,the ,revision ,revised4 ,three ,articles ,reprinted ,from ,the 8,quarterly ,review40 ,i4 ,the ,new ,greek ,text4 ,,ii4 ,the ,new ,english ,version4 ,,iii4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,new ,textual ,theory4 ,to ,which is ,added ,a ,reply to ,bishop ,ellicott's ,pamphlet ,in ,defence ,of ,the ,revisers and ,their ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament3 ,including a ,vindication of the ,traditional ,reading of #a ,timothy ,,iii4 #af4 ,by ,john ,william ,burgon1 ,b4,d4 ,dean of ,chichester4 8,little children1--,keep yourselves from idols40--#a ,john v4 #ba4 ,dover ,publications1 ,inc4 ,new ,york #aiga ,,contents ,dedication4 ,preface4 ,article ,i4 ,the ,new ,greek ,text4 ,article ,,ii4 ,the ,new ,english ,version4 ,article ,,iii4 ,westcott ,and ,hort's ,new ,textual ,theory4 ,letter ,to ,bishop ,ellicott1 ,in ,reply ,to ,his ,pamphlet4 ,appendix ,of ,sacred ,codices4 ,index ,i1 of ,texts of ,scripture1--quoted1 discussed1 or only referred to in this volume4 ,index ,,ii1 of ,fathers4 ,index ,,iii1 ,persons1 ,places1 and ,subjects4 ,footnotes ,transcriber's ,note3 ,this book contains much ,greek text1 which will not be well-rendered in plain text versions of this ,e-book4 ,also1 there is much use of ,greek characters with a vertical bar across the tops of the letters to indicate abbreviations2 because the coding system used in this e-book does not have such an 8overline01 they are rendered here with underlines4 ,it also contains some text in ,syriac1 which is written right-to-left2 for the sake of different transcription methods1 it is transcribed here in both right-to-left and left-to-rights1 so that regardless of the medium of this ,e-book1 one or the other should be readable4 ,the following is ,,prebendary ,,scrivener',s recently published estimate of the ,system on which ,,drs4 ,,westcott ,,and ,,hort have constructed their 8,revised ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament0 7#ahha74--,that ,system1 the ,chairman of the ,revising ,body 7,,bishop ,,ellicott7 has entirely adopted 7see below1 pp4 #cia to #cig71 and made the basis of his ,defence of ,,the ,,revisers and their 8,new ,greek ,text40 7#a47 8,there is little hope for the stability of their imposing structure1 if its foundations have been laid on the sandy ground of ingenious conjecture4 ,and1 since barely the smallest vestige of historical evidence has ever been alleged in support of the views of these accomplished ,editors1 their teaching must either be received as intuitively true1 or dismissed from our consideration as precarious and even visionary40 7#b47 8,,dr4 ,,hort',s ,system is entirely destitute of historical foundation40 7#c47 8,we are compelled to repeat as emphatically as ever our strong conviction that the ,hypothesis to whose proof he has devoted so many laborious years1 is destitute not only of historical foundation1 but of all probability1 resulting from the internal goodness of the ,text which its adoption would force upon us40 7#d47 8 #8,we cannot doubt' 7says ,,dr4 ,,hort7 #8that ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #cd comes from an extraneous source4' ,notes1 p4 #fh4--,nor can we1 on our part1 doubt10 7rejoins ,,dr4 ,,scrivener17 8that the ,system which entails such consequences is hopelessly self-condemned40 ,,scrivener',s 8,plain ,introduction10 c4 ed4 #ahhc3 pp4 #eca1 #ecg1 #edb1 #fjd4 ,,dedication4 ,to ,the ,right ,hon4 ,viscount ,cranbrook1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 c41 c41 c4 ,,my ,,dear ,,lord ,,cranbrook1 ,allow me the gratification of dedicating the present ,volume to yourself2 but for whom--7,i reserve the explanation for another day7--it would never have been written4 ,this is not1 7as you will perceive at a glance17 the ,treatise which a few years ago ,i told you ,i had in hand2 and which1 but for the present hindrance1 might by this time have been completed4 ,it has however grown out of that other work in the manner explained at the beginning of my ,preface4 ,moreover it contains not a few specimens of the argumentation of which the work in question1 when at last it sees the light1 will be discovered to be full4 ,my one object has been to defeat the mischievous attempt which was made in #ahha to thrust upon this ,church and ,realm a ,revision of the ,sacred ,text1 which--recommended though it be by eminent names--,i am thoroughly convinced1 and am able to prove1 is untrustworthy from beginning to end4 ,the reason is plain4 ,it has been constructed throughout on an utterly erroneous hypothesis4 ,and ,i inscribe this ,volume to you1 my friend1 as a conspicuous member of that body of faithful and learned ,laity by whose deliberate verdict1 when the whole of the evidence has been produced and the case has been fully argued out1 ,i shall be quite willing that my contention may stand or fall4 ,the ,english 7as well as the ,greek7 of the newly 8,revised ,version0 is hopelessly at fault4 ,it is to me simply unintelligible how a company of ,scholars can have spent ten years in elaborating such a very unsatisfactory production4 ,their uncouth phraseology and their jerky sentences1 their pedantic obscurity and their unidiomatic ,english1 contrast painfully with 8the happy turns of expression1 the music of the cadences1 the felicities of the rhythm0 of our ,authorized ,version4 ,the transition from one to the other1 as the ,bishop of ,lincoln remarks1 is like exchanging a well-built carriage for a vehicle without springs1 in which you get jolted to death on a newly-mended and rarely-traversed road4 ,but the 8,revised ,version0 is inaccurate as well2 exhibits defective scholarship1 ,i mean1 in countless places4 ,it is1 however1 the systematic depravation of the underlying ,greek which does so grievously offend me3 for this is nothing else but a poisoning of the ,river of ,life at its sacred source4 ,our ,revisers1 7with the best and purest intentions1 no doubt17 stand convicted of having deliberately rejected the words of ,inspiration in every page1 and of having substituted for them fabricated ,readings which the ,church has long since refused to acknowledge1 or else has rejected with abhorrence2 and which only survive at this time in a little handful of documents of the most depraved type4 ,as ,critics they have had abundant warning4 ,twelve years ago 7#ahga7 a volume appeared on the 8last ,twelve ,verses of the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,mark10--of which the declared object was to vindicate those ,verses against certain critical objectors1 and to establish them by an exhaustive argumentative process4 ,up to this hour1 for a very obvious reason1 no answer to that volume has been attempted4 ,and yet1 at the end of ten years 7#ahha71--not only in the ,revised ,english but also in the volume which professes to exhibit the underlying ,greek1 7which at least is indefensible17--the ,revisers are observed to separate off those ,twelve precious ,verses from their context1 in token that they are no part of the genuine ,gospel4 ,such a deliberate preference of 8mumpsimus0 to 8sumpsimus0 is by no means calculated to conciliate favour1 or even to win respect4 ,the ,revisers have in fact been the dupes of an ingenious ,theorist1 concerning whose extraordinary views you are invited to read what ,dr4 ,scrivener has recently put forth4 ,the words of the last-named writer 7who is facile princeps in ,textual ,criticism7 will be found facing the beginning of the present ,dedication4 ,if1 therefore1 any do complain that ,i have sometimes hit my opponents rather hard1 ,i take leave to point out that 8to everything there is a season1 and a time to every purpose under the sun03 8a time to embrace1 and a time to be far from embracing03 a time for speaking smoothly1 and a time for speaking sharply4 ,and that when the words of ,inspiration are seriously imperilled1 as now they are1 it is scarcely possible for one who is determined effectually to preserve the ,deposit in its integrity1 to hit either too straight or too hard4 ,in handling certain recent utterances of ,bishop ,ellicott1 ,i considered throughout that it was the 8,textual ,critic0--not the ,successor of the ,apostles1--with whom ,i had to do4 ,and thus ,i commend my ,volume1 the fruit of many years of incessant anxious toil1 to your indulgence3 requesting that you will receive it as a token of my sincere respect and admiration2 and desiring to be remembered1 my dear ,lord ,cranbrook1 as ,your grateful and affectionate ,friend and ,servant1 ,john ,w4 ,burgon4 ,,deanery1 ,,chichester1 ,all ,saints' ,day41 #ahhc4 ,,preface4 ,the ensuing three ,articles from the 8,quarterly ,review10--7wrung out of me by the publication ,may #agth1 #ahha of the 8,revision0 of our 8,authorized ,version of the ,new ,testament107--appear in their present form in compliance with an amount of continuous solicitation that they should be separately published1 which it would have been alike unreasonable and ungracious to disregard4 ,i was not prepared for it4 ,it has caused me--as letter after letter has reached my hands--mixed feelings2 has revived all my original disinclination and regret4 ,for1 gratified as ,i cannot but feel by the reception my labours have met with1--7and only the ,author of my being knows what an amount of antecedent toil is represented by the ensuing pages17--,i yet deplore more heartily than ,i am able to express1 the injustice done to the cause of ,truth by handling the subject in this fragmentary way1 and by exhibiting the evidence for what is most certainly true1 in such a very incomplete form4 ,a systematic ,treatise is the indispensable condition for securing cordial assent to the view for which ,i mainly contend4 ,the cogency of the argument lies entirely in the cumulative character of the proof4 ,it requires to be demonstrated by induction from a large collection of particular instances1 as well as by the complex exhibition of many converging lines of evidence1 that the testimony of one small group of documents1 or rather1 of one particular manuscript1--7namely the ,vatican ,codex ,b1 which1 for some unexplained reason1 it is just now the fashion to regard with superstitious deference17--is the reverse of trustworthy4 ,nothing in fact but a considerable ,treatise will ever effectually break the yoke of that iron tyranny to which the excellent ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol and his colleagues have recently bowed their necks2 and are now for imposing on all ,english-speaking men4 ,in brief1 if ,i were not1 on the one hand1 thoroughly convinced of the strength of my position1--7and ,i know it to be absolutely impregnable72--yet more1 if on the other hand1 ,i did not cherish entire confidence in the practical good sense and fairness of the ,english mind2--,i could not have brought myself to come before the public in the unsystematic way which alone is possible in the pages of a ,review4 ,i must have waited1 at all hazards1 till ,i had finished 8my ,book40 ,but then1 delay would have been fatal4 ,i saw plainly that unless a sharp blow was delivered immediately1 the ,citadel would be in the enemy's hands4 ,i knew also that it was just possible to condense into #fj or #gj closely-printed pages what must logically prove fatal to the 8,revision40 ,so ,i set to work2 and during the long summer days of #ahha 7,june to ,september7 the foremost of these three ,articles was elaborated4 ,when the ,october number of 8the ,quarterly0 appeared1 ,i comforted myself with the secret consciousness that enough was by this time on record1 even had my life been suddenly brought to a close1 to secure the ultimate rejection of the 8,revision0 of #ahha4 ,i knew that the 8,new ,greek ,text10 7and therefore the 8,new ,english ,version071 had received its death-blow4 ,it might for a few years drag out a maimed existence2 eagerly defended by some1--timidly pleaded for by others4 ,but such efforts could be of no avail4 ,its days were already numbered4 ,the effect of more and yet more learned investigation1--of more elaborate and more extended inquiry1--must be to convince mankind more and yet more thoroughly that the principles on which it had been constructed were radically unsound4 ,in the end1 when partisanship had cooled down1 and passion had evaporated1 and prejudice had ceased to find an auditory1 the 8,revision0 of #ahha must come to be universally regarded as--what it most certainly is1--the most astonishing1 as well as the most calamitous literary blunder of the ,age4 ,i4 ,i pointed out that 8the ,,new ,,greek ,,text10--which1 in defiance of their instructions17#a7 the ,revisionists of 8the ,authorized ,english ,version0 had been so ill-advised as to spend ten years in elaborating1--was a wholly untrustworthy performance3 was full of the gravest errors from beginning to end3 had been constructed throughout on an entirely mistaken ,theory4 ,availing myself of the published confession of one of the ,revisionists17#b7 ,i explained the nature of the calamity which had befallen the ,revision4 ,i traced the mischief home to its true authors1--,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort2 a copy of whose unpublished ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 7the most vicious in existence7 had been confidentially1 and under pledges of the strictest secrecy1 placed in the hands of every member of the revising ,body47#c7 ,i called attention to the fact that1 unacquainted with the difficult and delicate science of ,textual ,criticism1 the ,revisionists had1 in an evil hour1 surrendered themselves to ,dr4 ,hort's guidance3 had preferred his counsels to those of ,prebendary ,scrivener1 7an infinitely more trustworthy guide73 and that the work before the public was the piteous--but inevitable--result4 ,all this ,i explained in the ,october number of the 8,quarterly ,review0 for #ahha47d7 ,,ii4 ,in thus demonstrating the worthlessness of the 8,new ,greek ,text0 of the ,revisionists1 ,i considered that ,i had destroyed the key of their position4 ,and so perforce ,i had3 for if the underlying ,greek ,text be mistaken1 what else but incorrect must the ,english ,translation be8 ,but on examining the so-called 8,revision of the ,authorized ,version10 ,i speedily made the further discovery that the ,revised ,english would have been in itself intolerable1 even had the ,greek been let alone4 ,in the first place1 to my surprise and annoyance1 it proved to be a ,new ,translation 7rather than a ,revision of the ,old7 which had been attempted4 ,painfully apparent were the tokens which met me on every side that the ,revisionists had been supremely eager not so much to correct none but 8plain and clear errors10--as to introduce as many changes into the ,english of the ,new ,testament ,scriptures as they conveniently could47#e7 ,a skittish impatience of the admirable work before them1 and a strange inability to appreciate its manifold excellences3--a singular imagination on the part of the promiscuous ,company which met in the ,jerusalem ,chamber that they were competent to improve the ,authorized ,version in every part1 and an unaccountable forgetfulness that the fundamental condition under which the task of ,revision had been by themselves undertaken1 was that they should abstain from all but 8necessary0 changes3--this proved to be only part of the offence which the ,revisionists had committed4 ,it was found that they had erred through defective ,scholarship to an extent1 and with a frequency1 which to me is simply inexplicable4 ,i accordingly made it my business to demonstrate all this in a second ,article which appeared in the next 7the ,january7 number of the 8,quarterly ,review10 and was entitled 8,,the ,,new ,,english ,,translation407#f7 ,,iii4 ,thereupon1 a pretence was set up in many quarters1 7but only by the ,revisionists and their friends17 that all my labour hitherto had been thrown away1 because ,i had omitted to disprove the principles on which this 8,new ,greek ,text0 is founded4 ,i flattered myself indeed that quite enough had been said to make it logically certain that the underlying 8,textual ,theory0 must be worthless4 ,but ,i was not suffered to cherish this conviction in quiet4 ,it was again and again cast in my teeth that ,i had not yet grappled with ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's 8arguments40 8,instead of condemning their ,text1 why do you not disprove their ,theory80 ,it was tauntingly insinuated that ,i knew better than to cross swords with the two ,cambridge ,professors4 ,this reduced me to the necessity of either leaving it to be inferred from my silence that ,i had found ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's 8arguments0 unanswerable2 or else of coming forward with their book in my hand1 and demonstrating that in their solemn pages an attentive reader finds himself encountered by nothing but a series of unsupported assumptions3 that their 7so called7 8,theory0 is in reality nothing else but a weak effort of the ,imagination3 that the tissue which these accomplished scholars have been thirty years in elaborating1 proves on inspection to be as flimsy and as worthless as any spider's web4 ,i made it my business in consequence to expose1 somewhat in detail1 7in a third ,article1 which appeared in the 8,quarterly ,review0 for ,april #ahhb71 the absolute absurdity1--7,i use the word advisedly7--of 8,,westcott ,,and ,,hort',s ,,new ,,textual ,,theory207#g7 and ,i now respectfully commend those #acj pages to the attention of candid and unprejudiced readers4 ,it were idle to expect to convince any others4 ,we have it on good authority 7,dr4 ,westcott's7 that 8he who has long pondered over a train of ,reasoning1 becomes unable to detect its weak points407#h7 ,a yet stranger phenomenon is1 that those who have once committed themselves to an erroneous ,theory1 seem to be incapable of opening their eyes to the untrustworthiness of the fabric they have erected1 even when it comes down in their sight1 like a child's house built with playing-cards1--and presents to every eye but their own the appearance of a shapeless ruin4 #a4 ,two full years have elapsed since the first of these ,essays was published2 and my ,criticism--for the best of reasons--remains to this hour unanswered4 ,the public has been assured indeed1 7in the course of some hysterical remarks by ,canon ,farrar7#i771 that 8the #8,quarterly ,reviewer' can be refuted as fully as he desires as soon as any scholar has the leisure to answer him40 ,the 8,quarterly ,reviewer0 can afford to wait1--if the ,revisers can4 ,but they are reminded that it is no answer to one who has demolished their master's 8,theory10 for the pupils to keep on reproducing fragments of it2 and by their mistakes and exaggerations1 to make both themselves and him1 ridiculous4 #b4 ,thus1 a writer in the 8,church ,quarterly0 for ,january #ahhb1 7whose knowledge of the subject is entirely derived from what ,dr4 ,hort has taught him17--being evidently much exercised by the first of my three ,articles in the 8,quarterly ,review10--gravely informs the public that 8it is useless to parade such an array of venerable witnesses10 7meaning the enumerations of ,fathers of the ,i,i,ird1 ,i,vth1 and ,vth centuries which are given below1 at pp4 #db-d3 #hj-a3 #hd3 #acc3 #bab-c3 #cei-fj3 #dba3 #dbc3 #dhf-ij37--8;for they have absolutely nothing to say which deserves a moment's hearing407#aj7--,what a pity it is1 7while he was about it71 that the learned gentleman did not go on to explain that the moon is made of green cheese6 #c4 ,dr4 ,sanday17#aa7 in a kindred spirit1 delivers it as his opinion1 that 8the one thing0 ,i lack 8is a grasp on the central condition of the problem30--that ,i do 8not seem to have the faintest glimmering of the principle of #8,genealogy3' 0--that ,i am 8all at sea30--that my 8heaviest batteries are discharged at random30--and a great deal more to the same effect4 ,the learned ,professor is quite welcome to think such things of me1 if he pleases4 4 #d4 ,at the end of a year1 a ,reviewer of quite a different calibre made his appearance in the ,january number 7#ahhc7 of the 8,church ,quarterly30 in return for whose not very encouraging estimate of my labours1 ,i gladly record my conviction that if he will seriously apply his powerful and accurate mind to the department of ,textual ,criticism1 he will probably produce a work which will help materially to establish the study in which he takes such an intelligent interest1 on a scientific basis4 ,but then1 he is invited to accept the friendly assurance that the indispensable condition of success in this department is1 that a man should give to the subject1 7which is a very intricate one and abounds in unexplored problems71 his undivided attention for an extended period4 ,i trust there is nothing unreasonable in the suggestion that one who has not done this1 should be very circumspect when he sits in judgment on a neighbour of his who1 for very many years past1 has given to ,textual ,criticism the whole of his time2--has freely sacrificed health1 ease1 relaxation1 even necessary rest1 to this one object2--has made it his one business to acquire such an independent mastery of the subject as shall qualify him to do battle successfully for the imperilled letter of ,,god',s ,word4 ,my friend however thinks differently4 ,he says of me1-- 8,in his first ,article there was something amusing in the simplicity with which #8,lloyd's ,greek ,testament' 7which is only a convenient little ,oxford edition of the ordinary kind7 was put forth as the final standard of appeal4 ,it recalled to our recollection ,bentley's sarcasm upon the text of ,stephanus1 which #8your learned ,whitbyus' takes for the sacred original in every syllable40 7,p4 #ced47 #e4 ,on referring to the passage where my 8simplicity0 has afforded amusement to a friend whose brilliant conversation is always a delight to me1 ,i read as follows1-- 8,it is discovered that in the #aaa 7out of #cbj7 pages of a copy of ,lloyd's ,greek ,testament1 in which alone these five manuscripts are collectively available for comparison in the ,gospels1--the serious deflections of ,a from the ,textus ,receptus amount in all to only #hdb3 whereas in ,c they amount to #agih3 in ,b1 to #bcgj3 in 1 to #ccib3 in ,d1 to #dfig4 ,the readings peculiar to ,a within the same limits are #acc3 those peculiar to ,c are #agj4 ,but those of ,b amount to #aig3 while exhibits #ddc3 and the readings peculiar to ,d 7within the same limits71 are no fewer than #ahbi4444 ,we submit that these facts are not altogether calculated to inspire confidence in codices ,b ,c ,d407#ab7 #f4 ,but how 7let me ask7 does it appear from this1 that ,i have 8put forth ,lloyd's ,greek ,testament as the final standard of ,appeal08 ,true1 that1 in order to exhibit clearly their respective divergences1 ,i have referred five famous codices 7,a ,b ,c ,d7--certain of which are found to have turned the brain of ,critics of the new school--to one and the same familiar exhibition of the commonly received ,text of the ,new ,testament3 but by so doing ,i have not by any means assumed the ,textual purity of that common standard4 ,in other words ,i have not made it 8the final standard of ,appeal40 ,all ,critics1--wherever found1--at all times1 have collated with the commonly received ,text3 but only as the most convenient standard of ,comparison2 not1 surely1 as the absolute standard of ,excellence4 ,the result of the experiment already referred to1--7and1 ,i beg to say1 it was an exceedingly laborious experiment17--has been1 to demonstrate that the five ,manuscripts in question stand apart from one another in the following proportions3-- #hdb 7,a7 3 #agih 7,c7 3 #bcgj 7,b7 3 #ccib 77 3 #dfig 7,d74 ,but would not the same result have been obtained if the 8five old uncials0 had been referred to any other common standard which can be named8 ,in the meantime1 what else is the inevitable inference from this phenomenon but that four out of the five must be--while all the five may be--outrageously depraved documents8 instead of being fit to be made our exclusive guides to the ,truth of ,scripture1--as ,critics of the school of ,tischendorf and ,tregelles would have us believe that they are8 #g4 ,i cited a book which is in the hands of every schoolboy1 7,lloyd's 8,greek ,testament107 only in order to facilitate reference1 and to make sure that my statements would be at once understood by the least learned person who could be supposed to have access to the 8,quarterly40 ,i presumed every scholar to be aware that ,bp4 ,lloyd 7#ahbg7 professes to reproduce ,mill's text2 and that ,mill 7#agjg7 reproduces the text of ,stephens27#ac7 and that ,stephens 7#aeej7 exhibits with sufficient accuracy the ,traditional text1--which is confessedly at least #aecj years old47#ad7 ,now1 if a tolerable approximation to the text of ,a4,d4 #cej may not be accepted as a standard of ,comparison1--will the writer in the 8,church ,quarterly0 be so obliging as to inform us which exhibition of the sacred ,text may8 #h4 ,a pamphlet by the ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol17#ae7 which appeared in ,april #ahhb1 remains to be considered4 ,written expressly in defence of the ,revisers and their ,new ,greek ,text1 this composition displays a slenderness of acquaintance with the subject now under discussion1 for which ,i was little prepared4 ,inasmuch however as it is the production of the ,chairman of the ,revisionist body1 and professes to be a reply to my first two ,articles1 ,i have bestowed upon it an elaborate and particular rejoinder extending to an hundred-and-fifty pages47#af7 ,i shall in consequence be very brief concerning it in this place4 #i4 ,the respected writer does nothing else but reproduce ,westcott and ,hort's theory in ,westcott and ,hort's words4 ,he contributes nothing of his own4 ,the singular infelicity which attended his complaint that the 8,quarterly ,reviewer0 8censures their ,westcott and ,hort's ,text10 but1 8has not attempted a serious examination of the arguments which they allege in its support10 ,i have sufficiently dwelt upon elsewhere47#ag7 ,the rest of the ,bishop's contention may be summed up in two propositions3--,the first1 7,i47 ,that if the ,revisionists are wrong in their 8,new ,greek ,text10 then 7not only ,westcott and ,hort1 but7 ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles must be wrong also1--a statement which ,i hold to be incontrovertible4--,the ,bishop's other position is also undeniable3 viz4 7,,ii47 ,that in order to pass an equitable judgment on ancient documents1 they are to be carefully studied1 closely compared1 and tested by a more scientific process than rough comparison with the ,textus ,receptus47#ah7444 ,thus1 on both heads1 ,i find myself entirely at one with ,bp4 ,ellicott4 #aj4 ,and yet1--as the last #aej pages of the present volume show1--,i have the misfortune to be at issue with the learned writer on almost every particular which he proposes for discussion4 ,thus1 #aa4 ,at page #fd of his pamphlet1 he fastens resolutely upon the famous problem whether 8,,god0 771 or 8who0 771 is to be read in #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,i had upheld the former reading in eight pages4 ,he contends for the latter1 with something like acrimony1 in twelve47#ai7 ,i have been at the pains1 in consequence1 to write a 8,,dissertation0 of seventy-six pages on this important subject17#bj7--the preparation of which 7may ,i be allowed to record the circumstance in passing87 occupied me closely for six months17#ba7 and taxed me severely4 ,thus1 the only point which ,bishop ,ellicott has condescended to discuss argumentatively with me1 will be found to enjoy full half of my letter to him in reply4 ,the 8,dissertation0 referred to1 ,i submit with humble confidence to the judgment of educated ,englishmen4 ,it requires no learning to understand the case4 ,and ,i have particularly to request that those who will be at the pains to look into this question1 will remember1--7#a7 ,that the place of ,scripture discussed 7viz4 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af7 was deliberately selected for a trial of strength by the ,bishop3 7,i should not have chosen it myself73--7#b7 ,that on the issue of the contention which he has thus himself invited1 we have respectively staked our critical reputation4 ,the discussion exhibits very fairly our two methods1--his and mine2 and 8is of great importance as an example10 8illustrating in a striking manner0 our respective positions1--as the ,bishop himself has been careful to remind his readers47#bb7 #ab4 ,one merely desirous of taking a general survey of this question1 is invited to read from page #dhe to #dif of the present volume4 ,to understand the case thoroughly1 he must submit to the labour of beginning at p4 #dbd and reading down to p4 #eja4 #ac4 ,a thoughtful person who has been at the pains to do this1 will be apt on laying down the book to ask1--8,but is it not very remarkable that so many as five of the ancient ,versions should favour the reading #8which1' 72 17 instead of #8,,god' 7708--8,yes1 it is very remarkable10 ,i answer4 8,for though the ,old ,latin and the two ,egyptian ,versions are constantly observed to conspire in error1 they rarely find allies in the ,peschito and the thiopic4 ,on the other hand1 you are to remember that besides ,,versions1 the ,,fathers have to be inquired after3 while more important than either is the testimony of the ,,copies4 ,now1 the combined witness to #8,,god' 771--so multitudinous1 so respectable1 so varied1 so unequivocal1--of the ,copies and of the ,fathers 7in addition to three of the ,versions7 is simply overwhelming4 ,it becomes undeniable that is by far the best supported reading of the present place40 #ad4 ,when1 however1 such an one as ,tischendorf or ,tregelles1--,hort or ,ellicott1--would put me down by reminding me that half-a-dozen of the oldest ,versions are against me1--8,that argument0 7,i reply7 8is not allowable on your lips4 ,for if the united testimony of five of the ,versions really be1 in your account1 decisive1--,why do you deny the genuineness of the last ,twelve ,verses of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 which are recognized by every one of the ,versions8 ,those ,verses are besides attested by every known ,copy1 except two of bad character3 by a mighty chorus of ,fathers3 by the unfaltering ,tradition of the ,church universal4 ,first remove from ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #bj1 your brand of suspicion1 and then come back to me in order that we may discuss together how #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is to be read4 ,and yet1 when you come back1 it must not be to plead in favour of #8who' 771 in place of #8,,god' 774 ,for not #8who' 771 remember1 but #8which' 77 is the reading advocated by those five earliest ,versions40 444 ,in other words1--the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 which the ,revisers have adopted1 enjoys1 7as ,i have shown from page #dbh to page #eja71 the feeblest attestation of any2 besides being condemned by internal considerations and the universal ,tradition of the ,eastern ,church4 #ae4 ,i pass on1 after modestly asking1--,is it too much to hope1 7,i covet no other guerdon for my labour67 that we shall hear no more about substituting 8who0 for 8,,god0 in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af8 ,we may not go on disputing for ever3 and surely1 until men are able to produce some more cogent evidence than has yet come to light in support of 8the mystery of godliness1 who0 7 3 71--all sincere inquirers after ,truth are bound to accept that reading which has been demonstrated to be by far the best attested4 ,enough however on this head4 #af4 ,it was said just now that ,i cordially concur with ,bp4 ,ellicott in the second of his two propositions1--viz4 ,that 8no equitable judgment can be passed on ancient documents until they are carefully studied1 and closely compared with each other1 and tested by a more scientific process than rough comparison with0 the ,textus ,receptus4 ,i wish to add a few words on this subject3 the rather1 because what ,i am about to say will be found as applicable to my ,reviewer in the 8,church ,quarterly0 as to the ,bishop4 ,both have misapprehended this matter1 and in exactly the same way4 ,where such accomplished ,scholars have erred1 what wonder if ordinary readers should find themselves all a-field8 #ag4 ,in ,textual ,criticism then1 8rough comparison0 can seldom1 if ever1 be of any real use4 ,on the other hand1 the exact ,collation of documents whether ancient or modern with the received ,text1 is the necessary foundation of all scientific ,criticism4 ,i employ that ,text1--7as ,mill1 ,bentley1 ,wetstein2 ,griesbach1 ,matthi1 ,scholz2 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1 ,scrivener1 employed it before me17--not as a criterion of ,excellence1 but as a standard of ,comparison4 ,all this will be found fully explained below1 from page #chc to page #cia4 ,whenever ,i would judge of the authenticity of any particular reading1 ,i insist on bringing it1 wherever found1--whether in ,justin ,martyr and ,irenus1 on the one hand2 or in ,stephens and ,elzevir1 on the other2--to the test of ,catholic ,antiquity4 ,if that witness is consentient1 or very nearly so1 whether for or against any given reading1 ,i hold it to be decisive4 ,to no other system of arbitration will ,i submit myself4 ,i decline to recognise any other criterion of ,truth4 #ah4 ,what compels me to repeat this so often1 is the impatient self-sufficiency of these last days1 which is for breaking away from the old restraints2 and for erecting the individual conscience into an authority from which there shall be no appeal4 ,i know but too well how laborious is the scientific method which ,i advocate4 ,a long summer day disappears1 while the student--with all his appliances about him--is resolutely threshing out some minute textual problem4 ,another1 and yet another bright day vanishes4 ,comes ,saturday evening at last1 and a page of illegible manuscript is all that he has to show for a week's heavy toil4 ,quousque tandem8 ,and yet1 it is the indispensable condition of progress in an unexplored region1 that a few should thus labour1 until a path has been cut through the forest1--a road laid down1--huts built1--a modus vivendi established4 ,in this department of sacred ,science1 men have been going on too long inventing their facts1 and delivering themselves of oracular decrees1 on the sole responsibility of their own inner consciousness4 ,there is great convenience in such a method certainly1--a charming simplicity which is in a high degree attractive to flesh and blood4 ,it dispenses with proof4 ,it furnishes no evidence4 ,it asserts when it ought to argue47#bc7 ,it reiterates when it is called upon to explain47#bd7 8,i am sir ,oracle40 444 ,this1--which ,i venture to style the unscientific method1--reached its culminating point when ,professors ,westcott and ,hort recently put forth their ,recension of the ,greek ,text4 ,their work is indeed quite a psychological curiosity4 ,incomprehensible to me is it how two able men of disciplined understandings can have seriously put forth the volume which they call 8,,introduction--,,appendix40 ,it is the very ,reductio ad absurdum of the uncritical method of the last fifty years4 ,and it is especially in opposition to this new method of theirs that ,i so strenuously insist that the consentient voice of ,catholic ,antiquity is to be diligently inquired after and submissively listened to2 for that this1 in the end1 will prove our only safe guide4 #ai4 ,let this be a sufficient reply to my ,reviewer in the 8,church ,quarterly0--who1 ,i observe1 notes1 as a fundamental defect in my ,articles1 8the want of a consistent working ,theory1 such as would enable us to weigh1 as well as count1 the suffrages of ,,mss41 ,versions1 and ,fathers407#be7 ,he is reminded that it was no part of my business to propound a 8,theory40 ,my method ,i have explained often and fully enough4 ,my business was to prove that the theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--which 7as ,bp4 ,ellicott's pamphlet proves7 has been mainly adopted by the ,revisionists1--is not only a worthless1 but an utterly absurd one4 ,and ,i have proved it4 ,the method ,i persistently advocate in every case of a supposed doubtful ,reading1 7,i say it for the last time1 and request that ,i may be no more misrepresented17 is1 that an appeal shall be unreservedly made to ,catholic ,antiquity2 and that the combined verdict of ,manuscripts1 ,versions1 ,fathers1 shall be regarded as decisive4 #bj4 ,i find myself1 in the mean time1 met by the scoffs1 jeers1 misrepresentations of the disciples of this new ,school2 who1 instead of producing historical facts and intelligible arguments1 appeal to the decrees of their teachers1--which ,i disallow1 and which they are unable to substantiate4 ,they delight in announcing that ,textual ,criticism made 8a fresh departure0 with the edition of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort3 that the work of those scholars 8marks an era10 and is spoken of in ,germany as 8epoch-making40 ,my own belief is1 that the ,edition in question1 if it be epoch-making at all1 marks that epoch at which the current of critical thought1 reversing its wayward course1 began once more to flow in its ancient healthy channel4 8,cloud-land0 having been duly sighted on the #adth ,september #ahha17bf7 8a fresh departure0 was insisted upon by public opinion1--and a deliberate return was made1--to terra firma1 and terra cognita1 and common sense4 ,so far from 8its paramount claim to the respect of future generations10 being 8the restitution of a more ancient and a purer ,text10--,i venture to predict that the edition of the two ,cambridge ,professors will be hereafter remembered as indicating the furthest point ever reached by the self-evolved imaginations of ,english disciples of the school of ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles4 ,the recoil promises to be complete4 ,english good sense is ever observed to prevail in the long run2 although for a few years a foreign fashion may acquire the ascendant1 and beguile a few unstable wits4 #ba4 ,it only remains to state that in republishing these ,essays ,i have availed myself of the opportunity to make several corrections and additions2 as well as here and there to expand what before had been too briefly delivered4 ,my learned friend and kind neighbour1 the ,rev4 ,r4 ,cowley ,powles1 has ably helped me to correct the sheets4 ,much valuable assistance has been zealously rendered me throughout by my nephew1 the ,rev4 ,william ,f4 ,rose1 ,vicar of ,worle1 ,somersetshire4 ,but the unwearied patience and consummate skill of my ,secretary 7,m4 ,w47 passes praise4 ,every syllable of the present volume has been transcribed by her for the press2 and to her ,i am indebted for two of my ,indices4--,the obligations under which many learned men1 both at home and abroad1 have laid me1 will be found faithfully acknowledged1 in the proper place1 at the foot of the page4 ,i am sincerely grateful to them all4 #bb4 ,it will be readily believed that ,i have been sorely tempted to recast the whole and to strengthen my position in every part3 but then1 the work would have no longer been1--8,three ,articles reprinted from the ,quarterly ,review40 ,earnestly have ,i desired1 for many years past1 to produce a systematic ,treatise on this great subject4 ,my aspiration all along has been1 and still is1 in place of the absolute ,empiricism which has hitherto prevailed in ,textual inquiry to exhibit the logical outlines of what1 ,i am persuaded1 is destined to become a truly delightful ,science4 ,but ,i more than long1--,i fairly ache to have done with ,controversy1 and to be free to devote myself to the work of ,interpretation4 ,my apology for bestowing so large a portion of my time on ,textual ,criticism1 is ,david's when he was reproached by his brethren for appearing on the field of battle1--8,is there not a cause80 #bc4 ,for1--let it clearly be noted1--it is no longer the case that critical doubts concerning the sacred ,text are confined to critical ,editions of the ,greek4 ,so long as scholars were content to ventilate their crotchets in a little arena of their own1--however mistaken they might be1 and even though they changed their opinions once in every ten years1--no great harm was likely to come of it4 ,students of the ,greek ,testament were sure to have their attention called to the subject1--which must always be in the highest degree desirable2 and it was to be expected that in this1 as in every other department of learning1 the progress of ,inquiry would result in gradual accessions of certain ,knowledge4 ,after many years it might be found practicable to put forth by authority a carefully considered ,revision of the commonly received ,greek ,text4 #bd4 ,but instead of all this1 a ,revision of the ,english ,authorised ,version having been sanctioned by the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province in #ahga1 the opportunity was eagerly snatched at by two irresponsible scholars of the ,university of ,cambridge for obtaining the general sanction of the ,revising body1 and thus indirectly of ,convocation1 for a private venture of their own1--their own privately devised ,revision of the ,greek ,text4 ,on that ,greek ,text of theirs1 7which ,i hold to be the most depraved which has ever appeared in print71 with some slight modifications1 our ,authorised ,english ,version has been silently revised3 silently1 ,i say1 for in the margin of the ,english no record is preserved of the underlying ,textual changes which have been introduced by the ,revisionists4 ,on the contrary4 ,use has been made of that margin to insinuate suspicion and distrust in countless particulars as to the authenticity of the ,text which has been suffered to remain unaltered4 ,in the meantime1 the country has been flooded with two editions of the ,new ,greek ,text2 and thus the door has been set wide open for universal mistrust of the ,truth of ,scripture to enter4 #be4 ,even schoolboys1 it seems1 are to have these crude views thrust upon them4 ,witness the 8,cambridge ,greek ,testament for ,schools10 edited by ,dean ,perowne1--who informs us at the outset that 8the ,syndics of the ,cambridge ,university ,press have not thought it desirable to reprint the text in common use40 ,a consensus of ,drs4 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1--who confessedly employed the self-same mistaken major premiss in remodelling the ,sacred ,text1--seems1 in a general way1 to represent those ,syndics' notion of ,textual purity4 ,by this means every most serious deformity in the edition of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 becomes promoted to honour1 and is being thrust on the unsuspecting youth of ,england as the genuine utterance of the ,,holy ,,ghost4 ,would it not have been the fairer1 the more faithful as well as the more judicious course1--seeing that in respect of this abstruse and important question adhuc sub judice lis est1--to wait patiently awhile8 ,certainly not to snatch an opportunity 8while men slept10 and in this way indirectly to prejudge the solemn issue6 ,not by such methods is the cause of ,,god',s ,truth on earth to be promoted4 ,even this however is not all4 ,bishop ,lightfoot has been informed that 8the ,bible ,society has permitted its ,translators to adopt the ,text of the ,revised ,version where it commends itself to their judgment407#bg7 ,in other words1 persons wholly unacquainted with the dangers which beset this delicate and difficult problem are invited to determine1 by the light of ,nature and on the 8solvere ambulando0 principle1 what is inspired ,scripture1 what not3 and as a necessary consequence are encouraged to disseminate in heathen lands ,readings which1 a few years hence1--7so at least ,i venture to predict17--will be universally recognized as worthless4 #bf4 ,if all this does not constitute a valid reason for descending into the arena of controversy1 it would in my judgment be impossible to indicate an occasion when the ,christian soldier is called upon to do so3--the rather1 because certain of those who1 from their rank and station in the ,church1 ought to be the champions of the ,truth1 are at this time found to be among its most vigorous assailants4 #bg4 ,let me1--7and with this ,i conclude71--in giving the present ,volume to the world1 be allowed to request that it may be accepted as a sample of how ,deans employ their time1--the use they make of their opportunities4 ,nowhere but under the shadow of a ,cathedral1 7or in a ,college17 can such laborious endeavours as the present pro ,ecclesi ,,dei be successfully prosecuted4 ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,deanery1 ,,chichester1 ,,all ,,saints' ,,day1 #ahhc4 ,,article ,i4 ,,the ,,new ,,greek ,,text4 8,one question in connexion with the ,authorized ,version ,i have purposely neglected4 ,it seemed useless to discuss its ,,revision4 ,the ,revision of the original ,texts must precede the ,revision of the ,translation3 and the time for this1 even in the ,new ,testament1 has not yet fully come40--,,dr4 ,,westcott47#bh7 8,it is my honest conviction that for any authoritative ,,revision1 we are not yet mature2 either in ,biblical learning or ,hellenistic scholarship4 ,there is good scholarship in this country1 444 but it has certainly not yet been sufficiently directed to the study of the ,new ,testament 444 to render any national attempt at ,,revision either hopeful or lastingly profitable40--,,bishop ,,ellicott47#bi7 8,i am persuaded that a ,,revision ought to come3 ,i am convinced that it will come4 ,not however1 ,i would trust1 as yet2 for we are not as yet in any respect prepared for it4 ,the ,greek and the ,english which should enable us to bring this to a successful end1 might1 it is feared1 be wanting alike40--,,archbishop ,,trench47#cj7 8,it is happened unto them according to the true proverb1 2 and 40--#b ,,peter ii4 #bb4 8,little children1--,keep yourselves from idols40--#a ,,john v4 #ba4 ,at a period of extraordinary intellectual activity like the present1 it can occasion no surprise--although it may reasonably create anxiety--if the most sacred and cherished of our ,institutions are constrained each in turn to submit to the ordeal of hostile scrutiny2 sometimes even to bear the brunt of actual attack4 ,when however at last the very citadel of revealed ,truth is observed to have been reached1 and to be undergoing systematic assault and battery1 lookers-on may be excused if they show themselves more than usually solicitous1 8ne quid detrimenti ,civitas ,,dei capiat40 ,a ,revision of the ,authorized ,version of the ,new ,testament17#ca7 purporting to have been executed by authority of the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province1 and declaring itself the exclusive property of our two ancient ,universities1 has recently 7#agth ,may1 #ahha7 appeared2 of which the essential feature proves to be1 that it is founded on an entirely ,new ,recension of the ,greek ,text47#cb7 ,a claim is at the same time set up on behalf of the last-named production that it exhibits a closer approximation to the inspired ,autographs than the world has hitherto seen4 ,not unreasonable therefore is the expectation entertained by its ,authors that the 8,new ,english ,version0 founded on this 8,new ,greek ,text0 is destined to supersede the 8,authorized ,version0 of #afaa4 ,qu cum ita sint1 it is clearly high time that every faithful man among us should bestir himself3 and in particular that such as have made ,greek ,textual ,criticism in any degree their study should address themselves to the investigation of the claims of this1 the latest product of the combined ,biblical learning of the ,church and of the sects4 ,for it must be plain to all1 that the issue which has been thus at last raised1 is of the most serious character4 ,the ,authors of this new ,revision of the ,greek have either entitled themselves to the ,church's profound reverence and abiding gratitude2 or else they have laid themselves open to her gravest censure1 and must experience at her hands nothing short of stern and well-merited rebuke4 ,no middle course presents itself2 since assuredly to construct a new ,greek ,text formed no part of the ,instructions which the ,revisionists received at the hands of the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province4 ,rather were they warned against venturing on such an experiment2 the fundamental principle of the entire undertaking having been declared at the outset to be--,that 8a ,revision of the ,authorized ,version0 is desirable2 and the terms of the original ,resolution of ,feb4 #ajth1 #ahgj1 being1 that the removal of 8,,plain ,,and ,,clear ,,errors0 was alone contemplated1--8whether in the ,greek ,text originally adopted by the ,translators1 or in the ,translation made from the same40 ,such were in fact the limits formally imposed by ,convocation1 7#ajth ,feb4 and #crd1 #eth ,may1 #ahgj17 on the work of ,revision4 ,only ,,necessary changes were to be made4 ,the first ,rule of the ,committee 7#beth ,may7 was similar in character3 viz4--8,to introduce as few alterations as possible into the ,text of the ,authorized ,version1 consistently with faithfulness40 ,but further1 we were reconciled to the prospect of a ,revised ,greek ,text1 by noting that a limit was prescribed to the amount of licence which could by possibility result1 by the insertion of a proviso1 which however is now discovered to have been entirely disregarded by the ,revisionists4 ,the condition was enjoined upon them that whenever 8decidedly preponderating evidence0 constrained their adoption of some change in 8the ,text from which the ,authorized ,version was made10 they should indicate such alteration in the margin4 ,will it be believed that1 this notwithstanding1 not one of the many alterations which have been introduced into the original ,text is so commemorated8 ,on the contrary3 singular to relate1 the ,margin is disfigured throughout with ominous hints that1 had 8,some ancient authorities10 8,many ancient authorities10 8,many very ancient authorities10 been attended to1 a vast many more changes might1 could1 would1 or should have been introduced into the ,greek ,text than have been actually adopted4 ,and yet1 this is precisely the kind of record which we ought to have been spared3-- 7#a7 ,first1--,because it was plainly external to the province of the ,revisionists to introduce any such details into their margin at all3 their very function being1 on the contrary1 to investigate ,textual questions in conclave1 and to present the ordinary ,reader with the result of their deliberations4 ,their business was to correct 8plain and clear errors20 not1 certainly1 to invent a fresh crop of unheard-of doubts and difficulties4 ,this first4--,now1 7#b7 ,that a diversity of opinion would sometimes be found to exist in the revising body was to have been expected1 but when once two-thirds of their number had finally 8settled0 any question1 it is plainly unreasonable that the discomfited minority should claim the privilege of evermore parading their grievance before the public2 and in effect should be allowed to represent that as a corporate doubt1 which was in reality the result of individual idiosyncrasy4 ,it is not reasonable that the echoes of a forgotten strife should be thus prolonged for ever2 least of all in the margin of 8the ,gospel of peace40 7#c7 ,in fact1 the privilege of figuring in the margin of the ,n4 ,t41 7instead of standing in the ,text17 is even attended by a fatal result3 for1 7as ,bp4 ,ellicott remarks17 8the judgment commonly entertained in reference to our present margin10 7i4e4 the margin of the ,a4 ,v47 is1 that its contents are 8exegetically or critically superior to the ,text407#cc7 ,it will certainly be long before this popular estimate is unconditionally abandoned4 ,but1 7#d7 ,especially do we deprecate the introduction into the margin of all this strange lore1 because we insist on behalf of unlearned persons that they ought not to be molested with information which cannot1 by possibility1 be of the slightest service to them3 with vague statements about 8ancient authorities10--of the importance1 or unimportance1 of which they know absolutely nothing1 nor indeed ever can know4 ,unlearned readers on taking the ,revision into their hands1 7i4e4 at least #iii readers out of #ajjj17 will never be aware whether these 7so-called7 8,various ,readings0 are to be scornfully scouted1 as nothing else but ancient perversions of the ,truth2 or else are to be lovingly cherished1 as 8alternative0 see the ,revisers' ,preface 7iii4 #a47 exhibitions of the inspired ,verity1--to their own abiding perplexity and infinite distress4 ,undeniable at all events it is1 that the effect which these ever-recurring announcements produce on the devout reader of ,scripture is the reverse of edifying3 is never helpful3 is always bewildering4 ,a man of ordinary acuteness can but exclaim1--8,yes1 very likely4 ,but what of it8 ,my eye happens to alight on #8,bethesda' 7in ,s4 ,john v4 #b72 against which ,i find in the margin1--#8,some ancient authorities read ,bethsaida1 others ,bethzatha4' ,am ,i then to understand that in the judgment of the ,revisionists it is uncertain which of those three names is right80444 ,not so the expert1 who is overheard to moralize concerning the phenomena of the case after a less ceremonious fashion3--8 #8,bethsaida'6 ,yes1 the old ,latin7#cd7 and the ,vulgate17#ce7 countenanced by one manuscript of bad character1 so reads4 #8,bethzatha'6 ,yes1 the blunder is found in two manuscripts1 both of bad character4 ,why do you not go on to tell us that another manuscript exhibits #8,belzetha'8--another 7supported by ,eusebius7#cf7 and in one place by ,cyril7#cg771 #8,bezatha'8 ,nay1 why not say plainly that there are found to exist upwards of thirty blundering representations of this same word2 but that #8,bethesda'--7the reading of sixteen uncials and the whole body of the cursives1 besides the ,peschito and ,cureton's ,syriac1 the ,armenian1 ,georgian and ,slavonic ,versions1--,didymus17#ch7 ,chrysostom17#ci7 and ,cyril7#dj771--;is the only reasonable way of exhibiting it8 ,to speak plainly1 ,why encumber your margin with such a note at all80444 ,but we are moving forward too fast4 ,it can never be any question among scholars1 that a fatal error was committed when a body of ,divines1 appointed to revise the ,authorized ,english ,version of the ,new ,testament ,scriptures1 addressed themselves to the solution of an entirely different and far more intricate problem1 namely the re-construction of the ,greek ,text4 ,we are content to pass over much that is distressing in the antecedent history of their enterprise4 ,we forbear at this time of day to investigate1 by an appeal to documents and dates1 certain proceedings in and out of ,convocation1 on which it is known that the gravest diversity of sentiment still prevails among ,churchmen47#da7 ,this we do1 not by any means as ourselves 8halting between two opinions10 but only as sincerely desirous that the work before us may stand or fall1 judged by its own intrinsic merits4 ,whether or no ,convocation1--when it 8nominated certain of its own members to undertake the work of ,revision10 and authorized them 8to refer when they considered it desirable to ,divines1 ,scholars1 and ,literary men1 at home or abroad1 for their opinion20--whether ,convocation intended thereby to sanction the actual co-optation into the ,company appointed by themselves1 of members of the ,presbyterian1 the ,wesleyan1 the ,baptist1 the ,congregationalist1 the ,socinian body2 this we venture to think may fairly be doubted4--,whether again ,convocation can have foreseen that of the ninety-nine ,scholars in all who have taken part in this work of ,revision1 only forty-nine would be ,churchmen1 while the remaining fifty would belong to the sects37#db7--this also we venture to think may be reasonably called in question4--,whether lastly1 the ,canterbury ,convocation1 had it been appealed to with reference to 8the ,westminster-,abbey scandal0 7,june #bbnd1 #ahgj71 would not have cleared itself of the suspicion of complicity1 by an unequivocal resolution1--we entertain no manner of doubt4--,but we decline to enter upon these1 or any other like matters4 ,our business is exclusively with the result at which the ,revisionists of the ,new ,testament have arrived3 and it is to this that we now address ourselves2 with the mere avowal of our grave anxiety at the spectacle of an assembly of scholars1 appointed to revise an ,english ,translation1 finding themselves called upon1 as every fresh difficulty emerged1 to develop the skill requisite for critically revising the original ,greek ,text4 ,what else is implied by the very endeavour1 but a singular expectation that experts in one ,science may1 at a moment's notice1 show themselves proficients in another1--and that one of the most difficult and delicate imaginable8 ,enough has been said to make it plain why1 in the ensuing pages1 we propose to pursue a different course from that which has been adopted by ,reviewers generally1 since the memorable day 7,may #agth1 #ahha7 when the work of the ,revisionists was for the first time submitted to public scrutiny4 ,the one point which1 with rare exceptions1 has ever since monopolized attention1 has been the merits or demerits of their ,english rendering of certain ,greek words and expressions4 ,but there is clearly a question of prior interest and infinitely greater importance1 which has to be settled first3 namely1 the merits or demerits of the changes which the same ,scholars have taken upon themselves to introduce into the ,greek ,text4 ,until it has been ascertained that the result of their labours exhibits a decided improvement upon what before was read1 it is clearly a mere waste of time to enquire into the merits of their work as ,revisers of a ,translation4 ,but in fact it has to be proved that the ,revisionists have restricted themselves to the removal of 8plain and clear errors0 from the commonly received ,text4 ,we are distressed to discover that1 on the contrary1 they have done something quite different4 ,the treatment which the ,n4 ,t4 has experienced at the hands of the ,revisionists recals the fate of some ancient edifice which confessedly required to be painted1 papered1 scoured1--with a minimum of masons' and carpenters' work1--in order to be inhabited with comfort for the next hundred years3 but those entrusted with the job were so ill-advised as to persuade themselves that it required to be to a great extent rebuilt4 ,accordingly1 in an evil hour they set about removing foundations1 and did so much structural mischief that in the end it became necessary to proceed against them for damages4 ,without the remotest intention of imposing views of our own on the general ,reader1 but only to enable him to give his intelligent assent to much that is to follow1 we find ourselves constrained in the first instance1--before conducting him over any part of the domain which the ,revisionists have ventured uninvited to occupy1--to premise a few ordinary facts which lie on the threshold of the science of ,textual ,criticism4 ,until these have been clearly apprehended1 no progress whatever is possible4 7#a7 ,the provision1 then1 which the ,divine ,author of ,scripture is found to have made for the preservation in its integrity of ,his written ,word1 is of a peculiarly varied and highly complex description4 ,first1--,by causing that a vast multiplication of ,,copies should be required all down the ages1--beginning at the earliest period1 and continuing in an ever-increasing ratio until the actual invention of ,printing1--,he provided the most effectual security imaginable against fraud4 ,true1 that millions of the copies so produced have long since perished3 but it is nevertheless a plain fact that there survive of the ,gospels alone upwards of one thousand copies to the present day4 7#b7 ,next1 ,,versions4 ,the necessity of translating the ,scriptures into divers languages for the use of different branches of the early ,church1 procured that many an authentic record has been preserved of the ,new ,testament as it existed in the first few centuries of the ,christian era4 ,thus1 the ,peschito ,syriac and the old ,latin version are believed to have been executed in the ,i,ind century4 8,it is no stretch of imagination0 7wrote ,bp4 ,ellicott in #ahgj17 8to suppose that portions of the ,peschito might have been in the hands of ,s4 ,john1 or that the ,old ,latin represented the current views of the ,roman ,christians of the ,i,ind century407#dc7 ,the two ,egyptian translations are referred to the ,i,i,ird and ,i,vth4 ,the ,vulgate 7or revised ,latin7 and the ,gothic are also claimed for the ,i,vth3 the ,armenian1 and possibly the thiopic1 belong to the ,vth4 7#c7 ,lastly1 the requirements of assailants and apologists alike1 the business of ,commentators1 the needs of controversialists and teachers in every age1 have resulted in a vast accumulation of additional evidence1 of which it is scarcely possible to over-estimate the importance4 ,for in this way it has come to pass that every famous ,doctor of the ,church in turn has quoted more or less largely from the sacred writings1 and thus has borne testimony to the contents of the codices with which he was individually familiar4 ,,patristic ,,citations accordingly are a third mighty safeguard of the integrity of the deposit4 ,to weigh these three instruments of ,criticism--,,copies1 ,,versions1 ,,fathers--one against another1 is obviously impossible on the present occasion4 ,such a discussion would grow at once into a treatise47#dd7 ,certain explanatory details1 together with a few words of caution1 are as much as may be attempted4 ,i4 ,and1 first of all1 the reader has need to be apprised 7with reference to the first-named class of evidence7 that most of our extant ,,copies of the ,n4 ,t4 ,scriptures are comparatively of recent date1 ranging from the ,xth to the ,x,i,vth century of our era4 ,that these are in every instance copies of yet older manuscripts1 is self-evident2 and that in the main they represent faithfully the sacred autographs themselves1 no reasonable person doubts47#de7 ,still1 it is undeniable that they are thus separated by about a thousand years from their inspired archetypes4 ,readers are reminded1 in passing1 that the little handful of copies on which we rely for the texts of ,herodotus and ,thucydides1 of schylus and ,sophocles1 are removed from their originals by full #ejj years more3 and that1 instead of a thousand1 or half a thousand copies1 we are dependent for the text of certain of these authors on as many copies as may be counted on the fingers of one hand4 ,in truth1 the security which the ,text of the ,new ,testament enjoys is altogether unique and extraordinary4 ,to specify one single consideration1 which has never yet attracted nearly the amount of attention it deserves1--8,lectionaries0 abound1 which establish the ,text which has been publicly read in the churches of the ,east1 from at least ,a4,d4 #djj until the time of the invention of printing4 ,but here an important consideration claims special attention4 ,we allude to the result of increased acquaintance with certain of the oldest extant codices of the ,n4 ,t4 ,two of these1--viz4 a copy in the ,vatican technically indicated by the letter ,b1 and the recently-discovered ,sinaitic codex1 styled after the first letter of the ,hebrew alphabet 1--are thought to belong to the ,i,vth century4 ,two are assigned to the ,vth1 viz4 the ,alexandrian 7,a7 in the ,british ,museum1 and the rescript codex preserved at ,paris1 designated ,c4 ,one is probably of the ,v,ith1 viz4 the codex ,bez 7,d7 preserved at ,cambridge4 ,singular to relate1 the first1 second1 fourth1 and fifth of these codices 7,b ,c ,d71 but especially ,b and 1 have within the last twenty years established a tyrannical ascendency over the imagination of the ,critics1 which can only be fitly spoken of as a blind superstition4 ,it matters nothing that all four are discovered on careful scrutiny to differ essentially1 not only from ninety-nine out of a hundred of the whole body of extant ,,mss4 besides1 but even from one another4 ,this last circumstance1 obviously fatal to their corporate pretensions1 is unaccountably overlooked4 ,and yet it admits of only one satisfactory explanation3 viz4 that in different degrees they all five exhibit a fabricated text4 ,between the first two 7,b and 7 there subsists an amount of sinister resemblance1 which proves that they must have been derived at no very remote period from the same corrupt original4 ,tischendorf insists that they were partly written by the same scribe4 ,yet do they stand asunder in every page2 as well as differ widely from the commonly received ,text1 with which they have been carefully collated4 ,on being referred to this standard1 in the ,gospels alone1 ,b is found to omit at least #bhgg words3 to add1 #ecf3 to substitute1 #ice3 to transpose1 #bjih3 to modify1 #aacb 7in all #gegh73--the corresponding figures for being severally #cdee1 #hci1 #aaad1 #bbii1 #abfe 7in all #higb74 ,and be it remembered that the omissions1 additions1 substitutions1 transpositions1 and modifications1 are by no means the same in both4 ,it is in fact easier to find two consecutive verses in which these two ,,mss4 differ the one from the other1 than two consecutive verses in which they entirely agree4 ,but by far the most depraved text is that exhibited by codex ,d4 8,no known manuscript contains so many bold and extensive interpolations4 ,its variations from the sacred ,text are beyond all other example407#df7 ,this1 however1 is not the result of its being the most recent of the five1 but 7singular to relate7 is due to quite an opposite cause4 ,it is thought 7not without reason7 to exhibit a ,i,ind-century text4 8,when we turn to the ,acts of the ,apostles10 7says the learned editor of the codex in question1 ,dr4 ,scrivener17#dg77-- 8,we find ourselves confronted with a text1 the like to which we have no experience of elsewhere4 ,it is hardly an exaggeration to assert that codex ,d reproduces the ,textus receptus much in the same way that one of the best ,chaldee ,targums does the ,hebrew of the ,old ,testament3 so wide are the variations in the diction1 so constant and inveterate the practice of expounding the narrative by means of interpolations which seldom recommend themselves as genuine by even a semblance of internal probability40 8,vix dici potest0 7says ,mill7 8quam supra omnem modum licenter se gesserit1 ac plane lasciverit ,interpolator40 ,though a large portion of the ,gospels is missing1 in what remains 7tested by the same standard7 we find #cgjd words omitted3 no less than #bbac added1 and #baba substituted4 ,the words transposed amount to #cdga3 and #aggb have been modified3 the deflections from the ,received ,text thus amounting in all to #ac1bha4--,next to ,d1 the most untrustworthy codex is 1 which bears on its front a memorable note of the evil repute under which it has always laboured3 viz4 it is found that at least ten revisers between the ,i,vth and the ,x,i,ith centuries busied themselves with the task of correcting its many and extraordinary perversions of the truth of ,scripture47#dh7--,next in impurity comes ,b3--then1 the fragmentary codex ,c3 our own ,a being1 beyond all doubt1 disfigured by the fewest blemishes of any4 ,what precedes admits to some extent of further numerical illustration4 ,it is discovered that in the #aaa 7out of #cbj7 pages of an ordinary copy of the ,greek ,testament1 in which alone these five manuscripts are collectively available for comparison in the ,gospels1--the serious deflections of ,a from the ,textus receptus amount in all to only #hdb3 whereas in ,c they amount to #agih3 in ,b1 to #bcgj3 in 1 to #ccib3 in ,d1 to #dfig4 ,the readings peculiar to ,a within the same limits are #acc3 those peculiar to ,c are #agj4 ,but those of ,b amount to #aig3 while exhibits #ddc3 and the readings peculiar to ,d 7within the same limits71 are no fewer than #ahbi4444 ,we submit that these facts--which result from merely referring five manuscripts to one and the same common standard--are by no means calculated to inspire confidence in codices ,b ,c ,d3--codices1 be it remembered1 which come to us without a character1 without a history1 in fact without antecedents of any kind4 ,but let the learned chairman of the ,new ,testament company of ,revisionists 7,bp4 ,ellicott7 be heard on this subject4 ,he is characterizing these same 8old uncials10 which it is just now the fashion--or rather1 the craze--to hold up as oracular1 and to which his lordship is as devotedly and blindly attached as any of his neighbours3-- 8,the simplicity and dignified conciseness0 7he says7 8of the ,vatican manuscript 7,b73 the greater expansiveness of our own ,alexandrian 7,a73 the partially mixed characteristics of the ,sinaitic 773 the paraphrastic tone of the singular codex ,bez 7,d71 are now brought home to the student407#di7 ,could ingenuity have devised severer satire than such a description of four professing transcripts of a book2 and that book1 the everlasting ,gospel itself8--transcripts1 be it observed in passing1 on which it is just now the fashion to rely implicitly for the very orthography of proper names1--the spelling of common words1--the minuti of grammar4 ,what 7we ask7 would be thought of four such 8copies0 of ,thucydides or of ,shakspeare8 ,imagine it gravely proposed1 by the aid of four such conflicting documents1 to re-adjust the text of the funeral oration of ,pericles1 or to re-edit 8,hamlet40 ,risum teneatis amici8 ,why1 some of the poet's most familiar lines would cease to be recognizable3 e4g4 ,a1--8,toby or not ,toby2 that is the question30 ,b1--8,tob or not1 is the question30 1--8,to be a tub1 or not to be a tub2 the question is that30 ,c1--8,the question is1 to beat1 or not to beat ,toby803 ,d 7the 8singular codex071--8,the only question is this3 to beat that ,toby1 or to be a tub80 ,and yet--without by any means subscribing to the precise terms in which the judicious ,prelate characterizes those ignes fatui which have so persistently and egregiously led his lordship and his colleagues astray--7for indeed one seems rather to be reading a description of four styles of composition1 or of as many fashions in ladies' dress1 than of four copies of the ,gospel7--we have already furnished indirect proof that his estimate of the codices in question is in the main correct4 ,further acquaintance with them does but intensify the bad character which he has given them4 ,let no one suppose that we deny their extraordinary value1--their unrivalled critical interest1--nay1 their actual use in helping to settle the truth of ,scripture4 ,what we are just now insisting upon is only the depraved text of codices ,a ,b ,c ,d1--especially of ,b ,d4 ,and because this is a matter which lies at the root of the whole controversy1 and because we cannot afford that there shall exist in our reader's mind the slightest doubt on this part of the subject1 we shall be constrained once and again to trouble him with detailed specimens of the contents of ,b1 c41 in proof of the justice of what we have been alleging4 ,we venture to assure him1 without a particle of hesitation1 that ,b ,d are three of the most scandalously corrupt copies extant3--exhibit the most shamefully mutilated texts which are anywhere to be met with3--have become1 by whatever process 7for their history is wholly unknown71 the depositories of the largest amount of fabricated readings1 ancient blunders1 and intentional perversions of ,truth1--which are discoverable in any known copies of the ,word of ,,god4 ,but in fact take a single page of any ordinary copy of the ,greek ,testament1--,bp4 ,lloyd's edition1 suppose4 ,turn to page #ahd4 ,it contains ten verses of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel1 ch4 viii4 #ce to #dd4 ,now1 proceed to collate those ten verses4 ,you will make the notable discovery that1 within those narrow limits1 by codex ,d alone the text has been depraved #ec times1 resulting in no less than #ajc corrupt readings1 #ic of which are found only in ,d4 ,the words omitted by ,d are #dj3 the words added are #d4 ,twenty-five words have been substituted for others1 and #ad transposed4 ,variations of case1 tense1 c41 amount to #af2 and the phrase of the ,evangelist has been departed from #aa times4 ,happily1 the other four 8old uncials0 are here available4 ,and it is found that 7within the same limits1 and referred to the same test17 ,a exhibits #c omissions1 #b of which are peculiar to ,a4--,b omits #ab words1 #f of which are peculiar to ,b3 substitutes #c words3 transposes #d3 and exhibits #f lesser changes--#b of them being its own peculiar property4-- has #e readings 7affecting #h words7 peculiar to itself4 ,its omissions are #g3 its additions1 #b3 its substitutions1 #d3 #b words are transposed2 and it exhibits #d lesser discrepancies4--,c has #g readings 7affecting #ae words7 peculiar to itself4 ,its omissions are #d3 its additions1 #g3 its substitutions1 #g3 its words transposed1 #g4 ,it has #b lesser discrepancies1 and it alters the ,evangelist's phrase #d times4 ,but 7we shall be asked7 what amount of agreement1 in respect of 8,various ,readings10 is discovered to subsist between these #e codices8 for that1 after all1 is the practical question4 ,we answer1--,a has been already shown to stand alone twice3 ,b1 #f times3 1 #h times3 ,c1 #ae times2 ,d1 #ic times4--,we have further to state that ,a ,b stand together by themselves once3 ,b 1 #d times3 ,b ,c1 #a3 ,b ,d1 #a3 ,c1 #a3 ,c ,d1 #a4--;,a ,c conspire #a3 ,b ,c1 #a3 ,b ,d1 #a3 ,a ,b ,c1 once 7viz4 in reading 1 which ,tischendorf admits to be a corrupt reading73 ,b ,c ,d1 also once4--,the #e 8old uncials0 therefore 7,a ,b ,c ,d7 combine1 and again stand apart1 with singular impartiality4--,lastly1 they are never once found to be in accord in respect of any single 8various ,reading04--,will any one1 after a candid survey of the premisses1 deem us unreasonable1 if we avow that such a specimen of the concordia discors which everywhere prevails between the oldest uncials1 but which especially characterizes ,b ,d1 indisposes us greatly to suffer their unsupported authority to determine for us the ,text of ,scripture8 ,let no one at all events obscure the one question at issue1 by asking1--8,whether we consider the ,textus ,receptus infallible80 ,the merit or demerit of the ,received ,text has absolutely nothing whatever to do with the question4 ,we care nothing about it4 ,any ,text would equally suit our present purpose4 ,any ,text would show the 8old uncials0 perpetually at discord among themselves4 ,to raise an irrelevant discussion1 at the outset1 concerning the ,textus ,receptus3--to describe the haste with which ,erasmus produced the first published edition of the ,n4 ,t43--to make sport about the copies which he employed3--all this kind of thing is the proceeding of one who seeks to mislead his readers3--to throw dust into their eyes3--to divert their attention from the problem actually before them3--not--7as we confidently expect when we have to do with such writers as these7--the method of a sincere lover of ,truth4 ,to proceed1 however4 ,,ii4 and ,,iii4 ,nothing has been said as yet concerning the ,text exhibited by the earliest of the ,,versions and by the most ancient of the ,,fathers4 ,but1 for the purpose we have just now in hand1 neither are such details necessary4 ,we desire to hasten forward4 ,a somewhat fuller review of certain of our oldest available materials might prove even more discouraging4 ,but that would only be because it is impossible1 within such narrow limits as the present1 to give the reader any idea at all of the wealth of our actual resources2 and to convince him of the extent to which the least trustworthy of our guides prove in turn invaluable helps in correcting the exorbitances of their fellows4 ,the practical result in fact of what has been hitherto offered is after all but this1 that we have to be on our guard against pinning our faith exclusively on two or three1--least of all on one or two ancient documents2 and of adopting them exclusively for our guides4 ,we are shown1 in other words1 that it is utterly out of the question to rely on any single set or group of authorities1 much less on any single document1 for the determination of the ,text of ,scripture4 ,happily1 our ,,manuscripts are numerous3 most of them are in the main trustworthy3 all of them represent far older documents than themselves4 ,our ,,versions 7two of which are more ancient by a couple of centuries than any sacred codex extant7 severally correct and check one another4 ,lastly1 in the writings of a host of ,,fathers1--the principal being ,eusebius1 ,athanasius1 ,basil1 the ,gregories1 ,didymus1 ,epiphanius1 ,chrysostom1 the ,cyrils1 ,theodoret1--we are provided with contemporaneous evidence which1 whenever it can be had1 becomes an effectual safeguard against the unsupported decrees of our oldest codices1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 as well as the occasional vagaries of the ,versions4 ,in the writings of ,irenus1 ,clemens ,alex41 ,origen1 ,dionysius ,alex41 ,hippolytus1 we meet with older evidence still4 ,no more precarious foundation for a reading1 in fact1 can be named1 than the unsupported advocacy of a single ,manuscript1 or ,version1 or ,father2 or even of two or three of these combined4 ,but indeed the principle involved in the foregoing remarks admits of being far more broadly stated4 ,it even stands to reason that we may safely reject any reading which1 out of the whole body of available authorities1--,manuscripts1 ,versions1 ,fathers1--finds support nowhere save in one and the same little handful of suspicious documents4 ,for we resolutely maintain1 that external ,evidence must after all be our best1 our only safe guide2 and 7to come to the point7 we refuse to throw in our lot with those who1 disregarding the witness of every other known ,codex--every other ,version--every other available ,ecclesiastical ,writer1--insist on following the dictates of a little group of authorities1 of which nothing whatever is known with so much certainty as that often1 when they concur exclusively1 it is to mislead4 ,we speak of codices ,b or or ,d2 the ,i,xth-century codex ,l1 and such cursives7#ej7 as #ac or #cc2 a few copies of the old ,latin and one of the ,egyptian versions3 perhaps ,origen4--,not theory therefore3--not prejudice3--not conjecture3--not unproved assertion3--not any single codex1 and certainly not codex ,b3--not an imaginary 8,antiochene ,recension0 of another imaginary 8,pre-,syrian ,text30--not antecedent fancies about the affinity of documents3--neither 8the purely arbitrary method of genealogy10--nor one man's notions 7which may be reversed by another man's notions7 of 8,transcriptional ,probability30--not 8instinctive processes of ,criticism10--least of all 8the individual mind10 with its 8supposed power of divining the ,original ,text0--of which no intelligible account can be rendered3--nothing of this sort1--7however specious and plausible it may sound1 especially when set forth in confident language2 advocated with a great show of unintelligible learning2 supported by a formidable array of cabalistic symbols and mysterious contractions2 above all when recommended by justly respected names17--nothing of this sort1 we say1 must be allowed to determine for us the ,text of ,scripture4 ,the very proposal should set us on our guard against the certainty of imposition4 ,we deem it even axiomatic1 that1 in every case of doubt or difficulty--supposed or real--our critical method must be the same3 namely1 after patiently collecting all the available evidence1 then1 without partiality or prejudice1 to adjudicate between the conflicting authorities1 and loyally to accept that verdict for which there is clearly the preponderating evidence4 ,the best supported ,reading1 in other words1 must always be held to be the true ,reading3 and nothing may be rejected from the commonly received ,text1 except on evidence which shall clearly outweigh the evidence for retaining it4 ,we are glad to know that1 so far at least1 we once had ,bp4 ,ellicott with us4 ,he announced 7in #ahgj7 that the best way of proceeding with the work of ,revision is1 8to make the ,textus ,receptus the standard1--departing from it only when critical or grammatical considerations show that it is clearly necessary407#ea7 ,we ourselves mean no more4 ,whenever the evidence is about evenly balanced1 few it is hoped will deny that the ,text which has been 8in possession0 for three centuries and a half1 and which rests on infinitely better manuscript evidence than that of any ancient work which can be named1--should1 for every reason1 be let alone47#eb7 ,but1 7we shall perhaps be asked17 has any critical ,editor of the ,n4 ,t4 seriously taught the reverse of all this8 ,yes indeed1 we answer4 ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 ,tischendorf1--the most recent and most famous of modern editors1--have all three adopted a directly opposite theory of textual revision4 ,with the first-named1 fifty years ago 7#ahca71 virtually originated the principle of recurring exclusively to a few ancient documents to the exclusion of the many4 8,,lachmann',s text seldom rests on more than four ,greek codices1 very often on three1 not unfrequently on two1 sometimes on only one407#ec7 ,bishop ,ellicott speaks of it as 8a text composed on the narrowest and most exclusive principles407#ed7 ,of the ,greek ,fathers 7,lachmann says7 he employed only ,origen47#ee7 ,paying extraordinary deference to the ,latin ,version1 he entirely disregarded the coval ,syriac translation4 ,the result of such a system must needs prove satisfactory to no one except its author4 ,lachmann's leading fallacy has perforce proved fatal to the value of the text put forth by ,,dr4 ,,tregelles4 ,of the scrupulous accuracy1 the indefatigable industry1 the pious zeal of that estimable and devoted scholar1 we speak not4 ,all honour to his memory6 ,as a specimen of conscientious labour1 his edition of the ,n4 ,t4 7#aheg-gb7 passes praise1 and will never lose its value4 ,but it has only to be stated1 that ,tregelles effectually persuaded himself that 8eighty-nine ninetieths0 of our extant manuscripts and other authorities may safely be rejected and lost sight of when we come to amend the text and try to restore it to its primitive purity17#ef7--to make it plain that in ,textual ,criticism he must needs be regarded as an untrustworthy teacher4 ,why he should have condescended to employ no patristic authority later than ,eusebius fl4 ,a4,d4 #cbj1 he does not explain4 8,his critical principles10 7says ,bishop ,ellicott17 8especially his general principles of estimating and regarding modern manuscripts1 are now perhaps justly called in question407#eg7 8,the case of ,,dr4 ,,tischendorf0 7proceeds ,bp4 ,ellicott7 8is still more easily disposed of4 ,which of this most inconstant ,critic's texts are we to select8 ,surely not the last1 in which an exaggerated preference for a single ,manuscript which he has had the good fortune to discover1 has betrayed him into an almost child-like infirmity of critical judgment4 ,surely also not his seventh edition1 which 444 exhibits all the instability which a comparatively recent recognition of the authority of cursive manuscripts might be supposed likely to introduce407#eh7 ,with ,dr4 ,tischendorf1--7whom one vastly his superior in learning1 accuracy1 and judgment1 has generously styled 8the first ,biblical ,critic in ,europe07#ei77--8the evidence of codex 1 supported or even unsupported by one or two other authorities of any description1 is sufficient to outweigh any other witnesses1--whether ,manuscripts1 ,versions1 or ecclesiastical ,writers407#fj7 ,we need say no more4 ,until the foregoing charge has been disproved1 ,dr4 ,tischendorf's last edition of the ,n4 ,t41 however precious as a vast storehouse of materials for criticism1--however admirable as a specimen of unwearied labour1 critical learning1 and first-rate ability1--must be admitted to be an utterly unsatisfactory exhibition of the inspired ,text4 ,it has been ascertained that his discovery of codex caused his #hth edition 7#ahfe-gb7 to differ from his #gth in no less than #ceje places1--8to the scandal of the science of ,comparative ,criticism1 as well as to his own grave discredit for discernment and consistency407#fa7 ,but1 in fact1 what is to be thought of a ,critic who1--because the last verse of ,s4 ,john's ,gospel1 in 1 seemed to himself to be written with a different pen from the rest1--has actually omitted that verse 7xxi4 #be7 entirely1 in defiance of every known ,copy1 every known ,version1 and the explicit testimony of a host of ,fathers8 ,such are ,origen 7in #aa places71--,eusebius 7in #c71--;,gregory ,nyss4 7in #b71--;,gregory ,nazian41--ps4-,dionys4 ,alex417#fb7--,nonnus1--,chrysostom 7in #f places71--,theodoras ,mops4 7in #b71--;,isidorus1--,cyril ,alex4 7in #b71--,victor ,ant41--,ammonius1--,severus1--,maximus1 --,andreas ,cretensis1--,ambrose1--,gaudentius1--,p hilastrius1-- ,sedulius1--,jerome1--,augustine 7in #f places74 ,that ,tischendorf was a critic of amazing research1 singular shrewdness1 indefatigable industry2 and that he enjoyed an unrivalled familiarity with ancient documents2 no fair person will deny4 ,but 7in the words of ,bishop ,ellicott17#fc7 whom we quote so perseveringly for a reason not hard to divine17 his 8great inconstancy10--his 8natural want of sobriety of critical judgment10--and his 8unreasonable deference to the readings found in his own codex ,sinaiticus20--to which should be added 8the utter absence in him of any intelligible fixed critical principles20--all this makes ,tischendorf one of the worst of guides to the true ,text of ,scripture4 ,the last to enter the field are ,,drs4 ,,westcott and ,,hort1 whose beautifully-printed edition of 8the ,new ,testament in the original ,greek07#fd7 was published within five days of the 8,revised ,authorized ,version0 itself2 a 8confidential0 copy of their work having been already entrusted to every member of the ,new ,test4 company of ,revisionists to guide them in their labours1--under pledge that they should neither show nor communicate its contents to any one else4--,the learned ,editors candidly avow1 that they 8have deliberately chosen on the whole to rely for documentary evidence on the stores accumulated by their predecessors1 and to confine themselves to their proper work of editing the text itself407#fe7 ,nothing therefore has to be enquired after1 except the critical principles on which they have proceeded4 ,and1 after assuring us that 8the study of ,grouping is the foundation of all enduring ,criticism107#ff7 they produce their secret3 viz4 ,that in 8every one of our witnesses0 except codex ,b1 the 8corruptions are innumerable207#fg7 and that1 in the ,gospels1 the one 8group of witnesses0 of 8incomparable value01 is codex ,b in 8combination with another primary ,greek manuscript1 as ,b1 ,b ,l1 ,b ,c1 ,b ,t1 ,b ,d1 ,b 1 ,a ,b1 ,b ,z1 ,b #cc1 and in ,s4 ,mark ,b 407#fh7 ,this is 8,textual ,criticism made easy10 certainly4 ,well aware of the preposterous results to which such a major premiss must inevitably lead1 we are not surprised to find a plea straightway put in for 8instinctive processes of ,criticism0 of which the foundation 8needs perpetual correction and recorrection04 ,but our confidence fairly gives way when1 in the same breath1 the accomplished ,editors proceed as follows3--8,but we are obliged to come to the individual mind at last2 and canons of ,criticism are useful only as warnings against natural illusions1 and aids to circumspect consideration1 not as absolute rules to prescribe the final decision4 ,it is true that no individual mind can ever work with perfect uniformity1 or free itself completely from its own idiosyncrasies4 ,yet a clear sense of the danger of unconscious caprice may do much towards excluding it4 ,we trust also that the present ,text has escaped some risks of this kind by being the joint production of two ,editors of different habits of mind07#fi7 444 ,a somewhat insecure safeguard surely6 ,may we be permitted without offence to point out that the 8idiosyncrasies0 of an 8individual mind0 7to which we learn with astonishment 8we are obliged to come at last07 are probably the very worst foundation possible on which to build the recension of an inspired writing8 ,with regret we record our conviction1 that these accomplished scholars have succeeded in producing a ,text vastly more remote from the inspired autographs of the ,evangelists than any which has appeared since the invention of printing4 ,when full ,prolegomena have been furnished we shall know more about the matter27#gj7 but to judge from the ,remarks 7in pp4 #eda-fb7 which the learned ,editors 7,revisionists themselves7 have subjoined to their elegantly-printed volume1 it is to be feared that the fabric will be found to rest too exclusively on vague assumption and unproved hypothesis4 ,in other words1 a painful apprehension is created that their edition of 8,the ,new ,testament in the original ,greek0 will be found to partake inconveniently of the nature of a work of the ,imagination4 ,as codex proved fatal to ,dr4 ,tischendorf1 so is codex ,b evidently the rock on which ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have split4 ,did it ever occur to those learned men to enquire how the ,septuagint ,version of the ,old ,testament has fared at the hands of codex ,b8 ,they are respectfully invited to address themselves to this very damaging enquiry4 ,but surely 7rejoins the intelligent ,reader1 coming fresh to these studies71 the oldest extant ,manuscripts 7,b ,a ,c ,d7 must exhibit the purest text6 ,is it not so8 ,it ought to be so1 no doubt 7we answer72 but it certainly need not be the case4 ,we know that ,origen in ,palestine1 ,lucian at ,antioch1 ,hesychius in ,egypt1 8revised0 the text of the ,n4 ,t4 ,unfortunately1 they did their work in an age when such fatal misapprehension prevailed on the subject1 that each in turn will have inevitably imported a fresh assortment of monstra into the sacred writings4 ,add1 the baneful influence of such spirits as ,theophilus 7sixth ,bishop of ,antioch1 ,a4,d4 #afh71 ,tatian1 ,ammonius1 c41 of whom we know there were very many in the primitive age1--some of whose productions1 we further know1 were freely multiplied in every quarter of ancient ,christendom3--add1 the fabricated ,gospels which anciently abounded2 notably the ,gospel of the ,hebrews1 about which ,jerome is so communicative1 and which 7he says7 he had translated into ,greek and ,latin3--lastly1 freely grant that here and there1 with well-meant assiduity1 the orthodox themselves may have sought to prop up truths which the early heretics 7,basilides1 ,a4,d4 #acd1 ,valentinus1 ,a4,d4 #adj1 with his disciple ,heracleon1 ,marcion1 ,a4,d4 #aej1 and the rest17 most perseveringly assailed2--and we have sufficiently explained how it comes to pass that not a few of the codices of primitive ,christendom must have exhibited ,texts which were even scandalously corrupt4 8,it is no less true to fact than paradoxical in sound10 writes the most learned of the ,revisionist body1 8that the worst corruptions1 to which the ,new ,testament has ever been subjected1 originated within a hundred years after it was composed3 that ,irenus ,a4,d4 #aej and the ,african ,fathers1 and the whole ,western1 with a portion of the ,syrian ,church1 used far inferior manuscripts to those employed by ,stunica1 or ,erasmus1 or ,stephens thirteen centuries later1 when moulding the ,textus ,receptus407#ga7 ,and what else are codices ,b ,c ,d but specimens--in vastly different degrees--of the class thus characterized by ,prebendary ,scrivener8 ,nay1 who will venture to deny that those codices are indebted for their preservation solely to the circumstance1 that they were long since recognized as the depositories of ,readings which rendered them utterly untrustworthy8 ,only by singling out some definite portion of the ,gospels1 and attending closely to the handling it has experienced at the hands of ,a ,b ,c ,d1--to the last four of which it is just now the fashion to bow down as to an oracular voice from which there shall be no appeal1--can the student become aware of the hopelessness of any attempt to construct the ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 out of the materials which those codices exclusively supply4 ,let us this time take ,s4 ,mark's account of the healing of 8the paralytic borne of four0 7ch4 ii4 #a-ab71--;and confront their exhibition of it1 with that of the commonly received ,text4 ,in the course of those #ab verses1 7not reckoning #d blunders and certain peculiarities of spelling17 there will be found to be #fj variations of reading1--of which #ee are nothing else but depravations of the text1 the result of inattention or licentiousness4 ,westcott and ,hort adopt #bc of these3--7#ah1 in which ,b conspire to vouch for a reading3 #b1 where is unsupported by ,b3 #b1 where ,b is unsupported by 3 #a1 where ,c ,d are supported by neither nor ,b74 ,now1 in the present instance1 the 8five old uncials0 cannot be the depositories of a tradition1--whether ,western or ,eastern1--because they render inconsistent testimony in every verse4 ,it must further be admitted1 7for this is really not a question of opinion1 but a plain matter of fact17 that it is unreasonable to place confidence in such documents4 ,what would be thought in a ,court of ,law of five witnesses1 called up #dg times for examination1 who should be observed to bear contradictory testimony every time8 ,but the whole of the problem does not by any means lie on the surface4 ,all that appears is that the five oldest uncials are not trustworthy witnesses2 which singly1 in the course of #ab verses separate themselves from their fellows #cc times3 viz4 ,a1 twice2--1 #e times2--,b1 #f times2--,c1 thrice2--,d1 #ag times3 and which also enter into the #aa following combinations with one another in opposition to the ordinary ,text3--,a ,c1 twice2-- ,b1 #aj times2-- ,d1 once2--,c ,d1 #c times2-- ,b ,c1 once2-- ,b ,d1 #e times2-- ,c ,d1 once2--,b ,c ,d1 once2--,a ,c ,d1 once2--,a ,b ,c ,d1 once2--,a ,b ,c ,d1 once4 7,note1 that on this last occasion1 which is the only time when they all #e agree1 they are certainly all #e wrong47 ,but this1 as was observed before1 lies on the surface4 ,on closer critical inspection1 it is further discovered that their testimony betrays the baseness of their origin by its intrinsic worthlessness4 ,thus1 in ,mk4 ii1 #a1 the delicate precision of the announcement 7that 8,he has gone in071 disappears from ,b ,d3--as well as 7in ver4 #b7 the circumstance that it became the signal for many 8immediately0 7 ,b7 to assemble about the door4--,in ver4 #d1 ,s4 ,mark explains his predecessor's concise statement that the paralytic was 8brought to0 our ,,saviour17#gb7 by remarking that the thing was 8impossible0 by the ordinary method of approach4 ,accordingly1 his account of the expedient resorted to by the bearers fills one entire verse 7ver4 #d7 of his ,gospel4 ,in the mean time1 ,b by exhibiting 7in ,s4 ,mark ii4 #c17 8bringing unto ,him one sick of the palsy0 7 1--which is but a senseless transposition of 1 71 do their best to obliterate the exquisite significance of the second ,evangelist's method4--,in the next verse1 the perplexity of the bearers1 who1 because they could not 8come nigh ,him0 7 71 unroofed the house1 is lost in ,b1--whose has been obtained either from ,matt4 ix4 #b1 or else from ,luke v4 #ah1 #ai 71 74 8,the bed ,,where ,,was the paralytic0 7 71 in imitation of 8the roof ,,where ,,was0 ,jesus 7 1 which had immediately preceded71 is just one of those tasteless depravations1 for which ,b1 and especially ,d1 are conspicuous among manuscripts4--,in the last verse1 the instantaneous rising of the paralytic1 noticed by ,s4 ,mark 7 71 and insisted upon by ,s4 ,luke 78and immediately he rose up before them10-- 71 is obliterated by shifting in ,b and ,c to a place where is not wanted1 and where its significancy disappears4 ,other instances of ,assimilation are conspicuous4 ,all must see that1 in ver4 #e1 7 ,b ,c7 is derived from ,matt4 ix4 #b and ,luke v4 #bj3 as well as that 8,son1 be of good cheer0 7,c7 is imported hither from ,matt4 ix4 #b4 8,my son10 on the other hand 771 is a mere effort of the imagination4 ,in the same verse1 7 ,b ,d7 is either from ,matt4 ix4 #e 7sic72 or else from ver4 #i1 lower down in ,s4 ,mark's narrative4 1 in ver4 #f 7,d71 is from ,s4 ,luke v4 #ba4 77 in ver4 #i1 and 7,d71 are clearly importations from ver #aa4 ,the strange confusion in ver4 #g1--8;,because this man thus speaketh1 he blasphemeth0 7,b71--and 8,why doth this man thus speak8 ,he blasphemeth0 7 ,d71--is due solely to ,mtt4 ix4 #c3--while the appendix proposed by as a substitute for 8,we never saw it on this fashion0 7 71 in ver #ab 7viz4 8,it was never so seen in ,israel10 71 has been transplanted hither from ,s4 ,matt4 ix4 #cc4 ,we shall perhaps be told that1 scandalously corrupt as the text of ,b ,c ,d hereabouts may be1 no reason has been shown as yet for suspecting that heretical depravation ever had anything to do with such phenomena4 ,that 7we answer7 is only because the writings of the early depravers and fabricators of ,gospels have universally perished4 ,from the slender relics of their iniquitous performances which have survived to our time1 we are sometimes able to lay our finger on a foul blot and to say1 8,this came from ,tatian's ,diatessaron2 and that from ,marcion's mutilated recension of the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,luke40 ,the piercing of our ,,saviour',s side1 transplanted by codices ,b ,c from ,s4 ,john xix4 #cd into ,s4 ,matt1 xxvii4 #di1 is an instance of the former1--which it may reasonably create astonishment to find that ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort 7alone among ,editors7 have nevertheless admitted into their text1 as equally trustworthy with the last #ab verses of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel4 ,but it occasions a stronger sentiment than surprise to discover that this1 8the gravest interpolation yet laid to the charge of ,b10--this 8sentence which neither they nor any other competent scholar can possibly believe that the ,evangelist ever wrote107#gc7--;has been actually foisted into the margin of the ,revised ,version of ,s4 ,matthew xxvii4 #di4 ,were not the ,revisionists aware that such a disfigurement must prove fatal to their work8 ,for whose benefit is the information volunteered that 8many ancient authorities0 are thus grossly interpolated8 ,an instructive specimen of depravation follows1 which can be traced to ,marcion's mutilated recension of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel4 ,we venture to entreat the favour of the reader's sustained attention to the license with which the ,,lord',s ,prayer as given in ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel 7xi4 #b-d71 is exhibited by codices ,a ,b ,c ,d4 ,for every reason one would have expected that so precious a formula would have been found enshrined in the 8old uncials0 in peculiar safety2 handled by copyists of the ,i,vth1 ,vth1 and ,v,ith centuries with peculiar reverence4 ,let us ascertain exactly what has befallen it3-- 7a7 ,d introduces the ,,lord',s ,prayer by interpolating the following paraphrase of ,s4 ,matt4 vi4 #g3--8,use not vain repetitions as the rest3 for some suppose that they shall be heard by their much speaking4 ,but when ye pray0 444 ,after which portentous exordium1 7b7 ,b omit the #e words1 8,our0 8which art in heaven10 ,then1 7c7 ,d omits the article 77 before 8name30 and supplements the first petition with the words 8upon us0 7 74 ,it must needs also transpose the words 8,thy ,kingdom0 7 74 7d7 ,b in turn omits the third petition1--8,thy will be done1 as in heaven1 also on the earth20 which #aa words retains1 but adds 8so0 before 8also10 and omits the article 772 finding for once an ally in ,a ,c ,d4 7e7 ,d for write 7from ,matt474 7f7 omits the article 77 before 8day by day40 ,and1 7g7 ,d1 instead of the #c last-named words1 writes 8this day0 7from ,matt473 substitutes 8debts0 7 7 for 8sins0 7 1--also from ,matt473 and in place of 8for we ourselves0 7 7 writes 8as also we0 7 1 again from ,matt474--,but1 7h7 shows its sympathy with ,d by accepting two-thirds of this last blunder3 exhibiting 8as also we ourselves0 7 74 7i7 ,d consistently reads 8our debtors0 7 7 in place of 8every one that is indebted to us0 7 74--,finally1 7j7 ,b omit the last petition1--8but deliver us from evil0 7 7--unsupported by ,a ,c or ,d4 ,of lesser discrepancies we decline to take account4 ,so then1 these five 8first-class authorities0 are found to throw themselves into six different combinations in their departures from ,s4 ,luke's way of exhibiting the ,,lord',s ,prayer1--which1 among them1 they contrive to falsify in respect of no less than #de words2 and yet they are never able to agree among themselves as to any single various reading3 while only once are more than two of them observed to stand together1--viz4 in the unauthorized omission of the article4 ,in respect of #cb 7out of the #de7 words1 they bear in turn solitary evidence4 ,what need to declare that it is certainly false in every instance8 ,such however is the infatuation of the ,critics1 that the vagaries of ,bare all taken for gospel4 ,besides omitting the #aa words which ,b omits jointly with 1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort erase from the ,book of ,life those other #aa precious words which are omitted by ,b only4 ,and in this way it comes to pass that the mutilated condition to which the scalpel of ,marcion the heretic reduced the ,,lord',s ,prayer some #agcj years ago17#gd7 7for the mischief can all be traced back to him671 is palmed off on the ,church of ,england by the ,revisionists as the work of the ,,holy ,,ghost6 7,a7 ,we may now proceed with our examination of their work1 beginning--as ,dr4 ,roberts 7one of the ,revisionists7 does1 when explaining the method and results of their labours--with what we hold to be the gravest blot of all1 viz4 the marks of serious suspicion which we find set against the last ,twelve verses of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel4 ,well may the learned ,presbyterian anticipate that-- 8,the reader will be struck by the appearance which this long paragraph presents in the ,revised ,version4 ,although inserted1 it is marked off by a considerable space from the rest of the ,gospel4 ,a note is also placed in the margin containing a brief explanation of this407#ge7 ,a very brief 8explanation0 certainly3 for the note explains nothing4 ,allusion is made to the following words-- 8,the two oldest ,greek manuscripts1 and some other authorities1 omit from ver4 #i to the end4 ,some other authorities have a different ending to the ,gospel40 ,but now1--,for the use of whom has this piece of information been volunteered8 ,not for learned readers certainly3 it being familiarly known to all1 that codices ,b and alone of manuscripts 7to their own effectual condemnation7 omit these #ab verses4 ,but then scholars know something more about the matter4 ,they also know that these #ab verses have been made the subject of a separate treatise extending to upwards of #cjj pages1--which treatise has now been before the world for a full decade of years1 and for the best of reasons has never yet been answered4 ,its object1 stated on its title-page1 was to vindicate against recent critical objectors1 and to establish 8the last ,twelve ,verses0 of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel47#gf7 ,moreover1 competent judges at once admitted that the author had succeeded in doing what he undertook to do47#gg7 ,can it then be right 7we respectfully enquire7 still to insinuate into unlearned minds distrust of twelve consecutive verses of the everlasting ,gospel1 which yet have been demonstrated to be as trustworthy as any other verses which can be named8 ,the question arises1--,but how did it come to pass that such evil counsels were allowed to prevail in the ,jerusalem ,chamber8 ,light has been thrown on the subject by two of the ,new ,test4 company4 ,and first by the learned ,congregationalist1 ,dr4 ,newth1 who has been at the pains to describe the method which was pursued on every occasion4 ,the practice 7he informs us7 was as follows4 ,the ,bishop of ,gloucester and ,bristol1 as chairman1 asks-- 8,whether any ,textual ,changes are proposed8 ,the evidence for and against is briefly stated1 and the proposal considered4 ,the duty of stating this evidence is by tacit consent devolved upon 7sic7 two members of the ,company1 who from their previous studies are specially entitled to speak with authority upon such questions1--,dr4 ,scrivener and ,dr4 ,hort1--and who come prepared to enumerate particularly the authorities on either side4 ,dr4 ,scrivener opens up the matter by stating the facts of the case1 and by giving his judgment on the bearings of the evidence4 ,dr4 ,hort follows1 and mentions any additional matters that may call for notice2 and1 if differing from ,dr4 ,scrivener's estimate of the weight of the evidence1 gives his reasons and states his own view4 ,after discussion1 the vote of the ,company is taken1 and the proposed ,reading accepted or rejected4 ,the ,text being thus settled1 the ,chairman asks for proposals on the ,rendering407#gh7 ,and thus1 the men who were appointed to improve the ,english ,translation are exhibited to us remodelling the original ,greek4 ,at a moment's notice1 as if by intuition1--by an act which can only be described as the exercise of instinct1--these eminent ,divines undertake to decide which shall be deemed the genuine utterances of the ,,holy ,,ghost17#gi7--which not4 ,each is called upon to give his vote1 and he gives it4 8,the ,text being thus settled0 they proceed to do the only thing they were originally appointed to do2 viz4 to try their hands at improving our ,authorized ,version4 ,but we venture respectfully to suggest1 that by no such 8rough and ready0 process is that most delicate and difficult of all critical problems--the truth of ,scripture--to be 8settled40 ,sir ,edmund ,beckett remarks that if the description above given 8of the process by which the ,revisionists #8settled' the ,greek alterations1 is not a kind of joke1 it is quite enough to #8settle' this ,revised ,greek ,testament in a very different sense407#hj7 ,and so1 in truth1 it clearly is4--8,such a proceeding appeared to me so strange10 7writes the learned and judicious ,editor of the ,speaker's ,commentary17 8that ,i fully expected that the account would be corrected1 or that some explanation would be given which might remove the very unpleasant impression407#ha7 ,we have since heard on the best authority1 that namely of ,bishop ,ellicott himself17#hb7 that ,dr4 ,newth's account of the method of 8settling0 the text of the ,n4 ,t41 pursued in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 is correct4 ,but in fact1 it proves to have been1 from the very first1 a definite part of the ,programme4 ,the chairman of the ,revisionist body1 ,bishop ,ellicott1--when he had 8to consider the practical question10--whether 87#a71 to construct a critical ,text first3 or 7#b71 to use preferentially1 though not exclusively1 some current ,text3 or 7#c71 simply to proceed onward with the work of ,revision1 whether of ,text or ,translation1 making the current ,textus ,receptus the standard1 and departing from it only when critical or grammatical considerations show that it is clearly necessary1--in fact1 solvere ambulando20 announces1 at the end of #ai pages1--8,we are driven then to the third alternative407#hc7 ,we naturally cast about for some evidence that the members of the ,new ,testament company possess that mastery of the subject which alone could justify one of their number 7,dr4 ,milligan7 in asserting roundly that these #ab verses are 8not from the pen of ,s4 ,mark himself207#hd7 and another 7,dr4 ,roberts7 in maintaining that 8the passage is not the immediate production of ,s4 ,mark407#he7 ,dr4 ,roberts assures us that-- 8,eusebius1 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 ,victor of ,antioch1 ,severus of ,antioch1 ,jerome1 as well as other writers1 especially ,greeks1 testify that these verses were not written by ,s4 ,mark1 or not found in the best copies407#hf7 ,will the learned writer permit us to assure him in return that he is entirely mistaken8 ,he is requested to believe that ,gregory of ,nyssa says nothing of the sort--says nothing at all concerning these verses3 that ,victor of ,antioch vouches emphatically for their genuineness3 that ,severus does but copy1 while ,jerome does but translate1 a few random expressions of ,eusebius3 and that ,eusebius himself nowhere 8testifies that these verses were not written by ,s4 ,mark40 ,so far from it1 ,eusebius actually quotes the verses1 quotes them as genuine4 ,dr4 ,roberts is further assured that there are no 8other writers0 whether ,greek or ,latin1 who insinuate doubt concerning these verses4 ,on the contrary1 besides both the ,latin and all the ,syriac--besides the ,gothic and the two ,egyptian versions--there exist four authorities of the ,i,ind century2--as many of the ,i,i,ird2--five of the ,vth2--four of the ,v,ith2--as many of the ,v,i,ith2--together with at least ten of the ,i,vth7#hg7 7contemporaries therefore of codices ,b and 72--which actually recognize the verses in question4 ,now1 when to every known ,manuscript but two of bad character1 besides every ancient ,version1 some one-and-thirty ,fathers have been added1 #ah of whom must have used copies at least as old as either ,b or 1--,dr4 ,roberts is assured that an amount of external authority has been accumulated which is simply overwhelming in discussions of this nature4 ,but the significance of a single feature of the ,lectionary1 of which up to this point nothing has been said1 is alone sufficient to determine the controversy4 ,we refer to the fact that in every part of ,eastern ,christendom these same #ab verses--neither more nor less--have been from the earliest recorded period1 and still are1 a proper lesson both for the ,easter season and for ,ascension ,day4 ,we pass on4 7,b7 ,a more grievous perversion of the truth of ,scripture is scarcely to be found than occurs in the proposed revised exhibition of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad1 in the ,greek and ,english alike2 for indeed not only is the proposed ,greek text 7 7 impossible1 but the ,english of the ,revisionists 78peace among men in whom he is well pleased07 8can be arrived at0 7as one of themselves has justly remarked7 8only through some process which would make any phrase bear almost any meaning the translator might like to put upon it407#hh7 ,more than that3 the harmony of the exquisite three-part hymn1 which the ,angels sang on the night of the ,nativity1 becomes hopelessly marred1 and its structural symmetry destroyed1 by the welding of the second and third members of the sentence into one4 ,singular to relate1 the addition of a single final letter 77 has done all this mischief4 ,quite as singular is it that we should be able at the end of upwards of #agjj years to discover what occasioned its calamitous insertion4 ,from the archetypal copy1 by the aid of which the old ,latin translation was made1 7for the ,latin copies all read 8pax hominibus bon voluntatis107 the preposition was evidently away1--absorbed apparently by the which immediately follows4 ,in order therefore to make a sentence of some sort out of words which1 without 1 are simply unintelligible1 was turned into 4 ,it is accordingly a significant circumstance that1 whereas there exists no ,greek copy of the ,gospels which omits the 1 there is scarcely a ,latin exhibition of the place to be found which contains it47#hi7 ,to return however to the genuine clause1--8,good-will towards men0 7 74 ,absolutely decisive of the true reading of the passage--irrespectively of internal considerations--ought to be the consideration that it is vouched for by every known copy of the ,gospels of whatever sort1 excepting only ,a ,b ,d3 the first and third of which1 however1 were anciently corrected and brought into conformity with the ,received ,text2 while the second 7,a7 is observed to be so inconstant in its testimony1 that in the primitive 8,morning-hymn0 7given in another page of the same codex1 and containing a quotation of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad71 the correct reading of the place is found4 ,d's complicity in error is the less important1 because of the ascertained sympathy between that codex and the ,latin4 ,in the meantime the two ,syriac ,versions are a full set-off against the ,latin copies2 while the hostile evidence of the ,gothic 7which this time sides with the ,latin7 is more than neutralized by the unexpected desertion of the ,coptic version from the opposite camp4 ,the ,armenian1 ,georgian1 thiopic1 ,slavonic and ,arabian versions1 are besides all with the ,received ,text4 ,it therefore comes to this3--,we are invited to make our election between every other copy of the ,gospels1--every known ,lectionary1--and 7not least of all7 the ascertained ecclesiastical usage of the ,eastern ,church from the beginning1--on the one hand3 and the testimony of four ,codices without a history or a character1 which concur in upholding a patent mistake1 on the other4 ,will any one hesitate as to which of these two parties has the stronger claim on his allegiance8 ,could doubt be supposed to be entertained in any quarter1 it must at all events be borne away by the torrent of ,patristic authority which is available on the present occasion3-- ,in the ,i,ind century1--we have the testimony of 7#a7 ,irenus47#ij7 ,in the ,i,i,ird1--that of 7#b7 ,origen7#ia7 in #c places1--and of 7#c7 the ,apostolical ,constitutions7#ib7 in #b4 ,in the ,i,vth1--7#d7 ,eusebius17#ic7--7e7 ,aphraates the ,persian17#id7--7f7 ,titus of ,bostra17#ie7 each twice2--7#g7 ,didymus7#if7 in #c places2--7#h7 ,gregory of ,nazianzus17#ig7--7i7 ,cyril of ,jerusalem17#ih7--7aj7 ,epiphanius7#ii7 twice2--7#aa7 ,gregory of ,nyssa7#ajj7 #d times1--7#ab7 ,ephraem ,syrus17#aja7--7ac7 ,philo bishop of ,carpasus17#ajb7--7ad7 ,chrysostom17#ajc7 in #i places1--and 7#ae7 a nameless preacher at ,antioch17#ajd7--;all these1 contemporaries 7be it remembered7 of ,b and 1 are found to bear concurrent testimony in favour of the commonly received text4 ,in the ,vth century1--7#af7 ,cyril of ,alexandria17#aje7 on no less than #ad occasions1 vouches for it also2--7#ag7 ,theodoret7#ajf7 on #d2--7ah7 ,theodotus of ,ancyra7#ajg7 on #e 7once7#ajh7 in a homily preached before the ,council of ,ephesus on ,christmas-day1 ,a4,d4 #dca72--7ai7 ,proclus7#aji7 archbishop of ,constantinople2--7#bj7 ,paulus7#aaj7 bishop of ,emesa 7in a sermon preached before ,cyril of ,alexandria on ,christmas-day1 ,a4,d4 #dca72--7ba7 the ,eastern bishops7#aaa7 at ,ephesus collectively1 ,a4,d4 #dca 7an unusually weighty piece of evidence72--and lastly1 7#bb7 ,basil of ,seleucia47#aab7 ,now1 let it be remarked that these were contemporaries of codex ,a4 ,in the ,v,ith century1--the ,patristic witnesses are 7#bc7 ,cosmas1 the voyager17#aac7 #e times1--7#bd7 ,anastasius ,sinaita17#aad7--7be7 ,eulogius7#aae7 archbishop of ,alexandria3 contemporaries1 be it remembered1 of codex ,d4 ,in the ,v,i,ith1--7#bf7 ,andreas of ,crete7#aaf7 twice4 ,and in the ,v,i,i,ith1--7#bg7 ,cosmas7#aag7 bishop of ,maiuma near ,gaza1--and his pupil 7#bh7 ,john ,damascene17#aah7--;and 7#bi7 ,germanus7#aai7 archbishop of ,constantinople4 ,to these #bi illustrious names are to be added unknown writers of uncertain date1 but all of considerable antiquity2 and some7#abj7 are proved by internal evidence to belong to the ,i,vth or ,vth century1--in short1 to be of the date of the ,fathers whose names #af of them severally bear1 but among whose genuine works their productions are probably not to be reckoned4 ,one of these was anciently mistaken for 7#cj7 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus37#aba7 a second1 for 7#ca7 ,methodius37#abb7 a third1 for 7#cb7 ,basil47#abc7 ,three others1 with different degrees of reasonableness1 have been supposed to be 7#cc1 #cd1 #ce7 ,athanasius47#abd7 ,one has passed for 7#cf7 ,gregory of ,nyssa27#abe7 another for 7#cg7 ,epiphanius27#abf7 while no less than eight 7#ch to #de7 have been mistaken for ,chrysostom17#abg7 some of them being certainly his contemporaries4 ,add 7#df7 one anonymous ,father17#abh7 and 7#dg7 the author of the apocryphal ,acta ,pilati1--and it will be perceived that #ah ancient authorities have been added to the list1 every whit as competent to witness what was the text of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad at the time when ,a ,b ,d were written1 as ,basil or ,athanasius1 ,epiphanius or ,chrysostom themselves47#abi7 ,for our present purpose they are ,codices of the ,i,vth1 ,vth1 and ,v,ith centuries4 ,in this way then1 far more than forty-seven ancient witnesses have come back to testify to the men of this generation that the commonly received reading of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad is the true reading1 and that the text which the ,revisionists are seeking to palm off upon us is a fabrication and a blunder4 ,will any one be found to maintain that the authority of ,b and is appreciable1 when confronted by the first #ae contemporary ,ecclesiastical ,writers above enumerated8 or that ,a can stand against the #g which follow8 ,this is not all however4 ,survey the preceding enumeration geographically1 and note that1 besides #a name from ,gaul1--at least #b stand for ,constantinople1--while #e are dotted over ,asia ,minor3--#aj at least represent ,antioch2 and--#f1 other parts of ,syria3--#c stand for ,palestine1 and #ab for other ,churches of the ,east3--at least #e are ,alexandrian1--#b are men of ,cyprus1 and--#a is from ,crete4 ,if the articulate voices of so many illustrious ,bishops1 coming back to us in this way from every part of ancient ,christendom and all delivering the same unfaltering message1--if this be not allowed to be decisive on a point of the kind just now before us1 then pray let us have it explained to us1--,what amount of evidence will men accept as final8 ,it is high time that this were known4444 ,the plain truth is1 that a case has been established against ,a ,b ,d and the ,latin version1 which amounts to proof that those documents1 even when they conspire to yield the self-same evidence1 are not to be depended on as witnesses to the text of ,scripture4 ,the history of the reading advocated by the ,revisionists is briefly this3--,it emerges into notice in the ,i,ind century2 and in the ,vth1 disappears from sight entirely4 ,enough and to spare has now been offered concerning the true reading of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad4 ,but because we propose to ourselves that no uncertainty whatever shall remain on this subject1 it will not be wasted labour if at parting we pour into the ruined citadel just enough of shot and shell to leave no dark corner standing for the ghost of a respectable doubt hereafter to hide in4 ,now1 it is confessedly nothing else but the high estimate which ,critics have conceived of the value of the testimony of the old uncials 7 ,a ,b ,c ,d71 which has occasioned any doubt at all to exist in this behalf4 ,let the learned ,reader then ascertain for himself the character of codices ,a ,b ,c ,d hereabouts1 by collating the context in which ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad is found1 viz4 the #ac verses which precede and the one verse 7ver4 #ae7 which immediately follows4 ,if the old uncials are observed all to sing in tune throughout1 hereabouts1 well and good3 but if on the contrary1 their voices prove utterly discordant1 who sees not that the last pretence has been taken away for placing any confidence at all in their testimony concerning the text of ver4 #ad1 turning as it does on the presence or absence of a single letter8444 ,he will find1 as the result of his analysis1 that within the space of those #ad verses1 the old uncials are responsible for #ef 8various readings0 7so-called73 singly1 for #da2 in combination with one another1 for #ae4 ,so diverse1 however1 is the testimony they respectively render1 that they are found severally to differ from the ,text of the cursives no less than #gj times4 ,among them1 besides twice varying the phrase1--they contrive to omit #ai words3--to add #d3--to substitute #ag3--to alter #aj3--to transpose #bd4--,lastly1 these five codices are observed 7within the same narrow limits7 to fall into ten different combinations3 viz4 ,b 1 for #e readings2--,b ,d1 for #b2-- ,c1 ,d1 ,a ,c1 ,b ,d1 ,a ,d1 ,a ,b ,d1 ,b ,c ,d1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 for #a each4 ,a therefore1 which stands alone twice1 is found in combination #d times2--,c1 which stands alone once1 is found in combination #d times27#acj7--;,b1 which stands alone #e times1 is found in combination #f times2--1 which stands alone #aa times1 is found in combination #h times2--,d1 which stands alone #bb times1 is found in combination #g times4444 ,and now1--for the last time we ask the question1--,with what show of reason can the unintelligible 7of ,a ,b ,d7 be upheld as genuine1 in defiance of the whole body of ,manuscripts1 uncial and cursive1--the great bulk of the ,versions1--and the mighty array of 7upwards of fifty7 ,fathers exhibited above8 7,c7 ,we are at last able to proceed1 with a promise that we shall rarely prove so tedious again4 ,but it is absolutely necessary to begin by clearing the ground4 ,we may not go on doubting for ever4 ,the 8,angelic hymn0 and 8,the last #ab ,verses0 of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 are convenient places for a trial of strength4 ,it has now been proved that the commonly received text of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad is the true text1--the ,revisionists' emendation of the place1 a palpable mistake4 ,on behalf of the second ,gospel1 we claim to have also established that an important portion of the sacred narrative has been unjustly branded with a note of ignominy2 from which we solemnly call upon the ,revisionists to set the ,evangelist free4 ,the pretence that no harm has been done him by the mere statement of what is an undeniable fact1--7viz4 that 8the two oldest ,greek manuscripts1 and some other authorities1 omit from verse #i to the end20 and that 8some other authorities have a different ending to the ,gospel107--will not stand examination4 ,pin to the shoulder of an honourable man a hearsay libel on his character1 and see what he will have to say to you6 ,besides1--,why have the #ab verses been further separated off from the rest of the ,gospel8 ,this at least is unjustifiable4 ,those who1 with ,drs4 ,roberts and ,milligan17#aca7 have been taught to maintain 8that the passage is not the immediate production of ,s4 ,mark10--8can hardly be regarded as a part of the original ,gospel2 but is rather an addition made to it at a very early age1 whether in the lifetime of the ,evangelist or not1 it is impossible to say30--such ,critics are informed that they stultify themselves when they proceed in the same breath to assure the offended reader that the passage 8is nevertheless possessed of full canonical authority407#acb7 ,men who so write show that they do not understand the question4 ,for if these #ab verses are 8canonical ,scripture10--as much inspired as the #ab verses which precede them1 and as worthy of undoubting confidence1--then1 whether they be 8the production of ,s4 ,mark10 or of some other1 is a purely irrelevant circumstance4 ,the ,authorship of the passage1 as every one must see1 is not the question4 ,the last #ab verses of ,deuteronomy1 for instance1 were probably not written by ,moses4 ,do we therefore separate them off from the rest of ,deuteronomy1 and encumber the margin with a note expressive of our opinion8 ,our ,revisionists1 so far from holding what follows to be 8canonical ,scripture10 are careful to state that a rival ending to be found elsewhere merits serious attention4 ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj1 therefore 7according to them71 is not certainly a genuine part of the ,gospel2 may1 after all1 be nothing else but a spurious accretion to the text4 ,and as long as such doubts are put forth by our ,revisionists1 they publish to the world that1 in their account at all events1 these verses are not 8possessed of full canonical authority40 ,if 8the two oldest ,greek manuscripts0 justly 8omit from verse #i to the end0 7as stated in the margin71 will any one deny that our printed ,text ought to omit them also87#acc7 ,on the other hand1 if the circumstance is a mere literary curiosity1 will any one maintain that it is entitled to abiding record in the margin of the ,english ,version of the everlasting page8--affords any warrant whatever for separating 8the last ,twelve ,verses0 from their context8 7,d7 ,we can probably render ordinary readers no more effectual service1 than by offering now to guide them over a few select places1 concerning the true reading of which the ,revisionists either entertain such serious doubts that they have recorded their uncertainty in the margin of their work2 or else1 entertaining no doubts at all1 have deliberately thrust a new reading into the body of their text1 and that1 without explanation1 apology1 or indeed record of any kind47#acd7 ,one remark should be premised1 viz4 that 8various ,readings0 as they are 7often most unreasonably7 called1 are seldom if ever the result of conscious fraud4 ,an immense number are to be ascribed to sheer accident4 ,it was through erroneous judgment1 we repeat1 not with evil intent1 that men took liberties with the deposit4 ,they imported into their copies whatever readings they considered highly recommended4 ,by some of these ancient ,critics it seems to have been thought allowable to abbreviate1 by simply leaving out whatever did not appear to themselves strictly necessary3 by others1 to transpose the words--even the members--of a sentence1 almost to any extent3 by others1 to substitute easy expressions for difficult ones4 ,in this way it comes to pass that we are often presented1 and in the oldest documents of all1 with ,readings which stand self-condemned2 are clearly fabrications4 ,that it was held allowable to assimilate one ,gospel to another1 is quite certain4 ,add1 that as early as the ,i,ind century there abounded in the ,church documents1--8,diatessarons0 they were sometimes called1--of which the avowed object was to weave one continuous and connected narrative 8out of the four20--and we shall find that as many heads have been provided1 as will suffice for the classification of almost every various reading which we are likely to encounter in our study of the ,gospels4 ,i4 ,,to ,,accidental ,,causes then we give the foremost place1 and of these we have already furnished the reader with two notable and altogether dissimilar specimens4 ,the first 7viz4 the omission of ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj from certain ancient copies of the ,gospel7 seems to have originated in an unique circumstance4 ,according to the ,western order of the four1 ,s4 ,mark occupies the last place4 ,from the earliest period it had been customary to write 78,,end07 after the #hth verse of his last chapter1 in token that there a famous ecclesiastical lection comes to a close4 ,let the last leaf of one very ancient archetypal copy have begun at ver4 #i2 and let that last leaf have perished2--and all is plain4 ,a faithful copyist will have ended the ,gospel perforce--as ,b and have done--at ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #h4444 ,our other example 7,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad7 will have resulted from an accident of the most ordinary description1--as was explained at the outset4--,to the foregoing1 a few other specimens of erroneous readings resulting from ,accident shall now be added4 7a7 ,always instructive1 it is sometimes even entertaining to trace the history of a mistake which1 dating from the ,i,ind or ,i,i,ird century1 has remained without a patron all down the subsequent ages1 until at last it has been suddenly taken up in our own times by an ,editor of the sacred ,text1 and straightway palmed off upon an unlearned generation as the genuine work of the ,,holy ,,ghost4 ,thus1 whereas the ,church has hitherto supposed that ,s4 ,paul's company 8were in all in the ship two hundred threescore and sixteen souls0 7,acts xxvii4 #cg71 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort 7relying on the authority of ,b and the ,sahidic version7 insist that what ,s4 ,luke actually wrote was 8about seventy-six40 ,in other words1 instead of 1 we are invited henceforth to read 4 ,what can have given rise to so formidable a discrepancy8 ,mere accident1 we answer4 ,first1 whereas ,s4 ,luke certainly wrote 1 his last six words at some very early period underwent the familiar process of ,transposition1 and became1 2 whereby the word and the numbers were brought into close proximity4 7,it is thus that ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1 c41 wrongly exhibit the place47 ,but since 8#bgf0 when represented in ,greek numerals is 1 the inevitable consequence was that the words 7written in uncials7 ran thus3 4 ,behold1 the secret is out6 ,who sees not what has happened8 ,there has been no intentional falsification of the text4 ,there has been no critical disinclination to believe that 8a corn-ship1 presumably heavily laden1 would contain so many souls10--as an excellent judge supposes47#ace7 ,the discrepancy has been the result of sheer accident3 is the merest blunder4 ,some ,i,ind-century copyist connected the last letter of with the next ensuing numeral1 which stands for #bjj 7viz4 72 and made an independent word of it1 viz4 --i4e4 8about40 ,but when 7i4e4 #bjj7 has been taken away from 7i4e4 #bgf71 #gf is perforce all that remains4 ,in other words1 the result of so slight a blunder has been that instead of 8two hundred and seventy-six0 771 some one wrote --i4e4 8about seventy-six40 ,his blunder would have been diverting had it been confined to the pages of a codex which is full of blunders4 ,when however it is adopted by the latest ,editors of the ,n4 ,t4 7,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort71--and by their influence has been foisted into the margin of our revised ,english ,version--it becomes high time that we should reclaim against such a gratuitous depravation of ,scripture4 ,all this ought not to have required explaining3 the blunder is so gross1--its history so patent4 ,but surely1 had its origin been ever so obscure1 the most elementary critical knowledge joined to a little mother-wit ought to convince a man that the reading cannot be trustworthy4 ,a reading discoverable only in codex ,b and one ,egyptian version 7which was evidently executed from codices of the same corrupt type as codex ,b7 may always be dismissed as certainly spurious4 ,but further1--,although a man might of course say 8about seventy0 or 8about eighty10 7which is how ,epiphanius7#acf7 quotes the place17 who sees not that 8about seventy-six0 is an impossible expression8 ,lastly1 the two false witnesses give divergent testimony even while they seem to be at one3 for the ,sahidic 7or ,thebaic7 version arranges the words in an order peculiar to itself4 7b7 ,another corruption of the text1 with which it is proposed henceforth to disfigure our ,authorized ,version1 7originating like the last in sheer accident17 occurs in ,acts xviii4 #g4 ,it is related concerning ,s4 ,paul1 at ,corinth1 that having forsaken the synagogue of the ,jews1 8he entered into a certain man's house named ,justus0 7 74 ,that this is what ,s4 ,luke wrote1 is to be inferred from the fact that it is found in almost every known copy of the ,acts1 beginning with ,a ,d ,g ,h ,l ,p4 ,chrysostom--the only ancient ,greek ,father who quotes the place--so quotes it4 ,this is1 in consequence1 the reading of ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 and ,tischendorf in his #gth edition4 ,but then1 the last syllable of 8name0 77 and the first three letters of 8,justus0 771 in an uncial copy1 may easily get mistaken for an independent word4 ,indeed it only wants a horizontal stroke 7at the summit of the second in 7 to produce 8,titus0 774 ,in the ,syriac and ,sahidic versions accordingly1 8,titus0 actually stands in place of 8,justus10--a reading no longer discoverable in any extant codex4 ,as a matter of fact1 the error resulted not in the substitution of 8,titus0 for 8,justus10 but in the introduction of both names where ,s4 ,luke wrote but one4 and ,e1 the ,vulgate1 and the ,coptic version1 exhibit 8,titus ,justus40 ,and that the foregoing is a true account of the birth and parentage of 8,titus0 is proved by the tell-tale circumstance1 that in ,b the letters and are all religiously retained1 and a supernumerary letter 77 has been thrust in between1--the result of which is to give us one more imaginary gentleman1 viz4 8,titius ,justus20 with whose appearance1--7and he is found nowhere but in codex ,b17--,tischendorf in his #hth ed41 with ,westcott and ,hort in theirs1 are so captivated1 that they actually give him a place in their text4 ,it was out of compassion 7we presume7 for the friendless stranger 8,titus ,justus0 that our ,revisionists have1 in preference1 promoted him to honour3 in which act of humanity they stand alone4 ,their 8new ,greek ,text0 is the only one in existence in which the imaginary foreigner has been advanced to citizenship1 and assigned 8a local habitation and a name40 444 ,those must have been wondrous drowsy days in the ,jerusalem ,chamber when such manipulations of the inspired text were possible6 7c7 ,the two foregoing depravations grew out of the ancient practice of writing the ,scriptures in uncial characters 7i4e4 in capital letters71 no space being interposed between the words4 ,another striking instance is supplied by ,s4 ,matthew xi4 #bc and ,s4 ,luke x4 #ae1 where however the error is so transparent that the wonder is how it can ever have imposed upon any one4 ,what makes the matter serious is1 that it gives a turn to a certain ,divine saying1 of which it is incredible that either our ,,saviour or ,his ,evangelists knew anything4 ,we have hitherto believed that the solemn words ran as follows3--8,and thou1 ,capernaum1 which art exalted 7 444 7 unto heaven1 shalt be brought down 77 to hell40 ,for this1 our ,revisionists invite us to substitute1 in ,s4 ,luke as well as in ,s4 ,matthew1--8,and thou1 ,capernaum1 shalt thou be exalted 7 444 27 unto heaven80 ,and then1 in ,s4 ,matthew1 7but not in ,s4 ,luke17--8,thou shalt go down 77 into ,hades40 ,now1 what can have happened to occasion such a curious perversion of our ,,lord',s true utterance1 and to cause ,him to ask an unmeaning question about the future1 when ,he was clearly announcing a fact1 founded on the history of the past8 ,a stupid blunder has been made 7we answer71 of which traces survive 7as usual7 only in the same little handful of suspicious documents4 ,the final letter of ,capernaum 77 by cleaving to the next ensuing letter 77 has made an independent word 772 which new word necessitates a change in the construction1 and causes the sentence to become interrogative4 ,and yet1 fourteen of the uncial manuscripts and the whole body of the cursives know nothing of this3 neither does the ,peschito--nor the ,gothic version3 no1--nor ,chrysostom1--nor ,cyril1--nor ps4-,csarius1--nor ,theodoret1--the only ,fathers who quote either place4 ,the sole witnesses for 444 in both ,gospels are ,b1 copies of the old ,latin1 ,cureton's ,syriac1 the ,coptic1 and the thiopic versions1--a consensus of authorities which ought to be held fatal to any reading4 ,c joins the conspiracy in ,matthew xi4 #bc1 but not in ,luke x4 #ae3 ,d ,l consent in ,luke1 but not in ,matthew4 ,the ,vulgate1 which sided with ,b in ,s4 ,matthew1 forsakes them in ,s4 ,luke4 ,in writing both times 78thou shalt go down071 codex ,b 7forsaken this time by 7 is supported by a single manuscript1 viz4 ,d4 ,but because1 in ,matthew xi4 #bc1 ,b obtains the sanction of the ,latin copies1 is actually introduced into the ,revised ,text1 and we are quietly informed in the margin that 8,many ancient authorities read be brought down30 the truth being 7as the reader has been made aware7 that there are only two manuscripts in existence which read anything else4 ,and 7what deserves attention7 those two manuscripts are convicted of having borrowed their quotation from the ,septuagint17#acg7 and therefore stand self-condemned4444 ,were the occupants of the ,jerusalem ,chamber all--saving the two who in their published edition insist on reading 7with ,b and ,d7 in both places--all fast asleep when they became consenting parties to this sad mistake8 ,,ii4 ,it is time to explain that1 if the most serious depravations of ,scripture are due to ,accident1 a vast number are unmistakably the result of ,,design1 and are very clumsily executed too4 ,the enumeration of a few of these may prove instructive3 and we shall begin with something which is found in ,s4 ,mark xi4 #c4 ,with nothing perhaps will each several instance so much impress the devout student of ,scripture1 as with the exquisite structure of a narrative in which corrupt readings stand self-revealed and self-condemned1 the instant they are ordered to come to the front and show themselves4 ,but the point to which we especially invite his attention is1 the sufficiency of the external evidence which ,divine ,wisdom is observed to have invariably provided for the establishment of the truth of ,his written ,word4 7a7 ,when our ,,lord was about to enter ,his capital in lowly triumph1 ,he is observed to have given to 8two of ,his disciples0 directions well calculated to suggest the mysterious nature of the incident which was to follow4 ,they were commanded to proceed to the entrance of a certain village1--to unloose a certain colt which they would find tied there1--and to bring the creature straightway to ,,jesus4 ,any obstacle which they might encounter would at once disappear before the simple announcement that 8the ,,lord hath need of him407#ach7 ,but1 singular to relate1 this transaction is found to have struck some third-rate ,i,i,ird-century ,critic as not altogether correct4 ,the good man was evidently of opinion that the colt1--as soon as the purpose had been accomplished for which it had been obtained1--ought in common fairness to have been returned to 8the owners thereof40 7,s4 ,luke xix4 #cc47 ,availing himself therefore of there being no nominative before 8will send0 7in ,s4 ,mark xi4 #c71 he assumed that it was of ,himself that our ,,lord was still speaking3 feigned that the sentence is to be explained thus3--8say ye1 #8that the ,,lord hath need of him and will straightway send him hither4' 0 ,according to this view of the case1 our ,,saviour instructed ,his two ,disciples to convey to the owner of the colt an undertaking from ,himself that ,he would send the creature back as soon as ,he had done with it3 would treat the colt1 in short1 as a loan4 ,a more stupid imagination one has seldom had to deal with4 ,but in the meantime1 by way of clenching the matter1 the ,critic proceeded on his own responsibility to thrust into the text the word 8again0 774 ,the fate of such an unauthorized accretion might have been confidently predicted4 ,after skipping about in quest of a fixed resting-place for a few centuries 7see the note at foot7#aci771 has shared the invariable fate of all such spurious adjuncts to the truth of ,scripture1 viz43 ,it has been effectually eliminated from the copies4 ,traces of it linger on only in those untrustworthy witnesses ,b ,c ,d ,l 1 and about twice as many cursive copies1 also of depraved type4 ,so transparent a fabrication ought in fact to have been long since forgotten4 ,yet have our ,revisionists not been afraid to revive it4 ,in ,s4 ,mark xi4 #c1 they invite us henceforth to read1 8,and if any one say unto you1 ,why do ye this8 say ye1 ,the ,,lord hath need of him1 and straightway ,he 7i4e4 the ,,lord7 will send him ,,back hither40 444 ,of what can they have been dreaming8 ,they cannot pretend that they have ,antiquity on their side3 for1 besides the whole mass of copies with ,a at their head1 both the ,syriac1 both the ,latin1 and both the ,egyptian versions1 the ,gothic1 the ,armenian1--all in fact except the thiopic1--are against them4 ,even ,origen1 who twice inserts 17#adj7 twice leaves it out47#ada7 ,quid plura8 7b7 ,no need to look elsewhere for our next instance4 ,a novel statement arrests attention five verses lower down3 viz4 that 8,many spread their garments upon the way0 and why not 8in the way08 does not mean 8upon02 8and others1 branches which they