,illustration       ,,louisiana   ,,beef
   ,,cattle    ,,william ,,carter       
,,stubbs1 ,,ph4,d4    ,formerly         
,professor of ,agriculture   ,louisiana 
,state ,university and ,director of     
,state ,experiment ,stations            
,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by   ,,the        
,,louisiana ,,company   ,,new ,,orleans 
,,foreword   ,the following remarks     
relative to ,louisiana ,beef ,cattle are
 proffered the public to show the       
marvelous advantages possessed by the   
alluvial lands of ,louisiana1 for the   
growing of cattle4  ,an intelligent use 
of these advantages will bring wealth to
 the individual1 the ,state and the     
,nation4                                
,,william ,,carter ,,stubbs1 ,,ph4,d4   
,illustration     ,,louisiana ,,beef    
,,cattle   ,the wealth-producing        
possibilities of cattle-raising are     
written into the history1 literature and
 art of every race2 and with every      
nationality riches have always been     
counted in cattle and corn4  ,we find   

cattle mentioned in the earliest known  
records of the ,hebrews1 ,chaldeans and 
,hindus1 and carved on the monuments of 
,egypt1 thousands of years before the   
,christian era4  ,among the primitive   
peoples wealth was1 and still is1       
measured by the size of the cattle      
herds1 whether it be the reindeer of the
 frigid ,north1 the camel of the ,great 
,sahara1 or herds of whatsoever kind    
that are found in every land and in     
every clime4  ,the earliest known money1
 in ,ancient ,greece1 was the image of  
the ox stamped on metal2 and the ,latin 
word pecunia and our own ,english       
pecuniary are derived from              
pecus--cattle4  ,although known to the  
,eastern ,hemisphere since the dawn of  
history1 cattle are not native to the   
,western ,hemisphere1 but were          
introduced into ,america during the     
sixteenth century4  ,cortez1 ,ponce de  
,leon1 ,de ,soto and the other          
conquistadores from ,old ,madrid1 who   
sailed the seas in quest of gold1       

brought with them to the ,new ,world the
 monarchs of the bull ring1 and         
introduced the national sport of ,spain 
into the colonies founded in ,peru1     
,mexico1 ,florida and ,louisiana4  ,the 
long-horned1 half-wild herds encountered
 by the pioneers1 and by the            
,forty-niners1 who three centuries later
 trekked across the continent in quest  
of gold in ,california1 were descendants
 of the bull pens of ,mexico ,city1 ,st4
 ,augustine and ,new ,orleans4  ,a      
different type of cattle was brought    
over to ,jamestown1 the first ,english  
colony1 in the seventeenth century2     
these were strictly utilitarian1        
designed for the triple service of      
enriching the larder with dairy         
products1 supplementing the abundant    
meat supply of buffalo1 deer and other  
game and providing the ox as the draft  
animal4  ,the pioneers1 striking out    
from the ,atlantic seaboard1 carried    
with them their domestic cattle1 which  
were introduced and fostered wherever   

settlements were made in their progress 
across the continent4  ,it was not until
 after the ,revolutionary ,war that     
wealthy planters of ,virginia imported  
,herefords from ,england1 ,jerseys from 
the ,isle of ,jersey1 and the flower of 
other ,old ,world herds4  ,even then1   
extensive breeding of high-grade animals
 languished for years1 owing to the     
unprogressive farming methods2 and at a 
later period on account of the dominancy
 of the ,western cattle ranges4  ,the   
public domain of the ,west and          
,southwest1 owing to the vast areas of  
grazing land which cost the cattlemen   
nothing1 became the controlling factor  
in the ,american cattle industry1       
reaching its climax about #ahhj4        
,subsequently these great feeding       
grounds were invaded by the             
sheep-grower1 whose flocks destroyed the
 pastures and drove out the cattle      
wherever they appeared4  ,the death     
knell of the national cattle range was  
sounded by the ,united ,states          

