,,! ,,re=m ,,( ,,education   ,,by       
,,giovanni ,,g5tile   ,,au?oriz$        
,,translation ,,by ,,d9o ,,bigongi>i  ,)
 an ,introduction by ,,b5$etto ,,croce  
,,new ,,york   ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,&    
,,company   #aibb     ,,copyright1      
#aibb1 ,,by   ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,&     
,,company1 ,,inc4    ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4
 ,s4 ,a4 ,,by   ,,! ,,qu9n  ,,bod5      
,,company   ,,rahway1 ,n4,j4            
,,cont5ts                               
,,page         ,introduction            
vii      ,i4 ,education & ,nationality  
#c     ,,ii4 ,education & ,p]sonality   
#ah    ,,iii4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,ant9omy ( 
,education                       #dj    
,,iv4 ,realism & ,idealism 9 ! ,concept 
( ,culture              #fc      ,v4 ,! 
,spirituality ( ,culture                
#he     ,,vi4 ,! ,attributes ( ,culture 
#aaj    ,,vii4 ,! ,bias ( ,realism      
#aci   ,,viii4 ,! ,unity ( ,education   
#aff     ,,ix4 ,"* & ,physical          
,education                              
#aib      ,x4 ,! ,ideal ( ,education    

#bai     ,,xi4 ,conclusion              
#bdf     ,,note   ,%ortly aft] ,trie/e  
fell into ,italian h&s1 a s]ies (       
lectures 0 arrang$ = ! s*ool tea*]s ( ! 
city1 9 ord] to welcome !m to _! new    
duties z citiz5s & (ficials ( ,italy4 ,!
 task ( op5+ ! s]ies 0 assign$ to       
,giovanni ,g5tile1 ,pr(essor (          
,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 :o  
deliv]$ ! lectures :i* con/itute !      
pres5t volume4 ,at my reque/ ,signor    
,g5tile has rewritt5 ! fir/ *apt]1      
elim9at+ "s ( ! m local ( ! allusions   
:i* ! nature ( ! orig9al occasion call$ 
=?1 & ,s5atore ,croce has v g5]\sly     
contribut$ 8 illum9at+ ,introduction4 ,!
 volume z x /&s is m ?an a treatise on  
education3 x is at "o & ! same "t an    
introduction to ! ?\ght ( "o ( ! greate/
 ( liv+ philosoph]s1 & an introduction  
to ! /udy ( all philosophy4 ,if ! tea*]s
 ( ,trie/e 7 able to und]/& & to enjoy a
 philosophic discussion ( _! *os5 "w1 :y
 %\ld n ! tea*]s ( ,am]ica8  ,j4 ,e4 ,s4
     ,,introduction   ,! au?or ( ?is    

book has be5 work+ 9 ! same field ) me =
 ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ev] s9ce ! "t  
:5 we und]took--he a v "y man1 & ,i     
some:at 8 s5ior--to %ake ,italy out ( ! 
doze ( naturalism & positivism back to  
ideali/ic philosophy2 or1 z x w\ld be   
bett] to say1 to philosophy pure &      
simple1 if inde$ philosophy is always   
idealism4  ,toge!r we f\nd$ a review1 ! 
,critica1 & kept x go+ by our           
contributions2 toge!r we edit$          
collections ( classical au?ors2 & toge!r
 we engag$ 9 _m lively controv]sies4 ,& 
x seems inde$ z ?\gh we really succe$$ 9
 lay+ hold ( & aga9 firmly re-e/abli%+ 9
 ,italy ! tradition ( philosophical     
/udies1 ?us weld+ a *a9 :i* evid5tly has
 )/ood ! /ra9 & de/ructive fury ( ! w> &
 its aft]claps4  ,by ?is ,i d n mean to 
imply t our gradual a*ievem5ts 7 !      
result ( a def9ite preconc]t$ plan4 ,our
 "w 0 ! spontane\s consequ5ce ( our     
spontane\s m5tal developm5t & ( !       
spontane\s agreem5t ( our m9ds4 ,& !re=e
 ?is common task1 too1 gradually becom+ 

diff]5tiat$ 9 accordance ) !            
peculi>ities ( our temp]am5ts1 our      
t5d5cies1 & our attitudes1 result$ 9 a  
k9d ( division ( lab\r betwe5 u4 ,s t   
:]eas ,i by pref]5ce h devot$ my        
att5tion to ! hi/ory ( lit]ature1       
,g5tile has d$icat$ himself m p>ticul>ly
 to ! hi/ory ( philosophy & especially (
 ,italian philosophy1 n only z a ?9k] b 
z a s*ol> too1 & z a philologi/4 ,he may
 be said to h cov]$ ! entire field f !  
,middle ,ages to ! pres5t "t by 8 works 
on ,s*ola/icism 9 ,italy1 on ,bruno1 on 
,telesio1 on ,r5aissance philosophy1 on 
,neapolitan philosophy f ,g5ovesi to    
,galluppi1 on ,rosm9i1 on ,giob]ti1 & on
 ! philosophical writ]s f #ahej to      
#aijj4 ,& ?\gh 8 compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( 
,italian ,philosophy1 publi%$ 9 p>ts1 is
 f> f be+ f9i%$1 ! sev]al sections ( x h
 be5 elaborat$ & ca/ 9 ! v>i\s          
monographs :i* ,i h j m5tion$4  ,9      
addition to ?is1 ,g5tile has be5 devot+ 
special att5tion to religi\s problems4  
,he took a v important "p 9 ! inquiry   

into & criticism ( mod]nism1 ! hybrid   
nature ( :i* he laid b>e1 expos+ bo? !  
inn] contradictions & ! scanty s9c]ity (
 ! movem5t4 ,8 h&l+ ( ?is "q 0 %[n to be
 effective by ! fact1 among o!rs1 t !   
au?ors ( ! encyclical ,pasc5di1 :i*     
br\ght ^u ,mod]nism ! condemnation ( !  
,*ur*1 avail$ !mselves ( ! %>p edge (   
,g5tile's logical argum5ts1 prompt$ by  
sci5tific loyalty & dictat$ by moral    
righte\sness4  ,f9ally1 & 9 a m close   
connection ) ! pres5t "w1 x w be        
rememb]$ t ,g5tile has done away ) !    
*aotic p$agogy ( ! positivi/ic s*ool1 & 
has also def9itely criticis$ !          
educational !ory ( ,h]b>t4 ,z f> back z 
#aijj he publi%$ a monograph ( capital  
importance1 9 :i* he %[$ t p$agogy 9 s  
f> z x is philosophical resolves itself 
)\t residuum into ! philosophy ( ! _s2 =
 ! sci5ce ( ! _s's education c n b be ! 
sci5ce ( ! _s's developm5t1--( its      
dialectics1 ( its necessity4  ,inde$1 we
 owe x to ,g5tile t ,italian p$agogy has
 atta9$ 9 ! pres5t day a simplicity & a 

dep? ( concepts unkn[n else:]e4 ,9      
,italy1 n educational sci5ce alone1 b ! 
practice ( x & its political aspects h  
be5 ?or\ghly reca/ & amply develop$4 ,& 
?is1 too1 is due pre-em95tly to ! "w (  
,g5tile4 ,8 au?ority !re=e is p[]fully  
felt 9 s*ools ( all grades1 = he has    
liv$ int5sely ! life ( ! s*ool & loves x
 de>ly4  ,9 addition to ^! diff]5ces    
aris+ f our division ( lab\r1 o!rs may (
 c\rse be notic$1 & !y are to be f\nd 9 
! =m t philosophical doctr9es h tak5 on 
9 ea* ( u4 ,id5tity is impossible 9 ?is 
field1 = philosophy1 l art1 is closely  
b\nd up ) ! p]sonality ( ! ?9k]1 ) 8    
spiritual int]e/s1 & ) 8 exp]i5ces (    
life4 ,!re is nev] true id5tity except 9
 ! s-call$ philosophical s*ool1 :i*     
indicates ! dea? ( a philosophy1 9 !    
same way t ! poetical s*ool proclaims   
dea? 9 poetry4  ,& s x has come ab\t t  
our g5]al conception ( philosophy z     
simple philosophy ( ! _s--( ! subject1 &
 nev] ( nature1 or ( ! object--has      
develop$ a peculi> /ress 9 ,g5tile1 =   

:om philosophy is above all t po9t 9 :i*
 e ab/raction is ov]come & subm]g$ 9 !  
concret5ess ( ! act ( ,?\ght2 :]eas = me
 philosophy is ess5tially me?odology ( !
 "o real & concrete ,?9k+--( hi/orical  
,?9k+4 ,s t :ile he /rongly emphasises  
unity1 ,i no less en]getically insi/ on 
! di/9ction & dialectics ( ! =ms ( ! _s 
z a necess>y =mation ( ! me?odology (   
hi/orical judgm5t4 ,b ( ?is en\gh1      
especially s9ce ! read] c only become   
int]e/$ 9 ^! diff]5ces aft] he has      
acquir$ a m advanc$ k ( contempor>y     
,italian philosophy4  ,i am conv9c$ t ! 
translation & popul>isation ( ,g5tile's 
"w w contribute to ! toilsome =mation ( 
t consci\sness1 ( t sy/em ( convictions1
 ( t moral & m5tal fai? :i* is ! pr(\nd 
ne$ ( our times4 ,= our age1 eag] &     
anxi\s = ,fai?1 is p]haps n yet         
completely resign$ to look = ! new cre$ 
( humanity !re :]e alone x may be f\nd1 
:]e by firm resolve x may be secur$--9  
pure ,?\ght4 ,cle>-sight$ obs]v]s h     
p]haps n fail$ to notice t ! ,_w ,w>1 9 

addition to e ?+ else1 has be5 a /rife (
 religions1 a cla% ( conflict+          
conceptions ( life1 a /ruggle ( oppos$  
philosophies4 ,x is surely n ! duty (   
?9k]s to settle economic & political    
cont5tions by ineffective appeals to !  
univ]sal bro!rhood ( man2 b x is r _!   
duty to compose m5tal diff]5ces &       
antagonisms1 & ?us =m ! new fai? (      
humanity--a new ,*ri/ianity or a new    
,humanism1 z we may wi% to call x4 ,su* 
a fai? w c]ta9ly n be sp>$ ! conflicts f
 :i* anci5t ,*ri/ianity itself 0 n free2
 b x may reasonably be hop$ t x w rescue
 u f intellectual an>*y1 f unbridl$     
individualism1 f s5sualism1 f           
scepticism1 f pessimism1 f e ab]ration  
:i* = a c5tury & a half has be5 h>ass+ !
 s\l ( man & ! society ( mank9d "u ! "n 
( ,romanticism4  ,,b5$etto ,,croce4     
,,rome1 ,april1 #aiba4     ,,*apt] ,i   
,,education ,,& ,,nationality           
,p>ticipation on ! "p ( elem5t>y s*ool  
tea*]s 9 ! "w & /udies ( ! ,univ]sities 
has always seem$ to me to con/itute a   

real ne$ ( culture & ( prim>y education4
 ,= ! elem5t>y s*ool1 by ! v nature ( ! 
pr(essional tra9+ ( its tea*]s1 is      
expos$ to a grave dang] f :i* x mu/ be  
rescu$ if we mean to keep x alive4  ,!  
tra9+ ( ! elem5t>y s*ool tea*] t5ds to  
be dogmatic4 ,true x is t vigilant      
individuality & passionate love = 8     
exquisitely spiritual call+ impel !     
s*ool tea*] to an untir+ criticism ( 8  
me?ods1 ( 8 actual tea*+1 & ( ! life ( !
 s*ool :i* he directs & promotes4 ,b    
nev]!less 9 consequ5ce ( ^? v /udies by 
:i* he has prep>$ himself to be an      
elem5t>y in/ructor1 he is l$ to look ^u 
t le>n+ :i* con/itutes 8 m5tal equipm5t 
& ! f\ndation ( all 8 future tea*+1 z   
some?+ q f9i%$1 r\nd$ out1 enclos$ 9    
def9ite =mulas1 rules1 & laws1 all ( :i*
 h be5 asc]ta9$ once = all & are no     
long] susceptible ( ult]ior revision4   
,he looks ^u ?is le>n+ n z a develop+   
organism1 b z some?+ def9itely m\ld$ &  
/]eotyp$4 ,f ?is ! conclusion is drawn t
 a c]ta9 k9d ( k may s]ve z a corn] /one

 = ! :ole s*ool edifice4 ,s9ce 8        
discipl9e & 8 tea*+ consi/ ma9ly (      
elem5ts :i* because ( _! ab/ractness    
miss ! r5ovat+ fl[ ( spiritual life1 !  
tea*] sl[ly b surely ends by %utt+      
himself up 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( ideas1 :i* 
are f9al z f> z he is conc]n$4 ,!y are  
nev] correct$ or trans=m$2 9 _!         
me*anical fixity !y cease to live2 & !  
m9d :i* *]i%es & pres]ves !m loses its  
natural t5d5cy to d\bt4 ,yet :at is d\bt
 b dissatisfaction ) :at is kn[n & ) !  
mann] ( kn[+1 & a spur to fur!r inquiry1
 to bett] & full] le>n+1 to self        
scrut9y1 to an exam9ation ( "o's own    
s5tim5ts1 "o's own "*1 & an inducem5t to
 broadm9d$ness1 to a welcom+            
receptiv5ess ( all ! sugge/ions & all ! 
tea*+s :i* life at all mom5ts g5]\sly   
%[]s on u8  ,! rem$y aga9/ ?is natural  
t5d5cy ( ! tea*]'s m9d is to be f\nd 9 !
 ,univ]sity1 :]e 9 !ory1 & s f> z is    
possible1 9 practice too1 sci5ce is     
pres5t$ n z ready-made1 def9itely turn$ 
out 9 f9al !ories1 enclos$ 9 consecrat$ 

manuals2 b z inquiry1 z rese>*1 z       
spiritual activity :i* does n re/       
satisfi$ ) its accompli%m5ts1 b = ev]   
feels t x does n yet "k or does n "k    
en\gh1 aw>e ( ! difficulties :i* ?reat5 
e atta9$ position1 & ready unre/+ly to  
track !m1 to reveal !m1 & meet !m       
squ>ely4 ,?is life1 :i* is p]petual     
criticism1 & unceas+ progress 9 a le>n+ 
:i* is nev] complet$1 :i* nev] aspires  
to be complete1 is ! s]i\s & fruitful   
purpose ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,"h we mu/ come1
 to re/ore fre%ness to our spiritual    
activities1 :i* alone give value to k1 &
 wre/ x f dead5+ cry/allisation1 f      
me*anical rigidity4 ,= ?is reason1 x    
seems to me1 special provision %\ld be  
made 9 ! ,univ]sity to satisfy ! ne$s ( 
s*ool tea*]s4 ,x is n a "q ( m]ely      
furni%+ !m ) additional in=mation :i* !y
 might j z well get out ( books4 ,!     
,univ]sity mu/ act on _! m9ds1 %ake !m1 
/>t !m go+1 in/il 9 !m salut>y d\bt by  
criticism1 & develop a ta/e = true k4   
,! foll[+ *apt]s conta9 a s]ies (       

,univ]sity lectures1 9 accordance ) ^!  
crit]ia1 & deliv]$ orig9ally to !       
elem5t>y tea*]s ( ,trie/e1 n[ = ! fir/  
"t aga9 an ,italian city4 ,!y con/itute 
a c\rse :i* aims n to increase !        
quantity ( culture1 b to *ange its "*4  
,x is an attempt to introduce ! elem5t>y
 tea*] into ^? spiritual work%ops :i*   
are ! halls ( a ,univ]sity1 to induce   
him to take "p 9 ! orig9al inve/igations
 :i* con/antly contribute to ! =mation (
 our national le>n+2 :i* =ev] make &    
re%ape our ideas & our convictions z to 
:at we %\ld want ,italian sci5ce to be1 
! ,italian concepts ( life & lit]ature2 
z to :at con/itute ! heirloom ( our     
s*ool1 t sacr$ possession bequea!d to u 
by our =efa!rs :i* makes u :at we are1  
:i* gives u a "n & end[s u ) a          
p]sonality1 by :i* we are enabl$ to look
 =w>d to a future ( ,italy :i* is n     
solely economic & political1 b moral &  
intellectual z well4  ,& ?us1 because ( 
! "t1 ! place1 ! audi5ce1 & ! subject1  
we are f ! />t br\ght face to face ) a  

s]i\s "q1--a "q :i* has (t5 be5 debat$1 
& :i* 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 on acc\nt ( !   
exasp]ation ( national s5tim5t br\ght   
ab\t by ! ,_w ,w>1 has become ! object (
 passionate controv]sies4 ,= if x has   
be5 frequ5tly argu$ on "o side t sci5ce 
is by nature & ought to be national1 !re
 has be5 no lack ( w>n+ f ! o!r side z  
to ! dang]s ( ?is position4 ,= w>1 x 0  
said1 w\ld1 soon] or lat]1 come to an   
end & be a ?+ ( ! pa/2 :]eas tru? nev]  
sets1 nev] becomes a ?+ ( ! pa/2 x is   
error alone t is de/9$ to pass &        
disappe>4 ,we 7 rem9d$ ( ! fact t :at is
 sci5tifically true & arti/ically       
beautiful is beautiful & true beyond no 
less ?an )9 ! national fronti]2 & t only
 on ?is condition is x wor?y ( its "n4  
,?is "q !re=e pres5ts itself z a        
prelim9>y to our inve/igation1 & x is = 
u to exam9e x4 ,we %all d s 9 z brief a 
mann] z ! subject w all[4  ,we %all fir/
 po9t out ! inutility ( di/+ui%+ sci5ce 
f culture1 education f in/ruction4 ,^?  
:o insi/ on ^! di/9ctions ma9ta9 t ?\gh 

a s*ool is nev] national 9 virtue ( !   
cont5t ( its sci5tific tea*+1 x mu/     
nev]!less be national 9 t x trans=ms    
sci5ce into culture1 makes x ov] into an
 in/rum5t ) :i* to %ape consci\sness &  
consci5ce1 & uses x z a tool = ! mak+ ( 
m5 & = ! tra9+ ( citiz5s4 ,?us we h z an
 integral "p ( sci5ce a =m ( action     
direct$ on ! "* & ! w ( ! "y g5]ations t
 are be+ nurtur$ & rais$ 9 accordance ) 
national traditions & 9 view ( ! ends   
:i* ! /ate wants to atta94 ,su*         
di/9ctions h[ev] complicate b d n       
resolve ! controv]sy4 ,!y entangle x )  
o!r que/ions :i* x 7 bett] to leave     
unt\*$ at ?is juncture4 ,= x might be   
said ( que/ions :at ,manzoni said (     
books3 "o at a "t is en\gh--if x isn't  
too mu*4  ,we %all !re=e try to simplify
 matt]s1 & beg9 by cl>ify+ ! two        
concepts ( nationality & ( k1 9 ord] to 
def9e ! concept ( ! nationality ( k4    
,:at1 !n1 is ! nation8 ,a v intricate   
"q1 inde$1 ov] :i* viol5t discussions   
are rag+1 & all ! m passionately because

 ! premises & conclusions ( ?is         
controv]sy are nev] ma9ta9$ 9 ! peaceful
 seclusion ( ab/ract speculative !ories1
 b are dragg$ at e mom5t 9 ! v mid/ ( ! 
concrete int]e/s ( ! m5 !mselves :o     
affirm or d5y ! value ( nationalities4  
,s t s]i\s difficulties are enc\nt]$ e  
"t an attempt is made to det]m9e !      
specific & concrete cont5t ( ?is concept
 ( ! nation1 :i* is ev] pres5t1 & yet   
ev] elusive4 ,proteus-l1 x appe>s be=e  
u1 b z we try to grasp x1 x *anges      
semblance & breaks away4 ,x is visible  
to ! imm$iate intuition ( e national    
consci\sness1 b x slips f ?\ght z we    
/rive to fix its ess5ce4  ,is x common  
t]ritory t con/itutes nationality8 or is
 x common language8 or political life l$
 9 common8 or ! accumulation ( memories1
 ( traditions1 & ( cu/oms by :i* a p    
looks back to "o pa/ :]e x nev] fails to
 f9d itself8 ,or is x p]haps !          
relation%ip :i* b9ds toge!r all !       
individuals ( a community into a /rong &
 compact /ructure1 assign+ a mission &  

an apo/olate to a p's fai?8 ,"o or ! o!r
 ( ^! elem5ts1 or all ( !m toge!r1 h 9  
turn be5 propos$ & reject$ ) equally    
/rong argum5ts4 ,= 9 ea* case x may be  
true or x may be false t ! giv5 elem5t  
con/itutes ! ess5ce ( a p's nationality1
 or ( any hi/orical association         
:atsoev]4 ,all ^! elem5ts1 :e!r         
sep>ately or jo9tly1 may h two diff]5t  
mean+s1 "o ( :i* makes !m a m]e         
accid5tal cont5t ( ! national           
consci\sness1 :]eas ! o!r e/abli%es !m z
 necess>y1 ess5tial1 & unfail+          
con/itu5ts4 ,= !y may h a m]ely natural 
value1 or !y may h a moral & spiritual  
"o4 ,our bir?-l&1 :i* n\ri%$ u 9 our    
infancy1 & n[ %elt]s ! bodies ( our     
p>5ts1 ! m\nta9s & ! %ores t surr\nd x &
 individualise x1 ^! are natural        
entities4 ,!y are n man-made2 we _c     
claim !m1 nor c we fa/5 our exi/5ce to  
!m4 ,ev5 our spee*1 our religion itself1
 :i* d inde$ live 9 ! human m9d1 may yet
 be consid]$ z natural facts simil> to !
 geographical accid5ts :i* give b\nd>ies

 & elevation to ! l& ( a p4 ,we may1    
ab/ractly1 look ^u our language z t "o  
:i* 0 spok5 be=e we 7 born1 by our      
dep>t$ ance/ors :o someh[ produc$ ?is   
spiritual patrimony ( :i* we n[ h ! use 
& enjoym5t1 v mu* 9 ! same way t we     
enjoy ! sunlight %[]$ ^u u by nature4 ,9
 ?is same way a few1 p]haps _m1 conceive
 ( religion3 !y look ^u x z some?+      
bequea!d & inh]it$1 & n !re=e z ! fruit 
( our own untir+ fai? & ! correlate (   
our actual p]sonality4 ,all ^! elem5ts 9
 s f> z !y are natural are evid5tly     
extrane\s to our p]sonality4 ,we d dwell
 )9 ?is p59sula cloi/]$ by ! ,alps2 we  
delight 9 ?is lum9\s sky1 9 our *>m+    
%ores smil$ ^u by ! wat]s ( !           
,m$it]ranean4 ,b if we emigrate f ?is   
lovely abode1 if "u ! /ress ( economic  
motives we trav]se ! ocean & ga!r1 a    
numb] ( u1 some:]e across ! ,atlantic2 &
 !re1 unit$ by ! natural tie ( common   
orig91 & fa/5$ by ! id5tity ( spee*1 we 
ma9ta9 ourselves z a special community1 
) common int]e/s & peculi> moral        

aff9ities1 !n1 9 spite ( ! sev]ance f   
our native p59sula1 we h pres]v$ our    
nationality3 ,italy has cross$ ! ocean 9
 our wake4 ,n only c we sund] ourselves 
f our l&1 b we may ev5 rel9qui% our     
cu/oms1 =get our language1 ab&on our    
religion2 or we may1 )9 our own fa!rl&1 
be kept sep>ate by peculi> hi/orical    
traditions1 by diff]5ces ( dialects or  
ev5 ( language1 by religion1 by cla%+   
int]e/s1 & yet respond ) ! same s5tim5t 
& ! same s\l to ! s\nd ( "o ,"n1 to !   
col\rs ( "o flag1 to ! summons ( common 
hopes1 to ! al>m ( common dang]s4  ,& x 
is !n t we feel ourselves to be a p2 !n 
are we a nation4 ,x is n :at we put )9  
?is concept t gives consi/5cy & reality 
to ! concept itself2 x is ! act (       
spiritual en]gy :]eby we cl+ to a c]ta9 
elem5t or elem5ts 9 ! consci\sness ( t  
collective p]sonality to :i* we feel we 
belong4 ,nationality consi/s n 9 cont5t 
:i* may v>y1 b 9 ! =m :i* a c]ta9 cont5t
 ( human consci\sness assumes :5 x is   
felt to con/itute a nation's "*4  ,b ?is

 tru? is /ill f> f be+ recognis$4 ,its  
exi/5ce is n ev5 suspect$ by ^? :o      
utilise a mat]ially con/itut$           
nationality z a title1 t is1 an         
antec$5t1 & a support = political rights
 claim$ by m or less consid]able e?nical
 aggregates t are m or less develop$ & m
 or less prep>$ to take on ! =m ( free &
 indep5d5t /ates & to secure recognition
 ( a de facto political p]sonality on ! 
/r5g? ( an assum$ de jure exi/5ce4  ,?is
 tru?1 h[ev]1 0 grasp$ by ! pr(\nd      
intuition ( ,mazz9i1 ! apo/le (         
nationalities1 ! man :o r\s$ our        
national en]gies1 & ^: irresi/ible call 
awak5$ ,italy & p[]fully impell$ h] to  
affirm h] national be+4 ,ev5 f ! fir/   
ye>s ( ! ,giov9e ,italia he insi/$ t    
,italy1 :5 /ill m]ely an idea1 prior to 
h] tak+ on a concrete & actual political
 reality1 0 n a p & 0 n a nation4 ,= a  
nation1 he ma9ta9$1 is n some?+ exi/+ 9 
nature2 b a great spiritual reality4    
,!re=e l all t is 9 & = ! _s1 x is nev] 
a fact ready to be asc]ta9$1 b always a 

mission1 a purpose1 some?+ t has to be  
realis$--an action4  ,! ,italians to :om
 ,mazz9i spoke 7 n ! p ar\nd him4 ,he 0 
address+ t future p :i* ! ,italians     
!mselves _h to create4 ,& !y w\ld create
 x by fix+ _! s\ls on "o idea--! idea ( 
a fa!rl& to be conqu]$--a sacr$ idea1 s 
noble t p w\ld live & die = x1 z = t    
sov]eign & ultimate ,good = :i* all     
sacrifices are gladly borne1 )\t :i* man
 c n live1 outside ( :i* he f9ds no?+ t 
satisfies him1 no?+ t is conducive to a 
life's "w4 ,= ,mazz9i nationality is n  
inh]it$ weal?1 b x is man's own conque/4
 ,a p c n fa9t-he>t$ly claim f o!rs     
recognition ( _! nation1 b mu/ !mselves 
demon/rate its exi/5ce1 realise x by _! 
will+ness to fight & die = its          
indep5d5ce3 indep5d5ce :i* is fre$om &  
unity & con/itutes ! nation4 ,x is n    
true t fir/ comes ! nation & !n foll[s !
 /ate2 ! nation is ! /ate :5 x has      
triumph$ ov] ! enemy1 & has ov]come !   
oppression1 :i* till !n 7 h9d]+ its     
=mation4 ,x is n !re=e a vague          

aspiration or a fa9t wi%1 b an active   
fai?1 an en]getic volition :i* creates1 
9 ! fre$ political ,p[]1 ! reality ( its
 own moral p]sonality & ( its collective
 consci\sness4 ,h5ce ! l(ty aim (       
,mazz9i 9 insi/+ t ,italy %\ld n be made
 ) ! help ( =eign]s b %\ld be a product 
( ! revolution1 t is1 ( its own w4  ,&  
truly ! nation is1 sub/antially1 z      
,mazz9i saw & firmly believ$1 ! common w
 ( a p :i* affirms itself & ?us secures 
self-realisation4 ,a nation is a nation 
only :5 x wills to be "o4 ,i said1 :5 x 
really wills1 n :5 x m]ely says x does4 
,x mu/ !re=e act 9 su* a mann] z to     
realise its own p]sonality 9 ! =m ( !   
,/ate beyond :i* !re is no collective w1
 no common p]sonality ( ! p4 ,& x mu/   
act s]i\sly1 sacrific+ ! individual to !
 collective :ole1 & welcom+ m>tyrdom1   
:i* 9 e case is b ! sacrifice ( !       
individual to ! univ]sal1 ! lavi%+ ( our
 own self to ! ideal = :i* we toil4  ,f 
?is we are n1 h[ev]1 to inf] t a nation 
c "u no circum/ances exi/ prior to !    

=mation ( its ,/ate4 ,= if ?is =mation  
means ! =mal proclamation or !          
recognition by o!r ,/ates1 x surely does
 pre-exi/4 ,b x does n if we consid] t !
 proclamation ( sov]eignty is a mom5t 9 
a previ\sly initiat$ process1 & ! effect
 ( pre-exi/+ =ces already at "w2 :i*    
effect is nev] def9ite because a ,/ate1 
ev5 aft] x has be5 con/itut$1 cont9ues  
to develop 9 virtue ( ^? v =ces :i*     
produc$ x2 s t x is con/antly r5ew+ &   
cont9ually recon/itut+ itself4 ,h5ce a  
,/ate is always a future4 ,x is t /ate  
:i* ?is v day we mu/ set up1 or r at ?is
 v in/ant1 & ) all our future ef=ts b5t 
to t political ideal :i* gleams be=e u1 
n only 9 ! light ( a beautiful ?\ght1 b 
z ! irresi/ible ne$ ( our own           
p]sonality4  ,! nation !re=e is z       
intimately p]t95t & native to our own   
be+ z ! ,/ate1 consid]$ z ,univ]sal ,w1 
is "o ) our concrete & actual e?ical    
p]sonality4 ,italy = u is ! fa!rl& :i*  
lives 9 our s\ls z t complex & l(ty     
moral idea :i* we are realis+4 ,we      

realise x 9 e in/ant ( our lives1 by our
 feel+s1 & by our ?\ghts1 by our spee* &
 by our imag9ation1 inde$1 by our :ole  
life :i* concretely fl[s into t ,w :i*  
is ! ,/ate & :i* ?us makes itself felt 9
 ! _w4 ,& ?is ,w1 ?is ,/ate is ,italy1  
:i* has f\ght & won2 :i* has /ruggl$ = a
 long "t amid errors & sorr[s1 hopes &  
dejection1 manife/ations ( /r5g? &      
confessions ( weakness1 b always ) a    
secret ?\ght1 ) a deep-seat$ aspiration 
:i* su/a9$ h] ?r\gh\t h] entire ordeal1 
n[ exalt+ h] 9 ! flu% ( action1 n[1 9 ! 
critical mom5t ( resi/ance1 confirm+ &  
=tify+ h] by ! undy+ fai? 9 ultimate    
triumph4 ,?is nation1 :i* we all wi% to 
raise to an ev] l(ti] /ation ( hon\r & (
 beauty1 ev5 ?\gh we diff] z to ! means 
( atta9+ ?is end1 is x n ! sub/ance (   
our p]sonality1--( t p]sonality :i* we  
possess n z individuals :o drift ) !    
curr5t1 b z m5 :o h a p[]ful            
self-consci\sness & :o look upw>d = _!  
de/9y8  ,if we ?us und]/& ! nation1 x   
foll[s t n only e man mu/ be> ! impr9t (

 8 nationality1 b t also !re is no true 
sci5ce1 no man's sci5ce1 :i* is n       
national4 ,! anci5ts believ$1 9 con=mity
 ) ! tea*+s ( ! ,greeks1 t sci5ce so>s  
outside ( ! human life1 above !         
vicissitudes ( mortals1 beyond ! curr5t 
( hi/ory1 :i* is tr\bl$ by ! fatal      
conflicts ( error1 by falt]+s & d\bts1 &
 by ! unsatisfi$ ?ir/ = k4 ,tru?1 l(ty1 
pure1 motionless1 & un*angeable1 0 to !m
 ! fix$ goal t[>d :i* ! human m9d mov$1 
b completely sev]$ f x & transc5d5t4    
,?is concept1 aft] two ?\s& ye>s (      
speculation1 0 to reveal itself z       
ab/ract & !re=e fallaci\s1--ab/ract f ! 
human m9d1 :i* at e giv5 in/ance mirrors
 itself 9 su* an image ( tru?1 ev] gaz+ 
^u an et]nal ideal b always int5t on    
re%ap+ x 9 a new & m adequate =m4 ,!    
mod]n _w1 at fir/ ) dim consci\sness1 & 
guid$ r by a =tunate intuition ?an by a 
cle> concept ( its own real ori5tation1 
!n ) an ev] cle>]1 ev] m critical       
conviction1 has elaborat$ a concept :i* 
is directly anti!tical to ! classical   

idea ( a cele/ial tru? remov$ f !       
turmoil ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,x has accord+ly & 
by _m ways rea*$ ! conclusion t reality1
 l(ty ?\gh x be1 & tru? itself1 :i*     
n\ri%es ! m9d & alone gives validity to 
human ?\ght1 are 9 life itself1 9 !     
developm5t ( ! m9d1 9 ! gr[? ( ! human  
p]sonality1 & t ?is p]sonality1 ?\gh    
ideally beyond our grasp1 is yet 9 !    
concrete always hi/orical & actual1 &   
realises itself 9 its imman5t value4 ,x 
!re=e creates its tru? & its _w4 ,mod]n 
philosophy & mod]n consci\sness no long]
 po9t to values :i*1 transc5d+ hi/ory1  
det]m9e its movem5t & its direction by  
ext]nal f9alities3 !y %[ to man t ! l(ty
 aim :i* is 8 law is )9 himself2 t x is 
9 8 ev] unsatisfi$ p]sonality z x       
unceas+ly /ra9s upw>d t[>ds its own     
ideal4  ,sci5ce is no long] conceiv$    
to-day z ! indiff]5t pure matt] ( !     
intellect4 ,x is an int]e/ :i* inve/s ! 
entire p]son1 extols x & ) x moves onw>d
 9 ! et]nal rhy?m ( an inf9ite          
developm5t4 ,sci5ce is n = u ! ab/ract  

contemplation ( yore2 x is              
self-consci\sness t man acquires1 & by  
means ( :i* he actuates 8 own humanity4 
,& !re=e sci5ce is no long] an adornm5t 
or an equipm5t ( ! m9d1 consid]$ z      
div]se to its cont5t2 x is culture1 & ! 
=mation ( ?is v m9d4 ,s t :5ev] sci5ce  
is z yet s ab/ract t x seems n to t\* ! 
p]son & fails to =m x or trans=m x1 x is
 an indication t x is n z yet true      
sci5ce4  ,s we conclude ?us3 he :o      
di/+ui%es 8 p]son f 8 k is ignorant ( ! 
nature ( k4 ,! mod]n tea*] kn[s ( no    
sci5ce :i* is n an act ( a p]sonality4  
,x kn[s no p]sonality :i* admits ( be+  
seque/]$ f its ideas1 f its ways ( ?9k+ 
& ( feel+1 f t great] life :i* is !     
nation4 ,concrete p]sonality !n is      
nationality1 & !re=e nei!r ! s*ool nor  
sci5ce possesses a le>n+ :i* is n       
national4  ,& = ?is reason !re=e our    
educational re=ms :i* are inspir$ by !  
tea*+s ( mod]n ideali/ic philosophy dem&
 t ! s*ool be animat$ & vivifi$ by !    
spiritual brea? ( ! fa!rl&4     ,,*apt] 

,,ii  ,,education ,,& ,,p]sonality   ,x 
is ess5tial at ! v outset to und]/&     
cle>ly :at is meant by concrete         
p]sonality1 & :y ! p>ticul> or empirical
 p]sonality1 z we are usually accu/om$  
to consid] x1 is no?+ m ?an an          
ab/raction4  ,ord9>ily1 rely+ on ! mo/  
obvi\s data ( exp]i5ce1 we are l$ to    
believe t ! sph]e ( our moral p]sonality
 co9cides exactly ) ! sph]e ( our       
physical p]son1 & is !re=e limit$ &     
conta9$ by ! surface ( our mat]ial body4
 ,we consid] ?is body 9 itself z an     
indivisible :ole1 ) su* reciprocal      
correspond5ce & int]dep5d5ce ( its p>ts 
z to become a v]itable sy/em4 ,x seems  
to u also t ?is sy/em moves 9 space z a 
:ole :5 ! body is displac$1 cont9u+ to  
rema9 unit$ z long z x exi/s4 ,we look  
^u x z ?\gh x 7 sep>at$ f all o!r       
bodies1 :e!r ( ! same or ( diff]5t k9ds1
 9 su* a mann] t x excludes o!rs f !    
place x occupies1 & is itself 9 turn    
exclud$ by !m4 ,"o body !n1 "o physical 
p]son1 "o moral p]sonality--t moral     

p]sonality :i* ea* "o ( u recognises &  
affirms by ! consci\sness ( ! ego4  ,& 9
 fact :5 ,i walk ,i am n a diff]5t p]son
 f :5 ,i ?9k4 ,my ego rema9s ! same :e!r
 my body moves ?r\gh space or :e!r my   
m9d inw>dly m$itates4 ,imp5etrability1  
:i* is possess$ by matt]1 seems to be   
also a prop]ty ( human individualism4   
,f my ego e o!r ego is app>5tly exclud$4
 ,:at ,i am no "o else c be1 & ,i 9 turn
 _c be confus$ ) ano!r p]son4 ,^? ( my  
fell[ be+s t are mo/ intimately1 mo/    
closely relat$ to me seem yet z         
completely ext]nal to me1 z ?or\ghly    
sund]$ f my _s1 z _! bodies are f m9e4  
,my fa!r1 my bro!r are dead4 ,!y h      
vani%$ f ?is _w 9 :i* ,i nev]!less      
cont9ue to exi/2 j z a /one rema9s 9 its
 place & is 9 no way affect$ :5 ano!r   
/one ne> by is remov$2 or z a mutilat$  
p$e/al may /ill rema9 to rem9d ! onlook]
 ( ! /atue t 0 torn away4  ,hundr$s (   
individuals assemble to li/5 to ! words 
( an orator4 ,b no necess>y ties exi/   
betwe5 ! v>i\s p]sons2 & :5 ! speak+ is 

ov]1 ea* "o goes 8 way confid5t t he has
 lo/ no "p ( himself & t he has ma9ta9$ 
8 individuality absolutely unalt]$4     
,our eld]s liv$ on ?is planet :5 we _h n
 yet arriv$4 ,aft] we came1 !y gradually
 )drew1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,& j z !y _h be5 
able to exi/ )\t u1 s %all we cont9ue to
 live )\t !m1 & away f !m develop our   
p]sonality4 ,= ea* "o ( u1 accord+ to   
?is po9t ( view1 has 8 own be+ )9       
himself1 8 own p>ticul> de/9y4 ,e man   
makes ( himself ! c5tre ( 8 _w1 ( t     
univ]se :i* he has creat$ ) de$s &      
?\ghts3 a univ]se ( ideas1 ( images1 (  
concepts1 ( sy/ems1 :i* are all 9 8     
bra92 a univ]se ( values1 ( desirable   
goods & ( abhorr$ evils1 all ( :i* are  
root$ 9 8 own individual w1 9 8 "*1 &   
orig9ate f ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* he     
p]sonally col\rs ?is _w & conceives !   
univ]se4  ,:at is ano!r man's sorr[ to  
me8 ,:at "p h ,i 9 8 joys8 ,& h[ c !    
sci5ce ( ,ari/otle or ( ,galileo be     
any?+ to me1 s9ce ,i d n "k !m1 s9ce ,i 
_c read _! books1 & am totally unfamili>

 ) _! tea*+s8 ,& ! unkn[n wayf>] :o     
passes by1 wrapp$ 9 8 ?\ghts1 :at does  
he c>e = my l(tie/ conceptions1 = !     
songs t well =? f ! dep?s ( my s\l8 ,!  
h]o's exploit br+s no glory to u2 !     
he9\s de$ ( ! crim9al makes u %udd]     
inde$1 b drives no pangs ( remorse ?r\gh
 our consci5ce4 ,= e "o ( u has 8 own   
body & 8 own p>ticul> s\l4 ,e "o1 9     
%ort1 is himself indep5d5tly ( :at o!rs 
may be4  ,?is conception1 :i* we        
ord9>ily =m ( our p]sonality1 & on :i*  
we erect ! sy/em ( our practical life 9 
all our manifold relations ) o!r        
individuals1 is an ab/ract concept4 ,=  
:5 we ?us conceive our be+1 we see b a  
s+le side ( x & t ! lea/ important3 we  
fail to grasp t "p :i* reveals all t is 
spiritual1 & human1 & truly & peculi>ly 
ours4 ,i %all n "h inve/igate h[ ! human
 p]sonality has two aspects s totally   
diff]5t "o f ! o!r2 & 9 :at remote dep?s
 we mu/ se>* = ! common root ( ^! two   
contra/+ & app>5tly contradictory       
manife/ations4 ,our task = ! mom5t is to

 e/abli% )9 ourselves ?r\gh reflection !
 firm conviction t we are n lone        
individualities3 t !re is ano!r & a     
bett] "p ( u1 an elem5t :i* is ! v      
anti!sis ( ! p>ticul>1 t "o1 namely1 :i*
 is ! deep-seat$ s\rce ( our nature1 by 
:i* we cease1 ea* "o ( u1 to be 9       
irr$ucible opposition to ! re/ (        
humanity1 & become in/ead :at all ! o!rs
 are or :at we want !m to be4  ,9 ord]  
to fix our att5tion on ?is m pr(\nd     
aspect ( our inn] life1 ,i %all take z  
an example "o ( ^? elem5ts :i* are      
conta9$ 9 ! concept ( nationality1      
,language4 ,language x mu/ be rememb]$  
does n belong p] se to nationality2 x   
belongs to x 9 virtue ( an act by :i* a 
w1 a p]sonality1 affirms itself ) a     
det]m9$ cont5t4 ,we mu/ n[ po9t out !   
ab/ract "* ( t concept by :i* language1 
:i* is a con/itu5t elem5t ( our         
p]sonality1 is usually ascrib$ to :at is
 m]ely p>ticul> 9 x4  ,t language is a  
peculi> & con/itu5t elem5t ( p]sonality 
is q obvi\s4 ,?r\gh language we speak n 

to o!rs only1 b to ourselves also4      
,speak+ to ourselves means see+ )9      
ourselves our own ideas1 our s\l1 our v 
self 9 %ort1--x means self-consci\sness1
 z ! philosoph]s say1 & !re=e           
self-control1 cle> vision ( our acts1 k 
( :at /irs )9 u2 x means1 !re=e1 liv+ n 
aft] ! mann] ( dumb animals1 b z        
rational be+s1 z m54 ,man _c ?9k1 h     
consci\sness ( himself1 reason1 )\t fir/
 express+ all t to himself4 ,man has be5
 def9$ z a rational animal2 he may also 
be def9$ z ! speak+ animal4 ,! rem>k is 
z old z ,ari/otle4  ,man1 h[ev]1 ?is    
animal end[$ ) ! faculty ( speak+1 is n 
man 9 g5]al :o nev] 01 b ! real man1 !  
hi/orical man1 actually exi/+4 ,& he    
does n speak a g5]al language1 b a c]ta9
 def9ite "o4  ,:5 ,i speak be=e a       
public1 ,i c b use my language1 !       
,italian language4 ,& ,i exi/1 t is ,i  
affirm myself1 ,i come into real be+1 by
 ?9k+ 9 con=mity ) my real p]sonality1 9
 s f> z ,i speak1 & speak ?is language (
 m9e4 ,my language1 ! ,italian language4

 ,"h lies ! problem4 ,7 ,i n to speak1  
or 7 ,i to speak o!rwise ?an ,i "k h[1  
,i w\ld n be myself4 ,?is mann] (       
express+ myself is !n an intr9sic trait 
( my p]sonality4 ,b ?is spee* :i* makes 
me :at ,i am1 & :i* !re=e intimately    
belongs to me1 c\ld x possibly be m9e1  
c\ld ,i use x1 m\ld x into my own       
life-sub/ance1 if1 m9e ?\gh x be1 x 7   
yet enclos$ )9 me 9 ! mann] t e p>ticle 
( my fle% is conta9$ )9 my body1 hav+   
no?+ 9 common ) any o!r "p ( matt]      
co-exi/+ 9 space8 ,c\ld my language 9   
%ort really be my language1 if x belong$
 exclusively to me1 to :at ,i h call$ my
 p>ticul> or empirical p]sonality8  ,a  
simple reflection w suffice to %[ t my  
language1 l a beacon ( light1 inw>dly   
illum9es my ,?\ght1 & r5d]s visible to  
me e movem5t & e s5se1 only because ?is 
language is n exclusively my own4 ,x is 
t same language ?r\gh :i* ,i grasp !    
anci5t au?ors ( ,italy4 ,i read ab\t    
,francesca da ,rim9i & ,c\nt ,ugol9o1 & 
f9d !m )9 me 9 ! emotion ( my ?robb+    

s\l4 ,i read ( ,petr>*'s gold5-hair$    
,laura1 ( ,ario/o's ,angelica1 fair love
 ( *ivalr\s m5 & ! unhappy fri5d (      
y\?ful ,m$oro4 ,i read ( ! cunn+ art    
:]eby ! ,flor5t9e secret>y1 9 8 ke5     
speculative disc\rses1 s\ght to e/abli% 
! pr9cipalities & ! /ate ( ,italy4 ,i   
read ( ! _m loves1 sorr[s1 discov]ies & 
sublime concepts :i* did n blossom =? f 
my _s1 b :i*1 once express$ by ! great  
m5 ( my c\ntry1 h1 because ( _! m]its1  
cont9u$ to exi/ 9 ! imag9ation1 9 !     
intellect1 9 ! he>ts ( ,italians1 & h   
?us con/itut$ a lit]ature1 a light-%$d+ 
hi/ory :i* is ! life ( language1 v>i$   
inde$ & re/less1 b ev] ! same4 ,?is is !
 language :i* ,i fir/ he>d f ! de> lips 
( my "m1 :i* gradually & con/antly ,i   
made my own by /udy+ & reflect+ on !    
books & on ! conv]sations ( ^? :o =     
ye>s1 or days1 or in/ants1 7 ) me 9 my  
native t[n & ex*ang$ ) me _! ?\ghts & _!
 s5tim5ts2 ! language :i* unites to me  
all ^? :o1 liv+ or dead1 toge!r         
con/itute ?is :i* ,i call & feel to be  

my own p4  ,yet ,i might want to break  
away ) my spee* f ?is glori\s communion4
 ,i might try to demon/rate to myself t 
my spee* is exclusively m9e1 & surely ,i
 w\ld ?us accompli% some?+4 ,i w\ld     
produce an exception :i* 9 ?is case too 
w\ld s]ve to confirm ! rule4  ,= surely 
a man may devise a cryptic language1 a  
ciph]1 a j>gon4 ,secret codes &         
conv5tional cants are resort$ to by     
individuals :o h "s reason to conceal _!
 mean+ f o!rs4 ,su* individuals1 h[ev]1 
c =m b v small gr\ps1 & because ( !     
artificial "* ( _! communications nev]  
may con/itute a nation4 ,an artificial  
j>gon ( ?is sort is h[ev] a language (  
"s k9d3 x mu/ be1 s9ce art imitates     
nature4 ,x complies ) ! law t is imman5t
 9 ! peculi> nature ( language1 namely1 
t !re be no?+ secret or hidd5 9 x1 =    
spee* & 9 g5]al e =m ( spiritual        
activity inve/s a community & aims at   
univ]sality4 ,! j>gon is possible only  
because ( ! key by :i* x may be         
translat$ back into ! common language4  

,give a ciph]$ docum5t to !             
cryptograph]2 by /udy & +5uity--t is by 
! use ( t v intellig5ce :i* arbitr>ily  
comb9$ ! ciph]--he discov]s ! key2 ?us  
he too breaks up ! artificial =m1 &     
draws f x ! natural fl[ ( a spee* t is  
intelligible to all ^? :o speak ! same  
national tongue4 ,& aga91 words z !y fl[
 f ! inspir$ bosom ( ! poet1 :5 !y fir/ 
appe> 9 ! fre%ness ( ! new arti/ic      
creation1 d h some?+ t is cryptic4 ,t   
language is ! poet's own2 x nev] _h be5 
us$ by ano!r2 a j>gon be=e x is deciph]$
 may be & is ! language ( a p>ticul>    
p]sonality4 ,b if we look m att5tively1 
we %all see t 9 bo? cases ! language is 
! language ( ! community4 ,! inspir$    
poet does inde$ speak to himself1 b ) ! 
consci\sness ( a pot5tial audi5ce1 he   
utt]s a ^w to himself :i* mu/ ev5tually 
be intelligible to o!rs because x is by 
its nature intelligible4 ,9 ! conditions
 9 :i* ! poet f9ds himself :5 speak+1 he
 mu/ use t ^w & no o!r1 & any o!r p]son 
9 ^? same spiritual conditions w\ld use1

 c\ld n help us+1 ! same ^w4 ,= 8 ^w is 
! ,^w1 ! "o t is requir$ by !           
circum/ances4 ,& s9ce he is a poet1 a   
s]i\s m9d utt]+ a ^w :i* ne$s no        
translation1 x w be ! ^w ( 8 own p fir/ 
& !n ( humanity at l>ge1 9 s f> z its   
beauty w inspire m5 ( diff]5t nations & 
( div]se spee* ) ! desire ( le>n+ !     
poet's own intimate language4  ,all ?is 
is true because ! _s is univ]sal        
activity1 :i*1 f> f sep>at+ m51 unites  
!m4 ,x realises hi/orically its         
univ]sality 9 ! community ( ! family1 ( 
! city1 ( ! di/rict1 & ( ! nation1 & 9 e
 =m ( intimate aggregation & ( fusion   
:i* hi/ory may call into be+4  ,language
 may or may n be 9 ! =mation ( a man's  
nationality4 ,:at h[ev] mu/ be ev]      
pres5t is ! ,w by :i* man e mom5t ( 8   
life r5ovates 8 own p]sonality4 ,c ! ,w1
 by :i* ea* "o ( u is :at he is1 be 8   
own ,w1 exclusively 8 own8 ,or is ! ,w  
itself1 l language1 n p]haps a national 
heirloom1 b surely a common act1 a      
communion ( life1 9 su* a way t we live 

our own life :ile liv+ ! life ( !       
nation8  ,( c\rse1 9 ! ab/ract1 z ,i h  
expla9$ above1 my w is p>ticul>4 ,b we  
mu/ be rem9d$ t ,w is "o ?+1 & fa9t wi%+
 ano!r4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z real         
effective volition1 & !re is some?+ :i* 
/rives to be su* & fails2 ?is latt] we  
might call velleity4 ,real w does n re/ 
satisfi$ ) int5tions1 designs1 or /]ile 
desires2 x acts1 & by its effectiv5ess x
 reveals itself1 & by its value %[s its 
reality4 ,& our be+ results n f         
velleities b f ! real w4 ,we are n :at  
we might conditionally desire to be1 b  
:at we actually w to be4 ,a velleity we 
might say is ! w direct$ to an end :i*  
is ei!r relatively or absolutely        
impossible2 w is t :i* becomes          
effective4  ,b1 !n1 :5 is x t my w      
really is effective1 really wills8 ,i am
 a citiz5 ( a /ate :i* has p[]2 ?is p[]1
 ?is w ( ! /ate expresses itself to me 9
 laws :i* ,i mu/ obey4 ,! transgression 
( laws1 if ! /ate is 9 exi/5ce1 be>s ) x
 ! inevitable puni%m5t ( ! transgressor1

 t is1 ! application ( t law :i* ! (f5d]
 has refus$ to recognise4 ,! /ate is    
support$ by ! inviolability ( laws1 ( ^?
 sacr$ laws ( ! l& :i* ,socrates1 z     
,plato tells u1 taught 8 pupils to      
rev]e4 ,i1 !n1 z a citiz5 ( my c\ntry1  
am b\nd by its ,law 9 su* a mann] t to w
 its transgression is to aim at !       
impossible4 ,if ,i did s1 ,i %\ld be    
indulg+ 9 va9 velleities1 9 :i* my      
p]sonality1 f> f realis+ itself1 w\ld on
 ! contr>y be dis9tegrat$ & scatt]$4 ,i 
!n want :at ! law wants me to w4  ,x    
makes no diff]5ce t1 f a mat]ial &      
explicit po9t ( view1 a sy/em ( positive
 law does n co9cide ?r\gh\t ) ! sph]e ( 
my activity1 & t !re=e ! major "p ( !   
/&>ds ( my conduct mu/ be det]m9$ by !  
inn] dictates ( my p>ticul> consci5ce4  
,= x is ! ,w ( ! ,/ate t det]m9es !     
limits betwe5 ! moral & ! juridical1    
betwe5 :at is impos$ by ! law ( ! l& &  
:at is dem&$ by ! e?ical consci5ce ( !  
individual4 ,& !re is no limit :i*      
pre-exi/s to ! l9e by :i* ! con/itu5t & 

legislative p[] ( ! ,/ate delimits !    
sph]e subject to its sanctions4 ,s t    
positively or negatively1 ei!r by comm& 
or by p]mission1 our :ole conduct is    
subject to t w by :i* ! ,/ate e/abli%es 
its reality4  ,b ! ,w ( ! ,/ate does n  
manife/ itself solely by ! enactm5ts (  
positive legislation4 ,x op5s to private
 initiative su* c\rses ( action z may   
presumably be c>ri$ on satisfactorily   
)\t ! impulse & ! direct control ( !    
sov]eign p[]4 ,b ?is concession has a   
tempor>y "*1 & ! ,/ate is ev] ready to  
int]v5e z soon z ! private managem5t    
ceases to be effective4 ,s t ev5 9 !    
ex]cise ( :at seems ! untrammell$ w ( ! 
individual we disc]n ! p[] ( ! ,/ate2 & 
! individual is free to w some?+ only   
because ! sov]eign p[] wants him to4 ,s 
t 9 reality ?is app>5tly autonom\s      
p>ticul> w is ! w ( ! /ate n express$ 9 
t]ms ( positive legislation1 !re be+ no 
ne$ ( su* an expression4 ,b s9ce !      
ess5ce ( law is n 9 ! expression ( x1 b 
9 ! w :i* dictates x1 or obs]ves x1 or  

en=ces ! obs]vance ( x1 9 ! w1 9 %ort1 t
 wills x1 x foll[s t ! law exi/s ev5    
?\gh unwritt54  ,9 ! way ( conclusion1  
!n1 x may be said t ,i1 z a citiz51 h   
inde$ a w ( my own2 b t ^u fur!r        
inve/igation my w is f\nd to co9cide    
exactly ) ! w ( ! ,/ate1 & ,i want any?+
 only 9 s f> z ! ,/ate wants me to want 
x4  ,c\ld x possibly be o!rwise8 ,su* an
 hypo!sis ov]:elms me at ! v ?\ght ( x4 
,= x w\ld come to ?is1--t ,i exi/ & my  
/ate does n3--! /ate 9 :i* ,i 0 born1   
:i* su/a9$ & protect$ me be=e ,i saw !  
light ( day1 :i* =m$ & gu>ante$ to me   
?is communion ( life2 ! /ate 9 :i* ,i h 
always liv$1 :i* has con/itut$ ?is      
spiritual sub/ance1 ?is _w 9 :i* ,i     
support myself1 & :i* ,i tru/ w nev]    
fail me ev5 ?\gh x does *ange con/antly4
 ,i c\ld1 x is true1 ignore ?is close   
bond by :i* ,i am ti$ & unit$ to t great
 w :i* is ! w ( my c\ntry4 ,i might balk
 & refuse to obey its laws4 ,b act+ ?us1
 ,i w\ld be indulg+ 9 :at ,i h call$    
velleities4 ,my p]sonality1 unable to   

trans=m ! w ( ! /ate1 w\ld be ov]come & 
suppress$ by x4  ,let u h[ev] assume = a
 mom5t t ,i might 9 ! inn]mo/ dep?s ( my
 be+ segregate myself4 ,av]se to !      
common w & to ! law ( ! l&1 ,i decide to
 proclaim ov] ! b\ndless expanse ( my   
?\ght ! pr\d indep5d5ce ( my ego1 z a   
lone1 inaccessible summit ris+ out ( !  
solitude4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ?is       
hypo!sis is v]ifi$ con/antly by ! mann] 
9 :i* my p]sonality freely becomes      
actual4 ,b ev5 !n ,i d n act z a        
p>ticul> be+3 x is ! univ]sal p[] t acts
 ?r\gh my p]sonal w4  ,= :5 we          
effectively obs]ve ! law1 ) true moral  
adhesion & 9 ?or\gh s9c]ity1 ! law      
becomes "p ( ourselves1 & our actions   
are ! direct results ( our              
convictions1--( ! necessity ( our       
convictions4 ,= e "t we act1 inw>dly we 
see t su* mu/ be our c\rse2 we mu/ h a  
cle> intuition ( ?is necessity4 ,! ,sa9t
 :o has no w b ! w ( ,god intuitively   
sees necessity 9 8 norm4 ,s does ! s9n] 
9 8 own way3 b 8 norm is errone\s &     

