,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration ,reproduction by ,r4 ,j4 ,,ev]ett ,,sons' ,,ink-,,photo ,process ,illu/ration3 ,,frontispiece4 ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration4 ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration ,hi/orical & ,practical ,notes ,,by ,,joseph ,,kirkbride ,,) ,,two ,,plates ,,by ,,ink ,,photo ,,process ,,& ,,six ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,scott1 ,,gre5wood ,,co4 #aj ,,ludgate ,,hill1 ,e4,c4 ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,co4 #bc ,,murray ,,/reet #aijc ,all ,rights rema9 ) ,scott1 ,gre5wood ,co4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,its ,,inception4 ,a ,!ory ( ,evolution--,a ,di/9ct ,progress #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wood ,,engrav+4 ,rise & ,progress--,block ,books--,dur]'s ,influ5ce--,hans ,holbe9--,a ,r5aissance--,comp>ison & ,ju/ification--,! ,illu/rator #e ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,metal ,,engrav+4 ,! ,inv5tion--,e>ly ,engrav]s--,national ,*>act]i/ics--,a ,progressive ,review #ah ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,introduction ( ,metal ,engrav+--,notable ,briti% ,engrav]s--,summ>y #bf ,,*apt] ,v ,,et*+4 ,e>ly ,records--,descriptive--,rembr&t's ,influ5ce--,w5ceslaus ,holl> #ch ,,mezzot9t4 ,inv5tion--,description--,arti/ic ,qualities--,dilettanti ,art--,a ,mod]n ,mezzo ,engrav] #ch ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,engrav]',s ,,task4 ,in>ti/ic ,"w--,con/ructive ,elem5ts--,outl9e--,extrane\s ,matt]--,composition--,light & ,%ade--,expression--,p]spective--,execut ion #dh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,photo ,,process ,,engrav+4 ,a ,progressive ,process--,comm]cial & ,arti/ic ,features--,l9e ,process--,half ,tone--,arti/ic ,re/oration--,tri-*romatography--,photog ravure #eg ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,appreciative ,,criticism4 ,an ,educative ,pr9ciple--,an ,analysis--,realism 9 ,art ,retrospect #ff ,,index #gj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,plate ,i4 ,frontispiece #a4 ,old ,wood ,engrav+ 7,er5burg ,ca/le7 ,fac+ p4 #aj #b4 ,mod]n ,wood ,engrav+ 7,! ,goose ,f\nta91 ,nuremburg7 #ad #c4 ,old ,wood ,engrav+ #bh #d4 ,mod]n ,wood ,engrav+ #ed #e4 ,cross ,section ( ,cyanide ,furnace ,page #ei #f4 ,process ,engrav+ ,fac+ p4 #fj ,plate ,,ii4 #fd ,,preface ,a philosoph] & writ] has decl>$ t 9 our f9e arts1 n imitation1 b creation1 is ! aim4 ,x is to emphasise a di/9ction betwe5 an imitative & a creative art t ! foll[+ *apt]s are (f]$4 ,engrav+ = ,illu/ration is pre-em95tly a creative art by :i* ! "w ( ! arti/ is translat$1 9 ord] to r5d] ! effect ( 8 design 9 su* a =m z w admit ( rapid & effective reproduction4 ,x is1 moreov]1 a popul> art ) a well-def9$ educative pr9ciple und]ly+ ! num]\s phases ( its manife/ation2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 its hi/orical & g5]al int]e/ w comm5d ?is brief record ( its progress & influ5ce to _m :o are lov]s ( art = art's sake4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,london ,june #aijc4 ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,i ,,its ,,inception--,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution--,a ,,di/9ct ,,progress ,9 proportion to 8 =ce ! arti/ w f9d 9 8 "w an outlet = 8 prop] "*4--,em]son4 ,its ,inception4--,x 0 ! dawn ( a new s5se :5 primitive man fir/ ornam5t$ 8 weapons1 ut5sils1 & ! walls ( 8 cave dwell+s ) incis$ draw+s1--pictorial repres5tations :i* enabl$ him to record ev5ts or sugge/ & illu/rate ?\ghts & ideas :5 8 some:at limit$ vocabul>y fail$ him4 ,x 0 a sev]ely utilit>ian epo* ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & ! crude yet int5sely reali/ic manife/ations ( man's arti/ic desires 7 ! m rem>kable t !y 7 :olly dep5d5t ^u /]n necessity = _! realisation4 ,*ildlike 9 _! simplicity1 yet bo? graphic & vigor\s 9 expression1 ^! anci5t draw+s be> te/imony to ! int5se desire ( primeval man = "s suitable & satisfy+ =m ( pictorial expression4 ,su* incis$ draw+s 7 und\bt$ly ! e>lie/ =ms1 :i* ! m9d ( man sugge/$ & 8 skill atta9$1 ( convey+ in=mation & display+ pictorial or ornam5tal art4 ,!y 7 b crude conceptions ( ! untutor$ art ( a savage race1 yet1 ) a *>act]i/ic qua9tness ( expression1 !y abundantly prove ! exi/5ce ( an innate1 imitative1 & arti/ic faculty1 inspir$ by an insatiable crav+ = illu/rative del9eation4 ,a ,!ory ( ,evolution4--,! antiquity ( ! engrav]'s art1 !n1 is exce$+ly remote1 & its e>lie/ records display frequ5t evid5ces ( manipulative skill & arti/ic p]ception--evid5ces :i* are /ill m conv9c+ :5 ! environm5t & scanty res\rces ( its expon5ts are fully appreciat$4 ,x 0 a mo/ unique phase ( t process ( evolution :]eby ! social education ( ! human race 0 advanc$1 & ?r\gh c\ntless ages x has indicat$ ! same onw>d roll ( progressive intellig5ce4 ,responsive to ! ev]-*ang+ conditions ( life1 ! necessities ( mank9d 7 con/antly increas+4 ,8 high] intellig5ce also creat$ a great] div]sity ( int]e/s1 & consequ5tly dem&$ a full] & m expressive vehicle ( communication = 8 ?\ghts4 ,no long] cont5t ) :at 0 only ne$ful = ! ma9t5ance ( social or comm]cial int]c\rse1 he s\ght to add to ! ar*aic simplicity ( 8 draw+s1 skilful arrangem5t1 & a c]ta9 degree ( arti/ic feel+ & int]pretation4 ,x 0 z ?\gh "s transitory fla%es ( arti/ic p[] 9 ! m9ds ( prehi/oric arti/s 7 /ruggl+ ) an inability to give adequate expression to _! inceptions4 ,_! productions1 "s ( !m dat+ f ! ,palaeoli?ic & ,neoli?ic p]iods1 7 n pret5ti\s works ( art4 ,_! prim>y purpose be+ repres5tative1 _! m]it 01 ( c\rse1 decid$ by ! success or failure ( su* repres5tation1 ap>t f any arti/ic qualities !y might possess4 ,a ,di/9ct ,purpose4--,! evid5t c>e ) :i* _m ( ! anci5t incis$ draw+s or engrav+s 7 execut$ & pres]v$1 toge!r ) ! p]man5t "* ( ! mat]ials employ$1 seems to indicate t ^! simple yet graphic repres5tations 7 produc$ ) ! di/9ct purpose ( p]petuat+ a memory z well z = ! amplification ( a meagre language1--a purpose :i* consid]ably enhances _! int]e/1 & sugge/s t ! primeval engrav] appreciat$ "s at lea/ ( ! possibilities ( 8 art4 ,moreov]1 !y frequ5tly possess an int5se v]acity & directness ( imitation :i* r5d]s !m ( ine/imable value z reliable hi/orical records4 ,_h caprice alone direct$ ! arti/'s ef=ts1 !y w\ld n 9 s _m in/ances h m]it$ ! int]e/ & approval :i* !y n[ receive4 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! beg9n+s ( an art t subsequ5tly rea*$ its maturity only by a sl[ gr[? ( gradual developm5t1 & :i*1 9 ! mode/y & s]i\sness ( its e>li] manife/ations1 is at lea/ z int]e/+ z 9 ! audacity ( its lat] & m impressioni/ic phases4 ,engrav+ z a reproductive z well z an ornam5tal art 0 at diff]5t p]iods modifi$ 9 accordance ) ev]-*ang+ conditions produc$ by ! exig5cies ( national & indu/rial policy4 ,its frequ5t adaptation to ! v>i\s circum/ances ) :i* x 0 indissolubly associat$1 & ! fluctuations ( an en?usiasm :i* 0 m or less dep5d5t ^u national z well z social prosp]ity1 fully ju/ifies ! /atem5t t its hi/ory is ! mirror ( a nation's progress4 ,! rude me?ods ( anci5t arti/s c be di/9ctly trac$ ?r\gh ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 & ,grecian hi/ory4 ,hi]oglyphic & symbolic figures1 engrav$ on anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts1 be> te/imony to a va/ progress bo? 9 expressive & inv5tive p[]4 ,assyrian antiquities disclose an art :i* is ev5 m sugge/ive & picturesque1 :ile ! anci5t ,greeks develop$ ! highe/ qualities ( pictorial p[]1 & rais$ ! art to a m>vell\s pit* ( excell5ce4 ,beyond ?is brief epitome ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( engrav+ we ne$ n v5ture4 ,! idea ( tak+ impressions f any =m ( incis$ draw+s 0 n sugge/$ until _m c5turies lat]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wood ,,engrav+--,,rise ,,& ,,progress--,,block ,,books--,,dur]',s ,,influ5ce--,,hans ,,holbe9--,a ,,r5aissance--,,comp>ison ,,& ,,ju/ification--,,! ,,illu/rator ,x is !re=e beautiful because x is alive1 mov+1 reproductive4 ,x is !re=e useful because x is symmetrical & fair4--,em]son4 ,wood ,engrav+4--,! mo/ animat+ ev5t 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( engrav+ 0 ! developm5t ( engrav$ wood blocks4 ,wood engrav+ did n receive ! impetus ( a new discov]y z did metal engrav+ at a lat] p]iod4 ,x 0 to "s ext5t a purely comm]cial ent]prise1 ! success ( :i* 0 assur$ by an ev] increas+ int]e/ 9 pictorial art4 ,engrav$ wood blocks 7 us$ = purposes ( reproduction sev]al c5turies be=e _! introduction into ,europe4 ,hi/orians claim t x c be trac$ back to ,a4,d4 #icj1 :5 a =m ( play+ c>d 0 kn[n to ! ,*9ese1 & pr9t$ by !m f r\gh wood engrav+s4 ,! comm]cial int]c\rse ( ! ,v5etians ) ,ea/]n nations w\ld sugge/ a probability t _! navigators br\ght home "s ( ^! play+ c>ds1 & describ$ ! me?od ( _! production to _! c\ntrym54 ,! fur!r we pursue our inve/igations1 ! m rem>kable does ?is t>dy recognition ( ! utility ( wood engrav+ appe> to be4 ,x is true t some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury legal docum5ts 7 /amp$1 & m]*ant m>ks made ) engrav$ wood blocks1 b no ext5sive use 0 made ( ?is me?od ( reproduction until a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,! ,l[ ,c\ntries claim cr$it = ! fir/ employm5t ( engrav$ wood blocks = comm]cial purposes4 ,_m dispute ?is claim1 b ! am\nt ( cr$it at /ake is s inf9itesimal t x r5d]s ! cont5tion ( little value4 ,until ! "t ( t imm5se progress :i* wood engrav+ made 9 ,g]many ab\t ! middle & t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 no "w ( any arti/ic m]it :atev] _h be5 produc$4 ,! old] pr9ts may possess a c]ta9 hi/orical or antiqu>ian value1 b o!rwise are bo? crude & un9t]e/+4 ,block ,books4--,! ,m$iaeval ,block ,books 7 ! mo/ important ( ! e>ly pictorial reproductions f engrav$ wood blocks4 ,!y also may be trac$ to ,*9a1 :]e1 z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury1 !y 7 us$ = decorative z well z illu/rative purposes4 ,!y reta9$ _! primitive =m = a long p]iod aft] _! fir/ introduction to ,we/]n civilisation1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! blocks1 & n ! pr9ts1 7 suppli$ to ! monks1--! s*ol>s ( ! day1--! impressions be+ made by !m z requir$4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ,dut* m]*ants1 l ! ,v5etians1 paid frequ5t visits to ,*9ese ports1 :5 !y too 7 impress$ ) ! novelty & utility ( pictorial reproduction z practis$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at any rate1 pictorial %eets or c>ds1 v simil> 9 "* to ! ,*9ese play+ c>ds1 7 publi%$ 9 ,holl& ab\t t p]iod4 ,!y bore pictures ( ! sa9ts ) ! titles or leg5ds engrav$ alongside4 ,! production ( su* pr9ts 0 evid5tly a recognis$ bus9ess dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 = !re are num]\s entries 9 ! civic records ( ,nuremb]g conc]n+ ! wood engrav] ,=ms*neid] & c>dmak] ,k>t5ma*]4 ,x has be5 +5u\sly sugge/$ t1 = conv5i5ce1 collections ( ^! c>ds 7 pa/$ into books2 & ! books available be+ *iefly ( a religi\s "*1 ! idea ( illu/rat+ religi\s matt] ) su* pictures 0 readily sugge/$4 ,! next /ep 0 ! application ( block engrav+ & pr9t+ to ! production ( volumes ( a m pret5ti\s "*1 ! mo/ notewor?y ( :i* 7 ,! ,apocalypsio sue ,hi/oria ,sancti ,johannis1 ! ,biblia ,paup]um1 & ! ,hi/oria ,virg9is ex ,cantico ,canticorum4 ,9 ano!r ( ^! books1 ! ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 ! titles 7 n engrav$ on ! plates1 b 7 pr9t$ ) movable types4 ,?is volume 0 publi%$ at ,ha>lem1 & 0 compos$ ( fifty-eight plates--a v consid]able production ) ! mat]ials !n at ! disposal ( ! publi%]s4 ,dur]'s ,influ5ce4--,9 #adij ,alb]t ,dur]1 :o possess$ a spirit$ imag9ation & deep en?usiasm = 8 "w1 m>k$ out a di/9ct era ( sub/antial progress1 & impress$ ! art ( wood engrav+ ) t expressive p[] ( del9eation :i* 8 truly rem>kable g5ius ev] manife/$4 ,dur] 0 an arti/ ( some:at v>iable *>act]i/ics1 b ! div]sity & amplitude ( 8 productions af=d conclusive evid5ces ( a rem>kable indu/ry & skill4 ,l o!r arti/s ( 8 "t1 & ev5 ( mu* lat] p]iods1 he did n engrave 8 own draw+s4 ,he may1 ( c\rse1 h engrav$ a few blocks1 b mo/1 if n all ( ! wood engrav+s sign$ by ,dur]1 7 execut$ by ,j]ome ,rock4 ,p]haps ! mo/ peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,dur]'s designs 0 ! portrayal ( sc5es & figures ( anci5t hi/ory & my? 9 well-def9$ imitation ( 8 own surr\nd+s & ! conditions ( life !n exi/+4 ,apropos ( ?is1 x 0 said t he turn$ ! ,new ,te/am5t into ! hi/ory ( a ,flemi% village4 ,hans ,holbe9 0 ano!r ( ! e>ly arti/s :o prep>$ _! draw+s = ! express purpose ( reproduction by means ( wood engrav+4 ,t he fully appreciat$ ! res\rces ( 8 art !re c be no d\bt1 = he imbu$ 8 "w ) an expressive individual =ce :i* 0 di/9ctly progressive & influ5tial4 ,8 be/ kn[n production consi/s ( =ty-"o engrav+s repres5t+ ,dea?--! ,k+ ( ,t]rors1 9 association ) ne>ly e phase ( human life4 ,ea* "o ( ^! designs is a picture p>able ( rem>kable p[] & sugge/iv5ess4 ,! *>act]i/ic draw+ & qua9t expressiv5ess ( ,holbe9's illu/rations m]it unqualifi$ admiration1 & 8 graphic use ( pure l9e = pictorial expression /&s almo/ unrivall$4 ,hans ,litzelburg] engrav$ ,holbe9's designs4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? & dur+ "p ( ! sixte5? c5turies wood engrav+ /ill receiv$ en?usia/ic att5tion1 & !n1 = %e] lack ( int]e/1 fell rapidly into decay4 ,metal engrav+ 0 absorb+ ! att5tion ( ! arti/ic _w1 & = _m ye>s wood engrav+ 0 reg>d$ z only fit = ! reproduction ( pictures :i* may be *>itably describ$ z in>ti/ic1 & too (t5 p]haps discr$itable4 ,z f> z our own c\ntry 0 conc]n$1 x 0 n until ! adv5t ( ,?omas ,bewick t ?is decad5ce receiv$ any effective *eck4 ,a ,r5aissance4--,! ,r5aissance ( wood engrav+ 9 ,engl& may be dat$ f #agge1 :5 ,bewick engrav$ a picture entitl$ ,! ,h\nd1 & receiv$ a prize (f]$ by ! ,royal ,society = ! be/ engrav+ on wood4 ,?omas ,bewick 0 born 9 #agec1 & f\rte5 ye>s lat] he 0 appr5tic$ to a metal engrav]4 ,x 0 inde$ a =tuit\s circum/ance :i* caus$ him to transf] 8 en]gies & 8 tal5ts to wood engrav+1 9 :i* he display$ a r>e skill & inimitable directness ( expression4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ wood engrav] to adopt level t9t+ 9 place ( complicat$ & labori\s cross hat*+ :i* 0 !n practis$ by 8 cont95tal contempor>ies4 ,he usually pref]r$ to develop 8 draw+ r ?an attempt ! production ( extrane\s effects1 & ! subtle effectiv5ess ( 8 pictures af=ds incontrov]tible pro(s ( ! advantage ( su* sub/itution4 ,_! hum\r & pa?os1 vig\r & fidelity1 rema9 to ?is day z memorials ( ! consummate1 arti/ic skill & p]ceptive capacity ( a truly rem>kable man4 ,bewick 0 a self-conta9$ g5ius ^: rugg$ emotions w\ld admit ( b "o =m ( pictorial expression1 & t peculi>ly 8 own4 ,8 "w 0 pregnant ) ma/]ly good s5se1 & ev] manife/$ a *>m+ simplicity ( purpose4 ,he _h b a mode/ e/imate ( 8 ability z an engrav]1 & consequ5tly r>ely engrav$ any o!r ?an 8 own draw+s4 ,! exact measure ( ,bewick's influ5ce on ! art ( wood engrav+ = pictorial illu/ration & reproduction w\ld be difficult to satisfactorily det]m9e4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh x wood engrav+ 0 v]ifi$ & popul>is$1 & illu/rat$ lit]ature receiv$ a /imulus :i* subsequ5t developm5ts comb9$ to ma9ta9 & emphasise4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,old ,wood ,engrav+ 7,er5burg ,ca/le74 ,col\r values & p]spective c only be express$ by ?ick & ?9 l9es at v>y+ di/ances ap>t4 ,block suppli$ by ! ,london ,electrotype ,ag5cy ,ltd41 f ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,a ,comp>ison4--,!re is a va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects procurable 9 an impression f a wood engrav+ & ! pr9t f an engrav$ metal plate4 ,9 ! =m]1 col\r values & p]spective c only be express$ by ?ick & ?9 l9es at v>y+ di/ances ap>t1 ! ink on ! pr9ts be+ ( ! same d5sity ?r\gh\t1 no matt] h[ ?ick or ?9 ! l9es may be4 ,9 metal engrav+ int]m$i>y values may be obta9$ by l9es ( ! same ?ickness1 if ne$ be1 b ( v>y+ dep?4 ,! result is a /rong1 int5se effect produc$ by ! great] body ( pigm5t held by su* portions ( ! l9es z are cut deeply1 & ! comp>atively grey appe>ance ( ! %all[] p>ts4 ,x is l>gely due to ?is t pr9ts f engrav$ metal plates possess a peculi> ri*ness & dep? ( tone4 ,! comm]cial advantages g5]ally claim$ = engrav$ wood blocks are ! ease & rapidity ) :i* impressions c be made f !m z comp>$ ) ! metal plates1 & also ! fact t !y c be pr9t$ ) type1 i4e4 lett]press1 )\t any unusual prep>ations4 ,grant+ ! validity ( ^! claims1 x mu/ foll[ t1 ow+ to ! l>g] numb] ( impressions made f wood engrav+s1 _! intr9sic wor? w be correspond+ly less ?an ! limit$ numb] ( pr9ts made f engrav$ metal plates1 & _! comm]cial value w be e/imat$ accord+ly4 ,a ,ju/ification4--,! some:at sweep+ ass]tion t wood engrav+ af=ds a m$ium ( expression only = ! blunt] m9ds is n ! :ole tru?4 ,its /rik+ly bold conceptions & broad expressive effects c]ta9ly appeal to ! untra9$ eye or untutor$ m9d m ?an ! arti/ic qualities ( design & execution display$ 9 metal engrav+2 b !re is yet 9 ! art ( ! wood engrav] a well-nigh inexhau/ible /ore ( arti/ic z well z pictorial effects4 ,! =cible "* & *>m ( its productions are *iefly due to ! disposition & comb9ation ( ! l9es employ$1 & a v>iety ( texture :i* is !reby introduc$4 ,x af=ds also an exceptional facility ( execution1 & an almo/ limitless p[] ( realisation1 :i* gives to x a des]v$ly high place among ! pictorial & reproductive arts4 ,! :ole matt] may be summ$ up 9 a /atem5t once made by a well-kn[n arti/ & illu/rator3 ,!re is no process 9 relief :i* has ! same c]ta9ty1 :i* gives ! same col\r & brightness1 & by :i* gradations ( t\* c be m truly r5d]$4 ,few ( our great arti/s1 h[ev]1 c be prevail$ ^u to draw = wood engrav+1 & :5 !y d und]take an illu/ration1 say ( a great poem1 ! draw+1 :i* has to be multipli$ #ajj1jjj times1 has less ?\ght be/[$ ^u x ?an ! pa9t$ portrait ( a cotton k+4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 at ! retrogression ( ?is facile & graphic art ( pictorial illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,mod]n ,wood ,engrav+ 7! ,goose ,f\nta91 ,nuremburg74 ,! =cible "* ( wood engrav+ *iefly due to ! disposition & comb9ation ( ! l9es employ$4 ,block suppli$ by ! ,london ,electrotype ,ag5cy ,ltd41 f ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,! ,illu/rator4--,! employm5t ( wood engrav+s 9 conjunction ) lit]ature creat$ a new phase ( arti/ic "w4 ,! task ( ! illu/rator or design] is peculi>4 ,he sket*es out 8 design on ! wood block1 & !n passes x on to ! engrav]4 ,8 draw+ is n int5d$ z a p]man5t =m ( pictorial art1 b z a sugge/ive sket*1 :i*1 :ile p]fectly intelligible to ! engrav]1 w be free f su* intricacies 9 its composition z might int]f]e ) its effective int]pretation4 ,! old wood engrav]s produc$1 l9e = l9e1 an exact facsimile ( ! arti/'s design4 ,8 "w1 no d\bt1 requir$ consid]able skill & unremitt+ pati5ce1 b x 0 almo/ devoid ( indep5d5t ?