had cut from the fields0 7,s4 ,mark xi4 #h74 ,but how in the world could they have done that8 ,they must have been clever people certainly if they 8cut branches from0 anything except trees4 ,was it because our ,revisionists felt this1 that in the margin they volunteer the information1 that the ,greek for 8branches0 is in strictness 8layers of leaves08 ,but what are 8layers of leaves08 and what proof is there that has that meaning8 and how could 8layers of leaves0 have been suddenly procured from such a quarter8 ,we turn to our ,authorized ,version1 and are refreshed by the familiar and intelligible words3 8,and others cut down branches off the trees and strawed them in the way40 ,why then has this been changed8 ,in an ordinary sentence1 consisting of #ab words1 we find that #b words have been substituted for other #b2 that #a has undergone modification2 that #e have been ejected4 ,why is all this8 asks the unlearned ,reader4 ,he shall be told4 ,an instance is furnished us of the perplexity which a difficult word sometimes occasioned the ancients1 as well as of the serious consequences which have sometimes resulted therefrom to the text of ,scripture itself4 ,s4 ,matthew1 after narrating that 8a very great multitude spread their garments in the way10 adds1 8others cut branches 77 from the trees and strawed them in the way407#adb7 ,but would not branches of any considerable size have impeded progress1 inconveniently encumbering the road8 ,no doubt they would4 ,accordingly1 as ,s4 ,mark 7with ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel before him7 is careful to explain1 they were not 8branches of any considerable size10 but 8leafy twigs0--8foliage10 in fact it was--8cut from the trees and strawed in the way40 ,the word1 however1 which he employs 77 is an unique word--very like another of similar sound 771 yet distinct from it in sense1 if not in origin4 ,unfortunately1 all this was not understood in a highly uncritical and most licentious age4 ,with the best intentions1 7for the good man was only seeking to reconcile two inconvenient parallel statements17 some ,revisionist of the ,i,ind century1 having convinced himself that the latter word 77 might with advantage take the place of ,s4 ,mark's word 771 substituted this for that4 ,in consequence1 it survives to this day in nine uncial copies headed by ,b4 ,but then1 does not mean 8a branch0 at all2 no1 nor a 8layer of leaves0 either2 but a pallet--a floor-bed1 in fact1 of the humblest type1 constructed of grass1 rushes1 straw1 brushwood1 leaves1 or any similar substance4 ,on the other hand1 because such materials are not obtainable from trees exactly1 the ancient ,critic judged it expedient further to change into 78fields074 ,even this was not altogether satisfactory4 1 as explained already1 in strictness means a 8bed40 ,only by a certain amount of license can it be supposed to denote the materials of which a bed is composed2 whereas the ,evangelist speaks of something 8strawn40 ,the self-same copies1 therefore1 which exhibit 8fields0 7in lieu of 8trees071 by introducing a slight change in the construction 7 for 71 and omitting the words 8and strawed them in the way10 are observed--after a summary fashion of their own1 7with which1 however1 readers of ,b ,d are only too familiar7--to dispose of this difficulty by putting it nearly out of sight4 ,the only result of all this misplaced officiousness is a miserable travestie of the sacred words3-- 1 3 #g words in place of #ab6 ,but the calamitous circumstance is that the ,critics have all to a man fallen into the trap4 ,true1 that ,origen 7who once writes and once 71 as well as the two ,egyptian versions1 side with ,b ,c ,l in reading 3 but then both versions 7with ,c7 decline to alter the construction of the sentence2 and 7with ,origen7 decline to omit the clause 3 while1 against this little band of disunited witnesses1 are marshalled all the remaining fourteen uncials1 headed by ,a ,d--the ,peschito and the ,philoxenian ,syriac2 the ,italic1 the ,vulgate1 the ,gothic1 the ,armenian1 the ,georgian1 and the thiopic as well as the ,slavonic versions1 besides the whole body of the cursives4 ,whether therefore ,antiquity1 ,variety1 ,respectability of witnesses1 numbers1 or the reason of the thing be appealed to1 the case of our opponents breaks hopelessly down4 ,does any one seriously suppose that1 if ,s4 ,mark had written the common word 1 so vast a majority of the copies at this day would exhibit the improbable 8 ,had the same ,s4 ,mark expressed nothing else but 1 will any one persuade us that every copy in existence but five would present us with 1 8 ,and let us not be told that there has been ,assimilation here4 ,there has been none4 ,s4 ,matthew 7xxi4 #h7 writes 444 3 ,s4 ,mark 7xi4 #h71 444 4 ,the types are distinct1 and have been faithfully retained all down the ages4 ,the common reading is certainly correct4 ,the ,critics are certainly in error4 ,and we exclaim 7surely not without good reason7 against the hardship of thus having an exploded corruption of the text of ,scripture furbished up afresh and thrust upon us1 after lying deservedly forgotten for upwards of a thousand years4 7c7 ,take a yet grosser specimen1 which has nevertheless imposed just as completely upon our ,revisionists4 ,it is found in ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel 7xxiii4 #de71 and belongs to the history of the ,crucifixion4 ,all are aware that as1 at the typical redemption out of ,egypt1 there had been a preternatural darkness over the land for three days17#adc7 so1 preliminary to the actual ,exodus of 8the ,israel of ,,god10 8there was darkness over all the land0 for three hours47#add7 ,s4 ,luke adds the further statement1--8,and the sun was darkened0 7 74 ,now the proof that this is what ,s4 ,luke actually wrote1 is the most obvious and conclusive possible4 is found in all the most ancient documents4 ,marcion7#ade7 7whose date is ,a4,d4 #acj-ej7 so exhibits the place3--besides the old ,latin7#adf7 and the ,vulgate3--the ,peschito1 ,cureton's1 and the ,philoxenian ,syriac versions3--the ,armenian1--the thiopic1--the ,georgian1--and the ,slavonic4--,hippolytus7#adg7 7,a4,d4 #aij-bbg71--;,athanasius17#adh7--;,ephra em ,syr417#adi7--,theodore ,mops417#aej7--,nilus the monk17#aea7--,severianus1 7in a homily preserved in ,armenian1 p4 #dci17--;,cyril of ,alexandria17#aeb7--the apocryphal ,gospel of ,nicodemus--and the ,anaphora ,pilati17#aec7--;are all witnesses to the same effect4 ,add the ,acta ,pilati7#aed7--;and the ,syriac ,acts of the ,apostles47#aee7--,let it suffice of the ,latins to quote ,tertullian47#aef7--;,but the most striking evidence is the consentient testimony of the manuscripts1 viz4 all the uncials but #c and-a-half1 and every known ,evangelium4 ,that the darkness spoken of was a divine portent--not an eclipse of the sun1 but an incident wholly out of the course of nature--the ancients clearly recognize4 ,origen17#aeg7--;,julius ,africanus7#aeh7 7,a4,d4 #bbj71--,macarius ,magnes7#aei7 7,a4,d4 #ccj71--;are even eloquent on the subject4 ,chrysostom's evidence is unequivocal47#afj7 ,it is1 nevertheless1 well known that this place of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel was tampered with from a very early period2 and that ,origen7#afa7 7,a4,d4 #ahf-bec71 and perhaps ,eusebius17#afb7 employed copies which had been depraved4 ,in some copies1 writes ,origen1 instead of 8and the sun was darkened0 7 71 is found 8the sun having become eclipsed0 7 74 ,he points out with truth that the thing spoken of is a physical impossibility1 and delivers it as his opinion that the corruption of the text was due either to some friendly hand in order to account for the darkness2 or else1 7which he17#afc7 and ,jerome7#afd7 after him1 thought more likely17 to the enemies of ,revelation1 who sought in this way to provide themselves with a pretext for cavil4 ,either way1 ,origen and ,jerome elaborately assert that is the only true reading of ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #de4 ,will it be believed that this gross fabrication--for no other reason but because it is found in ,b ,l1 and probably once existed in ,c7#afe7--;has been resuscitated in #ahha1 and foisted into the sacred ,text by our ,revisionists8 ,it would be interesting to have this proceeding of theirs explained4 ,why should the truth dwell exclusively7#aff7 with ,b ,l8 ,it cannot be pretended that between the ,i,vth and ,vth centuries1 when the copies ,b were made1 and the ,vth and ,v,ith centuries1 when the copies ,a ,q ,d ,r were executed1 this corruption of the text arose3 for 7as was explained at the outset7 the reading in question 7 7 is found in all the oldest and most famous documents4 ,our ,revisionists cannot take their stand on 8,antiquity10--for as we have seen1 all the ,versions 7with the single exception of the ,coptic7#afg771--;and the oldest ,church writers1 7,marcion1 ,origen1 ,julius ,africanus1 ,hippolytus1 ,athanasius1 ,gregory ,naz41 ,ephraem1 c417 are all against them4--,they cannot advance the claim of 8clearly preponderating evidence20 for they have but a single ,version1--not a single ,father1--and but three-and-a-half ,evangelia to appeal to1 out of perhaps three hundred and fifty times that number4--,they cannot pretend that essential probability is in favour of the reading of ,b2 seeing that the thing stated is astronomically impossible4--,they will not tell us that critical opinion is with them3 for their judgment is opposed to that of every ,critic ancient and modern1 except ,tischendorf since his discovery of codex 4--,of what nature then will be their proof8444 ,nothing results from the discovery that reads 1 ,b 1--except that those two codices are of the same corrupt type as those which ,origen deliberately condemned #afej years ago4 ,in the meantime1 with more of ingenuity than of ingenuousness1 our ,revisionists attempt to conceal the foolishness of the text of their choice by translating it unfairly4 ,they present us with1 8the sun's light failing40 ,but this is a gloss of their own4 ,there is no mention of 8the sun's light0 in the ,greek4 ,nor perhaps1 if the rationale of the original expression were accurately ascertained1 would such a paraphrase of it prove correct7#afh74 ,but1 in fact1 the phrase means 8an eclipse of the sun0 and no other thing4 ,in like manner1 7#afi7 7as our ,revisionists are perfectly well aware7 means 8the sun becoming eclipsed10 or 8suffering eclipse40 ,it is easy for ,revisionists to 8emphatically deny that there is anything in the ,greek word 1 when associated with the sun1 which involves necessarily the notion of an eclipse407#agj7 ,the fact referred to may not be so disposed of4 ,it lies outside the province of 8emphatic denial40 ,let them ask any ,scholar in ,europe what means2 and see if he does not tell them that it can only mean1 8the sun having become eclipsed06 ,they know this every bit as well as their ,reviewer4 ,and they ought either to have had the manliness to render the words faithfully1 or else the good sense to let the ,greek alone1--which they are respectfully assured was their only proper course4 is1 in fact1 clearly above suspicion4 1 which these learned men 7with the best intentions7 have put in its place1 is1 to speak plainly1 a transparent fabrication4 ,that it enjoys 8clearly preponderating evidence10 is what no person1 fair or unfair1 will for an instant venture to pretend4 ,,iii4 ,next1 let us produce an instance of depravation of ,scripture resulting from the practice of ,,assimilation1 which prevailed anciently to an extent which baffles arithmetic4 ,we choose the most famous instance that presents itself4 7a7 ,it occurs in ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bj1 and is more than unsuspected4 ,the substitution 7on the authority of ,b ,l and the ,coptic7 of for in that verse1 7i4e4 the statement that ,herod 8was much perplexed10--instead of ,herod 8did many things107 is even vaunted by the ,critics as the recovery of the true reading of the place--long obscured by the 8very singular expression0 4 ,to ourselves the only 8very singular0 thing is1 how men of first-rate ability can fail to see that1 on the contrary1 the proposed substitute is simply fatal to the ,,spirit',s teaching in this place4 8,common sense is staggered by such a rendering10 7remarks the learned ,bishop of ,lincoln74 8,people are not wont to hear gladly those by whom they are much perplexed407#aga7 ,but in fact1 the sacred writer's object clearly is1 to record the striking circumstance that ,herod was so moved by the discourses of ,john1 7whom he used to 8listen to with pleasure107 that he even 8did many things0 7 7 in conformity with the ,baptist's teaching47#agb7444 ,and yet1 if this be so1 how 7we shall be asked7 has 8he was much perplexed0 7 7 contrived to effect a lodgment in so many as three copies of the second ,gospel8 ,it has resulted from nothing else1 we reply1 but the determination to assimilate a statement of ,s4 ,mark 7vi4 #bj7 concerning ,herod and ,john the ,baptist1 with another and a distinct statement of ,s4 ,luke 7ix4 #g71 having reference to ,herod and our ,,lord4 ,s4 ,luke1 speaking of the fame of our ,,saviour',s miracles at a period subsequent to the ,baptist's murder1 declares that when ,herod 8heard all things that were done ,,by ,,him0 7 71 8he was much perplexed0 774--,statements so entirely distinct and diverse from one another as this of ,s4 ,luke1 and that 7given above7 of ,s4 ,mark1 might surely 7one would think7 have been let alone4 ,on the contrary4 ,a glance at the foot of the page will show that in the ,i,ind century ,s4 ,mark's words were solicited in all sorts of ways4 ,a persistent determination existed to make him say that ,herod having 8heard of many things which ,,the ,,baptist did10 c47#agc7--;a strange perversion of the ,evangelist's meaning1 truly1 and only to be accounted for in one way47#agd7 ,had this been all1 however1 the matter would have attracted no attention4 ,one such fabrication more or less in the ,latin version1 which abounds in fabricated readings1 is of little moment4 ,but then1 the ,greek scribes had recourse to a more subtle device for assimilating ,mark vi4 #bj to ,luke ix4 #g4 ,they perceived that ,s4 ,mark's might be almost identified with ,s4 ,luke's 1 by merely changing two of the letters1 viz4 by substituting for and for 4 ,from this1 there results in ,s4 ,mk4 vi4 #bj3 8and having heard many things of him1 he was perplexed20 which is very nearly identical with what is found in ,s4 ,lu4 ix4 #g4 ,this fatal substitution 7of for 7 survives happily only in codices ,b ,l and the ,coptic version--all of bad character4 ,but 7calamitous to relate7 the ,critics1 having disinterred this long-since-forgotten fabrication1 are making vigorous efforts to galvanize it1 at the end of fifteen centuries1 into ghastly life and activity4 ,we venture to assure them that they will not succeed4 ,herod's 8perplexity0 did not begin until ,john had been beheaded1 and the fame reached ,herod of the miracles which our ,,saviour wrought4 ,the apocryphal statement1 now for the first time thrust into an ,english copy of the ,new ,testament1 may be summarily dismissed4 ,but the marvel will for ever remain that a company of distinguished ,scholars 7,a4,d4 #ahha7 could so effectually persuade themselves that 7in ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bj7 is a 8plain and clear error10 and that there is 8decidedly preponderating evidence0 in favour of 1--as to venture to substitute the latter word for the former4 ,this will for ever remain a marvel1 we say2 seeing that all the uncials except three of bad character1 together with every known cursive without exception2--the old ,latin and the ,vulgate1 the ,peschito and the ,philoxenian ,syriac1 the ,armenian1 thiopic1 ,slavonian and ,georgian versions1--are with the traditional ,text4 7,the ,thebaic1 the ,gothic1 and ,cureton's ,syriac are defective here4 ,the ancient ,fathers are silent47 ,,iv4 ,more serious in its consequences1 however1 than any other source of mischief which can be named1 is the process of ,,mutilation1 to which1 from the beginning1 the ,text of ,scripture has been subjected4 ,by the 8,mutilation0 of ,scripture we do but mean the intentional ,omission--from whatever cause proceeding--of genuine portions4 ,and the causes of it have been numerous as well as diverse4 ,often1 indeed1 there seems to have been at work nothing else but a strange passion for getting rid of whatever portions of the inspired ,text have seemed to anybody superfluous1--or at all events have appeared capable of being removed without manifest injury to the sense4 ,but the estimate of the tasteless ,i,ind-century ,critic will never be that of the well-informed ,reader1 furnished with the ordinary instincts of piety and reverence4 ,this barbarous mutilation of the ,gospel1 by the unceremonious excision of a multitude of little words1 is often attended by no worse consequence than that thereby an extraordinary baldness is imparted to the ,evangelical narrative4 ,the removal of so many of the coupling-hooks is apt to cause the curtains of the ,tabernacle to hang wondrous ungracefully2 but often that is all4 ,sometimes1 however1 7as might have been confidently anticipated17 the result is calamitous in a high degree4 ,not only is the beauty of the narrative effectually marred1 7as e4g4 by the barbarous excision of ---- --1 from ,s4 ,mark ix4 #bd737age7--the doctrinal teaching of our ,,saviour',s discourses in countless places1 damaged1 7as e4g4 by the omission of from verse #bi73--;absurd expressions attributed to the ,holy ,one which ,he certainly never uttered1 7as e4g4 by truncating of its last word the phrase 1 in verse #bc73--;but 7,i47 ,the narrative is often rendered in a manner unintelligible2 or else 7,,ii471 ,the entire point of a precious incident is made to disappear from sight2 or else 7,,iii471 ,an imaginary incident is fabricated3 or lastly 7,,iv471 ,some precious saying of our ,divine ,,lord is turned into absolute nonsense4 ,take a single short example of what has last been offered1 from each of the ,gospels in turn4 7,i47 ,in ,s4 ,matthew xiv4 #cj1 we are invited henceforth to submit to the information concerning ,simon ,peter1 that 8when he saw the wind1 he was afraid40 ,the sight must have been peculiar1 certainly4 ,so1 indeed1 is the expression4 ,but ,simon ,peter was as unconscious of the one as ,s4 ,matthew of the other4 ,such curiosities are the peculiar property of codices ,b--the ,coptic version--and the ,revisionists4 ,the predicate of the proposition 7viz4 8that it was strong10 contained in the single word 7 has been wantonly excised4 ,that is all6--although ,dr4 ,hort succeeded in persuading his colleagues to the contrary4 ,a more solemn--a far sadder instance1 awaits us in the next ,gospel4 7,,ii47 ,the first three ,evangelists are careful to note 8the loud cry0 with which the ,redeemer of the ,world expired4 ,but it was reserved for ,s4 ,mark 7as ,chrysostom pointed out long since7 to record 7xv4 #ci7 the memorable circumstance that this particular portent it was1 which wrought conviction in the soul of the ,roman soldier whose office it was to be present on that terrible occasion4 ,the man had often witnessed death by ,crucifixion1 and must have been well acquainted with its ordinary phenomena4 ,never before had he witnessed anything like this4 ,he was stationed where he could see and hear all that happened3 8standing0 7,s4 ,mark says7 8near0 our ,,saviour1--8over against ,him40 8,now1 when the ,centurion saw that it was after so crying out 771 that ,he expired0 7xv4 #ci7 he uttered the memorable words1 8,truly this man was the ,,son ,,of ,,god60 8,what chiefly moved him to make that confession of his faith was that our ,,saviour evidently died with power407#agf7 8,the miracle0 7says ,bp4 ,pearson7 8was not in the death1 but in the voice4 ,the strangeness was not that ,he should die1 but that at the point of death ,he should cry out so loud4 ,he died not by1 but with a ,miracle407#agg7 444 ,all this however is lost in ,b ,l1 which literally stand alone7#agh7 in leaving out the central and only important word1 4 ,calamitous to relate1 they are followed herein by our ,revisionists3 who 7misled by ,dr4 ,hort7 invite us henceforth to read1--8,now when the ,centurion saw that ,he so gave up the ghost40 7,,iii47 ,in ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #db1 by leaving out two little words 7 and 71 the same blind guides1 under the same blind guidance1 effectually misrepresent the record concerning the repentant malefactor4 ,henceforth they would have us believe that 8he said1 #8,,jesus1 remember me when thou comest in thy ,kingdom4' 0 7,dr4 ,hort was fortunately unable to persuade the ,revisionists to follow him in further substituting 8into thy kingdom0 for 8in thy kingdom20 and so converting what1 in the ,a4 ,v41 is nothing worse than a palpable mistranslation17#agi7 into what would have been an indelible blot4 ,the record of his discomfiture survives in the margin74 ,whereas none of the ,churches of ,christendom have ever yet doubted that ,s4 ,luke's record is1 that the dying man 8said unto ,,jesus1 ,,lord1 remember me10 c4 7,,iv47 ,in ,s4 ,john xiv4 #d1 by eliminating the second and the second 1 our ,,saviour is now made to say1 8,and whither ,i go1 ye know the way20 which is really almost nonsense4 ,what ,he actually said was1 8,and whither ,i go ye know1 and the way ye know20 in consequence of which 7as we all remember7 8,thomas saith unto ,him1 ,,lord1 we know not #8whither' ,thou goest1 and how can we know #8the way'80 444 ,let these four samples suffice of a style of depravation with which1 at the end of #ahjj years1 it is deliberately proposed to disfigure every page of the everlasting ,gospel2 and for which1 were it tolerated1 the ,church would have to thank no one so much as ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,we cannot afford1 however1 so to dismiss the phenomena already opened up to the ,reader's notice4 ,for indeed1 this astonishing taste for mutilating and maiming the ,sacred ,deposit1 is perhaps the strangest phenomenon in the history of ,textual ,criticism4 ,it is in this way that a famous expression in ,s4 ,luke vi4 #a has disappeared from codices ,b ,l4 ,the reader may not be displeased to listen to an anecdote which has hitherto escaped the vigilance of the ,critics3-- 8,i once asked my teacher1 ,gregory of ,nazianzus10--7the words are ,jerome's in a letter to ,nepotianus71--8to explain to me the meaning of ,s4 ,luke's expression 1 literally the #8second-first sabbath4' #8,i will tell you all about it in church1' he replied4 #8,the congregation shall shout applause1 and you shall have your choice1--either to stand silent and look like a fool1 or else to pretend you understand what you do not4' 0 ,but 8eleganter lusit10 says ,jerome7#ahj74 ,the point of the joke was this3 ,gregory1 being a great rhetorician and orator1 would have descanted so elegantly on the signification of the word that the congregation would have been borne away by his mellifluous periods1 quite regardless of the sense4 ,in other words1 ,gregory of ,nazianzus ,a4,d4 #cfj is found to have no more understood the word than ,jerome did #cgj4 ,ambrose7#aha7 of ,milan #cgj attempts to explain the difficult expression1 but with indifferent success4 ,epiphanius7#ahb7 of ,cyprus #cgj does the same2--and so1 ,isidorus7#ahc7 #djj called 8,pelusiota0 after the place of his residence in ,lower ,egypt4--,ps4-,csarius7#ahd7 also volunteers remarks on the word ,a4,d4 #djj84--;,it is further explained in the ,paschal ,chronicle17#ahe7--;and by ,chrysostom7#ahf7 #cgj at ,antioch4--8,sabbatum secundo-primum0 is found in the old ,latin1 and is retained by the ,vulgate4 ,earlier evidence on the subject does not exist4 ,we venture to assume that a word so attested must at least be entitled to its place in the ,gospel4 ,such a body of first-rate positive ,i,vth-century testimony1 coming from every part of ancient ,christendom1 added to the significant fact that is found in every codex extant except ,b ,l1 and half a dozen cursives of suspicious character1 ought surely to be regarded as decisive4 ,that an unintelligible word should have got omitted from a few copies1 requires no explanation4 ,every one who has attended to the matter is aware that the negative evidence of certain of the ,versions also is of little weight on such occasions as the present4 ,they are observed constantly to leave out what they either failed quite to understand1 or else found untranslateable4 ,on the other hand1 it would be inexplicable indeed1 that an unique expression like the present should have established itself universally1 if it were actually spurious4 ,this is precisely an occasion for calling to mind the precept proclivi scriptioni prstat ardua4 ,apart from external evidence1 it is a thousand times more likely that such a peculiar word as this should be genuine1 than the reverse4 ,tischendorf accordingly retains it1 moved by this very consideration47#ahg7 ,it got excised1 however1 here and there from manuscripts at a very early date4 ,and1 incredible as it may appear1 it is a fact1 that in consequence of its absence from the mutilated codices above referred to1 ,s4 ,luke's famous 8second-first ,sabbath0 has been thrust out of his ,gospel by our ,revisionists4 ,but indeed1 ,mutilation has been practised throughout4 ,by codex ,b 7collated with the traditional ,text71 no less than #bhgg words have been excised from the four ,gospels alone3 by codex 1--#cdee words3 by codex ,d1--#cgjd words47#ahh7 ,as interesting a set of instances of this1 as are to be anywhere met with1 occurs within the compass of the last three chapters of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel1 from which about #bjj words have been either forcibly ejected by our ,revisionists1 or else served with 8notice to quit40 ,we proceed to specify the chief of these3-- 7#a7 ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #ai1 #bj4 7,account of the ,institution of the ,sacrament of the ,,lord',s ,supper1--from 8which is given for you0 to the end1--#cb words47 7#b7 ibid4 #dc1 #dd4 7,our ,,saviour',s ,agony in the garden1--#bf words47 7#c7 xxiii4 #ag4 7,the custom of releasing one at the ,passover1--#h words47 7#d7 ibid4 #cd4 7,our ,,lord',s prayer on behalf of ,his murderers1--#ab words47 7#e7 ibid4 #ch4 7,the record that the title on the ,cross was written in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,hebrew1--#g words47 7#f7 xxiv4 #a4 78and certain with them10--#d words47 7#g7 ibid4 #c4 78of the ,,lord ,,jesus10--#c words47 7#h7 ibid4 #f4 78,he is not here1 but ,he is risen10--#e words47 7#i7 ibid4 #i4 78from the sepulchre10--#c words47 7#aj7 ibid4 #ab4 7,the mention of ,s4 ,peter's visit to the sepulchre1--#bb words47 7#aa7 ibid4 #cf4 78and saith unto them1 ,peace be unto you60--#e words47 7#ab7 ibid4 #dj4 78and when ,he had thus spoken1 ,he showed them ,his hands and ,his feet10--#aj words47 7#ac7 ibid4 #db4 78and of an honeycomb10--#d words47 7#ad7 ibid4 #ea4 78and was carried up into ,heaven10--#e47 7#ae7 ibid4 #eb4 78worshipped ,him10--#b words47 7#af7 ibid4 #ec4 78praising and10--#b words47 ,on an attentive survey of the foregoing sixteen instances of unauthorized ,omission1 it will be perceived that the #ast passage 7,s4 ,luke xxii4 #ai1 #bj7 must have been eliminated from the ,text because the mention of two ,cups seemed to create a difficulty4--,the #bnd has been suppressed because 7see p4 #hb7 the incident was deemed derogatory to the majesty of ,,god ,incarnate4--,the #crd and #eth were held to be superfluous1 because the information which they contain has been already conveyed by the parallel passages4--,the #ajth will have been omitted as apparently inconsistent with the strict letter of ,s4 ,john xx4 #a-aj4--,the #fth and #acth are certainly instances of enforced ,harmony4--,most of the others 7the #dth1 #gth1 #hth1 #ith1 #aath1 #abth1 #adth1 #aeth1 #afth7 seem to have been excised through mere wantonness1--the veriest licentiousness4--,in the meantime1 so far are ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort from accepting the foregoing account of the matter1 that they even style the #ast 8a perverse interpolation30 in which view of the subject1 however1 they enjoy the distinction of standing entirely alone4 ,with the same 8moral certainty10 they further proceed to shut up within double brackets the #bnd1 #dth1 #gth1 #ajth1 #aath1 #abth1 #adth1 #aeth3 while the #crd1 #eth1 #fth1 #acth1 and #afth1 they exclude from their ,text as indisputably spurious matter4 ,now1 we are not about to abuse our ,readers' patience by an investigation of the several points raised by the foregoing statement4 ,in fact1 all should have been passed by in silence1 but that unhappily the 8,revision0 of our ,authorized ,version is touched thereby very nearly indeed4 ,so intimate 7may we not say1 so fatal87 proves to be the sympathy between the labours of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort and those of our ,revisionists1 that whatever the former have shut up within double brackets1 the latter are discovered to have branded with a note of suspicion1 conceived invariably in the same terms3 viz41 8,some ancient authorities omit40 ,and further1 whatever those ,editors have rejected from their ,text1 these ,revisionists have rejected also4 ,it becomes necessary1 therefore1 briefly to enquire after the precise amount of manuscript authority which underlies certain of the foregoing changes4 ,and happily this may be done in a few words4 ,the sole authority for just half of the places above enumerated7#ahi7 is a single ,greek codex1--and that1 the most depraved of all1--viz4 ,beza's ,d47#aij7 ,it should further be stated that the only allies discoverable for ,d are a few copies of the old ,latin4 ,what we are saying will seem scarcely credible3 but it is a plain fact1 of which any one may convince himself who will be at the pains to inspect the critical apparatus at the foot of the pages of ,tischendorf's last 7#hth7 edition4 ,our ,revisionists' notion1 therefore1 of what constitutes 8weighty evidence0 is now before the ,reader4 ,if1 in his judgment1 the testimony of one single manuscript1 7and that manuscript the ,codex ,bez 7,d717--does really invalidate that of all other ,manuscripts and all other ,versions in the world1--then of course1 the ,greek ,text of the ,revisionists will in his judgment be a thing to be rejoiced over4 ,but what if he should be of opinion that such testimony1 in and by itself1 is simply worthless8 ,we shrewdly suspect that the ,revisionists' view of what constitutes 8weighty ,evidence0 will be found to end where it began1 viz4 in the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,for1 when we reach down codex ,d from the shelf1 we are reminded that1 within the space of the three chapters of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel now under consideration1 there are in all no less than #ced words omitted2 of which1 #bej are omitted by ,d alone4 ,may we have it explained to us why1 of those #ced words1 only #be are singled out by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort for permanent excision from the sacred ,text8 ,within the same compass1 no less than #agc words have been added by ,d to the commonly ,received ,text1--#adf1 substituted1--#bdc1 transposed4 ,may we ask how it comes to pass that of those #efb words not one has been promoted to their margin by the ,revisionists8444 ,return we1 however1 to our list of the changes which they actually have effected4 7#a7 ,now1 that ecclesiastical usage and the parallel places would seriously affect such precious words as are found in ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #ai1 #bj1--was to have been expected4 ,yet has the type been preserved all along1 from the beginning1 with singular exactness2 except in one little handful of singularly licentious documents1 viz4 in ,d a ff#b i l1 which leave all out2--in b e1 which substitute verses #ag and #ah2--;and in 8the singular and sometimes rather wild ,curetonian ,syriac ,version107#aia7 which1 retaining the #aj words of ver4 #ai1 substitutes verses #ag1 #ah for ver4 #bj4 ,enough for the condemnation of ,d survives in ,justin17#aib7--;,basil17#aic7--;,epipha nius17#aid7--,theodoret17#aie7--;,cyril1 7#aif7--,maximus17#aig7--;,jerome47#aih7 ,but why delay ourselves concerning a place vouched for by every known copy of the ,gospels except ,d8 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort entertain 8no moral doubt that the #cb words given at foot7#aii7 were absent from the original text of ,s4 ,luke20 in which opinion1 happily1 they stand alone4 ,but why did our ,revisionists suffer themselves to be led astray by such blind guidance8 ,the next place is entitled to far graver attention1 and may on no account be lightly dismissed1 seeing that these two verses contain the sole record of that 8,agony in the ,garden0 which the universal ,church has almost erected into an article of the ,faith4 7#b7 ,that the incident of the ministering ,angel1 the ,agony and bloody sweat of the world's ,redeemer 7,s4 ,luke xxii4 #dc1 #dd71 was anciently absent from certain copies of the ,gospels1 is expressly recorded by ,hilary17#bjj7 by ,jerome17#bja7 and others4 ,only necessary is it to read the apologetic remarks which ,ambrose introduces when he reaches ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #dc17bjb7 to understand what has evidently led to this serious mutilation of ,scripture1--traces of which survive at this day exclusively in four codices1 viz4 ,a ,b ,r ,t4 ,singular to relate1 in the ,gospel which was read on ,maundy-,thursday these two verses of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel are thrust in between the #cith and the #djth verses of ,s4 ,matthew xxvi4 ,hence1 #d cursive copies1 viz4 #ac-fi-abd-cdf--7;confessedly derived from a common ancient archetype17#bjc7 and therefore not four witnesses but only one71--actually exhibit these two ,verses in that place4 ,but will any unprejudiced person of sound mind entertain a doubt concerning the genuineness of these two verses1 witnessed to as they are by the whole body of the ,manuscripts1 uncial as well as cursive1 and by every ancient ,version8444 ,if such a thing were possible1 it is hoped that the following enumeration of ancient ,fathers1 who distinctly recognize the place under discussion1 must at least be held to be decisive3--viz4 ,justin ,m417#bjd7--;,irenus7#bje7 in the ,i,ind century3-- ,hippolytus17#bjf7--;,dionysius ,alex417#bjg7--ps4 ,tatian17#bjh7 in the ,i,i,ird4-- ,arius17#bji7--;,eusebius17#baj7--;,atha nasius17#baa7--;,ephraem ,syr417#bab7--;,didymus17#bac7--;,gregor y ,naz417#bad7--;,epiphanius17#bae7--;,chr ysostom17#baf7--ps4-,dionysius ,areop417#bag7 in the ,i,vth3-- ,julian the heretic17#bah7--,theodoras ,mops417#bai7--,nestorius17#bbj7--;,cyri l ,alex417#bba7--,paulus1 bishop of ,emesa17#bbb7--;,gennadius17#bbc7--,theo doret17#bbd7--;and several ,oriental ,bishops 7,a4,d4 #dca717bbe7 in the ,vth3--besides ,ps4-,csarius17#bbf7--,theodosius ,alex417#bbg7--;,john ,damascene17#bbh7--,maximus17#bbi7--,the odorus hret417#bcj7--,leontius ,byz417#bca7--;,anastasius ,sin417#bcb7--,photius37#bcc7 and of the ,latins1 ,hilary17#bcd7--;,jerome17#bce7--;,augus tine17#bcf7--;,cassian17#bcg7--,paulinus 17#bch7--;,facundus47#bci7 ,it will be seen that we have been enumerating upwards of forty famous personages from every part of ancient ,christendom1 who recognize these verses as genuine2 fourteen of them being as old1--some of them1 a great deal older1--than our oldest ,,mss4--,why therefore ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort should insist on shutting up these #bf precious words--this article of the ,faith--in double brackets1 in token that it is 8morally certain0 that verses #dc and #dd are of spurious origin1 we are at a loss to divine47#bdj7 ,we can but ejaculate 7in the very words they proceed to disallow71--8,,father1 forgive them2 for they know not what they do40 ,but our especial concern is with our ,revisionists2 and we do not exceed our province when we come forward to reproach them sternly for having succumbed to such evil counsels1 and deliberately branded these ,verses with their own corporate expression of doubt4 ,for unless that be the purpose of the marginal ,note which they have set against these verses1 we fail to understand the ,revisers' language and are wholly at a loss to divine what purpose that note of theirs can be meant to serve4 ,it is prefaced by a formula which1 7as we learn from their own ,preface17 offers to the reader the 8alternative0 of omitting the ,verses in question3 implies that 8it would not be safe0 any longer to accept them1--as the ,church has hitherto done1--with undoubting confidence4 ,in a word1--it brands them with suspicion4444 ,we have been so full on this subject1--7not half of our references were known to ,tischendorf17--because of the unspeakable preciousness of the record2 and because we desire to see an end at last to expressions of doubt and uncertainty on points which really afford not a shadow of pretence for either4 ,these two ,verses were excised through mistaken piety by certain of the orthodox1--jealous for the honour of their ,,lord1 and alarmed by the use which the impugners of ,his ,g,o,dhead freely made of them47#bda7 ,hence ,ephraem ,carmina ,nisibena1 p4 #ade puts the following words into the mouth of ,satan1 addressing the host of ,hell3--8,one thing ,i witnessed in ,him which especially comforts me4 ,i saw ,him praying2 and ,i rejoiced1 for ,his countenance changed and ,he was afraid4 ,his sweat was drops of blood1 for ,he had a presentiment that ,his day had come4 ,this was the fairest sight of all1--unless1 to be sure1 ,he was practising deception on me4 ,for verily if ,he hath deceived me1 then it is all over1--both with me1 and with you1 my servants60 7#d7 ,next in importance after the preceding1 comes the ,prayer which the ,,saviour of the ,world breathed from the ,cross on behalf of ,his murderers 7,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #cd74 ,these twelve precious words1--78,then said ,,jesus1 ,,father1 forgive them2 for they know not what they do107--like those twenty-six words in ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #dc1 #dd which we have been considering already1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort enclose within double brackets in token of the 8moral certainty0 they entertain that the words are spurious47#bdb7 ,and yet these words are found in every known uncial and in every known cursive ,copy1 except four2 besides being found in every ancient ,version4 ,and what1--7we ask the question with sincere simplicity17--what amount of evidence is calculated to inspire undoubting confidence in any existing ,reading1 if not such a concurrence of ,authorities as this8444 ,we forbear to insist upon the probabilities of the case4 ,the ,divine power and sweetness of the incident shall not be enlarged upon4 ,we introduce no considerations resulting from ,internal ,evidence4 ,true1 that 8few verses of the ,gospels bear in themselves a surer witness to the ,truth of what they record1 than this40 7,it is the admission of the very man7#bdc7 who has nevertheless dared to brand it with suspicion47 ,but we reject his loathsome patronage with indignation4 8,internal ,evidence10--8,transcriptional ,probability10--and all such 8chaff and draff10 with which he fills his pages ad nauseam1 and mystifies nobody but himself1--shall be allowed no place in the present discussion4 ,let this verse of ,scripture stand or fall as it meets with sufficient external testimony1 or is forsaken thereby4 ,how then about the ,patristic evidence1--for this is all that remains unexplored8 ,only a fraction of it was known to ,tischendorf4 ,we find our ,,saviour',s ,prayer attested1-- ,in the ,i,ind century by ,hegesippus17#bdd7--;and by ,irenus37#bde7-- ,in the ,i,i,ird1 by ,hippolytus17#bdf7--;by ,origen17#bdg7--;by the ,apostolic ,constitutions17#bdh7--;by the ,clementine ,homilies17#bdi7--;by ps4-,tatian17#bej7--;and by the disputation of ,archelaus with ,manes37#bea7-- ,in the ,i,vth1 by ,eusebius17#beb7--;by ,athanasius17#bec7--;by ,gregory ,nyss417#bed7--;by ,theodoras ,herac417#bee7--;by ,basil17#bef7--;by ,chrysostom17#beg7--;by ,ephraem ,syr417#beh7--;by ps4-,ephraim17#bei7--;by ps4-,dionysius ,areop417#bfj7--;by the ,apocryphal ,acta ,pilati17#bfa7--;by the ,acta ,philippi17#bfb7--;and by the ,syriac ,acts of the ,app417#bfc7--;by ps4-,ignatius17#bfd7--;and ps4-,justin37#bfe7-- ,in the ,vth1 by ,theodoret17#bff7--;by ,cyril17#bfg7--;by ,eutherius37#bfh7 ,in the ,v,ith1 by ,anastasius ,sin417#bfi7--;by ,hesychius37#bgj7-- ,in the ,v,i,ith1 by ,antiochus mon417#bga7--;by ,maximus17#bgb7--;by ,andreas ,cret437#bgc7-- ,in the ,v,i,i,ith1 by ,john ,damascene17#bgd7--;besides ps4-,chrysostom17#bge7--ps4 ,amphilochius17#bgf7--;and the ,opus imperf47#bgg7 ,add to this1 7since ,latin authorities have been brought to the front71--,ambrose17#bgh7--;,hilary17#bgi 7--;,jerome17#bhj7--;,augustine17#bha7-- ;and other earlier writers47#bhb7 ,we have thus again enumerated upwards of forty ancient ,fathers4 ,and again we ask1 ,with what show of reason is the brand set upon these #ab words8 ,gravely to cite1 as if there were anything in it1 such counter-evidence as the following1 to the foregoing torrent of ,testimony from every part of ancient ,christendom3--viz3 8,b ,d1 #ch1 #dce1 a b d and one ,egyptian version0--might really have been mistaken for a mauvaise plaisanterie1 were it not that the gravity of the occasion effectually precludes the supposition4 ,how could our ,revisionists dare to insinuate doubts into wavering hearts and unlearned heads1 where 7as here7 they were bound to know1 there exists no manner of doubt at all8 7#e7 ,the record of the same ,evangelist 7,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch7 that the ,inscription over our ,,saviour',s ,cross was 8written 444 in letters of ,greek1 and ,latin1 and ,hebrew10 disappears entirely from our 8,revised0 version2 and this1 for no other reason1 but because the incident is omitted by ,b ,c ,l1 the corrupt ,egyptian versions1 and ,cureton's depraved ,syriac3 the text of which 7according to ,bp4 ,ellicott7#bhc77 8is of a very composite nature1--sometimes inclining to the shortness and simplicity of the ,vatican manuscript0 7,b73 e4g4 on the present occasion4 ,but surely the negative testimony of this little band of disreputable witnesses is entirely outweighed by the positive evidence of ,a ,d ,q ,r with #ac other uncials1--the evidence of the entire body of the cursives1--the sanction of the ,latin1--the ,peschito and ,philoxenian ,syriac1--the ,armenian1--thiopic1--and ,georgian versions2 besides ,eusebius--whose testimony 7which is express7 has been hitherto strangely overlooked7#bhd7--;and ,cyril47#bhe7 ,against the threefold plea of ,antiquity1 ,respectability of witnesses1 ,universality of testimony1--what have our ,revisionists to show8 7a7 ,they cannot pretend that there has been ,assimilation here2 for the type of ,s4 ,john xix4 #bj is essentially different1 and has retained its distinctive character all down the ages4 7b7 ,nor can they pretend that the condition of the ,text hereabouts bears traces of having been jealously guarded4 ,we ask the ,reader's attention to this matter just for a moment4 ,there may be some of the occupants of the ,jerusalem ,chamber even1 to whom what we are about to offer may not be altogether without the grace of novelty3-- ,that the ,title on the ,cross is diversely set down by each of the four ,evangelists1--all men are aware4 ,but perhaps all are not aware that ,s4 ,luke's record of the ,title 7in ch4 xxiii4 #ch7 is exhibited in four different ways by codices ,a ,b ,c ,d3-- ,a exhibits-- ,b 7with ,l and a7 exhibits-- ,c exhibits-- 7which is ,mk4 xv4 #bf74 ,d 7with e and ff#b7 exhibits-- 7which is the words of the ,evangelist transposed74 ,we propose to recur to the foregoing specimens of licentiousness by-and-by47#bhf7 ,for the moment1 let it be added that codex ,x and the ,sahidic version conspire in a fifth variety1 viz41 7which is ,s4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #cg72 while ,ambrose7#bhg7 is found to have used a ,latin copy which represented 7which is ,s4 ,john xix4 #ah74 ,we spare the reader any remarks of our own on all this4 ,he is competent to draw his own painful inferences1 and will not fail to make his own damaging reflections4 ,he shall only be further informed that #ad uncials and the whole body of the cursive copies side with codex ,a in upholding the ,traditional ,text2 that the ,vulgate17#bhh7--the ,peschito1--,cureton's ,syriac1--the ,philoxenian2--besides the ,coptic1--,armenian1--and thiopic versions--are all on the same side3 lastly1 that ,origen17#bhi7--;,eusebius1--and ,gregory of ,nyssa7#bij7 are in addition consentient witnesses2--and we can hardly be mistaken if we venture to anticipate 7#ast71--,that the ,reader will agree with us that the ,text with which we are best acquainted 7as usual7 is here deserving of all confidence2 and 7#bndly71--,that the ,revisionists who assure us 8that they did not esteem it within their province to construct a continuous and complete ,greek ,text20 7and who were never authorized to construct a new ,greek ,text at all27 were not justified in the course they have pursued with regard to ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch4 8,,this ,,is ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,jews0 is the only idiomatic way of rendering into ,english the title according to ,s4 ,luke1 whether the reading of ,a or of ,b be adopted2 but1 in order to make it plain that they reject the ,greek of ,a in favour of ,b1 the ,revisionists have gone out of their way4 ,they have instructed the two ,editors of 8,the ,greek ,testament with the ,readings adopted by the ,revisers of the ,authorized ,version07#bia7 to exhibit ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch as it stands in the mutilated recension of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort47#bib7 ,and if this procedure1 repeated many hundreds of times1 be not constructing a 8new ,greek ,text0 of the ,n4 ,t41 we have yet to learn what is4 7#f7 ,from the first verse of the concluding chapter of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel1 is excluded the familiar clause--8and certain others with them0 7 74 ,and pray1 why8 ,for no other reason but because ,b ,c ,l1 with some ,latin authorities1 omit the clause2--and our ,revisionists do the like1 on the plea that they have only been getting rid of a 8harmonistic insertion407#bic7 ,but it is nothing of the sort1 as we proceed to explain4 ,ammonius1 or some predecessor of his early in the ,i,ind century1 saw fit 7with perverse ingenuity7 to seek to force ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ee into agreement with ,s4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #fa and ,s4 ,mark xv4 #dg1 by turning 1--into 4 ,this done1 in order to produce 8harmonistic0 agreement and to be thorough1 the same misguided individual proceeded to run his pen through the words 8and certain with them0 7 7 as inopportune2 and his work was ended4 #agej years have rolled by since then1 and--,what traces remain of the man's foolishness8 ,of his first feat 7we answer71 ,eusebius17#bid7 ,d and ,evan4 #bi1 besides five copies of the old ,latin 7a b e ff#b q71 are the sole surviving ,witnesses4 ,of his second achievement1 ,b ,c ,l1 #cc1 #abd1 have preserved a record2 besides seven copies of the old ,latin 7a b c e ff#b g-#a #a71 together with the ,vulgate1 the ,coptic1 and ,eusebius in one place7#bie7 though not in another47#bif7 ,the ,reader is therefore invited to notice that the tables have been unexpectedly turned upon our opponents4 ,s4 ,luke introduced the words 8and certain with them10 in order to prepare us for what he will have to say in xxiv4 #aj1--viz4 8,it was ,mary ,magdalene1 and ,joanna1 and ,mary the mother of ,james1 and other women with them1 which told these things unto the ,apostles40 ,some stupid harmonizer in the ,i,ind century omitted the words1 because they were in his way4 ,calamitous however it is that a clause which the ,church has long since deliberately reinstated should1 in the year #ahha1 be as deliberately banished for the second time from the sacred page by our ,revisionists2 who under the plea of amending our ,english ,authorized ,version have 7with the best intentions7 falsified the ,greek ,text of the ,gospels in countless places1--often1 as here1 without notice and without apology4 7#aj7 ,we find it impossible to pass by in silence the treatment which ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ab has experienced at their hands4 ,they have branded with doubt ,s4 ,luke's memorable account of ,s4 ,peter's visit to the sepulchre4 ,and why8 ,let the evidence for this precious portion of the narrative be first rehearsed4 ,nineteen uncials then1 with ,a ,b at their head1 supported by every known cursive copy1--all these vouch for the genuineness of the verse in question4 ,the ,latin1--the ,syriac1--and the ,egyptian versions also contain it4 ,eusebius17#big7--;,gregory of ,nyssa17#bih7--;,cyril17#bii7--,severus1 7#cjj7--;,ammonius17#cja7 and others7#cjb7 refer to it3 while no ancient writer is found to impugn it4 ,then1 why the double brackets of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort8 and why the correlative marginal note of our ,revisionists8--,simply because ,d and #e copies of the old ,latin 7a b e l fu7 leave these #bb words out4 7#aa7 ,on the same sorry evidence--7viz4 ,d and #e copies of the old ,latin7--it is proposed henceforth to omit our ,,saviour',s greeting to ,his disciples when ,he appeared among them in the upper chamber on the evening of the first ,easter ,day4 ,and yet the precious words 78and saith unto them1 ,peace be unto you0 ,lu4 xxiv4 #cf17 are vouched for by #ah uncials 7with ,a ,b at their head71 and every known cursive copy of the ,gospels3 by all the ,versions3 and 7as before7 by ,eusebius17#cjc7--;and ,ambrose17#cjd7--;by ,chrysostom17#cje7--;and ,cyril17#cjf7--;and ,augustine47#cjg7 7#ab7 ,the same remarks suggest themselves on a survey of the evidence for ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #dj3--8;,and when ,he had thus spoken1 ,he showed them ,his hands and ,his feet40 ,the words are found in #ah uncials 7beginning with ,a ,b71 and in every known cursive3 in the ,latin17#cjh7--the ,syriac1--the ,egyptian1--in short1 in all the ancient ,versions4 ,besides these1 ps4-,justin17#cji7--;,eusebius17#caj7--; ,athanasius17#caa7--;,ambrose 7in ,greek717#cab7--;,epiphanius17#cac7--;,c hrysostom17#cad7--;,cyril17#cae7--,theod oret17#caf7--;,ammonius17#cag7--;and ,john ,damascene7#cah7--quote them4 ,what but the veriest trifling is it1 in the face of such a body of evidence1 to bring forward the fact that ,d and #e copies of the old ,latin1 with ,cureton's ,syriac 7of which we have had the character already7#cai771 omit the words in question8 ,the foregoing enumeration of instances of ,mutilation might be enlarged to almost any extent4 ,take only three more short but striking specimens1 before we pass on3-- 7a7 ,thus1 the precious verse 7,s4 ,matthew xvii4 #ba7 which declares that 8this kind of evil spirit goeth not out but by prayer and fasting10 is expunged by our ,revisionists2 although it is vouched for by every known uncial but two 7,b 71 every known cursive but one 7,evan4 #cc72 is witnessed to by the ,old ,latin and the ,vulgate1--the ,syriac1 ,coptic1 ,armenian1 ,georgian1 thiopic1 and ,slavonic versions2 by ,origen17#cbj7--;,athanasius17#cba7--;,b asil17#cbb7--;,chrysostom17#cbc7--the ,opus imperf417#cbd7--the ,syriac ,clement17#cbe7--;and ,john ,damascene27#cbf7--;by ,tertullian1--,ambrose1--,hilary1--,juve ncus1--,augustine1--,maximus ,taur41--and by the ,syriac version of the ,canons of ,eusebius3 above all by the ,universal ,east1--having been read in all the churches of ,oriental ,christendom on the #ajth ,sunday after ,pentecost1 from the earliest period4 ,why1 in the world1 then 7our readers will ask7 have the ,revisionists left those words out8444 ,for no other reason1 we answer1 but because ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort place them among the interpolations which they consider unworthy of being even 8exceptionally retained in association with the true ,text407#cbg7 8,western and ,syrian0 is their oracular sentence47#cbh7 7b7 ,the blessed declaration1 8,the ,son of ,man is come to save that which was lost10--has in like manner been expunged by our ,revisionists from ,s4 ,matth4 xviii4 #aa2 although it is attested by every known uncial except ,b ,l1 and every known cursive except three3 by the old ,latin and the ,vulgate3 by the ,peschito1 ,cureton's and the ,philoxenian ,syriac3 by the ,coptic1 ,armenian1 thiopic1 ,georgian and ,slavonic versions37#cbi7--;by ,origen17#ccj7--,theodoras ,heracl417#cca7--;,chrysostom7#ccb7--;an d ,jovius7#ccc7 the monk2--by ,tertullian17#ccd7--;,ambrose17#cce7--;, hilary17#ccf7--;,jerome17#ccg7--pope ,damasus7#cch7--;and ,augustine37#cci7--;above all1 by the ,universal ,eastern ,church1--for it has been read in all assemblies of the faithful on the morrow of ,pentecost1 from the beginning4 ,why then 7the reader will again ask7 have the ,revisionists expunged this verse8 ,we can only answer as before1--because ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort consign it to the limbus of their ,appendix2 class it among their 8,rejected ,readings0 of the most hopeless type47#cdj7 ,as before1 all their sentence is 8,western and ,syrian40 ,they add1 8,interpolated either from ,lu4 xix4 #aj1 or from an independent source1 written or oral407#cda7444 ,will the ,english ,church suffer herself to be in this way defrauded of her priceless inheritance1--through the irreverent bungling of well-intentioned1 but utterly misguided men8 7c7 ,in the same way1 our ,,lord',s important saying1--8,ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of3 for the ,son of man is not come to destroy men's lives1 but to save them0 7,s4 ,luke ix4 #ee1 #ef71 has disappeared from our 8,revised0 ,version2 although ,manuscripts1 ,versions1 ,fathers from the second century downwards1 7as ,tischendorf admits17 witness eloquently in its favour4 ,v4 ,in conclusion1 we propose to advert1 just for a moment1 to those five several mis-representations of ,s4 ,luke's 8,title on the ,cross10 which were rehearsed above1 viz4 in page #hf4 ,at so gross an exhibition of licentiousness1 it is the mere instinct of ,natural ,piety to exclaim1--,but then1 could not those men even set down so sacred a record as that1 correctly8 ,they could1 had they been so minded1 no doubt1 7we answer73 but1 marvellous to relate1 the ,,transposition of words1--no matter how significant1 sacred1 solemn2--of short clauses1--even of whole sentences of ,scripture2--was anciently accounted an allowable1 even a graceful exercise of the critical faculty4 ,the thing alluded to is incredible at first sight2 being so often done1 apparently1 without any reason whatever1--or rather in defiance of all reason4 ,let candidus lector be the judge whether we speak truly or not4 ,whereas ,s4 ,luke 7xxiv4 #da7 says1 8,and while they yet believed not for joy1 and wondered10 the scribe of codex ,a 7by way of improving upon the ,evangelist7 transposes his sentence into this1 8,and while they yet disbelieved ,him1 and wondered for joy307#cdb7 which is almost nonsense1 or quite4 ,but take a less solemn example4 ,instead of1--8,and ,his disciples plucked the ears of corn1 and ate them1 7 1 17 rubbing them in their hands0 7,s4 ,luke vi4 #a71--;,b ,c ,l ,r1 by transposing four ,greek words1 present us with1 8,and ,his disciples plucked1 and ate the ears of corn1 7 17 rubbing them10 c4 ,now this might have been an agreeable occupation for horses and for another quadruped1 no doubt2 but hardly for men4 ,this curiosity1 which 7happily7 proved indigestible to our ,revisionists1 is nevertheless swallowed whole by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort as genuine and wholesome ,gospel4 7,o dura ,doctorum ilia67--,but to proceed4 ,then further1 these preposterous ,transpositions are of such perpetual recurrence1--are so utterly useless or else so exceedingly mischievous1 always so tasteless1--that familiarity with the phenomenon rather increases than lessens our astonishment4 ,what does astonish us1 however1 is to find learned men in the year of grace #ahha1 freely resuscitating these long-since-forgotten btises of long-since-forgotten ,critics1 and seeking to palm them off upon a busy and a careless age1 as so many new revelations4 ,that we may not be thought to have shown undue partiality for the xxiind1 xxiiird1 and xxivth chapters of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel by selecting our instances of ,mutilation from those three chapters1 we will now look for specimens of ,transposition in the xixth and xxth chapters of the same ,gospel4 ,the reader is invited to collate the ,text of the oldest uncials1 throughout these two chapters1 with the commonly ,received ,text4 ,he will find that within the compass of #hh consecutive verses17#cdc7 codices ,a ,b ,c ,d ,q exhibit no less than #gd instances of ,transposition3--for #ci of which1 ,d is responsible3-- ,b1 for #ad3-- and ,b ,d1 for #d each3--,a ,b and ,a ,b1 for #c each3--,a1 for #b3--;,b1 ,c1 ,q1 ,a1 and ,a ,d1 each for #a4--;,in other words1 he will find that in no less than #dd of these instances of ,transposition1 ,d is implicated3--1 in #bf3--;,b1 in #be3--;,a1 in #aj3--while ,c and ,q are concerned in only one a-piece4444 ,it should be added that ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have adopted every one of the #be in which codex ,b is concerned--a significant indication of the superstitious reverence in which they hold that demonstrably corrupt and most untrustworthy document47#cdd7 ,every other case of ,transposition they have rejected4 ,by their own confession1 therefore1 #di out of the #gd 7i4e4 two-thirds of the entire number7 are instances of depravation4 ,we turn with curiosity to the ,revised ,version2 and discover that out of the #be so retained1 the ,editors in question were only able to persuade the ,revisionists to adopt #h4 ,so that1 in the judgment of the ,revisionists1 #ff out of #gd1 or eleven-twelfths1 are instances of licentious tampering with the deposit4444 ,o to participate in the verifying faculty which guided the teachers to discern in #be cases of ,transposition out of #gd1 the genuine work of the ,,holy ,,ghost6 ,o1 far more1 to have been born with that loftier instinct which enabled the pupils 7,doctors ,roberts and ,milligan1 ,newth and ,moulton1 ,vance ,smith and ,brown1 ,angus and ,eadie7 to winnow out from the entire lot exactly #h1 and to reject the remaining #ff as nothing worth6 ,according to our own best judgment1 7and we have carefully examined them all17 every one of the #gd is worthless4 ,but then we make it our fundamental rule to reason always from grounds of external ,evidence1--never from postulates of the ,imagination4 ,moreover1 in the application of our rule1 we begrudge no amount of labour3 reckoning a long summer's day well spent if it has enabled us to ascertain the truth concerning one single controverted word of ,scripture4 ,thus1 when we find that our ,revisionists1 at the suggestion of ,dr4 ,hort1 have transposed the familiar ,angelic utterance 7in ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #g71 1--into this1 1 c41 we at once enquire for the evidence4 ,and when we find that no single ,father1 no single ,version1 and no ,codex--except the notorious ,b ,c ,l--advocates the proposed transposition2 but on the contrary that every ,father 7from ,a4,d4 #aej downwards7 who quotes the place1 quotes it as it stands in the ,textus receptus27#cde7--we have no hesitation whatever in rejecting it4 ,it is found in the midst of a very thicket of fabricated readings4 ,it has nothing whatever to recommend it4 ,it is condemned by the consentient voice of ,antiquity4 ,it is advocated only by four copies1--which never combine exclusively1 except to misrepresent the truth of ,scripture and to seduce the simple4 ,but the foregoing1 which is a fair typical sample of countless other instances of unauthorized ,transposition1 may not be dismissed without a few words of serious remonstrance4 ,our contention is that1 inasmuch as the effect of such transposition is incapable of being idiomatically represented in the ,english language1--7for1 in all such cases1 the ,revised ,version retains the rendering of the ,authorized17--our ,revisionists have violated the spirit as well as the letter of their instructions1 in putting forth a new ,greek ,text1 and silently introducing into it a countless number of these and similar depravations of ,scripture4 ,these ,textual curiosities 7for they are nothing more7 are absolutely out of place in a ,revision of the ,english ,version3 achieve no lawful purpose3 are sure to mislead the unwary4 ,this first4--,secondly1 we submit that1--strong as1 no doubt1 the temptation must have been1 to secure the sanction of the ,n4 ,t4 ,revisionists for their own private ,recension of the ,greek1 7printed long since1 but published simultaneously with the 8,revised ,version07--it is to be regretted that ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort should have yielded thereto4 ,man's impatience never promotes ,,god',s ,truth4 ,the interests of ,textual ,criticism would rather have suggested1 that the ,recension of that accomplished pair of ,professors should have been submitted to public inspection in the first instance4 ,the astonishing ,text which it advocates might have been left with comparative safety to take its chance in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 after it had undergone the searching ordeal of competent ,criticism1 and been freely ventilated at home and abroad for a decade of years4 ,but on the contrary4 ,it was kept close4 ,it might be seen only by the ,revisers3 and even they were tied down to secrecy as to the letter-press by which it was accompanied4444 ,all this strikes us as painful in a high degree4 ,,vi4 ,hitherto we have referred almost exclusively to the ,gospels4 ,in conclusion1 we invite attention to our ,revisionists' treatment of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af--the crux criticorum1 as ,prebendary ,scrivener styles it47#cdf7 ,we cannot act more fairly than by inviting a learned member of the revising body to speak on behalf of his brethren4 ,we shall in this way ascertain the amount of acquaintance with the subject enjoyed by some of those who have been so obliging as to furnish the ,church with a new ,recension of the ,greek of the ,new ,testament4 ,dr4 ,roberts says3-- 8,the ,english reader will probably be startled to find that the familiar text1--#8,and without controversy great is the mystery of godliness3 ,,god was manifest in the flesh1' has been exchanged in the ,revised ,version for the following1--#8,and without controversy great is the mystery of godliness2 ,he who was manifested in the flesh4' ,a note on the margin states that #8the word ,,god1 in place of ,he who1 rests on no sufficient ancient evidence2' and it may be well that1 in a passage of so great importance1 the reader should be convinced that such is the case4 8,what1 then1 let us enquire1 is the amount of evidence which can be produced in support of the reading #8,,god'8 ,this is soon stated4 ,not one of the early ,fathers can be certainly quoted for it4 ,none of the very ancient versions support it4 ,no uncial witnesses to it1 with the doubtful exception of ,a4444 ,but even granting that the weighty suffrage of the ,alexandrian manuscript is in favour of #8,,god1' far more evidence can be produced in support of #8who4' and probably ,c witness to this reading1 and it has also powerful testimony from the versions and ,fathers4 ,moreover1 the relative #8who' is a far more difficult reading than #8,,god1' and could hardly have been substituted for the latter4 ,on every ground1 therefore1 we conclude that this interesting and important passage must stand as it has been given in the ,revised ,version407#cdg7 ,and now1 having heard the learned ,presbyterian on behalf of his brother-,revisionists1 we request that we may be ourselves listened to in reply4 ,the place of ,scripture before us1 the ,reader is assured1 presents a memorable instance of the mischief which occasionally resulted to the inspired ,text from the ancient practice of executing copies of the ,scriptures in uncial characters4 ,s4 ,paul certainly wrote 2 1 78,great is the mystery of godliness3 ,,god was manifested in the flesh07 ,but it requires to be explained at the outset1 that the holy ,name when abbreviated 7which it always was71 thus1-- 78,,god071 is only distinguishable from the relative pronoun 8who0 771 by two horizontal strokes1--which1 in manuscripts of early date1 it was often the practice to trace so faintly that at present they can scarcely be discerned47#cdh7 ,need we go on8 ,an archetypal copy in which one or both of these slight strokes had vanished from the word 78,,god071 gave rise to the reading 78who071--of which nonsensical substitute1 traces survive in only two7#cdi7 manuscripts1-- and #ag3 not1 for certain1 in one single ancient ,father1--no1 nor for certain in one single ancient ,version4 ,so transparent1 in fact1 is the absurdity of writing 78the mystery who071 that copyists promptly substituted 78which073 thus furnishing another illustration of the well-known property of a fabricated reading1 viz4 sooner or later inevitably to become the parent of a second4 ,happily1 to this second mistake the sole surviving witness is the ,codex ,claromontanus1 of the ,v,ith century 7,d73 the only ,patristic evidence in its favour being ,gelasius of ,cyzicus17#cej7 7whose date is ,a4,d4 #dgf73 and the unknown author of a homily in the appendix to ,chrysostom47#cea7 ,the ,versions--all but the ,georgian and the ,slavonic1 which agree with the ,received ,text--favour it unquestionably2 for they are observed invariably to make the relative pronoun agree in gender with the word which represents 78mystery07 which immediately precedes it4 ,thus1 in the ,syriac ,versions1 78who07 is found1--but only because the ,syriac equivalent for is of the masculine gender3 in the ,latin1 quod 78which07--but only because mysterium in ,latin 7like in ,greek7 is neuter4 ,over this latter reading1 however1 we need not linger2 seeing that does not find a single patron at the present day4 ,and yet1 this was the reading which was eagerly upheld during the last century3 ,wetstein and ,sir ,isaac ,newton being its most strenuous advocates4 ,it is time to pass under hasty review the direct evidence for the true reading4 ,a and ,c exhibited until ink1 thumbing1 and the injurious use of chemicals1 obliterated what once was patent4 ,it is too late1 by full #aej years1 to contend on the negative side of this question4--,f and ,g1 which exhibit and respectively1 were confessedly derived from a common archetype3 in which archetype1 it is evident that the horizontal stroke which distinguishes from must have been so faintly traced as to be scarcely discernible4 ,the supposition that1 in this place1 the stroke in question represents the aspirate1 is scarcely admissible4 ,there is no single example of written in any part of either ,cod4 ,f or ,cod4 ,g4 ,on the other hand1 in the only place where represents 1 it is written in both4 ,prejudice herself may be safely called upon to accept the obvious and only lawful inference4 ,to come to the point1-- is the reading of all the uncial copies extant but two 7viz4 which exhibits 1 and ,d which exhibits 71 and of all the cursives but one 7viz4 #ag74 ,the universal consent of the ,lectionaries proves that has been read in all the assemblies of the faithful from the ,i,vth or ,vth century of our era4 ,at what earlier period of her existence is it supposed then that the ,church 78the witness and keeper of ,holy ,writ107 availed herself of her privilege to substitute for or 1--whether in error or in fraud8 ,nothing short of a conspiracy1 to which every region of the ,eastern ,church must have been a party1 would account for the phenomenon4 ,we enquire next for the testimony of the ,fathers2 and we discover that--7#a7 ,gregory of ,nyssa quotes twenty-two times37#ceb7--that is also recognized by 7#b7 his namesake of ,nazianzus in two places27#cec7--;as well as by 7#c7 ,didymus of ,alexandria27#ced7--7d7 by ps4-,dionysius ,alex427#cee7--;and 7#e7 by ,diodorus of ,tarsus47#cef7--7f7 ,chrysostom quotes #a ,tim4 iii4 #af in conformity with the received text at least three times27#ceg7--;and 7#g7 ,cyril ,al4 as often37#ceh7--7h7 ,theodoret1 four times37#cei7--7i7 an unknown author of the age of ,nestorius 7,a4,d4 #dcj71 once37#cfj7--7aj7 ,severus1 ,bp4 of ,antioch 7,a4,d4 #eab71 once47#cfa7--7aa7 ,macedonius 7,a4,d4 #ejf7 patriarch of ,,cp417#cfb7 of whom it has been absurdly related that he invented the reading1 is a witness for perforce2 so is--7#ab7 ,euthalius1 and--7#ac7 ,john ,damascene on two occasions47#cfc7--7ad7 ,an unknown writer who has been mistaken for ,athanasius17#cfd7--7ae7 besides not a few ancient scholiasts1 close the list3 for we pass by the testimony of--7#af7 ,epiphanius at the #gth ,nicene ,council 7,a4,d4 #ghg71--of 7#ag7 cumenius1--of 7#ah7 ,theophylact4 ,it will be observed that neither has anything been said about the many indirect allusions of earlier ,fathers to this place of ,scripture2 and yet some of these are too striking to be overlooked3 as when--7#ai7 ,basil1 writing of our ,,saviour1 says 37#cfe7--;and 7#bj7 ,gregory ,thaum41 37#cff7--;and before him1 7#ba7 ,hippolytus1 1 37#cfg7--;and 7#bb7 ,theodotus the ,gnostic1 37#cfh7--;and 7#bc7 ,barnabas1 444 37#cfi7--;and earlier still 7#bd7 ,ignatius3 3-- 3-- 47#cgj7--;,are we to suppose that none of these primitive writers read the place as we do8 ,against this array of ,testimony1 the only evidence which the unwearied industry of #aej years has succeeded in eliciting1 is as follows3--7#a7 ,the exploded ,latin fable that ,macedonius 7,a4,d4 #ejf7 invented the reading37#cga7--7b7 the fact that ,epiphanius1--professing to transcribe7#cgb7 from an earlier treatise of his own7#cgc7 7in which stands without a nominative71 prefixes 3--7#c7 the statement of an unknown scholiast1 that in one particular place of ,cyril's writings where the ,greek is lost1 ,cyril wrote 1--7which seems to be an entire mistake2 but which1 even if it were a fact1 would be sufficiently explained by the discovery that in two other places of ,cyril's writings the evidence fluctuates between and 73--7#d7 a quotation in an epistle of ,eutherius of ,tyana 7it exists only in ,latin7 where 8qui0 is found3--7#e7 a casual reference 7in ,jerome's commentary on ,isaiah7 to our ,,lord1 as ,one 8qui apparuit in carne1 justificatus est in spiritu10--which ,bp4 ,pearson might have written4--,lastly1 7#f7 a passage of ,theodorus ,mopsuest4 7quoted at the ,council of ,constantinople1 ,a4,d4 #eec71 where the reading is 8qui10--which is balanced by the discovery that in another place of his writings quoted at the same ,council1 the original is translated 8quod40 ,and this closes the evidence4 ,will any unprejudiced person1 on reviewing the premisses1 seriously declare that is the better sustained reading of the two8 ,for ourselves1 we venture to deem it incredible that a ,reading which--7a7 ,is not to be found in more than two copies 7 and #ag7 of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles3 which--7b7 ,is not certainly supported by a single ,version3--7c7 ,nor is clearly advocated by a single ,father1--can be genuine4 ,it does not at all events admit of question1 that until far stronger evidence can be produced in its favour1 78who07 may on no account be permitted to usurp the place of the commonly received 78,,god07 of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,but the present exhibits in a striking and instructive way all the characteristic tokens of a depravation of the text4 7#ast7 ,at an exceedingly early period it resulted in another deflection4 7#bnd7 ,it is without the note of ,continuity2 having died out of the ,church's memory well-nigh #adjj years ago4 7#crd7 ,it is deficient in ,universality2 having been all along denied the ,church's corporate sanction4 ,as a necessary consequence1 7#dth7 ,it rests at this day on wholly insufficient ,evidence3 ,manuscripts1 ,versions1 ,fathers being all against it4 7#eth7 ,it carries on its front its own refutation4 ,for1 as all must see1 might easily be mistaken for 3 but in order to make into 1 two horizontal lines must of set purpose be added to the copy4 ,it is therefore a vast deal more likely that became 1 than that became 4 7#fth7 ,lastly1 it is condemned by internal considerations4 is in truth so grossly improbable--rather1 so impossible--a reading1 that under any circumstances we must have anxiously enquired whether no escape from it was discoverable3 whether there exists no way of explaining how so patent an absurdity as may have arisen8 ,and on being reminded that the disappearance of two faint horizontal strokes1 or even of one1 would fully account for the impossible reading1--7and thus much1 at least1 all admit17--should we not have felt that it required an overwhelming consensus of authorities in favour of 1 to render such an alternative deserving of serious attention8 ,it is a mere abuse of ,bengel's famous axiom to recal it on occasions like the present4 ,we shall be landed in a bathos indeed if we allow gross improbability to become a constraining motive with us in revising the sacred ,text4 ,and thus much for the true reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,we invite the reader to refer back7#cgd7 to a ,reviser's estimate of the evidence in favour of and respectively1 and to contrast it with our own4 ,if he is impressed with the strength of the cause of our opponents1--their mastery of the subject1--and the reasonableness of their contention1--we shall be surprised4 ,and yet that is not the question just now before us4 ,the only question 7be it clearly remembered7 which has to be considered1 is this3--,can it be said with truth that the 8evidence0 for 7as against 7 in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is 8clearly preponderating08 ,can it be maintained that is a 8plain and clear error08 ,unless this can be affirmed--cadit qustio4 ,the traditional reading of the place ought to have been let alone4 ,may we be permitted to say without offence that1 in our humble judgment1 if the ,church of ,england1 at the ,revisers' bidding1 were to adopt this and thousands of other depravations of the sacred page17#cge7--with which the ,church ,universal was once well acquainted1 but which in her corporate character she has long since unconditionally condemned and abandoned1--she would deserve to be pointed at with scorn by the rest of ,christendom8 ,yes1 and to have that openly said of her which ,s4 ,peter openly said of the false teachers of his day who fell back into the very errors which they had already abjured4 ,the place will be found in #b ,s4 ,peter ii4 #bb4 ,so singularly applicable is it to the matter in hand1 that we can but invite attention to the quotation on our title-page and p4 #a4 ,and here we make an end4 #a4 ,those who may have taken up the present ,article in expectation of being entertained with another of those discussions 7of which we suspect the public must be already getting somewhat weary71 concerning the degree of ability which the ,new ,testament ,revisionists have displayed in their rendering into ,english of the ,greek1 will at first experience disappointment4 ,readers of intelligence1 however1 who have been at the pains to follow us through the foregoing pages1 will be constrained to admit that we have done more faithful service to the cause of ,sacred ,truth by the course we have been pursuing1 than if we had merely multiplied instances of incorrect and unsatisfactory ,translation4 ,there is 7and this we endeavoured to explain at the outset7 a question of prior interest and far graver importance which has to be settled first1 viz4 the degree of confidence which is due to the underlying ,,new ,,greek ,,text which our ,revisionists have constructed4 ,in other words1 before discussing their new ,renderings1 we have to examine their new ,readings47#cgf7 ,the silence which ,scholars have hitherto maintained on this part of the subject is to ourselves scarcely intelligible4 ,but it makes us the more anxious to invite attention to this neglected aspect of the problem2 the rather1 because we have thoroughly convinced ourselves that the 8new ,greek ,text0 put forth by the ,revisionists of our ,authorized ,version is utterly inadmissible4 ,the traditional ,text has been departed from by them nearly #fjjj times1--almost invariably for the worse4 #b4 ,fully to dispose of all these multitudinous corruptions would require a bulky ,treatise4 ,but the reader is requested to observe that1 if we are right in the few instances we have culled out from the mass1--then we are right in all4 ,if we have succeeded in proving that the little handful of authorities on which the 8new ,greek ,text0 depends1 are the reverse of trustworthy1--are absolutely misleading1--then1 we have cut away from under the ,revisionists the very ground on which they have hitherto been standing4 ,and in that case1 the structure which they have built up throughout a decade of years1 with such evident self-complacency1 collapses 8like the baseless fabric of a vision40 #c4 ,for no one may flatter himself that1 by undergoing a further process of 8,revision10 the 8,revised ,version0 may after all be rendered trustworthy4 ,the eloquent and excellent ,bishop of ,derry is 8convinced that1 with all its undeniable merits1 it will have to be somewhat extensively revised40 ,and so perhaps are we4 ,but 7what is a far more important circumstance7 we are further convinced that a prior act of penance to be submitted to by the ,revisers would be the restoration of the underlying ,greek ,text to very nearly--not quite--the state in which they found it when they entered upon their ill-advised undertaking4 8,very nearly--not quite30 for1 in not a few particulars1 the 8,textus receptus0 does call for ,revision1 certainly2 although ,revision on entirely different principles from those which are found to have prevailed in the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,to mention a single instance3--,when our ,,lord first sent forth ,his ,twelve ,apostles1 it was certainly no part of ,his ministerial commission to them to 8raise the dead0 7 1 ,s4 ,matthew x4 #h74 ,this is easily demonstrable4 ,yet is the spurious clause retained by our ,revisionists2 because it is found in those corrupt witnesses-- ,b ,c ,d1 and the ,latin copies47#cgg7 ,when will men learn unconditionally to put away from themselves the weak superstition which is for investing with oracular authority the foregoing quaternion of demonstrably depraved ,codices8 #d4 8,it may be said0--7to quote again from ,bp4 ,alexander's recent ,charge71--8that there is a want of modesty in dissenting from the conclusions of a two-thirds majority of a body so learned4 ,but the rough process of counting heads imposes unduly on the imagination4 ,one could easily name eight in that assembly1 whose unanimity would be practically almost decisive2 but we have no means of knowing that these did not form the minority in resisting the changes which we most regret40 ,the ,bishop is speaking of the ,english ,revision4 ,having regard to the ,greek ,text exclusively1 we also 7strange to relate7 had singled out exactly eight from the members of the ,new ,testament company--,divines of undoubted orthodoxy1 who for their splendid scholarship and proficiency in the best learning1 or else for their refined taste and admirable judgment1 might 7as we humbly think71 under certain safeguards1 have been safely entrusted even with the responsibility of revising the ,sacred ,text4 ,under the guidance of ,prebendary ,scrivener 7who among living ,englishmen is facile princeps in these pursuits7 it is scarcely to be anticipated that1 ,,when ,,unanimous1 such ,divines would ever have materially erred4 ,but then1 of course1 a previous life-long familiarity with the ,science of ,textual ,criticism1 or at least leisure for prosecuting it now1 for ten or twenty years1 with absolutely undivided attention1--would be the indispensable requisite for the success of such an undertaking2 and this1 undeniably1 is a qualification rather to be desiderated than looked for at the hands of ,english ,divines of note at the present day4 ,on the other hand1 7loyalty to our ,master constrains us to make the avowal17 the motley assortment of names1 twenty-eight in all1 specified by ,dr4 ,newth1 at p4 #abe of his interesting little volume1 joined to the fact that the average attendance was not so many as sixteen1--concerning whom1 moreover1 the fact has transpired that some of the most judicious of their number often declined to give any vote at all1--is by no means calculated to inspire any sort of confidence4 ,but1 in truth1 considerable familiarity with these pursuits may easily co-exist with a natural inaptitude for their successful cultivation1 which shall prove simply fatal4 ,in support of this remark1 one has but to refer to the instance supplied by ,dr4 ,hort4 ,the ,sacred ,text has none to fear so much as those who feel rather than think3 who imagine rather than reason3 who rely on a supposed verifying faculty of their own1 of which they are able to render no intelligible account2 and who1 7to use ,bishop ,ellicott's phrase17 have the misfortune to conceive themselves possessed of a 8power of divining the ,original ,text10--which would be even diverting1 if the practical result of their self-deception were not so exceedingly serious4 #e4 ,in a future number1 we may perhaps enquire into the measure of success which has attended the ,revisers' ,revision of the ,english of our ,authorized ,version of #afaa4 ,we have occupied ourselves at this time exclusively with a survey of the seriously mutilated and otherwise grossly depraved ,,new ,,greek ,,text1 on which their edifice has been reared4 ,and the circumstance which1 in conclusion1 we desire to impress upon our ,readers1 is this1--that the insecurity of that foundation is so alarming1 that1 except as a concession due to the solemnity of the undertaking just now under review1 further ,criticism might very well be dispensed with1 as a thing superfluous4 ,even could it be proved concerning the superstructure1 that 8it had been ever so well builded107#cgh7 7to adopt another of our ,revisionists' unhappy perversions of ,scripture17 the fatal objection would remain1 viz4 that it is not 8founded upon the rock407#cgi7 ,it has been the ruin of the present undertaking--as far as the ,sacred ,text is concerned--that the majority of the ,revisionist body have been misled throughout by the oracular decrees and impetuous advocacy of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort2 who1 with the purest intentions and most laudable industry1 have constructed a ,text demonstrably more remote from the ,evangelic verity1 than any which has ever yet seen the light4 8,the old is good107#chj7 say the ,revisionists3 but we venture solemnly to assure them that 8the old is better207#cha7 and that this remark holds every bit as true of their ,revision of the ,greek throughout1 as of their infelicitous exhibition of ,s4 ,luke v4 #ci4 ,to attempt1 as they have done1 to build the ,text of the ,new ,testament on a tissue of unproved assertions and the eccentricities of a single codex of bad character1 is about as hopeful a proceeding as would be the attempt to erect an ,eddystone lighthouse on the ,goodwin ,sands4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,the ,,new ,,english ,,version4 8,such is the time-honoured ,version which we have been called upon to revise6 ,we have had to study this great ,version carefully and minutely1 line by line2 and the longer we have been engaged upon it the more we have learned to admire its simplicity1 its dignity1 its power1 its happy turns of expression1 its general accuracy1 and we must not fail to add1 the music of its cadences1 and the felicities of its rhythm4 ,to render a work that had reached this high standard of excellence1 still more excellent2 to increase its fidelity1 without destroying its charm2 was the task committed to us40--,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,revised ,,version4 8,to pass from the one to the other1 is1 as it were1 to alight from a well-built and well-hung carriage which glides easily over a macadamized road1--and to get into one which has bad springs or none at all1 and in which you are jolted in ruts with aching bones over the stones of a newly-mended and rarely traversed road1 like some of the roads in our ,north ,lincolnshire villages40--,,bishop ,,wordsworth47#chb7 8,no ,revision at the present day could hope to meet with an hour's acceptance if it failed to preserve the tone1 rhythm1 and diction of the present ,authorized ,version40--,,bishop ,,ellicott47#chc7 8,i testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this ,book1--,if any man shall add unto these things1 ,,god shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this ,book4 8,and if any man shall take away from the words of the ,book of this prophecy1 ,,god shall take away his part out of the ,book of ,life1 and out of the holy ,city1 and from the things which are written in this ,book40--,,revelation xxii4 #ah1 #ai4 ,whatever may be urged in favour of ,biblical ,revision1 it is at least undeniable that the undertaking involves a tremendous risk4 ,our ,authorized ,version is the one religious link which at present binds together ninety millions of ,english-speaking men scattered over the earth's surface4 ,is it reasonable that so unutterably precious1 so sacred a bond should be endangered1 for the sake of representing certain words more accurately1--here and there translating a tense with greater precision1--getting rid of a few archaisms8 ,it may be confidently assumed that no 8,revision0 of our ,authorized ,version1 however judiciously executed1 will ever occupy the place in public esteem which is actually enjoyed by the work of the ,translators of #afaa1--the noblest literary work in the ,anglo-,saxon language4 ,we shall in fact never have another 8,authorized ,version40 ,and this single consideration may be thought absolutely fatal to the project1 except in a greatly modified form4 ,to be brief1--,as a companion in the study and for private edification3 as a book of reference for critical purposes1 especially in respect of difficult and controverted passages3--we hold that a revised edition of the ,authorized ,version of our ,english ,bible1 7if executed with consummate ability and learning17 would at any time be a work of inestimable value4 ,the method of such a performance1 whether by marginal ,notes or in some other way1 we forbear to determine4 ,but certainly only as a handmaid is it to be desired4 ,as something intended to supersede our present ,english ,bible1 we are thoroughly convinced that the project of a rival ,translation is not to be entertained for a moment4 ,for ourselves1 we deprecate it entirely4 ,on the other hand1 who could have possibly foreseen what has actually come to pass since the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province 7in ,feb4 #ahgj7 declared itself favourable to 8a ,revision of the ,authorized ,version10 and appointed a ,committee of ,divines to undertake the work8 ,who was to suppose that the ,instructions given to the ,revisionists would be by them systematically disregarded8 ,who was to imagine that an utterly untrustworthy 8new ,greek ,text10 constructed on mistaken principles1--7say rather1 on no principles at all17--would be the fatal result8 ,to speak more truly1--,who could have anticipated that the opportunity would have been adroitly seized to inflict upon the ,church the text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 in all its essential features1--a text which1 as will be found elsewhere largely explained1 we hold to be the most vicious ,recension of the original ,greek in existence8 ,above all1--,who was to foresee that instead of removing 8plain and clear errors0 from our ,version1 the ,revisionists1--7besides systematically removing out of sight so many of the genuine utterances of the ,,spirit17--would themselves introduce a countless number of blemishes1 unknown to it before8 ,lastly1 how was it to have been believed that the ,revisionists would show themselves industrious in sowing broadcast over four continents doubts as to the ,truth of ,scripture1 which it will never be in their power either to remove or to recal8 ,nescit vox missa reverti4 ,for1 the ill-advised practice of recording1 in the margin of an ,english ,bible1 certain of the blunders--7such things cannot by any stretch of courtesy be styled 8,various ,readings07--which disfigure 8some0 or 8many0 8ancient authorities10 can only result in hopelessly unsettling the faith of millions4 ,it cannot be defended on the plea of candour1--the candour which is determined that men shall 8know the worst40 8,the worst0 has ,,not been told3 and it were dishonesty to insinuate that it has4 ,if all the cases were faithfully exhibited where 8a few10 8some10 or 8many ancient authorities0 read differently from what is exhibited in the actual ,text1 not only would the margin prove insufficient to contain the record1 but the very page itself would not nearly suffice4 ,take a single instance 7the first which comes to mind71 of the thing referred to4 ,such illustrations might be multiplied to any extent3-- ,in ,s4 ,luke iii4 #bb1 7in place of 8,thou art my beloved ,son2 in ,thee ,i am well pleased107 the following authorities of the ,i,ind1 ,i,i,ird and ,i,vth centuries1 read1--8this day have ,i begotten ,thee30 viz4--codex ,d and the most ancient copies of the old ,latin 7a1 b1 c1 ff-#b1 #a71--;,justin ,martyr in three places7#chd7 7,a4,d4 #adj71--;,clemens ,alex47#che7 7,a4,d4 #aij71--;and ,methodius7#chf7 7,a4,d4 #bij7 among the ,greeks4 ,lactantius7#chg7 7,a4,d4 #cjj71--;,hilary7#chh7 7,a4,d4 #cej71--;,juvencus7#chi7 7,a4,d4 #ccj71--;,faustus7#cij7 7,a4,d4 #djj71 and--,augustine7#cia7 amongst the ,latins4 ,the reading in question was doubtless derived from the ,ebionite ,gospel7#cib7 7,i,ind cent474 ,now1 we desire to have it explained to us why an exhibition of the ,text supported by such an amount of first-rate primitive testimony as the preceding1 obtains no notice whatever in our ,revisionists' margin1--if indeed it was the object of their perpetually recurring marginal annotations1 to put the unlearned reader on a level with the critical ,scholar2 to keep nothing back from him2 and so forth8444 ,it is the gross one-sidedness1 the patent unfairness1 in a critical point of view1 of this work1 7which professes to be nothing else but a ,revision of the ,english ,version of #afaa17--which chiefly shocks and offends us4 ,for1 on the other hand1 of what possible use can it be to encumber the margin of ,s4 ,luke x4 #da1 #db 7for example71 with the announcement that 8,a few ancient authorities read ,martha1 ,martha1 thou art troubled3 ,mary hath chosen c40 7the fact being1 that ,d alone of ,,mss4 omits 8careful and 444 about many things4 ,but one thing is needful1 and0 44478 ,with the record of this circumstance1 is it reasonable 7we ask7 to choke up our ,english margin1--to create perplexity and to insinuate doubt8 ,the author of the foregoing marginal ,annotation was of course aware that the same 8singular codex0 7as ,bp4 ,ellicott styles cod4 ,d7 omits1 in ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel alone1 no less than #aeeb words3 and he will of course have ascertained 7by counting7 that the words in ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel amount to #ai1ida4 ,why then did he not tell the whole truth2 and instead of 8c410 proceed as follows8--8,but inasmuch as cod4 ,d is so scandalously corrupt that about one word in thirteen is missing throughout1 the absence of nine words in this place is of no manner of importance or significancy4 ,the precious saying omitted is above suspicion1 and the first half of the present ,annotation might have been spared40444 ,we submit that a ,note like that1 although rather 8singular0 in style1 really would have been to some extent helpful1--if not to the learned1 at least to the unlearned reader4 ,in the meantime1 unlearned and learned readers alike are competent to see that the foregoing perturbation of ,s4 ,luke x4 #da1 #db rests on the same manuscript authority as the perturbation of ch4 iii4 #bb1 which immediately preceded it4 ,the ,patristic attestation1 on the other hand1 of the reading which has been promoted to the margin1 is almost nil3 whereas that of the neglected place has been shown to be considerable1 very ancient1 and of high respectability4 ,but in fact1--7let the ,truth be plainly stated2 for1 when ,,god',s ,word is at stake1 circumlocution is contemptible1 while concealment would be a crime27--8,faithfulness0 towards the public1 a stern resolve that the ,english reader 8shall know the worst10 and all that kind of thing1--such considerations have had nothing whatever to do with the matter4 ,a vastly different principle has prevailed with the ,revisionists4 ,themselves the dupes of an utterly mistaken ,theory of ,textual ,criticism1 their supreme solicitude has been to impose that same ,theory1--7which is ,westcott and ,hort's17--with all its bitter consequences1 on the unlearned and unsuspicious public4 ,we shall of course be indignantly called upon to explain what we mean by so injurious--so damning--an imputation8 ,for all reply1 we are content to refer to the sample of our meaning which will be found below1 in pp4 #acg-h4 ,the exposure of what has there been shown to be the method of the ,revisionists in respect of ,s4 ,mark vi4 #aa1 might be repeated hundreds of times4 ,it would in fact fill a volume4 ,we shall therefore pass on1 when we have asked the ,revisionists in turn--,how they have dared so effectually to blot out those many precious words from the ,book of ,life1 that no mere ,english reader1 depending on the ,revised ,version for his knowledge of the ,gospels1 can by possibility suspect their existence8444 ,supposing even that it was the calamitous result of their mistaken principles that they found themselves constrained on countless occasions1 to omit from their ,text precious sayings of our ,,lord and ,his ,apostles1--what possible excuse will they offer for not having preserved a record of words so amply attested1 at least in their margin8 ,even so1 however1 the whole amount of the mischief which has been effected by our ,revisionists has not been stated4 ,for the ,greek ,text which they have invented proves to be so hopelessly depraved throughout1 that if it were to be thrust upon the ,church's acceptance1 we should be a thousand times worse off than we were with the ,text which ,erasmus and the ,complutensian1--,stephens1 and ,beza1 and the ,elzevirs1--bequeathed to us upwards of three centuries ago4 ,on this part of the subject we have remarked at length already pp4 #a-aaj3 yet shall we be constrained to recur once and again to the underlying ,greek ,text of the ,revisionists1 inasmuch as it is impossible to stir in any direction with the task before us1 without being painfully reminded of its existence4 ,not only do the familiar ,parables1 ,miracles1 ,discourses of our ,,lord1 trip us up at every step1 but we cannot open the first page of the ,gospel--no1 nor indeed read the first line--without being brought to a standstill4 ,thus1 #a4 ,s4 ,matthew begins1--8,the book of the generation of ,,jesus ,,christ0 7ver4 #a74--;,good4 ,but here the margin volunteers two pieces of information3 first1--8,or1 birth3 as in ver4 #ah40 ,we refer to ver4 #ah1 and read--8,now the birth of ,,jesus ,,christ was on this wise40 ,good again2 but the margin says1--8,or1 generation3 as in ver4 #a40 ,are we then to understand that the same ,greek word1 diversely rendered in ,english1 occurs in both places8 ,we refer to the 8new ,greek ,text30 and there it stands1-- in either verse4 ,but if the word be the same1 why 7on the ,revisers' theory7 is it diversely rendered8 ,in the meantime1 who knows not that there is all the difference in the world between ,s4 ,matthew's 1 in ver4 #a1--;and the same ,s4 ,matthew's 1 in ver4 #ah8 ,the latter1 the ,evangelist's announcement of the circumstances of the human ,nativity of ,,christ3 the former1 the ,evangelist's unobtrusive way of recalling the ,septuagintal rendering of ,gen4 ii4 #d and v4 #a37cic7 the same ,evangelist's calm method of guiding the devout and thoughtful student to discern in the ,gospel the ,history of the 8new ,creation10--by thus providing that when first the ,gospel opens its lips1 it shall syllable the name of the first book of the elder ,covenant8 ,we are pointing out that it more than startles--it supremely offends--one who is even slenderly acquainted with the treasures of wisdom hid in the very diction of the ,n4 ,t4 ,scriptures1 to discover that a deliberate effort has been made to get rid of the very foremost of those notes of ,divine intelligence1 by confounding two words which all down the ages have been carefully kept distinct2 and that this effort is the result of an exaggerated estimate of a few codices which happen to be written in the uncial character1 viz4 two of the ,i,vth century 7,b 72 one of the ,vth 7,c72 two of the ,v,ith 7,p ,z72 one of the ,i,xth 772 one of the ,xth 7,s74 ,the ,versions7#cid7--7which are our oldest witnesses7--are perforce only partially helpful here4 ,note however1 that the only one which favours is the heretical ,harkleian ,syriac1 executed in the ,v,i,ith century4 ,the ,peschito and ,cureton's ,syriac distinguish between in ver4 #a and in ver4 #ah3 as do the ,slavonic and the ,arabian ,versions4 ,the ,egyptian1 ,armenian1 thiopic and ,georgian1 have only one word for both4 ,let no one suppose however that therefore their testimony is ambiguous4 ,it is 7not 7 which they exhibit1 both in ver4 #a and in ver4 #ah47cie7 ,the ,latin 78generatio07 is an equivocal rendering certainly3 but the earliest ,latin writer who quotes the two places1 7viz4 ,tertullian7 employs the word 8genitura0 in ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #a1--;but 8nativitas0 in ver4 #ah1--which no one seems to have noticed47#cif7 ,now1 ,tertullian1 7as one who sometimes wrote in ,greek17 is known to have been conversant with the ,greek copies of his day2 and 8his day10 be it remembered1 is ,a4,d4 #aij4 ,he evidently recognized the parallelism between ,s4 ,matt4 i4 #a and ,gen4 ii4 #d1--where the old ,latin exhibits 8liber creatur0 or 8factur10 as the rendering of 4 ,and so much for the testimony of the ,versions4 ,but on reference to ,manuscript and to ,patristic authority7#cig7 we are encountered by an overwhelming amount of testimony for in ver4 #ah3 and this1 considering the nature of the case1 is an extraordinary circumstance4 ,quite plain is it that the ,ancients were wide awake to the difference between spelling the word with one ,n or with two1--as the little dissertation of the heretic ,nestorius7#cih7 in itself would be enough to prove4 1 in the meantime1 is the word employed by ,justin ,m417#cii7--;by ,clemens ,alex417#djj7--;by ,athanasius17#dja7--;by ,gregory of ,nazianzus17#djb7--;by ,cyril ,alex417#djc7--;by ,nestorius17#djd7--;by ,chrysostom17#dje7--;by ,theodorus ,mopsuest417#djf7--;and by three other ancients47#djg7 ,even more deserving of attention is it that ,irenus7#djh7 7,a4,d4 #agj7--7whom ,germanus7#dji7 copies at the end of #eej years7--calls attention to the difference between the spelling of ver4 #a and ver4 #ah4 ,so does ,didymus37#daj7--so does ,basil37#daa7--so does ,epiphanius47#dab7--,origen7#dac7 7,a4,d4 #baj7 is even eloquent on the subject4--,tertullian 7,a4,d4 #aij7 we have heard already4--,it is a significant circumstance1 that the only ,patristic authorities discoverable on the other side are ,eusebius1 ,theodoret1 and the authors of an heretical ,creed7#dad7--whom ,athanasius holds up to scorn47#dae7 444 ,will the ,revisionists still pretend to tell us that in verse #ah is a 8plain and clear error08 #b4 ,this1 however1 is not all4 ,against the words 8of ,,jesus ,,christ10 a further critical annotation is volunteered2 to the effect that 8,some ancient authorities read of the ,christ40 ,in reply to which1 we assert that not one single known ,,ms4 omits the word 8,,jesus30 whilst its presence is vouched for by ps4-,tatian17#daf7--;,irenus1--,origen1- -,eusebius1--,didymus1-- ,epiphanius1--,chrysostom1--,cyril1--in addition to every known ,greek copy of the ,gospels1 and not a few of the ,versions1 including the ,peschito and both the ,egyptian4 ,what else but nugatory therefore is such a piece of information as this8 #c4 ,and so much for the first1 second1 and third ,critical annotations1 with which the margin of the revised ,n4 ,t4 is disfigured4 ,hoping that the worst is now over1 we read on till we reach ver4 #be1 where we encounter a statement which fairly trips us up3 viz41--8,and knew her not till she had brought forth a son40 ,no intimation is afforded of what has been here effected2 but in the meantime every one's memory supplies the epithet 78her first-born07 which has been ejected4 ,whether something very like indignation is not excited by the discovery that these important words have been surreptitiously withdrawn from their place1 let others say4 ,for ourselves1 when we find that only ,b ,z and two cursive copies can be produced for the omission1 we are at a loss to understand of what the ,revisionists can have been dreaming4 ,did they know7#dag7 that1--besides the ,vulgate1 the ,peschito and ,philoxenian ,syriac1 the thiopic1 ,armenian1 ,georgian1 and ,slavonian ,versions17#dah7--;a whole torrent of ,fathers are at hand to vouch for the genuineness of the epithet they were so unceremoniously excising8 ,they are invited to refer to ps4-,tatian17#dai7--to ,athanasius17#dbj7--to ,didymus17#dba7--to ,cyril of ,jer417#dbb7--to ,basil17#dbc7--to ,greg4 ,nyss417#dbd7--to ,ephraem ,syr417#dbe7--to ,epiphanius17#dbf7--to ,chrysostom17#dbg7--to ,proclus17#dbh7--to ,isidorus ,pelus417#dbi7--to ,john ,damasc417#dcj7--to ,photius17#dca7--to ,nicetas37#dcb7--;besides1 of the ,latins1 ,ambrose17#dcc7--the ,opus imp41--,augustine1--and not least to ,jerome7#dcd7--;eighteen ,fathers in all4 ,and how is it possible1 7we ask17 that two copies of the ,i,vth century 7,b 7 and one of the ,v,ith 7,z7--all three without a character--backed by a few copies of the old ,latin1 should be supposed to be any counterpoise at all for such an array of first-rate contemporary evidence as the foregoing8 ,enough has been offered by this time to prove that an authoritative ,revision of the ,greek ,text will have to precede any future ,revision of the ,english of the ,new ,testament4 ,equally certain is it that for such an undertaking the time has not yet come4 8,it is my honest conviction10--7remarks ,bp4 ,ellicott1 the ,chairman of the ,revisionists17--8that for any authoritative ,revision1 we are not yet mature3 either in ,biblical learning or ,hellenistic scholarship407#dce7 ,the same opinion precisely is found to have been cherished by ,dr4 ,westcott till within about a year-and-a-half7#dcf7 of the first assembling of the ,new ,testament ,company in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 #bbnd ,june1 #ahgj4 ,true1 that we enjoy access to--suppose from #ajjj to #bjjj--more ,,manuscripts than were available when the ,textus ,recept4 was formed4 ,but nineteen-twentieths of those documents1 for any use which has been made of them1 might just as well be still lying in the monastic libraries from which they were obtained4--,true1 that four out of our five oldest uncials have come to light since the year #afbh2 but1 who knows how to use them8--,true1 that we have made acquaintance with certain ancient ,,versions1 about which little or nothing was known #bjj years ago3 but1--7with the solitary exception of the ,rev4 ,solomon ,csar ,malan1 the learned ,vicar of ,broadwindsor1--who1 by the way1 is always ready to lend a torch to his benighted brethren17--what living ,englishman is able to tell us what they all contain8 ,a smattering acquaintance with the languages of ancient ,egypt1--the ,gothic1 thiopic1 ,armenian1 ,georgian and ,slavonian ,versions1--is of no manner of avail4 ,in no department1 probably1 is 8a little learning0 more sure to prove 8a dangerous thing40--,true1 lastly1 that the ,,fathers have been better edited within the last #bej years3 during which period some fresh ,patristic writings have also come to light4 ,but1 with the exception of ,theodoret among the ,greeks and ,tertullian among the ,latins1 which of the ,fathers has been satisfactorily indexed8 ,even what precedes is not nearly all4 ,the fundamental ,principles of the ,science of ,textual ,criticism are not yet apprehended4 ,in proof of this assertion1 we appeal to the new ,greek ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--which1 beyond all controversy1 is more hopelessly remote from the inspired ,original than any which has yet appeared4 ,let a generation of ,students give themselves entirely up to this neglected branch of sacred ,science4 ,let #ejj more ,,copies of the ,gospels1 ,acts1 and ,epistles1 be diligently collated4 ,let at least #ajj of the ancient ,lectionaries be very exactly collated also4 ,let the most important of the ancient ,,versions be edited afresh1 and let the languages in which these are written be for the first time really mastered by ,englishmen4 ,above all1 let the ,,fathers he called upon to give up their precious secrets4 ,let their writings be ransacked and indexed1 and 7where needful7 let the ,,mss4 of their works be diligently inspected1 in order that we may know what actually is the evidence which they afford4 ,only so will it ever be possible to obtain a ,greek ,text on which absolute reliance may be placed1 and which may serve as the basis for a satisfactory ,revision of our ,authorized ,version4 ,nay1 let whatever unpublished works of the ancient ,greek ,fathers are anywhere known to exist1--7and not a few precious remains of theirs are lying hid in great national libraries1 both at home and abroad17--let these be printed4 ,the men could easily be found3 the money1 far more easily4--,when all this has been done1--not before--then in ,,god',s ,name1 let the ,church address herself to the great undertaking4 ,do but revive the arrangements which were adopted in ,king ,james's days3 and we venture to predict that less than a third part of ten years will be found abundantly to suffice for the work4 ,how the coming men will smile at the picture ,dr4 ,newth7#dcg7 has drawn of what was the method of procedure in the reign of ,queen ,victoria6 ,will they not peruse with downright merriment ,bp4 ,ellicott's jaunty proposal 8simply to proceed onward with the work0--to wit1 of constructing a new ,greek ,text1--8in fact1 solvere ambulando10 necnon in laqueum cadendo87#dch7 ,i4 ,we cannot1 it is presumed1 act more fairly by the ,revisers' work17#dci7 than by following them over some of the ground which they claim to have made their own1 and which1 at the conclusion of their labours1 their ,right ,reverend ,chairman evidently surveys with self-complacency4 ,first1 he invites attention to the ,principle and ,rule for their guidance agreed to by the ,committee of ,convocation 7#beth ,may1 #ahgj71 viz4 8,,to ,,introduce ,,as ,,few ,,alterations ,,as ,,possible ,,into ,,the ,,text ,,of ,,the ,,authorized ,,version1 ,,consistently ,,with ,,faithfulness40 ,words could not be more emphatic4 8,,plain ,,and ,,clear ,,errors0 were to be corrected4 8,,necessary emendations0 were to be made4 ,but 7in the words of the ,southern ,convocation7 8,we do not contemplate any new ,translation1 or any alteration of the language1 ,,except ,,where1 in the judgment of the most competent ,scholars1 ,,such ,,change ,,is ,,necessary40 ,the watchword1 therefore1 given to the company of ,revisionists was1--8,,necessity40 ,necessity was to determine whether they were to depart from the language of the ,authorized ,version1 or not2 for the alterations were to be ,,as ,,few ,,as ,,possible4 7a7 ,now it is idle to deny that this fundamental ,principle has been utterly set at defiance4 ,to such an extent is this the case1 that even an unlettered ,reader is competent to judge them4 ,when we find 8to0 substituted for 8unto0 7passim73--8hereby0 for 8by this0 7#a ,jo4 v4 #b73--8;all that are10 for 8all that be0 7,rom4 i4 #g73--8;alway0 for 8always0 7#b ,thess4 i4 #c73--8we that10 8them that10 for 8we which10 8them which0 7#a ,thess4 iv4 #ae72 and yet 8every spirit which10 for 8every spirit that0 7#a ,jo4 iv4 #c71 and 8he who is not of ,,god10 for 8he that is not of ,,god0 7ver4 #f1--;although 8he that knoweth ,,god0 had preceded1 in the same verse73--8my host0 for 8mine host0 7,rom4 xvi4 #bc72 and 8underneath0 for 8under0 7,rev4 vi4 #i73--;it becomes clear that the ,revisers' notion of ,,necessity is not that of the rest of mankind4 ,but let the plain ,truth be stated4 ,certain of them1 when remonstrated with by their fellows for the manifest disregard they were showing to the ,instructions subject to which they had undertaken the work of ,revision1 are reported to have even gloried in their shame4 ,the majority1 it is clear1 have even ostentatiously set those ,instructions at defiance4 ,was the course they pursued1--7we ask the question respectfully17--strictly honest8 ,to decline the work entirely under the prescribed ,conditions1 was always in their power4 ,but1 first to accept the ,conditions1 and straightway to act in defiance of them1--this strikes us as a method of proceeding which it is difficult to reconcile with the high character of the occupants of the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,to proceed however4 8,nevertheless0 and 8notwithstanding0 have had a sad time of it4 ,one or other of them has been turned out in favour of 8howbeit0 7,s4 ,lu4 x4 #aa1 #bj71--of 8only0 7,phil4 iii4 #af71--of 8only that0 7i4 #ah71--of 8yet0 7,s4 ,matth4 xi4 #aa71--of 8but0 7xvii4 #bg71--of 8and yet0 7,james ii4 #af74444 ,we find 8take heed0 substituted for 8beware0 7,col4 ii4 #h73--8;custom0 for 8manner0 7,s4 ,jo4 xix4 #dj73--8;he was amazed10 for 8he was astonished30 7,s4 ,lu4 v4 #i73--8;,is it ,i1 ,,lord80 for 8,,lord1 is it ,i80 7,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #bb73--8straightway the cock crew10 for 8immediately the cock crew0 7,s4 ,jo4 xviii4 #bg73--8,then therefore he delivered ,him10 for 8,then delivered he ,him therefore0 7xix4 #af73--8;brought it to ,his mouth10 for 8put it to ,his mouth0 7ver4 #bi73--8;,he manifested ,himself on this wise10 for 8on this wise shewed ,he ,himself0 7xxi4 #a73--8,so when they got out upon the land10 for 8,as soon then as they were come to land0 7ver4 #i73--8the things concerning10 for 8the things pertaining to the kingdom of ,,god0 7,acts i4 #c73--8;as ,,god',s steward10 for 8as the steward of ,god0 7,tit4 i4 #g73 but 8the belly of the whale0 for 8the whale's belly0 7,s4 ,matth4 xii4 #dj71 and 8device of man0 for 8man's device0 in ,acts xvii4 #bi4--,these1 and hundreds of similar alterations have been evidently made out of the merest wantonness4 ,after substituting 8therefore0 for 8then0 7as the rendering of 7 a score of times1--the ,revisionists quite needlessly substitute 8then0 for 8therefore0 in ,s4 ,jo4 xix4 #db4--;,and why has the singularly beautiful greeting of 8the elder unto the well-beloved ,gaius10 been exchanged for 8unto ,gaius the beloved08 7#c ,john1 ver4 #a74 7b7 ,we turn a few pages1 and find 8he that doeth sin10 substituted for 8he that committeth sin20 and 8,to this end0 put in the place of 8,for this purpose0 7#a ,jo4 iii4 #h73--8;have beheld0 and 8bear witness10 for 8have seen and do testify0 7iv4 #ad73--8;hereby0 for 8by this0 7v4 #b73--8;,judas0 for 8,jude0 7,jude ver4 #a71 although 8,mark0 was substituted for 8,marcus0 7in #a ,pet4 v4 #ac71 and 8,timothy0 for 8,timotheus0 7in ,phil4 i4 #a73--8;how that they said to you10 for 8how that they told you0 7,jude ver4 #ah74--;,but why go on8 ,the substitution of 8exceedingly0 for 8greatly0 in ,acts vi4 #g3--8the birds0 for 8the fowls10 in ,rev4 xix4 #ba3--8;,almighty0 for 8,omnipotent0 in ver4 #f3--8throw down0 for 8cast down10 in ,s4 ,luke iv4 #bi3--8;inner chamber0 for 8closet10 in vi4 #f3--these are not 8necessary0 changes4444 ,we will give but three instances more3--,in #a ,s4 ,pet4 v4 #i1 8whom resist1 stedfast in the faith10 has been altered into 8whom withstand40 ,but how is 8withstand0 a better rendering for 1 than 8resist08 8,resist10 at all events1 was the ,revisionists' word in ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #ci and ,s4 ,james iv4 #g4--,why also substitute 8the race0 7for 8the kindred07 8of ,joseph0 in ,acts vii4 #ac1 although was rendered 8kindred0 in iv4 #f8--;,do the ,revisionists think that 8fastening their eyes on him0 is a better rendering of 7,acts vi4 #ae7 than 8looking stedfastly on him08 ,they certainly did not think so when they got to xxiii4 #a4 ,there1 because they found 8earnestly beholding the council10 they must needs alter the phrase into 8looking stedfastly40 ,it is clear therefore that ,caprice1 not ,necessity1--an itching impatience to introduce changes into the ,a4 ,v41 not the discovery of 8plain and clear errors0--has determined the great bulk of the alterations which molest us in every part of the present unlearned and tasteless performance4 ,,ii4 ,the next point to which the ,revisionists direct our attention is their ,,new ,,greek ,,text1--8the necessary foundation of0 their work4 ,and here we must renew our protest against the wrong which has been done to ,english readers by the ,revisionists' disregard of the ,i,vth ,rule laid down for their guidance1 viz4 that1 whenever they adopted a new ,textual reading1 such alteration was to be 8indicated in the margin40 ,this 8proved inconvenient10 say the ,revisionists4 ,yes1 we reply3 but only because you saw fit1 in preference1 to choke up your margin with a record of the preposterous readings you did not admit4 ,even so1 however1 the thing might to some extent have been done1 if only by a system of signs in the margin wherever a change in the ,text had been by yourselves effected4 ,and1 at whatever 8inconvenience10 you were bound to do this1--partly because the ,rule before you was express3 but chiefly in fairness to the ,english ,reader4 ,how comes it to pass that you have never furnished him with the information you stood pledged to furnish2 but have instead1 volunteered in every page information1 worthless in itself1 which can only serve to unsettle the faith of unlettered millions1 and to suggest unreasonable as well as miserable doubts to the minds of all8 ,for no one may for an instant imagine that the marginal statements of which we speak are a kind of equivalent for the ,apparatus ,criticus which is found in every principal edition of the ,greek ,testament--excepting always that of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,so far are we from deprecating 7with ,daniel ,whitby7 the multiplication of 8,various ,readings10 that we rejoice in them exceedingly2 knowing that they are the very foundation of our confidence and the secret of our strength4 ,for this reason we consider ,dr4 ,tischendorf's last 7#hth7 edition to be furnished with not nearly enough of them1 though he left all his predecessors 7and himself in his #gth edition7 far behind4 ,our quarrel with the ,revisionists is not by any means that they have commemorated actual 8alternative ,readings0 in their margin3 but that1 while they have given prominence throughout to patent ,errors1 they have unfairly excluded all mention of1--have not made the slightest allusion to1--hundreds of ,readings which ought in fact rather to have stood in the ,text4 ,the marginal readings1 which our ,revisers have been so ill-advised as to put prominently forward1 and to introduce to the ,reader's notice with the vague statement that they are sanctioned by 8,some0 7or by 8,many07 8ancient authorities10--are specimens arbitrarily selected out of an immense mass2 are magisterially recommended to public attention and favour2 seem to be invested with the sanction and authority of ,convocation itself4 ,and this becomes a very serious matter indeed4 ,no hint is given which be the 8ancient ,authorities0 so referred to3--nor what proportion they bear to the 8ancient ,authorities0 producible on the opposite side3--nor whether they are the most 8ancient ,authorities0 obtainable3--nor what amount of attention their testimony may reasonably claim4 ,but in the meantime a fatal assertion is hazarded in the ,preface 7iii4 #a471 to the effect that in cases where 8it would not be safe to accept one ,reading to the absolute exclusion of others10 8alternative ,readings0 have been given 8in the margin40 ,so that the 8,agony and bloody sweat0 of the ,world's ,,redeemer 7,lu4 xxii4 #dc1 #dd71--;and ,his ,prayer for ,his murderers 7xxiii4 #cd71--;and much beside of transcendent importance and inestimable value1 may1 according to our ,revisionists1 prove to rest upon no foundation whatever4 ,at all events1 8it would not be safe10 7i4e4 it is not safe7 to place absolute reliance on them4 ,alas1 how many a deadly blow at ,revealed ,truth hath been in this way aimed with fatal adroitness1 which no amount of orthodox learning will ever be able hereafter to heal1 much less to undo6 ,thus1-- 7a7 ,from the first verse of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel we are informed that 8,some ancient authorities omit the ,son of ,,god40 ,why are we not informed that every known uncial ,copy except one of bad character1--every cursive but two1--every ,version1--and the following ,fathers1--all contain the precious clause3 viz4 ,irenus1--,porphyry1--,severianus of ,gabala1--,cyril ,alex41--,victor ,ant41--and others1--besides ,ambrose and ,augustine among the ,latins3--while the supposed adverse testimony of ,serapion and ,titus1 ,basil and ,victorinus1 ,cyril of ,jer4 and ,epiphanius1 proves to be all a mistake8 ,to speak plainly1 since the clause is above suspicion1 ,why are we not rather told so8 7b7 ,in the #crd verse of the first chapter of ,s4 ,john's ,gospel1 we are left to take our choice between1--8without ,him was not anything made that hath been made4 ,in him was life2 and the life10 c41--and the following absurd alternative1--8,without him was not anything made4 ,that which hath been made was life in him2 and the life10 c4 ,but we are not informed that this latter monstrous figment is known to have been the importation of the ,gnostic heretics in the ,i,ind century1 and to be as destitute of authority as it is of sense4 ,why is prominence given only to the lie8 7c7 ,at ,s4 ,john iii4 #ac1 we are informed that the last clause of that famous verse 78,no man hath ascended up to heaven1 but ,he that came down from heaven1 even the ,son of ,man--which is in heaven071 is not found in 8many ancient authorities40 ,but why1 in the name of common fairness1 are we not also reminded that this1 7as will be found more fully explained in the note overleaf17 is a circumstance of no ,textual significancy whatever8 ,why1 above all1 are we not assured that the precious clause in question 7 7 is found in every ,,ms4 in the world1 except five of bad character8--is recognized by all the ,latin and all the ,syriac versions2 as well as by the ,coptic1--thiopic1--,georgian1--and ,armenian87#ddj7--;is either quoted or insisted upon by ,origen17#dda7--;,hippolytus17#ddb7--;,a thanasius17#ddc7--;,didymus17#ddd7--;,ap hraates the ,persian17#dde7--;,basil the ,great17#ddf7--;,epiphanius17#ddg7--,non nus1--ps4-,dionysius ,alex417#ddh7--;,eustathius27#ddi7--;by ,chrysostom17#dej7--,theodoret17#dea7--; and ,cyril17#deb7 each #d times2--by ,paulus1 ,bishop of ,emesa7#dec7 7in a sermon on ,christmas ,day1 ,a4,d4 #dca72--;by ,theodoras ,mops417#ded7--;,amphilochius17#dee7--,s everus17#def7--,theodorus ,heracl417#deg7--;,basilius ,cil417#deh7--;,cosmas17#dei7--;,john ,damascene1 in #c places17#dfj7--;and #d other ancient ,greek writers27#dfa7--;besides ,ambrose17#dfb7--,novatian17#dfc7--;,hil ary17#dfd7--,lucifer17#dfe7--,victorinus 1--,jerome17#dff7--;,cassian1--,vigilius 17#dfg7--,zeno17#dfh7--,marius17#dfi7--, maximus ,taur417#dgj7--;,capreolus17#dga7--;,aug ustine1 c43--is acknowledged by ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 ,tischendorf3 in short1 is quite above suspicion3 why are we not told that8 ,those #aj ,versions1 those #ch ,fathers1 that host of ,copies in the proportion of #iie to #e1--why1 concerning all these is there not so much as a hint let fall that such a mass of counter-evidence exists87#dgb7444 ,shame1--yes1 shame on the learning which comes abroad only to perplex the weak1 and to unsettle the doubting1 and to mislead the blind6 ,shame1--yes1 shame on that two-thirds majority of well-intentioned but most incompetent men1 who1--finding themselves 7in an evil hour7 appointed to correct 8plain and clear errors0 in the ,english 8,authorized ,version10--occupied themselves instead with falsifying the inspired ,greek ,text in countless places1 and branding with suspicion some of the most precious utterances of the ,,spirit6 ,shame1--yes1 shame upon them6 ,why then1 7it will of course be asked17 is the margin--7a7 of ,s4 ,mark i4 #a and--7b7 of ,s4 ,john i4 #c1 and--7c7 of ,s4 ,john iii4 #ac1 encumbered after this discreditable fashion8 ,it is 7we answer7 only because the ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort is thus depraved in all three places4 ,those ,scholars enjoy the unenviable distinction of having dared to expel from ,s4 ,john iii4 #ac the words 1 which ,lachmann1 ,tregelles and ,tischendorf were afraid to touch4 ,well may ,dean ,stanley have bestowed upon ,dr4 ,hort the epithet of 8fearless06444 ,if report speaks truly1 it is by the merest accident that the clause in question still retains its place in the ,revised ,text4 7d7 ,only once more4 ,and this time we will turn to the very end of the blessed volume4 ,against ,rev4 xiii4 #ah-- 8,here is wisdom4 ,he that hath understanding1 let him count the number of the ,beast2 for it is the number of a ,man3 and his number is six hundred and sixty and six40 ,against this1 we find noted1--8,some ancient authorities read six hundred and sixteen40 ,but why is not the whole ,truth told8 viz4 why are we not informed that only one corrupt uncial 7,c73--only one cursive copy 7#aa73--only one ,father 7,tichonius73 and not one ancient ,version--advocates this reading8--which1 on the contrary1 ,irenus 7,a4,d4 #agj7 knew1 but rejected2 remarking that #fff1 which is 8found in all the best and oldest copies and is attested by men who saw ,john face to face10 is unquestionably the true reading47#dgc7 ,why is not the ordinary ,reader further informed that the same number 7#fff7 is expressly vouched for by ,origen17#dgd7--;by ,hippolytus17#dge7--;by ,eusebius37#dgf7--;as well as by ,victorinus--and ,primasius1--not to mention ,andreas and ,arethas8 ,to come to the moderns1 as a matter of fact the established reading is accepted by ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1--even by ,westcott and ,hort4 ,why therefore--for what possible reason--at the end of #agjj years and upwards1 is this1 which is so clearly nothing else but an ancient slip of the pen1 to be forced upon the attention of #ij millions of ,english-speaking people8 ,will ,bishop ,ellicott and his friends venture to tell us that it has been done because 8it would not be safe to accept0 #fff1 8to the absolute exclusion of0 #faf8444 8,we have given alternative ,readings in the margin10 7say they17 8wherever they seem to be of sufficient importance or interest to deserve notice40 ,will they venture to claim either 8interest0 or 8importance0 for this8 or pretend that it is an 8alternative ,reading0 at all8 ,has it been rescued from oblivion and paraded before universal ,christendom in order to perplex1 mystify1 and discourage 8those that have understanding10 and would fain 8count the number of the ,beast10 if they were able8 ,or was the intention only to insinuate one more wretched doubt--one more miserable suspicion--into minds which have been taught 7and rightly7 to place absolute reliance in the textual accuracy of all the gravest utterances of the ,,spirit3 minds which are utterly incapable of dealing with the subtleties of ,textual ,criticism2 and1 from a one-sided statement like the present1 will carry away none but entirely mistaken inferences1 and the most unreasonable distrust8444 ,or1 lastly1 was it only because1 in their opinion1 the margin of every ,englishman's ,n4 ,t4 is the fittest place for reviving the memory of obsolete blunders1 and ventilating forgotten perversions of the ,truth8444 ,we really pause for an answer4 7e7 ,but serious as this is1 more serious 7if possible7 is the unfair ,suppression systematically practised throughout the work before us4 8,we have given alternative ,readings in the margin10--7says ,bishop ,ellicott on behalf of his brother-,revisionists17--8wherever they seem to be of sufficient importance or interest to deserve notice40 iii4 #a4 ,from which statement1 readers have a right to infer that whenever 8alternative ,readings0 are not 8given in the margin10 it is because such ,readings do not 8seem to be of sufficient importance or interest to deserve notice40 ,will the ,revisionists venture to tell us that1--7to take the first instance of unfair ,suppression which presents itself17--our ,,lord's saying in ,s4 ,mark vi4 #aa is not 8of sufficient importance or interest to deserve notice08 ,we allude to the famous words1--8,verily ,i say unto you1 ,it shall be more tolerable for ,sodom and ,gomorrah in the day of judgment1 than for that city30--words which are not only omitted from the 8,new ,english ,version10 but are not suffered to leave so much as a trace of themselves in the margin4 ,and yet1 the saying in question is attested by the ,peschito and the ,philoxenian ,syriac ,versions3 by the ,old ,latin3 by the ,coptic1 thiopic and ,gothic ,versions3--by #aa uncials and by the whole bulk of the cursives3--by ,irenus and by ,victor of ,antioch4 ,so that whether ,antiquity1 or ,variety of ,attestation is considered1--whether we look for ,numbers or for ,respectability1--the genuineness of the passage may be regarded as certain4 ,our complaint however is not that the ,revisionists entertain a different opinion on this head from ourselves3 but that they give the reader to understand that the state of the ,evidence is such1 that it is quite 8safe to accept0 the shorter reading1--8to the absolute exclusion of the other40--,so vast is the field before us1 that this single specimen of what we venture to call 8unfair ,suppression10 must suffice4 7,some will not hesitate to bestow upon it a harsher epithet47 ,it is in truth by far the most damaging feature of the work before us1 that its ,authors should have so largely and so seriously falsified the ,deposit2 and yet1 7in clear violation of the ,i,vth ,principle or ,rule laid down for their guidance at the outset17 have suffered no trace to survive in the margin of the deadly mischief which they have effected4 ,,iii4 ,from the ,text1 the ,revisionists pass on to the ,,translation2 and surprise us by the avowal1 that 8the character of the ,revision was determined for us from the outset by the first ,rule1--#8to introduce as few alterations as possible1 consistently with faithfulness4' ,our task was ,revision1 not ,retranslation40 7,this is nave certainly47 ,they proceed1-- 8,if the meaning was fairly expressed by the word or phrase that was before us in the ,authorized ,version1 we made no change1 even where rigid adherence to the rule of ,translating1 as far as possible1 the same ,greek word by the same ,english word might have prescribed some modification40--iii4 #b init4 7,the italics are our own47 ,to the 8rule0 thus introduced to our notice1 we shall recur by and by pp4 #aeb-d3 also pp4 #ahg-bjb4 ,we proceed to remark on each of the five principal ,classes of alterations indicated by the ,revisionists3 and first1--8,alterations positively required by change of reading in the ,greek ,text0 7,ibid474 7#a7 ,thus1 in ,s4 ,john xii4 #g1 we find 8,suffer her to keep it against the day of my burying20 and in the margin 7as an alternative71 8,let her alone3 it was that she might keep it40--,instead of 8as soon as ,,jesus heard the word10--we are invited to choose between 8not heeding10 and 8overhearing the word0 7,s4 ,mk4 v4 #cf73 these being intended for renderings of 1--an expression which ,s4 ,mark certainly never employed4--8,on earth1 peace among men in whom he is well pleased0 7,s4 ,lu4 ii4 #ad73 where the margin informs us that 8many ancient authorities read1 good pleasure among men40 7,and why not 8good will10--the rendering adopted in ,phil4 i4 #ae87 444 ,take some more of the alterations which have resulted from the adoption of a corrupt ,text3--8,why askest thou me concerning that which is good80 7,matth4 xix4 #ag1--;an absurd fabrication74--8,he would fain have been filled with the husks10 c4444 8and ,i perish here with hunger60 71 borrowed from ,lu4 xvi4 #ba3 and 1 a transparent error3 ,s4 ,luke xv4 #af1 #ag74--8,when it shall fail1 they may receive you into the eternal tabernacles0 7xvi4 #i74----;,elizabeth 8lifted up her voice with a loud cry0 7--the private property of three bad ,,mss4 and ,origen3 ,lu4 i4 #db74--8;,and they stood still looking sad0 7xxiv4 #ag1--;a foolish transcriptional blunder74--8,the multitude went up and began to ask him10 c4 7 for 1 ,mk4 xv4 #h74--8;,but is guilty of an eternal sin0 7iii4 #bi74--8;,and the officers received ,him with blows of their hands10--marg4 8or strokes of rods30 for 7xiv4 #fe74--8;,else1 that which should fill it up taketh from it1 the new from the old0 7ii4 #ba73 and 8,no man rendeth a piece from a new garment and putteth it upon an old garment2 else he will rend the new10 c4 7,lu4 v4 #cf74--8,what is this8 a new teaching60 7,mk4 i4 #bg74--8;,,jesus saith unto him1 ,if thou canst60 7,mk4 ix4 #bc74--8;,because of your little faith07,matth4 xvii4 #bj74--8,we must work the works of ,him that sent ,me1 while it is day0 7,jo4 ix4 #d74--8,the man that is called ,,jesus made clay0 7ver4 #aa74--8;,if ye shall ask ,me anything in ,my name0 7xiv4 #ad74--8,the ,father abiding in ,me doeth ,his works0 7xiv4 #aj74--8;,if ye shall ask anything of the ,father1 ,he will give it you in ,my name0 7xvi4 #bc74--8;,i glorified ,thee on the earth1 having accomplished the work which ,thou hast given ,me to do0 7xvii4 #d74--8;,holy ,father1 keep them in ,thy ,name which ,thou hast given ,me 444 ,i kept them in ,thy ,name which ,thou hast given me0 7ver4 #aa1 #ab74--8,she 444 saith unto ,him in ,hebrew1 ,rabboni0 7xx4 #af74--8,these things said ,isaiah1 because he saw his glory0 7xii4 #da1-- for 1 a common itacism74--8,in tables that are hearts of flesh0 7 1 a 8perfectly absurd reading10 as ,scrivener remarks1 p4 #ddb3 #b ,cor4 iii4 #c74--8,now if we put the horses' bridles and pray1 why not #8the horses' bits'8 into their mouths0 71 an ordinary itacism for 1 ,james iii4 #c74--8,unto the sick were carried away from his body handkerchiefs10 c4 7,acts xix4 #ab74--8,ye know all things once for all0 7,jude ver4 #e74--8,we love because he first loved us0 7#a ,jo4 iv4 #ai74--8;,i have found no work of thine fulfilled before my ,,god0 7,rev4 iii4 #b74--8,seven ,angels arrayed with precious stone0 7xv4 #f71 instead of 8clothed in linen10 for 4 7,fancy the ,angels 8clothed in stone06 8,precious0 is an interpolation of the ,revisers74--8,dwelling in the things which he hath seen30 for which the margin offers as an alternative1 8taking his stand upon0 7,colossians ii4 #ah74 ,but 7the word here employed7 clearly means neither the one nor the other4 ,s4 ,paul is delivering a warning against unduly 8prying into the things not seen407#dgg7 ,a few ,,mss4 of bad character omit the 8not40 ,that is all6444 ,these then are a handful of the less conspicuous instances of a change in the ,english 8positively required by a change of reading in the ,greek ,text30 every one of them being either a pitiful blunder or else a gross fabrication4--,take only two more3 8,i neither know1 nor understand3 thou1 what sayest thou80 7,mk4 xiv4 #fh margin73--8,and whither ,i go1 ye know the way0 7,jo4 xiv4 #d74444 ,the ,a4 ,v4 is better in every instance4 7#b7 and 7#c7 ,next1 alterations made because the ,a4 ,v4 8appeared to be incorrect0 or else 8obscure40 ,they must needs be such as the following3--8,he that is bathed needeth not save to wash his feet0 7,s4 ,john xiii4 #aj74--8,,lord1 if he is fallen asleep he will recover0 71 xi4 #ab74--8;,go ye therefore into the partings of the highways0 7,matth4 xxii4 #i74--8;,being grieved at the hardening of their heart0 7,mk4 iii4 #e74--8,light a lamp and put it on the stand0 7,matt4 v4 #ae74--8,sitting at the place of toll0 7ix4 #i74--8,the supplication of a righteous man availeth much in its working0 7,james v4 #af74--8;,awake up righteously0 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #cd74--8;,guarded through faith unto a salvation0 7#a ,pet4 i4 #e74--8,wandering in 444 the holes of the earth0 7,heb4 xi4 #ch--very queer places certainly to be 8wandering0 in74--8,she that is in ,babylon1 elect together with you1 saluteth you0 7#a ,pet4 v4 #ac74--8,therefore do these powers work in ,him0 7,matth4 xiv4 #b74--8;,in danger of the hell of fire0 7v4 #bb74--8,put out into the deep0 7,luke v4 #d74--8,the tomb that ,abraham bought for a price in silver0 7,acts vii4 #af74 ,with reference to every one of these places1 7and they are but samples of what is to be met with in every page17 we venture to assert that they are either less intelligible1 or else more inaccurate1 than the expressions which they are severally intended to supersede2 while1 in some instances1 they are both4 ,will any one seriously contend that 8the hire of wrong-doing0 is better than 8the wages of unrighteousness0 7#b ,pet4 ii4 #ae78 or1 will he venture to deny that1 8,come and dine0--8so when they had dined10--is a hundred times better than 8,come and break your fast0--8so when they had broken their fast0 7,jo4 xxi4 #ab1 #ae78--;expressions which are only introduced because the ,revisionists were ashamed 7as well they might be7 to write 8breakfast0 and 8breakfasted40 ,the seven had not been 8fasting40 ,then1 why introduce so incongruous a notion here1--any more than into ,s4 ,luke xi4 #cg1 #ch1 and xiv4 #ab8 ,has the reader any appetite for more specimens of 8incorrectness0 remedied and 8obscurity0 removed8 ,rather1 as it seems1 have both been largely imported into a ,translation which was singularly intelligible before4 ,why darken ,rom4 vii4 #a and xi4 #b by introducing the interrogative particle1 and then1 by mistranslating it 8,or08--,also1 why translate 8race08 78a man of ,cyprus by race10 8a man of ,pontus by race10 8an ,alexandrian by race10 ,acts iv4 #cf3 xviii4 #b1 #bd74--8;,if there is a natural body1 there is also a spiritual body10 say the ,revisionists3 8,o death1 where is thy victory8 ,o death where is thy sting80 7,could they not let even #a ,cor4 xv4 #dd and #ee alone87--,why alter 8,for the bread of ,,god is ,he10 into 8,for the bread of ,,god is that which cometh down from ,heaven08 7,jo4 vi4 #cc74--8;,as long as ,i am in the world10 was surely better than 8,when ,i am in the world1 ,i am the light of the world0 7ix4 #e74--;,is 8,he went forth out of their hand0 supposed to be an improvement upon 8,he escaped out of their hand08 7x4 #ci73 and is 8,they loved the glory of men more than the glory of ,,god0 an improvement upon 8the praise08 7xii4 #dc74--8;,judas saith unto ,him1 ,,lord1 what is come to pass that ,thou wilt manifest ,thyself to us08 ,is that supposed to be an improvement upon xiv4 #bb8--;,how is 8,if then0 an improvement on 8,forasmuch then0 in ,acts xi4 #ag8--or how is this endurable in ,rom4 vii4 #ae1--8;,for that which ,i do1 ,i know not3 for not what ,i would1 that do ,i practise30--or this1 in xvi4 #be1 8,the mystery which hath been kept in silence through times eternal1 but now is manifested10 c4--8,thou therefore1 my child10--addressing the ,bishop of ,ephesus 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #a73 and 8,titus1 my true child10--addressing the ,bishop of ,crete 7,tit4 i4 #d74 ,are the following deemed improvements8 8,every one that doeth sin doeth also lawlessness3 and sin is lawlessness0 7#a ,jo4 iii4 #d73 8,i will move thy candlestick out of its place0 7,rev4 ii4 #e73--8;a glassy sea0 7iv4 #f73--8;a great voice0 7v4 #ab73--8,verily1 not of ,angels doth ,he take hold1 but ,he taketh hold of the seed of ,abraham30--8,he took hold of the blind man by the hand30--8,they took hold of him and brought him unto the ,areopagus0 7,heb4 ii4 #af3 ,s4 ,mk4 viii4 #bc3 ,acts xvii4 #ai73--8wherefore ,,god is not ashamed of them1 to be called their ,,god0 7,acts xi4 #af73--8;,counted it not a prize to be on an equality with ,,god0 7,phil4 ii4 #f74--,why are we to substitute 8court0 for 8palace0 in ,matth4 xxvi4 #c and ,lu4 xi4 #ba8 7,consider ,matth4 xii4 #bi and ,mk4 iii4 #bg74--8,women received their dead by a resurrection0 7,heb4 xi4 #ce73--8;,if ye forgive not every one his brother from their hearts0 7,matth4 xviii4 #ce73--8;,if because of meat thy brother is grieved1 thou walkest no longer in love0 7,rom4 xiv4 #ae73--8which ,,god1 who cannot lie1 promised before times eternal2 but in his own seasons manifested his word in the message0 7,tit4 i4 #b1 #c73--8,your pleasures and why not #8lusts'8 that war in your members0 7,james iv4 #a73--8;,behold how much wood is kindled by how small a fire60 7iii4 #e74--;,are these really supposed to be less 8obscure0 than the passages they are intended to supersede8 7a7 ,not a few of the mistaken renderings of the ,revisionists can only be established by an amount of illustration which is at once inconvenient to the ,reviewer and unwelcome probably to the general ,reader4 ,thus1 we take leave to point out that1--8,and coming up at that very hour0 7in ,lu4 ii4 #ch71--;as well as 8she came up to ,him0 7in ,lu4 x4 #dj71 are inexact renderings of the original4 ,the verb 1 which etymologically signifies 8to stand upon10 or 8over10 or 8by10--7but which retains its literal signification on only four out of the eighteen occasions7#dgh7 when the word occurs in the ,gospels and ,acts17--is found almost invariably to denote the 8coming suddenly upon0 a person4 ,hence1 it is observed to be used five times to denote the sudden appearance of friendly visitants from the unseen world37#dgi7 and seven times1 the sudden hostile approach of what is formidable47#dhj7 ,on the two remaining occasions1 which are those before us1--7namely1 the sudden coming of ,anna into the ,temple7#dha7 and of ,martha into the presence of our ,,lord17#dhb77--8;coming suddenly in0 would probably represent ,s4 ,luke's exactly4 ,and yet1 one would hesitate to import the word 8suddenly0 into the narrative4 ,so that 8coming in0 would after all have to stand in the text1 although the attentive student of ,scripture would enjoy the knowledge that something more is implied4 ,in other words1--the ,revisionists would have done better if they had left both places alone4444 ,these are many words2 yet is it impossible to explain such matters at once satisfactorily and briefly4 7b7 ,but more painful by far it is to discover that a morbid striving after etymological accuracy1--added to a calamitous preference for a depraved ,text1--has proved the ruin of one of the most affecting scenes in ,s4 ,john's ,gospel4 8,simon ,peter beckoneth to him1 and saith unto him1 ,tell us who it is of whom ,he speaketh0 a fabulous statement evidently2 for ,peter beckoned1 because he might not speak4 8,he leaning back1 as he was10--a very bad rendering of 1 by the way2 and sure to recal inopportunely the rendering of in ,s4 ,mark iv4 #cf1 instead of suggesting 7as it obviously ought7 the original of ,s4 ,john iv4 #f3--8on ,,jesus' breast1 saith unto ,him1 ,,lord who is it80 7,s4 ,john xiii4 #bd-e74 ,now1 ,s4 ,john's word concerning himself in this place is certainly 4 ,he 8just sank0--let his head 8fall0--on his ,master's breast1 and whispered his question4 ,for this1 a few corrupt copies substitute 4 ,but never means 8leaning back40 ,it is descriptive of the posture of one reclining at a meal 7,s4 ,jo4 xiii4 #ab74 ,accordingly1 it is #aj times rendered by the ,revisionists to 8sit down40 ,why1 in this place1 and in chapter xxi4 #bj1 a new meaning is thrust upon the word1 it is for the ,revisionists to explain4 ,but they must explain the matter a vast deal better than ,bp4 ,lightfoot has done in his interesting little work on ,revision 