!re=e de/9$ to fail4 ,e crim9al 9       
transgress+ ! law obeys a precept ( 8   
own mak+ :i* is 9 opposition to !       
enactm5ts ( ! /ate4 ,& 9 s do+ he       
creates almo/ a /ate ( 8 own1 diff]5t f 
! "o :i* hi/orically exi/s & mu/ exi/   
because ( c]ta9 good reasons1 !         
excell5ce ( :i* ! crim9al himself w     
subsequ5tly realise4 ,f ! un=tunate po9t
 ( view :i* he has tak51 ! transgressor 
is ju/ifi$ 9 act+ z he does1 & to su* an
 ext5t t no "o 9 8 position1 z he ?9ks1 
c\ld possibly take exception to x4 ,8 w 
is also univ]sal2 if he 7 all[$ to1 if x
 7 possible = him1 he w\ld e/abli% new  
laws 9 place ( ! old ones3 he w\ld set  
up ano!r /ate ov] ! ru9s ( ! "o :i* he  
und]m9es4 ,& :at else does ! tyrant :5  
he de/roys ! fre$om ( ! l& & sub/itutes 
a new /ate = ! cru%$ ,commonweal?8 ,9 ! 
same mann] ! rebel does away ) ! despot1
 />ts a revolution & e/abli%es lib]ty if
 he is successful2 if n1 he is ov]come &
 mu/ aga9 con=m 8 w to ! w ( t /ate :i* 
he has n be5 able to ov]?r[4 ,s !n1 ,i  

ex]cise my true volition :5ev] ! w ( my 
/ate acts 9 my p]sonal w1 or r :5 my w  
is ! realisation ( ! w ( a sup]-national
 gr\p 9 :i* my /ate co-exi/s ) o!r      
/ates1 act+ ^u !m1 & be+ re-act$ ^u 9   
reciprocal det]m9ations4 ,or p]haps     
bett] /ill1 :5 ! entire _w wills 9 me4  
,= my w1 ,i %all say x once aga91 is n  
individual b univ]sal1 & 9 ! political  
community by :i* individuals are unit$  
into a high] individuality1 hi/orically 
di/9ct f o!r simil> ones1 we mu/ see a  
=m ( univ]sality4  ,= ?is reason1 !n1 we
 are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t our p]sonality is 
p>ticul> :5 we consid] x ab/ractly1 b t 
concretely x realises itself z a        
univ]sal & !re=e also z a national      
p]sonality4 ,?is conception is (        
fundam5tal importance = ^? ( u :o live 9
 ! class-room & h made ( tea*+ our      
life's occupation1 our ultimate end1 & !
 real purpose ( our exi/5ce4 ,= 9 ?is   
conception ( human activities we f9d !  
solution ( a problem t has be5 pres5t 9 
! m9ds ( ?9k+ m5 ev] s9ce !y began to   

reflect on ! subject ( education1 or1 9 
o!r words1 f "t immemorial4 ,education1 
we mu/ rememb]1 is n a fact1 if by fact 
we mean1 z we %\ld1 some?+ t has happ5$1
 or is wont to happ51 or mu/ inevitably 
take place 9 virtue ( ! con/ancy ( ! law
 :i* gov]ns x4 ,we tea*]s are all       
s9c]ely conv9c$ t education1 z we speak 
( x1 z x draws our int]e/s1 = :i* we "w1
 & :i* we /rive to improve1 is n n[ :at 
x 0 be=e4 ,= !re is no education t works
 out 9 con=mity ) natural laws4 ,x is a 
free act ( ours1 ! vocation ( our s\ls1 
our duty z m54 ,by x m nobly ?an by any 
o!r action man is enabl$ to actualise 8 
sup]ior nature4 ,animals d n educate3   
ev5 ?\gh !y d raise _! "y ones !y yet =m
 no family1 no e?ical organism ) memb]s 
diff]5tiat$ & reciprocally correlat$4 ,b
 we freely1 by an act ( our consci5ce1  
recognise our *ildr51 z we d our p>5ts &
 our bro!rs2 & we disc]n our fell[-be+s 
9 ourselves & ourselves 9 o!rs2 & by !  
gr[? ( our own we unconsci\sly develop !
 p]sonality ( o!rs2 & !re=e 9 ! family1 

9 ! city1 9 any community1 we con/itute 
"o _s1 ) common ne$s t are satisfi$ by !
 op]ations ( individual activity :i* is 
a social activity4  ,man has be5 call$ a
 political or a social animal4 ,he might
 !re=e be consid]$ also z an educat+    
animal4 ,= we d n m]ely educate ! "y    
ones1 our "y ones4 ,education be+       
spiritual action be>+ on ! _s1 we really
 educate all ^? t are 9 any way & by any
 relations :atsoev] connect$ ) u1 :e!r  
or n !y belong to our family or to our  
s*ool1 z long z !y concur ) u 9         
con/itut+ a complete social entity4 ,&  
we n only tra9 ^? ( m9or age1 :o are z  
yet "u tutelage1 & /ill frequ5t ! s*ools
 & are busily int5t ^u develop+ &       
improv+ _! skill1 _! "*1 _! culture4 ,we
 also educate ! adults1 ! gr[n-up m5 &  
wom51 ! ag$2 = !re is no man alive :o   
does n daily add to 8 intellectual      
equipm5t1 :o does n d]ive "s advantage f
 8 human associations1 :o c\ld n        
appropriately repeat ! /atem5t ( !      
,roman emp]or--nulla dies s9e l9ea4 ,man

 always educates4  ,b "h1 z 9 e o!r     
manife/ation ( 8 spiritual activity1 man
 does n behave 9 sole con=mity ) in/9ct2
 he does n tea* by ab&on+ himself1 s to 
speak1 to ! =ce ( natural det]m9ism4 ,he
 is fully aw>e ( 8 own do+s4 ,he keeps 8
 eyes op5 on 8 own function1 s t he may 
atta9 ! end by ! %orte/ c\rse1 t he may 
)\t wa/+ 8 en]gies d]ive f !m ! be/     
possible results4 ,= man reflects4  ,x  
is evid5t !n t education is n a s*eme   
:i* p]mits p$agogues & p$ants to int]f]e
 ) _! !ories & lucubrations 9 ?is sacr$ 
task ( love1 :i* b9ds ! p>5ts to !      
*ildr51 br+s old & "y toge!r1 & keeps   
mank9d unit$ 9 its nev] ceas+ asc5t4    
,be=e ! ^w came into be+1 ! ?+1 z is    
usually ! case1 already exi/$4 ,be=e !re
 0 a sci5ce & an incumb5t = ! *air1 !re 
exi/$ some?+ t 0 ! life ( ?is sci5ce &  
!re=e ! ju/ification ( ! *air4 ,!re 0 ! 
int5t reflectiv5ess ( man1 :o 9         
compliance ) ! div9e say+1 ,"k ?yself1 0
 becom+ consci\s ( 8 own "w1 & !re=e1   
unwill+ to ab&on 8 actions to ext]nal   

impulses1 began to "q ev]y?+4 ,:at ! l[]
 animal does naturally & un]r+ly ?r\gh  
its infallible in/9ct1 man a*ieves by ! 
re/less scrut9y ( 8 m9d4 ,ev] ?\ghtful1 
always ye>n+ = ! bett]1 he se>*es &     
explores1 (t5 /umbl+ 9 error1 b ev] ris+
 out ( x to a high] /ation ( le>n+ & (  
art4 ,our education is human1 because x 
is an action & n a fact2 because x is a 
problem t we always solve & h to keep   
solv+ = ev]4  ,?is intuitive tru? is    
demon/rat$ exp]im5tally to u by ! v     
lives we live z educators4 ,z long z !  
fre%ness ( our vocation la/s1 z long z  
we c rema9 free f me*anical r\t9e & f ! 
impositions ( fix$ habits2 z long z we  
are able to consid] e new pupil ) r5ew$ 
int]e/1 discov] 9 him a diff]5t s\l1    
unlike t ( any o!r t we h previ\sly come
 9 contact )1 & diff]+ )9 itself f day  
to day2 z long z x is /ill possible = u 
to ent] ! class-room ?rill$ & ?robb+ 9 !
 anticipation ( new tru?s to reveal1 (  
novel exp]im5ts to p]=m1 ( unexpect$    
difficulties to ov]come1 9 ! full       

consci\sness ( ! rapid motion ( a life  
ev] r5ew$ 9 u & ar\nd u by ! incom+     
g5]ations1 t fl[ to u & ebb away        
unceas+ly t[>ds life & dea?2 s long %all
 we really live & love ! tea*]'s life1 s
 long %all we demon/rate to ourselves & 
to o!rs ! tru? ,i h already affirm$4    
,we tea*]s %\ld be con/antly on our gu>d
 aga9/ ! dang]s ( r\t9e1 aga9/ ! belief 
t we h b to repeat ! same old /ory 9 !  
same class-room1 to ! same k9d ( di/ant1
 blank faces1 />+ at u 9 dre>y uni=mity 
f ! same b5*es4 ,we %all cont9ue to be  
educators only z long z we are able to  
feel t e in/ant ( our life's "w is a new
 in/ant1 & t education !re=e is a       
problem t insi/5tly /imulates our +5uity
 to an ev] r5ew$ solution4  ,n[ ! mo/   
important ( all tasks1 anci5t & mod]n1 9
 ! field ( education is ?is1--! task ( !
 tea*] to repres5t ! ,univ]sal to 8     
pupils1 ! ,univ]sal1 ( c\rse1 z         
hi/orically det]m9$4 ,sci5tific ?\ght1  
cu/oms1 laws1 religi\s beliefs are      
br\ght be=e ! pupil's m9d1 n z ! sci5ce1

 ! laws1 ! religion ( ! tea*]1 b z ^? ( 
humanity1 ( 8 c\ntry1 ( 8 p]iod4 ,& !   
pupil is ! p>ticul> individual :o1 hav+ 
ent]$ ^u ! process ( education1 & be+   
submitt$1 s to speak1 to ! yoke ( !     
s*ool1 ceases to enjoy 8 =m] lib]ty 9 ! 
pursuit ( a spiritual end[m5t & 9 !     
=mation ( 8 "*1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is   
educational pressure1 b5ds compliantly  
be=e ! common law4 ,h5ce ! _w-old       
opposition to ! co]cive p[] ( ! s*ool1 &
 ! outcry rais$ f "t to "t aga9/ !      
privilege dem&$ by ! educator1 :o on !  
/r5g? ( ! assum$ly high] quality ( 8    
beliefs1 8 le>n+1 8 ta/e1 or 8 moral    
consci5ce1 claims to int]f]e ) !        
spontane\s developm5t ( a p]sonality 9  
que/ ( itself4  ,on "o side education   
und\bt$ly assumes ! task ( develop+     
fre$om1 = ! aim ( education is to       
produce m52 & man is wor?y ( ?is "n only
 :5 he is a ma/] ( himself1 capable (   
initiat+ 8 own acts1 responsible = 8    
de$s1 able to disc]n & assimilate !     
ideas :i* he accepts & pr(esses1 affirms

 & propagates1 s t :atev] he says1 ?9ks1
 or does1 really comes f him4 ,our      
*ildr5 are said to be prop]ly rais$ :5  
!y give evid5ce ( be+ able to take c>e (
 !mselves )\t ! help ( our guidance &   
advice4 ,& we tru/ t we h accompli%$ our
 task z educators :5 our pupils h made  
our language _! own & are able to tell u
 new ?+s orig9ally ?\ght out by !m4     
,fre$om !n mu/ be ! result ( education4 
,b on ! o!r h&1 tea*+ implies an action 
ex]cis$ on ano!r m9d1 & education _c    
!re=e result 9 ! rel9qui%m5t & ab&onm5t 
( ! pupil4 ,! educator mu/ awak5 int]e/s
 t )\t him w\ld = ev] lie dormant4 ,he  
mu/ direct ! le>n] t[>ds an end :i* he  
w\ld be unable to e/imate prop]ly if    
left alone1 & mu/ help him to ov]come ! 
o!rwise unsurm\ntable ob/acles t beset 8
 progress4 ,he mu/1 9 %ort1 transfuse   
into ! pupil some?+ ( himself1 & out ( 8
 own spiritual sub/ance create elem5ts (
 ! pupil's "*1 m9d1 & w4 ,b ! acts :i* !
 pupil p]=ms 9 consequ5ce ( 8 tra9+ w1 9
 a c]ta9 measure1 be ^? ( 8 tea*]2 &    

education w !re=e h prov$ de/ructive ( t
 v lib]ty ) :i* ! pupil 0 orig9ally     
end[$4 ,is x n true t p con/antly       
attribute to e>ly family influ5ces & to 
environm5t--t is1 to education--! good &
 ! bad 9 ! de$s ( ! mature man8  ,?is is
 ! =m 9 :i* ! problem usually pres5ts   
itself4 ,! m9d ( ! educator is !re=e    
torn by two conflict+ =ces3 ! desire    
zeal\sly to wat* & control ! pupil's    
gr[? & direct 8 evolution along ! c\rse 
t seems quicke/ & sure/ = 8 complete    
developm5t2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! fe> t he  
may kill f]tile se$s1 /ifle )           
presumptu\s int]f]5ce ! spontane\s life 
( ! _s 9 its p]sonal impulses1 & clo! ! 
individual ) a g>m5t t is n adapt$ =    
him1--cru% him "u ! weight ( a lead5    
cape4  ,! solution ( ?is problem mu/ be 
s\ght 9 ! concrete conception (         
individual p]sonality2 & ?is w be ! !me 
( ! next *apt]4 ,b ,i mu/ at ! v outset 
utt] an emphatic ^w ( w>n+4 ,my solution
 does n remove all difficulties2 x _c be
 us$ z a key to op5 all doors4 ,= z ,i h

 repeat$ly /at$1 ! value ( education    
consi/s 9 ! p]si/5ce ( ! problems1 ev]  
solv$ & yet ev] clam\r+ = a new         
solution1 s t we may nev] feel releas$ f
 ! obligation ( ?9k+4  ,my solution mu/ 
be simply accept$ z af=d+ a guidance by 
:i* diff]5t p may1 along m or less      
conv]g+ l9es1 approa* _! p>ticul>       
objectives4 ,= ! problem pres5ts itself 
"u ev]-*ang+ =ms1 & dem&s a cont9u\s    
developm5t1 & almo/ a progressive       
int]pretation ( ! concept :i* ,i am go+ 
to (f] z an aid to its solution4 ,no    
ef=t ( ?9k+1 once complet$1 w ev]       
exon]ate u f ?9k+1 f ?9k+ unceas+ly1 f  
?9k+ m & m int5sively4     ,,*apt] ,,iii
  ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,antimony ,,(       
,,education   ,a m precise det]m9ation  
mu/ n[ be giv5 to ! problem1 t\*$ ^u 9 !
 prec$+ *apt]1 :i* might be call$ !     
fundam5tal ant9omy ( education1 und]/&+ 
by ant9omy ! conflict ( two             
contradictory affirmations1 ei!r "o (   
:i* appe>s to be true & irrefutable4  ,!
 two contradictory affirmations are 7#a7

 t man z ! object ( education is & mu/  
be free1 & 7#b7 t education d5ies man's 
fre$om4 ,!y might p]haps be bett]       
re-/at$ 9 ?is way3 7#a7 ,education      
presupposes fre$om 9 man & /rives to    
increase x4 7#b7 ,education treats man  
by ignor+ ! fre$om he may orig9ally be  
end[$ )1 & acts 9 su* a way z to /rip   
him entirely ( x4  ,ea* ( ! two         
propositions mu/ be tak51 n z an        
approximate affirmation1 b z an exact   
enunciation ( an irrefutable tru?4      
,!re=e fre$om "h means full & absolute  
lib]ty2 & :5 we speak ( ! negation (    
fre$om1 we mean t education z su*1 & z  
f> z x is c>ri$1 de/roys ! fre$om ( !   
pupil4  ,let u fir/ see precisely :at is
 meant by ?is fre$om :i* we attribute to
 man4 ,ea* "o ( u firmly ev5 ?\gh       
obscurely possesses "s conception ( x4  
,e "o ( u1 ev5 ?\gh unfamili> ) !       
controv]sies t h rag$ = c5turies on ! "q
 ( free w1 mu/ h sometimes be5 compell$ 
by ! conditions ( human life to face !  
difficulties t beset ! concept ( man's  

fre$om1 & mu/ h be5 l$ to "q1 if n to   
d5y outright1 ! proposition t man is    
free4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 e "o ( u has to   
admit t ! exp]i5ce ( life has confirm$ !
 belief 9 our fre$om :i* = a mom5t _h   
be5 %ak5 by d\bt & p]plexity2 & t fai?1 
in/9ctive & inco]cible1 outlives e "t ! 
onslaughts ( negation4  ,by lib]ty we   
mean t p[] peculi> to man by :i* he     
m\lds himself into 8 actual be+ &       
orig9ates ! s]ies ( facts 9 :i* e "o ( 8
 actions becomes manife/4 ,9 nature1 all
 facts1 or1 z !y are call$1 all ph5om5a 
appe> to u to be s int]relat$ z to      
con/itute a univ]sal sy/em 9 :i* no     
ph5om5on c ev] be consid]$ z absolutely 
beg9n+1 b c 9 ea* case be trac$ back to 
a prec$+ ph5om5on z its cause1 or at any
 rate z ! condition ( its               
intelligibility4 ,! cond5sation ( !     
aque\s vap\r 9 ! cl\d produces ra92 b   
vap\r w\ld n cond5se )\t ! action (     
temp]ature1 nor aga9 w\ld temp]ature be 
l[]$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( c]ta9           
meteorological facts :i* modify x1 etc4 

,b we believe on ! o!r h& t man d]ives f
 no "o b himself ! pr9ciples & ! causes 
( 8 actions4 ,s t :5ev] we see 9 8      
conduct ! necess>y effects ( causes t h 
act$ on 8 "* or mom5t>ily on 8 w1 we    
cease to consid] su* acts z p>tak+ ( t  
moral value ?r\gh :i* man's conduct is  
really human & completely sund]$ f !    
in/9ctive impulses ( ! l[] animal1 & ev5
 m s f ! behavi\r ( ! =ces ( inanimate  
matt]4  ,we may 9 c]ta9 mom5ts d5y a    
man's humanity1 & see 9 8 conduct only  
brutal impulse1 fi]ce cruelty1 &        
unreason+ be/iality4 ,9 su* mom5ts we _c
 /op ei!r to praise or to blame him4 ,we
 d n ev5 /rive to reason ) him1 = we    
feel t argum5ts w\ld produce no         
impression on 8 obdurate consci\sness4  
,only ?r\gh =ce c we def5d ourselves f 8
 viol5ce2 aga9/ him we mu/ use ! same   
weapon t we rely ^u 9 our /ruggle ) !   
wild bea/s & ! bl9d =ces ( nature4 ,we  
!n become aw>e t our s\l refuses to     
recognise su* an individual z a man4 ,we
 e/eem man to be su* only :5 we believe 

t we c influ5ce him by words1 by        
argum5ts t are direct$ to reason1 :i* is
 ! bir?right ( man1 & :5 we are able to 
prevail ^u ^? s5tim5ts ( 8 :i*1 z       
peculi>ly human1 appe> to be almo/ !    
f\ndation & ! und]/ructure ( rational   
activity4 ,?is reason & ^! s5tim5ts x   
mu/ be rememb]$ are ! peculi> con/itu5ts
 ( human p]sonality4 ,!y _c be imp>t$ to
 man f ! outside4 ,!y are 9 him f ! v   
/>t ev5 if only z g]ms :i* he mu/       
himself cultivate1 & :i* w1 :5 develop$1
 enable him to act consci\sly1 t is1 )  
full k ( 8 acts4 ,?is k is tw(old1 = he 
kn[s :at he is do+1 & he kn[s also h[ 8 
actions mu/ be judg$4 ,& s all ! causes 
t be> on him are practically ( no weight
 9 det]m9+ a c\rse :i* he w take1 if he 
is a man1 only aft] ! approval ( 8 own  
judgm5t4 ,:at is m natural ?an to av5ge 
an insult1 & to h>b\r hatr$ aga9/ an    
enemy8 ,& yet f ! viewpo9t ( morals1 man
 is wor?y ( ?is "n only 9 s f> z he is  
able to resi/ 8 ov]p[]+ passions & to   
release himself f t =ce :i* compels him 

to (fset h>m ) m h>m1 & meet hatr$ )    
hatr$4 ,he mu/ p>don2 he mu/ love !     
enemy :o h>ms him4 ,only :5 a man is    
capable ( und]/&+ ! beauty ( ?is p>don &
 ( su* love1 only :51 attract$ by _!    
beauty1 he acts no long] 9 compliance ) 
! =ce ( in/9ctive nature1 does he cease 
to c\nt z a purely natural be+1 & lift  
himself to a high] level into t moral _w
 :]e he mu/ progressively exhibit 8     
human activities4 ,:e!r man is equal to 
?is task or n1 we mu/ dem& t he satisfy 
?is requirem5t be=e we admit him into ! 
society ( mank9d4 ,he mu/ h 9 himself ! 
/r5g? to )/& ! pressure ( ext]nal =ces  
:i* may act on 8 w1 on 8 p]sonality1 on 
t inn] c5tre f :i* 8 p]sonality moves   
t[>ds u1 speaks to u1 & ?us affirms its 
exi/5ce4 ,we make ^! dem&s on him2 & z  
we extol him :5 by 8 de$s he %[s        
suffici5t capacity = 8 human role1 s we 
also blame him e "t we f9d him ?r\gh    
weakness yield+ to ^! =ces4 ,& ! import 
( our blame is t he is responsible = n  
hav+ ! p[] :i* he %\ld h _h4  ,x is ( no

 importance t out ( compassion1 or ?r\gh
 sympa?y = human frailty1 we light5 or  
ev5 entirely remove ! burd5 ( our       
c5sure4 ,our disapproval ( ! defici5cy1 
ev5 ?\gh unexpress$1 rema9s )9 u side by
 side ) ! conviction t ! del9qu5t may d 
a great deal1 nay1 mu/1 aid$ by u 9 !   
future1 d ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to meet        
successfully ! oppos+ =ces ( evil4 ,we  
surely _c ab&on ! un=tunate wret* :o    
?r\gh moral impot5ce--:e!r x be ! crav5 
submissiv5ess ( ! c[>d1 or ! undaunt$   
viol5ce ( ! ov]be>+ brute--commits an   
evil de$4 ,we feel x our duty to wat*   
ov] him & help him on ! road to         
r$emption1 because ( our firm conviction
 t he w ev5tually r$eem himself2 = he is
 aft] all a man l ! re/ ( u1 & possesses
 !re=e )9 himself ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( a
 life :i* w raise him f ! sl\gh 9 :i* he
 lies imm]s$4  ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a        
pseudo-sci5ce :i*1 on ! basis (         
sup]ficial & inaccurate obs]vations1    
dogmatically ass]ts t c]ta9 =ms (       
crim9ality give evid5ce ( orig9al &     

irrem$iable moral depravity2 & t !re=e  
p]sons ta9t$ ) x are fatally condemn$   
nev] to he$ suffici5tly ! voice ( duty &
 ev] to yield to _! p]v]t$ in/9ct1 :i*  
presses unre/ra9$ f ! dep?s ( _! be+ at 
! slighte/ provocation & on ! occasion (
 ! mo/ insignificant cla% ) o!r human   
be+s4  ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! mod]n s*ool
 ( crim9al an?ropology :i* has spread   
?r\gh\t ! _w ! fame ( "s ,italian       
writ]s4 ,?\gh _! influ5ce is n[ on !    
wane1 _! obs]vations on ! pa?ological   
nature ( crim9al acts h contribut$ to   
e/abli% ! ne$ ( a m humane treatm5t (   
(f5d]s1--m humane because rational &    
effective4  ,_! doctr9e falls 9 ) a     
s]ies ( sy/ems :i* at all times1 &      
always = mat]iali/ic                    
motives1--mat]iali/ic ev5 ?\gh disguis$ 
"u religi\s & !ological robes1--h d5i$  
to man t p[] :i* we call lib]ty1        
compell+ him !re=e to b5d d[n "u ! /ress
 ( univ]sal det]m9ism1 & to behave z !  
drop t =ev] moves ) ! motion ( !        
b\ndless ocean1 an insignificant p>ticle

 ( ! entire wat]y mass4 ,:at =ce        
intr9sic to ?is drop c\ld ev] /op x on !
 cre/ ( ! wave :i* hurls x =w>d8 ,man1  
!y say1 is no diff]5t f ?is drop3 f ! "t
 ( 8 bir? to ! in/ant ( 8 dea?1 hemm$ 9 
by all ! be+s ( nature1 act$ ^u by      
innum]able concurr5t causes1 he is pu%$ 
& dragg$ at e mom5t by ! irresi/ible    
curr5t ( all ! =ces ( ! entire mass ( ! 
univ]se4 ,at times he may delude himself
 into believ+ t he has lift$ 8          
consci\sness out ( ! huge flood1 t x is 
)9 8 p[] to resi/1 to /op x z f> z he is
 conc]n$1 & to control x2 t1 9 %ort1 x  
re/s ) him to fa%ion 8 own de/9y4 ,b    
alas6 ?is v belief1 ?is illusion is !   
det]m9$ result ( ! =ces act+ ^u him3 x  
is ! inevitable effect ( ! play ( 8     
repres5tations1--repres5tations :i* h n 
_! orig9 9 him1 b h be5 impress$ ^u him 
by outside =ces4 ,s t ! illusion (      
indep5d5ce is b a mock+ confirmation ( !
 impossibility ( escap+ ! ru% ( fatal   
curr5ts4  ,i %all n "h give a critical  
pres5tation ( ! argum5ts by :i* sy/ems  

su* z ^! h e/abli%$ ! abs5ce ( fre$om 9 
man4 ,9 our pres5t ne$1 a s+le rem>k w  
suffice1 & w p]mit u1 ,i believe1 to cut
 ! discussion %ort4 ,a great ,g]man     
philosoph]1 :o _h conceiv$ sci5ce &     
reality1 :i* is ! object ( sci5ce1 9 su*
 a way z to preclude ! possibility (    
f9d+ 9 reality a place = man's fre$om1  
notic$ t fre$om1 9 spite ( all !        
difficulties :i* sci5ce enc\nt]s 9      
acc\nt+ = x1 corresponds & answ]s to an 
inv9cible c]titude 9 our s\l1 inv9cible 
because a po/ulate ( our moral          
consci5ce4 ,t is to say1 t :atev] our   
sci5tific !ories & ideas1 we h a        
consci5ce :i* imposes a law ^u u1--a law
 :i*1 ?\gh n promulgat$ & su/a9$ by any 
ext]nal =ce1 or r because ( x1 compels u
 9 a mann] :i* is absolute4 ,?is law is 
! moral law4 ,x requires no speculative 
demon/ration4 ,! scrut9y ( philosoph]s  
might n be helpful to x4 ,x rises       
spontane\sly & naturally f ! intimate   
recesses ( our _s2 & x dem&s f our w1 f 
! w ( ! mo/ unc\? man1 an unconditional 

respect4 ,:at s5se w\ld !re be 9 ! ^w   
duty1 if man 7 able to d only ^? ?+s :i*
 8 own nature1 or worse /ill1 nature 9  
g5]al1 compell$ him to d8 ,! exi/5ce (  
duty implies a p[] to fulfil x4 ,& !    
c]titude ( our moral obligations re/s on
 ! conviction t we h )9 u ! p[] to meet 
!m4 ,we c answ] ! call ( duty because we
 are free4  ,?is consid]ation1 important
 z x is1 _c h[ev] be consid]$ z         
suffici5t4 ,= ?is moral consci5ce1 ?is  
c]titude ) :i* ! moral consci5ce affirms
 ! exi/5ce ( an unavoidable duty1 might 
also be an illusion det]m9$ 9 u by      
natural causes4 ,no?+ h9d]s u f ?9k+    
?us1 & surely !re is no contradiction   
impli$ 9 ?is explanation1 :i* 9 fact    
because ( its possibilities is (f]$ by !
 philosoph]s ( mat]ialism4  ,b ! ne$ (  
lib]ty is n solely felt :5 we /rive to  
conceive our moral obligations2 fre$om  
is n only ! gr\nd = exi/5ce1 ! raison   
d'etre ( moral law1 z ,kant ?\ght--= he 
is ! philosoph] to :om ,i allud$        
above2--no6 fre$om is ! condition ( !   

entire life ( ! _s4 ,& ! mat]iali/ :o1  
hav+ de/roy$ lib]ty z a condition (     
moral conduct1 believes t he is /ill    
able to ?9k1 t 8 intellectual activity c
 proce$ undi/urb$ aft] 8 fai? 9 !       
objective value & 9 ! reality ( moral   
laws has be5 ab&on$1 su* a mat]iali/ic  
?9k] is totally mi/ak54 ,= )\t fre$om1  
man n only is unable to speak ( duty1 b 
he _c speak at all1--n ev5 ( 8          
mat]iali/ic views4 ,?is is ! same z say+
 t ! negation ( lib]ty is un?9kable4  ,a
 brief reflection w make ?is cle>]4 ,we 
speak to o!rs or to ourselves 9 s f> z  
we ?9k1 or say some?+ or make           
affirmations4 ,let u suppose t ideas be 
pres5t to our m9ds 7z p h sometimes     
imag9$7 )\t our look+ at !m1 )\t our    
notic+ !m4 ,su* ideas w\ld h (f]$       
!mselves 9 va91 9 ! same way t _m       
mat]ial objects rema9 unse5 be=e u1     
because we d n turn our gaze t[>d !m4 ,e
 object ( ! m9d1 t is1 e ?\ght1 c only  
be ?\ght because 9 addition to x we too 
are 9 ! m9d3 our m5tal activity is !re1 

! ego ( ! ?9k+ man1 ! subject :i* is    
ready to affirm ! object4 ,& ?\ght prop]
 consi/s 9 ?is affirmation ( ! object by
 ! subject4 ,n[1 ! subject1 t is1 man1  
mu/ be z free 9 ! affirmation ( 8 ?\ght1
 by :i* he ?9ks some?+1 z he mu/ be free
 9 e "o ( 8 actions 9 ord] t 8 action be
 truly 81 & really human4 ,9 fact1 we   
dem& ( man t he give an acc\nt ( 8      
?\ghts z well z ( 8 de$s4 ,we evaluate n
 only :at he does1 b also :at he ?9ks2  
we praise him or we disapprove ( him    
because ( 8 say+s1 t is1 8 ?\ghts1 & we 
call ^u him to correct ^? ?\ghts :i* he 
%\ld n ent]ta94 ,9 ?is way we indicate  
our conviction t ! ?\ght ( ea* "o ( u is
 n simply a logical consequ5ce ( its    
premises1 n an effect det]m9$ by a      
psy*ic me*anism set 9 motion by !       
univ]sal me*anism ( :i* our individual  
psy*e is a "p2 we are conv9c$ t ?\ght   
dep5ds ^u man1 ^u 8 capacity1 ^u 8      
p]sonality1 :i* is n controll$ by any   
me*anical =ces1 nor subject to premises 
:i* he may no long] modify once he has  

accept$ !m4 ,we are ! ma/]s ( our ?9k+2 
& if ! vig\r ( ! human p]sonality is    
inde$ %[n by ! /eadfa/ con/ancy :]eby 9 
practical life we pursue a h>d &        
toilsome c\rse t[>d an ardu\s goal1 x is
 reveal$ j z mu* by ! quickness1 !      
read9ess1 ! assidu\sness1 ! lack (      
prejudice1 ! love :i* we manife/ 9 our  
se>* aft] tru?4  ,x has !re=e be5 said t
 cognition 9 man has moral value1 & t on
 ! o!r h& ! w is op]ative 9 ! act ( !   
intellect4 ,su* di/9ctions are dang]\s4 
,b :e!r we call x w or intellect1 !     
activity :i* makes u :at we are1 by :i* 
we actualise our p]sonality1 also by    
?9k+1 x is c]ta9 t x is a consci\s &    
discrim9at+ activity1 ?r\gh no =ce (    
gravity precipitat+ on its object1 b    
approa*+ x ) selective fre$om (         
det]m9ation4 ,& 9 ! mann] t e action    
aims at ! good1 because x seems good1 & 
appe>s 9 contra/ ) evil1 s e cognition  
is ! affirmation ( :at to u is or seems 
to be a tru? 9 opposition to error &    
fals5ess4 ,)\t ! anti!sis ( good to evil

 !re w\ld be no moral action3 )\t !     
anti!sis ( ! true to ! false !re w\ld be
 no cognition4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ?is       
anti!sis implies a *oice & !re=e !      
lib]ty ( *oos+4  ,%\ld we d5y fre$om1 & 
consequ5tly ab&on man to ! det]m9ism ( !
 causes act+ ^u him1 we %\ld d5y !      
possibility ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 good &    
evil1 betwe5 true & false4 ,! mat]iali/1
 !re=e1 :5 he rejects fre$om1 is        
compell$ to affirm t ! value :i* moral  
consci5ce attributes to goodness is     
devoid ( any real gr\nds1 & :at is      
worse1 t 8 v /atem5t is !reby /ripp$ (  
all ! value ( tru?4 ,= he mu/ be inw>dly
 conv9c$ t :at he ?9ks has no reason to 
be ?\ght & !re=e _c be ?\ght4  ,!       
negation ( fre$om leads to ?is absurdum1
 to ?is impossible ?\ght1 :i* is !      
,?\ght t is be+ ?\ght z su*1 & yet does 
n admit ( be+ ?\ght4 ,man1 9 s f> z he  
?9ks1 affirms 8 fai? 9 fre$om1 & e      
attempt on 8 "p to uproot ?is fai? f 8  
s\l is b a gl>+ confirmation ( its      
exi/5ce4 ,?is obs]vation1 prop]ly       

grasp$1 is suffici5t to e/abli% human   
fre$om on a solid gr\nd4  ,fre$om1      
moreov]1 :i* man ne$s 9 ord] to be      
human1 _c be1 z "s h suppos$1 a relative
 lib]ty1 limit$ & re/rict$ by c]ta9     
conditions1 = conditional lib]ty does n 
diff] f slav]y4 ,"h inde$ is ! v crux ( 
! problem4 ,e "o w\ld readily admit !   
exi/5ce ( a limit$ fre$om1 & ! div]g5ce 
w\ld !n be r$uc$ to a "q ( degree4 ,b ! 
fact is t fre$om mu/ be absolute or n be
 at all4 ,matt]1 t is1 e mat]ial object1
 is n free = ! v reason t x is limit$2  
:]eas ! _s--e spiritual act--is free    
because x is inf9ite1 & z su* n relative
 to any ?+1 & !re=e absolute4  ,any     
limitation ( ! _s w\ld annihilate its   
lib]ty4 ,! slave is su* because 8 w is  
con/ra9$ )9 ! b\nds impos$ ^u x by !    
ma/]'s volition4 ,! human _s is n free 9
 ! pres5ce ( nature because nature      
envelops x & enfolds x )9 n>r[ conf9es1 
:i* all[ only a c]ta9 developm5t2 & ?is 
developm5t !re=e _c be look$ ^u z a     
grant ( nature b r z a condemnation1 9 t

 x m>ks out b\nd>ies :i* _c be          
trespass$4 ,! l[] animal is n free      
because ev5 if its actions seem to imply
 a rationality n v diff]5t f t ( man1   
yet 9 reality its acts1 diff]5tly f !   
do+s ( man1 foll[ ! /raight l9e         
pre-e/abli%$ by in/9ct1 :i* admits ( no 
orig9al p[] & all[s no individual       
creation4 ,if !re is a limit1 !re mu/ be
 some?+ limit+ & some?+ limit$2 !re mu/ 
be a necess>y relation%ip ( "o to ! o!r1
 s t ! ?+ limit$ c 9 no way free itself 
f ! consequ5ces ( ?is relation%ip4 ,^!  
consequ5ces are summ$ up 9 !            
impossibility ( be+ all1 or 9 o!r words 
9 ! necessity ( rema9+ )9 limits1 & to  
obey !re=e ! untransgressable laws set  
by "o's own nature4 ,?is necessity :i*  
b9ds e natural be+ to ! laws ( its own  
nature1 ?is impossibility ( be+ aught   
else ?an :at is appo9t$ by nature1 to be
 a wolf ( necessity1 & ( necessity to be
 a lamb2 ?is is ! h>d lot ( natural     
be+s1 ?is is ! de/9y f :i* man is       
ransom$ by ! p[] ( 8 fre$om4  ,!        

sculptor 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 inspiration1 :i* 
proce$s f ! image t lives 9 8 phantasy1 
se>*es eag]ly = ! m>ble ) :i*1 z ?\gh f 
! v bosom ( nature1 he may call to life 
! phantom ( 8 m9d4 ,he fails 9 8 se>*1 &
 8 *isel rema9s1 mu/ ne$ rema91         
inactive4 ,! arti/ !n 9 ! utmo/ int5sity
 ( 8 creation is baffl$ by an ext]nal   
imp$im5t1 by an ob/acle ( nature :i*    
!re=e seems to h ! p[] ( limit+ 8       
creative p[]4 ,b :5 we consid] :at !    
arti/ has creat$ 9 ! /atue itself1 9 ?is
 liv+ image ( m>ble1 we f9d no?+ t is   
mat]ial4 ,! arti/ has transfus$ into !  
/one an idea1 a s5tim5t1 a s\l1 :i* we1 
"u ! influ5ce ( ! ravi%+ p[] ( arti/ic  
beauty1 are able to seize to ! exclusion
 ( all mat]ial attributes2 z ?\gh we no 
long] possess$ eyes = ! :it5ess ( !     
m>ble & 7 depriv$ ( ! muscle :i* gives u
 ! impression ( its physical weight4 ,:5
 we are able ?us to spiritualise !      
/atue--& we d s e "t we get to "k x z a 
"w ( art--!n all limitations t might be 
impos$ on ! creative p[] ( ! arti/      

disappe>4 ,= we see no long] ! arti/'s  
phantasy1 & !n 8 arm1 & !n 8 h&1 8      
*isel1 ! block :i* he is c>v+2 all we   
see is ! phantasy so>+ untrammell$ 9 !  
inf9ite _w ( ! arti/1 ) 8 arm1 8 h&1 8  
m>ble1 8 univ]se :i* is totally diff]5t 
f ! univ]se 9 :i* ! m5 live :o qu>ry !  
m>ble & move x & sell x4  ,!re is a po9t
 ( view f :i* we see ! _s limit$ &      
enslav$ by ! conditions 9 :i* its life  
is unfold$4 ,b !re is a high] po9t (    
view to :i* we mu/ asc5d if we are b5t  
on discov]+ our fre$om4 ,if we say1 z ! 
psy*ologi/s d1 ?is is a s\l & ?is is a  
body1 "h are s5sations1 !re is motion1  
?is is ?\ght )9 u & t is ! _w outside ( 
u1 !n we are oblig$ to consid] ! _s z   
condition$ by physical happ5+s to :i* 9 
"s mann] our int]nal det]m9ations       
correspond4 ,x is n possible to see )\t 
eyes & )\t ! light t /rikes !m4 ,x is   
equally impossible n to see :5 we h eyes
 & are surr\nd$ by light1 & accord+ to !
 great] or less] velocity ( ! lum9\s    
waves1 we %all ( necessity disc]n n[ "o 

col\r & n[ ano!r4 ,& ! objects ?us se5  
by u w det]m9e our ?\ghts2 & 9 turn our 
volitions w dep5d ^u ^! ?\ghts2 & our   
*>act]s w be %ap$ accord+ly1 & we %all  
be ?is or t man 9 con=mity ) !          
det]m9ation ( circum/ances4 ,man1       
accord+ to ?is conception1 w be ! result
 ( "t1 ( place1 ( environm5t1 ( ev]y?+  
except ( 8 own self4  ,b !re is a high] 
po9t ( view ?an ! "o ,i h j describ$1 & 
to x we mu/ rise1 if we mean to und]/&  
our nature1--?is m>vell\s human nature  
:i* 0 fir/ disclos$ to our consci\sness 
at ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ianity & 9 ! c\rse (  
"t made m & m manife/1 until x n[ l\dly 
proclaims 9 u our human dignity exalt$  
above ! =ces ( nature1 & is emp[]$ by   
its cognitive faculty to dom9ate ^!     
=ces1 :i* mu/ b5d to man's purposes )\t 
ev] block+ or ob/ruct+ 8 progress4      
,:osoev] says3 "h is a body & !re is a  
s\l--two ?+s1 "o outside ( ! o!r--su* a 
man does n consid] t ^! two ?+s are two 
t]ms di/+ui%$ & diff]5tiat$ by ?\ght 9 !
 bosom ( ?\ght1 t is to say1 ( ! s\l3 ( 

t s\l :i* is tru] ?an ! o!r = ! obvi\s  
reason t ! latt] ?9ks & !re=e reveals   
its s\l-nature by its own acts1 :]eas ! 
=m] is ! object ( ?9k+1 is a ?+ ?\ght1 &
 may !re=e be a fallaci\s entity1 an    
idolon1 & a simple ens rationis1 l s _m 
o!r ?+s t are ?\ght & are subsequ5tly   
f\nd to h no k9d ( subsi/5ce4 ,9 speak+ 
( s5sation & ( motion :i* g5]ates or    
someh[ conditions s5sation1 we lose     
sight ( ! fact t s5sation is truly en\gh
 a det]m9ation ( consci\sness1 b 9 !    
same mann] z ! motion :i* is enc\nt]$ 9 
consci\sness :5 ! latt]1 9 ?9k+1 among  
o!r ?+s ?9ks ! displacem5t ( objects 9  
space4  ,= ev]y?+ is )9 consci\sness1 & 
no way c be devis$ ( issu+ =? f x4 ,we  
say t ! bra9 is ext]nal to consci\sness1
 & t ! cranium encloses ! bra91 :i* 9   
turn is envelop$ by space lum9\s & airy1
 space fill$ ) beautiful plants &       
beautiful animals2 yet ! fact rema9s t  
bra9 & skull & ev]y?+ else are !        
pot5tial or actual object ( our ?9k+    
faculty1 & _c b rema9 !re=e )9 t        

consci\sness to :i* = a mom5t we suppos$
 !m to be ext]nal4 ,we may />t ?9k+1    
keep+ 9 m9d ?is inde/ructible sub/ance (
 our ?\ght2 & z we proce$ f ?is c5tre 9 
:i* we h plac$ ourselves z subjects (   
?9k+1 & advance t[>ds an ev]-rec$+      
horizon1 d we ev] come 9 sight ( ! po9t 
:]e we mu/ pause & say3 ,"h my ?\ght    
ends2 "h some?+ beg9s t is o!r ?an my   
?\ght8 ,?\ght halts only be=e my/]y4 ,b 
ev5 !n x ?9ks x z my/]y1 & ?9k+ x1      
trans=ms x1 & !n proce$s1 & s nev]      
really /ops4  ,su* be+ ! true life ( !  
_s1 rightly h we call$ x univ]sal4 ,at e
 ?rob x so>s ?r\gh ! inf9ite1 )\t ev]   
enc\nt]+ aught else ?an its own         
spiritual actualisations4 ,9 ?is life1  
su* z we see x f ! int]ior :5 we d n    
fanta/ically mat]ialise x ) our         
imag9ations1 ! _s is free because x is  
inf9ite4  ,education !n posits ?is      
lib]ty 9 ! pupil1 = x presupposes 9 him 
a susceptibility (                      
developm5t1--educability1 z we may call 
x4 ,! le>n] c\ld n possibly be educable1

 t is1 susceptible ( receiv+ in/ruction1
 unless he 7 able to ?9k4 ,b ?9k+1 we h 
already se51 signifies fre$om4 ,& n only
 is fre$om presuppos$ by ! educator1 b x
 is ! v ?+ he is aim+ at 9 8 "w4 ,z a   
result ( 8 tea*+1 lib]ty mu/ be develop$
 9 ! same mann] t ! capacity = ?9k+ &   
all modes ( spiritual activity are      
develop$4 ,= ! developm5t ( ?\ght is a  
developm5t ( reflection1 a con/ant      
increase ( control ov] our own ideas1   
ov] ! cont5t ( our consci\sness1 ov] our
 "*1 ov] our :ole be+ 9 relation to e   
o!r be+4 ,& ?is gr[? ( p[] is :at we    
mean :5 we speak ( ! developm5t ( our   
fre$om4 ,x has be5 said1 9 fact1 t      
education consi/s 9 lib]at+ ! individual
 f 8 in/9cts4 ,surely1 education is !   
=mation ( man1 & :5 we say man we mean  
lib]ty4  ,"h we /umble ^u our ant9omy4  
,h[ are we to reconcile ?is             
presupposition & ?is aim ( ! educator ) 
8 int]f]5ce 9 ! p]sonality ( ! pupil8   
,?is int]position surely signifies t !  
disciple mu/ n be left to himself & to 8

 own res\rces2 t he has to cla% ) some?+
 or somebody t is n 8 own p]sonality4   
,education implies a dualism ( t]ms1 !  
tea*] & ! le>n]2 & x is ?is dualism :i* 
de/roys ! fre$om1 :i* sets a limit1 &   
!re=e annihilates inf9ity 9 :i* fre$om  
consi/s4 ,! disciple :o enc\nt]s a      
/rong] ma/]+ w1 an intellect equipp$ ) a
 multitude ( ideas1 ) an exp]i5ce :i*   
=e/alls 8 own p[]s ( obs]vation1 & 8    
innate zeal = inve/igation1 sees 9 ?is m
 pot5t p]sonality ei!r a b>ri] ob/ruct+ 
8 progress t[>ds a goal :i* he          
spontane\sly w\ld atta92 or else a goad 
:i* hurries him along ! way :i* he w\ld 
h inde$ *os5 ( 8 own accord1 b along :i*
 he w\ld h lik$ to advance freely1      
calmly1 joy\sly1 z our ,vittor9o da     
,feltre w\ld h x1 & )\t any unwelcome   
compulsion4 ,?is pupil !n w\ld want to  
be left alone 9 ord] t he might be free1
 z free z ,god :5 z yet ! _w 0 n & he   
creat$ x out ( no?+ by 8 joy\s fiat1    
symbol ( ! l(tie/ spiritual lib]ty4  ,= 
^! reasons we h come to believe t ! mo/ 

s]i\s problem ( education is ! agreem5t 
betwe5 ! lib]ty ( ! pupil & ! au?ority (
 ! tea*]4 ,!re=e great ma/]s :o m$itat$ 
on ! subject ( education1 f ,r\sseau to 
,tol/oi1 h exalt$ ! rights ( lib]ty1 b h
 fall5 into ! opposite extreme ( d5y+ ! 
duty to au?ority1 & h pursu$ 9 _!       
ab/ractions a vague & unrealisable ideal
 ( negative education4  ,b we mu/ n cl+ 
to negatives4 ,x %\ld be our purpose to 
con/ruct1 n to de/roy4 ,! s*ool1 ?is    
glori\s inh]itance ( human exp]i5ces1   
?is ev]-gl[+ he>? :]e ! human _s k9dles 
& sublimates life z an object ( con/ant 
criticism & ( undy+ love1 may be        
trans=m$1 b _c be de/roy$4 ,let ! s*ool 
live1 & let u cl+ to ! tea*] & ma9ta9 8 
au?ority1 :i* limits ! spontaneity & !  
lib]ty ( ! pupil4 ,= ?is limitation is  
only app>5t4  ,app>5t1 h[ev]1 :5 we deal
 ) true education4 ,= ! s*ool has =     
c5turies be5 ! victim ( a grave         
inju/ice4 ,p h be5 l$ to consid] !      
classroom z a place ( conf9em5t & (     
puni%m5t1 & tea*]s h be5 cruelly la%$ by

 ! sc\rge ( ridicule crack$ 9 ! face (  
p$antry4 ,?r\gh ?is inju/ice1 ! s*ool   
has be5 burd5$ ) faults t are n its own1
 & tea*]s1 g5u9e educators1 h be5       
confus$ ) ! p$antic drill-ma/]s t are ! 
negation ( intellig5t education & (     
inspir$ e?ical discipl9e4 ,9 ord] to see
 :e!r education really limits ! free    
activity ( ! pupil1 we mu/ n consid]    
ab/ractly any s*ool1 :i* may n be aft]  
all a s*ool4 ,we mu/ exam9e an          
in/itution at ! mom5t & 9 ! act :i*     
realises its significance--:5 !         
in/ructor tea*es & ! pupils are le>n+4  
,su* a mom5t %\ld at lea/ hypo!tically  
be grant$ to exi/4  ,let u take a       
concrete example & consid] a tea*] 9 !  
act ( giv+ lessons 9 ,italian4 ,:]e is  
?is some?+ :i* ,i h call$ ! ,italian    
language8 ,9 ! gramm>1 p]*ance8 ,or 9 ! 
diction>y8 ,yes1 p>tly4 ,provid$ gramm> 
c inve/ its rules ) ! life ( !          
individual examples t toge!r con/itute !
 expressive p[] ( ! liv+ language2 &    
provid$ ! diction>y does n )] up all    

words 9 ! arid ab/raction ( alphabetical
 classification2 does n hang ea* ( !m by
 itself z limbs torn f ! liv+ body ( !  
spee* 9 :i* !y _h s (t5 res\nd$ & to :i*
 !y w be jo9$ aga9 9 ! fulness ( life & 
expressiv5ess2 b does in/ead            
incorporate1 z e good diction>y %\ld1   
complete phrases1 liv+ utt]ances ( great
 au?ors or p]haps ( t nameless _m-s\l$  
writ] t some:at confus$ly is call$ ! p4 
,b m ?an 9 ! gramm> & m ?an 9 !         
diction>y1 ! ^w is & exi/s 9 ! writ]s   
!mselves4 ,! tea*] %\ld !re po9t x out1 
z he guides 8 pupils ?r\gh ! au?ors :o 7
 able to express mo/ p[]fully our common
 ?\ghts4 ,to 8 /ud5ts :o are /riv+ to   
le>n ! language--t is ! writ]s--he reads
 = example ! poems ( ,leop>di4 ,! poet's
 ^w1 8 s\l hov]s ov] ! classroom1 z !   
ma/] reads4 ,x p5etrates into ! m9ds ( !
 pupils1 hu%es e o!r s5tim5t1 removes e 
o!r ?\ght1 & ?robs )9 !m1 /irs !m1      
ar\ses !m4 ,x becomes "o ) ! s\l ( ea*  
pupil1 :i* speaks to itself a language (
 its own1 us+1 truly en\gh1 ! words (   