\ght or arti/ic feel+4 ,! engrav] to-day mu/ translate ! "w ( ! illu/rator s z to r5d] ! effect ( 8 design 9 su* a =m z w admit ( rapid & effective reproduction4 ,! possibilities ( ! wood engrav]'s art1 !re=e1 are manifold4 ,! arti/'s sket* may give a sugge/ion ( light & %ade1 & possibly "s idea ( its tone4 ,! execution & elaboration ( ! draw+ is left almo/ entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! engrav]4 ,:e!r x w ga9 or lose by its translation w1 to "s ext5t1 dep5d ^u 8 arti/ic p]ception z well z 8 manipulative skill4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,metal ,,engrav+--,,! ,,inv5tion--,,e>ly ,,engrav]s--,,national ,,*>act]i/ics--,a ,,progressive ,,review ,! influ5ce ( ! grav] is s great & ext5sive t its productions h con/antly be5 ! delight ( all c\ntries ( ! _w & ( all seasons ( life4 ,metal ,engrav+--,! ,inv5tion4--,! engrav+ ( metal plates = pictorial reproduction 0 a direct developm5t ( ornam5tal engrav+4 ,! ,italian ,niello "w ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 0 *iefly appli$ to ! embelli%m5t ( metal ornam5ts & ut5sils ) elaborate engrav+s4 ,to int5sify _! effect1 ! designs 7 fill$ 9 ) a black pigm5t kn[n z ,niello1 ,l4 ,nigellus--,black4 ,h5ce ! "n by :i* ! process 0 g5]ally kn[n4 ,niello "w 0 practis$ *iefly by gold & silv]smi?s1 & x is record$ t "o ( ^!1 ,f9igu]ra by "n1 0 fill+ up ! l9es ( ! engrav+ ) black composition 9 ! usual way :5 he accid5tally spill$ "s hot wax ov] ! plate4 ,x rapidly cool$ & h>d5$1 & on scal+ (f bore a di/9ct black impression ( ! engrav+4 ,quick to p]ceive ! importance ( 8 discov]y1 ,f9igu]ra promot$ a few exp]im5ts :i* ultimately l$ to a full realisation ( 8 hopes4 ,!re is yet ano!r acc\nt ( ! metamorphosis ( metal engrav+ :i*1 if true1 reflects mu* m cr$it ^u ,f9igu]ra ?an ! accid5tal discov]y already describ$4 ,to obta9 a pro( ( _! "w1 ! ,flor5t9e metal-work]s cov]$ ! ornam5tation ) "s f9e pla/ic mat]ial4 ,x 0 !n a simple matt] to conv]t ! impression into a m\ld1 :i* !y fill$ ) melt$ sulphur4 ,! ca/s1 :5 h>d1 =m$ exact replicas ( ! engrav+s1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 ! incis$ l9es 7 fill$ ) a black pigm5t1 probably ,niello1 !y pres5t$ an effective record ( ! orig9al "w4 ,x is n by any means improbable t ,f9igu]ra made 8 discov]y :5 mak+ su* a ca/4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! idea ( produc+ impressions f engrav$ metal plates 0 n1 z might readily be imag9$1 a developm5t ( wood engrav+ or ( ! !n well-kn[n me?od ( pr9t+ f engrav$ wood blocks4 ,x 0 a =tuit\s discov]y1 & probably ! direct result ( an accid5t4 ,! true importance ( ?is transition1 i4e4 ,niello "w to engrav+ z a reproductive art1 is seldom fully appreciat$4 ,x 0 a mom5t\s *ange1 bri/l+ ) possibilities1 :i* subsequ5t developm5ts amply prov$4 ,! "t 0 peculi>ly propiti\s4 ,! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance 0 at its flood1 & a fev]i% _s ( progress swept ov] ,europe4 ,! imitative in/9ct inh]5t 9 mank9d reass]t$ itself ) an irresi/ible int5sity1 & new =ms ( pictorial expression 7 eag]ly s\ght aft]4 ,! art ( engrav+ provid$ a m$ium = ! ext5sion ( ! arti/'s fame & ! popul>is+ ( 8 creations4 ,x rapidly ga9$ fav\r1 & its ultimate developm5t & expansion fully ju/ifi$ ! int]e/ x ar\s$4 ,e>ly ,engrav]s4--,baccio ,bald9e1 ano!r ,flor5t9e goldsmi?1 quickly realis$ ! value ( ,f9igu]ra's discov]y1 & endeav\r$ to produce engrav$ plates = pr9t+ purposes4 ,be+ a some:at indiff]5t design]1 8 fir/ ef=ts 7 n v successful4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds assi/$ by ,s&io ,botticelli1 & ?is p>tn]%ip 0 ! fir/ cle> indication ( progress 9 ! art4 ,^! two engrav]s und]took ! illu/ration ( an edition ( ,dante's works1 9 :i* ! *ief feature 0 to be an orig9al headpiece = ea* canto4 ,!y accompli%$ "s m]itori\s "w 9 connection !re)1 b nev] q fulfill$ _! task4 ,"s impressions f engrav$ plates 7 exhibit$ 9 ,rome ab\t ?is "t1 & attract$ ! att5tion ( ! pa9t] ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,he 0 s impress$ ) ^! examples ( ! new art t he det]m9$ to reproduce "s ( 8 own pictures 9 a l mann]4 ,mantegna's engrav+s 7 n 9 any way rem>kable1 yet !y 7 receiv$ ) consid]able en?usiasm by 8 c\ntrym5 & by arti/s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,m>c ,antonio ,raimondi 0 ano!r fam\s ,italian engrav] ( ?is p]iod4 ,he fir/ became notori\s ?r\gh copy+ "s ( ,a4 ,dur]'s designs 9 ! exact /yle affect$ by t great arti/4 ,he also add$ ,dur]'s signature to 8 piracies1 & 9 o!r ways emphasis$ ! imitation4 ,x is d\btful :e!r he ev] realis$ ! gravity ( ! deception he 0 guilty (1 = he took no pa9s to conceal ! fact f 8 fell[ arti/s4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ev]1 ,raimondi 0 a f9e engrav]4 ,he reproduc$ a numb] ( ,raphael's pictures "u t arti/'s direct sup]vision1 all ( :i* %[ di/9ct traces ( ! great ma/]'s influ5ce4 ,raimondi engrav$ betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ plates4 ,x is a rem>kable co9cid5ce t ! art ( engrav+ 9 ,italy1 & pr9t+ 9 ,g]many1 %\ld ea* receive ! /imulus ( a new discov]y ab\t ! same p]iod4 ,! art ( pr9t+ 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,*9ese1 b movable types 7 fir/ us$ by ,gut5b]g ab\t #aded4 ,national ,*>act]i/ics4--,engrav+ is almo/ z old z ! human race1 yet its full value z a reproductive art 0 n discov]$ until #adeb1 :5 ,f9igu]ra made 8 discov]y4 ,= at lea/ half a c5tury aft] ?is discov]y engrav+ 0 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem 9 ,italy4 ,f t c\ntry x pass$ to ,g]many1 & !nce into ,france4 ,9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries x fl\ri%$ = a "t1 until at la/ x claim$ a place1 & t a high "o1 among/ ! f9e arts ( our own c\ntry4 ,! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ,italian art1 & p>ticul>ly ,italian engrav+1 7 beautiful outl9es & excell5t draw+4 ,no?+ 9 any /age ( ,italian art 0 c>elessly or incompletely done4 ,!re is no r\gh sugge/ion ( design1 no inexact record ( arti/ic inv5tion4 ,! l9es1 & especially ! outl9es1 ( ! e>ly ,italian engrav+s are indisputably exquisite 9 _! expression ( grace & beauty1 ?\gh p]haps weak & unsuitable = ! portrayal ( vig\r & /r5g?4 ,! ,g]man engrav]s rea*$ ano!r extreme4 ,_! draw+s 7 frequ5tly defici5t1 & ev5 grotesque2 b ?is 0 m ?an comp5sat$ = by a m+l$ =ce & fre$om ( del9eation :i*1 add$ to a ri* imag9ative symbolism1 0 9 e respect rem>kable4 ,by means ( fl[+ l9es !y indicat$ e fold ( drap]ies1 emphasis$ ! v>i$ cont\r ( features1 or produc$ an intricate & almo/ p]plex+ p]spective 9 _! pictures4 ,!y frequ5tly sacrific$ arti/ic p[] = a m]e %[ ( dext]\s execution1 & consequ5tly ! engrav+s ( ?is p]iod 7 r>ely ev] sublime 9 _! conceptions4 ,rem>kable = _! te*nique1 !y 7 yet productive ( a bewild]+ confusion ( ideas & mann]isms4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ?is sup]iority ( te*nique :i* attract$ s mu* att5tion to ! old ,g]man engrav]s4 ,_! portrait engrav+s display abundant insight into human "*1 & 9 ?is respect at lea/ exhibit a r>e p[] ( pictorial expression4 ,indefatigable en?usiasm1 "o ( ! racial *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fr5* nation1 0 exemplifi$ 9 ! reception accord$ by h] arti/s to ! art ( metal engrav+4 ,fr5* engrav+ 0 di/+ui%$ by a felicit\s comb9ation ( good draw+1 skilful execution1 & an aptitude to imitate easily any impression4 ,outl9es 7 frequ5tly sugge/$ r ?an del9eat$1 & al?\gh some:at unconv5tional 9 /yle1 ,fr5* engrav+s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury display$ few traces ( a p]functory art4 ,c]ta9 vag>ies ( /yle1 due no d\bt to a natural vivacity1 indicat$ an arti/ic quality ( design & execution :i* 0 _! peculi> inh]itance4 ,( mod]n ,fr5* engrav]s on metal1 ! ,audran family 7 by f> ! mo/ notable4 ,= f\r or five g5]ations t rem>kable family %[$ arti/ic tal5t ( a high /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,g]>d ,audran1 :o 0 born 9 #afdj1 0 ! be/ kn[n & mo/ gift$ memb] ( ?is family4 ,8 productions 7 ev]y:]e admir$4 ,8 hi/orical pictures especially 7 v f9e4 ,he 0 appo9t$ engrav] to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,di$ #agjc4 ,a ,progressive ,review4--,= a long p]iod engrav+ 0 ( ! simple/ possible "*4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury an ef=t 0 made to introduce p]spective into ! productions ( bo? bru% & grav]1 & until ?is important developm5t obta9$ complete recognition1 ev5 ! mo/ skilful arti/s 7 guilty ( faulty draughtsman%ip4 ,a]ial p]spective1 or ! sugge/ion ( di/ance1 quickly foll[$ ?is adoption ( l9e> p]spective4 ,x is claim$ = ,lucas van ,leyd51 a ,dut* engrav]1 t he 0 ! fir/ to ?or\ghly appreciate & give true value to =egr\nd & di/ance2 9 o!r words1 to fully recognise ! arti/ic value ( p]spective4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly sugge/$ t ! fame ( ,dur]1 van ,leyd51 & o!rs ( ! same s*ool1 0 s widespread z to create an arti/ic bias1 :i* o!r engrav]s1 :o 7 _! equals 9 te*nical skill1 if n 9 f]tility ( design1 f\nd x difficult to ov]come4 ,"o ( ^! engrav]s1 ,h5ry ,goltzius1 0 det]m9$ to obta9 recognition ( 8 m]its1 & engrav$ five plates 9 z _m diff]5t /yles1 copy+ ! mann]isms & artifices ( ,dur] & o!rs4 ,!y 7 at once accept$ z productions ( ! great arti/s1 & n until ,goltzius _h he>d ! unqualifi$ praise ( art critics & patrons did he reveal 8 purpose4 ,8 c\ntrym5 g5]\sly =gave him ?is deception1 & he c]ta9ly ga9$ mu* cr$it !reby4 ,^! pictures are n[ kn[n z ,goltzius' ma/]pieces4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury ,rembr&t's influ5ce develop$ mu* ( t te*nique :i* mod]n engrav]s h copi$1 & 9 "s in/ances claim$ to improve4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( m expressive gradations ( tone1 = ! production & emphatic sugge/ion ( light & %ade4 ,! "* ( ?is1 too1 has be5 reta9$ 9 pres5t day engrav+s4 ,rembr&t 0 m directly associat$ ) et*+ ?an ) l9e engrav+1 b 8 influ5ce 0 f> f exclusive4 ,enc\rag$ by ! influ5ce ( 8 example1 ! l9e engrav] endeav\r$ to add to ! expressive p[] ( 8 pictures by ! introduction ( m d>+ p]spectives1 m sugge/ive =m1 & inf9itely great] div]sity ( texture4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,engrav+ ,,9 ,,engl&--,,introduction ,,( ,,metal ,,engrav+--,,notable ,,briti% ,,engrav]s--,,summ>y ,:5 appli$ to objects ( _! prop] de/9ation1 ! arts are capable ( ext5d+ our intellect1 ( supply+ new ideas1 & ( pres5t+ to u a view ( times & places1 :atev] _! int]val or diff]5ce4--,dallaway4 ,engrav+ z a decorative art 0 well advanc$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ! reign ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :5 ! ,anglo-,saxon metal-work]s 7 kn[n to be skilful engrav]s4 ,! art 0 /ill fur!r develop$ "u ! ,norman rule1 & dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,wood engrav+s 7 pr9t$ by ,william ,caxton 9 #adha1 b !re is no pro( t !y 7 ! "w ( ,engli% engrav]s4 ,introduction ( ,metal ,engrav+4--,! exact date ( ! introduction into ,engl& ( metal engrav+ z a reproductive art is d\btful4 ,!re is a record ( a book publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 #aede1 :i* 0 illu/rat$ ) copp] engrav+s1 cut by ,?omas ,gem5i4 ,x 0 a "w on anatomy by ,vesalius1 & 0 at fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,lat94 ,9 ! preface to a translation ( ?is "w ! foll[+ qua9t note appe>s3 ,accepte1 j5till read]1 ?is ,tractise ( ,anatomie1 ?ankfully