7pp4 #gb-c71 or they will fail to persuade any1--except one another4 7c7 ,thus it happens that we never spend half-an-hour over the unfortunate production before us without exclaiming 7with one in the ,gospel71 8,the old is better40 ,changes of any sort are unwelcome in such a book as the ,bible2 but the discovery that changes have been made for the worse1 offends greatly4 ,to take instances at random3--' 7in ,matth4 xxi4 #h7 is rightly rendered in our ,a4 ,v4 8a very great multitude407#dhc7 ,why then has it been altered by the ,r4 ,v4 into 8the most part of the multitude08-- 7,mk4 xii4 #cg71 in like manner1 is rightly rendered 8the common people10 and ought not to have been glossed in the margin 8the great multitude40--,in the ,r4 ,v4 of ,acts x4 #ae1 we find 8,make thou not common10 introduced as an improvement on1 8,that call not thou common40 ,but 8the old is better30 for1 besides its idiomatic and helpful 8,that10--the old alone states the case truly4 ,peter did not 8make10 he only 8called10 something 8common40--8,all the male children10 as a translation of 7in ,matth4 ii4 #af7 is an unauthorized statement4 ,there is no reason for supposing that the female infants of ,bethlehem were spared in the general massacre3 and the ,greek certainly conveys no such information4--8,when he came into the house1 ,,jesus spake first to him0--is really an incorrect rendering of ,matth4 xvii4 #be3 at least1 it imports into the narrative a notion which is not found in the ,greek1 and does not exhibit faithfully what the ,evangelist actually says4 8,anticipated10 in modern ,english1--8prevented10 in ancient phraseology1--8was beforehand with him0 in language neither new nor old1--conveys the sense of the original exactly4--,in ,s4 ,lu4 vi4 #ce1 8,love your enemies1 444 and lend1 never despairing10 is simply a mistaken translation of 1 as the context sufficiently proves4 ,the old rendering is the true one47#dhd7 ,and so1 learnedly1 the ,vulgate1--nihil inde sperantes4 7,consider the use of ,heb4 xi4 #bf3 ,phil4 ii4 #bc3 ,heb4 xii4 #b3 abutor1 as used by ,jerome for utor1 c47--8,go with them making no distinction0 is not the meaning of ,acts xi4 #ab3 which1 however1 was correctly translated before1 viz4 8nothing doubting40--,the mischievous change 78save0 in place of 8but07 in ,gal4 ii4 #af has been ably and faithfully exposed by ,bp4 ,ollivant4 ,in the words of the learned and pious ,bp4 of ,lincoln1 8it is illogical and erroneous1 and contradicts the whole drift of ,s4 ,paul's ,argument in that ,epistle1 and in the ,epistle to the ,romans40 7d7 ,we should be dealing insincerely with our ,readers were we to conceal our grave dissatisfaction at not a few of the novel expressions which the ,revisionists have sought to introduce into the ,english ,new ,testament4 ,that the malefactors between whom 8the ,,lord of glory0 was crucified were not ordinary 8thieves0 is obvious2 yet would it have been wiser1 we think1 to leave the old designation undisturbed4 ,we shall never learn to call them 8robbers40--8,the king sent forth a soldier of his guard0 is a gloss--not a translation of ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bg4 8,an executioner0 surely is far preferable as the equivalent for 67#dhe7--8;,assassins0 7as the rendering of 7 is an objectionable substitute for 8murderers40 ,a word which 8belongs probably to a romantic chapter in the history of the ,crusades07#dhf7 has no business in the ,n4 ,t4--,and what did these learned men suppose they should gain by substituting 8the twin brothers0 for 8,castor and ,pollux0 in ,acts xxviii4 #aa8 ,the ,greek 77 is neither the one nor the other4--,in the same spirit1 instead of1 8they that received tribute-money0 7in ,s4 ,matth4 xvii4 #bd71 we are now presented with 8they that received the half-shekel30 and in verse #bg1--;instead of 8when thou hast opened his mouth1 thou shalt find a piece of money10 we are favoured with 8thou shalt find a shekel40 ,but why the change has been made1 we fail to see4 ,the margin is still obliged to explain that not one of these four words is found in the original3 the ,greek in the former place being 1--in the latter1 4--8,flute-players0 7for 8minstrels07 in ,s4 ,matthew ix4 #bc1 is a mistake4 ,an played the pipe 71 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #g71--;hence 8pipers0 in ,rev4 xviii4 #bb2 7where by the way 8musicians0 is perversely and less accurately rendered 8minstrels074--,once more4 8,undressed cloth0 7,mk4 ii4 #ba71 because it is an expression popularly understood only in certain districts of ,england1 and a vox artis1 ought not to have been introduced into the ,gospels4 8,new0 is preferable4--8,wine-skins0 7,mtt4 ix4 #ag3 ,mk4 ii4 #bb3 ,lu4 v4 #cg7 is a term unintelligible to the generality2 as the ,revisionists confess1 for they explain it by a note1--8,that is1 skins used as bottles40 ,what else is this but substituting a new difficulty for an old one8--8,silver10 now for the first time thrust into ,acts viii4 #bj1 is unreasonable4 ,like 8argent0 in ,french1 as much means 8money10 here as in ,s4 ,matthew xxv4 #ah1 #bg1 c4--,in ,s4 ,james ii4 #ai1 we should like to know what is gained by the introduction of the 8shuddering0 devils4--,to take an example from a different class of words1--,who will say that 8,thou mindest not the things of ,,god0 is a better rendering of 1 than the old 8,thou savourest not10--which at least had no ambiguity about it8444 ,a friend points out that ,dr4 ,field 7a 8master in ,israel07 has examined #ajd of the changes made in the ,revised ,version2 and finds #h questionable3 #ac unnecessary3 #ai faulty 7i4e4 cases in which the ,a4 ,v4 required amendment1 but which the ,r4 ,v4 has not succeeded in amending73 #fd changes for the worse47#dhg7444 ,this is surely a terrible indictment for such an one as ,dr4 ,field to bring against the ,revisers1--who were directed only to correct 8,,plain ,,and ,,clear ,,errors40 7e7 ,we really fail to understand how it has come to pass that1 notwithstanding the amount of scholarship which sometimes sat in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 so many novelties are found in the present ,revision which betoken a want of familiarity with the refinements of the ,greek language on the one hand2 and 7what is even more inexcusable7 only a slender acquaintance with the resources and proprieties of ,english speech1 on the other4 ,a fair average instance of this occurs in ,acts xxi4 #cg1 where 7instead of 8,canst thou speak ,greek807 8 is rendered 8,dost thou know ,greek80 ,that means 8to know0 7and not 8to speak07 is undeniable3 and yet1 in the account of all1 except the driest and stupidest of pedagogues1 2 must be translated 8,canst thou speak ,greek80 ,for 7as every schoolboy is aware7 is an adverb1 and signifies 8in ,greek fashion30 so that something has to be supplied3 and the full expression1 if it must needs be given1 would be1 8,dost thou know how to talk in ,greek80 ,but then1 this condensation of phrase proves to be the established idiom of the language37#dhh7 so that the rejection of the learned rendering of ,tyndale1 ,cranmer1 the ,geneva1 the ,rheims1 and the ,translators of #afaa 78,canst thou speak ,greek807--the rejection of this1 at the end of #bgj years1 in favour of 8,dost thou know ,greek80 really betrays ignorance4 ,it is worse than bad ,taste4 ,it is a stupid and deliberate blunder4 7f7 ,the substitution of 8they weighed unto him0 7in place of 8they covenanted with him for07 8thirty pieces of silver0 7,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #ae7 is another of those plausible mistakes1 into which a little learning 7proverbially 8a dangerous thing07 is for ever conducting its unfortunate possessor2 but from which it was to have been expected that the undoubted attainments of some who frequented the ,jerusalem ,chamber would have effectually preserved the ,revisionists4 ,that is intended to recal ,zech4 xi4 #ab1 is obvious2 as well as that there it refers to the ancient practice of weighing uncoined money4 ,it does not1 however1 by any means follow1 that it was customary to weigh shekels in the days of the ,gospel4 ,coined money1 in fact1 was never weighed1 but always counted2 and these were shekels1 i4e4 didrachms 7,matth4 xvii4 #bd74 ,the truth 7it lies on the surface7 is1 that there exists a happy ambiguity about the word 1 of which the ,evangelist has not been slow to avail himself4 ,in the particular case before us1 it is expressly recorded that in the first instance money did not pass1--only a bargain was made1 and a certain sum promised4 ,s4 ,mark's record is that the chief priests were glad at the proposal of ,judas1 8and promised to give him money0 7xiv4 #aa73 ,s4 ,luke's1 that 8they covenanted0 to do so 7xxii4 #e1 #f74 ,and with this1 the statement of the first ,evangelist is found to be in strictest agreement4 ,the chief ,priests 8set0 or 8appointed07#dhi7 him a certain sum4 ,the perfectly accurate rendering of ,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #ae1 therefore1 exhibited by our ,authorized ,version1 has been set aside to make way for a misrepresentation of the ,evangelist's meaning4 8,in the judgment of the most competent scholars10 was 8such change ,,necessary08 7g7 ,we respectfully think that it would have been more becoming in such a company as that which assembled in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 as well as more consistent with their ,instructions1 if in doubtful cases they had abstained from touching the ,authorized ,version1 but had recorded their own conjectural emendations in the margin4 ,how rash and infelicitous1 for example1 is the following rendering of the famous words in ,acts xxvi4 #bh1 #bi1 which we find thrust upon us without apology or explanation2 without1 in fact1 any marginal note at all3--8,and ,agrippa said unto ,paul1 ,with but little persuasion thou wouldest fain make me a ,christian4 ,and ,paul said1 ,i would to ,,god1 that whether with little or with much10 c4 ,now this is indefensible4 ,for1 in the first place1 to get any such meaning out of the words1 our ,revisionists have been obliged to substitute the fabricated 7the peculiar property of ,a ,b and a few cursives7 for in ver4 #bh4 ,moreover1 even so1 the words do not yield the required sense4 ,we venture to point out1 that this is precisely one of the occasions where the opinion of a first-rate ,greek ,father is of paramount importance4 ,the moderns confess themselves unable to discover a single instance of the phrase in the sense of 8within a little40 ,cyril of ,jerusalem 7,a4,d4 #cej7 and ,chrysostom 7,a4,d4 #djj71 on the contrary1 evidently considered that here the expression can mean nothing else2 and they were competent judges1 seeing that ,greek was their native language3 far better judges 7be it remarked in passing7 on a point of this kind than the whole body of ,revisionists put together4 8,such an amount of victorious grace and wisdom did ,paul derive from the ,,holy ,,spirit0 7says ,cyril71 8that even ,king ,agrippa at last exclaimed107#dij7 c4 ,from which it is evident that ,cyril regarded ,agrippa's words as an avowal that he was well-nigh overcome by the ,apostle's argument4 ,and so ,chrysostom17#dia7 who says plainly that means 8within a little107#dib7 and assumes that 8within a little0 ,s4 ,paul had persuaded his judge47#dic7 ,he even puts into ,agrippa's mouth47#did7 ,so also1 in effect1 ,theodoret47#die7 ,from all which it is reasonable1 in the absence of any evidence to the contrary1 to infer that our ,a4 ,v4 reflects faithfully what was the ,church's traditionary interpretation of ,acts xxvi4 #bh in the first half of the fourth century4 ,let it only be added that a better judge of such matters than any who frequented the ,jerusalem ,chamber--the late ,president of ,magdalen1 ,dr4 ,routh1--writes3 8,vertendum esse sequentia suadent1 ,me fere ,christianum fieri suades4 ,interp4 ,vulgata habet1 ,in modico suades me ,christianum fieri407#dif7 ,yes1 the ,apostle's rejoinder fixes the meaning of what ,agrippa had said before4--,and this shall suffice4 ,we pass on1 only repeating our devout wish that what the ,revisionists failed to understand1 or were unable materially and certainly to improve1 they would have been so obliging as to let alone4 ,in the present instance the ,a4 ,v4 is probably right2 the ,r4 ,v41 probably wrong4 ,no one1 at all events1 can pretend that the rendering with which we are all familiar is 8a plain and clear error40 ,and confessedly1 unless it was1 it should have been left unmolested4 ,but to proceed4 7#d7 and 7#e7 ,there can be no question as to the absolute duty of rendering identical expressions in strictly parallel places of the ,gospels by strictly identical language4 ,so far we are wholly at one with the ,revisionists4 ,but 8alterations supposed to be rendered necessary by consequence0 7,preface1 iii4 #b471 are quite a different matter3 and we venture to think that it is precisely in their pursuit of a mechanical uniformity of rendering1 that our ,revisionists have most often as well as most grievously lost their way4 ,we differ from them in fact in limine4 8,when a particular word0 7say they7 8is found to recur with characteristic frequency in any one of the ,sacred ,writers1 it is obviously desirable to adopt for it some uniform rendering0 7iii4 #b74 8,desirable06 ,yes1 but in what sense8 ,it is much to be desired1 no doubt1 that the ,english language always contained the exact counterparts of ,greek words3 and of course1 if it did1 it would be in the highest degree 8desirable0 that a ,translator should always employ those words and no other4 ,but then it happens unfortunately that precisely equivalent words do not exist4 1 nine times out of ten signifies nothing else but 8child40 ,on the tenth occasion1 however1 7e4g4 where ,abraham is addressing the rich man in ,hades17 it would be absurd so to render it4 ,we translate 8,son40 ,we are in fact without choice4--,take another ordinary ,greek term1 1 which occurs #aa times in the ,n4 ,t41 and which the ,a4 ,v4 uniformly renders 8bowels40 ,well1 and 8bowels0 confessedly are4 ,yet have our ,revisionists felt themselves under the 8necessity0 of rendering the word 8heart10 in ,col4 iii4 #ab1--8very heart10 in ,philemon1 ver4 #ab1--8;affections0 in #b ,cor4 vi4 #ab1--8;inward affection10 in vii4 #ae1--8tender mercies0 in ,phil4 i4 #h1--8;compassion0 in #a ,jo4 iii4 #ag1--8;bowels0 only in ,acts i4 #ah4--,these learned men1 however1 put forward in illustration of their own principle of translation1 the word 1--which occurs about #hj times in the ,n4 ,t43 nearly half the instances being found in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel4 ,we accept their challenge2 and assert that it is tasteless barbarism to seek to impose upon 1--no matter what the context in which it stands1--the sense of 8straightway10--only because 1 the adjective1 generally 7not always7 means 8straight40 ,where a miracle of healing is described 7as in ,s4 ,matth4 viii4 #c3 xx4 #cd4 ,s4 ,lu4 v4 #ac71 since the benefit was no doubt instantaneous1 it is surely the mere instinct of 8faithfulness0 to translate 8immediately40 ,so1 in respect of the sudden act which saved ,peter from sinking 7,s4 ,matth4 xiv4 #ca72 and that punctual cock-crow 7xxvi4 #gd71 which 7,s4 ,luke says7 did not so much follow1 as accompany his denial 7xxii4 #fj74 ,but surely not so1 when the growth of a seed is the thing spoken of 7,matth4 xiii4 #e76 ,acts again1 which must needs have occupied some little time in the doing1 reasonably suggest some such rendering as 8forthwith0 or 8straightway10--7e4g4 ,s4 ,matth4 xiv4 #bb3 xxi4 #b3 and ,s4 ,john vi4 #ba73 while1 in #c ,john ver4 #ad1 the meaning 7as the ,revisionists confess7 can only be 8shortly40444 ,so plain a matter really ought not to require so many words4 ,we repeat1 that the ,revisionists set out with a mistaken ,principle4 ,they clearly do not understand their ,trade4 ,they invite our attention to their rendering of certain of the ,greek ,tenses1 and of the definite ,article4 ,we regret to discover that1 in both respects1 their work is disfigured throughout by changes which convict a majority of their body alike of an imperfect acquaintance with the genius of the ,greek language1 and of scarcely a moderate appreciation of the idiomatic proprieties of their own4 ,such a charge must of necessity1 when it has been substantiated1 press heavily upon such a work as the present2 for it is not as when a solitary error has been detected1 which may be rectified4 ,a vicious system of rendering ,tenses1 and representing the ,greek ,article1 is sure to crop up in every part of the undertaking1 and must occasionally be attended by consequences of a serious nature4 #a4 ,now1 that we may not be misunderstood1 we admit at once that1 in teaching boys how to turn ,greek into ,english1 we insist that every tense shall be marked by its own appropriate sign4 ,there is no telling how helpful it will prove in the end1 that every word shall at first have been rendered with painful accuracy4 ,let the ,article be mis-represented--the ,prepositions caricatured--the ,particles magnified1--let the very order of the words at first1 7however impossible17 be religiously retained4 ,merciless accuracy having been in this way acquired1 a youth has to be untaught these servile habits4 ,he has to be reminded of the requirements of the ,english idiom1 and speedily becomes aware that the idiomatic rendering of a ,greek author into ,english1 is a higher achievement by far1 than his former slavish endeavour always to render the same word and tense in the same slavish way4 #b4 ,but what supremely annoys us in the work just now under review is1 that the schoolboy method of translation already noticed is therein exhibited in constant operation throughout4 ,it becomes oppressive4 ,we are never permitted to believe that we are in the company of ,scholars who are altogether masters of their own language4 ,their solicitude ever seems to be twofold3--7#a7 ,to exhibit a singular indifference to the proprieties of ,english speech1 while they maintain a servile adherence 7etymological or idiomatic1 as the case may be7 to the ,greek3--7#b7 ,right or wrong1 to part company from ,william ,tyndale and the giants who gave us our 8,authorized ,version40 ,take a few illustrations of what precedes from the second chapter of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel3-- 7#a47 ,thus1 in ver4 #b1 the correct ,english rendering 8we have seen0 is made to give place to the incorrect 8we saw his star in the east40--,in ver4 #i1 the idiomatic 8when they had heard the king1 they departed10 is rejected for the unidiomatic 8,and they1 having heard the king1 went their way40--,in ver4 #ae1 we are treated to 8that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the ,,lord through the prophet1 saying1 ,out of ,egypt did ,i call my son40 ,and yet who sees not1 that in both instances the old rendering is better8 ,important as it may be1 in the lecture-room1 to insist on what is implied by 1 it is simply preposterous to come abroad with such refinements4 ,it is to stultify oneself and to render one's author unintelligible4 ,moreover1 the attempt to be so wondrous literal is safe to break down at the end of a few verses4 ,thus1 if is 8through0 in verse #ae1--why not in verse #ag and in verse #bc8 7#b47 ,note how infelicitously1 in ,s4 ,matth4 ii4 #a1 8there came wise men from the east0 is changed into 8wise men from the east came40--,in ver4 #d1 the accurate1 8,and when ,herod had gathered together0 77 c41 is displaced for the inaccurate1 8,and gathering together0 c4--,in ver4 #f1 we are presented with the unintelligible1 8,and thou ,bethlehem1 land of ,judah30 while in ver4 #g1 8,then ,herod privily called the wise men1 and learned of them carefully10 is improperly put in the place of 8,then ,herod1 when he had privily called the wise men1 enquired of them diligently0 7 74--,in ver4 #aa1 the familiar 8,and when they were come into the house1 they saw0 c41 is needlessly changed into 8,they came into the house1 and saw30 while 8and when they had opened 77 their treasures10 is also needlessly altered into 8and opening their treasures40--,in ver4 #ab1 the ,r4 ,v4 is careful to print 8of ,,god0 in italics1 where italics are not necessary3 seeing that implies 8being warned of ,,god0 7as the translators of #afaa were well aware7#dig773 whereas in countless other places the same ,revisionists reject the use of italics where italics are absolutely required4--,their 8until ,i tell thee0 7in ver4 #ac7 is a most unworthy substitute for 8until ,i bring thee word40--,and will they pretend that they have improved the rendering of the concluding words of the chapter8 ,if does not mean 8,he shall be called a ,nazarene10 what in the world does it mean8 ,the of quotation they elsewhere omit4 ,then why1 here1--8,that it might be fulfilled 444 that08--,surely1 every one of these is an alteration made for alteration's sake1 and in every instance for the worse4 ,we began by surveying the ,greek of the first chapter of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel4 ,we have now surveyed the ,english of the second chapter4 ,what does the ,reader think of the result8 ,,iv4 ,next1 the ,revisionists invite attention to certain points of detail3 and first1 to their rendering of ,,the ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 ,they begin with the ,greek ,aorist1--7in their account7 8perhaps the most important0 detail of all3-- 8,we have not attempted to violate the idiom of our language by forms of expression which it would not bear4 ,but we have often ventured to represent the ,greek aorist by the ,english preterite1 even when the reader may find some passing difficulty in such a rendering1 because we have felt convinced that the true meaning of the original was obscured by the presence of the familiar auxiliary4 ,a remarkable illustration may be found in the seventeenth chapter of ,s4 ,john's ,gospel40--,preface1 iii4 #b1--7latter part74 7a7 ,we turn to the place indicated1 and are constrained to assure these well-intentioned men1 that the phenomenon we there witness is absolutely fatal to their pretensions as 8,revisers0 of our ,authorized ,version4 ,were it only 8some passing difficulty0 which their method occasions us1 we might have hoped that time would enable us to overcome it4 ,but since it is the genius of the ,english language to which we find they have offered violence2 the fixed and universally-understood idiom of our native tongue which they have systematically set at defiance2 the matter is absolutely without remedy4 ,the difference between the ,a4 ,v4 and the ,r4 ,v4 seems to ourselves to be simply this1--that the renderings in the former are the idiomatic ,english representations of certain well-understood ,greek tenses3 while the proposed substitutes are nothing else but the pedantic efforts of mere grammarians to reproduce in another language idioms which it abhors4 ,but the ,reader shall judge for himself3 for this at least is a point on which every educated ,englishman is fully competent to pass sentence4 ,when our ,divine ,,lord1 at the close of ,his ,ministry1--7,he had in fact reached the very last night of ,his earthly life1 and it wanted but a few hours of ,his ,passion17--when ,he1 at such a moment1 addressing the ,eternal ,,father1 says1 2 444 1 c4 ,jo4 xvii4 #d1 #f1 there can be no doubt whatever that1 had ,he pronounced those words in ,english1 ,he would have said 7with our ,a4 ,v47 8,i have glorified ,thee on the earth3 ,i have finished the work30 8,i have manifested ,thy ,name40 ,the pedantry which 7on the plea that the ,evangelist employs the aorist1 not the perfect tense17 would twist all this into the indefinite past1--8,i glorified0 444 8,i finished0 444 8,i manifested10--we pronounce altogether insufferable4 ,we absolutely refuse it a hearing4 ,presently 7in ver4 #ad7 ,he says1--8,i have given them ,thy word2 and the world hath hated them40 ,and in ver4 #be1--8,o righteous ,,father1 the world hath not known ,thee2 but ,i have known ,thee1 and these have known that ,thou hast sent ,me40 ,who would consent to substitute for these expressions1--8the world hated them30 and 8the world knew ,thee not1 but ,i knew ,thee2 and these knew that ,thou didst send ,me08--,or turn to another ,gospel4 ,which is better1--8,some one hath touched ,me3 for ,i perceive that virtue is gone out of ,me10 7,s4 ,lu4 viii4 #df73--or1--8,some one did touch ,me3 for ,i perceived that power had gone forth from ,me08 ,when the reference is to an act so extremely recent1 who is not aware that the second of these renderings is abhorrent to the genius of the ,english language8 ,as for 1 it is 7like novi in ,latin7 present in sense though past in form1--here as in ,s4 ,lu4 xvi4 #c4--;,but turn to yet another ,gospel4 ,which is better in ,s4 ,matth4 xvi4 #g3--8we took no bread10 or 8,it is because we have taken no bread08--,again4 ,when ,simon ,peter 7in reply to the command that he should thrust out into deep water and let down his net for a draught17 is heard to exclaim1--8,master1 we have toiled all the night1 and have taken nothing3 nevertheless at ,thy word ,i will let down the net0 7,lu4 v4 #e71--who would tolerate the proposal to put in the place of it1--8,master1 we toiled all night1 and took nothing3 but at ,thy word10 c4 ,it is not too much to declare that the idiom of the ,english language refuses peremptorily to submit to such handling4 ,quite in vain is it to encounter us with reminder that and are aorists4 ,the answer is1--,we know it3 but we deny that it follows that the words are to be rendered 8we toiled all night1 and took nothing40 ,there are laws of ,english ,idiom as well as laws of ,greek ,grammar3 and when these clash in what is meant to be a translation into ,english out of ,greek1 the latter must perforce give way to the former1--or we make ourselves ridiculous1 and misrepresent what we propose to translate4 ,all this is so undeniable that it ought not to require to be insisted upon4 ,but in fact our ,revisionists by their occasional practice show that they fully admit the ,principle we are contending for4 ,thus1 7in ,s4 ,jo4 xx4 #b and #ac7 is by them translated 8they have taken30-- 2 7,s4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #df7 8,why hast ,thou forsaken ,me807#dih73-- 7,s4 ,jo4 x4 #cb7 8have ,i showed30-- 7vi4 #bi7 8,he hath sent30-- 7,james ii4 #f7 8ye have dishonoured30-- 7,acts x4 #ae7 8hath cleansed30-- 7xvii4 #ca7 8,he hath appointed40 ,but indeed instances abound everywhere4 ,in fact1 the requirements of the case are often observed to force them to be idiomatic4 2 7in ,jo4 xviii4 #ce71 they rightly render 8,what hast thou done803--and 7in #a ,jo4 ii4 #ad1 #ba71 8,i have written20--and 7in ,acts ix4 #ac71 8,i have heard40--,on the other hand1 by translating 7in ,acts xxviii4 #d71 8hath not suffered10 they may be thought to have overshot the mark4 ,they seem to have overlooked the fact that1 when once ,s4 ,paul had been bitten by the viper1 8the barbarians0 looked upon him as a dead man2 and therefore discoursed about what ,justice 8did not suffer10 as about an entirely past transaction4 ,but now1 ,who sees not that the admission1 once and again deliberately made1 that sometimes it is not only lawful1 but even necessary1 to accommodate the ,greek aorist 7when translated into ,english7 with the sign of the perfect1--reduces the whole matter 7of the signs of the tenses7 to a mere question of ,taste8 ,in view of such instances as the foregoing1 where severe logical necessity has compelled the ,revisionists to abandon their position and fly1 it is plain that their contention is at an end1--so far as right and wrong are concerned4 ,they virtually admit that they have been all along unjustly forcing on an independent language an alien yoke47#dii7 ,henceforth1 it simply becomes a question to be repeated1 as every fresh emergency arises1--,which then is the more idiomatic of these two ,english renderings8444 ,conversely1 twice at least 7,heb4 xi4 #ag and #bh71 the ,revisionists have represented the ,greek perfect by the ,english indefinite preterite4 7b7 ,besides this offensive pedantry in respect of the ,aorist1 we are often annoyed by an unidiomatic rendering of the ,imperfect4 ,true enough it is that 8the servants and the officers were standing 444 and were warming themselves30 ,peter also 8was standing with them and was warming himself0 7,s4 ,jo4 xviii4 #ah74 ,but we do not so express ourselves in ,english1 unless we are about to add something which shall account for our particularity and precision4 ,any one1 for example1 desirous of stating what had been for years his daily practice1 would say--8,i left my house40 ,only when he wanted to explain that1 on leaving it for the #ajjjth time1 he met a friend coming up the steps to pay him a visit1 would an ,englishman think of saying1 8,i was leaving the house40 ,a ,greek writer1 on the other hand1 would not trust this to the imperfect4 ,he would use the present participle in the dative case1 78,to me1 leaving my house107#ejj7 c474 ,one is astonished to have to explain such things4444 8,if therefore thou art offering thy gift at the altar0 7,matt4 v4 #bc71 may seem to some a clever translation4 ,to ourselves1 it reads like a senseless exaggeration of the original47#eja7 ,it sounds 7and is7 as unnatural as to say 7in ,s4 ,lu4 ii4 #cc7 8,and ,his father a depravation of the text and ,his mother were marvelling at the things which were spoken concerning ,him30--or 7in ,heb4 xi4 #ag7 8yea1 he that had received the promises was offering up his only-begotten son30--or1 of the cripple at ,lystra 7,acts xiv4 #i71 8the same heard ,paul speaking40 7c7 ,on the other hand1 there are occasions confessedly when the ,greek ,aorist absolutely demands to be rendered into ,english by the sign of the ,pluperfect4 ,an instance meets us while we write3 7,s4 ,lu4 v4 #d71--where our ,revisionists are found to retain the idiomatic rendering of our ,authorized ,version1--8,when ,he had left speaking40 ,of what possible avail could it be1 on such an occasion1 to insist that1 because is not in the pluperfect tense1 it may not be accommodated with the sign of the pluperfect when it is being translated into ,english8--,the ,r4 ,v4 has shown less consideration in ,s4 ,jo4 xviii4 #bd1--where 8,now ,annas had sent ,him bound unto ,caiaphas the high priest10 is right1 and wanted no revision4--,such places as ,matth4 xxvii4 #fj1 ,jo4 xxi4 #ae1 ,acts xii4 #ag1 and ,heb4 iv4 #h1 on the other hand1 simply defy the ,revisionists4 ,for perforce ,joseph 8had hewn out0 77 the new tomb which became our ,,lord',s3 and the seven ,apostles1 confessedly1 8had dined0 773 and ,s4 ,peter1 of course1 8declared unto them how the ,,lord had brought him out of the prison0 773 and it is impossible to substitute anything for 8,if ,jesus ,joshua had given them rest0 774--,then of course there are occasions1 7not a few17 where the ,aorist 7often an indefinite present in ,greek7 claims to be ,englished by the sign of the present tense3 as where ,s4 ,john says 7,rev4 xix4 #f71 8,the ,,lord ,,god ,omnipotent reigneth0 774 ,there is no striving against such instances4 ,they insist on being rendered according to the genius of the language into which it is proposed to render them3--as when 7in ,s4 ,jo4 xx4 #ab7 exacts for its rendering 8had lain40 7d7 ,it shall only be pointed out here in addition1 for the student's benefit1 that there is one highly interesting place 7viz4 ,s4 ,matth4 xxviii4 #b71 which in every age has misled ,critics and ,divines 7as ,origen and ,eusebius72 ,poets 7as ,rogers72 ,painters 7as ,west72--yes1 and will continue to mislead readers for many a year to come3--and all because men have failed to perceive that the aorist is used there for the pluperfect4 ,translate1--8,there had been a great earthquake30 and so 7#afaa-ahha7 our margin1--until in short 8the ,revisionists0 interfered3 8for the ,angel of the ,,lord had descended from heaven1 and come and rolled away 77 the stone from the door1 and sat upon it40 ,strange1 that for #ahjj years ,commentators should have failed to perceive that the ,evangelist is describing what terrified 8the keepers40 8,the women0 saw no ,angel sitting upon the stone6--though ,origen17#ejb7--;,dionysius of ,alexandria17#ejc7--;,eusebius17#ejd7--p s4-,gregory ,naz417#eje7--;,cyril ,alex417#ejf7--;,hesychius17#ejg7--;and so many others--have taken it for granted that they did4 7e7 ,then further1 7to dismiss the subject and pass on17--,there are occasions where the ,greek perfect exacts the sign of the present at the hands of the ,english translator3 as when ,martha says1--8,yea ,,lord1 ,i believe that ,thou art the ,,christ0 7,s4 ,jo4 xi4 #bg747ejh7 ,what else but the veriest pedantry is it to thrust in there 8,i have believed10 as the ,english equivalent for 8--,just as intolerable is the officiousness which would thrust into the ,,lord',s prayer 7,matt4 vi4 #ab71 8as we also have forgiven 77 our debtors407#eji7--,on the other hand1 there are ,greek presents 7whatever the ,revisionists may think7 which are just as peremptory in requiring the sign of the future1 at the hands of the idiomatic translator into ,english4 ,three such cases are found in ,s4 ,jo4 xvi4 #af1 #ag1 #ai4 ,surely1 the future is inherent in the present 6 ,in ,jo4 xiv4 #ah 7and many similar places71 who can endure1 8,i will not leave you desolate3 ,i come unto you08 7f7 ,but instances abound4 ,how does it happen that the inaccurate rendering of ----has been retained in ,s4 ,matth4 iii4 #aj1 ,s4 ,lu4 iii4 #i8 ,v4 ,next1 concerning the ,,definite ,,article2 in the case of which1 7say the ,revisionists17 8many changes have been made40 8,we have been careful to observe the use of the ,article wherever it seemed to be idiomatically possible3 where it did not seem to be possible1 we have yielded to necessity40--7,preface1 iii4 #b1--;ad fin47 ,in reply1 instead of offering counter-statements of our own we content ourselves with submitting a few specimens to the ,reader's judgment2 and invite him to decide between the ,reviewer and the ,reviewed 444 8,the sower went forth to sow0 7,matth4 xiii4 #c74--8;,it is greater than the herbs0 7ver4 #cb74--8,let him be to thee as the ,gentile and the publican0 7xviii4 #ag74--8,the unclean spirit1 when he is gone out of the man0 7xii4 #dc74--8;,did ,i not choose you the twelve80 7,jo4 vi4 #gj74--8;,if ,i then1 the ,lord and the master0 7xiii4 #ad74--8;,for the joy that a man is born into the world0 7xvi4 #ba74--8;,but as touching ,apollos the brother0 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #ab74--8,the ,bishop must be blameless 444 able to exhort in the sound doctrine0 7,titus i4 #g1 #i74--8,the lust when it hath conceived1 beareth sin3 and the sin1 when it is full grown0 c4 7,james i4 #ae74--8;,doth the fountain send forth from the same opening sweet water and bitter80 7iii4 #aa74--8,speak thou the things which befit the sound doctrine0 7,titus ii4 #a74--8,the time will come when they will not endure the sound doctrine0 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #c74--8,we had the fathers of our flesh to chasten us0 7,heb4 xii4 #i74--8;,follow after peace with all men1 and the sanctification0 7ver4 #ad74--8,who is the liar but he that denieth that ,,jesus is the ,,christ80 7#a ,jo4 ii4 #bb74--8,not with the water only1 but with the water and with the blood0 7v4 #f74--8;,he that hath the ,,son1 hath the life3 he that hath not the ,,son of ,,god hath not the life0 7ver4 #ab74 ,to rejoin1 as if it were a sufficient answer1 that the definite ,article is found in all these places in the original ,greek1--is preposterous4 ,in ,french also we say 8,telle est la vie30 but1 in translating from the ,french1 we do not therefore say 8,such is the life40 ,may we1 without offence1 suggest the study of ,middleton ,on the ,doctrine of the ,greek ,article to those members of the ,revisionists' body who have favoured us with the foregoing crop of mistaken renderings8 ,so1 in respect of the indefinite article1 we are presented with1--8,an eternal0 7for 8the everlasting07 8gospel to proclaim0 7,rev4 xiv4 #f73--;and 8one like unto a son of man10 for 8one like unto the ,son of ,man0 in ver4 #ad4--,why 8a ,,saviour0 in ,phil4 iii4 #bj8 ,there is but one6 7,acts iv4 #ab74--,on the other hand1 is rendered 8,the skull0 in ,s4 ,lu4 xxiii4 #cc4 ,it is hard to see why4--,these instances taken at random must suffice4 ,they might be multiplied to any extent4 ,if the ,reader considers that the idiomatic use of the ,english ,article is understood by the authors of these specimen cases1 we shall be surprised1 and sorry--for him4 ,,vi4 ,the ,revisionists announce that they 8have been particularly careful0 as to ,,the ,,pronouns iii4 #b ad fin4 ,we recal with regret that this is also a particular wherein we have been specially annoyed and offended4 ,annoyed--at their practice of repeating the nominative 7e4g4 in ,mk4 i4 #ac3 ,jo4 xx4 #ab7 to an extent unknown1 abhorrent even1 to our language1 except indeed when a fresh substantive statement is made3 offended--at their license of translation1 when it suits them to be licentious4--,thus1 7as the ,bp4 of ,s4 ,andrews has well pointed out17 8it is ,he that0 is an incorrect translation of in ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #ba1--;a famous passage4 ,even worse1 because it is unfair1 is 8,he who0 as the rendering of in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1--;another famous passage1 which we have discussed elsewhere47#eaj7 ,,vii4 ',in the case of the ,,particles' 7say the ,revisionists71 8we have been able to maintain a reasonable amount of consistency4 ,the ,particles in the ,greek ,testament are1 as is well known1 comparatively few1 and they are commonly used with precision4 ,it has therefore been the more necessary here to preserve a general uniformity of rendering40--7iii4 #b ad fin47 ,such an announcement1 we submit1 is calculated to occasion nothing so much as uneasiness and astonishment4 ,of all the parts of speech1 the ,greek ,particles1--7especially throughout the period when the ,language was in its decadence17--are the least capable of being drilled into 8a general uniformity of rendering20 and he who tries the experiment ought to be the first to be aware of the fact4 ,the refinement and delicacy which they impart to a narrative or a sentiment1 are not to be told4 ,but then1 from the very nature of the case1 8uniformity of rendering0 is precisely the thing they will not submit to4 ,they take their colour from their context3 often mean two quite different things in the course of two successive verses3 sometimes are best rendered by a long and formidable word27#eaa7 sometimes cannot 7without a certain amount of impropriety or inconvenience7 be rendered at all47#eab7 ,let us illustrate what we have been saying by actual appeals to ,scripture4 7#a7 ,and first1 we will derive our proofs from the use which the sacred ,writers make of the particle of most frequent recurrence--4 ,it is said to be employed in the ,n4 ,t4 #caae times4 ,as for its meaning1 we have the unimpeachable authority of the ,revisionists themselves for saying that it may be represented by any of the following words3--8but10--8and107#eac7--8yea107#ea d7--8what107#eae7--8now107#eaf7--8;and that017#eag7--8;howbeit107#eah7--8;even1 07#eai7--8therefore107#ebj7--8;,i say107#eba7--8;also107#ebb7--8yet107#ebc 7--8;for407#ebd7 ,to which #ab renderings1 ,king ,james's translators 7mostly following ,tyndale7 are observed to add at least these other #ab3--8wherefore107#ebe7--8so107#ebf7--8 moreover107#ebg7--8yea and107#ebh7--8;furthermore107#ebi7--8nev ertheless107#ecj7--8notwithstanding107#e ca7--8yet but107#ecb7--8truly107#ecc7--8or107#ecd7 --8;as for107#ece7--8then107#ecf7--8;and yet407#ecg7 ,it shall suffice to add that1 by the pitiful substitution of 8but0 or 8and0 on most of the foregoing occasions1 the freshness and freedom of almost every passage has been made to disappear3 the plain fact being that the men of #afaa--;above all1 that ,william ,tyndale #gg years before them--produced a work of real genius2 seizing with generous warmth the meaning and intention of the sacred ,writers1 and perpetually varying the phrase1 as they felt1 or fancied that ,evangelists and ,apostles would have varied it1 had they had to express themselves in ,english3 whereas the men of #ahha have fulfilled their task in what can only be described as a spirit of servile pedantry4 ,the ,grammarian 7pure and simple7 crops up everywhere4 ,we seem never to rise above the atmosphere of the lecture-room1--the startling fact that means 8indeed10 and 8but40 ,we subjoin a single specimen of the countless changes introduced in the rendering of ,particles1 and then hasten on4 ,in #a ,cor4 xii4 #bj1 for three centuries and a half1 ,englishmen have been contented to read 7with ,william ,tyndale71 8,but now are they many members1 ,,yet ,,but one body40 ,our ,revisionists1 7overcome by the knowledge that means 8but10 and yielding to the supposed 8necessity for preserving a general uniformity of rendering107 substitute1--8,but now they are many members1 but one body40 ,comment ought to be superfluous4 ,we neither overlook the fact that occurs here twice1 nor deny that it is fairly represented by 8but0 in the first instance4 ,we assert nevertheless that1 on the second occasion1 8,,yet ,,but0 ought to have been let alone4 ,and this is a fair sample of the changes which have been effected many times in every page4 ,to proceed however4 7#b7 ,the interrogative particle occurs at the beginning of a sentence at least #h or #aj times in the ,n4 ,t42 first1 in ,s4 ,matth4 vii4 #i4 ,it is often scarcely translateable1--being apparently invested with with no more emphasis than belongs to our colloquial interrogative 8,eh80 ,but sometimes it would evidently bear to be represented by 8,pray107#ech7--;being at least equivalent to in ,greek or age in ,latin4 ,once only 7viz4 in #a ,cor4 xiv4 #cf7 does this interrogative particle so eloquently plead for recognition in the text1 that both our ,a4 ,v4 and the ,r4 ,v4 have rendered it 8,what80--by which word1 by the way1 it might very fairly have been represented in ,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #ec and ,rom4 vi4 #c3 vii4 #a4 ,in five of the places where the particle occurs4 ,king ,james's ,translators are observed to have give it up in despair47#eci7 ,but what is to be thought of the adventurous dulness which 7with the single exception already indicated7 has invariably rendered by the conjunction 8or08 ,the blunder is the more inexcusable1 because the intrusion of such an irrelevant conjunction into places where it is without either use or meaning cannot have failed to attract the notice of every member of the ,revising body4 7#c7 ,at the risk of being wearisome1 we must add a few words4--1 though no particle but a conjunction1 may for our present purpose be reasonably spoken of under the same head2 being diversely rendered 8and10--8and yet107#edj7--8then107#eda7--8or107#edb7- -8neither107#edc7--8though107#edd7--8so1 07#ede7--8;but107#edf7--8;for107#edg7--8 that107#edh7--;in conformity with what may be called the genius of the ,english language4 ,the last six of these renderings1 however1 our ,revisionists disallow2 everywhere thrusting out the word which the argument seems rather to require1 and with mechanical precision thrusting into its place every time the 7perfectly safe1 but often palpably inappropriate7 word1 8and40 ,with what amount of benefit this has been effected1 one or two samples will sufficiently illustrate3-- 7a7 ,the ,revisionists inform us that when 8the high priest ,ananias commanded them that stood by him to smite him on the mouth10--,s4 ,paul exclaimed1 8,,god shall smite thee1 thou whited wall3 ,,and sittest thou to judge me after the law1 and commandest me to be smitten contrary to the law807#edi7444 ,do these learned men really imagine that they have improved upon the ,a4 ,v4 by their officiousness in altering 8,,for0 into 8,,and08 7b7 ,the same ,apostle1 having ended his argument to the ,hebrews1 remarks1--8,so we see that they could not enter in because of unbelief0 7,heb4 iii4 #ai73 for which1 our ,revisionists again substitute 8,and40 ,begin the sentence with 8,,and10 7instead of 8,so107 and1 in compensation for what you have clearly lost1 what have you gained8444 ,once more3-- 7c7 ,consider what ,s4 ,paul writes concerning ,apollos 7in #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ab71 and then say what possible advantage is obtained by writing 8,,and0 7instead of 8,,but07 8his will was not at all to come at this time04444 ,yet once more2 and on this occasion1 scholarship is to some extent involved3-- 7d7 ,when ,s4 ,james 7i4 #aa7 says 444 1--who knows not that what his language strictly means in idiomatic ,english1 is1--8,no sooner does the sun arise10 8than it withereth the grass08 ,and so in effect our ,translators of #afaa4 ,what possible improvement on this can it be to substitute1 8,for the sun ariseth 444 ,,and withereth the grass08--,only once more3-- 7e7 ,though undeniably means 8and10 and 1 8how10--who knows not that means 8,how then80 ,and yet1 7as if a stupid little boy had been at work17 in two places1--7namely1 in ,s4 ,mark iv4 #ac and ,s4 ,luke xx4 #dd17--8;,,and ,,how0 is found mercilessly thrust in1 to the great detriment of the discourse2 while in other two1--7namely1 in ,s4 ,john xiv4 #e and #i17--the text itself has been mercilessly deprived of its characteristic by the ,revisionists4--,let this suffice4 ,one might fill many quires of paper with such instances of tasteless1 senseless1 vexatious1 and most unscholarlike innovation4 ,,viii4 8,many changes0 7we are informed7 8have been introduced in the rendering of the ,,prepositions40 ,preface1 iii4 #b1 ad fin43--and we are speedily reminded of the truth of the statement1 for 7as was shown above pp4 #aee-f7 the second chapter of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel exhibits the ,revisionists 8all a-field0 in respect of 4 8,we have rarely made any change0 7they add7 8where the true meaning of the original would be apparent to a ,reader of ordinary intelligence40 ,it would of course ill become such an one as the present ,reviewer to lay claim to the foregoing flattering designation3 but really1 when he now for the first time reads 7in ,acts ix4 #be7 that the disciples of ,damascus let ,s4 ,paul down 8through the wall10 he must be pardoned for regretting the absence of a marginal reference to the history of ,pyramus and ,thisbe in order to suggest how the operation was effected3 for1 as it stands1 the ,r4 ,v4 is to him simply unintelligible4 ,inasmuch as the basket 77 in which the ,apostle effected his escape was of considerable size1 do but think what an extravagantly large hole it must have been to enable them both to get through6444 ,but let us look further4 ,was it then in order to bring ,scripture within the captus of 8a ,reader of ordinary intelligence0 that the ,revisers have introduced no less than thirty changes into eight-and-thirty words of ,s4 ,peter's #bnd ,epistle8 ,particular attention is invited to the following interesting specimen of 8,revision40 ,it is the only one we shall offer of the many contrasts we had marked for insertion4 ,we venture also to enquire1 whether the ,revisers will consent to abide by it as a specimen of their skill in dealing with the ,preposition 8 ,a4 ,v4 ,r4 ,v4 8,and beside all this1 8,yea 7#a71 and for 7#b7 giving all diligence1 add this very 7#c7 cause 7#d7 to your faith virtue2 and adding 7#e7 on 7#f7 your to virtue knowledge2 and part 7#g7 all diligence1 to knowledge temperance2 in 7#h7 your faith supply and to temperance 7#i7 virtue2 and in 7#aj7 patience2 and to patience your 7#aa7 virtue godliness2 and to knowledge2 and in 7#ab7 godliness brotherly your 7#ac7 knowledge kindness2 and to temperance2 and in 7#ad7 brotherly kindness your 7#ae7 temperance charity40--#b ,pet4 i4 patience2 and in 7#af7 #e-g4 your 7#ag7 patience godliness2 and in 7#ah7 your 7#ai7 godliness love 7#bj7 of 7#ba7 the 7#bb7 brethren 7#bc72 and in 7#bd7 your 7#be7 love 7#bf7 of 7#bg7 the 7#bh7 brethren 7#bi7 love 7#cj740 ,the foregoing strikes us as a singular illustration of the ,revisionists' statement 7,preface1 iii4 #b71--8,we made no change if the meaning was fairly expressed by the word or phrase that was before us in the ,authorized ,version40 ,to ourselves it appears that every one of those #cj changes is a change for the worse2 and that one of the most exquisite passages in the ,n4 ,t4 has been hopelessly spoiled1--rendered in fact well-nigh unintelligible1--by the pedantic officiousness of the ,revisers4 ,were they--7if the question be allowable7--bent on removing none but 8plain and clear errors10 when they substituted those #cj words8 ,was it in token of their stern resolve 8to introduce into the ,text as few alterations as possible10 that they spared the eight words which remain out of the eight-and-thirty8 ,as for their wooden rendering of 1 it ought to suffice to refer them to ,s4 ,mk4 i4 #bc1 ,s4 ,lu4 xiv4 #ca1 to prove that sometimes can only be rendered 8with03--and to ,s4 ,luke vii4 #ag1 to show them that sometimes means 8throughout03--and to ,col4 i4 #af1 and ,heb4 i4 #a1 #b1 in proof that sometimes it means 8by40--,on the other hand1 their suggestion that may be rendered 8by0 in ,s4 ,luke i4 #ea1 convicts them of not being aware that 8the proud-in-the-imagination-of-their-hearts 0 is a phrase--in which perforce 8by0 has no business whatever4 ,one is surprised to have to teach professed ,critics and ,scholars an elementary fact like this4 ,in brief1 these learned men are respectfully assured that there is not one of the 8,parts of ,speech0 which will consent to be handled after the inhumane fashion which seems to be to themselves congenial4 ,whatever they may think of the matter1 it is nothing else but absurd to speak of an ,angel 8casting his sickle into the earth0 7,rev4 xiv4 #ai74--;,as for his 8pouring out his bowl upon the air0 7xvi4 #ag71--we really fail to understand the nature of the operation4--,and pray1 ,what is supposed to be the meaning of 8the things upon the heavens0--in ,ephesians i4 #aj8 ,returning to the preposition followed by the genitive1--7in respect of which the ,revisionists challenge ,criticism by complaining in their ,preface iii4 #c ad fin4 that in the ,a4 ,v4 8ideas of instrumentality or of mediate agency1 distinctly marked in the original1 have been confused or obscured in the ,translation107--we have to point out3-- 7#ast7 ,that these distinguished individuals seem not to be aware that the proprieties of ,english speech forbid the use of 8through0 7as a substitute for 8by07 in certain expressions where instrumentality is concerned4 ,thus1 8the ,son of man0 was not betrayed 8through0 ,judas1 but 8by0 him 7,matt4 xxvi4 #bd3 ,luke xxii4 #bb74--,still less is it allowable to say that a prophecy was 8spoken10 nay 8written10 8through the ,prophet0 7,matth4 i4 #bb and margin of ii4 #e74 8,who spake ,,by the ,prophets10 is even an article of the ,faith4 ,and 7#bndly71--,that these scholars have in consequence adopted a see-saw method of rendering 1--sometimes in one way1 sometimes in the other4 ,first1 they give us 8wonders and signs done by the ,apostles0 7,acts ii4 #dc2 but in the margin1 8,or1 through073 presently1 8a notable miracle hath been wrought through them0 7iv4 #af3 and this time1 the margin withholds the alternative1 8,or1 by074 ,is then 8the true meaning0 of 8by10 in the former place1 8apparent to a ,reader of ordinary intelligence08 but so obscure in the latter as to render necessary the alteration to 8through08 ,or 7sit venia verbo71--,was it a mere 8toss-up0 with the ,revisionists what is the proper rendering of 8 7#crdly71 ,in an earlier place 7ii4 #bb71 we read of 8miracles1 wonders1 and signs0 which 8,,god did by0 ,,jesus of ,nazareth4 ,was it reverence1 which1 on that occasion1 forbad the use of 8through0--even in the margin8 ,we hope so3 but the preposition is still the same-- not 4 ,lastly 7#dthly71--,the doctrine that ,creation is the work of the ,divine ,,word1 all ,scripture attests4 8,all things were made by ,him0 7,s4 ,jo4 i4 #c73--8the world was made by ,him0 7ver4 #aj74--,why then1 in ,col4 i4 #af1 where the same statement is repeated1--78all things were created by ,him and for ,him107--do we find 8through0 substituted for 8by08 ,and why is the same offence repeated in #a ,cor4 vii4 #f1--7where we ought to read1--8one ,,god1 the ,,father1 of whom are all things 444 and one ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ1 by whom are all things078--,why1 especially1 in ,heb4 i4 #b1 in place of 8by whom also viz4 by ,,the ,,son ,he made the worlds10 do we find substituted 8through whom08444 ,and why add to this glaring inconsistency the wretched vacillation of giving us the choice of 8through0 7in place of 8by07 in the margin of ,s4 ,john i4 #c and #aj1 and not even offering us the alternative of 8by0 7in place of 8through07 in any of the other places1--although the preposition is on every occasion8 ,and thus much for the ,revisers' handling of the ,prepositions4 ,we shall have said all that we can find room for1 when we have further directed attention to the uncritical and unscholarlike ,note with which they have disfigured the margin of ,s4 ,mark i4 #i4 ,we are there informed that1 according to the ,greek1 our ,,saviour 8was baptized into the ,jordan10--an unintelligible statement to ,english readers1 as well as a misleading one4 ,especially on their guard should the ,revisers have been hereabouts1--seeing that1 in a place of vital importance on the opposite side of the open page 7viz4 in ,s4 ,matth4 xxviii4 #ai71 they had already substituted 8into0 for 8in40 ,this latter alteration1 one of the ,revisers 7,dr4 ,vance ,smith7 rejoices over1 because it obliterates 7in his account7 the evidence for ,trinitarian doctrine4 ,that the ,revisionists1 as a body1 intended nothing less1--who can doubt8 ,but then1 if they really deemed it necessary to append a note to ,s4 ,mark i4 #i in order to explain to the public that the preposition signifies 8into0 rather than 8in10--why did they not at least go on to record the elementary fact that has here 7what grammarians call7 a 8pregnant signification08 that it implies--7every schoolboy knows it67--and that it is used in order to imply--that the ,holy ,one 8went down ,,into10 and so1 8was baptized ,,in the ,jordan087#eej7444 ,but why1 in the name of common sense1 did not the ,revisionists let the ,preposition alone8 ,,ix4 ,the ,,margin of the ,revision is the last point to which our attention is invited1 and in the following terms3-- 8,the subject of the ,marginal ,notes deserves special attention4 ,they represent the results of a large amount of careful and elaborate discussion1 and will1 perhaps1 by their very presence1 indicate to some extent the intricacy of many of the questions that have almost daily come before us for decision4 ,these ,notes fall into four main groups3--,first1 ,notes specifying such differences of reading as were judged to be of sufficient importance to require a particular notice2--,secondly1 ,notes indicating the exact rendering of words to which1 for the sake of ,english idiom1 we were obliged to give a less exact rendering in the text2--,thirdly1 ,notes1 very few in number1 affording some explanation which the original appeared to require2--,fourthly1 ,alternative ,renderings in difficult or debateable passages4 ,the ,notes of this last group are numerous1 and largely in excess of those which were admitted by our predecessors4 ,in the #bgj years that have passed away since their labours were concluded1 the ,sacred ,text has been minutely examined1 discussed in every detail1 and analysed with a grammatical precision unknown in the days of the last ,revision4 ,there has thus been accumulated a large amount of materials that have prepared the way for different renderings1 which necessarily came under discussion40--7,preface1 iii4 #d47 ,when a body of distinguished ,scholars bespeak attention to a certain part of their work in such terms as these1 it is painful for a ,critic to be obliged to declare that he has surveyed this department of their undertaking with even less satisfaction than any other4 ,so long1 however1 as he assigns the grounds of his dissatisfaction1 the ,reviewed cannot complain4 ,the ,reviewer puts himself into their power4 ,if he is mistaken in his censure1 his credit is gone4 ,let us take the groups in order3-- 7#a7 ,having already stated our objections against the many ,notes which specify ,textual errors which the ,revisionists declined to adopt1--we shall here furnish only two instances of the mischief we deplore3-- 7a7 ,against the words1 8,and while they abode in ,galilee0 7,s4 ,matthew xvii4 #bb71 we find it stated1--8,some ancient authorities read were gathering themselves together40 ,the plain ,english of which queer piece of information is that and ,b exhibit in this place an impossible and untranslatable ,reading1--the substitution of which for can only have proceeded from some ,western critic1 who was sufficiently unacquainted with the ,greek language to suppose that - 1 might possibly be the exact equivalent for ,,con-versantibus autem illis4 ,this is not the place for discussing a kind of hallucination which prevailed largely in the earliest age1 especially in regions where ,greek was habitually read through ,latin spectacles4 7,thus it was1 obviously1 that the preposterous substitution of ,,euraquilo for 8,euroclydon10 in ,acts xxvii4 #ad1 took its rise47 ,such blunders would be laughable if encountered anywhere except on holy ground4 ,apart1 however1 from the lamentable lack of critical judgment which a marginal note like the present displays1 what is to be thought of the scholarship which elicits 8,while they were gathering themselves together0 out of 8 ,are we to suppose that the clue to the ,revisers' rendering is to be found in 77 ,acts xxviii4 #c8 ,we should be sorry to think it4 ,they are assured that the source of the ,textual blunder which they mistranslate is to be found1 instead1 in ,baruch iii4 #ch47eea7 7b7 ,for what conceivable reason is the world now informed that1 instead of ,melita1--8some ancient authorities read ,melitene10 in ,acts xxviii4 #a8 ,is every pitiful blunder of cod4 ,b to live on in the margin of every ,englishman's copy of the ,new ,testament1 for ever8 ,why1 all other ,,mss4--the ,syriac and the ,latin versions1--,pamphilus of ,csarea7#eeb7 7,a4,d4 #bid71 the friend of ,eusebius1--,cyril of ,jerusalem17#eec7--;,chrysostom17#eed7-- ;,john ,damascene17#eee7--;all the ,fathers in short who quote the place2--the coins1 the ancient geographers2--all read 2 which has also been acquiesced in by every critical ,editor of the ,n4 ,t4--7excepting always ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort71 from the invention of ,printing till now4 ,but because these two misguided men1 without apology1 explanation1 note or comment of any kind1 have adopted 8,melitene0 into their text1 is the ,church of ,england to be dragged through the mire also1 and made ridiculous in the eyes of ,christendom8 ,this blunder moreover is 8gross as a mountain1 open1 palpable40 ,one glance at the place1 written in uncials1 explains how it arose3--4 ,some stupid scribe 7as the reader sees7 has connected the first syllable of with the last syllable of 47#eef7 ,that is all6 ,the blunder--7for a blunder it most certainly is7--belongs to the age and country in which 8,melitene0 was by far the more familiar word1 being the name of the metropolitan see of ,armenia27#eeg7 mention of which crops up in the ,concilia repeatedly47#eeh7 7#b7 and 7#d7 ,the second and the fourth group may be considered together4 ,the former comprises those words of which the less exact rendering finds place in the ,text3--the latter1 8,alternative renderings in difficult and debateable passages40 ,we presume that here our attention is specially invited to such notes as the following4 ,against #a ,cor4 xv4 #cd1--8;,awake out of drunkenness righteously03--against ,s4 ,john i4 #ad1--8;an only begotten from a father03--against #a ,pet4 iii4 #bj1--8;into which few1 that is1 eight souls1 were brought safely through water03--against #b ,pet4 iii4 #g1--8stored with fire03--against ,s4 ,john xviii4 #cg1--8,thou sayest it1 because ,i am a king03--against ,ephes4 iii4 #ba1--8;,all the generations of the age of the ages03--against ,jude ver4 #ad1--8;,his holy myriads03--against ,heb4 xii4 #ah1--8;a palpable and kindled fire03--against ,lu4 xv4 #ca1--8;,child1 thou art ever with me03--against ,matth4 xxi4 #bh1--8;,child1 go work to-day in my vineyard03--against xxiv4 #c1--8,what shall be the sign of ,thy presence1 and of the consummation of the age80--against ,tit4 i4 #b1--8;before times eternal03 against ,mk4 iv4 #bi1--8,when the fruit alloweth and why not #8yieldeth itself'81 straightway he sendeth forth the sickle03--against ,ephes4 iv4 #ag1--8through every joint of the supply03--against ver4 #bi1--8the building up of the need03--against ,lu4 ii4 #bi1--8,master1 now lettest thou ,thy bondservant depart in peace03--against ,acts iv4 #bd1--8,o ,master1 thou that didst make the heaven and the earth03--against ,lu4 i4 #gh1--8;,because of the heart of mercy of our ,,god40 ,concerning all such renderings we will but say1 that although they are unquestionably better in the ,margin than in the ,text2 it also admits no manner of doubt that they would have been best of all in neither4 ,were the ,revisionists serious when they suggested as the more 8exact0 rendering of #b ,pet4 i4 #bj1--8,no prophecy of ,scripture is of special interpretation08 ,and what did they mean 7#a ,pet4 ii4 #b7 by 8the spiritual milk which is without guile08 ,not a few marginal glosses might have been dispensed with4 ,thus1 against 1 upwards of #ej times stands the ,annotation1 8,or1 teacher40--1 7another word of perpetual recurrence17 is every time explained to mean 8a loaf40 ,but is this reasonable8 seeing that 7,luke xiv4 #a7 can mean nothing else but 8to eat bread03 not to mention the petition for 8daily bread0 in the ,,lord',s prayer4 ,these learned men1 however1 do not spare us even when mention is made of 8taking the children's bread and casting it to the dogs0 7,mk4 vii4 #bg73 while in the enquiry1--8,if a son shall ask bread of any of you that is a father0 7,lu4 xi4 #aa71 8loaf0 is actually thrust into the text4--,we cannot understand why such marked favour has been shown to similar easy words4 1 occurring upwards of #ajj times in the ,new ,testament1 is invariably honoured 7sometimes as in ,jo4 xv4 #ae twice in the course of the same verse7 with #b lines to itself1 to explain that in ,greek it is 8bondservant40--,about #fj times1 is explained in the margin to be 8demon0 in the ,greek4--,it has been deemed necessary #ae times to devote three lines to explain the value of 8a penny40--,whenever is rendered 8,son10 we are molested with a marginal annotation1 to the effect that the ,greek word means 8child40 ,had the ,revisionists been consistent1 the margins would not nearly have sufficed for the many interesting details of this nature with which their knowledge of ,greek would have furnished them4 ,may we be allowed to suggest1 that it would have been better worth while to explain to the unlearned that in ,s4 ,peter's vision 7,acts x4 #aa2 xi4 #e7 in strictness means not 8corners10 but 8beginnings0 cf4 ,gen4 ii4 #aj3--that 7in ,lu4 xv4 #bb7 is literally 8the first0 cf4 ,gen4 iii4 #g 7not 8the best07 8robe03--that 7e4g4 in ,lu4 xvi4 #aa3 ,jo4 i4 #i3 vi4 #cb2 and especially in xv4 #a and ,heb4 viii4 #b and ix4 #bd7 means 8very0 or 8real10 rather than 8true08--,and when two different words are employed in ,greek 7as in ,s4 ,jo4 xxi4 #ae1 #af1 #ag3--,s4 ,mk4 vii4 #cc1 #ce1 c4 c471 would it not have been as well to try to represent them in ,english8 ,for want of such assistance1 no unlearned reader of ,s4 ,matth4 iv4 #ah1 #bj1 #ba3 ,s4 ,mk4 i4 #af1 #ah1 #ai3 ,s4 ,lu4 v4 #b1--will ever be able to understand the precise circumstances under which the first four ,apostles left their 8nets40 7#c7 ,the third group consists of ,explanatory ,notes required by the obscurity of the original4 ,such must be the annotation against ,s4 ,luke i4 #ae 7explanatory of 8strong drink071--8,gr4 sikera40 ,and yet1 the word 77 happens to be not ,greek1 but ,hebrew4--,on the other hand1 such must be the annotation against 1 in ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #bb3--8,or1 ,moreh1 a ,hebrew expression of condemnation20 which statement is incorrect4 ,the word proves to be not ,hebrew1 but ,greek4--,and this1 against 8,maran atha0 in #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb1--8,that is1 ,our ,,lord cometh30 which also proves to be a mistake4 ,the phrase means 8,our ,,lord is come10--which represents a widely different notion47#eei7--,surely a room-full of learned men1 volunteering to put the ,n4 ,t4 to-rights1 ought to have made more sure of their elementary facts before they ventured to compromise the ,church of ,england after this fashion6--,against 8the husks which the swine did eat0 7,lu4 xv4 #af71 we find1 8,gr4 the pods of the carob tree10--which is really not true4 ,the ,greek word is 1--which only signifies 8the pods of the carob tree10 as 8,french beans0 signifies 8the pods of the ,phaseolus vulgaris40--,by the way1 it is quite certain that in ,matth4 xviii4 #f and ,lu4 xvii4 #b 7not ,mk4 xi4 #db7 signifies 8a mill-stone turned by an ass08 ,hilary certainly thought so3 but is that thing at all likely8 ,what if it should appear that merely denotes the upper mill-stone 7 1 as ,s4 ,mark calls it1--the stone that grinds71 and which we know was called by the ancients87#efj7--,why is 8the brook ,cedron0 7,jo4 xviii4 #a7 first spelt 8,kidron10 and then explained to mean 8ravine of the cedars08 which 8,kidron0 no more means that 8,kishon0 means 8of the ivies10--7though the ,septuagintal usage ,judges iv4 #ac3 ,ps4 lxxxiii4 #i shows that was in its common ,hellenistic designation74 ,as for calling the ,kidron 8a ravine10 you might as well call 8,mercury0 in 8,tom quad0 8a lake40 8,infelictious0 is the mildest epithet we can bestow upon marginal annotations crude1 questionable1--even inaccurate as these4 ,then further1 8,simon1 the son of ,jona0 7in ,s4 ,john i4 #db and xxi4 #ae71 is for the first time introduced to our notice by the ,revisionists as 8the son of ,john30 with an officious marginal annotation that in ,greek the name is written 8,ioanes40 ,but is it fair in the ,revisers 7we modestly ask7 to thrust in this way the btises of their favourite codex ,b upon us8 ,in no codex in the world except the ,vatican codex ,b1 is 8,ioannes0 spelt 8,ioanes0 in this place4 ,besides1 the name of ,simon ,peter's father was not 8,john0 at all1 but 8,jona10--as appears from ,s4 ,matth4 xvi4 #ag1 and the present two places in ,s4 ,john's ,gospel2 where the evidence against 8,ioannes0 is overwhelming4 ,this is in fact the handy-work of ,dr4 ,hort4 ,but surely the office of marginal notes ought to be to assist1 not to mislead plain readers3 honestly1 to state facts1--not1 by a side-wind1 to commit the ,church of ,england to a new 7and absurd7 ,textual theory6 ,the actual ,truth1 we insist1 should be stated in the margin1 whenever unnecessary information is gratuitously thrust upon unlearned and unsuspicious readers4444 ,thus1 we avow that we are offended at reading 7against ,s4 ,john i4 #ah7--8,many very ancient authorities read #8,,god only begotten' 03 whereas the 8authorities0 alluded to read 1--7whether with or without the article prefixed17--which 7as the ,revisionists are perfectly well aware7 means 8the only-begotten ,,god10 and no other thing4 ,why then did they not say so8 ,because 7we answer7--they were ashamed of the expression4 ,but to proceed4--,the information is volunteered 7against ,matth4 xxvi4 #cf and ,mk4 xiv4 #cb7 that means 8an enclosed piece of ground10--which is not true4 ,the statement seems to have proceeded from the individual who translated 7in ,mk4 xi4 #d7 the 8open street30 whereas the word merely denotes the 8highway10--literally the 8thoroughfare40 ,a very little real familiarity with the ,septuagint would have secured these ,revisers against the perpetual exposure which they make of themselves in their marginal ,notes4--7a7 1 for instance1 is quite an ordinary expression for 8always10 and therefore should not be exhibited 7in the margin of ,s4 ,matth4 xxviii4 #bj7 as a curiosity1--8,gr4 all the days40--,so 7b7 with respect to the word 1 which seems to have greatly exercised the ,revisionists4 ,what need1 every time it occurs1 to explain that means literally 8unto the ages of the ages08 ,surely 7as in ,ps4 xlv4 #f1 quoted ,heb4 i4 #h17 the established rendering 78for ever and ever07 is plain enough and needs no gloss6--,again1 7c7 the numeral 1 representing the ,hebrew substitute for the indefinite article1 prevails throughout the ,septuagint4 ,examples of its use occur in the ,n4 ,t4 in ,s4 ,matth4 viii4 #ai and ix4 #ah2-xxvi4 #fi 7 71 ,mk4 xii4 #db3 and in ,rev4 viii4 #ac3 ix4 #ac3 xviii4 #ba and xix4 #ag2--where 8one scribe10 8one ruler10 8one widow10 8one eagle10 8one voice10 8one angel10 are really nothing else but mistranslations4 ,true1 that is found in the original ,greek3 but what then8 ,because 8une0 means 8one10 will it be pretended that 8,tu es une bte0 would be properly rendered 8,thou art one beast08 7d7 ,far more serious is the substitution of 8having a great priest over the house of ,,god0 7,heb4 x4 #ba71 for 8having an high priest30 inasmuch as this obscures 8the pointed reference to our ,,lord as the antitype of the ,jewish high priest10--who 7except in ,lev4 iv4 #c7 is designated1 not 1 but either 1 or else only1--as in ,acts v4 #bd7efa74444 ,and 7e7 why are we presented with 8,for no word from ,,god shall be void of power0 7in ,s4 ,luke i4 #cg78 ,seeing that the ,greek of that place has been fashioned on the ,septuagintal rendering of ,gen4 xviii4 #ad 78,is anything too hard for the ,,lord807#efb771 we venture to think that the ,a4 ,v4 78for with ,,god nothing shall be impossible07#efc77 ought to have been let alone4 ,it cannot be mended4 ,one is surprised to discover that among so many respectable ,divines there seems not to have been one sufficiently familiar with the ,septuagint to preserve his brethren from perpetually falling into such mistakes as the foregoing4 ,we really had no idea that the ,hellenistic scholarship of those who represented the ,church and the ,sects in the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 was so inconsiderable4 ,two or three of the foregoing examples refer to matters of a recondite nature4 ,not so the majority of the ,annotations which belong to this third group2 which we have examined with real astonishment--and in fact have remarked upon already4 ,shall we be thought hard to please if we avow that we rather desiderate 8,explanatory ,notes0 on matters which really do call for explanation8 as1 to be reminded of what kind was the 8net0 77 mentioned in ,matth4 iv4 #ah 7not #bj71 and ,mk4 i4 #af 7not #ah73--to see it explained 7against ,matth4 ii4 #bc7 that netser 7the root of 8,nazareth07 denotes 8,branch30--and against ,matth4 iii4 #e2 ,lu4 iii4 #c1 that 1 signifies 8the depressed valley of the ,jordan10 as the usage of the ,,lxx4 proves47#efd7 ,we should have been glad to see1 against ,s4 ,lu4 ix4 #ca1--8;,gr4 ,exodus40--,at least in the margin1 we might have been told that 8,olivet0 is the true rendering of ,lu4 xix4 #bi and xxi4 #cg3 7or were the ,revisionists not aware of the fact8 ,they are respectfully referred to the ,bp4 of ,lincoln's note on the place last quoted47--,nay1 why not tell us 7against ,matth4 i4 #ba7 that 8,,jesus0 means not 8,saviour10 but 8,,jehovah is ,salvation08 ,but above all1 surely so many learned men ought to have spared us the absurd ,annotation set against 8ointment of spikenard0 7 17 in ,s4 ,mark xiv4 #c and in ,s4 ,john xii4 #c4 ,their marginal ,note is as follows3-- 8,gr4 pistic nard1 pistic being perhaps a local name4 ,others take it to mean genuine2 others liquid40 ,can ,scholars require to be told that 8liquid0 is an impossible sense of in this place8 ,the epithet so interpreted must be derived 7like ,prom4 ,v4 v4 #dhi7 from 1 and would mean drinkable3 but since ointment cannot be drunk1 it is certain that we must seek the etymology of the word elsewhere4 ,and why should the weak ancient conjecture be retained that it is 8perhaps a local name08 ,do ,divines require to have it explained to them that the one 8locality0 which effectually fixes the word's meaning1 is its place in the everlasting ,gospel8444 ,be silent on such lofty matters if you will1 by all means2 but 8who are these that darken counsel by words without knowledge80 ,s4 ,mark and ,s4 ,john 7whose narratives by the way never touch exclusively except in this place7#efe77 are observed here to employ an ordinary word with lofty spiritual purpose4 ,the pure faith 77 in which that offering of the ointment was made1 determines the choice of an unusual epithet 77 which shall signify 8faithful0 rather than 8genuine10--shall suggest a moral rather than a commercial quality3 just as1 presently1 ,mary's 8breaking0 the box 77 is designated by a word which has reference to a broken heart47#eff7 ,she 8contrited0 it1 ,s4 ,mark says2 and ,s4 ,john adds a statement which implies that the ,church has been rendered fragrant by her act for ever47#efg7 7,we trust to be forgiven for having said a little more than the occasion absolutely requires47 7#e7 ,under which of the four previous 8groups0 certain ,annotations which disfigure the margin of the first chapter of ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel1 should fall1--we know not4 ,let them be briefly considered by themselves4 ,so dull of comprehension are we1 that we fail to see on what principle it is stated that--8,ram10 8,asa10 8,amon10 8,shealtiel10 are in ,greek 78,gr407 8,aram10 8,asaph10 8,amos10 8,salathiel40 ,for 7#a71--,surely it was just as needful 7or just as needless7 to explain that 8,perez10 8,zarah10 8,hezron10 8,nahson10 are in ,greek 8,phares10 8,zara10 8,esrom10 8,naasson40--,but 7#b71 ,through what 8necessity0 are the names1 which we have been hitherto contented to read as the ,evangelist wrote them1 now exhibited on the first page of the ,gospel in any other way87#efh7--7c7 ,assuming1 however1 the ,o4 ,t4 spelling is to be adopted1 then let us have it explained to us why 8,jeconiah0 in ver4 #aa is not written 8,jehoiakim08 7,as for 8,jeconiah0 in ver4 #ab1--;it was for the ,revisionists to settle whether they would call him 8,jehoiachin10 8,jeconiah10 or 8,coniah40 ,by the way1--,is it lawful to suppose that they did not know that 8,jechonias0 here represents two different persons87--,on the other hand1 7#d7 8,amos0 probably1--8,asaph0 certainly1--are corrupt exhibitions of 8,amon0 and 8,asa30 and1 if noticed at all1 should have been introduced to the reader's notice with the customary formula1 8some ancient authorities10 c4--,to proceed--7#e71 ,why substitute 8,immanuel0 7for 8,emmanuel07 in ver4 #bc1--only to have to state in the margin that ,s4 ,matthew writes it 8,emmanuel08 ,by strict parity of reasoning1 against 8,naphtali0 7in ch4 iv4 #ac1 #ae71 the ,revisionists ought to have written 8,gr4 ,nephthaleim40--,and 7#f71 ,if this is to be the rule1 then why are we not told that 8,mary is in #8,gr4 ,mariam' 08 and why is not ,zacharias written 8,zachariah08444 ,but 7to conclude71--,what is the object of all this officiousness8 and 7its unavoidable adjunct7 all this inconsistency8 ,has the spelling of the #db names been revolutionized1 in order to sever with the ,past and to make 8a fresh departure08 ,or were the four marginal notes added only for the sake of obtaining1 by a side-wind1 the 7apparent7 sanction of the ,church to the preposterous notion that 8,asa0 was written 8,asaph0 by the ,evangelist--in conformity with six ,,mss4 of bad character1 but in defiance of ,history1 documentary ,evidence1 and internal ,probability8 ,canon ,cook pp4 #bc-bd has some important remarks on this4 ,x4 ,we must needs advert again to the ominous admission made in the ,revisionists' ,preface 7iii4 #b init471 that to some extent they recognized the duty of a 8rigid adherence to the rule of translating1 as far as possible1 the same ,greek word by the same ,english word40 ,this mistaken principle of theirs lies at the root of so much of the mischief which has befallen the ,authorized ,version1 that it calls for fuller consideration at our hands than it has hitherto 7viz4 at pp4 #ach and #aeb7 received4 ,the 8,translators0 of #afaa1 towards the close of their long and quaint ,address 8to the ,reader10 offer the following statement concerning what had been their own practice3--8,we have not tied ourselves0 7say they7 8to an uniformity of phrasing1 or to an identity of words1 as some peradventure would wish that we had done40 ,on this1 they presently enlarge4 ,we have been 8especially careful10 have even 8made a conscience10 8not to vary from the sense of that which we had translated before1 if the word signified the same thing in both places40 ,but then1 7as they shrewdly point out in passing17 8there be some words that be not of the same sense everywhere40 ,and had this been the sum of their avowal1 no one with a spark of ,taste1 or with the least appreciation of what constitutes real ,scholarship1 would have been found to differ from them4 ,nay1 even when they go on to explain that they have not thought it desirable to insist on invariably expressing 8the same notion0 by employing 8the same particular word20--7which they illustrate by instancing terms which1 in their account1 may with advantage be diversely rendered in different places27--we are still disposed to avow ourselves of their mind4 8,if0 7say they17 8we translate the ,hebrew or ,greek word once purpose1 never to call it intent2 if one where journeying1 never travelling2 if one where think1 never suppose2 if one where pain1 never ache2 if one where joy1 never gladness2--thus to mince the matter1 we thought to savour more of curiosity than of wisdom40 ,and yet it is plain that a different principle is here indicated from that which went before4 ,the remark 8that niceness in words was always counted the next step to trifling10 suggests that1 in the ,translators' opinion1 it matters little which word1 in the several pairs of words they instance1 is employed2 and that1 for their own parts1 they rather rejoice in the ease and freedom which an ample vocabulary supplies to a ,translator of ,holy ,scripture4 ,here also however1 as already hinted1 we are disposed to go along with them4 ,rhythm1 subtle associations of thought1 proprieties of diction which are rather to be felt than analysed1--any of such causes may reasonably determine a ,translator to reject 8purpose10 8journey10 8think10 8pain10 8joy10--in favour of 8intent10 8travel10 8suppose10 8ache10 8gladness40 ,but then it speedily becomes evident that1 at the bottom of all this1 there existed in the minds of the ,revisionists of #afaa a profound 7shall we not rather say a prophetic87 consciousness1 that the fate of the ,english ,language itself was bound up with the fate of their ,translation4 ,hence their reluctance to incur the responsibility of tying themselves 8to an uniformity of phrasing1 or to an identity of words40 ,we should be liable to censure 7such is their plain avowal71 8if we should say1 as it were1 unto certain words1 ,stand up higher1 have a place in the ,bible always2 and to others of like quality1 ,get you hence1 be banished for ever40 ,but this1 to say the least1 is to introduce a distinct and a somewhat novel consideration4 ,we would not be thought to deny that there is some--perhaps a great deal--of truth in it3 but by this time we seem to have entirely shifted our ground4 ,and we more than suspect that1 if a jury of ,english scholars of the highest mark could be impanelled to declare their mind on the subject thus submitted to their judgment1 there would be practical unanimity among them in declaring1 that these learned men1--with whom all would avow hearty sympathy1 and whose taste and skill all would eagerly acknowledge1--have occasionally pushed the license they enunciate so vigorously1 a little--perhaps a great deal--too far4 ,for ourselves1 we are glad to be able to subscribe cordially to the sentiment on this head expressed by the author of the ,preface of #ahha3 8,they seem0--7he says1 speaking of the ,revisionists of #afaa7--8to have been guided by the feeling that their ,version would secure for the words they used a lasting place in the language2 and they express a fear lest they should #8be charged 7by scoffers7 with some unequal dealing towards a great number of good ,english words1' which1 without this liberty on their part1 would not have a place in the pages of the ,english ,bible4 ,still it cannot be doubted that their studied avoidance of uniformity in the rendering of the same words1 even when occurring in the same context1 is one of the blemishes in their work40--,preface1 7i4 #b74 ,yes1 it cannot be doubted4 ,when ,s4 ,paul1 in a long and familiar passage 7#b ,cor4 i4 #c-g71 is observed studiously to linger over the same word 7 namely1 which is generally rendered 8comfort072--to harp upon it2--to reproduce it ten times in the course of those five verses2--it seems unreasonable that a ,translator1 as if in defiance of the ,apostle1 should on four occasions 7viz4 when the word comes back for the #fth1 #gth1 #ith1 and #ajth times71 for 8comfort0 substitute 8consolation40 ,and this one example may serve as well as a hundred4 ,it would really seem as if the ,revisionists of #afaa had considered it a graceful achievement to vary the ,english phrase even on occasions where a marked identity of expression characterizes the original ,greek4 ,when we find them turning 8goodly apparel10 7in ,s4 ,james ii4 #b17 into 8gay clothing10 7in ver4 #c17--we can but conjecture that they conceived themselves at liberty to act exactly as ,s4 ,james himself would 7possibly7 have acted had he been writing ,english4 ,but if the learned men who gave us our ,a4 ,v4 may be thought to have erred on the side of excess1 there can be no doubt whatever1 7at least among competent judges17 that our ,revisionists have sinned far more grievously and with greater injury to the ,deposit1 by their slavish proclivity to the opposite form of error4 ,we must needs speak out plainly3 for the question before us is not1 ,what defects are discoverable in our ,authorized ,version8--but1 ,what amount of gain would be likely to accrue to the ,church if the present ,revision were accepted as a substitute8 ,and we assert without hesitation1 that the amount of certain loss would so largely outweigh the amount of possible gain1 that the proposal may not be seriously entertained for a moment4 ,as well on grounds of ,scholarship and ,taste1 as of ,textual ,criticism 7as explained at large in our former ,article71 the work before us is immensely inferior4 ,to speak plainly1 it is an utter failure4 ,,xi4 ,for the respected ,authors of it practically deny the truth of the principle enunciated by their predecessors of #afaa1 viz4 that 8there be some words that be not of the same sense everywhere40 ,on such a fundamental truism we are ashamed to enlarge3 but it becomes necessary that we should do so4 ,we proceed to illustrate1 by two familiar instances1--the first which come to hand1--the mischievous result which is inevitable to an enforced uniformity of rendering4 7a7 ,the verb confessedly means 8to ask40 ,and perhaps no better general ,english equivalent could be suggested for it4 ,but then1 in a certain context1 8ask0 would be an inadequate rendering3 in another1 it would be improper3 in a third1 it would be simply intolerable4 ,of all this1 the great ,scholars of #afaa showed themselves profoundly conscious4 ,accordingly1 when this same verb 7in the middle voice7 is employed to describe how the clamorous rabble1 besieging ,pilate1 claimed their accustomed privilege1 7viz4 to have the prisoner of their choice released unto them17 those ancient men1 with a fine instinct1 retain ,tyndale's rendering 8desired07#efi7 in ,s4 ,mark 7xv4 #h71--;and his 8required0 in ,s4 ,luke 7xxiii4 #bc74--,when1 however1 the humble entreaty1 which ,joseph of ,arimathea addressed to the same ,pilate 7viz4 that he might be allowed to take away the ,body of ,,jesus71 is in question1 then the same ,scholars 7following ,tyndale and ,cranmer71 with the same propriety exhibit 8begged40--,king ,david1 inasmuch as he only 8desired to find a habitation for the ,,god of ,jacob10 of course may not be said to have 8asked0 to do so2 and yet ,s4 ,stephen 7,acts vii4 #df7 does not hesitate to employ the verb 4--,so again1 when they of ,tyre and ,sidon approached ,herod whom they had offended3 they did but 8desire0 peace47#egj7--,s4 ,paul1 in like manner1 addressing the ,ephesians3 8,i desire that ye faint not at my tribulations for you407#ega7 ,but our ,revisionists1--possessed with the single idea that means 8to ask0 and 8to ask for10--have proceeded mechanically to inflict that rendering on every one of the foregoing passages4 ,in defiance of propriety1--of reason1--even 7in ,david's case7 of historical truth17#egb7--they have thrust in 8asked0 everywhere4 ,at last1 however1 they are encountered by two places which absolutely refuse to submit to such iron bondage4 ,the terror-stricken jailer of ,philippi1 when he 8asked0 for lights1 must needs have done so after a truly imperious fashion4 ,accordingly1 the 8called for07#egc7 of ,tyndale and all subsequent translators1 is pro hc vice allowed by our ,revisionists to stand4 ,and to conclude1--,when ,s4 ,paul1 speaking of his supplications on behalf of the ,christians at ,colosse1 uses this same verb 77 in a context where 8to ask0 would be intolerable1 our ,revisionists render the word 8to make request207#egd7--though they might just as well have let alone the rendering of all their predecessors1--viz4 8to desire40 ,these are many words1 but we know not how to make them fewer4 ,let this one example1 7only because it is the first which presented itself17 stand for a thousand others4 ,apart from the grievous lack of ,taste 7not to say of ,scholarship7 which such a method betrays1--who sees not that the only excuse which could have been invented for it has disappeared by the time we reach the end of our investigation8 ,if 1 had been invariably translated 8ask10 8ask for10 it might at least have been pretended that 8the ,english ,reader is in this way put entirely on a level with the ,greek ,scholar20--though it would have been a vain pretence1 as all must admit who understand the power of language4 ,once make it apparent that just in a single place1 perhaps in two1 the ,translator found himself forced to break through his rigid uniformity of rendering1--and what remains but an uneasy suspicion that then there must have been a strain put on the ,evangelists' meaning in a vast proportion of the other seventy places where occurs8 ,an unlearned reader's confidence in his guide vanishes2 and he finds that he has had not a few deflections from the ,authorized ,version thrust upon him1 of which he reasonably questions alike the taste and the necessity1--e4g4 at ,s4 ,matth4 xx4 #bj4 7b7 ,but take a more interesting example4 ,in ,s4 ,mark i4 #ah1 the ,a4 ,v4 has1 8and straightway they forsook0 7which the ,revisionists alter into 8left07 8their nets40 ,why8 ,because in verse #bj1 the same word will recur2 and because the ,revisionists propose to let the statement 78they left their father ,zebedee07 stand4 ,they 8level up0 accordingly2 and plume themselves on their consistency4 ,we venture to point out1 however1 that the verb is one of a large family of verbs which1--always retaining their own essential signification1--yet depend for their ,english rendering entirely on the context in which they occur4 ,thus1 is rightly rendered 8to suffer10 in ,s4 ,matth4 iii4 #ae2--8to leave10 in iv4 #aa2--8to let have10 in v4 #dj2--8to forgive10 in vi4 #ab1 #ad1 #ae2--8to let10 in vii4 #d2--8to yield up10 in xxvii4 #ej2--8to let go10 in ,s4 ,mark xi4 #f2--8to let alone10 in xiv4 #f4 ,here then1 by the admission of the ,revisionists1 are eight diversities of meaning in the same word4 ,but they make the admission grudgingly2 and1 in order to render as often as possible 8leave10 they do violence to many a place of ,scripture where some other word would have been more appropriate4 ,thus 8laying aside0 might have stood in ,s4 ,mark vii4 #h4 8,suffered0 7or 8let07 was preferable in ,s4 ,luke xii4 #ci4 ,and1 7to return to the place from which we started17 in ,s4 ,mark i4 #ah1 8forsook0 was better than 8left40 ,and why8 ,because men 8leave their father10 7as the ,collect for ,s4 ,james's ,day bears witness72 but 8forsake all covetous desires0 7as the ,collect for ,s4 ,matthew's ,day aptly attests74 ,for which reason1--8,and they all forsook ,him0 was infinitely preferable to 8and they all left ,him1 and fled10 in ,s4 ,mark xiv4 #ej4 ,we insist that a vast deal more is lost by this perpetual disregard of the idiomatic proprieties of the ,english language1 than is gained by a pedantic striving after uniformity of rendering1 only because the ,greek word happens to be the same4 ,for it is sure sometimes to happen that what seems mere licentiousness proves on closer inspection to be unobtrusive ,scholarship of the best kind4 ,an illustration presents itself in connection with the word just now before us4 ,it is found to have been our ,,saviour',s practice to 8send away0 the multitude whom ,he had been feeding or teaching1 in some formal manner1--whether with an act of solemn benediction1 or words of commendatory prayer1 or both4 ,accordingly1 on the memorable occasion when1 at the close of a long day of superhuman exertion1 ,his bodily powers succumbed1 and the ,disciples were fain to take ,him 8as ,he was0 in the ship1 and at once ,he 8fell asleep20--on that solitary occasion1 the ,disciples are related to have 8sent away the multitudes10--i4e4 to have formally dismissed them on ,his behalf1 as they had often seen their ,master do4 ,the word employed to designate this practice on two memorable occasions is 37#ege7 on the other two1 47#egf7 ,this proves to have been perfectly well understood as well by the learned authors of the ,latin ,version of the ,n4 ,t41 as by the scholars who translated the ,gospels into the vernacular of ,palestine4 ,it has been reserved for the boasted learning of the ,x,i,xth century to misunderstand this little circumstance entirely4 ,the ,r4 ,v4 renders ,s4 ,matth4 xiii4 #cf1--not 8,then ,,jesus sent the multitude away0 78dimissis turbis0 in every ,latin copy17 but--8,then ,he left the multitudes40 ,also ,s4 ,mark iv4 #cf1--not 8,and when they had sent away the multitude10 7which the ,latin always renders 8et dimittentes turbam107 but--8,and leaving the multitude40 ,would it be altogether creditable1 we respectfully ask1 if at the end of #ahjj years the ,church of ,england were to put forth with authority such specimens of 8,revision0 as these8 7c7 ,we will trouble our ,readers with yet another illustration of the principle for which we are contending4--,we are soon made conscious that there has been a fidgetty anxiety on the part of the ,revisionists1 everywhere to substitute 8maid0 for 8damsel0 as the rendering of 4 ,it offends us4 8,a damsel named ,rhoda107#egg7--;and the 8damsel possessed with a spirit of divination107#egh7--might 7we think7 have been let alone4 ,but out of curiosity we look further1 to see what these gentlemen will do when they come to ,s4 ,luke xii4 #de4 ,here1 because has been 7properly7 rendered 8menservants10 1 they 7not unreasonably7 render 8maid-servants10--whereby they break their rule4 ,the crucial place is behind4 ,what will they do with the ,divine 8,allegory0 in ,galatians1 7iv4 #ba to #ca17--where all turns on the contrast7#egi7 between the and the 1--the fact that ,hagar was a 8bondmaid0 whereas ,sarah was a 8free woman08 8,maid0 clearly could not stand here4 8,maid-servant0 would be intolerable4 ,what is to be done8 ,the ,revisionists adopt a third variety of reading1--thus surrendering their principle entirely4 ,and what reader with a spark of taste1 7we confidently ask the question17 does not resent their substitution of 8handmaid0 for 8bondmaid0 throughout these verses8 ,who will deny that the mention of 8bondage0 in verses #bd and #be claims1 at the hands of an intelligent ,english translator1 that he shall avail himself of the admirable and helpful equivalent for which1 as it happens1 the ,english language possesses8 ,more than that4 ,who--7except one who is himself 8in bondage--with his children07--who does not respond gratefully to the exquisite taste and tact with which 8bondmaid0 itself has been exchanged for 8bondwoman0 by our translators of #afaa1 in verses #bc1 #cj and #ca8444 ,verily1 those men understood their craft6 8,there were giants in those days40 ,as little would they submit to be bound by the new cords of the ,philistines as by their green withes4 ,upon occasion1 they could shake themselves free from either4 ,and why8 ,for the selfsame reason3 viz4 because the ,,spirit of their ,,god was mightily upon them4 ,our contention1 so far1 has been but this1--that it does not by any means follow that identical ,greek words and expressions1 wherever occurring1 are to be rendered by identical words and expressions in ,english4 ,we desire to pass on to something of more importance4 ,let it not be supposed that we make light of the difficulties which our ,revisionists have had to encounter2 or are wanting in generous appreciation of the conscientious toil of many men for many years2 or that we overlook the perils of the enterprise in which they have seen fit to adventure their reputation4 ,if ever a severe expression escapes us1 it is because our ,revisionists themselves seem to have so very imperfectly realized the responsibility of their undertaking1 and the peculiar difficulties by which it is unavoidably beset4 ,the truth is1--as all who have given real thought to the subject must be aware1--the phenomena of ,language are among the most subtle and delicate imaginable3 the problem of ,translation1 one of the most manysided and difficult that can be named4 ,and if this holds universally1 in how much greater a degree when the book to be translated is ,,the ,,bible6 ,here1 anything like a mechanical levelling up of terms1 every attempt to impose a pre-arranged system of uniform rendering on words1--every one of which has a history and 7so to speak7 a will of its own1--is inevitably destined to result in discomfiture and disappointment4 ,but what makes this so very serious a matter is that1 because ,,holy ,,scripture is the ,book experimented upon1 the loftiest interests that can be named become imperilled2 and it will constantly happen that what is not perhaps in itself a very serious mistake may yet inflict irreparable injury4 ,we subjoin an humble illustration of our meaning--the rather1 because it will afford us an opportunity for penetrating a little deeper into the proprieties of ,scriptural ,translation3-- 7d7 ,the place of our ,,lord',s ,burial1 which is mentioned upwards of #cj times in the ,gospels1 is styled in the original1 4 ,this appellation is applied to it three times by ,s4 ,matthew2--six times by ,s4 ,mark2--eight times by ,s4 ,luke27#ehj7--;eleven times by ,s4 ,john4 ,only on four occasions1 in close succession1 does the first ,evangelist call it by another name1 viz4 47#eha7 ,king ,james's translators 7following ,tyndale and ,cranmer7 decline to notice this diversity1 and uniformly style it the 8sepulchre40 ,so long as it belonged to ,joseph of ,arimathea1 they call it a 8tomb0 7,matth4 xxvii4 #fj73 when once it has been appropriated by 8the ,,lord of ,glory10 in the same verse they give it a different ,english appellation4 ,but our ,revisionists of #ahha1 as if bent on 8making a fresh departure10 everywhere substitute 8tomb0 for 8sepulchre0 as the rendering of 4 ,does any one ask1--,and why should they not8 ,we answer1 ,because1 in connection with 8the ,sepulchre0 of our ,,lord1 there has grown up such an ample literature and such a famous history1 that we are no longer able to sever ourselves from those environments of the problem1 even if we desired to do so4 ,in all such cases as the present1 we have to balance the ,loss against the ,gain4 ,quite idle is it for the pedant of #ahha to insist that and are two different words4 ,we do not dispute the fact4 7,then1 if he must1 let him represent in some other way47 ,it remains true1 notwithstanding1 that the receptacle of our ,,saviour',s ,body after ,his dissolution will have to be spoken of as 8the ,holy ,sepulchre0 till the end of time2 and it is altogether to be desired that its familiar designation should be suffered to survive unmolested on the eternal page1 in consequence4 ,there are1 after all1 mightier laws in the ,universe than those of grammar4 ,in the quaint language of our ,translators of #afaa3 8,for is the ,kingdom of ,,god become words or syllables8 ,why should we be in bondage to them if we may be free80444 ,as for considerations of etymological propriety1 the nearest ,english equivalent for 7be it remembered7 is not 8tomb10 but 8monument40 7e7 ,our ,revisionists seem not to be aware that #bgj years of undisturbed possession have given to certain words rights to which they could not else have pretended1 but of which it is impossible any more to dispossess them4 ,it savours of folly as well as of pedantry even to make the attempt4 occurs #cj1-- #ba times1--in the ,n4 ,t4 ,etymologically1 both words alike mean 8teaching20 and are therefore indifferently rendered 8doctrina0 in the ,vulgate17#ehb7--;for which reason1 8doctrine0 represents both words indifferently in our ,a4 ,v47#ehc7 ,but the ,revisers have well-nigh extirpated 8,,doctrine0 from the ,n4 ,t43 7#ast71 ,by making 8teaching10 the rendering of 17#ehd7--7reserving 8doctrine0 for 7#ehe773 and 7#bndly71 ,by #f times substituting 8teaching0 7once1 8learning07 for 8doctrine10 in places where occurs47#ehf7 ,this is to be lamented every way4 ,the word cannot be spared so often4 ,the 8teachings0 of our ,,lord and of ,his ,apostles were the 8doctrines0 of ,christianity4 ,when ,s4 ,paul speaks of 8the doctrine of baptisms0 7,heb4 vi4 #b71 it is simply incomprehensible to us why 8the teaching of baptisms0 should be deemed a preferable expression4 ,and if the warning against being 8carried about with every wind of doctrine10 may stand in ,ephes4 iv4 #ad1 why may it not be left standing in ,heb4 xiii4 #i8 7f7 ,in the same spirit1 we can but wonder at the extravagant bad taste which1 at the end of #ejj years1 has ventured to substitute 8bowls0 for 8vials0 in the ,book of ,revelation47#ehg7 ,as a matter of fact1 we venture to point out that no more means 8a bowl0 than 8saucer0 means 8a cup40 ,but1 waiving this1 we are confident that our ,revisers would have shown more wisdom if they had let alone a word which1 having no ,english equivalent1 has passed into the sacred vocabulary of the language1 and has acquired a conventional signification which will cleave to it for ever4 8,vials of wrath0 are understood to signify the outpouring of ,,god',s wrathful visitations on mankind3 whereas 8bowls0 really conveys no meaning at all1 except a mean and unworthy1 not to say an inconveniently ambiguous one4 ,what must be the impression made on persons of very humble station1--labouring-men1--when they hear of 8the seven ,angels that had the seven bowls08 7,rev4 xvii4 #a47 ,the 1--if we must needs talk like ,antiquaries--is a circular1 almost flat and very shallow vessel1--of which the contents can be discharged in an instant4 ,it was used in pouring out libations4 ,there is1 at that back of it1 in the centre1 a hollow for the first joint of the forefinger to rest in4 ,patera the ,latins called it4 ,specimens are to be seen in abundance4 ,the same ,revisionists have also fallen foul of the 8alabaster box of ointment40--for which they have substituted 8an alabaster cruse of ointment407#ehh7 ,but what is a 8cruse08 ,their marginal note says1 8,or1 #8a flask3' 0 but once more1 what is 8a flask08 ,certainly1 the receptacles to which that name is now commonly applied1 7e4g4 a powder-flask1 a ,florence flask1 a flask of wine1 c47 bear no resemblance whatever to the vase called 4 ,the probability is that the receptacle for the precious ointment with which the sister of ,lazarus provided herself1 was likest of all to a small medicine-bottle 7lecythus the ancients called it71 made however of alabaster4 ,specimens of it abound4 ,but why not let such words alone8 ,the same ,critics have had the good sense to leave standing 8the bag10 for what was confessedly a box7#ehi7 7,s4 ,john xii4 #f3 xiii4 #bi72 and 8your purses0 for what in the ,greek is unmistakably 8your girdles07#eij7 7,s4 ,matth4 x4 #i74 ,we can but repeat that possession for five centuries conveys rights which it is always useless1 and sometimes dangerous1 to dispute4 8,vials0 will certainly have to be put back into the ,apocalypse4 7g7 ,having said so much about the proposed rendering of such unpromising vocables as ----1 it is time to invite the ,reader's attention to the calamitous fate which has befallen certain other words of infinitely greater importance4 ,and first for --a substantive noun unknown to the heathen1 even as the sentiment which the word expresses proves to be a grace of purely ,christian growth4 ,what else but a real calamity would be the sentence of perpetual banishment passed by our ,revisionists on 8that most excellent gift1 the gift of ,charity10 and the general substitution of 8,love0 in its place8 ,do not these learned men perceive that 8,love0 is not an equivalent term8 ,can they require to be told that1 because of ,s4 ,paul's exquisite and life-like portrait of 8,,charity10 and the use which has been made of the word in sacred literature in consequence1 it has come to pass that the word 8,charity0 connotes many ideas to which the word 8,love0 is an entire stranger8 that 8,love10 on the contrary1 has come to connote many unworthy notions which in 8,charity0 find no place at all8 ,and if this be so1 how can our ,revisionists expect that we shall endure the loss of the name of the very choicest of the ,christian graces1--and which1 if it is nowhere to be found in ,scripture1 will presently come to be only traditionally known among mankind1 and will in the end cease to be a term clearly understood8 ,have the ,revisionists of #ahha considered how firmly this word 8,charity0 has established itself in the phraseology of the ,church1--ancient1 medival1 modern1--as well as in our ,book of ,common ,prayer8 how thoroughly it has vindicated for itself the right of citizenship in the ,english language8 how it has entered into our common vocabulary1 and become one of the best understood of 8household words08 ,of what can they have been thinking when they deliberately obliterated from the thirteenth chapter of ,s4 ,paul's #ast ,epistle to the ,corinthians the ninefold recurrence of the name of 8that most excellent gift1 the gift of ,,charity08 7h7 ,with equal displeasure1 but with even sadder feelings1 we recognize in the present ,revision a resolute elimination of 8,,miracles0 from the ,n4 ,t4--,not so1 7we shall be eagerly reminded17 but only of their ,name4 ,true1 but the two perforce go together1 as every thoughtful man knows4 ,at all events1 the getting rid of the ,name1--7except in the few instances which are enumerated below17--will in the account of millions be regarded as the getting rid of the thing4 ,and in the esteem of all1 learned and unlearned alike1 the systematic obliteration of the signifying word from the pages of that ,book to which we refer exclusively for our knowledge of the remarkable thing signified1--cannot but be looked upon as a memorable and momentous circumstance4 ,some1 it may be1 will be chiefly struck by the foolishness of the proceeding3 for at the end of centuries of familiarity with such a word1 we are no longer able to part company with it1 even if we were inclined4 ,the term has struck root firmly in our ,literature3 has established itself in the terminology of ,divines3 has grown into our common speech4 ,but further1 even were it possible to get rid of the words 8,miracle0 and 8,miraculous10 what else but abiding inconvenience would be the result8 for we must still desire to speak about the things2 and it is a truism to remark that there are no other words in the language which connote the same ideas4 ,what therefore has been gained by substituting 8sign0 for 8miracle0 on some #ai or #bj occasions--78this beginning of his signs did ,,jesus10--8this is again the second sign that ,,jesus did07--we really fail to see4 ,that the word in the original is 1 and that means 8a sign10 we are aware4 ,but what then8 ,because 1 in strictness1 means 8a messenger10--1 8a writing10--1 8an actor10--1 8an assembly10--1 8good tidings10--1 8an overseer10--1 8one that dips10--1 8a garden10--1 8a learner10--1 8favour30--are we to forego the established ,english equivalents for these words1 and never more to hear of 8grace10 8disciple10 8,paradise10 8,baptist10 8,bishop10 8,gospel10 8,church10 8hypocrite10 8,scripture10 8,angel08 ,is it then desired to revolutionize our sacred terminology8 or at all events to sever with the ,past1 and to translate the ,scriptures into ,english on etymological principles8 ,we are amazed that the first proposal to resort to such a preposterous method was not instantly scouted by a large majority of those who frequented the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,the words under consideration are not only not equivalent1 but they are quite dissimilar4 ,all 8signs0 are not 8,miracles107#eia7 though all 8,miracles0 are undeniably 8signs40 ,would not a marginal annotation concerning the original word1 as at ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #h1 have sufficed8 ,and why was the term 8,miracle0 as the rendering of 7#eib7 spared only on that occasion in the ,gospels2 and only in connection with ,s4 ,peter's miracle of healing the impotent man1 in the ,acts87#eic7 ,we ask the question not caring for an answer4 ,we are merely bent on submitting to our ,readers1 whether1--especially in an age like the present of wide-spread unbelief in the ,miraculous1--it was a judicious proceeding in our ,revisionists almost everywhere to substitute 8,sign0 for 8,miracle0 as the rendering of 4 7i7 ,every bit as offensive1 in its way1 is a marginal note respecting the ,third ,person in the ,trinity1 which does duty at ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #ah3 ,s4 ,mark i4 #h3 ,s4 ,luke i4 #ae3 ,acts i4 #b3 ,rom4 v4 #e3 ,heb4 ii4 #d4 ,as a rule1 in short1 against every fresh first mention of 8the ,,holy ,,ghost10 five lines are punctually devoted to the remark1--8,or1 ,holy ,spirit3 and so throughout this book40 ,now1 as ,canon ,cook very fairly puts the case1-- 8,does this imply that the marginists object to the word #8,,ghost'8 ,if so1 it must be asked1 ,on what grounds8 ,certainly not as an archaism4 ,the word is in every ,churchman's mouth continually4 ,for the sake of consistency8 ,but ,dr4 ,vance ,smith complains bitterly of the inconsistency of his colleagues in reference to this very question1--see his ,texts and ,margins1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #de4 ,i would not suggest a doctrinal bias3 but to prove that it had no influence1 a strong1 if not unanimous1 declaration on the part of the ,revisers is called for4 ,dr4 ,vance ,smith alleges this notice as one of the clearest proofs that the ,revisers ought in consistency to discard the word as #8a poor and almost obsolete equivalent for ,spirit4' 07#eid7 ,but in fact when one of the ,revisionists openly claims1 on behalf of the ,revision1 that 8in the most substantial sense10 7whatever that may happen to mean17 it is 8contrary to fact0 8that the doctrines of popular ,theology remain unaffected1 untouched by the results of the ,revision107#eie7--;,charity itself is constrained to use language which by a certain school will be deemed uncharitable4 ,if doctrinal prepossession had no share in the production under review1--why is no protest publicly put forth against such language as the foregoing1 when employed by a conspicuous ,member of the ,revisionist body8 7j7 ,in a similar spirit to that which dictated our remarks on the attempted elimination of 8,miracles0 from the ,n4 ,t4 of the future1--we altogether disapprove of the attempt to introduce 8is ,epileptic10 as the rendering of 1 in ,s4 ,matth4 xvii4 #ae4 ,the miracle performed on 8the lunatic child0 may never more come abroad under a different name4 ,in a matter like this1 #ejj years of occupation1 7or rather #agjj1 for 8lunaticus0 is the reading of all the ,latin copies17 constitute a title which may not be disputed4 8,,epileptic0 is a sorry gloss--not a translation4 ,even were it demonstrable that ,epilepsy exclusively exhibits every feature related in connection with the present case27#eif7 and that sufferers from ,epilepsy are specially affected by the moon's changes1 7neither of which things are certainly true73 even so1 the ,revisionists would be wholly unwarranted in doing violence to the ,evangelist's language1 in order to bring into prominence their own private opinion that what is called 8,lunacy0 here 7and in ch4 iv4 #bd7 is to be identified with the ordinary malady called 8,epilepsy40 ,this was confessedly an extraordinary case of demoniacal possession7#eig7 besides4 ,the ,revisionists have in fact gone out of their way in order to introduce us to a set of difficulties with which before we had no acquaintance4 ,and after all1 the ,english reader desires to know--not1 by any means1 what two-thirds of the ,revisionists conjecture was the matter with the child1 but--what the child's ,father actually said was the matter with him4 ,now1 the ,father undeniably did not say that the child was 8,epileptic10 but that he was 8,lunatic40 ,the man employed a term which 7singular to relate7 has its own precise ,english equivalent2--a term which embodies to this hour 7as it did anciently7 the popular belief that the moon influences certain forms of disease4 ,with the advance of ,science1 civilized nations surrender such ,beliefs2 but they do not therefore revolutionize their ,terminology4 8,the advance of ,science10 however1 has nothing whatever to do with the ,translation of the word before us4 ,the ,author of this particular rendering 7begging his pardon7 is open to a process 8de lunatico inquirendo0 for having imagined the contrary4 7k7 ,the foregoing instances suggest the remark1 that the ,ecclesiastical ,historian of future years will point with concern to the sad evidences that the ,church had fallen on evil days when the present ,revision was undertaken4 ,with fatal fidelity does it1 every here and there1 reflect the sickly hues of 8modern ,thought10 which is too often but another name for the latest phase of ,unfaithfulness4 ,thus1 in view of the present controversy about the ,eternity of ,future ,punishment1 which has brought into prominence a supposed distinction between the import of the epithets 8,,eternal0 and 8,,everlasting10--how painful is it to discover that the latter epithet1 7which is the one objected to by the unbelieving school17 has been by our ,revisionists diligently excluded7#eih7 every time it occurs as the translation of 1 in favour of the more palatable epithel 8eternal06 ,king ,james's ,translators showed themselves impartial to a fault4 ,as if to mark that1 in their account1 the words are of identical import1 they even introduced both words into the same verse7#eii7 of ,scripture4 ,is it fair that such a body of men as the ,revisionists of #ahha1 claiming the sanction of the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province1 should1 in a matter like the present1 throw all their weight into the scale of ,misbelief8 ,they were authorized only to remove 8plain and clear errors40 ,they were instructed to introduce 8as few changes as possible40 ,why have they needlessly gone out of their way1 on the contrary1 indirectly to show their sympathy with those who deny what has been the ,church's teaching for #ahjj years8 ,our ,creeds1 ,te ,deum1 ,litany1 ,offices1 ,articles1--our whole ,prayer ,book1 breathes a different spirit and speaks a different language4444 ,have our ,revisionists persuaded the ,old ,testament company to follow their example8 ,it will be calamitous if they have4 ,there will be serious discrepancy of teaching between the ,old and the ,new ,testament if they have not4 7l7 ,what means also the fidgetty anxiety manifested throughout these pages to explain away1 or at least to evacuate1 expressions which have to do with ,,eternity8 ,why1 for example1 is 8the world 77 to come10 invariably glossed 8the age to come08 and so persistently explained in the margin to mean1 8unto the ages08 7,see the margin of ,rom4 ix4 #e4 ,are we to read 8,,god blessed unto the ages087 ,also 1 8unto the ages of the ages08 ,surely we1 whose language furnishes expressions of precisely similar character 7viz4 8for ever10 and 8for ever and ever071 might dispense with information hazy and unprofitable as this6 7m7 ,again4 ,at a period of prevailing unbelief in the ,,inspiration of ,scripture1 nothing but real necessity could warrant any meddling with such a testimony on the subject as is found in #b ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,we have hitherto been taught to believe that 8,all ,scripture is given by inspiration of ,,god and is profitable10 c4 ,the ancients7#fjj7 clearly so understood ,s4 ,paul's words3 and so do the most learned and thoughtful of the moderns4 1 even if it be interpreted 8every ,scripture10 can only mean every portion of those of which the ,apostle had been speaking in the previous verse2 and therefore must needs signify the whole of ,scripture47#fja7 ,so that the expression 8all ,scripture0 expresses ,s4 ,paul's meaning exactly1 and should not have been disturbed4 ,but--8,it is very difficult0 7so at least thinks the ,right ,rev4 ,chairman of the ,revisers7 8to decide whether is a part of the predicate1 being the simple copula2 or whether it is a part of the subject4 ,lexicography and grammar contribute but little to a decision40 ,not so thought ,bishop ,middleton4 8,i do not recollect0 7he says7 8any passage in the ,n4 ,t4 in which two ,adjectives1 apparently connected by the copulative1 were intended by the writer to be so unnaturally disjoined4 ,he who can produce such an instance1 will do much towards establishing the plausibility of a translation1 which otherwise must appear1 to say the least of it1 to be forced and improbable40--,and yet it is proposed to thrust this 8forced and improbable0 translation on the acceptance of all ,english-speaking people1 wherever found1 on the plea of necessity6 ,our ,revisionists translate1 8,every ,scripture inspired of ,,god is also profitable10 c41--which of course may be plausibly declared to imply that a distinction is drawn by the ,apostle himself between inspired and uninspired ,scripture4 ,and pray1 7we should be presently asked17 is not many a ,scripture 7or writing7 8profitable for teaching10 c4 which is not commonly held to be 8inspired of ,,god08444 ,but in fact the proposed rendering is inadmissible1 being without logical coherence and consistency4 ,the utmost that could be pretended would be that ,s4 ,paul's assertion is that 8every portion of ,scripture being inspired0 7i4e4 inasmuch as it is--because it is--inspired72 8is also profitable10 c4 ,else there would be no meaning in the 4 ,but1 in the name of common sense1 if this be so1 why have the blessed words been meddled with8 7n7 ,all are unhappily familiar with the avidity with which the disciples of a certain ,school fasten upon a mysterious expression in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel 7xiii4 #cb71 which seems to predicate concerning the ,eternal ,,son1 limitation in respect of ,knowledge4 ,this is not the place for vindicating the ,catholic ,doctrine of the ,,son',s 8equality with the ,,father as touching ,his ,g,o,dhead20 or for explaining that1 in consequence1 all things that the ,,father hath1 7the knowledge of 8that ,day and ,hour0 included17 the ,,son hath likewise47#fjb7 ,but this is the place for calling attention to the deplorable circumstance that the clause 8neither the ,,son10 which has an indisputable right to its place in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 has on insufficient authority by our ,revisionists been thrust into ,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #cf1 where it has no business whatever1 and from which the word 8only0 effectually excludes it47#fjc7 ,we call attention to this circumstance with sincere sorrow3 but it is sorrow largely mixed with indignation4 ,what else but the betrayal of a sacred trust is it when ,divines appointed to correct manifest errors in the ,english of the ,n4 ,t4 go out of their way to introduce an error like this into the ,greek ,text which ,catholic ,antiquity would have repudiated with indignation1 and for which certainly the plea of 8necessity0 cannot be pretended8 7o7 ,a ,,marginal ,,annotation set over against ,romans ix4 #e is the last thing of this kind to which we shall invite attention4 ,s4 ,paul declares it to be ,israel's highest boast and glory that of them1 8as concerning the flesh came ,,christ1 who is over all things1 ,,god blessed for ever6 ,amen40 ,a grander or more unequivocal testimony to our ,,lord',s eternal ,g,o,dhead is nowhere to be found in ,scripture4 ,accordingly1 these words have been as confidently appealed to by faithful ,doctors of the ,church in every age1 as they have been unsparingly assailed by unbelievers4 ,the dishonest shifts by which the latter seek to evacuate the record which they are powerless to refute or deny1 are paraded by our ill-starred ,revisionists in the following terms3-- 8,some modern ,interpreters place a full stop after flesh1 and translate1 ,he who is ,god over all be 7is7 blessed for ever3 or1 ,he who is over all is ,god1 blessed for ever4 ,others punctuate1 flesh1 who is over all4 ,god be 7is7 blessed for ever40 ,now this is a matter1--let it be clearly observed1--which1 7as ,dr4 ,hort is aware17 8belongs to ,interpretation1--and not to ,textual ,criticism407#fjd7 ,what business then has it in these pages at all8 ,is it then the function of ,divines appointed to revise the ,authorized ,version1 to give information to the #ij millions of ,english-speaking ,christians scattered throughout the world as to the unfaithfulness of 8some modern ,interpreters087#fje7 ,we have hitherto supposed that it was 8,ancient authorities0 exclusively1--7whether 8a few10 or 8some10 or 8many107--to which we are invited to submit our judgment4 ,how does it come to pass that the ,socinian gloss on this grand text 7,rom4 ix4 #e7 has been brought into such extraordinary prominence8 ,did our ,revisionists consider that their marginal note would travel to earth's remotest verge1--give universal currency to the view of 8some modern ,interpreters10--and in the end 8tell it out among the heathen0 also8 ,we refer to ,manuscripts1--,versions1--,fathers3 and what do we find8 7#a7 ,it is demonstrable that the oldest ,codices1 besides the whole body of the cursives1 know nothing about the method of 8some modern ,interpreters407#fjf7--7b7 8,there is absolutely not a shadow1 not a tittle of evidence1 in any of the ancient ,versions1 to warrant what they do407#fjg7--7c7 ,how then1 about the old ,fathers8 for the sentiments of our best modern ,divines1 as ,pearson and ,bull1 we know by heart4 ,we find that the expression 8who is over all things1 ,,god blessed for ever0 is expressly acknowledged to refer to our ,,saviour by the following #fj illustrious names3-- ,irenus17#fjh7--;,hippolytus in #c places17#fji7--,origen17#faj7--,malchion 1 in the name of six of the ,bishops at the ,council of ,antioch1 ,a4,d4 #bfi17faa7--ps4-,dionysius ,alex41 twice17#fab7--the ,constt4 ,app417#fac7--;,athanasius in #f places17#fad7--;,basil in #b places17#fae7--;,didymus in #e places17#faf7--;,greg4 ,nyssen4 in #e places17#fag7--;,epiphanius in #e places17#fah7--,theodoras ,mops417#fai7--,methodius17#fbj7--;,eust athius17#fba7--;,eulogius1 twice17#fbb7--;,csarius1 #c times17#fbc7--,theophilus ,alex41 twice17#fbd7--,nestorius17#fbe7--,theodo tus of ,ancyra17#fbf7--,proclus1 twice17#fbg7--,severianus ,bp4 of ,gabala17#fbh7--;,chrysostom1 #h times17#fbi7--;,cyril ,alex41 #ae times17#fcj7--,paulus ,bp4 of ,emesa17#fca7--,theodoret1 #ab times17#fcb7--;,gennadius1 ,abp4 of ,c4 ,p417#fcc7--,severus1 ,abp4 of ,antioch17#fcd7--;,amphilochius17#fce7-- ;,gelasius ,cyz417#fcf7--;,anastasius ,ant417#fcg7--,leontius ,byz41 #c times17#fch7--,maximus17#fci7--;,j4 ,damascene1 #c times47#fdj7 ,besides of the ,latins1 ,tertullian1 twice17#fda7--;,cyprian17#fdb7--,novatia n1 twice17#fdc7--;,ambrose1 #e times17#fdd7--,palladius the ,arian at the ,council of ,aquileia17#fde7--;,hilary1 #g times17#fdf7--;,jerome1 twice17#fdg7--;,augustine1 about #cj times1--,victorinus17#fdh7--the ,breviarium1 twice17#fdi7--,marius ,mercator17#fej7--;,cassian1 twice17#fea7--;,alcimus ,avit417#feb7--;,fulgentius1 twice17#fec7--,leo1 ,bp4 of ,rome1 twice17#fed7--;,ferrandus1 twice17#fee7--;,facundus37#fef7--to whom must be added #f ancient writers1 of whom #c7feg7 have been mistaken for ,athanasius1--and #c7feh7 for ,chrysostom4 ,all these see in ,rom4 ix4 #e1 a glorious assertion of the eternal ,g,o,dhead of ,,christ4 ,against such an overwhelming torrent of ,patristic testimony1--for we have enumerated upwards of sixty ancient ,fathers--it will not surely be pretended that the ,socinian interpretation1 to which our ,revisionists give such prominence1 can stand4 ,but why has it been introduced at all8 ,we shall have every ,christian reader with us in our contention1 that such perverse imaginations of 8modern ,interpreters0 are not entitled to a place in the margin of the ,n4 ,t4 ,for our ,revisionists to have even given them currency1 and thereby a species of sanction1 constitutes in our view a very grave offence47#fei7 ,a public retraction and a very humble ,apology we claim at their hands4 ,indifferent ,scholarship1 and mistaken views of ,textual ,criticism1 are at least venial matters4 ,but a ,socinian gloss gratuitously thrust into the margin of every ,englishman's ,n4 ,t4 admits of no excuse--is not to be tolerated on any terms4 ,it would by itself1 in our account1 have been sufficient to determine the fate of the present ,revision4 ,,xii4 ,are we to regard it as a kind of set-off against all that goes before1 that in an age when the personality of ,satan is freely called in question1 8,,the ,,evil ,,one0 has been actually thrust into the ,lord's ,prayer8 ,a more injudicious and unwarrantable innovation it would be impossible to indicate in any part of the present unhappy volume4 ,the case has been argued out with much learning and ability by two eminent ,divines1 ,bp4 ,lightfoot and ,canon ,cook4 ,the ,canon remains master of the field4 ,that the change ought never to have been made is demonstrable4 ,the grounds of this assertion are soon stated4 ,to begin1 7#a7 ,it is admitted on all hands that it must for ever remain a matter of opinion only whether in the expression 1 the nominative case is 7as in ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #cg1 #ci3 ,rom4 xii4 #i71 or 7as in ,s4 ,matth4 xiii4 #ai1 #ch3 ,eph4 vi4 #af71--;either of which yields a good sense4 ,but then--7#b7 ,the ,church of ,england in her formularies having emphatically declared that1 for her part1 she adheres to the former alternative1 it was in a very high degree unbecoming for the ,revisionists to pretend to the enjoyment of certain knowledge that the ,church of ,england in so doing was mistaken3 and unless 8from evil0 be 8a clear and plain error10 the ,revisionists were bound to let it alone4 ,next--7#c71 ,it can never be right to impose the narrower interpretation on words which have always been understood to bear the larger sense3 especially when 7as in the present instance7 the larger meaning distinctly includes and covers the lesser3 witness the paraphrase in our ,church ,catechism1--8and that ,he will keep us 7a7 from all sin and wickedness1 and 7b7 from our ghostly enemy1 and 7c7 from everlasting death40--7#d7 ,but indeed ,catholic ,tradition claims to be heard in this behalf4 ,every ,christian at his ,baptism renounces not only 8the ,devil10 but also 8all his works1 the vain pomp and glory of the world1 with all covetous desires of the same1 and the carnal desires of the flesh407#ffj7 ,and at this point--7#e71 ,the voice of an inspired ,apostle interposes in attestation that this is indeed the true acceptation of the last petition in the ,,lord',s ,prayer3 for when ,s4 ,paul says--8the ,,lord will deliver me from every evil work and will preserve me unto ,his heavenly kingdom2 to whom be glory for ever and ever4 ,amen107#ffa7--what else is he referring to but to the words just now under consideration8 ,he explains that in the ,,lord',s ,prayer it is 8from every evil work0 that we pray to be 8delivered40 7,note also1 that he retains the ,doxology47 ,compare the places3-- ,s4 ,matth4 vi4 #ac4-- 4 444 4 4 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ah4-- 444 4444 4 ,then further--7#f71 ,what more unlikely than that our ,,lord would end with giving such prominence to that rebel ,angel whom by dying ,he is declared to have 8destroyed08 7,heb4 ii4 #ad3 #a ,john iii4 #h47 ,for1 take away the ,doxology 7as our ,revisionists propose71 and we shall begin the ,,lord',s ,prayer with 8,,our ,,father10 and literally end it with--the ,devil6--,but above all1--7#g7 ,let it never be forgotten that this is the pattern ,prayer1 a portion of every ,christian child's daily utterance1--the most sacred of all our formularies1 and by far the most often repeated1--into which it is attempted in this way to introduce a startling novelty4 ,lastly--7#h71 ,when it is called to mind that nothing short of necessity has warranted the ,revisionists in introducing a single change into the ,a4 ,v41--8clear and plain errors0--and that no such plea can be feigned on the present occasion1 the liberty which they have taken in this place must be admitted to be absolutely without excuse4444 ,such at least are the grounds on which1 for our own part1 we refuse to entertain the proposed introduction of the ,devil into the ,,lord',s ,prayer4 ,from the position we have taken up1 it will be found utterly impossible to dislodge us4 ,,xiii4 ,it is often urged on behalf of the ,revisionists that over not a few dark places of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles their labours have thrown important light4 ,let it not be supposed that we deny this4 ,many a ,scriptural difficulty vanishes the instant a place is accurately translated3 a far greater number1 when the rendering is idiomatic4 ,it would be strange indeed if1 at the end of ten years1 the combined labours of upwards of twenty ,scholars1 whose raison d'tre as ,revisionists was to do this very thing1 had not resulted in the removal of many an obscurity in the ,a4 ,v4 of ,gospels and ,epistles alike4 ,what offends us is the discovery that1 for every obscurity which has been removed1 at least half a dozen others have been introduced3 in other words1 that the result of this ,revision has been the planting in of a fresh crop of difficulties1 before undreamed of2 so that a perpetual wrestling with these is what hereafter awaits the diligent student of the ,new ,testament4 ,we speak not now of passages which have been merely altered for the worse3 as when1 7in ,s4 ,james i4 #ag1 #ah17 we are invited to read1--8,every good gift and every perfect boon is from above1 coming down from the ,father of lights1 with whom can be no variation1 neither shadow that is cast by turning4 ,of his own will he brought us forth40 ,grievous as such blemishes are1 it is seen at a glance that they must be set down to nothing worse than tasteless assiduity4 ,what we complain of is that1 misled by a depraved ,text1 our ,revisers have often made nonsense of what before was perfectly clear3 and have not only thrust many of our ,,lord',s precious utterances out of sight1 7e4g4 ,matt4 xvii4 #ba3 ,mark x4 #ba and xi4 #bf3 ,luke ix4 #ee1 #ef72 but have attributed to ,him absurd sayings which ,he certainly never uttered1 7e4g4 ,matt4 xix4 #ag72 or else1 given such a twist to what ,he actually said1 that ,his blessed words are no longer recognizable1 7as in ,s4 ,matt4 xi4 #bc3 ,s4 ,mark ix4 #bc3 xi4 #c74 ,take a sample3-- 7#a47 ,the ,church has always understood her ,,lord to say1--8,,father1 ,i will that they also1 whom ,thou hast given ,me1 be with ,me where ,i am2 that they may behold ,my glory407#ffb7 ,we reject with downright indignation the proposal henceforth to read instead1--8,,father1 that which ,thou hast given ,me ,i will that1 where ,i am1 they also may be with ,me10 c4 ,we suspect a misprint4 ,the passage reads like nonsense4 ,yes1 and nonsense it is1--in ,greek as well as in ,english3 7 has been written for --one of the countless btises for which ,b ,d are exclusively responsible2 and which the weak superstition of these last days is for erecting into a new ,revelation74 ,we appeal to the old ,latin and to the ,vulgate1--to the better ,egyptian and to all the ,syriac versions3 to every known ,lectionary3 to ,clemens ,alex417#ffc7--to ,eusebius17#ffd7--to ,nonnus17#ffe7--to ,basil17#fff7--to ,chrysostom17#ffg7--to ,cyril17#ffh7--to ,clestinus17#ffi7--to ,theodoret37#fgj7 not to mention ,cyprian17#fga7--;,ambrose17#fgb7--;,hil ary17#fgc7 c437#fgd7 and above all1 #af uncials1 beginning with ,a and ,c1--and the whole body of the cursives4 ,so many words ought not to be required4 ,if men prefer their 8mumpsimus0 to our 8sumpsimus10 let them by all means have it3 but pray let them keep their rubbish to themselves1--and at least leave our ,,saviour',s words alone4 7#b47 ,we shall be told that the foregoing is an outrageous instance4 ,it is4 ,then take a few milder cases4 ,they abound1 turn whichever way we will4 ,thus1 we are invited to believe that ,s4 ,luke relates concerning our ,,saviour that ,he 8was led by the ,spirit in the wilderness during forty days0 7iv4 #a74 ,we stare at this new revelation1 and refer to the familiar ,greek4 ,it proves to be the ,greek of all the copies in the world but four2 the ,greek which supplied the ,latin1 the ,syrian1 the ,coptic ,churches1 with the text of their respective ,versions2 the ,greek which was familiar to ,origen17#fge7--to ,eusebius17#fgf7--to ,basil17#fgg7--to ,didymus17#fgh7--to ,theodoret17#fgi7--to ,maximus17#fhj7--;and to two other ancient writers1 one of whom has been mistaken for ,chrysostom17#fha7 the other for ,basil47#fhb7 ,it is therefore quite above suspicion4 ,and it informs us that ,,jesus 8was led by the ,spirit into the wilderness20 and there was 8forty days tempted of the ,devil40 ,what then has happened to obscure so plain a statement8 ,nothing more serious than that--7#a7 ,four copies of bad character 7 ,b ,d ,l7 exhibit 8in0 instead of 8into30 and that--7#b7 ,our ,revisionists have been persuaded to believe that therefore ,s4 ,luke must needs have done the same4 ,accordingly they invite us to share their conviction that it was the leading about of our ,,lord1 7and not ,his ,temptation17 which lasted for #dj days4 ,and this sorry misconception is to be thrust upon the #ij millions of ,english-speaking ,christians throughout the world1--under the plea of 8necessity06444 ,but let us turn to a more interesting specimen of the mischievous consequences which would ensue from the acceptance of the present so-called 8,revision40 7#c47 ,what is to be thought of this1 as a substitute for the familiar language of #b ,cor4 xii4 #g8--8;,and by reason of the exceeding greatness of the revelations--wherefore1 that ,i should not be exalted overmuch1 there was given to me a thorn in the flesh40 ,the word 8wherefore0 771 which occasions all the difficulty--7breaking the back of the sentence and necessitating the hypothesis of a change of construction7--is due solely to the influence of ,a ,,bb4 ,the ordinary ,text is recognized by almost every other copy2 by the ,latin1--,syriac1--,gothic1--,armenian ,versions2--as well as by ,irenus17#fhc7--,origen17#fhd7--,macariu s17#fhe7--;,athanasius17#fhf7--;,chrysos tom17#fhg7--,theodoret17#fhh7--;,john ,damascene47#fhi7 ,even ,tischendorf here makes a stand and refuses to follow his accustomed guides47#fij7 ,in plain terms1 the text of #b ,cor4 xii4 #g is beyond the reach of suspicion4 ,scarcely intelligible is the infatuation of which our ,revisers have been the dupes4--,quousque tandem8 7#d47 ,now this is the method of the ,revising body throughout3 viz4 so seriously to maim the ,text of many a familiar passage of ,holy ,writ as effectually to mar it4 ,even where they remedy an inaccuracy in the rendering of the ,a4 ,v41 they often inflict a more grievous injury than mistranslation on the inspired ,text4 ,an instance occurs at ,s4 ,john x4 #ad1 where the good ,shepherd says1--8,i know ,mine own and am known of ,mine1 even as the ,,father knoweth ,me and ,i know the ,father40 ,by thrusting in here the ,manichan depravation 78and ,mine own know ,me071 our ,revisionists have obliterated the exquisite diversity of expression in the original1--which implies that whereas the knowledge which subsists between the ,,father and the ,,son is identical on either side1 not such is the knowledge which subsists between the creature and the ,creator4 ,the refinement in question has been faithfully retained all down the ages by every copy in existence except four of bad character1-- ,b ,d ,l4 ,it is witnessed to by the ,syriac1--by ,macarius17#fia7--;,gregory ,naz417#fib7--;,chrysostom17#fic7--;,cyr il ,alex417#fid7--,theodoret17#fie7--,maxim us47#fif7 ,but why go on8 ,does any one in his sober senses suppose that if ,s4 ,john had written 8,mine own know ,me10 #iif manuscripts out of #ajjj1 at the end of #ahjj years1 would be found to exhibit 8,i am known of ,mine08 7#e47 ,the foregoing instances must suffice4 ,a brief enumeration of many more has been given already1 at pp4 #add7;b7-#aeb4 ,now1 in view of the phenomenon just discovered to us1--7viz4 for one crop of deformities weeded out1 an infinitely larger crop of far grosser deformities as industriously planted in17--we confess to a feeling of distress and annoyance which altogether indisposes us to accord to the ,revisionists that language of congratulation with which it would have been so agreeable to receive their well-meant endeavours4 ,the serious question at once arises1--,is it to be thought that upon the whole we are gainers1 or losers1 by the ,revised ,version8 ,and there seems to be no certain way of resolving this doubt1 but by opening a 8,profit and ,loss account0 with the ,revisers1--crediting them with every item of gain1 and debiting them with every item of loss4 ,but then1--7and we ask the question with sanguine simplicity17--,why should it not be all gain and no loss1 when1 at the end of #bgj years1 a confessedly noble work1 a truly unique specimen of genius1 taste and learning1 is submitted to a body of ,scholars1 equipped with every external advantage1 only in order that they may improve upon it--if they are able8 ,these learned individuals have had upwards of ten years wherein to do their work4 ,they have enjoyed the benefit of the tentative labours of a host of predecessors1--some for their warning1 some for their help and guidance4 ,they have all along had before their eyes the solemn injunction that1 whatever they were not able certainly to improve1 they were to be supremely careful to let alone4 ,they were warned at the outset against any but 8necessary0 changes4 ,their sole business was to remove 8plain and clear errors40 ,they had pledged themselves to introduce 8as few alterations as possible40 ,why then1 we again ask1--,why should not every single innovation which they introduced into the grand old exemplar before them1 prove to be a manifest1 an undeniable change for the better87#fig7 ,,xiv4 ,the more we ponder over this unfortunate production1 the more cordially do we regret that it was ever undertaken4 ,verily1 the ,northern ,convocation displayed a far-sighted wisdom when it pronounced against the project from the first4 ,we are constrained to declare that could we have conceived it possible that the persons originally appointed by the ,southern ,province would have co-opted into their body persons capable of executing their work with such extravagant licentiousness as well as such conspicuous bad taste1 we should never have entertained one hopeful thought on the subject4 ,for indeed every characteristic feature of the work of the ,revisionists offends us1--as well in respect of what they have left undone1 as of what they have been the first to venture to do3-- 7a7 ,charged 8to introduce as few alterations as possible into the ,text of the ,authorized ,version10 they have on the contrary evidently acted throughout on the principle of making as many changes in it as they conveniently could4 7b7 ,directed 8to limit1 as far as possible1 the expression of such alterations to the language of the ,authorized and earlier ,english ,versions10--they have introduced such terms as 8assassin10 8apparition10 8boon10 8disparagement10 8divinity10 8effulgence10 8epileptic10 8fickleness10 8gratulation10 8irksome10 8interpose10 8pitiable10 8sluggish10 8stupor10 8surpass10 8tranquil30 such compounds as 8self-control10 8world-ruler30 such phrases as 8draw up a narrative30 8the impulse of the steersman30 8in lack of daily food30 8exercising oversight40 ,these are but a very few samples of the offence committed by our ,revisionists1 of which we complain4 7c7 ,whereas they were required 8to revise the ,headings of the ,chapters10 they have not even retained them4 ,we demand at least to have our excellent 8,headings0 back4 7d7 ,and what has become of our time-honoured 8,marginal ,references10--the very best ,commentary on the ,bible1 as we believe1--certainly the very best help for the right understanding of ,scripture1--which the wit of man hath ever yet devised8 ,the 8,marginal ,references0 would be lost to the ,church for ever1 if the work of the ,revisionists were allowed to stand3 the space required for their insertion having been completely swallowed up by the senseless1 and worse than senseless1 ,textual ,annotations which at present infest the margin of every sacred page4 ,we are beyond measure amazed that the ,revisionists have even deprived the reader of the essential aid of references to the places of the ,old ,testament which are quoted in the ,new4 7e7 ,let the remark be added in passing1 that we greatly dislike the affectation of printing certain quotations from the ,old ,testament after the strange method adopted by our ,revisers from ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 7f7 ,the further external assimilation of the ,sacred ,volume to an ordinary book by getting rid of the division into ,verses1 we also hold to be a great mistake4 ,in the ,greek1 by all means let the verses be merely noted in the margin3 but1 for more than one weighty reason1 in the ,english ,bible let the established and peculiar method of printing the ,word of ,,god1 tide what tide1 be scrupulously retained4 7g7 ,but incomparably the gravest offence is behind4 ,by far the most serious of all is that ,error to the consideration of which we devoted our former ,article4 ,,the ,,new ,,greek ,,text which1 in defiance of their ,instructions17#fih7 our ,revisionists have constructed1 has been proved to be utterly undeserving of confidence4 ,built up on a fallacy which since #ahca has been dominant in ,germany1 and which has lately found but too much favour among ourselves1 it is in the main a reproduction of the recent labours of ,doctors ,westcott and ,hort4 ,but we have already recorded our conviction1 that the results at which those eminent ,scholars have arrived are wholly inadmissible4 ,it follows that1 in our account1 the 8,new ,english ,version10 has been all along a foredoomed thing4 ,if the 8,new ,greek ,text0 be indeed a tissue of fabricated ,readings1 the translation of these into ,english must needs prove lost labour4 ,it is superfluous to enquire into the merits of the ,english rendering of words which ,evangelists and ,apostles demonstrably never wrote4 7h7 ,even this1 however1 is not nearly all4 ,as ,translators1 full two-thirds of the ,revisionists have shown themselves singularly deficient1--alike in their critical acquaintance with the language out of which they had to translate1 and in their familiarity with the idiomatic requirements of their own tongue4 ,they had a noble ,version before them1 which they have contrived to spoil in every part4 ,its dignified simplicity and essential faithfulness1 its manly grace and its delightful rhythm1 they have shown themselves alike unable to imitate and unwilling to retain4 ,their