,leop>di1 b ( a ,leop>di :o is peculi>  
to ea* ( ! li/5]s4 ,"u ?is spell1 !     
pupil :o he>s ! poet's ^w e*o+ 9 ! dep?s
 ( 8 be+1 w he /op to reflect t ?is ^w  
is ! e*o ( an e*o8 ,t he is "u !        
influ5ce ( some?+ repeat$ aft] a fir/   
utt]ance8 ,our own exp]i5ce answ]s3 ,no6
 ,b if any ( ! audi5ce become           
abs5t-m9d$1 if !y %\ld lose ! rapt      
delight ( poetical exaltation           
communicat$ to _! s\l by ! tea*]'s      
voice1 & %\ld say t ! ^w !y he> is n _! 
own b ! ma/]'s1 or r1 ! poet's1 !n !y   
w\ld commit a s]i\s blund]4 ,= ! ^w !y  
int5tly li/5 to 9 _! s\l is _! own1     
exclusively _! own4 ,leop>di does n     
imp>t any poesy to him :o1 ?r\gh 8 love1
 8 /udy1 & ! int5sity ( 8 feel+s1 is    
unable to live 8 own poetry4 ,& ,leop>di
 7or ! tea*] :o reads him7 is n         
mat]ially ext]nal to ! enraptur$ li/5]2 
he is 8 own ,leop>di1 su* z he has be5  
able to create = himself4 ,! ma/]1 z ,/4
 ,augu/9e long ago w>n$ u1 is )9 u4  ,he
 is )9 u ev5 if we see him 9 front ( u1 

away f u seat$ 9 8 *air4 ,= 9 s f> z he 
is a real tea*]1 he is ev] ! object (   
our consci\sness1 surr\nd$ & uplift$ 9  
our _s by ! rev]5ce ( our feel+s & by   
our tru/ful affection4 ,he is our tea*]1
 he is our v s\l4  ,! dualism !n is     
non-exi/5t :5 we are educat+4 ,we d     
notice x be=e1 & we are ?us br\ght to   
exam9e ! ant9omy2 b ! difficulty is     
remov$ by ! v act ( education itself1 by
 ! fir/ ^w t comes to ! pupils' e>s f ! 
lips ( ! tea*]4 ,! dualism h[ev] _c be  
resolv$ if ! ma/]'s ^w fails to rea* !  
pupils' s\l1 b !n "u ^? circum/ances !re
 is no education4 ,b ev5 9 su* cases1 if
 ! tea*] is n sluggi%1 if he displays a 
real spiritual p[]1 ! abid+ exi/5ce ( ! 
b>ri] betwe5 ! two m9ds proves helpful  
to ! spiritual gr[? ( ! le>n]1 :o1      
because ( 8 inco]cible fre$om1 is       
impell$ by ! insuffici5cy ( ! ma/] to   
affirm 8 p]sonality ) increas$ vig\r4 ,s
 t ! s*ool is a he>? ( lib]ty1 ev5 9    
spite ( ! int5tions ( ! tea*]4 ,a s*ool 
)\t fre$om is a lifeless in/itution4    

,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,realism ,,& ,,idealism  
,,9 ,,! ,,concept ,,( ,,culture   ,we   
f\nd x necess>y 9 ! previ\s *apt] to    
pass f ! ab/ract to ! concrete 9 ord] to
 arrive at ! tru?4 ,! univ]sality ( !   
individual 0 made cle> :5 = ! empirical 
concept ( ! individual1 ab/ractly       
consid]$1 we sub/itut$ ! deep] & m      
speculative "o ( ! individual himself 9 
! concret5ess ( 8 relation%ips4 ,9 l    
mann]1 ! fundam5tal ant9omy ( education 
0 resolv$ z soon z we replac$ ! ab/ract 
idea ( ! dualism ( tea*] & pupil1 by !  
idea ( _! intr9sic1 pr(\nd1 unsev]able  
unity z x gradually works out & is      
actualis$ 9 ! process ( education4 ,we 7
 enabl$ !re=e to conclude t ! real tea*]
 is )9 ! s\l ( ! pupil1 or1 bett] /ill1 
! tea*] is ! pupil himself 9 ! dynamism 
( 8 developm5t4 ,s t1 f> f limit+ !     
autonomy ( ! disciple1 ! ma/]1 z !      
propulsive elem5t ( ! pupil's           
spontaneity1 p5etrates 8 p]sonality1 n  
to suppress x1 b to help its impulses & 
facilitate its inf9ite developm5t4  ,!  

same me?od ( resort+ to ! concrete n[   
leads u to ! det]m9ation ( a ?ird       
ess5tial elem5t 9 ! process ( education4
 ,we h spok5 ( ! ma/]1 & we h spok5 ( ! 
pupil1--( ! latt] z becom+ actual z     
univ]sal p]sonality1 ( ! =m] z becom+   
id5tical ) ?is same p]sonality4 ,we mu/ 
n[ take up ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! two1 
t is1 culture4 ,by culture we mean !    
cont5t ( education1 ! presuppos$        
heirloom :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t mu/ pass f !
 tea*] to ! pupil4 ,?is spiritual       
cont5t1 9 be+ appreh5d$1 appe>s "u      
diff]5t aspects3 z erudition &          
in=mation2 z =mation ( p]sonal          
capacities & tra9+ ( spiritual          
activities2 z art & sci5ce2 z exp]i5ce (
 life & z concept & ideal ( exi/5ce2 z  
simple cognition & z a norm ( conduct4  
,x includes ev]y?+ t comes )9 ! scope ( 
tea*+1 & f ^: value education d]ives its
 peculi> wor?4  ,culture1 s def9$1 may  
be conceiv$ ( 9 two ways2 & 9 z mu* z _!
 diff]5ces are highly significant 9 !   
sph]e ( education z else:]e1 we mu/ n[  

some:at c>efully consid] !m4  ,^! two   
ways correspond to two opposite         
conceptions ( reality1 & z su* !y p]ta9 
to philosophy4 ,b m5 9 g5]al con/antly h
 rec\rse to !m1 & s x happ5s t p        
frequ5tly indulge 9 philosophic         
speculations )\t kn[+ x2 & mu*          
philosophis+ goes on outside ( ! s*ools 
( ! speciali/s1 :o are few comp>$ to !  
great numb] ( ^? :o 9 _! own way h&le   
g5u9e concepts ( philosophy4  ,let u    
beg9 f ! mo/ obvi\s ( ^! concepts1 f !  
"o :i* is fundam5tal & orig9al to !     
human m9d4 ,our :ole life1 if we consid]
 ! data ( exp]i5ce1 seems to unfold     
itself on ! sub/ratum ( a natural _w1   
:i* !re=e1 f> f dep5d+ on human life1   
repres5ts ! v condition ( x4 ,9 ord] to 
live1 to act1 to produce1 or 9 any way  
to ex]cise an influ5ce on ! ext]nal _w1 
we mu/1 fir/ ( all1 be born4 ,our bir?  
is ! effect ( a life :i* is n our life1 
:i* /ep by /ep rises & gr[s & spreads   
until x ga!rs all nature )9 itself4 ,?is
 nature exi/$ be=e we 7 born1 x w       

cont9ue to be aft] we are all dead4 ,m5 
draw _! life f an organic & inorganic   
nature :i* _h to exi/ 9 ord] t !y might 
come into be+4 ,:5 nature w cease to    
provide ^! conditions1 human life1      
accord+ to ?is po9t ( view1 w come to an
 end2 b nature1 trans=m$1 *ill$1 d>k5$1 
dead1 w yet cont9ue to be4  ,on ?is liv+
 trunk ( nature our own life is graft$2 
animals come into exi/5ce1 & among      
animals ! human species4 ,ea* ( u1 z he 
comes into ! _w1 f9ds ?is nature1       
develop$1 abundant1 div]sifi$ 9 millions
 ( =ms1 trav]s$ by innum]able =ces1     
organis$ up to ! mo/ highly develop$    
/ructures1 man includ$4 ,we f9d ?is     
nature1 & we beg9 to /udy x4 ,we exam9e 
its p>ts "o by "o1 _! complexity1 & !   
diff]5ce ( _! function+4 ,= ea* "o ( !m 
has its peculi> way ( be+ & ( act+2 x   
has its laws4 ,! aggregate ( ^! laws1   
mutually correspond+1 & integrat+ "o    
ano!r1 con/itutes ! natural             
_w--reality--z x /&s be=e u4 ,) ?is     
ext]nal reality we /rive to become      

acqua9t$2 & 9 ord] t we may live 9 x we 
ei!r adapt ourselves to x1 or adapt its 
conditions to ourselves4 ,9 ?is reality 
too we acquire ! k ( ! ne$s ( our       
organism & ( ! means by :i* !y may be   
satisfi$1--! ratio1 s to speak1 betwe5  
natural desires & controll$ res\rces4   
,we are also told t our organism is 9   
con/ant *ange & hurries on to its       
de/9ation1 to our dea?1 :i* we abhor z  
passionately z we *]i% life1 b :i* we   
accept because su* is ! law ( human     
life1 fatal & inexorable2 = reality is  
:at x is1 & we mu/ adapt ourselves to x4
  ,b if reality appe>s z con/itut$ be=e 
u1 z !re=e condition+ our exi/5ce1 & z  
exi/+ indep5d5tly ( u2 if x is indiff]5t
 to reality :e!r we be 9 x or n2 if we  
are truly extrane\s to x1 ! conclusion  
mu/ !n be drawn t we1 f ! outside1      
presume to "k reality & to move ab\t x  
)\t be+ ?is reality itself or any "p (  
x4 ,= all reality is ?\ght by u z a     
connect$ :ole1 ?\gh inde$ vaguely2 9 its
 totality x is reg>d$ z an object kn[n  

to u1 b exi/+ 9 utt] indep5d5ce ( ?is k 
( ours4 ,its :ole process is !re=e      
complete 9 objective nature1 :i*        
conditions our spiritual life1 & ?is 9  
turn c mirror reality b c nev] be a "p (
 x4  ,?is !n is ! primitive & fundam5tal
 concept t ! human m9d =ms ( reality4 ,9
 consequ5ce ( x man feels t he is       
enclos$ )9 himself3 he kn[s he is       
produc+ ! dreams & ! fair images ( art2 
t he c con/ruct inw>dly ab/ract         
geometrical figures & numb]s2 t he c    
g5]ate ideas4 ,b he also feels t betwe5 
^! ideal creations ( 8 own1 & ! solid1  
s\nd1 real liv+ =ms ( nature1 !re is an 
abyss4 ,he mu/1 inde$1 fall 9 ) nature1 
9 ! process ( g5]at+ o!r liv+ be+s (    
fle% & blood4 ,he mu/ avail himself (   
nature by fir/ submitt+ to its unfail+  
laws1 if he int5ds to give body1 t is1  
real exi/5ce1 to ! ideal conceptions ( 8
 intellig5ce4 ,on "o side !n we h ?\ght2
 on ! opposite side reality1--t reality1
 ,nature4  ,?is conception at a c]ta9   
mom5t is trans=m$ b n sub/antially      

*ang$4 ,z we beg9 to reflect1 we notice 
t ?is nature1 z kn[n to u1 is n ! real  
ext]nal nature1 ! nature :i* is unfold$ 
9 "t & space1 :i* we see be=e our eyes1 
an object p]ceptible by our bodily      
s5ses4 ,we conclude !n1 t nature z kn[n 
to u is an idea2 t ,nature is "o ?+ & ! 
idea ( nature ano!r4 ,& if we ?9k ?is   
p]ceptible nature & h fai? 9 its reality
 & 9 ! reality ( its det]m9ations1 ?is  
nature 9 :i* reality is made to consi/  
is ! nature :i* is )9 our ?\ght1--! idea
 ( nature2 or 9 o!r words1 ?\ght        
consid]$ z ! cont5t ( our m9d4 ,?is     
?\ght is ! aim ( all ! inquiries by :i* 
we /rive to become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ )  
nature1 & :i* we f9ally discov] or at   
lea/ ought to discov] :5 we succe$ 9    
atta9+ true k4 ,we say t we "k nature   
only :5 we are able to recognise an idea
 9 nature3 t is1 an idea 9 ea* ( its    
elem5ts1 & a sy/em ( ideas 9 ! :ole (   
nature4 ,s t :at we "k is n really      
nature z x pres5ts itself to our s5ses1 
/ill less nature z x is1 be=e x has     

impress$ our s5ses2 b nature z disclos$ 
to u by ?\ght1 z x exi/s 9 ?\ght--i4e41 
! idea4 ,& ?is idea mu/ be real1 o!rwise
 nature1 :i* has its tru? 9 ! idea1 c\ld
 n be real4 ,n only is x real1 x is t   
reality itself :i* a mom5t ago we 7 l$  
to ?9k ( z consi/+ 9 ext]nal p]ceptible 
nature4  ,?is reality makes ! life ( our
 ?\ght possible1 b x is n a product (   
?is life4 ,x is a condition & a         
pr]equisite ( ?\ght1 & z su* x does n   
exi/ because we ?9k x3 b r we are able  
to ?9k x because x exi/s4 ,x is et]nal  
tru?1 at fir/ unkn[n to man1 !n by him  
desir$4 ,9 que/ ( x he gradually lifts  
on all sides ! veil :i* hides x f 8     
eyes1 )\t h[ev] hop+ t x w ev] entirely 
disclose to him its div9e c\nt5ance4    
,accord+ to ?is trans=m$ po9t ( view1   
!n1 reality1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance appe>$
 to be natural1 t is physical or        
mat]ial1 has n[ become ideal4 ,b ev5 ?us
 x rema9s extrane\s to ?\ght1 &         
unconc]n$ ) ! pres5ce or ! abs5ce ( x2  
transc5d+ ! entire life ( ! human _s1 & 

incessantly subject to ! dang] ( error4 
,:]eas ! idea z a complexus ( all ideas 
t c be ?\ght 7b h n be5 ?\ght1 or r h n 
all be5 ?\ght7 is ! beacon ( light t    
guides ! way ( man 9 ! ocean ( life2 x  
is ,tru? pure & p]fect4  ,?is idea      
evid5tly mu/ n be confus$ ) ! purely    
subjective ideas :i* we spoke ( above1 &
 :i* z su* are extrane\s to reality4    
,?is idea is reality itself idealis$4 ,x
 is to ?is idea1 = in/ance1 t we all    
appeal :5 we affirm ! exi/5ce ( a ju/ice
 sup]ior to t ( :i* man is capable1 ( a 
ju/ice 9 behalf ( :i* man is 9 duty b\nd
 to sacrifice 8 private int]e/s1 & ev5 8
 life4 ,?is idea we h 9 m9d :5 we speak 
( a sacr$ & inviolable "r1 :]eas 9 daily
 practice !re is p]haps no "r :i* is n m
 or less trampl$ ^u4 ,?is idea is be=e u
 :5 we consid] tru? 9 g5]al3 tru? :i* is
 inde$ real1 ev5 ?\gh x may n be se5 or 
felt1 mu* m real ?an physical nature1 = 
nature comes to life & dies & con/antly 
*anges1 :ile tru? is motionless1        
impassible1 et]nal4 ,9 its bosom !n we  

mu/ try to f9d ev]y?+ t we want to      
accept z n illusory4  ,b 9 sub/itut+ !  
conception ( an ideal reality = !       
conception ( a mat]ial "o1 reality z a  
:ole cont9ues to be some?+              
contradi/+ui%$ f u1 an object inde$ (   
our ?\ghts1 b "o :i* _c be conceiv$ z x 
is 9 itself except by ab/ract+ x f our  
own ?\ght4  ,we1 !n1 :o op5 our eag]    
eyes 9 ! endeav\r to discov]1 to "k1 to 
ori5t ourselves1 to live 9 ! mid/ ( a   
kn[n & famili> _w2 we1 ?9k+ be+s1 & n   
simply ?+s ( nature1 be+s :o z su*      
affirm our p]sonality 9 ! v act ( say+  
,we1 we !n are ( less acc\nt ?an !      
e>?worms :i* crawl along until !y die   
unkn[n to ! foot t cru%es !m4 ,we are   
no?+ because we d n belong to reality2  
we deceive ourselves into believ+ t we  
are do+ some?+ on our own acc\nt1 b 9   
tru? we r5\nce e desire ( do+ or creat+ 
some?+ orig9al1 some?+ we might really  
call ours2 & we ab&on ourselves1 we     
drift away confus$ ) ext]nal reality &  
subm]g$ "u ! irresi/ible curr5t ( its   

laws4  ,?is conception ( life1 :i* ,i h 
giv5 only 9 its b>e/ outl9e1 is a v     
common "o4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s x has p]si/$ 
9 ! philosophical field1 ! n\ri%m5t & ! 
torm5t ( ! greate/ intellects (         
humanity4 ,b humanity c\ld n re/        
satisfi$ ) a _w conceiv$ 9 su* a mann]2 
) a _w :i*1 :e!r we call x nature or    
idea1 is at bottom always nature4 ,= by 
nature we und]/& n only t reality :i* is
 9 space & "t1 b also e reality :i* is n
 ! product ( our w1 nor ! result 9 g5]al
 ( t spiritual activity1 :i* 9 a mann]  
peculi> to all human acts reveals a     
div]sity ( values1 ext5d+ f ! sublimity 
( h]oism & ( g5ius to ! l[e/ dep?s (    
c[>dice & to ! gloom ( slo?4 ,nor c x be
 consid]$ z ! product or result ( a     
process2 = x is imm$iate reality1       
orig9al & immutable4 ,9 a _w :i* is     
,nature1 man is an intrud]1 a /rang] )\t
 rights1 )\t ev5 real exi/5ce4 ,z a be+1
 he is de/9$ to be suppress$2 nay1 he   
does n ev5 exi/4 ,& 8 life1 ) all 8     
aspirations1 8 ne$s1 8 claims1 is b a   

fallaci\s illusion :i* w soon] or lat]  
collapse4 ,man _c help succumb+ 9 a _w  
:]e !re is no place = him4 ,!re=e a m or
 less cl\dy gu/ ( pessimism l[]s ov] !  
consci\sness t has /opp$ at ?is         
conception ( reality4 ,leop>di is ! mo/ 
eloqu5t expression ( ! int5se mis]y to  
:i* man is condemn$ 9 su* circum/ances1 
or to :i* r he condemns himself4 ,he    
condemns himself because he has x 9 8   
p[] to conceive reality o!rwise4 ,= let 
him pond] s]i\sly & he w succe$ 9       
conv9c+ himself t ! naturali/ic         
conception ( reality is absurd4         
,philosophy has s demon/rat$ ?is tru?1 t
 he :o n[ /rives eag]ly to atta9 a moral
 po9t ( view 9 h>mony ) e/abli%$        
pr9ciples c no long] repeat t note (    
pessimism1 c no long] ass]t t ! _w is   
nature1 or t x is ! et]nal idea f :i*   
nature is d]iv$ & by :i* x is made      
intelligible4 ,su* views are no long]   
t5able4  ,! tea*] :o1 because ( 8 l(ty  
mission1 claims ! "r ( =m+ s\ls1 ( ar\s+
 ^? p[]ful moral en]gies :i* alone emp[]

 man to live z a human be+1 may n1 mu/ n
 be ignorant ( ! fact t ! cont5tion (   
naturalism1 :i* makes ( ! _w an ab/ract 
reality1 presuppos$ by ! human _s &     
!re=e ant]ior & indiff]5t to x1 is a    
belief t has be5 sup]s$$ & surpass$ by  
mod]n ?\ght4 ,! tea*] too c easily grasp
 ?is view1 = 9 ga!r+ all ! argum5ts by  
:i*1 along diff]5t l9es1 ! new          
conception ( reality has be5 atta9$1 we 
f9d t ! :ole matt] r$uces itself to a   
simple & v easy reflection4 ,v easy 9   
itself1 ?\gh x may seem difficult to !  
great] "p ( u1--to ! sup]ficial ?9k]s1  
to ! abs5t-m9d$1 to ^? :o lack ! /r5g?  
necess>y to face ! great responsibility 
impos$ ^u u by ! tru? :i* is d]iv$ f ?is
 reflection4  ,= naturalism r$uces      
itself to ! affirmation t we ?9k nature1
 b d n ourselves exi/2 nature alone     
exi/s4 ,we d n exi/ & yet we ?9k1 & we  
?9k ( nature z exi/+4 ,we d n exi/ & yet
 nature exi/s1 ( ^: exi/5ce we h no o!r 
te/imony ?an our ?\ghts4 ,& if ?\ght is 
a %ad[1 :at w reality !n be8 ,! dream ( 

a %ad[1 9 ! words ( ! ,greek poet4 ,is x
 possible = u to /op at ?is conclusion8 
,is x possible = an inexi/5t ?+ to v\* =
 ! exi/5ce ( some?+ :i* we "k only f its
 atte/ations8 ,su* is ! absurd position 
we are =c$ into :5 we assume t ,?\ght1 9
 equipoise ) reality1 rema9s outside ( x
 & leaves x out ( its own self4  ,we    
give ! "n ( realism to t mann] ( ?9k+   
:i* makes all reality consi/ 9 an       
ext]nal exi/5ce1 ab/ract & sep>ate f    
?\ght1 & makes real k consi/ 9 ! con=m+ 
( our ideas to ext]nal ?+s4 ,by idealism
 on ! o!r h& we mean t high] po9t ( view
 f :i* we discov] ! impossibility (     
conceiv+ a reality :i* is n ! reality ( 
?\ght itself4 ,= x reality is n ! idea z
 a m]e object ( ! m9d1 :i* !re=e c exi/ 
outside ( ! m9d1 & mu/ exi/ !re 9 ord] t
 ! m9d may ev5tually h ! means ( ?9k+ x4
 ,reality is ?is v ?\ght itself by :i*  
we ?9k all ?+s1 & :i* surely mu/ be     
some?+ if by means ( x we want someh[ to
 affirm any reality :atsoev]1 & mu/ be a
 real activity if1 9 ! act ( ?9k+1 x w n

 entangle itself 9 ! en*ant$ web (      
dreams1 b w in/ead give u ! life ( !    
real _w4 ,if x is n conceivable t su*   
activity c\ld ev] g =? f itself &       
p5etrate ! presumably exi/5t _w ( matt]1
 !n x means t x has no ne$ ( issu+ f    
itself1 9 ord] to come 9 contact ) real 
exi/5ce2 x means t ! reality :i* we call
 mat]ial & assume to be ext]nal to ?\ght
 is 9 "s way illusory2 & t ! true       
reality is t :i* is be+ realis$ by !    
activity ( ?\ght itself4 ,= !re is no   
way ( ?9k+ any reality except by sett+  
?\ght z ! basis ( x4  ,?is is !         
conception1 or1 if y w1 ! fai?1 n only (
 mod]n philosophy1 b ( consci\sness     
itself 9 g5]al1 ( t consci\sness :i* 0  
gradually =m$ & m\ld$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! 
deeply moral s5tim5t ( life fo/]$ by    
,*ri/ianity4 ,= x 0 ,*ri/ t fir/ oppos$ 
to nature & to ! fle% a tru] reality1--n
 ! _w 9 :i* man is born1 b t _w to :i*  
he mu/ uplift himself3 t _w 9 :i* he has
 to live1 n because x is ant]ior to him1
 b because he mu/ create x by 8 w3 & ?is

 _w is ! k+dom ( ! _s4  ,9 accordance ) 
?is conception !re is1 prop]ly speak+1  
no reality3 !re is a _s :i* creates     
reality1 :i* !re=e is self-made & n !   
product ( nature4 ,! reali/ speaks (    
ext]nal exi/5ce1 ( a _w into :i* man is 
admitt$ & to :i* he mu/ adapt himself4  
,b ! ideali/ kn[s only :at ! _s does1   
:at man acts4 ,a nature1 ev] at "w 9 !  
progress ( ! _s1 ?robs 9 ! s\l ( man1 :o
 ) 8 intellect & 8 w re-creates x by its
 re/less1 unceas+ motion4 ,x is a _w :i*
 is nev] creat$1 because ! entire pa/   
fl[s & becomes actual 9 t =m :i* is     
peculi> to x & 9 :i* x exi/s1 namely1 ! 
pres5t1--hi/ory 9 ! incessant rhy?m (   
its becom+1 9 ! ev]-liv+ act (          
self-production4  ,on :at side ( !      
controv]sy %\ld ! tea*] /& :o means to  
absorb into 8 s\l ! life ( ! s*ool8 ,w  
he ) ! reali/s believe 9 a reality :i*  
mu/ be obs]v$ & v]ifi$8 ,or w he z an   
ideali/ tru/ t ! only _w is ! "o :i* is 
to be con/ruct$ by him2 t 9 all ?is task
 he c rely only on ! creative activity (

 ! _s t moves )9 u1 ev] unsatisfi$ ) :at
 is1 incessantly aspir+ = :at does n yet
 exi/1 = :at mu/ come to be z be+ ! only
 ?+ :i* des]ves to exi/ & to fulfil     
life8  ,!re are !n ^! two ways (        
conceiv+ culture1 ! reali/ic & !        
ideali/ic4 ,by ! =m] we are l$ to imag9e
 t man's _s is empty1 & t no n\ri%m5t c 
come to x except f ! outside _w1 f ^?   
ext]nal elem5ts :i* he c acquire because
 !y exi/ prior to ! activity by :i* he  
assimilates !m4 ,! latt]1 admitt+ only  
:at is d]iv$ f ! develop+ life ( ! _s1 c
 conceive ( culture solely z an imman5t 
product ( ?is v life1 & sep>able f x    
only by ab/raction4  ,x is evid5t t !   
ord9>ily accept$ view ( educators to-day
 is reali/ic r ?an o!rwise4 ,! ideal &  
!re=e ! hi/orical orig9 ( ! s*ool itself
 is intimately connect$ ) ! reali/ic    
presupposition4 ,= ! s*ool beg9s :5 man 
= ! fir/ "t becomes aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( a
 /ore ( accumulat$ culture :i* %\ld be  
protect$ f disp]sion4 ,gramm>1 =        
in/ance1 exi/s be=e ! notion ( tea*+ x  

arises4 ,m5 already possess a language  
:5 !y make up _! m9ds to tea* x to _!   
*ildr54 ,self-taught & inv5tive g5ius1  
by new obs]vation & discov]ies1 gives   
rise to new discipl9es2 & m51 discov]+ !
 value ( su* discipl9es1 det]m9e to     
in/itute a s*ool :]e !y may be cultivat$
 & h&$ d[n to ! com+ g5]ations4 ,9 g5]al
 !n1 fir/ comes k2 !n ! s*ool z a       
depository ( x4 ,x may be grant$ t !    
progress ( le>n+ is made possible or at 
lea/ acc5tuat$ by educational           
in/itutions2 b ! fact rema9s t ! s*ool  
is f\nd$ on pre-exi/+ k4 ,sci5ce1 arts1 
cu/oms mu/ exi/ be=e !y c be taught to  
o!rs1 & !y d exi/1 b n 9 ! _s ( ! "o :o 
is to acquire !m1 :o mu/ appropriate !m 
z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,! ,iliad exi/s3   
,hom] sang3 ! poems attribut$ to him 7  
collect$ into an epic f :i* we le>n ( ! 
beliefs1 ( ! aspirations1 & ( ! memories
 t 7 de> to ! anci5t ,greeks1 & e       
cultivat$ p]son to-day mu/ d]ive f !m 8 
own spiritual sub/ance4 ,! tea*] %[s to 
8 pupils h[ be/ to read1 h[ to und]/& t 

epic :i* is a treasure ( ! pa/ bequea!d 
n only to ! mod]n ,greeks b to humanity 
9 g5]al4 ,= we all pr(it f ?is inh]it$  
spiritual weal? 9 ! same mann] t e man t
 comes into ! _w enjoys ! light & ! heat
 ( ! sun :i* he surely did n k9dle 9    
heav54  ,! fact t culture1 z ! subject  
matt] ( education1 exi/s be=e ! ex]cise 
( t spiritual activity :i* c be educat$ 
only ?r\gh its means1 seems to ! reali/ 
a condition )\t :i* ! s*ool _c arise4   
,only z culture develops & spreads does 
! s*ool gr[ & exp&2 &1 9 ! progress (   
civilisation1 z culture becomes         
specialis$1 ! s*ool is correspond+ly    
diff]5tiat$ into in/itutions ( ev]-gr[+ 
specialisation4 ,= ! s*ool c b foll[ &  
reflect ! advance ( sci5ce1 ( lett]s1 ( 
art1--( humanity 9 g5]al 9 all x /rives 
to p]petuate4  ,all ?is evid5tly c be   
ma9ta9$ only f ! po9t ( view ( ! reali/4
 ,= him ! s*ool is conc]n$ n ) ^? t     
already "k & !re=e h no ne$ ( x1 b = ^? 
:o are /ill ignorant4 ,= !m x is        
in/itut$2 x m9i/]s to _! ne$s1 & is     

!re=e adju/$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x      
believes _! _s %\ld be ori5t$4 ,9 !     
s*ool ( physicians1 !re is n m$ic9e b ! 
le>n+ ( x1 = if ! art ( heal+ 7 already 
ma/]$ z x seems to be 9 ! case ( !      
pr(essors1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( a m$ical
 s*ool4 ,!re is inde$ ! pr(essor 9 !    
lecture room2 b he is !re only = !      
le>n]s1 & 8 role has no mean+ except 9  
relation to _! ne$s4 ,he is ! possessor 
( sci5ce1 & z su* he tea*es & does n    
le>n4 ,! s*ool !n is n ! possession (   
culture1 b ! developm5t ( a spiritual   
life aspir+ to ?is possession2 & ?is    
aspiration is possible because ( !      
exi/5ce ( ! tea*] :o has already ma/]$  
x1 :o possesses x1 n z 8 own prop]ty1 b 
z social weal? entru/$ to him = ! use ( 
ev]ybody4 ,he himself is only an        
in/rum5t ( communication4 ,culture      
ant$ates him2 x does s ev5 :5 he is !   
au?or ( x4 ,= x is n possible = him to  
imp>t x to o!rs until he has fir/       
elaborat$ x himself1 & n until ! m]its (
 8 contributions h be5 9 "p at lea/     

recognis$ by ! _w4  ,! s*ool to ! reali/
 presupposes ! libr>y4 ,! tea*] ne$s    
books1 pl5ty ( books 9 ord] to increase 
8 k & ?us become bett] acqua9t$ ) t _w  
?r\gh :i* he has to pilot 8 pupils4 ,9 !
 books1 !n1 9 ! long %elves1 culture    
lives3 9 ! innum]able volumes t no "o   
ev] hopes to read2 9 ! %elves :i* conta9
 a _w ( beautiful ?+s1 & s valuable t   
man1 z ,horace says1 %\ld sp5d sleepless
 nights 9 ord] to acquire !m1 %\ld      
endure cold & heat1 fatigue & sacrifice4
 ,= humanity1 we are told1 lives 9 ^?   
volumes to :i* ! tea*] mu/ someh[ l9k   
himself if he int5ds to advance prop]ly1
 to live ! life :i* our =efa!rs h       
g5]\sly end[$ = u1 & to protect our     
spiritual inh]itance f disp]sion4 ,9 ?is
 atmosph]e he mu/ live2 he mu/ plunge 9 
t spiritual sea :i* rolls limitless     
across ! c5turies4 ,! pupil looks out ^u
 ?is ocean :i* allures e man :o is born 
to ! life ( culture4 ,at fir/ he cl+s to
 ! %ore1 dreads ! wat]1 & asks to be    
help$ until he has at lea/ become       

famili> ) ! elem5t4 ,:o w enc\rage !    
beg9n] to leave ! dry l& & plunge into !
 deep :]e he w\ld meet sure de/ruction8 
,he mu/ fir/ be tra9$ 9 "s %elt]$ cove1 
:]e protect$ f ! viol5ce ( ! tumultu\s  
surf1 f ! might ( ! indivisible mass ( !
 ocean1 he may gradually le>n ! ways ( !
 deep4  ,! /ud5t mu/ accord+ly beg9 ) a 
def9ite book2 he mu/ be sav$ f ! haunt+ 
p[] ( ! libr>y1 :i* draws ! y\?ful m9d  
t[>ds e volume1 t[>ds e subject4 ,9 !   
multitude ( books1 n all ( !m read1 n   
all ( !m readable1 ?\ght f\nd]s1 sees   
no?+1 ?9ks no?+1 is unable to re/ 9 any 
( ! ?+s :i* he imag9es exi/ 9 ! va/     
libr>y %elves4 ,he mu/ *oose4 ,let him  
select1 say1 ,dante4 ,he reads ! ,div9e 
,com$y1 ! poem writt5 by t great        
,italian :o has be5 dead ^! six c5turies
 & n[ re/s at ,rav5na1 no long] m9dful (
 8 ,francesca1 ( 8 magnanim\s ,f>9ata1 (
 8 k9dly ma/] ,brunetto1 or ( ,beatrice4
 ,dante creat$ 8 miracul\s _w1 he brea!d
 life into 8 *>act]s1 wrote ! la/ l9e ( 
8 la/ canto1 smil$ 9 rapture at ! div9e 

beauty ( 8 creation1 n[ complete &      
p]fect1 & di$4 ,8 manuscript 0 copi$    
?\s&s ( times2 & aft] ! discov]y (      
pr9t+1 millions ( copies 7 made4 ,9 "o (
 ^! we n[ are able to f9d x1 ?is div9e  
poem1 j z x 0 writt51--= we want x      
exactly z x fl[$ f 8 p5 )\t ! *ange ( a 
lett]1 )\t ! omission ( a comma4 ,& ?is 
volume is an example ( :at exi/s 9 a    
libr>y1--( ! culture t tea*]s /rive to  
f9d !re1 & !nce communicate to _!       
pupils6--some?+ t belongs to ! _w1      
some?+ :i* is a "p ( reality1 :i* m5    
!re=e c grasp1 if !y want to1 j z !y c  
get to "k ! />s & ! plants1 & all ?+s ( 
nature4 ,! ,div9e ,com$y c be           
reali/ically conceiv$ 9 respect to u :o 
op5 ! volume & prep>e to read x1 = !    
reason t x already exi/s & ar\ses our   
desire4 ,if we _h left x on ! %elf :]e x
 0 re/+1 x w\ld h _h exactly ! same     
exi/5ce4 ,:at we f9d 9 ! volume1 z we   
read ( t l& ( ! dead :i* is mu* m liv+  
?an all ! liv+ be+s :o surr\nd u 9 our  
daily life1 w\ld all ( x h be5 9 t book1

 w\ld h cont9u$ to be !re1 ev5 if we _h 
nev] op5$ x4  ,b is x really s8 ,if we  
reflect a :ile we %all see t ?is is n ! 
case4 ,! book conta9s exactly :at we f9d
 !re1 :at we are capable ( f9d+ !re1    
no?+ m1 no?+ less4 ,diff]5t p]sons      
discov] 9 x diff]5t ?+s1 b x is         
nev]!less obvi\s t = ea* individual !   
book conta9s only :at he f9ds 9 x2 & 9  
ord] to be able to say t ! book conta9s 
m ?an :at a giv5 read] discov]s 9 x1 x  
is necess>y t "s o!r p]son %\ld f9d t   
some?+ m2 & t ! text conta9s ?is        
additional beauty is only true = him :o 
discov]$ x & = ^? :o seek x aft] him4   
,dante wait$ = c5turies = ,de ,sanctis#a
 to appe> & to disclose ! mean+ (       
,francesca's words4 ,!re=e x has be5    
said t to und]/& ,dante is a sign (     
greatness4 ,ab/ractly consid]$1 ( c\rse1
 ! poet is :at he is1 b only 9 !        
ab/ract4 ,9 ! concrete1 ,dante is !     
au?or :om we admire & appreciate        
proportionately to our p[]4 ,= z we read
 ! poem 9 accordance ) our tra9+1 & !   

developm5t ( our p]sonality1 ,dante is  
graft$ on a trunk :i* did n exi/ be=e u1
 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is our v life2 &    
be=e ?is life is realis$1 evid5tly none 
( ^? ?+s c be f\nd !re :i* actually come
 into be+ 9 ! process ( its realisation4
 ,s t if we _h n read ! book1 f> f its  
be+ true t ev]y?+ we f\nd 9 x w\ld /ill 
cont9ue to be !re1 no?+ w\ld rema9 ( :at
 we f9d 9 x1 absolutely no?+4  ,we h    
said no?+ ( :at we f9d4 ,b if we consid]
 ! matt] we %all see t :at we f9d is    
ev]y?+2 ev]y?+ = me2 ev]y?+ = ev]ybody4 
,only t c come out ( a book :i* ! read] 
) 8 s\l & ) 8 lab\rs is capable ( gett+ 
out ( x2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ^! lab\rs & 9 
virtue ( 8 s\l he is able to say t a    
c]ta9 book has a cont5t4 ,9 fact1 to    
return to our example1 ! ,div9e ,com$y  
:i* we "k1 ! only "o :i* we c "k1 ! only
 "o :i* exi/s1 is ! "o :i* lives 9 our  
s\ls1 & :i* is a function ( ! criticism 
t int]prets x1 und]/&s x1 & appreciates 
x4 ,t ,div9e ,com$y !re=e did n close ! 
circle ( its life on ! day :5 ,dante    

wrote ! la/ l9e ( ! la/ canto2 x cont9u$
 to live1 /ill cont9ues to exi/ 9 !     
hi/ory1 9 ! life ( ! _s4 ,its life nev] 
draws to a close4 ,! poem is nev] f9i%$4
  ,?is is true ( ! poem ( ,dante2 x is  
true ( ev]y?+ :i* we conceive ( z       
inh]it$ f our great pr$ecessors1 f ^? :o
 built up ! patrimony ( human culture4  
,culture !n is n be=e u1 a treasure     
ready to be excavat$ f ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 
await+ to be reveal$ to u4 ,culture is  
:at we ourselves are mak+2 x is ! life (
 our _s4  ,ab/ract culture1 on !        
contr>y1 is m]ely z reali/ically        
conceiv$4 ,x slumb]s 9 ! libr>ies1 9 !  
sepul*res ( ^? :o liv$1 :o pass$ away & 
creat$ x once = all4 ,x belongs to !    
pa/1 to ! ?+s t h di$4 ,b ! pa/1 if we  
really mean to grasp x1 if we want to   
see x close by z some?+ t is & n m]ely z
 an ab/raction1 ! pa/ itself1 becom+ !  
pres5t1 made into t actuality :i* we    
call liv+ memory1 is hi/ory1--hi/ory    
con/ruct$ by u1 m$itat$ by u1 re-creat$ 
by u1 9 accordance ) our abilities2--& )

 our p[]s ( evocation we awak5 ! pa/ f  
its slumb] & brea! into x ! life ( !    
spiritual int]e/s1 ( ! ideas1 ( !       
s5tim5ts t are1 aft] all1 ! liv+        
sub/ance 9 :i* ! pa/ really survives1 9 
:i* x is real4 ,9 ! same way ! only     
culture t c be be/[$ ^u ! _s1 ! only "o 
t admits ( be+ concretely taught &      
le>n$1 ! only "o t c be s\ght1 because x
 is ! only "o t really exi/s1 is        
ideali/ic culture4 ,x is n 9 books1 nor 
9 ! bra9s ( o!rs4 ,x exi/s 9 our own    
s\ls z x is gradually be+ =m$ !re4 ,x _c
 !re=e be an antec$5t to ! activity ( ! 
_s1 s9ce x consi/s 9 ?is v activity4    
,?is mu/ be ! fai? ( all ^? :o _c br+   
!mselves to believe t !y are /rang]s 9  
?is _w1 & t !y h come "h to ex]cise a   
function :i* is n _! own4 ,= ! _w 9     
g5]al1 & ! sph]e ( culture 9 p>ticul>1  
is n complet$ :5 we arrive ^u ! sc5e4   
,?is is :y human life has a value1 :y   
education is a mission4   ,,footnotes3  
#a ,francesco de ,sanctis1 a great      
,italian critic1 ^: ,hi/ory (           

,italian ,lit]ature is /ill un=tunately 
inaccessible 9       ,engli%4           
,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,spirituality ,,(      
,,culture   ,! ideali/ic conception (   
culture enables u to get an initial     
und]/&+ ( ! spirituality ( ! s*ool4 ,?is
 spirituality is surely felt by all ^?  
:o live )9 ! class-room2 b x %\ld be    
und]/ood 9 ! mo/ rigor\s & absolute     
mann] by ^? :o wi% to h a deep]         
consci\sness ( ! extreme delicacy ( !   
tasks p]=m$ & ! words utt]$ by ^? :o    
ent] x ) ! s9c]e he>t & ! pure s\l ( !  
tea*]4  ,! s*ool is obvi\sly n ! hall   
:i* conta9s ! tea*] & ! pupils4 ,^! may 
h a hall1 may ev5 h ! tea*]1 )\t yet    
possess+ ! s*ool1 :i* consi/s 9 !       
communication ( culture4 ,?is culture1  
we h se51 is n really pre-exi/5t to !   
act :i* communicates x2 x is n to be    
f\nd 9 books1 n to be look$ = 9 an ideal
 transc5d5t _w1 n to be dem&$ ( ! tea*]4
 ,x is only 9 ! _s ( ! p]son :o is 9 !  
act ( le>n+4 ,x is !re 9 ! mann] 9 :i* x
 is possible = x to be !re1 n comp>able 

to any presum$ =m ( pre-exi/+ culture4  
,! s*ool ga9s its exi/5ce entirely 9 !  
s\l ( ! le>n]4  ,k is n to be f\nd      
beyond ! b\nds ( ! human _s4 ,i insi/ on
 ?is conception because ,i am well aw>e 
t ! m9ds ( _m rebel aga9/ ?is           
conclusion1 no matt] h[ irrefutable its 
gr\nds may be4 ,= !y ask3 :at !n is !   
le>n+ :i* we ascribe to ! ma/] m9ds (   
humanity1 n[ inde$ dead b /ill active 9 
_! works8 ,!y also ask h[ we are able to
 ?9k & acc\nt = t le>n+ :i* we feel we  
are n orig9at+1 :i* we "k we are        
re-acquir+ = ourselves aft] x has _m    
times be5 9 ! doma9 ( o!rs4  ,c we      
really consid] z non-exi/5t :at we z yet
 d n "k1 may p]haps nev] "k1 b :i* is   
none ! less capable ( be+ kn[n8 ,:5 we  
are fill$ ) rev]5ce = ! glory ( m5 ^:   
le>n+ surpasses our p[]s1 are we !      
victims ( an illusion8 ,are we prevail$ 
^u by ignorance & lack ( reflection8 ,& 
h[ !n c we ju/ify ! cult :i* e civilis$ 
man consecrates to ! mighty             
spirits--philosoph]s1 poets1 arti/s1 &  

h]oes--:o add$ s mu* to ! moral fund (  
humanity8 ,0 !re n a ,dante six c5turies
 back1 :o compos$ a l(ty poem1 :i* 0    
admir$ by ev]ybody1 at a "t :5 we1 :o n[
 read x & br+ x to life 9 our s\ls1 7   
/ill s f> remov$ f ! entrance ( ?is     
life8  ,! answ] to all ^! que/ions is v 
simple1 s simple t we mu/ be c>eful le/ 
we miss its significance4 ,all ?is lore 
( ! pa/ :i* we /rive to pres]ve surely  
does exi/2 x does conta9 all ! names :i*
 are sacr$ to ! memory ( humank9d4 ,!   
,div9e ,com$y has be5 writt5 & no long] 
awaits its ,dante4 ,b ?is lore ( ! pa/1 
z we = brevity's sake call x1 is no?+   
else ?an :at we ?9k z su*4 ,hi/ory1 z x 
unfolds itself f c5tury to c5tury1 is   
nev] compress$ )9 a pa/ :i* because (   
its complet5ess might be made to exi/   
beyond ! pres5t & 9 opposition to x2 b x
 exi/s 9 a pa/ :i* is 9 ! pres5t z a    
plant t gr[s or an animal t lives1 nev] 
add+ any?+ new to ! old1 always trans=m+
 ! old into ! new2 at no "t1 !re=e1 hav+
 any?+ b :at is new1 nev] be+ any?+ else

 b ! new4 ,9 hi/ory1 ?us compreh5d$1 we 
to-day are b "o p]son ) ! m5 :o ?\ght   
be=e u1 ) ! poets1 ! philosoph]s1 !     
spiritual creators ( ! pa/4 ,) !m we are
 a p]son t gr[s & develops1 ev] acquir+1
 nev] los+2 a s+le be+ t appreh5ds &    
recalls & con/antly makes all 8 pa/ be> 
fruit 9 ! pres5t4 ,our *ildhood has n   
completely pass$ away into no?+3 x keeps
 return+ to ! ev]-busy phantasy t t5d]ly
 fondles x1 *]i%es x1 idealises x into  
poetry4 ,if we consid] ?is *ildhood z   
some?+ t once 01 t exi/$ 9 utt]         
ignorance ( ?is poetry t 0 yet to be    
writt51 t c\ld n !n be writt51 surely   
?is infancy is q dead2 we %\ld r say t x
 nev] exi/$4 ,b x does live z ! *ildhood
 :i* is a recollection1 :i* ar\ses      
feel+s1 & su* feel+s z are at a giv5    
mom5t ! actual s5tim5t ( ! adult4 ,once 
9 ! ye>s long gone by a k9dly ^w rea*$ !
 dep?s ( my s\l4 ,we all h he>d 9 ! ye>s
 long gone by "s su* k9dly words t 9 !  
my/]y ( our *ildi% m9d appe>$ z a       
revelation4 ,su* words z fall f ! lips (

 a "m & inspir$ by h] t5d] affection h !
 secret p[] ( appeas+ u 9 a mom5t (     
rage1 & ( mak+ u feel ! g5tle sweetness 
( t goodness :i* is made ( love4 ,we may
 s9ce h =gott5 t ^w1 & ! circum/ances 9 
:i* x 0 utt]$3 b x is none ! less true t
 on t day our s\l 0 modifi$ & became    
end[$ almo/ ) a six? s5se4 ,?is s5se has
 enabl$ u subsequ5tly to p]ceive s _m   
?+s t are beautiful 9 life1 & x 9 turn  
grew /rong] because ( frequ5t use &     
increas+ ex]cise1 until x f9ally became 
! mo/ pot5t organ ( our moral           
p]sonality4 ,"h too our developm5t has  
be5 a con/ant acquir+ ) no los+3 a      
pres]v+ ( ! pa/ by :i* x 0 conv]t$ into 
! pres5t1 & !re=e annull$ z pa/ pure &  
simple4  ,su* is ! moral developm5t (   
man1 :o believes himself an individual1 
b is 9 tru? humanity consid]$ mom5t>ily 
9 "o ( its fragm5ts4 ,su* is hi/ory3 !  
unfold+ ( ! _s 9 its univ]sality4 ,x is 
n !re=e difficult to det]m9e :at is !   
pa/ culture 9 :i* we desire to graft our
 pres5t "o4 ,x is our own actual culture

 9 s f> z x is n ! patrimony1 n !       
spiritual life ( ! isolat$ individual1 (
 a p>ticul> be+2 b is in/ead ! life ( ! 
_s 9 its univ]sality1 ! developm5t ( !  
human p]sonality tak5 9 its effective1  
hi/orical concret5ess4  ,! pa/ ) its    
entire cont5t is a projection ( our     
actual consci\sness1 i4e41 ( ! pres5t4  
,b we mu/ n give ?is proposition a      
sceptical s5se4 ,z ,i h already po9t$   
out1 ! pres5t nei!r 9 ! p>ticul>        
individual nor 9 ! univ]sal hi/ory ( !  
_s1 is sund]$ f ! pa/ by t abyss :i* is 
ord9>ily se5 f a mat]iali/ic po9t (     
view4 ,! pa/ is "o & ! same ?+ ) !      
pres5t4 ,! pa/ is ! pres5t 9 its inmo/  
sub/ance2 & ! pres5t is ! pa/ t has     
matur$4 ,! gra9 ( :eat :i* 0 buri$ 9 !  
furr[ is n[ no long] to be f\nd "u !    
glebe4 ,x lives1 multipli$ 9 ! e> (     
:eat4 ,! se$ z su* 0 decompos$ & de/roy$
 9 ! soil2 x is !re no m1 x sprung !nce 
z a blade ( grass1 x grew1 0 trans=m$1  
/ill is1 /ill la/s1 & w cont9ue to      
endure 9 o!r =ms4 ,:]e is x n[8 ,:y1 9  

:atev] =m x may n[ h assum$4 ,x is ! pa/
 9 ! pres5t1 z ! pres5t4  ,s !n1 :at is 
,dante ! poet :o t[]s ov] ! c5turies1 ! 
object ( our admiration1 ! ma/] ( all :o
 speak & use ! ,italian language8 ,he is
 ! lordly poet ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 n    
because he !n liv$ 8 own individual     
life1 b because he survives to-day 9 u  
:o ?9k him1 :o appreciate him ev5 :5 we 
are n fully acqua9t$ ) him4 ,9 ?is s5se 
he lives 9 u1 z ! se$ does 9 ! e> (     
corn4  ,i h j h9t$ at ! possibility (   
appreciat+ some?+ )\t fully und]/&+ x4  
,i want$ to make cle> h[ impossible x is
 to sep>ate1 ) a clean cut1 k f         
ignorance4 ,x is f> f true t be=e tak+  
up a c]ta9 sci5ce we "k absolutely no?+ 
ab\t x1--t ! boy :o goes to s*ool = !   
fir/ "t is completely devoid ( all k1 or
 t he :o is 9 que/ ( a book :i* he has  
nev] read c 9 no way :atev] speak ab\t  
x4  ,= fair r5[n begets love = ! unse5  
p]son1 z ! poet rem9ds u & z exp]i5ce   
(t5 tea*es4 ,frequ5tly we "k ( ! exi/5ce
 & ! beauty ( a woman :om we h nev] se51

 b :o is n !re=e completely unkn[n to u4
 ,s also _m ( u desir$ to g to s*ool    
long be=e we _h se5 ! inside ( a        
classroom4 ,:at is de>] ?an ! joy =eta/$
 at ! fir/ imag9+s ( s*ool8 ,we look    
=w>d to t new life ^u :i* we are ab\t to
 ent] 9 ! company ( our bigg] bro!rs & (
 our old] playmates4 ,!y h told u s _m  
?+s ab\t x4 ,f _! acc\nts & f ! fond    
memories ( our p>5ts we already "k !    
s*ool be=e we approa* x1 & its pleas+   
aspects invite u into ! classroom4  ,= !
 same reason we se>* = books we h nev]  
se51 & we are drawn t[>ds new /udies &  
pursuits4 ,!re is no leap+ f ignorance  
to k1 z f pit* d>kness to noon-tide     
brilliancy4 ,! transition is            
imp]ceptible1 z :5 ! dim morn+ twilight 
m]ges into ! fir/ glimm]+s ( dawn1 :i* 9
 turn fade away "u ! dazzl+ fla%es (    
sunrise4 ,& ev5 f ! mid/ ( d>kness we   
ye>n = a _w :i* ?\gh unse5 is someh[    
pres5t to our consci\sness1 already     
illum9$ by our ?\ght1 w>m$ by our       
s5tim5ts4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ! culture   