int]pret+ ! lab\rs ( ,?omas ,gem5i ! workman4 ,he t ) 8 great *>ge1 wat* & travayle1 ha? set out ! figures 9 p\rtrature w mo/ will+ly be am5d$1 or bett] p]fect$ ( 8 own workman%ip if admoni%$4 ,x 0 probably n until ,que5 ,elizabe?'s reign 0 well advanc$ t metal engrav+ obta9$ any sub/antial recognition z a f9e art :i* might be practis$ ) "s hope ( comm]cial success4 ,ar*bi%op ,p>k]1 a p[]ful prelate ( ?is "t1 ext5d$ 8 patronage to ! art1 & = a "t1 at lea/1 kept a private /aff ( engrav]s4 ,a portrait ( ?is ar*bi%op 0 execut$ by ,remigus ,hog5b]g1 & is ! fir/ record ( an engrav$ portrait produc$ & pr9t$ 9 ,engl&4 ,= ab\t a c5tury ! "w ( ,engli% engrav]s 0 un9t]e/+1 & almo/ devoid ( arti/ic feel+4 ,_! pictures possess$ b little m]it1 ei!r z works ( art or z pictorial records ( t em95tly progressive p]iod4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury engrav+ became intimately associat$ ) lit]ature1 & !n1 z n[1 ! comb9ation 0 a felicit\s "o4 ,ano!r =tunate circum/ance 0 ! settl+ ( ! ,passe family 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y came f ,utre*t1 & 7 engrav]s ( consid]able skill & repute4 ,! eld] ,passe 0 a fri5d & admir] ( ! fam\s pa9t] ,reub5s1 ^: /yle he1 to "s ext5t1 copi$4 ,john ,payne--! fir/ ,engli% arti/ to di/+ui% himself ) ! grav]--0 a pupil ( ,passe4 ,payne 0 an und\bt$ g5ius1 &1 b = 8 indol5ce & dissipat$ habits1 might h accompli%$ a great "w4 ,8 mo/ notewor?y engrav+ 0 a picture ( ,! ,royal ,sov]eign1 made on two plates1 :i*1 :5 jo9$ toge!r1 measur$ #cf 94 x #bf 94 ,v]tue succe$$ ,payne4 ,8 engrav+s 7 *iefly ( hi/orical value2 z works ( art !y display$ no unusual m]it4 ,_m 7 portraits ( p]sonages ( high degree1 9 :i* ,v]tue evid5tly copi$ ! /yle ( ,h\brak51 a ,dut* arti/1 :o "s "t previ\sly engrav$ a simil> s]ies ( portraits1 ! commission be+ giv5 to him because no ,engli% engrav] 0 capable ( execut+ x4 ,v]tue's writ+s on ,engli% ,art 7 pr(use & ?\ghtful4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds collect$ & publi%$ by ,horace ,walpole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,old ,wood ,engrav+4 ,horace ,walpole1 ! hi/orian ( ! graphic arts4 ,block suppli$ by ! ,london ,electrotype ,ag5cy ,ltd41 f ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news4 ,hog>?1 ,! inimitable ,hog>?1 ,^: pictur$ morals *>m ! eye1 ,& ?r\gh ! eye correct ! he>t1 0 a brilliant expon5t ( ! expressive p[] ( ! engrav]'s art4 ,possess+ a pr(\nd k ( human nature1 & a ke5 s5se ( all t is humanely int]e/+1 he express$ 9 8 pictures a wond]ful creative fancy1 & a well direct$ hum\r4 ,he almo/ inv>iably repres5t$ "* r ?an sc5es1 & :ile display+ imm5se f]tility ( design1 he reta9$ suffici5t realism 9 ! composition ( 8 pictures to r5d] !m valuable z records ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( 8 times4 ,!y1 moreov]1 describe _! incid5ts 9 ! mo/ direct & piquant fa%ion4 ,8 some:at defective draw+ 0 r$eem$ by a weal? ( sugge/ion & an endless v>iety ( grotesque conceptions4 ,he possess$ ! happy art ( seiz+ a fleet+ impression f :i* he w\ld evolve a c>icature full ( peculi> & qua9t hum\r4 ,hog>?'s place 9 ! art annals ( ?is c\ntry is und\bt$ly assur$1 = x has be5 said t he repres5t$ 8 *>act]s ) m =ce ?an mo/ m5 c\ld see !m4 ,8 c>e] may be dat$ f #agbd1 :5 he produc$ ! illu/rations = ,hudibras & ,la ,mortray's ,travels4 ,!re is a mo/ extraord9>y /ory relat$ 9 connection ) ,hog>?'s la/ engrav+4 ,:ile sp5d+ a m]ry ev5+ ) "s fri5ds he 0 he>d to say3 ,my next und]tak+ w be ! end ( all ?+s4 ,if t is s1 rem>k$ "o ( 8 companions1 !re w soon be an end ( ! arti/4 ,yes1 !re w be1 ,hog>? repli$1 & ! soon] my task is f9i%$ ! bett]4 ,! engrav+ 0 execut$ "u ! impulse ( an int5se excitem5t4 ,f9is1 he exclaim$1 z he f9i%$ t mo/ rem>kable design1 ,all is n[ ov]1 &1 /range to relate1 ?is 0 actually 8 la/ "w1 = he di$ ab\t a mon? lat]4 ,rob]t ,/range1 :o 0 contempor>y ) ,hog>?1 0 a native ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s4 ,he 0 an art /ud5t 9 ,ed9burgh :5 ,pr9ce ,*>lie l&$1 & 8 ,jacobite sympa?ies l$ him to ?r[ aside 8 "w & jo9 ! "y *evali]4 ,:5 ! remnant ( ! army ( #agde 0 fly+ be=e ,duke ,william aft] ! battle ( ,cullod51 ,/range1 closely pursu$ by a numb] ( soldi]s1 s\ght %elt] 9 ! h\se ( ! ,lumsdales4 ,miss ,lumsdale 0 sitt+ ) h] "w by "o ( ! w9d[s1 & at once (f]$ to conceal ! "y soldi] und]nea? ! folds ( h] skirt4 ,ladies' skirts ( ! cr9ol9e p]iod 7 ( su* proportions z to r5d] ! concealm5t easy1 & ,miss ,lumsdale1 to lull ! suspicions ( ! pursu+ soldi]s1 cont9u$ h] sew+1 & affect$ consid]able surprise & indignation at _! intrusion4 ,!y %amefac$ly )drew ^u f9d+ ! lady alone1 & ,/range aft]w>ds made good 8 escape to ,france4 ,gratitude to 8 deliv]]1 int5sifi$ by ! romantic situation :i* sav$ 8 life1 quickly rip5$ into love1 &1 x is ne$less to add1 a good old-fa%ion$ love mat*4 ,/range settl$ 9 ,london ab\t #agej1 :51 by 8 zeal & skilful "w1 he add$ mu* to ! fame ( hi/orical engrav+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,he engrav$ ov] eighty plates dur+ 8 lifetime1 & display$ a lit]>y tal5t ( no mean ord]4 ,he 0 n a brilliant draughtsman1 b ! tone & texture ( 8 engrav+s are almo/ p]fect4 ,he 0 knight$ 9 #agha4 ,!re is yet "o o!r engrav] ( ?is p]iod ^: c>e] m]its a %>e ( att5tion & int]e/4 ,james ,gilray 0 born 9 #ageg1 &1 l ,hog>?1 comm5c$ at ! bottom rung ( ! ladd] z a lett] engrav]4 ,he also became a notable c>icaturi/1 & "s idea ( 8 skill 9 ?is bran* ( pictorial art may be glean$ f ! fact t ov] #abjj designs 7 ! product ( 8 inv5tive fancy4 ,?\gh n by any means indol5t1 8 habits 7 dissipat$1 & un=tunately = him he1 = _m ye>s1 resid$ ) 8 publi%]1 :o gratifi$ 8 passions s long z 8 art 0 suffici5tly productive4 ,gilray's designs 7 n all c>icatures4 ,a numb] ( illu/rations = ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village 7 design$ & engrav$ by him4 ,he also engrav$ a few ( ,nor?cote's pictures4 ,8 /yle 0 free & spirit$1 & he 0 "o ( ! fir/ ,engli% engrav]s to prove ! m]its ( /ipple engrav+4 ,! /ipple mann] ( engrav+ 0 a curi\s developm5t ( ! art4 ,x appe>$ z ?\gh l9e engrav+ c\ld n keep pace ) ! ev]-gr[+ dem& = pictures1 & 0 !re=e comb9$ ) /ipple to facilitate production4 ,9 capable h&s v f9e results 7 obta9$ ) ?is comb9ation4 ,engli% engrav+ 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 h[ev]1 & cont95tal productions 7 fav\r$ by ! art patrons ( ?is c\ntry1 until a /imulus 0 giv5 to native art by ! pa9t]s ,reynolds1 ,wilson1 & ,we/4 ,pr(it+ by ?is r5ew$ int]e/1 ,woollet ent]$ ^u a c>e] ( unqualifi$ success1 & ev5tually succe$$ 9 obta9+ full recognition = ! m]its ( ,engli% engrav+4 ,z a boy ,woollet %[$ 8 arti/ic proclivities 9 a /range mann]4 ,8 fa!r1 x is /at$1 won a ,l#ejjj prize 9 a lott]y1 & b\ght an inn1 glory+ 9 ! "n ( ,! ,turk's ,head1 a title :i* ! embryonic arti/ endeav\r$ to express pictorially on a pewt] pot4 ,! fa!r1 /ruck by "s quality 9 ! draw+1 appr5tic$ "y ,woollet to an obscure ,london engrav]4 ,f an arti/ic po9t ( view ?is appr5tice%ip 0 ( little value4 ,woollet 0 a born arti/1 & al?\gh 8 e>ly tra9+ may h int5sifi$ ! natural b5t ( 8 g5ius1 x did little to cultivate x4 ,he possess$ v]satile tal5ts4 ,8 hi/orical pictures 71 9 e respect1 equal to 8 l&scapes1 & ^! w long rema9 z la/+ & conv9c+ monum5ts ( 8 skill4 ,! boldness ( contra/ & accuracy ( execution display$ by ,woollet 9 8 l&scape engrav+s f> surpass$ all previ\s ef=ts to express pictorial effects ) ! grav]4 ,raimba* 0 a m9iature pa9t] ( "s note1 :o1 l _m o!r arti/s1 turn$ f creative to reproductive art1 & became a successful engrav]4 ,9 #ahab he became associat$ ) ,david ,wilkie1 & x is g5]ally suppos$ t he 0 reta9$ by t arti/ = ! reproduction ( 8 pictures4 ,raimba*'s translations ( ,wilkie's works 7 9 e s5se arti/ic productions & fai?ful repres5tations4 ,he 0 said to be s c>eful & consci5ti\s 9 8 "w t he employ$ no assi/ants1 b ?is 0 n entirely true4 ,c>eful & consci5ti\s he und\bt$ly 01 b he frequ5tly employ$ assi/ants to engrave ! less important p>ts ( 8 commissions4 ,raimba* 0 born 9 #aggf1 & di$ #ahdc4 ,f4 ,c4 ,lewis 0 a progressive engrav] contempor>y ) ,raimba*4 ,8 mo/ notable productions 7 aft] ,l&se] & ,lawr5ce4 ,he 0 appo9t$ engrav] fir/ to ,george ,,iv41 !n ,william ,,iv41 & aft]w>ds to ,que5 ,victoria4 ,samuel ,c\s9s 0 ano!r mo/ influ5tial engrav]4 ,a brief sket* ( 8 arti/ic c>e] is giv5 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lewis 0 bo? a l9e & mezzot9t engrav]4 ,he 0 probably ,l&se]'s fav\rite engrav]1 & 8 "n is be/ kn[n 9 association ) t arti/'s pictures4 ,born #ahjh2 di$ #ahhj4 ,:5 ,john ,pye engrav$ 8 fir/ ,turn] picture1 ,pope's ,villa1 9 #ahaa1 t fam\s arti/ express$ 8 unqualifi$ approval :5 he said1 ,if ,i _h kn[n !re 0 anyone 9 ?is c\ntry :o c\ld h done t1 ,i w\ld h _h x done be=e1 & on m ?an "o occasion he m5tion$ ,pye's engrav+s z ! mo/ satisfactory translations ( my col\r into black & :ite4 ,an adequate int]pretation ( ,turn]'s pictures requires a ma/]ly appreciation ( ! gradations & balance ( tone :i* sugge/ bo? col\r & space2 & to m]it su* expressions ( satisfaction f ! great arti/ himself 0 pro( ( ,john ,pye's arti/ic p[] & skill4 ,he began 8 c>e] z an engrav] ab\t ! ye> #ahjj aft] a %ort appr5tice%ip ) ,james ,hea?1 a clev] & practical man1 :o 0 quick to p]ceive ! ability ( 8 appr5tice4 ,john ,pye 0 a recognis$ au?ority on ! pictorial effect ( col\r1 & x 0 said t dur+ 8 long & em95tly useful life no engrav] did m ?an he to spread a k ( ! s\nd pr9ciples ( l&scape art4 ,he 0 frequ5tly consult$ by 8 fell[ arti/s1 & )\t ev5 a sugge/ion ( pr(essional jeal\sy1 he 0 ev] ready ) 8 advice &1 if ne$ be1 practical help4 ,! foll[+ copy ( a lett]--n[ 9 ! ,swansea ,art ,gall]y--gives "s idea ( ! e/eem 9 :i* 8 op9ion 0 held by contempor>y arti/s3-- ,monday4 ,to ,j4 ,pye1 ,esq4 ,?ursday night1 at half-pa/ five1 if y please4 ,i hope t day w be conv5i5t to y4 ,i %\ld l1 if possible1 to see y "h by daylight1 z y\r op9ion is always valuable to me1 & ,i h "s few ?