,government in throwing open the public 
lands to settlers4  ,during the romantic
 period of the cattle outfit--the cowboy
 with his bucking broncho1 lariat and   
six-shooter--many of the important      
cities and towns of today came into     
existence as humble adjuncts of the live
 stock industry4  ,there are men living 
today who have witnessed the beginning1 
the rise1 and almost the extinction1 of 
the ,western cattle range4  ,a complete 
revolution has been brought about in the
 cattle industry within a lifetime4 ,the
 change has been a rapid one from the   
free range to the fenced pasture2 the   
open ranges turned into farms and       
settlements4  ,with the advent of       
changed conditions1 the rancher of      
restricted territory and reduced herds  
ceased to be an important factor in     
directly supplying the market1 as he was
 forced to utilize the land that was not
 desirable for homesteaders1 and the    
pasturage being insufficient to suitably
 fatten stock1 he was compelled to ship 

his cattle to the feeders of the ,middle
 ,west to prepare them for market4      
,meanwhile1 the ,middle ,west1 or       
corn-belt states1 being unable to raise 
cattle in an economical way1 developed  
into a feeding station1 where young     
cattle from the ,western ranges were    
shipped to be fattened and prepared for 
the market4  ,with the decrease of range
 cattle1 year by year1 fewer ,western   
beeves reach the corn belt to be        
finished and made ready for market4     
,the early settlers of ,southern        
,louisiana raised cattle after the      
fashion that prevailed on the plains of 
,texas2 that is1 great herds without    
care or attention of any kind increased 
and multiplied and were annually rounded
 up and marketed2 the returns were      
virtually all profit1 as the cattle     
found their sustenance entirely in the  
luxuriant natural pasturage4  ,with the 
change of conditions in the             
cattle-growing world1 ,louisiana began  
the improvement of its herds1 so that   

today there are thousands of highly bred
 cattle in the state1 equal to the best 
that can be found anywhere4  ,in a      
consideration of any branch of the live 
stock industry1 a review of the         
world-wide conditions becomes necessary 
to establish a standard of comparison   
between the industry in a given locality
 as against all other localities1 and   
such a review at the present time shows 
an international shortage of beef cattle
 that even threatens famine4  ,the day  
of nondescript cattle of inferior       
quality is rapidly passing4 ,through    
breeding1 they are being steadily       
supplanted by higher grade1 perfectly   
developed animals which yield the proper
 proportions of lean and fat1 whose meat
 is tender1 nutritious and palatable4   
,the ,old ,world breeds have been       
improved and perfected1 through the     
skill of the ,american grower1 until    
,american stock has become the standard 
of the whole world1 from the standpoint 
of excellence in every particular4      

,there are a multitude of reasons why it
 will never be possible for the growers 
of the ,eastern ,hemisphere1 with the   
exception of ,great ,britain and the    
,scandinavian countries1 to successfully
 compete with the ,united ,states in    
bringing the standard of their beef     
cattle up to the high point already     
attained in this country4  ,no longer   
ago than ten years1 cattle were not     
acceptable as collateral except by banks
 in the ,western cattle centers4        
,today1 cattle are standard collateral  
for loans1 approved by the ,treasury of 
the ,united ,states ,government and     
acceptable everywhere1 as cattle are as 
good as gold all over the world2 and a  
cattle enterprise managed with ability  
and integrity is the safest business    
known4  ,there are diseases to which    
cattle are subject2 but these1 like the 
diseases to which mankind is subject1   
are now controlled by science1 and can  
be quickly eradicated1 even though a    
foothold is once gained2 and that a     

foothold should be gained at all is as  
much beyond the bounds of reason as that
 the cities of ,new ,york and ,chicago  
should1 in this advanced age1 be        
devastated by a scourge of cholera1     
smallpox1 yellow fever1 or what not4    
,according to official estimates of the 
,united ,states ,government1 in #aiaj   
there were #da1agh1jjj head of beef     
cattle in the ,united ,states1 having a 
value of #ghe1bfa1jjj1 while on ,january
 #a1 #aiag1 there were #dj1hdi1jjj head 
of beef cattle1 having a value of       
#a1dfe1ghf1jjj2 a decrease in supply1   
but an increase in value1 within seven  
years1 of #hf4ff per cent4  ,in addition
 to superior natural conditions1 the    
,united ,states1 on account of the great
 distance to other countries where      
cattle can be raised successfully1 is   
protected against competition1 at all   
times and under all conditions4  ,the   
,united ,states for a quarter of a      
century was the world's greatest export 
nation1 and this trade has fallen off   

only in recent times1 because of the    
shortage at home4  ,our export business 
well illustrates the changing conditions
 in the cattle industry1 and the record 
of live cattle exported from ,chicago is
 a notable example1 namely3             
,cattle   ,exports in #aije             
#cba1cja   ,exports in #aiab            
#bc1jjf   ,exports in #aiac             
#bfj   ,exports in #aiad                
#ahb  ,this table shows that the export 
trade was virtually extinct a year      
before the ,european ,war began2 and if 
revived1 it will be because of          
exorbitant prices brought about by the  
abnormal ,european demand1 due to the   
depletion of the cattle herds abroad4   
,official statistics show that prior to 
the ,european ,war #ij4ee per cent of   
all the ,european cattle were within the
 boundaries of the now-belligerent      
countries4  ,the records at that time1  
covering both beef cattle and           
dairy-herds1 were as follows3    ,russia
                        #cf1bcg1jjj     