:i* we d n yet possess1 & :i* we expect 
to get at s*ool1 is already implant$ 9  
our m9d1 :]e x w spr\t & gr[ & be>      
fruit1 fus$ & confus$ ) ! life ( our _s4
  ,hav+ n[ rea*$ ?is po9t1 c we def9e   
culture8 ,i am incl9$ = a mom5t to      
assume ! role ( ,don ,f]rante 9         
,manzoni's novel4#b ,by p$antic         
ratioc9ations he prov$ t ! plague c\ld n
 be a contagi\s disease3 =1 he said1 9  
nature ev]y?+ is ei!r a sub/ance or an  
accid5t4 ,contagion1 he !n w5t on to    
prove1 c\ld nei!r be ! "o nor ! o!r2    
!re=e ! plague 0 b an influx ( ! />s1 & 
!re c\ld be no use 9 tak+ precautions2 &
 hav+ prov$ ?is1 he fell a victim to !  
epidemic1 & di$ curs+ ! />s l an op]atic
 h]o4 ,let u foll[ = a mom5t 9 !        
foot/eps ( ?is p$ant1 ^: me?od1         
ridicul\s z x may seem1 has _h nev]!less
 a glori\s hi/ory1 & "o :i* ,manzoni    
himself admir$4  ,i say3 ,we c ?9k only 
& we d ?9k only two k9ds (              
reality1--p]son or ?+4 ,e "o ( u is     
naturally drawn to ?is di/9ction2 & :5  

we h =mulat$ x1 we feel m or less       
vaguely1 m or less cle>ly1 t e          
possibility is compris$ )9 ^! two t]ms1 
t outside ( !m x is impossible to ?9k   
any reality :atsoev]4 ,! reason is ?is3 
if we ?9k1 if we act1 if we live1 we    
inevitably place ourselves 9 a situation
 su* t we on "o side are z c5tre1 z     
beg9n+1 or z subject ( our activity2 &  
on ! o!r side are ! objects t[>d :i* our
 activity is direct$ & by :i* x is      
t]m9at$4 ,we !re=e z subject ( ! entire 
surr\nd+ _w2 & ?is _w z ! end ( our     
?\ghts & ( our sci5tific inquiries1 end 
( our desires & ( our practical         
activity2 ! _w :i* is repres5t$ 9 our   
consci\sness1 & :i* we /rive to dom9ate 
by our lab\rs1 & our reason4 ,c !re be  
any?+ else beside u & :at we ?9k8  ,! _w
 :i* we ?9k & :i* we oppose to ourselves
 seems at fir/ to conta9 diff]5t k9ds ( 
objects4 ,!re seem to be bo? p]sons &   
?+s2 simple objects ( cognition :i* we  
ord9>ily call ?+s :i* c nev] become     
subjects2 & p]sons :o at fir/ are       

repres5t$ to u z objects ( our kn[+1 (  
our love1 & ( our hatr$1 z ends ( our   
activity2 b :o "u a clos] scrut9y are   
trans=m$ be=e our eyes into kn[+ & act+ 
subjects1 :o1 9 o!r words1 become j     
exactly :at we are4 ,b :5 we really get 
to "k ^! be+s t surr\nd u z subjects on 
an equal basis1 !n we cease to consid]  
!m z objects ( our cognition1 & z solely
 end[$ ) t mat]ial objectivity :i* at   
fir/ put !m 9 ! same category ) !       
inanimate ?+s1 ) plants & animals4 ,we  
!n f9d !m close to u1 v close3 fus$ )   
our own spiritual sub/ance4 ,we feel !m 
to be our fell[ m51 our k9sm51 ) :om we 
con/itute t p]son ( ^: exi/5ce ,i am    
aw>e e "t ,i say ,we3 ! p]son we mu/    
take into acc\nt :5ev] we wi% to affirm 
our p]sonality 9 a concrete mann]1 !    
only p]son1 ! "o subject1 ! true subject
 ( human k & ( human activity4 ,!       
subject :i* kn[s & acts z a univ]sal 9 !
 int]e/s ( all m51 or r 9 behalf ( ! "o 
man 9 :om all s+le individuals are unit$
 & ) :om !y are all id5tifi$4  ,!n if we

 give a rigor\s & exact mean+ to !      
expressions1 ,we & :at is be=e u1 ,we & 
! objects1 ,we & ! ,_w1 we h a correct  
classification ( all ?9kable reality    
diff]5tiat$ into p]sons & ?+s1 b ) !    
und]/&+ t all p]sons are 9 reality "o   
,p]son4  ,"o p]son1 & ?+s innum]able6 ,z
 we look ab\t u1 we f9d ! horizon peopl$
 ) ?\s&s & millions & inf9ite quantities
 ( objects1 :i* may "o by "o attract our
 att5tion1 & may be ga!r$ up 9 ! va/1   
unb\nd$ picture survey$ by ! eye z x    
moves on f ?+ to ?+1 incessantly1 )\t   
ev] rea*+ ! la/4 ,! _w :i* we fir/      
discov] is ! _w ( matt]1 ( ?+s :i* /rike
 our s5ses4 ,?is _w ru%es impetu\sly    
into our m9d at ! beg9n+ ( our natural  
exp]i5ce4 ,& ^! mat]ial objects are _m n
 only de facto b also de jure4 ,!y mu/  
be1 !y _c b be _m if we are to consid]  
!m z mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is _! peculi>      
nature1 x is _! v ess5ce to be an       
indef9ite multitude4  ,a mat]ial ?+     
means a ?+ occupy+ space4 ,& space is   
made up ( elem5ts1 ea* "o ( :i* excludes

 all ! o!rs & is !re=e conceiv$         
indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 mu/ s be conceiv$4
 ,= x is ! v nature ( space to be       
divisible4 ,:5 x is n>r[$ d[n to a po9t 
& _c be fur!r subdivid$1 !n x ceases to 
be space4 ,its divisibility signifies t 
space is no?+ m ?an ! sum ( its p>ts2 t 
x conta9s no?+ 9 addition to ^! p>ts2 t 
x !re=e resolves itself into !m )\t at  
all los+ its be+ & )\t any ( ! p>ts be+ 
depriv$ ( any?+ :i* 0 !irs 9 ! :ole4 ,9 
fact1 if any?+ 7 lo/ ( ! entire :ole1   
?is loss c\ld n b be felt 9 ea* s+le "p4
 ,a book1 consid]$ z a mat]ial ?+1 is   
compos$ ( a c]ta9 numb] ( pr9t$ leaves  
/it*$ toge!r2 & if ! leaves fall ap>t1  
!y may be br\ght toge!r aga9 s t !y w   
compose ! same book z be=e4 ,an iron rod
 weighs ! same be=e & aft] x has be5    
brok5 up into p>ts4  ,?+s cease to be   
exclusively & solely mat]ial :51 ?\gh !y
 may be divisible 9 a c]ta9 respect1 !y 
are nev]!less indivisible 9 ano!r       
respect4 ,plants1 animals1 all liv+     
organisms1 consid]$ simply z objects    

occupy+ space & z !re=e hav+ c]ta9      
dim5sions1 admit surely ( be+ sep>at$   
into p>ts4 ,trees are cut into logs1    
saw$ into bo>ds2 animals are slaught]$ &
 qu>t]$4 ,b consid]$ f ! po9t ( view (  
its peculi> quality1 ( ! ess5tial       
prop]ty :i* di/+ui%es x f all o!r       
bodies1 an organism is n divisible4 ,if 
we d divide x1 ea* compon5t "p ceases to
 be :at x previ\sly 0 :5 conjo9$ ) !    
o!rs4 ,su* a "p _c be pres]v$2 x )]s1 x 
decays1 & is disp]s$1 s t ! :ole c nev] 
be recon/itut$4 ,! v>i\s p>ts ( an      
organism1 consid]$ z su*1 are           
insep>able1 because ea* ( !m is &       
ma9ta9s itself on ! /r5g? ( its         
relations to ! o!rs1 =m+ ) !m a true &  
ess5tial unity4 ,if we h[ev] try to f9d 
out :at ?is unity is by :i* all ! limbs 
are indissolubly held toge!r1 we %all   
discov] no?+ :i* c be obs]v$ & repres5t$
 spatially1 no?+ end[$ ) dim5sions1     
h[ev] small1 aft] ! mann] ( ! sev]al    
limbs :i* ?is unity fuses )9 itself &   
vivifies4  ,if unity :i* is ! life-giv+ 

pr9ciple ( e organism c\ld be spatially 
repres5t$1 or 9 o!r words1 if x 7 some?+
 mat]ial1 x w\ld be "o ( ^? v limbs t h 
to be unifi$1 & c\ld n !n be ! unify+   
pr9ciple itself4 ,h5ce ! vanity ( !     
ef=ts on ! "p ( mat]iali/ic physiologi/s
 :o ob/9ately /rive to expla9 life by   
obs]v+ ! p>ts :i* compose ! organic     
mass1 by /udy+ ! concurr5ce ( _!        
processes1 _! *emical relation%ips1 & _!
 me*anism4 ,a mat]ial be+1 organically  
con/itut$1 is some?+ m ?an a mat]ial ?+ 
pure & simple3 x ann\nces already a     
high] pr9ciple2 x presages ! _s4  ,b !  
?+s t we all agree to reg>d z spiritual 
defy absolutely e attempt at division4  
,a poem may be consid]$ 9 a c]ta9 way z 
mat]ial1 & may accord+ly be divid$ into 
v>i\s p>ts1--/anzas1 l9es1 words4 ,b x  
is cle> t su* a sep>ation _c h ! value  
:i* we assign to ! divisions ( ?+s      
mat]ial4 ,= 9 _! case e "p c /& by      
itself1 & is 9 no way depriv$ ( its     
*>act]i/ic be+2 :]eas e "p ( a poem1    
/anza1 v]se1 ^w1 calls out & responds to

 e o!r "p2 & if isolat$ f !m1 loses !   
mean+ :i* x _h 9 ! context2 or r x loses
 e mean+1 & consequ5tly p]i%es4 ,x is   
true t by conjectures we int]pret ev5 v 
small fragm5ts ( anci5t poems4 ,b we d s
 only 9 s f> z we claim ! possibility ( 
re/or+ approximately ! entire poem 9 :i*
 ! giv5 fragm5t may live1 by :i* x may  
be re/or$ to life4 ,likewise all ! words
 l9$ up 9 diction>ies are z s _m ble$+  
limbs ( liv+ disc\rses1 to :i* !y mu/   
someh[ or o!r be ideally reconnect$1 if 
we are to und]/& :at !y really 7 & :at  
functions !y _h4 ,multiplicity ( p>ts 9 
?+s ( ! _s is only app>5t3 x mu/ be     
r$uc$ to indivisible unity1 f :i* e     
elem5t ( ! multiplicity d]ives its      
orig91 its sub/ance1 & its life1 s t we 
may give to x a real mean+ & a          
f\ndation4  ,nor is ?is ! only unity    
possess$ by ! ?+s t are assum$ to be    
spiritual4 ,we h already consid]$ !     
unity :]eby1 = example1 ! words ( a poem
 _c be sep>at$ f ! poem itself1 9 :i*   
ea* ( !m acquires a p>ticul> acc5t1 a   

p>ticul> expression1 & !re=e a p>ticul> 
individuality4 ,we %all n[ consid] ano!r
 unity4 ,he :o really p]ceives a poem is
 n confront$ by an obs]vable ?+1 compact
 if y w1 unsev]able & unit$1 b none !   
less indep5d5t ( human p]sonality4      
,poetry is only und]/ood :5 9 ! fl[+    
unity ( its v]ses & 9 ! cont9u\s rhy?m (
 its words we grasp a s5tim5t 9 its     
developm5t1 a s\l's ?rob 9 a mom5t ( its
 life1 a man1 a p]sonality4 ,! poetry ( 
,dante is v diff]5t f t ( ,petr>*1      
because ea* is ! expression ( a p[]fully
 di/9ct p]sonality4 ,any composition (  
^! poets is und]/ood & enjoy$ only :5 we
 feel 9 x ! p]sonal acc5t :i* di/+ui%es 
"o poetical p]sonality f ! o!r4 ,a poet 
)\t individuality has no significance   
:atsoev]1 & !re=e no exi/5ce z a poet4  
,b ! real arti/ leaves 8 impr9t m or    
less m>k$ly 9 all 8 productions1 s t 9 e
 giv5 in/ance1 ov] & beyond ! v>iety ( !
 subject matt]1 we feel ! liv+ s\l ( !  
poet4 ,a poem !n is ! poet2 x is a p]son
 & n a ?+4 ,& ! same c be said1 z we c  

easily see1 ( all ?+s t are commonly    
call$ spiritual4  ,b 9 addition to ?+s  
mat]ial1 x seems t !re are immat]ial    
ones :i* d n p]ta9 z "o's own to any    
p>ticul> p]son4 ,! ideas ( :i* we _h    
occasion to speak be=e1--immat]ial      
entities1 n p]ceptible by ! s5ses1 b    
?9kable by ! intellect1 & :i* sev]ally  
correspond to all sorts or species ( !  
v>i\s mat]ial ?+s1--7 once conceiv$ z   
?+s by philosoph]s1 & !y are /ill s     
conceiv$ to-day by ! majority ( m54 ,x  
is n requisite t "o actually ?9k !m2 x  
is suffici5t t !y be 9 !mselves ?9kable4
 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y may or may n be  
?\ght1 no diff]5tly !re=e f any ( !     
mat]ial objects :i* are n creat$ by our 
s5ses1 b mu/ already exi/ 9 ord] t our  
s5ses may p]ceive !m4 ,^! ideas are _m1 
9 a mann] correspond+ to ! mat]ial      
objects2 & !y are all diff]5t4 ,!y      
mirror1 s to speak1 ! multiplicity (    
mat]ial ?+s 9 ^: semblance & lik5ess !y 
7 devis$4 ,!re are horses 9 nature1 &   
!re is ! idea ( ! horse by :i* we are   

able to recognise all ! animals t belong
 to t species4 ,!re are dogs1 & !re is !
 dog :i* we r$iscov] 9 e "o ( !m4 ,& !re
 are fl[]s & ! fl[]2 & p9ks1 roses1 &   
lilies1 z well z ! p9k1 ! rose1 & !     
lily2 & likewise iron1 copp]1 silv]1    
gold1 lime1 wat]1 & s on1 to inf9ity4 ,x
 is impossible to set a limit to ideas1 
because x is n possible ev] to /op      
divid+1 di/+ui%+1 subdivid+ t nature :i*
 unfolds itself ?r\gh\t space4  ,?is    
b\ndless multitude ( ideas1 ?r\gh :i*   
our m9d c rove1 surely has no spatial   
ext5sion4 ,b because ( ! necessity (    
conceiv+ any multitude z exi/+ 9 "s k9d 
( space1 x 0 ?\ght prop] to posit an    
ideal space 9 addition to ! physical "o4
 ,9 o!r words1 metaphorical dim5sions 7 
add$ to dim5sions prop]ly s call$4 ,b   
:e!r spatially or n1 we /rive to        
conceive ideas z _m1 ea* "o ( !m exi/+  
by itself1 & susceptible ( be+ ?\ght    
indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,9 reality h[ev]  
we nev] succe$ 9 ?9k+ !m except z b\nd  
toge!r & =m+ a sy/em1 9 su* a way t no  

s+le "o ( !m c be ?\ght except by ?9k+ !
 o!rs ) x4 ,take man z an in/ance3 ea*  
"o ( u has intuitively ! idea ( man1 b  
?is idea is n possess$ l a ^w ( :i* we  
may n ev5 "k ! mean+4 ,9 ?9k+ ! idea we 
mu/ ?9k some?+ :i* is its cont5t4 ,if we
 "k :at man is1 we mu/ be able to       
attribute a cont5t to ! idea ( man4 ,we 
may say1 z ! anci5ts did1 t man is !    
laugh+ animal1 or ! speak+ animal1      
because he is ! only animal capable (   
express+ ! emotions ( 8 s\l by laught]  
or by ! inflection ( 8 voice2 because1 9
 o!r words1 he is ! only animal :o is   
consci\s ( :at goes on )9 him4 ,or      
p]haps we might say t man is ! reason+  
animal1 & we ?9k ?is idea :5 we h ?\ght 
! idea ( animal & ! idea ( reason4 ,b c 
! idea ( animal be ?\ght by itself      
alone8 ,x1 z well z ! idea ( reason1 mu/
 h a cont5t2 t is1 ea* mu/ be connect$ )
 o!r ideas1 )\t :i* x w\ld be depriv$ ( 
all consi/5cy4  ,& s ! m9d t beg9s to   
?9k "o s+le idea is compell$1 almo/     
dragg$1 to pass on to ano!r1 !n to a    

?ird1 & s on indef9itely4 ,x f9ds itself
 9 ! condition ( ! man :o tri$ to grasp 
a s+le l9k ( a *a91 j "o1 & f\nd t he   
c\ld n h x except on condition ( tak+ ! 
:ole *a94 ,s x is ) ideas4 ,we may n be 
capable ( encompass+ all ( !m 9 "o s+le 
?\ght2 b :5ev] we try to fix any "o ( !m
 9 our m9d1 x pres5ts itself to u z a   
knot 9 :i* _m o!r ideas are int]lac$1   
twi/$1 & entangl$4 ,!y =m an inf9ite    
*a91 9 :i* x is n possible to ?9k ! fir/
 l9k or ! la/ "o1 because ! beg9n+ is   
weld$ to ! end1 & we turn & turn & nev] 
rea* ! la/4 ,is n ?is ! nature ( ! ideas
 z we see !m1 z !y con/itute ! field f  
:i* we mu/ h>ve/ all our possible       
?\ghts8  ,ideas are n1 !re=e1 a true    
multiplicity1 because !y are n ?+s1 ei!r
 mat]ial or ideal1 & because !y d n     
occupy any space :atsoev]4 ,our         
imag9ation may pres5t !m to u z s _m    
lights ( an ideal sky2 b our intellig5ce
 w>ns u t !y _c be sep>at$ "o f ! o!r & 
plac$ side by side4 ,z ,i h already     
said3 :5 we ?9k "o1 we ?9k !m all4 ,or 9

 any ev5t we %\ld1 if we _h ma/]$ all t 
!re is to be kn[n4 ,s t to our ?\ght    
ideas appe> z con/itut+ "o unique :ole1 
a unity1 t some?+ :i* we call sci5ce1   
tru?1 k4 ,!y are n a multitude1 = !     
simple reason t 9 multiplicity !y w\ld  
be un?9kable4 ,_! connection ) &        
p>ticipation 9 an absolute unity come f 
! fact t !y are ! object ( ?\ght1 & are 
!re=e submitt$ to its activity1 :]eby !y
 are ord]$1 correlat$1 organis$1 unifi$4
 ,9 ord] t we may say t "o idea conta9s 
ano!r1 or _m o!rs1 we mu/ analyse ?is   
fir/ idea & def9e x4 ,?is fir/ idea mu/ 
be di/+ui%$ f ! o!rs1 & !y likewise     
among !mselves4 ,x is n !re=e suffici5t 
to say t !re are ^! ideas1 motionless1  
in]t1 lifeless1 z !y necess>ily w\ld be 
if !y exi/$ p] se1 z objects ( m]e      
possible contemplation4 ,!re mu/ also be
 "s "o to analyse !m1 def9e !m1 &       
di/+ui% !m4 ,x is n en\gh to h ! mat]ial
 ( ?\ght1 we ne$ ?\ght also to m\ld &   
fa%ion ?is mat]ial1 turn x effectively  
into ?\ght /uff1 r$uce x to some?+      

susceptible ( be+ ?\ght4 ,ideas z ?+s   
w\ld 9 no way be relat$ among !mselves4 
,b !y d h t relation%ip :i* is g5]at$ by
 ?\ght z x ?9ks !m4 ,?\ght g5]ates ?is  
relation%ip n z a fix$ "o1 z w\ld be !  
case if x 7 inh]5t 9 ! ?+s !mselves2 b z
 a relation%ip :i* is be+ =m$ by        
degrees1 & :i* is cont9u\sly *ang+ &    
develop+4 ,no ideal1 abid+ sci5ce1 exi/+
 only z ! object ( a vague phantasy1 c  
!re=e result f ?is relation%ip4 ,x      
con/itutes in/ead a sci5ce :i* is ev]   
re-=m$ & is nev] =m$2 x gives to ! ideas
 an ev] r5ew$ aspect3 x matures !m1     
elaborates !m1 p]fects !m1 by conc5trat+
 on ea* "o ( !m ! con/antly increas+    
light ( ! sy/em into :i* x closely b9ds 
!m4  ,ideas1 !n1 z we really ?9k !m1 are
 n a m9utely fraction$ & scatt]$        
multiplicity4 ,nor are !y a mass (      
concurr5t elem5ts4 ,!y are ,?\ght z x   
becomes articulate1 & ga9s di/9ctness by
 ^! _m ,limbs1 by ^! ideas1 :i* exi/1   
all ( !m1 9 ! process by :i* !y are     
gradually =m$1 develop$1 & complicat$1 &

 array$ 9 an ord] :i* is con/antly be+  
r5ew$ & :i* is nev] def9itely p]fect$4  
,!re are n !n _m ideas2 !re is "o ,idea1
 :i* is ,?\ght4 ,only 9 a metaphorical  
s5se c we consid] !m z ?+s2 &1 prop]ly  
speak+1 !y are ! human p]son itself z   
actualis$ 9 ?\ght1 :i* is busily occupi$
 9 ! con/ruction ( k4 ,!y are an        
indivisible unity1 9 :i* ea* idea is    
f\nd collaborat+ ) e o!r "o s z to answ]
 ! que/ions :i* ,?\ght con/antly        
prop\nds4 ,!y are ! human p]son1 n !    
p]sons2 = we h already conclud$ t only 9
 an ab/ract s5se is x possible to speak 
( _m p]sons2 concretely !re is b "o     
univ]sal ,p]son :i* is n multiplicable4 
,!re are n1 !n1 go+ back to our orig9al 
division1 p]sons & ?+s1 mat]ial &       
spiritual4 ,at ! mo/ !re is "o p]son1   
,man1 & !re are ! mat]ial ?+s :i*       
con/itute ?is nature1 z x occupies      
space1 & 9 :i* we too believe we h a    
place1 9 z mu* z we consid] ourselves   
be+s ( nature4 ,no?+ beyond ?is c be    
conceiv$3 on "o side a sole             

immultiplicable reality1 on ! o!r a     
manifold reality1 indef9itely divisible4
  ,"h we might p]haps /op consid]+ !    
special int]e/ t call$ =? ?is inquiry4  
,= no "o c\ld possibly suppose = a mom5t
 t culture c\ld be plac$ 9 ! mid/ (     
mat]ial ?+s r ?an 9 ! spiritual reality 
:i* is a p]son4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! intimate 
nature ( ?is spiritual reality :i* we   
call culture is n yet cle>ly reveal$1 we
 mu/ cont9ue our inve/igations1 & give m
 att5tion to ?is division :i* = a mom5t 
we ?\ght might be f9al4 ,i mean !       
division ( ! _w into p]sons & ?+s3 !    
equipoise ( _s & matt]4  ,d we really   
?9k ?is matt] z we say we d1 & :i* we   
believe we are ju/ifi$ 9 oppos+ to ! _s1
 9 z mu* z ! _s is unity or univ]sality1
 & matt]1 9 its entirety1 9 e "o ( its  
p>ts1 9 ev]y?+1 is an indef9ite         
multiplicity8 ,matt] c 9 tru? be ?\ght  
only on condition t x be possible to ?9k
 multiplicity1 t pure multiplicity :i*  
is ! *>act]i/ic quality ( matt]4  ,:at  
!n is ! mean+ ( multiplicity8 ,9        

absolute t]ms we call multiple t :i*    
consi/s ( elem5ts ea* "o ( :i* is q     
indep5d5t ( all ! o!rs1 & absolutely    
devoid ( any & e relation%ip ) !m4 ,!   
mat]iali/ conceiv$ ! _w z an aggregate (
 atoms1 sep>at$ "o f ! o!r & hav+ no    
reciprocal relevance ( any sort         
:atsoev]4 ,9 ! _w ( pure quantity1 :i*  
is ! same z absolute multiplicity1      
ma!matical sci5ce claims ! k ( units    
indiff]5t to _! nexus1 & !re=e          
susceptible ( be+ unit$ & sep>at$1 ( be+
 summ$ up & divid$1 )\t any alt]ation   
tak+ place )9 ! individual unit itself4 
,num]ical units are !re=e pre-em95tly   
irrelative4  ,b ! concept itself ( !    
multiplicity ( irrelative elem5ts is an 
absurd "o4 ,9 ord] t we may conceive _m 
unrelat$ elem5ts we mu/1 to />t )1 be   
able to conceive a c\ple ( su* elem5ts4 
,let u take ,a & ,b1 absolutely         
unrelat$1 & su* t ! concept ( "o w      
conta9 no?+ ( ! o!r's1 & w !re=e exclude
 x f itself4 ,if ,a did n s exclude ,b1 
some?+ ( ,b w\ld be f\nd 9 ,a1 & we c\ld

 no long] speak ( ! two elem5ts z       
irrelative4 ,irrelativity means         
reciprocal exclusion1 a capacity by :i* 
ea* t]m is oppos$ to ! o!r1 & prev5ts ! 
o!r f hav+ any?+ 9 common ) x4 ,)\t ?is 
reciprocal action :]eby ea* t]m turns to
 ! o!r & excludes x f itself1 e/abli%+  
itself z a negation ( x1 !re w\ld be no 
irrelativity4 ,b ?is action by :i* ea*  
t]m is ref]r$ to ! o!r s z to d5y x1 :at
 is x b a relation%ip8 ,e ef=t !re=e    
t5d+ to break up reality into p>ts      
completely repugnant among/ !mselves1   
mutually exclud+ "o ano!r1 & !re=e      
reciprocally indiff]5t1 results 9 ! v   
opposite ( :at 0 int5d$1 viz43 !        
relative 9 place ( ! irrelative1 unity  
in/ead ( multiplicity4  ,nei!r duality  
nor multiplicity is conceivable )\t t   
unity :]eby ! two eng5d] t :ole 9 :i* ! 
two units are connect$1 ev5 ?\gh !y     
mutually exclude "o ano!r3 )\t t unity  
:i* fuses & unifies e multiplicity      
det]m9$ 9 a numb]1 :i* correlates among 
!mselves ! units :i* con/itute ! numb]4 

,we c\ld /rip multiplicity ( all unity  
only by n ?9k+ x4 ,b !n 9 ! gloom ( :at 
is n ?\ght1 multiplicity truly en\gh    
w\ld n be unity1 b x w\ld n ev5 be      
multiplicity1 because x c\ld n be any?+ 
at all4 ,or1 if we pref]1 x w\ld be     
absolutely un?9kable4  ,?\ght !n        
e/abli%es relation%ips among ! units ( !
 multiple1 & ?us con/itutes !m z ! units
 ( ! manifold1 & z =m+ multiplicity4 ,x 
adds & divides1 composes & decomposes1 &
 v>i\sly di/ributes1 mat]ialis+ &       
demat]ialis+1 s to speak1 ! reality :i* 
x ?9ks4 ,= x mat]ialises ! reality :5 x 
conceives x z manifold3 b x c conceive x
 z su* only by unify+ x1 & !re=e by     
demat]ialis+ x & reabsorb+ x into its   
own spiritual sub/ance4  ,matt] is a    
manifold reality1 )\t unity4 ,:at x is  
we already h se53 a mat]ial reality1 & z
 su* divisible into p>ts1 plac$ 9 ! _w 9
 ! mid/ ( a cong5]ic multitude4 ,n[1    
s9ce pure multiplicity is n conceivable 
except on condition t we ab/ract f t    
relation%ip to :i* ! reciprocal         

exclusiv5ess ( manifold elem5ts is      
r$uc$1 x is evid5t t matt] & ?+s are    
ab/ract entities4 ,?\ght /ops to consid]
 !m1 & reg>ds !m z exi/5t1 only because 
x )draws ! att5tion f t "p ( itself :i* 
x contributes to ! mak+ ( ! object      
repres5t$4 ,?\ght !re=e presc9ds f t    
unity :i* mat]ial ?+s c\ld n by !mselves
 conta91 b f :i* x is impossible to     
presc9d absolutely unless we wi% to be  
r$uc$ to an absurd conception4          
,objective ?+s !n1 ! _w ( matt] itself  
:i* we are wont to oppose 9 equipoise to
 ! p]son1 are 9 tru? n sep>able f x4 ,= 
matt] has its f\ndation 9 ?\ght by :i* !
 p]sonality is actualis$4 ,?+s are :at  
we 9 our own ?\ght c\nt]pose to         
ourselves :o ?9k !m4 ,outside ( our     
?\ght !y are absolutely no?+4 ,_!       
mat]ial h>dness itself has to be l5t to 
!m by u1 = x ultimately is to be resolv$
 into multiplicity1 & multiplicity      
implies spiritual unity4  ,?is !n is !  
_w3 an inf9ity ( ?+s all ( :i* h h[ev]  
_! root 9 u4 ,n 9 u z we are repres5t$  

ord9>ily 9 ! mid/ ( ?+s2 n 9 ! empirical
 & ab/ract u :i* fe$s ! vanity ( !      
empty-head$ egoi/1 ( him :o has n !     
fa9te/ notion ( :at he really is1 :o c  
!re=e ?9k ( himself only z enclos$ )9 ! 
tight husk ( 8 own fle% & ( 8 p>ticul>  
passions4 ,no6 !y are root$ 9 t true u  
by :i* we ?9k1 & agree 9 "o same ?\ght1 
:ile ?9k+ all ?+s1 includ+ ourselves z  
oppos$ to ?+s4 ,& he :o fails to rea*   
?is pr(\nd s\rce1 ?is root f :i* all    
reality receives its vitalis+ sap1 may  
inde$ get a blurr$ glimpse ( a bl9d1    
in]t1 mat]ial me*anism1 b he _c ev5 fix 
& det]m9e ?is me*anism4 ,he _c ^u fur!r 
reflection /op at ! conviction t x is 9 
tru?1 z x appe>s 9 semblance1 some?+    
real1 = x reveals itself to him z s     
absurd z to become un?9kable4 ,! _w !n  
is 9 u2 x is our _w1 & x lives 9 ! _s4  
,x lives ! v life ( t p]son :i* we /rive
 to realise1 sometimes satisfi$ ) our   
"w1 b (t5] unsatisfi$ & re/less4 ,& !re 
is ! life ( culture4  ,x is n possible  
to conceive k o!rwise ?an z liv+ k1 & z 

! extolm5t ( our own p]sonality4 ,?is is
 our conclusion4 ,we %all1 lat] on1     
d]ive f x two coroll>ies t are v        
important = tea*]s1 9 z mu* z !y be>    
directly on ! problems ( education4     
,,footnotes3    #b ,i ,promessi ,sposi  
7,! ,betro!d74     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,!    
,,attributes ,,( ,,culture   ,f !       
concept ( ! spirituality ( culture1 we  
d]ive all ! fundam5tal propositions (   
p$agogy4 ,b 9 z mu* z ?is conception (  
culture co9cides ) t ( p]sonality1 or ( 
! _s1 x is evid5t t all ! fundam5tal    
propositions ( ! philosophy ( ! _s are  
also d]iv$ f x4 ,9 fact1 we sep>ate     
p$agogy f ! philosophy ( ! _s only      
because ( didactic conv5i5ce4 ,to       
det]m9e1 !n1 ! attributes ( culture1 by 
:i* education becomes actual1 we h b to 
consid] ! nature ( ! _s & endeav\r to   
def9e its attributes4 ,?is way we mu/   
foll[ if we are ev] to acquire a ?or\gh 
compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ( ! sev]al   
!ories ( education1 pr9ciples :i* are b 
! laws imman5t to ! life ( education    

itself 9 its effective developm5t4  ,!  
ass]tion t culture is ! human _s means  
no?+ unless we fir/ def9e ?is _s &      
und]/& its attributes4 ,we _c possess a 
concept :i* is n det]m9$2 & !           
det]m9ations ( a concept are ! con/itu5t
 attributes ( ! reality :i* we /rive to 
conceive1 & :i* is n ?9kable if depriv$ 
( any ( ^! attributes4 ,! foll[+        
example1 appropriate ev5 ?\gh trite1 w  
make my mean+ cle>]4 ,physical bodies _c
 be conceiv$ )\t also conceiv+ gravity4 
,gravity is !n an attribute ( ! physical
 body1 & z su* x det]m9es ! concept ( x4
 ,9 ! same way1 to conceive ! _s is to  
embrace ) ?\ght ! concepts :i* are      
absolutely insep>able f ! concept ( !   
_s4  ,?is inquiry into ! nature ( !     
attributes ( culture1 ?\gh x con/antly  
progresses t[>ds a satisfactory         
solution1 yet seems at times to be los+ 
gr\nd on acc\nt ( ! ev]-increas+        
difficulties t beset its advance4 ,x is 
true1 no d\bt1 t human ?\ght1 driv5 by !
 irresi/ible desire to "k itself1 has   

made "s headway t[>ds ma/]+ ! concept ( 
itself4 ,philosophy has inde$ progress$1
 & ! mod]n _w c pr\dly po9t to tru?s    
unsuspect$ by ! ?9k]s ( antiquity4 ,b ! 
assidu\s & prolong$ toil ( ?\ght engag$ 
9 ?is task has at all mom5ts disclos$   
new difficulties2 x has ev] be5 busy    
sket*+ new concepts :i* subsequ5tly     
prove immature & 9 ne$ ( fur!r          
elaboration1 & has be5 pu%+ its         
inve/igations to su* dep?s z to make x  
difficult to foll[ its lead )\t         
sometimes go+ a/ray1 )\t frequ5tly /opp+
 9 utt] we>9ess at ! roadside4  ,m5 talk
 le>n$ly n[adays ( ! human _s1 b ) a    
doctr9e :i* is (t5 insuffici5t or1 z we 
say1 n up to date4 ,!y h /opp$ at "o (  
^? wayside concepts :]e ?\ght no d\bt   
pass$ & tempor>ily halt$1 b f :i* x mov$
 on t[>ds a m di/ant goal4 ,= :ile ?is  
long hi/ory ( ! endeav\rs by :i* man    
/ruggles onw>d t[>ds ! und]/&+ ( 8 own  
nature is ! basis on :i* mod]n          
philosophy builds its firm concept ( !  
_s1 yet = ^? :o h n atta9$ ! vantage    

gr\nd ( ?is mod]n philosophy1 ?is hi/ory
 is un=tunately a v intricate maze2 x is
 ! bewild]+    selva selvaggia ed aspra 
e =te#c  f :i* x is difficult ev] to    
issue4 ,& !re=e x is mu* easi]1 z ,dante
 once rem>k$1 to tea* ^? :o are         
completely ignorant ?an ^? :o h a       
smatt]+ ( philosophy4 ,b to-day culture 
is s intimately connect$ ) philosophical
 speculation t ! great] "p ( educat$ m5 
pr(ess ?is or t sy/em )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 
,& :5 su* m5 d take up ! /udy (         
philosophy p] se1 !y no long] possess ! 
m5tal +5u\sness1 ! speculative c&\r1 :i*
 w\ld enable !m to grasp ! obvi\s1      
evid5t1 incontrov]tible tru? ( ! mo/    
pr(\nd philosophical proposition4  ,?is 
inquiry !n is difficult4 ,x dem&s ei!r a
 long1 me?odic1 labori\s /udy ( ! hi/ory
 ( philosophy conduct$ ) critical vig\r1
 or t unyield+ t5acity ( ! m9d :i* is ! 
sure/ sign ( s\nd spiritual "*2 t       
/eadfa/ firmness by :i* man1 once 9     
possession ( a cle>ly irrefutable1 truly
 fundam5tal tru?1 rigor\sly excludes f 8

 s\l all ! allurem5ts ( prejudice1 all  
convictions =m]ly ent]ta9$1 ev5 ?\gh    
extremely plausible1 if !y contradict 8 
,tru?4 ,= he tru/s t ^! p]plexities1 ^! 
difficulties :i* he is n n[ 9 condition 
to expla91 w be remov$ 9 virtue ( t v   
?\ght to :i* he has confid5tly committ$ 
himself4  ,?is unfl9*+ resolve is !     
c\rage ( ! philosoph]1 :o has nev] fe>$ 
to brave common s5se1 & s+le-h&$ to     
m>%al aga9/ ! multitude ! array ( 8     
seem+ly absurd ass]tions1 :i* h[ev]1 9 !
 progress ( _! reciprocal integrations1 
h subsequ5tly contribut$ to r$eem ?is v 
multitude f error1--f t error :i* is    
intellectual mis]y1 social wret*$ness1  
economic1 political1 & moral de/itution4
 ,because ( ?is inflexible firmness !   
philosoph] has nev] dread$ t b\ndless   
solitude1 t ?9 atmosph]e to :i* he is   
uplift$ by ?\ght1 & :]e at fir/ he has !
 s5sation ( fa9t+ away into ! r>efi$    
air4  ,we mu/ !n mu/] up c\rage &       
rel9qui% all ! ideas :i* we once        
accept$1 ev5 ?\gh !y /ill tempt u )     

sup]ficial glitt]+s ( tru?1 :5 once !y h
 prov$ !mselves to be 9 contradiction ) 
exp]i5ce4 ,= ,i too hold exp]i5ce to be 
! t\*/one ( all our ?\ghts1 philosophy n
 exclud$4 ,b ,i insi/ t we be c>eful le/
 we conf\nd ! mock]y ( ! fir/ puppet t  
dupes our imag9ation ) g5u9e exp]i5ce2 t
 9 z mu* z e man speaks ( exp]i5ce 9    
exclusive accordance ) :atev] concept he
 has be5 able to =m ( x1 we too det]m9e 
be=eh& :at our conception ( x is4 ,n[ ,i
 say t no concept ( exp]i5ce c be       
validly ent]ta9$ :i* does n take into   
acc\nt t tru? :i* pres5ts itself to u z 
truly fundam5tal & !re=e to be us$ z an 
indisp5sable basis = all subsequ5t      
conceptual con/ructions4  ,su*          
fundam5tal tru? we h previ\sly atta9$ :5
 we e/abli%$ t ,we are n :at we seem to 
be 9 ! dim empirical repres5tation ( our
 p]sonality1 a ?+ among ?+s4 ,our ,self 
is ! deep] "o by means ( :i* we see all 
?+s 9 ^: mid/ our o!r self too is       
disc]nible4 ,! reality ( ?is1 our deep] 
self :i* _c be conceiv$ z a ?+1 )\t :i* 

no?+ c be conceiv$1 9 ! same way t !    
trunk1 ! bran*es1 & ! b\ghs are n       
possible )\t ! root f :i* ! tree issues1
 is a tru? :i* we may nev] grasp1 b if  
we d1 we %all =ev] be compell$ to see 9 
x ! s\rce ( all o!r possible tru?s1     
includ+ ! concept ( exp]i5ce4 ,= once we
 h securely ma/]$ x1 we w be conv9c$ t x
 is impossible to conceive :atev] is    
consid]$ & ?\ght ( z con/itut+ ?is _w   
o!rwise ?an z ?is _w :i* we see1 :i* we 
t\*1 & :i*1 9 %ort1 we look ^u z !      
cont5ts ( our exp]i5ce3 & t x is also   
impossible to conceive ?is exp]i5ce )\t 
ref]r+ x to u :o h x n z an object (    
possession b z an activity :i* we       
ex]cise4 ,s t no?+1 absolutely no?+1 c  
be ?\ght :5 ! relation%ip betwe5 ?+s &  
exp]i5ce1 & aga9 ! rapport betwe5       
exp]i5ce & ourselves is obta9$1 )\t ?9k+
 ! deep reality ( ?is our self4 ,we may 
aga9 close our eyes to ?is reality or   
hold x 9 abeyance1 b we c d s only aft] 
we h effac$ e notion ( ! two            
relation%ips j m5tion$1 & :5 we aga9 h  

imm]s$ ourselves 9 ! my/]y ( ?+s1 9 !   
gloom ( _! app>5t indep5d5t exi/5ce1 (  
_! ev] self-defeat+ multiplicity4       
,aga9/ ?is reality ( ! pr(\nd u :i* is !
 g5u9e spiritual reality1 !re are       
innum]able & awe-inspir+ difficulties4  
,!y are difficulties t s viol5tly       
oppress our m9ds & our he>ts z to dismay
 u1 & almo/ =ce u to give up ?is concept
 ( a reality on :i* all o!r realities   
dep5d1 & :i* _c b be "o alone1 &        
inf9ite1 & really univ]sal4#d ,alone1   
because 9 x all opposites mu/ co9cide3 !
 good & ! evil1 :at is true & :at is    
false1 life & dea?1 peace & w>1 pleasure
 & pa91 y\rs & m9e1--all ?+s1 9 %ort1 t 
we h be5 oblig$ to sund] & di/+ui% 9    
ord] to take our be>+s & meet !         
exig5cies ( life4 ,=midable difficulties
 inde$6 ,& !y are ! problems (          
philosophy4 ,x w\ld be *ildi% & s5seless
 to dispose ( !m by ignor+ t concept f  
:i* !y d]ive4 ,x is ! philosoph]'s task1
 x is ! /rict duty ( human ?\ght to face
 ! problems z !y rise out ( ! positions 

:i* x has captur$ 9 its onw>d m>*4 ,= to
 yield gr\nd1 to turn ! back to a tru?  
:i* has be5 demon/rat$ to be            
indisp5sable1 t is impossible4  ,^? :o  
wi% to ori5t !mselves 9 ! _w to-day mu/1
 be=e all1 cl+ to ?is3 t ! basis ( e    
?9kable reality is our spiritual        
reality1 "o1 inf9ite1 univ]sal1--!      
reality :i* unites u all 9 "o sole      
spiritual life2 ! reality 9 :i* tea*] & 
pupils meet :5 by _! reciprocal         
compreh5sions !y con/itute a real s*ool4
  ,:at !n is ?is "o1 inf9ite1 univ]sal  
reality8 ,is ?is "q truly unansw]able z 
x seems to be1 z x has (t5 9 ! pa/ be5  
decl>$ to be8 ,=1 x has be5 argu$1 9    
ord] to give an answ]1 :e!r "h or       
else:]e1 we mu/ someh[ ?9k ! reality to 
:i* ! answ] is ref]r$4 ,we mu/ ?9k x &  
!re=e di/+ui% x f all ! o!rs1 & s       
presuppose x z "o exi/+ among _m & z =m+
 ) !m a multiplicity2 & ?is is ! v      
opposite ( t reality :i* we are /riv+ to
 ?9k4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 :5 we try to say
 :at ! subject is1 we mu/1 someh[1 set x

 z ! object1 & ?us conv]t x into :at is 
! opposite ( ! subject4 ,or aga93 !     
subject _c ?9k itself1 because if x did1
 x w\ld split into ! duality ( itself z 
?9k+ & itself z ?\ght1 & :at is ?9k+ is 
n :at is ?\ght4 ,b all ^! objections    
toge!r ) _m o!rs ( ! same =ce t are     
ord9>ily rais$ aga9/ radical idealism h 
b "o s+le defect2 :i* is su*1 h[ev]1 z  
to make x hopeless = ! ideali/ ev] to   
succe$ 9 be+ und]/ood by ^? t resort to 
?is k9d ( argum5t4 ,^! oppon5ts1        
/rangely en\gh1 miss ! mo/ elem5t>y     
mean+ ( ! t]ms ) :i* !y claim to be     
famili>4 ,!y fail to see t :5 ! ideali/ 
says subject1 he _c possibly mean by x  
"o ab/ract t]m ( ! relation%ip          
subject-object1 :i*1 because ( ?is v    
ab/ractness1 is devoid ( all consi/5cy4 
,! ego is call$ subject1 because x      
conta9s )9 itself an object :i* is n    
div]se b id5tical ) x4 ,z a pure subject
 x is already a relation%ip2 x is       
self-affirmation & !re=e affirmation (  
an object1 b ( an object1 be x rememb]$1

 9 :i* ! subject is n ali5at$ f itself2 
by :i*1 r1 x truly returns to itself1   
embraces itself1 & ?us orig9atively     
realises itself4 ,9 ord] to be ,i1 ,i   
mu/ "k myself1 ,i mu/ set my own self 9 
front ( myself4 ,only ?us ,i am ,i1 a   
p]sonality1 & subject1 ! c5tre ( my _w  
or ( my ?\ght4 ,= if ,i %\ld n objectify
 myself to myself1 if 9 ! endeav\r to   
free myself completely f all            
objectivity1 ,i 7 to retreat into ! fir/
 t]m1--a purely ab/ract "o1--( ?is      
relation%ip by :i* ,i posit myself1 ,i  
%\ld rema9 on ! hi!r side ( ?is         
relation%ip1 t is ( t v reality 9 :i* ,i
 am to realise myself4 ,s !n by ?is inn]
 objectification ! subject does n at all
 dep>t f itself4 ,x r ent]s into its own
 subjectivity1 & con/itutes x4 ,surely  
man may1 ,n>cissus-l1 make an idol ( 8  
own self3 he may wor%ip himself 9 a fix$
 semblance already det]m9$ & cry/allis$4
 ,b 9 s do+1 he mat]ialises himself1    
makes 8 p]son into a ?+1 looks away f 8 
true spiritual life1 misses             

self-consci\sness1 av]ts 8 ?\ght f 8 own
 intimate be+4 ,?is self-conv]sion f    
p]son into ?+ takes place1 n :5 we ?9k (
 ourselves1 b r :5 we fail to d s4      
,philosophy !n1 z ! ?9k+ ( ! ,_s 9 its  
absolute subjectivity1 is ! ,_s's own   
life4 ,= ! _s lives by con/itut+ itself 
z ! ego1 & x does ?is by ?9k+ itself1 by
 acquir+ consci\sness ( itself4 ,& :ile 
philosophis+ !n1 we _c b ask :at is ?is 
"o inf9ite univ]sal reality :i* is our  
,self & is call$ ! _s4 ,we _c disp5se ) 
?is inquiry into ! attributes ( ! _s1   
:i* is at ! same "t ! inquiry into !    
attributes ( culture4  ,! exam9ation ( !
 possibility ( ?is inve/igation has     
c>ri$ u1 )\t our be+ aw>e ( x1 into ! v 
mid/ ( ! inquiry itself4 ,= :at we      
consid]$ z an elem5t>y mean+ ( ! ^w _s1 
! ego1 :i* is n some?+ 9 unrelat$       
imm$iacy1 b :i* con/itutes itself1      
posits itself1 realises itself 9 t x    
?9ks itself & becomes                   
self-consci\sness1--?is is also !       
ultimate *>act]i/ic :i* c be assign$ to 

! _s1 or to man himself1 t is1 to :at 9 
man is ess5tially human4 ,if we exam9e  
all ! o!r diff]5ces t h be5 assign$ or  
c\ld be f\nd by :i* ! _s is di/+ui%able 
f ?+s1 we %all f9d1 aft] due reflection1
 t !y all cease to h a real mean+ z soon
 z we neglect ! mo/ pr(\nd *>act]i/ic ( 
spiritual reality1 viz41 t ?is reality  
is g5]at$ by virtue ( consci\sness4 ,e  
=m ( reality o!r ?an spiritual1 n only  
is pres5t$ to ?\ght z n condition$ by   
consci\sness1 b seems to af=d no        
possibility ( be+ ?\ght 79 relation to  
consci\sness7 o!rwise ?an z condition+  
?is v consci\sness4 ,& :5 we say ( !    
spiritual be+ t x does n "k :at x is1 t 
x is n acqua9t$ ) itself1 t x !re=e     
rema9s conceal$ f itself1 we conceive !n
 its spiritual be+ 9 a mann] analog\s to
 t by :i* we conceive mat]ial or bodily 
be+1--ext]nally visible1 b int]nally    
unkn[n4 ,& we say t ! individual fails  
to grasp 8 own moral nature1 because 9  
fact we make ?is moral be+ into some?+  
natural1 simil> to t :i* is attribut$ to

 ea* "o ( ! ?+s t ! _s sets 9 opposition
 to itself4  ,b ! _s has no nature ( its
 own1 no de/9y to direct its c\rse1 no  
pr$et]m9$ inevitable lot4 ,x has no fix$
 qualities1 no set mode ( be+1 su* z    
con/itute1 f ! bir? to ! dea? ( an      
individual1 ! species to :i* x belongs1 
to ^: law x is compell$ by nature to    
submit1 ^: tyrannical limits & b\nds he 
c nev] trespass4 ,! _s1 we h se51 _c b  
be conceiv$ z free1 & its fre$om is ?is 
privileg$ attitude to be :at x wants    
to1--angel or bea/1 z ! anci5ts said2   
good or evil1 true or false1 or1 g5]ally
 speak+1 to be or n to be4 ,to be or n  
to be man1--! _s1 t :i* he is1 & :i* he 
w\ld n be if he did n become4  ,man is n
 man by virtue ( natural laws4 ,he      
becomes man4 ,by man ,i d n mean an     
animal among animals1 held to no acc\nt+
 ( 8 de$s1 :o comes into ! _w1 gr[s1    
lives1 & dies1 unaw>e4 ,man f ! "t he   
consid]s himself su*1 & 9 s f> z he     
consid]s himself su*1 becomes ?r\gh 8   
own ef=ts4 ,he makes himself :at he is !

 fir/ "t he op5s 8 eyes on 8 inn]       
consci\sness & says ,i1--! ,i :i* nev]  
w\ld h be5 utt]$1 _h he n be5 ar\s$ f ! 
sluggi% torpor ( natural be+s 7su* z our
 phantasy repres5ts !m7 & _h n />t$ ?9k+
 "u 8 own p[] & ?r\gh 8 own det]m9ation4
  ,?is fre$om :i* is man's pr]ogative   
(f]s m]ely an ext]nal view1 has a v hazy
 consi/5cy1 & appe>s z some?+ illusory1 
only because we d n def9e x exclusively 
z autonom\s becom+ or self-mak+4 ,= 9   
fact becom+ is ord9>ily und]/ood 9 a way
 :i* does n admit ( be+ consid]$ z man's
 pr]ogative4 ,does n e liv+ be+ become8 
,! plant vegetates only because x too   
has an inborn pot5cy by :i* x is =c$ f  
"o /age ( developm5t to ! next1 f :i* 9 
?is process x acquires ! mode ( be+ :i* 
is peculi>ly its own1 :i* x did n h     
be=e1 :i* no o!r be+ c\ld f ! outside h 
conf]r$ ^u x4 ,& yet ! plant is n a     
p]son b a ?+3 x is n _s1 b a simple     
object1 & z su* x is end[$ ) a def9ite  
nature & mov$ by a def9ite law1 :i* is !
 v anti!sis ( ! fre$om :i* is peculi> to

 ! _s4  ,i might )\t fur!r ?\ght say t  
?is conception ( becom+1 ref]r$ to !    
plant z a plant1 is improp]1 t 9 reality
 ! plant does n become = ! v reason t we
 d5y x its fre$om4 ,b ,i %all beg9 by   
/at+ t ! becom+ :i* we attribute to !   
spiritual reality mu/ be specifi$ &     
det]m9$ ) great] accuracy1 if we are to 
consid] x z ! *>act]i/ic ( ?is reality4 
,:5 s specifi$ & det]m9$1 x w be f\nd to
 co9cide ) ! conception ( fre$om4       
,becom+1 !n1 c be tak5 9 two ways1 :i* =
 brevity's sake we %all call ! autonom\s
 & ! het]onom\s4 ,t is1 ! be+ :i*       
becomes may h ! law ( its becom+ ei!r 9 
itself or outside ( itself4 ,becom+     
cov]s su* cases z1 = example1 ! fill+ ( 
a vessel into :i* a liquid is p\r$4 ,b  
?is becom+ takes place 9 a mann] :i* has
 its law 9 ! p]son t fills ! vessel2 & !
 fill+ !re=e may be consid]$ n s mu* a  
becom+ z ! effect ( a becom+1 t is1 z ! 
result ( t act :i* is be+ p]=m$ by man4 
,an het]onom\s becom+ is to be trac$    
back to ! becom+ ( ! cause :i* produces 

x4 ,! plant vegetates1 & its vegetation 
is a developm5t1 a becom+4 ,b c\ld x gr[
 )\t ! rays ( ! sun1 ! moi/ure ( ! soil8
 ,! plant vegetates 9 consequ5ce ( its  
nature1 t nature :i* 9 accord ) our     
ord9>y way ( consid]+ plant life x      
possess$ f ! "t x 0 a gre5 blade j      
spr\t+2 nay1 f ! "t x 0 a se$ 9 ! gr\nd1
 or r :5 x 0 z yet 9 ! plant t produc$ !
 se$1 or bett] /ill :5 x 0 9 its        
inf9itely remote orig94 ,x is evid5t    
!re=e t we _c ?9k ( ! law ( becom+ z    
resid+1 s to speak1 )9 a giv5 plant4    
,:e!r we call x nature or "n x ,god1 ?is
 law transc5ds ! becom+ ( ! plant1 its  
het]onom\s becom+ z we call$ x1 & is    
prop]ly ! becom+ ( some?+ else4 ,b !    
becom+ ( man is autonom\s4 ,if he       
becomes intellig5t1 t is1 if he und]/&s1
 he does s ?r\gh a pr9ciple :i* is      
intr9sically 8 own2 = no man c be made  
to compreh5d :at he himself w n grasp4  
,if he becomes good1 8 p]fect$ w c 9 no 
mann] :atsoev] be consid]$ z det]m9$ by 
an outside cause1 )\t at ! same "t be+  

!reby depriv$ ( all t is *>act]i/ic (   
goodness4  ,b 9 /at+ t man's becom+ is  
autonom\s 7or true7 we h simply =mulat$ 
a problem )\t giv+ x a solution4 ,:at   
does ?is autonom\s becom+ consi/ 98     
,simply to notice its exi/5ce w\ld nev] 
help u to und]/& x4 ,e fact is          
intelligible only z an effect ( a cause4
 ,& a cause is a cause on condition t x 
be a ?+ o!r ?an ! effect4 ,9 ord] to    
und]/& ! autonom\s becom+ or fre$om ( ! 
_s1 we mu/ n consid] x z a fact1 t is1 z
 some?+ done4 ,a ?+ made presupposes !  
mak+2 & f ! de$ we mu/ rise to ! do+1 b 
to a do+ :i* %all n itself be a ?+ done1
 a fact1 & simil> !re=e to ! do+s :i* we
 witness z m]e spectators4 ,! do+ 9 :i* 
our autonom\s becom+ is detect$ is t "o 
( :i* ,we are n spectators b actors1 we 
! spectators ( e o!r do+1 we z ! ?9k+   
,activity4  ,?is !n is ! becom+ :i*     
rigor\sly may be call$ autonom\s3 ! "o  
:i* we "k n z spectators b z actors1 :i*
 comes =? z t reality :i* is produc$ by 
! act ( kn[+1 & !re=e is n kn[n because 

x exi/s1 b exi/s because x is kn[n1--our
 exi/5ce4 ,x is ! exi/5ce ( u :o "k1 =  
example1 t ab1 & :o are su* only 9 s f> 
z we "k & are consci\s ( kn[+ t ab1--( u
 :o suff] or rejoice1 & :o _c be 9 ?is  
or t /ate except by kn[+ x1 s t no cause
 c\ld r$uce u to su* a /ate1 unless we 7
 consci\s ( su* a cause & felt its valid
 application to u1--( u1 above all1 :o  
are n ourselves unless we app]ceive     
ourselves1 by reflect+ ^u ourselves1 &  
?us acquir+ exi/5ce z a p]sonality1 z   
human self-consci\sness1 z ?\ght4 ,?\ght
 9 opposition to nature1 ) :i* x is     
con/antly contra/$1 is no?+ b ?is       
self-reflection :i* e/abli%es !         
p]sonality1 & t reality :i*1 absolutely1
 is n1 b becomes4 ,e reality o!r ?an    
?\ght becomes relatively2 & its becom+  
is intelligible simply z ! effect (     
ano!r becom+4 ,only ?\ght1 only ! ,_s1  
is absolute becom+1 & its becom+ is its 
lib]ty4  ,b :e!r x be call$ fre$om or   
becom+1 ! important ?+ is to avoid !    
mi/ake1 :i* 0 g5]al 9 ! pa/ & is /ill v 

common to-day1 ( sep>at+ ?is attribute (
 ! _s f ! _s itself1 ?us fail+ to und]/&
 exactly :at is prop]ly call$ !         
attribute4 ,= example1 we say t !       
triangle is a ?ree-sid$ plane figure1 & 
we seem to be able to di/+ui% & !re=e to
 sep>ate logically ! idea ( triangle f !
 idea ( ?ree-sid$ plane figure4 ,b a    
little reflection w make x evid5t t 9   
?9k+ ! idea ( triangle1 we ?9k no?+     
unless we at lea/ ?9k ! plane trilat]al 
figure4 ,s t we d n really h two ideas1 
:i* h[ev] closely connect$ may yet be   
sep>at$ to be conjo9$ aga93 :at we h is 
"o s+le idea4 ,& su* is ! agreem5t ( !  
becom+ & ( ! _s1 & 9 g5]al ( e attribute
 & ( ! reality to :i* x belongs4 ,:5 we 
beg9 inquir+ :e!r ! _s is free or n1 we 
set out on an errone\s track :i* w take 
u into a bl9d alley ) no possibility (  
exit4 ,all ! unsurm\ntable difficulties 
enc\nt]$ at all times by ! advocates ( !
 doctr9e ( fre$om arise 9 fact f ! error
 ( fir/ ?9k+ ! _s 7or :atsoev] t reality
 may be = :i* fre$om is claim$7 & (     

subsequ5tly prop\nd+ ! "q ( its         
prop]ties4 ,= ! _s is free 9 z mu* z x  
is no?+ else ?an fre$om2 & ! _s becomes 
9 z mu* z x is no?+ else ?an becom+1 &  
?is becom+ _c !re=e be consid]$ z ! husk
 envelop+ ! k]nel--! _s4 ,!re is no     
k]nel to ! _s3 x is 9 no mann] comp>able
 to a mov+ body 9 :i* ! body itself c\ld
 be di/+ui%$ f motion1 & w\ld admit     
!re=e ( be+ ?\ght z 9 a /ate ( re/ ev5  
?\gh re/ is consid]$ impossible4 ,! _s1 
cont9u+ our simile & correct+ x1 is     
motion )\t a mass1--a motion surely t _c
 be repres5t$ to our imag9ation1 = ! v  
reason t motion is peculi> to ! body &  
does n belong to ! _s2 & imag9ation is !
 ?\ght ( bodies1 & n ( ! ?\ght :i* ?9ks 
! bodies4 ,?is idea ( motion )\t a mass1
 baffl+ z x is to our imag9ation1 is    
p]haps ! mo/ effective w>n+ t c be giv5 
to ^? :o wi% to fix 9 _! m9ds ! exact   
concept ( ! nature ( ! _s4 ,9 ord] to   
avoid new t]m9ology n suffici5tly       
intelligible & !re=e unpractical1 we may
 resort to mat]ial expressions1 & speak 