queer uncouth phraseology and their jerky sentences3--their pedantic obscurity and their stiff1 constrained manner3--their fidgetty affectation of accuracy1--and their habitual achievement of ,english which fails to exhibit the spirit of the original ,greek2--are sorry substitutes for the living freshness1 and elastic freedom1 and habitual fidelity of the grand old ,version which we inherited from our ,fathers1 and which has sustained the spiritual life of the ,church of ,england1 and of all ,english-speaking ,christians1 for #cej years4 ,linked with all our holiest1 happiest memories1 and bound up with all our purest aspirations3 part and parcel of whatever there is of good about us3 fraught with men's hopes of a blessed ,eternity and many a bright vision of the never-ending ,life2--the ,authorized ,version1 wherever it was possible1 should have been jealously retained4 ,but on the contrary4 ,every familiar cadence has been dislocated3 the congenial flow of almost every verse of ,scripture has been hopelessly marred3 so many of those little connecting words1 which give life and continuity to a narrative1 have been vexatiously displaced1 that a perpetual sense of annoyance is created4 ,the countless minute alterations which have been needlessly introduced into every familiar page prove at last as tormenting as a swarm of flies to the weary traveller on a summer's day47#fii7 ,to speak plainly1 the book has been made unreadable4 ,but in fact the distinguished ,chairman of the ,new ,testament ,company 7,bishop ,ellicott17 has delivered himself on this subject in language which leaves nothing to be desired1 and which we willingly make our own4 8,no ,revision0 7he says7 8in the present day could hope to meet with an hour's acceptance if it failed to preserve the tone1 rhythm1 and diction of the present ,authorized ,version407#gjj7--,what else is this but a vaticination1--of which the uninspired ,author1 by his own act and deed1 has ensured the punctual fulfilment8 ,we lay the ,revisers' volume down convinced that the case of their work is simply hopeless4 ,non ego paucis offendar maculis4 ,had the blemishes been capable of being reckoned up1 it might have been worth while to try to remedy some of them4 ,but when1 instead of being disfigured by a few weeds scattered here and there1 the whole field proves to be sown over in every direction with thorns and briars2 above all when1 deep beneath the surface1 roots of bitterness to be counted by thousands1 are found to have been silently planted in1 which are sure to produce poisonous fruit after many days3--under such circumstances only one course can be prescribed4 ,let the entire area be ploughed up1--ploughed deep2 and let the ground be left for a decent space of time without cultivation4 ,it is idle--worse than idle--to dream of revising1 with a view to retaining1 this ,revision4 ,another generation of students must be suffered to arise4 ,time must be given for ,passion and ,prejudice to cool effectually down4 ,partizanship1 7which at present prevails to an extraordinary extent1 but which is wondrously out of place in this department of ,sacred ,learning17--,partizanship must be completely outlived1--before the ,church can venture1 with the remotest prospect of a successful issue1 to organize another attempt at revising the ,authorized ,version of the ,new ,testament ,scriptures4 ,yes1 and in the meantime--7let it in all faithfulness be added7--the ,science of ,textual ,criticism will have to be prosecuted1 for the first time1 in a scholarlike manner4 ,,fundamental ,,principles1--sufficiently axiomatic to ensure general acceptance1--will have to be laid down for men's guidance4 ,the time has quite gone by for vaunting 8the now established ,principles of ,textual ,criticism107#gja7--;as if they had an actual existence4 ,let us be shown1 instead1 which those ,principles be4 ,as for the weak superstition of these last days1 which--without proof of any kind--would erect two ,i,vth-century ,copies of the ,new ,testament1 7demonstrably derived from one and the same utterly depraved archetype17 into an authority from which there shall be no appeal1--it cannot be too soon or too unconditionally abandoned4 ,and1 perhaps beyond all things1 men must be invited to disabuse their minds of the singular imagination that it is in their power1 when addressing themselves to that most difficult and delicate of problems1--the improvement of the ,traditional ,text1--8solvere ambulando407#gjb7 ,they are assured that they may not take to ,textual ,criticism as ducks take to the water4 ,they will be drowned inevitably if they are so ill-advised as to make the attempt4 ,then further1 those who would interpret the ,new ,testament ,scriptures1 are reminded that a thorough acquaintance with the ,septuagintal ,version of the ,old ,testament is one indispensable condition of success47#gjc7 ,and finally1 the ,revisionists of the future 7if they desire that their labours should be crowned71 will find it their wisdom to practise a severe self-denial2 to confine themselves to the correction of 8plain and clear errors20 and in fact to 8introduce into the ,text as few alterations as possible40 ,on a review of all that has happened1 from first to last1 we can but feel greatly concerned3 greatly surprised3 most of all1 disappointed4 ,we had expected a vastly different result4 ,it is partly 7not quite7 accounted for1 by the rare attendance in the ,jerusalem ,chamber of some of the names on which we had chiefly relied4 ,bishop ,moberly 7of ,salisbury7 was present on only #aba occasions3 ,bishop ,wordsworth 7of ,s4 ,andrews7 on only #aji3 ,archbishop ,trench 7of ,dublin7 on only #fc3 ,bishop ,wilberforce on only one4 ,the ,archbishop1 in his ,charge1 adverts to 8the not unfrequent sacrifice of grace and ease to the rigorous requirements of a literal accuracy20 and regards them 8as pushed to a faulty excess0 7p4 #bb74 ,eleven years before the scheme for the present 8,revision0 had been matured1 the same distinguished and judicious ,prelate1 7then ,dean of ,westminster17 persuaded as he was that a ,revision ought to come1 and convinced that in time it would come1 deprecated its being attempted yet4 ,his words were1--8,not however1 ,i would trust1 as yet3 for we are not as yet in any respect prepared for it4 ,the ,greek1 and the ,english which should enable us to bring this to a successful end might1 it is to be feared1 be wanting alike407#gjd7 ,archbishop ,trench1 with wise after-thought1 in a second edition1 explained himself to mean 8that special ,hellenistic ,greek1 here required40 ,the ,bp4 of ,s4 ,andrews has long since1 in the fullest manner1 cleared himself from the suspicion of complicity in the errors of the work before us1--as well in respect of the 8,new ,greek ,text0 as of the 8,new ,english ,version40 ,in the ,charge which he delivered at his ,diocesan ,synod1 7#bbnd ,sept4 #ahhj17 he openly stated that two years before the work was finally completed1 he had felt obliged to address a printed circular to each member of the ,company1 in which he strongly remonstrated against the excess to which changes had been carried2 and that the remonstrance had been1 for the most part1 unheeded4 ,had this been otherwise1 there is good reason to believe that the reception which the ,revision has met with would have been far less unfavourable1 and that many a controversy which it has stirred up1 would have been avoided4 ,we have been assured that the ,bp4 of ,s4 ,andrews would have actually resigned his place in the ,company at that time1 if he had not been led to expect that some opportunity would have been taken by the ,minority1 when the work was finished1 to express their formal dissent from the course which had been followed1 and many of the conclusions which had been adopted4 ,were certain other excellent personages1 7,scholars and ,divines of the best type7 who were often present1 disposed at this late hour to come forward1 they too would doubtless tell us that they heartily regretted what was done1 but were powerless to prevent it4 ,it is no secret that ,dr4 ,lee1--the learned ,archdeacon of ,dublin1--7one of the few really competent members of the ,revising body17--found himself perpetually in the minority4 ,the same is to be recorded concerning ,dr4 ,roberts1 whose work on the ,gospels 7published in #ahfd7 shows that he is not by any means so entirely a novice in the mysteries of ,textual ,criticism as certain of his colleagues4--,one famous ,scholar and excellent ,divine1--a ,dean whom we forbear to name1--with the modesty of real learning1 often withheld what 7had he given it7 would have been an adverse vote4--,another learned and accomplished ,dean 7,dr4 ,merivale71 after attending #ai meetings of the ,revising body1 withdrew in disgust from them entirely4 ,he disapproved the method of his colleagues1 and was determined to incur no share of responsibility for the probable result of their deliberations4--,by the way1--,what about a certain solemn ,protest1 by means of which the ,minority had resolved liberare animas suas concerning the open disregard shown by the ,majority for the conditions under which they had been entrusted with the work of ,revision1 but which was withheld at the last moment8 ,inasmuch as their reasons for the course they eventually adopted seemed sufficient to those high-minded and honourable men1 we forbear to challenge it4 ,nothing however shall deter us from plainly avowing our own opinion that human regards scarcely deserve a hearing when ,,god',s ,truth is imperilled4 ,and that the ,truth of ,,god',s ,word in countless instances has been ignorantly sacrificed by a majority of the ,revisionists--7out of deference to a worthless ,theory1 newly invented and passionately advocated by two of their body71--has been already demonstrated2 as far1 that is1 as demonstration is possible in this subject matter4 ,as for ,prebendary ,scrivener1--the only really competent ,textual ,critic of the whole party1--it is well known that he found himself perpetually outvoted by two-thirds of those present4 ,we look forward to the forthcoming new edition of his ,plain ,introduction1 in the confident belief that he will there make it abundantly plain that he is in no degree responsible for the monstrous ,text which it became his painful duty to conduct through the ,press on behalf of the entire body1 of which he continued to the last to be a member4 ,it is no secret that1 throughout1 ,dr4 ,scrivener pleaded in vain for the general view we have ourselves advocated in this and the preceding ,article4 ,all alike may at least enjoy the real satisfaction of knowing that1 besides having stimulated1 to an extraordinary extent1 public attention to the contents of the ,book of ,life1 they have been instrumental in awakening a living interest in one important but neglected department of ,sacred ,science1 which will not easily be again put to sleep4 ,it may reasonably prove a solace to them to reflect that they have besides1 although perhaps in ways they did not anticipate1 rendered excellent service to mankind4 ,a monument they have certainly erected to themselves1--though neither of their ,taste nor yet of their ,learning4 ,their well-meant endeavours have provided an admirable text-book for ,teachers of ,divinity1--who will henceforth instruct their pupils to beware of the ,textual errors of the ,revisionists of #ahha1 as well as of their tasteless1 injudicious1 and unsatisfactory essays in ,translation4 ,this work of theirs will discharge the office of a warning beacon to as many as shall hereafter embark on the same perilous enterprise with themselves4 ,it will convince men of the danger of pursuing the same ill-omened course3 trusting to the same unskilful guidance3 venturing too near the same wreck-strewn shore4 ,its effect will be to open men's eyes1 as nothing else could possibly have done1 to the dangers which beset the ,revision of ,scripture4 ,it will teach faithful hearts to cling the closer to the priceless treasure which was bequeathed to them by the piety and wisdom of their fathers4 ,it will dispel for ever the dream of those who have secretly imagined that a more exact ,version1 undertaken with the boasted helps of this nineteenth century of ours1 would bring to light something which has been hitherto unfairly kept concealed or else misrepresented4 ,not the least service which the ,revisionists have rendered has been the proof their work affords1 how very seldom our ,authorized ,version is materially wrong3 how faithful and trustworthy1 on the contrary1 it is throughout4 ,let it be also candidly admitted that1 even where 7in our judgment7 the ,revisionists have erred1 they have never had the misfortune seriously to obscure a single feature of ,divine ,truth2 nor have they in any quarter 7as we hope7 inflicted wounds which will be attended with worse results than to leave a hideous scar behind them4 ,it is but fair to add that their work bears marks of an amount of conscientious 7though misdirected7 labour1 which those only can fully appreciate who have made the same province of study to some extent their own4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,westcott ,,and ,,hort',s ,,new ,,textual ,,theory4 8,in the determination of disputed readings1 these ,critics avail themselves of so small a portion of existing materials1 or allow so little weight to others1 that the ,student who follows them has positively less ground for his convictions than former ,scholars had at any period in the history of modern ,criticism40--,,canon ,,cook1 p4 #af4 8,we have no right1 doubtless1 to assume that our ,principles are infallible3 but we have a right to claim that any one who rejects them 444 should confute the ,arguments and rebut the ,evidence on which the opposite conclusion has been founded4 ,strong expressions of ,individual ,opinion are not ,arguments40--,,bp4 ,,ellicott',s ,pamphlet1 7#ahhb17 p4 #dj4 ,our 8method involves vast research1 unwearied patience4444 ,it will therefore find but little favour with those who adopt the easy method 444 of using some favourite ,manuscript1 or some supposed power of divining the ,original ,text40--,,bp4 ,,ellicott1 ,ibid4 p4 #ai4 8,non enim sumus sicut plurimi1 adulterantes 77 verbum ,,dei40--#b ,cor4 ii4 #ag4 8,who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge80--,,job xxxviii4 #b4 8,can the blind lead the blind8 shall they not both fall into the ditch80--,s4 ,,luke vi4 #ci4 ,proposing to ourselves 7,may #agth1 #ahha7 to enquire into the merits of the recent ,revision of the ,authorized ,version of the ,new ,testament ,scriptures1 we speedily became aware that an entirely different problem awaited us and demanded preliminary investigation4 ,we made the distressing discovery1 that the underlying ,greek ,text had been completely refashioned throughout4 ,it was accordingly not so much a 8,revised ,english ,version0 as a 8,new ,greek ,text10 which was challenging public acceptance4 ,premature therefore1--not to say preposterous1--would have been any enquiry into the degree of ability with which the original ,greek had been rendered into ,english by our ,revisionists1 until we had first satisfied ourselves that it was still 8the original ,greek0 with which we had to deal3 or whether it had been the supreme infelicity of a body of ,scholars claiming to act by the authority of the sacred ,synod of ,canterbury1 to put themselves into the hands of some ingenious theory-monger1 and to become the dupes of any of the strange delusions which are found unhappily still to prevail in certain quarters1 on the subject of ,textual ,criticism4 ,the correction of known ,textual errors of course we eagerly expected3 and on every occasion when the ,traditional ,text was altered1 we as confidently depended on finding a record of the circumstance inserted with religious fidelity into the margin1--as agreed upon by the ,revisionists at the outset4 ,in both of these expectations however we found ourselves sadly disappointed4 ,the ,revisionists have not corrected the 8known ,textual errors40 ,on the other hand1 besides silently adopting most of those wretched fabrications which are just now in favour with the ,german school1 they have encumbered their margin with those other ,readings which1 after due examination1 they had themselves deliberately rejected4 ,for why8 ,because1 in their collective judgment1 8for the present1 it would not be safe to accept one ,reading to the absolute exclusion of others407#gje7 ,a fatal admission truly6 ,what are found in the margin are therefore 8alternative ,readings10--in the opinion of these self-constituted representatives of the ,church and of the ,sects4 ,it becomes evident that1 by this ill-advised proceeding1 our ,revisionists would convert every ,englishman's copy of the ,new ,testament into a one-sided ,introduction to the ,critical difficulties of the ,greek ,text2 a labyrinth1 out of which they have not been at the pains to supply him with a single hint as to how he may find his way4 ,on the contrary4 ,by candidly avowing that they find themselves enveloped in the same ,stygian darkness with the ordinary ,english ,reader1 they give him to understand that there is absolutely no escape from the difficulty4 ,what else must be the result of all this but general uncertainty1 confusion1 distress8 ,a hazy mistrust of all ,scripture has been insinuated into the hearts and minds of countless millions1 who in this way have been forced to become doubters1--yes1 doubters in the ,truth of ,revelation itself4 ,one recals sorrowfully the terrible woe denounced by the ,author of ,scripture on those who minister occasions of falling to others3--8,it must needs be that offences come2 but woe to that man by whom the offence cometh60 ,for ourselves1 shocked and offended at the unfaithfulness which could so deal with the sacred ,deposit1 we made it our business to expose1 somewhat in detail1 what had been the method of our ,revisionists4 ,in our ,october number7#gjf7 we demonstrated1 7as far as was possible within such narrow limits17 the utterly untrustworthy character of not a few of the results at which1 after ten years of careful study1 these distinguished ,scholars proclaim to the civilized world that they have deliberately arrived4 ,in our ,january number7#gjg7 also1 we found it impossible to avoid extending our enumeration of ,textual errors and multiplying our proofs1 while we were making it our business to show that1 even had their ,text been faultless1 their ,translation must needs be rejected as intolerable1 on grounds of defective ,scholarship and egregious bad ,taste4 ,the popular verdict has in the meantime been pronounced unmistakably4 ,it is already admitted on all hands that the ,revision has been a prodigious blunder4 ,how it came about that1 with such a first-rate textual ,critic among them as ,prebendary ,scrivener17#gjh7 the ,revisers of #ahha should have deliberately gone back to those vile fabrications from which the good ,providence of ,,god preserved ,erasmus and ,stunica1--,stephens and ,beza and the ,elzevirs1--three centuries ago3--how it happened that1 with so many splendid ,scholars sitting round their table1 they should have produced a ,translation which1 for the most part1 reads like a first-rate school-boy's crib1--tasteless1 unlovely1 harsh1 unidiomatic2--servile without being really faithful1--pedantic without being really learned2--an unreadable ,translation1 in short2 the result of a vast amount of labour indeed1 but of wondrous little skill3--how all this has come about1 it were utterly useless at this time of day to enquire4 ,unable to disprove the correctness of our ,criticism on the ,revised ,greek ,text1 even in a single instance1 certain partizans of the ,revision1--singular to relate1--have been ever since industriously promulgating the notion1 that the ,reviewer's great misfortune and fatal disadvantage all along has been1 that he wrote his first ,article before the publication of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,critical 8,introduction40 ,had he but been so happy as to have been made aware by those eminent ,scholars of the critical principles which have guided them in the construction of their ,text1 how differently must he have expressed himself throughout1 and to what widely different conclusions must he have inevitably arrived6 ,this is what has been once and again either openly declared1 or else privately intimated1 in many quarters4 ,some1 in the warmth of their partizanship1 have been so ill-advised as to insinuate that it argues either a deficiency of moral courage1 or else of intellectual perception1 in the ,reviewer1 that he has not long since grappled definitely with the ,theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--and either published an ,answer to it1 or else frankly admitted that he finds it unanswerable4 7a7 ,all of which strikes us as queer in a high degree4 ,first1 because as a matter of fact we were careful to make it plain that the ,introduction in question had duly reached us before the first sheet of our earlier ,article had left our hands4 ,to be brief1--we made it our business to procure a copy and read it through1 the instant we heard of its publication3 and on our fourteenth page 7see above1 pp4 #bf-h7 we endeavoured to compress into a long foot-note some account of a ,theory which 7we take leave to say7 can appear formidable only to one who either lacks the patience to study it1 or else the knowledge requisite to understand it4 ,we found that1 from a diligent perusal of the ,preface prefixed to the 8limited and private issue0 of #ahgj1 we had formed a perfectly correct estimate of the contents of the ,introduction2 and had already characterized it with entire accuracy at pp4 #bd to #bi of our first ,article4 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,new ,testament in the original ,greek was discovered to 8partake inconveniently of the nature of a work of the ,imagination10--as we had anticipated4 ,we became easily convinced that 8those accomplished ,scholars had succeeded in producing a ,text vastly more remote from the inspired autographs of the ,evangelists and ,apostles of our ,,lord1 than any which has appeared since the invention of ,printing40 7b7 ,but the queerest circumstance is behind4 ,how is it supposed that any amount of study of the last new ,theory of ,textual ,revision can seriously affect a ,reviewer's estimate of the evidential value of the historical facts on which he relies for his proof that a certain exhibition of the ,greek ,text is untrustworthy8 ,the onus probandi rests clearly not with him1 but with those who call those proofs of his in question4 ,more of this1 however1 by and by4 ,we are impatient to get on4 7c7 ,and then1 lastly1--,what have we to do with the ,theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort8 or indeed with the ,theory of any other person who can be named8 ,we have been examining the new ,greek ,text of the ,revisionists4 ,we have condemned1 after furnishing detailed proof1 the results at which--by whatever means--that distinguished body of ,scholars has arrived4 ,surely it is competent to us to upset their conclusion1 without being constrained also to investigate in detail the illicit logical processes by which two of their number in a separate publication have arrived at far graver results1 and often even stand hopelessly apart1 the one from the other6 ,we say it in no boastful spirit1 but we have an undoubted right to assume1 that unless the ,revisionists are able by a stronger array of authorities to set aside the evidence we have already brought forward1 the calamitous destiny of their 8,revision10 so far as the ,new ,testament is concerned1 is simply a thing inevitable4 ,let it not be imagined1 however1 from what goes before1 that we desire to shirk the proposed encounter with the advocates of this last new ,text1 or that we entertain the slightest intention of doing so4 ,we willingly accept the assurance1 that it is only because ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort are virtually responsible for the ,revisers' ,greek ,text1 that it is so imperiously demanded by the ,revisers and their partizans1 that the ,theory of the two ,cambridge ,professors may be critically examined4 ,we can sympathize also with the secret distress of certain of the body1 who now1 when it is all too late to remedy the mischief1 begin to suspect that they have been led away by the hardihood of self-assertion2--overpowered by the facundia prceps of one who is at least a thorough believer in his own self-evolved opinions2--imposed upon by the seemingly consentient pages of ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1 ,westcott and ,hort4--,without further preface we begin4 ,it is presumed that we shall be rendering acceptable service in certain quarters if1--before investigating the particular ,theory which has been proposed for consideration1--we endeavour to give the unlearned ,english ,reader some general notion1 7it must perforce be a very imperfect one17 of the nature of the controversy to which the ,theory now to be considered belongs1 and out of which it has sprung4 ,claiming to be an attempt to determine the ,truth of ,scripture on scientific principles1 the work before us may be regarded as the latest outcome of that violent recoil from the ,traditional ,greek ,text1--that strange impatience of its authority1 or rather denial that it possesses any authority at all1--which began with ,lachmann just #ej years ago 7viz4 in #ahca71 and has prevailed ever since2 its most conspicuous promoters being ,tregelles 7#aheg-gb7 and ,tischendorf 7#ahfe-gb74 ,the true nature of the ,principles which respectively animate the two parties in this controversy is at this time as much as ever1--perhaps more than ever1--popularly misunderstood4 ,the common view of the contention in which they are engaged1 is certainly the reverse of complimentary to the school of which ,dr4 ,scrivener is the most accomplished living exponent4 ,we hear it confidently asserted that the contention is nothing else but an irrational endeavour on the one part to set up the many modern against the few ancient ,witnesses2--the later cursive copies against the 8old ,uncials20--inveterate traditional ,error against undoubted primitive ,truth4 ,the disciples of the new popular school1 on the contrary1 are represented as relying exclusively on ,antiquity4 ,we respectfully assure as many as require the assurance1 that the actual contention is of an entirely different nature4 ,but1 before we offer a single word in the way of explanation1 let the position of our assailants at least be correctly ascertained and clearly established4 ,we have already been constrained to some extent to go over this ground3 but we will not repeat ourselves4 ,the ,reader is referred back1 in the meantime1 to pp4 #ba-bd4 ,lachmann's ruling principle then1 was exclusive reliance on a very few ancient authorities--because they are 8ancient40 ,he constructed his ,text on three or four1--not unfrequently on one or two1--,greek codices4 ,of the ,greek ,fathers1 he relied on ,origen4 ,of the oldest ,versions1 he cared only for the ,latin4 ,to the ,syriac 7concerning which1 see above1 p4 #i71 he paid no attention4 ,we venture to think his method irrational4 ,but this is really a point on which the thoughtful reader is competent to judge for himself4 ,he is invited to read the note at foot of the page47#gji7 ,tregelles adopted the same strange method4 ,he resorted to a very few out of the entire mass of 8ancient ,authorities0 for the construction of his ,text4 ,his proceeding is exactly that of a man1 who--in order that he may the better explore a comparatively unknown region--begins by putting out both his eyes2 and resolutely refuses the help of the natives to show him the way4 ,why he rejected the testimony of every ,father of the ,i,vth century1 except ,eusebius1--it were unprofitable to enquire4 ,tischendorf1 the last and by far the ablest ,critic of the three1 knew better than to reject 8eighty-nine ninetieths0 of the extant witnesses4 ,he had recourse to the ingenious expedient of adducing all the available evidence1 but adopting just as little of it as he chose3 and he chose to adopt those readings only1 which are vouched for by the same little band of authorities whose partial testimony had already proved fatal to the decrees of ,lachmann and ,tregelles4 ,happy in having discovered 7in #ahei7 an uncial codex 77 second in antiquity only to the oldest before known 7,b71 and strongly resembling that famous ,i,vth-century codex in the character of its contents1 he suffered his judgment to be overpowered by the circumstance4 ,he at once 7#ahfe-gb7 remodelled his #gth edition 7#ahef-i7 in #ceje places1--8to the scandal of the science of ,comparative ,criticism1 as well as to his own grave discredit for discernment and consistency407#gaj7 ,and yet he knew concerning ,cod4 1 that at least ten different ,revisers from the ,vth century downwards had laboured to remedy the scandalously corrupt condition of a text which1 8as it proceeded from the first scribe10 even ,tregelles describes as 8very rough407#gaa7 ,but in fact the infatuation which prevails to this hour in this department of sacred ,science can only be spoken of as incredible4 ,enough has been said to show--7the only point we are bent on establishing7--that the one distinctive tenet of the three most famous ,critics since #ahca has been a superstitious reverence for whatever is found in the same little handful of early1--but not the earliest1--nor yet of necessity the purest1--documents4 ,against this arbitrary method of theirs we solemnly1 stiffly remonstrate4 8,strange10 we venture to exclaim1 7addressing the living representatives of the school of ,lachmann1 and ,tregelles1 and ,tischendorf73--8,strange1 that you should not perceive that you are the dupes of a fallacy which is even transparent4 ,you talk of #8,antiquity4' ,but you must know very well that you actually mean something different4 ,you fasten upon three1 or perhaps four1--on two1 or perhaps three1--on one1 or perhaps two1--documents of the ,i,vth or ,vth century4 ,but then1 confessedly1 these are one1 two1 three1 or four specimens only of ,antiquity1--not #8,antiquity' itself4 ,and what if they should even prove to be unfair samples of ,antiquity8 ,thus1 you are observed always to quote cod4 ,b or at least cod4 4 ,pray1 why may not the ,truth reside instead with ,a1 or ,c1 or ,d8--,you quote the old ,latin or the ,coptic4 ,why may not the ,peschito or the ,sahidic be right rather8--,you quote either ,origen or else ,eusebius1--but why not ,didymus and ,athanasius1 ,epiphanius and ,basil1 ,chrysostom and ,theodoret1 the ,gregories and the ,cyrils8444 ,it will appear therefore that we are every bit as strongly convinced as you can be of the paramount claims of #8,antiquity3' but that1 eschewing prejudice and partiality1 we differ from you only in this1 viz4 that we absolutely refuse to bow down before the particular specimens of ,antiquity which you have arbitrarily selected as the objects of your superstition4 ,you are illogical enough to propose to include within your list of #8ancient ,authorities1' codd4 #a1 #cc and #fi1--which are severally ,,mss4 of the ,xth1 ,x,ith1 and ,x,i,vth centuries4 ,and why8 ,only because the ,text of those #c copies is observed to bear a sinister resemblance to that of codex ,b4 ,but then why1 in the name of common sense1 do you not show corresponding favour to the remaining #iig cursive ,copies of the ,n4 ,t41--seeing that these are observed to bear the same general resemblance to codex ,a8444 ,you are for ever talking about #8old ,readings4' ,have you not yet discovered that ,,all #8,readings' are #8,,old'80 ,the last contribution to this department of sacred ,science is a critical edition of the ,new ,testament by ,drs4 ,,westcott and ,,hort4 ,about this1 we proceed to offer a few remarks4 ,i4 ,the first thing here which unfavourably arrests attention is the circumstance that this proves to be the only ,critical ,edition of the ,new ,testament since the days of ,mill1 which does not even pretend to contribute something to our previous critical knowledge of the subject4 ,mill it was 7#agjg7 who gave us the great bulk of our various ,readings2 which ,bengel 7#agcd7 slightly1 and ,wetstein 7#agea-b7 very considerably1 enlarged4--,the accurate ,matthi 7#aghb-h7 acquainted us with the contents of about #ajj codices more2 and was followed by ,griesbach 7#agif-ahjf7 with important additional materials4--,birch had in the meantime 7#aghh7 culled from the principal libraries of ,europe a large assortment of new ,readings3 while truly marvellous was the accession of evidence which ,scholz brought to light in #ahcj4--;,and though ,lachmann 7#ahdb-ej7 did wondrous little in this department1 he yet furnished the critical authority 7such as it is7 for his own unsatisfactory ,text4--,tregelles 7#aheg-gb71 by his exact collations of ,,mss4 and examination of the earliest ,fathers1 has laid the ,church under an abiding obligation3 and what is to be said of ,tischendorf 7#ahef-gb71 who has contributed more to our knowledge than any other editor of the ,n4 ,t4 since the days of ,mill8--,dr4 ,scrivener1 though he has not independently edited the original ,text1 is clearly to be reckoned among those who have1 by reason of his large1 important1 and accurate contributions to our knowledge of ancient documents4 ,transfer his collections of various ,readings to the foot of the page of a copy of the commonly ,received ,text1--and 8,scrivener's ,new ,testament07#gab7 might stand between the editions of ,mill and of ,wetstein4 ,let the truth be told4 ,c4 ,f4 ,matthi and he are the only two ,scholars who have collated any considerable number of sacred ,codices with the needful amount of accuracy47#gac7 ,now1 we trust we shall be forgiven if1 at the close of the preceding enumeration1 we confess to something like displeasure at the oracular tone assumed by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort in dealing with the ,text of ,scripture1 though they admit 7page #ij7 that they 8rely for documentary evidence on the stores accumulated by their predecessors40 ,confident as those distinguished ,professors may reasonably feel of their ability to dispense with the ordinary appliances of ,textual ,criticism2 and proud 7as they must naturally be7 of a verifying faculty which 7although they are able to give no account of it7 yet enables them infallibly to discriminate between the false and the true1 as well as to assign 8a local habitation and a name0 to every word1--inspired or uninspired1--which purports to belong to the ,n4 ,t43--they must not be offended with us if we freely assure them at the outset that we shall decline to accept a single argumentative assertion of theirs for which they fail to offer sufficient proof4 ,their wholly unsupported decrees1 at the risk of being thought uncivil1 we shall unceremoniously reject1 as soon as we have allowed them a hearing4 ,this resolve bodes ill1 we freely admit1 to harmonious progress4 ,but it is inevitable4 ,for1 to speak plainly1 we never before met with such a singular tissue of magisterial statements1 unsupported by a particle of rational evidence1 as we meet with here4 ,the abstruse gravity1 the long-winded earnestness of the writer's manner1 contrast whimsically with the utterly inconsequential character of his antecedents and his consequents throughout4 ,professor ,hort--7for 8the writing of the volume and the other accompaniments of the ,text devolved0 on him17#gad77--;,dr4 ,hort seems to mistake his ,opinions for facts1--his ,assertions for arguments1--and a ,reiteration of either for an accession of evidence4 ,there is throughout the volume1 apparently1 a dread of ,facts which is even extraordinary4 ,an actual illustration of the learned ,author's meaning1--a concrete case1--seems as if it were never forthcoming4 ,at last it comes3 but the phenomenon is straightway discovered to admit of at least two interpretations1 and therefore never to prove the thing intended4 ,in a person of high education1--in one accustomed to exact reasoning1--we should have supposed all this impossible4444 ,but it is high time to unfold the ,introduction at the first page1 and to begin to read4 ,,ii4 ,it opens 7p4 #a-aa7 with some unsatisfactory ,remarks on 8,transmission by ,writing20 vague and inaccurate1--unsupported by one single ,textual reference1--and labouring under the grave defect of leaving the most instructive phenomena of the problem wholly untouched4 ,for1 inasmuch as 8,transmission by writing0 involves two distinct classes of errors1 7#ast7 ,those which are the result of ,accident1--and 7#bndly7 ,those which are the result of ,design1--it is to use a ,reader badly not to take the earliest opportunity of explaining to him that what makes codd4 ,b ,d such utterly untrustworthy guides1 7except when supported by a large amount of extraneous evidence17 is the circumstance that ,design had evidently so much to do with a vast proportion of the peculiar errors in which they severally abound4 ,in other words1 each of those codices clearly exhibits a fabricated ,text1--is the result of arbitrary and reckless ,recension4 ,now1 this is not a matter of opinion1 but of fact4 ,in ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel alone 7collated with the traditional ,text7 the transpositions in codex ,b amount to #bbh1--;affecting #fed words3 in codex ,d1 to #dfd1--;affecting #adja words4 ,proceeding with our examination of the same ,gospel according to ,s4 ,luke1 we find that the words omitted in ,b are #geg1--;in ,d1 #aeeb4 ,the words substituted in ,b amount to #cji1--;in ,d1 to #ajjf4 ,the readings peculiar to ,b are #ach1 and affect #bae words2--those peculiar to ,d1 are #agca1 and affect #djij words4 ,wondrous few of these can have been due to accidental causes4 ,the ,text of one or of both codices must needs be depraved4 7,as for 1 it is so frequently found in accord with ,b1 that out of consideration for our ,readers1 we omit the corresponding figures47 ,we turn to codd4 ,a and ,c--7executed1 suppose1 a hundred years after ,b1 and a hundred years before ,d7--and the figures are found to be as follows3-- ,in ,a4 ,in ,c4 ,the transpositions are #ge #fg affecting #aii words #aig ,the words omitted are #bjh #age ,the words substituted #aaa #aae ,the peculiar readings #ij #hg affecting #aca words #abg ,now1 7as we had occasion to explain in a previous page17#gae77 it is entirely to misunderstand the question1 to object that the preceding ,collation has been made with the ,text of ,stephanus open before us4 ,robert ,etienne in the ,x,v,ith century was not the cause why cod4 ,b in the ,i,vth1 and cod4 ,d in the ,v,ith1 are so widely discordant from one another2 ,a and ,c1 so utterly at variance with both4 ,the simplest explanation of the phenomena is the truest2 namely1 that ,b and ,d exhibit grossly depraved ,texts2--a circumstance of which it is impossible that the ordinary ,reader should be too soon or too often reminded4 ,but to proceed4 ,,iii4 ,some remarks follow1 on what is strangely styled 8,transmission by printed ,editions30 in the course of which ,dr4 ,hort informs us that ,lachmann's ,text of #ahca was 8the first founded on documentary authority407#gaf7444 ,on what then1 pray1 does the learned ,professor imagine that the ,texts of ,erasmus 7#aeaf7 and of ,stunica 7#aebb7 were founded8 ,his statement is incorrect4 ,the actual difference between ,lachmann's ,text and those of the earlier ,editors is1 that his 8documentary authority0 is partial1 narrow1 self-contradictory2 and is proved to be untrustworthy by a free appeal to ,antiquity4 ,their documentary authority1 derived from independent sources1--though partial and narrow as that on which ,lachmann relied1--exhibits 7under the good ,providence of ,,god17 a ,traditional ,text1 the general purity of which is demonstrated by all the evidence which #cej years of subsequent research have succeeded in accumulating2 and which is confessedly the ,text of ,a4,d4 #cge4 ,,iv4 ,we are favoured1 in the third place1 with the 8,history of this ,edition30 in which the point that chiefly arrests attention is the explanation afforded of the many and serious occasions on which ,dr4 ,westcott 78,w407 and ,dr4 ,hort 78,h4071 finding it impossible to agree1 have set down their respective notions separately and subscribed them with their respective initial4 ,we are reminded of what was wittily said concerning ,richard ,baxter3 viz4 that even if no one but himself existed in the ,church1 8,richard0 would still be found to disagree with 8,baxter10--and 8,baxter0 with 8,richard04444 ,we read with uneasiness that 8no individual mind can ever act with perfect uniformity1 or free itself completely from its own ,idiosyncrasies20 and that 8the danger of unconscious ,caprice is inseparable from personal judgment40--7p4 #ag47 ,all this reminds us painfully of certain statements made by the same ,editors in #ahgj3-- 8,we are obliged to come to the individual mind at last2 and ,canons of ,criticism are useful only as warnings against natural illusions1 and aids to circumspect consideration1 not as absolute rules to prescribe the final decision40--7pp4 xviii41 xix47 ,may we be permitted without offence to point out 7not for the first time7 that 8idiosyncrasies0 and 8unconscious caprice10 and the fancies of the 8individual mind10 can be allowed no place whatever in a problem of such gravity and importance as the present8 ,once admit such elements1 and we are safe to find ourselves in cloud-land to-morrow4 ,a weaker foundation on which to build1 is not to be named4 ,and when we find that the learned ,professors 8venture to hope that the present ,text has escaped some risks of this kind by being the production of two ,editors of different habits of mind1 working independently and to a great extent on different plans10--we can but avow our conviction that the safeguard is altogether inadequate4 ,when two men1 devoted to the same pursuit1 are in daily confidential intercourse on such a subject1 the 8natural illusions0 of either have a marvellous tendency to communicate themselves4 ,their ,reader's only protection is rigidly to insist on the production of ,proof for everything which these authors say4 ,v4 ,the dissertation on 8,intrinsic0 and 8,transcriptional ,probability0 which follows 7pp4 #bj-cj71--;being unsupported by one single instance or illustration1--we pass by4 ,it ignores throughout the fact1 that the most serious corruptions of ,,mss4 are due1 not to 8,scribes0 or 8,copyists10 7of whom1 by the way1 we find perpetual mention every time we open the page27 but to the persons who employed them4 ,so far from thinking with ,dr4 ,hort that 8the value of the evidence obtained from ,transcriptional ,probability is incontestable10--for that1 8without its aid1 ,textual ,criticism could rarely obtain a high degree of security10 7p4 #bd17--we venture to declare that inasmuch as one expert's notions of what is 8transcriptionally probable0 prove to be the diametrical reverse of another expert's notions1 the supposed evidence to be derived from this source may1 with advantage1 be neglected altogether4 ,let the study of ,documentary ,evidence be allowed to take its place4 ,notions of 8,probability0 are the very pest of those departments of ,science which admit of an appeal to ,fact4 ,,vi4 ,a signal proof of the justice of our last remark is furnished by the plea which is straightway put in 7pp4 #cj-a7 for the superior necessity of attending to 8the relative antecedent credibility of ,witnesses40 ,in other words1 8,the comparative trustworthiness of documentary ,authorities0 is proposed as a far weightier consideration than 8,intrinsic0 and 8,transcriptional ,probability40 ,accordingly we are assured 7in capital letters7 that 8,knowledge of ,documents should precede final judgment upon readings0 7p4 #ca74 8,knowledge06 ,yes1 but how acquired8 ,suppose two rival documents1--cod4 ,a and cod4 ,b4 ,may we be informed how you would proceed with respect to them8 8,where one of the documents is found habitually to contain morally certain1 or at least strongly preferred1 ,readings1--and the other habitually to contain their rejected rivals1--we i4e4 ,dr4 ,hort can have no doubt that the ,text of the first has been transmitted in comparative purity2 and that the ,text of the second has suffered comparatively large corruption40--7p4 #cb47 ,but can such words have been written seriously8 ,is it gravely pretended that ,readings become 8morally certain10 because they are 8strongly preferred08 ,are we 7in other words7 seriously invited to admit that the 8,,strong ,,preference0 of 8the individual mind0 is to be the ultimate standard of appeal8 ,if so1 though you 7,dr4 ,hort7 may 8have no doubt0 as to which is the purer manuscript1--see you not plainly that a man of different 8idiosyncrasy0 from yourself1 may just as reasonably claim to 8have no doubt0--that you are mistaken8444 ,one is reminded of a passage in p4 #fa3 viz4-- 8,if we find in any group of documents a succession of ,readings exhibiting an exceptional purity of text1 that is1--,readings which the fullest consideration of ,internal ,evidence pronounces to be right1 in opposition to formidable arrays of ,documentary ,evidence2 the cause must be that1 as far at least as these ,readings are concerned1 some one exceptionally pure ,,ms4 was the common ancestor of all the members of the group40 ,but how does that appear8 8,the cause0 may be the erroneous judgment of the ,critic1--may it not8444 ,dr4 ,hort is for setting up what his own inner consciousness 8pronounces to be right10 against 8,documentary ,evidence10 however multitudinous4 ,he claims that his own verifying faculty shall be supreme1--shall settle every question4 ,can he be in earnest8 ,,vii4 ,we are next introduced to the subject of 8,genealogical ,evidence0 7p4 #ci72 and are made attentive3 for we speedily find ourselves challenged to admit that a 8total change in the bearing of the evidence0 is 8made by the introduction of the factor of ,genealogy0 7p4 #dc74 ,presuming that the meaning of the learned ,writer must rather be that if we did but know the genealogy of ,,mss41 we should be in a position to reason more confidently concerning their ,texts1--we read on3 and speedily come to a second axiom 7which is again printed in capital letters71 viz4 that 8,all trustworthy restoration of corrupted ,texts is founded on the study of their ,history0 7p4 #dj74 ,we really read and wonder4 ,are we then engaged in the 8restoration of corrupted ,texts08 ,if so1--which be they8 ,we require--7#a7 ,to be shown the 8corrupted ,texts0 referred to3 and then--7#b7 ,to be convinced that 8the study of their ,history0--7as distinguished from an examination of the evidence for or against their ,readings7--is a thing feasible4 8,a simple instance0 7says ,dr4 ,hort7 8will show at once the practical bearing0 of 8the principle here laid down40--7p4 #dj47 ,but 7as usual7 ,dr4 ,hort produces no instance4 ,he merely proceeds to 8suppose0 a case 7 #ej71 which he confesses 7 #ec7 does not exist4 ,so that we are moving in a land of shadows4 ,and this1 he straightway follows up by the assertion that 8it would be difficult to insist too strongly on the transformation of the superficial aspects of numerical authority effected by recognition of ,genealogy40--7p4 #dc47 ,presently1 he assures us that 8a few documents are not1 by reason of their mere paucity1 appreciably less likely to be right than a multitude opposed to them40 7p4 #de47 ,on this head1 we take leave to entertain a somewhat different opinion4 ,apart from the character of the ,witnesses1 when #e men say one thing1 and #iie say the exact contradictory1 we are apt to regard it even as axiomatic that1 8by reason of their mere paucity10 the few 8are appreciably far less likely to be right than the multitude opposed to them40 ,dr4 ,hort seems to share our opinion2 for he remarks1-- 8,a presumption indeed remains that a majority of extant documents is more likely to represent a majority of ancestral documents1 than vice vers40 ,exactly so6 ,we meant1 and we mean that1 and no other thing4 ,but then1 we venture to point out1 that the learned ,professor considerably understates the case3 seeing that the 8vice vers presumption0 is absolutely non-existent4 ,on the other hand1 apart from ,proof to the contrary1 we are disposed to maintain that 8a majority of extant documents0 in the proportion of #iie to #e1--;and sometimes of #aiii to #a1--;creates more than 8a presumption40 ,it amounts to ,proof of 8a majority of ancestral documents04 ,not so thinks ,dr4 ,hort4 8,this presumption10 7he seems to have persuaded himself17 may be disposed of by his mere assertion that it 8is too minute to weigh against the smallest tangible evidence of other kinds0 7,ibid474 ,as usual1 however1 he furnishes us with no evidence at all1--8tangible0 or 8intangible40 ,can he wonder if we smile at his unsupported dictum1 and pass on8444 ,the argumentative import of his twenty weary pages on 8,genealogical ,evidence0 7pp4 #ci-ei71 appears to be resolvable into the following barren truism3 viz4 ,that if1 out of #aj copies of ,scripture1 #i could be proved to have been executed from one and the same common original 7p4 #da71 those #i would cease to be regarded as #i independent witnesses4 ,but does the learned ,critic really require to be told that we want no diagram of an imaginary case 7p4 #ed7 to convince us of that8 ,the one thing here which moves our astonishment1 is1 that ,dr4 ,hort does not seem to reflect that therefore 7indeed by his own showing7 codices ,b and 1 having been demonstrably 8executed from one and the same common original10 are not to be reckoned as two independent witnesses to the ,text of the ,new ,testament1 but as little more than one4 7,see p4 #beg47 ,high time however is it to declare that1 in strictness1 all this talk about 8,genealogical evidence10 when applied to ,manuscripts1 is--moonshine4 ,the expression is metaphorical1 and assumes that it has fared with ,,mss4 as it fares with the successive generations of a family2 and so1 to a remarkable extent1 no doubt1 it has4 ,but then1 it happens1 unfortunately1 that we are unacquainted with one single instance of a known ,,ms4 copied from another known ,,ms4 ,and perforce all talk about 8,genealogical evidence10 where no single step in the descent can be produced1--in other words1 where no ,genealogical evidence exists1--is absurd4 ,the living inhabitants of a village1 congregated in the churchyard where the bodies of their forgotten progenitors for #ajjj years repose without memorials of any kind1--is a faint image of the relation which subsists between extant copies of the ,gospels and the sources from which they were derived4 ,that1 in either case1 there has been repeated mixture1 is undeniable2 but since the ,parish-register is lost1 and not a vestige of ,tradition survives1 it is idle to pretend to argue on that part of the subject4 ,it may be reasonably assumed however that those #ej yeomen1 bearing as many ,saxon surnames1 indicate as many remote ancestors of some sort4 ,that they represent as many families1 is at least a fact4 ,further we cannot go4 ,but the illustration is misleading1 because inadequate4 ,assemble rather an ,englishman1 an ,irishman1 a ,scot2 a ,frenchman1 a ,german1 a ,spaniard2 a ,russian1 a ,pole1 an ,hungarian2 an ,italian1 a ,greek1 a ,turk4 ,from ,noah these #ab are all confessedly descended2 but if they are silent1 and you know nothing whatever about their antecedents1--your remarks about their respective 8genealogies0 must needs prove as barren--as ,dr4 ,hort's about the 8genealogies0 of copies of ,scripture4 8,the factor of ,genealogy10 in short1 in this discussion1 represents a mere phantom of the brain3 is the name of an imagination--not of a fact4 ,the nearest approximation to the phenomenon about which ,dr4 ,hort writes so glibly1 is supplied--7#a7 by ,codd4 ,f and ,g of ,s4 ,paul1 which are found to be independent transcripts of the same venerable lost original3--7#b7 by ,codd4 #ac1 #fi1 #abd and #cdf1 which were confessedly derived from one and the same queer archetype3 and especially--7#c7 by ,codd4 ,b and 4 ,these two famous manuscripts1 because they are disfigured exclusively by the self-same mistakes1 are convicted of being descended 7and not very remotely7 from the self-same very corrupt original4 ,by consequence1 the combined evidence of ,f and ,g is but that of a single codex4 ,evan4 #ac1 #fi1 #abd1 #cdf1 when they agree1 would be conveniently designated by a symbol1 or a single capital letter4 ,codd4 ,b and 1 as already hinted 7p4 #bee71 are not to be reckoned as two witnesses4 ,certainly1 they have not nearly the ,textual significancy and importance of ,b in conjunction with ,a1 or of ,a in conjunction with ,c4 ,at best1 they do but equal #a- copies4 ,nothing of this kind however is what ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort intend to convey1--or indeed seem to understand4 ,,viii4 ,it is not until we reach p4 #id1 that these learned men favour us with a single actual appeal to ,scripture4 ,at p4 #ij1 ,dr4 ,hort1--who has hitherto been skirmishing over the ground1 and leaving us to wonder what in the world it can be that he is driving at1--announces a chapter on the 8,results of ,genealogical evidence proper20 and proposes to 8determine the ,genealogical relations of the chief ancient ,texts40 ,impatient for argument1 7at page #ib17 we read as follows3-- 8,the fundamental ,text of late extant ,greek ,,mss4 generally is beyond all question identical with the dominant ,antiochian or ,grco-,syrian ,text of the second half of the fourth century40 ,we request1 in passing1 that the foregoing statement may be carefully noted4 ,the ,traditional ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament1--the ,,textus ,,receptus1 in short1--is1 according to ,dr4 ,hort1 8,,beyond ,,all ,,question0 the 8,,text ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,half ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,century40 ,we shall gratefully avail ourselves of his candid admission1 by and by4 ,having thus assumed a 8dominant ,antiochian or ,grco-,syrian text of the second half of the ,i,vth century10 ,dr4 ,h4 attempts1 by an analysis of what he is pleased to call 8conflate ,readings10 to prove the 8posteriority of #8,syrian' to #8,western' and other #8,neutral' readings40444 ,strange method of procedure6 seeing that1 of those second and third classes of readings1 we have not as yet so much as heard the names4 ,let us however without more delay be shown those specimens of 8,conflation0 which1 in ,dr4 ,hort's judgment1 supply 8the clearest evidence0 7p4 #id7 that 8,syrian0 are posterior alike to 8,western0 and to 8,neutral readings40 ,of these1 after #cj years of laborious research1 ,dr4 ,westcott and he flatter themselves that they have succeeded in detecting eight4 ,,ix4 ,now because1 on the one hand1 it would be unreasonable to fill up the space at our disposal with details which none but professed students will care to read2--and because1 on the other1 we cannot afford to pass by anything in these pages which pretends to be of the nature of proof2--we have consigned our account of ,dr4 ,hort's #h instances of ,conflation 7which prove to be less than #g7 to the foot of the page47#gag7 ,and1 after an attentive survey of the ,textual phenomena connected with these #g specimens1 we are constrained to assert that the interpretation put upon them by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 is purely arbitrary3 a baseless imagination1--a dream and nothing more4 ,something has been attempted analogous to the familiar fallacy1 in ,divinity1 of building a false and hitherto unheard-of doctrine on a few isolated places of ,scripture1 divorced from their context4 ,the actual facts of the case shall be submitted to the judgement of learned and unlearned ,readers alike3 and we promise beforehand to abide by the unprejudiced verdict of either3-- 7a7 ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel is found to contain in all #aa1fdf words3 of which 7collated with the ,traditional ,text7 ,a omits #ach3 ,b1 #gfb3 1 #hgj3 ,d1 #ijj4--,s4 ,luke contains #ai1ida words3 of which ,a omits #bjh3 ,b1 #geg2 1 #haf3 ,d1 no less than #aeeb4 7,let us not be told that the traditional ,text is itself not altogether trustworthy4 ,that is a matter entirely beside the question just now before the ,reader1--as we have already1 over and over again1 had occasion to explain47#gah7 ,codices must needs all alike be compared with something1--must perforce all alike be referred to some one common standard3 and we1 for our part1 are content to employ 7as every ,critic has been content before us7 the traditional ,text1 as the most convenient standard that can be named4 ,so employed1 7viz4 as a standard of comparison1 not of excellence17 the commonly ,received ,text1 more conveniently than any other1 reveals--certainly does not occasion--different degrees of discrepancy4 ,and now1 to proceed47 7b7 ,dr4 ,hort has detected four instances in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 only three in ,s4 ,luke's--seven in all--where ,codices ,b and ,d happen to concur in making an omission at the same place1 but not of the same words4 ,we shall probably be best understood if we produce an instance of the thing spoken of3 and no fairer example can be imagined than the last of the eight1 of which ,dr4 ,hort says1--8,this simple instance needs no explanation0 7p4 #ajd74 ,instead of 1--7which is the reading of every known copy of the ,gospels except five17-- ,b ,c ,l exhibit only 3 ,d1 only 4 7,to speak quite accurately1 ,b ,c ,l omit and are followed by ,westcott and ,hort3 ,d omits 1 and is followed by ,tischendorf4 ,lachmann declines to follow either4 ,tregelles doubts47 7c7 ,now1 upon this 7and the six other instances1 which however prove to be a vast deal less apt for their purpose than the present71 these learned men have gratuitously built up the following extravagant and astonishing theory3-- 7d7 ,they assume1--7they do not attempt to prove3 in fact they never prove anything37--7#a7 ,that --and --are respectively fragments of two independent ,primitive ,texts1 which they arbitrarily designate as 8,western0 and 8,neutral10 respectively3--7#b7 ,that the latter of the two1 only however because it is vouched for by ,b and 1 must needs exhibit what the ,evangelist actually wrote3 though why it must1 these learned men forget to explain3--7#c7 ,that in the middle of the ,i,i,ird and of the ,i,vth century the two ,texts referred to were with design and by authority welded together1 and became 7what the same irresponsible ,critics are pleased to call7 the 8,syrian text40--7#d7 ,that 1 being thus shown 8 to be 8a ,syrian ,conflation10 may be rejected at once4 7,notes1 p4 #gc47 ,x4 ,but we demur to this weak imagination1 7which only by courtesy can be called 8a ,theory107 on every ground1 and are constrained to remonstrate with our would-be ,guides at every step4 ,they assume everything4 ,they prove nothing4 ,and the facts of the case lend them no favour at all4 ,for first1--,we only find standing alone1 in two documents of the ,i,vth century1 in two of the ,vth1 and in one of the ,v,i,i,ith3 while1 for standing alone1 the only ,greek voucher producible is a notoriously corrupt copy of the ,v,ith century4 ,true1 that here a few copies of the old ,latin side with ,d3 but then a few copies also side with the traditional ,text3 and ,jerome is found to have adjudicated between their rival claims in favour of the latter4 ,the probabilities of the case are in fact simply overwhelming2 for1 since ,d omits #aeeb words out of #ai1ida 7i4e4 about one word in #ac71 why may not be two of the words it omits1--in which case there has been no 8,conflation08 ,nay1 look into the matter a little more closely3--7for surely1 before we put up with this queer illusion1 it is our duty to look it very steadily in the face37--and note1 that in this last chapter of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel1 which consists of #hcg words1 no less than #aba are omitted by cod4 ,d4 ,to state the case differently1--,d is observed to leave out one word in seven in the very chapter of ,s4 ,luke which supplies the instance of 8,conflation0 under review4 ,what possible significance therefore can be supposed to attach to its omission of the clause 8 ,and since1 mutatis mutandis1 the same remarks apply to the #f remaining cases1--7for one1 viz4 the #gth1 is clearly an oversight17--will any ,reader of ordinary fairness and intelligence be surprised to hear that we reject the assumed 8,conflation0 unconditionally1 as a silly dream8 ,it is founded entirely upon the omission of #ba 7or at most #db7 words out of a total of #ca1ehg from ,codd4 ,b ,d4 ,and yet it is demonstrable that out of that total1 ,b omits #aeai3 1 #afhf3 ,d1 #bdeb4 ,the occasional coincidence in ,omission of ,b and ,d1 was in a manner inevitable1 and is undeserving of notice4 ,if1--7which is as likely as not17--on six occasions1 ,b and ,d have but omitted different words in the same sentence1 then there has been no 8,conflation02 and the 7so-called7 8,theory10 which was to have revolutionized the ,text of the ,n4 ,t41 is discovered to rest absolutely upon nothing4 ,it bursts1 like a very thin bubble3 floats away like a film of gossamer1 and disappears from sight4 ,but further1 as a matter of fact1 at least five out of the eight instances cited1--viz4 the #ast1 #bnd1 #eth1 #fth1 #gth1--fail to exhibit the alleged phenomena3 conspicuously ought never to have been adduced4 ,for1 in the #ast1 ,d merely abridges the sentence3 in the #bnd1 it paraphrases #aa words by #aa2 and in the #fth1 it paraphrases #ab words by #i4 ,in the #eth1 ,b ,d merely abridge4 ,the utmost residuum of fact which survives1 is therefore as follows3-- #crd4 ,in a sentence of #aa words1 ,b omit #d3 ,d other #d4 #dth4 #i words1 ,b omit #e3 ,d other #e4 #hth4 #e words1 ,b omit #b3 ,d other #b4 ,but if this be 8the clearest ,evidence0 7p4 #id7 producible for 8the ,theory of ,conflation10--then1 the less said about the 8,theory10 the better for the credit of its distinguished ,inventors4 ,how any rational ,textual ,theory is to be constructed out of the foregoing ,omissions1 we fail to divine4 ,but indeed the whole matter is demonstrably a weak imagination1--a dream1 and nothing more4 ,,xi4 ,in the meantime1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 instead of realizing the insecurity of the ground under their feet1 proceed gravely to build upon it1 and to treat their hypothetical assumptions as well-ascertained facts4 ,they imagine that they have already been led by 8independent ,evidence0 to regard 8the longer readings as conflate each from the two earlier readings30--whereas1 up to p4 #aje 7where the statement occurs71 they have really failed to produce a single particle of evidence1 direct or indirect1 for their opinion4 8,we have found reason to believe0 the ,readings of ,b ,l1 7say they17 8to be the original ,readings40--,but why1 if this is the case1 have they kept their 8finding0 so entirely to themselves8--,no reason whatever have they assigned for their belief4 ,the ,reader is presently assured 7p4 #ajf7 that 8it is certain0 that the ,readings exhibited by the traditional ,text in the eight supposed cases of 8,conflation0 are all posterior in date to the fragmentary readings exhibited by ,b and ,d4 ,but1 once more1 ,what is the ground of this 8certainty08--,presently 7viz4 in p4 #ajg71 the ,reader meets with the further assurance that 8the proved actual use of shorter documents in the conflate ,readings renders their use elsewhere a vera causa in the ,newtonian sense40 ,but1 once more1--,where and what is the 8proof0 referred to8 ,may a plain man1 sincerely in search of ,truth1--after wasting many precious hours over these barren pages--be permitted to declare that he resents such solemn trifling8 7,he craves to be forgiven if he avows that 8,pickwickian0--not 8,newtonian0--was the epithet which solicited him1 when he had to transcribe for the ,printer the passage which immediately precedes47 ,,xii4 ,next come #h pages 7pp4 #ajg-ae7 headed--8,posteriority of #8,syrian' to #8,western' and other 7neutral and #8,alexandrian'7 ,readings1 shown by ,ante-,nicene ,patristic evidence40 ,in which however we are really 8shown0 nothing of the sort4 ,bold ,assertions abound1 7as usual with this respected writer17 but ,proof he never attempts any4 ,not a particle of 8,evidence0 is adduced4--,next come #e pages headed1--8,posteriority of ,syrian to ,western1 ,alexandrian1 and other 7neutral7 ,readings1 shown by ,internal evidence of ,syrian readings0 7p4 #aae74 ,but again we are 8shown0 absolutely nothing3 although we are treated to the assurance that we have been shown many wonders4 ,thus1 8the ,syrian conflate ,readings have shown the ,syrian text to be posterior to at least two ancient forms still extant0 7p4 #aae73 which is the very thing they have signally failed to do4 ,next1 8,patristic evidence has shown that these two ancient ,texts1 and also a third1 must have already existed early in the third century1 and suggested very strong grounds for believing that in the middle of the century the ,syrian ,text had not yet been formed40 ,whereas no single appeal has been made to the evidence supplied by one single ancient ,father6-- 8,another step is gained by a close examination of all ,readings distinctively ,syrian40--7,ibid47 ,and yet we are never told which the 8,readings distinctively ,syrian0 are1--although they are henceforth referred to in every page4 ,neither are we instructed how to recognize them when we see them2 which is unfortunate1 since 8it follows10--7though we entirely fail to see from what17--8that all distinctively ,syrian ,readings may be set aside at once as certainly originating after the middle of the third century40 7p4 #aag7 444 ,let us hear a little more on the subject3-- 8,the same ,facts0--7though ,dr4 ,hort has not hitherto favoured us with any7--8lead to another conclusion of equal or even greater importance respecting non-distinctive ,syrian ,readings 444 ,since the ,syrian ,text is only a modified eclectic combination of earlier ,texts independently attested10-- 7for it is in this confident style that these eminent ,scholars handle the problem they undertook to solve1 but as yet have failed even to touch71-- 8existing documents descended from it can attest nothing but itself40--7p4 #aah47 ,presently1 we are informed that 8it follows from what has been said above10--7though how it follows1 we fail to see17--8that all ,readings in which the ,pre-,syrian texts concur1 must be accepted at once as the ,apostolic ,readings30 and that 8all distinctively ,syrian ,readings must be at once rejected40--7p4 #aai47 ,trenchant decrees of this kind at last arrest attention4 ,it becomes apparent that we have to do with a ,writer who has discovered a summary way of dealing with the ,text of ,scripture1 and who is prepared to impart his secret to any who care to accept--without questioning--his views4 ,we look back to see where this accession of confidence began1 and are reminded that at p4 #ajh ,dr4 ,hort announced that for convenience he should henceforth speak of certain 8groups of documents10 by the conventional names 8,western0--8,pre-,syrian0--8,alexandria n0--and so forth4 ,accordingly1 ever since1 7sometimes eight or ten times in the course of a single page17#gai77 we have encountered this arbitrary terminology3 have been required to accept it as the expression of ascertained facts in ,textual ,science4 ,not till we find ourselves floundering in the deep mire1 do we become fully aware of the absurdity of our position4 ,then at last1 7and high time too671 we insist on knowing what on earth our ,guide is about1 and whither he is proposing to lead us8444 ,more considerate to our ,readers than he has been to us1 we propose before going any further1 7instead of mystifying the subject as ,dr4 ,hort has done17 to state in a few plain words what the present ,theory1 divested of pedantry and circumlocution1 proves to be2 and what is ,dr4 ,hort's actual contention4 ,,xiii4 ,the one great ,fact1 which especially troubles him and his joint ,editor17#gbj7--7;as well it may7--is ,the ,traditional ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament ,scriptures4 ,call this ,text ,erasmian or ,complutensian1--the ,text of ,stephens1 or of ,beza1 or of the ,elzevirs1--call it the 8,received10 or the ,traditional ,greek ,text1 or whatever other name you please2--the fact remains1 that a ,text has come down to us which is attested by a general consensus of ancient ,copies1 ancient ,fathers1 ancient ,versions4 ,this1 at all events1 is a point on which1 7happily17 there exists entire conformity of opinion between ,dr4 ,hort and ourselves4 ,our ,readers cannot have yet forgotten his virtual admission that1--,beyond all question the ,textus ,receptus is the dominant ,grco-,syrian ,text of ,a4,d4 #cej to ,a4,d4 #djj47gba7 ,obtained from a variety of sources1 this ,text proves to be essentially the same in all4 ,that it requires ,revision in respect of many of its lesser details1 is undeniable3 but it is at least as certain that it is an excellent ,text as it stands1 and that the use of it will never lead critical students of ,scripture seriously astray1--which is what no one will venture to predicate concerning any single ,critical ,edition of the ,n4 ,t4 which has been published since the days of ,griesbach1 by the disciples of ,griesbach's school4 ,,xiv4 ,in marked contrast to the ,text we speak of1--7which is identical with the ,text of every extant ,lectionary of the ,greek ,church1 and may therefore reasonably claim to be spoken of as the ,traditional ,text17--is that contained in a little handful of documents of which the most famous are codices ,b 1 and the ,coptic ,version 7as far as it is known71 on the one hand1--cod4 ,d and the old ,latin copies1 on the other4 ,to magnify the merits of these1 as helps and guides1 and to ignore their many patent and scandalous defects and blemishes3--per fas et nefas to vindicate their paramount authority wherever it is in any way possible to do so2 and when that is clearly impossible1 then to treat their errors as the ancient ,egyptians treated their cats1 dogs1 monkeys1 and other vermin1--namely1 to embalm them1 and pay them ,divine honours3--such for the last #ej years has been the practice of the dominant school of ,textual ,criticism among ourselves4 ,the natural and even necessary correlative of this1 has been the disparagement of the merits of the commonly ,received ,text3 which has come to be spoken of1 7we know not why17 as contemptuously1 almost as bitterly1 as if it had been at last ascertained to be untrustworthy in every respect3 a thing undeserving alike of a place and of a name among the monuments of the ,past4 ,even to have 8used the ,received ,text as a basis for correction0 7p4 #ahd7 is stigmatized by ,dr4 ,hort as one 8great cause0 why ,griesbach went astray4 ,,xv4 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have in fact outstripped their predecessors in this singular race4 ,their absolute contempt for the ,traditional ,text1--their superstitious veneration for a few ancient documents2 7which documents however they freely confess are not more ancient than the 8,traditional ,text0 which they despise27--knows no bounds4 ,but the thing just now to be attended to is the argumentative process whereby they seek to justify their preference4--,,lachmann avowedly took his stand on a very few of the oldest known documents3 and though ,,tregelles slightly enlarged the area of his predecessor's observations1 his method was practically identical with that of ,lachmann4--,,tischendorf1 appealing to every known authority1 invariably shows himself regardless of the evidence he has himself accumulated4 ,where certain of the uncials are1--there his verdict is sure also to be4444 ,anything more unscientific1 more unphilosophical1 more transparently foolish than such a method1 can scarcely be conceived3 but it has prevailed for #ej years1 and is now at last more hotly than ever advocated by ,drs4 ,,westcott and ,,hort4 ,only1 7to their credit be it recorded17 they have had the sense to perceive that it must needs be recommended by ,arguments of some sort1 or else it will inevitably fall to pieces the first fine day any one is found to charge it1 with the necessary knowledge of the subject1 and with sufficient resoluteness of purpose1 to make him a formidable foe4 ,,xvi4 ,their expedient has been as follows4--,aware that the ,received or ,traditional ,greek ,text 7to quote their own words17 8is virtually identical with that used by ,chrysostom and other ,antiochian ,fathers in the latter part of the ,i,vth century30 and fully alive to the fact that it 8must therefore have been represented by ,manuscripts as old as any which are now surviving0 7,text1 p4 #edg71--they have invented an extraordinary ,hypothesis in order to account for its existence3-- ,they assume that the writings of ,origen 8establish the prior existence of at least three types of ,text30--the most clearly marked of which1 they call the 8,western30--another1 less prominent1 they designate as 8,alexandrian30--the third holds 7they say7 a middle or 8,neutral0 position4 7,that all this is mere moonshine1--a day-dream and no more1--we shall insist1 until some proofs have been produced that the respected ,authors are moving amid material forms1--not discoursing with the creations of their own brain47 8,the priority of two at least of these three ,texts just noticed to the ,syrian ,text10 they are confident has been established by the eight 8conflate0 ,syrian ,readings which they flatter themselves they have already resolved into their 8,western0 and 8,neutral0 elements 7,text1 p4 #edg74 ,this1 however1 is a part of the subject on which we venture to hope that our ,readers by this time have formed a tolerably clear opinion for themselves4 ,the ground has been cleared of the flimsy superstructure which these ,critics have been #cj years in raising1 ever since we blew away 7pp4 #beh-fe7 the airy foundation on which it rested4 ,at the end of some confident yet singularly hazy statements concerning the characteristics of 8,western0 7pp4 #abj-f71 of 8,neutral0 7#abf-cj71 and of 8,alexandrian0 ,readings 7#acj-b71 ,dr4 ,hort favours us with the assurance that-- 8,the ,syrian ,text1 to which the order of time now brings us10 8is the chief monument of a new period of textual history40--7p4 #acb47 8,now1 the three great lines were brought together1 and made to contribute to the formation of a new ,text different from all40--7p4 #acc47 ,let it only be carefully remembered that it is of something virtually identical with the ,textus ,receptus that we are just now reading an imaginary history1 and it is presumed that the most careless will be made attentive4 8,the ,syrian ,text must in fact be the result of a #8,recension1' 444 performed deliberately by ,editors1 and not merely by ,scribes40--7,ibid47 ,but why 8must0 it8 ,instead of 8must in fact10 we are disposed to read 8may--in fiction40 ,the learned ,critic can but mean that1 on comparing the ,text of ,fathers of the ,i,vth century with the ,text of cod4 ,b1 it becomes to himself self-evident that one of the two has been fabricated4 ,granted4 ,then1--,why should not the solitary ,codex be the offending party8 ,for what imaginable reason should cod4 ,b1--which comes to us without a character1 and which1 when tried by the test of primitive ,antiquity1 stands convicted of 8universa vitiositas10 7to use ,tischendorf's expression72--why 7we ask7 should codex ,b be upheld 8contra mundum08444 ,dr4 ,hort proceeds--7still speaking of 8the imaginary ,syrian ,text071-- 8,it was probably initiated by the distracting and inconvenient currency of at least three conflicting ,texts in the same region40--7p4 #acc47 ,well but1--,would it not have been more methodical if 8the currency of at least three conflicting ,texts in the same region10 had been first demonstrated8 or1 at least1 shown to be a thing probable8 ,till this 8distracting0 phenomenon has been to some extent proved to have any existence in fact1 what possible 8probability0 can be claimed for the history of a 8,recension10--which very ,recension1 up to this point1 has not been proved to have ever taken place at all8 8,each ,text may perhaps have found a ,patron in some leading personage or see1 and thus have seemed to call for a conciliation of rival claims40--7p4 #acd47 ,why yes1 to be sure1--8each ,text if it existed may perhaps or perhaps may not have found a ,patron in some leading personage as ,dr4 ,hort or ,dr4 ,scrivener in our own days30 but then1 be it remembered1 this will only have been possible1--7a7 ,if the ,recension ever took place3 and--7b7 ,if it was conducted after the extraordinary fashion which prevailed in the ,jerusalem ,chamber from #ahgj to #ahha3 for which we have the unimpeachable testimony of an eye-witness27#gbb7 confirmed by the ,chairman of the ,revisionist body1--by whom in fact it was deliberately invented47#gbc7 ,but then1 since not a shadow of proof is forthcoming that any such ,recension as ,dr4 ,hort imagines ever took place at all1--what else but a purely gratuitous exercise of the imaginative faculty is it1 that ,dr4 ,hort should proceed further to invent the method which might1 or could1 or would1 or should have been pursued1 if it had taken place8 ,having however in this way 7#a7 ,assumed a 8,syrian ,recension10--7#b7 ,invented the cause of it1--and 7#c7 ,dreamed the process by which it was carried into execution1--the ,critic hastens1 more suo1 to characterize the historical result in the following terms3-- 8,the qualities which ,,the ,,authors ,,of ,,the ,,syrian ,,text seem to have most desired to impress on it are lucidity and completeness4 ,they were evidently anxious to remove all stumbling-blocks out of the way of the ordinary reader1 so far as this could be done without recourse to violent measures4 ,they were apparently equally desirous that he should have the benefit of instructive matter contained in all the existing ,texts1 provided it did not confuse the context or introduce seeming contradictions4 ,new ,omissions accordingly are rare1 and where they occur are usually found to contribute to apparent simplicity4 ,new ,interpolations1 on the other hand1 are abundant1 most of them being due to harmonistic or other assimilation1 fortunately capricious and incomplete4 ,both in matter and in diction ,,the ,,syrian ,,text is conspicuously a full ,text4 ,it delights in ,pronouns1 ,conjunctions1 and ,expletives and supplied links of all kinds1 as well as in more considerable ,additions4 ,as distinguished from the bold vigour of the #8,western' scribes1 and the refined scholarship of the #8,alexandrians1' the spirit of its own corrections is at once sensible and feeble4 ,entirely blameless1 on either literary or religious grounds1 as regards vulgarized or unworthy diction1 yet shewing no marks of either ,critical or ,spiritual insight1 it presents the ,new ,testament in a form smooth and attractive1 but appreciably impoverished in sense and force2 more fitted for cursory perusal or recitation than for repeated and diligent study40--7pp4 #acd-e47 ,,xvii4 ,we forbear to offer any remarks on this4 ,we should be thought uncivil were we to declare our own candid estimate of 8the critical and spiritual0 perception of the man who could permit himself so to write4 ,we prefer to proceed with our sketch of the ,theory1 7of the ,dream rather17 which is intended to account for the existence of the ,traditional ,text of the ,n4 ,t43 only venturing again to submit that surely it would have been high time to discuss the characteristics which 8the ,authors of the ,syrian ,text0 impressed upon their work1 when it had been first established--or at least rendered probable--that the supposed ,operators and that the assumed ,operation have any existence except in the fertile brain of this distinguished and highly imaginative writer4 ,,xviii4 ,now1 the first consideration which strikes us as fatal to ,dr4 ,hort's unsupported conjecture concerning the date of the ,text he calls 8,syrian0 or 8,antiochian10 is the fact that what he so designates bears a most inconvenient resemblance to the ,peschito or ancient ,syriac ,version2 which1 like the old ,latin1 is 7by consent of the ,critics7 generally assigned to the second century of our era4 8,it is at any rate no stretch of imagination10 7according to ,bp4 ,ellicott17 8to suppose that portions of it might have been in the hands of ,s4 ,john40 p4 #bf4 ,accordingly1 these ,editors assure us that-- 8the only way of explaining the whole body of facts is to suppose that the ,syriac1 like the ,latin ,version1 underwent ,revision long after its origin2 and that our ordinary ,syriac ,,mss4 represent not the primitive but the altered ,syriac ,text40--7p4 #acf47 8,a ,revision of the old ,syriac ,version appears to have taken place in the ,i,vth century1 or sooner2 and doubtless in some connexion with the ,syrian ,revision of the ,greek ,text1 the readings being to a very great extent coincident40--7,text1 #eeb47 8,till recently1 the ,peschito has been known only in the form which it finally received by an evidently authoritative ,revision10--a ,syriac 8,vulgate0 answering to the ,latin 8,vulgate40--7p4 #hd47 8,historical antecedents render it tolerably certain that the locality of such an authoritative ,revision0--7which ,revision however1 be it observed1 still rests wholly on unsupported conjecture7--8would be either ,edessa or ,nisibis40--7p4 #acf47 ,in the meantime1 the abominably corrupt document known as 8,cureton's ,syriac10 is1 by another bold hypothesis1 assumed to be the only surviving specimen of the unrevised ,version1 and is henceforth invariably designated by these authors as 8the old ,syriac20 and referred to1 as 8syr4 vt410--7in imitation of the ,latin 8vetus073 the venerable ,peschito being referred to as the 8,vulgate ,syriac10--8syr4 vg40 8,when therefore we find large and peculiar coincidences between the revised ,syriac ,text and the ,text of the ,antiochian ,fathers of the latter part of the ,i,vth century10--of which coincidences1 7be it remarked in passing17 the obvious explanation is1 that the ,texts referred to are faithful traditional representations of the inspired autographs2--8and strong indications that the ,revision was deliberate and in some way authoritative in both cases1--it becomes natural to suppose that the two operations had some historical connexion40--7pp4 #acf-g47 ,,xix4 ,but how does it happen--7let the question be asked without offence7--that a man of good abilities1 bred in a ,university which is supposed to cultivate especially the ,science of exact reasoning1 should habitually allow himself in such slipshod writing as this8 ,the very fact of a 8,revision0 of the ,syriac has all to be proved2 and until it has been demonstrated1 cannot of course be reasoned upon as a fact4 ,instead of demonstration1 we find ourselves invited 7#a7--8,to suppose0 that such a ,revision took place3 and 7#b7--8,to suppose0 that all our existing ,manuscripts represent it4 ,but 7as we have said7 not a shadow of reason is produced why we should be so complaisant as 8to suppose0 either the one thing or the other4 ,in the meantime1 the accomplished ,critic hastens to assure us that there exist 8strong indications0--7why are we not shown them87--that the ,revision he speaks of was 8deliberate1 and in some way authoritative40 ,out of this grows a 8natural supposition0 that 8two purely imaginary operations10 8had some historical connexion40 ,already therefore has the shadow thickened into a substance4 8,the ,revised ,syriac ,text0 has by this time come to be spoken of as an admitted fact4 ,the process whereby it came into being is even assumed to have been 8deliberate and authoritative40 ,these ,editors henceforth style the ,peschito the 8,syriac ,vulgate10--as confidently as ,jerome's ,revision of the old ,latin is styled the 8,latin ,vulgate40 ,they even assure us that 8,cureton's ,syriac0 8renders the comparatively late and #8revised' character of the ,syriac ,vulgate a matter of certainty0 7p4 #hd74 ,the very city in which the latter underwent ,revision1 can1 it seems1 be fixed with 8tolerable certainty0 7p4 #acf74444 ,can ,dr4 ,hort be serious8 ,at the end of a series of conjectures1 7the foundation of which is the hypothesis of an ,antiochian ,recension of the ,greek17 the learned writer announces that--8,the textual elements of each principle document having being thus ascertained1 it now becomes possible to determine the ,genealogy of a much larger number of individual readings than before0 7,text1 p4 #eeb74--,we read and marvel4 ,so then1 in brief1 the ,theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort is this3--that1 somewhere between ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej1 87#a7 ,the growing diversity and confusion of ,greek ,texts led to an authoritative ,revision at ,antioch3--which 7#b7 was then taken as standard for a similar authoritative ,revision of the ,syriac text3--and 7#c7 was itself at a later time subjected to a second authoritative ,revision0--this 8final process0 having been 8apparently completed by ,a4,d4 #cej or thereabouts40--7p4 #acg47 ,,xx4 ,now1 instead of insisting that this entire ,theory is made up of a series of purely gratuitous assumptions1--destitute alike of attestation and of probability3 and that1 as a mere effort of the ,imagination1 it is entitled to no manner of consideration or respect at our hands3--instead of dealing thus with what precedes1 we propose to be most kind and accommodating to ,dr4 ,hort4 ,we proceed to accept his ,theory in its entirety4 ,we will1 with the ,reader's permission1 assume that all he tells us is historically true3 is an authentic narrative of what actually did take place4 ,we shall in the end invite the same ,reader to recognize the inevitable consequences of our admission3 to which we shall inexorably pin the learned ,editors--bind them hand and foot2--of course reserving to ourselves the right of disallowing for ourselves as much of the matter as we please4 ,somewhere between ,a4,d4 #bej and #cej therefore1--78it is impossible to say with confidence0 p4 #acg what was the actual date1 but these ,editors evidently incline to the latter half of the ,i,i,ird century1 i4e4 circa ,a4,d4 #bge72--we are to believe that the ,ecclesiastical heads of the four great ,patriarchates of ,eastern ,christendom1--,alexandria1 ,antioch1 ,jerusalem1 ,constantinople1--had become so troubled at witnessing the prevalence of depraved copies of ,holy ,scripture in their respective churches1 that they resolved by common consent on achieving an authoritative ,revision which should henceforth become the standard ,text of all the ,patriarchates of the ,east4 ,the same sentiment of distress--7by the hypothesis7 penetrated into ,syria proper2 and the ,bishops of ,edessa or ,nisibis1 78great centres of life and culture to the ,churches whose language was ,syriac10 p4 #acf17 lent themselves so effectually to the project1 that a single fragmentary document is1 at the present day1 the only vestige remaining of the ,text which before had been universally prevalent in the ,syriac-speaking ,churches of antiquity4 8,the almost total extinction of ,old ,syriac ,,mss41 contrasted with the great number of extant ,vulgate ,syriac ,,mss410--7for it is thus that ,dr4 ,hort habitually exhibits evidence671--is to be attributed1 it seems1 to the power and influence of the ,authors of the imaginary ,syriac ,revision4 ibid4 ,bp4 ,ellicott1 by the way 7an unexceptionable witness71 characterizes ,cureton's ,syriac as 8singular and sometimes rather wild40 8,the text1 of a very composite nature2 sometimes inclining to the shortness and simplicity of the ,vatican manuscript1 but more commonly presenting the same paraphrastic character of text as the ,codex ,bez40 p4 #db4 7,it is1 in fact1 an utterly depraved and fabricated document47 ,we venture to remark in passing that ,textual matters must have everywhere reached a very alarming pass indeed to render intelligible the resort to so extraordinary a step as a representative ,conference of the 8leading ,personages or ,sees0 7p4 #acd7 of ,eastern ,christendom4 ,the inference is at least inevitable1 that men in high place at that time deemed themselves competent to grapple with the problem4 ,enough was familiarly known about the character and the sources of these corrupt ,texts to make it certain that they would be recognizable when produced2 and that1 when condemned by authority1 they would no longer be propagated1 and in the end would cease to molest the ,church4 ,thus much1 at all events1 is legitimately to be inferred from the hypothesis4 ,,xxi4 ,behold then from every principal ,diocese of ancient ,christendom1 and in the ,church's palmiest days1 the most famous of the ante-,nicene ,fathers repair to ,antioch4 ,they go up by authority1 and are attended by skilled ,ecclesiastics of the highest theological attainment4 ,bearers are they perforce of a vast number of ,copies of the ,scriptures3 and 7by the hypothesis7 the latest possible dates of any of these ,copies must range between ,a4,d4 #bej and #cej4 ,but the ,delegates of so many ancient ,sees will have been supremely careful1 before starting on so important and solemn an errand1 to make diligent search for the oldest ,copies anywhere discoverable3 and when they reach the scene of their deliberations1 we may be certain that they are able to appeal to not a few codices written within a hundred years of the date of the inspired ,autographs themselves4 ,copies of the ,scriptures authenticated as having belonged to the most famous of their predecessors1--and held by them in high repute for the presumed purity of their ,texts--will have been freely produced3 while1 in select receptacles1 will have been stowed away--for purposes of comparison and avoidance--specimens of those dreaded ,texts whose existence has been the sole cause why 7by the hypothesis7 this extraordinary concourse of learned ,ecclesiastics has taken place4 ,after solemnly invoking the ,divine blessing1 these men address themselves assiduously to their task2 and 7by the hypothesis7 they proceed to condemn every codex which exhibits a 8strictly ,western10 or a 8strictly ,alexandrian10 or a 8strictly ,neutral0 type4 ,in plain ,english1 if codices ,b1 1 and ,d had been before them1 they would have unceremoniously rejected all three2 but then1 7by the hypothesis7 neither of the two first-named had yet come into being3 while #bjj years at least must roll out before ,cod4 ,d would see the light4 ,in the meantime1 the immediate ancestors of ,b and ,d will perforce have come under judicial scrutiny2 and1 7by the hypothesis17 they will have been scornfully rejected by the general consent of the ,judges4 ,,xxii4 ,pass an interval--7are we to suppose of fifty years87--and the work referred to is 8subjected to a second authoritative ,revision40 ,again1 therefore1 behold the piety and learning of the four great ,patriarchates of the ,east1 formally represented at ,antioch6 ,the ,church is now in her palmiest days4 ,some of her greatest men belong to the period of which we are speaking4 ,eusebius 7,a4,d4 #cjh-cdj7 is in his glory4 ,one whole generation has come and gone since the last ,textual ,conference was held1 at ,antioch4 ,yet is no inclination manifested to reverse the decrees of the earlier ,conference4 ,this second ,recension of the ,text of ,scripture does but 8carry out more completely the purposes of the first20 and 8the final process was apparently completed by ,a4,d4 #cej0 7p4 #acg74--,so far the ,cambridge ,professor4 ,,xxiii4 ,but the one important fact implied by this august deliberation concerning the ,text of ,scripture has been conveniently passed over by ,dr4 ,hort in profound silence4 ,we take leave to repair his omission by inviting the ,reader's particular attention to it4 ,we request him to note that1 by the hypothesis1 there will have been submitted to the scrutiny of these many ancient ,ecclesiastics not a few codices of exactly the same type as codices ,b and 3 especially as codex ,b4 ,we are able even to specify with precision certain features which the codices in question will have all concurred in exhibiting4 ,thus1-- 7#a7 ,from ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 those depraved copies will have omitted ,,the ,,last ,,twelve ,,verses 7xvi4 #i-bj74 7#b7 ,from ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel the same corrupt copies will have omitted our ,,saviour',s ,,agony ,,in ,,the ,,garden 7xxii4 #dc1 #dd74 7#c7 ,his ,,prayer ,,on ,,behalf ,,of ,,his ,,murderers 7xxiii4 #cd71 will have also been away4 7#d7 ,the ,,inscription ,,on ,,the ,,cross1 in ,,greek1 ,,latin1 ,,and ,,hebrew 7xxiii4 #ch71 will have been partly1 misrepresented1--partly1 away4 7#e7 ,and there will have been no account discoverable of ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,sepulchre 7xxiv4 #ab74 7#f7 ,absent will have been also the record of our ,,lord',s ,,ascension ,,into ,,heaven 7ibid4 #ea74 7#g7 ,also1 from ,s4 ,john's ,gospel1 the codices in question will have omitted the incident of ,,the ,,troubling ,,of ,,the ,,pool ,,of ,,bethesda 7v4 #c1 #d74 ,now1 we request that it may be clearly noted that1 according to ,dr4 ,hort1 against every copy of the ,gospels so maimed and mutilated1 7i4e4 against every copy of the ,gospels of the same type as codices ,b and 17--the many illustrious ,bishops who1 7still according to ,dr4 ,hort17 assembled at ,antioch1 first in ,a4,d4 #bej and then in ,a4,d4 #cej1--;by common consent set a mark of condemnation4 ,we are assured that those famous men1--those ,fathers of the ,church1--were emphatic in their sanction1 instead1 of codices of the type of ,cod4 ,a1--in which all these seven omitted passages 7and many hundreds besides7 are duly found in their proper places4 ,when1 therefore1 at the end of a thousand and half a thousand years1 ,dr4 ,hort 7guided by his inner consciousness1 and depending on an intellectual illumination of which he is able to give no intelligible account7 proposes to reverse the deliberate sentence of ,antiquity1--his position strikes us as bordering on the ludicrous4 ,concerning the seven places above referred to1 which the assembled ,fathers pronounce to be genuine ,scripture1 and declare to be worthy of all acceptation1--,dr4 ,hort expresses himself in terms which--could they have been heard at ,antioch--must1 it is thought1 have brought down upon his head tokens of displeasure which might have even proved inconvenient4 ,but let the respected gentleman by all means be allowed to speak for himself3-- 7#a7 ,,the ,,last ,,twelve ,,verses of ,s4 ,mark 7he would have been heard to say7 are a 8very early interpolation40 8,its authorship and precise date must remain unknown40 8,it manifestly cannot claim any ,apostolic authority40 8,it is doubtless founded on some tradition of the ,apostolic age40--7,notes1 pp4 #df and #ea47 7#b7 ,,the ,,agony ,,in ,,the ,,garden 7he would have told them7 is 8an early ,western interpolation10 and 8can only be a fragment from traditions1 written or oral10--8rescued from oblivion by the scribes of the second century40--7pp4 #ff-g47 7#c7 ,,the ,,prayer ,,of ,,our ,,lord ,,for ,,his ,,murderers 7,dr4 ,hort would have said71--8,i cannot doubt comes from an extraneous source40 ,it is 8a ,western interpolation40--7p4#fh47 7#d7 ,,to ,,the ,,inscription ,,on ,,the ,,cross1 ,,in ,,greek1 ,,latin1 ,,and ,,hebrew ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch1 he would not have allowed so much as a hearing4 7#e7 ,the spuriousness of the narrative of ,s4 ,,peter',s ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,sepulchre ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ab 7the same ,ante-,nicene ,fathers would have learned7 he regards as a 8moral certainty40 ,he would have assured them that it is 8a ,western non-interpolation40--7p4 #ga47 7#f7 ,they would have learned that1 in the account of the same ,critic1 ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ea is another spurious addition to the inspired ,text3 another 8,western non-interpolation40 ,dr4 ,hort would have tried to persuade them that ,,our ,,lord',s ,,ascension ,,into ,,heaven 8was evidently inserted from an assumption that a separation from the disciples at the close of a ,gospel must be the ,ascension10 7,notes1 p4 #gc74444 7,what the ,ante-,nicene ,fathers would have thought of their teacher we forbear to conjecture47--7p4 #ga47 7#g7 ,,the ,,troubling ,,of ,,the ,,pool ,,of ,,bethesda ,s4 ,john v4 #c1 #d is not even allowed a bracketed place in ,dr4 ,hort's ,text4 ,how the accomplished ,critic would have set about persuading the ,ante-,nicene ,fathers that they were in error for holding it to be genuine ,scripture1 it is hard to imagine4 ,,xxiv4 ,it is plain therefore that ,dr4 ,hort is in direct antagonism with the collective mind of ,patristic ,antiquity4 ,why1 when it suits him1 he should appeal to the same ,ancients for support1--we fail to understand4 8,if ,baal be ,,god1 then follow him60 ,dr4 ,hort has his codex ,b and his codex to guide him4 ,he informs us 7p4 #bgf7 that 8the fullest consideration does but increase the conviction that the pre-eminent relative purity0 of those two codices 8is approximately absolute1--a true approximate reproduction of the ,text of the ,autographs40 ,on the other hand1 he has discovered that the ,received ,text is virtually the production of the ,fathers of the ,nicene ,age 7,a4,d4 #bej-;,a4,d4 #cej71--;exhibits a ,text fabricated throughout by the united efforts of those well-intentioned but thoroughly misguided men4 ,what is it to him1 henceforth1 how ,athanasius1 or ,didymus1 or ,cyril exhibits a place8 ,yes1 we repeat it1--,dr4 ,hort is in direct antagonism with the ,fathers of the ,i,i,ird and the ,i,vth ,century4 ,his own fantastic hypothesis of a 8,syrian ,text10--the solemn expression of the collective wisdom and deliberate judgment of the ,fathers of the ,nicene ,age 7,a4,d4 #bej-;,a4,d4 #cej71--;is the best answer which can by possibility be invented to his own pages1--is1 in our account1 the one sufficient and conclusive refutation of his own ,text4 ,thus1 his prolix and perverse discussion of ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj 7viz4 from p4 #bh to p4 #ea of his ,notes71--which1 carefully analysed1 is found merely to amount to 8,thank you for showing us our mistake2 but we mean to stick to our ,mumpsimus603--those many inferences as well from what the ,fathers do not say1 as from what they do2--are all effectually disposed of by his own theory of a 8,syrian text40 ,a mighty array of forgotten ,bishops1 ,fathers1 ,doctors of the ,nicene period1 come back and calmly assure the accomplished ,professor that the evidence on which he relies is but an insignificant fraction of the evidence which was before themselves when they delivered their judgment4 8,had you known but the thousandth part of what we knew familiarly10 say they1 8you would have spared yourself this exposure4 ,you seem to have forgotten that ,eusebius was one of the chief persons in our assembly2 that ,cyril of ,jerusalem and ,athanasius1 ,basil and ,gregory of ,nazianzus1 as well as his namesake of ,nyssa1--were all living when we held our ,textual ,conference1 and some of them1 though young men1 were even parties to our decree40444 ,now1 as an argumentum ad hominem1 this1 be it observed1 is decisive and admits of no rejoinder4 ,,xxv4 ,how then about those 8,syrian ,conflations0 concerning which a few pages back we heard so much1 and for which ,dr4 ,hort considers the august tribunal of which we are now speaking to be responsible8 ,he is convinced that the 7so-called7 ,syrian ,text 7which he regards as the product of their deliberations71 is 8an eclectic text combining ,readings from the three principal ,texts0 7p4 #ade73 which ,readings in consequence he calls 8conflate40 ,how then is it to be supposed that these 8,conflations0 arose8 ,the answer is obvious4 ,as 8,conflations10 they have no existence1--save in the fertile brain of ,dr4 ,hort4 ,could the ante-,nicene fathers who never met at ,antioch have been interrogated by him concerning this matter1--7let the ,hibernian supposition be allowed for argument sake67--they would perforce have made answer1--8,you quite mistake the purpose for which we came together1 learned sir6 ,you are evidently thinking of your ,jerusalem ,chamber and of the unheard-of method devised by your ,bishop0 see pp4 #cg to #ci3 also p4 #bgc 8for ascertaining the ,truth of ,scripture4 ,well may the resuscitation of so many forgotten blunders have occupied you and your colleagues for as long a period as was expended on the ,siege of ,troy6 ,our business was not to invent readings whether by #8,conflation' or otherwise1 but only to distinguish between spurious ,texts and genuine1--families of fabricated ,,mss41 and those which we knew to be trustworthy1--mutilated and unmutilated ,copies4 ,every one of what you are pleased to call #8,conflate ,readings1' learned sir1 we found--just as you find them--in #ii out of #ajj of our copies3 and we gave them our deliberate approval1 and left them standing in the ,text in consequence4 ,we believed them to be1--we are confident that they are1--the very words of the ,evangelists and ,apostles of the ,,lord3 the ipsissima verba of the ,,spirit3 #8the true sayings of the ,,holy ,,ghost4' 0 ,see p4 #ch1 note #b4 ,all this however by the way4 ,the essential thing to be borne in mind is that1 according to ,dr4 ,hort1--on two distinct occasions between ,a4,d4 #bej and #cej--the whole ,eastern ,church1 meeting by representation in her palmiest days1 deliberately put forth that ,traditional ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 with which we at this day are chiefly familiar4 ,that this is indeed his view of the matter1 there can at least be no doubt4 ,he says3-- 8,an authoritative ,revision at ,antioch 444 was itself subjected to a second authoritative ,revision carrying out more completely the purposes of the first40 8,at what date between ,a4,d4 #bej and #cej the first process took place1 it is impossible to say with confidence40 8,the final process was apparently completed by ,a4,d4 #cej or thereabouts40--7p4 #acg47 8,the fundamental text of late extant ,greek ,,mss4 generally is beyond all question identical with the dominant ,antiochian or ,grco-,syrian text of the second half of the ,i,vth century40--7p4 #ib47 ,be it so4 ,it follows that the ,text exhibited by such codices as ,b and was deliberately condemned by the assembled piety1 learning1 and judgment of the four great ,patriarchates of ,eastern ,christendom4 ,at a period when there existed nothing more modern than ,codices ,b and 1--nothing so modern as ,a and ,c1--all specimens of the former class were rejected3 while such codices as bore a general resemblance to ,a were by common consent pointed out as deserving of confidence and recommended for repeated ,transcription4 ,,xxvi4 ,pass fifteen hundred years1 and the ,reader is invited to note attentively what has come to pass4 ,time has made a clean sweep1 it may be1 of every ,greek codex belonging to either of the two dates above indicated4 ,every tradition belonging to the period has also long since utterly perished4 ,when lo1 in ,a4,d4 #ahca1 under the auspices of ,dr4 ,lachmann1 8a new departure0 is made4 ,up springs what may be called the new ,german school of ,textual ,criticism1--of which the fundamental principle is a superstitious deference to the decrees of cod4 ,b4 ,the heresy prevails for fifty years 7#ahca-ha7 and obtains many adherents4 ,the practical result is1 that its chief promoters make it their business to throw discredit on the result of the two great ,antiochian ,revisions already spoken of6 ,the 7so-called7 8,syrian ,text0--although assumed by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort to be the product of the combined wisdom1 piety1 and learning of the great ,patriarchates of the ,east from ,a4,d4 #bej to ,a4,d4 #cej2 8a #8,recension' in the proper sense of the word2 a work of attempted ,criticism1 performed deliberately by ,editors and not merely by ,scribes0 7p4 #acc73--this 8,syrian ,text10 ,doctors ,westcott and ,hort denounce as 8showing no marks of either critical or spiritual insight30-- ,it 8presents0 7say they7 8the ,new ,testament in a form smooth and attractive1 but appreciably impoverished in sense and force2 more fitted for cursory perusal or recitation than for repeated and diligent study40--7p4 #ace47 ,,xxvii4 ,we are content to leave this matter to the ,reader's judgment4 ,for ourselves1 we make no secret of the grotesqueness of the contrast thus1 for the second time1 presented to the imagination4 ,on that side1 by the hypothesis1 sit the greatest ,doctors of primitive ,christendom1 assembled in solemn conclave4 ,every most illustrious name is there4 ,by ingeniously drawing a purely arbitrary hard-and-fast line at the year ,a4,d4 #cej1 and so anticipating many a 8floruit0 by something between five and five-and-twenty years1 ,dr4 ,hort's intention is plain3 but the expedient will not serve his turn4 ,quite content are we with the names secured to us within the proposed limits of time4 ,on that side then1 we behold congregated choice representatives of the wisdom1 the piety1 the learning of the ,eastern ,church1 from ,a4,d4 #bej to ,a4,d4 #cej4--,on this side sits--,dr4 ,hort6 444 ,an interval of #aecb years separates these two parties4 ,,xxviii4 ,and first1--,how may the former assemblage be supposed to have been occupying themselves8 ,the object with which those distinguished personages came together was the loftiest1 the purest1 the holiest imaginable3 viz4 to purge out from the sacred ,text the many corruptions by which1 in their judgments1 it had become depraved during the #bej 7or at the utmost #cjj7 years which have elapsed since it first came into existence2 to detect the counterfeit and to eliminate the spurious4 ,not unaware by any means are they of the carelessness of ,scribes1 nor yet of the corruptions which have been brought in through the officiousness of critical 8,correctors0 of the ,text4 ,to what has resulted from the misdirected piety of the ,orthodox1 they are every bit as fully alive as to what has crept in through the malignity of ,heretical ,teachers4 ,moreover1 while the memory survives in all its freshness of the depravations which the inspired ,text has experienced from these and other similar corrupting influences1 the means abound and are at hand of testing every suspected place of ,scripture4 ,well1 and next1--,how have these holy men prospered in their holy enterprise8 ,,xxix4 ,according to ,dr4 ,hort1 by a strange fatality1--a most unaccountable and truly disastrous proclivity to error1--these illustrious ,fathers of the ,church have been at every instant substituting the spurious for the genuine1--a fabricated ,text in place of the ,evangelical ,verity4 ,miserable men6 ,in the ,gospels alone they have interpolated about #cajj words3 have omitted about #gjj3 have substituted about #ajjj2 have transposed about #bbjj3 have altered 7in respect of number1 case1 mood1 tense1 person1 c47 about #abjj47gbd7 ,this done1 they have amused themselves with the give-and-take process of mutual accommodation which we are taught to call 8,conflation30 in plain terms1 they have been manufacturing ,scripture4 ,the ,text1 as it comes forth from their hands1-- 7a7 8,shews no marks of either critical or spiritual insight30-- 7b7 8,presents the ,new ,testament in a form smooth and attractive1 but appreciably impoverished in sense and force30-- 7c7 8,is more fitted for cursory perusal or recitation1 than for repeated and diligent study40 ,moreover1 the mischief has proved infectious1--has spread4 ,in ,syria also1 at ,edessa or ,nisibis1--7for it is as well to be circumstantial in such matters17--the self-same iniquity is about to be perpetrated2 of which the ,peschito will be the abiding monument3 one solitary witness only to the pure ,text being suffered to escape4 ,cureton's fragmentary ,syriac will alone remain to exhibit to mankind the outlines of primitive ,truth4 7,the reader is reminded of the character already given of the document in question at the summit of page #bgi4 ,its extravagance can only be fully appreciated by one who will be at the pains to read it steadily through47 ,,xxx4 ,and pray1 7we ask17--,who says all this8 ,who is it who gravely puts forth all this egregious nonsense8444 ,it is ,dr4 ,hort1 7we answer17 at pp4 #acd-e of the volume now under review4 ,in fact1 according to him1 those primitive ,fathers have been the great falsifiers of ,scripture2 have proved the worst enemies of the pure ,word of ,,god2 have shamefully betrayed their sacred trust2 have done the diametrical reverse of what 7by the hypothesis7 they came together for the sole purpose of doing4 ,they have depraved and corrupted that sacred ,text which it was their aim1 their duty1 and their professed object to purge from its errors4 ,and 7by the hypothesis7 ,dr4 ,hort1 at the end of #aecb years1--aided by codex ,b and his own self-evolved powers of divination1--has found them out1 and now holds them up to the contempt and scorn of the ,british public4 ,,xxxi4 ,in the meantime the illustrious ,professor invites us to believe that the mistaken textual judgment pronounced at ,antioch in ,a4,d4 #cej had an immediate effect on the ,text of ,scripture throughout the world4 ,we are requested to suppose that it resulted in the instantaneous extinction of codices the like of ,b 1 wherever found2 and caused codices of the ,a type to spring up like mushrooms in their place1 and that1 in every library of ancient ,christendom4 ,we are further required to assume that this extraordinary substitution of new evidence for old--the false for the true--fully explains why ,irenus and ,hippolytus1 ,athanasius and ,didymus1 ,gregory of ,nazianzus and ,gregory of ,nyssa1 ,basil and ,ephraem1 ,epiphanius and ,chrysostom1 ,theodore of ,mopsuestia and ,isidore of ,pelusium1 ,nilus and ,nonnus1 ,proclus and ,severianus1 the two ,cyrils and ,theodoret--one and all--show themselves strangers to the text of ,b and 4444 ,we read and marvel4 ,,xxxii4 ,for1 7it is time to enquire17--,does not the learned ,professor see that1 by thus getting rid of the testimony of the whole body of the ,fathers1 he leaves the ,science which he is so good as to patronize in a most destitute condition1--besides placing himself in a most inconvenient state of isolation8 ,if clear and consentient ,patristic testimony to the ,text of ,scripture is not to be deemed forcible witness to its ,truth1--whither shall a man betake himself for constraining ,evidence8 ,dr4 ,hort has already set aside the ,traditional ,text as a thing of no manner of importance4 ,the venerable ,syriac ,version he has also insisted on reducing very nearly to the level of the despised cursives4 ,as for the copies of the old ,latin1 they had confessedly become so untrustworthy1 at the time of which he speaks1 that a modest ,revision of the ,text they embody1 7the 8,vulgate0 namely17 became at last a measure of necessity4 ,what remains to him therefore8 ,can he seriously suppose that the world will put up with the 8idiosyncrasy0 of a living ,doctor--his 8personal instincts0 7p4 xi47--his 8personal discernment0 7p4 #fe71--;his 8instinctive processes of ,criticism0 7p4 #ff71--;his 8individual mind10--in preference to articulate voices coming to us across the gulf of ,time from every part of ancient ,christendom8 ,how--with the faintest chance of success--does ,dr4 ,hort propose to remedy the absence of ,external ,testimony8 ,if mankind can afford to do without either consent of ,copies or of ,fathers1 why does mankind any longer adhere to the ancient methods of proof8 ,why do ,critics of every school still accumulate references to ,,mss41 explore the ancient ,versions1 and ransack the ,patristic writings in search of neglected citations of ,scripture8 ,that the ancients were indifferent ,textual ,critics1 is true enough4 ,the mischief done by ,origen in this department1--through his fondness for a branch of ,learning in which his remarks show that he was all unskilled1--is not to be told4 ,but then1 these men lived within a very few hundred years of the ,apostles of the ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ3 and when they witness to the reading of their own copies1 their testimony on the point1 to say the least1 is worthy of our most respectful attention4 ,dated codices1 in fact are they1 to all intents and purposes1 as often as they bear clear witness to the ,text of ,scripture3--a fact1 7we take leave to throw out the remark in passing17 which has not yet nearly attracted the degree of attention which it deserves4 ,,xxxiii4 ,for ourselves1 having said so much on this subject1 it is fair that we should add1--,we devoutly wish that ,dr4 ,hort's hypothesis of an authoritative and deliberate ,recension of the ,text of the ,new ,testament achieved at ,antioch first1 about ,a4,d4 #bej1 and next1 about ,a4,d4 #cej1 were indeed an historical fact4 ,we desire no firmer basis on which to rest our confidence in the ,traditional ,text of ,scripture than the deliberate verdict of ,antiquity1--the ascertained sanction of the collective ,church1 in the ,nicene age4 ,the ,latin 8,vulgate0 ,a4,d4 #che is the work of a single man--,jerome4 ,the ,syriac 8,vulgate0 ,a4,d4 #faf was also the work of a single man--,thomas of ,harkel4 ,but this ,greek 8,vulgate0 was 7by the hypothesis7 the product of the ,church ,catholic1 ,a4,d4 #bej-;,a4,d4 #cej1 in her corporate capacity4 ,not only should we hail such a monument of the collective piety and learning of the ,church in her best days with unmingled reverence and joy1 were it introduced to our notice2 but we should insist that no important deviation from such a 8,textus ,receptus0 as that would deserve to be listened to4 ,in other words1 if ,dr4 ,hort's theory about the origin of the ,textus ,receptus have any foundation at all in fact1 it is 8all up0 with ,dr4 ,hort4 ,he is absolutely nowhere4 ,he has most ingeniously placed himself on the horns of a fatal dilemma4 ,for1--7let it be carefully noted17--the entire discussion becomes1 in this way1 brought 7so to speak7 within the compass of a nutshell4 ,to state the case briefly1--,we are invited to make our election between the ,fathers of the ,church1 ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej1--;and ,dr4 ,hort1 ,a4,d4 #ahha4 ,the issue is really reduced to that4 ,the general question of ,,the ,,text ,,of ,,scripture being the matter at stake2 7not any particular passage1 remember1 but the ,text of ,scripture as a whole27--and the conflicting parties being but two2--,which are we to believe8 the consentient ,voice of ,antiquity1--or the solitary modern ,professor8 ,shall we accept the august ,testimony of the whole body of the ,fathers8 or shall we prefer to be guided by the self-evolved imaginations of one who confessedly has nothing to offer but conjecture8 ,the question before us is reduced to that single issue4 ,but in fact the alternative admits of being yet more concisely stated4 ,we are invited to make our election between ,,fact and--,,fiction4444 ,all this1 of course1 on the supposition that there is any truth at all in ,dr4 ,hort's 8,new ,textual ,theory40 ,,xxxiv4 ,apart however from the gross intrinsic improbability of the supposed ,recension1--the utter absence of one particle of evidence1 traditional or otherwise1 that it ever did take place1 must be held to be fatal to the hypothesis that it did4 ,it is simply incredible that an incident of such magnitude and interest would leave no trace of itself in history4 ,as a conjecture--7and it only professes to be a conjecture7--,dr4 ,hort's notion of how the ,text of the ,fathers of the ,i,i,ird1 ,i,vth1 and ,vth centuries1--which1 as he truly remarks1 is in the main identical with our own ,received ,text1--came into being1 must be unconditionally abandoned4 ,in the words of a learned living ,prelate1--8the supposition0 on which ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have staked their critical reputation1 8is a manifest absurdity407#gbe7 ,,xxxv4 ,we have been so full on the subject of this imaginary 8,antiochian0 or 8,syrian text10 not 7the reader may be sure7 without sufficient reason4 ,scant satisfaction truly is there in scattering to the winds an airy tissue which its ingenious authors have been industriously weaving for #cj years4 ,but it is clear that with this hypothesis of a 8,syrian0 text1--the immediate source and actual prototype of the commonly received ,text of the ,n4 ,t41--stands or falls their entire ,textual theory4 ,reject it1 and the entire fabric is observed to collapse1 and subside into a shapeless ruin4 ,and with it1 of necessity1 goes the 8,new ,greek ,text10--and therefore the 8,new ,english ,version0 of our ,revisionists1 which in the main has been founded on it4 ,,xxxvi4 ,in the meantime the phenomena upon which this phantom has been based1 remain unchanged2 and fairly interpreted1 will be found to conduct us to the diametrically opposite result to that which has been arrived at by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,with perfect truth has the latter remarked on the practical 8identity of the ,text1 more especially in the ,gospels and ,pauline ,epistles1 in all the known cursive ,,mss41 except a few0 7p4 #adc74 ,we fully admit the truth of his statement that-- 8,before the close of the ,i,vth century1 a ,greek ,text not materially differing from the almost universal ,text of the ,i,xth10--and why not of the ,v,ith8 of the ,v,i,ith8 of the ,v,i,i,ith8 or again of the ,xth8 of the ,x,ith8 of the ,x,i,ith8--8century1 was dominant at ,antioch40--7p4 #adb47 ,and why not throughout the whole of ,eastern ,christendom8 ,why this continual mention of 8,antioch0--this perpetual introduction of the epithet 8,syrian08 ,neither designation applies to ,irenus or to ,hippolytus1--to ,athanasius or to ,didymus1--to ,gregory of ,nazianzus or to his namesake of ,nyssa1--to ,basil or to ,epiphanius1--to ,nonnus or to ,macarius1--to ,proclus or to ,theodoras ,mops41--to the earlier or to the later ,cyril4--,in brief1 8,the fundamental text of the late extant ,greek ,,mss4 generally is1 beyond all question1 identical with what ,dr4 ,hort chooses to call the dominant ,antiochian or ,grco-,syrian text of the second half of the ,i,vth century4444 ,the ,antiochian and other ,fathers1 and the bulk of extant ,,mss4 written from about three or four1 to ten or eleven centuries later1 must have had1 in the greater number of extant variations1 a common original either contemporary with1 or older than1 our oldest extant ,,mss40--7p4 #ib47 ,,xxxvii4 ,so far then1 happily1 we are entirely agreed4 ,the only question is1--,how is this resemblance to be accounted for8 ,not1 we answer1--not1 certainly1 by putting forward so violent and improbable--so irrational a conjecture as that1 first1 about ,a4,d4 #bej1--;and then again about ,a4,d4 #cej1--;an authoritative standard ,text was fabricated at ,antioch2 of which all other known ,,mss4 7except a very little handful7 are nothing else but transcripts3--but rather1 by loyally recognizing1 in the practical identity of the ,text exhibited by #ii out of #ajj of our extant ,,mss41 the probable general fidelity of those many transcripts to the inspired exemplars themselves from which remotely they are confessedly descended4 ,and surely1 if it be allowable to assume 7with ,dr4 ,hort7 that for #aecb years1 7viz4 from ,a4,d4 #cej to ,a4,d4 #ahhb7 the ,antiochian standard has been faithfully retained and transmitted1--it will be impossible to assign any valid reason why the inspired ,original itself1 the ,apostolic standard1 should not have been as faithfully transmitted and retained from the ,apostolic age to the ,antiochian17#gbf7--;i4e4 throughout an interval of less than #bej years1 or one-sixth of the period4 ,,xxxviii4 ,here1 it will obviously occur to enquire1--,but what has been ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's motive for inventing such an improbable hypothesis8 and why is ,dr4 ,hort so strenuous in maintaining it8444 ,we reply by reminding the ,reader of certain remarks which we made at the outset47#gbg7 ,the ,traditional ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 is a phenomenon which sorely exercises ,critics of the new school4 ,to depreciate it1 is easy3 to deny its critical authority1 is easier still3 to cast ridicule on the circumstances under which ,erasmus produced his first 7very faulty7 edition of it 7#aeaf71 is easiest of all4 ,but to ignore the 8,traditional ,text10 is impossible4 ,equally impossible is it to overlook its practical identity with the ,text of ,chrysostom1 who lived and taught at ,antioch till ,a4,d4 #cih1 when he became ,abp4 of ,constantinople4 ,now this is a very awkward circumstance1 and must in some way be got over2 for it transports us1 at a bound1 from the stifling atmosphere of ,basle and ,alcala1--from ,erasmus and ,stunica1 ,stephens and ,beza and the ,elzevirs1--to ,antioch and ,constantinople in the latter part of the ,i,vth century4 ,what is to be done8 ,,xxxix4 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort assume that this 8,antiochian text0--found in the later cursives and the ,fathers of the latter half of the ,i,vth century--must be an artificial1 an arbitrarily invented standard2 a text fabricated between ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,and if they may but be so fortunate as to persuade the world to adopt their hypothesis1 then all will be easy2 for they will have reduced the supposed 8consent of ,fathers0 to the reproduction of one and the same single 8primary documentary witness307#gbh7--;and 8it is hardly necessary to point out the total change in the bearing of the evidence by the introduction of the factor of ,genealogy0 7p4 #dc7 at this particular juncture4 ,upset the hypothesis on the other hand1 and all is reversed in a moment4 ,every attesting ,father is perceived to be a dated ,,ms4 and an independent authority2 and the combined evidence of several of these becomes simply unmanageable4 ,in like manner1 8the approximate consent of the cursives0 7see the foot-note71 is perceived to be equivalent not to 8,a ,,primary ,,documentary ,,witness10--not to 8,,one ,,antiochian ,,original10--but to be tantamount to the articulate speech of many witnesses of high character1 coming to us from every quarter of primitive ,christendom4 ,,xl4 ,but--7the further enquiry is sure to be made7--,in favour of which document1 or set of documents1 have all these fantastic efforts been made to disparage the commonly received standards of excellence8 ,the ordinary ,english ,reader may require to be reminded that1 prior to the ,i,vth century1 our ,textual helps are few1 fragmentary1 and--to speak plainly--insufficient4 ,as for sacred ,codices of that date1 we possess ,,not ,,one4 ,of our two primitive ,versions1 8the ,syriac and the old ,latin10 the second is grossly corrupt2 owing 7says ,dr4 ,hort7 8to a perilous confusion between transcription and reproduction20 8the preservation of a record and its supposed improvement0 7p4 #aba74 8,further acquaintance with it only increases our distrust0 7ibid474 ,in plainer ,english1 8the earliest readings which can be fixed chronologically0 7p4 #abj7 belong to a ,version which is licentious and corrupt to an incredible extent4 ,and though 8there is no reason to doubt that the ,peschito or ancient ,syriac is at least as old as the ,latin ,version0 7p4 #hd71 yet 7according to ,dr4 ,hort7 it is 8impossible0--7he is nowhere so good as to explain to us wherein this supposed 8impossibility0 consists71--to regard 8the present form of the ,version as a true representation of the original ,syriac text40 ,the date of it 7according to him7 may be as late as ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,anyhow1 we are assured 7but only by ,dr4 ,hort7 that important 8evidence for the ,greek text is hardly to be looked for from this source0 7p4 #he74--,the ,fathers of the ,i,i,ird century who have left behind them considerable remains in ,greek are but two1--,clemens ,alex4 and ,origen3 and there are considerations attending the citations of either1 which greatly detract from their value4 ,,xli4 ,the question therefore recurs with redoubled emphasis1--,in favour of which document1 or set of documents1 does ,dr4 ,hort disparage the more considerable portion of that early evidence1--so much of it1 namely1 as belongs to the ,i,vth century1--on which the ,church has been hitherto accustomed confidently to rely8 ,he asserts that1-- 8,almost all ,greek ,fathers after ,eusebius have texts so deeply affected by mixture that0 they 8cannot at most count for more than so many secondary ,greek uncial ,,mss41 inferior in most cases to the better sort of secondary uncial ,,mss4 now existing40--7p4 #bjb47 ,and thus1 at a stroke1 behold1 8almost all ,greek ,fathers after ,eusebius0--7who died ,a4,d4 #cdj7--;are disposed of6 washed overboard6 put clean out of sight6 ,athanasius and ,didymus--the #b ,basils and the #b ,gregories--the #b ,cyrils and the #b ,theodores--,epiphanius and ,macarius and ,ephraem--,chrysostom and ,severianus and ,proclus--,nilus and ,nonnus--,isidore of ,pelusium and ,theodoret3 not to mention at least as many more who have left scanty1 yet most precious1 remains behind them3--all these are pronounced inferior in authority to as many ,i,xth- or ,xth-century copies6444 ,we commend1 in passing1 the foregoing dictum of these accomplished ,editors to the critical judgment of all candid and intelligent ,readers4 ,not as dated manuscripts1 therefore1 at least equal in ,antiquity to the oldest which we now possess3--not as the authentic utterances of famous ,doctors and ,fathers of the ,church1 7instead of being the work of unknown and irresponsible ,scribes73--not as sure witnesses of what was accounted ,scripture in a known region1 by a famous personage1 at a well-ascertained period1 7instead of coming to us1 as our codices universally do1 without a history and without a character73--in no such light are we henceforth to regard ,patristic citations of ,scripture3--but only 8as so many secondary ,,mss41 inferior to the better sort of secondary uncials now existing40 ,,xlii4 ,that the ,testimony of the ,fathers1 in the lump1 must perforce in some such way either be ignored or else flouted1 if the ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort is to stand1--we were perfectly well aware4 ,it is simply fatal to them3 and they know it4 ,but we were hardly prepared for such a demonstration as this4 ,let it all pass however4 ,the question we propose is only the following1--,if the ,text 8used by great ,antiochian theologians not long after the middle of the ,i,vth century0 7p4 #adf7 is undeserving of our confidence3--if we are to believe that a systematic depravation of ,scripture was universally going on till about the end of the ,i,i,ird century2 and if at that time1 an authoritative and deliberate recension of it--conducted on utterly erroneous principles--took place at ,antioch1 and resulted in the vicious 8traditional ,constantinopolitan0 7p4 #adc71 or 7as ,dr4 ,hort prefers to call it7 the 8eclectic ,syrian ,text30--,what remains to us8 ,are we henceforth to rely on our own 8inner consciousness0 for illumination8 ,or is it seriously expected that for the restoration of the inspired ,verity we shall be content to surrender ourselves blindfold to the ipse dixit of an unknown and irresponsible nineteenth-century guide8 ,if neither of these courses is expected of us1 will these ,editors be so good as to give us the names of the documents on which1 in their judgment1 we may rely8 ,,xliii4 ,we are not suffered to remain long in a state of suspense4 ,the assurance awaits us 7at p4 #aej71 that the ,vatican codex1 8,b--is found to hold a unique position4 ,its text is throughout ,pre-,syrian1 perhaps purely ,pre-,syrian4444 ,from distinctively ,western readings it seems to be all but entirely free4444 ,we have not been able to recognize as ,alexandrian any readings of ,b in any book of the ,new ,testament4444 ,so that 444 neither of the early streams of innovation has touched it to any appreciable extent40--7p4 #aej47 8,the text of the ,sinaitic codex 770 also 8seems to be entirely1 or all but entirely1 ,pre-,syrian4 ,a very large part of the text is in like manner free from ,western or ,alexandrian elements40--7p4 #aea47 8,every other known ,greek manuscript has either a mixed or a ,syrian text40--7p4 #aea47 ,thus then1 at last1 at the end of exactly #aej weary pages1 the secret comes out6 ,the one point which the respected ,editors are found to have been all along driving at3--the one aim of those many hazy disquisitions of theirs about 8,intrinsic and ,transcriptional ,probability10--8,genealogical evidence1 simple and divergent10--and 8the study of ,groups30--the one reason of all their vague terminology1--and of their baseless theory of 8,conflation10--and their disparagement of the ,fathers3--the one raison d'tre of their fiction of a 8,syrian0 and a 8,pre-,syrian0 and a 8,neutral0 text3--the secret of it all comes out at last6 ,a delightful1 a truly ,newtonian simplicity characterizes the final announcement4 ,all is summed up in the curt formula--,codex ,b6 ,behold then the altar at which ,copies1 ,fathers1 ,versions1 are all to be ruthlessly sacrificed3--the tribunal from which there shall be absolutely no appeal3--the ,oracle which is to silence every doubt1 resolve every riddle1 smooth away every difficulty4 ,all has been stated1 where the name has been pronounced of--codex ,b4 ,one is reminded of an enegmatical epitaph on the floor of the ,chapel of ,s4 ,john's ,college1 8,verbum non amplius--,fisher06 ,to codex ,b all the ,greek ,fathers after ,eusebius must give way4 ,even ,patristic evidence of the ante-,nicene period 8requires critical sifting0 7p4 #bjb71--must be distrusted1 may be denied 7pp4 #bjb-e71--;if it shall be found to contradict ,cod4 ,b6 8,b very far exceeds all other documents in neutrality of ,text40--7p4 #aga47 ,,xliv4 8,at a long interval after ,b1 but hardly a less interval before all other ,,mss41 stands 0 7p4 #aga74--,such is the sum of the matter6444 ,a coarser1--a clumsier1--a more unscientific1--a more stupid expedient for settling the true ,text of ,scripture was surely never invented6 ,but for the many foggy1 or rather unreadable disquisitions with which the ,introduction is encumbered1 8,textual ,criticism made easy10 might well have been the title of the little volume now under ,review2 of which at last it is discovered that the general ,infallibility of ,codex ,b is the fundamental principle4 ,let us however hear these learned men out4 ,,xlv4 ,they begin by offering us a chapter on the 8,general relations of ,b and to other documents30 wherein we are assured that1-- 8,two striking facts successively come out with especial clearness4 ,every group containing both and ,b1 is found 444 to have an apparently more original ,text than every opposed group containing neither2 and every group containing ,b 444 is found in a large preponderance of cases 444 to have an apparently more original ,text than every opposed group containing 40--7p4 #baj47 8,is found06 but pray1--,by whom8 ,and 8apparently06 but pray1--,to whom8 and ,on what grounds of ,evidence8 ,for unless it be on certain grounds of ,evidence1 how can it be pretended that we have before us 8two striking facts08 ,again1 with what show of reason can it possibly be asserted that these 8two striking facts0 8come out with especial clearness08 so long as their very existence remains in nubibus1--has never been established1 and is in fact emphatically denied8 ,expressions like the foregoing then only begin to be tolerable when it has been made plain that the ,teacher has some solid foundation on which to build4 ,else1 he occasions nothing but impatience and displeasure4 ,readers at first are simply annoyed at being trifled with3 presently they grow restive3 at last they become clamorous for demonstration1 and will accept of nothing less4 ,let us go on however4 ,we are still at p4 #baj3-- 8,we found and ,b to stand alone in their almost complete immunity from distinctive ,syriac readings 444 and ,b to stand far above in its apparent freedom from either ,western or ,alexandrian readings40--7p4 #baj47 ,but pray1 gentlemen1--,where and when did 8we find0 either of these two things8 ,we have 8found0 nothing of the sort hitherto4 ,the ,reviewer is disposed to reproduce the ,duke of ,wellington's courteous reply to the ,prince ,regent1 when the latter claimed the arrangements which resulted in the victory of ,waterloo3--8,i have heard your ,royal ,highness say so40444 ,at the end of a few pages1 8,having found ,b the constant element in groups of every size1 distinguished by internal excellence of readings1 we found no less excellence in the readings in which they concur without other attestations of ,greek ,,mss41 or even of ,versions or ,fathers40--7p4 #bai47 ,what6 again8 ,why1 we 8have found0 nothing as yet but ,reiteration4 ,up to this point we have not been favoured with one particle of ,evidence6444 ,in the meantime1 the convictions of these accomplished ,critics1--7but not1 unfortunately1 those of their ,readers17--are observed to strengthen as they proceed4 ,on reaching p4 #bbd1 we are assured that1 8,the independence of ,b and can be carried back so far10--7not a hint is given how17--8that their concordant testimony may be treated as equivalent to that of a ,,ms4 older than and ,b themselves by at least two centuries1--probably by a generation or two more40 ,how that 8independence0 was established1 and how this 8probability0 has been arrived at1 we cannot even imagine4 ,the point to be attended to however1 is1 that by the process indicated1 some such early epoch as ,a4,d4 #ajj has been reached4 ,so that now we are not surprised to hear that1 8,the respective ancestries of and ,b must have diverged from a common parent extremely near the ,apostolic autographs40--7p4 #bbj4 ,see top of p4 #bba47 ,or that1--8,the close approach to the time of the autographs raises the presumption of purity to an unusual strength40--7p4 #bbd47 ,and lo1 before we turn the leaf1 this 8presumption0 is found to have ripened into certainty3-- 8,this general immunity from substantive error 444 in the common original of ,b1 in conjunction with its very high antiquity1 provides in a multitude of cases a safe criterion of genuineness1 not to be distrusted except on very clear internal evidence4 ,accordingly 444 it is our belief1 7#a7 ,that ,readings of ,b should be accepted as the true ,readings until strong internal evidence is found to the contrary2 and 7#b71 ,that no ,readings of ,b can be safely rejected absolutely40--7p4 #bbe47 ,,xlvi4 ,and thus1 by an unscrupulous use of the process of ,reiteration1 accompanied by a boundless exercise of the ,imaginative faculty1 we have reached the goal to which all that went before has been steadily tending3 viz4 the absolute supremacy of codices ,b and above all other codices1--and1 when they differ1 then of codex ,b4 ,and yet1 the 8immunity from substantive error0 of a lost ,codex of imaginary date and unknown history1 cannot but be a pure imagination1--7a mistaken one1 as we shall presently show17--of these respected ,critics3 while their proposed practical inference from it1--7viz4 to regard two remote and confessedly depraved ,copies of that original1 as 8a safe criterion of genuineness107--this1 at all events1 is the reverse of logical4 ,in the meantime1 the presumed proximity of the ,text of and ,b to the ,apostolic age is henceforth discoursed of as if it were no longer matter of conjecture3-- 8,the ancestries of both ,,mss4 having started from a common source not much later than the ,autographs10 c4--7p4 #bdg47 ,and again3-- 8,near as the divergence of the respective ancestries of ,b and must have been to the ,autographs10 c4--7p4 #bgc47 ,until at last1 we find it announced as a 8moral certainty30-- 8,it is morally certain that the ancestries of ,b and diverged from a point near the ,autographs1 and never came into contact subsequently40--7,text1 p4 #eef47 ,after which1 of course1 we have no right to complain if we are assured that3-- 8,the fullest comparison does but increase the conviction that their pre-eminent relative purity is approximately absolute1--a true approximate reproduction of the ,text of the ,autographs0--7p4 #bif47 ,,xlvii4 ,but how does it happen--7we must needs repeat the enquiry1 which however we make with unfeigned astonishment17--,how does it come to pass that a man of practised intellect1 addressing persons as cultivated and perhaps as acute as himself1 can handle a confessedly obscure problem like the present after this strangely incoherent1 this foolish and wholly inconclusive fashion8 ,one would have supposed that ,dr4 ,hort's mathematical training would have made him an exact reasoner4 ,but he writes as if he had no idea at all of the nature of demonstration1 and of the process necessary in order to carry conviction home to a ,reader's mind4 ,surely1 7one tells oneself17 a minimum of 8pass0 ,logic would have effectually protected so accomplished a gentleman from making such a damaging exhibition of himself6 ,for surely he must be aware that1 as yet1 he has produced not one particle of evidence that his opinion concerning ,b and is well founded4 ,and yet1 how can he possibly overlook the circumstance that1 unless he is able to demonstrate that those two codices1 and especially the former of them1 has 8preserved not only a very ancient ,text1 but a very pure line of ancient ,text0 also 7p4 #bea71 his entire work1 7inasmuch as it reposes on that one assumption17 on being critically handled1 crumbles to its base2 or rather melts into thin air before the first puff of wind8 ,he cannot1 surely1 require telling that those who look for ,demonstration will refuse to put up with ,rhetoric3--that1 with no thoughtful person will ,assertion pass for ,argument3--nor mere ,reiteration1 however long persevered in1 ever be mistaken for accumulated ,proof4 8,when ,i am taking a ride with ,rouser10--7quietly remarked ,professor ,saville to ,bodley ,coxe17--8,i observe that1 if ,i ever demur to any of his views1 ,rouser's practice always is1 to repeat the same thing over again in the same words1--only in a louder tone of voice0 444 ,the delicate rhetorical device thus indicated proves to be not peculiar to ,professors of the ,university of ,oxford2 but to be familiarly recognized as an instrument of conviction by the learned men who dwell on the banks of the ,cam4 ,to be serious however4--,dr4 ,hort has evidently failed to see that nothing short of a careful induction of particular instances1--a system of laborious footnotes1 or an 8,appendix0 bristling with impregnable facts1--could sustain the portentous weight of his fundamental position1 viz4 that ,codex ,b is so exceptionally pure a document as to deserve to be taken as a chief guide in determining the ,truth of ,scripture4 ,it is related of the illustrious architect1 ,sir ,gilbert ,scott1--when he had to rebuild the massive central tower of a southern ,cathedral1 and to rear up thereon a lofty spire of stone1--that he made preparations for the work which astonished the ,dean and ,chapter of the day4 ,he caused the entire area to be excavated to what seemed a most unnecessary depth1 and proceeded to lay a bed of concrete of fabulous solidity4 ,the 8wise master-builder0 was determined that his work should last for ever4 ,not so ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,they are either troubled with no similar anxieties1 or else too clear-sighted to cherish any similar hope4 ,they are evidently of opinion that a cloud or a quagmire will serve their turn every bit as well as granite or ,portland-stone4 ,dr4 ,hort 7as we have seen already1 namely in p4 #beb17 considers that his individual 8,,strong ,,preference0 of one set of ,readings above another1 is sufficient to determine whether the ,manuscript which contains those ,readings is pure or the contrary4 8,formidable arrays of hostile ,documentary evidence10 he disregards and sets at defiance1 when once his own 8fullest consideration of ,internal ,evidence0 has 8pronounced certain ,readings to be right0 p4 #fa4 ,the only indication we anywhere meet with of the actual ground of ,dr4 ,hort's certainty1 and reason of his preference1 is contained in his claim that1-- 8,every binary group of ,,mss4 containing ,b is found to offer a large proportion of ,readings1 which1 on the closest scrutiny1 have ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,genuineness3 while it is difficult to find any ,readings so attested which ,,look ,,suspicious after full consideration40--7p4 #bbg4 ,also vol4 i4 #eeg--where the dictum is repeated47 ,,xlviii4 ,and thus we have1 at last1 an honest