available by ,cornell ,university       
,digital ,collections47         ,,the   
,,international ,,magazine  ,of         
,literature1 ,art1 and ,science4  ,vol4 
,,iv4 ,,new-,,york1 ,,october #a1 #ahea4
 ,no4 ,,iii4     ,,john ,,godfrey       
,,saxe4  ,illustration   ,every         
catalogue of ,english poets embraces the
 name of ,butler1 though he was but the 
most unpoetical of satirists4 ,if       
,hudibras is poetry there can be no     
difficulty in admitting to this         
distinction ,trumbull's ,progress of    
,dulness and ,mc,fingal1 ,snelling's    
,truth1 a ,gift for ,scribblers1        
,halleck's ,fanny1 ,osborn's ,vision of 
,rubeta1 ,lowell's ,fable for ,critics1 
and some dozen other attempts in in this
 line1 by ,americans4 ,the disease of   
the satiric muse in this country has    
been the spleen1 and the reason why we  
have had so little of the healthful     
humorous rage1 ideal and lyrical1 of    
which the old masters gave us immortal  
examples1 is1 that those among us who   

have attempted this kind of composition 
have generally had far more to do with  
persons than with manners1 have been    
influenced more by envy and malice than 
by a generous scorn of what is ludicrous
 and mean and criminal4 ,the author of  
,progress has fallen into none of the   
prevailing sins2 he is of the school of 
,horace1 and has as little as he may to 
do with fools1 while he holds up1       
unfolds1 and whips1 the follies of the  
day4  ,john ,g4 ,saxe was born in       
,highgate1 ,franklin county1 ,vermont1  
on the second day of ,june1 #ahaf1 ,his 
youth was passed in rural occupations   
until he was seventeen years of age1    
when he determined to study one of the  
liberal professions1 and with this view 
entered the grammar school at ,st4      
,albans1 and1 after the usual           
preliminary course1 the college at      
,middlebury1 where he graduated bachelor
 of arts in the summer of #ahci4 ,he    
subsequently read law at ,lockport in   
,new-,york and at ,st4 ,albans1 and was 

admitted to the bar at the latter place 
in ,september1 #ahdc1 since which time  
he has been practising in the courts    
with more than the average success of   
young attorneys1 and he is now a leading
 politician of the democratic party1 the
 conductor of its local organ1 the      
,burlington ,sentinel1 and ,district    
,attorney1 by the grace of personal     
popularity--all other candidates on the 
same ticket having been defeated4  ,mr4 
,saxe became known as an occasional     
contributor to the ,knickerbocker       
,magazine1 some eight or ten years ago4 
,among his pieces in that miscellany is 
one characteristically remarkable for a 
sympathetic fitness of phrase1 entitled 
the ,rhyme of the ,rail1 and beginning3 
,singing through the forests1           
,rattling over ridges1     ,shooting    
under arches1       ,rumbling over      
bridges1     ,whizzing through the      
mountains1       ,buzzing o'er the      
vale1--     ,bless me6 this is pleasant1
       ,riding on the ,rail6  ,in this  

period he has thrown off scores of      
epigrams1 c41 anonymously1 besides the  
more ambitious performances acknowledged
 in the collection of his ,poems1 of    
which we have before us a third         
edition--showing that their quality is  
well appreciated--from the press of     
,ticknor  ,co4 ,the longest of these is 
,progress1 first published in #ahdf4 ,in
 skilful felicities of language and     
rhythm1 general clear and sharp         
expression1 and alternating touches of  
playful wit and vigorous sense1 there is
 nothing so long that is so well        
sustained in the hundred and one books  
of ,american satire4 ,in the beginning  
of it he says finely of our glorious    
tongue3      ,let thoughts1 too idle to 
be fitly dressed     ,in sturdy ,saxon1 
be in ,french expressed2     ,let lovers
 breathe ,italian1--like1 in sooth1     
,its singers soft1 emasculate1 and      
smooth2     ,but for a tongue1 whose    
ample powers embrace     ,beauty and    
force1 sublimity and grace1     ,ornate 

or plain1 harmonious1 yet strong1       
,and formed alike for eloquence and     
song1     ,give me the ,english1--aptest
 tongue to paint     ,a sage or dunce1 a
 villain or a saint1     ,to spur the   
slothful1 counsel the distressed1       
,to lash the oppressor1 and to soothe   
the oppressed1     ,to lend fantastic   
,humor freest scope1     ,to marshal all
 his laughter-moving troop1     ,give   
,pathos power1 and ,fancy lightest      
wings1     ,and ,wit his merriest whims 
and keenest stings6  ,and then proceeds 
with a display of popular follies1 and  
especially of those most grotesque and  
offensive1 the sham philosophies by     
which it is attempted to regenerate     
society3        ,hail1 ,social          
,progress6 each new moon is rife        
,with some new theory of social life1   
,some matchless scheme ingeniously      
designed     ,from half their miseries  
to free mankind2     ,on human wrongs   
triumphant war to wage1     ,and bring  
anew the glorious golden age4           

,association is the magic word     ,from
 many a social priest and prophet heard2
     ,attractive ,labor is the angel    
given1     ,to render earth a sublunary 
,heaven6     ,attractive ,labor6 ring   
the changes round1     ,and labor grows 
attractive in the sound2     ,and many a
 youthful mind1 where haply lurk        
,unwelcome fancies at the name of work1 
,see pleasant pastime in its longing    
view     ,of toil made easy and         
attractive too1     ,and1 fancy-rapt1   
with joyful ardor1 turns     ,delightful
 grindstones1 and seductive churns6  ,in
 the same vein we are treated with      
novelties which disturb our peace1 in   
literature1 fashion1 politics1 religion1
 and morals2 and every line is faultless
 in finish and in wit4 ,the ,proud ,miss
 ,mc,bride1 and ,the ,new ,rape of the  
,lock1 are in different veins1 but      
abound in the same exquisite turns1     
agreeable images1 and comic displays of 
wisdom4 ,in the ,new ,rape of the ,lock3
      ,the gossips whispered it through 

the town1     ,that ,captain ,jones     
loved ,susan ,brown2       ,but1        
speaking with due precision1     ,the   
gossips' tattle was out of joint1       
,for the lady's blunt was the only point
       ,that dazzled the lover's vision6
      ,and the ,captain begged1 in his  
smoothest tones1     ,miss ,susan ,brown
 to be ,mistress ,jones1--     ,flesh of
 his flesh and bone of his bones1       
,till death the union should sever2     
,for these are the words employed1 of   
course1     ,though ,death is cheated1  
sometimes by ,divorce2     ,a fact which
 gives an equivocal force       ,to that
 beautiful phrase1 for ever6      ,and  
,susan sighed the conventional ,nay     
,in such a bewitching1 affirmative way1 
,the ,captain perceived 'twas the       
feminine ,ay1       ,and sealed it in   
such commotion1     ,that no lip-service
 that ever was paid     ,to the ear of a
 god1 or the cheek of a maid1           
,looked more like real devotion6  ,at   
the wedding party all the aristocracy of

 the circle in which the ,browns and    
,joneses were acquainted came together1 
and ,miss ,susan--      ,to pique a     
group of laughing girls     ,who stood  
admiring the ,captain's curls1          
,she formed the resolution     ,to get a
 lock of her lover's hair1     ,in the  
gaze of the guests assembled there1     
,by some expedient1 foul or fair1       
,before the party's conclusion4         
,only a lock1 dear ,captain6--no more1  
',a lock for ,memory1' ,i implore6      
,but ,jones1 the gayest of quizzers1    
,replied1 as he gave his eye a cock1    
',tis a treacherous memory needs a lock1
       ,and dodg'd the envious scissors4
      ,alas6 that ,susan couldn't       
refrain1     ,in her zeal the precious  
lock to gain1     ,from laying her hand 
on the lion's mane6       ,to see the   
cruel mocking1     ,and hear the short1 
affected cough1     ,the general titter1
 and chuckle1 and scoff1     ,when the  
,captain's ,patent ,wig came off1       
,was really dreadfully shocking6  ,the  

,times1 a poem read before the ,boston  
,mercantile ,library ,association1 in   
#ahdi1 ,carmen ,laetum1 recited last    
year at a meeting of the ,alumni of     
,middlebury ,college1 and ,new ,england 
,men1 delivered before the literary     
societies of the ,new-,york ,university 
a few weeks ago1 are his other most     
elaborate productions1 and they are all 
carefully finished and alike in their   
chief characteristics4 ,his shorter     
pieces in a few instances have touches  
of sentiment1 but this is not his forte2
 by the definition which limits poetry  
to rhythmical creations of beauty1 ,mr4 
,saxe can scarcely be called a poet of  
great excellence2 his distinction is1   
that he is a wit1 and that he has been  
eminently successful in giving to his   
wit a poetical expression4  ,as a       
judicious critic has said of him1 he    
unquestionably an artist1 of a high     
order1 in the narrow range which he has 
taken4 ,his comical productions are     
beautifully finished4 ,as they stand1   

they are terse1 smooth1 and fluent1 and 
any one who has ever tried his hand at  
this species of composition1 will       
readily appreciate the time1 labor1 and 
taste1 which must have been expended1 to
 jest so easily1 in rhyme4     ,,glass  
,,of ,,bohemia4  ,illustration   ,this  
beautiful article is manufactured in    
various places throughout ,germany--most
 largely amid the very mountainous      
districts of ,bohemia2 some of the best1
 however1 is made in ,bavaria and sent  
to ,bohemia1 and thence exported4 ,the  
materials from which the glass is formed
 consist chiefly of the same as those   
used in ,england2 the manufacturers     
themselves seem to believe that there is
 no difference except in the proportions
 of the materials1 and in the fuel1     
which is exclusively wood1 and produces1
 by a little attention1 a more constant 
and intense heat than can be produced by
 any coal2 the feeding of the furnace   
with the latter material1 they say1     
always creates a change in the          

temperature detrimental to the fluid    
above1 and never sufficiently intense4  
,the wooded mountains of ,bohemia are   
entirely inhabited by a population whose
 industry1 morals1 hospitality1 and     
kindliness of manners1 do honor1 not    
only to this rich and beautiful kingdom1
 but to the whole human race4 ,they are 
pure ,germans1 not of ,sclavish origin1 
and the ,german dialect alone is spoken4
 ,unlike every other manufacturing      
district ,i have ever visited1 they     
retain unimpaired all their rural and   
primitive virtues4 ,clean to a proverb1 
in their houses and persons1 hospitable 
and amiable in their manners1 simple in 
their habits1 cheerful and devoted in   
their religion1 they form perhaps1 the  
happiest community in the world4 ,in    
passing through the country1 a stranger 
would never find out that he was in a   
manufacturing district1 but might fancy 
himself in the green valleys of a partly
 pastoral1 partly agricultural people4  
,thickly inhabited1 the beautiful little

 cottages1 clustered into villages1 or  
scattered along the glens1 or sides of  
the hills1 are embowered with fruit     
trees1 and encircled with shrubs and    
flowers1 which each cottager cultivates 
with a zeal peculiar to his race2 on    
every side rich fields of grain or      
pasture stretch out like a vast         
enamelled carpet between the hills1     
which are clothed in dense forest of    
spruce1 fir1 pine1 and beech1 filled    
with deer1 roe1 and capercalzie2 they   
extend in every direction1 far beyond   
the reach of the eye1 one vast cloud of 
verdure4 ,the fabriques or factories1   
are placed generally in the middle of   
one of these villages1 the extent of    
which can only be known by going from   
house to house2 so closely is each hid  
in its own fruit-bower1 and so          
surrounded by shrubs and flowers1 that  
the eye can only pick up the buildings  
by their blue smoke1 or get a glimpse of
 them here and there as you advance2    
thus some of the villages are elongated 

to three miles1 forming the most        
delicious walk along its grassy road1   
generally accompanied by a stream1      
always overhung by a profusion of wild  
flowers1 the mountain-ash1 and weeping  
birch2 many of the former only to be    
found in our gardens4 ,it has a very    
picturesque effect to see the           
inhabitants of these villages with their
 simple costume2 and if it rains1 their 
umbrellas1 often of rich colors like    
their glass1 scarlet1 green1 and deep   
crimson1 with beautiful ruby1 emerald1  
or turquoise handles2 not such as a     
stranger might suppose a gaudy glass    
bauble1 but rich and massive1 and having
 all the appearance of the solid1 gold1 
and gem-studded handles of the oriental 
weapons4  ,the fabrique is built like   
the rest of the cottages1 and only      
differs from them in size1 and the shape
 and height of its chimney1 which       
emitting only wood smoke1 has none of   
the dense sulphuric cloud which blackens
 and poisons the neighborhood of        

coal-fed factories3 it is never that    
ostentatious building for whose         
magnitude and embellishments the public 
are obliged to pay1 in the increased    
charges on its productions4 ,the glass  
fabriques of ,bohemia are all small1 in 
fact only one large apartment1 in the   
centre of which is the furnace1 a       
circular structure divided into eight   
compartments containing the melted metal
 for as many colors2 one man and a boy  
are stationed at the door of each       
compartment1 the former to extract the  
fluid with his pipe1 the latter to hold 
the wooden mould#a in which the article 
is blown and shaped4 ,the number of     
hands employed in an ordinary fabrique1 
are3--,eight men who work in the metal1 
take it from the fire1 and blow it in   
the moulds2 eight helps to hold the     
moulds1 c42 four to stir the metal1 c42 
two breakers2 four day laborers4  ,the  
best men are sometimes paid from        
eighteen to twenty shillings a week1 and
 provide their own food1 which is good2 

and as they require much nourishment    
from the exhausting effects of the heat1
 it consists of meat1 vegetables1 and a 
vast quantity of beer2 those who are    
employed about the furnace especially1  
drink from twelve to fifteen quarts a   
day2 it is a clear1 bitter beverage1    
which they1 in common with all the      
,german race1 like beyond every thing   
else1 but it is of little strength2     
intoxication is almost unknown1 and as a
 proof of their careful and excellent   
character1 in one of the above-mentioned
 villages1 three miles in length1 a fire
 had not been known in the memory of the
 oldest inhabitants ,i questioned1      
though the houses from the ground to the
 roof are made entirely of wood4  ,the  
materials of which the glass is         
composed1 as far as can be ascertained1 
and they seem to make no secret of it1  
appear to be the same as those in use in
 ,england2 they say1 they derive their  
perfection from their mode of mixing and
 burning the material4 ,thus the        

principal component parts are3--,sand2  
chalk2 potash2 brimstone2 arsenic1 mixed
 with various colors1 regulated by the  
principal3--,uran oxide2 cobalt oxide2  
coppre oxide2 nickel oxide2 chrom oxide2
 minium2 tin oxide4  ,the gold used in  
ornamenting the glass is from the purest
 ducats1 dissolved in strong acid 7artz 
wasser71 the oil with which the colors  
are mixed is of turpentine 7harz oehl74 
,nothing is done in most of the blowing 
fabriques but mixing the material1 and  
coloring2 and for cutting1 polishing1   
c41 from three to six wheels are        
used--all the finishing goes on in the  
little cottages by which the furnace is 
surrounded1 and with which the valleys  
and sides of the hills are studded2 here
 you find1 within the contracted        
chambers of these small block-houses1 if
 on the ground-flat1 standing on an     
earthen#b floor like our ,highland      
cottages1 an artist of the first        
ability1 tracing the exquisite scrolls  
and flowers which we see in these       

beautiful works of art2 and which are   
performed by men bearing all the        
appearance of simple cotters2 but whose 
hand sweeps free and careless over the  
glass with the confidence and ease of an
 experienced artist2 seldom being       
provided with more than two very        
ordinary looking brushes1 a small one   
and another a size larger1 and working  
frequently without any pattern1 or      
indicating lines upon the glass they are
 painting2 but perfect from habitude1   
the scrolls1 and wreaths1 and flowers1  
come out with the same facility as one  
traces a name upon the dewy pane of a   
window4 ,often the whole family are     
brought up from childhood in painting   
and in drawing on glass1 and thus       
producing a race of hereditary artists2 
boys from thirteen and upwards are      
employed in the most delicate works in  
this genre of art4 ,each cottage where  
the painting and gilding go on1 is      
provided with a small oven1 into which  
the glass is put to bake in the colors1 

where it is kept for a day and allowed  
to cool down2 the white figures and     
flowers1 when they go into the oven1 are
 of a dark chrome color1 but come out   
pure white1 as will be observed on      
examining any glass on which flowers of 
this color are painted2 the gold1 also1 
when laid on1 is of a dead brown1 and   
when burnt in1 is polished1 generally by
 women of the family4 ,the gold in many 
instances is left unpolished1 and only  
the stalks and fibres are burnished1    
which give an excellent effect4 ,it is  
most interesting to go from one cottage 
to another2 in one you are amazed by the
 exquisite paintings in gold1 silver1   
and colors2 in another1 the cutting out 
all those beautiful leaf-work1 lily1    
bell-flower1 octagon1 and star-shaped   
vases1 which is done1 not only by men1  
but by their children1 girls and boys4  
,in one cottage1 ,i was particularly    
struck by a man1 his two daughters1 and 
son1 sitting at as many wheels1 cutting 
the most elaborate1 but delicate1       

figures2 shaping from the merely turned 
over bell vases1 those beautiful        
varieties of lily and flower-indented   
lamps for suspension1 and vessels for   
holding bouquets1 tracing the scrolls1  
stalks1 and fibres1 with the same ease  
as the bare-footed wife and mother      
prepared their supper in the wooden bowl
 on the earth-floor behind them2 for    
there was but one apartment for the fine
 arts1 the nursery1 and the kitchen1 yet
 all was neatness1 perfect cleanliness1 
and order2 while on the long beam which 
formed the sill of the three mullion    
windows1 was arranged a number of glass 
objects in the glorious colors of       
,bohemian art--ruby1 emerald1 topaz1    
chrysopras1 turquoise2 with pure        
crystals1 which1 richly cut1 reflected1 
like a rainbow1 the gems by which they  
are surrounded4 ,in another cottage1 in 
,steinchoenau1 ,i was much pleased with 
the designs which two young men were    
painting1 both in gold1 and colors2 of  
which the former were scrolls of a very 

superior character1 and the latter1     
flowers1 butterflies1 and insects4 ,i   
questioned one of the men respecting the
 forms and characteristics of those he  
was painting1 and which were beautiful  
illustrations of ,natural ,history2 when
 he brought me in1 from a little        
bed-room1 or rather closet1 two boxes   
full of exquisitely preserved specimens 
of a great variety of native insects1   
which he had collected in his leisure   
hours1 and arranged himself1 to assist  
him in his painting4 ,the copies were   
facsimiles of the originals1 both as to 
colors and character4 ,among these      
insects ,i observed a beautiful         
miniature crawfish1 not so large as a   
shrimp1 a native1 also1 of the streams  
in his neighborhood4 ,so identified had 
these productions of nature become with 
his imagination1 that he was1 at the    
moment ,i came in1 painting some most   
correctly1 without any specimen before  
him4 ,it is impossible to express the   
feelings produced by these people1 so   

simple1 so industrious1 and1 above all1 
so modest4 ,they could not refrain from 
surprise at the admiration their        
every-day productions created in us2 and
 these simple artisans would with       
difficulty believe that their works were
 sought for1 and thus valued1 in all    
powerful and wealthy ,england1 where    
they believe nothing is unknown1 nothing
 imperfect1 nothing impossible6 ,one man
 whom ,i visited is an extraordinary    
genius1 rarely to be met with2 he has   
been driven by the force of that same   
genius1 to seek abroad1 in ,france and  
,bavaria 7,munich71 food for his mind1  
and has brought back with him several   
folio works of engravings from the best 
masters1 from which he designs4 ,placing
 before him one of these works1 a       
,raphael or a ,rubens1 he either copies 
the group1 or composes from them to suit
 the form of his vase1 which he thus    
embellishes with the most exquisite     
figures2 his name is ,charles ,antoin   
,guenther4 ,he lives in a little        

block-house1 as humble as the commonest 
of those above described1 on the        
declivity of a brae1 by a small stream1 
on which stand the little scattered     
village of ,steinschoenau4 ,it is       
composed of only two apartments below1  
of which his work-room is one1 and which
 is not above ten feet square1 with just
 space enough to hold four little lathes
 for engraving glass1 at one of which he
 works himself1 while the others are    
occupied by three boys1 the youngest    
twelve and a-half years old1 the eldest 
fifteen6 ,they all engrave beautifully1 
pieces laid before them by ,guenther1   
and which they follow with a            
faithfulness and spirit only to be      
believed on personal inspection4 ,he was
 at work himself on a vase goblet1 of   
the shape of the usual green hock-glass1
 but which might contain a bottle2 it   
was lapis lazuli blue1 enriched by a    
group of ,bacchanalian ,cupids and      
vine-leaves of his own composition1 and 
worked with a spirit and freedom worthy 

of some of the masters by whose works he
 was surrounded4 ,what struck me most1  
was one of those exquisite little       
figures of ,raphael's1 in his great     
picture of the ,madona del ,sixto1 in   
the ,royal ,gallery at ,dresden4 ,the   
cherub leaning on the parapet1 with his 
chin resting on one hand1 as he gazes on
 the ,virgin2 it is exquisitely drawn in
 pencil1 a fac-simile1 and pinned on the
 wooden wall of the engraver's cottage1 
immediately opposite his seat4 ,i asked 
him how he first traced on the glass the
 subjects which he was to cut2 he       
replied by taking up a plain glass      
without any figure or indication on its 
surface1 and asking me what subject ,i  
should like engraved4 ,on my replying   
that1 being an old deer-stalker1 ,i     
should be very well pleased with a stag2
 he immediately applied the wheel to the
 glass1 and in five minutes by my watch1
 produced one of the most splendid1     
spirited animals ,i ever saw in the     
forest1 and really worthy of ,landseer2 

the stag is making a spring over some   
broken palings and rough foreground1 and
 his action and parts can only be       
appreciated by those who have lived with
 the deer on the hill and watched them  
with the feelings of a hill-man1 like   
,guenther1 who has had opportunities of 
seeing the deer in his own native woods1
 where they abound4 ,i brought this     
glass away with me1 though in itself but
 an inferior article2 merely as a       
specimen of what ,i had seen done by    
this man in the space of five minutes1  
without a copy or any thing to guide him
 on the smooth surface of the goblet4   
,i send you sketches of the artist and  
his dwelling2 and as the portrait       
exhibits1 at the same time1 his native  
costume1 it will be the more            
interesting1 and cannot fail to give a  
correct idea of the character of this   
,bohemian mountaineer4  ,illustration3  
,,bohemian ,,glass ,,painter4  ,the     
sketch of ,guenther's ,house will also  
afford an idea of these ,bohemian       

artisans' dwellings1 more so than any   
written description could do4 ,i send   
you with it a drawing of another of     
these picturesque houses4  ,there are   
two classes of persons engaged1 on a    
large scale1 in the exportation of      
,bohemian glass--the fabricant and the  
collector2 generally speaking1 however1 
the latter is the direct exporter1 and  
he also superintends the cutting1       
painting1 and packing4 ,the fabricant is
 more frequently engaged in furnishing  
the collector1 and to a great extent1   
with the glass in its original and more 
simple forms as it comes from the       
furnace1 and it is then cut and painted 
by the cottagers who surround the       
dwelling of the collector2 so that many 
of these villages are entirely formed by
 the collector and his people4 ,others  
however1 employed in the same way1      
cluster round the fabrique2 but even    
their productions for the most part go  
to the collectors1 who have their       
correspondents in ,america1 ,spain1     

,turkey1 ,greece1 ,england1 c4          
,illustration3 ,,home ,,of ,,charles    
,,antoine ,,gunther4  ,as might be      
expected1 there is a considerable       
difference in the designs of different  
houses2 some are much superior to       
others1 both as to color and design4    
,those of ,egermann1 in ,hyda1 who has  
added many new and valuable discoveries 
in the art of making and coloring the   
glass1 and ,hoffman1 in ,prague1 are the
 best ,i have visited1 to which may be  
added ,zahn1 in ,steinschoenau1 for whom
 ,guenter engraves4 ,egerman's          
establishment in ,hyda1 for cutting1    
painting1 and engraving1 is very        
considerable1 and exhibits first-rate   
talent1 which can only be appreciated by
 a personal inspection of his works2 and
 the taste and judgment of ,hoffman1 in 
,prague1 in his selections1 the designs 
he gives1 and the artists he employs1   
cannot be surpassed1 if equalled1 in    
,germany4 ,he has entirely abandoned the
 modern school1 and returned to the     

first principles of art1#c and produces1
 both in form and decorations1 subjects 
worthy of the ancient masters4          
,illustration3 ,,residence ,,of ,a      
,,bohemian ,,artisan4  ,the glass       
villages are scattered all through the  
mountainous districts1 whose ridges1 and
 summits1 and upper ranges are covered  
with a forest1 which extends forty or   
fifty miles in length1 by thirty broad2 
the fabriquants maintain that the finer 
glass cannot be brought to perfection   
but by wood heat1 and hence1 the glass  
fabriques are only to be found in these 
vast forests4 ,one of the most          
interesting natural formations within   
this circle is the volcanic rock1 called
 ,spirlingstein1 which shoots up out of 
a little valley on the right bank of the
 ,elbe crowned with a shattered mass of 
natural towers and turrets which it is  
difficult to believe1 till closely      
examined1 are not the ruins of one of   
those feudal holds crowning the summits 
of so many of the hills in ,bohemia4    

