file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/ration4
       ,see #cfefh-;h4htm or            
#cfefh-;h4zip3                          
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cfefh_/pg#cfefh-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cfef
h_/cfefh-;h4zip7      ,,god ,,& ,,!     
,,/ate  by  ,,mi*ael ,,bakun9  ,"m ,e>? 
,publi%+ ,association   ,illu/ration3   
,,mi*ael ,,bakun9   ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,/ate
  by  ,,mi*ael ,,bakun9  ,) a ,preface  
by ,c>lo ,cafi]o & ,elisee ,reclus      
,fir/ ,am]ican ,edition        ,"m ,e>? 
,publi%+ ,association #bj ,ea/ #abe?    
,/reet ,new ,york ,city     ,preface to 
! ,fir/ ,fr5* ,edition   ,"o ( u is soon
 to tell 9 all its details ! /ory ( !   
life ( ,mi*ael ,bakun91 b its g5]al     
features are already suffici5tly        
famili>4 ,fri5ds & enemies "k t ?is man 
0 great 9 ?\ght1 w1 p]si/5t en]gy2 !y "k
 also ) :at l(ty contempt he look$ d[n  
^u weal?1 rank1 glory1 all ! wret*$     
ambitions :i* mo/ human be+s are base   
en\gh to ent]ta94 ,a ,russian g5tleman  

relat$ by m>riage to ! highe/ nobility (
 ! empire1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to ent] t   
intrepid society ( rebels :o 7 able to  
release !mselves f traditions1          
prejudices1 race & class int]e/s1 & set 
_! own com=t at naught4 ,) !m he f\ght !
 /]n battle ( life1 aggravat$ by        
imprisonm5t1 exile1 all ! dang]s & all !
 sorr[s t m5 ( self-sacrifice h to      
und]go dur+ _! torm5t$ exi/5ce4  ,a     
simple /one & a "n m>k ! spot 9 !       
cemet]y ( ,b]ne :]e 0 laid ! body (     
,bakun94 ,ev5 t is p]haps too mu* to    
honor ! memory ( a work] :o held        
vanities ( t sort 9 su* slight e/eem4 ,8
 fri5ds surely w raise to him no        
o/5tati\s tomb/one or /atue4 ,!y "k )   
:at a huge laugh he w\ld h receiv$ !m1  
_h !y spok5 to him ( a commemorative    
/ructure erect$ to 8 glory2 !y knew1    
too1 t ! true way to honor _! dead is to
 cont9ue _! "w--) ! same ardor &        
p]sev]ance t !y !mselves br\ght to x4 ,9
 ?is case1 inde$1 a difficult task dem&+
 all our ef=ts1 = among ! revolutioni/s 

( ! pres5t g5]ation n "o has labor$ m   
f]v5tly 9 ! common cause ( !            
,revolution4  ,9 ,russia among ! /ud5ts1
 9 ,g]many among ! insurg5ts ( ,dresd51 
9 ,sib]ia among 8 bro!rs 9 exile1 9     
,am]ica1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,france1 9         
,switz]l&1 9 ,italy1 among all e>ne/ m51
 8 direct influ5ce has be5 consid]able4 
,! orig9ality ( 8 ideas1 ! imag]y &     
vehem5ce ( 8 eloqu5ce1 8 untir+ zeal 9  
propag&ism1 help$ too by ! natural      
maje/y ( 8 p]son & by a p[]ful vitality1
 gave ,bakun9 access to all !           
revolution>y gr\ps1 & 8 ef=ts left deep 
traces ev]y:]e1 ev5 ^u ^? :o1 aft] hav+ 
welcom$ him1 ?ru/ him out because ( a   
diff]5ce ( object or me?od4 ,8          
correspond5ce 0 mo/ ext5sive2 he pass$  
entire nights 9 prep>+ long lett]s to 8 
fri5ds 9 ! revolution>y _w1 & "s ( ^!   
lett]s1 writt5 to /r5g!n ! timid1 ar\se 
! sluggi%1 & outl9e plans ( propag&ism  
or revolt1 took on ! proportions (      
v]itable volumes4 ,^! lett]s m ?an any?+
 else expla9 ! prodigi\s "w ( ,bakun9 9 

! revolution>y movem5t ( ! c5tury4 ,!   
pamphlets publi%$ by him1 9 ,russian1   
,fr5*1 & ,italian1 h[ev] important !y   
may be1 & h[ev] useful !y may h be5 9   
spread+ ! new ideas1 are ! smalle/ "p ( 
,bakun9's "w4  ,! pres5t memoir1 ,god & 
! ,/ate1 is really a fragm5t ( a lett]  
or report4 ,compos$ 9 ! same mann] z mo/
 ( ,bakun9's o!r writ+s1 x has ! same   
lit]>y fault1 lack ( proportion2 moreov]
 x breaks (f abruptly3 we h se>*$ 9 va9 
to discov] ! end ( ! manuscript4 ,bakun9
 nev] _h ! "t necess>y to f9i% all !    
tasks he und]took4 ,"o "w 0 n complet$  
:5 o!rs 7 already "u way4 ,my life      
itself is a fragm5t1 he said to ^? :o   
criticis$ 8 writ+s4 ,nev]!less1 ! read]s
 ( ,god & ! ,/ate c]ta9ly w n regret t  
,bakun9's memoir1 incomplete ?\gh x be1 
has be5 publi%$4 ,! que/ions discuss$ 9 
x are treat$ decisively & ) a s+ul>     
vigor ( logic4 ,rightly address+ himself
 only to 8 hone/ oppon5ts1 ,bakun9      
demon/rates to !m ! empt9ess ( _! belief
 9 t div9e au?ority on :i* all temporal 

au?orities are f\nd$2 he proves to !m ! 
purely human g5esis ( all gov]nm5ts2    
f9ally1 )\t /opp+ to discuss ^? bases ( 
! ,/ate already condemn$ by public      
morality1 su* z physical sup]iority1    
viol5ce1 nobility1 weal?1 he does ju/ice
 to ! !ory :i* w\ld entru/ sci5ce ) !   
gov]nm5t ( societies4 ,suppos+ ev5 t x 7
 possible to recognize1 amid ! conflict 
( rival ambitions & intrigues1 :o are ! 
pret5d]s & :o are ! real savants1 & t a 
me?od ( election c\ld be f\nd :i* w\ld n
 fail to lodge ! p[] 9 ! h&s ( ^? ^: k  
is au!ntic1 :at gu>antee c\ld !y (f] u (
 ! wisdom & hone/y ( _! gov]nm5t8 ,on ! 
contr>y1 c we n =esee 9 ^! new ma/]s !  
same follies & ! same crimes f\nd 9 ^? (
 =m] days & ( ! pres5t "t8 ,9 ! fir/    
place1 sci5ce is n3 x is becom+4 ,!     
le>n$ man ( to-day is b ! "k-no?+ (     
to-morr[4 ,let him once imag9e t he has 
rea*$ ! end1 & = t v reason he s9ks     
b5ea? ev5 ! babe j born4 ,b1 c\ld he    
recognize tru? 9 its ess5ce1 he c only  
corrupt himself by privilege & corrupt  

o!rs by p[]4 ,to e/abli% 8 gov]nm5t1 he 
mu/ try1 l all *iefs ( ,/ate1 to arre/ !
 life ( ! masses mov+ bel[ him1 keep !m 
9 ignorance 9 ord] to pres]ve quiet1 &  
gradually debase !m t he may rule !m f a
 l(ti] ?rone4  ,= ! re/1 s9ce !         
doctr9aires made _! appe>ance1 ! true or
 pret5d$ g5ius has be5 try+ 8 h& at     
wield+ ! sceptre ( ! _w1 & we "k :at x  
has co/ u4 ,we h se5 !m at "w1 all ^!   
savants3 ! m h>d5$ ! m !y h /udi$2 !    
n>r[] 9 _! views ! m "t !y h sp5t 9     
exam9+ "s isolat$ fact 9 all its        
aspects2 )\t any exp]i5ce ( life1       
because !y h long kn[n no o!r horizon   
?an ! walls ( _! *eese2 *ildi% 9 _!     
passions & vanities1 because !y h be5   
unable to p>ticipate 9 s]i\s /ruggles & 
h nev] le>n$ ! true proportion ( ?+s4 ,h
 we n rec5tly witness$ ! f\ndation ( a  
:ole s*ool ( ?9k]s--wret*$ c\rti]s1 too1
 & p ( unclean lives--:o h con/ruct$ a  
:ole cosmogony = _! sole use8 ,accord+  
to !m1 worlds h be5 creat$1 societies h 
develop$1 revolutions h ov]turn$        

nations1 empires h gone d[n 9 blood1    
pov]ty1 disease1 & dea? h be5 ! que5s ( 
humanity1 only to raise up an elite (   
academicians1 ! full-bl[n fl[]1 ( :i*   
all o!r m5 are b ! manure4 ,t ^! editors
 ( ! ,temps & ! ,debats may h leisure to
 ?9k1 nations live & die 9 ignorance2   
all o!r human be+s are de/9$ = dea? 9   
ord] t ^! g5tlem5 may become immortal6  
,b we may reassure ourselves3 all ^!    
academicians w n h ! audacity ( ,alex&] 
9 cutt+ ) 8 sword ! ,gordian knot2 !y w 
n lift ! blade ( ,*>lemagne4 ,gov]nm5t  
by sci5ce is becom+ z impossible z t (  
div9e "r1 weal?1 or brute =ce4 ,all p[]s
 are h5ce=? to be submitt$ to pitiless  
criticism4 ,m5 9 :om ! s5tim5t (        
equality is born suff] !mselves no long]
 to be gov]n$2 !y le>n to gov]n         
!mselves4 ,9 precipitat+ f ! heights ( !
 heav5s him f :om all p[] is reput$ to  
desc5d1 societies unseat also all ^? :o 
reign$ 9 8 "n4 ,su* is ! revolution n[ 9
 progress4 ,/ates are break+ up to give 
place to a new ord]1 9 :i*1 z ,bakun9 0 

fond ( say+1 human ju/ice w be sub/itut$
 = div9e ju/ice4 ,if x is all[able to   
cite any "o "n f ^? ( ! revolutioni/s :o
 h tak5 "p 9 ?is imm5se "w ( r5ovation1 
!re is n "o t may be s+l$ out ) m ju/ice
 ?an t ( ,mi*ael ,bakun94               
,c>lo ,cafi]o4                          
,elisee ,reclus4     ,,god ,,& ,,!      
,,/ate   ,:o are "r1 ! ideali/s or !    
mat]iali/s8 ,! "q once /at$ 9 ?is way   
hesitation becomes impossible4          
,und\bt$ly ! ideali/s are wrong & !     
mat]iali/s "r4 ,yes1 facts are be=e     
ideas2 yes1 ! ideal1 z ,pr\dhon said1 is
 b a fl[]1 ^: root lies 9 ! mat]ial     
conditions ( exi/5ce4 ,yes1 ! :ole      
hi/ory ( humanity1 intellectual & moral1
 political & social1 is b a reflection (
 its economic hi/ory4  ,all bran*es (   
mod]n sci5ce1 ( true & dis9t]e/$ sci5ce1
 concur 9 proclaim+ ?is gr& tru?1       
fundam5tal & decisive3 ,! social _w1    
prop]ly speak+1 ! human _w--9 %ort1     
humanity--is no?+ o!r ?an ! la/ &       
supreme developm5t--at lea/ on our      

planet & z f> z we "k--! highe/         
manife/ation ( animality4 ,b z e        
developm5t necess>ily implies a         
negation1 t ( its base or po9t (        
dep>ture1 humanity is at ! same "t &    
ess5tially ! delib]ate & gradual        
negation ( ! animal elem5t 9 man2 & x is
 precisely ?is negation1 z rational z x 
is natural1 & rational only because     
natural--at once hi/orical & logical1 z 
inevitable z ! developm5t & realization 
( all ! natural laws 9 ! _w--t          
con/itutes & creates ! ideal1 ! _w (    
intellectual & moral convictions1 ideas4
  ,yes1 our fir/ ance/ors1 our ,adams & 
our ,eves1 71 if n gorillas1 v ne>      
relatives ( gorillas1 omnivor\s1        
intellig5t & f]oci\s bea/s1 end[$ 9 a   
high] degree ?an ! animals ( any o!r    
species ) two preci\s faculties--! p[]  
to ?9k & ! desire to rebel4  ,^!        
faculties1 comb9+ _! progressive action 
9 hi/ory1 repres5t ! ess5tial factor1 ! 
negative p[] 9 ! positive developm5t (  
human animality1 & create consequ5tly   

all t con/itutes humanity 9 man4  ,!    
,bible1 :i* is a v int]e/+ & "h & !re v 
pr(\nd book :5 consid]$ z "o ( ! olde/  
surviv+ manife/ations ( human wisdom &  
fancy1 expresses ?is tru? v naively 9   
its my? ( orig9al s94 ,jehovah1 :o ( all
 ! good gods ador$ by m5 0 c]ta9ly ! mo/
 jeal\s1 ! mo/ va91 ! mo/ f]oci\s1 ! mo/
 unju/1 ! mo/ blood?ir/y1 ! mo/         
despotic1 & ! mo/ ho/ile to human       
dignity & lib]ty--,jehovah _h j creat$  
,adam & ,eve1 to satisfy we "k n :at    
caprice2 no d\bt to :ile away 8 "t1 :i* 
mu/ weigh heavy on 8 h&s 9 8 et]nal     
egoi/ic solitude1 or t he might h "s new
 slaves4 ,he g5]\sly plac$ at _!        
disposal ! :ole e>?1 ) all its fruits & 
animals1 & set b a s+le limit to ?is    
complete enjoym5t4 ,he expressly =bade  
!m f t\*+ ! fruit ( ! tree ( k4 ,he     
wi%$1 !re=e1 t man1 de/itute ( all      
und]/&+ ( himself1 %\ld rema9 an et]nal 
bea/1 ev] on all-f\rs be=e ! et]nal     
,god1 8 creator & 8 ma/]4 ,b "h /eps 9  
,satan1 ! et]nal rebel1 ! fir/ free?9k] 

& ! emancipator ( worlds4 ,he makes man 
a%am$ ( 8 be/ial ignorance & ob$i5ce2 he
 emancipates him1 /amps ^u 8 br[ ! seal 
( lib]ty & humanity1 9 urg+ him to      
disobey & eat ( ! fruit ( k4  ,we "k :at
 foll[$4 ,! good ,god1 ^: =esight1 :i*  
is "o ( ! div9e faculties1 %\ld h w>n$  
him ( :at w\ld happ51 flew into a       
t]rible & ridicul\s rage2 he curs$      
,satan1 man1 & ! _w creat$ by himself1  
/rik+ himself s to speak 9 8 own        
creation1 z *ildr5 d :5 !y get angry2 &1
 n cont5t ) smit+ our ance/ors !mselves1
 he curs$ !m 9 all ! g5]ations to come1 
innoc5t ( ! crime committ$ by _!        
=efa!rs4 ,our ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant     
!ologians look ^u t z v pr(\nd & v j1   
precisely because x is mon/r\sly        
iniquit\s & absurd4 ,!n1 rememb]+ t he 0
 n only a ,god ( v5geance & wra?1 b also
 a ,god ( love1 aft] hav+ torm5t$ !     
exi/5ce ( a few milli>ds ( poor human   
be+s & condemn$ !m to an et]nal hell1 he
 took pity on ! re/1 &1 to save !m &    
reconcile 8 et]nal & div9e love ) 8     

et]nal & div9e ang]1 always gre$y =     
victims & blood1 he s5t into ! _w1 z an 
expiatory victim1 8 only son1 t he might
 be kill$ by m54 ,t is call$ ! my/]y ( !
 ,r$emption1 ! basis ( all ! ,*ri/ian   
religions4 ,/ill1 if ! div9e ,savior _h 
sav$ ! human _w6 ,b no2 9 ! p>adise     
promis$ by ,*ri/1 z we "k1 su* be+ !    
=mal ann\ncem5t1 ! elect w numb] v few4 
,! re/1 ! imm5se majority ( ! g5]ations 
pres5t & to come1 w burn et]nally 9     
hell4 ,9 ! meantime1 to console u1 ,god1
 ev] j1 ev] good1 h&s ov] ! e>? to !    
gov]nm5t ( ! ,napoleon ,?irds1 ( !      
,william ,fir/s1 ( ! ,f]d9&s ( ,au/ria1 
& ( ! ,alex&]s ( all ! ,russias4  ,su*  
are ! absurd tales t are told & !       
mon/r\s doctr9es t are taught1 9 ! full 
light ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 all ! public
 s*ools ( ,europe1 at ! express comm& ( 
! gov]nm5t4 ,!y call ?is civiliz+ ! p6  
,is x n pla9 t all ^! gov]nm5ts are     
sy/ematic poison]s1 int]e/$ /upefi]s ( !
 masses8  ,i h w&]$ f my subject1       
because ang] gets hold ( me :5ev] ,i ?9k

 ( ! base & crim9al means :i* !y employ 
to keep ! nations 9 p]petual slav]y1    
und\bt$ly t !y may be ! bett] able to   
fleece !m4 ,( :at consequ5ce are !      
crimes ( all ! ,tropmanns 9 ! _w comp>$ 
) ?is crime ( treason aga9/ humanity    
committ$ daily1 9 broad day1 ov] ! :ole 
surface ( ! civiliz$ _w1 by ^? :o d>e to
 call !mselves ! gu>dians & ! fa!rs ( ! 
p8 ,i return to ! my? ( orig9al s94     
,god admitt$ t ,satan 0 "r2 he recogniz$
 t ! devil did n deceive ,adam & ,eve 9 
promis+ !m k & lib]ty z a rew>d = ! act 
( disob$i5ce :i* he _h induc$ !m to     
commit2 =1 imm$iately !y _h eat5 ( !    
=bidd5 fruit1 ,god himself said 7see    
,bible73 ,behold1 ! man is become z "o (
 ! gods1 to "k good & evil2 prev5t him1 
!re=e1 f eat+ ( ! fruit ( et]nal life1  
le/ he become immortal l ,ourselves4    
,let u disreg>d n[ ! fabul\s portion (  
?is my? & consid] its true mean+1 :i* is
 v cle>4 ,man has emancipat$ himself2 he
 has sep>at$ himself f animality &      
con/itut$ himself a man2 he has begun 8 

di/9ctively human hi/ory & developm5t by
 an act ( disob$i5ce & sci5ce--t is1 by 
rebellion & by ?\ght4         99     99 
99     99     99  ,?ree elem5ts or1 if y
 l1 ?ree fundam5tal pr9ciples con/itute 
! ess5tial conditions ( all human       
developm5t1 collective or individual1 9 
hi/ory3 7#a7 human animality2 7#b7      
?\ght2 & 7#c7 rebellion4 ,to ! fir/     
prop]ly corresponds social & private    
economy2 to ! second1 sci5ce2 to ! ?ird1
 lib]ty4         99     99     99     99
     99  ,ideali/s ( all s*ools1        
ari/ocrats & b\rgeois1 !ologians &      
metaphysicians1 politicians & morali/s1 
religioni/s1 philosoph]s1 or poets1 n   
=gett+ ! lib]al economi/s--unb\nd$      
wor%ipp]s ( ! ideal1 z we "k--are mu*   
(f5d$ :5 told t man1 ) 8 magnific5t     
intellig5ce1 8 sublime ideas1 & 8       
b\ndless aspirations1 is1 l all else    
exi/+ 9 ! _w1 no?+ b matt]1 only a      
product ( vile matt]4  ,we may answ] t !
 matt] ( :i* mat]iali/s speak1 matt]    
spontane\sly & et]nally mobile1 active1 

productive1 matt] *emically or          
organically det]m9$ & manife/$ by !     
prop]ties or =ces1 me*anical1 physical1 
animal1 & intellig5t1 :i* necess>ily    
belong to x--t ?is matt] has no?+ 9     
common ) ! vile matt] ( ! ideali/s4 ,!  
latt]1 a product ( _! false ab/raction1 
is inde$ a /upid1 inanimate1 immobile   
?+1 incapable ( giv+ bir? to ! smalle/  
product1 a caput mortuum1 an ugly fancy 
9 contra/ to ! beautiful fancy :i* !y   
call ,god2 z ! opposite ( ?is supreme   
be+1 matt]1 _! matt]1 /ripp$ by !m ( all
 t con/itutes its real nature1          
necess>ily repres5ts supreme no?+ness4  
,!y h tak5 away f matt] intellig5ce1    
life1 all its det]m9+ qualities1 active 
relations or =ces1 motion itself1 )\t   
:i* matt] w\ld n ev5 h weight1 leav+ x  
no?+ b imp5etrability & absolute        
immobility 9 space2 !y h attribut$ all  
^! natural =ces1 prop]ties1 &           
manife/ations to ! imag9>y be+ creat$ by
 _! ab/ract fancy2 !n1 int]*ang+ roles1 
!y h call$ ?is product ( _! imag9ation1 

?is phantom1 ?is ,god :o is no?+1       
supreme ,be+1 &1 z a necess>y           
consequ5ce1 h decl>$ t ! real be+1      
matt]1 ! _w1 is no?+4 ,aft] :i* !y      
gravely tell u t ?is matt] is incapable 
( produc+ any?+1 n ev5 ( sett+ itself 9 
motion1 & consequ5tly mu/ h be5 creat$  
by _! ,god4  ,at ! end ( ?is book ,i    
expos$ ! fallacies & truly revolt+      
absurdities to :i* "o is inevitably l$  
by ?is imag9ation ( a ,god1 let him be  
consid]$ z a p]sonal be+1 ! creator &   
organiz] ( worlds2 or ev5 z imp]sonal1 a
 k9d ( div9e s\l spread ov] ! :ole      
univ]se & con/itut+ ?us its et]nal      
pr9ciple2 or let him be an idea1 inf9ite
 & div9e1 always pres5t & active 9 ! _w1
 & always manife/$ by ! totality (      
mat]ial & def9ite be+s4 ,"h ,i %all deal
 ) "o po9t only4  ,! gradual developm5t 
( ! mat]ial _w1 z well z ( organic      
animal life & ( ! hi/orically           
progressive intellig5ce ( man1          
individually or socially1 is p]fectly   
conceivable4 ,x is a :olly natural      

movem5t f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! l[]
 to ! high]1 f ! inf]ior to ! sup]ior2 a
 movem5t 9 con=mity ) all our daily     
exp]i5ces1 & consequ5tly 9 con=mity also
 ) our natural logic1 ) ! di/9ctive laws
 ( our m9d1 :i* be+ =m$ & develop$ only 
by ! aid ( ^! same exp]i5ces1 is1 s to  
speak1 b ! m5tal1 c]ebral reproduction  
or reflect$ summ>y !re(4  ,! sy/em ( !  
ideali/s is q ! contr>y ( ?is4 ,x is !  
rev]sal ( all human exp]i5ces & ( t     
univ]sal & common good s5se :i* is !    
ess5tial condition ( all human und]/&+1 
& :i*1 9 ris+ f ! simple & unanim\sly   
recogniz$ tru? t twice two are f\r to ! 
sublime/ & mo/ complex sci5tific        
consid]ations--admitt+1 moreov]1 no?+ t 
has n /ood ! sev]e/ te/s ( exp]i5ce or  
obs]vation ( ?+s & facts--becomes ! only
 s]i\s basis ( human k4  ,v f> f pursu+ 
! natural ord] f ! l[] to ! high]1 f !  
inf]ior to ! sup]ior1 & f ! relatively  
simple to ! m complex2 in/ead ( wisely &
 rationally accompany+ ! progressive &  
real movem5t f ! _w call$ inorganic to !

 _w organic1 vegetables1 animal1 & !n   
di/9ctively human--f *emical matt] or   
*emical be+ to liv+ matt] or liv+ be+1 &
 f liv+ be+ to ?9k+ be+--! ideali/s1    
obsess$1 bl9d$1 & pu%$ on by ! div9e    
phantom :i* !y h inh]it$ f !ology1 take 
precisely ! opposite c\rse4 ,!y g f !   
high] to ! l[]1 f ! sup]ior to !        
inf]ior1 f ! complex to ! simple4 ,!y   
beg9 ) ,god1 ei!r z a p]son or z div9e  
sub/ance or idea1 & ! fir/ /ep t !y take
 is a t]rible fall f ! sublime heights (
 ! et]nal ideal into ! mire ( ! mat]ial 
_w2 f absolute p]fection into absolute  
imp]fection2 f ?\ght to be+1 or r1 f    
supreme be+ to no?+4 ,:51 h[1 & :y !    
div9e be+1 et]nal1 inf9ite1 absolutely  
p]fect1 probably we>y ( himself1 decid$ 
^u ?is desp]ate salto mortale is some?+ 
:i* no ideali/1 no !ologian1 no         
metaphysician1 no poet1 has ev] be5 able
 to und]/& himself or expla9 to !       
pr(ane4 ,all religions1 pa/ & pres5t1 & 
all ! sy/ems ( transc5d5tal philosophy  
h+e on ?is unique & iniquit\s my/]y4#a  

,holy m51 inspir$ lawgiv]s1 prophets1   
messiahs1 h se>*$ x = life1 & f\nd only 
torm5t & dea?4 ,l ! anci5t sph9x1 x has 
dev\r$ !m1 because !y c\ld n expla9 x4  
,great philosoph]s1 f ,h]aclitus &      
,plato d[n to ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1       
,leibnitz1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 &    
,hegel1 n to m5tion ! ,indian           
philosoph]s1 h writt5 heaps ( volumes & 
built sy/ems z +5i\s z sublime1 9 :i* !y
 h said by ! way _m beautiful & gr& ?+s 
& discov]$ immortal tru?s1 b !y h left  
?is my/]y1 ! pr9cipal object ( _!       
transc5d5tal inve/igations1 z           
unfa?omable z be=e4 ,! gigantic ef=ts ( 
! mo/ wond]ful g5iuses t ! _w has kn[n1 
& :o1 "o aft] ano!r1 = at lea/ ?irty    
c5turies1 h und]tak5 anew ?is labor (   
,sisyphus1 h result$ only 9 r5d]+ ?is   
my/]y /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,is x to  
be hop$ t x w be unveil$ to u by ! r\t9e
 speculations ( "s p$antic disciple ( an
 artificially w>m$-ov] metaphysics at a 
"t :5 all liv+ & s]i\s spirits h ab&on$ 
t ambigu\s sci5ce born ( a              

compromise--hi/orically explicable no   
d\bt--betwe5 ! unreason ( fai? & s\nd   
sci5tific reason8  ,x is evid5t t ?is   
t]rible my/]y is inexplicable--t is1    
absurd1 because only ! absurd admits (  
no explanation4 ,x is evid5t t :oev]    
f9ds x ess5tial to 8 happ9ess & life mu/
 r5\nce 8 reason1 & return1 if he c1 to 
naive1 bl9d1 /upid fai?1 to repeat )    
,t]tullianus & all s9c]e believ]s ^!    
words1 :i* sum up ! v qu9tess5ce (      
!ology3 ,cr$o quia absurdum4 ,!n all    
discussion ceases1 & no?+ rema9s b !    
triumphant /upidity ( fai?4 ,b          
imm$iately !re arises ano!r "q3 ,h[     
comes an intellig5t & well-in=m$ man ev]
 to feel ! ne$ ( believ+ 9 ?is my/]y8   
,no?+ is m natural ?an t ! belief 9     
,god1 ! creator1 regulator1 judge1 ma/]1
 curs]1 savior1 & b5efactor ( ! _w1 %\ld
 /ill prevail among ! p1 especially 9 ! 
rural di/ricts1 :]e x is m widespread   
?an among ! prolet>iat ( ! cities4 ,! p1
 un=tunately1 are /ill v ignorant1 & are
 kept 9 ignorance by ! sy/ematic ef=ts (

 all ! gov]nm5ts1 :o consid] ?is        
ignorance1 n )\t good reason1 z "o ( !  
ess5tial conditions ( _! own p[]4       
,weight$ d[n by _! daily labor1 depriv$ 
( leisure1 ( intellectual int]c\rse1 (  
read+1 9 %ort ( all ! means & a good    
portion ( ! /imulants t develop ?\ght 9 
m51 ! p g5]ally accept religi\s         
traditions )\t criticism & 9 a lump4 ,^!
 traditions surr\nd !m f infancy 9 all !
 situations ( life1 & artificially      
su/a9$ 9 _! m9ds by a multitude (       
(ficial poison]s ( all sorts1 prie/s &  
laym51 are trans=m$ !re9 into a sort (  
m5tal & moral habit1 too (t5 m p[]ful   
ev5 ?an _! natural good s5se4  ,!re is  
ano!r reason :i* expla9s & 9 "s sort    
ju/ifies ! absurd beliefs ( ! p--namely1
 ! wret*$ situation to :i* !y f9d       
!mselves fatally condemn$ by ! economic 
organization ( society 9 ! mo/ civiliz$ 
c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,r$uc$1             
intellectually & morally z well z       
mat]ially1 to ! m9imum ( human exi/5ce1 
conf9$ 9 _! life l a prison] 9 8 prison1