confession of the ultimate principle which has determined the ,text of the present edition of the ,n4 ,t4 8,the ring of genuineness06 ,this it must be which was referred to when 8instinctive processes of ,criticism0 were vaunted2 and the candid avowal made that 8the experience which is their foundation needs perpetual correction and recorrection407#gbi7 8,we are obliged0 7say these accomplished writers7 8to come to the individual mind at last407#gcj7 ,and thus1 behold1 8at last0 we have reached the goal6444 ,individual idiosyncrasy1--not external ,evidence3--,readings 8strongly preferred10--not ,readings strongly attested3--8personal discernment0 7self6 still self67 conscientiously exercising itself upon ,codex ,b2--this is a true account of the ,critical method pursued by these accomplished ,scholars4 ,they deliberately claim 8personal discernment0 as 8the surest ground for confidence407#gca7 ,accordingly1 they judge of ,readings by their looks and by their sound4 ,when1 in their opinion1 words 8look suspicious10 words are to be rejected4 ,if a word has 8the ring of genuineness10--7i4e4 if it seems to them to have it17--they claim that the word shall pass unchallenged4 ,,xlix4 ,but it must be obvious that such a method is wholly inadmissible4 ,it practically dispenses with ,critical aids altogether2 substituting individual caprice for external guidance4 ,it can lead to no tangible result3 for ,readings which 8look suspicious0 to one expert1 may easily not 8look0 so to another4 ,a man's 8inner consciousness0 cannot possibly furnish trustworthy guidance in this subject matter4 ,justly does ,bp4 ,ellicott ridicule 8the easy method of 444 using a favourite ,manuscript10 combined with 8some supposed power of divining the ,original ,text207#gcb7--unconscious apparently that he is thereby aiming a cruel blow at certain of his friends4 ,as for the proposed test of ,truth1--7the enquiry1 namely1 whether or no a reading has 8the ring of genuineness07--it is founded on a transparent mistake4 ,the coarse operation alluded to may be described as a 8rough and ready0 expedient practised by receivers of money in the way of self-defence1 and only for their own protection1 lest base metal should be palmed off upon them unawares4 ,but ,dr4 ,hort is proposing an analogous test for the exclusive satisfaction of him who utters the suspected article4 ,we therefore disallow the proposal entirely3 not1 of course1 because we suppose that so excellent and honourable a man as ,dr4 ,hort would attempt to pass off as genuine what he suspects to be fabricated2 but because we are fully convinced--7for reasons 8plenty as blackberries07--that through some natural defect1 or constitutional inaptitude1 he is not a competent judge4 ,the man who finds 8no marks of either ,critical or ,spiritual insight0 7p4 #ace7 in the only ,greek ,text which was known to scholars till ,a4,d4 #ahca1--7;although he confesses that 8the text of ,chrysostom and other ,syrian ,fathers of the ,i,vth century is substantially identical with it07#gcc772 and vaunts in preference 8the bold vigour0 and 8refined scholarship0 which is exclusively met with in certain depraved uncials of the same or later date3--the man who thinks it not unlikely that the incident of the piercing of our ,,saviour',s side 7 4447 was actually found in the genuine ,text of ,s4 ,matt4 xxvii4 #di1 as well as in ,s4 ,john xix4 #cd37gcd7--the man who is of opinion that the incident of the ,woman taken in ,adultery 7filling #ab verses71 8presents serious differences from the diction of ,s4 ,john's ,gospel10--treats it as 8an insertion in a comparatively late ,western text07#gce7 and declines to retain it even within brackets1 on the ground that it 8would fatally interrupt0 the course of the narrative if suffered to stand3--the man who can deliberately separate off from the end of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 and print separately1 ,s4 ,mark's last #ab verses1 7on the plea that they 8manifestly cannot claim any apostolic authority2 but are doubtless founded on some tradition of the ,apostolic age207#gcf77--yet who straightway proceeds to annex1 as an alternative ,conclusion 771 8the wretched supplement derived from codex ,l307#gcg7--the man 7lastly7 who1 in defiance of 8solid reason and pure taste10 finds music in the 8utterly marred0 8rhythmical arrangement0 of the ,angels' ,hymn on the night of the ,nativity37#gch7--such an one is not entitled to a hearing when he talks about 8the ring of genuineness40 ,he has already effectually put himself out of ,court4 ,he has convicted himself of a natural infirmity of judgment1--has given proof that he labours under a peculiar ,critical inaptitude for this department of enquiry1--which renders his decrees nugatory1 and his opinions worthless4 ,l4 ,but apart from all this1 the ,reader's attention is invited to a little circumstance which ,dr4 ,hort has unaccountably overlooked3 but which1 the instant it has been stated1 is observed to cause his picturesque theory to melt away--like a snow-wreath in the sunshine4 ,on reflexion1 it will be perceived that the most signal deformities of codices ,b ,d ,l are instances of ,omission4 ,in the ,gospels alone1 ,b omits #bhgg words4 ,how1--7we beg to enquire17--,how will you apply your proposed test to a ,non-entity8 ,how will you ascertain whether something which does not exist in the ,text has 8the ring of genuineness0 or not8 ,there can be no 8ring of genuineness10 clearly1 where there is nothing to ring with6 ,will any one pretend that the omission of the incident of the troubling of the pool has in it any 8ring of genuineness08--or dare to assert that 8the ring of genuineness0 is imparted to the history of our ,,saviour',s ,passion1 by the omission of ,his ,agony in the ,garden8--or that the narrative of ,his ,crucifixion becomes more musical1 when our ,lord's ,prayer for ,his murderers has been omitted8--or that 78for they were afraid071 has 8the ring of genuineness0 as the conclusion of the last chapter of the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,mark8 ,but the strangest circumstance is behind4 ,it is notorious that1 on the contrary1 ,dr4 ,hort is frequently constrained to admit that the omitted words actually have 8the ring of genuineness40 ,the words which he insists on thrusting out of the ,text are often conspicuous for the very quality which 7by the hypothesis7 was the warrant for their exclusion4 ,of this1 the ,reader may convince himself by referring to the note at foot of the present page47#gci7 ,in the meantime1 the matter discoursed of may be conveniently illustrated by a short apologue3-- ,somewhere in the fens of ,ely diocese1 stood a crazy old church 7dedicated to ,s4 ,bee1 of course17 the bells of which--according to a learned ,cambridge ,doctor--were the most musical in the world4 8,i have listened to those bells10 7he was accustomed to say17 8for #cj years4 ,all other bells are cracked1 harsh1 out of tune4 ,commend me1 for music1 to the bells of ,s4 ,bee's6 ,they alone have the ring of genuineness40 444 ,accordingly1 he published a treatise on ,campanology1 founding his theory on the musical properties of the bells of ,s4 ,bee's4--,at this juncture1 provokingly enough1 some one directed attention to the singular fact that ,s4 ,bee's is one of the few churches in that district without bells3 a discovery which1 it is needless to add1 pressed inconveniently on the learned ,doctor's theory4 ,,li4 ,but enough of this4 ,we really have at last1 7be it observed17 reached the end of our enquiry4 ,nothing comes after ,dr4 ,hort's extravagant and unsupported estimate of ,codices ,b and 4 ,on the contrary4 ,those two documents are caused to cast their sombre shadows a long way ahead1 and to darken all our future4 ,dr4 ,hort takes leave of the subject with the announcement that1 whatever uncertainty may attach to the evidence for particular readings1 8,the general course of future ,criticism must be shaped by the happy circumstance that the fourth century has bequeathed to us two ,,mss4 ,b and 1 of which even the less incorrupt must have been of exceptional purity among its contemporaries3 and which rise into greater pre-eminence of character the better the early history of the ,text becomes known40--7p4 #bhg47 ,in other words1 our guide assures us that in a dutiful submission to codices ,b and 1--7which1 he navely remarks1 8happen likewise to be the oldest extant ,greek ,,mss4 of the ,new ,testament0 p4 #bab17--lies all our hope of future progress4 7,just as if we should ever have heard of these two codices1 had their contents come down to us written in the ordinary cursive character1--in a dated ,,ms4 7suppose7 of the ,x,vth century67444 ,moreover1 ,dr4 ,hort 8must not hesitate to express0 his own robust conviction1 8,that no trustworthy improvement can be effected1 except in accordance with the leading ,principles of method which we have endeavoured to explain40--7p4 #bhe47 ,,lii4 ,and this is the end of the matter4 ,behold our fate therefore3--7#a7 ,codices ,b and 1 with--7#b7 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,introduction and ,notes on ,select ,readings in vindication of their contents6 ,it is proposed to shut us up within those limits6444 ,an uneasy suspicion however secretly suggests itself that perhaps1 as the years roll out1 something may come to light which will effectually dispel every dream of the new ,school1 and reduce even prejudice itself to silence4 ,so ,dr4 ,hort hastens to frown it down3-- 8,it would be an illusion to anticipate important changes of ,text i4e4 of the ,text advocated by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort from any acquisition of new ,evidence40--7p4 #bhe47 ,and yet1 why the anticipation of important help from the acquisition of fresh documentary ,evidence 8would be an illusion10--does not appear4 ,that the recovery of certain of the exegetical works of ,origen1--better still1 of ,tatian's ,diatessaron1--best of all1 of a couple of ,,mss4 of the date of ,codices ,b and 2 but not1 7like those two corrupt documents7 derived from one and the same depraved archetype2--,that any such windfall1 7and it will come1 some of these days17 would infallibly disturb ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's equanimity1 as well as scatter to the winds not a few of their most confident conclusions1--we are well aware4 ,so indeed are they4 ,hence1 what those ,critics earnestly deprecate1 we as earnestly desire4 ,we are therefore by no means inclined to admit1 that 8,greater possibilities of improvement lie in a more exact study of the relations between the documents that we already possess20--7,ibid47 knowing well that 8the documents0 referred to are chiefly1 7if not solely17 ,codices ,b and 3 knowing also1 that it is further meant1 that in estimating other evidence1 of whatever kind1 the only thing to be enquired after is whether or no the attesting document is generally in agreement with codex ,b4 ,for1 according to these writers1--tide what tide1--codex ,b is to be the standard3 itself not absolutely requiring confirmation from any extraneous quarter4 ,dr4 ,hort asserts1 7but it is1 as usual1 mere assertion17 that1 8,even when ,b stands quite alone1 its readings must never be lightly rejected40--7p4 #eeg47 ,and yet1--,why a reading found only in codex ,b should experience greater indulgence than another reading found only in codex ,a1 we entirely fail to see4 ,on the other hand1 8an unique criterion is supplied by the concord of the independent attestation of ,b and 40--7,notes1 p4 #df47 ,but pray1 how does that appear8 ,since ,b and are derived from one and the same original--,why should not 8the concord0 spoken of be rather 8an unique criterion0 of the utter depravity of the archetype8 ,,liii4 ,to conclude4 ,we have already listened to ,dr4 ,hort long enough4 ,and now1 since confessedly1 a chain is no stronger than it is at its weakest link2 nor an edifice more secure than the basis whereon it stands2--we must be allowed to point out that we have been dealing throughout with a dream1 pure and simple2 from which it is high time that we should wake up1 now that we have been plainly shown on what an unsubstantial foundation these ,editors have been all along building4 ,a child's house1 several stories high1 constructed out of playing-cards1--is no unapt image of the frail erection before us4 ,we began by carefully lifting off the topmost story2 and then1 the next3 but we might as well have saved ourselves the trouble4 ,the basement-story has to be removed bodily1 which must bring the whole edifice down with a rush4 ,in reply to the fantastic tissue of unproved assertions which go before1 we assert as follows3-- 7#a7 ,the impurity of the ,texts exhibited by ,codices ,b and is not a matter of opinion1 but a matter of fact47#gdj7 ,these are two of the least trustworthy documents in existence4 ,so far from allowing ,dr4 ,hort's position that--8,a ,text formed0 by 8taking ,codex ,b as the sole authority10 8would be incomparably nearer the ,truth than a ,text similarly taken from any other ,greek or other single document0 7p4 #bea71--we venture to assert that it would be1 on the contrary1 by far the foulest ,text that had ever seen the light3 worse1 that is to say1 even than the ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,and that is saying a great deal4 ,in the brave and faithful words of ,prebendary ,scrivener 7,introduction1 p4 #dec71--words which deserve to become famous1-- 8,it is no less true to fact than paradoxical in sound1 that the worst corruptions to which the ,new ,testament has ever been subjected1 originated within a hundred years after it was composed3 that ,irenus ,a4,d4 #aej1 and the ,african ,fathers1 and the whole ,western1 with a portion of the ,syrian ,church1 used far inferior manuscripts to those employed by ,stunica1 or ,erasmus1 or ,stephens thirteen centuries later1 when moulding the ,textus ,receptus40 ,and ,codices ,b and are1 demonstrably1 nothing else but specimens of the depraved class thus characterized4 ,next--7#b71 ,we assert that1 so manifest are the disfigurements jointly and exclusively exhibited by codices ,b and 17#gda7 that instead of accepting these codices as two 8independent0 ,witnesses to the inspired ,original1 we are constrained to regard them as little more than a single reproduction of one and the same scandalously corrupt and 7comparatively7 late ,copy4 ,by consequence1 we consider their joint and exclusive attestation of any particular reading1 8an unique criterion0 of its worthlessness2 a sufficient reason--not for adopting1 but--for unceremoniously rejecting it4 ,then--7#c71 ,as for the origin of these two curiosities1 it can perforce only be divined from their contents4 ,that they exhibit fabricated ,texts is demonstrable4 ,no amount of honest copying1--persevered in for any number of centuries1--could by possibility have resulted in two such documents4 ,separated from one another in actual date by #ej1 perhaps by #ajj years17#gdb7 they must needs have branched off from a common corrupt ancestor1 and straightway become exposed continuously to fresh depraving influences4 ,the result is1 that codex 1 7which evidently has gone through more adventures and fallen into worse company than his rival17 has been corrupted to a far graver extent than codex ,b1 and is even more untrustworthy4 ,thus1 whereas 7in the ,gospels alone7 ,b has #ehi ,readings quite peculiar to itself1 affecting #heh words1-- has #adfj such ,readings1 affecting #bfdj words4 ,one solid fact like the preceding1 7let it be pointed out in passing17 is more helpful by far to one who would form a correct estimate of the value of a ,codex1 than any number of such 8reckless and unverified assertions10 not to say peremptory and baseless decrees1 as abound in the highly imaginative pages of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 7#d7 ,lastly1--,we suspect that these two ,manuscripts are indebted for their preservation1 solely to their ascertained evil character2 which has occasioned that the one eventually found its way1 four centuries ago1 to a forgotten shelf in the ,vatican library3 while the other1 after exercising the ingenuity of several generations of critical ,correctors1 eventually 7viz4 in ,a4,d4 #ahdd7gdc77 got deposited in the waste-paper basket of the ,convent at the foot of ,mount ,sinai4 ,had ,b and been copies of average purity1 they must long since have shared the inevitable fate of books which are freely used and highly prized2 namely1 they would have fallen into decadence and disappeared from sight4 ,but in the meantime1 behold1 their very ,antiquity has come to be reckoned to their advantage2 and 7strange to relate7 is even considered to constitute a sufficient reason why they should enjoy not merely extraordinary consideration1 but the actual surrender of the critical judgment4 ,since #ahca1 ,editors have vied with one another in the fulsomeness of the homage they have paid to these 8two false ,witnesses10--for such ,b and are1 as the concurrent testimony of ,copies1 ,fathers and ,versions abundantly proves4 ,even superstitious reverence has been claimed for these two codices3 and ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort are so far in advance of their predecessors in the servility of their blind adulation1 that they must be allowed to have easily won the race4 ,,liv4 ,with this1--so far as the ,greek ,text under review is concerned1--we might1 were we so minded1 reasonably make an end4 ,we undertook to show that ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 in the volumes before us1 have built up an utterly worthless ,textual fabric2 and we consider that we have already sufficiently shown it4 ,the ,theory1--the ,hypothesis rather1 on which their ,text is founded1 we have demonstrated to be simply absurd4 ,remove that hypothesis1 and a heap of unsightly ruins is all that is left behind1--except indeed astonishment 7not unmingled with concern7 at the simplicity of its accomplished ,authors4 ,here then1 we might leave off4 ,but we are unwilling so to leave the matter4 ,large consideration is due to ordinary ,english ,readers2 who must perforce look on with utter perplexity--not to say distress--at the strange spectacle presented by that ,text 7which is in the main the ,text of the ,revised ,english ,version7 on the one hand1--and this ,review of it1 on the other3-- 7#a7 8,and pray1 which of you am ,i to believe80--will inevitably be1 in homely ,english1 the exclamation with which not a few will lay down the present number of the 8,quarterly40 8,i pretend to no learning4 ,i am not prepared to argue the question with you4 ,but surely1 the oldest ,manuscript must be the purest6 ,it even stands to reason3 does it not8--,then further1 ,i admit that you seem to have the best of the argument so far2 yet1 since the three most famous ,editors of modern times are against you1--,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 ,tischendorf1--excuse me if ,i suspect that you must be in the wrong1 after all40 ,,lv4 ,with unfeigned humility1 the ,reviewer ,q4 ,r4 proceeds to explain the matter to his supposed ,objector ,s4 ,o41 in briefest outline1 as follows3-- ,q4 ,r4 8,you are perfectly right4 ,the oldest ,manuscript must exhibit the purest text3 must be the most trustworthy4 ,but then1 unfortunately1 it happens that we do not possess it4 #8,the oldest ,manuscript' is lost4 ,you speak1 of course1 of the inspired ,autographs4 ,these1 ,i say1 have long since disappeared40 7#b7 ,s4 ,o4 8,no1 ,i meant to say that the oldest ,manuscript we possess1 if it be but a very ancient one1 must needs be the purest40 ,q4 ,r4 8,o1 but that is an entirely different proposition4 ,well1 apart from experience1 the probability that the oldest copy extant will prove the purest is1 if you please1 considerable4 ,reflection will convince you however that it is but a probability1 at the utmost3 a probability based upon more than one false assumption1--with which nevertheless you shall not be troubled4 ,but in fact it clearly does not by any means follow that1 because a ,,ms4 is very ancient1 therefore the ,text1 which it exhibits will be very pure4 ,that you may be thoroughly convinced of this1--7and it is really impossible for your mind to be too effectually disabused of a prepossession which has fatally misled so many17--you are invited to enquire for a recent contribution to the learned ,french publication indicated at the foot of this page17#gdd7 in which is exhibited a fac-simile of #h lines of the ,medea of ,euripides 7ver4 #e-ab71 written about ,b4,c4 #bjj in small uncials 7at ,alexandria probably17 on papyrus4 ,collated with any printed copy1 the verses1 you will find1 have been penned with scandalous1 with incredible inaccuracy4 ,but on this head let the learned ,editor of the document in question be listened to1 rather than the present ,reviewer3-- 8,on voit que le texte du papyrus est hriss des fautes les plus graves4 ,le plus rcent et le plus mauvais de nos manuscrits d',euripide vaut infiniment mieux que cette copie1--faite1 il y a deux mille ans1 dans le pays o florissaient l'rudition hellnique et la ,critique des textes407#gde7--7p4 #ag47 8,why1 the author of the foregoing remarks might have been writing concerning ,codex ,b60 7#c7 ,s4 ,o4 8,yes3 but ,i want ,christian evidence4 ,the author of that scrap of papyrus may have been an illiterate slave4 ,what if it should be a school-boy's exercise which has come down to us8 ,the thing is not impossible40 ,q4 ,r4 8,not #8impossible' certainly3 but surely highly improbable4 ,however1 let it drop4 ,you insist on ,christian evidence4 ,you shall have it4 ,what think you then of the following statement of a very ancient ,father 7,caius7#gdf77 writing against the heresy of ,theodotus and others who denied the ,divinity of ,,christ8 ,he is bearing his testimony to the liberties which had been freely taken with the ,text of the ,new ,testament in his own time1 viz4 about ,a4,d4 #age-bjj3-- 8,the ,divine ,scriptures10 he says1 8these heretics have audaciously corrupted3 444 laying violent hands upon them under pretence of correcting them4 ,that ,i bring no false accusation1 any one who is disposed may easily convince himself4 ,he has but to collect the copies belonging to these persons severally2 then1 to compare one with another2 and he will discover that their discrepancy is extraordinary4 ,those of ,asclepiades1 at all events1 will be found discordant from those of ,theodotus4 ,now1 plenty of specimens of either sort are obtainable1 inasmuch as these men's disciples have industriously multiplied the 7so-called7 #8corrected' copies of their respective teachers1 which are in reality nothing else but #8corrupted' copies4 ,with the foregoing copies again1 those of ,hermophilus will be found entirely at variance4 ,as for the copies of ,apollonides1 they even contradict one another4 ,nay1 let any one compare the fabricated text which these persons put forth in the first instance1 with that which exhibits their latest perversions of the ,truth1 and he will discover that the disagreement between them is even excessive4 8,of the enormity of the offence of which these men have been guilty1 they must needs themselves be fully aware4 ,either they do not believe that the ,divine ,scriptures are the utterance of the ,,holy ,,ghost1--in which case they are to be regarded as unbelievers3 or else1 they account themselves wiser than the ,,holy ,,ghost1--and what is that1 but to have the faith of devils8 ,as for their denying their guilt1 the thing is impossible1 seeing that the copies under discussion are their own actual handywork2 and they know full well that not such as these are the ,scriptures which they received at the hands of their catechetical teachers4 ,else1 let them produce the originals from which they made their transcripts4 ,certain of them indeed have not even condescended to falsify ,scripture1 but entirely reject ,law and ,prophets alike407#gdg7 8,now1 the foregoing statement is in a high decree suggestive4 ,for here is an orthodox ,father of the ,i,ind century inviting attention to four well-known families of falsified manuscripts of the ,sacred ,writings2--complaining of the hopeless divergences which they exhibit 7being not only inconsistent with one another1 but with themselves72--and insisting that such corrected1 are nothing else but shamefully corrupted copies4 ,he speaks of the phenomenon as being in his day notorious3 and appeals to ,recensions1 the very names of whose authors--,theodotus1 ,asclepiades1 ,hermophilus1 ,apollonides--have 7all but the first7 long since died out of the ,church's memory4 ,you will allow therefore1 7will you not871 that by this time the claim of the oldest existing copies of ,scripture to be the purest1 has been effectually disposed of4 ,for since there once prevailed such a multitude of corrupted copies1 we have no security whatever that the oldest of our extant ,,mss4 are not derived--remotely if not directly--from some of them40 7#d7 ,s4 ,o4 8,but at all events the chances are even4 ,are they not80 ,q4 ,r4 8,by no means4 ,a copy like codex ,b1 once recognized as belonging to a corrupt family1--once known to contain a depraved exhibition of the ,sacred ,text1--was more likely by far to remain unused1 and so to escape destruction1 than a copy highly prized and in daily use4--,as for ,codex 1 it carries on its face its own effectual condemnation2 aptly illustrating the precept fiat experimentum in corpore vili4 ,it exhibits the efforts of many generations of men to restore its ,text1--7which1 #8as proceeding from the first scribe1' is admitted by one of its chief admirers to be #8very rough17#gdh7'7--to something like purity4 #8,at least ten different ,revisers1' from the ,i,vth to the ,x,i,ith century1 are found to have tried their hands upon it47#gdi7--;,codex ,c1 after having had #8at least three correctors very busily at work upon it'7#gej7 7in the ,v,ith and ,i,xth centuries71 finally 7in the ,x,i,ith7 was fairly obliterated1--literally scraped out1--to make room for the writings of a ,syrian ,father4--,i am therefore led by priori considerations to augur ill of the contents of ,b ,c4 ,but when ,i find them hopelessly at variance among themselves3 above all1 when ,i find 7#a7 all other ,manuscripts of whatever date1--7#b7 the most ancient ,versions1--and 7#c71 the whole body of the primitive ,fathers1 decidedly opposed to them1--,i am 7to speak plainly7 at a loss to understand how any man of sound understanding1 acquainted with all the facts of the case and accustomed to exact reasoning1 can hesitate to regard the unsupported 7or the slenderly supported7 testimony of one or other of them as simply worthless4 ,the craven homage which the foremost of the three habitually receives at the hands of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 ,i can only describe as a weak superstition4 ,it is something more than unreasonable4 ,it becomes even ridiculous4--,tischendorf's preference 7in his last edition7 for the btises of his own codex 1 can only be defended on the plea of parental partiality4 ,but it is not on that account the less foolish4 ,his #8exaggerated preference for the single manuscript which he had the good fortune to discover1 has betrayed him'--7in the opinion of ,bishop ,ellicott7--#8into an almost child-like infirmity of critical judgment' 07#gea7 7#e7 ,o4 ,s4 8,well but1--be all that as it may1--,caius1 remember1 is speaking of heretical writers4 ,when ,i said #8,i want ,christian evidence1' ,i meant orthodox evidence1 of course4 ,you would not assert 7would you87 that ,b and exhibit traces of heretical depravation80 ,q4 ,r4 8,reserving my opinion on that last head1 good ,sir1 and determined to enjoy the pleasure of your company on any reasonable terms1--7for convince you1 ,i both can and will1 though you prolong the present discussion till tomorrow morning17--,i have to ask a little favour of you3 viz4 that you will bear me company in an imaginary expedition4 8,i request that the clock of history may be put back seventeen hundred years4 ,this is ,a4,d4 #ahc1 if you please3 and--7indulge me in the supposition67--you and ,i are walking in ,alexandria4 ,we have reached the house of one ,clemens1--a learned ,athenian1 who has long been a resident here4 ,let us step into his library1--he is from home4 ,what a queer place6 ,see1 he has been reading his ,bible1 which is open at ,s4 ,mark x4 ,is it not a well-used copy8 ,it must be at least #ej or #fj years old4 ,well1 but suppose only #cj or #dj4 ,it was executed therefore within fifty years of the death of ,s4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,come1 let us transcribe two of the columns7#geb7 77 as faithfully as we possibly can1 and be off4444 ,we are back in ,england again1 and the clock has been put right4 ,now let us sit down and examine our curiosity at leisure47#gec7444 ,it proves on inspection to be a transcript of the #ae verses 7ver4 #ag to ver4 #ca7 which relate to the coming of the rich young ,ruler to our ,,lord4 8,we make a surprising discovery4 ,there are but #big words in those #ae verses1--according to the traditional ,text3 of which1 in the copy which belonged to ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 #ci prove to have been left out3 #aa words are added3 #bb1 substituted3 #bg1 transposed3 #ac1 varied2 and the phrase has been altered at least #h times4 ,now1 #aab words out of a total of #big1 is #ch per cent4 ,what do you think of that80 7#f7 ,s4 ,o4 8,think8 ,o but1 ,i disallow your entire proceeding6 ,you have no business to collate with #8a text of late and degenerate type1 such as is the ,received ,text of the ,new ,testament4' ,when this #8is taken as a standard1 any document belonging to a purer stage of the ,text must by the nature of the case have the appearance of being guilty of omissions3 and the nearer the document stands to the autograph1 the more numerous must be the omissions laid to its charge4' ,i learnt that from ,westcott and ,hort4 ,see page #bce of their luminous ,introduction40 ,q4 ,r4 8,be it so6 ,collate the passage then for yourself with the ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort3 which1 7remember67 aspires to reproduce #8the autographs themselves' #8with the utmost exactness which the evidence permits' 7pp4 #bhh and #bhi747ged7 ,you will find that this time the words omitted amount to #dd4 ,the words added are #ac3 the words substituted1 #bc3 the words transposed1 #cd3 the words varied #af4 ,and the phrase has been altered #i times at least4 ,but1 #acj on a total of #big1 is #dd per cent4 ,you will also bear in mind that ,clement of ,alexandria is one of our principal authorities for the ,text of the ,ante-,nicene period47#gee7 8,and thus1 ,i venture to presume1 the imagination has been at last effectually disposed of1 that because ,codices ,b and are the two oldest ,greek copies in existence1 the ,text exhibited by either must therefore be the purest ,text which is anywhere to be met with4 ,it is impossible to produce a fouler exhibition of ,s4 ,mark x4 #ag-ca than is contained in a document full two centuries older than either ,b or 1--itself the property of one of the most famous of the ante-,nicene ,fathers40 ,,lvi4--7#g7 ,at this stage of the argument1 the ,reviewer finds himself taken aside by a friendly ,critic ,f4 ,c41 and privately remonstrated with somewhat as follows3-- ,f4 ,c4 8,do you consider1 ,sir1 what it is you are about8 ,surely1 you have been proving a vast deal too much6 ,if the foregoing be a fair sample of the ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 with which ,clemens ,alex4 was best acquainted1 it is plain that the testimony to the ,truth of ,scripture borne by one of the most ancient and most famous of the ,fathers1 is absolutely worthless4 ,is that your own deliberate conviction or not80 ,q4 ,r4 8,finish what you have to say1 ,sir4 ,after that1 you shall have a full reply40 7#h7 ,f4 ,c4 8,well then4 ,pray understand1 ,i nothing doubt that in your main contention you are right2 but ,i yet cannot help thinking that this bringing in of a famous ancient ,father--obiter--is a very damaging proceeding4 ,what else is such an elaborate exposure of the badness of the ,text which ,clemens 7,a4,d4 #aej7 employed1 but the hopeless perplexing of a question which was already sufficiently thorny and difficult8 ,you have1 as it seems to me1 imported into these #ae verses an entirely fresh crop of #8,various ,readings4' ,do you seriously propose them as a contribution towards ascertaining the ipsissima verba of the ,evangelist1--the true text of ,s4 ,mark x4 #ag-ca80 ,q4 ,r4 8,come back1 if you please1 ,sir1 to the company4 ,fully appreciating the friendly spirit in which you just now drew me aside1 ,i yet insist on so making my reply that all the world shall hear it4 ,forgive my plainness3 but you are evidently profoundly unacquainted with the problem before you1--in which however you do not by any means enjoy the distinction of standing alone4 8,the foulness of a ,text which must have been penned within #gj or #hj years of the death of the last of the ,evangelists1 is a matter of fact--which must be loyally accepted1 and made the best of4 ,the phenomenon is surprising certainly2 and may well be a warning to all who 7like ,dr4 ,tregelles7 regard as oracular the solitary unsupported dicta of a ,writer1--provided only he can claim to have lived in the ,i,ind or ,i,i,ird century4 ,to myself it occasions no sort of inconvenience4 ,you are to be told that the exorbitances of a single ,father1--as ,clemens2 a single ,version1--as the ,egyptian3 a single ,copy1--as cod4 ,b1 are of no manner of significancy or use1 except as warnings3 are of no manner of interest1 except as illustrating the depravation which systematically assailed the written ,word in the age which immediately succeeded the ,apostolic3 are1 in fact1 of no importance whatever4 ,to make them the basis of an induction is preposterous4 ,it is not allowable to infer the universal from the particular4 ,if the bones of ,goliath were to be discovered to-morrow1 would you propose as an induction therefrom that it was the fashion to wear four-and-twenty fingers and toes on one's hands and feet in the days of the giant of ,gath8 ,all the wild readings of the lost ,codex before us may be unceremoniously dismissed4 ,the critical importance and value of this stray leaf from a long-since-vanished ,copy is entirely different1 and remains to be explained4 8,you are to remember then1--perhaps you have yet to learn1--that there are but #be occasions in the course of these #ae verses1 on which either ,lachmann 7,l471 or ,tischendorf 7,t471 or ,tregelles 7,tr471 or ,westcott and ,hort 7,w4 ,h471 or our ,revisionists 7,r4 ,t471 advocate a departure from the ,traditional ,text4 ,to those #be places therefore our attention is now to be directed1--on them1 our eyes are to be riveted1--exclusively4 ,and the first thing which strikes us as worthy of notice is1 that the #e authorities above specified fall into no fewer than twelve distinct combinations in their advocacy of certain of those #be readings3 holding all #e together only #d times47#gef7 ,the one question of interest therefore which arises1 is this1--,what amount of sanction do any of them experience at the hands of ,clemens ,alexandrinus8 8,i answer1--,only on #c occasions does he agree with any of them47#geg7 ,the result of a careful analysis shows further that he sides with the ,traditional ,text #ag times3--witnessing against ,lachmann1 #i times3 against ,tischendorf1 #aj times3 against ,tregelles1 #aa times3 against ,westcott and ,hort1 #ab times47#geh7 8,so far therefore from admitting that #8the ,testimony of ,clemens ,al4--one of the most ancient and most famous of the ,fathers--is absolutely worthless1'--,i have proved it to be of very great value4 ,instead of #8hopelessly perplexing the question1' his ,evidence is found to have simplified matters considerably4 ,so far from #8importing into these #ae verses a fresh crop of ,various ,readings1' he has helped us to get rid of no less than #ag of the existing ones4444 #8,damaging' his evidence has certainly proved3 but only to ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1 ,westcott and ,hort and our ill-starred ,revisionists4 ,and yet it remains undeniably true1 that #8it is impossible to produce a fouler exhibition of ,s4 ,mark x4 #ag-ca than is met with in a document full two centuries older than either ,b or 1--the property of one of the most famous of the ,fathers4'7#gei7 444 ,have you anything further to ask80 7#i7 ,f4 ,c4 8,i should certainly like1 in conclusion1 to be informed whether we are to infer that the nearer we approach to the date of the sacred ,autographs1 the more corrupt we shall find the copies4 ,for1 if so1 pray--,where and when did purity of ,text begin80 ,q4 ,r4 8,you are not at liberty1 logically1 to draw any such inference from the premisses4 ,the purest documents of all existed perforce in the first century3 must have then existed4 ,the spring is perforce purest at its source4 ,my whole contention has been1 and is1--,that there is nothing at all unreasonable in the supposition that two stray copies of the ,i,vth century1--coming down to our own times without a history and without a character1--may exhibit a thoroughly depraved text4 ,more than this does not follow lawfully from the premisses4 ,at the outset1 remember1 you delivered it as your opinion that #8the oldest ,manuscript we possess1 if it be but a very ancient one1 must needs be the purest4' ,i asserted1 in reply1 that #8it does not by any means follow1 because a manuscript is very ancient1 that therefore its text will be very pure' 7p4 #cba72 and all that ,i have been since saying1 has but had for its object to prove the truth of my assertion4 ,facts have been incidentally elicited1 ,i admit1 calculated to inspire distrust1 rather than confidence1 in very ancient documents generally4 ,but ,i am neither responsible for these facts2 nor for the inferences suggested by them4 8,at all events1 ,i have to request that you will not carry away so entirely erroneous a notion as that ,i am the advocate for ,recent1 in preference to ,ancient1 ,evidence concerning the ,text of ,scripture4 ,be so obliging as not to say concerning me that ,i #8count' instead of #8weighing' my witnesses4 ,if you have attended to the foregoing pages1 and have understood them1 you must by this time be aware that in every instance it is to ,,antiquity that ,i persistently make my appeal4 ,i abide by its sentence1 and ,i require that you shall do the same4 8,you and your friends1 on the contrary1 reject the ,testimony of ,antiquity4 ,you set up1 instead1 some idol of your own4 ,thus1 ,tregelles worshipped #8codex ,b4' ,but #8codex ,b' is not #8,antiquity'6--,tischendorf assigned the place of honour to #8codex 4' ,but once more1 #8codex ' is not #8,antiquity'6--,you rejoice in the decrees of the ,v,ith-century-codex ,d1--and of the ,v,i,i,ith-century-codex ,l1--and of the ,xth1 ,x,ith1 and ,x,i,vth century codices1 #a1 #cc1 #fi4 ,but will you venture to tell me that any of these are #8,antiquity'8 ,samples of ,antiquity1 at best1 are any of these4 ,no more6 ,but then1 it is demonstrable that they are unfair samples4 ,why are you regardless of all other ,,copies8--,so1 with respect to ,,versions1 and ,,fathers4 ,you single out one or two1--the one or two which suit your purpose2 and you are for rejecting all the rest4 ,but1 once more1--,the ,coptic version is not #8,antiquity1'--neither is ,origen #8,antiquity4' ,the ,syriac ,version is a full set-off against the former1--,irenus more than counterbalances the latter4 ,whatever is found in one of these ancient authorities must confessedly be ,,an #8ancient ,reading3' but it does not therefore follow that it is ,,the ancient ,reading of the place4 ,now1 it is ,,the ancient ,reading1 of which we are always in search4 ,and he who sincerely desires to ascertain what actually is the ,witness of ,antiquity1--7i4e41 what is the prevailing testimony of all the oldest documents17--will begin by casting his prejudices and his predilections to the winds1 and will devote himself conscientiously to an impartial survey of the whole field of ,evidence40 ,f4 ,c4 8,well but1--you have once and again admitted that the phenomena before us are extraordinary4 ,are you able to explain how it comes to pass that such an one as ,clemens ,alexandrinus employed such a scandalously corrupt copy of the ,gospels as we have been considering80 ,q4 ,r4 8,you are quite at liberty to ask me any question you choose4 ,and ,i1 for my own part1 am willing to return you the best answer ,i am able4 ,you will please to remember however1 that the phenomena will remain1--however infelicitous my attempts to explain them may seem to yourself4 ,my view of the matter then--7think what you will about it67--is as follows3-- ,,lvii4 8,vanquished by ,,the ,,word ,incarnate1 ,satan next directed his subtle malice against the ,word written4 ,hence1 as ,i think1--hence the extraordinary fate which befel certain early transcripts of the ,gospel4 ,first1 heretical assailants of ,christianity1--then1 orthodox defenders of the ,truth1--lastly and above all1 self-constituted ,critics1 who 7like ,dr4 ,hort7 imagined themselves at liberty to resort to #8instinctive processes' of ,criticism2 and who1 at first as well as #8at last1' freely made their appeal #8to the individual mind3'--such were the corrupting influences which were actively at work throughout the first hundred and fifty years after the death of ,s4 ,john the ,divine4 ,profane literature has never known anything approaching to it1--can show nothing at all like it4 ,satan's arts were defeated indeed through the ,church's faithfulness1 because1--7the good ,providence of ,,god had so willed it17--the perpetual multiplication1 in every quarter1 of copies required for ,ecclesiastical use1--not to say the solicitude of faithful men in diverse regions of ancient ,christendom to retain for themselves unadulterated specimens of the inspired ,text1--proved a sufficient safeguard against the grosser forms of corruption4 ,but this was not all4 8,the ,church1 remember1 hath been from the beginning the #8,witness and ,keeper of ,holy ,writ4'7#gfj7 ,did not her ,divine ,author pour out upon her1 in largest measure1 #8the ,,spirit of ,truth2' and pledge ,himself that it should be that ,,spirit',s special function to #8guide' her children #8into all the ,truth'7#gfa78444 ,that by a perpetual miracle1 ,sacred ,manuscripts would be protected all down the ages against depraving influences of whatever sort1--was not to have been expected2 certainly1 was never promised4 ,but the ,church1 in her collective capacity1 hath nevertheless--as a matter of fact--been perpetually purging herself of those shamefully depraved copies which once everywhere abounded within her pale3 retaining only such an amount of discrepancy in her ,text as might serve to remind her children that they carry their #8treasure in earthen vessels1'--as well as to stimulate them to perpetual watchfulness and solicitude for the purity and integrity of the ,deposit4 ,never1 however1 up to the present hour1 hath there been any complete eradication of all traces of the attempted mischief1--any absolute getting rid of every depraved copy extant4 ,these are found to have lingered on anciently in many quarters4 ,a few such copies linger on to the present day4 ,the wounds were healed1 but the scars remained1--nay1 the scars are discernible still4 8,what1 in the meantime1 is to be thought of those blind guides--those deluded ones--who would now1 if they could1 persuade us to go back to those same codices of which the ,church hath already purged herself8 to go back in quest of those very ,readings which1 #ae or #afjj years ago1 the ,church in all lands is found to have rejected with loathing8 ,verily1 it is #8happening unto them according to the true proverb'--which ,s4 ,peter sets down in his #bnd ,epistle1--chapter ii4 verse #bb4 ,to proceed however4 8,as for ,clemens1--he lived at the very time and in the very country where the mischief referred to was most rife4 ,for full two centuries after his era1 heretical works were so industriously multiplied1 that in a diocese consisting of #hjj parishes 7viz4 ,cyrus in ,syria71 the ,bishop 7viz4 ,theodoret1 who was appointed in ,a4,d4 #dbc17 complains that he found no less than #bjj copies of the ,diatessaron of ,tatian the heretic1--7,tatian's date being ,a4,d4 #agc17--;honourably preserved in the ,churches of his 7,theodoret's7 diocese1 and mistaken by the orthodox for an authentic performance47#gfb7 ,clemens moreover would seem to have been a trifle too familiar with the works of ,basilides1 ,marcion1 ,valentinus1 ,heracleon1 and the rest of the ,gnostic crew4 ,he habitually mistakes apocryphal writings for inspired ,scripture37#gfc7 and--with corrupted copies always at hand and before him--he is just the man to present us with a quotation like the present1 and straightway to volunteer the assurance that he found it #8so written in the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,mark4'7#gfd7 ,the archetype of ,codices ,b and 1--especially the archetype from which ,cod4 ,d was copied1--is discovered to have experienced adulteration largely from the same pestilential source which must have corrupted the copies with which ,clement 7and his pupil ,origen after him7 were most familiar4--,and thus you have explained to you the reason of the disgust and indignation with which ,i behold in these last days a resolute attempt made to revive and to palm off upon an unlearned generation the old exploded errors1 under the pretence that they are the inspired ,verity itself1--providentially recovered from a neglected shelf in the ,vatican1--rescued from destruction by a chance visitor to ,mount ,sinai40 ,f4 ,c4 8,will you then1 in conclusion1 tell us how you would have us proceed in order to ascertain the ,truth of ,scripture80 ,q4 ,r4 8,to answer that question fully would require a considerable ,treatise4 ,i will not1 however1 withhold a slight outline of what ,i conceive to be the only safe method of procedure4 ,i could but fill up that outline1 and illustrate that method1 even if ,i had #ejj pages at my disposal4 ,,lviii4 8,on first seriously applying ourselves to these studies1 many years ago1 we found it wondrous difficult to divest ourselves of prepossessions very like your own4 ,turn which way we would1 we were encountered by the same confident terminology3--#8the best documents1'--#8primary manuscripts1'--#8first-rate authorities1'--#8primitive evidence1'--#8ancient readings1'--and so forth3 and we found that thereby cod4 ,a4 or ,b1--cod4 ,c or ,d--were invariably and exclusively meant4 ,it was not until we had laboriously collated these documents 7including 7 for ourselves1 that we became aware of their true character4 ,long before coming to the end of our task 7and it occupied us1 off and on1 for eight years7 we had become convinced that the supposed #8best documents' and #8first-rate authorities' are in reality among the worst3--that these ,copies deserve to be called #8primary1' only because in any enumeration of manuscripts1 they stand foremost2--and that their #8,evidence1' whether #8primitive' or not1 is contradictory throughout4--,all ,readings1 lastly1 we discovered are #8ancient4' 8,a diligent inspection of a vast number of later ,copies scattered throughout the principal libraries of ,europe1 and the exact ,collation of a few1 further convinced us that the deference generally claimed for ,b1 1 ,c1 ,d is nothing else but a weak superstition and a vulgar error3--that the date of a ,,ms4 is not of its essence1 but is a mere accident of the problem3--and that later ,copies1 so far from #8crumbling down salient points1 softening irregularities1 conforming differences1'7#gfe7 and so forth1--on countless occasions1 and as a rule1--preserve those delicate lineaments and minute refinements which the #8old uncials' are constantly observed to obliterate4 ,and so1 rising to a systematic survey of the entire field of ,evidence1 we found reason to suspect more and more the soundness of the conclusions at which ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 and ,tischendorf had arrived3 while we seemed led1 as if by the hand1 to discern plain indications of the existence for ourselves of a far #8more excellent way4' ,,lix4 8,for1 let the ample and highly complex provision which ,divine ,wisdom hath made for the effectual conservation of that crowning master-piece of ,his own creative skill1--,,the ,,written ,,word1--be duly considered2 and surely a recoil is inevitable from the strange perversity which in these last days would shut us up within the limits of a very few documents to the neglect of all the rest1--as though a revelation from ,heaven had proclaimed that the ,truth is to be found exclusively in them4 ,the good ,providence of the ,author of ,scripture is discovered to have furnished ,his household1 the ,church1 with 7speaking roughly7 #ajjj copies of the ,gospels3--with twenty ,versions--two of which go back to the beginning of ,christianity3 and with the writings of a host of ancient ,fathers4 ,why out of those #ajjj ,,mss4 two should be singled out by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort for special favour1--to the practical disregard of all the rest3 why ,versions and ,fathers should by them be similarly dealt with1--should be practically set aside in fact in the lump1--we fail to discover4 ,certainly the pleas urged by the learned ,editors7#gff7 can appear satisfactory to no one but to themselves4 ,,lx4 8,for our method then1--,it is the direct contradictory to that adopted by the two ,cambridge ,professors4 ,moreover1 it conducts us throughout to directly opposite results4 ,we hold it to be even axiomatic that a ,reading which is supported by only one document1--out of the #aajj 7more or less7 already specified1--whether that solitary unit be a ,,father1 a ,,version1 or a ,,copy1--stands self-condemned2 may be dismissed at once1 without concern or enquiry4 8,nor is the case materially altered if 7as generally happens7 a few colleagues of bad character are observed to side with the else solitary document4 ,associated with the corrupt ,b1 is often found the more corrupt 4 ,nay1 six leaves of are confidently declared by ,tischendorf to have been written by the scribe of ,b4 ,the sympathy between these two1 and the ,version of ,lower ,egypt1 is even notorious4 ,that ,origen should sometimes join the conspiracy1--and that the same ,reading should find allies in certain copies of the unrevised ,latin1 or perhaps in ,cureton's ,syriac3--all this we deem the reverse of encouraging4 ,the attesting witnesses are1 in our account1 of so suspicious a character1 that the ,reading cannot be allowed4 ,on such occasions1 we are reminded that there is truth in ,dr4 ,hort's dictum concerning the importance of noting the tendency of certain documents to fall into #8groups3' though his assertion that #8it cannot be too often repeated that the study of grouping is the foundation of all enduring ,criticism1'7#gfg7 we hold to be as absurd as it is untrue4 ,,lxi4 8,so far negatively4--,a safer1 the only trustworthy method1 in fact1 of ascertaining the ,truth of ,scripture1 we hold to be the method which1--without prejudice or partiality1--simply ascertains ,,which ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,text ,,enjoys ,,the ,,earliest1 ,,the ,,fullest1 ,,the ,,widest1 ,,the ,,most ,,respectable1 ,,and--above all things--,,the ,,most ,,varied ,,attestation4 ,that a ,reading should be freely recognized alike by the earliest and by the latest available evidence1--we hold to be a prime circumstance in its favour4 ,that ,copies1 ,versions1 and ,fathers1 should all three concur in sanctioning it1--we hold to be even more conclusive4 ,if several ,fathers1 living in different parts of ancient ,christendom1 are all observed to recognize the words1 or to quote them in the same way1--we have met with all the additional confirmation we ordinarily require4 ,let it only be further discoverable how or why the rival ,reading came into existence1 and our confidence becomes absolute4 ,,lxii4 8,an instance which we furnished in detail in a former article17#gfh7 may be conveniently appealed to in illustration of what goes before4 ,our ,,lord',s #8,agony and bloody sweat1'--first mentioned by ,justin ,martyr 7,a4,d4 #aej71 is found set down in every ,,ms4 in the world except four4 ,it is duly exhibited by every known ,version4 ,it is recognized by upwards of forty famous ,fathers writing without concert in remote parts of ancient ,christendom4 ,whether therefore ,antiquity1--,variety of testimony1--,respectability of witnesses1--or ,number1--is considered1 the evidence in favour of ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #dc1 #dd is simply overwhelming4 ,and yet out of superstitious deference to two ,copies of bad character1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort 7followed by the ,revisionists7 set the brand of spuriousness on those #bf precious words2 professing themselves #8morally certain' that this is nothing else but a #8,western ,interpolation3' whereas1 mistaken zeal for the honour of ,incarnate ,,jehovah alone occasioned the suppression of these two verses in a few early manuscripts4 ,this has been explained already1--namely1 in the middle of page #hb4 ,,lxiii4 8,only one other instance shall be cited4 ,the traditional reading of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad is vouched for by every known copy of the ,gospels but four--#c of which are of extremely bad character1 viz4 ,b ,d4 ,the ,versions are divided3 but not the ,fathers3 of whom more than forty-seven from every part of ancient ,christendom1--7,syria1 ,palestine1 ,alexandria1 ,asia ,minor1 ,cyprus1 ,crete1 ,gaul17--come back to attest that the traditional reading 7as usual7 is the true one4 ,yet such is the infatuation of the new school1 that ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort are content to make nonsense of the ,angelic ,hymn on the night of the ,nativity1 rather than admit the possibility of complicity in error in ,b ,d3 error in respect of a single letter6444 ,the ,reader is invited to refer to what has already been offered on this subject1 from p4 #da to p4 #dg4 ,,lxiv4 8,it will be perceived therefore that the method we plead for consists merely in a loyal recognition of the whole of the ,evidence3 setting off one authority against another1 laboriously and impartially2 and adjudicating fairly between them all4 ,even so hopelessly corrupt a document as ,clement of ,alexandria's copy of the ,gospels proves to have been--7described at pp4 #cbf-ca7--;is by no means without critical value4 ,servilely followed1 it would confessedly land us in hopeless error3 but1 judiciously employed1 as a set-off against other evidence2 regarded rather as a check upon the exorbitances of other foul documents1 7e4g4 ,b ,c and especially ,d72 resorted to as a protection against the prejudice and caprice of modern ,critics2--that venerable document1 with all its faults1 proves invaluable4 ,thus1 in spite of its own aberrations1 it witnesses to the truth of the ,traditional ,text of ,s4 ,mark x4 #ag-ca--7the place of ,scripture above referred to7#gfi77--;in several important particulars2 siding with it against ,lachmann1 #i times2--against ,tischendorf1 #aj times2--against ,tregelles1 #aa times2--against ,westcott and ,hort1 #ab times4 8,we deem this laborious method the only true method1 in our present state of imperfect knowledge3 the method1 namely1 of adopting that ,reading which has the fullest1 the widest1 and the most varied attestation4 ,antiquity1 and ,respectability of ,witnesses1 are thus secured4 ,how men can persuade themselves that #ai ,copies out of every #bj may be safely disregarded1 if they be but written in minuscule characters1--we fail to understand4 ,to ourselves it seems simply an irrational proceeding4 ,but indeed we hold this to be no seeming truth4 ,the fact is absolutely demonstrable4 ,as for building up a ,text1 7as ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have done17 with special superstitious deference to a single codex1--we deem it about as reasonable as would be the attempt to build up a pyramid from its apex2 in the expectation that it would stand firm on its extremity1 and remain horizontal for ever40 ,and thus much in reply to our supposed ,questioner4 ,we have now reached the end of a prolonged discussion1 which began at page #cbj2 more immediately1 at page #ccg4 ,,lxv4 ,in the meantime1 a pyramid balanced on its apex proves to be no unapt image of the ,textual theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,when we reach the end of their ,introduction we find we have reached the point to which all that went before has been evidently converging3 but we make the further awkward discovery that it is the point on which all that went before absolutely depends also4 ,apart from codex ,b1 the present theory could have no existence4 ,but for codex ,b1 it would never have been excogitated4 ,on codex ,b1 it entirely rests4 ,out of codex ,b1 it has entirely sprung4 ,take away this one codex1 and ,dr4 ,hort's volume becomes absolutely without coherence1 purpose1 meaning4 ,one-fifth of it7#ggj7 is devoted to remarks on ,b and 4 ,the fable of 8the ,syrian text0 is invented solely for the glorification of ,b and 1--which are claimed1 of course1 to be 8,pre-,syrian40 ,this fills #dj pages more47#gga7 ,and thus it would appear that the ,truth of ,scripture has run a very narrow risk of being lost for ever to mankind4 ,dr4 ,hort contends that it more than half lay perdu on a forgotten shelf in the ,vatican ,library2--,dr4 ,tischendorf1 that it had been deposited in a waste-paper basket7#ggb7 in the convent of ,s4 ,catharine at the foot of ,mount ,sinai1--from which he rescued it on the #dth ,february1 #ahei3--neither1 we venture to think1 a very likely circumstance4 ,we incline to believe that the ,author of ,scripture hath not by any means shown ,himself so unmindful of the safety of the ,deposit1 as these distinguished gentlemen imagine4 ,are we asked for the ground of our opinion8 ,we point without hesitation to the #iih ,,copies which remain3 to the many ancient ,,versions3 to the many venerable ,,fathers1--any one of whom we hold to be a more trustworthy authority for the ,text of ,scripture1 when he speaks out plainly1 than either ,codex ,b or ,codex 1--aye1 or than both of them put together4 ,behold1 7we say17 the abundant provision which the ,all-wise ,one hath made for the safety of the ,deposit3 the 8threefold cord0 which 8is not quickly broken06 ,we hope to be forgiven if we add1 7not without a little warmth17 that we altogether wonder at the perversity1 the infatuation1 the blindness1--which is prepared to make light of all these precious helps1 in order to magnify two of the most corrupt codices in existence2 and that1 for no other reason but because1 7as ,dr4 ,hort expresses it17 they 8happen likewise to be the oldest extant ,greek ,,mss4 of the ,new ,testament40 7p4 #bab47 ,,lxvi4 ,and yet1 had what precedes been the sum of the matter1 we should for our own parts have been perfectly well content to pass it by without a syllable of comment4 ,so long as nothing more is endangered than the personal reputation of a couple of ,scholars--at home or abroad--we can afford to look on with indifference4 ,their private ventures are their private concern4 ,what excites our indignation is the spectacle of the ,church of ,england becoming to some extent involved in their discomfiture1 because implicated in their mistakes3 dragged through the mire1 to speak plainly1 at the chariot-wheels of these two infelicitous ,doctors1 and exposed with them to the ridicule of educated ,christendom4 ,our ,church has boasted till now of learned sons in abundance within her pale1 ready at a moment's notice to do her right3 to expose shallow sciolism1 and to vindicate that precious thing which hath been committed to her trust47#ggc7 ,where are the men now8 ,what has come to her1 that1 on the contrary1 certain of her own ,bishops and ,doctors have not scrupled to enter into an irregular alliance with ,sectarians1--yes1 have even taken into partnership with themselves one who openly denies the eternal ,godhead of our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ1--in order1 as it would seem1 to give proof to the world of the low ebb to which ,taste1 ,scholarship1 and ,sacred ,learning have sunk among us8 ,,lxvii4 ,worse yet4 ,we are so distressed1 because the true sufferers after all by this ill-advised proceeding1 are the #ij millions of ,english-speaking ,christian folk scattered over the surface of the globe4 ,these have had the title-deeds by which they hold their priceless birthright1 shamefully tampered with4 ,who will venture to predict the amount of mischief which must follow1 if the 8,new ,greek ,text0 which has been put forth by the men who were appointed to revise the ,english ,authorized ,version1 should become used in our ,schools and in our ,colleges1--should impose largely on the ,clergy of the ,church of ,england8444 ,but to return from this1 which however will scarcely be called a digression4 ,a pyramid poised on its apex then1 we hold to be a fair emblem of the ,theory just now under review4 ,only1 unfortunately1 its apex is found to be constructed of brick without straw3 say rather of straw--without brick4 ,,lxviii4 ,why such partiality has been evinced latterly for ,cod4 ,b1 none of the ,critics have yet been so good as to explain2 nor is it to be expected that1 satisfactorily1 any of them ever will4 ,why again ,tischendorf should have suddenly transferred his allegiance from ,cod4 ,b to ,cod4 1--unless1 to be sure1 he was the sport of parental partiality1--must also remain a riddle4 ,if one of the 8old uncials0 must needs be taken as a guide1--7though we see no sufficient reason why one should be appointed to lord it over the rest17--we should rather have expected that ,cod4 ,a would have been selected17#ggd7--the text of which 8,stands in broad contrast to those of either ,b or 1 though the interval of years between it and them is probably small40 7p4 #aeb47 8,by a curious and apparently unnoticed coincidence10 7proceeds ,dr4 ,hort17 8its ,text in several books agrees with the ,latin ,vulgate in so many peculiar readings devoid of old ,latin attestation1 as to leave little doubt that a ,greek ,,ms4 largely employed by ,jerome0--and why not 8,,the ,greek copies employed by ,jerome08--8in his ,revision of the ,latin version must have had to a great extent a common original with ,a40 7,ibid47 ,behold a further claim of this copy on the respectful consideration of the ,critics6 ,what would be thought of the ,alexandrian ,codex1 if some attestation were discoverable in its pages that it actually had belonged to the learned ,palestinian father8 ,according to ,dr4 ,hort1 8,apart from this individual affinity1 ,a--both in the ,gospels and elsewhere--may serve as a fair example of the ,manuscripts that1 to judge by ,patristic quotations1 were commonest in the ,i,vth century40--7p4 #aeb47 ,o but1 the evidence in favour of ,codex ,a thickens apace6 ,suppose then1--7for1 after this admission1 the supposition is at least allowable17--suppose the discovery were made tomorrow of half-a-score of codices of the same date as ,cod4 ,b1 but exhibiting the same ,text as ,cod4 ,a4 ,what a complete revolution would be thereby effected in men's minds on ,textual matters6 ,how impossible would it be1 henceforth1 for ,b and its henchman 1 to obtain so much as a hearing6 ,such 8an eleven0 would safely defy the world6 ,and yet1 according to ,dr4 ,hort1 the supposition may any day become a fact2 for he informs us1--7and we are glad to be able for once to declare that what he says is perfectly correct17--that such manuscripts once abounded or rather prevailed2--8were commonest in the ,i,vth century10 when codices ,b and were written4 ,we presume that then1 as now1 such codices prevailed universally1 in the proportion of #ii to #a4 ,,lxix4 ,but--what need to say it8--we entirely disallow any such narrowing of the platform which ,divine ,wisdom hath willed should be at once very varied and very ample4 ,cod4 ,a is sometimes in error3 sometimes even conspires in error exclusively with ,cod4 ,b4 ,an instance occurs in #a ,s4 ,john v4 #ah1--;a difficult passage1 which we the more willingly proceed to remark upon1 because the fact has transpired that it is one of the few places in which entire unanimity prevailed among the ,revisionists1--who yet 7as we shall show7 have been1 one and all1 mistaken in substituting 8him0 77 for 8himself0 774444 ,we venture to bespeak the ,reader's attention while we produce the passage in question1 and briefly examine it4 ,he is assured that it exhibits a fair average specimen of what has been the ,revisionists' fatal method in every page3-- ,,lxx4 ,s4 ,john in his first ,epistle 7v4 #ah7 is distinguishing between the mere recipient of the new birth 7 71--and the man who retains the sanctifying influences of the ,,holy ,,spirit which he received when he became regenerate 7 74 ,the latter 7he says7 8sinneth not30 the former1 7he says17 8keepeth himself1 and the ,evil ,one toucheth him not40 ,so far1 all is intelligible4 ,the nominative is the same in both cases4 ,substitute however 8keepeth him 7710 for 8keepeth himself 7710 and 7as ,dr4 ,scrivener admits7#gge771 can be none other than the ,only ,begotten ,,son of ,,god4 ,and yet our ,,lord is nowhere in the ,new ,testament designated as 47#ggf7 ,alford accordingly prefers to make nonsense of the place2 which he translates1--8he that hath been begotten of ,,god1 it keepeth him40 ,,lxxi4 ,now1 on every occasion like the present1--7instead of tampering with the text1 as ,dr4 ,hort and our ,revisionists have done without explanation or apology17--our safety will be found to consist in enquiring1--,but 7#a7 ,what have the ,copies to say to this8 7#b7 ,what have the ,versions8 and 7#c7 ,what1 the ,fathers8444 ,the answer proves to be--7#a7 ,all the copies except three17#ggg7 read 8himself40--7#b7 ,so do the ,syriac and the ,latin27#ggh7--so do the ,coptic1 ,sahidic1 ,georgian1 ,armenian1 and thiopic versions47#ggi7--7c7 ,so1 ,origen clearly thrice17#ghj7--;,didymus clearly #d times17#gha7--;,ephraem ,syrus clearly twice17#ghb7--,severus also twice17#ghc7--,theophylact expressly17#ghd7--;and cumenius47#ghe7--,so1 indeed1 ,cod4 ,a2 for the original ,scribe is found to have corrected himself47#ghf7 ,the sum of the adverse attestation therefore which prevailed with the ,revisionists1 is found to have been--,codex ,b and a single cursive copy at ,moscow4 ,this does not certainly seem to the ,reviewer1 7as it seemed to the ,revisionists17 8decidedly preponderating evidence40 ,in his account1 8plain and clear error0 dwells with their ,revision4 ,but this may be because1--7to quote words recently addressed by the ,president of the ,revising body to the ,clergy and ,laity of the ,diocese of ,gloucester and ,bristol17--the 8,quarterly ,reviewer0 is 8innocently ignorant of the now established principles of ,textual ,criticism407#ghg7 ,,lxxii4 8,it is easy10--7says the learned ,prelate1 speaking on his own behalf and that of his co-,revisionists17--8to put forth to the world a sweeping condemnation of many of our changes of reading2 and yet all the while to be innocently ignorant of the now established principles of ,textual ,criticism40 ,may we venture to point out1 that it is easier still to denounce adverse ,criticism in the lump1 instead of trying to refute it in any one particular3--to refer vaguely to 8established principles of ,textual ,criticism10 instead of stating which they be3--to sneer contemptuously at endeavours1 7which1 even if unsuccessful1 one is apt to suppose are entitled to sympathy at the hands of a successor of the ,apostles17 instead of showing wherein such efforts are reprehensible8 ,we are content to put the following question to any fair-minded man3--,whether of these two is the more facile and culpable proceeding2--7#a7 ,lightly to blot out an inspired word from the ,book of ,life1 and to impose a wrong sense on ,scripture1 as in this place the ,bishop and his colleagues are found to have done3--or1 7#b7 ,to fetch the same word industriously back3 to establish its meaning by diligent and laborious enquiry3 to restore both to their rightful honours3 and to set them on a basis of 7hitherto unobserved7 evidence1 from which 7faxit ,,deus67 it will be found impossible henceforth to dislodge them8 ,this only will the ,reviewer add1--,that if it be indeed one of the 8now established principles of ,textual ,criticism10 that the evidence of two manuscripts and-a-half outweighs the evidence of 7#a7 ,all the remaining #iig-1--7b7 ,the whole body of the ,versions1--7#c7 ,every ,father who quotes the place1 from ,a4,d4 #baj to ,a4,d4 #ajgj1--;and 7#d7 ,the strongest possible internal ,evidence3--if all this indeed be so1--he devoutly trusts that he may be permitted to retain his 8,innocence0 to the last2 and in his 8,ignorance10 when the days of his warfare are ended1 to close his eyes in death4--,and now to proceed4 ,,lxxiii4 ,the ,nemesis of ,superstition and ,idolatry is ever the same4 ,phantoms of the imagination henceforth usurp the place of substantial forms4 ,interminable doubt1--wretched misbelief1--childish credulity1--judicial blindness1--are the inevitable sequel and penalty4 ,the mind that has long allowed itself in a systematic trifling with ,evidence1 is observed to fall the easiest prey to ,imposture4 ,it has doubted what is demonstrably true3 has rejected what is indubitably ,divine4 ,henceforth1 it is observed to mistake its own fantastic creations for historical facts3 to believe things which rest on insufficient evidence1 or on no evidence at all4 ,thus1 these learned ,professors1--who condemn the 8last ,twelve ,verses of the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,mark20 which have been accounted veritable ,scripture by the ,church ,universal for more than #ahjj years2--nevertheless accept as the genuine 8,diatessaron of ,tatian0 ,a4,d4 #agj1 a production which was discovered yesterday1 and which does not even claim to be the work of that primitive writer47#ghh7 ,yes1 the ,nemesis of ,superstition and ,idolatry is ever the same4 ,general mistrust of all evidence is the sure result4 ,in #ahgj1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort solemnly assured their brother-,revisionists that 8the prevalent assumption that throughout the ,n4 ,t4 the true ,text is to be found somewhere among recorded ,readings1 does not stand the test of experience40 ,they are evidently still haunted by the same spectral suspicion4 ,they invent a ghost to be exorcised in every dark corner4 ,accordingly1 ,dr4 ,hort favours us with a chapter on the ,art of 8removing ,corruptions of the sacred ,text antecedent to extant documents0 7p4 #ga74 ,we are not surprised 7though we are a little amused7 to hear that1-- 8,the ,art of ,conjectural ,emendation depends for its success so much on personal endowments1 fertility of resource in the first instance1 and even more an appreciation of language too delicate to acquiesce in merely plausible corrections1 that it is easy to forget its true character as a critical operation founded on knowledge and method40--7p4 #ga47 ,,lxxiv4 ,very 8easy10 certainly4 ,one sample of ,dr4 ,hort's skill in this department1 7it occurs at page #ace of his ,notes on ,select ,readings17 shall be cited in illustration4 ,we venture to commend it to the attention of our ,readers3-- 7a7 ,s4 ,paul #b ,tim4 i4 #ac exhorts ,timothy1 7whom he had set as ,bp4 over the ,church of ,ephesus17 to 8hold fast0 a certain 8form0 or 8pattern0 77 8of sound words1 which0 7said he7 8thou hast heard of me40 ,the flexibility and delicate precision of the ,greek language enables the ,apostle to indicate exactly what was the prime object of his solicitude4 ,it proves to have been the safety of the very words which he had syllabled1 7 74 ,as learned ,bp4 ,beveridge well points out1--8which words1 not which form1 thou hast heard of me4 ,so that it is not so much the form1 as the words themselves1 which the ,apostle would have him to hold fast407#ghi7 ,all this however proves abhorrent to ,dr4 ,hort4 8,this sense0 7says the learned ,professor7 8cannot be obtained from the text except by treating as put in the genitive by an unusual and inexplicable attraction4 ,it seems more probable that is a primitive corruption of after 40 ,now1 this is quite impossible1 since neither nor occurs anywhere in the neighbourhood4 ,and as for the supposed 8unusual and inexplicable attraction10 it happens to be one of even common occurrence1--as every attentive reader of the ,new ,testament is aware4 ,examples of it may be seen at #b ,cor4 i4 #d and ,ephes4 iv4 #a1--;also 7in ,dr4 ,hort's text of7 ,ephes4 i4 #f 7 in all #c places74 ,again1 in ,s4 ,luke v4 #i 7whether or is read73 and vi4 #ch 773--in ,s4 ,jo4 xv4 #bj 773--and xvii4 #aa 773 in ,acts ii4 #bb 773 vii4 #ag 77 and #de 773 in xxii4 #ae 771c4444 ,but why entertain the question8 ,there is absolutely no room for such ,criticism in respect of a reading which is found in every known ,,ms41--in every known ,version1--in every ,father who quotes the place3 a reading which ,divines1 and ,scholars who were not ,divines1--,critics of the ,text1 and grammarians who were without prepossessions concerning ,scripture1--,editors of the ,greek and ,translators of the ,greek into other languages1--all alike have acquiesced in1 from the beginning until now4 ,we venture to assert that it is absolutely unlawful1 in the entire absence of evidence1 to call such a reading as the present in question4 ,there is absolutely no safeguard for ,scripture--no limit to ,controversy--if a place like this may be solicited at the mere suggestion of individual caprice4 7,for it is worth observing that on this1 and similar occasions1 ,dr4 ,hort is forsaken by ,dr4 ,westcott4 ,such notes are enclosed in brackets1 and subscribed 8,h407 ,in the meantime1 who can forbear smiling at the self-complacency of a ,critic who puts forth remarks like those which precede2 and yet congratulates himself on 8personal endowments1 fertility of resource1 and a too delicate appreciation of language08 7b7 ,another specimen of conjectural extravagance occurs at ,s4 ,john vi4 #d1 where ,dr4 ,hort labours to throw suspicion on 8the ,passover0 7 71--in defiance of every known ,manuscript1--every known ,version1--and every ,father who quotes or recognizes the place47#gij7 ,we find nine columns devoted to his vindication of this weak imagination2 although so partial are his ,notes1 that countless 8various ,readings0 of great interest and importance are left wholly undiscussed4 ,nay1 sometimes entire ,epistles are dismissed with a single weak annotation 7e4g4 #a and #b ,thessalonians71--or with none1 as in the case of the ,epistle to the ,philippians4 7c7 ,we charitably presume that it is in order to make amends for having conjecturally thrust out from ,s4 ,john vi4 #d1--that ,dr4 ,hort is for conjecturally thrusting into ,acts xx4 #bh1 7after 71--an imagination to which he devotes a column and-a-half1 but for which he is not able to produce a particle of evidence4 ,it would result in our reading1 8to feed the ,church of ,,god1 which ,he purchased0--7not 8with ,his own blood10 but7--8with the blood of ,his own ,,son30 which has evidently been suggested by nothing so much as by the supposed necessity of getting rid of a text which unequivocally asserts that ,,christ is ,,god47#gia7 ,,lxxv4 ,some will be chiefly struck by the conceit and presumption of such suggestions as the foregoing4 ,a yet larger number1 as we believe1 will be astonished by their essential foolishness4 ,for ourselves1 what surprises us most is the fatal misapprehension they evince of the true office of ,textual ,criticism as applied to the ,new ,testament4 ,it never is to invent new ,readings1 but only to adjudicate between existing and conflicting ones4 ,he who seeks to thrust out 8,,the ,,passover0 from ,s4 ,john vi4 #d1 7where it may on no account be dispensed with7#gib772 and to thrust 8,,the ,,son0 into ,acts xx4 #bh1 7where ,his ,name cannot stand without evacuating a grand ,theological statement72--will do well to consider whether he does not bring himself directly under the awful malediction with which the beloved ,disciple concludes and seals up the ,canon of ,scripture3--8,i testify unto every man that heareth the words of the prophecy of this ,book1--,if any man shall add unto these things1 ,,god shall add unto him the plagues that are written in this ,book4 ,and if any man shall take away from the words of the ,book of this prophecy1 ,,god shall take away his part out of the ,book of ,life1 and out of the holy ,city1 and from the things which are written in this ,book407#gic7 ,may we be allowed to assure ,dr4 ,hort that 8,,conjectural ,,emendation0 ,,can ,,be ,,allowed ,,no ,,place ,,whatever ,,in ,,the ,,textual ,,criticism ,,of ,,the ,,new ,,testament8 ,he will no doubt disregard our counsel4 ,may ,dr4 ,scrivener then p4 #dcc be permitted to remind him that 8it is now agreed among competent judges that ,conjectural emendation must never be resorted to1--even in passages of acknowledged difficulty08 ,there is in fact no need for it1--nor can be3 so very ample1 as well as so very varied1 is the evidence for the words of the ,new ,testament4 ,,lxxvi4 ,here however we regret to find we have both ,editors against us4 ,they propose 8the definite question10-- 8 #8,are there1 as a matter of fact1 places in which we are constrained by overwhelming evidence to recognize the existence of ,textual error in all extant documents8' ,to this question we have no hesitation in replying in the affirmative40--7p4 #bgi47 ,behold then the deliberate sentence of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,they flatter themselves that they are able to produce 8overwhelming evidence0 in proof that there are places where every extant document is in error4 ,the instance on which they both rely1 is ,s4 ,peter's prophetic announcement 7#b ,pet4 iii4 #aj71 that in 8the day of the ,,lord10 8the earth and the works that are therein shall be burned up0 774 ,this statement is found to have been glossed or paraphrased in an age when men knew no better4 ,thus1 ,cod4 ,c substitutes--8shall vanish away307#gid7 the ,syriac and one ,egyptian version1--8shall not be found10 7apparently in imitation of ,rev4 xvi4 #bj74 ,but1 either because the 8not0 was accidentally omitted7#gie7 in some very ancient exemplar2--or else because it was deemed a superfluity by some ,occidental critic who in his simplicity supposed that might well represent the ,latin urerentur1--7somewhat as ,mrs4 ,quickly warranted 8hang hog0 to be ,latin for 8bacon107--codices and ,b 7with four others of later date7 exhibit 8shall be found107#gif7--which obviously makes utter nonsense of the place4 7 appears1 nevertheless1 in ,dr4 ,hort's text3 in consequence of which1 the margin of our 8,revised ,version0 is disfigured with the statement that 8,the most ancient manuscripts read discovered407 ,but what is there in all this to make one distrust the ,traditional reading8--supported as it is by the whole mass of ,copies3 by the ,latin17#gig7--the ,coptic1--the ,harkleian1--and the thiopic ,versions3--besides the only ,fathers who quote the place2 viz4 ,cyril seven times17#gih7 and ,john ,damascene7#gii7 once8444 ,as for pretending1 at the end of the foregoing enquiry1 that 8we are constrained by overwhelming evidence to recognize the existence of textual error in all extant documents10--it is evidently a mistake4 ,nothing else is it but a misstatement of facts4 ,,lxxvii4 ,and thus1 in the entire absence of proof1 ,dr4 ,hort's view of 8the existence of corruptions0 of the ,text 8antecedent to all existing authority107#hjj7--;falls to the ground4 ,his confident prediction1 that such corruptions 8will sooner or later have to be acknowledged10 may be dismissed with a smile4 ,so indifferent an interpreter of the ,past may not presume to forecast the ,future4 ,the one 8matter of fact10 which at every step more and more impresses an attentive student of the ,text of ,scripture1 is1--7#ast71 ,the utterly depraved character of ,codices ,b and 3 and 7#bnd71 ,the singular infatuation of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort in insisting that those #b ,codices 8stand alone in their almost complete immunity from error307#hja7--that 8the fullest comparison does but increase the conviction that their pre-eminent relative purity is approximately absolute407#hjb7 ,,lxxviii4 ,whence is it1--7we have often asked ourselves the question1 while studying these laborious pages17--,how does it happen that a scholar like ,dr4 ,hort1 evidently accomplished and able1 should habitually mistake the creations of his own brain for material forms8 the echoes of his own voice while holding colloquy with himself1 for oracular responses8 ,we have not hitherto expressed our astonishment1--but must do so now before we make an end1--that a writer who desires to convince1 can suppose that his own arbitrary use of such expressions as 8,pre-,syrian0 and 8,neutral10--8,western0 and 8,alexandrian10--8,non-,western0 and 8,non-,alexandrian10--8,non-,alexandrian ,pre-,syrian0 and 8,pre-,syrian ,non-,western10--will produce any 7except an irritating7 effect on the mind of an intelligent reader4 ,the delusion of supposing that by the free use of such a vocabulary a ,critic may dispense with the ordinary processes of logical proof1 might possibly have its beginning in the retirement of the cloister1 where there are few to listen and none to contradict3 but it can only prove abiding if there has been no free ventilation of the individual fancy4 ,greatly is it to be regretted that instead of keeping his ,text a profound secret for #cj years1 ,dr4 ,hort did not freely impart it to the public1 and solicit the favour of candid criticism4 ,has no friend ever reminded him that assertions concerning the presence or absence of a 8,syrian0 or a 8,pre-,syrian10 a 8,western0 or a 8,non-,western element10 are but wind1--the merest chaff and draff1--apart from proof8 ,repeated ad nauseam1 and employed with as much peremptory precision as if they were recognized terms connoting distinct classes of ,readings1--7whereas they are absolutely without significancy1 except1 let us charitably hope1 to him who employs them72--such expressions would only be allowable on the part of the ,critic1 if he had first been at the pains to index every principal ,father1--and to reduce ,texts to families by a laborious process of ,induction4 ,else1 they are worse than foolish4 ,more than an impertinence are they4 ,they bewilder1 and mislead1 and for a while encumber and block the way4 ,,lxxix4 ,this is not all however4 ,even when these ,editors notice hostile evidence1 they do so after a fashion which can satisfy no one but themselves4 ,take for example their note on the word 78without a cause07 in ,s4 ,matthew v4 #bb 78,but ,i say unto you1 that whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause074 ,the ,reader's attention is specially invited to the treatment which this place has experienced at the hands of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort3-- 7a7 ,they unceremoniously eject the word from ,s4 ,matthew's ,gospel with their oracular sentence1 8,western and ,syrian40--,aware that is recognized by 8,iren4 lat-#c2 ,eus4 ,d4 ,e4 ,cyp410 they yet claim for omitting it the authority of 8,just4 ,ptolem4 78 ,iren4 #bdb fin471 ,tert42 and certainly0 7they proceed7 8,orig4 on ,eph4 iv4 #ca1 noticing both readings1 and similarly ,hier4 loc41 who probably follows ,origen3 also ,ath4 ,pasch4 ,syr4 #aa3 ,ps4-,ath4 ,cast4 ii4 #d2 and others04444 ,such is their 8,note0 on ,s4 ,matthew v4 #bb4 ,it is found at p4 #h of their volume4 ,in consequence1 78without a cause07 disappears from their ,text entirely4 7b7 ,but these learned men are respectfully informed that neither ,justin ,martyr1 nor ,ptolemus the ,gnostic1 nor ,irenus1 no1 nor ,tertullian either1--that not one of these four writers1--supplies the wished-for evidence4 ,as for ,origen1--they are assured that he--not 8probably0 but certainly--is the cause of all the trouble4 ,they are reminded that ,athanasius7#hjc7 quotes 7not ,s4 ,matt4 v4 #bb1 but7 #a ,jo4 iii4 #ae4 ,they are shown that what they call 8ps4-,ath4 ,cast40 is nothing else but a paraphrastic translation 7by ,grculus quidam7 of ,john ,cassian's ,institutes1--8ii4 #d0 in the ,greek representing viii4 #bj in the ,latin4444 ,and now1 how much of the adverse ,evidence remains8 7c7 ,only this3--,jerome's three books of ,commentary on the ,ephesians1 are1 in the main1 a translation of ,origen's lost #c books on the same ,epistle47#hjd7 ,commenting on iv4 #ca1 ,origen says that has been improperly added to the ,text17#hje7--which shows that in ,origen's copy was found there4 ,a few ancient writers in consequence 7but only in consequence7 of what ,jerome 7or rather ,origen7 thus delivers1 are observed to omit 47#hjf7 ,that is all6 7d7 ,may we however respectfully ask these learned ,editors why1 besides ,irenus17#hjg7--;,eusebius17#hjh7--;and ,cyprian17#hji7--they do not mention that is also the reading of ,justin ,martyr17#haj7--of ,origen himself17#haa7--of the ,constitutiones ,app417#hab7--of ,basil three times17#hac7--of ,gregory of ,nyssa17#had7--of ,epiphanius17#hae7--of ,ephraem ,syrus twice17#haf7--of ,isidorus twice17#hag7--of ,theodore of ,mops41--of ,chrysostom #ah times1--of the ,opus imp4 twice17#hah7--of ,cyril7#hai7--;and of ,theodoret7#hbj7--7;each in #c places74 ,it was also the reading of ,severus1 ,abp4 of ,antioch37#hba7--;as well as of ,hilary17#hbb7--,lucifer17#hbc7--,salvia n17#hbd7--,philastrius17#hbe7--;,augusti ne1 and--,jerome17#hbf7--7;although1 when translating from ,origen1 he pronounces against 7#hbg773--not to mention ,antiochus mon417#hbh7--;,j4 ,damascene17#hbi7--,maximus17#hcj7--,pho tius17#hca7--;,euthymius1--,theophylact1 --and others87#hcb7444 ,we have adduced no less than thirty ancient witnesses4 7e7 ,our present contention however is but this1--that a ,reading which is attested by every uncial ,copy of the ,gospels except ,b and 2 by a whole torrent of ,fathers2 by every known copy of the old ,latin1--by all the ,syriac1 7for the ,peschito inserts not translates the word 17--by the ,coptic1--as well as by the ,gothic--and ,armenian versions2--that such a reading is not to be set aside by the stupid dictum1 8,,western ,,and ,,syrian40 ,by no such methods will the study of ,textual ,criticism be promoted1 or any progress ever be made in determining the ,truth of ,scripture4 ,there really can be no doubt whatever1--7that is to say1 if we are to be guided by ancient ,evidence17--that 78without a cause07 was our ,,saviour',s actual word2 and that our ,revisers have been here1 as in so many hundred other places1 led astray by ,dr4 ,hort4 ,so true is that saying of the ancient poet1--8,evil company doth corrupt good manners40 8,and if the blind lead the blind10--7a greater than ,menander hath said it17--8both shall fall into the ditch407#hcc7 7f7 ,in the meantime1 we have exhibited somewhat in detail1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,annotation on 1 ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #bb1 in order to furnish our ,readers with at least one definite specimen of the ,editorial skill and ,critical ability of these two accomplished ,professors4 ,their general practice1 as exhibited in the case of #a ,jo4 v4 #ah1 see above1 pp4 #cdg-i1 is to tamper with the sacred ,text1 without assigning their authority1--indeed1 without offering apology of any kind4 7g7 ,the sum of the matter proves to be as follows3 ,codd4 ,b and 7the 8two false ,witnesses071--,b and 1 alone of ,,mss4--omit 4 ,on the strength of this1 ,dr4 ,hort persuaded his fellow ,revisers to omit 8without a cause0 from their ,revised ,version3 and it is proposed1 in consequence1 that every ,englishman's copy of ,s4 ,matthew v4 #bb shall be mutilated in the same way for ever4444 ,delirant reges1 plectuntur ,achivi4 7h7 ,but the question arises--,will the ,church of ,england submit to have her immemorial heritage thus filched from her8 ,we shall be astonished indeed if she proves so regardless of her birthright4 ,,lxxx4 ,lastly1 the intellectual habits of these ,editors have led them so to handle evidence1 that the sense of proportion seems to have forsaken them4 8,he who has long pondered over a train of ,reasoning10--7remarks the elder ,critic17--8becomes unable to detect its weak points407#hcd7 ,yes1 the 8idols of the den0 exercise at last a terrible ascendency over the ,critical judgment4 ,it argues an utter want of mental perspective1 when we find 8the ,man working on the ,sabbath10 put on the same footing with 8the ,woman taken in ,adultery10 and conjectured to have 8come from the same source30--the incident of 8the ,angel troubling the pool of ,bethesda0 dismissed1 as having 8no claim to any kind of association with the true ,text307#hce7--;and 8the two ,supplements0 to ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel declared to 8stand on equal terms as independent attempts to fill up a gap20 and allowed to be possibly 8of equal antiquity407#hcf7 ,how can we wonder1 after this1 to find anything omitted1--anything inserted1--anything branded with suspicion8 ,and the brand is very freely applied by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,their notion of the ,text of the ,new ,testament1 is certainly the most extraordinary ever ventilated4 ,it has at least the merit of entire originality4 ,while they eagerly insist that many a passage is but 8a ,western interpolation0 after all2 is but an 8,evangelic ,tradition10 8rescued from oblivion by the ,scribes of the second century20--they yet incorporate those passages with the ,gospel4 ,careful enough to clap them into fetters first1 they then1 7to use their own queer phrase17--8provisionally associate them with the ,text40 ,,lxxxi4 ,we submit1 on the contrary1 that ,editors who 8cannot doubt0 that a certain verse 8comes from an extraneous source10--8do not believe that it belonged originally to the ,book in which it is now included10--are unreasonable if they proceed to assign to it any actual place there at all4 ,when men have once thoroughly convinced themselves that two ,verses of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel are not ,scripture1 but 8only a fragment from the ,traditions1 written or oral1 which were for a while locally current207#hcg7--what else is it but the merest trifling with sacred ,truth1 to promote those two verses to a place in the inspired context8 ,is it not to be feared1 that the conscious introduction of human ,tradition into ,,god',s written ,word will in the end destroy the soul's confidence in ,scripture itself8 opening the door for perplexity1 and doubt1 and presently for ,unbelief itself to enter4 ,,lxxxii4 ,and let us not be told that the ,verses stand there 8provisionally0 only2 and for that reason are 8enclosed within double brackets40 ,suspected felons are 8provisionally0 locked up1 it is true3 but after trial1 they are either convicted and removed out of sight2 or else they are acquitted and suffered to come abroad like other men4 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have no right at the end of thirty years of investigation1 still to encumber the ,evangelists with 8provisional0 fetters4 ,those fetters either signify that the ,judge is afraid to carry out his own righteous sentence3 or else1 that he entertains a secret suspicion that he has made a terrible mistake after all1--has condemned the innocent4 ,let these esteemed ,scholars at least have 8the courage of their own convictions10 and be throughout as consistent as1 in two famous instances 7viz4 at pages #aac and #bda71 they have been4 ,else1 in ,,god',s ,name1 let them have the manliness to avow themselves in error3 abjure their 2 and cast the fantastic ,theory1 which they have so industriously reared upon it1 unreservedly1 to the winds6 ,,lxxxiii4 ,to conclude4--,it will be the abiding distinction of the ,revised ,version 7thanks to ,dr4 ,hort17 that it brought to the front a question which has slept for about #ajj years2 but which may not be suffered now to rest undisturbed any longer4 ,it might have slumbered on for another half-century1--a subject of deep interest to a very little band of ,divines and ,scholars2 of perplexity and distrust to all the ,world besides2--but for the incident which will make the #agth of ,may1 #ahha1 for ever memorable in the ,annals of the ,church of ,england4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,the ,publication on that day of the 8,revised ,english ,version of the ,new ,testament0 instantly concentrated public attention on the neglected problem3 for men saw at a glance that the ,traditional ,text of #aecj years' standing1--7the exact number is ,dr4 ,hort's1 not ours17--had been unceremoniously set aside in favour of an entirely different ,recension4 ,the true ,authors of the mischief were not far to seek4 ,just five days before1--under the editorship of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 7,revisionists themselves17--had appeared the most extravagant ,text which has seen the light since the invention of ,printing4 ,no secret was made of the fact that1 under pledges of strictest secrecy17#hch7 a copy of this wild performance 7marked 8,confidential07 had been entrusted to every member of the ,revising body3 and it has since transpired that ,dr4 ,hort advocated his own peculiar views in the ,jerusalem ,chamber with so much volubility1 eagerness1 pertinacity1 and plausibility1 that in the end--notwithstanding the warnings1 remonstrances1 entreaties of ,dr4 ,scrivener1--his counsels prevailed2 and--the utter shipwreck of the 8,revised ,version0 has been1 7as might have been confidently predicted17 the disastrous consequence4 ,dr4 ,hort is calculated to have talked for three years out of the ten4 ,but in the meantime there has arisen this good out of the calamity1--namely1 that men will at last require that the ,textual problem shall be fairly threshed out4 ,they will insist on having it proved to their satisfaction1--7#a7 ,that ,codices ,b and are indeed the oracular documents which their admirers pretend2 and--7#b7 ,that a narrow selection of ancient documents is a secure foundation on which to build the ,text of ,scripture4 ,failing this1--7and the onus probandi rests wholly with those who are for setting aside the ,traditional ,text in favour of another1 entirely dissimilar in character17--failing this1 we say1 it is reasonable to hope that the counsels of the 8,quarterly ,review0 will be suffered to prevail4 ,in the meantime1 we repeat that this question has now to be fought out3 for to ignore it any longer is impossible4 ,compromise of any sort between the two conflicting parties1 is impossible also2 for they simply contradict one another4 ,codd4 ,b and are either among the purest of manuscripts1--or else they are among the very foulest4 ,the ,text of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort is either the very best which has ever appeared1--or else it is the very worst2 the nearest to the sacred ,autographs1--or the furthest from them4 ,there is no room for both opinions2 and there cannot exist any middle view4 ,the question will have to be fought out2 and it must be fought out fairly4 ,it may not be magisterially settled2 but must be advocated1 on either side1 by the old logical method4 ,if ,continental ,scholars join in the fray1 ,england1--which in the last century took the lead in these studies1--will1 it is to be hoped1 maintain her ancient reputation and again occupy the front rank4 ,the combatants may be sure that1 in consequence of all that has happened1 the public will be no longer indifferent spectators of the fray2 for the issue concerns the inner life of the whole community1--touches men's very heart of hearts4 ,certain it is that--8,,god defend the ,right60 will be the one aspiration of every faithful spirit among us4 ,,the ,,truth1--7we avow it on behalf of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort as eagerly as on our own behalf17--,,god',s ,,truth will be1 as it has been throughout1 the one object of all our striving4 1 4 99,i ,,have ,,been ,,very ,,jealous ,,for ,,the ,,lord ,,god ,,of ,,hosts499 ,,letter ,,to ,,bishop ,,ellicott1 ,,in ,,reply ,,to ,,his ,,pamphlet4 8,nothing is more satisfactory at the present time than the evident feelings of veneration for our ,authorized ,version1 and the very generally-felt desire for as little change as possible40--,,bishop ,,ellicott47#hci7 8,we may be satisfied with the attempt to correct plain and clear errors1 but there it is our duty to stop40--,,bishop ,,ellicott47#hdj7 8,we have now1 at all events1 no fear of an over-corrected ,version40--,,bishop ,,ellicott47#hda7 8,i fear we must say in candour that in the ,revised ,version we meet in every page with small changes1 which are vexatious1 teasing1 and irritating1 even the more so because they are small2 which seem almost to be made for the sake of change40--,,bishop ,,wordsworth47#hdb7 ,the question arises1--8,whether the ,church of ,england1--which in her ,synod1 so far as this ,province is concerned1 sanctioned a ,revision of her ,authorized ,version under the express condition1 which she most wisely imposed1 that no ,changes should be made in it except what were absolutely necessary1--could consistently accept a ,version in which #cf1jjj changes have been made2 not a fiftieth of which can be shown to be needed1 or even desirable40--,,bishop ,,wordsworth47#hdc7 ,letter ,to ,the ,right ,rev4 ,charles ,john ,ellicott1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop ,of ,gloucester ,and ,bristol1 ,in ,reply ,to ,his ,pamphlet ,in ,defence ,of ,the ,revisers ,and ,their ,greek ,text ,of ,the ,new ,testament4 8,,what ,,course ,,would ,,revisers ,,have ,,us ,,to ,,follow8444 ,,would ,,it ,,be ,,well ,,for ,,them ,,to ,,agree ,,on ,a ,,critical ,,greek ,,text8 ,,to ,,this ,,question ,,we ,,venture ,,to ,,answer ,,very ,,unhesitatingly ,,in ,,the ,,negative4 8,,though ,,we ,,have ,,much ,,critical ,,material1 ,,and ,a ,,very ,,fair ,,amount ,,of ,,critical ,,knowledge1 ,,we ,,have ,,certainly ,,not ,,yet ,,acquired ,,sufficient ,,critical ,,judgment ,,for ,,any ,,body ,,of ,,revisers ,,hopefully ,,to ,,undertake ,,such ,a ,,work ,,as ,,this40 ,,bishop ,,ellicott47#hdd7 ,,my ,,lord ,,bishop1 ,last ,may1 you published a pamphlet of seventy-nine pages7#hde7 in vindication of the ,greek ,text recently put forth by the ,new ,testament ,company of ,revisers4 ,it was 7you said7 your ,answer to the first and second of my ,articles in the ,quarterly ,review37#hdf7--;all three of which1 corrected and enlarged1 are now submitted to the public for the second time4 ,see above1 from page #a to page #cfg4 #a ,preliminary ,statement4 ,you may be quite sure that ,i examined your pamphlet as soon as it appeared1 with attention4 ,i have since read it through several times3 and--,i must add--with ever-increasing astonishment4 ,first1 because it is so evidently the production of one who has never made ,textual ,criticism seriously his study4 ,next1 because your pamphlet is no refutation whatever of my two ,articles4 ,you flout me3 you scold me3 you lecture me4 ,but ,i do not find that you ever answer me4 ,you reproduce the theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--which ,i claim to have demolished47#hdg7 ,you seek to put me down by flourishing in my face the decrees of ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1--which1 as you are well aware1 ,i entirely disallow4 ,denunciation1 my lord ,bishop1 is not ,argument2 neither is ,reiteration1 ,proof4 ,and then1--,why do you impute to me opinions which ,i do not hold8 and charge me with a method of procedure of which ,i have never been guilty8 ,above all1 why do you seek to prejudice the question at issue between us by importing irrelevant matter which can only impose upon the ignorant and mislead the unwary8 ,forgive my plainness1 but really you are so conspicuously unfair1--and at the same time so manifestly unacquainted1 7except at second-hand and only in an elementary way17 with the points actually under discussion1--that1 were it not for the adventitious importance attaching to any utterance of yours1 deliberately put forth at this time as ,chairman of the ,new ,testament body of ,revisers1 ,i should have taken no notice of your pamphlet4 #b ,the ,bishop's pamphlet was anticipated and effectually disposed of1 three weeks before it appeared1 by the ,reviewer's ,third ,article4 ,i am bound1 at the same time1 to acknowledge that you have been singularly unlucky4 ,while you were penning your ,defence1 7namely1 throughout the first four months of #ahhb17 ,i was making a fatal inroad into your position1 by showing how utterly without foundation is the 8,textual ,theory0 to which you and your co-,revisers have been so rash as to commit yourselves47#hdh7 ,this fact ,i find duly recognized in your 8,postscript40 8,since the foregoing pages were in print0 7you say17 8a third article has appeared in the ,quarterly ,review1 entitled #8,westcott and ,hort's ,textual ,theory4' 07#hdi7 ,yes4 ,i came before the public on the #afth of ,april2 you on the #dth of ,may1 #ahhb4 ,in this way1 your pamphlet was anticipated1--had in fact been fully disposed of1 three weeks before it appeared4 8,the ,reviewer10 7you complain at page #d17 8censures their ,westcott and ,hort's ,text3 in neither ,article has he attempted a serious examination of the arguments which they allege in its support40 ,but1 7as explained17 the 8serious examination0 which you reproach me with having hitherto failed to produce1--had been already three weeks in the hands of readers of the ,quarterly before your pamphlet saw the light4 ,you would1 in consequence1 have best consulted your own reputation1 ,i am persuaded1 had you instantly recalled and suppressed your printed sheets4 ,what1 at all events1 you can have possibly meant1 while publishing them1 by adding 7in your 8,postscript0 at page #gi17--8;,in this controversy it is not for us to interpose30 and again1--8,we find nothing in the ,reviewer's third article to require further answer from us30--passes my comprehension2 seeing that your pamphlet 7page #aa to page #bi7 is an elaborate avowal that you have made ,westcott and ,hort's theory entirely your own4 ,the ,editor of the ,speaker's ,commentary1 ,i observe1 takes precisely the same view of your position4 8,the two ,revisers0 7says ,canon ,cook7 8actually add a ,postscript to their pamphlet of a single short page noticing their unexpected anticipation by the third ,quarterly ,review article2 with the remark that #8in this controversy 7between ,westcott and ,hort and the ,reviewer7 it is not for us to interfere3'--as if ,westcott and ,hort's theory of ,greek ,revision could be refuted1 or seriously damaged1 without cutting the ground from under the ,committee of ,revisers on the whole of this subject407#hej7 #c ,bp4 ,ellicott remonstrated with for his unfair method of procedure4 ,i should enter at once on an examination of your ,reply1 but that ,i am constrained at the outset to remonstrate with you on the exceeding unfairness of your entire method of procedure4 ,your business was to make it plain to the public that you have dealt faithfully with the ,deposit3 have strictly fulfilled the covenant into which you entered twelve years ago with the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province3 have corrected only 8plain and clear errors40 ,instead of this1 you labour to enlist vulgar prejudice against me3--partly1 by insisting that ,i am for determining disputed ,readings by an appeal to the 8,textus ,receptus10--which 7according to you7 ,i look upon as faultless3--partly1 by exhibiting me in disagreement with ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles4 ,the irrelevancy of this latter contention1--the groundlessness of the former1--may not be passed over without a few words of serious remonstrance4 ,for ,i claim that1 in discussing the ,greek ,text1 ,i have invariably filled my pages as full of ,authorities for the opinions ,i advocate1 as the limits of the page would allow4 ,i may have been tediously demonstrative sometimes3 but no one can fairly tax me with having shrunk from the severest method of evidential proof4 ,to find myself therefore charged with 8mere denunciation107#hea7--with substituting 8strong expressions of individual opinion0 for 8arguments107#heb7--;and with 8attempting to cut the cord by reckless and unverified assertions10 7p4 #be17--;astonishes me4 ,such language is in fact even ridiculously unfair4 ,the misrepresentation of which ,i complain is not only conspicuous1 but systematic4 ,it runs through your whole pamphlet3 is admitted by yourself at the close1--7viz4 at p4 #gg17--to be half the sum of your entire contention4 ,besides cropping up repeatedly17#hec7 it finds deliberate and detailed expression when you reach the middle of your essay1--viz4 at p4 #da3 where1 with reference to certain charges which ,i not only bring against codices ,b ,c ,l1 but laboriously substantiate by a free appeal to the contemporary evidence of ,copies1 ,versions1 and ,fathers1--you venture to express yourself concerning me as follows3-- 8,to attempt to sustain such charges by a rough comparison of these ancient authorities with the ,,textus ,,receptus1 and to measure the degree of their depravation by the amount of their divergence from such a text as we have shown this ,received ,text really to be1 is to trifle with the subject of sacred ,criticism40--p4 #da4 ,you add3-- 8,until the depravation of these ancient ,manuscripts has been demonstrated in a manner more consistent with the recognized principles of ,criticism1 such charges as those to which we allude must be regarded as expressions of passion1 or prejudice1 and set aside by every impartial reader as assertions for which no adequate evidence has yet been produced40--pp4 #da-b4 #d 7,which be 8the recognized principles of ,textual ,criticism08--a question asked in passing47 ,but give me leave to ask in passing1--,which1 pray1 are 8the recognized principles of ,criticism0 to which you refer8 ,i profess ,i have never met with them yet2 and ,i am sure it has not been for want of diligent enquiry4 ,you have publicly charged me before your ,diocese with being 8innocently ignorant of the now established principles of ,textual ,criticism407#hed7 ,but why do you not state which those principles are8 ,i am surprised4 ,you are for ever vaunting 8principles which have been established by the investigations and reasonings0 of ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles37#hee7--8the principles of ,textual ,criticism which are accepted and recognized by the great majority of modern ,textual ,critics307#hef7--8the principles on which the ,textual ,criticism of the last fifty years has been based307#heg7--;but you never condescend to explain which be the 8principles0 you refer to4 ,for the last time1--,who established those 8,principles08 and1 ,where are they to be seen 8established08 ,i will be so candid with you as frankly to avow that the only two 8principles0 with which ,i am acquainted as held1 with anything like consent1 by 8the modern ,textual ,critics0 to whom you have surrendered your judgment1 are--7#ast7 ,a robust confidence in the revelations of their own inner consciousness3 and 7#bndly7 ,a superstitious partiality for two codices written in the uncial character1--for which partiality they are able to assign no intelligible reason4 ,you put the matter as neatly as ,i could desire at page #ai of your ,essay1--where you condemn1 with excusable warmth1 8those who adopt the easy method of using some favourite ,manuscript10--or of exercising 8some supposed power of divining the original ,text20--as if those were 8the only necessary agents for correcting the ,received ,text40 ,why the evidence of codices ,b and 1--and perhaps the evidence of the ,v,ith-century codex ,d1--78the singular codex0 as you call it2 and it is certainly a very singular codex indeed37--why1 ,i say1 the evidence of these two or three codices should be thought to outweigh the evidence of all other documents in existence1--whether ,copies1 ,versions1 or ,fathers1--,i have never been able to discover1 nor have their admirers ever been able to tell me4 #e ,bp4 ,ellicott's and the ,reviewer's respective methods1 contrasted4 ,waiving this however1 7for it is beside the point17 ,i venture to ask1--,with what show of reason can you pretend that ,i 8sustain my charges0 against codices ,b ,c ,l1 8by a rough comparison of these ancient authorities with the ,textus ,receptus087#heh7444 ,will you deny that it is a mere misrepresentation of the plain facts of the case1 to say so8 ,have ,i not1 on the contrary1 on every occasion referred ,readings in dispute1--the reading of ,b ,c ,l on the one hand1 the reading of the ,textus ,receptus on the other1--simultaneously to one and the same external standard8 ,have ,i not persistently enquired for the verdict--so far as it has been obtainable--of ,,consentient ,,antiquity8 ,if ,i have sometimes spoken of certain famous manuscripts 7 ,b ,c ,d namely17 as exhibiting fabricated ,texts1 have ,i not been at the pains to establish the reasonableness of my assertion by showing that they yield divergent1--that is contradictory1 testimony8 ,the task of laboriously collating the five 8old uncials0 throughout the ,gospels1 occupied me for five-and-a-half years1 and taxed me severely4 ,but ,i was rewarded4 ,i rose from the investigation profoundly convinced that1 however important they may be as instruments of ,criticism1 codices ,b ,c ,d are among the most corrupt documents extant4 ,it was a conviction derived from exact ,knowledge and based on solid grounds of ,reason4 ,you1 my lord ,bishop1 who have never gone deeply into the subject1 repose simply on ,prejudice4 ,never having at any time collated codices ,a ,b ,c ,d for yourself1 you are unable to gainsay a single statement of mine by a counter-appeal to facts4 ,your textual learning proves to have been all obtained at second-hand1--taken on trust4 ,and so1 instead of marshalling against me a corresponding array of ,,ancient ,,authorities1--you invariably attempt to put me down by an appeal to ,,modern ,,opinion4 8,the majority of modern ,critics0 7you say7 have declared the manuscripts in question 8not only to be wholly undeserving of such charges1 but1 on the contrary1 to exhibit a text of comparative purity407#hei7 ,the sum of the difference therefore between our respective methods1 my lord ,bishop1 proves to be this3--that whereas ,i endeavour by a laborious accumulation of ancient ,evidence to demonstrate that the decrees of ,lachmann1 of ,tischendorf and of ,tregelles1 are untrustworthy2 your way of reducing me to silence1 is to cast ,lachmann1 ,tregelles and ,tischendorf at every instant in my teeth4 ,you make your appeal exclusively to them4 8,it would be difficult0 7you say7 8to find a recent ,english ,commentator of any considerable reputation who has not been influenced1 more or less consistently1 by one or the other of these three ,editors307#hfj7 7as if that were any reason why ,i should do the same67 ,because ,i pronounce the ,revised reading of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad1 8a grievous perversion of the truth of ,scripture10 you bid me consider 8that in so speaking ,i am censuring ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles40 ,you seem in fact to have utterly missed the point of my contention3 which is1 that the ancient ,fathers collectively 7,a4,d4 #aej to ,a4,d4 #dej71--;inasmuch as they must needs have known far better than ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 or ,tischendorf1 7,a4,d4 #ahcj to ,a4,d4 #ahhj17 what was the ,text of the ,new ,testament in the earliest ages1--are perforce far more trustworthy guides than they4 ,and further1 that whenever it can be clearly shown that the ,ancients as a body say one thing1 and the ,moderns another1 the opinion of the ,moderns may be safely disregarded4 ,when therefore ,i open your pamphlet at the first page1 and read as follows3--8,a bold assault has been made in recent numbers of the ,quarterly ,review upon the whole fabric of ,criticism which has been built up during the last fifty years by the patient labour of successive editors of the ,new ,testament107#hfa7--;,i fail to discover that any practical inconvenience results to myself from your announcement4 ,the same plaintive strain reappears at p4 #ci2 where1 having pointed out 8that the text of the ,revisers is1 in all essential features1 the same as that text in which the best critical editors1 during the past fifty years1 are generally agreed10--you insist 8that thus1 any attack made on the text of the ,revisers is really an attack on the critical principles that have been carefully and laboriously established during the last half-century40 ,with the self-same pathetic remonstrance you conclude your labours4 8,if10 7you say7 8the ,revisers are wrong in the principles which they have applied to the determination of the ,text1 the principles on which the ,textual ,criticism of the last fifty years has been based1 are wrong also407#hfb7444 ,are you then not yet aware that the alternative which seems to you so alarming is in fact my whole contention8 ,what else do you imagine it is that ,i am proposing to myself throughout1 but effectually to dispel the vulgar prejudice1--say rather1 to plant my heel upon the weak superstition1--which 8for the last fifty years0 has proved fatal to progress in this department of learning2 and which1 if it be suffered to prevail1 will make a science of ,textual ,criticism impossible8 ,a shallow empiricism has been the prevailing result1 up to this hour1 of the teaching of ,lachmann1 and ,tischendorf1 and ,tregelles4 #f ,bp4 ,ellicott in ,may #ahgj1 and in ,may #ahhb4 ,a word in your private ear1 7by your leave7 in passing4 ,you seem to have forgotten that1 at the time when you entered on the work of ,revision1 your own estimate of the ,texts put forth by these ,editors was the reverse of favourable2 i4e4 was scarcely distinguishable from that of your present correspondent4 ,lachmann's you described as 8a text composed on the narrowest and most exclusive principles10--8really based on little more than four manuscripts40--8,the case of ,tischendorf0 7you said7 8is still more easily disposed of4 ,which of this most inconstant ,critic's texts are we to select8 ,surely not the last1 in which an exaggerated preference for a single manuscript has betrayed him into an almost childlike infirmity of judgment4 ,surely also not the seventh edition1 which exhibits all the instability which a comparatively recent recognition of the authority of cursive manuscripts might be supposed likely to introduce40--,as for poor ,tregelles1 you said3--8,his critical principles 444 are now1 perhaps justly1 called in question40 ,his text 8is rigid and mechanical1 and sometimes fails to disclose that critical instinct and peculiar scholarly sagacity which07#hfc7 have since evidently disclosed themselves in perfection in those ,members of the ,revising body who1 with ,bp4 ,ellicott at their head1 systematically outvoted ,prebendary ,scrivener in the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,but with what consistency1 my lord ,bishop1 do you to-day vaunt 8the principles0 of the very men whom yesterday you vilipended precisely because their 8principles0 then seemed to yourself so utterly unsatisfactory8 #g 8,the fabric of modern ,textual ,criticism0 7#ahca-ha7 rests on an insecure basis4 ,i have been guilty of little else than sacrilege1 it seems1 because ,i have ventured to send a shower of shot and shell into the flimsy decrees of these three ,critics which now you are pleased grandiloquently to designate and describe as 8the whole fabric of ,criticism which has been built up within the last fifty years40 ,permit me to remind you that the 8fabric0 you speak of1--7confessedly a creation of yesterday17--rests upon a foundation of sand2 and has been already so formidably assailed1 or else so gravely condemned by a succession of famous ,critics1 that as 8a fabric10 its very existence may be reasonably called in question4 ,tischendorf insists on the general depravity 78universa vitiositas07 of codex ,b2 on which codex nevertheless ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort chiefly rely1--regarding it as unique in its pre-eminent purity4 ,the same pair of ,critics depreciate the ,traditional ,text as 8beyond all question identical with the dominant ,greek ,text of the second half of the fourth century30--whereas1 8to bring the sacred text back to the condition in which it existed during the fourth century107#hfd7 was ,lachmann's one object2 the sum and substance of his striving4 8,the fancy of a ,constantinopolitan text1 and every inference that has been grounded on its presumed existence107#hfe7 ,tregelles declares to have been 8swept away at once and for ever10 by ,scrivener's published ,collations4 ,and yet1 what else but this is 8the fancy10 7as already explained17 on which ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have been for thirty years building up their visionary ,theory of ,textual ,criticism8--,what ,griesbach attempted #aggd-ahje1 was denounced #aghb-ahje by ,c4 ,f4 ,matthi2--disapproved by ,scholz2--demonstrated to be untenable by ,abp4 ,laurence4 ,finally1 in #ahdg1 the learned ,j4 ,g4 ,reiche1 in some ,observations prefixed to his ,collations of ,,mss4 in the ,paris ,library1 eloquently and ably exposed the unreasonableness of any theory of 8,recension10--properly so called27#hff7 thereby effectually anticipating ,westcott and ,hort's weak imagination of a 8,syrian ,text10 while he was demolishing the airy speculations of ,griesbach and ,hug4 8,there is no royal road0 7he said7 8to the ,criticism of the ,n4 ,t43 no plain and easy method1 at once reposing on a firm foundation1 and conducting securely to the wished for goal407#hfg7444 ,scarcely therefore in ,germany had the basement-story been laid of that 8fabric of ,criticism which has been built up during the last fifty years10 and which you superstitiously admire1--when a famous ,german scholar was heard denouncing the fabric as insecure4 ,he foretold that the 8regia via0 of codices ,b and would prove a deceit and a snare3 which thing1 at the end of four-and-thirty years1 has punctually come to pass4 ,seven years after1 ,lachmann's method was solemnly appealed from by the same ,j4 ,g4 ,reiche37#hfh7 whose words of warning to his countrymen deserve the attention of every thoughtful scholar among ourselves at this day4 ,of the same general tenor and purport as ,reiche's1 are the utterances of those giants in ,textual ,criticism1 ,vercellone of ,rome and ,ceriani of ,milan4 ,quite unmistakable is the verdict of our own ,scrivener concerning the views of ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1 and the results to which their system has severally conducted them4--,if ,alford adopted the prejudices of his three immediate predecessors1 his authority has been neutralized by the far different teaching of one infinitely his superior in judgment and learning1--the present illustrious ,bishop of ,lincoln4--,on the same side with the last named are found the late ,philip ,e4 ,pusey and ,archd4 ,lee1--,canon ,cook and ,dr4 ,field1--the ,bishop of ,s4 ,andrews and ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan4 ,lastly1 at the end of fifty-one years1 7viz4 in #ahha17 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort have revived ,lachmann's unsatisfactory method1--superadding thereto not a few extravagances of their own4 ,that their views have been received with expressions of the gravest disapprobation1 no one will deny4 ,indispensable to their contention is the grossly improbable hypothesis that the ,peschito is to be regarded as the 8,vulgate0 7i4e4 the ,revised7 ,syriac2 ,cureton's1 as the 8,vetus0 or original ,syriac version4 ,and yet1 while ,i write1 the ,abb ,martin at ,paris is giving it as the result of his labours on this subject1 that ,cureton's ,version cannot be anything of the sort47#hfi7 ,whether ,westcott and ,hort's theory of a 8,syrian0 ,text has not received an effectual quietus1 let posterity decide4 4 ,from which it becomes apparent that1 at all events1 8the fabric of ,criticism which has been built up within the last fifty years0 has not arisen without solemn and repeated protest1--as well from within as from without4 ,it may not therefore be spoken of by you as something which men are bound to maintain inviolate1--like an ,article of the ,creed4 ,it is quite competent1 ,i mean1 for any one to denounce the entire system of ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1--as ,i do now1--as an egregious blunder2 if he will but be at the pains to establish on a severe logical basis the contradictory of not a few of their most important decrees4 ,and you1 my lord ,bishop1 are respectfully reminded that your defence of their system1--if you must needs defend what ,i deem worthless1--must be conducted1 not by sneers and an affectation of superior enlightenment2 still less by intimidation1 scornful language1 and all those other bad methods whereby it has been the way of ,superstition in every age to rivet the fetters of intellectual bondage3 but by severe reasoning1 and calm discussion1 and a free appeal to ancient ,authority1 and a patient investigation of all the external evidence accessible4 ,i request therefore that we may hear no more of this form of argument4 ,the ,text of ,lachmann and ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1--of ,westcott and ,hort and ,ellicott1 7i4e4 of the ,revisers17--is just now on its trial before the world47#hgj7 #h ,bp4 ,ellicott's strange notions about the 8,textus ,receptus40 ,your strangest mistakes and misrepresentations however are connected with the 8,textus ,receptus40 ,it evidently exercises you sorely that 8with the ,quarterly ,reviewer1 the ,received ,text is a standard1 by comparison with which all extant documents1 however indisputable their antiquity1 are measured407#hga7 ,but pray1-- 7#a7 ,by comparison with what other standard1 if not by the ,received ,text1 would you yourself obtain the measure of 8all extant documents10 however ancient8444 ,this first4 ,and next1 7#b7 ,why should the 8indisputable antiquity0 of a document be supposed to disqualify it from being measured by the same standard to which 7but only for convenience7 documents of whatever date1--by common consent of scholars1 at home and abroad1--are invariably referred8 ,and next1 7#c7 ,surely1 you cannot require to have it explained to you that a standard of ,,comparison1 is not therefore of necessity a standard of ,,excellence4 ,did you ever take the trouble to collate a sacred manuscript8 ,if you ever did1 pray with what did you make your collation8 ,in other words1 what 8standard0 did you employ8444 ,like ,walton and ,ussher1--like ,fell and ,mill1--like ,bentley1 and ,bengel1 and ,wetstein1--like ,birch1 and ,matthi1 and ,griesbach1 and ,scholz1--like ,lachmann1 and ,tregelles1 and ,tischendorf1 and ,scrivener1--,i venture to assume that you collated your manuscript1--whether it was of 8disputable0 or of 8indisputable antiquity10--with an ordinary copy of the ,received ,text4 ,if you did not1 your collation is of no manner of use4 ,but1 above all1 7#d7 ,how does it come to pass that you speak so scornfully of the ,received ,text1 seeing that 7at p4 #ab of your pamphlet7 you assure your readers that its pedigree may be traced back to a period perhaps antecedent to the oldest of our extant manuscripts8 ,surely1 a traditional ,text which 7according to you7 dates from about ,a4,d4 #cjj1 is good enough for the purpose of ,collation6 7#e7 ,at last you say1-- 8,if there were reason to suppose that the ,received ,text represented verbatim et literatim the text which was current at ,antioch in the days of ,chrysostom1 it would still be impossible to regard it as a standard from which there was no appeal407#hgb7 ,really1 my lord ,bishop1 you must excuse me if ,i declare plainly that the more ,i attend to your critical utterances1 the more ,i am astonished4 ,from the confident style in which you deliver yourself upon such matters1 and especially from your having undertaken to preside over a ,revision of the ,sacred ,text1 one would suppose that at some period of your life you must have given the subject a considerable amount of time and attention4 ,but indeed the foregoing sentence virtually contains two propositions neither of which could possibly have been penned by one even moderately acquainted with the facts of ,textual ,criticism4 ,for first1 7a7 ,you speak of 8representing verbatim et literatim ,,the ,text which was current at ,antioch in the days of ,chrysostom40 ,do you then really suppose that there existed at ,antioch1 at any period between ,a4,d4 #ced and ,a4,d4 #djg1 some one definite ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 ,,capable of being so represented8--,if you do1 pray will you indulge us with the grounds for such an extraordinary supposition8 ,your 8acquaintance0 7,dr4 ,tregelles7 will tell you that such a fancy has long since been swept away 8at once and for ever40 ,and secondly1 7b7 ,you say that1 even if there were reason to suppose that the 8,received ,text0 were such-and-such a thing1--8it would still be impossible to regard it as a standard from which there was no appeal40 ,but pray1 who in his senses1--what sane man in ,great ,britain1--ever dreamed of regarding the 8,received10--aye1 or any other known 8,text10--as 8a standard from which there shall be no appeal08 ,have ,i ever done so8 ,have ,i ever implied as much8 ,if ,i have1 show me where4 ,you refer your readers to the following passage in my first ,article3-- 8,what precedes admits to some extent of further numerical illustration4 ,it is discovered that1 in #aaa pages1 444 the serious deflections of ,a from the ,textus ,receptus amount in all to only #hdb3 whereas in ,c they amount to #agih3 in ,b1 to #bcgj3 in 1 to #ccib3 in ,d1 to #dfig4 ,the readings peculiar to ,a within the same limits are #acc3 those peculiar to ,c are #agj4 ,but those of ,b amount to #aig3 while exhibits #ddc3 and the readings peculiar to ,d 7within the same limits71 are no fewer than #ahbi4444 ,we submit that these facts are not altogether calculated to inspire confidence in codices ,b ,c ,d40--p4 #ad4 ,but1 do you really require to have it explained to you that it is entirely to misunderstand the question to object to such a comparison of codices as is found above1 7viz4 in pages #ad and #ag17 on the ground that it was made with the text of ,stephanus lying open before me8 ,would not the self-same phenomenon have been evolved by collation with any other text8 ,if you doubt it1 sit down and try the experiment for yourself4 ,believe me1 ,robert ,etienne in the ,x,v,ith century was not the cause why cod4 ,b in the ,i,vth and cod4 ,d in the ,v,ith are so widely discordant and divergent from one another3 ,a and ,c so utterly at variance with both47#hgc7 ,we must have some standard whereby to test1--wherewith to compare1--,manuscripts4 ,what is more1 7give me leave to assure you17 to the end of time it will probably be the practice of scholars to compare ,,mss4 of the ,n4 ,t4 with the 8,received ,text40 ,the hopeless discrepancies between our five 8old uncials10 can in no more convenient way be exhibited1 than by referring each of them in turn to one and the same common standard4 ,and1--,what standard more reasonable and more convenient than the ,text which1 by the good ,providence of ,,god1 was universally employed throughout ,europe for the first #cjj years after the invention of printing8 being practically identical with the ,text which 7as you yourself admit7 was in popular use at the end of three centuries from the date of the sacred autographs themselves3 in other word1 being more than #aejj years old4 #i ,the ,reviewer vindicates himself against ,bp4 ,ellicott's misconceptions4 ,but you are quite determined that ,i shall mean something essentially different4 ,the ,quarterly ,reviewer1 7you say17 is one who 8contends that the ,received ,text needs but little emendation2 and may be used without emendation as a standard407#hgd7 ,i am1 7you say17 one of 8those who adopt the easy method of making the ,received ,text a standard407#hge7 ,my 8,criticism10 7it seems17 8often rests ultimately upon the notion that it is little else but sacrilege to impugn the tradition of the last three hundred years407#hgf7 78,the last three hundred years30 as if the ,traditional ,text of the ,n4 ,testament dated from the #beth of ,queen ,elizabeth67--,i regard the 8,textus ,receptus0 therefore1 according to you1 as the ,ephesians regarded the image of the great goddess ,diana2 namely1 as a thing which1 one fine morning1 8fell down from ,jupiter407#hgg7 ,i mistake the ,received ,text1 7you imply17 for the ,divine ,original1 the ,sacred ,autographs1--and erect it into 8a standard from which there shall be no appeal10--8a tradition which it is little else but sacrilege to impugn40 ,that is how you state my case and condition3 hopelessly confusing the standard of ,comparison with the standard of ,excellence4 ,by this time1 however1 enough has been said to convince any fair person that you are without warrant in your present contention4 ,let any candid scholar cast an impartial eye over the preceding three hundred and fifty pages1--open the volume where he will1 and read steadily on to the end of any textual discussion1--and then say whether1 on the contrary1 my criticism does not invariably rest on the principle that the ,truth of ,scripture is to be sought in that form of the ,sacred ,text which has the fullest1 the widest1 and the most varied attestation47#hgh7 ,do ,i not invariably make the consentient voice of ,antiquity my standard8 ,if ,i do not1--if1 on the contrary1 ,i have ever once appealed to the 8,received ,text10 and made it my standard1--why do you not prove the truth of your allegation by adducing in evidence that one particular instance8 instead of bringing against me a charge which is utterly without foundation1 and which can have no other effect but to impose upon the ignorant2 to mislead the unwary2 and to prejudice the great ,textual question which hopelessly divides you and me8444 ,i trust that at least you will not again confound the standard of ,comparison with the standard of ,truth4 #aj ,analysis of contents of ,bp4 ,ellicott's pamphlet4 ,you state at page #f1 that what you propose to yourself by your pamphlet1 is1-- 8,first1 to supply accurate information1 in a popular form1 concerning the ,greek text of the ,now ,testament3 8,secondly1 to establish1 by means of the information so supplied1 the soundness of the principles on which the ,revisers have acted in their choice of readings2 and by consequence1 the importance of the #8,new ,greek ,text3' 0--or1 as you phrase it at p4 #bi1--8to enable the reader to form a fair judgment on the question of the trustworthiness of the readings adopted by the ,revisers40 ,to the former of these endeavours you devote twenty-three pages3 7viz4 p4 #g to p4 #bi73--to the latter1 you devote forty-two2 7viz4 p4 #cg to p4 #gh74 ,the intervening eight pages are dedicated1--7a7 ,to the constitution of the ,revisionist body3 and next1 7b7 ,to the amount of good faith with which you and your colleagues observed the conditions imposed upon you by the ,southern ,houses of ,convocation4 ,i propose to follow you over the ground in which you have thus entrenched yourself1 and to drive you out of every position in turn4 #aa ,bp4 ,ellicott's account of the 8,,textus ,,receptus40 ,first then1 for your strenuous endeavour 7pp4 #g-aj7 to prejudice the question by pouring contempt on the humblest ancestor of the ,textus ,receptus--namely1 the first edition of ,erasmus4 ,you know very well that the 8,textus ,receptus0 is not the first edition of ,erasmus4 ,why then do you so describe its origin as to imply that it is8 ,you ridicule the circumstances under which a certain ancestor of the family first saw the light4 ,you reproduce with evident satisfaction a silly witticism of ,michaelis1 viz4 that1 in his judgment1 the ,evangelium on which ,erasmus chiefly relied was not worth the two florins which the monks of ,basle gave for it4 ,equally contemptible 7according to you7 were the copies of the ,acts1 the ,epistles1 and the ,apocalypse which the same scholar employed for the rest of his first edition4 ,having in this way done your best to blacken a noble house by dilating on the low ebb to which its fortunes were reduced at a critical period of its history1 some three centuries and a half ago1--you pause to make your own comment on the spectacle thus exhibited to the eyes of unlearned readers1 lest any should fail to draw therefrom the injurious inference which is indispensable for your argument3-- 8,we have entered into these details1 because we desire that the general reader should know fully the true pedigree of that printed text of the ,greek ,testament which has been in common use for the last three centuries4 ,it will be observed that its documentary origin is not calculated to inspire any great confidence4 ,its parents1 as we have seen1 were two or three late manuscripts of little critical value1 which accident seems to have brought into the hands of their first editor40--p4 #aj4 ,now1 your account of the origin of the 8,textus ,receptus0 shall be suffered to stand uncontradicted4 ,but the important inference1 which you intend that inattentive or incompetent readers should draw therefrom1 shall be scattered to the winds by the unequivocal testimony of no less distinguished a witness than yourself4 ,notwithstanding all that has gone before1 you are constrained to confess in the very next page that3-- 8,the manuscripts which ,erasmus used differ1 for the most part1 only in small and insignificant details from the bulk of the cursive manuscripts4 ,the general character of their text is the same4 ,by this observation the pedigree of the ,received ,text is carried up beyond the individual manuscripts used by ,erasmus4444 ,that pedigree stretches back to a remote antiquity4 ,the first ancestor of the ,received ,text was at least contemporary with the oldest of our extant manuscripts1 if not older than any one of them40--pp4 #aa1 #ab4 ,by your own showing therefore1 the ,textus ,receptus is1 8at least10 #aeej years old4 ,nay1 we will have the fact over again1 in words which you adopt from p4 #ib of ,westcott and ,hort's ,introduction see above1 p4 #beg1 and clearly make your own3-- 8,the fundamental text of late extant ,greek ,,mss4 generally is beyond all question identical with the dominant ,antiochian or ,grco-,syrian ,text of the second half of the fourth century40--p4 #ab4 ,but1 if this be so1--7and ,i am not concerned to dispute your statement in a single particular17--of what possible significancy can it be to your present contention1 that the ancestry of the ,,written ,,word 7like the ancestors of the ,,word ,,incarnate7 had at one time declined to the wondrous low estate on which you enlarged at first with such evident satisfaction8 ,though the fact be admitted that ,joseph 8the carpenter0 was 8the husband of ,mary1 of whom was born ,,jesus1 who is called ,,christ10--what possible inconvenience results from that circumstance so long as the only thing contended for be loyally conceded1--namely1 that the descent of ,,messiah is lineally traceable back to the patriarch ,abraham1 through ,david the ,king8 ,and the genealogy of the written1 no less than the genealogy of the ,incarnate ,,word1 is traceable back by two distinct lines of descent1 remember3 for the 8,complutensian10 which was printed in #aead1 exhibits the 8,traditional ,text0 with the same general fidelity as the 8,erasmian10 which did not see the light till two years later4 #ab ,bp4 ,ellicott derives his estimate of the 8,,textus ,,receptus0 from ,westcott and ,hart's fable of a 8,,syrian ,,text40 ,let us hear what comes next3-- 8,at this point a question suggests itself which we cannot refuse to consider4 ,if the pedigree of the ,received ,text may be traced back to so early a period1 does it not deserve the honour which is given to it by the ,quarterly ,reviewer80--p4 #ab4 ,a very pertinent question truly4 ,we are made attentive3 the more so1 because you announce that your reply to this question shall 8go to the bottom of the controversy with which we are concerned407#hgi7 ,that reply is as follows3-- 8,if there were reason to suppose that the ,received ,text represented verbatim et literatim the text which was current at ,antioch in the days of ,chrysostom1 it would still be impossible to regard it as a standard from which there was no appeal4 ,the reason why this would be impossible may be stated briefly as follows4 ,in the ancient documents which have come down to us1--amongst which1 as is well known1 are manuscripts written in the fourth century1--we possess evidence that other texts of the ,greek ,testament existed in the age of ,chrysostom1 materially different from the text which he and the ,antiochian writers generally employed4 ,moreover1 a rigorous examination of extant documents shows that the ,antiochian or 7as we shall henceforth call it with ,dr4 ,hort7 the ,syrian text did not represent an earlier tradition than those other texts1 but was in fact of later origin than the rest4 ,we cannot accept it therefore as a final standard40--pp4 #ac1 #ad4 8,a final standard06444 ,nay but1 why do you suddenly introduce this unheard-of characteristic8 ,who1 pray1 since the invention of ,printing was ever known to put forward any existing ,text as 8a final standard08 ,not the ,quarterly ,reviewer certainly4 8,the honour which is given to the ,textus ,receptus by the ,quarterly ,reviewer0 is no other than the honour which it has enjoyed at the hands of scholars1 by universal consent1 for the last three centuries4 ,that is to say1 he uses it as a standard of comparison1 and employs it for habitual reference4 ,so do you4 ,you did so1 at least1 in the year #ahgj4 ,you did more2 for you proposed 8to proceed with the work of ,revision1 whether of text or translation1 making the current #8,textus ,receptus' the standard407#hhj7 ,we are perfectly agreed therefore4 ,for my own part1 being fully convinced1 like yourself1 that essentially the ,received ,text is full #aeej years old1--7yes1 and a vast deal older17--,i esteem it quite good enough for all ordinary purposes4 ,and yet1 so far am ,i from pinning my faith to it1 that ,i eagerly make my appeal from it to the threefold witness of ,copies1 ,versions1 ,fathers1 whenever ,i find its testimony challenged4--,and with this renewed explanation of my sentiments1--7which one would have thought that no competent person could require17--,i proceed to consider the reply which you promise shall 8go to the bottom of the controversy with which we are concerned40 ,i beg that you will not again seek to divert attention from that which is the real matter of dispute betwixt you and me4 ,what kind of argumentation then is this before us8 ,you assure us that1-- 7a7 8,a rigorous examination of extant documents10--8shows0 ,dr4 ,hort--8that the ,syrian text0--which for all practical purposes may be considered as only another name for the 8,textus ,receptus0--was of later origin than 8other texts of the ,greek ,testament0 which 8existed in the age of ,chrysostom40 7b7 8,we cannot accept it therefore as a final standard40 ,but1--,of what nature is the logical process by which you have succeeded in convincing yourself that this consequent can be got out of that antecedent8 ,put a parallel case3--8,a careful analysis of herbs #8shows' ,dr4 ,short that the only safe diet for ,man is a particular kind of rank grass which grows in the ,ely fens4 ,we must therefore leave off eating butcher's meat40--,does that seem to you altogether a satisfactory argument8 ,to me1 it is a mere non sequitur4 ,do but consider the matter for a moment4 8,a rigorous examination of extant documents shows0 ,dr4 ,hort--such and such things4 8,a rigorous examination of the0 same 8documents shows0 me--that ,dr4 ,hort is mistaken4 ,a careful study of his book convinces me that his theory of a ,syrian ,recension1 manufactured between ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej1 is a dream1 pure and simple--a mere phantom of the brain4 ,dr4 ,hort's course is obvious4 ,let him first make his processes of proof intelligible1 and then public4 ,you cannot possibly suppose that the fable of 8a ,syrian text10 though it has evidently satisfied you1 will be accepted by thoughtful ,englishmen without proof4 ,what prospect do you suppose you have of convincing the world that ,dr4 ,hort is competent to assign a date to this creature of his own imagination2 of which he has hitherto failed to demonstrate so much as the probable existence8 ,i have1 for my own part1 established by abundant references to his writings that he is one of those who1 7through some intellectual peculiarity17 are for ever mistaking conjectures for facts1--assertions for arguments1--and reiterated asseveration for accumulated proof4 ,he deserves sympathy1 certainly3 for1--7like the man who passed his life in trying to count how many grains of sand will exactly fill a quart pot2--or like his unfortunate brother1 who made it his business to prove that nothing1 multiplied by a sufficient number of figures1 amounts to something27--he has evidently taken a prodigious deal of useless trouble4 ,the spectacle of an able and estimable man exhibiting such singular inaptitude for a province of study which1 beyond all others1 demands a clear head and a calm1 dispassionate judgment1--creates distress4 #ac ,bp4 ,ellicott has completely adopted ,westcott and ,hort's ,theory4 ,but in the meantime1 so confident are you of the existence of a 8,syrian text10--7only however because ,dr4 ,hort is17--that you inflict upon your readers all the consequences which 8the ,syrian text0 is supposed to carry with it4 ,your method is certainly characterized by humility3 for it consists in merely serving up to the ,british public a rchauff of ,westcott and ,hort's ,textual ,theory4 ,i cannot discover that you contribute anything of your own to the meagre outline you furnish of it4 ,everything is assumed--as before4 ,nothing is proved--as before4 ,and we are referred to ,dr4 ,hort for the resolution of every difficulty which ,dr4 ,hort has created4 8,according to ,dr4 ,hort10--8as ,dr4 ,hort observes10--8to use ,dr4 ,hort's language10--8stated by ,dr4 ,hort10--8as ,dr4 ,hort notices10--8says ,dr4 ,hort30 yes1 from p4 #ad of your pamphlet to p4 #bi you do nothing else but reproduce--,dr4 ,hort6 ,first comes the fabulous account of the contents of the bulk of the cursives37#hha7--then1 the imaginary history of the 8,syriac ,vulgate20 which 7it seems7 bears 8indisputable traces0 of being a revision1 of which you have learned from ,dr4 ,hort the date37#hhb7--then comes the same disparagement of the ancient ,greek ,fathers1--8for reasons which have been stated by ,dr4 ,hort with great clearness and cogency307#hhc7--then1 the same depreciatory estimate of writers subsequent to ,eusebius1--whose evidence is declared to 8stand at best on no higher level than the evidence of inferior manuscripts in the uncial class307#hhd7 but only because it is discovered to be destructive of the theory of ,dr4 ,hort4 ,next comes 8the ,method of ,genealogy10--which you declare is the result of 8vast research1 unwearied patience1 great critical sagacity207#hhe7 but which ,i am prepared to prove is1 on the contrary1 a shallow expedient for dispensing with scientific ,induction and the laborious accumulation of evidence4 ,this same 8,method of ,genealogy10 you are not ashamed to announce as 8the great contribution of our own times to a mastery over materials40 8,for the full explanation of it1 you must refer your reader to ,dr4 ,hort's ,introduction407#hhf7 ,can you be serious8 ,then come the results to which 8the application of this method has conducted ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort407#hhg7 ,and first1 the fable of the 8,syrian ,text0--which 8,dr4 ,hort considers to have been the result of a deliberate ,recension10 conducted on erroneous principles4 ,this fabricated product of the ,i,i,ird and ,i,vth centuries1 7you say17 rose to supremacy1--became dominant at ,antioch1--passed thence to ,constantinople1--and once established there1 soon vindicated its claim to be the ,n4 ,t4 of the ,east3 whence it overran the ,west1 and for #cjj years as the 8,textus ,receptus10 has held undisputed sway47#hhh7 ,really1 my lord ,bishop1 you describe imaginary events in truly ,oriental style4 ,one seems to be reading not so much of the 8,syrian ,text0 as of the ,syrian ,impostor4 ,one expects every moment to hear of some feat of this fabulous ,recension corresponding with the surrender of the ,british troops and ,arabi's triumphant entry into ,cairo with the head of ,sir ,beauchamp ,seymour in his hand6 ,all this is followed1 of course1 by the weak fable of the 8,neutral0 ,text1 and of the absolute supremacy of ,codex ,b1--which is 8stated in ,dr4 ,hort's own words307#hhi7--viz4 8,b very far exceeds all other documents in neutrality of text1 being in fact always1 or nearly always1 neutral40 7,the fact being that codex ,b is demonstrably one of the most corrupt documents in existence47 ,the posteriority of the 7imaginary7 8,syrian10 to the 7imaginary7 8,neutral10 is insisted upon next in order1 as a matter of course3 and declared to rest upon three other considerations1--each one of which is found to be pure fable3 viz4 7#a7 ,on the fable of 8,conflation10 which 8seems to supply a proof0 that ,syrian readings are posterior both to ,western and to ,neutral readings--but1 7as ,i have elsewhere7#hij7 shown1 at considerable length17 most certainly does not3--7#b7 ,on ,ante-,nicene ,patristic evidence1--of which however not a syllable is produced3--7#c7 ,on 8,transcriptional probability0--which is about as useful a substitute for proof as a sweet-pea for a walking-stick4 ,widely dissimilar of course is your own view of the importance of the foregoing instruments of conviction4 ,to you1 8these three reasons taken together seem to make up an argument for the posteriority of the ,syrian ,text1 which it is impossible to resist4 ,they form0 7you say7 8a threefold cord of evidence which you believe will bear any amount of argumentative strain40 ,you rise with your subject1 and at last break out into eloquence and vituperation3--8,writers like the ,reviewer may attempt to cut the cord by reckless and unverified assertions3 but the knife has not yet been fabricated that can equitably separate any one of its strands407#hia7444 ,so effectually1 as well as so deliberately1 have you lashed yourself--for better or for worse--to ,westcott and ,hort's ,new ,textual ,theory1 that you must now of necessity either share its future triumphs1 or else be a partaker in its coming humiliation4 ,am ,i to congratulate you on your prospects8 ,for my part1 ,i make no secret of the fact that ,i look upon the entire speculation about which you are so enthusiastic1 as an excursion into cloud-land3 a dream and nothing more4 ,my contention is1--not that the ,theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort rests on an insecure foundation1 but1 that it rests on no foundation at all4 ,moreover1 ,i am greatly mistaken if this has not been demonstrated in the foregoing pages47#hib7 ,on one point1 at all events1 there cannot exist a particle of doubt2 namely1 that so far from its 8not being for you to interpose in this controversy0--you are without alternative4 ,you must either come forward at once1 and bring it to a successful issue3 or else1 you must submit to be told that you have suffered defeat1 inasmuch as you are inextricably involved in ,westcott and ,hort's discomfiture4 ,you are simply without remedy4 ,you may 8find nothing in the ,reviewer's third article to require a further answer30 but readers of intelligence will tell you that your finding1 since it does not proceed from stupidity1 can only result from your consciousness that you have made a serious blunder3 and that now1 the less you say about 8,westcott and ,hort's new textual ,theory10 the better4 #ad ,the ,question modestly proposed1--,whether ,bp4 ,ellicott's adoption of ,westcott and ,hort's 8new ,textual ,theory0 does not amount to 7what lawyers call7 8,,conspiracy08 ,but1 my lord ,bishop1 when ,i reach the end of your laborious avowal that you entirely accept 8,westcott and ,hort's new ,textual ,theory10--,i find it impossible to withhold the respectful enquiry1--,is such a proceeding on your part altogether allowable8 ,i frankly confess that to me the wholesale adoption by the ,chairman of the ,revising body1 of the theory of two of the ,revisers1--and then1 his exclusive reproduction and vindication of that theory1 when he undertakes1 8to supply the reader with a few broad outlines of ,textual ,criticism1 so as to enable him to form a fair judgment on the question of the trustworthiness of the readings adopted by the ,revisers10--p4 #bi1 all this1 my lord ,bishop1 ,i frankly avow1 to me1 looks very much indeed like what1 in the language of lawyers1 is called 8,conspiracy40 ,it appears then that instead of presiding over the deliberations of the ,revisionists as an impartial arbiter1 you have been throughout1 heart and soul1 an eager partizan4 ,you have learned to employ freely ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's peculiar terminology4 ,you adopt their scarcely-intelligible phrases3 their wild hypotheses3 their arbitrary notions about 8,intrinsic0 and 8,transcriptional ,probability30 their baseless theory of 8,conflation30 their shallow 8,method of ,genealogy40 ,you have1 in short1 evidently swallowed their novel invention whole4 ,i can no longer wonder at the result arrived at by the body of ,revisionists4 ,well may ,dr4 ,scrivener have pleaded in vain6 ,he found ,drs4 ,ellicott and ,westcott and ,hort too many for him4444 ,but it is high time that ,i should pass on4 #ae ,proofs that the ,revisers have outrageously exceeded the ,instructions they received from the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province4 ,it follows next to enquire whether your work as ,revisers was conducted in conformity with the conditions imposed upon you by the ,southern ,house of ,convocation1 or not4 8,nothing0 7you say7-- 8can be more unjust on the part of the ,reviewer than to suggest1 as he has suggested in more than one passage17#hic7 that the ,revisers exceeded their ,instructions in the course which they adopted with regard to the ,greek ,text4 ,on the contrary1 as we shall show1 they adhered most closely to their ,instructions2 and did neither more nor less than they were required to do40--7p4 #cb47 8,the ,reviewer10 my lord ,bishop1 proceeds to demonstrate that you 8exceeded your ,instructions10 even to an extraordinary extent4 ,but it will be convenient first to hear you out4 ,you proceed1-- 8,let us turn to the ,rule4 ,it is simply as follows3--#8,that the text to be adopted be that for which the ,evidence is decidedly preponderating3 and that when the text so adopted differs from that from which the ,authorized ,version was made1 the alteration be indicated in the margin4' 0--7,ibid47 ,but you seem to have forgotten that the 8,rule0 which you quote formed no part of the 8,instructions0 which were imposed upon you by ,convocation4 ,it was one of the 8,principles agreed to by the ,committee0 7#be ,may1 #ahgj71--;a ,rule of your own making therefore1--for which ,convocation neither was nor is responsible4 ,the 8fundamental ,resolutions adopted by the ,convocation of ,canterbury0 7#crd and #eth ,may1 #ahgj71 five in number1 contain no authorization whatever for making changes in the ,greek ,text4 ,they have reference only to the work of revising 8the ,authorized ,version30 an undertaking which the first ,resolution declares to be 8desirable40 8,in order to ascertain what were the ,revisers' ,instructions with regard to the ,greek ,text10 we must refer to the original ,resolution of ,feb4 #ajth1 #ahgj3 in which the removal of 8plain and clear errors1 whether in the ,greek ,text originally adopted by the ,translators1 or in the ,translation made from the same10--is for the first and last time mentioned4 ,that you yourself accepted this as the limit of your authority1 is proved by your ,speech in ,convocation4 8,we may be satisfied0 7you said7 8with the attempt to correct plain and clear errors3 but there1 it is our duty to stop407#hid7 ,now ,i venture to assert that not one in a hundred of the alterations you have actually made1 8whether in the ,greek ,text originally adopted by the ,translators1 or in the ,translation made from the same10 are corrections of 8plain and clear errors40 ,rather1--7to adopt the words of the learned ,bishop of ,lincoln17--8,i fear we must say in candour that in the ,revised ,version we meet in every page with changes which seem almost to be made for the sake of change407#hie7 ,may ,i trouble you to refer back to p4 #aab of the present volume for a few words more on this subject from the pen of the same judicious ,prelate8 7a7 ,and first1--,in respect of the ,new ,english ,version4 ,for my own part1 7see above1 pp4 #aga-b17 ,i thought the best thing ,i could do would be to illustrate the nature of my complaint1 by citing and commenting on an actual instance of your method4 ,i showed how1 in revising eight-and-thirty words 7#b ,pet4 i4 #e-g71 you had contrived to introduce no fewer than thirty changes1--every one of them being clearly a change for the worse4 ,you will perhaps say1--,find me another such case6 ,i find it1 my lord ,bishop1 in ,s4 ,luke viii4 #de1 #df1--where you have made nineteen changes in revising the translation of four-and-thirty words4 ,i proceed to transcribe the passage2 requesting you to bear in mind your own emphatic protestation1--8,we made no change if the meaning was fairly expressed by the word or phrase before us40 ,a4,v4 ,r4,v4 8,peter and they that were 8,peter said #a1 and they with him said1 ,master1 that were with him1 the multitude throng thee ,master the multitudes #b and press thee1 and press #c thee and crush sayest thou1 ,who touched thee #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 me8 ,and ,jesus said1 ,but #aa ,jesus said1 ,some ,somebody hath touched me3 one #ab did touch #ad for ,i perceive that me3 for ,i perceived #ae virtue is gone out of that power #af had #ag me40 gone forth #ah from #ai me40 ,now pray1--,was not 8the meaning fairly expressed0 before8 ,will you tell me that in revising ,s4 ,luke viii4 #de-f1 you 8made as few alterations as possible08 or will you venture to assert that you have removed none but 8plain and clear errors08 ,on the contrary4 ,i challenge any competent scholar in ,great ,britain to say whether every one of these changes be not either absolutely useless1 or else decidedly a change for the worse3 six of them being downright errors4 ,the transposition in the opening sentence is infelicitous1 to say the least4 7,the ,english language will not bear such handling4 ,literally1 no doubt1 the words mean1 8said ,peter1 and they that were with him40 ,but you may not so translate47--,the omission of the six interesting words1 indicated within square brackets1 is a serious blunder47#hif7 ,the words are undoubtedly genuine4 ,i wonder how you can have ventured thus to mutilate the ,book of ,life4 ,and why did you not1 out of common decency and reverence1 at least in the margin1 preserve a record of the striking clause which you thus1--with well-meant assiduity1 but certainly with deplorable rashness1--forcibly ejected from the text8 ,to proceed however4--8,multitudes10--8but10--8one10 --8did10-- 8power10--8forth10--8from30--are all seven either needless changes1 or improper1 or undesirable4 8,did touch10--8perceived10--8had gone forth10--are unidiomatic and incorrect expressions4 ,i have already explained this elsewhere47#hig7 ,the aorist 77 has here a perfect signification1 as in countless other places3--1 7like 8novi107 is frequently 7as here7 to be ,englished by the present 78,i perceive073 and 8is gone out of me0 is the nearest rendering of 7#hih7 which our language will bear4--,lastly1 8press0 and 8crush10 as renderings of and 1 are inexact and unscholarlike4 1 7literally 8to encompass0 or 8hem in107 is here to 8throng0 or 8crowd30 1 7literally 8to squeeze107 is here to 8press40 ,but in fact the words were perfectly well rendered by our ,translators of #afaa1 and ought to have been let alone4--,this specimen may suffice1 7and it is a very fair specimen17 of what has been your calamitous method of revising the ,a4 ,v4 throughout4 ,so much then for the ,revised ,english4 ,the fate of the ,revised ,greek is even more extraordinary4 ,i proceed to explain myself by instancing what has happened in respect of the ,,gospel ,,according ,,to ,s4 ,,luke4 7b7 ,next1--,in respect of the ,new ,greek ,text4 ,on examining the #hcf7hii7 ,greek ,textual corrections which you have introduced into those #aaea verses1 ,i find that at least #cef of them do not affect the ,english rendering at all4 ,i mean to say that those #cef 7supposed7 emendations are either incapable of being represented in a ,translation1 or at least are not represented4 ,thus1 in ,s4 ,luke iv4 #c1 whether or is read3--in ver4 #g1 whether or 3--in ver4 #h1 whether 1 or 4 4 2 whether or 2 whether or 3--in ver4 #ag1 whether or 4 2 whether or 3--in ver4 #ah1 whether or 3--in ver4 #bj1 whether or 3--in ver4 #bc1 whether or 3--in ver4 #bg1 whether or 41 4 43--in ver4 #bi1 whether or 2 whether or 3--in ver4 #ce1 whether or 3--in ver4 #ch1 whether or 2 whether or 3--in ver4 #dc1 whether or 2 whether or 3--in ver4 #dd1 whether or 3--in every one of these cases1 the ,english remains the same1 whichever of the alternative readings is adopted4 ,at least #ai therefore out of the #cc changes which you introduced into the ,greek ,text of ,s4 ,luke iv4 are plainly gratuitous4 ,thirteen of those #ai1 7or about two-thirds17 are also in my opinion changes for the worse3 are nothing else1 ,i mean1 but substitutions of wrong for right ,readings4 ,but that is not my present contention4 ,the point ,i am just now contending for is this3--,that1 since it certainly was no part of your 8,instructions10 8,rules10 or 8,principles0 to invent a new ,greek ,text1--or indeed to meddle with the original ,greek at all1 except so far as was absolutely necessary for the ,revision of the ,english ,version1--it is surely a very grave form of inaccuracy to assert 7as you now do7 that you 8adhered most closely to your ,instructions1 and did neither more nor less than you were required40--,you know that you did a vast deal more than you had any authority or right to do3 a vast deal more than you had the shadow of a pretext for doing4 ,worse than that4 ,you deliberately forsook the province to which you had been exclusively appointed by the ,southern ,convocation1--and you ostentatiously invaded another and a distinct province2 viz4 ,that of the critical ,editorship of the ,greek ,text3 for which1 by your own confession1--7,i take leave to remind you of your own honest avowal1 quoted above at page #cfi17--you and your colleagues knew yourselves to be incompetent4 ,for1 when those #cef wholly gratuitous and uncalled-for changes in the ,greek of ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel come to be examined in detail1 they are found to affect far more than #cef words4 ,by the result1 #ib words have been omitted2 and #cc added4 ,no less than #abi words have been substituted for others which stood in the text before2 and there are #ff instances of ,transposition1 involving the dislocation of #ahe words4 ,the changes of case1 mood1 tense1 c41 amount in addition to #abc47ijj7 ,the sum of the words which you have needlessly meddled with in the ,greek ,text of the third ,gospel proves therefore to be #efb4 ,at this rate1--7since1 excluding marginal notes and variations in stops1 ,scrivener7#ija7 counts #eccg various readings in his ,notes17--the number of alterations gratuitously and uselessly introduced by you into the ,greek ,text of the entire ,n4 ,t41 is to be estimated at #ceij4 ,and if1--7as seems probable17--the same general proportion prevails throughout your entire work1--it will appear that the words which1 without a shadow of excuse1 you have omitted from the ,greek ,text of the ,n4 ,t41 must amount to about #eij3 while you have added in the same gratuitous way about #baj2 and have needlessly substituted about #hbj4 ,your instances of uncalled-for transposition1 7about #dbj in number17 will have involved the gratuitous dislocation of full #aaij words3--while the occasions on which1 at the bidding of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 you have altered case1 mood1 tense1 c41 must amount to about #ghj4 ,in this way1 the sum of the changes you have effected in the ,greek ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 in clear defiance of your ,instructions1--would amount1 as already stated1 to #ceij4 ,now1 when it is considered that not one of those #ceij changes in the least degree affects the ,english ,revision1--it is undeniable1 not only that you and your friends did what you were without authority for doing3--but also that you violated as well the spirit as the letter of your ,instructions4 ,as for your present assertion 7at p4 #cb7 that you 8adhered most closely to the ,instructions you received1 and did neither more nor less than you were required to do10--you must submit to be reminded that it savours strongly of the nature of pure fable4 ,the history of the new ,greek ,text is briefly this3--,a majority of the ,revisers--including yourself1 their ,chairman1--are found to have put yourselves almost unreservedly into the hands of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,the result was obvious4 ,when the minority1 headed by ,dr4 ,scrivener1 appealed to the chair1 they found themselves confronted by a prejudiced ,advocate4 ,they ought to have been listened to by an impartial ,judge4 ,you1 my lord ,bishop1 are in consequence 7,i regret to say7 responsible for all the mischief which has occurred4 ,the blame of it rests at your door4 ,and pray disabuse yourself of the imagination that in what precedes ,i have been stretching the numbers in order to make out a case against you4 ,it would be easy to show that in estimating the amount of needless changes at #cef out of #hcf1 ,i am greatly under the mark4 ,i have not included such cases1 for instance1 as your substitution of 1 for 1 7in xix4 #ah71 and of for 7in xx4 #be717ijb7--only lest you should pretend that the transposition affects the ,english1 and therefore was necessary4 ,had ,i desired to swell the number ,i could have easily shown that fully half the changes you effected in the ,greek ,text were wholly superfluous for the ,revision of the ,english ,translation1 and therefore were entirely without excuse4 ,this1 in fact1--7give me leave to remind you in passing17--is the true reason why1 at an early stage of your proceedings1 you resolved that none of the changes you introduced into the ,greek ,text should find a record in your ,english margin4 ,had any been recorded1 all must have appeared4 ,and had this been done1 you would have stood openly convicted of having utterly disregarded the 8,instructions0 you had received from ,convocation4 ,with what face1 for example1 could you1 7in the margin of ,s4 ,luke xv4 #ag17 against the words 8he said10--have printed 8 not 08 or1 7at xxiv4 #dd17 against the words 8unto them10--must you not have been ashamed to encumber the already overcrowded margin with such an irrelevant statement as1--8 not 08 ,now1 if this were all1 you might reply that by my own showing the ,textual changes complained of1 if they do no good1 at least do no harm4 ,but then1 unhappily1 you and your friends have not confined yourselves to colourless readings1 when silently up and down every part of the ,n4 ,t4 you have introduced innovations4 ,i open your ,new ,english ,version at random 7,s4 ,john iv4 #ae71 and invite your attention to the first instance which catches my eye4 ,you have made the ,woman of ,samaria complain of the length of the walk from ,sychar to ,jacob's well3--8,sir1 give me this water1 that ,i thirst not1 neither come all the way hither to draw40--,what has happened8 ,for 1 ,i discover that you have silently substituted 4 7,even has no such meaning3 but let that pass47 ,what then was your authority for thrusting 7which by the way is a patent absurdity7 into the ,text8 ,the word is found 7,i discover7 in only two ,greek ,,mss4 of had character7#ijc7 7,b 71 which1 being derived from a common corrupt original1 can only reckon for one3 and the reasoning which is supposed to justify this change is thus supplied by ,tischendorf3--8,if the ,evangelist had written -1 who would ever have dreamed of turning it into -80444 ,no one1 of course1 7is the obvious answer17 except the inveterate blunderer who1 some #agjj years ago1 seeing before him1 reduplicated the antecedent 4 ,the sum of the matter is that6444 ,pass #agjj years1 and the long-since-forgotten blunder is furbished up afresh by ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--is urged upon the wondering body of ,revisers as the undoubted utterance of ,,the ,,spirit1--is accepted by yourself2--finally1 7in spite of many a remonstrance from ,dr4 ,scrivener and his friends17 is thrust upon the acceptance of #ij millions of ,english-speaking men throughout the world1 as the long-lost-sight-of1 but at last happily recovered1 utterance of the 8,woman of ,samaria60444 4 ,ordinary readers1 in the meantime1 will of course assume that the change results from the ,revisers' skill in translating1--the advances which have been made in the study of ,greek2 for no trace of the textual vagary before us survives in the ,english margin4 ,and thus ,i am reminded of what ,i hold to be your gravest fault of all4 ,the rule of ,committee subject to which you commenced operations1--the ,rule which re-assured the public and reconciled the ,church to the prospect of a ,revised ,new ,testament1--expressly provided that1 whenever the underlying ,greek ,text was altered1 such alteration should be indicated in the margin4 ,this provision you entirely set at defiance from the very first4 ,you have never indicated in the margin the alterations you introduced into the ,greek ,text4 ,in fact1 you made so many changes1--in other words1 you seem to have so entirely lost sight of your pledge and your compact1--that compliance with this condition would have been simply impossible4 ,i see not how your body is to be acquitted of a deliberate breach of faith4 7c7 ,fatal consequences of this mistaken officiousness4 ,how serious1 in the meantime1 the consequences have been1 they only know who have been at the pains to examine your work with close attention4 ,not only have you1 on countless occasions1 thrust out words1 clauses1 entire sentences of genuine ,scripture1--but you have been careful that no trace shall survive of the fatal injury which you have inflicted4 ,i wonder you were not afraid4 ,can ,i be wrong in deeming such a proceeding in a high degree sinful8 ,has not the ,,spirit pronounced a tremendous doom7#ijd7 against those who do such things8 ,were you not afraid1 for instance1 to leave out 7from ,s4 ,mark vi4 #aa7 those solemn words of our ,,saviour1--8,verily ,i say unto you1 ,it shall be more tolerable for ,sodom and ,gomorrha in the day of judgment1 than for that city08 ,surely you will not pretend to tell me that those fifteen precious words1 witnessed to as they are by all the known copies but nine1--by the ,old ,latin1 the ,peschito and the ,philoxenian ,syriac1 the ,coptic1 the ,gothic and the thiopic ,versions1--besides ,irenus7#ije7 and ,victor7#ijf7 of ,antioch3--you will not venture to say 7will you87 that words so attested are so evidently a 8plain and clear error10 as not to deserve even a marginal note to attest to posterity 8that such things were06 ,i say nothing of the witness of the ,liturgical usage of the ,eastern ,church1--which appointed these verses to be read on ,s4 ,mark's ,day37#ijg7 nor of ,theophylact17#ijh7 nor of ,euthymius47#iji7 ,i appeal to the consentient testimony of ,catholic antiquity4 ,find me older witnesses1 if you can1 than the 8,elders0 with whom ,irenus held converse1--men who must have been contemporaries of ,s4 ,john the ,divine3 or again1 than the old ,latin1 the ,peschito1 and the ,coptic ,versions4 ,then1 for the ,,mss41--,have you studied ,s4 ,mark's ,text to so little purpose as not to have discovered that the six uncials on which you rely are the depositories of an abominably corrupt ,recension of the second ,gospel8 ,but you committed a yet more deplorable error when1--without leaving behind either note or comment of any sort1--you obliterated from ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #dd1 the solemn words which ,i proceed to underline3--8,bless them that curse you1 do good to them that hate you1 and pray for them which despitefully use you and persecute you40 ,you relied almost exclusively on those two false witnesses1 of which you are so superstitiously fond1 ,b and 3 regardless of the testimony of almost all the other ,,copies besides3--of almost all the ,,versions3--and of a host of primitive ,,fathers3 for the missing clauses are more or less recognized by ,justin ,mart4 7,a4,d4 #adj71--;by ,theophilus ,ant4 7,a4,d4 #afh71--;by ,athenagoras 7,a4,d4 #agg71--;by ,clemens ,alexan4 7,a4,d4 #aib71--;by ,origen 7,a4,d4 #baj71--;by the ,apostolic ,constt4 7,i,i,ird cent471--by ,eusebius1--by ,gregory ,nyss41--by ,chrysostom1--by ,isidorus1--by ,nilus1--by ,cyril1--by ,theodoret1 and certain others4 ,besides1 of the ,latins1 by ,tertullian1--by ,lucifer1--by ,ambrose1--by ,hilary1--by ,pacian1--by ,augustine1--by ,cassian1 and many more4444 ,verily1 my lord ,bishop1 your notion of what constitutes 8clearly preponderating ,evidence0 must be freely admitted to be at once original and peculiar4 ,i will but respectfully declare that if it be indeed one of 8the now established ,principles of ,textual ,criticism0 that a bishop is at liberty to blot out from the ,gospel such precepts of the ,incarnate ,,word1 as these3 to reject1 on the plea that they are 8plain and clear errors10 sayings attested by twelve primitive ,fathers1--half of whom lived and died before our two oldest manuscripts 7,b and 7 came into being3--,if all this be so indeed1 permit me to declare that ,i would not exchange ,,my 8innocent ignorance07#iaj7 of those 8,principles0 for ,,your guilty knowledge of them1--no1 not for anything in the wide world which yonder sun shines down upon4 ,as if what goes before had not been injury enough1 you are found to have adopted the extraordinary practice of encumbering your margin with doubts as to the ,readings which after due deliberation you had1 as a body1 retained4 ,strange perversity6 ,you could not find room to retain a record in your margin of the many genuine words of our ,divine ,,lord1--,his ,evangelists and ,apostles1--to which ,copies1 ,versions1 ,fathers lend the fullest attestation2 but you could find room for an insinuation that ,his 8,agony and bloody sweat10--together with ,his 8,prayer on behalf of ,his murderers10--may after all prove to be nothing else but spurious accretions to the ,text4 ,and yet1 the pretence for so regarding either ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #dc1 #dd1 or xxiii4 #cd1 is confessedly founded on a minimum of documentary evidence3 while1 as has been already shown elsewhere17#iaa7 an overwhelming amount of ancient testimony renders it certain that not a particle of doubt attaches to the ,divine record of either of those stupendous incidents4444 ,room could not be found1 it seems1 for a hint in the margin that such ghastly wounds as those above specified had been inflicted on ,s4 ,mark vi4 #aa and ,s4 ,matth4 v4 #dd27iab7 but twenty-two lines could be spared against ,rom4 ix4 #e for the free ventilation of the vile ,socinian gloss with which unbelievers in every age have sought to evacuate one of the grandest assertions of our ,,saviour',s ,,godhead4 ,may ,i be permitted1 without offence1 to avow myself utterly astonished8 ,even this however is not all4 ,the #gth of the ,rules under which you undertook the work of ,revision1 was1 that 8the ,headings of ,chapters should be revised40 ,this ,rule you have not only failed to comply with2 but you have actually deprived us of those headings entirely4 ,you have thereby done us a grievous wrong4 ,we demand to have the headings of our chapters back4 ,you have further1 without warrant of any sort1 deprived us of our ,marginal ,references4 ,these we cannot afford to be without4 ,we claim that they also may be restored4 ,the very best ,commentary on ,holy ,scripture are they1 with which ,i am acquainted4 ,they call for learned and judicious ,revision1 certainly2 and they might be profitably enlarged4 ,but they may never be taken away4 ,and now1 my lord ,bishop1 if ,i have not succeeded in convincing you that the ,revisers not only 8exceeded their ,instructions in the course which they adopted with regard to the ,greek ,text10 but even acted in open defiance of their ,instructions2 did both a vast deal more than they were authorized to do1 and also a vast deal less2--it has certainly been no fault of mine4 ,as for your original contention7#iac7 that 8nothing can be more unjust0 than ,,the ,,charge brought against the ,revisers of having exceeded their ,instructions1--,i venture to ask1 on the contrary1 whether anything can be more unreasonable 7to give it no harsher name7 than ,,the ,,denial8 #af ,the calamity of the 8,new ,greek ,text0 traced to its source4 ,there is no difficulty in accounting for the most serious of the foregoing phenomena4 ,they are the inevitable consequence of your having so far succumbed at the outset to ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort as to permit them to communicate bit by bit1 under promise of secrecy1 their own outrageous ,revised ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 to their colleagues1 accompanied by a printed disquisition in advocacy of their own peculiar critical views4 ,one would have expected in the ,chairman of the ,revising body1 that the instant he became aware of any such manuvre on the part of two of the society1 he would have remonstrated with them somewhat as follows1 or at least to this effect3-- 8,this cannot be permitted1 ,gentlemen1 on any terms4 ,we have not been appointed to revise the ,greek ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 ,our one business is to revise the ,authorized ,english ,version1--introducing such changes only as are absolutely necessary4 ,the ,resolutions of ,convocation are express on this head3 and it is my duty to see that they are faithfully carried out4 ,true1 that we shall be obliged to avail ourselves of our skill in ,textual ,criticism--7such as it is7--to correct #8plain and clear errors' in the ,greek3 but there we shall be obliged to stop4 ,i stand pledged to ,convocation on this point by my own recent utterances4 ,that two of our members should be solicitous 7by a side-wind7 to obtain for their own singular ,revision of the ,greek ,text the sanction of our united body1--is intelligible enough3 but ,i should consider myself guilty of a breach of ,trust were ,i to lend myself to the promotion of their object4 ,let me hope that ,i have you all with me when ,i point out that on every occasion when ,dr4 ,scrivener1 on the one hand1 7who in matters of ,textual ,criticism is facile princeps among us17 and ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort on the other1 prove to be irreconcileably opposed in their views1--there the ,received ,greek ,text must by all means be let alone4 ,we have agreed1 you will remember1 to #8make the current ,textus ,receptus the standard2 departing from it only when critical or grammatical considerations show that it is clearly necessary4'7#iad7 ,it would be unreasonable1 in my judgment1 that anything in the ,received ,text should be claimed to be #8a clear and plain error1' on which those who represent the two antagonistic schools of ,criticism find themselves utterly unable to come to any accord4 ,in the meantime1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort are earnestly recommended to submit to public inspection that ,text which they have been for twenty years elaborating1 and which for some time past has been in print4 ,their labours cannot be too freely ventilated1 too searchingly examined1 too generally known3 but ,i strongly deprecate their furtive production here4 ,all too eager advocacy of the novel ,theory of the two accomplished ,professors1 ,i shall think it my duty to discourage1 and if need be to repress4 ,a printed volume1 enforced by the suasive rhetoric of its two producers1 gives to one side an unfair advantage4 ,but indeed ,i must end as ,i began1 by respectfully inviting ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort to remember that we meet here1 not in order to fabricate a new ,greek ,text1 but in order to revise our #8,authorized ,english ,version4'0444 ,such1 in substance1 is the kind of ,allocution which it was to have been expected that the ,episcopal ,chairman of a ,revising body would address to his fellow-labourers the first time he saw them enter the ,jerusalem chamber furnished with the sheets of ,westcott and ,hort's ,n4 ,t42 especially if he was aware that those ,revisers had been individually talked over by the ,editors of the work in question1 7themselves ,revisionists72 and perceived that the result of the deliberations of the entire body was in consequence1 in a fair way of becoming a foregone conclusion1--unless indeed1 by earnest remonstrance1 he might be yet in time to stave off the threatened danger4 ,but instead of saying anything of this kind1 my lord ,bishop1 it is clear from your pamphlet that you made the ,theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort your own ,theory2 and their ,text1 by necessary consequence1 in the main your own ,text4 ,you lost sight of all the pledges you had given in ,convocation4 ,you suddenly became a partizan4 ,having secured the precious advocacy of ,bp4 ,wilberforce1--whose sentiments on the subject you had before adopted1--you at once threw him and them overboard47#iae7444 ,i can scarcely imagine1 in a good man like yourself1 conduct more reckless1--more disappointing1--more unintelligible4 ,but ,i must hasten on4 #ag ,bp4 ,ellicott's defence of the 8,new ,greek ,text10 in sixteen particulars1 examined4 ,it follows to consider the strangest feature of your pamphlet3 viz4 those two-and-thirty pages 7p4 #dc to p4 #ge7 in which1 descending from generals1 you venture to dispute in sixteen particulars the sentence passed upon your new ,greek ,text by the ,quarterly ,review4 ,i call this part of your pamphlet 8strange10 because it displays such singular inaptitude to appreciate the force of ,evidence4 ,but in fact1 7sit venia verbo7 your entire method is quite unworthy of you4 ,whereas ,i appeal throughout to ,ancient ,testimony1 you seek to put me down by flaunting in my face ,modern ,opinion4 ,this1 with a great deal of ,reiteration1 proves to be literally the sum of your contention4 ,thus1 concerning ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #be1 the ,quarterly ,reviewer pointed out 7supr pp4 #abc-d7 that the testimony of ,b 1 together with that of the ,v,ith-century fragment ,z1 and two cursive copies of bad character1--cannot possibly stand against the testimony of ,,all ,,other copies4 ,you plead in reply that on 8those two oldest manuscripts the vast majority of ,critics set a high value40 ,very likely3 but for all that1 you are ,i suppose aware that ,b and are two of the most corrupt documents in existence8 ,and1 inasmuch as they are confessedly derived from one and the same depraved original1 you will ,i presume allow that they may not be adduced as two independent authorities8 ,at all events1 when ,i further show you that almost all the ,versions1 and literally every one of the ,fathers who quote the place1 7they are eighteen in number17 are against you1--how can you possibly think there is any force or relevancy whatever in your self-complacent announcement1--8,we cannot hesitate to express our agreement with ,tischendorf and ,tregelles who see in these words an interpolation derived from ,s4 ,luke4 ,the same appears to have been the judgment of ,lachmann40 ,do you desire that that should pass for argument8 ,to prolong a discussion of this nature with you1 were plainly futile4 ,instead of repeating what ,i have already delivered--briefly indeed1 yet sufficiently in detail1--,i will content myself with humbly imitating what1 if ,i remember rightly1 was ,nelson's plan when he fought the battle of the ,nile4 ,he brought his frigates1 one by one1 alongside those of the enemy2--lashed himself to the foe2--and poured in his broadsides4 ,we remember with what result4 ,the sixteen instances which you have yourself selected1 shall now be indicated4 ,first1 on every occasion1 reference shall be made to the place in the present volume where my own ,criticism on your ,greek ,text is to be found in detail4 ,readers of your pamphlet are invited next to refer to your own several attempts at refutation1 which shall also be indicated by a reference to your pages4 ,i am quite contented to abide by the verdict of any unprejudiced person of average understanding and fair education3-- 7#a7 ,four words omitted in ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #be1--;complained of1 above1 pp4 #abb-d4--,you defend the omission in your pamphlet at pages #dc-d1--;falling back on ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles and ,lachmann1 as explained on the opposite page4 7p4 #daf47 7#b7 ,the omission of ,s4 ,matth4 xvii4 #ba1--proved to be indefensible1 above1 pp4 #ia-b4--,the omission is defended by you at pp4 #dd-e1--on the ground1 that although ,lachmann retains the verse1 and ,tregelles only places it in brackets1 7,tischendorf alone of the three omitting it entirely17--8it must be remembered that here ,lachmann and ,tregelles were not acquainted with 40 7#c7 ,the omission of ,s4 ,matth4 xviii4 #aa1--shown to be unreasonable1 above1 p4 #ib4--,you defend the omission in your pp4 #de-g1--remarking that 8here there is even less room for doubt than in the preceding cases4 ,the three critical editors are all agreed in rejecting this verse40 7#d7 ,the substitution of for 1 in ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bj1--strongly complained of1 above1 pp4 #ff-i4--,your defence is at pp4 #dg-h4 ,you urge that 8in this case again the ,revisers have ,tischendorf only on their side1 and not ,lachmann nor ,tregelles3 but it must be remembered that these critics had not the reading of before them40 7#e7 ,the thrusting of 7after 7 into ,s4 ,mark xi4 #c1--objected against1 above1 pp4 #ef-h4--,you defend yourself at pp4 #dh-i1--;and 8cannot doubt that the ,revisers were perfectly justified0 in doing 8as ,tischendorf and ,tregelles had done before them10--viz4 inventing a new ,gospel incident4 7#f7 ,the mess you have made of ,s4 ,mark xi4 #h1--;exposed by the ,quarterly ,reviewer1 above1 pp4 #eh-fa1--you defend at pp4 #di-eb4 ,you have 8preferred to read with ,tischendorf and ,tregelles40 ,about1 7#g7 ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj1--;and 7#h7 ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad1--;,i shall have a few serious words to say immediately4 ,about1 7#i7 the #bj certainly genuine words you have omitted from ,s4 ,luke ix4 #ee1 #ef1--;,i promise to give you at no distant date an elaborate lecture4 8,are we to understand0 7you ask7 8that the ,reviewer honestly believes the added words to have formed part of the ,sacred ,autograph80 78,the omitted words10 you mean47 ,to be sure you are6--,i answer4 7#aj7 ,the amazing blunder endorsed by the ,revisers in ,s4 ,luke x4 #ae2 which ,i have exposed above1 at pp4 #ed-f4--,you defend the blunder 7as usual7 at pp4 #ee-f1 remarking that the ,revisers1 8with ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 and ,tregelles1 adopt the interrogative form40 7,this seems to be a part of your style47 7#aa7 ,the depraved exhibition of the ,,lord',s ,prayer 7,s4 ,luke xi4 #b-d7 which ,i have commented on above1 at pp4 #cd-f1--you applaud 7as usual7 at pp4 #ef-h of your pamphlet1 8with ,tischendorf and ,tregelles40 7#ab7 ,the omission of #g important words in ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch1 ,i have commented on1 above1 at pp4 #he-h4--,you defend the omission1 and 8the texts of ,tischendorf and ,tregelles10 at pp4 #eh-i4 7#ac7 ,the gross fabrication in ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #de1 ,i have exposed1 above1 at pp4 #fa-e4--,you defend it1 at pp4 #ei-fa4 7#ad7 ,a plain omission in ,s4 ,john xiv4 #d1 ,i have pointed out1 above1 at pp4 #gb-c4--,you defend it1 at pp4 #fa-b of your pamphlet4 7#ae7 8,titus ,justus10 thrust by the ,revisers into ,acts xviii4 #g1 ,i have shown to be an imaginary personage1 above1 at pp4 #ec-d4--,you stand up for the interesting stranger at pp4 #fb-d of your pamphlet4 ,lastly1 7#af7 ,my discussion of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af 7supr pp4 #ih-ajf71--you contend against from p4 #fd to p4 #gf4--,the true reading of this important place1 7which is not your reading17 you will find fully discussed from p4 #dbd to p4 #eja4 ,i have already stated why ,i dismiss thirteen out of your sixteen instances in this summary manner4 ,the remaining three ,i have reserved for further discussion for a reason ,i proceed to explain4 #ah ,bp4 ,ellicott's claim that the ,revisers were guided by 8the consentient testimony of the most ancient ,authorities10--disproved by an appeal to their handling of ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad and of ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj4 ,the self-same claim1--7namely1 of abiding by the verdict of ,catholic ,antiquity17--vindicated1 on the contrary1 for the 8,quarterly ,reviewer40 ,you labour hard throughout your pamphlet to make it appear that the point at which our methods1 7yours and mine17 respectively diverge1--is1 that ,i insist on making my appeal to the 8,textus ,receptus20 you1 to ,ancient ,authority4 ,but happily1 my lord ,bishop1 this is a point which admits of being brought to issue by an appeal to fact4 ,you shall first be heard3 and you are observed to express yourself on behalf of the ,revising body1 as follows3 8,it was impossible to mistake the conviction upon which its ,textual decisions were based4 8,it was a conviction that 7#a7 ,,the ,,true ,,text ,,was ,,not ,,to ,,be ,,sought ,,in ,,the ,,textus ,,receptus2 or 7#b7 ,in the bulk of the ,cursive ,manuscripts2 or 7#c7 ,in the ,uncials 7with or without the support of the ,codex ,alexandrinus27 or 7#d7 ,in the ,fathers who lived after ,chrysostom2 or 7#e7 ,in ,chrysostom himself and his contemporaries2 ,,but 7#f7 ,,in ,,the ,,consentient ,,testimony ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,ancient ,,authorities40--7p4 #bh47 ,in such terms you venture to contrast our respective methods4 ,you want the public to believe that ,i make the 8,textus ,receptus0 8a standard from which there shall be no appeal10--entertain 8the notion that it is little else than sacrilege to impugn the tradition of the last #cjj years107#iaf7--;and so forth2--while you and your colleagues act upon the conviction that the ,truth is rather to be sought 8in the consentient testimony of the most ancient ,authorities40 ,i proceed to show you1 by appealing to an actual instance1 that neither of these statements is correct4 7a7 ,and first1 permit me to speak for myself4 ,finding that you challenge the ,received reading of ,s4 ,,luke ii4 #ad1 78good will towards men072--and that1 7on the authority of #d ,greek ,codices ,a ,b ,d1 all ,latin documents1 and the ,gothic ,version17 you contend that 8peace among men in whom he is well pleased0 ought to be read1 instead2--,i make my appeal unreservedly to ,,antiquity47#iag7 ,i request the ,ancients to adjudicate between you and me by favouring us with their verdict4 ,accordingly1 ,i find as follows3 ,that1 in the ,i,ind century1--the ,syriac ,versions and ,irenus support the ,received ,text3 ,that1 in the ,i,i,ird century1--the ,coptic ,version1--,origen in #c places1 and--the ,apostolical ,constitutions in #b1 do the same3 ,that1 in the ,i,vth century1 7to which century1 you are invited to remember1 codices ,b and belong17--,eusebius1--,aphraates the ,persian1--,titus of ,bostra1--each in #b places3--,didymus in #c3--;,gregory of ,nazianzus1--,cyril of ,jer41--,epiphanius #b--;and ,gregory of ,nyssa--#d times3 ,ephraem ,syr41--,philo bp4 of ,carpasus1--,chrysostom #i times1--and an unknown ,antiochian contemporary of his3--these eleven1 ,i once more find1 are every one against you3 ,that1 in the ,vth century1--besides the ,armenian ,version1 ,cyril of ,alex4 in #ad places3--,theodoret in #d3--,theodotus of ,ancyra in #e3--,proclus3--,paulus of ,emesa3--the ,eastern bishops of ,ephesus collectively1 ,a4,d4 #dca2--;and ,basil of ,seleucia3--these contemporaries of cod4 ,a ,i find are all eight against you3 ,that1 in the ,v,ith century1--besides the ,georgian--and thiopic ,versions1--,cosmas1 #e times3--,anastasius ,sinait4 and ,eulogius1 7contemporaries of cod4 ,d17 are all three with the ,traditional ,text3 ,that1 in the ,v,i,ith and ,v,i,i,ith centuries1--,andreas of ,crete1 #b3--pope ,martinus at the ,lat4 ,council3--,cosmas1 bp4 of ,maiume near ,gaza1--and his pupil ,john ,damascene2--together with ,germanus1 abp4 of ,constantinople3--are again all five with the ,traditional ,text4 ,to these #ce1 must be added #ah other ancient authorities with which the reader has been already made acquainted 7viz4 at pp4 #dd-e73 all of which bear the self-same evidence4 ,thus ,i have enumerated fifty-three ancient ,greek authorities1--of which sixteen belong to the ,i,ind1 ,i,i,ird1 and ,i,vth centuries3 and thirty-seven to the ,vth1 ,v,ith1 ,v,i,ith1 and ,v,i,i,ith4 ,and now1 which of us two is found to have made the fairer and the fuller appeal to 8the consentient testimony of the most ancient authorities30 you or ,i8444 ,this first4 ,and next1 since the foregoing #ec names belong to some of the most famous personages in ,ecclesiastical antiquity3 are dotted over every region of ancient ,christendom3 in many instances are far more ancient than codices ,b and 3--with what show of reason will you pretend that the evidence concerning ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ad 8clearly preponderates0 in favour of the reading which you and your friends prefer8 ,i claim at all events to have demonstrated that both your statements are unfounded3 viz4 7#a7 ,that ,i seek for the truth of ,scripture in the 8,textus ,receptus30 and 7#b7 ,that you seek it in 8the consentient testimony of the most ancient authorities40--7,why not frankly avow that you believe the ,truth of ,scripture is to be sought for1 and found1 in 8the consentient testimony of codices and ,b087 7b7 ,similarly1 concerning ,,the ,,last #ab ,,verses ,,of ,s4 ,,mark1 which you brand with suspicion and separate off from the rest of the ,gospel1 in token that1 in your opinion1 there is 8a breach of continuity0 7p4 #ec71 7whatever that may mean17 between verses #h and #i4 ,your ground for thus disallowing the last #ab ,verses of the second ,gospel1 is1 that ,b and omit them3--that a few late ,,mss4 exhibit a wretched alternative for them3--and that ,eusebius says they were often away4 ,now1 my method on the contrary is to refer all such questions to 8the consentient testimony of the most ancient authorities40 ,and ,i invite you to note the result of such an appeal in the present instance4 ,the ,verses in question ,i find are recognized1 ,in the ,i,ind century1--,by the ,old ,latin--and ,syriac ,verss43--by ,papias2--,justin ,m42--,irenus2--,tertullian4 ,in the ,i,i,ird century1--,by the ,coptic--and the ,sahidic ,versions3--by ,hippolytus2--by ,vincentius at the seventh ,council of ,carthage2--by the 8,acta ,pilati20--and by the 8,apostolical ,constitutions0 in two places4 ,in the ,i,vth century1--,by ,cureton's ,syr4 and the ,gothic ,verss43--besides the ,syriac ,table of ,canons2--,eusebius2--,macarius ,magnes2--,aphraates2--,didymus2--the ,syriac 8,acts of the ,ap420--,epiphanius2--,leontius2--ps4-,e phraem2--,ambrose2--,chrysostom2--,jerom e2--,augustine4 ,in the ,vth century1--,besides the ,armenian ,vers41--by codices ,a and ,c2--by ,leo2--,nestorius2--,cyril of ,alexandria2--,victor of ,antioch2--,patricius2--,marius ,mercator4 ,in the ,v,ith and ,v,i,ith centuries1--,besides cod4 ,d1--the ,georgian and thiopic ,verss43--by ,hesychius2--,gregentius2--,prosper2--,j ohn1 abp4 of ,thessalonica2--and ,modestus1 bishop of ,jerusalem4444 7,see above1 pages #cf-dj47 ,and now1 once more1 my lord ,bishop1--,pray which of us is it1--you or ,i1--who seeks for the truth of ,scripture 8in the consentient testimony of the most ancient authorities08 ,on my side there have been adduced in evidence six witnesses of the ,i,ind century3--six of the ,i,i,ird3--fifteen of the ,i,vth3--nine of the ,vth3--eight of the ,v,ith and ,v,i,ith1--7#dd in all73 while you are found to rely on codices ,b and 7as before71 supported by a single obiter dictum of ,eusebius4 ,i have said nothing as yet about the whole body of the ,copies3 nothing about universal1 immemorial1 ,liturgical use4 ,do you seriously imagine that the testimony on your side is 8decidedly preponderating08 ,above all1 will you venture again to exhibit our respective methods as in your pamphlet you have done8 ,i protest solemnly that1 in your pages1 ,i recognize neither myself nor you4 ,permit me to declare that ,i hold your disallowance of ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj to be the gravest and most damaging of all the many mistakes which you and your friends have committed4 8,the textual facts10 7say you1 speaking of the last #ab ,verses17--8have been placed before the reader1 because ,truth itself demanded it40 ,this 7with ,canon ,cook7#iah77 ,i entirely deny4 ,it is because 8the textual facts have0 ,,not 8been placed before the reader10 that ,i am offended4 ,as usual1 you present your readers with a one-sided statement1--a partial1 and therefore inadmissible1 exhibition of the facts1--facts which1 fully stated and fairly explained1 would1 7as you cannot fail to be aware17 be fatal to your contention4 ,but1 ,i forbear to state so much as one of them4 ,the evidence has already filled a volume47#iai7 ,even if ,i were to allow that in your marginal note1 8the textual facts have been fully and fairly placed before the reader0--what possible pretence do you suppose they afford for severing the last #ab ,verses from the rest of ,s4 ,mark1 in token that they form no part of the genuine ,gospel8444 ,this1 however1 is only by the way4 ,i have proved to you that it is ,i--not you--who rest my case on an appeal to ,,catholic ,,antiquity3 and this is the only thing ,i am concerned just now to establish4 ,i proceed to contribute something to the ,textual ,criticism of a famous place in ,s4 ,paul's first ,epistle to ,timothy1--on which you have challenged me to a trial of strength4 #ai 8,,god was manifested in the flesh0 ,shown ,to ,be ,the ,true ,reading ,of #a ,timothy ,,iii4 #af4 ,a ,dissertation4 ,in conclusion1 you insist on ripping up the discussion concerning #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,i had already devoted eight pages to this subject47#ibj7 ,you reply in twelve47#iba7 ,that ,i may not be thought wanting in courtesy1 the present rejoinder shall extend to seventy-six4 ,i propose1 without repeating myself1 to follow you over the ground you have re-opened4 ,but it will be convenient that ,i should define at the outset what is precisely the point in dispute between you and me4 ,i presume it to be undeniably this3--,that whereas the ,easterns from time immemorial1 7and we with them1 since ,tyndale in #aecd gave us our ,english ,version of the ,n4 ,t417 have read the place thus3--7,i set the words down in plain ,english1 because the issue admits of being every bit as clearly exhibited in the vernacular1 as in ,greek3 and because ,i am determined that all who are at the pains to read the present ,,dissertation shall understand it also37--,whereas1 ,i say1 we have hitherto read the place thus1 8,,great ,,is ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,godliness3--,,god ,,was ,,manifest ,,in ,,the ,,flesh1 ,,justified ,,in ,,the ,,spirit1 ,,seen ,,of ,,angels1 ,,preached ,,unto ,,the ,,gentiles1 ,,believed ,,on ,,in ,,the ,,world1 ,,received ,,up ,,into ,,glory30 ,you insist that this is a 8plain and clear error40 ,you contend that there is 8decidedly preponderating evidence0 for reading instead1 8,,great ,,is ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,godliness1 ,,who ,,was ,,manifested ,,in ,,the ,,flesh1 ,,justified ,,in ,,the ,,spirit10 ,c43 ,which contention of yours ,i hold to be demonstrably incorrect1 and proceed to prove is a complete misconception4 7,a7 ,preliminary explanations and cautions4 ,but ,english readers will require to have it explained to them at the outset1 that inasmuch as 7,,god7 is invariably written in manuscripts1 the only difference between the word 8,,god0 and the word 8who0 77 consists of two horizontal strokes1--one1 which distinguishes from 2 and another similar stroke 7above the letters 7 which indicates that a word has been contracted4 ,and further1 that it was the custom to trace these two horizontal lines so wondrous faintly that they sometimes actually elude observation4 ,throughout cod4 ,a1 in fact1 the letter is often scarcely distinguishable from the letter 4 ,it requires also to be explained for the benefit of the same ,english reader1--7and it will do learned readers no harm to be reminded17--that 8mystery0 77 being a neuter noun1 cannot be followed by the masculine pronoun 771--8who40 ,such an expression is abhorrent alike to ,grammar and to ,logic1--is intolerable1 in ,greek as in ,english4 ,by consequence1 78who07 is found to have been early exchanged for 78which074 ,from a copy so depraved1 the ,latin ,version was executed in the second century4 ,accordingly1 every known copy or quotation7#ibb7 of the ,latin exhibits 8quod40 ,greek authorities for this reading 77 are few enough4 ,they have been specified already1 viz4 at page #ajj4 ,and with this brief statement1 the reading in question might have been dismissed1 seeing that it has found no patron since ,griesbach declared against it4 ,it was however very hotly contended for during the last century1--,sir ,isaac ,newton and ,wetstein being its most strenuous advocates2 and it would be unfair entirely to lose sight of it now4 ,the two rival readings1 however1 in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 are1-- 78,,god was manifested071 on the one hand2 and 1 78the mystery of godliness1 who071 on the other4 ,these are the two readings1 ,i say1 between whose conflicting claims we are to adjudicate4 ,for ,i request that it may be loyally admitted at the outset1--7though it has been conveniently overlooked by the ,critics whom you follow17--that the expression in ,patristic quotations1 unless it be immediately preceded by the word 1 is nothing to the purpose2 at all events1 does not prove the thing which you are bent on proving4 ,english readers will see this at a glance4 ,an ,anglican divine1--with reference to #a ,timothy iii4 #af1--may surely speak of our ,,saviour as ,one 8who was manifested in the flesh10--without risk of being straightway suspected of employing a copy of the ,english ,version which exhibits 8the mystery of godliness who40 8,ex hujusmodi locis0 7as ,matthi truly remarks7 8nemo1 nisi mente captus1 in contextu sacro probabit 407#ibc7 ,when ,epiphanius therefore1--professing to transcribe7#ibd7 from an earlier treatise of his own7#ibe7 where stands without a nominative17#ibf7 writes 7if he really does write7 17#ibg7--we are not at liberty to infer therefrom that ,epiphanius is opposed to the reading 4--,still less is it lawful to draw the same inference from the ,latin ,version of a letter of ,eutherius ,a4,d4 #dca in which the expression 8qui manifestatus est in carne107#ibh7 occurs4--,least of all should we be warranted in citing ,jerome as a witness for reading in this place1 because 7in his ,commentary on ,isaiah7 he speaks of our ,,saviour as ,one who 8was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the ,spirit407#ibi7 ,as for reasoning thus concerning ,cyril of ,alexandria1 it is demonstrably inadmissible3 seeing that at the least on two distinct occasions1 this ,father exhibits 4 ,i am not unaware that in a certain place1 apostrophizing the ,docet1 he says1--8,ye do err1 not knowing the ,scriptures1 nor indeed the great mystery of godliness1 that is ,,christ1 who 77 was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the ,spirit107#icj7 c4 c4 ,and presently1 8,i consider the mystery of godliness to be no other thing but the ,word of ,,god the ,,father1 who 77 ,himself was manifested in the flesh407#ica7 ,but there is nothing whatever in this to invalidate the testimony of those other places in which actually occurs4 ,it is logically inadmissible1 ,i mean1 to set aside the places where ,cyril is found actually to write 1 because in other places he employs #a ,tim4 iii4 #af less precisely2 leaving it to be inferred--7which indeed is abundantly plain7--that is always his reading1 from the course of his argument and from the nature of the matter in hand4 ,but to proceed4 7,b7 ,bp4 ,ellicott invited to state the evidence for reading in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 a 8,the state of the evidence10 as declared by ,bp4 ,ellicott4 ,when last the evidence for this question came before us1 ,i introduced it by inviting a member of the ,revising body 7,dr4 ,roberts7 to be spokesman on behalf of his brethren47#icb7 ,this time1 ,i shall call upon a more distinguished1 a wholly unexceptionable witness1 viz4 yourself1--who are1 of course1 greatly in advance of your fellow-,revisers in respect of critical attainments4 ,the extent of your individual familiarity with the subject when 7in #ahgj namely7 you proposed to revise the ,greek ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 for the ,church of ,england on the solvere-ambulando principle1--may ,i presume be lawfully inferred from the following annotation in your 8,critical and ,grammatical ,commentary on the ,pastoral ,epistles40 ,i quote from the last ,edition of #ahfi2 only taking the liberty--7#a7 ,to break it up into short paragraphs3 and--7#b7 ,to give in extenso the proper names which you abbreviate4 ,thus1 instead of 8,theod40 7which ,i take leave to point out to you might mean either ,theodore of ,heraclea or his namesake of ,mopsuestia1--either ,theodotus the ,gnostic or his namesake of ,ancyra17 8,euthal410 ,i write 8,theodoret1 ,euthalius40 ,and now for the external testimony1 as you give it1 concerning #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,you inform your readers that1-- 8,the state of the evidence is briefly as follows3-- 7#a7 is read with ,a#a indisputably2 after minute personal inspection2 see note1 p4 #ajd4 ,c#a ,tischendorf ,prol4 ,cod4 ,ephraemi1 #g1 p4 #ci4 ,f ,g 7see below72 #ag1 #gc1 #aha2 ,syr4-,philoxenian1 ,coptic1 ,sahidic1 ,gothic2 also 7 or 7 ,syriac1 ,arabic 7,erpenius71 thiopic1 ,armenian2 ,cyril1 ,theodorus ,mopsuest41 ,epiphanius1 ,gelasius1 ,hieronymus in ,esaiam liii4 #aa4 7#b7 1 with ,d#a 7,claromontanus71 ,vulgate2 nearly all ,latin ,fathers4 7#c7 1 with ,d#c ,k ,l2 nearly all ,,mss42 ,arabic 7,polyglott71 ,slavonic2 ,didymus1 ,chrysostom 78 see ,tregelles1 p4 #bbg note71 ,theodoret1 ,euthalius1 ,damascene1 ,theophylact1 cumenius1--,ignatius ,ephes4 #bi1 7but very doubtful74 ,a hand of the #abth century has prefixed to 1 the reading of 2 see ,tischendorf edit4 major1 ,plate xvii4 of ,scrivener's ,collation of 1 facsimile 7#ac74 ,on reviewing this evidence1 as not only the most important uncial ,,mss41 but all the ,versions older than the #gth century are distinctly in favour of a relative1--as seems only a ,latinizing variation of 1--and lastly1 as is the more difficult1 though really the more intelligible1 reading 7,hofmann1 ,schriftb4 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #adc71 and on every reason more likely to have been changed into 7,macedonius is actually said to have been expelled for making the change1 ,liberati ,diaconi ,breviarium cap4 #ai7 than vice vers1 we unhesitatingly decide in favour of 40--7,pastoral ,epistles1 ed4 #ahfi1 pp4 #ea-b47 ,such then is your own statement of the evidence on this subject4 ,i proceed to demonstrate to you that you are completely mistaken3--mistaken as to what you say about 1--mistaken as to 1--mistaken as to 3--mistaken in respect of ,codices1--mistaken in respect of ,versions1--mistaken in respect of ,fathers4 ,your slipshod1 inaccurate statements1 7all obtained at second-hand17 will occasion me1 ,i foresee1 a vast deal of trouble2 but ,i am determined1 now at last1 if the thing be possible1 to set this question at rest4 ,and that ,i may not be misunderstood1 ,i beg to repeat that all ,i propose to myself is to prove--beyond the possibility of denial--that the evidence for 7in #a ,timothy iii4 #af7 vastly preponderates over the evidence for either or 4 ,it will be for you1 afterwards1 to come forward and prove that1 on the contrary1 is a 8plain and clear error30 so plain and so clear that you and your fellow-,revisers felt yourselves constrained to thrust it out from the place it has confessedly occupied in the ,new ,testament for at least #aecj years4 ,you are further reminded1 my lord ,bishop1 that unless you do this1 you will be considered by the whole ,church to have dealt unfaithfully with the ,word of ,,god4 ,for1 7as ,i shall remind you in the sequel17 it is yourself who have invited and provoked this enquiry4 ,you devote twelve pages to it 7pp4 #fd to #gf71--8;compelled to do so by the ,reviewer40 8,moreover0 7you announce7 8this case is of great importance as an example4 ,it illustrates in a striking manner the complete isolation of the ,reviewer's position4 ,if he is right all other ,critics are wrong10 c41 c41 c4--,permit me to remind you of the warning--8,let not him that girdeth on his harness boast himself as he that putteth it off40 b ,testimony of the ,,manuscripts concerning #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3 and first as to the testimony of ,,codex ,a4 ,you begin then with the ,manuscript evidence2 and you venture to assert that is 8indisputably0 the reading of ,codex ,a4 ,i am at a loss to understand how a 8professed ,critic10--7who must be presumed to be acquainted with the facts of the case1 and who is a lover of ,truth17--can permit himself to make such an assertion4 ,your certainty is based1 you say1 on 8minute personal inspection40 ,in other words1 you are so good as to explain that you once tried a coarse experiment17#icc7 by which you succeeded in convincing yourself that the suspected diameter of the is exactly coincident with the sagitta of an epsilon 77 which happens to stand on the back of the page4 ,but do you not see that unless you start with this for your major premiss1--8,theta cannot exist on one side of a page if epsilon stands immediately behind it on the other side10--your experiment is nihil ad rem1 and proves absolutely nothing8 ,your 8inspection0 happens however to be inaccurate besides4 ,you performed your experiment unskilfully4 ,a man need only hold up the leaf to the light on a very brilliant day1--as ,tregelles1 ,scrivener1 and many besides 7including your present correspondent7 have done1--to be aware that the sagitta of the epsilon on fol4 #ade;b does not cover much more than a third of the area of the theta on fol4 #ade;a4 ,dr4 ,scrivener further points out that it cuts the circle too high to have been reasonably mistaken by a careful observer for the diameter of the theta 774 ,the experiment which you describe with such circumstantial gravity was simply nugatory therefore4 ,how is it1 my lord ,bishop1 that you do not perceive that the way to ascertain the reading of ,codex ,a at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 is1--7#a7 ,to investigate not what is found at the back of the leaf1 but what is written on the front of it8 and 7#b71 ,not so much to enquire what can be deciphered of the original writing by the aid of a powerful lens now1 as to ascertain what was apparent to the eye of competent observers when the ,codex was first brought into this country1 viz4 #bej years ago8 ,that ,patrick ,young1 the first custodian and collator of the ,codex #afbh-afeb1 read 1 is certain4--,young communicated the 8various ,readings0 of ,a to ,abp4 ,ussher3--and the latter1 prior to #afec1 communicated them to ,hammond1 who clearly knew nothing of 4--,it is plain that was the reading seen by ,huish--when he sent his collation of the ,codex 7made1 according to ,bentley1 with great exactness17#icd77 to ,brian ,walton1 who published the fifth volume of his ,polyglott in #afeg4--;,bp4 ,pearson1 who was very curious in such matters1 says 8we find not in any copy10--a sufficient proof how he read the place in #afei4--;,bp4 ,fell1 who published an edition of the ,n4 ,t4 in #afge1 certainly considered the reading of ,cod4 ,a4--,mill1 who was at work on the ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 from #afgg to #agjg1 expressly declares that he saw the remains of in this place47#ice7 ,bentley1 who had himself 7#agaf7 collated the ,,ms4 with the utmost accuracy 78accuratissime ipse contuli071 knew nothing of any other reading4--,emphatic testimony on the subject is borne by ,wotton in #agah3--8,there can be no doubt0 7he says7 8that this ,,ms4 always exhibited 4 ,of this1 any one may easily convince himself who will be at the pains to examine the place with attention407#icf7--,two years earlier1--7we have it on the testimony of ,mr4 ,john ,creyk1 of ,s4 ,john's ,coll41 ,cambridge17--8the old line in the letter was plainly to be seen407#icg7--;,it was 8much about the same time10 also1 7viz4 about #agaf7 that ,wetstein acknowledged to the ,rev4 ,john ,kippax1--8who took it down in writing from his own mouth1--that though the middle stroke of the has been evidently retouched1 yet the fine stroke which was originally in the body of the is discoverable at each end of the fuller stroke of the corrector407#ich7--;,and ,berriman himself1 7who delivered a course of ,lectures on the true reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 in #agcg-h17 attests emphatically that he had seen it also4 8,if therefore0 7he adds7 8at any time hereafter the old line should become altogether undiscoverable1 there will never be just cause to doubt but that the genuine1 and original reading of the ,,ms4 was 3 and that the new strokes1 added at the top and in the middle by the corrector were not designed to corrupt and falsify1 but to preserve and perpetuate the true reading1 which was in danger of being lost by the decay of ,time407#ici7--,those memorable words 7which ,i respectfully commend to your notice7 were written in ,a4,d4 #agda4 ,how you 7,a4,d4 #ahhb71 after surveying all this accumulated and consistent testimony 7borne ,a4,d4 #afbh to ,a4,d4 #agda7 by eye-witnesses as competent to observe a fact of this kind as yourself2 and fully as deserving of credit1 when they solemnly declare what they have seen3--how you1 ,i say1 after a survey of this evidence1 can gravely sit down and inform the world that 8there is no sufficient evidence that there was ever a time when this reading was patent as the reading which came from the original scribe0 7p4 #gb73--this passes my comprehension4--,it shall only be added that ,bengel1 who was a very careful enquirer1 had already cited the ,codex ,alexandrinus as a witness for in #agcd37idj7--;and that ,woide1 the learned and conscientious editor of the ,codex1 declares that so late as #agfe he had seen traces of the which twenty years later 7viz4 in #aghe7 were visible to him no longer47#ida7 ,that ,wetstein subsequently changed his mind1 ,i am not unaware4 ,he was one of those miserable men whose visual organs return a false report to their possessor whenever they are shown a text which witnesses inconveniently to the ,,god-head of ,,jesus ,,christ47#idb7 ,i know too that ,griesbach in #aghe announced himself of ,wetstein's opinion4 ,it is suggestive however that ten years before1 7,n4 ,t4 ed4 #agge17 he had rested the fact not on the testimony borne by the ,,ms4 itself1 but on 8the consent of ,versions1 ,copies1 and ,fathers which exhibit the ,alexandrian ,recension407#idc7--,since ,griesbach's time1 ,davidson1 ,tregelles1 ,tischendorf1 ,westcott and ,hort1 and ,ellicott have announced their opinion that was never written at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3 confessedly only because is to them invisible one hundred years after has disappeared from sight4 ,the fact remains for all that1 that the original reading of ,a is attested so amply1 that no sincere lover of ,truth can ever hereafter pretend to doubt it4 8,omnia testimonia10 7my lord ,bishop17 8omnemque historicam veritatem in suspicionem adducere non licet2 nec mirum est nos ea nunc non discernere1 qu1 antequam nos ,codicem vidissemus1 evanuerant407#idd7 ,the sum of the matter1 7as ,i pointed out to you on a former occasion17#ide77 is this1--,that it is too late by #aej years to contend on the negative side of this question4 ,nay1 a famous living ,critic 7long may he live67 assures us that when his eyes were #bj years younger 7,feb4 #g1 #ahfa7 he actually discerned1 still lingering1 a faint trace of the diameter of the which ,berriman in #agda had seen so plainly4 8,i have examined ,codex ,a at least twenty times within as many years0 7wrote ,prebendary ,scrivener in #ahgd7idf771 8and 444 seeing 7as every one must7 with my own eyes1 ,i have always felt convinced that it reads 04444 ,for you to assert1 in reply to all this mass of positive evidence1 that the reading is 8indisputably0 1--and to contend that what makes this indisputable1 is the fact that behind part of the theta 771 but too high to mislead a skilful observer1 an epsilon stands on the reverse side of the page2--strikes me as bordering inconveniently on the ridiculous4 ,if this be your notion of what does constitute 8sufficient evidence10 well may the testimony of so many testes oculati seem to you to lack sufficiency4 ,your notions on these subjects are1 ,i should think1 peculiar to yourself4 ,you even fail to see that your statement 7in ,scrivener's words7 is 8not relevant to the point at issue407#idg7 ,the plain fact concerning cod4 ,a is this3--,that at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 two delicate horizontal strokes in which were thoroughly patent in #afbh1--which could be seen plainly down to #agcg1--;and which were discernible by an expert 7,dr4 ,woide7 so late as ,a4,d4 #agfe17idh7--;have for the last hundred years entirely disappeared2 which is precisely what ,berriman 7in #agda7 predicted would be the case4 ,moreover1 he solemnly warned men against drawing from this circumstance the mistaken inference which you1 my lord ,bishop1 nevertheless insist on drawing1 and representing as an 8indisputable0 fact4 ,i have treated so largely of the reading of the ,codex ,alexandrinus1 not because ,i consider the testimony of a solitary copy1 whether uncial or cursive1 a matter of much importance1--certainly not the testimony of ,codex ,a1 which 7in defiance of every other authority extant7 exhibits 8the body of ,,god0 in ,s4 ,john xix4 #dj3--;but because you insist that ,a is a witness on your side3 whereas it is demonstrable1 7and ,i claim to have demonstrated17 that you cannot honestly do so2 and 7,i trust7 you will never do so any more4 c ,testimony of ,,codices and ,c concerning #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,that reads is admitted4--,not so ,codex ,c1 which the excessive application of chemicals has rendered no longer decipherable in this place4 ,tischendorf 7of course7 insists1 that the original reading was 47#idi7 ,wetstein and ,griesbach 7just as we should expect17 avow the same opinion1--,woide1 ,mill1 ,weber and ,parquoi being just as confident that the original reading was 4 ,as in the case of cod4 ,a1 it is too late by full #ajj years to re-open this question4 ,observable it is that the witnesses yield contradictory evidence4 ,wetstein1 writing #aej years ago1 before the original writing had become so greatly defaced1--7and ,wetstein1 inasmuch as he collated the ,,ms4 for ,bentley #agaf1 must have been thoroughly familiar with its contents17--only 8thought0 that he read 2 8because the delicate horizontal stroke which makes out of 10 was to him 8not apparent407#iej7 ,woide on the contrary was convinced that had been written by the first hand3 8for0 7said he7 8though there exists no vestige of the delicate stroke which out of makes 1 the stroke written above the letters is by the first hand40 ,what however to ,wetstein and to ,woide was not apparent1 was visible enough to ,weber1 ,wetstein's contemporary4 ,and ,tischendorf1 so late as #ahdc1 expressed his astonishment that the stroke in question had hitherto escaped the eyes of every one2 8having been repeatedly seen by himself407#iea7 ,he attributes it1 7just as we should expect7 to a corrector of the ,,ms42 partly1 because of its colour1 78subnigra072 partly1 because of its inclining upwards to the right4 ,and yet1 who sees not that an argument derived from the colour of a line which is already well-nigh invisible1 must needs be in a high degree precarious8 while ,scrivener aptly points out that the cross line in 1--the ninth letter further on1 7which has never been questioned17--also 8ascends towards the right40 ,the hostile evidence collapses therefore4 ,in the meantime1 what at least is certain is1 that the subscribed musical notation indicates that a thousand years ago1 a word of two syllables was read here4 ,from a review of all of which1 it is clear that the utmost which can be pretended is that some degree of uncertainty attaches to the testimony of cod4 ,c4 ,yet1 why such a plea should be either set up or allowed1 ,i really see not--except indeed by men who have made up their minds beforehand that shall be the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,let the sign of uncertainty however follow the notation of ,c for this text1 if you will4 ,that cod4 ,c is an indubitable witness for 1 ,i venture at least to think that no fair person will ever any more pretend4 d ,testimony of ,,codices ,f and ,g of ,s4 ,paul1 concerning #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,the next dispute is about the reading of the two ,i,xth-century codices1 ,f and ,g1--concerning which ,i propose to trouble you with a few words in addition to what has been already offered on this subject at pp4 #ajj-a3 the rather1 because you have yourself devoted one entire page of your pamphlet to the testimony yielded by these two codices2 and because you therein have recourse to what 7if it proceeded from any one but a ,bishop17 ,i should designate the insolent method of trying to put me down by authority1--instead of seeking to convince me of my error by producing some good reasons for your opinion4 ,you seem to think it enough to hurl ,wetstein1 ,griesbach1 ,lachmann1 ,tregelles1 ,tischendorf1 and 7cruellest of all7 my friend ,scrivener1 at my head4 ,permit me to point out that this1 as an argument1 is the feeblest to which a ,critic can have recourse4 ,he shouts so lustily for help only because he is unable to take care of himself4 ,f and ,g then are confessedly independent copies of one and the same archetype3 and 8both ,f and ,g0 7you say7 8exhibit 407#ieb7 ,be it so4 ,the question arises1--,what does the stroke above the signify8 ,i venture to believe that these two codices represent a copy which originally exhibited 1 but from which the diameter of the had disappeared--7as very often is the case in codex ,a7--through tract of time4 ,the effect of this would be that ,f and ,g are in reality witnesses for 4 ,not so1 you say4 ,that slanting stroke represents the aspirate1 and proves that these two codices are witnesses for 47#iec7 ,let us look a little more closely into this matter4 ,here are two documents1 of which it has been said that they 8were separately derived from some early codex1 in which there was probably no interval between the words407#ied7 ,they were not immediately derived from such a codex1 ,i remark3 it being quite incredible that two independent copyists could have hit on the same extravagantly absurd way of dividing the uncial letters47#iee7 ,the common archetype which both employed must have been the work of a late ,western scribe every bit as licentious and as unacquainted with ,greek as themselves47#ief7 ,that archetype however may very well have been obtained from a primitive codex of the kind first supposed1 in which the words were written continuously1 as in codex ,b4 ,such ,manuscripts were furnished with neither breathings nor accents3 accordingly1 8of the ordinary breathings or accents there are no traces07#ieg7 in either ,f or ,g4 ,but then1 cod4 ,f occasionally1--,g much oftener1--exhibits a little straight stroke1 nearly horizontal1 over the initial vowel of certain words4 ,some have supposed that this was designed to represent the aspirate3 but it is not so4 ,the proof is1 that it is found consistently introduced over the same vowels in the interlinear ,latin4 ,thus1 the ,latin preposition 8a0 always has the slanting stroke above it37#ieh7 and the ,latin interjection 8o0 is furnished with the same appendage1--alike in the ,gospels and in the ,epistles47#iei7 ,this observation evacuates the supposed significance of the few instances where is written 37#ifj7 as well as of the much fewer places where or are written 37#ifa7 especially when account is taken of the many hundred occasions1 7often in rapid succession17 when nothing at all is to be seen above the 8407#ifb7 ,as for the fact that is always written 7or 71--let it only be noted that besides 1 1 1 c41 1 1 1 c41 7which are all distinguished in the same way17--,latin words also beginning with an 8,i0 are similarly adorned1--and we become convinced that the little stroke in question is to be explained on some entirely different principle4 ,at last1 we discover 7from the example of 8s10 8sc10 8ets10 8servtus10 8saeculs10 8idols10 c47 that the supposed sign of the rough breathing is nothing else but an ancient substitute for the modern dot over the 8,i40--,we may now return to the case actually before us4 ,it has been pointed out that the line above the in both ,f and ,g 8is not horizontal1 but rises a little towards the right40 ,i beg to call attention to the fact that there are #ch instances of the slight super-imposed 8line0 here spoken of1 in the page of cod4 ,f where the reading under discussion appears3 #g in the ,greek1 #ca in the ,latin4 ,in the corresponding page of cod4 ,g1 the instances are #dd3 #h in the ,greek1 #cf in the ,latin47#ifc7 ,these short horizontal strokes 7they can hardly be called lines7 generally--not by any means always--slant upwards2 and they are invariably the sign of contraction4 ,the problem before us has in this way been divested of a needless encumbrance4 ,the suspicion that the horizontal line above the word may possibly represent the aspirate1 has been disposed of4 ,it has been demonstrated that throughout these two codices a horizontal line slanting upwards1 set over a vowel1 is either--7#a7 ,the sign of contraction2 or else--7#b7 ,a clerical peculiarity4 ,in the place before us1 then1 which of the two is it8 ,the sign of contraction1 ,i answer3 seeing that whereas there are1 in the page before us1 #i aspirated1 and 7including 7 #h contracted ,greek words1 not one of those nine aspirated words has any mark at all above its initial letter2 while every one of the eight contracted words is duly furnished with the symbol of contraction4 ,i further submit that inasmuch as is nowhere else written in either codex1 it is unreasonable to assume that it is so written in this place4 ,now1 that almost every codex in the world reads in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1--;is a plain fact2 and that 7in verse #af7 would be if the delicate horizontal stroke which distinguishes from 1 were not away1--no one denies4 ,surely1 therefore1 the only thing which remains to be enquired after1 is1--,are there any other such substitutions of one letter for another discoverable in these two codices8 ,and it is notorious that instances of the phenomenon abound4 ,the letters 1 1 1 are confused throughout47#ifd7 ,and what else are for 7,matth4 v4 #d71-- for 7,luc4 xvii4 #af71-- for 7xix4 #f71--;but instances of the self-same mistake which 7as ,i contend7 has in this place turned into 8 ,my lord ,bishop1 ,i have submitted to all this painful drudgery1 not1 you may be sure1 without a sufficient reason4 ,never any more must we hear of 8breathings0 in connexion with codices ,f and ,g4 ,the stroke above the in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af has been proved to be probably the sign of contraction4 ,i forbear1 of course1 to insist that the two codices are witnesses on my side4 ,i require that you1 in the same spirit of fairness1 will abstain from claiming them as certainly witnessing on yours4 ,the ,vth-century codex ,c1 and the ,i,xth-century codex ,f-,g must be regarded as equivocal in the testimony they render1 and are therefore not to be reckoned to either of the contending parties4 ,these are many words about the two singularly corrupt ,i,xth-century documents1 concerning which so much has been written already4 ,but ,i sincerely desire1--7and so ,i trust do you1 as a ,christian ,bishop17--to see the end of a controversy which those only have any right to re-open 7pace tu dixerim7 who have something new to offer on the subject3 and certain it is that the bearing of ,f and ,g on this matter has never before been fully stated4 ,i dismiss those two codices with the trite remark that they are1 at all events1 but one codex3 and that against them are to be set ,k ,l ,p1--the only uncials which remain2 for ,d 7of 8,paul07 exhibits 1 and the ,vatican codex ,b no longer serves us4 fe ,testimony of the ,,cursive ,,copies3 and specially of 8,paul #ag10 8#gc0 and 8#aha10 concerning #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,next1 for the cursive ,copies4 ,you claim without enquiry1--and only because you find that men have claimed them before you1--,nos4 #ag1 #gc1 #aha1 as witnesses for 4 ,will you permit me to point out that no progress will ever be made in these studies so long as 8professed ,critics0 will persevere in the evil practice of transcribing one another's references1 and thus appropriating one another's blunders8 ,about the reading of 8,paul #ag10 7the notorious 8#cc0 of the ,gospels17 there is indeed no doubt4--,mindful however of ,president ,routh's advice to me always 8to verify my references10--concerning 8,paul #gc0 ,i wrote a letter of enquiry to ,upsala 7,july #bh1 #ahgi71 and for all answer 7,sept4 #fth7 received a beautiful tracing of what my correspondent called the 8#a ,thim4 iii4 #af paraphe40 ,it proved to be an abridged exhibition of #ba lines of cumenius4 ,i instantly wrote to enquire whether this was really all that the codex in question has to say to #a ,tim4 iii4 #af8 but to this ,i received no reply4 ,i presumed therefore that ,i had got to the bottom of the business4 ,but in ,july #ahhb1 ,i addressed a fresh enquiry to ,dr4 ,belsheim of ,christiania1 and got his answer last ,october4 ,by that time he had visited ,upsala3 had verified for me readings in other ,,mss41 and reported that the reading here is 4 ,i instantly wrote to enquire whether he had seen the word with his own eyes8 ,he replied that he desired to look further into this matter on some future occasion1--the ,,ms4 in question being 7he says7 a difficult one to handle4 ,i am still awaiting his final report1 which he promises to send me when next he visits ,upsala4 78,aurivillius0 says nothing about it47 ,let 8,paul #gc0 in the meantime stand with a note of interrogation1 or how you will4 ,about 8,paul #aha10 7which ,scholz describes as 8vi4 #cf0 in the ,laurentian library at ,florence17 ,i take leave to repeat 7in a foot-note7 what 7in a letter to ,dr4 ,scrivener7 ,i explained in the 8,guardian0 ten years ago47#ife7 ,in consequence however of your discourteous remarks 7which you will be gratified to find quoted at foot17#iff77 ,i have written 7not for the first time7 to the learned custos of the ,laurentian library on the subject2 stating the entire case and reminding him of my pertinacity in #ahga4 ,he replies1--8,scholz fallitur huic bibliothec tribuendo codicem sign4 #8plut4 vi4 n4 #cf4' ,nec est in prsenti1 nec fuit antea1 neque exstat in ali bibliothec apud nos40444 ,on a review of what goes before1 ,i submit that one who has taken so much pains with the subject does not deserve to be flouted as ,i find myself flouted by the ,bp4 of ,gloucester and ,bristol1--who has not been at the pains to verify one single point in this entire controversy for himself4 ,every other known copy of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 7written in the cursive character17 ,i have ascertained 7by laborious correspondence with the chiefs of foreign libraries7 concurs in exhibiting 4 ,the importance of this testimony ought to be supremely evident to yourself who contend so strenuously for the support of ,paul #gc and #aha4 ,but because1 in my judgment1 this practical unanimity of the manuscripts is not only 8important0 but conclusive1 ,i shall presently recur to it 7viz4 at pages #did-e17 more in detail4 ,for do but consider that these copies were one and all derived from yet older ,,mss4 than themselves2 and that the remote originals of those older ,,mss4 were perforce of higher antiquity still1 and were executed in every part of primitive ,christendom4 ,how is it credible that they should1 one and all1 conspire to mislead8 ,i cannot in fact express better than ,dr4 ,berriman did #adj years ago1 the logical result of such a concord of the copies3--8,from whence can it be supposed that this general1 ,i may say this universal consent of the ,greek ,,mss4 should arise1 but from hence1--,that is the genuine original reading of this ,text80 7p4 #cbe47 ,in the meantime1 you owe me a debt of gratitude3 for1 in the course of an enquiry which ,i have endeavoured to make exhaustive1 ,i have discovered three specimens of the book called 8,apostolus10 or 8,praxapostolus0 7i4e4 ,lections from the ,epistles and ,acts7 which also exhibit in this place4 ,one of these is ,reg4 #cge 7our 8,apost4 #ab07 in the ,french collection1 a ,western codex1 dated ,a4,d4 #ajbb47ifg7 ,the story of the discovery of the other two 7to be numbered 8,praxapost40 #he1 #hf17 is interesting1 and will enliven this dull page4 ,at ,tusculum1 near ,rome1--7the locality which ,cicero rendered illustrious1 and where he loved to reside surrounded by his books17--was founded early in the ,x,ith century a ,christian library which in process of time became exceedingly famous4 ,it retains1 in fact1 its ancient reputation to this day4 ,nilus 8,rossanensis0 it was1 who1 driven with his monks from ,calabria by invading hordes1 established in ,a4,d4 #ajjd a monastery at ,tusculum1 to which either he1 or his successors1 gave the name of 8,crypta ,ferrata40 ,it became the headquarters of the ,basilian monks in the ,x,v,i,ith century4 ,hither habitually resorted those illustrious men1 ,sirletus1 ,mabillon1 ,zacagni1 ,ciampini1 ,montfaucon1--and more lately ,mai and ,dom ,pitra4 ,to ,signor ,cozza-,luzi1 the present learned and enlightened chief of the ,vatican library1 7who is himself 8,abbas ,monachorum ,basiliensium ,crypt ,ferrat107 ,i am indebted for my copy of the ,catalogue 7now in process of publication7#ifh77 of the extraordinary collection of ,,mss4 belonging to the society over which he presides4 ,in consequence of the information which the ,abbate ,cozza-,luzi sent me1 ,i put myself in communication with the learned librarian of the monastery1 the 8,hieromonachus0 ,d4 ,antonio ,rocchi1 7author of the ,catalogue in question17 whom ,i cannot sufficiently thank for his courtesy and kindness4 ,the sum of the matter is briefly this3--,there are still preserved in the library of the ,basilian monks of ,crypta ,ferrata1--7notwithstanding that many of its ancient treasures have found their way into other repositories17#ifi77--d manuscripts of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 which ,i number #bij1 -#a1 -#b1 -#c3 and #g copies of the book called 8,praxapostolus10 which ,i number #hc1 -#d1 -#e1 -#f1 -#g1 -#h1 -#i4 ,of these eleven1 #c are defective hereabouts3 #e read 3 #b 7,praxapost47 exhibit 2 and #a 7,apost4 #hc7 contains an only not unique reading1 to be mentioned at p4 #dgh4 ,hieromonachus ,rocchi furnishes me with references besides to #c ,liturgical ,codices out of a total of #bb1 771 which also exhibit 47#igj7 ,i number them ,apost4 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaj4 ,and now1 we may proceed to consider the ,,versions4 f ,testimony of the ,,versions to the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 8,turning to the ancient ,versions0 7you assert7 8we find them almost unanimous against 0 7p4 #fe74 ,but your business1 my lord ,bishop1 was to show that some of them witness in favour of 4 ,if you cannot show that several ancient ,versions1--besides a fair proportion of ancient ,fathers1--are clearly on your side1 your contention is unreasonable as well as hopeless4 ,what then do the ,,versions say8 7a7 ,now1 it is allowed on all hands that the ,,latin ,version was made from copies which must have exhibited 4 ,the agreement of the ,latin copies is absolute4 ,the ,latin ,fathers also conspire in reading 8mysterium quod30 though some of them seem to have regarded 8quod0 as a conjunction4 ,occasionally1 7as by the ,translator of ,origen17#iga77 we even find 8quia0 substituted for 8quod40 ,estius conjectures that 8quod0 is a conjunction in this place4 ,but in fact the reasoning of the ,latin ,fathers is observed invariably to proceed as if they had found nothing else but 8,,deus0 in the text before them4 ,they bravely assume that the ,eternal ,,word1 the second ,person in the ,trinity1 is designated by the expression 8magnum pietatis sacramentum40 7b7 ,it is1 ,i admit1 a striking circumstance that such a mistake as this in the old ,latin should have been retained in the ,,vulgate4 ,but if you ever study this subject with attention1 you will find that ,jerome1--although no doubt he 8professedly corrected the old ,latin ,version by the help of ancient ,greek manuscripts10 7p4 #fi17--on many occasions retains readings which it is nevertheless demonstrable that he individually disapproved4 ,no certain inference therefore as to what ,jerome found in ancient ,greek ,,mss4 can be safely drawn from the text of the ,vulgate4 7c7 ,next1 for the ,syriac 7,,peschito7 ,version4 ,i beg to subjoin the view of the late loved and lamented ,p4 ,e4 ,pusey1--the editor of ,cyril1 and who at the time of his death was engaged in re-editing the ,peschito4 ,he says1--8,in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 the ,syriac has #8qui manifestatus est4' ,the relative is indeterminate1 but the verb is not4 ,in ,syriac however is masculine2 and thus1 the natural way would be to take as the antecedent1 and translate #8quod manifestatum est4' ,no one would have thought of any other way of translating the ,syriac--but for the existence of the various reading in the ,greek1 and the possibility of its affecting the translation into ,syriac4 ,but the ,peschito is so really a translation into good ,syriac1 7not into word-for-word ,syriac17 that if the translator had wanted to express the ,greek 1 in so difficult a passage1 he would have turned it differently407#igb7--,the ,peschito therefore yields the same testimony as the ,latin2 and may not be declared 7as you declare it7 to be indeterminate4 ,still less may it be represented as witnessing to 4 7d7 ,it follows to enquire concerning the rendering of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af in the ,,philoxenian1 or rather the ,,harkleian ,version 7,v,i,ith cent471 concerning which ,i have had recourse to the learned ,editor of that ,version4 ,he writes3--8,there can be no doubt that the authors of this ,version had either or before them3 while their marginal note shows that they were aware of the reading 4 ,they exhibit1--#8,great is the mystery of the goodness of the fear 7feminine7 of ,,god1 who-was-manifested 7masculine7 in the flesh4' ,the marginal addition before 7or before 7 makes the reference to ,,god all the plainer407#igc7 ,see more below1 at p4 #dhi4 ,now this introduction of the word into the text1 however inartistic it may seem to you and to me1 is a fatal circumstance to those who would contend on your side4 ,it shows translators divided between two rival and conflicting readings3 but determined to give prominence to the circumstance which constituted the greatness of the mystery3 viz4 ,,god ,,incarnate4 8,may ,i suggest0 7adds the witty scholar in his ,post-script7 8that there would be no mystery in #8a man being manifested in the flesh'80 ,the facts concerning the ,harkleian ,version being such1 you will not be surprised to hear me say that ,i am at a loss to understand how1 without a syllable expressive of doubt1 you should claim this version 7the 8,philoxenian0 you call it--but it is rather the ,harkleian71 as a witness on your side1--a witness for 47#igd7 ,it not only witnesses against you1 7for the ,latin and the ,peschito do that17 but1 as ,i have shown you1 it is a witness on my side4 7e7 and 7f74 ,next1 for the ,versions of ,,lower and ,,upper ,,egypt4 8,we are content0 7you say7 to 8refer our readers to ,tischendorf and ,tregelles1 who unhesitatingly claim the ,memphitic or ,coptic and the ,thebaic or ,sahidic for 407#ige7 ,but surely1 in a matter of this kind1 my lord ,bishop--7,i mean1 when we are discussing some nicety of a language of which personally we know absolutely nothing17--we may never 8be content to refer our readers0 to individuals who are every bit as ignorant of the matter as ourselves4 ,rather should we be at the pains to obtain for those whom we propose to instruct the deliberate verdict of those who have made the subject their special study4 ,dr4 ,malan 7who must be heartily sick of me by this time71 in reply to my repeated enquiries1 assures me that in ,coptic and in ,sahidic alike1 8the relative pronoun always takes the gender of the ,greek antecedent4 ,but1 inasmuch as there is properly speaking no neuter in either language1 the masculine does duty for the neuter2 the gender of the definite article and relative pronoun being determined by the gender of the word referred to4 ,thus1 in ,s4 ,john xv4 #bf1 the ,coptic #8pi' and #8ph' respectively represent the definite article and the relative1 alike in the expression 1 and in the expression 3 and so throughout4 ,in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 therefore1 #8pi mustrion ph1' must perforce be rendered1 3--not1 surely1 4 ,and yet1 if the relative may be masculine1 why not the article also8 ,but in fact1 we have no more right to render the ,coptic 7or the ,sahidic7 relative by in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 than in any other similar passage where a neuter noun 7e4g4 or 7 has gone before4 ,in this particular case1 of course a pretence may be set up that the gender of the relative shall be regarded as an open question3 but in strictness of grammar1 it is far otherwise4 ,no ,coptic or ,sahidic scholar1 in fact1 having to translate the ,coptic or ,sahidic back into ,greek1 would ever dream of writing anything else but 407#igf7 ,and now ,i trust ,i have made it plain to you that you are mistaken in your statement 7p4 #fi71--that 8 is supported by the two ,egyptian ,versions40 ,it is supported by neither4 ,you have been shown that they both witness against you4 ,you will therefore not be astonished to hear me again declare that ,i am at a loss to understand how you can cite the 8,philoxenian1 ,coptic and ,sahidic107#igg7--;as witnesses on your side4 ,it is not in this way1 my lord ,bishop1 that ,,god',s ,truth is to be established4 7g7 ,as for the ,,gothic ,version1--dissatisfied with the verdict of ,de ,gabelentz and ,loebe17#igh7 ,i addressed myself to ,dr4 ,ceriani of ,milan1 the learned and most helpful chief of the ,ambrosian ,library3 in which by the way is preserved the only known copy of ,ulphilas for #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,he inclines to the opinion that 8saei0 is to be read1--the rather1 because ,andreas ,uppstrm1 the recent editor of the codex1 a diligent and able scholar1 has decided in favour of that 8obscure0 reading47#igi7 ,the ,gothic therefore must be considered to witness to the 7more than7 extraordinary combination2-- 444 444 4 7,see the footnote #d p4 #deb47 ,i obtain at the same time1 the same verdict1 and on the same grounds1 from that distinguished and obliging scholar1 ,dr4 ,john ,belsheim of ,christiania4 8,but0 7he adds7 8the reading is a little dubious4 ,h4 ,f4 ,massmann1 in the notes to his edition17#ihj7 at page #feg1 says1--#8saei qui is altogether obliterated4' 0--,in claiming the ,gothic therefore as a witness for 1 you will 7,i trust7 agree with me that a single scarcely legible copy of a ,version is not altogether satisfactory testimony3--while certainly 8magnus est pietatis sacramentum1 qui manifestatus est in corpore0--is not a rendering of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af which you are prepared to accept4 7h7 ,for the ,,thiopic4 ,version1--,dr4 ,hoerning1 7of the ,british ,museum17 has at my request consulted six copies of #a ,timothy1 and informs me that they present no variety of text4 ,the antecedent1 as well as the relative1 is masculine in all4 ,the thiopic must therefore be considered to favour the reading 2 1 and to represent the same ,greek text which underlies the ,latin and the ,peschito ,versions4 ,the thiopic therefore is against you4 7i7 8,the ,,armenian ,version10 7writes ,dr4 ,malan7 8from the very nature of the language1 is indeterminate4 ,there is no grammatical distinction of genders in ,armenian40 7j7 ,the ,,arabic ,version1 7so ,dr4 ,ch4 ,rieu7#iha7 informs me17 exhibits1--8,in truth the mystery of this justice is great4 ,it is that he0 7or 8it10 for the ,arabic has no distinction between masculine and neuter7 8was manifested in the body1 and was justified in the spirit0 c4--,this version therefore witnesses for neither 8who10 8which10 nor 8,,god40 7k7 and 7l74 ,there only remain the ,,georgian ,version1 which is of the ,v,ith century1--and the ,,slavonic1 which is of the ,i,xth4 ,now1 both of these 7,dr4 ,malan informs me7 unequivocally witness to 4 ,thus far then for the testimony yielded by ancient ,,manuscripts and ,,versions of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles4 g ,review of the progress which has been hitherto made in the present ,enquiry4 ,up to this point1 you must admit that wondrous little sanction has been obtained for the reading for which you contend1 7viz4 2 17 as the true reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,undisturbed in your enjoyment of the testimony borne by ,cod4 1 you cannot but feel that such testimony is fully counterbalanced by the witness of ,cod4 ,a3 and further1 that the conjoined evidence of the ,,harkleian1 the ,,georgian1 and the ,,slavonic ,versions outweighs the single evidence of the ,,gothic4 ,but what is to be said about the consent of the manuscripts of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles for reading in this place1 in the proportion of #abe to #a8 ,you must surely see that1 7as ,i explained above at pp4 #dde-f17 such multitudinous testimony is absolutely decisive of the question before us4 ,at p4 #cj of your pamphlet1 you announce it as a 8lesson of primary importance1 often reiterated but often forgotten1 ponderari debere testes1 non numerari40 ,you might have added with advantage1--8and oftenest of all1 misunderstood40 ,for are you not aware that1 generally speaking1 8,number0 constitutes 8,weight08 ,if you have discovered some 8regia via0 which renders the general consent of ,,copies1--the general consent of ,,versions1--the general consent of ,,fathers1 a consideration of secondary importance1 why do you not at once communicate the precious secret to mankind1 and thereby save us all a world of trouble8 ,you will perhaps propose to fall back on ,hort's wild theory of a 8,syrian ,text10--executed by authority at ,antioch somewhere between ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej47ihb7 ,be it so4 ,let that fable be argued upon as if it were a fact4 ,and what follows8 ,that at a period antecedent to the date of any existing copy of the ,epistle before us1 the ,church in her corporate capacity declared 7not 7 to be the true reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,only one other head of ,evidence 7the ,,patristic7 remains to be explored2 after which1 we shall be able to sum up1 and to conclude the present ,dissertation4 h ,testimony of the ,,fathers concerning the true reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3--;,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa1--,,didymus1--,,theodoret1--,,jo hn ,,damascene1--,,chrysostom1--,,gregory ,,naz41--,,severus ,,of ,,antioch1--,,diodorus ,,of ,,tarsus4 ,it only remains to ascertain what the ,,fathers have to say on this subject4 ,and when we turn our eyes in this direction1 we are encountered by a mass of evidence which effectually closes this discussion4 ,you contended just now as eagerly for the ,vth-century ,codex ,a1 as if its witness were a point of vital importance to you4 ,but ,i am prepared to show that ,,gregory ,,of ,,nyssa 7a full century before ,codex ,a was produced71 in at least #bb places1 knew of no other reading but 47#ihc7 ,of his weighty testimony you appear to have been wholly unaware in #ahfi1 for you did not even mention ,gregory by name 7see p4 #dbi74 ,since however you now admit that his evidence is unequivocally against you1 ,i am willing to hasten forward1--only supplying you 7at foot7 with the means of verifying what ,i have stated above concerning the testimony of this illustrious ,father4 ,you are besides aware that ,,didymus17#ihd7 another illustrious witness1 is against you2 and that he delivers unquestionable testimony4 ,you are also aware that ,,theodoret17#ihe7 in four places1 is certainly to be reckoned on the same side3 ,and further1 that ,,john ,,damascene7#ihf7 twice adds his famous evidence to the rest1--and is also against you4 ,,chrysostom7#ihg7 again1 whose testimony you called in question in #ahfi1 you now admit is another of your opponents4 ,i will not linger over his name therefore1--except to remark1 that how you can witness a gathering host of ancient ,fathers illustrious as these1 without misgiving1 passes my comprehension4 ,chrysostom is three times a witness4 ,next come two quotations from ,,gregory ,,of ,,nazianzus1--which ,i observe you treat as 8inconclusive40 ,i retain them all the same47#ihh7 ,you are reminded that this most rhetorical of ,fathers is seldom more precise in quoting ,scripture4 ,and to the same century which ,gregory of ,nazianzus adorned1 is probably to be referred1--7it cannot possibly be later than ,a4,d4 #cej1 though it may be a vast deal more ancient17--,,the ,,title bestowed1 in the way of summary1 on that portion of ,s4 ,paul's first ,epistle to ,timothy which is contained between chap4 iii4 #af and chap4 iv4 #g1--viz41 4 ,we commonly speak of this as the seventh of the 8,euthalian0 or chapters3 but ,euthalius himself declares that those #ah titles were 8devised by a certain very wise and pious ,father207#ihi7 and this particular title 7 7 is freely employed and discussed in ,gregory of ,nyssa's treatise against ,apolinaris17#iij7--which latter had1 in fact1 made it part of the title of his own heretical treatise47#iia7 ,that the present is a very weighty attestation of the reading1 no one probably will deny3 a memorable proof moreover that 7#iib7 must have been universally read in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af throughout the century which witnessed the production of codices ,b and 4 ,,severus1 ,,bp4 ,,of ,,antioch1 you also consider a 8not unambiguous0 witness4 ,i venture to point out to you that when a ,father of the ,church1 who has been already insisting on the ,g,o,dhead of ,,christ 7 17 goes on to speak of ,him as 1 there is no 8ambiguity0 whatever about the fact that he is quoting from #a ,tim4 iii4 #af47iic7 ,and why are we only 8perhaps0 to add the testimony of ,,diodorus ,,of ,,tarsus2 seeing that ,diodorus adduces ,s4 ,paul's actual words 7 71 and expressly says that he finds them in ,s4 ,paul's ,epistle to ,timothy87#iid7 ,how--may ,i be permitted to ask--would you have a quotation made plainer8 i ,bp4 ,ellicott as a controversialist4 ,the case of ,,euthalius4 ,forgive me1 my lord ,bishop1 if ,i declare that the animus you display in conducting the present critical disquisition not only astonishes1 but even shocks me4 ,you seem to say1--,non persuadebis1 etiamsi persuaseris4 ,the plainest testimony you reckon doubtful1 if it goes against you3 an unsatisfactory quotation1 if it makes for your side1 you roundly declare to be 8evidence0 which 8stands the test of examination407#iie7444 8,we have examined his references carefully0 7you say74 8,gregory of ,nyssa1 ,didymus of ,alexandria1 ,theodoret and ,john ,damascene 7who died severally about #cid1 #cif1 #deg and #gef;,a4,d47 seem unquestionably to have read 407#iif7 ,excuse me for telling you that this is not the language of a candid enquirer after ,truth4 ,your grudging admission of the unequivocal evidence borne by these four illustrious ,fathers3--your attempt to detract from the importance of their testimony by screwing down their date 8to the sticking place30--your assertion that the testimony of a fifth ,father 8is not unambiguous30--your insinuation that the emphatic witness of a sixth may 8perhaps0 be inadmissible3--all this kind of thing is not only quite unworthy of a ,bishop when he turns disputant1 but effectually indisposes his opponent to receive his argumentation with that respectful deference which else would have been undoubtedly its due4 ,need ,i remind you that men do not write their books when they are in articulo mortis8 ,didymus died in ,a4,d4 #cid1 to be sure3 but he was then #he years of age4 ,he was therefore born in ,a4,d4 #cji1 and is said to have flourished in #cdg4 ,how old do you suppose were the sacred codices he had employed till then8 ,see you not that such testimony as his to the ,text of ,scripture must in fairness be held to belong to the first quarter of the ,i,vth century8--is more ancient in short 7and infinitely more important7 than that of any written codex with which we are acquainted8 ,pressed by my 8cloud of witnesses10 you seek to get rid of them by insulting me4 8,we pass over0 7you say7 8names brought in to swell the number1 such as ,euthalius1--for whom no reference is given407#iig7 ,do you then suspect me of the baseness1--nay1 do you mean seriously to impute it to me1--of introducing 8names0 8to swell the number0 of witnesses on my side8 ,do you mean further to insinuate that ,i prudently gave no reference in the case of 8,euthalius10 because ,i was unable to specify any place where his testimony is found8444 ,i should really pause for an answer1 but that a trifling circumstance solicits me1 which1 if it does not entertain the ,bp4 of ,gloucester and ,bristol1 will certainly entertain every one else who takes the trouble to read these pages4 8,such as ,euthalius06 ,you had evidently forgotten when you penned that offensive sentence1 that ,,euthalius is one of the few ,fathers adduced by yourself7#iih7 7but for whom you 8gave no reference107 in #ahfi1--when you were setting down the ,patristic evidence in favour of 4444 ,this little incident is really in a high degree suggestive4 ,your practice has evidently been to appropriate ,patristic references7#iii7 without thought or verification1--prudently to abstain from dropping a hint how you came by them1--but to use them like dummies1 for show4 ,at the end of a few years1 7naturally enough17 you entirely forget the circumstance1--and proceed vigorously to box the ears of the first unlucky ,dean who comes in your way1 whom you suspect of having come by his learning 7such as it is7 in the same slovenly manner4 ,forgive me for declaring 7while my ears are yet tingling7 that if you were even moderately acquainted with this department of ,sacred ,science1 you would see at a glance that my ,patristic references are never obtained at second hand3 for the sufficient reason that elsewhere they are not to be met with4 ,but waiving this1 you have made it luce clarius to all the world that so late as the year #ahhb1 to you 8,euthalius0 was nothing else but 8a name40 ,and this really does astonish me3 for not only was he a famous ,ecclesiastical personage1 7a ,bishop like yourself17 but his work 7the date of which is ,a4,d4 #deh17 is one with which no ,author of a 8,critical ,commentary0 on ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles can afford to be unacquainted4 ,pray read what ,berriman has written concerning ,euthalius 7pp4 #bag to #bbb7 in his admirable 8,dissertation on #a ,tim4 iii4 #af40 ,turn also1 if you please1 to the ,bibliotheca of ,gallandius 7vol4 x4 #aig-cbc71 and you will recognize the plain fact that the only reason why1 in the 8,quarterly ,review10 8no reference is given for ,euthalius10 is because the only reference possible is--#a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 j ,the testimony of the letter ascribed to ,,dionysius ,,of ,,alexandria4 ,six other primitive witnesses to #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 specified4 ,then further1 you absolutely take no notice of the remarkable testimony which ,i adduced 7p4 #aja7 from a famous ,epistle purporting to have been addressed by ,,dionysius ,,of ,,alexandria 7,a4,d4 #bfd7 to ,paul of ,samosata4 ,that the long and interesting composition in question7#ajjj7 was not actually the work of the great ,dionysius1 is inferred--7whether rightly or wrongly ,i am not concerned to enquire7--from the fact that the ,antiochian ,fathers say expressly that ,dionysius did not deign to address ,paul personally4 ,but you are requested to remember that the epistle must needs have been written by somebody37#ajja7 that it may safely be referred to the ,i,i,ird century2 and that it certainly witnesses to 17#ajjb7--which is the only matter of any real importance to my argument4 ,its testimony is1 in fact1 as express and emphatic as words can make it4 ,and here1 let me call your attention to the circumstance that there are at least ,,six ,,other ,,primitive ,,witnesses1 some of whom must needs have recognized the reading for which ,i am here contending1 7viz4 17 though not one of them quotes the place in extenso1 nor indeed refers to it in such a way as effectually to bar the door against reasonable dispute4 ,the present is in fact just the kind of text which1 from its undeniable grandeur1--its striking rhythm1--and yet more its dogmatic importance1--was sure to attract the attention of the earliest1 no less than the latest of the ,fathers4 ,accordingly1 the author of the ,epistle ad ,diognetum7#ajjc7 clearly refers to it early in the ,i,ind century2 though not in a way to be helpful to us in our present enquiry4 ,i cannot feel surprised at the circumstance4 ,the yet earlier references in the epistles of 7#a7 ,,ignatius 7three in number7 are helpful1 and may not be overlooked4 ,they are as follows3-- 3-- -- 1 47#ajjd7 ,it is to be wished1 no doubt1 that these references had been a little more full and explicit3 but the very early ,fathers are ever observed to quote ,scripture thus partially1--allusively1--elliptically4 7#b7 ,,barnabas has just such another allusive reference to the words in dispute1 which seems to show that he must have read 3 viz4 444 47#ajje7--7c7 ,,hippolytus1 on two occasions1 even more unequivocally refers to this reading4 ,once1 while engaged in proving that ,,christ is ,,god1 he says3-- 37#ajjf7--;and again1 in a very similar passage which ,theodoret quotes from the same ,father's lost work on the ,psalms3-- 1 47#ajjg7--7d7 ,,gregory ,,thaumaturgus1 7if it really be he17 seems also to refer directly to this place when he says 7in a passage quoted by ,photius7#ajjh771-- 4--,further1 7#e7 in the ,,apostolical ,,constitutions1 we meet with the expression1-- 47#ajji7 ,and when 7#f7 ,,basil ,,the ,,great ,a4,d4 #cgg1 writing to the men of ,sozopolis whose faith the ,arians had assailed1 remarks that such teaching 8subverts the saving ,dispensation of our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ20 and1 blending ,rom4 xvi4 #be1 #bf with 8the great mystery0 of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1--7;in order to afford himself an opportunity of passing in review our ,,saviour',s work for ,his ,church in ancient days17--viz4 8,after all these1 at the end of the day1 1 307#ajaj7--who will deny that such an one probably found neither nor 1 but 1 in the copy before him8 ,i have thought it due to the enquiry ,i have in hand to give a distinct place to the foregoing evidence--such as it is--of ,ignatius1 ,barnabas1 ,hippolytus1 ,gregory ,thaumaturgus1 the ,apostolical ,constitutions1 and ,basil4 ,but ,i shall not build upon such foundations4 ,let me go on with what is indisputable4 k ,the testimony of ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria4 ,next1 for ,,cyril ,,of ,,alexandria1 whom you decline to accept as a witness for 4 ,you are prepared1 ,i trust1 to submit to the logic of facts8 ,in a treatise addressed to the ,empresses ,arcadia and ,marina1 ,cyril is undertaking to prove that our ,,lord is very and eternal ,,god47#ajaa7 ,his method is to establish several short theses all tending to this one object1 by citing from the several books of the ,n4 ,t41 in turn1 the principal texts which make for his purpose4 ,presently1 7viz4 at page #aag17 he announces as his thesis1--8,faith in ,,christ as ,,god20 and when he comes to #a ,timothy1 he quotes iii4 #af at length2 reasons upon it1 and points out that is here spoken of47#ajab7 ,there can be no doubt about this quotation1 which exhibits no essential variety of reading2--a quotation which ,euthymius ,zigabenus reproduces in his 8,panoplia10--and which ,c4 ,f4 ,matthi has with painful accuracy edited from that source47#ajac7--,once more4 ,in a newly recovered treatise of ,cyril1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is again quoted at length with 1--followed by the remark that 8our ,nature was justified1 by ,,god manifested in ,him407#ajad7 ,i really see not how you would have ,cyril more distinctly recognize as the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af47ajae7 ,you are requested to observe that in order to prevent cavil1 ,i forbear to build on two other famous places in ,cyril's writings where the evidence for reading is about balanced by a corresponding amount of evidence which has been discovered for reading 4 ,not but what the context renders it plain that must have been ,cyril's word on both occasions4 ,of this let the reader himself be judge3-- 7#a7 ,in a treatise1 addressed to the ,empresses ,eudocia and ,pulcheria1 ,cyril quotes #a ,tim4 iii4 #af in extenso47#ajaf7 8,if0 7he begins7--8the ,word1 being ,,god1 could be said to inhabit ,man's nature 77 without yet ceasing to be ,,god1 but remained for ever what ,he was before1--then1 great indeed is the mystery of ,godliness407#ajag7 ,he proceeds in the same strain at much length47#ajah7 ,next 7#b7 the same place of ,timothy is just as fully quoted in ,cyril's ,explanatio xii4 capitum3 where not only the ,thesis17#ajai7 but also the context constrains belief that ,cyril wrote 3--8,what then means #8was manifested in the flesh'8 ,it means that the ,word of ,,god the ,,father was made flesh4444 ,in this way therefore we say that ,he was both ,,god and ,man4444 ,thus0 7,cyril concludes7 8is ,he ,,god and ,,lord of all407#ajbj7 ,but1 as aforesaid1 ,i do not propose to rest my case on either of these passages2 but on those two other places concerning which there exists no variety of tradition as to the reading4 ,whether the passages in which the reading is certain ought not to be held to determine the reading of the passages concerning which the evidence is about evenly balanced2--whether in doubtful cases1 the requirements of the context should not be allowed to turn the scale2--,i forbear to enquire4 ,i take my stand on what is clear and undeniable4 ,on the other hand you are challenged to produce a single instance in ,cyril of 2 1 where the reading is not equally balanced by 4 ,and 7as already explained7 of course it makes nothing for that ,cyril should sometimes say that 8the mystery0 here spoken of is ,,christ who 8was manifested in the flesh10 c4 ,a man with nothing else but the ,a4 ,v4 of the 8,textus ,receptus0 before him might equally well say that4 ,see above1 pages #dbg-h4 ,not unaware am ,i of a certain brief ,scholium7#ajba7 which the ,critics freely allege in proof that ,cyril wrote 7not 71 and which as they quote it1 7viz4 so mutilated as effectually to conceal its meaning17 certainly seems to be express in its testimony4 ,but the thing is all a mistake4 ,rightly understood1 the ,scholium in question renders no testimony at all2--as ,i proceed to explain4 ,the only wonder is that such critics as ,bentley17#ajbb7 ,wetstein17#ajbc7 ,birch17#ajbd7 ,tischendorf17#ajbe7 or even ,tregelles17#ajbf7 should not have seen this for themselves4 ,the author1 7whether ,photius1 or some other17 is insisting on our ,,lord',s absolute exemption from sin1 although for our sakes ,he became very ,man4 ,in support of this1 he quotes ,is4 liii4 #i1 7or rather1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #bb7--8,who did no sin1 neither was guile found in ,his mouth40 8,s4 ,cyril0 7he proceeds7 8in the #abth ch4 of his ,scholia says1--#8,who was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the ,spirit2' for ,he was in no way subject to our infirmities10 and so on4 ,now1 every one must see at a glance that it is entirely to misapprehend the matter to suppose that it is any part of the ,scholiast's object1 in what precedes1 to invite attention to so irrelevant a circumstance as that ,cyril began his quotation of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 with instead of 47#ajbg7 ,as ,waterland remarked to ,berriman #aej years ago17#ajbh7 the ,scholiast's one object was to show how ,cyril interpreted the expression 8justified in the ,spirit40 ,altogether misleading is it to quote only the first line1 beginning at and ending at 1 as the ,critics invariably do4 ,the point to which in this way prominence is exclusively given1 was clearly1 to the ,commentator1 a matter of no concern at all4 ,he quotes from ,cyril's 8,scholia de ,incarnatione ,unigeniti107#ajbi7 in preference to any other of ,cyril's writings1 for a vastly different reason47#ajcj7 ,and yet this--7viz4 ,cyril's supposed substitution of for 7--is1 in the account of the ,critics1 the one thing which the ,scholiast was desirous of putting on record4 ,in the meanwhile1 on referring to the place in ,cyril1 we make an important discovery4 ,the ,greek of the ,scholium in question being lost1 we depend for our knowledge of its contents on the ,latin translation of ,marius ,mercator1 ,cyril's contemporary4 ,and in that translation1 no trace is discoverable of either or 47#ajca7 ,the quotation from ,timothy begins abruptly at 4 ,the ,latin is as follows3--8,divinus ,paulus magnum quidem ait esse mysterium pietatis4 ,et vere ita se res habet3 manifestatus est enim in carne1 cum sit ,,deus ,verbum407#ajcb7 ,the supposed hostile evidence from this quarter proves therefore to be non-existent4 ,i pass on4 l ,the argument e silentio considered4 ,the argument e silentio1--7of all arguments the most precarious17--has not been neglected4--8,but we cannot stop here10 you say37#ajcc7 8,wetstein observed long ago that ,cyril does not produce this text when he does produce ,rom4 ix4 #e in answer to the allegation which he quotes from ,julian that ,s4 ,paul never employed the word of our ,,lord407#ajcd7 ,well but1 neither does ,gregory of ,nyssa produce this text when he is writing a ,treatise expressly to prove the ,g,o,dhead of the ,,son and of the ,,holy ,,ghost4 8,grave est10--says ,tischendorf47#ajce7 ,no1 not 8grave0 at all1 ,i answer3 but whether 8grave0 or not1 that ,gregory of ,nyssa read in this place1 is at least certain4 ,as for ,wetstein1 you have been reminded already1 that 8ubi de ,divinitate ,,christi agitur1 ibi profecto sui dissimilior deprehenditur407#ajcf7 ,examine the place in ,cyril ,alex4 for yourself1 reading steadily on from p4 #cbg a to p4 #ccc b4 ,better still1 read--paying special attention to his ,scriptural proofs--,cyril's two ,treatises 8,de rect ,fide407#ajcg7 ,but in fact attend to the method of ,athanasius1 of ,basil1 or of whomsoever else you will27#ajch7 and you will speedily convince yourself that the argument e silentio is next to valueless on occasions like the present4 ,certain of the ,critics have jumped to the conclusion that the other ,cyril cannot have been acquainted with ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #ai 7and therefore with the 8last ,twelve ,verses0 of his ,gospel71 because when1 in his ,catechetical ,lectures1 he comes to the 8,resurrection10 8,ascension10 and 8,session at the ,right ,hand10--he does not quote ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #ai4 ,and yet1--7as it has been elsewhere7#ajci7 fully shown1 and in fact the reason is assigned by ,cyril himself17--this is only because1 on the previous day1 being ,sunday1 ,cyril of ,jerusalem had enlarged upon the ,scriptural evidence for those august verities1 7viz4 ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #ai1--,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ea1--;,acts i4 #i72 and therefore was unwilling to say over again before the same auditory what he had so recently delivered4 ,but indeed1--7the remark is worth making in passing17--many of our modern ,critics seem to forget that the heretics with whom ,athanasius1 ,basil1 the ,gregories1 c41 were chiefly in conflict1 did not by any means deny the ,godhead of our ,,lord4 ,arians and ,apolinarians alike admitted that ,,christ was ,,god4 ,this1 in fact1 has been pointed out already4 ,very differently indeed would the ancient ,fathers have expressed themselves1 could they have imagined the calamitous use which1 at the end of #aejj years1 perverse wits would make of their writings1--the astonishing inferences they would propose to extract from their very silence4 ,i may not go further into the subject in this place4 m ,the story about ,,macedonius4 ,his testimony4 ,it follows to say a few words concerning ,,macedonius ,,ii41 patriarch of ,constantinople ,a4,d4 #dif-eaa1 of whom it has been absurdly declared that he was the inventor of the reading for which ,i contend4 ,i pointed out on a former occasion that it would follow from that very circumstance1 7as far as it is true17 that ,macedonius 8is a witness for --perforce407#ajdj7 ,instead of either assenting to this1 7which is surely a self-evident proposition671--or else disproving it1--you are at the pains to furbish up afresh1 as if it were a novelty1 the stale and stupid figment propagated by ,liberatus of ,carthage1 that ,macedonius was expelled from his see by the ,emperor ,anastasius for falsifying #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,this exploded fable you preface by announcing it as 8a remarkable fact10 that 8it was the distinct belief of ,latin writers as early as the ,v,ith century that the reading of this passage had been corrupted by the ,greeks407#ajda7 ,how you get your 8remarkable fact10 out of your premiss1--8the distinct belief of ,latin writers10 out of the indistinct rumour 8dicitur0 vouched for by a single individual1--,i see not4 ,but let that pass4 8,the story shows0 7you proceed7 8that the ,latins in the sixth century believed to be the reading of the older ,greek manuscripts1 and regarded as a false reading made out of it40 7p4 #fi47--,my lord ,bishop1 ,i venture to declare that the story shows nothing of the sort4 ,the ,latins in the ,v,ith 7and every other7 century believed that--not 1 but--1 was the right reading of the ,greek in this place4 ,their belief on this subject however has nothing whatever to do with the story before us4 ,liberatus was not the spokesman of 8the ,latins of the ,v,ith10 7or any other bygone7 8century30 but 7as ,bp4 ,pearson points out7 a singularly ill-informed ,archdeacon of ,carthage2 who1 had he taken ever so little pains with the subject1 would have become aware that for no such reason as he assigns was ,macedonius ,a4,d4 #eaa thrust out of his bishopric4 ,if1 however1 there were at least thus much of truth in the story1--namely1 that one of the charges brought against ,macedonius was his having corrupted ,scripture1 and notably his having altered into in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af2--surely1 the most obvious of all inferences would be1 that was found in copies of ,s4 ,paul's epistles put forth at ,constantinople by archiepiscopal authority between ,a4,d4 #dif and ,a4,d4 #eaa4 ,to say the least1--,macedonius1 by his writings or by his discourses1 certainly by his influence1 must have shown himself favourable to 7not 7 4 ,else1 with what show of reason could the charge have been brought against him8 8,i suppose0 7says our learned ,dr4 ,john ,mill7 8that the fable before us arose out of the fact that ,macedonius1 on hearing that in several ,,mss4 of the ,constantinopolitan ,church the text of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af 7which witnesses expressly to the ,godhead of ,,christ7 had been depraved1 was careful that those copies should be corrected in conformity with the best exemplars407#ajdb7 ,but1 in fact1 ,i suspect you completely misunderstand the whole matter4 ,you speak of 8the story40 ,but pray1--,which 8story0 do you mean8 8,the story0 which ,liberatus told in the ,v,ith century8 or the ingenious gloss which ,hincmar1 ,abp4 of ,rheims1 put upon it in the ,i,xth8 ,you mention the first1--you reason from the second4 ,either will suit me equally well4 ,but--una la volta1 per carit6 ,hincmar1 7whom the critics generally follow17 relates that ,macedonius turned into 7i4e4 747#ajdc7 ,if ,macedonius did1 he preferred to 4444 ,but the story which ,liberatus promulgated is quite different47#ajdd7 ,let him be heard3-- 8,at this time1 ,macedonius1 bp4 of ,,cp41 is said to have been deposed by the emperor ,anastasius on a charge of having falsified the ,gospels1 and notably that saying of the ,apostle1 #8,quia apparuit in carne1 justificatus est in spiritu4' ,he was charged with having turned the ,greek monosyllable 7i4e4 #8qui'71 by the change of a single letter 7 for 7 into 3 i4e4 #8ut esset ,deus apparuit per carnem4' 0 ,now1 that this is a very lame story1 all must see4 ,in reciting the passage in ,latin1 ,liberatus himself exhibits neither 8qui10 nor 8quod10 nor 8,deus10--but 8,,quia apparuit in carne40 7,the translator of ,origen1 by the way1 does the same thing47#ajde77 ,and yet1 ,liberatus straightway adds 7as the effect of the change7 8ut esset ,deus apparuit per carnem30 as if that were possible1 unless 8,deus0 stood in the text already6 ,quite plain in the meantime is it1 that1 according to ,liberatus1 was the word which ,macedonius introduced into #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,and it is worth observing that the scribe who rendered into ,greek ,pope ,martin ,i4's fifth ,letter 7written on the occasion of the ,lateran ,council ,a4,d4 #fdi71--;having to translate the ,pope's quotation from the ,vulgate 78quod manifestatus est107--exhibits in this place47#ajdf7 ,high time it becomes that ,i should offer it as my opinion that those ,critics are right 7,cornelius ,lapide #afad and ,cotelerius #afha7 who1 reasoning from what ,liberatus actually says1 shrewdly infer that there must have existed codices in the time of ,macedonius which exhibited in this place2 and that this must be the reading to which ,liberatus refers47#ajdg7 ,such codices exist still4 ,one1 is preserved in the library of the ,basilian monks at ,crypta ,ferrata1 already spoken of at pp4 #ddf-h3 another1 is at ,paris4 ,i call them respectively 8,apost4 #hc0 and 8,paul #bhb407ajdh7 ,this is new4 ,enough of all this however4 ,too much in fact4 ,i must hasten on4 ,the entire fable1 by whomsoever fabricated1 has been treated with well-merited contempt by a succession of learned men ever since the days of ,bp4 ,pearson47#ajdi7 ,and although during the last century several writers of the unbelieving school 7chiefly ,socinians7#ajej77 revived and embellished the silly story1 in order if possible to get rid of a text which witnesses inconveniently to the ,,godhead of ,,christ1 one would have hoped that1 in these enlightened days1 a ,christian ,bishop of the same ,church which the learned1 pious1 and judicious ,john ,berriman adorned a century and a-half ago1 would have been ashamed to rekindle the ancient strife and to swell the ,socinian chorus4 ,i shall be satisfied if ,i have at least convinced you that ,macedonius is a witness for in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 n ,the testimony of an ,,anonymous writer 7,a4,d4 #dcj71--of ,,epiphanius 7,a4,d4 #ghg71--of ,,theodorus ,,studita 7,a4,d4 #gie871--of ,,scholia1--of ,,cumenius1--of ,,theophylact1--of ,,euthymius4 ,the evidence of an ,,anonymous ,author who has been mistaken for ,athanasius1--you pass by in silence4 ,that this writer lived in the days when the ,nestorian ,controversy was raging1--namely1 in the first half of the ,vth century1--is at all events evident4 ,he is therefore at least as ancient a witness for the text of ,scripture as codex ,a itself3 and is clearly what he found written in this place47#ajea7 ,why do you make such a fuss about ,cod4 ,a1 and yet ignore this contemporary witness8 ,we do not know who wrote the ,epistle in question1--true4 ,neither do we know who wrote ,codex ,a4 ,what then8 ,another eminent witness for 1 whom also you do not condescend to notice1 is ,,epiphanius1 ,,deacon ,,of ,,catana in ,sicily1--who represented ,thomas1 ,abp4 of ,sardinia1 at the #bnd ,nicene ,council1 ,a4,d4 #ghg4 ,a long discourse of this ,ecclesiastic may be seen in the ,acts of the ,council1 translated into ,latin1--which makes his testimony so striking4 ,but in fact his words are express17#ajeb7 and the more valuable because they come from a region of ,western ,christendom from which textual utterances are rare4 ,a far more conspicuous writer of nearly the same date1 ,,theodorus ,,studita of ,,cp1 ,a4,d4 #gei-hbf1 is also a witness for 47#ajec7 ,how does it happen1 my lord ,bishop1 that you contend so eagerly for the testimony of codices ,f and ,g1 which are but one ,i,xth-century witness after all1--and yet entirely disregard living utterances like these1 of known men1--who belonged to known places1--and wrote at a known time8 ,is it because they witness unequivocally against you8 ,several ancient ,,scholiasts1 expressing themselves diversely1 deserve enumeration here1 who are all witnesses for exclusively47#ajed7 ,lastly1-- ,,cumenius7#ajee7 7,a4,d4 #iij71--,,theophylact7#ajef7 7,a4,d4 #ajgg71--;,,euthymius7#ajeg7 7,a4,d4 #aaaf71--;close this enumeration4 ,they are all three clear witnesses for reading not but 4 o ,the testimony of ,,ecclesiastical ,,tradition4 ,nothing has been hitherto said concerning the ,ecclesiastical usage with respect to this place of ,scripture4 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af occurs in a lection consisting of nine verses 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #ac-;iv4 #e71 which used to be publicly read in almost all the ,churches of ,eastern ,christendom on the ,saturday before ,epiphany47#ajeh7 ,it was also read1 in not a few ,churches1 on the #cdth ,saturday of the year47#ajei7 ,unfortunately1 the book which contains lections from ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 78,apostolus0 it is technically called17 is of comparatively rare occurrence1--is often found in a mutilated condition1--and 7for this and other reasons7 is1 as often as not1 without this particular lesson47#ajfj7 ,thus1 an analysis of #ij copies of the 8,apostolus0 7,no4 #a to #ij71 is attended by the following result3--#aj are found to have been set down in error27#ajfa7 while #da are declared--7sometimes1 ,i fear1 through the unskilfulness of those who profess to have examined them71--not to contain #a ,tim4 iii4 #af47ajfb7 ,of #g1 ,i have not been able to obtain tidings47#ajfc7 ,thus1 there are but #cb copies of the book called 8,apostolus0 available for our present purpose4 ,but of these thirty-two1 twenty-seven exhibit 47#ajfd7 ,you will be interested to hear that one rejoices in the unique reading 37#ajfe7 while another ,copy of the ',apostolus' keeps 8,paul #bhb0 in countenance by reading 47#ajff7 ,in other words1 8,,god0 is found in #bi copies out of #cb3 while 8who0 77 is observed to survive in only #c1--;and they1 ,western documents of suspicious character4 ,two of these were produced in one and the same ,calabrian monastery2 and they still stand1 side by side1 in the library of ,crypta ,ferrata37#ajfg7 being exclusively in sympathy with the very suspicious ,western document at ,paris1 already described at page #ddf4 ,,ecclesiastical ,,tradition is therefore clearly against you1 in respect of the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,how you estimate this head of ,evidence1 ,i know not4 ,for my own part1 ,i hold it to be of superlative importance4 ,it transports us back1 at once1 to the primitive age2 and is found to be infinitely better deserving of attention than the witness of any extant uncial documents which can be produced4 ,and why8 ,for the plain reason that it must needs have been once attested by an indefinitely large number of codices more ancient by far than any which we now possess4 ,in fact1 ,,ecclesiastical ,,tradition1 when superadded to the testimony of ,manuscripts and ,fathers1 becomes an overwhelming consideration4 ,and now we may at last proceed to sum up4 ,let me gather out the result of the foregoing fifty pages2 and remind the reader briefly of the amount of external testimony producible in support of each of these rival readings3--1----4 ,i4 ,sum of the ,evidence of ,,versions1 ,,copies1 ,,fathers1 in favour of reading 2 in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 77 ,the reading 2 1--7which ,wetstein strove hard to bring into favour1 and which was highly popular with the ,socinian party down to the third quarter of the last century17--enjoys1 as we have seen1 7pp4 #ddh-ec17 the weighty attestation of the ,latin and of the ,peschito1--of the ,coptic1 of the ,sahidic1 and of the thiopic ,versions4 ,no one may presume to speak slightingly of such evidence as this4 ,it is the oldest which can be produced for the truth of anything in the inspired ,text of the ,new ,testament2 and it comes from the ,east as well as from the ,west4 ,yet is it1 in and by itself1 clearly inadequate4 ,two characteristics of ,truth are wanting to it1--two credentials1--unfurnished with which1 it cannot be so much as seriously entertained4 ,it demands ,variety as well as ,largeness of attestation4 ,it should be able to exhibit in support of its claims the additional witness of ,,copies and ,,fathers4 ,but1 77 ,on the contrary1 is found besides in only one ,greek ,manuscript1--viz4 the ,v,ith-century codex ,claromontanus1 ,d4 ,and further1 77 ,two ancient writers alone bear witness to this reading1 viz4 ,,gelasius ,,of ,,cyzicus17#ajfh7 whose date is ,a4,d4 #dgf27ajfi7 and the ,,unknown ,,author of a homily of uncertain date in the ,appendix to ,chrysostom7#ajgj74444 ,it is scarcely intelligible how1 on such evidence1 the ,critics of the last century can have persuaded themselves 7with ,grotius7 that 2 is the true reading of #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,and yet1 in order to maintain this thesis1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton descended from the starry sphere and tried his hand at ,textual ,criticism4 ,wetstein 7#ageb7 freely transferred the astronomer's labours to his own pages1 and thus gave renewed currency to an opinion which the labours of the learned ,berriman 7#agda7 had already demonstrated to be untenable4 ,whether ,,theodore ,,of ,,mopsuestia 7in his work 8de ,incarnatione07 wrote or 1 must remain uncertain till a sight has been obtained of his ,greek together with its context4 ,i find that he quotes #a ,tim iii4 #af at least three times3--,of the first place1 there is only a ,latin translation1 which begins 8,,quod justificat,,us est in spiritu407#ajga7 ,the second place comes to us in ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,syriac3 but unsatisfactorily in all three3--7a7 ,the ,latin version introduces the quotation thus1--8,consonantia et ,apostolus dicit1 ,et manifeste magnum est pietatis mysterium1 ,,qui7#ajgb7 7or ,,quod7#ajgc77 manifestat,,us 7or ,,tum7 est in carne1 justificat,,us 7or ,,tum7 est in spiritu30--7b7 ,the ,greek1 7for which we are indebted to ,leontius ,byzantinus1 ,a4,d4 #faj17 reads1-- 1 7#ajgd7--;divested of all preface47#ajge7 ,those seven words1 thus isolated from their context1 are accordingly printed by ,migne as a heading only3--7c7 ,the ,syriac translation unmistakably reads1 8,et ,apostolus dixit1 ,vere sublime est hoc mysterium1 ,,quod10--omitting 47#ajgf7 ,the third quotation1 which is found only in ,syriac17#ajgg7 begins1--8,for truly great is the-mystery of-the-fear-of ,,god1 who was manifested in-the-flesh and-was-justified in-the-spirit40 ,this differs from the received text of the ,peschito by substituting a different word for 1 and by employing the emphatic state 8the-flesh10 8the-spirit0 where the ,peschito has the absolute state 8flesh10 8spirit40 ,the two later clauses agree with the ,harkleian or ,philoxenian47#ajgh7--;,i find it difficult from all this to know what precisely to do with ,theodore's evidence4 ,it has a truly oracular ambiguity2 wavering between ----and even 4 ,you1 ,i observe1 7who are only acquainted with the second of the three places above cited1 and but imperfectly with that17 do not hesitate to cut the knot by simply claiming the heretic's authority for the reading you advocate1--viz4 4 ,i have thought it due to my readers to tell them all that is known about the evidence furnished by ,theodore of ,mopsuestia4 ,at all events1 the utmost which can be advanced in favour of reading 2 in #a ,timothy iii4 #af1 has now been freely stated4 ,i am therefore at liberty to pass on to the next opinion4 ,,ii4 ,sum of the ,evidence of ,,versions1 ,,copies1 ,,fathers in favour of reading 2 in #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,remarkable it is how completely ,griesbach succeeded in diverting the current of opinion with respect to the place before us1 into a new channel4 ,at first indeed 7viz4 in #aggg7 he retained in his ,text1 timidly printing in small type above it2 and remarking1--8,judicium de hc lectionis varietate lectoribus liberum relinquere placuit40 ,but1 at the end of thirty years 7viz4 in #ahjf71 waxing bolder1 ,griesbach substituted for 1--8ut ipsi0 7as he says7 8nobis constaremus40 ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1 ,westcott and ,hort1 and the ,revisers1 under your guidance1 have followed him3 which is to me unaccountable1--seeing that even less authority is producible for 1 than for 1 in this place4 ,but let the evidence for 2 be briefly recapitulated3-- 77 ,it consists of a single uncial copy1 viz4 the corrupt cod4 1--7for1 as was fully explained above17#ajgi7 codd4 ,c and ,f-,g yield uncertain testimony73 and perhaps two cursive copies1 viz4 ,paul #ag1 7the notorious 8#cc0 of the ,gospels17--and a copy at ,upsala 7,no4 #gc71 which is held to require further verification47#ajhj7 ,to these1 are to be added three other liturgical witnesses in the cursive character--being ,western copies of the book called 8,apostolus10 which have only recently come to light4 ,two of the codices in question are of ,calabrian origin47#ajha7 ,a few words more on this subject will be found above1 at pages #dgg and #dgh4 77 ,the only ,version which certainly witnesses in favour of 1 is the ,gothic3 which1 7as explained at pp4 #deb-c7 exhibits a hopelessly obscure construction1 and rests on the evidence of a single copy in the ,ambrosian library4 77 ,of ,patristic testimonies 7to 2 7 there exists not one4 ,that ,,epiphanius ,a4,d4 #cfj professing to transcribe from an early treatise of his own1 in which stands without a nominative1 should prefix --proves nothing1 as ,i have fully explained elsewhere47#ajhb7--,the equivocal testimony rendered by ,,theodore ,,of ,,mopsuestia ,a4,d4 #cij is already before the reader47#ajhc7 ,and this exhausts the evidence for a reading which came in1--and 7,i venture to predict7 will go out1--with the present century4 ,my only wonder is1 how an exhibition of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af so feebly attested1--so almost without attestation1--can have come to be seriously entertained by any4 8,si10--7as ,griesbach remarks concerning #a ,john v4 #g7--8si tam pauci 444 testes 444 sufficerent ad demonstrandam lectionis cujusdam 1 licet obstent tam multa tamque gravia et testimonia et argumenta2 nullum prorsus superesset in re critic veri falsique criterium1 et textus ,novi ,testamenti universus plane incertus esset atque dubius407#ajhd7 ,yet this is the ,reading which you1 my lord ,bishop1 not only stiffly maintain1 but which you insist is no longer so much as 8open to reconsideration40 ,you are1 it seems1 for introducing the clture into ,textual debate4 ,but in fact you are for inflicting pains and penalties as well1 on those who have the misfortune to differ in opinion from yourself4 ,you discharge all the vials of the united sees of ,gloucester and ,bristol on me for my presumption in daring to challenge the verdict of 8the ,textual ,criticism of the last fifty years10--of the ,revisers1--and of yourself2--my folly1 in venturing to believe that the traditional reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 7which you admit is at least #aecj years old17 is the right reading after all4 ,you hold me up to public indignation4 8,he has made0 7you say7 8an elaborate effort to shake conclusions about which no professed ,scholar has any doubt whatever2 but which an ordinary reader 7and to such we address ourselves7 might regard as still open to reconsideration40--8,moreover0 7you proceed7 8this case is of great importance as an example4 ,it illustrates in a striking manner the complete isolation of the ,reviewer's position4 ,if he is right1 all other ,critics are wrong407#ajhe7 ,will you permit me1 my lord ,bishop1 as an ordinary writer1 addressing 7like yourself7 8ordinary readers10--respectfully to point out that you entirely mistake the problem in hand8 ,the ,greek ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 is not to be settled by ,,modern ,,opinion1 but by ,,ancient ,,authority47#ajhf7 ,in this department of enquiry therefore1 8complete isolation0 is his1 and his only1 who is forsaken by ,,copies1 ,,versions1 ,,fathers4 ,the man who is able1 on the contrary1 to point to an overwhelming company of ,ancient ,witnesses1 and is contented modestly to take up his station at their feet1--such an one can afford to disregard 8,the ,textual ,criticism of the last fifty years10 if it presumes to contradict their plain decrees2 can even afford to smile at the confidence of 8professed ,scholars0 and 8,critics10 if they are so ill advised as to set themselves in battle array against that host of ancient men4 ,to say therefore of such an one1 7as you now say of me17 8,if he is right1 all other ,critics are wrong10--is to present an irrelevant issue1 and to perplex a plain question4 ,the business of ,textual ,criticism 7as you state at page #bh of your pamphlet7 is nothing else but to ascertain 8the consentient testimony of the most ancient ,authorities40 ,the office of the ,textual ,critic is none other but to interpret rightly the solemn verdict of ,antiquity4 ,do ,i then interpret that verdict rightly1--or do ,i not8 ,the whole question resolves itself into that6 ,if ,i do not1--pray show me wherein ,i have mistaken the facts of the case4 ,but if ,i do1--why do you not come over instantly to my side8 8,since he is right10 7,i shall expect to hear you say17 8it stands to reason that the #8professed ,critics' whom he has been combating1--myself among the number1--must be wrong40444 ,i am1 you see1 loyally accepting the logical issue you have yourself raised4 ,i do but seek to reconcile your dilemma with the actual facts of the problem4 ,and now1 will you listen while ,i state the grounds on which ,i am convinced that your substitution of for in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is nothing else but a calamitous perversion of the ,truth8 ,may ,i be allowed at least to exhibit1 in the same summary way as before1 the evidence for reading in this place neither nor 1--but 8 ,,iii4 ,sum of the ,evidence of ,,versions1 ,,copies1 ,,fathers1 in favour of reading in #a ,tim4 iii #af4 ,entirely different1--in respect of variety1 of quantity and of quality1--from what has gone before1 is the witness of ,antiquity to the ,received ,text of #a ,timothy iii4 #af3 viz4 2 1 444444 ,i proceed to rehearse it in outline1 having already dwelt in detail upon so much of it as has been made the subject of controversy47#ajhg7 ,the reader is fully aware7#ajhh7 that ,i do not propose to make argumentative use of the first six names in the ensuing enumeration4 ,to those names1 enclosed within square brackets1 ,i forbear even to assign numbers2 not as entertaining doubt concerning the testimony they furnish1 but as resolved to build exclusively on facts which are incontrovertible4 ,yet is it but reasonable that the whole of the ,evidence for should be placed before the reader3 and he is in my judgment a wondrous unfair disputant who can attentively survey the evidence which ,i thus forego1 without secretly acknowledging that its combined ,weight is considerable2 while its ,antiquity makes it a serious question whether it is not simply contrary to reason that it should be dispensed with in an enquiry like the present4 7a7 ,in the ,ist century then1--it has been already shown 7at page #dfc7 that ,,ignatius 7,a4,d4 #ij7 probably recognized the reading before us in three places4 7b7 ,the brief but significant testimony of ,,barnabas will be found in the same page4 7c7 ,in the ,i,ind century1--,,hippolytus ,a4,d4 #aij 7as was explained at page #dfc17 twice comes forward as a witness on the same side4 7d7 ,in the ,i,i,ird century1--,,gregory ,,thaumaturgus1 7if it be indeed he7 has been already shown 7at page #dfc7 probably to testify to the reading 4 7e7 ,to the same century is referred the work entitled ,,constitutiones ,,apostolic3 which seems also to witness to the same reading4 ,see above1 p4 #dfc4 7f7 ,,basil ,,the ,,great also ,a4,d4 #cee1 as will be found explained at page #dfd1 must be held to witness to in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3 though his testimony1 like that of the five names which go before1 being open to cavil1 is not here insisted on4--,and now to get upon terra firma4 7#a7 ,to the ,i,i,ird century then ,a4,d4 #bfd81 belongs the ,epistle ascribed to ,,dionysius ,,of ,,alexandria1 7spoken of above1 at pages #dfa-b17 in which #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is distinctly quoted in the same way4 7#b7 ,in the next1 7the ,i,vth7 century1 unequivocal ,patristic witnesses to abound4 ,foremost is ,,didymus1 who presided over the ,catechetical ,school of ,alexandria1--the teacher of ,jerome and ,rufinus4 ,born ,a4,d4 #cji1 and becoming early famous1 he clearly witnesses to what was the reading of the first quarter of the ,i,vth century4 ,his testimony has been set forth at page #def4 7#c7 ,,gregory1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,nazianzus ,a4,d4 #cee1 a contemporary of ,basil1 in two places is found to bear similar witness4 ,see above page #deg4 7#d7 ,,diodorus1 7or 8,theodorus0 as ,photius writes his name17 the teacher of ,chrysostom1--first of ,antioch1 afterwards the heretical ,,bishop ,,of ,,tarsus in ,cilicia1--is next to be cited ,a4,d4 #cgj4 ,his testimony is given above at pages #deh-i4 7#e7 ,the next is perhaps our most illustrious witness1--viz4 ,,gregory1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,nyssa in ,cappadocia ,a4,d4 #cgj4 ,references to at least twenty-two places of his writings have been already given at page #def4 7#f7 ,scarcely less important than the last-named ,father1 is ,,chrysostom ,a4,d4 #chj1 first of ,antioch1--afterwards ,,patriarch ,,of ,,constantinople1--who in three places witnesses plainly to 4 ,see above1 page #deg4 7#g7 ,and to this century1 7not later certainly than the last half of it17 is to be referred the title of that 1 or chapter1 of ,st4 ,paul's ,first ,epistle to ,timothy which contains chap4 iii4 #af1--7;indeed1 which begins with it17 viz4 4 ,very eloquently does that title witness to the fact that was the established reading of the place under discussion1 before either cod4 ,b or cod4 was produced4 ,see above1 pages #deg-h4 7#h7 ,in the ,vth century1--besides the ,,codex ,,alexandrinus 7cod4 ,a17 concerning which so much has been said already 7page #dca to page #dcg71--we are able to appeal for the reading 1 to1 7#i7 ,,cyril1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,alexandria1 ,a4,d4 #daj1 who in at least two places witnesses to it unequivocally4 ,see above1 pp4 #dfd to #dgj4 ,so does1 7#aj7 ,,theodoret1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,cyrus in ,syria1 ,a4,d4 #dbj3 who1 in at least four places1 7see above1 page #def7 renders unequivocal and important witness on the same side4 7#aa7 ,next1 the ,,anonymous ,,author claims notice ,a4,d4 #dcj1 whose composition is found in the ,appendix to the works of ,athanasius4 ,see above1 page #dge4 7#ab7 ,you will be anxious to see your friend ,,euthalius1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,sulca1 duly recognized in this enumeration4 ,he comes next4 ,a4,d4 #deh4 ,the discussion concerning him will be found above1 at page #dei to page #dfa4 7#ac7 ,,macedonius ,,ii1 ,,patriarch ,,of ,,cp4 ,a4,d4 #dif must of necessity be mentioned here1 as ,i have very fully explained at page #dgj to page #dgd4 7#ad7 ,to the ,v,ith century belongs the ,,georgian ,version1 as already noted at page #ded4 7#ae7 ,and hither is to be referred the testimony of ,,severus1 ,,bishop ,,of ,,antioch ,a4,d4 #eab1 which has been already particularly set down at page #deh4 7#af7 ,to the ,v,i,ith century ,a4,d4 #faf belongs the ,,harkleian 7or ,,philoxenian7 ,version2 concerning which1 see above1 page #dej4 8,that was the reading of the manuscripts from which this ,version was made1 is put beyond reach of doubt by the fact that in twelve of the other places where occurs17#ajhi7 the words 7or 7 7#8beauty-of-fear'7 are found without the addition of 7or 7 7#8,,god'74 ,it is noteworthy1 that on the thirteenth occasion 7#a ,tim4 ii4 #b71 where the ,peschito reads #8fear of ,,god1' the ,harkleian reads #8fear' only4 ,on the other hand1 the ,harkleian margin of ,acts iii4 #ab expressly states that is the ,greek equivalent of 7or 7 7#8beauty-of-fear'74 ,this effectually establishes the fact that the author of the ,harkleian recension found in his ,greek manuscript of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af407ajij7 7#ag7 ,in the ,v,i,i,ith century1 ,,john ,,damascene ,a4,d4 #gcj pre-eminently claims attention4 ,he is twice a witness for 1 as was explained at page #deg4 7#ah7 ,next to be mentioned is ,,epiphanius1 ,,deacon ,,of ,,catana2 whose memorable testimony at the #bnd ,nicene ,council ,a4,d4 #ghg has been set down above1 at page #dge4 ,and then1 7#ai7 ,,theodorus ,,studita of ,,cp4 ,a4,d4 #gij1--;concerning whom1 see above1 at pages #dge-f4 7#bj71 7#ba7 and 7#bb74 ,to the ,i,xth century belong the three remaining uncial codices1 which alike witness to 3--viz4 the 8,,cod4 ,,mosquensis0 7,k72 the 8,,cod4 ,,angelicus0 7,l72 and the 8,,cod4 ,,porphyrianus0 7,p74 7#bc7 ,the ,,slavonic ,,version belongs to the same century1 and exhibits the same reading4 7#bd7 ,hither also may be referred several ancient ,,scholia which all witness to 1 as ,i explained at page #dgf4 7#be7 ,to the ,xth century belongs ,,cumenius ,a4,d4 #iij1 who is also a witness on the same side4 ,see page #dgf4 7#bf7 ,to the ,x,ith century1 ,,theophylact ,a4,d4 #ajgg1 who bears express testimony to the same reading4 ,see page #dgf4 7#bg7 ,to the ,x,i,ith century1 ,,euthymius ,a4,d4 #aaaf1 who closes the list with his approving verdict4 ,see page #dgf4 ,and thus we reach a period when there awaits us a mass of testimony which transports us back 7per saltum7 to the ,church's palmiest days2 testimony1 which rightly understood1 is absolutely decisive of the point now under discussion4 ,i allude to the testimony of ,,every ,,known ,,copy ,,of ,s4 ,,paul',s ,,epistles except the three1 or four1 already specified1 viz4 ,d of ,s4 ,paul2 1 #ag1 and perhaps #gc4 ,a few words on this last head of ,evidence may not be without the grace of novelty even to yourself4 ,they are supplementary to what has already been offered on the same subject from page #ddc to page #ddf4 ,the copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles 7in cursive writing7 supposed to exist in ,european libraries1--not including those in the monasteries of ,greece and the ,levant17#ajia7--;amount to at least #cjb47ajib7 ,out of this number1 #b are fabulous37#ajic7--a has been destroyed by fire37#ajid7--;and #f have strayed into unknown localities47#ajie7 ,add1 that #cg 7for various reasons7 are said not to contain the verse in question27#ajif7 while of #b1 ,i have been hitherto unsuccessful in obtaining any account37#ajig7--;and it will be seen that the sum of the available cursive copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles is exactly #bed4 ,now1 that #b of these #bed cursive copies 7viz4 ,paul #ag and #gc7--;exhibit 1--you have been so eager 7at pp4 #ga-b of your pamphlet7 to establish1 that ,i am unwilling to do more than refer you back to pages #ddc1 -#d1 -#e1 where a few words have been already offered in reply4 ,permit me1 however1 to submit to your consideration1 as a set-off against those two copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles which read 1--the following two-hundred and fifty-two copies which read 47#ajih7 ,to speak with perfect accuracy1--#d of these 7#beb7 exhibit 27#ajii7--a1 27#aajj7--;and #bdg1 absolutely4 ,the numbers follow3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #i4 #aj4 #aa4 #ab4 #ac4 #ad4 #af4 #ah4 #ai4 #bj4 #ba4 #bb4 #bc4 #bd4 #be4 #bf4 #bg4 #bh4 #bi4 #cj4 #ca4 #cb4 #cc4 #cd4 #ce4 #cf4 #cg4 #ch4 #ci4 #dj4 #da4 #dc4 #dd4 #de4 #df4 #dg4 #dh4 #di4 #eb4 #ee4 #ef4 #eg4 #ei4 #fb4 #fc4 #fe4 #fg4 #fh4 #fi4 #gj4 #ga4 #gb4 #gd4 #ge4 #gg4 #gh4 #gi4 #hj4 #ha4 #hc4 #hd4 #he4 #hf4 #hg4 #hh4 #ij4 #ia4 #ib4 #ic4 #id4 #ie4 #if4 #ig4 #ih4 #ii4 #ajj4 #aja4 #ajb4 #ajc4 #ajd4 #aje4 #ajf4 #ajg4 #ajh4 #aji4 #aaj4 #aaa4 #aab4 #aac4 #aad4 #aae4 #aaf4 #aag4 #abj4 #aba4 #abb4 #abc4 #abe4 #abf4 #abh4 #abi4 #acj4 #aca4 #acb4 #acc4 #acd4 #ace4 #acf4 #acg4 #ach4 #aci4 #adj4 #ada4 #adb4 #adc4 #add4 #ade4 #adi4 #aej4 #aea4 #aec4 #aed4 #aee4 #aef4 #aeg4 #aeh4 #aei4 #afd4 #afe4 #aff4 #afg4 #afh4 #afi4 #agj4 #aga4 #agc4 #agd4 #age4 #agf4 #agg4 #agh4 #agi4 #ahj4 #ahb4 #ahc4 #ahd4 #ahe4 #ahf4 #ahh4 #ahi4 #aij4 #aib4 #aic4 #aid4 #aie4 #aif4 #aig4 #aih4 #aii4 #bjj4 #bja4 #bjc4 #bjd4 #bje4 #bjf4 #bjg4 #bjh4 #baa4 #bab4 #bac4 #bae4 #baf4 #bag4 #bah47aaja7 #bai4 #bbj4 #bba4 #bbb4 #bbc4 #bbd4 #bbf4 #bbg4 #bbh4 #bbi4 #bcj4 #bca4 #bcb4 #bcc4 #bcd4 #bce4 #bcf4 #bcg4 #bch4 #bci4 #bdj4 #bda4 #bdb4 #bdc4 #bdd4 #bde4 #bdf4 #bdg4 #bdi4 #bej4 #bea4 #beb4 #bec4 #bee4 #bef4 #beg4 #beh4 #bfj4 #bfb4 #bfd4 #bfe4 #bff4 #bfg4 #bfh4 #bfi4 #bgj4 #bgb4 #bgc4 #bgd4 #bgf4 #bgg4 #bgh4 #bgi4 #bhj4 #bha4 #bhb47aajb7 #bhc4 #bhe4 #bhh4 #bhi4 #bij4 #bia4 #bib4 #bid4 #bie4 #bif4 #big4 #bih4 #bii4 #cjj4 #cja4 ,behold then the provision which ,,the ,,author of ,scripture has made for the effectual conservation in its integrity of this portion of ,his written ,word6 ,upwards of eighteen hundred years have run their course since the ,,holy ,,ghost by ,his servant1 ,paul1 rehearsed the 8mystery of ,godliness20 declaring this to be the great foundation-fact1--namely1 that 8,,god ,,was ,,manifested ,,in ,,the ,,flesh40 ,and lo1 out of two hundred and fifty-four copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles no less than two hundred and fifty-two are discovered to have preserved that expression4 ,such 8,consent0 amounts to ,unanimity2 and1 7as ,i explained at pp4 #ded-e17 unanimity in this subject-matter1 is conclusive4 ,the copies of which we speak1 7you are requested to observe17 were produced in every part of ancient ,christendom1--being derived in every instance from copies older than themselves2 which again were transcripts of copies older still4 ,they have since found their way1 without design or contrivance1 into the libraries of every country of ,europe1--where1 for hundreds of years they have been jealously guarded4 ,and1--7,i repeat the question already hazarded at pp4 #dde-f1 and now respectfully propose it to you1 my lord ,bishop2 requesting you at your convenience to favour me publicly with an answer27--,for what conceivable reason can this multitude of witnesses be supposed to have entered into a wicked conspiracy to deceive mankind8 ,true1 that no miracle has guarded the sacred ,text in this1 or in any other place4 ,on the other hand1 for the last #aej years1 ,unbelief has been carping resolutely at this grand proclamation of the ,divinity of ,,christ1--in order to prove that not this1 but some other thing1 it must have been1 which the ,apostle wrote4 ,and yet 7as ,i have fully shown7 the result of all the evidence procurable is to establish that the ,apostle must be held to have written no other thing but this4 ,to the overwhelming evidence thus furnished by #beb out of #bed cursive ,copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1--is to be added the evidence supplied by the ,lectionaries4 ,it has been already explained 7viz4 at pp4 #dgg-h7 that out of #cb copies of the 8,apostolus10 #bi concur in witnessing to 4 ,i have just 7,may #gth7 heard of another in the ,vatican47#aajc7 ,to these #cj1 should be added the #c ,liturgical codices referred to at pp4 #ddh and #dgd1 note #a4 ,now this is emphatically the voice of ancient ,ecclesiastical ,tradition4 ,the numerical result of our entire enquiry1 proves therefore to be briefly this3-- 7,i47 ,in #a ,,timothy iii4 #af1 the reading 1 is witnessed to by #bhi ,,manuscripts37#aajd7--;by #c ,,versions37#aaje7--;by upwards of #bj ,greek ,,fathers47#aajf7 7,,ii7 ,the reading 7in place of 7 is supported by a single ,,ms4 7,d73--by #e ancient ,,versions37#aajg7--;by #b late ,greek ,,fathers47#aajh7 7,,iii47 ,the reading 7also in place of 7 is countenanced by #f ,,manuscripts in all 71 ,paul #ag1 #gc3 ,apost4 #ab1 #he1 #hf73--;by only one ,,version for certain 7viz4 the ,gothic7#aaji773--not for certain by a single ,greek ,,father47#aaaj7 ,i will not repeat the remarks ,i made before on a general survey of the evidence in favour of 3 but ,i must request you to refer back to those remarks1 now that we have reached the end of the entire discussion4 ,they extend from the middle of p4 #dhc to the bottom of p4 #dhe4 ,the unhappy ,logic which1 on a survey of what goes before1 can first persuade itself1 and then seek to persuade others1 that is a 8plain and clear error20 and that there is 8decidedly preponderating evidence10 in favour of reading in #a ,timothy iii4 #af2--must needs be of a sort with which ,i neither have1 nor desire to have1 any acquaintance4 ,i commend the case between you and myself to the judgment of ,mankind2 and trust you are able to await the common verdict with the same serene confidence as ,i am4 ,will you excuse me if ,i venture1 in the homely vernacular1 to assure you that in your present contention you 8have not a leg to stand upon08 8,moreover0 7to quote from your own pamphlet p4 #gf17 8this case is of great importance as an example40 ,you made deliberate choice of it in order to convict me of error4 ,i have accepted your challenge1 you see4 ,let the present1 by all means1 be regarded by the public as a trial-place1--a test of our respective methods1 yours and mine4 ,i cheerfully abide the issue1 7p7 ,,internal ,,evidence for reading in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 absolutely overwhelming4 ,in all that precedes1 ,i have abstained from pleading the probabilities of the case2 and for a sufficient reason4 ,men's notions of what is 8probable0 are observed to differ so seriously4 8,facile intelligitur0 7says ,wetstein7 8lectiones et esse interpretamenta pronominis 3 sed nec nec posse esse interpretamentum vocis 40 ,now1 ,i should have thought that the exact reverse is as clear as the day4 ,what more obvious than that 1 by exhibiting indistinctly either of its delicate horizontal strokes1 7and they were often so traced as to be scarcely discernible17#aaaa77 would become mistaken for 8 ,what more natural again than that the masculine relative should be forced into agreement with its neuter antecedent8 ,why1 the thing has actually happened at ,coloss4 i4 #bg2 where has been altered into 1 only because is the antecedent4 ,but waiving this1 the internal evidence in favour of must surely be admitted to be overwhelming1 by all save one determined that the reading shall be or 4 ,i trust we are at least agreed that the maxim 8proclivi lectioni prstat ardua10 does not enunciate so foolish a proposition as that in choosing between two or more conflicting readings1 we are to prefer that one which has the feeblest external attestation1--provided it be but in itself almost unintelligible8 ,and yet1 in the present instance1--,how 7give me leave to ask7 will you translate8 ,to those who acquiesce in the notion that the means our ,,saviour ,,christ ,himself1 7consider ,coloss4 i4 #bg17 it is obvious to translate 8who30 yet how harsh1 or rather how intolerable is this6 ,i should have thought that there could be no real doubt that 8the mystery0 here spoken of must needs be that complex exhibition of ,divine condescension which the ,apostle proceeds to rehearse in outline3 and of which the essence is that it was very and eternal ,,god who was the subject of the transaction4 ,those who see this1 and yet adopt the reading 1 are obliged to refer it to the remote antecedent 4 ,you do not advocate this view3 neither do ,i4 ,for reasons of their own1 ,alford7#aaab7 and ,lightfoot7#aaac7 both translate 8who40 ,tregelles 7who always shows to least advantage when a point of taste or scholarship is under discussion7 proposes to render3-- 8,he who was manifested in the flesh1 7he who7 was justified in the spirit1 7he who7 was seen by angels1 7he who7 was preached among ,gentiles1 7he who7 was believed on in the world1 7he who7 was received up in glory407#aaad7 ,i question if his motion will find a seconder4 ,you yourself lay it down magisterially that 8is not emphatic 7#8,he who1' c473 nor1 by a constructio ad sensum1 is it the relative to 2 but is a relative to an omitted though easily recognized antecedent1 viz4 ,,christ40 ,you add that it is not improbable 8that the words are quoted from some known hymn1 or probably from some familiar ,confession of ,faith40 ,accordingly1 in your ,commentary you venture to exhibit the words within inverted commas as a quotation3--8,and confessedly great is the mystery of godliness3 #8who was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the spirit1' 0 c417#aaae7--;for which you are without warrant of any kind1 and which you have no right to do4 ,westcott and ,hort 7the 8chartered libertines07 are even more licentious4 ,acting on their own suggestion that these clauses are 8a quotation from an early ,christian hymn10 they proceed to print the conclusion of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af stichometrically1 as if it were a six-line stanza4 ,this notwithstanding1 the ,revising body have adopted 8,he who10 as the rendering of 2 a mistaken rendering as it seems to me1 and 7,i am glad to learn7 to yourself also4 ,their translation is quite a curiosity in its way4 ,i proceed to transcribe it3-- 8,he who was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the spirit1 seen of angels1 preached among the nations1 believed on in the world1 received up in glory40 ,but this does not even pretend to be a sentence3 nor do ,i understand what the proposed construction is4 ,any arrangement which results in making the six clauses last quoted part of the subject1 and 8great0 the predicate of one long proposition1--is unworthy4--,bentley's wild remedy testifies far more eloquently to his distress than to his aptitude for revising the text of ,scripture4 ,he suggests1--8,,christ was put to death in the flesh1 justified in the spirit1 444 seen by ,apostles407#aaaf7--8;,according to the ancient view10 7says the ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,green17 8the sense would be3 #8and confessedly great is the mystery of godliness in the person of him1 who mystery notwithstanding was manifested in the flesh1 c4' 07#aaag7444 ,but1 with submission1 8the ancient view0 was not this4 ,the ,latins1--calamitously shut up within the limits of their 8pietatis sacramentum1 quod10--are found to have habitually broken away from that iron bondage1 and to have discoursed of our ,,saviour ,,christ1 as being ,himself the 8sacramentum0 spoken of4 ,the 8sacramentum10 in their view1 was the incarnate ,,word47#aaah7--,not so the ,greek ,fathers4 ,these all1 without exception1 understood ,s4 ,paul to say1--what ,ecclesiastical ,tradition hath all down the ages faithfully attested1 and what to this hour the copies of his ,epistles prove that he actually wrote1--viz4 8,and confessedly great is the mystery of godliness3--,,god was manifested in the flesh1 justified in the spirit10 and so on4 ,moreover this is the view of the matter in which all the learning and all the piety of the ,english ,church has thankfully acquiesced for the last #cej years4 ,it has commended itself to ,andrewes and ,pearson1 ,bull and ,hammond1 ,hall and ,stillingfleet1 ,ussher and ,beveridge1 ,mill and ,bengel1 ,waterland and ,berriman4 ,the enumeration of names is easily brought down to our own times4 ,dr4 ,henderson1 7the learned non-conformist commentator17 in #ahcj published a volume with the following title3-- 8,the great mystery of godliness incontrovertible3 or1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton and the ,socinians foiled in the attempt to prove a corruption in the text #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3 containing a review of the charges brought against the passage2 an examination of the various readings2 and a confirmation of that in the received text on principles of general and biblical criticism40 ,and1--to turn one's eyes in quite a different direction1--8,veruntamen10 wrote venerable ,president ,routh1 at the end of a life-long critical study of ,holy ,writ1--7and his days were prolonged till he reached his hundredth year17-- 8,veruntamen1 quidquid ex sacri texts historia1 illud vero haud certum1 critici collegerunt1 me tamen interna cogunt argumenta prferre lectionem 1 quem quidem agnoscunt veteres interpretes1 ,theodoretus cterique1 duabus alteris et 407#aaai7 ,and here ,i bring my ,,dissertation on #a ,,tim4 iii4 #af to a close4 ,it began at p4 #dbd1 and ,i little thought would extend to seventy-six pages4 ,let it be clearly understood that ,i rest my contention not at all on ,internal1 but entirely on ,external ,evidence2 although1 to the best of my judgment1 they are alike conclusive as to the matter in debate4--,having now incontrovertibly1 as ,i believe1 established as the best attested ,reading of the place1--,i shall conclude the present ,,letter as speedily as ,i can4 7#a7 8,composition of the ,body which is responsible for the #8,new ,greek ,text4' 0 ,there remains1 ,i believe1 but one head of discourse into which ,i have not yet followed you4 ,i allude to your 8few words about the composition of the body which is responsible for the #8,new ,greek ,text1' 07#aabj7--which extend from the latter part of p4 #bi to the beginning of p4 #cb of your pamphlet4 8,among the sixteen most regular attendants at your meetings10 7you say7 8were to be found most of those persons who were presumably best acquainted with the subject of ,textual ,criticism407#aaba7 ,and with this insinuation that you had 8all the talents0 with you1 you seek to put me down4 ,but 7as you truly say7 8the number of living ,scholars in ,england who have connected their names with the study of the ,textual ,criticism of the ,new ,testament is exceedingly small407#aabb7 ,and1 8of that exceedingly small number10 you would be puzzled to name so much as one1 besides the three you proceed to specify 7viz4 ,dr4 ,scrivener1 ,dr4 ,westcott1 and ,dr4 ,hort17--who were members of the ,revision company4 ,on the other hand1--7to quote the words of the most learned of our living ,prelates17--8it is well known that there are two opposite ,schools of ,biblical ,criticism among us1 with very different opinions as to the comparative value of our ,manuscripts of the ,greek ,testament407#aabc7 ,and in proof of his statement1 the ,bishop of ,lincoln cites 8on the one side0--,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort2 8and on the other0--,dr4 ,scrivener4 ,now1 let the account be read which ,dr4 ,newth gives 7and which you admit to be correct7 of the extraordinary method by which the 8,new ,greek ,text0 was 8settled107#aabd7 8for the most part at the ,first ,revision107#aabe7--;and it becomes plain that it was not by any means the product of the independently-formed opinions of #af experts1 7as your words imply72 but resulted from the aptitude of #ac of your body to be guided by the sober counsels of ,dr4 ,scrivener on the one hand1 or to be carried away by the eager advocacy of ,dr4 ,hort1 7supported as he ever was by his respected colleague ,dr4 ,westcott17 on the other4 ,as ,canon ,cook well puts it1--8,the question really is1 ,were the members competent to form a correct judgment807#aabf7 8,in most cases10 8a simple majority07#aabg7 determined what the text should be4 ,but ponderari debent testes1 my lord ,bishop1 non numerari47#aabh7 ,the vote of the joint ,editors should have been reckoned practically as only one vote4 ,and whenever ,dr4 ,scrivener and they were irreconcilably opposed1 the existing ,traditional ,text ought to have been let alone4 ,all pretence that it was plainly and clearly erroneous was removed1 when the only experts present were hopelessly divided in opinion4 ,as for the rest of the ,revising ,body1 inasmuch as they extemporized their opinions1 they were scarcely qualified to vote at all4 ,certainly they were not entitled individually to an equal voice with ,dr4 ,scrivener in determining what the text should be4 ,caprice or ,prejudice1 in short1 it was1 not ,deliberation and ,learning1 which prevailed in the ,jerusalem ,chamber4 ,a more unscientific1--to speak truly1 a coarser and a clumsier way of manipulating the sacred ,deposit1 than that which you yourself invented1 it would be impossible1 in my judgment1 to devise4 7#b7 ,an ,unitarian ,revisionist intolerable4--,the ,westminster-,abbey ,scandal4 ,but this is not nearly all4 ,you invite attention to the constituent elements of the ,revising body1 and congratulate yourself on its miscellaneous character as providing a guarantee that it has been impartial4 ,i frankly avow1 my lord ,bishop1 that the challenge you thus deliberately offer1 surprises me greatly4 ,to have observed severe silence on this part of the subject1 would have seemed to me your discreeter course4 ,moreover1 had you not1 in this marked way1 invited attention to the component elements of the ,revising body1 ,i was prepared to give the subject the go-by4 ,the 8,new ,greek ,text10 no less than the 8,new ,english ,version10 must stand or fall on its own merits2 and ,i have no wish to prejudice the discussion by importing into it foreign elements4 ,of this1 you have had some proof already2 for1 7with the exception of what is offered above1 in pages #f and #g17 the subject has been1 by your present correspondent1 nowhere brought prominently forward4 ,far be it from me1 however1 to decline the enquiry which you evidently court4 ,and so1 ,i candidly avow that it was in my account a serious breach of ,church order that1 on engaging in so solemn an undertaking as the ,revision of the ,authorized ,version1 a body of ,divines professing to act under the authority of the ,southern ,convocation should spontaneously associate with themselves ,ministers of various denominations17#aabi7--;,baptists1 ,congregationalists1 ,wesleyan ,methodists1 ,independents1 and the like3 and especially that a successor of the ,apostles should have presided over the deliberations of this assemblage of ,separatists4 ,in my humble judgment1 we shall in vain teach the sinfulness of ,schism1 if we show ourselves practically indifferent on the subject1 and even set an example of irregularity to our flocks4 ,my ,divinity may appear unaccommodating and old-fashioned3 but ,i am not prepared to unlearn the lessons long since got by heart in the school of ,andrewes and ,hooker1 of ,pearson and ,bull1 of ,hammond and ,sanderson1 of ,beveridge and ,bramhall4 ,i am much mistaken1 moreover1 if ,i may not claim the authority of a greater doctor than any of these1--,i mean ,s4 ,paul1--for the fixed views ,i entertain on this head4 ,all this1 however1 is as nothing in comparison of the scandal occasioned by the co-optation into your body of ,dr4 ,g4 ,vance ,smith1 the ,unitarian ,minister of ,s4 ,saviour's ,gate ,chapel1 ,york4 ,that1 while engaged in the work of interpreting the everlasting ,gospel1 you should have knowingly and by choice associated with yourselves one who1 not only openly denies the eternal ,godhead of our ,,lord1 but in a recent publication is the avowed assailant of that fundamental doctrine of the ,christian ,religion1 as well as of the ,inspiration of ,holy ,scripture itself17#aacj7--;filled me 7and many besides myself7 with astonishment and sorrow4 ,you were respectfully memorialized on the subject27#aaca7 but you treated the representations which reached you with scornful indifference4 ,now therefore that you re-open the question1 ,i will not scruple publicly to repeat that it seems to me nothing else but an insult to our ,divine ,master and a wrong to the ,church1 that the most precious part of our common ,christian heritage1 the pure ,word of ,,god1 should day by day1 week by week1 month by month1 year after year1 have been thus handled2 for the avowed purpose of producing a ,translation which should supersede our ,authorized ,version4 ,that the individual in question contributed aught to your deliberations has never been pretended4 ,on the contrary4 ,no secret has been made of the fact that he was1 7as might have been anticipated from his published writings17 the most unprofitable member of the ,revising body4 ,why then was he at first surreptitiously elected8 and why was his election afterwards stiffly maintained8 ,the one purpose achieved by his continued presence among you was that it might be thereby made to appear that the ,church of ,england no longer insists on ,belief in the eternal ,godhead of our ,,lord1 as essential2 but is prepared to surrender her claim to definite and unequivocal dogmatic teaching in respect of ,faith in the ,blessed ,,trinity4 ,but even if this ,unitarian had been an eminent ,scholar1 my objection would remain in full force2 for ,i hold1 7and surely so do you671 that the right ,interpretation of ,,god',s ,word may not be attained without the guidance of the ,,holy ,,spirit1 whose aid must first be invoked by faithful prayer4 ,in the meantime1 this same person was invited to communicate with his fellow-,revisers in ,westminster-,abbey1 and did accordingly1 on the #bbnd of ,june1 #ahgj1 receive the ,holy ,communion1 in ,henry ,,vii4's ,chapel1 at the hands of ,dean ,stanley3 declaring1 next day1 that he received the ,sacrament on this occasion without 8joining in reciting the ,nicene ,creed0 and without 8compromise0 7as he expressed it17 of his principles as an 8,unitarian407#aacb7 ,so conspicuous a sacrilege led to a public ,protest signed by some thousands of the ,clergy47#aacc7 ,it also resulted1 in the next ensuing ,session of ,convocation1 in a ,resolution whereby the ,upper ,house cleared itself of complicity in the scandal47#aacd7444 ,how a good man like you can revive the memory of these many painful incidents without anguish1 is to me unintelligible4 ,that no blessing from ,him1 8sine ,quo nihil validum1 nihil sanctum10 could be expected to attend an undertaking commenced under such auspices1--was but too plain4 ,the ,revision was a foredoomed thing--in the account of many besides myself--from the outset4 7#c7 ,the probable ,future of the ,revision of #ahha4 ,not unaware am ,i that it has nevertheless been once and again confidently predicted in public ,addresses1 ,lectures1 ,pamphlets1 that ultimate success is in store for the ,revision of #ahha4 ,i cannot but regard it as a suspicious circumstance that these vaticinations have hitherto invariably proceeded from members of the ,revising body4 ,it would ill become such an one as myself to pretend to skill in forecasting the future4 ,but of this at least ,i feel certain3--that if1 in an evil hour1 7quod absit671 the ,church of ,england shall ever be induced to commit herself to the adoption of the present ,revision1 she will by so doing expose herself to the ridicule of the rest of ,christendom1 as well as incur irreparable harm and loss4 ,and such a proceeding on her part will be inexcusable1 for she has been at least faithfully forewarned4 ,moreover1 in the end1 she will most certainly have to retrace her steps with sorrow and confusion4 ,those persons evidently overlook the facts of the problem1 who refer to what happened in the case of the ,authorized ,version when it originally appeared1 some #bgj years ago2 and argue that as the ,revision of #afaa at first encountered opposition1 which yet it ultimately overcame1 so must it fare in the end with the present ,revised ,version also4 ,those who so reason forget that the cases are essentially dissimilar4 ,if the difference between the ,authorized ,version of #afaa and the ,revision of #ahha were only this4--,that the latter is characterized by a mechanical1 unidiomatic1 and even repulsive method of rendering2 which was not only unattempted1 but repudiated by the ,authors of the earlier work2--there would have been something to urge on behalf of the later performance4 ,the plea of zeal for ,,god',s ,word1--a determination at all hazards to represent with even servile precision the ipsissima verba of ,evangelists and ,apostles1--this plea might have been plausibly put forward3 and1 to some extent1 it must have been allowed1--although a grave diversity of opinion might reasonably have been entertained as to what constitutes 8accuracy0 and 8fidelity0 of translation4 ,but when once it has been made plain that the underlying ,greek of the ,revision of #ahha is an entirely new thing1--is a manufactured article throughout1--all must see that the contention has entirely changed its character4 ,the question immediately arises1 7and it is the only question which remains to be asked17--,were then the ,authors of this 8,new ,greek ,text0 competent to undertake so perilous an enterprise8 ,and when1 in the words of the distinguished ,chairman of the ,revising body--7words quoted above1 at page #cfi17--8,to this question1 we venture to answer very unhesitatingly in the negative10--,what remains but1 with blank astonishment1 not unmingled with disgust1 to close the volume8 ,your own ingenuous admission1--7volunteered by yourself a few days before you and your allies 8proceeded to the actual details of the ,revision107--that 8we have certainly not acquired sufficient ,critical ,judgment for any body of ,revisers hopefully to undertake such a work as this10--is decisive on the subject4 ,the gravity of the issue thus raised1 it is impossible to over-estimate4 ,we find ourselves at once and entirely lifted out of the region originally proposed for investigation4 ,it is no longer a question of the degree of skill which has been exhibited in translating the title-deeds of our heavenly inheritance out of ,greek into ,english4 ,those title-deeds themselves have been empirically submitted to a process which1 rightly or wrongly1 seriously affects their integrity4 ,not only has a fringe of most unreasonable textual mistrust been tacked on to the margin of every inspired page1 7as from ,s4 ,luke x4 #da to xi4 #aa73--not only has many a grand doctrinal statement been evacuated of its authority1 7as1 by the shameful mis-statement found in the margin against ,s4 ,john iii4 #ac17aace7 and the vile ,socinian gloss which disfigures the margin of ,rom4 ix4 #e7aacf773--;but we entirely miss many a solemn utterance of the ,,spirit1--as when we are assured that verses #dd and #df of ,s4 ,mark ix4 are omitted by 8the best ancient authorities10 7whereas1 on the contrary1 the ,,mss4 referred to are the worst74 ,let the thing complained of be illustrated by a few actual examples4 ,only five shall be subjoined4 ,the words in the first column represent what you are pleased to designate as among 8the most certain conclusions of modern ,textual ,criticism0 7p4 #gh71--;but what ,i assert to be nothing else but mutilated exhibitions of the inspired ,text4 ,the second column contains the indubitable ,truth of ,scripture1--the words which have been read by our ,fathers' ,fathers for the last #ejj years1 and which we propose1 7,,god helping us17 to hand on unimpaired to our ,children1 and to our ,children's ,children1 for many a century to come3-- ,,revised 7#ahha74 ,,authorized 7#afaa74 8,and come1 follow me40 8,and come1 take up the cross and follow me407#aacg7 8,and they blindfolded 8,and when they had him1 and asked him1 blindfolded him1 they saying1 ,prophesy40 struck him on the face1 and asked him1 saying1 ,prophesy407#aach7 8,and there was also a 8,and a superscription superscription over him1 also was written over ,this is the ,king of the him in letters of ,greek1 ,jews40 and ,latin1 and ,hebrew1 ,this is the ,king of the ,jews407#aaci7 8,and they gave him a 8,and they gave him a piece of a broiled fish40 piece of a broiled fish1 and of an honeycomb407#aadj7 ,but the next 7,s4 ,luke ix4 #ed-f17 is a far more serious loss3-- 8 #8,lord1 wilt thou that 8 #8,lord1 wilt thou that we bid fire to come down we command fire to come from heaven1 and consume down from heaven1 and them8' ,but he turned and consume them1 even as rebuked them4 ,and they ,elias did8' ,but he went to another village40 turned and rebuked them1 and said1 #8,ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of4 ,for the ,son of man is not come to destroy men's lives1 but to save them'4 ,and they went to another village40 ,the unlearned reader sees at a glance that the only difference of ,translation here is the substitution of 8bid0 for 8command40--which by the way1 is not only uncalled for1 but is a change for the worse47#aada7 ,on the other hand1 how grievous an injury has been done by the mutilation of the blessed record in respect of those 7#c #e #g #d #bd 7 forty-three 7in ,english fifty-seven7 undoubtedly inspired as well as most precious words1--even 8ordinary ,readers0 are competent to discern4 ,i am saying that the systematic1 and sometimes serious1--always inexcusable1--liberties which have been taken with the ,greek ,text by the ,revisionists of #ahha1 constitute a ground of offence against their work for which no pretext was afforded by the ,revision of #afaa4 ,to argue therefore from what has been the fate of the one1 to what is likely to be the fate of the other1 is illogical4 ,the cases are not only not parallel3 they are even wholly dissimilar4 ,the cheapest copies of our ,authorized ,version at least exhibit the ,word of ,,god faithfully and helpfully4 ,could the same be said of a cheap edition of the work of the ,revisionists1--destitute of headings to the ,chapters1 and containing no record of the extent to which the ,sacred ,text has undergone depravation throughout8 ,let it be further recollected that the greatest ,scholars and the most learned ,divines of which our ,church could boast1 conducted the work of ,revision in ,king ,james' days2 and it will be acknowledged that the promiscuous assemblage which met in the ,jerusalem ,chamber cannot urge any corresponding claim on public attention4 ,then1 the ,bishops of ,lincoln of #afaa were ,revisers3 the ,vance ,smiths stood without and found fault4 ,but in the affair of #ahha1 ,dr4 ,vance ,smith revises1 and ventilates heresy from within37#aadb7 the ,bp4 of ,lincoln stands outside1 and is one of the severest ,critics of the work4--,disappointed men are said to have been conspicuous among the few assailants of our 8,authorized ,version10--,scholars 7as ,hugh ,broughton7 who considered themselves unjustly overlooked and excluded4 ,but on the present occasion1 among the multitude of hostile voices1 there is not a single instance known of a man excluded from the deliberations of the ,jerusalem ,chamber1 who desired to share them4 ,to argue therefore concerning the prospects of the ,revision of #ahha from the known history of our ,authorized ,version of #afaa1 is to argue concerning things essentially dissimilar4 ,with every advance made in the knowledge of the subject1 it may be confidently predicted that there will spring up increased distrust of the ,revision of #ahha1 and an ever increasing aversion from it4 7#d7 ,review of the entire subject1 and of the respective positions of ,bp4 ,ellicott and myself4 ,here ,i lay down my pen1--glad to have completed what 7because ,i have endeavoured to do my work thoroughly7 has proved a very laborious task indeed4 ,the present rejoinder to your ,pamphlet covers all the ground you have yourself traversed1 and will be found to have disposed of your entire contention4 ,i take leave to point out1 in conclusion1 that it places you individually in a somewhat embarrassing predicament4 ,for you have now no alternative but to come forward and disprove my statements as well as refute my arguments3 or to admit1 by your silence1 that you have sustained defeat in the cause of which you constituted yourself the champion4 ,you constrained me to reduce you to this alternative when you stood forth on behalf of the ,revising body1 and saw fit to provoke me to a personal encounter4 ,but you must come provided with something vastly more formidable1 remember1 than denunciations1--which are but wind3 and vague generalities1--which prove nothing and persuade nobody3 and appeals to the authority of 8,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 and ,tregelles10--which ,i disallow and disregard4 ,you must produce a counter-array of well-ascertained facts2 and you must build thereupon irrefragable arguments4 ,in other words1 you must conduct your cause with learning and ability4 ,else1 believe me1 you will make the painful discovery that 8the last error is worse than the first40 ,you had better a thousand times1 even now1 ingenuously admit that you made a grievous mistake when you put yourself into the hands of those ingenious theorists1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1 and embraced their arbitrary decrees1--than persevere in your present downward course1 only to sink deeper and deeper in the mire4 7#e7 ,anticipated effect of the present contention on the ,text of #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,i like to believe1 in the meantime1 that this passage of arms has resulted in such a vindication7#aadc7 of the traditional ,reading of #a ,,timothy iii4 #af1 as will effectually secure that famous place of ,scripture against further molestation4 ,faxit ,,deus6444 ,in the margin of the ,revision of #ahha1 ,i observe that you have ventured to state as follows1-- 8,the word ,,god1 in place of ,he who1 rests on no sufficient ancient evidence40 ,in the words of your ,unitarian ally1 ,dr4 ,vance ,smith1-- 8,the old reading is pronounced untenable by the ,revisers1 as it has long been known to be by all careful students of the ,new ,testament4444 ,it is in truth another example of the facility with which ancient copiers could introduce the word ,god into their manuscripts1--a reading which was the natural result of the growing tendency in early ,christian times 444 to look upon the humble ,teacher as the incarnate ,word1 and therefore as #8,god manifested in the flesh' 0 7p4 #ci74 ,such remarks proceeding from such a quarter create no surprise4 ,but1 pray1 my lord ,bishop1 of what were you thinking when you permitted yourself to make the serious mis-statement which stands in the margin8 ,you must needs have meant thereby that1--8,the word ,he who in place of ,,god1 on the contrary1 does rest on sufficient ancient evidence40 ,i solemnly call upon you1 in the ,name of ,him by whose ,spirit ,holy ,scripture was given1 to prove the truth of your marginal ,note of which the foregoing #gj pages are a refutation4--,you add1 8,some ancient authorities read which40 ,but why did you suppress the fact1 which is undeniable1 viz43 that a great many 8,more ancient authorities0 read 8which0 771 than read 8who0 778 7#f7 ,the nature of this contention explained4 ,and yet1 it was no isolated place which ,i was eager to establish1 when at first ,i took up my pen4 ,it was the general trustworthiness of the ,traditional ,text1--7the ,text which you admit to be upwards of #aejj years old17--which ,i aimed at illustrating3 the essential rottenness of the foundation on which the ,greek ,text of the ,revision of #ahha has been constructed by yourself and your fellow ,revisers1--which ,i was determined to expose4 ,i claim to have proved not only that your entire superstructure is tasteless and unlovely to a degree1--but also that you have reared it up on a foundation of sand4 ,in no vaunting spirit1 7,,god is my witness671 but out of sincere and sober zeal for the truth of ,scripture ,i say it1--your work1 whether you know it or not1 has been so handled in the course of the present volume of #ejj pages that its essential deformity must be apparent to every unprejudiced beholder4 ,it can only be spoken of at this time of day as a shapeless ruin4 ,a ruin moreover it is which does not admit of being repaired or restored4 ,and why8 ,because the mischief1 which extends to every part of the edifice1 takes its beginning1 as already explained1 in every part of the foundation4 ,and further1 7to speak without a figure17 it cannot be too plainly stated that no compromise is possible between our respective methods1--yours and mine3 between the ,,new ,,german system in its most aggravated and in fact intolerable form1 to which you have incautiously and unconditionally given in your adhesion2 and the ,,old ,,english school of ,textual ,criticism1 of which ,i humbly avow myself a disciple4 ,between the theory of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort 7which you have made your own7 and the method of your present ,correspondent1 there can be no compromise1 because the two are antagonistic throughout4 ,we have1 in fact1 nothing in common1--except certain documents2 which ,i insist on interpreting by the humble ,inductive process3 while you and your friends insist on your right of deducing your estimate of them from certain antecedent imaginations of your own1--every one of which ,i disallow1 and some of which ,i am able to disprove4 ,such1 my lord ,bishop1 is your baseless imagination--7#a7 ,that the traditional ,greek ,text 7which1 without authority1 you style 8,the ,syrian text107 is the result of a deliberate ,recension made at ,antioch1 ,a4,d4 #bej and #cej37aadd7--7b7 ,that the ,peschito1 in like manner1 is the result of a ,recension made at ,edessa or ,nisibis about the same time37#aade7--7c7 ,that ,cureton's is the ,syriac 8,vetus10 and the ,peschito the ,syriac 8,vulgate307#aadf7--7d7 ,that the respective ancestries of our only two ,i,vth-century ,codices1 ,b and 1 8diverged from a common parent extremely near the apostolic autographs307#aadg7--7e7 ,that this common original enjoyed a 8general immunity from substantive error20 and by consequence--7#f7 ,that ,b and provide 8a safe criterion of genuineness10 so that 8no readings of ,b can be safely rejected absolutely407#aadh7--7g7 ,similar wild imaginations you cherish concerning ,c and ,d1--which1 together with ,b and you assume to be among the most trustworthy guides in existence2 whereas ,i have convinced myself1 by laborious collation1 that they are the most corrupt of all4 ,we are thus diametrically opposed throughout4 ,finally1--7#h7 ,you assume that you possess a power of divination which enables you to dispense with laborious processes of ,induction2 while ,i1 on the contrary1 insist that the ,truth of the ,text of ,scripture is to be elicited exclusively from the consentient testimony of the largest number of the best ,,copies1 ,,fathers1 ,,versions47#aadi7 ,there is1 ,i am persuaded1 no royal road to the attainment of ,truth in this department of ,knowledge4 ,only through the lowly portal of humility1--only by self-renouncing labour1--may we ever hope to reach the innermost shrine4 ,they do but go astray themselves and hopelessly mislead others1 who first invent their facts1 and then proceed to build thereupon their premisses4 ,such builders are ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort1--with whom 7by your own avowal7 you stand completely identified47#aaej7 ,i repeat1 7for ,i wish it to be distinctly understood and remembered17 that what ,i assert concerning those ,critics is1--not that their superstructure rests upon an insecure foundation2 but that it rests on no foundation at all4 ,my complaint is1--not that they are somewhat and frequently mistaken2 but that they are mistaken entirely1 and that they are mistaken throughout4 ,there is no possibility of approximation between their mere assumptions and the results of my humble and laborious method of dealing with the ,text of ,scripture4 ,we shall only then be able to begin to reason together with the slightest prospect of coming to any agreement1 when they have unconditionally abandoned all their preconceived imaginations1 and unreservedly scattered every one of their postulates to the four winds4 7#g7 ,parting ,counsels4 ,let me be allowed1 in conclusion1 to recommend to your attention and that of your friends1--7,i47 8,,the ,,last ,,twelve ,,verses ,,of ,s4 ,,mark',s ,,gospel30--7,,ii47 ,,the ,,angelic ,,hymn on the night of the ,nativity3--7,,iii47 ,the text of #a ,,timothy iii4 #af1--these three1--7in respect of which up to this hour1 you and ,i find ourselves to be hopelessly divided17--as convenient ,test places4 ,when you are prepared frankly to admit1--7,i47 ,that there is no reason whatever for doubting the genuineness of ,s4 ,,mark xvi4 #i-bj37aaea7--7;,,ii47 ,that is unquestionably the ,evangelical text of ,s4 ,,luke ii4 #ad37aaeb7--;and 7,,iii47 ,that is what the great ,apostle must be held to have written in #a ,,timothy iii #af17aaec7--we shall be in good time to proceed to something else4 ,until this happy result has been attained1 it is a mere waste of time to break up fresh ground1 and to extend the area of our differences4 ,i cannot however disguise from you the fact that such an avowal on your part will amount to an admission that 8the whole fabric of ,textual ,criticism which has been built up during the last fifty years by successive editors of the ,new ,testament10--,lachmann namely1 ,tischendorf1 and ,tregelles1--is worthless4 ,neither may the inevitable consequence of this admission be concealed3 viz4 that your own work as ,revisionists has been1 to speak plainly1 one gigantic blunder1 from end to end4 7#h7 ,the subject dismissed4 ,the issue of this prolonged contention ,i now commend1 with deep humility1 to ,,almighty ,,god4 ,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,truth will1 7,i know17 take good care of ,his own masterpiece1--the ,written ,word4 ,may ,he have compassion on my ignorance1 and graciously forgive me1 if1 7intending nothing less17 ,i shall prove to have anywhere erred in my strenuous endeavour to maintain the integrity of ,scripture against the rashness of an impatient and unlearned generation4 ,but if1 7as ,i humbly believe and confidently hope17 my conclusions are sound throughout1 then may ,he enable men freely to recognize the ,truth2 and thus1 effectually avert from our ,church the supreme calamity with which1 for a few months in #ahha1 it seemed threatened2 namely1 of having an utterly depraved ,recension of the ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament thrust upon it1 as the basis of a very questionable ',revision' of the ,english4 ,my lord ,bishop1--,i have the honour to wish you respectfully farewell4 ,j4 ,w4 ,b4 ,,deanery1 ,,chichester1 ,july1 #ahhc4 ,,the ,,grass ,,withereth3 ,,the ,,flower ,,fadeth3 ,,but ,,the ,,word ,,of ,,our ,,god ,,shall ,,stand ,,for ,,ever4 ,,appendix ,,of ,,sacred ,,codices4 ,the inquiries into which ,i was led 7,january to ,june #ahhc7 by my ,,dissertation in vindication of the ,traditional ,reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 have resulted in my being made aware of the existence of a vast number of ,sacred ,codices which had eluded the vigilance of previous ,critics4 ,i had already assisted my friend ,prebendary ,scrivener in greatly enlarging ,scholz's list4 ,we had in fact raised the enumeration of 8,evangelia0 to #fba3 of 8,acts and ,catholic ,epistles0 to #bci3 of 8,paul0 to #bha3 of 8,apocalypse0 to #ajh3 of 8,evangelistaria0 to #bii3 of the book called 8,apostolus0 to #ha3--making a total of #afbi4--;,but at the end of a protracted and somewhat laborious correspondence with the custodians of not a few great ,continental ,libraries1 ,i am able to state that our available 8,evangelia0 amount to at least #gci7aaed73 our 8,acts and ,cath4 ,epp40 to #bfa3 our 8,paul0 to #cch3 our 8,apoc40 to #abb3 our 8,evstt40 to #dae7aaee73 our copies of the 8,apostolus0 to #abh7aaef73 making a total of #bjjc4 ,this shows an increase of three hundred and seventy-four4 ,my original intention had been to publish this enumeration of ,sacred ,codices in its entirety as an ,,appendix to the present volume3 but finding that the third edition of ,dr4 ,scrivener's 8,introduction0 would appear some months before my own pages could possibly see the light1 ,i eagerly communicated my discoveries to my friend4 ,i have indeed proposed to myself no other object throughout but the advancement of the study of ,textual ,criticism3 and it was reasonable to hope that by means of his widely circulated volume1 the great enlargement which our previously ascertained stores have suddenly experienced would become more generally known to scholars4 ,i should of course still have it in my power to reproduce here the same enumeration of ,sacred ,codices4 ,the great bulk however which the present volume has acquired1 induces me to limit myself in this place to some account of those ,codices which have been expressly announced and discoursed about in my ,text 7as at pp4 #dgd and #dib-e74 ,some other occasion must be found for enlarging on the rest of my budget4 ,it only remains to state that for most of my recent discoveries ,i am indebted to the ,abbate ,cozza-,luzi1 ,prefect of the ,vatican2 who on being informed of the object of my solicitude1 with extraordinary liberality and consideration at once set three competent young men to work in the principal libraries of ,rome4 ,to him ,i am further indebted for my introduction to the ,,ms4 treasures belonging to the ,basilian monks of ,crypta-,ferrata1 the ancient ,tusculum4 ,concerning the precious library of that monastery so much has been offered already 7viz4 at pp4 #ddf-ddh1 and again at pp4 #dgc-d71 as well as concerning its learned chief1 the ,hieromonachus ,antonio ,rocchi1 that ,i must be content to refer my readers to those earlier parts of the present volume4 ,i cannot however sufficiently acknowledge the patient help which the librarian of ,crypta ,ferrata has rendered me in the course of these researches4 ,for my knowledge of the sacred ,codices preserved at ,messina1 ,i am indebted to the good offices and learning of ,papas ,filippo ,matranga4 ,in respect of those at ,milan1 my learned friend ,dr4 ,ceriani has 7not for the first time7 been my efficient helper4 ,m4 ,wescher has kindly assisted me at ,paris2 and ,dr4 ,c4 de ,boor at ,berlin4 ,it must suffice1 for the rest1 to refer to the ,notes at foot of pp4 #dia-b and #dgg-h4 ,,additional ,,codices ,,of ,s4 ,,paul',s ,,epistles4 #bhb4 7 ,act4 #bdj4 ,apoc4 #aji74 ,paris1 8,armnien #i0 7olim ,reg4 #bbdg74 membr4 foll4 #cbc4 ,this bilingual codex 7,greek and ,armenian7 is described by the ,abb ,martin in his ,introduction la ,critique ,textuelle du ,n4 ,t4 7#ahhc71 p4 #ffj-a4 ,see above1 p4 #dgd1 note #a4 ,an ,italian version is added from the ,cath4 ,epp4 onwards4 ,mut4 at beginning 7,acts iv4 #ad7 and end4 7,for its extraordinary reading at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 see above1 p4 #dgc-d47 #bhc4 7 ,act4 #bda74 ,messina ,p ,k ,z 7i4e4 #abg7 xii41 chart4 foll4 #bbd4 ,mut4 begins at ,acts viii4 #b1--;ends at ,hebr4 viii4 #b2 also a leaf is lost between foll4 #ij and #ia4 ,has 4 and ,commentary of an unknown author4 #bhd4 7 ,act4 #aie74 ,modena1 ii4 ,a4 #ac xiii481 ,mut4 at the end4 #bhe4 7 ,act4 #aif71 ,modena1 ii4 ,cf4 #d xi4 or xii44 ,sig4 ,ant4 ,cappelli 7sub-librarian7 sends me a tracing of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 #bhf4 ,ambrosian library1 ,e4 #b1 inf4the ,catena of ,nicetas4 8,textus particulatim prmittit ,commentariis40 #bhg4 ,ambrosian ,a4 #bda1 inf41 8est ,catena ejusdem auctoris ex initio1 sed non complectitur totum opus40 #bhh4 ,ambrosian ,d4 #eda inf4 x4 or xi4 membr4 ,text and ,catena on all ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 8,textus continuatus4 ,catena in marginibus40 ,it was brought from ,thessaly4 #bhi4 ,milan ,c4 #bie inf4 x4 or xi4 membr4 with a ,catena4 8,textus continuatus4 ,catena in marginibus40 #bij4 7 ,evan4 #fbb4 ,act4 #bdb4 ,apoc4 #aaj74 ,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 i4 xiii4 or xiv4 foll4 #chf3 chart4 a beautiful codex of the entire ,n4 ,t4 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #a-b4 ,menolog4 ,mut4 #a ,nov4 to #af ,dec4 #bia4 7 ,act4 #bdc74 ,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 i4 x4 foll4 #aci3 in two columns1--letters almost uncial4 ,particularly described by ,rocchi1 pp4 #ae1 #af4 ,zacagni used this codex when writing about ,euthalius4 ,mut41 beginning with the argument for #a ,s4 ,john and ending with #b ,tim4 #bib4 7 ,act4 #bdd74 ,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 iii4 xi4 or xii44 ,membr41 foll4 #agb4 in #b columns beautifully illuminated3 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #ah-i4 ,zacagni employed this codex while treating of ,euthalius4 ,menolog4 #bic4 7 ,act4 #bde74 ,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 vi4 xi41 foll4 #aic4 ,mut4 at the end1 ,described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bb-c4 #bid4 7 ,act4 #bdf74 ,vat4 #abjh4 ,abbate ,cozzi-,luzi confirms ,berriman's account p4 #ih-i of the splendour of this codex4 ,it is written in gold letters1 and is said to have belonged to ,carlotta1 ,queen of ,jerusalem1 ,cyprus1 and ,armenia1 who died at ,rome ,a4,d4 #adhg1 and probably gave the book to ,pope ,innocent ,,viii41 whose arms are printed at the beginning4 ,it contains effigies of ,s4 ,luke1 ,s4 ,james1 ,s4 ,peter1 ,s4 ,john1 ,s4 ,jude1 ,s4 ,paul4 #bie4 7 ,act #bdg74 ,palatino-,vat4 #ch xi4 membr4 foll4 #ce4 ,berriman 7p4 #ajj7 says it is of quarto size1 and refers it to the ,i,xth cent4 #bif4 ,barberini iv4 #he 7olim #ai71 dated ,a4,d4 #acbd4 ,for my knowledge of this codex ,i am entirely indebted to ,berriman1 who says that it contains 8the arguments and marginal scholia written0 7p4 #ajb74 #big4 ,barberini1 vi4 #ac 7olim #bbi71 membr4 xi4 foll4 #aie3 contains ,s4 ,paul's #ad ,epp4 ,this codex also was known to ,berriman1 who relates 7p4 #ajb71 that it is furnished 8with the old marginal scholia40 #bih4 7 ,act4 #bdh71 ,berlin 7,hamilton3 ,no #fbe in the ,english printed catalogue1 where it is erroneously described as a 8,lectionarium407 ,it contains ,acts1 ,cath4 ,epp4 and ,s4 ,paul1--as ,dr4 ,c4 de ,boor informs me4 #bii4 7 ,act4 #bdi71 ,berlin1 #dto4 #dj xiii43 same contents as the preceding4 #cjj4 7 ,act4 #bej71 ,berlin1 #dto4 #dc xi41 same contents as the preceding1 but commences with the ,psalms4 #cja4 7 ,act4 #bea71 ,berlin1 #dto4 #eg xiv41 chart4 ,same contents as ,paul #bih4 #cjb4 7 ,evan4 #fdb4 ,act4 #beb47 ,berlin1 #hvo4 #i xi41 probably once contained all the ,n4 ,t4 ,it now begins with ,s4 ,luke ,,xxiv4 #ec1 and is mut4 after #a ,thess4 #cjc4 ,milan1 ,n4 #bgb inf4 8,excerpti loci40 #cjd4 7 ,act4 #bec7 ,vat4 #cfi xiv4 foll4 #bbf1 chart4 #cje4 ,vat4 #edi1 membr4 xii4 foll4 #chj4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 with ,theophylact's ,commentary4 #cjf4 ,vat4 #eej1 membr4 xii4 foll4 #bij2 contains ,romans with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cjg4 ,vat #eea1 membr4 x4 foll4 #bhc4 ,a large codex1 containing some of ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cjh4 ,vat4 #eeb1 membr4 xi4 foll4 #aee4 ,contains ,hebrews with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cji4 ,vat4 #ehb1 membr4 xiv4 foll4 #adf4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #caj4 ,vat4 #fdf xiv41 foll4 #bej3 8cum supplementis40 ,chart4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,theophylact and ,euthymius4 ,pars ,i4 et ,,ii4 #caa4 7 ,evan4 #fga74 ,vat4 #fdg4 ,chart4 foll4 #cch xv44 ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles and the ,gospels1 with ,theophylact's ,commentary4 #cab4 ,vat4 #fdh1 written ,a4,d4 #abcb1 at ,jerusalem1 by ,simeon1 8qui et ,saba dicitur30 foll4 #cch1 chart4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 with ,comm4 of ,theophylact4 #cac4 7 ,act4 #bci74 ,vat4 #feb1 chart4 xv4 foll4 #aje4 ,the ,acts and ,epistles with ,commentary4 ,see the ,preface to ,theophylact1 ed4 #ageh1 vol4 iii4 p4 v4-viii41 also 8,acts #bci0 in ,scrivener's #crd4 edit4 7p4 #bfc74 #cad4 ,vat4 #fib1 membr4 xii4 foll4 #ic1 mut4 ,corinthians1 ,galatians1 ,ephesians1 with ,commentary4 #cae4 ,vat4 #abbb1 chart4 xvi4 foll4 #dcg4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,theophylact's ,comm4 #caf4 7 ,act4 #bee74 ,vat4 #afed1 membr4 x4 or xi41 foll4 #baa4 ,acts and ,epistles of ,s4 ,paul with ,chrysostom's ,comm4 #cag4 ,vat4 #afef1 membr4 xii41 foll4 #ahb4 ,hebrews with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom1 folio4 #cah4 ,vat4 #afei1 membr4 xi4 foll4 #ddd4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cai4 ,vat4 #aiga 7,basil #aj7 membr4 x4 foll4 #bdg4 4 #cbj4 ,vat4 #bjee 7,basil #id71 membr4 x4 foll4 #bib4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cba4 ,vat4 #bjfe 7,basil #ajd71 x4 membr4 foll4 #ceh4 ,romans with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cbb4 7 ,act4 #bef7 ,vat4 #bjii 7,basil #ach7 membr4 foll4 #abj x44 ,note that though numbered for the ,acts1 this code only contains 1 4 #cbc4 ,vat4 #bahj xv4 foll4 #bid1 chart4 ,with ,comm4 of ,theophylact4 #cbd4 ,alexand4 ,vat4 #d x4 foll4 #bef1 membr4 8,optim not40 ,romans with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom1 4 4 8,fuit monasterii dicti 40 #cbe4 7 ,evan4 #fih4 ,apoc4 #aag74 ,alexand4 ,vat4 #f4 chart4 foll4 #ccf xvi41 a large codex4 ,the ,gospels with ,comm4 of ,nicetas3 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,theophylact3 ,apocalypse with an anonymous ,comm4 #cbf4 ,vat4 ,ottob4 #gd xv4 foll4 #bia1 chart4 ,romans with ,theodoret's ,comm4 #cbg4 ,palatino-,vat4 #aj x4 membr4 foll4 #bfh4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with a ,patristic ,commentary4 8,felkman adnotat40 #cbh4 ,palatino-,vat4 #bjd x4 foll4 #aha1 cum additamentis4 ,with the interpretation of cumenius4 #cbi4 ,palatino-,vat4 #cbe x4 membr4 foll4 #afc1 mut4 ,inter alia adest 4 4 #ccj4 ,palatino-,vat4 #dbc xii41 partly chart4 ,codex miscell4 habet 4 #cca4 ,angelic4 ,t4 #h1 #f xii4 foll4 #cbf4 ,s4 ,paul's ,epp4 with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #ccb4 7 ,act4 #bei74 ,barberini iii4 #cf 7olim #bb73 membr4 foll4 #cbh xi44 ,inter alia 4 4 4 #ccc4 7 ,act4 #bfj74 ,barberini iii4 #aj 7olim #bei7 chart4 foll4 #bif xiv44 ,excerpta 4 7f4 #aeb73 7f4 #aei73 7f4 #afb73 4 7f4 #afe73 4 7f4 #aff73 4 7f4 #afg73 4 7f4 #agi73 4 7fol4 #ahi73 4 7f4 #aic73 4 7def4 infin474 #ccd4 ,barb4 ,v4 #ch 7olim #cj7 xi4 foll4 #bai1 mut4 ,hebrews with ,comm4 of ,chrysostom4 #cce4 ,vallicell4 ,f4 xv41 chart4 miscell4 ,inter alia1 4 #ccf4 7 ,act4 #bfa71 ,casanatensis1 ,g4 #aa1 #f4--,note1 that though numbered for 8,acts10 it contains only the ,catholic ,epp4 and those of ,s4 ,paul with a ,catena4 #ccg4 ,ottob4 #cbh4 ,all ,i know as yet of this and of the next codex is that is read in both at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 #cch4 ,borg4 ,f4 vi4 #af4 ,see note on the preceding4 ,,additional ,,copies ,,of ,,the 8,,apostolus40 #hb4 ,messina 7i4e4 #hc7 foll4 #cca1 #hvo4 ,perfect4 #hc4 ,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 iv4 x4 membr4 foll4 #aci1 ,praxapostolus4 ,rocchi gives an interesting account of this codex1 pp4 #ai-bj4 ,it seems to be an adaptation of the liturgical use of ,c ,p4 to the requirements of the ,basilian monks in the ,calabrian ,church4 ,this particular codex is mut4 in the beginning and at the end4 7,for its extraordinary reading at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 see above1 p4 #dgc-d74 #hd4 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 v4 xi41 membr4 foll4 #bde1 a most beautiful codex4 ,rocchi describes it carefully1 pp4 #bj-b4 ,at the end of the ,menology is some liturgical matter4 8,patet ,menologium esse merum alicujus ,menologii ,c,ptani1 in usum4 si velis1 forte redacti ,ecclesiae ,rossanensis in ,calabria40 ,a suggestive remark follows that from this source 8rituum rubricarumque magnum segetem colligi posse1 nec non ,commemorationem ,sanctorum mirum sane numerum1 quas in aliis ,menologiis vix invenies40 #he4 ,crypta ,ferrata 4 4 vii4 xi4 membr4 foll4 #fd1 ,praxapostolus4 ,this codex and the next exhibit in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af4 ,the ,menology is mut4 after #ag ,dec4 #hf4 ,crypta ,ferrata 4 4 viii4 xii4 or xiii4 fragments of foll4 #abg4 membr4 ,praxapostolus4 7,see the preceding47 ,interestingly described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bc-d4 #hg4 ,crypta ,ferrata 4 4 ix4 xii41 foll4 #ajd1 membr4 ,praxapostolus4 ,interestingly described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bd-e4 ,the ,menology is unfortunately defective after #ith ,november4 #hh4 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 x4 xiii48 membr4 #af fragmentary leaves4 8,vere lamentanda est qu huic ,eclogadio calamitas evenit0 7says the learned ,rocchi1 p4 #be71 8quoniam ex ejus residuis1 multa ,sanctorum nomina reperies qu alibi frustra qusieris40 #hi4 ,crypta ,ferrata 4 4 xi4 xi4 membr4 foll4 #bia1 mut41 written in two columns4 ,the ,menology is defective after #ab ,june1 and elsewhere4 ,described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bf4 #ij4 7 ,evst4 #cbb7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 ii4 xi4 membr4 foll4 #bei1 with many excerpts from the ,fathers1 fully described by ,rocchi1 p4 #ag-h1 fragmentary and imperfect4 #ia4 7 ,evst4 #cbc7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 ii4 x4 membr4 foll4 #aee1 a singularly full lectionary4 ,described by ,rocchi1 p4 #ch-dj4 #ib4 7 ,evst4 #cbe7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 iv4 xiii4 membr4 foll4 #beg1 a beautiful and interesting codex1 8,calligrapho ,joanne ,rossanensi ,hieromonacho ,cryptferrat03 fully described by ,rocchi1 p4 #dj-c4 ,like many other in the same collection1 it is a palimpsest4 #ic4 7 ,evst4 #cbg7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 vi4 xiii4 membr4 foll4 #cg1 mut4 at beginning and end1 and otherwise much injured3 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #de-f4 #id4 7 ,evst4 #cbh7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 ix4 xii41 membr4 foll4 #aag1 mut4 at beginning and end4 #ie4 7 ,evst4 #ccd7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xx4 xii4 membr4 foll4 #ba1 a mere fragment4 7,rocchi1 p4 #ea47 #if4 7 ,evst4 #ccg7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xxiv4 ,a collection of fragments4 7,rocchi1 p4 #ec47 #ig4 7 ,evst4 #cci7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 ii4 xi4 membr4 foll4 #aea1 elaborately described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bdd-i4 ,this codex once belonged to ,thomasius4 #ih4 7 ,evst4 #cdj7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 iii4 xiv4 membr4 foll4 #bja4 ,goar used this codex3 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bdi-ea4 #ii4 7 ,evst4 #cda7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 vi4 xiii4 or xiv41 membr4 foll4 #aja3 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bee-g4 #ajj4 7 ,evst4 #cdd7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 ix4 xvi41 membr4 foll4 #ie1 mut4 at beginning and end1 and much injured4 #aja4 7 ,evst4 #cdf7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xii4 xiv41 membr4 foll4 #ih1 mut4 at beginning and end4 #ajb4 7 ,evst4 #cdg7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xiii4 xiii4 membr4 foll4 #ahh3 written by ,john of ,rossano1 ,hieromonachus of ,cryptaferrata1 described by ,rocchi1 p4 #bfe-g4 #ajc4 7 ,evst4 #cdi7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xv4 xi4 to xiv4 membr4 foll4 #da4--;,described p4 #bfh-i4 #ajd4 7 ,evst4 #cej7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xvii4 xvi44 ,chart4 foll4 #bfi4 ,described1 p4 #bfi-gj4 #aje4 7 ,evst4 #cea71 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xviii4 xiv4 chart4 foll4 #ed4 #ajf4 7 ,evst4 #ceb7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xix4 xvi4 chart41 foll4 #aie1 described p4 #bga4 #ajg4 7 ,evst4 #cec7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xxiii4 xvii41 membr4 foll4 #ge1--the work of ,basilius ,falasca1 ,hieromonachus1 and head of the monastery1 ,a4,d4 #afda1--;described p4 #bgc-d4 #ajh4 7 ,evst4 #ced7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xxiv4 xvi4 chart4 foll4 #cjb1--the work of ,lucas ,felix1 head of the monastery2 described1 p4 #bgd-e4 #aji4 7 ,evst4 #cef7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xxxviii4 xvii44 chart4 foll4 #ia1 the work of 8,romanus ,vasselli0 and 8,michael ,lodolinus40 #aaj4 7 ,evst4 #ceg7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xlii4 xvi4 chart4 foll4 #cdd4 #aaa4 7 ,evst4 #ceh7 ,crypta ,ferrata1 4 4 xxii4 xviii4 chart4 foll4 #gg1--;described foll4 #cfe-f4 #aab4 7 ,evst4 #cab7 ,messina1 membr4 in #hvo4 foll4 #fj xiii41--8fragmentum parvi momenti40 #aac4 ,syracuse 78,seminario07 chart4 foll4 #bai1 mut4 given by the ,cav4 ,landolina4 #aad4 7 ,evan4 #aee7 ,alex4 ,vat4 #aae4 ,i have led ,scrivener into error by assigning this number 7,apost4 #aae7 to 8,vat4 #bjfh 7,basil #ajg740 ,see above1 p4 #die1 note #a4 ,i did not advert to the fact that 8,basil #ajg0 had already been numbered 8,apost4 #di40 #aaf4 ,vat4 #cfh 7,praxapostolus7 xiii4 foll4 #acf1 membr4 #aag4 7 ,evst4 #cha7 ,vat4 #ggd xiii41 foll4 #afj1 membr4 #aah4 7 ,evst4 #chg7 ,vat4 #bjab 7,basil #ea71 foll4 #baa xv4 chart4 #aai4 ,vat4 #baaf 7,basil #aee7 xiii4 foll4 #aaa4 #abj4 ,alexand4 ,vat4 #aa 7,praxapostolus71 xiv4 membr4 foll4 #afi4 #aba4 7 ,evst4 #cie7 ,alexand4 ,vat4 #ei xii4 foll4 #acg4 #abb4 ,alexand4 ,vat4 #gj1 ,a4,d4 #aedd1 foll4 #ah3 8in fronte pronunciatio ,grca ,latinis literis descripta40 #abc4 7 ,evst4 #djj7 ,palatino-,vat4 #bda xv4 chart4 foll4 #adi4 #abd4 7 ,evst4 #daj7 ,barb4 iii4 #abi 7olim #bcd7 chart4 xiv4 foll4 #ahi4 #abe4 ,barb4 iv4 #aa 7olim #aic71 ,a4,d4 #aeff1 chart4 foll4 #aeh1 ,praxapostolus4 #abf4 ,barb4 iv4 #fj 7olim #aaf7 xi4 foll4 #cbb1 a fine codex with menologium4 ,praxapostolus4 #abg4 ,barb4 iv4 #hd 7olim #aag7 xiii4 foll4 #ahe1 with menologium4 ,mut4 #abh4 ,paris1 ,reg4 ,greek1 #ac1 membr4 xiii4 or xiv41 a huge folio of ,liturgical ,miscellanies1 consisting of between #f and #ijj unnumbered leaves4 7,at the 4 1 line #aa1 47 ,communicated by the ,abb ,martin4 ,,postscript 7,,nov4 #ahhc47 ,it will be found stated at p4 #die 7line #aj from the bottom7 that the ,codices 7of 8,paul0 and 8,apost407 which exhibit amount in all to #bhi4 ,from this sum 7for the reason already assigned above71 one must be deducted1 viz41 8,apost4 #aae40 ,on the other hand1 #h copies of 8,,paul0 7communicated by the ,abbate ,cozza-,luzi7 are to be added3 viz4 ,vat4 #fdf 7,paul #caj73 #fdg 7,paul #caa73 #aiga 7,paul #cai74 ,palat4 ,vat4 #aj 7,paul #cbg73 #bjd 7,paul #cbh74 ,casanat4 ,g4 #aa1 #af 7,paul #ccf74 ,ottob4 #cbh 7,paul #ccg74 ,borg4 ,f4 vi4 #af 7,paul #cch74 ,so that no less than #bfj out of #bfb cursive copies of ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle1--not #beb out of #bed1 as stated in p4 #die 7line #ba from the bottom71--are found to witness to the ,reading here contended for4 ,the enumeration of ,codices at page #did is therefore to be continued as follows3--#caj1 #caa1 #cai1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,to the foregoing are also to be added #d copies of the 8,,apostolus10 viz4 ,vat4 #baaf 7,apost4 #aai74 ,palat4 ,vat4 #bda 7,apost4 #abc74 ,barb4 iv4 #aa olim #aic 7,apost4 #abe74 ,paris1 ,reg4 ,gr4 #ac 7,apost4 #abh74 ,from all which1 it appears that1 7including copies of the 8,apostolus107 ,,the ,,codices ,,which ,,are ,,known ,,to ,,witness ,,to ,,in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 ,,amount #bhi-ahd ,,to ,,exactly ,,three ,,hundred4 ,,index ,i1 ,,of ,,texts ,,of ,,scripture1--,,quoted1 ,,discussed1 ,,or ,,only ,,referred ,,to ,,in ,,this ,,volume4 ,note1 that an asterisk 7997 distinguishes references to the ,greek ,text from references to the ,english ,translation4 ,where either the ,reading of the ,original1 or the ,english ,translation is largely discussed1 the sign is doubled 79999 or 74 ,genesis ii4 #d1 #aai #aj1 #ahj iii4 #g1 #ahj v4 #a1 #aai xviii4 #ad1 #ahc ,exodus x4 #ba-bc1 #fa ,leviticus iv4 #c1 #ahc ,deut4 xxxiv4 #a-ab1 #dh ,judges iv4 #ac1 #aha #b ,sam4 vii4 #b1 #c1 #aib #a ,kings viii4 #ag1 #ah1 #aib #a ,chron4 xvii4 #a1 #b1 #aib #b ,chron4 xxiv4 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #bja ,job xxxviii4 #b1 #bce ,psalms xxxiii4 #ah1 #ahe xlv4 #f1 #ahb lxxxiii4 #i1 #aha ,isaiah xiv4 #ae1 #ef lvii4 #ae1 #ahe liii4 #i1 #dfg ,jeremiah xv4 #i1 #fd ,amos viii4 #i1 #fd ,zecharia xi4 #ab1 #aej ,apocrypha--,baruch iii4 #ch or #cg #agg99 ,s4 ,matt4 i4 7genealogy71 #afg #a1 #aai-ba #c1 #g1 #aj1 #ab1 #ahf #ah1 #aai-bb99991 #bjd1 #bbd #ba1 #afe1 #ahd #bb1 #agc #bc1 #ahf #be1 #abc-d99991 #caa991 #cae991 #daf991 #dag ii4 #a1 #aef #b1 #aee #d1 #aef #e1 #agc #f1 #g1 #aef #i1 #aee #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #aef #ae1 #aee #af1 #adf #ag1 #aef #bb1 #afg #bc1 #aef1 #aeg1 #ahd iii4 #e1 #ahd #f1 #age #aj1 #afd #ae1 #aic #af1 #age iv4 #c1 #eaa #aa1 #aic #ac1 #ae1 #ahf #ah1 #ahd #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #ahj v4 #ae1 #ada #bb1 #ada1 #ahj1 #cag991 #ceh-fa9999 #bc1 #afa #cg1 #bad #ci1 #abi1 #bad #dj1 #aic #dd1 #daj-a99991 #dab vi4 #h1 #cag99 #ab1 #afc #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #aic #ac1 #aje1 #caa991 #caf99 vi4 #bi1 #afg #cj1 #afg vii4 #d1 #aic #i1 #afh #bh1 #aii viii4 #c1 #aec #d1 #bei #h1 #eaa #ac1 #caf99 #ai1 #ahc ix4 #b1 #cb #c1 #cc #e1 #cb #f1 #bei #i1 #ada #ag1 #adh ix4 #ah1 #ahc #bc1 #adh #cc1 #cc x4 #h1 #ajh99 #i1 #bja #ba1 #eaa #ce1 #cag99 xi4 #aa1 #abh1 #aff #bc1 #ed-ef99991 #bag99 #bi1 #cag99 xii4 #bd1 #bg1 #cag99 #bi1 #adc1 #afh #ch1 #bjd #dj1 #abh #dc1 #afd #dg1 #caa991 #cae99 xiii4 #c1 #afd #e1 #aed #ai1 #ch1 #bad #cb1 #afd #ce1 #caf99 #cf1 #aie xiv4 #b1 #ada #b1 #c1 #ac1 #fh #ae1 #bb1 #bc1 #aie #bb1 #aed #cj1 #ga991 #cag99 #ca1 #aec xv4 #ad1 #cfa #cb1 #ci1 #aie xvi4 #b1 #c1 #aje1 #caa991 #caf99 #g1 #aei #ab1 #aii #ag1 #aha #ba1 #cag99 xvii4 #ae1 #bje #bj1 #aci991 #cag99 #ba1 #ia-b99991 #bjf99991 #bag1 #caa991 #cag991 #dag #bb1 #agf991 #cag99 #bd1 #adg1 #aej #be1 #adf #bg1 #abh1 #adg xviii4 #f1 #aha #aa1 #ib99991 #caa991 #cae991 #dag #ag1 #afd #ce1 #adc xix4 #ag1 #aje1 #aci991 #bag1 #caf99 xx4 #ae1 #afh #bj1 #aic1 #eab #ba1 #eab #cd1 #aec xxi4 #a-c1 #eg #b1 #aed #h1 #ei1 #fa1 #ade #bh1 #agh #ca1 #caf99 xxii4 #i1 #ada #cc1 #aii xxiii4 #ce1 #caf99 xxiv4 #c1 #agh xxv4 #ah1 #bg1 #adh #ci1 #afg #df1 #bjg xxvi4 #c1 #adc #g1 #bjj #ae1 #adi-aej #bb1 #abh #bd1 #agc #cf1 #ahb1 #baj99 #dh1 #bjc #ec1 #afh #fi1 #ahc #gd1 #aed xxvii4 #cd1 #cae99 #cg1 #hg #de1 #fa1 #fd #df1 #aei #di1 #cc-d991 #cji991 #cae99 #ej1 #aic #fj1 #afb1 #aih #fa1 #hh xxvii4 #fa1 #fd1 #ff1 #aih xxviii4 #a1 #aih #b1 #afb #ai1 #agd1 #caf99 #bj1 #ahb ,s4 ,mark i4 #a1 #acb99991 #ace1 #caf99 #h1 #bjd #i1 #agd1 #age #ac1 #afe #af1 #ahd #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #ahj #ah1 #aic1 #aid #bb1 #aii #bc1 #agb #bg1 #aje1 #aci #bh1 #caf99 #dd1 #bei ii4 #a-ab1 #cj-cc9999 #aa1 #bei #ba1 #aci991 #adh #bb1 #adh iii4 #e1 #ada #ad1 #af1 #caf99 #bg1 #adc #bi1 #aci99 iv4 #ac1 #agj #bi1 #agh #cf1 #ade1 #aie v4 #ca1 #djb99 #cf1 #aci991 #caf99 #dc1 #eaa99 vi4 #aa1 #aah1 #acg-h99991 #dji-aj99991 #dab99 #ad1 #af1 #fh #af1 #gj #ag1 #fh #bj1 #ff-fi99991 #cae991 #dag #bb1 #fh1 #cae99 #bd1 #be1 #fh #bg1 #adg #bi1 #afg #cj1 #cb1 #fh #cc1 #beh99 #cf1 #de1 #aie vii4 #h1 #aid #bg1 #agi #ca1 #cae99 #cc1 #ce1 c41 #ahj viii4 #g1 #eaa viii4 #i1 #aie #bc1 #adc #bf1 #bei99 ix4 #a1 #caf99 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf1 #bje #bc1 #aci991 #bag99 #bc1 #bd1 #bi1 #fi-ga99 #ch1 #bfj99 #ci1 #afi #db1 #aha #dd1 #df1 #eaj #di1 #bfj99 x4 #ag-ca1 #cbf-ca9999 #ba1 #bag991 #eaj99 #ce1 #cg1 #eab99 #dd1 #df1 #aje xi4 #a-f1 #eg #c1 #ef-eh99991 #bag991 #dag #d1 #ahb #f1 #aic #h1 #eh-fa99991 #dah1 #dci99 #bf1 #bag99 xii4 #cg1 #adf #db1 #ahc xiii4 #ai1 #afj #cb1 #baj9999 xiv4 #c1 #bjj1 #ahd-e99 #f1 #aic #h1 #ahe #aa1 #aej #cj1 #ga9999 #cj1 #fh1 #gb1 #caf99 #cb1 #ahb #ej1 #aid #fe1 #aci99 #fh1 #ada1 #caf99 #gb1 #caf99 xv4 #h1 #aci991 #aia #ca1 #afg #cc1 #fa #ci1 #ga-b9999 #dg1 #hi xvi4 #i-bj1 #cc1 #cf-dj99991 #dg-i99991 #ea991 #bha-d991 #caa991 #cag991 #dah1 #dai1 #dbb-d99991 #eai99 #ag1 #bj1 #bjd #ai1 #dgj ,s4 ,luke i4 #ae1 #ahj1 #bjd #bf1 #caf99 #cg1 #ahc #db1 #aci99 #ea1 #agb #gh1 #agi ii4 #i1 #add #ab1 #bjc #ad1 #da-g99991 #ea1 #aci1 #caf991 #cdj-a99991 #dah1 #dai1 #dbj-b99991 #eai99 #bi1 #agh #cc1 #afa #ch1 #add iii4 #c1 #ahd #i1 #afd #bj1 #fh #bb1 #aae9999 iv4 #a1 #bah-bai99 #c1 #djc991 #eaa #g1 #h1 #ag1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #bg1 #ce1 #djc99 #bi1 #abi1 #djc99 #cb1 #aii #ch1 #dc1 #djd99 #ci1 #add #dd1 #cae991 #djd99 v4 #b1 #ahj #d1 #ada1 #afb #e1 #aei #i1 #abh1 #ceb #ac1 #aec #ah1 #ai1 #cb #bj1 #cb #ba1 #cc #cf1 #aci #cg1 #adh #ci1 #aaj vi4 #a 747 #gc-e99991 #caa991 #caf99 #a 747 #ic-d99 #f1 #abi #ce1 #adf #ch1 #ceb #ci1 #bce #dh1 #aaj1 #cae99 vii4 #g1 #eaa99 #ag1 #agb #cg1 #bjj viii4 #ce-dd1 #af-g9999 #de-f1 #dja-c9999 #df1 #aeh ix4 #g1 #ff-i99991 #dje99 #g1 #h1 #fh #aj1 #fh1 #bfj-a99 #ab1 #aie #ca1 #ahd #ci1 #db1 #bje #ed-f1 #caa991 #cae991 #eaa99 #ee1 #ef1 #ic991 #bag1 #dah x4 #a1 #caf99 #aj1 #fh #aa1 #abh #ae1 #ed-f99991 #dah #bj1 #abh #dj1 #add #da1 #db1 #aaf-aag99 1 #caa99 #da to xi4 #aa1 #eaj99 #db1 #cae99 xi4 #b-d1 #cd-f99991 #dah #d1 #afc1 #cag99 #aa1 #agi #ae1 #ah1 #ai1 #cag99 #ba1 #adc #ed1 #bfa99 xii4 #b1 #afi #ah1 #bfa99 #ci1 #aid #de1 #aie-f xiv4 #a1 #agi #ba1 #afi xv4 #af1 #aha #af1 #ag1 #aci99 #ag1 #djg99 #ba1 #cae99 #bb1 #ahj #bc1 #dje99 #ca1 #agh xvi4 #c1 #aei #i1 #aci99 #aa1 #ahj #ab1 #caf99 #ba1 #aci99 xvii4 #b1 #aha xviii4 #g1 #afi xix4 #aj1 #ib #ah1 #djf99 #bc1 #afi #bi1 #ahd #bi-cd1 #cc1 #eg xix41 xx41 #id-e9999 xx4 #a1 #add #be1 #djf99 #dd1 #agj xxi4 #bd1 #caf99 #cd1 #add #cg1 #ahd xxii4 #e1 #f1 #aej #ai1 #bj to xxiv4 #ec #ge-g99 #ai1 #bj1 #gh-i9999 #bb1 #agc #dc-d1 #ge1 #gf1 #gi-hb99991 #aca1 #bha991 #caa991 #caf991 #cdj99991 #daa99 #fj1 #aed #fd1 #eaa99 xxiii4 #h1 #bjd #ag1 #ge1 #gf1 #caa99 #bc1 #be1 #aia #cb1 #cag99 #cc1 #afe #cd1 reverse of title1 #ge1 #gf1 #hb-e99991 #aca1 #bha-c991 #caa991 #caf991 #daa99 #ch1 #ge1 #gf1 #he-h99991 #bha-c1 #caa991 #dah1 #eaa99 #db1 #gb99 #de1 #fa-e99991 #cae99 #dai #ee1 #hh-i9999 xxiv4 #a1 #ge1 #gf1 #hh-i9999 #c1 #gf #d1 #add #f1 #gf #g1 #if-g9999 #i1 #gf #aj1 #hi #ab1 #gf1 #hi-ij99991 #bha-c991 #caa99 #ac1 #caf99 #ag1 #aje1 #aci99 #cf1 #dj1 #gf1 #ij-a9999 #da1 #ic99 #db1 #gf1 #eaa99 #dd1 #djg99 #ea1 #gf1 #bha-c991 #dgj #eb1 #gf #ec1 #gf1 #bfa-b99 ,s4 ,john i4 #a1 #dfi #c1 #acb991 #ace1 #agd #c1 #aj1 #agd #d1 #caf99 #i1 #ahj #aj1 #agd #ac1 #cdg #ad1 #agh #ah1 #ahb1 #cae99 #cd1 #caf99 #db1 #aha99 ii4 #c1 #caf99 iii4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h #cdg #ac1 #acb-e99991 #caa991 #cae991 #eaj99 iv4 #f1 #ade #ae1 #djg-h9999 v4 #b1 #e-f9999 #c1 #d1 #bhb-c1 #caa991 #caf99 #cd1 #aje vi4 #d1 #cec99991 #ced99 #ba1 #aed #bi1 #afj #cb1 #ahj #cc1 #adb #ea1 #caf99 #gj1 #afd vii4 #ci1 #caf99 #ec to viii4 #aa1 #caa99 ix4 #d1 #aci991 #caf99 #e1 #adb #aa1 #adj991 #caf99 #ce1 #cae99 #ch1 #caf99 x4 #ad1 #bbj-a99991 #cae99 #cb1 #afj #ci1 #adb xi4 #ab1 #ada #bg1 #afc xii4 #c1 #ahd-e99 #f1 #bja #g1 #aci991 #ahe #da1 #adj99 #dc1 #adb xiii4 #aj1 #ada1 #caf99 #ab1 #ade #ad1 #afd #ba-f1 #aje #bd1 #caf99 #bd-e1 #ade99 #bi1 #bja xiv4 #d1 #gb-c991 #ada1 #dai #e1 #i1 #agj #aj1 #ad1 #adj99 #ah1 #afc #bb1 #adb xv4 #a1 #ahj #ae1 #agi #bj1 #ceb #bf1 #dea99 xvi4 #ac1 #cce #ae1 #baj #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #afc #ba1 #afd #bc1 #adj99 #cb1 #afi xvii4 #d1 #adj99 #d1 #f1 #aeh #aa1 #ceb #aa1 #ab1 #adj99 #ad1 #aeh #bd1 #bag-h9999 #be1 #aeh xviii4 #a1 #aha #e1 #caf99 #ah1 #afa #bd1 #afb #bg1 #abh #ce1 #afj #cg1 #agh xix4 #af1 #abh #ah1 #hg #bj1 #hf #bi1 #abh #cd1 #cc1 #cji99 #ci1 #cag99 #dj1 #abh1 #dcf #da1 #cag99 #db1 #abi xx4 #b1 #aei #d1 #afg #ab1 #afb1 #afe #ac1 #aei #af1 #adj #bh1 #dfi #cj1 #bjd xxi4 #a1 #i1 #abh xxi4 #ab1 #ae1 #adb #ae1 #afb1 #aha99 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ahj #be1 #bc-d99991 #cag ,acts i4 #b1 #bjd #c1 #abh #e1 #cag99 #i1 #dgj #ah1 #aec #ai1 #caf99 #bc1 #aej ii4 #bb1 #agc1 #ceb #dc1 #agc iii4 #f1 #caf99 #ad1 #aia iv4 #a1 #add #f1 #abi #af1 #agc #af1 #bb1 #bjd #bd1 #agh #cf1 #adb v4 #bd1 #ahc vi4 #g1 #abi #ab1 #add #ae1 #abi vii4 #ac1 #abi #af1 #ada #ag1 #ceb #de1 #ahf1 #ceb #df1 #aia viii4 #c1 #afg #e1 #caf99 #bj1 #adh ix4 #ac1 #afj #be1 #aga x4 #aa1 #ahj #ae1 #adf1 #afj #ag1 #add #ai1 #caf99 xi4 #e1 #ahj #aa1 #add #ab1 #adf #af1 #adc #ag1 #adb xii4 #g1 #add #ac1 #aie #ag1 #afb #bj1 #aib #be1 #caf99 xiii4 #bh1 #aia xiv4 #i1 #afa xvi4 #af1 #aie #bi1 #aib xvii4 #e1 #add #ai1 #adc #bh1 #caf99 #bi1 #abh #ca1 #aej1 #afj xviii4 #b1 #bd1 #adb #g1 #ec-d9999 xix4 #ab1 #adj xx4 #bh1 #cec-d99 xxi4 #cg1 #adi xxii4 #ac1 #add #ae1 #ceb #bj1 #add xxiii4 #a1 #abi #c1 #afi #aa1 #bg1 #add xxv4 #ac1 #caf99 xxvi4 #bh1 #bi1 #aea-b99 xxvii4 #ad1 #agf #bf1 #afg #cg1 #ea-c99991 #caf99 xxviii4 #a1 #agg-h9999 #b1 #add #c1 #agg #d1 #afj #aa1 #adg #ac1 #cag99 ,rom4 i4 #g1 #abg99 #g-xiii4 #a1 #ddj99 #bj1 #bjg iii4 #bb1 #afg #bi1 #afh iv4 #h1 #cae99 v4 #e1 #bjd vi4 #b1 #afj #c1 #afh vii4 #a1 #adb1 #afh #ae1 #adb-c ix4 #e41 #bjh1 #baj-d99991 #ced991 #dab991 #dfi1 #eaj #ac1 #afj #bb1 #afg xi4 #b1 #adb #d1 #aef xii4 #f1 #afg xii4 #i1 #bad xiv4 #d1 #afg #ae1 #adc xv4 #bj1 #afg xvi4 #bc1 #abg #be1 #adc #be1 #bf1 #dfd #a ,cor4 i4 #bg1 #afj iv4 #ba1 #dda99 vi4 #bj1 #afj viii4 #f1 #agd ix4 #aa1 #afj x4 #a1 #afg xii4 #h-aj1 #aff #bj1 #afg1 #afh #bg1 #afg xiii41 #bja-b #c1 #caf99 xiv4 #g1 #adh #cf1 #afh xv4 #cd1 #ada1 #agh #dd1 #adb #ee1 #adb1 #ddj99 xvi4 #ab1 #afd991 #agj #bb1 #ahj #b ,cor4 i4 #c-g1 #ahi #d1 #ceb #bc1 #afg ii4 #ab1 #afg iii4 #c1 #adj99 v4 #h1 #afg #ag1 #ai1 #ddj99 vi4 #aa1 #ddj99 #ab1 #aec #ac1 #afg #ae1 #aec viii4 #aa1 #ad1 #dda99 xii4 #g1 #bai-bj9999 xiii4 #a1 #afi ,gal4 ii4 #d1 #afg #af1 #adf iii4 #a1 #ddj99 iv4 #ba-ca1 #aif ,eph4 i4 #a41 #cag99 #f1 #ceb #aj1 #agc iii4 #ac1 #aib #ba1 #agh iv4 #a1 #afg1 #ceb #ad1 #aii #ag1 #agh #bj1 #afj #bi1 #agh vi4 #af1 #bad ,phil4 i4 #a1 #abi #h1 #aec #ae1 #aci #ah1 #abh ii4 #f1 #adc #aj1 #eac99 #bc1 #adf iii4 #af1 #abh iv4 #c1 #ddj99 ,col4 i4 #i1 #aib #af1 #agb1 #agd #bc1 #dda99 #bg1 #dig-h99 ii4 #h1 #abh #ah1 #cee-f99991 #adj #bb1 #bc1 #dda99 iii4 #b1 #dda99 #ab1 #aec #a ,thess4 i4 #i1 #dda99 iv4 #ae1 #abg #b ,thess4 i4 #c1 #abg #a ,tim4 ii4 #b1 #dhi99 #aj1 #ddj99 #ag1 #ddj99 #ai1 #dci99 iii4 #a1 #dda99 #ac to iv4 #e1 #dgf #af1 #ih-ajf9999991 #afe1 #caf991 #cec1 #dai1 #dbd-eja9999991 #eae1 #eai99 iv4 #a1 #b1 #ddj99 #aj1 #dci99 #ad1 #dda99 v4 #ac1 #dda99 vi4 #ae1 #dda99 #bj1 #cdd #bj1 #ddj99 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac1 #bh1 #cea99 ii4 #a1 #adc #ag1 #be1 #ddj99 iii4 #f1 #dda99 #af1 #bjh-i iv4 #c1 #afd #ag1 #aff #ah1 #bae ,titus i4 #b1 #agh99 #b1 #c1 #adc #d1 #adc #g1 #abh #g1 #i1 #afd #ac1 #dci99 ii4 #a1 #afd ,philemon1 ver4 #ab1 #aec ,heb4 i4 #a1 #b1 #agb #b1 #agd #h1 #ahb ii4 #d1 #bjd #ad1 #baf #af1 #adc iii4 #ai1 #afi iv4 #h1 #afb1 #ahf vi4 #b1 #aii viii4 #b1 #ahj ix4 #bd1 #ahj x4 #ba1 #ahc xi4 #ag1 #afj1 #afa #ag1 #bh1 #afc #bf1 #adf #bh1 #afj #ce1 #adc #ch1 #ada xii4 #b1 #adf #i1 #afd #ad1 #afd #ah1 #agh xiii4 #i1 #aii ,s4 ,james i4 #aa1 #afc1 #agj #ae1 #afd #ag1 #cag99 #ag1 #ah1 #bag ii4 #b1 #c1 #aij #f1 #afj #aa1 #eaa99 #af1 #abh #ai1 #adh iii4 #c1 #adj #e1 #adc #aa1 #afd iv4 #a1 #adc #g1 #abi v4 #af1 #ada #a ,s4 ,peter i4 #e1 #ada #bc1 #baf99 ii4 #b1 #agi #bb1 #dfg iii4 #bj1 #agh v4 #i1 #abi #ac1 #abi1 #ada #b ,s4 ,peter i4 #e-g1 #agd1 #djj #bj1 #agi ii4 #ae1 #adb #bb1 #ajf1 #cce iii4 #g1 #agh #aj1 #cee-f9999 #ac1 #afg #a ,s4 ,john i4 #b1 #afi #c1 #afg ii4 #ad1 #afj99 #bb1 #afd #bg1 #afi #bi1 #cdg iii4 #d1 #adc #h1 #abi1 #baf #i1 #cdg #ae1 #cei #ag1 #aec iv4 #c1 #f1 #abg #g1 #cdg #ad1 #abi #ai1 #adj v4 #a1 #cdg #b1 #abg1 #abi #d1 #cdg #f1 #afd #g1 #dhc #ab1 #afd #ah1 #cdg-ej9999 #bj1 #dfi #c ,s4 ,john #a1 #abi #ad1 #aed ,s4 ,jude #a1 #abi #e1 #adj #f1 #bjg #ad1 #agh #ah1 #abi ,rev4 ii4 #e1 #adc iii4 #b1 #adj iv4 #f1 #adc v4 #ab1 #adc vi4 #i1 #abg viii4 #ac1 #ahc ix4 #ac1 #ahc xiii4 #ah1 #ace-g9999 xiv4 #f1 #afe #ad1 #afe #ai1 #agb xv4 #f1 #adj xvi4 #ag1 #agb1 #aii xvii4 #a1 #bjj xviii4 #ba1 #ahc #bb1 #adh xix4 #f1 #abi1 #afb #ag1 #ahc #ba1 #abi xxii4 #ah1 #ai1 #a #ai1 #dji ,,index ,,ii1 ,,of ,,fathers4 ,fathers referred to1 or else quoted79971 in this volume4 ,for the chief ,editions employed1 see the note at p4 #aba4 ,acta ,apostt4 7,syriac71 #dj1 #fb1 #hd1 #dbc ,philippi1 #hd ,pilati1 #de1 #fb1 #hd1 #dbc ,alcimus ,avit41 #bac ,ambrosius1 #bd1 #dj1 #gc1 #gi1 #he1 #hg1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #abc1 #acb1 #acc1 #bac1 #bae991 #bah1 #daj1 #dbc ,ammonius1 #bc1 #bi1 #hh991 #hi1 #ia ,amphilochius1 #acc1 #bac ed4 ,combefis ps4 ----1 #he ,anaphora ,pilati1 #fb ,anastasius ,ant41 #bac ed4 ,migne ,sin41 #dd1 #ha1 #hd1 #dba ed4 ,migne ,andreas ,cret41 #bc1 #dd1 #hd1 #dba ed4 ,combefis ,anonymous1 #dc1 #ajj1 #ajb ,antiochus mon41 #hd1 #cfj ed4 ,migne ,aphraates1 #dj1 #dc1 #acc1 #dba1 #dbc ,apostolical1 see 8,constitutiones40 ,archelaus 7with ,manes71 #hd ,arius1 #hj ,athenagoras1 #daj ,athanasius1 #dd1 #fb1 #fd1 #hj1 #hd1 #ij1 #ia1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #bab1 #bbj1 #cei ps4 ----1 #acc1 #djb1 #dge ,augustinus1 #bd1 #dj1 #ha1 #he1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #aaf991 #abc1 #acb1 #acc1 #bac1 #cef1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dbc1 #ejj99 ,barnabas1 #ajc991 #dfc99 ,basilius ,m41 #dd1 #gi1 #hd1 #ia1 #ajb991 #ajh1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #baj991 #bab1 #bah1 #bai1 #cfj1 #djb1 #dfd99 ---- ,cil41 #acc ---- ,sel41 #dc1 #dba ,breviarium1 #bac ,capreolus1 #acc ,cassianus1 #ha1 #acc1 #bac1 #cdh1 #daa ed4 #afaa ,clestinus1 #bah ,csarius1 #bab1 #bae99 ps4 ----1 #ee1 #gd1 #ha ,catena 7,cramer's71 #cec ,chromatius1 #cdh ,chronicon ,paschale1 #dj1 #gd1 #cec ed4 ,du ,fresne ,chrysostomus1 #e1 #bc1 #bf1 #bg1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #ec1 #ee1 #fb991 #ga991 #gb1 #gd1 #hj1 #hd1 #ij1 #ia1 #ib1 #ii1 #aja991 #ajh1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #aea991 #aeb991 #agg1 #bab1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #cec1 #cef1 #cfj1 #djb1 #daj1 #dba1 #dbc1 #deg ps4 ----1 #he1 #ij1 #acc1 #bah1 #cfj1 #djb1 #dbg ,clemens1 ,alex41 #aae1 #aba1 #bjh991 #bah1 #cbg1 #ccf991 #daj ---- ,rom1 #ch99 ---- ---- 7,syriac71 #ia ,clementina1 #hd ,concilia ed4 ,labbe et ,cossart passim4 ,constitutiones ,apostolic1 #dc1 #hd1 #bab1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dfc99 ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 #dd1 #fc1 #acc1 #dba ed4 ,montfaucon ---- ep4 ,maium1 #dd1 #dba ,cramer1 see ,catena4 ,cyprianus1 #bac1 #bah1 #cei ,cyrillus ,alex41 #e1 #bc1 #dc1 #ee1 #fb1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd1 #hf1 #hi1 #ij1 #if1 #ajb991 #ajc1 #aba1 #abb1 #acb1 #acc1 #afc1 #bac1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #cec1 #cef1 #cfj1 #djb1 #daj1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #dbh991 #dfd-dfi9999 ---- ,hieros1 #dc1 #fb1 #gb1 #abc1 #aea991 #agg1 #dba1 #dgj ,damascenus1 see 8,johannes40 ,damasus1 ,p4 #ib ,dialogus1 #bjh991 #djb ,didymus1 #e1 #dj1 #dc1 #hj1 #aja1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #bab1 #bai1 #cdh1 #djb1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #def ,diodorus ,tars41 #aja1 #deh ,dionysius ,alex41 #afc ps4 ---- ----1 #bc1 #hj1 #aja1 #acc1 #bab1 #dfb99 ps4 ---- ---- ,areop41 #hj1 #hd ,eastern ,bishops at ,ephesus collectively 7,a4,d4 #dca71 #dc1 #hj1 #dba ,epiphanius1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #gd1 #gi1 #hj1 #ij1 #if1 #aaf1 #abb1 #abc1 #acc1 #bab1 #cfj1 #djb1 #dba1 #dbc1 #dbg ps4 ----1 #dbg ---- diac4 ,catan4 ,a4,d4 #ghg1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #dge ,ephraemus ,syrus1 #dc1 #fb1 #fd1 #hj1 #hb991 #hd1 #abb1 #abc1 #bae991 #cdh1 #cfj1 #dba ps4 ---- ----1 #hd1 #cec1 #dbc ,eulogius1 #dd1 #bab1 #dba ,eusebius ,cs41 #e1 #bc1 #dj1 #dc1 #fb991 #gb1 #hj1 #hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh991 #hi1 #ij1 #if1 #ajh1 #abb1 #acf1 #afc1 #bah1 #bai1 #cbc-cbd99991 #cec1 #cei1 #daj1 #dba1 #dbc ---- ,his ,canons1 #ia ,eustathius1 #acc1 #bab ,euthalius1 #ajb1 #deh1 #dei-dfa9999 ,eutherius1 #hd1 #ajc1 #dbg ,euthymius ,zig41 #cfj1 #daj1 #dfe1 #dgf99 ed4 ,matthi ,facundus1 #ha1 #bac ,faustus1 #aae ,ferrandus1 #bac1 #ejj99 ,fulgentius1 #bac1 #ejj99 ,gaudentius1 #bd ,gelasius ,cyzic41 #ajj1 #bac1 #dgi ,gennadius1 #hj1 #bac ,germanus ,,cp41 #dd1 #abb1 #dba ,gospel of ,nicodemus1 #fb ,gregentius1 #dbc ,gregorius ,nazianz41 #bc1 #dc1 #gc991 #hj1 #aja991 #aba1 #acd1 #dba1 #deg ps ---- ----1 #afc1 #bbj ---- ,nyssen41 #bc1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #hd1 #hg1 #hi1 #aja991 #abc1 #acd1 #bjh991 #bab1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dba1 #def1 #deh ---- ,thaum41 #dd1 #de1 #ajb991 #dfc99 ,hegesippus1 #hd ,hesychius1 #hd1 #afc1 #dbc ,hieronymus1 #bd1 #dj1 #da1 #fc991 #fd991 #gc991 #gi991 #ha1 #he1 #ij1 #ib1 #ajc991 #ajh1 #abc991 #acc1 #bac1 #cdh1 #cef1 #cei1 #cfj991 #dbc1 #dbg ,hilarius1 #gi1 #ha1 #he1 #ia1 #ib1 #aae1 #acc1 #bac1 #bah1 #bha1 #cfj1 #daj ,hippolytus1 #fb1 #fd1 #hj1 #hd1 #ajb991 #acc1 #acf1 #bab1 #cec1 #dbc1 #dfc99 ,ignatius1 #ajc991 #dfc99 ps4 ----1 #hd ,johannes ,damascenus1 #dd1 #ha1 #he1 #ia1 #ajb1 #abc1 #acc1 #agg1 #bac1 #bbj1 #cef1 #cfj1 #dba1 #deg ---- ,thessal41 #if1 #dbc ,irenus1 #db1 #fd991 #hj1 #hd1 #abb1 #acb1 #bab1 #bbj1 #cec1 #cef1 #cei1 #dji1 #dbj1 #dbc ,isidorus1 #bc1 #gd1 #abc991 #cfj1 #daj ,jovius mon41 #ib ,julian hret41 #hj ,julius ,africanus1 #fb991 #fd ,justinus ,mart41 #gi1 #hj1 #aae1 #aba1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dbc ps4 ---- ----1 #hd1 #ij ,juvencus1 #ia1 #ajh1 #aae ,lactantius1 #aae ,leo ep41 #bac1 #dbc ---- ap4 ,sabatier1 #da ,leontius ,byz41 #ha1 #bac1 #dbc1 #dhj ,liberatus of ,carthage1 #dga-c ,lucifer ,calarit1 #acc1 #cfj1 #daj ,macarius ,magnes1 #dj1 #fb991 #bbj1 #dbc ed4 #ahgf ,macedonius1 #dgj-dge99991 #ajb1 #ajc ,malchion1 #bab ,marcion1 #cd1 #ce1 #fa1 #fd1 #if1 #djb ,marius ,mercator1 #acc1 #bac1 #dbc1 #dfh ---- ,victorinus1 #ejj99 ,martinus ,p41 #dba1 #dgc ,maximus1 #bc1 #gi1 #ha1 #hd ---- ,taurin1 #ia1 #acc1 #bac1 #bai1 #bbj1 #cfj ,methodius1 #dd1 #aae1 #bab ed4 ,combefis ,modestus ,hier41 #dbc ,nestorius1 #hj1 #aba1 #bab1 #dbc1 #dbg ,nicetas1 #abc ,nilus mon41 #fb1 #cei1 #daj ,nonnus1 #bc1 #acc1 #bah1 #cec ,novatianus1 #acc1 #bac cumenius1 #ajb1 #cdh1 #dgf ,origenes1 #bc1 #da1 #dc1 #eh1 #fj1 #fb991 #fc99991 #fd1 #gb1 #hd1 #hg1 #ib1 #abb991 #acc1 #acf1 #afc1 #bjh991 #bab1 #bai1 #bbj1 #cdh1 #cec1 #cef1 #cei1 #cfj1 #djb1 #daj1 #dba1 #dbg ,opus imperf41 #he1 #ia ,pacianus1 #daj ,palladius1 the ,arian1 #bac ,pamphilus ,cs41 #agg ,papias1 #dbc ,paschale1 see 8,chronicon40 ,patricius1 #dbc ,paulinus1 #ha ,paulus ,emes41 #dc1 #hj1 #acc1 #bac1 #dba ,philastrius1 #bd1 #cfj ,philo1 #dc1 #dba ,photius ,,cp41 #ha1 #abc1 #cfj ,porphyrius1 #acb ,proclus ,,cp41 #dc1 #abc ,prosper1 #dbc ,salvianus1 #cfj ,sedulius1 #bd ,severianus ,gabal41 #acb1 #bab ,severus ,ant41 #bc1 #dj1 #hi1 #ajb991 #acc1 #bac1 #cdh1 #cfj1 #deh ps4 ,tatianus1 #hj1 #hd1 #abb1 #abc1 #djb ed4 ,moesinger1 #ahgf ,tertullianus1 #fb991 #ij991 #ia1 #ib1 #abj1 #abb1 #bjh991 #bac991 #bae991 #daj1 #dbc ,titus ,bostr41 #dc1 #dba ,theodoretus1 #dc1 #ee1 #gi1 #hj1 #hd1 #ia1 #ajb1 #abb1 #acc1 #aeb991 #bac1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #ccf1 #cef1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dba1 #def1 #deh99 ,theodorus ,herac41 #hd1 #ib1 #acc ---- hret41 #ha ---- ,mops41 #bc1 #fb1 #hj1 #ajc1 #aba1 #acc1 #bab1 #cef1 #cfj1 #dhj-dhb99 ---- ,studita ed4 ,sirmondi1 #dge ,theodosius ,alex41 #ha ,theodotus ,ancyr41 #dc1 #bab1 #dba ---- ,gnosticus1 #ajb99 ,theophilus ,alex41 #bab ---- ,ant41 #daj ,theophylactus1 #ajb1 #adg1 #cdh1 #cfj1 #daj1 #dgf ed4 ,venet4 #agee ,victor ,antioch41 #bc1 #dj1 #ff991 #acb1 #dji1 #dbc ,victorinus1 #acc1 #bac ,victricius1 #bah ,vigilius1 #acc1 #cdh ,vincentius1 #dbc ,zeno1 #acc ,,index ,,iii1 ,,persons1 ,,places1 ,,and ,,subjects4 ,general ,index of ,persons1 ,places1 and ,subjects referred to in this ,volume4 ,but ,scriptural ,references are to be sought in ,,index ,i42 and ,patristic ,references1 in ,,index ,,ii4 ',new ,codices' will be found enumerated in the ,,appendix4 8,a10 see 8,alexandrinus40 and ,b3 see 8,b10 and 8,antiquity40 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 in conflict1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #af-g1 #cj-a1 #df-g1 #ge-h1 #id-e1 #aag1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bhi1 #chf 8,abutor01 #adf ,acacius1 ,bp4 of ,melitene1 #agh ,accident1 #ej-f thiopic1 see 8,version40 1 #bja-b 1 #bjg 1 #aia-c 1 #ahb1 #bjh 1 #bjg 1 #bjj-a ,alexander 7,dr471 ,bp4 of ,derry1 #ajg-h 8,alexandrian0 readings1 #bga-b1 #ceg ,alexandrinus 7cod47 7,a71 #aa-ag1 #cde-cdg1 #dca-g 1 #ahj ,alford 7,dean71 #cha1 #def1 #dih ,allocution1 #dac-e ,alterations1 yet not improvements1 #aci-adc ,ammonius1 #bi ,amos 7in ,s4 ,matt1 i471 #ahf 1 #ahd ,amphilochius1 #baj 1 #ahb 1 #aci 1 #ade ,anastasius 7,imp471 #dgb-c ,ancient ,authority1 see 8,ellicott40 8,ancoratus01 #dbg ,andrewes1 ,bp41 #ejj ,antioch1 #che1 #cia 8,antiochian10 see 8,syrian40 8,antiquity01 #ccc 1 #abi ,anziani 7,dr471 #dde1 #dib ,aorist1 #aeh-fj1 #afb 1 #adf 1 #aic-e ,apolinaris1 #def1 #deh ,apollonides1 #cbc-d 1 #aie 1 #ddh 8,apostolus01 #ddf-h1 #dgf-h1 #dhb1 #dia4 ,see the ,,appendix4 ,aram 7in ,s4 ,matt4 i471 #ahf ,argument e silentio1 #dfi ,armenian1 see ,version4 ,article1 the1 #afd-e ,articles 7,three7 in the 8,quarterly ,review10 their history pref4 ix-xiv 1 #agi 1 #ahj ,asaph 7in ,s4 ,matt4 i471 #ahf-g ,asclepiades1 #cbc-d 8,ask0 771 #aga-c 8,assassins01 #adg ,assimilation1 #cb1 #fe-fi ----1 proofs of1 #ff 1 #abi 8,attraction01 #cea-b 1 #adh ,authority1 7ancient7 see 8,ellicott40 1 #afe 8,b10 see 8,vaticanus40 ,b and 7codd471 sinister resemblance1 #ab ,b and 1 #ab1 #bee-g1 #cae-bj1 #ccc1 #ceg1 #cfa1 #cfe1 #djh1 #daj ,bandinel 7,dr471 #dde 8,baptist0 ,revisers1 #ejd-e ,baptismal ,renunciation1 #bae ,basil to ,amphilochius1 #baj ,basilides1 #bi ,beckett1 ,sir ,edmund1 #ch1 #bbb ,belsheim1 ,dr4 ,j41 #ddd1 #dec1 #dic ,bengel 7,j4 ,a471 #bdf1 #ejj ,bentley1 ,dr4 ,r41 #dcb1 #dfg1 #dii ,berlin 7see 8,de ,boor071 #dib1 #dic ,berriman1 ,dr4 ,j41 #dcb1 #dcc1 #ddf1 #dfh1 #dgd1 #dhj1 #ejj ,bethesda1 #e ,beveridge 7,bp471 #cea1 #ejj ,beyer 7,dr471 #dgg ,bez1 cod4 7,d71 #aa-g1 #gg-i1 #aag1 #bfd-e ,birch 7,andreas71 #bdf1 #chc1 #dfg ,blunders1 #adi1 #aej1 #ahj1 #aha2--agb1 #agf1 #agg1 c4 ,bois 7,john71 #bbh 8,bondmaid01 #aif 8,boon01 #bag 8,bowls01 #bjj 8,branch01 #ahd ,broughton 7,hugh71 #eac ,bull 7,bp471 #bab1 #ejj 8,c10 see 8,ephraemi40 ,caius 7,a4,d4 #age7 on the ,text1 #cbc-d ,cambridge1 ,codex 7,d71 see1 ,bez4 8---- ,greek ,text01 ,pref4 xxviii ,capper 7,s4 ,herbert71 ,esq41 #dib ,cappilli 7,sig471 #dia-b ,carob tree1 #aha ,castan 7,m471 #dgg ,castiglione1 #deb ,catalogue of ,crypta ,ferrata1 #ddg ,cedron1 #aha ,ceriani 7,dr471 #cha1 #deb1 #dgg1 #dia-b-c4 ,see the ,,appendix4 ,changes 7licentious71 #abg1 #djc-g 8,charity01 #bja-b 1 #ahb ,chronicle of ,convocation1 #ejg 8,church ,quarterly0 7#ahhb71 ,pref4 xvi 8,church ,quarterly10 7#ahhc71 ,pref4 xvi-xx41 xxiv-vii4 ,citations1 see 8,fathers40 ,clemens1 ,alex41 #cbf-g1 #cbg-ca ,codd4 ,b----,a--,c--,d1 #aa-ag1 #cj1 #ajh1 #bdi1 #bfb1 #bfi-ga ---- ,f and ,g1 #dch-dc ---- ,paul #gc1 #ddd ---- ---- #aha1 #ddd-e ---- new1 see the ,,appendix4 ,collation of ,,mss41 #abe1 #bdf-g2 with the ,received ,text1 #bdi-ej1 #bfb ,complutensian1 #cia 8,conflate readings01 #beh-fe 8,conflation0 examined1 #beh-fe1 #bhe 8,congregationalist0 ,revisers1 #ejd-e ,conjectural emendation1 #cea-g ,consent of copies 7see 8,fathers071 #ded-e 8,conversantibus01 #agf ,cook1 7,canon71 #bjd-e1 #bad1 #bcd1 #cgb1 #cha1 #dgj1 #ejb ,cornelius ,lapide1 #dgc ,corruptions in the ,n4 ,t41 #ccd-e ,cotelerius1 #dgc ,coxe 7,rev4 ,h4 ,o471 #cjf1 #dde1 #dia ,cozza-,luzi 7,abbate71 #ddg1 #dgg1 #dia-b-c1 see the ,,appendix4 ,cranbrook1 ,viscount1 page v-viii ,creyk 7,john71 #dcc 8,crib01 #bch ,cross1 title on1 #he-h ,crux criticorum1 the1 #ih ,crypta ,ferrata1 #ddg1 #dgc-d1 #dgh1 #eba 8,d10 see 8,bez40 1 #agi ,darkness1 #fb-d ,dartige 7,m471 #dic ,dated codices1 #bib 1 #afg-h ,deane 7,rev4 ,h471 #dej1 #dha1 #dhi ,de ,boor 7,dr4 ,c471 #dib-c ,definite1 see ,article4 ,delicate distinction1 #djb ,demoniacal possession1 #bjf ,denis 7,m471 #dic ,derry 7,bp4 of71 see ,alexander4 ,design1 #ef-fe 1 #gc 8,devil01 #bad-f 1 #agj1 #agc-d1 see ,dialogue 7supposed71 #cbj-h1 #cbh-db ,diatessaron1 see 8,tatian40 1 #aii 1 #agi 1 #aii 1 #djg ,dionysius ,alex41 #dfa-b 1 #adg ,dissertation on #a ,tim4 iii4 #af ,pref4 xxi-iv1 #dbd-eja ,divination4 ,see 8,verifying faculty40 8,doctrine0 extirpated1 #aii 1 #agi 1 #bjd ,dublin 7,abp4 of71 see ,trench4 interrogative1 #afh-i ,ebionite ,gospel1 #aaf ,ecclesiastical ,tradition1 #die ,eclipse1 #fc-e ,editions of ,fathers1 #aba 1 #aei ,egyptian1 see ,version4 for 1 #adj 1 #cei-fa 1 #eaa-b 1 #ahc 1 #fc-e 1 #aci 1 #adi ,ellicott 7,bp4 of ,gloucester71 on the 8old uncials01 #ad-e ---- on the ,a4 ,v41 #aab1 #cfh ---- on 8,revision0 xlii1 #aab1 #abd1 #abf1 #bbf-h1 #cfh ---- on 8,marginal ,readings01 #acf-g ---- on 8,textus ,receptus01 #chc-h1 #chi-ia ---- on #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 #dbh-ca ---- on #b ,tim4 iii4 #af1 #bji ---- on ,textual ,criticism1 #bcd ---- on 8innocent ,ignorance01 #cdi-ej ---- on the ,greek ,text1 #cfi1 #eji ---- on 8,euthalius01 #dfj-a ---- his jaunty proposal1 #baf ---- his ,pamphlet ,pref4 xx-xxii1 #cfi seq4 ,ellicott1 his critical knowledge1 #cgj1 #cgf1 #che1 #dcj1 #deg1 #dei-fa1 #dga-b1 ,dedication p4 viii ---- his requirement anticipated1 #cga1 #cig ---- his method of procedure1 #cgb-d1 #dai-bd1 #dei-fa ---- method of his ,reviewer1 #cge-chc1 #dif-g1 #eag1 ,pref4 xxiv-vii ---- appeals to ,modern ,opinion1 instead of to ,ancient ,authority1 #cgf-h1 #dae-f1 #dch-i1 #dhc-e1 #ead-e ---- follows ,dr4 ,hort1 #cia-h1 #dee1 #eag-h ---- complains of ,injustice1 #cii1 #djj-ac ---- suggested ,allocution1 #dac-e ---- his defence of the 8,new ,greek ,text10 examined #dae-i1 #dai-bd 1 #adj 1 its different renderings1 #aga-b 1 #aea-b ,english idiom1 #aed-e1 #aeh-ge 1 #dbg1 #dfh 1 #add ,ephraemi cod4 7,c71 #aa-ag1 #cbe 8,epileptic01 #bje-f 1 #ade ,epiphanius1 #dbg 1 #add see ,scrivener1 ed4 #c1 pp4 #eha-b1 #ff-i ,errors 7plain and clear71 #c1 #d1 #aje1 #adh1 #agb1 #baf1 #bbb-c1 #bbh1 #cdh1 #djj-a1 #dcj1 #dif1 #eab ,escher 7,dr471 #dic 1 #fa 1 #aej 8,eternal01 #bjg ,eternity1 #bjh ,ethiopic1 see 8,version40 ,eudocia1 #dfe 8,euraquilo01 #agf 1 #cef ,euripides 7papyrus of71 #cba-b 8,euroclydon01 #agf ,euthalius1 #dbi1 #dfj-a ,eutherius1 #dbg 1 #aec-d ,euthymius ,zigabenus4 ,see ,,index ,,ii4 8,everlasting01 #bjg 8,evil ,one01 #bad-f 1 #djb 1 #ahd ,exodus1 #ahd ,external evidence1 #ai-bj 8,f0 and 8,g0 7codd471 #beg 8,factor of ,genealogy01 #bef ,farrar1 ,canon 7now ,archd471 ,pref4 xv ,fathers1 #aba1 #abe-f1 see ,,index ,,ii4 ,fell 7,bp471 #dcb ,field 7,dr471 #adf1 #adh1 #afc1 #agg1 #ahj1 #chb ,florence1 see 8,anziani40 ,flute-players1 #adh ,forstemann 7,dr471 #dda1 #dic ,future sense1 #afc-d ,gabelentz and ,loebe1 #deb ,gandell 7,professor71 #ahd ,gardiani 7,sig471 #dib 1 #cdg ,gelasius of ,cyzicus1 #dgi1 see ,,index ,,ii4 8,genealogical ,evidence01 #bec and 1 #aai-bb 1 #cdg 1 #adb ,geographical distribution of ,patristic ,testimony1 #de1 #acd ,gifford 7,dr471 #bad 1 #adi ,gloucester 7,bp4 of71 see 8,ellicott40 1 #bja 8,,god blessed for ever061 #baa ,gorresio 7,sig471 #dib ,gospel incident1 #aid-e ---- 7the ,ebionite71 #aaf ---- of the ,hebrews1 #bi ,gothic1 see ,version4 8,grco-,syrian10 see 8,syrian40 8,great priest01 #ahb ,green1 ,rev4 ,t4 ,s41 #dii ,gregory 7,dr4 ,c4 ,r471 #dgg ,gregory ,naz41 #gc ,griesbach 7,j4 ,j471 #chj1 #def1 #dhb1 #dhc ,hall1 ,bp41 #ejj ,hammond 7,dr471 #dcb1 #ejj ,headings of the ,chapters1 #bbc1 #dab ,hellenistic ,greek1 #ahb-d1 ,see 8,septuagint40 ,henderson 7,dr471 #ejj ,heracleon1 #bi ,hermophilus1 #cbc-d ,herodotus1 #fe ,hesychius1 #bi1 #afc ,hilary on 1 #bha ,hincmar1 ,abp4 of ,rheims1 #dgb ,hoerning 7,dr471 #dec ',,holy ,,ghost'1 #bjd ,hort1 ,dr41 #cg1 #ace1 #ahb1 #baa1 #bdh1 #cid1 7see ,westcott and ,hort74 ---- hypothesis and system1 see reverse of ,title-page4 ---- his 8,introduction0 analyzed1 #bdf-fi ---- 8strong preference0 for codd4 ,b and 1 #beb1 #bfi-bga1 #bih-cje1 #cjg-h1 #cab-ad ---- mistaken estimate of ,b and 1 #cae-bj ---- divining and verifying faculty1 #bec1 #bij1 #bia1 #cjg-h ---- imaginary history of the ,traditional ,greek ,text1 #bga-hh1 #bif-h ---- antagonism with ,patristic ,antiquity1 #bhc-e1 #bih-cjj ---- fatal dilemma1 #bib-c ---- ,reiteration1 #cjf ---- ultimate appeal to his own individual mind1 #cjg-h ---- 8,art of ,conjectural ,emendation01 #cea-g ---- absurd ,textual hypothesis1 #bic-d ---- intellectual peculiarity1 #cfb ---- method of editing the ,greek ,text1 #cfc ---- ,text of the ,n4 ,t41 #cfd-e ---- often forsaken by ,dr4 ,westcott1 #ceb ,hug 7,j4 ,l471 #cha ,huish 7,alex471 #dcb ,idiom1 see 8,english40 7 71 #ahb ,imperfect tense1 #afa ,incident 7unsuspected71 #aid-e 8,independent0 ,reviewers1 #ejd-e 8,innocent ignorance0 of the ,reviewer1 #cdg-i1 #daa ,inspiration1 #bjh 8,instructions10 see 8,revisers40 ,instrumentality 7ideas of71 #agc ,internal ,evidence1 #bec ,interpreters1 7modern71 #baa 8,intrinsic probability01 #bea-b ,jacobson 7,dr4 ,w47 ,bp4 of ,chester1 #cg ,jechonias 7in ,matt4 i471 #ahf ,jerome1 #gc1 #dbg1 #ddi 8,,jesus01 #ahd 8,joanes01 #aha ,john 7,s47 and ,s4 ,mark1 #ahe ,jona 7son of71 #aha-b ,josephus1 #eb 1 #afi-gj ---- its force1 #bji 1 #agj ,kaye 7,bp47 on ,clemens ,al41 #ccf 1 #aha 1 #cef 1 #aha ,kidron1 #aha ,kippax 7,rev4 ,john71 #dcc ,kishon1 #aha 1 #aha ,knowledge of ,,christ not limited1 #baj 1 #ga-b ,lachmann's ,text1 #ba1 #bdb-c1 #bdf1 #bgj1 #chj-a ,lagarde 7,p4 ,a4 de71 #dic ---- ,analecta ,syr41 #dha ,latin ,version1 #i ,laubmann 7,dr471 #dic ,lawrence 7,abp471 #chj 8,layers of leaves01 #eh-fa 8,lecythus01 #bja ,lee 7,archd47 on ,inspiration1 #bjh1 #bcj1 #chb ,leontius ,byzantinus1 #dhj1 see ,,index ,,ii4 ,liberatus of ,carthage1 #dga-c ,licentious1 see 8,changes40 ,lightfoot 7,dr47 ,bp4 of ,durham1 #ade1 #dih1 ,pref4 xxxi4 ,limitation of our ,,saviour's knowledge1 #baj ,lincoln 7,bp4 of71 see ,wordsworth4 1 #aha ,lloyd 7,bp47 ed4 of ,n4 ,t41 ,pref4 xvii-ix1 #af ,,lord's ,prayer1 #cd-f1 #bad-f 8,love01 #bja-b ,lucian1 #bi ,luke 7,gospel according to ,s471 #af1 #cd-e1 #ge-ia1 #bdi1 #djc-g 8,lunaticus01 #bje-f ,macedonius1 #ajc1 #dgj-e1 #dhi ,mai 7,card471 #aba ,malan 7,dr4 ,s4 ,c471 #fg1 #abj1 #abc1 #abd1 #cdh1 #cef1 #chb1 #dea1 #dec-d ,manichan depravation1 #bbj 8,maranatha01 #ahj ,marcion1 #bi1 #cd-e1 #fa ,margin1 #c-f1 #cc1 #aae1 #acj1 #aca1 #acg1 #age1 #bcf-g ,marginal ,references1 #bbc1 #dab ,marius ,mercator1 #dfh ,mark 7,gospel according to ,s471 #cj1 #bfb ---- collation of #ae verses1 #cbg-ca ---- last ,twelve ,verses1 #cf-g1 #ci-dj1 #dh1 #di1 #ea1 ,ded4 vii1 ,pref4 xxiii ---- and ,s4 ,john1 #ahe ,martin 7,abb71 #chb1 #ddf1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dib1 #ebh ,martin ,i4 7,pope71 #dba1 #dgc ,massmann 7,h4 ,f471 #dec ,matranga 7,papas ,filippo71 #dgg1 #dib1 see the ,,appendix1 p4 #ebb-c ,matthi 7,c4 ,f471 #bdf ---- ---- ,scholia1 #cdh1 #chj1 #dbg1 #dcd1 #dfe1 #dfh ,matthew 7,s47 chap4 i4 7,greek71 #aai-bd1 #ahf ---- ---- 7,english71 #aef-g1 #ahf ,medial agency1 #agc ,melita and ,melitene1 #agg-h ,menander1 #cfa ,merivale 7,dean71 #bcj ,messina1 see 8,matranga03 and p4 #ebc 1 #ahc ,middleton 7,bp471 #afe1 #bji ,milan 7see 8,ceriani071 #deb1 #dgg1 #dia-b-c ,mill 7,dr4 ,john71 #bde1 #chc1 #dcb1 #dcg1 #dgb1 #ejj ---- on cod4 ,d1 #ac ---- 7,dr4 ,w4 ,h471 #ced ,milligan 7,dr471 #ci1 #dh 8,miracle01 #bjb-d 1 #aig-i ,moberly 7,dr47 ,bp4 of ,salisbury1 #ajf1 #bbh-i ,modena1 see 8,cappilli03 and p4 #ebc ,modern ,interpreters1 #daa ---- ,opinion1 see 8,ellicott40 1 #ahb ,montfaucon1 #aba 8,moreh01 #ahj ,morier 7,sir ,robert71 #dib 1 #ahj 1 #aha ,mutilation1 #fi-ic ,mystical interpretation1 #ahe 1 #ahd-e ,nazareth1 #ahd 8,necessity0 of ,revision1 #abg1 #aej1 #bbc1 #bbh ,needless changes1 #hg-h1 #bbd-e2 #ig1 #bbd-e1 #cii1 #djc-g 1 #ajh ,nemesis of superstition1 #cej 8,netser01 #ahd 8,neutral0 readings1 #bga-b1 #ceg 8,new ,english ,version01 #bbe-f 8,new ,greek ,text01 #acj1 #bbd-e ,newth 7,dr471 #cg-i1 #aji1 #abf1 #cfi1 #ejb ,newton 7,sir ,isaac71 #dbf1 #dhj1 #ejj ,nilus ,rossanensis1 #ddg ,nineteen changes in #cd words1 #dja ,nominative repeated1 #afe 8,non-,alexandrian0 readings1 #ceg 8,non-,alexandrian ,pre-,syrian01 #ceg ,nonsensical rendering1 #bah 8,non-,western01 #ceg-h ,notes in the margin1 #age ,numerals in ,,mss41 #eb-c 8,number of the ,beast01 #ace 1 #acc ,occupation 7,right of71 #aii-bjf 1 #aci 8,olivet01 #ahd ,ollivant 7,bp471 #adf ,omission1 intentional1 #fi-ic 1 #aha 8,or0 not meant by 1 #afh-i ,opinion1 7modern7 see 8,ellicott40 ,origen1 as a textual critic1 #bib 1 #afe and 1 in ,,mss41 #ii-aje for 1 #adj 8,otium ,norvicense10 see 8,field40 1 #ade 1 #aie-f 1 #eg ,palmer 7,archd471 #di1 #abf ,papyrus1 #cba-b 1 #agh 1 #aij ,paralytic borne of four1 #cj-c ,paris cod41 see 8,ephraemi40 ----1 see 8,wescher10 8,martin40 ,parquoi 7,m471 #dcg ,particles 7,greek71 #aff 1 #bjh-i 1 #aeb 1 1 #cec ,paul 8#ag10 8#gc10 8#aha01 #ddc-h ---- 7,s471 ,codd41 #dic-d ---- ,new ,codd41 see the ,,appendix4 ,pearson 7,bp471 #bab1 #dcb1 #dga1 #ejj ,peckover 7,alex471 ,esq41 #dic ,penerino 7,sig471 #dib ,perfect 7,english71 #aeh-fj ---- 7,greek71 #afc 1 #ahd ,perowne1 7,dean71 ,pref4 xxx ,perverted sense1 #bah-i 8,phaseolus vulgaris01 #aha ,phavorinus1 #adj ,photius1 #dfg 1 #bjj 8,pistic nard01 #ahd 8,plain and clear10 see 8,errors40 1 #ade ,pluperfect sense of ,aorist1 #afb ,ponderari debent testes1 #dee 1 7 71 #bad-f ,possession 7,demoniacal71 #bjf ,possession 7right of71 #aii-bjf ,powles 7,rev4 ,r4 ,cowley71 ,pref4 xxviii1 #cbb 8,praxapostolus10 see 8,apostolus40 8,pre-,syrian01 #ceg-h 8,pre-,syrian ,non-,western01 #ceg ,preface of #afaa1 #ahg-ia1 #aih-i ---- #ahha1 #ahi ,preponderating evidence1 #daa1 #dif ,prepositions1 #agj-e 8,present0 7,greek71 sometimes a ,future1 #afc-d ---- sense of 8perfect01 #afc ,principle of translation1 mistaken1 #ahg-if 8,principles of ,textual ,criticism01 #abe-f1 #bbg1 #cdi-ej1 #cgd-e1 #daa ,probability1 #dig ,proper names in ,s4 ,matt4 i4 #ahf 8,proud-in-the-imagination-of-their-hear ts01 #agb ,provision 7,,god's7 for the safety of ,his ,word1 #h1 #i1 #cch1 #did 1 #adf ,pronouns1 #afe 1 #ahj ,pulcheria1 #dfe ,pusey 7,p4 ,e471 #cde1 #chb1 #ddi1 #dfh ,pyramus and ,thisbe1 #aga ,pyramid poised on its apex1 #cdb-e 8,quarterly ,review01 ,pref4 ix-xiv ,quia1 #ddh1 #dgc ,quod 7in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af71 #ddh ,quotations1 see 8,fathers40 ,randell 7,rev4 ,t471 #dha1 #dic 8,ravine01 #aha 8,readings10 see 8,various40 ---- before 8,renderings01 #ajf1 #bbe ,received ,text1 see 8,textus40 ,recension 7imaginary71 #bga-hh ,reiche 7,j4 ,g471 #chj-a ,reiteration not ,proof1 #cjf-g ,rendering of the same word1 #ach1 #aeb-d1 #ahg-bjb ,result of acquaintance with documents1 #ccg ,rettig 7,h4 ,c4 ,m471 #ddb 8,revised ,version10 see 8,revision40 ,revisers exceeded their ,instructions3-- 7#a7 ,in respect of the ,english1 #aab1 #abg-cj1 #aee-g1 #bbe-f1 #cfh1 #djj-c 7#b7 ,in respect of the ,greek1 #eg-h1 #ig1 #aah-bf1 #bbd1 #cii1 #djc-f ,revising body 7composition of71 #ejd-e ,revision1 original ,resolution and ,rules concerning1 #c1 #ig1 #aad1 #abg1 #acj ---- of #afaa1 #afg1 #ejh-ad ---- of #ahha1 how it was conducted1 #cg1 #aag-h1 #cfi ---- unfair in its method1 #aaf1 #aca-h ---- essentially different from that of #afaa1 #ejh-ad ---- rests on a foundation of sand1 #aaj1 #eaf ---- incapable of being further revised1 #ajg ---- its case hopeless1 #bbf-g ---- characterized1 #bch ---- its probable fate1 #ejh-ad ---- unfavourable to ,orthodoxy1 #eac ---- interesting specimens1 #aga1 #dja ,rhythm in translation1 #ahh ,rieu 7,dr471 #dec ,right of possession1 #aii 8,ring of genuineness01 #cjg1 #cji-ab ,roberts 7,dr471 #cf1 #ci-dj1 #dh1 #ih1 #bcj ,rocchi 7,hieromonachus71 #ddg-h1 #dgd1 #dib1 see the ,,appendix4 ,rogers1 the poet1 #afb ,romans ix4 #e1 #baj-d ,rome1 7,see 8,cozza ,luzi10 8,escher071 #eba ,rose1 7,rev4 ,w4 ,f471 of ,worle1 ,somersetshire1 ,pref4 xxviii ,rouser 7,professor71 #cjf ,routh 7,president71 #aeb1 #baa1 #ddd1 #deb1 #eja ,sachau1 #dha ,s4 ,andrews 7,bp4 of71 see 8,wordsworth40 ,salisbury 7,bp4 of71 see 8,moberly40 ,samaria1 7woman of71 #djg-h ,sanday1 7,dr471 ,pref4 xvi ,saville 7,prof471 #cjf ,scholium misunderstood1 #dfg1 #dfh ,scholz 7,dr471 #bdf1 #chj1 #dde1 #def ,scott 7,sir ,gilbert71 #cjf ,scripture1 ,god's provision for its safety #h1 #i1 #cch1 #did ---- depraved by heretics1 #ccf ,scrivener 7,prebendary71 #ac1 #cj1 #cg1 #di1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abf1 #bca1 #bcg-h1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #cag1 #cha1 #dje1 #dca1 #dgd1 #dgg1 #dic1 #ejb-c1 see back of ,title4 ,septuagint1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd1 #bbh 8,sepulchre10 the ,holy1 #aih 1 #bjc-d 1 #adg ,sieber 7,m471 #dic 1 #ahj ,sinaiticus1 cod4 771 #aa-ag1 #bfe1 #bhf11bhi1 #bia1 #cad-e1 #cbe-f1 #cdc-e ,sixteen places1 #dae-i ,smith 7,dr4 ,vance71 #agd1 #bjd-e1 #ejc-h1 #eac1 #eae ,socinian gloss1 #baj-d 8,solvere ambulando01 #abf1 #bbh1 xxxi 1 #adg ,spelling of proper names1 #ahf-g 1 #aec 1 #aga1 #ahj ,stanley 7,dean71 #ace1 #ejg ,stillingfleet 7,bp471 #ejj and 1 #eh-fj 1 #ahe 1 #agf-g ,syndics of ,cambridge ,press1 xxx-i ,syracuse1 #did ,syriac ,version1 #i 8,syrian10 8,antiochian10 8,grco-,syrian10--,dr4 ,hort's designations of the ,traditional ,greek ,text #beg-fe1 #bfi ---- its assumed origin1 #bgb-hh ---- and history1 #bij-a ---- characterized1 #hg1 #bhh-bij 1 #bih ,tatian 7see ,,index ,,ii47 #bi1 #ccf1 #cej 8,teaching01 #aii 1 #aec1 #agi 1 #ea ,tenses1 #aeg-fd1 see 8,aorist10 8,imperfect10 8,perfect10 8,pluperfect10 8,present40 ---- unidiomatically rendered1 #djb ,test-places 7three71 #dg1 #eai ,text to be determined by external evidence1 #ai-bj1 #de ---- provision for its security1 #aj ---- 7,received71 see 8,textus ,receptus0 and 8,syrian40 ,texts1 see ,,index ,i4 ',textus ,receptus'1 #ab-c1 #ag-h1 #ajg1 #aah ---- 7,bp4 ,ellicott on71 #chh ---- needs correction #ba1 #ajg ---- see 8,syrian10 8,traditional40 ,theodore of ,mopsuestia1 #dhj1 see ,,index ,,ii4 ,theodotus1 the ,gnostic1 #cbc-d ,theophilus1 ,bp4 of ,antioch1 #bi 1 #bjh-i and in ,,mss41 #ii-aje1 #dbe-f ---- 1 not 1 to be read in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 ,pref4 xxi-iv1 #dbd-eja ,thierry 7,m471 #dic ,thirty changes in #ch words1 #aga #a ,timothy iii4 #af4 ,see ,tischendorf 7,dr47 #bb-d1 #de1 #bdc-d1 #bdf1 #bgj-a1 #cgj1 #chc1 #dcg-h1 #dea1 #dfg ,title on the ,cross1 #he-h 8,titus ,justus01 #ec-d 8,tomb01 #aih ,tradition 7,ecclesiastical71 #die ,traditional ,text departed from #fjjj times1 #ajg ---- see 8,syrian40 ---- meaning of ,s4 ,mark xiii4 #cb1 #bji-aj 8,transcriptional probability01 #bea-b ,translators of #afaa1 #ahg-ia1 #bjg ---- of #ahha1 mistaken principle of #ach1 #ahg-if ,transposition1 #ic-g ,tregelles 7,dr471 #bb1 #de1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bgj1 #cgj1 #chj1 #chc1 #dca1 #dea1 #dfg1 #dih ,trench 7,abp471 xlii1 #ajf1 #bbi ,trinitarian doctrine1 #agd-e ,true ,text1 7only safe way of ascertaining71 #cci-db ,tusculum1 #ddf ,tyndale 7,william71 #afg1 #aia1 #aib ,uncials 7depravity of the old71 #ab-ag1 #cj-e1 #df-g1 #ge-f1 #id-e ,uniformity of rendering1 #aff1 #ahg 8,unitarian0 ,reviser1 intolerable1 #ejc-h and 1 #aef 1 #cea ,uppstrm 7,andr471 #deb ,upsala1 #ddd1 see 8,belsheim40 ,ussher 7,abp471 #dcb1 #dfi1 #ejj ,valckenaer1 #bbh ,valentinus1 #bi ,various ,readings1 #di-ej1 #ef1 #fe1 #acj-a ,vaticanus1 codex 7,b71 #aa-ag1 #bfe1 #bgc1 #bhf1 #bhi1 #bia1 #cad-e1 #cbe1 #cdb-e1 see 8,b and 40 ,veludo 7,sig471 #dib ,vercellone 7,c471 #cha ,verifying faculty1 #ie-f1 #aji1 #bec1 #bij-a1 #cjg-h ,version 7,authorized71 #aab-d ---- 7old ,latin71 #i1 #ddh ---- 7,vulgate71 #i1 #dai ---- 7,peschito71 #i1 #ddi-ej ---- 7,harkleian71 #dej ---- 7,coptic71 #i1 #dea-b ---- 7,sahidic71 #i1 #dea-b ---- 7,gothic71 #i1 #deb-c ---- 7,armenian71 #i1 #dec ---- 7thiopic71 #i1 #dec ---- 7,georgian71 #ded ---- 7,arabic71 #dec-d ---- 7,slavonian71 #ded 8,vials01 #bjj ,von ,heinemann 7,dr471 #dic ,vulgate1 see 8,version40 ,w4 7,m471 ,pref4 xxviii ,walton 7,bp4 ,brian71 #dcb ,waterland 7,dr471 #ejj ,way 7only safe7 of ascertaining the ,true ,test1 #cci-db ,weber 7,m471 #dcg ,wescher 7,m471 #dib 8,wesleyan ,methodist0 ,revisers1 #ejd-e ,west the painter1 #afb ,westcott 7,dr471 xlii1 #abd1 see 8,hort40 ,westcott and ,hort 7,drs471 #bd-i1 #cc1 #di1 #ea1 #gb1 #hc1 #ia1 #ib1 #id1 #ie1 #ig1 #aaj1 #aad1 #abe1 #acd-e1 #agg1 #bci-da1 #bde1 #bdg1 #cgj1 #chj1 #chb1 #dii1 #ejb1 #eah-i1 ,see reverse of ,title-page1 and ,pref4 xi-iv1 xxvi-viii1 xxxi 8,western101 #ceg ---- readings1 #bga-b ---- and 8,syrian01 #cfa 8,westminster ,abbey scandal01 #ejg ,wetstein 7,j4 ,j471 #bdf1 #chc1 #dbf1 #def1 #dfg1 #dfi1 #dhj1 #dig ,wilberforce 7,bp471 #bbi1 #dae1 #eje1 #ejg ,woide 7,c4 ,g471 #dcd-g ,wolfii ,anecd4 ,grca1 #deh ,wood 7,c4 ,f4 ,b471 #ahc ,word1 incarnate and written1 #ccd-e1 #cij-a ,wordsworth 7,dr4 ,charles71 ,bp4 of ,s4 ,andrews1 #ajf1 #afe1 #bbi-cj1 #chb ---- 7,dr4 ,christopher71 ,bp4 of ,lincoln1 #cg1 #aab1 #adg1 #ahd1 #bbf1 #cfh1 #chb1 #djj1 #ejb1 #eje1 #eac1 ,ded4 vi ,wotton 7,henry71 #dcc ,xenophon1 #adi ,young 7,patrick71 #dcb ---- 7,dr471 of ,glasgow1 #dgg 1 #bja ,,footnotes #a ,any one who desires to see this charge established1 is invited to read from page #cii to page #dac of what follows4 #b ,dr4 ,newth4 ,see pp4 #cg-i4 #c ,see pp4 #bd-i3 #ig1 c4 #d ,see below1 pp4 #a to #aaj4 #e ,this will be found more fully explained from pp4 #abg to #acj3 pp4 #aed to #afd3 also pp4 #djj to #djc4 ,see also the quotations on pp4 #aab and #cfh4 #f ,see below1 pp4 #aac to #bcb4 #g ,see below1 pp4 #bce to #cff4 #h ,gospel of the ,resurrection1 p4 viii4 #i ,reference is made to a vulgar effusion in the 8,contemporary ,review0 for ,march #ahhb3 from which it chiefly appears that ,canon 7now ,archdeacon7 ,farrar is unable to forgive ,s4 ,mark the ,evangelist for having written the #afth verse of his concluding chapter4 ,the ,venerable writer is in consequence for ever denouncing those 8last ,twelve ,verses40 ,in ,march #ahhb1 7pretending to review my ,articles in the 8,quarterly107 he says3--8,in spite of ,dean ,burgon's ,essay on the subject1 the minds of most scholars are quite unalterably made up on such questions as the authenticity of the last twelve verses of ,s4 ,mark40 ,contemporary ,review1 vol4 xli4 p4 #cfe4 ,and in the ensuing ,october1--8,if1 among positive results1 any one should set down such facts as that 444 ,mark xvi4 #i-bj 444 formed no part of the original apostolic autograph 444 ,he1 ,i say1 who should enumerate these points as being beyond the reach of serious dispute 444 would be expressing the views which are regarded as indisputable by the vast majority of such recent critics as have established any claim to serious attention40 ,expositor1 p4 #agc4 ,it may not be without use to the ,venerable writer that he should be reminded that critical questions1 instead of being disposed of by such language as the foregoing1 are not even touched thereby4 ,one is surprised to have to tell a 8fellow of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge10 so obvious a truth as that by such writing he does but effectually put himself out of court4 ,by proclaiming that his mind is 8quite unalterably made up0 that the end of ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel is not authentic1 he admits that he is impervious to argument and therefore incapable of understanding proof4 ,it is a mere waste of time to reason with an unfortunate who announces that he is beyond the reach of conviction4 #aj ,no4 xxviii41 page #dcf4 ,if any one cares to know what the teaching was which the writer in the 8,church ,quarterly0 was intending to reproduce1 he is invited to read from p4 #bif to p4 #cjj of the present volume4 #aa ,contemporary ,review1 7,dec4 #ahha71--p4 #ihe seq4 #ab ,q4 ,r4 7,no4 #cjd17 p4 #cac4--,the passage referred to will be found below 7at p4 #ad71--slightly modified1 in order to protect myself against the risk of future misconception4 ,my ,reviewer refers to four other places4 ,he will find that my only object in them all was to prove that codices ,a ,b ,c ,d yield divergent testimony2 and therefore1 so habitually contradict one another1 as effectually to invalidate their own evidence throughout4 ,this has never been proved before4 ,it can only be proved1 in fact1 by one who has laboriously collated the codices in question1 and submitted to the drudgery of exactly tabulating the result4 #ac 8,damus tibi in manus ,novum ,testamentum idem profecto1 quod ad textum attinet1 cum ed4 ,millian10--are the well known opening words of the 8,monitum0 prefixed to ,lloyd's ,n4 ,t4--,and ,mill1 according to ,scrivener1 ,introduction1 p4 #cii1 8only aims at reproducing ,stephens' text of #aeej1 though in a few places he departs from it1 whether by accident or design40 ,such places are found to amount in all to twenty-nine4 #ad ,see below1 pp4 #beg-h3 also p4 #cij4 #ae ,the ,revisers and the ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament1 c4--,macmillan1 pp4 #gi4 #af ,see below1 pp4 #cfi to #ebj4 #ag ,pages #cga-b4 #ah ,pamphlet1 pp4 #gg3 #ci1 #dj1 #da4 #ai ,see below1 p4 #dbe4 #bj ,pages #dbd-eja4 #ba ,from ,january till ,june #ahhc4 #bb ,pamphlet1 p4 #gf4 #bc ,e4g4 pages #beb-bfh3 #bfi-bgg3 #cje-cjh4 #bd ,e4g4 pages #cjb-cjf4 #be ,page #ced4 #bf ,on that day appeared ,dr4 ,hort's 8,introduction and ,appendix0 to the ,n4 ,t4 as edited by himself and ,dr4 ,westcott4 #bg 8,charge10 published in the ,guardian1 ,dec4 #bj1 #ahhb1 p4 #ahac4 #bh ,preface to ,history of the ,english ,bible 7p4 ix471--#ahfh4 #bi ,preface to ,pastoral ,epistles 7p4 xiv471--#ahfa4 #cj ,the ,authorized ,version of the ,n4 ,t4 7p4 #c71--aheh4 #ca ,the ,new ,testament of ,our ,lord and ,saviour ,,jesus ,,christ translated out of the ,greek3 being the ,version set forth ,a4,d4 #afaa1 compared with the most ancient ,authorities1 and ,revised ,a4,d4 #ahha4 ,printed for the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 #ahha4 #cb ,the ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek1 according to the ,text followed in the ,authorized ,version1 together with the ,variations adopted in the ,revised ,version4 ,edited for the ,syndics of the ,cambridge ,university ,press1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,scrivener1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,prebendary of ,exeter and ,vicar of ,hendon4 ,cambridge1 #ahha4 4 ,the ,greek ,testament1 with the ,readings adopted by the ,revisers of the ,authorized ,version4 ,edited by the ,ven4 ,archdeacon ,palmer1 ,d4,d4 ,oxford1 #ahha4 #cc ,on ,revision1--pp4 #bae-f4 #cd ,tertullian1 bis4 #ce ,hieron4 ,opp4 ii4 #agg c 7see the note74 #cf ,apud ,hieron4 iii4 #aba4 #cg iv4 #fag c 7ed4 ,pusey74 #ch ,p4 #bgb4 #ci i4 #edh c2 viii4 #bjg a4 #dj iv4 #bje4 #da ,a reference to the ,journal of ,convocation1 for a twelvemonth after the proposal for a ,revision of the ,authorized ,version was seriously entertained1 will reveal more than it would be convenient in this place even to allude to4 #db ,we derive our information from the learned ,congregationalist1 ,dr4 ,newth1--,lectures on ,bible ,revision 7#ahha71 p4 #aaf4 #dc ,on ,revision1 pp4 #bf-g4 #dd ,dr4 ,scrivener's ,plain ,introduction to the ,criticism of the ,new ,testament1 #bnd edition1 #ahgd 7pp4 #fjg71 may be confidently recommended to any one who desires to master the outlines of ,textual ,criticism under the guidance of a judicious1 impartial1 and thoroughly competent guide4 ,a new and revised edition of this excellent treatise will appear shortly4 #de ,studious readers are invited to enquire for ,dr4 ,scrivener's ,full and exact ,collation of about ,twenty ,greek ,manuscripts of the ,holy ,gospels 7hitherto unexamined71 deposited in the ,british ,museum1 the ,archiepiscopal ,library at ,lambeth1 c41 with a ,critical ,introduction4 7,pp4 lxxiv4 and #agh47 #ahec4 ,the introductory matter deserves very attentive perusal4--,with equal confidence we beg to recommend his ,exact ,transcript of the ,codex ,augiensis1 a ,grco-,latin ,manuscript of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles1 deposited in the ,library of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge2 to which is added a full ,collation of ,fifty ,manuscripts1 containing various portions of the ,greek ,new ,testament1 in the ,libraries of ,cambridge1 ,parham1 ,leicester1 ,oxford1 ,lambeth1 the ,british ,museum1 c4 ,with a ,critical ,introduction 7which must also be carefully studied74 7,pp4 lxxx4 and #efc47 #ahei4--,learned readers can scarcely require to be told of the same learned scholar's ,novum ,testamentum ,texts ,stephanici1 ,a4,d4 #aeej4 ,accedunt vari ,lectiones ,editionum ,bez1 ,elzeviri1 ,lachmanni1 ,tischendorfii1 ,tregellesii4 ,curante ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,scrivener1 ,a4,m41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d4 #ahfj4 ,editio auctior et emendatior4 #ahgg4--,those who merely wish for a short popular ,introduction to the subject may be grateful to be told of ,dr4 ,scrivener's ,six ,lectures on the ,text of the ,n4 ,t4 and the ,ancient ,,mss4 which contain it1 chiefly addressed to those who do not read ,greek4 #ahge4 #df ,scrivener's ,plain ,introduction1--p4 #aah4 #dg ,bez ,codex ,cantabrigiensis3 being an exact ,copy1 in ordinary ,type1 of the celebrated ,uncial ,grco-,latin ,manuscript of the ,four ,gospels and ,acts of the ,apostles1 written early in the ,sixth ,century1 and presented to the ,university of ,cambridge by ,theodore ,beza1 ,a4,d4 #aeha4 ,edited1 with a ,critical ,introduction1 ,annotations1 and ,facsimiles1 by ,frederick ,h4 ,scrivener1 ,m4,a41 ,rector of ,s4 ,gerrans1 ,cornwall4 7,pp4 lxiv4 and #dec47 ,cambridge1 #ahfd4 ,no one who aspires to a competent acquaintance with ,textual ,criticism can afford to be without this book4 #dh ,on the subject of codex we beg 7once for all7 to refer scholars to ,scrivener's ,full ,collation of the ,codex ,sinaiticus with the ,received ,text of the ,new ,testament4 ,to which is prefixed a ,critical ,introduction4 #ahfc4 #bnd ,edition1 revised4 7,pp4 lxxii4 and #afc47 #ahfg4 #di ,bishop ,ellicott's ,considerations on ,revision1 c4 7#ahgj71 p4 #dj4 #ej ,the epithet 8cursive10 is used to denote manuscripts written in 8running-hand10 of which the oldest known specimens belong to the ,i,xth century4 8,uncial0 manuscripts are those which are written in capital letters4 ,a 8codex0 popularly signifies a manuscript4 ,a 8version0 is a translation4 ,a 8recension0 is a revision4 7,we have been requested to explain these terms47 #ea ,considerations on ,revision1 p4 #cj4 #eb ,once for all1 we request it may be clearly understood that we do not1 by any means1 claim perfection for the ,received ,text4 ,we entertain no extravagant notions on this subject4 ,again and again we shall have occasion to point out 7e4g4 at page #ajg7 that the ,textus ,receptus needs correction4 ,we do but insist1 7#a7 ,that it is an incomparably better text than that which either ,lachmann1 or ,tischendorf1 or ,tregelles has produced3 infinitely preferable to the 8,new ,greek ,text0 of the ,revisionists4 ,and1 7#b7 ,that to be improved1 the ,textus ,receptus will have to be revised on entirely different 8principles0 from those which are just now in fashion4 ,men must begin by unlearning the ,german prejudices of the last fifty years2 and address themselves1 instead1 to the stern logic of facts4 #ec ,scrivener's ,introduction1 pp4 #cdb-d4 #ed ,ut supr1 p4 #df4 ,we prefer to quote the indictment against ,lachmann1 ,tischendorf1 ,tregelles1 from the pages of ,revisionists4 #ee 8,ex scriptoribus ,grcis tantisper ,origene solo usi sumus40--,prfatio1 p4 xxi4 #ef ,scrivener's ,plain ,introd4 p4 #cig4 #eg ,ut supr1 p4 #dh4 #eh ,ut supr1 p4 #dg4 #ei ,prebendary ,scrivener1 ibid4 7ed4 #ahgd71 p4 #dbi4 #fj ,ibid4 p4 #dgj4 #fa ,ibid4 #fb ,concilia1 i4 #heb4 #fc ,ut supr1 p4 #dg4 #fd ,the ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek4 ,the ,text revised by ,brooke ,foss ,westcott1 ,d4,d41 and ,fenton ,john ,anthony ,hort1 ,d4,d4 ,cambridge and ,london1 #ahha4 #fe ,from the ,preface prefixed to the 8limited and private issue0 of #ahgj1 p4 vi4 #ff ,ut supr1 p4 xv4 #fg ,ibid4 p4 xviii4 #fh ,ibid4 p4 xvi4 #fi ,ibid4 pp4 xviii41 xix4 #gj ,note1--that ,i have thought it best1 for many reasons1 to retain the ensuing note as it originally appeared2 merely restoring within brackets those printed portions of it for which there really was no room4 ,the third ,article in the present volume will be found to supply an ample exposure of the shallowness of ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort's ,textual ,theory4 ,while these sheets are passing through the press1 a copy of the long-expected volume reaches us4 ,the theory of the respected authors proves to be the shallowest imaginable4 ,it is briefly this3--,fastening on the two oldest codices extant 7,b and 1 both of the ,i,vth century71 they invent the following hypothesis3--8,that the ancestries of those two manuscripts diverged from a point near the autographs1 and never came into contact subsequently40 ,no reason is produced for this opinion4 ,having thus secured two independent witnesses of what was in the sacred autographs1 the ,editors claim that the coincidence of and ,b must 8mark those portions of text in which two primitive and entirely separate lines of transmission had not come to differ from each other through independent corruption30 and therefore that1 8in the absence of specially strong internal evidence to the contrary10 8the readings of and ,b combined may safely be accepted as genuine40 ,but what is to be done when the same two codices diverge one from the other8--,in all such cases 7we are assured7 the readings of any 8binary combination0 of ,b are to be preferred2 because 8on the closest scrutiny10 they generally 8have the ring of genuineness20 hardly ever 8look suspicious after full consideration40 8,even when ,b stands quite alone1 its readings must never be lightly rejected40 ,we are not told why4 ,but1 7rejoins the student who1 after careful collation of codex ,b1 has arrived at a vastly different estimate of its character17--,what is to be done when internal and external evidence alike condemn a reading of ,b8 ,how is 8mumpsimus0 for example to be treated8--8,mumpsimus0 7the ,editors solemnly reply7 as 8the better attested reading0--7by which they mean the reading attested by ,b17--we place in our margin4 8,sumpsimus10 apparently the right reading1 we place in the text within 2 in token that it is probably 8a successful ancient conjecture40 ,we smile1 and resume3--,but how is the fact to be accounted for that the text of ,chrysostom and 7in the main7 of the rest of the ,i,vth-century ,fathers1 to whom we are so largely indebted for our critical materials1 and who must have employed codices fully as old as ,b and 3 how is it1 we ask1 that the text of all these1 including codex ,a1 differs essentially from the text exhibited by codices ,b and 8--,the editors reply1--,the text of ,chrysostom and the rest1 we designate 8,syrian10 and assume to have been the result of an 8editorial ,revision10 which we conjecturally assign to the second half of the ,i,i,ird century4 ,it is the 8,pre-,syrian0 text that we are in search of2 and we recognize the object of our search in codex ,b4 ,we stare1 and smile again4 ,but how then does it come to pass 7we rejoin7 that the ,peschito1 or primitive ,syriac1 which is older by full a century and a half than the last-named date1 is practically still the same text8--,this fatal circumstance 7not overlooked by the learned ,editors7 they encounter with another conjectural assumption4 8,a ,revision0 7say they7 8of the ,old ,syriac version appears to have taken place early in the ,i,vth century1 or sooner2 and doubtless in some connexion with the ,syrian revision of the ,greek text1 the readings being to a very great extent coincident40 ,and pray1 where is 8the ,old ,syriac version0 of which you speak8--,it is 7reply the ,editors7 our way of designating the fragmentary ,syriac ,,ms4 commonly known as 8,cureton's40--,your way 7we rejoin7 of manipulating facts1 and disposing of evidence is certainly the most convenient1 as it is the most extraordinary1 imaginable3 yet is it altogether inadmissible in a grave enquiry like the present4 ,syriac scholars are of a widely different opinion from yourselves4 ,do you not perceive that you have been drawing upon your imagination for every one of your facts8 ,we decline in short on the mere conjectural ipse dixit of these two respected scholars to admit either that the ,peschito is a ,revision of ,cureton's ,syriac ,version2--or that it was executed about ,a4,d4 #cbe2--or that the text of ,chrysostom and the other principal ,i,vth-century ,fathers is the result of an unrecorded 8,antiochian ,revision0 which took place about the year ,a4,d4 #bge4 ,but instead of troubling ourselves with removing the upper story of the visionary structure before us1--which reminds us painfully of a house which we once remember building with playing-cards1--we begin by removing the basement-story1 which brings the entire superstructure in an instant to the ground4 ,for we decline to admit that the texts exhibited by ,b can have 8diverged from a point near the sacred autographs1 and never come into contact subsequently40 ,we are able to show1 on the contrary1 that the readings they jointly embody afford the strongest presumption that the ,,mss4 which contain them are nothing else but specimens of those 8corrected10 i4e4 corrupted copies1 which are known to have abounded in the earliest ages of the ,church4 ,from the prevalence of identical depravations in either1 we infer that they are1 on the contrary1 derived from the same not very remote depraved original3 and therefore1 that their coincidence1 when they differ from all 7or nearly all7 other ,,mss41 so far from marking 8two primitive and entirely separate lines of transmission0 of the inspired autographs1 does but mark what was derived from the same corrupt common ancestor2 whereby the supposed two independent witnesses to the ,evangelic verity become resolved into a single witness to a fabricated text of the ,i,i,ird century4 ,it is impossible in the meantime to withhold from these learned and excellent men 7who are infinitely better than their theory7 the tribute of our sympathy and concern at the evident perplexity and constant distress to which their own fatal major premiss has reduced them4 ,the ,nemesis of ,superstition and ,idolatry is ever the same4 ,doubt1--unbelief1--credulity1--general mistrust of all evidence1 is the inevitable sequel and penalty4 ,in #ahgj1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort solemnly assured their brother ,revisionists that 8the prevalent assumption1 that throughout the ,n4 ,t4 the true text is to be found somewhere among recorded readings1 does not stand the test of experience20,p4 xxi4 and they are evidently still haunted by the same spectral suspicion4 ,they see a ghost to be exorcised in every dark corner4 8,the ,art of ,conjectural ,emendation0 7says ,dr4 ,hort7 8depends for its success so much on personal endowments1 fertility of resource in the first instance1 and even more an appreciation of language too delicate to acquiesce in merely plausible corrections1 that it is easy to forget its true character as a critical operation founded on knowledge and method40,introd4 p4 #ga4 ,specimens of the writer's skill in this department abound4 ,one occurs at p4 #ace 7,app47 where1 in defiance of every known document1 he seeks to evacuate ,s4 ,paul's memorable injunction to ,timothy 7#b ,tim4 i4 #ac7 of all its significance4 ,a fuller exposure of ,dr4 ,hort's handling of this important text will be found later in the present volume4 ,may we be allowed to assure the accomplished writer that ,,in ,,biblical ,,textual ,,criticism1 8,,conjectural ,,emendation0 ,,has ,,no ,,place8 #ga ,scrivener1 ,introduction1 p4 #dec4--,stunica1 it will be remembered1 was the chief editor of the ,complutensian1 or first printed edition of the ,new ,testament1 7#aead74 #gb 1--,s4 ,matt4 ix4 #b4 #gc ,scrivener1 ,plain ,introd4 p4 #dgb4 #gd ,the words omitted are therefore the following #bb3--1 444 1 1 444 4 #ge ,companion to the ,revised ,version1 p4 #fa4 #gf ,the last ,twelve ,verses of the ,gospel according to ,s4 ,mark1 vindicated against recent critical ,objectors and established1 by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,burgon1--pp4 #ccd1 published by ,parker1 ,oxford1 #ahga4 #gg ,as ,dr4 ,jacobson and ,dr4 ,chr4 ,wordsworth1--the learned ,bishops of ,chester and ,lincoln4 ,it is right to state that ,bp4 ,ellicott 8considers the passage doubtful40 7,on ,revision1 p4 #cf47 ,dr4 ,scrivener 7it is well known7 differs entirely from ,bp4 ,ellicott on this important point4 #gh ,lectures on ,bible ,revision1 pp4 #aai-bj4 #gi 4--,clemens ,rom41 c4 #de4 #hj ,should the ,revised ,new ,testament be authorized8--p4 #db4 #ha ,revised ,version of the first three ,gospels1 considered1--by ,canon ,cook1--pp4 #bba-b4 #hb ,at p4 #cd of his pamphlet in reply to the first two of the present ,articles4 #hc ,on ,revision1 pp4 #cj and #di4 #hd ,words of the ,n4 ,t4 p4 #aic4 #he ,companion to the ,revised ,version1 p4 #fc4 #hf ,ibid4 p4 #fb4 #hg ,viz4 ,eusebius1--,macarius ,magnes1--,aphraates1--,didymus1--the ,syriac ,acts of the ,app41--,epiphanius1--,ambrose1--,chryso stom1--,jerome1--,augustine4 ,it happens that the disputation of ,macarius ,magnes 7,a4,d4 #cjj-cej7 with a heathen philosopher1 which has recently come to light1 contains an elaborate discussion of ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #ag1 #ah4 ,add the curious story related by the author of the ,paschal ,chronicle 7,a4,d4 #fbh7 concerning ,leontius1 ,bishop of ,antioch 7,a4,d4 #cdh71--p4 #bhi4 ,this has been hitherto overlooked4 #hh ,scrivener's ,introduction1 p4 #eae4 #hi ,tisch4 specifies #g ,latin copies4 ,origen 7iii4 #idf f471 ,jerome 7vii4 #bhb71 and ,leo 7ap4 ,sabatier7 are the only patristic quotations discoverable4 #ij i4 #dei #ia i4 #cgd2 ii4 #gad2 iv4 #ae4 #ib vii4 #dg2 viii4 #ac4 #ic ,dem4 ,ev4 pp4 #afc1 #cdb4 #id i4 #ahj1 #che4 #ie ,in loc4 ,also in ,luc4 xix4 #bi 7,cat4 ,ox4 #ada74 #if ,de ,trin4 p4 #hd2 ,cord4 ,cat4 in ,ps4 ii4 #dej1 #gde4 #ig i4 #hde1--which is reproduced in the ,paschal ,chronicle1 p4 #cgd4 #ih ,p4 #ahj2 cf4 p4 #afb4 #ii i4 #aed1 #ajdg4 #ajj i4 #cee1 #fif1 #f2 #ig iii4 #cdf4 #aja ,gr4 iii4 #dcd4 #ajb ,ap4 ,galland4 ix4 #ged4 #ajc i4 #ehg2 ii4 #dec1 #ded2 vi4 #cic2 vii4 #caa1 #fgd2 viii4 #he2 xi4 #cdg4 ,also ,cat4 in ,ps4 iii4 #aci4 #ajd ,ap4 ,chrys4 vi4 #dbd2 cf4 p4 #dag4 #aje ,in ,luc4 pp4 #ab1 #af1 #ejb 7 ,mai1 ii4 #abh74 ,also ,mai1 ii4 #cdc1 ,hom4 de ,incarn4 p4 #aji4 ,opp4 ii4 #eic2 v4#a #fha1 #cj1 #abh1 #chj1 #djb1 #aed2 vi4 #cih4 ,maii1 iii4#b #bhf4 #ajf i4 #bij1 #abih2 ii4 #ah2 iii4 #dhj4 #ajg ,ap4 ,galland4 ix4 #ddf1 #dgf4 ,concil4 iii4 #ajja1 #ajbc4 #ajh ,concil4 iii4 #ajjb4 #aji ,ap4 ,galland4 ix4 #fbi4 #aaj ,concil4 iii4 #ajie4 #aaa ,concil4 iii4 #hbi ,cyr4 ,opp4 vi4 #aei4 #aab ,nov4 ,auctar4 i4 #eif4 #aac ,montf4 ii4 #aeb1 #afj1 #bdg1 #bfi4 #aad ,hexaem4 ed4 ,migne1 vol4 #hi1 p4 #hii4 #aae ,ap4 ,galland4 xii4 #cjh4 #aaf ,ed4 ,combefis1 #ad1 #ed2 ap4 ,galland4 xiii4 #ajj1 #abc4 #aag ,ap4 ,galland4 xiii4 #bce4 #aah ii4 #hcf4 #aai ,ap4 ,galland4 xiii4 #bab4 #abj ,e4g4 ,chrys4 ,opp4 viii42 ,append4 #bad4 #aba ,p4 #f ,d4 #abb ,ap4 ,galland4 iii4 #hji4 #abc ii4 #fjb4 #abd ii4 #aja1 #abb1 #djg4 #abe iii4 #ddg4 #abf ii4 #bih4 #abg ii4 #hjd2 iii4 #ghc2 v4 #fch1 #fgj1 #ghh2 viii4 #bad1 #bhe2 x4 #ged1 #hba4 #abh ,cord4 ,cat4 in ,ps4 ii4 #ifj4 #abi ,of the ninety-two places above quoted1 ,tischendorf knew of only eleven1 ,tregelles adduces only six4--,neither critic seems to have been aware that 8,gregory ,thaum40 is not the author of the citation they ascribe to him4 ,and why does ,tischendorf quote as ,basil's what is known not to have been his8 #acj ,but then1 note that ,c is only available for comparison down to the end of ver4 #e4 ,in the #i verses which have been lost1 who shall say how many more eccentricities would have been discoverable8 #aca ,companion to the ,revised ,version1 pp4 #fb1 #fc4 ,words of the ,n4 ,t4 p4 #aic4 #acb ,words of the ,n4 ,t4 p4 #aic4 #acc ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort 7consistently enough7 put them on the self-same footing with the evidently spurious ending found in ,l4 #acd ,true1 that a separate volume of ,greek ,text has been put forth1 showing every change which has been either actually accepted1 or else suggested for future possible acceptance4 ,but 7in the words of the accomplished editor71 8the ,revisers are not responsible for its publication40 ,moreover1 7and this is the chief point17 it is a sealed book to all but ,scholars4 ,it were unhandsome1 however1 to take leave of the learned labours of ,prebendary ,scrivener and ,archdeacon ,palmer1 without a few words of sympathy and admiration4 ,their volumes 7mentioned at the beginning of the present ,article7 are all that was to have been expected from the exquisite scholarship of their respective editors1 and will be of abiding interest and value4 ,both volumes should be in the hands of every scholar1 for neither of them supersedes the other4 ,dr4 ,scrivener has 7with rare ability and immense labour7 set before the ,church1 for the first time1 the ,greek ,text which was followed by the ,revisers of #afaa1 viz4 ,beza's ,n4 ,t4 of #aeih1 supplemented in above #aij places from other sources2 every one of which the editor traces out in his ,appendix1 pp4 #fdh-ef4 ,at the foot of each page1 he shows what changes have been introduced into the ,text by the ,revisers of #ahha4--;,dr4 ,palmer1 taking the ,text of ,stephens 7#aeej7 as his basis1 presents us with the ,readings adopted by the ,revisers of the 8,authorized ,version10 and relegates the displaced ,readings 7of #afaa7 to the foot of each page4--,we cordially congratulate them both1 and thank them for the good service they have rendered4 #ace ,the number is not excessive4 ,there were about #fjj persons aboard the ship in which ,josephus traversed the same waters4 7,life1 c4 ,,iii47 #acf ii4 #fa and #hc4 #acg ,isaiah xiv4 #ae4 #ach ,s4 ,matthew xxi4 #a-c4 ,s4 ,mark xi4 #a-f4 ,s4 ,luke xix4 #bi-cd4 #aci ,d ,l read-- 3 ,c991-- 3 ,b1-- 3 1-- 3 yscr-- 4 #adj iii4 #gbb1 #gdj4 #ada iii4 #gcg1 iv4 #aha4 #adb ,s4 ,matt4 xxi4 #h4 #adc ,exod4 x4 #ba-bc4 #add ,s4 ,matth4 xxvii4 #de2 ,s4 ,mark xv4 #cc2 ,s4 ,lu4 xxiii4 #dd4 #ade ,ap4 ,epiphan4 i4 #cag and #cdg4 #adf ,intenebricatus est sol--a3 obscuratus est sol--b3 tenebricavit sol--c4 #adg ,ap4 ,routh1 ,opusc4 i4 #gi4 #adh i4 #ij1 #iac2 ap4 ,epiph4 i4 #ajjf4 #adi ,syr4 ii4 #dh4 ,so also ,evan4 ,conc4 pp4 #bde1 #bef1 #beg4 #aej ,mai1 ,scriptt4 ,vett4 vi4 #fd4 #aea i4 #cje4 #aeb ,ap4 ,mai1 ii4 #dcf2 iii4 #cie4 ,also ,luc4 #gbb4 #aec i4 #bhh1 #dag4 #aed ,p4 #bcc4 #aee ,ed4 by ,wright1 p4 #af4 #aef 8,sol medi die tenebricavit40 ,adv4 ,jud4 c4 xiii4 #aeg iii4 #ibb-d4 ,read the whole of cap4 #acd4 ,see also ap4 ,galland4 xiv4 #hb1 append41 which by the way deserves to be compared with ,chrys4 vii4 #hbe a4 #aeh 1 4--,routh1 ii4 #bih4 #aei 1 1 p4 #bi4 #afj sc4 1 4 2 4--vii4 #hbe a4 #afa i4 #dad1 #dae2 iii4 #ef4 #afb ,ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bjf4 ,but further on he says3 444--,cyril of ,jerusalem 7pp4 #eg1 #adf1 #aii1 #bja1 #bjb7 and ,cosmas 7ap4 ,montf4 ii4 #agg bis7 were apparently acquainted with the same reading1 but neither of them actually quotes ,luke xxiii4 #de4 #afc 8,in quibusdam exemplaribus non habetur tenebr fact sunt1 et obscuratus est sol3 sed ita1 tenebr fact sunt super omnem terram1 sole deficiente4 ,et forsitan ausus est aliquis quasi manifestius aliquid dicere volens1 pro1 et obscuratus est sol1 ponere deficiente sole1 existimans quod non aliter potuissent fieri tenebr1 nisi sole deficiente4 ,puto autem magis quod insidiatores ecclesi ,christi mutaverunt hoc verbum1 quoniam tenebr fact sunt sole deficiente1 ut verisimiliter evangelia argui possint secundum adinventiones volentium arguere illa40 7iii4 #ibc f4 a47 #afd vii4 #bce4 8,qui scripserunt contra ,evangelia1 suspicantur deliquium solis10 c4 #afe ,this rests on little more than conjecture4 ,tisch4 ,cod4 ,ephr4 ,syr4 p4 #cbg4 #aff is only found besides in eleven lectionaries4 #afg ,the ,thebaic represents 8the sun setting20 which1 7like the mention of 8eclipse107 is only another interpretation of the darkness1--derived from ,jer4 xv4 #i or ,amos viii4 #i 78occidit sol meridie074 ,compare ,irenus iv4 #cc4 #ab1 7p4 #bgc17 who says that these two prophecies found fulfilment in 8eum occasum solis qui1 crucifixo eo1 fuit ab hor sext40 ,he alludes to the same places in iv4 #cd4 #c 7p4 #bge74 ,so does ,jerome 7on ,matt4 xxvii4 #de71--8;,et hoc factum reor1 ut compleatur prophetia10 and then he quotes ,amos and ,jeremiah2 finely adding 7from some ancient source71--8,videturque mihi clarissimum lumen mundi1 hoc est luminare majus1 retraxisse radios suos1 ne aut pendentem videret ,dominum2 aut impii blasphemantes su luce fruerentur40 #afh ,our old friend of ,halicarnassus 7vii4 #cg71 speaking of an eclipse which happened ,b4,c4 #dha1 remarks3 4 #afi ,for it will be perceived that our ,revisionists have adopted the reading vouched for only by codex ,b4 ,what c99 once read is as uncertain as it is unimportant4 #agj ,bp4 ,ellicott's pamphlet1 p4 #fj4 #aga ,on the ,revised ,version1 p4 #ad4 #agb 1 as 7probably7 ,victor of ,antioch 7,cat4 p4 #abh71 explains the place4 ,he cites some one else 7p4 #abi7 who exhibits 2 and who explains it of ,herod's difficulty about getting rid of ,herodias4 #agc 1 1 will have been the reading of that lost venerable codex of the ,gospels which is chiefly represented at this day by ,evann4 #ac-fi-abd-cdf1--;as explained by ,professor ,abbott in his ,introduction to ,prof4 ,ferrar's ,collation of four important ,,mss41 etc4 7,dublin #ahgg74 ,the same reading is also found in ,evann4 #bh 3 #abb 3 #eda 3 #egb1 and ,evst4 #aif4 ,different must have been the reading of that other venerable exemplar which supplied the ,latin ,church with its earliest ,text4 ,but of this let the reader judge3--8,et cum audisset illum multa facere1 libenter10 c4 7c3 also 8,codex ,aureus0 and 1 both at ,stockholm73 8et audito eo quod multa faciebat1 et libenter10 c4 7g#b q73 8et audiens illum quia multa faciebat1 et libenter10 c4 7b74 ,the ,anglo-,saxon1 78and he heard that he many wonders wrought1 and he gladly heard him07 approaches nearest to the last two4 ,the ,peschito ,syriac 7which is without variety of reading here7 in strictness exhibits3--8,and many things he was hearing from him and doing2 and gladly he was hearing him40 ,but this1 by competent ,syriac scholars1 is considered to represent1-- 1 2 4--,cod4 is peculiar in exhibiting 1 1--omitting 1 4--,the ,coptic also renders1 8et audiebat multa ab eo1 et anxio erat corde40 ,from all this1 it becomes clear that the actual intention of the blundering author of the text exhibited by ,b ,l was1 to connect 1 not with 1 but with 4 ,so the ,arabian version3 but not the ,gothic1 ,armenian1 ,sclavonic1 or ,georgian1--as ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan informs the ,reviewer4 #agd ,note1 that tokens abound of a determination anciently to assimilate the ,gospels hereabouts4 ,thus1 because the first half of ,luke ix4 #aj 7 _/ 7 and the whole of ,mk4 vi4 #cj 7 _/ 7 are bracketed together by ,eusebius1 the former place in codex ,a is found brought into conformity with the latter by the unauthorized insertion of the clause 4--,the parallelism of ,mtt4 xiv4 #ac and ,lu4 ix4 #aj is the reason why ,d exhibits in the latter place - 7instead of 74--,in like manner1 in ,lu4 ix4 #aj1 codex ,a exhibits 1 instead of 2 only because is the order of ,mtt4 xiv4 #ac and ,mk4 vi4 #cb4--,so again1 codex 1 in the same verse of ,s4 ,luke1 entirely omits the final clause 1 only in order to assimilate its text to that of the two earlier ,gospels4--,but there is no need to look beyond the limits of ,s4 ,mark vi4 #ad-af1 for proofs of ,assimilation4 ,instead of 7in ver4 #ad71 ,b and exhibit --only because those words are found in ,lu4 ix4 #g4 ,a substitutes 7for 7--only because that word is found in ,lu4 ix4 #h4 ,for 1 ,c substitutes --only because ,s4 ,matth4 so writes in ch4 xiv4 #b4 ,d inserts into ver4 #ag--only because of ,mtt4 xiv4 #c and ,lu4 iii4 #bj4 ,in ,b ,l 1 7for 7 stands in ver4 #bd--only by ,assimilation with ver4 #ad4 7,l is for assimilating ver4 #be likewise71 1 the ,syr41 and copies of the old ,latin1 transpose 7in ver4 #ad7--only because those words are transposed in ,mtt4 xiv4 #b4444 ,if facts like these do not open men's eyes to the danger of following the fashionable guides1 it is to be feared that nothing ever will4 ,the foulest blot of all remains to be noticed4 ,will it be believed that in ver4 #bb1 codices ,b ,d ,l conspire in representing the dancer 7whose name is known to have been 8,salome07 as another 8,herodias0--,herod's own daughter8 ,this gross perversion of the truth1 alike of ,scripture and of history--a reading as preposterous as it is revolting1 and therefore rejected hitherto by all the editors and all the critics--finds undoubting favour with ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort4 ,calamitous to relate1 it also disfigures the margin of our ,revised ,version of ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bb1 in consequence4 #age i4e4 8,and0 is omitted by ,b ,l 3 8immediately0 by ,c3 8with tears0 by ,a ,b ,c ,l 3 8,lord0 by ,a ,b ,c ,d ,l4--,in ,s4 ,mark vi4 #af--7viz4 8,but when ,herod heard thereof1 he said ,this is ,john whom ,i beheaded4 ,he is risen from the dead107--the five words in brackets are omitted by our ,revisers on the authority of ,b 7,d7 ,l 4 ,but ,d further omit 3 ,c ,d omit 3 ,b ,d ,l omit 4 ,to enumerate and explain the effects of all the barbarous ,mutilations which the ,gospels alone have sustained at the hands of 1 of ,b1 and of ,d--would fill many volumes like the present4 #agf ,chrysostom1 vii4 #hbe4 #agg ,on the ,creed1 ,art4 iv4 8,dead30 about half-way through4 #agh ,the ,coptic represents 4 #agi ,namely1 of 4 1 which is the reading of every known copy but two2 besides ,origen1 ,eusebius1 ,cyril ,jer41 ,chrysostom1 c4 ,only ,b ,l read 1--which ,westcott and ,hort adopt4 #ahj i4 #bfa4 #aha i4 #icf1 #acfc4 #ahb i4 #aeh4 #ahc ,p4 #cja4 #ahd ,ap4 ,galland4 vi4 #ec4 #ahe ,p4 #cif4 #ahf vii4 #dca4 #ahg 8,ut ab additamenti ratione alienum est1 ita cur omiserint in promptu est40 #ahh ,but then1 #be 7out of #cbj7 pages of ,d are lost3 ,d's omissions in the ,gospels may therefore be estimated at #djjj4 ,codex ,a does not admit of comparison1 the first #bd chapters of ,s4 ,matthew having perished2 but1 from examining the way it exhibits the other three ,gospels1 it is found that #fej would about represent the number of words omitted from its text4--,the discrepancy between the texts of ,b ,d1 thus for the first time brought distinctly into notice1 let it be distinctly borne in mind1 is a matter wholly irrespective of the merits or demerits of the ,textus ,receptus1--which1 for convenience only1 is adopted as a standard3 not1 of course1 of ,excellence but only of ,comparison4 #ahi ,viz4 the #ast1 the #gth to #abth inclusive1 and the #aeth4 #aij ,concerning 8the singular codex ,d10--as ,bp4 ,ellicott phrases it1--see back1 pages #ad and #ae4 #aia ,bp4 ,ellicott ,on ,revision1--p4 #db4 ,concerning the value of the last-named authority1 it is a satisfaction to enjoy the deliberate testimony of the ,chairman of the ,revisionist body4 ,see below1 p4 #he4 #aib i4 #aef4 #aic ii4 #bed4 #aid i4 #cdd #aie iv4 #bbj1 #abah4 #aif ,in ,luc4 #ffd 7,mai1 iv4 #aaje74 #aig ii4 #fec4 #aih 8,in ,luc legimus duos calices1 quibus discipulis propinavit10 vii4 #baf4 #aii 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 #bjj ,p4 #ajfb4 #bja ii4 #gdg4 #bjb i4 #aeaf4 ,see below1 p4 #hb4 #bjc ,abbott's ,collation of four important ,manuscripts1 c41 #ahgg4 #bjd ii4 #ced4 #bje ,pp4 #edc and #fha 7 ed4 ,mass4 #bai and #bgg74 #bjf ,contra ,noet4 c4 #ah2 also ap4 ,theodoret iv4 #acb-c4 #bjg ,ap4 ,galland4 xix42 ,append4 #aaf1 #aag4 #bjh ,evan4 ,conc4 pp4 #ee1 #bce4 #bji ,ap4 ,epiph4 i4 #gdb1 #ghe4 #baj ,it is #bhc in his sectional system4 #baa ,p4 #aaba4 #bab ii4 #dc2 v4 #cib2 vi4 #fjd4 ,also ,evan4 ,conc4 #bce4 ,and see below1 p4 #hb4 #bac ,pp4 #cid1 #djb4 #bad i4 #eea4 #bae i4 #gdb1 #ghe2 ii4 #cf1 #db4 #baf v4 #bfc2 vii4 #gia2 viii4 #cgg4 #bag ii4 #ci4 #bah ,ap4 ,theod4 ,mops4 #bai ,in loc4 bis2 ap4 ,galland4 xii4 #fic2 and ,mai1 ,scriptt4 ,vett4 vi4 #cjf4 #bbj ,concilia1 iii4 #cbg a4 #bba ,ap4 ,mai1 iii4 #chi4 #bbb ,concilia1 iii4 #aaja d4 #bbc ,schol4 #cd4 #bbd i4 #fib2 iv4 #bga1 #dbi2 v4 #bc4 ,conc4 iii4 #ijg e4 #bbe ,concilia1 iii4 #gdj d4 #bbf ,ap4 ,galland4 vi4 #af1 #ag1 #ai4 #bbg ,ap4 ,cosmam1 ii4 #cca4 #bbh i4 #edd4 #bbi ,in ,dionys4 ii4 #ah1 #cj4 #bcj ,ap4 ,galland4 xii4 #fic4 #bca ,ibid4 #fhh4 #bcb ,pp4 #ajh1 #ajbh1 #ajdh4 #bcc ,epist4 #ach #bcd ,p4 #ajfa4 #bce ii4 #gdg4 #bcf iv4 #ija1 #ijb1 #ajac1 #aefd4 #bcg ,p4 #cgc4 #bch ,ap4 ,galland4 ix4 #dj4 #bci ,ibid4 xi4 #fic4 #bdj ,let their own account of the matter be heard3--8,the documentary evidence clearly designates these verses as an early ,western interpolation1 adopted in eclectic texts40--8,they can only be a fragment from the ,traditions1 written or oral1 which were for a while at least locally current30--an 8evangelic ,tradition10 therefore1 8rescued from oblivion by the ,scribes of the second century40 #bda ,consider the places referred to in ,epiphanius4 #bdb ,the ,editors shall speak for themselves concerning this1 the first of the 8,seven last ,words30--8,we cannot doubt that it comes from an extraneous source30--8need not have belonged originally to the book in which it is now included30--is 8a ,western interpolation40 ,dr4 ,hort1--unconscious apparently that he is at the bar1 not on the bench1--passes sentence 7in his usual imperial style7--8,text1 ,western and ,syrian0 7p4 #fg74--;,but then1 7#ast7 ,it happens that our ,,lord',s intercession on behalf of ,his murderers is attested by upwards of forty ,patristic witnesses from every part of ancient ,christendom3 while1 7#bndly7 ,on the contrary1 the places in which it is not found are certain copies of the old ,latin1 and codex ,d1 which is supposed to be our great 8,western0 witness4 #bdc ,dr4 ,hort's ,n4 ,t4 vol4 ii4 ,note1 p4 #fh4 #bdd ,ap4 ,eus4 ,hist4 ,eccl4 ii4 #bc4 #bde ,p4 #eba and 444 ,mass4 #baj and #bgg4 #bdf ,ed4 ,lagarde1 p4 #fe line #c4 #bdg ii4 #ahh4 ,hr4 iii4 #ah p4 #e4 #bdh ,ap4 ,gall4 iii4 #ch1 #abg4 #bdi ,ibid4 ii4 #gad4 7,hom4 xi4 #bj47 #bej ,evan4 ,conc4 #bge4 #bea ,ap4 ,routh1 v4 #afa4 #beb ,he places the verses in ,can4 x4 #bec i4 #aabj4 #bed iii4 #bhi4 #bee ,cat4 in ,ps4 iii4 #bai4 #bef i4 #bij4 #beg #ae times4 #beh ii4 #dh1 #cba1 #dbh2 ii4 7syr47 #bcc4 #bei ,evan4 ,conc4 #aag1 #bef4 #bfj i4 #fjg4 #bfa ,pp4 #bcb1 #bhf4 #bfb ,p4 #he4 #bfc ,pp4 #aa1 #af4 ,dr4 ,wright assigns them to the ,i,vth century4 #bfd ,eph4 c4 x4 #bfe ii4 #aff1 #afh1 #bbf4 #bff #f times4 #bfg ,ap4 ,mai1 ii4 #aig 7 ,cramer #eb72 iii4 #cib4--;,dr4 ,hort's strenuous pleading for the authority of ,cyril on this occasion 7who however is plainly against him7 is amusing4 ,so is his claim to have the cursive 8#hb0 on his side4 ,he is certainly reduced to terrible straits throughout his ingenious volume4 ,yet are we scarcely prepared to find an upright and honourable man contending so hotly1 and almost on any pretext1 for the support of those very ,fathers which1 when they are against him1 7as1 #ii times out of #ajj1 they are17 he treats with utter contumely4 ,he is observed to put up with any ally1 however insignificant1 who even seems to be on his side4 #bfh ,ap4 ,theod4 v4 #aaeb4 #bfi ,pp4 #dbc1 #deg4 #bgj ,cat4 in ,ps4 i4 #gfh2 ii4 #ffc4 #bga ,pp4 #aaji1 #aacd4 #bgb i4 #cgd4 #bgc ,p4 #ic4 #bgd ii4 #fg1 #gdg4 #bge i4 #had2 ii4 #hai2 v4 #gce4 #bgf ,p4 #hh4 #bgg ,ap4 ,chrys4 vi4 #aia4 #bgh #aa times4 #bgi ,p4 #ghb f4 #bhj #ab times4 #bha ,more than #fj times4 #bhb ,ap4 ,cypr4 7ed4 ,baluze71 c4 c4 #bhc ,on ,revision1--p4 #db note4 ,see above1 p4 #gh note4 #bhd ,eclog4 ,proph4 p4 #hi4 #bhe ,in ,luc4 #dce and #gah4 #bhf ,see pages #ic to #ig4 #bhg i4 #aebh4 #bhh ,so ,sedulius ,paschalis1 ap4 ,galland4 ix4 #eie4 #bhi iii4 #b4 #bij ,euseb4 ,ecl4 ,proph4 p4 #hi3 ,greg4 ,nyss4 i4 #egj4--,these last two places have hitherto escaped observation4 #bia ,see above1 pp4 #di-ej1 note #b4 #bib ,viz41 thus3-- 1 4 #bic ,dean ,alford1 in loc4 #bid 1 1 2 1 4441--ad ,marinum1 ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bff4 #bie ,ps4 i4 #gi4 #bif ,dem4 #dib4 #big ,ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bhg1 #bic4 #bih i4 #cfd4 #bii ,ap4 ,mai1 ii4 #dci4 #cjj ,ap4 ,galland4 xi4 #bbd4 #cja ,cat4 in ,joann4 p4 #dec4 #cjb ,ps4-,chrys4 viii4 #afa-b4 ,johannes ,thessal4 ap4 ,galland4 xiii4 #ahi4 #cjc ,ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bic bis2 #bid diserte4 #cjd i4 #ejf1 #aeda4 #cje iii4 #ia4 #cjf iv4 #aajh1 and ,luc4 #gbh 7 ,mai1 ii4 #dda74 #cjg iii4#b #adb2 viii4 #dgb4 #cjh ,so ,tertullian3--8,manus et pedes suos inspiciendos offert0 7,carn4 c4 #e74 8,inspectui eorum manus et pedes suos offert0 7,marc4 iv4 c4 #dc74 ,also ,jerome i4 #gab4 #cji ,de ,resur4 #bdj 7quoted by ,j4 ,damascene1 ii4 #gfb74 #caj ,ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bid4 #caa i4 #ijf1 quoted by ,epiph4 i4 #ajjc4 #cab ,ap4 ,theodoret1 iv4 #ada4 #cac i4 #di4 #cad i4 #eaj2 ii4 #djh1 #dah2 iii4 #ia4 #cae iv4 #aajh2 vi4 #bc 7,trin474 ,ap4 ,mai1 ii4 #ddb ter4 #caf iv4 #bgb4 #cag ,cat4 in ,joan4 #dfb1 #c4 #cah i4 #cjc4 #cai ,see above1 pp4 #gh and #he4 #cbj iii4 #egi4 #cba ii4 #aad 7ed4 #afih74 #cbb ii4 #i1 #cfb1 #fbb4 #cbc ii4 #cji2 iv4 #cj2 v4 #eca2 vii4 #eha4 #cbd vi4 #gi4 #cbe ,ep4 i4 7ap4 ,gall4 i4 p4 xii47 #cbf ii4 #dfd4 #cbg ,text1 pp4 #efe and #ega4 #cbh ,append4 p4 #ad4 #cbi ,we depend for our ,versions on ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan3 pp4 #ca1 #dd4 #ccj ii4 #adg4 ,conc4 v4 #fge4 #cca ,cord4 ,cat4 i4 #cgf4 #ccb vii4 #eii1 #fjj diserte4 #ccc ,ap4 ,photium1 p4 #fdd4 #ccd ,three times4 #cce i4 #ffc1 #adfa1 ii4 #aacg4 #ccf ,pp4 #cfg1 #fii4 #ccg vii4 #aci4 #cch ,ap4 ,galland4 vi4 #cbd4 #cci iii4 ,p4 i4 #gfj4 #cdj ,text1 p4 #egb4 #cda ,append4 p4 #ad4 #cdb 1 4 #cdc ,viz4 from ch4 xix4 #g to xx4 #df4 #cdd ,we take leave to point out that1 however favourable the estimate ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort may have personally formed of the value and importance of the ,vatican ,codex 7,b71 nothing can excuse their summary handling1 not to say their contemptuous disregard1 of all evidence adverse to that of their own favourite guide4 ,they pass by whatever makes against the reading they adopt1 with the oracular announcement that the rival reading is 8,syrian10 8,western10 8,western and ,syrian10 as the case may be4 ,but we respectfully submit that 8,syrian10 8,western10 8,western and ,syrian10 as ,critical expressions1 are absolutely without meaning1 as well as without use to a student in this difficult department of sacred ,science4 ,they supply no information4 ,they are never supported by a particle of intelligible evidence4 ,they are often demonstrably wrong1 and always unreasonable4 ,they are ,dictation1 not ,criticism4 ,when at last it is discovered that they do but signify that certain words are not found in codex ,b1--they are perceived to be the veriest foolishness also4 ,progress is impossible while this method is permitted to prevail4 ,if these distinguished ,professors have enjoyed a ,revelation as to what the ,evangelists actually wrote1 they would do well to acquaint the world with the fact at the earliest possible moment4 ,if1 on the contrary1 they are merely relying on their own inner consciousness for the power of divining the truth of ,scripture at a glance1--they must be prepared to find their decrees treated with the contumely which is due to imposture1 of whatever kind4 #cde ,marcion 7,epiph4 i4 #cag72--;,eusebius 7,mai1 iv4 #bff72--;,epiphanius 7i4 #cdh72--;,cyril 7,mai1 ii4 #dch72--;,john ,thessal4 7,galland4 xiii4 #ahh74 #cdf ,the discussion of this text has been left very nearly as it originally stood1--the rather1 because the reading of #a ,tim4 iii4 #af will be found fully discussed at the end of the present volume4 ,see ,index of ,texts4 #cdg ,companion to the ,revised ,version1 c41 by ,alex4 ,roberts1 ,d4,d4 7#bnd edit471 pp4 #ff-h4 #cdh ,of this1 any one may convince himself by merely inspecting the #b pages of codex ,a which are exposed to view at the ,british ,museum4 #cdi ,for1 of the #c cursives usually cited for the same reading 7#ag1 #gc1 #aha71 the second proves 7on enquiry at ,upsala7 to be merely an abridgment of cumenius1 who certainly read 2 and the last is non-existent4 #cej ,concilia1 ii4 #bag c4 #cea viii4 #bad b4 #ceb ,a single quotation is better than many references4 ,among a multitude of proofs that ,,christ is ,,god1 ,gregory says3-- 2 1 4 ii4 #fic4 #cec 444 1 4 7i4 #bae a47-- 8444 4 7i4 #fhe b47 #ced ,de ,trin4 p4 #hc--where the testimony is express4 #cee 4--,concilia1 i4 #hec d4 #cef ,cramer's ,cat4 in ,rom4 p4 #abd4 #ceg ,one quotation may suffice3-- 1 444 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 444 i4 #dig4 ,galland4 xiv4 #ada4 #ceh ,the following may suffice3-- 2 2 4 v4 p4 ii42 p4 #aed c d4--,in a newly-recovered treatise of ,cyril1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is quoted at length with 1 followed by a remark on the 4 ,this at least is decisive4 ,the place has been hitherto overlooked4 #cei i4 #ib2 iii4 #feg2 iv4 #ai1 #bc4 #cfj ,apud ,athanasium1 ,opp4 ii4 #cc1 where see ,garnier's prefatory note4 #cfa sc4 444 1 4 ,cramer's ,cat4 iii4 #fi4 ,the quotation is from the lost work of ,severus against ,julian of ,halicarnassus4 #cfb ,galland4 xii4 #aeb e1 #aec e1 with the notes both of ,garnier and ,gallandius4 #cfc i4 #cac2 ii4 #bfc4 #cfd ,ap4 ,athanas4 i4 #gjf4 #cfe iii4 #dja-b4 #cff ,ap4 ,phot4 #bcj4 #cfg ,contra ,hr4 ,noet4 c4 #ag4 #cfh ,ap4 ,clem4 ,al4 #igc4 #cfi ,cap4 xii4 #cgj ,ad ,eph4 c4 #ai1 #g2 ad ,magn4 c4 #h4 #cga ,see ,scrivener's ,plain ,introd4 pp4 #eee-f1 and ,berriman's ,dissertation1 pp4 #bbi-bfc4 ,also the end of this volume4 #cgb i4 #hhg c4 #cgc ii4 #gd b4 #cgd ,see above1 p4 #ih4 #cge ,as1 that stupid fabrication1 2 7in ,s4 ,matth4 xix4 #ag73--the new incidents and sayings proposed for adoption1 as in ,s4 ,mark i4 #bg 7in the ,synagogue of ,capernaum73 in ,s4 ,john xiii4 #ba-f 7at the last supper73 in ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ag 7on the way to ,emmaus73--the many proposed omissions1 as in ,s4 ,matth4 vi4 #ac 7the ,doxology73 in xvi4 #b1 #c 7the signs of the weather73 in ,s4 ,mark ix4 #dd #df 7the words of woe73 in ,s4 ,john v4 #c1 #d 7the ,angel troubling the pool71 c4 c4 c4 #cgf ,it cannot be too plainly or too often stated that learned ,prebendary ,scrivener is wholly guiltless of the many spurious 8,readings0 with which a majority of his co-,revisionists have corrupted the ,word of ,,god4 ,he pleaded faithfully1--but he pleaded in vain4--,it is right also to state that the scholarlike ,bp4 of ,s4 ,andrews 7,dr4 ,charles ,wordsworth7 has fully purged himself of the suspicion of complicity1 by his printed 7not published7 remonstrances with his colleagues4--,the excellent ,bp4 of ,salisbury 7,dr4 ,moberly7 attended only #aba of their #djg meetings2 and that judicious scholar1 the ,abp4 of ,dublin 7,dr4 ,trench7 only #fc4 ,the reader will find more on this subject at the close of ,art4 ,,ii41--pp4 #bbh-cj4 #cgg ,eusebius1--,basil1--,chrysostom 7in loc471--,jerome1--,juvencus1--omit the words4 ,p4 ,e4 ,pusey found them in no ,syriac copy4 ,but the conclusive evidence is supplied by the ,manuscripts2 not more than #a out of #bj of which contain this clause4 #cgh 8,revised ,text0 of ,s4 ,luke vi4 #dh4 #cgi 8,authorized ,version10 supported by ,a ,c ,d and #ab other uncials1 the whole body of the cursives1 the ,syriac1 ,latin1 and ,gothic versions4 #chj 8,revised ,text0 of ,s4 ,luke v4 #ci4 #cha 8,authorized ,version10 supported by ,a ,c and #ad other uncials1 the whole body of the cursives1 and all the versions except the ,peschito and the ,coptic4 #chb ,address at ,lincoln ,diocesan ,conference1--p4 #af4 #chc ,on ,revision1--p4 #ii4 #chd ,dial4 capp4 #hh and #ajc 7pp4 #cjf1 #caj1 #ceb74 #che ,p4 #aac4 #chf ,ap4 ,galland4 iii4 #gai1 c d4 #chg iv4 #ae 7ap4 ,gall4 iv4 #bif b74 #chh #db b1 #ifa e1 #ajid a4 #chi ,ap4 ,galland4 iv4 #fje 7ver4 #cfe-f74 #cij ,ap4 ,aug4 viii4 #dbc e4 #cia 8,vox illa ,patris1 qu super baptizatum facta est ,ego hodie genui te10 7,enchirid4 c4 #di ,opp4 vi4 #bae a73-- 8,illud vero quod nonnulli codices habent secundum ,lucam1 hoc illa voce sonuisse quod in ,psalmo scriptum est1 ,filius meus es tu3 ego hodie genui te1 quanquam in antiquioribus codicibus ,grcis non inveniri perhibeatur1 tamen si aliquibus fide dignis exemplaribus confirmari possit1 quid aliud quam utrumque intelligendum est quolibet verborum ordine de clo sonuisse80 7,de ,cons4 ,ev4 ii4 c4 #ad ,opp4 iii4 ,p4 ii4 #df d e74 ,augustine seems to allude to what is found to have existed in the ,ebionite ,gospel4 #cib ,epiphanius 7i4 #ach b7 quotes the passage which contains the statement4 #cic -- 3 also--4 #cid ,for my information on this subject1 ,i am entirely indebted to one who is always liberal in communicating the lore of which he is perhaps the sole living depositary in ,england1--the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan4 ,see his ,seven ,chapters of the ,revision of #ahha1 revised1--p4 #c4 ,but especially should the reader be referred to ,dr4 ,malan's learned dissertation on this very subject in his ,select ,readings in ,westcott and ,hort's ,gr4 ,text of ,s4 ,matth41--pp4 #a to #bb4 #cie ,so ,dr4 ,malan in his ,select ,readings 7see above note #a71--pp4 #ae1 #ag1 #ai4 #cif 8,liber genitur ,jesu ,christi filii ,david1 filii ,abraham0 444 8,gradatim ordo deducitur ad ,christi nativitatem40--,de ,carne ,christi1 c4 #bb4 #cig ,a friendly critic complains that we do not specify which editions of the ,fathers we quote4 ,our reply is--,this was a ,review1 not a ,treatise4 ,we are constrained to omit such details4 ,briefly1 we always quote the best ,edition4 ,critical readers can experience no difficulty in verifying our references4 ,a few details shall however be added3 ,justin 7,otto73 ,irenus 7,stieren73 ,clemens ,al4 7,potter73 ,tertullian 7,oehler73 ,cyprian 7,baluze73 ,eusebius 7,gaisford73 ,athanas4 7#afih73 ,greg4 ,nyss4 7#afch73 ,epiphan4 7#afbb73 ,didymus 7#agfi73 ,ephraem ,syr4 7#agcb73 ,jerome 7,vallarsi73 ,nilus 7#affh-gc73 ,chrysostom 7,montfaucon73 ,cyril 7,aubert73 ,isidorus 7#afch73 ,theodoret 7,schulze73 ,maximus 7#afge73 ,john ,damascene 7,lequien73 ,photius 7#afec74 ,most of the others 7as ,origen1 ,greg4 ,nazianz41 ,basil1 ,cyril of ,jer41 ,ambrose1 ,hilary1 ,augustine71 are quoted from the ,benedictine editions4 ,when we say 8,mai10 we always mean his ,nova ,biblioth4 ,,pp4 #aheb-ga4 ,by 8,montfaucon10 we mean the ,nov4 ,coll4 ,,pp4 #agjg4 ,it is necessity that makes us so brief4 #cih ,concilia1 iii4 #eba a to d4 #cii i4#b #cdj4 #djj ,p4 #hhi line #cg 774 #dja i4 #idc c4 #djb i4 #gce4 #djc v4#a #cfc1 #fgf4 #djd ,concil4 iii4 #cbe 7 ,cyril v4#b #bh a74 #dje vii4 #dh2 viii4 #cad4 #djf ,in ,matth4 ii4 #af4 #djg ,ps4-,athanas4 ii4 #cjf and #gjj3 ps4-,chrysost4 xii4 #fid4 #djh ,p4 #dgj4 #dji ,gall4 ix4 #bae4 #daj ,trin4 #ahh4 #daa i4 #bej b4 #dab i4 #dbf a 774 #dac 2 1 4--,galland4 xiv4 ,append4 pp4 #gc1 #gd4 #dad dated #bb ,may ,a4,d4 #cei ap4 ,athan4 i4 #gba d4 #dae i4 #gbb c4 #daf ,p4 #bj of the newly-recovered ,diatessaron1 translated from the ,armenian4 ,the ,exposition is claimed for ,ephraem ,syrus4 #dag ,dr4 ,malan1 ,seven ,chapters of the ,revision1 revised1 p4 #g4 #dah ,see below1 note #ac4 #dai ,see p4 #abb1 note #aa4 #dbj i4 #ich1 #ieb4 ,also ps4-,athan4 ii4 #dji1 excellently4 #dba ,trin4 #cdi4 #dbb ,p4 #aaf4 #dbc i4 #cib2 ii4 #eii1 #fjj4 #dbd ii4 #bbi4 #dbe ,see p4 #abb1 note #aa4 #dbf i4 #dbf1 #ajdi 7#e times71 #ajeb-c4 #dbg vii4 #gf4 #dbh ,galland4 ix4 #fcf4 #dbi ,p4 #f 7 3 which is also the reading of ,syrev and of the ,sahidic4 ,the ,memphitic version represents 47 #dcj i4 #bgf4 #dca ,gal4 xiii4 #ffb4 #dcb ,in ,cat4 #dcc ii4 #dfb4 #dcd 8,ex hoc loco quidam perversissime suspicantur et alios filios habuisse ,mariam1 dicentes primogenitum non dici nisi qui habeat et fratres0 7vii4 #ad74 ,he refers to his treatise against ,helvidius1 ii4 #baj4 #dce ,preface to ,pastoral ,epistles1--more fully quoted facing p4 #a4 #dcf ,the ,preface 7quoted above facing p4 #a17 is dated #crd ,nov4 #ahfh4 #dcg ,lectures on ,biblical ,revision1 7#ahha7 pp4 #aaf seqq4 ,see above1 pp4 #cg-i4 #dch ,on ,revision1 pp4 #cj and #di4 #dci ,the ,new ,testament of ,our ,lord and ,saviour ,,jesus ,,christ1 translated out of the ,greek3 being the ,version set forth ,a4,d4 #afaa1 compared with the most ancient ,authorities1 and ,revised ,a4,d4 #ahha4 ,printed for the ,universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge1 #ahha4 ,the ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek1 according to the ,text followed in the ,authorized ,version1 together with the ,variations adopted in the ,revised ,version4 ,edited for the ,syndics of the ,cambridge ,university ,press1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,a4 ,scrivener1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,prebendary of ,exeter and ,vicar of ,hendon4 ,cambridge1 #ahha4 4 ,the ,greek ,testament1 with the ,readings adopted by the ,revisers of the ,authorized ,version4 ,edited by the ,ven4 ,archdeacon ,palmer1 ,d4,d4 ,oxford1 #ahha4 ,the ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek4 ,the ,text revised by ,brooke ,foss ,westcott1 ,d4,d41 and ,fenton ,john ,anthony ,hort1 ,d4,d4 ,cambridge and ,london1 #ahha4 #ddj ,malan's ,gospel of ,s4 ,john translated from the ,eleven oldest ,versions4 #dda ,int4 ii4 #gb2 iv4 #fbb dis4 #ddb ,c4 ,noet4 #d4 #ddc i4 #abge4 #ddd ,trin4 #cfc4 #dde ,ap4 ,gall4 v4 #fg4 #ddf i4 #bhb4 #ddg i4 #dhf4 #ddh ,ep4 ad ,paul4 ,sam4 ,concil4 i4 #hgb e2 #hhi e4 #ddi ,ap4 ,galland4 iv4 #efc4 #dej vii4 #edf2 viii4 #aec1 #aed1 #bgg4 #dea iii4 #egj2 iv4 #bbf1 #ajdi1 #aaec4 #deb iv4 #aej 7text72 vi4 #cj1 #afi4 ,mai1 ii4 #fi4 #dec ,concilia1 iii4 #aajb d4 #ded ,quoted by ,leontius 7,gall4 xii4 #fic74 #dee ,in ,cat4 ,cord4 #if4 #def ,ibid4 p4 #id4 #deg ,cat4 in ,ps4 ii4 #cbc and #cdc4 #deh ,ap4 ,photium1 p4 #bha4 #dei ,montf4 ii4 #bhf4 #dfj i4 #bhh1 #eei1 #efg4 #dfa ,ps4-,athan4 ii4 #dfd4 ,another1 #fbe4 ,another1 #fcj4 ,ps4-,epiphan4 ii4 #bhg4 #dfb i4 #hfc1 #ijc1 #adbh4 #dfc ,gall4 iii4 #bif4 #dfd #cb dis42 #ead2 #ajde dis4 #dfe ,gall4 vi4 #aib4 #dff iv4 #fgi4 #dfg ,ap4 ,athan4 ii4 #fdf4 #dfh ,gall4 v4 #abd4 #dfi ,ibid4 iii4 #fbh1 #fge4 #dgj ,ibid4 ix4 #cfg4 #dga ,ibid4 ix4 #dic4 #dgb ,let the ,reader1 with a map spread before him1 survey the whereabouts of the several ,,versions above enumerated1 and mentally assign each ,,father to his own approximate locality3 then let him bear in mind that #iie out of #ajjj of the extant ,,manuscripts agree with those ,fathers and ,versions2 and let him further recognize that those ,,mss4 7executed at different dates in different countries7 must severally represent independent remote originals1 inasmuch as no two of them are found to be quite alike4--,next1 let him consider that1 in all the ,churches of the ,east1 these words from the earliest period were read as part of the ,gospel for the ,thursday in ,easter week4--,this done1 let him decide whether it is reasonable that two worshippers of codex ,b--,a4,d4 #ahha--should attempt to thrust all this mass of ancient evidence clean out of sight by their peremptory sentence of exclusion1--8,,western ,,and ,,syrian40 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort inform us that 8the character of the attestation marks0 the clause 7 71 8as a ,,western ,,gloss40 ,but the 8attestation0 for retaining that clause--7a7 ,comes demonstrably from every quarter of ancient ,christendom3--7b7 ,is more ancient 7by #bjj years7 than the evidence for omitting it3--7c7 ,is more numerous1 in the proportion of #ii to #a3--7;d7 ,in point of respectability1 stands absolutely alone4 ,for since we have proved that ,origen and ,didymus1 ,epiphanius and ,cyril1 ,ambrose and ,jerome1 recognize the words in dispute1 of what possible ,textual significancy can it be if presently 7because it is sufficient for their purpose7 the same ,fathers are observed to quote ,s4 ,john iii4 #ac no further than down to the words 8,son of ,man08 ,no person1 7least of all a professed ,critic17 who adds to his learning a few grains of common sense and a little candour1 can be misled by such a circumstance4 ,origen1 ,eusebius1 ,proclus1 ,ephraim ,syrus1 ,jerome1 ,marius1 when they are only insisting on the doctrinal significancy of the earlier words1 naturally end their quotation at this place4 ,the two ,gregories 7,naz4 ii4 #hg1 #afh3 ,nyss4 ,galland4 vi4 #ebb71 writing against the ,apolinarian heresy1 of course quoted the verse no further than ,apolinaris himself was accustomed 7for his heresy7 to adduce it4444 ,about the internal evidence for the clause1 nothing has been said2 but this is simply overwhelming4 ,we make our appeal to ,catholic ,antiquity2 and are content to rest our cause on ,external ,evidence2--on ,,copies1 on ,,versions1 on ,,fathers4 #dgc ,pp4 #gih1 #gii4 #dgd iii4 #dad4 #dge ,ant4 c4 #ej2 ,consum4 c4 #bh4 #dgf ,hist4 ,eccl4 v4 #h4 #dgg 2-- 4 ,phavorinus1 quoted by ,brder4 #dgh ,viz4 ,s4 ,luke iv4 #ci3 ,acts x4 #ag3 xi4 #aa3 xxii4 #bj4 #dgi ,s4 ,luke ii4 #i 7where 8came upon0 is better than 8stood by them10 and should have been left73 xxiv4 #d3 ,acts xii4 #g3 xxii4 #ac3 xxiii4 #aa4 #dhj ,s4 ,luke xx4 #a3 xxi4 #cd 7last ,day73 ,acts iv4 #a3 vi4 #ab3 xvii4 #e 78assault073 xxiii4 #bg3 xxviii4 #b 7a rain-storm1--which1 by the way1 suggests for a different rendering from 8the present074 #dha ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ch4 #dhb ,s4 ,luke x4 #dj4 #dhc ,cf4 ch4 xi4 #bj4 ,so in ,latin1 ,illa plurima sacrificia4 7,cic4 ,de ,fin4 #b4 #bj4 #fc47 #dhd 8,the context0 7says learned ,dr4 ,field7 8is too strong for philological quibbles40 ,the words 8can by no possibility bear any other meaning40--,otium ,norvicense1 p4 #dj4 #dhe 1--,theophylact1 i4 #bja e4 ,boys quotes ,seneca ,de ,ir3--,tunc centurio supplicio prpositus condere gladium speculatorem jussit4 #dhf ,trench1 ,study of ,words1 p4 #ajf4 #dhg ,otium ,norvicense1 pars tertia1 #ahha1 pp4 #aee4 #dhh ,compare ,xenophon 7,cyrop4 vii4 #f4 #h71 4 ,the plena locutio is found in ,nehem4 xiii4 #bd1-- 1 7quoted by ,wetstein74 #dhi ,cf4 ,acts i4 #bc2 xvii4 #ca4 ,the ,latin is 8statuerunt0 or 8constituerunt40 ,the ,revisionists give 8appointed0 in the second of these places1 and 8put forward0 in the first4 ,in both1--,what becomes of their uniformity8 #dij ,p4 #bgi4 #dia 1 444 x4 #cjg b4 7 xii4 #dcc a74 #dib 2 4 ix4 #cia a4 #dic 1 1 444 ii4 #eaf d4 #did iii4 #cii d4 #die v4 #icj 7 74 #dif ,,ms4 ,note in his copy of the ,n4 ,t4 #dig ,and the ,revisionists3 for see ,rom4 xi4 #d4 #dih ,yet even here they cannot abstain from putting in the margin the peculiarly infelicitous alternative1--8,why didst thou forsake ,me80 #dii ,as in ,rom4 vi4 #b3 ix4 #ac4 #a ,cor4 i4 #bg3 vi4 #bj3 ix4 #aa4 ,ephes4 iv4 #bj1 c4 c4 #ejj ,comp4 ,s4 ,matth4 viii4 #a1 #e1 #bc1 #bh2 ix4 #bg1 #bh2 xxi4 #bc4 #eja 4 #ejb ii4 #aee4 #ejc ,routh1 ,rell4 iii4 #bbf ad calc4 #ejd ,ap4 ,mai1 iv4 #bff4 #eje ii4 #acbd4 #ejf ii4 #chj4 #ejg ,ap4 ,greg4 ,nyss4 iii4 #djc4 #ejh ,so also ,heb4 xi4 #ag1 #bh4 ,and see the ,revision of ,s4 ,james i4 #aa4 #eji ,comp4 in ,s4 ,lu4 xi4 #d4 ,in the case of certain ,greek verbs1 the preterite in form is invariably present in signification4 ,see ,dr4 ,field's delightful ,otium ,norvicense1 p4 #fe4 #eaj ,see above1 pp4 #ih-ajf4 ,also infra1 towards the end4 #eaa ,as in ,s4 ,matth4 xi4 #aa and #b ,tim4 iv4 #ag1 where is rendered 8notwithstanding30--,phil4 i4 #bd and ,heb4 xii4 #aa1 where it is 8nevertheless40 #eab ,eight times in succession in #a ,cor4 xii4 #h-aj1 is not represented in the ,a4 ,v4 ,the ancients felt so keenly what ,tyndale1 ,cranmer1 the ,geneva1 the ,rheims1 and the ,a4 ,v4 ventured to exhibit1 that as often as not they leave out the 1--in which our ,revisionists twice follow them4 ,the reader of taste is invited to note the precious result of inserting 8and10 as the ,revisionists have done six times1 where according to the genius of the ,english language it is not wanted at all4 #eac #ch times in the ,genealogy1 ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #ead ,rom4 xiv4 #d3 xv4 #bj4 #eae ,rom4 ix4 #bb4 #eaf #a ,cor4 xii4 #bg4 #eag ,gal4 ii4 #d4 #eah ,act xxvii4 #bf4 #eai ,rom4 iii4 #bb4 #ebj ,ephes4 iv4 #a4 #eba #b ,cor4 v4 #h4 #ebb ,s4 ,mark xv4 #ca4 #ebc ,s4 ,mark vi4 #bi4 #ebd #a ,cor4 x4 #a4 #ebe ,s4 ,matth4 vi4 #cj4 #ebf ,s4 ,john xx4 #d4 #ebg #b ,cor4 i4 #bc4 #ebh #b ,cor4 vii4 #ac4 #ebi #b ,cor4 ii4 #ab4 #ecj #b ,pet4 iii4 #ac4 #eca ,s4 ,matth4 ii4 #bb4 #ecb #a ,cor4 xii4 #bj4 #ecc #a ,s4 ,john i4 #c4 #ecd ,s4 ,matth4 xxv4 #ci4 #ece ,acts viii4 #c4 #ecf ,rom4 xii4 #f4 #ecg ,s4 ,matth4 vi4 #bi4 #ech ,as in ,s4 ,matth4 vii4 #i3 xii4 #bi3 xx4 #ae4 ,rom4 iii4 #bi4 #eci ,s4 ,matth4 xx4 #ae3 xxvi4 #ec4 ,rom4 iii4 #bi3 vi4 #c3 vii4 #a4 #edj ,s4 ,john xvi4 #cb4 #eda ,s4 ,luke xix4 #bc4 #edb #b ,cor4 xiii4 #a4 #edc ,s4 ,luke xii4 #b4 #edd ,s4 ,luke xviii4 #g4 #ede ,s ,luke xiv4 #ba4 #edf #a ,s4 ,john ii4 #bg4 #edg #a ,s4 ,john i4 #b4 #edh ,s4 ,mark ix4 #ci4 #edi ,acts xxiii4 #c4 #eej ,consider ,s4 ,matth4 iii4 #af1-- 3 and ver4 #f1-- 4 #eea 4 #eeb ,galland4 iv4 #f b bis4 #eec ,p4 #bgi4 #eed ix4 #djj4 #eee ii4 #gjg4 #eef ,the circumstance is noticed and explained in the same way by ,dr4 ,field in his delightful ,otium ,norvicense4 #eeg ,concilia1 iv4 #gi e4 #eeh ,thus ,cyril addresses one of his ,epistles to ,acacius ,bp4 of ,melitene1--,concilia1 iii4 #aaaa4 #eei ,see ,dr4 ,field's delightful ,otium ,norvicense 7,pars tertia71 #ahha1 pp4 #a-d and #aaj1 #aaa4 ,this masterly contribution to ,sacred ,criticism ought to be in the hands of every student of ,scripture4 #efj ,see ,hesychius1 and the notes on the place4 #efa ,notes designed to illustrate some expressions in the ,gk4 ,test4 by a reference to the ,,lxx41 c4 ,by ,c4 ,f4 ,b4 ,wood1 ,prcentor of ,llandaff1--,rivingtons1 #ahhb1 7pp4 #ba17--p4 #ag3--;an admirable performance1 only far too brief4 #efb 8 #efc 4 #efd ,pointed out to me by ,professor ,gandell1--whose exquisite familiarity with ,scripture is only equalled by his readiness to communicate his knowledge to others4 #efe and 1--,s4 ,mark xiv4 #c and #h3 ,s4 ,john xii4 #c and #g4 ,hear ,origen 7apud ,hieron4 iii4 #eag73--8,non de nardo propositum est nunc ,spiritui ,sancto dicere1 neque de hoc quod oculis intuemur1 ,evangelista scribit1 unguento2 sed de nardo spirituali40 ,and so ,jerome himself1 vii4 #bab4 #eff ,ps4 xxxiii4 #ah 7 73 ,is4 lvii4 #ae4 #efg ,consider ,ignatius1 ad ,ephes4 c4 xvii4 ,also1 the exquisite remark of ,theod4 ,heracl4 in ,cramer's ,cat4 #efh ,we prefer that readers should be reminded1 by the varied form1 of the ,greek original4 ,in the extreme case 7,acts vii4 #de3 ,hebr4 iv4 #h71 is it not far more edifying that attention should be in this way directed to the identity of the names 8,joshua0 and 8,jesus10 than that the latter word should be entirely obliterated by the former2--and this1 only for the sake of unmistakeably proclaiming1 7what yet must needs be perfectly manifest1 viz47 that 8,joshua0 is the personage spoken of8 #efi ,so1 in ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #be1 and ,acts iii4 #ad3 xiii4 #bh1--still following ,tyndale4 #egj ,acts xii4 #bj4 #ega ,eph4 iii4 #ac4 #egb ,for1 as the story plainly shows 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #b1 #c2 #a ,chron4 xvii4 #a1 #b71 it was only 8in his heart0 to build ,,god an house 7#a ,kings viii4 #ag1 #ah74 ,hence ,cranmer's 8he would fain0 have done so4 #egc ,acts xvi4 #bi4 #egd ,col4 i4 #i4 #ege ,s4 ,matth4 xiv4 #ae1 #bb1 #bc 7 ,s4 ,mark vi4 #cf1 #de1 and note the substitution of in ver4 #df3 ,s4 ,luke ix4 #ab73 and xv4 #cb1 #ci 7 ,s4 ,mark viii4 #i74 #egf ,s4 ,matt4 xiii4 #cf3 and ,s4 ,mark iv4 #cf4 #egg ,acts xii4 #ac4 #egh ,acts xvi4 #af4 #egi ,verses #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 #be1 #bf1 #cj1 #ca4 #ehj ,twice he calls it 4 #eha ,ch4 xxvii4 #fa1 #fd1 #ff2 xxviii4 #a4 #ehb ,except in #b ,tim4 iii4 #af1--where is rendered ad docendum4 #ehc ,except in ,rom4 xii4 #g1--where is rendered 8on teaching40 #ehd ,except in ,rom4 xvi4 #ag1 where they render it 8doctrine40 #ehe ,and yet1 since upwards of #ej times we are molested with a marginal note to inform us that means 8,teacher0-- 7rather than 7 might have claimed to be rendered 8teaching40 #ehf ,viz4 ,rom4 xii4 #g3 #a ,tim4 iv4 #ac1 #af3 v4 #ag3 #b ,tim4 iii4 #aj1 #af4--,rom4 xv4 #d4 #ehg ,eight times in ,rev4 xvi4 #ehh ,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #g4 ,s4 ,mark xiv4 #c4 ,s4 ,luke vii4 #cg4 #ehi 4 ,consider the ,,lxx4 of #b ,chron4 xxiv4 #h1 #aj1 #aa4 #eij 4 #eia ,e4g4 ,s4 ,matth4 xxvi4 #dh4 ,s4 ,luke ii4 #ab4 #eib is rendered 8miracle0 in the ,r4 ,v4 about half-a-dozen times4 #eic ,acts iv4 #af1 #bb4--,on the other hand1 8sign0 was allowed to represent repeatedly in the ,a4 ,v41 as in ,s4 ,matth4 xii4 #ch1 c41 and the parallel places3 ,s4 ,mark xvi4 #ag1 #bj3 ,s4 ,john xx4 #cj4 #eid ,canon ,cook's ,revised ,version of the first three ,gospels considered1 c4--p4 #bf3 an admirable performance1--unanswered1 because unanswerable4 #eie ,dr4 ,vance ,smith's ,revised ,texts and ,margins1--p4 #de4 #eif ,s4 ,matth4 xvii4 #ae3 ,s4 ,mk4 ix4 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bf3 ,s4 ,lu4 ix4 #ci1 #db4 #eig ,consider our ,,lord',s solemn words in ,mtt4 xvii4 #ba1--8;,but this kind goeth not out save by prayer and fasting10--#ab words left out by the ,r4 ,v41 though witnessed to by all the ,copies but #c3 by the ,latin1 ,syriac1 ,coptic1 and ,armenian ,versions3 and by the following ,fathers3--7#a7 ,origen1 7#b7 ,tertullian1 7#c7 the ,syriac ,clement1 7#d7 the ,syriac ,canons of ,eusebius1 7#e7 ,athanasius1 7#f7 ,basil1 7#g7 ,ambrose1 7#h7 ,juvencus1 7#i7 ,chrysostom1 7#aj7 ,opus imp41 7#aa7 ,hilary1 7#ab7 ,augustine1 7#ac7 ,j4 ,damascene1 and others4 ,then 7it will be asked71 why have the ,revisionists left them out8 ,because 7we answer7 they have been misled by ,b and 1 ,cureton's ,syriac and the ,sahidic1--as untrustworthy a quaternion of witnesses to the text of ,scripture as could be named4 #eih ,the word is only not banished entirely from the ,n4 ,t4 ,it occurs twice 7viz4 in ,rom4 i4 #bj1 and ,jude ver4 #f71 but only as the rendering of 4 #eii ,s4 ,matth4 xxv4 #df4 #fjj ,clemens ,al4 7p4 #ga7 says3-- 1 4 ,tertullian1--,legimus omnem ,scripturam dificationi habilem1 divinitus inspirari4 ,origen 7ii4 #ddc71-- 4 ,gregory ,nyss4 7ii4 #fje71-- 4 ,dial4 7ap4 ,orig4 i4 #hjh71-- 4 ,so ,basil1 ,chrysostom1 ,cyril1 ,theodoret1 c4 #fja ,see ,archdeacon ,lee on ,inspiration1 pp4 #bfa-c1 reading his notes4 #fjb ,s4 ,john xvi4 #ae4 #fjc ,study by all means ,basil's letter to ,amphilochius1 7vol4 iii4 p4 #cfj to #cfb47-- 2 1 1 1 1 2 444 1 2 4 2 4--7p4 #cfb c47 ,basil says of this interpretation-- 4 #fjd ,notes1 p4 #aji4 #fje ,celebre effugium1 7as ,dr4 ,routh calls it17 quod ex fals verborum constructione ,critici quidam hreticis pararunt4 ,reliqq4 iii4 #cbb-c4 #fjf ,c alone has a point between and 4 ,but this is an entirely different thing from what is noted in the margin4 #fjg ,,ms4 communication from the ,rev4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan4 #fjh i4 #ejf4 #fji ,opusc4 i4 #eb1 #eh2 ,phil4 #cci4 #faj iv4 #fab4 #faa ,routh1 ,reliqq4 ,sac4 iii4 #bib1 and #bhg4 7,concil4 i4 #hde b4 c47 #fab ,concilia1 i4 #hgc d3 #hgf a4 #fac vi4 c4 #bf4 #fad i4 #dad1 #dae1 #dbi1 #fag1 #fhd1 #ijh4 #fae i4 #bhb4 ,and in ,cat4 #cag4 #faf ,trin4 #ba1 #bi1 #cbg1 #cib4 ,mai1 vii4 #cjc4 #fag ii4 #eif a1 7quoted by the ,emp4 ,justinian ,concil4 v4 #fig and the ,chronicon ,paschale1 #cee71 #fic1 #fig2 iii4 #bhg4 ,galland4 vi4 #ege4 #fah i4 #dha1 #dhg1 #hid1 #igh2 ii4 #gd4 #fai ,ap4 ,cyril 7ed4 ,pusey71 v4 #ecd4 #fbj ,ap4 ,gall4 iii4 #hje4 #fba ,ap4 ,gall4 iv4 #egf4 #fbb ,ap4 ,phot4 col4 #gfa1 #hec4 #fbc ,ap4 ,gall4 vi4 #h1 #i1 #hj4 #fbd ,ap4 ,gall4 vii4 #fah1 and ap4 ,hieron4 i4 #efj4 #fbe ,concilia1 iii4 #ebb e 7 iv4 #big d ap4 ,gall4 viii4 #ffg74 ,also1 ,concilia 7,harduin71 i4 #adac a4 #fbf ,ap4 ,gall4 ix4 #dgd4 #fbg ,ap4 ,gall4 ix4 #fij1 #fia 7 ,concil4 iii4 #abcj1 #abca74 #fbh ,homilia 7,arm471 p4 #afe and #bdi4 #fbi i4 #dfd1 #dhc2 vi4 #ecd2 vii4 #ea2 viii4 #aia2 ix4 #fjd1 #fec2 x4 #agb4 #fcj v4#a #bj1 #ejc1 #gfe1 #gib2 v4#b #eh1 #aje1 #aah1 #adh2 vi4 #cbh4 ,ap4 ,mai1 ii4 #gj1 #hf1 #if1 #ajd2 iii4 #hd in ,luc4 #bf4 #fca ,concilia1 iii4 #ajii b4 #fcb i4 #ajc2 ii4 #acee2 iii4 #bae1 #dgj2 iv4 #ag1 #dcc1 #aadh1 #abfd1 #abie1 #acji2 v4 #fg1 #ajic4 #fcc ,cramer's ,cat4 #afj4 #fcd ,ibid4 in ,act4 #dj4 #fce ,p4 #aff4 #fcf ,concilia1 ii4 #aie4 #fcg ,ap4 ,gall4 xii4 #bea4 #fch ,ap4 ,gall4 xii4 #fhb4 #fci ii4 #fd4 #fdj i4 #eeg2 ii4 #ce1 #hh4 #fda ,prax4 #ac1 #ae--8;,christum autem et ipse ,deum cognominavit1 ,quorum patres1 et ex quibus ,christus secundum carnem1 qui est super omnia ,deus benedictus in vum40 #fdb ,p4 #bhg4 #fdc ,ap4 ,gall4 iii4 #bif1 #cac4 #fdd i4 #adgj2 ii4 #deg1 #edf1 #fji1 #gij4 #fde ,concilia1 ii4 #ihb c4 #fdf #gh1 #aee1 #cic1 #hej1 #igj1 #aabe1 #abcb4 #fdg i4 #hgj1 #hgb4 #fdh ,ap4 ,gall4 viii4 #aeg4 #fdi ,ap4 ,gall4 vii4 #ehi1 #eij4 #fej ,ap4 ,gall4 viii4 #fbg4 #fea #gji1 #gaa4 #feb ,ap4 ,gall4 x4 #gbb4 #fec ,ap4 ,gall4 xi4 #bcc1 #bcg4 #fed ,concilia1 iii4 #acfd1 #achb4 #fee ,ap4 ,gall4 #ceb1 #ceg4 #fef ,ibid4 #fgd4 #feg ii4 #af1 #bae1 #dac4 #feh i4 #hci2 v4 #gfi2 xii4 #dba4 #fei ,those of our readers who wish to pursue this subject further may consult with advantage ,dr4 ,gifford's learned note on the passage in the ,speaker's ,commentary4 ,dr4 ,gifford justly remarks that 8it is the natural and simple construction1 which every ,greek scholar would adopt without hesitation1 if no question of doctrine were involved40 #ffj ,note1 that this has been the language of the ,church from the beginning4 ,thus ,tertullian1--8,aquam adituri 444 contestamur nos renuntiare diabolo1 et pomp et angelis ejus0 7i4 #dba73 and ,ambrose1--8,quando te interrogavit1 ,abrenuntias diabolo et operibus ejus1 quid respondisti8 ,abrenuntio4 ,abrenuntias sculo et voluptatibus ejus1 quid respondisti8 ,abrenuntio0 7ii4 #cej c73 and ,ephraem ,syrus1-- 7ii4 #aie and iii4 #cii74 ,and ,csarius of ,arles1--8,abrenuntias diabolo1 pompis et operibus ejus 444 ,abrenuntio0 7,galland4 xi4 #ah e74 #ffa #b ,tim4 iv4 #ah4 #ffb ,s4 ,john xvii4 #bd4 #ffc ,p4 #adj4 #ffd ,marcell4 p4 #aib4 #ffe ,in loc4 diserte4 #fff ,eth4 ii4 #big4 #ffg viii4 #dhe4 #ffh ,text1 iv4 #ajjc2 ,comm4 #ajjg1 which are two distinct authorities1 as learned readers of ,cyril are aware4 #ffi ,concilia1 iii4 #cef d4 #fgj iv4 #dej4 #fga ,pp4 #bce1 #cba4 #fgb i4 #dab2 ii4 #eff1 #fdi4 #fgc ,pp4 #ajag1 #ajcc4 #fgd ,victricius ap4 ,gall4 viii4 #bcj4 ,also ps4-,chrys4 v4 #fhj4 #fge iii4 #iff dis4 #fgf ,dem4 #ib4 #fgg i4 #cai4 #fgh ,trin4 #aij4 #fgi v4 #ajci1 #ajfi4 #fhj ii4 #dfj4 #fha v4 #fae4 #fhb ii4 #ehd4 ,cyril read the place both ways3--v4#b #aef1 and in ,luc4 p4 #eb4 #fhc i4 #gbj4 #fhd ii4 #cha2 iii4 #ifb2 iv4 #fja4 #fhe ,ap4 ,galland4 vii4 #ahc4 #fhf ,ap4 ,montf4 ii4 #fg4 #fhg iii4 #ccc2 v4 #ddd2 x4 #dih1 #fbj2 xii4 #cbi4 #fhh ii4 #gg2 iii4 #cdi4 #fhi ii4 #beb4 #fij 8,deseruimus fere quos sequi solemus codices40 #fia ,p4 #ch 7 ,gall4 vii4 #bf74 #fib i4 #bih1 #fac4 #fic viii4 #cea1 #ceb4 #fid iv4 #feb c1 #fec a1 #fed d4 #fie i4 #gdh2 iv4 #bgd1 #eej4 #fif ,in ,dionys4 ,ar4 ii4 #aib4 #fig ,as these sheets are passing through the press1 we have received a book by ,sir ,edmund ,beckett1 entitled1 ,should the ,revised ,new ,testament be ,authorized8 ,in four ,chapters1 the author discusses with characteristic vigour1 first1 the principles and method of the ,revisers1 and then the ,gospel of ,s4 ,matthew1 the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 and the ,apocalypse1 as fair samples of their work1 with a union of sound sense1 forensic skill1 and scholarship more skilful than to deserve his cautious disclaimer4 ,amidst details open1 of course1 to discussion1 abundant proofs are set forth1 in a most telling style1 that the plea of 8necessity0 and 8faithfulness0 utterly fails1 in justification of a mass of alterations1 which1 in point of ,english composition1 carry their condemnation on their face1 and1 to sum up the great distinction between the two ,versions1 illustrate 8the difference between working by discretion and by rules--by which no great thing was ever done or ever will be40 ,sir ,edmund ,beckett is very happy in his exposure of the abuse of the famous canon of preferring the stranger reading to the more obvious1 as if copyists never made stupid blunders or perpetrated wilful absurdities4 ,the work deserves the notice of all ,english readers4 #fih ,it has been objected by certain of the ,revisionists that it is not fair to say that 8they were appointed to do one thing1 and have done another40 ,we are glad of this opportunity to explain4 ,that some corrections of the ,text were necessary1 we are well aware3 and had those necessary changes been made1 we should only have had words of commendation and thanks to offer4 ,but it is found that by ,dr4 ,hort's eager advocacy two-thirds of the ,revisionists have made a vast number of perfectly needless changes3--7#a7 ,changes which are incapable of being represented in a ,translation3 as for 1-- for 1-- for 4 ,again1 since 1 at least as much as 1 means 8birth10 why in ,s4 ,matth4 i4 #ah8 ,why1 also1 inform us that instead of 1 they prefer 8 and instead of 1-- 8 ,now this they have done throughout1--at least #cda times in ,s4 ,luke alone4 ,but 7what is far worse71 7#b7 ,they suggest in the margin changes which yet they do not adopt4 ,these numerous changes are1 by their own confession1 not 8necessary30 and yet they are of a most serious character4 ,in fact1 it is of these we chiefly complain4--,but1 indeed 7#c71 ,how many of their other alterations of the ,text will the ,revisionists undertake to defend publicly on the plea of 8,necessity08 ,a vast deal more will be found on this subject towards the close of the present volume4 ,in the meantime1 see above1 pages #hg-hh4 #fii 8,we meet in every page0 7says ,dr4 ,wordsworth1 the learned ,bishop of ,lincoln17 8with small changes which are vexatious1 teasing1 and irritating2 even the more so because they are small 7as small insects sting most sharply71 which seem almost to be made merely for the sake of change40--p4 #be4 #gjj ,on the ,revision of the ,english ,version1 c4 7#ahgj71 p4 #ii4 #gja ,bp4 ,ellicott1 ,diocesan ,progress1 ,jan4 #ahhb1--p4 #ai4 #gjb ,bp4 ,ellicott1 ,on ,revision1--p4 #di4 #gjc 8,qui ,,lxx interpretes non legit1 aut minus legit accurate1 is sciat se non adeo idoneum1 qui ,scripta ,evangelica ,apostolica de ,grco in ,latinum1 aut alium aliquem sermonem transferat1 ut ut in aliis ,grcis scriptoribus multum diuque fuerit versatus40 7,john ,bois1 #afai47--8;,grcum ,n4 ,t4 contextum rite intellecturo nihil est utilius quam diligenter versasse ,alexandrinam antiqui ,fderis interpretationem1 ,e ,,qu ,,un ,,plus ,,peti ,,poterit ,,auxilii1 ,,quam ,,ex ,,veteribus ,,scriptoribus ,,gr,,cis ,,simul ,,sumtis4 ,centena reperientur in ,n4 ,t4 nusquam obvia in scriptis ,grcorum veterum1 sed frequentata in ,alexandrin versione40 7,valcknaer1 #agae-he47 #gjd ,on the ,authorized ,version1--p4 #c4 #gje ,preface1 p4 xiv4 #gjf ,quarterly ,review1 ,no4 #cjd4 #gjg ,quarterly ,review1 ,no4 #cje4 #gjh ,at the head of the present ,article1 as it originally appeared1 will be found enumerated ,dr4 ,scrivener's principal works4 ,it shall but be said of them1 that they are wholly unrivalled1 or rather unapproached1 in their particular department4 ,himself an exact and elegant ,scholar1--a most patient and accurate observer of ,textual phenomena1 as well as an interesting and judicious expositor of their significance and value2--guarded in his statements1 temperate in his language1 fair and impartial 7even kind7 to all who come in his way3--,dr4 ,scrivener is the very best teacher and guide to whom a beginner can resort1 who desires to be led by the hand1 as it were1 through the intricate mazes of ,textual ,criticism4 ,his ,plain ,introduction to the ,criticism of the ,new ,testament for the use of ,biblical ,students1 7of which a third edition is now in the press17 is perforce the most generally useful1 because the most comprehensive1 of his works2 but we strenuously recommend the three prefatory chapters of his ,full and ,exact ,collation of about twenty ,greek ,manuscripts of the ,gospels pp4 lxxiv4 and #agh1--ahec1 and the two prefatory chapters of his ,exact ,transcript of the ,codex ,augiensis1 c41 to which is added a full ,collation of ,fifty ,manuscripts1 pp4 lxxx4 and #efc1--ahei1 to the attention of students4 ,his ,collation of ,codex ,bez 7,d7 is perhaps the greatest of his works3 but whatever he has done1 he has done best4 ,it is instructive to compare his collation of ,cod4 with ,tischendorf's4 ,no reader of the ,greek ,testament can afford to be without his reprint of ,stephens' ed4 of #aeej3 and ,english readers are reminded that ,dr4 ,scrivener's is the only classical edition of the ,english ,bible1--,the ,cambridge ,paragraph ,bible1 c41 #ahgj-c4 ,his ,preface or 8,introduction0 7pp4 ix4-cxx47 passes praise4 ,ordinary ,english readers should enquire for his ,six ,lectures on the ,text of the ,n4 ,t41 c41 #ahge1--which is in fact an attempt to popularize the ,plain ,introduction4 ,the reader is referred to note #a at the foot of page #bdc4 #gji 8,agmen ducit ,carolus ,lachmannus 7,n4 ,t4 ,berolini #ahdb-ej71 ingenii viribus et eleganti doctrin haud pluribus impar2 editor ,n4 ,t4 audacior quam limatior3 cujus textum1 a recepto long decedentem1 tantopere judicibus quibusdam subtilioribus placuisse jamdudum miramur3 quippe qui1 abject tot cterorum codicum ,grcorum ope1 perpaucis antiquissimis 7nec iis integris1 nec per eum satis accurat collatis7 innixus1 libros sacros ad sculi post ,christum quarti normam restituisse sibi videatur2 versionum porr 7cujuslibet codicis tatem facil superantium7 ,syriac atque gyptiacarum contemptor1 neutrius lingu peritus2 ,latinarum contr nimius fautor1 pr ,bentleio ipso ,bentleianus40--,scrivener's ,preface to ,nov4 ,test1 texts ,stephanici1 c4 ,see above1 p4 #bch1 note4 #gaj ,scrivener's ,introduction1 p4 #dbi4 #gaa ,n4 ,t4 ,part ,,ii4 p4 #b4 #gab ,no one who attends ever so little to the subject can require to be assured that 8,the ,new ,testament in the ,original ,greek1 according to the text followed in the ,authorized ,version1 together with the variations adopted in the ,revised ,version10 edited by ,dr4 ,scrivener for the ,syndics of the ,cambridge ,university ,press1 #ahha1 does not by any means represent his own views4 ,the learned ,prebendary merely edited the decisions of the two-thirds majority of the ,revisionists1--which were not his own4 #gac ,those who have never tried the experiment1 can have no idea of the strain on the attention which such works as those enumerated in p4 #bch 7note7 occasion4 ,at the same time1 it cannot be too clearly understood that it is chiefly by the multiplication of exact collations of ,,mss4 that an abiding foundation will some day be laid on which to build up the ,science of ,textual ,criticism4 ,we may safely keep our 8,theories0 back till we have collated our ,,mss41--re-edited our ,versions1--indexed our ,fathers4 ,they will be abundantly in time then4 #gad ,introduction1 p4 #ah4 #gae ,see lower part of page #ag4 ,also note at p4 #ge and middle of p4 #bfb4 #gaf ,p4 #ac1 cf4 p4 viii4 #gag ,they are as follows3-- #ast ,s4 ,mark 7vi4 #cc7 relates that on a certain occasion the multitude1 when they beheld our ,,saviour and ,his ,disciples departing in order to cross over unto the other side of the lake1 ran on foot thither1--77 8and outwent them--77 and came together unto ,him0 7i4e4 on ,his stepping out of the boat3 not1 as ,dr4 ,hort strangely imagines p4 #ii1 on ,his emerging from the scene of ,his 8retirement0 in 8some sequestered nook074 ,now here1 ,a substitutes sic for 4-- ,b with the ,coptic and the ,vulg4 omit clause 774--,d omits clause 771 but substitutes 8there0 77 for 8unto ,him0 in clause 771--exhibits therefore a fabricated text4--,the ,syriac condenses the two clauses thus3--8got there before ,him40--,l1 1 #fi1 and #d or #e of the old ,latin copies1 read diversely from all the rest and from one another4 ,the present is1 in fact1 one of those many places in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel where all is contradiction in those depraved witnesses which ,lachmann made it his business to bring into fashion4 ,of ,confusion there is plenty4 8,conflation0--as the ,reader sees--there is none4 #bnd ,in ,s4 ,mark viii4 #bf1 our ,,saviour 7after restoring sight to the blind man of ,bethsaida7 is related to have said1--77 8,neither enter into the village0--77 8nor tell it to any one--77 in the village40 7,and let it be noted that the trustworthiness of this way of exhibiting the text is vouched for by ,a ,c ,n and #ab other uncials3 by the whole body of the cursives3 by the ,peschito and ,harklensian1 the ,gothic1 ,armenian1 and thiopic ,versions3 and by the only ,father who quotes the place--,victor of ,antioch4 ,cramer's ,cat4 p4 #cde1 lines #c and #h47 ,but it is found that the 8two false witnesses0 7 ,b7 omit clauses 77 and 771 retaining only clause 774 ,one of these two however 771 aware that under such circumstances is intolerable1 ,dr4 ,hort1 on the contrary1 7only because he finds it in ,b17 considers 8simple and vigorous0 as well as 8unique0 and 8peculiar0 7p4 #ajj74 substitutes 4 ,as for ,d and the ,vulg41 they substitute and paraphrase1 importing from ,matt4 ix4 #f 7or ,mk4 ii4 #aa71 8,depart unto thine house40 ,d proceeds1--8and tell it to no one 1 from ,matth4 viii4 #d1 in the village40 ,six copies of the old ,latin 7b f ff-#b g-#a-b l71 with the ,vulgate1 exhibit the following paraphrase of the entire place3--8,depart unto thine house1 and if thou enterest into the village1 tell it to no one40 ,the same reading exactly is found in ,evan4 #ac-fi-cdf3 #bh1 #fa1 #dgc1 and i1 7except that #bh1 #fa1 #cdf exhibit 8say nothing from ,mk4 i4 #dd to no one407 ,all six however add at the end1--8not even in the village40 ,evan4 #abd and a stand alone in exhibiting1--8,depart unto thine house2 and enter not into the village2 neither tell it to any one10--to which #abd not a adds1--8in the village40444 ,why all this contradiction and confusion is now to be called 8,conflation10--and what 8clear evidence0 is to be elicited therefrom that 8,syrian0 are posterior alike to 8,western0 and to 8neutral0 readings1--passes our powers of comprehension4 ,we shall be content to hasten forward when we have further informed our ,readers that while ,lachmann and ,tregelles abide by the ,received ,text in this place2 ,tischendorf1 alone of ,editors1 adopts the reading of 7 73 while ,westcott and ,hort1 alone of ,editors1 adopt the reading of ,b 7 71--so ending the sentence4 ,what else however but calamitous is it to find that ,westcott and ,hort have persuaded their fellow ,revisers to adopt the same mutilated exhibition of the ,sacred ,text8 ,the consequence is1 that henceforth1--instead of 8,neither go into the town1 nor tell it to any in the town10--we are invited to read1 8,do not even enter into the village40 #crd ,in ,s4 ,mk4 ix4 #ch1--,s4 ,john1 speaking of one who cast out devils in ,,christ',s ,name1 says--77 8who followeth not us1 and we forbad him--77 because he followeth not us40 ,here1 ,b ,c ,l the ,syriac1 ,coptic1 and thiopic1 omit clause 771 retaining 774 ,d with the old ,latin and the ,vulg4 omit clause 771 but retain 774--,both clauses are found in ,a ,n with #aa other uncials and the whole body of the cursives1 besides the ,gothic1 and the only ,father who quotes the place1--,basil ii4 #beb4--,why should the pretence be set up that there has been 8,conflation0 here8 ,two ,omissions do not make one ,conflation4 #dth ,in ,mk4 ix4 #di1--our ,,saviour says1--8,for 77 every one shall be salted with fire--and 77 every sacrifice shall be salted with salt40 ,here1 clause 77 is omitted by ,d and a few copies of the old ,latin2 clause 77 by ,b ,l 4 ,but such an ordinary circumstance as the omission of half-a-dozen words by ,cod4 ,d is so nearly without textual significancy1 as scarcely to merit commemoration4 ,and do ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort really propose to build their huge and unwieldy hypothesis on so flimsy a circumstance as the concurrence in error of ,b ,l 1--especially in ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel1 which those codices exhibit more unfaithfully than any other codices that can be named8 ,against them1 are to be set on the present occasion ,a ,c ,d ,n with #ab other uncials and the whole body of the cursives3 the ,ital4 and ,vulgate2 both ,syriac2 the ,coptic1 ,gothic1 ,armenian1 and thiopic ,versions2 besides the only ,father who quotes the place1--,victor of ,antioch4 ,also 8,anon40 p4 #bjf3 and see ,cramer's ,cat4 p4 #cfh4 #eth ,s4 ,luke 7ix4 #aj7 relates how1 on a certain occasion1 our ,,saviour 8withdrew to a desert place belonging to the city called ,bethsaida30 which ,s4 ,luke expresses in six words3 viz4 #a #b #c #d #e #f 3 of which six words1-- 7a7-- and ,syrcu retain but three1--#a1 #b1 #c4 7b7--,the ,peschito retains but four1--#a1 #b1 #c1 #f4 7c7--,b ,l ,x ,d and the #b ,egyptian versions retain other four1--#a1 #d1 #e1 #f3 but for ,d exhibits 4 7d7--,the old ,latin and ,vulg4 retain five1--#a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f3 but for 8qui 7or quod7 vocabatur10 the ,vulg4 b and c exhibit 8qui 7or quod7 est40 7e7--#c cursives retain other five1 viz4 #a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #f3 while1 7f7--,a ,c ,e1 with #i more uncials and the great bulk of the cursives1--the ,harklensian1 ,gothic1 ,armenian1 and thiopic ,versions1--retain all the six words4 ,in view of which facts1 it probably never occurred to any one before to suggest that the best attested reading of all is the result of 8conflation10 i4e4 of spurious mixture4 ,note1 that and ,d have1 this time1 changed sides4 #fth ,s4 ,luke 7xi4 #ed7 speaks of the ,scribes and ,pharisees as 77 8lying in wait for ,him10 77 seeking 77 to catch something out of ,his mouth 77 8that they might accuse ,him40 ,this is the reading of #ad uncials headed by ,a ,c1 and of the whole body of the cursives3 the reading of the ,vulgate also and of the ,syriac4 ,what is to be said against it8 ,it is found that ,b ,l with the ,coptic and thiopic ,versions omit clauses 77 and 771 but retain clauses 77 and 774--,cod4 ,d1 in conjunction with ,cureton's ,syriac and the old ,latin1 retains clause 771 and paraphrases all the rest of the sentence4 ,how then can it be pretended that there has been any 8,conflation0 here8 ,in the meantime1 how unreasonable is the excision from the ,revised ,text of clauses 77 and 77--7 444 7--which are attested by ,a ,c ,d and #ab other uncials1 together with the whole body of the cursives2 by all the ,syriac and by all the ,latin copies6444 ,are we then to understand that ,b1 and the ,coptic ,version1 outweigh every other authority which can be named8 #gth ,the 8rich fool0 in the parable 7,s4 ,lu4 xii4 #ah71 speaks of 77 1 77 4 7,so ,a ,q and #ac other uncials1 besides the whole body of the cursives2 the ,vulgate1 ,basil1 and ,cyril47 ,but ,d 7with the old ,latin and ,cureton's ,syriac which however drops the 71 retaining clause 771 omit clause 774--,on the other hand1 ,b ,t1 7with the ,egyptian ,versions1 the ,syriac1 the ,armenian1 and thiopic17 retaining clause 771 substitute 7a gloss7 for in clause 774 ,lachmann1 ,tisch41 and ,alford1 accordingly retain the traditional text in this place4 ,so does ,tregelles1 and so do ,westcott and ,hort1--only substituting for 4 ,confessedly therefore there has been no 8,syrian conflation0 here3 for all that has happened has been the substitution by ,b of for 2 and the omission of #d words by ,d4 ,this instance must therefore have been an oversight4--,only once more4 #hth ,s4 ,luke's ,gospel ends 7xxiv4 #ec7 with the record that the ,apostles were continually in the ,temple1 877 praising and 77 blessing ,,god40 ,such is the reading of #ac uncials headed by ,a and every known cursive3 a few copies of the old ,lat41 the ,vulg41 ,syraic1 ,philox41 thiopic1 and ,armenian ,versions4 ,but it is found that ,b ,c omit clause 773 while ,d and seven copies of the old ,latin omit clause 774 ,and this completes the evidence for 8,conflation40 ,we have displayed it thus minutely1 lest we should be suspected of unfairness towards the esteemed writers on the only occasion which they have attempted argumentative proof4 ,their theory has at last forced them to make an appeal to ,scripture1 and to produce some actual specimens of their meaning4 ,after ransacking the ,gospels for #cj years1 they have at last fastened upon eight3 of which 7as we have seen71 several have really no business to be cited1--as not fulfilling the necessary conditions of the problem4 ,to prevent cavil however1 let all but one1 the #gth1 pass unchallenged4 #gah ,the ,reader is referred to pp4 #ag1 #ge1 #bdi4 #gai ,e4g4 pp4 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 c4 #gbj ,referred to below1 p4 #bif4 #gba ,see above1 pages #beg 7bottom7 and #beh 7top74 #gbb ,see above1 pp4 #cg to #ch4 #gbc ,ibid4 p4 #ci4 #gbd ,to speak with entire accuracy1 ,drs4 ,westcott and ,hort require us to believe that the ,authors of the imaginary ,syrian ,revisions of ,a4,d4 #bej and ,a4,d4 #cej1 interpolated the genuine ,text of the ,gospels1 with between #bhgg 7,b7 and #cdee 77 spurious words2 mutilated the genuine ,text in respect of between #ecf 7,b7 and #hci 77 words3--substituted for as many genuine words1 between #ice 7,b7 and #aaad 77 uninspired words3--licentiously transposed between #bjih 7,b7 and #bbii 773--and in respect of number1 case1 mood1 tense1 person1 c41 altered without authority between #aacb 799,b997 and #abfe 77 words4 #gbe ,quoted by ,canon ,cook1 ,revised ,version ,considered1--p4 #bjb4 #gbf i4e4 say from ,a4,d4 #ij to ,a4,d4 #bej-cej4 #gbg ,see above1 p4 #bfi4 #gbh 8,if10 says ,dr4 ,hort1 8an editor were for any purpose to make it his aim to restore as completely as possible the ,new ,testament of ,antioch in ,a4,d4 #cej1 he could not help taking the approximate consent of the cursives as equivalent to a primary documentary witness4 ,and he would not be the less justified in so doing for being unable to say precisely by what historical agencies ,,the ,,one ,,antiochian ,,original0--note the fallacy6--8was multiplied into the cursive hosts of the later ages40--,pp4 #adc-d4 #gbi ,preface to the 8limited and private issue0 of #ahgj1 p4 xviii43 reprinted in the ,introduction 7#ahha71 p4 #ff4 #gcj ,ibid4 #gca ,p4 #fe 7 #hd74 ,in the ,table of ,contents 7p4 xi471 8,personal instincts0 are substituted for 8,personal discernment40 #gcb ,the ,revisers and the ,greek ,text1--p4 #ai4 #gcc ,introduction1--p4 xiii4 #gcd ,notes1 p4 #bb4 #gce ,notes1 p4 #hh4 #gcf ,notes1--p4 #ea4 #gcg ,scrivener's ,plain ,introduction1--pp4 #ejg-h4 #gch ,scrivener's 8,introduction10 pp4 #eac-d4 #gci ,in ,s4 ,,matth4 i4 #be1--the omission of 8her first-born30--in vi4 #ac1 the omission of the ,doxology3--in xii4 #dg1 the omission of the whole verse3--in xvi4 #b1 #c1 the omission of our ,,lord',s memorable words concerning the signs of the weather3--in xvii4 #ba1 the omission of the mysterious statement1 8,but this kind goeth not out save by prayer and fasting30--in xviii4 #aa1 the omission of the precious words 8,for the ,son of man came to save that which was lost40 ,in ,s4 ,,mark xvi4 #i-bj1 the omission of the 8last ,twelve ,verses10--78the contents of which are not such as could have been invented by any scribe or editor of the ,gospel10--,w4 and ,h4 p4 #eg74 ,all admit that is an impossible ending4 ,in ,s4 ,,luke vi4 #a1 the suppression of the unique 2 78the very obscurity of the expression attesting strongly to its genuineness10--,scrivener1 p4 #eaf1 and so ,w4 and ,h4 p4 #eh73--;ix4 #ed-ef1 the omitted rebuke to the 8disciples ,james and ,john30--in x4 #da1 #db1 the omitted words concerning ,martha and ,mary3--in xxii4 #dc1 #dd1 the omission of the ,agony in the ,garden1--7which nevertheless1 8it would be impossible to regard as a product of the inventiveness of scribes10--,w4 and ,h4 p4 #fg73--;in xxiii4 #ag1 a memorable clause omitted3--in xxiii4 #cd1 the omission of our ,lord's prayer for ,his murderers1--7concerning which ,westcott and ,hort remark that 8few verses of the ,gospels bear in themselves a surer witness to the truth of what they record than this0--p4 #fh73--;in xxiii4 #ch1 the statement that the ,inscription on the ,cross was 8in letters of ,greek1 and ,latin1 and ,hebrew30--in xxiv4 #ab1 the visit of ,s4 ,peter to the ,sepulchre4 ,bishop ,lightfoot remarks concerning ,s4 ,luke ix4 #ef3 xxii4 #dc1 #dd3 and xxiii4 #cd1--8;,it seems impossible to believe that these incidents are other than authentic10--7p4 #bh47 ,in ,s4 ,,john iii4 #ac1 the solemn clause 8which is in heaven30--in v4 #c1 #d1 the omitted incident of the troubling of the pool3--in vii4 #ec to viii4 #aa1 the narrative concerning the woman taken in adultery omitted1--concerning which ,drs4 ,w4 and ,h4 remark that 8the argument which has always told most in its favour in modern times is its own internal character4 ,the story itself has justly seemed to vouch for its own substantial truth1 and the words in which it is clothed to harmonize with those of other ,gospel narratives0--7p4 #hg74 ,bishop ,lightfoot remarks that 8the narrative bears on its face the highest credentials of authentic history0--7p4 #bh74 #gdj ,to some extent1 even the unlearned ,reader may easily convince himself of this1 by examining the rejected 8alternative0 ,readings in the margin of the 8,revised ,version40 ,the 8,many0 and the 8,some ancient authorities10 there spoken of1 almost invariably include--sometimes denote--codd4 ,b 1 one or both of them4 ,these constitute the merest fraction of the entire amount of corrupt readings exhibited by ,b 2 but they will give ,english readers some notion of the problem just now under consideration4 ,besides the details already supplied see above1 pages #af and #ag3--cj and #ca3--df and #dg3--ge3--bdi3--bfb3--bhi3--caf to #cai concerning ,b and 1--7the result of laborious collation17--some particulars shall now be added4 ,the piercing of our ,,saviour',s side1 thrust in after ,matt4 xxvii4 #di3--the eclipse of the sun when the moon was full1 in ,lu4 xxiii4 #de3--the monstrous figment concerning ,herod's daughter1 thrust into ,mk4 vi4 #bb3--the precious clauses omitted in ,matt4 i4 #be and xviii4 #aa3--;in ,lu4 ix4 #ed-f1 and in ,jo4 iii4 #ac3--the wretched glosses in ,lu4 vi4 #dh3 x4 #db3 xv4 #ba3 ,jo4 x4 #ad and ,mk4 vi4 #bj3--the substitution of 7for 7 in ,matt4 xxvii4 #cd1--of 7for 7 in ,jo4 i4 #ah1--of 7for 7 in ix4 #ce1--of 7for 7 in ,rom4 iv4 #h3--the geographical blunder in ,mk4 vii4 #ca3 in ,lu4 iv4 #dd3--the omission in ,matt4 xii4 #dg1--;and of two important verses in ,matt4 xvi4 #b1 #c3--of in ,acts i4 #ai3--of in iii4 #f2--;and of in ,lu4 vi4 #a3--the two spurious clauses in ,mk4 iii4 #ad1 #af3--the obvious blunders in ,jo4 ix4 #d and #aa3--;in ,acts xii4 #be--;besides the impossible reading in #a ,cor4 xiii4 #c1--make up a heavy indictment against ,b and jointly--which are here found in company with just a very few disreputable allies4 ,add1 the plain error at ,lu4 ii4 #ad3--the gloss at ,mk4 v4 #cf3--the mere fabrication at ,matt4 xix4 #ag3--the omissions at ,matt4 vi4 #ac3 ,jo4 v4 #c1 #d4 ,b 7in company with others1 but apart from 7 by exhibiting in ,matt4 xxviii4 #ai3-- in ,mk4 ix4 #a3--8seventy-two10 in ,lu4 x4 #a3--the blunder in ,lu4 xvi4 #ab3--;and the grievous omissions in ,lu4 xxii4 #dc1 #dd 7,,christ',s ,agony in the ,garden71--and xxiii4 #cd 7,his prayer for ,his murderers71--enjoys unenviable distinction4--,b1 singly1 is remarkable for an obvious blunder in ,matt4 xxi4 #ca3--,lu4 xxi4 #bd3--;,jo4 xviii4 #e3--;,acts x4 #ai--;and xvii4 #bh3--xxvii4 #cg3--not to mention the insertion of in ,jo4 vii4 #ci4 7in company with others1 but apart from ,b7 is conspicuous for its sorry interpolation of ,matt4 viii4 #ac3--;its substitution of 7for 7 in ,s4 ,john i4 #d3--;its geographical blunder in ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #ac3--;its textual blunder at #a ,pet4 i4 #bc4--1 singly1 is remarkable for its sorry paraphrase in ,jo4 ii4 #c3--;its addition to i4 #cd3--;its omissions in ,matt4 xxiii4 #ce3--,mk4 i4 #a3--;,jo4 ix4 #ch3--;its insertion of in ,matt4 xiii4 #ce3--;its geographical blunders in ,mk4 i4 #bh3--,lu4 i4 #bf3--;,acts viii4 #e3--;besides the blunders in ,jo4 vi4 #ea--;and xiii4 #aj3--a ,tim4 iii4 #af3--;,acts xxv4 #ac3--;and the clearly fabricated narrative of ,jo4 xiii4 #bd4 ,add the fabricated text at ,mk4 xiv4 #cj1 #fh1 #gb2 of which the object was 8so far to assimilate the narrative of ,peter's denials with those of the other ,evangelists1 as to suppress the fact1 vouched for by ,s4 ,mark only1 that the cock crowed twice40 #gda ,characteristic1 and fatal beyond anything that can be named are1 7#a7 ,the exclusive omission by ,b and of ,mark xvi4 #i-bj3--7b7 ,the omission of 1 from ,ephes4 i4 #a3--7c7 ,the blunder1 1 in ,james i4 #ag3--7d7 ,the nonsensical in ,matt4 xvii4 #bb3--7e7 ,that 8vile error10 7as ,scrivener calls it17 1 in ,acts xxviii4 #ac3--7f7 ,the impossible order of words in ,lu4 xxiii4 #cb2 and 7#g7 ,the extraordinary order in ,acts i4 #e3--7h7 ,the omission of the last clause of the ,,lord',s prayer1 in ,lu4 xi4 #d2 and 7#i7 ,of that solemn verse1 ,matt4 xvii4 #ba2 and 7#aj7 ,of in ,matt4 xiv4 #cj3--7aa7 ,the substitution of 7for 7 in ,matt4 xi4 #bi3--7ab7 ,of 7for 7 in ,jo4 xix4 #ci1--;and 7#ac7 of 7for 7 in ,john xix4 #da4 ,then1 7#ad7 ,the thrusting of into ,matt4 xvi4 #ba1--;and 7#ae7 ,of into vi4 #h3--;besides 7#af7 ,so minute a peculiarity as in ,matt4 x4 #ce3 xii4 #bd1 #bg3 ,lu4 xi4 #ae1 #ah1 #ai4 7#ag7 ,add1 the gloss at ,matt4 xvii4 #bj1 and 7#ah7 ,the omissions at ,matt4 v4 #bb3 xvii4 #ba4--;,it must be admitted that such peculiar blemishes1 taken collectively1 constitute a proof of affinity of origin1--community of descent from one and the same disreputable ancestor4 ,but space fails us4 ,the ,reader will be interested to learn that although1 in the ,gospels1 ,b combines exclusively with ,a1 but #aa times2 and with ,c1 but #ch times3 with ,d1 it combines exclusively #ada times1 and with 1 #bci times3 7viz4 in ,matt4 #aba1--;in ,mk4 #bf1--;in ,lu4 #ea1--;in ,jo4 #da times74 ,contrast it with ,a3--which combines exclusively with ,d1 #ba times3 with #ac times3 with ,b1 #aa times3 with ,c1 #d times4 #gdb ,the ,reviewer speaks from actual inspection of both documents4 ,they are essentially dissimilar4 ,the learned ,ceriani assured the ,reviewer 7in #ahgb7 that whereas the ,vatican ,codex must certainly have been written in ,italy1--the birthplace of the ,sinaitic was not ,egypt1 but either ,palestine or ,syria4 ,thus1 considerations of time and place effectually dispose of ,tischendorf's preposterous notion that the ,scribe of ,codex ,b wrote six leaves of 3 an imagination which solely resulted from the anxiety of the ,critic to secure for his own cod4 the same antiquity which is claimed for the vaunted cod4 ,b4 ,this opinion of ,dr4 ,tischendorf's rests on the same fanciful basis as his notion that the last verse of ,s4 ,john's ,gospel in was not written by the same hand which wrote the rest of the ,gospel4 ,there is no manner of difference3 though of course it is possible that the scribe took a new pen1 preliminary to writing that last verse1 and executing the curious and delicate ornament which follows4 ,concerning ,s4 ,jo4 xxi4 #be1 see above1 pp4 #bc-d4 #gdc ,tischendorf's narrative of the discovery of the ,sinaitic manuscript 78,when were our ,gospels written8071 #ahff1 p4 #bc4 #gdd 8,papyrus ,indit de la ,bibliothque de ,m4 ,ambroise ,firmin-,didot4 ,nouveaux fragments d',euripide et d'autres ,potes ,grecs1 publis par ,m4 ,henri ,weil4 7,extrait des ,monumens ,grecs publis par l',association pour l'encouragement des ,etudes ,grecques en ,france4 ,anne #ahgi470 ,pp4 #cf4 #gde ,the rest of the passage may not be without interest to classical readers3--8,ce n'est pas dire qu'elle soit tout fait sans intrt1 sans importance3 pour la constitution du texte4 ,elle nous apprend que1 au vers #e1 1 pour 7correction de ,wakefield7 tait dj l'ancienne vulgate2 et que les vers #aa et #ab1 s'ils sont altrs1 comme l'assurent quelques diteurs d',euripide1 l'taient dj dans l'antiquit4 8,l'homme 444 tait aussi ignorant que ngligent4 ,je le prends pour un ,egyptien n'ayant qu'une connoissance trs imparfaite de la langue grecque1 et ne possdant aucune notion ni sur l'orthographe1 ni sur les rgles les plus lmentaires du trimtre iambique4 ,le plus singulier est qu'il commence sa copie au milieu d'un vers et qu'il la finisse de mme4 ,il oublie des lettres ncessaires1 il en ajoute de parasites1 il les met les unes pour les autres1 il tronque les mots ou il les altre1 au point de dtruire quelquefois la suite de la construction et le sens du passage40 ,a faithful copy of the verses in minuscule characters is subjoined for the gratification of ,scholars4 ,we have but divided the words and inserted capital letters3-- 8 40 ,an excellent scholar 7,r4 ,c4 ,p47 remarks1--8,the fragment must have been written from dictation 7of small parts1 as it seems to me72 and by an illiterate scribe4 ,it is just such a result as one might expect from a half-educated reader enunciating ,milton for a half-educated writer40 #gdf ,see p4 #cbd note #a4--,photius cod4 #dh says that 8,gaius0 was a presbyter of ,rome1 and 4 ,see ,routh's ,reliqq4 ii4 #abe4 #gdg ,eusebius1 ,hist4 ,ecol4 v4 #bh 7ap4 ,routh's ,reliqq4 ii4 #acb-d74 #gdh ,tregelles1 ,part ii4 p4 #b4 #gdi ,scrivener's prefatory ,introduction1--p4 xix4 #gej ,ibid4 p4 iii4 #gea ,on ,revision1--p4 #dg4 #geb ,singular to relate1 ,s4 ,mark x4 #ag to #ca exactly fills two columns of cod4 4 7,see ,tischendorf's reprint1 #dto1 p4 #bd9947 #gec ,clemens ,al4 7ed4 ,potter71--pp4 #icg-h4444 ,note1 how ,clemens begins v4 7p4 #ich1 line #cj74 ,this will be found noticed below1 viz4 at p4 #ccf1 note #c4 #ged 8,this ,text0 7say the ,editors7 8is an attempt to reproduce at once the autograph ,text40--,introduction1 p4 xxviii4 #gee ,westcott and ,hort's ,introduction1 pp4 #aab-c4 #gef ,besides1--,all but ,l4 conspire #e times4 ,all but ,t4 #c times4 ,all but ,tr4 #a time4 ,then1--,t4 ,tr4 ,,wh4 combine #b times ,t4 ,,wh4 ,,rt4 #a time ,tr4 ,,wh4 ,,rt4 #a time ,l4 ,tr4 ,,wh4 #a time ,then1--,l4 ,t4 stand by themselves #a time ,l4 ,tr4 #a time ,t4 ,,wh4 #a time ,lastly1--,l4 stands alone #d times4 ,total3 #ba4 #geg ,twice he agrees with all #e3 viz4 omitting in ver4 #ba2 and in omitting 7in ver4 #bi73--,once he agrees with only ,lachmann3 viz4 in transposing 7in ver4 #bj74 #geh ,on the remaining #e occasions 7#ag #c #e #be71 ,clemens exhibits peculiar readings of his own1--sides with no one4 #gei ,q4 ,r4 p4 #cfj4 #gfj ,article xx4 #a4 #gfa 4--,s4 ,john xvi4 #ac4 #gfb ,theodoret1 ,opp4 iv4 #bjh4--;,comp4 ,clinton1 ,f4 ,r4 ii4 ,appendix1 p4 #dgc4 #gfc ,the reader is invited to enquire for ,bp4 ,kaye 7of ,lincoln7's ,account of the writings of ,clement of ,alexandria1--and to read the vith and viiith chapters4 #gfd 4 7 v471--p4 #ich4 #gfe ,alford's ,n4 ,t4 vol4 i4 proleg4 p4 #ib4 #gff ,see p4 #aig 7 #bfi73 and p4 #bja 7 #bge-i73--;and p4 #bje 7 #bhj74 #gfg ,preface 7#ahgj71 p4 xv4 #gfh ,see above1 pp4 #gi to #he4 #gfi ,pp4 #cei-fj4 #ggj ,p4 #baj to p4 #bhg4 ,see the ,contents1 pp4 xxiii4-xxviii4 #gga ,pp4 #ia-aai and pp4 #acc-adf4 #ggb 8,i perceived a large and wide basket full of old parchments2 and the librarian told me that two heaps like this had been already committed to the flames4 ,what was my surprise to find amid this heap of papers10 c4--7,narrative of the discovery of the ,sinaitic ,manuscript1 p4 #bc47 #ggc 4--#a ,tim4 vi4 #bj4 #ggd ,while this sheet is passing through the press1 ,i find among my papers a note 7written in #ahgf7 by the learned1 loved1 and lamented ,editor of ,cyril1--,philip ,e4 ,pusey1--with whom ,i used to be in constant communication3--8,it is not obvious to me1 looking at the subject from outside1 why ,b ,c ,l1 constituting a class of ,,mss4 allied to each other1 and therefore nearly #a- ,,mss41 are to be held to be superior to ,a4 ,it is still less obvious to me why ---- showing up 7as he does7 very many grave faults of ,b1 should yet consider ,b superior in character to ,a40 #gge ,introduction1 p4 #efg4 #ggf ,let the following places be considered3 ,s4 ,jo4 i4 #ac2 iii4 #c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h2 #a ,jo4 ii4 #bi2 iii4 #i bis1 iv4 #g2 v4 #a bis1 #d1 #ah bis4 ,why is it to be supposed that on this last occasion ,,the ,,eternal ,,son should be intended8 #ggg ,a991 ,b1 #aje4 #ggh ,the paraphrase is interesting4 ,the ,vulgate1 ,jerome ii4 #cba1 #fia1 ,cassian p4 #dji1--8,sed generatio ,dei conservat eum30 ,chromatius ,gall4 viii4 #cdg1 and ,vigilius ,taps4 ap4 ,athanas4 ii4 #fdf1--8,quia 7quoniam7 nativitas ,dei custodit 7servat7 illum40 ,in a letter of #e ,bishops to ,innocentius ,i4 7,a4,d4 #daj7 ,galland4 viii4 #eih b1 it is1--8,nativitas qu ex ,deo est40 ,such a rendering 7viz4 8his having been born of ,,god07 amounts to an interpretation of the place4 #ggi ,from the ,rev4 ,s4 ,c4 ,malan1 ,d4,d4 #ghj iv4 #cbf b c4 #gha ,gall4 viii4 #cdg1--of which the ,greek is to be seen in ,cramer's ,cat4 pp4 #adc-d4 ,many portions of the lost ,text of this ,father1 7the present passage included p4 #bca7 are to be found in the ,scholia published by ,c4 ,f4 ,matthi ,n4 ,t4 xi4 #aha to #bde-g4 #ghb i4 #id1 #ig4 #ghc ,in ,cat4 p4 #abd1 repeated p4 #add4 #ghd iii4 #dcc c4 #ghe ii4 #fja d4 #ghf ,by putting a small uncial above the 4 #ghg ,diocesan ,progress1 ,jan4 #ahhb4--pp4 #bj p4 #ai4 #ghh ,introduction1 p4 #bhc4 ,notes1 pp4 #c1 #bb1 and passim4 #ghi ,sermons1 vol4 i4 #acb1--78;,a form of sound words to be used by ,ministers407 #gij ,quoted by ps4-,ephraem ,evan4 ,conc4 p4 #ace l4 #b3--,nonnus3--,chrys4 viii4 #bdh3--;,cyril iv4 #bfi e1 #bgj a1 #bgc3--;,cramer's ,cat4 p4 #bdb l4 #be 7which is not from ,chrys473--,chron4 ,paschale #bag a 7diserte74--,recognized by ,melito 7,a4,d4 #agj73--;,irenus 7,a4,d4 #agg73--;,hippolytus 7,a4,d4 #aij73--,origen3--,eusebius3--,apollinar ius ,laod41 c4 #gia ,this is the true reason of the eagerness which has been displayed in certain quarters to find 1 7not 7 in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3--;just as nothing else but a determination that ,,christ shall not be spoken of as 1 has occasioned the supposed doubt as to the construction of ,rom4 ix4 #e1--;in which we rejoice to find that ,dr4 ,westcott refuses to concur with ,dr4 ,hort4 #gib ,see ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,mill's ,university ,sermons 7#ahde71--pp4 #cja-b and #cje3--;a volume which should be found in every clergyman's library4 #gic ,rev4 xxii4 #ah1 #ai4 #gid 4 #gie ,this happens not unfrequently in codices of the type of and ,b4 ,a famous instance occurs at ,col4 ii4 #ah1 7 1--8prying into the things he hath not seen072 where 99 ,a ,b ,d99 and a little handful of suspicious documents leave out the 8not40 ,our ,editors1 rather than recognize this blunder 7so obvious and ordinary671 are for conjecturing into 2 which 7if it means anything at all7 may as well mean1--8proceeding on an airy foundation to offer an empty conjecture40 ,dismissing that conjecture as worthless1 we have to set off the whole mass of the copies--against some #f or #g3--;,irenus 7i4 #hdg71 ,theodoras ,mops1 7in loc471 ,chrys4 7xi4 #cgb71 ,theodoret 7iii4 #dhi1 #dij71 ,john ,damascene 7ii4 #baa7--;against no ,fathers at all 7for ,origen once has iv4 #ffe2 once1 has it not iii4 #fc2 and once is doubtful i4 #ehc74 ,jerome and ,augustine both take notice of the diversity of reading1 but only to reject it4--,the ,syriac versions1 the ,vulgate1 ,gothic1 ,georgian1 ,sclavonic1 thiopic1 ,arabic and ,armenian--7we owe the information1 as usual1 to ,dr4 ,malan7--are to be set against the suspicious ,coptic4 ,all these then are with the ,traditional ,text3 which cannot seriously be suspected of error4 #gif 4 #gig ,augustin1 vii4 #eie4 #gih ii4 #dfg3 iii4 #hfe3--;ii4 #gjg3 iii4 #hjj3--;ii4 #ija4 ,in ,luc4 pp4 #dbh1 #fed4 #gii ii4 #cdg4 #hjj ,preface to 8,provisional issue10 p4 xxi4 #hja ,introduction1 p4 #baj4 #hjb ,ibid4 p4 #bgf4 #hjc ,apud ,mai1 vi4 #aje4 #hjd ,opp4 vii4 #edc4 ,comp4 #cfi4 #hje ,ap4 ,cramer1 ,cat4 vi4 #ahg4 #hjf ,so1 ,nilus1 i4 #bgj4 #hjg ,interp4 #eie3 #fjg4 #hjh ,dem4 ,evan4 p4 #ddd4 #hji ,p4 #cjf4 #haj ,epist4 ad ,zen4 iii4 #a4 #gh4 ,note1 that our learned ,cave considered this to be a genuine work of ,justin ,m4 7,a4,d4 #aej74 #haa ,cantic4 7an early work7 interp4 iii4 #ci1--though elsewhere 7i4 #aab1 #aha 83 ii4 #cje int4 but not ii4 #dai7 he is for leaving out 4 #hab ,gall4 iii4 #gb and #afa4 #hac ii4 #hi b and e 7partly quoted in the ,cat4 of ,nicetas7 expressly3 #bfe4 #had i4 #hah expressly4 #hae ii4 #cab 7preserved in ,jerome's ,latin translation1 i4 #bdj74 #haf i4 #acb2 iii4 #ddb4 #hag #dgb1 #fcd4 #hah ,ap4 ,chrys4 #hai iii4 #gfh3 apud ,mai1 ii4 #f and iii4 #bfh4 #hbj i4 #dh1 #ffd2 iv4 #idf4 #hba ,cramer's ,cat4 viii4 #ab1 line #ad4 #hbb #abh1 #fbe4 #hbc ,gall4 vi4 #aha4 #hbd ,gall4 x4 #ad4 #hbe ,gall4 vii4 #eji4 #hbf i4 #bg1 written when he was #db2 and ii4 #gcc1 #gci1 written when he was #hd4 #hbg vii4 #bf1--8,radendum est ergo sine caus40 ,and so1 at p4 #fcf4 #hbh #ajfd4 #hbi ii4 #bfa4 #hcj ii4 #eib4 #hca ,amphilochia1 7,athens1 #aheh17--p4 #cag4 ,also in ,cat4 #hcb ,apophthegm4 ,,pp4 ap4 ,cotel4 ,eccl4 ,gr4 ,mon4 i4 #fbb4 #hcc ,s4 ,matth4 xv4 #ad4 #hcd ,gospel of the ,resurrection1--p4 vii4 #hce ,introduction1 pp4 #cjj-b4 #hcf ,ibid4 p4 #bii4 #hcg ,appendix1 p4 #ff4 #hch ,see ,scrivener's ,introduction1 p4 #dcb4 #hci ,on ,revision1--p4 #ii4 #hdj ,speech in ,convocation1 ,feb4 #ahgj1 7p4 #hc47 #hda ,on ,revision1--p4 #bje4 #hdb ,address to ,lincoln ,diocesan ,conference1--p4 #be4 #hdc ,ibid41--p4 #bg4 #hdd ,considerations on ,revision1--p4 #dd4 ,the ,preface is dated #bcrd ,may1 #ahgj4 ,the ,revisers met on the #bbnd of ,june4 ,we learn from ,dr4 ,newth's ,lectures on ,bible ,revision 7#ahha71 that1--8,as the general ,rules under which the ,revision was to be carried out had been carefully prepared1 no need existed for any lengthened discussion of preliminary arrangements1 and the ,company upon its first meeting was able to enter at once upon its work0 7p4 #aah7 444 8,the portion prescribed for the first session was ,matt4 i4 to iv40 7p4 #aai7 444 8,the question of the spelling of proper names 444 being settled1 the ,company proceeded to the actual details of the ,revision1 and in a surprisingly short time settled down to an established method of procedure40--8,all proposals made at the first ,revision were decided by simple majorities0 7p4 #abb7 444 8,the questions which concerned the ,greek ,text were decided for the most part at the ,first ,revision40 7,bp4 ,ellicott's ,pamphlet1 p4 #cd47 #hde ,the ,revisers and the ,greek ,text of the ,new ,testament1 by two ,members of the ,new ,testament ,company1--#ahhb4 ,macmillan1 pp4 #gi1 price two shillings and sixpence4 #hdf 8,to these two articles--so far1 at least1 as they are concerned with the ,greek ,text adopted by the ,revisers--our ,essay is intended for an answer40--p4 #gi4 #hdg ,see above1 pages #bce to #cff4 #hdh ,article ,,iii41--see last note4 #hdi ,pamphlet1 p4 #gi4 #hej ,the ,revised ,version of the first three ,gospels1 considered in its bearings upon the record of our ,,lord',s ,words and of incidents in ,his ,life1--7#ahhb4 pp4 #bej4 ,murray17--p4 #bcb4 ,canon ,cook's temperate and very interesting volume will be found simply unanswerable4 #hea ,p4 #dj4 #heb ,ibid4 #hec ,as at p4 #d1 and p4 #ab1 and p4 #ac1 and p4 #ai1 and p4 #dj4 #hed ,see above1 pp4 #cdh-cej4 #hee ,p4 #dj4 #hef ,p4 #dj4 #heg ,p4 #gg4 #heh ,p4 #da1 and so at p4 #gg4 #hei ,p4 #da4 #hfj ,p4 #e4 #hfa ,p4 #c4 #hfb ,p4 #gg4 #hfc ,on ,revision1 pp4 #dg-h4 #hfd ,scrivener's ,introduction1--p4 #dbc4 #hfe ,ibid4 p4 #dba4 #hff 8,non tantum totius ,antiquitatis altum de tali opere suscepto silentium1--sed etiam frequentes ,patrum1 usque ad quartum seculum viventium1 de textu ,n4 ,t4 liberius tractato1 impuneque corrupto1 deque summ ,codicum dissonanti querel1 nec non ips corruptiones inde a primis temporibus continuo propagat1--satis sunt documento1 neminem opus tam arduum1 scrupulorum plenum1 atque invidi et calumniis obnoxium1 aggressum fuisse2 etiamsi doctiorum ,patrum de singulis locis disputationes ostendant1 eos non prorsus rudes in rebus criticis fuisse40--,codd4 ,,mss4 ,n4 ,t4 ,grcorum c4 nova descriptio1 et cum textu vulgo recepto ,collatio1 c4 #dto4 ,gotting1 #ahdg4 7p4 #d47 #hfg ,he proceeds3--8,hucusque nemini contigit1 nec in posterum1 puto1 continget1 monumentorum nostrorum1 tanquam totidem testium singulorum1 ingens agmen ad tres quatuorve1 e quibus omnium testimonium pendeat1 testes referre2 aut e testium grege innumero aliquot duces auctoresque secernere1 quorum testimonium tam plenum1 certum firmumque sit1 ut sine damno ceterorum testimonio careamus40--,ibid4 7p4 #ai47 #hfh ,commentarius ,criticus in ,n4 ,t4 7in his ,preface to the ,ep4 to the ,hebrews74 ,we are indebted to ,canon ,cook for calling attention to this4 ,see by all means his ,revised ,text of the first three ,gospels1--pp4 #d-h4 #hfi ,it requires to be stated1 that1 7as explained by the ,abb to the present writer17 the 8,post-scriptum0 of his ,fascic4 ,,iv41 7viz4 from p4 #bcd to p4 #bcf17 is a jeu d'esprit only1--intended to enliven a dry subject1 and to entertain his pupils4 #hgj ,it seems to have escaped ,bishop ,ellicott's notice1 7and yet the fact well deserves commemoration7 that the claims of ,tischendorf and ,tregelles on the ,church's gratitude1 are not by any means founded on the ,texts which they severally put forth4 ,as in the case of ,mill1 ,wetstein and ,birch1 their merit is that they patiently accumulated evidence4 8,tischendorf's reputation as a ,biblical scholar rests less on his critical editions of the ,n4 ,t41 than on the texts of the chief uncial authorities which in rapid succession he gave to the world40 7,scrivener's ,introduction1--p4 #dbg47 #hga ,p4 #ab4 #hgb ,p4 #ac4 #hgc ,see above1 pp4 #ab3 #cj-c3 #cd-e3 #df-g3 #ge3 #id-f3 #bdi3 #bfb3 #bhi3 #cai4 #hgd ,p4 #dj4 #hge ,p4 #ai4 #hgf ,p4 #d4 #hgg ,acts xix4 #ce4 #hgh ,supr1 pp4 #cci-da4 #hgi ,p4 #ac4 #hhj ,bp4 ,ellicott1 ,on ,revision1 c4--p4 #cj4 #hha ,p4 #ae4 #hhb ,p4 #af4 #hhc ,p4 #ag4 #hhd ,p4 #ah4 #hhe ,p4 #ai4 #hhf ,p4 #ai4 #hhg ,p4 #bj4 #hhh ,p4 #ba4 #hhi ,pp4 #bc-d4 #hij ,supra1 pp4 #beh-bff4 #hia ,pp4 #be-g4 #hib ,see ,art4 ,,iii41--viz4 from p4 #bce to p4 #cff4 #hic ,you refer to such places as pp4 #hg-h and #bbd1 where see the ,notes4 #hid ,chronicle of ,convocation1 ,feb4 #ahgj1 p4 #hc4 #hie ,see above1 p4 #cfh4 #hif ,the clause 78and sayest thou1 ,who touched me807 is witnessed to by ,a ,c ,d ,p ,r ,x and every other known uncial except three of bad character3 by every known cursive but four3--by the ,old ,latin and ,vulgate3 by all the four ,syriac3 by the ,gothic and the thiopic ,versions2 as well as by ps4-,tatian 7,evan4 ,concord1 p4 #gg7 and ,chrysostom 7vii4 #cei a74 ,it cannot be pretended that the words are derived from ,s4 ,mark's ,gospel 7as ,tischendorf coarsely imagined72--for the sufficient reason that the words are not found there4 ,in ,s4 ,mark 7v4 #ca7 it is1-- 1 2 in ,s4 ,luke 7viii4 #de71 1 4 ,moreover1 this delicate distinction has been maintained all down the ages4 #hig ,page #aed to p4 #afd4 #hih ,you will perhaps remind me that you do not read 4 ,i am aware that you have tacitly substituted 1--which is only supported by four manuscripts of bad character3 being disallowed by eighteen uncials1 7with ,a ,c ,d at their head17 and every known cursive but one2 besides the following ,fathers3--,marcion 7,epiph4 i4 #cac a1 #cbg a47 7,a4,d4 #aej71--,origen 7iii4 #dff e471--the author of the ,dialogus 7,orig4 i4 #hec d47 7,a4,d4 #cbe71--;,epiphanius 7i4 #cbg b471--,didymus 7pp4 #abd1 #dac471 in two places1--,basil 7iii4 #h c471--,chrysostom 7vii4 #ecb a471--,cyril 7,opp4 vi4 #ii e4 ,mai1 ii4 #bbf47 in two places1--ps4-,athanasius 7ii4 #ad c47 7,a4,d4 #djj71--ps4-,chrysostom 7xiii4 #bab e f474444 ,is it tolerable that the ,sacred ,text should be put to wrongs after this fashion1 by a body of men who are avowedly 7for see page #cfi7 unskilled in ,textual ,criticism1 and who were appointed only to revise the authorized ,english ,version8 #hii ,this ,i make the actual sum1 after deducting for marginal notes and variations in stops4 #ijj ,i mean such changes as for 7ix4 #g71-- for 7xv4 #bc71 c4 ,these are generally the result of a change of construction4 #ija ,,ms4 communication from my friend1 the ,editor #ijb ,i desire to keep out of sight the critical impropriety of such corrections of the text4 ,and yet1 it is worth stating that ,b ,l are the only witnesses discoverable for the former1 and almost the only witnesses to be found for the latter of these two utterly unmeaning changes4 #ijc ,characteristic of these two false-witnesses is it1 that they are not able to convey even this short message correctly4 ,in reporting the two words 1 they contrive to make two blunders4 ,b substitutes for 3 1 for 1--which latter eccentricity ,tischendorf 7characteristically7 does not allude to in his note 444 8,these be thy gods1 ,o ,israel60 #ijd ,rev4 xxii4 #ai4 #ije iv4 #bh1 c4 #a 7p4 #fee ,mass4 #bfe74 ,note that the reference is not to ,s4 ,matt4 x4 #ae4 #ijf ,p4 #abc4 #ijg ,viz4 vi4 #g-ac4 #ijh i4 #aii and #bjj4 #iji ,in loc4 #iaj ,see above1 pp4 #cdg-i4 #iaa ,see above1 pp4 #gi-he4 #iab ,see above1 pp4 #dji-daa4 #iac ,see above1 p4 #cii4 #iad ,bp4 ,ellicott on ,revision1 p4 #cj4 #iae ,the ,bp4 attended only one meeting of the ,revisers4 7,newth1 p4 #abe47 #iaf ,page #d4 #iag ,see above1 pp4 #da to #dg4 #iah ,pages #ag1 #ah4 #iai ,see above1 p4 #cg1 note #a4 #ibj ,pages #ih-ajf4 #iba ,pages #fd-gf4 #ibb ,the exceptions are not worth noticing here4 #ibc ,n4 ,t4 ed4 #b;da4 #ahjg1 iii4 #ddb-c4 #ibd i4 #hhg c4 #ibe ,called ,ancoratus1 written in ,pamphylia1 ,a4,d4 #cgc4 ,the extract in ,adv4 ,hr4 extends from p4 #hhg to p4 #hii 7 ,ancor4 ii4 #fg-gi74 #ibf ii4 #gd b4 ,note1 that to begin the quotation at the word was a frequent practice with the ancients1 especially when enough had been said already to make it plain that it was of the ,,son they were speaking1 or when it would have been nothing to the purpose to begin with 4 ,thus ,origen1 iv4 #dfe c3--,didymus on #a ,john apud ,galland4 vi4 #cja a3--,nestorius1 apud ,cyril1 vi4 #ajc e3--ps-,chrysost4 x4 #gfc c1 #gfd c3--and the ,latin of ,cyril v4#a #ghe4 ,so indeed ps-,epiphanius1 ii4 #cjg c4 #ibg i4 #hid c4 #ibh ,apud ,theodoret1 v4 #gai4 #ibi iv4 #fbb a1--qui apparuit in carne1 justificatus est in spiritu4 #icj ,de incarn4 ,unig4 v4 part i4 #fhj d e ,de rect fide1 v4 part ii4 b c4 #ica ,ibid4 #fha a ibid4 #f d e4 #icb ,page #ih4 #icc ,note at the end of ,bishop ,ellicott's ,commentary on #a ,timothy4 #icd ,berriman's ,,ms4 ,note in the ,british ,museum copy of his ,dissertation1--p4 #aed4 ,another annotated copy is in the ,bodleian4 #ice 8,certe quidem in exemplari ,alexandrino nostro1 linea illa transversa quam loquor1 adeo exilis ac plane evanida est1 ut primo intuitu haud dubitarim ipse scriptum 1 quod proinde in variantes lectiones conjeceram4444 ,verum postea perlustrato attentius loco1 lineol1 qu primam aciem fugerat1 ductus quosdam ac vestigia satis certa deprehendi1 prsertim ad partem sinistram1 qu peripheriam liter pertingit10 c4--,in loco4 #icf ,clem4 ,rom4 ed4 ,wotton1 p4 #bg4 #icg ,berriman1 pp4 #aed-e4 #ich ,ibid4 7,,ms4 ,note47 ,berriman adds other important testimony1 p4 #aef4 #ici ,dissertation1 p4 #aef4 ,berriman refers to the fact that some one in recent times1 with a view apparently to establish the actual reading of the place1 has clumsily thickened the superior stroke with common black ink1 and introduced a rude dot into the middle of the 4 ,there has been no attempt at fraud4 ,such a line and such a dot could deceive no one4 #idj 8,quanquam lineola1 qu compendiose scriptum ab distinguitur1 sublesta videtur nonnullis40--,n4 ,t4 p4 #gaj4 #ida ,griesbach in #aghe makes the same report3--8,manibus hominum inepte curiosorum ea folii pars qu dictum controversum continet1 adeo detrita est1 ut nemo mortalium hodie certi quidquam discernere possit 444 ,non oculos tantum sed digitos etiam adhibuisse videntur1 ut primitivam illius loci lectionem eruerent et velut exsculperent40 7,symb4 ,crit4 i4 p4 x47 ,the ,,ms4 was evidently in precisely the same state when the ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,velthusen 7,observations on ,various ,subjects1 pp4 #gd-hg7 inspected it in #aggc4 #idb ,as ,c4 ,f4 ,matthi ,n4 ,t4 m4 xi4 ,prfat4 pp4 lii4-iii4 remarks3--8cum de ,divinitate ,,christi agitur1 ibi profecto sui dissimilior deprehenditur40 ,woide instances it as an example of the force of prejudice1 that ,wetstein 8apparitionem lineol alii caus adscripsisse1 quia eam abesse volebat40 ,prfat4 p4 xxxi4 #idc 8,patet1 ut alia mittamus1 e consensu ,versionum10 c4--ii4 #adi4 #idd ,woide1 ibid4 #ide ,supra1 p4 #ajj4 #idf ,introduction1 p4 #eec4 #idg ,introd4 p4 #eec4 #idh ,any one desirous of understanding this question fully1 should 7besides ,berriman's admirable ,dissertation7 read ,woide's ,prfatio to his edition of ,codex ,a1 pp4 xxx4 to xxxii4 7 #hg74--8;,erunt fortasse quidam0 7he writes in conclusion7 8qui suspicabuntur1 nonnullos hanc lineolam diametralem in medio vidisse1 quoniam eam videre volebant4 ,nec negari potest prsumptarum opinionum esse vim permagnam4 ,sed idem1 etiam ,wetstenio1 nec immerito1 objici potest1 eam apparitionem lineol alii caus adscripsisse1 quia eam abesse volebat4 ,et eruditissimis placere aliquando1 qu vitiosa sunt1 scio3 sed omnia testimonia1 omnemque historicam veritatem in suspicionem adducere non licet3 nec mirum est nos ea nunc non discernere1 qu1 antequam nos ,codicem vidissemus1 evanuerant40 #idi ,prolegomena to his ed4 of ,cod4 ,c1--pp4 #ci-db4 #iej 8 habet codex ,c1 ut puto2 nam lineola illa tenuis1 qu ex facit 1 non apparet40 7,in loc47 ,and so ,griesbach1 ,symb4 ,crit4 i4 p4 viii4 7#aghe74 #iea 8,quotiescunque locum inspiciebam 7inspexi autem per hoc biennium spissime7 mihi prorsus apparebat40 8,quam lineolam miror hucusque omnium oculos fugisse40 ,prolegg4 p4 #da4444 ,equidem miror sane4 #ieb ,page #ge4 #iec ,pages #fd1 #fi1 #ga1 #ge4--,some have pointed out that opposite in ,f--above in ,g1--is written 8quod40 ,yes1 but not 8qui40 ,the ,latin version is independent of the ,greek4 ,in ,s4 ,mark xi4 #h1 above is written 8arboribus20 and in #a ,tim4 iv4 #aj1 is translated by ,f 8maledicimur10--by ,g1 8exprobramur vel maledicimur40 #ied ,introduction to ,cod4 ,augiensis1 p4 xxviij4 #iee ,e4g4 ,out of #b ,tim4 ii4 #ai1 they both make 4 ,for ,tit4 i4 #ac1 both write 3--for #b ,cor4 v4 #ag both give 3--for #a ,tim4 iii4 #aj1 both exhibit 78nullum crimen habentes073--for #b ,tim4 ii4 #ag1 both exhibit 7,f ,g7 1 7,g1 who writes above the words 8sicut cancer ut serpat074 #ief ,he must be held responsible for in place of #a ,tim4 iv4 #b3 instead of #b ,cor4 v4 #ai3 instead of #b ,tim4 ii4 #be4 ,and he was the author of in ,phil4 iv4 #c3 as well as of in #a ,tim4 iv4 #a4 ,but the scribes of ,f and ,g also were curiously innocent of ,greek4 ,g suggests that 7in #a ,tim4 ii4 #aj7 may be 8infinitivus0--7of course from 74 #ieg ,introduction1 p4 #aee4 #ieh ,thirteen times between ,rom4 i4 #g and xiii4 #a4 #iei ,e4g4 ,gal4 iii4 #a2 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ee2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #aa 7 and 74 ,those who have ,matthi's reprint of ,g at hand are invited to refer to the last line of fol4 #ia3 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #bj7 where is exhibited thus3-- 4 #ifj ,col4 ii4 #bb1 #bc3 iii4 #b4 #ifa ,as #a ,tim4 iii4 #a3 iv4 #ad3 vi4 #ae4 ,consider the practice of ,f in #a ,thess4 i4 #i 72 73 in #b ,cor4 viii4 #aa1 #ad 72 74 #ifb ,rarest of all are instances of this mark over the ,latin 8e03 but we meet with 8sp0 7,col4 i4 #bc73 8s0 7ii4 #ah73 rpntes 7#b ,tim4 iii4 #f71 c4 ,so1 in the ,greek1 or written are most unusual4--,a few instances are found of 8u0 with this appendage1 as 8doms0 7#a ,tim4 v4 #ac73 8spirit0 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ba71 c4 #ifc ,this information is obtained from a photograph of the page procured from ,dresden through the kindness of the librarian1 ,counsellor ,dr4 ,forstemann4 #ifd ,see ,rettig's ,prolegg4 pp4 xxiv4-v4 #ife 8,you will perceive that ,i have now succeeded in identifying every ,evangelium hitherto spoken of as existing in ,florence1 with the exception of ,evan #cfe ,act4 #ade1 ,paul #aha 7,laurent vi4 #cf71 c41 which is said to #8contain also the ,psalms4' ,i assure you no such ,codex exists in the ,laurentian ,library2 no1 nor ever did exist there4 ,dr4 ,anziani devoted full an hour to the enquiry1 allowing me for ,i was very incredulous to see the process whereby he convinced himself that ,scholz is in error4 ,it was just such an intelligent and exhaustive process as ,coxe of the ,bodleian1 or dear old ,dr4 ,bandinel before him1 would have gone through under similar circumstances4 ,pray strike that ,codex off your list2 and with it #8,acts #ade' and #8,paul #aha4' ,i need hardly say that ,bandini's ,catalogue knows nothing of it4 ,it annoys me to be obliged to add that ,i cannot even find out the history of ,scholz's mistake40--,guardian1 ,august #bg1 #ahgc4 #iff 8,whose word on such matters is entitled to most credit1--the word of the ,reviewer1 or the word of the most famous manuscript collators of this century8444 ,those who have had occasion to seek in public libraries for manuscripts which are not famous for antiquity or beauty or completeness 7sic71 know that the answer #8non est inventus' is no conclusive reason for believing that the object of their quest has not been seen and collated in former years by those who profess to have actually seen and collated it4 ,that #aha #8is non-existent' must be considered unproven40--,bp4 ,ellicott's ,pamphlet1 p4 #gb4 #ifg ,the learned ,abb ,martin1 who has obligingly inspected for me the #ah copies of the 8,praxapostolus0 in the ,paris library1 reports as follows concerning 8,apost4 #ab0 7 ,reg4 #cge71--8;,a very foul ,,ms4 of small value1 ,i believe3 but a curious specimen of bad ,occidental scholarship4 ,it was copied for the monks of ,s4 ,denys1 and exhibits many ,latin words2 having been apparently revised on the ,latin4 ,the lection is assigned to 7not 7 in this codex40 #ifh 8,codices ,cryptenses seu ,abbati ,crypt ,ferrat in ,tusculano1 digesti et illustrati cura et studio ,d4 ,antonii ,rocchi1 ,hieromonachi ,basiliani ,bibliothec custodis10--,tusculani1 fol4 #ahhb4--;,i have received #dbd pages 7#a ,may1 #ahhc74 #ifi ,not a few of the ,basilian ,codices have been transferred to the ,vatican4 #igj ,in an ,,appendix to the present volume1 ,i will give fuller information4 ,i am still 7#crd ,may1 #ahhc7 awaiting replies to my troublesome interrogatories addressed to the heads of not a few continental libraries4 #iga ,rufinus1 namely 7fl4 ,a4,d4 #cie74 ,opp4 iv4 #dfe #igb ,,ms4 letter to myself1 ,august #aa1 #ahgi4 #igc ,,ms4 letter from the ,rev4 ,henry ,deane1 of ,s4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford4 #igd ,see above1 page #dbi4 #ige ,page #ga4 ,and so p4 #fe and #fi4 #igf ,,ms4 letter to myself4 #igg ,see above1 page #dbi4 #igh ,ulfilas4 ,veteris et ,novi ,test4 ,versionis ,goth4 fragmenta qu supersunt1 c4 #dto4 #ahdc4 #igi 8,si tamen ,uppstrm #8obscurum' dixit1 non #8incertum1' fides illi adhiberi potest1 quia diligentissime apices omnes investigabat2 me enim prsente in aula codicem tractabat40--7,private letter to myself47 ,ceriani proceeds1--8,quris quomodo componatur cum textu #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 nota #ed ,proleg4 ,gabelentz ,gothicam versionem legens 4 ,putarem ex loco ,castillioni in notis ad ,philip4 ii4 #f1 locutos fuisse doctos illos ,germanos1 oblitos illius ,routh prcepti #8,let me recommend to you the practice of always verifying your references1 sir4' 0 ,the reader will be interested to be informed that ,castiglione1 the former editor of the codex1 was in favour of 8,,god0 in #ahce1 and of 8soei0 7qu 1 to agree with 8runa10 i4e4 8mystery10 which is feminine in ,gothic7 in #ahci4 ,gabelentz1 in #ahdc1 ventured to print 8saei0 4 8,et #8saei' legit etiam diligentissimus ,andreas ,uppstrm nuperus codicis ,ambrosiani investigator et editor1 in opere ,codicis ,gothici ,ambrosiani sive ,epist4 ,pauli1 c4 ,holmi et ,lipsi1 #ahfh40 #ihj ,stuttgard1 #aheg4 #iha ,of the department of ,oriental ,,mss4 in the ,brit4 ,mus41 who derives his text from 8the three ,museum ,,mss4 which contain the ,arabic ,version of the ,epistles3 viz4 ,harl4 #edgd 7dated ,a4,d4 #accb73--,oriental #acbh 7,xth cent473--,arundel ,orient4 #ai 7dated ,a4,d4 #afaf740--,walton's ,polyglott1 he says1 exhibits 8a garbled version1 quite distinct from the genuine ,arabic3 viz4 #8,these glories commemorate them in the greatness of the mystery of fair piety4 ,,god appeared in the flesh1' 0 c4 #ihb ,see above1 pp4 #bga to #bid4 #ihc i4 #chg a3 #eea a3 #ffc a bis4--ii4 #dcj a3 #ecf c3 #eha c3 #eid a1 #eie b 7these two1 of the #bnd pagination73 #fic d ii4 #bfe1 ed4 #afae1 from which ,tisch4 quotes it4 ,the place may be seen in full1 supra1 p4 #aja4--;iii4 #ci b bis3 #fg a b4--,ap4 ,galland4 vi4 #eah c3 #eai d3 #ebj b3 #ebf d3 #ecb a3 #efb b3 #eff d3 #ega a4 ,all but five of these places1 ,i believe1 exhibit 1--which seems to have been the reading of this ,father4 ,the article is seldom seen in ,,mss4 ,only four instances of it1--7they will be found distinctly specified below1 page #dic1 note #a71--;are known to exist4 ,more places must have been overlooked4 ,note1 that ,griesbach only mentions ,gregory of ,nyssa 7whose name ,tregelles omits entirely7 to remark that he is not to be cited for 2 seeing that1 according to him1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af is to be read thus3-- 4 ,griesbach borrowed that quotation and that blunder from ,wetstein2 to be blindly followed in turn by ,scholz and ,alford4 ,and yet1 the words in question are not the words of ,gregory ,nyss4 at all2 but of ,apolinaris1 against whom ,gregory is writing1--as ,gregory himself explains4 ,antirrh4 adv4 ,apol4 apud ,galland4 vi4 #ebb d4 #ihd ,de ,trin4 p4 #hc4 ,the testimony is express4 #ihe i4 #ib3 iii4 #feg4-;iv4 #ai1 #bc4 #ihf i4 #cac3--;ii4 #bfc4 #ihg i4 #dig c d e4--viii4 #he e3 #hf a4--xi4 #fje f3 #fjf a b d e4--7,the first of these places occurs in the ,homily de ,beato ,philogonio1 which ,matthi in the main viz4 from p4 #dig1 line #bj1 to the end edited from an independent source ,lectt4 ,mosqq4 #aggi4 ,gallandius xiv4 ,append4 #ada-d reprints ,matthi's labours74--,concerning this place of ,chrysostom 7vide supr1 p4 #aja71 ,bp4 ,ellicott says 7p4 #ff71--8,the passage which he the ,quarterly ,reviewer does allege1 deserves to be placed before our readers in full1 as an illustration of the precarious character of patristic evidence4 ,if this passage attests the reading in #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 does it not also attest the reading in ,heb4 ii4 #af1 where no copyist or translator has introduced it80444 ,i can but say1 in reply1--8,no1 certainly not40 ,may ,i be permitted to add1 that it is to me simply unintelligible how ,bp4 ,ellicott can show himself so plan hospes in this department of sacred ,science as to be capable of gravely asking such a very foolish question8 #ihh i4 #bae a3 #fhe b4 ,the places may be seen quoted supr1 p4 #aja4 #ihi ,the place is quoted in ,scrivener's ,introduction1 p4 #ei4 #iij ,antirrheticus1 ap4 ,galland4 vi4 #eag-gg4 #iia ,the full title was1-- 4 ,ibid4 #eah b1 c3 #eai a4 #iib ,apolinaris did not deny that ,,christ was very ,,god4 ,his heresy 7like that of ,arius7 turned upon the nature of the conjunction of the ,godhead with the ,manhood4 ,hear ,theodoret3--4 4 4 8 4 4 4 8 4 4 ,dial4 vi4 adv4 ,apol4 7,opp4 v4 #ajhj ,athanas4 ii4 #ebe d47 #iic ,cramer's ,cat4 in ,actus1 iii4 #fi4 ,it is also met with in the ,catena on the ,acts which ,j4 ,c4 ,wolf published in his ,anecdota ,grca1 iii4 #acg-h4 ,the place is quoted above1 p4 #ajb4 #iid ,cramer's ,cat4 in ,rom4 p4 #abd4 #iie ,p4 #fg4 #iif ,p4 #fe4 #iig ,p4 #fe4 #iih ,see above1 p4 #dbi4 #iii ,bentley1 ,scholz1 ,tischendorf1 ,alford and others adduce 8,euthalius40 #ajjj ,concilia1 i4 #hdi-hic4 ,the place is quoted below in note #c4 #ajja 8,verum ex illis verbis illud tantum inferri debet false eam epistolam ,dionysio ,alexandrino attribui3 non autem scriptum non fuisse ab aliquo ex ,episcopis qui ,synodis adversus ,paulum ,antiochenum celebratis interfuerant4 ,innumeris enim exemplis constat indubitat antiquitatis ,epistolas ex ,scriptorum errore falsos titulos prferre40--7,pagi ad ,a4,d4 #bfd1 apud ,mansi1 ,concil4 i4 #ajci47 #ajjb 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 --,concilia1 i4 #hec a4 #ajjc ,cap4 xi4 #ajjd ,ad ,ephes4 c4 #ai3 c4 #g4 ,ad ,magnes4 c4 #h4 #ajje ,cap4 xii4 #ajjf ,contra ,hresim ,noeti1 c4 xvii4 7,routh's ,opuscula1 i4 #gf47 ,read the antecedent chapters4 #ajjg ,dialog4 ii4 ',inconfusus4'--,opp4 iv4 #acb4 #ajjh ,cod4 #bcj1--p4 #hde1 line #dj4 #ajji vii4 #bf1 ap4 ,galland4 iii4 #ahb a4 #ajaj iii4 #dja-b1 ,epist4 #bfa 7 #fe74 ,a quotation from ,gal4 iv4 #d follows4 #ajaa 1 4--,vol4 v4 ,part ii4 #dh e4 #ajab 1 4--,opp4 ,v4 ,part #b1 p4 #abd c d4 7 ,concilia1 iii4 #bba c d47 #ajac ,n4 ,t4 vol4 xi4 ,prfat4 p4 xli4 #ajad 4--,de ,incarnatione ,domini1 ,mai1 ,nov4 ,,pp4 ,bibliotheca1 ii4 #fh4 #ajae ,earlier in the same ,treatise1 ,cyril thus grandly paraphrases #a ,tim4 iii4 #af3-- 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4--,ibid4 p4 #cg4 #ajaf ,p4 #aec d4 7 ,concilia1 iii4 #bfd c d47 #ajag ,ibid1 d e4 #ajah 1 1 444 ,presently1-- 1 4 p4 #aed a b c4--,in a subsequent page1-- 1 444 1 1 444 4--,ibid4 p4 #agj d e4 #ajai 4-- 1 1 1 4--vi4 #adh a4 #ajbj ,ibid4 b1 c1 down to #adi a4 7 ,concilia1 iii4 #hae b-e47 #ajba ,preserved by cumenius in his ,catena1 #afca1 ii4 #bbh4 #ajbb ,ellis1 p4 #fg4 #ajbc ,in loc4 #ajbd ,vari ,lect4 ii4 #bcb4 ,he enumerates ten ,,mss4 in which he found it1--but he only quotes down to 4 #ajbe ,in loc4 #ajbf ,p4 #bbg note4 #ajbg ,pointed out long since by ,matthi1 ,n4 ,t4 vol4 xi4 ,prfat4 p4 xlviii4 ,also in his ed4 of #ahjg1--;iii4 #ddc-d4 8,nec ideo laudatus est1 ut doceret ,cyrillum loco legisse 1 sed ideo1 ne quis si ,deum factum legeret hominem1 humanis peccatis etiam obnoxium esse crederet40 #ajbh ,see ,berriman's ,dissertation1 p4 #ahi4--7,,ms4 note of the ,author47 #ajbi ,not from the #bnd article of his ,explanatio xii4 capitum1 as ,tischendorf supposes4 #ajcj ,see how ,p4 ,e4 ,pusey characterizes the 8,scholia10 in his ,preface to vol4 vi4 of his edition1--pp4 xii4 xiii4 #ajca ,cyril's ,greek1 7to judge from ,mercator's ,latin17 must have run somewhat as follows3-- 4 2 1 4 #ajcb ,opp4 vol4 v4 ,p4 i4 p4 #ghe d4--,the original scholium 7of which the extant ,greek proves to be only a garbled fragment1 see ,pusey's ed4 vi4 p4 #ebj17 abounds in expressions which imply1 7if they do not require17 that went before3 e4g4 quasi ,deus homo factus3--erant ergo gentes in mundo sine ,deo1 cum absque ,christo essent3--,deus enim erat incarnatus3--in humanitate tamen ,deus remansit3 ,deus enim ,verbum1 carne assumpt1 non deposuit quod erat2 intelligitur tamen idem ,deus simul et homo1 c4 #ajcc ,p4 #fg4 #ajcd ,opp4 vi4 #cbg4 #ajce ii4 #heb4 #ajcf ,matthi1 ,n4 ,t4 xi4 ,prfat4 pp4 lii4-iii4 #ajcg ,vol4 ,v4 ,p4 ii4 pp4 #ee-ahj4 #ajch 8,how is the ,godhead of ,christ proved80 7asks ,ussher in his ,body of ,divinity1 ed4 #afec1 p4 #afa74 ,and he adduces out of the ,n4 ,t4 only ,jo4 i4 #a1 xx4 #bh2 ,rom4 ix4 #e2 #a ,jo4 v4 #bj4--;,he had quoted #a ,tim4 iii4 #af in p4 #afj 7with ,rom4 ix4 #e7 to prove the union of the two natures4 #ajci ,burgon's ,last ,twelve ,verses1 c41 p4 #aie and note4 ,see ,canon ,cook on this subject1--pp4 #adf-g4 #ajdj ,supr1 p4 #ajb4 #ajda ,pp4 #fh-i4 #ajdb ,proleg4 in ,n4 ,t41-- #ajac4 #ajdc ,opp4 7ed4 #afde7 ii4 #ddg4 #ajdd ,concilia1 v4 #ggb a4 ,i quote from ,garnier's ed4 of the ,breviarium1 reprinted by ,gallandius1 xii4 #aecb4 #ajde iv4 #dfe c4 #ajdf ,concilia1 vi4 #bh e iii4 #fde c 7ed4 ,harduin74 #ajdg 8,ex sequentibus colligo qudam exemplaria tempore ,anastasii et ,macedonii habuisse 2 ut1 mutatione fact in 1 intelligeretur ut esset ,deus40 7,cotelerii1 ,eccl4 ,gr4 ,mon4 iii4 #ffc7--8,q4 d4 ,ut hic homo1 qui dicitur ,jesus1 esset et dici posset ,deus10 c4 7,cornelius1 in loc4 ,he declares absolutely 8olim legerunt 444 407--,all this was noticed long since by ,berriman1 pp4 #bdc-d4 #ajdh 8,apost4 #hc10 is 8,crypta-,ferrat4 ,a4 4 iv40 described in the ,,appendix4 ,i owe the information to the learned librarian of ,crypta ,ferrata1 the ,hieromonachus ,a4 ,rocchi4 ,it is a pleasure to transcribe the letter which conveyed information which the writer knew would be acceptable to me3--8,clme ,rme ,domine4 ,quod erat in votis1 plures loci illius ,paulini non modo in nostris codd4 lectiones1 sed et in his ipsis variationes1 adsequutus es4 ,modo ego operi meo finem imponam1 descriptis prope sexcentis et quinquaginta quinque vel codicibus vel ,,mss4 ,tres autem1 quos primum nunc notatos tibi exhibeo1 pertinent ad ,liturgicorum ordinem4 ,jam felici omine tuas prosoquere elucubrationes1 cautus tantum ne studio et labore nimio valetudinem tuam defatiges4 ,vale4 ,de ,tusculano1 xi4 kal4 ,maias1 an4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,mdccclxxxiii4 ,,antonius ,,rocchi1 ,hieromonachus ,basilianus40 ,for 8,paul #bhb10 7a bilingual ,,ms4 at ,paris1 known as 8,armnien #i107 ,i am indebted to the ,abb ,martin1 who describes it in his ,introduction la ,critique ,textuelle du ,n4 ,t41 #ahhc1--pp4 #ffj-a4 ,see ,,appendix4 #ajdi ,prebendary ,scrivener 7p4 #eee7 ably closes the list4 ,any one desirous of mastering the entire literature of the subject should study the ,rev4 ,john ,berriman's interesting and exhaustive ,dissertation1--pp4 #bbi-bfc4 #ajej ,the reader is invited to read what ,berriman1 7who was engaged on his 8,dissertation0 while ,bp4 ,butler was writing the 8,advertisement0 prefixed to his 8,analogy0 #agcf17 has written on this part of the subject1--pp4 #abj-i1 #agc-aih1 #bca-bdj1 #bei-fj1 #bfb1 c4 #ajea ,apud ,athanasium1 ,opp4 ii4 #cc2 and see ,garnier's introductory ,note4 #ajeb 8,audi ,paulum magn voce clamantem3 ,deus manifestatus est in carne down to assumptus est in glori4 ,o magni doctoris affatum6 ,deus1 inquit1 manifestatus est in carne10 c4--,concilia1 vii4 p4 #fah e4 #ajec ,theodori ,studit1 ,epistt4 lib4 ii4 #cf1 and #aef4 7,sirmondi's ,opera ,varia1 vol4 v4 pp4 #cdi e and #dih b1--,venet4 #agbh47 #ajed ,paul #aac1 7,matthi's a7 contains two ,scholia which witness to 3--,paul #aae1 7,matthi's d7 also contains two ,scholia4--,paul #aah1 7,matthi's h74--,paul #abc1 7,matthi's n74 ,see ,matthi's ,n4 ,t4 vol4 xi4 ,prfat4 pp4 xlii4-iii4 #ajee ii4 #bbh a4 #ajef ii4 #efi e3 #egj a4 #ajeg ,panoplia1--,tergobyst1 #agaj1 fol4 4 p4 #b1 col4 #a4 #ajeh 4 #ajei ,but in ,apost4 #ab 7,reg4 #cge7 it is the lection for the #cjth 77 ,saturday4--,in ,apost4 #cc 7,reg4 #chb71 for the #cast 774--,in ,apost4 #bf 7,reg4 #cbj71 the lection for the #cdth ,saturday begins at #a ,tim4 vi4 #aa4--;,apostt4 #bf and #bg 7,regg4 #cbj-a7 are said to have a peculiar order of lessons4 #ajfj ,for convenience1 many codices are reckoned under this head 7viz4 of 8,apostolus07 which are rather -4 ,many again which are but fragmentary1 or contain only a very few lessons from the ,epistles3 such are ,apostt4 #ig to #ajc4 ,see the ,,appendix4 #ajfa ,no4 #ba1 #bh1 #ca are said to be ,gospel lessons 78,evstt4074 ,no4 #bi1 #ce and #cf are ,euchologia2 8the two latter probably ,melchite1 for the codices exhibit some ,arabic words0 7,abb ,martin74 ,no4 #dc and #dh must be erased4 ,no4 #gj and #ha are identical with #eb 7,b4 ,m4 ,addit4 #cbjea74 #ajfb ,viz4 ,apost4 #a3 #c3 #f3 #i #aj 7which are ,menologies with a few ,gospel lections73 #ae3 #af3 #ag3 #ai3 #bj3 #bd3 #bf3 #bg3 #cb3 #cg3 #ci3 #dd3 #dg3 #ej3 #ec3 #ee3 #ef3 #ei3 #fj3 #fa3 #fc3 #fd3 #ff3 #fg3 #fh3 #ga3 #gb3 #gc3 #ge3 #gf3 #gh3 #gi3 #hj3 #hg3 #hh3 #ij4 #ajfc ,viz4 ,apost4 #d at ,florence3 #h at ,copenhagen3 #dj1 #da1 #db at ,rome3 #ed at ,st4 ,petersburg3 #gd in ,america4 #ajfd ,viz4 ,apost4 #b and #eb 7,addit4 #cbjea7 in the ,b4 ,mus41 also #fi 7,addit4 #bigad verified by ,dr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,gregory73 #e at ,gottingen3 #g at the ,propaganda 7verified by ,dr4 ,beyer73 #aa1 #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #cj1 #cc at ,paris 7verified by ,abb ,martin73 #ac1 #ad1 #ah at ,moscow3 #ch1 #di in the ,vatican 7verified by ,signor ,cozza-,luzi73 #de at ,glasgow 7verified by ,dr4 ,young73 #df at ,milan 7verified by ,dr4 ,ceriani73 #ea at ,besanon 7verified by ,m4 ,castan73 #eg and #fb at ,lambeth1 also #fe ,b-,c 7all three verified by ,scrivener73 #eh at ,ch4 ,ch41 ,oxford3 #gg at ,moscow3 #hb at ,messina 7verified by ,papas ,matranga73 #hd and #hi at ,crypta ,ferrata 7verified by ,hieromonachus ,rocchi74 #ajfe ,viz4 ,apost4 #cd 7,reg4 #chc71 a ,x,vth-century ,codex4 ,the ,abb ,martin assures me that this copy exhibits 2 4 ,note however that the position of the point1 as well as the accentuation1 proves that nothing else but was intended4 ,this is very instructive4 ,what if the same slip of the pen had been found in ,cod4 ,b8 #ajff ,viz4 ,apost #hc 7,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 iv47 #ajfg ,viz4 ,praxapost4 #he and #hf 7,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 vii4 which exhibits 2 2 and ,a4 4 viii41 which exhibits 2 444 4 sic474 ,concerning these codices1 see above1 pp4 #ddf to #ddh4 #ajfh ,concilia1 ii4 #bag c 7 ed4 ,hard4 i4 #dah b74 #ajfi ,he wrote a history of the ,council of ,nica1 in which he introduces the discussions of the several ,bishops present1--all the product 7as ,cave thinks7 of his own brain4 #ajgj viii4 #bad b4 #ajga ,cited at the ,council of ,,cp4 7,a4,d4 #eec74 ,concilia1 ed4 ,labbe et ,cossart1 v4 #ddg b c ed4 ,harduin1 iii4 #bi c and #hb e4 #ajgb ,concilia1 ,labbe1 v4 #ddi a1 and ,harduin1 iii4 #hd d4 #ajgc ,harduin1 iii4 #cb d4 #ajgd ,a ,latin translation of the work of ,leontius 7,contra ,nestor4 et ,eutych471 wherein it is stated that the present place was found in lib4 xiii41 may be seen in ,gallandius xii4 #ffj-ii3 the passage under consideration being given at p4 #fid c d3 but ,mai 7,script4 ,vett4 vi4 #bij-cab71 having discovered in the ,vatican the original text of the excerpts from ,theod4 ,mops41 published 7from the xiith book of ,theod4 de ,incarnatione7 the ,greek of the passage vi4 #cjh4 ,from this source1 ,migne ,patr4 ,gr4 vol4 #ff1 col4 #ihh seems to have obtained his quotation4 #ajge ,either as given by ,mai1 or as represented in the ,latin translation of ,leontius 7obtained from a different codex7 by ,canisius ,antiqu ,lectt41 #afja1 vol4 iv41 from whose work ,gallandius simply reprinted it in #aghh4 #ajgf ,theodori ,mops4 ,fragmenta ,syriaca1 vertit ,ed4 ,sachau1 ,lips4 #ahfi1--p4 #ec4--;,i am indebted for much zealous help in respect of these ,syriac quotations to the ,rev4 ,thomas ,randell of ,oxford1--who1 ,i venture to predict1 will some day make his mark in these studies4 #ajgg ,ibid4 p4 #fd4 ,the context of the place 7which is derived from ,lagarde's ,analecta ,syriaca1 p4 #ajb1 top17 is as follows3 8,deitas enim inhabitans hc omnia gubernare incepit4 ,et in hac re etiam gratia ,spiritus ,sancti adjuvabat ad hunc effectum1 ut beatus quoque ,apostolus dixit3 #8,vere grande 444 in spiritu2' quoniam nos quoque auxilium ,spirits accepturi sumus ad perfectionem justiti40 ,a further reference to #a ,tim4 iii4 #af at page #fi1 does not help us4 #ajgh ,i owe this1 and more help than ,i can express in a foot-note1 to my learned friend the ,rev4 ,henry ,deane1 of ,s4 ,john's4 #ajgi ,pages #dcg-dc4 #ajhj ,see above1 p4 #ddd4 #ajha ,see above1 pp4 #ddf-h2 also the ,appendix4 #ajhb ,see pp4 #dbf-h4 #ajhc ,see pp4 #dhj-b4 #ajhd ,n4 ,t4 #ahjf ii4 ad calcem1 p4 #be4 #ajhe ,page #gf4 #ajhf ,see above1 pp4 #cgf-h4 #ajhg ,viz4 from p4 #dca to p4 #dgh4 #ajhh ,see above1 pp4 #dfb-d4 #ajhi ,viz4 ,acts iii4 #ab2 #a ,tim4 iv4 #g1 #h2 vi4 #c1 #e1 #f2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #e2 ,tit4 i4 #a2 #b ,pet4 i4 #c1 #f1 #g2 iii4 #aa4 #ajij ,from the friend whose help is acknowledged at foot of pp4 #dej1 #dha4 #ajia ,scholz enumerates #h of these copies3 ,coxe1 #ae4 ,but there must exist a vast many more2 as1 at ,m4 ,athos1 in the convent of ,s4 ,catharine1 at ,meteora1 c41 c4 #ajib ,in explanation of this statement1 the reader is invited to refer to the ,,appendix at the end of the present volume4 ,since the foregoing words have been in print ,i have obtained from ,rome tidings of about #cd more copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles2 raising the present total to #ccf4 ,the known copies of the book called 8,apostolus0 now amount to #abg4 #ajic ,viz4 ,paul #fa 7see ,scrivener's ,introduction1 #crd ed4 p4 #bea73 and ,paul #aha 7see above1 at pp4 #ddd-e74 #ajid ,viz4 ,paul #bdh1 at ,strasburg4 #ajie ,viz4 ,paul #h 7see ,scrivener's ,introduction73 #ae 7which is not in the ,university library at ,louvain73 #ej and #ea 7in ,scrivener's ,introduction73 #bji and #baj 7which1 ,i find on repeated enquiry1 are no longer preserved in the ,collegio ,romano2 nor1 since the suppression of the ,jesuits1 is any one able to tell what has become of them74 #ajif ,viz4 ,paul #db3 #ec3 #ed3 #eh 7,vat4 #afe1--;from ,sig4 ,cozza-,luzi73 #fj3 #fd3 #ff3 #gf3 #hb3 #hi3 #aah3 #aai3 #abd3 #abg3 #adf3 #adg3 #adh3 #aeb3 #afj3 #afa3 #afb3 #afc3 #agb3 #ahg3 #aia3 #bjb3 #bad3 #bbe 7,milan ,n4 #bgb sup41--from ,dr4 ,ceriani73 #bei3 #bfc3 #bga3 #bge3 #bhd 7,modena ,,ii4 ,a4 #ac1--;from ,sig4 ,cappilli ,acts1 #aie--see ,appendix73 #bhf 7,milan ,e4 #b inf4--from ,dr4 ,ceriani see ,appendix73 #bhg 7,milan ,a4 #bda inf4--from ,dr4 ,ceriani see ,appendix73 #bic 7,crypta ,ferrata1 ,a4 4 vi4--from the ,hieromonachus ,a4 ,rocchi see ,appendix73 #cjb 7,berlin1 ,,ms4 ,grc4 #hvo4 ,no4 #i4--;from ,dr4 ,c4 de ,boor see ,appendix74 #ajig ,viz4 ,paul #bed 7restored to ,,cp41 see ,scrivener's ,introduction73 and ,paul #bfa 7,muralt's #h3 ,petrop4 xi4 #a4 #b4 #ccj74 #ajih ,i found the reading of #aej copies of ,s4 ,paul's ,epistles at #a ,tim4 iii4 #af1 ascertained ready to my hand1--chiefly the result of the labours of ,mill1 ,kuster1 ,walker1 ,berriman1 ,birch1 ,matthi1 ,scholz1 ,reiche1 and ,scrivener4 ,the following #ajb ,i am enabled to contribute to the number1--thanks to the many friendly helpers whose names follow3-- ,in the ,,vatican 7,abbate ,cozza-,luzi1 keeper of the library1 whose friendly forwardness and enlightened zeal ,i cannot sufficiently acknowledge4 ,see the ,appendix7 ,no4 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aif1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif1 #big4--,,propaganda 7,dr4 ,beyer7 ,no4 #ib4--;,,crypta ,,ferrata 7the ,hieromonachus ,a4 ,rocchi4 ,see the ,appendix17 ,no4 #bij1 #bia1 #bib4--,,venice 7,sig4 ,veludo7 ,no4 #bae4--,,milan 7,dr4 ,ceriani1 the most learned and helpful of friends17 ,no4 #agc1 #agd1 #age1 #agf1 #bbc1 #bhh1 #bhi4--;,,ferrara1 7,sig4 ,gennari7 ,no4 #bbb4--,,modena 7,sig4 ,cappilli7 ,no4 #bhe4--;,,bologna 7,sig4 ,gardiani7 ,no4 #aje4--,,turin 7,sig4 ,gorresio7 ,no4 #afe1 #afh4--;,,florence 7,dr4 ,anziani7 ,no4 #ahb1 #bbf1 #bci4--,,messina 7,papas ,filippo ,matranga4 ,see the ,appendix17 ,no4 #baf1 #bhc4--,,palermo 7,sig4 ,penerino7 ,no4 #bag4--,the ,,escurial 7,s4 ,herbert ,capper1 ,esq41 of the ,british ,legation4 ,he executed a difficult task with rare ability1 at the instance of his ,excellency1 ,sir ,robert ,morier1 who is requested to accept this expression of my thanks17 ,no4 #bbh1 #bbi4--,,paris 7,m4 ,wescher1 who is as obliging as he is learned in this department17 ,no4 #af1 #fe1 #acf1 #adb1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #aeg1 #afd4--7,l',abb ,martin4 ,see the ,appendix7 ,no4 #bhb4 ,,arsenal 7,m4 ,thierry7 ,no4 #acj4--,s4 ,,genevieve 7,m4 ,denis7 ,no4 #bdg4--,,poictiers 7,m4 ,dartige7 ,no4 #bgf4--;,,berlin 7,dr4 ,c4 de ,boor7 ,no4 #bbj1 #bih1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cja4--;,,dresden 7,dr4 ,forstemann7 ,no4 #bcg4--,,munich 7,dr4 ,laubmann7 ,no4 #ee1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh4--;,,gottingen 7,dr4 ,lagarde7 ,no4 #bdc4--,,wolfenbuttel 7,dr4 von ,heinemann7 ,no4 #gd1 #bda4--;,,basle 7,mons4 ,sieber7 ,no4 #g4--,,upsala 7,dr4 ,belsheim7 ,no4 #bgc1 #bgd4--,,lincoping 7the same7 ,no4 #bgb4--,,zurich 7,dr4 ,escher7 ,no4 #ef4--,prebendary ,scrivener verified for me ,paul #beb3 #bec3 #bee3 #bef3 #beg3 #beh3 #bfj3 #bfd3 #bfe3 #bgg4--,rev4 ,t4 ,randell1 has verified ,no4 #ac4--;,alex4 ,peckover1 ,esq41 ,no4 #bgh4--,personally1 ,i have inspected ,no4 #bd3 #cd3 #fb3 #fc3 #bbd3 #bbg3 #bcd3 #bce3 #bcf3 #bdj3 #bdb3 #bdi3 #bej3 #bea3 #bfb3 #bff3 #bfg3 #bfh3 #bfi3 #bgj3 #bgi3 #bhj3 #bha4 #ajii ,viz4 ,paul #cg 7the ,codex ,leicest41 #fi of the ,gospels73--,paul #he 7,vat4 #aacf71 observed by ,abbate ,cozza-,luzi3--,paul #ic 7,naples #a4 ,b4 #ab7 which is #hc of the ,acts1--noticed by ,birch3--,paul #age 7,ambros4 ,f4 #abe sup47 at ,milan2 as ,i learn from ,dr4 ,ceriani4 ,see above1 p4 #def note #a4 #aajj ,viz4 ,paul #bhb1--;concerning which1 see above1 p4 #dgd1 note #a4 #aaja ,the present locality of this codex 7,evan4 #dba ,acts #agf ,paul #bah7 is unknown4 ,the only ,greek codices in the public library of the 8,seminario0 at ,syracuse are an 8,evst40 and an 8,apost40 7which ,i number respectively #cfb and #aac74 ,my authority for in ,paul #bah1 is ,birch ,proleg4 p4 xcviii41 to whom ,munter communicated his collations4 #aajb ,for the ensuing codices1 see the ,,appendix4 #aajc ,vat4 #bjfh 7,basil4 #ajg71--which ,i number 8,apost4 #aae0 7see ,,appendix47 #aajd ,viz4 by #d uncials 7,a1 ,k1 ,l1 ,p71 7#bdg ,paul #ca ,apost4 7 #bgh cursive manuscripts reading 3 #d 7,paul7 reading 3 #b 7#a ,paul1 #a ,apost47 reading 3 #a 7,apost47 reading #bhi4 7,see above1 pp4 #dgc-d3 #dgh47 #aaje ,the ,harkleian 7see pp4 #dej1 #dhi73 the ,georgian1 and the ,slavonic 7p4 #ded74 #aajf ,see above1 pp4 #dhg-dij1--which is the summary of what will be found more largely delivered from page #dee to page #dgf4 #aajg ,see above1 pp4 #ddh-dec3 also p4 #dgi4 #aajh ,see above1 pp4 #dgi-dhj4 #aaji ,see above1 pp4 #deb-c4 #aaaj ,see above1 pp4 #dhb1 #dhc4 #aaaa ,see above1 page #dcf1 and middle of page #dci4 #aaab ,see his long and singular note4 #aaac ,fresh ,revision1 p4 #bg4 #aaad ,printed ,text1 p4 #bca4 #aaae ,p4 #bbf4 #aaaf 8,forte 2 444 1 40--,bentleii ,critica ,sacra1 p4 #fg4 #aaag ,developed ,criticism1 p4 #afj4 #aaah ,thus ,augustine 7viii4 #hbh f47 paraphrases1--8,in carne manifestatus est ,,filius ,,dei40--,and ,marius ,victorinus1 ,a4,d4 #cij 7ap4 ,galland4 viii4 #afa71--8;,hoc enim est magnum sacramentum1 quod ,,deus exanimavit semet ipsum cum esset in ,,dei form30 8fuit ergo antequam esset in carne1 sed manifestatum dixit in carne40--,and ,fulgentius1 ,a4,d4 #eac1 thus expands the text 7ap4 ,galland4 xi4 #bcb73--8quia scilicet ,verbum quod in principio erat1 et apud ,,deum erat1 et ,,deus erat1 id est ,,dei unigenitus ,filius1 ,,dei virtus et sapientia1 per quem et in quo facta sunt omnia1 444 idem ,,deus unigenitus10 c4 c4--,and ,ferrandus1 ,a4,d4 #cef 7ibid4 p4 #cef73--8;ita pro redemtione humani generis humanam naturam credimus suscepisse1 ut ille qui ,trinitate perfecta ,,deus unigenitus permanebat ac permanet1 ipse ex ,maria fieret primogenitus in multis fratribus10 c4 #aaai ,,ms4 note in his interleaved copy of the ,n4 ,t4 ,he adds1 8,hc addenda posui ,notis ad ,s4 ,hippolytum contra ,noetum p4 #ic1 vol4 i4 ,scriptor4 ,ecclesiast4 ,opusculorum40 #aabj ,page #bi4 #aaba ,p4 #bi4 #aabb ,p4 #cj4 #aabc ,address1 on the ,revised ,version1 p4 #aj4 #aabd ,see above1 pp4 #cg to #ci4 #aabe ,bp4 ,ellicott's pamphlet1 p4 #cd4 #aabf ,p4 #bca4 #aabg ,fifth ,rule of the ,committee4 #aabh ,bp4 ,ellicott's pamphlet1 p4 #cj4 #aabi ,no fair person will mistake the spirit in which the next ensuing paragraphs 7in the ,text7 are written4 ,but ,i will add what shall effectually protect me from being misunderstood4 ,against the respectability and personal worth of any member of the ,revisionist body1 let me not be supposed to breathe a syllable4 ,all1 7for aught ,i know to the contrary17 may be men of ability and attainment1 as well as of high moral excellence4 ,i will add that1 in early life1 ,i numbered several professing ,unitarians among my friends4 ,it were base in me to forget how wondrous kind ,i found them3 how much ,i loved them3 how fondly ,i cherish their memory4 ,further4 ,that in order to come at the truth of ,scripture1 we are bound to seek help at the hands of any who are able to render help1--who ever doubted8 ,if a worshipper of the false prophet1--if a devotee of ,buddha1--could contribute anything1--who would hesitate to sue to him for enlightenment8 ,as for ,abraham's descendants1--they are our very brethren4 ,but it is quite a different thing when ,revisionists appointed by the ,convocation of the ,southern ,province1 co-opt ,separatists and even ,unitarians into their body1 where they shall determine the sense of ,scripture and vote upon its translation on equal terms4 ,surely1 when the ,lower ,house of ,convocation accepted the #eth 8,resolution0 of the ,upper ,house1--viz41 that the ,revising body 8shall be at liberty to invite the co-operation of any eminent for scholarship1 to whatever nation or religious body they may belong20--the ,synod of ,canterbury did not suppose that it was pledging itself to sanction such 8co-operation0 as is implied by actual co-optation6 ,it should be added that ,bp4 ,wilberforce1 7the actual framer of the #eth fundamental ,resolution17 has himself informed us that 8in framing it1 it never occurred to him that it would apply to the admission of any member of the ,socinian body40 ,chronicle of ,convocation 7,feb4 #ahga17 p4 #d4 8,i am aware10 7says our learned and pious bishop of ,lincoln17 8that the ancient ,church did not scruple to avail herself of the translation of a renegade ,jew1 like ,aquila2 and of ,ebionitish heretics1 like ,symmachus and ,theodotion2 and that ,st4 ,augustine profited by the expository rules of ,tychonius the ,donatist4 ,but ,i very much doubt whether the ancient ,church would have looked for a large outpouring of a blessing from ,,god on a work of translating ,his ,word1 where the workmen were not all joined together in a spirit of ,christian unity1 and in the profession of the true ,faith2 and in which the opinions of the several translators were to be counted and not weighed2 and where everything was to be decided by numerical majorities2 and where the votes of an ,arius or a ,nestorius were to be reckoned as of equal value with those of an ,athanasius or a ,cyril40 7,address on the ,revised ,version1 #ahha1 pp4 #ch47 #aacj ,the ,bible and ,popular ,theology1 by ,g4 ,vance ,smith1 #ahga4 #aaca ,an ,unitarian ,reviser of our ,authorized ,version1 intolerable3 an earnest ,remonstrance and ,petition1--addressed to yourself by your present correspondent3--,oxford1 ,parker1 #ahgb1 pp4 #h4 #aacb ,see letter of 8,one of the ,revisionists1 ,g4 ,v4 ,s40 in the ,times of ,july #aa1 #ahgj4 #aacc ,protest against the ,communion of an ,unitarian in ,westminster ,abbey on ,june #bbnd1 #ahgj3--,oxford1 #ahgj1 pp4 #fd4 #aacd ,see the ,chronicle of ,convocation 7,feb4 #ahga71 pp4 #c-bh1--when a ,resolution was moved and carried by the ,bp4 7,wilberforce7 of ,winchester1--8,that it is the judgment of this ,house that no person who denies the ,godhead of our ,,lord ,,jesus ,,christ ought to be invited to join either company to which is committed the ,revision of the ,authorized ,version of ,holy ,scripture3 and that it is further the judgment of this ,house that any such person now on either ,company should cease to act therewith4 8,and that this ,resolution be communicated to the ,lower ,house1 and their concurrence requested30--which was done4 ,see p4 #adc4 #aace ,the ,reader is invited to refer back to pp4 #acb-ace4 #aacf ,the ,reader is requested to refer back to pp4 #baj-bad4 #aacg ,s4 ,mark x4 #ba4 #aach ,s4 ,luke xxii4 #fd4 #aaci ,s4 ,luke xxiii4 #ch4 #aadj ,s4 ,luke xxiv4 #db4 #aada is 8to command0 in ,s4 ,matth4 7and ,s4 ,luke7 iv4 #c3 in ,s4 ,mark v4 #dc3 viii4 #g1 and in many other places4 ,on the other hand1 the ,revisers have thrust 8command0 into ,s4 ,matth4 xx4 #ba1 where 8grant0 had far better have been let alone3 and have overlooked other places 7as ,s4 ,matth4 xxii4 #bd1 ,s4 ,james ii4 #aa71 where 8command0 might perhaps have been introduced with advantage4 7,i nothing doubt that when the ,centurion of ,capernaum said to our ,lord ,mtt4 viii4 #h ,lu4 vii4 #g1 he entreated ,him 8only to give the word of command407 ,we all see1 of course1 that it was because is rendered 8grant0 in the 7very nearly7 parallel place to ,s4 ,matth4 xx4 #ba 7viz4 ,s4 ,mark x4 #cg71 that the ,revisers thought it incumbent on them to represent in the earlier ,gospel differently2 and so they bethought themselves of 8command40 7,infelicitously enough1 as ,i humbly think4 8,promise0 would evidently have been a preferable substitute3 the word in the original 77 being one of that large family of ,greek verbs which vary their shade of signification according to their context47 ,but it is plainly impracticable to level up after this rigid fashion1--to translate in this mechanical way4 ,far more is lost than is gained by this straining after an impossible closeness of rendering4 ,the spirit becomes inevitably sacrificed to the letter4 ,all this has been largely remarked upon above1 at pp4 #ahg-bjf4 ,take the case before us in illustration4 ,s4 ,james and ,s4 ,john with their ,mother1 have evidently agreed together to 8ask a favour0 of their ,,lord 7cf4 ,mtt4 xx4 #bj1 ,mk4 x4 #ce74 ,the ,mother begins 1--the sons begin1 4 ,why are we to assume that the request is made by the ,mother in a different spirit from the sons8 ,why are we to impose upon her language the imperious sentiment which the very mention of 8command0 unavoidably suggests to an ,english ear8 ,a prior1 and yet more fatal objection1 remains in full force4 ,the ,revisers1 7,i say it for the last time17 were clearly going beyond their prescribed duty when they set about handling the ,authorized ,version after this merciless fashion4 ,their business was to correct 8plain and clear errors10--not to produce a 8,new ,english ,version40 #aadb ,take the following as a sample1 which is one of the ,author's proofs that the 8,results of the ,revision0 are 8unfavourable to ,orthodoxy30--8,the only instance in the ,n4 ,t4 in which the religious worship or adoration of ,,christ was apparently implied1 has been altered by the ,revision3 #8,at the name of ,,jesus every knee shall bow1' ,philipp4 ii4 #aj is now to be read #8in the name4' ,moreover1 no alteration of text or of translation will be found anywhere to make up for this loss2 as indeed it is well understood that the ,n4 ,t4 contains neither precept nor example which really sanctions the religious worship of ,,jesus ,,christ40--,texts and ,margins1--p4 #dg4 #aadc ,supra1 p4 #dbd to p4 #eja4 #aadd ,see above1 pp4 #bgb-bge1 pp4 #bgh-bha4 #aade ,see above1 p4 #bge4 #aadf ,see above1 pp4 #bgf-g4 #aadg ,see above1 pp4 #cjc-cje4 #aadh ,see above1 p4 #cjd4 #aadi ,see above1 pp4 #cci-db2 also pp4 #dbb1 #dbc4 #aaej ,see above1 pp4 #cia-g4 #aaea ,see above1 pp4 #cf-dj3 #dg-i3 #dbb-d4 #aaeb ,see above1 pp4 #da-g3 #dbj-b4 #aaec ,see above1 pp4 #ih-ajf3 #dbd-eja4 #aaed ,evan4 #gch belongs to ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford1 xii41 small #dto4 of #acj foll4 slightly mut4 ,evan4 #gci1 ,bodl4 ,greek ,miscell4 #cbc xiii41 #hvo4 membr4 foll4 #ahc1 mut4 ,brought from ,ephesus1 and obtained for the ,bodleian in #ahhc4 #aaee ,evst4 #dae belongs to ,lieut4 ,bate1 xiii41 chart4 foll4 #bai1 mutilated throughout4 ,he obtained it in #ahgh from a ,cyprus villager at ,kikos1 near ,mount ,trovodos 7i4e4 ,olympus47 ,it came from a monastery on the mountain4 #aaef ,apost4 #abh will be found described1 for the first time1 below1 at p4 #ebh4