+s to %[ y4--,y\r fai?ful s]vant1 ,ed4 ,l&se]4 ,pye 0 long kn[n 9 art circles z ! ,fa!r ( l&scape engrav+1 & he c]ta9ly succe$$1 z no o!r engrav] has done1 9 8 translation ( col\r values & sugge/ion ( a]ial p]spectives4 ,turn]'s pa9t+s 7 8 fav\rite subjects1 & 8 int]pretations ( !m are brilliant 9 expression1 & *>g$ ) ! v ess5ce ( arti/ic feel+4 ,8 life & "w indicat$ a progress z di/9ct z x 0 f> rea*+4 ,& /ill ! "w w5t on1 ,& on1 & on1 & is n yet complet$4 ,! g5]ation t succe$s our own ,p]haps may f9i% x4 ,x has be5 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ^! m5 & o!rs :o1 ?\gh less influ5tial1 7 n less skilful p]haps1 or less e>ne/1 t ,engli% engrav+1 9 its d>+ innovations & sub/antial improvem5ts1 has f> out/ripp$ t ( o!r c\ntries4 ,by !m its reputation has be5 built up & enhanc$1 s t its influ5ce is conspicu\sly visible 9 ! pr9ciples & hi/ory ( ,art4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,et*+--,,e>ly ,,records--,,descriptive--,,rembr&t',s ,,influ5ce--,,w5ceslaus ,,holl>4 ,,mezzot9t--,,inv5tion--,,description--, ,arti/ic ,,qualities--,,dilettanti ,,art--,a ,,mod]n ,,mezzo ,,engrav] ,by its v "* ( fre$om1 by ! intimate & rapid connection :i* x e/abli%es betwe5 ! h&s & ! ?\ghts ( ! arti/s1 et*+ becomes ! franke/ & mo/ natural ( int]pret]s4--,lalanne4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 & n )\t "s %[ ( reason1 t ( all ! reproductive arts et*+ /&s pre-em95t z a m$ium ( pictorial expression :]e9 p]fect fre$om ( draw+ is reta9$4 ,x has f\nd consid]able fav\r ) arti/s1 because x enables !m to reproduce _! own works ) ease & rapidity1 & )\t any p]ceptible loss ( expressive p[]4 ,e>ly ,records4--,! fir/ acc\nt ( ! art ( et*+ comes f ,dut* s\rces1 b :e!r or n x _h its bir? 9 ,holl& is a matt] ( pure conjecture4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly cradl$ 9 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & f9d+ ! "t & conditions ( art cong5ial !re1 fl\ri%$ abundantly4 ,a book be>+ ! title1 ,a ,book ( ,secrets1 0 publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aeii4 ,x 0 a translation f ! ,dut*1 & describ$ ,a me?od ( engrav+ ) /rong wat]s on /eel or iron4 ,! art ( et*+ mu/ h be5 kn[n 9 ,holl& "s "t previ\s to ! date ( ?is publication4 ,x 0 an un=tunate t5d5cy :i* l$ ! e>ly et*]s1 or at any rate et*]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 to practise a /yle ( execution 9 direct imitation ( ! "w ( ! grav]4 ,_! productions 7 robb$ ( _! peculi> "* & *>m1 _! directness & complet5ess ( repres5tation4 ,descriptive4--,! practical phase ( ! et*]'s "w claims a m ?an pass+ int]e/ f ! e>ne/ read]4 ,a c>efully poli%$ %eet ( copp] is cov]$ ) an acid resi/ 9 ! =m ( a ?9 coat+ ( wax or "s simil> composition4 ,:5 ?is has be5 black5$ by ! smoke ( a c&le1 or by any o!r suitable means1 ! draw+ is made ) /eel po9ts4 ,! bright %e5 ( ! copp] expos$ by ea* /roke ( ! po9t or et*+ ne$le w %[ ! progress ( ! "w v di/9ctly4 ,! et*+ mordant is p\r$ ov] ! draw+ ?us made1 :5 ! expos$ p>ts ( ! plate w be corrod$ or et*$ away until suffici5t dep? is obta9$4 ,^! are1 ( c\rse1 b ! b>e outl9es ( ! process1 yet !y w suffice to illu/rate ! facility & simplicity ( its op]ations4 ,because x is s admirably adapt$ = light & sket*y draw+s1 et*+ has be5 describ$ z a k9d ( summ>y ( pictorial expression1 & 9 "s respects su* a description fits x p]fectly2 yet1 = a j appreciation ( its m]its1 x w be ne$ful to put aside ! idea t x is little m ?an a sket*y framework4 ,x is true t "s ( ! f9e/ et*+s h be5 execut$ ) ! fewe/ possible l9es & )\t any pret5ce ( elaboration1 yet tone & texture may be fully express$ ?\gh n actually realis$4 ,h5ce ! t]m sometimes s aptly appli$ to et*+ :5 x is ref]r$ to z ! /5ography ( arti/ic ?\ght4 ,x is ^u ?is pr9ciple ( limitation t ! *ief m]its ( ! et*]'s art re/s1--a sy/em ( pictorial repres5tation :i* does n always produce illogical & in>ti/ic int]pretation or ! imp]fect transcription ( light & %ade4 ,x may be frequ5tly *>act]is$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( caprice 9 its execution1 b x is nev]!less capable ( produc+ =m & expression ( a v high "*4 ,alb]t ,dur]1 :o possess$ a mo/ rem>kable arti/ic v]satility1 et*$ a numb] ( plates2 b !y c sc>cely be reg>d$ z successful examples ( 8 "w1 =1 l o!r arti/s ( 8 "t1 he endeav\r$ to imitate ! productions ( ! grav] ) 8 et*+ ne$le4 ,x 0 altoge!r a futile exp]im5t1 if inde$ x c be reg>d$ z an exp]im5t1 & ,dur]'s et*+s %[ b little ( t r>e p[] & te*nical skill = :i* he 0 ju/ly fam\s 9 o!r phases ( graphic art4 ,rembr&t's ,influ5ce4--,rembr&t1 :o 0 said to be ,! greate/ arti/ic individuality ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 manife/$ a deep & la/+ en?usiasm = ! art ( et*+1--an en?usiasm :i* 0 abundantly display$ 9 ! m>vell\s div]sity ( =m by :i* he reproduc$ ! *>act]i/ic grace & delicate modell+ ( 8 pictures4 ,8 grav] & et*+ ne$le possess$ ! same spirit$ t\* z 8 bru%1 & :5 ) 8 own h& he pres5t$ 8 bold pr9ciples ( light & %ade1 he almo/ inv>iably comb9$ /r5g? ( expression ) great facility ( inv5tion4 ,!re is "o notable et*] ^: *equ]$ c>e] may well be reg>d$ ) int]e/1 = x reveals a dep? ( arti/ic en?usiasm almo/ unp>allel$ 9 ! art annals ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry4 ,holl>4--,w5ceslaus ,holl> 0 a ,bohemian by bir?1 & came to ,engl& "u ! patronage ( ! ,duke ( ,arundel 9 #afcg4 ,dur+ a lifetime ( peculi> mis=tunes & vicissitudes1 he et*$ some?+ l #bgjj plates4 ,z an ard5t ,royali/1 he 0 drawn into ! civil w> ( #afdc-dd4 ,he also pass$ ?r\gh ! ,great ,plague & ! ,fire ( ,london4 ,difficulties & h>d%ips ev] beset 8 pa?1 yet 8 indu/ry & fond atta*m5t to art nev] flagg$4 ,! v fact t ev]-recurr+ mis=tunes & privations nev] impair$ 8 p[] z a mo/ rem>kable & +5i\s illu/rator is ample pro(1 if su* be requir$1 ( 8 g5ius4 ,holl>'s et*+s are di/+ui%$ by an int5se fidelity4 ,!y ab\nd 9 hi/orical int]e/ ( a reliable & fasc9at+ k9d1 & ?\gh nev] %[y !y possess a weal? ( arti/ic beauty & arti/ic expression4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ an arti/ ) ,holl>'s gigantic1 productive en]gy %\ld end 8 days 9 abject pov]ty4 ,mezzot9t engrav+ is ! art ( engrav+ on metal 9 tones4 ,x dates back to ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,its hi/ory is int]e/+ if only = ! fact t x has be5 develop$ *iefly 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! high degree ( p]fection to :i* x atta9$ be+ *iefly due to ,engli% arti/s4 ,s mu* s1 inde$1 t x has frequ5tly be5 ref]r$ to z la manaire ,anglais4 ,inv5tion4--,! inv5tion ( ,mezzot9t engrav+ 0 ! result ( an e-day circum/ance :i* attract$ ! att5tion ( a soldi] m ?\ghtful ?an 8 fell[s4 ,ludwig von ,sig5 0 a lieut5ant-colonel 9 ! army ( ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse ,cassel :5 he obs]v$ ! corrosive action ( moi/ure on ! /ock ( a musket4 ,! metal "w _h be5 ornam5t$ ) an engrav$ design1 & ! gr\nd =m$ by corrosion 9 conjunction ) ! engrav$ l9es sugge/$ an idea f :i* von ,sig5 subsequ5tly develop$ ! mezzot9t process4 ,?is /ory ( von ,sig5's discov]y is reg>d$ by "s au?orities ) a suspicion ( d\bt1 & a sugge/ion is made t 8 purpose 0 to inve/ ?is introduction ( a new reproductive art ) a romantic z well z an arti/ic int]e/4 ,9 any case1 ! gallant colonel's cr$it is ma9ta9$1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! pr9ciple ( 8 inv5tion rema9s /ill un*ang$4 ,! *ief purpose ( lat] developm5ts 0 to facilitate ! production ( a p]fectly ev5 gr\nd4 ,on ! pres5tation ( 8 fir/ pr9t to ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse1 von ,sig5 decl>$1 ,!re is n a s+le engrav]1 or a s+le arti/1 :o kn[s h[ ?is "w is done4 ,ab\t twelve ye>s aft]w>ds ! inv5tor divulg$ 8 secret to ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 by :om x 0 br\ght to ,engl&4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ,pr9ce ,rup]t c>efully pres]v$ ! secret ( ?is new process = "s "t1 & !n 9 a g5]\s mood he imp>t$ x to ,vall]ant ,valliant1 :o =tunately = ,engli% art made 8 k widespread4 ,:5 mezzot9t engrav+ 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1 ! fam\s arti/s1 ,reynolds & ,ga9sbor\gh1 _h rea*$ ! summit ( _! fame4 ,! "t 0 inde$ auspici\s4 ,l9e engrav+ fail$ to give a fai?ful reproduction ( ! peculi> /yle ( pa9t+ !n s mu* admir$1 :ile mezzot9t engrav+1 ) its s(t gradations & attractive qualities ( expression1 translat$ ) a vivacity & facility t c\ld n fail to please & satisfy4 ,!n1 aga91 a some:at abrupt *ange manife/$ itself 9 ! pictorial art ( ?is p]iod4 ,repres5tations ( incid5ts & portraits ( fam\s p]sonages1 :i* 7 9 !mselves int]e/+1 took ! place ( ! sev]ely arti/ic productions ( ! pa/4 ,! natural result 0 an int5se int]e/1 :i* embrac$ ! art & ! process by :i* x 0 popul>is$4 ,description4--,! mezzot9t process ( engrav+ may be describ$ 9 a v few s5t5ces4 ,! plate ( metal is fir/ cov]$ ) a gr\nd or tone4 ,to accompli% ?is1 a tool ) a s]rat$ edge is pass$ ov] ! surface 9 v>i\s directions4 ,! myriads ( microscopic ind5tations ?us produc$ con/itute a too? or r\ghness simil> to ! gra9 ( a co>se s&/one4 ,?is gra9 holds a c]ta9 proportion ( pr9t+ ink1 & gives a ri*1 velvety black impression4 ,on su* a gr\nd ! engrav] works up 8 design1 &1 by ! skilful use ( scrap] & burni%]1 obta9s a s]ies ( tones or almo/ imp]ceptible gradations4 ,he removes j s mu* ( ! gra9 z may be requir$ = ! light] tones1 & by burni%+ or poli%+1 aft] ! scrap] has be5 us$1 secures ! high lights4 ,9 "o respect1 at lea/1 ?is =m ( reproductive art is peculi>1 & unlike any o!r types ( engrav+4 ,! arti/ works f black to :ite1 & produces1 on ! plate1 ! lights in/ead ( ! %ad[s4 ,arti/ic ,qualities4--,al?