( ! nature ( ! _s z ( a ?+ :i* becomes1 
& use su* words z k]nel & husk4 ,b we   
mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t ?is mann]
 ( speak+1 :i* is appropriate = ?+s1 is 
n suitable = ! _s1 & c be resort$ to    
only ) ! und]/&+ t ! _s is n a ?+1 & t  
!re=e its :ole be+ consi/s solely 9 its 
becom+4  ,we are n[ 9 a position to     
und]/& ! mean+ ( ! spirituality (       
culture1 t is1 ( ! r$uction ( culture to
 ! human p]sonality obta9$ 9 ! prec$+   
*apt]1 z well z ! p$agogical int]e/ (   
?is r$uction4 ,culture1 z ! entire      
cont5t ( education1 because x mu/ be    
s\ght )9 ! p]sonality1 & because x      
resolves itself into ! life ( ! _s1 is n
 a ?+1 & does n admit ( be+ conceiv$    
/atically ei!r 9 books or 9 ! m9d3 n    
be=e nor aft] x is appreh5d$4 ,x does n 
exi/ 9 libr>ies or 9 s*ools1 or 9 u be=e
 we g to s*ool1 or :ile we /ill rema9 )9
 its walls1 or aft] our n\ri%$ m9ds h   
tak5 leave ( x4 ,x is 9 no place1 at no 
"t1 9 no p]son4 ,culture is n1 because  
if x 71 x w\ld h to be "s ?+1 :]eas by  

def9ition x is ! negation ( t :i* is    
capable ( be+ any?+ :atev]4 ,x is       
culture 9 s f> z x becomes4 ,culture    
exi/s z x develops1 & 9 no o!r mann]4 ,x
 is always 9 ! c\rse ( be+ =m$1 x lives4
  ,b to und]/& ?is life1 & 9 ord] to    
grasp m firmly ?is idea ( culture :i* is
 a spiritual bann] to rally educators1  
,i mu/ aga9 br+ up a c]ta9 di/9ction4   
,culture1 ,i said1 lives 7t is1 x is    
culture7 :5 x is end[$ ) a life t is    
entirely diff]5t f ! life :i*           
biologically animates all liv+ be+s1    
ourselves includ$4 ,! diff]5ce c be /at$
 z foll[s3 9 ! case ( e o!r life1 we c  
ass]t its exi/5ce 9 s f> z we h k ( x   
ei!r directly or indirectly4 ,x is      
always1 h[ev]1 diff]5t f u & f our kn[+ 
x2 s mu* s t ! possibilities ( go+ a/ray
 are v great4 ,b = ! life ( culture1 :i*
 is ! life ( our _s1 we h no ne$ ( be+  
in=m$ by ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs1 or ev5 (    
ourselves4 ,we live x4 ,x is our v      
?\ght1--?is ?\ght :i* may inde$ err 9   
respect to :at is diff]5t f itself1 z n 

tally+ ) x2 b :i* _c possibly deceive u 
9 reg>d to itself1 s9ce x is unable n to
 be itself4 ,! life ( culture is n a    
spectacle b an activity4 ,nor is x      
activity = "s & a spectacle = o!rs4     
,culture is nev] a %[ = any "o4 ,no     
p]son c ev] "k = 8 fell[ be+4 ,:at1 =   
me1 ,ari/otle kn[s1 is :at ,i "k (      
,ari/otle4  ,culture1--?is untir+       
activity :i* nev] = a mom5t turns into a
 spectacle = any ( u1 :i* ev] !re=e     
dem&s ef=t & toil1--c\ld n avoid becom+ 
a %[ & be+ made up into a ?+1 c\ld n    
escape ! dang] ( dy+ z culture by       
deg5]at+ into some?+ anti-spiritual1    
fruitless1 & mat]ial1 if1 :ile yet be+  
activity1 x 7 n at ! same "t 9 "s way a 
spectacle to itself4 ,?is po9t dem&s    
c>eful consid]ation4 ,x is n suffici5t  
to say t culture1 t ?\ght is life1 & n !
 ?\ght ( life4 ,we w n atta9 !          
conception ( culture by m]ely contra/+1 
z we h done1 our life1 ! life we lead z 
actors1 ) ! life ( o!rs :i* we behold z 
spectators1 or by oppos+ ! life (       

ourselves z ?9k+ be+s to ! life we      
possess z organic be+s1 to ! life ( our 
s5ses by :i* we are on a p> ) ! o!r     
animals4 ,! life ( ?\ght1 9 its peculi> 
inw>dness & subjectivity1 is /ill       
conceiv$ to-day by p[]ful ?9k]s1 by     
analogy ) life 9 a biological s5se1 z   
irreflective & in/9ctive1 or1 z !y say1 
z simple intuition4 ,b ?\ght :i* ?\gh   
liv+ is irreflective becomes inde$ an   
active p]=mance1 a drama )\t spectators1
 b x also rema9s z a drama repres5t$ =  
spectators :o are abs5t1 & :o %\ld be   
in=m$ ( ^? ?+s :i* direct exp]i5ce _h n 
plac$ be=e _! eyes4 ,& x is difficult to
 surmise :o w\ld imp>t to !m ?is        
in=mation if ! h\se 7 empty4  ,9 o!r    
words1 ,i mean to say t ?is w\ld-be     
intuitive life ( ?\ght1 fad+ away into !
 subconsci\s1 melt+ into ! naturality ( 
! unconsci\s1 is1 l e =m ( natural life 
effectually a /rang] to ?\ght 7t is     
conceiv$ z a /rang] to ?\ght71 an object
 & no?+ m ?an an object ( ?\ght1 & !re=e
 incapable ( ev] be+ a subject1 ( ev]   

hav+ value z subject1 t is1 z ?\ght     
itself4 ,= t reason we c nev]           
effectively ?9k x2 = nev] c we truly ?9k
 any ?+ :i* is natural & ?\ght ( z      
natural4 ,:o c say :at ! life ( ! plant 
is8 ,to posit nature by ?\ght is to     
posit some?+ irr$ucible to ?\ght & !re=e
 un?9kable4 ,?is p]haps w\ld n          
necess>ily be a s]i\s drawback = ! life 
itself ( ?\ght if we liv$ x4 ,= w\ld x n
 be suffici5t to live x8 ,:y insi/ on   
?9k+ its life8 ,:y dem& a head1 s to    
speak1 z a hood = ! head8 ,b !re is a   
drawback1 & a s]i\s "o1 z a result ( !  
fact t ?is life itself ( ?\ght does n   
n[1 nev] w 9 ! future1 come be=e u z t  
irreflective life :i* x is claim$ to be3
 x comes to u z a philosophy :i*        
recomm5ds x & advocates x z ! only      
possible life ( ?\ght4 ,9 fact1 9 ord]  
to be able to speak ( ?is life1 we mu/  
fir/ ?9k x4 ,b h[ c\ld we ?9k x1 if !   
only possible life 0 t "o :i* we int5d  
to ?9k1 & n ! "o ) :i* we ?9k ?is       
irreflective life8  ,s !n1 9 ord] t ?is 

life ( ours 7truly1 intimately1         
spiritually ours7 may n be conf\nd$ ) ! 
life ( natural ?+s1 ) t pseudo-life :i* 
is only an app>5t becom+1 an effect (   
ano!r becom+ by :i* x is transc5d$1 x is
 n suffici5t1 z ,i />t$ out to say1 to  
call x a drama & n a spectacle4 ,z a    
result ( m c>eful det]m9ations we may n[
 say t x is n ano!r man's spectacle1 b  
our drama :i* is at ! same "t our       
spectacle too4 ,9 x ! actors play to    
!mselves4 ,x is self-consci\s activity4 
,x is activity p]petually wat*+ ov]     
itself4  ,& aga93 ,j z ! becom+ ( ! _s  
w\ld cease to be t "o sole becom+ :i* x 
actually is1 7 we to di/+ui% ! _s f its 
becom+1 s ! consci\sness ( spiritual    
activity w\ld also become un9telligible 
if we 7 to di/+ui%1 z philosoph]s       
insi/5tly d1 betwe5 activity & aw>5ess1 
betwe5 ! p]=mance & ! %[4 ,! di/9ction  
"h too arises f ref]r+ to ! _s1 ! mode (
 ?9k+ :i* is suit$ = ! ?9k+ ( ?+s4 ,9 ! 
sph]e ( ?+s1 do+ is "o ?+1 wat*+ ! ?+ z 
x is done is ano!r4 ,b to u ! _s's      

becom+ has %[n itself to be ! v negation
 ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 actor &         
spectacle1 s t 9 say+ t ! actor is 8 own
 spectator we _c introduce1 )9 ! unity 9
 :i* we _h tak5 refuge1 ! dualism :i* is
 exclud$ f ! concept ( ! _s4 ,i h spok5 
( motion )\t mass1 turn+ a deaf e> to ! 
claims ( our imag9ation4 ,n[ ,i %all add
 some?+ t cla%es ev5 m viol5tly aga9/ ! 
laws :i* gov]n our image-mak+2 & ,i %all
 d s 9 ord] to make x v cle> t ! _s does
 n live 9 ! _w ( ?+s :i* is swept ov] by
 our imag9ation4 ,i %all n[ call ! _s a 
gaz+ motion4 ,! _s's act+--its et]nal   
process1 its imman5t becom+--is n an    
escort to ?9k+1 b ! v ?9k+ itself1 :i*  
is nei!r cause nor effect3 nei!r !      
antec$5t nor ! consequ5t1 nor yet !     
concomitant ( ! action by :i* ! _s goes 
on con/antly imp]sonat+ itself4 ,x is   
?is v act+4  ,9 accordance ) ! popul>   
po9t ( view :i*1 z ,i h said1 is %>$ by 
great philosoph]s1 a di/9ction is made  
betwe5 ! _s consid]$ z w & ! _s reg>d$ z
 intellect1 or z consci\sness1 or z     

?\ght1 or :atev] t]m may be us$ to      
indicate ! becom+ aw>e ( ?is spiritual  
activity4 ,b if ! _s 9 t x wills did n  
also ?9k1 we %\ld be ?ru/ back to !     
position :i* we h %[n above to be       
unt5able1 & be =c$ to admit t !         
irreflective life ( ! _s _c be fus$ ) ! 
reflective life1 & is !re=e unacc\ntable
 & un?9kable4 ,! w :i* qua w is n also  
?\ght1 is 9 respect to ?\ght :i* kn[s x 
a simple object1 a spectacle & n a      
drama4 ,x is nature & n _s4 ,& a ?\ght  
:i* qua ?\ght is n w1 is1 9 respect to !
 w :i* integrates x1 a spectator )\t a  
spectacle4 ,if !re is to be a drama1 & a
 drama :i* is ! _s1 x is inevitable t ! 
w be ! ?\ght1 & t ! ?\ght be ! w1 ov] & 
beyond t di/9ction :i* s]ves if any?+ to
 *>act]ise ! opposition betwe5 nature & 
_s4  ,%\ld we1 return+ to our comp>ison1
 dem& ( t motion :i* is _s a mov+ mass2 
%\ld we1 gr\nd$ on ! naive & primitive  
conception :i* id5tifies kn[+ ) ! see+ (
 ext]nal ?+s1 dem& )9 ! sph]e ( !       
spiritual activity itself a do+ 9 :i*   

kn[+ %\ld f9d its object all ready made1
 we %\ld cont9ue to w&] helplessly 9 !  
maze ( ?+s1 & to grope 9 ! my/]y ( !    
multiplicity ( ?+s1 :i* are _m & yet are
 n _m4 ,we w\ld be turn+ our eyes away f
 ! lode /> :i* is ! supreme concept ( ! 
_s1 & !reby %[ ourselves incapable (    
ris+ to t po9t ( view :i* is ! peculi>  
"o ( culture4  ,culture1 z ! _s's life1 
:i* is a drama & self-aw>5ess1 is n     
simply ef=t & uneasy toil1 x is n a     
torm5t+ re/lessness :i* we may sometimes
 %ake (f1 f :i* we w\ld gladly be       
rescu$4 ,nor is x a fev]i% excitem5t t  
consumes our life-blood & tosses u      
re/lessly on a sick-b$4 ,! _s's life is 
n vexation b lib]ation f c>e4 ,= !      
greate/ ( sorr[s1 ,leop>di tells u1 is  
ennui1 ! in]t t$i\s we>9ess ( ^? :o f9d 
no?+ to d1 & p9e away 9 a wa/+ repose   
:i* is ! v anti!sis ( ! life ( ! _s4 ,! 
negation ( ?is life1--! ob/acles1 !     
h9drances1 ! halts x enc\nt]s1--t is !  
s\rce ( woe4 ,b life ) its en]gy is joy2
 x is joy because x is activity1 our    

activity4 ,ano!r man's activity z !     
negation ( our own is tr\blesome &      
exasp]at+4 ,! music :i* we enjoy 7& we  
are able to enjoy x by be+ active7 is   
our enjoym5t4 ,b ! musical ent]ta9m5t 9 
:i* we h no "p di/urbs u1 int]f]es ) our
 "w1 irritates u4 ,our neighb\r's joys 9
 :i* = "s reason we are unable to       
p>ticipate awak5 envy 9 u1 gall u1 br+  
"s mann] ( displeasure to our he>ts4    
,culture1 !n1 z life ( ! _s1 is ef=t1 & 
"w1 b nev] a drudg]y4 ,x w\ld be        
toilsome lab\r if ! _s _h liv$ its life 
be=e we began to "w2 if ?is life _h     
blossom$ =?1 & _h realis$ itself )\t our
 ef=ts4 ,b our ef=t1 our "w is ?is v    
life ( ! _s1 its nature1 9 :i* culture  
develops4 ,"w is n a burd5some yoke on  
our w & on our p]sonality4 ,x is        
lib]ation1 fre$om1 ! act by :i* lib]ty  
ass]ts its be+4 ,"w may sometimes appe> 
irksome because ! fre$om ( its movem5t  
is *eck$ by c]ta9 resi/ances :i* h to be
 ov]come & remov$4 ,b 9 su* cases x is n
 "w :i* vexes u1 b r its opposite1 slo?1

 aga9/ :i* x mu/ combat4 ,x foll[s !n t 
! m int5sely we occupy ourselves1 ! less
 heavily we are burd5$ by pa94 ,= z our 
ef=ts r$\ble & ! resi/ance is           
proportionately r$uc$1 ! _s1 :i* p]i%es 
9 en?ralm5t1 is enabl$ to live a ri*]   
life4  ,culture !n is ! extolm5t ( our  
be+1 ! =mation ( our _s1 or bett]1 its  
lib]ation & its beatification4 ,z !     
realisation ( ! _s's own nature1 x is   
oppos$ to all suff]+ & is ! s\rce (     
blissfulness4 ,b x mu/ n be reg>d$ z !  
fat$1 inevitable work+ out ( an         
in/9ctive pr9ciple1 or a natural law4 ,!
 build+ ( a bird's ne/1 :i* is !        
necess>y antec$5t to g5]ation &         
reproduction1 _c be look$ ^u z "w2 & x  
is fruitless to try to guess :e!r ?is   
act is a cause ( pleasure to ! bird or a
 s\rce ( suff]+4 ,in/9ct leads !        
individual to self-sacrifice on behalf (
 ! species4 ,b n ev5 ?is fact1 v\*$ =   
solely by ext]nal inf]5ces1 au?orises u 
to conclude t ! fulfilm5t ( an in/9ctive
 impulse is actually accompani$ by pa94 

,s t x seems wis] to keep (f ?is slipp]y
 surface ( conjecture4 ,x w be suffici5t
 to note "h t an action prompt$ by      
in/9ct1 conceiv$ z m]ely in/9ctive &    
?or\ghly unconsci\s ( ! end to :i* x is 
subs]vi5t1 is 9 no way to be comp>$ )   
man's "w4 ,human occupation is          
p]sonality1 w1 consci\sness4 ,! animal  
does n "w4 ,b culture we h said is "w4  
,= x is lib]ty1 self-=mation1 ) no      
exi/5ce previ\s to ! process2 :]eas !   
laws :i* gov]n ! developm5t ( natural   
be+ pre-exi/ be=e ! developm5t itself4  
,culture exi/s only 9 s f> z x is =m$1 &
 x is con/itut$ solely by be+ develop$4 
,& :at is m1 z we %all see 9 ! next     
*apt]1 culture does n ev5 c\nt on a     
pre-exi/+ ext]nal matt] ready to receive
 its in=m+ impr9t4  ,to conclude !n3    
culture is 79 its becom+7 only to !     
ext5t t ! cultivat$ man feels its wor?1 
desires x1 & realises x4 ,x is a value1 
b n 9 ! s5se t man fir/ appreciates x & 
subsequ5tly looks = x & /rives to       
actualise x4 ,! value :i* man assigns to

 culture is t :i* he gradually goes on  
ascrib+ to 8 own culture1 & ^:          
developm5t co9cides ) ! developm5t ( 8  
own p]sonality4 ,:at we ought to want is
 exactly :at we d want2 b we want j t   
:i* we ought to4 ,! ideal1 n ! ab/ract1 
inadequate1 & false "o1 b ! true ideal (
 our p]sonality1 is t "o t[>d ^:        
realisation we are actually work+4 ,& ! 
ideal ( our culture is t self-same "o   
t[>ds :i* our busy p]son rema9s turn$ 9 
! actuality ( its becom+4 ,b "w implies 
a programme1 & _s means ideal2 & :5 we  
speak ( culture we signify !reby ! value
 ( culture1 ( a culture :i* z yet is n b
 :i* mu/ be4 ,life is ! life ( ! _s z a 
duty1--z a life :i* we live1 feel+ all  
along t x is our duty to live x1 & t x  
dep5ds on u :e!r x exi/s or n4 ,&       
culture c\ld n re-ent] z x does 9 ! life
 ( ! _s1 if x too 7 n a duty1 t is1 if x
 7 n ?is culture to ^: developm5t our   
p]sonality is pl$g$4 ,s int]pret$1      
culture1 f> f be+ a de/9y to :i* we are 
b\nd1 is ! progressive triumph ( our v  

fre$om4 ,on ^! t]ms only1 culture is a  
gr[?1 & ! _s a becom+4  ,?is attribute1 
:i* is an e?ical "o1 is n add$ to !     
attribute ( ,becom+ any m ?an becom+ 0  
sup]add$ to fre$om4 ,= j z ,becom+      
develops ! concept ( fre$om1 s does !   
e?ical develop & accompli% ! concept (  
becom+4 ,fre$om is nev] true lib]ty     
unless x is a process1 an absolute      
,becom+2 b ,becom+ c only be absolute by
 be+ moral4 ,& x is !re=e impossible to 
speak ( le>n+ :i* is n e?ical4  ,x has  
(t5 be5 repeat$ = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s t
 k is nei!r good nor bad2 t x is ei!r   
true or false4 ,b is ! ,true a diff]5t  
category f ! ,good8 ,are !y n r "o sole 
id5tical category8 ,tru? c\ld be ma9ta9$
 9 a place q di/9ct f ! gr\nds (        
morality1 only s long z ! _w clung to t 
conception ( tru? :i* 0 ! agreem5t ( !  
subject ) an assum$ ext]nal object4 ,b  
n[ by tru? we und]/& ! value ( ?\ght 9  
:i* ! subject becomes an object to      
itself & ?us realises itself2 & 9       
cl>ify+ ?is new conception ( tru?1 we   

discov] t morality is id5tical ) x4 ,=  
kn[+ is act+1 b an act+ :i* be+         
untrammell$ con=ms ) an ideal--,duty4 ,&
 9 ?is mann] we expla9 to ourselves :y !
 my/]i\s & inspir$ voice ( consci5ce has
 at all times admoni%$ man to wor%ip    
,tru? ) t same int5se e>ne/ness1 ) ^?   
same scruples1 ) t id5tical p]sonal     
en]gy1 :i* we devote to e phase ( our   
moral mission4 ,! cult ( tru? is 9 fact 
:at we o!rwise call & und]/& to be      
morality1 namely1 ! =mation ( our       
p]sonality1 :i* c be ours only by       
belong+ to all m51 & :i*1 :e!r or n     
ours1 is n imm$iate1 n a giv5           
p]sonality1 b r "o :i* is int5t on      
self-realisation1 on t sacr$ & et]nal   
task :i* is ! ,good4  ,if we n[ feel    
culture to be free1 to be a process1 &  
an e?ical "o at t1 we h succe$$ 9 grasp+
 its spirituality1 & we are 9 a position
 !re=e to proce$ ) security on t way :i*
 op5s be=e ! educator's eyes1 z he      
int5tly goes ab\t 8 "w ( creation1 or1  
if y s wi% to call x1 8 task z a promot]

 ( culture4   ,,footnotes3    #c ,=e/   
savage1 r\gh1 & /]n4--,dante1 ,inf]no1  
i4 #e4    #d ,_m speak ( ! univ]sal &   
say t !y conceive ?is       univ]sal z  
concrete & imman5t4 ,few1 h[ev]1        
effectively fix       _! ?\ght on t     
univ]sality :i* alone is su*1 :i*       
alone c be su*1 :i* has no?+ outside (  
itself1 n ev5       ! p>ticul>1 & :i* is
 ideal on condition t ! idea to         
:i* x belongs be reality itself 9 all   
its det]m9at5ess4 ,&       s 9 speak+ ( 
univ]sal & ( individual we mu/ rememb]  
t ! latt] _c be any?+ )\t be+ ! =m]1    
s9ce       inde$ ! univ]sal is n a m]ely
 ab/ract idea1 b reality1       !       
reality ( ?\ght4 ,!re=e ,i h "h us$ !   
expression       really univ]sal4--,g4  
,g4     ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,! ,,bias ,,(   
,,realism   ,educators ( ! mod]n s*ool  
are b5t on trans=m+ its me?ods &        
in/itutions on ! basis ( ! conception   
set =? 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,! subtle    
discussions requir$ to make ?is         
conception cle> mu/ h conv9c$ ! read] t 

?is "w ( educational re=m c\ld only     
succe$ if prec$$ by su* philosophical   
doctr9es z h rec5tly be5 evolv$ 9 ,italy
 & are n[ becom+ ! accept$ fai? ( ! new]
 g5]ation4 ,to ?is new belief ! s*ool   
mu/ be conv]t$1 if x is ev] go+ to      
conqu] t fre$om :i* has be5 its con/ant 
aspiration1 & :i* seems to be an        
indisp5sable condition = its fur!r gr[?4
  ,! fai? ( ! mod]n man cleaves to a    
life conceiv$ & direct$ ideali/ically4  
,he believes t life--true life--is man's
 free creation2 t 9 x1 !re=e1 human aims
 %\ld ga9 an ev] full] realisation2 & t 
^! aims1 ^! ends w n be atta9$ unless   
?\ght1 :i* is man's specific =ce1 ext5ds
 its sway s z to embrace nature1        
p5etrate x1 & resolve x into its own    
sub/ance4 ,he believes t nature1 ?us    
turn$ into an in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 yields  
readily to its w1 n be+ p] se oppos$ or 
repugnant to ! life & activity ( ! _s1 b
 r homog5e\s & id5tical ) x4 ,he        
believes1 moreov]1 t ?is sway c only be 
obta9$ by amplify+1 /r5g!n+1 & con/antly

 pot5tiat+ our human en]gy1 :i* means   
?9k+1 kn[+1 self-realis+2 & t           
self-realisation is n possible unless x 
is free1 unless x be rescu$ f !         
prejudice ( dep5d5ce ^u ext]nal         
pr9ciples1 & unless x affirms itself z  
absolute inf9ite activity4 ,?is is !    
,k+dom ( ,man prophesi$ at ! dawn (     
mod]n ?\ght4 ,?is is ! "w :i* sci5ce1   
art1 religion1 n less ?an political     
revolutions & social re=ms1 h gradually 
be5 accompli%+ & p]fect+ 9 ! la/ ?ree   
hundr$ ye>s4 ,?is new spiritual         
ori5tation has to a c]ta9 ext5t influ5c$
 tea*+2 & ?\gh )\t a g5]al programme (  
sub/antial re=ms1 ! ideal ( education   
has be5 trans=m$ along ideali/ic l9es4  
,?is trans=mation1 /range to say1 has   
be5 effect$ 9 "p by means ( in/itutions 
:i* h aris5 z a result ( ! rec5t        
developm5t ( indu/rial life & ( !       
correspond+ complexity 9 economic &     
social relations4 ,^! s*ools1 because ( 
_! names1 seem to be q remov$ f !       
ideali/ic t5d5cies ( mod]n              

civilisations4 ,:e!r !y be call$        
te*nical1 bus9ess1 or indu/rial s*ools1 
!y seem to be & are 9 fact ! result ( a 
reali/ic conception ( life4 ,b su*      
realism1 we mu/ rememb]1 is f> f be+    
oppos$ to our idealism1 & %\ld n be     
comp>$ ) ! realism :i* we h object$ to4 
,we %\ld r consid] x z ! mo/ effective  
demon/ration ( ! ideali/ic tr5d ( our   
times4 ,= ^! in/itutions are f\nd$ on ! 
!ory t k increases man's p[] 9 ! _w by  
enabl+ him to ov]come ! ob/acles by :i* 
nature1 if ignor$ & unkn[n1 w\ld h9d] ! 
free developm5t ( civilisation 9 g5]al1 
& ( ^? individuals 9 p>ticul> 9 :om &   
?r\gh :om civilisation becomes actual4  
,realism1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! opposite ( ! 
ideali/ic conception ( life & culture1 0
 %[n to be bas$ on a conception (       
reality :i* exi/s totally outside (     
human ?\ght & ( ! civilisation :i* is   
produc$ by x1--( a reality exi/+ p] se 9
 su* a way t no end peculi> to man1 no  
free human life1 c be conceiv$ :i* w h !
 p[] ( b5d+ ?is reality t[>d itself1 (  

resolv+ x )9 itself4 ,?is reali/ic po9t 
( view is n diff]5t f ! outlook ( !     
primitive man :o1 aw$ by ! might (      
nature1 kneels submissively be=e its    
invisible p[]1 :i*1 he ?9ks1 controls ^!
 =ces4 ,x is ! accept$ belief ( ! naive 
& dreamy consci\sness ( *ild-l humanity2
 b x is none ! less a conception :i* is 
oppos$ to ! c\rse con/antly foll[$ by   
civilisation4 ,its dang]s mu/ be made v 
cle> & its m5ace remov$ f ! pa? ( its   
triumphant enemy4 ,to ov]come ?is       
reali/ic po9t ( view 9 ! field (        
education is ! duty ( tea*]s1 :o mu/ be 
9 a position to recognise x1 & to track 
x into :atev] hid+ places x may lurk4 ,i
 int5d !re=e 9 ?is *apt] to po9t out "s 
( ! mo/ notable reali/ic prejudices :i*1
 ?\gh /ill tol]at$ by contempor>y ?\ght1
 ought to be def9itely /amp$ out1 if we 
are really conv9c$ ( ! spiritual "* (   
culture & ( its ess5tial attributes4  ,i
 %all "h br+ up aga9 a consid]ation :i* 
,i t\*$ ^u 9 ! fir/ *apt]1--an idea :i* 
is ! fundam5tal prejudice ( ! reali/ic  

!ory ( education 9 its antagonism to !  
pr(\nd exig5cies ( ! free spiritual life
 :i* education %\ld promote4 ,i mean !  
idea ( ,sci5ce 7) a capital ,s71--t     
,sci5ce :i* is imag9$ z t[]+ ov] & above
 ! m5 :o toil & suff]1 ?9k & /ruggle 9  
que/ ( its light & ( its =ce2 t ,sci5ce 
:i* w\ld be s beautiful1 & maje/ic1 &   
impressive1 7 x n = ! fact t x does n   
exi/4 ,?is ,sci5ce is look$ ^u z        
infallible1 )\t crises1 )\t rev]ses1 )\t
 vicissitudes ( doctr9es1 )\t p>ties1 & 
)\t nationality1--)\t hi/ory 9 %ort2 =  
hi/ory is full ( ^! bas] occurr5ces2 &  
m51 )\t a s+le exception1 ev5 ! greate/ 
( sci5ti/s1 ev5 ! l(ty g5iuses t h      
trans=m$ or sy/ematis$ k1 are all 9 "s  
measure prone to err4 ,! exceptions :i* 
are adduc$ to contradict ?is /atem5t are
 s few1 s limit$ by re/rictions & by    
hair-splitt+ di/9ctions1 t we c h>dly   
all[ !m2 especially :5 we consid] t ev5 
grant+ ! infallible oracul> "* ( "s m5's
 utt]ances1 ! fact rema9s t 8 li/5]s mu/
 und]go ! process ( und]/&+ him1 & 9 s  

do+ !y may g a/ray4 ,s t f sup]human    
unfail+ v]ities1 we slip back in/antly  
to human fallibility4 ,infallible       
,sci5ce1 !n1 is n kn[n1 _c be kn[n to   
mank9d2 = ! simple reason t we :o       
con/itute x are subject to error1 & be+ 
ourselves prone to fail1 we expose      
sci5ce to ! same dang]4 ,if x does exi/ 
some:]e x surely is n 9 ?is _w 9 :i* we 
live1 ?9k+1 kn[+1 &--creat+ sci5ce4     
,?is my?ical sci5ce1 unsulli$ &         
incorruptible1 segregat$ f all possible 
int]c\rse ) ?\ght1 ev] so>+ 9 ! pure air
 ( div9e ess5ces1 is yet ! "m ( a num]\s
 (fspr+1 ! p>5t ( c\ntless daught]s z   
virg9al & z infallible z ! "m h]self4   
,^! are ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 be>+ v>i\s  
names1 b all ( !m equally wor?y ( !     
di/9ction ( ! capital ,s 9 ! eyes ( _!  
reali/ic wor%ipp]s4  ,?is my?ology is   
taught 9 ! s*ools :i* too (t5 are call$1
 & )\t any figurative mean+1 ! %r9es (  
le>n+4 ,conceiv$ z div9ely sup]lative1 z
 some?+ :i*1 ?\gh reveal$ hi/orically by
 ! successive discov]ies ( privileg$    

m9ds1 is none ! less %>ply di/9ct f !   
hi/ory ( humanity1 sci5ce desc5ds into !
 s*ool4 ,!re x manife/s itself z human  
k1 & is communicat$ to ! y\?ful m9ds    
eag] to asc5d to ! heav5 ( tru?4 ,& s ! 
s*ool comes to be look$ ^u z a k9d (    
temple1 z ! ,*ur* :]e ! inspir$ ,^w ( ! 
,sacr$ ,books is read & expla9$ by ^? :o
 h be5 *os5 by ! ,div9ity to act z its  
int]pret]s1 z prea*]s ( ! ,fai?4 ,) ?is 
religi\s conception ( ! s*ool we connect
 ! mission ( ! educator1 ^: task1 :5 n  
ridicul$ & lampoon$ by ! same sc(f]s :o 
at all times h je]$ at ! tea*]s (       
div9ity1 has be5 surr\nd$ by a glam\r ( 
religiosity4 ,we see !m encircl$ by t   
halo ( di/ant respect :i* we naturally  
connect ) ^? :o1 act+ z int]m$i>ies     
betwe5 u & ! deity1 are !mselves        
transfigur$ & deifi$4  ,! s*ool !n is   
look$ ^u z a temple 9 :i* ! pupil       
receives 8 spiritual bread4 ,b n s !    
home :i* ! boy mu/ leave1 t he may      
satisfy 8 my/]i\sly innate crav+ = k4 ,n
 s ! /reet1 :]e ! small boys ga!r1 drawn

 toge!r by ! irresi/ible ne$ ( pa/ime1  
by ! sweet desire ( frolicsome          
companion%ip1 by ! unconsci\s ye>n+ aft]
 spiritual communion ) ! _w :i* !re     
makes its way into ! *ild's m9d f> (f f 
! classroom1 & lavi%es ^u x its own     
light1 its portion ( ?\ght1 its %>e (   
new exp]i5ces1 & ! joy ( an ev] r5ew$   
outp\r+ ( sympa!tic spirituality4  ,!   
cu/odian ( ?is temple1 ! s*oolma/]1 is  
reg>d$ z a div9e1 z ! m9i/] :o imp>ts ! 
consecrat$ elem5ts ( ,sci5ce1 :o leads !
 pupil to ! panem angelorum1 z ,dante   
calls x4 ,b our fa!rs & mo!rs are n s   
reg>d$1--!y :o 7 ! fir/ cu/odians ( a   
great] temple1 ! _w1 to ^: m>vels !y    
gradually initiat$ our gr[+ m9ds2 !y :o 
by ! use ( spee* taught u1 )\t be+ aw>e 
( x1 inf9itely m ?an ! be/ ( s*ools w   
ev] be able to tea* u 9 ! future2 n our 
eld] bro!rs to :om we always look$ up 9 
emulation1 & f :om1 ev5 m ?an f our     
p>5ts1 we le>n$ ! ?\ghts & ! words suit$
 to our ne$s2 n our gr&mo!r1 :o long    
be=e our eag] phantasy might roam ?r\gh 

! pr9t$ pages1 g5tly l$ u into ,fairyl&1
 & !re1 9 ! en*antm5ts ( a magic _w1    
disclos$ to u t humanity :i* books &    
tea*]s lat] 9 life 7 to re-evoke = u4   
,no6 ,!re are no alt>s to ,sci5ce except
 9 ! ,s*oolh\se1 & none b educators may 
m9i/] to its cult4  ,?is my?ological    
lore is n m]ely a h>mless =m ( imag]y1  
aga9/ :i* x might be p$antic to rebel4  
,x is a real sup]/ition1 :i* has its    
roots deep d[n 9 ! p]sonality ( !       
educator2 x adh]es p>asitically to      
culture1 climbs ov] its /urdy trunk1    
dra9s its sap1 weak5s x1 dead5s x4 ,= :5
 we h /ripp$ ?is conception ( education 
( its my?ological ext]ior1 !re yet      
rema9s a cle>ly religi\s & reali/ic     
?\ght1 :i* is pr(ess$ ) firm adhesion ( 
! m9d & complete devotion ( ! s\l1 z !  
inviolable norm ( ! :ole activity :i*   
p]ta9s to ! object ( ?is norm itself4   
,let u1 = example1 consid] :at is       
presuppos$ by ! doctr9e ( me?ods1 !     
s-call$ me?odology1 :i* is an important 
"p ( didactics1 & a v consid]able       

section 9 ! :ole field ( p$agogics4 ,!  
doctr9e ( me?ods comprises a g5]al      
treatm5t1 :i* corresponds to :at we     
call$ ! ,"m-,sci5ce1 & a p>ticul>       
treatm5t = ! individual sci5ces4 ,!re is
 me?odology ( le>n+ 9 g5]al1 & !re are  
me?odics = ! sev]al discipl9es1 or at   
lea/ = ea* gr\p ( discipl9es1 into :i*  
le>n+ is divid$ & subdivid$ 9 accordance
 ) ! logical processes adopt$ 9 any     
p>ticul> case1 or 9 accordance ) !      
objects ( ^! discipl9es4 ,to ea* me?od (
 kn[+1 consid]$ 9 itself1 corresponds a 
tea*+ me?od1 s t !re is "o g5]al        
didactic me?od1 & _m special ones by :i*
 ! g5]al me?od is to be appli$4  ,b :at 
is ! me?od ( a sci5ce if n ! logical    
s*eme or ! =m ( a c]ta9 sci5tific k8 ,&1
 on ! o!r h&1 :at c be kn[n z to ! =m ( 
any?+1 unless we h ! ?+ itself be=e u 9 
its =m & ) its cont5ts8 ,9 ord] to def9e
 ! =m ( a sci5ce1 & say1 = example1 t x 
is d$uctive 9 ma!matics & inductive 9   
*emi/ry1 we mu/ fir/ presuppose !       
exi/5ce ( ^! sci5ces !mselves4 ,b 9 !m  

=m is nev] any?+ indiff]5t to cont5t2 x 
is ! =m ( t cont5t4 ,?is is made cle> if
 we consid] ! me?odologies :i* logicians
 presume to def9e 9 ! ab/ract1 & ) no   
reg>d to ! det]m9$ cont5t ( !           
correspond+ sci5ces4 ,we notice t !y are
 able to pres5t a successful exposition 
& =mulation only by fix+ ! mean+ ( ea*  
=mula by ! use ( examples1 !reby pass+ f
 ! ab/ract to ! concrete1 & %[+ ! me?od 
to be )9 ! concrete kn[+ out ( :i* logic
 presumes to extract x4 ,9 ! same way e 
philosophical sy/em has its me?od2 b    
:5ev] criticism has endeav\r$ to fix    
ab/ractly ! me?od ( a sy/em1 9 ord] !n  
to %[ h[ x has be5 appli$ 9 !           
con/ruction ( ! sy/em itself1 x has be5 
=c$ 9 e case to admit t ! me?od already 
conta9$ ! sy/em )9 itself1 t x 0 ! sy/em
 itself4 ,s t x w\ld h no value         
:atsoev]1 x c\ld n ev5 be grasp$ by     
?\ght 9 its p>ticul> det]m9at5ess1 if x 
7 n pres5t$ z ! natural =m ( t precise  
?\ght4  ,no h>mful results w\ld foll[1  
if ?is assumption m]ely impli$ ! accept+

 ( sci5ce & me?ods z exi/+ by !mselves  
previ\s to ! le>n+ ( sci5ce by means (  
its respective me?od2 if x result$ m]ely
 9 ! failure to recognise !             
impossibility ( conceiv+ sci5ce & me?ods
 z exi/+ outside ( ! human m9d :]e !y   
actually d live & exi/4 ,if ?is 7 all1  
we %\ld m]ely take notice ( x z a       
speculative error :i* affect$ only !    
solution ( ! p>ticul> problem 9 :i* x   
appe>$4 ,b 9 ! life ( ?\ght1 :]e ev]y?+ 
is unit$ & connect$ 9 an organic sy/em1 
e po9t ( :i* is 9 relation to e o!r     
po9t1 !re is no error limit$ to a s+le  
problem2 its effects are felt 9 ! :ole  
sy/em1 & !y react on ?\ght z a :ole4 ,& 
s9ce ?\ght is activity itself1--life's  
drama1 z we call$ x1--e error infects ! 
entire life4 ,let u !n consid] !        
consequ5ces ( ?is reali/ic conception ( 
me?odology4  ,sci5ce1 we are told1 9 its
 ab/ract objectivity is "o1 immutable1  
unalt]$3 x is remov$ f ! dang] ( error &
 ( human fallibility1 & protect$ f !    
alt]nate succession ( ignorance &       

discov]y2 incapable !re=e ( progress+ & 
( develop+ because x 0 complete f ! v   
beg9n+1 & is et]nally p]fect4 ,b su* a  
,sci5ce is q diff]5t f ! "o :i* gr[s 9 !
 life ( culture1 & is ! free =mation ( !
 human p]sonality4 ,?is "o is ev] *ang+1
 always admitt+ all possible            
trans=mations1 diff]5t f individual to  
individual1 & diff]5t also 9 ! m9d ( !  
same p]son4 ,x lives only on condition t
 x nev] fix itself1 t x nev] cry/allise1
 t x place no limits to its developm5t2 
x cont9ues to be 9 virtue ( its p[] to  
gr[1 to modify itself1 to integrate     
itself & incessantly to develop4 ,sci5ce
 z culture1 z p]sonality1 is free1      
p]5nially becom+1 /irr$ by e?ical       
impulses1 multiple1 v>i$4 ,if we fix !  
me?od1 x indicates t we are deal+ )     
sci5ce reali/ically consid]$ z          
pre-exi/+1 & we c !re=e h only "o sole1 
def9ite1 immutable me?od1--"o =         
ev]ybody1 & devoid ( fre$om1 n          
susceptible ( developm5t1 refractory to 
all moral evaluation4 ,we %\ld h !n a   

rigid law ( ! _s1 z compell+ z ! laws ( 
nature4 ,b by ob$i5ce to su* a pr9ciple1
 ! _s c\ld n affirm itself3 su*         
compliance is surr5d] & abdication1 n ! 
realisation ( "s good4 ,! mo/ t c\ld be 
said ( x is t p]haps x prev5ts or annuls
 an evil :i* ali5ates u f a primitive   
good :i* is n ours1 & n be+ ours _c     
truly be good4  ,a fix$ me?od =ces ! _s 
into ?is hopeless dilemma3 7#a7 ,ei!r   
refuse to submit1 & ?us save life at !  
co/ ( all t makes life wor? liv+--propt]
 vitam viv5di p]d]e causas 7:i* evid5tly
 w\ld be ! case1 if we consid] t ! _s   
lives solely on condition t x recognise 
no pre-e/abli%$ laws1 t x be free f !   
bondage ( nature1 t x create its own    
law1 its own _w1 freely2 & t1 on ! o!r  
h&1 ! cause ( liv+1 :at con/itutes !    
wor? ( life1 is t enhancem5t ( ! _s's   
reality :i* realises itself 9 sci5ce1 & 
!re=e 9 ! me?od ( sci5ce74  7#b7 ,or    
else submit1 & kill life 9 ! ef=t to    
save its wor?--propt] causas viv5di     
p]d]e vitam 7:i* is absurd2 = :at is !  

wor? ( life if !re is no life874  ,h[ev]
 t may be1 ! type ( education t         
presupposes a c]ta9 ideal ( k previ\sly 
con/itut$ & ready to be imp>t$ by !     
tea*] to ! pupil 9 con=mity ) "s        
suitable me?od1 mu/ foll[ a me?od1 a    
unique "o--! me?od ( sci5ce1 & !re=e ( !
 tea*]1 & !re=e also ( ! pupil1 :e!r !  
latt] is capable ( x or n4 ,= x is      
tacitly assum$ t sci5ceme?od2           
sci5cetea*]2 sci5cepupil4 ,on ! /r5g? ( 
^! equations ! common t]m sci5ce %\ld   
suffice to id5tify ! fir/ me?od1 :i* is 
! "o ( sci5ce 9 itself1 ) ! la/1 :i* is 
! me?od ( sci5ce to be ma/]$ by ! pupil4
 ,b ! above s]ies ( equations is false1 
because1 admitt+ ! fir/1 ! "o namely on 
! basis ( :i* we are n[ discuss+1 nei!r 
! second nor ! ?ird is possible )\t     
pass+ f reali/ic to ideali/ic           
sci5ce1--two v diff]5t ?+s1 z ,i h %[n4 
,ev5 if we leave ! tea*] out (          
consid]ation1 we %all h to rememb] t !  
pupil le>ns a sci5ce by mak+ x 8 own1--a
 fallible sci5ce1 :i* he may und]/& up  

to a c]ta9 po9t & no fur!r4 ,x w be "o (
 ! _m sci5ces :i* h no "o giv5 me?od1 b 
_m ( !m1 & ! pupil c only avoid         
appropriat+1 individualis+1 subjectivis+
 sci5ce by foll[+ t way :i* is v broad1 
v easy1 &1 alas1 only too well beat51--!
 royal road ( non-le>n+1 :i* is         
dilig5tly upkept by all ! s*ools :i* h  
to tea* precise1 well-def9$ sci5ce1 & h 
a pre-e/abli%$ me?od by :i* to tea* x4  
,b1 x might be object$1 if sci5ce1      
reali/ically conceiv$1 is a fictiti\s   
entity 9 no way correspond+ to reality1 
h[ is x possible to h a me?od :i* by its
 uniqu5ess & def9it5ess effectively     
corresponds to ! unalt]able unity ( ?is 
non-exi/5t sci5ce8 ,& :at tea*] w\ld ev]
 arbitr>ily impose on 8 /ud5ts su* an   
ab/ract & me*anical me?od8 ,?is is true 
en\gh2 b man le>ns to compromise ) all  
deities1 ,sci5ce includ$4 ,?is div9ity1 
9 ord] someh[ to exi/1 mu/ assume a few 
human traits )\t h[ev] r5\nc+ h] div9e  
pr]ogatives4 ,! fact t ,apollo held no  
communion ) ! ,py?ian prie/ess did n    

remove ! oracul> sanctity f ! ,delphic  
response4 ,= man kn[s no deity o!r ?an !
 "o :i* he is capable ( conceiv+ ) 8    
s\l1 j z he kn[s no o!r r$ besides ! "o 
:i* he sees ) 8 own eyes4  ,sci5ce1 :i* 
he consid]s z an object exi/+ 9 itself1 
outside ( 8 & o!r human m9ds1 & !re=e   
end[$ ) absolute validity 9 all its     
bran*es & 9 ! articulations ( ^!        
bran*es1 is no?+ b ! sci5ce :i* he kn[s4
 ,& he kn[s x because he has con/ruct$ x
 9 ! =m 9 :i* he kn[s x3 f+it cr$itique4
 ,b ?is abs5ce ( consci\sness f !       
con/ruct+1 & ! consequ5t fai? 9 !       
reali/ic value ( sci5ce1 det]m9e !      
positions & ! doctr9es :i* produce !    
consequ5ces ,i h deplor$4 ,= he :o      
e/abli%es a s*ool & enacts its          
regulations takes z a model 8 own       
sci5ce1 )\t at all be+ aw>e t x is only 
8 own4 ,x becomes !re=e ! cont5t ( !    
in/itution & det]m9es its me?od4 ,b a   
tea*] :o does n feel incl9$ to tea* t   
giv5 sci5ce & to adopt t special me?od  
creates 8 own ideal1 :i* is b !         

projection ( 8 p]sonal culture2 & unable
 to acc\nt critically = ! intr9sic      
connection exi/+ betwe5 8 ideal & 8     
p]sonality1 he too f+it cr$itique4 ,he  
believes t ! s*ool au?ority has err$1 & 
t ,sci5ce1 z he und]/&s x1 mu/ be kept  
di/9ct f ! (ficial doctr9es4 ,b 9 8 m9d 
8 sci5ce is n 8 own4 ,x is1 he is       
confid5t1 t ,sov]eign ,sci5ce :i* by 8  
me?od & ?r\gh 8 cult mu/ enlight5 !     
s*ool ov] :i* he rules4 ,& s at ! po9t (
 arrival :]e ! reali/ic conception (    
me?ods mu/ "w1 x is f\nd to be effective
 not)/&+ ! rebuffs ( reality1 & x works4
 ,x works & x acts 9 ! only way t x is  
possible = x to act1 namely1 by go+     
amiss4 ,x fails & w always cont9ue to   
fail1 n s mu* because e pupil has 8 own 
p]sonality & w h 8 own p>ticul> culture 
) its correspond+ me?od1 b especially   
because :atev] ! numb] ( ! pupils 9 a   
s*ool1 ! human m9d kn[s ( no culture :i*
 is n also its own free developm5t1 its 
autonom\s e?ical becom+4 ,a sci5ce1 :i* 
is suppos$ to exi/ be=e ! _s1 becomes a 

?+1 & w nev] aga9 be able to trace its  
way back to ! _s4 ,by presuppos+ sci5ce1
 tea*]s mat]ialise ! culture 9 ^:       
developm5t education consi/s2 & ?is     
mat]iality ( a culture kn[n to tea*]s   
r5d]s impossible t o!r culture :i* is   
unkn[n to tea*]s1 :i* is go+ to be n    
!irs1 b ! pupils'1 = :om !y "w & 9 ^:   
behalf ! s*ool 0 in/itut$4  ,me?ods1    
programmes1 & manuals mo/ conspicu\sly  
reveal ! reali/ic prejudices ( s*ool    
te*nique2 & aga9/ ^! educators %\ld     
con/antly be on _! gu>d4 ,= ^!          
prejudices h1 z ,vico w\ld put x1 an    
et]nal motive1 :i* at times seems to be 
def9itely uproot$ & completely done away
 )1 only to reappe>1 alas6 9 a diff]5t  
=m & ) an ev] r5ew$ lease ( life4 ,!    
motive is ! foll[+3 ,! s*ool is creat$  
:5 p are consci\s ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( k   
already atta9$1 well def9$1 & recognis$ 
z valuable4 ,likewise man's value       
socially is e/imat$ on ! "w done1 & x is
 on ! basis ( ?is f9i%$ "w t he is      
cr$it$ ) ! acquisition ( a c]ta9        

p]sonality4 ,?is is assur$ly no long] a 
becom+ b a be+2 an exi/5t ?+1 already   
realis$1 :i*1 ?\gh a contradiction 9    
t]ms = ^? ( u :o h ma/]$ ! concept ( !  
attributes ( ! _s1 is n !reby condemn$ z
 accid5tal & dispos$ ( once = all4 ,= x 
is also true t culture1 p]sonality1     
sci5ce1--spiritual reality 9 %ort1--is a
 reality1 & true x is t :5 we "k x1 we  
"k x z already realis$4 ,we may inde$ h 
a v ke5 & lively s5tim5t ( !            
subjectivity1 & inw>dness1 & newness or 
orig9ality ( our culture1 9 :i*1 =      
example1 ,dante1 ,dante himself1 is our 
,dante1 is ,we4 ,b yet ?is ,we looms    
be=e u z a tru? :i* transc5ds our       
p>ticul> we4 ,x is tru?2 x is sci5ce4 ,&
 be=e ?is div9e ,tru?1 be=e ?is ,sci5ce1
 we too fall on our knees1 because x is 
no long] a my?ology1 b--our exp]i5ce1   
our life4  ,?us we ?9k2 ?us1            
spiritually1 we live4 ,i m$itate &      
inquire into ! my/]y ( ! univ]se        
unceas+ly2 b 9 ! backgr\nd ( my inquiry1
 f "t to "t a solution appe>s1 a        

discov]y :i* urges my explor+ m9d onw>d4
 ,my/]y itself is n my/]y unless x be   
kn[n z su*1 & !n x becomes k4 ,inquiry  
is !re=e at once a rese>* & a discov]y4 
,& ?is untir+ activity1 :i* kn[s nei!r  
sleep nor re/1 is mirror$ be=e its own  
eyes & lives 9 ! fond contemplation (   
its reflect$ image1 :i* image 9 its     
objectivity appe>s to x z fix$ z x1 !   
activity1 is mobile4 ,& no man ev] felt 
s ke5ly ! humility & meanness ( 8 p[]s1 
no "o ev] presum$ s little ( himself1 t 
he c\ld n yet be drawn by 8 own nature  
to idolise himself1 to see himself be=e 
himself1 exactly z he is1 z :at he _c b 
be4 ,& on ! o!r h& we _c b affirm our   
immortal fai? 9 ! absolute tru? ( !     
ideals :i* impose ^u u s5tim5ts (       
humility4  ,! error :i* we mu/          
victori\sly cont5d aga9/ is n ?is +5u\s 
& unconqu]$ fai? 9 ! objectivity ( ?\ght
 7:i* is also ! objectivity ( all ?+s74 
,:at we mu/ fight aga9/ is m5tal torpor 
& ! slo? ( ! he>t1 :i* induce u to /op 9
 front ( ! object z soon z we get x4 ,a 

deplorable fail+ inde$1 s9ce ! object is
 lo/ 9 ! v act by :i* we grasp x1 & we  
mu/ aga9 resume our "w & toil "s m 9    
ord] to atta9 x aga94 ,= ! object1 9    
%ort1 does exi/1 b 9 ! subject2 & 9 ord]
 to be a liv+ & real object x mu/ live  
on ! life itself ( ! subject4  ,a       
textbook is a textbook3 :5 x 0 writt51 &
 if its au?or 0 capable ( ?9k+ & ( liv+ 
9 8 ?\ght1 x too 0 a liv+ ?+2 & a liv+  
?+1 t is1 _s1 x w cont9ue to be = !     
in/ructor :o does n ?r\gh indol5ce all[ 
himself to believe t all ! ?9k+ dem&$ by
 ! subject 0 done once = all by ! au?or 
( ! manual4 ,= ! manual1 z a book int5d$
 = ! tea*]1 meant to be con/antly awak5$
 by tea*]s to an ev] quick5$ life1 !    
life ( ! _s1 c only be :at ! in/ructor  
makes x4 ,he1 !re=e1 mu/ h culture en\gh
 to read x z 8 book2 he mu/ be able to  
re/ore x to life1 to re-create x by !   
liv+ process ( 8 p]sonal ?\ght4 ,?is    
done1 he w h done b "o-half ( ! "w ne$$ 
to trans=m himself f a read] into a     
tea*]4 ,= 8 read+ mu/ lead up to ! read+