 )\t horizon1 )\t outlet1 )\t ev5 a     
future if we believe ! economi/s1 ! p   
w\ld h ! s+ul>ly n>r[ s\ls & blunt$     
in/9cts ( ! b\rgeois if !y did n feel a 
desire to escape2 b ( escape !re are b  
?ree me?ods--two *im]ical & a ?ird real4
 ,! fir/ two are ! dram-%op & ! *ur*1   
debau*]y ( ! body or debau*]y ( ! m9d2 !
 ?ird is social revolution4 ,h5ce ,i    
conclude ?is la/ w be mu* m pot5t ?an   
all ! !ological propag&ism ( ! free?9k]s
 to de/roy to _! la/ ve/ige ! religi\s  
beliefs & dissolute habits ( ! p1       
beliefs & habits mu* m intimately       
connect$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,9     
sub/itut+ = ! at once illusory & brutal 
enjoym5ts ( bodily & spiritual          
lic5ti\sness ! enjoym5ts1 z ref9$ z !y  
are real1 ( humanity develop$ 9 ea* &   
all1 ! social revolution alone w h ! p[]
 to close at ! same "t all ! dram-%ops &
 all ! *ur*es4  ,till !n ! p1 tak5 z a  
:ole1 w believe2 &1 if !y h no reason to
 believe1 !y w h at lea/ a "r4  ,!re is 
a class ( p :o1 if !y d n believe1 mu/  

at lea/ make a semblance ( believ+4 ,?is
 class1 compris+ all ! torm5tors1 all ! 
oppressors1 & all ! exploit]s (         
humanity2 prie/s1 mon>*s1 /atesm51      
soldi]s1 public & private f9anci]s1     
(ficials ( all sorts1 policem51 g5d>mes1
 jail]s & execution]s1 monopoli/s1      
capitali/s1 tax-lee*es1 contractors &   
l&lords1 lawy]s1 economi/s1 politicians 
( all %ades1 d[n to ! smalle/ v5dor (   
sweetmeats1 all w repeat 9 unison ^?    
words ( ,voltaire3  ,if ,god did n exi/1
 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t him4 ,=1 y 
und]/&1 ! p mu/ h a religion4 ,t is !   
safety-valve4  ,!re exi/s1 f9ally1 a    
some:at num]\s class ( hone/ b timid    
s\ls :o1 too intellig5t to take !       
,*ri/ian dogmas s]i\sly1 reject !m 9    
detail1 b h nei!r ! c\rage nor ! /r5g?  
nor ! necess>y resolution to summ>ily   
r5\nce !m altoge!r4 ,!y ab&on to y\r    
criticism all ! special absurdities (   
religion1 !y turn up _! noses at all !  
miracles1 b !y cl+ desp]ately to !      
pr9cipal absurdity2 ! s\rce ( all !     

o!rs1 to ! miracle t expla9s & ju/ifies 
all ! o!r miracles1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god4   
,_! ,god is n ! vigor\s & p[]ful be+1 ! 
brutally positive ,god ( !ology4 ,x is a
 nebul\s1 diaphan\s1 illusory be+ t     
vani%es into no?+ at ! fir/ attempt to  
grasp x2 x is a mirage1 an ignis fatuus 
t nei!r w>ms nor illum9ates4 ,& yet !y  
hold fa/ to x1 & believe t1 7 x to      
disappe>1 all w\ld disappe> ) x4 ,!y are
 unc]ta91 sickly s\ls1 :o h lo/ _!      
reckon+ 9 ! pres5t civilization1 belong+
 to nei!r ! pres5t nor ! future1 pale   
phantoms et]nally susp5d$ betwe5 heav5 &
 e>?1 & occupy+ exactly ! same position 
betwe5 ! politics ( ! b\rgeois & !      
,socialism ( ! prolet>iat4 ,!y h nei!r !
 p[] nor ! wi% nor ! det]m9ation to     
foll[ out _! ?\ght1 & !y wa/e _! "t &   
pa9s 9 con/antly endeavor+ to reconcile 
! irreconcilable4 ,9 public life ^! are 
kn[n z b\rgeois ,sociali/s4  ,) !m1 or  
aga9/ !m1 discussion is out ( ! "q4 ,!y 
are too puny4  ,b !re are a few         
illu/ri\s m5 ( :om no "o w d>e to speak 

)\t respect1 & ^: vigor\s heal?1 /r5g? (
 m9d1 & good int5tion no "o w dream (   
call+ 9 "q4 ,i ne$ only cite ! names (  
,mazz9i1 ,mi*elet1 ,qu9et1 ,john ,/u>t  
,mill4#b ,g5]\s & /rong s\ls1 great     
he>ts1 great m9ds1 great writ]s1 & !    
fir/ ! h]oic & revolution>y reg5]ator ( 
a great nation1 !y are all apo/les (    
idealism & bitt] despis]s & adv]s>ies ( 
mat]ialism1 & consequ5tly ( ,socialism  
also1 9 philosophy z well z 9 politics4 
,aga9/ !m1 !n1 we mu/ discuss ?is "q4   
,fir/1 let x be rem>k$ t n "o ( !       
illu/ri\s m5 ,i h j nam$ nor any o!r    
ideali/ic ?9k] ( any consequ5ce 9 our   
day has giv5 any att5tion to ! logical  
side ( ?is "q prop]ly speak+4 ,n "o has 
tri$ to settle philosophically !        
possibility ( ! div9e salto mortale f ! 
pure & et]nal regions ( _s into ! mire (
 ! mat]ial _w4 ,h !y fe>$ to approa* ?is
 irreconcilable contradiction & despair$
 ( solv+ x aft] ! failures ( ! greate/  
g5iuses ( hi/ory1 or h !y look$ ^u x z  
already suffici5tly well settl$8 ,t is  

_! secret4 ,! fact is t !y h neglect$ ! 
!oretical demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( a  
,god1 & h develop$ only its practical   
motives & consequ5ces4 ,!y h treat$ x z 
a fact univ]sally accept$1 &1 z su*1 no 
long] susceptible ( any d\bt :atev]1 =  
sole pro( !re( limit+ !mselves to !     
e/abli%m5t ( ! antiquity & ?is v        
univ]sality ( ! belief 9 ,god4  ,?is    
impos+ unanimity1 9 ! eyes ( _m         
illu/ri\s m5 & writ]s to quote only !   
mo/ fam\s ( !m :o eloqu5tly express$ x1 
,joseph de ,mai/re & ! great ,italian   
patriot1 ,giuseppe ,mazz9i--is ( m value
 ?an all ! demon/rations ( sci5ce2 & if 
! reason+ ( a small numb] ( logical &   
ev5 v p[]ful1 b isolat$1 ?9k]s is aga9/ 
x1 s mu* ! worse1 !y say1 = ^! ?9k]s &  
_! logic1 = univ]sal cons5t1 ! g5]al &  
primitive adoption ( an idea1 has always
 be5 consid]$ ! mo/ triumphant te/imony 
to its tru?4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! :ole _w1 a  
conviction t is f\nd & ma9ta9$ always & 
ev]y:]e1 _c be mi/ak52 x mu/ h its root 
9 a necessity absolutely inh]5t 9 ! v   

nature ( man4 ,& s9ce x has be5 e/abli%$
 t all peoples1 pa/ & pres5t1 h believ$ 
& /ill believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 x is 
cle> t ^? :o h ! mis=tune to d\bt x1    
:atev] ! logic t l$ !m to ?is d\bt1 are 
abnormal exceptions1 mon/]s4  ,?us1 !n1 
! antiquity & univ]sality ( a belief    
%\ld be reg>d$1 contr>y to all sci5ce & 
all logic1 z suffici5t & unimpea*able   
pro( ( its tru?4 ,:y8  ,until ! days (  
,cop]nicus & ,galileo ev]ybody believ$ t
 ! sun revolv$ ab\t ! e>?4 ,0 n ev]ybody
 mi/ak58 ,:at is m anci5t & m univ]sal  
?an slav]y8 ,cannibalism p]haps4 ,f !   
orig9 ( hi/oric society d[n to ! pres5t 
day !re has be5 always & ev]y:]e        
exploitation ( ! compulsory labor ( !   
masses--slaves1 s]fs1 or wage-work]s--by
 "s dom9ant m9ority2 oppression ( ! p by
 ! ,*ur* & by ! ,/ate4 ,mu/ x be        
conclud$ t ?is exploitation & ?is       
oppression are necessities absolutely   
inh]5t 9 ! v exi/5ce ( human society8   
,^! are examples :i* %[ t ! argum5t ( ! 
*ampions ( ,god proves no?+4  ,no?+1 9  

fact1 is z univ]sal or z anci5t z !     
iniquit\s & absurd2 tru? & ju/ice1 on ! 
contr>y1 are ! lea/ univ]sal1 ! y\nge/  
features 9 ! developm5t ( human society4
 ,9 ?is fact1 too1 lies ! explanation ( 
a con/ant hi/orical ph5om5on--namely1 ! 
p]secution ( :i* ^? :o fir/ proclaim !  
tru? h be5 & cont9ue to be ! objects at 
! h&s ( ! (ficial1 privileg$1 & int]e/$ 
repres5tatives ( univ]sal & anci5t      
beliefs1 & (t5 also at ! h&s ( ! same   
masses :o1 aft] hav+ tortur$ !m1 always 
end by adopt+ _! ideas & r5d]+ !m       
victori\s4  ,to u mat]iali/s &          
,revolution>y ,sociali/s1 !re is no?+   
a/oni%+ or t]rify+ 9 ?is hi/orical      
ph5om5on4 ,/rong 9 our consci5ce1 9 our 
love ( tru? at all haz>ds1 9 t passion =
 logic :i* ( itself alone con/itutes a  
great p[] & outside ( :i* !re is no     
?\ght2 /rong 9 our passion = ju/ice & 9 
our un%akable fai? 9 ! triumph (        
humanity ov] all !oretical & practical  
be/ialities2 /rong1 f9ally1 9 ! mutual  
confid5ce & support giv5 ea* o!r by !   

few :o %>e our convictions--we resign   
ourselves to all ! consequ5ces ( ?is    
hi/orical ph5om5on1 9 :i* we see !      
manife/ation ( a social law z natural1 z
 necess>y1 & z inv>iable z all ! o!r    
laws :i* gov]n ! _w4  ,?is law is a     
logical1 inevitable consequ5ce ( !      
animal orig9 ( human society2 = 9 face (
 all ! sci5tific1 physiological1        
psy*ological1 & hi/orical pro(s         
accumulat$ at ! pres5t day1 z well z 9  
face ( ! exploits ( ! ,g]mans conqu]+   
,france1 :i* n[ furni% s /rik+ a        
demon/ration !re(1 x is no long]        
possible to really d\bt ?is orig94 ,b f 
! mom5t t ?is animal orig9 ( man is     
accept$1 all is expla9$4 ,hi/ory !n     
appe>s to u z ! revolution>y negation1  
n[ sl[1 apa!tic1 sluggi%1 n[ passionate 
& p[]ful1 ( ! pa/4 ,x consi/s precisely 
9 ! progressive negation ( ! primitive  
animality ( man by ! developm5t ( 8     
humanity4 ,man1 a wild bea/1 c\s9 ( !   
gorilla1 has em]g$ f ! pr(\nd d>kness ( 
animal in/9ct into ! light ( ! m9d1 :i* 

expla9s 9 a :olly natural way all 8 pa/ 
mi/akes & p>tially consoles u = 8 pres5t
 errors4 ,he has gone out f animal      
slav]y1 & pass+ ?r\gh div9e slav]y1 a   
tempor>y condition betwe5 8 animality & 
8 humanity1 he is n[ m>*+ on to !       
conque/ & realization ( human lib]ty4   
,:5ce x results t ! antiquity ( a       
belief1 ( an idea1 f> f prov+ any?+ 9   
its favor1 ought1 on ! contr>y1 to lead 
u to suspect x4 ,= beh9d u is our       
animality & be=e u our humanity2 human  
light1 ! only ?+ t c w>m & enlight5 u1 !
 only ?+ t c emancipate u1 give u       
dignity1 fre$om1 & happ9ess1 & realize  
frat]nity among u1 is nev] at ! beg9n+1 
b1 relatively to ! epo* 9 :i* we live1  
always at ! end ( hi/ory4 ,let u1 !n1   
nev] look back1 let u look ev] =w>d2 =  
=w>d is our sunlight1 =w>d our          
salvation4 ,if x is ju/ifiable1 & ev5   
useful & necess>y1 to turn back to /udy 
our pa/1 x is only 9 ord] to e/abli% :at
 we h be5 & :at we mu/ no long] be1 :at 
we h believ$ & ?\ght & :at we mu/ no    

long] believe or ?9k1 :at we h done &   
:at we mu/ d nev]more4  ,s mu* =        
antiquity4 ,z = ! univ]sality ( an      
error1 x proves b "o ?+--! simil>ity1 if
 n ! p]fect id5tity1 ( human nature 9   
all ages & "u all skies4 ,&1 s9ce x is  
e/abli%$ t all peoples1 at all p]iods ( 
_! life1 h believ$ & /ill believe 9     
,god1 we mu/ simply conclude t ! div9e  
idea1 an outcome ( ourselves1 is an     
error hi/orically necess>y 9 !          
developm5t ( humanity1 & ask :y & h[ x 0
 produc$ 9 hi/ory & :y an imm5se        
majority ( ! human race /ill accept x z 
a tru?4  ,until we %all acc\nt to       
ourselves = ! mann] 9 :i* ! idea ( a    
sup]natural or div9e _w 0 develop$ & _h 
to be develop$ 9 ! hi/orical evolution (
 ! human consci5ce1 all our sci5tific   
conviction ( its absurdity w be 9 va92  
until !n we %all nev] succe$ 9 de/roy+ x
 9 ! op9ion ( ! majority1 because we    
%all nev] be able to attack x 9 ! v     
dep?s ( ! human be+ :]e x _h bir?4      
,condemn$ to a fruitless /ruggle1 )\t   

issue & )\t end1 we %\ld = ev] h to     
cont5t ourselves ) fight+ x solely on ! 
surface1 9 its innum]able manife/ations1
 ^: absurdity w be sc>cely beat5 d[n by 
! bl[s ( common s5se be=e x w reappe> 9 
a new =m no less nons5sical4 ,:ile !    
root ( all ! absurdities t torm5t ! _w1 
belief 9 ,god1 rema9s intact1 x w nev]  
fail to br+ =? new (fspr+4 ,?us1 at !   
pres5t "t1 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! highe/  
society1 ,spiritualism t5ds to e/abli%  
itself ^u ! ru9s ( ,*ri/ianity4  ,x is n
 only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! masses1 x is 9 t ( 
! heal? ( our own m9ds1 t we %\ld /rive 
to und]/& ! hi/oric g5esis1 ! succession
 ( causes :i* develop$ & produc$ ! idea 
( ,god 9 ! consci\sness ( m54 ,9 va9    
%all we call & believe ourselves ,a!i/s1
 until we compreh5d ^! causes1 =1 until 
!n1 we %all always suff] ourselves to be
 m or less gov]n$ by ! clamors ( ?is    
univ]sal consci5ce ^: secret we h n     
discov]$2 &1 consid]+ ! natural weakness
 ( ev5 ! /ronge/ individual aga9/ !     
all-p[]ful influ5ce ( ! social surr\nd+s

 t trammel him1 we are always 9 dang] ( 
relaps+ soon] or lat]1 9 "o way or      
ano!r1 into ! abyss ( religi\s          
absurdity4 ,examples ( ^! %ameful       
conv]sions are frequ5t 9 society to-day4
         99     99     99     99     99 
,i h /at$ ! *ief practical reason ( !   
p[] /ill ex]cis$ to-day ov] ! masses by 
religi\s beliefs4 ,^! my/ical t5d5cies d
 n signify 9 man s mu* an ab]ration (   
m9d z a deep discont5t at he>t4 ,!y are 
! in/9ctive & passionate prote/ ( !     
human be+ aga9/ ! n>r[ness1 !           
platitudes1 ! sorr[s1 & ! %ame ( a      
wret*$ exi/5ce4 ,= ?is malady1 ,i h     
already said1 !re is b "o rem$y--,social
 ,revolution4  ,9 ! meantime ,i h       
endeavor$ to %[ ! causes responsible = !
 bir? & hi/orical developm5t ( religi\s 
halluc9ations 9 ! human consci5ce4 ,"h x
 is my purpose to treat ?is "q ( !      
exi/5ce ( a ,god1 or ( ! div9e orig9 ( !
 _w & ( man1 solely f ! /&po9t ( its    
moral & social utility1 & ,i %all say   
only a few words1 to bett] expla9 my    

?\ght1 reg>d+ ! !oretical gr\nds ( ?is  
belief4  ,all religions1 ) _! gods1 _!  
demigods1 & _! prophets1 _! messiahs &  
_! sa9ts1 7 creat$ by ! cr$ul\s fancy ( 
m5 :o _h n atta9$ ! full developm5t &   
full possession ( _! faculties4         
,consequ5tly1 ! religi\s heav5 is no?+ b
 a mirage 9 :i* man1 exalt$ by ignorance
 & fai?1 discov]s 8 own image1 b enl>g$ 
& rev]s$--t is1 div9iz$4 ,! hi/ory (    
religions1 ( ! bir?1 gr&eur1 & decl9e ( 
! gods :o h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 human    
belief1 is no?+1 !re=e1 b ! developm5t (
 ! collective intellig5ce & consci5ce ( 
mank9d4 ,z fa/ z !y discov]$1 9 ! c\rse 
( _! hi/orically progressive advance1   
ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 ext]nal nature1 a  
p[]1 a quality1 or ev5 any great defect 
:atev]1 !y attribut$ !m to _! gods1 aft]
 hav+ exagg]at$ & enl>g$ !m beyond      
measure1 aft] ! mann] ( *ildr51 by an   
act ( _! religi\s fancy4 ,?anks to ?is  
mode/y & pi\s g5]osity ( believ+ &      
cr$ul\s m51 heav5 has gr[n ri* ) !      
spoils ( ! e>?1 &1 by a necess>y        

consequ5ce1 ! ri*] heav5 became1 ! m    
wret*$ became humanity & ! e>?4 ,god    
once in/all$1 he 0 naturally proclaim$ !
 cause1 reason1 arbit]1 & absolute      
dispos] ( all ?+s3 ! _w !nce=? 0 no?+1  
,god 0 all2 & man1 8 real creator1 aft] 
hav+ unkn[+ly extract$ him f ! void1 b[$
 d[n be=e him1 wor%ipp$ him1 & av[$     
himself 8 creature & 8 slave4           
,*ri/ianity is precisely ! religion p>  
excell5ce1 because x exhibits &         
manife/s1 to ! fulle/ ext5t1 ! v nature 
& ess5ce ( e religi\s sy/em1 :i* is !   
impov]i%m5t1 enslavem5t1 & annihilation 
( humanity = ! b5efit ( div9ity4  ,god  
be+ ev]y?+1 ! real _w & man are no?+4   
,god be+ tru?1 ju/ice1 goodness1 beauty1
 p[]1 & life1 man is falsehood1         
iniquity1 evil1 ugl9ess1 impot5ce1 &    
dea?4 ,god be+ ma/]1 man is ! slave4    
,incapable ( f9d+ ju/ice1 tru?1 & et]nal
 life by 8 own ef=t1 he c atta9 !m only 
?r\gh a div9e revelation4 ,b :oev] says 
revelation says reveal]s1 messiahs1     
prophets1 prie/s1 & legislators inspir$ 

by ,god himself2 & ^!1 once recogniz$ z 
! repres5tatives ( div9ity on e>?1 z !  
holy in/ructors ( humanity1 *os5 by ,god
 himself to direct x 9 ! pa? (          
salvation1 necess>ily ex]cise absolute  
p[]4 ,all m5 owe !m passive & unlimit$  
ob$i5ce2 = aga9/ ! div9e reason !re is  
no human reason1 & aga9/ ! ju/ice ( ,god
 no t]re/rial ju/ice holds4 ,slaves (   
,god1 m5 mu/ also be slaves ( ,*ur* &   
,/ate1 9 s f> z ! ,/ate is consecrat$ by
 ! ,*ur*4 ,?is tru? ,*ri/ianity1 bett]  
?an all o!r religions t exi/ or h exi/$1
 und]/ood1 n except+ ev5 ! old ,ori5tal 
religions1 :i* includ$ only di/9ct &    
privileg$ nations1 :ile ,*ri/ianity     
aspires to embrace entire humanity2 &   
?is tru? ,roman ,ca?olicism1 alone among
 all ! ,*ri/ian sects1 has proclaim$ &  
realiz$ ) rigor\s logic4 ,t is :y       
,*ri/ianity is ! absolute religion1 !   
f9al religion2 :y ! ,apo/olic & ,roman  
,*ur* is ! only consi/5t1 legitimate1 & 
div9e *ur*4  ,) all due respect1 !n1 to 
! metaphysicians & religi\s ideali/s1   

philosoph]s1 politicians1 or poets3 ,!  
idea ( ,god implies ! abdication ( human
 reason & ju/ice2 x is ! mo/ decisive   
negation ( human lib]ty1 & necess>ily   
ends 9 ! enslavem5t ( mank9d1 bo? 9 !ory
 & practice4  ,unless1 !n1 we desire !  
enslavem5t & degradation ( mank9d1 z !  
,jesuits desire x1 z ! momi]s1 pieti/s1 
or ,prote/ant ,me?odi/s desire x1 we may
 n1 mu/ n make ! slighte/ concession    
ei!r to ! ,god ( !ology or to ! ,god (  
metaphysics4 ,he :o1 9 ?is my/ical      
alphabet1 beg9s ) ,a w inevitably end ) 
,z2 he :o desires to wor%ip ,god mu/    
h>bor no *ildi% allusions ab\t ! matt]1 
b bravely r5\nce 8 lib]ty & humanity4   
,if ,god is1 man is a slave2 n[1 man c &
 mu/ be free2 !n1 ,god does n exi/4  ,i 
defy anyone :omsoev] to avoid ?is       
circle2 n[1 !re=e1 let all *oose4  ,is x
 necess>y to po9t out to :at ext5t & 9  
:at mann] religions debase & corrupt !  
p8 ,!y de/roy _! reason1 ! pr9cipal     
in/rum5t ( human emancipation1 & r$uce  
!m to imbecility1 ! ess5tial condition (

 _! slav]y4 ,!y di%onor human labor1 &  
make x a sign & s\rce ( s]vitude4 ,!y   
kill ! idea & s5tim5t ( human ju/ice1   
ev] tipp+ ! balance to ! side (         
triumphant knaves1 privileg$ objects (  
div9e indulg5ce4 ,!y kill human pride & 
dignity1 protect+ only ! cr++ & humble4 
,!y /ifle 9 ! he>t ( nations e feel+ (  
human frat]nity1 fill+ x ) div9e cruelty
 in/ead4  ,all religions are cruel1 all 
f\nd$ on blood2 = all re/ pr9cipally on 
! idea ( sacrifice--t is1 on ! p]petual 
immolation ( humanity to ! insatiable   
v5geance ( div9ity4 ,9 ?is bloody my/]y 
man is always ! victim1 & ! prie/--a man
 also1 b a man privileg$ by grace--is ! 
div9e execution]4 ,t expla9s :y ! prie/s
 ( all religions1 ! be/1 ! mo/ humane1 !
 g5tle/1 almo/ always h at ! bottom ( _!
 he>ts--&1 if n 9 _! he>ts1 9 _!        
imag9ations1 9 _! m9ds 7& we "k ! fe>ful
 influ5ce ( ei!r on ! he>ts (           
m57--some?+ cruel & sangu9>y4  ,none "k 
all ?is bett] ?an our illu/ri\s         
contempor>y ideali/s4 ,!y are le>n$ m51 

:o "k hi/ory by he>t2 &1 z !y are at !  
same "t liv+ m51 great s\ls p5etrat$ ) a
 s9c]e & pr(\nd love = ! welf>e (       
humanity1 !y h curs$ & br&$ all ^!      
misde$s1 all ^! crimes ( religion ) an  
eloqu5ce unp>allel$4 ,!y reject )       
indignation all solid>ity ) ! ,god (    
positive religions & ) 8 repres5tatives1
 pa/1 pres5t1 & on e>?4  ,! ,god :om !y 
adore1 or :om !y ?9k !y adore1 is       
di/+ui%$ f ! real gods ( hi/ory         
precisely 9 ?is--t he is n at all a     
positive god1 def9$ 9 any way :atev]1   
!ologically or ev5 metaphysically4 ,he  
is nei!r ! supreme be+ ( ,robespi]re &  
,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 nor ! pan!i/ic god (  
,sp9oza1 nor ev5 ! at once imman5t1     
transc5d5tal1 & v equivocal god (       
,hegel4 ,!y take good c>e n to give him 
any positive def9ition :atev]1 feel+ v  
/rongly t any def9ition w\ld subject him
 to ! dissolv+ p[] ( criticism4 ,!y w n 
say :e!r he is a p]sonal or imp]sonal   
god1 :e!r he creat$ or did n create !   
_w2 !y w n ev5 speak ( 8 div9e          

provid5ce4 ,all t might compromise him4 
,!y cont5t !mselves ) say+ ,god & no?+  
m4 ,b1 !n1 :at is _! ,god8 ,n ev5 an    
idea2 x is an aspiration4  ,x is ! g5]ic
 "n ( all t seems gr&1 good1 beautiful1 
noble1 human to !m4 ,b :y1 !n1 d !y n   
say1 ,man4 ,ah6 because ,k+ ,william (  
,prussia & ,napoleon ,,iii4 & all _!    
compe]s are likewise m53 :i* bo!rs !m v 
mu*4 ,real humanity pres5ts a mixture ( 
all t is mo/ sublime & beautiful ) all t
 is vile/ & mo/ mon/r\s 9 ! _w4 ,h[ d !y
 get ov] ?is8 ,:y1 !y call "o div9e & ! 
o!r be/ial1 repres5t+ div9ity &         
animality z two poles1 betwe5 :i* !y    
place humanity4 ,!y ei!r w n or _c      
und]/& t ^! ?ree t]ms are really b "o1 &
 t to sep>ate !m is to de/roy !m4  ,!y  
are n /rong on logic1 & "o might say t  
!y despise x4 ,t is :at di/+ui%es !m f !
 pan!i/ical & dei/ical metaphysicians1 &
 gives _! ideas ! "* ( a practical      
idealism1 draw+ its inspiration mu* less
 f ! sev]e developm5t ( a ?\ght ?an f ! 
exp]i5ces1 ,i might almo/ say !         

emotions1 hi/orical & collective z well 
z individual1 ( life4 ,?is gives _!     
propag&a an appe>ance ( weal? & vital   
p[]1 b an appe>ance only2 = life itself 
becomes /]ile :5 p>alyz$ by a logical   
contradiction4  ,?is contradiction lies 
"h3 !y wi% ,god1 & !y wi% humanity4 ,!y 
p]si/ 9 connect+ two t]ms :i*1 once     
sep>at$1 c come toge!r aga9 only to     
de/roy ea* o!r4 ,!y say 9 a s+le brea?3 
,god & ! lib]ty ( man1 ,god & ! dignity1
 ju/ice1 equality1 frat]nity1 prosp]ity 
( m5--reg>dless ( ! fatal logic by      
virtue ( :i*1 if ,god exi/s1 all ^! ?+s 
are condemn$ to non-exi/5ce4 ,=1 if ,god
 is1 he is necess>ily ! et]nal1 supreme1
 absolute ma/]1 &1 if su* a ma/] exi/s1 
man is a slave2 n[1 if he is a slave1   
nei!r ju/ice1 nor equality1 nor         
frat]nity1 nor prosp]ity are possible = 
him4 ,9 va91 fly+ 9 ! face ( good s5se &
 all ! tea*+s ( hi/ory1 d !y repres5t _!
 ,god z animat$ by ! t5d]e/ love ( human
 lib]ty3 a ma/]1 :oev] he may be & h[ev]
 lib]al he may desire to %[ himself1    

rema9s none ! less always a ma/]4 ,8    
exi/5ce necess>ily implies ! slav]y (   
all t is b5ea? him4 ,!re=e1 if ,god     
exi/$1 only 9 "o way c\ld he s]ve human 
lib]ty--by ceas+ to exi/4  ,a jeal\s    
lov] ( human lib]ty1 & deem+ x !        
absolute condition ( all t we admire &  
respect 9 humanity1 ,i rev]se ! phrase (
 ,voltaire1 & say t1 if ,god really     
exi/$1 x w\ld be necess>y to aboli% him4
  ,! sev]e logic t dictates ^! words is 
f> too evid5t to require a developm5t ( 
?is argum5t4 ,& x seems to me impossible
 t ! illu/ri\s m51 ^: names s celebrat$ 
& s ju/ly respect$ ,i h cit$1 %\ld n h  
be5 /ruck by x !mselves1 & %\ld n h     
p]ceiv$ ! contradiction 9 :i* !y involve
 !mselves 9 speak+ ( ,god & human lib]ty
 at once4 ,to h disreg>d$ x1 !y mu/ h   
consid]$ ?is inconsi/5cy or logical     
lic5se practically necess>y to          
humanity's well-be+4  ,p]haps1 too1 :ile
 speak+ ( lib]ty z some?+ v respectable 
& v de> 9 _! eyes1 !y give ! t]m a mean+
 q diff]5t f ! conception ent]ta9$ by u1

 mat]iali/s & ,revolution>y ,sociali/s4 
,inde$1 !y nev] speak ( x )\t imm$iately
 add+ ano!r ^w1 au?ority--a ^w & a ?+   
:i* we dete/ ) all our he>t4  ,:at is   
au?ority8 ,is x ! inevitable p[] ( !    
natural laws :i* manife/ !mselves 9 !   
necess>y concat5ation & succession (    
ph5om5a 9 ! physical & social worlds8   
,inde$1 aga9/ ^! laws revolt is n only  
=bidd5--x is ev5 impossible4 ,we may    
misund]/& !m or n "k !m at all1 b we _c 
disobey !m2 because !y con/itute ! basis
 & fundam5tal conditions ( our exi/5ce2 
!y envelop u1 p5etrate u1 regulate all  
our movem5ts1 ?\ghts1 & acts2 ev5 :5 we 
believe t we disobey !m1 we only %[ _!  
omnipot5ce4  ,yes1 we are absolutely !  
slaves ( ^! laws4 ,b 9 su* slav]y !re is
 no humiliation1 or1 r1 x is n slav]y at
 all4 ,= slav]y supposes an ext]nal     
ma/]1 a legislator outside ( him :om he 
comm&s1 :ile ^! laws are n outside ( u2 
!y are inh]5t 9 u2 !y con/itute our be+1
 our :ole be+1 physically1              
intellectually1 & morally3 we live1 we  

brea!1 we act1 we ?9k1 we wi% only ?r\gh
 ^! laws4 ,)\t !m we are no?+1 we are n4
 ,:5ce1 !n1 c\ld we d]ive ! p[] & ! wi% 
to rebel aga9/ !m8  ,9 8 relation to    
natural laws b "o lib]ty is possible to 
man--t ( recogniz+ & apply+ !m on an    
ev]-ext5d+ scale 9 con=mity ) ! object (
 collective & individual emancipation or
 humanization :i* he pursues4 ,^! laws1 
once recogniz$1 ex]cise an au?ority :i* 
is nev] disput$ by ! mass ( m54 ,"o mu/1
 = in/ance1 be at bottom ei!r a fool or 
a !ologian or at lea/ a metaphysician1  
juri/1 or b\rgeois economi/ to rebel    
aga9/ ! law by :i* twice two make f\r4  
,"o mu/ h fai? to imag9e t fire w n burn
 nor wat] dr[n1 except1 inde$1 rec\rse  
be _h to "s subt]fuge f\nd$ 9 its turn  
on "s o!r natural law4 ,b ^! revolts1   
or1 r1 ^! attempts at or fooli% fancies 
( an impossible revolt1 are decid$ly !  
exception2 =1 9 g5]al1 x may be said t !
 mass ( m51 9 _! daily lives1 ackn[l$ge 
! gov]nm5t ( common s5se--t is1 ( ! sum 
( ! natural laws g5]ally recogniz$--9 an

 almo/ absolute fa%ion4  ,! great       
mis=tune is t a l>ge numb] ( natural    
laws1 already e/abli%$ z su* by sci5ce1 
rema9 unkn[n to ! masses1 ?anks to !    
wat*fulness ( ^! tutel>y gov]nm5ts t    
exi/1 z we "k1 only = ! good ( ! p4 ,!re
 is ano!r difficulty--namely1 t ! major 
portion ( ! natural laws connect$ ) !   
developm5t ( human society1 :i* are q z 
necess>y1 inv>iable1 fatal1 z ! laws t  
gov]n ! physical _w1 h n be5 duly       
e/abli%$ & recogniz$ by sci5ce itself4  
,once !y %all h be5 recogniz$ by sci5ce1
 & !n f sci5ce1 by means ( an ext5sive  
sy/em ( popul> education & in/ruction1  
%all h pass$ into ! consci\sness ( all1 
! "q ( lib]ty w be entirely solv$4 ,!   
mo/ /ubborn au?orities mu/ admit t !n   
!re w be no ne$ ei!r ( political        
organization or direction or            
legislation1 ?ree ?+s :i*1 :e!r !y      
emanate f ! w ( ! sov]eign or f ! vote (
 a p>liam5t elect$ by univ]sal suffrage1
 & ev5 %\ld !y con=m to ! sy/em (       
natural laws--:i* has nev] be5 ! case & 

nev] w be ! case--are always equally    
fatal & ho/ile to ! lib]ty ( ! masses f 
! v fact t !y impose ^u !m a sy/em (    
ext]nal & !re=e despotic laws4  ,!      
lib]ty ( man consi/s solely 9 ?is3 t he 
obeys natural laws because he has       
himself recogniz$ !m z su*1 & n because 
!y h be5 ext]nally impos$ ^u him by any 
extr9sic w :atev]1 div9e or human1      
collective or individual4  ,suppose a   
le>n$ academy1 compos$ ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s
 repres5tatives ( sci5ce2 suppose ?is   
academy *>g$ ) legislation = & !        
organization ( society1 & t1 inspir$    
only by ! pure/ love ( tru?1 x frames   
none b laws 9 absolute h>mony ) ! late/ 
discov]ies ( sci5ce4 ,well1 ,i ma9ta91 =
 my "p1 t su* legislation & su*         
organization w\ld be a mon/rosity1 & t =
 two reasons3 fir/1 t human sci5ce is   
always & necess>ily imp]fect1 & t1      
comp>+ :at x has discov]$ ) :at rema9s  
to be discov]$1 we may say t x is /ill 9
 its cradle4 ,s t 7 we to try to =ce !  
practical life ( m51 collective z well z

 individual1 into /rict & exclusive     
con=mity ) ! late/ data ( sci5ce1 we    
%\ld condemn society z well z           
individuals to suff] m>tyrdom on a b$ ( 
,procru/es1 :i* w\ld soon end by        
dislocat+ & /ifl+ !m1 life ev] rema9+ an
 inf9itely great] ?+ ?an sci5ce4  ,!    
second reason is ?is3 a society :i* %\ld
 obey legislation emanat+ f a sci5tific 
academy1 n because x und]/ood itself !  
rational "* ( ?is legislation 79 :i*    
case ! exi/5ce ( ! academy w\ld become  
useless71 b because ?is legislation1    
emanat+ f ! academy1 0 impos$ 9 ! "n ( a
 sci5ce :i* x v5]at$ )\t compreh5d+--su*
 a society w\ld be a society1 n ( m51 b 
( brutes4 ,x w\ld be a second edition ( 
^? missions 9 ,p>aguay :i* submitt$ s   
long to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x w\ld
 surely & rapidly desc5d to ! l[e/ /age 
( idiocy4  ,b !re is /ill a ?ird reason 
:i* w\ld r5d] su* a gov]nm5t            
impossible--namely t a sci5tific academy
 inve/$ ) a sov]eignty1 s to speak1     
absolute1 ev5 if x 7 compos$ ( ! mo/    

illu/ri\s m51 w\ld infallibly & soon end
 9 its own moral & intellectual         
corruption4 ,ev5 to-day1 ) ! few        
privileges all[$ !m1 su* is ! hi/ory (  
all academies4 ,! greate/ sci5tific     
g5ius1 f ! mom5t t he becomes an        
academician1 an (ficially lic5s$ savant1
 inevitably lapses into sluggi%ness4 ,he
 loses 8 spontaneity1 8 revolution>y    
h>dihood1 & t tr\blesome & savage en]gy 
*>act]i/ic ( ! gr&e/ g5iuses1 ev] call$ 
to de/roy old tott]+ worlds & lay !     
f\ndations ( new4 ,he und\bt$ly ga9s 9  
polit5ess1 9 utilit>ian & practical     
wisdom1 :at he loses 9 p[] ( ?\ght4 ,9 a
 ^w1 he becomes corrupt$4  ,x is !      
*>act]i/ic ( privilege & ( e privileg$  
position to kill ! m9d & he>t ( m54 ,!  
privileg$ man1 :e!r politically or      
economically1 is a man deprav$ 9 m9d &  
he>t4 ,t is a social law :i* admits ( no
 exception1 & is z applicable to entire 
nations z to classes1 corporations1 &   
individuals4 ,x is ! law ( equality1 !  
supreme condition ( lib]ty & humanity4  

,! pr9cipal object ( ?is treatise is    
precisely to demon/rate ?is tru? 9 all !
 manife/ations ( human life4  ,a        
sci5tific body to :i* _h be5 confid$ !  
gov]nm5t ( society w\ld soon end by     
devot+ itself no long] to sci5ce at all1
 b to q ano!r affair2 & t affair1 z 9 ! 
case ( all e/abli%$ p[]s1 w\ld be its   
own et]nal p]petuation by r5d]+ !       
society confid$ to its c>e ev] m /upid &
 consequ5tly m 9 ne$ ( its gov]nm5t &   
direction4  ,b t :i* is true ( sci5tific
 academies is also true ( all con/itu5t 
& legislative assemblies1 ev5 ^? *os5 by
 univ]sal suffrage4 ,9 ! latt] case !y  
may r5ew _! composition1 x is true1 b   
?is does n prev5t ! =mation 9 a few     
ye>s' "t ( a body ( politicians1        
privileg$ 9 fact ?\gh n 9 law1 :o1      
devot+ !mselves exclusively to !        
direction ( ! public affairs ( a c\ntry1
 f9ally =m a sort ( political ari/ocracy
 or olig>*y4 ,witness ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( 
,am]ica & ,switz]l&4  ,consequ5tly1 no  
ext]nal legislation & no au?ority--"o1 =

 t matt]1 be+ insep>able f ! o!r1 & bo? 
t5d+ to ! s]vitude ( society & !        
degradation ( ! legislators !mselves4   
,does x foll[ t ,i reject all au?ority8 
,f> f me su* a ?\ght4 ,9 ! matt] (      
boots1 ,i ref] to ! au?ority ( !        
bootmak]2 conc]n+ h\ses1 canals1 or     
railroads1 ,i consult t ( ! ar*itect or 
eng9e]4 ,= su* or su* special k ,i apply
 to su* or su* a savant4 ,b ,i all[     
nei!r ! bootmak] nor ! ar*itect nor !   
savant to impose 8 au?ority ^u me4 ,i   
li/5 to !m freely & ) all ! respect     
m]it$ by _! intellig5ce1 _! "*1 _! k1   
res]v+ always my inconte/able "r (      
criticism & c5sure4 ,i d n cont5t myself
 ) consult+ a s+le au?ority 9 any       
special bran*2 ,i consult sev]al2 ,i    
comp>e _! op9ions1 & *oose t :i* seems  
to me ! s\nde/4 ,b ,i recognize no      
infallible au?ority1 ev5 9 special      
que/ions2 consequ5tly1 :atev] respect ,i
 may h = ! hone/y & ! s9c]ity ( su* or  
su* an individual1 ,i h no absolute fai?
 9 any p]son4 ,su* a fai? w\ld be fatal 

to my reason1 to my lib]ty1 & ev5 to !  
success ( my und]tak+s2 x w\ld          
imm$iately trans=m me into a /upid      
slave1 an in/rum5t ( ! w & int]e/s (    
o!rs4  ,if ,i b[ be=e ! au?ority ( !    
speciali/s & av[ my read9ess to foll[1  
to a c]ta9 ext5t & z long z may seem to 
me necess>y1 _! indications & ev5 _!    
directions1 x is because _! au?ority is 
impos$ ^u me by no "o1 nei!r by m5 nor  
by ,god4 ,o!rwise ,i w\ld repel !m )    
horror1 & bid ! devil take _! c\nsels1  
_! directions1 & _! s]vices1 c]ta9 t !y 
w\ld make me pay1 by ! loss ( my lib]ty 
& self-respect1 = su* scraps ( tru?1    
wrapp$ 9 a multitude ( lies1 z !y might 
give me4  ,i b[ be=e ! au?ority (       
special m5 because x is impos$ ^u me by 
my own reason4 ,i am consci\s ( my      
inability to grasp1 9 all its details & 
positive developm5ts1 any v l>ge portion
 ( human k4 ,! greate/ intellig5ce w\ld 
n be equal to a compreh5sion ( ! :ole4  
,!nce results1 = sci5ce z well z =      
indu/ry1 ! necessity ( ! division &     

association ( labor4 ,i receive & ,i    
give--su* is human life4 ,ea* directs & 
is direct$ 9 8 turn4 ,!re=e !re is no   
fix$ & con/ant au?ority1 b a cont9ual   
ex*ange ( mutual1 tempor>y1 &1 above    
all1 volunt>y au?ority & subord9ation4  
,?is same reason =bids me1 !n1 to       
recognize a fix$1 con/ant1 & univ]sal   
au?ority1 because !re is no univ]sal    
man1 no man capable ( grasp+ 9 t weal? (
 detail1 )\t :i* ! application ( sci5ce 
to life is impossible1 all ! sci5ces1   
all ! bran*es ( social life4 ,& if su*  
univ]sality c\ld ev] be realiz$ 9 a s+le
 man1 & if he wi%$ to take advantage    
!re( to impose 8 au?ority ^u u1 x w\ld  
be necess>y to drive ?is man out (      
society1 because 8 au?ority w\ld        
inevitably r$uce all ! o!rs to slav]y & 
imbecility4 ,i d n ?9k t society ought  
to maltreat m5 ( g5ius z x has done     
hi!rto2 b nei!r d ,i ?9k x %\ld indulge 
!m too f>1 /ill less accord !m any      
privileges or exclusive rights :atsoev]2
 & t = ?ree reasons3 fir/1 because x    

w\ld (t5 mi/ake a *>latan = a man (     
g5ius2 second1 because1 ?r\gh su* a     
sy/em ( privileges1 x might trans=m into
 a *>latan ev5 a real man ( g5ius1      
demoralize him1 & degrade him2 &1       
f9ally1 because x w\ld e/abli% a ma/]   
ov] itself4  ,to sum up4 ,we recognize1 
!n1 ! absolute au?ority ( sci5ce1       
because ! sole object ( sci5ce is !     
m5tal reproduction1 z well-consid]$ &   
sy/ematic z possible1 ( ! natural laws  
inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial1 intellectual1 &     
moral life ( bo? ! physical & ! social  
worlds1 ^! two worlds con/itut+1 9 fact1
 b "o & ! same natural _w4 ,outside (   
?is only legitimate au?ority1 legitimate
 because rational & 9 h>mony ) human    
lib]ty1 we decl>e all o!r au?orities    
false1 arbitr>y & fatal4  ,we recognize 
! absolute au?ority ( sci5ce1 b we      
reject ! infallibility & univ]sality ( !
 savant4 ,9 our *ur*--if ,i may be      
p]mitt$ to use = a mom5t an expression  
:i* ,i s dete/3 ,*ur* & ,/ate are my two
 betes noires--9 our *ur*1 z 9 !        

,prote/ant *ur*1 we h a *ief1 an        
invisible ,*ri/1 sci5ce2 &1 l !         
,prote/ants1 m logical ev5 ?an !        
,prote/ants1 we w suff] nei!r pope1 nor 
c\ncil1 nor conclaves ( infallible      
c>d9als1 nor bi%ops1 nor ev5 prie/s4    
,our ,*ri/ diff]s f ! ,prote/ant &      
,*ri/ian ,*ri/ 9 ?is--t ! latt] is a    
p]sonal be+1 ours imp]sonal2 ! ,*ri/ian 
,*ri/1 already complet$ 9 an et]nal pa/1
 pres5ts himself z a p]fect be+1 :ile ! 
completion & p]fection ( our ,*ri/1     
sci5ce1 are ev] 9 ! future3 :i* is      
equival5t to say+ t !y w nev] be        
realiz$4 ,!re=e1 9 recogniz+ absolute   
sci5ce z ! only absolute au?ority1 we 9 
no way compromise our lib]ty4  ,i mean  
by ! words absolute sci5ce1 ! truly     
univ]sal sci5ce :i* w\ld reproduce      
ideally1 to its fulle/ ext5t & 9 all its
 inf9ite detail1 ! univ]se1 ! sy/em or  
co-ord9ation ( all ! natural laws       
manife/$ by ! incessant developm5t ( !  
_w4 ,x is evid5t t su* a sci5ce1 !      
sublime object ( all ! ef=ts ( ! human  

m9d1 w nev] be fully & absolutely       
realiz$4 ,our ,*ri/1 !n1 w rema9        
et]nally unf9i%$1 :i* mu/ consid]ably   
take d[n ! pride ( 8 lic5s$             
repres5tatives among u4 ,aga9/ t ,god ! 
,son 9 ^: "n !y assume to impose ^u u _!
 insol5t & p$antic au?ority1 we appeal  
to ,god ! ,fa!r1 :o is ! real _w1 real  
life1 ( :i* he 7! ,son7 is only a too   
imp]fect expression1 :il/ we real be+s1 
liv+1 work+1 /ruggl+1 lov+1 aspir+1     
enjoy+1 & suff]+1 are its imm$iate      
repres5tatives4  ,b1 :ile reject+ !     
absolute1 univ]sal1 & infallible        
au?ority ( m5 ( sci5ce1 we will+ly b[   
be=e ! respectable1 al?\gh relative1 q  
tempor>y1 & v re/rict$ au?ority ( !     
repres5tatives ( special sci5ces1 ask+  
no?+ bett] ?an to consult !m by turns1 &
 v grateful = su* preci\s in=mation z !y
 may ext5d to u1 on condition ( _!      
will+ness to receive f u on occasions   
:51 & conc]n+ matt]s ab\t :i*1 we are m 
le>n$ ?an !y4 ,9 g5]al1 we ask no?+     
bett] ?an to see m5 end[$ ) great k1    

great exp]i5ce1 great m9ds1 &1 above    
all1 great he>ts1 ex]cise ov] u a       
natural & legitimate influ5ce1 freely   
accept$1 & nev] impos$ 9 ! "n ( any     
(ficial au?ority :atsoev]1 cele/ial or  
t]re/rial4 ,we accept all natural       
au?orities & all influ5ces ( fact1 b    
none ( "r2 = e au?ority or e influ5ce ( 
"r1 (ficially impos$ z su*1 becom+      
directly an oppression & a falsehood1   
w\ld inevitably impose ^u u1 z ,i       
believe ,i h suffici5tly %[n1 slav]y &  
absurdity4  ,9 a ^w1 we reject all      
legislation1 all au?ority1 & all        
privileg$1 lic5s$1 (ficial1 & legal     
influ5ce1 ev5 ?\gh aris+ f univ]sal     
suffrage1 conv9c$ t x c turn only to !  
advantage ( a dom9ant m9ority (         
exploit]s aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! imm5se    
majority 9 subjection to !m4  ,?is is ! 
s5se 9 :i* we are really ,an>*i/s4  ,!  
mod]n ideali/s und]/& au?ority 9 q a    
diff]5t way4 ,al?\gh free f !           
traditional sup]/itions ( all ! exi/+   
positive religions1 !y nev]!less atta*  

to ?is idea ( au?ority a div9e1 an      
absolute mean+4 ,?is au?ority is n t ( a
 tru? miracul\sly reveal$1 nor t ( a    
tru? rigor\sly & sci5tifically          
demon/rat$4 ,!y base x to a slight ext5t
 ^u quasi-philosophical reason+1 & to a 
l>ge ext5t on vaguely religi\s fai?1 to 
a l>ge ext5t also on s5tim5t1 ideally1  
ab/ractly poetical4 ,_! religion is1 z x
 71 a la/ attempt to div9ize all t      
con/itutes humanity 9 m54  ,?is is j !  
opposite ( ! "w t we are do+4 ,9 behalf 
( human lib]ty1 dignity1 & prosp]ity1 we
 believe x our duty to recov] f heav5 ! 
goods :i* x has /ol5 & return !m to e>?4
 ,!y1 on ! contr>y1 endeavor+ to commit 
a f9al religi\sly h]oic l>c5y1 w\ld     
re/ore to heav51 t div9e robb]1 f9ally  
unmask$1 ! gr&e/1 f9e/1 & noble/ (      
humanity's possessions4 ,x is n[ !      
free?9k]s' turn to pillage heav5 by _!  
audaci\s impiety & sci5tific analysis4  
,! ideali/s und\bt$ly believe t human   
ideas & de$s1 9 ord] to ex]cise great]  
au?ority among m51 mu/ be inve/$ ) a    

div9e sanction4 ,h[ is ?is sanction     
manife/$8 ,n by a miracle1 z 9 !        
positive religions1 b by ! v gr&eur or  
sanctity ( ! ideas & de$s3 :atev] is    
gr&1 :atev] is beautiful1 :atev] is     
noble1 :atev] is j1 is consid]$ div9e4  
,9 ?is new religi\s cult e man inspir$  
by ^! ideas1 by ^! de$s1 becomes a      
prie/1 directly consecrat$ by ,god      
himself4 ,& ! pro(8 ,he ne$s none beyond
 ! v gr&eur ( ! ideas :i* he expresses &
 ! de$s :i* he p]=ms4 ,^! are s holy t  
!y c h be5 inspir$ only by ,god4  ,su*1 
9 few words1 is _! :ole philosophy3 a   
philosophy ( s5tim5ts1 n ( real ?\ghts1 
a sort ( metaphysical pietism4 ,?is     
seems h>mless1 b x is n s at all1 & ! v 
precise1 v n>r[1 & v b>r5 doctr9e hidd5 
"u ! intangible vagu5ess ( ^! poetic =ms
 leads to ! same disa/r\s results t all 
! positive religions lead to--namely1 ! 
mo/ complete negation ( human lib]ty &  
dignity4  ,to proclaim z div9e all t is 
gr&1 j1 noble1 & beautiful 9 humanity is
 to tacitly admit t humanity ( itself   

w\ld h be5 unable to produce x--t is1 t1
 ab&on$ to itself1 its own nature is    
mis]able1 iniquit\s1 base1 & ugly4 ,?us 
we come back to ! ess5ce ( all          
religion--9 o!r words1 to ! disp>agem5t 
( humanity = ! great] glory ( div9ity4  
,& f ! mom5t t ! natural inf]iority (   
man & 8 fundam5tal incapacity to rise by
 8 own ef=t1 unaid$ by any div9e        
inspiration1 to ! compreh5sion ( j &    
true ideas1 are admitt$1 x becomes      
necess>y to admit also all ! !ological1 
political1 & social consequ5ces ( !     
positive religions4 ,f ! mom5t t ,god1 !
 p]fect & supreme be+1 is posit$ face to
 face ) humanity1 div9e m$iators1 !     
elect1 ! inspir$ ( ,god spr+ f ! e>? to 
enlight51 direct1 & gov]n 9 8 "n ! human
 race4  ,may we n suppose t all m5 are  
equally inspir$ by ,god8 ,!n1 surely1   
!re is no fur!r use = m$iators4 ,b ?is  
supposition is impossible1 because x is 
too cle>ly contradict$ by ! facts4 ,x   
w\ld compel u to attribute to div9e     
inspiration all ! absurdities & errors  

:i* appe>1 & all ! horrors1 follies1    
base de$s1 & c[>dly actions :i* are     
committ$1 9 ! _w4 ,b p]haps1 !n1 only a 
few m5 are div9ely inspir$1 ! great m5 (
 hi/ory1 ! virtu\s g5iuses1 z !         
illu/ri\s ,italian citiz5 & prophet1    
,giuseppe ,mazz9i1 call$ !m4 ,imm$iately
 inspir$ by ,god himself & support$ ^u  
univ]sal cons5t express$ by popul>      
suffrage--,dio e ,popolo--su* z ^! %\ld 
be call$ to ! gov]nm5t ( human          
societies4#c  ,b "h we are aga9 fall5   
back "u ! yoke ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,x is   
true t 9 ?is new organization1 indebt$ =
 its exi/5ce1 l all ! old political     
organizations1 to ! grace ( ,god1 b     
support$ ?is "t--at lea/ s f> z =m is   
conc]n$1 z a necess>y concession to ! _s
 ( mod]n times1 & j z 9 ! preambles ( ! 
imp]ial decrees ( ,napoleon ,,iii4--on !
 7pret5d$7 w ( ! p1 ! ,*ur* w no long]  
call itself ,*ur*2 x w call itself      
,s*ool4 ,:at matt]s x8 ,on ! b5*es ( ?is
 ,s*ool w be seat$ n *ildr5 only2 !re w 
be f\nd ! et]nal m9or1 ! pupil          

confess$ly =ev] incompet5t to pass 8    
exam9ations1 rise to ! k ( 8 tea*]s1 &  
disp5se ) _! discipl9e--! p4#d ,! ,/ate 
w no long] call itself ,mon>*y2 x w call
 itself ,republic3 b x w be none ! less 
! ,/ate--t is1 a tutelage (ficially &   
regul>ly e/abli%$ by a m9ority (        
compet5t m51 m5 ( virtu\s g5ius or      
tal5t1 :o w wat* & guide ! conduct ( ?is
 great1 incorrigible1 & t]rible *ild1 ! 
p4 ,! pr(essors ( ! ,s*ool & !          
function>ies ( ! ,/ate w call !mselves  
republicans2 b !y w be none ! less      
tutors1 %eph]ds1 & ! p w rema9 :at !y h 
be5 hi!rto f all et]nity1 a flock4      
,bew>e ( %e>]s1 = :]e !re is a flock !re
 necess>ily mu/ be %eph]ds also to %e> &
 dev\r x4  ,! p1 9 ?is sy/em1 w be !    
p]petual s*ol> & pupil4 ,9 spite ( its  
sov]eignty1 :olly fictiti\s1 x w cont9ue
 to s]ve z ! in/rum5t ( ?\ghts1 wills1 &
 consequ5tly int]e/s n its own4 ,betwe5 
?is situation & :at we call lib]ty1 !   
only real lib]ty1 !re is an abyss4 ,x w 
be ! old oppression & old slav]y "u new 

=ms2 & :]e !re is slav]y !re is mis]y1  
bruti%ness1 real social mat]ialism1     
among ! privileg$ classes z well z among
 ! masses4  ,9 deify+ human ?+s !       
ideali/s always end 9 ! triumph ( a     
brutal mat]ialism4 ,& ?is = a v simple  
reason3 ! div9e evaporates & rises to   
its own c\ntry1 heav51 :ile ! brutal    
alone rema9s actually on e>?4  ,yes1 !  
necess>y consequ5ce ( !oretical idealism
 is practically ! mo/ brutal mat]ialism2
 n1 und\bt$ly1 among ^? :o s9c]ely prea*
 x--! usual result z f> z !y are conc]n$
 be+ t !y are con/ra9$ to see all _!    
ef=ts /ruck ) /]ility--b among ^? :o try
 to realize _! precepts 9 life1 & 9 all 
society s f> z x all[s itself to be     
dom9at$ by ideali/ic doctr9es4  ,to     
demon/rate ?is g5]al fact1 :i* may appe>
 /range at fir/1 b :i* expla9s itself   
naturally en\gh ^u fur!r reflection1    
hi/orical pro(s are n lack+4  ,comp>e ! 
la/ two civilizations ( ! anci5t _w--!  
,greek & ! ,roman4 ,:i* is ! mo/        
mat]iali/ic1 ! mo/ natural1 9 its po9t (

 dep>ture1 & ! mo/ humanly ideal 9 its  
results8 ,und\bt$ly ! ,greek            
civilization4 ,:i* on ! contr>y1 is !   
mo/ ab/ractly ideal 9 its po9t (        
dep>ture--sacrific+ ! mat]ial lib]ty ( !
 man to ! ideal lib]ty ( ! citiz51      
repres5t$ by ! ab/raction ( judicial    
law1 & ! natural developm5t ( human     
society to ! ab/raction ( ! ,/ate--& :i*
 became nev]!less ! mo/ brutal 9 its    
consequ5ces8 ,! ,roman civilization1    
c]ta9ly4 ,x is true t ! ,greek          
civilization1 l all ! anci5t            
civilizations1 includ+ t ( ,rome1 0     
exclusively national & bas$ on slav]y4  
,b1 9 spite ( ^! two imm5se defects1 !  
=m] none ! less conceiv$ & realiz$ !    
idea ( humanity2 x ennobl$ & really     
idealiz$ ! life ( m52 x trans=m$ human  
h]ds into free associations ( free m52 x
 creat$ ?r\gh lib]ty ! sci5ces1 ! arts1 
a poetry1 an immortal philosophy1 & !   
prim>y concepts ( human respect4 ,)     
political & social lib]ty1 x creat$ free
 ?\ght4 ,at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1  

dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! fact t  
"s ,greek emigrants br\ght a few ( ^?   
immortal books into ,italy suffic$ to   
resuscitate life1 lib]ty1 ?\ght1        
humanity1 buri$ 9 ! d>k dungeon (       
,ca?olicism4 ,human emancipation1 t is !
 "n ( ! ,greek civilization4 ,& ! "n ( !
 ,roman civilization8 ,conque/1 ) all   
its brutal consequ5ces4 ,& its la/ ^w8  
,! omnipot5ce ( ! ,caes>s4 ,:i* means ! 
degradation & enslavem5t ( nations & (  
m54  ,to-day ev51 :at is x t kills1 :at 
is x t cru%es brutally1 mat]ially1 9 all
 ,european c\ntries1 lib]ty & humanity8 
,x is ! triumph ( ! ,caes>ian or ,roman 
pr9ciple4  ,comp>e n[ two mod]n         
civilizations--! ,italian & ! ,g]man4 ,!
 fir/ und\bt$ly repres5ts1 9 its g5]al  
"*1 mat]ialism2 ! second1 on ! contr>y1 
repres5ts idealism 9 its mo/ ab/ract1   
mo/ pure1 & mo/ transc5d5tal =m4 ,let u 
see :at are ! practical fruits ( ! "o & 
! o!r4  ,italy has already r5d]$ imm5se 
s]vices to ! cause ( human emancipation4
 ,%e 0 ! fir/ to resuscitate & widely   

apply ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty 9 ,europe1 &  
to re/ore to humanity its titles to     
nobility3 indu/ry1 comm]ce1 poetry1 !   
arts1 ! positive sci5ces1 & free ?\ght4 
,cru%$ s9ce by ?ree c5turies ( imp]ial &
 papal despotism1 & dragg$ 9 ! mud by h]
 gov]n+ b\rgeoisie1 %e reappe>s to-day1 
x is true1 9 a v degrad$ condition 9    
comp>ison ) :at %e once 04 ,& yet h[ mu*
 %e diff]s f ,g]many6 ,9 ,italy1 9 spite
 ( ?is decl9e--tempor>y let u hope--"o  
may live & brea! humanly1 surr\nd$ by a 
p :i* seems to be born = lib]ty4 ,italy1
 ev5 b\rgeois ,italy1 c po9t ) pride to 
m5 l ,mazz9i & ,g>ibaldi4 ,9 ,g]many "o 
brea!s ! atmosph]e ( an imm5se political
 & social slav]y1 philosophically       
expla9$ & accept$ by a great p )        
delib]ate resignation & free w4 ,h]     
h]oes--,i speak always ( pres5t ,g]many1
 n ( ! ,g]many ( ! future2 (            
ari/ocratic1 bureaucratic1 political &  
b\rgeoise ,g]many1 n ( ! ,g]many ( !    
proletaires--h] h]oes are q ! opposite (
 ,mazz9i & ,g>ibaldi3 !y are ,william   

,i41 t f]oci\s & +5u\s repres5tative ( !
 ,prote/ant ,god1 ,messrs4 ,bism>ck &   
,moltke1 ,g5]als ,manteuffel & ,w]d]4 ,9
 all h] int]national relations ,g]many1 
f ! beg9n+ ( h] exi/5ce1 has be5 sl[ly1 
sy/ematically invad+1 conqu]+1 ev] ready
 to ext5d h] own volunt>y enslavem5t    
into ! t]ritory ( h] neighbors2 &1 s9ce 
h] def9itive e/abli%m5t z a unit>y p[]1 
%e has become a m5ace1 a dang] to !     
lib]ty ( entire ,europe4 ,to-day ,g]many
 is s]vility brutal & triumphant4  ,to  
%[ h[ !oretical idealism incessantly &  
inevitably *anges into practical        
mat]ialism1 "o ne$s only to cite !      
example ( all ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 &1    
naturally1 fir/ ( all1 t ( ! ,apo/olic &
 ,roman ,*ur*4 ,:at is !re m sublime1 9 
! ideal s5se1 m dis9t]e/$1 m sep>ate f  
all ! int]e/s ( ?is e>?1 ?an ! doctr9e (
 ,*ri/ prea*$ by t ,*ur*8 ,& :at is !re 
m brutally mat]iali/ic ?an ! con/ant    
practice ( t same ,*ur* s9ce ! eigh?    
c5tury1 f :i* dates h] def9itive        
e/abli%m5t z a p[]8 ,:at has be5 & /ill 

is ! pr9cipal object ( all h] conte/s ) 
! sov]eigns ( ,europe8 ,h] temporal     
goods1 h] rev5ues fir/1 & !n h] temporal
 p[]1 h] political privileges4 ,we mu/ d
 h] ! ju/ice to ackn[l$ge t %e 0 ! fir/ 
to discov]1 9 mod]n hi/ory1 ?is         
inconte/able b sc>cely ,*ri/ian tru? t  
weal? & p[]1 ! economic exploitation & !
 political oppression ( ! masses1 are ! 
two insep>able t]ms ( ! reign ( div9e   
ideality on e>?3 weal? consolidat+ &    
augm5t+ p[]1 p[] ev] discov]+ & creat+  
new s\rces ( weal?1 & bo? assur+1 bett] 
?an ! m>tyrdom & fai? ( ! apo/les1 bett]
 ?an div9e grace1 ! success ( ! ,*ri/ian
 propag&ism4 ,?is is a hi/orical tru?1 &
 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*es d n fail to       
recognize x ei!r4 ,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( !
 indep5d5t *ur*es ( ,engl&1 ,am]ica1 &  
,switz]l&1 n ( ! subject$ *ur*es (      
,g]many4 ,! latt] h no initiative ( _!  
own2 !y d :at _! ma/]s1 _! temporal     
sov]eigns1 :o are at ! same "t _!       
spiritual *iefta9s1 ord] !m to d4 ,x is 
well kn[n t ! ,prote/ant propag&ism1    

especially 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 is v     
intimately connect$ ) ! propag&ism ( !  
mat]ial1 comm]cial int]e/s ( ^? two     
great nations2 & x is kn[n also t !     
objects ( ! latt] propag&ism is n at all
 ! enri*m5t & mat]ial prosp]ity ( !     
c\ntries into :i* x p5etrates 9 company 
) ! ,^w ( ,god1 b r ! exploitation ( ^? 
c\ntries ) a view to ! enri*m5t &       
mat]ial prosp]ity ( c]ta9 classes1 :i* 9
 _! own c\ntry are v covet\s & v pi\s at
 ! same "t4  ,9 a ^w1 x is n at all     
difficult to prove1 hi/ory 9 h&1 t !    
,*ur*1 t all ! ,*ur*es1 ,*ri/ian &      
non-,*ri/ian1 by ! side ( _!            
spirituali/ic propag&ism1 & probably to 
accel]ate & consolidate ! success !re(1 
h nev] neglect$ to organize !mselves    
into great corporations = ! economic    
exploitation ( ! masses "u ! protection 
& ) ! direct & special bless+ ( "s      
div9ity or o!r2 t all ! ,/ates1 :i*     
orig9ally1 z we "k1 ) all _! political &
 judicial in/itutions & _! dom9ant &    
privileg$ classes1 h be5 only temporal  

bran*es ( ^! v>i\s ,*ur*es1 h likewise  
_h pr9cipally 9 view ?is same           
exploitation = ! b5efit ( lay m9orities 
indirectly sanction$ by ! ,*ur*2 f9ally 
& 9 g5]al1 t ! action ( ! good ,god & ( 
all ! div9e idealities on e>? has end$  
at la/1 always & ev]y:]e1 9 f\nd+ !     
prosp]\s mat]ialism ( ! few ov] !       
fanatical & con/antly fami%+ idealism ( 
! masses4  ,we h a new pro( ( ?is 9 :at 
we see to-day4 ,) ! exception ( ! great 
he>ts & great m9ds :om ,i h be=e ref]r$ 
to z misl$1 :o are to-day ! mo/ ob/9ate 
def5d]s ( idealism8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all
 ! sov]eign c\rts4 ,9 ,france1 until    
lately1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 & 8 wife1      
,madame ,eug5ie2 all _! =m] m9i/]s1     
c\rti]s1 & ex-m>%als1 f ,r\h] & ,baza9e 
to ,fleury & ,pietri2 ! m5 & wom5 ( ?is 
imp]ial _w1 :o h s completely idealiz$ &
 sav$ ,france2 _! j\rnali/s & _!        
savants--! ,cassagnacs1 ! ,gir>d9s1 !   
,duv]nois1 ! ,veuillots1 ! ,lev]ri]s1 ! 
,dumas2 ! black phalanx ( ,jesuits &    
,jesuitesses 9 e g>b2 ! :ole upp] &     

middle b\rgeoisie ( ,france2 !          
doctr9aire lib]als1 & ! lib]als )\t     
doctr9e--! ,guizots1 ! ,?i]s1 ! ,jules  
,favres1 ! ,pelletans1 & ! ,jules       
,simons1 all ob/9ate def5d]s ( !        
b\rgeoise exploitation4 ,9 ,prussia1 9  
,g]many1 ,william ,i41 ! pres5t royal   
demon/rator ( ! good ,god on e>?2 all 8 
g5]als1 all 8 (fic]s1 ,pom]anian & o!r2 
all 8 army1 :i*1 /rong 9 its religi\s   
fai?1 has j conqu]$ ,france 9 t ideal   
way we "k s well4 ,9 ,russia1 ! ,cz> & 8
 c\rt2 ! ,m\ravieffs & ! ,b]gs1 all !   
but*]s & pi\s proselyt]s ( ,pol&4       
,ev]y:]e1 9 %ort1 religi\s or           
philosophical idealism1 ! "o be+ b ! m  
or less free translation ( ! o!r1 s]ves 
to-day z ! flag ( mat]ial1 bloody1 &    
brutal =ce1 ( %ameless mat]ial          
exploitation2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! flag
 ( !oretical mat]ialism1 ! r$ flag (    
economic equality & social ju/ice1 is   
rais$ by ! practical idealism ( !       
oppress$ & fami%+ masses1 t5d+ to       
realize ! greate/ lib]ty & ! human "r ( 

ea* 9 ! frat]nity ( all m5 on ! e>?4    
,:o are ! real ideali/s--! ideali/s n ( 
ab/raction1 b ( life1 n ( heav51 b (    
e>?--& :o are ! mat]iali/s8  ,x is      
evid5t t ! ess5tial condition (         
!oretical or div9e idealism is !        
sacrifice ( logic1 ( human reason1 !    
r5unciation ( sci5ce4 ,we see1 fur!r1 t 
9 def5d+ ! doctr9es ( idealism "o f9ds  
himself enli/$ p]=ce 9 ! ranks ( !      
oppressors & exploit]s ( ! masses4 ,^!  
are two great reasons :i*1 x w\ld seem1 
%\ld be suffici5t to drive e great m9d1 
e great he>t1 f idealism4 ,h[ does x    
happ5 t our illu/ri\s contempor>y       
ideali/s1 :o c]ta9ly lack nei!r m9d1 nor
 he>t1 nor good w1 & :o h devot$ _!     
entire exi/5ce to ! s]vice (            
humanity--h[ does x happ5 t !y p]si/ 9  
rema9+ among ! repres5tatives ( a       
doctr9e h5ce=? condemn$ & di%onor$8  ,!y
 mu/ be influ5c$ by a v p[]ful motive4  
,x _c be logic or sci5ce1 s9ce logic &  
sci5ce h pron\nc$ _! v]dict aga9/ !     
ideali/ic doctr9e4 ,no m c x be p]sonal 

int]e/s1 s9ce ^! m5 are inf9itely above 
ev]y?+ ( t sort4 ,x mu/1 !n1 be a p[]ful
 moral motive4 ,:i*8 ,!re c be b "o4 ,^!
 illu/ri\s m5 ?9k1 no d\bt1 t ideali/ic 
!ories or beliefs are ess5tially        
necess>y to ! moral dignity & gr&eur (  
man1 & t mat]iali/ic !ories1 on !       
contr>y1 r$uce him to ! level ( ! bea/s4
  ,& if ! tru? 7 j ! opposite6  ,e      
developm5t1 ,i h said1 implies !        
negation ( its po9t ( dep>ture4 ,! basis
 or po9t ( dep>ture1 accord+ to !       
mat]iali/ic s*ool1 be+ mat]ial1 !       
negation mu/ be necess>ily ideal4 ,/>t+ 
f ! totality ( ! real _w1 or f :at is   
ab/ractly call$ matt]1 x logically      
arrives at ! real idealization--t is1 at
 ! humanization1 at ! full & complete   
emancipation--( society4 ,p] contra & = 
! same reason1 ! basis & po9t ( dep>ture
 ( ! ideali/ic s*ool be+ ideal1 x       
arrives necess>ily at ! mat]ialization (
 society1 at ! organization ( a brutal  
despotism & an iniquit\s & ignoble      
exploitation1 "u ! =m ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4  

,! hi/orical developm5t ( man accord+ to
 ! mat]iali/ic s*ool1 is a progressive  
asc5sion2 9 ! ideali/ic sy/em x c be    
no?+ b a cont9u\s fall4  ,:atev] human  
"q we may desire to consid]1 we always  
f9d ?is same ess5tial contradiction     
betwe5 ! two s*ools4 ,?us1 z ,i h       
already obs]v$1 mat]ialism />ts f       
animality to e/abli% humanity2 idealism 
/>ts f div9ity to e/abli% slav]y &      
condemn ! masses to an endless          
animality4 ,mat]ialism d5ies free w &   
ends 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( lib]ty2 idealism1 
9 ! "n ( human dignity1 proclaims free  
w1 & on ! ru9s ( e lib]ty f\nds         
au?ority4 ,mat]ialism rejects ! pr9ciple
 ( au?ority1 because x rightly consid]s 
x z ! coroll>y ( animality1 & because1  
on ! contr>y1 ! triumph ( humanity1 !   
object & *ief significance ( hi/ory1 c  
be realiz$ only ?r\gh lib]ty4 ,9 a ^w1 y
 w always f9d ! ideali/s 9 ! v act (    
practical mat]ialism1 :ile y w see !    
mat]iali/s pursu+ & realiz+ ! mo/ gr&ly 
ideal aspirations & ?\ghts4  ,hi/ory1 9 

! sy/em ( ! ideali/s1 z ,i h said1 c be 
no?+ b a cont9u\s fall4 ,!y beg9 by a   
t]rible fall1 f :i* !y nev] recov]--by !
 salto mortale f ! sublime regions (    
pure & absolute idea into matt]4 ,& into
 :at k9d ( matt]6 ,n into ! matt] :i* is
 et]nally active & mobile1 full (       
prop]ties & =ces1 ( life & intellig5ce1 
z we see x 9 ! real _w2 b into ab/ract  
matt]1 impov]i%$ & r$uc$ to absolute    
mis]y by ! regul> loot+ ( ^! ,prussians 
( ?\ght1 ! !ologians & metaphysicians1  
:o h /ripp$ x ( ev]y?+ to give ev]y?+ to
 _! emp]or1 to _! ,god2 into ! matt]    
:i*1 depriv$ ( all action & movem5t (   
its own1 repres5ts1 9 opposition to !   
div9e idea1 no?+ b absolute /upidity1   
imp5etrability1 in]tia & immobility4  ,!
 fall is s t]rible t div9ity1 ! div9e   
p]son or idea1 is flatt5$ out1 loses    
consci\sness ( itself1 & nev] m recov]s 
x4 ,& 9 ?is desp]ate situation x is /ill
 =c$ to "w miracles6 ,= f ! mom5t t     
matt] becomes in]t1 e movem5t t takes   
place 9 ! _w1 ev5 ! mo/ mat]ial1 is a   

miracle1 c result only f a provid5tial  
int]v5tion1 f ! action ( ,god ^u matt]4 
,& !re ?is poor ,div9ity1 degrad$ & half
 annihilat$ by its fall1 lies "s ?\s&s (
 c5turies 9 ?is swoon1 !n awak5s sl[ly1 
9 va9 endeavor+ to grasp "s vague memory
 ( itself1 & e move t x makes 9 ?is     
direction ^u matt] becomes a creation1 a
 new =mation1 a new miracle4 ,9 ?is way 
x passes ?r\gh all degrees ( mat]iality 
& be/iality--fir/1 gas1 simple or       
comp\nd *emical sub/ance1 m9]al1 x !n   
spreads ov] ! e>? z vegetable & animal  
organization till x conc5trates itself 9
 man4 ,"h x w\ld seem z if x mu/ become 
itself aga91 = x lights 9 e human be+ an
 angelic sp>k1 a p>ticle ( its own div9e
 be+1 ! immortal s\l4  ,h[ did x manage 
to lodge a ?+ absolutely immat]ial 9 a  
?+ absolutely mat]ial2 h[ c ! body      
conta91 enclose1 limit1 p>alyze pure _s8
 ,?is1 aga91 is "o ( ^? que/ions :i*    
fai? alone1 t passionate & /upid        
affirmation ( ! absurd1 c solve4 ,x is !
 greate/ ( miracles4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we h   

only to e/abli% ! effects1 ! practical  
consequ5ces ( ?is miracle4  ,aft] ?\s&s 
( c5turies ( va9 ef=ts to come back to  
itself1 ,div9ity1 lo/ & scatt]$ 9 !     
matt] :i* x animates & sets 9 motion1   
f9ds a po9t ( support1 a sort ( focus = 
self-conc5tration4 ,?is focus is man1 8 
immortal s\l s+ul>ly imprison$ 9 a      
mortal body4 ,b ea* man consid]$        
individually is inf9itely too limit$1   
too small1 to enclose ! div9e imm5sity2 
x c conta9 only a v small p>ticle1      
immortal l ! :ole1 b inf9itely small]   
?an ! :ole4 ,x foll[s t ! div9e be+1 !  
absolutely immat]ial be+1 m9d1 is       
divisible l matt]4 ,ano!r my/]y ^:      
solution mu/ be left to fai?4  ,if ,god 
entire c\ld f9d lodgm5t 9 ea* man1 !n   
ea* man w\ld be ,god4 ,we %\ld h an     
imm5se quantity ( ,gods1 ea* limit$ by  
all ! o!rs & yet none ! less inf9ite--a 
contradiction :i* w\ld imply a mutual   
de/ruction ( m51 an impossibility ( !   
exi/5ce ( m ?an "o4 ,z = ! p>ticles1 t  
is ano!r matt]2 no?+ m rational1 inde$1 

?an t "o p>ticle %\ld be limit$ by ano!r
 & be small] ?an ! :ole4 ,only1 "h ano!r
 contradiction confronts u4 ,to be      
limit$1 to be great] & small] are       
attributes ( matt]1 n ( m9d4 ,accord+ to
 ! mat]iali/s1 x is true1 m9d is only ! 
work+ ( ! :olly mat]ial organism ( man1 
& ! greatness or smallness ( m9d dep5ds 
absolutely on ! great] or less mat]ial  
p]fection ( ! human organism4 ,b ^! same
 attributes ( relative limitation &     
gr&eur _c be attribut$ to m9d z !       
ideali/s conceive x1 absolutely         
immat]ial m9d1 m9d exi/+ indep5d5t (    
matt]4 ,!re c be nei!r great] nor small]
 nor any limit among m9ds1 = !re is only
 "o m9d--,god4 ,to add t ! inf9itely    
small & limit$ p>ticles :i* con/itute   
human s\ls are at ! same "t immortal is 
to c>ry ! contradiction to a climax4 ,b 
?is is a "q ( fai?4 ,let u pass on4  ,"h
 !n we h ,div9ity torn up & lodg$1 9    
inf9itely small p>ticles1 9 an imm5se   
numb] ( be+s ( all sexes1 ages1 races1 &
 colors4 ,?is is an excessively         

inconv5i5t & unhappy situation1 = !     
div9e p>ticles are s little acqua9t$ )  
ea* o!r at ! outset ( _! human exi/5ce t
 !y beg9 by dev\r+ ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 9 
! mid/ ( ?is /ate ( b>b>ism & :olly     
animal brutality1 ^! div9e p>ticles1    
human s\ls1 reta9 z x 7 a vague         
remembrance ( _! primitive div9ity1 &   
are irresi/ibly drawn t[>ds _! :ole2 !y 
seek ea* o!r1 !y seek _! :ole4 ,x is    
,div9ity itself1 scatt]$ & lo/ 9 !      
natural _w1 :i* looks = itself 9 m51 & x
 is s demoli%$ by ?is multitude ( human 
prisons 9 :i* x f9ds itself /rewn1 t1 9 
look+ = itself1 x commits folly aft]    
folly4  ,beg9n+ ) feti*ism1 x se>*es = &
 adores itself1 n[ 9 a /one1 n[ 9 a     
piece ( wood1 n[ 9 a rag4 ,x is q likely
 t x w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 gett+ out ( !
 rag1 if ! o!r div9ity :i* 0 n all[$ to 
fall into matt] & :i* is kept 9 a /ate (
 pure _s 9 ! sublime heights ( !        
absolute ideal1 or 9 ! cele/ial regions1
 _h n _h pity on x4  ,"h is a new       
my/]y--t ( ,div9ity divid+ itself into  

two halves1 bo? equally inf9ite1 ( :i*  
"o--,god ! ,fa!r--/ays 9 ! purely       
immat]ial regions1 & ! o!r--,god !      
,son--falls into matt]4 ,we %all see    
directly1 betwe5 ^! two ,div9ities      
sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 cont9u\s relations   
e/abli%$1 f above to bel[ & f bel[ to   
above2 & ^! relations1 consid]$ z a s+le
 et]nal & con/ant act1 w con/itute !    
,holy ,gho/4 ,su*1 9 its v]itable       
!ological & metaphysical mean+1 is !    
great1 ! t]rible my/]y ( ! ,*ri/ian     
,tr9ity4  ,b let u lose no "t 9 ab&on+  
^! heights to see :at is go+ on ^u e>?4 
,god ! ,fa!r1 see+ f ! height ( 8 et]nal
 spl5dor t ! poor ,god ! ,son1 flatt5$  
out & a/\nd$ by 8 fall1 is s plung$ &   
lo/ 9 matt] t ev5 hav+ rea*$ human /ate 
he has n yet recov]$ himself1 decides to
 come to 8 aid4 ,f ?is imm5se numb] (   
p>ticles at once immortal1 div9e1 &     
inf9itely small1 9 :i* ,god ! ,son has  
dissem9at$ himself s ?or\ghly t he does 
n "k himself1 ,god ! ,fa!r *ooses ^? mo/
 pleas+ to him1 picks 8 inspir$ p]sons1 

8 prophets1 8 m5 ( virtu\s g5ius1 !     
great b5efactors & legislators (        
humanity3 ,zoroa/]1 ,buddha1 ,moses1    
,confucius1 ,lycurgus1 ,solon1          
,socrates1 ! div9e ,plato1 & above all  
,jesus ,*ri/1 ! complete realization (  
,god ! ,son1 at la/ collect$ &          
conc5trat$ 9 a s+le human p]son2 all !  
apo/les1 ,sa9t ,pet]1 ,sa9t ,paul1 &    
,sa9t ,john be=e all1 ,con/ant9e !      
,great1 ,mahomet1 !n ,*>lemagne1        
,gregory ,,vii41 ,dante1 &1 accord+ to  
"s1 ,lu!r also1 ,voltaire & ,r\sseau1   
,robespi]re & ,danton1 & _m o!r great & 
holy hi/orical p]sonages1 all ( ^: names
 x is impossible to recapitulate1 b     
among :om ,i1 z a ,russian1 beg t ,sa9t 
,ni*olas may n be =gott54  ,!n we h     
rea*$ at la/ ! manife/ation ( ,god ^u   
e>?4 ,b imm$iately ,god appe>s1 man is  
r$uc$ to no?+4 ,x w be said t he is n   
r$uc$ to no?+1 s9ce he is himself a     
p>ticle ( ,god4 ,p>don me6 ,i admit t a 
p>ticle ( a def9ite1 limit$ :ole1 h[ev] 
small x be1 is a quantity1 a positive   

greatness4 ,b a p>ticle ( ! inf9itely   
great1 comp>$ ) x1 is necess>ily        
inf9itely small4 ,multiply milli>ds (   
milli>ds by milli>ds ( milli>ds--_!     
product comp>$ to ! inf9itely great1 w  
be inf9itely small1 & ! inf9itely small 
is equal to z]o4 ,god is ev]y?+2 !re=e  
man & all ! real _w ) him1 ! univ]se1   
are no?+4 ,y w n escape ?is conclusion4 
,god appe>s1 man is r$uc$ to no?+2 & !  
great] ,div9ity becomes1 ! m mis]able   
becomes humanity4 ,t is ! hi/ory ( all  
religions2 t is ! effect ( all ! div9e  
inspirations & legislations4 ,9 hi/ory !
 "n ( ,god is ! t]rible club ) :i* all  
div9ely inspir$ m51 ! great virtu\s     
g5iuses1 h beat5 d[n ! lib]ty1 dignity1 
reason1 & prosp]ity ( man4  ,we _h fir/ 
! fall ( ,god4 ,n[ we h a fall :i*      
int]e/s u m--t ( man1 caus$ solely by ! 
app>ition ( ,god manife/$ on e>?4  ,see 
9 h[ pr(\nd an error our de> & illu/ri\s
 ideali/s f9d !mselves4 ,9 talk+ to u ( 
,god !y purpose1 !y desire1 to elevate  
u1 emancipate u1 ennoble u1 &1 on !     

contr>y1 !y cru% & degrade u4 ,) ! "n ( 
,god !y imag9e t !y c e/abli% frat]nity 
among m51 &1 on ! contr>y1 !y create    
pride1 contempt2 !y s[ discord1 hatr$1  
w>2 !y e/abli% slav]y4 ,= ) ,god come ! 
diff]5t degrees ( div9e inspiration2    
humanity is divid$ into m5 highly       
inspir$1 less inspir$1 un9spir$4 ,all   
are equally insignificant be=e ,god1 x  
is true2 b1 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 "s are    
great] ?an o!rs2 n only 9 fact--:i* w\ld
 be ( no consequ5ce1 because inequality 
9 fact is lo/ 9 ! collectivity :5 x _c  
cl+ to "s legal fiction or in/itution--b
 by ! div9e "r ( inspiration1 :i*       
imm$iately e/abli%es a fix$1 con/ant1   
petrify+ inequality4 ,! highly inspir$  
mu/ be li/5$ to & obey$ by ! less       
inspir$1 & ! less inspir$ by ! un9spir$4
 ,?us we h ! pr9ciple ( au?ority well   
e/abli%$1 & ) x ! two fundam5tal        
in/itutions ( slav]y3 ,*ur* & ,/ate4  ,(
 all despotisms t ( ! doctr9aires or    
inspir$ religioni/s is ! wor/4 ,!y are s
 jeal\s ( ! glory ( _! ,god & ( !       

triumph ( _! idea t !y h no he>t left = 
! lib]ty or ! dignity or ev5 ! suff]+s (
 liv+ m51 ( real m54 ,div9e zeal1       
preoccupation ) ! idea1 f9ally dry up ! 
t5d]e/ s\ls1 ! mo/ compassionate he>ts1 
! s\rces ( human love4 ,consid]+ all t  
is1 all t happ5s 9 ! _w f ! po9t ( view 
( et]nity or ( ! ab/ract idea1 !y treat 
pass+ matt]s ) disda92 b ! :ole life (  
real m51 ( m5 ( fle% & bone1 is compos$ 
only ( pass+ matt]s2 !y !mselves are    
only pass+ be+s1 :o1 once pass$1 are    
replac$ by o!rs likewise pass+1 b nev]  
to return 9 p]son4 ,alone p]man5t or    
relatively et]nal 9 m5 is humanity1 :i* 
/eadily develop+1 gr[s ri*] 9 pass+ f "o
 g5]ation to ano!r4 ,i say relatively   
et]nal1 because1 our planet once        
de/roy$--x _c fail to p]i% soon] or     
lat]1 s9ce ev]y?+ :i* has begun mu/     
necess>ily end--our planet once         
decompos$1 to s]ve und\bt$ly z an elem5t
 ( "s new =mation 9 ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1
 :i* alone is really et]nal1 :o kn[s :at
 w become ( our :ole human developm5t8  

,nev]!less1 ! mom5t ( ?is dissolution   
be+ an enorm\s di/ance 9 ! future1 we   
may prop]ly consid] humanity1 relatively
 to ! %ort duration ( human life1 z     
et]nal4 ,b ?is v fact ( progressive     
humanity is real & liv+ only ?r\gh its  
manife/ations at def9ite times1 9       
def9ite places1 9 really liv+ m51 & n   
?r\gh its g5]al idea4  ,! g5]al idea is 
always an ab/raction &1 = t v reason1 9 
"s sort a negation ( real life4 ,i h    
/at$ 9 ! ,app5dix t human ?\ght &1 9    
consequ5ce ( ?is1 sci5ce c grasp & "n   
only ! g5]al significance ( real facts1 
_! relations1 _! laws--9 %ort1 t :i* is 
p]man5t 9 _! cont9ual trans=mations--b  
nev] _! mat]ial1 individual side1       
palpitat+1 s to speak1 ) reality & life1
 & !re=e fugitive & intangible4 ,sci5ce 
compreh5ds ! ?\ght ( ! reality1 n       
reality itself2 ! ?\ght ( life1 n life4 
,t is its limit1 its only really        
insup]able limit1 because x is f\nd$ on 
! v nature ( ?\ght1 :i* is ! only organ 
( sci5ce4  ,^u ?is nature are bas$ !    

indisputable rights & gr& mission (     
sci5ce1 b also its vital impot5ce & ev5 
its mis*iev\s action :5ev]1 ?r\gh its   
(ficial lic5s$ repres5tatives1 x        
arrogantly claims ! "r to gov]n life4 ,!
 mission ( sci5ce is1 by obs]vation ( ! 
g5]al relations ( pass+ & real facts1 to
 e/abli% ! g5]al laws inh]5t 9 !        
developm5t ( ! ph5om5a ( ! physical &   
social _w2 x fixes1 s to speak1 !       
un*angeable l&m>ks ( humanity's         
progressive m>* by indicat+ ! g5]al     
conditions :i* x is necess>y to         
rigor\sly obs]ve & always fatal to      
ignore or =get4 ,9 a ^w1 sci5ce is !    
compass ( life2 b x is n life4 ,sci5ce  
is un*angeable1 imp]sonal1 g5]al1       
ab/ract1 ins5sible1 l ! laws ( :i* x is 
b ! ideal reproduction1 reflect$ or     
m5tal--t is c]ebral 7us+ ?is ^w to rem9d
 u t sci5ce itself is b a mat]ial       
product ( a mat]ial organ1 ! bra974     
,life is :olly fugitive & tempor>y1 b   
also :olly palpitat+ ) reality &        
individuality1 s5sibility1 suff]+s1     

joys1 aspirations1 ne$s1 & passions4 ,x 
alone spontane\sly creates real ?+s &   
be+s4 ,sci5ce creates no?+2 x e/abli%es 
& recognizes only ! creations ( life4 ,&
 e "t t sci5tific m51 em]g+ f _! ab/ract
 _w1 m+le ) liv+ creation 9 ! real _w1  
all t !y propose or create is poor1     
ridicul\sly ab/ract1 bloodless &        
lifeless1 /ill-born1 l ! homunculus     
creat$ by ,wagn]1 ! p$antic disciple ( !
 immortal ,doctor ,fau/4 ,x foll[s t !  
only mission ( sci5ce is to enlight5    
life1 n to gov]n x4  ,! gov]nm5t (      
sci5ce & ( m5 ( sci5ce1 ev5 be !y       
positivi/s1 disciples ( ,augu/e ,comte1 
or1 aga91 disciples ( ! doctr9aire s*ool
 ( ,g]man ,communism1 _c fail to be     
impot5t1 ridicul\s1 inhuman1 cruel1     
oppressive1 exploit+1 malefic5t4 ,we may
 say ( m5 ( sci5ce1 z su*1 :at ,i h said
 ( !ologians & metaphysicians3 !y h     
nei!r s5se nor he>t = individual & liv+ 
be+s4 ,we _c ev5 blame !m = ?is1 = x is 
! natural consequ5ce ( _! pr(ession4 ,9 
s f> z !y are m5 ( sci5ce1 !y h to deal 

) & c take int]e/ 9 no?+ except         
g5]alities2 t d ! laws#e 444 !y are n   
exclusively m5 ( sci5ce1 b are also m or
 less m5 ( life4#f         99     99    
99     99     99  ,nev]!less1 we mu/ n  
rely too mu* on ?is4 ,?\gh we may be    
well nigh c]ta9 t a savant w\ld n d>e to
 treat a man to-day z he treats a       
rabbit1 x rema9s always to be fe>$ t !  
savants z a body1 if n int]f]$ )1 may   
submit liv+ m5 to sci5tific exp]im5ts1  
und\bt$ly less cruel b none ! less      
disagreeable to _! victims4 ,if !y _c   
p]=m exp]im5ts ^u ! bodies (            
individuals1 !y w ask no?+ bett] ?an to 
p]=m !m on ! social body1 & t is :at mu/
 be absolutely prev5t$4  ,9 _! exi/+    
organization1 monopoliz+ sci5ce & rema9+
 ?us outside ( social life1 ! savants =m
 a sep>ate ca/e1 9 _m respects analog\s 
to ! prie/hood4 ,sci5tific ab/raction is
 _! ,god1 liv+ & real individuals are _!
 victims1 & !y are ! consecrat$ & lic5s$
 sacrific]s4  ,sci5ce _c g outside ( !  
sph]e ( ab/ractions4 ,9 ?is respect x is

 inf9itely inf]ior to art1 :i*1 9 its   
turn1 is peculi>ly conc]n$ also ) g5]al 
types & g5]al situations1 b :i*         
inc>nates !m by an artifice ( its own 9 
=ms :i*1 if !y are n liv+ 9 ! s5se (    
real life1 none ! less excite 9 our     
imag9ation ! memory & s5tim5t ( life2   
art 9 a c]ta9 s5se individualizes !     
types & situations :i* x conceives2 by  
means ( ! individualities )\t fle% &    
bone1 & consequ5tly p]man5t & immortal1 
:i* x has ! p[] to create1 x recalls to 
our m9ds ! liv+1 real individualities   
:i* appe> & disappe> "u our eyes4 ,art1 
!n1 is z x 7 ! return ( ab/raction to   
life2 sci5ce1 on ! contr>y1 is !        
p]petual immolation ( life1 fugitive1   
tempor>y1 b real1 on ! alt> ( et]nal    
ab/ractions4  ,sci5ce is z incapable (  
grasp+ ! individuality ( a man z t ( a  
rabbit1 be+ equally indiff]5t to bo?4 ,n
 t x is ignorant ( ! pr9ciple (         
individuality3 x conceives x p]fectly z 
a pr9ciple1 b n z a fact4 ,x kn[s v well
 t all ! animal species1 includ+ ! human

 species1 h no real exi/5ce outside ( an
 indef9ite numb] ( individuals1 born &  
dy+ to make room = new individuals      
equally fugitive4 ,x kn[s t 9 ris+ f !  
animal species to ! sup]ior species !   
pr9ciple ( individuality becomes m      
pron\nc$2 ! individuals appe> fre] & m  
complete4 ,x kn[s t man1 ! la/ & mo/    
p]fect animal ( e>?1 pres5ts ! mo/      
complete & mo/ rem>kable individuality1 
because ( 8 p[] to conceive1 concrete1  
p]sonify1 z x 71 9 8 social & private   
exi/5ce1 ! univ]sal law4 ,x kn[s1       
f9ally1 :5 x is n vitiat$ by !ological  
or metaphysical1 political or judicial  
doctr9airisme1 or ev5 by a n>r[         
sci5tific pride1 :5 x is n deaf to !    
in/9cts & spontane\s aspirations (      
life--x kn[s 7& ?is is its la/ ^w7 t    
respect = man is ! supreme law (        
,humanity1 & t ! great1 ! real object ( 
hi/ory1 its only legitimate object1 is !
 humanization & emancipation1 ! real    
lib]ty1 ! prosp]ity & happ9ess ( ea*    
individual liv+ 9 society4 ,=1 if we    

w\ld n fall back into ! lib]ticidal     
fiction ( ! public welf>e repres5t$ by !
 ,/ate1 a fiction always f\nd$ on !     
sy/ematic sacrifice ( ! p1 we mu/ cle>ly
 recognize t collective lib]ty &        
prosp]ity exi/ only s f> z !y repres5t !
 sum ( individual lib]ties &            
prosp]ities4  ,sci5ce kn[s all ^! ?+s1 b
 x does n & _c g beyond !m4 ,ab/raction 
be+ its v nature1 x c well en\gh        
conceive ! pr9ciple ( real & liv+       
individuality1 b x c h no deal+s ) real 
& liv+ individuals2 x conc]ns itself )  
individuals 9 g5]al1 b n ) ,pet] or     
,james1 n ) su* or su* a "o1 :o1 s f> z 
x is conc]n$1 d n1 _c1 h any exi/5ce4   
,its individuals1 ,i repeat1 are only   
ab/ractions4  ,n[1 hi/ory is made1 n by 
ab/ract individuals1 b by act+1 liv+ &  
pass+ individuals4 ,ab/ractions advance 
only :5 borne =w>d by real m54 ,= ^!    
be+s made1 n 9 idea only1 b 9 reality ( 
fle% & blood1 sci5ce has no he>t3 x     
consid]s !m at mo/ z mat]ial =          
intellectual & social developm5t4 ,:at  

does x c>e = ! p>ticul> conditions &    
*ance fate ( ,pet] or ,james8 ,x w\ld   
make itself ridicul\s1 x w\ld abdicate1 
x w\ld annihilate itself1 if x wi%$ to  
conc]n itself ) !m o!rwise ?an z        
examples 9 support ( its et]nal !ories4 
,& x w\ld be ridicul\s to wi% x to d s1 
= its mission lies n !re4 ,x _c grasp ! 
concrete2 x c move only 9 ab/ractions4  
,its mission is to busy itself ) !      
situation & ! g5]al conditions ( !      
exi/5ce & developm5t1 ei!r ( ! human    
species 9 g5]al1 or ( su* a race1 su* a 
p1 su* a class or category (            
individuals2 ! g5]al causes ( _!        
prosp]ity1 _! decl9e1 & ! be/ g5]al     
me?ods ( secur+ _! progress 9 all ways4 
,provid$ x accompli%es ?is task broadly 
& rationally1 x w d its :ole duty1 & x  
w\ld be really unju/ to expect m ( x4   
,b x w\ld be equally ridicul\s1 x w\ld  
be disa/r\s to entru/ x ) a mission :i* 
x is incapable ( fulfill+4 ,s9ce its own
 nature =ces x to ignore ! exi/5ce (    
,pet] & ,james1 x mu/ nev] be p]mitt$1  

nor mu/ anybody be p]mitt$ 9 its "n1 to 
gov]n ,pet] & ,james4 ,= x 7 capable (  
treat+ !m almo/ z x treats rabbits4 ,or 
r1 x w\ld cont9ue to ignore !m2 b its   
lic5s$ repres5tatives1 m5 n at all      
ab/ract1 b on ! contr>y 9 v active life 
& hav+ v sub/antial int]e/s1 yield+ to !
 p]nici\s influ5ce :i* privilege        
inevitably ex]cises ^u m51 w\ld f9ally  
fleece o!r m5 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 j z !y h 
be5 fleec$ hi!rto by prie/s1 politicians
 ( all %ades1 & lawy]s1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 (
 ! ,/ate1 ( judicial ,"r4  ,:at ,i prea*
 !n is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! revolt (    
life aga9/ sci5ce1 or r aga9/ ! gov]nm5t
 ( sci5ce1 n to de/roy sci5ce--t w\ld be
 high treason to humanity--b to rem& x  
to its place s t x c nev] leave x aga94 
,until n[ all human hi/ory has be5 only 
a p]petual & bloody immolation (        
millions ( poor human be+s 9 honor ( "s 
pitiless ab/raction--,god1 c\ntry1 p[] (
 ,/ate1 national honor1 hi/orical       
rights1 judicial rights1 political      
lib]ty1 public welf>e4 ,su* has be5 up  

to to-day ! natural1 spontane\s1 &      
inevitable movem5t ( human societies4   
,we _c undo x2 we mu/ submit to x s f> z
 ! pa/ is conc]n$1 z we submit to all   
natural fatalities4 ,we mu/ believe t t 
0 ! only possible way to educate ! human
 race4 ,= we mu/ n deceive ourselves3   
ev5 9 attribut+ ! l>g] "p to !          
,ma*iavellian wiles ( ! gov]n+ classes1 
we h to recognize t no m9ority w\ld h   
be5 p[]ful en\gh to impose all ^!       
horrible sacrifices ^u ! masses if !re  
_h n be5 9 ! masses !mselves a dizzy    
spontane\s movem5t :i* pu%$ !m on to    
cont9ual self-sacrifice1 n[ to "o1 n[ to
 ano!r ( ^! dev\r+ ab/ractions1 !       
vampires ( hi/ory1 ev] n\ri%$ ^u human  
blood4  ,we readily und]/& t ?is is v   
gratify+ to ! !ologians1 politicians1 & 
juri/s4 ,prie/s ( ^! ab/ractions1 !y    
live only by ! cont9ual immolation ( !  
p4 ,nor is x m surpris+ t metaphysics1  
too1 %\ld give its cons5t4 ,its only    
mission is to ju/ify & rationalize z f> 
z possible ! iniquit\s & absurd4 ,b t   

positive sci5ce itself %\ld h %[n ! same
 t5d5cies is a fact :i* we mu/ deplore  
:ile we e/abli% x4 ,t x has done s is   
due to two reasons3 9 ! fir/ place1     
because1 con/itut$ outside ( life1 x is 
repres5t$ by a privileg$ body2 & 9 !    
second place1 because ?us f> x has      
posit$ itself z an absolute & f9al      
object ( all human developm5t4 ,by a    
judici\s criticism1 :i* x c & f9ally w  
be =c$ to pass ^u itself1 x w\ld und]/&1
 on ! contr>y1 t x is only a means = !  
realization ( a mu* high] object--t ( ! 
complete humanization ( ! real situation
 ( all ! real individuals :o are born1  
:o live1 & :o die1 on e>?4  ,! imm5se   
advantage ( positive sci5ce ov] !ology1 
metaphysics1 politics1 & judicial "r    
consi/s 9 ?is--t1 9 place ( ! false &   
fatal ab/ractions set up by ^! doctr9es1
 x posits true ab/ractions :i* express !
 g5]al nature & logic ( ?+s1 _! g5]al   
relations1 & ! g5]al laws ( _!          
developm5t4 ,?is sep>ates x pr(\ndly f  
all prec$+ doctr9es1 & w assure x = ev] 

a great position 9 society3 x w         
con/itute 9 a c]ta9 s5se society's      
collective consci\sness4 ,b !re is "o   
aspect 9 :i* x resembles all ^!         
doctr9es3 its only possible object be+  
ab/ractions1 x is =c$ by its v nature to
 ignore real m51 outside ( :om ! true/  
ab/ractions h no exi/5ce4 ,to rem$y ?is 
radical defect positive sci5ce w h to   
proce$ by a diff]5t me?od f t foll[$ by 
! doctr9es ( ! pa/4 ,! latt] h tak5     
advantage ( ! ignorance ( ! masses to   
sacrifice !m ) delight to _!            
ab/ractions1 :i*1 by ! way1 are always v
 lucrative to ^? :o repres5t !m 9 fle% &
 bone4 ,positive sci5ce1 recogniz+ its  
absolute inability to conceive real     
individuals & int]e/ itself 9 _! lot1   
mu/ def9itely & absolutely r5\nce all   
claim to ! gov]nm5t ( societies2 = if x 
%\ld m$dle !re91 x w\ld only sacrifice  
cont9ually ! liv+ m5 :om x ignores to ! 
ab/ractions :i* con/itute ! sole object 
( its legitimate preoccupations4  ,!    
true sci5ce ( hi/ory1 = in/ance1 does n 

yet exi/2 sc>cely d we beg9 to-day to   
cat* a glimpse ( its extremely          
complicat$ conditions4 ,b suppose x 7   
def9itely develop$1 :at c\ld x give u8  
,x w\ld exhibit a fai?ful & rational    
picture ( ! natural developm5t ( ! g5]al
 conditions--mat]ial & ideal1           
economical1 political & social1         
religi\s1 philosophical1 ae/hetic1 &    
sci5tific--( ! societies :i* h a hi/ory4
 ,b ?is univ]sal picture ( human        
civilization1 h[ev] detail$ x might be1 
w\ld nev] %[ any?+ beyond g5]al &       
consequ5tly ab/ract e/imates4 ,!        
milli>ds ( individuals :o h furni%$ !   
liv+ & suff]+ mat]ials ( ?is hi/ory at  
once triumphant & dismal--triumphant by 
its g5]al results1 dismal by ! imm5se   
hecatomb ( human victims cru%$ "u its   
c>--^? milli>ds ( obscure individuals   
)\t :om none ( ! great ab/ract results (
 hi/ory w\ld h be5 obta9$--& :o1 be> 9  
m9d1 h nev] b5efit$ by any ( ^!         
results--w f9d no place1 n ev5 !        
slighte/1 9 our annals4 ,!y h liv$ & be5

 sacrific$1 cru%$ = ! good ( ab/ract    
humanity1 t is all4  ,%all we blame !   
sci5ce ( hi/ory8 ,t w\ld be unju/ &     
ridicul\s4 ,individuals _c be grasp$ by 
?\ght1 by reflection1 or ev5 by human   
spee*1 :i* is capable ( express+        
ab/ractions only2 !y _c be grasp$ 9 !   
pres5t day any m ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,!re=e    
social sci5ce itself1 ! sci5ce ( !      
future1 w necess>ily cont9ue to ignore  
!m4 ,all t we h a "r to dem& ( x is t x 
%all po9t u ) fai?ful & sure h& to !    
g5]al causes ( individual suff]+--among 
^! causes x w n =get ! immolation &     
subord9ation 7/ill too frequ5t1 alas67 (
 liv+ individuals to ab/ract            
g5]alities--at ! same "t %[+ u ! g5]al  
conditions necess>y to ! real           
emancipation ( ! individuals liv+ 9     
society4 ,t is its mission2 ^? are its  
limits1 beyond :i* ! action ( social    
sci5ce c be only impot5t & fatal4       
,beyond ^? limits be+ ! doctr9aire &    
gov]nm5tal pret5tions ( its lic5s$      
repres5tatives1 its prie/s4 ,x is "t to 

h done ) all popes & prie/s2 we want !m 
no long]1 ev5 if !y call !mselves       
,social ,democrats4  ,once m1 ! sole    
mission ( sci5ce is to light ! road4    
,only ,life1 deliv]$ f all its          
gov]nm5tal & doctr9aire b>ri]s1 & giv5  
full lib]ty ( action1 c create4  ,h[    
solve ?is ant9omy8  ,on ! "o h&1 sci5ce 
is indisp5sable to ! rational           
organization ( society2 on ! o!r1 be+   
incapable ( int]e/+ itself 9 t :i* is   
real & liv+1 x mu/ n int]f]e ) ! real or
 practical organization ( society4  ,?is
 contradiction c be solv$ only 9 "o way3
 by ! liquidation ( sci5ce z a moral be+
 exi/+ outside ! life ( all1 & repres5t$
 by a body ( brevet$ savants2 x mu/     
spread among ! masses4 ,sci5ce1 be+     
call$ ^u to h5ce=? repres5t society's   
collective consci\sness1 mu/ really     
become ! prop]ty ( ev]ybody4 ,!reby1 )\t
 los+ any?+ ( its univ]sal "*1 ( :i* x c
 nev] dive/ itself )\t ceas+ to be      
sci5ce1 & :ile cont9u+ to conc]n itself 
exclusively ) g5]al causes1 ! conditions

 & fix$ relations ( individuals & ?+s1 x
 w become "o 9 fact ) ! imm$iate & real 
life ( all individuals4 ,t w be a       
movem5t analog\s to t :i* said to !     
,prote/ants at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,re=mation t
 !re 0 no fur!r ne$ ( prie/s = man1 :o  
w\ld h5ce=? be 8 own prie/1 e man1 ?anks
 to ! invisible int]v5tion ( ! ,"l      
,jesus ,*ri/ alone1 hav+ at la/ succe$$ 
9 swall[+ 8 good ,god4 ,b "h ! "q is n (
 ,jesus ,*ri/1 nor good ,god1 nor (     
political lib]ty1 nor ( judicial "r--?+s
 all !ologically or metaphysically      
reveal$1 & all alike indige/ible4 ,! _w 
( sci5tific ab/ractions is n reveal$2 x 
is inh]5t 9 ! real _w1 ( :i* x is only !
 g5]al or ab/ract expression &          
repres5tation4 ,z long z x =ms a sep>ate
 region1 specially repres5t$ by !       
savants z a body1 ?is ideal _w ?reat5s  
to take ! place ( a good ,god to ! real 
_w1 res]v+ = its lic5s$ repres5tatives !
 (fice ( prie/s4 ,t is ! reason :y x is 
necess>y to dissolve ! special social   
organization ( ! savants by g5]al       

in/ruction1 equal = all 9 all ?+s1 9    
ord] t ! masses1 ceas+ to be flocks l$ &
 %orn by privileg$ prie/s1 may take into
 _! own h&s ! direction ( _! de/9ies4#g 
,b until ! masses %all h rea*$ ?is      
degree ( in/ruction1 w x be necess>y to 
leave !m to ! gov]nm5t ( sci5tific m58  
,c]ta9ly n4 ,x w\ld be bett] = !m to    
disp5se ) sci5ce ?an all[ !mselves to be
 gov]n$ by savants4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce (
 ! gov]nm5t ( ^! m5 w\ld be to r5d]     
sci5ce inaccessible to ! p1 & su* a     
gov]nm5t w\ld necess>ily be ari/ocratic1
 because ! exi/+ sci5tific in/itutions  
are ess5tially ari/ocratic4 ,an         
ari/ocracy ( le>n+6 f ! practical po9t (
 view ! mo/ implacable1 & f ! social    
po9t ( view ! mo/ haughty & insult+--su*
 w\ld be ! p[] e/abli%$ 9 ! "n ( sci5ce4
 ,?is regime w\ld be capable ( p>alyz+ !
 life & movem5t ( society4 ,! savants   
always presumptu\s1 ev] self-suffici5t &
 ev] impot5t1 w\ld desire to m$dle )    
ev]y?+1 & ! s\rces ( life w\ld dry up "u
 ! brea? ( _! ab/ractions4  ,once m1    

,life1 n sci5ce1 creates life2 !        
spontane\s action ( ! p !mselves alone c
 create lib]ty4 ,und\bt$ly x w\ld be a v
 =tunate ?+ if sci5ce c\ld1 f ?is day   
=?1 illum9ate ! spontane\s m>* ( ! p    
t[>ds _! emancipation4 ,b bett] an      
abs5ce ( light ?an a false & feeble     
light1 k9dl$ only to mislead ^? :o foll[
 x4 ,aft] all1 ! p w n lack light4 ,n 9 
va9 h !y trav]s$ a long hi/oric c>e]1 & 
paid = _! errors by c5turies ( mis]y4 ,!
 practical summ>y ( _! pa9ful exp]i5ces 
con/itutes a sort ( traditional sci5ce1 
:i* 9 c]ta9 respects is wor? z mu* z    
!oretical sci5ce4 ,la/ ( all1 a portion 
( ! y\?--^? ( ! b\rgeois /ud5ts :o feel 
hatr$ en\gh = ! falsehood1 hypocrisy1   
inju/ice1 & c[>dice ( ! b\rgeoisie to   
f9d c\rage to turn _! backs ^u x1 &     
passion en\gh to unres]v$ly embrace ! j 
& human cause ( ! prolet>iat--^? w be1 z
 ,i h already said1 frat]nal in/ructors 
( ! p2 ?anks to !m1 !re w be no occasion
 = ! gov]nm5t ( ! savants4  ,if ! p %\ld
 bew>e ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! savants1 all ! m

 %\ld !y provide aga9/ t ( ! inspir$    
ideali/s4 ,! m s9c]e ^! believ]s & poets
 ( heav51 ! m dang]\s !y become4 ,!     
sci5tific ab/raction1 ,i h said1 is a   
rational ab/raction1 true 9 its ess5ce1 
necess>y to life1 ( :i* x is ! !oretical
 repres5tation1 or1 if "o pref]s1 !     
consci5ce4 ,x may1 x mu/ be1 absorb$ &  
dige/$ by life4 ,! ideali/ic ab/raction1
 ,god1 is a corrosive poison1 :i*       
de/roys & decomposes life1 falsifies &  
kills x4 ,! pride ( ! ideali/s1 n be+   
p]sonal b div9e1 is inv9cible &         
inexorable3 x may1 x mu/1 die1 b x w    
nev] yield1 & :ile x has a brea? left x 
w try to subject m5 to its ,god1 j z !  
lieut5ants ( ,prussia1 ^! practical     
ideali/s ( ,g]many1 w\ld l to see ! p   
cru%$ "u ! spurr$ boot ( _! emp]or4 ,!  
fai? is ! same1 ! end b little diff]5t1 
& ! result1 z t ( fai?1 is slav]y4  ,x  
is at ! same "t ! triumph ( ! uglie/ &  
mo/ brutal mat]ialism4 ,!re is no ne$ to
 demon/rate ?is 9 ! case ( ,g]many2 "o  
w\ld h to be bl9d to avoid see+ x at !  

pres5t h\r4 ,b ,i ?9k x is /ill necess>y
 to demon/rate x 9 ! case ( div9e       
idealism4  ,man1 l all ! re/ ( nature1  
is an entirely mat]ial be+4 ,! m9d1 !   
facility ( ?9k+1 ( receiv+ & reflect+ ^u
 diff]5t ext]nal & int]nal s5sations1 ( 
rememb]+ !m :5 !y h pass$ & reproduc+ !m
 by ! imag9ation1 ( comp>+ & di/+ui%+   
!m1 ( ab/ract+ det]m9ations common to !m
 & ?us creat+ g5]al concepts1 & f9ally (
 =m+ ideas by gr\p+ & comb9+ concepts   
accord+ to diff]5t me?ods--intellig5ce1 
9 a ^w1 sole creator ( our :ole ideal   
_w1 is a prop]ty ( ! animal body &      
especially ( ! q mat]ial organism ( !   
bra94  ,we "k ?is c]ta9ly1 by ! exp]i5ce
 ( all1 :i* no fact has ev] contradict$ 
& :i* any man c v]ify at any mom5t ( 8  
life4 ,9 all animals1 )\t except+ !     
:olly inf]ior species1 we f9d a c]ta9   
degree ( intellig5ce1 & we see t1 9 !   
s]ies ( species1 animal intellig5ce     
develops 9 proportion z ! organization (
 a species approa*es t ( man1 b t 9 man 
alone x atta9s to t p[] ( ab/raction :i*

 prop]ly con/itutes ?\ght4  ,univ]sal   
exp]i5ce1#h :i* is ! sole orig91 ! s\rce
 ( all our k1 %[s u1 !re=e1 t all       
intellig5ce is always atta*$ to "s      
animal body1 & t ! int5sity1 ! p[]1 (   
?is animal function dep5ds ^u ! relative
 p]fection ( ! organism4 ,! latt] ( ^!  
results ( univ]sal exp]i5ce is n        
applicable only to ! diff]5t animal     
species2 we e/abli% x likewise 9 m51 ^: 
intellectual & moral p[] dep5ds s cle>ly
 ^u ! great] or less p]fection ( _!     
organism z a race1 z a nation1 z a      
class1 & z individuals1 t x is n        
necess>y to insi/ ^u ?is po9t4#i  ,on ! 
o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t no man has ev] se5 
or c see pure m9d1 deta*$ f all mat]ial 
=m1 exi/+ sep>ately f any animal body   
:atsoev]4 ,b if no p]son has se5 x1 h[  
is x t m5 h come to believe 9 its       
exi/5ce8 ,! fact ( ?is belief is c]ta91 
& if n univ]sal1 z all ! ideali/s       
pret5d1 at lea/ v g5]al1 & z su* x is   
entirely wor?y ( our close/ att5tion1 = 
a g5]al belief1 h[ev] fooli% x may be1  

ex]cises too pot5t a sway ov] ! de/9y ( 
m5 to w>rant u 9 ignor+ x or putt+ x    
aside4  ,! explanation ( ?is belief1    
moreov]1 is rational en\gh4 ,! example  
af=d$ u by *ildr5 & "y p1 & ev5 by _m m5
 long pa/ ! age ( majority1 %[s u t man 
may use 8 m5tal faculties = a long "t   
be=e acc\nt+ to himself = ! way 9 :i* he
 uses !m1 be=e becom+ cle>ly consci\s ( 
x4 ,dur+ ?is work+ ( ! m9d unconsci\s ( 
itself1 dur+ ?is action ( innoc5t or    
believ+ intellig5ce1 man1 obsess$ by !  
ext]nal _w1 pu%$ on by t int]nal goad   
call$ life & its manifold necessities1  
creates a quantity ( imag9ations1       
concepts1 & ideas necess>ily v imp]fect 
at fir/ & con=m+ b slightly to ! reality
 ( ! ?+s & facts :i* !y endeavor to     
express4 ,n hav+ yet ! consci\sness ( 8 
own intellig5t action1 n kn[+ yet t he  
himself has produc$ & cont9ues to       
produce ^! imag9ations1 ^! concepts1 ^! 
ideas1 ignor+ _! :olly subjective--t is1
 human--orig91 he mu/ naturally consid] 
!m z objective be+s1 z real be+s1 :olly 

indep5d5t ( him1 exi/+ by !mselves & 9  
!mselves4  ,x 0 ?us t primitive peoples1
 em]g+ sl[ly f _! animal innoc5ce1      
creat$ _! gods4 ,hav+ creat$ !m1 n      
suspect+ t !y !mselves 7 ! real         
creators1 !y wor%ipp$ !m2 consid]+ !m z 
real be+s inf9itely sup]ior to !mselves1
 !y attribut$ omnipot5ce to !m1 &       
recogniz$ !mselves z _! creatures1 _!   
slaves4 ,z fa/ z human ideas develop1 ! 
gods1 :o1 z ,i h already /at$1 7 nev]   
any?+ m ?an a fanta/ic1 ideal1 poetical 
rev]b]ation or an inv]t$ image1 become  
idealiz$ also4 ,at fir/ gross feti*es1  
!y gradually become pure spirits1 exi/+ 
outside ( ! visible _w1 & at la/1 9 !   
c\rse ( a long hi/oric evolution1 are   
conf\nd$ 9 a s+le ,div9e ,be+1 pure1    
et]nal1 absolute ,_s1 creator & ma/] ( !
 worlds4  ,9 e developm5t1 j or false1  
real or imag9>y1 collective or          
individual1 x is always ! fir/ /ep1 !   
fir/ act t is ! mo/ difficult4 ,t /ep   
once tak51 ! re/ foll[s naturally z a   
necess>y consequ5ce4 ,! difficult /ep 9 

! hi/orical developm5t ( ?is t]rible    
religi\s insanity :i* cont9ues to obsess
 & cru% u 0 to posit a div9e _w z su*1  
outside ! _w4 ,?is fir/ act ( madness1 s
 natural f ! physiological po9t ( view &
 consequ5tly necess>y 9 ! hi/ory (      
humanity1 0 n accompli%$ at a s+le      
/roke4 ,i "k n h[ _m c5turies 7 ne$$ to 
develop ?is belief & make x a gov]n+    
influ5ce ^u ! m5tal cu/oms ( m54 ,b1    
once e/abli%$1 x became omnipot5t1 z ea*
 insane notion necess>ily becomes :5 x  
takes possession ( man's bra94 ,take a  
madman1 :atev] ! object ( 8 madness--y w
 f9d t obscure & fix$ idea :i* obsesses 
him seems to him ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 !   
_w1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ! real ?+s :i*   
contradict ?is idea seem to him         
ridicul\s & odi\s follies4 ,well1       
religion is a collective insanity1 ! m  
p[]ful because x is traditional folly1 &
 because its orig9 is lo/ 9 ! mo/ remote
 antiquity4 ,z collective insanity x has
 p5etrat$ to ! v dep?s ( ! public &     
private exi/5ce ( ! peoples2 x is       

inc>nate 9 society2 x has become1 s to  
speak1 ! collective s\l & ?\ght4 ,e man 
is envelop$ 9 x f 8 bir?2 he sucks x 9 )
 8 "m's milk1 absorbs x ) all t he      
t\*es1 all t he sees4 ,he is s          
exclusively f$ ^u x1 s poison$ &        
p5etrat$ by x 9 all 8 be+1 t lat]1 h[ev]
 p[]ful 8 natural m9d1 he has to make   
unhe>d-( ef=ts to deliv] himself f x1 & 
ev5 !n nev] completely succe$s4 ,we h "o
 pro( ( ?is 9 our mod]n ideali/s1 &     
ano!r 9 our doctr9aire mat]iali/s--!    
,g]man ,communi/s4 ,!y h f\nd no way to 
%ake (f ! religion ( ! ,/ate4  ,!       
sup]natural _w1 ! div9e _w1 once well   
e/abli%$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! peoples1 !  
developm5t ( ! v>i\s religi\s sy/ems has
 foll[$ its natural & logical c\rse1    
con=m+1 moreov]1 9 all ?+s to !         
contempor>y developm5t ( economical &   
political relations ( :i* x has be5 9   
all ages1 9 ! _w ( religi\s fancy1 !    
fai?ful reproduction & div9e            
consecration4 ,?us has ! collective &   
hi/orical insanity :i* calls itself     

religion be5 develop$ s9ce feti*ism1    
pass+ ?r\gh all ! /ages f poly!ism to   
,*ri/ian mono!ism4  ,! second /ep 9 !   
developm5t ( religi\s beliefs1 und\bt$ly
 ! mo/ difficult next to ! e/abli%m5t ( 
a sep>ate div9e _w1 0 precisely ?is     
transition f poly!ism to mono!ism1 f !  
religi\s mat]ialism ( ! pagans to !     
spirituali/ic fai? ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!    
pagan gods--& ?is 0 _! pr9cipal         
*>act]i/ic--7 fir/ ( all exclusively    
national gods4 ,v num]\s1 !y necess>ily 
reta9$ a m or less mat]ial "*1 or1 r1 !y
 7 s num]\s because !y 7 mat]ial1       
div]sity be+ "o ( ! pr9cipal attributes 
( ! real _w4 ,! pagan gods 7 n yet      
/rictly ! negation ( real ?+s2 !y 7 only
 a fanta/ic exagg]ation ( !m4  ,we h se5
 h[ mu* ?is transition co/ ! ,jewi% p1  
con/itut+1 s to speak1 its entire       
hi/ory4 ,9 va9 did ,moses & ! prophets  
prea* ! "o god2 ! p always relaps$ into 
_! primitive idolatry1 into ! anci5t &  
comp>atively mu* m natural & conv5i5t   
fai? 9 _m good gods1 m mat]ial1 m human1

 & m palpable4 ,jehovah himself1 _! sole
 ,god1 ! ,god ( ,moses & ! prophets1 0  
/ill an extremely national ,god1 :o1 to 
rew>d & puni% 8 fai?ful foll[]s1 8 *os5 
p1 us$ mat]ial argum5ts1 (t5 /upid1     
always gross & cruel4 ,x does n ev5     
appe> t fai? 9 8 exi/5ce impli$ a       
negation ( ! exi/5ce ( e>li] gods4 ,!   
,jewi% ,god did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( ^!    
rivals2 he simply did n want 8 p to     
wor%ip !m side by side ) him1 because   
be=e all ,jehovah 0 a v jeal\s ,god4 ,8 
fir/ comm&m5t 0 ?is3  ,i am ! ,"l ?y    
,god1 & ?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me4  
,jehovah1 !n1 0 only a fir/ draft1 v    
mat]ial & v r\gh1 ( ! supreme deity (   
mod]n idealism4 ,moreov]1 he 0 only a   
national ,god1 l ! ,russian ,god        
wor%ipp$ by ! ,g]man g5]als1 subjects ( 
! ,cz> & patriots ( ! empire ( all !    
,russias2 l ! ,g]man ,god1 :om ! pieti/s
 & ! ,g]man g5]als1 subjects ( ,william 
,i4 at ,b]l91 w no d\bt soon proclaim4  
,! supreme be+ _c be a national ,god2 he
 mu/ be ! ,god ( entire ,humanity4 ,nor 

c ! supreme be+ be a mat]ial be+2 he mu/
 be ! negation ( all matt]--pure _s4    
,two ?+s h prov$ necess>y to !          
realization ( ! wor%ip ( ! supreme be+3 
7#a7 a realization1 su* z x is1 (       
,humanity by ! negation ( nationalities 
& national =ms ( wor%ip2 7#b7 a         
developm5t1 already f> advanc$1 (       
metaphysical ideas 9 ord] to            
spiritualize ! gross ,jehovah ( ! ,jews4
  ,! fir/ condition 0 fulfill$ by !     
,romans1 ?\gh 9 a v negative way no     
d\bt1 by ! conque/ ( mo/ ( ! c\ntries   
kn[n to ! anci5ts & by ! de/ruction ( _!
 national in/itutions4 ,! gods ( all !  
conqu]$ nations1 ga!r$ 9 ! ,pan!on1     
mutually cancell$ ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 ! fir/
 draft ( humanity1 v gross & q negative4
  ,z = ! second condition1 !            
spiritualization ( ,jehovah1 t 0 realiz$
 by ! ,greeks long be=e ! conque/ ( _!  
c\ntry by ! ,romans4 ,!y 7 ! creators ( 
metaphysics4 ,greece1 9 ! cradle ( h]   
hi/ory1 _h already f\nd f ! ,ori5t a    
div9e _w :i* _h be5 def9itely e/abli%$ 9

 ! traditional fai? ( h] peoples2 ?is _w
 _h be5 left & h&$ ov] to h] by !       
,ori5t4 ,9 h] in/9ctive p]iod1 prior to 
h] political hi/ory1 %e _h develop$ &   
prodigi\sly humaniz$ ?is div9e _w ?r\gh 
h] poets2 & :5 %e actually began h]     
hi/ory1 %e already _h a religion        
ready-made1 ! mo/ sympa!tic & noble (   
all ! religions :i* h exi/$1 s f> at    
lea/ z a religion--t is1 a lie--c be    
noble & sympa!tic4 ,h] great ?9k]s--& no
 nation has _h great] ?an ,greece--f\nd 
! div9e _w e/abli%$1 n only outside (   
!mselves 9 ! p1 b also 9 !mselves z a   
habit ( feel+ & ?\ght1 & naturally !y   
took x z a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,t !y made  
no !ology--t is1 t !y did n wait 9 va9  
to reconcile dawn+ reason ) !           
absurdities ( su* a god1 z did !        
s*ola/ics ( ! ,middle ,ages--0 already  
mu* 9 _! favor4 ,!y left ! gods out ( _!
 speculations & atta*$ !mselves directly
 to ! div9e idea1 "o1 invisible1        
omnipot5t1 et]nal1 & absolutely         
spirituali/ic b imp]sonal4 ,z conc]ns   

,spiritualism1 !n1 ! ,greek             
metaphysicians1 mu* m ?an ! ,jews1 7 !  
creators ( ! ,*ri/ian god4 ,! ,jews only
 add$ to x ! brutal p]sonality ( _!     
,jehovah4  ,t a sublime g5ius l ! div9e 
,plato c\ld h be5 absolutely conv9c$ ( !
 reality ( ! div9e idea %[s u h[        
contagi\s1 h[ omnipot5t1 is ! tradition 
( ! religi\s mania ev5 on ! greate/     
m9ds4 ,besides1 we %\ld n be surpris$ at
 x1 s9ce1 ev5 9 our day1 ! greate/      
philosophical g5ius :i* has exi/$ s9ce  
,ari/otle & ,plato1 ,hegel--9 spite ev5 
( ,kant's criticism1 imp]fect & too     
metaphysical ?\gh x be1 :i* _h demoli%$ 
! objectivity or reality ( ! div9e      
ideas--tri$ to replace ^! div9e ideas ^u
 _! transc5d5tal or cele/ial ?rone4 ,x  
is true t ,hegel w5t ab\t 8 "w (        
re/oration 9 s impolite a mann] t he    
kill$ ! good ,god = ev]4 ,he took away f
 ^! ideas _! div9e halo1 by %[+ to :oev]
 w read him t !y 7 nev] any?+ m ?an a   
creation ( ! human m9d runn+ ?r\gh      
hi/ory 9 se>* ( itself4 ,to put an end  

to all religi\s insanities & ! div9e    
mirage1 he left no?+ lack+ b ! utt]ance 
( ^? gr& words :i* 7 said aft] him1     
almo/ at ! same "t1 by two great m9ds :o
 _h nev] he>d ( ea* o!r--,ludwig        
,feu]ba*1 ! disciple & demoli%] (       
,hegel1 9 ,g]many1 & ,augu/e ,comte1 !  
f\nd] ( positive philosophy1 9 ,france4 
,^! words 7 z foll[s3  ,metaphysics are 
r$uc$ to psy*ology4 ,all ! metaphysical 
sy/ems h be5 no?+ else ?an human        
psy*ology develop+ itself 9 hi/ory4     
,to-day x is no long] difficult to      
und]/& h[ ! div9e ideas 7 born1 h[ !y 7 
creat$ 9 succession by ! ab/ractive     
faculty ( man4 ,man made ! gods4 ,b 9 ! 
"t ( ,plato ?is k 0 impossible4 ,!      
collective m9d1 & consequ5tly !         
individual m9d z well1 ev5 t ( ! greate/
 g5ius1 0 n ripe = t4 ,sc>cely _h x said
 ) ,socrates3 ,"k ?yself6 ,?is self-k   
exi/$ only 9 a /ate ( intuition2 9 fact1
 x am\nt$ to no?+4 ,h5ce x 0 impossible 
= ! human m9d to suspect t x 0 itself ! 
sole creator ( ! div9e _w4 ,x f\nd !    

div9e _w be=e x2 x f\nd x z hi/ory1 z   
tradition1 z a s5tim5t1 z a habit (     
?\ght2 & x necess>ily made x ! object ( 
its l(tie/ speculations4 ,?us 0 born    
metaphysics1 & ?us 7 develop$ & p]fect$ 
! div9e ideas1 ! basis ( ,spiritualism4 
,x is true t aft] ,plato !re 0 a sort ( 
inv]se movem5t 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9d4  
,ari/otle1 ! true fa!r ( sci5ce &       
positive philosophy1 did n d5y ! div9e  
_w1 b conc]n$ himself ) x z little z    
possible4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to /udy1 l !     
analy/ & exp]im5t] t he 01 logic1 ! laws
 ( human ?\ght1 & at ! same "t !        
physical _w1 n 9 its ideal1 illusory    
ess5ce1 b 9 its real aspect4 ,aft] him !
 ,greeks ( ,alex&ria e/abli%$ ! fir/    
s*ool ( ! positive sci5ti/s4 ,!y 7      
a!i/s4 ,b _! a!ism left no m>k on _!    
contempor>ies4 ,sci5ce t5d$ m & m to    
sep>ate itself f life4 ,aft] ,plato1    
div9e ideas 7 reject$ 9 metaphysics     
!mselves2 ?is 0 done by ! ,epicureans & 
,skeptics1 two sects :o contribut$ mu*  
to ! degradation ( human ari/ocracy1 b  

!y _h no effect ^u ! masses4  ,ano!r    
s*ool1 inf9itely m influ5tial1 0 =m$ at 
,alex&ria4 ,?is 0 ! s*ool (             
neo-,platoni/s4 ,^!1 conf\nd+ 9 an      
impure mixture ! mon/r\s imag9ations ( !
 ,ori5t ) ! ideas ( ,plato1 7 ! true    
orig9ators1 & lat] ! elaborators1 ( !   
,*ri/ian dogmas4  ,?us ! p]sonal & gross
 egoism ( ,jehovah1 ! n less brutal &   
gross ,roman conque/1 & ! metaphysical  
ideal speculation ( ! ,greeks1          
mat]ializ$ by contact ) ! ,ori5t1 7 !   
?ree hi/orical elem5ts :i* made up !    
spirituali/ic religion ( ! ,*ri/ians4   
99     99     99     99     99  ,be=e ! 
alt> ( a unique & supreme ,god 0 rais$  
on ! ru9s ( ! num]\s alt>s ( ! pagan    
gods1 ! autonomy ( ! v>i\s nations      
compos+ ! pagan or anci5t _w _h to be   
de/roy$ fir/4 ,?is 0 v brutally done by 
! ,romans :o1 by conqu]+ ! greate/ "p ( 
! globe kn[n to ! anci5ts1 laid ! fir/  
f\ndations1 q gross & negative ones no  
d\bt1 ( humanity4 ,a ,god ?us rais$     
above ! national diff]5ces1 mat]ial &   

social1 ( all c\ntries1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se
 ! direct negation ( !m1 mu/ necess>ily 
be an immat]ial & ab/ract be+4 ,b fai? 9
 ! exi/5ce ( su* a be+1 s difficult a   
matt]1 c\ld n spr+ into exi/5ce sudd5ly4
 ,consequ5tly1 z ,i h demon/rat$ 9 !    
,app5dix1 x w5t ?r\gh a long c\rse (    
prep>ation & developm5t at ! h&s (      
,greek metaphysics1 :i* 7 ! fir/ to     
e/abli% 9 a philosophical mann] ! notion
 ( ! div9e idea1 a model et]nally       
creative & always reproduc$ by ! visible
 _w4 ,b ! div9ity conceiv$ & creat$ by  
,greek philosophy 0 an imp]sonal        
div9ity4 ,no logical & s]i\s metaphysics
 be+ able to rise1 or1 r1 to desc5d1 to 
! idea ( a p]sonal ,god1 x became       
necess>y1 !re=e1 to imag9e a ,god :o 0  
"o & v p]sonal at once4 ,he 0 f\nd 9 ! v
 brutal1 selfi%1 & cruel p]son (        
,jehovah1 ! national ,god ( ! ,jews4 ,b 
! ,jews1 9 spite ( t exclusive national 
_s :i* di/+ui%es !m ev5 to-day1 _h      
become 9 fact1 long be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1
 ! mo/ int]national p ( ! _w4 ,"s ( !m  

c>ri$ away z captives1 b _m m ev5 urg$  
on by t m]cantile passion :i* con/itutes
 "o ( ! pr9cipal traits ( _! "*1 !y _h  
spread ?r\gh all c\ntries1 c>ry+ ev]y:]e
 ! wor%ip ( _! ,jehovah1 to :om !y      
rema9$ all ! m fai?ful ! m he ab&on$ !m4
  ,9 ,alex&ria ?is t]rible god ( ! ,jews
 made ! p]sonal acqua9tance ( !         
metaphysical div9ity ( ,plato1 already  
mu* corrupt$ by ,ori5tal contact1 &     
corrupt$ h] /ill m by 8 own4 ,9 spite ( 
8 national1 jeal\s1 & f]oci\s           
exclusivism1 he c\ld n long resi/ !     
graces ( ?is ideal & imp]sonal div9ity (
 ! ,greeks4 ,he m>ri$ h]1 & f ?is       
m>riage 0 born ! spirituali/ic--b n     
spirit$--,god ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,!         
neo-,platoni/s ( ,alex&ria are kn[n to h
 be5 ! pr9cipal creators ( ! ,*ri/ian   
!ology4  ,nev]!less !ology alone does n 
make a religion1 any m ?an hi/orical    
elem5ts suffice to create hi/ory4 ,by   
hi/orical elem5ts ,i mean ! g5]al       
conditions ( any real developm5t        
:atsoev]--= example 9 ?is case ! conque/

 ( ! _w by ! ,romans & ! meet+ ( ! ,god 
( ! ,jews ) ! ideal ( div9ity ( !       
,greeks4 ,to impregnate ! hi/orical     
elem5ts1 to cause !m to run ?r\gh a     
s]ies ( new hi/orical trans=mations1 a  
liv+1 spontane\s fact 0 ne$$1 )\t :i* !y
 might h rema9$ _m c5turies long] 9 !   
/ate ( unproductive elem5ts4 ,?is fact 0
 n lack+ 9 ,*ri/ianity3 x 0 !           
propag&ism1 m>tyrdom1 & dea? ( ,jesus   
,*ri/4  ,we "k almo/ no?+ ( ?is great & 
sa9tly p]sonage1 all t ! gospels tell u 
be+ contradictory1 & s fabul\s t we c   
sc>cely seize ^u a few real & vital     
traits4 ,b x is c]ta9 t he 0 ! prea*] ( 
! poor1 ! fri5d & consol] ( ! wret*$1 ( 
! ignorant1 ( ! slaves1 & ( ! wom51 & t 
by ^! la/ he 0 mu* lov$4 ,he promis$    
et]nal life to all :o are oppress$1 to  
all :o suff] "h bel[2 & ! numb] is      
imm5se4 ,he 0 hang$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 
by ! repres5tatives ( ! (ficial morality
 & public ord] ( t p]iod4 ,8 disciples &
 ! disciples ( 8 disciples succe$$ 9    
spread+1 ?anks to ! de/ruction ( !      

national b>ri]s by ! ,roman conque/1 &  
propagat$ ! ,gospel 9 all ! c\ntries    
kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,ev]y:]e !y 7 receiv$
 ) op5 arms by ! slaves & ! wom51 ! two 
mo/ oppress$1 mo/ suff]+1 & naturally   
also ! mo/ ignorant classes ( ! anci5t  
_w4 ,= ev5 su* few proselytes z !y made 
9 ! privileg$ & le>n$ _w !y 7 indebt$ 9 
great "p to ! influ5ce ( wom54 ,_! mo/  
ext5sive propag&ism 0 direct$ almo/     
exclusively among ! p1 un=tunate &      
degrad$ by slav]y4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ awak5+1
 ! fir/ intellectual revolt ( !         
prolet>iat4         99     99     99    
99     99  ,! great honor ( ,*ri/ianity1
 its inconte/able m]it1 & ! :ole secret 
( its unprec$5t$ & yet ?or\ghly         
legitimate triumph1 lay 9 ! fact t x    
appeal$ to t suff]+ & imm5se public to  
:i* ! anci5t _w1 a /rict & cruel        
intellectual & political ari/ocracy1    
d5i$ ev5 ! simple/ rights ( humanity4   
,o!rwise x nev] c\ld h spread4 ,!       
doctr9e taught by ! apo/les ( ,*ri/1    
:olly consol+ z x may h seem$ to !      

un=tunate1 0 too revolt+1 too absurd f !
 /&po9t ( human reason1 ev] to h be5    
accept$ by enlight5$ m54 ,accord+ ) :at 
joy ! apo/le ,paul speaks ( ! sc&ale de 
la foi & ( ! triumph ( t div9e folie    
reject$ by ! p[]ful & wise ( ! c5tury1 b
 all ! m passionately accept$ by !      
simple1 ! ignorant1 & ! weak-m9d$6      
,inde$ !re mu/ h be5 a v deep-seat$     
dissatisfaction ) life1 a v int5se ?ir/ 
( he>t1 & an almo/ absolute pov]ty (    
?\ght1 to secure ! acceptance ( !       
,*ri/ian absurdity1 ! mo/ audaci\s &    
mon/r\s ( all religi\s absurdities4     
,?is 0 n only ! negation ( all !        
political1 social1 & religi\s           
in/itutions ( antiquity3 x 0 ! absolute 
ov]turn ( common s5se1 ( all human      
reason4 ,! liv+ be+1 ! real _w1 7       
consid]$ !reaft] z no?+2 :]eas ! product
 ( man's ab/ractive faculty1 ! la/ &    
supreme ab/raction 9 :i* ?is faculty1 f>
 beyond exi/+ ?+s1 ev5 beyond ! mo/     
g5]al det]m9ations ( ! liv+ be+1 ! ideas
 ( space & "t1 hav+ no?+ left to advance

 beyond1 re/s 9 contemplation ( 8       
empt9ess & absolute immobility4  ,t     
ab/raction1 t caput mortuum1 absolutely 
void ( all cont5ts1 ! true no?+1 ,god1  
is proclaim$ ! only real1 et]nal1       
all-p[]ful be+4 ,! real ,all is decl>$  
no?+1 & ! absolute no?+ ! ,all4 ,! %ad[ 
becomes ! sub/ance1 & ! sub/ance vani%es
 l a %ad[4#aj  ,all ?is 0 audacity &    
absurdity unspeakable1 ! true sc&ale de 
la foi1 ! triumph ( cr$ul\s /upidity ov]
 ! m9d = ! masses2 &--= a few--!        
triumphant irony ( a m9d we>i$1         
corrupt$1 disillusion$1 & disgu/$ 9     
hone/ & s]i\s se>* = tru?2 x 0 t        
necessity ( %ak+ (f ?\ght & becom+      
brutally /upid s frequ5tly felt by      
surfeit$ m9ds3                          
,cr$o quod absurdum4  ,i believe 9 !    
absurd2 ,i believe 9 x1 precisely &     
ma9ly1 because x is absurd4 ,9 ! same   
way _m di/+ui%$ & enlight5$ m9ds 9 our  
day believe 9 animal magnetism1         
spiritualism1 tipp+ tables1 &--:y g s   
f>8--believe /ill 9 ,*ri/ianity1 9      

idealism1 9 ,god4  ,! belief ( ! anci5t 
prolet>iat1 l t ( ! mod]n1 0 m robu/ &  
simple1 less haut g\t4 ,! ,*ri/ian      
propag&ism appeal$ to its he>t1 n to its
 m9d2 to its et]nal aspirations1 its    
necessities1 its suff]+s1 its slav]y1 n 
to its reason1 :i* /ill slept & !re=e   
c\ld "k no?+ ab\t logical contradictions
 & ! evid5ce ( ! absurd4 ,x 0 int]e/$   
solely 9 kn[+ :5 ! h\r ( promis$        
deliv]ance w\ld /rike1 :5 ! k+dom ( ,god
 w\ld come4 ,z = !ological dogmas1 x did
 n tr\ble itself ab\t !m because x      
und]/ood no?+ ab\t !m4 ,! prolet>iat    
conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity con/itut$ its    
gr[+ mat]ial b n its intellectual /r5g?4
  ,z = ! ,*ri/ian dogmas1 x is kn[n t !y
 7 elaborat$ 9 a s]ies ( !ological &    
lit]>y works & 9 ! ,c\ncils1 pr9cipally 
by ! conv]t$ neo-,platoni/s ( ! ,ori5t4 
,! ,greek m9d _h fall5 s l[ t1 9 ! f\r? 
c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! p]iod ( !    
fir/ ,c\ncil1 ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god1  
pure1 et]nal1 absolute m9d1 creator &   
supreme ma/]1 exi/+ outside ( ! _w1 0   

