,bahaism and ,its ,claims ,by ,,samuel ,g4 ,,wilson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,bahaism and ,its ,claims4 ,a ,study of the ,religions ,promulgated by ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha4 #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,bahaism is a revolt from the fold of ,islam which in recent years has been bidding vigorously for the support of ,occidental minds4 ,many of its principles are culled from the ,christian religion which it insidiously seeks to supplant4 ,what this ,oriental cult is1 what it stands for1 and what it aims at1 is told in a volume which forms a notable addition to the ,history of ,comparative ,religions4 ,persian ,life and ,customs4 ,with ,incidents of ,residence and ,travel in the ,land of the ,lion and the ,sun4 ,with a map and other illustrations1 and an index4 #hvo1 cloth1 net1 #a4be4 ,not only a valuable contribution to the missionary literature of modern times1 but is1 in addition1 a volume rich in the facts it contains in regard to that historic country4 ,the ,american people generally should read this book1 and thereby acquire much needed information about the ,persians4--,religious ,telescope4 ,bahaism and ,its ,claims ,a ,study of the ,religion ,promulgated by ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha ,by ,,samuel ,,graham ,,wilson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,thirty-two ,years ,resident in ,persia ,author of ,persian ,life and ,customs1 etc4 ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,toronto ,fleming ,h4 ,revell ,company ,,london ,,and ,,edinburgh ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,,fleming ,h4 ,,revell ,,company ,new ,york3 #aeh ,fifth ,avenue ,chicago3 #abe ,north ,wabash ,ave4 ,toronto3 #be ,richmond ,street1 ,w4 ,london3 #ba ,paternoster ,square ,edinburgh3 #ajj ,princes ,street ,to my ,wife whose love and appreciation are a constant inspiration in our far-away home ,contents ,,introduction #aa ,i4 ,,historical ,,sketch #ag ,the ,east productive of religions--,imamat--,shiahism1 its sects--,sheikhiism--,the ,bab-,subh i ,azal--,baha ,ullah--,his policy--,his haram--,abdul ,baha--,journey to ,occident--,education--,number of ,bahais4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,general ,,claims ,,of ,,bahaism #bi 7,i7 ,new religion needed--7,,ii7 ,bahaism that new religion--,to supersede ,christianity--,doctrines--,baha ,god--,his ,revelation--,the ,akdas--,conditions of discipleship--,position of ,abdul ,baha--7,,iii7 ,claims superiority to former religions--,in founder1 books and doctrines--,not superlative--7,,iv7 ,to be a universal religion--,defects in rites1 regulations1 calendar1 civil government--,house of ,justice--,alphabet--,universal language4 ,,iii4 ,,its ,,specific ,,claims #fa ,unification of ,mankind--,divisions in ,persia--,of ,bahais--,compulsory uniformity--,one ,language--,peace ,movement--,history of--,abdul ,baha on war--,bahaism dogmatic and boastful4 ,,iv4 ,,bahaism ,,and ,,christianity #ha ,antagonistic--,makes ,christianity one among many--,abrogates it--,dethrones ,christ--,presumes to be ,christ's ,second ,coming--,and the fulfillment of prophecy--,bahai meeting in ,chicago--,method of interpretation--,the ,ikan--,dishonours and belittles the historic ,christ4 ,v4 ,,bahaism ,,and ,,christianity 7,continued7 #aji ,immortality and sin--,faith in ,baha--,bahai ,scriptures--,its worship--,hierarchy--,substitutes for ,baptism and ,lord's ,supper--,christ's words imitated--,rites--,ablution--,fast--,pra yer--,pilgrimage--,acca ,shrines--,festivals--,era--,propaganda anti-,christian4 ,,vi4 ,,bahaism ,,and ,,the ,,state #aca ,babism political ,mahdiism--,hostile to ,shah--,insurrections--,bahaism opportunism--,sought reconciliation--,tolerated--,indifferent to ,constitutional struggle--,aided reactionary ,shah--,rewarded by him ,its political scheme--,houses of ,justice--,dangerous to liberty4 ,,vii4 ,,bahaism ,,and ,,woman #adi ,abdul ,baha teaches equality of sexes--,baha does not--,education of girls neglected--,marriage enjoined--,bigamyallowed--,and practiced--,polygamy of ,baha--,his family--,loose divorce--,intermarriage of races--,aims at amelioration of woman--,moslem efforts--,babi ,kurrat ul ,ayn--,no successor to--,baha's haram--,men only to be rulers--,women secluded4 ,,viii4 ,,its ,,record ,,as ,,to ,,morals #agg ,claim superior conduct--,falsification of religious history--,suppression of facts--,changing sacred ,writings--,surat ul ,maluk--,lawh i ,basharat--,forging quotations--,perversion of political history--,of ,shahs--,of plot to assassinate--,false claim to ,martyrs--,double view of ,abdul ,hamid--,fact about imprisonment of ,baha--,tagiya--,dissimulation--,orient ,occident ,unity--,pretense regarding ,azal's succession--,maskin ,kalam4 ,,ix4 ,,its ,,record ,,as ,,to ,,morals 7,continued7 #bjg ,boast of ,love--,hatred for ,shiahs--,for ,persecutors--,for ,mullahs--,abusive language--,vindictiveness--,addiction to alcohol and opium--,testimonies4 ,x4 ,,religious ,,assassination #bai ,strife between ,baha and ,azal in ,bagdad--,baha goes to ,kurdistan--,dissension at ,adrianople--,testimony of an eye-witness--,attempted assassinations--,plots and counter plots--,bahais assassinate ,azalis at ,acca--,other assassinations--,in ,bagdad1 in ,persia--,attitude towards taking of life--,suicide commended--,psychological attestation--,traditional custom--,assassination practiced in ,islam--,testimonies--,azali hatred4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,quarrel ,,over ,,the ,,succession #bdg ,claim to love refuted--,death of ,baha--,titles of sons--,quarrel over will--,abbas assumes ,pontiffship--,brothers protest--,bitter schism--,boycott1 anathema--,appeal to ,turkish government--,results in restriction of liberty--,quarrel and schism in ,persia--,in ,america4 ,,xii4 ,,bahaism ,,in ,,america #bfc ,first notices of--,kheiralla--,his converts--,writings--,an ,american ,azali--,pilgrims to ,acca--,quarrel and schism--,abdul ,karim--,abul ,fazl--,methods of propaganda--,publications--,orient ,occident ,unity--,abdul ,baha visits ,america--,press agents--,photographs1 movies--,addresses--,attitude of public--,communion service of ,bahais--,bahai ,temple1 ,mashrak ul ,azkar--,memorial vase--,influence in ,america--,chicago congregation--,number in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 exaggerated--,statistics of other religious fads--,christian liberalism excessive4 ,,bibliography #bhg ,,index #bia ,introduction ,among movements in the ,mohammedan world in modern times ,babi-,bahaism is one of the most interesting4 ,it is a definite revolt from ,islam within its own fold4 ,it has won its way in ,persia amid considerable persecution to a position as a separate religion4 ,it has added another to the permanent sects of the ,near ,east4 ,there ,christian missions1 inspired to long-postponed effort to convert ,mohammedanism1 have come face to face with ,bahaism as a new and aggressive force4 ,it has laid out a program as a universal religion1 has crossed the seas and aspires to convert ,christendom4 ,interest in it has been increased by this propaganda in the ,west and by the visits to ,europe for this purpose of its present head1 ,abdul ,baha ,abbas1 in #aiaa and #aiab4 ,besides those who are interested in ,bahaism as students of history and comparative religions1 there are several classes who have shown marked favour to ,bahaism4 7#a7 ,one class are simply bent on seeking some novelty4 ,they are well described by the ,egyptian ,gazette1 of ,alexandria1 in speaking of the reception of ,abdul ,baha in ,london3 ,about the ,london meetings there was a certain air of gush and self-advertisement on the part of ,baha's friends1 which was quite patent to all who are familiar with that kind of religion which will listen to anything so long as it is unorthodox1 new1 and sensational4#a 7#b7 ,another class are believers in the truth of all great religions1 and1 with a vague pantheistic notion1 recognize all great men as ,god-inspired4 ,they are willing to put ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha on the list of true religious leaders4 ,such is ,rev4 ,r4,j4 ,campbell1 who1 in receiving ,abdul ,baha in ,london1 spoke of the diverse religious faiths that are all aspects of the one religion1 and of the services as a wonderful manifestation of the ,spirit of ,god4 ,he said to the congregation3 ,we as followers of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who is to us and always will be the ,light of the ,world1 give greeting to ,abdul ,baha4 ,mr4 ,campbell gives opportunity to the ,bahai propaganda in the ,christian ,commonwealth1 and has enlisted ,abdul ,baha as a contributor4 7#c7 ,another class look on ,bahaism as an ethical system1 and ,baha and ,abdul ,baha as world teachers4 ,their relation to ,christ has been only that of a disciple to a teacher of morals4 ,they recognize in ,baha a new schoolmaster4 ,being ,bahais to them consists in admiration of certain principles on which ,abdul ,baha is in the habit of dilating4 ,but these are not ,bahaism any more than ,romans xii4-xv4 are ,pauline ,christianity4 ,paul's gospel is ,romans i4-viii4 ,in its moral precepts and social principles1 ,bahaism is a borrower from ,christ's teaching1 and sometimes from ,mohammed4 ,however1 ,bahaism is a religion1 not a system of morals4 7#d7 ,some adherents regard ,bahaism as ,christianity continued or renewed by the ,second ,coming of ,christ1 whom they recognize in ,abdul ,baha4 ,most ,american ,bahais are of this class1 with faith in ,baha ,ullah as ,god the ,father4 ,how can ,i classify the late ,prof4 ,t4 ,k4 ,cheyne of ,oxford8 ,this widely known critic in his last work 7#aiad71 ,the ,reconciliation of ,races and ,religions1 bewilders me by his credulity4 ,it is only charitable to excuse it as the product of his dotage4 ,how otherwise could an ,oxford scholar take pride in adopting the new name and titles given to him by ,abdul ,baha1 sign his preface ,ruhani1 ,spiritual1 and have pleasure in being called the divine philosopher1 priest of the ,prince of ,peace 7,baha71 and being compared to ,st4 ,paul as a herald of the ,kingdom1 and write himself a member of the ,bahai community4 ,at the same time ,doctor ,cheyne wrote himself down as a member of the ,nava ,vidhan1 ,lahore 7,brahma-,samaj74 ,at present there are ,bahai congregations in sixteen of the ,united ,states1 in ,canada1 ,hawaii1 ,south ,africa1 ,england1 ,germany and ,russia1 as well as in ,india and ,burmah4 ,the future of its propaganda in ,christendom lacks promise4 ,yet its measure of success makes it desirable to examine its claims and the facts regarding them4 ,fortunately besides the older ,babi books1 there is an abundance of ,bahai literature4 ,there are 7#a7 ,treatises of ,baha ,ullah1 7#b7 ,tablets 7,letters7 and ,addresses of ,abdul ,baha1 7#c7 ,persian ,narratives1 7#d7 ,evidential books and tracts by its propagators1 7#e7 ,narratives of pilgrimages to ,acca4 ,from an independent point of view1 little has been written4 ,nearly all of the many articles which have appeared in periodical literature have been from the pens of ,bahais1 though often not so ostensibly4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,g4 ,browne of ,cambridge ,university1 ,england1 has translated and edited important ,babi-,bahai works4 ,his ,introductions1 ,notes and ,appendices to these books are storehouses of erudition and enable the reader to correct the biased information of the text4 ,they pertain for the most part to the ,babi period4 ,so do the able contributions of ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nicolas1 the ,consul of ,france1 with whom1 as my neighbour at ,tabriz1 ,i have had the pleasure of valuable conversations on this subject on which he is such an authority4 ,i have had as sources of information also a manuscript ,life of ,baha ,ullah by ,mohammed ,javad ,kasvini1 the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 ,most ,holy ,book1 translated by ,dr4 ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla1 in manuscript1 and various unpublished letters and documents4 ,besides all this1 ,i have been in personal contact with ,bahais in ,persia for a generation4 ,my language teachers were ,bahais1 one of them a convert to ,christianity4 ,i have found their journal1 the ,star of the ,west1 a prolific source of information4 ,i may claim not to be of the class referred to by ,abdul ,baha when he says1 ,baha ,ullah will be assailed by those who are not informed of his principles4 ,after sketching1 in brief1 the history of ,bahaism ,i will examine its religious1 moral1 political and social doctrine and life4 ,in doing this ,i shall quote for the most part from the words of the ,revelation and its adherents1 in order to insure fairness and justice4 ,in the course of the investigation1 the history and character of the founders will be considered4 ,finally ,i shall describe its propaganda in the ,occident4 ,bahais declare that ,babism is abrogated and superseded4 ,in reality it is dead and ,i do not treat of it1 except as it throws light on the history or doctrines of ,bahaism4 ,to all intents and purposes1 the ,bab is as much an obsolete prophet as ,mani or ,babak4 ,i am to deal with ,bahaism in its latest phases4 ,the term ,babi is not appropriate to the religion of ,baha nor to his followers4 ,of the revelation1 it may be said as ,jacob said of his wages1 they have changed them ten times4 ,the ,bab altered his declarations regarding himself and his statements of doctrine4 ,subh-i-,azal made further changes4 ,baha's standpoint in the ,ikan1 at ,bagdad1 differs greatly from that in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 at ,acca4 ,abbas gave the kaleidoscope another whirl and added his interpretations and emendations4 ,besides all these1 it has been given a ,western aspect for ,christians4 ,the ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,d4 ,d41 compares it very aptly to the town clock in ,beirut1 which has two kinds of dial plates4 ,the face turned towards the ,moslem quarter has the hands set to tell the hour according to ,oriental reckoning2 the face towards the ,christian quarter1 according to the ,european day4 ,it is the face towards the ,christians that ,i shall look at specially in the present investigation4 ,however historical facts are the same and the main doctrines taught in the ,west have no essential difference from those of ,persian ,bahaism4 ,acknowledgment and thanks are hereby tendered to ,the ,bibliotheca ,sacra1 ,the ,bible ,magazine1 ,the ,east and the ,west1 ,the ,church ,missionary ,review1 ,the ,missionary ,review of the ,world1 ,the ,moslem ,world1 ,the ,union ,seminary ,review1 and ,the ,princeton ,theological ,review for the use of materials which ,i have previously published in their pages4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,nov4 #af1 #aiaa1 quoted in ,star of the ,west1 ,dec4 #aa1 #aiaa4 ,i ,historical ,sketch ,does it often happen that the earliest records of a religious movement444pass1 within a short time after their completion1 into the hands of strangers who1 while interested in their preservation1 have no desire to alter them for better or worse4 ,so far as my knowledge goes1 it has never happened save in the case of the ,babi religion4--,the ,new ,history of the ,bab1 p4 xi1 by ,e4 ,g4 ,browne4 ,persia is1 and always has been1 a very hotbed of systems from the time of ,manes and ,mazdak in the old ,sassanian days1 down to the present age1 which has brought into being the ,babis and the ,sheikhis4--,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #abb4 ,outside of a certain mixture of ,occidental science and philanthropy1 introduced largely for foreign consumption and in order to give an up-to-date stamp or colouring to the movement1 there is scarcely anything that distinguishes ,babism from its predecessors4 ,the materials are inextricably interwoven with the whole course of ,persian history in all its departments1 political1 religious1 social1 and philosophical4 ,time has pronounced its verdict again and again in the most unmistakable manner4 ,so deep a hold have the ideas1 which lie at the foundation of ,babism and similar sects1 taken of the minds and hearts of the people1 that it may be said that as every ,american is a possible president1 so every ,persian is a possible murshid4 ,for every sect that makes its appearance on the page of history1 there are hundreds of embryo sects1 of whose existence no one knows outside of a very limited circle4--,p4 ,z4 ,easton1 quoted in ,speer's ,missions and ,modern ,history1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aba4 ,for the ,bahais1 the ,bab became a sort of ,john the ,baptist1 sent to announce to the world the coming of ,mirza ,husain ,ali1 ,baha ,ullah1 and perhaps of ,abbas ,effendi--a pitiable result of martyrdom4 ,this thesis is essentially false4 ,reading of the book 7the ,bayan7 will convince every one of this4--,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nicolas1 ,beyan ,persan1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aa4 ,the soil of the ,east has been fertile of religions4 ,montanus1 ,manes1 ,mazdak1 ,babak1 ,mukanna--familiarized in ,lalla ,rookh as the ,veiled prophet of ,khorasan1--,hasan ,sabah chief of the ,assassins1 ,hakim the cruel ,god of the ,druses1 each of these propagated his doctrines1 exerted a wide influence1 and left his mark on the people of the ,orient4 ,saad-i-,doulah the ,jew1 ,argoon ,khan the ,mongol1 ,ala-i-,din al ,khalig1 king of ,delhi1 and many others attempted to found new religions4 ,in our own day the ,mahdi of the ,sudan1 ,ahmad ,quadiani of ,india and ,sheikh ,ali ,nur-i-,din of ,tunis entered the lists4 ,in the ,west1 too1 in ,america a land unbridled by traditions1 ,mormonism1 ,dowieism and ,christian ,science have flourished4 ,to all these must be added ,babism and ,bahaism4 ,as an introduction to a discussion of ,bahaism and its claims1 ,i will sketch briefly and simply its origin and history4 ,bahaism is derived from ,babism4 ,babism has its roots in ,shiahism1 a soil impregnated with the doctrines of the ,imamate and ,mahdiism4 ,the atmosphere is filled with millennial hopes and dreamy mysticism1 with ,sufi philosophies and allegorical fancies of its poets4 ,this soil has been fruitful of many sects4 ,the ,shiahism of ,persia is called the ,religion of the ,twelve because its fundamental doctrine is that the twelve ,imams1 the lineal descendants of ,ali and ,fatima1 the daughter of ,mohammed1 were the rightful ,caliphs of ,islam1 in succession to ,mohammed4 ,in the tenth century 7#cbi ,a4 ,h4 or #idj ,a4 ,d47 the ,twelfth ,imam disappeared into a well1 and still lives in ,jabulka or ,jabulsa whence he is expected to reappear as the ,mahdi or ,kaim4 ,after his concealment1 four persons in succession were channels of communication between him and the faithful4 ,the title given to these was ,bab or the ,gate4 ,among the sects which sprang up among the ,shiahs or were related to them were the ,ismielis1 ,carmathians1 ,druses1 ,hurufis1 ,ali-,allahis or ,nusairiyeh1 ,assassins1 ,batinis and many others4 ,a group of these were called ,ghulat1 because they rendered excessive honour to the ,imams1 believing them to be incarnations of the attributes or essence of ,god4 ,those holding this view anticipated that the ,imam ,mahdi would be a divine ,manifestation4#b ,at the beginning of the nineteenth century1 a sect arose in ,persia1 called ,sheikhis4 ,it received its name from its founder1 ,sheikh ,ahmad of ,ahsa1 #ageb-ahbg4 ,he taught that there was always in the world a perfect ,shiah1 who held communication with the absent ,imam and revealed his will4 ,sheikh ,ahmad was that perfect one4 ,he was favoured by the ,kajar ,shahs and had a considerable following4 ,his successor1 ,haji ,kazim of ,resht1 near the time of his death1 announced to his disciples at ,kerbela that the ,manifestation was at hand4 ,one of his disciples was ,mirza ,ali ,mohammed of ,shiraz4 ,when twenty-four years of age in #ahdd1 he laid claim to be the promised one4 ,he took the title of ,bab1 the ,gate or ,door of communication of the knowledge of ,god4 ,his followers were called ,babis4 ,he soon advanced his station and claimed to be the ,kaim or ,mahdi4 ,still advancing he took the title of ,nukta or ,point of ,divine ,unity and announced his ,revelation or ,bayan as the abrogation of ,islam and the ,koran4 ,from ,shiraz he went to ,mecca and proclaimed his manifestation4 ,on his return he was imprisoned4 ,many of the ,sheikhis became his zealous followers and by their active propaganda caused great agitation throughout ,persia4 ,the ,bab was transferred to the extreme northwest of ,persia and confined in prison at ,maku and ,chirik4 ,his sectaries1 oppressed and persecuted1 rose in arms against ,mohammed ,shah1 anticipating victory through divine interposition4 ,the ,bab was executed at ,tabriz in #ahej4 ,the insurrections were put down and many of the brave captives were treacherously slaughtered4 ,a few ,babis1 seeking revenge1 attempted to assassinate the new ,shah1 ,nasr-ud-,din4 ,this led to cruel reprisals4 ,four score ,babis were executed at ,teheran4 ,others fled into exile1 especially to ,bagdad4 ,among these was ,mirza ,yahya whom the ,bab had appointed his successor4 ,his title was ,subh-i-,azal1 the ,dawn of the ,eternal1 or ,his ,holiness the ,eternal4 ,a special point of the ,bab's teaching was the announcement of the coming of ,him whom ,god should manifest4 ,after his death a number of the ,babis claimed to be the promised incarnation4 ,there was a chaos of divine manifestations1 including ,hazret ,zahib1 ,janab-i-,azim1 ,nabil and others4 ,among these claimants was ,mirza ,husain ,ali1 a son of ,mirza ,abbas1 surnamed ,buzurk1 and his concubine4 ,the father was steward or vizier of the household of ,imam ,werdi ,mirza1 ,governor of ,teheran4 ,he was half brother to ,mirza ,yahya and thirteen years his senior4 ,his title was ,baha ,ullah1 the splendour or glory of ,god4 ,for many years ,baha acted in ,bagdad 7#aheb-fg7 as factotum for ,azal1 and acknowledged him as supreme4 ,then he announced that he himself was ,he whom ,god should manifest1 and took active measures to supplant ,azal4 ,about this time the ,turkish ,government transferred them to ,adrianople4 ,here developed bitter jealousies1 quarrels and foul play4 ,the ,sultan intervened and sent ,subh-i-,azal to ,famagusta1 ,cyprus1 and ,baha ,ullah to ,acca#c 7,acre71 ,syria1 ,august #ahfh4 ,both were granted pensions and kept under police surveillance as parties dangerous to religion and the state4 ,azal continued to be the head of the ,babis1 called henceforth also ,azalis4 ,baha attracted most of the ,babis to himself1 and they became known as ,bahais4 ,baha relegated the ,bab to the position of a forerunner1 and declared the ,bayan and other books of the ,bab to be superseded by his own ,revelations4 ,he changed in a measure the doctrines and laws of ,babism1 liberalizing its provisions4 ,he put himself forward as the ,lord of a new dispensation1 the founder of a new religion4 ,during the next quarter of a century ,bahaism made little stir in ,persia4 ,its advancement was by no means as rapid as during the earlier years of the ,bab4 ,the zeal and devotion of the followers sensibly slackened4 ,tagiya 7dissimulation regarding one's religion7 was allowed and practiced4 ,the fierce warriors turned to professing the doctrines of expediency1 condemning as unwise zealots the fighting ,babis of the previous generation4 ,during these years they escaped bloody persecutions except in rare instances4 ,they tried to make their peace with the ,shah1 constantly emphasizing their loyalty1 expurgating their books to suppress condemnation of the dynasty1 and inducing the ,sadr-,azam1 the ,prime ,minister of ,nasr-i-,din ,shah1 to tolerate and befriend them4 ,in ,acca1 too1 ,baha soon acquired considerable freedom1 built a palace1 called ,bahja1 in a delightful garden and freely received the pilgrims4 ,he sent out many tablets1 composed his ,books of ,revelation and had them published in ,bombay4 ,he died at ,acca in ,may1 #ahib1 in his seventy-fifth year4 ,his temple tomb is near the ,bahja4 ,baha's haram consisted of two wives and a concubine4 ,after his death1 the sons of the different wives quarrelled regarding the succession4 ,abbas ,effendi1 the only son of the oldest wife1 proclaimed himself the successor1 the ,interpreter1 the ,centre of the ,covenant1 the ,source of ,authority4 ,mohammed ,ali and his brothers strenuously opposed ,abbas and intense animosity was engendered which divided the followers in ,acca and ,persia4 ,abbas drew the greater number with him4 ,he assumed the title of ,abdul ,baha 7,servant of ,baha74 ,he has the ambition to make the faith a world religion and has inaugurated a propaganda in the ,west4 ,after the proclamation of constitutional liberty in ,turkey1 he resided in ,egypt4 ,later he made several journeys to ,europe and one to ,north ,america4 ,his visit to the ,occident brought him into the lime-light4 ,he was given good opportunity to present his cause4 ,the addresses of this ,infallible ,interpreter of the cult did not reveal clearly the real doctrines and aim of the movement4 ,abdul ,baha confined himself mainly to the utterance of popular platitudes such as are stock-in-trade for a multitude of social and religious reformers1 and most of which are original and accepted principles and precepts of ,christianity4 ,the real claims of ,bahaism are set forth in the ,books and ,tablets 7,epistles7 of ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha1 and in a considerable literature by ,persian and ,american ,bahais4 ,abdul ,baha is an intelligent1 well informed man1 of fair sagacity4 ,he was educated at home after the custom of ,persia4 ,he says of himself1 ,i have studied ,arabic profoundly and know the ,arabic better than the ,arabians themselves4 ,i have studied the ,persian and ,turkish in my native land1 besides other languages of the ,east4 ,but when ,i visit the ,west ,i need an interpreter4#d ,he said to ,doctor ,jessup1 ,yes1 ,i know your ,beirut ,press and your books4 ,his references to ancient and modern philosophers1 to historical events and to ,european writers1 quoting from the same1 show some familiarity with literature4#e ,he repudiates the claims of some of his disciples that he has no literary culture1 as that of ,abul ,fazl#f or of ,m4 ,a4 ,lucas who says3#g ,he has had no access to books1 yet his knowledge is unbounded4 ,on this point ,professor ,cheyne remarks3#h ,his public addresses prove that through this and that channel he has imbibed something of humanistic and even scientific culture4 ,he must have had some one to guide him in the tracks of modern inquiry4 ,i venture to hope that his expounding may not1 in the future1 extend to philosophic1 philological1 scientific1 and exegetical details4 ,abdul ,baha may fall into error on secular problems1 among which it is obvious to include ,biblical and ,koranic exegesis4 ,i am bound to say that ,baha ,ullah has made mistakes and the almost equally venerated ,abdul ,baha has made many slips4#i ,a word should be said about the number of ,bahais4 ,i have many data on this point1 but can here give only a summary4 ,regarding their numbers1 the ,bahais have indulged in gross exaggeration4 ,millions is the usual figure used by ,american ,bahais4 ,thus ,phelps#aj speaks of the millions of ,bahais in ,persia4 ,mac,nutt1 in ,unity through ,love1 declares that ,his followers number millions from all the religious systems of the world4 ,kheiralla#aa says3 ,abdul ,karim1 #ahif1 assured me that the believers in ,baha were fifty millions4 ,i wrote to ,syria to ask4 ,sayid ,mohammed1 secretary of ,abbas ,effendi1 said that the number was fifty-five million souls4 ,kheiralla afterwards denounces it as a gross deceit4 ,as to ,persia1 they place the proportion at one-third or one-half4 ,dreyfus writes1#ab ,probably half the population of ,persia is ,bahai4 ,some judicious non-,bahai writers allow them half a million or less in ,persia on a basis of ten millions of population4 ,american missionaries1 as ,jordan at ,teheran1 ,frame at ,resht and ,shedd at ,urumia1 calculate that the number in ,persia does not exceed #ajj1jjj to #bjj1jjj4 ,after careful inquiry ,i agree with this estimate4 ,as to other races and countries1 let us see4 ,abul ,fazl claims#ac that ,jews1 ,zoroastrians1 and ,nusaireyah by thousands are ,bahais4 ,m4 ,haidar ,ali#ad says3 ,the majority of ,zoroastrians are recognized as ,bahais in all sincerity4 ,on the contrary ,professor ,browne writes3#ae ,i had been informed that ,zoroastrians were accepting ,bahaism4 ,however after much intercourse with the ,zoroastrians of ,yezd and ,kerman for the space of three and a half months1 ,i came to the conclusion that few1 if any1 had adopted the ,bahai creed4 ,in ,india the proportion of ,parsee-,bahais is very small4 ,as to ,jews3--,remey says3 ,in ,hamadan there is a large ,israelitish following of ,baha4 ,a census made by a ,european ,jew showed exactly #ei parents and with their children #aid persons out of a population of #f1jjj ,jews4 ,as to the ,united ,states1 ,i give some particulars in the closing chapter4 ,the census of #aijf reported #a1bhj ,bahais1 which may have increased to two or three thousand4 ,in the ,turkish empire they are few1 for ,sunni ,moslems are utterly indifferent to ,bahaism4 ,the ,egyptian ,gazette says of ,egypt where ,abdul ,baha resided for two years1 ,the new religion has made little perceptible progress2 ,islam remained indifferent1 and the ,christian community was ignorant of his presence4 ,of ,syria1 ,mr4 ,phelps wrote3#af ,all the ,bahais in ,acca are ,persians4 ,no other nationalities are among them4 ,the inference is plain that no native of ,acca had become ,bahai through forty years of contact with ,baha and his seventy followers4 ,bahais outside of ,persia are probably all told not more than #ae1jjj and one-third of these are ,persians in ,russia4 ,abdul ,baha gave the impression that many of the ,christians of ,persia are converts to ,baha4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,shedd wrote1 #ahid1 ,i have heard of no case of a ,christian conversion to ,bahaism4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,holmes wrote1 #aijc1 ,i do not know of a single ,christian in ,persia1 who has been converted to ,bahaism4 ,some ,bahais who made a profession of ,christianity turned back to ,baha4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hawkes declares that in his observation none of the members of the ,syrian 7,nestorian7 or ,armenian churches in ,persia have become ,bahais4#ag ,i have known of one ,armenian family in ,resht and two men in ,maraga1 one of whom was a notorious ne'er-do-well1 who kept up his opium using as before4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,prof4 ,e4 ,g4 ,browne says 7,a ,literary ,history of ,persia1 p4 #caa71 ,the resemblance between these numerous sects1 whose history can be traced through the last eleven centuries and a half1 is most remarkable and extends even to the minute details of terminology4 ,the doctrines appear to be endemic in ,persia1 and in our own days appeared again in the ,babi movement4 #c ,at that very time the chief of the ,vashratis1 who held that ,sheikh ,ali ,nur-i-,din1 of ,tunis1 was a ,manifestation of ,mohammed1 and his essence divine1 was in exile in ,acca4 ,he was in friendly relations with ,baha4 #d ,star of the ,west1 ,april #i1 #aiac1 p4 #ce4 #e ,phelps' ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #bbg4 #f ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #id1 #aji4 #g ,my ,visit to ,acca4 #h ,the ,reconciliation of ,races and ,religions1 pp4 #aee1 #aei4 #i ,the ,reconciliation of ,races and ,religions1 p4 #aha4 #aj ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #ajj4 #aa ,three ,questions1 p4 #bb4 #ab ,page #db4 #ac ,page #fd4 #ad ,martyrdoms in #aijc4 #ae ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 p4 #eja1 #ahhi4 #af ,page #aji4 #ag ,r4 ,e4 ,speer's ,missions and ,modern ,hist41 pp4 #aeg1 #aha4 ,,ii ,the ,general ,claims of ,bahaism ,the conception on which ,bahaism bases its claim is false4 ,truth does not grow old1 nor is it possible to change the religion with the growth of the race4 ,a universal religion must present truth in a form that will reach men in every stage of civilization1 for the reason that in every period of the world since the dawn of history there have been simultaneously men in every stage of intellectual development4--,w4 ,a4 ,shedd in ,miss4 ,review of the ,world4 ,it 7,bahaism7 has not enough assurance of personal immortality to satisfy such ,western minds as are repelled by the barren and jejune ethical systems of agnostics1 positivists1 and humanitarians who would give us rules to regulate a life which they have rendered meaningless4--,professor ,browne in ,phelps' ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 xviii4 ,the essence of being a ,bahai is a boundless devotion to the person of the ,manifestation and a profound belief that he is divine and of a different order from all other beings4--,professor ,browne1 ,art4 ,bab in ,ency4 of ,religion and ,ethics4 ,the claims of ,bahaism are many and varied4 ,they cover a wide range4 ,i will first consider its general claims and of these the most significant4 ,i4 ,first of all1 ,bahais claim that a new religion is needed4 ,all the great religions1 they say1 were true in their day2 not only ,moses1 ,christ1 and ,mohammed1 but ,zoroaster1 ,confucius1 and ,buddha were ,divine ,manifestations1 and revealed ,god's truth4 ,but now the old religions are dead4 ,abdul ,baha#ah says3 ,the ,spirit has passed away from the bodies of the old religions4 ,while the forms of their doctrines remain1 the ,spirit has fled4 ,the principles of the religion#ai of ,christ have been forgotten4 ,it is then clear and evident that in the passage of time religions become entirely changed4 ,therefore they are renewed4 ,there is to-day#bj nothing more than traditions to feed upon4444 ,the world of humanity is in the dark4 ,one chapter in ,thornton ,chase's ,the ,bahai ,revelation is headed ,the ,bahai ,revelation is needed4 ,this he argues1 stating 7#a7 that ,christianity is condemned because after #aijj years it has not been accepted by all people2 7#b7 because it refuses to reject miracles and the blood atonement and will not confine itself to the principles of ,jesus1 as the ,brahma ,samaj2 7#c7 because it tends to separate peoples1 holding itself to be the only religion authorized by ,god2 7#d7 because people are dwelling in bondage and are no longer satisfied4 ,tares are many and ,baha ,ullah must come and uproot them4#ba ,the old order of things is passing away1 says ,sprague2#bb people are being tossed about with every wind of doctrine4 ,true religion is forgotten1 says ,phelps1#bc or has become a hollow name2 faith has waned1 men are wandering in the dark4 ,this decay1 they teach1 is inevitable and in accord with divine arrangement4 ,they deny the belief of ,christians that ,christianity is the permanent religion of humanity2 and that of ,moslems1 that ,mohammed was the seal of the prophets1 and hold that ,christianity was succeeded by ,islam1 ,islam by ,babism1 and ,babism by ,bahaism4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,time changes all things4 ,transmutation and change are requirements of life4 ,all religions of ,god are subject to the same law4 ,they are founded in order to blossom out and develop and fulfill their mission4 ,they reach their zenith and then decline and come to an end4 ,a new cycle must begin1 for the world needs a new luminary4 ,it is not necessary to refute the fundamental fallacy of this first claim1 for it is patent that ,christianity is alive and growing4 ,its manifold spiritual activities1 its varied and progressive efforts for righteousness and peace among men1 for social and moral reforms1 its zeal for ,missions and their marvellous success1 show that ,christianity is neither stagnant nor dead4 ,it has a forward triumphant movement4 ,the ,church renews its strength from its divine ,head2 ,he1 alive forevermore1 is its ,light and its ,life4 ,,ii4 ,bahaism claims to be the divine ,revelation in this new cycle--a new ,dispensation or ,covenant4 ,it disclaims being a new religion1 affirming rather that it is a renewal of religion or religion renewed4 ,one writes3 ,the ,revelation is not a new religion1 but the very essence of ,god's word as taught by ,christ 7and ,moses and ,mohammed71 but not perceived by ,christians at large 7nor by ,jews nor ,mohammedans74 ,baha ,ullah#bd says3 ,of the utterances of the prophets of the past we have taken the essence1 and in the garment of brevity clothed it4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,the same basis1 which was laid by ,christ and later on forgotten1 has been renewed by ,baha ,ullah4 ,all that is true in all religions will stand2 by the new ,dispensation1 new spirit is infused into these teachings4#be ,phelps#bf says3 ,the body of doctrine which ,bahaism teaches is not put forward in any sense or particular as new1 but as a unification and synthesis of all other religions4 ,of its system of morals the same is true4 ,it is a restatement in unsystematic form of common ethics4 ,it reiterates the second table of the ,mosaic ,law1 and the ,new ,testament principles of brotherly love and unity4 ,yet in some of his addresses ,abdul ,baha names certain principles as new in the ,bahai faith1 such as universal peace1 the unity of humanity1 arbitration1 compulsory education of both sexes1 the harmony of science and religion1 the evil of prejudice and fanaticism1 need of investigating the truth1 etc4 ,not one of these is new2 not one owes its position in the world of thought or activity to the ,bahai propaganda4 ,but whether ,bahaism claims to be new in its principles or disclaims it1 in fact it is a new religion4 ,the disavowals are1 no doubt1 made for the sake of obtaining easier access to the followers of the old religions1 and are only a temporary expediency4 ,in this they are simply following the example of ,mohammed1 who proclaimed his message to the people of ,arabia as the religion of ,abraham1 and as the same as that of the ,law and the ,gospels4 ,but it is evident that ,bahaism is inconsistent with ,christianity1 as indeed with ,islam4 ,bahais' claims1 if admitted1 would lead to the superseding of ,christianity4 ,this will appear when ,i state its doctrines4 ,the present attitude of ,bahais in maintaining connection with ,christian ,churches and at the same time worshipping ,baha and propagating ,bahaism is one of intellectual stultification or of moral blindness4 ,in the same way1 in ,moslem lands1 ,bahais conform to the externals of ,islam4 ,in the case of the latter the cause of this is often moral obliquity or fear2 with deceived ,christian brethren it is probably ignorance2 by the ,bahai propagandist it is allowed from astute policy4 ,it is an intellectual impossibility for one to accept the teachings of ,baha ,ullah and to be his disciple and at the same time to be an intelligent disciple of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the one excludes the other4 ,bahaism is a distinct religion4 ,it is not even a sect of ,islam4 ,it abrogates and annuls it4 ,professor ,browne says3 ,as ,christianity is a different religion from ,judaism1 and as ,islam is distinct from ,christianity1 so ,bahaism is a separate religion1 distinct from ,christianity or ,islam4 ,it even superseded and abrogated ,babism4 ,the ,bab has been relegated to the background1 and put into the position of a ,john the ,baptist4 ,his book1 the ,bayan1 is long ago neglected to such an extent that ,professor ,browne had difficulty in obtaining a copy in ,persia4 ,remey#bg says3 ,babism fulfilled its purpose1 and when this was accomplished in the appearance of ,baha ,ullah1 it1 as such1 ceased to exist4 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl#bh says3 ,babism is not the same religion or creed as ,bahaism4 ,a statement of the fundamental doctrines of ,bahaism will suffice to show that it is a distinct religion4 7#a7 ,the fundamental assertion of ,bahaism is that ,baha ,ullah is the ,manifestation or ,incarnation of ,god the ,father4 ,baha ,ullah says of himself in his letter to the ,pope3 ,o ,pope6 ,this is indeed the ,father of whom ,isaiah gave you tidings and the ,comforter whom ,christ promised4 ,abdul ,baha affirms3 ,the ,father1 foretold by ,christ1 has come amongst us4 ,the ,father of ,christ is come among you4#bi ,the manifested ,god ,himself has come4#cj ,he is called the ,lord of ,hosts1 the ,lord ,god ,almighty1 ,creator of whomsoever is in the world1 also the ,ruler4 ,abdul ,baha cabled back to ,america after his voyage3 ,thanks to ,baha ,ullah1 we arrived safely at ,liverpool4#ca ,instead of beginning a book1 as the ,moslems do1 ,in the name of ,god1 the ,bahais begin1 ,in the ,name of our ,lord ,el ,baha4 ,the ,persian ,bahais accept this teaching4 ,one of them in ,tabriz declared to me3 ,baha is very ,god of very ,god4 ,m4 ,abdul ,karim delivered the doctrine in this form to the disciples in ,america#cb and said3 ,upon the ,day1 when ,god ,almighty1 in the form of man known as ,baha ,ullah declared ,himself and said1 ',i am ,god and there is no ,god but ,me1' the old heavens and old earth passed away1 all things became new4 ,so it continues to be preached4 ,mr4 ,remey#cc says in the ,bahai monthly 7the capitals are his73 ,this one is ,,the ,,father ,himself1 ,the ,manifested ,,god ,himself ,,bahaullah4 7#b7 ,the ,revelation of ,baha is contained in his ,books and ,tablets 7,epistles74 ,some of these are the ,ikan1 the ,surat ul-,haykal1 the ,hidden ,words1 the ,seven ,valleys1 and the ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,remey#cd pronounces them ,the latest and greatest of ,god's revelations to the world4 ,they contain knowledge which was sealed and closed up by the prophets of bygone cycles1 so that the minds of the wisest of men were unable to comprehend it4 ,thornton ,chase1 exceeding the others in his extravagant language1 declares that were all the books of former days lost and forgotten1 the whole of true religious teaching could be found in the ',bahai ,revelation4' ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 ,the ,most ,holy ,book1 is called by ,m4 ,abul ,fazl the greatest and most important4 ,it consists of #adf pages of manuscript1 about #aj1jjj words4 ,it was written at ,acca in ,persian and ,arabic4 ,it has been translated into ,russian1 and a synopsis of it is given by ,professor ,browne1#ce of ,cambridge ,university1 in the ,journal of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 #ahib1 of which ,i make use4 ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas warns the learned against criticizing it1 and in imitation of ,mohammed challenges them to produce the like of it4 ,it is similar in its teachings to the ,bayan of the ,bab1 though less fantastic and mystical4 ,its contents are confused and unsystematic4 ,it has laws--ceremonial1 moral1 civil1 criminal--mingled with rhapsodies1 exhortations1 addresses1 and various digressions4 ,after an introduction and some laws1 follow addresses to the ,emperor of ,germany and to the ,sultan of ,turkey1 to the cities of ,teheran and ,kirman1 and to the province of ,khorasan4 ,after more laws there is a digression about revelation2 then more laws and a digression about the ,bab2 again sundry laws1 followed by a denunciation of ,subh-i-,azal1 and this by various civil laws1 ending with a command to select a universal language4 ,the book is a medley1 and bears internal evidence of the truth of the tradition that it was written piecemeal in answer to various questions from believers4 ,the fragments were jumbled together without order4 ,the learned are reminded by ,baha that he never studied the sciences1 and there is too abundant evidence in the book itself to confirm the statement4 ,it ranks far below ,deuteronomy as a system of laws or a literary composition4 ,the opening words of the ,book of ,akdas state the conditions of entrance into the religion of ,baha3 7#a7 ,verily the first thing which ,god hath ordained unto ,his servants is the knowledge of the ,dawning-,place of the ,revelation i4 e41 of ,baha4 ,whosoever hath attained thereunto hath attained unto all good2 and he who is deprived thereof is indeed of the people of error--even though he bringeth all good actions4 7#b7 ,it behoveth every one to follow that whereunto he is commanded4 ,these two things are inseparable4 ,acceptance of ,baha as the ,manifestation of ,god and following ,him in obedience are the two conditions of discipleship4 7#c7 ,a third condition has been added since the death of ,baha--namely1 adherence to ,abdul ,baha ,abbas as supreme ,head1 the centre of the covenant4 ,this assumption of authority by ,abbas caused a bitter and angry schism at ,acca4 ,remey#cf says3 ,he ,baha has pointed to the one who should be looked upon as authority by all1 and has closed the doors to outside interpretation4 ,therefore obedience and submission must be shown completely to him4 ,mirza ,asad ,ullah#cg says3 ,whosoever turns away from ,abdul ,baha is one of the companions of the left hand a goat1 and one of the letters of hell-fire4 ,the rejectors of ,abdul ,baha are termed ,nakazeen--the violators4 ,they are cut off1 are no longer of the ,kingdom4 ,they are spiritual corpses1 from them goes forth a poisonous infection1 they have a vile odour1 says ,abdul ,baha1#ch the preacher of brotherly love and unity4 ,in this way they fulfill their boast of consorting with all men in harmony and fragrance4 ,the minority seem to have the best of the argument1#ci but ,abbas has established himself as ,supreme ,pontiff4 ,his most honoured agents call him by titles which imply his divinity4 ,american pilgrims worship him as ,christ1 the ,master4#dj ,sprague#da declares him to be the third of the great ,trinity of ,revelators4 ,m4 ,abul ,karim#db writes3 ,god appeared in the ,bab as the ,holy ,ghost1 in ,baha as the ,father1 in ,abbas as ,his ,son4 ,mrs4 ,grundy#dc says3 ,within ,abdul ,baha is the inexhaustible fountain of knowledge4 ,remey#dd says3 ,through ,abdul ,baha and through him only can believers receive the spiritual power and sustenance necessary for their growth4 ,among ,abbas's titles are the ,greatest ,branch of ,god1 the ,mystery of ,god4#de ,these are a few of the salient points of the new revelation4 ,,iii4 ,another claim of ,bahaism is that of superiority to former religions4 7a7 ,its founder is declared to be superior in his personality1 in his divine knowledge1 in his power of revealing4 ,in what has already been quoted1 this is evident4 ,the great cycle which began in ,adam is said to have reached its culmination in ,baha ,ullah4 ,the ,manifestations are ended by the appearance of this1 which is the greatest of all ,manifestations1 which manifests itself only once in #ejj1jjj years4 ,he is exalted above all those who are upon earth and in the heaven4 ,abdul ,baha#df says3 ,consider the time of ,jesus4 ,this is greater than that for as much as it is the calling of the ,lord of ,hosts4 ,all the great prophets were perfect mirrors of ,god--manifestations of the ',primal ,will' of ,god--and sinless1 but in ,baha#dg in some sense the ,divine ,essence is manifested4 ,phelps#dh says3 ,he is greater than his predecessors4 ,baha1 says ,kheiralla1#di is the ,everlasting ,father1 who spoke in ,abraham1 ,moses1 and ,jesus ,christ1 who were ,his ministers1 and at these latter days ,he came ,himself in the flesh to judge the quick and the dead4 ,abbas said to ,mrs4 ,grundy3 ,baha is the consummation of all degrees4 ,he is the ,revelation of all truth and light4 ,christ is the vine1 ,baha is the husbandman--the ,lord of the vineyard4 ,a poem says of ,baha3 ,by ,his life-fostering lip live a hundred such as ,jesus2 ,by the ,sinai of ,his aspect sit a thousand such as ,moses2 ,thou1 on the night of ascent1 didst entertain the prophet as ,thy guest4 ,refrain3-- ,the ,temple of ,god's glory is none other than ,baha2 ,if one seeks ,god1 let him seek ,him in ,baha4 ,thou art the ,king of the ,realm of the everlasting1 ,thou art the ,manifestation of the essence of the ,lord of ,glory1 ,the ,creator of ,creation4 ,such are some of the great swelling words with which his followers exalt ,baha4 ,yet when we examine his life we find nothing to justify such extravagance4 ,he was simply a man of like passions as others4 ,it may seem invidious to refer to scandalous stories of ,baha's youth in ,teheran4 ,but does not truth demand that it be stated that his reputation in ,persia is sullied by definite accusations of vice and immorality8 ,i have heard such narratives with statements of the time1 place1 and associates who were partakers of his guilt4 ,his family in riper years exhibits no higher example than a bigamous household4 ,according to the narrative of ,abdul ,baha in the ,traveller's ,narrative1#ej he planned in duplicity to reach the headship of the ,babis2 for while purposing all the while to set forth a claim for himself1 he put forward his half-brother1 ,subh-i-,azal1 as the successor of the ,bab--to protect himself and to insure his own safety during times of danger4 ,he outwardly supported ,azal for many years1 while secretly planning to supplant him4 ,while acting as ,azal's trusted minister1 he was drawing the people to himself4 ,we pass over the attempts of these brothers to poison each other4 ,each accuses#ea the other1 and1 as the ,persians say1 ,god knows whether both speak the truth4 ,we pass over1 at present1 the definite accusations against the ,bahais of assassinating the ,azalis4#eb ,in the notorious case where ,azalis were foully murdered#ec by ,bahais at ,acca1 and the latter were brought to trial before the ,turkish authorities1 they were defended and kept in favour by ,baha4 ,he had near ,subh-i-,azal a spy named ,maskin ,kalam1#ed who by guile and deceit kept away any who wished to visit ,azal4 ,he received this disciple to his intimate circle after years of such active deception4 ,azal1 who is called by ,bahais the point of ,satan1 and is likened to ,cain and ,judas1 has a character gentler1 more lovable1 and more sincere than ,baha as the two are depicted in the writings of ,professor ,browne2 albeit1 ,baha is abler1 more astute1 more a leader of men4 ,professor ,browne1 in his interviews at ,famagusta and at ,acca1 did obeisance to each of them4 ,his bow to ,azal may have been one of respect for his character or disposition2 his bow to ,baha must rather have been out of regard for his influence and leadership4 ,but after all we need not wonder so much at the delusion of the ,bahais in exalting ,baha1 for we are familiar with ,dowie and ,zion ,city1 and with ,joseph ,smith and the ,mormons4 ,and we are surely led to expect the appearance of such a deceiver who as ,god sitteth in the temple of ,god1 showing himself that he is ,god4 ,bahais certainly1 in the words of the ,apostle1#ee have strong delusion1 that they should believe a lie4 7b7 ,the ,bahais claim superiority for the books and writings of ,baha ,ullah4 7#a7 ,as to the rapidity of their composition1 their style1 and their quantity4 ,one of the proofs of the ,bab was the rapidity with which he composed verses1#ef with amazing rapidity1 without any reflection4 ,sayid ,yahya of ,darab1 one of his first converts1#eg was gained by such a sign1 implying1 as was supposed1 divine inspiration4 ,he propounded certain questions4 ,the messenger brought the answer1 of which he says3 ,i beheld a marvel a hundred thousandfold beyond what ,i sought for4 ,over two thousand verses and illustrations of eloquence and beauty of style revealed and written down during five or six hours4 ,so also in ,ispahan1 in answer to the ,imam-,juma#eh3 ,the ,bab began to write1 and in three hours wrote #a1jjj verses4 ,then the ,imam-,juma was convinced that such power was from ,god1 being beyond the capacity of man4 ,in his trial at ,tabriz#ei the ,bab cited as a proof of his divine mission3 ,i can write in one day #b1jjj verses4 ,who else can do this8 ,in like manner the claim was made for ,baha ,ullah that he could compose with miraculous rapidity4 ,the maximum speed of ,baha's revelation is said to be #a1ejj verses in one hour4 ,these were written without premeditation or reflection1#fj and often dictated to his amanuensis4 ,to ,baha is attributed the marvellous feat of composing and writing the ,ikan in a single night4 ,this book in its ,english translation consists of #ahd printed pages4 ,the translator1 ,mirza ,ali ,kuli ,khan1 ,persian ,charge des ,affaires at ,washington1 a zealous ,bahai1 says in his preface3#fa ,according to the prevailing opinion of ,bahais1 the ',ikan' was written in one night by the supreme pen4 ,he argues 7faint-heartedly apparently7 for the truth of the statement1 and cites ,abul ,fazl as corroborating the tradition4 ,it is altogether probable that ,baha prepared the ,ikan during his retirement for two years to ,kurdistan1 in the region of ,suleimaniyeh4 ,it is curious to note how the ,bahais have outdone ,mohammed4 ,he made his verses 7ayat signs71 and their eloquence and beauty the signs of his mission4 ,but ,babis and ,bahais add rapidity of composition as an additional sign or miracle4 ,the quantity of the writings is also emphasized as proving their divine source and power4 ,it was a matter of boasting that the ,bab's writings were from #ajj1jjj to #ejj1jjj verses1 and he was executed at twenty-five years of age4 ,of ,baha's ,abdul ,baha says3 ,the ,books of his ,holiness number more than #ajj2 each one sufficient for mankind4 ,abul ,fazl#fb writes3 ,his ,holy ,tablets exceed in quantity the ,heavenly ,books and ,divine ,writings possessed by all the different nations of the earth4 ,the number of these tablets is stated to be over #a1jjj4 ,by way of contrast1 ,christ's teachings are said by ,abdul ,baha to consist of only a dozen pages scattered in the ,gospels4 ,when they speak of the style1 the eloquence1 the enlightening power of ,baha's writings1 it is with similar superlative adjectives of high-flown ,persian rhetoric4 ,it is hardly necessary to call attention to the fact that this so-called proof is simply a matter of assertion and opinion4 ,as to rapidity1 we could wish ,baha had taken more time and made such books as the ,kitab-ul-,akdas more systematic1 for1 as we have pointed out1 it is sadly lacking in plan4 ,the veriest tyro could improve on it by rewriting4 ,if quantity were an argument1 the product of ,baha's pen has been exceeded by many ,christian and ,moslem divines4 ,besides1 what advantage is it for a religion to be set forth in #ajj volumes8 ,will ,god be heard for ,his much speaking any more than man would be8 ,the story of redemption and ,god's revelation through #d1jjj years makes but one goodly volume4 ,as to style1 the ,persians would scorn to have the beauty of their great poets or of such writings as the ,masnavi put into comparison with the ,ikan or ,akdas4 ,the ,bab's writings were not even grammatical4 ,baha's are more intelligible than the ,bab's1 but lack his originality and depth4 ,baha's style is rhetorical1 verbose1 prolix1 but with a certain strength4 ,but ,mirza ,abul ,fazl holds a more forceful and sagacious pen4 ,in some things ,baha's writings remind one of the ,church ,fathers in contrast to the ,gospel narratives4 ,the quantity of his writings1 his system of quotations from former ,holy ,books1 his allegorical interpretations1 recall ,irenaeus or ,origen4 ,as to verses in general1 and their rhetorical quality as a proof of divine inspiration and revelation1 it would be well for ,bahais to remember that the ,bab recognized divine quality in the verses of ,subh-i-,azal1 which the ,bahais reject with disdain4 ,when the verses of ,azal came to the ,bab1 he rejoiced exceedingly1#fc nominated him as his successor1 and left to him the completion of the ,bayan4 ,was he mistaken in so important a matter8 ,however that may be1 the ,bahais contradict him and pronounce the verses of ,azal good for nothing4 ,m4 ,ahmad ,zohrab1#fd the interpreter of ,abdul ,baha1 avers that the writings of ,azal are most childish4 ,they are jumbled1 confused1 meaningless composition4 ,another ,bahai1 ,nabil the poet1 at one time wrote revealed verses1 and ,azal approved of them and sealed their inspiration4 ,afterwards ,nabil repudiated his own divinity4 ,evidently1 then1 the proof from verses is a very uncertain and unreliable one4 7#b7 ,they claim superiority for the contents of the ,revelation4 ,in describing the substance and variety of it1 their great swelling words know no bounds4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,they are universal1 covering every subject4 ,he has revealed scientific explanations ranging throughout all the realms of human inquiry--astronomy1 biology1 medicine1 etc4 ,he wrote lengthy tablets upon civilization1 