,every village has its school1 in which 
are to be found all the children too old
 for the nursery1 and too young to be   
employed4 ,several ,i visited contained 
as many as three hundred2 the specimens 
of their writing are beautiful1 some    
quite like engraving2 the eldest child1 
whose specimen ,i saw1 was only         
thirteen2 they sing most sweetly1 and   
many accompanying themselves on the     
guitar1 the schoolmaster being almost   
always a musician1 and capable of       
playing two or three instruments4 ,there
 is a church and good organ in each     
village1 and a very good choir entirely 
composed of these villagers1 all of whom
 play some instrument1 and form the     
choir by turns1 generally directed by   
the schoolmaster4 ,some of these amateur
 bands play exquisitely1 as an idea may 
be formed by the families or communities
 who occasionally visit ,england1 and   
who are often from a district such as ,i
 have described1 and whose sole         
instruction has been that which they    

could pick up from each other in their  
hours of recreation4 ,at the fabrique of
 ,a4 ,kittls-,erben of ,kreibitz1 while 
at dinner in the garden1 and which was  
provided by the hospitality of the      
fabriquant1 and in great profusion1 with
 a variety of ,hungarian and ,bohemian  
wines1 ,i observed a little girl of     
twelve years of age1 who came into the  
bower with a guitar1 and while ,i was   
looking round for the performer1 the    
master of the fabrique lifted the little
 girl on a chair1 and laid a music book 
before her1 from which she played and   
sang a number of ,bohemian songs with   
much taste and execution4 ,all the      
instruction she ever had was from the   
schoolmaster1 who taught her during the 
leisure hours of the scholars4 ,she was 
an orphan1 and brought up by the        
fabriquant4 ,after dinner we walked up  
the valley to visit a fabrique of       
,chichorie2 in the way ,i remarked a    
little cottage1 like the rest1 with its 
fruit-trees and garden1 but which had1  

in addition to its projecting roof and  
windows filled with flowers1 both in    
pots and ,bohemian glass vases1         
verandahs in carved oak1 the scroll-work
 of which was quite classic1 and the    
execution admirable4 ,while ,i stopped  
to examine this1 the fabriquant who     
accompanied me remarked that the owners 
were makers of musical instruments4 ,on 
inquiring of what kind1 he replied a    
variety1--violins1 accordions1 and      
others4 ,i was met at the door by a man 
whose appearance was that of a simple   
cottager1 and his manners indicated all 
the simplicity of rural life4 ,he was   
told that ,i wished to see some of his  
instruments1 upon which he bowed1       
slightly elevated his shoulders1 and    
replied1 that he had nothing worth      
seeing1 but would be happy to receive   
us1 and showed us the way1 with that    
natural kindness and politeness1 which  
distinguish the peasants of this        
country4 ,we followed him up a little   
carved-wood staircase1 and he ushered us

 into a small1 yet clean apartment1     
where1 to my surprise1 ,i found two     
rather large organs1 sufficiently large 
for a moderate church2 one was a        
peculiar instrument1 a pan-harmomicon1  
invented by himself1 with improvements  
and great facility and simplicity in    
tuning2 it formed a concert of the      
single organ1 brass horns1 and kettle   
drums1 having a double row of keys      
behind1 so that the performer was masked
 by the instrument1 which had a handsome
 front2 the face of it could be removed 
to show the whole interior of the       
mechanical arrangement4 ,a variety of   
other instruments were packed in        
different parts of the room1 some of    
which were large and highly improved    
accordions1 which1 as well as the organ1
 are beautifully played by the          
brothers1#d of whom there are three2    
their talent for music is extraordinary4
  ,illustration3 ,,spirlingstein4  ,the 
church in this country is still the     
great patron of the arts4 ,in every     

little chapel1 however remote or small1 
7and in some of the minute villages in  
the mountains1 they are not larger than 
an ordinary room1#e though of a vast    
height in proportion to the length and  
breadth17 is found a good organ1 and    
always well played4 ,there is also an   
amateur choir attached to each4 ,these  
chapels are decorated by paintings and  
frescoes1 some of which are of          
considerable merit4 ,in the house of a  
priest1 who officiates in one of them1  
,i observed a ,crucifixion1 without a   
frame1 apparently quite newly painted1  
and1 on inquiring1 ,i found it was the  
work of an artist in ,antwerp2 that it  
had been bought by the glass-makers of  
the district1 or rather obtained in     
exchange for some part of a cargo sent  
to that city1 from which they had       
brought and presented it to their little
 chapel2 it was valued at ,antwerp1     
against the glass1 at seven hundred     
florins 7#aej74  ,the little chapels in 
the glass districts are also beautifully

 decorated with colored glass1 the rich 
ruby lamps suspended before the altars1 
with their ever-burning lamps1 the      
clusters of prisms in the great centre  
chandelier1 reflecting the ruby lights1 
and gold1 and flowers1 from the altar1  
are always--independent of any other    
feeling--subjects worthy the            
contemplation of the artist4 ,all the   
vases for flowers which richly decorate 
the country churches are of native      
manufacture--ruby1 emerald1 topaz1      
chrysophras1 turquoise1 and crystal     
chalices1 full of the rarest of those   
flowers which form so much the delight  
and pastime of the inhabitants to       
cultivate1 shed their delicious perfume 
through their chapels1 mingled with the 
incense which1 renewed daily1 at morning
 and evening service1 fills the         
buildings with perpetual fragrance4     
,another great resource for the arts in 
this country1 which is offered by the   
,church1 is the sculpture of wood4 ,i   
have often been surprised and confounded

 by seeing an exquisite ,virgin1 or     
,crucifixion1 or figure of a patron or  
local saint1 in some far out of the way 
chapel in the hills1 or in some lonely  
shrine1 and even in the niches on the   
exterior of these buildings3 but on     
inquiry ,i found that these were often  
the works of the first artists6 the     
foreman of some native ,canova1 or ,max1
 whose health1 impaired by inhaling the 
fine dust of the marble1 was not obliged
 to work on till death put an end to his
 talent2 but1 before the disease had    
become incurable1 forsook marble for    
oak1 and reproduced in that material all
 the beauties of the original2 and under
 the fostering wing of the ,church      
recovered his health1 and filled his    
native village church with works of the 
highest order4 ,it is the same with     
artists1 natives of larger towns2 ,i do 
not speak of such works as are to be    
seen in ,antwerp1 and other cities of   
note--wonderful productions of rare art 
in carving1 such as the figures which   

stand on each side of the numerous      
confessionals in the north transept of  
the glorious cathedral of the former1   
nearly as large as life1 all            
emblematical of repentance and          
forgiveness1 and other attributes of    
contrition and mercy2 with many others  
of nearly1 if not quite1 the same merit1
 in the various churches with which this
 town abounds4 ,these are the works of  
great masters whose celebrity is        
,european2 but to find in the wild and  
unknown districts of these mountains    
such works of art--to know there is a   
sure and safe means for the suffering   
artist to continue his work and regain  
his health1 while he fills his country  
with fine objects of art1 carved in     
wood1 and which could never be obtained 
in any other way1 is a blessed          
encouragement to talent1 and a field for
 the arts which can only be appreciated 
by those who are relieved by it1 or     
those who are dying for want of its     
protecting hand4 ,mr4 ,steel1 in        

,edinburgh1 the last time ,i had the    
happiness of visiting him in his studio1
 when he was engaged on that exquisite  
work the ,scott statue1 and which has   
since been placed within the monument   
erected to that illustrious man1 told me
 he had1 then1 lately lost one or two of
 his best men from pulmonary complaint1 
brought on by inhaling the marble dust2 
that he had tried every means to        
counteract its effects1 by providing the
 men with veils and masks1 but to no    
purpose4 ,his best man then at work upon
 this national masterpiece1 was fast    
failing beneath the effects of the same 
cause1 and is now probably laid with all
 his talent in the dust1 lost to his    
country in the prime of life1 when here 
such a man would soon be restored to    
health1 while he reproduced his works in
 wood1 and maintained himself and family
 in a comfortable and illustrious       
independence1 enriching his country1 and
 carrying the arts into the remote      
valleys of his native home4  ,thus far  

we make use of a letter to the ,art     
,journal4 ,in the ,great ,exhibition we 
perceive that the glass of ,bohemia has 
attracted much attention1 not more for  
the grace and beauty of its forms than  
for the recent improvements which have  
been made in its colors4 ,the principal 
agent for the sale of ,bohemian ,glass  
in the ,united ,states is ,mr4          
,collamore1 of #ddg ,broadway1 in whose 
extensive establishment may be seen in  
particular all the varieties of those   
vases1 and other mantel ornaments1 of   
,bohemian ,glass1 which1 to a great     
extent1 are taking the place of         
porcelain fabrics1 of the same          
description1 in the more fashionably    
furnished houses4 ,one of these vases we
 copy here from the ,art ,journal       
,catalogue of the ,hyde ,park           
,exhibition2 others are of different    
forms1 and of colors equalled in        
richness only in other manufactures of  
the same country4  ,illustration  ,of   
other industrial pursuits in this class 

we shall give accounts hereafter4       
,,footnotes3  #a ,the moulds are made of
 beech-wood4  #b ,these earthen floors  
are not1 as might be supposed from their
 name1 dirty and untidy2 they are made  
with wet clay1 which1 when dry1 becomes 
quite hard1 and can be kept as clean as 
brick or stone4  #c ,this excellence in 
the decoration of glass is1 probably1   
only a branch of the high proficiency of
 the art of engraving and carving1 in   
,germany1 on all materials--the metal   
work of guns1 seals engraved on steel   
and stone1 wood1 ivory1 up to the copper
 plates of landscape and history2 with  
regard to the second1 seal engraving on 
steel1 it cannot be surpassed1 and      
scarcely1 if at all1 equalled in any    
other part of ,europe4 ,it is wrought   
with a delicacy unrivalled1 and the     
impressions are equal to the best       
cutting on stone2 it is done1 too1 at a 
cost wholly unknown in ,england1 even   
among the lowest order of seal          
engravers1 for initials on brass for    

sealing wine or sauce bottles6 ,it is   
not only in the depth and sharpness of  
the cutting1 that they excel1 but in the
 beauty of the drawing of the various   
subjects--figures of men1 animals1      
birds1 and the lambrequins and mantlings
 with which the ,german heraldry        
abounds4 ,the cheapness arises1 no      
doubt1 from the great patronage enjoyed 
by the seal engravers4 ,every nobleman  
has a large office-seal for each of his 
properties1 and some have a vast number1
 as1 for instance1 the ,prince          
,schwartzenberg1 who has upwards of     
forty2 the full coat of arms is engraved
 on the office-seal of each lordship4   
,such1 of old1 was the case with us2 and
 ,i remember1 among others1 a beautiful 
gold seal1 in the possession of the late
 ,gordon of ,fyvie1 which had a thin    
topaz1 with the arms of ,sealton 7the   
ancient lords of ,fyvie7 engraved upon  
it1 with the colors enamelled on the    
gold beneath4  ,a comparison1 however1  
between the prices of these works of    

art1 here and in ,england1 will be more 
satisfactory and interesting2 for an    
office-seal1 which would cost in the    
latter country1 if cut on brass1 from   
#el4 to #gl41 costs here from #cjs4 to  
#bl4 on steel6 including a beautifully  
ornamented base1 and polished ,bohemian 
granite1 porphyry or agate handle1 three
 inches in length2 and such coats of    
arms as would cost in ,england1 on      
stone1 from #ajl4 to #bjl41 can be had  
here for a third of that sum1 and       
executed in the best style of the art4  
,carving in ivory is equally good1 and  
equally moderate4 ,pipes1 also1 of that 
beautiful material erroneously called   
,meerschaum1 and of large dimensions1   
are carved either with a superb coat of 
arms or historical subjects1 the prices 
of which vary according to the size of  
the pipe and number of figures1 from    
#cjs4 to #bl46  #d ,their name is       
,lehmann2 residence--,schonfeld1 near   
,kreibitz4  #e ,the ruins of similar    
little chapels are found all over the   

highlands and isles of ,scotland1       
however remote1 with other sacred       
edifices1 in some of which may still be 
traced the remains of frescoes4 ,in the 
ruins of larger buildings the frescoes  
are more apparent3 thus1 in the abbey   
church of ,pluscardine1 near ,elgin1 the
 four ,evangelists were distinctly      
visible in #ahbf1 after more than #ejj  
years of ruin and decay4     ,,the      
,,sandwich ,,islands ,,to-,,day4        
,illustration3 ,,valleys ,,and          
,,mountains ,,of ,,wailuku1 ,,maui4     
,whatever may be said of the influence  
of ,european and ,american profligacy in
 the ,islands1 they may be pointed to   
with perfect satisfaction for           
illustrations of the benefits of        
,christian civilization1 and the people 
of this country are greatly indebted to 
the ,rev4 ,henry ,t4 ,cheever1 whose    
works on the subject we have had        
frequent occasion to praise1 for the    
eminently judicious and interesting     
accounts he has given us of society1    

manners1 and religion1 and of industrial
 resources1 and every kind of natural   
phenomena1 throughout the island world1 
especially in the ,sandwich ,islands1 to
 which his last work#f is altogether    
devoted4 ,of the important question of  
the political destiny of this group ,mr4
 ,cheever says3       ,perhaps it is in 
the providential plan of the world's    
great      ,ruler1 that the ,sandwich   
,islands should yet be adopted into     
the ,great ,american ,confederacy4 ,won 
as they have been from      the lowest  
barbarism by ,american                  
missionaries1--having had      expended 
upon them in the process nearly a       
million and a      half of dollars from 
,america1 and the services of fifty     
families now possessing there valuable  
homesteads1--harboring a permanent      
,american population1      foremost in  
energy and influence1 now little short  
of one      thousand1 besides a floating
 ,american population that touch        
and recruit annually to the number of   

fifteen thousand1 in      whaleships and
 merchantmen1 and consuming yearly a    
million      of dollars' worth of       
,american merchandise2 on all these     
grounds there would seem to be a        
propriety in their enjoying      an     
,american ,protectorate1 if not an      
admission under the flag      of the    
,american ,republic4       ',american   
enterprise1' says a writer#g who has    
been for      many years familiar with  
the history and progress of the         
,hawaiian ,islands1 'both commercial and
 philanthropic1 has      invested the   
group with its present political        
importance--bestowing upon the          
inhabitants laws1 religion1      and    
civilization--and will soon add to these
 gifts language2      for the ,english  
tongue is rapidly superseding the       
,hawaiian4      ,the ,islanders have    
thus a moral claim upon the ,american   
nation for protection4 ,in no way can   
this be more      efficiently bestowed  
than by receiving them into the family  

of this great republic4 ,the native     
population are as well      prepared to 
be ,american citizens as the multitude  
of      ,european emigrants4 ,unlike the
 generality of them1 they can      read 
and write1 and have already acquired    
democratic ideas      under the         
operation of their own liberal          
constitution of      government1 which  
will readily enable them to incorporate 
themselves under our institutions4 ,they
 are destined to be      supplanted in  
numbers and power by a foreign race4    
,they      desire us to be their        
successors and protectors4 ,the present 
revenues of the ,islands are more than  
adequate to the      expenses of their  
government--time1 opportunity1 the      
interests of the inhabitants and        
ourselves point to this      result4'   
,events will soon determine whether they
 are to      retain their independency1 
or to be merged in the nation      that 
has civilized them4  ,the work abounds  
in interesting details of ,island ,life1

 and we regret that our limits will not 
permit us to enrich the ,international  
with more liberal extracts4 ,we can at  
present add but the following paragraphs
 on a sport for which the islanders have
 been celebrated ever since the days of 
,cook3       ,it is highly amusing to a 
stranger to go out into the south       
part of this town1 some day when the sea
 is rolling in      heavily over the    
reef1 and to observe there the          
evolutions      and rapid career of a   
company of surf-players4 ,the sport is  
so attractive and full of wild          
excitement to ,hawaiians1 and           
withal so healthful1 that ,i cannot but 
hope it will be many      years before  
civilization shall look it out of       
countenance1      or make it            
disreputable to indulge in this manly   
though      dangerous exercise4 ,many a 
man from abroad who has witnessed       
this exhilarating play1 has no doubt    
only wished that he was      free and   
able to share in it himself4 ,for my    

part1 ,i should      like nothing       
better1 if ,i could do it1 than to get  
balanced      on a board just before a  
great rushing wave1 and so be           
hurried in half or a quarter of a mile  
landward with the      speed of a       
race-horse1 all the time enveloped in   
foam and      spray1 but without letting
 the roller break and tumble over       
my head4       ,in this consists the    
strength of muscle and sleight of       
hand1 to keep the head and shoulders    
just ahead and clear of      the great  
crested wall that is every moment       
impending over      one1 and threatening
 to bury the bold surf-rider in its     
watery ruin4 ,the natives do this with  
admirable intrepidity      and skill1   
riding in1 as it were1 upon the neck and
 mane of      their furious charger2 and
 when you look to see them1 their       
swift race run1 dashed upon the rocks or
 sand1 behold1 they      have slipped   
under the belly of the wave they rode1  
and are      away outside1 waiting for a

 cruise upon another4 ,both men      and
 women1 girls and boys1 have their times
 for this      diversion4 ,even the huge
 ,premier 7,auhea7 has been known to    
commit her bulky person to a surf-board2
 and the chiefs      generally1 when    
they visit ,lahaina1 take a turn or two 
at      this invigorating sport with    
billows and board4 ,for a more          
accurate idea of it than can be conveyed
 by any description1      the reader is 
referred to the engraving4       ,i have
 no doubt it would run away with        
dyspepsia from many      a bather at    
,rockaway or ,easthampton1 if they would
 learn1      and dare to use a          
surf-board on those great ,atlantic     
rollers1 as the ,hawaiians do on the    
waves of the ,pacific4      ,but there  
is wanting on the ,atlantic sea-board   
that      delicious1 bland temperature  
of the water1 which within the          
tropics1 while it makes sea-bathing     
equally a tonic1 renders      it always 
safe4       ,the missionaries at these  

islands1 and foreigners      generally1 
are greatly at fault in that they do not
 avail      themselves more of this easy
 and unequalled means of      retaining 
health1 or of restoring it when         
enfeebled4 ,bathing      in fresh water1
 in a close bath-house1 is not to be    
compared      to it as an invigorating  
and remedial agent2 and it is           
unwise1 not to say criminal1 in such a  
climate1 to neglect      so natural a   
way of preserving health1 as washing and
      swimming in the sea4 ,in those who
 live close to the water1      and on   
the leeward side of the ,islands1 it is 
the more      inexcusable1 for it could 
be enjoyed without exposure in the      
dewless evenings2 or in some places a   
small house might be      built on stone
 abutments over the water1 and          
facilities so      contrived that both  
sexes could enjoy this great luxury of a
      life within the tropics4  ,the    
volume has several spirited engravings1 
and is excellently printed4             

,illustration3 ,,hawaiian ,,sport ,,of  
,,surf ,,playing  ,,footnotes3  #f ,life
 ,in the ,sandwich ,islands1 or the     
,heart of the ,pacific1 as it was and as
 it is4 ,by ,rev4 ,henry ,t4 ,cheever1  
author of ,the ,island ,world of the    
,pacific1 ,the ,whale and his ,captors1 
c4 #a vol4 #ab mo4 ,new-,york4 ,a4 ,s4  
,barnes  ,co41 #ea ,john-street4  #g ,j4
 ,j4 ,jarves4     ,,philip ,,pendleton  
,,cooke4  ,illustration   ,among our    
pleasantest friends in many years was   
the author of the ,froissart ,ballads4  
,we think of him as a friend1 but we    
never saw him2 his features are familiar
 to us only by this poor counterfeit1   
and all we know of his voice is that it 
has been described to us as musically   
joyous1 sometimes varying to a sad      
sweetness1 sometimes wild4 ,for half a  
dozen years visits to him were written  
of1 and hoped for1 and it was settled1  
we thought1 that we were to share with  
him a turkey-hunt in the ,old ,dominion1
 in a few weeks1 when suddenly the      

intelligence came that he was dead4     
,philip ,pendleton ,cooke was born in   
,martinsburg1 ,berkeley county1         
,virginia1 on the twenty-sixth of       
,october1 #ahaf4 ,his father1 ,mr4 ,john
 ,r4 ,cooke1 was then and is now        
honorably distinguished at the bar1 and 
his mother was of that family of        
,pendletons which has furnished so many 
eminent names to that part of the       
,union4  ,at fifteen he entered         
,princeton college1 where he had a      
reputation for parts1 though he did not 
distinguish himself1 or take an honor1  
and could never tell how it happened    
that he obtained a degree1 as he was not
 examined with his class4 ,he liked     
fishing and hunting better than the     
books1 and ,chaucer and ,spenser much   
more than the dull volumes in the course
 of study4 ,he had already made rhymes  
before he became a freshman1 and the    
appearance of the early numbers of the  
,knickerbocker ,magazine prompted him to
 new efforts in this way2 he wrote for  

the ,knickerbocker1 in his seventeenth  
year1 ,the ,song of the ,sioux ,lover1  
and ,the ,consumptive1 and in a village 
paper1 about the same time1 humorous and
 sentimental verses4  ,when he left     
college his father was living at        
,winchester1 and there he himself       
pursued the study of the law4 ,he wrote 
pieces in verse and prose for the       
,virginian1 and ,the ,southern ,literary
 ,messenger 7then just started71 and    
projected novels and an extensive work  
in literary criticism4 ,before he was   
twenty-one he was married1 admitted to  
the bar1 and had a fair prospect of     
practice1 in ,frederick1 ,jefferson1 and
 ,berkeley counties4 ,i am blessed by my
 fireside1 he wrote1 here on the banks  
of the ,shenandoah in view and within a 
mile of the ,blue ,ridge2 ,i go to      
county towns1 at the sessions of the    
courts1 and hunt1 and fish1 and make    
myself as happy with my companions as ,i
 can4  ,so1 he wrote to us in #ahdf1    
have passed five1 six1 seven1 eight     

years1 and now ,i am striving1 after    
long disease of my literary veins1 to   
get the rubbish of idle habits away and 
work them again4 ,my fruit-trees1       
rose-bushes1 poultry1 guns1             
fishing-tackle1 good1 hard-riding       
friends1 a long-necked bottle on my     
sideboard1 an occasional client1 c41 c41
 c41 make it a little difficult to get  
from the real into the clouds again4 ,it
 requires a resolute habit of           
self-concentration to enable a man to   
shut out these and all such real        
concerns1 and give himself warmly to the
 nobler or more tender sort of          
writing--and ,i am slowly acquiring it4 
,the atmosphere in which he lived was   
not1 it seems1 altogether congenial--so 
far as literature was concerned--and he 
wrote3       ,what do you think of a    
good friend of mine1 a most valuable    
and worthy and hard-riding one1 saying  
gravely to me a short      time ago1 ',i
 would'nt waste time on a damned thing  
like      poetry2 you might make        

yourself1 with all your sense and       
judgment1 a useful man in settling      
neighborhood disputes and               
difficulties4' ,you have as much chance 
with such people1 as      a dolphin     
would have if in one of his darts he    
pitched in      amongst the machinery of
 a mill4 ,philosophy would clip an      
angel's wings1 ,keats says1 and pompous 
dulness would do the      same4 ,but    
these very persons ,i have been talking 
about1 are      always ready1 when the  
world generally has awarded the         
honors of successful authorship to any  
of our mad tribe1 to      come in and   
confirm the award1 and buy1 if not read1
 the      popular book4 ,and so they are
 not wholly without their uses      in  
this world4 ,but woe to him who seeks to
 climb amongst      them4 ,an author    
must avoid them until he is already     
mounted      on the platform1 and can   
look down on them1 and make them        
ashamed to show their dulness by keeping
 their hands in      their breeches     

pockets1 whilst the rest of the world   
are      taking theirs out to give money
 or to applaud with4 ,i am      wasting 
my letter with these people1 but for    
fear you may      think ,i am chagrined 
or cut by what ,i abuse them for1 ,i    
must      say that they suit one half of
 my character1 moods1 and      pursuits1
 in being good kindly men1 rare table   
companions1      many of them great in  
field sports1 and most of them rather   
deficient in letters than mind2 and     
that1 in an every-day      sense of the 
words1 ,i love and am beloved by them4  
,soon afterward he wrote3       ,mr4    
,kennedy's assurance that you would find
 a publisher for      my poems leaves me
 without any further excuse for not     
collecting them4 ,if not the most       
devoted1 truly you are the      most    
serviceable1 of my friends1 but it is   
because ,mr4      ,kennedy has          
overpraised me to you4 ,your letter     
makes me feel      as if ,i had always  
known you intimately1 and ,i have a     

presentiment that you will counteract my
 idleness and      good-for-nothingness1
 and that1 hoisted on your shoulders ,i 
shall not be lost under the feet of the 
crowd1 nor left      behind in a fence  
corner4 ,i am profoundly grateful for   
the      kindness which dictated what   
you have done1 and to show you      that
 ,i will avail myself of it1 ,i inclose 
a proem to the      pieces of which ,i  
wrote you in my last4  ,the poem        
referred to was so beautiful that we    
asked and obtained permission to put it 
in ,graham's ,magazine1 of which we were
 at that time editor4 ,the author's name
 was not given1 and it excited much     
curiosity1 as but two or three of our   
poets were thought capable of such a    
performance1 and there was no reason why
 one of them should print any thing     
anonymously4 ,it was most commonly1     
however1 attributed to ,mr4 ,willis1 at 
which ,mr4 ,cooke was highly gratified4 
,the piece1 which was entitled ,emily1  
contained about three hundred lines1 and

 was a feigned history of the           
composition of tales designed to follow 
it1 exquisitely told1 and sprinkled all 
along with gems that could have come    
from only a mine of surpassing richness4
 ,for examples3      ,young ,emily has  
temples fair     ,caress'd by locks of  
dark brown hair4     ,a thousand sweet  
humanities     ,speak wisely from her   
hazel eyes4     ,her speech is ignorant 
of command1     ,and yet can lead you   
like a hand4     ,her white teeth       
sparkle1 when the eclipse     ,is       
laughter-moved1 of her red lips4        
,she moves1 all grace1 with gliding     
limbs     ,as a white-breasted cygnet   
swims4      ,i know some wilds1 where   
tulip trees1     ,full of the singing   
toil of bees1     ,depend their loving  
branches over     ,great rocks1 which   
honeysuckles cover     ,in rich and     
liberal overflow4     ,in the dear time 
of long ago     ,when ,i had woo'd young
 ,emily1     ,and she had told her love 
to me1     ,i often found her in these  

bowers1     ,quite rapt away in         
meditation1     ,or giving earnest      
contemplation     ,to leaf1 or bird1 or 
wild-wood flowers2     ,and once ,i     
heard the maiden singing1     ,until the
 very woods were ringing----            
,singing an old song to the hours6  ,one
 jocund morn3      ,i found her where a 
flowering tree     ,gave odors and cool 
shade4 ,her cheek     ,a little rested  
on her hand2     ,her rustic skill had  
made a band     ,of rare device which   
garlanded     ,the beauty of her bending
 head2     ,some maiden thoughts most   
kind and wise     ,were dimly burning in
 her eyes4     ,when ,i beheld her--form
 and face     ,so lithe1 so fair--the   
spirit race1     ,of whom the better    
poets dream'd1     ,came to my thought1 
and ,i half deem'd     ,my earth-born   
mistress1 pure and good1     ,was some  
such lady of the wood1     ,as she who  
work'd at spell1 and snare1     ,with   
,huon of the dusky hair1     ,and fled1 
in likeness of a doe1     ,before the   

fleet youth ,angelo4     ,but these     
infirm imaginings     ,flew quite away  
on instant wings4     ,i call'd her     
name4 ,a swift surprise     ,came       
whitely to her face1 but soon     ,it   
fled before some daintier dyes1         
,and1 laughing like a brook in ,june1   
,with sweet accost she welcomed me4     
,it was a golden day to me1     ,and its
 great bliss is with me yet1            
,warming like wine my inmost heart----  
,for memories of happy hours     ,are   
like the cordials press'd from flowers1 
,and madden sweetly4  ,then the poet    
recited ancient lays which tell some    
natural tales2 and then3      ,pity     
look'd lovely in the maiden2     ,her   
eyes were softer1 when so laden         
,with the bright dew of tears unshed4   
,but ,i was somewhat envious     ,that  
other bards should move her thus1       
,and oft within myself had said1        
,yea--,i will strive to touch her heart 
,with some fair songs of mine own       
art----     ,and many days before the   

day     ,whereof ,i speak1 ,i made essay
     ,at this bold labor4 ,in the wells 
,of ,froissart's life-like chronicles   
,i dipp'd for moving truths of old4     
,a thousand stories1 soft and bold1     
,of stately dames1 and gentlemen1       
,which good ,lord ,berners1 with a pen  
,pompous in its simplicity1     ,yet    
tipt with charming courtesy1     ,had   
put in ,english words1 ,i learn'd2      
,and some of these ,i deftly turn'd     
,into the forms of minstrel verse4      
,i know the good tales are the worse--  
,but1 sooth to say1 it seems to me      
,my verse has sense and melody----      
,even that its measure sometimes flows  
,with the brave pomp of that old prose4 
,it was a good while before the promised
 contents of the book were sent to us1  
and ,cooke wrote of the delay to a      
friend3       ,procrastination is a     
poison of my very marrow4 ,moreover1    
since 'the first wisping of the leaf1'  
my whole heart has      been in the     
woods and the waters--every rising sun  

that      could be seen1 ,i have seen1  
and ,i never came in from my      sport 
until too much used up to do more than  
adopt this      epitaph of              
,sardanapalus3 ',eat1 drink1' c4        
,moreover 7#b;d71      ,mr4 ,kennedy and
 others were poking me in the ribs      
eternally      about my poems2 and ,i   
was driven to the labor of finishing    
them4 ,i groaned and did it1 and sent   
them to ,griswold1 and      have left   
the task of carrying them through the   
press to      him2 and only lie passive1
 saying with ,don ,juan 7in the         
slave-market of ,adrianople1 or some    
other place71 'would to      ,god       
somebody would buy me4'  ,at length     
through his cousin and friend1 ,john ,p4
 ,kennedy--7a name that makes one in    
charity with all mankind7--the ,,ms4 of 
all the poems was sent to us4 ,it makes 
a book about the size of the printed    
volume1 written with a regular elegance 
to match that of the old copyists4 ,in  
an accompanying letter he says3         