 ( ! pupils2 & !y ought n to be         
confront$ ) ! f9i%$ product ( a culture 
turn$ out1 all ready-made by ! me*anism 
( ! h&book4 ,s t we %\ld n[ complete our
 previ\s /atem5t1 & say t ! tea*]       
re-creates ! book :5 he revives x 9 !   
m9d ( ! "o = :om ! book 0 writt52 :5    
au?or1 tea*]1 & pupil con/itute b "o    
s+le _s1 ^: life animates & inw>dly     
vivifies ! manual1 :i* !re=e ought n to 
be call$1 z x is1 a h&-book1 b a        
spiritual guide = ! m9d4 ,un=tunately ! 
(t-deplor$ indol5ce :i* freezes & /iff5s
 spiritual life fa/5s ! books to ! h&s (
 ! tea*] fir/1 & !n to ^? ( ! pupils4   
,tea*]s %\ld c>efully wat* !mselves4 ,if
 ! book beg9s to feel heavy 9 _! h&s1 x 
is a sign t x is becom+ a burd5 on !    
pupils' m9ds4 ,x w end by /ifl+ _! m5tal
 life1 unless its oppressive dulness is 
dispell$ by ! reawak5$ consci\sness ( ! 
in/ructor4 ,tea*]s %\ld nev] = an in/ant
 become remiss 9 _! lov+ solicitude = _!
 s*ool4 ,:5 _! book1 ! book !y select$ =
 _! pupils1 z ! means ( imp>t+ ! culture

 = :i* ! s*ool /&s1 ceases to be !      
pupils' book1 *]i%$ by !m z a ?+ ( _!   
own1 intimately b\nd up ) _! p]sons1 !n 
x is high "t to ?r[ x away4 ,= ! mom5t a
 book loses its p[] to attract x        
in/antly beg9s to repel4 ,x !n becomes  
an in/rum5t ( torture & a m5ace = ! life
 ( ! y\?ful m9ds entru/$ to ! tea*]s'   
c>e4  ,diction>ies & gramm>s g side by  
side ) h&books1--in/rum5ts ( culture t  
are only too (t5 conv]t$ into eng9es (  
torture4 ,! abuse ( ^! books1 especially
 noticeable 9 ! second>y s*ools1 is n   
limit$ to !m1 b is infect+ prim>y       
in/ruction too1 & tea*]s %\ld "k :at su*
 books are1 & be enlight5$ z to _!      
limitations4 ,o!rwise ! diction>y       
becomes ! cemet]y ( spee*1 & gramm> !   
annex$ dissect+ room4 ,a lexicon is a   
burial gr\nd = ! mortal rema9s ( ^? liv+
 be+s :i* we call human words1 ea* "o ( 
:i* always lives 9 a context1 n because 
x is !re 9 bodily company1 9 ! society (
 o!r words1 b because 9 e context x has 
a special signification1 be+ ! =m ( a   

precise ?\ght or /ate ( m9d1 z we may   
wi% to call x4 ,a ^w ne$ n be jo9$ to   
o!r words to =m t complex :i* gramm>ians
 call a s5t5ce4 ,x may /& alone1 all by 
itself1 & con/itute a disc\rse1 &       
express a ?\ght1 ev5 a v great ?\ght4 ,!
 fiat ( ! book ( ,g5esis is an example4 
,:at is requisite is t ! ^w1 :e!r by    
itself or ) o!rs1 %\ld adh]e to !       
p]sonality1 to ! spiritual situation1 & 
be ! actual expression ( a s\l4 ,:5 jo9$
 to ! s\l a ^w1 :i* mat]ially is        
id5tical ) c\ntless o!r words utt]$ by  
o!r s\ls1 & ) ! peculi> acc5ts ( !      
respective p]sonalities1 reveals its    
p>ticul> expression1 is a p>ticul> ^w n 
to be ev] comp>$ ) any ( ^? c\ntless    
ones mat]ially id5tical ) x4 ,! biblical
 fiat1 repeat$ by m5 :o feel )9 !m !    
almighty ,^w ( ! ,creator1 is con/antly 
tak+ on new %ades ( mean+1 is always    
re9=c$ by ri*] tones1 & w always cont9ue
 to d s1 z a result ( ! num]\s ways t m5
 h ( pictur+ to !mselves ! deity1 & 9   
accordance ) ! v>iety ( doctr9es1       

phantasies1 & s5tim5ts1 or :atev] o!r   
=ms ( activity may conv]ge into !       
expression ( a p]son's spiritual life4  
,s t if1 ab/ractly consid]$1 x is ! ^w t
 we read1 always ! same1 9 ! sublime    
passage ( ,g5esis1 9 reality x lives 9  
an inf9ite numb] ( =ms1 z ?\gh an       
inf9ite numb] ( words4  ,b 9            
diction>ies1 words are sund]$ f ! m9ds1 
deta*$ f ! context1 s\lless & dead4 ,a  
good lexicon--& ^? t are put 9 ! h&s (  
pupils are seldom satisfactory--%\ld    
always 9 "s way re/ore ! ^w to ! natural
 context1 en*ase x1 s to speak1 9 !     
jewel f :i* x 0 torn4 ,x %\ld nev]      
presume to give mean+s ( ab/ract$ words1
 b ought to po9t !m out z !y exi/       
hi/orically 9 ! au?ors :o are deem$     
wor?y repres5tatives ( ! language or ( !
 lit]ature4 ,diction>ies s compil$ d    
away p>tly ) ! objectionable            
ab/ractness1 b are yet unable to conjure
 ! dead f _! tombs4 ,_! weakness &      
insuffici5cy lie fir/ ( all 9 ! fact t !
 true context ( a ^w1 9 :i* x lives     

concretely1 & f :i* !re=e x draws its   
mean+1 is 9 reality n ! brief phrase1   
:i* is all t hi/orical diction>ies c    
quote1 b r ! entire "w ( ! au?or f :i* !
 quot$ phrase d]ives :atev] col\rs x may
 possess & its own peculi> %ade4 ,& !   
:ole "w 9 turn c be und]/ood only 9     
connection ) ! b\ndless hi/orical       
environm5ts out ( :i* x em]ges1 9 :i* x 
lives1 & :]e its ?\ghts receive _!      
peculi> col\r+ & _! special             
significance4 ,! insuffici5cy ( !       
diction>y comes out ev5 m cle>ly f ano!r
 & m important consid]ation4 ,an        
hi/orical diction>y ( ! ,italian        
language w1 = example1 tell u h[        
,ma*iavelli us$ ! ^w virtue 7virtu71 &  
by ! examples adduc$ we %\ld see or     
p]haps surmise ! mean+ ( t ^w1 ! k ( :i*
 is n j m]e erudition1 9 z mu* z 9 ! m9d
 ( ! cultur$ read] ! ?\ght ( ,ma*iavelli
 is re/or$ to life1 & ) x ! concept :i* 
he 0 wont to express by ! t]m virtue4 ,b
 ideali/ically speak+1 is ?is ^w        
,ma*iavelli's or is x ours1--a ^w       

belong+ to u :o are inquir+ into 8      
?\ghts8 ,x is ours1 by all means1 & = ! 
reason t x belongs to our ,ma*iavelli4  
,unless we h !n )9 u ?is our            
,ma*iavelli1 x is useless = u to se>* = 
! mean+ ( ! ^w 9 ! diction>y4 ,9 x      
surely we may f9d x1 b z a dead body to 
be resurrect$ only by rememb]+ t its    
life is n 9 ! pr9t$ page b 9 u1 & only 9
 u4 ,9 our life ev]y?+ w h to be        
resuscitat$ t is to become "p ( our     
culture4  ,& ! same applies to gramm>s4 
,z p conceive !m & use !m1 :at are !y if
 n a s*ematic arrangem5t ( ! =ms by :i* 
words are jo9$ s z to con/itute spee*8  
,& h[ c we cut ! disc\rse to ! quick &  
extract ^! s*emes1 )\t at ! same "t     
de/roy+ its life8 ,! s*eme is a "p (    
spee*1 & x is a rule4 ,gramm> is a s]ies
 ( rules reg>d+ ! p>ts ( spee*1 consid]$
 s+ly & collectively4 ,b ! grammatical  
s*eme--"p ( spee* or rule--ab/racts a   
g5]ic =m f ! p>ticul> expression 9 su* a
 way t ! p>adigm ( a conjugation1 =     
example1 %all be ! conjugation ( _m v]bs

 b n ( any det]m9$ "o4 ,! rule gov]n+ ! 
use ( ! conditional is 9 ! same way     
ref]r$ to e v]b :i* expresses a         
conditional act or occurr5ce1 b to no "o
 v]b 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,b s9ce no spee*
 conta9s a v]b :i* might pres5t to u a  
v]bal =m :i* is n also ! =m ( a det]m9$ 
v]b1 nor a conditional :i* does n po9t )
 precision to ! action or occurr5ce     
subord9at$ to a condition1 x is evid5t t
 ! s*eme places be=e u1 n ! liv+ &      
concrete body ( ! spee*1 b a dissect$ & 
dead "p ( ?is body4  ,i %all n "h recall
 ! controv]sies occasion$ by !          
difficulties inh]5t 9 ! normative "*    
ord9>ily attribut$ to grammatical       
s*emes4 ,i %all simply note t a s*eme   
becomes intelligible only if ! example  
accompanies x2 & ! example always turns 
out to be a liv+ disc\rse1 )9 :i* !re=e 
we meet aga9 ! s*eme1 b lib]at$ f !     
presum$ ab/ractness to :i* x _h be5     
conf9$ by ! gramm>ian4 ,& ,i %all m]ely 
add t ! grammatical norm1 :i* 9 !       
reali/ic conception ( gramm> is pres5t$ 

z a rule1 antec$+ actual spee* bo? 9 "t 
& ideally1 has 9 reality no validity    
:atsoev] except+ z a law int]nal to !   
speak+ itself1 :i* br+s out its         
normative =ce only 9 ! act itself (     
speak+4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 !        
majority ( p consid] gramm> z an        
antec$5t to spee* & to ?\ght1 & !re=e to
 ! life ( ! _s4 ,x appe>s to !m z a reef
 on :i* ! fre$om ( ! p]sonality mu/ be  
driv5 9 ! c\rse ( its becom+1 be>+ d[n z
 x does on a pa/ :i* is believ$ to exi/ 
b5ea? ! horizon ( actuality & beyond !  
pres5t life ( ! _s4 ,to !m gramm> is    
legislation pass$ by =m] writ]s &       
speak]s1 prescrib+ norms = ^? :o int5d  
to use ! same language 9 ! future4      
,aga9/ ?is my?1 & ! consequ5t idol (    
gramm> wor%ipp$ z a ?+ :i* has n only ! 
"r1 b ! means also1 ( controll+ &       
oppress+ ! creative spontaneity ( spee*1
 tea*]s %\ld be con/antly on _! gu>d1 if
 !y feel b\nd to respect & protect !    
spirituality ( culture4  ,nei!r gramm>  
!n1 nor rhetoric1 nor any k9d ( misguid$

 preceptive tea*+ %\ld be all[$ to      
introduce into ! s*ool ! m5ace ( realism
 :i* lurks naturally 9 ! %ad[ ( all     
prescriptive sy/ems4 ,a precept is a m]e
 hi/orical indication1 a sign :i* po9ts 
to some?+ t 0 done z to some?+ t _h to  
be done !n & is to be done n[4 ,x 0 done
 & x 0 ?\ght t x _h to be done4 ,b :at 0
 done _c be done ov] aga91 & :at 0 ?\ght
 _c aga9 be ?\ght4 ,life kn[s no pa/ o!r
 ?an ! "o :i* x conta9s )9 its liv+     
pres5t4 ,! precept has no value except+ 
z t precept :i* we 9 e s+le in/ance     
intuit1 & :i* we mu/ intuit1 be+        
spiritually alive & free1 z ! peculi> =m
 ( our ?\ght1 ( our speak+1 ( our do+1 (
 our be+1 9 %ort1 :i* is our becom+4 ,if
 we look ^u a precept z transc5d+ ?is   
becom+1 & z an antec$5t to x1 we        
misappreh5d & !re=e imp]il our indwell+ 
fre$om1 :i* = u n[ ought to mean n      
simply ! failure to fo/] ! gr[? ( ! _s1 
b a delib]ate attempt to h9d] & ?w>t its
 developm5t & to blight ! function (    
culture4  ,"o m prejudice ( ^? imput$ to

 reali/ic in/ruction mu/ /ill be po9t$  
out1 & x w be ! la/4 ,x is "o ( ^?      
"t-worn devices ^: hi/ory1 ext5d+ ov] a 
?\s& ye>s1 reflects ! entire life ( !   
s*ool--! composition4 ,tea*]s expect &  
dem& t a pr$et]m9$ & def9ite !me1 z a   
nucleus ( a ?\ght organism1 z           
leit-motif1 s to speak1 ( a "w ( art1 z 
a rul+ pr9ciple = moral or speculative  
reflections1 be develop$ by pupils :o   
may yet h nev] giv5 ! topic a s+le      
?\ght1 :o may possibly be n at all      
attun$ to t def9ite spiritual vibration1
 :o may 9 %ort be q remov$ f ! l9e along
 :i* ! !me %\ld be develop$4 ,9 ! l[]   
grades ! l9e itself is m>k$1 ! entire   
cont\r is giv51 & ! pupil's m9d is      
arbitr>ily encompass$ )9 ?is fix$       
outl9e4 ,^! me?ods are n[ =tunately     
appli$ ) dim9i%$ rig\r & less crudely   
?an be=e4 ,b ! fact rema9s t 9 all      
classes ! tea*] ei!r assigns a !me at   
r&om1 pick+ a topic f a casual read+ or 
f among ! :ims ( 8 rambl+ fancy1 or else
 he consci5ti\sly & c>efully /udies !   

possibilities ( a subject1 & develops x 
to a c]ta9 ext5t be=e he assigns x2 s t 
he naturally expects ! pupil's treatm5t 
to con=m to 8 own del9eation2 & he      
values ! composition 9 proportion z x   
approa*es ! r\gh draft :i* he _h        
previ\sly sket*$ 9 8 m9d4  ,"h too1 z   
else:]e1 we enc\nt] ! difficulty ( a    
?\ght :i* is presuppos$ to ?9k+1 :i*    
!re=e b9ds x1 /ra9s x & racks x out (   
its heal?y & fruitful gr[?2 = ?\ght _c  
live )\t fre$om4 ,! dang]s are _m t     
beset u 9 ! practice ( !me-composition1 
& n all ( !m ( a m]ely intellectual "*4 
,!re is no intellectual defici5cy :i* is
 n also at ! same "t a moral blemi%2 & a
 c\rse ( ex]cises1 su* z we h consid]$1 
n only jeop>dises ! =mation ( !         
intellig5ce by urg+ x along a l9e (     
false & empty artificiality to ! po/i*e 
& ! applique1 b x also1 & f> m s]i\sly1 
?reat5s ! moral "* ( ! pupils 9 t x     
beguiles !m into a s9ful famili>ity )   
ins9c]ity1 :i* might p]haps become      
d[nright *eat+4  ,composition h[ev] 9   

itself is n taboo = ! ideali/4 ,l gramm>
 & e o!r in/rum5t ( ! tea*+ pr(ession x 
mu/ be conv]t$ f ! ab/ract to !         
concrete4 ,we %\ld nev] dem& ( ! pupil  
an inv5tiv5ess beyond 8 p[]s1 nev]      
unfairly expect ( 8 m9d :at x _c yet    
give4 ,! boy mu/ n be giv5 a subject    
drawn f a _w ) :i* he is unfamili>4 ,b  
:5 ! subject spr+s naturally f ! pupil's
 own s\l1 9 ! atmosph]e ( ! s*ool1 & z a
 "p ( ! spiritual life :i* unites him to
 8 tea*] & to 8 classmates1 !n          
composition1 l e o!r elem5t ( a freely  
develop+ culture1 is a creation & an    
unfail+ progress4 ,= :atev] has be5     
froz5 by ! *ill ( realism1 & has be5    
consequ5tly made unfit = ! life ( ! _s1 
may aga9 be reviv$ 9 ! w>m? ( ! liv+    
intellig5ce ( ! concrete1 & be !nce     
ideali/ically fus$ ) ! spontane\s &     
vigor\s curr5t ( spiritual reality4     
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,! ,,unity ,,(         
,,education   ,hav+ exemplifi$ !        
prejudices ( realism 9 ! phases t are   
mo/ h>mful to education1 ,i %all n[     

proce$ to discuss ! fundam5tal coroll>y 
( ! ideali/ic !sis z an effective rem$y 
aga9/ ! ravages ( realism4 ,=1 z ,i h   
already %[n1 ! reali/ic conception (    
life & culture is by no means a m9or    
error :i* c\ld be correct$ z soon z     
discov]$4 ,orig9at+ 9 a primitive t5d5cy
 :i* impels ! human _s on ?r\gh a       
reali/ic phase be=e x c freely em]ge    
into ! l(ti] consci\sness ( self & p[]  
7:i* is ! conque/ ( idealism71 ?is error
 aga9 & aga9 crops out ( ev5 ! mo/      
conv9c$ anti-reali/ic consci\sness4 ,s t
 if at any mom5t our high] reflection   
slack5s its vigilance1 ! error creeps   
back into ! mid/ ( our ideas1 ga9s      
control ( our intellig5ce1 & resumes its
 =m] sway ov] ?\ght4 ,x is n suffici5t  
!n to become aw>e ( ! faults ( realism &
 ( ! prejudices 9 :i* x is mirror$2 we  
mu/1 9 addition to all ?is1 /r5g!n 9 our
 m9ds ! intuition ( ! spirituality (    
culture1 r5d] x m subtle1 m accurate1 m 
c]ta91 & br+ to x ! en]gy ( a fai? :i*1 
aft] tak+ possession ( our s\ls1 %all   

become our life's "*4  ,we mu/ !re=e    
look int5tly at ! significance ( t      
pr9ciple :i* id5tifies culture ) man's  
p]sonality1 notice its mo/ important    
consequ5ces1 & set ^! up z ! laws (     
education1 s9ce by education we mean !  
creation ( a liv+ culture :i* %all be ! 
life ( ! human m9d4 ,! fir/ & =emo/ ( ^!
 consequ5ces1 ! direct coroll>y ( our   
proposition1 is ! concept ( ! ,unity (  
,education4 ,?\gh (t5 ref]r$ to1 x has n
 yet be5 atta9$ by p$agogical doctr9es1 
nor has x be5 ! aim ( ! "w ( tea*]s4    
,nei!r !ory nor practice--m intimately  
connect$ ?an is ord9>ily suppos$--%[s z 
yet t ?is concept is und]/ood &         
adequately appreciat$4 ,x is oppos$ )   
full =ce by ! reali/ic conception :i*1  
keep+ man di/9ct f 8 culture1 &         
mat]ialis+ ?is culture1 naturally       
attributes to x1 & to education 9 :i* x 
is reflect$1 t multiplicity &           
fragm5t>9ess :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( ?+s  
mat]ial4  ,?is scrapp9ess ( culture & ( 
education is ! error on :i* all !       

prejudices ( reali/ic p$agogy are       
gr\nd$4 ,x is ! enemy t mu/ be vanqui%$ 
9 ! c\rse ( ! crusade t has be5 prea*$  
by idealism 9 its endeav\r to lib]ate   
in/ruction f ! deadly oppression (      
me*anism4 ,b 9 ord] to combat ?is foe we
 mu/ fir/ "k x3 & we mu/ ga9 a cle>     
und]/&+ ( t unity ( education :i* x     
antagonises ) uncompromis+ opposition4  
,if we op5 a treatise on p$agogy or     
exam9e a s*$ule ( c\rses1 if we look    
?r\gh a programme or /op to consid] our 
e-day te*nical t]m9ology1 we _c help    
notic+ t education is brok5 up by       
divisions & subdivisions ad inf9itum1   
exactly z ?\gh x 7 a mat]ial object1 :i*
 because mat]ial possesses inf9ite      
divisibility4 ,textbooks tell u t       
education is 7#a7 physical1 7#b7        
intellectual1 7#c7 moral4 ,!n n>r[+ !   
subject d[n to "o section1 !            
intellectual1 :i* = good reasons has be5
 treat$ m c>efully & sympa!tically by   
traditional p$agogy1 we f9d "s su*      
subdivisions3 arti/ic1 sci5tific1       

lit]>y1 philosophical1 religi\s1 etc4   
,aga91 arti/ic education w be split up  
into z _m sections z !re are arts1 &    
sci5tific in/ruction 9 ! same way2 =    
p$agogy assigns to ea* bran* ( !        
classification its correspond+ me?od (  
tea*+4 ,x goes )\t say+ t ! sci5ces (   
any giv5 bran* are diff]5t among        
!mselves1 & ! /udy ( botany1 = example1 
is n ! /udy ( zoology4 ,& !re are z _m  
=ms ( culture to be promot$ by education
 z !re are sci5ces2 :i* is cle>ly %[n by
 s*ool ann\ncem5ts assign+ to c]ta9     
ye>s1 & = def9ite days & h\rs1 ! sev]al 
c\rses ( ! curriculum1 t is1 ! sev]al   
educations4  ,x is tak5 = grant$ t      
,education1 prop]ly s call$1 w result f 
! ensemble ( ^! p>ticul>                
educations--physical1 intellectual1     
moral1 etc41--ea* "o ( :i* contributes  
its %>e to ! f9al result1 & is !re=e a  
"p ( ! entire education4 ,& ea* field   
produces c]ta9 peculi> results :i* x    
w\ld be idle to dem& ( ano!r section1 j 
z we nev] expect an olive grove to yield

 a crop ( pea*es4 ,e "p1 self-conta9$ & 
q di/9ct f ! re/1 absolutely excludes   
all o!r p>ts f itself4 ,!re=e ! subjects
 taught 9 a s*ool are num]\s1 & !re mu/ 
accord+ly be specialis$ tea*]s4 ,& aga9 
ea* in/ructor mu/ be c>eful n to mix up 
! sev]al p>ts :i* compose 8 subject4 ,! 
tea*] ( hi/ory1 = example1 :5 he takes  
up ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 mu/ =get !      
unification ( ,italy1 & treat ea* ev5t 9
 ord] & 9 turn2 & ! in/ructor ( ,italian
 w take up ! hi/ory ( lit]ature on a    
c]ta9 day ( ! week1 & devote "s o!r h\r 
to ! /udy ( ! individual works !mselves4
  ,s also we nev] fail to di/+ui% &     
c>efully sep>ate ! two p>ts ( ! tea*]'s 
"w1 8 ability z a discipl9>ian & 8 skill
 9 imp>t+ in=mation1 = x is an accept$  
commonplace ( s*ool te*nique t ability  
to tea* is "o ?+1 & ! p[] to ma9ta9     
discipl9e is ano!r4 ,x is "o ?+ to be   
able to keep ! class att5tive to !      
discussion ( a giv5 subject1 & q ano!r  
to treat ?is subject suitably = ! ne$s &
 atta9m5ts ( ! pupils4 ,discipl9e is    

consid]$ ?us z a m]e ?re%old2 ! real    
tea*+ comes aft]4 ,=1 x is argu$1       
discipl9e has no cultural cont5t2 x is  
no?+ m ?an ! spiritual disposition &    
adaptation :i* %\ld prec$e !            
acquisition1 or if we s wi% to call x1 !
 developm5t ( real culture1--a          
disposition :i* is obta9$ :5 respect = !
 au?ority ( ! tea*] is ensur$4  ,!      
recognition ( t au?ority simply means ! 
e/abli%m5t ( a necess>y condition2 z = !
 real "w ( education1 t is yet to come4 
,& if we %\ld /op at :at we h call$ !   
?re%old1 we %\ld h no s*ool at all4 ,!re
 are tea*]s1 9 fact1 :o keep good       
discipl9e1 b :o are yet unable to tea*1 
ei!r ?r\gh lack ( culture or because !y 
are defici5t 9 me?ods4  ,all ^! are     
commonplaces to :i* we (t5 resort )\t   
/opp+ to consid] _! validity4 ,&1 9     
tru?1 x is because ( ?is lack (         
consid]ation t we are able to use !m )\t
 notic+ _! absurdities & )\t !re=e feel+
 ! necessity ( em5d+ our ways4 ,?is lack
 ( reflection resolves itself into a    

lack ( precision 9 ! h&l+ ( ^! concepts4
 ,!y are =mulat$ )\t mu* rig\r ) a great
 deal ( ela/icity1 & 9 ! _s ( compromis+
 ) t tru? aga9/ :i* !y w\ld o!rwise too 
j>r+ly cla%4  ,fir/ ( all1 no "o has ev]
 conceiv$ ! possibility ( sep>at+       
discipl9e f education4 ,:at is (t5 done 
is to di/+ui% discipl9e f t "p (        
education :i* is call$ in/ruction1 & to 
consid] ! two z integrat+ ! total       
concept ( education4 ,m5tion is (t5 made
 ( ! educational value ( discipl9e4 ,b  
?is k9d ( co-ord9ation ( ! two =ms (    
education--discipl9e & in/ruction--& _! 
subord9ation to ! g5]ic concept (       
education are m easily =mulat$ ?an      
compreh5d$4 ,= if we %\ld di/+ui% !m    
simply on ! gr\nds t "o is ! necess>y   
antec$5t ( ! o!r1 we %\ld h a           
relation%ip simil> to t :i* connects any
 "p ( in/ruction ) ! "p :i* mu/ be      
presuppos$ be=e x z an antec$5t mom5t 9 
! same process ( developm5t4 ,b !       
relation%ip :i* exi/s betwe5 any two    
p>ts ( in/ruction _c s]ve to di/+ui% f  

in/ruction a ?+ :i* is diff]5t f x4  ,we
 might wi%1 p]haps1 to consid] z        
*>act]i/ic ( ?is absolute antec$5ce !   
e/abli%m5t ( ! au?ority )\t :i* tea*+1  
prop]ly s call$1 _c beg94 ,b ! objection
 to ?is w\ld be t e mom5t ( ! tea*+     
process presupposes a new au?ority1 :i* 
c nev] be consid]$ z def9itely acquir$1 
:i* is con/antly be+ impos$ anew1 & :i* 
mu/ proce$ at e giv5 in/ance f !        
effective spiritual action ex]cis$ by ! 
tea*] ^u ! pupil4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i mean 
to say t no tea*] is able indep5d5tly ( 
! m]its ( 8 tea*+ to ma9ta9 discipl9e   
simply & solely on ! /r5g? ( 8 p]sonal  
pre/ige1 ( 8 =ce ( "*1 or any o!r       
suitable qualification4 ,= :oev] he may 
be1 & :atev] ! p[] by :i* at ! />t he is
 able to attract ! att5tion ( 8 pupils &
 to keep x rivet$ on 8 words1 ! tea*] z 
he beg9s to imp>t in=mation ceases to be
 :at he 0 imm$iately be=e1 & becomes to 
! eyes ( 8 pupils an ev] *ang+          
individual1--bigg] or small]1 /rong] or 
weak]1 & !re=e m or less wor?y ( t      

att5tion & t respect ( :i* boys are     
capable 9 _! expectance ( spiritual     
light & joy4 ,! initial pres5tation is  
no?+ m ?an a promise & an anticipation4 
,9 ! c\rse ( tea*+ ?is anticipation mu/ 
n be disappo9t$1 ?is promise mu/ be     
con/antly fulfill$ & m ?an fulfill$ by !
 subsequ5t developm5ts4 ,! tea*]'s      
p]sonality z reveal$ at ! beg9n+ mu/ be 
borne out by all t he does 9 ! c\rse ( !
 lesson4 ,exp]i5ce confirms ?is view1 & 
! reason ( x is to be f\nd 9 ! doctr9e  
n[ famili> to u ( ! _s t nev] is        
def9itely1 b is always con/itut+ itself1
 always becom+4 ,& e man is e/eem$ &    
appreciat$ on ! /r5g? ( :at he %[s      
himself to be at any giv5 mom5t1 & 9    
virtue ( ! exp]i5ce :i* we cont9ue to h 
( 8 be+1--a be+ :i* is ! developm5t 9   
:i* he realises himself4  ,s1 !n1       
discipl9e is nev] en=c$ def9itely & 9   
su* a way t ! tea*] may proce$ to build 
on x z on a firm basis )\t any fur!r    
conc]n4 ,& x is !re=e difficult to see  
h[ we c\ld possibly sev] ) a clean cut !

 task ( keep+ discipl9e f ! duty (      
imp>t+ in/ruction4  ,nor is x any m     
plausible to ma9ta9 t discipl9e1 ?\gh x 
may n *ronologically prec$e in/ruction1 
is its logical antec$5t1 9 ! s5se t !re 
are at e in/ant ( ! life ( ! s*ool bo?  
discipl9e & in/ruction1 ! =m] z a       
condition ( ! latt]4 ,! difficulty "h is
 t if we assum$ ?is1 we ought to be able
 to indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 !        
condition & ! condition$2 :i* diff]5ce1 
unless we re/ cont5t ) vague words1 is n
 =?com+1 & _c be f\nd4 ,i ma9ta9 t 7 x  
possible = ! tea*] def9itely to en?rone1
 s to speak1 discipl9e 9 8 s*ool1 all 8 
"w 7 done4 ,he w\ld h fulfill$ 8 entire 
duty1 acquitt$ 8 obligation1 & a*iev$ ! 
results ( 8 mission1 :e!r we look ^u ?is
 mission 9 ! complex ( its developm5t1  
or :e!r we consid] x ideally 9 ! in/ant 
( its det]m9$ act1 :i* is yet a process 
& !re=e a developm5t4 ,= :at1 9 fact1 is
 discipl9e8 ,is x e/abli%$ au?ority8 ,b 
?is au?ority is ! :ole ( education4 ,=  
au?ority _c be1 z ,i h expla9$ be=e1 a  

m]e claim3 x mu/ become actual 9 !      
effective action p]=m$ by ! educat+     
p]sonality1 & ?is action is education4  
,& :5 ?is education consi/s1 = example1 
9 ! imp>t+ ( a rule ( syntax1 education 
becomes actual :5 ! pupil really        
appreh5ds t rule f 8 in/ructor exactly z
 x is taught to him1 & ?us appropriates 
! tea*]'s mann] ( ?9k+ & 8 intellectual 
behavi\r on t special subject1 & acts & 
does z ! tea*] wants him to4 ,& f ! po9t
 ( view ( discipl9e1 ?is is all we want 
at t mom5t4  ,if 9 ! c\rse ( education1 
consid]$ z a :ole or at any p>ticul>    
mom5t ( x1 we %\ld sep>ate discipl9e f  
in/ruction1 n[ turn+ our att5tion to !  
"o & n[ to ! o!r1 we "k f exp]i5ce t we 
%\ld nev] get any:]e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1
 ! di/9ction ?ru/s itself to ! =e only  
:5 ! problem ( discipl9e is errone\sly  
=mulat$ by treat+ x ab/ractly4 ,= :o is 
x t worries ov] discipl9e z su*1 & z    
?\gh x 7 a ?+ diff]5t f tea*+8 ,:o is x 
t looks ^u ?is problem z an insoluble   
"o8 ,only ! tea*] :o1 unable to ma9ta9  

discipl9e1 frets ov] x & fail+ to       
discov] x :]e x is naturally to be f\nd1
 desp]ately looks = x :]e x is n1 :]e x 
c\ld n possibly be4 ,& s he is          
helplessly p]turb$1 l ! man :o1 feel+ ^u
 himself ! conc5trat$ gaze ( all ! gue/s
 seat$ 9 a p>l\r1 is no long] able to   
walk across ! floor2 x is ! same        
difficulty & imp$im5t we enc\nt] e "t we
 try to wat* & /udy our movem5ts4 ,9 !  
same way ! spontane\s outbur/ ( eloqu5t 
s5tim5ts t fl[ f ! fulness ( our he>ts  
is *eck$ by ! endeav\r to analyse !m1 to
 /udy ! words--to sub/itute art =       
nature4  ,! real tea*]1 ! naturally     
gift$ tea*]1 nev] bo!rs ab\t ^! puzzl+  
que/ions ( p$agogical discipl9e4 ,he    
tea*es ) su* devotion2 he is s close    
spiritually to 8 pupils1 s sympa!tic )  
_! views2 8 "w is s s]i\s1 s s9c]e1 s   
eag]1 s full ( life1 t he is nev]       
compell$ to face a recalcitrant1        
rebelli\s p]sonality t c\ld only be     
r$uc$ by resort+ to ! peculi> means (   
discipl9e4 ,! docility ( ! pupils 9 !   

eyes ( ! able tea*] is nei!r an antec$5t
 nor a consequ5t ( 8 tea*+s2 x is an    
aspect ( x4 ,x orig9ates ) ! v act by   
:i* he beg9s to tea*1 & ceases ) ! end (
 8 tea*+4 ,concretely1 ! discipl9e :i*  
good tea*]s en=ce 9 ! classroom is !    
natural behavi\r ( ! _s :i* adh]es to   
itself 9 ! s]i\sness & inw>dness ( its  
own "w4 ,discipl9e1 au?ority1 & respect 
= au?ority are abs5t :5ev] x is         
impossible to e/abli% t unique sup]ior  
p]sonality1 9 :i* ! spiritual life ( !  
pupils & ( ! tea*]s are toge!r fus$ &   
unit$4 ,:5ev] ! /ud5ts fail to f9d _!   
ideal 9 ! tea*]2 :5 !y are disappo9t$ by
 8 aspect1 8 gaze1 8 words1 9 ! complex 
concret5ess ( 8 spiritual p]sonality1   
:i* does n rise to ! ideal :i* at e     
mom5t is pres5t 9 _! expectations1 !n ! 
ord] ( discipl9e is lack+4 ,b :5 ?is    
actual unity obta9s--?is unity :i* is ! 
task ( ! tea*]1 & ! aim ( all           
education--!n discipl9e1 au?ority1 &    
respect are pres5t z nev] fail+ elem5ts4
  ,?is p$agogical problem ( discipl9e   

w\ld nev] h aris5 if immature reflection
 _h n di/+ui%$ two empirically diff]5t  
aspects ( human p]sonality1 ! practical 
& ! !oretical1 :]eby x w\ld appe> t man1
 :5 he does ?+s1 %\ld n be consid]$ 9 ! 
same light z :5 he ?9ks & und]/&s1 kn[s 
& le>ns4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 discipl9e (
 deportm5t is to be ref]r$ to ! pupil z 
practical spiritual activity1 :ile tea*+
 aims at 8 !oretic activity4 ,! =m] %\ld
 guide ! pupil1 regulate 8 conduct z a  
memb] ( t special community :i* we call 
! s*ool1 & facilitate ! fulfilm5t ( !   
obligations :i* he has t[>d !           
in/itution1 t[>d 8 fell[-pupils1 & t[>d 
himself4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 assum+ !
 completion ( ?is practical edification1
 proce$s to ! m5tal =mation ( !         
p]sonality1 consid]$ z progressive      
acquirem5t ( culture4 ,discipl9e 9 ?is  
sy/em appe>s to be ! morals ( ! s*ool4  
,i use ! ^w morals 9 a v broad s5se--j z
 morality might be consid]$ z !         
discipl9e ( society & ( life 9 g5]al4 ,=
 ev]ybody1 x is argu$1 di/+ui%es betwe5 

! "* ( man & 8 intellig5ce1 betwe5 8    
conduct & 8 k4 ,! two t]ms may inde$ be 
drawn toge!r1 b !y also exi/ q ap>t4 ,s 
t a man devoid ( "*1 or possess$ ) an   
indomitable w = evil1 may nev]!less be  
extremely le>n$ & %rewd1 or z subtle z !
 s]p5t2 :]eas a moral man1 ?r\gh lack ( 
und]/&+1 may become ! sport ( rogues1 & 
rema9 illit]ate1 devoid ( all1 ev5 ( !  
slighte/ accompli%m5ts4 ,= w is "o ?+1  
!y say1 & ! intellect is ano!r4  ,! "q (
 ! ab/ractness ( discipl9e impels u n[  
to exam9e ! legitimacy ( ?is broad]     
di/9ction1 :i* does n simply conc]n !   
problems ( ! s*ool1 b ext5ds to !       
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! philosophy ( ! 
_s4 ,"u its influ5ce1 contempor>y ?\ght 
attacks all ! surviv+ =ms ( ?is anci5t  
di/9ction betwe5 w & intellect1 :i* re/$
 on a frankly reali/ic intuition ( ! _w4
 ,! philosoph] :o cry/allis$ ?is        
di/9ction1 & fa/5$ x s h>d t x c\ld n be
 brok5 up completely 9 ! c\rse ( all    
subsequ5t speculation1 0 ,ari/otle4 ,a  
?or\ghgo+ reali/1 l all ,greek          

philosoph]s1 he conceiv$ reality z      
some?+ ext]nal & antec$5t to ! m9d :i*  
?9ks x & /rives to "k x4 ,:5 ?\ght1 ^:  
function is ! kn[+ ( reality1 is ?us    
plac$ outside ( ?is reality1 x is evid5t
 t ! k to :i* x aspir$ nev] c\ld h be5  
an activity :i* produces reality4 ,x 0  
accord+ly ma9ta9$ t k c\ld n be m ?an a 
m]e survey1 a view ( reality 7intuition1
 !ory71 almo/ l a reflect$ image1       
totally extr9sic to ! ess5ce ( ! real4  
,b s9ce x 0 evid5t t man z spiritual    
activity does produce a _w ( 8 own1 =   
:i* he is prais$ if x is deem$ good1 b  
blam$ if x is judg$ bad1 x _h to foll[ t
 !re 7 two di/9ct aspects 9 human life3 
"o by :i* man contemplates reality1 !   
o!r by :i* he creates 8 own _w1--a _w1  
h[ev]1 :i* is b a trans=mation ( ! true 
& orig9al reality4 ,^! two aspects are !
 w & ! intellect4  ,x %\ld n n[ be      
necess>y to criticise ?is concept ( a   
reality assum$ to exi/1 9 antec$5ce to !
 activity ( ! _s1 & :i* is ! sole       
support ( ?is di/9ction betwe5 w &      

intellect4 ,we might say p]haps t ?\gh  
ev]y?+ does inde$ dep5d f ! _s1 & ?\gh  
all is _s1 yet ?is completely spiritual 
reality is on "o h& :at is produc$1 !   
realisation ( new realities 7w71 b on ! 
o!r h& x is b ! k ( its own reality1 &  
by ?is k gives no increm5t to its be+4  
,h[ev]1 if we adopt$ ?is view1 we w\ld  
slip back to ! position we ab&on$ z     
unt5able1 s9ce a ?\ght :i* prop\nds !   
problem ( its ess5ce & ( ! ess5ce ( !   
reality :i* x cognises c be b m]e kn[+4 
,= x is aga9 fac$ by a reality--ev5 ?\gh
 x has 9 ?is case be5 arbitr>ily presum$
 id5tical ) x--a reality :i* is z an    
antec$5t to x1 & leaves to x only ! task
 ( look+ on4 ,s we mu/ conclude t ! life
 ( ! _s is nev] m]e contemplation4 ,:at 
seems to be contemplation--t            
consci\sness :i* ! _s acquires ( itself1
 &1 acquir+ :i*1 realises itself--is a  
creation3 a creation n ( ?+s b ( its own
 self4 ,= :at are ?+s b ! _s z x is     
look$ at ab/ractly 9 ! multiplicity (   
its manife/ations8  ,we %all m easily   

und]/& t our kn[+ & our do+ are         
indisc]nible1 if we recall t our do+ is 
n :at is also p]ceiv$ ext]nally1 a      
motion 9 space caus$ by u4 ,?is ext]nal 
manife/ation is q subord9ate &          
adv5titi\s4 ,! ess5tial "* ( our do+ is 
! int]nal w1 :i* does n1 prop]ly speak+1
 modify ?+s1 b does modify u1 by br++   
out 9 u a p]sonality :i* o!rwise w\ld n 
h be54 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ! w1 :i* we 
_c d5y to ?\ght1 if ?\ght is1 z ,i h    
%[n1 developm5t1 & !re=e cont9u\s       
self-creation ( ! p]sonality4  ,if      
intellect !n & w are "o & ! same ?+1 to 
su* an ext5t t !re is no intellect :i* 9
 its developm5t is n developm5t (       
p]sonality1 =mation ( "*1 realisation ( 
a spiritual reality1 we %all be able to 
und]/& t ! ideas ( two di/9ct spiritual 
activities1 z ! basis ( ! ord9>y        
di/9ction betwe5 moral & intellectual   
tra9+1 are m]e ab/ractions t t5d to lead
 u away f ! compreh5sion ( ! liv+       
reality ( ! _s4 ,?is di/9ction appe>s to
 me exce$+ly h>mful1 no?+ be+ m         

deplorable1 f ! moral po9t ( view1 ?an  
to consid] any "p ( ! life we h to live 
z morally indiff]5t2 & no?+ be+ m h>mful
 to ! s*ool ?an ! conviction t ! moral  
=mation ( man is n ! entire purpose (   
education1 b only a "p ( its cont5t4 ,x 
is indisp5sable1 ,i ma9ta91 t ! educator
 h ! rev]5t consci\sness ( ! extremely  
delicate moral value ( e s+le ^w :i* he 
addresses to 8 pupils & ( ! pr(\ndly    
e?ical ess5ce ( ! in/ruction :i* he     
imp>ts to !m4 ,= ! s*ool :i* gives      
in/ruction ) no moral tra9+ 9 reality   
gives no in/ruction at all4 ,all !      
objections voic$ on ?is score aga9/     
education1 :i* we try to meet by add+ on
 to in/ruction all t ought to integrate 
! truly educational function1 are !     
result ( ?is ab/ract way ( look+ ^u     
in/ruction solely z ! culture ( an      
intellect :i* 9 "s way diff]s f ! w1 f  
"*1 & f moral p]sonality4  ,i wi% "h to 
call att5tion to "o ( ! mo/ controv]t$  
que/ions connect$ ) popul> education1   
because x br+s out v cle>ly !           

impossibility ( keep+ moral education   
di/9ct f intellectual in/ruction4 ,x is 
con/antly ass]t$ t ! in/ruction ( !     
common p1 t real education :i* is ! ma9 
purpose ( ! mod]n /ate1 is n a "q ( m]e 
read+ & spell+2 t ^! d n con/itute      
culture1 b are z means to an end1 &     
ought nev] to be all[$ to take ! place (
 ! end to :i* !y are subs]vi5t4 ,! s*ool
 !re=e1 if x _c %ape m51 %\ld at lea/   
r\gh-hew !m & give !m a consci5ce1 :]eas
 n[1 x tea*es b (t5 does n educate3 x   
gives to ! le>n] ! means ( culture1 & !n
 ab&ons him to 8 own res\rces4 ,!       
optimism ( educators 9 ! eighte5?       
c5tury1 _! promise t m>vels w\ld come   
out ( elem5t>y in/ruction propagat$ &   
spread by popul> s*ools devis$ = ?is    
purpose1 0 con/antly met 9 ! c\rse ( !  
la/ c5tury by an ev]-gr[+ mi/ru/ (      
in/ruction g5]ally re/rict$ to ! notion 
( m]e in/rum5tality4 ,= 9 addition to   
o!r %ortcom+s x 0 felt t ?is in/rum5t   
might be put to a v bad use2 t elem5t>y 
le>n+ might be a dang]\s ?+ if x 7 n    

accompani$ by some?+ t in/ruction pure &
 simple _c give1 namely1 s\ndness (     
he>t1 /r5g? ( m9d1 & consci5ce /rong    
en\gh to uphold intellig5ce by ! vigor\s
 & uncompromis+ pr9ciples ( moral       
rectitude4 ,! hopefulness ( t pa/       
optimism is fa/ yield+ gr\nd to !       
pessimi/ic d5unciation ( ! insuffici5cy 
( m]e in/ruction = ! moral ends ( life4 
,!re is a s]i\s error 9 ?is frequ5t     
indictm5t br\ght aga9/ m]e in/ruction z 
a means ( atta9+ :at is call$ culture4  
,x proce$s f ! attempt to sep>ate some?+
 t 0 n meant to be sep>at$4 ,:at ,god   
ha? unit$ toge!r1 man %all n put asund]4
 ,&1 9 any ev5t1 a sep>ation z          
illegitimate z ?is is n possible4       
,sup]ficially we may di/+ui% & app>5tly 
sund] in/ruction f moral tra9+1 cut (f !
 means f ! end1 & sep>ate ! ability to  
read & write f :at we are !reby enabl$  
to read & write4 ,9 fact ! lett]s ( !   
alphabet are taught )\t tea*+ !         
syllables :i* !y compose1 & )\t ! words 
t are made up ( ^! syllables1 & ! ?\ghts

 t are express$ by ^! words1 & man's    
life :i* becomes manife/ & real 9 ^!    
?\ghts4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool is 9 fact1 z x
 is 9 "n1 ! tea*+ ( ! elem5ts4 ,read+1  
writ+1 ari?metic1 all subjects call$ =  
by ! s*ool programme are tak5 up z m]e  
elem5ts ) :i* ! pupil is expect$1 lat]  
on1 to compose 8 ,book ( ,life1 complete
 9 all its sections4 ,b 9 ! meantime x  
is ?\ght unwise to burd5 8 y\?ful m9d ) 
! weighty & complicat$ problems t c be  
solv$ only by ! exp]i5ce ( a m mature   
life4 ,( c\rse aft] he has gone =? f !  
s*ool into ! out] _w ! "y man w look ^u 
?is elem5t>y k z ! raw mat]ial ( 8      
future m5tality4 ,z he c>ves out 8 pa?  
to ?is or t goal1 9 accordance ) 8      
spiritual int]e/s & 9 compliance ) !    
cont+5cies ( life1 he w avail himself ( 
?is initial in/ruction1 use x to fur!r 8
 progress t[>ds ?is or t end1 good or   
evil z ! case may be4 ,= intellectual   
in/ruction1 x is argu$1 c be made       
subs]vi5t ei!r to noble impulses or to  
base motives4  ,c>eful consid]ation1    

h[ev]1 w %[ t ! responsibility ( a s*ool
 = :at is call$ moral insuffici5cy1 b is
 9 reality educational defectiv5ess1 _c 
be remov$ by ?is k9d ( consid]ations4 ,!
 alphabet beg9s to be su* :5 x ceases to
 be a s]ies ( physical m>ks correspond+ 
to ! s\nds into :i* all ! words ( a     
language may be decompos$4 ,! alphabetic
 symbol is effectively su* :5 x is a    
s\nd1 & x is s\nd :5 x is an image1 or r
 a concrete =m ( an int]nal vibration ( 
! m9d4 ,! *ild beg9s to see ! alphabet  
:5 he reads ) x4 ,up to t "t he simply  
draws images or inw>dly gazes at !      
semblance ( ! picture he int5ds to draw1
 b he does n read4 ,z soon z ! symbol is
 read1 x becomes a ^w4 ,t is :y e spell+
 book pres5ts ! lett]s 9 ! syllables & !
 syllables 9 ! words4 ,9 ?is way !y     
cease to be m]e scrawls drawn on ! pap]1
 & become ?\ghts4 ,!y may be dim1 vague1
 & my/]i\s2 !y may be %>ply def9$ or !y 
may bl5d & fuse into a sugge/ive haze2 b
 !y are 9 e giv5 in/ance ?\ghts t are   
be+ awak5$ 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild4 ,^! ?\ghts 

h 9 !m ! p[] to develop1 to organise    
!mselves & become a disc\rse4 ,f !      
simple s5t5ces & ! nurs]y rhymes ( !    
prim]1 !y gr[ into an ev]-ri*]          
significance4 ,f ! s[+ to ! h>ve/+1 f ! 
gre5 /alk to ! /urdy trunk1 x is "o life
 & "o sole process4 ,! m9d t w so> ov] !
 dizzy heights ( ?\ght beg9s its flight 
9 ! humble l[l&s4 ,& x fir/ becomes     
consci\s ( its p[] to rise1 :5 ! life ( 
?\ght is awak5$ by ! words ( ! spell+   
book4  ,! mom5t ! *ild beg9s read+1 he  
mu/ ( necessity read some?+4 ,!re is no 
m]e in/rum5t )\t ! mat]ial to :i* x is  
to be appli$4 ,! infant :o op5s 8 eyes &
 /rives to look _c b see some?+4 ,!     
picture1 insignificant = ! tea*]1 has   
its own special col\r+ = ! *ild's m9d4  
,he fixes 8 gaze on x2 he draws x )9    
himself1 *]i%es x1 & fo/]s x ) 8        
fancies4 ,su* is ! law ( ! _s6 ,x may be
 violat$1 b ! consequ5ces (             
transgression are comm5surate ) ! maje/y
 ( ?is law4  ,gramm>s too1 l spell+     
prim]s & rhetorics & logic & e k9d (    

preceptive tea*+1 may be assum$ z a =m  
sep>at$ f its cont5ts1 z some?+ empty & 
ab/ract4 ,! *ild is taught = in/ance t !
 lett] m 9 mamma does n belong to t ^w  
7we call x a ^w1 & =get t to him at lea/
 x is n a ^w b 8 own "m74 ,t lett] m1 we
 tell him1 is f\nd 9 o!r words1 mat1    
meat1 etc4 ,we %[ him t x is 9 all ( !m1
 & yet 9 none ( !m4 ,we !re=e c & mu/   
ab/ract x f all concrete connections1   
isolate & fix x z t some?+ :i* x is 9   
itself--! lett] m4 ,9 ! same mann] we   
ab/ract ! rule ( gramm> f a numb] (     
individual examples4 ,we exalt x ov] !m1
 & give x an exi/5ce :i* is high]1 &    
indep5d5t ( !irs4 ,& s = rhetoric1 & s =
 logic4  ,b 9 ?is process ( progressive 
ab/raction1 9 ?is practice ( consid]+ ! 
ab/ract z some?+ sub/antial1 & ( r$uc+ !
 concrete & ! p>ticul> to ! subord9ate  
position ( ! accessory1 life rec$es &   
ebbs away4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is & t  
^w1 betwe5 two images1 two ?\ghts1 two  
modes ( ?9k+1 ( express+1 ( behav+1 at  
fir/ become slight1 !n negligible1 !n q 

inexi/5t1 & ! s\l becomes accu/om$ to ! 
g5]ic1 to ! empty1 to ! indiff]5t4 ,x   
kn[s no long] h[ to fix ! peculi>ities (
 ?+s1 h[ to notice ! diff]5t traits (   
m5's *>act]s1 _! int]e/s1 _! div]se     
values1 until f9ally x becomes indiff]5t
 & sceptical4 ,words lose _! mean+2 !y  
no long] smack ( :at !y us$ to2 _! value
 is gone4 ,?+s lose _! individuality1 & 
m5 _! physiognomies4 ,?is scepticism    
robs man ( 8 own fai?1 ( 8 "* &         
p]sonality4 ,! fundam5tal aim (         
education ceases to exi/4 ,ab/ract      
education is no education at all4 ,x is 
n ev5 in/ruction4 ,= x does n tea* !    
alphabet z x really exi/s1 z some?+     
insep>able f ! s\nd1 & f ! ^w1 & f !    
human s\l6 ,all x gives is a new        
mat]ialis$ & deta*$ ab/raction4  ,!     
alphabet is real & concrete1 n ab/ract2 
x is n a means b an end2 x is n m]e =m b
 also cont5t4 ,x is n a weapon :i* man  
may wield indiff]5tly ei!r = good       
purposes or = evil motives4 ,x is man   
himself4 ,x is ! human s\l1 :i* %\ld    

already fla% 9 ! v fir/ ^w t is spell$1 
if x is read intellig5tly4 ,& x ought to
 be a good ^w1 wor?y ( ! *ild & ( !     
future man1 a ^w 9 :i* ! y\?ful pupil   
ought already to be able to discov]     
himself1--n himself 9 g5]al1 b t bett]  
self :i* ! s*ool gradually &            
progressively w tea* him to f9d )9      
himself4 ,s consid]$1 ! alphabet is a   
p[]ful in/rum5t ( human =mation & (     
moral %ap+4 ,x is education4  ,= ?is    
reason ! s*ool mu/ h a libr>y1 & %\ld   
adopt all possible means to enc\rage !  
habit & develop ! ta/e ( read+1 s9ce !  
^w :i* truly expresses ! s\l ( man is n 
t "o ^w1 nor ! ^w ( t "o book4 ,a ^w or 
a book w always be a m]e fragm5t ( life1
 & _m ( !m !re=e w be ne$$4 ,_m1 v _m   
books1 to satisfy ! ev]-gr[+ ne$s ( !   
*ild's m9d6 ,books t w spur 8 ?\ght     
con/antly t[>ds m di/ant goals1 & 8 he>t
 & imag9ation ) x4 ,?us ! *ild gr[s to  
be a man4  ,in/ruction !n :i* is n      
education is n ev5 in/ruction4 ,x is a  
d5ud$ ab/raction1 viol5tly ?ru/ l o!r   

ab/ractions into ! life ( ! _s :]e x    
g5]ates t mon/rosity :i* we h describ$ z
 mat]ial culture1 me*anical & devoid (  
spiritual vitality4 ,t culture1 be+     
mat]ial1 has no unity1 is fragm5t>y1    
inorganic1 capable ( gr[+ indef9itely   
)\t 9 any way trans=m+ ! recipi5t m9d or
 becom+ assimilat$ to ! process ( !     
p]sonality to :i* x simply adh]es       
extr9sically4 ,?is me*anical tea*+ is   
comm5surate ) ?+s1 & gr[s               
proportionately ) !m2 b x has no        
intimate relation ) ! _s4 ,he :o kn[s "o
 hundr$ ?+s has n a great] nor a diff]5t
 intellectual value f him :o kn[s t51   
s9ce ! hundr$ & ! t5 are lock$ up 9 bo? 
9 exactly ! same way t two diff]5t sums 
( money are deposit$ 9 two diff]5t      
vaults4 ,:at m]it is !re 9 ! safe :i*   
conta9s ! great] sum8 ,! m]it w\ld      
belong to ! man :o _h accumulat$ !      
great] am\nt by a great] sum ( lab\r1 = 
x w\ld !n be comm5surate ) "w1 :i* is ! 
develop+ process itself & ! life ( !    
human p]sonality to :i* we mu/ always h 

rec\rse :5 we endeav\r to e/abli%       
values4 ,= z we h se51 no?+ is1 prop]ly 
speak+1 ?9kable except 9 relation to !  
human _s4  ,:e!r "o reads a s+le book or
 an entire libr>y1 ! result is ! same1  
if :at is read fails to become ! life ( 
! read]--8 feel+s & 8 ?\ghts1 8 passions
 & 8 m$itation1 8 exp]i5ce & ! extolm5t 
( 8 p]sonality4 ,! poet ,giu/i has said3
 ,writ+ a book is worse ?an useless1    
unless x is go+ to *ange p4 ,read+ a    
book ) no effect is inf9itely worse4 ,( 
c\rse ! p t h to be trans=m$1 bo? = !   
writ] & = ! read] 7:o are n two v       
diff]5t p]sons aft] all71 are n ! o!rs1 
b fir/ ( all ! au?or himself4 ,! m]e    
read+ ( a page or ev5 a ^w inw>dly      
recon/itutes u1 if x does consi/ 9 a new
 ?rob ( our p]sonality1 :i* cont9u\sly  
r5ews itself ?r\gh ! incessant          
vibrations ( its becom+4 ,?is !n is !   
all-important solution1--t ! book or !  
^w ( a tea*] ar\se our s\ls & set !m 9  
motion2 t x trans=m itself into our inn]
 life2 t x cease to be a ?+1 special &  

det]m9ate1 "o ( ! _m1 & become transfus$
 into our p]sonality4 ,& our p]sonality 
9 its act1 9 ! act1 ,i say1 & n 9 !     
ab/ract concept :i* we may someh[ =m (  
x1--is absolute unity3 t mov+ unity to  
:i* education c 9 no wise be ref]r$1    
unless x is made id5tical ) its movem5t1
 & !re=e entirely con=mant to its unity4
  ,! man ^: culture is limit$1 or1 r1   
entirely e/rang$ f ! und]/&+ ( life1 is 
call$ homo unius libri4 ,we might j z   
well call him homo omnium librorum4 ,=  
he :o w\ld read all books ne$ h a leak+ 
bra9 l ! p]=at$ vessel ( ! daught]s (   
,danaus1--a leak ?r\gh :i* all ideas1   
all joys1 all sorr[s1 & all hopes1      
ev]y?+ t man may f9d 9 books1 w\ld h to 
fl[ unceas+ly1 )\t leav+ any traces ( _!
 passage1 )\t ev] =m+ t p]sonality :i*1 
hav+ acquir$ a c]ta9 =m or physiognomy1 
reacts & becomes selective1 picks :at x 
wants out ( ! cong]ies1 & *ooses1 out ( 
all possible exp]i5ces1 only :at x      
requires = ! life t is suit$ to x4 ,we  
%\ld nev] add books ^u books ad         

inf9itum6 ,x is n a "q ( quantity4 ,:at 
we ne$ is ! ability to discov] our _w 9 
books1--t sum total ( int]e/s :i*       
respond to all ! vibrations ( our _s1   
:i* assur$ly1 z ,h]b>t claim$1 has a    
multiplicity ( int]e/s1 b all ( !m      
radiat+ f a vital c5tre4 ,& ev]y?+ is 9 
! c5tre1 s9ce ev]y?+ orig9ates !re4     
,education :i* /rives to get at ! c5tre 
( ! p]sonality1 ! sole spot :5ce x is   
possible to d]ive ! spiritual value ( a 
liv+ culture1 is ess5tially moral1 & may
 nev] be hemm$ 9 )9 ! re/rict$ b\nds (  
an ab/ract intellectual tra9+4 ,!re is 9
 tru? a k9d ( in/ruction :i* is n       
education2 n because x is 9 no way      
educative1 b because x gives a bad      
education & tra9s = evil4 ,?is reali/ic 
education1 :i* is sub/antially          
mat]iali/ic1 ext+ui%es ! s5tim5t (      
fre$om 9 man1 debases 8 p]sonality1 &   
/ifles 9 him ! liv+ consci\sness ( !    
spirituality ( ! _w1 & consequ5tly (    
man's responsibility4  ,! anti!sis      
betwe5 in/ruction & education is !      