\gh capable ( mo/ *>m+ effects1 ! mezzot9t process nev] became a really s]i\s m5ace to l9e engrav+1 ) its firm & expressive outl9es & peculi>ly lu/r\s textures4 ,yet x is n at all surpris+ t a process1 (f]+ ! arti/ic qualities ( reproduction :i* mezzot9t possesses1 %\ld prove successful 9 ! int]pretation ( su* light & %ade z1 = example1 ,turn] pa9t$ into 8 pictures4 ,turn] 0 engag$ ^u ! s]ies ( pictures = 8 ,lib] ,/udiorum :5 he sudd5ly realis$ ! value ( mezzot9t engrav+4 ,he consult$ ) ,*>les ,turn]1 an em95t engrav]1 :o aft]w>ds execut$ tw5ty-?ree ( ! ,lib] ,/udiorum plates1 & ev5tually decid$ to adopt a comb9ation ( et*+ ) mezzot9t = ! reproduction ( t fam\s s]ies ( pictures4 ,! lead+ or ess5tial l9es ( ea* picture 7 et*$1 probably by ,turn] himself1 & ! mezzot9t add$ by o!r engrav]s4 ,x is p]haps to "s ext5t true t pr9ts f mezzo plates lack some:at 9 dignity ( effect & fidelity ( repres5tation4 ,!y are sugge/ive r ?an repres5tative2 yet1 :5 ! "* ( ! "w is suitable1 ?is lack ( dignity is m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! s(t & h>moni\s effects ( light & %ade already ref]r$ to4 ,! peculi> beauty & brilliancy ( ^! effects1 :5 arti/ically r5d]$1 imp>t to ! pr9ts an allur+ *>m1 :i* appeals to ! in>ti/ic z well z ! accr$it$ arti/ic eye4 ,! fact t ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ,we/1 ,romney1 & o!r fam\s arti/s all[$ _! pa9t+s to be reproduc$ by ! mezzot9t process1 is suffici5t pro( ( _! appreciation ( its p[]4 ,x 01 z already /at$1 to ,engli% engrav]s t mezzo engrav+ ow$ its developm5t & fame z a reproductive art1 & = v _m ye>s aft] its inv5tion x 0 practis$ *iefly 9 ,engl& & ,holl&4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ,g]many1 ! bir?place ( ?is art1 _h b a slight connection ) its subsequ5t hi/ory2 & equally rem>kable t ,fr5* engrav]s1 :o excell$ 9 l9e engrav+ :5 mezzot9t 0 at ! z5i? ( its fame1 %\ld almo/ entirely neglect to appreciate its possibilities4 ,ano!r curi\s fact conc]n+ mezzot9t engrav+ is t x has ev] be5 ! art ( ! dilettanti4 ,x 0 fir/ ( all inv5t$ by von ,sig51 :o foll[$ ! f9e arts = pleasure r ?an ) any s]i\s purpose4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t br\ght x ov] to ,engl& ) an en?usia/ic1 b c]ta9ly n a pr(essional1 int]e/1 & at sev]al p]iods ( its hi/ory x has receiv$ enc\ragem5t & sub/antial help f l s\rces4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ ard5t mezzo engrav]s 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ,francis ,place1 a well-kn[n ,york%ire c\ntry squire4 ,h4 ,lutt]el 0 ano!r su* expon5t ( ! art4 ,he 0 ! fir/ engrav] to make any decid$ improvem5t 9 lay+ ! gr\nd4 ,he evid5tly realis$ ! importance ( a good gr\nd1 & con/ruct$ a tool to ensure its ev5ness & regul>ity4 ,ano!r ,iri%man1 ,capta9 ,baillie1 a retir$ cavalry (fic]1 adopt$ a /yle ( engrav+ simil> to ,rembr&t's1 & copi$ "s ( t great arti/'s productions4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ art critics ( 8 "t4 ,a ,mod]n ,mezzo ,engrav]4--,a brief outl9e sket* ( ! life ( ,samuel ,c\s9s1 "o ( ! mo/ successful ( mod]n mezzot9t engrav]s1 w =m a fitt+ conclusion to ?is *apt]4 ,samuel ,c\s9s 0 born 9 #ahjj4 ,! /ory ( 8 precoci\sness 9 arti/ic matt]s is c]ta9ly extraord9>y4 ,sir ,?omas ,ackl&1 an en?usia/ic patron ( ! f9e arts1 saw ! boy ,c\s9s /&+ be=e a picture deal]'s w9d[1 & sket*+ ) all ! eag]ness & v]ve ( a born arti/4 ,ev5 :ile yet a *ild ( elev5 ye>s 8 exceptional ability manife/$ itself1 = he won ! silv] palette1 pres5t$ by ! ,society ( ,arts1 & aga9 ! silv] m$al :5 twelve ye>s4 ,8 rapid progress1 bo? z an arti/ & engrav]1 0 und\bt$ly due to ! influ5ce & enc\ragem5t ( 8 patron & fri5d1 ,sir ,?omas ,ackl&4 ,he engrav$ ab\t two hundr$ plates1 includ+ pictures by ,reynolds1 ,lawr5ce1 ,l&se]1 & ,millais4 ,c\s9s di$ 9 #ahhg1 aft] a mo/ brilliant & purposeful c>e]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,engrav]',s ,,task--,,in>ti/ic ,,"w--,,con/ructive ,,elem5ts--,,outl9e--,,extrane\s ,,matt]--,,composition--,,light ,,& ,,%ade--,,expression--,,p]spective--,,ex ecution ,! highe/ art is und\bt$ly t :i* is simple/ & mo/ p]fect1 :i* gives ! exp]i5ce ( a lifetime by a few l9es & t\*es4 ,! ,engrav]'s ,task4--,engrav+1 by :atev] process x may be accompli%$1 is n by any means a second>y art4 ,ev5 :5 x desc5ds to m]e copy+1 :i* its comm]cial associations un=tunately enc\rage1 x requires = its effective execution exceptional skill1 unremitt+ pati5ce1 & a m ?an av]age degree ( arti/ic feel+4 ,x is almo/ impossible to appreciate ! true value ( ! engrav]'s "w )\t "s consid]ation ( ! lab\r x entails4 ,ea* "o ( ! multitud9\s l9es ( an engrav+ is cut ) a def9ite purpose & delib]ate c>e1 & may be op]at$ ^u aga9 & aga9 to increase ! dep? or wid? 9 v>i\s places4 ,ev5 ! dots ( a /ipple are n made 9 t aimless fa%ion :i* _! appe>ance might at fir/ sugge/4 ,a me*anical effect is s$ul\sly avoid$1 consequ5tly ea* dot mu/ be cut ) scrupul\s c>e1 & may require two or ?ree t\*es ) ! grav] to produce ! desir$ effect4 ,! proportionate r$uction ( pictures = engrav+ also dem&s exquisite skill & accurate draughtsman%ip 9 :i* ! eye & h& ( ! arti/ may be di/9ctly trac$4 ,?us1 by a labori\s yet picturesque & h>moni\s int]pretation ( ! arti/'s creations1 ! engrav] r5d]s _! reproduction possible1 wid5s ! sph]e ( _! int]e/ & influ5ce1 & 9 _m in/ances procures = !m a _w-wide reputation4 ,su* an art may be bo? erudite & compreh5sive 9 its in=mation1 = x is execut$ ) a purposeful pati5ce :i* omits no?+1 =gets no?+1 & ma9ta9s a conv9c+ directness ( expression4 ,outl9e1 light & %ade1 v>iety ( /yle & repres5tation ( surfaces1 are all )9 ! engrav]'s control1 & a va/ div]sity ( expression w be requisite = _! realisation4 ,x is q )9 8 p[] also to int]pret ! arti/'s ?\ghts z well z imitate 8 /yle1 & ?is involves n only a judici\s balanc+ ( tone & texture1 b a k ( ! pr9ciples ( art embodi$ 9 ! picture--8 copy4 ,in>ti/ic ,"w4--,ow+ to an insatiable crav+ = pictorial illu/ration1 !re is an ev]-gr[+ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! arti/ engrav] to seek aft] s5sational or ent]ta9+ effects :i* are n arti/ic productions4 ,int5sely int]e/+ & attractive !y may be1 & yet signally defici5t 9 ! true elem5ts ( f9e art4 ,x is q possible to make any art popul>1 h[ev] crude its conception & manife/ation may be1 s long z its expression is suffici5tly /rik+ or pleas+4 ,su* products ( ! grav] or bru% may be elaborate compositions & effective =ms ( pictorial expression1 inasmu* z !y provide int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ pa/ or curr5t ev5ts4 ,!y may ev5 possess a c]ta9 value z hi/orical records1 & yet n manife/ t subtle p[] ( sugge/ive beauty & int5sity ( ?\ght :i* are prima facie evid5ces ( ma/]ly g5ius & arti/ic p[]4 ,:5 ! en]gy & skill ( ! arti/ are ?us devot$ to expressive del9eation 9 place ( arti/ic complet5ess1 he becomes satisfi$ ) an inf]ior degree ( excell5ce1 provid$ only t x pleases2 & ! result w almo/ assur$ly be an incomplete1 if n vitiat$1 production4 ,9 ^! days ( inv5tion & advancem5t1 :5 ! res\rces ( mank9d are almo/ limitless1 conditions ( life fav\rable1 & opportunities = ! acquirem5t ( k & skill always ab\nd+1 !re c surely be no valid excuse = ?is dead level m$iocrity 9 ! engrav]'s art1--a result :i* might possibly arise f ! insidu\s fev] ( display1 ( notoriety1 & ( comm]cialism :i* is ev] seek+ fre% victims 9 ?is z 9 e o!r phase ( human life & ef=t4 ,con/ructive ,elem5ts4--,an engrav+ may be an imitative or repres5tative int]pretation ( a picture or draw+ 9 black & :ite4 ,9 su* an int]pretation1 :atev] its "* may be1 integrity ( =m is ( p>am\nt importance1 & ess5tial to ! atta9m5t ( any degree ( excell5ce 9 engrav+4 ,x imp>ts to ! "w a di/9ctive "*1 & end[s x ) t delicacy & precision ( execution = :i* engrav+ is s ju/ly fam\s4 ,outl9e4--,9 ! e>ly engrav+s ! con/ructive elem5t consi/$ almo/ entirely ( pure outl9e1 :i* 0 r>ely monoton\s1 b frequ5tly sugge/ive ( =m & "*4 ,is x n almo/ m>vell\s1 ?is sugge/ive p[] ( outl9e1 = is x n 9 reality b an imag9>y b\nd>y8 ,an actual outl9e is a ?+ unkn[n 9 nature1 & ! v fact t x has its exi/5ce only 9 ! imag9ation ( ! arti/ makes our reconciliation to x & our admiration ( x ! m wond]ful4 ,! a/oni%+ ela/icity ( ! human imag9ation makes x q easy to fill 9 ! details ( a picture if only ! outl9e be suffici5tly sugge/ive4 ,! prim>y function ( ! outl9e is1 ( c\rse1 to repres5t2 b its second>y or sugge/ive purpose is sc>cely ( less importance1 & c only be fully realis$ :5 ! imag9ation is s /imulat$ z to p]ceive m ?an is actually exhibit$4 ,! complet5ess & tru?fulness ( ! outl9e mu/ be an engrav]'s fir/ po9t4 ,an art critic once /at$ t ,he _h f9i%$ ! picture :o _h f9i%$ ! outl9e4 ,to "s ext5t su* a /atem5t may be p]fectly true2 b j z 9 elocution1 or ev5 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 emphasis is requisite1 s 9 pictorial art ! emphasis ( concise expression1 modulation1 & delicate or vigor\s acc5tuation are equally necess>y & effective4 ,extrane\s ,matt]4--,9 o!r words1 an arti/'s ideas may be decisively portray$ 9 outl9e1 yet = lack ( suitable extrane\s matt] appe> bo? crude & impov]i%$4 ,! am\nt ( *>act]i/ic =m express$ by con/ructive elem5ts 9 ! draw+1 o!r ?an ! outl9es1 is /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 old ,g]man portrait engrav+s4 ,!y are simply ov]fl[+ ) details ( ! mo/ m9ute description4 ,nor c su* details be reg>d$ z altoge!r sup]flu\s1 = !y ea* help to build up ! "* ( ! picture4 ,9 portrait engrav+ a m]e lik5ess may easily be portray$ by a simple outl9e4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) "*4 ,consid]able amplification w be necess>y to %[ t2 & ?is1 p]haps1 is ! mo/ difficult task ( ! engrav]--to introduce a satisfactory am\nt ( ess5tial detail )\t detract+ 9 any way f a pleas+ g5]al effect 9 ! picture4 ,composition4--,9 its broade/ s5se composition 9 graphic art ref]s to ! putt+ toge!r or comb9ation ( ! v>i\s details into a pleas+ & effective picture4 ,x may comprise--7#a7 ! *oice ( a subject2 7#b7 ! mo/ effective mom5t ( its repres5tation2 7#c7 ! *oice ( su* circum/antial matt] z w be/ int5sify ! int]e/ ( ! picture1 & enhance its arti/ic value4 ,nor is "o "p mu* less important ?an ano!r1 = int]e/ 9 ! subject mu/ necess>ily be influ5c$ by effective gr\p+1 & ! *oice ( h>moni\s surr\nd+ = bo?4 ,x is 9 ?is t ! f9esse ( ! arti/ becomes available1 &1 by clev] contra/s & agreeable comb9ations1 enables him to emphasise ! expressive p[] ( 8 pictorial art4 ,light & ,%ade4--,! importance ( light & %ade 9 ! composition ( a picture is a fact too well e/abli%$ to require mu* fur!r recognition "h4 ,if skilfully arrang$ & di/ribut$ x may 9 "s measure comp5sate = any lack ( cohesion 9 ! design1 & ?us become a r$eem+ feature 9 :at w\ld o!rwise prove to be an ineffective composition4 ,x is *iefly by a dext]\s arrangem5t ( light & %ade t ! arti/ engrav] c produce a fai?ful & intelligible translation ( 8 subject4 ,x adds consid]ably to ! =ce & vig\r ( pictures1 & produces effects :i* please ! eye & successfully appeal to ! imag9ation4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r qualities & conditions :i* mat]ially affect ! engrav] & 8 "w1 & ^! w n[ be briefly indicat$4 ,expression4--,expression is ! repres5tation ( an object agreeably to its nature & "*1 & ! use or (fice x is int5d$ to h 9 ! "w4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! v ess5ce ( a picture4 ,)\t x !re c be no "*1 no emotion1 & !re=e no fai?ful del9eation4 ,p]spective4--,l9e> p]spective 9 engrav+ repres5ts ! position or magnitude ( ! l9es or cont\r ( objects portray$1 & sugge/s _! dim9ution 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! eye4 ,a]ial p]spective1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts ! dim9ution ( col\r value ( ea* object z x rec$es f ! eye4 ,x is1 9 reality1 a degradation ( tone1 sugge/+ ! relative di/ances ( objects4 ,ei!r may be ! direct product ( light & %ade z well z ( accurate draw+4 ,execution4--,! execution ( an engrav+ admits ( almo/ any degree ( v>iety--! display ( individual skill1 & k ( te*nique4 ,execution1 z ! t]m implies1 is ! direct result ( individual dext]ity2 ! ability to int]pret col\r1 tone1 & texture ( a picture by an arrangem5t ( l9es ( v>y+ dep? & f95ess2 ! ability also to imitate1 or ev5 create1 pictorial expression4 ,! "w ( ! engrav]1 l _m o!r phases ( reproductive art1 is a fruitful s\rce ( mann]isms2 yet ev5 ^! w produce excell5t results if !y create innovations :i* w be aft]w>ds approv$ & recognis$ z heal?y1 indep5d5t1 & entirely orig9al me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,mod]n ,wood ,engrav+4 ,an int]pretation ( tone & texture by an arrangem5t ( l9es4 ,block suppli$ by ! ,london ,electrotype ,ag5cy ,ltd41 f ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,photo ,,process ,,engrav+--,a ,,progressive ,,process--,,comm]cial ,,& ,,arti/ic ,,features--,,l9e ,,process--,,half ,,tone--,,arti/ic ,,re/oration--,,tri-,,*romatography--,,p hotogravure ,x is n k itself :i* is p[]1 b ! ability to use & apply k4 ,a ,progressive ,process4--,photo process engrav+ is a me?od ( graphic reproduction :i* comes into direct contact ) art 9 its mo/ popul> phases4 ,x is a di/9ctly progressive process :i* possesses imm5se advantages & repres5ts an effective & by no means in>ti/ic aspect ( ! graphic arts4 ,! lavi%1 & 9 _m in/ances extravagant1 employm5t ( process engrav+ = purposes ( pictorial illu/ration is a sub/antial pro( ( its popul>ity & illu/rative value4 ,x may n always rea* a high /&>d ( arti/ic realisation1 b x is almo/ inv>iably reali/ic & attractive 9 its v>i$ =ms ( repres5tation4 ,! idea ( pictorial illu/ration1 :e!r z ! translation ( an arti/ic conception or an actual repres5tation ( curr5t ev5ts1 has ev] be5 a fasc9at+ "o2 & its evolution1 f a photo-me*anical /&po9t1 has be5 "o unbrok5 record ( rem>kable progress4 ,to ent] ^u a detail$ exposition ( any ( ! _m photo-me*anical processes is some:at beyond ! purpose ( ?is %ort treatise1 & to attempt any?+ b a full & compreh5sive description on su* l9es w\ld be bo? unwise & valueless4 ,let x suffice1 !n1 to indicate _! m sali5t po9ts1 _! illu/rative & arti/ic value1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be mo/ successfully appli$4 ,comm]cial & ,arti/ic ,features4--,! comm]cial advantages ( photo-engrav+ may be summ$ up 9 a v few words3-- #a4 ,! plates c be produc$ quickly & economically4 #b4 ,! impressions c be made at a high rate ( spe$1 & 9 "s ( ! processes )\t p]ceptible det]ioration4 #c4 ,! pr9ts w be m or less facsimiles ( ! orig9al4 ,f an arti/ic po9t ( view1 photo-engrav+ possesses equally important features4 ,x translates ! arti/'s "w ) extraord9>y facility & accuracy1 reta9+ a satisfactory proportion ( its expressive feel+1 & reproduc+ subtleties ( draw+ & texture :i* x w\ld be difficult1 if n q impossible1 to obta9 by any o!r process4 ,( ! _m photo-me*anical engrav+ processes1 all ( :i* are m or less associat$ ) pictorial illu/ration1 ?ree at lea/ m]it fur!r consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,cross ,section ( ,cyanide ,furnace4 ,! ,l9e ,process4 7a7 ,! ,l9e ,process4--,! l9e process is applicable only to ! reproduction ( l9e draw+s or pr9ts1 9 :i* ! design is repres5t$ 9 simple black & :ite1 ) only su* gradations ( tone z may be sugge/$ by l9es or dots4 ,= ! reproduction ( p5-&-ink draw+s1 x has f\nd consid]able fav\r ) illu/rators1 & _m ev5 ( ! m cons]vative arti/s are compell$ to appreciate its m]its & ackn[l$ge its value4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! compulsory acceptance ( process engrav+ by ! fam\s illu/rator ,du ,mauri] is sugge/ive ( at lea/ "o valuable peculi>ity ( ?is me?od ( reproduction4 ,ow+ to fail+ sight1 ,du ,mauri] f\nd x increas+ly difficult to introduce into 8 draw+s on ! wood block t am\nt ( detail :i* he consid]$ necess>y = ! adequate expression ( 8 ideas4 ,ev5tually he 0 compell$ to make p5-&-ink draw+s on a mu* l>g] scale ?an 0 8 wont1 & to h !m reproduc$ z photo-l9e-blocks1 ! r$uction be+ made z requir$4 7b7 ,half ,tone4--,half tone process engrav+1 z di/+ui%$ f ! l9e process1 is ! reproduction ( a design or copy :i* has 9 its composition gradations ( tone 9 ! =m ( flat t9ts4 ,wa% draw+s & photographs pres5t *>act]i/ic examples ( su* copies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,process ,engrav+4 ,block by ! ,arc ,engrav+ ,co4 ,ltd41 ,london4 ,! true relative value ( ^! m$ium or half tones c only be reta9$ 9 ! half tone engrav+ by break+ up ! picture into mo/ m9ute sections1 & !reby produc+ a gra9 or s]ies ( dots ( v>y+ size & contiguity accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! draw+4 ,?is gra9 or scre5 effect is produc$ by ! int]position ( a network ( f9ely rul$ l9es 9 ! =m ( a scre5 betwe5 ! l5s & ! s5sitive plate :5 photograph+4 ,! optical pr9ciple involv$ is beyond ! sph]e ( ?is "w1 b ! effect produc$ is a matt] ( vital importance1 & requires c>eful consid]ation4 ,! co>s] ! rul+ ( a scre51 consi/5t ( c\rse ) ! class ( "w = :i* x is requir$1 ! m vigor\s & consequ5tly m effective ! reproduction w appe>4 ,! v>iety ( tones w be great]1 & ! textures w appe> ri*]4 ,small pr9ts are naturally subject$ to a close inspection2 ! scre5 effect1 !re=e1 %\ld be less obtrusive ?an 9 l>g] ones4 ,x may also be useful to "k t a f9ely rul$ scre5 w reproduce ! m9ute details ( a copy4 ,arti/ic ,re/oration4--,x is some:at d\btful if ! half tone engrav+1 pure & simple1 w\ld ev] h any real arti/ic value = pictorial illu/ration b = "s me?od ( re/or+ ^? qualities :i* are s consid]ably r$uc$ :5 copy+ a picture ?r\gh ! l9e scre54 ,! pure half tone consi/s ( a gra9 ( v>y+ gradations ov] ! :ole design4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 no pure :ites ev5 9 ! highe/ lights4 ,! use ( ! r\lette & grav] = acc5tuat+ light & %ade is !re=e n only p]missible b decid$ly advantage\s1 = ! monotony ( a me*anical gra9 is !reby reliev$1 & ! pr9t produc$ w be an effective & accurate translation ( ! arti/ic sket*4 ,a true half tone w be be/ obta9$ by n rely+ entirely on ! me*anical means1 b assi/+ !m ) "s h& "w1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( re-et*+ or engrav+1 or bo?4 ,! application ( h& engrav+ to photo-me*anical "w has be5 *iefly due to ,am]ican process work]s1 :o appli$ ! te*nique ( ! wood engrav]'s art to ! amplification ( _! half tone blocks4 ,tri-*romatography4--,! ,?ree ,col\r ,process is m or less an application ( half tone engrav+ to *romo-typography4 ,! col\rs1 ea* 9 _! relative value1 are produc$ by purely photo-me*anical me?ods--! col\rs ( ! orig9al copy be+ dissect$ by means ( specially prep>$ col\r scre5s4 ,half tone blocks are made f ea* ( ! ?ree negatives1 & sup]impos$ 9 accurate regi/] 9 ! subsequ5t pr9t+1 :51 ( c\rse1 ! prim>y col\rs1 r$1 blue1 & yell[1 are us$4 ,! process possesses brilliant & effective illu/rative p[]1 (f]s ample scope = ! +5uity & manipulative skill ( arti/1 engrav]1 & pr9t]1 & promises well-nigh unlimit$ possibilities z a m$ium ( pictorial expression4 7c7 ,photogravure4--,photogravure may be v briefly describ$4 ,x is a photo-me*anical process1 9 :i* ri*1 s(t tones ( surpass+ delicacy & und5iably arti/ic effect are /rik+ peculi>ities4 ,unlike l9e & half tone engrav+1 x is an intaglio process1 9 :i* ! pr9t] z well z ! et*] mu/ possess a pr(\nd arti/ic p]ception4 ,illu/ration3 ,reproduction by ,r4 ,j4 ,,ev]ett ,,sons' ,,ink-,,photo ,process4 ,plate ,,engrav+ ,,= ,,illu/ration ,,)9 ,a ,,mile ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,t[n4 ,a poli%$ copp] plate is gra9$ by du/+ res9 or asphalt p[d] on its surface1 & aft]w>ds fix+ x by ! application ( heat4 ,a tissue negative pr9t is made1 squeez$ on to ! gra9$ plate1 & develop$ 9 ! usual way4 ,! plate is et*$ ?r\gh ! tissue4 ,! action ( ! et*+ mordant--p]*loride ( iron--be+ 9 exact proportion to ! light & %ade ( ! develop$ pr9t4 ,! pr9t+ is a necess>ily sl[1 & !re=e co/ly1 item4 ,?is limitation to _! production1 h[ev]1 enhances ! value ( photogravure pr9ts4 ,ink ,photo4--,:at is kn[n z ! ink photo process ( reproduction is int]e/+ *iefly on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable fidelity ) :i* engrav+s ( ! f9e/ & mo/ intricate texture c be reproduc$ by its ag5cy4 ,x is ess5tially a photo-me*anical process1 b diff]s f o!rs ( a simil> "*1 inasmu* z ! vig\r & expressive p[] ( ! orig9al is to a consid]able ext5t pres]v$4 ,col\r values also1 z f> z !y c be express$ by ! engrav]'s art 7see p4 #aa71 are reproduc$ by ink photo me?ods ) surpris+ accuracy1 & ! int5sity ( impression1 t peculi> feature ( pr9ts f engrav$ plates1 is almo/ inv>iably well su/a9$4 ,a c>eful criticism ( ! app5d$ illu/ration & frontispiece done1 ?is process w reveal _m o!r int]e/+ po9ts ( practical value4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,appreciative ,,criticism--,,an ,,educative ,,pr9ciple--,,an ,,analysis--,,realism ,,9 ,,art--,a ,,retrospect ,yet :5 we h said all our f9e ?