444 ,they are certainly not in the high 
key of a man warm      with his subject1
 and doing the thing finely2 ,i wrote   
them      with the reluctance of a      
turkey-hunter kept from his             
sport--only ,mr4 ,kennedy's urgent      
entreaty and remonstrance      whipped  
me up to the labor4 ,you will hardly    
perceive how      they should be called 
,ballads4 ,you are somewhat             
responsible for the name4 ,i designed   
7originally7 to make      them short    
poems of the old understood ballad cast4
 ,i sent      you the proem1 which you  
published as a preface to the           
,froissart ,ballads4 ,words in print    
bore a look of      perpetuity 7or      
rather of fixedness7 about them1 and    
what ,i      would have changed if only 
my pen and portfolio had been           
concerned1 your type deterred me from   
changing4 ,the term      ,froissart     
,ballads1 however1 is after all correct1
 even      with the poems as they are4  
,the ,master of ,bolton is as much      

a song as the ,lay of the ,last         
,minstrel1 although ,i have no          
prologue1 interludes1 c41 to show how it
 was sung2 and as      for ,orthone1 c4 
,sir ,john ,froissart may as easily be  
imagined chanting them as talking them4 
,again he wrote3       ,you will find   
them beneath your sanguine prognostic4  
,they      are mere narrative poems1    
designed for the crowd4 ,poetic         
speculation1 bold inroads upon the      
debatable land--the wild      weird     
clime1 out of space out of time--,i have
 not here      attempted4 ,i will       
hereafter merge myself in the nobler    
atmosphere2 in the mean time ,i have    
stuck to the ordinary      level1 and   
endeavored to write interesting stories 
in verse1      with grace and spirit4 ,i
 repeat my fear that in writing for     
the cold1 ,i have failed to touch the   
quick and warm--in      writing for a   
dozen hunting comrades1 who have been in
 the      habit of making my verse a    
post prandium entertainment1      and   

never endured an audacity of thought or 
word1 ,i have      tamed myself out of  
your approbation4  ,the book was at     
length published1 but though reviewed   
very favorably by the late ,judge       
,beverly ,tucker1 in the ,southern      
,literary ,messenger1 and by ,mr4 ,poe1 
in the ,american ,review1 and much      
quoted and praised elsewhere1 it was1 on
 the whole1 not received according to   
its merits or our expectations4 ,yet the
 result aroused the author's ambition1  
and after a few weeks he remarked in a  
letter3       ,my literary life opens   
now4 ,if the world manifest any         
disposition to hear my 'utterances1' it 
will be abundantly      gratified4 ,i am
 thirty3 until forty literature shall be
 my      calling--avoiding however to   
rely upon it pecuniarily--then          
7after forty7 politics will be a        
sequitur4       ,it has occurred to me  
to turn my passion for hunting1 and     
'my crowding experiences' 7gathered in  
fifteen or sixteen      years of life in

 the merriest ,virginia country society7
 of      hunting1 fishing1 country      
races1 character and want of            
character1 woods1 mountains1 fields1    
waters1 and the devil      knows what1  
into a rambling book4 ,years ago ,i used
 to devour      the ',spirit of the     
,times4' ,indeed1 much of my passion for
      sports of all kinds grew out of   
reading the ',spirit4' ,like            
,albert ,pike's poet1 in ',fantasms1' ,i
          ',had not known the bent of my
 own mind1          ,until the mighty   
spell of ',porter' woke          ,its   
hidden passions4'       ,only ,albert   
,pike1 says ',coleridge' and ',powers'  
for ',porter'      and 'passions4'      
,then1 ,i have a half-written novel in  
my ,,ms4      piles1 with poems1 tales1 
sketches1 histories1 commenced1 or      
arranged in my mind ready to be put in  
writing1 to order4      ,in a word1 ,i  
am cocked and primed for authorship4 ,my
 life      here invites me urgently to  
literary employments4 ,my house1        

servants1 c4 c41--all that a country    
gentleman1 really      wants of the     
goods of life1--are in sure possession  
to me      and mine4 ,i want honors1 and
 some little more money4 ,be good       
enough1 my dear sir1 to let me know how 
,i am to go about      acquiring them4  
,we wrote with frankness what we thought
 as true1 of possible pecuniary         
advantages from the course he proposed1 
and were answered3       ,what you say  
about the returns in money for an       
author's      labors is dispiriting     
enough1--and ,i at once give over an    
earnest purpose1 which ,i had formed1 of
 writing books4      ,thank ,god1 ,i am 
not dependent on the booksellers1 but   
have a      moderate and sure support   
for my family1 apart from the           
crowding hopes and fears which          
dependence on them1 would no      doubt 
generate4 ,but ,i must add 7or forego   
some      gratifications7 two or three  
hundred dollars per annum to my         
ordinary means4 ,i might easily make    

this by my profession1      which ,i    
have deserted and neglected1 but it     
would be as bad      as the tread-mill  
to me2 ,i detest the law4 ,on the other 
hand1 ,i love the fever-fits of         
composition4 ,the music of      rhythm1 
coming from ,god knows where1 like the  
airy melody in      the ,tempest1       
tingles pleasantly in my veins and      
fingers2 ,i      like to build the verse
 cautiously1 but with the excitement    
of a rapid writer1 which ,i rein in and 
check2 and then1 we      both know how  
glorious it is to make the gallant dash1
 and      round off the stanza with the 
sonorous couplet1 or with some          
rhyme as natural to its place as a leaf 
on a tree1 but      separated from its  
mate that peeps down to it over the inky
      ends of many intervening lines4444
 ,that unepistolary      sentence has   
considerably fatigued me4 ,i was saying1
 or      about to say1 that ,i would be 
obliged to you for information      as  
to the profitableness of writing for    

periodicals4  ,from this time ,mr4      
,cooke wrote much1 but in a desultory   
way1 and seemed1 in a growing devotion  
to a few friends1 and in the happiness  
that was in his home1 to forget almost  
the dreams of ambition4 ,he had         
commenced an historical novel to be     
called ,lutzen1 in which that great     
battle was to end the adventures of his 
hero2 this he threw aside1 and his love 
for that age appeared in ,the ,chevalier
 ,merlin1 suggested by the beautiful    
story of ,charles the ,twelfth1 as given
 by ,voltaire1 several chapters of which
 appeared in the ,southern ,literary    
,messenger4 ,in the same magazine he    
printed ,john ,carpe1 ,the ,two ,country
 ,houses1 and other tales1 parts of a   
series in which he intended to dramatize
 the whole life and manners of          
,virginia4 ,as for any applause that    
these might win for him1 he wrote to his
 friend ,john ,r4 ,thompson3       ,i   
look upon these matters serenely1 and   
will treat renown      as ,sir ,thomas  

,more advises concerning guests2 welcome
 its      coming when it cometh1 hinder 
not with oppressive eagerness      its  
going1 when it goeth4 ,furthermore1 ,i  
am of the temper to      look placidly  
upon the profile of this same renown1   
if1      instead of stopping1 it went by
 to take up with another2      therefore
 it would not ruffle me to see you win  
the honors      of southern letters away
 from me4  ,the chivalric poetry had    
filled his mind early and long1 and he  
was only banishing it for the more      
independent and beautiful growth of his 
nature1 when his untimely death         
destroyed hopes of fruits which the     
productions of his youth seemed to      
precede as blossoms4 ,he died suddenly1 
at his home1 on ,sunday1 the #bjth of   
,january1 #ahej1 at the age of          
thirty-three4  ,at the time of his death
 he was writing ,the ,women of          
,shakspeare1 ,the ,chariot ,race1 and a 
political and literary satire4          
,undoubtedly ,philip ,pendleton ,cooke  

was one of the truest poets of our day1 
and what he has left us was full of     
promise that he would become one of the 
most famous4 ,of his love poems1 this   
little song1 written when he was        
scarcely more than twenty1 is perhaps   
the finest3   ,,florence ,,vane4      ,i
 loved thee long and dearly1            
,florence ,vane2     ,my life's bright  
dream1 and early         ,hath come     
again2     ,i renew1 in my fond vision1 
,my heart's dear pain1     ,my hopes1   
and thy derision1         ,florence     
,vane4      ,the ruin lone and hoary1   
,the ruin old1     ,where thou didst    
hark my story1         ,at even         
told1----     ,that spot--the hues      
,elysian         ,of sky and plain----  
,i treasure in my vision1               
,florence ,vane4      ,thou wast        
lovelier than the roses1         ,in    
their prime2     ,thy voice excelled the
 closes         ,of sweetest rhyme2     
,thy heart was as a river               
,without a main2     ,would ,i had loved

 thee never1         ,florence ,vane4   
,but fairest1 coldest wonder6           
,thy glorious clay     ,lieth the green 
sod under----         ,alas the day6    
,and it boots not to remember           
,thy disdain----     ,to quicken love's 
pale ember1         ,florence ,vane4    
,the lilies of the valley         ,by   
young graves weep1     ,the pansies love
 to dally         ,where maidens sleep2 
,may their bloom1 in beauty vying1      
,never wane     ,where thine earthly    
part is lying1         ,florence ,vane6 
,we cannot quote others2 in the lines   
,to my ,daughter ,lilly1 may be         
discovered the tenderness and warmth of 
his affections2 in his ,ballads1 the    
fiery and chivalrous phase of his       
intelligence2 in ,ugolino1 his pathos2  
in ,life in the ,autumn ,woods1 his love
 of nature2 and in all his writings1 the
 thoroughly healthy character of his    
mind4  ,as a boy and as a young man1 we 
understand1 his life was always         
poetical--apart1 original1 and          

commanding affectionate respect4 ,as he 
grew older1 and married1 he became      
practical in his views1 reaching that   
point in the life of genius in which its
 beautiful ideals take the forms of duty
 or become the strength of wise         
resolves4 ,toward his family1 including 
his father1 mother1 brothers1 and       
sisters1 he cherished a deep and        
unfaltering devotion4 ,a short time     
before his last illness he introduced   
into his household morning and evening  
prayers4 ,he died1 as he had lived1 a   
pure-minded gentleman and humble        
,christian4  ,of his personal appearance
 a just impression is given by the      
portrait at the beginning of this       
article4 ,his carriage was graceful and 
upright2 his frame vigorous and elastic1
 trained as he was by constant hunting  
in the ,blue ,ridge2 his hair was black 
and curling2 his eye dark and bright2   
his expression calm and thoughtful2 his 
manner impressed with dignity4          
----,lycidas is dead1 dead ere his      

prime1     ,young ,lycidas1 and hath not
 left his peer4     ,,dr4 ,,huntington  
,,on ,,copyright4   ,the author of      
,alice and ,alban has written the       
following piquant letter on the         
important subject of ,,international    
,,copyright4  ,to the ,editor of the    
,morning ,chronicle4  ,as an ,american  
deeply interested in the subject of     
international copyright1 and much struck
 by the fallacies of some of the        
speakers at a meeting of authors and    
publishers1 recently reported in the    
,london journals1 may ,i1 as the subject
 is fresh so long as it is undecided1   
beg of your courtesy a little space to  
point them out4  ,let me begin by       
admitting the force of most that was    
said by the distinguished chairman on   
that occasion1 ,sir ,edward ,bulwer     
,lytton4 ,no man living1 perhaps1 has a 
better right than he to complain of my  
countrymen1 to whose intellectual       
pleasures and moral instruction he has  
contributed ever since ,i was a boy1 out

 of the hard labor of his               
brains--helping to enrich our publishers
 and booksellers1 and to stimulate all  
the trade connected with bookmaking1 and
 vivifying the circulation of magazines 
and newspapers--for all which he has    
never received a penny4 ,the same may be
 said of ,dickens1 whose works are of   
course as familiar to us as to you1 and 
whose characters have become a part of  
our stock of ideas1 more precious than  
the gold from our new-discovered mines4 
,it is true that neither of these great 
men has benefited us so much as he might
 have done if we had paid for our       
pleasure honorably1 for the influence of
 genius is like that of grace--the      
fertilizing shower falls in vain on the 
arid1 stony places of selfish and unjust
 enjoyment4 ,charles ,dickens has never 
received a penny from us1 although we   
insulted our unpaid creditor when he    
came among us by asking him to ,boz     
balls and dinners1 given on a scale of  
splendor which showed how well we could 

have afforded to pay our debt if we had 
been honest enough to have admitted it4 
,how degrading--how incongruous--for a  
great nation1 such as we boast of being1
 to be thus the literary pensioners1 the
 intellectual beggars of ,england1      
meanly enjoying what we won't pay for8  
,an ,american would scorn to be fed or  
clothed gratis2 he would stand treat    
with the world2 yet he lets an          
,englishman 7of all men67 gratuitously  
amuse his leisure1 satisfy his thirst   
for knowledge1 and clothe the nakedness 
of his mind4 ,if ,sir ,edward ,bulwer   
,lytton1 or ,mr4 ,dickens1 were to offer
 to pay for a pair of trousers for      
,brother ,jonathan1 he would knock him  
down2 or if ,miss ,bell1 or whatever is 
the name of the lady who wrote ,jane    
,eyre1 and her sisters1 pretended to    
make him up a dozen fine shirts as a    
charity1 ,i think he would go out of his
 senses4 ,he would rather go bare to the
 end of his days than owe such an       
obligation to any he or she ,briton in  

existence2 but what are such favors to  
those which he unblushingly accepts1    
year after year1 from ,sir ,edward      
,bulwer and ,miss ,bell8  ,but ,i think1
 sir1 with submission1 that an injury   
has been done to the cause of copyright 
by resting it on false abstract grounds1
 which cannot be1 and never have been1  
carried out4 ,if a man has a rightful   
monopoly in his book1 merely because he 
has produced it1 your law is unjust and 
piratical in fixing a term to           
copyright--for why should you take away 
a man's property after he has enjoyed it
 a certain number of years8 ,on the     
contrary1 one would suppose that the    
longer he has enjoyed it the more       
perfect his right1 and the greater the  
wrong to deprive him of it4 ,time       
converts even what is unjustly acquired 
into a legitimate possession--how much  
more that which the owner has actually  
created8 ,i would put the matter on     
simple1 concrete grounds1 which all men 
can appreciate4 ,the production of books

 is an element of civilization1 by the  
common consent of nations4 ,books cannot
 be produced unless in some way they    
procure the authors a subsistence4 ,and 
whoever produces by his labor a         
beneficial thing1 is entitled to a      
reasonable compensation from those who  
are thereby benefited4 ,in former times1
 when readers were scarce1 as copies    
were costly1 the rich1 or sovereigns1   
supported authors directly1 by pensions 
or otherwise4 ,it is now conceded that  
the best mode of rewarding them is by   
allowing them an exclusive copyright in 
their works1 and all civilized nations  
do so4 ,but this mode of remuneration   
being once established1 a foreign       
author1 coming personally1 or in his    
work1 into a country1 has as much moral 
right to his book as he has to his      
baggage1 and it is as barbarous to      
plunder him of the one as of the other4 
,why1 when was there a time in ,europe1 
or even in ,asia or the antique world1  
that princes and states did not receive 

and cherish1 and nobly reward1 foreign  
men of letters8 ,are they to be more    
ignobly treated now that the people have
 become patrons8 ,but1 if deaf to the   
voice of honor1 hear that of justice4   
,those who enjoy their works are bound  
to remunerate them for what they have   
produced at a great expenditure of time1
 money1 and soul-wearing labor4 ,that   
the laborer is worthy of his hire1 is a 
divine sentence which sooner or later   
will judge all those by whom that hire  
is by fraud kept back4 ,a country which 
refuses a fair copyright to authors1    
whether native or foreign1 condemns     
itself to barbarism4 ,it cultivates in  
itself a spirit of violence1 aggravated 
by ingratitude to benefactors4 ,there   
is1 too1 a sort of indelicacy in this   
injury1 which even the law of reprisal  
cannot excuse4 ,the benefit which the   
author of genius confers is something   
personal4 ,you might as well1 if some   
savage tribe ravished your women1       
condemn its females1 when captured1 to  

insult and dishonor4  ,moreover1 to     
refuse copyright to any class of authors
 7and here1 again1 ,i agree with ,sir   
,bulwer71 is to refuse it1 in part1 to  
all4 ,the native author is robbed of his
 just hire by such a law1 as much as the
 foreigner4 ,i am compelled by the      
existing law of ,american copyright to  
part with my books for a sum which is   
under their natural price1 and which is 
not a remunerating price1 because ,i am 
undersold by reprints for which the     
authors are paid nothing4 ,look the fact
 in the face1 ye readers of cheap       
reprints1 who are unwilling to abandon  
an unjust privilege1 which affords you  
so much pleasure at so low a rate4 ,i   
have written a book4 ,i have spent years
 in writing or learning to write it4    
,perhaps ,i could do nothing else4 ,the 
influence of the literary atmosphere in 
which all who read the ,english language
 are forced to live1 acting on my       
special organization1 has made literary 
production a necessary resource4 ,it is 

the same as if ,i were a poor           
shirt-maker1 over whose sorrows a ,hood 
has taught you to weep and be indignant4
 ,at all events1 you approve of my      
writing1 or you would not have read my  
book so extensively4 ,and yet1 because  
you can refuse to pay foreign authors   
for books of the same kind1 you oblige  
me to take a nominal price for mine--a  
price for which it could not be produced
 by any man living1 and less than it    
would command if you honestly paid for  
such labor in other instances4 ,you have
 beaten me down most unfairly4 ,i       
consider it so2 and if every one of the 
#aj or #ab1jjj buyers of the cheap      
edition of ,lady ,alice were to send me 
a quarter 7#as47 by mail1 ,i should     
regard it as a simple restitution2 nor  
would the sum total cover my expenses   
while writing it4  ,so far1 then1 ,sir  
,edward ,lytton and myself 7if it is not
 too great presumption in me to join    
myself with him7 cordially agree4 ,and  
further1 it is a most nonsensical and   

absurd policy for a country thus to     
swamp its native literature1 and to     
depress and degrade the whole class of  
native writers4 ,no nation can afford to
 let foreigners write for it2 it would  
be as unwise as to let them fight its   
battles4 ,i may add that no nation can  
afford to embitter its own writers      
against itself by producing in their    
minds a sense of injustice4 ,strong as  
our feeling of nationality undoubtedly  
is1 it will not stand this for ever4 ,it
 has seemed strange to some that an     
,american should have written such a    
book as ,lady ,alice1 the author of     
which appears1 at first sight1 to have  
expatriated his mind1 if not his heart4 
,his being an episcopal clergyman       
accounts for it in part--for the ,church
 is essentially of ,old ,england1 and   
its clergy and more devoted members are 
morally domiciled in ,england1 with     
whose institutions and social system    
they have a stronger sympathy than with 
those of their own country4 ,moreover1  

for years1 he lived only among          
,englishmen of that class which is most 
intensely attached to things as they    
are--a part of the time in ,england     
itself4 ,these circumstances made the   
thing possible4 ,but despair of         
obtaining any thing like a fair         
copyright for an ,american book made it 
actual--led him to lay aside a projected
 ,american story1 and try his hand at an
 ,english novel1 with a bent less       
serious3 at first1 indeed1 not without  
some idea of caricature1 in a gay1      
lawless1 audacious spirit1 in defiance  
of cant of every kind3 but the calm1    
methodical1 somewhat mechanical ,greek3 
ethos of actual ,english life1 when he  
saw it and felt its restraints1 tamed   
down these peculiarities somewhat4 ,the 
result was a book which truly excited   
more surprise than sympathy in          
,england--but which1 in ,america1 proved
 its real nationality by bursting in a  
trice all the bonds of clique1 and1 in  
spite of its acknowledged faults1       

securing near a hundred thousand readers
 in a few months4 ,if copyright had been
 protected as it ought1 ,i should have  
been reimbursed by so large a sale2 but1
 as it was1 even this successful book   
paid me less than a day laborer could   
have earned in the time ,i was writing  
it1 in any part of the ,states4  ,but   
now ,i want ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton
 and ,mr4 ,colburn to tell me what good 
it will do ,english authors and         
publishers for you to imitate in this   
respect the injustice and folly of your 
transatlantic cousins4 ,because         
literature is in a depressed state1     
which ,sir ,edward asserts to be a      
fact--and because ,mr4 ,colburn cannot  
afford to give one hundred pounds for a 
book for which once he would have given 
,l#ajjj--they propose1 if ,i understand 
them1 to have recourse to an unlimited  
pirating of ,american literature4 ,i    
should think 7if your ,british pride    
will tolerate the expression of my      
opinion7 that the true remedy would be  

to give a stringent copyright to        
,american authors4 ,pray which injured  
the ,english book-market most--,mr4     
,colburn's issue of a few hundreds of   
,lady ,alice at a guinea and a half1 or 
,mr4 ,bohn's issue of as many thousands 
of ,mayo's ,kaloolah at a shilling8 ,or 
do they think1 as ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer      
,lytton seems to imply1 that1 except    
,cooper and ,irving1 we have no authors 
whose works are readable in ,britain8   
,typee1 and ,the ,scarlet ,letter1 and  
,the ,reveries of a ,bachelor1 and the  
two works above mentioned1 tell a       
different story4 ,who can deny the      
genius and artistic power of ,hawthorne1
 or the clear ,english simplicity of his
 style8 ,and if ,ik ,marvel falls much  
behind ,geoffrey ,crayon1 we1 their     
countrymen1 are no judges--although it  
is true that the former has fallen upon 
an affected age4 ,i admit our           
deterioration4 ,or is it supposed that  
we shall cease producing if the         
possibility of ,english copyright is    

taken away8 ,that would be a great      
mistake4 ,men who have a vocation for it
 will write1 well or ill1 even if they  
starve1 as ,london garrets can testify4 
,and there is no danger of our starving 
absolutely4 ,successful books pay their 
authors1 not adequately1 but enough to  
keep soul and body together4 ,in light  
literature 7so-called1 perhaps1 because 
it demands entire devotion and unceasing
 toil to arrive at excellence in it7--in
 light literature1 which pays best here 
as well as elsewhere1 there is a        
distinct demand for native works1 which 
all the competition of the cheap        
pamphlet novels of the ,harpers cannot  
wholly extinguish1 and it is by the     
feeble1 but real aid of this national   
taste that we exist4 ,for my part1 ,i   
feel a sort of ,coriolanus pride in     
having got nothing1 as ,i may say1 for a
 book which had an unprecedented run2   
and if my countrymen object1 as some of 
them do1 to its principles1 ,i tell them
 fairly that beggars cannot be choosers4

 ,i can live1 thank ,heaven1 in many    
ways4 ,i could not1 indeed1 keep        
school--as my countrymen1 ,i believe1   
think every literary man should1 the    
better to amuse them at his own expense4
 ,two such drains on the cerebro-nervous
 system would soon lay me beneath the   
sod4 ,but ,i can invest what remains of 
my patrimony in wild land1 till it for  
my bread1 and write a tale every winter1
 in defiance of the buccaneers4  ,but   
suppose that we continue to write 7as we
 shall1 depend on it71 and that our     
impracticable ,congress--from the       
difficulty of getting it to look at any 
question not bearing upon ,who is to be 
the next ,president8 or from the general
 apathy in regard to the injuries of    
authors1 and want of perception as to   
the important interests of the          
heart--will not or does not pass an     
international copyright law1 what sense 
or what honesty will there be in your   
strangling yourselves meanwhile by      
permitting ,mr4 ,bohn his black-flag    

reprisals8 ,whom do you injure by this  
species of retaliation8 ,first1 and     
chiefly1 your own authors and           
publishers1 and your own literature     
7and1 therefore1 you must abandon such a
 policy sooner or later72 and next1 your
 friends on this side the water4 ,for   
what does our government care if our    
native authors1 even of the highest     
ability1 earn less than common          
stevedores8 ,not a rush4 ,do the people 
enjoy our works with a less magnanimous 
gusto1 because we have coined our brains
 and hearts in composing them for bread 
and patched elbows8 ,will they be less1 
in their own estimation1 the greatest1  
the freest1 the wisest1 and the most    
enlightened nation upon earth8 ,you     
retaliate1 gentlemen1 by injuring those 
whose sufferings 7greater than yours7   
are already disregarded by the power you
 would influence2 and if you ruined     
them1 you would not ruffle one          
self-complacent feather of the ,american
 eagle4 ,you but do what you can to     

depress and extinguish the only class of
 ,americans who have a direct interest  
in getting you what you want1 and who   
are already as eager to obtain it as men
 usually are to protect themselves from 
ruinous competition4 ,i do not know what
 you expect from such a method1 unless  
you think that our government1 which has
 no pity on its native men of letters1  
will be touched by the distresses of    
yours4  ,believe me1 further1 that it is
 the most unlikely way to succeed with  
the ,american people1 to offer them an  
international copyright as a matter of  
bargain4 ,they immediately suspect a    
design of obtaining an advantage for    
you1 without any real equivalent to     
themselves4 ,show them1 by granting a   
free and perfect copyright to all the   
world1 on the same terms as your own    
subjects1 that you regard such a course 
as the true policy of every state 7which
 it is71 and you will be much more      
likely to gain a hearing4 ,i see nothing
 in this movement against foreigners    

getting a copyright1 but selfishness    
overreaching itself4  ,the ,americans   
are sometimes obtuse to appeals to their
 sense of justice1 when they have an    
immediate interest in repudiating the   
claim4 ,i admit it with regret1 but it  
cannot be denied4 ,they do not know how 
to relinquish the present advantages of 
a cheap pirated literature--forgetting  
that the endless reading of cheap books 
is a vice1 and that this deluge of      
foreign under-priced novels and         
magazines1 good1 bad1 and indifferent1  
is washing away every manly national    
taste4 ,but on the other hand you are   
too grasping4 ,it is undignified and    
unbecoming4 ,why should you so eagerly  
clutch at a foreign sale for your works1
 as to sacrifice what you can           
secure--freedom from injurious          
competition at home8 ,for my own part   
7and ,i am sure ,i speak the sentiments 
of every ,american writer of            
respectability71 give me on this side of
 the ,atlantic1 what you may have on    

yours at pleasure--a fair chance1       
without being under-bid by pirates--and 
,i ask no more4 ,i will cheerfully      
relinquish all the advantage to be drawn
 from an ,english sale4 ,without vanity1
 justly as we are charged with it1 or   
boasting 7our national infirmity--heaven
 knows we came honestly by it71 all we  
want is a fair field at home1 and no    
favor1 and we will write books1 if not  
intrinsically so good as those of       
,english authors1 yet more congenial to 
the tastes1 and better adapted to supply
 the intellectual wants1 of our         
countrymen4  ,to conclude3 although the 
,american people appear at times obtuse1
 as ,i have said1 on the question of    
justice1 and take1 as in this instance1 
a mighty narrow view of expediency1 they
 are very open to an appeal to their    
generosity4 ,present a bill--above all1 
an unusual bill--to ,brother ,jonathan1 
and he may dispute it1 or turn his back 
on you with all the coolness imaginable2
 but offer to contribute your sovereign 

for those poor devils of authors1 and he
 is up to the gentlemanly thing--he will
 cover your subscription with an eagle4 
,i should be glad to persuade him to do 
justice under the idea that it was a    
sort of charity1 convinced as ,i am     
that1 as soon as he had done it1 he     
would see the true nature of the        
transaction1 and blush to have ever     
stood out about so plain a thing4 ,you  
,englishmen pretend1 even in your       
national capacity1 to believe the ,bible
 7,i wish it were true of either us or  
you74 ,there is one passage which ,i    
commend to your consideration1 as       
bearing directly on the practical       
solution of this question1 and          
sustaining my view of it by a sentence  
which cannot fail3 ,give and it shall be
 given unto you2 good measure1 pressed  
down1 and running over1 shall men give  
into your bosom4 ,for with the same     
measure that ye mete withal shall it be 
measured to you again4 ,and there is    
another maxim more universal still1     

which among us is thus familiarly       
expressed3 ,do as you would be done by4 
,by reversing ,lord ,campbell's         
decision1 you will act ungenerously1    
that's certain1 and ,i think1 unjustly1 
you will injure your own writers more   
than ours1 and rob us of one of our     
strongest arguments4                    
,i remain1 sir1 very respectfully yours1
                           ,,the        
,,author ,,of ,,lady ,,alice4           
,new-,york1 ,july #bf4     ,,the        
,,science ,,of ,,deception4   ,this is  
the title of a chapter in ,the ,age of  
,veneer1 a series of papers appearing   
from month to month in ,fraser's        
,magazine4 ,at the beginning of it a    
certain preeminence is claimed for      
,england which some have thought        
belonged to our own country1 but we are 
not unwilling to yield the distinction3 
,the science of deception has of late   
years attained an      immense          
importance in this good realm of        
,britain4 ,in other      lands1--as1 for

 example1 in ,france or in ,america1--it
 is      practiced with more or less of 
success and perfection2 but      the    
inherent superiority of the             
,anglo-,saxon race has      asserted    
itself even in this sinister and        
questionable      pursuit1 so that we   
may fairly claim as decided a           
preeminence in the arts by which fools  
are gulled and ruled1      as in those  
more honorable and useful ones by which 
we have      attained a moral dominion  
over the opinions and tastes of         
mankind4 ,there may be more finesse in  
the system of the      ,french          
deceivers1 or the ,american 'humbug'    
may1 like the      other indigenous     
productions of that remarkable land1 be 
a      very monster in the grandeur of  
his conceptions1 and the      enormous  
force brought to bear on their          
development2 but for      real1 sound1  
profitable1 business-like work in this  
peculiar      line1 we back the         
,britishers against all the world4 ,like

      every thing done in the country1  
their operations in the art      of     
deception are steady1 systematic and    
sure4       ,we conceive that we have a 
right to speak of the 'science'      of 
deception1 for it has all the dignity1  
symmetry1 and      order of the nobler  
sciences4 ,it has its mysteries1 which  
are utterly unknown to the uninitiated2 
it has also its      professors1 who are
 men very often raised by the admiration
      of their own dupes to positions of
 high honor and great      profit4 ,the 
organization and regulation of its minor
      ministrants are also complete1 and
 ere a man can hope to      reach the   
high places and carry off the rich      
prizes1 he must      go through many    
grades1 and master many secrets1 both in
      theory and practice4 ,once        
initiated1 he is able to effect         
results1 by comparison with which the   
glory and the honors      reaped by     
successful soldiers or great discoverers
 sink into      insignificance4         

,in a former number an attempt was made 
to explain some of      the means       
resorted to for the manufacture of      
public opinion      in ,england1 through
 the journals and other agents1 by which
      the public ear is monopolized4 ,we
 showed that almost any      desired    
'public opinion' might be made to order2
 that there      were great contractors1
 who would not only undertake the       
duty1 but who would also fulfil their   
undertakings4 ,that      similar        
processes exist in other countries      
cannot admit of a      doubt1 but it is 
questionable whether the corresponding  
effects in ,france or ,america are not  
produced upon a much      lower and more
 ignorant class of the community1 and   
whether      there are in those         
countries such masses of wealthy1       
intelligent1 and educated persons       
willing to be cajoled1      fleeced1 and
 laughed at1 as those we find in our own
 dearly      beloved country4 ,it might1
 perhaps1 be proved that the arts       

of which we speak succeed with the      
superior classes of our      countrymen 
in a much larger proportion than with   
similar      classes elsewhere4 ,this   
science of deception has1 of course1    
for its basis1 the production of        
particular 'opinions1' and      the     
creation of peculiar preferences in the 
public mind2 but      although the great
 contractors for political opinion are1 
of      all the practitioners1 the most 
perfect adepts1 their modus             
operandi is far more difficult1 and the 
secret of their      power far more     
occult than in the case of the general  
professors or the charlatans4           
,except for the lower class of          
,frenchmen or ,americans such           
tactics as these are unavailing2 all the
 rest have enough      penetration to   
see through the whole scheme2 but in    
,england      it is possible to lead by 
the nose persons who not only      ought
 to know better1 but who in all other   
transactions of      life evince the    

utmost shrewdness and aptitude4  ,in    
this series of papers on the ,age of    
,veneer1 a general confession of        
national sins and weaknesses is made by 
,john ,bull1 and he is shown to have as 
discerning an apprehension for his own  
character as he ever had for that of any
 of his neighbors4 ,the ,age of ,veneer 
is a happy title1 and it gives alone a  
better idea of ,english society and     
manners than can be derived from some   
hundreds of volumes on the subject that 
have been printed within our            
recollection4     ,,arts ,,among ,,the  
,,aztecs ,,and ,,indians4  ,,written    
,,for ,,the ,,international ,,magazine  
,,by ,,thomas ,,ewbank  ,united ,states 
,commissioner of ,patents1 author of    
,treatise on ,hydraulics1 c4   ,to the  
antiquary and student of ethnology on   
this continent there are few subjects   
more interesting than those early       
industrial arts1 which1 better than any 
thing else1 illustrate the civilization 
of the ,aztecs1 and their rude          

neighbors1 the aborigines of the more   
northern parts of the country4 ,an      
attempt is made in the following pages  
to define1 in certain respects1 the     
extent1 and justly to represent the     
character1 of those efforts1 made before
 the ,discovery1 and repeated1 with more
 or less uniformity1 by portions of the 
,american races until the present time4 
,i have copied from the great work of   
,lord ,kingsborough on ,mexican         
,antiquities1 four uncouth figures1 of  
which the originals are native drawings 
sent to ,spain by ,antonio de ,mendoza1 
the successor of ,cortes1 and first     
viceroy of ,new ,spain4 ,it will be     
confessed that few things could give us 
a more correct impression of the        
condition and character of the peoples  
subdued by ,cortes and ,pizarro than we 
may derive from these pictures4         
,illustration3 ,aztec ,goldsmith at     
work4 ,from ,mendoza's ,collection4  ,in
 this drawing the artist has represented
 a workman in the act of soldering or   

annealing a piece of plate4 ,except the 
rude style in which the native limners  
portrayed the human figure1 the cut is a
 fac-simile of ,pharaonic profiles of   
the same class of workmen1 and of modern
 goldsmiths of ,africa1 ,hindustan1     
,java1 ,sumatra1 ,ceylon1 and ,asia     
generally4 ,the small portable furnace1 
the blowpipe1 the position of the       
operator1 the scantiness of his apparel1
 and the absence of any bench1 are      
common to all2 the only observable      
difference is in the apron 7suspended by
 long shoulder-straps7 of the ,american1
 who1 in this respect1 seems to have    
advanced beyond his brethren of the     
other hemisphere4 ,had the draughtsman  
possessed the skill of a modern artist1 
and painted the tools and processes     
used1 in fusing the metal1 in spreading 
it out into plates1 working it into     
shape1 and chasing in the ornaments1 in 
drawing wire1 and fabricating the famous
 old ,panama chains1 c41 many other     
problems of ,aztec economy and art would

 have been solved4 ,the smiths of       
,mexico1 ,central ,america1 and ,peru1  
were expert in the use of the blowpipe2 
and this is not to be wondered at1 if1  
as early ,spanish writers report1 the   
bellows was unknown among them4 ,in     
specimens of their industry which are   
extant the soldering rivals any thing   
executed in modern workshops1 and seams 
often challenge and sometimes defy the  
keenest scrutiny to detect them4 ,native
 smiths still use the pipe4  ,every     
enlightened worker in metals must feel  
interested in thus beholding an ancient 
red man in the actual use of the        
blowpipe1 to say nothing of the         
illustration the figure affords of the  
state of the arts in ante-,columbian    
epochs1 and of ancient life in this part
 of the world4 ,the use of the blowpipe 
has been inferred from metalline remains
 discovered in sepulchral tumuli of the 
,mississippi valley4 ,in ,caleb         
,atwater's ,antiquities of the ,west1   
7,columbus1 #ahcc1 pages #ib-c17 mention

 is made of sixty copper beads1 found in
 one of the mounds at ,grave ,creek1    
near ,wheeling4 ,they were made of a    
coarse wire1 which appeared to have been
 hammered out1 not drawn1 and were cut  
off at unequal lengths2 they were       
soldered together in an awkward manner1 
the centres of some of them uniting with
 the edges of others2 they were         
incrusted with verdigris1 but the inside
 of them was pure copper2 which fact    
shows that the ancient inhabitants were 
not wholly unacquainted with the use of 
metals4 ,as it is admitted that brass   
was not known to the mound-builders1 an 
analysis of the alloy that constituted  
the brazen solder here alluded to would 
be a positive addition to the little    
knowledge we have gleaned of these early
 native workers and of their arts4  ,no 
matter how far man is separated from his
 fellows1 either on the earth's surface 
or by time1 the general uniformity of   
his nature is stamped on all his normal 
devices4 ,primitive inventions are      

universally similar4 ,under agreeing    
circumstances and conditions1 the same  
means are hit upon to produce the same  
ends4 ,kindred trains of thought1 of    
resources and results1 characterize the 
origin and early progress of the arts   
every where4 ,they begin in the same    
wants1 and suggest the same ideas1 which
 are carried out in substantially the   
same ways4 ,still1 when a primitive     
people is found shut from communion with
 others--isolated from the rest of the  
world and deriving no suggestions from  
it--some shades of difference1 more or  
less strongly defined1 often mark means 
they discover1 in common with others1   
and this whether occupiers of small     
islands or of widespread continents4    
,but after all1 this is only what may be
 called a variety of expression1 the    
same general idea being differently     
brought out1 just as in speech the same 
thoughts are displayed in various       
idioms4 ,all arts and all machines are  
but dialects of one language--reasonings

 and conclusions in tangible forms and  
figures--a universal speech1 understood 
by all men4  ,of the diverse exhibitions
 of a primitive and common suggestion1 a
 more interesting example cannot well be
 adduced than the processes for the     
fabrication of thread1 which have been  
disclosed on this half of the globe4    
,they appear so different from others1  
and so remarkable1 if not unique1 that  
it may safely be said1 if the first     
spinsters were foreigners1 their mode of
 spinning was indigenous1 however       
difficult1 if not impossible1 it may be 
to reconcile one suggestion with the    
other4  ,spinning lies at the threshold 
of human culture4 ,it was the first or  
among the first born of the arts1 and   
was doubtless the offspring of woman's  
ingenuity4 ,through all the past ages it
 was within the peculiar province of the
 sex4 ,in it queens and even goddesses  
sought to excel2 one of the earliest of 
useful efforts1 it was one of the best2 
till it was introduced1 man was a       

houseless wanderer1 and where it is     
unknown1 he is still a vagabond1 roaming
 the forest4 ,home and its softening and
 soothing influences had no existence1  
till woman began to twirl the spindle4  
,till then the fount of the arts was    
unopened1 unthought of1 undreamt of4 ,a 
universal acquirement1 it is one in     
which little variation in details could 
be looked for among uncultivated tribes4
 ,it is1 however1 singular1 that the    
thread-making idea has been less        
skilfully developed by the red race than
 perhaps any other of their mechanical  
conceptions4 ,this is a striking fact1  
in peoples so far advanced as were the  
,mexicans1 ,peruvians1 and others4  ,the
 distaff has been identified with       
spinning in the eastern world from the  
earliest times4 ,it dates far behind    
historic and was a common thing in      
heroic epochs4 ,it pervades the most    
ancient legends1 and plays a part in the
 remotest myths4 ,no other instrument of
 domestic economy is seen through the   

semi-historic clouds that are about the 
infancy of human progress2 few others   
could be named as belonging to lower    
strata of time4 ,common in the other    
hemisphere through unknown periods1 it  
was utterly a stranger in this4  ,of the
 offices assigned to the fates1 that of 
,clotho was to hold the distaff1 while  
,lachesis twirled the spindle1 and      
,atropos determined the length of the   
thread4 ,then there was ,hercules1 who  
was playfully rapped over the head by   
,omphale1 for his awkwardness in this   
service4 ,sardanapalus1 too1 endeavored 
to rival the son of ,jupiter1 by        
spinning among his maids4 ,ancient      
,egyptian spindles and distaffs have    
been recovered from the tombs2 and how  
common they both were among the ,hebrews
 appears in ,solomon's portrait of a    
virtuous woman3 ,she seeketh wool and   
flax--she layeth her hands to the       
spindle1 and her hands hold the distaff4
 ,both spindle and distaff were         
frequently dedicated to ,minerva1 the   

patroness of spinning and of the arts   
connected with it4 ,the goddess was     
herself rudely sculptured with them in  
the ,trojan ,palladium4  ,a glance at   
these classic implements1 before        
introducing the primitive ,american     
apparatus1 will better enable us to     
perceive the differences existing       
between them1 more correctly to         
appreciate both1 and to judge how far   
one is allied to or could have been     
derived from the other4  ,illustration3 
,distaff and ,spindle--,ancient ,greek  
and ,roman4  ,this figure is from a     
series of bas-reliefs representing the  
arts of ,minerva1 upon a frieze of the  
,forum ,palladium at ,rome4 ,it exhibits
 the process of spinning1 at the moment 
when the spinner has drawn out a        
sufficient length of thread from the    
distaff1 and just previous to the act of
 taking it out of the slit on the top of
 the spindle1 to wind it on that        
instrument4 ,it is said by classic      
writers that the spindle was always1    

when in use1 accompanied by the distaff1
 as an indispensable part of the        
apparatus4 ,the following particulars   
are gathered from ,homer1 ,herodotus1   
,ovid1 ,horace1 ,catullus1 ,pliny1 and  
others3 ,the spindle was a stick1 ten or
 twelve inches long1 having at the top a
 slit or notch1 by which to fix the     
thread at the commencement2 the lower   
end was passed through and attached to a
 small but heavy disc or whirl1 made of 
wood1 stone1 or metal4 ,the weight of   
this and of the spindle1 kept the thread
 at a proper tension1 and the momentum  
while turning round kept the yarn or    
thread twisting in the interval of      
repeating the operation with the        
fingers4 ,when1 from the length of the  
thread1 the spindle approached the      
ground1 or descended below the reach of 
the fingers1 the thread was wound on the
 spindle1 except a short piece left for 
insertion in the slit1 preparatory to   
the formation of another length4 ,the   
distaff was about three times as long as

 the spindle1 and commonly made of a    
reed1 with an expansion near the top1   
over which the prepared flax or wool was
 placed1 and secured by a ribbon or     
tape2 the fibres being left sufficiently
 loose to be easily drawn out by the    
fingers and thumb of the spinner4       
,distaffs as well as spindles of gold   
and of ivory were ascribed to goddesses1
 and were presented to distinguished    
women4  ,it was quite common for ancient
 females to keep their spindles whirling
 while on their way to the fountain for 
water1 or in making short visits1 c4    
,some striking examples have been       
recorded by historians1 and among them  
the following1 by ,herodotus3 ,as       
,darius1 king of ,persia1 was sitting   
publicly in one of the streets of       
,sardis1 he observed a young woman of   
great elegance and beauty1 bearing a    
vessel on her head1 leading a horse by a
 bridle fastened round her arm1 and at  
the same time spinning some thread4     
,darius viewed her as she passed1 with  

intense curiosity1 observing that her   
employments were not those of a         
,persian1 ,lydian1 nor indeed of any    
,asiatic female4 ,prompted by what he   
had seen1 he sent some of his attendants
 to observe what she did with the horse4
 ,they accordingly followed her4 ,when  
she came to the river1 she gave the     
horse some water1 and then filled her   
pitcher1 and having done this1 she      
returned by the way she came1 with the  
pitcher of water on her head1 the horse 
fastened by a bridle to her arm1 and1 as
 before1 employed in spinning4          
,illustration3 ,distaff and             
,spindle--,modern ,asiatic and          
,european4  ,in the rural districts of  
old ,rome1 women were forbidden to spin 
while travelling on foot4 ,the          
prohibition arose from superstitious    
feelings2 but the practice has come down
 to our times1 being found more or less 
common in ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,hungary1  
,italy1 ,greece1 and other parts of     
,europe1 as also over the greater part  

of ,asia4 ,the shank of the distaff on  
such occasions was secured by a sheath  
or strap to the person2 or1 as in the   
preceding figure of a modern spinner1   
was held under the left arm4  ,how      
differently the idea has been worked out
 by the ancient inhabitants of this     
hemisphere1 will appear in the two next 
illustrations4 ,they are coarse and     
uncouth1 yet of unusual interest and    
value in an historical survey of a      
people who at the ,conquest stood at the
 head of the aborigines1 but whose      
nationality and power have been broken1 
and whose arts have all but vanished    
before those introduced by the whites4  
,illustration3 ,aztec ,girl ,spinning4  
,from ,mendoza's ,collection4  ,the     
figure represents a girl1 six years old1
 learning to spin1 in the presence of   
her mother1 whose portrait is omitted4  
,she is in the act of winding on the    
spindle the length of thread just spun4 
,the spindle differs but little from    
those of the eastern races1 its lower   

end being furnished with a conical      
weight or fly1 to promote rotation1 and1
 as it would seem1 for its pointed      
extremity to rest like a pivot in some  
small cavity while revolving2 for the   
spindle1 when in use1 was not raised    
from the ground3 the reverse of the     
eastern practice1 in which the motion   
ceased the moment the ground was touched
 by the spindle4 ,the basket-like base  
on which the fly rests1 is the ,mexican 
symbol of the ground1 though possibly it
 may here represent an implement or     
utensil also4 ,the bunch of cotton to be
 spun1 after being suitably prepared1   
was held in the left hand1 and the      
length of thread formed at one operation
 was determined by the distance the     
bunch could be drawn away from the      
spindle1 this being also the converse of
 the ,asiatic and ,european practices1  
in which the distaff1 and cotton on it1 
are at rest--the length of thread       
depending on the descent of the spindle 
from them4 ,we know that domestic       

industry was strictly enforced by the   
,mexicans1 particularly on girls2 and of
 this1 these cuts are remarkable        
illustrations4  ,in the next1 a female  
adult 7as the headdress shows7 is       
portrayed at the moment when a full     
length of thread has been twisted1 or   
she is in the act of finishing it4 ,to  
this spindle two conical weights were   
attached1 unless the under one was fixed
 and had a cavity on the top to admit   
the point of the upper one to play in   
it4 ,the process differs but little from
 that of the present ,pimos and         
,maricopas tribes1 as mentioned         
hereafter1 except in the hollow in which
 the spindle turns4 ,it is obvious that 
this practice is incompatible with      
walking2 locomotion can only be         
associated with a spindle suspended by  
the thread1 and whirling free above the 
ground4 ,in this absence of the distaff1
 and especially in twirling the spindle 
like a top on the floor1 the process can
 never be viewed as one derived from    

abroad2 but rather as a result solely of
 primitive ingenuity4 ,no people1       
civilized or savage1 of the eastern     
hemisphere1 are known to have thus      
embarrassed the movements of the        
spindle4 ,the idea and the practice     
appear to be purely ,american4 ,no      
ancient ,american spinner is represented
 at work either when seated or          
standing--much less when walking4       
,illustration3 ,aztec ,woman ,spinning4 
,from ,mendoza's ,collection4  ,for the 
following illustration and description  
the patent office is indebted to ,mr4   
,squier1 late ,united ,states ,charge to
 ,nicaragua4 ,it is interesting as      
showing how little the old native       
process has been changed4  ,the common  
foot-wheel is extensively used in       
spinning cotton in ,nicaragua2 but the  
simple contrivance in use before the    
,conquest is not yet entirely           
supplanted4 ,it consists of a spindle of
 hard wood1 sixteen or eighteen inches  
in length1 which passes through and is  

fixed to a disc of heavy wood that      
serves as a fly1 by adding momentum to  
the whirling spindle4 ,the lower end of 
the spindle is rounded or rudely        
pointed1 and when in use the instrument 
is placed in a calabash or clean iron   
kettle4  ,the mode of operation is as   
follows3 ,the spinster is seated on a   
stool1 with a bunch of loose cotton     
already prepared1 in her lap4 ,from this
 she twists a thread with her finger1   
and attaches the end to the spindle at  
the top1 giving it an energetic twirl   
that keeps it going for some time4      
,meanwhile she disengages and draws out 
the cotton1 from her lap1 with both     
hands4 ,the length of thread spun 7from 
two to three feet7 is then wound around 
the spindle1 which is again set in      
motion1 and another length added in the 
same manner4  ,in the accompanying      
sketch1 b is the spindle1 c the thread  
already twisted1 d the disc or fly1 and 
f the calabash4 ,when the spindle is not
 in motion1 the calabash prevents it    

from falling over1 the fly resting      
against the sides4  ,illustration3      
,modern ,spinning ,apparatus of the     
,central ,american ,indians4  ,in the   
regions of the ,gila and ,colorado the  
natives have been little disturbed by   
,europeans4 ,the ,spaniards never       
extended their iron sway over them1 and1
 like the ,araucanians of ,peru1 they   
have been supposed to retain many of the
 customs and arts of their ancestors4   
,this is to some extent true4 ,the      
country soon after the ,conquest was    
reported to be occupied by a civilized  
people1 who followed agriculture and    
dwelt in stone houses4 ,colonel ,emory1 
in his ,notes of a ,military            
,reconnaissance1 from ,fort ,leavenworth
 in ,missouri to ,san ,diego in         
,california1 including part of the      
,arkansas1 ,del ,norte1 and ,gila       
,rivers1 7,washington1 #ahdh17 met with 
remains of stone and adobe houses1      
scattered over extensive tracts of      
country--sometimes continued over ten1  

fifteen1 and even twenty miles4 ,the    
,pecos tribe1 he remarks1 have preserved
 alive1 till within a few years1 the    
sacred fire that glowed on the ancient  
altars2 nor is it certain that it is not
 yet preserved1 for a few ,indians took 
it with them to the ,pueblos of ,zuni4  
,the name of ,montezuma is said to be as
 familiar to those ,indians1 to the     
,apaches1 ,navajos1 and others1 as that 
of ,washington is to us4  ,turning from 
some old ruins towards the ,pimos       
village1 says ,colonel ,emory1 we urged 
our guide to go fast1 as we wished to   
see as much of his people as the day    
would permit4 ,we were at once impressed
 with the beauty and order of the       
arrangements for irrigating and draining
 the land4 ,corn1 wheat1 and cotton are 
the crops of this peaceful and          
intelligent people4 ,all the crops have 
been gathered in1 and the stubbles show 
that they have been luxuriant4 ,the     
cotton has been picked and stacked for  
drying on the tops of the sheds4 ,the   

fields are subdivided by ridges of earth
 into rectangles of about #bjj x #ajj   
feet for the convenience of irrigating4 
,the fences are stakes wattled with     
willow and mezquite1 and in this        
particular set an example of economy in 
agriculture worthy to be followed by the
 ,mexicans1 who never use fences at all4
 ,the thatched houses of the ,pimos are 
dome-shaped1 and of wicker work1 about  
six feet high1 and from twenty to fifty 
feet in diameter4 ,in front is usually a
 large arbor1 on the top of which cotton
 in the pod is piled for drying4  ,a    
,pimos spinster was observed at work4   
,her apparatus was more simple than that
 in the preceding figures1 but closely  
allied to them2 in fact the same1 with  
the exception of the calabash or basket1
 for which a more ready substitute1 one 
always ready1 was adopted4 ,a woman was 
seated on the ground under the shade of 
one of the cotton-sheds2 her left leg   
was tucked under her1 and her foot was  
turned sole upwards2 between her big toe

 and the next was a spindle about       
eighteen inches long1 with a single fly 
of four or six inches2 now and then she 
gave it a twist in a dexterous manner1  
and at its end was drawn a coarse cotton
 thread4 ,such was their spinning jenny4
 ,this application of the toes is like  
that practised by the wives and         
daughters of the ,hindoo weavers3 the   
axles of their light cane reels are thus
 held when winding off the thread4 ,the 
foot however is in front of its owner1  
and in a natural position1 nor does the 
stick grasped by the toes revolve4  ,the
 ,pimos and ,maricopas are in their     
habits1 agriculture1 religion1 and      
manufactures1 the same4  ,illustration3 
,indians ,spinning ,coarse ,thread4  ,a 
process of undoubted antiquity1 and     
occasionally followed by modern         
,indians1 is shown in the above         
engraving4 ,the spinner holds in the    
left hand1 horizontally1 a short piece  
of hollow reed or cane1 within which the
 spindle is twirled by the fingers and  

thumb of the right hand4 ,sometimes a   
cross stick or handle is attached1 as   
represented in the figure4 ,a second    
person performs the part of a distaff1  
which1 as the thread lengthens1 recedes 
from the spinner1 or the spinner from   
it4 ,a section of this primitive        
apparatus is separately portrayed4  ,mr4
 ,van--a delegate now in ,washington    
from the ,cherokee nation1 to obtain a  
settlement of claims on the ,united     
,states for their lands in ,georgia1    
,alabama1 c4--states that the large old 
spinning-wheel has1 to his knowledge1   
been in the possession of the ,cherokees
 nearly fifty years4 ,his mother1 a     
,creek1 and over a hundred years of age1
 he believes1 used to spin with it in   
her youth4 ,mr4 ,van has seen ,indians  
twist coarse thread with apparatus like 
that here represented1 and which in all 
probability formed one of the           
contrivances that slowly led to the     
whirling spindle1 in both hemispheres4  
,for the next two illustrations of      

spinning1 by the ,navajoes1 ,camanches1 
and other tribes of ,new ,mexico1 the   
,patent ,office is indebted to ,judge   
,peters1 of ,santa ,fe1 ,new ,mexico4   
,we have here another instance in which 
the thread-making idea has manifested   
itself among the red race1 and a very   
interesting one4 ,the spinner has a     
small stick1 which she holds            
horizontally in one hand1 and on it     
winds the thread1 as on a spindle1 as   
fast as it is spun4 ,the bunch of cotton
 is itself twirled round by means of a  
short and small rod1 passed through the 
lower part1 with its ends projecting4 ,a
 pebble is commonly fastened to the     
middle of this stick 7d71 and serves as 
a fly to keep up the motion1 and assist1
 by its weight1 in drawing out the      
thread4 ,to keep the stone and stick in 
their places1 a piece of yarn is wound  
loosely round the bunch4 ,the length of 
thread is seldom over six or eight      
inches1 before it is wound on the stick4
 ,in this singular process1 the         

classical mode is completely            
reversed--the spindle1 or that which    
corresponds to it1 is held at rest1 and 
the distaff put in motion1 in which     
respect the operation is unique4 ,the   
idea of increasing the momentum of the  
whirling mass by the introduction of a  
weight into its centre is here realized4
  ,illustration3 ,a ,comanche ,spinning4
  ,illustration3 ,navajoes ,spinning4   
,in the case illustrated below1 two     
pieces of board or shingle are pinned to
 opposite sides of the fork of a small  
tree or stump4 ,a spindle 7a smooth rod 
ten or twelve inches in length7 is      
passed through1 and made to turn in     
them1 as in two journals4 ,see the      
section ,s1 where a1 a is the spindle   
and b1 b1 the boards1 and c a pin to    
keep the spindle in its place4 ,to whirl
 the spindle1 a cross stick1 d1 is tied 
to the large end4 ,sometimes a stone is 
folded in a piece of cloth1 and fastened
 to each end of the cross stick1 which  
answers the purpose of a rude flywheel4 

,when a suitable stick1 having a branch 
at right angles1 can be procured1 the   
cross stick and spindle are of one      
piece1 as at ,s4 ,a notch is made at the
 small end of the spindle1 where the    
thread unites to it1 and thus1 while one
 girl turns the spindle1 another1 with a
 bunch of loose cotton1 supplies it1    
and1 as the thread lengthens1 gradually 
recedes from it4 ,as soon as a full     
length is twisted1 it is wound round the
 spindle1 another length is added1 and  
so on1 till the spindle is fully        
charged4 ,the thread is then wound off  
into a hank1 and the spindle set again  
for working4  ,these illustrations of   
primitive art possess a deeper and a    
more extensive interest than that of    
their relation to a few ,indian tribes2 
they are types of thought1 more or less 
common to the species1 to barbarous and 
semi-civilized people of all times2 such
 as we ourselves would adopt1 were we   
thrown on our own resources1 without any
 knowledge or recollection on the       

subject4  ,illustration3 ,aztec ,girl   
,weaving4 ,from ,mendoza's ,collection4 
,it is difficult to determine from this 
figure whether the shuttle was developed
 in ancient ,mexico4 ,it is not         
represented1 and appears not to have    
existed any more than the distaff4 ,the 
loom is like those now used by ,american
 ,indians4 ,colonel ,emory1 after       
speaking of the ,pimos spinning1 says1  
,led on by this primitive display1 ,i   
asked for their loom1 by pointing to the
 thread and then to the blanket girded  
about the woman's loins4 ,a fellow      
stretched in the dust1 sunning himself1 
rose up leisurely1 and untied a bundle1 
which ,i had supposed to be a bow and   
arrow4 ,this little package with four   
stakes in the ground1 was his loom1 and 
he stretched his cloth and commenced the
 process of weaving4 ,he had no shuttle1
 the warp being passed across the woof1 
a thread at a time1 by a long wooden    
needle4 ,one of the rods in the         
preceding figure is doubtless designed  

to represent a needle1 and was used in  
the same way4 ,if the figures here      
introduced truly indicate the progress  
made by the ,aztecs in spinning and     
weaving1 their advance was very         
moderate2 and though very creditable    
work might be made with this weaving    
apparatus1 by individual skill and      
patience1 it would seem that few or no  
attempts had been made to render it more
 facile and efficient4 ,the same remark 
is1 however1 applicable to the looms of 
,asia and ,africa4 ,it is worth noting1 
that the dress of females1 pictured     
above1 indicates a decided improvement  
on that of less civilized tribes4 ,aztec
 women and girls wore pantalettes1 and a
 species of tunic1 with short sleeves   
and ornamental borders1 not unlike the  
,chinese female costume1 except in the  
shortness of the sleeves4 ,amulets or   
keepsakes1 suspended over the neck and  
resting on the bosom1 seem also to have 
been common4  ,modern ,peruvian ,indians
 spin without the distaff1 and their    

loom is precisely like the ancient one  
just represented--the shuttle1 or what  
answers the purpose of one1 being a long
 thorn needle1 which is passed through  
the woof1 thread by thread4 ,every piece
 is woven of the precise width wanted1  
whether for garments1 cocoa-bags1 or any
 thing else1 with no waste by cutting4  
,ancient specimens of cloth1 of         
excellent execution1 have been found in 
their tombs4 ,the length of the needles 
varies with the width of the piece to be
 woven4  ,that very fine fabrics were   
produced in ,old ,mexico1 and by        
implements little if at all better than 
those here figured1 is doubtless true4  
,the highly colored accounts by the     
conquerors are believed to have been    
fully warranted by the fineness of the  
goods which they saw4 ,indeed1 some of  
the richest of modern shawls and        
dresses1 turned out of the looms of     
,persia1 ,egypt1 and ,hindostan1 are but
 a degree superior to those of the      
,aztecs4 ,personal tact and skill are   

every thing with semi-civilized         
artisans4 ,the ancient spindle and loom 
of the ,east1 singularly enough1 are    
still preserved and used for special    
purposes in modern ,rome1 just as they  
were thirty or forty centuries ago4 ,a  
recent writer on the ,pallium 7an       
ecclesiastical robe of lamb's wool7     
says1 there stands about a mile outside 
the ,porta ,pia1 on the road to ,tivoli1
 an old convent of nuns1 attached to the
 still more ancient church of ,st4      
,agnes2 that these nuns are poor1 and   
rarely receive any of ,rome's high-born 
damsels to their lonely and neglected   
cloister2 but that they have a small    
paddock appendant to the monastery1 and 
therein keep a couple of sacred lambs1  
7not necessarily of the ,merino breed17 
and are proud and happy ministrants of  
their wool for the texture of this noble
 decoration1 spinning it1 not by any    
new-fangled jennies1 but on the old     
patriarchal spindle1 and weaving it in a
 loom of which the pattern might date   

from the days of ,penelope4  ,in        
conclusion1 we may remark1 of this      
subject1 that to the substitution of    
circular for straight motions1 and of   
continuous for alternating ones1 may be 
attributed nearly all the conveniences  
and elegances of civilized life4 ,it is 
not too much to assert that the present 
advanced state of science and the arts  
is due to revolving mechanism4 ,we may  
speak of the wonders effected by steam  
and other motive agents1 but of what    
value would they have been without this 
means of their employment8 ,the         
applications of rotary in place of other
 movements are conspicuous in modern    
history1 from those which propel        
steamships through the water and        
locomotives over land1 to those which   
are employed in the manufacture of pins 
and the pointing of needles4 ,it is by  
this principle that the irregular motion
 of the ancient flail and the primeval  
sieve1 has become uniform1 in threshing1
 bolting1 and winnowing machines2 and   

hence our circular saws1 shears1 and    
slitting mills2 the abolition of the    
mode of spreading out metal into sheets 
with the hammer1 for the more           
expeditious one of passing it through   
rollers or flatting mills2 and the      
revolving oars1 or paddle wheels1 for   
the propulsion of vessels--the process  
of inking type with rollers in place of 
balls1 the rotary printing presses1 and 
revolving machines for planing iron and 
other metals1 instead of the ancient    
process of chipping off superfluous     
portions with chisels1 and that still   
more tedious of smoothing the surfaces  
with files4 ,but in few things is the   
effect of this change of motion more    
conspicuous than in the modern apparatus
 for preparing1 spinning1 and weaving   
vegetable and other fibres into fabrics 
for clothing4 ,the simple application of
 rotary motion to these processes has   
changed the domestic economy of the     
world1 and increased the general        
comforts of our race a hundred fold4    

,the birth of the arts here1 and not    
least among them that of the humble one 
of spinning1 has relation to a problem  
in ,american ethnology of great and     
increasing interest--the early occupancy
 or first peopling of this hemisphere4  
,were there through countless ages no   
eyes or hearts here to respond to the   
smiling heaven1 none to taste the       
teeming fruits or inhale the aroma of   
flowers8 ,was the placid atmosphere     
never moved by the prattle and laughter 
of children1 the songs of birds1 or the 
sudden start of quadrupeds arrested by  
the presence of the race ordained to    
rule over them1 until a few straggling  
members of that race arrived 7perhaps   
driven hither by tempests7 from abroad1 
to claim the splendid heritage8 ,if the 
red man was not indigenous to the soil1 
if the first settlers were aliens1 how  
natural the desire to know who they     
were1 whence they came1 and how1 and    
when1 and over what regions extended the
 first rights of preemption6 to ask     

whether they left no memorials in the   
languages that have come down to us1 in 
legends1 manners1 customs1 traditions1  
religious observances and rites1 no     
signs in arts1 utensils1 arms1 or other 
relics extant8 whether they left no     
marks in earth-works--those most lasting
 of records--in quarries and            
entrenchments1 in mines1 tumuli1 and    
mounds8  ,it is reasonable to           
suppose--and difficult to suppose       
otherwise--that if no human form was    
ever reflected from the surfaces of     
these lakes and rivers1 no human voice  
heard in these forests1 the imprint of  
no human foot left on these sands1 until
 colonized from another continent1 the  
arts of that continent must have been   
considerably advanced before the means  
of transport1 or inducements to         
emigrate1 were evolved2 and under any   
circumstances1 a knowledge of the most  
essential1 would be brought over4 ,of   
these1 such as related to domestic      
habits and the occupations of women1    

would be prominent1 and among these     
spinning most of all4 ,when once        
introduced1 this art could not have been
 lost1 indispensable as it is to the    
savage and demi-savage condition1 and   
the original process or processes1      
whencesoever derived1 unless superseded 
by better1 would have been continued by 
every generation4  ,now1 if the mothers 
of the ,american race came from any of  
the early advanced sections or outskirts
 of ,eastern civilization1 they brought 
the distaff and spindle with them1 yet  
nothing of the kind was found at the    
conquest4 ,it cannot of course be       
imagined that they1 or their            
descendants1 could have been induced to 
throw the former away1 and to embarrass 
the movements of the latter in a        
calabash or basket4 ,efficient previous 
practice1 and acquired habits and       
expertness1 could never have been laid  
aside for such rude1 and laborious1 and 
unproductive substitutes4 ,we know that 
the distaff and spindle have never been 

lost where once known1 in the old world4
 ,neither civil commotions or           
revolutions1 nor duration of time1      
affected them1 in ,egypt1 ,assyria1     
,greece1 ,italy1 ,carthage1 ,persia1    
,scythia1 ,asia-,minor1 or any of the   
great or small theatres of past history4
 ,the laws1 learning1 science1 arts1 and
 races1 which once flourished in those  
countries1 have mostly vanished1 but    
women still spin there as they did      
thirty or forty centuries ago2 and so it
 is here also4 ,the principal mechanical
 devices of the old ,mexicans1          
,nicaraguans1 ,peruvians1 ,chilians1 c41
 are no longer known2 the means by which
 the stone architecture1 the basaltic   
and porphyritic sculptures of ,cusco1   
,uxmal1 ,copan1 ,palenque1 and other    
,aztec remains scattered over the       
continent1 were achieved1 are a puzzle2 
yet the household labors of ,indian     
women in those lands remain unchanged1  
they spin and weave with the same       
apparatus1 and embroider1 as did their  

kindred in and before the times of      
,atahualpa and ,montezuma4  ,admitting  
that repeated emigrations took place at 
periods remote as that of the ,iliad1   
and up to the twelfth century of our    
era1 that arrivals1 designed or         
fortuitous1 thus occurred1 on either the
 ,atlantic or the ,pacific1 or both     
coasts--we might still more confidently 
expect to find the distaff and spindle  
of the other hemisphere domiciled in    
this4 ,if they were brought at all1 it  
was in hands practiced in their use1 and
 tenacious of their worth4 ,but from the
 ,cape of ,storms in the south1 to the  
limits of human abodes in the north1    
instead of these the most awkward       
contrivances prevailed when the whites  
came1 and such still are found to       
prevail4 ,the inference therefore seems 
inevitable that the first colonists1 and
 their successors for many ages1 came   
before spinning was known in their      
native places1 or at least before the   
distaff had been added to the spindle2  

and that the art1 as practised by the   
,aztecs and their successors in ,central
 ,america at the present day1 is purely 
of aboriginal development1 and of remote
 antiquity1 and had not before the      
,conquest come in contact with the      
better processes of the other           
hemisphere4  ,of the three epochs of    
human condition indicated by the        
materials of which economical implements
 and weapons have been made--stone1     
bronze1 and iron--it is uncertain       
whether the distaff was ever developed  
under the first4 ,the probabilities are 
that it was not4 ,in the remote periods 
in which it is mentioned1 some of those 
who possessed it had advanced far into  
the second1 and some had entered on the 
third4 ,the great mass of the occupants 
of this hemisphere at the time of the   
,conquest were toiling in the cycle of  
stone2 while the ,mexicans and          
,peruvians1 the most advanced of the red
 nations1 had discovered and applied the
 properties of copper and some of its   

alloys3 had entered on the second1 but  
had not progressed far into it4 ,had    
they possessed bronze weapons equal to  
those of the heroic ages1 they might yet
 have preserved1 in a measure1 their    
independence and nationality4  ,clothing
 is second only to food1 and the        
clothing of nations in any degree       
civilized is of woven thread4 ,the all  
but paramount importance of the         
manufacture of thread                   
materials--including that made of flax1 
silk1 cotton1 worsted1 and other fibrous
 materials--affords matter for great    
surprise4 ,compare the products of the  
distaff and spindle of old with that of 
our mills1 and how difficult to realize 
the change which modern mechanism has   
wrought6 ,the yearly amount1 the lineal 
extent1 of thread now made--who can     
measure it8 ,it would reach from our    
planet to the planets in the farthest   
regions of space1 and almost suffice for
 a net-work to include the whole system4
 ,turn from the wood-cut illustrations  

here given of ancient and not yet       
obsolete processes1 to modern           
manufactures1 and it would seem that    
while in the space of time which it took
 ,grecian ,helens1 ,syrian ,naahmahs1 or
 ,mexican ,penelopes1 to prepare an     
annual supply of clews for their        
families1 the myriads of spindles now   
twirling1 by steam and water1 produce   
enough to use the ,asteroids as balls on
 which to wind it and as bobbins from   
which to reel it4 ,even a century ago1 a
 single mill1 driven by water1 is said  
to have spun or reeled #gc1gbf yards of 
silk--i4e41 between forty and fifty     
miles--at each revolution of the motive 
axle4  ,patent ,office1 ,washington1    
,september1 #ahea4     ,,original       
,,poems ,,by ,,barry ,,cornwall ,,and   
,w4 ,c4 ,,bennett4#h  ,,to ,,the        
,,author ,,of ,,eothen4       ,if ,i may
 choose 7out of our travelled bands7    
,friend or companion to make bright1 the
 way2     ,or draw the grandeur out from
 ,orient lands1     ,where ,libanus     

mounts up and meets the day2     ,or    
face1 midst trackless1 boundless1       
burning sands1     ,the ,desert         
,silence--as it pants for prey2     ,be 
thou 7oh ,author of ,eothen71 mine2     
,who show'st whate'er the region1 stern 
or gay1     ,whate'er the scene--life1  
death1 sublime decay1     ,for all fine 
things1 and apprehension fine4          
',tis well to ride abroad on the untamed
 waves2     ,to shoot the desert with   
the camel's speed2     ,to muse o'er    
discrowned ,egypt's wondrous graves1    
,and trace her story downwards1 deed by 
deed2     ,yet1 half the lustre of our  
life were hid1     ,our travel idle1    
meditation nought1     ,without such    
friend in give back thought for thought1
     ,from waste and sea1 mountain and  
pyramid4                                
,,barry ,,cornwall4   ,,ariadne4        
,morn rose on ,naxos1--golden dewy morn1
     ,climbing its eastern cliffs with  
gleaming light1     ,purpling each      
inland peak and dusky gorge     ,of the 

gray distance1--morn1 on lowland slopes1
     ,of olive-ground and vines and     
yellowing corn1     ,orchard and flowery
 pasture1 white with kine1     ,on      
forest1 hillside cot1 and rounding sea1 
,and the still tent of ,theseus by the  
shore4       ,morn rose on ,naxos--chill
 and freshening morn1     ,nor yet the  
unbreathing air a twitter heard         
,from eave or bough1--nor yet a blue    
smoke rose     ,from glade or misty     
vale1 or far-off town2     ,one only    
sign of life1 a dusky sail1     ,stole  
afar across the distant sea1            
,flying2 all else unmoved in stillness  
lay     ,beneath the silence of the     
brightening heavens1     ,nor sound was 
heard to break the slumbrous calm1      
,save the soft lapse of waves along the 
strand4       ,a white form from the    
tent1--a glance1--a cry4     ,where art 
thou1 ,theseus8--,theseus6 ,theseus6    
where8     ,why hast thou stolen thus   
with earliest dawn1     ,forth from thy 
couch--forth from these faithless arms1 

,that even in slumber should have       
clasped thee still6     ,truant6 ah me6 
and hast thou learnt to fly     ,so     
early from thy ,ariadne's love6         
,where art thou8 ,is it well to fright  
me thus1----     ,to scare me for a     
moment with the dread     ,of one       
abandoned6 ,art thou in the woods       
,with all that could have told me where 
thou art6     ,cruel6 and couldst thou  
not have left me one1     ,ere this to  
have laughed away my idle fears6     ,he
 could have told thee all--the          
start--the shriek----     ,the pallid   
face1 with which ,i found thee gone1    
,and furnished laughter for thy glad    
return2     ,but thus6 to leave me1     
cruel6 thus alone6     ,there is no     
sound of horns among the hills1     ,no 
shouts that tell they track or bay the  
boar4     ,o fearful stillness6 ,o that 
one would speak6     ,o would that ,i   
were fronting wolf or pard     ,but by  
thy side this moment6 so strange fear   
,possesses me1 ,o love6 apart from thee2

     ,the galley8 gone8 ,ye ,gods6 is it
 not gone8     ,here1 by this rock it   
lay but yesternight4     ,gone6 through 
this track its keel slid down by the    
shore2     ,and ,i slept calmly as it   
cleft the sea4     ,gone8 gone8 where   
gone8--that sail6 'tis his6 'tis his6   
,return1 ,o ,theseus6 ,theseus6 love6   
return6     ,thou wilt return4 ,thou    
dost but try my love8     ,thou wilt    
return to make my foolish fears     ,thy
 jest4 ,return1 and ,i will laugh with  
thee6     ,return6 return6 and canst    
thou hear my shrieks1     ,nor heed my  
cry6 ,and wouldst thou have me weep1    
,weep6 ,i that wept--white with wild    
fear--the while     ,thou slew'st the   
abhorred monster6 ,if it be     ,thou   
takest pleasure in these bitter tears1  
,come back1 and ,i will weep myself     
away----     ,a streaming ,niobe--to win
 thy smiles6     ,o stony heart6 why    
wilt thou wring me thus6     ,o heart   
more cold unto my shrilling cries       
,than these wild hills that wail to     

thee1 return1     ,than all these island
 rocks that shriek1 return4     ,come   
back6 ,thou seest me rend this blinding 
hair2     ,hast thou not sworn each     
tress thou didst so prize1     ,that    
sight of home1 and thy gray father's    
face1     ,were less a joy to thee1 and 
lightlier held6     ,thy sail6 thy sail6
 ,o do my watery eyes     ,take part    
with thee1 so loved6 to crush me down6  
,gone6 ,gone6 and wilt thou--wilt thou  
not return8     ,heartless1 unfearing   
the just ,gods1 wilt thou1     ,theseus6
 my lord6 my love6 desert me thus6      
,thus leave me1 stranger in this strange
 wild land1     ,friendless1 afar from  
all ,i left for thee1     ,crete1 my old
 home1 and my ancestral halls1     ,my  
father's love1 and the remembered haunts
     ,of childhood1--all that knew      
me--all ,i knew----     ,all--all--woe6 
woe6 that ,i shall know no more4        
,why didst thou lure me1 craftiest1 from
 my home8     ,there if1 thy love grown 
cold1 thou thus hadst fled1     ,i had  

found comfort in fond word and smiles   
,familiar1 and the pity of my kin1      
,tears wept with mine--tears wept by    
loving eyes1     ,that had washed out   
thy traces from my heart1               
,perchance1 in years1 had given me back 
to joy4     ,o that thy steps had never 
trodden ,crete6     ,o that these eyes  
had never on thee fed6     ,o that1 weak
 heart6 ,i ne'er had looked my love4    
,or looking1 thou hadst thrust it back  
with hate6     ,did ,i not save thee8   
,i8 was it for this1     ,despite       
,crete's hate--despite my father's      
wrath1     ,perchance to slay me1 that  
,i ventured all     ,for thee--for      
thee--forgetting all for thee6     ,thou
 know'st it all1--who knows it if not   
thou1     ,save the just ,gods--the     
,gods who hear my cry1     ,and mutter  
vengeance o'er thy flying head1         
,forsworn6 ,and1 lo6 on thy accused     
track     ,rush the dread furies2 lo6   
afar ,i see     ,the hoary ,a,egeus1    
watching for his son1     ,his son that 

nears him still with hastening oars1    
,unknown1 that nears him but to dash him
 down1     ,moaning1 to darkness and the
 dreadful shades     ,the while1 thy    
grief wails after him in vain3     ,and1
 lo1 again the good ,gods glad my sight 
,with vengeance2 blood again1 thy blood1
 ,i see     ,streaming2--who bids       
,hippolytus depart     ,but thou--thou1 
sword of lustful ,phaedra's hate        
,against thy boy--thy son--thy          
fair-haired boy2     ,i see the ivory   
chariot whirl him on----     ,the       
maddened horses down the rocky way      
,dashing--the roaring monster in their  
path2     ,and plates and ivory         
splinters of the car1     ,and blood and
 limbs1 sprung from thee1 crushed and   
torn1     ,poseidon scatters down the   
shrieking shores2     ,and thou too     
late--too late1 bewail'st in vain4      
,thy blindness and thy hapless darling's
 fate4     ,and think'st of me1         
abandoned1 and my woe2     ,thou who    
didst show no pity1 to the ,gods        

,shrieking for pity1 that my vengeful   
cries     ,drag thee not down unto the  
nether gloom1     ,to endless tortures  
and undying woe4     ,dread ,gods6 ,i   
know these things shall surely be6      
,but other1 wilder whispers throng my   
ears1     ,and in my thought a fountain 
of sweet hope     ,mingles its gladness 
with my lorn despair4     ,lo6 wild     
flushed faces reel before mine eyes4    
,and furious revels1 dances1 and fierce 
glee1     ,are round me1--tossing arms  
and leaping forms4     ,skin-clad and   
horny-hoofed1 and hands that clash      
,shrill cymbals1 and the stormy joy of  
flutes     ,and horns1 and blare of     
trumpets1 and all hues     ,of ,iris'   
watery bow1 on bounding nymphs1         
,vine-crowned and thyrsus-sceptred1 and 
one form1     ,god of the roaring       
triumph1 on a car     ,golden and       
jewel-lustred1 carved and bossed1       
,as by ,hephaestus1 shouting1 rolls1    
along1     ,jocund and panther-drawn1   
and through the sun1     ,down1 through 

the glaring splendor1 with wild bound1  
,leaps1 as he nears me1 and a mighty    
cup1     ,dripping1 with odorous nectar1
 to my lips     ,is raised1 and mad     
sweet mirth--frenzy divine     ,is in my
 veins--hot love burns through mine     
eyes1     ,and o'er the roar and rout ,i
 roll along1     ,throned by the ,god1  
and lifted by his love     ,unto        
forgetfulness of mortal pains1     ,up  
to the prayers and praise and awe of    
earth4                                  
,w4 ,c4 ,b4  ,,footnotes3  #h ,by the   
kindness of a friend these fine poems   
are printed for the first time in ,the  
,international ,magazine4     ,a ,,story
 ,,without ,a ,,name4#i  ,,written ,,for
 ,,the ,,international ,,monthly        
,,magazine  ,,by ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,,james1   
,,esq4   ,,chapter ,,xlii4  ,mrs4       
,hazleton was an observer of all small  
particulars4 ,on the present occasion   
she had been kept alone fully ten       
minutes in the drawing-room1 and she was
 not at all pleased with this want of   

alacrity4 ,though her face was as smooth
 as ever when she entered the sick room1
 she saw that a change of feeling1 or at
 least a change of purpose1 had taken   
place1 and that ,lady ,hastings felt    
embarrassed by a consciousness which she
 might not choose to communicate4 ,but  
success had made her bold1 and she loved
 to steer her course through agitated   
waters4  ,well1 my dear friend1 she     
said1 with the sweet tones of her voice 
falling from her lips like drops of     
liquid honey1 you do not seem quite so  
well to-day4 ,i hope this business which
 you were to undertake has not agitated 
you4 ,or perhaps you have not executed  
your intention4 ,it could be very well  
put off until you are better4  ,this was
 intended to lead to confession2 she    
suspected some shame at a want of       
resolution4 ,but ,lady ,hastings        
remained silent1 playing with her rings1
 and ,mrs4 ,hazleton1 a little          
angry--but very little--gave her one of 
those delightful little scratches which 

she was practised in administering1     
saying1 ,no one knew any thing about    
your intentions but myself2 so no one   
can accuse you of weakness or           
vacillation4  ,i care very little1 said 
,lady ,hastings1 most untruly1 of what  
people accuse me4 ,i shall of course    
form my own resolutions from what ,i    
know1 and execute them or not1 dear     
,mrs4 ,hazleton1 according to           
circumstances--which are ever changing4 
,what is inexpedient one day may be     
quite expedient the next4  ,now1 no one 
was more fully aware than ,mrs4         
,hazleton that expediency is always the 
argument of weak minds1 and that        
changing circumstances afford every day 
fair excuses to men and to multitudes   
for every kind of weakness under the    
sun4 ,her belief was strengthened that  
,lady ,hastings had not acted as she had
 promised her to act1 and she replied1  
with an easy1 quiet1 half-pitying smile1
 ,well1 it is not of the slightest      
consequence whether you do it now1 or a 

week hence1 or not at all4 ,the worst   
that could come would be ,emily's       
marriage with ,marlow1 and if you do not
 care about it1 who should8 ,i take it  
for granted1 of course1 that you have   
not acted in the matter so boldly and   
decidedly as we proposed4  ,there was an
 implied superiority in ,mrs4           
,hazleton's words and manner which ,lady
 ,hastings did not like4 ,it roused and 
elevated her1 and she replied1 somewhat 
sharply1 ,you are quite mistaken1 my    
dear friend2 ,i did all that was ever   
intended4 ,i sent for ,emily and my     
husband1 told them that ,i believed ,i  
should not live long1 and made it my    
last request that the engagement with   
,marlow should be broken off4  ,indeed6 
exclaimed ,mrs4 ,hazleton1 with even too
 much eagerness4 ,what did they say8    
,did they consent8  ,far from it1       
answered ,lady ,hastings4 ,my husband   
said he had made a promise which he     
could not violate on any account or     
consideration whatever1 and ,emily was  

much in the same story4  ,that shows    
that your decision was not strongly     
enough expressed1 replied her visitor4  
,i do not believe that any man or woman 
could be heartless enough to refuse a   
wife or mother's last request1 if made  
in so solemn a manner4  ,they did       
refuse1 point-blank1 however1 said ,lady
 ,hastings4 ,but do you know1 ,mrs4     
,hazleton1 she continued1 seeing a      
provokingly bitter smile on ,mrs4       
,hazleton's face1 do you know1 strange  
to say1 ,i am very glad they did refuse4
 ,upon after consideration1 when all    
anger and irritation was gone1 ,i began 
to think it was hardly right or fair1 or
 ,christian either1 to oppose this      
marriage so strongly1 without some      
better reason than ,i have to assign4   
,marlow is a gentleman in all respects1 
of very good family too1 ,i believe4 ,he
 is a good and excellent young man4 ,his
 fortune1 too1 is not inconsiderable1   
his prospects good1 and his conduct     
under the deprivations which we have    

lately suffered1 and the loss of at     
least two-thirds of the fortune he had a
 right to expect with ,emily1 has been  
all that is kind1 and amiable1 and      
generous4  ,mrs4 ,hazleton sat by the   
bedside1 fixing her eyes full upon the  
countenance of the invalid1 and         
betraying not in the least the rage and 
disappointment that were at her heart4  
,they were not a whit the less bitter1  
however1 or fierce1 or malignant2 but   
rather the more so from the effort to   
smother them4 ,no one for a moment could
 have imagined that she was angry1 even 
in the least degree2 and yet no         
disappointed demon ever felt greater    
fury at being frustrated by the weakness
 or vacillation of a tool4  ,after      
staying for a moment to take breath1    
,lady ,hastings proceeded1 saying1 ,all 
these considerations1 dear ,mrs4        
,hazleton1 have made me resolve to make 
amends for what ,i have said--to        
withdraw the opposition ,i have hitherto
 shown--and consent to the marriage4    

,mrs4 ,hazleton retired for a moment    
into herself4 ,for a minute or two she  
was as silent as death--her cheek grew a
 little paler--her eyes lost their      
lustre1 and became dead and cold--they  
seemed looking at nothing1 seeing       
nothing--there was no speculation in    
them4 ,the only thing that indicated    
life and emotion was a slight quivering 
of the beautifully-chiselled lip4 ,there
 was a word echoing in the dark chambers
 of her heart in replying to ,lady      
,hastings4 ,it was ,never6 but it was   
not spoken2 and after a short and       
thoughtful pause she recovered herself  
fully1 and set about her work again4    
,my dear friend1 she said1 in a sweet   
tone1 you have doubtless good reasons   
for what you do4 ,far be it from me to  
say one word against your doing what you
 think fit2 only ,i should like to know 
what has made such a change in your     
views1 because ,i think perhaps you may 
be deceived4  ,oh1 no1 ,i am not        
deceived1 replied ,lady ,hastings1 but  

really ,i cannot enter into             
explanations4 ,i have heard a great deal
 lately about many things--especially   
this morning2 but ,i--,i--in fact1 ,i   
promised not to tell you4  ,lady        
,hastings thought that in making this   
distinct declaration she was performing 
a very magnanimous feat2 but her little 
speech1 short as it was1 contained three
 separate clauses or propositions1 with 
each of which ,mrs4 ,hazleton proposed  
to deal separately4 ,first1 she asserted
 that she was not deceived1 and to this 
her companion replied1 with a slight    
incredulous smile1 ,are you quite sure1 
my friend8 ,here you are lying on a bed 
of sickness1 with no power of obtaining 
accurate information2 while those who   
are combined to win you to their wishes 
have every opportunity of conveying     
hints to you1 both directly and         
indirectly1 which may not be altogether 
false1 but yet bear with them a false   
impression4  ,oh1 but there can be no   
possible doubt1 said ,lady ,hastings1   

that ,marlow is the heir of the ,earl of
 ,launceston4  ,mrs4 ,hazleton's brow   
contracted1 and a quick flush passed    
over her cheek4 ,she had never before   
given attention to the fact--she had    
never thought of it at all--but the     
moment it was mentioned1 her knowledge  
of the families of the nobility1 and    
,mr4 ,marlow's connections1 showed her  
that the assertion was probably true4   
,it may be so1 she said1 but ,i am very 
doubtful4 ,however1 ,i will inquire1 and
 let you know the truth1 to-morrow4 ,and
 now1 my dear friend1 let us turn to    
something else4 ,you say you have heard 
a great deal to-day1 and that you have  
promised not to tell me--me--for you    
marked that word particularly4 ,now here
 ,i have a right to demand some         
explanation2 for your very words show   
that some person or persons endeavor to 
prejudice your mind against me4 ,what   
you have heard must be some false       
charge4 ,otherwise the one who has been 
your friend for years1 who has been     

faithful1 constant1 attentive1 kind1 to 
the utmost limit of her poor abilities1 
would not be selected for exclusion from
 your confidence4 ,they seek1 in fact1  
by some false rumor1 or ridiculous tale1
 which you have not the means of        
investigating yourself1 to deprive you  
of advice and support4 ,i charge no one 
in particular2 but some one has done    
this--if they had nothing to fear from  
frankness1 they would not inculcate a   
want of candor towards one who loves    
you1 as they well know4  ,why the fact  
is ,emily said1 replied ,lady ,hastings1
 that could only be for a short time1   
and----  ,emily6 cried ,mrs4 ,hazleton  
with a laugh1 ,emily indeed6 ,oh1 then  
the matter is easily understood--but    
pray what did ,emily say8 ,dear ,emily1 
she is a charming girl--rather          
wayward--rather wilful--not always quite
 so candid to her friends as ,i could   
wish2 but these are all thoughts which1 
will pass away with more knowledge of   
the world4 ,she will learn to           

discriminate between true friends and   
false ones--to trust and confide        
entirely and without hesitation in those
 who really love her1 and not to repose 
her confidence in the dark and          
mysterious4 ,now ,i will undertake to   
say that ,emily has thrown out hints and
 inuendoes1 without giving you very     
clear and explicit information4 ,she has
 asked you to wait patiently for a time4
 ,it is always the dear child's way2 but
 ,i did not think she would practice it 
upon her own mother4  ,now most people  
would have imagined1 as ,lady ,hastings 
did imagine1 that ,mrs4 ,hazleton's     
words proceeded from spite--mere spite2 
but such was not the case3 it was all   
art4 ,she sought to pique ,lady         
,hastings1 knowing very well that when  
once heated or angry1 she lost all      
caution2 and her great object at that   
moment was to ascertain what ,emily     
knew1 and what ,emily had said4 ,she was
 successful to a certain degree4 ,she   
did pique ,lady ,hastings1 who replied  

at once1 and somewhat sharply1 though   
with the ordinary forms of courtesy4 ,i 
do not think you altogether do ,emily   
justice1 dear ,mrs4 ,hazleton1 although 
you have in some degree divined the     
course she has pursued4 ,she did not    
exactly throw out inuendoes2 but she    
made bold and distinct charges1 and     
though she did not proceed to the       
proofs1 because there was no time to do 
so1 and also because there were         
particular reasons for not doing so1 yet
 she promised within a very few hours to
 establish every assertion that she made
 beyond the possibility of doubt4  ,i   
thought so1 said ,mrs4 ,hazleton1 in a  
somewhat abstracted tone1 casting her   
eyes round the room and taking up1      
apparently unconcerned1 the vial of     
medicine which stood by ,lady ,hastings'
 bedside4 ,pray1 my dear friend1 when   
the revelation is made--if it ever be   
made--inform me of the particulars4  ,if
 it ever be made1 exclaimed ,lady       
,hastings4 ,no revelation needs to be   

made1 ,mrs4 ,hazleton--nothing is       
wanting but the proofs4 ,emily was      
explicit enough as to the facts4 ,she   
said that you had aided and assisted in 
depriving my husband of his property1   
that in that and many other particulars 
you had acted any thing but a friendly  
part1 that you were moved by a spirit of
 hatred against us all1 and that very   
seldom had there been any communications
 between our house and yours without    
some evil following it--which is true   
enough4  ,she spoke with a good deal of 
vehemence1 and raised herself somewhat  
on her elbow1 as if to utter her words  
more freely4 ,in the mean while ,mrs4   
,hazleton sat silent and calm--as far as
 the exterior went at least--with her   
eyes fixed upon a particular spot in the
 quilt from which they never moved till 
,lady ,hastings had done4  ,grave       
charges1 she said at length1 very grave 
charges to bring against one whom she   
has known from her infancy1 and for whom
 she has professed some regard--but no  

less false than grave1 my dear friend4  
,now either one of two things has       
happened3 the first1 which ,i mention   
merely as a possibility1 but without at 
all believing that such is the case--the
 first is1 ,i say1 that ,emily1 judging 
your opposition to her proposed unequal 
marriage to be abetted by myself1 has   
devised these charges out of her own    
head1 in order to withdraw your         
confidence from me and gain her own     
objects3 the second is--and this is much
 more likely--that she has been informed
 by some one1 either maliciously or     
mistakenly1 of some suspicions and      
doubts such as are always more or less  
current in a country place1 and has     
perhaps embellished them a little in    
their transmission to you4--,the latter 
is certainly the most probable4--,i     
suppose she did not tell you from whom  
she received the information4  ,not     
exactly1 answered ,lady ,hastings1 but  
one thing ,i know1 which is1 that ,mr4  
,dixwell the rector has all the same    

information1 and if ,i understood her   
rightly1 has got it down in writing4    
,mrs4 ,hazleton's cheek grew a shade    
paler2 but she answered at once ,i am   
glad to hear that2 for now we come to   
something definite4 ,all these charges  
must be substantiated1 dear friend--that
 is1 if they can be substantiated-- she 
added with a smile4  ,you can easily    
understand that1 attached to you by the 
bonds of a long friendship1 ,i cannot   
suffer my name to be traduced1 or my    
conduct impeached1 even by your own     
daughter1 without insisting upon a full 
explanation1 and clear1 satisfactory    
proofs1 or a recantation of the charges4
 ,emily must establish what she has     
said1 if she can4--,i am in no haste    
about it2 it maybe to-morrow1 or the    
next day1 or the day after--whenever it 
suits you and her in short2 but it must 
be done4 ,conscious that ,i am innocent 
of such great offences1 ,i can wait     
patiently2 and ,i do not think1 my dear 
friend1 that although ,i see you have   

been a little startled by these strange 
tales1 you will give any credence to    
them in your heart till they are proved4
 ,dear ,emily is evidently very much in 
love with ,mr4 ,marlow1 and is anxious  
to remove all opposition to her marriage
 with him4 ,but ,i think she must take  
some other means2 for these will        
certainly break down beneath her4  ,she 
spoke so calmly1 and in so quiet and    
gentle a tone--her whole look and manner
 as so tranquilly confident--that lady  
,hastings could hardly believe that she 
was in any degree guilty4  ,well1 ,i    
cannot tell1 she said1 how this may turn
 out1 but ,i do not think her marriage  
with ,mr4 ,marlow can have any thing to 
do with it4 ,i have fully and entirely  
resolved to cease all opposition to her 
union2 on which ,i see my daughter's    
happiness is staked1 and ,i shall       
certainly immediately signify my consent
 both to ,emily and to my husband4      
,wait a little--wait a little said ,mrs4
 ,hazleton with a significant nod of the

 head4 ,i have no mysteries1 my dear    
friend4 ,i have nothing to conceal or to
 hold back4 ,you are going1 however1 to 
act upon information which is very      
doubtful4 ,i believe that you have been 
deceived1 whoever has told you that ,mr4
 ,marlow is the heir to the ,earl of    
,launceston1 and it is but an act of    
friendship on my part to procure you    
more certain intelligence4 ,you shall   
have it ,i promise you1 before four and 
twenty hours are over1 and all ,i ask is
 that you will not commit yourself by   
giving your consent till that           
intelligence has been obtained4 ,you    
cannot say that you consent if ,mr4     
,marlow proves to be the heir of that   
nobleman1 but will not consent if such  
be not the case4--,that would never do1 
and therefore your consent would be     
irrevocable4 ,but on the other hand     
there can be no great harm in waiting   
four and twenty hours at the utmost4 ,i 
have plenty of books of heraldry and    
genealogy1 which will soon let me into  

the facts1 and you shall know them      
plainly and straightforwardly at once4  
,you can then decide and state your     
decision firmly and calmly1 with just   
reason and upon good grounds4  ,lady    
,hastings was silent4 ,she saw that     
,mrs4 ,hazleton had detected the motives
 of her sudden change of views1 and she 
did not much like being detected4 ,she  
had fully made up her mind1 too1 that   
,marlow was to become ,earl and her     
daughter ,countess of ,launceston1 and  
the very thought of such not being the  
result was a sort of half disappointment
 to her4 ,now ,lady ,hastings did not   
like being disappointed at all1 and     
moreover she had made up her mind to    
have a scene of reconciliation1 and     
tenderness1 and gratitude with her      
husband and her daughter1 from          
which--being of a truly affectionate    
disposition--she thought she should     
derive great pleasure4 ,thus she        
hesitated for a moment as to what she   
should answer1 and ,mrs4 ,hazleton1     

determined not to let the effect of what
 she had said subside before she had    
bound her more firmly1 added1 after     
waiting a short time for a reply1 you   
will promise me1 will you not1 that you 
will not distinctly recall your         
injunction1 and give your consent to the
 marriage till you have seen me again2  
provided ,i do not keep you in suspense 
more than four and twenty hours8 ,it is 
but reasonable too1 and just1 and you   
would1 ,i am sure1 repent bitterly if   
you were to find afterwards that your   
consent to this very unequal marriage   
had been obtained by deceit1 and that   
you had been made a mere fool           
of--,really at the very first sight1    
even if ,i had not good reason to       
believe that this story of the heirship 
is either a mistake or a                
misrepresentation1 it seems so like a   
stage trick--the cunning plot of some   
knavish servant or convenient friend in 
a drama--that ,i should be very         
doubtful4 ,will you not promise me then8

  ,well1 there can be no great harm in  
waiting that length of time1 said ,lady 
,hastings4 ,i do not mind promising     
that2 but of course you will let me know
 within four and twenty hours4  ,i will1
 replied ,mrs4 ,hazleton firmly2 earlier
 if it be possible2 but the fact is1 ,i 
have some business to settle to-morrow  
of great importance4 ,my lawyer1 ,mr4   
,shanks--whom ,i believe to be a great  
rogue--persuaded me to lend some money  
upon security which he pronounced       
himself to be good4 ,i knew not what it 
was for2 as we women of course can be no
 judges of such things2 but ,i have just
 discovered that it was to pay off some 
debts of this young man who calls       
himself ,sir ,john ,hastings4 ,now ,i   
don't know whether the papers have been 
signed1 or any thing about it2 and ,i   
hear that the young man himself is      
absent1 no one knows where4 ,it makes me
 very uneasy2 and ,i have sent for      
,shanks to come to me to-morrow morning4
 ,it may therefore be the middle of the 

day before ,i can get here2 but ,i will 
not delay a moment1 you may be perfectly
 sure4  ,she had risen as she spoke1 and
 after pressing the hand of ,lady       
,hastings tenderly in her own1 she      
glided calmly out of the room with her  
usual graceful movement1 and entering   
her carriage with a face as serene as a 
summer sky1 ordered the coachman to     
drive home in a voice that wavered not  
in its lightest tone4   ,,chapter       
,,xliii4  ,mrs4 ,hazelton entered the   
carriage1 ,i have said1 at the end of   
the last chapter1 without the slightest 
appearance of agitation or excitement4  
,although now and then a flush1 and now 
and then a paleness1 had spread over her
 face during the conversation with ,lady
 ,hastings1 though her eye had emitted  
an occasional flash1 and at other times 
had seemed fixed and meaningless1 such  
indications of internal warfare were all
 banished when she left the room1 the   
fair smooth cheek had its natural color1
 the eye was as tranquil as that of     

indifferent old age4  ,the coachman     
cracked his long whip1 before four      
magnificent large horses heaved the     
ponderous vehicle from its resting      
place1 and ,mrs4 ,hazleton sank back in 
the carriage and gave herself up to     
thought--but not to thought only4 ,then 
all the smothered agitation2 then all   
the strong contending passions broke    
forth in fierce and fiery warfare4 ,it  
is impossible to disentangle them and   
lay them out1 as on a map1 before the   
reader's mind4 ,it is impossible to say 
which at first predominated1 rage1 or   
fear1 or disappointment1 or the thirst  
of vengeance4 ,one passion it is        
true--the one which might be called the 
master passion of her nature--soon      
soared towering above the rest1 like one
 of those mighty spirits which rise to  
the dizzy and dangerous pinnacle of     
power in the midst of the turbulence and
 tempest which accompany great social   
earthquakes4 ,but at first all was      
confusion4  ,never1 she repeated to     

herself--never6--it shall never be4 ,if 
,i slay her with my own hand it shall   
never be--foiled--frustrated in every   
thing2 and by this mere empty1 moody    
child1 who has been my stumbling block1 
my enemy1 my obstruction1 in all my     
paths4 ,no1 no1 it shall never be6  ,a  
new strain of thought seemed to strike  
her2 her head leaned forward2 her eyes  
closed1 and her lips quivered4  ,there  
are many kinds of conscience1 and every 
one has some sort1 such as it is4 ,what 
,i mean is1 that there is almost in     
every heart a voice of warning and      
reproof which counsels us to regret     
certain actions1 and which speaks in    
different tones to different men4 ,to   
the worldly--those who are habitually of
 the earth earthly--it holds out the    
menace of earthly shame and misfortune  
and sorrow4 ,it recapitulates the       
mistakes we have committed1 points to   
the evil consequences of evil deeds1    
shows how the insincerities and         
falsehoods of our former course have    

proved fruitless1 and how the cunning   
devices1 and skilful contrivances1 and  
artful stratagems1 have ended in        
mortification and reproach and contempt2
 while still the gloomy prospects of    
detection and exposure and public       
contumely and personal punishment1 are  
held up before our eyes as the grim     
portrait of the future4  ,i need not    
pause here to show how conscience       
affects those who1 however guilty1 have 
a higher sense--those who have a cloudy 
belief in a future state--who           
acknowledge in their own hearts a ,god  
of justice--who look to judgment1 and   
feel that there must be an immortality  
of weal or woe4 ,mrs4 ,hazleton was of  
the former class4 ,the grave was a      
barrier to her sight1 beyond which there
 was no seeing4 ,she had been brought up
 for this world1 lived in this world1   
thought1 devised1 schemed1 plotted for  
this world4 ,she never thought of       
another world at all4 ,she went to      
church regularly every ,sunday1 read the

 prayers with every appearance of       
devotion1 even listened to the sermon if
 the preacher preached well1 and went   
home more practically atheist than many 
who have professed themselves so4  ,what
 were her thoughts1 then1 now8 ,they    
were all earthly still4 ,even conscience
 spoke to her in earthly language1 as if
 there were no other means of reaching  
her heart but that4 ,its very menaces   
were all earthly4 ,she reviewed her     
conduct for the last two or three years1
 and bitterly reproached herself for    
several faults she discovered           
therein--faults of contrivance1 of      
design1 of execution4 ,she had made     
mistakes2 and for a time she gave       
herself up to bitter repentance for that
 great crime4  ,caught in my own trap1  
she said2 frustrated by a girl--a       
child6--ay6 and with exposure1 perhaps  
punishment1 before me4 ,how she         
triumphs1 doubtless1 in that little     
malignant heart4 ,how she will triumph  
when she brings forward her proofs1 and 

overwhelms me with them--if she has     
them4 ,oh1 yes1 she has them6 ,she is   
mighty careful never to say any thing of
 which she is not certain4 ,i have      
remarked that in her from a child4 ,she 
has them beyond doubt1 and now she is   
sitting anticipating the pleasure of    
crushing me--enjoying the retrospect of 
my frustrated endeavors--thinking how   
she and ,marlow will laugh together over
 a whole list of attempts that have     
failed1 and purposes that ,i have not   
been able to execute4 ,yes1 yes1 they   
will laugh loud and gaily1 and at the   
very altar1 perhaps1 will think with    
triumph that they are filling for me the
 last drop of scorn and disappointment4 
,never1 never1 never6 ,it shall never   
be4 ,that is the only way1 methinks2 and
 she fell into dark and silent thought  
again4  ,the fit lasted some time1 and  
then she spoke again1 muttering the     
words between her teeth as she had      
previously done4 ,they will never marry 
with a mother's curse upon their union6 

,oh1 no1 no1 ,i know her too well4 ,she 
will not do that4 ,that weak poppet may 
die before she recalls her              
opposition--must die--and then they will
 live on loving and wretched4 ,but it   
must be made as bitter as possible4 ,it 
must not stop there4  ,again she paused 
and thought1 and then said to herself1  
,that drug which the ,italian monk sold 
me would do well enough if ,i did but   
fully know its effects4 ,there are      
things which leave terrible signs behind
 them--besides it is old1 and may have  
lost its virtue4 ,i must run no risk of 
that--and it must be speedy as well as  
sure4 ,i have but four and twenty       
hours--the time is very short2 and      
relapsing into silence again1 she       
continued in deep and silent meditation 
till the carriage stopped at her own    
gates4  ,mrs4 ,hazleton sat in the      
library that night for two or three     
hours1 and studied diligently a large   
folio volume which she had taken down   
herself4 ,she read1 and she seemed      

puzzled4 ,a servant entered to ask some 
unimportant question1 and she waved him 
away impatiently4 ,then leaning her head
 upon her hand she thought profoundly4  
,she calculated in her own mind what    
,emily knew--how much--how intimately1  
and how she had learned it4 ,such a     
thing as remorse she know not2 but she  
had some fear1 though very little--a    
sort of shrinking from the commission of
 acts more daring and terrible than any 
she had yet performed4 ,there was       
something appalling--there is always    
something appalling--in the commission  
of a great new crime1 and the turning   
back1 as it were1 of the mind of ,mrs4  
,hazleton from the search for means to  
accomplish a deed determined1 in order  
to calculate the necessity of that deed1
 proceeded from this sort of awe at the 
next highest step of evil to those which
 she had already committed4  ,she must  
know all1 said ,mrs4 ,hazleton to       
herself1 after having considered the    
matter for some moments deeply4 ,and she

 must have learned it accurately4 ,i    
know her caution well4 ,from whom can   
she have learned it8  ,from that young  
villain ,ayliffe1 was the prompt reply4 
,i was too harsh with him1 and in his   
fit of rage he has gone away at once to 
tell this girl--or perhaps that old fool
 ,dixwell4 ,most likely he has furnished
 her with evidence too1 before he fled  
the country4 ,without that ,i could have
 set ,marlow's discoveries at naught4   
,yet ,i doubt his having gone to        
,dixwell2 he always despised him4 ,mean 
as he was himself1 he looked upon him as
 a meaner4 ,he would not go to him to   
whine and cant over him4 ,he would go to
 the girl herself4 ,her he always loved1
 even in the midst of his violence and  
his rage4 ,he would go to her or write  
to her beyond all doubt4 ,she must be   
silenced4 ,but ,i must deal with another
 first4 ,come what will1 this marriage  
shall not take place4 ,besides1 she is  
the most dangerous of the two4 ,the girl
 might be frightened or awed into       

secresy1 and it will take longer time to
 reach her1 but nothing will keep that  
weak woman's tongue from babbling1 and  
in four and twenty hours her consent    
will be given to this marriage4 ,if ,i  
can but contrive it rightly1 that at    
least may be stopped1 and a part of my  
revenge obtained at all events4 ,it must
 be so--it must be so4  ,she turned to  
the leaves of the book again1 but       
nothing in the contents seemed to give  
her satisfaction4 ,that will be too     
long1 she said1 after having read about 
a third of a page4 ,three or four days  
to operate6 ,who could wait three or    
four days when the object is security1  
tranquility1 or revenge8 ,besides the   
case admits of no delay4 ,before three  
or four days all will be over4  ,she    
read again1 and was discontented with   
what she read4 ,that will leave traces1 
she said4 ,it must be the ,italian's    
dose1 ,i believe1 after all4 ,those     
monks are very skilful men1 and perhaps 
it may not have lost its efficiency4 ,it

 is easily tried1 she exclaimed         
suddenly1 and ascending quietly to her  
own dressing-room1 she sought out from  
the drawer of an old cabinet a small    
packet of white powder1 which she       
concealed in the palm of her hand4 ,then
 descending to the library again1 she   
sat for a few minutes in dull1 heavy    
thought1 and then rang a hand-bell which
 stood upon her table4  ,bring me a     
small quantity of meat cut fine for the 
dog1 she said1 as soon as her servant   
appeared4 ,he seems ill2 what has been  
the matter with him8  ,nothing1 madam1  
said the man1 looking under the table   
where lay a beautiful small spaniel     
sound asleep4 ,he has been quite well   
all day4  ,he has had something like a  
fit1 said ,mrs4 ,hazleton4  ,dear me1   
perhaps he is going mad1 replied the    
man4 ,had ,i not better kill him8  ,kill
 him6 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,hazleton2 on no  
account whatever4 ,bring me a small     
plate of meat4  ,the man did as he was  
ordered1 and on his return found the dog

 sitting at his mistress's feet1 looking
 up in her face4  ,ah1 ,dorset1 she     
said1 speaking to the animal in a kindly
 tone1 you are better now1 are you8     
,the man seemed inclined to linger to   
see whether the dog would eat3 but ,mrs4
 ,hazleton took the plate from him1 and 
threw the poor beast a small piece1     
which he devoured eagerly4  ,there that 
will do1 said ,mrs4 ,hazleton4 ,you may 
leave the room4  ,when she was alone    
again1 she paused for a moment or two1  
then deliberately unfolded the packet1  
and put a very small quantity of the    
powder it contained upon a piece of the 
meat4 ,this morsel she threw to the poor
 animal1 who swallowed it at once1 and  
then she set down the plate upon the    
ground1 which he cleared in a moment4   
,after that ,mrs4 ,hazleton turned to   
her reading again1 and looked round once
 at the end of about two minutes4 ,the  
dog had resumed his sleeping attitude1  
and she read on4 ,hardly a minute more  
had passed ere the poor brute started   

up1 ran round once or twice1 as if      
seized with violent convulsions1        
staggered for an instant to and fro1 and
 fell over on its side4 ,mrs4 ,hazleton 
rang the bell violently1 and two        
servants ran in at once4 ,he is dying1  
she cried2 he is dying4  ,keep out of   
his way1 madam1 exclaimed one of the    
men1 evidently in great fear himself1   
there is no knowing what he may do4     
,the next instant the poor dog started  
once more upon his feet1 uttered a loud 
and terrific yell1 and fell dead upon   
the floor4  ,poor thing1 said ,mrs4     
,hazleton1 ,poor ,dorset6 ,he is dead2  
take him away4  ,the two men seemed     
unwilling to touch him1 but when quite  
satisfied that there was no more life   
left in him1 they carried him away1 and 
,mrs4 ,hazleton remained alone4  ,speedy
 enough1 said the lady1 replacing the   
large volume on the shelf4 ,we need no  
distillations and compoundings4 ,this is
 as efficacious as ever4 ,now let me    
see4 ,i must try and remember the size  

of the bottle1 and the color of the     
stuff that was in it4 ,she thought of   
these matters for some minutes1 and then
 retired to rest4  ,did she sleep well  
or ill that night8 ,god knows4 ,but if  
she slept well1 the friends of hell must
 sometimes have repose4  ,the next      
morning very early1 ,mrs4 ,hazleton     
walked out4 ,as the reader knows1 she   
lived at no great distance from the     
little town1 even by the high-road1 and 
that was shortened considerably by a    
path through the park4 ,there was a poor
 man in the place1 an apothecary1 who   
had came down there in the hope of      
carrying away some of the practice of   
good ,mr4 ,short4 ,he had not been very 
successful1 and his stock of medicines  
was not very great3 but he had all that 
,mrs4 ,hazleton wanted4 ,her demands    
indeed were simple enough--merely a     
little logwood1 a little saffron1 and a 
little madder4 ,having obtained these   
she asked to see some vials1 and        
selected one containing somewhat less   

than half a pint4  ,the good man packed 
all these up with zealous care1 saying  
that he would send them up to the house 
in a few minutes4 ,mrs4 ,hazleton1      
however1 said she would carry them      
herself2 but the very idea of the great 
lady carrying home a parcel1 even       
through her own park1 shocked the little
 apothecary extremely1 and he pressed   
hard to be permitted to send his own    
boy1 till ,mrs4 ,hazleton replied in a  
rather peremptory tone1 ,i always say   
what ,i mean1 sir4 ,be so good as to    
give me the parcel4  ,when she reached  
her own house1 she ordered her carriage 
to be at the door at half past twelve in
 order to convey her to the dwelling of 
,sir ,philip ,hastings4 ,upon a very    
nice calculation the drive1 commenced at
 that hour1 would bring her to the place
 of her destination shortly after that  
precise period of the day when ,lady    
,hastings was accustomed to take an     
hour's sleep4 ,but ,mrs4 ,hazleton had  
laid out her plan1 and did not thus act 

by accident4  ,almost every lady in     
those days acted the part of a ,lady    
,bountiful in her neighborhood1 and     
gave1 not alone assistance in food and  
money to the cottagers and poor people  
about her1 but medicine and sometimes   
medical advice4 ,both the latter were   
very simple indeed2 but the preparation 
of these simple medicines entailed the  
necessity of what was called a          
still-room in each great house4 ,in fact
 to be a ,lady ,bountiful1 and to have a
 still-room1 were two of the            
conventionalities of the day1 from which
 no lady1 having more than a very       
moderate fortune1 could then hope to    
escape4 ,mrs4 ,hazleton was in the      
still-room1 then1 when her dear friend1 
who had already on one occasion given   
the death blow to her schemes upon ,mr4 
,marlow's heart1 drove up to the door   
and asked to see her4  ,the servant     
replied that his mistress was busy in   
the still-room1 but that he would go and
 call her in a moment4  ,oh1 dear1 no1  

replied the lady1 entering the house    
with an elastic step2 ,i will go and    
join her there1 and surprise her in her 
charitable works4 ,i know the way quite 
well--you needn't come--you needn't     
come2 and on she went to the still-room1
 which she entered without ceremony4    
,mrs4 ,hazleton was1 at that moment1 in 
the act of pouring a purpleish sort of  
fluid1 out of a glass dish with a lip to
 it1 into an apothecary's vial4 ,she    
turned round sharply at the sound of the
 opening door1 thinking that it was     
produced by a servant intruding upon her
 uncalled4 ,when she saw her friend1    
however1 whose indiscreet advice she had
 neither forgotten nor forgiven1 her    
face for a moment turned burning red1   
and then as pale as death2 and she had  
nearly let the glass fall from her hand4
  ,what was said on either part matters 
very little4 ,mrs4 ,hazleton was too    
wise to speak as sharply as she felt1   
and led the way from the still-room as  
fast as possible2 but her dear friend   

had in one momentary glance seen every  
thing--the glass bowl1 the vial1 the    
fluid1 and--more particularly than      
all--,mrs4 ,hazleton's sudden changes of
 complexion on her entrance4   ,,chapter
 ,,xliv4  ,sir ,philip ,hastings sat at 
breakfast with his daughter the morning 
of the same day on which ,mrs4 ,hazleton
 in the still-room was subjected to her 
dear friend's unpleasant intrusion4 ,he 
was calmer than he had been since his   
return2 but it was a gloomy1 thoughtful 
sort of calmness--that sort of          
superficial tranquility which is        
sometimes displayed under the influence 
of overpowering feelings1 as the sea1 so
 sailors tell us1 is sometimes actually 
beaten down by the force of the winds   
that sweep over it4 ,his brow was       
contracted with a deep frown1 but it was
 by no means varied4 ,it was stern1     
fixed1 immoveable4 ,to his daughter he  
spoke not a word1 except when she bade  
him good morning1 and asked after his   
health2 and then he only replied ,well4 

,when breakfast was nearly over1 a      
servant brought in some letters1 and    
handed two to his master and one to     
,emily4 ,sir ,philip's were soon read2  
but ,emily's was longer1 and she was    
still perusing it1 with apparently much 
emotion1 when the servant returned to   
the room4 ,sir ,philip1 during the half 
hour they had been previously together1 
had abstained from turning his eyes     
towards her4 ,he had looked at the table
 cloth1 or straight at the wall2 but now
 he was gazing at her so intently1 with 
a strange1 eager1 haggard expression of 
countenance that he did not even notice 
the entrance of the servant till the man
 spoke to him4  ,please your worship    
said the servant ,master ,atkinson of   
the ,hill farm1 near ,hartwell1 wishes  
to speak to you on some justice         
business4  ,sir ,philip started1 and    
murmured between his teeth ,justice--ay1
 justice6--who did you say8  ,the man   
repeated what he had said before1 and   
his master replied1 shew him in4  ,he   

then remained for a moment or two with  
his head leaning on his hand1 and       
seemingly making an effort to recall his
 thoughts from some distant point2 and  
when ,mr4 ,atkinson entered1 he spoke to
 him tranquilly enough4  ,pray be       
seated1 ,mr4 ,atkinson1 he said1 what is
 it you want8 ,i have meddled little    
with magisterial affairs lately4  ,i    
want a warrant1 sir1 replied ,mr4       
,atkinson4 ,and against a near neighbor 
and relation of yours2 so ,i am sure you
 are not a man to refuse me justice4    
,not if it were my nearest and my       
dearest1 replied ,sir ,philip1 in a deep
 and hollow tone4 ,who is the person8   
,a young man calling himself ,sir ,john 
,hastings1 said ,mr4 ,atkinson4 ,we are 
afraid of his getting out of the        
country4 ,he knows he has been found    
out1 and he is hiding somewhere not very
 far off2 but ,i and a constable will   
find him4  ,emily had lain down her     
letter by her side1 and was listening   
attentively4 ,it was clear she was      

greatly moved by what she heard4 ,her   
face turned white and red4 ,her lip     
quivered as if she would fain have      
spoken2 but she hesitated and remained  
silent for a moment4 ,she thought of the
 unhappy young man lying on his death   
bed2 for she had as yet received no     
intimation of his death from ,mr4       
,dixwell1 and of his seeing himself     
seized upon by the officers of justice1 
his last thoughts disturbed1 all his    
anxious strivings after penitence1 all  
his communings with his own heart1 all  
his efforts to prepare for meeting with 
death1 and ,god1 and judgment1 scattered
 by worldly shame and earthly           
anguish--she felt for him--she would    
fain have petitioned for him2 but she   
was misunderstood1 and1 what was worse1 
she knew it--she felt it--she could not 
speak--she dare not say any thing1      
though her heart seemed as if it would  
break1 and her only consolation was that
 all would be explained1 that her       
motives1 her conduct1 would all be clear

 and comprehended in a very few short   
hours4 ,she knew1 however1 that she     
could not bear much more without        
weeping2 for the letter which she had   
received from ,marlow1 telling her that 
he had arrived in ,london1 and would set
 off to see her1 as soon as some needful
 business1 in the capital had been      
transacted1 had agitated her much1 and  
even pleasureable emotions will often   
shake the unnervous so as to weaken     
rather than strengthen us when called   
upon to contend with others of a        
different kind4  ,she rose then and left
 the room with a sad look and wavering  
step1 and ,sir ,philip gazed at her as  
she passed with a look impossible to    
describe1 saying to himself1 ,so--is it 
so8  ,the next instant1 however1 he     
turned to the farmer1 who was a man of a
 superior class to the ordinary yeomen  
of that day1 saying1 ,what is your      
charge1 sir8  ,oh1 plenty of charges1   
sir1 replied the man2 fraud1 conspiracy1
 perjury1 forgery1 in regard to all     

which ,i am ready to give information on
 my oath4  ,sir ,philip leaned his head 
upon his hand1 and thought bitterly for 
two or three minutes4 ,then raising his 
eyes full to ,atkinson's face1 he said1 
,were this young man my own child1 were 
he my son1 or were he my brother1 were  
he a very dear friend1 ,i should not    
have the slightest hesitation1 ,mr4     
,atkinson4 ,i would take the            
information1 and grant you a warrant at 
once--nay1 ,i will do so still1 if you  
insist upon it2 for it shall never be   
said that any consideration made me     
refuse justice4 ,but ,i would have you  
remember that ,sir ,john ,hastings is my
 enemy2 that he has1 justly or unjustly1
 deprived me of fortune and station1 and
 throughout the only transactions we    
have had together1 has shown a spirit of
 malignity against me which might well  
make men believe that ,i must entertain 
similar feelings towards him4 ,to sign a
 warrant against him1 therefore1 would  
be very painful to me1 although ,i      

believe him to be capable of the crimes 
with which you charge him1 and know you 
to be too honest a man to make such an  
accusation without a reasonable         
confidence in its truth4 ,but ,i would  
have you consider whether it may not    
bring suspicion upon all your           
proceedings1 if your very first step    
therein is to obtain a warrant against  
this man from his known and open enemy4 
,but what am ,i to do4 ,sir ,philip8    
asked the farmer4 ,i am afraid he will  
escape4 ,i know that he is hiding in    
this very neighborhood1 in this very    
parish1 within half a mile of this      
house4  ,a groan burst from the heart of
 ,sir ,philip ,hastings4 ,he had spoken 
his remonstrance clearly1 slowly1 and   
deliberately1 forcibly bending his      
thoughts altogether to the subject      
before him2 but he had been deeply and  
terribly moved all the time1 and this   
direct allusion to the hiding place of  
,john ,ayliffe1 to the very house which 
his daughter had visited on the previous

 day1 roused all the terrible feelings1 
the jealous anger1 the indignation1 the 
horror1 the contempt which had been     
stirred up in him1 by what he thought   
her indecent1 if not criminal act4 ,it  
was too much for his self-command1 and  
that groan burst forth in the struggle  
against himself4  ,he recovered himself 
speedily1 however1 and he replied1      
,apply to ,mr4 ,dixwell3 he is a        
magistrate1 and lives hardly a stone's  
throw from this house4 ,you will lose   
but little time1 save me from great     
pain1 and both you and me from unjust   
imputations4  ,oh1 ,i am not afraid of  
any imputations1 said ,mr4 ,atkinson4 ,i
 have personally no interest in the     
matter4 ,you have1 ,sir1 a great        
interest in it1 and if you would just   
hear what the case is1 you would see    
that no one should look more sharply    
than you to the matter1 in order that no
 time may be lost4  ,i would rather not 
hear the case at all1 replied ,sir      
,philip1 ,if ,i have a personal interest

 in it1 as you say1 it would ill befit  
me to meddle4 ,go to ,mr4 ,dixwell1 my  
good friend4 ,explain the whole to him1 
and although perhaps he is not the      
brightest man that ever lived1 yet he is
 a good man1 and an honest man1 who will
 do justice in this matter4  ,very well1
 sir1 very well1 replied the farmer1 a  
little mortified2 for to say the truth1 
he had anticipated some little accession
 of importance from lending a helping   
hand to restore ,sir ,philip ,hastings  
to the rights of which he had been      
unjustly deprived1 and taking his leave 
he went away1 thinking the worthy       
baronet the most impracticable man he   
had ever met with in his life4 ,i always
 knew that he was crotchety1 he said to 
himself1 and carried his notions of     
right and wrong to a desperate great    
length2 but ,i did not know that he went
 so far as this4 ,i don't believe that  
if he saw a man running away with his   
own apples1 he would stop him without a 
warrant from another justice4 ,yet he   

can be severe enough when he is not     
concerned himself1 as we all know4 ,he'd
 hang every poacher in the land for that
 matter1 saying1 as ,i have heard him   
many a time1 that it is much worse to   
steal any thing that is unprotected1    
than if it is protected4  ,with these   
thoughts he rode straight away to the   
house of ,mr4 ,dixwell1 but to his      
mortification he found that the worthy  
clergyman was out4 ,can you tell me     
where he is8 he asked of the servant1 ,i
 want him on business of the greatest   
importance4  ,the woman hesitated for a 
moment1 but the expression of perplexity
 and anxiety on the good farmer's face  
overcame her scruples1 and she replied1 
,i did not exactly hear him say where he
 was going1 but ,i saw him take the     
foot-path down to ,jenny ,best's4       
,atkinson turned his horse's head at    
once1 and rode along the road till he   
reached the cottage4 ,there he fastened 
his horse to a tree1 and went in4 ,the  
outer room was vacant2 but through the  

partition he heard a voice speaking in a
 slow1 measured tone1 as if in prayer2  
and after waiting and hesitating for a  
moment or two1 he struck upon the table 
with his knuckles to call attention to  
his presence4  ,the moment after1 the   
door opened slowly and quietly1 and     
,jenny ,best herself first put out her  
head1 and then came into the room with a
 curtsy1 closing the door behind her4   
,good day1 ,jenny1 said the farmer2 is  
,mr4 ,dixwell here8  ,yes1 ,master      
,atkinson1 replied the good dame2 he is 
in there1 praying with a sick person4   
,why how is that8 asked ,mr4 ,atkinson4 
,best is not ill1 ,i hope1 nor your son4
  ,no1 sir1 answered the old woman2 it  
is a young man who broke his leg close  
by our door the other day2 and seeing   
him about to ask further questions1     
which she might have had difficulty in  
parrying1 she added1 ,i will call the   
parson1 to you1 sir4  ,thus saying1 she 
retreated again into the inner room1 and
 in a few moments ,mr4 ,dixwell himself 

appeared4  ,god day1 ,atkinson1 he said2
 you have been absent on a journey1 ,i  
hear4  ,yes1 your ,reverence1 replied   
the farmer1 and it is in consequence of 
that journey that ,i come to you now4 ,i
 want a warrant from you1 ,mr4 ,dixwell2
 and that as quick as possible4  ,why1  
,i cannot give you a warrant here1 said 
the clergyman1 hesitating4 ,i have no   
clerk with me1 nor any forms of         
warrants1 and ,i cannot very well go    
home just now4 ,it can do no harm       
waiting an hour or two1 ,i suppose4  ,it
 may do a great deal of harm1 replied   
the farmer1 for as great a rogue and as 
bad a fellow as ever lived may escape   
from justice if it is not granted       
immediately4  ,can't you go to ,mr4     
,hastings8 said the clergyman4 ,he would
 give you one directly1 if the case     
justifies it4  ,he sent me to your      
,reverence1 replied the farmer4 ,in one 
word1 the case is this1 ,mr4 ,dixwell4  
,i have to charge a man1 whom1 ,i       
suppose1 ,i must call a gentleman1 upon 

oath1 with fraud1 perjury1 and forgery4 
,shanks1 one of the conspirators we have
 got already4 ,but this man--this fellow
 who calls himself ,sir ,john ,hastings1
 ,i mean1 is hiding away here--in this  
very cottage1 sir1 ,i am told--and may  
make his escape at any minute4 ,now that
 ,i am here1 and a magistrate with me1  
,i tell you fairly1 sir1 ,i will not    
quit the place till ,i have him in      
custody4  ,he spoke in a very sharp and 
decided tone2 for to say the truth he   
had a vague suspicion that ,mr4         
,dixwell1 whose good-nature was well    
known1 knew very well where ,john       
,ayliffe was1 and might be trying to    
convert him1 with the full intention of 
afterwards aiding him to escape4 ,the   
clergyman answered at once1 however1 he 
is here1 ,master ,atkinson1 but he is   
very ill1 and will soon be in sterner   
custody than yours4  ,there was a good  
deal of the bull-dog spirit of the      
,english yeoman in the good farmer's    
character1 and he replied tartly1 ,i    

don't care for that4 ,he shall be in my 
custody first4  ,mr4 ,dixwell looked    
pained and offended4 ,his brow          
contracted a good deal1 and laying his  
hand upon the farmer's wrist1 he led him
 towards the door of the inner room1    
saying1 ,you are hard and incredulous1  
sir4 ,but come with me1 and you shall   
see his state with your own eyes4  ,the 
farmer suffered himself to be led along1
 and ,mr4 ,dixwell opened the door1 and 
entered the room with a quiet and       
reverent step4 ,the sunshine was        
streaming through the little window upon
 the floor1 and by its cheerful light1  
contrasting strangely with the gray     
darkness of the face which lay upon the 
bed of death4 ,there was not a sound1   
but the footfalls of the two persons who
 entered2 for the old woman had seated  
herself by the bedside1 and was gazing  
silently at the face of the sick man4   
,at first1 ,mr4 ,atkinson thought that  
he was dead2 and life indeed lingered on
 with but the very faintest spark4 ,he  

seemed utterly unconscious2 for the eyes
 even did not move at the sound of the  
opening door1 and the farmer was a good 
deal shocked at the hardness of his     
judgment4 ,he was not one1 however1 to  
give up his purpose easily1 and when    
,mr4 ,dixwell said1 you can now see and 
judge for yourself--is he likely to     
escape1 do you think8 ,atkinson answered
 in a low but determined tone1 ,no1 but 
,i do not think ,i ought to leave him as
 long as there is any life in him4  ,you
 can do as you please1 said ,mr4        
,dixwell1 in a tone of much displeasure1
 ,only be silent4 ,there is a seat2 and 
leaving him1 he took his place again by 
the dying man's side4  ,though shocked1 
and feeling perhaps a little ashamed1   
,mr4 ,atkinson1 with that dogged sort of
 resolution which ,i have before spoken 
of1 resisted his own feelings1 and would
 not give up the field4 ,he thought he  
was doing his duty1 and that is         
generally quite sufficient for an       
,englishman4 ,nothing could move him1 so

 long as breath was in the body of the  
unhappy young man4 ,he remained seated  
there1 perfectly still and silent1 as   
hour after hour slipped away1 with his  
head bent down1 and his arms crossed    
upon his chest4  ,the approach of death 
was very slow with ,john ,ayliffe3 he   
lingered long after all the powers of   
the body seemed extinct4 ,hand or foot  
he could not move--his sunken eyes      
remained half closed--the hue of death  
was upon his face1 but yet the chest    
heaved1 the breath came and went1       
sometimes rapidly1 sometimes very       
slowly2 and for a long time ,mr4        
,dixwell could not tell whether he was  
conscious at all or not4 ,at the end of 
two hours1 however1 life seemed to make 
an effort against the great enemy1      
though it was a very feeble one1 and    
intellect had no share in it4 ,he began 
to mutter a few words from time to time1
 but they were wild and incoherent1 and 
the faint sounds referred to dogs and   
horses1 to wine and money4 ,he seemed to

 think himself talking to his servants1 
gave orders1 and asked questions1 and   
told them to light a fire1 he was so    
cold4 ,this went on till the shades of  
evening began to fall1 and then ,mr4    
,short1 the surgeon1 came in and felt   
his pulse4  ,it is very strange1 said   
the surgeon1 that this has lasted so    
long4 ,but it must be over in a few     
minutes now4 ,i can hardly feel a       
pulsation4  ,mr4 ,dixwell did not reply1
 and the surgeon remained gazing on the 
dying man's face till it was necessary  
to ask for a light4 ,jenny ,best brought
 in a solitary candle1 and whether it   
was the effect of the sudden though     
feeble glare1 ,i cannot tell1 ,john     
,ayliffe opened his eyes1 and said1 more
 distinctly than before1 ,i am going--,i
 am going--this is death--yes1 this is  
death6 ,pray for me1 ,mr4 ,dixwell--pray
 for me--,i do repent--yes1 ,i have     
hope4  ,the jaw quivered a little as he 
uttered the last words1 but at the same 
moment ,john ,best1 the good woman's    

husband1 entered the room with a hurried
 step1 drew ,mr4 ,short1 the surgeon1   
aside1 and whispered something in his   
ear4  ,good ,heaven6 exclaimed the      
surgeon4 ,impossible1 ,best6 ,has the   
man got a horse8 mine's at the farm4    
,yes1 sir1 yes6 replied the man1        
eagerly4 ,he has got a horse2 but you   
had better make haste4  ,mr4 ,short     
dashed out of the room2 but before he   
left it1 ,john ,ayliffe was a corpse4   
,,chapter ,,xlv4  ,mrs4 ,hazleton found 
the inconvenience of having a dear      
friend4 ,it was in vain that she tried  
to get rid of her visitor4 ,the visitor 
would not be got rid of4 ,she was deaf  
to hints2 she paid no attention to any  
kind of inuendoes2 and she looked so    
knowing1 so full of important secrets1  
so quietly mischievous1 that ,mrs4      
,hazleton was cowed by that most        
unnerving of all things1 the            
consciousness of meditated crime4 ,she  
could not help thinking that the fair   
widow saw into her thoughts and         

purposes--she could not help doubting   
the impenetrability of the veil behind  
which hypocrisy hides the hideous       
features of unruly passion--she could   
not help thinking that the keen-sighted 
and astute must perceive some of the    
movements at least of the rude movers of
 the painted puppets of the face--the   
smile1 the gay looks1 the sparkling     
eyes1 the calm placid brow1 the         
dignified serenity1 which act their part
 in the glittering scene of the world1  
too often worked by the most harsh1     
foul1 and brutal of all the motives of  
the human heart4 ,but she was irritated 
too1 as well as fearful2 and there was a
 sort of combat went on between         
impatience and apprehension4 ,had she   
given way to inclination she would have 
ordered one of her servants to take the 
intruder by the shoulders and put her   
out of doors2 but for more than an hour 
after the time she had fixed for setting
 out1 vague fears--however groundless   
and absurd--were sufficiently powerful  