anti!sis betwe5 reali/ic & ideali/ic    
culture1 or aga91 t exi/+ betwe5 a      
mat]ial & a spiritual conception ( life4
 ,if ! s*ool means conque/ ( fre$om1 we 
mu/ le>n to loa! ! scrapp9ess (         
education1 ! fraction+ t5d5cy :i*       
presumes to cut (f "o "p f ! re/ ( !    
body1 z if education1 t is1 p]sonality1 
c\ld h _m p>ts4 ,we mu/ le>n to react   
aga9/ a sy/em ( education :i*1 conceiv+ 
its role to be m]ely intellectuali/ic1 &
 su* z to make ( ! human _s a cle>      
mirror ( ?+s1 proce$s to an inf9ite     
subdivision to mat* ! inf9ite           
multiplicity ( ?+s4 ,unity ought to be  
our con/ant aim4 ,we %\ld nev] look away
 f ! liv+1 t is1 ! p]son1 ! pupil into  
^: s\l our lov+ solicitude %\ld /rive to
 ga9 access 9 ord] to help him create 8 
own _w4     ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,"* ,,&      
,,physical ,,education   ,! pr9ciple (  
educational unity :i* ,i h briefly tri$ 
to illu/rate dem&s a fur!r developm5t 9 
connection ) ! claims ( physical        
culture4 ,= aft] we h unifi$ moral &    

intellectual discipl9e 9 ! "o concrete  
concept ( ! education ( ! _s1 ^:        
activity _c be cognitive )\t also be+   
practical1 & _c realise any moral values
 except ?r\gh cognition1 x might yet    
seem t a complete & p]fect sy/em (      
education %\ld aim at ! physical        
developm5t z well z at ! spiritual4 ,= !
 pupil is n solely m9d4 ,he has a body  
also2 & ^! two t]ms1 body & _s1 mu/ be  
conceiv$ 9 su* close connection & 9 su* 
intimate conjunction t ! heal? ( ! "o be
 dep5d5t on ! s\ndness ( ! o!r4  ,be=e  
elucidat+ ?is argum5t1 we mu/ voice our 
appreciation ( ! p$agogical pr9ciple by 
virtue ( :i* ! anci5t ,greeks develop$  
_! a?letic education1 & :i* s9ce !      
,r5aissance has = a diff]5t motive be5  
re9troduc$ into ! !ory ( physical       
culture1--a !ory :i* ,i d n at all      
oppose1 b r int5d to reaffirm on !      
gr\nds ( educational unity4 ,?is        
p$agogical pr9ciple evid5tly orig9at$ 9 
! mode ( consid]+ ! function ( ! bodily 
organism 9 respect to ! human m9d1 s9ce 

e "t we scrut9ise ! int]e/ t has always 
guid$ m5 9 ! field ( education1 we f9d t
 at all times ! aim ( education has be5 
! developm5t ( ! m9d4 ,nor c\ld x h be5 
o!rwise2 = :e!r or n 9 possession ( a   
cle> und]/&+ ( 8 spiritual ess5ce1 man  
spontane\sly pres5ts himself & is valu$ 
z a p]sonality1 :i* affirms itself1     
speaks ev5 ?\gh dumb1 & says ,i4        
,education beg9s z a relation betwe5    
ma/] & slave1 betwe5 p>5t & *ildr54 ,!  
slave & ! son are n support$ & c>$      
=--educat$--z simple brutes1 b z be+s   
end[$ ) ! same attributes z ! ma/] or ! 
p>5t1 be+s :o are !re=e able to receive 
ord]s or in/ructions & build _! w out ( 
^!1--! w :i* ^? 9 au?ority wi% to be    
id5tical ) _! own4 ,! sup]ior comm&s &  
!re=e dem&s2 ! inf]ior obeys by reply+1 
& he replies 9 s f> z he is a spiritual 
subject2 & ?is reply w become gradually 
bett] 9 proportion z he m fully         
actualises t spiritual nature :i* ! ma/]
 wi%es to be closely correspond+ to 8   
own4 ,philosophy1 z well z naive &      

primitive m5tality1 consid]s man to be  
su* 9 s f> z he is consci\s ( :at he    
does1 ( :at he says1 ( :at he ?9ks2 &   
also 9 t he is able to pres5t himself to
 o!rs1 because he has fir/ be5 pres5t to
 himself4  ,man is man 9 t he is        
self-consci\sness4 ,ev5 ! despicable    
tyrant :o brutally dom9e]s ov] ! wret*  
:o is =c$ to submit to 8 ov]be>+        
arrogance1 ev5 he wants 8 slave to be   
intellig5t1 capable ( guess+ 8 ?\ghts1 &
 refuses to consid] him z an unconsci\s 
tool ( 8 :ims4 ,! "m :o t5d]ly nurses h]
 sick *ild is inde$ anxi\s = ! heal? ( !
 body ov] :i* %e worries1 & %e w\ld l to
 see x vigor\s & /rong4 ,b t body is s  
ende>$ to h]1 because by means ( x !    
*ild is enabl$ to live happily ) h]2    
?r\gh x 8 fond s\l c requite mat]nal    
love by filial devotion2 or 9 x he may  
develop a p[]ful & beautiful p]sonality 
wor?y to be ador$ z ! ideal creature (  
mat]nal affection4 ,if 9 ! bloom (      
physical heal? he 7 to reveal himself   
/upid & ins5sate1 end[$ ) m]e in/9ctive 

s5suality & be/ial appetites1 ?is son   
w\ld cease to be ! object ( 8 "m's      
fondness1 nay1 he w\ld ar\se 9 h] a     
feel+ ( loa?+ & revulsion4 ,x is ?is    
s5se ( loa?+ t we feel t[>ds ! brutes1  
to ! ext5t t we nev] c be sympa!tically 
drawn to !m1 & t we also feel = ! human 
corpse f :i* life has dep>t$2 = life is 
! basis ( e psy*ological relation1 &    
!re=e ( e possible sympa?y4  ,education 
is union1 communion1 int]-individual    
unification2 & unity is possible only   
because m5 spiritually conv5e4 ,matt]1  
we h se51 nature1 ?+s1 ! non-_s is      
multiplicity4 ,z soon z ! multiplicity (
 natural elem5ts beg9s to be organis$1  
already 9 _! organism spiritual activity
 %9es =?4 ,9 ! _s is ! root &           
possibility ( e unification4 ,x is _s t 
unites m54 ,education !re=e _c be a     
social relation%ip & a l9k betwe5 m5    
except by be+ a spiritual tie among     
human m9ds4 ,!re=e x is n[1 & has at all
 times be51 :at x naturally ought to be1
 education ( ! _s4  ,b z we aim at !    

education ( ! _s1 we may or we may n    
take c>e ( ! body2 or aga9 we may take  
c>e ( x 9 ?is or t way4 ,x all dep5ds on
 :at conception we h ( ! _s4 ,! anci5ts 
made a great deal ( physical culture1 & 
! ,greek philosoph]s ( antiquity        
consid]$ gymna/ics to be ! ess5tial     
complem5t ( music1 includ+ 9 music all  
=ms ( spiritual cultivation4 ,! anci5ts 
nev] divid$ ! _s f ! physical reality ( 
man3 man z a :ole 7body & psy*ic        
activity7 0 conceiv$ by !m z a natural  
be+ subject to ! me*anism :i* regulates 
& controls nature4 ,:5 ,greek psy*ology 
fell "u ! influ5ce ( t my/ic outlook :i*
 is peculi> to religi\s belief1 ! s\l1  
:i* 0 oppos$ to ! body1 & :i* 0 look$ ^u
 z *a9$ & emprison$ 9 ! body1 0 %>ply   
di/+ui%$ f ano!r s\l4 ,t o!r s\l 0 kept 
9 contact ) ! mat]iality ( all natural  
?+s1 & toge!r ) !m 0 gov]n$ by ! law (  
me*anical becom+1 t is1 ( !             
trans=mations caus$ by motion by :i* all
 ! p>ts ( matt] are be/irr$4 ,?is       
natural s\l1 susceptible ( developm5t1 &

 capable ( gradually ris+ to ! height ( 
! o!r1 ( ! pure bodiless m9d ^: act is !
 contemplation ( tru?2 ?is s\l imb$d$ 9 
! body1 :i* does n !re=e give to man a  
sup]natural be+1 b l all ?+s ( nature   
comes into ! _w1 gr[s & dies1           
incessantly pass+ f "o mode ( be+ to    
ano!r1 ?is s\l is ! "o t c & ought to be
 educat$4 ,! s\l :i* results f ! organic
 process ( ! physical body1 & :i* 9 its 
developm5t proce$s side by side ) !     
trans=mations ( ! latt]1 c\ld n be      
educat$ except 9 connection ) !         
developm5t & improvem5t ( ! body4 ,human
 ?\ght1 :i* !n _h n yet secur$ !        
consci\sness ( its own irr$ucible       
opposition to nature1--! consci\sness1 9
 o!r words1 ( its own ess5tial          
fre$om1--see+ itself imm]s$ ev5 z       
spiritual sub/ance 9 ! indi/9ctness (   
nature1 c\ld n look ^u education z ^u a 
problem ( fre$om :i* c n admit ( nature 
z limit+ spiritual activity4 ,x 0       
accord+ly r$uc$ to conceive ?is         
activity1 display$ 9 deal+ ) man1 z be+ 

on ! same plane ) ! o!r =ms ( activity  
:i* propose to deal ) ?+s ( nature4 ,9 a
 p$agogical naturalism ( ?is sort1 ! m9d
 c\ld n be ! m9d )\t also be+ body1 &   
!re=e _h to include physical developm5t 
9 its own process4  ,b ) ! adv5t (      
,*ri/ianity ! _s 0 %>ply dissociat$ f   
nature4 ,! orig9al dualism ( law ( ! _s 
& law ( ! fle%1 ( grace & nature1 rescu$
 man at ! v beg9n+ f ! tyranny ( m]ely  
natural ?+s1 & ann\nc$ a k+dom ( ! _s   
:i* is n ( ?is _w4 ,& x is n 9 fact (   
?is _w1 if by _w we mean :at ! ^w       
ord9>ily implies1--! _w :i* confronts u1
 & :i* we c po9t out to ourselves & to  
o!rs2 ! _w :i*1 be+ ! object ( our      
exp]i5ce1 is ! direct anti!sis ( :at we 
are1 subject ( exp]i5ce1 free           
p]sonality1 _s1 ,*ri/ian humanity4 ,man1
 9 ?is ,*ri/ian conception1 9 ?is       
opposition to nature & to ! exp]im5tal  
_w1 ov]comes :at )9 8 own self /ill     
belongs to nature1 subdues t "p ( him   
:i* because natural appe>s z ! enemy (  
fre$om & ( ! f9ality ( ! _s2 z ! s$uc] &

 ! s\rce ( guilty wiles :i* clip ! w+ ( 
man's l(ti] aspirations & weigh him d[n 
into a bea/-l subjection to in/9ct4 ,he 
!re=e t5ds to und]rate physical         
education1 & sacrifices x to ! dem&s ( !
 _s4 ,he does n completely neglect ! "q 
( ! behavi\r ( man t[>ds physical       
nature2 he c\ld n1 s9ce 8 v dualism is  
possible only on condition t he         
correlate ! two t]ms ( ! opposition4 ,b 
f9d+ t 8 attempt to atta9 fre$om &      
realise 8 spiritual de/9y is ?w>t$ by ! 
natural impulses ( ! s5ses1 9 :i* ! life
 ( ! body is made manife/1 he decides to
 remove ^! h9drances & to cle> ! way :i*
 leads to spiritual salvation4 ,he does 
!n take ! body into consid]ation1 b     
simply to *eck its in/9cts & control its
 s5su\s appetites4 ,by ! discipl9e (    
self-mortification1 "u ! guidance ( an  
unb5d+ w1 he subdues ! fle%1 & subjects 
x to ! exig5cies ( ! _s4  ,evid5tly ?is 
subdu+ discipl9e is /ill physical       
ex]cise1 b 9 its own way4 ,! hairclo? ( 
,/4 ,francis corresponds 9 fact to !    

club ( ,h]cules1 & s]ves ! same purpose4
 ,! mon/]s :i* are knock$ d[n by !      
weapon :i* ,h]cules alone c\ld wield    
torm5t ! sa9t ( ,assisi also2 only1 !y  
are )9 him4 ,he ev5 tames ! wolf1 b )\t 
club or *a9s1 by ! m]e ex]cise ( 8 g5tle
 meekness4 ,^! int]nal mon/]s are n1    
prop]ly speak+1 9 ! mat]ial body4 ,if !y
 71 ! ,sa9t w\ld n ne$ to worry ab\t !m 
any m ?an ab\t ! e>? "u 8 feet or ! sack
 on 8 %\ld]4 ,b !y are 9 t body :i* he  
feels2 !y are 9 t s\l :i*1 ) ! viol5ce (
 its desires1 ! d9 ( its h>% & fi]cely  
discordant voices1 di/racts him f !     
ideal :]e 8 life is4 ,!y are 9 t s\l :i*
 ?ru/s s _m claims on him1 t 7 he to    
satisfy !m he w\ld h to "p company ) 8  
,lady ,pov]ty1 & become once m ! slave (
 ?+s :i* are n 9 8 p[]1--( weal?1 :i*   
heaps up & bl[s away2 ( ,=tune1 :i*     
comes z a fri5d & dep>ts z an enemy4 ,he
 w\ld1 9 o!r words1 return to a         
mat]iali/ic conception ( life4 ,8       
,l]naean hydra is 9 ! dep?s ( 8 he>t1   
:]e hundr$-head$ in/9ct1 ) its hundr$   

m\?s1 te>s ! roots ( 8 holy & magnanim\s
 w1 eag] to resemble ! ,savi\r 9 love & 
self-sacrifice4  ,?is mon/] is /rangl$ )
 ! hairclo?1 :5 ! body is h>d5$ & tra9$ 
to self-d5ial1 to suff]+1 to !          
repression ( all animal passions :i*    
w\ld keep man away f 8 goal4 ,?is       
discipl9e1 f> f debilitat+ ! body1 gives
 x a new /r5g?1 an endurance :i* enables
 man to live on a high] plane ?an he    
w\ld if he foll[$ natural impulses4 ,=  
?is m difficult mann] ( liv+1 a         
robu/ness & a h>dihood are requisite :i*
 are beyond ! natural means ( ! body4 ,!
 sy/em ( physical culture :i* gives ?is 
/up5d\s endurance is call$ asceticism4  
,b ?is sy/em is an ab/ract "o4 ,man's   
life is n pov]ty1 s9ce x is "w & !re=e  
weal?4 ,& ! m9d ) its fre$om _c be      
conceiv$ ( z antagoni/ic to nature4 ,= z
 body & z s5se1 9 s f> z we exi/ & "k ( 
our exi/5ce1 we belong to ?is nature4   
,antagonism & duality import !          
limitation ( ea* ( ! oppos$ t]ms &      
exclude fre$om :i* is n to be f\nd )9   

fix$ limits2 = fre$om1 z we h said1     
means inf9itude4  ,! _s is free only if 
inf9ite4 ,x _c h any ob/ruct+ b>ri] 9   
its pa?4 ,x c be conceiv$ z fre$om only 
aft] x has ov]come dualism1 & :5 9      
nature itself & 9 ! body we see ! effect
 ( ! activity ( ! _s4 ,x has no ne$     
!re=e ( walls )9 :i* x might feel !     
necessity ( cloi/]+ itself 9 ! ef=t to  
r5\nce ! out] _w4 ,?is is n ! way to    
conqu] fre$om4 ,a lib]ty won "u su*     
conditions w\ld always be insecure1     
con/antly ?reat5$1 always beleagu]$1 &  
!re=e a m]e %ad[ ( fre$om4 ,! _s1 if x  
is free1 t is1 if x is _s1 mu/ be       
cont]m9\s ) ?\ght1 x mu/ ext5d its sway 
z f> z !re is any sign ( life to ! la/  
po9t :]e a ve/ige ( be+ c be reveal$ to 
x4 ,no?+ ?9kable c be ext]nal to x4     
,:atev] pres5ts itself to x1 :e!r 9 !   
g>b ( an enemy or "u ! cloak ( fri5d%ip1
 c only be "o ( its creatures1 :i* x has
 plac$ at its own side1 or 9 front (    
itself1 or aga9/ itself4  ,?is new      
p$agogical & philosophical view1 fir/   

disclos$ to ,humanism1 !n enlight5$ by !
 g5ius ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 appe>s 
n[ to u 9 ! full light ( mod]n ?\ght4   
,sup]ficially x might seem id5tical ) ! 
classical & naturali/ic outlook4 ,9     
reality1 h[ev]1 x has made its way back 
to x only 9 ord] to confirm & integrate 
! concept ( ,*ri/ian spiritualism & to  
br+ out its tru?4 ,greek a?letics is !  
tra9+ ( ! body z an end 9 itself3 x     
surely s]ves ! cause ( ! _s1 b only 9 s 
f> z ! _s is graft$ on ! trunk ( !      
physical p]sonality1 & to ! ext5t t x is
 able to absorb all its vital sap1 !reby
 subject+ itself to g5]ation & decay1 ! 
common de/9y ( all natural be+s4 ,!     
physical culture ( ! anci5ts is         
spiritual discipl9e1 only to ! ext5t t =
 !m ! m9d too is ess5tially body4 ,mod]n
 physical education1 at lea/ f ! "t (   
,vittor9o da ,feltre1 is spiritual      
=mation ( ! body3 x is bodily tra9+ = ! 
b5efit ( ! _s1 j z ! m$iaeval ascetic   
w\ld h x2 b ( a _s :i* does n int5d to  
bury itself 9 ab/ract self-seclusion    

away f ! exi/5tial _w1 ( a _s :i* pass+ 
beyond ! cloi/] walls so>s ov] ! realm (
 nature1 indu+ x & subdu+ x in/rum5tally
 to its ends & z a mirror ( its w4 ,s t 
= mod]ns1 too1 physical culture is      
spiritual education1 b = ! reason t to u
 ! body itself is _s4 ,our sci5ce is n  
m]ely a speculation ( ultra-mundane     
tru?s1 b r a sci5ce ( man & ( man 9 !   
,univ]se1 & !re=e also ( ?is nature :i* 
is dom9at$ & spiritualis$ by becom+     
kn[n1 9 ! same way t e book t is read is
 spiritualis$4  ,?is concrete notion ( a
 _s :i* excludes no?+ f itself gives    
concret5ess to ! ,*ri/ian conception (  
physical discipl9e4 ,= x aims to turn ! 
body into an ob$i5t tool ( ! w1 n h[ev] 
( t w :i* r5\nces ! _w1 b ( t w :i*     
turns to ! _w z to ! field :]e its      
battles are f\ght & won2 to ! _w :i* x  
trans=ms by its "w1 con/antly re-creat+ 
x1 n[ modify+ "o "p & n[ ano!r1 b always
 act+ on ! entire sy/em1 & r5ew+ x z a  
:ole 9 ! intimate organic connection &  
int]dep5d5ce ( ^! p>ts2 to ! _w :i* =ev]

 confronts x 9 a rebelli\s & *all5g+    
attitude1 & :i* x labori\sly subdues &  
turns into a mirror ( its own becom+4   
,mod]n idealism & anci5t naturalism bo? 
emphasise1 ?\gh = opposite motives1 !   
importance ( a positive education 9     
di/9ction to ! negative discipl9e       
inculcat$ by m$iaeval asceticism4 ,we   
said t to-day we develop ! body because 
! body is _s4 ,?is proposition runs     
c\nt] to common s5se4 ,b common s5se z  
su* _c be respect$ by ! ?9k] unless he  
fir/ trans=ms its cont5t4 ,our body1 we 
mu/ rememb]1 is n "o body out ( _m4 ,if 
x 7 actually mix$ ) & lo/ 9 ! multitude 
( mat]ial ?+s :i* surr\nd x1 we c\ld no 
long] speak ( any bodies4 ,= all bodies1
 z psy*ologi/s say1 are p]ceiv$ 9 s f> z
 !y modify ours & are someh[ relat$ to  
x4 ,or to put x 9 a diff]5t & p]haps    
bett] way1 all o!r bodies1 :i* we       
possess z cont5ts ( our exp]i5ce1 =m a  
sy/em1 a circle1 :i* has its c5tre2 &   
?is c5tre is our body4 ,^! fir/ ( all   
occupy space1 b a space :i* no "o ( u c 

?9k ( or intuit o!rwise ?an z a radiat+ 
inf9ity1 ! c5tre ( :i* we occupy ) our  
body4 ,s t be=e we c speak ( bodies1 we 
mu/ fir/ cognise our own4 ,x is !       
f\ndation & gr\ndwork ( all bodies4     
,ju/ly1 !re=e1 ! imman5t s5se1 pr(\nd & 
cont9u\s1 :i* we h ( our body1 & ^:     
modifications con/itute all our p>ticul>
 s5sations1 0 call$ ! fundam5tal s5tim5t
 by our ,italian philosoph] ,rosm9i4 ,= 
our body is ours only 9 s f> z we feel  
x2 & we feel x1 at fir/1 confus$ly or r 
indi/9ctly1 )\t disc]n+ any diff]5tiat$ 
"p4 ,we feel x z ! limit1 ! o!r1 !      
opposite1 ! object ( our consci\sness1  
:i*1 7 x n consci\s ( some?+ 7( itself z
 ( some?+71 w\ld n be consci\sness1 w\ld
 n realise itself4 ,& x realises itself1
 9 ! fir/ place1 z consci\sness ( ?is   
object :i* is ! body4 ,accurately1      
!re=e1 0 ! body def9$ by ,sp9oza z      
objectum m5tis1 z object ( consci\sness4
 ,objectless consci\sness is n          
consci\sness2 & x is likewise obvi\s t !
 object ( consci\sness _c be su* )\t    

consci\sness4  ,! two t]ms are          
insep>able1 = ! reason t !y are produc$ 
simultane\sly by "o & ! same act1 f :i* 
!y _c be deta*$ & ?is act is ! free     
becom+ ( ! _s4  ,our body1 ?is fir/     
object ( consci\sness1 z yet indi/9ct & 
!re=e "o & inf9ite1 is n really 9 space1
 ! realm ( ! di/9ct1 ( ! multiple1 ( !  
f9ite4 ,x is )9 our own consci\sness4 ,&
 x is only by recall+ ?is inw>dness t we
 are able to und]/& h[ x happ5s t we    
7,we--spiritual activity7 act ^u our    
body1 animat+ x1 su/a9+ x1 end[+ x ) our
 vigor\s & buoyant vitality2 con/antly  
trans=m+ x1 9 v mu* ! same way t we act 
on :at we easily conceive to be our     
moral p]sonality4 ,z we direct our      
?\ghts1 & br++ !m out ( ! d>k into !    
lum9\s sett+ ( our consci\sness1 submit 
!m to scrut9y & correction1 to          
elim9ation & selection2 :5 we /ifle or  
fe$ ! fire ( our passions2 :5 we *]i%   
ideals1 n\ri% !m ) our own life's blood1
 & su/a9 !m ) our unb5d+ resolve2 & aga9
 :5 we qu5* !m 9 ! fickl5ess ( our :ims1

 are we n con/antly creat+ & v>i\sly    
re%ap+ our spiritual life1 mak+ x good  
or bad1 t is1 eag]ly & scrupul\sly int5t
 on ! que/ ( ,tru? or slo?fully plung$ 9
 ignorance & =getfulness8  ,b our body1 
?is insep>able companion1 :i* is our own
 self1 is no p>ticul> limb1 :i* z su*   
might be remov$ f u4 ,we rema9 :at we   
are1 ev5 ?\gh mutilat$4 ,ea* "p ( our   
organism is ours1 9 t x is fus$ 9 ! sole
 & indi/+ui%able totality ( our liv+    
be+1--our he>t & our bra91 z well z !   
phalanx ( a f+]1 if p]*ance we %\ld be  
unable to live )\t x1 & x !re=e         
effectively con/itut$ our be+4 ,!       
di/9ction betwe5 organs t are vital &   
organs t are n is an empirical "o1 &    
relative to an obs]vation :i* is true )9
 ! limits ( ord9>y occurr5ce4  ,if our  
body is ! body :i* we p]ceive z ours1 x 
is ?is "o or t "o 9 accordance ) our    
p]ception2 & ?is p]ception c]ta9ly is n 
arbitr>y1 b our own1 subjective1 to !   
po9t t1 9 an abnormal way1 "o may cease 
to be 9 possession ( 8 body & ?us to be 

no long] able to live 9 consequ5ce ( !  
loss ( a f+]1 or ev5 ( a hair4 ,?is hair
 !n is a vital "p1 n because x is a     
hair1 b because x has be51 insanely if y
 w1 assum$ & absorb$ 9 ! di/9ct unity ( 
our body4  ,i %all try to make my ?\ght 
cle>] by ! use ( an example4 ,! organ ( 
organs1 z a great writ] once said1 is ! 
h&1 & we c look at x f two q di/9ct     
po9ts ( view4 ,we may place our h& on a 
table by ! side ( o!r h&s1 ! h&s (      
p]sons sitt+ ar\nd u4 ,we see its %ape1 
its col\r1 its size1 etc42 we comp>e x )
 ! o!rs1 & we almo/ =get x is ours1     
because !n we d n1 9 act1 di/+ui% x f ! 
rema9+ ones4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x is   
evid5t t our h& is 9 our consci\sness z 
a mat]ial object1 sep>at$ f e ess5tial  
relation%ip ) u--) u z we are 9 ! act ( 
look+ & comp>+4 ,?is is ! ext]nal po9t f
 :i* we may view our h&4 ,b !re is ano!r
 "o3 ! h& t picks up ! p5 z we are ab\t 
to write is truly our h&1 ! in/rum5t (  
:i* we avail ourselves 9 ord] to ply    
ano!r tool :i* is ne$$ = our "w4 ,9 ^!  

circum/ances our "r h&1 in/ead ( be+ = u
 "o 9 ! mid/ ( _m1 z x 0 9 ! case       
previ\sly consid]$1 is ours1 ! only "o  
:i* we c possibly use1 z we endeav\r to 
c>ry out our int5tion ( writ+1 :i*      
int5tion is our w to realise our        
p]sonality 9 t det]m9$ way1 s9ce do+ a  
?+ always means realis+ t p]sonality (  
ours :i* does t ?+4 ,our h& 9 ?is case  
coalesces s completely ) our be+ t )\t  
x--! h& already tra9$ to write--we c\ld 
n be ourselves4 ,ab/ractly1 to be sure1 
we %\ld be ourselves4 ,b x is ! same    
/ory ov] aga94 ,:at exi/s is n ! ab/ract
 b ! concrete4 ,& 9 ! concrete1 we1 :o  
are ab\t to write1 are ?is det]m9$      
p]sonality1 9 :i* our w fl[s into ! h&2 
& j z we c\ld n 9 tru? di/+ui% our ,self
 f our w 7we be+ no?+ m & no?+ less ?an 
?is w ( ours71 9 ! same way x w\ld be   
impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 u & our h&1
 betwe5 our w & our h&4 ,s9ce ! h& n[   
wields ! p51 hav+ p]fect$ its           
in/rum5tality by means ( ?is latt]1 our 
w no long] leans ^u & t]m9ates 9 ! h&1 b

 x fl[s on & presses into ! po9t ( ! p5 
itself1 ?r\gh :i*1 if nei!r ink nor pap]
 (f]s resi/ance1 x empties into ! /ream 
( writ+4 ,?is writ+ :i* is read is      
,?\ght1 :]eby ! writ] f9ds himself at ! 
end 9 front ( 8 own ?9k+1 t is1 9 front 
( himself2 t self1 :i*1 consid]+ ! act  
mat]ially1 he seem$ to be leav+ fur!r & 
fur!r beh9d1 :]eas 9 reality he 0       
p5etrat+ into x m & m deeply4 ,b 9 su* a
 case & by ! act itself1 c we           
effectively di/+ui% betwe5 ?\ght1 arm1  
h&1 writ+ mat]ial1 ! writt5 page1 t same
 page :5 read1 & ! new ?\ght8 ,x is a   
circle made up ( contigu\s po9ts1 )\t   
gaps or int]ruptions4 ,x is "o sole     
process1 :]e9 9 consequ5ce ( a p>ticul> 
organisation ( our p]sonality1 we place 
ourselves 9 front ( ourselves1 & ?us    
realise ourselves4 ,! h& is ours because
 x is n di/+ui%$ f u1 nor1 consequ5tly1 
f ! rema9+ limbs ( our body nor f its   
mat]ial surr\nd+s4  ,?is1 our h&1 kn[s  
h[ to write because we h le>n$ h[ to    
write3 9 exactly ! same way t our he>t  

kn[s h[ to love1 to d>e & r5\nce1 by    
/riv+ e>ne/ly to see ourselves 9 o!rs1  
to repress ! in/9ctive timidity (       
excessive prud5ce1 & to break ! =ce (   
desire prompt$ by natural egoism4 ,we   
are !n :at we want to be2 n m]ely 9 our 
passions & ideas1 b 9 our limbs too1 to 
! ext5t t _! be+ dep5ds f _! functions1 
& _! functions c be regulat$ by hygi5e &
 ex]cise1 :i* are our action & our w4   
,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a natural datum :i* we
 _c modify1 :i* we h to accept z a basis
 = fur!r con/ruction4 ,b ?is limitation1
 impos$ on ! tru?s ,i m5tion$ above1 mu/
 be accept$ )\t 9 any way r5\nc+ ! tru? 
itself1 & %\ld be und]/ood by virtue (  
bo? its sci5tific & moral values4 ,?is  
w>n+ is n m]ely helpful 9 connection ) !
 "q n[ be=e u1 b w always prove useful  
on acc\nt ( its be>+ on ! _m problems   
:i* arise f a spirituali/ic conception (
 life & cause %iftless philosopha/]s to 
%y & balk4 ,x is true t !re is a body   
:i* we did n give to ourselves1 :i*     
!re=e is n a product ( our _s1 nor "p ( 

its life & sub/ance1 b only if we ?9k ( 
! body ( ! individual1 empirically      
consid]$ z su*4 ,9 ?is s5se ,i am n     
self-produc$4 ,! son c ascribe to 8     
p>5ts ! imp]fection t m>s 8 :ole        
exi/5ce1 :atev] k9d ( life he may decide
 to lead4 ,! man :o 0 born bl9d may     
blame 8 affliction ^u cruel nature4 ,b !
 *ild :o calls 8 p>5ts to acc\nt1 & !   
man :o compla9s ( nature1 is man z a    
p>ticul>2 he is "o ( _m m51 "o ( !      
animals1 "o ( ! be+s1 "o ( ! inf9ite ?+s
 wield$ by ,man 7t man to :om we mu/    
always ref]1 :5 we wi% to recall t ev5  
if ! _w is n all _s1 !re is at lea/ a   
little corn] !re9 set aside = x72 he is 
"o ( ! inf9ite ?+s :i* ,man ga!rs &     
unifies 9 8 own ?\ght because he is     
?\ght4 ,! p>ticul> man is man z he is   
be+ ?\ght1 :o ref]s u to ! ?9k+ man z to
 ! true man4 ,?is true man is also an   
individual1 n z a "p b z ! :ole1 &      
compreh5ds all )9 itself4 ,& 9 ?is man1 
p>5ts & *ildr5 are ! same man4 ,9 x m5 &
 nature are1 likewise1 "o & ! same1 man 

or _s 9 its univ]sality4 ,we 7ea* "o (  
u7 are "o & ! o!r ( ^! m52 b we are "o (
 !m1 ! small] "o1 only 9 t we are ! o!r 
"o1 ! l>g] "o1 & we ought n to expect ! 
small to take ! place ( ! l>ge & to act 
9 8 /ead4 ,all our errors & all our s9s 
are caus$ by sub/itut+ "o 9 place ( !   
o!r4  ,& :at is m1 ! l>ge1 ! all        
embrac+1 ! inf9ite1 is pres5t 9 ! small 
) all 8 inf9itude4 ,p]sonality z su*1 9 
its actuality1 does n %r9k & re/rict    
itself to ! s+ul> & p>ticul> man4 ,)9 ^?
 b\nd>ies :i* are only visible f !      
outside1 x int]nally expatiates to      
inf9ity1 absorb+ 9 itself & surm\nt+ all
 limitations4 ,! man born bl9d does n "k
 ! m>vels & ! wondr\s beauties ( nature 
:i* gladd5 ! eyes & ! s\l ( ! see+ man4 
,b 8 s\l p\rs out none ! less ov] !     
inf9ity ( h>monies & ( ?\ght4 ,& ! bl9d 
man :o once saw1 9 ! consci\sness ( 8   
sightlessness1 *]i%es ! b\ndless image (
 ! _w once se51 & magnifies x           
indef9itely by ! aid ( ! imag9ation4 ,he
 ev5 heals ! w\nds & soo!s ! pa9 (      

bl9dness by mak+ x objective ?r\gh      
reflection2 & ! p]sonality1 at any ev5t1
 always victori\sly breaks out ( ! n>r[ 
cell 9 :i* x might seem to be conf9$4 ,s
 t 9 ! dep?s ( ev5 ! gloomie/ dungeon a 
ray ( light always pe]s ?r\gh1 to light5
 & com=t ! s\l ( man 9 mis]y1 & to      
re/ore to him ! entire & !re=e inf9ite  
lib]ty ( creat+ = himself a _w ( 8 own4 
,we c !re=e say t man1 he t lives--n !  
"o :i* is se5 f ! outside1 b ! ?9k+ & ! 
will+ man1 :o is a p]sonality 9 !       
act--nev] submits to a nature :i* is n 8
 own4 ,he %apes 8 own nature1 beg9n+ ) 8
 body1 & gradually f x magnify+ ! effect
 ( 8 p[]1 & cr[d+ ! environ+ space1 :i* 
is 81 ) ! creatures he gives life to4   
,we mu/ n consid] ! small] man :om we   
see conf9$ to a few squ>e feet & at !   
m]cy ( ! pass+ in/ant4 ,we mu/ int5tly  
look ^u t o!r "o :o has done & /ill     
cont9ues to d all ! beautiful ?+s on :i*
 we ?rive1 on t "o :o is humanity1 ! _s4
 ,we mu/ consid] 8 p[]1 :i* is ?\ght &  
"w 7"w1 t is1 z ?\ght72 & pond] ov] ?is 

mat]ial _w 9 :i* we live1 all block$    
out1 z x is1 measur$1 & trav]s$ by =ces 
:i* we bridle1 accumulate & release1 at 
pleasure1--?is _w :i* has be5 alt]$ f   
its =m] /ate1 & has be5 made z we n[ see
 x fit = human habitation1 :i* has be5  
jo9$ to u1 assimilat$ to our life1      
spiritualis$4 ,:5 we h done all ?is we  
%all see h[ impossible x is to          
disconnect nature f ! _s1 & to ?9k ! =m]
 )\t ! latt]4 ,nature may be dissociat$ 
f ! natural man1 t is1 "o ( its p>ts may
 be isolat$ f ! rema9d]4 ,b su* man (   
nature is n ! "o :o rules ov] nature3 he
 is n ,volta :o clut*es ! electric      
curr5t & trans=ms ! e>?2 he is n ,mi*el 
,angelo :o transfigures m>ble & creates 
! ,moses4  ,physical education1 !n1 is n
 sup]add$ to ! education ( ! _s1 b is   
itself education ( ! _s4 ,x is !        
fundam5tal "p ( ?is education1 9 z mu* z
 ! body is1 9 ! s5se we h us$ ! words1 !
 seat ( our spiritual p]sonality4 ,liv+ 
means con/ruct+ "o's own body1 because  
liv+ is ?9k+1 & ?9k+ is                 

self-consci\sness2 b ?is consci\sness is
 possible only if we make x objective1 &
 ! object z su* is ! body 7our body74 ,=
 z consci\sness is1 s is ! body4 ,!re is
 no ?9k+ :i* is n also do+4 ,?9k+ n only
 builds up ! bra91 b ! re/ ( ! body     
besides4 ,we may call x w1 b !n !re is n
 "o s+le act ( ?\ght :i* is n ! m5tal   
activity indicat$ by ?is ^w w4 ,)\t w we
 %\ld h no bodily sub/ance1 9 z mu* z ! 
body is always & prim>ily life1 & liv+  
is impossible )\t will+4 ,:at are call$ 
involunt>y movem5ts are n really su*2 !y
 diff] f ! s-call$ volunt>y 9 t !y are  
con/ant1 imman5t1 s mu* s t we c aft]   
all int]rupt !m4 ,)\t ! ex]cise ( our w 
we c\ld nev] hold ourselves erect & keep
 our feet1 b w\ld =ev] be /umbl+ &      
fall+2 unless we will$ x1 ! p[] :i*     
keeps e organ 9 its place1 & ma9ta9s all
 ! organs 9 ! circle ( life1 w\ld be    
annihilat$4 ,!re=e morale1 z !y say1 is 
a v consid]able aid 9 cur+ ! diseases ( 
! body4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t societies 
& religi\s sects h aris5 :i* make (     

moral fai? an in/rum5t ( physical       
well-be+4 ,= ! same reason1 also1 x is  
impossible = ! psy*iatri/s to draw a l9e
 sep>at+ m5tal tr\bles f bodily ailm5ts4
 ,! =ce ( ! w1 ! vig\r ( ! p]sonality1 !
 impulse ( ! _s 9 its becom+1 ?is is !  
wondr\s p[] :i* galvanises matt] &      
organically quick5s x2 :i* su/a9s life1 
equips x1 & fits x = its m>* t[>ds ev]  
r5ew$1 ev] improv$ f9alities4 ,x is n   
temp]am5t :i* is ! basis ( "*1 b "* :i* 
is ! basis ( temp]am5t4 ,if we rev]se   
?is proposition1 e moral conception (   
life becomes absurd1 & e spiritual value
 appe>s ineffectual4 ,don ,abbondio !n  
ceases to be wrong1 & ,c>d9al ,f$]ico   
,borromeo is no long] "r4  ,"* too is an
 empirical concept1 & l all su*         
concepts1 x has a tru?fulness :i* is n  
cle>ly disc]nible1 b dimly visible4 ,"* 
signifies rational p]sonality1 us+ ! t]m
 rationality to mean1 n ! movem5t or !  
becom+ :i* belongs peculi>ly to reason z
 ! =m ( spiritual activity1 b ! coh]5ce 
( ! object on :i* ?is activity is fix$1 

:i* coh]5ce 9 turn consi/s 9 ! h>mony   
:]eby x is possible to ?9k all ! p>ts ( 
objective ?\ght z =m+ a s+le :ole1 9 t  
!re is no conflict or contradiction     
among !m1 & 9 z mu* z ! object rema9s   
always ! same ?r\gh\t all ^! p>ticul>s4 
,if 9 ! c\rse ( reason+ we introduce    
conflict+ /atem5ts :i* _c possibly be   
ref]r$ to ! same ?+1 we _c be said to   
reason4 ,rationality is ! p]man5ce ( !  
be+ ( :i* we ?9k3 x is firmness (       
conception1 /ability ( a law :i* we     
apply to all p>ticul>s t come "u its    
sway4 ,= ! object ( consci\sness is     
*>act]is$1 9 respect to ! act :i*       
con/itutes x1 by ?is /ability &         
immutability4 ,:at we ?9k is t & no o!r1
 :]eas ?\ght1 by :i* we ?9k x1 is a     
becom+ & a cont9u\s *ange4  ,b ! "* (   
man is 9 ! object1 9 ! cont5ts ( 8      
?\ght1 9 :at he gradually builds himself
 up to1 9 ! det]m9$ p]sonality :i* he   
con/itutes by ?9k+1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 8
 body4 ,b body1 be x rememb]$1 9 an     
ideali/ic s5se1 body z a sy/em1 =m+1 )  

its law & its configuration1 ! solid    
basis ( e ult]ior developm5t4 ,?is tru?1
 vaguely accept$ by common s5se1 :i*    
looks ^u a /rong con/itution z a        
prelim9>y to a s\nd "*1 w appe> 9 its   
full light only aft] x has be5 /ripp$ ( 
! fanta/ic & mat]ial attributes :i* x   
receives f a reali/ically vulg> way (   
conceiv+ ! body mat]ially4 ,= x is      
evid5t t a feeble & sickly man may yet h
 a /eel-l "*4 ,f>9ata1 :o /&s erect )   
brea/ & br[1 z ?\gh he held ,hell 9     
contempt3 ,giordano ,bruno1 :o amid/ !  
flames t already consume 8 fle%         
disda9fully turns 8 eyes f ! symbol ( ! 
religion :i* _h ?ru/ him on ! /ake1 are 
evid5t examples ( a /r5g? ( m9d ) no    
relation to _! physical p[]s1 :i* 7     
already de/roy$ or ab\t to be scatt]$ by
 an irresi/ible might4 ,leop>di is "r :5
 he scornfully prote/s t 8 ill heal? is 
n ! cause ( t sad pessimism :i* 9 8 m9d 
solemnly *all5ges ! unseemly hidd5 ,p[]4
  ,"* is physical robu/ness to ! ext5t t
 ?is latt] is spiritual hal5ess1 & 9 s  

f> z x is compact1 firm1 /eadfa/ ?\ght4 
,?\ght 9 ?is respect appe>s ext]nally z 
body1 n subject to ! ho/ile =ces t      
p]petually beset x f )\t & f )92 & on   
acc\nt ( ! intr9sic spirituality ( its  
sub/ance1 x is a law r ?an a fact1 & a  
process or a t5d5cy r ?an a fix$ &      
e/abli%$ mann] ( be+4 ,= organic        
endurance1 :i* is really :at we mean by 
heal?1 does n consi/ 9 muscul>          
developm5t or 9 ! bloom ( an exub]ant   
con/itution1 b r 9 an indwell+ p[]1 9   
dynamically p]si/5t & t5aci\s /ruggle & 
adaptation1 9 ! capacity (              
self-pres]vation1 ( self-affirmation1   
:i* is ! specific ess5ce ( spiritual    
be+4  ,?is body1 9 :i* ?\ght organises &
 consolidates itself2 ?is body1 by means
 ( :i* ?\ght is enabl$ to press on its  
vigor\s developm5t1 reabsorb+ 9 its     
actual pres5t ! pa/ accompli%m5t1 & to  
proce$ on its asc5t1 scal+ ! height /ep 
by /ep1 nev] slid+ d[nw>d1 because e    
grade x builds rema9s z a firm support (
 ! next "o2--?is is man's "*1 :i* is n  

an attribute ( ! w consid]$ z practical 
activity 9 contra-di/9ction to !oretic  
activity4 ,"* is an attribute ( ! _s qua
 _s1 )\t any adjectives4 ,we may1 if we 
w1 di/+ui% ! practical f ! !oretical    
man1 ! s\ndness ( ! w f intellectual    
orig9ality4 ,b j z x is n possible to   
conceive ( a really fruitful &          
con/ructive practical activity )\t t    
coh]5ce ( design & self-support+        
volitional cont9uity :i* con/itute "*1 9
 ! same way intellig5ce & +5uity w n    
become manife/ )\t firmness ( purpose1  
)\t p]sev]+ reflection & /udy ( !       
object1 & )\t /ability ( ?is object (   
intellectual activity1 :i* aga9         
con/itute "*4 ,if "* is set z ! basis ( 
morality1 !n e sci5ce & e =m ( culture1 
ev5 ^? :i* aim at evil1 consid]$ 9      
!mselves1 z ! life ( ! intellig5ce mu/ h
 a moral value1 mu/ be gov]n$ by an     
inviolable law4 ,by spiritual           
/eadfa/ness1 :i* is ! condition (       
spiritual productivity1 man sacrifices  
himself to an ideal & con/itutes 8 moral

 p]sonality1 :e!r he die = 8 c\ntry or  
:e!r he lab\r to br+ light amid 8       
?\ghts4 ,life 9 all its phases is !     
untir+ fulfilm5t ( duty4  ,to conclude  
!n1 physical education mu/ be enc\rag$1 
b z spiritual tra9+ & z =mation ( "*4   
,gymna/ic ex]cise1 !re=e1 f> f be+ !    
only way to ?is end1 may ev5 lead 9 !   
opposite direction2 & x w d s z long z x
 is consid]$ ap>t f ! rema9d] (         
education1 ) a p>ticul> scope ( its own1
 & ) het]og5e\s cont5ts 9 respect to    
spiritual education prop]ly s-call$4 ,! 
tea*] ( physical education mu/ always   
be> 9 m9d t he is n deal+ ) bodies1     
bodies to be mov$ ar\nd1 to be l9$ up1  
or ru%$ ar\nd a track4 ,he too is tra9+ 
s\ls1 & collaborates ) all ! o!r tea*]s 
9 ! moral prep>ation & advancem5t (     
mank9d4 ,if1 9 addition to 8 special    
qualifications1 he does n possess       
culture en\gh to enable him to disc]n ! 
_s beyond ! body1 & to und]/& !re=e !   
moral value ( ord]1 ( precision1 (      
gracefulness1 ( agility1 by :i* man     

ext]nally realises 8 p]sonality1 he w no
 d\bt fulfil ! ord9>y dem&s ( physical  
culture1 b he w j z c]ta9ly antagonise &
 disgu/ ^? ( 8 pupils :o are mo/ highly 
gift$ & o!rwise bett] tra9$1 & he c     
!re=e lay no claim to ! title (         
educator4  ,education !n is ei!r "o or n
 effective4 ,! assumption t !re are _m  
k9ds ( education leads to v disa/r\s    
results4 ,education is "o2 & z a :ole x 
appe>s un*ang$ 9 ea* "o ( ! p>ts t we   
ord9>ily di/+ui% 9 x1 accord+ z we      
approa* ! human _s n[ f "o side & n[ f !
 o!r4     ,,*apt] ,x  ,,! ,,ideal ,,(   
,,education  ,,art ,,& ,,religion   ,we 
h %[n 9 ! previ\s *apt]s ! necessity (  
rigor\sly ma9ta9+ ! unity ( education1 (
 resi/+ e attempt at sep>ation1 ( oppos+
 all sy/ems :i* treat ! v>i\s p>ts (    
education z ?\gh !y c\ld be kept di/9ct 
9 practice & !ory4 ,!re /ill rema9s a "q
 :i* naturally arises at ?is juncture1 &
 :i* we mu/ try to answ]4 ,= true x is1 
"s "o might say1 t moral & intellectual 
education are "o & ! same ?+1 & true x  

may be t education ( ! m9d & culture ( !
 body "w = ! same results2 & x may also 
be admitt$ t education be+ =mation1 or  
developm5t1 t is1 ! becom+ ( ! _s1 & !  
_s consi/+ 9 its becom+ or r 9 becom+   
pure & simple1 x foll[s t education     
means _s & no?+ m4 ,b grant+ all ?is1 0 
x really wor? :ile8 ,:5 we h atta9$ ?is 
notion ( ! unity :i* is always ! same1  
no matt] "u h[ _m aspects x may pres5t  
itself1 :at h we ga9$8 ,h we "h any?+ m 
?an a ^w8 ,"o says _s1 ano!r might say  
,god1 or nature1 or matt]1 or "s su* ?+1
 & !re w\ld n be mu* diff]5ce4 ,x might 
well be t 9 ! c\rse ( ! inquiry into !  
attributes ( ! _s1 a way 0 f\nd to inve/
 our ^w ) q a diff]5t mean+2 b /ill1    
aft] we h def9$ & di/+ui%$ ! concept ( !
 _s f all ! o!rs1 we h n progress$ mu*4 
,we may h ! satisfaction ( cont9u+ to   
see be=e u ?is concept1 ) no possibility
 ( ev] ridd+ ourselves ( its pres5ce1 b 
h[ mu* w we "k ( ! cont5ts t ?is _s is  
suppos$ to h8 ,:at are ! pr9ciples t    
%\ld gov]n ?is education1 :i* has be5   

cle>ly /at$ to be n a natural fact1 b a 
free action1 & !re=e a selection        
enlight5$ by consci\sness1 by           
reflection1 & by reason8  ,?is sugge/$  
objection is n a purely imag9>y "o4 ,v  
(t5 sup]ficial critics1 =gett+ t        
p$agogical problems p]ta9 to philosophy 
& are !re=e problems ( ! _s1 awkw>dly   
try to solve !m by ! insuffici5t light (
 common s5se4 ,9 s do+ !y w>n u t 9     
ideali/ic p$agogics all p>ticul> &      
def9ite concepts vani%1 & :at rema9s is 
a vague confus$ indi/9ctness ( no       
practical utility to ! tea*]4  ,& truly1
 if ! only result obta9$ by ideali/ic   
p$agogics 7 ! demon/ration t _m         
concepts1 ord9>ily consid]$ to be       
sub/antially diff]5t1 are 9 reality     
id5tical1 we %\ld n hesitate to call su*
 philosophical k useless & ridicul\s4 ,b
 9 ! fir/ place we mu/ notice t ?is     
assum$ defici5cy *>g$ aga9/ u has       
p>tially be5 %[n to be non-exi/5t by !  
exposition ( our doctr9e1 :i* r$uces    
education to free spiritual becom+1 &   

resolves ! app>5t multiplicity (        
educational =ms 9 ! immultiplicable     
unity ( ?is becom+1 outside ( :i* no?+  
is truly conceivable4  ,= ! defect ( our
 sy/em 0 assum$ 9 connection ) an       
exig5cy :i* divides itself into two     
p>ts1 respectively correspond+ to ! =m &
 to ! matt] ( education4 ,= _m ( !      
p$agogical errors :i* we h po9t$ out 7  
se5 to be imputable1 n to ! *oice ( an  
unsuitable cont5t ( education1 b to !   
crit]ion adopt$ 9 treat+ ?is cont5t4 ,i 
h already spok5 ( my dis9cl9ation to    
accompli% a m]e negative task2 & 9 ! la/
 *apt]1 :ile d5\nc+ ! mat]iali/ic       
conception ( physical education1 ,i     
c]ta9ly did n sp>e ! ascetic view :i*   
kn[s ( no body o!r ?an ! "o :i* h>asses 
! _s & h9d]s its progress t[>d !        
ultimate good2 & !reupon ,i tri$ to %[ t
 physical culture is spiritual education
 end[$ ) t self-same nature :i* belongs 
to education :5 consid]$ z =mation ( ! w
 & ( ! intellect4 ,b ?is does n mean t  
our !sis r$uces itself to a m]e !oretic 

transvaluation or to a new ab/ract      
int]pretation ( our pres5t educative    
sy/em1 :i* h[ev] 9 practice c\ld n be   
affect$ by ?is purely !oretical diff]5ce
 ( int]pretation4 ,i tri$ to make x cle>
 t our conception is n devoid (         
practical import1 & t x does lead to a  
re=m 9 education & to a new ori5tation (
 ! s*ool4 ,?is 0 especially br\ght out 9
 connection ) physical culture 9 !      
prec$+ *apt]1 :5 ,i insi/$ on !         
necessity t physical in/ructors be tra9$
 9 su* a way t _! m5tal equipm5t %all n 
be limit$ to notions t ref] exclusively 
to ! body 9 its physical limitations3 b 
t 9 addition to physiology1 anatomy1 &  
hygi5e1 !y be made famili> also ) ^?    
/udies & discipl9es t are m intimately  
connect$ ) "*1 ) ! s\l1 & ) ! m9d4  ,b  
besides ?is1 our entire inve/igation    
deal+ ) ! reasons = an absolutely       
spirituali/ic conception ( education    
%\ld h made x v cle> t x is n possible  
to ent]ta9 ^! new conceptions )\t       
introduc+ 9 ! s*ool a new _s1 :i* w n   

yield to ! reali/ic vogue & to !        
mat]iali/ic1 p$antic1 old-fa%ion$       
education1--a _s :i* w br+ be=e u a new 
duty 9 e in/ant ( our tea*+ life & 9 e  
^w we utt]1 & :i* w impress u ) !       
necessity ( act+ diff]5tly f :at has be5
 taught by ! foll[]s ( traditional      
p$agogical r\t9e4 ,:atev] ! subject may 
be1 ! =m ( education has to be 9 accord 
) some?+ t %\ld by n[ be ! common       
possession ( u all1 namely1 !           
consci\sness ( ! intimate spirituality &
 ( ! sacr$ fre$om ( our "w1 :i* op]ates 
n 9 ! mat]ial s*ools b )9 ! s\ls ( our  
pupils4 ,!re x gives rise n to incid5ts 
t are uness5tial to t great] _w :i* is !
 aim ( our religi\sly1 s]i\s outlook on 
life1 b to a process 9 :i* ,all is      
involv$4 ,! speculative side !n ( ?is =m
 ( education is n a useless & ab/ract   
!ory1 b a necess>y mom5t ( ! moral      
improvem5t1 ( ! spiritual enhancem5t1 & 
( ! g5]al reg5]ation ( tea*+4           
,indiff]5ce to ?is re=m1 & ! belief t m5
 may cont9ue to educate )\t bo!r+ ) !   

subtle problems ( philosophy1 mean a    
failure to und]/& ! precise nature (    
education4  ,b ! "q ( ! cont5t (        
education is a diff]5t "o4 ,hav+        
id5tifi$ education ) spiritual reality  
itself1 x foll[s t ! two det]m9ations ( 
! cont5t ( ! latt] belong to ! cont5t ( 
! =m]4 ,"o ( ^! det]m9ations is         
hi/orical 9 "*2 x advances z ! hi/ory ( 
! human m9d progresses1 assum+ n[ ?is & 
n[ t aspect 9 accordance ) ! prevail+   
spiritual int]e/s4 ,we :o h c5sur$ !    
conception ( pre-e/abli%$ programmes1 z 
be+ mo/ dang]\s prejudices ( p$agogical 
realism1 c\ld n v well presume to       
det]m9e "h 9 ! ab/ract1 ! cont5t ( e    
possible =m ( education = all places &  
all times4 ,! s*ool1 l e o!r =m (       
education1 develops2 & z x gr[s1 x      
con/antly *anges its cont5t1 :i* aga9 is
 no?+ else ?an ! cont5t t ! _s gives to 
itself at e mom5t ( its concrete        
developm5t4  ,x w\ld be j z irrational  
to expect a s*ool to map out ) precision
 ! limits & ! scope ( a pupil's culture4

 ,( all ! culture c>v$ out = him at     
s*ool1 a boy w absorb only t mu* :i* is 
tak5 up by ! autonom\s gr[? ( 8         
p]sonality4 ,?is w be supplem5t$ &      
integrat$ by ! culture :i* he gets      
outside ( ! classroom1 9 all possible   
walks ( life1 & w be s p]sonal & ( su* a
 "* z to admit ( no prevision or        
pre-det]m9ation ev5 on ! "p ( ! le>n]   
himself4 ,away ) pre-e/abli%$ programmes
 !n ( any description6 ,spiritual       
activity works only 9 ! pl5itude (      
fre$om4 ,horace asks3 ,curr5te rota cur 
urceus exit8 ,we answ]3 ,:e!r an urceus 
or n1 :at always comes f ! rota is      
some?+ :i* _c be =ese51 = ! v simple    
reason t :at is =ese5 is n ! future b ! 
pa/1 :i* we 7z 9 ! case ( exp]im5tal    
sci5ces7 project into ! future1 :]eas ! 
_s is a creation :i* occurs n 9 "t b 9 a
 nev]-sett+ pres5t4  ,s e ab/ract       
discussion ( ! possible cont5t (        
education 9 g5]al1 or ( any giv5        
p>ticul> s*ool1 mu/ appe> crude &       
absurd1 if we recall t education        

reflects ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! _s4 
,:at we ne$ to d is to wait1 obs]ve1 & h
 fai?4 ,= ,god w reveal himself to u2 & 
,god is ! v ,_s ( ours :i* at e mom5t   
prescribes its law to itself & ?us      
det]m9es its own cont5t4  ,! o!r ( ! two
 det]m9ations m5tion$ above is ! ideal1 
or1 z we p]haps might m precisely call  
x1 ! transc5d5tal4 ,x p]ta9s to t       
spiritual cont5t :i* nev] *anges z x    
passes ?r\gh ! v>i\s hi/orical          
det]m9ations1 & :i* might !re=e be /yl$ 
! det]m9] ( ! intr9sic & absolute ess5ce
 ( ! _s4 ,?is cont5t ^u c>eful          
consid]ation reveals itself z =m1 & m   
precisely z ! =m ( ! hi/orically det]m9$
 cont5t ( ! _s2 or aga9 z ! concret5ess 
( t =m :i* has be5 attribut$ to ! _s    
consid]$ 9 itself1 :i* is a becom+4 ,b  
qua becom+1 & irrespective ( all special
 aspects ) :i* x hi/orically configures 
itself1 ! _s has already a cont5t ( its 
own1 :i* _c be abs5t f any ( its        
hi/orical configurations4 ,9 !m ?is     
cont5t w manife/ itself ov] & ov] aga91 

b con/antly modifi$ by ! *anges t are   
be+ hi/orically produc$4 ,"u ^! v>y+    
modes & pres5tations x p]man5tly abides 
z ! indefectible sub/ance ( ! _s4 ,?is  
sub/ance1 ?is ideal _s :i* becomes      
actual 9 hi/ory1 _c be ignor$ by any k9d
 ( p$agogics :i* aspires to a ?or\gh k (
 ! ess5ce ( education4  ,hav+ ?us       
=mulat$ ! problem1 & cl++ firmly to !   
pr9ciple ( educational unity1 we may    
di/+ui% ! =ms ( education :i* proce$ f !
 ideal cont5t ( ! _s4 ,b we mu/ always  
keep 9 m9d t1 z ^! =ms are only         
di/+ui%able ideally1 !y c 9 no way be   
effectively sep>at$1 & mu/ be f\nd 9 e  
concrete educative act4 ,s t _! syn!sis 
& _! complete imman5ce is ! concret5ess 
( educational unity 9 its opposition to 
:at ,i h call$ fragm5t>y education4 ,our
 di/9ction !n w turn out to be an exact 
logical analysis1 :i* analyses only !   
t]ms ( a syn!sis & _c !re=e be          
dissociat$ f ! syn!sis4 ,by analys+ & by
 syn!sis+1 by det]m9+ ! spiritual unity 
)\t disconnect+ or 9 any way dissociat+ 

its intr9sic ideal det]m9ations1 we     
/rive to repres5t ! ideal ( education4  
,9 mak+ a rapid survey ( ?is analysis1  
,i mu/ ref] back to :at 0 said ( !      
attributes ( ! _s1--t ! _s is 9 t x     
becomes1 t x becomes 9 s f> z x acquires
 self-consci\sness1 t its be+ !re=e is  
consci\sness 9 ! act ( be+ acquir$4 ,?is
 act is surely self-consci\sness1 & x   
does mean cognition1 b a cognition :i*  
diff]s f all o!rs 9 t x has = its object
 t v "o :o cognises4 ,& ?is is ! mean+ (
 ,i1 id5tity ( subject & object1--an    
id5tity1 h[ev]1 t because ( its curi\s  
nature ne$s to be c>efully exam9$4 ,x 0 
%[n 9 a prec$+ *apt] t two ?+s1 to be   
?\ght z two1 mu/ yet be ?\ght z "o by   
virtue ( ! unique relation%ip :i* makes 
_! duality possible4 ,"h we obs]ve !    
inv]se3 id5tity ( subject & object means
 t 9 addition to ! subject !re is--no?+2
 x means !re=e unity4 ,& yet ?is unity  
w\ld 9 no mann] be intelligible if x 7 n
 also a duality1 if1 9 o!r words1 !     
id5tity ( subject & object 7 n also !   

diff]5ce betwe5 !m4  ,to di/+ui% ,a f   
,b1 an initial1 elem5t>y m9imum diff]5ce
 is requir$4 ,x is ! diff]5ce1 call$    
o!rness1 by :i* ,b is o!r ?an ,a4 ,)\t  
?is o!rness !re w\ld n be ,a & ,b1 b    
ei!r ,a alone or ,b alone4 ,! subject z 
x kn[s itself is c]ta9ly n ano!r f !    
subject alone4 ,b if x did n become o!r 
to itself1 if x 7 n object also1 z well 
z subject1 x w\ld nev] "k itself4 ,to be
 object z well z subject implies !      
necessity ( di/+ui%+ ^! two t]ms1 & %[s 
t !re is o!rness betwe5 !m4 ,if x s\nds 
h>% to speak ( some?+ t fir/ is "o & !n 
is two1 we might /ate ! situation 9 a   
diff]5t & p]haps simpl] way4 ,we might  
say t ! subject w\ld n "k itself1 if    
rema9+ always t "o & self-same subject1 
x 7 n bo? subject & object to itself4   
,consci\sness implies ?is self-alt]ation
 ( ! subject1 :i* by plac+ itself z an  
object 9 front ( itself realises itself1
 x be+ real only z self-consci\sness4   
,?is is ! import ( ! id5tity ( ! two    
t]ms1 subject & object2 or ( ! diff]5ce 

intr9sic to ! "o1 :i* is b ano!r way (  
/at+ x4 ,we may insi/ z mu* z we want on
 ! id5tity ( ! ,i1 b x w always be true 
t ?is ,i is real only 9 virtue ( its    
intr9sic diff]5ce4 ,& conv]sely we may  
insi/1 z x is m (t5 done1 on ! diff]5ce 
betwe5 ! subjective mom5t ( ! ,i1 :]eby 
! ,i is set 9 opposition to all its     
objects1 & ! objective mom5t 9 :i* ! ego
 vani%es4 ,b beh9d ! diff]5ce1 id5tity  
is always to be f\nd4 ,man1 ! m he ?9ks1
 ! m he alt]s himself1 ! m objective t  
reality becomes :i* he realises by      
self-consci\sness1 ! m fully he sees !  
v>iation1 ! developm5t1 ! gr[?1 !       
enhancem5t ( ! object--! _w he kn[s4  ,!
 _s's be+ is its alt]ation4 ,! m x      
is1--t is1 ! m x becomes1 ! m x         
lives1--! m difficult x is = x to       
recognise itself 9 ! object4 ,x might   
!re=e be said t he :o increases 8 k also
 increases 8 ignorance1 if he is unable 
to trace ?is k back to its orig91 & if !
 _s's rally does n induce him to        
r$iscov] himself at ! bottom ( ! object1

 :i* has be5 all[$ to alt] & ali5ate    
itself m & m f ! secret s\rce ( its own 
becom+4 ,?us x happ5s1 z 0 said ( old1 t
 ,he t increase? k increase? sorr[4 ,all
 human sorr[ proce$s f our incapacity to
 recognise ourselves 9 ! object1 &      
consequ5tly to feel our own inf9ite     
lib]ty4  ,subject !n & object1 & 9 _!   
syn!sis1 9 _! liv+ unity1 ! _s1 :i*     
!re=e is nei!r a subject /&+ aga9/ an   
object1 nor its opposite4 ,! two t]ms1  
ea* "o = itself1 isolat$1 are equival5t4
 ,b e "t human ?\ght has isolat$ !m1    
:e!r /riv+ to conceive itself1 its own  
spiritual sub/ance1 objectively 7,god71 
or z a simple subject 7a p>ticul> man71 
x has ev] rea*$ mo/ desp]ate            
conclusions1 n[ totally block+ its way  
to ! compreh5sion & ju/ification ( its  
own subjectivity1 & n[ seclud+ itself 9 
an ab/ract subjectivity1 remov$ f all   
:i* man !oretically & practically ne$s 9
 ord] to live4 ,! reality ( ! _s is n 9 
! subject z oppos$ to ! object1 b 9 !   
subject t has 9 itself ! object z its   

actuality4  ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is       
insev]able unity1 by :i* ! subject      
presses to itself ! object & becomes    
actual !re91 t ! progressive alt]ation (
 ! object is also ! progressive         
alt]ation ( ! subject4 ,at e giv5 mom5t1
 ! subject1 alt]$ z x is1 made into !   
o!r or det]m9$1 is yet pure subject1 &  
no?+ else ?an ! subject :i* becomes     
consci\s ( itself1 & !re=e actual by    
det]m9+ itself z subject ( its object1 9
 su* a way t ! subject z well z ! object
 is always new & always diff]5t4 ,n     
because x is n[ "o subject & n[ ano!r1 9
 :i* case succession & enum]ation w\ld  
import multiplicity1 & w\ld !re=e r$uce 
! _s to a ?+2 b because x appe>s & _c b 
appe> ?us1 if obs]v$ f ! po9t ( view :i*
 di/+ui%es "o individual f ano!r1 & 9 ! 
same individual "o in/ant f ! next1     
al?\gh f a rigor\sly ideali/ic po9t (   
view ! _s is "o1 & its det]m9at5ess does
 n detract f its absolute orig9ality4   
,?is dialectic 9 :i* ! spiritual becom+ 
unfolds itself 7subject1 object1 & unity

 ( subject & object71 ?is               
self-objectify+ or self-e/rangem5t aim+ 
at self-atta9m5t1--?is is ! et]nal life 
( ! _s1 :i* creates its immortal =ms1 & 
det]m9es ! ideal cont5ts ( culture &    
education4 ,! _s's self-realisation is !
 realisation ( ! subject1 ( ! object1 & 
( _! relation%ip4 ,if ( ^! ?ree t]ms 7! 
?ird be+ ! syn!sis ( ! fir/ & second7   
any "o %\ld fail1 ! spiritual reality   
w\ld cease to be4  ,?is ?reefold        
realisation admits empirically ( a      
sep>ation t makes x possible to h "o )\t
 ! o!rs4 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is triple       
division we speak ( art1 ( religion1 & (
 philosophy1 z ?\gh ea* "o ( !m c\ld    
subsi/ by itself4 ,s t commonly p       
believe t x is possible to be a poet )\t
 9 any way burd5+ "o's m9d ) religion or
 philosophy1--especially philosophy1 :i*
 appe>s to be ! bugbe> ( mo/ poets4 ,9 !
 same way _m philosoph]s1 & among !m "o 
( ! v greate/1 held art to be ! negation
 ( philosophy1 to ! po9t t x %\ld be    
bani%$ f ! k+dom :]e ! latt] 0 expect$  

to reign4 ,& h[ (t5 has religion tak5 up
 arms1 n[ aga9/ poetry1 & n[ aga9/      
speculation6 ,all ( ^! occurr5ces 7     
possible because ! ?ree t]ms 7 look$ ^u 
z sep>able1 z ?\gh !y 7 ?ree mat]ial    
?+s1 ea* "o ( :i* c\ld be :at x 0 only  
on condition t x exclud$ ! o!rs4  ,a    
sup]ficial und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ces int]v5+
 betwe5 ^! ?ree t]ms is ! reason :y !y  
are (t5 look$ ^u z sep>able4 ,b 9       
reality !y are s indissolubly conjo9$1 t
 sep>ation w\ld de/roy _! spiritual "*1 
& put 9 its place me*anism1 :i* is !    
prop]ty ( all t is n _s4  ,art is !     
self-realisation ( ! _s z subject4 ,man 
becomes enfold$ 9 8 subjectivity1 & he>s
 b ! voice ( love or o!r inw>d summons4 
,liv+ )\t communication ) ! _w1 he      
refra9s f affirm+ & d5y+ :at exi/s & :at
 does n exi/4 ,he simply spreads out ov]
 8 own ab/ract int]ior _w1 & dreams2 & z
 he dreams1 he escapes f ! out] bu/le   
into ! seclusion ( 8 en*ant$ realm1 :i* 
is true 9 itself until he issues f x &  
discov]s x to be a figm5t ( 8 phantasy4 

,?is man is ! arti/1 :o1 we might say1  
nei!r cognises nor acts1 b s+s4  ,8     
subjectivity appe>s empirically to u    
always z a det]m9$ subjectivity1 !      
det]m9ation ( :i* proce$s f ! object 9  
:i* ! _s1 !oretically & practically1 has
 previ\sly objectifi$ itself4 ,b ?is    
priority ( ! act1 by :i* ! arti/ is     
consid]$ a man ( ?is objective _w be=e  
he )draws into 8 dreams1 is a m]e       
empirical appe>ance4 ,if we reli$ on x1 
we c\ld n pres]ve to ! _s 9 its arti/ic 
life t orig9ality & autonomy1 t absolute
 spontaneity & fre$om1 :i* is ! ess5tial
 "* or1 z we call$ x1 ! attribute (     
spiritual activity4 ,to become          
objective1 ! _s mu/ fir/ be subject2 & 9
 front ( ! object 9 :i* x objectifies   
itself1 x aga9 inevitably becomes       
subject1--an ev] det]m9$ "o inde$1 b    
no?+ else ?an a subject4 ,t is :y !     
contempor>y !ory ( ae/hetics holds t =m 
9 art absorbs 9 itself ! cont5t1 ) no   
residuum4 ,x absorbs x qua subjectivity2
 = :atev] ! object be :i* ?is           

subjectivity1 empirically consid]$1 has 
enwrapp$1 x draws x entirely ov] to     
itself1 reassumes x1 & z pure           
subjectivity x _c return to its object  
)\t pass+ ?r\gh ! mom5t ( its opposition
 to ! object1--! mom5t 9 :i* ! subject  
is no?+ else ?an subject1 & f9ds 9      
itself inf9ite gratification4 ,?is is ! 
realm ( art1 a realm f :i* ! _s1 9      
consequ5ce ( ! v function ( ! subject1  
is compell$ to issue2 s9ce ! subject is 
subject 9 t x issues f itself1 becomes  
self-consci\s1 objectifies itself4 ,s ! 
poet z he dreams brea!s life into !     
p]sonages ( 8 dreams1 builds !m up1 &   
gives !m reality4 ,:at is 8 own ab/ract 
subjectivity he *ooses z a _w 9 :i* he  
himself may live absolutely2 & ! ideas  
:i* mature 9 t fanta/ic _w ( 8--:i* is  
no?+ m1 z ,i h said1 ?an 8 ab/ract      
subjectivity--are affirm$ by him )\t any
 res]ves1 & are oppos$ to ! ideas (     
philosoph]s & ( m5 :o pref] concrete    
reality to phantasy4  ,?is lyrical b5t1 
peculi> to ! arti/ :o enhances himself  

by exalt+ 8 own ab/ract individuality1  
is 9 direct contra/ ) ! t5d5cy ( !      
,sa9t1 :o cru%es & annihilates ?is same 
individuality 9 ! face ( 8 ,god1--t ,god
 :o inf9itely occupies 8 consci\sness z 
! o!r 9 absolute alt]ity to him1 s t !  
subject is hurl$ into ! object 9 a total
 self-ab/raction4 ,x s9ks 9 !           
contemplation ( its own self 9 its      
objective o!rness1 ( itself become !    
o!r1 9 :i* x no long] recognises itself4
 ,s he deifies ?is o!r self1 places x on
 ! alt>1 & kneels be=e x4 ,?us ! sa9t's 
p]sonality is nullifi$2 or r1 x is      
actualis$ & realis$ 9 ?is self-annulm5t1
 :i* is ! !oretical & practical         
*>act]i/ic ( my/icism & ! specific act (
 religion4  ,x is n possible to te> art 
f ! _s's life1 9 z mu* z x c\ld n be !  
syn!sis x actually is )\t be+           
subjectivity4 ,x is equally impossible =
 ! _s to be completely devoid (         
religiosity4 ,! my/ic fl[] ( fai? gr[s  
out ( ! bosom ( art1--a fai? 9 an object
 :i* draws ! s\l to itself & conqu]s x4 

,! life ( ! _s is an et]nal cross+ f art
 to religion1 f ! subject to ! object4  
,x is impossible = ! arti/ to realise 8 
art 9 unalloy$ purity1 s9ce 8 _w1 ! _w  
he has creat$ = himself1 is nev]!less ! 
bigg] _w1 out ( :i*1 empirically speak+1
 he is driv5 only by ! ne$s ( practical 
life1 :i* awak5 him & rem9d him ( !     
exi/5ce ( a wid] _w4 ,9 ! same way x is 
impossible to realise a pure religion 9 
:i* ! subject completely & effectually  
might annihilate itself4 ,= 9 ! measure 
t fai? increases 9 int5sity1 & ! s5tim5t
 ( "o's own no?+ness gr[s deep]1 & !    
idea t ! object is all becomes m        
obsess+1 9 t same measure ! en]gy ( ! _s
 increases1 ( ! _s z ! subject t has be5
 p[]ful en\gh to create ?is situation4  
,alt>s mu/ be built 9 ord] t p may kneel
 9 front ( !m4 ,! concept ( ,god1 x1    
too1 has a hi/ory4 ,& f ?is hi/ory no ^w
 c be tak5 away on ! assumption t x 0   
imm$iately reveal$4 ,= !re is no ^w :i* 
pre-exi/s z su* be=e ! act ( him :o     
cognises x4 ,& to fix a dogma1 t is1 to 

rescue x f ! fl[ ( evolution1 we %\ld h 
to )draw f ! c\rse ( evolution ! m5     
!mselves :o are to accept x4  ,no?+     
!re=e is m impi\s ?an ! hi/ory (        
religion1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* man1 n[ dragg+
 8 ,god d[n to ! dep?s ( 8 app>5t mis]y1
 n[ lift+ him to ! heights ( 8 real     
greatness1 progresses f /ation to /ation
 along ! un5d+ way ( sorr[s & joys4 ,!  
process ( m5tal developm5t %[s          
unwitt+ly1 by ! v acts ( man's innoc5t  
piety1 t ,god is 8 ,god1 t ! life ( !   
object is ! same z ! life ( ! subject4  
,! nature !n bo? ( art & ( religion     
implies a flagrant contradiction :i*    
comes to ?is1--t ! subject to be subject
 is object1 & ! object to be object is  
subject4 ,h5ce ! torm5ts ( ! poet & !   
spasms ( ! my/ic4 ,a p]fect art & a     
p]fect religion1 t is1 art :i* is n     
religion1 & religion :i* is n art1 are  
two impossibilities4 ,?is does n mean t 
ei!r art or religion c ev] be sup]s$$ & 
left beh9d z two illusions1 anci5t &    
con/ant1 if we w1 b none ! less devoid (

 all value4 ,! v contr>y ( ?is is true4 
,j because !re is no pure art1 religion 
is et]nal2 & art is et]nal1 because     
religion _c be atta9$ 9 its absolute    
purity4  ,! concrete _s is nei!r subject
 nor object4 ,x is a self-objectify+    
subject1 & an object :i* becomes !      
subject 9 virtue ( ! subjectivity t     
alights on x z x realises x4 ,! _s is   
!re=e a becom+4 ,x is ! syn!sis1 ! unity
 ( ^! two opposites1 ev] 9 conflict &   
yet always intimately jo9$4 ,& ! _s1 z  
?is unity1 is ! concret5ess bo? ( art   
7reality ( ! ab/ract subject7 & (       
religion 7reality ( ! ab/ract object74  
,x is philosophy4 ,_m def9itions h be5  
giv5 ( philosophy1 & all ( !m true1     
because directly or indirectly !y may1  
on ! /r5g? ( :at is express$ or :at is  
und]/ood1 be r$uc$ to ! foll[+          
def9ition3 t philosophy is ! _s4 ,if we 
say t x is ! sci5ce ( ! _s1 we indulge 9
 a useless pleonasm4 ,= sci5ce1 unless  
we di/+ui% 9 an absolute mann] 7:i* is  
impossible7 "o grade ( det]m9at5ess f ! 

o!r1 is ! same z consci\sness2 & _s is1 
z we h se51 self-consci\sness4 ,if we   
say t philosophy is ! sci5ce ( reality 9
 its univ]sality1 we lose sight ( ! fact
 t reality1 = ^? :o d n /ray (f into !  
maze ( ab/ractness1 is ! _s4 ,a         
def9ition :i* has nev] lo/ its value is 
t "o :i* makes philosophy consi/ 9 !    
elaboration ( concepts1 t is1 9 !       
unification ( all ! concepts 7^? we     
possess1 ( c\rse7 into a coh]5t concept4
 ,?is is an excell5t def9ition1 & x w>ns
 u t philosophy is n obta9$ by /opp+    
be=e ab/ractions1 no matt] :at ^!       
ab/ractions may be4 ,all p>ticul> ?+s   
are ab/ractions1 ea* "o ( :i* yields a  
concept1 & all ( !m give a numb] (      
concepts1 :i* mu/ be br\ght toge!r &    
unifi$1 if we ev] int5d to ?9k all ?+s t
 are ?\ght1 & ?us philosophise4 ,!      
subject )\t ! object z ! arti/ wants x  
is an ab/raction2 & simil>ly ab/ract is 
! object :i* religion looks up to4  ,we 
are accu/om$1 n )\t reason1 to di/+ui% !
 life ( ! _s f philosophy4 ,b ! reason1 

in/ead ( de/roy+1 confirms ! id5tity    
betwe5 _s & philosophy1 & = ! foll[+    
cause4 ,! _s nev] be+ :at x ought to be1
 we live acquir+ consci\sness (         
ourselves4 ,b :5 we pause to ask        
ourselves if we h really obta9$ ?is     
consci\sness1 & turn to our life z to ! 
subject-matt] ( ?is problem1 :i* is !   
problem ( philosophy1 we discov] t we _c
 answ] 9 ! affirmative4 ,= answ]+ is    
spiritual liv+1 a liv+1 !re=e1 :i*      
consi/s n 9 hav+ self-consci\sness b 9  
acquir+ x4 ,s t philosophy does n arise 
f ! ne$ ( und]/&+ ! life already liv$1 =
 ! pa/ is ! realm ( dea?2 b r f ! mu*   
ke5] desire ( liv+1 ( lead+ a bett]     
life1 a true life1 & ( f9ally realis+   
?is spiritual reality :i* is our ideal4 
,b :58  ,c we believe t !re is ev] go+  
to be a philosophy :i* w def9itely      
fulfil ! ideal8 ,x is obvi\s t a pursuit
 ( su* philosophy w\ld lead ! _s into a 
race to dea?2 :]eas on ! contr>y ! _s is
 life2 x is an impulse to ev] m int5se  
liv+4  ,?is philosophy1 x is evid5t1 is 

n ! exclusive1 esot]ic classroom        
discipl9e1 ! pr(essional privilege ( a  
few speciali/s4 ,x is r ! s\rce f :i*   
?is pr(essional speculation d]ives its  
"r to address all m5 :o h an exalt$     
s5tim5t ( _! human dignity1 :o he>k5 to 
! deep] utt]ances ( _! s\ls1 :o are able
 to see h[ mu* ( _! own self !re is 9   
?is va/ _w :i* is be+ disclos$ to _!    
eyes2 :o1 ev5 ?\gh vaguely & timidly1   
are consci\s ( ! div9e p[] t resides 9 e
 human he>t2 :o feel t ?is human he>t1  
prone ?\gh x be to all bas5ess1 is also 
capable ( lift+ itself to ! mo/ sublime 
heights1 & ( enjoy+ ! pure & l(ty       
satisfactions :i* human phantasy        
ord9>ily relegates to heav54 ,9 ! dep?s 
( e m9d !re is a philosophy3 ! m9d      
itself is untir+ speculation1 :i* m or  
less successfully scales ! height1 b :i*
 is always turn$ upw>d to ! summit :it5$
 by ! ris+ sun4 ,life is made human by !
 rays ( ?is philosophy4 ,man is really  
man :5 he recognises an object :i* is ! 
_w1 reality1 law1 & :5 he recalls t no?+

 absolves him f ! duty ( be+ 9 ?is _w2 (
 s]i\sly be+ 9 x1 :i* means work+ &     
coop]at+ t[>ds reality by kn[+ reality &
 fulfill+ ! law4 ,= 9 8 fre$om & p[] he 
c nev] dive/ himself ( 8 own            
responsibility2 he mu/ !re=e develop 8  
capacity to ! utmo/ value1 & to t end "w
 & "w1 ?9k1 & act z ! c5tre ( 8 _w4 ,?is
 philosophy does n all[ him ei!r to     
)draw into ! ab/ract retirem5t ( 8      
egoi/ic self1 or to d5y & sacrifice ?is 
self to an imag9>y reality4 ,?is        
philosophy is nev] f9i%$1 nev] complet$1
 = x is 8 own _s1 8 v self1 :i* to live 
mu/ gr[1 & :i* mu/ con/itute itself z x 
develops4 ,& !re=e ?is philosophy _c    
help be+ man's ideal1 :i* is always be+ 
realis$ & :i* is nev] fulfill$4  ,s1 !n1
 education1 :i* aims at t concrete &    
truly real unity :i* is ! life ( ! _s1  
mu/ always be moral1 always spiritual1  
always philosophic4 ,an invidi\s ^w1    
p]haps1 = ^? :o h _h ! mis=tune to fall 
into ! mean & vulg> habit ( gr9n+ &     
sc(f+ 9 retaliation = ! unsp>+ c5sure   

inflict$ by ! ideal on slo?1            
presumption1 & c[>dice4 ,we might p]haps
 replace ?is ^w by integral1 except+ t  
?is adjective is g5]ic & !re=e          
inappropriate4  ,i mu/ add1 h[ev]1 t 9  
speak+ ( philosophic education1 ,i d n  
mean any special c\rse 9 philosophy4    
,?\gh ,i believe t special philosophical
 tra9+ has an ess5tial function 9 !     
curriculum ( second>y s*ools :i* aim to 
prep>e & direct t[>ds high] /udies a    
matur$ m5tality1 sci5tifically tra9$ &  
humanly inspir$1 ,i yet hold t ?is      
special philosophical tra9+ c be        
effectual only if all education1 f its v
 beg9n+1 :]ev] t may be1 has be5        
philosophic4 ,we mu/ reflect t j z x is 
impossible = a man to be moral only at  
c]ta9 h\rs ( ! day1 & 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>  
places1 morality be+ ! atmosph]e )\t :i*
 ! _s _c live1 s t e?ical tea*+ is      
di/ort$ & deflect$ z soon z x is        
relegat$ to c]ta9 def9ite books1 to be  
/udi$ 9 connection ) c]ta9 def9ite      
c\rses2 9 ! same way ?is philosophy :i* 

is = u ! ideal cont5t ( education1 &    
!re=e its ideal1 _c b be pres5t 9 e real
 educative act1 _c help reflect+ itself 
9 e ?rob x gives to ! s\l ( ! pupil4    
,?is g5]al philosophic education        
naturally includes art & religion1 :i*  
_c be limit$ subject-matt]s ( special   
c\rses ( in/ruction1 co-ord9at$ or      
subord9at$ to ! o!r elem5ts ( !         
curriculum4  ,only ! p>ticul> sci5ces1 t
 is1 ! sci5ces prop]ly s call$1 may be  
freely mov$ 9 a /ud5t's s*$ule2 !y may  
be add$ or tak5 away1 !y may be gr\p$   
?is or t way1 & be v>i\sly di/ribut$ 9  
accordance ) ! ne$s ( ! mom5t & !       
p>ticul> exig5cies ( ! /ud5t or ( man 9 
g5]al4 ,= ^! sci5ces reflect 9 !mselves 
! fragm5t>y multiplicity ( ?+s :i* h be5
 ab/ractly cut (f f ! c5tre ( ! _s1 to  
:i* h[ev] !y too ref]4 ,& because !y d  
ref] to x1 ! tea*+ ( !m %\ld be         
spiritualis$1 moralis$1 humanis$2 x     
ought to acquire ! concret5ess (        
philosophy1 & !re=e nev] ignore !       
exig5cies ( art & ( religion4 ,= o!rwise

 x w be m]ely mat]ial in/ruction1       
in=mative education1 :i* 9 reality is no
 education at all4  ,dur+ ! ,revival (  
,le>n+ education 0 humani/ic4 ,its ideal
 0 art4 ,! hi/orical life :i*           
correspond$ to ?is ideal 0 !            
individualism ( our ,italian            
,r5aissance4 ,aft] ! ,c\nt] ,re=mation1 
art1 :i* is individuality 9 ab/ract     
subjectivity1 0 ab&on$ to itself1 &     
inevitably decay$ 9 ! cult ( lifeless   
=m2 x became b>r5 9 ! imitations (      
classical art consid]$ z f9al p]fection1
 to :i* ! individual might raise himself
 b beyond :i* he c\ld n possibly proce$4
 ,art became ?us ! negation (           
orig9ality1 & ( t subjective autonomy ( 
:i* x naturally %\ld be ! mo/ enhanc+   
expression4 ,s t classicism up to !     
,romantic ,revolt rema9$ ! cultural =m (
 a society submissive to ! pr9ciple (   
au?ority & religi\sly ori5t$4 ,^!       
conditions fav\r$ ! /udy ( ! sci5ce (   
nature1 :i* to ! ext5t t x is gov]n$ by 
! naturali/ic pr9ciple is a manife/ation

 ( religiosity4 ,! devotee ( natural    
sci5ce speaks 9 fact ( 8 ,nature ) an   
agno/ic rev]5ce simil> to t pr(ess$ by !
 sa9t 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,nature1 :i*   
alone he kn[s1 becomes ! object be=e :i*
 ! subject1 ,man1 disappe>s4 ,b z sci5ce
 progresses1 ! ne$ ( %ak+ ! pr9ciple (  
au?ority makes itself felt2 ! accept$   
tru?s ( nature are subject$ to          
criticism2 ! p[] ( d\bt+ is re9troduc$1 
& ! subject aga9 reass]ts itself4 ,s !  
advancem5t ( natural sci5ce has         
gradually turn$ humanity away f ! %r9es 
( naturali/ic sci5ce4 ,:5 naturalism    
oppos$ ! claims ( religion1 x ceas$ to  
be ! sci5ce ( nature1 & became          
philosophy4 ,?is influ5c$ ! sci5tific _s
 9 its cla% ) religi\s dogmas1 & re/or$ 
to x ! consci\sness ( ! mom5t (         
subjectivity :i* _h be5 =gott54 ,! ideal
 ( culture1 :i* prevail$ 9 ! n9ete5?    
c5tury ) ! triumph ( positivism1 0      
sci5ce1 naturalism1 & !re=e religion4 ,x
 is n[ high "t t ! two oppos$ elem5ts be
 jo9$ & unit$1 & t ! s*ool be nei!r     

ab/ractly humani/ic 9 ! pursuit ( ,art  
nor ab/ractly religi\s & sci5tific1 b t 
x be made :at x is ideally1 & :at x is  
also 9 practice :5 x efficaci\sly       
educates--! philosophic s*ool4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,z ea* "o has a diff]5t pa? to foll[ 9  
?is _w1 ea* "o w accord+ly h 8 own      
education4 ,b all pa?s conv]ge to "o    
po9t1 :]e we all ga!r to lead 9 common t
 univ]sal life :i* alone makes u m54 ,& 
z we meet at ?is c5tre1 we mu/ und]/&   
ea* o!r1 & %\ld be able !re=e to speak !
 same language1 ! language ( ! _s4 ,we  
are compell$ by an irresi/ible ne$ to   
live ?is common life1 & toge!r to       
con/itute "o sole _s4 ,b ?is end we %all
 nev] atta9 if man1 :o ought to be      
entire & complete1 acts z a m]e         
fragm5t1--su* fragm5t1 = example1 z !   
ae/hete1 or ! sup]/iti\s wor%ipp]1 or ! 
/> gaz]1 always unaw>e ( ! pit "u 8     
feet4 ,if we cont9ue 9 ?is /ate1 9 :i*  
"o man cl+s to ! sup]/ition ( ma!matics1
 ano!r idolises entomology1 a ?ird      

wor%ips physics1 & s on indef9itely1 if 
man insi/s on f5c+ (f 8 little piece (  
?is ?ra%+-floor t makes u cruel1 kn[+ no
 o!r man b himself1 feel+ no ne$s o!r   
?an 8 own1 !n w> w break out4 ,n a      
discipl9$ w>1 gov]n$ by a law1 by an    
idea1 by reason1 ( :i* x is ! life2 b a 
w> ( e man aga9/ 8 bro!r1--! an>*i/ic   
upris+1 ! dis9tegration ( ! _s1 & ! /]n 
suff]+ :i* is true mis]y4  ,! dislike = 
! purus ma!maticus#e is traditional4 ,b 
:e!r he be a ma!matician1 or a prie/1 or
 an economi/1 or a d5ti/1 or a poet1 or 
a /reet clean]1 man z a fragm5t (       
humanity is a nuisance4  ,we want       
ma!matics1 b we want x 9 ! man4 ,& !    
same = religion1 economics1 poetry1 &   
all ! re/4 ,o!rwise we suffocate1 & die 
/ifl$4 ,= all ^! are ?+s1 b !re is no   
life2 & ?+s oppress u & kill u4 ,!re=e  
let u spiritualise ?+s by reviv+ ! _s4  
,let u release x1 t x may freely move 9 
! organic unity ( nature4 ,let u tra9 x 
s t its /r5g?1 agility1 balance1 & all  
ar\nd developm5t %all be able to control

 all its dep5d5t functions1 :i* c be    
successfully c>ri$ on only on condition 
t !y agree1 & collaborate t[>d common   
life4 ,& ?is is :at ,i call philosophy4 
,or we may call x humanity1 if ! ^w     
philosophy sugge/s /rang5ess &          
difficulty ( atta9m5t4 ,= our dem& = an 
educational re=m1 9 accordance ) our    
r5ew$ consci\sness1 is prompt$ by ! old 
b nev] anci5t desire :i* put ! lant]n 9 
! h& ( ! ,greek philosoph]4 ,education  
is truly human :5 x has = its cont5ts t 
ideal :i* ,i h briefly t\*$ ^u 9 ?is    
*apt]1 ! ideal ( ! _s1 philosophy4      
,,footnotes3    #e ,ref]r+ to ! old     
phrase1 purus ma!maticus1 purus as9us4  
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,conclusion   ,we may    
look ^u ! prec$+ *apt]s z a k9d ( g5]al 
exam9ation to :i* we submitt$ our       
consci5ces1 by reflect+ on ! way we h   
always p]=m$ our duty z tea*]s1 by      
consid]+ our purposes1 & by scrut9is+ ! 
int]nal logic ( our task4 ,& our        
inve/igation has be5 em95tly human1 s9ce
 inde$ man's ess5ce1 we h n[ come to    

und]/&1 is to acquire self-consci\sness4
  ,! patriotic "* ( ! ev5t :i* 0 !      
imm$iate cause ( ?is "w induc$ me to %[ 
t ! common _s :i* br\ght u toge!r 0 n a 
m]e political s5tim5t1 ( :i* we %\ld rid
 ourselves 9 cross+ ! ?re%old ( ! s*ool4
 ,= we c\ld n b br+ into ! classroom our
 own humanity & our liv+ p]sonality1 9  
:i* ! cont5t ( our tea*+ & ( all        
education mu/ live4 ,?is p]sonality1    
h[ev] x may be consid]$1 f :atev] po9t (
 view x may be reg>d$1 has no p>ticul>  
sub/ance :i* is n also at ! same "t     
univ]sal1--dome/ic z ! case may be1 or  
social1 political1 or :atev] may be !   
phase 9 :i* x is det]m9$ 9 its hi/orical
 developm5t4 ,& s9ce1 9 ?is hi/orical   
developm5t ( our univ]sal p]sonality1   
!re is ,italy ) h] memories p]petuat$ by
 our imman5t s5tim5t1 by our imman5t    
consci\sness & by our imman5t w1 we c\ld
 n possibly be ourselves 7 we n at !    
same "t ,italian educators4  ,& look+   
att5tively at ?is univ]sal f\ndation on 
:i* our own human value is              

support$--call x language1 logic1       
law1--we 7 l$ to /udy ! relation%ip     
exi/+ betwe5 individuality1 :i* is ! aim
 ( all =ms ( education1 & ?is univ]sal  
_s :i* "h int]v5es z x does 9 e mom5t ( 
! human life4 ,x int]v5es 9 education1 z
 ! sci5ce & ! consci5ce & ! entire      
p]sonality ( ! tea*]4 ,?is p]sonality   
seems to be viol5tly impos$ ^u ! pupil 9
 su* a way z to *eck or h9d] 8          
spontane\s developm5t2 b we saw t !     
imm$iate logical opposition betwe5 tea*]
 & le>n] gradually resolves itself into 
! unity ( ! spiritual process 9 :i*     
education becomes actual4  ,education   
!re=e appe>$ to u1 n z a fact :i* is    
empirically obs]vable1 & :i* may be fix$
 & look$ ^u z subject to natural laws1 b
 r z a my/ical =mation ( a              
sup]-individual spirituality1 :i* is !  
only real1 concrete p]sonality actualis$
 by ! individual4 ,9 ord] to und]/& x1  
we _h to lib]ate x f e k9d ( contact )  
culture 9 its mat]iali/ic acceptance2 & 
we !re=e insi/$ on ! speculative inquiry

 into :at we call$ ! reali/ic po9t (    
view4 ,we endeav\r$ to expla9 h[ & :y   
culture is ! v process ( education1 & ! 
v process ( ! p]sonality 9 :i* education
 takes place4 ,?is conception w\ld h    
lack$ ! necess>y support1 _h we n c>ri$ 
our inve/igation fur!r1 & %[n t ?is     
culture 9 :i* ! _s unfolds itself is n !
 attribute ( a m9d exi/+ amid/ o!r m9ds 
& face to face ) surr\nd+ nature1 b is  
in/ead ! mo/ g5u9e signification ( ,all4
 ,= x is ! life ( ! _s 9 :i* ev]y?+     
ga!rs to f9d its support & become       
?9kable4 ,man1 z he is educat$1 is man  
rigor\sly consid]$ z _s1--_s :i* is     
free1 because inf9ite & truly univ]sal 9
 e "o ( its mom5ts & attitudes4 ,?is !  
educator mu/ int5tly consid] if he wants
 to conceive adequately 8 task & its    
enorm\s responsibilities1 :i* become    
evid5t :5 he reflects h[ 9 ! monad ( !  
individual1 9 ! simple s\l ( ! *ild     
entru/$ to 8 creative c>e1 ! inf9ite    
vibrates1 & a life is born at e in/ant1 
:i* !nce ?robs ov] ! b\ndless expanse ( 

space1 ( "t1 & ( all reality4  ,?is     
adequate conception ne$ n be elaborat$  
into a complete sy/em ( philosophy4 ,!  
educator mu/ s5se & grasp ?is inf9ite   
ov] :i* e ^w ( 8 is c>ri$1 e glance ( 81
 e ge/ure4 ,z he ent]s ! classroom1 z he
 approa*es ! *ild1 to :om n only magna  
rev]5tia is due1 b ! v cult :i* is %[n  
to ?+s div9e1 he _c b feel himself      
exalt$2 he _c b be fully consci\s ( !   
difficulties ( 8 l(ty /ation1 & ( ! duty
 ( ov]com+ !m4 ,he mu/ !re=e dismiss f  
)9 himself all t is petty 9 8 p>ticul>  
p]sonality1 all 8 preoccupations &      
passions1 all 8 commonplace ev]yday     
?\ghts4 ,he mu/ %ake (f ! depress+ burd5
 ( ! fle%1 :i* pulls him d[nw>d2 & he w 
!n op5 8 s\l to =tify+ ,fai?1 to ! rul+ 
& inspir+ ,deity4 ,! man :o is n capable
 ( feel+ 9 ! ,s*ool ! sanctity ( ! place
 & ( 8 "w is n fit to be an educator4   
,! spirituality ( education becomes     
h[ev] an empty =mula1 & a motif =       
rhetorical v>iations1 if on ! "o h& we d
 n possess ! concept ( ! ess5ce or ( !  

attributes ( ! _s1 & if on ! o!r we d n 
%>ply expose ^? reali/ic prejudices (   
p$agogy :i* h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ! field (   
education by ! mat]iali/ic conception ( 
man & by a tradition :i* is bo?         
unreflect+ & ali5 to all radical        
criticism4 ,i tri$ to satisfy bo? ^!    
exig5cies r by ar\s+ ! reflection &     
impell+ x on its way ?an by escort+ x on
 a j\rney :i* mu/ be und]tak5 ) due     
prep>ation4  ,& f9ally1 9 ! ef=t to     
provide ourselves ) a motto1 s to speak1
 & a rally+ bann]1 ,i set =? ! doctr9e (
 educational unity--( ! education :i* is
 always at all mom5ts education ( ! _s4 
,= ev5 physical culture is conceivable  
only z =mation ( ! m9d1 & m prop]ly (   
"*4 ,education1 we saw1 may be made     
actual 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways1 only      
always on condition t we obs]ve ! law   
:i* proce$s f its inn]mo/ ess5ce &      
con/itutes its imman5t ideal4 ,e        
education is good1 provid$ x is         
education--philosophical1 human1        
m9d-/irr+ education2 provid$ x does n   

br+ atrophy to any necess>y function ( !
 _s1 does n cru% ! _s "u ! weight ei!r (
 ?+s or ( ! div9ity1 nor excessively    
exalt x 9 ! consci\sness ( its own      
p]sonal p[]2 provid$ x nei!r hurls x    
into ! free ab/ract _w ( dreams nor     
fett]s x 9 ! iron *a9s ( an inhuman     
reality2 & provid$ x does n %att] x &   
scatt] its fragm5ts by ! multiple       
inve/igations ( ?+s innum]able1 ! k (   
:i* c nev] br+ satisfaction4 ,= x is !  
function ( education to enable !        
c5tralis+ unity ( ! reflective _s to    
become articulate & v>i$ ?r\gh !        
multiplicity ( life & ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is
 ! actuality ( ! _s itself4 ,opposition 
to all ab/ractions1 9 behalf ( !        
concrete _s & ( lib]ty--t is our        
educational ideal4     ,,! ,,european   
,,libr>y  ,edit$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,,sp+>n     
,?is s]ies is int5d$ to keep ,am]icans 9
 t\* ) ! intellectual & spiritual f]m5t 
( ! cont95t ( ,europe to-day1 by means (
 translations t p>take 9 "s measure ( ! 
vigor & *>m ( ! orig9als4 ,no attempt w 

be made to give :at ,am]icans miscall ! 
be/ books1 if by ?is is meant con=mity  
to "s high & illusory /&>d ( pa/        
greatness2 any tw5tie?-c5tury book :i*  
displays creative p[] or a new outlook  
or m ?an ord9>y int]e/ w be eligible =  
inclusion4 ,nor w ! attempt be made to  
select books t m]ely confirm ,am]ican   
/&>ds ( ta/e or morals1 s9ce ! s]ies is 
int5d$ to s]ve z a mirror ( ,european   
culture & n z a glass ?r\gh :i* x may be
 se5 d>kly4 ,all =ms ( lit]ature w be   
repres5t$1 includ+ fiction1 belles      
lettres1 poetry1 philosophy1 social &   
economic discussion1 hi/ory1 biography1 
etc42 & special att5tion w be paid to   
au?ors ^: works h n hi!rto be5          
accessible 9 ,engli%4    ,! fir/        
organiz$ ef=t to br+ into ,engli% a     
s]ies ( !   really significant figures 9
 contempor>y ,european lit]ature4444    
,an und]tak+ z cr$itable & z ambiti\s z 
any ( its k9d on   ! o!r side ( !       
,atlantic4--,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4   ,,!
 ,,_w',s ,,illusion4 ,by ,,jacob        

,,wass]mann4 ,translat$ by ,ludwig      
,lewisohn4 ,two volumes4    ,"o ( ! mo/ 
rem>kable creative works ( our "t1      
revolv+   ab\t ! exp]i5ces ( a man :o   
sums up ! weal? & culture (   our age   
yet f9ds !m want+4  ,,p4 ,by ,,pi]re    
,,hamp4 ,translat$ by ,james ,:itall4 ,)
 ,introduction by ,elizabe? ,%epley     
,s]geant4    ,introduc+ "o ( ! mo/      
significant writ]s ( ,france1 himself a 
work+ man1 9 :om is inc>nat$ ! new      
self-consci\sness ( !   work]'s _w4     
,,decad5ce1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,! 
,,culture ,,( ,,ideas4 ,by ,,remy ,,de  
,,g\rmont4 ,translat$ by ,william       
,asp5wall ,bradley4    ,! critical "w ( 
"o ( ! great ae/hetic ?9k]s ( ,france1  
= ! fir/ "t made accessible 9 an        
au?oriz$ ,engli%   v]sion4  ,,hi/ory3   
,,its ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice4 ,by        
,,b5$etto ,,croce4 ,translat$ by ,d\glas
 ,a9slie4    ,a new int]pretation ( !   
mean+ ( hi/ory1 & a survey ( !   great  
hi/orians1 by "o ( ! lead]s ( ,european 
?\ght4  ,,! ,,new ,,society4 ,by ,,walt]

 ,,ra!nau4 ,translat$ by ,ar?ur ,w9dham4
    ,"o ( ,g]many's mo/ influ5tial ?9k]s
 & m5 ( action   pres5ts 8 vision ( !   
new society em]g+ out ( ! ,w>4  ,,!     
,,patriote]4 ,by ,,he9ri* ,,mann4       
,translat$ by ,erne/ ,boyd4    ,a ,g]man
 ,ma9 ,/reet1 describ+ ! c>e] ( a       
typical product   ( milit>ism1 9 s*ool1 
univ]sity1 bus9ess1 & love4  ,,mod]n    
,,russian ,,poetry3 ,,an ,,an?ology4    
,translat$ by ,babette ,deuts* & ,a4    
,y>mol9sky4    ,cov]s ! :ole field (    
,russian v]se s9ce ,pu%k91 ) !          
emphasis on contempor>y poets4  ,,!     
,,re=m ,,( ,,education4 ,by ,,giovanni  
,,g5tile4 ,) an ,introduction by        
,b5$etto ,croce4 ,translat$ by ,d9o     
,bigongi>i4    ,a new int]pretation ( ! 
mean+ ( education1 by "o :o %>es   )    
,croce ! lead]%ip ( ,italian ?\ght      
to-day4  ,,*ri/4 ,by ,,giovanni ,,pap9i4
 ,translat$ by ,doro?y ,canfield ,fi%]4 
,9 prep>ation4    ,! fir/ biography (   
,*ri/ by a great man ( lett]s s9ce      
,r5an's4  ,,rube4 ,by ,g4 ,a4 ,,borgese4

 ,translat$ by ,isaac ,goldb]g4 ,9      
prep>ation4    ,an ,italian novel (     
unusual insight1 c5t]+ on ! spiritual   
collapse s9ce ! ,w>4  ,,! ,,reign ,,(   
,,! ,,evil ,,_s4 ,by ,c4 ,p4 ,,ramuz4   
,translat$ by ,james ,:itall4 ,9        
prep>ation4    ,a *>m+ & fanta/ic tale1 
introduc+ an int]e/+   ,fr5*-,swiss     
noveli/4    ,,h>c\rt1 ,,brace ,,&       
,,company   ,publi%]s        ,new ,york