sociology1 and government4 ,one book of the ,blessed ,perfection is more comprehensive than fifty volumes of the world's greatest wisdom4 ,empty boasting6 ,professor ,browne#fe says3 ,the countless tablets are for the most part rhapsodies interspersed with ethical maxims4 ,let us give a few of ,baha's revelations on morals1 philosophy1 and science4 ,his ethics permit bigamy and tagiya1 dissimulation regarding one's faith2 his ,law punishes habitual theft by branding1 and arson by burning1 and compounds adultery with a small fine2 his philosophy affirms the eternity of matter and the emanation theory of divine ,manifestations2 his science decides the purity of water by three points--colour1 taste1 and smell--but knows nothing of analysis1 and affirms that the food of the future will be fruits and grains2 it abolished the weeks and months and substitutes nineteen months of nineteen days each1 and a system of nineteen units for the decimal or metric system2 it creates a new alphabet to bother childhood2 its ritual for prayer1 fasting1 and pilgrimage somewhat resembles the ,moslem1 with times and places changed4 ,these are samples of its new and superior 787 laws and precepts1 which are mingled with a mass of ordinary moral teaching4 ,there is far too much of it for a religious system1 but it is entirely inadequate as a judicial and criminal code4 ,abul ,fazl#ff grossly exaggerates when he writes that ,baha has enacted laws and regulations concerning every point or subject4 ,as a system ,bahaism is not superlative4 ,it is1 says ,professor ,browne1#fg at most a new synthesis of old ideas2 ideas with which the ,eastern mind has for centuries been familiar1 and which have ere now been more clearly and more logically systematized by older schools of thought1 though perhaps they were without a certain tincture of modern ,western terminology which is perceptible in ,bahaism4 ,of the doctrines of the ,bab--and the same is true of ,bahaism--taken separately1 there was hardly one of which he could claim to be the author1 and not many which did not remount to a remote antiquity4#fh ,the theories of symbolism1#fi incarnation1 and other doctrines differ in no essential particular from those held by the ,ismielis4 ,if desirable1 the doctrines and laws could be traced severally1 as has been done by ,doctor ,tisdall in his ,yanab-ul-,islam regarding the ,koran1 and the source of each shown4 ,borrowing so much from the ,shiah sects1 its fundamental basis in philosophic thought is inferior even to ,islam4 ,but because it borrows so much from the enlightened principles and practices of advanced ,christian peoples1 its moral system is an advance on ,islam4 ,christianity may boldly assert its unique superiority to this half-cooked system1 to use a ,persian idiom4 ,professor ,browne#gj vetoes its claim to superiority1 saying3 ,i do not admit that the ,bahai or any other religion can supply a rule of life higher than that which ,christ has given us4 ,discussing with the ,bahais in ,shiraz1#ga he said3 ,the religion of ,mohammed was certainly not a higher development of the religion of ,christ4 ,it is impossible for any one who has understood the teachings of ,christ to prefer the teachings of ,mohammed4 ,as you say each ,manifestation must be fuller1 completer1 and more perfect than the last1 you must prove that the doctrines taught by ,baha are superior to those of ,christ--a thing that ,i confess seems to be almost impossible1 for ,i cannot imagine a doctrine purer and more elevated than that of ,christ4 ,,iv4 ,bahaism claims to be the ,universal ,religion4 ,dreyfus called his book on ,bahaism ,the ,universal ,religion4 ,remey#gb says3 ,the ,universal ,religion is what the ,bahai movement offers to the world4 ,phelps#gc says3 ,it is divinely inspired world-religion in its first youth4 ,baha ,ullah is a world-teacher in a broader sense than they--i4 e41 the founders of other religions4 ,this claim is not only that it is intended for all people1 under all conditions1 and is adapted to all1 but that it is so all-inclusive and latitudinarian that it can#gd unite all those now following many systems into one universal faith1 and that each religious sect#ge will hear in the words of ,baha its own oft-repeated message1 which has been dulled and distorted4 ,the latter phase of this claim we may dismiss in a word4 ,it is simply a gloss4 ,it is an imagination of enthusiastic ,bahais4 ,neither ,christians1 ,moslems1 nor others will be thus included1 except some few before they understand ,bahaism4 ,the only inclusion it offers is by accepting the divine character and mission of ,baha and ,abbas2#gf in other words1 by becoming ,bahais4 ,when they address the ,hindu1 saying1 ,we are one with you1 ,we teach the original ,hinduism of your fathers1 it is simply to add3 ,baha is the fulfillment of your books1 follow him4 ,when they allow the ,jewish ,bahai of ,hamadan still to consort with the ,jews as a ,jew1 and to be baptized and pass as a ,christian at the same time1 it is an inclusiveness which is unjustifiable and deceitful4 ,it is teaching tagiya or religious dissimulation to other races after the manner of the ,persian ,shiahs4 ,it is1 at most1 merely a temporary subterfuge4 ,let such double-faced ,bahais read ,remey's article in the ,star of the ,west1#gg entitled ,let the ,new follow the ,new1 and they will see how untenable is their position4 ,he says3 ,the ,bahai ,cause is not merely one of many phases of universal truth 7as some say71 but is the only living truth to-day2 the only source of divine knowledge to mankind4 ,the revelation of ,jesus was for ,his own dispensation--that of 'the ,son4' ,now it is no longer the point of guidance to the world4 ,we are in total darkness if we are refusing the revelation of the present dispensation4 ,bahais must be severed from all and everything that is past--things both good and bad--everything4 ,now all is changed4 ,all the teachings of the past are past4 ,abdul ,baha is now supplying all the world4 ,we read this1 with amazement at such pretensions1 such groundless assumptions1 yet are pleased with the ring of sincerity4 ,we1 too1 say1 ,let a ,bahai stand for ,bahaism4 ,even so1 let a ,christian stand for ,christianity1 and not stultify his intellect by professing to hold to both religions4 ,but such teachings as ,remey's absolutely negative the claim of ,bahaism to be able to include the professors of all religions4 ,in conclusion1 ,bahaism aims at being universal just as every other ism1 even as ,mormonism1 by persuading the world to forsake its old faiths and adopt its new dogmas4 ,baha#gh states in a tablet3 ,blessed is the brave one1 who1 with a firm step1 walks out of the corridors of intimacy the old religious restrictions and takes a place in the ranks4 ,is ,bahaism fitted to be a universal religion8 ,it has copied much from ,christianity and ,islam2 it would not be strange if it has caught something of the same impetus towards universality4 ,this is specially to be looked for in ,bahaism1 since it is historically a revision of ,babism--revised with an aim to broadening it4 ,babism was notoriously unfitted to be universal4 ,dreyfus#gi confesses3 ,looking at the ,bab's work1 we cannot fail to notice in it a certain sectarian particularism which would have confined to ,shiah ,islam its benefits4 ,similarly ,professor ,browne pronounced it#hj utterly unfitted for the bulk of mankind1 and refers to#ha the useless1 impractical1 and irksome regulations and restrictions which ,baha abolished in order to make it more capable of becoming what he intended it to be--a universal system suitable to all mankind4 ,the question arises1 ,where was the ,bab's power of supernatural revelation if he promulgated a system and regulations of such inferiority and destined to be superseded in less than a score of years8 ,among these regulations#hb were the prohibition of the learning of foreign languages1 logic1 philosophy1 and jurisprudence1 discouraging foreign travel1 enjoining the expulsion of all unbelievers from the five chief provinces of ,persia1 together with the confiscation of their property1 the destruction of all books more than #bjb years old1 etc4 ,baha1 like a tailor trying to change a misfitting garment1 ripped up the seams1 cut a piece out here and there1 added some patches imported from ,christian civilization1 until he had a coat of many colours1 which he advertised as the latest style of religion1 fitted to humanity in general4 ,but he should have heeded the precept not to put new cloth on an old garment4 ,no wonder they have never yet published the ,kitab-ul-,akdas in ,english4 ,it would tax their ingenuity to adapt all its regulations and laws to the world-life4 ,again ,i return to the question1 ,is ,bahaism specially adapted to be universal8 ,by no means4 ,it is unfitted in the most essential particular4 ,it is a religion of laws1 not of principles4 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 in ,the ,brilliant ,proof1#hc emphasizes the fact that ,bahaism enjoins1 commands1 has imperative ordinances1 laws1 and enactments4 ,but the ,gospels enunciate principles4 ,these principles of the ,new ,testament are conscience-educating and life-directing4 ,they are applicable to all conditions the world over1 and to every stage of human development4 ,christianity implants in the heart great ruling motives4 ,its laws and regulations are few4 ,hence it does not find itself butting against a wall of unforeseen circumstances4 ,bahaism1 on the contrary1 is full of the beggarly elements4 ,it has regulations1 as we have noticed1 in regard to personal habits1 hygiene1 sociology1 languages1 the calendar1 civil government1 penology1 etc4 ,it is like an omnibus with its top overloaded with all sorts of baggage1 which will delay and finally wreck the vehicle4 ,it has made itself a judge and divider of inheritances4#hd ,it gives directions as to the barber and the undertaker2 how you must bathe and wash your face1 and what prayers you shall say during each process4 ,it directs as to the use of knives and forks1 of chairs1 of perfumes4 ,it graciously permits one to shave his beard1 but the hair must not be allowed to grow below the level of the ear4 ,it tells us that the nails are to be cut at least once a week1 that every one should wash his feet daily in summer1 and at least every three days in winter4 ,and alas6 for antique furniture and old ,persian rugs6 ,for house furnishings must be changed every nineteen years4 ,in obedience to this command my old teacher in ,persia got rid of his rugs1 whose sheen was polished and colours were mellowed with age1 and refurnished his house with gaudy modern rugs4 ,in prescribing the ,moslem fast and namaz 7prayer-rite71 with some modifications1 ,bahaism limits the spirit of liberty1 which is the essence of universality4 ,copying from the ,bab1 ,baha has seen fit to regulate the calendar4 ,following the ,zoroastrian custom1 ,baha ordains that the year begin at the vernal equinox--,march #ba--;because that is the spring-time1 the time of the renewal of vegetable life4 ,good6 ,but in ,australia it is the time of death--of the approach of winter4 ,the reason assigned is not universal1 and is not adapted to all climes4 ,as has been said above1 the months are ordained to be nineteen of nineteen days each1 with four or five intercalary days in ,march4 ,the week is abolished1 that primitive division of time which has such a definite place in nature1 in the phases of the moon1 and is established in the three great monotheistic religions with their weekly ,sabbaths4 ,instead of the latter is substituted the nineteenth day ,unity feast4 ,how do such changes aid universality or unification8 ,coinage1 fines1 taxes1 and tithes are arranged on the number #ai4 ,remey's book has nineteen chapters1 as the ,bayan has4 ,the ,star of the ,west1 a magazine of the ,american ,bahais1 is published every nineteen days1 and bears the ,bahai calendar on its editorial page4 ,instances might be indefinitely extended4 ,but later the number nine1 the number of ,baha1 has come more into use4 ,abbas has set apart the ninth day of the month as well as the nineteenth for certain religious purposes4 ,the ,bahai era is sometimes dated from the declaration of the ,bab in #ahdd1 and sometimes from the birth of ,baha in #ahag4 ,are these innovations more an aid to universality than adherence to the established calendar and era1 or than the decimal system or the metric system which the civilized world has been striving to extend8 ,professor ,browne says3 ,what could be more impractical than the adoption of the number nineteen as the basis of measures or calculations8 ,it bears the mark of ,oriental fancy rather than of divine revelation4 ,another illustration of this point--namely1 that ,bahaism enjoins and regulates specifically1 and does not1 like ,christianity1 inculcate guiding principles1 is seen in the law regarding civil government4 ,in ,glad ,tidings#he ,baha teaches1 as from ,god1 that although a republican form of government profits1 yet the majesty of kingship is one of the signs of ,god4 ,we do not wish that the countries of the world should be deprived thereof4 ,statesmen should combine the two1 and#hf ,at present the form of government followed by the ,british nation seems good1 for that nation is illuminated both with the light of kingship and consultation--i4 e41 parliament4 ,in the principal ,laws of ,bahaism affairs have been placed in the hands of just kings and chiefs1 and the ,house of ,justice4 ,as a matter of opinion1 ,i can join with ,baha in expressing my admiration for the ,british ,constitution1 but prescribing it as a law of revelation is a different matter4 ,a universal religion should be adapted to all conditions4 ,it is a fact of history that when the tablet ,glad ,tidings was sent to ,russia1 section #ae was omitted4 ,the ,bahais suppressed this portion from expediency1 and it appears thus mutilated in ,baron ,rosen's translation4#hg ,is not this a high-handed way to deal with ,god's ,word1 as they profess to regard it8 ,is it not also conceivable that republics might take offense against ,bahaism because it maintains monarchy1 even as autocracies because it approves of parliamentary government8 ,had not a universal religion better let politics alone8 ,christianity could adapt itself even to the government of a ,nero4 ,another institution of ,bahaism1 ill-adapted to all races and conditions1 and certain to bring the very conflict and strife against which it is supposed to guard1 is the ,house of ,justice4 ,this is a religious court1 with civil and political functions1 to be set up in every town and country4 ,it is to be composed of nine or more ,bahai men4 ,they are divine agents1 representatives of ,god4 ,much is said of this ,house of ,justice in the ,books of ,revelation4#hh ,dreyfus devotes a chapter to it4#hi ,it is to have legislative1 judicial1 and administrative functions4 ,it will regulate estates1 taxes1 tithes1 fines1 capital and labour1 marriage1 divorce1 inheritances1 minors1 servants1 charities1 reforms1 houses of correction1 schools1 besides all matters of religion and morals4 ,they will rule absolutely1 and be infallible1 guided by ,god4 ,it is the old dream of theocratic rule4 ,i must leave it to the imagination of the student of history to picture the dire confusion which would ensue if this politico-religious hierarchy should begin its sway4 ,those who are familiar with the perpetual conflict between the urfi and the shari1 the civil and the religious law in ,persia1 know how this proposed organization would work confusion worse confounded4 ,similar to these invasions of the province of science and ,caesar is the attempt to improve philology by revelation4 ,following the ,bab again1 ,baha ,ullah promulgated a new alphabet4 ,the ,babi alphabet1 unlike the ,arabic and ,persian1 was written from left to right4 ,each letter consists of thick1 oblique straight lines1 parallel and equidistant from each other1 running down to the left1 to which thin hooks and curves are appended to make separate letters4 ,it is called the ,khatti-,badi4 ,there were nineteen kinds of it2 one kind was called the ,khatti-,baha4 ,it was intended for the time when ,babism would be prevalent4 ,it appears that ,bahais have a new alphabet1 different from that of the ,babis4 ,in the ,akdas and in the sixth ,ishrak#ij it is commanded that the ,house of ,justice must select one tongue out of the present languages1 or a new language1 to teach the children in the schools of the world4 ,let us suppose they decide on ,persian or ,arabic4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon children must all begin to learn ,arabic4 ,suppose they decide on ,english4 ,then ,germans1 ,french1 and ,russians will have an additional reason for opposing the religion4 ,suppose that ,abdul ,baha decides on ,esperanto1 as he seems inclined to do1 then will it be heresy for some one to invent a language as much superior to ,esperanto as it is to ,volapuk8 ,had not a universal religion better let linguistics alone8 ,the spirit of ,christianity gives a free field to all tongues--this is the essence of liberty1 of universality4 ,after this brief review of some of the provisions of the ,new ,revelation1 we can deny the claim that its statutes meet the necessity of every land1 and that they can serve the world well for #a1jjj years4 ,,footnotes3 #ah ,phelps' ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #add4 #ai ,some ,answered ,questions1 by ,barney1 p4 #ai4 #bj ,star of the ,west1 ,may #ag1 #aiac1 p4 #fh4 ,abbreviated hereafter as ,s4 ,w4 #ba ,page #aeh f4 #bb ,story of the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #bc4 #bc ,phelps1 ibid41 p4 #bef4 #bd ,phelps1 ,jewels of ,wisdom1 p4 #bcg4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #ade4 #bf ,ibid41 p4 #add4 #bg ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #bj4 #bh ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #gh4 #bi ,chase1 ,the ,bahai ,revelation1 p4 #agh4 #cj ,s4 ,w41 ,march #b1 #aiac1 p4 #aj4 #ca ,see ,s4 ,w4 #cb ,addresses in ,new ,york and ,chicago1 #aijj4 #cc ,s4 ,w41 p4 #aj1 ,march #b1 #aiac4 #cd ,s4 ,w41 #aiac1 p4 #bfg4 #ce ,prof4 ,e4 ,g4 ,browne has translated various books of the ,bahais2 among them are ,the ,episode of the ,bab1 or the ,traveller's ,narrative1 and the ,new ,history4 ,his investigations and comments have given offense to the ,bahais1 while his praises of them often wound the ,christian reader4 ,i have been kindly permitted by ,doctor ,kheiralla to examine his ,english translation of the ,kitab-ul-,akdas in manuscript4 #cf ,s4 ,w41 ,july1 #aiab4 ,see ,chapter ,x4 #cg ,see ,sacred ,mysteries1 p4 #ajj4 #ch ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiac1 pp4 #agj-agd4 #ci ,see ,facts for ,behaists4 #dj ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup in ,n4 ,y4 ,outlook1 ,june1 #aija4 #da ,a ,year in ,india and ,burmah1 p4 #aj4 ,compare the ,trinities of the ,nusaireyah1 as given in ,the ,asian ,mystery1 p4 #aaa4 ,the first is ,abel1 ,adam and ,gabriel3 after others1 comes ,simon ,peter1 ,jesus and ,rozabah2 ,ali1 ,mohammed and ,salman the ,persian4 ,the first of each group1 for example ,peter and ,ali1 is the supreme manifestation1 the maana1 meaning or essence of ,god2 the second of each group1 ,mohammed and ,jesus represent the ism-azim1 the ,greatest ,name3 while the third1 that is1 ,salman is termed the ,bab4 ,baha is the ,greatest ,name4 ,the place of ,peter remains for ,abbas4 #db ,facts for ,behaists4 #dc ,ten ,days in the ,light of ,acca1 p4 #aje4 #dd ,s4 ,w41 ,nov4 #bc1 #aiac1 p4 #bdb4 #de ,see ,chapter ,,iv4 #df ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aj4 #dg ,some ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #abi-aca4 #dh ,ibid41 p4 #adh4 #di ,beha' ,ullah1 by ,kheiralla4 #ej ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 xlv1 #fb-fc4 #ea ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cei1 #cfh-cfi4 #eb ,see ,ibid41 ,index word ,assassination2 ,new ,hist41 pp4 xxiii4-iv4 #ec ,ibid41 pp4 #hb1 #bgh2 ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cfa1 #cga4 #ed ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 p4 #eaf2 #ahib1 pp4 #iid-iie4 #ee #b ,thess4 ii4 #d and #aa4 #ef ,bahai ,proofs1 by ,abul ,fazl1 p4 #db4 #eg ,new ,hist41 p4 #aab4 #eh ,ibid41 p4 #bji4 #ei ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #bhi4 #fj ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #fg-fh1 #gb4 #fa ,ighan1 ,chicago ,edition1 pp4 vii-viii4 #fb ,proofs1 pp4 #beh-bei4 #fc ,new ,hist41 p4 #cha2 ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cec-ced4 #fd ,s4 ,w41 ,nov4 #d1 #aiac1 p4 #bbd4 #fe ,life of ,abbas1 by ,phelps1 p4 xxii4 #ff ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #ic4 #fg ,phelps1 p4 xvii4 #fh ,new ,hist41 p4 xiii4 #fi ,ibid4 #gj ,phelps1 p4 xviii4 #ga ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #cjg4 #gb ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #a4 #gc ,life of ,abbas1 p4 #adh4 #gd ,remey1 ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 #ge ,phelps' ,abbas1 p4 #bed4 #gf ,ibid41 p4 xxi4 #gg ,december #ac1 #aiac4 #gh ,s4 ,w41 ,jan4 #aj1 #aiad1 p4 #bhb4 #gi ,the ,universal ,religion1 p4 #dc4 #hj ,new ,hist41 p4 xiii4 #ha ,ibid41 p4 xxv4 #hb ,ibid41 p4 xxvi4 #hc ,pages #ca-cb4 #hd ,luke xii4 #ad4 #he ,section #ae1 p4 #ia1 ,chicago ,edition4 #hf ,tablet of the ,world1 p4 #cc4 #hg ,new ,hist41 p4 xxv4 #hh ,see ,glad ,tidings1 pp4 #ci1 #ij2 ,words of ,paradise1 p4 #ec2 ,tablet of the ,world1 p4 #cc2 ,israket1 p4 #cg2 and ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 #hi ,universal ,religion1 pp4 #aca-add4 #ij ,ishrakat1 p4 #cf4 ,,iii ,its ,specific ,claims ,bahaism is a ,persian delusion1 whose headman ,baha ,ullah in ,acre claimed to be an incarnation of ,god4 ,abbas ,effendi succeeded him and is running the incarnation fraud for all it is worth1 and it is worth a good deal1 as pilgrims constantly come from ,persia and bring their offerings in money with great liberality4 ,such men 444 as the ,babites of ,persia turn up now and then in the ,east1 go up like a rocket and down like a stick4--,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,fifty-three ,tears in ,syria1 p4 #fcg4 ,i cannot understand how a ,christian can possibly exchange the clear consistent plan of salvation through ,christ for the misty and mystical platitudes of ,bahaism4--,ibid41 p4 #fhg4 ,bahaism makes various claims of a practical nature4 ,some of these will require detailed treatment4 ,several of them ,i will group in this chapter4 ,additional light is thrown on the question of their validity by facts subsequently brought forward1 for many facts have a bearing on several subjects4 ,among the specific claims put forth by ,bahaism is that of being specially adapted to promote the unification of mankind1 and of accomplishing that end4 ,bahaism reiterates the ,christian ideas that ,god hath made of one blood all nations and that all shall be united in ,god's spiritual kingdom4 ,it repeats as a slogan1 the brotherhood of man4 ,c4 ,m4 ,remey#ia says3 ,the ,bahai cause stands for the unity of all religions1 political unity of nations1 the social unity of all classes1 peoples and races4 ,its aim1 says ,harold ,johnson1 is to knit all the faiths and all the peoples into one4#ib ,the essential principle of the teachings of ,bahaism is the unification of the religious systems of the world1 says ,mac,nutt4#ic ,this is a high ideal1 which interpreted in their several ways is the aim of ,christianity1 ,islam1 ,socialism1 etc4 ,and ,bahai writers mean what all the other systems have meant1 namely1 unity by all accepting their beliefs1 for ,remey#id says3 ,baha ,ullah's mission is to unite those now following many systems into one brotherhood and one universal faith4444 ,may ,god speed the day when all of us may become true ,bahais4 ,but the claim of ,bahaism is presented in another form4 ,it asserts that it is actually bringing about this unification4 ,abdul ,baha is harmonizing ,christians1 ,jews1 ,mohammedans1 ,zoroastrians1 ,buddhists1 ,hindus in the one and true faith4#ie ,dreyfus says3 ,it is uniting all men in the great universal religion of the future4 ,at ,oakland1 ,cal41#if ,abdul ,baha said1 ,the revelation of ,baha ,ullah is the cause of the oneness of the world of humanity4 ,it is a unity which welds together all the races4 ,in illustration of this alleged result1 the pilgrims to ,acca express their gratification and amazement that at ,acca several races meet together in love and unity4 ,so in ,rangoon1 says ,mr4 ,sprague1#ig ,i attended a ,bahai meeting at which six of the great world religions were represented united in the wonderful bond of friendship and unity4 ,in like manner ,mr4 ,harold ,johnson says1 ,what ,christianity has failed to accomplish1 ,bahaism has accomplished in uniting men of different races and religions4 ,if these assertions mean external association1 it may be said that ,christians have had their ,parliaments of ,religions and ,congresses of all faiths1 examples of polite toleration and laboratories of the science of religion4 ,if it means that ,christianity refuses to put itself on a level with other religions and consort with them as equals1 this is true1 for ,christianity is an exclusive religion4 ,it has entered the world1 as it entered the ,roman empire1 to displace all others4 ,it refuses to have ,christ occupy a niche in the ,pantheon4 ,but ,bahai writers mean rather that ,bahaism is to be the bond of unity by all races and religions accepting ,baha4 ,in this sense their claim is based on very meagre premises4 ,a few thousand only1 outside of ,persia1 have embraced ,bahaism4 ,harold ,johnson says3 ,the ,non-,mohammedans do not number probably very many thousands4 ,but do we not see myriads gathering into the ,christian brotherhood out of every race and religion of ,asia1 including even thousands from ,islam4 ,thirty thousand ,moslems have become ,christians in ,malayasia in ,abdul ,baha's lifetime4 ,in ,asia how many races and religions1 forgetting their former antagonisms1 are united in the faith and baptism of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,as an example of the living power of the ,christian faith to unite the races of men1 take the ,conference of the ,international ,christian ,students' ,federation1 held at ,lake ,mohonk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,there ,hindus and ,british1 ,japanese and ,koreans1 ,russians and ,chinese1 ,greeks and ,armenians1 ,french and ,germans1 ,canadians and ,brazilians1 ,americans and ,mexicans represented the wide world4 ,mutual esteem1 love and spiritual fellowship united members of the various ,protestant ,churches with representatives of the ,oriental ,churches4 ,the unity in ,bahai ,assemblies is on so small a scale as to be not worthy of mention4 ,how little ,abdul ,baha knows of or appreciates the reality and power of ,christian spiritual fellowship is shown in his remarks at ,west ,englewood1 ,n4 ,y4#ih ,this gathering 7of ,bahais7 has no peer or likeness upon the surface of the earth1 for all other gatherings and assemblages are due to some physical basis or material interests4 ,bahai meetings are mirrors of the kingdom4 ,when ,abdul ,baha speaks about the results of ,bahaism in bringing about unification in ,persia1 his claims seem utterly extravagant4 ,to one who knows that country from long residence they are explicable only on the supposition that he has been misinformed or deceived by his own followers1 for it must be borne in mind that ,abdul ,baha left ,persia when a child of six or eight and has never returned4 ,hear these words which ,abdul ,baha addressed to ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,bixley1 who was writing on the ,sect in the ,north ,american ,review3 ,the fundamental question is the unification of religious belief4 ,in ,persia1 during the last fifty years#ii 444 the various religionists have united in the utmost love and fellowship4 ,no traces of discord or difference remain3 the utmost love1 kindness and unity are apparent4 ,they live together like a single family in harmony and accord4 ,discord and strife have passed away4 ,love and fellowship now prevail instead4 ,whether they be ,moslems1 ,jews1 ,christians1 ,zoroastrians1 ,buddhists1 ,nestorians1 ,shiites1 ,sunnis or others--no discord exists among them4 ,in an address at ,new ,york1#ajj he said3 ,in the ,orient different races were at constant warfare until about sixty years ago ,baha ,ullah appeared and caused love and unity to exist among these various peoples4 ,their former animosities have passed away entirely4 ,it was a dark world1 it became radiant4444 ,you now see the same people who were formerly at enmity and strife in far-off ,persia1 people of various religions and denominations living in the utmost peace4 ,his ,highness1 ,baha ,ullah1 established such unity and peace between the various communities4 ,what does such language mean8 ,at their face value these words are erroneous in a high degree4 ,all know indeed that in ,persia bigotry and religious and racial hatred have been modified4 ,in bringing this result about1 ,bahaism has had a share along with ,western civilization and education1 the ,nationalist movement1 medical missions1 and even ,pan-,islamism1 for the latter has tended to bring ,shiahs and ,sunnis nearer to each other4 ,but it is notorious how great the enmity and hatred is yet2 how the ,kurds have raided the ,shiahs and massacred or plundered the ,nestorians and the ,armenians3 how the ,moslems oppress the ,armenians in ,karadagh3 how ,sheikhis have suffered from ,mutasharis2 and ,ali ,allahis continued the practice of tagiya for fear of them both4 ,if ,parsees enjoy more ease1 it is through the efforts of their co-religionists in ,india2 if ,christians are safer1 it is through the favour of the ,shahs and the power of ,christian governments3 in neither case is it due to ,bahaism4 ,the union with the ,bahais of possibly a dozen ,armenians1 a few score ,zoroastrians and several hundred ,jews cannot be the basis for such extravagance of language3 neither can the rejection by ,baha of the ,shiah notion that other religions are unclean1 for ,sunnis all along held the peoples of the ,book to be clean and ,christians of old learned to call no man common or unclean4 ,as to unification1 how is it8 ,babis were divided off from ,sheikhis1 and ,bahais from ,babis1 and ,behais from ,bahais and the flames of hate and vindictiveness burn hotter between them than between the older sects and races1 while the ,shiahs curse and at times persecute ,babis and ,bahais4 ,instead of unity the ,babi-,bahais have brought a greater division of sects3 instead of love renewed fires of animosity and fanatical hate4 ,in view of these conditions1 how unreasonable for ,abdul ,baha to say that through the power of ,baha ,ullah1 such affection and love is produced among the various religions of ,persia that they now associate#aja with each other in the utmost love and concord4 ,passing now to another phase of this subject1 let us inquire what means are prescribed for religious unification4 ,the chief means seems to be the forbidding of the right of private interpretation or opinion4 ,abdul ,baha writes#ajb that he is the ,interpreter of all the works and books of the ,blessed ,perfection4 ,were this not the case1 every one would give an interpretation according to his own inclination--this would lead to great differences4 ,this point is more plainly stated by ,m4 ,abul ,fazl3#ajc ,one of the explicit commands of ,baha ,ullah is the ordinance abrogating differences which separate men4444 ,if those having two points of view1 engage in strife in expressing their views1 both will be delivered to the fire4444 ,bahai law prohibits the interpretation of ,god's word and exposition of personal opinion 444 lest different sects arise4 ,you must ask him 7,abdul ,baha7 regarding the meaning of the texts of the verses4 ,whatsoever he says is correct4 ,without his will1 not a word shall any one utter4#ajd ,baha ,ullah made provision against all kinds of differences1 so that no man shall be able to create a new sect 444 indicating the ,interpreter so that no man should be able to say that he explains a certain teaching in this way and thus create a new sect4#aje ,after ,abdul ,baha whenever the ,house of ,justice is organized1 it will ward off differences4 ,but though the right of private judgment was denied1 yet a new sect arose and bitter disunion occurred over the question of the ,infallible ,interpreter4 ,another ,bahai scheme to promote unity is the adoption of one language to be a universal language2 another is the amalgamation of all the races by the marriage of blacks and whites1 and all indiscriminately2 another is the discouragement of patriotism or any special love for one's country or people1 teaching an internationalism in the words1 ,let not him glory who loves his country1 but let him glory who loves his kind4 ,these points need not detain us1 nor need we stop to enlarge on the fact that the new calendar1 feasts1 rites1 laws1 weights and measures1 etc41 tend to disunion4 ,the claims of ,bahaism in regard to its relation to the movement for peace and arbitration require consideration4 ,abdul ,baha at ,boston#ajf said3 ,baha ,ullah spread the teaching of ,universal ,peace sixty years ago1 when it was not even thought of by the people4 ,he sent tablets to kings advising this4 ,he wrote to ,mr4 ,smiley of ,lake ,mohonk1 ,the matter of ,international ,peace was instituted by ,his ,highness1 ,baha ,ullah1 sixty years ago in ,persia4 ,dreyfus#ajg says3 ,long before these ideas1 i4 e41 peace1 brotherhood and arbitration1 had taken form among us1 at a time when the ,bab himself had sometimes excused the use of arms for the propagation of religion1 ,baha ,ullah had made these high principles the one basis of his religion4 ,remey#ajh states this claim yet more strongly1 saying3 ,peace1 arbitration1 in fact universal civilization were unthought of1 when over half a century ago these teachers 7,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha7 announced their message4 ,again1 ,christ states that ,his dispensation is to be a militant one1 which would be followed by another of peace4 ,baha ,ullah has now brought that peace to the world4 ,he is the ,prince of ,peace who has established the foundations of peace on earth4#aji ,now as to the facts4 ,bahaism certainly does advocate peace and arbitration1 in common with ,tolstoism1 socialism and many schools of thought4 ,baha said to ,professor ,browne at ,acca1 in #ahhf3 ,this fruitless strife1 these ruinous wars shall pass away and the ,most ,great ,peace shall come4 ,these strifes and this bloodshed and discord must cease and all men be as one kindred and one family4 ,in accordance with this1 ,abdul ,baha declares#aaj universal peace and an international ,court of ,arbitration to be fundamental principles of ,bahaism4 ,the ,court will be called the ,house of ,justice and will be composed entirely of ,bahais4 ,disputes will find a final sentence of absolute justice 444 before the ,bahai ,house of ,justice4 ,war will be suppressed4#aaa ,it is good to have such a programme approved by one raised in a ,moslem environment4 ,yet it is evident that the claim to priority and originality regarding it1 constitute a grave anachronism and betray ignorance of or perversion of history4 ,both the ideals and the programme were in existence and in partial operation long before the time of ,baha ,ullah4 ,in the first place1 ,bahai teachings on peace are but an echo of ,christian hopes and doctrines of peace on earth3 good will to men4 ,baha has but thrown on the screen again the vision of the seers of ,israel who foretold the age when men shall learn war no more4 ,the hopes of the prophets1 the longings of saints1 the anthems of the worshipping church found voice through the ,christian centuries1 with a faith never dimmed1 a desire never quenched1 anticipating that ,then shall wars and tumults cease1 ,then be banished grief and pain1 ,righteousness and joy and peace ,undisturbed shall ever reign4 ,baha's teaching1 though growing up in ,islam1 is transplanted from ,christian soil4 ,he repudiates the teaching of ,mohammed regarding holy wars4 ,the first ,glad ,tidings is the abolition of religious warfare from the ,book1 i4 e41 the ,koran4 ,what ,bahais would do in case of provocation1 accompanied by reasonable opportunity of success1 is not evident4 ,the ,babis were fierce warriors 7#ahdh-ahej7 and the ,bab expected that wars would continue4 ,in the ,bayan he makes provision for the distribution of the spoils4#aab ,baha1 together with ,azal1 started for and tried to join the army at ,tabarsi1#aac and was absent from participation in its sanguinary conflict1 solely because his arrest by the ,persian authorities at ,amul prevented him from reaching the fort4 ,after his release he fell under suspicion because#aad he not improbably harboured designs of setting up a standard of revolt on his own account4 ,he was1 therefore1 rearrested and sent to the capital4 ,but during his exile in ,turkey1 he tried to be reconciled to the ,shah of ,persia4 ,following this change of policy1 he was able to claim later#aae that for nigh upon thirty-five years no action opposed to the government or prejudicial to the nation has emanated from this sect4 ,the ,bahais did not join in the effort to establish constitutional government in #aijh-aiaa4aaf ,they have never had an even chance to fight for their own cause and it remains to be seen what they would do in such a case4 ,there is no assurance that they would act like ,quakers or ,dukhobors1 for even ,abdul ,baha at times identifies himself and his cause with the fighting ,babis and appropriates their martial glory4 ,he said to ,mr4 ,anton ,hadad3#aag ,when in ,persia we were very few but owing to animosity we stood before our numerous enemies1 fought and defeated them and gained the victory4 ,he wrote a prayer on behalf of the ,american army for the use of ,bahais3 ,o ,god6 ,strengthen its soldiers and its flag4#aah ,in his teachings1 he leaves several pretexts for the prosecution of war4 ,he says3#aai ,war is sometimes the foundation of peace4 ,if1 for example1 a sovereign should wage war against a threatening foe or for the unification of the people1 this war may be attuned to peace3 this fury is kindness2 this war is a source of reconciliation4 ,in his scheme for arbitration1 one is reminded of the old saw1 we must have peace even if we have to fight for it4 ,for he says3 ,if any nation dares to refuse to abide by the decision of the international court1 all the other nations must arise and put down this rebellion1 444 they must rise up and destroy it1 444 band together and exterminate it4#abj ,as to the claim that ,baha originated the movement for universal peace and international arbitration1 it only deserves consideration because it is apparently put forth in sincerity4 ,it absolutely contradicts history4 ,in fact the movement for peace on earth has long been an active one in ,christian lands1 and arbitration has long been recognized and employed as a method for promoting peace4 ,under the influence of religious and feudal ideas1 says ,professor ,moore1#aba arbitrations were very frequent in the ,middle ,ages1 which offered the remarkable spectacle of conciliation and peace making way4 ,treaties were made which provided for arbitration4 ,in ,italy there were one hundred arbitrations in the thirteenth century4 ,in the following centuries they were frequent in ,europe4 ,sometimes a king acted as arbitrator between kings or between king and people4 ,at other times a city1 as for example the ,republic of ,hamburg1 or a great juristconsult or a ,professor of a ,university acted in this capacity4 ,more often the predominance of the popes constituted them natural judges of international cases4 ,projects for universal peace were put forward4 ,one of the most celebrated was formed by ,sully1 the minister of ,henry ,,iv4 ,the ,abbe de ,st4 ,pierre in #agac published a scheme for the federation of ,christian ,states1 with a central council to decide all disputes4 ,grotius strongly advocated arbitration as a means of avoiding war and the placing of nations under obligations to settle disputes peaceably4 ,bentham in the eighteenth century proposed a plan for a common tribunal to maintain universal and permanent peace4#abb ,fox1 ,penn and the ,quakers1 from ,christian principles1 strenuously opposed war4 ,there were nine principal arbitrations between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain1 ,france and ,spain from #agid to #ahfc4 ,in #ahae1 before ,baha's day1 the ,massachusetts ,peace ,society was formed and in the following year the ,american ,peace ,society to promote universal permanent peace through arbitration and disarmament4#abc ,for this purpose ,world ,congresses were held at ,london #ahdc1 ,brussels #ahdh1 ,paris #ahdi1 ,frankfort #ahej1 ,london #ahea1 etc41 and with great enthusiasm4 ,men like ,elihu ,burritt1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,richard ,cobden1 ,john ,bright and ,charles ,sumner led in advocacy of the cause4 ,tennyson1 too1 saw the vision of peace1 ,in the ,parliament of men1 the ,federation of the ,world1 and the ,scottish bard declared1 ,it's coming yet for a' that ,when man to man1 the world o'er1 ,shall brothers be and a' that4 ,we can easily conceive how these ideas would penetrate the ,near ,east and how ,baha ,ullah in ,turkey caught an echo of them and was happily influenced to become himself an advocate of peace4 ,but what becomes of the claims of ,abdul ,baha and other ,bahais1 mentioned above1 that ,baha1 in #ahfc-ahfg1 instituted the movement for peace and arbitration that he advised it to kings when it had not even been thought of1 before the attention of ,western thinkers had to any degree been directed towards universal peace4 ,they are like so many claims made by ,bahaists1 utterly groundless4 ,such statements1 when made by ,abdul ,baha1 we may attribute to ignorance of the history of the ,occident1 but this does not excuse ,american advocates of ,bahaism for endorsing such errors4 ,i need not discuss the assertion of ,bahais that the ,millennium began in #ahddabd or at latest in #ahib1 nor the announcement that the ,most ,great ,peace will be inaugurated in #aiag1 which they declare to be the end of the #acce days of ,dan4 xii4 #ab4abe ,another claim made for ,bahaism is that it is a rational and undogmatic religion4 ,remey#abf says3 ,it does not put forth doctrine or dogma4444 ,it is a religion free from dogma4 ,it is logical and reasonable4 ,dreyfus denounces dogmatic religions1 and claims that ,bahaism has paved the way for the harmony of religion with free thought4#abg ,with these accord the words of ,abdul ,baha to ,pastor ,monnier in ,paris4#abh ,our aim is to free religion from dogmas4 ,dogmas are the cause of strife4 ,we must give up dogmas4 ,now it is evident that ,bahaism has not a fixed body of doctrines3 that it has not a definite and clear system of theology4 ,but it is very dogmatic in the common usages of that word4 ,webster defines it as 7#a7 positive1 authoritative1 and 7#b7 as asserting or disposed to assert with authority or with overbearing and arrogance4 ,is not ,bahaism a mass of assertions8 ,for example1 ,baha declares that the universe hath neither beginning nor ending4 ,abdul ,baha adds the comment3#abi ,by this simple statement he has set aside elaborate theories and exhaustive labours of scientists and philosophers4 ,similarly he is said to have settled by a single word all discussions about divine sovereignty and free agency4 ,abdul ,baha might be called the ,lord of dogmas1 for from his dicta none must vary by a hair's breadth4 ,remey himself dogmatizes as follows3 ,the religion of ,baha is the cause of ,god1 outside of which there is no truth in the world4 ,much in ,bahaism must be taken on faith1 without logical proof4 ,professor ,browne#acj puts it mildly when he says3 ,the system appears to me to contain enough of the mysterious and the transcendental to make its intellectual acceptance at least as difficult as the theology of most ,christian churches to the sceptic4 ,elsewhere he says3#aca ,it must be clearly understood that ,babism 7or ,bahaism7 is in no sense latitudinarian or eclectic1 and stands therefore in the sharpest antagonism to ,sufism4 ,however vague ,babi doctrine may be on certain points1 it is essentially dogmatic1 and every utterance or command uttered by the ,manifestation of the ,period1 i4 e41 ,bab or ,baha ,ullah or ,abbas ,effendi must be accepted without reserve4#acb ,similarly ,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,holmes#acc writes3 ,baha's appeal is only to his own word and to his own arbitrary and forced interpretation of the ,word of ,god1 which interpretations1 as he states1 find their sanction solely in his own authority4 ,there are other claims of ,bahaism of a specific nature which might be considered4 ,they would be found equally assertive and equally groundless4 ,bahaism reminds me of a horse which was offered for sale in ,persia4 ,it appeared like a fat and well fed animal4 ,but the would-be purchaser was warned that its skin had been puffed up with air which would soon leak out1 and he would have on his hands a lean1 lank1 bony yabi scrub4 ,bahaism does not even stop short of claiming that the civilization of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is due to it4 ,its braggart attitude may be fittingly symbolized by ,rostand's ,chanticler1 standing in the barnyard1 flapping its wings in vain exultation1 imagining that it1 by its crowing1 has caused the sun to rise4 ,,footnotes3 #ia ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #gc4 #ib ,contemporary ,review1 ,march1 #aiab4 #ic ,in ,unity ,through ,love4 #id ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ci4 #ie ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 #if ,s4 ,w41 ,oct4 #aiab1 p4 #aij4 #ig ,story of the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #d4 #ih ,june #bi1 #aiab4 #ii ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #bg1 #aiab4 #ajj ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiab4 #aja ,professor ,browne1 in the ,ency4 of ,ethics and ,religion1 article ,bab1 writes3 ,the ,bahais are strongly antagonistic alike to the ,sufis and the ,mohammedans1 but for quite different reasons4 ,in the case of the ,sufis they object to their latitudinarianism1 their ,pantheism1 their individualism and their doctrine of the inner light4 ,with the ,mohammedan they resent the persecutions they have suffered4 ,the ,bahais detest the ,azalis1 the followers of ,abbas ,effendi dislike and despise the followers of his brother ,mehemet ,ali4 #ajb ,s4 ,w41 ,aug4 #bj1 #aiad4 #ajc ,brilliant ,proof1 pp4 #bf-bh4 #ajd ,s4 ,w41 ,nov4 #bc1 #aiac1 p4 #bch4 #aje ,s4 ,w41 ,april #i1 #aiad4 #ajf ,s4 ,w41 ,july #ac1 #aiac1 p4 #abb4 #ajg ,the ,universal ,religion4 #ajh ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ge4 #aji ,page #ed4 ,in ,dealy's ,dawn of ,knowledge1 the chapter on ,baha ,ullah is entitled ,prince of ,peace4 #aaj ,s4 ,w41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #f1 #h and #bed4 #aaa ,answered ,questions1 p4 #gd2 ,tablet of the ,world1 p4 #bh4 #aab ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #bhg4 #aac ,new ,hist41 pp4 #cgh1 #cgi4 #aad ,ibid41 p4 #chj4 #aae ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #fe-fg4 #aaf ,see ,chapter ,,vi4 #aag ,a ,message from ,acca1 p4 #i4 #aah ,tablet #i1 p4 #h1 published by the ,new ,york ,bahai ,council4 #aai ,principles of the ,bahai ,movement1 pp4 #dc1 #dg1 ,washington1 #aiab4 #abj ,ibid41 pp4 #dc1 #de4 #aba ,international ,arbitrations1 pp4 #dhbf-dhcc4 #abb ,new ,international ,ency41 ,art4 ,arbitration1 p4 #gac4 #abc ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,vol4 ,,xciv1 p4 #ceh4 #abd ,s4 ,w41 ,march #ba1 #aiad1 p4 #h4 #abe ,dealy's ,dawn of ,knowledge1 p4 #dd2 ,kheiralla's ,beha ,ullah1 pp4 #dhj1 #dhc4 #abf ,tract ,peace1 pp4 #h and #ad2 ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #hi4 #abg ,the ,universal ,religion1 pp4 #ba1 #dd4 #abh ,s4 ,w41 ,april #bh1 #aiac1 p4 #ee4 #abi ,s4 ,w41 ,june #e1 #aiac1 p4 #ij4 #acj ,phelps1 p4 xviii4 #aca ,ency4 of ,religion and ,ethics1 ,art4 ,bab4 #acb ,see also his ,literary ,history of ,persia1 p4 #dbb4 #acc ,missions and ,modern ,history1 by ,robert ,e4 ,speer1 p4 #aga4 ,,iv ,bahaism and ,christianity ,the whole ,bahai movement is in fact1 whatever it may have been in the mind of its originator the ,bab1 a counterfeit of the ,messiahship of ,christ4 ,at least this is the side of it that is turned towards both ,christians and ,jews4 ,all that relates to the second coming of ,christ in the ,old ,testament or the ,new is bodily appropriated by ,baha to himself and everything in them relating to ,god is boldly applied to himself4444 ,it will bring a few of the ,persians nearer to ,christ4 ,by far the greater number of its adherents will be brought into more active antagonism to ,christianity than before4--,g4 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,m4 ,d41 in ,speer's ,missions and ,modern ,history1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afi4 ,can ,bahaism make good its claim to be the fulfillment of and substitute for ,christianity8 ,it has no place for ,christ except as one of a series1 one1 moreover1 whose brief day of authority closed when ,mohammed began to preach in ,mecca4444 ,if the claim be admitted that ,bahaism is a republication of ,christianity1 the whole interpretation of the death of ,christ contained in the ,epistles must first be rejected4--,w4 ,a4 ,shedd1 in ,miss4 ,rev4 of ,world1 #aiaa4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,some say ,abdul ,baha is ,antichrist4 ,they are not informed of ,bahai principles4 ,baha ,ullah#acd established ,christ in the ,east4 ,he has praised ,christ1 honoured ,christ1 exalted ,him1 called ,him the ,word of ,god1 the ,spirit of ,god1 and spread ,his mention4#ace ,these words could be written with the name ,mohammed substituted for ,baha ,ullah4 ,but in the case of both of them it is the kiss of betrayal4 ,judas also made known ,jesus4 ,both ,mohammed and ,baha write ex before ,his title ,king of ,kings4 ,to accept ,baha and ,abdul ,baha is to deny and forsake ,christ4 ,i hear some ,christian say3 ,of course4 ,what you say is self-evident4 ,bahaism is a new religion whose aim is to supplant ,christianity4 ,this is true4 ,yet the claim is put forth by ,bahais1 and1 more strangely1 it is accepted by some ,christians1 that the two religions are not antagonistic1 and may be held at one time by the same person4 ,to an esteemed ,christian lady ,i expressed my regret that a certain doctor1 forsaking ,christ1 had gone as a ,bahai missionary to ,persia4 ,the reply startled me3 ,doctor----is very much a ,christian4 ,yet why was ,i startled8 ,it was simply hearing an idea with which ,i was familiar in the writings of the ,bahais4 ,sydney ,sprague says3 ,the true ,bahai is also the truest ,christian4#acf ,charles ,m4 ,remey says3 ,to be a real ,christian in spirit is to be a ,bahai1 and to be a real ,bahai is to be a ,christian1 for ,bahai teaching is only the perfection of ,christianity4#acg ,a report of an interview of ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,campbell1 of ,city ,temple1 ,london1 with ,abdul ,baha1 states the claim of ,bahaism as follows3 ,it does not seek to proselyte4 ,one can be a ,bahai without ceasing to be a ,christian1 a ,jew1 or a ,mohammedan4#ach ,in accordance with this idea1 ,thornton ,chase and some ,bahais in ,america continued to worship and teach in ,christian churches1 and to have their dead buried by pastors4 ,some in ,london1 in connection with the ,city ,temple and ,st4 ,john's ,church 7,canon ,wilberforce's71 profess both ,christianity and ,bahaism4 ,of ,southern ,india1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,wylie said3 ,it is said that there are thirty-five ,bahais in our city ,ratnagiri4 ,some of these are ,christian converts4 ,they continue to be ,christians1 saying that they can remain such and are instructed to do so4 ,such an erroneous idea1 when not due to the misrepresentations of the leaders and ,oriental tagiya 7dissimulation71 must arise from ignorance of or dislike to true ,christianity or ignorance of what ,bahaism is4 ,i4 ,bahaism assigns ,christianity a place as but one among the true religions4 ,bahaism indorses and accepts in the same category with ,judaism and ,christianity1 as true and divinely revealed religions1 ,zoroastrianism1 ,confucianism1 ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 ,mohammedanism1 ,babism1 and ,bahaism4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,the reality of the religions is one1 the difference is one of imitation4#aci ,remey says3 ,bahais consider all religions to be1 from a spiritual standpoint1 one religion4#adj ,every religion has had its birth in the advent of its divine founder4#ada ,the founders of the world religions have been seers as well as channels of truth to the people4#adb ,it tries to build on all the other religions by professing to be the fulfillment of each one4 ,the ,bahai propaganda in ,india1 says ,sprague1 has not the difficulty that besets a ,christian missionary1 that of pulling down3 his duty is only to build on what is already there4 ,he sees the ,hindu1 ,buddhist1 and ,mohammedan with the same eye1 acknowledges their truth and shows that a further revelation has come through ,baha ,ullah4#adc ,it says to each one1 ,baha fulfills your traditions and prophecies4#add ,but this liberality is only apparent4 ,only original ,buddhism1 ,christianity1 etc41 was ,god-given and true4 ,now all are corrupted4 ,the key-note of ,bahai teaching is identical with the ,christian1 but in ,christianity it was so forgotten that it came almost as a fresh1 new illumination from ,baha4#ade ,christianity refuses to be classed with the ethnic religions4 ,in its nature it is exclusive4 ,it admits that there is a measure of truth in all religions1 but ,christ's gospel is the truth once for all delivered to men4 ,,ii4 ,bahaism claims to abrogate and supersede ,christianity4 ,bahaism in its origin is a ,mohammedan sect4 ,it declares that ,islam is from ,god4 ,christianity was a divine revelation1 but ,islam was a better one4 ,in the ,ikan1 ,baha maintains the validity of ,islam1 testifies to its truth1 defends ,mohammed's prophetic mission as the fulfillment of the ,new ,testament prophecies1 and the ,koran as the ,book of ,god4#adf ,abdul ,baha exalts ,mohammed1 and declares that he gave more spiritual education than any of the others1#adg i4 e41 than ,moses or ,jesus4 ,he justifies ,mohammed's life and conduct1 and defends his laws and doctrines4#adh ,he declares that whatever ,european and ,american historians have written regarding ,his ,highness ,mohammed1 the ,messenger of ,god1 is mostly falsehood4444 ,the narrators are either ignorant or antagonistic4#adi ,christians have therefore been in the wrong for thirteen centuries4 ,they have sinned against ,god1 and were a stiff-necked and perverse people in rejecting ,mohammed1 as the ,jews were in rejecting ,jesus the ,christ4 ,if those who have accepted a revelation refuse to believe a subsequent revelation1 their faith becomes null and void4 ,similarly ,babism abrogated ,islam4 ,at the ,badasht 7,shahrud7 ,conference 7#ahdh7 the law of the ,koran was formally declared to be annulled4 ,baha abrogated ,babism in the ,rizwan at ,bagdad in #ahfd4 ,bahaism is the ,new ,covenant1 which confirms and completes all religious teaching which has gone before4#aej ,christianity is1 according to this1 a system of the distant past4 ,it was effective in its day1 for the ,christian teaching was illumined by the ,sun of ,truth3 the ,christian civilization was the best1#aea concedes ,abdul ,baha4 ,but now1 says ,remey1 ,bahaism is not one of many phases of ,universal ,truth1 but the ,truth1 the only ,living ,truth to-day1 444 the only source of ,divine ,knowledge to mankind4444 ,abdul ,baha's word is the ,truth4444 ,there are those who will say1 ',have we not ,jesus8 ,we want no other4' ,the ,revelation of ,jesus is no longer the ,point of ,guidance to the world4 ,we are in total blindness if we refuse this new ,revelation which is the end of the ,revelations of the past4444 ,all the teachings of the past are past4444 ,only that which is revealed by the ,supreme ,pen1 ,baha ,ullah1 and that which issues from the ,centre of the ,covenant1 ,abdul ,baha1 is spiritual food4#aeb ,bahaism in proclaiming thus the abrogation of ,christianity is emphatically antichristian4 ,,iii4 ,bahaism casts ,christ from ,his throne as the unique manifestation of ,god4 ,bahaism recognizes two classes of prophets3 7#a7 ,the independent prophets1 who were lawgivers and founders of new cycles4 ,of this class were ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,christ1 ,mohammed1 the ,bab1 and ,baha4 7#b7 ,the others are dependent prophets1 