,transcrib]'s ,note ,a numb] ( typographical errors h be5 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is v]sion ( ?is book4 ,!y h be5 m>k$ ) a ,,tn-1 :i* ref]s to a description 9 ! complete li/ f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,text surr\nd$ ) 0 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 ,greek4 ,! foll[+ codes = less common *>act]s 7 us$3 a a ) macron u u ) macron dagg] d\ble dagg] d\ble v]tical l9e ,,! ,,philosophic ,,gramm> --,,(-- ,,am]ican ,,languages1 ,z ,set ,=? by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt2 ,,) ,,! ,,translation ,,( ,,an ,,unpubli%$ ,,memoir ,,by ,,him ,,on ,,! ,,am]ican ,,v]b4 --,,by-- ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,e?nology ,,& ,,ar*,,ology ,,at ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ces1 ,,philadelphia4 ,presid5t ( ! ,numismatic & ,antiqu>ian ,society ( ,philadelphia2 ,memb] ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ! ,p5nsylvania ,hi/orical ,society1 etc42 ,membre de la ,socit ,royale des ,antiquaires du ,nord2 de la ,socit ,amrica9e de ,france2 ,dlgu ,gnral de l',in/itution ,e?nographique2 ,vice-,prsid5t du ,congrs ,int]national des ,amricani/es2 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,wa%+ton1 etc4 7,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,m>* #bj1 #ahhe47 ,,philadelphia3 ,,press ,,( ,,mccalla ,,/avely1 #bcg-i ,,dock ,,/reet4 #ahhe4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,philosophic ,gramm> ( ,am]ican ,languages4 #a4 ,introduction1 p4 #c4 #b4 ,humboldt's ,/udies 9 ,am]ican ,languages1 p4 #d4 #c4 ,! ,f9al ,purpose ( ! ,philosophy ( ,language1 p4 #g4 #d4 ,hi/orical1 ,comp>ative & ,philosophic ,gramm>1 p4 #i4 #e4 ,def9ition & ,psy*ological ,orig9 ( ,language1 p4 #aj4 #f4 ,primitive ,roots & ,grammatical ,categories1 p4 #aa4 #g4 ,=mal & ,mat]ial ,elem5ts ( ,language1 p4 #ac4 #h4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,languages1 p4 #ad4 #i4 ,int]nal ,=m ( ,languages1 p4 #af4 #aj4 ,crit]ia ( ,rank 9 ,languages1 p4 #ag4 #aa4 ,classification ( ,languages1 p4 #ba4 #ab4 ,nature ( ,incorporation1 p4 #bb4 #ac4 ,psy*ological ,orig9 ( ,incorporation1 p4 #bd4 #ad4 ,effect ( ,incorporation on ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces1 p4 #be4 #ae4 ,! ,dual 9 ,am]ican ,languages1 p4 #bg4 #af4 ,humboldt's ,essay on ! ,am]ican ,v]b1 p4 #bh4 ,on ! ,v]b 9 ,am]ican ,languages4 ,by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 p4 #bi4 ,v]bal =ms classifi$ z !y indicate ! notion ( ,be+3 ,i4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,be+ is express$ indep5d5tly1 p4 #ca4 #a4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,be+ is und]/ood1 p4 #cb4 #b4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,be+ is express$ by a special ^w1 b )\t a phonetic radical1 p4 #ce4 ,,ii4 ,! notion ( ,be+ is incorporat$ ) ! v]b z an auxili>y1 p4 #cg4 ,analysis ( ! ,maya ,v]b1 p4 #ch4 ,o!r ,examples4 ,! idea ( pa/ "t z relat$ to dea? & negation1 p4 #dj4 ,,iii4 ,! notion ( ,be+ is pres5t 9 ! v]bal =m only 9 idea1 p4 #da4 ,case #a/4 ,:5 ! p]son1 t5se & mode signs are sep>able1 p4 #da4 ,case #b;d4 ,:5 ei!r ! p]son1 or ! t5se & mode signs1 are atta*$ to ! v]b1 p4 #da4 ,case #c;d4 ,:5 bo? p]son & t5se & mode signs are atta*$ to ! v]b4 #a4 ,approa* t[>d a ,fix$ ,=m1 p4 #dd4 #b4 ,divisibility ( ,v]bal ,=ms to all[ ! ins]tion ( gov]n$ p>ts ( spee*1 p4 #dg4 ,g5]al ,conclusions on ! organism ( ,am]ican ,languages1 p4 #dh4 ,notes 7by ! ,translator7 on ! v>i\s ,am]ican ,tribes & ,languages m5tion$ by ,humboldt 9 ! prec$+ ,memoir1 p4 #di4 ,! ,philosophic ,gramm> ( ,am]ican ,languages4 #a4 ,,introductory4 ,! f\ndations ( ! ,philosophy ( ,language 7 laid by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 7b4 ,june #bb1 #agfg1 d4 ,april #h1 #ahce74 ,! pr9ciples he advocat$ h frequ5tly be5 misund]/ood1 & "s ( !m h be5 modifi$1 or ev5 controv]t$1 by m ext5d$ rese>*2 b a c>eful survey ( ! t5d5cies ( mod]n ?\ght 9 ?is field w %[ t ! philosophic s*eme ( ! nature & gr[? ( languages1 :i* he set =?1 is gradually reass]t+ its sway1 aft] hav+ be5 neglect$ & d5i$ ?r\gh ! prepond]ance ( ! s-call$ naturali/ic s*ool dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,! "t seems ripe1 !re=e1 to br+ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy to ! k ( ,am]ican s*ol>s1 especially z appli$ by himself to ! analysis ( ,am]ican languages4 ,any "o at all acqua9t$ ) ,humboldt's writ+s1 & ! lit]ature to :i* !y h giv5 rise1 w recognize t ?is is a s]i\s task4 ,i h felt x su*1 & h prep>$ myself = x n only by a c>eful p]usal ( 8 own publi%$ writ+s1 b also by a comp>ison ( ! conflict+ int]pretations put ^u !m by ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl]1#c-99 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,/e9?al1#c- ,pr(4 ,c4 ,j4 ,adl]1#c- & o!rs1 z well z by obta9+ a copy ( an entirely unpubli%$ memoir by ,humboldt on ! ,am]ican ,v]b1 a translation ( :i* accompanies ?is pap]4 ,b my *ief reliance 9 solv+ ! obscurities ( ,humboldt's pres5tation ( 8 doctr9es has be5 a close comp>ison ( alli$ passages 9 8 v>i\s essays1 memoirs & lett]s4 ,( ^! ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ,i h atta*$ ! greate/ weight to 8 late/ & monum5tal "w sometimes ref]r$ to z 8 ,introduction to ! ,kawi ,language1 b ^: prop] title is ,on ,diff]5ces 9 ,l+ui/ic ,/ructure1 & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,m5tal ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race4#d-99 ,i w\ld n h x und]/ood t ,i am pres5t+ a complete analysis ( ,humboldt's l+ui/ic philosophy4 ,?is is f> beyond ! scope ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,x aims to set =? m]ely en\gh ( 8 g5]al !ories to expla9 8 applications ( !m to ! languages ( ! ,am]ican race4 ,:at ,i h to pres5t c be/ be *>act]iz$ z a s]ies ( notes on ,humboldt's writ+s1 indicat+ _! be>+ on ! problems ( ,am]ican philology1 introduc+ 8 !ories to /ud5ts ( ?is bran*1 & s]v+ z a preface to ! hi!rto unpubli%$ essay by him on ! ,am]ican ,v]b1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 #b4 ,,humboldt',s ,,/udies ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,languages4 ,! ,am]ican languages occupi$ ,humboldt's att5tion e>ne/ly & = _m ye>s4 ,he 0 fir/ l$ to _! /udy by 8 bro!r ,alex&]1 :o pres5t$ him ) ! l>ge l+ui/ic collection he _h amass$ dur+ 8 travels 9 ,s\? & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:ile ,prussian ,m9i/] 9 ,rome 7#ahjb-jh71 he ransack$ ! libr>y ( ! ,collegio ,romano = r>e or unpubli%$ works on ,am]ican tongues2 he obta9$ f ! ex-,jesuit ,=n]i all ! in=mation ! latt] c\ld give ab\t ! ,yur>i1 a tongue spok5 on ! ,meta riv]1 ,new ,granada2#d- & he secur$ accurate copies ( all ! manuscript mat]ial on ^! idioms left by ! dilig5t collector & l+ui/1 ! ,abb ,h]vas4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #ahab1 we f9d him writ+ to 8 fri5d ,b>on ,alex&] von ,r5n5kampff1 !n 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg3 ,i h select$ ! ,am]ican languages z ! special subject ( my inve/igations4 ,!y h ! close/ relation%ip ( any ) ! tongues ( nor?-ea/]n ,asia2 & ,i beg y !re=e to obta9 = me all ! diction>ies & gramm>s ( ! latt] :i* y c4#e-99 ,x is probable f ?is extract t ,humboldt 0 !n /udy+ ^! languages f t limit$1 e?nographic po9t ( view1 f :i* he wrote 8 essay on ! ,basque tongue1 ! ann\ncem5t ( :i* appe>$1 inde$1 9 t ye>1 #ahab1 al?\gh ! "w itself 0 n issu$ until #ahba4 ,t5 ye>s m ( /udy & reflection taught him a f> l(ti] flight4 ,he came to look ^u ea* language z an organism1 all its p>ts be>+ h>moni\s relations to ea* o!r1 & /&+ 9 a def9ite connection ) ! intellectual & emotional developm5t ( ! nation speak+ x4 ,ea* language aga9 be>s ! relation to language 9 g5]al t ! species does to ! g5us1 or ! g5us to ! ord]1 & by a compreh5sive process ( analysis he hop$ to arrive at ^? fundam5tal laws ( articulate spee* :i* =m ! ,philosophy ( ,language1 & :i*1 z !y are also ! laws ( human ?\ght1 at a c]ta9 po9t co9cide1 he believ$1 ) ^? ( ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,9 ! completion ( ?is va/ s*eme1 he cont9u$ to atta* ! utmo/ importance to ! ,am]ican languages4 ,8 illu/rations 7 con/antly drawn f !m1 & !y 7 ev] ! subject ( 8 e>ne/ /udies4 ,he priz$ !m z 9 c]ta9 respects ! mo/ valuable ( all to ! philosophic /ud5t ( human spee*4 ,?us1 9 #ahbf1 he ann\nc$ be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy t he 0 prep>+ an exhau/ive "w on ! ,organism ( ,language1 = :i* he _h select$ ! ,am]ican languages exclusively1 z be/ suit$ = ?is purpose4 ,! languages ( a great cont95t1 he writes1 peopl$ by num]\s nationalities1 probably nev] subject to =eign influ5ce1 (f] = ?is bran* ( l+ui/ic /udy specially favorable mat]ial4 ,!re are 9 ,am]ica z _m z ?irty little kn[n languages = :i* we h means ( /udy1 ea* ( :i* is l a new natural species1 besides _m o!rs ^: data are less ample4#f-99 ,9 8 memoir1 read two ye>s lat]1 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,grammatical ,=ms1 & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,developm5t ( ,ideas1 he *ose mo/ ( 8 examples f ! idioms ( ! ,new ,_w2#f- & ! ye> foll[+1 he read ! monograph on ! ,v]b 9 ,am]ican languages1 :i* is pr9t$ = ! fir/ "t ) ! pres5t essay4 ,9 a lat] pap]1 he ann\nc$ 8 special /udy ( ?is gr\p z /ill 9 prep>ation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nev] complet$4 ,8 e>ne/ desire to rea* ! fundam5tal laws ( language l$ him fir/ into a long s]ies ( inve/igations into ! sy/ems ( record$ spee*1 phonetic hi]oglyphics & alphabetic writ+1 on :i* he read memoirs ( great acut5ess4 ,9 "o ( ^! he aga9 m5tions 8 /udies ( ! ,am]ican tongues1 & takes occasion to v9dicate !m f ! curr5t *>ge ( be+ ( a l[ grade 9 ! l+ui/ic scale4 ,x is c]ta9ly unju/1 he writes1 to call ! ,am]ican languages rude or savage1 al?\gh _! /ructure is widely diff]5t f ^? p]fectly =m$4#f- ,9 #ahbh1 !re is a publi%$ lett] f him mak+ an appo9tm5t ) ! ,abb ,?av5et1 mission>y to ! ,canadian ,algonk9s1 !n 9 ,p>is1 to enjoy ! pleasure ( conv]s+ ) him on 8 int]e/+ /udies ( ! ,algonk9 language4#f- ,& a private lett] tells u t 9 #ahca he appli$ himself ) new zeal to ma/]+ ! intricacies ( ,mexican gramm>4#f- ,ab\t #ahbg1 he f\nd x indisp5sable to subject to a critical scrut9y ! languages ( ! great isl& _w ( ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans4 ,?is result$ at la/ 9 8 select+ ! ,kawi language1 a le>n$ idiom ( ! isl& ( ,java1 ,malayan 9 orig9 b ) m>k$ traces ( ,h9du influ5ce1 z ! po9t ( dep>ture = 8 g5]alizations4 ,8 conclusions 7 set =? 9 ! introductory essay above ref]r$ to4 ,! av[$ purpose ( ?is essay 0 to demon/rate ! !sis t ! div]sity ( /ructure 9 languages is ! necess>y condition ( ! evolution ( ! human m9d4#g-99 ,9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is !sis he beg9s ) a pr(\nd analysis ( ! nature ( spee* 9 g5]al1 & !n proce$s to def9e ! reciprocal influ5ces :i* ?\ght ex]ts ^u x1 x ^u ?\ght4 ,portions ( ?is "w are extremely obscure ev5 to ^? :o are mo/ famili> ) 8 !ories & /yle4 ,?is arises p>tly f ! difficulty ( ! subject2 p>tly because 8 anxiety to avoid dogmatic /atem5ts l$ him into vagu5ess ( expression2 & p>tly because 9 "s cases he 0 unc]ta9 ( 8 gr\nd4 ,9 spite ( ^! blemi%es1 ?is essay rema9s ! mo/ sugge/ive "w ev] writt5 on ! philosophy ( language4 #c4 ,,! ,,f9al ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,language4 ,humboldt has be5 accus$ ( be+ a metaphysician1 & a sci5tific ideali/4 ,x is true t he believ$ 9 an ideal p]fection ( language1 to wit3 t =m ( expression :i* w\ld correspond ?r\gh\t to ! highe/ & cle>e/ ?9k+4 ,b x is evid5t f ?is simple /atem5t t he did n expect to f9d x 9 any kn[n or possible tongue4 ,he di/9ctly says1 t ?is ideal is too hypo!tical to be us$ o!rwise ?an z a /imulus to inve/igation2 b z su* x is indisp5sable to ! l+ui/ 9 ! pursuit ( 8 l(tie/ task--! e/imate ( ! ef=ts ( man to realize p]fection ( expression4#g- ,!re is no?+ teleological 9 8 philosophy2 he ev5 decl9es to admit t ei!r ! hi/orian or ! l+ui/ has a "r to set up a !ory ( progress or evolution2 ! duty ( bo? is conf9$ to d]iv+ ! complet$ mean+ f ! facts be=e !m4#h-99 ,he m]ely insi/s t z ! object ( language is ! expression ( ?\ght1 c]ta9 =ms ( language are bett] adapt$ to ?is ?an o!rs4 ,:at ^! are1 :y !y are s1 & h[ !y react on ! m9ds ( ! nations speak+ !m1 are ! que/ions he und]takes to answ]1 & :i* con/itute ! subject-matt] ) :i* ! philosophy ( language has to d4 ,humboldt taught t 9 its highe/ s5se ?is philosophy ( language is "o ) ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,! sci5ce ( language misses its purpose unless x seeks its *ief end 9 expla9+ ! intellectual gr[? ( ! race4#h- ,ea* sep>ate tongue is a ?\ght-_w 9 tones e/abli%$ betwe5 ! m9ds ( ^? :o speak x & ! objective _w )\t4#h- ,ea* mirrors 9 itself ! _s ( ! nation to :i* x belongs4 ,b x has also an e>li] & indep5d5t orig92 x is ! product ( ! conceptions ( antec$5t g5]ations1 & ?us ex]ts a =mative & directive influ5ce on ! national m9d1 an influ5ce1 n slight1 b m pot5t ?an t :i* ! national m9d ex]ts ^u x4#h- ,s also e ^w has a d\ble "*1 ! "o d]iv$ f its orig91 ! o!r f its hi/ory4 ,! =m] is s+le1 ! latt] is manifold4#h- ,7 ! gigantic task possible to ga!r f e language ! full record ( e ^w & ! complete explanation ( ea* grammatical peculi>ity1 we %\ld h an infallible1 ! only infallible & exhau/ive1 picture ( human progress4 #d4 ,,hi/orical1 ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,philosophic ,,gramm>4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,gramm> has ?ree bran*es1 :i* diff] m 9 ! me?ods !y pursue ?an 9 ! ends at :i* !y aim4 ,^! are ,hi/oric1 ,comp>ative & ,philosophic ,gramm>4 ,hi/oric ,gramm> occupies itself ) trac+ ! =ms ( a language back 9 "t to _! e>li] expression1 & exhibits _! developm5t ?r\gh ! ar*aic specim5s ( ! tongue4 ,comp>ative ,gramm> ext5ds ?is inve/igation by includ+ 9 ! survey ! simil> developm5t ( a numb] ( dialects ( ! same /ock or "*1 & expla9s ! laws ( spee*1 :i* acc\nt = ! simil>ities & div]sities obs]v$4 ,bo? ( ^!1 x w be obs]v$1 beg9 ) ! language & its =ms1 & are conf9$ to ^!4 ,philosophic ,gramm>1 on ! o!r h&1 proce$s f ! univ]sal con/ructive pr9ciples ( language1 f ! ab/ract =mul ( grammatical relations1 & inve/igates _! application 9 v>i\s languages4 ,x looks ^u articulate spee* z ! m or less fai?ful expression ( c]ta9 logical proc$ures1 & analyzes tongues 9 ord] to exhibit ! success1 be x great] or less1 :i* att5ds ?is ef=t4 ,! grammatical pr9ciples ) :i* x deals are univ]sals1 !y exi/ 9 all m9ds1 al?\gh x (t5 happ5s t !y are n portray$ ) correspond+ cle>ness 9 language4#i-99 ,philosophic ,gramm>1 !re=e1 includes 9 its horizon all languages spok5 by m52 x essays to analyze _! inmo/ nature ) ref]5ce to ! laws ( ?\ght2 x weighs ! relations !y be> to ! "* & de/9y ( ^? :o speak !m2 & x asc5ds to ! psy*ological ne$s & impulses :i* fir/ gave !m exi/5ce4 ,x 0 gramm> 9 ?is highe/ s5se1 x 0 ! /udy ( languages = su* l(ty purposes z ^!1 ) :i* ,humboldt occupi$ himself ) untir+ zeal = ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( 8 life1 :5 he _h laid aside ! c>es ( ! elevat$ & responsible political positions :i* he _h long fill$ ) di/+ui%$ cr$it4 #e4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,psy*ological ,,orig9 ,,( ,,language4 ,humboldt rem>ks t ! fir/ hundr$ pages or s ( 8 celebrat$ ,introduction are little m ?an an expansion ( 8 def9ition ( language4 ,he gives ?is def9ition 9 its mo/ cond5s$ =m z foll[s3 ,language is ! ev]-recurr+ ef=t ( ! m9d to make ! articulate s\nd capable ( express+ ?\ght4#aj-99 ,accord+ to ?is def9ition1 language is n a dead ?+1 a complet$ product1 b x is an ev]-liv+1 active function1 an en]gy ( ! s\l1 :i* w p]i% only :5 intellig5ce itself1 9 its highe/ s5se1 is ext+ui%$4 ,z he expresses x1 language is n an ergon1 b an en]geia4 ,x is ! pro( & ! product ( a m9d consci\sly work+ to a def9ite end4 ,h5ce1 9 ,humboldt's !ory ! psy*ological elem5t ( self-consci\sness lies at ! root ( all l+ui/ic expression4 ,no m]e physical diff]5ce betwe5 ! l[] animals & man expla9s ! latt]'s possession ( articulate spee*4 ,8 self-consci\sness alone is t trait :i* has r5d]$ su* a possession possible4#aj- ,! idea ( ,self necess>ily implies ! idea ( ,o!r4 ,a ?\ght is nev] sep>ate1 nev] isolat$1 b ev] 9 relation to ano!r ?\ght1 sugge/$ by "o1 lead+ on to ano!r4 ,h5ce1 ,humboldt says3 ,! m9d c only be conceiv$ z 9 action1 & z action4 ,z ,pr(4 ,adl]1 9 8 comm5ts on ,humboldt's philosophy1 admirably obs]ves3 ,man does n possess any su* ?+ z an absolutely isolat$ individuality2 ! ',i' & ! '?\' are ! ess5tial complem5ts ( ea* o!r1 & w\ld1 9 _! la/ analysis1 be f\nd id5tical4#aa-99 ,on ^! two fundam5tal conceptions1 ^? ( ,id5tity & ,relation1 or1 z !y may be express$ m correctly1 ^? ( ,be+ & ,action1 ,humboldt builds 8 doctr9es conc]n+ ! primitive radicals ( language & ! fundam5tal categories ( gramm>4 #f4 ,,primitive ,,roots ,,& ,,grammatical ,,categories4 ,! roots ( a language are classifi$ by ,humboldt z ei!r objective or subjective1 al?\gh he consid]s ?is f> f an exhau/ive s*eme4#aa- ,! objective roots are usually descriptive1 & indicate an orig9 f a process ( m5tal analysis4 ,!y be> ! impress ( ^? two attributes :i* *>act]ize e ?\ght1 ,be+ & ,action4 ,e complete objective ^w mu/ express ^! two notions4 ,^u !m are f\nd$ ! fundam5tal grammatical categories ( ! ,n\n & ! ,v]b2 or to speak m accurately1 !y lead to ! di/9ction ( nom9al & v]bal !mes4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,n\n is t x expresses ,be+2 ( ! ,v]b t x expresses ,action4 ,?is di/9ction is f> f absolute 9 ! ^w itself2 9 _m languages1 especially 9 ,*9ese & "s ,am]ican languages1 !re is 9 ! ^w no discrim9ation betwe5 its v]bal & nom9al =ms2 b ! v]bal or nom9al value ( ! ^w is cle>ly fix$ by o!r means4#aa- ,ano!r class ( objective root-words are ! adjective words1 or ,det]m9atives4 ,!y are a lat] accession to ! li/1 & by _! addition br+ ! ?ree *ief grammatical categories1 ! ,n\n1 ! ,v]b & ! ,adjective1 into correlation ) ! ?ree logical categories ( ,sub/ance1 ,action & ,quality4 ,by ! subjective roots1 ,humboldt meant ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,to ^! he attribut$ great importance 9 ! developm5t ( language1 & especially ( ,am]ican languages4 ,!y c>ry ) !m ! m>k ( %>p individuality1 & express 9 its highe/ reality ! notion ( ,be+4 ,x is n easy to und]/& ,humboldt's !ory ( ! evolution ( ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,9 8 v>i\s essays he seems to (f] conflict+ /atem5ts4 ,9 "o ( 8 lat] pap]s1 he argues t ! orig9 ( su* subjective nom9als is (t51 p]haps g5]ally1 locative4 ,by comp>+ ! p]sonal pron\ns ) ! adv]bs ( place 9 a s]ies ( languages1 he %[$ t _! demon/rative ant$at$ _! p]sonal mean+4#ab-99 ,) reg>d to _! relative developm5t1 he says1 9 8 celebrat$ ,introduction3 ,! fir/ p]son expresses ! individuality ( ! speak]1 :o is 9 imm$iate contact ) ext]nal nature1 & mu/ di/+ui% himself f x 9 8 spee*4 ,b 9 ! ',i' ! ',?\' is assum$2 & f ! anti!sis ?us =m$ is develop$ ! ?ird p]son4#ab- ,b 9 8 ,notice ( ! ,japanese ,gramm> ( ,fa!r ,oyangur51 publi%$ 9 #ahbf1 he po9ts out t infants beg9 by speak+ ( !mselves 9 ! ?ird p]son1 %[+ t ?is comes fir/ 9 ! ord] ( k4 ,x is foll[$ by ! second p]son1 :i* sep>ates "o object f o!rs2 b z x does s by putt+ x 9 consci\s anti!sis to ! speak]1 x f9ally develops ! ,i4#ab- ,! latt] is unque/ionably ! correct /atem5t s f> z ! hi/ory ( language is conc]n$ & ! progress ( k4 ,i c "k myself only ?r\gh kn[+ o!rs4 ,! explanation :i* reconciles ^! !ories is t ! "o ref]s to ! ord] ( ?\ght1 or logical prec$5ce1 ! o!r to ! ord] ( expression4 ,pr(essor ,f]ri]1 9 8 ,in/itutes ( ,metaphysics1 has e/abli%$ ) mu* acut5ess ! !sis t1 ,:at is fir/ 9 ! ord] ( nature is la/ 9 ! ord] ( k1 & ?is is an in/ance ( t philosophical pr9ciple4 #g4 ,,=mal ,,& ,,mat]ial ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,language4 ,a fundam5tal di/9ction 9 philosophic gramm> is t :i* divides ! =mal f ! mat]ial elem5t ( spee*4 ,?is division arises f ! orig9al d\ble nature ( ea* radical1 z express+ bo? ,be+ & ,action4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,action involves ,relation2 x assumes an object & a subject1 an ag5t1 a direction ( ef=t1 a result ( ef=t2 usually also limitations ( ef=t1 "t & space1 & qualifications z to ! mann] ( ! ef=t4 ,9 o!r words1 ,action is capable ( increase or decrease bo? 9 ext5sion & int5sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,be+ is a conception ( fix$ conditions1 & is capable ( few or no modifications4 ,! =mal elem5ts ( a language are ^? :i* express ,action1 or ! relation ( ! ideas2 !y make up ! affixes ( conjugations & decl5sions1 ! inflections ( words2 !y indicate ! p>ts ( spee*1 ! s-call$ grammatical categories1 f\nd 9 develop$ tongues4 ,! mat]ial elem5ts are ! roots or /ems express+ ! nak$ ideas1 ! conceptions ( exi/5ce ap>t f relation4 ,us+ ! t]ms 9 ?is s5se1 ,humboldt pres5ts ! foll[+ t]se =mula1 z 8 def9ition ( ,inflection3 ,inflection is ! expression ( ! category 9 contra/ to ! def9ition ( ! idea4#ac-99 ,no?+ c\ld be m def9itive & lucid ?an ?is concise phrase4 ,! inflectional or =mal elem5ts ( language are usually d]iv$ f words express+ accessory ideas4 ,g5]ally1 !y are worn d[n to s+le lett]s or a s+le syllable1 & !y usually may be trac$ back to auxili>y v]bs & pron\ns4 ,(t5 v>i\s accessories are f\nd :i* are n requir$ by ! ma9 proposition4 ,?is is a common fault 9 ! n>ratives ( ignorant m5 & 9 languages & dialects ( a l[] grade4 ,x is se5 9 ! multiplication ( auxili>ies & qualify+ p>ticles obs]v$ 9 _m ,am]ican languages1 :]e a va/ numb] ( ne$less accessories are br\ght into e s5t5ce4 ,! nature ( ! relations express$ by inflections may be manifold1 & x is "o ( ! tasks ( philosophic gramm> to analyze & classify !m ) ref]5ce to ! direction ( m5tal action !y imply4 ,x is evid5t t :]e ^! relations are v>i$ & num]\s1 ! language ga9s greatly 9 picturesqu5ess & =ce1 & ?us reacts ) a m /imulat+ effect on ! m9d4 #h4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,languages4 ,humboldt believ$ t 9 ?is respect languages c\ld be divid$ into ?ree classes1 ea* repres5t+ a /age 9 progressive developm5t4 ,9 ! fir/ & l[e/ /age all ! elem5ts are mat]ial & significant1 & !re are no true =mal p>ts ( spee*4 ,next above ?is is :]e ! elem5ts ( relation lose _! indep5d5t significance :]e s us$1 b reta9 x else:]e4 ,! words are n yet fix$ 9 grammatical categories4 ,!re is no di/9ction betwe5 v]bs & n\ns except 9 use4 ,! plural conveys ! idea ( _m1 b ! s+ul> n /rictly t ( unity4 ,highe/ ( all is t condition ( language :]e e ^w is subject to grammatical law & %[s by its =m :at category x comes "u2 & :]e ! relational or =mal elem5ts convey no h9t ( any?+ b ?is relation4 ,"h1 only1 does language atta9 to t specialization ( p>ts :]e ea* elem5t subs]ves its own purpose & no o!r1 & "h only does x correspond ) cle> & connect$ ?9k+4 ,^! expressions1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be und]/ood 9 a g5etic s5se1 z if hi/orically "o l+ui/ic class _h prec$$ ! o!r1 & l$ up to x4 ,humboldt ent]ta9$ no su* view4 ,he di/9ctly repudiat$ x4 ,he did n believe 9 ! evolution ( languages4 ,! diff]5ces ( ^! classes are f> m radical ?an t ( s\nds & signs2 !y rea* d[n to ! fundam5tal notions ( ?+s4 ,8 tea*+ 0 t a language )\t a passive voice1 or )\t a grammatical g5d] c nev] acquire "o1 & consequ5tly x c nev] p]fectly express ! conceptions correspond+ to ^! features4#ad-99 ,9 def9+ & apprais+ ^! inh]5t & inali5able qualities ( languages lies ! highe/ end & aim ( l+ui/ic sci5ce4 ,?is is its true philosophic "*1 its mission :i* lifts x above ! m]e collect+ ( words & =mulat+ ( rules4 ,if ! high] languages did n develop f ! l[]1 h[ did !y arise8 ,humboldt answ]$ ?is "q fairly1 s f> z he 0 conc]n$4 ,he said1 he did n "k4 ,individuals v>y exce$+ly 9 _! tal5t = language1 & s d nations4 ,he 0 will+ to call x an innate creative g5ius :i* end[$ our ,aryan =efa!rs ) a ri*ly inflect$ spee*2 b x 0 s contr>y to ! results ( 8 prolong$ & pr(\nd /udy ( languages to believe1 = in/ance1 t a tongue l ! ,sanscrit c\ld ev] be develop$ f "o l ! ,*9ese1 t he frankly said t he w\ld r accept at once ! doctr9e ( ^? :o attribute ! diff]5t idioms ( m5 to an imm$iate revelation f ,god4#ae-99 ,he fully recogniz$1 h[ev]1 a progress1 an organic gr[?1 9 human spee*1 & he expressly names ?is z a special bran* ( l+ui/ic inve/igation4#ae- ,he lays d[n t ?is gr[? may be f two s\rces1 "o ! cultivation ( a tongue )9 ! nation by enri*+ its vocabul>y1 sep>at+ & classify+ its elem5ts1 fix+ its expressions1 & ?us adapt+ x to wid] uses2 ! second1 by =cible amalgamation ) ano!r tongue4 ,! latt] ex]ts always a m pr(\nd & (t5 a m b5eficial influ5ce4 ,! organism ( bo? tongues may be de/roy$1 b ! dissolv5t =ce is also an organic & vital "o1 & f ! ru9s ( bo? con/ructs a spee* ( gr&] plans & ) wid] views4 ,! seem+ly aimless & confus$ int]m+l+s ( primitive tribes s[$ ! se$ = ! fl[]s ( spee* & song :i* fl\ri%$ 9 c5turies long po/]ior4 ,! imm$iate causes ( ! improvem5t ( a language ?r\gh =cible admixture ) ano!r1 are3 t x is oblig$ to drop all unneccess>y,,tn-#a accessory elem5ts 9 a proposition2 t ! relations ( ideas mu/ be express$ by conv5tional & n significant syllables2 & t ! limitations ( ?\ght impos$ by ! g5ius ( ! language are viol5tly brok5 d[n1 & ! m9d is ?us giv5 wid] play = its faculties4 ,su* influ5ces1 h[ev]1 d n act 9 accordance ) fix$ laws ( gr[?4 ,!re are no su* laws1 :i* are ( univ]sal application4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,mongolian or ,aryan tongues is n at all t ( ! ,am]ican4 ,! goal is "o & ! same1 b ! pa?s to x are inf9ite4 ,= ?is reason ea* gr\p or class ( languages mu/ be /udi$ by itself1 & its own peculi> developm5tal laws be asc]ta9$ by se>*+ its hi/ory4#af-99 ,) ref]5ce to ! gr[? ( ,am]ican languages1 x 0 ,humboldt's view t !y manife/ ! utmo/ refractor9ess bo? to ext]nal influ5ce & to int]nal modifications4 ,!y reveal a m>vell\s t5acity ( traditional words & =ms1 n only 9 dialects1 b ev5 9 p>ticul> classes ( ! community1 m5 hav+ diff]5t expressions f wom51 ! old f ! "y1 ! high] f ! l[] classes4 ,^! are ma9ta9$ ) scrupul\s exactitude ?r\gh g5]ations1 & except by ! introduction ( words1 ?ree c5turies ( daily comm+l+ ) ! :ite race1 h n at all alt]$ ! gramm],,tn-#b & sc>cely ! phonetics ( _m ( _! languages4 ,nor is ?is ref]able to ! contra/ betwe5 an ,aryan & an ,am]ican language4 ,! same immiscibility is %[n betwe5 !mselves4 ,ev5 :]e _m radically diff]5t languages are locat$ closely toge!r1 z 9 ,mexico1 ,i h n f\nd a s+le example :]e "o ex]cis$ a con/ructive or =mative influ5ce on ! o!r4 ,b x is by ! enc\nt] ( great & contra/$ diff]5ces t languages ga9 /r5g?1 ri*es1 & complet5ess4 ,only ?us are ! p]ceptive p[]s1 ! imag9ation & ! feel+s impell$ to enri* & ext5d ! means ( expression1 :i*1 if left to ! labors ( ! und]/&+ alone1 are liable to be b meagre & arid4#af- #i4 ,,int]nal ,,=m ,,( ,,languages4 ,besides ! grammatical =m ( a language1 ,humboldt recogniz$ ano!r :i* he call$ its int]nal =m4 ,?is is t subtle some?+ n express$ 9 words1 :i* ev5 m ?an ! =mal p>ts ( spee*1 reveals ! l+ui/ic g5ius ( a nation4 ,x may be def9$ z ! impression :i* ! language be>s ( ! cle>ness ( ! conceptions ( ^? speak+ x1 & ( _! native gift ( spee*4 ,he illu/rates x by in/anc+ ! abs5ce ( a develop$ mode 9 ,sanscrit1 & ma9ta9s t 9 ! creators ( t tongue ! conception ( modality 0 nev] truly felt & di/+ui%$ f t5se4 ,9 ?is respect its inn] =m 0 greatly inf]ior to ! ,greek1 9 ! m9d ( :i* nation ! ideally p]fect con/ruction ( ! v]b unfold$ itself ) f> m cle>ness4 ,! /udy ( ?is inn] =m ( a language belongs to ! highe/ realm ( l+ui/ic inve/igation1 & is t :i* ?r[s ! mo/ light on ! national "* & capacities4#ag-99 #aj4 ,,crit]ia ,,( ,,rank ,,9 ,,languages4 ,humboldt's "o crit]ion ( a language 0 its t5dncy,,tn-#c to quick5 & /imulate m5tal action4 ,he ma9ta9$ t ?is is secur$ j 9 proportion z ! grammatical /ructure favors cle> def9ition ( ! individual idea ap>t f its relations1 9 o!r words1 z x sep>ates ! mat]ial f ! inflectional elem5ts ( spee*4 ,cle> ?9k+1 he argu$1 means progressive ?9k+4 ,!re=e he assign$ a l[] position bo? to ^? tongues :i* insep>ably connect ! idea ) its relations1 z ! ,am]ican languages1 & to ^? :i*1 l ! ,*9ese & 9 a less degree ! mod]n ,engli%1 h sc>cely any =mal elem5ts at all1 b dep5d ^u ! position ( words 7placem5t7 to signify _! relations4 ,b he greatly modifi$ ?is unfavorable judgm5t by sev]al ext5uat+ consid]ations4 ,?us he w>ns u t x is ( importance to recognize fully t grammatical pr9ciples dwell r 9 ! m9d ( ! speak] ?an 9 ! mat]ial & me*anism ( 8 language4#ag- ,?is l$ him to e/abli% a di/9ction betwe5 explicit gramm>1 :]e ! relations are fully express$ 9 spee*1 & implicit gramm>1 :]e !y are :olly or 9 "p left to be und]/ood by ! m9d4 ,he expressly & repeat$ly /ates t an intellig5t ?9k]1 tra9$ 9 ! grammatical di/9ctions ( a high] language1 c express any ?\ght he has 9 ! gramm> ( any o!r tongue :i* he ma/]s1 no matt] h[ rude x is4 ,?is adaptability lies 9 ! nature ( spee* 9 g5]al4 ,a language is an in/rum5t1 ! use ( :i* dep5ds entirely on ! skill ( him :o h&les x4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* import$ =ms & ?\ghts appeal 9 any direct s5se to ^? :o are native to ! tongue4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ! =ms ( ! mo/ b>b>\s languages are su* t !y may be develop$ to admit ! expression ( any k9d ( idea4 ,b ! mean+ ( ?is mu/ n be miscon/ru$4 ,if languages 7 m]ely dead in/rum5ts :i* we use to "w )1 !n "o w\ld be z good z ano!r to him :o _h le>n$ x4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,spee* is a liv+1 physiological function1 &1 l any o!r function1 is mo/ invigorat+ & vitaliz+ :5 x works 9 ! utmo/ h>mony ) ! o!r functions4 ,its special relation%ip is to t bra9-action :i* we call ?9k+2 & entire h>mony betwe5 ! two is only pres5t :5 ! =m1 /ructure & s\nds ( spee* correspond accurately to ! logical proc$ure ( ?\ght4 ,?is he consid]$ an und5iable fact4 ,! measure ( ! excell5ce ( a language1 !re=e1 is ! cle>ness1 def9it5ess & en]gy ( ! ideas :i* x awakes 9 ! nation4 ,does x inspire & incite _! m9d8 ,has x positive & cle> tones1 & d ^! def9e %>ply ! ideas !y repres5t1 )\t ne$less accessories8 ,does its /ructure pres5t ! lead+ elem5ts ( ! proposition 9 _! simplicity1 & p]mit ! second>y elem5ts to be gr\p$ ar\nd !m 9 subord9ate positions1 ) a correct s5se ( l+ui/ic p]spective8 ,! answ]s to ^! qu]ies decide its position 9 ! hi]>*y ( tongues4#ah-99 ,z its capacity = expression is no crit]ion ( a language1 /ill less is ! abundance or regul>ity ( its =ms4 ,= ?is v multiplicity1 ?is excessive sup]fluity1 is a burd5 & a drawback1 & obscures ! integration ( ! ?\ght by atta*+ to x a quantity ( ne$less qualifications4 ,?us1 9 ! language ( ! ,abipones1 ! pron\n is diff]5t z ! p]son spok5 ( is conceiv$ z pres5t1 abs5t1 sitt+1 walk+1 ly+1 or runn+1 all q unnecess>y specifications4#ai-99 ,9 "s languages mu* appe>s z =m :i*1 on close scrut9y1 is no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,?is misund]/&+ has reign$ almo/ univ]sally 9 ! treatm5t ( ,am]ican tongues4 ,! gramm>s :i* h be5 writt5 ^u !m proce$ g5]ally on ! pr9ciples ( ,lat91 & apply a s]ies ( grammatical names to ! =ms expla9$1 entirely inappropriate to !m & mislead+4 ,our fir/ duty 9 tak+ up su* a gramm> z1 = in/ance1 t ( an ,am]ican language1 is to dismiss ! :ole ( ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 &1 by an analysis ( words & phrases1 to asc]ta9 by :at arrangem5t ( elem5ts !y express logical1 significant relations4#ai- ,= example1 9 ! ,c>ib tongue1 ! gramm>s give aveiridaco z ! second p]son s+ul>1 subjunctive imp]fect1 if ?\ w]t4 ,analyze ?is1 & we discov] t a is ! possessive pron\n ?y2 veiri is to be or be+ 79 a place72 & daco is a p>ticle ( def9ite "t4 ,h5ce1 ! lit]al r5d]+ is on ! day ( ?y be+4 ,! s-call$ imp]fect subjunctive turns out to be a v]bal n\n ) a preposition4 ,9 _m ,am]ican languages ! hypo!tical supposition express$ 9 ! ,lat9 subjunctive is indicat$ by ! same circumlocution4 ,aga91 ! inf9itive1 9 its classical s5se1 is unkn[n 9 mo/1 probably 9 all1 ,am]ican languages4 ,9 ! ,tupi ( ,brazil & frequ5tly else:]e x is simply a n\n2 c>u is bo? to eat & food2 *e c>u ai-pota1 ,i wi% to eat1 lit]ally my food ,i wi%4 ,9 ! ,mexican1 ! inf9itive is incorporat$ 9 ! v]b z an accusative1 & ! v]b is put 9 ! future ( ! p]son spok5 (4 ,_m writ]s cont9ue to ma9ta9 t a crit]ion ( rank ( a language is its lexicographical ri*ness--! numb] ( words x possesses4 ,ev5 v rec5tly1 ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] has appli$ su* a te/ to ,am]ican languages1 &1 f9d+ t "o ( ! ,fuegian dialects is report$ to h ne>ly ?irty ?\s& words1 he ma9ta9s t ?is is a pro( t ^! savages are a deg5]ate remnant ( "s mu* m highly develop$ ance/ry4 ,f\nd+ 8 op9ion l>gely on simil> facts1 ,alex&] von ,humboldt appli$ ! expression to ! ,am]ican nations t !y are des dbris *apps un naufrage commun4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 0 n ! op9ion ( 8 bro!r ,wilhelm4 ,he s\nd$ ! dep?s ( l+ui/ic philosophy f> m deeply ?an to accept m]e abundance ( words z pro( ( ri*ness 9 a language4 ,_m savage languages h tw5ty words signify+ to eat p>ticul> ?+s1 b no ^w mean+ to eat 9 g5]al2 ! ,eskimo language has diff]5t words = fi%+ = ea* k9d ( fi%1 b no ^w to fi%1 9 a g5]al s5se4 ,su* app>5t ri*ness is1 9 fact1 actual pov]ty4 ,humboldt taught t ! quality1 n m]ely ! quantity1 ( words 0 ! decisive measure ( v]bal weal?4 ,su* quality dep5ds on ! relations ( concrete words1 on ! "o h&1 to ! primitive objective p]ceptions at _! root1 &1 on ! o!r1 to ! ab/ract g5]al ideas ( :i* !y are p>ticul> repres5tatives2 & besides ?is1 on ! relations :i* ! spok5 ^w1 ! articulate s\nd1 be>s to ! philosophic laws ( ! =mation ( language 9 g5]al4#bj-99 ,9 8 lett] to ,abel-,remusat he discusses ! !ory t ! ,am]ican languages po9t to a once high] condition ( civilization1 & are ! corrupt$ idioms ( det]iorat$ races4 ,he d5ies t !re is l+ui/ic evid5ce ( any su* !ory4 ,^! languages1 he says1 possess a rem>kable regul>ity ( /ructure1 & v few anomalies4 ,_! gramm> does n pres5t any visible traces ( corrupt+ int]mixtures4#ba-99 ,9 a lat] "w he returns to ! subject :5 speak+ ( ! ,l5ape 7,algonk9 ,delaw>e7 dialect1 & asks :e!r ! ri* imag9ative p[]1 ( :i* x be>s ! evid5t impress1 does n po9t to "s y\?ful1 supple & vigor\s era 9 ! life ( language 9 g5]al8#ba- ,b he leaves ! "q unansw]$4 #aa4 ,,classification ,,( ,,languages4 ,! l[] unit ( language is ! ,^w2 ! high] is ! ,s5t5ce4 ,! plans on :i* languages comb9e words into s5t5ces are a basic "* ( _! /ructure1 & divide !m into classes z di/9ct & z decisive ( _! future1 z ^? ( v]tebrate & inv]tebrate animals 9 natural hi/ory4 ,^! plans are f\r 9 numb]3 #a4 ,by ,isolation4 ,! words are plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 )\t *ange4 ,_! relations are express$ by _! location only 7placem5t74 ,! typical example ( ?is is ! ,*9ese4 #b4 ,by ,agglut9ation4 ,! s5t5ce is =m$ by suffix+ to ! ^w expressive ( ! ma9 idea a numb] ( o!rs1 m or less alt]$1 express+ ! relations4 ,examples ( ?is are ! ,eskimo ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! ,nor!rn ,asiatic dialects4 #c4 ,by ,incorporation4 ,! lead+ ^w ( ! s5t5ce is divid$ & ! accessory words ei!r includ$ 9 x or atta*$ to x ) abbreviat$ =ms1 s t ! :ole s5t5ce assumes ! =m & s\nd ( "o ^w4 #d4 ,by ,inflection4 ,ea* ^w ( ! s5t5ce indicates by its own =m ! "* & relation to ! ma9 proposition ( ! idea x repres5ts4 ,sanscrit1 ,greek & ,lat9 are famili> examples ( inflect$ tongues4 ,x is possible to suppose t all f\r ( ^! =ms 7 develop$ f "s primitive condition ( utt]ance unkn[n to u1 j z naturali/s believe t all organic species 7 develop$ out ( a homog5e\s protoplasmic mass2 b x is z h>d to see h[ any "o ( !m 9 its pres5t =m c\ld pass ov] into ano!r1 z to und]/& h[ a radiate c\ld *ange into a mollusk4 #ab4 ,,nature ,,( ,,incorporation4 ,( ! f\r plans m5tion$1 ,incorporation is t *>act]i/ic (1 ?\gh n conf9$ to1 ,am]ican tongues4 ,x may appe> 9 a high] or a l[] grade1 b its int5tion is ev]y:]e ! ef=t to convey 9 "o ^w ! :ole proposition4 ,! ,v]b1 z t "p ( spee* :i* especially conveys ! syn!tic action ( ! m5tal op]ation1 is t :i* is select$ z ! /em ( ?is ^w-s5t5ce2 all ! o!r p>ts are subord9ate accessories1 devoid ( syntactic value4 ,! high] grade ( incorporation includes bo? subject1 object & v]b 9 "o ^w1 & if = any reason ! object is n includ$1 ! s*eme ( ! s5t5ce is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 ! v]b1 & ! object is plac$ outside1 z 9 apposition1 )\t case end+1 & "u a =m diff]5t f its orig9al & simple "o4 ,?is w readily be und]/ood f ! foll[+ examples f ! ,mexican language4 ,! s5t5ce ni-naca-qua1 is "o ^w & means ,i1 fle%1 eat4 ,if x is desir$ to express ! object indep5d5tly1 ! expression becomes ni-c-qua-9-nacatl1 ,i x eat1 ! fle%4 ,! t]m9ation tl does n belong to ! root ( ! n\n1 b is add$ to %[ t x is 9 an ext]nal1 &1 z x 71 unnatural position4 ,bo? ! direct & remote object c ?us be incorporat$1 & if !y are n1 b sep>ately app5d$1 ! s*eme ( ! s5t5ce is /ill pres]v$2 z ni-te-tla-maca1 lit]ally1 ,i1 some?+1 to somebody1 give4 ,h[ closely ^! accessories are incorporat$ is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! t5se augm5ts are n add$ to ! /em1 b to ! :ole ^w2 o-ni-c-te-maca-e1 ,i h giv5 x to somebody2 :5 ! o is ! prefix ( ! p]fect4 ,9 ^! languages1 e elem5t 9 ! s5t5ce1 :i* is n incorporat$ 9 ! v]b1 has1 9 fact1 no syntax at all4 ,! v]bal exhau/s all ! =mal portion ( ! language4 ,! relations ( ! o!r words are intimat$ by _! position4 ,?us ni-tlagotlaz-nequia1 ,i wi%$ to love1 is lit]ally ,i1 ,i %all love1 ,i wi%$4 ,tlagotlaz1 is ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! future1 ni-nequia1 ,i wi%$1 :i* is divid$1 & ! future =m ins]t$4 ,! same expression may /& ?us3 ni-c-nequia-tlagotlaz1 :]e ! c is an int]calat$ relative pron\n1 & ! lit]al r5d]+ is1 ,i x wi%$1 ,i %all love4 ,9 ! ,lule language ! con/ruction ) an inf9itive is simply t ! two v]bs foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! same p]son1 z caic tucuec1 ,i am accu/om$ to eat1 lit]ally1 ,i am acu/om$1,,tn-#d ,i eat4 ,none ( ^! devices fullfils,,tn-#e all ! uses ( ! inf9itive1 & h5ce !y are all inf]ior to x4 ,9 languages :i* lack =mal elem5ts1 ! defici5cy mu/ be suppli$ by ! m9d4 ,words are m]ely plac$ 9 juxtaposition1 & _! relation%ip guess$ at4 ,?us1 :5 a language con/ructs its cases m]ely by prefix+ prepositions to ! unalt]$ n\n1 !re is no grammatical =m2 9 ! ,mbaya language e-tiboa is translat$ ?r\gh me1 b x is really ,i1 ?r\gh2 l'emani1 is r5d]$ he wi%es1 b x is /rictly he1 wi%4 ,9 su* languages ! same collocation ( words (t5 corresponds to q diff]5t mean+s1 z ! precise relation ( ! ?\ghts is n def9$ by any =mal elem5ts4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! ,tupi tongue4 ,! ^w uba is fa!r2 ) ! pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son prefix$ x is tuba1 lit]ally he1 fa!r4 ,?is may mean ei!r 8 fa!r1 or he is a fa!r1 or he has a fa!r1 j z ! s5se ( ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce requires4 ,c]ta9ly a language :i* ?us leaves conf\nd$ toge!r ideas s di/9ct z ^!1 is inf]ior to "o :i* discrim9ates !m2 & ?is is :y ! =mal elem5ts ( a tongue are s important to intellectual gr[?4 ,! ,tupis may be an en]getic & skillful p1 b ) _! language !y c nev] take a position z ma/]s 9 ! realm ( ideas4 ,! abs5ce ( ! passive 9 mo/1 if n all1 ,am]ican tongues is suppli$ by simil> inadequate collocations ( words4 ,9 ,hua/eca1 = example1 nana tan9 tahjal1 is translat$ ,i am treat$ by him2 actually x is1 ,i1 me1 treats he4 ,?is is n a passive1 b simply ! idea ( ! ,ego connect$ ) ! idea ( ano!r act+ ^u x4 ,?is is va/ly bel[ ! level ( inflect$ spee*2 = x _c be too /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ t ! grammatical relations ( spok5 language are ! m p]fect & favorable to intellectual gr[?1 ! m closely !y correspond to ! logical relations ( ?\ght4 ,sometimes :at appe>s z inflection turns out on exam9ation to be m]ely adjunction4 ,?us 9 ! ,mbaya tongue !re are su* v]bal =ms z daladi1 ?\ wilt ?r[1 nilabuite1 he has spun1 :5 ! d is ! sign ( ! future1 & ! n ( ! p]fect4 ,^! look l inflections2 b 9 fact d1 is simply a relic ( quide1 h]eaft]1 lat]1 & n /&s 9 ! same relation to qu9e1 :i* means & also4 ,to become true =mal elem5ts1 all su* adjuncts mu/ h completely lo/ _! indep5d5t signification2 because if !y reta9 x1 _! mat]ial cont5t requires qualification & relation j z any o!r /em ^w4 ,a few ,am]ican languages may h rea*$ ?is /age4 ,9 ! ,mexican !re are ! t]m9als ya or a 9 ! imp]fect1 ! augm5t o 9 ! pret]it1 & o!rs 9 ! future4 ,9 ! ,tamanaca ! pres5t ends 9 a1 ! pret]it 9 e1 ! future 9 c4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ei!r ( ^! tongues to %[ t ^! t5se signs h indep5d5t mean+1 & !re=e !re is no reason :y !y %\ld n be class$ ) ^? ( ! ,greek & ,sanscrit z true inflectional elem5ts4#bd-99 #ac4 ,,psy*ological ,,orig9 ,,( ,,incorporation4 ,?is ,incorporative plan1 :i* may be consid]$ z di/9ctive ( ! ,am]ican /ock ( languages1 is expla9$ 9 its psy*ological orig9 by ,humboldt1 z ! result ( an exaltation ( ! imag9ative ov] ! intellectual elem5ts ( m9d4 ,by ?is me?od1 ! l+ui/ic faculty /rives to pres5t to ! und]/&+ ! :ole ?\ght 9 ! mo/ compact =m possible1 ?us to facilitate its compreh5sion2 & ?is x does1 because a ?\ght pres5t$ 9 "o ^w is m vivid & /imulat+ to ! imag9ation1 m individual & picturesque1 ?an :5 n>rat$ 9 a numb] ( words4#be-99 ,b ! mi/ake mu/ n be made ( suppos+ t ,incorporation is a creative act ( ! language-s5se1 or t its products1 ! comp\nds t x builds1 are real words4 ,humboldt 0 c>eful to impress ?is di/9ction1 & calls su* incorporat$ comp\nds examples ( collocation 7,zusamm5setzung71 n ( syn!sis 7,zusamm5fassung74 ,on ?is gr\nd1 he d\bt$1 & ) ju/ice1 ! ass]tion ( ,duponceau1 t ! long words ( ! ,l5ape 7,delaw>e7 dialect are =m$ by an arbitr>y selection ( ! phonetic p>ts ( a numb] ( words1 )\t ref]5ce to ! radical syllables4#be- ,he insi/$1 z is really ! case1 t 9 all in/ances ! significant syllable or syllables are reta9$4 #ad4 ,,effect ,,( ,,incorporation ,,on ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces4 ,z has be5 se51 ! !ory ( ,incorporation is to express ! :ole proposition1 z ne>ly z possible1 9 "o ^w2 & :at "p ( x _c be ?us express$1 is left )\t any syntax :atev]4 ,n only does ?is apply to individual words 9 a s5t5ce1 b x ext5ds to ! v>i\s clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce1 su* z 9 ,aryan languages %[ _! relation to ! lead+ clauses by means ( prepositions1 conjunctions & relative pron\ns4 ,:5 ! me?ods are analyz$ by :i* ! major & m9or clauses are assign$ _! respective values 9 ^! tongues1 x is v pla9 :at difficulties ( expression ! sy/em ( ,incorporation involves4 ,few ( !m h any true connect+ ^w ( ei!r ( ! ?ree classes above m5tion$4 ,!y dep5d on sc>cely veil$ mat]ial words1 simply plac$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,x is probable t ! prepositions & conjunctions ( all languages 7 at fir/ significant words1 & ! degree to :i* !y h lo/ _! prim>y significations & h become purely =mal elem5ts express+ relation1 is "o ( ! measures ( ! grammatical evolution ( a tongue4 ,9 mo/ ,am]ican idioms _! orig9 f sub/antives is readily recognizable4 ,frequ5tly ^! sub/antives ref] to p>ts ( ! body1 & ?is1 9 pass+1 sugge/s ! antiquity ( ?is class ( words & _! value 9 comp>ison4 ,9 ,maya tan means 91 t[>d1 among2 b x is also ! brea/ or front ( ! body4 ,! ,mexican has ?ree classes ( prepositions--! fir/1 ^: orig9 f a sub/antive _c be detect$2 ! second1 :]e an unkn[n & a kn[n elem5t are comb9$2 ! ?ird1 :]e ! sub/antive is p]fectly cle>4 ,an example ( ! la/ m5tion$ is itic1 91 comp\nd$ ( ite1 belly1 & ! locative p>ticle c2 ! phrase ilhuicatl itic1 9 heav51 is lit]ally 9 ! belly ( heav54 ,precisely ! same is ! ,cak*iquel pamcah1 lit]ally1 belly1 heav59 heav54 ,9 ,mexican1 notepotzco is beh9d me1 lit]ally1 my back1 at2 ?is corresponds aga9 to ! ,cak*iquel *uih1 beh9d me1 f *i1 at1 u1 my1 vih1 %\ld]-blades4 ,! ,mixteca prepositions pres5t ! crude nature ( _! orig9 )\t disguise1 *isi huahi1 belly1 h\se--t is1 9 front ( ! h\se2 sata huahi1 back1 h\se--beh9d ! h\se4 ,! conjunctions are equally transp>5t4 ,& 9 ,maya is yetel1 9 ,mexican ihuan4 ,"o w\ld suppose t su* an indisp5sable connective w\ld long s9ce h be5 worn d[n to an insoluble entity4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? ^! words reta9 _! p]fect mat]ial mean+4 ,yetel is a comp\nd ( y1 81 et1 companion1 & el1 ! def9ite t]m9ation ( n\ns4 ,ihuan is ! possessive1 i1 & huan1 associate1 companion1 us$ also z a t]m9ation to =m a c]ta9 class ( plurals4 ,! defici5cy 9 true conjunctions & relative pron\ns is met 9 _m ,am]ican languages by a rev]sal ( ! plan ( expression ) u4 ,! relative clause becomes ! pr9cipal "o4 ,!re is a c]ta9 logical ju/ice 9 ?is2 =1 if we reflect1 x w appe> evid5t t ! major proposition is1 9 our con/ruction1 pres5t$ z "o ( ! conditions ( ! m9or4 ,i %all dr[n1 if ,i fall 9 ! wat]1 means t1 ( ! v>i\s results ( my fall+ 9 ! wat]1 "o ( !m w be t ,i %all dr[n4 ,i foll[$ ! road :i* y describ$1 means t y describ$ a road1 & "o ( ! results ( ?is act ( y\rs 0 t ,i foll[$ x4 ,?is expla9s ! plan ( con/ruct+ comp\nd s5t5ces 9 ,qqui*ua4 ,in/ead ( say+ ,i %all foll[ ! road :i* y describe1 ! con/ruction is ,y describe1 ?is road ,i %all foll[2 & in/ead ( ,i %all dr[n if ,i fall 9 ! wat]1 x w\ld be1 ,i fall 9 ! wat]1 ,i %all dr[n4 ,! ,mexican language introduces ! relative clause by ! ^w 91 :i* is an article & demon/rative pron\n1 or1 if ! proposition is a conditional "o1 by intla1 :i* really signifies )9 ?is1 & conveys ! s5se t ! major is includ$ )9 ! conditions ( ! m9or clause4 ,! ,cak*iquel conditional p>ticle is vue1 if1 :i* appe>s to be simply ! p>ticle ( affirmation yes1 employ$ to give ext5sion to ! m9or clause1 :i*1 z a rule1 is plac$ fir/4 ,or a conv5tional arrangem5t ( words may be adopt$ :i* w convey ! idea ( c]ta9 dep5d5t clauses1 z ^? express+ similitude1 z is (t5 ! case 9 ,mexican4 #ae4 ,,! ,,dual ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,languages4 ,9 8 admirable philosophical exam9ation ( ! dual numb] 9 language1 ,humboldt laid ! f\ndation ( a l+ui/ic !ory ( num]als :i* has n yet receiv$ ! developm5t x m]its4 ,"h he br+s into view ! dual & plural end+s ( a li/ ( ,am]ican languages1 & expla9s ! motives on :i* !y base ! inclusive & exclusive plurals s common among !m4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a species ( pronom9al dual conf9$ to ! fir/ p]son 9 ! plural4 ,?is1 he goes on to say1 is by no means ! only dual 9 ^! tongues4 ,"s ( !m express bo? ! o!r classes ( duals :i* he names4 ,?us1 ! ,totonaca has duals = all objects :i* appe> z pairs 9 nature1 z ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! h&s1 etc42 :ile ! ,araucanian equals ! ,sanscrit 9 ext5d+ ! grammatical expression ( ! dual ?r\gh all p>ts ( spee* :]e x c f9d prop] application4#bg-99 #af4 ,,humboldt',s ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,am]ican ,,v]b4 ,! essay on ! ,am]ican v]b translat$ 9 ! foll[+ pages has nev] previ\sly appe>$ 9 pr9t1 ei!r 9 ,g]man or ,engli%4 ,! orig9al ,,ms4 is 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l91 :5ce ,i obta9$ a transcript4 ,! au?or alludes to ?is essay 9 sev]al passages ( 8 pr9t$ works1 mo/ fully 9 8 ,lett] to ,m4 ,abel-,remusat 7#ahbf71 9 :i* he says3 ,a few ye>s ago1 ,i read be=e ! ,b]l9 ,academy a memoir1 :i* has n be5 pr9t$1 9 :i* ,i comp>$ a numb] ( ,am]ican languages ) ea* o!r1 solely ) reg>d to ! mann] 9 :i* !y express ! v]b z unit+ ! subject ) ! attribute 9 ! proposition1 & f ?is po9t ( view ,i assign$ !m to v>i\s classes4 ,z ?is trait proves to :at degree a language possesses grammatical =ms1 or is ne> to possess+ !m1 x is decisive ( ! :ole gramm> ( a tongue4 ,on read+ ! memoir1 ,i 0 s mu* impress$ ) ! acut5ess & ju/ness ( its analysis ( ,am]ican v]bal =ms t ,i prep>$ ! translation :i* ,i n[ submit4 ,9 ! m rec5t /udies ( ! ,am]ican v]b :i* h appe>$ f ! p5s ( ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 ,j4 ,hammond ,trumbull & ,luci5 ,adam1 we h ! same c5tral elem5t ( spee* subject$ to critical inve/igation at able h&s4 ,b x seems to me t none ( !m has approa*$ ! topic ) ! broad1 philosophic conceptions :i* impress ! read] 9 ?is essay ( ,humboldt's4 ,al?\gh sixty ye>s & m h elaps$ s9ce x 0 writt51 ,i am confid5t t x w provide ample food = ?\ght to ! e>ne/ /ud5t ( language4 ,on ! ,v]b 9 ,am]ican ,languages4 ,by ,wilhelm von ,humboldt,,tn-#f ,translat$ f ! unpubli%$ orig9al4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4,d4 ,y rec5tly _h ! goodness to give an appreciative he>+ to my essay on ,! ,orig9 ( ,grammatical ,=ms4 ,i desire to-day to apply ! pr9ciples :i* ,i !n /at$ 9 g5]al to a p>ticul> grammatical po9t ?r\gh a s]ies ( languages4 ,i *oose ^? ( ,am]ica z be/ suit$ to su* a purpose1 & select ! ,v]b z ! mo/ important "p ( spee*1 & ! c5tral po9t ( e language4 ,)\t ent]+ into an analysis ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! v]b1 ,i %all conf9e myself to t :i* con/itutes its peculi> v]bal "*--! union ( ! subject & pr$icate ( ! s5t5ce by means ( ! notion ( ,be+4 ,?is alone =ms ! ess5ce ( ! v]b2 all o!r relations1 z ( p]sons1 t5ses1 modes & classes1 are m]ely second>y prop]ties4 ,! "q to be answ]$ is !re=e3-- ,?r\gh :at =m ( grammatical notation d ! languages "u consid]ation indicate t subject & pr$icate are to be unit$ by means ( ! notion ( ,be+8 ,i believe ,i h %[n ) suffici5t cle>ness t a language may h a great div]sity ( app>5t =ms1 & may express all grammatical relations ) def9it5ess1 & yet :5 tak5 z a :ole x may lack true grammatical =m4 ,f ?is arises an ess5tial & real graduat$ diff]5ce betwe5 languages4 ,?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) ! "q :e!r p>ticul> languages employ exclusively agglut9ation or inflection1 z all began ) agglut9ation2 b 9 ! languages ( ! high] class1 x became 9 its effects on ! m9d1 id5tical ) inflection4 ,z languages ( ! high] class1 "o has b to "n ! cultivat$ idioms ( ,asia & ,europe1 ,sanscrit1 ,greek & ,lat91 9 ord] to apply to !m ! above /atem5t4 ,x is /ill m necess>y1 h[ev]1 to und]/& ?or\ghly ! /ructure ( ^? languages :i* are on a l[] plane1 p>tly because ?is w conv9ce u ( ! correctness ( ! classification1 p>tly because ^! tongues are less g5]ally kn[n4 ,x is en\gh to take up "s s+le lead+ grammatical relation4 ,i select = ?is purpose ! v]b z ! mo/ important "p ( spee*1 ) :i* mo/ ( ! o!rs come into relation1 & :i* completes ! =mation ( ! s5t5ce1 ! grammatical purpose ( all language--& (t5 embraces x :olly 9 itself4 ,b ,i %all conf9e myself solely to t :i* makes ! v]b a v]b1 ! *>act]i/ic notation ( its peculi> v]bal nature4 ,9 e language ?is po9t is ! mo/ important & ! mo/ difficult1 & _c be made too cle> to ?r[ light ^u ! :ole ( ! language4 ,l+ui/ic "* c be asc]ta9$ ?r\gh ?is po9t 9 ! %orte/ & mo/ c]ta9 mann]4 ,! v]b is ! union ( ! subject & pr$icate ( ! s5t5ce by means ( ! notion ( ,be+2 yet n ( e pr$icate4 ,! attribute :i* is unit$ to ! sub/ance by ! v]b mu/ be an en]gic "o1 a p>ticipial4 ,! sub/ance is repres5t$ 9 ! v]b z 9 motion1 z connect+ ! ,be+ ) ! en]gic attribute4 ,by means ( ?is repres5tation1 & ! peculi> nature ( ! attribute1 ! v]b is di/+ui%$ f ! m]e logical copula1 ) :i* x is liable to be conf\nd$ if ^! ideas are n und]/ood4 ,if ! v]b is expla9$ m]ely z a syn!sis ( ,be+ ) any o!r attribute1 !n ! orig9 ( ! t5ses _c be :olly d]iv$ f "o idea1 = ! idea ( "t alone w\ld all[ only a ?ree-fold di/9ction4 ,moreov]1 9 su* case ! true & effici5t nature ( ! v]b is misund]/ood4 ,9 ! s5t5ce1 ,! man is good1 ! v]b is n a syn!sis ( ! adjective good ) ! sub/antive1 b x is a p>ticipial ( ! en]gic attribute to be good1 :i* conta9s a condition1 hav+ beg9n+1 middle & end1 & consequ5tly resembles an action4 ,fully analyz$1 ! s5t5ce w\ld be1 ,he is be+ good4 ,:]e ! sub/antive v]b /&s )\t a visible pr$icate1 z 9 ! s5t5ce1 ,i am1 !n ! v]b to be has itself z ! object ( a syn!sis1 ,i am be+4 ,b z rude nations w\ld f9d ?is difficult to compreh5d1 ! v]b to be is ei!r entirely lack+1 z 9 _m ,am]ican languages1 or else x has an orig9al mat]ial s5se1 & is conf\nd$ ) to /&1 to give1 to eat1 etc41 & ?us indicates ,be+ z id5tical ) ! mo/ famili> occupations4 ,! subject1 ! sub/ance repres5t$ z 9 action1 may be "o indep5d5t ( ! speak]s1 or x may be id5tical ) "o ( !m1 & ?is id5tity is express$ by ! pron\ns4 ,f ?is arises ! p]sons4 ,! en]gic attribute may ex]t its action 9 v>i\s mann]s 9 ! sub/ance or betwe5 two sub/ances2 ?is gives rise to ! =ms or classes ( v]bs4 ,_! action mu/ be conf9$ to a giv5 po9t or p]iod ( "t4 ,! ,be+ may be und]/ood z def9ite or indef9ite1 etc41 & 9 ?is is ! orig9 ( modes4 ,be+ is insep>ably connect$ ) ! notation ( "t4 ,?is1 unit$ ) ! fixation ( ! po9t or p]iod ( "t ( an action1 =ms ! t5ses4 ,no v]b1 !re=e1 c be conceiv$ z )\t p]sons & t5ses1 modes & classes2 yet ^! qualities d n con/itute its ess5ce1 b arise f ! latt]1 :i* itself is ! syn!sis br\ght ab\t by ! notion ( ,be+4 ,! signs ( ^! qualities mu/ be made to appe> 9 ! grammatical notation ( ! v]b1 b 9 su* a mann] t !y appe> dep5d5t on its nature1 mak+ "o ) x4 ,! en]gic attribute1 :i* aids 9 =m+ ! v]b1 may be a real movem5t or action1 z go+1 com+1 liv+1 work+1 etc41 or m]ely a qualitative ,be+1 z a be+ beautiful1 good1 mortal1 or immortal4 ,9 ! =m] case1 we h a real attributive v]b1 9 ! latt] a sub/antive v]b1 9 :i* an attribute is consid]$ z at re/1 h5ce z an adjective4 ,al?\gh 9 bo? cases ! nature ( ! v]b is ! same1 yet 9 _m languages ?is diff]5ce leads to a correspond+ v>iety 9 grammatical notation4 ,9 accordance ) ^! ideas cull$ f univ]sal gramm>1 ! =ms ( ! conjugations 9 ! v>i\s languages w n[ be consid]$4 ,i h tak5 z a basis = ?is inve/igation z _m ,am]ican languages z ,i ?\ght suffici5t = ! purpose1 & z w\ld n make ! survey oppressive by _! numb]2 b z ,i d n "n all ( !m1 & pay /ill less att5tion to po9t+ out 9 :at o!r gr\ps ( languages ! peculi>ities nam$ occur1 x mu/ be und]/ood t :at is "h said is n int5d$ z a *>act]ization ( ,am]ican languages4 ,?is is res]v$ = ano!r /udy4 ,9 ord] to judge h[ closely ^! languages approa* grammatical p]fection 9 ?is po9t1 we mu/ take z our crit]ion t condition ( spee* :]e !re is a class ( words1 :i* possess v]bal p[]1 & are at ! same "t sep>at$ by a def9ite =m f all o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is condition z ! highe/1 we mu/ arrange 9 v>i\s grades all o!r /ructural =ms or p>aphrases ( ! v]b4 ,! notion ( ,be+1 :i* con/itutes ! basis & ! ess5ce ( ! v]b1 c be indicat$ ei!r1 #a4 ,z express$ indep5d5tly4 #b4 ,z incorporat$ 9 ! v]bal =m z an auxili>y v]b4 #c4 ,z includ$ 9 ! v]bal =m m]ely z an idea4 ,! diff]5ces ( ! languages "u comp>ison c be appreciat$ mo/ correctly by means ( ^! ?ree head+s2 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t any language may use ! fir/ & "o ( ! la/ two me?ods1 & t 9 languages :i* h a sub/antive v]b conjugat$ ) & )\t auxili>y v]bs1 all ?ree may be employ$4 ,i4 ,,:5 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,be+ ,,is ,,express$ ,,indep5d5tly4 ,i mu/ except f ?is class all in/ances :]e ! sub/antive v]b is =m$ f a radical1 inasmu* z ?is root1 l any o!r1 mu/ assume ! v]bal =m1 & ?us come "u "o ( ! two o!r divisions4 ,9 su* case x expresses ! notion ( ,be+1 ei!r by an auxili>y1 z 9 ! ,g]man ,i* b9 gewes51 or simply 9 ! =m1 z1 ,i am4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! sub/antive v]bs ( all languages are d]iv$ f concrete conceptions & imp>t to ^! m]ely ! g5]al notion ( ,be+1 ! above becomes /ill m obvi\s4 ,n[ if !re is no root-=m = ! sub/antive v]b1 & yet x is express$ indep5d5tly1 & n by ano!r v]bal =m1 ?is c only be done ei!r by ! position ( ! gov]n+ & gov]n$ words1 or by l+ui/ic elem5ts :i* are n prop]ly v]bs1 b only become s by ?is use4 ,9 ! =m] case ! sub/antive v]b is m]ely und]/ood1 9 ! latt] x appe>s 9 a def9ite ^w1 b )\t a fix$ radical4 #a4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,be+ is und]/ood4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common =ms ( s5t5ces 9 ,am]ican languages is to br+ toge!r an adjective & a sub/antive1 ! sub/antive v]b be+ omitt$4 ,mexican3 9 ,p$ro qualli1 ! ,pet] 7is7 good4 ,totonaca3 aquit *ixco1 ,i 7am7 a man4 ,hua/eca3 naxe uxum ibaua tzi*niel1 ?is woman 7is7 n ?y s]vant4 ,9 ! ,mixteca language su* expressions h a peculi> arrangem5t4 ,! adjective mu/ prec$e ! sub/antive1 or r ! pr$icate mu/ prec$e ! subject1 z 9 ! rev]se case ! words are und]/ood sep>ately1 & are n connect$ into a s5t5ce3 quadza aha1 ! woman is bad2 aha quadza1 ! bad woman4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,mbayas1 a s5t5ce c be made ) any v]b by dropp+ ! v]bal affixes1 by transpos+ a lett] *>act]iz+ ! n\ns z su*1 app5d+ an adjective suffix1 & unit+ ?is ) an indep5d5t pron\n4 ,! gramm>s ( ?is language call ?is =m a passive1 b x is j z mu* a neut]1 & is n a v]b b a phrase4 ,f iigai*9i1 to tea*1 we h n-iigai*9-igi1 taught1 & z fir/ p]son e n-iigai*9-igi1 ,i am taught4 ,! initial n :i* accompanies all n\ns 9 ?is language1 is m]ely ! possessive pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son1 add$ accord+ to ! usage ( _m ( ^! tongues to leave no n\n )\t a possessive2 ! t]m9ation igi is a p>ticle :i* indicates ! place :]e any?+ rema9s4 ,lit]ally1 !re=e1 eniigai*9igi means1 ,i 7am7 ! /opp+-place ( 8 tea*+1 i4 e41 "o :o is taught4 ,all affixes ( mode & t5se1 h[ev]1 may be unit$ to ?is phrase1 s t ?us x approa*es a v]b4 ,reg>d$ ap>t f ! *anges ?r\gh t5ses & modes1 ! union ( ! subject & pr$icate ) ! sub/antive v]b omitt$1 is admirably adapt$ to express ! conjunction ( two words 9 "o idea1 & z ! languages :i* make use ( x also possess ! ord9>y =ms ( conjugation1 !y ?us possess a special expression = bo? ! =ms ( v]bs above ref]r$ to4 ,we %all note ?is p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,beto language4 ,:5 ! subject is n an indep5d5t "p ( spee*1 b an affix$ pron\n1 ! analogy ( ?is me?od ( notation to a v]bal =m increases4 ,= ?is is pres5t ev5 :5 no *>act]i/ic ( a t5se is add$1 simply by ! union ( an attribute & a pron\n4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ once = all1 h[ev]1 t too mu* weight mu/ n be atta*$ to :e!r ^! elem5ts =m "o ^w or n1 z ?is is n an infallible crit]ion4 ,! v]b _c be consid]$ to be pres5t z a sep>ate "p ( spee*1 :5 a v]b c ?us be made out ( any ^w1 n m]ely ^? /amp$ z v]bs1 b also out ( ^? :i* be> ! express *>act]i/ics ( n\ns2 & !re=e ,i include all ^! cases 9 ! class "u consid]ation4 ,= 9 all ^! languages !re is 9 fact no v]b1 b only sep>ate elem5ts ( spee* ) ! v]b omitt$4 ,su* cases are1 h[ev]1 int]e/+1 z %[+ ! gradual approa* to ! v]b1 & ! ef=t ( ! in/9ct ( language to arrive at grammatical =m4 ,! indep5d5t p]sonal pron\n r>ely makes an elem5t ( v]bal =m1 z 9 speak+ x is g5]ally worn d[n to an affix4 ,:5 x is us$ to =m a v]bal expression1 ! diff]5ce ( ! elem5ts is #a #c #c #a app>5t4 ,?us1 9 ! ,c>ib1 anaiaca pu9 au--,i 7am7 n a divid]4 ,9 t tongue1 h[ev]1 ?is placem5t is n applicable to e n\n1 b only aft] c]ta9 def9ite v]bal =ms1 especially 9 negative expressions4 ,! ,lule language conf9es ?is notation to p>ticipials1 & expresses by x ! condition ( ! action & also its "t2 ,,tn-#gmil quis #a #b #c amaiciton1 y 7are7 me lov+4 ,! affix$ pron\ns are ei!r special1 conf9$ to ^! expressions1 or if else:]e 9 ! tongue1 are n employ$ ) v]bs1 or n 9 ?is mann]2 or !y are ! pronom9al affixes ( ! v]b itself4 ,! ,maya or ,yucatecan language has a special pron\n :i* add$ to any n\n =ms a s5t5ce ) x1 & possesses ! p[] to add ! idea ( ! v]b2 ,p$ro en1 ,i am ,p$ro4 ,b :5 x /&s alone1 )\t a pr$icate1 x loses ?is p[]1 z en alone does n mean1 ,i am4 ,9 ! ,beto language !re is1 inde$1 no special pron\n ( ?is k9d1 z ! "o us$ is also a possessive4 ,its position1 h[ev]1 makes ! diff]5ce4 ,:5 x is prefix$1 x is ! possessive1 b :5 suffix$ x c>ries ) x ! p[] ( ! v]b3 humani rru1 man ,i 7am72 f(ei rru1 bad ,i 7am74 ,9 a simil> mann] ?is tongue =ms a sub/antive v]b1 ajoi rru4 ,! mean+ ( ! root is n giv51 b x seems to mean some?+ pres5t1 at h&4 ,x is sugge/ive t 9 ^! phrases ! acc5t is always on ! pron\n1 z if to signify t t is ! important elem5t4 ,x is v common 9 ,am]ican languages to f9d ! n\n & ! v]b us+ ! same pron\ns1 ) ! =m] to indicate possession1 ) ! latt] ! subject4 ,?is might be expla9$ by suppos+ t ! action is reg>d$ z ! possession ( ! ag5t4 ,b x is simpl] to suppose t 9 ea* case ! connection ( ! p]son ) ! n\n & ! v]b is 9 ! ?\ghts1 & ?is relation is recogniz$ 9 expression4 ,9 ?is way ! ,mbaya language has a sort ( descriptive conjugation2 connect+ ! p>ticiples ) possessive pron\ns2 i-iligodi1 ,i 7am7 expla9+2 b no d\bt less def9itely1 my expla9+1 ,i to expla94 ,! language ( ! ,abipones slightly alt]s ! possessive pron\ns 9 "s p]sons & uses !m 9 a simil> mann]3 ri-aal1 ,i am lazy2 yo-amkata1 he is good4 ,:5 ! v]bal pron\n is us$ 9 su* expressions1 x is entirely id5tical ) ! v]b4 ,?is is ! case ) ! ,mexican1 :]e ! v]bal pron\n unit$ to ! p>ticiple =ms a s5t5ce3 ni-tlaotlani1 ,i 7am7 a lov]4 ,?is expression diff]s f ! pres5t indicative only 9 ! =m ( ! root-^w1 ni-tlaotla2 b x _c =m ano!r t5se or mode4 ,! gramm>ians call su* an expression a t5se indicat+ habit4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be a t5se b a mode1 &1 9 fact1 ! t]m re/s on a misund]/&+4 ,t su* expressions indicate habit is %[n by ! fact t !y d n apply1 l ! pres5t ( ! v]b1 to ! tempor>y action1 b convey t x is a cu/om1 or a bus9ess2 n t ,i am lov+ j n[1 b t ,i am habitually a lov]4 ,an entirely simil> in/ance occurs 9 ! ,nor? ,gu>anay language1 :i* also p]mits1 besides ! regul> conjugation1 a union ( ! root ( ! v]b ) a pron\n1 ! v]b be+ omitt$4 ,! gramm>ians ( t tongue say t ?is adds ext5sion & emphasis to ! s5se ( ! v]b4 ,! real diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 is t ?is proc$ure treats ! v]b z a n\n1 & ! ext5sion comes f consid]+ ! action express$ by ! v]b to h become a p]man5t quality2 a poro iuca1 ,i kill m5 7ord9>y conjugation72 xe poro iuca1 ,i 7am7 a man-kill] 7=m ) ! possessive pron\n72 ,i kill m5 z my bus9ess4 ,9 bo? ^! languages1 !re=e1 :at h be5 repres5t$ z peculi> & sep>at$ =ms1 t5ses indicat+ habit1 or =ms ( ext5sion1 are simply errone\s explanations ( q simple con/ructions4 ,9 ,mexican ! correctness ( ?is explanation is confirm$ by ! =ms ( ! vocative1 :i* are id5tical ) ?is suppos$ t5se1 9 ti tlatlacoani1 ,o ?\ s9n]2 lit]ally1 ?\ :o 7art7 a s9n]4 ,9 ! above examples ! v]bal p[] lies 9 ! pron\ns4 ,b ! ,mbaya language con/ructs v]bal s5t5ces by add+ ! sign ( ! future to any adjective )\t a pron\n4 ,?is sign is de1 or be=e a v[el d3 de liidi1 x w be pleasant to ! ta/e2 d otiya1 he w be fat4 ,i d n f9d o!r examples1 & am unc]ta9 :e!r o!r t5ses & modes are ?us =m$4 ,9 t case ! pron\ns w\ld h to be add$1 & ! expression w\ld lose its peculi>ity1 :i* is t ! t5se sign alone c>ries ) x ! notion ( ,be+4 ,! ,o?omi language makes use 9 su* expressions n only ( ! pron\ns b ( all ! affixes ( ! v]b1 & conjugates a n\n toge!r ) its article1 treat+ x z a v]bal radical3 qui-no-munti-maha1 ,?\ w]t ! enri*$4 ,"h no-munti is ! enri*$1 & all ! rema9+ syllables are v]bal inflections4 ,s&oval1 :o wrote a gramm> ( ! language1 expla9s no z an auxili>y v]b2 b ) ! n\n he calls x an article1 z x is1 & he evid5tly misund]/ood ! expression4 ,x is :olly a v]bal1 b z ?is proc$ure c be appli$ to any n\n :atev]1 su* an expression is f> remov$ f a real1 well-def9$ v]bal =m4 ,! same language has ano!r peculi> =m ) ! possessive1 :i* c only be expla9$ by supply+ an omitt$ v]b4 ,na nuhti means my prop]ty2 b if to ?is is add$ ! abbreviat$ pron\n us$ z a v]bal affix1 na-nuhti-ga1 ! words mean1 ?is prop]ty belongs to me1 or1 my prop]ty is x1 m9e4 ,9 ! grammatically obscure consci\sness ( ^! p1 ! ideas ( v]bal & m]ely pronom9al expression are conf\nd$1 z also 9 ! ,brazilian language1 :]e my fa!r & ,i h a fa!r are express$ by ! same ^w4 ,! advantages :i* ^! languages d]ive f ! =mation ( s5t5ces ) ! v]b omitt$ are two4 ,!y c *ange any n\n into a v]b1 or at lea/ !y c treat x z su*4 ,x is true t ?is c also be done by a sub/antive v]b :5 "o is f\nd1 b z ! languages 9 "q unite ! n\n to ! v]bal flexions1 _! fre$om is mu* great]4 ,! second advantage is1 t :5 x is desirable to discrim9ate cle>ly betwe5 ! two k9ds ( v]bs1 ! "o :i* has at base an en]gic attribute1 ! o!r :i* m]ely expresses ! relation ( pr$icate to subject1 a ?+ to its qualities1 ?is end c be mu* bett] rea*$ by ! process describ$ ?an ev5 by ! sub/antive v]b1 :i*1 by its full v]bal =m1 always recalls ! action ( an en]gic attribute4 ,_m ( ! languages nam$ include 9 ^! expressions p>ticles ( "t1 !reby obscur+ ! di/9ction ref]r$ to4 ,b 9 o!rs ?is is n ! case4 ,?us 9 ! ,maya & ,beto !re are two conjugations1 "o ) ! pron\n )\t "t p>ticles1 & "o ) !m2 & z 9 bo? ^! tongues ! pres5t ( ! true conjugation has a *>act]i/ic t5se sign1 a sep>ate aori/ ( ! pres5t is =m$ by ! o!r conjugation1 :i* our cultivat$ tongues _c express s conv5i5tly4 #b4 ,:5 ! notion ( ,be+ is express$ by a special ^w1 b )\t a phonetic radical4 ,al?\gh ! assumption "h express$ s\nds at fir/ r enigmatical1 yet "o c soon see t if ! notion ( ,be+ is to be convey$ )\t a phonetic radical1 x c only be done ?r\gh ! sign ( ! p]son1 t is1 9 ! pron\n1 ) or )\t a t5se sign4 ,?is is actually ! case 9 two languages1 ! ,maya & ! ,y>uri4 ,we h already se5 t 9 ! ,maya !re is a special pron\n :i* unites a pr$icate to ! idea ( p]son into "o s5t5ce4 ,!re is also ano!r :i* by itself conveys ! idea ( ! v]b1 & ( :i* ea* p]son has ! signification bo? ( ! pron\n & ! sub/antive v]b1 ,i & ,i am1 ?\ & ?\ art1 etc4 ,n only is x s us$ 9 ! pres5t1 b x c take ! signs ( ! t5ses4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f ! pron\ns previ\sly ref]r$ to 9 ! fir/ & second p]sons ( bo? numb]s only by a prefix$ t1 z foll[s3 ,pron\ns :i*1 ) a pr$icate1 ,pron\ns :i*1 by !mselves1 convey a v]bal idea4 possess v]bal p[]4 ,s+ul>4 #a4 en t5 #b4 e* te* #c4 lai lo lai ,plural4 #a4 on toon #b4 ex teex #c4 ob loob ,?is simil>ity leads to ! ?\ght t a true phonetic radical may exi/ 9 ?is t1 & may induce u to consid] ?is ^w n z a pron\n b z a sub/antive v]b4 ,b ?is makes no diff]5ce4 ,! fact rema9s t ! ^w is us$ bo? z a simple pron\n & also z a sub/antive v]b4 ,9 ! translation ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ^w toon is a simple pron\n4 ,if t is a radical1 x may j z well come f ! pron\n4 ,"s languages (f] cle> examples ( ?is4 ,9 ! ,maipure ! expression = ! ?ird p]son s+ul> recurs ) all ! o!r p]sons1 z if ?is s\nd meant ! p]son1 ! man g5]ally1 & ! fir/ & second p]sons 7 d5ot$ z ! ,i-p]son1 ?\-p]son1 etc4 ,9 ! ,a*agua language ! same radical occurs 9 all ! pron\ns1 b does n1 z 9 ! ,maipure1 /& alone = ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 b 9 x1 z 9 ! o!r p]sons1 appe>s z an affix4 ,at any rate1 ?is pron\n answ]s1 9 ! ,maya1 all ! purposes ( ! sub/antive v]b1 & !re is no o!r 9 ! language4 ,x is q intelligible t 9 ! conceptions ( rude nations ! idea ( an object1 & especially ( a p]son1 _c be sep>at$ f ! idea ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,?is may be appli$ to ! =ms ( expression above m5tion$4 ,:at seems a viol5t & ungrammatical omission ( ! v]b1 is probably 9 ^? p an obscure association ( ?\ghts1 a non-sep>ation ( ! object f its be+4 ,probably x is f ! same s\rce t 9 "s ,am]ican languages e adjective is s consid]$ t x includes n ! idea alone1 b ! expression1 x is ?us1 & ?us con/itut$4 ,9 ! ,y>uri language ! abs5ce ( a phonetic radical mean+ to be is yet m app>5t4 ,ea* p]son ( ! pron\n is a diff]5t ^w1 & !y h no s+le lett] 9 common4 ,! pron\n :i* has v]bal p[] is almo/ id5tical ) ! indep5d5t p]sonal pron\n4 ,! t5se signs are prefix$ to x4 ,?us1 que1 ,i am2 ri que1 ,i 01 c4 ,?is ri1 h[ev]1 is m]ely a p>ticle :i* expresses t some?+ is remote1 & corresponds ) our f4 ,ui-ri-di1 !re 0 wat] !re1 lit]ally wat] f> is 7f u is74 ,! subjunctive ( ?is sub/antive v]b is giv5 z ri1 if ,i 74 ,?is means1 h[ev]1 91 & is a p>ticle4 ,! notion ( ,be+ is add$1 z 9 ! pron\n2 & ! ideas1 9 ! be+1 & if ,i 71 pass into ea* o!r4 ,/rictly speak+1 bo? ! v]bal notations "h express$ are id5tical ) ^? already m5tion$4 ,"h also ! v]b is suppli$ by ! m9d4 ,! diff]5ce is t 9 ! latt] case ! pron\ns alone signify be+1 & conta9 ?is notion 9 !mselves1 :]eas 9 ! o!r cases ?is notion arises f ! conjunction ( subject & pr$icate4 ,!n also 9 ! ,maya language !re is a special pron\n = ?is sole purpose4 ,z f> z ! =ms g1 !y entirely resemble ^? ( a true v]b1 & if que & t5 are reg>d$ z m]e v]bs sub/antive1 "o :o did n exam9e _! elem5ts w\ld take !m to be true v]bs l ! ,sanscrit bhu1 ! ,greek eimi1 & ! ,lat9 sum4 ,! example ( ^! languages ?us tea*es t 9 ! analysis ( ! sub/antive v]bs ( o!r tongues x is n necess>y t a common phonetic radical ne$ be employ$4 ,9 ! ,hua/eca language ! sub/antive v]b is replac$ by affix+ a t5se sign to ! indep5d5t pron\ns2 naua itz1 ,i 01 tata itz1 ?\ w]t1 etc4 ,b ! case is n ! same4 ,! pron\n receives ! v]bal p[] by ! suffix itz1 & ?is appe>s only 9 lat] times to h become a sign ( ! pret]it1 & 9 an e>li] p]iod to h _h a g5]al s5se4 ,! m\nta9e]s :o seem to h reta9$ ! old] =ms ( ! tongue use ! itz1 n only 9 ! pret]it1 b 9 ! pres5t & future4 ,x 0 d\btless ! expression ( "s g5]al v]bal idea1 z1 to be1 to d1 etc4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,be+ ,,is ,,incorporat$ ,,) ,,! ,,v]b ,,z ,,an ,,auxili>y4 ,auxili>y v]bs are us$ only = c]ta9 t5ses1 or =m ! entire conjugation4 ,! =m] arises f accid5tal causes hav+ relation only to ^! t5ses1 n to ! v]b 9 g5]al4 ,! latt] readily arises :5 a sub/antive v]b (f]s an easy means ( conjugation by unit+ ) ano!r v]b4 ,sometimes ! conjugation by means ( an auxili>y %[s t ! l+ui/ic s5se ( a notion s\ght some?+ beyond ! p]son & t5se signs to express ! v]bal p[] itself1 & !re=e _h rec\rse to a g5]al v]b4 ,?is c1 inde$1 only be con/itut$ ( ^? elem5ts & a radical2 b ! want 9 ! language is ?us suppli$1 once = all1 & does n return ) e v]b4 ,an excell5t example ( ?is is furni%$ by ! ,maya conjugation4 ,9 an analysis ( x we f9d an elem5t t nei!r belongs to ! root1 nor is a p]son1 t5se or mode sign1 & :5 _! v>ieties & *anges are comp>$1 !re is evid5t ?r\gh\t a m>k$ anxiety to express ! peculi> v]bal p[] 9 ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,! conjugation 9 ! ,maya language is =m$ by affix+ ! pron\ns & mode & t5se signs to ! /em4 ,! pron\n is1 accord+ to a di/9ction to be not$ h]eaft]1 ei!r ! possessive pron\n or t "o :i*1 )\t v]bal p[] 9 itself1 yet receives x :5 a pr$icate is atta*$ to x to =m a s5t5ce4 ,besides ?is1 ! suffix cah accompanies all v]bs 9 ! pres5t & imp]fect2 & ! suffix ah accompanies all transitive v]bs ?r\gh ! rema9+ t5ses1 except ! future4 ,pres5t1 #a/ p]son1 s+41 canan-9-cah1 ,i gu>d2 imp]f4 #a/ p]s4 s+41 canan-9 cah cu*i2 p]f41 #a/ p]s4 s+41 9 canan-t-ah4 ,9 is ! possessive pron\n1 cu*i ! sign ( ! imp]fect1 t 9 ! p]fect is a euphonic lett]4 ,! idea ( transitive v]bs is "h tak5 some:at n>r[] ?an usual4 ,only ^? are includ$ :i* gov]n a ^w outside ( !mselves4 ,all o!rs are consid]$ intransitive1 ev5 ^? :i* ( !mselves are active1 b ei!r h no express$ object 7z1 ,i love1 ,i hate1 etc471 or ! ^w :i* !y gov]n is 9 ! v]b itself1 z 9 ! ,greek oikodomeo1 oik\re4 ,z ^! c gov]n a second accusative1 ! object incorporat$ 9 ! v]b is includ$ 9 ! idea !y express4 ,! t5ses ( ! intransitive v]bs1 except ! pres5t & imp]fect1 :ile !y drop ah & ! possessive pron\n1 are =m$ ) t pron\n :i* =ms s5t5ces ) a pr$icate4 ,!re are cases :]e n only ! pres5t omits cah1 b :]e ! /em1 if x ends 9 ah z is (t5 ! case1 drops x1 & sub/itutes ic4 ,! signification !n alt]s1 & indicates an habitual action or quality4 ,z ic is ! sign ( ! g]und1 ?is *ange appe>s to be ! trans=mation ( ! v]b into a v]bal1 & to effect ?is1 x mu/ be unit$ to t pron\n :i* s]ves z ! sub/antive v]b2 t5 yacunic1 ,i love1 prop]ly1 ,i am lov+ 7habitually74 ,:at cah & ah mean by !mselves1 we are n in=m$4 ,:]e cah is atta*$ to ! /em ( "s v]bs x signifies int5sity4 ,ah is z a prefix ! sign ( ! male sex1 ( ! inhabitant ( a place1 & ( names d]iv$ f active v]bs4 ,h5ce x seems to h meant at fir/ p]son1 man1 & lat] to h become a pron\n1 & f9ally an affix4 ,x is notewor?y t ! same diff]5ce exi/s betwe5 ah & cah1 z betwe5 en & t54 ,! c may !re=e be a radical s\nd4 ,9 ! conjugation1 cah is treat$ :olly z a v]b4 ,= 9 ?is ! possessive pron\n is always prefix$2 & z 9 ! pres5t & imp]fect x is plac$ aft] ! /em ( ! v]b & be=e cah1 x is evid5t f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two =ms canan-9-cah & 9-canan-t-ah1 t 9 ! =m] cah1 & 9 ! latt] canan1 are reg>d$ z ! v]bs4 ,canan-9-cah is precisely z ! ,engli% ,i d gu>d4 ,cah is consequ5tly a true auxili>y v]b2 t51 :5 x appe>s 9 conjunction ) en mu/ h ! notion ( ,be+ und]/ood3 ah appe>s to be ( simil> nature1 b z x appe>s only 9 ! conjugation ( transitive v]bs1 x is a v]bal sign1 & ?us receives its v]bal p[]4 ,t cah & ah d really possess ?is p[ev],,tn-#h is evid5t f ! fact t !y are nev] us$ :5ev] ei!r ( ! pron\ns :i* are always associat$ ) ! notion ( ,be+ is pres5t4 ,except 9 ! future ( transitive v]bs1 !re is no in/ance 9 ! conjugation :]e ! /em ( ! v]b is n accompani$ by "o ( ^! f\r syllables1 all ( :i* indicate ,be+1 & all ( :i* h ! =ce ( auxili>y v]bs4 ,! future ( transitive v]bs n only does n take any ( ^! syllables1 b ev5 rejects ah :5 x is ! t]m9al syllable ( ! /em4 ,9 ?is case no o!r t]m9ation replaces x4 ,on ! contr>y1 all o!r v]bs receive a new suffix 9 _! future1 v>y+ z !y are ( "o or _m syllables4 ,! nature ( ^! suffixes has n be5 expla9$4 ,! def9ite results ( ?is analysis are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,maya language possesses 9 its conjugation1 besides ! inflection syllables ( ! p]sons & t5ses1 ano!r elem5t1 :i*1 except 9 ! simple future ( transitive v]bs1 di/9ctly c>ries ) x ! notion ( ,be+2 9 ! future ( mo/ v]bs !re is su* an elem5t1 b ( unkn[n orig91 & x only fails 9 ! future ( "o class ( v]bs4 #b4 ,?is language displays an ef=t to express1 besides ! o!r purposes ( ! v]b1 p>ticul>ly its syn!tic p[]1 :i* is all ! m app>5t z x uses diff]5t means 9 diff]5t cases1 b all design$ to accompli% ! same purpose4 ,! ,y>uri language con/ructs ! :ole ( its conjugation 9 a yet simpl] mann] by means ( an auxili>y v]b4 ,! union ( ! pron\n & ! t5se sign :i*1 z we h already se51 =ms ! sub/antive v]b1 affix$ to ! /em1 completes ! inflections ( ! "o & only conjugation ( attributive v]bs1 except t ! indep5d5t pron\ns are prefix$4 ,nei!r ! /em nor ! auxili>y words suff] any *anges1 except ! ins]tion ( an n 9 "o p]son4 ,! union rema9s1 h[ev]1 a loose "o1 & :5 p]son & t5se are manife/ by ! connection1 ! auxili>y v]b is omitt$4 ,?is happ5s 9 c]ta9 v]bs end+ 9 pa4 ,^!1 contr>y to ! usual rule1 *ange 9 ! p]fect ?is t]m9ation to pea1 by :i* ! t5se is made app>5t1 & z ! p]son is evid5t f ! prefix$ p]sonal pron\n1 ! auxili>y c be dropp$ )\t dang] ( obscurity4 ,! =mation ( c]ta9 t5ses by means ( auxili>ies is also frequ5t 9 ,am]ican languages4 ,an optative ( ?is nature 9 ! ,lule language has already be5 m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,mixteca tongue ! imp]fect is ?us =m$ f ! pres5t1 :i* c>ries ) x ! p]sonal sign1 & ! p]fect )\t its p]sonal sign1 a proce$+ :i*1 h[ev] rude & awkw>d x may be1 %[s a j appreciation ( ! peculi>ity ( ?is pa/ t5se1 :i* expresses an action z go+ on1 & !re=e pres5t 9 pa/ "t4 ,! expression ( cont9u\s action is plac$ fir/1 ,i s91 !n ?is is m precisely def9$ by ! m>k ( pa/ "t1 ?is 0 s2 ,yo-dzateva9-di-ni-cuvui4 ,yo is ! sign ( ! pres5t1 ni ( ! pret]it1 di is ! pron\n2 ! o!r two words1 to s9 & to be3 ,i 0 s9n+4 ,! sign ( ! pres5t1 yo1 is probably an abbreviation ( ! v]b yodzo1 ,i /& ^u or ov] some?+1 & s !re is a second auxili>y 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,?is may (t5 be a means ( discov]+ ! orig9 ( t5se signs1 z1 especially 9 ,am]ican tongues1 t5ses are (t5 =m$ by ! union ( v]bs1 z also occurs 9 ,sanscrit & ,greek4 ,! ,o?omi di/+ui%es c]ta9 pa/ t5ses1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are sep>at$ by o!r *>act]i/ics1 by a prefix$ xa1 :i* is call$ ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( a sub/antive v]b4 ,z ^! t5ses are precisely ^? 9 :i* ! action mu/ be complet$1 ! p]fect1 plup]fect & future p]fect1 n1 h[ev]1 ! imp]fect & pa/ aori/1 su* a connection is v suitable4 ,( ?is v]b we h only xa1 & !re is ano!r sub/antive v]b gui1 :i* itself takes oca 9 its conjugation4 ,! ,totonaca language unites ! p]fect1 9 ! p]son spok5 (1 ) ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( ! future ( ! sub/antive v]b1 to =m a future p]fect4 ,?is is no complet$ =m1 b only an awkw>d sequ5ce ( two v]bs2 yc-paxquilh-na-huan1 lit]ally1 ,i h lov$1 x w be1,i %all h lov$4 ,9 simil> mann] ! sub/antive v]b is us$ to =m a t5se ( ! subjunctive4 ,! sign ( bo? ! p]fects 9 ?is tongue is ! syllable nit1 & niy means to die4 ,x is n improbable t ?is affix is d]iv$ f ?is v]b4 ,dea? & de/ruction are suitable ideas to express ! pa/1 & "s languages employ negative p>ticles z signs ( ! pret]it4 ,9 ! ,tamanaca ?is is n exactly ! case1 b ! negative p>ticle puni add$ to a ^w :i* signifies an animate ?+1 intimates t x has di$2 papa puni1 ! deceas$ fa!r1 lit]ally1 fa!r n4 ,9 ! ,omagua tongue ! same ^w signifies old1 dead1 & n pres5t4 ,9 ! ,maipure & ,c>ib tongues ! negative p>ticles ma & spa are also ! signs ( ! pret]it4 ,bopp's sugge/ion t ! ,sanscrit augm5t 0 orig9ally a privative f9ds support 9 ?is analogy4 ,yet ,i w\ld n speak conclusively on ?is po9t1 z probably t1 ! ,greek augm5t e1 & ! ,mexican o1 are only l5g!n$ s\nds1 int5d$ to repres5t concretely ! l5g? ( ! pa/ "t4 ,at any rate "o mu/ reg>d ! negation z an actual de/ruction1 a be51 & no long] be+1 n z simply a negation ( ! pres5t4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,notion ,,( ,,be+ ,,is ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,! ,,v]bal ,,=m ,,only ,,9 ,,idea4 ,9 ?is case ! v]b consi/s only ( ! /em1 & ! p]son1 t5se1 & mode signs4 ,! =m] are orig9ally pron\ns1 ! latt] p>ticles4 ,be=e !y are worn d[n by use to m]e affixes1 ! ?ree foll[+ cases may arise3 #a4 ,t all ?ree ( ^! elem5ts are equally sep>able & loosely connect$4 #b4 ,t "o ( ! two1 ! p]son or ! t5se & mode signs1 obta9s a clos] connection ) ! /em1 & becomes =mal1 :ile ! o!r rema9s loosely atta*$4 #c4 ,t bo? ^! are incorporat$ ) ! /em1 & ! :ole approa*es a true grammatical =m1 al?\gh x does n fully repres5t x4 ,case #a/4 ,! only language ,i c in/ance "h is t ( ! ,omaguas1 z ,i "k no o!r ) su* a decid$ abs5ce ( all true grammatical =ms 9 ! v]b4 ,! indep5d5t pron\ns1 ! /em words ( ! v]bs1 & ! p>ticles ( t5se & mode are m]ely plac$ toge!r )\t any *ange1 )\t int]nal connection1 & app>5tly )\t fix$ ord]2 usu1 to g2 #a/ p]s4 s+4 pres4 ta usu2 #b;d p]s4 s+4 p]f4 avi ene usu 7ene is ! pron\n1 avi ! sign ( ! p]fect74 ,subjunctive1 #a/ p]s4 s+4 pres4 ta usu mia2 #b;d p]s4 s+4 p]f4 avi epe usu mia4 ,sometimes1 :5 a misund]/&+ is n fe>$1 ! v]bal /em is employ$ )\t ^! qualify+ p>ticles1 & _c !n be di/+ui%$ f a n\n4 ,paolo amai amano4 ,! la/ ^w means to die1 b grammatically ! s5t5ce c z well be r5d]$1 ,paul only die 7i4 e4 has di$71 z ,paul only dead4 ,x is true t ! suffix ta *anges n\ns to v]bs3 zhiru1 clo!s1 zhiru-ta1 to clo!2 b x also *anges v]bs to n\ns1 yasai1 to cov]1 yasai-ta1 a cov]4 ,?is may be expla9$ by ! !ory t ?is suffix conveys ! idea to make1 :i* is tak5 sometimes actively1 sometimes passively4 ,accord+ to ! above1 ! ,omagua conjugation falls 9 ! class :]e an attributive is unit$ to a pron\n & ! v]b is omitt$2 only t "h def9ite t5se syllables appe>1 & ?is br+s ! con/ruction ne>] to ! idea ( a conjugation4 ,case #b;d4 #a4 ,! ,maipure1 ,abipone1 ,mbaya & ,mocobi languages place only ! p]sonal sign 9 intimate connection ) ! v]b1 & all[ ! t5se & mode signs to be loosely atta*$4 ,!y h !re=e b "o type ( p]sonal =ms to be appli$ 9 e t5se & mode by means ( ! p>ticles or ! affixes =m$ f !m4 ,?is type1 tak5 alone1 usually =ms ! pres5t2 b1 accurately speak+1 ?is "n _c be assign$ x2 because ! signs ( ! o!r t5ses are also dropp$ :5 ?is c be done )\t obscurity4 ,ya-*aguani-me-yaladi4 ,"h ! fir/ ^w is 9 ! indef9ite =m1 ?\gh x is n ! pres5t b ! p]fect4 ,! me is really ! preposition 92 b usage has adopt$ x = ! subjunctive sign1 & s ! ,spani% gramm>ians call x2 or r1 ! v]b is consid]$ to be introduc$ by a conjunction1 if1 z1 s t x is usually n 9 ! pres5t b a pa/ t5se4 ,if ?is is ! case ) ! la/ v]b1 ! fir/ "o mu/ h ! same t5se1 & s ! :ole phrase1 )\t any t5se sign1 means1 ,i _h help$ him :5 ,i said x4 ,"o w\ld sc>cely expect to f9d any?+ l ?is 9 cultivat$ languages4 ,yet x does occur 9 bo? ,sanscrit & ,greek4 ,! n[ mean+less p>ticle sma 9 ,sanscrit :5 x foll[s ! pres5t *anges x into a pa/1 & 9 ,greek an alt]s ! indicative into a subjunctive4 ,to =m ?is g5]al type1 ! ,maipure makes use ( ! un*ang$ possessive pron\n1 & treats n\ns & v]bs 9 ! same mann]4 ,! n\n mu/ always be unit$ to a possessive pron\n1 a trait common to all ! ,or9oco tongues & _m o!r ,am]ican languages4 ,9 ! #c;d p]son s+41 h[ev]1 nei!r ! v]b nor ! n\n has su* a pron\n1 b x is to be und]/ood2 nuani1 my son2 ani1 alone1 n son1 b 8 son4 ,! #c;d p]s4 s+4 ( ! v]b is (t5 ! m]e /em1 )\t a p]sonal sign1 b t ?is peculi>ity %\ld also ext5d to ! n\n ,i h met only 9 ?is tongue4 ,x is evid5t t a pron\n is consid]$ z ess5tial to a n\n z to a v]b1 & al?\gh a simil> usage is f\nd 9 _m tongues1 yet x appe>s 9 none s b9d+4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s n\ns :i* are free f ! necessity ( ?9k+ !m 9 connection ) a p]son1 b ^! h ! suffix ti1 :i* is dropp$ :5 ! possessive pron\n is add$2 java ti1 a hat*et1 nu java1 my hat*et4 ,f ?is x is evid5t t ti does n belong to ! /em1 & is incompatible ) ! use ( a possessive1 h5ce x is ! sign ( ! sub/antive1 9 its indep5d5t condition4 ,! same occurs 9 ,mexican1 & ! *ief t]m9ation ( sub/antives1 tli1 is almo/ id5tical 9 s\nd ) t 9 ! ,maipure4 ,9 ?is respect ! v]bal1 conjugat$ ) ! p]sonal signs1 diff]s no?+ f ! n\n unit$ to its possessive pron\ns4 ,grammatically1 ! =m fir/ becomes a v]bal "o by ! add$ p>ticles ( t5se & mode4 ,! signification ( ^! c g5]ally be cle>ly asc]ta9$1 & ?us are unit$ closely to ! /em4 ,! p>ticles :i* ! language ( ! ,abipones uses to =m ! g5]al v]bal type are q diff]5t f ! possessives4 ,! t5se & mode p>ticles h else:]e 9 ! tongue indep5d5t mean+s4 ,?us kan1 ! sign ( ! p]fect1 means a ?+ :i* has be51 "t t has pa/4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,mocobis ! p]sonal signs consi/ m]ely 9 lett]s1 prefix$ & suffix$1 & h no app>5t relation%ip to ! pron\ns4 ,by affix+ ^! lett]s1 phonetic *anges take place s t ! /em is comb9$ ) !m into "o =m4 ,among ! t5se signs1 a prefix$ l indicates a pa/ "t1 a suffix$ o1 ! future2 b ! o!rs are indep5d5t p>ticles1 loosely atta*$ to ! /em4 ,i h already %[n h[ ! ,mbaya language conjugates adjectives ) ! indep5d5t pron\n1 & p>ticiples ) ! possessive pron\n4 ,! signs us$ 9 ! conjugation prop] ( ! attributive v]b1 d n appe> else:]e 9 ! tongue1 & mu/ h desc5d$ f an old] p]iod ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! t5se & mode signs x is easily p]ceiv$ h[ descriptive phrases pass into true =ms4 ,= ! imp]fect & plup]fect ! speak] c *oose among a numb] ( p>ticles1 all ( :i* indicate pa/ "t4 ,! modes h def9ite signs1 b ^! are m]ely app5d$1 & "s h sep>ate significations4 ,! future & p]fect h n m]ely fix$ p>ticles1 b ^! are worn d[n to "o lett]1 s t ! /em is actually incorporat$ ) !m4 #b4 ,9 ! languages h]et(ore consid]$ ! p]sonal signs add$ to ! ^w make up ! conjugation1 & ! o!r signs are atta*$ loosely & ext]nally4 ,! rev]se ( ?is1 ?\gh n p]fectly s1 appe>s 9 ! ,lule language4 ,! t5se & mode signs1 (t5 ( b "o lett]1 are imm$iately & firmly atta*$ to ! /em1 & ! pron\ns are affix$ to ?is to complete ! conjugation4 ,^! pron\ns are1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y possessives1 s t n\n & v]b become 9 a measure id5tical2 ?us1 camc means bo? ,i eat & my food2 cumuee1 ,i m>ry & my wife2 only 9 a few examples are ! v]bal pron\ns di/9ct f ! possessives4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 ! p]sonal signs are indep5d5t elem5ts1 occurr+ else:]e 9 ! language1 :ile ! t5se & mode signs are true affixes4 ,! inflection-syllables =m ) ! /em real v]bal =ms1 & s f> ! conjugation ( ?is language belongs to ! ?ird case4 ,b ea* ( ! elem5ts has its fix$ position1 & z soon z "o has ! key to ! comb9ation1 he c recognize & sep>ate !m at once4 ,reasons :i* x w\ld require too mu* space to set =? r5d] x probable t all ! t5se signs are really auxili>y v]bs or come f !m4 ,?is is evid5t ( ! optative1 z has already be5 %[n4 ,! pres5t only is simple1 z x has no t5se sign4 ,slight diff]5ces are f\nd betwe5 ! p]sonal signs ( "s t5ses1 s t ^! t5ses c be di/+ui%$ by !m1 a trait usually se5 only 9 tongues s f> cultivat$ t ! grammatical =ms h und]gone su* *anges z no long] to pres5t simple & uni=m comb9ations4 ,equally curi\s is ! regul> omission ( ! t5se sign ( pa/ "t 9 ! ?ird p]son plural only4 ,al?\gh1 except 9 ?is case & t ( ! pres5t1 ea* t5se has its def9ite sign1 ins]t$ betwe5 ! /em & ! p]sonal sign1 yet !re are1 besides ^!1 v>i\s p>ticles express+ pa/ "t1 :i* c accompany ! usual t5se =m1 s t !re is a d\ble sign ( "t1 "o 9 ! ^w itself & "o loosely atta*$ to x4 ,! languages ( ! ,mbayas1 ,abipones1 ,mocobis & ,lules are closely alli$ bo? 9 words & 9 "s grammatical =ms4 ,x is all ! m extraord9>y1 !re=e1 to f9d ! la/-m5tion$ pursu+ a me?od 9 ! /ructure ( its v]b :i* is almo/ totally oppos$ to t 9 ! o!r ?ree tongues4 ,case #c;d4 ,! languages ( ?is class approa* 9 _! conjugations ^? ( ! m cultivat$ tongues1 9 :i* ea* v]bal inflection has a fix$ & indep5d5t =m4 ,bo? ! p]son1 ! t5se & ! mode signs are unit$ to ! /em1 9 su* a mann] t none ( ! ?ree c be said to be ei!r less or m loosely atta*$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,all ! conjugations ab\t to be discuss$ lack1 h[ev]1 t fixity ( =m :i* grammatically satisfies ! m9d4 ,! elem5ts are plac$ def9itely & regul>ly "o by ! o!r1 b are n incorporat$ into ea* o!r1 & are !re=e readily recognizable4 ,!y are f\nd1 moreov]1 outside ( ! v]b else:]e 9 ! language ei!r )\t any *ange or ) slight diff]5ces ( s\nd2 ! p]sonal signs z pron\ns1 ! o!r affixes z p>ticles4 ,! composition ( ! v]b is sep>able1 & may receive into itself o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,no ,am]ican language is free f ^! drawbacks to p]fection ( =m 9 ! conjugations4 ,9 "s all ?ree are f\nd2 9 mo/ ! fir/ & la/4 ,9 really grammatically develop$ tongues1 z 9 ! ,sanscrit1 ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,g]man1 none ( ^! imp]fections exi/s4 ,! v]b includes 9 itself no "p ( its object1 ! affixes modify+ ! /em h lo/ all indep5d5t life1 & ! analysis ( ! =mal elem5ts becomes a difficult philological task1 :i* (t5 fails & only r>ely c be fully prov$4 ,i %all discrim9ate 9 reg>d to ! conjugations ab\t to be consid]$ t :i* is an approa* t[>d a fix$ =m f ! int5tional sep>ation ( ! =m to ins]t a gov]n$ ^w4 #a4 ,approa* t[>d a ,fix$ ,=m4 ,9 ! ,mixteca language1 ! p]sonal sign is ! un*ang$ possessive pron\n4 ,if ! v]b is gov]n$ by a n\n 9 ! ?ird p]son1 ! possessive is dropp$4 ,x is left to ! speak] to *oose :e!r he designates ! p]son1 ei!r by prefix+ ! p]sonal pron\n or suffix+ ! possessive4 ,! t5se signs are prefix$ syllables1 b ! p]fect & future signs are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t1 & mat]ially alt] ! v]bal /em4 ,! ,beto language prefixes ! p]sonal signs & also ! possessive pron\ns to ! n\ns4 ,z ! latt] are n fully kn[n1 we _c judge ( _! id5tity ) ! v]bal pron\ns4 ,! latt] d n seem to diff] mu* f ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,! t5se signs are easily recogniz$ suffixes4 ,ano!r conjugation ( ! same language1 by ! suffix$ pron\n )\t t5se signs1 & ) ! v]b omitt$1 has be5 m5tion$ above 7,i1 #a71 z =m+ a sub/antive v]b4 ,a second sub/antive v]b arises f ! conjugation above expla9$1 ) ! t5se signs4 ,^! two =ms may also be comb9$1 & ?is illu/rates ) :at sup]flu\s fullness grammatical =ms spr+ up ev5 among rude nations4 ,! conjugation ) ! t5se sign is *ang$ by a p>ticipial suffix into a v]bal1 & !n ! pron\n is suffix$1 z 9 ! conjugation )\t ! t5se sign4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 /&s twice 9 ! =m4 ,! pron\n us$ 9 ! conjugation ) t5se signs may also be prefix$ to a simple adjective1 & ! pron\n us$ 9 ! conjugation )\t t5se sign is suffix$ to ?is1 & ! p>ticipial end+ is !n add$4 ,?is is treat$ z a v]b ) ! sub/antive v]b und]/ood4 ,b sometimes ! v]b to be 9 ! =m )\t t5se signs is add$1 & !n ! :ole =m conta9s ! pron\n ?ree times1 )\t ga9+ !reby any additional mean+4 ,! ,c>ib conjugation seems to h aris5 f ! =ms ( _m dialects or epo*s1 & is !re=e m complicat$ & =mal1 & less easy to analyze4 ,! p]sonal signs are prefix$4 ,9 ! sub/antive v]b !re are two classes1 ( :i* only "o is also common to attributive v]bs4 ,! o!r indicates 9 ! v]b to be also ! connection ( p]sons ) ! inf9itive & g]und1 & is !re=e ( ! nature ( a possessive4 ,x may also be t :5 x is comb9$ ) o!r t5ses1 ! notion among ^! nations is altoge!r a sub/antial "o1 z we h already se5 ) ! subjunctive4 ,! /em (t5 receives ! addition r or ri1 ! mean+ ( :i* is n kn[n4 ,! /ructure ( ! ,tamanaca conjugation also reveals a comb9ation ( at lea/ two sep>ate /ructures4 ,"s t5ses use z _! p]sonal signs entire pron\ns1 almo/ id5tical ) ! p]sonals4 ,o!r t5ses m]ely *ange ! initial lett] ( ! v]b1 :ile !re is little simil>ity betwe5 ^! affixes & ! pron\ns4 ,9 ! plural "s ( ! p]sons ins]t a syllable betwe5 ! v]b & ! t5se sign4 ,! t5se signs are suffix$1 & consi/ m]ely ( t]m9al lett]s or syllables1 except two true p>ticles1 :i* di/+ui% ! cont9u$ pres5t f ! pres5t aori/4 ,!re are an initial y & a t occasionally appe>+ 9 all p]sons1 ( :i* we c only say t !y are n radicals4 ,! conjugation ( ?is language1 !re=e1 consi/s ( elem5ts n readily analyz$4 ,! ,hua/eca language prefixes ! possessive pron\ns z p]sonal signs4 ,x may also drop !m1 & use 9 _! /ead ! indep5d5t pron\ns2 or may comb9e bo?2 or may use abbreviat$ p]sonals2 s t !re is a prevail+ arbitr>9ess 9 ?is "p ( ! v]bal =m4 ,! t5se signs are usually suffixes2 b 9 ! future !y are prefixes1 :i* are incorporat$ ) ! p]sonal sign plac$ betwe5 !m & ! /em4 ,!y consi/ ( simple s\nds1 ( no indep5d5t signification4 ,b ! p>ticles ( ! imp]ative are s sep>able t :5 ?is mode is prec$$ by an adv]b1 !y atta* !mselves to x4 ,! ,o?omi language does n make use ( ! possessive pron\ns 9 ! conjugation1 b suffixes abbreviat$ =ms ( ! p]sonals1 or else prefixes o!rs ( special =m1 b id5tical 9 _m lett]s & syllables ) ! p]sonals4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( ! language ! suffixes are us$ only ) ! sub/antive v]b2 9 ! attributive v]b1 h[ev]1 !y may h be5 driv5 =w>d by ! gov]n$ pron\ns suffix$4 ,e v]bal inflection may also take1 besides its pronom9al prefix1 also ! unabreviat$,,tn-#i p]sonal pron\n 9 front1 or ! abbreviat$ "o aft] x4 ,! t5se signs consi/ pr9cipally ( s+le v[els1 by means ( :i* ! pronom9al prefixes are atta*$ to ! /em4 ,! imp]fect & plup]fect alone h besides ?is a loosely atta*$ p>ticle4 ,! pa/ t5ses possess a prefix1 :i* we h already se5 appe>s to h be5 d]iv$ f an auxili>y v]b4 ,9 ! ?ird p]son ( "s t5ses 9 c]ta9 v]bs ! /em und]goes a *ange ( its initial lett]s1 :i* appe>s to trans=m ^! inflections into v]bal adjectives1 an in/ance ( ! confusion ( ! ideas ( n\n & v]b common 9 all ^! languages4 ,! ,mexican language possesses a peculi> class ( v]bal pron\ns :i* =m ! p]sonal signs4 ,?is pron\n is simil> to ! p]sonal 9 its consonants1 b has a v[el ( its own4 ,x is a prefix4 ,! plural is m>k$ by ! acc5t1 or by a special t]m9ation4 ,?is p]sonal sign is insep>able f ! v]b1 b ! speak] may also prefix ! indep5d5t p]sonal pron\n4 ,! t5se signs are all )\t signification1 be+ s+le lett]s or syllables4 ,! p]fect is m>k$ n s mu* by an affix1 z by *ang+1 ! t]m9ation ( ! v]b 9 v>i\s ways1 b *iefly by %ort5+ & /r5g!n+ ! s\nd4 ,all t5se designations are plac$ at ! end ( ! ^w1 except ! augm5t = pa/ "t4 ,if by augm5t we mean a v[el s\nd prefix$ to ! v]b 9 c]ta9 t5ses 9 addition to _! usual signs1 !n ! ,mexican is ! only ,am]ican language :i* possesses "o4 ,! modes are designat$ by loosely atta*$ p>ticles1 also by a diff]5t /ructure ( ! t5ses1 & 9 ! second p]son a peculi> pron\n4 ,?us ! ,mexican conjugation consi/s ( true v]bal =ms1 n ( sep>ate p>ts ( spee* ( indep5d5t significance2 b ! elem5ts ( ^! =ms are easily recognizable1 & c be rea*$ )\t difficulty4 ,! mo/ difficult to analyze1 & h5ce ! mo/ ne>ly approa*+ our conjugations1 is t ( ! ,totonaca language4 ,! p]sonal signs diff] f ! pron\ns4 ,t ( ! #b;d p]s4 s+4 is n easily recogniz$1 & sev]al =ms ( x mu/ be assum$4 ,its position z a prefix or suffix diff]s1 & x is v>i\sly locat$ ) ref]5ce to ! o!r v]bal signs4 ,/ill m difficult is x to di/+ui% ! t5se signs4 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t sy/ems ( prefixes & suffixes 9 ! conjugation1 & ! plan on :i* ^! are comb9$ ) ea* o!r s]ves to di/+ui% ! t5se4 ,b only a few ( ^! affixes really appe> to designate t5se2 ( ! o!rs ?is may be suspect$ at be/1 & ( o!rs aga9 x is improbable4 ,?us !re are v]bal affixes :i* _c be consid]$ to designate ei!r p]sons1 modes or t5ses4 ,! /em und]goes little *ange1 b ! atta*+ ( ! affixes to x r5d]s x impossible to apply ! same s*eme to all v]bs1 & h5ce leads to a division ( !m into ?ree conjugations4 ,"s t5ses h two diff]5t =ms1 )\t any *ange 9 signification4 #b4 ,divisibility ( ,v]bal ,=ms to all[ ! ins]tion ( gov]n$ p>ts ( spee*4 ,( ! ,mixteca tongue x _c exactly be said t x divides ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! v]bal =m to all[ ! ins]tion ( ! gov]n$ object4 ,z a rule1 ! object is m]ely app5d$1 & :]e x appe>s 9 ! =m itself1 x is ins]t$ betwe5 ! /em & ! suffix$ pron\n4 ,! latt] is1 h[ev]1 no necess>y "p ( ! =m1 z x is dropp$ :5 ! v]b is gov]n$ by a n\n1 & c always be replac$ by prefix+ ! indef9ite pron\n4 ,nor is x m5tion$ t ! ,beto language includes ! object 9 ! v]b4 ,! ,c>ib tongue unites ! gov]n$ pron\n ) ! v]bal =m1 & 9 "s cases ! p]sonal sign is ?us displac$4 ,b "h ! object is n ins]t$ 9 ! middle1 b is prefix$ or suffix$4 ,our in=mation ab\t ! ,tamanaca language discloses no?+ on ?is po9t4 ,9 ! ,hua/eca1 ! gov]n$ pron\n sep>ates sometimes ! la/1 sometimes ! fir/ syllable ( ! inflectional =m f ! /em4 ,! ,o?omi m]ely atta*es ! gov]n$ words closely to ! v]bal =m1 9 ?is resembl+ ! ,mixteca4 ,! ,mexican language is t :i* has develop$ ?is peculi>ity to ! greate/ degree4 ,! gov]n$ n\n is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! v]b2 or1 if ?is is n done1 a pron\n repres5t+ x is ins]t$4 ,if !re are two objects1 an accusative & a dative1 !n two correspond+ pron\ns are ins]t$2 & if no object is nam$1 b ! v]b is ( t class :i* is foll[$ by an imm$iate or remote object1 or bo?1 !n two indef9ite pron\ns appe> 9 ! v]b4 ,! ,mexican v]b !re=e1 expresses ei!r a complete s5t5ce1 or else a complete s*eme ( "o1 :i* m]ely requires to be fill$ out4 ,x says1 9 "o ^w1 ,i give some?+ to somebody1 nititlamaca1 & !n def9es :at x is & to :om4 ,x foll[s necess>ily t a "p ( ! v]bal =m is fluctuat+ accord+ to ! s5se & connection ( ! s5t5ce1 & t ! gov]n+ pron\n /&s sometimes imm$iately be=e ! v]b1 & sometimes is sep>at$ f x by indef9ite pron\ns or ev5 n\ns4 ,9 ! ,totonaca language1 ! prefixes & suffixes make room = ! gov]n$ words betwe5 !mselves & ! /em4 ,?is exam9ation ( ! languages ^: conjugations approa* a fix$ =m1 %[s cle>ly t ?is fix$ness is s]i\sly %ak5 precisely :]e x is mo/ important1 ?r\gh ?is ins]tion ( ! gov]n$ words4 ------ ,n[ if we reflect on ! /ructure ( ! v>i\s v]bal =ms "h analyz$1 c]ta9 g5]al conclusions are rea*$1 :i* are calculat$ to ?r[ light ^u ! :ole organism ( ^! languages4 ,! lead+ & gov]n+ "p ( spee* 9 !m is ! ,pron\n2 e subject ( disc\rse is connect$ ) ! idea ( ,p]sonality4 ,n\n & ,v]b are n sep>at$2 !y fir/ become s ?r\gh ! pron\ns atta*$ to !m4 ,! employm5t ( ! ,pron\n is two-fold1 "o apply+ to ! ,n\n1 ! second to ! ,v]b4 ,bo?1 h[ev]1 convey ! idea ( belong+ to a p]son2 9 ! n\n appe>+ z ,possession1 9 ! v]b z ,en]gy4 ,b x is on ?is po9t1 on :e!r ^! ideas are confus$ & obscure1 or :e!r !y are def9$ & cle>1 t ! grammatical p]fection ( a language dep5ds4 ,! j discrim9ation ( ! k9ds ( pron\ns is !re=e conclusive1 & 9 ?is respect we mu/ yield ! decid$ pre-em95ce to ! ,mexican4 ,x foll[s t ! speak] mu/ con/antly make up 8 v]bs1 in/ead ( us+ ^? already on h&2 & also t ! /ructure ( ! v]b mu/ be id5tical ?r\gh\t ! language1 t !re mu/ be only "o conjugation1 & t ! v]bs1 except a few irregul> ones1 c possess no peculi>ities4 ,?is is diff]5t 9 ! ,greek1 ,lat9 & anci5t ,indian4 ,9 ^? tongues _m v]bs mu/ be /udi$ sep>ately1 z !y h num]\s exceptions1 phonetic *anges1 defici5cies1 etc41 & 9 o!r respects c>ry ) !m a m>k$ individuality4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! cultivat$ & ^? rude languages is *iefly m]ely "o ( "t1 & ( ! m or less =tunate mixture ( dialects2 ?\gh x c]ta9ly also dep5ds 9 a measure on ! orig9al m5tal p[]s ( ! nations4 ,^? ^: languages we h "h analyz$ are1 9 speak+1 con/antly putt+ toge!r elem5t>y p>ts2 !y connect no?+ firmly1 because !y foll[ ! *ang+ requirem5ts ( ! mom5t1 jo9+ toge!r only :at ^! requirem5ts dem&1 & (t5 leave connect$ ?r\gh habit1 t :i* cle> ?9k+ w\ld necess>ily divide4 ,h5ce no j division ( words c arise1 su* z is dem&$ by accurate & appropriate ?\ght1 :i* requires t ea* ^w mu/ h a fix$ & c]ta9 cont5t & a def9$ grammatical =m1 & z is also dem&$ by ! highe/ phonetic laws4 ,nations ri*ly end[$ 9 m9d & s5se w h an in/9ct = su* correct divisions2 ! incessant mov+ to & fro ( elem5t>y p>ts ( spee* w be di/a/eful to !m2 !y w seek true individuality 9 ! words !y use2 !re=e !y w connect !m firmly1 !y w n accumulate too mu* 9 "o1 & !y w only leave t connect$ :i* is s 9 ?\ght1 & n m]ely 9 usage or habit4 ------------ ,notes 7by ! translator7 on ! v>i\s ,am]ican ,tribes & ,languages m5tion$ by ,humboldt 9 ! prec$+ ,memoir4 ,abipones4--,a tribe =m]ly resid+ on ! broad grassy pla9s kn[n z ,el ,gran ,*aco1 we/ ( ! ,p>ana riv] & on ! "r bank ( ! ,rio ,v]mejo4 ,!y are a nomadic1 hunt+ p1 & are relat$ by language closely to ! ,mocobis & ,tobas1 m remotely to ! ,mbayas4 ,! ,jesuit1 ,fa!r ,jose ,brigniel1 wrote an ,arte y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,abipona1 :i* has n be5 publi%$4 ,a*aguas4--,a small tribe =m]ly liv+ 9 ,v5ezuela1 betwe5 ! ,apure & ,meta riv]s4 ,!y are m5tion$ by ,pi$rahita z an intellig5t p4 ,ari/ides ,rojas says !y are n[ ext9ct 7,e/udios ,indig5as1 p4 #bad4 ,c>acas1 #ahgh74 ,beto4--,usually spell$ ,betoi or ,betoya4 ,!y live on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,meta riv] 9 ,colombia & are relat$ to ! ,y>uris4 ,c>ibs4--,?is widely ext5d$ /ock occupi$ mu* ( ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica & _h plant$ colonies on _m ( ! ,antilles4 ,x is believ$ t !y are di/antly connect$ ) ! ,tupis & ,gu>anis4 ,gu>anis4--,! "n ( a numb] ( affiliat$ tribes 9 ,s\!rn ,brazil1 ,p>aguay1 ,uruguay & ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,! ,tupis ( ,brazil are a bran* ( ! ,gu>anis4 ,hua/ecas4--,a nor!rn colony ( ! great ,maya /ock ( ,yucatan1 dwell+ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,tampico on ! riv] ,panuco4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y !y 7 an important & cultur$ nation4 ,lule4--,"o ( ! nations ( ,el ,gran ,*aco1 we/ ( ! ,p>ana riv]4 ,! ,arte y ,vocabul>io de la ,l5gua ,lule y ,tonocote1 by ,fa!r ,antonio ,ma*oni de ,c]dea 7,madrid1 #agcb71 0 republi%$ ) a c>eful e?nographic introduction by ,j4 ,m4 ,l>s51 at ,bu5os ,ayres1 #ahgg4 ,maipures4--,tribes ( v>i\s dialects :o live on bo? sides ( ! ,or9oco riv] :]e x =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,v5ezuela & ,new ,granada1 ab\t #e ,n4 lat4 ,mayas4--,natives ( ,yucatan1 & ! mo/ highly develop$ ( any ( ! ,am]ican nations4 ,relat$ dialects are spok5 9 ,guatemala1 9 ,tabasco1 & by ! ,hua/ecas4 ,mbayas4--,a p ( ! ,gran ,*aco 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 & di/antly relat$ to ! ,abipones4 ,mexican4--,o!rwise call$ ! ,nahuatl or ,aztec language4 ,spok5 9 ! greate/ purity 9 ! valley ( ,mexico1 x ext5d$ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,pacific1 & along ! latt] f ,sonora to ,guatemala1 ) few int]ruptions4 ,mixtecas4--,a tribe speak+ sev]al dialects liv+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,oaxaca1 ,mexico4 ,mocobis4--,"o ( ! f\r pr9cipal nations :o =m]ly occupi$ ,el ,gran ,*aco1 we/ ( ! ,p>ana riv]4 ,by "s ! "n is spell$ ,mbocoby4 ,omaguas4--,once a nation ( consid]able ext5t & culture betwe5 ! ,m>aon & ! ,or9oco4 ,o?omis4--,a tribe resid5t ne> ,san ,l\is ,potosi1 ,mexico1 & neighbor+ p>ts4 ,_! prop] "n is said to be ,hia-hiu4 ,_! language is monosyllabic & nasal4 ,tamanacas4--,^! dwell on ! "r bank ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 & are connect$ by dialect ) ! ,c>ib /ock on ! "o h& & ! ,gu>anay on ! o!r4 ,totonacas4--,a nation ass]t$ by ,pim5tel to speak a mix$ language 7,nahuatl & ,maya7 dwell+ 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,v]a ,cruz1 ,mexico1 & p>ts adjac5t4 ,tupis4--,! natives ( ! ea/]n area ( ,brazil1 relat$ to ! ,gu>anis ( ! s\? & p]haps to ! ,c>ibs ( ! nor?4 ,! ,l+oa ,g]al ( ,brazil is a corrupt ,tupi4 ,y>uris4--,resid5ts on ! upp] /reams ( ! ,meta riv] 9 ,new ,granada1 relat$ to ! ,betoi4 ,,footnotes3 #c-99 ,die ,elem5te d] ,philosophis*5 ,spra*wiss5s*aft ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's4 ,9 sy/ematis*] ,entwicklung d>ge/ellt und kritis* erlut]t1 von ,dr4 ,max ,s*asl]1 ,b]l91 #ahdg4 #c- ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's und die ,hegel's*e ,philosophie1 von ,h4 ,/e9?al1 ,dr41 ,b]l91 #ahdh4 ,! same em95t l+ui/ treats especially ( ,humboldt's tea*+s 9 ,grammatik1 ,logik und ,psy*ologie1 ihre ,pr9cipi5 und ihr ,v]hltniss zu e9&]1 pp4 #abc-ace 7,b]l91 #ahee72 9 8 well-kn[n volume ,*>act]i/ik,,tn-#aj d] ,haupts*li*/5 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 pp4 #bj-gj 7,b]l91 #ahfj72 9 8 rec5t oration ,ueb] ,wilhelm von ,humboldt 7,b]l91 #ahhc72 & else:]e4 #c- ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's ,l+ui/ical ,/udies4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,adl]1 ,a4,m4 7,new ,york1 #ahff74 ,?is is ! only attempt1 s f> z ,i "k1 to pres5t ,humboldt's philosophy ( language to ,engli% read]s4 ,x is m]itori\s1 b c]ta9ly 9 "s passages ,pr(4 ,adl] fail$ to cat* ,humboldt's mean+4 #d-99 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit des m5s*li*5 ,spra*baues und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,m5s*5ges*le*ts4 ,pr(4 ,adl] translates ?is ,! ,/ructural ,diff]5ces ( ,human ,spee* & _! ,influ5ce on ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ! ,human ,race4 ,! ^w gei/ige1 h[ev]1 includes emotional z well z intellectual ?+s4 #d- ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #bga1 note4 ,i may say1 once = all1 t my ref]5ces1 unless o!rwise /at$1 are to ! edition ( ,humboldt's ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 edit$ by 8 bro!r1 ,b]l91 #ahda-aheb4 #e-99 ,aus ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's letzi5 ,leb5sjahr54 ,e9e ,m!ilung bi%] unbekannt] ,briefe4 ,von ,!odor ,di/el1 p4 #ai 7,leipzig1 #ahhc74 #f-99 ,f 8 memoir ,ueb] das v]glei*5de ,spra*t/udium,,tn-#aa 9 ,beziehung auf die v]s*i$55 ,epo*5 d] ,spra*5twicklung1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bdi4 #f- ,he draws examples f ! ,c>ib1 ,lule1 ,tupi1 ,mbaya1 ,hua/eca1 ,nahuatl1 ,tamanaca1 ,abipone1 & ,mixteca2 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 und ihr5 ,e9fluss auf die ,ide55twicklung1 ,bd4 iii1 ss4 #bfi-cjf4 #f- ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihr5 ,zusumm5hang,,tn-#ab mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ebf #f- ,?is lett] is pr9t$ 9 ! memoir ( ,pr(4 ,e4 ,teza1 ,intorno agli ,/udi del ,?av5et sulla ,l+ua ,algon*9a1 9 ! ,annali delle ,univ]sit toscane1 ,tomo xviii 7,pisa1 #ahhj74 #f- ,comp>e ,pr(4 ,adl]'s ,essay1 above m5tion$1 p4 #aa4 #g-99 ,?is is f\nd express$ n[h]e else s cle>ly z at ! beg9n+ ( #ac1 :]e ! au?or writes3 ,d] ,zweck dies] ,e9leitung1 die ,spra*51 9 d] ,v]s*i$5>tigkeit ihres ,baues1 als die no?w5dige ,grundlage d] ,=tbildung des m5s*li*5 ,gei/es d>zu/ell51 und d5 we*sel seitig5 ,e9fluss des ,e95 auf das ,&re zu errt]n1 hat mi* g5?igt1 9 die ,natur d] ,spra*e b]haupt e9zugeh54 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ajf4 #g- ,d] ,idee d] ,spra*voll5dung ,dase9 9 d] ,wirkli*keit zu gew9n54 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 ss4 #aj & #aa4 ,! objection :i* may be urg$ t a true philosophy ( language mu/ deal 9 univ]sals & n conf9e itself to m]e diff]5tiations 7p>ticul>s7 is neatly met by ,dr4 ,s*asl]1 ,die ,elem5te d] ,philosophis*5 ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 etc41 p4 #ba1 note4 #h-99 ,9 8 rem>kable essay ,on ! ,mission ( ! ,hi/orian1 :i* ,pr(4 ,adl] ju/ly describes z sc>cely any?+ m ?an a prelim9>y to 8 l+ui/ical rese>*es1 ,humboldt writes3 ,die ,philosophie s*reibt d5 ,begeb5heit5 e9 ,ziel vor3 dies ,su*5 na* ,endursa*51 man mag sie au* aus dem ,wes5 des ,m5s*5 und d] ,natur selb/ ableit5 woll51 /rt und v]fals*t alle freie ,ansi*t des eig5?mli*5 ,wirk5s d] ,krfte4 ,ueb] die ,aufgabe des ,ges*i*ts*reib]s1 ,bd4 i1 s4 #ac4 #h- ,das ,/udium d] v]s*i$55 ,spra*5 des ,erdbod5s v]fehlt se9e ,be/immung1 w5n es ni*t imm] d5 ,gang d] gei/ig5 ,bildung im ,auge behlt1 und d>9 se95 eig5tli*5 ,zweck su*t4 ,ueb] d5 ,zusamm5hang d] ,s*rift mit d] ,spra*e1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #dbh4 #h- ,e9e ,g$ank5welt an ,tne geheftet4 ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihre ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ecj4 #h- ,?is c>d9al po9t 9 ,humboldt's philosophy is v cle>ly set =? 9 8 essay1 ,ueb] die ,aufgabe des ,ges*i*ts*reib]s1 ,bd4 i1 s4 #bc1 & else:]e4 #h- ,see ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ecj4 #i-99 ,les notions grammaticales resid5t bi5 plutt dans l'esprit de celui qui p>le que dans le matriel du language4 ,humboldt1 ,lettre ,m4 ,abel-,remusat ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 s4 #cif4 ,on ! realms ( ! ?ree v>ieties ( gramm>1 see also ,dr4 ,m4 ,s*asl]1 ,die ,elem5te d] ,philosophis*5 ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 etc41 s4 #ce1 #cf1 & ,fri$ri* ,mll]1 ,grundriss d] ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 ,b& #a1 ss4 #h-aj 7,wi51 #ahgf74 ,s*asl] obs]ves t a ma9 object 9 philosophic gramm> is an inve/igation ( die g5etis*-qualitativ5 ,unt]s*i$e d] ,r$e!ile1 t is1 ( ! fundam5tal psy*ological diff]5ces ( ! p>ts ( spee*1 z1 :at is ! ultimate di/9ction betwe5 n\n & adjective1 etc48 #aj-99 ,/e9?al does n l ,humboldt's expression to make capable 7fhig zu ma*574 ,he objects t ! capacity to express ?\ght is already 9 ! articulate s\nds4 ,b :at ,humboldt wi%es to convey is precisely t ?is capacity is only d]iv$ f ! ceaseless1 en]giz+ ef=t ( ! intellect4 ,/e9?al1 ,die ,spra*wiss5s*aft ,wilhelm von ,humboldt's1 s4 #ia1 note4 ,! words 9 ! orig9al are3 ,die si* ewig wi$]hol5de ,arbeit des ,gei/es1 d5 articulirt5 ,laut zum ,ausdruck des ,g$ank5 fhig zu ma*54 #aj- ,nur die ,/rke des ,selb/bewus/se9s n?igt d] krp]li*5 ,natur die s*>fe ,!ilung und fe/e ,begr5zung d] ,laute ab1 die wir ,artikulation n5n54 ,ueb] das ,v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium 9 ,beziehung auf die ,v]s*i$55 ,epo*5 d] ,spra*5twicklung1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bdd4 #aa-99 ,ubi supr1 p4 #ag4 ,comp>e ,humboldt's words1 ,im ,i* ab] i/ von selb/ au* das ,du gegeb54 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #aae4 #aa- ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #aaf2 & comp>e ,dr4 ,s*asl]'s discussion ( ?is subject 7:i* is "o ( ! be/ p>ts ( 8 book71 ,die ,elem5te d] ,phil4 ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 etc41 ss4 #bjb-ad4 #aa- ,express$ 9 detail by ,humboldt 9 8 ,lettre ,m4 ,abel-,remusat sur la nature des =mes grammaticules1 etc41 ,bd4 vii1 ss4 #cjj-cjc4 #ab-99 ,ueb] die ,v]w&ts*aft d] ,ortsadv]bia mit dem ,pronom5 9 e9ig5 ,spra*51 9 ! ,abh&lung5 d] hi/4-phil4 ,classe d] ,b]l9] ,akad4 d] ,wiss4 #ahbi4 #ab- ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #aae4 #ab- ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 ss4 #cib-f4 #ac-99 ,8 explanation ( inflection is mo/ fully giv5 9 8 ,introductory ,essay1 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 #ad1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 s4 #aba1 sqq4 ,a %>p1 b fri5dly criticism ( ?is c5tral po9t ( 8 l+ui/ic philosophy may be f\nd 9 ,/e9?al1 ,*>akt]i/ik d] ,haupts*li*/5 ,typ5 des ,spra*bones1,,tn-#ac ss4 #eh-fa4 ,humboldt c]ta9ly appe>s n only obscure 9 p>ts b contradictory4 #ad-99 ,see ^! tea*+s cle>ly set =? 9 8 ,essay1 ,ueb] das v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium 9 ,beziehung auf die v]s*i$55 ,epo*5 d] ,spra*5twicklung1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 especially1 s4 #bee & s4 #bfb4 #ae-99 ,! eloqu5t & extraord9>y passage 9 :i* ^! op9ions are express$ is 9 8 ,lettre ,m4 ,abel-,remusat1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 ss4 #ccf-g4 #ae- ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 ss4 #bdh1 #beg4 #af-99 ,?is reason+ is develop$ 9 ! essay1 ,ueb] das ,v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium1 etc41 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 ss4 #bda-bfh2 & see ibid1 s4 #bgj4 #af- ,see ! essay ,ueb] die ,bu*/ab5s*rift und ihr5 ,zusamm5hang mit dem ,spra*bau1 ,ges4 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 ss4 #eea-b4 #ag-99 ,on ?is subtle po9t1 :i* has be5 by no means ! lea/ difficult to 8 comm5tators1 see ,humboldt's ,introduction ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,ges4 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 ss4 #de-f1 #ib-e1 #bed-e1 by a c>eful comp>ison ( :i* passages 8 real int5t w become app>5t4 #ag- ,lettre ,m4 ,abbe-,remusat1,,tn-#ad ,ges4 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 s4 #cif4 #ah-99 ,ni*t 0 9 e9] ,spra*e ausg$rckt zu w]d5 v]mag1 sond]n das1 wozu sie aus eign]1 inn]] ,kraft anfeu]t und begei/]t1 ents*eidet b] ihre ,vorzge od] ,mngel4 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] ,grammatis*5 ,=m51 etc,,tn-#ae1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bgb4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! expression 9 8 celebrat$ ,e9leitung3 ,die ,spra*e i/ das bild5de ,organ des ,g$ank51 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #ea4 ,a p]fect$ language w allseitig und h>monis* dur* si* selb/ auf d5 ,gei/ e9wirk54 ,ibid1 s4 #caa4 #ai-99 ,,tn-#af,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bib4 #ai- ,speak+ ( su* imp]fect languages1 he gives ! foll[+ wise sugge/ion = _! /udy3 ,ihr e9fa*es ,geheimniss1 wel*es d5 ,weg anzeigt1 auf wel*em man sie1 mit gnzli*] ,v]gess5heit uns]] ,grammatik1 imm] zu]/ zu entr?seln v]su*5 muss1 i/1 das 9 si* ,b$eut5de unmittelb> an e9&] zu reih54 ,ueb] das ,v]glei*5de ,spra*/udium1 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bee2 & = a practical illu/ration ( 8 me?od1 see ! essay1 ,ueb] das ,ent/eh5 d] grammatis*5 ,=m51 etc41 ,bd4 iii1 s4 #bgd4 #bj-99 ,8 tea*+s on ?is po9t1 ( :i* ,i give ! b>e/ outl9e1 are develop$ 9 sections #ab & #ac ( 8 ,introduction1 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc4 ,/e9?al's critical rem>ks on ^! sections 79 8 ,*>akt]i/ik d] haupt4 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues7 seem to me unsatisfactory1 & he ev5 does n appe> to grasp ! *a9 ( ,humboldt's reason+4 #ba-99 ,lettre ,m4 ,abel-,remusat1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vii1 ss4 #cec-d4 #ba- ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,sec4 #bc1 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #cbi4 #bd-99 ,d] ,mexikanis*5 kann man am ,v]bum1 9 wel*em die ,zeit5 dur* e9zelne ,endbu*/ab5 und zum ,!il (f5b> symbolis* bezei*net w]d51 ,flexion5 und e9 gewisses ,/reb5 na* ,sanskritis*] ,worte9heit ni*t abspre*54 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 s4 #agf4 #be-99 ,dah] i/ das ,e9s*liess5 9 ,e9 ,wort mehr ,sa*e d] ,e9bildungskraft1 die ,tr5nung mehr die des ,v]/&es4 ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 s4 #cbg4 ,comp>e also1 s4 #cbf & #aff4 ,/e9?al po9ts out ! disadvantages ( ! incorporative plan & puts x l[] ?an ! isolat+ sy/em ( ! ,*9ese2 b fails to recognize its _m & /rik+ advantages4 ,see 8 rem>ks1 ,ueb] das ,wes5 und ,w]? d] ,e9v]leibungsme?ode1 9 8 ,*>akt]i/ik d] haupt4 ,typ5 des ,spra*baues1 s4 #bad4 #be- ,ueb] die ,v]s*i$5heit1 etc41 9 ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 ss4 #cbc sqq4 #bg-99 ,see ! essay1 ,ueb] d5 ,dualis1 ,gesammelte ,w]ke1 ,bd4 vi1 ss4 #efb-eif4 ,,libr>y ,,( ,,aborig9al ,,am]ican ,,lit]ature4 ,,g5]al ,,editor ,,& ,,publi%]3 ,d4 ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,m4,d4 ,! aim ( ?is s]ies ( publications is to put )9 ! rea* ( s*ol>s au!ntic mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! languages & culture ( ! native races ( ,am]ica4 ,ea* "w is ! production ( ! native m9d1 & is pr9t$ 9 ! orig9al tongue1 ) a translation & notes1 & only su* are select$ z h "s intr9sic hi/orical or e?nological importance4 ,! volumes ( ! s]ies are sold sep>ately1 at ! prices nam$4 ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,! ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,! ,,mayas4 ,edit$ by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,m4,d4 #bgi pages4 ,clo?1 uncut1 #e4jj4 7#c4jj :5 a complete set is ord]$47 ,?is volume conta9s five brief *ronicles 9 ! ,maya language ( ,yucatan1 writt5 %ortly aft] ! ,conque/1 & c>ry+ ! hi/ory ( t p back _m c5turies4 ,to ^! is add$ a hi/ory ( ! ,conque/1 writt5 9 8 native tongue1 by a ,maya ,*ief1 9 #aefb4 ,! texts are prec$$ by an introduction on ! hi/ory ( ! ,mayas2 _! language1 cal5d>1 num]al sy/em1 etc42 & a vocabul>y is add$ at ! close4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,iroquois ,,book ,,( ,,rites4 ,edit$ by ,,horatio ,,hale4 #bbb pages4 ,clo?1 uncut1 #c4jj4 ,?is "w conta9s1 9 ! ,mohawk & ,onondaga languages1 ! spee*es1 songs & rituals ) :i* a deceas$ *ief 0 lam5t$ & 8 successor in/all$ 9 (fice4 ,x may be said to ?r[ a di/9ct light on ! au!ntic hi/ory ( ,nor!rn ,am]ica to a p]iod fifty ye>s e>li] ?an ! era ( ,columbus4 ,! ,introduction treats ( ! e?nology & hi/ory ( ! ,huron-,iroquois4 ,a map1 notes & a gloss>y complete ! "w4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,com$y-,,ballet ,,( ,g,,eg,,ence4 ,edit$ by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,m4,d4 #adf pages4 ,clo?1 uncut1 #b4ej4 ,a curi\s & unique specim5 ( ! native comic dances1 ) dialogues1 call$ bailes1 =m]ly common 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is 9 ! mix$ ,nahuatl-,spani% j>gon ( ,nic>agua1 & %[s di/9ctive features ( native au?or%ip4 ,! ,introduction treats ( ! e?nology ( ,nic>agua1 & ! local dialects1 musical in/rum5ts1 & dramatic repres5tations4 ,a map & a numb] ( illu/rations are add$4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,a ,,migration ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,creek ,,indians4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,gats*et4 #bea pages4 ,clo?1 uncut1 #c4jj4 ,?is le>n$ "w (f]s a complete survey ( ! e?nology ( ! native tribes ( ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,! /range my? or leg5d told to ,gov4 ,ogle?orpe1 9 #agcb1 by ! ,creeks1 is giv5 9 ! orig9al1 ) an ,introduction & ,comm5t>y4 ,no4 ,v4 ,,! ,,l5,p ,,& ,,_! ,,leg5ds4 ,by ,dr4 ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton4 ,clo?1 uncut1 #c4jj4 ,conta9s ! complete text & symbols1 #ahd 9 numb]1 ( ! ,,walam ,,olum ,,or ,,r$ ,,score ( ! ,delaw>e ,indians1 ) ! full orig9al text1 & a new translation1 notes & vocabul>y4 ,a l5g?y introduction treats ( ! ,l5p or ,delaw>es1 _! hi/ory1 cu/oms1 my?s1 language1 etc41 ) num]\s ref]5ces to o!r tribes ( ! great ,algonk9 /ock4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation3 ,,! ,,annals ,,( ,,! ,,cak*iquels4 ,by ,francisco ,arana ,ernantez ,xahila4 ,) a translation & notes by ,dr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton4 ,,aborig9al ,,am]ican ,,an?ology4 ,*iefly orig9al mat]ial1 furni%$ by v>i\s collaborators4 ,,rec5t ,,publications ,,on ,,am]ican ,,e?nology4 ,,am]ican ,,h]o-,,my?s4 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,native ,religions ( ! ,we/]n ,cont95t4 ,by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 etc4 #a vol41 #hvo1 pp4 #bea4 7,philad'a1 #ahhb47 ,clo?1 ,price1 #a4ge4 ,,notices ,,( ,,! ,,press4 ,dr4 ,br9ton writes f a m9ute & ext5d$ k ( ! orig9al s\rces4 99 99 ,8 "w r5d]s a signal s]vice to ! cause ( comp>ative my?ology 9 our c\ntry4--,! ,lit]>y ,_w 7,bo/on74 ,?is /udy ( c]ta9 ( ! mo/ rem>kable /ories ( ,am]ican my?ology is exce$+ly int]e/+4--,! ,saturday ,review 7,london74 ,,aborig9al ,,am]ican ,,au?ors1 ,& ,_! ,productions4 ,especially ^? 9 ! ,native ,languages4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature4 ,by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 etc4 #a vol41 #hvo1 pp4 #fc4 ,bo>ds1 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,an essay f\nd$ on an address pres5t$ to ! ,congress ( ,am]icani/s1 at ,cop5hag51 9 #ahhc4 ,x is an ext5d$ review ( ! lit]>y ef=ts ( ! r$ race1 9 _! own tongues1 & 9 ,engli%1 ,lat9 & ,spani% 7bo? manuscript & pr9t$74 ,a ,,gramm> ,,( ,,! ,,cak*iquel ,,language ( ,guatemala4 ,translat$ ) an ,introduction & ,additions by ,daniel ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4,d4 ,map1 pp4 #gb4 ,price1 bo>ds1 #a4jj4 ,,! ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,gods ,,9 ,,! ,,qui*e ,,my?s1 ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4,d41 #hvo1 pp4 #ch1 pap]1 #ej;c4 ,,! ,,l9eal ,,measures ,,( ,,! ,,semi-,,civiliz$ ,,nations ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 ,m4,d41 pp4 #ad1 pap]1 #be;c4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ typographical errors 7 ma9ta9$ 9 ?is v]sion ( ! book4 ,page ,error ,,tn-#a #ae unneccess>y %\ld read unnecess>y ,,tn-#b #af gramm] %\ld read gramm> ,,tn-#c #ag t5dncy %\ld read t5d5cy ,,tn-#d #bc acu/om$1 %\ld read accu/om$ ,,tn-#e #bc fullfils %\ld read fulfils ,,tn-#f #bi ,humboldt %\ld read ,humboldt4 ,,tn-#g #cc mil quis amaiciton1 %\ld h numb]s ov] ! words to mat* numb]s on ! next l9e ,,tn-#h #ci p[ev] %\ld read p[] ,,tn-#i #df unabreviat$ %\ld read unabbreviat$ ,,tn-#aj fn #c- ,*>act]i/ik %\ld read ,*>akt]i/ik ,,tn-#aa fn #f-99 ,spra*t/udium %\ld read ,spra*/udium ,,tn-#ab fn #f- ,zusumm5hang %\ld read ,zusamm5hang ,,tn-#ac fn #ac-99 ,spra*bones1 %\ld read ,spra*baues ,,tn-#ad fn #ag- ,abbe-,remusat1 %\ld read ,abel-,remusat ,,tn-#ae fn #ah-99 etc %\ld read etc4 ,,tn-#af fn #ai-99 ,ueb] %\ld read ,ueb]