unanim\sly accept$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs2 z 
a logical consequ5ce ( ?is absolute     
absurdity1 x !n became natural &        
necess>y to believe 9 ! immat]iality &  
immortality ( ! human s\l1 lodg$ &      
imprison$ 9 a body only p>tially mortal1
 !re be+ 9 ?is body itself a portion    
:i*1 :ile mat]ial1 is immortal l ! s\l1 
& mu/ be resurrect$ ) x4 ,we see h[     
difficult x 01 ev5 = ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 to 
conceive pure m9ds outside ( any mat]ial
 =m4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 9 g5]al1 x is ! 
"* ( e metaphysical & !ological argum5t 
to seek to expla9 "o absurdity by ano!r4
  ,x 0 v =tunate = ,*ri/ianity t x met a
 _w ( slaves4 ,x _h ano!r piece ( good  
luck 9 ! invasion ( ! ,b>b>ians4 ,!     
latt] 7 wor?y p1 full ( natural =ce1 &1 
above all1 urg$ on by a great necessity 
( life & a great capacity = x2 brig&s :o
 _h /ood e te/1 capable ( deva/at+ &    
gobbl+ up any?+1 l _! successors1 !     
,g]mans ( to-day2 b !y 7 mu* less       
sy/ematic & p$antic ?an ^! la/1 mu* less
 morali/ic1 less le>n$1 & on ! o!r h&   

mu* m indep5d5t & pr\d1 capable ( sci5ce
 & n incapable ( lib]ty1 z are !        
b\rgeois ( mod]n ,g]many4 ,b1 9 spite ( 
all _! great qualities1 !y 7 no?+ b     
b>b>ians--t is1 z indiff]5t to all      
que/ions ( !ology & metaphysics z !     
anci5t slaves1 a great numb] ( :om1     
moreov]1 belong$ to _! race4 ,s t1 _!   
practical repugnance once ov]come1 x 0 n
 difficult to conv]t !m !oretically to  
,*ri/ianity4  ,= t5 c5turies            
,*ri/ianity1 arm$ ) ! omnipot5ce ( ,*ur*
 & ,/ate & oppos$ by no competition1 0  
able to deprave1 debase1 & falsify ! m9d
 ( ,europe4 ,x _h no competitors1       
because outside ( ! ,*ur* !re 7 nei!r   
?9k]s nor educat$ p]sons4 ,x alone      
?\ght1 x alone spoke & wrote1 x alone   
taught4 ,?\gh h]esies arose 9 its bosom1
 !y affect$ only ! !ological or         
practical developm5ts ( ! fundam5tal    
dogma1 nev] t dogma itself4 ,! belief 9 
,god1 pure _s & creator ( ! _w1 & !     
belief 9 ! immat]iality ( ! s\l rema9$  
unt\*$4 ,?is d\ble belief became ! ideal

 basis ( ! :ole ,occid5tal & ,ori5tal   
civilization ( ,europe2 x p5etrat$ &    
became inc>nate 9 all ! in/itutions1 all
 ! details ( ! public & private life (  
all classes1 & ! masses z well4  ,aft]  
t1 is x surpris+ t ?is belief has liv$  
until ! pres5t day1 cont9u+ to ex]cise  
its disa/r\s influ5ce ev5 ^u select     
m9ds1 su* z ^? ( ,mazz9i1 ,mi*elet1     
,qu9et1 & s _m o!rs8 ,we h se5 t ! fir/ 
attack ^u x came f ! r5aissance ( ! free
 m9d 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 :i* produc$    
h]oes & m>tyrs l ,van9i1 ,giordano      
,bruno1 & ,galileo4 ,al?\gh dr[n$ 9 !   
noise1 tumult1 & passions ( !           
,re=mation1 x noiselessly cont9u$ its   
invisible "w1 bequea?+ to ! noble/ m9ds 
( ea* g5]ation its task ( human         
emancipation by ! de/ruction ( ! absurd1
 until at la/1 9 ! latt] half ( !       
eighte5? c5tury1 x aga9 reappe>$ 9 broad
 day1 boldly wav+ ! flag ( a!ism &      
mat]ialism4  ,! human m9d1 !n1 "o might 
h suppos$1 0 at la/ ab\t to deliv]      
itself f all ! div9e obsessions4 ,n at  

all4 ,! div9e falsehood ^u :i* humanity 
_h be5 fe$+ = eighte5 c5turies 7speak+ (
 ,*ri/ianity only7 0 once m to %[ itself
 m p[]ful ?an human tru?4 ,no long] able
 to make use ( ! black tribe1 ( ! rav5s 
consecrat$ by ! ,*ur*1 ( ! ,ca?olic or  
,prote/ant prie/s1 all confid5ce 9 :om  
_h be5 lo/1 x made use ( lay prie/s1    
%ort-rob$ li>s & sophi/s1 among :om !   
pr9cipal roles devolv$ ^u two fatal m51 
"o ! false/ m9d1 ! o!r ! mo/ doctr9ally 
despotic w1 ( ! la/ c5tury--,j4 ,j4     
,r\sseau & ,robespi]re4  ,! fir/ is !   
p]fect type ( n>r[ness & suspici\s      
meanness1 ( exaltation )\t o!r object   
?an 8 own p]son1 ( cold en?usiasm &     
hypocrisy at once s5tim5tal &           
implacable1 ( ! falsehood ( mod]n       
idealism4 ,he may be consid]$ z ! real  
creator ( mod]n reaction4 ,to all       
appe>ance ! mo/ democratic writ] ( !    
eighte5? c5tury1 he br$ )9 himself !    
pitiless despotism ( ! /atesman4 ,he 0 !
 prophet ( ! doctr9aire ,/ate1 z        
,robespi]re1 8 wor?y & fai?ful disciple1

 tri$ to become its high prie/4 ,hav+   
he>d ! say+ ( ,voltaire t1 if ,god did n
 exi/1 x w\ld be necess>y to inv5t him1 
,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau inv5t$ ! ,supreme ,be+1
 ! ab/ract & /]ile ,god ( ! dei/s4 ,& x 
0 9 ! "n ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 & ( !       
hypocritical virtue comm&$ by ?is       
,supreme ,be+1 t ,robespi]re guillot9$  
fir/ ! ,heb]ti/s & !n ! v g5ius ( !     
,revolution1 ,danton1 9 ^: p]son he     
assass9at$ ! ,republic1 ?us prep>+ ! way
 = ! !nce=? necess>y triumph ( !        
dictator%ip ( ,bonap>te ,i4 ,aft] ?is   
great triumph1 ! ideali/ic reaction     
s\ght & f\nd s]vants less fanatical1    
less t]rible1 ne>] to ! dim9i%$ /ature (
 ! actual b\rgeoisie4 ,9 ,france1       
,*ateaubri&1 ,lam>t9e1 &--%all ,i say x8
 ,:y n8 ,all mu/ be said if x is        
tru?--,victor ,hugo himself1 ! democrat1
 ! republican1 ! quasi-sociali/ (       
to-day6 & aft] !m ! :ole melan*oly &    
s5tim5tal company ( poor & pallid m9ds  
:o1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ^! ma/]s1 e/abli%$ !
 mod]n romantic s*ool2 9 ,g]many1 !     

,s*legels1 ! ,tiecks1 ! ,novalis1 !     
,w]n]s1 ! ,s*ell+s1 & s _m o!rs besides1
 ^: names d n ev5 des]ve to be recall$4 
,! lit]ature creat$ by ?is s*ool 0 ! v  
reign ( gho/s & phantoms4 ,x c\ld n /& !
 sunlight2 ! twilight alone p]mitt$ x to
 live4 ,no m c\ld x /& ! brutal contact 
( ! masses4 ,x 0 ! lit]ature ( ! t5d]1  
delicate1 di/+ui%$ s\ls1 aspir+ to      
heav51 & liv+ on e>? z if 9 spite (     
!mselves4 ,x _h a horror & contempt = ! 
politics & que/ions ( ! day2 b :5       
p]*ance x ref]r$ to !m1 x %[$ itself    
frankly reaction>y1 took ! side ( !     
,*ur* aga9/ ! insol5ce ( ! free?9k]s1 ( 
! k+s aga9/ ! peoples1 & ( all !        
ari/ocrats aga9/ ! vile rabble ( !      
/reets4 ,= ! re/1 z ,i h j said1 !      
dom9ant feature ( ! s*ool ( romanticism 
0 a quasi-complete indiff]5ce to        
politics4 ,amid ! cl\ds 9 :i* x liv$    
c\ld be di/+ui%$ two real po9ts--! rapid
 developm5t ( b\rgeois mat]ialism & !   
ungov]nable outbur/ ( individual        
vanities4  ,to und]/& ?is romantic      

lit]ature1 ! reason = its exi/5ce mu/ be
 s\ght 9 ! trans=mation :i* _h be5      
effect$ 9 ! bosom ( ! b\rgeois class    
s9ce ! revolution ( #agic4  ,f !        
,r5aissance & ! ,re=mation d[n to !     
,revolution1 ! b\rgeoisie1 if n 9       
,g]many1 at lea/ 9 ,italy1 9 ,france1 9 
,switz]l&1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,holl&1 0 ! h]o &
 repres5tative ( ! revolution>y g5ius ( 
hi/ory4 ,f its bosom sprang mo/ ( !     
free?9k]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! religi\s
 re=m]s ( ! two foll[+ c5turies1 & !    
apo/les ( human emancipation1 includ+   
?is "t ^? ( ,g]many1 ( ! pa/ c5tury4 ,x 
alone1 naturally support$ by ! p[]ful   
arm ( ! p1 :o _h fai? 9 x1 made !       
revolution ( #aghi & '#ic4 ,x proclaim$ 
! d[nfall ( royalty & ( ! ,*ur*1 !      
frat]nity ( ! peoples1 ! rights ( man & 
( ! citiz54 ,^? are its titles to glory2
 !y are immortal6  ,soon x split4 ,a    
consid]able portion ( ! pur*as]s (      
national prop]ty hav+ become ri*1 &     
support+ !mselves no long] on !         
prolet>iat ( ! cities1 b on ! major     

portion ( ! peasants ( ,france1 ^! also 
hav+ become l&$ proprietors1 _h no      
aspiration left b = peace1 !            
re-e/abli%m5t ( public ord]1 & !        
f\ndation ( a /rong & regul> gov]nm5t4  
,x !re=e welcom$ ) joy ! dictator%ip ( !
 fir/ ,bonap>te1 &1 al?\gh always       
,voltairean1 did n view ) displeasure ! 
,concordat ) ! ,pope & ! re-e/abli%m5t (
 ! (ficial ,*ur* 9 ,france3 ,religion is
 s necess>y to ! p6 ,:i* means t1       
satiat$ !mselves1 ?is portion ( !       
b\rgeoisie !n began to see t x 0 ne$ful 
to ! ma9t5ance ( _! situation & !       
pres]vation ( _! newly-acquir$ e/ates to
 appease ! unsatisfi$ hung] ( ! p by    
promises ( heav5ly manna4 ,!n x 0 t     
,*ateaubri& began to prea*4#aa          
,napoleon fell & ! ,re/oration br\ght   
back into ,france ! legitimate mon>*y1 &
 ) x ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! nobles1 :o   
rega9$1 if n ! :ole1 at lea/ a          
consid]able portion ( _! =m] influ5ce4  
,?is reaction ?rew ! b\rgeoisie back    
into ! ,revolution1 & ) ! revolution>y  

_s t ( skepticism also 0 re-awak5$ 9 x4 
,x set ,*ateaubri& aside & began to read
 ,voltaire aga92 b x did n g s f> z     
,did]ot3 its debilitat$ n]ves c\ld n /& 
n\ri%m5t s /rong4 ,voltaire1 on !       
contr>y1 at once a free?9k] & a dei/1   
suit$ x v well4 ,b]ang] & ,p4 ,l4 ,c\ri]
 express$ ?is new t5d5cy p]fectly4 ,!   
,god ( ! good p & ! ideal ( ! b\rgeois  
k+1 at once lib]al & democratic1 sket*$ 
aga9/ ! maje/ic & !nce=? in(f5sive      
backgr\nd ( ! ,empire's gigantic        
victories--su* 0 at t p]iod ! daily     
intellectual food ( ! b\rgeoisie (      
,france4  ,lam>t9e1 to be sure1 excit$  
by a va9 & ridicul\sly envi\s desire to 
rise to ! poetic height ( ! great       
,byron1 _h begun 8 coldly deliri\s hymns
 9 honor ( ! ,god ( ! nobles & ( !      
legitimate mon>*y4 ,b 8 songs res\nd$   
only 9 ari/ocratic salons4 ,! b\rgeoisie
 did n he> !m4 ,b]ang] 0 its poet &     
,c\ri] 0 its political writ]4  ,!       
revolution ( ,july result$ 9 lift+ its  
ta/es4 ,we "k t e b\rgeois 9 ,france    

c>ries )9 him ! imp]i%able type ( !     
b\rgeois g5tleman1 a type :i* nev] fails
 to appe> imm$iately ! p>v5u acquires a 
little weal? & p[]4 ,9 #ahcj ! weal?y   
b\rgeoisie _h def9itely replac$ ! old   
nobility 9 ! seats ( p[]4 ,x naturally  
t5d$ to e/abli% a new ari/ocracy4 ,an   
ari/ocracy ( capital fir/ ( all1 b also 
an ari/ocracy ( intellect1 ( good mann]s
 & delicate s5tim5ts4 ,x began to feel  
religi\s4  ,?is 0 n on its "p simply an 
ap+ ( ari/ocratic cu/oms4 ,x 0 also a   
necessity ( its position4 ,! prolet>iat 
_h r5d]$ x a f9al s]vice 9 once m aid+ x
 to ov]?r[ ! nobility4 ,! b\rgeoisie n[ 
_h no fur!r ne$ ( its co-op]ation1 = x  
felt itself firmly seat$ 9 ! %ad[ ( !   
?rone ( ,july1 & ! alliance ) ! p1      
!nce=? useless1 began to become         
inconv5i5t4 ,x 0 necess>y to rem& x to  
its place1 :i* naturally c\ld n be done 
)\t provok+ great indignation among !   
masses4 ,x became necess>y to re/ra9 ?is
 indignation4 ,9 ! "n ( :at8 ,9 ! "n ( !
 b\rgeois int]e/ bluntly confess$8 ,t   

w\ld h be5 mu* too cynical4 ,! m unju/ &
 inhuman an int]e/ is1 ! great] ne$ x   
has ( sanction4 ,n[1 :]e f9d x if n 9   
religion1 t good protectress ( all !    
well-f$ & ! useful consol] ( ! hungry8  
,& m ?an ev] ! triumphant b\rgeoisie saw
 t religion 0 indisp5sable to ! p4      
,aft] hav+ won all its titles to glory 9
 religi\s1 philosophical1 & political   
opposition1 9 prote/ & 9 revolution1 x  
at la/ became ! dom9ant class & !reby   
ev5 ! def5d] & pres]v] ( ! ,/ate1 !nce=?
 ! regul> in/itution ( ! exclusive p[] (
 t class4 ,! ,/ate is =ce1 & = x1 fir/ (
 all1 is ! "r ( =ce1 ! triumphant       
argum5t ( ! ne$le-gun1 ( ! *assepot4 ,b 
man is s s+ul>ly con/itut$ t ?is        
argum5t1 :olly eloqu5t z x may appe>1 is
 n suffici5t 9 ! long run4 ,"s moral    
sanction or o!r is absolutely necess>y  
to en=ce 8 respect4 ,fur!r1 ?is sanction
 mu/ be at once s simple & s pla9 t x   
may conv9ce ! masses1 :o1 aft] hav+ be5 
r$uc$ by ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 mu/ also be   
induc$ to morally recognize its "r4     

,!re are only two ways ( conv9c+ !      
masses ( ! goodness ( any social        
in/itution :atev]4 ,! fir/1 ! only real 
"o1 b also ! mo/ difficult to           
adopt--because x implies ! abolition ( !
 ,/ate1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! abolition ( !
 organiz$ political exploitation ( !    
majority by any m9ority :atsoev]--w\ld  
be ! direct & complete satisfaction ( ! 
ne$s & aspirations ( ! p1 :i* w\ld be   
equival5t to ! complete liquidation ( ! 
political & economical exi/5ce ( !      
b\rgeois class1 or1 aga91 to ! abolition
 ( ! ,/ate4 ,b5eficial means = ! masses1
 b detrim5tal to b\rgeois int]e/s2 h5ce 
x is useless to talk ab\t !m4  ,! only  
way1 on ! contr>y1 h>mful only to ! p1  
preci\s 9 its salvation ( b\rgeois      
privileges1 is no o!r ?an religion4 ,t  
is ! et]nal mirage :i* leads away !     
masses 9 a se>* = div9e treasures1 :ile1
 mu* m res]v$1 ! gov]n+ class cont5ts   
itself ) divid+ among all its memb]s--v 
unequally1 moreov]1 & always giv+ mo/ to
 him :o possesses mo/--! mis]able goods 

( e>? & ! plund] tak5 f ! p1 includ+ _! 
political & social lib]ty4  ,!re is n1  
!re _c be1 a ,/ate )\t religion4 ,take !
 free/ ,/ates 9 ! _w--! ,unit$ ,/ates ( 
,am]ica or ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation1 =     
in/ance--& see :at an important "p is   
play$ 9 all (ficial disc\rses by div9e  
,provid5ce1 t supreme sanction ( all    
,/ates4  ,b :5ev] a *ief ( ,/ate speaks 
( ,god1 be he ,william ,i41 !           
,kn\to-,g]manic emp]or1 or ,grant1 !    
presid5t ( ! great republic1 be sure t  
he is gett+ ready to %e> once m 8       
p-flock4  ,! ,fr5* lib]al & ,voltairean 
b\rgeoisie1 driv5 by temp]am5t to a     
positivism 7n to say a mat]ialism7      
s+ul>ly n>r[ & brutal1 hav+ become !    
gov]n+ class ( ! ,/ate by its triumph ( 
#ahcj1 _h to give itself an (ficial     
religion4 ,x 0 n an easy ?+4 ,!         
b\rgeoisie c\ld n abruptly g back "u !  
yoke ( ,roman ,ca?olicism4 ,betwe5 x & !
 ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 an abyss ( blood &     
hatr$1 &1 h[ev] practical & wise "o     
becomes1 x is nev] possible to repress a

 passion develop$ by hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 !
 ,fr5* b\rgeoisie w\ld h cov]$ itself ) 
ridicule if x _h gone back to ! ,*ur* to
 take "p 9 ! pi\s c]emonies ( its       
wor%ip1 an ess5tial condition ( a       
m]etori\s & s9c]e conv]sion4 ,sev]al    
attempt$ x1 x is true1 b _! h]oism 0    
rew>d$ by no o!r result ?an a fruitless 
sc&al4 ,f9ally1 a return to ,ca?olicism 
0 impossible on acc\nt ( ! insolvable   
contradiction :i* sep>ates ! inv>iable  
politics ( ,rome f ! developm5t ( !     
economical & political int]e/s ( !      
middle class4  ,9 ?is respect           
,prote/antism is mu* m advantage\s4 ,x  
is ! b\rgeois religion p> excell5ce4 ,x 
accords j z mu* lib]ty z is necess>y to 
! b\rgeois1 & f9ds a way ( reconcil+    
cele/ial aspirations ) ! respect :i*    
t]re/rial conditions dem&4 ,consequ5tly 
x is especially 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries t 
comm]ce & indu/ry h be5 develop$4 ,b x 0
 impossible = ! ,fr5* b\rgeoisie to     
become ,prote/ant4 ,to pass f "o        
religion to ano!r--unless x be done     

delib]ately1 z sometimes 9 ! case ( !   
,jews ( ,russia & ,pol&1 :o get baptis$ 
?ree or f\r times 9 ord] to receive ea* 
"t ! remun]ation all[$ !m--to s]i\sly   
*ange "o's religion1 a little fai? is   
necess>y4 ,n[1 9 ! exclusive positive   
he>t ( ! ,fr5* b\rgeois1 !re is no room 
= fai?4 ,he pr(esses ! mo/ pr(\nd       
indiff]5ce = all que/ions :i* t\* nei!r 
8 pocket fir/ nor 8 social vanity       
aft]w>ds4 ,he is z indiff]5t to         
,prote/antism z to ,ca?olicism4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 ! ,fr5* b\rgeois c\ld n g ov] to
 ,prote/antism )\t putt+ himself 9      
conflict ) ! ,ca?olic r\t9e ( ! majority
 ( ! ,fr5* p1 :i* w\ld h be5 great      
imprud5ce on ! "p ( a class pret5d+ to  
gov]n ! nation4  ,!re 0 /ill "o way     
left--to return to ! humanit>ian &      
revolution>y religion ( ! eighte5?      
c5tury4 ,b t w\ld h l$ too f>4 ,s !     
b\rgeoisie 0 oblig$1 9 ord] to sanction 
its new ,/ate1 to create a new religion 
:i* might be boldly proclaim$1 )\t too  
mu* ridicule & sc&al1 by ! :ole b\rgeois

 class4  ,?us 0 born doctr9aire ,deism4 
,o!rs h told1 mu* bett] ?an ,i c\ld tell
 x1 ! /ory ( ! bir? & developm5t ( ?is  
s*ool1 :i* _h s decisive &--we may well 
add--s fatal an influ5ce on ! political1
 intellectual1 & moral education ( !    
b\rgeois y\? ( ,france4 ,x dates f      
,b5jam9 ,con/ant & ,madame de ,/ael2 its
 real f\nd] 0 ,roy]-,coll>d2 its        
apo/les1 ,guizot1 ,c\s91 ,villema91 & _m
 o!rs4 ,its boldly av[$ object 0 !      
reconciliation ( ,revolution )          
,reaction1 or1 to use ! language ( !    
s*ool1 ( ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty ) t (      
au?ority1 & naturally to ! advantage ( !
 latt]4  ,?is reconciliation signifi$3 9
 politics1 ! tak+ away ( popul> lib]ty =
 ! b5efit ( b\rgeois rule1 repres5t$ by 
! mon>*ical & con/itutional ,/ate2 9    
philosophy1 ! delib]ate submission (    
free reason to ! et]nal pr9ciples (     
fai?4 ,we h only to deal "h ) ! latt]4  
,we "k t ?is philosophy 0 specially     
elaborat$ by ,m4 ,c\s91 ! fa!r ( ,fr5*  
eclecticism4 ,a sup]ficial & p$antic    

talk]1 incapable ( any orig9al          
conception1 ( any idea peculi> to       
himself1 b v /rong on commonplace1 :i*  
he conf\nd$ ) common s5se1 ?is illu/ri\s
 philosoph] le>n$ly prep>$1 = ! use ( ! 
/udi\s y\? ( ,france1 a metaphysical di%
 ( 8 own mak+1 ! use ( :i*1 made        
compulsory 9 all s*ools ( ! ,/ate "u !  
,univ]sity1 condemn$ sev]al g5]ations "o
 aft] ! o!r to a c]ebral indige/ion4    
,imag9e a philosophical v9eg> sauce ( ! 
mo/ oppos$ sy/ems1 a mixture ( ,fa!rs ( 
! ,*ur*1 s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 ,desc>tes
 & ,pascal1 ,kant & ,scot* psy*ologi/s1 
all ?is a sup]/ructure on ! div9e &     
innate ideas ( ,plato1 & cov]$ up ) a   
lay] ( ,hegelian imman5ce1 accompani$1 (
 c\rse1 by an ignorance1 z contemptu\s z
 x is complete1 ( natural sci5ce1 &     
prov+1 j z two times two make five1 !   
exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god4444            
,,footnotes3  #a ,i call x iniquit\s    
because1 z ,i believe ,i h prov$ 9 !    
,app5dix allud$ to1 ?is my/]y has be5 & 
/ill cont9ues to be ! consecration ( all

 ! horrors :i* h be5 & are be+ committ$ 
9 ! _w2 ,i call x unique1 because all ! 
o!r !ological & metaphysical absurdities
 :i* debase ! human m9d are b its       
necess>y consequ5ces4  #b ,mr4 ,/u>t    
,mill is p]haps ! only "o ^: s]i\s      
idealism may be fairly d\bt$1 & t = two 
reasons3 fir/1 t1 if n absolutely !     
disciple1 he is a passionate admir]1 an 
adh]5t ( ! positive philosophy ( ,augu/e
 ,comte1 a philosophy :i*1 9 spite ( its
 num]\s res]vations1 is really ,a!i/ic2 
second1 t ,mr4 ,/u>t ,mill is ,engli%1 &
 9 ,engl& to proclaim oneself an ,a!i/  
is to o/racise oneself1 ev5 at ?is late 
day4  #c ,9 ,london ,i once he>d ,m4    
,l\is ,blanc express almo/ ! same idea4 
,! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 said he to me1    
w\ld be t :i* w\ld inv>iably call m5 (  
virtu\s g5ius to ! control ( affairs4   
#d ,"o day ,i ask$ ,mazz9i :at measures 
w\ld be tak5 = ! emancipation ( ! p1    
once 8 triumphant unit>y republic _h be5
 def9itely e/abli%$4 ,! fir/ measure1 he
 answ]$1 w be ! f\ndation ( s*ools = !  

p4 ,& :at w ! p be taught 9 ^! s*ools8  
,! duties ( man--sacrifice & devotion4  
,b :]e w y f9d a suffici5t numb] (      
pr(essors to tea* ^! ?+s1 :i* no "o has 
! "r or p[] to tea*1 unless he prea*es  
by example8 ,is n ! numb] ( m5 :o f9d   
supreme enjoym5t 9 sacrifice & devotion 
exce$+ly limit$8 ,^? :o sacrifice       
!mselves 9 ! s]vice ( a great idea obey 
a l(ty passion1 &1 satisfy+ ?is p]sonal 
passion1 outside ( :i* life itself loses
 all value 9 _! eyes1 !y g5]ally ?9k (  
some?+ else ?an build+ _! action into   
doctr9e1 :ile ^? :o tea* doctr9e usually
 =get to translate x into action1 = !   
simple reason t doctr9e kills ! life1 ! 
liv+ spontaneity1 ( action4 ,m5 l       
,mazz9i1 9 :om doctr9e & action =m an   
admirable unity1 are v r>e exceptions4  
,9 ,*ri/ianity also !re h be5 great m51 
holy m51 :o h really practis$1 or :o1 at
 lea/1 h passionately tri$ to practice  
all t !y prea*$1 & ^: he>ts1 ov]fl[+ )  
love1 7 full ( contempt = ! pleasures & 
goods ( ?is _w4 ,b ! imm5se majority (  

,ca?olic & ,prote/ant prie/s :o1 by     
trade1 h prea*$ & /ill prea* ! doctr9es 
( *a/ity1 ab/95ce1 & r5unciation belie  
_! tea*+s by _! example4 ,x is n )\t    
reason1 b because ( sev]al c5turies'    
exp]i5ce1 t among ! p ( all c\ntries ^! 
phrases h become by-words3 ,z lic5ti\s z
 a prie/2 z glutton\s z a prie/2 z      
ambiti\s z a prie/2 z gre$y1 selfi%1 &  
grasp+ z a prie/4 ,x is1 !n1 e/abli%$ t 
! pr(essors ( ! ,*ri/ian virtues1       
consecrat$ by ! ,*ur*1 ! prie/s1 9 !    
imm5se majority ( cases1 h practis$ q ! 
contr>y ( :at !y h prea*$4 ,?is v       
majority1 ! univ]sality ( ?is fact1 %[ t
 ! fault is n to be attribut$ to !m z   
individuals1 b to ! social position1    
impossible & contradictory 9 itself1 9  
:i* ^! individuals are plac$4 ,!        
position ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/ involves a  
d\ble contradiction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 t 
betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ab/95ce & r5unciation
 & ! positive t5d5cies & ne$s ( human   
nature--t5d5cies & ne$s :i*1 9 "s       
individual cases1 always v r>e1 may     

inde$ be cont9ually held back1          
suppress$1 & ev5 entirely annihilat$ by 
! con/ant influ5ce ( "s pot5t           
intellectual & moral passion2 :i* at    
c]ta9 mom5ts ( collective exaltation1   
may be =gott5 & neglect$ = "s "t by a   
l>ge mass ( m5 at once2 b :i* are s     
fundam5tally inh]5t 9 our nature t soon]
 or lat] !y always resume _! rights3 s  
t1 :5 !y are n satisfi$ 9 a regul> &    
normal way1 !y are always replac$ at la/
 by un:olesome & mon/r\s satisfaction4  
,?is is a natural & consequ5tly fatal & 
irresi/ible law1 "u ! disa/r\s action ( 
:i* inevitably fall all ,*ri/ian prie/s 
& especially ^? ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic     
,*ur*4 ,x _c apply to ! pr(essors1 t is 
to ! prie/s ( ! mod]n ,*ur*1 unless !y  
are also oblig$ to prea* ,*ri/ian       
ab/95ce & r5unciation4  ,b !re is ano!r 
contradiction common to ! prie/s ( bo?  
sects4 ,?is contradiction gr[s out ( ! v
 title & position ( ma/]4 ,a ma/] :o    
comm&s1 oppresses1 & exploits is a :olly
 logical & q natural p]sonage4 ,b a ma/]

 :o sacrifices himself to ^? :o are     
subord9at$ to him by 8 div9e or human   
privilege is a contradictory & q        
impossible be+4 ,?is is ! v con/itution 
( hypocrisy1 s well p]sonifi$ by !      
,pope1 :o1 :ile call+ himself ! l[e/    
s]vant ( ! s]vants ( ,god--9 tok5 :]e(1 
foll[+ ! example ( ,*ri/1 he ev5 wa%es  
once a ye> ! feet ( twelve ,roman       
begg>s--proclaims himself at ! same "t  
vic> ( ,god1 absolute & infallible ma/] 
( ! _w4 ,d ,i ne$ to recall t ! prie/s (
 all *ur*es1 f> f sacrific+ !mselves to 
! flocks confid$ to _! c>e1 h always    
sacrific$ !m1 exploit$ !m1 & kept !m 9 !
 condition ( a flock1 p>tly to satisfy  
_! own p]sonal passions & p>tly to s]ve 
! omnipot5ce ( ! ,*ur*8 ,l conditions1 l
 causes1 always produce l effects4 ,x w1
 !n1 be ! same ) ! pr(essors ( ! mod]n  
,s*ool div9ely inspir$ & lic5s$ by !    
,/ate4 ,!y w necess>ily become1 "s )\t  
kn[+ x1 o!rs ) full k ( ! cause1 tea*]s 
( ! doctr9e ( popul> sacrifice to ! p[] 
( ! ,/ate & to ! pr(it ( ! privileg$    

classes4  ,mu/ we1 !n1 elim9ate f       
society all in/ruction & aboli% all     
s*ools8 ,f> f x6 ,in/ruction mu/ be     
spread among ! masses )\t /9t1 trans=m+ 
all ! *ur*es1 all ^? temples d$icat$ to 
! glory ( ,god & to ! slav]y ( m51 into 
s _m s*ools ( human emancipation4 ,b1 9 
! fir/ place1 let u und]/& ea* o!r2     
s*ools1 prop]ly speak+1 9 a normal      
society f\nd$ on equality & on respect =
 human lib]ty1 w exi/ only = *ildr5 & n 
= adults2 &1 9 ord] t !y may become     
s*ools ( emancipation & n ( enslavem5t1 
x w be necess>y to elim9ate1 fir/ ( all1
 ?is fiction ( ,god1 ! et]nal & absolute
 enslav]4 ,! :ole education ( *ildr5 &  
_! in/ruction mu/ be f\nd$ on !         
sci5tific developm5t ( reason1 n on t ( 
fai?2 on ! developm5t ( p]sonal dignity 
& indep5d5ce1 n on t ( piety & ob$i5ce2 
on ! wor%ip ( tru? & ju/ice at any co/1 
& above all on respect = humanity1 :i*  
mu/ replace always & ev]y:]e ! wor%ip ( 
div9ity4 ,! pr9ciple ( au?ority1 9 !    
education ( *ildr51 con/itutes ! natural

 po9t ( dep>ture2 x is legitimate1      
necess>y1 :5 appli$ to *ildr5 ( a t5d]  
age1 ^: intellig5ce has n yet op5ly     
develop$ itself4 ,b z ! developm5t (    
ev]y?+1 & consequ5tly ( education1      
implies ! gradual negation ( ! po9t (   
dep>ture1 ?is pr9ciple mu/ dim9i% z fa/ 
z education & in/ruction advance1 giv+  
place to increas+ lib]ty4 ,all rational 
education is at bottom no?+ b ?is       
progressive immolation ( au?ority = !   
b5efit ( lib]ty1 ! f9al object (        
education necess>ily be+ ! =mation (    
free m5 full ( respect & love = ! lib]ty
 ( o!rs4 ,!re=e ! fir/ day ( ! pupils'  
life1 if ! s*ool takes infants sc>cely  
able z yet to /amm] a few words1 %\ld be
 t ( ! greate/ au?ority & an almo/      
entire abs5ce ( lib]ty2 b its la/ day   
%\ld be t ( ! greate/ lib]ty & !        
absolute abolition ( e ve/ige ( ! animal
 or div9e pr9ciple ( au?ority4  ,!      
pr9ciple ( au?ority1 appli$ to m5 :o h  
surpass$ or atta9$ _! majority1 becomes 
a mon/rosity1 a flagrant d5ial (        

humanity1 a s\rce ( slav]y &            
intellectual & moral depravity4         
,un=tunately1 pat]nal gov]nm5ts h left !
 masses to wall[ 9 an ignorance s pr(\nd
 t x w be necess>y to e/abli% s*ools n  
only = ! p's *ildr51 b = ! p !mselves4  
,f ^! s*ools w be absolutely elim9at$ ! 
smalle/ applications or manife/ations ( 
! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,!y w be s*ools  
no long]2 !y w be popul> academies1 9   
:i* nei!r pupils nor ma/]s w be kn[n1   
:]e ! p w come freely to get1 if !y ne$ 
x1 free in/ruction1 & 9 :i*1 ri* 9 _!   
own exp]i5ce1 !y w tea* 9 _! turn _m ?+s
 to ! pr(essors :o %all br+ !m k :i* !y 
lack4 ,?is1 !n1 w be a mutual           
in/ruction1 an act ( intellectual       
frat]nity betwe5 ! educat$ y\? & ! p4   
,! real s*ool = ! p & = all gr[n m5 is  
life4 ,! only gr& & omnipot5t au?ority1 
at once natural & rational1 ! only "o   
:i* we may respect1 w be t ( !          
collective & public _s ( a society f\nd$
 on equality & solid>ity & ! mutual     
human respect ( all its memb]s4 ,yes1   

?is is an au?ority :i* is n at all      
div9e1 :olly human1 b be=e :i* we %all  
b[ will+ly1 c]ta9 t1 f> f enslav+ !m1 x 
w emancipate m54 ,x w be a ?\s& times m 
p[]ful1 be sure ( x1 ?an all y\r div9e1 
!ological1 metaphysical1 political1 &   
judicial au?orities1 e/abli%$ by ! ,*ur*
 & by ! ,/ate2 m p[]ful ?an y\r crim9al 
codes1 y\r jail]s1 & y\r execution]s4   
,! p[] ( collective s5tim5t or public _s
 is ev5 n[ a v s]i\s matt]4 ,! m5 mo/   
ready to commit crimes r>ely d>e to defy
 x1 to op5ly affront x4 ,!y w seek to   
deceive x1 b w take c>e n to be rude ) x
 unless !y feel ! support ( a m9ority   
l>g] or small]4 ,no man1 h[ev] p[]ful he
 believes himself1 w ev] h ! /r5g? to   
be> ! unanim\s contempt ( society2 no "o
 c live )\t feel+ himself su/a9$ by !   
approval & e/eem ( at lea/ "s portion ( 
society4 ,a man mu/ be urg$ on by an    
imm5se & v s9c]e conviction 9 ord] to   
f9d c\rage to speak & act aga9/ ! op9ion
 ( all1 & nev] w a selfi%1 deprav$1 &   
c[>dly man h su* c\rage4  ,no?+ proves m

 cle>ly ?an ?is fact ! natural &        
inevitable solid>ity--?is law (         
sociability--:i* b9ds all m5 toge!r1 z  
ea* ( u c v]ify daily1 bo? on himself & 
on all ! m5 :om he kn[s4 ,b1 if ?is     
social p[] exi/s1 :y has x n suffic$    
hi!rto to moralize1 to humanize m58     
,simply because hi!rto ?is p[] has n be5
 humaniz$ itself2 x has n be5 humaniz$  
because ! social life ( :i* x is ev] !  
fai?ful expression is bas$1 z we "k1 on 
! wor%ip ( div9ity1 n on respect =      
humanity2 on au?ority1 n on lib]ty2 on  
privilege1 n on equality2 on !          
exploitation1 n on ! bro!rhood ( m52 on 
iniquity & falsehood1 n on ju/ice &     
tru?4 ,consequ5tly its real action1     
always 9 contradiction ( ! humanit>ian  
!ories :i* x pr(esses1 has con/antly    
ex]cis$ a disa/r\s & deprav+ influ5ce4  
,x does n repress vices & crimes2 x     
creates !m4 ,its au?ority is consequ5tly
 a div9e1 anti-human au?ority2 its      
influ5ce is mis*iev\s & baleful4 ,d y   
wi% to r5d] its au?ority & influ5ce     

b5efic5t & human8 ,a*ieve ! social      
revolution4 ,make all ne$s really       
solid>y1 & cause ! mat]ial & social     
int]e/s ( ea* to con=m to ! human duties
 ( ea*4 ,& to ?is end !re is b "o means3
 ,de/roy all ! in/itutions (            
,inequality2 e/abli% ! economic & social
 equality ( all1 & on ?is basis w arise 
! lib]ty1 ! morality1 ! solid>y humanity
 ( all4  ,i %all return to ?is1 ! mo/   
important "q ( ,socialism4  #e ,"h ?ree 
pages ( ,bakun9's manuscript are miss+4 
#f ,! lo/ "p ( ?is s5t5ce p]haps said3  
,if m5 ( sci5ce1 9 _! rese>*es &        
exp]im5ts are n treat+ m5 actually z !y 
treat animals1 ! reason is t !y are n   
exclusively m5 ( sci5ce1 b are also m or
 less m5 ( life4  #g ,sci5ce1 9 becom+ !
 patrimony ( ev]ybody1 w w$ itself 9 a  
c]ta9 s5se to ! imm$iate & real life (  
ea*4 ,x w ga9 9 utility & grace :at x   
loses 9 pride1 ambition1 & doctr9aire   
p$antry4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w n prev5t m5 (   
g5ius1 bett] organiz$ = sci5tific       
speculation ?an ! majority ( _! fell[s1 

f devot+ !mselves exclusively to !      
cultivation ( ! sci5ces1 & r5d]+ great  
s]vices to humanity4 ,only1 !y w be     
ambiti\s = no o!r social influ5ce ?an ! 
natural influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u its         
surr\nd+s by e sup]ior intellig5ce1 & = 
no o!r rew>d ?an ! high delight :i* a   
noble m9d always f9ds 9 ! satisfaction (
 a noble passion4  #h ,univ]sal         
exp]i5ce1 on :i* all sci5ce re/s1 mu/ be
 cle>ly di/+ui%$ f univ]sal fai?1 on :i*
 ! ideali/s wi% to support _! beliefs3 !
 fir/ is a real au!ntication ( facts2 ! 
second is only a supposition ( facts :i*
 nobody has se51 & :i* consequ5tly are  
at v>iance ) ! exp]i5ce ( ev]ybody4  #i 
,! ideali/s1 all ^? :o believe 9 !      
immat]iality & immortality ( ! human    
s\l1 mu/ be excessively emb>rass$ by !  
diff]5ce 9 intellig5ce exi/+ betwe5     
races1 peoples1 & individuals4 ,unless  
we suppose t ! v>i\s div9e p>ticles h   
be5 irregul>ly di/ribut$1 h[ is ?is     
diff]5ce to be expla9$8 ,un=tunately !re
 is a consid]able numb] ( m5 :olly      

/upid1 fooli% ev5 to idiocy4 ,c\ld !y h 
receiv$ 9 ! di/ribution a p>ticle at    
once div9e & /upid8 ,to escape ?is      
emb>rassm5t ! ideali/s mu/ necess>ily   
suppose t all human s\ls are equal1 b t 
! prisons 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves         
necess>ily conf9$1 human bodies1 are    
unequal1 "s m capable ?an o!rs ( s]v+ z 
an organ = ! pure intellectuality ( s\l4
 ,accord+ to ?is1 su* a "o might h v f9e
 organs at 8 disposition1 su* ano!r v   
gross organs4 ,b ^! are di/9ctions :i*  
idealism has n ! p[] to use )\t fall+   
into inconsi/5cy & ! grosse/ mat]ialism2
 = 9 ! pres5ce ( absolute immat]iality (
 s\l all bodily diff]5ces disappe>1 all 
t is corporeal1 mat]ial1 necess>ily     
appe>+ indiff]5t1 equally & absolutely  
gross4 ,! abyss :i* sep>ates s\l f body1
 absolute immat]iality f absolute       
mat]iality1 is inf9ite4 ,consequ5tly all
 diff]5ces1 by ! way inexplicable &     
logically impossible1 :i* may exi/ on ! 
o!r side ( ! abyss1 9 matt]1 %\ld be to 
! s\l null & void1 & nei!r c nor %\ld   

ex]cise any influ5ce ov] x4 ,9 a ^w1 !  
absolutely immat]ial _c be con/ra9$1    
imprison$1 & mu* less express$ 9 any    
degree :atsoev] by ! absolutely mat]ial4
 ,( all ! gross & mat]iali/ic 7us+ ! ^w 
9 ! s5se atta*$ to x by ! ideali/s7     
imag9ations :i* 7 eng5d]$ by ! primitive
 ignorance & /upidity ( m51 t ( an      
immat]ial s\l imprison$ 9 a mat]ial body
 is c]ta9ly ! grosse/1 ! mo/ /upid1 &   
no?+ bett] proves ! omnipot5ce ex]cis$  
by anci5t prejudices ev5 ov] ! be/ m9ds 
?an ! deplorable sight ( m5 end[$ ) l(ty
 intellig5ce /ill talk+ ( x 9 our days4 
#aj ,i am well aw>e t 9 ! !ological &   
metaphysical sy/ems ( ! ,ori5t1 &       
especially 9 ^? ( ,india1 includ+       
,buddhism1 we f9d ! pr9ciple ( !        
annihilation ( ! real _w 9 favor ( !    
ideal & ( absolute ab/raction4 ,b x has 
n ! add$ "* ( volunt>y & delib]ate      
negation :i* di/+ui%es ,*ri/ianity2 :5  
^? sy/ems 7 conceiv$1 ! _w ( human      
?\ght1 ( w & ( lib]ty1 _h n rea*$ t /age
 ( developm5t :i* 0 aft]w>ds se5 9 !    

,greek & ,roman civilization4  #aa ,x   
seems to me useful to recall at ?is po9t
 an anecdote--"o1 by ! way1 well kn[n & 
?or\ghly au!ntic--:i* %$s a v cle> light
 on ! p]sonal value ( ?is w>m]-ov] ( !  
,ca?olic beliefs & on ! religi\s s9c]ity
 ( t p]iod4 ,*ateaubri& submitt$ to a   
publi%] a "w attack+ fai?4 ,! publi%]   
call$ 8 att5tion to ! fact t a!ism _h   
gone out ( fa%ion1 t ! read+ public c>$ 
no m = x1 & t ! dem&1 on ! contr>y1 0 = 
religi\s works4 ,*ateaubri& )drew1 b a  
few mon?s lat] came back ) 8 ,g5ius (   
,*ri/ianity4                       99   
99     99     99     99                 
,,! ,,only ,,an>*i/ ,,mon?ly            
,,9 ,,am]ica                            
,,"m                              ,,e>? 
,p>agraph sign ,a revolution>y lit]>y   
magaz9e devot$ to ,an>*i/ ?\ght 9       
sociology1 economics1 education1 & life4
  ,p>agraph sign ,articles by lead+     
,an>*i/s & radical ?9k]s4--,int]national
 ,notes giv+ a summ>y ( ! revolution>y  
activities 9 v>i\s c\ntries4--,reviews (

 mod]n books & ! drama4                 
,,t5 ,,c5ts ,a ,,copy                   
,,"o ,,doll> ,a ,,ye>             ,,emma
 ,,goldman1                             
,editor & ,publi%]                      
#bj ,ea/ #abe? ,/reet                   
,,new ,,york           ,b\nd ,volumes   
#aijf-aiae1 ,two ,doll>s p] ,volume     
99     99     99     99     99          
,,an>*ism  ,! philosophy ( a new social 
ord] bas$ on lib]ty unre/rict$ by       
man-made law2 ! !ory t all =ms (        
gov]nm5t re/ on viol5ce1 & are !re=e    
wrong & h>mful1 z well z unnecess>y4    
,,free ,,communism  ,volunt>y economic  
coop]ation2 a social arrangem5t bas$ on 
! pr9ciple3 ,to ea* accord+ to 8 ne$s2 f
 ea* accord+ to 8 ability4              
,,headqu>t]s ,,= ,,an>*i/ ,,lit]ature   
,,libr>y                                
,,(                                     
,,an>*ism  ,! lit]ature ( ,an>*ism is v 
ext5sive4 ,num]\s books & pamphlets h   
be5 writt51 treat+ ( ! v>i\s phases (   
,an>*i/ ?\ght1 & _m publications1 bo? "h

 & abroad1 are devot$ to ?is philosophy 
( life4 ,no well-in=m$ man or woman c   
af=d to ignore ?is vital subject4 ,y\r  
libr>y is n complete unless x includes  
works on ,an>*ism4                  ,"m 
,e>? ,publi%+ ,association              
#bj ,ea/ #abe? ,/reet1 ,new ,york       
,,new ,,york   ,ord]s = lit]ature %\ld  
be accompani$ by *eck or money ord]4    
,special disc\nt on l>ge quantities4    
99     99     99     99     99          
,,an>*ism                          ,&   
,o!r ,essays                            
,by ,,emma ,,goldman  ,p>agraph sign    
,includ+ a biographic ,,sket* ( !       
au?or's int]e/+ c>e]1 a spl5did         
,,portrait1 & twelve ( h] mo/ important 
lectures1 "s ( :i* h be5 suppress$ by ! 
police au?orities ( v>i\s cities4 ,?is  
book expresses ! mo/ advanc$ ideas on   
social que/ions--economics1 politics1   
education & sex4                        
,second ,revis$ ,edition  ,emma         
,goldman--! notori\s1 insi/5t1          
rebelli\s1 enigmatical ,emma            

,goldman--has publi%$ h] fir/ book1     
,an>*ism & ,o!r ,essays4 ,9 x %e records
 ! m5tal & s\l /ruggles ( tw5ty-"o ye>s1
 & recites all ! articles ( t /range &  
subv]sive cre$ 9 behalf ( :i* %e has    
suff]$ imprisonm5t1 contumely & e k9d ( 
p]secution4 ,! book is a vivid          
revelation ( a unique p]sonality4 ,x    
appe>s at a "t :5 ,an>*i/ic ideas are   
und\bt$ly 9 ! asc5dant ?r\gh\t !        
_w4--,curr5t ,lit]ature4  ,emma         
,goldman's book on ,an>*ism & ,o!r      
,essays ought to be read by all s-call$ 
respectable wom51 & adopt$ z a text-book
 by wom5's clubs ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4444 ,=
 c\rage1 p]si/5cy1 self-effacem5t1      
self-sacrifice 9 ! pursuit ( h] object1 
%e has hi!rto be5 unsurpass$ among !    
_w's wom54444 ,repudiat+ z %e does      
practically e t5et ( :at ! mod]n ,/ate  
holds good1 %e /&s = "s ( ! noble/      
traits 9 human nature4--,life4  ,e      
?\ghtful p]son ought to read ?is volume 
( pap]s by ! =emo/ ,am]ican ,an>*i/4 ,9 
:atev] way ! book may modify or /r5g!n !

 op9ion already held by its read]s1 !re 
is no d\bt t a c>eful read+ ( x w t5d to
 br+ ab\t great] social sympa?y4 ,x w   
help ! public to und]/& a gr\p (        
s]i\s-m9d$ & morally /r5u\s individuals1
 & also to feel ! _s t und]lies ! mo/   
radical t5d5cies ( ! great labor movem5t
 ( our day4--,hut*9s ,hapgood 9 ,!      
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,! ,mod]n ,drama              ,its      
,social & ,revolution>y ,significance   
,by                            ,,emma   
,,goldman  ,?is volume conta9s a        
critical analysis ( ! ,mod]n ,drama1 9  
its relation to ! social & revolution>y 
t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,x embraces fifty     
plays ( tw5ty-f\r ( ! =emo/ dramati/s ( 
six diff]5t c\ntries1 deal+ ) !m n f !  
te*nical po9t ( view1 b f ! /&po9t ( _! 

univ]sal & dynamic appeal to ! human    
race4                                   
,,cont5ts  ,,preface  ,,! ,,sc&9avian   
,,drama3 ,ibs51 ,/r9db]g1 ,bjornson  ,,!
 ,,g]man ,,drama3 ,hauptmann1 ,sud]mann1
 ,w$ek9d  ,,! ,,engli% ,,drama3 ,%aw1   
,p9]o1 ,galswor?y1 ,k5n$y1 ,s[]by  ,,!  
,,iri% ,,drama3 ,yeats1 ,lady ,gregory1 
,rob9son  ,,! ,,russian ,,drama3        
,tol/oy1 ,t*ekhov1 ,gorki1 ,t*irikov1   
,&reyev  ,,index              ,price    
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,,new ,,york                       99   
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,! ,select$ ,works                      
(                       ,voltair9e de   
,cleyre  ,?is volume ( ,am]ica's =emo/  
lit]>y rebel & ,an>*i/ propag&i/ conta9s
 a *oice selection ( h] poems1 essays1  
sociological disc\rses1 sket*es &       
/ories1 :i* h prov$ a s\rce ( great     
inspiration to ! revolution>y movem5t   
dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4                  

,edit$ by ,alex&] ,b]kman               
,biographical ,sket* ( ,hippolyte ,havel
           ,ov] #ejj pp41 clo?1 )       
portrait ( ! au?or4                     
,ta/efully pr9t$ & b\nd4                
#a4jj ,net4      ,by ,mail1 #a4ae       
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,an ,important ,human ,docum5t          
,,prison ,,memoirs                      
,,(                           ,,an      
,,an>*i/                                
,,by                         ,,alex&]   
,,b]kman  ,an e>ne/ portrayal ( !       
revolution>y psy*ology ( ! au?or1 z     
manife/$ by 8 ,att5tat dur+ ! great     
labor /ruggle ( ,home/ead1 9 #ahib4  ,! 
:ole tru? ab\t prisons has nev] be=e be5
 told z ?is book tells x4 ,! ,,memoirs  
deal frankly & intimately ) prison life 
9 its v>i\s phases4                     
#a4ej1 po/age #ae c5ts                  

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,new ,york                       99     
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,ideals & ,realities                    
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,,by                          ,,pet]    
,,kropotk9   ,a book indisp5sable to e  
/ud5t & lov] ( ,russian lit]ature4      
,kropotk9 n only makes u acqua9t$ ) !   
works & p]sonalities ( ! au?ors1 we also
 le>n mu* ab\t ! deep-root$ sympa!tic   
connections betwe5 ! writ]s & ! p1 m    
pron\nc$ 9 ,russia ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4
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99     99     99     99     99          
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,beyond ,good & ,evil                   
#a4be    ,! ,bir? ( ,trag$y             
#a4jj    ,case ( ,wagn]2 ,we            
,philologi/s1 etc42 ,nietzs*e contra    
,wagn]      #a4be    ,! ,dawn ( ,day    

#a4ge    ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy & ,o!r
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#a4be    ,ecce ,homo 7,nietzs*e's       
,autobiography7                         
#b4jj    ,g5ealogy ( ,morals4 ,poems    
#a4be    ,! ,joyful ,wisdom             
#a4fj    ,human1 ,all ,too ,human4 ,"p  
,i                                      
#a4fj    ,human1 ,all ,too ,human4 ,"p  
,,ii                                    
#a4ge    ,on ! ,future ( ,our           
,educational ,in/itutions2 & ,hom] &    
,classical ,philology                   
#a4jj    ,?\ghts ,out ( ,season4 ,"p ,i 
#a4jj    ,?\ghts ,out ( ,season4 ,"p    
,,ii                                    
#a4jj    ,! ,twilight ( ! ,idols3 ,!    
,anti*ri/                               
#a4ge    ,?us ,spake ,z>a?u/ra3 ,a ,book
 ( ,all & ,none                         
#b4jj    ,! ,w to ,p[]4 ,books ,i & ,,ii
                                   #a4fj
    ,! ,w to ,p[]4 ,vol4 ,,ii           
#a4fj    ,v>i\s ,essays & ,fragm5ts4    
,biography & ,criticism                 

#b4jj    ,! ,gospel ( ,sup]man          
#a4fj                        ,po/age1   
#ae;c p] volume  ,z a ,special ,(f]1 we 
w s5d ! above works ( ,nietzs*e1        
complete 9 #ai volumes1 po/paid1 = #bf  
,"m ,e>?1 #bj ,ea/ #abe? ,/reet1 ,new   
,york                       99     99   
99     99     99                  ,!    
,be/ ,lit]ature on ,bir? ,control3      
7,none give actual me?ods7    ,,"m      
,,e>?1 7,april1 #aiaf issue7 price1     
#aj;c1 po/age #a c5t4    ,! ,limitation 
( ,(fspr+1       ,by ,dr4 ,william ,j4  
,rob9son                   #a4jj  #aj;c 
,! ,small ,family ,sy/em1       ,by ,dr4
 ,c4 ,v4 ,drysdale                      
#a4jj  #aj;c    ,! ,"r ,to ,be ,well    
,born1       ,by ,moses ,h>man          
4#be   #e;c    ,:at ,e ,"m ,%\ld ,"k1   
,by ,m>g>et ,sang]                      
4#be   #e;c    ,:at ,e ,girl ,%\ld ,"k1 
,by ,m>g>et ,sang]                      
4#be   #e;c    ,! ,awak5+ ( ,spr+1      
,by ,frank ,w$ek9d 7pap]7               
4#ej   #e;c                             

,,"m ,,e>?                  #bj ,ea/    
#abe? ,/reet1 ,new ,york                
99     99     99     99     99          
,! ,ego & ,8 ,own                       
,by ,max ,/irn]  ,! book conta9s ! mo/  
revolution>y philosophy ev] writt51 its 
purpose be+ to de/roy ! idea ( duty &   
ass]t ! supremacy ( ! w1 & f ?is /&po9t 
to effect a transvaluation ( all values 
& displace ! /ate by a union ( consci\s 
egoi/s4                   ,price #ge    
c5ts1 po/age #aj c5ts      ,= sale by   
,,"m ,,e>? ,pub4 ,co41 #bj ,e4 #abe?    
,/41 ,n4 ,y4                       99   
99     99     99     99   ,to be _h     
?r\gh ,,"m ,,e>?1 #bj ,e4 #abe? ,/41    
,new ,york                       ,fam\s 
,spee*es ( !                            
,,*icago ,,an>*i/s  ,deliv]$ 9 c\rt 9   
reply to :y s5t5ce ( dea? %\ld n be     
pass$ ^u !m              #cj;c po/paid  
99     99     99     99     99   ,d y   
believe 9 ! ,social ,revolution8 ,d y "k
 :at took place 9 ! great ,social       
,revolution ( #aghi-agic8 ,read         

,,! ,,great ,,fr5* ,,revolution         
,by ,pet] ,kropotk9  ,! be/ way to      
prep>e = ! ,new ,revolution is to be    
famili> ) ! old4                   ,n[  
r$uc$ to #a4ej1 po/age #bj;c4           
99     99     99     99     99          
,gov4 ,altgeld's ,reasons              =
 p>don+ ,field51 ,neebe & ,s*wab        
#ce;c po/paid                       99  
99     99     99     99                 
,! ,bomb                          ,by   
,frank ,h>ris  ,a p[]ful novel1 :ile n  
giv+ ! facts ( ! ,haym>ket ,trag$y1 yet 
gives a vivid & sympa!tic portrayal ( ! 
ev5t & p]sonalities involv$4            
,clo?1 #ge;c po/paid                    
99     99     99     99     99          
,transcrib]'s note3  ,! foll[+          
corrections 7 made to ! text3    ,page  
orig9al ^w  correction                  
--------------------------------------- 
#g           viwes          views   #ca 
infalliby      infallibly   #eg         
judcial        judicial   #ei           
up to-day      up to to-day   #hc       

burgeoisie     b\rgeoisie   #hc         
s+u>ly      s+ul>ly   ,footnote #b      
onself         oneself