+s ab\t ! arts1 we mu/ end 9 a frank confession t ! arts1 z we "k !m1 are b initial4 ,he has conceiv$ meanly ( ! res\rces ( man :o believes t ! be/ age ( production is pa/4 ,appreciative ,criticism4--,! art ( engrav+1 & p>ticul>ly wood engrav+1 has fully ju/ifi$ its exi/5ce1 & ! em95tly popul> position :i* x has long held among/ ! f9e arts ( ! _w4 ,?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! pictorial press x has diffus$ a k ( ! noble/ pr9ciples ( art1 & has ev] ex]t$ a ref9+ influ5ce ev5 ov] in>ti/ic m9ds4 ,= ?is reason ! lack ( k conc]n+ "s ( ! ess5tial qualities ( engrav+ z a pictorial art is some:at rem>kable4 ,ev5 m s :5 x is consid]$ t nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w has su* a weal? ( illu/rative art be5 produc$ & br\ght well )9 ! rea* ( its humble/ patrons4 ,x is p]haps too mu* to expect1 nor is x at all desirable1 t individual pref]5ce %\ld be m\ld$ to "o common & fix$ /&>d4 ,to "s m9ds ! picturesque1 ?\gh p]haps undignifi$ pa9t+s ( ! old ,dut* ma/]s1 w\ld appeal ) great] success ?an ! wondr\s light & %ade ( ,turn]'s pictures4 ,or1 aga91 ! a/oni%+ te*nicalities & intricacies ( ,g]man wood engrav+ may /ir up a deep] int]e/ & en?usiasm ?an ! simple yet expressive productions ( ,?omas ,bewick4 ,yet su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion may exi/ only 9 individual appreciation or ta/e4 ,! appreciative faculties 9 mank9d are 9 ! ma9 id5tical4 ,an ,educative ,pr9ciple4--,!re is 9 human life an omnipot5t & omnisci5t educative pr9ciple :i* may1 to "s ext5t at lea/1 be r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ! human w1 b :i* 9 o!r respects is z c]ta9 9 its results & impulses z ! c\rse ( ! planets4 ,^? :o surr\nd !mselves ) ! beautiful 9 ,nature & 9 ,art1 ^: m9ds are con/antly 9 communion ) ! gr& & noble purposes !y sugge/1 are inf9itely m s5sible to _! manifold beauties ?an ^? ( _! fell[s :o p]si/5tly disreg>d1 & ev5 repel1 arti/ic influ5ces4 ,_! appreciation ( ! full significance ( any arti/ic production is deep]1 m s9c]e1 & m equable ?an is t ( ^? :o neglect ! aspirations ( ! f9] fibres ( _! be+s1 & ?us all[ _! high] faculties to become blunt$1 & _! judgm5ts w>p$4 ,v]ily unto him t ha? %all be giv51 etc4 ,! mo/ indep5d5t & mo/ p5etrative imag9ation is n by any means a free ag5t4 ,environm5t1 m5tal culture1 & natural temp]am5t are ea* controll+ influ5ces ( v>iable p[]2 yet !re is mu* tru? 9 ! philosophy :i* decl>es t ,x is z easy to excite ! intellectual faculties z ! limbs to useful action4 ,! ,arti/'s ,purpose4--,a misconception ( ! arti/'s aim almo/ inv>iably leads to a condemnation ( 8 "w4 ,fir/ ( all discov] 8 purpose1 & !n decide ^u ! success or non-success ( 8 conceptions4 ,! /yle ( _! execution1 i4e4 ! mann] 9 :i* v>i\s surfaces & textures are reproduc$1 is b a means to an end4 ,x is inf9itely easi] to assimilate a /yle once its objective has be5 cle>ly compreh5d$4 ,an ,analysis4--,= obvi\s reasons1 !n1 an analysis ( ! m]its & dem]its ( ! engrav]'s art is n always a simple matt]4 ,8 "w may be an acceptable pictorial record1 ?\gh n 9 any s5se a picture f an arti/ic po9t ( view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may possess arti/ic qualities 9 abundance1 & yet be f> f a tru?ful record ( an incid5t or sc5e4 ,realism 9 ,art4--,x is frequ5tly claim$ = graphic art t :5 x _c fai?fully imitate x is p]missible = x to int]pret4 ,q s2 & x is 9 j su* a light t engrav+ is or ought to be reg>d$4 ,a picture1 :e!r illu/rat+ a /ory or record+ an arti/ic impression1 is nev] s great z :5 x en*ants ! imag9ation ) an ideal pres5ce4 ,absolute realism is n always desirable ei!r 9 pictorial art or pictorial expression4 ,no matt] h[ reali/ic x may be1 x is a d\btful ga9 to introduce into ! composition ( a picture a mass ( detail :i* might only prove disconc]t+1 & di/ract att5tion f ! ma9 issues ( ! subject4 ,! p>tial or complete isolation ( a c5tral idea (t5 adds to ! vig\r & g5]al effectiv5ess ( ! :ole4 ,r>ely1 inde$1 does x r5d] x less picturesque4 ,aft] all1 x is n ,nature s mu* z ,nature's expression :i* %\ld be repres5t$4 ,its inf9ity ( second>y effects1 its sup]abundance ( detail1 may1 (t5 ) advantage1 be left out4 ,a ,retrospect4--,:ile 9 ?is critical mood1 x may be wor? :ile not+ t ! s9c]e & pa9/ak+ "w ( ! old-"t engrav]s is des]v+ ( "s praise & an ev] tol]ant criticism4 ,x manife/s incongruities & exagg]at$ metaphors :i* are at times pa9fully unconv5tional or grotesque1 yet !y h a directness ( repres5tation :i* admits ( no d\bt z to _! mean+1 & be> few traces ( a p]functory art4 ,our arts are happy hits4 ,we are l ! musician on ! lake ^: melody is sweet] ?an he kn[s1 or l a travell] surpris$ by a m\nta9 e*o ^: trivial ^w returns to him 9 romantic ?und]s4--,em]son4 ,,index ,ackl&1 ,sir ,?omas1 #dg4 ,analysis1 #fh4 ,anci5t draw+s1 #a4 ,antiquity ( engrav+1 #b4 ,apocalypsio sue ,hi/oria1 #g4 ,art repres5tative1 #c4 ,arti/ic purpose1 #fh4 ,arti/ic re/oration1 #fc4 ,arundel1 ,duke (1 #da4 ,assyrian antiquities1 #d4 ,audran family1 #d4 ,baillie1 ,capta91 #df4 ,bald9e1 ,baccio1 #bj4 ,bewick1 ,?omas1 #i1 #fg4 ,biblia ,paup]um1 #g4 ,block books1 #f4 ,botticelli1 ,s&io1 #bj4 ,cave dwell+s1 #a4 ,caxton1 ,william1 #bf4 ,"*1 build+ up (1 #eb4 ,*9ese play+ c>ds1 #e4 ,clev] contra/s1 #ec4 ,col\r dissection1 #fd4 ,comm]cial advantages1 #ac4 ,comp>isons1 #ab1 #ac4 ,composition1 #eb1 #ec4 ,concise expression1 #eb4 ,con/ructive elem5ts1 #ea4 ,controll+ influ5ces1 #fh4 ,c\s9s1 ,samuel1 #dg4 ,criticism1 appreciative1 #ff4 ,dallaway1 #bf4 ,dante1 #bj4 ,degradation ( tone1 #ed4 ,details1 comb9ation (1 #eb4 ,du ,mauri]1 #fj4 ,dur]1 ,alb]t1 #h1 #ba1 #bd1 #dj4 ,dut* ma/]s1 #fg4 ,educative pr9ciple1 #fg4 ,egyptian monum5ts1 #d4 ,em]son1 #a1 #e1 #fi4 ,engrav]s1 e>ly1 #bj4 ,engrav]s1 int]pretation1 #di4 ,engrav]s1 task1 #dh4 ,engrav+1 ,engli%1 #bf4 ,et*+1 #ch4 ,et*+1 ,dut* records1 #ch1 #ci4 ,et*+1 a summ>y1 #dj4 ,et*+1 description1 #ci4 ,et*+1 a /5ography1 #dj4 ,et*+1 pictorial & arti/ic value1 #dj4 ,et*+1 light & %ade 91 #da4 ,et*+s1 ,holl>'s1 #da4 ,evolution !ory1 #b4 ,execution1 #ed4 ,expression1 #ec4 ,extrane\s matt]1 #eb4 ,f9igu]ra1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba4 ,=ms*neid]1 #g4 ,fr5* engrav]s1 #df4 ,fr5* engrav+1 #bc4 ,ga9sbor\gh1 #dc4 ,gem5i1 ,?omas1 #bf1 #bg4 ,g]man wood engrav+1 #f1 #fg4 ,g]man engrav]s1 #bb4 ,g]man portraits1 #eb4 ,gilray1 ,james1 #cc4 ,goldsmi?'s ,des]t$ ,village1 #cc4 ,goltzius1 ,h5ry1 #bd4 ,greek art1 #d4 ,gut5b]g1 #ba4 ,half tone process engrav+1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb4 ,hea?1 ,james1 #cf4 ,hi]oglyphic figures1 #d4 ,hi/oria ,virg9is1 #g4 ,hi/orical records1 #c1 #ej4 ,hog>?1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb4 ,hog5b]g1 ,remigus1 #bg4 ,holbe91 ,hans1 #h4 ,h\brak51 #bh4 ,h\nd1 ,!1 #i4 ,hudibras1 #ca4 ,illu/rator1 ,!1 #ad4 ,imag9>y b\nd>y1 ,an1 #ea4 ,imag9ative in/9ct1 #bj4 ,imag9ative symbolism1 #bb4 ,in>ti/ic "w1 #di4 ,inception ( engrav+1 #a4 ,incis$ draw+s1 #a1 #b4 ,int]m$i>y values1 #ac4 ,ink photo1 #fe4 ,ink photo1 expressive p[]1 #fe4 ,ink photo1 int5sity (1 #fe4 ,italian art1 #bb4 ,italian engrav+1 #bb4 ,italian ,niello1 #ah4 ,jacobite sympa?ies1 #cb4 ,ju/ification1 ,a1 #ff4 ,k>t5ma*]1 #g4 ,k+ ( ,t]rors1 ,!1 #i4 ,lalanne1 #ch4 ,l&scape engrav+1 #cf4 ,l&se]1 #ce1 #cf1 #dg4 ,lawr5ce1 #ce1 #dg4 ,lewis1 ,f4 ,c41 #ce4 ,leyd51 ,lucas van1 #bd4 ,light & %ade1 #ec4 ,l9e process engrav+1 #ei1 #fj4 ,litzelburg]1 ,hans1 #i4 ,l\is ,,xiv41 #bc4 ,ludwig1 von ,sig51 #db4 ,lutt]ell1 #df4 ,mann]isms1 #bb1 #ed4 ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #bj4 ,m]*ant m>ks1 #f4 ,metal engrav+1 #i4 ,metal engrav+1 inv5tion (1 #ah4 ,metal engrav+1 ano!r acc\nt1 #ai4 ,mezzot9t engrav+1 inv5tion1 #db1 #dc4 ,mezzot9t engrav+1 qualities1 #dc1 #dd4 ,mezzot9t engrav+1 popul>is$1 #dc1 #dd4 ,mezzot9t engrav+1 describ$1 #dd4 ,movable types1 #g4 ,national *>act]i/ics1 #ba4 ,nation's progress1 mirror (1 #d4 ,nature's expression1 #fi4 ,neoli?ic p]iod1 #c4 ,new ,te/am5t1 #h4 ,nor?cote's pictures1 #cc4 ,nuremb]g records1 #g4 ,outl9e1 #di1 #ea-eb4 ,ornam5tal engrav+1 #ah4 ,palaeoli?ic p]iod1 #c4 ,p>k]1 ,ar*bi%op1 #bg4 ,passe family1 #bg4 ,payne1 ,john1 #bh4 ,p]spective1 #bd4 ,p]spective1 a]ial1 #ed4 ,p]spective1 l9e>1 #ed4 ,photo process1 #eg4 ,photogravure1 arti/ic features1 #fd4 ,photogravure1 description1 #fe4 ,photogravure1 pictorial c>ds1 #g4 ,place1 ,francis1 #df4 ,pope's villa1 #ce4 ,prehi/oric arti/ic p[]1 #c4 ,prehi/oric art1 purpose (1 #c4 ,primeval engrav]1 #c4 ,primeval man1 #a4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t1 #dc1 #df4 ,process engrav+1 amplification (1 #fd4 ,process engrav+1 arti/ic1 #eh4 ,process engrav+1 comm]cial features1 #eh4 ,process engrav+1 value (1 #eg1 #eh4 ,progressive review1 #bc4 ,progressive process1 #eg1 #eh4 ,pye1 ,john1 #ce4 ,que5 ,elizabe?1 #bg4 ,raimba*1 #cd1 #ce4 ,raimondi1 ,m>c ,antonio1 #ba4 ,raphael1 #ba4 ,realism1 #fh1 #fi4 ,religi\s illu/rations1 #g4 ,rembr&t1 #bd4 ,rembr&t's influ5ce1 #da4 ,r5aissance1 #ai4 ,retrospect1 #fi4 ,reynolds1 #cd1 #dc4 ,rock1 ,j]ome1 #h4 ,romney1 #de4 ,royal ,sov]eign1 #bh4 ,scre5 effect1 #fj1 #fa4 ,society ( ,arts1 #dg4 ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 #g4 ,/ipple engrav+1 #cc4 ,/range1 ,rob]t1 #cb1 #cc4 ,/yle1 #fh4 ,symbolic figures1 #d4 ,te*nique1 #bb1 #bc4 ,?irte5? c5tury docum5ts1 #f4 ,?ree col\r process1 #fd4 ,tone & texture1 #di4 ,translation1 #ag4 ,tri-*romatography1 #fd4 ,turk's ,head1 #cd4 ,turn]1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #de1 #fg4 ,untutor$ art1 #b4 ,vall]ant ,valliant1 #dc4 ,v5etian navigators1 #e4 ,v]tue1 #bh4 ,vesalius1 #bf4 ,walpole1 ,horace1 #bh1 #cj4 ,we/1 #cd1 #de4 ,wilkie1 ,david1 #ce4 ,wilson1 #cd4 ,wood blocks1 #e4 ,wood engrav+1 #e4 ,wood engrav+1 comb9ation ( l9es1 #ad4 ,wood engrav+1 ju/ification (1 #ac4 ,wood engrav+1 p[] ( realisation1 #ad4 ,wood engrav+1 pictorial & arti/ic effects1 #ad4 ,wood engrav+1 r5aissance1 #i4 ,wood engrav+1 v>iety ( texture1 #ad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh