme ,mod]ne4   
,furness1 ,w4 ,h4        ,life ( ,jesus4
                           ,jesus & 8   

,biograph]s4      ,g+sburg1             
,! ,ess5es      ,geig]4                 
,jud5?um und ,se9e ,ges*i*te4           
,greg1 ,w4 ,r4           ,! ,cre$ (     
,*ri/5dom4      ,huet1 ,f4              
,la ,revolution ,religieuse4            
,huidekop]1 ,f4        ,judaism at      
,rome4      ,h5nell1 ,c4 ,c4            
,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4                   
,*ri/ian ,!ism4      ,h5nell1 ,s4 ,s4   
,*ri/ianity & ,infidelity4              
,pres5t ,religion4      ,holyoake4      
,*ri/ianity & ,secul>ism4      ,johnson1
 ,s4           ,! ,wor%ip ( ,jesus4     
,jo/4                 ,ges*i*te des     
,jud5?um4      ,knight1 ,ri*d4 ,payne4  
,! ,symbolical ,language (              
,anci5t ,art & ,my?ology4      ,lecky1  
,w4 ,e4 ,h4       ,hi/ory ( ,european   
,morals      ,lundy1 ,j4 ,p4            
,monum5tal ,*ri/ianity4       ,m>t9eau1 
,james4     ,/udies ( ,*ri/ianity4      
,m]ivale1 ,*>les4    ,conv]sion ( !     
,roman ,empire4      ,milman1 ,h4 ,h4   
,hi/ory ( ! ,jews4                      

,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4                  
,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity4            
,maury1 ,alfr$4        ,les ,leg5des    
,pieuses du ,moy5 ,age4                 
,la ,magie et l'a/rologie dans          
l'antiquite                             
et au ,moy5 ,age4      ,ne&]1 ,a4       
,life ( ,jesus4                         
,plant+ & ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ur*4             
,newman1 ,f4 ,w4         ,hi/ory ( !    
,hebrew ,mon>*y4                        
,phases ( ,fai?4     ,ca?olic ,union4   
,nicolas1 ,mi*el4      ,des ,doctr9es   
,religieuses des ,juifs4                
,essais de ,philos4 et d'hi/oire        
religieuse4                             
,etudes ,critiques sur la ,bible4       
,les ,evangiles ,apocryphes4            
,le ,symbole des ,apotres4              
,philippson4           ,developpem5t de 
l'idee religieuse4      ,p>k]1 ,!odore4 
,disc\rse ( ,religion4      ,press5se1  
,ed4 ,de4    ,jesus ,*ri/1 son temps1 sa
 vie1 son oeuvre4      ,r5an1 ,erne/4   
,life ( ,jesus4                         

,! ,apo/les4                            
,/4 ,paul4                              
,l',anti*ri/4                           
,etudes d',hi/oire religieuse4          
,reville1 ,a4           ,hi/oire du     
,dogme de la ,div9ite de ,jesus ,*ri/4  
,essais de ,critique religieuse4        
,etudes ,critiques sur l'evangile selon 
,/4                                     
,mat?ieu4                               
,quatre ,conf]5ces sur le ,*ri/ianisme4 
,la vie de ,jesus de ,m4 ,r5an4         
,!odore ,p>k]4                          
,l'enseignem5t de ,jesus ,*ri/ comp>ee a
 celui                             de   
ses ,disciples4      ,reuss1 ,ed4       
,hi/oire du ,canon dans l'eglise        
,*reti5ne4                           ,! 
,apo/olic ,age4 7,translat$47           
,rodrigues4            ,orig9 du ,s]mon 
de la ,montagne4      ,s*5kel4          
,"* ( ,jesus 7tr4 by ,furness74         
,s*wegl]1 ,a4         ,das              
,na*apo/olis*e ,zeitalt]4      ,/rauss4 
,leb5 ,jesu4 7,translat$47              

,leb5 ,jesu fur das ,deuts*e ,volk4     
,*ri/li*e ,glaub5slehre4                
,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new4                 
,sup]natural ,religion4      ,s*les+]1  
,m4       ,! ,hi/orical ,jesus (        
,naz>e?4      ,salvador4                
,jesus ,*ri/ et sa ,doctr9e4            
,tayl]1 ,j4 ,j4         ,! ,f\r?        
,gospel4      ,?i]ry1 ,a4               
,tableau de l'empire ,roma94            
,va*]ot ,eti5ne4     ,la ,religion4     
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,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 7,translat$47       
,/rauss und ,r5an4 7,translat$47        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,wa%+ton ,,irv+',s ,,works4  ,! delight
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p]iod1 8 writ+s are an imp]i%able legacy
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volume                            #a #be
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 notes ( emigration1 c41 c41 & an       
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 cu/oms 9 fight+1 hunt+1 m>riage1 dea?1 
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 life & habits ( ! ,indians1 & ( !      
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subjects ( :i* x treats4  ,,van ,,laun4 
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,ta9e's ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ! 
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 mo/ notable l&m>ks ( mod]n lit]ature4  
99 99 99 ,extract f ,au?or's ,preface4  
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 extra1 #h4jj4       99 99 99 ,?us !    
progress ( ! intellect necess>ily       
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 fir/ *ildlike attempts at speculative  
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half a doz5 volumes1 compris+ !         
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etc4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction &          
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,habb]ton has giv5 u a truly readable & 
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,,/&>d ,,publications       ,,by ,,john 
,,bascom1     ,presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity (
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,psy*ology4       #abmo1 ,clo?1 #a4ge4  
,to ! few :o ?9k & inve/igate1 ?is book 
w be a r>e      delight4--,san          
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,philosophy1 & ,religion4       #abmo1  
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ga94--,*icago ,tribune4       ,by ,p4   
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 #a4ge4       ,by ,,john ,j4 ,,elm5dorf1
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,a succ9ct ,*ronological ,record &      
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read]4   ,by ,,james ,,m>t9eau1 ,d4,d41 
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repay      p]usal4 99 99 99 ,! au?or    
describes all he meets ) on 8      way )
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