,germany                                
#bj1idd1jjj   ,austria-,hungary         
#ag1ghg1hhc   ,france                   
#ab1bhf1hdi   ,united ,kingdom          
#ab1jcj1ghi   ,turkey                   
#f1gbf1jjj   ,italy                     
#f1aih1hfa   ,rumania                   
#b1ffg1jjj   ,belgium                   
#a1hca1jjj  ,even prior to the war1 the 
world-supply of cattle was diminishing1 
and now the herds of these nations1     
representing nine-tenths of the         
,european supply1 are depleted as never 
before1 while the one-tenth remaining   
supply of the neighboring neutral       
nations is reduced by the drafts of the 
warring powers4  ,the immense demand in 
recent years has caused the marketing of
 vast numbers of the best improved      
cattle in the ,united ,states1 including
 great inroads upon the breeding herds1 
as cattle growers have marketed their   
stock without regard to the future1     
looking solely to the large immediate   
profits4  ,the depletion and            

deterioration of the breeding herds is a
 source of great danger1 as it cannot   
fail to result in a still further       
decrease in production1 and threatens to
 seriously impair the meat supply of the
 ,american people4  ,as an infinitely   
worse condition prevails in the other   
cattle-producing countries of the world1
 it is obvious that we cannot look to   
any outside source of supply1 either to 
replenish our herds1 or to provide our  
meat food requirements4  ,the increased 
cost of production in the ,north has    
resulted in the great advancement of the
 dairying industry1 to meet the         
,american food requirements4  ,in #ahej 
the milch cows on ,american farms       
numbered about #f1jjj1jjj4 ,this number 
was increased to #h1ejj1jjj in #ahfj1   
and to about #ac1jjj1jjj in #ahhj2 and  
the census of #aijj showed #ag1ajj1jjj4 
,in #aijg1 they numbered #bj1fbe1jjj1   
and ,january #a1 #aiag1 #bb1gfh1jjj1 or 
more than one-third of our entire cattle
 herds4  ,the change from beef-cattle   

raising to dairying is most noticeable  
in the ,eastern and the ,north ,central 
,states1 where the lack of pasturage and
 the increased cost of forage make the  
production of beef less profitable than 
formerly1 while the proximity to large  
centers of population and great cities  
has greatly stimulated the demand for   
dairy products4  ,in some sections of   
the country dairying has encroached to  
such an extent on the beef cattle       
industry that the latter has ceased to  
be a factor of importance in those      
localities4  ,the beef cattle industry  
of the ,north is divided into two       
departments3 first1 producing in the    
,far ,west2 second1 preparing for market
 in the ,middle ,west4  ,the ,western   
producer can only provide grazing1 and  
must then ship to the ,middle ,west     
feeder1 who raises the corn with which  
he prepares the cattle for market4  ,the
 shortness of the grazing season makes  
it impossible to put a thousand-pound   
beef on the market in a year2           

consequently the stock must be shipped  
to the ,middle ,west in ,september1     
,october or ,november1 to be fattened   
and prepared for the market4  ,the      
breeding herds and the stock not ready  
for shipment to the feeders of the      
,middle ,west exist on the thin grasses1
 through eight months--from ,september  
to ,june4  ,these sections of arid soil 
and thin vegetation are further         
handicapped by the winters of intense   
cold1 and of enforced housing and       
feeding2 for1 during six or seven       
months1 and even eight months1 of each  
year1 there is scant vegetation to      
support animal life1 and the struggle is
 a severe one to sustain life itself    
against the encroachments of the bitter 
temperature which so long prevails4  ,if
 the ,middle ,west farmer should go into
 cattle-raising1 his position would be  
almost identical with that of the cattle
 grower of the ,far ,west1 as his       
pasturage would be exhausted in         
,october1 and it would be necessary to  

feed the cattle until ,may2 otherwise1  
his loss would be tremendous through    
partial starvation and exposure to      
inclement weather1 and he could not     
count upon the survival of more than #ge
 per cent of his herd from one pasturing
 season to the next4  ,the farmer of the
 ,middle ,west has six months of open   
weather1 which must be devoted          
exclusively to planting1 cultivating and
 harvesting his corn crop1 and this crop
 takes up his land1 leaving no acreage  
available for summer pasturage4  ,he    
produces corn in the summer1 and begins 
feeding in the fall4 ,according to the  
quality of cattle received from the ,far
 ,west1 he feeds #fj1 #ij1 and up to    
#abj days1 when they are ready for      
market1 and1 according to the old       
saying1 are corn sold on the hoof4      
,even the adoption of intensive methods 
does not enable the ,northern grower to 
successfully compete with the ,southern 
grower1 because production in the ,north
 is limited to one-half the year1 and   

the other half is wholly unproductive1  
during which period his stores are being
 consumed1 without any returns whatever4
  ,to house cattle during the winter is 
scarcely better than to leave them      
exposed to the rigors of climate1 as    
confinement brings the scourge of       
tuberculosis2 whereas in the ,south1 and
 wherever life is spent in the open1    
cattle enjoy immunity from this plague4 
,furthermore1 the year-round supply of  
green food in the ,south is naturally   
conducive to the health and well-being  
of all animals1 whereas in the ,north1  
for several months in the year1 only    
concentrated food is available4  ,the   
,south1 with her short1 mild winters1   
and her abundance of grasses1 can grow  
young cattle cheaper than the           
,north4--,w4 ,j4 ,spillman1 ,chief of   
the ,bureau of ,farm ,management1       
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture4  ,a mild climate1         
luxuriant pastures1 a great variety of  
forage crops1 a year-round supply of    

green food1 and living outdoors all the 
year1 are the factors that make         
,southern ,louisiana the ideal          
cattle-raising section of the ,united   
,states4  ,james ,wilson1 former        
,secretary of the ,united ,states       
,department of ,agriculture1 at the     
,national ,live ,stock ,show held in    
,new ,orleans in #aiaf1 said3  ,you have
 as fine domestic animals in the ,state 
of ,louisiana today as you will find    
anywhere2 the finest breeds of          
cattle--,holstein and others1 as well as
 ,american breeds of ,herefords1 which  
are an improvement over the ,english    
,hereford4  ,in the corn belt the lands 
are not so productive in grains and     
pasture crops as the alluvial lands of  
,louisiana4  ,in the ,north the growing 
season for crops does not exceed six    
months2 in ,louisiana the productive    
period is twelve months4  ,in ,northern 
states1 animals can be pastured in the  
fields during six or seven months only2 
in ,louisiana the animals may pasture in

 the open the whole year4  ,in the      
,north1 extensive and costly barns and  
equipment are essential for winter      
shelter and feeding1 and vast quantities
 of grain1 hay1 ensilage1 and other     
foods1 must be raised and stored1 as the
 period of winter-feeding extends over  
six months2 in ,louisiana1 open sheds   
facing south provide all the shelter    
needed1 as aside from cold rains at     
intervals during ,february or ,march1   
there are no rigors of climate4         
,careful estimates by farm experts1 and 
by authorities on cattle1 place the cost
 of production in ,louisiana at less    
than #fj per cent of the cost in the    
most favored corn-belt states4  ,there  
is no winter here1 as understood in the 
,north4 ,frost is a rarity1 frequently  
being absent for several years1 and is  
never severe2 the rainfall is well      
distributed and averages #fj inches a   
year2 extremes of temperature are very  
rare2 the average for ,january is #ei   
degrees1 and for ,july1 #hb degrees1    

over the ,gulf ,coast area of ,southern 
,louisiana2 and vegetation flourishes   
the year round4  ,the cost of summer    
feeding in ,southern ,louisiana1 as     
compared with summer feeding in the     
corn-belt states1 shows a difference of 
about #be per cent in favor of the      
former4  ,in winter feeding1 the        
difference is altogether in favor of    
,louisiana4 ,furthermore1 practically   
none of the food consumed here is       
required to keep up the animal heat1    
whereas #cj per cent of the food given  
,northern cattle during the winter is   
absorbed by this requirement alone4     
,according to the ,united ,states       
,department of ,agriculture1 the cost of
 ensilage in the ,northern states ranges
 from #a4ej to #d per ton1 and it is    
generally conceded that corn ensilage in
 the ,middle ,west costs an average of  
#b4ej per ton4  ,on the alluvial lands  
of ,southern ,louisiana it has been     
proved that ensilage can be produced at 
#ej cents to #a4ej per ton1 and the     