who are as branches4 ,such were ,isaiah and ,daniel4 ,all the greater prophets1 of the first class1 were ,manifestations of ,god4#aec ,so ,bahaism continues to honour ,christ as the ,incarnate ,word1 the ,spirit of ,god1 ,god manifest in the flesh4 ,at the same time it exalts ,baha to supreme and unique dignity and glory above ,christ and all prophets4 ,in order to understand this essential1 fundamental doctrine of ,bahaism1 we must know its doctrine concerning ,god and ,his ,manifestation4 ,the teaching of ,bahaism regarding ,god is hard to grasp1 because it oscillates between ,theism and ,pantheism4 ,myron ,phelps' exposition of it is certainly pantheistic4#aed ,baha ,ullah in many places bears out his interpretation1 as1 for example1 ,god alone is the one ,power which animates and dominates all things1 which are but manifestations of its energy4#aee ,in subsequent expositions1 as in ,answered ,questions1 ,abdul ,baha repudiates ,pantheism1 and so does ,m4 ,abul ,fazl in ,the ,brilliant ,proof4 ,kheiralla1 while maintaining that ,baha taught ,theism1 accused ,abdul ,baha of ,pantheism4 ,in ,the ,epistle to the ,shah ,baha simulates a monotheism almost as rigid as ,islam3 ,we bear witness that there is no ,god but ,him4 ,he is independent of the worlds4 ,no one hath known ,him4444 ,god singly and alone abideth in ,his own place which is holy1 above space or time1 mention and utterance1 sign1 description1 definition1 height and depth4444 ,the way is closed and seeking is forbidden4 ,a favourite text is that of the ,koran1 in which ,god says3 ,i was a hid treasure1 ,i desired to be known1 therefore ,i created the world4 ,in this process the first thing which emanated from ,god eternally was that universal reality which the ancient philosophers termed the ',first ,mind1' and which the people of ,baha call the ',primal ,will4' ,this is without beginning or end1 essentially but not temporally contingent1 and without power to become an associate with ,god4#aef ,the ,primal ,will1 ,holy ,essence1 ,word1 ,spirit1 is manifested in perfect men1 who are the ,great ,prophets4 ,they are supreme1 holy1 sinless souls1 godlike in their attributes4 ,they show the perfections of ,god4#aeg ,this reality does not change1 but the garment in which it is clothed is different4 ,one day it is the garment of ,abraham1 who is ,zoroaster1 then ,moses1 ,buddha1 ,krishna1 ,christ1 ,mohammed1 the ,bab1 and ,baha ,ullah4#aeh ,abul ,fazl says3 ,all the prophets are respectively the ,manifestations of the single ,reality and one ,essence4#aei ,the ,ikan says3 ,all are one1 as the sun of yesterday and to-day are one4 ,the sun is one1 the dawning-points of the sun are numerous4 ,one light1 many lanterns4#afj ,baha is the same light in a new lamp4#afa ,yet there are differences in degree4 ,of the ,bab1 ,baha says3 ,his rank is greater than all the prophets1 and ,his ,mission loftier and higher4#afb ,but he is merely as a forerunner in comparison with ,baha4 ,baha is superior to all1 greater1 more glorious4#afc ,he is infallible1 absolute1 universal4 ,all the prophets were perfect mirrors of ,god1 but in ,baha1 in some sense1 the ,divine ,essence is manifested4#afd ,all preceding ones are inferior to him3 all subsequent ones are to be under his shadow4#afe ,but even the latter are not to come for a thousand or thousands of years1 and perhaps not then1 for the ,kitab-ul-,akdas says3 ,o ,pen1 write and inform mankind that the ,manifestations are ended by this luminous and effulgent ,theophany4 ,the ,manifestation has two stations3 ,one is the station of oneness and the rank of absolute ,deity1 the second station is one of temporal conditions and servitude4 ,if the manifestation says1 ',verily ,i am only a man like you1' or ',verily1 ,i am ,god1' each is true and without doubt4 ,the ,tajallayat quotes the ,bab as saying concerning ,him whom ,god shall manifest2 ,verily he shall utter1 ',i am ,god4 ,there is no ,god but ,me1 the ,lord of all things1 and all besides is created by ,me6 ,o ye1 my creatures1 ye are to worship ,me4'#aff ,in ,bahai literature such words as the following are not uncommon3 ,baha ,ullah is the ,lord of ,hosts1 the ,heavenly ,father1 the ,prince of ,peace1 the ,glory of ,god4#afg ,he is the framer of the whole ,universe1 the ,cause of the life of the world1 and of the unity and harmony of the creatures4#afh ,no one of the ,manifestations had such great power of influence as was with ,el-,baha4#afi ,in passing1 it may be noticed how little ground for such boasting they have4 ,how great in comparison was the influence of ,moses as leader of ,israel1 emancipator1 lawgiver1 and prophet6 ,how great even was ,mohammed's success and influence1 compared with what ,baha has accomplished6 ,how evidently antichristian is ,bahaism in denying that ,christ's name and glory are above all1 and that to ,him every knee should bow6 ,,iv4 ,bahaism wrongly assumes that its leader is ,christ come again4 ,there is confusion about this claim1 for some ,bahais represent ,baha to be ,christ1 and others make ,abdul ,baha ,abbas to be ,christ come the second time4 ,confusion also arises from the fact that ,baha is set forth as the ,manifestation of all the promised ones4 ,he is set forth as the ,messiah for the ,jews1 ,god the ,father1 the ,word1 and the ,spirit for the ,christians1 ,aurora or ,shah ,bahram for the ,zoroastrians1 the fifth ,buddha for ,buddhists1 reincarnated ,krishna for ,brahmans1 the ,mahdi or the twelfth ,imam or ,husain for the ,moslems4#agj ,all are realized in the coming of ,baha ,ullah4#aga ,in accord with this1 ,baha declared in his ,epistle to the ,pope3 ,consider those who turned away from the ,spirit ,christ when ,he came to them4 ,verily ,he hath come from heaven as ,he came the first time4 ,beware lest ye oppose ,him as the ,pharisees opposed ,him4 ,verily the ,spirit of ,truth has come to guide you into all truth4 ,he hath come from the ,heaven of ,preexistence4 ,baha1 says the editor of the ,star of the ,west1 is the fulfillment of the promise of the 'second coming' with a new name 7,rev4 iii4 #aa-ac74agb ,it must be remembered that ,bahaism1 chameleon-like1 takes on a different aspect according to the environment of its adherents4 ,in ,persia its creed is different from that of ,america in regard to the return4 ,for the most part ,american ,bahais regard ,baha as ,god the ,father1 and ,abdul ,baha ,abbas as the ,son of ,god1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,after the quarrel and schism following the death of ,baha 7#ahib71 ,abbas became very wary of assuming titles and dignities1 lest he give a handle to his opponents to accuse him of claiming to be a ,manifestation4 ,so he assumed the title ,abd-ul-,baha1 the servant of ,baha1 which his followers translate ,servant of ,god4 ,he also calls himself the ,centre of the ,covenant4 ,baha had entitled him the ,greatest ,branch of ,god 7,zech4 vi4 #ab7 and the ,mystery of ,god 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #af74 ,he was commonly called ,agha1 an equivalent in ,persia of ,effendi or ,mister1 but his followers translate it ,master1 and put into it the full ,new ,testament significance4 ,undoubtedly ,western ,bahais worship ,abdul ,baha as ,jesus ,christ the ,master come again4 ,in spite of all disavowals and beclouding by words1 their faith is plain4 ,getsinger1 a leader and missionary1 says3 ,abbas is heir and ,master of the ,kingdom3 he was on earth #a1ijj years ago as the ,nazarene4 ,mrs4 ,corinne ,true says3 ,if this is not the resurrection of the pure ,spirit of the ,nazarene of #a1ijj years ago1 then we need not look elsewhere4#agc ,mr4 ,anton ,hadad says3 ,the ,master1 ,abbas ,effendi1 the ,lord of the ,kingdom1 is the one who was to renew and drink the cup with his disciples in the ,kingdom of the ,father1 the one who taught the world to pray1 ',thy kingdom come1' i4 e41 ,jesus ,christ4#agd ,chase says3 ,he has come again in the ,kingdom of his ,father4#age ,mrs4 ,brittingham1 on pilgrimage to ,acca1 writes3 ,i have seen the ,king in his beauty1 the ,master is here and we need not look for another4 ,this is the return of the ,lion of the tribe of ,judah1 of the ,lamb that once was slain2--the ,glory of ,god and the ,glory of the ,lamb4#agf ,emphasizing the side of his divinity1 we have such declarations as these3 ,m4 ,haydar ,ali taught ,mrs4 ,goodall1 ,god is not realized except through ,his ,manifestations4 ,now you have recognized ,him and have come to see ,him1#agg i4 e41 ,abdul ,baha 7#aijh74 ,m4 ,asad ,ullah gave instructions 7#aiad73 ,this world has an owner1 and ,abdul ,baha owns the world and all that is in it4#agh ,he is the ,son of ,god#agi--the only ,door1 the ,lord of ,mankind4#ahj ,a supplication from ,persia1 given out for publication1 says3 ,o6 ,abdul ,baha6 ,forgiver of sins1 merciful1 bountiful1 compassionate6 ,how can a sinner like me reach ,thee8 ,thou art through all the ,forgiver of ,sins4#aha ,but there is an interpretation to all this for those of understanding4 ,bahais reject metempsychosis1 but they have a doctrine of ,return1 which must be borne in mind4 ,this principle is expressed by ,phelps as follows3 ,when a character with which we are familiar as possessed by some individual of the past1 reappears in another individual of the present1 we say that the former has returned4#ahb ,baha states it thus3 ,in every succeeding ,manifestation those souls who exceed all in faith1 assurance1 and self-denial can be declared to be the return of the former persons who attained to these states in the preceding ,manifestation4 ,for that which appeared from the former servants became manifest in the subsequent ones4#ahc ,their classic illustration of this is ,john the ,baptist4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,christ said that ,john the ,baptist was ,elijah4 ,the same perfections which were in ,elijah existed in ,john1 and were exactly realized in him4 ,not the essence but the qualities are regarded4 ,as the flower of last year has returned1 so this person1 ,john1 was a manifestation of the bounty1 perfections1 the character1 the qualities1 and the virtues of ,elias4 ,john said1 ',i am not ,elias'--not his substance and individuality4#ahd ,remey clearly states the idea3 ,the return of a prophet does not refer to the return to this world of a personality4 ,it refers to the return in another personality of the impersonal ,spirit1 the ,word or ,spirit of ,god1 which spoke through the prophets in the past4444 ,people are mistakenly looking for the personal individual return of their own special prophet4#ahe ,in accordance with this theory of the ,return1 ,abdul ,baha wrote to the ,bahai ,council of ,new ,york3 ,i am not ,christ2 ,i am not eternal4#ahf ,to ,mrs4 ,grundy he said3 ,some call me ,christ2 it is imagination4#ahg ,yet the final word of his missionary1 ,mr4 ,remey1 is3 ,the same ,christ which was in ,jesus is again manifest in the ,bahai ,revelation4 ,the real ,christians are those who recognize the ,new ,covenant to be the return of the same ,christ1--the ,word of ,god4#ahh ,in like manner this usurper of ,christ's name is proclaimed to be the expected one1 the desire of all nations under other names to the various religions4 ,v4 ,bahaism deals with the prophecies of the ,bible in a manner derogatory to the glory of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ and ,his ,kingdom4 ,bahaism asserts that the promises and prophecies given in the ,holy ,scriptures have been fulfilled by the appearance of the ,prince of the ,universe1 the great ,baha ,ullah and of ,abdul ,baha4#ahi ,a volume would be necessary to review their treatment of the prophecies4 ,they quote a multitude of verses without proof that their applications are valid4 ,the messenger and ,elijah of the ,book of ,malachi are declared to be the ,bab4#aij ,he is also the ,angel with the sound of the trumpet 7,rev4 iv4 #a7 and his cycle is the ,first ,resurrection4 ,baha is declared to be the fulfillment of ,isaiah's prophecies4 ,of chapter ix4 #a-f1 unto us a child is born1 444 the ,prince of ,peace4 ,dealy says3 ,many misguided people have referred this to ,jesus ,christ4#aia ,in verse #a1 ,galilee of the nations1 land of ,zebulun and ,naphtali1 is made to mean ,acca 7,acre in ,syria7 where ,baha lived in exile1 and not the region of ,christ's ministry1 contradicting ,matthew iv4 #ac-af4 ,by a great stretch of imagination ,acca#aib becomes ,jerusalem1 the city of the great king 7,ps4 xlviii4 #ab71 and ,mount ,carmel becomes ,mount ,zion1 and ,isaiah ii4 #c refers to them1 for out of ,zion shall go forth the law and the word of the ,lord from ,jerusalem4 ,even the root out of ,jesse#aic and the millennial peace are only partially referred to ,christ4 ,they find the real fulfillment in ,baha ,ullah1 whom they imagine to be descended from ,abraham1 through an imaginary descendant of his named ,jesse4#aid ,the new covenant and the law written on the heart is again the ,bahai dispensation1 contrary to ,hebrews viii4 #h1 #aj1 #af4 ,when ,baha as a prisoner in chains rode into ,acca seated on an ass1 he fulfilled ,zechariah ix4 #i4aie ,i attended a ,bahai meeting in the ,masonic ,temple in ,chicago4 ,the leader read the following verses as all fulfilled in ,bahaism4#aif ,the son of man 7,dan4 vii47 was ,abdul ,baha1 and the ,ancient of ,days1 ,baha4 ,the question of ,proverbs xxx4 #c1 ,what is his name and what his son's name8 was answered1 ,baha and ,abdul ,baha2 similarly in ,psalms lxxii4 and ii41 ,the ,king and the ,king's ,son4 ,the ,branch 7,zech4 vi4 #ab-ac7 who shall build the temple was again ,abdul ,baha1 and the latter is specially urgent that the ,bahai ,temple in ,chicago should be built in his day1 so that the prophecy may appear to be fulfilled4 ,the dates in ,daniel are juggled with4 ,for example1 ,abdul ,baha explains ,daniel viii4 by taking the solar year4 ,he calculates#aig that the #b1cjj days were completed at the ,bab's manifestation in #ahdd4 ,in ,daniel xii4 #f the lunar#aih year is resorted to1 and the forty-two months 7#a1bfj years7 are dated from the hegira of ,mohammed1 but ,daniel xii4 #aa does not come exactly right1 so the terminus a quo is made to be the proclamation of the prophethood of ,mohammed1 three years after his mission1 which was ten years before the hegira4 ,by this means the date of ,baha's manifestation 7#ahfc7 is reached4 ,in connection with ,daniel xii4 and ,revelation xi4 we have the startling information1 so contradictory to history1 that in the beginning of the seventh century after ,christ1 when ,jerusalem was conquered1 the ,holy of ,holies was outwardly preserved1 that is to say1 the house which ,solomon built4 ,the ,holy of ,holies was preserved1 guarded1 and respected4#aii ,on this alleged fact ,abdul ,baha founds an argument4#bjj ,prophecies referring to the glory of ,god or of the ,father are applied to ,baha1 because his title means glory of ,god4 ,the ,bab1 according to the custom in ,persia1 gave many high-sounding titles4 ,baha's rival was called ,the ,dawn of the ,eternal4 ,voliva1 the successor of ,dowie1 might assume some fitting title and claim to fulfill the prophecies4 ,he has a good foundation for interpretation1 he does really live in ,zion ,city 7,illinois74 ,our ,bahais further tell us that the ,new ,jerusalem1 the new heaven and the new earth1 mean the new dispensation1 the new laws of ,baha4 ,this is now the day of ,god1 the day of judgment1 the kingdom of ,god1 the second resurrection4#bja ,the parable of the vineyard is a favourite proof text4 ,it says that the ,lord of the vineyard will come himself and will utterly destroy the wicked husbandmen4 ,this1 they say1 is a real coming of the ,father1 even as the ,son came4 ,in that case the destroying must be real1 and we should expect that ,baha would have destroyed the religious leaders of ,mecca or ,kerbela1 ,jerusalem or ,rome4 ,no1 says the ,bahai1 the destroying is figurative1 and means simply the abrogation of their authority4 ,well1 if he escapes to a figurative interpretation1 we too can interpret the coming of the ,lord of the ,vineyard as his visitation on ,jerusalem in the time of ,titus4 ,baha ,ullah's method of interpretation and adaptation of prophecies is best seen in his ,ikan4 ,in it he interprets at length ,matthew xxiv4#bjb ,in brief it is as follows3 ,after the tribulation of those days means times of difficulty in understanding ,god's word and attaining divine knowledge2 the sun shall be darkened and the moon cease to give light1 that is the teachings and the ordinances of the preceding dispensation shall lose their influence and efficiency4 ,the stars shall fall1 etc41 means the divines shall fall from the knowledge of religion1 and the powers of science and religion shall be shaken4 ,because of the absence of the ,son of ,divine ,beauty1 the moon of knowledge1 and the stars of intuitive wisdom1 all the tribes of the earth shall mourn4 ,they shall see the ,son of ,man coming in the clouds of heaven1 that is ,baha ,ullah shall appear from the heaven of the ,supreme ,will1 outwardly from his mother's womb4 ,in the clouds means in doubts which are caused by the human limitations of the ,manifestation1 eating1 drinking1 marrying1 etc4 ,and he shall send his angels1 the spiritual believers sent as preachers of ,baha4 ,the separation of the sheep from the goats1 as we learn subsequently1 means the schism at the death of ,baha1 when the violators1 the brothers of ,abdul ,baha and their adherents1 were exscinded4#bjc ,even granting an allegorical interpretation of ,christ's words1 only a stretch of imagination can find any reference to ,baha4 ,it should be borne in mind that ,oriental ,bahai writers have read ,keith on ,prophecy in ,persian and the publications of the ,mission ,press at ,beirut4 ,abdul ,baha said to ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,i am familiar with the books of your press4#bjd ,m4 ,abul ,fazl refers to and quotes them4 ,writers in ,english 7as ,kheiralla1 ,remey1 ,dealy1 and ,brittingham7 refer to ,miller1 ,cummings1 ,seiss1 ,guinness1 and others4 ,yet with all their familiarity with apocalyptic literature1 they make an exceedingly weak presentation4 ,their claims are so baseless as to require no refutation4 ,they are a mass of unfounded assertions and assumptions1--vain1 bold1 and brazen4 ,we may admit the declarations of ,baha and ,abul ,fazl1 which are but trite principles of hermeneutics1 that figurative and allegorical language abounds in the ,scriptures1 that many meanings are sealed till after their fulfillment1 that the prophecies of the ,old ,testament were only partially fulfilled at ,christ's first coming4 ,but their inference does not follow4 ,there is nothing to prove the assertions that the prophecies were fulfilled in the ,bab and ,baha4 ,they furnish no scintilla of evidence4 ,for example1 the government shall be upon his shoulders4 ,was this fulfilled in ,baha8 ,he came and went2 the nations and their rulers from #ahag to #ahib were neither literally nor figuratively under his sway4 ,he did not nor does he rule over the nations4 ,he did not reign in ,mount ,zion nor in ,jerusalem4 ,jerusalem did not cease to be trodden down of the ,gentiles4 ,abundance of peace did not attend him1 but great wars4 ,the signs of ,christ's ,second ,advent have not been fulfilled in ,baha1 either actually or metaphorically4#bje ,as well may ,ahmad ,quadiani or ,dowie assert their pretensions4 ,baha's claim is antichristian4 ,the day of ,christ's power through the ,holy ,spirit has not passed4 ,it is still ,his day4 ,the knowledge of ,christ is yet more covering the earth4 ,men of diverse races and religions in ,asia1 ,africa1 and the isles of the seas are being joined in the common faith and fellowship of ,jesus ,christ as ,saviour of ,men4 ,there are more ,christians in ,korea than ,bahais in ,persia4 ,more ,jews have become ,christian since ,baha was born than have become ,bahais from all races and religions outside of ,persia4 ,christ still goes forth conquering and to conquer4 ,,vi4 ,bahaism1 in its treatment of ,jesus ,christ as a man in ,his earthly life1 belittles ,him by both its denials and its affirmations4 ,of ,his temptation it says1 the devil signifies the human nature of ,christ1 through which ,he was tempted4 ,his miracles of healing are denied4#bjf ,baha and ,abul ,fazl admit the possibility of miracles1 but deny their evidential value1#bjg but ,abdul ,baha denies their reality4 ,he says3 ,the miracles of ,christ were spiritual teachings1 not literal deeds4#bjh ,the raising of the dead means that the dead 7in sin7 are blessed with spiritual life4#bji ,by blindness 7,john ix47 is meant ignorance and error2 by sight1 knowledge and guidance4#baj ,the spittle coming from ,christ was the meaning of ,his words1 the clay was the expression ,he used in accordance with their understanding4#baa ,at the crucifixion darkness did not prevail1 nor the earthquake1 nor was the vail of the temple rent in twain4#bab ,the crucifixion was not an atoning sacrifice2 ,christ quaffed the cup of martyrdom to cultivate and educate us4#bac ,the washing away of sins by ,christ was not by ,his blood1 but was by the practice of ,his teachings4#bad ,christ did not rise from the dead4 ,resurrection of the body is an unintelligible matter contrary to natural laws4#bae ,the body1 which signifies ,his word1 arose when faith in ,his cause revived in the minds of the disciples after three days4#baf ,christ's real resurrection was the coming of ,mohammed4 ,christ by saying that ,he would be three days in the heart of the earth meant that ,he would appear in the third cycle4 ,the ,christian was one1 the ,mohammedan the second1 and that of ,baha the third4 ,the ascension of ,christ with an elemental body is contrary to science4 ,he ascended in the same sense as ,baha ascended1 viz41 departed to the other world4 ,thus ,bahaism denies the miracles1#bag atonement1 resurrection1 and ascension of ,christ4 ,a section of the ,tarikh-i-,jadid#bah is devoted to the denial and refutation of miracles4 ,a blind man in ,teheran sent to ,baha praying that his eyes might be opened4 ,he received answer that it was for the glory of ,god that he remain blind4 ,the ,bab1 at his examination in ,tabriz1 was asked to restore the sick ,mohammed ,shah to health4 ,he replied3 ,it is not in my power1 but ,i can write two thousand verses a day4 ,who else can do that8 ,he thus appealed not simply to the quality of his poetry but to its quantity as a proof of his manifestation4 ,in like manner1 ,manes1 in old times1 painted pictures in his revelations and appealed to them as proof of his inspiration4 ,while denying miracles1 ,bahais lay much stress1 as we have seen1 on minute fulfillments of prophecies4 ,bahaism belittles the life and work of ,jesus in instituting comparisons between ,christ and ,baha derogatory to the former4 ,baha says3 ,it is not meet 444 to repeat the error of seeking help of 444 the ,son ,jesus4 ,let thy satisfaction be in myself4 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,the difference between ,baha and ,christ is that between the sun and moon4 ,the light of the sun ,baha subsists in itself while the moon gets light from the ,sun4 ,all the teachings of ,christ will not exceed ten pages4#bai ,those of the ,blessed ,perfection exceed sixty or seventy volumes4 ,christ's instructions refer to individuals4 ,those of the ,blessed ,perfection are for all nations1 although they apply as well to all individuals4 ,the instructions of ,christ were heard by but few persons2 there were eleven who believed1 although ,christians say there were one hundred and twenty4 ,the teachings of the ,blessed ,perfection were spread throughout the world during his lifetime4 ,the reputation of ,christ did not extend from ,nazareth to ,acca #bb miles2 the reputation of the ,blessed ,perfection extended throughout the world4 ,jesus ,christ did not send a letter even to a village chief2 the ,blessed ,perfection sent letters to all the kings of the earth4#bbj ,notice how he repeats ad nauseam the title for ,baha1 but uses no title for the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 though the ,moslems invariably do use a title in speaking of the latter4 ,there is an evident effort on the part of ,kheiralla and ,abul ,fazl to minimize the proofs regarding ,christ from prophecy1 miracles1 and history1 with the idea thereby of magnifying the proof for ,baha in contrast4 ,for example1 ,the ,gospels contain only a few pages of the true ,words of ,god4 ,christ's teachings were not written in the original language nor written in ,his day1 ,his power was slow in proving effective1 and many even denied ,his existence4#bba ,even ,peter denied ,him1 but ,baha ,ullah has educated thousands of souls1 faithful under the menace of the sword4#bbb ,in explaining the progress of ,bahaism among the ,jews and ,zoroastrians1 ,abul ,fazl says3 ,christians could not convert even one ,jew or ,zoroastrian except by force or compulsion4 ,he ignores the fact that millions of ,persians had been converted to ,christ from ,zoroaster before the sword of ,islam smote ,persia4 ,this belittling of ,christ--,his life and work and influence--shows that a spirit antagonistic to ,christ really animates the ,bahai leaders1 in spite of their professions to the contrary4 ,,footnotes3 #acd ,in an interview with ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,bixby1 who wrote on ,bahaism in the ,north ,american ,review1 ,june1 #aiab1 ,abdul ,baha says3 ,baha ,ullah has upraised the standard of ,christ in the ,east in countries and among peoples where there was formerly no mention of ,christ's name4 ,not true4 ,christ was known in ,moslem lands1 in ,india and ,burmah4 #ace ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiac1 p4 #agf4 #acf ,sprague1 ,story of the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ba4 #acg ,remey1 ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #de4 #ach ,the ,christian ,commonwealth 7,london71 ,sept4 #ac1 #aiaa1 p4 #hej4 #aci ,wisdom ,talks1 p4 #ba4 #adj ,remey1 ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ed4 #ada ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 #adb ,ibid41 p4 #b4 #adc ,the ,story of the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ag4 #add ,so of ,persia1 ,s4 ,w41 ,april #bh1 #aiad1 p4 #db4 #ade ,c4 ,e4 ,maud1 ,fortnightly ,review1 ,april1 #aiab4 #adf ,pages #fh-aeh4 #adg ,table ,talks with ,abdul ,baha1 ,dec4 #b1 #aijj4 #adh ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #bb-bi4 #adi ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ab1 #aiaa1 p4 #g4 #aej ,remey1 ,tract on the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #h4 #aea ,talks in ,paris1 p4 #bj4 #aeb ,remey1 ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ca1 #aiac1 pp4 #bfg-bga4 #aec ,in thus regarding the prophets as divine1 ,bahais are not setters forth of strange doctrine in ,persia1 for the ,ali ,allahis 7,nusaireyeh71 who number1 possibly1 twice as many as the ,bahais in ,persia1 have the same doctrine1 and1 in addition1 regard the ,imam ,ali and others as divine incarnations4 #aed ,phelps1 ,life of ,abbas ,effendi4 #aee ,baha's ,words of ,wisdom1 p4 #fa4 ,notwithstanding these repudiations of ,pantheism1 nearly every investigator finds it at the basis of ,bahai teaching4 #aef ,answered ,questions1 p4 #bc4 #aeg ,abdul ,baha in ,mrs4 ,grundy's ,ten ,days in ,acca4 #aeh ,ibid41 p4 #fa3 ,the ,blessed ,perfection said in ,his ,tablets that once ,he was ,abraham1 once ,moses1 once ,jesus1 once ,mohammed and once the ,bab4 ,baha ,ullah is all the prophets1 no matter by what name he chooses to call himself4 #aei ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #bji4 #afj ,pages #ad-ae4 #afa ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #aii-bja4 ,mr4 ,sprague says3 ,the ,bahai ,faith teaches that the ,universal ,spirit1 which is ,god1 has manifested itself to every race at some time or other1 and that it comes again and again1 like the spring1 to make all things new 7,a ,year in ,india1 p4 viii74 #afb ,ikan1 p4 #age4 #afc ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #aef-afj4 ,at the time of ,azal there was a whole galaxy of ,manifestations4 ,baha wishes to stop the claimants1 so he declares that none is to be expected for a thousand or thousands of years4 ,persia has had numerous incarnations1 so-called4 ,they were found among the ,ismielis1 ,assassins1 ,ali-,allahis and all the ,ghulat4 ,the veiled ,prophet ,mukanna1 ,babak and many pretenders have proclaimed themselves ,god4 ,in truth ,persia never lacks for an incarnation or two4 ,one of these1 of the ,ali-,allahi sect1 arrived in ,tabriz some years ago1 and made an appointment to visit me at three o'clock ,p4 ,m4 ,my somavar was set to boiling and ,i awaited his arrival4 ,but he failed to keep his engagement because the ,governor-,general1 the ,amir-i-,nizam1 heard of his presence in the city1 and this ,god fled1 forgetting to send me word not to expect him4 #afd ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #abi-aca1 #aii-bja4 #afe ,ibid41 p4 #ahd4 #aff ,ikan1 pp4 #abc-abg4 #afg ,asad ,ullah1 ,the ,school of the ,prophets1 p4 #aji4 #afh ,mrs4 ,brittingham1 ,the ,revelation of ,baha ,ullah1 p4 #cb4 #afi ,s4 ,w41 ,jan4 #ai1 #aiad1 p4 #bhc4 #agj ,the ,revelation of ,baha ,ullah1 p4 #bd4 ,similarly ,gulam ,ahmad ,quadiani of ,india claimed to be ,christ come again as well as ,mohammed and the ,mahdi and also1 for the ,hindus1 a new avatar or incarnation4 #aga ,c4 ,m4 ,remey's tract1 ,the ,covenant1 pp4 #ad-ae2 ,kheiralla's ,baha ,ullah1 p4 #ecc1 and ,lawh-ul-,akdas1 translated in ,s4 ,w41 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ae4 #agb ,s4 ,w41 ,march #ba1 #aiac1 p4 #ac4 #agc ,notes at ,acca1 p4 #bd4 #agd ,a ,message from ,acca4 #age ,before ,abraham was1 ,i am1 p4 #df4 #agf ,the ,revelation1 etc41 p4 #be4 #agg ,daily ,lessons1 p4 #fa4 #agh ,flowers from ,rose ,garden1 p4 #e2 also1 ,dealy1 ,dawn of ,knowledge1 ,chap4 ,,iv4 #agi ,asad ,ullah1 ,sacred ,mysteries1 pp4 #gd1 #he4 #ahj ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #aba2 ,s4 ,w41 ,jan4 #ai1 #aiad1 p4 #bhh4 #aha ,a ,heavenly ,vista1 p4 #ab4 #ahb ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #aig4 #ahc ,ikan1 p4 #aac4 #ahd ,answered ,questions1 p4 #aeb4 #ahe ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ci4 #ahf ,phelps1 p4 #ii4 #ahg ,ten ,days in the ,light of ,acca4 #ahh ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ca1 #aiac1 p4 #bfi4 #ahi ,m4 ,asad ,ullah in ,m4 ,h4 ,dreyfus's ,universal ,religion1 p4 #fc4 #aij ,mal4 iii4 #a2 iv4 #e-f4 ,see ,dealy1 ,the ,dawn of ,knowledge1 pp4 #ac-ae4 #aia ,ibid41 pp4 #be1 #cj4 #aib ,dealy says3 ,to quote all the passages of ,scripture referring to ,acca would necessitate reading a great portion of the ,bible4 ,they identify ,accho with ,acca 7,acre74 ,even if this were so1 ,accho was not in the land of ,naphtali and ,zebulun1 but in ,asher4 ,napoleon's siege of ,acre is called 'the abomination of desolation1 standing in the holy place' 7p4 #dj74 #aic ,isa4 xi4 #a-aj4 #aid ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #gb-ge4 #aie ,kheiralla1 p4 #dai4 #aif ,dealy1 pp4 #ca-cb1 #dd4 #aig ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #ej-eb4 #aih ,kheiralla 7pp4 #dab1 #dhj-dhc7 also skips from lunar to solar year and back1 to make the dates tally4 #aii ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,see ,milman's ,gibbon1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcc4 ,the ,emperor ,hadrian's plowshare levelled the temple area4 #bjj ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #ed-ee4 #bja ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #adj4 ,all in their graves arose spiritually at his call1 for service in his cause4 #bjb ,pages #ag-fg4 #bjc ,doctor ,potter of ,teheran says 7,missions and ,modern ,hist41 by ,r4 ,e4 ,speer1 p4 #afb73 ,their fanciful interpretations of plain ,scripture declarations renders it difficult to make any impression on them with proof texts from the ,bible4 ,they reply1 ',yes1 but we must break open the word and extract its meaning4' ,this1 says ,doctor ,holmes1 is often directly at variance with its apparent meaning1 but this only displays more clearly the divine insight of their teacher1 that he is able to recognize words no one else can understand4 #bjd ,the ,outlook 7,new ,york71 #aija1 ,june1 p4 #dea4 #bje ,in one particular1 no doubt1 ,baha has fulfilled prophecy4 ,at least the ,azalis say that he came as a thief and stole the succession from ,azal4 #bjf ,new ,hist41 p4 #cba4 #bjg ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #aij1 #bjd-bjg4 #bjh ,mrs4 ,grundy1 p4 #ac4 #bji ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #aae-aah4 #baj ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #bcb4 #baa ,m4 ,l4 ,lucas1 ,my ,visit to ,acca1 p4 #bj4 #bab ,answered ,questions1 p4 #de4 #bac ,s4 ,w41 ,april #i1 #aiac1 p4 #dj4 #bad ,ibn ,abhar4 ,thornton ,chase says3 ,christianity stands condemned because it refuses to reject miracles and the blood atonement and will not confine itself to the precepts of ,jesus 7,bahai ,revelation1 p4 #aeh74 #bae ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #aee4 #baf ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aib2 ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #abj-aba4 #bag ,yet ,baha informs us that copper in seventy years becomes gold in its mine if it be protected from a superabundance of moisture 7,ikan1 p4 #aaa74 #bah ,new ,hist4 #bai ,winterburn's ,table ,talks1 pp4 #ai-bj4 #bbj ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #bca4 #bba ,answered ,questions1 p4 #db4 #bbb ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #bfe4 ,v ,bahaism and ,christianity 7,continued7 ,mrs4 ,goodall3--,is it necessary to arise to say the midnight prayers and to make ablution before them8 ,abdul ,baha3--,ablution is only for obligatory prayers three times a day4--,daily ,lessons1 p4 #gd4 ,abdul ,baha restores man to his state a little lower than the angels4444 ,on this occasion we newcomers were presented with a ,bahai stone marked with ,baha ,ullah's name4 ,such objects contain a spiritual influence 444 actually retain and set free something of the holy man's personality4444 ,at my request1 ,abdul ,baha graciously took back the stone ,i had received and returned it with a blessing for my baby girl1 who thus1 as it were1 accompanied us on our pilgrimage and received its benefit4--,horace ,holley at ,thonon4 ,his ,the ,modern ,social ,religion1 p4 #baf4 ,,vii4 ,bahaism teaches another way of salvation4 ,man's origin and destiny were formerly points of doubt in ,bahai teaching1 but the muddy mixture has settled enough to give us a clearer view1 at least as regards ,western ,bahaism1 though pantheistic notions still prevail4 ,abdul ,baha teaches that matter is eternal1 self-existent1 and fills all space4#bbc ,god always had a creation2 the universe has neither beginning nor end4#bbd ,creation out of nothing is unthinkable4 ,separate entities come into being through the operation of ,god--are the perceptible manifestations of ,him4 ,there are four degrees of spirit concerned with evolutionary growth3 ,the mineral spirit1 the vegetable1 the animal1 and the human4 ,the mineral spirit contains the latent principle of life4#bbe ,yet man's origin is not from the animals4#bbf ,species is fixed2 man was developed gradually as a distinct species4#bbg ,the spirit of man emanates from ,god as an action from an actor1 a writing from a writer--a manifestation of the ,divine but not a division from it4 ,sin arises from the physical qualities1 from the physical nature which we derive from ,adam4 ,evil is really non-existent2 it is simply lack of good qualities4 ,there is no ,satan4#bbh ,the ,genii 7jins7 of the ,koran are evil passions in man2 demons are the spirits of bad men4 ,as to the doctrine of personal immortality1 there has been much confusion of thought4 ,some have understood the doctrine of rijat or ,return as teaching transmigration of souls4 ,others have understood their allegorizing about heaven as a rejection of the future life4 ,others1 as ,phelps1#bbi affirm the absorption of the soul in the ,infinite4 ,my language teacher in ,persia1 a fervent ,behai1 said3 ,we believe in a future state so unthinkably ecstatic that if its joys were now revealed to men1 they would commit suicide to hasten their entrance into it4 ,baha ,ullah wrote a ,tablet of the ,spiritual ,world1 of which it is said3#bcj ,all who read it are filled with an anxious desire to leave this world and enter the next condition1 so wonderful are the glories of the spiritual kingdom4 ,in ,persia one man who read the tablet killed himself4 ,he could not wait for the happiness it promised him4 ,another1 a youth of ,ispahan1 could not stand it and lost his reason4 ,mrs4 ,grundy#bca and ,mr4 ,phelps#bcb understood ,abdul ,baha to teach the annihilation of the wicked1 but he denied this#bcc and affirms their conscious existence4#bcd ,heaven and hell are affirmed in some places1 denied in others4 ,sin is little dwelt upon in ,bahai literature1 and the word repentance is seldom used4 ,in the ,new ,history and ,traveller's ,narrative sin1 transgression1 forgiveness1 expiation and such words find no place in the indexes4 ,the ,moslem appeal for mercy is rarely made4 ,in the chapter on prayer1 in the ,sacred ,mysteries1 there are no directions for the confession of sins1 no petition like1 forgive us our trespasses1 no cry of the prodigal--,father1 ,i have sinned4 ,there is no atonement4 ,the daily sacrifice of the ,book of ,numbers is explained to mean ,divine bounty4 ,the blood of ,christ cleanses us is interpreted ,his spiritual teaching and love which saved ,his disciples from the ruin of ignorance and heedlessness4 ,the stages of travel to ,god1 the ,seven ,valleys1 are 7#a7 research1 7#b7 love1 7#c7 knowledge1 7#d7 union1 7#e7 content1 7#f7 perplexity or astonishment1 7#g7 poverty and annihilation4 ,there is no mention of hatred of sin1 turning from it and apprehending the mercy of ,god4 ,the plan of salvation has neither the ,christian idea of atonement by a mediator1 nor the ,mohammedan one of expiation by works of merit or an equivalent4 ,its plan of salvation is simple1 viz41 to believe in and follow ,mirza ,husain ,ali1 ,baha ,ullah1 as the supreme and final manifestation in this universal cycle which began in ,adam and culminated in ,baha ,ullah1 who was ,god the ,father in the flesh4 ,later ,bahais put ,abdul ,baha in the place of ,christ as ,son of ,god and ,divine ,mediator4 ,remey's chapter on ,eternal ,life#bce is orthodoxy with ,baha as ,word of ,god4 ,the doctrines of faith1 regeneration1 and sanctification are ,christian with the historic ,christ eliminated4 ,error has clothed itself as in garments of light4 ,antichrist would steal the livery of ,heaven and lead ,christians to forget that there is no other name under ,heaven given among men1 whereby we must be saved 7,acts iv4 #ab71 and that if ,abdul ,baha or an angel from ,heaven pervert the ,gospel of ,christ or preach any other ,gospel1 he is to be rejected 7,gal4 i4 #g-i74 ,,viii4 ,bahaism abrogates the ,new ,testament4 ,it is indeed honoured1 but as the ,revelation of a past dispensation4 ,abdul ,baha wrote in the ,bible in the ,city ,temple1 ,london3 ,this book is the ,holy ,book of ,god1 of celestial inspiration4 ,it is the ,bible of salvation1 the noble ,gospel4 ,it is the mystery of the ,kingdom of ,god and its light4 ,it is the ,divine bounty1 sign of the guidance of ,god4 ,but ,harold ,johnson1 a friend of ,bahaism1 wrote1 with true discernment3#bcf ,in the same spirit he would have written the same words upon the ,koran or the ,vedas4 ,baha certifies the ,koran times without number in the ,ikan4 ,he wrote3#bcg ,whoso hath not acknowledged the ,koran hath not in reality accepted the books which preceded it4 ,by the same reasoning1 whoso does not acknowledge ,baha's writings as revealed rejects the former books also4 ,bahais1 even ,persian ,bahais1 are familiar with the ,bible4 ,they quote largely from the prophets1 the ,gospels1 and the ,book of ,revelation4 ,they use them for apologetic purposes1 to dispute with ,christians and to find proofs for their perverted teachings4 ,as the real ,scriptures for the present age1 they present the writings of ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha4 ,these are read at their meetings and in their devotions and are chanted at their shrines4 ,these only are to be read in the ,mashrak-ul-,azhar1 the ,bahai ,temples4#bch ,the authority of all other ,scriptures is abrogated1 even the ,bayan of the ,bab4#bci ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 the ,most ,holy ,book1 consists of laws1 exhortations1 and warnings4 ,the ,ikan1 written by ,baha before he set up his own claim1 is an attempt to show from previous books the truth of the ,bab's claims4 ,the ,hidden ,words1 ,surat al ,haykal 7,the human temple71 the ,seven ,valleys1 the ,effulgences1 the ,glad ,tidings1 etc41 contain principles1 precepts1 and rhapsodies4 ,there are also the ,epistles to the ,kings and numerous tablets 7letters7 to individual believers4 ,besides all these1 the discourses and letters of ,abdul ,baha1 containing interpretations and commands1 are regarded as revealed and inspired ,words of ,god4 ,these are collected in ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,addresses in ,paris1 ,addresses in ,london1 ,some ,answered ,questions1 and in the ,star of the ,west1 newspaper4 ,,ix4 ,bahaism abolishes the ,christian institutions--the ,church1 its sacraments1 and its polity4 ,the ,church must soon cease to have any meaning for those who look for grace and strength to another than the head1 even ,christ 7,eph4 iv4 #ae74 ,bahais in ,america have already organized separate meetings for worship in all places where they have a score or more members4 ,in ,chicago1 which is the chief seat of the sect in ,america1 they have #aej or more members4 ,i attended their regular ,sunday service1 in a room which they have rented in the ,masonic ,temple4 ,about sixty were present1 one-half of whom were visitors like myself4 ,the service was modelled somewhat after the ,protestant week-day meeting1 but without any prayer4 ,several hymns were sung in praise and worship of ,baha1 from a book specially written for his adoration4 ,the leader1 a woman1 read selections from the ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha and gave an exposition of ,bahai teachings and an invitation to faith in ,baha and ,abdul ,baha1 as specially the fulfillment of the prophecies of the ,bible4 ,another woman read from the ,hidden ,words4 ,the editor of the ,star1 one of six ,bahai men present1 gave the announcements and said that the meetings during the summer would be on the ground1 at ,wilmette1 where they expect to build the temple 7,mashrak-ul-,azkar74 ,this temple is a darling project of ,abdul ,baha4 ,he dedicated the ground when he was in ,america and urges all believers to build it quickly4 ,he says3 ,the temple is the greatest matter today for the upbuilding of the cause4#bdj ,it will fulfill prophecy6 ,the government of ,bahaism is to be by ,houses of ,justice4 ,each will be composed of nine or more ,bahai men elected by the people4 ,bahaism will be the state religion4 ,kings will exist1 but the politico-religious hierarchy will perform many of the functions of the state1 even to settling international disputes4 ,churches1 assemblies1 and conferences1 bishops and popes--all will be dispensed with4 ,the ,bahai houses will conduct and control religion for the world4 ,the first universal vicegerent of ,god is ,abdul ,baha4 ,after him the supreme power will be vested in the house4 ,already signs of ,bahai tyranny are manifest4 ,abdul ,baha declared that no believer must vary one hair's breadth from his word4 ,no ,bahai may publish anything on religion without first submitting it to him for censorship4 ,such a command is made applicable to all ,bahais4#bda ,in the good time coming there will be a graduated hierarchy--local1 national1 universal--who will bring all secular affairs under spiritual guidance4 ,with the ,church and its ministry the new revelation abolishes also the sacraments4 ,baptism is no longer necessary1 for baptism by water1 says ,abdul ,baha1 was a symbol of repentance and of seeking forgiveness of sins4 ,in the cycle of ,baha there is no longer need of this symbol1 for its reality1 which is to be baptized with the ,spirit and love of ,god1 is established4#bdb ,yet a substitute is at hand3#bdc ,thou hast asked regarding the naming of children4 ,prepare a meeting1 chant verses1 supplicate guidance for the babe2 then give the name and enjoy beverages and sweetmeats4 ,this is spiritual baptism4 ,so ,remey did4 ,i will make mention of a ,bahai christening 8 in ,ferouzay ,persia4 ,we were asked to name the baby4 ,on the fifth day after the child's birth a feast was spread4 ,the baby was brought out4 ,mr4 ,sprague gave the name ,ruhullah2 prayers1 tablets1 and a hymn in praise of ,baha ,ullah were chanted4#bdd ,such is the substitute for baptism in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit4 ,the ,lord's ,supper as a remembrance of the sacrifice of ,christ is abolished4 ,instead of it there is introduced an imitation1 called the ,unity ,feast1 with traces of the ,lord's ,supper and of the ,agape4 ,of it ,abdul ,baha#bde says3 ,it must be inaugurated in such a way as to resurrect the feast of the ancients1 namely1 the ,lord's ,supper4 ,we have descriptions of it as celebrated by ,abdul ,baha in ,america and at ,acca4#bdf ,sprague says3 ,the ,master at ,acca did not sit down with us1 but served us1 going from one to another1 heaping rice on our plates1 bringing home to us the words3 ',let him that is greatest among you be your servant4' ,the ,orientals could hardly bear that their ,master should wait on them4 ,they felt as ,peter did when ,christ washed his feet4 ,after the supper a tablet of ,baha was chanted in ,persian4 ,the supper was truly the ,lord's ,supper in all its spiritual significance4 ,abdul ,baha said that the prophecy was fulfilled which said1 ,they shall come from the east and the west and sit down in the kingdom of ,god4 ,in ,america ,abdul ,baha celebrated the supper with each group of his followers4 ,in his absence a vacant seat is left at the head of the table for the master and passages from the ,hidden ,words are read as food is passed4 ,other imitations of ,christ's works and words are repeated to keep up the pretense that ,he is the ,saviour4 ,in ,chicago and other places the children were on hand to receive the spiritual blessing of ,abdul ,baha4 ,he called each child to him and took him in his lap4 ,he blessed them all1 laying his hand in blessing on each little head4 ,at a ,unity ,feast he said3 ,abdul ,baha is standing and waiting upon you4 ,what is this but a copying of the words3 ,i am among you as one that doth serve4 ,palpable imitations of ,christ's words abound in the so-called ,revelations4 ,in the ,lawh-ul-,akdas there is a series of beatitudes as3 ,blessed is the lowly one who holds to the rope of my might4 ,blessed is the hungry one who hastens away from desire4 ,blessed is the thirsty one who seeks the nectar of my benediction4 ,blessed is the spirit who was stirred by my breath4 ,blessed is he who has suffered tribulation for my name's sake1 etc4 ,baha ,ullah doubles the number of ,christ's ,beatitudes6 ,in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 written many years before his death1 ,baha imitates the parting words of ,christ3 ,christ in the ,gospel says3 ,baha ,ullah says3 ,let not your hearts be ,be not troubled4 troubled4 ,let not your heart be ,let not your trouble take troubled2 neither let possession of you4 it be afraid4 ,i am with you always4 ,we are with you under all conditions4 ,if any man love me1 he ,whoso knoweth me1 will will keep my words4 rise up to serve me4 ,it is expedient for you ,verily there is in my occulation that ,i go away4 a reason4 ,i will see you again4 ,we shall see you4 ,what palpable imitations of words so dear to the ,christian heart6 ,words which were in the mouth of ,christ ,jesus the expression of deep and sincere emotion are used for effect6 ,x4 ,bahaism is antichristian in its rites and ceremonies4 ,these regulations are1 for the most part1 copied from the ,moslem law and are prescribed in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,ablution is commanded as a religious rite1 to be followed by sitting with one's face towards the ,kibla 7,acca7 and repeating ,alla hu ,abha ninety-five times 7#ex#ai74 ,as a ,fast1 ,bahaism substitutes the last month of their year1 named ,ala for ,ramazan4 ,as ,christians have ,carnival week before ,lent1 followed by ,easter rejoicings1 and as ,moslems have the ,oruj ,bayram1 so ,bahais have five days of feasting before the ,fast4 ,this extends through a ,bahai month of nineteen days1 ,march #b-bj1 and is followed by the ,noruz or ,vernal ,equinox4 ,noruz is consecrated and its ceremonies prescribed with religious sanctions as among the ,nusaireyah4 ,the ordinance of fasting says3 ,thus ordaineth the ,lord of men2 abstain from eating and drinking from dawn to sundown4 ,this abstinence includes smoking as among ,moslems4 ,the same exceptions are made as in the ,koran--that the traveller1 the sick1 and pregnant and nursing women are excused4 ,fasting is obligatory after the age of fifteen4 ,the ,bab put the age limit at forty-two1 but ,baha enjoined it as long as strength permits4#bdg ,the question naturally arises if obligatory fasting is good1 why reduce the time from thirty to nineteen days3 if reform is the watchword1 why not have the liberty of the ,gospel8 ,as in fasting1 so in prayer ,bahaism follows the ,moslem ceremonial law4 ,baha laid down a ritual on the same lines4 ,there are modifications1 but no essential difference1 from ,islam4 ,in ,islam devotion is a strong point1 formalism is its weakness4 ,bahaism lessens the amount of devotion1 without getting rid of the prescribed formalism4 ,ablutions are a necessary preliminary to the obligatory prayers1 at least three times a day1 but if one wishes to make other prayers at night1 he need not get out of bed to perform the ablutions4#bdh ,he who doth not find water1 must say five times1 ',in the name of ,god1' etc4 7,akdas74 ,during the ablutions certain petitions are prescribed as while washing the hands1 say1 etc42 while washing the face1 say1 etc4 ,then the worshipper must stand facing the ,holy ,place 7,acca7 and say a portion of the prayers2 then bowing down with hands on knees1 say another portion2 then standing with hands outstretched forward and upward1 another2 then sitting down1 another portion4 ,each prayer has three prostrations 7rika74 ,prayer times are morning1 afternoon1 and evening4 ,congregational prayer or at funerals was abolished by ,baha1 but ,abdul ,baha permits it for ,americans4#bdi ,prayer is directed to ,baha ,ullah4 ,when the terms ,god1 ,lord1 ,thy ,greatest ,name are used1 ,mirza ,husain ,ali is intended3 ,he1 ,baha1 says ,abdul ,baha#bej is the dawning place of ,divinity and the manifestation of ,divinity4 ,he is the ultimate goal1 the adored one of all1 and the worshipped one of all4 ,the editors add 7the capitals are theirs73 ,further than this ,,man ,,has ,,no ,,other ,,point ,,for ,,concentration4 ,,he 7,,baha7 ,,is ,,god1 the worshipped one of all4 ,prayer1 therefore1 is no longer to be in the name nor for the sake of ,jesus ,christ but in the ,greatest ,name1 i4 e41 ,baha ,ullah's1 at the mention of which the people before the ,houris fall down1 the ,name of ,him who is ,ruler over what was and is4#bea ,this name is graven on the breastpins of ,bahais1 and as a monogram on rings1 with two stars alongside it1 one of which represents the ,bab and the other ,abdul ,baha4 ,this charm is to be buried with the body4 ,a rosary of ninety-five beads is used daily by the worshipper in saying the ,greatest name #ex#ai times4 ,allahu ,abha is also to be said at the beginning of a meal or of any business1 or as a greeting1 just as the ,moslems say1 ,bism ullah 7,in the name of ,god7 or ,peace be to you4 ,the figure #i1 the sum of the letters of ,baha1 is also a talisman4 ,pilgrimage is considered meritorious and has been popular among ,american as well as ,persian ,bahais1 though ,baha says3#beb ,visiting the tombs of the dead is not necessary1 it is better to give the money to the ,house of ,justice4 ,the chief shrine is the tomb of ,baha ,ullah and of the ,bab#bec at ,acca4 ,there have been published accounts of a score of ,american women and of some men who have obtained permission and entered1 as it were1 through the gate of heaven and paid their vows unto the ,most ,high4 ,but not the least attraction was ,abdul ,baha1 the king in his beauty4 ,the pilgrim first does obeisance to him4 ,this is an ecstatic1 hysteric event4 ,mrs4 ,true1 perfectly intoxicated with the realization1 kissed his hand4#bed ,another lady sat at his feet with her head on his knee4 ,another1 when she entered his presence1 held out her arms1 crying3 ,my ,lord1 my ,lord1#bee and rushing forward1 fell on her knees1 sobbing4#bef ,another narrative says#beg that ,abbas greeted them1 clasped each one in a loving embrace1 anointed each one with the attar of roses4 ,some of the believers kissed his hand4 ,of her good-bye this lady says1 ,i held his hand a long time4 ,even ,mr4 ,horace ,holley1 author of ,the ,modern ,social ,religion1 writes1#beh ,this was he4 ,my whole body underwent a shock4 ,my heart leaped1 my knees weakened1 a thrill of acute receptive feeling flowed from head to foot4444 ,from sheer happiness ,i wanted to cry4 ,another man1 ,l4 ,g4 ,gregory1 a negro1 writes3 ,my knee bent reverently before him4 ,when ,abdul ,baha says3 ,i am glad to see you1 the pilgrims thrill at such wondrous words6 ,his heavenly smile gives them happiness6 ,his trite platitudes are written down beside the midnight lamp1 for the delectation of similar dupes4 ,next the pilgrims visit the ,palace of ,bahja and the beautiful pleasure grounds where ,baha resided during most of his confinement at ,acca1 enjoying much freedom and even luxury as a prisoner4 ,the tomb of the ,bab draws them1 but more sacred do they deem the tomb of ,baha ,ullah1 the culmination of our pilgrimage4 ,this shrine is in the ,garden of ,bahja4 ,its outer court is adorned with beautiful rugs1 vases1 chandeliers1 and flowers4 ,here they chant verses from the ,tablets4 ,each pilgrim1 taking off his shoes1 enters the holy precincts alone4 ,in this holy of holies1 the heavenly silence of that centre of peace1 he kneels and prays at the throne of grace for pardon and help1 remembering the friends far away before the presence4 ,he counts it a glorious experience at once solemn and joyful4 ,coming out he is served with tea and given some beautiful roses which are carefully preserved4 ,mrs4 ,grundy says that they remained all night at the tomb1 chanting and praying without intermission1 and standing throughout the ceremonies 444 communing with the glorified spirit of ,baha ,ullah4 ,under the arbour was a chair where ,baha ,ullah used to sit4 ,no one sits in it any longer4 ,she knelt at the foot of the chair whilst one of the daughters of ,baha chanted a prayer4#bei ,a shrine1 deemed even more sacred1 yet remains4 ,the pilgrims are conducted to it in an inner room of the residence of ,abdul ,baha4 ,here are the images of the ,glorious ,ones of ,god4 ,we were all impelled to remove our shoes before crossing the threshold4 ,approaching in reverent awe1 we were anointed with a fragrant perfume1 and as we knelt before the majestic likeness#bfj of the ,blessed ,perfection1 ,baha ,ullah and that of the ,bab1 we were unable to speak4#bfa ,here is seen the expression of gentleness1 meekness1 wisdom1 light1 love1 majesty1 power1 holiness1 in short1 every attribute of ,god4#bfb ,how far from the ,christian position the ,bahais have wandered is seen in the narratives of these pilgrims who take little interest ,in those holy fields1 ,over whose acres walked those blessed feet ,which1 nineteen hundred years ago1 were nail'd ,for our advantage to the blessed cross4 ,to them not ,jerusalem but ,acca is the ,holy ,city4 ,not ,nazareth and the ,sea of ,galilee1 but ,haifa and its bay1 not the ,garden of ,gethsemane but the ,rizwan1 not ,calvary but the ,turkish prison barracks1 not ,mount ,olivet but ,mount ,carmel1 attract their interest and engage their love4 ,,xi4 ,bahaism in its festivals abandons the ,christian year4 ,in the ,akdas1 besides ,noruz1 ,new ,year1 there are two sacred days3 7#a7 ,the anniversary of the declaration of the ,bab1 ,may #bc1 #ahdd2 and 7#b7 the birthday of ,baha ,ullah1 ,november #ab1 #ahag4 ,to these have been added3 7#c7 ,the feast of ,rizwan1 ,april #ba-,may #b1 commemorating the declaration of ,baha ,ullah in ,bagdad2 7#d7 the death of ,baha ,ullah1 ,may #bh1 #ahib1 at ,acca2 and still later 7#e7 the birthday of ,abdul ,baha1 ,may #bd1 #ahdd2 and 7#f7 his appointment as ,centre of the ,covenant1 ,november #bf4 ,the four or five intercalary days1 ,february #bf-,march #b1 corresponding in a measure to ,carnival1 are a feasting time before the annual fast4 ,the weekly holy days of the three monotheistic religions are abolished4 ,instead of a ,sabbath1 every nineteenth day1 the first of each month1 is a sacred day2 even the week is abolished4 ,the ninth day of each month has been made sacred by ,abdul ,baha4 ,the era is also changed4 ,the world and its events are to be reckoned from the ,bahai cycle4 ,just what this is seems to be doubtful1 for some date from the ,declaration of the ,bab and write #aiad as the year #gj4 ,the ,star of the ,west is so dated4 ,some date from the birth of ,baha ,ullah and count this as the year #ig1 as on the title page of ,the ,bahai ,movement1 by ,remey4 ,even the year of ,abdul ,baha's accession 7#ahib7 is used as a date4#bfc ,thus ,bahaism has no ,christian era1 no ,christian ,sabbath1 no ,easter1 no ,christmas1 no ,trinitarian formula in benediction1 doxology1 or sacrament1 no symbol of the cross1 no hymns to ,christ1 no ,apostles' ,creed1 no ,lord's ,prayer4 ,yet it claims to be ,christian6 ,,xii4 ,in conclusion1 ,bahaism is antichristian in its aim and propaganda4 ,whenever it comes in contact with ,christian missions1 in ,persia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,india1 or ,burmah1 it is the opposer of the messenger of ,christ and ,his ,gospel4 ,a hope cherished thirty years ago1 by some missionaries and others1 that it might be a stepping stone for ,moslems to ,christ has not been fulfilled2 albeit some of the best converts from ,islam have first sought the broken cisterns of ,bahaism4#bfd ,bahaism is plainly antichristian4 ,it is a new and a different1 an inferior and a false religion4 ,its claims are contradictory to the claims of ,christ4 ,it would draw men's allegiance to another person1 to other ,scriptures1 to a system of doctrine and way of salvation inconsistent with the ,gospel1 to forms of worship1 ceremonies1 and festivals at variance with those of ,christianity4 ,it declares that ,christianity is abrogated and superseded4 ,its erroneous dictum is that the revelation of ,jesus is no longer the point of guidance for the world4 ,why cannot ,christian people see that its claims annul faith and loyalty to ,christ8 ,surely giving ,bahaism countenance1 assistance1 and encouragement or opportunity for its propaganda is to wound ,christ in the house of ,his friends4 ,,footnotes3 #bbc ,phelps' ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #fi4 #bbd ,answered ,questions1 pp4 #bji1 #bch1 #cag2 ,s4 ,w41 ,june #e1 #aiac1 p4 #ij4 #bbe ,phelps1 p4 #aaf4 #bbf ,answered ,questions1 p4 #bji4 #bbg ,ibid41 p4 #bac4 #bbh ,phelps1 p4 #acg4 #bbi ,page #agc4 #bcj ,mrs4 ,grundy1 p4 #f4 #bca ,ten ,days in the ,light of ,acca1 p4 #bc4 #bcb ,pages #aba-abg1 #agc4 #bcc ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 iv4 #bcd ,s4 ,w41 ,march #b1 #aiad1 p4 #cba4 #bce ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #hj4 #bcf ,contemporary ,review1 ,march1 #aiab4 #bcg ,page #ade1 ,chicago ,edition4 #bch ,goodall1 ,daily ,lessons1 p4 #ag4 #bci ,dreyfus1 ,the ,bahai ,revelation1 p4 #ei4 #bdj ,table ,talks1 by ,true1 p4 #ba2 ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ag4 #bda ,star1 ,july #ac1 #aiac1 p4 #aba2 ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aah1 #abd4 #bdb ,answered ,questions1 p4 #ajf4 #bdc ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adi1 #aej4 #bdd ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 p4 #dj4 #bde ,tablets1 p4 #adi4 #bdf ,daily ,lessons1 ,goodall1 p4 #ah2 ,sprague's ,a ,year ,among ,bahais1 p4 #h2 ,star1 #aiac1 pp4 #aba1 #aei1 #bjc4 #bdg ,star1 ,feb4 #g1 #aiad1 p4 #cjf4 #bdh ,daily ,lessons1 ,goodall1 p4 #gd4 #bdi ,tablets1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ae4 #bej ,star1 ,feb4 #g1 #aiad1 p4 #cjd4 #bea ,star1 ,feb4 #g1 #aiad1 p4 #bih4 #beb ,glad ,tidings1 ,tablets1 p4 #ij4 #bec ,the ,bab's body1 at the time of his martyrdom at ,tabriz1 was thrown to the dogs4 ,it was rescued1 taken to ,teheran and interred4 ,after many years it was secretly transferred to ,acca4 ,the ,bab's house in ,shiraz was first of all a shrine1 and pilgrimage to it is enjoined in the ,akdas4 ,another is the mausoleum over the grave of the martyrs at ,teheran4 ,similarly at ,ispahan 7,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #ac74 ,abdul ,baha seems to desire to increase reverence for shrines and inculcates such honour for the martyrs as will soon develop into superstition4 ,in the ,visiting ,tablets for ,martyrs1 he says 7pp4 #i-ab73 ,blessed is the one who attains to visit thy grave4 ,blessed is the forehead that is set against thy tomb4 ,blessed is the person who lights a lamp at thy resting-place4 ,i beg ,god to make thy sepulchre a mine of mercy1 a depository of gifts1 and to encompass it with manifold signs4 ,a chant for the pilgrim begins3 ,o peerless martyr6 ,verily ,i salute thy pure dust and thy holy blessed tomb4 ,the everlasting abode is for such as visit thy tomb4 #bed ,table ,talks1 pp4 #ac1 #ag4 #bee ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,d4 ,d41 refers to this incident as published in the ,literary ,digest 7,outlook1 ,ibid41 and ,fifty-three ,years in ,syria1 p4 #fhg74 ,he said to ,abbas ,effendi1 ,an ,american woman has stated that she came to ,haifa and when she entered your room she felt that she was in the presence of the very ,son of ,god1 the ,christ1 and that she held out her arms1 crying1 ',my ,lord1 my ,lord1' and rushed to you1 kneeling at your blessed feet sobbing like a child4 ,can this be right to accept worship8 ,i left ,abbas ,effendi with the painful feeling that he was accepting divine honour from simple-minded women from ,america and receiving their gifts of gold without protest or rebuke4 #bef ,new ,york ,outlook1 ,june1 #aija1 pp4 #de1 #df4 #beg ,mrs4 ,grundy1 ,ibid41 p4 #gc4 #beh ,page #bab4 #bei ,see ,ten ,days in the ,light at ,acca1 pp4 #ga-gc2 ,my ,visit to ,acca1 p4 #ba2 ,in ,galilee1 p4 #fi2 ,heavenly ,vista1 p4 #bb2 ,daily ,lessons1 p4 #hj2 ,flowers from ,acca1 p4 #cf2 ,table ,talks1 p4 #ad4 #bfj ,baha1 in the ,akdas1 forbids women from going on pilgrimage1 the adoration of pictures and the kissing of hands4 ,why does ,abdul ,baha encourage them8 ,ignorant devotion has so soon degenerated into superstition and iconolatry4 ,others are trading on the superstitious4 ,abdul ,baha writes3 ,i have received news that some one in ,persia has imitated the picture of the ,manifestation and sold it for #bjj to a believer4 ,the real picture is not in the possession of any one but me4 #bfa ,flowers from ,acca1 p4 #cd4 #bfb ,a ,heavenly ,vista1 p4 #bb2 and above references4 #bfc ,star1 ,march #b1aiad1 p4 #cba4 #bfd ,doctor ,jessup1 ,outlook1 ,ibid41 says1 ,an old ,persian ,sheikh1 in #ahig1 came to the ,american ,press in ,beirut1 with a large sheet of paste board on which was written the motto ',ya ,baha ul ,abha' and wished to have a map mounted on the face of it4 ,in reply to inquiry why he thus would use it1 he said3 ',i have had it hanging on my wall for twelve years and prayed to it1 and found it to be vanity and worthless4 ,i now prefer to read the ,bible4' ,,vi ,bahaism and the ,state ,bahaism certainly does contemplate an earthly dominion which shall eventually subvert all existing governments4--,doctor ,holmes in ,speer's ,missions and ,modern ,history1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi4 ,the supreme manifestation of social morality is always government and in formulating a politic1 ,baha ,ullah most clearly earned our reverence as the prophet of modern society4444 ,democracy alone tends to vulgarize personal values1 as the ,united ,states proves4 ,by uniting the aristocratic spirit with the democratic form of ,government1 he insured a politic at once equable and effective4--,h4 ,holley1 ,the ,modern ,social ,religion p4 #bjc4 ,in calling ,babi-,bahaism a worse cult than ,mormonism1 ,i do so deliberately4--,s4 ,k4 ,vatralsky in ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,theology1 #aijb1 p4 #gc4 ,there can be little doubt from the intolerance they show to those who recant1 that should they gain power enough they would be as ready to persecute ,christians as was ,mohammed to put to death the ,jews of ,medina4--,dr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,holmes in ,speer's ibid41 p4 #acj4 ,bahaism1 as a new religion bidding for popular favour1 should be considered in its relation to the ,state1 for this is an important factor in forming our judgment of it4 ,as it historically sprang from ,babism1 it is well to review1 first of all1 the political relations of ,babism4 ,i4 ,babism in ,persia was a form of ,mahdiism4 ,mirza ,ali ,mohammed1 the ,bab1 claimed to be the ,mahdi1 the ,kaim1 the twelfth ,imam returned4 ,according to ,shiah doctrine1 the rulership of the ,state by divine law belongs to the ,imam4 ,the ,kajar ,shahs had the right to kingship only in the absence of the ,imam4 ,their authority would cease with his appearance4 ,this is so universally recognized that the constitution of ,persia drawn up by the ,parliament in #aijf-aijg contains in the preamble the provision that it shall continue only till the manifestation of the ,imam4 ,in accordance with this principle the ,babis looked upon ,mohammed ,shah and ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah as no longer the rightful rulers4 ,they were1 ipso facto1 supplanted by the ,bab1 the ,sahib-i-,zaman or ,lord of the ,age4 ,the ,kajars were called by them unlawful kings4 ,hazrat-,kuddus says1#bfe ,we are the rightful rulers2 know that ,nasr-ud-,din is no true king and that such as support him shall be tormented in hell-fire4 ,disloyalty was an essential corollary of ,babism and not a consequence of the repression and persecution which it met4 ,the measures of the ,persian ,government were caused by this knowledge4 ,the rebellions of the ,babis were justified in their eyes by self-preservation as well as by the desire to remove1 if possible1 the ,shah and make way for the reign of the ,bab4 ,professor ,browne's opinion on these points is conclusive4 ,he says3#bff-- ,the ,babis looked for their immediate triumph over all existing powers1 culminating in the universal establishment of the true faith and the reign of ,god's saints on earth4444 ,they intended to inherit the earth2 they held those who rejected the ,bab as unclean and worthy of death1 and they held the ,kajar ,shahs in a detestation which they were at no pains to hide4444 ,they did not make any profession of loyalty to or love for the reigning dynasty4444 ,unbelievers were flouted with scorn because they supposed that the ,promised ,deliverer would confirm the authority of the ,shahs4 ,the ,bayan1 the chief book of the ,bab1 anticipates the time when the ,shah's government shall be superseded by a ,babi state1 which shall prevail in ,persia4 ,it gives the laws for this ,babi state as well as regulations for the distribution of the spoils of war and for the ,jahad1#bfg showing that the ,bab anticipated religious wars4 ,the kings of the ,bayanic dispensation are directed what they should do4 ,in the five chief provinces of ,persia1 no unbelievers are to be allowed to live1 except some foreign ,christian merchants4 ,they are not to be killed1 but to be driven out and their property confiscated4#bfh ,directions are given as to the use of their property4 ,the strongly intolerant doctrine is set forth#bfi that unbelievers have no right to anything1 not even to a believing wife4 ,all that thou seest in the hands of unbelievers is not theirs by right4 ,if the manifestation has power1 he would even forbid their breathing4 ,babism1 therefore1 was a political as well as a religious movement4 ,as such it fought and with some prospect of success1 for1 as ,browne says1 it seemed at one time to menace the supremacy alike of the ,kajar dynasty and of the ,mohammedan faith in ,persia4#bgj ,the ,bab was executed in #ahej4 ,the ,babi insurrections were suppressed4 ,terrible reprisals followed the attempt on the life of ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah4 ,the leaders fled into exile to ,turkey4 ,babism1 repressed and forced into concealment1 entered upon a new phase4 ,it emerged somewhat changed as ,bahaism 7#ahfg74 ,,ii4 ,bahaism should be considered in its political aspects in relation to the ,government of ,persia4 7a7 ,in ,persia1 the issue of the sword had declared against the ,babis4 ,baha ,ullah adopted a policy aptly called political opportunism4#bga ,he proclaimed the loyalty of himself and his followers to the ,shah1 denounced the attempted assassinations1 wrote prayers to be said for the ,shah1#bgb and pleaded for the toleration of the sect as one without political aspirations4 ,bahai apologists condemned the ,bab and the conduct of the ,babis1 declaring it contrary to the principles of the ,bab4#bgc ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 on trial before the ,persian ,government1 repudiated the ,babis1 denounced their actions as unseemly and bad1#bgd and declared with emphasis that ,bahaism was an entirely different religion4 ,he pronounced the ,shah free from blame regarding the death of the ,bab#bge and the persecutions of the ,babis1 casting the responsibility and reproach on the mullahs and the ,ministers of ,state4#bgf ,he even made a show of blaming the attendants for the death of ,badi1 the messenger who bore ,baha's epistle to the ,shah1 and made as though the ,shah regretted it4 ,the ,new ,history and the ,traveller's ,narrative are both tendency writings1 following out the same purpose1 glossing over the facts as given in the contemporary narrative of ,mirza ,jani1 putting the odium on the mullahs and asserting that no particular blame attaches to ,his ,most ,sacred ,majesty the ,shah2#bgg though other writings of ,baha show a spirit of hostility to the ,shah4#bgh ,following the policy of conciliation the ,bahais made petition to the ,shah stating that#bgi this sect has no worldly object nor any concern with political matters1 it has nothing to do with affairs of ,government neither has it any concern with the powers of the throne4 ,they stated that#bhj they have made no disturbance1 or rebellions1 or any sign of sedition4 ,so ,baha#bha enjoined that in every country they must behave towards the ,government with faithfulness1 trustfulness1 and truthfulness4 ,the ,persian ,government responded to this policy and ceased to persecute as before4 ,during the past fifty years the ,bahais have not been much molested4 ,their persecutions have been few and generally due to local causes4 ,the number of ,bahais who have lost their lives in the course of their history 7after they cease to be ,babis7 is probably not more than #cjj1 more than half of whom were killed in riots at ,ispahan and ,yezd in #aijc4 ,the ,bahai historian#bhb states that on rare occasions certain ,ulema1 for their own personal and private advantage1 molest one or two individuals of the sect4 ,but the ,shah's ,government has tolerated them4#bhc ,not counting the present ,holy ,war against the ,christians1 more have been killed in ,persia in the half century than ,bahais4#bhd ,the ,government has shown liberality towards ,bahais by allowing them to occupy positions in the civil service1 as clerks in the post1 telegraph1 customs1 courts1 and consulates1 and has not discriminated against them4 7b7 ,coming to the period of the agitation for a constitution and the revolution1 it is plain that the ,bahais had little to do with the struggle4 ,neither they nor their teachings were the cause of it4 ,the causes were the same1 in general1 as those which influenced ,turkey and ,china towards constitutional reform4 ,the occasions in local circumstances and politics had nothing to do with ,bahaism4 ,the leaders were enlightened ,moslems1 and even mullahs of the ,shiahs4 ,they were not ,bahais4 ,these held aloof from the propaganda and the struggle for popular liberties1 took little part in the elections or in parliament1 and joined neither the army of the constitutionalists nor that of the reactionaries4 ,they displayed no love of country by striving for the cause of the people1 nor any real love or loyalty to the autocratic ,shah4 ,yet the influence of ,abdul-,baha ,abbas was thrown in favour of ,mohammed ,ali ,shah1 and after he had scattered parliament at the cannon's mouth and annulled the constitution1 ,bahais were granted appointments in the civil service and rejoiced in the reactionary regime4 ,a tablet of ,abdul ,baha was circulated prophesying a long and prosperous reign for ,mohammed ,ali ,shah1 who before many months was driven from his throne into exile4 ,my personal knowledge of these circumstances is supported by abundant printed evidence4 ,first of all there is ,abdul ,baha's own statement4 ,he said in ,america1#bhe ,in ,persia the ,bahais have no part in the movements which have terminated in corruption4 ,they must have nothing to do with seditious movements4 ,excerpts from his letters#bhf show that they were constantly enjoined from the very beginning of the revolution to stand aside from the struggle and war4 ,to the same effect are the words of the ,bahai ,remey1#bhg ,the ,bahais had remained neutral in the struggle for constitutional liberty and the renewal of ,persia4 ,so ,dreyfus1 another ,bahai1#bhh ,he 7,abdul ,baha7 dissuaded them from mixing themselves up in the political struggle4 ,this explains the apparently passive role played by the ,bahais in contemporary events in ,persia4 ,because of this attitude1 ,professor ,browne accuses them of lack of patriotism and laments their inaction4 ,but this attitude of neutrality was only maintained by them as far as taking up arms and public action were concerned4 ,their secret influence was on the side of the reactionary party4 ,it is plain that the constitutionalists regarded the ,bahais as their opponents1 and ,mohammed ,ali ,shah counted them as his supporters4 ,abdul ,baha said in ,new ,york1#bhi ,the ,bahais have taken no part whatever in political questions and disturbances4 ,their clamorous persecutors were the revolutionists4 ,these discontents wanted constitutional rights and privileges4 ,they were politicians1 not religionists4 ,certainly the hostile animus of these words is unmistakable4 ,there is indubitable proof1 too1 that ,abdul ,baha carried on correspondence with ,mohammed ,ali ,shah4 ,m4 ,h4 ,ford1 a ,bahai writer1#bij states the fact in detail4 ,its purport was such that1 when the ,constitutionalists knew it1 ,abdul ,baha feared violence4 ,this was commonly reported in ,persia4 ,in ,chicago the first ,bahai missionary to ,america confirmed this fact which he had heard from ,acca4 ,he said1 ,the authorities intercepted ,abbas's letter intriguing with ,mohammed ,ali ,shah1 and therefore the revolutionists threatened him4 ,remey shows the affiliation of the ,bahais with the ,shah1 and his satisfaction with them4 ,he arrived at ,teheran just when the ,shah had scattered the parliament and hanged the editors4 ,he says1 ,we found the ,bahais in the utmost peace and happiness4 ,they were in good esteem and respect of the reactionary ,government1 and were now enjoying unusual privileges4444 ,several of the ,bahais had been appointed to high governmental positions4 ,in accord with all these facts is the statement of ,j4 ,d4 ,frame1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,resht3 ,the political influence of the ,bahais has been grossly exaggerated4 ,they were forbidden to accept seats in the first parliament and professed to maintain strict neutrality1 but in the spring of #aijh a 'tablet' was circulated among them1 promising that ,mohammed ,ali ,shah would rule for the remainder of his life2 and the writer possesses a copy of another 'tablet' promising him speedy peace and prosperity4 ,the subsequent forced abdication of the king cost the ,bahais considerable prestige and some followers4#bia ,we thus see a double failure on the part of this movement4 ,as ,babism it failed in #ahdh-aheb in its rebellion and wars against the ,kajars2 as ,bahaism it failed to enter into and assist the modern movement1 which1 aiming at reform and progress1 inaugurated a constitution4 ,the cause of the latter is not far to seek2 ,bahaism has a political scheme of its own4 ,we will now consider it4 ,,iii4 ,bahaism has set forth a system of civil government4 ,claiming to be a revelation from ,god1 it has enunciated the laws and regulations of the future ,state4 ,it approves of constitutional monarchy as the best form of government1 and permits republics4#bib ,but this monarchy will be limited not so much by its constitution as by the law of ,bahaism and its hierarchy4 ,baha1 in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 the ,book of ,laws1 directs that ,bet-,adl1 houses of justice1 be established in every place1 with nine or more members1 all ,bahai men1 who shall be ,trustees of the ,merciful1 ,administrators for ,god4 ,in the thirteenth of the ,glad ,tidings#bic he says3 ,the affairs of the people are placed in charge of the men of the ,house of ,justice4 ,they are daysprings of command 7divine agents1 representatives of ,god74 ,they may execute what they deem advisable4 ,it is incumbent upon all to obey them4 ,their souls will be inspired with divine aspiration4 ,god will inspire them with what ,he willeth4 ,with them will lie the interpretation of points of doctrine4 ,they must decree and judge according to ,bahai revelation4 ,they must gaze day and night towards that which hath been revealed from the horizon of the ,supreme ,pen4 ,they shall rule by divine right4 ,their authority shall be absolute4 ,abdul ,baha restates the words of ,baha3#bid ,the ,house of ,justice must be obeyed in all things4 ,it is the centre of true government4 ,the ,law of ,god will be invested in them1 and they will render decisions4 ,all judgment will be from the standpoint of ,god's laws4 ,its decisions and commands will be guarded from mistake4 ,it will have conferred upon it infallibility4 ,the ,house of ,justice will have local councils1 national ones1 and an international one4#bie ,of the latter1 ,abdul ,baha said in an address in ,new ,york3 ,a universal or world ,house of ,justice shall be organized4 ,that which it orders shall be the ,truth in explaining the commands of ,baha ,ullah and shall be obeyed by all4 ,all men shall be under its supervision4#bif ,its functions are not confined to matters of faith1 for ,abdul ,baha continues3 ,the ,house of ,justice is endowed with a political as well as a religious aspect4 ,it embodies both aspects1 and is protected by the preserving power of ,baha ,ullah himself4 ,in the political aspect it will be supreme4 ,the separation of the ,religion and the ,state can only be temporary1 says ,dreyfus1#big a momentary stage4 ,for the present the two spheres are separate4 ,when ,bahaism triumphs they will be united4 ,the ,house of ,justice#bih will have under its control almost the whole administration1 and naturally will take the place of our municipal councils4 ,such has been ,baha ,ullah's intention4 ,further he clearly aims not only at a municipal ,house of ,justice1 but also at a legislative one1 sitting as a national parliament and as an international tribunal4 ,remember that all the members are to be ,bahais4 ,so ,remey says1 ,there will be a union of ,religion and the ,state--the governments of the nations4 ,the material laws of men will be founded and enforced according to ,bahaism4#bii ,in this politico-religious regime1 the political will be subject to the religious4 ,the kings and rulers of the world1 says ,abdul ,baha1#cjj will find their true authority under the rulings of the ,house of ,justice4 ,it will decide between kings and kings4 ,baha addressed letters#cja to kings with arrogant assumption of authority to control the civil powers4 ,the ,houses of ,justice will have large financial powers4 ,they shall inherit all property of those dying without heirs1 and one-third of that of those dying childless4#cjb ,one-third of all fines for crimes shall go to them4 ,for example1 in case of murder1 two-thirds of the blood money shall go to the family of the murdered and one-third to the ,house of ,justice4 ,a tithe of nineteen-hundredths shall be given into their hands4 ,they shall act as trustees for minors and incapables1 and as a ,poor ,board4 ,they shall have civil jurisdiction1 to settle material difficulties between believers1#cjc for the protection of men1 for the preservation of human honour4#cjd ,if any man refuses to educate his children1 the ,house of ,justice shall do it at his expense1 and shall order all the negligent to pay and use police powers to enforce it4 ,they must also interpret and administer criminal law1 for ,baha has revealed a code of laws and regulations concerning material as well as spiritual things4#cje ,abdul ,baha says1 ,the revelations of ,baha ,ullah contain all the great laws of social government4 ,the laws cover all points and questions of national administration4#cjf ,for example1 in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 the punishment for theft is prescribed3 for the first offense1 exile2 for the second1 imprisonment2 for the third1 branding thief on the forehead1 lest other countries accept him4 ,for adultery a fine is to be paid to the ,house of ,justice1 and for the second offense1 double of the fine4 ,arson is made punishable by burning1 etc4 ,this fiat legislation of ,baha ,ullah is to be imposed upon the parliaments of all nations4 ,all legislative and administrative functions1 says ,dreyfus1#cjg shall assume a sacred character under the control of the ,bahai ,house of ,justice4 ,in brief1 ,bahaism would set up in each town1 in every country1 ruling councils1 and a central one universal in its sway1 composed entirely of ,bahais1 clothed with supreme authority1 because ,god-given1 over kings1 parliaments1 and peoples2 councils infallible and absolute1 superior to appeal or protest2 deciding and exacting obedience in every department of the life of humanity--religious1 domestic1 social1 educational1 financial1 judicial1 and political4 ,it would be not an imperium in imperio1 but an ,empire over all4 ,it would be a priestcraft#cjh such as the world has not yet seen--a religious-political regime in which kings and presidents will go not to ,canossa but to ,acca1 and alike hold the stirrups of ,bahai justices1 and laws of parliaments will be subject to revision and veto by the ,bahai ,house4 ,in it is the certainty of priestly oppression when fallible men set up their judgment as ,god's4 ,the ,bahais claim to have no priests and no hierarchy4 ,it is a question of names4 ,their system and laws contain the real thing1 full-fledged1 men mediating ,god's will4 ,we may call it a bahaiarchy1 if they prefer4 ,abdul ,baha1 recognizing the objections that will be made to the political functions of the ,bahai justices1 and foreseeing difficulty with ,governments1 has1 for the time being1 directed that in ,america and ,europe the name ,house of ,spirituality or ,house of ,consultation be used4#cji ,but change of name does not alter the reality or change the revelation of ,baha4 ,the ,house of ,justice 7central7 is to be set up when ,abdul ,baha dies1 and it will assume its functions gradually as opportunity and expediency demand4 ,already orders have gone forth prohibiting the interpretation of the words of ,baha or personal expositions of them4#caj ,already the fiat has interdicted the publication1 by a ,bahai1 of a tract1 book1 or translation on the ,bahai religion without submitting it to the censor at ,acca4#caa ,the effect of the working of the ,bahai system may be realized by imagining it as set up in ,persia4 ,suppose1 for example1 that the small minority of ,bahais now in ,persia should become a majority1 with a ,bahai ,shah1 ,bahaism would become the established religion4 ,houses of ,justice would come into operation4 ,what of those who remain ,moslems and ,christians8 ,fortunately ,baha has abolished the law of the ,bab that required their expulsion from the chief provinces of ,persia and the confiscation of their property4 ,but either the other religions must be judged by ,bahai courts1 or separate courts must be set up for them4 ,this would perpetuate the double system of courts1 the urfi or civil and the shari or religio-civil courts4 ,the latter would be entirely ,bahai and either lording it over or in conflict with the civil administration4 ,this would be a continuation of the present confusion of ,persian conditions1 only with the ,bahais in control4 ,what might the minority expect8 ,the oppressions and anathemas received by the old ,bahais from the followers of ,abdul ,baha ,abbas give the answer4#cab ,fortunately for the world1 the universal reign of ,bahaism is not to be realized1 neither is the prophecy of ,abdul ,baha to be fulfilled which says#cac that the flag of ,baha ,ullah will overcome every other flag and all rulers will do homage to it4 ,,footnotes3 #bfe ,new ,hist41 p4 #cfb4 #bff ,ibid41 p4 xvi4 #bfg ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #bhg4 #bfh ,bayan1 ,,vi1 #d4 #bfi ,beyan ,persan1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aah4 #bgj ,browne1 ,new ,hist41 p4 vii4 #bga ,browne1 ,new ,hist41 p4 vii4 #bgb ,ibid41 p4 #caf4 #bgc ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #fe4 #bgd ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #ea1 #fc1 #gg4 #bge ,ibid41 p4 #ch4 #bgf ,new ,hist41 pp4 #agb1 #ahj4 #bgg ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #ahi4 #bgh ,see ,surat-ul-,muluk1 and ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #bg1 #aiac1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,see ,chap4 ,,viii1 p4 #ahf1 #aia4 #bgi ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #aef4 #bhj ,ibid41 p4 #afj4 #bha ,words of ,paradise4 #bhb ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #aff4 #bhc ,browne1 ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #aja4 ,m4 ,a4 ,ford in ,the ,oriental ,rose1 p4 #gd1 says1 ,for many years before the death of ,baha ,ullah1 there was no persecution of the friends4 #bhd ,see ,missions and ,modern ,history1 ,r4 ,e4 ,speer1 p4 #acj1 ,note #b4 #bhe ,s4 ,w41 ,july #ac1 #aiac4 #bhf ,browne's ,persian ,revolution1 pp4 #dbd-dbi4 #bhg ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 p4 #ec4 #bhh ,ibid41 p4 #agb4 #bhi ,s4 ,w41 ,august #a1 #aiab4 #bij ,the ,oriental ,rose1 pp4 #ahe-ahf1 #aig4 #bia ,the ,moslem ,world1 #aiab1 p4 #bch4 #bib ,glad ,tidings1 p4 #ia4 #bic ,chicago ,edition1 p4 #hi4 #bid ,grundy's ,ten ,days in ,acca4 #bie ,answered ,questions1 by ,abdul ,baha1 ,barney1 pp4 #aih-aii4 #bif ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ab1 #aiac2 ,april #i1 #aiad1 p4 #ba4 #big ,the ,bahai ,revelation1 p4 #abc4 #bih ,ibid41 p4 #add4 #bii ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #fi4 #cjj ,grundy1 ,ibid4 #cja ,mohammed wrote to the rulers of ,constantinople1 ,persia1 ,egypt1 and ,syria4 ,that which was a bold and striking act on the part of ,mohammed is a weak imitation on the part of ,baha4 #cjb ,they become what they accused the ,shiah ,mullahs of being2 ,dead men's heirs1 consumers of endowments1 and collectors of tithes and 'thirds4' #cjc ,dreyfus1 p4 #aca4 #cjd ,ishrakat1 p4 #cc4 #cje ,remey1 p4 #fa4 #cjf ,kheiralla1 p4 #dcc4 #cjg ,the ,bahai ,revelation1 p4 #cb4 #cjh ,the word priest is used loosely for an officer of religion4 ,bahais use no special term4 ,abdul ,baha says 7,universal ,principles1 p4 #ch73 ,the making of specific laws is apportioned to the ,house of ,justice4 ,the members will not form laws and statutes according to their own opinions and thoughts1 but by the power of inspiration4 #cji ,tablets1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #a and #f4 #caj ,brilliant ,proof1 p4 #bf4 #caa ,s4 ,w41 ,july #ac1 #aiac1 p4 #aba4 #cab ,abdul ,baha justified ,mohammed's use of the sword1 saying1 ,mohammed commanded his followers to carry the religion of ,god by the sword4 ,it is right to inflict injury to save a man's life1 therefore to save his soul by force4 #cac ,daily ,lessons at ,acca 7,goodall and ,cooper71 p4 #gb4 ,,vii ,bahaism and ,woman ,baha ,ullah in a letter to one of his wives3--,this writing is to the ,exalted ,leaf1 who hath tasted ,my ,most ,holy and ,wonderful ,saliva4 ,we have given thee to drink from ,my ,sweetest ,mouth1 ,o thou blessed and sparkling leaf4 ,we have bestowed upon thee such a station as no woman had who preceded thee4--,in ,prayers1 ,tablets and ,instructions1 #aijj4 ,there is a touch of oriental luxury of admiration in some estimates of ,kurrat-ul-,ayn1 who in important moral characteristics did not rise above the level of her time and place4 ,and in its results ,babism has not exalted woman4--,r4 ,e4 ,speer1 ,missions and ,modern ,history ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aej4 ,abdul ,baha while in ,europe and ,america had much to say about the relation of man and woman4 ,in ,new ,york ,city1 after referring the audience to various books of the ,bahai religion1 he said3 ,similarly all the other tablets of ,baha ,ullah contain new teachings1 which have not been revealed in any books of the past ,prophets4 ,the sixth new teaching is the equality between men and women4 ,this is peculiar to the teachings of ,baha ,ullah1 for all other religions placed men above women4#cad ,in the exposition of ,bahai teachings at ,clifton1 ,england1 he declared3 ,his ,highness1 ,baha ,ullah1 established certain precepts or principles4#cae ,the sixth principle of ,baha ,ullah regards the equality of the sexes4 ,god has created the man and the woman equal4 ,in the animal kingdom the male and the female enjoy suffrage laughter2 in the vegetable kingdom the plants all enjoy equal suffrage laughter and applause4 ,the male and the female of the human kingdom are equal before ,god4 ,divine justice demands that men and women have equal rights4 ,my first thought on reading these statements was one of surprise1 for they contradict my observations during thirty years' residence in ,persia1 in close touch with ,bahais4 ,i decided to make a thorough investigation of the teachings and practice of ,baha ,ullah bearing on the relation of the sexes1 to determine definitely whether these claims of the inspired interpreter were valid or not4 ,a considerable body of ,bahai literature and revelation is accessible4 ,examination of the chief books1 the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 the ,ikan and the ,surat-ul-,haykal disclose no such teaching4 ,neither the #aee paragraphs of the ,hidden ,words1 nor the ,seven ,valleys have any such delectable thoughts for ,oriental women4 ,neither the six ,ornaments#caf of the faith nor the four ,rays1#cag nor the nine ,effulgences1#cah nor the eleven ,leaves of the ,words of ,paradise1 nor the nine precepts of the ,tablet of the ,world1 nor the fifteen ,glad ,tidings--though they announce many blessings1 from freedom to cut the beard as you please to constitutional monarchy as the best form of government--give the teaching of the equality of woman with man4 ,neither ,mirza ,abul ,fazl in his ,bahai ,proofs1 representing the new ,bahais of ,abdul ,baha1 nor ,doctor ,kheiralla in his ponderous volume on ,beha ,ullah1 representing the old ,behais1 in this bitter and rancorous schism2 nor ,myron ,phelps in his ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 nor ,professor ,browne of ,cambridge ,university in his learned and impartial investigations regarding the religion makes the statement that ,baha ,ullah teaches the equality of man and woman4 ,on the contrary1 investigation confirmed my previous conviction that the position of woman under ,bahai laws and customs is inferior to that she holds in ,western lands and that her lot is far less desirable and less blest than in ,christian civilization4 ,i reached the conclusion that this doctrine as enunciated by the ,interpreter is a late addition to ,bahaism1 intended to attract the attention and tickle the ears of audiences in ,europe and ,america4 ,of the two or three thousand ,americans who are following the cult of ,bahaism1 most are women4 ,concerning this ,abdul ,baha says in a tablet3 ,today the women of the ,west lead the men in the service of the cause 7,bahaism7 and loosen their tongues in eloquent lectures4#cai ,the editor adds1 ,nine-tenths of the active workers in the cause are women4#cbj ,hence it is timely to consider the teaching and practice of ,baha ,ullah with regard to women4 ,i4 ,i will first take up the subject of education1 for in regard to it the law of ,bahaism justifies1 theoretically1 their boast of maintaining the equality of the sexes4 ,in this it is1 however1 simply imitating the law of enlightened ,christian lands1 nor does their practice at all keep pace with their precepts4 ,in the seventh ,ishrak 7,effulgence7 it is enjoined upon all to instruct and educate their children4#cba ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas decrees that every father must educate his sons and daughters in learning and in writing and also in the ,bahai religion4 ,education is to be compulsory and if neglected by the parents must be attended to by the ,house of ,justice4 ,but1 notwithstanding this law1 most ,persian ,bahais have allowed their girls to grow up in ignorance1 while educating many of their boys4 ,even at ,acca1#cbb ,syria1 the headquarters of the sect1 where ,baha had a school for boys1 no like opportunity was furnished to the girls for an education4 ,the fact that modern schools for girls could not be opened in ,persia is no adequate excuse1 for private tutors could have been employed1 as is the custom in many ,persian ,shiah families1 or the fathers could at least have taught their daughters to read4 ,lately ,american ,bahais have begun to stir them up4 ,they have organized the ,persian-,american or ,orient-,occident ,educational ,society4 ,it raises funds in ,america for ,bahai schools and hospitals4 ,with exceeding lack of candour1 it poses as simply a philanthropic enterprise and conceals its primary and ulterior object1 which is the propagation of ,bahaism4 ,its missionaries make their reports of their work in the ,bahai ,news or ,star of the ,west1 of ,chicago4 ,they have one or more schools for girls in ,persia and several scores of girls in attendance4 ,the ,american ,bahai missionaries are residing in ,teheran and ,tabriz1#cbc directing the propaganda and working for the elevation of the girls and women through the ,bahai religion4 ,,ii4 ,i pass to the consideration of the civil and domestic rights of woman under ,bahaism1 and will review the customs and regulations regarding marriage--so fundamental in the constitution of human society4 7a7 ,marriage seems to be obligatory1 according to the ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,it says3 ,a solitary life does not meet ,god's approval2 adhere unto what the trustworthy ,counsellor commands4 ,deprive not yourselves of that which is created for you4#cbd ,monks and nuns are called upon to marry that they may have children to celebrate the praise of ,god4 ,a tablet says3 ,nor must they refrain from marriage which causes procreation and multiplication of the servants of ,god4#cbe ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 the learned philosopher of the dispensation1 interprets the law to mean3 ,he has enjoined upon the people of ,baha abstinence from monkhood as well as from ascetic discipline4 ,he has commanded them to marry4#cbf ,professor ,browne says3 ,marriage is enjoined upon all4 ,in like manner the ,bayan of the ,bab previously made marriage obligatory1 but unlawful with an unbeliever4 7b7 ,marriage is declared to be conditioned on the consent of both parties and of the parents4 ,but in practice the matter of consent is still one-sided4 ,take1 for example1 an incident in the life of ,abbas ,effendi4#cbg ,the mother and sister were very desirous that he should marry and looked about and found a girl of whom they approved4 ,the sister narrates that without consulting my brother1 ,i invited the girl to visit us4 ,after a wearisome journey1 she and her brother reached ,haifa4 ,we commenced quietly to make preparations for the marriage without making known to my brother the arrival of the girl4 ,my brother saw that there was something unusual afoot1 so he demanded of us with considerable energy1 ',what is this8 ,what are all the people smiling about8 ,are you again planning to get me a wife8 ,if you are1 give it up2 ,i will not marry4' ,we pleaded and reasoned with him4 ,at length we said1 ',she has come1 what shall we do8' ,he hesitated and finally said3 ',well1 since you have brought her here1 she belongs to me1 and ,i will give her in marriage to some one else4' ,at length my brother brought about her marriage to a husband of his own selection4 ,the consent of the girl in this case seems to have been considered about as much as in ordinary ,oriental usage4 7c7 ,baha ,ullah advised against child-marriages1 yet1 strange to say1 seems to have tolerated child-betrothals4 ,among ,persians it is a common custom to betroth children4 ,abbas was after this manner betrothed to his cousin in infancy4 ,when the household of ,baha thought the time had come for the marriage1 ,abbas thought differently and refused to agree to it4 ,this incident#cbh occurred before the one narrated above and is concerning a different girl4 ,curiously it was a girl named ,moneera1 who had been betrothed to another in infancy who finally became the wife of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,she had been promised to her cousin ,mohammed ,tagi1 and after she had reached the age of maturity1 the youth urged on the marriage4 ,the wedding was celebrated and the bride brought to the groom's house4 ,then1 so the story goes1 the husband refused to see his bride and continued in stubborn neglect and denial of marital rights till his death--six months afterwards4 ,later ,baha ,ullah persuaded ,abbas to take the sweet and amiable virgin-widow for his wife and he is said to have attained to a warm affection and regard for the woman he was asked to marry4#cbi ,did ,i wish to assume the role of higher critic1 ,i might suggest that the latter incident1 like that in ,when ,knighthood was in ,flower1 is apocryphal1 and intended to create a legend of her virginity up to the time she became the leaf of the ,greatest ,branch of ,god4 ,another account ,i have gathered from a ,syrian disciple of ,baha4 ,he reports that ,abbas ,effendi would not marry the girl his parents had betrothed him to1 because he had a love affair with ,moneera1 the wife of ,mohammed ,tagi4 ,the speedy demise of the husband was attributed to poison administered by his wife1 who thereupon became the wife of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,her title among ,bahais is ,holy ,mother4 7d7 ,another part of the marriage law gives directions as to the number of wives a man may take4 ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas says3 ,god hath decreed you to marry4 ,beware of marrying more than two1 and whosoever is content with one1 attaineth peace for himself and her4#ccj ,mr4 ,phelps#cca calls attention to this fact that the ,book of ,laws permits of taking two wives4 ,this limitation of the man to bigamy is deemed an improvement on the law of ,islam allowing polygamy4 ,but ,bahai law does not permit a wife to have two husbands4 ,this absolutely invalidates the claim and declaration of ,bahaism concerning the equality of the sexes4 ,it proclaims the woman the inferior1 not the equal4 ,no equality can exist in a household under such a license4 ,where is the boast of progress and superiority1 when the most essential unit of human society is nullified8 ,twain shall be one1 says the ,gospel of ,christ4 ,can we believe that the ,incarnated ,father of all has revealed a new ,most ,holy ,book in which bigamy is permitted8 ,akstag fur ,allah6 ,god forbid6 ,i will now give some details from the history of the ,babi and ,bahai ,manifestations to show their practice in regard to marriage4 ,after the execution of the ,bab1 #ahej1 the rival claimants to prophethood were ,mirza ,yahya1 surnamed ,subh-i-,azal1 and ,mirza ,husain ,ali1 surnamed ,baha ,ullah4 ,they were sons of ,mirza ,abbas of ,nur1#ccb called ,mirza ,buzurk4 ,he had a wife and a concubine4 ,yahya was the son of the wife and ,husain ,ali of the concubine4 ,this was under the law of ,islam4 ,the subsequent enmity of the half-brothers exhibits one of the evil results of polygamy4 ,subh-i-,azal was the ,lord of two wives1 whose names and condition are recorded in the pension records#ccc of the ,turkish and ,british ,governments in ,cyprus4 ,the first was named ,fatima and her companion wife was ,rukayya4 ,they had fourteen children4 ,besides the two1 who were with ,azal in ,cyprus1 it seems there were two others4 ,of the third wife he says#ccd in his personal narrative3 ,my wife1 who was taken captive and was released1 has now grown old in ,persia without an interview being possible4 ,the fourth quarrelled with her lord and accompanied the ,bahais to ,acca4#cce ,after several of the ,azalis1 with whom she was living1 were murdered by the ,bahais1#ccf she was sent on to ,constantinople with a surviving ,azali4#ccg ,baha ,ullah1 like ,mohammed1 surpassed his own law4 ,he had three wives1 or two wives and a concubine4 ,bahai writers generally omit this information in describing his life and character4 ,kheiralla has a chapter on his household and gives the names and titles of his children1 twelve in all1 but fails to mention the fact that he had two wives1 though he says3 ,like ,abraham1 by establishing his household1 ,baha ,ullah perfected the laws of man1 and fulfilled the prophecies of scripture4#cch ,c4 ,m4 ,remey passes over the subject with the remark3 ,as a man he lived a life in harmony with his ,oriental environment4#cci ,abbas ,effendi in his ,traveller's ,narrative1 ,abul ,fazl1 ,dreyfus1 ,sprague1 ,thornton and others fail to inform their readers of the truth and this omission is evidently with definite purpose4 ,phelps is more candid4 ,he says that ,baha ,ullah had two wives2 that the ,book of ,laws permits it4#cdj ,professor ,browne refers to the three1 giving the honorary titles conferred upon two of them4 ,he makes a quotation#cda from ,hasht ,behasht which reads3 ,among the titles conferred by ,baha ,ullah are the following3--on his wives1 ,madh-i-,ulya1 'the ,supreme ,cradle1' and ,varaka-i-,ulya1 'the ,supreme ,leaf4' ,and in the ,new ,history1 he says3 ,the title of ,varaka-i-,ulya was conferred by ,baha ,ullah on one of his wives4#cdb ,the name of the first wife was ,aseyeh or ,nowab4 ,she was the mother of ,abbas ,effendi and six other children4#cdc ,according to ,subh-i-,azal's narrative#cdd she was a niece of the ,shah's vizier4 ,she survived ,baha and suffered much from the children of the other wife1 according to ,abbas ,effendi4#cde ,the first marriage was in ,teheran in #ahce4 ,he took a companion for her in #ahej4 ,her title was ,madh-,ulya4 ,she was the mother of ,mirza ,mohammed ,ali1 ,mirza ,badi ,ullah and other sons and daughters4 ,the manuscript1 ,life of ,baha ,ullah1 continues3 ,in the last year at ,bagdad 7#ahfg-fh7 before the exiling of our ,lord to ,constantinople1 the sister of ,mirza ,mahdi of ,kashan was honoured to be ,his wife4 ,it appears that she was sent by a rich believer from ,persia to be a maid-servant in ,baha's household4 ,the ,persian ,consul in ,bagdad1 ,mirza ,buzurk ,khan ,kasvini#cdf desired to take her as his wife or concubine4 ,baha himself took her as a concubine4 ,because he was thwarted1 the ,consul showed special enmity to ,baha and his followers4 ,the only child of this wife1 a girl1 was born at ,acca in #ahgc4 ,the three wives survived ,baha4 ,after his death one of them suffered gross indignities at the hands of ,abbas ,effendi1 being furiously attacked by him in his own house1 so that she fled precipitately4 ,this1 at least1 is the report of ,khadim ,ullah1 the lifelong amanuensis of ,baha ,ullah4#cdg ,it should be noted that all of ,baha's wives#cdh had children1 and that the first wife had a living son 7,abbas7 when he took the second wife1 so that the usual excuses cannot be pleaded in palliation4 ,for it is common for ,bahais in ,persia to quote their law1 in speaking to a ,christian1 as meaning that a man may take an additional wife if the first one is childless4 ,mr4 ,phelps pleads#cdi in extenuation for ,baha ,ullah that his second marriage occurred early in his life and under peculiar circumstances1 the exact nature of which ,i do not know4 ,such an excuse might be accepted for a man like ,mullah ,mohammed ,ali1 the ,babi leader of the ,zenjan insurrection1 for1 as far as is known1 he entered upon his polygamous life while he was a ,mohammedan4 ,two of his wives#cej were shot by a cannon ball and were buried with him in a room of his house1 while his third wife1 with children1 escaped and lived at ,shiraz4 ,but for ,baha ,ullah the excuse of ,mr4 ,phelps is inadmissible1 for he was no longer a ,moslem when he took the second wife1 and was thirty-three years old1 and he was fifty when he took the third wife in ,bagdad1 having been born in #ahag4 ,at that time ,baha had been for many years a leader in the ,babi religion1 had written the ,ikan1 and announced his mission4 ,nor was this polygamous union a passing phase of his life1 but one continued through thirty or forty years4 ,it would have concerned us little to know the private life of ,baha ,ullah so long as the religion presented itself merely as aiming at a reformation of ,islam1 for it may readily be admitted that it is somewhat less of an evil to have two wives and one concubine than the four wives and unlimited concubines that the ,koran allows1 or the nine to thirteen wives that ,mohammed took1 and that if ,bahaism should cut off the temporary concubines1 which disgrace ,islam1 it would be doing a good thing--so far forth--but when the ,interpreter1 the centre of the ,covenant1 ,abdul ,baha1 comes and stands in ,christian churches in ,london and ,new ,york and proclaims ,bahaism as a new and superior gospel1 it is expedient that ,baha's real life should be made known to the women of ,christian lands4 ,it is well to note the sentiment of ,oriental ,bahais with regard to plural marriage4 ,the opinion of those at ,acca can be understood from ,mr4 ,phelps' narrative4#cea ,abbas ,effendi 7,abdul ,baha7 had two sons and six daughters4 ,the sons died4 ,after this1 as his sister ,behiah ,khanum narrates1 ,many influences and those of the very strongest character have been brought to induce my brother 7,abdul ,baha7 to take another wife4 ,believers have urged it strongly for several reasons4 ,very many of them wish to take a second wife themselves4 ,then there is a general wish that the ,master might have a son to succeed him4 ,the pressure brought to bear upon him has been very great1 greater than you can imagine4 ,baha desired that ,abbas should take a second wife1 but he refused to do so unless ,baha should command it4 ,there is deep pathos in the words of ,abbas#ceb welling from his sorrow-stricken heart4 ,if it had been ,god's will that ,i should have a son1 the two that were born to me would not have been taken away4 ,albeit he was forgetful of his theology which proclaims ,baha as ,god the ,father incarnate4 ,why did not ,baha preserve alive one of the sons rather than wish him to marry a companion-wife in order to have another8 ,mr4 ,phelps#cec attributes ,abbas ,effendi's refusal to adopt polygamy1 notwithstanding these very powerful influences which have urged him to do so to his appreciation of the sufferings and discontent which it causes among women4#ced ,certainly the animosity and bitter quarrellings between the wives of ,baha and their respective children1 resulting in a permanent split in the family and a schism#cee in the ,bahai community1 were sufficient to impress ,abbas and his followers with the evil effects of plural marriage4 ,the narrative shows1 however1 that public sentiment among the believers at ,acca strongly favoured taking more than one wife4 ,they evidently had no desire to give up the license granted to them by the ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,they inclined to follow it and the example of ,baha ,ullah rather than the example of ,abdul ,baha4 ,in conclusion1 it is evident that the law and example of ,baha ,ullah both sanction polygamy4 ,by this the social inequality of the sexes is fixed4 ,any claim that ,bahaism teaches and establishes equal rights for man and woman is vain and groundless boasting4 ,,iii4 ,the regulation of divorce is another matter that vitally affects the relation of man and woman4 ,the divorce law of ,baha1 as prescribed in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 is a loose one4 ,i again quote from ,professor ,browne's translation4#cef ,it will be noticed that the conditions of the law are set forth from the standpoint of the man4 ,if quarrels arise between a man and his wife1 he may put her away4 ,he may not give her absolute divorce at once1 but must wait a year that perhaps he may become reconciled to her4 ,at the end of this period1 if he still wishes to put her away1 he is at liberty to do so4 ,even after this he may take her back at the end of any month so long as she has not become the wife of another man4 ,the practice of requiring a divorced woman to cohabit with another man before her former husband can take her back is prohibited4 7,this abolishes one of the vile laws of ,mohammedanism47 ,if a man is travelling with his wife and they quarrel1 he must give her a sufficient sum of money to take her back to the place they started from and send her with a trustworthy escort4 ,from these quotations it is evident that the wife is dependent on the good pleasure and whim#ceg of the man4 ,he may put away2 he may take back4 ,the law says nothing of her right to divorce him4 ,it does not appear that she has the right to divorce her husband even in case he is guilty of adultery4 ,the penalty for adultery is slight4 ,a fine of nineteen miscals of gold1 equal to fifty to sixty dollars1 is imposed for the first offense and this is doubled for the second offense4 ,the fines are to be paid to the ,house of ,justice4 ,according to the ,bayan of the ,bab the husband must pay the divorced wife a dowry of ninety-five miscals of gold 7#cjj7 if they are city folks1 and ninety-five miscals of silver 7#aj7 if they are villagers4 ,these are paltry sums even on the basis of ,persian poverty4 ,i may say1 in passing1 that the ,laws of ,inheritance give to the father a greater portion than to a mother1 to a brother greater than to a sister1 and gives the family residence to a male heir4 ,freedom from the marriage bond is made easy by desertion4 ,married men who travel must fix a definite time for their return and endeavour to return at that time4 ,if their wives have no news from them for nine months1 after the fixed period1 they can go to another husband4 ,but if they are patient it is better1 since ,god loves those who are patient4 ,how the husband who is away from his wife can act1 we may judge by the example of a celebrated ,bahai1#ceh ,maskin ,kalam1 who was agent for ,baha to watch over and spy upon ,azal and the ,azalis in ,cyprus4 ,his wife was in ,persia2 he simply took another in ,cyprus4 ,the ease with which desertion may be practiced under ,bahai law is seen in the conduct of ,doctor ,kheiralla1 one of the first apostles of ,bahaism to ,america1 and founder of the ,chicago ,assembly4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup wrote3 ,a cousin of ,doctor ,kheiralla1 who is clerk in the ,american ,press in ,beirut1 gave me the following statement3 ',doctor ,kheiralla1 after the death of his first wife in ,egypt1 in #ahhb1 married first a ,coptic widow in ,el ,fayum1 whom he abandoned1 and then married a ,greek girl1 whom he also abandoned1 and who was still living in #ahig in ,cairo4 ,he then married an ,english wife1 who abandoned him when his matrimonial relations became known to her4'#cei ,according to the claims of ,bahais these loose and imperfect divorce and marriage laws are to be accepted and administered universally under the future kingdom of ,baha in its world-wide triumph6 ,it may be remarked in passing that ,bahaism encourages the mixture of races by marriage4 ,already several ,american ,bahais have married ,persian women1 and ,persian men ,american women4 ,one ,american ,bahai woman has married a ,japanese4 ,abdul ,baha illustrates the relation of the races by a reference to animals4 ,consider the kingdom of the animals4 ,a pigeon of white plumage would not shun one of black or brown4 ,in a tablet sent to ,america1 he directs3 ,gather together these two races1 black and white1 into one assembly and put such love into their hearts that they shall even intermarry4#cfj ,again he says3#cfa ,the coloured people must attend all the unity meetings4 ,there must be no distinctions4 ,all are equal4 ,if you have any influence to get the races to intermarry1 it will be very valuable4 ,such unions will beget very strong and beautiful children4 ,mr4 ,gregory1 an ,american negro1 followed this advice by marrying an ,english woman1 ,miss ,l4 ,a4 ,m4 ,mathew4 ,,iv4 ,the social position of women under ,bahaism4 ,professor ,browne says3 ,their 7the ,bahais7 efforts to improve the social position of women have been much exaggerated4#cfb ,it may be added that the success of their efforts has been small4 ,it is plain that the ,bab recognized the deplorable condition of women under ,islam and desired to improve it4 ,his laws gave woman some liberties4 ,she was permitted to put off the veil4 ,the ,bab interpreted the prohibition of the ,koran to mean that only the wives of the prophet had received the order to hide the face1#cfc so he relieved believers from the painful restraint of the veil4 ,women might appear in society1 hold conversation with men1#cfd and go to the mosques at night4 ,baha renewed these rules of the ,bab4 ,still he seems to have some distrust1 for the ,kitab-ul-,akdas says that men are forbidden to enter any man's house without his permission or in his absence4 ,thus ,bahai precepts tend in some degree to the liberation of woman1 though they fall much behind high ,christian ideals and customs4 ,there is observable a wide-spread and influential movement among ,moslems for the amelioration of the condition of woman4 ,this movement does not have its source and inspiration in1 nor is it peculiar to nor confined to ,bahaism4 ,on the contrary1 an oriental writer in a review of this remarkable tendency says3 ,its birth in ,moslem lands undoubtedly is due to the impact of the ,occident upon the ,orient1 the missionary influence playing a large part in it4#cfe ,the new ,moslems of ,india1 under the leadership of ,justice ,sayid ,ali1 as well as the ,young ,turks1 ,egyptians and others1 advocate freedom and education for women and have gone much beyond the ,bahais in practice4 ,the ,turkish women in ,constantinople1 who aided in the establishment of the constitution and are aspiring to enlarged liberty under its aegis1 know ,bahaism1 if at all1 simply as a ,persian heretical sect4 ,the ,persian women1 described so graphically by ,mr4 ,shuster in ,the ,strangling of ,persia1#cff who formed clubs and took such an active and heroic part in the constitutional agitation1 were not ,bahai women4 ,the ,bahai women1 as well as the men1 were forbidden by ,abdul ,baha to take part in the struggle for constitutional liberty4#cfg ,professor ,browne laments the lack of patriotism shown in their conduct4 ,still the ,bahais deserve some credit for the movement for the uplift of ,persian womanhood4 ,they might have done much more1 notwithstanding the limitations to their liberty of action1 had they followed out the first ideals of the ,bab4 ,these were exemplified in the celebrated ,kurrat-ul-,ayn4 ,this beautiful woman of genius--poet1 scholar and theologian1 was a pupil at ,kerbela1 of ,haji ,kazim1 the chief of the ,sheikhis4 ,on his death she accepted the ,bab1 so that though a product of the ,sheikhi sect1 her fame accrues to the honour of the ,babis4 ,at ,kerbela1 she gave lectures on theology to the people from behind a curtain1 and at times1 borne away by her enthusiasm and eloquence1 would allow her veil to slip off in the presence of men4 ,her preaching and freedom of conduct was objected to even by ,babis1 but the ,bab answered them1 commending her and giving her the title of ,janab-i-,tahira1 ,her ,excellency the ,pure1 and made her one of his nineteen ,letters of the ,living1 or apostles4 ,she is said to have claimed to be a remanifestation of ,fatima1 the daughter of ,mohammed4 ,the ,turkish government at ,bagdad began prosecution against her4 ,she returned to ,persia and taught ,babism even from the pulpit1 at ,kasvin1 and also by means of poetry4 ,what were the social results of her breaking through the restrictions of ,islam8 ,her husband was ,mullah ,mohammed of ,kasvin1 who was opposed to the ,bab4 ,on account of this she refused to live with him4 ,in reply to all proposals of reconciliation1 she answered3 ',he1 in that he rejects ,god's religion is unclean1 while ,i am ',pure'2 between us there can be nothing in common4' ,so she refused to be reconciled to her husband1#cfh and regarded herself as divorced4#cfi ,afterwards she set out secretly to join herself to ,hazret-i-,kuddus 7,lord1 the ,most ,holy71 that is1 ,mullah ,mohammed ,ali of ,barfurush4 ,together they attended1 with ,baha ,ullah also1 the celebrated conference at ,badasht1 at which the abrogation of the laws of the previous dispensation was announced4 ,there a sermon was preached by ,hazret-i-,kuddus1 which1 says ,professor ,browne1 lends some colour to the accusation that the ,babis advocated communism and community of wives4#cgj ,this learned investigator further says3 ,the extraordinary proceedings at ,badasht seem to have scandalized not only the ,mohammedans but even a section of the ,babis4#cga ,mirza ,jani1 their first historian and a martyr1 avers that not all have understood the secret of what passed between ,hazret-i-,kuddus and ,kurrat-ul-,ayn at ,badasht1 and their real nature and what they meant4#cgb ,the ,mohammedan historians openly accuse them of immorality4 ,the ,sheikh of ,kum1 a ,bahai1 told ,professor ,browne1 ,after the ,bab had declared the law of ,islam abrogated and before he had promulgated new ordinances1 there ensued a period of transition which we call fitrat 7the interval71 during which all things were lawful4 ,so long as this continued1 ,kurrat-ul-,ayn may very possibly have consorted1 for example1 with ,hazret-i-,kuddus1 as though he had been her husband4#cgc ,it may be that the scandals that followed ,kurrat-ul-,ayn's venture into public life and her tragic death in the cruel reprisals that followed the attempt of several ,babis to assassinate the ,shah1 gave a backset to the efforts to liberate women in ,persia4 ,certain it is that during the sixty years succeeding she has had no imitator or successor4 ,bahai women have continued to wear the veil and have remained secluded from the society of men1 not only in ,persia but at ,acca1 the headquarters of ,bahaism4 ,the force of the new faith was not strong enough to free the women4 ,rather they have compromised with their environment4 ,only in the ,caucasus and ,trans-,caspia under ,russian protection1 have they partly unveiled4 ,not even their women of the second and third generation have been trained to act up to their precepts1 but in ,acca1 as in ,persia1 they are secluded from the society of even brethren in the faith4 ,they are more backward than some other sects and races of ,moslems4 ,i have been entertained in the households of ,kurds and ,ali ,allahis and have dined and conversed with the host and his wife4 ,i have1 of course1 conversed with the families of ,christian converts from ,islam1 but the wife of a ,bahai has never been introduced to me1 even though ,i have known the husband intimately and visited him in his home a score of times in the course of as many years4 ,in a few instances ,i have heard of ,bahai women1 in company of their husbands1 receiving gentleman visitors1 but these wives had resided in ,russia4 ,an ,osmanli official1 at times1 receives and makes visits in company with his wife4#cgd ,but the ladies of the household of ,baha ,ullah and ,abdul ,baha at ,acca do not receive gentlemen as visitors even when they are faithful and honoured ,american believers4 ,mr4 ,myron ,phelps1 when preparing materials for his ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 spent a month at ,acca4 ,he wished to embody in his book the interesting narrative of ,bahiah ,khanum1 the sister of ,abbas4 ,she1 though more than half a century had passed over her head1 did not grant him personal interviews4#cge ,instead she told her narrative in installments day by day to ,madame ,canavarro1 who then came out and repeated what she had heard to ,mr4 ,phelps1 who recorded it4 ,he says3 ,social custom prevented me from meeting this lady1 and again1 ,social custom prevented me from meeting the women4#cgf ,now that the way is opened by the ,revolution and by the ,constitutionalists 7who were not ,bahais71 liberal-minded men of all sects in ,persia1 ,sufis1 ,sheikhis1 ,arifs1 and even ,mutasharis1 as well as ,bahais1 are showing considerable zeal for the elevation of women1 and for female education4 ,v4 ,what does ,bahaism teach as to the political equality of man and woman8 ,the future ,bahai ,state and community is to be under the administration of ,boards--called ,houses of ,justice1 local1 national1 and universal4 ,these are to be divine agents1 representatives of ,god4 ,they are to have absolute authority and to be infallible in their decisions4 ,they will adjudicate questions of property1 tithes1 inheritance1 divorce1 and of war and peace4 ,they will have charge of schools and of wives1 children and servants as well as of religion4 ,the number of members in each ,board is to be at least nine1 according to the number of ,baha4#cgg ,the members are to be all men4 ,no women are to be admitted to these ,boards or ,houses of ,justice4 ,this law evidently did not suit the notion of some of the ,american ,bahai sisters1 so they made bold to inquire about it4 ,the ,infallible ,interpreter1 ,abdul ,baha1 laid down the law plainly--which cannot be altered for #a1jjj years at least4 ,from a spiritual point of view1 there is no difference between women and men4 ,the ,house of ,justice1 however1 according to the positive commandments of the ,doctrine of ,god1 has been specialized to the men for a specific reason or exercise of wisdom on the part of ,god4#cgh ,as to you other maid-servants1 give up your will and choose that of ,god4 ,the maid-servants of the merciful should not interfere with the affairs which have regard to the ,board of ,consultation1 or ,house of ,justice4#cgi ,to sum up1 it has been demonstrated that ,bahaism does not1 by its laws1 give woman equality with the man1 either in the family or the state1 either as to domestic rights or political rights2 that in the matter of education it has not tried to give equal opportunities to girls2 that it conforms to the social life of its environment without transforming it2 that the claims of ,abdul ,baha before his audiences in ,europe and ,america were without foundation1 disproved both by the teaching and by the practice by ,baha ,ullah4 ,,footnotes3 #cad ,s4 ,w4 7,bahai71 ,dec4 #ab1 #aiac1 p4 #bed4 #cae ,s4 ,w4 7,bahai71 ,march #ba1 #aiac1 p4 #e4 #caf ,tablet of ,tarazat4 #cag ,tablet of ,tajalliyat4 #cah ,ishrakat4 #cai ,bahai ,news1 ,aug4 #bj1 #aiaa4 #cbj ,mr4 ,remey writes3 ,in most places the work is carried on by the women almost entirely4 ,there is an absence of many men4444 ,men are most in need of being reached4444 ,to-day ,i had a letter from a good maid-servant1 saying that the only man in her assembly had refused to come to meetings1 because he was the only man present4 ,i mention this because it is typical of most assemblies in ,america4444 ,in most places the men are doing but little4 7,bahai ,news1 ,aug4 #bj1 #aiaj1 p4 #c74 #cba ,tablet of ,ishrakat1 p4 #cf4 #cbb ,phelps1 pp4 #aaj1 #bbi4 #cbc ,afterwards withdrawn from ,tabriz4 #cbd ,principles of the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #af4 #cbe ,mirza ,abul ,fazl's ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #aje4 #cbf ,ibid41 pp4 #ie-if4 #cbg ,phelps1 ,ibid41 pp4 #hf-hg4 #cbh ,phelps1 ,ibid41 p4 #he4 #cbi ,ibid41 pp4 #hh-ij4 #ccj ,see also ,professor ,browne in the ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib4 #cca ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #aci4 #ccb ,new ,hist41 pp4 #cgd-cge4 #ccc ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #chd4 #ccd ,new ,hist41 p4 #dae4 #cce ,phelps1 p4 #gc4 #ccf ,new ,hist41 p4 xxiii2 ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfa4 ,compare ,a ,year ,among the ,persians4 #ccg ,phelps1 p4 #gi4 #cch ,baha ,ullah1 by ,kheiralla1 pp4 #dia-dib4 #cci ,the ,bahai ,movement1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,remey1 p4 #bd4 #cdj ,phelps1 p4 #aci4 #cda ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfa4 #cdb ,new ,hist41 p4 #bgc1 ,note #b4 #cdc ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bji1 #bah4 #cdd ,new ,hist41 p4 #dae and ,note #a4 #cde ,tablets1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ajg4 #cdf ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #hd4 #cdg ,facts for ,behaists1 p4 #ei4 #cdh ,the ,family of ,baha ,ullah 7#ahag-ahib7 ,first wife1 named ,nawab1 or ,aseyeh1 entitled ,veraka-ulya1 the ,supreme ,leaf1 married at ,teheran1 #abea ,a4 ,h41 i4 e41 #ahce ,a4 ,d4 ,her children1 7#a7 ,aga ,mirza ,sadik1 born at ,teheran1 died at #d years4 7#b7 ,abbas ,effendi1 born at ,teheran1 #ahda4 7#c7 ,bahiah ,khanum1 born at ,teheran1 #ahdd4 ,n4 ,b43 ,some reverse the order of 7#b7 and 7#c74 7#d7 ,ali ,mohammed1 born at ,teheran1 died at #g years4 7#e7 ,aga ,mahdi1 born at ,teheran1 died at ,acca1 #ahga4 7#f7 ,ali ,mohammed1 born at ,bagdad1 died at #b years4 ,companion wife1 ,ayesha1 title ,mahd ,ulya1 the ,supreme ,cradle1 married ,a4 ,h4 #abff1 #ahej ,a4 ,d4 ,her children1 7#a7 ,mohammed ,ali1 born at ,bagdad1 #ahed4 7#b7 ,samadiah1 ,bagdad1 #aheg1 died ,acca1 #aijd4 7#c7 ,ali ,mohammed1 ,bagdad1 died at #b years4 7#d7 ,saz-,habbieh1 ,bagdad1 died ,constantinople4 7#e7 ,zia ,ullah1 ,adrianople1 #ahfg1 ,haifa1 #ahih4 7#f7 ,badi ,ullah1 ,adrianople4 ,concubine1 a sister of ,mirza ,mahdi ,kashani1 taken at ,bagdad4 ,her child1 7#a7 ,one daughter1 born #ahgc1 at ,acca1 name ,shuruk4 ,the wives and concubine of ,baha ,ullah all survived him4 #cdi ,phelps1 p4 #aci4 #cej ,new ,hist41 pp4 #afj-afb1 #afd4 #cea ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #ib4 #ceb ,phelps1 p4 #id4 #cec ,phelps1 p4 #aje4 #ced ,a ,chicago ,bahai told me that ,baha took several wives1 that his experience of the evils of polygamy1 the quarrels of his wives and children might be a warning to us not to follow his example6 #cee ,see ,professor ,browne's ,introduction to ,mirza ,jani's ,history4 ,also ,abul ,fazl's ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #aac-aai1 and ,kheiralla's ,facts for ,behaists4 #cef ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib4 #ceg ,the wife is still in a helpless state2 her fate remains entirely in the power of her husband's caprice 7,vatralsky in ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,theology1 #aijb1 p4 #gb74 #ceh ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cgh-cgi4 #cei ,outlook1 of ,new ,york1 quoted in ,the ,missionary ,review1 ,october1 #aija1 p4 #ggc4 #cfj ,a ,heavenly ,vista1 by ,l4 ,g4 ,gregory1 p4 #ca4 #cfa ,page #ae4 #cfb ,encyc4 ,britt41 article1 ,babism4 #cfc ,dreyfus1 ,ibid41 p4 #abh4 #cfd ,but if they limit themselves to twenty-eight words1 it was better for them1 says the ,bayan4 #cfe ,american ,rev4 of ,rev41 #aiab1 p4 #gai4 #cff ,pages #aia-aih4 #cfg ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 by ,remey1 pp4 #ec1 #fg2 also ,dreyfus1 ,ibid41 p4 #agb4 #cfh ,new ,hist41 pp4 #bgd1 #dda4 #cfi ,her spirit of intolerance is condemned by ,professor ,browne4 #cgj ,new ,hist41 p4 #ceg4 #cga ,mirza ,jani's ,history1 ,introduction1 p4 xlii4 #cgb ,new ,hist41 p4 #cfe4 #cgc ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #ebc4 #cgd ,mohammedan young men will no longer consent to marry girls they have not seen1 but now in ,beirut visit them and drive out with them on the public highways with the mothers as chaperones 7,jessup's ,fifty-three ,years in ,syria1 p4 #fdj74 #cge ,phelps1 p4 xxxix4 #cgf ,ibid41 p4 #aji2 ,chase1 ,in ,galilee1 p4 #fc2 ,goodall1 ,daily ,lessons1 p4 #ai4 ,abdul ,baha did not break through oriental custom nor serve the lady guests before himself4 ,the lady pilgrim writes1 ,the first day at lunch1 after ,baha had partaken of the honey1 he passed it to us 7,daily ,lessons1 p4 #af74 ,like the ordinary ,moslem he was well pleased to sit down to eat with the foreign ladies but never arranged that the ,american ,bahai men should sit down to meals with his ladies4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,m4 ,remey tells1 in ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 of meeting ,persian ,bahai women but rarely in ,persia 7pp4 #ge-gf74 ,in ,kasvin1 in the garden of ,kurrat-ul-,ayn1 one woman partly raised her veil and gave him a greeting of welcome4 ,in ,teheran a lady1 unveiled1 and her husband entertained the ,bahais4 ,the husband and wife received the twenty men in one room and the wife received the dozen women in another room4 ,they were separated by a curtain1 through which ,sprague and ,remey spoke1 telling of the liberty of women in the ,west4 ,the lady of the house used her best persuasion to induce the other women to mix with the men4 ,finally the women arose and drawing aside their veils with one accord entered the room4 ,the men made place for the ladies by retreating to the other side of the room1 while the newcomers found seats4 ,when the women had arisen to the situation1 they were quite equal to it4 ,then it was the men who were ill at ease4 ,in fact their embarrassment was contagious1 for even ,i began to be uneasy and scarcely dared to take a look at the faces opposite4 ,sherbets and other refreshments were served and chanting continued4 ,bit by bit the men gained their ease1 but1 as their embarrassment passed1 the women seemed to lose courage4 ,little by little the veils were drawn over their faces4 ,then one moved as if to leave1 where upon all arose and like a flock of affrighted birds fluttered from the room4 ,this incident shows how little change has been affected in the social habits of ,bahai women in sixty years after ,kurrat-ul-,ayn4 #cgg ,b #b1 a #a1 h #e1 a #a1 total #i in ,persian ,abjad counting4 #cgh ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ej4 #cgi ,ibid41 p4 #bg4 ,,viii ,its ,record as to ,morals ,the ,bahais are ignorant of the dogmas of ,babism and of its history and its book4 ,the ,traveller's ,narrative1 a work of ,abbas ,effendi1 is a bad romance1 composed solely for the purpose of proving that the ,bab is simply a precursor and announcer of ,baha ,ullah4 ,with extreme bias1 he misconceives in every instance the true history1 and the author has not even searched1 as ,i have1 in the immense works of the ,bab for the autobiographical notes which are so plentiful4 ,he is satisfied with the legends which fall in best with the end he is pursuing4 ,it is regrettable that a man like ,abbas ,effendi should show himself ignorant of the life of the ,bab4--,beyan ,persan1 ,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nicolas1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 xvi4 ,to represent him 7the ,bab7 as simply the forerunner of ,baha is an historic falsehood4 ,it is another to pretend that the religion of the ,bab was universalized by ,baha ,ullah4--,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 v4 ,the ,bab did not consider himself as the herald or forerunner of another dispensation1 as a ,john the ,baptist to ,christ4 ,this is devoid of historic foundation4 ,in his own eyes as in those of his followers1 ,m4 ,ali ,mohammed inaugurated a new prophetic cycle and brought a new revelation which abrogated the ,koran4 ,he declared that he is not the last ,manifestation4 ,there would be a greater1 whom he calls ,him whom ,god would manifest1 but the ,bab expected that the next manifestation would be separated from his own by an interval such as had separated previous dispensations4 ,possibly the ,bayan indicates #aeaa or #bjja years as the interval4--,professor ,browne1 ,introduction to ,mirza ,jani's ,history4 ,the moral conduct of the founders of a religion1 especially one that requires trust in the person of its author1 is a necessary subject of investigation4 ,the conduct of the immediate followers is not to the same degree a subject of criticism4 ,from one point of view it is no argument against the truth of ,bahaism that ,bahais fail to live up to its precepts and principles1 for this can be said of all religions4 ,but the claims of ,bahai writers make it necessary to consider their conduct4 ,they boast of superior exemplary character and make this a proof of ,bahaism4 ,hence it is necessary to show the groundlessness of their assertions4 ,in the following review1 which covers several chapters1 the conduct of ,baha1 ,abdul ,baha and their early followers is treated together4 ,the claim made for the founders is nothing short of blessed perfection4 ,for the disciples1 it is one of superlative excellence4 ,myron ,phelps says3#chj ,this faith does not expend itself on beautiful and unfruitful theories1 but has a vital and effective power to mould life towards the very highest ideals of human character--as exemplified in the life of ,abbas and the salient characteristics of his followers4 ,the ,bahai historians say3#cha ,they are remarkable only for their charity1 kindliness1 purity1 godliness1 rectitude1 sincerity1 integrity1 generosity1 chastity and strict avoidance of all forbidden things4 ,in their conduct1 action1 morality and demeanour was no place for objection4444 ,people have confidence in their trustworthiness1 faithfulness and godliness4 ,abul ,fazl#chb speaks of the supernatural character and morals of the followers of ,baha1 who became universally celebrated for their just characters1 good conduct and excellent morals4 ,so ,remey3#chc ,the effect of this cause upon the lives of the peoples of every race and religion leaves no doubt as to the divine source of its teachings4 ,mirza ,jani1 speaking of the proofs the ,babis gave to the ,moslems1 says3#chd ,we say1 ',we have witnessed miracles on the part of this man4' ,they retort1 ',he is a sorcerer4' ,we say1 ',come1 let us invoke ,god's curse on whomsoever is in error1 leaving to ,him the decision4' ,they reply1 ',this is not permitted by our law4' ,we say1 ',let us kindle a fire and enter into the midst together4' ,they answer1 ',you are mad4' ,we further say1 ',consider the godliness1 piety and self-renunciation of those who believe4' ,they return us no answer4 ,i propose to return the answer4 #a4 ,one characteristic of the ,bahai leaders is dishonesty in dealing with their history4 ,this sometimes takes the form of the suppression and concealment of documents1 sometimes of the omission or perversion of essential facts or their presentation in such a way as to falsify history4 ,in the writing of political history and in scheming for the triumph of a political party1 we may expect crookedness in dealing with facts1 but in the propagating of a new religion designed to supersede ,christianity and ,islam1 and purporting to be an improvement on them1 we do not expect to find dishonesty and misrepresentation4 ,yet this is exactly what we find1 namely1 a readiness to ignore or suppress facts1 writings or views 7undoubtedly historical71 which they regard as useless or hurtful to their aims4#che ,when ,mirza ,husain ,ali 7,baha ,ullah7 started out as a ,manifestation1 it was necessary to get rid of certain facts and beliefs held by ,babis4 ,he must reduce the ,bab from his position as the ,point of ,divinity--the ,lord of a new ,dispensation1 as well as supplant and supersede the ,bab's successor1 ,subh-i-,azal4#chf ,thoroughly to accomplish this object 7after the ,babis leaders had been put out of the way71 the history was rewritten4 ,while claiming that the ,bab gave testimony to ,baha and taking to themselves the glory of ,babi heroism and martyrdoms1 the ,bahais relegated the ,bayan and other revelations of the ,bab1 not yet a score of years old1 to dust-covered oblivion4#chg ,subh-i-,azal avers that they wilfully destroyed them4 ,he writes#chh that thirty or more bound books of the ,bab were given in trust by him to his relatives 7,baha and his family7 as trustees4 ,they carried off the trust1 and making strenuous efforts1 got into their hands such of the books of the ,point as were obtainable1 with the idea of destroying them and rendering their own works attractive4 ,professor ,browne#chi informs us that it was very difficult to obtain a ,babi book from ,persian ,bahais and next to impossible to get a glimpse of one at ,acca1 where the ,bahais had them concealed4 ,the holy1 divine books were shelved from motives of policy4 ,a primitive ,babi work of first importance was the ,history1 by ,mirza ,jani4 ,this was an original narrative of events1 at first hand1 prepared in sincerity by one who shortly suffered martyrdom for the cause 7#aheb74 ,but its facts did not suit the ,bahais4 ,so it was superseded1 first by the ,new ,history#cij 7#ahhj71 and secondly by the ,traveller's ,narrative 7#ahhf74 ,both these histories purport to be written by ,european travellers4 ,we might excuse their being anonymous1 to avoid possible persecution1 but to make pretense that the authors are travellers who have come from afar ostensibly to investigate1 and into whose mouths are put praises of the religion1 is but part of the insincerity noticeable in other things4#cia ,mirza ,jani's ,history passed out of sight1 and it was only because a copy had been deposited by ,count ,gobineau in the ,bibliotheque ,nationale at ,paris that it has reached our hands4#cib ,of the ,new ,history little need be said1 except that it perverted the history and carefully omitted every fact1 doctrine and expression1#cic not in accord with the policy of ,baha4 ,let us examine somewhat in detail how ,abbas ,abdul ,baha treats facts in his ,traveller's ,narrative4 ,he is undoubtedly the principal author of this work4#cid ,the ,persian ,bahai1 who sent ,professor ,browne the lithographed 7,bombay7 copy of it1 wrote1 ,it contains the observations of ,his ,holiness1 the ,lord1 ,mystery of ,god 7,may my personality be his sacrifice74 ,professor ,browne was also presented with a copy of it at ,acca1 which he published in ,persian with an ,english translation4 ,of it he says1#cie ,it was written to discredit the perfectly legitimate claims and to disparage the blameless character of his less successful rival 7,azal74 ,there is good ground for suspecting a deliberate misstatement#cif of facts and dates4 ,he specifies#cig various points in which ,abbas ,effendi perverted the facts4 ,undoubtedly one of the aims of ,abbas was to eliminate ,azal4 ,the latter had been regularly appointed by the ,bab as his successor1#cih but he refused to make way for ,baha4 ,the ,bahais tried to get rid of the question by suppressing all mention of him1 even of his name1 and of all documents tending to prove the position which he undoubtedly held4#cii ,they would have consigned him to oblivion4#djj ,the ,new ,history makes but one doubtful reference to ,azal4#dja ,professor ,browne says1 ,abbas ,effendi1#djb in order to curtail the duration and extent of ,subh-i-,azal's authority and to give colour to their assertion that it was but temporary and nominal1 deliberately and purposely antedated the ,manifestation of ,baha4 ,and he continues to the present to misrepresent the facts4 ,in ,answered ,questions#djc ,baha is presented as the chief influence in ,persia immediately after the ,bab4 ,other ,bahai writers repeat this error4#djd #b4 ,another practice of the founders of ,bahaism is falsifying and changing the documents and texts of their ,sacred ,writings1 namely1 those of the ,bab and ,baha1 according to the exigency of circumstances4 ,subh-i-,azal made the accusation that the ,bahais had tampered with the ,bab's writings to give colour to their own doctrines and views4#dje ,i pass this by1 to notice how they have tampered with their own ,revelations4 ,for example1 take ,baha's ,epistle to the ,shah of ,persia4 ,its original text was published by ,baron ,rosen4#djf ,it is embodied by ,abbas ,effendi in the ,traveller's ,narrative4#djg ,the two do not agree4 ,very considerable alterations and suppressions were made in the text by the author of ',traveller's ,narrative4'#djh ,the text has evidently been toned down to suit a wider audience and to avoid giving offense to non-believers4#dji ,there is also another ,epistle to the ,shah which is contained in the ,surat-ul-,maluk4 ,its tone is strikingly different4 ,the first is a careful diplomatic document which acknowledges the faults of the ,babis1 pleads pardon for the past and for religious toleration4 ,it is monotheistic1 representing ,baha as a humble suffering servant1 with no pretense to ,divinity4 ,the other adopts a tone of fierce recrimination towards the ,shah1 and upbraids him for the ,bab's death1 saying1 ',would you had slain him as men slay one another1 but ye slew him in such a way as the eyes of men have not seen the like thereof and heaven wept over him1 and by ,god1 the eye of existence hath not beheld the like of you2 you slay the son of your prophet and then are of those who are joyful4' ,he excuses the attempt on the life of the ,shah1 and threatens vengeance#daj on him4 ,these two ,epistles to the ,shah have been a puzzle to the critics4 ,this threatening1 fierce letter seems so contrary to the policy of ,baha4 ,an adequate and not improbable explanation#daa would be that one letter was prepared for the perusal of his ,majesty and the other for the ,bahais1 to impress them with the boldness of their prophet4 ,another example of this is seen in the suppression#dab of part of the ,lawh-i-,basharat 7,glad ,tidings74 ,its fifteenth section commands ,constitutional ,government4 ,when the ,tablet was sent to ,russia1 this section was suppressed by ,bahais4 ,the ,tablet was published in its mutilated form by ,baron ,rosen4 ,expediency1 which rules ,bahai practice1 required that an incomplete ,divine ,revelation should reach ,russia4 ,playing fast and loose with the ,revelations prevailed still more at the time of the bitter quarrel and schism on the death of ,baha4 ,though ,baha's ,tablets are regarded as ,holy ,books in the highest sense1 yet the ,bahais commit the grave offense of changing them so as to misrepresent facts4 ,mirza ,mohammed ,ali and ,badi ,ullah1 younger sons of ,baha1 in refuting the claim of ,abbas ,effendi to be ,baha's successor1 say1 ,has ,abbas dared to change the texts uttered by ,baha ,ullah8 ,most certainly1 ,yes4 ,we have in our possession many texts of ,baha ,ullah which have been changed#dac by ,abbas ,effendi4 ,further1 he and his party have stolen the first paragraph of a sacred ,tablet and have perverted its meaning1 with deception4 ,khadim-,ullah1#dad the lifelong amanuensis of ,baha1 asserts that ,abbas actually rejected a ,sacred ,tablet1 written in the handwriting of ,baha ,ullah4 ,other ,tablets are repudiated4 ,for in ,hidden ,words#dae ,baha ,ullah refers to the ,fifth ,tablet of ,paradise and the ,ruby ,tablet4 ,abbas ,effendi warns against accepting any such ,tablets if they should be brought to light4 ,what other reason for this can we imagine than fear that their contents would be against his claim4 ,enough has been said to show the truth of the charge that the ,bahais deal dishonestly with the documents of their alleged revelation4 ,a peculiar instance of forgery occurs in the writings of ,baha ,ullah4 ,in his ,epistle to the ,shah ,baha quotes certain verses as from the ,hidden ,book of ,fatima4 ,this book1 the ,shiahs believe1 was revealed by ,gabriel to ,fatima1 the daughter of ,mohammed1 disappeared with the twelfth ,imam1 and will be brought back by the ,mahdi at his coming4 ,professor ,browne#daf wrote to ,acca making inquiry about this ,book of ,fatima and the quotations from it4 ,the authoritative reply which he received was1 ,that naught is known of such a book but the name1 but ,baha ,ullah mentioned it in this manner to make known the appearance of the ,kaim 7,mahdi74 ,in other words1 ,baha was making a false pretense of quoting from the ,book of ,fatima1 as if he1 as ,mahdi1 had brought it with him4 #c4 ,bahais make false representation of facts in political history4 ,the ,traveller's ,narrative perverts the truth for political opportunism4#dag ,contrary to the contemporary historian1 ,mirza ,jani1 and the ,european chroniclers1 the ,shah is represented as ignorant and innocent of and averse to the repressive measures taken by his government against the ,babis4 ,let me give specific proofs of this4 ,at the first trial of the ,bab1 at ,tabriz1 according to ,mirza ,jani1#dah ,nasr-ud-,din1 then ,crown ,prince1 whom he dubs bastard1 treated the ,bab disrespectfully by rolling a globe towards him and taunting him with ignorance of it and by ordering him to be bastinadoed4 ,the ,traveller's ,narrative1#dai per contra1 says1 ,the heavenly-cradled ,crown ,prince pronounced no sentence with regard to the ,bab1 but the ,mullahs ordered a bastinado4 ,the former history states that the ,prime ,minister consulted1 about the execution of the ,bab1 with the ,shah1#dbj who gave him full authority to act in the matter1 and that he then communicated with ,prince ,hamza ,mirza1 ,governor of ,azerbaijan1 who proceeded to make plans for it4 ,abbas' ,narrative#dba states that the ,minister1 without the ,royal command and without his cognizance and entirely on his own authority1 issued commands to put the ,bab to death2 that ,prince ,hamza utterly refused to have part in the trial and execution4 ,gobineau#dbb confirms the original account1 and states that ,prince ,hamza took a leading part in the condemnation of the ,bab4 ,it is certain that contemporary ,babis#dbc held the ,shah responsible for their persecution and were bitter against him4 ,mirza ,jani records the death of ,mohammed ,shah1 by saying that he went to hell2 the ,new ,history affirms that he passed to the mansions of ,paradise4 ,nasr-ud-,din was no puppet king1 he was fully cognizant of the affairs of state4 ,regarding the imprisonment of ,baha1 the ,traveller's ,narrative#dbd says1 ,his ,majesty1 moved by his own kindly spirit1 ordered investigation and the release of ,baha ,ullah4 ,he had just ordered the execution of twenty-eight ,babis1 with horrid cruelties1 after the attempt on his life4 ,regarding the torture and execution of ,badi1 who bore the ,epistle to the ,shah1 it says3#dbe ,it was contrary to the desire of the ,shah1 and he manifested regret for it4 ,this and much in that ,epistle is written with the idea of conciliating the ,shah and obtaining toleration4 ,it is a sensible attitude1 did they not maintain it with so much misrepresentation and hypocrisy4 ,the real spirit of ,bahais towards ,nasr-ud-,din is seen in ,baha's ,surat-ul-,maluk1 and is one of fierce recrimination4 ,confirmation of this comes from conversations with ,bahais4 ,another misrepresentation of history1 which is universal among ,bahais1 is in belittling the plot to assassinate ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah in #aheb4 ,abbas ,effendi says1#dbf ,it was done by a certain ,babi1 by sheer madness1 one other person being his accomplice4 ,his sister1 ,bahiah ,khanum1 says1#dbg ,it was by a young ,babi who had lost his reason4 ,kheiralla1#dbh says1 ,it was by a weak-minded1 insane believer4 ,similarly all their writers propagate a tradition that one irresponsible man made the attempt4 ,it is permitted to doubt the ,shiah historian1 who gives a circumstantial account of how twelve ,babis1 including one high leader1 laid the plot4 ,but ,count ,gobineau#dbi is entitled to credence when he says that there were a number of ,babis in the plot and three took part in the attempt4 ,a nephew of one of the accomplices told ,professor ,browne#dcj that there were seven in the plot and three of them went out to commit the act4 ,why will not ,bahai writers give the facts straight8 ,another misrepresentation fostered by them is that of calling the ,babi martyrs ,bahais4 ,thus ,abdul ,baha says1#dca ,when they brought ,kurrat-ul-,ayn the terrible news of the martyrdom of the ,bahais1 she did not waver4 ,again he says1#dcb ,thousands of ,his 7i4 e41 ,baha ,ullah's7 followers have given their lives1 and while under the sword shedding their blood they have proclaimed1 ',ya ,baha-ul-,abha4' ,he said#dcc in ,doctor ,cadman's church1 ,the ,king of ,persia killed #bj1jjj ,bahais4 ,again1#dcd ,in all parts of ,persia his enemies rose against ,baha ,ullah1 imprisoning and killing his converts1 razing thousands of dwellings4 ,these are gross misstatements4 ,in ,kurrat-ul-,ayn's time there were no ,bahais1 only ,babis4 ,no such efforts as those described were ever made to crush ,bahaism4 ,the thousands who gave their lives were ,babis4 ,perhaps some one remarks1 ,what's the difference8 ,foreign writers may not know the difference1 and an ,american audience certainly does not4 ,but ,abdul ,baha1 from whom ,i have quoted1 makes a great difference4 ,it arouses one's indignation to read ,bahai literature1 in which they claim credit for all that is noble in ,babi annals1 such as the martyrdoms1 and yet they disparage and deny the ,babis4 ,read ,abul ,fazl's ,bahai ,proofs4 ,he said#dce to ,prince ,naibus-,sultaneh1 ,the unseemly actions of the ,babis cannot be denied nor excused1 but to arrest ,bahais for them is oppression1 for these unfortunates have no connection with the ,babis1 who took up arms1 nor are they of the same religion or creed4 ,in another place he writes#dcf repudiating the wars and disorders of the ,babis1 and affirming that they were guilty of many censurable actions1 such as taking men's property and pillaging the dead1 and engaging in conflict and bloodshed4 ,if then the ,bahais repudiate them1 they must not appropriate their glory1 for the old ,babis1 with all their faults1 were at least heroic4 ,bahaism has1 on the contrary1 the spirit of tagiya4 ,i pass on to consider ,abdul ,baha's representations regarding ,sultan ,abdul ,hamid4 ,i present two quotations from ,tablets addressed to ,american believers4 ,the first says1#dcg ,here one witnesses the fairness and impartiality of ,h4 ,i4 ,majesty the ,padishah of the ,ottomans1 who has dealt with the utmost justice and equity4 ,in reality to-day1 in the ,asiatic world1 the ,padishah of the ,ottoman ,empire and the ,shah of ,persia1 ,muzaffar-ud-,din1 are peerless and have no equals4 ,these two kings have treated us with mildness--both are just4 ,therefore1 pray ye and beseech for their confirmation in the threshold of the ,almighty1 especially for ,abdul ,hamid1 who has dealt at all times in justice with these exiled ones4 ,abdul ,hamid--a peerless1 just one6 ,surely this would have remained among the hidden things had not one ,servant of ,god 7,abd-ul-,baha7 revealed it to us about that other ,servant of ,god 7,abd-ul-,hamid74 ,this revelation is dated #aijf4 ,after ,abdul ,hamid was deposed1 ,abdul ,baha speaks#dch of his oppression and tyranny1 for the ,sultan sent an oppressive1 august commission1 that with all kinds of wiles1 simulations1 slander and fabrication of false stories1 they might fasten guilt upon ,abdul ,baha4 ,but soon fetters and manacles were placed around the unblessed neck of ,abdul ,hamid4 ,did the ,infallible ,pen err in the former character sketch8 ,no1 but ,abdul ,baha's oppression#dci of his brothers1 in retaining their patrimony1 resulted in a bitter quarrel and complaints1 followed by an investigating ,commission and ,abdul ,baha's imprisonment4 ,on this account the whitewash scaled off from ,abdul ,hamid4 ,another form of misstatement is their habitual way of speaking of the imprisonment of ,baha and ,abdul ,baha4 ,abdul ,baha says of ,baha1#ddj ,his blessed days ended in the cruel prison and dark dungeon4 ,he passed his days in the ,most ,great ,prison4#dda ,abdul ,baha continually speaks of himself in such words as the following1 ,forty years ,i was a prisoner2 ,i was young when ,i was put in prison1 and my hair was white when the prison doors opened4#ddb ,after all these long years of prison life4 ,my body can endure anything2 my body has endured forty years of imprisonment4#ddc ,now1 what are the facts8 ,in ,phelps' ,life1 ,bahiah ,khanum#ddd says1 ,we were imprisoned in the barracks at ,acca two years 7#ahfh-gj74 ,then#dde we were given a comfortable house#ddf with three rooms and a court4 ,after nine years of such restriction ,baha ,ullah moved to a beautiful garden outside the city and built there a ,palace1 called ,bahja4 ,he had the freedom of the surrounding country1 visited ,mount ,carmel1 and later spent a part of each year at ,haifa4#ddg ,baha ,ullah died in this ,palace1 not in a dungeon4#ddh ,as to ,abbas ,effendi1 during the first brief period only he was restricted to the barracks4 ,he was even temporarily put in chains in the dungeon#ddi when accused of participation in the assassination of the ,azalis4 ,after that1 for a period of thirty years1 he was permitted to go about at his pleasure1 beyond the walls of ,acca4#dej ,he built a fine residence#dea at ,haifa1 which ,i have seen4 ,he journeyed to ,tiberias and as far as ,beirut4 ,only after his quarrel with his brothers and on their accusation was he ordered back to ,acca1 and even then he had the freedom of the city 7#aije74deb ,such are the facts about ,abbas ,effendi1 whom ,canon ,wilberforce introduced in his church as for forty years a prisoner for the cause of brotherhood and love4 ,in truth it was the quarrelling of the brothers1 ,azal and ,baha1 that led to the banishment from ,adrianople to ,acca1 the murder of ,azalis by ,bahais increased its severity1 the bitter hatred of the younger generation against each other brought back the restraint4 #d4 ,another immoral practice of ,bahais is tagiya or ketman1 religious dissimulation4 ,this is taught and practiced by ,shiah ,moslems1#dec and it is continued with all its offensiveness against good morals by ,bahais4 ,in it concealment1 denial or misrepresentation by word or act is allowed for self-protection or for the good of the faith4 ,it was formally permitted by ,baha ,ullah4 ,in accordance with this practice ,abdul ,baha and his followers at ,acca keep the ,fast of ,ramazan#ded in addition to the ,bahai ,fast at ,noruz4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup#dee wrote1 ,he is now acting what seems to be a double part--a ,moslem in the ,mosque1 and a ,christ in his own house4 ,he prays with the ,moslems1 'there is no ,god but ,god1' and expounds the ,gospels as the incarnate ,son of ,god4 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 a ,bahai missionary1 lately died in ,egypt4 ,at his public funeral#def the ,moslem taziah1 with reading of the ,koran1 was held1 though he was a strenuous worker for the abrogation of ,islam4 ,most ,bahais in ,persia live in habitual tagiya4 ,fear of persecution is some palliation for this1 but it is a great defect4 ,very far from the truth is the statement of ,lord ,curzon#deg that ,no ,babi 7or ,bahai7 has ever recanted under pressure4 ,mr4 ,nicolas1#deh the ,french ,consul at ,tabriz1 shows from the ,bab's own writings that he himself denied his ,manifestation at his examination at ,shiraz and signed a recantation4 ,at the execution#dei of the ,bab in ,tabriz 7#ahej7 two of his intimate disciples denied the faith4 ,the explanation of the fact is remarkable and instructive4 ,they were enjoined to do so by the ,bab in order that they might convey certain documents to a safe place4 ,in other words1 they were to lie for the faith1 by divine injunction4 ,in another notable instance1#dfj seven ,babis stood firm and were executed at ,teheran1 while thirty recanted1 being told by their leader to judge whether they were justified by family ties1 etc41 in renouncing the faith4 ,they determined to adopt a course of concealment1 tagiya4 ,some years ago a ,bahai was called before the ,governor of ,tabriz and questioned1 ,are you a ,bahai8 ,i am a ,mussulman4 ,will you curse ,baha8 ,it is written in the ,koran not to curse1 ,i am not a ,bahai4 ,by payment of a peshkesk this answer was made acceptable4 ,and no offense was recognized in conscience1 for ,baha had said1 ,if your heart is right with me1 nothing matters4 ,it were scarcely necessary to note that some ,babis and ,bahais have denied their faith1 except to correct the mistake of travellers1 but the fact that denial is permitted and approved is important4 ,for tagiya is a deeply-rooted seed which bears evil fruits in their characters and conduct4 ,even their propaganda is carried on in the same deceitful spirit4 ,the ,bahai conceals from the one he approaches his status and beliefs1 insinuates himself into his confidence1 suits the substance of his message to the preconceptions and prejudices of his hearer and leads him on1 perhaps omitting to mention the real essentials of ,bahaism4#dfa ,one of their methods is to worm themselves into the employ of ,christian ,missions and clandestinely carry on their propaganda while they undermine the work of the ,mission4 ,perhaps the ,mission wishes a language teacher or a mirza4 ,a ,bahai presents himself4 ,he talks well4 ,in the course of conversation the missionary inquires his religious views4 ,he appears liberal minded4 ,direct inquiry is made1 ,are you a ,bahai8 ,he replies1 ,no1 ,i am not1 but ,i am tired of ,islam2 ,i am a truth-seeker4 ,the missionary employs him4 ,after a time1 maybe1 he professes to be a ,christian1 and is baptized4 ,such were a certain ,mirza ,hasan and a ,mirza ,husain1 who deceived the ,swedish ,mission and received salaries as ,christian evangelists1 but had been and continued to be ,bahais and propagandists4 ,i have heard that in a certain ,station 7not ,american7 ,bahais1 without revealing their faith1 accepted positions as cook1 language-teacher1 financial agent1 etc41 and so surrounded the new ,mission that it was a ,bahai more than a ,christian establishment4 ,doctor ,shedd#dfb tells of an assistant he had with him in school work--a ,persian1 with whom he discussed religious topics freely4 ,for years the man disavowed belief in ,bahaism1 but finally threw off the mask and became an active propagandist4 ,after his dismissal he instigated the ,persian pupils1 whom he had previously secretly beguiled1 and they complained to the ,persian ,government that they1 as good 787 ,mohammedans1 were offended by having to study the ,christian ,scriptures4 ,great is tagiya6 ,what else can we expect1 since ,abdul ,baha instructs his disciples in pretense4 ,a certain ,madame ,canavarro1#dfc staying at ,acca1 expressed her desire to assist in spreading ,bahaism among the ,buddhists1 and spoke of the difficulty of introducing it as a new religion4 ,abdul ,baha replied1 ,at first teach it as truths of their own religion1 afterwards tell them of me4 ,she replied that she herself was imbued with the spirit of ,buddhism4 ,he answered1 ,what you call yourself is of no consequence4 ,to a certain ,american lady who was afraid her friends would be repelled by the idea of a new religion1 ,abdul ,baha advised1 ,remain in the ,church and teach ,bahaism as the true teaching of ,christ4 ,a striking instance of this religious dissimulation is seen in ,hamadan4#dfd ,there about two-and-a-half per cent4 of the ,jews have accepted ,baha as the ,messiah4 ,but many of these continue in the outward forms and associations of the ,jews4#dfe ,others professed to be ,christians1 and were protected as such by the ,shah's government4 ,after a decade or two it became evident that they were hypocrites1 cloaking their ,bahaism under the ,christian name4 ,this ,oriental dissimulation takes on a different phase in ,western ,bahaism4 ,the principle of the latter is stated thus1 ,adhere to any religious faith with which you are associated4#dff ,no religious relation#dfg should be severed1 but these relations should become as avenues for giving forth the message of the ,bahai faith4 ,this idea is delusive2 it is self-deception1 ignorance1 or worse4 ,no ,christian can give allegiance to ,baha as incarnate ,god and accept1 as he then must1 ,islam1#dfh ,babism and ,bahaism as successively true1 and as higher revelations abrogating ,christianity1 and still be loyal to ,christ4 ,bahaism is not a philosophy like ,tolstoism1 nor a theory of economics like the single tax2 it is a religion as much as ,mormonism is4 ,a plain example of ,bahai tagiya is in connection with the organization known as the ,persian-,american ,educational ,society4 ,this was organized at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 under the patronage of ,mirza ,ali ,kuli ,khan1 ,persian ,charge d' ,affaires4 ,its organizing body1 committee to draft its constitution1 its executive1 are ,bahais1 yet its circular sets forth seventeen purposes for its existence without naming the propagation of ,bahaism as one of them4 ,it appealed for funds on general philanthropic and educational grounds1 never mentioning its religious motive4 ,it introduced the names of ,president ,taft1 ,secretary ,root1 and other prominent men in such a way as to lead the public to understand that the movement had their intelligent endorsement4 ,to its real purpose1 viz43 aiding existing and establishing new ,bahai schools in ,persia and the ,orient1#dfi ,i am making no objection4 ,it is the concealment of this purpose which is objectionable when contributions are asked from the general public4 ,it claims to be unsectarian1 because its schools take in pupils of all sects and religions4 ,so do the schools of ,christian ,missions1 but they are none the less ,christian schools1 and the ,orient-,occident schools are distinctively ,bahai4 ,they disclaim proselytizing4 ,the claim is simply false4 ,bahai schools are hotbeds of proselytizing1 and must be so by their nature4 ,their law#dgj says1 ,schools must first train the children in the principles of the religion4 ,dreyfus#dga adds1 ,there is no fear of a prescription1 emanating from such authority1 ever being disregarded4 ,the ,bahai school in ,teheran worked under cover for some years4 ,remey says1#dgb ,this institution is not generally known as a ,bahai ,school4 ,however1 it is in the hands of the ,bahais4 ,from the directors down through the teachers and students1 the majority were of our faith4 ,similarly in ,bombay1#dgc the ,bahai teacher concealed his faith4 ,the ,zoroastrian parents of his pupils suspected him of ,bahaism and so took their children out4 ,but to find the supreme example of ,bahai tagiya we have to go to the fountainhead4 ,abdul ,baha himself1 oblivious to its moral obliquity1 lays bare the fact in his ,traveller's ,narrative4#dgd ,we have seen that ,subh-i-,azal1 the half-brother of ,baha ,ullah1 was appointed by the ,bab as his successor4 ,according to ,abdul ,baha1 this appointment was a dishonest subterfuge on the part of ,baha1 arranged by him through secret correspondence with the ,bab1 in order that ,baha might be relieved of danger and persecution and be protected from interference4 ,so out of regard for certain considerations and as a matter of expediency1 ,azal's name was made notorious on the tongues of friends and foes even to jeopardizing his life1 while ,baha remained safe and secure1 and no one fathomed the matter4 ,abul ,fazl#dge states the position of the ,traveller's ,narrative as follows1 ,the ,bab and ,baha ,ullah1 after consulting together1 made ,azal appear as the ,bab's successor4 ,in this manner they preserved ,baha ,ullah from interference4 ,this account shows the low ideas of honour and truthfulness in the minds of ,baha and ,abdul ,baha4 ,and although their explanation is not true 7but an invention of their tagiya--corrupted minds71 it shows to what straits#dgf they were put to explain away the succession of ,azal1 the legitimacy of which ,azal still1 in his ripe old age1 maintains4 ,abdul ,baha published to the world ,baha's deceitfulness1 but only made the matter worse for him4 ,of a piece with this was the action of ,baha's trusted agent1 ,maskin ,kalam1 in ,cyprus4 ,this ,bahai was sent by the ,turkish ,government with ,azal4 ,he set up a coffee-house at the port where travellers must arrive1 and when he saw a ,persian land he would invite him in1 give him tea or coffee and a pipe1 and gradually worm out of him the business that had brought him there4 ,if his object were to see ,subh-i-,azal1 off went ,maskin ,kalam#dgg to the authorities1 and the pilgrim soon found himself packed out of the ,island4 ,this account is given by a faithful ,bahai4 ,afterwards ,maskin ,kalam retired to ,acca and spent his old age as an honoured guest of ,baha4 ,,footnotes3 #chj ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 xxxvii4 #cha ,new ,hist41 p4 #bcf2 ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #hb4 #chb ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #fc1 #gg4 #chc ,the ,bahai ,religion1 p4 #aaa4 #chd ,quoted in ,new ,hist41 p4 #cgc2 comp4 p4 #fa4 #che ,professor ,browne's ,introduction to ,phelps1 p4 xxi4 #chf ,new ,hist41 p4 #dbf4 #chg ,ibid41 p4 xxvii4 #chh ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cdb-cdc4 #chi ,browne's ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #ecj4 ,if1 instead of talking in this violent and unreasonable manner1 you would produce the ',bayan1' of which ever since ,i came to ,persia ,i have been vainly endeavouring to obtain a copy4 #cij ,its authors were ,mirza ,husain of ,hamadan1 ,m4 ,abul ,fazl1 and ,manakji4 #cia ,numerous magazine articles1 and even the ,life of ,abbas ,effendi have been written by ,bahais1 as if they were outsiders making observations4 #cib ,in his ,introduction 7pp4 xxxii4-v47 to ,mirza ,jani1 which he has had printed in ,persian1 ,professor ,browne says1 ,but for ,count ,gobineau it would have perished utterly4 ,this fact is very instructive1 that so important a work could be successfully suppressed1 and that the adherents of a religion could connive at such an act of suppression and falsification of evidence4 ,this fact is established by the clearest evidence4 #cic ,new ,hist41 p4 xxix4 #cid ,ibid41 pp4 xiv41 xxxi4 #cie ,ibid41 p4 xiv4 #cif ,encyc4 ,brit41 article1 ,babism4 #cig ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 xlv4 ,it 7#a7 belittles the ,bab and glorifies ,baha--making the former simply a forerunner2 7#b7 belittles the sufferings and deeds of ,babis1 passing over remarkable events almost unnoticed and magnifies inferior deeds of ,bahais2 7#c7 debases ,azal1 disregards his position as successor1 disparages and scorns him as lacking in courage and wisdom2 7#d7 tries to curry the favour of the ,shah of ,persia and excuses his persecutions1 putting the blame on ,mullahs and ,viziers1 deprecating the resistance and wars of the early ,babis4 #cih ,count ,gobineau 7p4 #bgg7 says1 ,there was some little hesitation about the successor of the ,bab1 but finally he was recognized as divinely designated1 a young man of sixteen1 named ,m4 ,yahya 7,azal74 ,the election was recognized by all the ,babis4 #cii ,mirza ,jani1 p4 xxxii4 #djj ,ibid41 p4 xxxv4 ,professor ,browne says1 ,when ,i was in ,persia in #ahhg-ahhh1 the ,babis 7,bahais7 whom ,i met feigned complete ignorance of the very name and existence of ,subh-i-,azal4 #dja ,page #fd1 note4 #djb ,abbas ,effendi suppressed all incidents and expressions not in accordance with later ,bahai sentiment4 ,of this ,i am certain that the more the ,bahai doctrine spreads1 especially outside of ,persia1 the more the true history is obscured and distorted 7,professor ,browne in his introduction to ,mirza ,jani1 p4 xxxvi474 #djc ,pages #cf-ch4 #djd ,one need not be surprised at this falsifying of claims and historical facts1 for it is the testimony of the ,bahai historian himself 7,new ,hist41 p4 #e7 that the principal vice of the ,persians is falsehood--so universal and customary and so familiar that truthfulness is entirely abandoned and ignored4 ,in matters relating to religion the ,mullahs have shown themselves to be ready liars and shameless forgers4 ,the degree of reliability of this ,history may be judged from the following sentence1 ,when the people of ,italy had proved the extent of the ,pope's hypocrisy1 guile and deceit1 they so effectually deposed him and his children and his grandchildren that naught remained of him but the appearance 7referring to #ahgj-ahga74 ,i have received a pamphlet by ,a4 ,j4 ,stenstrand1 of ,chicago1 called ,third ,call to ,behaists4 ,he writes 7p4 #bg71 ,the ,babi history as well as their sacred scriptures prove that a terrible corruption1 changing and transposing of its meanings1 has been going on in the hands of the ,behaists4 ,again 7p4 #bh71 ,we have plenty of proofs that there has been continual corruption1 interpolation1 changing1 transposing and stealing away the sacred scriptures of the ,babi religion in the hands of the ,bahais4 #dje ,cf4 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib1 p4 #ddg4 #djf ,the ,alwah-i-,salatin1 in ,collections ,scientifiques1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #ahgg4 #djg ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #ajh-afd4 #djh ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib1 p4 #cac4 #dji ,ibid41 p4 #bhf4 #daj ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #bg1 #aiac1 pp4 #i1 #aj1 ,if thou dost not obey ,god1 the foundations of thy government shall be razed1 and thou shalt become evanescent--become as nothing4 ,if no attention is paid to this book1 thou shalt become non-existent4 #daa ,the same explanation will account for the opposite narratives of the trial of ,baha before the ,turkish ,court at ,acca4 ,mr4 ,laurence ,oliphant reports that the ,court put the question to ,baha1 ,will you tell the ,court who and what you are8 ,i will begin1 he replied1 by telling you who ,i am not4 ,i am not a camel-driver 7alluding to ,mohammed71 nor am ,i a carpenter4 #dab ,new ,hist41 p4 xxv4 #dac ,facts for ,behaists1 p4 #bg4 ,we mention a few of the important ones4 7#a7 ,the so-called ,tablet of ,beirut1 which confirmed the claim of ,abbas1 and was said to be transcribed by ,khadim ,ullah4 ,the latter declared it to be a forgery by ,abbas ,effendi4 7#b7 ,abbas omitted the middle part of the ,tablet of ,command to make it certify his claims4 ,a complete copy in ,baha's own handwriting showed the subterfuge4 7#c7 ,he combined parts of two different ,tablets1 called it the ,treasure ,tablet1 and claimed that it certified his succession4 ,the two ,tablets were produced and proved the falsity of the claim4 #dad ,facts for ,behaists1 p4 #ee4 ,afterwards ,badi ,ullah1 who had accused the party of ,abbas of making additions to the writings1 with a purpose changed sides in the quarrel and accused ,mohammed ,ali of the same things--interpolating1 erasing1 transposing1 replacing1 clipping and joining fragments1 of the ,tablets of ,baha ,ullah1 besides issuing a false writing in his name4 ,mohammed ,ali is also accused of carrying away by way of the window two trunks full of the blessed writings4 ,see ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world1 by ,mirza ,badi ,ullah1 pp4 #c1 #e1 #ab-ag4 #dae ,hidden ,words1 numbers #bj1 #cg1 #dh4 #daf ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #abc4 #dag ,new ,hist41 p4 vii4 #dah ,ibid41 p4 #cec4 #dai ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #bj4 #dbj ,new ,hist41 p4 #bib4 #dba ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #dj1 #da4 ,abul ,fazl also is apologetic for the ,shah1 and says 7,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #ch71 ,without seeking permission from the ,shah1 the ,minister issued the order for his death4 #dbb ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #bei4 #dbc ,in ,new ,hist41 p4 xvii41 ,professor ,browne says1 ,the ,babis made no profession of loyalty1 nor did they attempt to exonerate the ,shah from the responsibility of the persecutions4 ,to the ,shahs1 such terms as tyrant1 scoundrel1 unrightful king1 are freely applied4 ,the battle cry1 ',ya ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah1' is described as 'a foul watchword4' #dbd ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #eb4 #dbe ,ibid41 pp4 #ajd-ajf4 #dbf ,ibid41 pp4 #di1 #ej4 #dbg ,phelps1 p4 #ac4 #dbh ,beha ,ullah1 p4 #daa4 #dbi ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #ec4 #dcj ,ibid41 p4 #cbc4 #dca ,s4 ,w41 ,oct4 #af1 #aiac1 p4 #baj4 #dcb ,ibid41 ,july #ac1 #aiac1 p4 #aah4 #dcc ,ibid41 ,sept4 #ah1 #aiab4 #dcd ,some ,answered ,questions1 p4 #cg4 #dce ,pages #gg1 #gh4 #dcf ,page #fc4 #dcg ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #df4 #dch ,s4 ,w41 ,may #ag1 #aiaa1 p4 #f4 #dci ,mrs4 ,templeton 7previously ,mrs4 ,laurence ,oliphant71 in ,facts for ,behaists1 tells of the unrighteousness of ,abbas ,effendi 7,abdul ,baha7 in keeping from his brothers and stepmothers the pension money of the ,turkish ,government and the revenue of ,baha's villages1 and of his ostentatious charity in giving away part of these funds by distributing coins to a mixed crowd of beggars every ,friday4 #ddj ,s4 ,w41 ,may #ag1 #aiac1 p4 #gd4 #dda ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd4 #ddb ,s4 ,w41 ,ibid41 p4 #fg4 #ddc ,ibid41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiab1 p4 #e4 #ddd ,phelps1 p4 #ff4 #dde ,ibid41 p4 #gj4 #ddf ,this house was purchased by an ,american ,bahai lady1 that it might remain in ,bahai hands4 #ddg ,bahai ,proofs1 by ,abul ,fazl1 p4 #ff4 ,remey1 p4 #bc4 #ddh ,mrs4 ,grundy1 p4 #gc ff41 ,ten ,days1 etc41 speaks of the ,palace of ,joy as a very large white mansion4 ,professor ,browne was received here 7#ahij74 ,he was conducted through a spacious hall1 paved with a mosaic of marble1 into a great antechamber1 and entered through a lifted curtain into a large ,audience ,room4 ,of the ,garden of ,baha1 ,sprague 7,a ,year in ,india1 etc41 p4 #a7 says1 ,it is a veritable garden of ,eden1 with luxuriant foliage and every fruit4 ,baha ,ullah used to sit under the large spreading tree and teach his disciples4 ,mrs4 ,grundy says1 ,the ,rizwan is filled with palm trees1 oranges1 lemons and wonderful flowers4 ,a river1 the ,nahr ,naaman1 runs through it1 in two streams1 on which ducks and other fowls swim4 ,on an island is an arbour under two large mulberry trees4 ,a fountain plays in the midst4 ,under the arbour is a chair where ,baha used to sit4 ,no one sits in it any more4 7,mrs4 ,grundy knelt at the foot of the chair47 ,the garden has a cottage1 where ,baha spent his summers4 ,a ,palace and a luxurious summer place were ,baha's ,most ,great ,prison during most of his years at ,acca4 ,compare ,laurence ,oliphant's ,haifa1 etc41 p4 #ajc1 for a fine description of his pleasure ground4 ,how unfounded are such statements as ,bernard ,temple's 7,s4 ,w41 p4 #ci1 ,april #bh1 #aiad74 ,all this while the founders were behind prison walls4 #ddi ,phelps1 p4 #ge4 #dej ,ibid41 p4 #hj4 #dea ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 who visited him in #aijj1 writes 7,new ,york ,outlook1 ,june1 #aija71 ,abbas ,effendi has two houses in ,haifa1 one for his family1 in which he entertains the ,american lady pilgrims1 and one down town where his ,persian followers meet him4 #deb ,abbas ,effendi in ,acca at this time visited ,mr4 ,remey 7,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ajh74 ,he received ,american pilgrims4 ,mrs4 ,goodall 7,daily ,lessons1 p4 #f7 speaks of ,his bountifully spread table1 the laughter and good cheer1 and 7p4 #ac7 remarks1 ,one would never realize he was visiting a ,turkish prison4 #dec ,doctor ,shedd says1 ,concealment of religious faith is a common practice in ,persia1 and it is approved and recommended by ,bahais4 #ded ,phelps1 p4 #aja4 #dee ,new ,york ,outlook4 #def ,s4 ,w41 ,march #b1 #aiad4 #deg ,phelps1 p4 xxxi4 #deh ,le ,beyan ,persan 7,paris71 ,introduction xvi4-xxiv41 by ,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nicolas4 #dei ,new ,hist41 p4 #beb4 #dfj ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #beb4 #dfa ,s4 ,m4 ,jordan1 of ,teheran1 says 7,the ,mohammedan ,world1 ,cairo1 p4 #acj71 ,we are honestly open in our methods1 while they are the reverse4 ,doctor ,shedd says1 ,christian ,mission work is openly ,christian1 that of ,persian ,bahais is professedly ,mohammedan4 ,bahaism1 as offered to a ,jew1 a ,christian or a ,mohammedan1 varies greatly4 #dfb ,missionary ,review1 ,october1 #aiaa4 #dfc ,phelps1 p4 #aed4 #dfd ,miss ,a4 ,montgomery1 in ,woman's ,work1 #aiac1 p4 #bgj1 says of these ,bahais1 ,this sect of ,moslems1 thirty years ago1 were afraid to appear to be what they really were1 they exercised the privilege of falsehood their deceitful faith grants them1 and called themselves ,christians4 #dfe ,a ,european ,jew reports as follows 7#aiad71 ,the ,jewish ,bahais in ,hamadan are few in number 7exactly fifty-nine besides children74 ,they have not yet broken with ,judaism4 ,they go to the ,synagogue and follow outwardly our religious practices4 ,they deny in public that they are ,bahais from fear of the ,mussulmans1 who detest the new religion4 ,but the continual attacks of the ,bahais against the ,jews will exasperate our co-religionists1 who will cast them out finally4 ,at present the practical result is hatred and disdain1 and bitter dissensions between fathers and sons1 sisters and brothers1 husband and wife4 #dff ,phelps1 p4 #if4 ,the ,report of the ,bahais to the ,united ,states ,census ,board says1 ,one may be a ,bahai and still retain active membership in another religious body4 #dfg ,remey's ,the ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #ig4 #dfh ,bahaism says1 ,christians who do not believe in the ,koran have not believed ,christ4 #dfi ,the name of the ,society has been changed to the ,orient ,occident ,unity1 and a commercial department added4 ,its contributions are acknowledged1 and its work reported through the ,star of the ,west as ,bahai work4 ,an ,american1 who imported a machine flour-mill to ,persia1 under its auspices1 told the ,consul that the object of his coming was not the mill but propagating ,bahaism4 ,in the ,jam-i-,jamsied1 ,calcutta1 ,march #bh1 #aiad1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,getsinger boasts to the ,parsees1 ,the ,american ,bahais have established schools in ,persia1 and have sent ,american teachers to those schools4 #dgj ,words of ,paradise1 p4 #ec4 #dga ,the ,universal ,religion1 p4 #aci4 #dgb ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 #aijh1 p4 #gg4 #dgc ,sprague's ,a ,year in ,india1 p4 #af4 #dgd ,pages #fb1 #fc1 #ie1 #if4 #dge ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #eb4 ,see also ,browne's ,mirza ,jani's ,history1 pp4 xxxiii4-vi4 #dgf ,the ,bahais are impaled on the other horn of the dilemma also1 for1 as ,professor ,browne says 7,mirza ,jani1 p4 xxxiii471 ,the difficulty lies in the fact that ,subh-i-,azal consistently refused to recognize ,baha's claim1 so that the ,bahai is driven to make the assumption that the ,bab1 who is acknowledged to be divinely inspired and gifted with divine knowledge and prescience1 deliberately chose to succeed him one who was destined to be the ',point of darkness1' or chief opponent1 of ',him whom ,god should manifest4' #dgg ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #eag4 ,,ix ,its ,record as to ,morals 7,continued7 ,in their teachings they speak constantly of knowing the truth1 but never of speaking the truth4 ,in his book ,kheiralla never mentions veracity among the virtues nor lying among the vices4 ,religious duplicity1 tagiya1 is a ,persian peculiarity and some ,mohammedan sects among which are our truth-knowing ,bahais have raised tagiya to a pious privilege4 ,baha1 the crafty chief1 requires policy in consideration of expediency1 often at the expense of good faith4 ,until the final triumph of the religion he has sanctioned feigned conformity4 ,they have divine authority for duplicity4 ,this is to them a pious means to a pious end4 ,since ,baha's influence has become paramount1 they have adopted the plan of secret propaganda which does not hesitate1 in case of need1 at denying their faith under oath4 ,among ,mohammedans they are primitive ,islamites1 among ,christians they claim to be primitive ,christians4 ,if ,i had not taken their private lessons1 the supposition of such astounding duplicity would have appeared incredible or beyond even the ,oriental proverbial duplicity4--,s4 ,k4 ,vatralsky1 ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,theology1 #aijb1 pp4 #gc1 #gd1 #gf4 ,bahais particularly boast of love as one of their characteristics4 ,they often quote the words of ,baha to consort with all religions with spirituality and fragrance4 ,phelps claims for them#dgh a peculiar spirit1 which marks them off from other men1--whose essence is expressed in one word1 ,love4 ,these men are ,lovers2 lovers of ,god1 of their ,master and teachers1 of all mankind4 ,dreyfus1 with a forgetfulness or ignoring of facts that is astounding1 says1 ,their conduct is so perfect1 their harmony so complete that although they have been there at ,acca for forty years1 no judge had yet to intervene for them in any dispute4 ,chase says ,bahaism removes religious rancour4#dgi ,let facts speak4 ,let me array them first by showing the relation of the ,bahais to the ,moslems1 and then to the ,azalis 7see chapter on ,religious ,assassination7 and finally to each other 7see chapter on ,the ,quarrel over the ,succession74 ,the ,babis and ,bahais show great hatred and animosity against the ,shiahs of ,persia1 abuse and revile them and heap maledictions and curses upon them4 ,these evil feelings are shown specially against the ,mullahs and the rulers4 ,the ,babi and ,bahai historians indulge so much in diatribes and maledictions that ,professor ,browne wearies of translating them and omits pages of abuse4#dhj ,more than enough is at hand to show the rancorous spirit of the new religion4 ,first take a short backward glance at the ,babis4 ,professor ,browne says3#dha ,the ,babis entertained for the ,kajar rulers a hatred equal to that for the ,mullahs4 ,mohammed ,shah and ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah are called bastard and scoundrel and ,mohammed ,shah is consigned to hell at his death4 ,the ,shiahs are called foul ,guebres and the ,mullahs heaped with abuse4 ,they hated the ,mohammedan clergy with an intense and bitter hatred and anticipated the fulfillment of the prophecy when the ,kaim or ,mahdi should behead #gj1jjj mullahs like dogs4 ,the ,bab called ,haji ,kazim ,khan1 chief of the ,sheikhis1 the ,quintessence of ,hell ,fire and the infernal tree of ,zakkum4 ,he even at times emphasized his words with blows4#dhb ,when a prisoner in the household of ,anti-,christ--that accursed one 7i4 e41 the ,shah71 the ,mullah of ,maku showed him some discourtesy1 whereupon the ,ocean of ,divine ,wrath was stirred and ,he 7the ,bab7 brought down his staff with such vigour on the unclean form of that foul creature that the august staff broke in two4 ,he then ordered ,aga ,sayid ,hasan 7his scribe7 to drive out that dog from the room1 though the accursed fellow was a person of great consideration4 ,the ,bab took leave of his jailer1 ,ali ,khan1 with the words1 ',ay maalun' 7',accursed ,one'74#dhc ,it is unnecessary further to enlarge on the feelings of the ,babis towards the ,shiahs1 for the sanguinary wars and persecutions explain them and they made no secret of their feelings of hatred4 ,i pass on to the ,bahais1 whom ,abul ,fazl claims were reformed and transformed by ,baha4 ,baha himself it is1 who in the ,ikan calls the ,shiahs a foul1 erring sect1 who said of his ,turkish guards1 ,shame upon them6 ,god shall consume their livers with fire1 and verily he is the fiercest of avengers 7,lawh-i-,rais7 and who exultingly celebrated1 in a hymn of triumph1 the death of ,fuad ,pasha1#dhd the vizier who had exiled him1 and consigned him to hell where the heart boils and the tormenting angel melts him4 ,baha's winsome words about the mullahs are1 in the ,ikan1 #abgh years have passed and all these worthless wretches have read the ,koran every morning and have not yet attained to a single letter of the purport of it4 ,the spirit of love 787 is shown by ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 the preacher and apologist for ,bahaism1 in his discussion 7#ahgc7 as recorded in the ,new ,history4#dhe ,his abusive language runs on page after page4 ,the mullahs of ,persia are called mischief-makers1 dolts1 a pack of scoundrels1 tyrants1 fools1 plunderers of men's properties and wives1 sectarian zealots steeped in prejudice and thinly disguising their greed of worldly lucre under a veil of sanctity1 sprung from the rustic population and the scum of the towns1 ignorant of the decencies of society and neglectful of good breeding1 with wickedness1 worldliness1 rapacity and selfishness which are incurable and folly that exceeds all bounds and surpasses all conception1 with stupidity1 overweening arrogance and presumption absolutely unparallelled1 hiding the truth in falsehood1 circulating false reports1 possessing malignant hatred1 malice1 spite and great injustice1 and notoriously eager to shed blood1 yet with cowardice like a timid girl4 ,he avers further that they are lacking in patriotism1 nullify sovereign authority1 encroach upon and usurp the power of kings1 dismiss viziers1 invite the people to rebel1 cause national decay1 set their feet upon the necks of all mankind1 menace the order and well-being of the government1 devour public wealth and substitute treason for service4 ,perish their homes of folly whose learning is all pretense1 their colleges which never yielded a man of sense4 ,this is a condensation of the ,bahai philosopher's amiable 767 description of the chiefs of his national religion4 ,the author of the ,new ,history almost surpasses him in abuse4#dhf ,he compares the mullahs to a host of foul reptiles who befoul and pollute the pure water of life so that it waxeth loathsome and abominable4444 ,they are fraudulent and sophistical hypocrites 444 inwardly reprobate and outwardly devout1 clothing themselves in the garb of spurious asceticism and simulated piety3 fabricators of 'authentic' traditions4 ,later ,haji ,m4 ,haidar ,ali1#dhg writing by command of ,abdul ,baha1 says of ,persia1 ,the old religious sects 444 degenerated into ferocious wolves and mad dogs1 even surpassing the ravenous man-eating beasts4 ,apropos of the martyrdom of ,aga ,sayid ,jafar of ,abargoo1 ,our ,great ,lord and ,master ,abdul ,baha revealed the following in a ,visiting ,tablet to be chanted at the tomb3 ,hell is for such as rejected thee1 fire for such as sentenced thee to death1 infernal flame for such as betrayed thee1 and the hellish gulf for such as shed thy blood4#dhh ,these quotations show the vindictive spirit of the ,bahai leaders4 ,any one who is acquainted with ,bahais in ,persia knows that this is the spirit that animates them1 that they revile the ,mutasharis and ,sheikhis and especially their mullahs4 ,they are brotherly and helpful to their own particular sect of ,bahais1 vindictive to all who have opposed them4 ,doctor ,frame quotes a ,persian as saying this of the attitude of ,abdul ,baha1 ,he is very kind towards his friends and bitter towards his enemies4 ,in view of all that has been brought forward1 how can ,mr4 ,phelps aver that they have no trace of bitterness or resentment for their sufferings4 ,the habit of ,bahais in denying that they have animosity against other religions reminds me of one of their own stories4 ,a certain mullah said to his friend1 ,if you notice in me any objectionable habit please inform me4 ,i perceive no fault in you1 answered his friend1 save a habit of using abusive language4 ,abusive language6 cried the mullah4 ,what rascally knave calls me abusive8 ,what shameless ruffian have ,i abused that he should dare accuse me8 ,in the statements of ,bahais which ,i quoted above1 they laid claim to superior chastity and sobriety4 ,in the chapter on ,bahaism and ,woman ,i have noticed their defects in regard to the treatment of women4 ,in regard to sexual immorality1 they are neither better nor worse than ,persians of the middle class to which they mostly belong4 ,bahai law follows the ,moslem law in prohibiting the use of alcohol as a beverage1 as did the law of the ,bab4 ,the ,bab prohibited opium and tobacco4 ,azal follows the ,bab in these restrictions1 while ,baha exempts tobacco from the prohibition4 ,a good many ,moslems1 especially of the cities and upper classes1 are addicted to alcohol1 and have been through the centuries of ,islam4 ,my observation leads me to believe that ,bahais are more addicted to the use of intoxicants than ,moslems are4 ,regarding the relation of ,bahais to wine and opium1 we have an impartial witness who writes his experience without prejudice or motive4 ,professor ,browne1 in his ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 tells of his social intercourse with the ,babis1 ,azalis and ,bahais4 ,his prolonged stay in ,kirman was largely spent among the ,bahais4 ,he became so intimate with them as to be considered one of them by many in the city4 ,he joined in their convivialities and he gives us a simple narrative of everyday events and experiences4 ,read the volume from page #dge to #edj and see how many of the ,bahais lived in the habitual use of wine and opium4 ,it is shocking and shows what goes on behind their doors4 ,no other one has had opportunity to see and reveal their hidden life4 ,one and another and another of the ,bahais is referred to by name and occupation as addicted to intoxicants4#dhi ,sheikh ,ibrahim is a drunkard and a libertine2 ,usta ,akbar1 the pea-parcher1 returned in a state of boastful intoxication1 talking blasphemous nonsense2 the son of the ,bahai postmaster wants money to get drunk and play the libertine2 ,haji ,shirazi is a drinker and a libertine and a reviler2 another is a victim of copious libations of beer2 another a drunkard and blasphemous in his cups4 ,regarding the use of opium they appear to be worse4 ,it seems to be a common habit among them4 ,see pages #dii1 #ejj1 #eje1 #ebj1 #ebd1 #ebe1 #edj4 ,of certain dinners ,professor ,browne says1 ,all present were ,babis 7,bahais7 and we sat sipping our tea and whiffing opium4 ,we sat talking late and smoking opium4 ,the wildest ascriptions of ,deity to ,baha were made when intoxicated with wine and opium3 then they praised the ',beloved4' ,the poor lad1 the son of the telegrapher whom ,i had seen smoking opium1 was dead4 ,a ,bahai dervish was engaged in smoking an opium pipe4 ,the ,prince secretary1 an ,azali ,babi1 was a confirmed opium smoker4 ,browne even joined the ,bahais in the use of opium and almost became a victim of the habit4 ,on one occasion#dij they secretly filled his pipe with hashish 7,bhang74 ,he recognized the taste and refused it4 ,why did they do so8 ,would they possibly have shown him visions with the hope of persuading him of the truth of ,bahaism8 ,maybe some such incidents are the basis of the ,moslem accusations against the ,bahais of using hashish on neophytes4 ,the point of the above citations is plain4 ,bahaism does not exercise the transforming power that is claimed for it4 ,the ,persian ,bahais are yet in the bonds of iniquity4 ,the boasts of ,bahais are ungrounded4 ,what of ,abul ,fazl's question1#dia ,have you ever heard of a ,bahai accused#dib of drinking wine8#dic ,none are accused of evil deeds or bad morals4 ,again ,sprague says1 ,the conditions of the ,millennium are already visible among these people1 and ,thornton ,chase declares1 ,it brings men to a higher conception of duty and life than has been the heritage of the churches4 ,how blind to facts is such faith6 ,,footnotes3 #dgh ,page #aab4 #dgi ,yet ,phelps1 p4 #aeh1 and ,chase themselves inveigh against orthodox ,christianity with bitterness and scorn4 #dhj ,new ,hist41 pp4 #cbj f1 #bha1 #bhi4 #dha ,ibid41 pp4 xvii4 and #ced4 #dhb ,mirza ,jani1 pp4 #aca-acb4 #dhc ,new ,hist41 p4 #ceb4 #dhd ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib1 p4 #bga4 #dhe ,pages #agc-aij4 #dhf ,pages #d-e1 written #ahhj4 #dhg ,martyrs of #aijc1 p4 #c4 #dhh ,visiting ,tablets1 p4 #ab1 ,n4 ,y4 ,bahai ,board of ,counsel4 #dhi ,pages #dcf1 #eag1 #ebd1 #edj4 #dij ,pages #ebj-eba4 #dia ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #gi4 #dib ,the testimony of ,mr4 ,getsinger that he saw the son of ,baha ,ullah under the influence of liquor is given in ,chapter ,,xi4 ,the testimony of ,professor ,browne as to their habits is borne out1 in a general way1 without his personal experience1 by others who have had long residence in ,persia4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,a4 ,shedd1 ,d4 ,d41 of ,urumia writes1 ,does the religion bring about a change of life and character8 ,the reports given by ,bahai travellers are glowing1 but long residents in ,persia have no such a tale to tell4 ,the ,bahais are not noticeably more honest1 more truthful1 more sober nor more reliable than others 7,missionary ,review1 ,oct4 #aiaa74 ,j4 ,d4 ,frame1 ,m4 ,d41 of ,resht says 7,moslem ,world1 ,july1 #aiab71 ,the real test of a religion is its influence upon life4 ,repeatedly we have challenged the ,bahais1 ',show us from your personal lives a power to regenerate the lives of men4' ,rev4 ,s4 ,m4 ,jordan of ,teheran writes 7,the ,mohammedan ,world1 p4 #agi71 ,by neither ,moslems1 ,jews1 nor ,christians are they considered morally superior to the ,moslems1 while in some respects they rightly are judged less so4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,shedd1 ,d4 ,d41 writes1 ,the ,bahai freedom runs to license1 and hence as a reform leaves men worse rather than better4 ,mr4 ,browne found himself in the meshes of the opium habit in ,kirman by yielding too freely to their influence4 ,there is undoubtedly a generous fellowship in the ,bahai community1 but there is no moral principle4444 ,there are no high and strong characters developed to lead the world in true reform1 no high motives to virtue are developed4 ,the seeds of its own destruction are in the system and the best argument against it will soon be its fruits 7,r4 ,e4 ,speer's ,missions and ,modern ,history1 p4 #ahb74 #dic ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #hb4 ,x ,religious ,assassination ,the religion now entered upon the phase of intestinal dissensions1 bitter animosities1 schisms1 and internecine strife4 ,the pages of its history are henceforth filled with tales of dissension and disruption2 of anathemas and accusations2 of heresy and apostacy reiterated and reciprocated with increasing bitterness2 of fratricidal assassinations and persecutions4--,professor ,browne in ,new ,history1 p4 x4 ,subh-i-,azal is the ,khalifa of the ,bab and the ,bahais are in bad faith when they deny it4--,nicolas1 p4 #bj4 ,when inspiration and revelation failed1 ,baha did not disdain to benefit by the pointed argument of the dagger and the subtle persuasion of poison4--,vatralsky in ,amer4 ,jour4 of ,theology4 ,we cannot tolerate iniquity in ,god nor in one claiming to be ,god and we cannot conceive of ,god incarnate subject to the limitations of racial moral ideals4--,r4 ,e4 ,speer1 p4 #adf4 ,in general ,bahais claim that they and their leaders have been exemplars of love and harmony4 ,specific declarations of their excellence in this regard have been quoted4 ,m4 ,abul ,fazl#did writes3 ,during the long years from the arrival of ,baha ,ullah in ,bagdad to the present day they have not committed that which would disturb a single soul4 ,they have been killed but they have killed no one4 ,mr4 ,horace ,holley#die says3 ,for forty years no judge has had to settle a dispute between them4 ,it behooves us to inquire how the conduct of ,baha and his adherents shows up in this regard during the first period of their exile4 ,it is evident that in ,persia ,baha had no sincere love for his brother ,azal1 for he planned to secure safety for himself by putting ,azal's life in jeopardy4 7,see ,chapter ,,viii47 ,it is further plain that early in the exile jealousy1 envy and hate manifested themselves1 even while ,baha was outwardly obedient to ,azal4 ,in ,bagdad1 says ,bahiah ,khanum1 disharmony and misunderstanding arose among the believers--discord--strife--contention4# dif ,therefore ,baha went off to ,kurdistan4 ,he refers in the ,ikan to the dissensions1#dig ,such an odour of jealousy was diffused1 banners of discord hoisted1 enemies endeavoured to destroy this servant1--hardships1 calamities and sufferings inflicted by ,moslems were as nothing compared with what hath been inflicted by the believers4 ,his opponents say that he wished to introduce innovations1 relax the law and put forward on his own account a claim to be a ,manifestation and being resisted in this1 he got angry4#dih ,after they were removed to ,adrianople the quarrel waxed hotter4 ,abul ,fazl describes it as one of interior fires of dissension and jealousy between the rival leaders1 far exceeding the jealousy of outsiders4#dii ,mohammed ,jawad ,kasvini says#ejj there were all manner of intrigues1 falsehoods and untruths4 ,i have received from a ,moslem convert to ,christianity an interesting account of conditions then and there4 ,he was at that time a peesh-khidmat to the ,persian ,minister at ,constantinople4 ,he was at ,samsun when ,azal and ,baha and their parties embarked and was introduced to them by ,haji ,rajab ,ali ,khan1 brother-in-law of my informant4 ,he saw them day by day and became a serious inquirer4 ,afterwards he went to ,adrianople bearing presents to ,baha4 ,he found ,baha and ,azal living in separate rooms of the same house under guards4 ,the two brothers were in dispute over the supremacy1 and the murids had been won over by ,baha4 ,he narrates1 ,i entered one day4 ,i heard words of angry disputation and revilings4 ,yahya said1 ,ay6 ,husain ,ali1 you are vile6 ,do you not remember your sodomies8 ,you are defiled4 ,your wife is a bad one6 ,husain ,ali answered1 ,ay1 cursed one6 ,your son ,nur ,ullah is not your son but son of ,sayid----4 ,you yourself are a sodomite1 an adulterer4 ,such like revilings they hurled at each other4 ,i called ,maskin ,kalam and said to him1 ,what are these words and doings8 ,if ,baha is true why does he talk so8 ,why do these brothers revile each other8 ,what a fool ,i am to come so many miles to hear such revilings from a divinity6 ,we then went to the room of ,ishan4 ,my companion said to ,ishan1 ,why do they curse so8 ,i said1 ,i wish to ask a question4 ,he said1 ,what is it8 ,i said1 ,you say they do not work miracles1 but must there not be personal power and influence in words8#eja ,the condition at ,adrianople culminated in a series of crimes1 which now come before us for examination4 ,charges have been made1 in detail1 against the companions of ,baha ,ullah of assassinating the ,azalis1 the followers of his rival ,subh-i-,azal4 ,most of the information regarding the matter is to be found in the books and translations of ,professor ,browne1 the great authority on ,bahaism in the ,anglo-,saxon world4 ,i wish to present and weigh the evidence in hand regarding these accusations4 #a4 ,the first charge is that ,baha ,ullah attempted to poison ,subh-i-,azal1 his half-brother and predecessor4 ,this charge is found in the ,hasht ,behesht1 a history of ,babism1 by ,aga ,sayid ,javad1#ejb a prominent ,mullah of ,kirman and a leading disciple of the ,bab4 ,the occurrence took place when ,azal and ,baha were both at ,adrianople under surveillance of the ,turkish authorities4 ,baha1 so it narrates1#ejc ordered that there should be placed before him and ,azal a dish of plain food1 with one side of which he had mixed some poison1 intending to poison ,azal4 ,for hitherto the apportioned breakfast and supper had been from the house of ,mirza ,husain ,ali 7,baha ,ullah74 ,when that poisoned dish was placed before them1 ,baha pressed ,azal to take of it4 ,by a fortunate chance1 the smell of onions was perceptible in the food1 and ,azal1 being averse to onions1 refused to taste it4 ,though urgently pressed1 he refused1 saying3 ',it smells of onions4' ,baha1 supposing his evil design was suspected1 and to disguise the truth1 ate a little from the other 7unpoisoned7 side in order that ,azal's suspicions might be dispelled and that he might eat of the poisoned side4 ,now1 inasmuch as the poison had to some extent diffused itself to the other side1 it produced some slight effect on ,baha1 causing him sickness and vomiting1 so that he summoned his physician4 ,this account was confirmed by ,mirza ,abdul ,ali1 the son of ,subh-i-,azal1 to ,professor ,browne1 when he visited him in ,cyprus in #ahhh4ejd ,the daughter of ,baha1 ,bahiah ,khanum1 gives a contradictory account of the same affair4#eje ,she says that the feast was at ,azal's house and that rice for both was served on the same plate1 having been prepared in ,azal's house4 ,the portion of rice intended for my father was flavoured with onions1 of which he was very fond4 ,the servant1 by direction of ,azal1 placed this portion towards my father4 ,he ate some of it1 but fortunately not very much4 ,he preferred the rice prepared for ,azal1 and ate of it4 ,soon after eating he became ill4 ,the physician declared that he had been poisoned4 ,he was so desperately ill for twenty-two days that the physician said he could not live4 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 a ,bahai writer1 says1#ejf ,azal sought to poison ,baha ,ullah1 and attempted to do so twice1 but failed to accomplish his design4 ,he repeatedly planned to murder ,baha4 ,baha himself alludes to these events in the ,sura-i-,haykal4#ejg ,my brother warred with me4 ,he desired to drink my blood4 ,he took counsel with one of my attendants tempting him unto this4 ,we went out from among them and dwelt in another house4 ,neither did we see him afterwards4 ,thus we have brother against brother1 each accusing the other of attempting fratricide4 ,how shall we settle the question of veracity8 ,mr4 ,phelps makes a plea for ,baha1 but his words lack foundation4 ,he says that ,azal's story is a transparent fabrication because it assumes an impossible ignorance on the part of ,baha ,ullah that ,azal disliked onions1 as well as the impossible hypothesis that ,baha ,ullah would knowingly partake of food in which poison had been placed4 ,but neither of these impossible things are a part of the story4 ,the first objection can only be taken1 if at all1 to ,professor ,browne's abridged account in the ,traveller's ,narrative1 and not to the original in ,hasht ,behesht1 which distinctly states that onions had communicated their flavour to the other side of the platter1 contrary to intention2 and1 secondly1 ,baha supposed when he ate 7according to the ,hasht ,behesht account7 that the poison had not communicated itself to his side of the platter of rice4 ,those familiar with ,persian pillau1 or boiled rice1 in which each grain is separate and dry1 will see that it would ordinarily be quite possible to put onions and poison on opposite sides of the platter without either reaching the other side4 ,each man would help himself1 according to ,persian custom1 from the side of the dish next to him4 ,moreover1 it was customary to prepare the food for ,azal in the kitchen of ,baha4'#ejh ,up to the time of the incident they had both continued to live in the same house4 ,this is evident from ,baha's words in the ,sura-i-,haykal1 where he says1 ,we went out1 dwelt in another house1 neither did we see him afterwards4 ,this agrees with the ,hasht ,behesht4 ,in this and several other particulars the narrative of ,bahiah ,khanum is defective or misleading4 ,mr4 ,phelps' plea1 on account of the character of the ,bahais1 begs the question4 ,this charge and subsequent ones to be discussed1 involve the integrity of ,baha's character and that of his immediate disciples4 ,the history shows no more reason to believe ,baha than to believe ,azal1 but rather less4 #b4 ,the next charge of the ,azalis is as follows3#eji ,shortly after this1 another plot was laid against ,subh-i-,azal's life1 and it was arranged that ,mohammed ,ali1 the barber1 should cut his 7,azal's7 throat while shaving him in the bath4 ,on the approach of the barber1 however1 ,subh-i-,azal divined his design1 refused to allow him to come near1 and1 on leaving the bath1 instantly took another lodging1 and separated himself entirely from ,mirza ,husain ,ali and his followers4 ,on the ,bahai side1 ,bahiah ,khanum says1#eaj ,one day in the bath ,azal asked the servant 7of ,baha7 'whether it would not be easy for an attendant who was not faithful to ,baha to make away with him while shaving him4' ,the servant replied that this was certainly the case4 ,azal then asked whether1 if ,god should lay upon him the command to do this1 he would obey it8 ,the servant understood this to be the suggestion of such a command1 and was so terrified by it that he rushed screaming from the room4 ,this occurrence was ignored by my father1 and our relations with ,azal continued to be cordial4 ,here we have two stories in direct contradiction to each other4 ,it may be observed that the attendant or barber1 who was that day serving ,azal in the bath1 as is agreed by both parties1 was a partisan of ,baha1#eaa without doubt the same barber1 ,mohammed ,ali1 who subsequently murdered the ,azalis1#eab and who was decorated by ,baha with the title ,dallak-i-,hakikat1#eac ,the ,barber of the ,truth4 ,it was much more natural that ,azal should be suspicious of him than try to tempt him to kill ,baha4 ,in either case1 what do we see8 ,behold1 these two ,manifestations of ,god accusing each other of attempting assassination4 ,they were brothers1 both eminent disciples of the ,bab1 the ,point of ,divinity of the new ,revelation1 both revealers of inspired verses4 ,the heart of each was full of hatred and envy and of desire to overreach the other4 ,neither is worthy of credence1 both being steeped in ,persian deception from childhood4 ,possibly1 at that time1 each was ready to compass the death of the other4 ,the subsequent history1 however1 casts back its reflection upon the murder-plots at ,adrianople1 and in its lurid light the character of the ,bahais grows darker4 ,as a consequence1 the charges of the ,azalis against the ,bahais become probable and are easily accepted4 #c4 ,the proved assassination of ,azalis by ,bahais at ,acca4 ,the quarrels and plots at ,adrianople led to complaints of each party against the other before the ,osmanli ,government4 ,for the sake of peace and safety they were separated4 ,azal was sent as a prisoner-pensioner to ,famagusta1 ,cyprus4 ,baha was removed to ,acca1 ,syria4 ,the ,hasht ,behesht says3#ead ,with the latter were his family1 about eighty of his adherents1 and four of ,subh-i-,azal's followers1 to wit1 ,haji ,sayid ,mohammed of ,ispahan1 ,aga ,jan ,bey1 ,mirza ,riza ,kuli of ,tafrish1 and his brother ,aga ,mirza ,nasrullah4 ,these ,azalis were murdered by the ,bahais in ,acca4 ,of this crime there are many who give testimony1 7a7 ,the ,hasht ,behesht says3#eae ,before the transfer was actually effected1 however1 ,mirza ,nasrullah was poisoned by ,baha1 at ,adrianople4 ,the other ,azalis were assassinated shortly after their arrival at ,acca1 in a house which they occupied near the barracks1 the assassins being ,abdul ,karim1 ,mohammed the barber1 ,husain the water-carrier1 and ,mohammed ,javad of ,kasvin 7all attaches of ,baha74 7b7 ,subh-i-,azal independently confirmed this account in conversation with ,professor ,browne4#eaf 7c7 ,bahai testimony also confirms it4 ,professor ,browne heard the story at ,kirman from ,sheikh ,ibrahim1 a ,bahai1 who had suffered imprisonment and torture for the faith1 and who had seen some of the perpetrators while on a pilgrimage to ,acca4 ,he said1#eag ,the ,babis were divided into two factions4 ,so high did feeling run that the matter ended in open strife1 and two ,azalis and one ,bahai were killed at ,adrianople4 ,the ,turkish ,government sent seven#eah ,azalis to ,acca with ,baha4 ,they--,aga ,jan1 called ,kaj-,kulah1 ,haji ,sayid ,mohammed of ,ispahan1 one of the original companions of the ,bab1 ,mirza ,riza1 a nephew of the last1 ,mirza ,haydar ,ali of ,ardistan1 ,haji ,sayid ,husain of ,kashan1 and two others whose names ,i forget--lived all together in a house situated near the gate of the city4 ,well1 one night about a month after their arrival at ,acca1 twelve ,bahais 7nine of whom were still living when ,i was at ,acca7 determined to kill them and so prevent them from doing any mischief4 ,so they went at night1 armed with swords and daggers1 to the house where the ,azalis lodged1 and knocked at the door4 ,aga ,jan came down to open to them1 and was stabbed before he could cry out or offer the least resistance4 ,then they entered the house and killed the other six4 ,in consequence1 the ,turks imprisoned ,baha and all his family and followers in the caravanserai1 but the twelve assassins came forward and surrendered themselves1 saying1 ',we killed them without the knowledge of our ,master or of any of the brethren4 ,punish us1 not them4' ,so they were imprisoned for a while2 but afterwards1 at the intercession of ,abbas ,effendi 7,abdul ,baha71 were suffered to be at large1 on condition of remaining at ,acca and wearing still fetters on their ankles for a time4 7d7 ,mr4 ,laurence ,oliphant gives an account of the ,bahais at ,acca in his ,haifa1 or ,life in ,modern ,palestine4#eai ,he substantiates the account of the assassinations1 and narrates how ,baha ,ullah was called before the ,osmanli ,court to answer on the charge of complicity in them4 ,he further states that after one session1 ,baha purchased an exemption from further attendance at court with an enormous bribe4 7e7 ,the defense1 unable to escape the force of the damaging testimony or to deny the facts against such testimony1 can only offer some excuses in extenuation4 ,bahiah ,khanum#ebj reduces the number of ,bahais who made the attack on the ,azalis to three1 asserts that their intention was to threaten death and frighten but not to kill them1 that but two ,azalis were killed and also one of the ,bahais1 that the provocation was that the ,azalis had slandered ,baha ,ullah1 forged letters in his name1 which incited the ,government against him and were threatening to kill him1 and further that ,baha was not cognizant of their intention4 ,but ,professor ,browne shows that ,baha regarded the murder with some complacency at least1#eba and refers to it in the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 saying1 ,god hath taken away him who led you astray1 viz43 ,haji ,sayid ,mohammed1 one of the murdered men1 who was ,azal's chief supporter4 ,he also confirms the fact that ,abbas ,effendi interceded for the murderers and secured their freedom from adequate punishment4 ,just as ,brigham ,young#ebb condoned and secured immunity from punishment1 if he did not justify or instigate the crimes of his sect4 ,bahiah ,khanum herself shows us that the murderers acted for the religion1 and not from any private or personal motives2 in other words1 committed religious assassination1 after the traditional oriental custom4 ,the same is shown and more facts brought out in the defense made by ,mohammed ,jawad ,gasvini4#ebc ,he writes that the three persons mentioned above published tracts which were calculated to excite the populace against ,baha and his adherents4 ,one1 ,nasir ,abbas of ,bagdad1 came from ,beirut to kill them but was enjoined by ,baha not to do so4 ,then ,some believers organized a secret meeting to put an end to these evil doers4 ,the author was among them and was of their opinion4 ,baha again restrained them1 so the author avers4 ,but1 he continues1 ,the following seven persons secretly determined to put out of the way the aforesaid intriguers 7here follow their names and occupations74 ,these seven began to consort with the intriguers very cordially1 pretending that they were in accord with them and with their belief1 and continued to do so for some time4 ,but one afternoon they entered their residence1 which was situated opposite the residence of the governor of the city of ,acca1 and there they killed the said ,sayid ,mohammed1 and ,aga ,jan1 and ,mirza ,riza ,kuli4 ,this took place in the year #abhh ,a4 ,h41 i4 e41 #ahgj ,a4 ,d4 ,when the ,government heard of the tragedy it arrested the said seven and arrested all the followers of ,baha ,ullah who were in ,acca4 ,all1 including ,baha ,ullah1 ,abbas ,effendi and the other brothers were imprisoned4 ,baha was released after three days1 after being interrogated by the court4 ,sixteen of the ,bahais were confined in prison for six months and the seven for terms of seven to fifteen years1 afterwards reduced by one-third4 ,thus twenty-three out of about forty male believers were found guilty of the assassinations or of complicity in the plot4 #d4 ,various and sundry other assassinations for the faith4 ,according to the ,azali historian1 these murders were followed by many others4 ,certain disciples separated themselves from ,baha4 ,of these some fled from ,acca1#ebd but the ,khayyat ,bashi 7chief tailor7 and ,haji ,ibrahim were assassinated in the caravanserai of the corn-sellers and buried in quicklime under the platform4 ,another1 ,haji ,jaffar1 importunately pressed his claim for a debt of #a1bjj pounds which ,baha owed him4 7,i wonder whether it was incurred to meet the 'enormous bribe4'7 ,thereupon ,baha's amanuensis1 ,mirza ,aga ,jan ,kashani1 instructed a disciple1 ,ali of ,kasvin1 to slay the old man and throw his body out of the window of the upper room which he occupied in the caravanserai4 ,it was then reported that he had cast himself out and died1 yielding up his life to the ,beloved4 ,all the prominent supporters of ,subh-i-,azal1 who withstood ,baha1 were marked out for death1#ebe and in ,bagdad1 ,mullah ,rajab ,ali ,kahir and his brother ,haji ,mirza ,ahmad1 ,haji ,mirza ,mohammed ,riza and several others fell one by one by the knife or the bullet of the assassin4 ,the following others are specified with the place and name of the assassin1#ebf ,aga ,sayid ,ali the ,arab1 one of the original ',letters of the ,living1' was killed in ,tabriz by ,mirza ,mustapha of ,nirak2 and ,aga ,ali ,mohammed by ,abdul ,karim2 ,haji ,aga of ,tabriz met a like fate1 as did ,haji ,mirza ,ahmad1 the brother of the historian ,haji ,mirza ,jani4#ebg ,another1 whose faith had grown cold1 was ,aga ,mohammed ,ali of ,ispahan1 who was residing at ,constantinople4#ebh ,mirza ,abul ,kasim was sent from ,acca with instructions to bleed that block of heedlessness whose blood is in excess4 ,he robbed his victim of ,l#cej1 with part of which he bought and sent goods to ,acca4 ,another instance was ,mirza ,asad ,ullah ,deyyan1 who claimed to be a ,manifestation4#ebi ,mirza ,husain ,ali 7,baha71 after a protracted discussion with him1 instructed his servant1 ,mirza ,mohammed of ,mezanderan1 to slay him1 which was accordingly done4 ,count ,gobineau confirms this account4#ecj ,concerning these crimes we have also the independent testimony of ,subh-i-,azal1 who mentioned most of these instances by name and added several others4 ,azal said to ,captain ,young1 a ,british officer in ,cyprus1#eca ,about twenty of my followers were killed by the ,bahais4 ,he confirmed it in an autograph letter to ,professor ,browne1 saying1 ,they 7i4 e41 the ,bahais7 unsheathed the sword of hatred and wrought what they would4 ,they cruelly put to death the remnant of my friends who stood firm4 ,in the ,new ,history#ecb ,professor ,browne names over the list of those assassinated1 and adds1 ,of the more prominent ,azalis1 ,sayid ,javad1 of ,kerbela 7or ,kirman71 seems to have been almost the only one who long survived what the ,azalis call ',the direful ,disorder4' ,in ,kirman1 ,professor ,browne said to the ,bahais1#ecc ,from a statement of one of your own party1 it appears that your friends at ,acca1 who complain so much of the bigotry1 intolerance and ferocious antagonism of the ,mohammedans1 and who are always talking about 'consorting with men of every faith with spirituality and fragrance1' could find no better argument than the dagger of the assassin wherewith to convince the unfortunate ,azalis4 #e4 ,the conduct of the primitive ,babis and their leaders1 and their attitude towards the taking of life1#ecd has a bearing on the question of the conduct of the ,bahais1 for up to the time of the residence at ,adrianople they were identical4 ,the history of the ,babis is a bloody one4 ,the first bloodshed which took place in ,persia 7in connection with the ,babi movement7 was the murder of a ,shiah ,mujtihid by one or more ,babis4 ,it was a religious assassination4 ,the circumstances were as follows1#ece ,when the ,bab1 as captive1 passed through ,kasvin1 en route for ,maku1 he wrote a letter asking succour from ,haji ,mohammed ,taki1 an orthodox ,mujtihid1 who was the father-in-law of the celebrated ,kurrat-ul-,ayn4 ,the ,haji tore the letter into fragments1 and made some unseemly remarks4 ,when this was reported to the ,bab1 he said1 ,was there no one to smite him on the mouth8 ,the ,bahai historian 7#ahhj7 continues1 ,wherefore the ,lord brought it to pass that he was smitten in the mouth with a spear head that he might no more speak insolently4 ,shortly afterwards a certain ,babi1#ecf named ,salih1 hearing the ,mujtihid curse and revile ,sheikh ,ahmad1 the teacher of the ,bab1 entered the mosque and slew him at the pulpit4 ,the ,bahai historian continues1 ,this was the consequence of the ,haji's conduct to the ,bab1 and agreeable to the tradition of the ,imams1 'whosoever curseth us 444 is an infidel1' and so he deemed it incumbent on himself to slay him4 ,a variation of this story is found in a work by an ,american ,bahai1 ,mary ,h4 ,ford1 called ,the ,oriental ,rose4#ecg ,she narrates that ,kurrat-ul-,ayn heard the ,mujtihid cursing the ,bab1 and gazing upon him she exclaimed1 ,how unfortunate you are6 ,for ,i see your mouth filled with blood6 ,the following morning1 as he was crossing the threshold of the mosque1 he was struck upon the mouth by the lance of a hidden assailant4 ,the attack was followed up by five or six other assassins1 who beat the life out of his mangled body4 ,the strange insight of ,kurrat-ul-,ayn had foreseen it4 ,the assassination removed a serious obstacle from her pathway4 ,from these narratives1 both from the pens of ,friends1 it is evident that the ,bab and ,kurrat-ul-,ayn each spoke words which were direct instigations and incitements to their fanatical followers to commit murder4 ,the chief murderer fled and joined himself to the people of ,god at ,sheikh ,tabarsi4 ,disregarding his crime1 they welcomed him to their ranks as a follower of ,god1 and he attained to martyrdom4#ech ,we can admire the courage and devotion of the ,babis1 but certainly their hatred and fanaticism carry them on to retaliation and revenge which are far from pure religion4 ,witness their deeds6 ,farrukh ,khan1 a prisoner of war1 was first skinned alive and then roasted1#eci and twenty-two prisoners of war were put to death at the same time1 at ,zanjan4 ,at ,sheikh ,tabarsi1 by order of ,janab-i-,kuddus1 ,his ,excellency the ,holy1 the enemies slain in battle were decapitated and their heads set on posts around the ramparts4#edj ,the attempt to assassinate ,nasr-i-,din ,shah 7#aheb7 shows also the murderous spirit of the ,babis4 ,from seven to twelve#eda ,babis were engaged in the plot1 and four of them started out to take part in the assault4 ,it was not1 as is commonly represented by ,bahais1 the act of an unbalanced1 weak-minded individual1 but the revengeful plot of a number4 ,the spirit of vengeance was very strong within them4 ,of this we have a witness from a very unexpected quarter1 namely1 the celebrated ,bahai apologist1 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl4 ,he writes1#edb ,numerous historical and tangible evidences can be furnished to prove that it was the pen of ,baha ,ullah which protected from death his own enemies1 such as ,subh-i-,azal1 ,nasr-i-,din ,shah and certain great doctors and divines4 ,otherwise the ,babis would not have allowed a single one of these people to have escaped alive4 ,he certainly must include ,bahais1 for the ,babis would not have desired to kill ,subh-i-,azal4 ,but the assertion of ,m4 ,abul ,fazl1 that ,baha was as the ,prince of ,peace among a lot of untrained1 untamed disciples1 will not stand investigation4 ,for ,baha's history shows the contrary4 #f4 ,baha also commends suicide for his sake4 ,it is narrated by ,abdul ,baha#edc that rather than be separated in exile from ,baha1 ,haji ,jafar was moved to lamentation1 and with his own hand cut his throat4 ,baha1 in the ,lawh-i-,raiz1 alluded to this event1 saying1 ,one from amongst the ,friends sacrificed himself for myself and cut his throat with his own hand for the love of ,god4 ,this is such that we have not heard from former ages4 ,this is that which ,god hath set apart for this dispensation4 ,another disciple attempted suicide about the same time4#edd ,this old and faithful follower seized a knife and exclaiming1 ',if ,i must be separated from my ,lord1 ,i will go and join my ,god1' cut his throat4 ,with the aid of a physician1 his life was saved4 ,again when the ship bearing the exiles reached ,haifa1 ,abdul ,ghaffar1 finding himself to be separated from his ,lord1 determined to sacrifice his life1 and threw himself into the sea from the steamer1 exclaiming1 ',o ,baha6 ,o ,baha6' ,the sailors rescued him4#ede ,this tendency to suicide reveals an astonishing degree of fanaticism among the ,bahais4 ,but suicide is so rare among the ,persian ,shiahs that these reports arouse suspicion and call for further investigation4 ,i was informed of one person whom the ,bahais at ,acca reported as a suicide1 but who in reality had been murdered by them4 ,of another1 named ,haji ,mirza ,riza1 who would have written a history favourable to ,azal1 the latter wrote to ,professor ,browne that they 7the ,bahais7 sought to slay him1 and at length gave out that1 on the first night of his imprisonment1 he had bound a cord about his throat and destroyed himself and so became a martyr4#edf ,the celebrated ,nabil1 ,bahai poet and historian1 is reported to have committed suicide by throwing himself into the sea1 shortly after the death of ,baha ,ullah4 ,he could stay on earth no longer--he loved and yearned so for ,baha ,ullah4#edg ,as this same ,nabil had himself claimed to be the ,manifestation1#edh it was very convenient that he should make away with himself at that time1 instead of renewing his pretensions4 ,these instances of suicide are cited as proofs of the truth of the religion by ,m4 ,mohammed ,husain ,shirazi1 who says1#edi ,more faithful and devoted 7than the early ,christians71 some martyrs of our day have killed themselves with their own hands out of devotion to their ,lord ,baha4 ,again ,baha sent ,badi1 the messenger1 to the ,shah1 with the ,epistle from ,acca1 assuring him beforehand that he was going to death4#eej ,the letter could easily have been sent through one of the foreign consulates without sacrifice of life4 ,doctor ,jessup says3#eea ,they teach unscrupulous persecution of those obnoxious to them4 ,i had a friend1 a learned ,mohammedan of ,bagdad1 called ,ibrahim ,effendi1 of scholarly bearing1 refined and courteous--a brother of the wife of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,his father1 a wealthy man1 died when he was young and his uncle determined to bring him up as a ,babite 7,bahai74 ,but the boy refused to accept it4 ,his uncle then robbed him of his property1 and threatened him4 ,he fled and came to ,beirut4 ,he professed ,christianity and was baptized at ,alexandria1 ,egypt4 ,while at ,beirut1 he went down to ,acca to visit4 ,one night he found that his life was in great danger if he stayed through the night and he escaped to ,beirut in great terror4#eeb #g4 ,psychological attestation of the accusation against the ,bahais1 of assassination1 is seen in their doctrine of the power and prerogative of the ,manifestation1 and the inference made by the ,bahais from that doctrine4 ,this is set forth in the ,tablet of ,ishrakat1#eec ,verily ,he 7,baha7 hath come from the ,heaven of the ,unseen1 and with ,him the standard of ',he doeth whatsoever ,he willeth1' and the hosts of power and authority4 ,as to all else save ,him3 ,it is incumbent upon them to cling unto that which he hath commanded4 ,woe unto those who denied and turned away from ,him4 ,the ,most ,great ,infallibility is applied only to one 7the ,manifestation71 whose station is sanctified above commands or prohibitions4 ,he is proof against error4 ,verily if he declares heaven to be earth1 right to be left1 or south to be north1 it is true1 and there is no doubt of it4 ,no one has a right to oppose him1 or to say1 ',why or wherefore'2 and he who disputes ,him is verily of the opposers4 ,he doeth whatsoever he willeth1 and commandeth whatsoever he desireth4 ,in like manner ,abdul ,baha states the authority of the ,manifestation1#eed ,he is not under the shadow of the former laws4 ,whatever he performs is an upright action4 ,no believer has any right to criticize4 ,if some people do not understand the hidden secret of one of his commands or actions1 they ought not to oppose it4 ,these principles are boldly interpreted and applied by the ,bahais to the subject under discussion4 ,sayid ,kamil1 a ,bahai of ,shiraz1 said to ,professor ,browne#eee with a look of supreme surprise1 ,you surely cannot pretend to deny that a prophet1 who is an incarnation of the ,universal ,intelligence1 has a right to inflict death1 openly or secretly1 on those who stubbornly opposed him4 ,a prophet is no more to be blamed for removing an obdurate opponent that a surgeon for an amputation of a gangrenous limb4 ,this opinion prevailed among the ,bahais4 ,at ,yezd they said1#eef ,a divine messenger has as much right to kill and compel as a surgeon to amputate4 ,the ,bahai missionaries maintained#eeg that1 ,a prophet has a right to slay if he knows it necessary2 if he sees that the slaughter of a few will prevent many from going astray1 he is justified in commanding such slaughter4 ,no one can question his right to destroy the bodies of a few that the souls of many may live4 ,a ,bahai acquaintance of ,doctor ,frame1 of ,resht1 told him#eeh without any appearance of shame1 that he paid so much to have a persecutor removed4 #h4 ,in connection with all the above facts1 it must be kept in mind that religious assassination has been freely practiced since the beginning of ,islam1 and that the prophet ,mohammed gave it the sanction of his example on numerous occasions4 ,professor ,browne1#eei who thus emphasizes this fact1 and gives instances from the ,moslem biographies of ,mohammed1 points out its bearing on our judgment regarding the assassinations alleged against the ,bahais1 and concludes1 ,in ,asia a different standard of morality prevails in this matter4 ,certain facts regarding the ,imams revealed in the dark annals of ,islam show what historical precedents the ,babis and ,bahais had back of them4 ,consider the deaths of the twelve ,imams4 ,ali was#efj assassinated with a dagger1 ,husain killed after battle1 nine other ,imams were poisoned1 and the last one mysteriously disappeared4 ,to sum up4 ,our investigation has led to the conclusion that the ,bahais were guilty of these assassinations as charged4 ,the evidence is both direct and circumstantial1 with names and places4 ,some of the witnesses are still living4 ,some have given their testimony in writing1 some in conversation with ,europeans1 who have reported it accurately to the world4 ,the environment in which they lived1 and the historical and theological traditions on which they fed1 strengthen the direct proofs4 ,the answer to these charges by ,mirza ,abul ,fazl in his ,brilliant ,proof#efa is1 that we should hear both sides1 and that it is not right to accept the witness of enemies against the ,bahais1 which is as that of ,protestants against the ,catholics and vice-versa4 ,our reply is1 that both sides have been heard1 and examined1 and that some of the most damaging testimony is from ,bahais themselves4 ,it should be noted that the testimony is altogether from the followers of the ,bab1 of various kinds and not from ,moslem writers4 ,mr4 ,phelps1 like many ,bahai writers1 would ignore the charges4 ,he says1#efb ,i do not think that it would be time well employed to advert to them in detail4 ,he pronounces them incredible and flatly in contradiction to the spirit1 lives and teachings of ,baha ,ullah and his successor1 and destined quickly to fade away and be forgotten1 if left to themselves4 ,no indeed6 ,lovers of truth will not overlook and forget such a record4 ,they will judge ,bahais by their deeds1 not by their professions4 ,the conclusions of ,professor ,browne1 who was undoubtedly a favourably-inclined judge1 who investigated impartially and heard the testimony on both sides1 has the greatest weight in determining the judgment of the world4#efc ,in the ,traveller's ,narrative1 his first volume on ,babism and ,bahaism1 he states that it is only with great reluctance and solely in the interest of truth1 that he sets down these grave accusations against the ,bahais1 and adds1#efd ,if they are true1 of what use are the noblest and most humane utterances1 if they are associated with such deeds8 ,if they are false1 further investigation will1 without doubt1 conclusively prove their falsity4 ,in the ,new ,history1 which was published two years later1 after further investigation and calm deliberation1 he wrote1#efe ,at first not a few prominent ,babis1#eff including even several ',letters of the ,living' and personal friends of the ,bab1 adhered faithfully to ,subh-i-,azal4 ,one by one these disappeared1 most of them as1 ,i fear1 cannot be doubted1 by foul play on the part of too zealous ,bahais4 ,,footnotes3 #did ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #ab4 #die ,the ,modern ,social ,religion1 p4 #afg4 #dif ,phelps1 pp4 #ai-bj4 #dig ,pages #agh-aha4 #dih ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cef-ceh4 #dii ,bahai ,proofs1 p4 #ea4 #ejj ,manuscript ,life of ,beha ,ullah1 p4 #bj4 #eja ,professor ,browne1 afterwards in ,persia1 found the attitude of the ,bahais towards the ,azalis unjust and intolerant and reprimanded them for their violence and unfairness4 ,they cursed and reviled in the presence of ,professor ,browne 7,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 pp4 #ebe-ecj74 #ejb ,new ,hist41 p4 #bjj1 ,note #d4 #ejc ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahib1 p4 #bif1 by ,professor ,browne4 ,also ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cei4 #ejd ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfi4 #eje ,phelps1 ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 pp4 #dj-dd4 #ejf ,brilliant ,proof1 p4 #aa4 #ejg ,chicago ,edition1 pp4 #bj-bc2 and ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cfh1 #cfi4 #ejh ,phelps1 ,ibid41 p4 #dj4 #eji ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cei4 #eaj ,phelps1 p4 #ci4 #eaa ,phelps1 p4 #ch4 #eab ,trav4's ,narr41 p1 #cfa4 #eac ,ibid41 p4 #cfb4 #ead ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfa4 #eae ,ibid41 p4 #cfa4 #eaf ,ibid41 p4 #cga4 #eag ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 pp4 #eac-eag4 #eah ,possibly he counts those who afterwards left their allegiance to ,baha4 #eai ,haifa1 etc41 p4 #ajg2 ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cgj4 #ebj ,phelps1 p4 #ge4 #eba ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 p4 #eai2 ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #id1 #cgj4 #ebb ,brigham ,young1 by ,cannon1 p4 #bga4 ,brigham failed to punish or even condemn those criminals who served him too well4 #ebc ,manuscript1 pp4 #da-dh4 #ebd ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfb4 #ebe ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cei2 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 p4 #eai2 #ahib1 pp4 #iie-iif4 #ebf ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfc4 #ebg ,ibid41 p4 #ccb4 ,also ,new ,hist41 p4 #cia4 #ebh ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cfc4 #ebi ,ibid41 pp4 #ceg1 #cfe4 #ecj ,religions et ,philosophies dans l',asie ,centrale1 pp4 #bgg-bgh4 #eca ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 #ahhi1 p4 #iif4 #ecb ,page xxiii4 #ecc ,a ,year ,among the ,persians1 p4 #ecj4 #ecd ,the ,bab asked his fellow prisoner to kill him 7,mirza ,jani1 p4 xlvii474 #ece ,new ,hist41 pp4 #bgd1 #bge2 ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #aih1 #aii1 #caa4 #ecf ,the ,kasas-ul-,ulema1 the ,shiah history1 says1 ,certain ,babis1 stung by his words1 fell upon him early one morning as he was praying in the mosque1 and with knives and daggers inflicted on him eight wounds from which he died two days later 7,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #aih74 #ecg ,pages #fa1 #fb4 #ech ,new ,hist41 pp4 #hb1 #bgh4 #eci ,new ,hist41 p4 #aae and note1 p4 #daa4 #edj ,ibid41 p4 #gc2 ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #agh4 #eda ,ibid41 p4 #cbc4 #edb ,the ,brilliant ,proof1 p4 #aa4 #edc ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #ajj-aja4 #edd ,phelps1 p4 #ej4 #ede ,manuscript ,life1 p4 #cf4 #edf ,compare ,history by ,mirza ,jani1 p4 xvi4 #edg ,notes taken at ,acca1 by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,true1 p4 #bg4 #edh ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #ceg-ceh4 #edi ,facts for ,behaists1 p4 #db4 #eej ,oriental ,rose1 p4 #ahf4 #eea ,fifty-three ,years in ,syria1 pp4 #fcg1 #fje4 #eeb ,doctor ,kheiralla believes that assassination is to be feared at the present time4 ,he told me that a prominent follower of ,m4 ,mohammed ,ali had been poisoned at ,jiddah4 ,doctor ,pease said to me1 ,until now ,doctor ,kheiralla is afraid of assassination4 ,a ,bahai told me1 ',we want only one thing from ,kheiralla1 i4 e41 the translation of the ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 then we will get rid of him4' ,when ,hasan ,khorasani came to ,chicago1 ,kheiralla was warned from ,syria to beware of him and he put himself under special police protection4 #eec ,chicago ,edition1 #aijh1 pp4 #aa-ad4 #eed ,answered ,questions1 by ,barney1 pp4 #aii-bja4 #eee ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cgb2 ,a ,year in ,persia1 p4 #cbh4 #eef ,ibid41 p4 #djf4 #eeg ,a ,year in ,persia1 p4 #cjf4 #eeh ,moslem ,world1 #aiab1 p4 #bcg4 #eei ,trav4's ,narr41 pp4 #cga-cgc4 #efj ,ibid41 p4 #bif4 #efa ,a ,reply to ,rev4 ,p4 ,z4 ,easton's article in the ,evangelical ,christendom4 #efb ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 p4 #dc4 #efc ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,stenstrand1 of ,chicago1 was convinced by the facts4 ,he wrote1 ,when ,i studied the ,babi history and read about the terrible cruelty and assassinations which the followers of ,beha perpetrated upon ,subh-i-,azal's supporters which made no resistance1 this broke the backbone of my ,behai faith4 ,in conversation he told me that ,doctor ,kheiralla had informed the ,chicago assembly that the account of the assassinations as narrated by ,professor ,browne was true and that the ,manifestation had a right to slay them4 #efd ,page #cfd4 #efe ,new ,hist41 p4 xxiii4 #eff ,one of these was the author of ,hasht ,behesht4 ,if the ,bahais had the longer dagger1 the ,azalis did not lack the bitter pen4 ,professor ,browne translates from this work as follows1 ,the misleadings of black darkness brought me into the city of blood 7,acca74 ,i met ,abbas ,effendi1 the whisperer of evil thoughts1 one of the manifestations of infidelity4 ,afterwards ,i saw the rest of the ,wicked ,one's followers4 ,their words and arguments consist of a farrago of names1 baseless stories1 calumnies1 falsehoods and lies1 and not one of them had any knowledge of the first principles of the religion of the ',bayan4' ,they are all devoid of knowledge1 ignorant1 short-sighted1 of common capacity1 hoodwinked1 people of darkness1 spurned of nature1 hypocrites1 corrupters of texts1 blind imitators4 ,god hath taken away from them ,his light and hath left them in the darkness of the ,wicked ,one and hath destroyed them in the abysses of vain imaginings4 ,he was admitted to audience with ,baha and narrates1 ,when ,i came there and looked upon the ,arch-,idol1 that ,greatest ,talisman1 that personified ,revolt1 that rebellious ,lucifer1 the envious ,iblis1 ,i saw a form upon the throne and heard the lowing of the ,calf 7,baha--,golden ,calf74 ,then did ,i see how the light of the ,most ,great ,name shone on ,ahriman the accursed1 and how the fingers of the demon wore the ring4 7,alluding to the theft of ,solomon's ring by the demon47 ,for they had written the name ,baha-ul-,abha on divers writings and called it 'the ,most ,great ,name4' ,thereat there came to my mind the verse of ,hafiz3 ,efficient is the name divine3 be of good cheer1 ,o heart6 ,the div becomes not ,solomon by guile and cunning art4 ,,xi ,the ,quarrel over the ,succession ,the confusion1 the reaction1 and the spiritual division usually attendant upon a prophet's death were in this case happily averted 76874--,holley1 a ,bahai1 ,the ,modern ,social ,religion1 p4 #afi4 ,the last schism and the bitterness to which it gave rise lead me to inquire1 where is the compelling and constraining power which they regard as the essential and incontrovertible sign of the divine word as in the text1 ,associate with all religions with spirituality and fragrance1 when they can show such bitter animosity against those of their own household4--,professor ,browne4 ,whosoever claimeth a mission before the completion of a full thousand years from this manifestation is a lying impostor2 whosoever interpreteth or explaineth this text different from what is obviously revealed1 is bereft of the ,spirit of ,god and ,his mercy4--,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,the claims of ,bahais in regard to the conduct of ,abdul ,baha must be further considered4 ,mr4 ,phelps describes him as a man who proves that self can be utterly forgotten3 that all-embracing love can be substituted for egotism3 the recorded love of ,buddha and ,christ may indeed be realized4 ,m4 ,asad ,ullah writes3 ,he sees the ,moslem1 the ,christian and the ,bahai1 all with one eye1--he is equally kind to all4 ,mr4 ,sprague affirms3 ,abdul ,baha manifests universal love in every word and act4 ,mr4 ,chase says3 ,bahaism does bring men into loving unity with each other4 ,abdul ,baha said in his address at ,denver1 ,col41 ,all other nations 444 inquire as to the character of this love4 ,what love exists among the ,bahais6 ,what unity obtains among these ,bahais6 ,what agreement there is among these ,bahais6 ,all envy it4#efg ,again let the light of history shine forth and these claims be justified or refuted by the facts4 ,baha ,ullah died at ,acca in ,may1 #ahib1 in his seventy-fifth year4 ,the death of the father was the signal for a bitter quarrel among his sons4 ,the occasion was the succession to the leadership4 ,the cause1 no doubt1 lay partly in that jealousy which results from a polygamous household4 ,this polygamy was the occasion of misfortune even at the time1 for the ,persian consul at ,bagdad1 named ,mirza ,buzurk ,khan ,kasvini1 had desired to wed one of the women and vented his disappointment on the ,bahai community by making accusation against them before the ,persian and ,turkish ,governments4#efh ,baha ,ullah had twelve children4 ,the four sons who grew to manhood received great swelling titles4 ,abbas was entitled ,the ,greatest 7,azam7 ,branch of ,god and regarded as the return of ,jesus2 ,mohammed ,ali1 ,the ,mightiest 7,akbar7 ,branch of ,god and the return of ,mohammed2 ,ziah ,ullah1 ,the ,purest ,branch and as ,abraham 7died #ahih72 ,badi ,ullah1 ,the ,most ,luminous ,branch and as ,moses4 ,abbas ,effendi was the son of ,aseyeh4 ,the other three were sons of ,ayesha or ,madh ,ulya4 ,abbas ,effendi claimed the succession1 basing his right and title on the ,will of ,baha1 called the ,kitab-il-,ahd and on previous declarations4 ,his right was disputed by the other brothers4 ,i have a manuscript by a lifelong ,bahai which gives the following account3 ,nine days after the 'ascension' of ,baha1 ,abbas ,effendi desired nine of the chief men to come to the house of ,mohammed ,ali ,effendi4 ,he opened the will4 ,it was in ,baha's own handwriting and two pages long4 ,the nine men saw it4 ,on the second page1 over a part of the writing1 ,abbas had put a blue paper that it might not be read1 and he refused to have it read4 ,on the same day1 the whole congregation 7men7 gathered to the palace of ,baha4 ,mirza ,majd-i-,din 7,abbas' sister's son7 rose and read the will up to the blue paper4 ,later the women were called to the ,kasr ,bahja and the will was again read1 but the concealed portion was not made known4 ,it was evident that it was for his own selfish purposes that ,abbas concealed it1 because the future authority did not pertain to him4 ,from ,persia and ,india many wrote1 saying3 ',show the last portion2 it is the writing of ,his ,holiness4' ,he refused4 ,to this day it is concealed4 ,abbas assumed authority as the ,supreme ,ruler of the new dispensation1 the ,centre of the ,covenant1 and the ,infallible ,interpreter of its teachings4 ,his claim is clearly set forth in a ,tablet#efi wherein1 speaking in the third person1 he declares3 ,all ,bahais must obey the ,centre of the ,covenant and must not deviate one hair's breadth from obedience to ,him4 ,he should be looked upon as authority by all4 ,obedience and submission must be shown ,him and the face turned to ,him completely4 ,he was given such titles as#egj ,his ,holiness the ,master1 ,our ,lord1 ,the ,centre of the ,cause of ,god1 ,dawning ,place of the ,divine ,light1 ,dayspring of the ,light of the ,covenant4 ,indeed his first ,apostles to ,persia bore the message1 ,i am the ,manifestation of ,god4 ,my paps are full of the milk of ,godhead4 ,whosoever will1 let him come and suck freely4 ,his claims to headship were strenuously opposed by his brothers and some of the nearest disciples4 ,a bitter quarrel began as a consequence and has raged to the present time4 ,letters were sent by each party to the ,persian ,bahais1 involving them in the quarrel4 ,mohammed ,ali composed a book1 called the ,ityan-i-,dallil1 presenting proofs of the invalidity of ,abbas' claims1 from the writings of ,baha4 ,they charge#ega ,abbas with concealing and annulling ,baha's will1 perverting his teachings1 changing the writings of ,baha1 publishing expurgated and interpolated editions of them1 and attempting to suppress the authorized ,bombay editions4 ,specifically they accuse him of publishing a ,lawh-i-,beirut1 a ,tablet in which ,abbas is greatly exalted1 and attributing it to ,baha1 though it is spurious2 that he has inserted verses into letters written in the hand of ,baha's amanuensis and published them as genuine2 has omitted verses from the ,tablet of ,command2 made up the ,treasure ,tablet from parts of several others2 appropriated to himself ,tablets pertaining to ,mirza ,mohammed ,ali2 and commanded to destroy all ,tablets of ,baha which have not his 7,abbas'7 seal upon them4#egb ,per contra the party of ,abbas accused his brothers of intemperance and profligacy#egc and of heresy1 covenant-breaking and fraud4 ,mr4 ,hadad reported ,m4 ,mohammed ,ali and ,badi ,ullah as being profligate and wanton1 frequenting wine shops and being spendthrifts4 ,mr4 ,getsinger said he had seen ,badi ,ullah in the street intoxicated and being helped home by two servants1 that he and his brother had taken and pawned the effects of ,baha1 rugs1 hand-bags1 etc41 and a pearl rosary belonging to ,baha which was valued at #aj1jjj 767 and had squandered the money4 ,abbas said to ,mrs4 ,grundy1#egd ,mohammed ,ali has appropriated many papers and tablets written by the ,blessed ,perfection 7,baha74 ,it is possible for these writings to be altered1 as the meanings in ,persian are greatly changed by a single dot here and there4 ,before ,his ,ascension1 the ,blessed ,perfection said to me1 ',i have given you all the papers4' ,he put them in two satchels and sent them to me4 ,after ,his ,ascension1 ,mohammed ,ali said1 ',you had better give me the two satchels to take care of4' ,he took them away and never returned them4 ,he said that ,mohammed ,ali deceives1 for the ,will was also written by ,mohammed ,ali's own hand from dictation of the ,blessed ,perfection4 ,by violating the ,covenant 7,will7 he has become a fallen branch4 ,all the beautiful blossoms upon the ,tree of ,life were destroyed by ,mohammed ,ali4 ,abbas proceeded to the use of boycott and anathema4 ,he#ege ordered that no one of the ,acca community should send any letters anywhere without first showing them to him1 and commanded the ,bahais in ,persia not to receive any letters that were not sealed by him1 but to send them back to him1 and that in writing to ,acca they should send their letters open4 ,these restrictions on freedom gave great offense4 ,abbas also prohibited his followers from associating with his brothers and their followers1 strictly ordering them not to sit1 meet1 speak or correspond with them1 not even to trade or associate with them in any profession4#egf ,khadim reports that once in his own house1 ,abbas rose up and furiously attacked his stepmother1 who1 in return1 reviled him and fled from the house1 wailing4 ,at the sacred tomb he used cruelly to treat the brothers and sisters4#egg ,on one occasion he repeatedly struck his youngest 7half7 sister in the presence of her little ones and many believers1 scolding her with a loud voice1 uttering many harsh words4#egh ,on another occasion he insulted and beat ,khadim 7,mirza ,aga ,jan1 ,baha's amanuensis7 at the sacred place and afterwards ordered his followers to imprison and cruelly beat him1 which they did4#egi ,he sent adrift ,abdul ,gaffar ,ispahani1 called ,abdullah1 one of the first believers on ,baha1 in such destitute condition that he died of hunger and was buried in a potter's field at ,damascus4#ehj ,alas6 ,alas6 exclaims ,mirza ,aga ,jan1 ,abbas ,effendi has caused his followers to display such vehemence of hatred and rancour1 the like of which has never been shown by barbarous nations1 and even by the most ignorant tribes4#eha ,of ,abbas1 ,mrs4 ,templeton#ehb writes3 ,his pride1 alas1 is great4444 ,he seems to be blinded4444 ,with regard to business matters ,abbas ,effendi has not been just to his brothers1 who have suffered a good deal in consequence4#ehc ,abbas ,effendi cut off the living of his stepmothers1 brothers and their dependents4 ,baha ,ullah and his household had a stipend from the ,turkish ,government1 as ,azal and the ,babis in ,cyprus had1 and it was not an ungenerous allowance4#ehd ,the family had an income from the ,government1 as well as a revenue from three villages4#ehe ,these funds ,abbas ,effendi appropriated and with these made his charitable gifts 787 leaving the forty dependents of the younger brothers to live as best they could4#ehf ,this excluding the protesters from their share of the income and offerings embittered the strife1 at the same time weakening their ability to propagate their contention4 ,bitterness and enmity increased2 recriminations and accusations inflamed the passions of both sides4 ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 the philosopher of the movement1 gives1 as a partisan of ,abbas ,effendi1 an account of these times in his ,bahai ,proofs4#ehg ,he describes the ruinous discords and divisions1 the world-consuming flame of jealousy and hatred of the people of error1 the hard hearts of the men of hostility1 the animosity and groundless pride1 the senseless hatred1 degradation and shame of the violators of the covenant4 ,he gives the opprobrious title of ,nakhazeen to ,mohammed ,ali's party4 ,he continues1 ,the evil intrigues1 calumnies1 false pamphlets and accusations1 evil tongues and cursings of the ,nakhazeen divided the community and filled it with foul odours4 ,several outside parties tried to act as mediators and bring about a reconciliation4 ,among these were the ,british ,consul at ,haifa and ,mrs4 ,templeton4 ,the younger brothers agreed to the terms4 ,abbas ,effendi was formally requested to show the ,will before impartial witnesses and all were to abide by its word4 ,this he resolutely refused to do and he must stand condemned for this before all impartial men4#ehh ,after the failure of these efforts at reconciliation1 the anger and bitterness waxed hotter4 ,to quote ,abul ,fazl again3 ,the ,nakhazeen cursed and insulted the visitors to the tomb of the ,blessed ,perfection1 so that there was danger of its desecration4 ,consequently ,abbas ,effendi asked the local 7,turkish7 ,government to supply a guard to accompany and protect his party4 ,abbas also went to ,tiberias and made complaint to the ,government there4#ehi ,as a result of all these conditions1 ,the people of hostility and violation1 says ,abul ,fazl1 availed themselves of political machinations1 in other words1 ,mohammed ,ali's party1 those dwellers in hellfire1#eij appealed to the fanatical men of those lands1 i4e41 those same ,turkish ,authorities4 ,mohammed ,ali formally complained to the ,governor of ,damascus1 ,nazim ,pasha1 sending ,mirza ,majd-ud-,din as his special messenger4#eia ,they accused ,abbas of retaining their stipends1 of confiscating their patrimony1 including the father's gold watch which had been donated to ,mohammed ,ali4 ,above all1 according to the interesting narrative of ,abbas' sister1 ,bahiah ,khanum1#eib they made accusation that the shrine which was being erected on ,mount ,carmel was intended as a fort1 in which ,abbas and his followers would intrench themselves1 defy the ,government1 and endeavour to gain possession of this part of ,syria4 ,to use the words of ,abbas1 they said that he had hoisted the banner of independence2 upon that he had inscribed ',ya ,baha-ul ,abha'3 that he had summoned all to assemble that he might found a new monarchy4 ,therefore an inquisitorial body 7a ,commission7 was appointed by the ,government4 ,to them the copartners of my brothers confirmed them 7the reports7 and added to them4#eic ,after the report of the ,commission and in consequence of these charges and counter-charges of the ,greatest ,branch of ,god and the ,mightiest ,branch of ,god1 a telegram was received from the ,sultan to the ,governor issuing a firman1 decreeing the original order1 by which ,baha's family were confined within the walls of ,acca4 ,after nine years of quarrelling 7nine being the sacred number of ,bahais7 this order was put in force1 #aija ,a4,d4 ,they were still confined to ,acca in #aijf when ,i visited ,haifa4 ,i saw the shrine and the fine residence of ,baha at ,haifa1 just beside the ,english ,mission4 ,it deserves to be emphasized that the cause of the ,bahai leaders being restricted to ,acca was not religious persecution by ,moslems but their own quarrellings4 ,so completely had the suspicions of ,abdul ,hamid's government been aroused by their accusations against each other that the death sentence was feared4 ,pilgrimages were stopped and terror rested on the followers4#eid ,abdul ,baha wrote to his ,american disciples of these conditions in the following hyperbolic words3 ,verily1 by ,god1 ,i would not change this prison for the throne nor for all the gardens of the earth4 ,verily ,i hope to be suspended in the air1 and that my breast may become the target to be pierced by thousands of bullets3 or that ,i may be cast into the bottomless seas or thrown into the wilderness4444 ,if ,i could taste the cup of the great martyrdom1 my greatest desire would be fulfilled4 ,this is my utmost aim1 the animation of my spirit1 the healing of my bosom1 the sight of my eyes4 ,but when the establishment of the ,constitution in ,turkey gave him freedom1 he was quick to take advantage of it4 ,he went to ,egypt and took up his residence there4#eie ,the history ,i have narrated above refutes these various pretensions of ,bahaism1 its claims1 its great swelling words more forcibly than logic or the judgments and opinions of myself and others4 ,the conduct of ,abdul ,baha and his followers towards the brothers and their followers1 as well as that of ,bahais to the ,azalis1 contradicts their fine professions of toleration and love to all religions and all men4 ,well may we exclaim with ,professor ,browne3 ,where is the restraining power1 when they can show such bitter animosity against those of their own household6 ,the numbers of ,bahais living at ,acca then was about ninety1#eif and of them thirty#eig or forty#eih were of the opponents of ,abbas4 ,in ,persia1 where ,bahais number a hundred thousand1 a small1 but influential minority rejected the authority of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,these were placed under the ban1 anathematized1 and ostracized4 ,for example1 one of them1 ,mirza ,jalil of ,khoi1 was driven out of his house1 which was destroyed by ,shiahs1 instigated by new ,bahais4 ,another adherent of ,mohammed ,ali1 ,mirza ,khalil of ,tabriz1 was completely ostracized1 according to command received from ,acca4 ,his daughter1 who was married to a new ,bahai1 was allowed to visit her parents only once a year1 though living in the same city1 and when she died they did not give them word till six days after the funeral4 ,another ,bahai libelled this man to his employers in hope of injuring him4 ,another result in ,persia was the permanent estrangement of a considerable number of ,bahais who lapsed into scepticism4 ,abbas ,effendi1 influenced by the opposition1 put a veil over his high claims and instructed his followers to speak of him as simply ,abdul ,baha1 the ,servant of ,baha1 which is usually translated by them the servant of ,god4 ,the protesters replied1 ,rather let the title be ,abdul-,hawa1 'the servant of air1' i4e41 windy and bombastic4 ,but notwithstanding his disavowals ,abdul ,baha allows himself to be assigned a position both inconsistent with his own words and with the teachings of ,baha4 ,mr4 ,phelps1 his disciple and biographer1 says1#eii ,abdul ,baha1 styled ',our ,lord1' ',our ,master1' is regarded with a love and a veneration second only1 if indeed second1 to that which they bestow upon ,baha ,ullah4 ,he is classed as the third or last of the ,divine ,messengers of the present ,dispensation4 ,the ,bab1 ,baha and ,abbas constitute1 as it were1 the ,bahai trinity4 ,abdul ,baha commended and approved for publication an ode written by ,thornton ,chase in which he is glorified with the following epithets among many others4 ,o ,thou ,enlightener of the ,spirits of ,men6 ,thou ,heart of the ,world6 ,thou ,physician of ,souls6 ,thou ,prince of ,peace6 ,thou ,right ,arm of the ,almighty6 ,thou ,lord of the ,sabbath of ,ages6 ,thou ,mystery of ,god6 ,another disciple1 ,mrs4 ,grundy1#fjj writes1 ,abdul ,baha is the ,bazaar of ,god1 where everything humanity needs may be found without money and without price4 ,mr4 ,remey 7a ,bahai7 writes1#fja ,the ,divine ,spirit is manifested in ,abdul ,baha--the ,branch4 ,he is the unique channel through which the ,power of ,god is conveyed to each individual believer4 ,he is the intermediary4 ,the spiritual well-being of every ,bahai depends on his connection with ,abdul ,baha4 ,the outcome of this quarrel in ,america is told in the following chapter4 ,an interesting sequel is the recantation of ,mirza ,badi ,ullah4 ,doubtless helped thereto by poverty1 he made his submission to ,abdul ,baha1 and published a confession1 called ,an ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world4 ,concerning it ,doctor ,pease told me that ,badi ,ullah is not the author of the whole of that which is published in ,english under his name4 ,the ,epistle says1 ,i ,badi ,ullah turn my face to the appointed station1 ,abdul ,baha--,may the life of all existent beings be a sacrifice to ,him4 ,against ,m4 ,mohammed ,ali1 with whom he had associated himself for a decade1 he makes accusation of untrustworthiness1 of purloining the papers and books of ,baha and interpolating and falsifying them1 of cursing and execrating ,abdul ,baha through jealousy4 ,he turns on his former supporters and says1 they 7the ,nakhazeen7 have no ,god save passion1 no object save personal interest4#fjb ,doctor ,jessup says3#fjc ,badi not long ago was threatening to kill ,abbas1 and assassination is an old fashion of ,persian fanatics4444 ,he has become reconciled but ,i would not guarantee that his main object is not to gain his share of the money4 ,better had ,badi stuck to his former plan when he petitioned the ,governor of ,damascus and the ,sultan to be sent as a prisoner to ,rhodes4 ,doubtless then he would have had an independent pension4 ,,footnotes3 #efg ,s4 ,w41 ,nov4 #d1 #aiac1 p4 #bcj2 ,phelps1 pp4 #bee1 #acc4 #efh ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #hd1 note #b4 #efi ,s4 ,w41 ,july #ac1 #aiab4 #egj ,abul ,fazl's ,bahai ,proofs1 pp4 #aji-abb4 #ega ,see ,facts for ,behaists4 #egb ,we can well believe that these accusations are true1 in view of what we know from ,professor ,browne of the way ,abbas ,effendi perverted facts of the history of the ,bab and ,subh-i-,azal1 in the ,traveller's ,narrative of which he was the author 7,new ,hist41 pp4 xiv41 xxxi474 #egc ,facts for ,behaists1 pp4 #h1 #i4 #egd ,ten ,days in the ,light at ,acca1 p4 #fc4 #ege ,persian ,manuscript4 #egf ,facts1 etc41 p4 #de4 #egg ,ibid41 p4 #ei4 #egh ,ibid41 p4 #fj4 #egi ,ibid41 p4 #be4 #ehj ,persian ,manuscript4 #eha ,facts1 p4 #ed4 #ehb ,mrs4 ,templeton was ,mrs4 ,laurence ,oliphant and had resided at ,acca and in intimate relations with the family of ,baha for ten years4 #ehc ,facts1 pp4 #f-g4 #ehd ,trav4's ,narr41 p4 #cgh4 #ehe ,mrs4 ,templeton's letter to ,doctor ,pease in ,facts1 p4 #i4 #ehf ,mrs4 ,templeton1 p4 #i4 #ehg ,pages #aaf-aah4 #ehh ,mrs4 ,templeton4 #ehi ,see ,facts1 etc41 ,khadim's letter4 #eij ,page #acf4 #eia ,an ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world1 by ,m4 ,badi ,ullah1 p4 #ai1 and ,mr4 ,howard ,mac,nutt's ,interview with ,badi ,ullah1 ,s4 ,w41 ,july #ac1 #aiab4 #eib ,phelps' ,life1 p4 #ha4 #eic ,letters to the ,friends in ,persia1 pp4 #b-c4 ,comp4 ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #de-dg4 #eid ,daily ,lessons1 by ,goodall1 pp4 #bg-bi and the ,bahai ,movement1 pp4 #ajf-ajh4 #eie ,tablets1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #d1 #id4 #eif ,phelps1 p4 #aji4 #eig ,abul ,fazl1 p4 #aah4 #eih ,mrs4 ,templeton1 ,facts1 etc41 p4 #i4 #eii ,page xxxiv4 #fjj ,ten ,days at ,acca1 p4 #aje4 #fja ,star1 ,sept4 #h1 #aiac4 #fjb ,page #bh4 #fjc ,fifty-three ,years in ,syria1 p4 #fhg4 ,,xii ,bahaism in ,america ,i speak from the point of view of ,persian ,bahaism and not from that ,american fantasy which bears its name4--,nicolas1 ,beyan ,persan1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 ,,ii4 ,abbas is an elderly and venerable man1 very similar to a score of venerable ,druse and ,moslem ,sheikhs ,i have met4444 ,the ,lord deliver them 7,american ,christians7 from the delirious blasphemies4444 ,the claim that the ,acca ,sheikh is ,god is quite enough to condemn them4--,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,fifty-three ,years in ,syria1 p4 #fch4 ,pray for my return to ,america and say3 ,o ,baha ,ullah6 ,confirm ,him in the servitude of the ,east2 so that ,he may not spend all his time in the ,orient2 that ,he may return to ,america and occupy ,his time in the ,western world4--,prayer of ,bahais4 ,it is doubtless this mystical1 allegorical character of ,bahaism which attracts a certain type of mind in ,america1 in the main probably1 the same type which follows after spiritualism1 esoteric ,buddhism1 ,swamis from ,india1 theosophy1 and other movements which play around the edges of the occult and magical1 and help to dull the edge of present realities with the things which are neither present nor real4444 ,indeed it is probably this soft compliance with anything and the absence of the robustness of definite truth and solid principle which makes ,bahaism attractive to many moral softlings in the ,west4444 ,it will run a brief course and amount to little in ,america4444 ,the novelty will soon be over and the people who did not have sufficient discernment to discover the truth that will satisfy them in ,christianity1 will not find it in ,baha ,ullah or ,abbas ,effendi4--,r4 ,e4 ,speer1 ,miss4 and ,mod4 ,hist41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adc1 #afb-afh4 ,bahaism1 as distinguished from ,babism1 was1 to a certain extent1 introduced to public notice in ,america by ,christian missionaries1 who reported about it as a movement likely to break the solidarity of ,shiahism and facilitate the evangelization of ,persia4 ,with the same thought in mind1 ,professor ,browne's translations of ,the ,new ,history and ,the ,traveller's ,narrative attracted attention4 ,in the ,congress of ,religions1 at the ,chicago ,exposition in #ahic1 the eminent missionary1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup1 ,d4 ,d41 described ,baha ,ullah as a famous ,persian sage1--the ,babi saint1 named ,baha ,ullah 7the glory of ,god71 the head of that vast reform party of ,persian ,moslems1 who accept the ,new ,testament as the word of ,god and ,christ as the deliverer of men2 who regard all nations as one and all men as brothers4#fjd ,shortly after the ,exposition a ,syrian1 named ,ibrahim ,g4 ,kheiralla1 began a propaganda in favour of ,bahaism4 ,he was of ,christian parentage1 born in ,mount ,lebanon1 and educated in ,beirut ,college4 ,at ,cairo1 under the tutelage of ,mirza ,karim of ,teheran1 he accepted the ,bahai faith4 ,he was engaged in business1 to which he joined faith healing and lecturing4 ,he was given a fake degree of ,doctor of something by a night school in ,chicago4 ,this he rightly despised1 but considered that he was entitled to the degree because ,m4 ,mohammed ,ali had addressed him as ,doctor6 ,i had several interviews with him4 ,he showed me a trunk full of ,bahai manuscripts and documents1 and allowed me to read his translation into ,english of the ,kitab-ul-,akdas4 ,he is a man of strong mind1 acute argumentative faculties1 fine conversational powers and altogether an interesting personality4 ,he first taught ,bahaism in secret lessons1 as a religion of mysteries1 a secret order1 a doctrine for truth-seekers only1 not for the masses4 ,the secret teaching gives us the key to the truth4#fje ,mr4 ,s4 ,k4 ,vatralsky was among the private pupils at ,kenosha4 ,he did not become a believer1 but learned the esoteric doctrine and published an interesting account of the cult under the title1 ,mohammedan ,gnosticism in ,america4#fjf ,of the method used he writes1 ,in their secret lessons they allegorize and explain away2 in public by means of mental reservation and the use of words in a double sense1 they appear as they wish to appear4 ,doctor ,kheiralla published in #ahig a booklet called ,bab-ed-,din1 ,the ,door of the ,true ,religion--,revelation from the ,east4 ,it has two parts 7#a7 ,on the ,individuality of ,god and 7#b7 ,a ,refutation of the ,christian doctrine of the atonement4 ,later 7#aijj71 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,howard ,mac,nutt1 he published ,beha ,ullah in two volumes4 ,it is the theology and apologetics of ,bahaism4 ,its ,preface informs us that its purpose is to demonstrate that the ,everlasting ,father1 the ,prince of ,peace1 has appeared in human form and established ,his kingdom on earth4 ,the propaganda met with considerable success in ,chicago and its vicinity4 ,in #ahig ,doctor ,kheiralla went to ,new ,york ,city and in a short time #adj souls were persuaded4 ,in this same year two of his pupils were married in his house in ,chicago1 receiving his blessing4 ,these were ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,getsinger4 ,they taught seekers in ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 and afterwards in ,california4 ,there they converted ,mrs4 ,h----1 a woman of great wealth1 to the faith4 ,mr4 ,vatralsky narrates that ,doctor ,kheiralla converted no less than #b1jjj ,americans during the first two years of his labour4 ,of these #gjj were living in ,chicago 7,doctor ,kheiralla told me #hdj71 between #bej and #cjj in ,wisconsin1 about #djj in ,new ,york1 the rest in ,boston1 etc4 ,in his ,beha ,ullah ,doctor ,kheiralla says1 ,over seven years ago ,i began to preach the message4 ,since then thousands of people of this country have believed and accepted the glad tidings of the appearance of the ,lord of ,hosts1 the ,incarnation of ,deity1 and the glorious message is rapidly spreading in the ,united ,states4 ,speaking of this period ,mr4 ,vatralsky writes3 ,it would not have had its success1 had it come flying its own native colours4 ,it has succeeded because1 like a counterfeit coin1 it has passed for what it is not4 ,a curious incident occurred on ,may #f1 #aijf4 ,mr4 ,august ,j4 ,stenstrand was exscinded from the ,first ,central ,church of the ,manifestation1 because he rejected ,baha ,ullah and accepted ,subh-i-,azal4 ,he was led to this step by investigating the history as recorded in ,professor ,browne's translations4 ,he subsequently published three pamphlets1 ,calls to ,behaists 7#aijg1 #aiaj1 #aiac7 setting forth the claims of ,azal4 ,i had interesting interviews with him in #aiad4 ,in the winter of #ahih-ii pilgrimages were organized to visit the shrine and leaders at ,acca4#fjg ,one party consisted of ,mrs4 ,h----1 who bore the expenses1 ,doctor and ,mrs4 ,kheiralla1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,getsinger1 ,mr4 ,hadad and others4 ,the pilgrimage turned out unfortunately4 ,they found the holy household divided4 ,they saw only ,abbas ,effendi and one sister4 ,they were kept from even a sight of the others4 ,doctor ,kheiralla was bold enough to dispute with ,abbas ,effendi and he told me that for this reason the latter conceived a grudge against him4 ,of this ,dr4 ,f4 ,o4 ,pease writes3 ,doctor ,kheiralla had some discussion with ,abbas in the presence of native guests and teachers at which ,abbas took umbrage4#fjh ,the ,getsingers accused ,kheiralla of immoral conduct and ,abbas ,effendi reported these stories to ,mrs4 ,kheiralla and her daughter1 with the result that they repudiated ,kheiralla4 ,certain financial irregularities of the party further disgusted ,mrs4 ,h---- and chilled her faith4 ,so animosity and dissension sprang up4 ,mr4 ,getsinger1 on his return to ,america1 announced that he was to be the representative of ,abbas ,effendi1 because ,doctor ,kheiralla's teachings were erroneous and his conduct immoral4 ,doctor ,kheiralla responded with counter charges against his accuser1 of a private and personal nature1 and declared him qualified for the ,ananias club by his accounts of himself in ,california4 ,the ,chicago and ,kenosha assemblies were rent asunder4 ,in the correspondence1 some of which ,i have in my possession1 they hurl at each other such terms as falsehood1 lie1 malevolence1 injustice1 maliciousness1 deluding1 laying traps1 etc4 ,thornton ,chase was accused of dishonesty in money matters4 ,doctor ,n----1 the treasurer of the ,assembly in ,chicago1 was denounced for embezzling its funds4 ,mirza ,abdul ,karim arrived from ,acca to quiet matters but he poured oil on the flames4 ,kheiralla was first informed that if he would submit and cooeperate1 he would never want anything4 ,he writes3#fji ,abdul ,karim promised me plenty of money1 and when ,i refused1 he denounced me and prohibited believers from buying or reading my book4 ,he ordered a social and business boycott against him and his party4 ,stenstrand says1#faj ,they have ousted1 given bad names1 and thrown mud at each other both in their sermons and in print worse than any ,christian or heathen religions have done4 ,the spirit of ,abdul ,karim may be seen from one of his addresses3 ,o nakhiz 7violator71 thou spotted snake1 thou shalt be seized with a great torture and punishment and thou1 ,o sister serpent1 who art wagging thy sinuous way and trailing thy deceitful slime over another region1 know thy fate4 ,he declared that he would call to ,god for vengeance against ,kheiralla4 ,hasan ,khorasani1 too1 threatened him1 saying1 ,he would be smitten of ,god in two weeks1 and a sword shall cleave the sky and cut his neck4 ,he was greatly frightened4 ,doctor ,pease said to him1 ,do not be afraid1 you have nothing to fear4 ,kheiralla answered him1 ,i know these ,orientals better than you do4 ,i know what they did to the ,azalis4 ,before they came to the next discussion1 he had policemen concealed in his house for his protection4 ,the upshot of the whole matter was that protesters repudiated ,abbas ,effendi1 after a conference in ,chicago on ,may #bg1 #aijj1 finding increasing evidence of falsity and double dealing in him4 ,indeed1 says ,doctor ,pease1 ,why should we not inquire whether ,abbas is not a son1 if not the son of perdition4 ,they entered into correspondence and became one with the party of ,m4 ,mohammed ,ali4 ,after this the controversy took on a doctrinal aspect and all questions of ,abbas' supremacy and misconduct were thrashed out between the ,american ,behaists and ,bahais4 ,this controversy from the side of the ,behaists is contained in ,the ,three ,questions and ,facts for ,behaists 7,chicago1 #aija72 from the other side in ,letters of ,abdul ,baha ,abbas to the ,friends in ,persia and ,an ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world1 by ,m4 ,badi ,ullah1 after his recantation4 ,the details of the schism have been given already4 ,to heal the schism different leaders were sent to ,america successively by ,abbas ,effendi4 ,following ,m4 ,abdul ,karim1 came ,m4 ,asad ,ullah1 #aija4 ,he published1 in ,new ,york1 ,the ,sacred ,mysteries in which he anathematizes the ,behaists4 ,he organized a ,house of ,justice in ,chicago1 a step which had been previously taken by the other party4 ,next came the learned ,mirza ,abul ,fazl1 #aija-aijb4 ,but their efforts were unavailing though each was willing to acknowledge the faults of his predecessor4 ,the quarrel gave a great setback to the cause4 ,doctor ,pease wrote in #aijb3faa ,about #a1gjj have left us because of the dissension and false teaching1 and because they would not engage in religious scandal4 ,the whole number in the country is now #fjj or #gjj4 ,of these #cjj are ,behaists2 the others are ,abbasites of one sect or another1 holding belief that ,abbas is ,lord and ,master4 ,doctor ,kheiralla says1 ,many grew cold1 few remained4 ,with this agrees the word of ,thornton ,chase3#fab ,we have seen too many1 when the first winds of testing blew1 show faith of shallow depth4 ,abdul ,baha says3#fac ,chicago1 in comparison with the cities of ,america1 was in advance and numerically contained more ,bahais1 but when the stench or vile odour of the ,nakhazeen was spread in that city there was stagnation4 ,in ,chicago ,bahaism never recovered from these quarrels4 ,in #aiad ,mr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,slack1 ,spiritual ,guide of the ,behaist ,assembly of ,kenosha1 wrote to me of the bitter invectives and false accusations and persecutions we are subjected to by the followers of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,the ,behaists had dwindled to #dj1 according to their own report to the ,u4 ,s4 ,census in #aijf1 while the ,bahais reported #a1bhj in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 of whom #dib were in ,illinois1 #bc in two ,assemblies in ,new ,york ,state1 #eh in ,new ,jersey1 #eb in ,pennsylvania4 ,one of the largest ,assemblies was in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 with #gd members1 white and coloured4 ,these organized local spiritual assemblies were #bg in #aiac1 a very small increase4#fad ,there are also assemblies of teaching for the women4 ,there are ,annual ,conventions with delegates from the different groups4 ,these conventions are unique and peerless among the assemblies of mankind1 in the mind of their imaginative reporter1 because of the divine favour of ,baha ,ullah which gathers them together4444 ,all other meetings in the world are for worldly or selfish purposes4 ,these alone are spiritual4#fae ,they also hold a summer conference at ,eliot1 ,maine4 ,the ,bahai propaganda is carried on by means of these assemblies1 by parlour meetings1 by personal intercourse and by letters 7tablets7 from ,abdul ,baha4 ,their publicity bureau is most active and supplies many articles to magazines and newspapers4 ,they make use of the ,chautauquas1 ,peace ,congresses1 etc41 to promulgate their peculiar tenets4 ,their press at ,chicago publishes the ,star of the ,west1 formerly the ,bahai ,news4 ,it is issued monthly1 that is1 every nineteen days1 according to the ,bahai calendar4 ,for example1 the issue of ,september #bg1 #aiad1 is dated ,masheyat #a1 ,year #gj4 ,it is printed in ,english and ,persian1 the latter being lithographed4 ,it is confined to ,bahai subjects1 giving many of ,abdul ,baha's revelations4 ,their literature1 so far issued1 is 7#a7 ,the ,works of ,baha ,ullah1 in six or more books4 7#b7 ,the ,tablets and ,addresses of ,abdul ,baha4 7#c7 ,the ,apologetics of ,bahai writers1 ,american or translations from the ,persian4 7#d7 ,journals of pilgrims to ,acca4 7#e7 ,tracts and reports4 ,of his own ,tablets1 ,abdul ,baha says3#faf ,in course of time1 the light of these ,tablets will dawn1 the greatness1 the importance will be known4 ,the truth ,i say unto thee1 that each leaflet will be a wide-spread book1 nay rather a glistening ,gem on the ,glorious ,crown4 ,know then its value and hold great its station4 ,these ,tablets are1 for the most part1 letters to individuals4 ,besides the ,bahai ,publishing ,society1 another agency is the ,orient-,occident ,unity1--first organized in #aiji as the ,persian ,american ,educational ,society4 ,it has a commercial side1 but its main object is to promote ,bahaism by assisting or opening schools and hospitals in ,persia and other ,oriental countries4 ,it has started mission work in ,teheran1 ,tabriz1 ,meshed and other points in ,persia and in ,burmah4 ,they seek to strengthen ,bahaism in ,persia where it is small and weak in comparison with other sects4 ,the work of the ,american ,bahais there is of little importance4 ,but the presence of ,american ,bahais in ,persia or the value of an ,american newspaper is not their direct influence1 but the impression they give that ,america has largely accepted ,bahaism4#fag ,in the ,united ,states this ,unity poses as philanthropical1 not revealing in its constitution1 circulars and appeals for funds its ,bahai connection4 ,this concealment is inexcusable and cannot be too strongly condemned4 ,christians and ,jews should not be asked to contribute to any cause under false pretenses1 nor should prominent statesmen1 educators and philanthropists be thus led to give their quasi endorsement to the ,society4#fah ,in #aiab ,abdul ,baha ,abbas1 after a sojourn in ,france and ,england1 visited ,america1 arriving ,april #ab and departing ,december #e4 ,america has not lacked its own prophetic product1 as witness ,joseph ,smith1 ,mary ,eddy1 ,john ,dowie1 ,crowdy and ,indian medicine men4 ,but ,abdul ,baha1 except for ,hindu ,swamis1 was the first ,asiatic revelator ,america has received4 ,its hospitality showed up well4 ,the public and press neither stoned the prophet nor caricatured him but looked with kindly eye upon the grave old man1 in flowing oriental robes and white turban1 with waving hoary hair and long white beard4#fai ,his visit was noticed1 as has been the case with many distinguished foreigners1 but did not create any special sensation4 ,his own press agents were active and aggressive1 furnishing many articles for newspapers and magazines4 ,the reporters took the exaggerated statements of the ,bahais without sifting4 ,he performed his part fairly well and allowed himself to be interviewed and photographed with the patience of an actress4 ,he posed for the movies man and spoke for the phonograph records4 ,he sat for an oil painting and approved of his bust in marble4#fbj ,abdul ,baha's tour comprised a number of the chief cities of the northeast1 followed by a rest at ,green ,acre ,conference1 ,eliot1 ,maine1 and then a trip to ,canada and ,california4 ,his meetings and addresses were of two kinds3 for the public and for the ,bahais4 ,he spoke to the churches1 liberal and evangelical1#fba ,socialists1 ,theosophists1 etc42 to ,woman's ,clubs1 ,suffragists1 ,colleges1 ,historical ,societies1 ,peace ,societies and at the ,conference on ,international ,arbitration1 at ,lake ,mohonk4 ,abdul ,baha's principle in his public addresses was to talk about things upon which we agree and say nothing about things upon which we differ4#fbb ,thus he spoke much of the ,fatherhood of ,god1 but failed to mention that he regarded ,baha ,ullah as the ,manifestation of the ,father4 ,he spoke of brotherly love extensively yet never about the violent quarrels that abound in ,bahai annals4 ,he said much of religious unity#fbc but did not state how the movement had increased the number of sects in ,persia and in ,america4 ,he spoke much on ,universal peace1 though ,babi history1 which they boast of1 has some of the cruelest and bloodiest conflicts of arms recorded in history4 ,he dwelt much on the principle of arbitration1 though he had refused to arbitrate his dispute with ,mohammed ,ali4 ,even while he was in ,america1 a grandson of ,baha ,ullah1 who lives near ,chicago1 sent a request for an interview to lead to a reconciliation4 ,abdul ,baha ignored the request4 ,he discoursed at length on woman's rights and equality1 but omitted to inform the public that ,baha ,ullah had three wives and carefully concealed his women in an oriental haram4 ,besides all these1 he erroneously attributed to ,baha ,ullah the origination of teachings which have been the age-long possession of ,christendom4 ,the meetings with the believers were of a different character4 ,to them his message was3 ,teach ,bahaism2 work for the cause2 spread the faith2 build the ,temple4 ,with them he celebrated the ,unity ,feast4 ,this has some of the features of the agape of the ancient ,church and some of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,often a variety of food is partaken1 ,persian pilau being a favourite4 ,when all were seated ,abdul passed through the rooms1 speaking3#fbd ,abdul ,baha is now walking among you commemorating ,baha ,ullah4 ,blessed are ye who are the servants of ,baha ,ullah4 ,in the utmost of love ,i greet each and all of you4 ,this is like the ,lord's ,supper4 ,material food is prepared for you4 ,the manna from heaven is present for you4 ,may your hearts be exhilarated in the kingdom of ,abha4 ,the labours of ,baha ,ullah have not been in vain4 ,after the ,feast1 he raised his hands and pronounced his blessing upon them4 ,this is called the #aith day ,unity ,feast and is celebrated at the beginning of every ,bahai month4 ,when ,abdul ,baha is not present the ,tablets are read and praises to ,baha1 as to ,god1 are chanted4 ,one incident was the establishment of the ,day of ,thornton ,chase as a memorial anniversary4 ,chase is the first ,american ,bahai to be canonized4 ,abdul ,baha visited his grave at ,los ,angeles1 and ordained a saint's day in the ,bahai calendar1 ,october #aith4 ,he said3#fbe ,this revered personage was the first ,bahai believer in ,america4 ,he served the cause faithfully and his services will be ever remembered throughout ages and cycles4#fbf ,he was of the blessed souls4444 ,he witnessed the light of the kingdom of ,abha and wrote proofs and evidences of the ,manifestation4 ,thornton ,chase certainly had a surprising faith in ,abdul ,baha4 ,a special event was the dedication of the grounds of the ,bahai ,temple1 the ,mashrak-ul-,azkar 7the ,dawning-place of ,praises74 ,this took place in the midst of the ,rizwan ,feast1 on ,may #a1 #aiab1 in the presence of the ,bahai ,temple ,unity composed of delegates from all the spiritual assemblies in ,america1 convened in its fourth annual convention4 ,a site of five acres has been purchased in the village of ,willmette1 a suburb of ,chicago4 ,abdul ,baha1 using a golden trowel1 broke ground and others of the different races1 who were present1 used picks and shovels and prepared a place into which ,abdul ,baha put a stone4 ,he said3 ,the mystery of this building is great4 ,it cannot be unveiled yet1 but its erection is the most important undertaking of this day4 ,this ,temple of ,god in ,chicago will be to the spiritual body of the world what the inrush of the spirit is to the physical body of man1 quickening it to its utmost parts and infusing a new light and power4444 ,its results and fruits are endless4 ,of the structure he said3 ,the ,mashrak-ul-,azkar will be like a beautiful bouquet4 ,the central lofty edifice will have nine sides1 surrounded by nine avenues interlacing nine gardens where nine fountains will play4 ,there will be nine gateways and columns1 with nine arches and nine arched windows and nine caissons nine feet in diameter4 ,nine will also be carried out in the galleries and dome4 ,further1 its meetings are to be held on the ninth of each month4#fbg ,thus the ,bahai sacred number will be exhibited everywhere4 ,behold6 exclaims the ,bahai reporter4 ,what a priceless piece of ground is this site1 dedicated by the hands of the ,orb of the ,covenant and blessed by his holy feet4#fbh ,but in another place ,abdul ,baha urges them to hasten the completion of the building1 complaining#fbi ,america has not been working enough for it4 ,money comes slowly1 says the treasurer2 pledges were tremendous--as big as our eyes saw at the time and afterwards we could collect#fcj only a small proportion4 ,after six years of strenuous pleading and effort1 they have paid for the ground4 ,the ladies evidently preferred to spend their money in jaunts to ,acca1 with ,paris and ,cairo en route1 rather than to put up an extravagant temple in ,chicago for #bjj people who are scattered in that city--a temple in which the believers in ,new ,york and ,los ,angeles may never worship4 ,the cause for haste is to fulfill a great prophecy1 that in the day of the ,branch shall the temple of the ,lord be built 7,zech4 vi4 #ab74 ,and ,abdul ,baha is already more than seventy4 ,when finished1 ,it will have an effect on the whole world4 ,it will be dedicated to the worship of ,baha ,ullah and his words only are to be read in it4#fca ,after a sojourn of about eight months1 ,abdul ,baha returned to ,england1 whence he telegraphed3 ,thanks to ,baha ,ullah1 ,i arrived safely4 ,as a souvenir of the visit1 the ,american ,bahais presented a silver vase to the shrine of ,abdul ,baha ,ullah at ,acca1 the ,holy ,city4 ,of this ,mr4 ,remey writes3 ,the ,holy ,tomb in which this vase is to repose 7we ardently hope7 for hundreds1 perhaps thousands of years already contains precious offerings1 vases and many wonderful things placed there by people from all over the world4 ,among this ever-growing collection at the ,threshold of the remains of the ,earthly ,tabernacle of ,him who manifested forth to a dying world the very ,fatherhood of the ,eternal of ,him1 who for us is the ,sublime ,king of ,kings1 must stand this silent token1 as a measure of the response from the hearts made glad by this ineffable sacrifice of ,him who1 giving up all thoughts of self1 came to us 7i4 e41 to ,u4 ,s4 ,a47 in our need1 ,the ,centre of the ,covenant1 ,his ,holiness ,abdul ,baha4 ,the visit of ,abdul ,baha did not leave any great impression4 ,his personality had no deep influence4 ,he appeared conspicuous neither for intellectuality nor spirituality4 ,many a distinguished traveller has got hold of the public ear and heart to a greater extent4 ,i was in ,baltimore when he was there4 ,he caused scarcely a ripple on the surface4 ,his addresses were tame and full of platitudes4 ,it was told me that his visit led to doubt and coldness on the part of some adherents4 ,he was1 as ,canon ,wilberforce said1 not an orator1 nor even a preacher1 practiced in public address4 ,one of the distinguished clergymen whose pulpit he occupied said to me1 ,the man has no special message4 ,he is a faker4 ,another liberal thinker1 who has given publicity to this doctrine1 after an interview1 pronounced him a fraud4 ,some of the ,american disciples1 especially the ladies1 idolized him1 even to the extent of bringing down upon them the reprobation of some ,english disciples4 ,one of the latter wrote3#fcb ,there seems to be a tendency in ,america and elsewhere to focus too great attention on ,abdul ,baha rather than upon the ,manifistation4 ,what of the progress of ,bahaism in ,america8 ,it is making no marked progress4 ,in some sections it seems to have gone forward1 as on the ,pacific coast and around ,new ,york and ,washington4 ,it has decreased in the ,south and in the headquarters of the movement1 ,chicago4 ,the organization at ,atlanta has disappeared from the list4 ,the ,south will not take kindly to the advocacy by ,abdul ,baha of the miscegenation of the races4 ,he recommends that efforts be made towards the intermarriage of the coloured and white races as the ideal panacea for the present estrangement4#fcc ,i understand that a ,washington negro has married an ,english ,bahai woman1 the courtship having occurred when both were pilgrims1 and under the encouragement of ,abdul ,baha4 ,of the condition of the cause in ,chicago ,i can speak from personal investigation4 ,i attended the regular ,sunday service in ,st4 ,john's room1 eighteenth floor of the ,masonic ,hall4 ,it was a pleasant ,may day4 ,about sixty were present--twenty men and forty women4 ,i questioned the men and found that six of them were ,bahais and fourteen1 like me1 were visitors4 ,the man next to me on the right was a member of an ethical culture society that meets on the twelfth floor4 ,i asked the man on my left to what organization he belonged4 ,he replied1 ,to the kingdom of ,god4 ,i inquired what was his opinion of ,abbas ,effendi4 ,he pulled from his pocket a much used ,new ,testament and pointed to the verse in ,revelation which refers to the beast and said1 ,that is he4 ,i conversed with several of the ,bahai ladies1 two of whom acted as instructors of the meeting4 ,the ,sunday-school held at an earlier hour1 ,i learned1 was a class in ,esperanto4 ,to my question as to the number of ,bahais in ,chicago1 she replied that ,baha ,ullah has told us that there must be a falling away before the triumph1 from which ,i inferred that conditions were not prosperous4 ,the next man1 a ,bahai1 told me the number was about one hundred and fifty4 ,the leader1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,true1 told me about three hundred4 ,one of the opposing sect told me there are only sixty1 while his sect has lost all organization and numbers only forty in the whole country4 ,but if we take the number at the highest estimate given1 the number is less than fifteen years ago4 ,i go into particulars regarding this point1 because there is a false impression abroad1 in ,europe and ,asia1 an impression that is carefully fostered4 ,take this incident4 ,in ,persia a ,bahai affirmed before the crowd that one-half of ,chicago was ,bahai4 ,a ,bible colporteur disputed the statement and proposed to telegraph to the ,mayor of ,chicago and inquire1 and whichever side was wrong should pay for the telegram4 ,the ,bahai declined4 ,in distant ,india a similar impression is created for effect4 ,mr4 ,getsinger wrote in the ,jam-i-,jamseed of ,bombay3#fcd ,the ,bahai faith has spread in ,america by leaps and bounds1 the number being beyond computation4 ,strange exaggeration1 if you give it no worse name6 ,some such a one was no doubt interviewed by the wayfarer of the ,continent and told him that there were one million in the ,united ,states4#fce ,but that well-informed reporter put the number at #c1jjj4 ,the ,star of the ,west 7,feb4 #g1 #aiab7 says3 ,there are several thousand ,bahais in the ,united ,states4 ,my own conclusion is that there are #b1jjj in twenty-seven organizations4 ,in #aijf they reported to the ,census #a1bhj members in twenty-four organizations4 ,most of the members are women4 7,see ,chap4 ,,vii47 ,that the ,bahai propaganda has nothing special to boast of in the ,united ,states is evident when we compare its results with those of other religious fads4 ,the ,dowieites of ,zion ,city 7followers of ,john ,dowie who claimed to be the prophet ,elijah7 report seventeen organizations in ten states with #e1hfe members2 the ,crowdyites 7,crowdy was a negro cook who in #aijf claimed to be a prophet7 report forty-eight organizations and #a1hbc members2 ,theosophists eighty-five and #b1ccf members2 ,vedantists 7,swamiists7 four and #cdj members2 ,spiritualists #dee with #ce1jef members2 ,christian ,scientists #fch and #he1jjj members4 ,well may the ,egyptian ,gazette say3 ,if ,bahaism has found favour in the ,united ,states1 it cannot be forgotten that countless other 'religions' have become popular there which would not have been taken seriously in any other country in the world4 ,yet1 aside from the ,mormons1 how few they number altogether4 ,is it not marvellous that clergy of various ,protestant churches1 even of the ,church of ,england1 have given the use of their edifices for its anti-,christian proselytism8 ,roman ,catholic churches have not been open to it4 ,and this happened not only when ,abdul ,baha was a guest among our people but is continued since4 ,surely such latitudinarianism must grieve the heart of ,christ even as it shocks ,his faithful followers and gives boldness to those who would hurl ,him from ,his mediatorial throne4 ,it is unnecessary now to catalogue the various ,protestant pulpits and platforms in ,great ,britain1 and in ,america where1 with readings from the ,bahai revelations and flattering introductions1 place was given to the false ,christ4 ,but the disloyalty still continues4 ,lately a missionary was a speaker at a ,woman's ,foreign ,missions ,society and was preceded by a lady advocating ,bahaism4 ,in a late number of the ,star of the ,west 7,april #i1 #aiad7 is a picture of the ,st4 ,mark's-in-the-,bowerie ,episcopal ,church1 ,new ,york1 with a notice that an audience room had been granted in the parish house for ,bahai meetings every ,sunday4 ,this was followed by a letter from ,abdul ,baha rejoicing in this opportunity to promulgate the principles of ,baha ,ullah1 and by a request for the prayers of all ,bahais that through this opened door many hearts may be turned to the ',branch1' i4 e41 ,abdul ,baha4 ,another issue contains an announcement#fcf of the marriage at ,montreal of the editor1 ,doctor ,bagdadi1 to ,zeenat ,khanum1 both ,persian ,bahais of ,mohammedan antecedents4 ,the narrative declares3 ,the minister who officiated astonished all even the ,bahais by reading from the ,bahai writings6 ,the ,bahais still continue to proselyte through ,ethical ,culture and ,theosophic ,societies and on the platform of peace congresses4 ,is it not full time that ,christian people and churches should cease to give countenance to this system which is an enemy of the cross of ,christ1 and which has already deceived several thousands of our fellow ,christians8 ,,footnotes3 #fjd ,parliament of ,religions1 p4 #fdj2 ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla1 ,beha ,ullah1 p4 ix4 #fje ,bab-ed-,din1 by ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla1 pp4 #i1 #ac1 #ah4 #fjf ,american ,journal of ,theology1 #aijb4 #fjg ,bahai ,movement1 p4 #aja2 ,s4 ,w41 p4 #ch1 #aiad4 #fjh ,an open letter to the ,abbab in ,america1 by ,doctor ,pease4 #fji ,the ,three ,questions1 p4 #bc4 #faj ,third ,call to ,behais1 p4 #c4 #faa ,letter to ,m4 ,badi ,ullah4 #fab ,before ,abraham was ,i am1 p4 #a4 #fac ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiac1 p4 #agd4 #fad ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #h1 #aiac1 p4 #abg4 #fae ,s4 ,w41 ,may #ag1 #aiad1 pp4 #ea-eb4 #faf ,tablets1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 ii4 #fag ,j4 ,d4 ,frame1 ,m4 ,d41 ,moslem ,world1 #aiab1 p4 #bdc4 #fah ,sec4's ,report1 ,june1 #aiaa2 ,october ,bulletin1 #aiaa2 ,s4 ,w41 ,may #ag1 #aiaa1 ,july #ac1 #aiac1 ,nov4 #d1 #aiac1 ,march and ,june1 #aiad4 #fai ,the ,kitab-ul-,akdas commands that the hair should not be allowed to grow below the level of the ear3 why does not ,abdul ,baha keep this law8 #fbj ,myron ,phelps states 7p4 #ig7 that ,abbas ,effendi wishes no photographs of himself taken4 ,this is certainly a mistake as years ago they were circulated in ,persia and purchasable in the bazaar4 ,the account of his posing for the motion pictures is amusing4 ,when requested to pass before the camera1 he at once replied1 ,khaili khob 7very good74 ,the ,bahais present were very much upset and protested that his picture would be scattered all over the country in the movies4 ,he replied1 ,busiar khob 7still better74 ,later1 in ,june1 an extended motion picture was taken4 ,the scenes were somewhat spoiled by ,abdul ,baha not remaining in focus and disarranging the scenario4 ,these films1 with words1 are being used in the ,sunday services of the ,bahais and are to be used in the ,orient in connection with the voice record on the ,edison talking machine4 #fba ,mr4 ,remey said to him3 ,we expected an attitude of hostility towards you from the clergy and theologians4 ,we did not expect the churches and religious societies would open their doors 7,s4 ,w41 ,march #ba1 #aiac1 p4 #ah74 ,doctor ,cadman of ,brooklyn explained his inviting ,abdul ,baha to preach in his pulpit by saying1 ,christian people can afford to be absolutely free and catholic in their extension of liberty and courtesy to other people4 ,yet most ,christians were grieved and consider it disloyalty to ,christ4 #fbb ,s4 ,w41 ,march1 #aiac1 p4 #ah4 #fbc ,the striking lack of unity among the ,bahais is evident from a ,tablet of ,abdul ,baha written shortly before his visit to ,america 7,s4 ,w41 ,may #ag1 #ahaa74 ,in view of the differences among the friends and the lack of unity among the maid servants of the ,merciful1 how can ,abdul ,baha hasten to those parts8 ,is it possible8 ,no1 by ,god6 ,your worthless imaginations1 backbiting1 and faultfinding enable the ,nakhazeen to spread a noose for you4 ,the ,americans could reply1 ,physician1 heal thyself1 for the worst anger and discord have been between the brothers at ,acca4 ,and he himself continues to cry out1 ,hold aloof from the violators4 #fbd ,s4 ,w41 ,oct4 #af1 #aiac1 p4 #bjc4 #fbe ,s4 ,w41 ,sept4 #bg1 #aiac1 p4 #ahg4 #fbf ,similar phrases addressed to his living disciples sound like flattery and appeals to their vanity1 such as1 ,your names will go down through the ages4 ,kings and ,queens will never be talked of as you will be 7,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ac1 #aiac1 p4 #bgd1 etc474 #fbg ,s4 ,w41 ,june #e1 #aiad4 #fbh ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #ca1 #aiac1 p4 #bgb4 #fbi ,s4 ,w41 ,aug4 #a1 #aiac1 p4 #acf-ach4 #fcj ,the ,oriental ,rose1 p4 #aa1 says that #e1jjj have been sent from the ,orient for the ,temple4 #fca ,daily ,lessons1 p4 #ag4 #fcb ,s4 ,w41 ,dec4 #aa1 #aiaa4 #fcc ,l4 ,g4 ,gregory1 ,the ,heavenly ,vista1 pp4 #ac1 #ae1 #be1 #ca4 #fcd ,s4 ,w41 ,april #bh1 #aiad4 #fce ,the ,s4 ,w4 of ,march #b1 #aiab1 reported one organization in ,montreal1 one in ,hawaii1 one in ,england1 two in ,germany1 viz41 ,stuttgart and ,zuffenhausen1 and one in ,cape ,town4 #fcf ,star1 ,may #ag1 #aiad1 p4 #eg4 ,,bibliography ,consulted by the ,author 7#a7 ,non-,bahai ,writers ,e4 ,g4 ,browne3 ,the ,babis of ,persia1 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 ,july1 ,oct41 #ahhi4 ,babi ,manuscripts1 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,as4 ,soc41 ,april1 ,july1 ,oct41 #ahib4 ,art4 ,babism in ,encyclo4 ,brit41 ,enc4 of ,religion and ,ethics1 and ,enc4 of ,islam4 ,introductions and ,appendices to translations of ,babi-,bahai books4 ,a ,year ,among the ,persians4 ,literary ,history of ,persia4 ,a4 ,l4 ,m4 ,nicolas3 ,sayyid ,ali ,mohammed dit le ,bab 7,biography74 ,r4 ,e4 ,speer in ,missions and ,modern ,history1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,chap4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aba-ahb1 ,the ,religion of the ,bab4 ,haifa or ,modern ,life in ,palestine1 by ,oliphant4 ,canon ,sell ,babism 7,tract #ahie71 ,bahaism 7,tract #aiab74 ,critical ,magazine ,articles4 ,american ,journal of ,theology1 ,jan41 #aijb1 ,mohammedan ,gnosticism in ,america1 ,s4 ,k4 ,vatralsky4 ,north ,amer4 ,rev41 ,june1 #aiab1 ,j4 ,t4 ,bixby2 ,april1 #aija1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,d4 ,ross4 ,outlook1 ,june1 #aija1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jessup4 ,open ,court1 ,june and ,july1 #aiaj and #aijd1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,carus4 ,moslem ,world1 ,july1 #aiab1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,frame4 ,mission4 ,rev4 of ,world1 ,oct41 #aiaa1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,shedd4 ,oxford ,magazine1 ,may1 #ahib4 7#b7 ,babi or ,bahai ,writers ,by the ,bab3 ,beyan ,persan 7,fr471 #d ,vols1 trans4 by ,a4 ,nicolas4 ,by ,baha ,ullah3 ,akdas1 ,,ms4 ,trans41 by ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla4 ,ikan1 ,the ,seven ,valleys1 ,the ,hidden ,words1 ,surat-ul-,hykl1 ,words of ,paradise1 ,glad ,tidings1 ,tablets--of the ,world1 of ,ishrakat1 ,tarazat1 ,tajallayat 7,chicago74 ,by ,abdul ,baha3 ,the ,episode of the ,bab or the ,traveller's ,narrative 7trans4 by ,browne74 ,tablets of ,abdul ,baha1 ,vol4 ,i2 ,addresses in ,paris1 ,london and ,america2 ,some ,answered ,questions1 recorded by ,l4 ,c4 ,barney2 ,letter to the ,friends in ,persia1 etc42 ,the ,covenant or ,will of ,baha ,ullah4 ,by ,persian believers3 ,kitab-ul-,nuktatul ,kaf1 by ,mirza ,jani1 with ,introductions by ,browne4 ,new ,hist4 of the ,bab1 trans4 by ,browne4 ,the ,sacred ,mysteries1 ,asadullah4 ,school of the ,prophets1 ,asadullah4 ,bahai ,proofs1 ,abul ,fazl4 ,the ,brilliant ,proof1 ,abul ,fazl4 ,martyrdoms in ,persia in #aijc1 ,haider ,ali4 ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world1 ,badi ,ullah4 ,by ,western believers3 ,the ,universal ,religion1 ,m4 ,h4 ,dreyfus4 ,the ,bahai ,revelation1 ,thornton ,chase4 ,before ,abraham was1 ,i am1 ,thornton ,chase4 ,the ,bahai ,movement1 ,c4 ,m4 ,remey4 ,universal ,principles of the ,bahai ,movement1 and ,peace1 and ,the ,covenant1 ,c4 ,m4 ,remey4 ,observations of a ,bahai ,traveller1 ,c4 ,m4 ,remey4 ,a ,year ,among the ,bahais of ,india and ,burmah1 and ,story of the ,bahai ,movement1 ,sydney ,sprague4 ,dawn of ,knowledge and the ,most ,great ,peace1 ,p4 ,k4 ,dealy4 ,the ,revelation of ,baha ,ullah1 ,mrs4 ,s4 ,d4 ,brittingham4 ,god's ,heroes1 ,barney-,dreyfus4 ,abbas ,effendi2 ,his ,life and ,teaching1 ,m4 ,phelps4 ,the ,oriental ,rose1 ,m4 ,h4 ,ford4 ,the ,modern ,social ,religion1 ,horace ,holley4 ,bahaism1 the ,religion of ,brotherhood1 ,f4 ,k4 ,skrine4 ,the ,reconciliation of ,races and ,religions1 ,t4 ,k4 ,cheyne4 ,bahaism in ,its ,social-,economic ,aspects1 ,h4 ,campbell4 ,prayers and ,communes1 and ,songs of ,prayer and ,praise4 ,narratives of ,pilgrims to ,acca3 ,in ,galilee1 ,t4 ,chase4 ,unity ,through ,love1 ,h4 ,mac,nutt4 ,the ,heavenly ,vista1 ,l4 ,g4 ,gregory4 ,ten ,days in the ,light of ,acca1 ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,daily ,lessons ,received at ,acca1 ,mrs4 ,cooper4 ,my ,visit to ,abbas ,effendi1 ,mrs4 ,peeke4 ,table ,talks ,with ,abdul ,baha1 ,g4 ,t4 ,winterburn4 ,my ,visit to ,acca1 ,mrs4 ,lucas4 ,flowers from the ,rose ,garden of ,acca1 ,mrs4 ,finch4 ,notes at ,acca1 ,mrs4 ,true4 ,periodicals3 ,the ,bahai ,news1 and ,the ,star of the ,west1 from #aiaj to #aiae ,reports and ,bulletins of the ,persian-,american ,educational ,society4 ,by ,behaists3 ,beha ,ullah1 #b ,vols1 ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla4 ,bab-ed-,din1 ,the ,three ,questions1 and ,facts for ,behaists1 ,i4 ,g4 ,kheiralla4 ,life of ,baha ,ullah1 ,,ms41 ,mohammed ,javad ,kasvini4 ,by ,azalis3 ,call to ,behaists 7,nos4 ,i1 ,,ii and ,,iii71 ,stenstrand4 ,,index ,abbas ,effendi 7see ,abdul ,baha7 ,abdul ,baha1 #dh1 #fh1 #gf1 #hf1 #hg1 #ih1 #ach1 #adg1 #age1 #aia1 #bjd1 #bci2 history of1 #bd1 #ff1 #abg1 #abh1 #afa1 #afd1 #aid-aif and note #c1 #bej-bei2 blesses charms1 #aaj2 charities criticized1 #bee2 censorship1 #aag1 #adf2 education1 #be1 #afc2 imprisonment1 #aie1 #aig1 #beh2 intercedes for assassins1 #bca1 #bcb2 justifies ,mohammed1 #hf1 #adg note #a2 marriage1 #aef-aeg1 #afd2 position1 #ci1 #dj1 #ea1 #fb1 #fi1 #hh1 #ic1 #aag1 #bej2 titles1 #dj1 #ic1 #bej1 #bea1 #bfj1 #bfa2 photographs1 #bge2 quarrel with brothers1 #bd1 #ci1 #ic1 #ahg-ahh1 #aig1 #bdh-bfb2 receives pilgrims1 #abd1 #abe 7see ,pilgrims72 characterized1 #bde1 #bdi1 #bed1 #bee1 #bfd1 #bgj2 dogmatic1 #gg2 suppresses facts1 #ahd and note #g2 changes documents1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #beb2 perverts facts1 #aib1 #aid2 acts double part1 #aig2 unjust to brothers1 #aid note #b1 #bee2 instructs in pretense1 #bjj2 uses boycott1 #bec2 accused of sedition1 #beg2 threatened with death1 #bfb2 covets martyrdom1 #beh2 asks government for guard1 #bef2 honoured as ,christ1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #aad1 #bfj2 as ,god1 #ie1 #abd1 #bea1 #bfj1 #bhb2 vacant seat left for1 #aai2 teachings1 #bd1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #da1 #de1 #ef1 #ff1 #ga1 #gc1 #gg1 #he1 #hh1 #aje1 #aah1 #aea2 advocates peace1 #gj2 allows war1 #gd2 favours ,mohammed ,ali ,shah1 #ach-adj2 refuses arbitration1 #bef1 #bgg2 visits ,egypt1 #bg2 reception in ,london1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #afc2 contributor to ,christian ,commonwealth1 #ab2 in ,europe and ,america1 #bd1 #fd1 #gj1 #aad1 #aci1 #adb1 #aea1 #aec2 reception in ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #bgd2 addresses1 #bge-bgh2 canonizes ,chase1 #bgh2 dedicates temple1 #bgh-bgi2 memorial vase1 #bhj2 impression made1 #bhj2 aided by ,christians1 #bhe2 writings1 #bd1 #db1 #aae1 #aaf1 #agh1 #bac1 #bgc1 #bhh ,abdul ,karim1 #bf1 #cf1 #dj2 visits ,america1 #bfi1 #bgj ,ablutions1 #aaj1 #abj1 #abb ,abraham1 #cd1 #da1 #hh1 #ij ,abul ,fazl1 #bf1 #ce1 #cg1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 #ed1 #fi1 #hi1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajf1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afj1 #ahj1 #aig1 #bjd1 #baa1 #baf1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bdd1 #bee1 #bef1 #bga2 tried1 #acf2 repudiates ,babism1 #acf1 #aic2 abuses mullahs1 #baa2 visits ,america1 #bga2 writings1 #bhh ,acca 7,acre71 #bb1 #bc1 #bg1 #ci1 #dc1 #ga1 #id1 #ig and note #d1 #ajf1 #aah1 #abb1 #abc1 #abe1 #abg1 #adj1 #ade1 #adf1 #aed1 #aei1 #afa1 #afe1 #agc1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahg1 #aie1 #aif1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bbi1 #bcc1 #bda1 #bej-bei ,adam1 #da1 #aad ,adrianople1 #bb1 #aig1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbi ,ahmad ,ahsai1 ,sheikh1 #bj1 #ba1 #bcf ,ahmad ,qadiani 7see ,gulam ,ahmad7 ,ahmad ,zohrab1 #dg ,akdas 7see ,kitab-ul-,akdas7 ,alcohol1 prohibited to ,babis and ,bahais1 #bad2 used1 #bae ,ali ,allahis1 #bj1 #dj note #c1 #fg1 #hh1 #ia note1 #agc ,ali ,kuli ,khan1 #de1 #bjb ,ali ,mohammed 7see ,bab7 ,american ,bahais 7see ,bahais7 ,american prophets1 #bgd1 #bhd ,annihilation1 #aab ,arbitration1 #gj1 #ga1 #gd-ge ,armenians1 #bh1 #fg1 #fh ,asad ,ullah1 #ci1 #bdi2 delegate to ,america1 #bga2 writings1 #bga1 #bhh ,assassins1 ,sect of1 #ai1 #ia note ,assassinations1 practiced in ,islam1 #bdc-bdd ,assassinations1 by ,bahais1 #dc1 #aei1 #agb1 #aig1 #bbh-bce1 #bda note #a1 #bdd1 #bde and note #a1 #bdf1 #bgj2 were for the faith1 #bcb1 #bcc2 so justified1 #bdb1 #bdc ,azal 7see ,subh-i-,azal7 ,azalis1 #bc1 #dc1 #fi note1 #aei1 #afg1 #aig1 #bad1 #baf1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bde1 #bfh1 #bgj ,bab1 the title1 #bj ,bab1 ,the1 #ah1 #ce1 #ch1 #dg1 #ga1 #gc1 #ij1 #ia1 #ii1 #abf1 #acc-ace1 #aha1 #bfj2 his history1 #ba1 #da1 #ajd1 #abc1 #ace1 #ahf1 #ahi-aij1 #aih1 #baj1 #baa1 #bcf1 #bcg2 tomb1 #abc1 #abe2 proof in verses1 #dd1 #df2 taught war1 #ace2 not forerunner of ,baha1 #agh2 expected his dispensation to be long1 #agh2 books 7see ,bayan72 concealed by ,bahais1 #ahb1 #ahc2 tampered with1 #ahe ,babis1 character1 #ahj2 wars1 #ba1 #ga1 #gc2 persecuted1 #ba1 #acf2 martyrs1 #aib1 #aic2 deny faith1 #aih2 attempt to assassinate ,shah1 #ba1 #aia1 #bcj2 executed1 #ba1 #aia2 at ,bagdad1 #bb1 #bba-bbb2 murderous spirit1 #bcf1 #bcg1 #bch2 sects of1 #fh ,babism1 ,history of1 #dd1 #hg1 #acc1 #ace1 #aic1 #bcf2 abrogated ,islam1 #hg1 #agb1 #agh2 laws1 #ec1 #ee1 #eh1 #bae2 make marriage obligatory1 #aee2 practiced polygamy1 #aeg1 #aei2 gave some liberty to women1 #afi2 accused of communism1 #aga2 fast1 #aba2 shrine1 #abc2 records1 #ah2 relation to ,sheikhism1 #bj-ba1 #agj2 relation to ,christians1 #ace2 a political movement1 #ace2 disloyal1 #acc1 #acd1 #aij and note #e2 intolerant1 #ace1 #adf2 sectarian1 #eb-ec2 dogmatic1 #gh2 superseded1 #ae1 #hg ,badasht1 #hg1 #aga ,badi1 #acf1 #aia1 #bdj ,badi ,ullah1 #afb1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bej1 #bec1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bga ,bagdad1 #bb1 #hg1 #afa1 #aga1 #bba1 #bcd1 #bej ,baha ,ullah1 #aa1 #ab1 #ah1 #ca1 #cf1 #ch1 #ci1 #eb1 #fh1 #gb1 #gh1 #hh1 #ib1 #abb1 #ace1 #adb2 history of1 #bb1 #bc1 #db1 #de1 #gj1 #gc1 #gf1 #hg1 #ajb1 #abg1 #aei1 #afb-afc1 #aha1 #ahg and note #a1 #aij1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbf1 #bcj1 #bee2 family1 #afb1 #bej2 haram1 #bd1 #aej2 polygamy1 #abf1 #aei-afe1 #bej2 wealth1 #bec1 #bee2 prison1 #aie2 palace1 #abe1 #aie and note #d2 picture of1 #abf and note #b2 quarrels with ,azal1 #bbj-bbh2 supplants him1 #db1 #aha1 #ahe1 #bjd2 deceitfulness regarding1 #bje1 #bjh2 alleged attempts to kill1 #bbe1 #bbg2 exults over death of enemy1 #baa2 complacency about murder1 #bca2 trial and bribe-giving1 #bca2 death1 #bd1 #ic1 #ajd1 #aie1 #bej2 will of1 #bej1 #bea1 #bef2 tomb1 #abc1 #bhj2 will be assailed1 #ad1 #hc2 exhorts to love1 #bji2 writings3 #cg1 #aae2 their character1 #dd1 #ahf1 #ahi2 rapidity in composition1 #de2 quantity1 #de1 #df1 #aje1 #bec2 style of1 #df1 #dg1 #aej 7see ,epistle to the ,kings1 ,ikan1 ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 ,seven ,valleys1 ,glad ,tidings1 ,ishrak1 ,epistle to ,shah72 ,professor ,browne on1 #dh2 ,abdul ,baha on1 #dh1 #fh1 #bdb2 his beatitudes1 #aai2 teachings3 on inspiration1 #cc2 on peace1 #gj-gb2 influenced by ,peace ,movement1 #gf2 on fulfillment of prophecies1 #ig-ih2 on ,return1 #ie2 enjoined loyalty1 #acg2 commends suicide1 #bci-bdj2 on civil government1 #ef 7see ,house of ,justice72 name used as charm1 #aaj2 claims3 to be ,god1 #cf1 #dj1 #db1 #fb1 #ij1 #ia1 #abb1 #bae1 #bfg2 superior to ,christ1 #aje2 a world teacher1 #ej1 #he1 #ajf2 all the prophets1 #ij2 infallible1 #bdb2 ,prince of ,peace1 #ga1 #gc1 #ib1 #ig1 #bch2 is worshipped1 #abb2 claim for1 #agi2 character1 #db1 #dc1 #bjd1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bdf1 #bfe ,bahai ,news 7see ,star of the ,west7 ,bahais in ,acca 7see ,acca71 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcc2 in ,adrianople 7see ,adrianople72 in ,persia 7see ,persia71 #bc1 #bf1 #bh1 #cf1 #ej1 #afb1 #age1 #bei2 familiar with ,bible1 #aae2 persecutions1 #acg and note #e2 martyrs few1 #aib1 #bdj2 tolerated1 #acg1 #adj2 pretend to be ,christians1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bja2 converted to ,christianity1 #bda2 intolerant1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bee1 #bei2 not patriotic1 #aci2 not supporters of constitution1 #gc1 #acc1 #ach-ada2 characterized by love of each other1 #gd2 hatred of others1 #fi note2 lack of candour1 #aed1 #bjb1 #bjc2 boasting1 #db1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 #di1 #gi1 #agi1 #baf1 #bhe2 foul play1 #bdf2 crimes against ,azalis 7see ,assassinations71 #bbc-bce1 #bci1 #bde2 suicides of1 #bci1 #bdj2 favour education1 #add1 #aed2 to be judged by deeds1 #bdd2 quarrel over succession in ,acca1 #bea-bei2 in ,persia1 #beb1 #bei-bfj2 in ,america1 #bfi-bgc1 #bgf2 numbers of1 #ac1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #fe1 #ajc1 #bfh1 #bga2 census1 #bgc1 #bhb-bhc ,bahais1 ,american1 #ab1 #ac1 #bd1 #bf1 #gg1 #hd1 #ic1 #if1 #ih1 #aai1 #abb1 #aec1 #aed1 #afh1 #agc1 #bjj2 ,american pilgrims1 #dj1 #id1 #aah1 #abc-abf and note #a1 #agd1 #bfh1 #bfi2 narrative of1 #bhi ,bahaism1 ,history of1 #ba-bd1 #aeb2 literature of1 #ad1 #bd1 #aae1 #bgc1 #bhi2 a patchwork1 #ec2 changed1 #ae2 relation to ,babism1 #ai1 #eb1 #ec1 #ee1 #eh1 #ace1 #acf1 #agh1 #aib1 #aic2 relation to ,mohammedanism1 #cb1 #ce1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #hf1 #bji-bac1 #bbb2 borrowed from ,shiahism1 #di2 from former religions1 #eb2 relation to ,christianity1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #fe1 #hb-acb1 #bji note #b2 classes interested in1 #aa-ac2 conditions of discipleship1 #ch1 #ci1 #aac1 #aad2 doctrines3 of ,god1 #ce-da1 #di1 #gh1 #hh2 of the ,manifestation1 #cf1 #da1 #eh1 #ib1 #agh1 #bda2 its trinity1 #dj and note #c1 #bfj2 eternity of matter1 #gg1 #aaa2 pantheistic1 #hh2 of metempsychosis 7see ,return72 its moral system1 #cd2 denied miracles1 #ajc2 resurrection1 #ajd2 laws3 #ch1 #dh1 #ed1 #ee1 #bad2 civil1 #eh1 #adc2 criminal1 #add1 #adf2 unalterable for #a1jjj years2 about woman 7see ,woman72 equality of races1 #afh2 its science1 #dh1 #ef1 #eh1 #gg1 #ajd note #f1 #aaa2 cycles1 #da2 era1 #abh2 calendar1 #dh1 #ee1 #abg1 #bgc2 new alphabet1 #eh2 advocates universal language1 #ei2 favours education 7see ,education72 its institutions1 #aaf-aai2 its ceremonies1 #aah1 #abj-abf2 substitute for baptism1 #aah2 for ,lord's ,supper 7see ,feasts2 see also ,fast1 ,pilgrimage1 ,prayer1 ,shrines1 ,charms1 ,funerals1 ,rosary72 claims3 that a new religion is needed1 #ca2 to be a new dispensation1 #cc2 to supersede all religions1 #cb2 and ,christianity1 #hf1 #hg2 to be universal1 #bi1 #ej2 contrary shown1 #ed-ei2 claims superiority in personality1 #dj-dd2 in writings1 #dd-dg2 in substance of revelation1 #dh-ej2 disproved1 #dh-ej1 #ed-ei2 to unify mankind1 #fc-fg2 means prescribed for1 #fg-gj2 to promote peace1 #fg1 #gj2 fallacy of claim1 #gb-gf2 echo of ,christianity1 #gb2 to be undogmatic1 #gg2 to be consistent with ,christianity1 #hc2 to be ,christ's second coming1 #ib1 #ic2 refuted1 #he-acb2 to be the state religion1 #aag1 #adc1 #ade-adg2 to set forth a new government1 #ada-adg2 to regulate politics1 #aag1 #acb2 professed loyalty1 #acf2 pleads for toleration1 #acf2 is intolerant1 #acb1 #adg1 #aia2 wishes political power1 #acb1 #ace1 #ada2 claim as to morals1 #agi-ahj1 #bji2 like ,persians1 #bad2 testimony as to morals1 #baf note #c2 pervert history1 #acf1 #aha-ahe1 #ahc note #b1 #ahd note #b1 #ahi-aig1 #bbj2 falsify sacred writings1 #ahe and note #b1 #ahe-ahi2 forgery1 #ahi2 religious dissimulation 7see ,tagiya72 addiction to alcohol1 #bad-bae2 opium1 #bae-baf and note #c2 claim to love1 #bji1 #bba2 refuted3 animosity to ,shiahs1 #baa2 abuse of1 #baa-bac2 enmity to ,azalis1 #bbb1 #bce2 murdering of 7see ,assassinations and ,bahais--quarrels72 sects in1 #fh2 sects forbidden1 #fi2 private interpretation forbidden1 #fi2 methods of interpretation1 #ajj1 #aja note2 exclusive1 #eb2 a delusion1 #fb ,bahaism1 ,american1 #ae1 #af1 #da1 #id1 #bja1 #bfd-bhc2 census of1 #bfh1 #bga1 #bgc1 #bhb1 #bhc2 condition of1 #bhb-bhd2 delegates from ,acca1 #bga2 literature of1 #bgc2 meetings1 #bgb1 #bgg1 #bhb-bhc2 propaganda1 #bfg1 #bgc-bgd2 mission to ,persia1 #hd1 #aed1 #aee1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bgc-bgd2 quarrel and schism1 #bfi-bgc1 #bgf2 visit of ,abdul ,baha 7see ,abdul ,baha72 press agents1 #bgb ,bahai proofs 7see ,abul ,fazl7 ,bahai ,temple 7see ,temple7 ,bahiah ,khanum1 #aef1 #afd1 #agd1 #aia1 #aie1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #beg ,batinis1 #bj ,bayan1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #ce1 #ch1 #dg1 #ef1 #gc1 #aae1 #acd1 #aee1 #aff1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahc1 #bdf ,beatitudes of ,baha1 #aai ,behais1 ,behaists1 #fi1 #ahh notes1 #bfh1 #bgj1 #bhi2 number in ,america1 #bga1 #bgb 7see ,mirza ,mohammed ,ali7 ,beha ,ullah1 so spelt by ,behais1 #bfg1 #bhi ,beirut press1 #be1 #aja1 #afg ,bibliography1 #bhg-bhi ,bixley1 ,j4 ,t41 #ff1 #hc note ,boycott1 #bec1 #bei ,brahma ,samaj1 #ac ,brittingham1 ,mrs41 #id1 #bhi ,browne1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,g41 #ah1 #bj1 #cj1 #ce1 #dh1 #ej1 #ec1 #ef1 #fh note #a1 #gh1 #acd1 #ace1 #aci1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afj1 #afe1 #afi1 #aga-agb1 #agh1 #aij1 #baj1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bbf1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bdh2 writings of1 #ad1 #cg1 #bde1 #bfe1 #bhg-bhh2 in ,persia1 #bg1 #bae-baf1 #bbc note1 #bbi1 #bce2 in ,acca1 #dc1 #ga1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #ahd note #e2 in ,cyprus1 #dc1 #bbe ,buddha1 #ca1 #ij1 #ib ,buddhist1 #fd1 #fg1 #he1 #hf1 #bjj ,burial 7see ,funerals7 ,burmah1 #ac1 #fd1 #hc1 #bgd ,campbell1 ,r4 ,j41 #ab1 #hd ,carmel1 ,mt41 #abg1 #aie1 #beg ,celibacy disapproved1 #aee ,changing documents1 #eg1 #ahe-ahi ,charms1 #aaj1 #abc ,chase1 ,thornton1 #ca1 #cg1 #id1 #ajd1 #bji1 #bag1 #bdi1 #bfi1 #bga2 canonized1 #bgh ,cheyne1 ,t4 ,k41 #ac ,chicago1 #ih1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aed1 #bfe1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgi ,christ1 ,jesus1 ,his teaching superior1 #ej2 on peace1 #gb2 ,bahais concerning ,him1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ce1 #da1 #df1 #eb1 #ga1 #hb-hd1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh1 #ic-ajg1 #ajd note #c1 #aac1 #aad1 #abb1 #abg1 #abh ,christians1 attitude of to ,bahaism1 #eb1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh2 in ,persia1 #bh2 in ,egypt1 #bg2 in ,india1 #hd2 in ,occident1 #ab-ac1 #hc-hd1 #bgd-bge1 #bhe-bhf ,christianity exclusive1 #hf2 triumphant1 #cc1 #ej1 #fe1 #ajc ,christian ,commonwealth1 #ab1 #hd ,claims of ,bahaism 7see ,baha ,ullah and ,bahaism7 ,constantinople1 #aei1 #afa1 #agj1 #bce ,constitutional ,movement1 #acc1 #ach-adj1 #agj1 #age1 #ahg ,cyprus1 #bb1 #dc1 #aei1 #afg1 #bje1 #bbe1 #bbi1 #bce ,daniel1 #hh1 #ih1 #ii ,dealy1 ,p4 ,k41 #ga note #b1 #ig ,divorce 7see ,woman7 ,dowie1 ,alexander1 #dc1 #ii1 #ajb1 #bhd ,dreyfus1 ,m4 ,h41 #bf1 #ej1 #ec1 #eh1 #fd1 #gj1 #gg1 #aci1 #adc1 #afj1 #bjc1 #bji1 #bhh ,easton1 ,p4 ,z41 #ah ,education to be compulsory1 #add1 #aed2 of girls1 #aed1 #aee2 ,bahai schools1 #aed1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ,educational ,society 7see ,persian-,american7 ,egypt1 ,bahaism in1 #bg1 #bfg2 ,abdul ,baha in1 #bd1 #aig ,egyptian ,gazette on ,bahaism1 #aa1 #bg1 #bhd ,elijah1 #if1 #ig ,emanations1 #da1 #hi ,episode of the ,bab 7see ,traveller's ,narrative7 ,epistle to ,kings1 #ajf1 #aae1 #adc and note #e1 #ahf-ahg ,epistle to ,shah1 #hi1 #acf1 #ahi1 #aia1 #bdj2 tampered with1 #ahf ,epistle to the ,bahai ,world1 #ahh note #b1 #bfa1 #bga1 #bhh ,era--,bahai1 #ef ,esperanto1 #ei1 #bhc ,family 7see ,woman7 ,fast1 #abj1 #aba1 #aig ,fatima1 ,book of1 #ahi ,feasts1 #ee1 #ef1 #aba1 #abg2 ,unity ,feast or ,lord's ,supper1 #ee1 #aah1 #aai1 #bgf 7see ,rizwan7 ,ford1 ,m4 ,h41 #acg1 #adj1 #bcg ,frame1 ,j4 ,d41 #bf1 #adj1 #bac1 #baf #bdc ,funerals1 #abb-abc ,germany1 ,emperor of1 addressed1 #ch ,getsinger1 ,e4 ,c41 #id1 #bjc1 #bec1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhc ,glad ,tidings1 #ef1 #eg1 #gb1 #aae1 #ada1 #aeb1 #ahg ,gobineau1 ,count1 #ahc and note #b1 #aij1 #aia1 #bce ,goodall1 ,mrs41 #id1 #aaj ,gregory1 ,l4 ,g41 #abe1 #afh1 #bhi ,grundy1 ,mrs41 #dj1 #if1 #aab1 #abd1 #abe1 #bec1 #bfa ,gulam1 ,ahmad1 #ai1 #ib note1 #ajb ,hadad1 ,anton1 #gc1 #id1 #bec1 #bfh ,haidar1 ,ali1 #bg1 #id1 #bac ,haifa1 #abd1 #abg1 #aef1 #aie1 #aif1 #bef1 #beg ,hasht ,behesht1 #afj1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bde ,hawkes1 ,j4 ,w41 #bh ,hidden ,words1 #cg1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aai1 #aeb1 #ahh ,hindus1 #ea1 #fd1 #fe ,holley1 ,horace1 #aaj1 #abd1 #acb1 #bba1 #bdh ,holmes1 ,g4 ,w41 #bh1 #gh1 #hb1 #aja note1 #acc ,houris1 #abc ,house of ,justice1 #eg1 #eh1 #gj-gb1 #aag1 #abc1 #ada-adg2 supreme1 #adb2 infallible1 #ade2 inspired1 #adb2 has political power1 #adc1 #age2 financial1 #adc1 #adf ,house of ,spirituality1 #adf ,ikan1 #cg1 #de1 #hf1 #ij1 #aad1 #aae1 #aeb1 #afc1 #baa1 #bbb ,imams1 #bj1 #hh1 #ib1 #acc1 #ahi1 #bcf1 #bdc ,immortality1 #cj1 #aab ,incarnations1 #bb1 #hh note1 #ij note #g ,india1 ,bahaism in1 #ac1 #bg1 #fh1 #hc note1 #hd1 #he1 #afi1 #bjc1 #bhc ,inheritance1 ,law of1 #aff ,intolerance of ,shiahs1 #ba1 #acf 7see ,martyrs72 of ,babis1 #ace2 of ,bahais1 #acb 7see ,tolerance7 ,isaiah1 #hh1 #ig ,ishrak-,ishrakat 7,effulgences71 #ei1 #aeb1 #aed1 #bda ,islam 7see ,mohammedanism7 ,ismielis1 #bj1 #ia note ,jani1 ,mirza1 #agb1 #ahj1 #ahc note #b2 his ,history1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aij ,jerusalem1 #ig1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #abg ,jessup1 ,h4 ,h41 #ae1 #be1 #fb1 #aja1 #abd1 #afg1 #aif note #c1 #aig1 #bdj1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfe ,jewish ,bahais1 #bf1 #bg1 #ea1 #ajf1 #bja and notes ,jews1 #cc1 #ea1 #fd1 #fg1 #hb1 #hd1 #hg1 #ib1 #ajc2 in ,hamadan1 #bja ,john ,baptist1 #ah1 #ce1 #if1 #agh ,johnson1 ,h41 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #aad ,jordan1 ,s4 ,m41 #bf1 #bjj1 #baf ,judaism1 #cc1 #ce1 #da1 #he ,kazim1 ,haji1 #ba1 #agj ,khadim1 ,ullah 7,mirza ,aga ,jan71 #afa1 #ahh1 #bcc1 #bed ,kheiralla1 #ad1 #bf1 #cg1 #da1 #hi1 #ajf1 #adj1 #aeb1 #aei1 #aia1 #bda1 #bde note2 history of1 #afg1 #bfe1 #bga ,kirman1 #bg1 #ch ,kitab-ul-,akdas1 #ad1 #cg-ci1 #ed1 #ei1 #ia1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #abg1 #ada1 #add1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeh1 #afe1 #afi1 #bca1 #bda1 #bdh ,koran1 #di1 #gb1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #aab1 #aad1 #aba1 #aig1 #aih1 #baa ,krishna1 #ij1 #ib ,kurrat-ul ,ayn1 #aej1 #agj-agb1 #agd #aib1 #bcf1 #bcg ,laws 7see ,babism and ,bahaism7 ,letters1 #aga ,lucas1 ,m4 ,a41 #be1 #bhi ,mac,nutt1 ,h41 #be1 #fc ,mahdi1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #ib1 #ahi1 #baj ,mahdiism1 #ai ,maku1 #ba1 #baj1 #bcf ,manifestation 7see ,baha ,ullah--,claims2 ,bahaisms--,doctrines7 ,marriage obligatory1 #aee 7see ,woman7 ,martyrs1 #abc note #c1 #acg1 #aib1 #aic1 #bac1 #beh ,mashrak-ul-,askar 7see ,temple7 ,maskin ,kalam1 #dc1 #afg1 #bje1 #bbc ,metempsychosis1 #ie ,millennium1 #gg1 #ih1 #bag ,missions1 ,christian1 #bf1 #cj1 #he1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjc2 converts from ,islam1 #fe1 #bbb1 #bda ,mohammed1 #ca1 #cc1 #cd1 #de1 #ej1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf1 #hh1 #ib1 #ii1 #aei1 #afb1 #bdc ,mohammedans1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #hd1 #ib1 #abc1 #ach1 #adf1 #aff1 #afi1 #agb-agd1 #aig1 #bad1 #bdc2 ,sunnis indifferent to ,bahaism1 #bg2 converted to ,christianity1 #fe1 #bbb1 #bda ,mohammedanism1 #aa1 #dh1 #he1 #aac1 #aba1 #abc ,mohammed ,ali1 ,mirza1 son of ,baha1 #bd1 #fi note1 #afa1 #ahg-ahh1 #bej1 #beb1 #bec-bfa1 #bgg2 adherents of1 #bei1 #bgj 7see ,behais7 ,mohammed ,ali ,shah1 #ach-adj2 rewarded ,bahais1 #ach ,mohammed ,ali1 ,mullah1 of ,zenjan1 #afb ,mohammed ,ali1 ,mullah1 of ,barfurush1 #aga1 #bcg ,mohammed ,javad ,kasvini1 #ad1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bcb ,mohammed ,shah1 #aje1 #acc1 #baj 7see ,shah7 ,mohammed ,taki1 ,haji1 #agb1 #bcf ,mohonk1 ,lake1 ,conference1 #fe1 #gj ,morals 7see ,bahaism--,claims71 #agi-baf ,mormons1 #dc1 #eb ,moses1 #ca1 #da1 #hf1 #hh1 #ib ,mullahs1 #acg1 #ach1 #add note #a1 #aij1 #baj-bab1 #bac ,nabil1 #bb1 #dg1 #bdj ,nakhazeen 7violators71 #ci1 #bef1 #bfa1 #bgj1 #bgc ,nasr-ud-,din ,shah1 #acc1 #acd1 #ace1 #ahi-aia1 #baj 7see ,shah72 attempt to assassinate1 #ba1 #bc1 #bch 7see ,epistle to ,shah7 ,negro ,bahais1 #afh1 #bhb 7see ,gregory7 ,nestorians1 #bh1 #fg ,new ,history1 #cg1 #ajd1 #aac1 #acf1 #afj1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #aia1 #baa1 #bab1 #bde1 #bfe ,new ,testament1 #df1 #dg1 #hb1 #hf1 #id1 #ajf2 declared abrogated1 #aad ,nicolas1 ,a4 ,l4 ,m41 #ad1 #ah1 #agh1 #aih1 #bbj ,noruz1 #aba1 #abg1 #ahg ,number of ,bahais 7see ,bahais7 ,numbers1 ,sacred1 nineteen1 #ef1 #ei1 #aba1 #abg2 nine1 #ef1 #aag1 #abc1 #abg1 #ada1 #age note1 #bcg1 #beh1 #bgi ,nur-i-,din1 ,sheikh1 #bb ,nusairiyah 7see ,ali ,allahi7 ,oliphant1 ,laurence1 #ahg note #a1 #aid1 #aif note1 #bca ,opium1 use prohibited1 #bad2 used by ,bahais1 #bae ,orient-,occident ,educational ,society 7see ,persian-,american ,educational ,society7 ,pantheism 7in ,bahaism71 #hh1 #hi note ,parsees 7see ,zoroastrians7 ,peace1 #fg1 #gj-gf1 #ace1 #bgf 7see ,baha ,ullah--,claims1 ,peace7 ,persia1 ,babism in1 #ah1 #ec1 #ace1 #adf1 #aga1 #bcf 7see ,constitutional ,movement72 customs of1 #be1 #gi1 #id1 #adg1 #ahe note #b2 religions of1 #ai1 #ff1 #fg1 #hh note1 #ia1 #ajg2 religious law of1 #eh2 mullahs1 #bab2 ,baha ,ullah in1 #bb1 #gj1 #afa1 #ahe1 #bba2 ,bahais in1 #ad1 #bc1 #bf1 #eh1 #hh note1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aab1 #aah1 #abf note #b1 #ace1 #aci1 #adj1 #aed1 #afa1 #aib1 #bac-baf1 #bei-bfj1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bhc ,persian-,american ,educational ,society1 #aed1 #bjb1 #bgc ,phelps1 ,myron1 #bf1 #cb1 #cc1 #ej1 #hh1 #ie1 #aab1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afd1 #agd1 #agi1 #aie1 #bji1 #bac1 #bbf1 #bdd1 #bdi1 #bfj1 #bge2 ,life of ,abbas ,effendi1 #aec1 #agc1 #bhi ,pilgrimage1 #abc-abf 7see ,shrines and ,bahai-,american-,pilgrims7 ,polygamy 7see ,woman1 ,babism1 ,bahaism7 ,pope1 ,epistle to1 #cf1 #ic1 #ahe note #b ,potter1 ,j4 ,l41 #aja note ,prayer1 #gd1 #aaj1 #aac1 #aba1 #afd ,primal ,will1 #da1 #hi ,prophecies1 #ig1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aah ,prophets1 #ca1 #da1 #hh1 #hi1 #ij1 #ih ,quarrel over succession1 #bdg-bfb ,religious ,assassinations1 #bai-bdf 7see ,assassinations7 ,remey1 ,c4 ,m41 #bg1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj1 #ej1 #ea1 #ef1 #fc1 #fd1 #ga1 #gg1 #gh1 #hd1 #he1 #hg1 #if1 #aad1 #aah1 #abh1 #ach1 #adj1 #adc1 #afj1 #agd1 #ahj1 #bjc1 #bfa1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bhh ,return1 rijat1 #ie1 #if1 #aaj ,rizwan1 #hg1 #abg1 #bgi ,rosary1 #abc1 #bec ,rosen1 ,baron1 #eg1 #ahf1 #ahg ,russia1 #eg1 #agc1 #ahg ,satan denied1 #aab ,schools 7see ,education7 ,schuster1 ,morgan1 #agj ,sects1 ,moslem1 #ai1 #bj1 #ia note1 #bjh 7see ,persia--,religions of72 ,oriental in ,america1 #bfd1 #bhd ,seven ,valleys1 #cg1 #aac1 #aae1 #aeb ,shahs of ,persia1 #ba1 #gc1 #acc1 #acd1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahf1 #aib 7see under names7 ,shedd1 ,j4 ,h41 #bh1 #bag ,shedd1 ,w4 ,a41 #bf1 #cj1 #hb1 #aig1 #aii1 #bjj1 #baf ,sheikhis1 #ba1 #fg1 #fh1 #agj1 #age1 #bac ,shiahs1 #ai1 #bj1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #fg1 #ahi1 #aia1 #aig1 #baj1 #bcf1 #bci1 #bei 7see ,sects7 ,shrines1 #abc and note #c1 #abe1 #abf1 #bac ,sprague1 ,sydney1 #cb1 #dj1 #fd1 #hd1 #he1 #ij1 #aah1 #afj1 #bag1 #bdi1 #bhi ,speer1 ,r4 ,e41 ,missions and ,modern ,history1 #ah1 #bh1 #gh1 #hb1 #aja1 #acc1 #aej1 #bag1 #bbj1 #bfd ,star of the ,west1 #ad1 #ea1 #ef1 #ic1 #aaf1 #abh1 #aed1 #bjb1 #bgc1 #bhd1 #bhe ,state1 ,bahaism and the1 #aca-adi ,stenstrand1 ,a4 ,j41 #ahe note #b1 #bde note #a1 #bfh1 #bfi ,subh-i-,azal1 #ae1 #ch1 #afj1 #ahe1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bdf1 #bfh2 history of1 #bb1 #bc1 #dc1 #afg1 #aig1 #bje1 #bba-bbh2 polygamy1 #aei2 attempt to poison1 #bbd2 attempt to murder1 #bbg2 witness to murder of ,azalis1 #bbi1 #bce2 successor to ,bab1 #bb1 #db1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahd and note #c1 #bjd1 #bbj2 writings1 #gd ,sufis1 #fh note1 #gh1 #age ,suicide1 #aab1 #bci1 #bdj ,sultan of ,turkey1 #bb1 #ch1 #aic-aid1 #beg1 #bfb ,surat-ul-,haykal1 #cg1 #aag1 #aeb ,surat-ul-,muluk1 #ahf1 #aia ,tabriz1 #ba1 #dd1 #ia note1 #aje1 #abc1 #aee1 #ahi1 #aih1 #bcd1 #bei1 #bgd ,tagiya 7dissimulation71 #bc1 #dh1 #ea1 #he1 #aic1 #aig-bje1 #bjh ,tajallayat1 #ia ,teheran1 #ba1 #abc1 #adj1 #aee1 #afa1 #agd1 #aih1 #bjc1 #bgd ,temples1 ,bahai1 #ih1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aag1 #bgh-bhj ,templeton1 ,mrs41 #aid1 #bee note #b1 #bef ,tisdall1 ,w4 ,st,c41 #di ,toleration1 #acf1 #acg1 #adj2 lack of1 #ba1 #acb1 #ace1 #adg1 #aia1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bee1 #bei 7see ,intolerance7 ,traveller's ,narrative1 #cg1 #db1 #aac1 #acf1 #ahb1 #ahd note #b1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #aij1 #bjd1 #bfe2 its author ,abdul ,baha1 #aei1 #agh1 #ahc1 #bbf1 #bde ,trinities1 #dj note #c1 #bfj ,true1 ,c41 #id1 #abd1 #bhc1 #bhi ,turkey1 ,bahais in1 #bg1 #gf1 #ace 7see ,bagdad1 ,adrianople1 ,acca7 ,universal language1 #ei1 #gj ,universal religion1 #bi1 #ej-ei ,vatralsky1 ,s4 ,k41 #acc1 #bjh1 #bbj1 #bff1 #bfg ,wars of ,babis1 #ba1 #ga1 #gc1 #ace2 ,baha starts to war1 #gc2 condemns war1 #fg1 #gj1 #ga2 ,abdul ,baha on war1 #gd ,wilberforce1 ,canon1 #hd1 #aig1 #bha ,woman1 in ,bahaism1 #aea-age2 education of1 #aed 7see ,education72 equality with man taught1 #aea1 #bgb2 not taught by ,baha1 #aeb2 position inferior under ,bahaism1 #aec1 #aeh1 #afc1 #afe1 #aff note #a1 #agf2 woman ,bahais in ,america1 #aec1 #afc1 #age1 #bgg2 civil rights of1 #aee-afg2 inheritance unequal1 #aff2 marriage3 enjoined1 #aee2 with consent1 #aef2 child betrothals1 #aeg2 bigamy allowed and practiced1 #aeh1 #afd note #c2 wives of ,baha1 #afj-afb2 ,bahais favour plural marriage1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe2 intermarriage with negroes1 #afh2 divorce3 loose law1 #afe2 causes of1 #aff-afg2 alimony small1 #aff2 desertion1 #afg2 social rights1 #afi2 continues veiled1 #agc2 not receive men visitors1 #agc1 #agd and note #b2 no political equality1 #age-agf2 no women in government1 #agf2 movement to ameliorate among ,moslems1 #afi-agj1 #agc and note #a 7see ,kurrat-ul-,ayn7 ,writing of1 #bhh-bhi 7see ,bab--,books1 ,bayan1 ,baha ,ullah7 ,wylie1 ,a4 ,l41 #hd ,yahya1 ,mirza 7see ,subh-i-,azal7 ,yahya1 ,sayid1 #dd ,zoroaster1 #ca1 #ajg ,zoroastrians1 #bf1 #bg1 #ee1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #he1 #ib1 #ajf1 #bjc ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,concerning ,,foreign ,,lands ,,edward ,,warren ,,capen1 ,ph4,d4 ,organizing ,secretary of the ,hartford ,school of ,missions ,,sociological ,,progress ,,in ,,mission ,,lands #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,the material for this able sociological survey ,dr4 ,capen gathered during a visitation of the missionary fields of the world4 ,dr4 ,james ,dennis says3 ,dr4 ,capen's grasp of a very large and complex subject is adequate and well balanced4 ,,jeremiah ,,zimmerman1 ,d4,d4 ,,the ,,god ,,juggernaut ,,and ,,hinduism ,,in ,,india ,illustrated1 #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,a careful study of the religious rites and gods of ,hinduism1 based on its observation during a #e1jjj mile journey in the ,east1 ,dr4 ,zimmerman writes entertainingly and instructively of the life of these millions of our fellow human-beings of whom we have known so little--,syracuse ,herald4 ,,rena ,l4 ,,hogg ,a ,,master ,,builder ,,on ,,the ,,nile ,being the ,record of the ,life and ,labors of ,john ,hogg1 ,d4,d4 ,illustrated1 #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,m4 ,zwemer says3 ,it is bound to interest people as fully as the life story of any missionary published in recent years4 ,,carl ,,leroy ,,howland1 ,ph4,b4 ,,manual ,,of ,,missions ,introduction by ,bishop ,w4 ,t4 ,hogue1 cloth1 net #ge;c4 ,an authoritative statement of just what those interested in world-wide evangelization desire to know regarding the occupied and unoccupied fields of missionary enterprise4 ,the writer knows of no other work which presents so many and such varied facts regarding foreign missionary work within so small a compass4--,bishop ,wilson ,t4 ,hogue4 ,j4 ,j4 ,,mullowney1 ,d4,d4 and ,his ,chinese ,friend ,a ,,revelation ,,of ,,the ,,chinese ,,revolution #abmo1 cloth1 net #ge;c4 ,an authentic and intimate record of the ,chinese ,revolution4 ,the author's data1 inspired by men behind the scenes1 shows how the extravagance and inefficiency of the ,manchus brought about the ruin of their dynasty1 and ushered in the first ,republic of the ,east4 ,there is1 in addition1 a closely-written and illuminating review of the social and political conditions which now obtain in the ,flowery ,kingdom4 ,,foreign ,,missions ,m4 ,,wilma ,,stubbs ,,how ,,europe ,,was ,,won ,,for ,,christianity ,illustrated4 #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,the story of the first seventeen centuries of ,christianity is here told in the lives of the great missionaries of the church beginning with ,st4 ,paul4 ,so far as we are aware no single volume containing so complete a collection of the lives of these pioneers in missionary work has before been published4 ,miss ,stubbs has done a very real and important service to the cause of missions in making the lives of these great men live for the inspiration of younger generations of to-day4 ,r4 ,,fletcher ,,moorshead1 ,m4,b41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4 ,,the ,,appeal ,,of ,,medical ,,missions #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4jj4 ,the author is ,secretary of the ,medical ,mission ,auxiliary of the ,british ,baptist ,mission ,society and ,baptist ,zenana ,mission4 ,he gives a general survey of the main considerations upon which the ,medical ,mission enterprise is based1 presenting a true conception of the need1 value and importance of this great work in the spread of the ,gospel4 ,dr4 ,moorshead knows his subject well and he gives a wealth of interesting facts regarding ,the ,character and ,purpose of ,medical ,missions--,the ,origin and ,authority1 ,justification1 ,need1 ,value--,the ,practice of ,medical ,missions1 ,woman's ,sphere in ,them1 ,training for1 ,home ,base1 ,failure1 ,appeal1 etc4 ,,james ,s4 ,,dennis1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,the ,,modern ,,call ,,of ,,missions3 ,studies ,in ,some of the ,larger ,aspects of a ,great ,enterprise4 #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,this is a magnificent presentation of the call of missions1 showing their great and sweeping influence on human life and social progress4 ,it is a logical and searching study of the power of the ,gospel as it goes into other lands and there meets the facts and elements that make up the life of the people4 ,dr4 ,dennis has had the personal experiences and knowledge which enable him to speak with authority4 ,an exceedingly valuable contribution to the missionary literature of the day4--,herald and ,presbyter4 ,,archibald ,mc,l,e,a,n ,,epoch ,,makers ,,of ,,modern ,,missions ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4jj4 ,the author of ,where the ,book ,speaks1 has given in these ,college of ,missions ,lectures a series of sketches of modern missionary leaders which for clearness1 brevity1 directness of style and inspirational value1 have rarely been surpassed4 ,each characterization is truly much in little1 and the book is a distinct and most acceptable addition to missionary biography4 ,,robert ,e4 ,,speer ,the ,cole ,lectures for #aiaa4 ,,some ,,great ,,leaders ,,in ,,the ,,world ,,movement #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4be4 ,mr4 ,speer in his characteristic inspiring way has presented the key note of the lives of six of the ,world's greatest missionaries3 ,raymond ,lull1 the crusading spirit in missions2 ,william ,carey1 the problems of the pioneer2 ,alexander ,duff1 ,missions and ,education2 ,george ,bowen1 the ascetic ideal in missions2 ,john ,lawrence1 politics and missions2 and ,charles ,g4 ,gordon1 modern missionary knight-errancy4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwemer1 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 and ,others ,,islam ,,and ,,missions #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,this volume presents the papers read at the ,second ,conference on ,missions to ,moslems1 recently held in ,lucknow1 ,india4 ,the contributors are all experts of large experience in such mission effort4 ,,van ,,sommer1 ,,annie1 and ,others ,,daylight ,,in ,,the ,,harem ,a ,new ,era for ,moslem ,women4 ,in ,press4 ,woman's work for ,woman is nowhere more needed than on the part of ,christian women for their sisters of ,islam4 ,it is a most difficult field of service1 but this volume by authors long and practically interested in this important ,christian ministry1 demonstrates how effectually this work has opened and is being carried forward with promising results4 ,,robert ,a4 ,,hume1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,an ,,interpretation ,,of ,,india',s ,,religious ,,history ,introduction by ,president ,king1 ,,ll4,d4 of ,oberlin ,college #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4be4 ,the author of this careful1 though popular1 study1 is eminently qualified to deal with the subject of his thoughtful volume4 ,equipped for this purpose through long residence in ,india and intimate study of ,india's religious history1 what he says will be accepted as the estimate and interpretation of an authority4 ,,margaret ,e4 ,,burton ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,women ,,in ,,china ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4be4 ,the author of this scholarly study of the ,chinese woman and education is the daughter of ,prof4 ,ernest ,e4 ,burton1 of the ,university of ,chicago4444 ,the work is probably the most thorough study of an important phase of the economic development of the world's most populous country that has appeared4 ,,george ,f4 ,,herrick1 ,d4,d4 ,fifty ,years ,missionary of the ,american ,board in ,turkey ,,christian ,,and ,,mohammedan ,a ,plea for ,bridging the ,chasm4 ,illustrated1 net #a4be4 ,dr4 ,herrick has given his life to missionary work among the ,mohammedans4 ,opinions from leading missionaries to ,mohammedans1 in all parts of the world have been brought together in the book for the elucidation of essential points of the problem and form an immensely practical feature of the discussion4--,henry ,otis ,dwight1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,james ,l4 ,,barton1 ,d4 ,d4 ,,human ,,progress ,,through ,,missions #abmo1 cloth1 net #ej;c4 ,by the ,foreign ,secretary of the ,american ,board4 ,the book is a notable addition to the apologetics of ,missions and will carry a message of conviction to many a reader who may not be fully persuaded of the value and necessity of ,christian work in foreign lands4 ,,alice ,m4 ,,guernsey ,a ,,queen ,,esther ,,round ,,robin ,decorated ,paper1 in ,envelope1 net #be;c4 ,it was a pretty conceit to have a disbanding mission circle keep up their mutual connection by writing a round robin4 ,it is just the thing for girls' mission bands4--,s4 ,s4 ,times4 ,s4 ,m4 ,,zwemer1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,arabia3 ,,the ,,cradle ,,of ,,islam ,studies in the ,geography1 ,people and ,politics of the ,peninsula2 with an account of ,islam and ,missionary ,work4 ,new ,edition4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 ,cloth1 net #b4jj4 ,,anstice ,,abbott ,,the ,,stolen ,,bridegroom ,,and ,,other ,,east ,,indian ,,idylls ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #ge;c4 ,the author has vividly portrayed some of the ways in which ,christ enters the ,hindu heart2 ,just the book to read in the auxiliary society or to bring into the reading club4--,mission ,studies4 ,,children',s ,,missionary ,,series ,cloth1 decorated1 each1 net #fj;c4 ,new ,volumes4 ,,children ,,of ,,persia4 ,mrs4 ,napier ,malcolm4 ,,children ,,of ,,borneo4 ,edwin ,h4 ,gomes4 ,each volume is written by an authority on the countries represented as well as by a writer who knows how to tell a story that will both entertain and instruct children4 ,,missionary ,,james ,s4 ,,dennis1 ,d4,d4 ,,the ,,modern ,,call ,,of ,,missions3 ,studies ,in ,some of the ,larger ,aspects of a ,great ,enterprise4 #hvo1 cloth1 net #a4ej4 ,doctor ,dennis has brought together in this1 his latest volume on ,foreign ,missions1 eighteen very suggestive and informing studies4 ,the author might very properly be called the ,dean of the ,school of the ,philosophy of ,modern ,missions4 ,he is both keenly analytical as well as broad in his outlook4 ,this intensity and assurance can hardly fail to deeply impress and influence the reader4 ,it is preeminently a dynamic book4 ,,miss ,,minna ,g4 ,,cowan ,,the ,,education ,,of ,,the ,,women ,,of ,,india ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4be4 ,the subject is treated historically1 philosophically and suggestively4 ,the contributions made by the government1 the ,east ,indians themselves and the missionaries1 to solving the educational problems of the country are clearly shown4 ,the book is an important and suggestive addition to the literature of education in foreign lands1 being a worthy companion volume to ,miss ,burton's ,the ,education of ,women in ,china4 ,,archibald ,mc,l,e,a,n ,,epoch ,,makers ,,of ,,modern ,,missions ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #a4jj4 ,the author of ,where the ,book ,speaks1 has given in these ,college of ,missions ,lectures a series of sketches of modern missionary leaders which for clearness1 brevity1 directness of style and inspirational value1 have rarely been surpassed4 ,each characterization is truly much in little1 and the book is a distinct and most acceptable addition to missionary biography4 ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,munn ,,three ,,men ,,on ,a ,,chinese ,,houseboat ,the ,story of a ,river ,voyage ,told for ,young ,folks4 ,illustrated1 #abmo1 cloth1 net #ge;c4 ,the story of an actual trip up the ,yang-tse river taken by three missionaries on the way to their stations4 ,in breezy1 easy-flowing narrative one of the three tells the very interesting story of their fifteen hundred mile journey4 ,the book should be a very acceptable addition to missionary stories and side-light reading4 ,,robert ,e4 ,,speer ,,christianity ,,and ,,the ,,nations ,the ,duff ,lectures for #aiaj4 #hvo1 cloth1 net #b4jj4 ,among the many notable volumes that have resulted from the well-known ,duff foundation ,lectureship this new work embodying the series given by ,mr4 ,robert ,e4 ,speer in ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow and ,aberdeen1 will rank among the most important4 ,the general theme1 ,the ,reflex ,influence of ,missions upon the ,nations1 suggests a large1 important1 and most interesting work4 ,the name of the lecturer is sufficient guarantee of the method of treatment4 ,,henry ,h4 ,,jessup ,,fifty-,,three ,,years ,,in ,,syria ,introduction by ,james ,s4 ,dennis4 ,two volumes1 illustrated1 #hvo1 cloth1 boxed1 net #e4jj4 ,this autobiographical record of half a century's experience in the mission field of ,syria1 is rich in color1 narrative and insight4 ,it is also incidentally a history of the mission work for the period but told with a personal touch and from the innermost standpoint4 ,it is a pioneer's story1 and as such never lacks in interest4 ,,julius ,,richter ,a ,,history ,,of ,,protestant ,,missions ,,in ,,the ,,near ,,east #hvo1 cloth1 net #b4ej4 ,a companion volume to ,a ,history of ,missions in ,india by this great authority4 ,the progress of the gospel is traced in ,asia ,minor1 ,persia1 ,arabia1 ,syria and ,egypt4 ,non-sectarian in spirit and thoroughly comprehensive in scope4 ,it is truly a notable work and can be endorsed in unqualified terms4--,john ,r4 ,mott4 ,,william ,,edward ,,gardner ,,winners ,,of ,,the ,,world ,,during ,,twenty ,,centuries ,adapted for ,boys and ,girls4 ,a ,story and a ,study of ,missionary ,effort from the ,time of ,paul to the ,present ,day4 ,cloth1 net #fj;c2 paper1 net #cj;c4 ,brief sketches of great missionaries in chronological order1 extending down through ,augustine and ,boniface the apostles to ,england and ,germany1 ,xavier in ,japan1 and ,brainerd among the ,indians1 to ,carey1 ,moffat and ,livingstone and ,missionaries of our own day4 ,intensely stimulating and suggestive4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,italics indicated by underscores like this ,bold and small caps indicated by upper-case ,,like ,,this ,minor punction errors corrected without notice p4 #ig ,baba changed to ,baha p #agh4 percursor changed to precursor