yield per acre is two crops of ten to   
twenty tons each1 as against one crop of
 five to ten tons in the ,north4        
,according to the ,bureau of ,plant     
,industry1 the best bluegrass pastures  
of the ,north will carry only one head  
of cattle to two acres for about six    
months of the year2 whereas on the      
alluvial lands of ,louisiana1 ,bermuda  
grass and lespedeza combined forms      
permanent pasture which will carry      
several head of cattle ten months on a  
single acre4  ,with a network of        
waterways and railroads1 nearer the     
great consuming markets of the ,east    
than any other important cattle-growing 
section1 and but a short distance from  
,chicago and the important markets of   
the ,middle ,states1 ,southern          
,louisiana occupies a strategic         
commercial position of great money-value
 to those who raise cattle1 as well as  
other products4  ,out of six thousand   
members of the ,american ,hereford      
,society1 a grower from the ,gulf ,coast

 took the greatest number of prizes for 
a herd of ,hereford cattle1 and also    
took the grand championship prize for a 
,hereford bull1 against the whole of the
 ,united ,states1 which shows the merit 
of this section of country4  ,the market
 today requires quality1 and experience 
has proved that the greatest profit     
comes through producing quality4  ,the  
day of the inferior1 lightweight animal1
 which was marketed at two to three and 
one-half years old1 has passed4  ,the   
requirement now is for high-grade1      
one-year-old stock1 weighing an average 
of #a1jjj pounds4  ,this stock can be   
produced in ,louisiana under organized  
methods1 at a cost of #d-a_/b cents per 
pound1 delivered at the market1 and will
 bring a price of #aj cents per pound4  
,prior to the ,civil ,war the best      
talent in ,america was devoted to       
agricultural pursuits1 which offered the
 greatest opportunity for making large  
wealth--as wealth was counted in those  
days4  ,afterward came the manufacturing

 era1 which attracted the genius of the 
country and brought about the perfection
 of methods and combinations in almost  
every known line1 with the result that  
no longer is there any general field of 
opportunity therein4  ,another era has  
now arrived1 which again focuses the    
minds of thinking men upon the greatest 
of all problems--supplying the human    
race with food--because of the          
imperative need of increasing the       
world's food supply1 and because of the 
large profit therein4  ,in the ,united  
,states today1 the production of live   
stock is the greatest field of          
opportunity open to men of brains and   
capital2 and it is1 above all1 the one  
industry that now attracts the genius of
 men of large affairs1 and the great    
aggregations of capital4  ,in #ahie the 
average price of beef cattle in the     
principal markets of this country was   
#d4dj per hundredweight2 in #aijj1 it   
had increased to #e4hj2 in #aijg the    
average was #g4fj2 in #aiaj1 #h4he2 in  

#aiaa1 #i4ce2 in #aiab1 #aj4be2 in      
#aiae1 #aa4fj2 and in #aiaf1 about      
#aa4ij per hundredweight4  ,the         
foregoing market prices tell the story  
of the cattle industry from a financial 
standpoint4  ,the following prices paid 
in #aija and in #aiaf for prize-winning 
exhibition beeves--at the ,international
 ,live ,stock ,exposition held annually 
in ,chicago1 at the ,union ,stock       
,yards--well illustrate the trend of the
 cattle market3  ,in #aija1 the ,grand  
,champion carload of fat cattle was     
two-year-old stock1 weighing an average 
of #a1dig pounds1 and sold in the       
auction ring at #ab per hundredweight4  
,in #aiaf1 the ,grand ,champion carload 
of fat cattle was one-year-old stock1   
weighing an average of #a1adf pounds1   
and sold in the auction ring at #bh per 
hundredweight4  ,in #aija1 the ,grand   
,champion ,steer was two years old1     
weighed #a1fjj pounds1 and sold in the  
auction ring at #ej cents per pound4    
,in #aiaf1 the ,grand ,champion ,steer  

was one year old1 weighed #a1abj pounds1
 and sold in the auction ring at #a4ge  
per pound4  ,the following top prices   
were paid in the auction ring of the    
,exposition for show cattle of various  
weights3      ,cattle ,weighing         
,price in    ,per ,hundredweight        
#ijj to #ajej pounds      #aija         
#h4gj    #ijj to #ajej pounds      #aiaf
           #ag4ge   #ajej to #abjj      
pounds      #aija            #i4ej      
#ajej to #abjj pounds      #aiaf        
#bh4jj   #abjj to #acej pounds          
#aija            #h4ge   #abjj to #acej 
pounds      #aiaf           #bj4jj      
#acej to #aejj pounds      #aija        
#ab4jj   #acej to #aejj pounds          
#aiaf           #ah4ej   #aejj to #aijj 
pounds      #aija            #i4cj      
#aejj to #aijj pounds      #aiaf        
#ae4ge     ,illustration                
,transcriber's ,notes3     ,text in     
italics is enclosed with underscores3   
italics4