to restrain her temper4 ,she was not of 
a character1 however1 to be long cowed  
by any thing4 ,she had great confidence 
in herself--in her own resources--in her
 own conduct and good fortune likewise4 
,that confidence might have been a      
little shaken indeed by events which had
 lately occurred2 but anger soon rallied
 it1 and brought it back to her aid4    
,she asked herself if she were a fool to
 dread that woman--what it was she had  
discovered--what it was that she could  
testify4 ,she had merely seen her doing 
what almost every lady did a hundred    
times in the year in those              
day--preparing some simples in the      
still-room2 and gradually as she found  
that gentle hints proved unsuccessful1  
she resumed her natural dignity of      
demeanor4 ,that again gave way to a     
chilling silence1 and then to a somewhat
 irritable imperiousness1 and rising    
from her chair1 she begged her visitor  
to excuse her1 alledging that she had   
business of importance to transact which

 would occupy her during the whole day4 
,not one of all the variation of        
conduct--not one sign1 however slight1  
of impatience1 doubt1 or anger--escaped 
the keen eye that was fixed upon her4   
,mrs4 ,hazleton1 under the influence of 
conscience1 did not exactly betray the  
dark secrets of her own heart1 but she  
raised into importance1 an act in itself
 the most trifling1 which would have    
passed without any notice had she not   
been anxious to conceal it4  ,as soon as
 her visitor1 taking a hint that could  
not be mistaken1 had quitted the room   
and the house1 with an air of pique and 
ill-humor1 ,mrs4 ,hazleton returned to  
the still-room and recommenced her      
operations there2 but she found her hand
 shaking and her whole frame agitated4  
,am ,i a fool1 she asked herself1 to be 
thus moved by an empty gossip like that8
 ,i must conquer this1 or ,i shall be   
unfit for my task4  ,she sat down at a  
table1 leaned her head upon her hand1   
gazed forth out of the little window1   

forced her mind away from the present1  
thought of birds and flowers1 and       
pictures and statues1 and of the two    
sunshiny worlds of art and nature--of   
every thing in short but the dark1 dark 
cares of her own passions4 ,it was a    
trick she had learned to play with      
herself--one of those pieces of internal
 policy by which she had contrived so   
often and so long1 to rule and master   
with despotic sway the frequent         
rebellions of the body against the      
tyranny of the mind4  ,she had not sat  
there two minutes1 however1 ere there   
was a tap at the door1 and she started  
with a quick and jarring thrill1 as if  
that knock had been a summons of fate4  
,the next instant she looked quickly    
around1 however1 and was satisfied that 
whoever entered could find no cause for 
suspicion4 ,she was there seated quietly
 at the table4 ,the vial was out of     
sight1 the fatal powder hidden in the   
palm of her hand1 and she said aloud1   
,come in4  ,the butler entered1 bowing  

profoundly and saying1 ,the carriage is 
at the door1 madam1 and ,wilson has just
 come back from the house of ,mr4       
,shanks1 but he could not find him4     
,the man hesitated a little as if he    
wished to add something more1 and ,mrs4 
,hazleton replied in a somewhat sharp   
tone1 ,i told you when ,i sent it away  
just now that ,i would tell you when ,i 
was ready4 ,i shall not be so for half  
an hour2 but let it wait1 and do not    
admit any one4 ,mr4 ,shanks must be     
found1 and informed that ,i want to see 
him early to-morrow1 as ,i shall go to  
,london on the following day4  ,i am    
sorry to say1 madam1 replied the butler1
 that if the talk of the town is true1  
he will not be able to come4 ,they say  
he has been apprehended on a charge of  
perjury and forgery in regard to that   
business of ,sir ,philip ,hastings1 and 
has been sent off to the county jail4   
,mrs4 ,hazleton looked certainly a      
little aghast1 and merely saying        
,indeed6 she waved her hand for the man 

to withdraw4  ,she then sat silent and  
motionless for at least five minutes4   
,what passed within her ,i cannot tell2 
but when she rose1 though pale as       
marble1 she was firm1 calm1 and         
self-possessed as ever4 ,she turned the 
key in the lock2 she drew a curtain     
which covered the lower half of the     
window1 farther across1 so that no eye  
from without1 except the eye of ,god1   
could see what she was doing there      
within4 ,she then drew forth the vial   
from its nook1 opened out the small     
packet of powder1 and poured part of it 
into a glass4 ,she seemed as if she were
 going to pour the whole1 but she paused
 in doing so1 and folded up the rest    
again1 saying1 ,that must be fully      
enough2 ,i will keep the rest2 it may be
 serviceable1 and ,i can get no more4   
,she gazed down upon the ground near her
 feet with a look of cold1 stern1 but   
awful resolution1 as if there had been  
an open grave before her2 and then she  
placed the packet in her glove1 poured a

 little distilled water into the glass1 
shook it1 and held the mixture up to the
 light4 ,the powder had in great part   
dissolved1 but not entirely1 and she    
added a small quantity more of the      
distilled water1 and poured the whole   
into the vial1 which was already about  
one-third full of a dark colored liquid4
  ,now ,i will go1 she said1 concealing 
the bottle4 ,but when she reached the   
door1 and had her hand upon the lock1   
she paused and remained in very deep    
thought for an instant1 with her brow   
slightly contracted and her lip         
quivering4 ,heaven knows what she       
thought of then1--whether it was doubt1 
or fear1 or pity1 or remorse--but she   
said in a low tone1 ,down1 fool6 it     
shall be done1 and she passed out of the
 room4  ,she paused suddenly in the     
little passage which led to the         
still-room1 by a pair of double doors1  
into the principal part of the house1   
perceiving with some degree of          
consternation that she had been         

unconsciously carrying the vial with its
 dark colored contents in her hand1     
exposed to the view of all observers4   
,her eye ran round the passage with a   
quick and eager glance2 but there was no
 one in sight1 and she felt reassured4  
,even at that moment she could smile at 
her own heedlessness1 and she did smile 
as she placed the bottle in her pocket1 
saying to herself1 ,how foolish6 ,i must
 not suffer such fits of absence to come
 upon me1 or ,i shall spoil all4  ,she  
then walked quietly to her              
dressing-room1 arranged her dress for   
the little journey before her1 and      
descended again to the hall1 where the  
servants were waiting for her coming4   
,after she had entered the carriage1    
however1 she again fell into a fit of   
deep thought1 closed her eyes1 and      
remained as if half asleep for nearly an
 hour4 ,perhaps it would be too much to 
scrutinize the state or changes of her  
feelings during that long1 painful lapse
 of thought4 ,that there was a          

struggle--a terrible struggle--can      
hardly be doubted--that opportunity was 
given her for repentance1 for           
desistance1 between the purpose and the 
deed1 we know2 and there can be little  
doubt that the small1 still voice--which
 is ever the voice of ,god--spoke to her
 from the spirit-depth within1 and      
warned her to forbear4 ,but she was of  
an unconquerable nature2 nothing could  
turn her2 nothing could overpower her1  
when she had once resolved on any act4  
,there was no persuasion had effect2 no 
remonstrance was powerful4 ,reason1     
conscience1 habit itself1 were but dust 
in the balance in the face of one of her
 determinations4  ,she roused herself   
suddenly from her fit of moody          
abstraction1 when the carriage was still
 more than a mile from the house of ,sir
 ,philip ,hastings4 ,she looked at the  
watch which hung by her side1 and gazed 
at the sky2 and then she said to        
herself1 ,that woman's impertinent      
intrusion was intolerable4 ,however1 ,i 

shall get there an hour before the      
twenty-four hours have passed1 and      
doubtless she will have kept her word   
and refrained from speaking till she has
 seen me2 but ,i am afraid ,i shall find
 her woke up from her mid-day doze1 and 
that may make the matter somewhat       
difficult4 ,difficult6 why ,i have seen 
jugglers do tricks a thousand times to  
which this is a mere trifle4 ,my sleight
 of hand will not fail me1 ,i think2 and
 then she set her mind to work to plan  
out every step of her proceedings4  ,all
 was clearly and definitely arranged by 
the time she arrived at the door of ,sir
 ,philip ,hastings' house4 ,her face was
 cleared of every cloud1 her whole      
demeanor under perfect control4 ,she was
 the ,mrs4 ,hazleton1 the calm1         
dignified1 graceful ,mrs4 ,hazleton1    
which the world knew2 and when she      
descended from the carriage with a slow 
but easy step1 and spoke to the coachman
 about one of the springs which had     
creaked and made a noise on the way1 not

 one of ,sir ,philip ,hastings' servants
 could have believed that her mind was  
occupied with any thing more grave than 
the idle frivolous thoughts of an       
every-day society4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,the shrewdest and
 most successful of politicians has     
given us the secret of his policy in the
 words1 ,follow the public so closely   
that you shall seem to lead it4         
,,footnotes3  #i ,continued from page   
#bja     ,,music4  ,,written ,,for ,,the
 ,,international ,,monthly ,,magazine   
,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,parker4       ,the       
singing spheres     ,entranced the very 
time they measured out2     ,and memory 
drew me back to one sweet year1         
,when1 born anew to thought and love1   
the earth     ,was new1 and             
music--fancy's dancing light     ,till  
then--became a dazzling revelation4     
',twas in a city1 midway from the hymns 
,of ,trenton and ,niagra4 ',twas an eve 
,when a whole nation sighed1 as hour by 
hour1     ,the news electric ran that he

 was dying1     ,the ,palo ,alto hero4  
,then and there1     ,i hear the        
orchestra that once had winged     ,the 
festal hours when first the hero stood1 
,a nation's chief4 ,to me1 the hall1 the
 crowd1     ,were not2 ,i watched a     
window-square of sky     ,deepen from   
tender blue to night profound2     ,and1
 as it deepened1 heard the voice of     
,time1     ,all ,time1 all joy and      
sorrow1 madness1 woe1     ,and saw a    
thousand forms of light and gloom1      
,from music born4 ,distorted faces      
glared2     ,long lines of star-browed  
angels circled down1     ,and ages dead 
were summoned back to earth4     ,the   
horn rang out the joy of happy souls2   
,the viol screamed and laughed in scorn1
 and groans     ,rose dread and deep    
from under gulfs of night4     ,the     
past1 the future life of self1 of all4  
,before me crowded1 wailed1 entreated1  
warned1     ,battled1 triumphed1 or     
struggled wildly past1     ,a long      
procession4                        ,good

 for me the hour     ,when music1 erst a
 sylph or monster form1     ,assumed the
 glory that immortals wear1     ,and    
sang to me the messages of ,heaven4     
,it nerved me newly for the war of life1
     ,of truth1 humanity4 ,now1 a naked 
soul1     ,i dwelt within the central   
court of space--     ,no globe immense1 
but the aye changing point1     ,where  
centred1 hangs the whole creation's     
weight1     ,light as a snow-flake1 on  
the hand of ,god4     ,the trill of     
myriad stars1 the heavy boom     ,of    
giant suns that slowly came and went1   
,the whistlings1 sweet and clear1 of    
lesser orbs1     ,and the low thunder of
 more distant deeps1     ,ever          
commingling1 grew to eloquence     ,no  
earthly brain may bear4 ,the universe   
,had found a voice3 the countless souls 
that fill     ,the countless earths1    
were calling each to each1     ,in tones
 as high as heaven1 as deep as hell1    
,and many as the many words4 ,i felt    
,what is existence1 what the vast       

extent1     ,the mystery1 and the far   
result4444     ,,the ,,count            
,,monte-,,leone3  ,,or1 ,,the ,,spy ,,in
 ,,society4#aj  ,,translated ,,for ,,the
 ,,international ,,monthly ,,magazine   
,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,h4 ,,de     
,,st4 ,,georges4   ,,iii4 ,,the ,,duel  
,it was a morning of ,december1 but one 
of those fitful days when1 the sun      
shining and the sky cloudless1 the      
weather might lead one to suppose it to 
be spring1 were the temperature not so  
cold and sharp1 or if the flowers would 
only open1 and the sun were as warm as  
it was bright4 ,the young ,marquise de  
,maulear sat over her painting1 with    
,scorpione at her feet1 when the ,count 
,monte-,leone was announced4  ,show him 
in1 said ,aminta4  ,the ,count entered4 
,he was very pale1 and there was a      
secret emotion on his countenance which 
,aminta discovered at once4  ,what is   
the matter8 said she2 why have you come 
so early to see me8 ,i do not reproach  
you for this2 but if you intend by what 

you do now to stay away this evening1 ,i
 object to it4 ,i protest against this1 
,monsieur4  ,how beautiful you are6 said
 ,monte-,leone1 and how ,i love to hear 
you thus calculate your moments of      
happiness4  ,ah1 ,monsieur1 ,i am very  
exacting1 ,i have already told you4 ,i  
will1 however1 grant you one hour1      
especially as time passes so rapidly in 
your company4 ,then she said1 sadly1    
,life is so short6  ,yes1 very short1   
said the ,count2 especially when the    
career you promise me is                
pleasant--enough so to make one wish it 
would never end4  ,i should so wish it1 
but you1 perhaps1 would think it        
tedious4  ,it should be eternal1 said   
,monte-,leone1 and eternity itself would
 not suffice for me to prove my         
tenderness4 ,besides1 my purgatory here 
has been long enough4 ,have ,i not      
suffered all the tortures of hell since 
the day ,i renounced you8 ,ah6 said he1 
passionately1 you will never know how ,i
 loved1 and how ,i now love you4  ,yes1 

yes1 said ,aminta1 with a smile1 a heart
 like yours1 ,i think1 can love but     
once4 ,i speak seriously--do you hear1  
sir8 ,this word means much--so much that
 ,i tremble to think of it4 ,you love   
me1 and always will4 ,i have faith in   
you4  ,the future1 said the ,count1 with
 an expression of sorrow which he could 
not conquer1 is your own--at least1 if  
such is ,god's will1 for mine is in your
 hands4  ,what mean you8 said the       
,marquise1 fearfully1 and looking again 
with anxiety at the ,count4 ,what       
trouble now menaces you8 ,would you     
leave ,paris and myself8 ,well1 that is 
a small affair4 ,the country you dwell  
in shall be my country--the climate you 
select shall be mine4 ,i will love the  
climate you love1 even if it be as      
sombre and icy as our ,italy is warm and
 glorious4 ,the true country is where we
 find happiness4  ,dear ,aminta1 said   
the ,count1 with a delight he could not 
repress1 it would be terrible to die    
now4  ,scorpione drew near the ,count1  

and looked at him with a strange        
expression4 ,one might have fancied that
 like the idiots of northern lands1 who1
 we are assured1 have a strange         
prescience of the future1 this poor     
being was seized on by an unfortunate   
presentiment4  ,the words she had heard 
echoed sadly in ,aminta's heart4 ,my    
friend1 said she for some time ,i have  
seen that you suffered4 ,you are no     
longer happy in my presence4 ,for pity's
 sake conceal nothing from me4          
,something terrible and unknown exists  
in your heart4 ,to whom else but me     
would you confide it8 ,who would you    
permit to share my torments8 ,who should
 suffer with you8 ,tell me1 ,i beseech  
you1 for doubt is worse even than       
misery4  ,the ,count felt his very soul 
expand as he heard this expression of   
,aminta's interest4 ,he was about to    
speak to her4 ,could he1 however1 reveal
 to a young and tender woman the fate   
which menaced him--the duel which as was
 said was to be merciless8 ,could he    

tell her of the prospect of death in the
 midst of his dreams of happiness4 ,all 
this was barbarous and impossible1 and  
the ,count sought to lull the storm he  
had excited1 to soften her fears1 and to
 efface her suspicions4  ,my noble and  
dear ,aminta1 no violent and arbitrary  
power forces me to leave you4 ,perhaps1 
however1 ,i am about to undertake a     
journey--a long journey1 he said1 with  
feelings he sought in vain to repress4  
,an important and imperious duty forces 
me to do so1 and you see that ,i am sad 
on account of the farewell ,i am about  
to bid you4  ,farewell6 said ,aminta1   
growing pale2 a journey1 a departure6   
,wait but a few months1 and we will go  
together4  ,this thought1 so full of    
love1 seemed sad to the ,count1 and at  
once he said1  ,no1 no2 ,i must make    
this journey alone4 ,but1 said he1 ,i   
will return1 and thenceforth leave you  
no more4 ,this will be my last          
separation and absence4 ,the ,count     
pronounced these words with such        

earnestness that a smile of joy flitted 
across ,aminta's countenance4  ,well1   
said she1 at least ,i know what danger  
menaces4 ,i know now the secret of your 
distress1 and the cause of the          
melancholy which ,i could not before    
penetrate4 ,count1 continued she1 you   
have sometimes seen me brave and        
courageous4 ,judge then of my affection 
by the tears which ,i cannot repress4   
,monte-,leone took the young woman's    
hand1 and covered it with kisses4 ,in   
the interim1 leaning against a wall1 and
 with his features contracted by grief1 
the idiot shed tears1 because he saw    
,aminta do so4 ,a servant appeared1 and 
told the ,count that ,taddeo ,rovero    
asked to see him4 ,monte-,leone looked  
up1 and glancing at the clock1 thought  
it was one4 ,aminta stopped him as he   
was about to go4 ,shall ,i see you      
again8 said she4  ,yes1 yes1 said the   
,count--to-night--to-morrow4  ,one word 
more1 said she2 travel has its danger1  
and now ,i know you will take care of   

yourself2 for henceforth your life does 
not belong to you alone4 ,every day ,i  
will pray for you4 ,i should not1       
however1 be an ,italian woman if my     
heart had no tender superstition4       
,yours1 my brother has told me1 is not  
exempt from this feeling4 ,you have one 
family superstition in particular1 said 
she4 ,this is an heir-loom4 ,take it    
again1 said she1 and she placed on the  
,count's finger the ring of ,benvenuto1 
which ,monte-,leone long before had sent
 her through ,taddeo4 ,they tell me it  
has always brought you good fortune4 ,do
 not part with it again1 for my sake1 as
 ,i once received it for yours4         
,aminta1 said the ,count1 again you     
restore confidence to me4 ,i expected to
 leave you full of love--but you can yet
 once more make me happy4  ,how so8 said
 she4  ,let this be our wedding-ring4   
,so be it1 said ,aminta4  ,countess di  
,monte-,leone1 said the ,count1         
regaining his energy1 and speaking with 
a transport of joy4 ,we will meet       

again--,i swear we will4  ,he left1 and 
the idiot followed the ,count4          
,monte-,leone's brow became bright4 ,he 
had made up his mind1 and regained his  
firmness4  ,the countless indistinct    
voices of nature alone interrupted the  
silence of this solitude1 the echoes of 
which had so often resounded with the   
cry of grief1 or the last sighs of a    
dying man4 ,it was two o'clock when     
,monte-,leone and his companions        
appeared at the rendezvous4 ,the place  
was as yet solitary1 but in the course  
of a few minutes the distant sound of   
wheels reached their ears1 and informed 
them that ere long their adversaries    
would be present4 ,the latter1 in fact1 
descended as they had themselves done at
 the round point which led to the ruins1
 and before many minutes had passed the 
two parties had met4 ,two officers1 one 
of the navy and the other of the        
general's regiment1 accompanied the     
,lieutenant4 ,the ,count and the        
,lieutenant stood aside4 ,the witnesses 

approached each other4 ,gentlemen1 said 
,von ,apsberg1 the ,count ,monte-,leone1
 as well as ourselves1 is ignorant what 
could have given rise to the atrocious  
insult your friend has uttered1 the     
latter having refused to explain it4    
,perhaps you will think it your duty to 
do so4  ,the naval officer said1        
,monsieur1 we are sorrow to say1 that we
 know nothing more of the matter than   
you do4 ,lieutenant ,a---- is one of the
 most gallant officers of the royal     
navy4 ,he has requested us to attend him
 here to-day1 swearing that his cause   
was just and honorable1 but that he     
would unfold its cause only in articulo 
mortis1 or in case his adversary fell4  
,we have such confidence in our         
comrade's honor and prudence1 that we   
determined to do as he wished us4  ,you1
 as well as we1 gentlemen1 said the     
other second1 have read the letter sent 
by ,lieutenant ,a---- to ,count         
,monte-,leone1 and are aware that it was
 placed out of the power of the latter  

to refuse the challenge1 even if he     
thought he had as yet received          
insufficient provocation4  ,this is     
enough1 ,messieurs1 said ,von ,apsberg4 
,i have made an appeal to you1 and ,i   
see with sorrow that you disagree with  
me4 ,i have hitherto considered the     
seconds in a duel as being charged with 
the soul of their friend4 ,without      
however pronouncing on the reasons which
 seem to have influenced ,lieutenant    
,a---- in his bearing towards such a man
 as ,monte-,leone1 we agree with you    
that he has given more than sufficient  
provocation for bloodshed4 ,let us      
therefore cut short this conversation1  
and proceed4 ,we claim the choice of    
arms4  ,very well1 said the officers4   
,we select pistols1 said ,taddeo1 and   
rigorously using all our rights1 claim  
the first fire2 or that his adversary   
object by maintaining that he has       
received the first insult4  ,lieutenant 
,a---- will maintain no such thing1 said
 the naval officer4  ,then1 gentlemen1  

said ,von ,apsberg1 we will not hesitate
 to take advantage of the benefit       
allowed us by the laws of duelling4     
,the seconds of ,a---- consented1 and   
the weapons were loaded4 ,when the terms
 were explained to ,monte-,leone he     
said1 ,i wish that in this unfortunate  
and mysterious affair the right may be  
on my side4 ,i insist1 therefore1 that  
the terms be equal1 and that this       
gentleman and myself fire together1 or  
when we please1 advancing from a        
distance of twenty paces on each side4  
,i take particular care1 also1 to say1  
not from bravado merely1 but because ,i 
think proper to do so1 that ,i am an    
extremely good shot4  ,were ,i not      
resolved to kill you1 said the          
,lieutenant1 ,i would refuse this       
insolent generosity4 ,i think ,i have   
such rights over your life1 and my      
vengeance is of so sacred character1    
that ,i accept it without hesitation4   
,all then were silent--the ground       
measured and the pistols loaded4 ,all   

this passed beneath a wall of the old   
monastery of ,longchamps4 ,the two      
enemies were placed opposite4 ,the      
signal was given1 and each lifted his   
arm4 ,without advancing towards his     
enemy1 who walked rapidly towards him1  
,count ,monte-,leone fired and his ball 
took effect on the body of the          
,lieutenant1 who sank on the ground     
before him4 ,he did not utter a         
complaint1 did not close his eyes1 but  
supporting himself on his elbow he fired
 on ,monte-,leone4 ,the ball would have 
struck the ,count in the breast had not 
a man rushed rapidly as lightning from  
the thicket1 and covering the ,count    
with his body1 received the ball in his 
own heart4  ,four persons cried out at  
once4 ,the seconds rushed towards the   
victim1 who was ,scorpione4 ,the poor   
idiot thus died for ,aminta1 for he     
rescued one she loved4 ,when they lifted
 up the unfortunate lad he was dead4 ,it
 was afterwards learned from the people 
of the house that when he saw ,taddeo   

with the pistol case1 he had gotten into
 a hackney coach and followed the three 
friends4 ,he beyond doubt remembered the
 box which he had seen in the hands of  
the ,count at the time of the difficulty
 with the ,marquis de ,maulear4 ,he had 
gone thus to the rendezvous and sprang  
from his concealment only to receive the
 mortal wound4  ,while ,von ,apsberg1   
,monte-,leone1 and ,taddeo sought to    
reanimate ,tonio1 the seconds of ,a---- 
supported him1 and made useless efforts 
to staunch the blood which poured from  
his wound4 ,von ,apsberg being satisfied
 that ,scorpione was dead1 offered his  
services to the ,lieutenant4 ,he1       
however1 had fainted4 ,von ,apsberg took
 out his case and cut two long straps of
 adhesive plaster for the purpose of    
healing the wound4 ,he soon saw that his
 efforts would be useless4 ,he said the 
ball is in the pylorus1 and that noble  
organ being injured1 death1 unless a    
miracle ensue1 must supervene4 ,the     
seconds looked on with amazement4 ,just 

then the sound of the feet of several   
horses was heard1 one of the officers   
said1 ,it is the forest keepers4  ,hurry
 away1 said ,von ,apsberg to            
,monte-,leone1 who yet held the hand of 
,scorpione and looked at him with great 
pity4 ,hurry away4 ,they will arrest you
 as the murderer of this man and what   
then will become of the association8    
,the ,count yet hesitated1 for this     
sudden flight might seem injurious to   
his character4 ,he was unwilling to     
shake off the responsibility of any act 
of his life4  ,for ,aminta's sake1 said 
,taddeo1 in a low voice2 and the ,count1
 rushing into the thicket1 disappeared4 
,a few minutes passed and they waited   
for the horsemen1 whose uniforms were   
seen in the distance4 ,this was idle1   
for they passed within a few paces of   
the dead body without noticing it4  ,and
 another1 too1 in spite of all ,von     
,apsberg's efforts1 was dying4 ,a       
convulsive whistle began to escape from 
the breast of the ,lieutenant1 his eyes 

rolled in his head1 and his sight began 
to grow dim4 ,the blood ceased to flow1 
and only a few black drops escaped from 
time to time4 ,suddenly the body which  
had become contracted1 expanded1 and by 
a last effort the eyes of the dying man 
began to expand and glittered strangely4
  ,listen all1 said he sharply and      
distinctly2 do not loose one word ,i    
say4 ,these are the last words ,i shall 
ever pronounce4 ,may ,god grant me power
 to unmask a traitor and prevent him    
from making new victims4 ,all drew near1
 and paid attention to the words of one 
about to appear before his ,creator4    
,the respirations of the three auditors 
were distinct4 ,i said that ,i would    
reveal my secret only in articulo       
mortis1 or in case my adversary fell1 ,i
 will keep my promise4 ,i did not tell  
you1 and he turned with pain towards his
 seconds1 why ,i insulted this man who  
has killed me4 ,the reason was that if  
,i had spoken you would not have        
suffered me to meet him as being        

unworthy of the arm of an honest man4 ,i
 wished to kill him first and unmask him
 afterwards4 ,this brilliant ,count     
,monte-,leone is a miserable hanger-on  
of the police4 ,the people call such    
things eaves-droppers1 but men of higher
 rank give them another name3           
,monte-,leone is a ,,spy ,,in ,,society4
  ,horror6 it is a slander1 said ,von   
,apsberg and ,taddeo4  ,by all that is  
dearest to me1 said the ,lieutenant1    
whose voice became every moment weaker  
and weaker1 by my father's life1 by my  
own soul1 this is true4 ,monte-,leone   
denounced the ,general1 and my father   
himself gave me evidence of the fact1   
which is beyond a doubt4 ,he will also  
satisfy you--men do not lie at the hour 
of death1 and ,i am dying with these    
words on my lips4  ,he closed his eyes  
and died4   ,,iv--,,the ,,anonymous     
,,note4  ,nothing could describe the    
stupefaction of the four seconds of the 
duel at what ,a----said4 ,von ,apsberg  
was the first to divest himself of the  

mute terror which seemed to have taken  
possession of all4 ,gentlemen1 said he1 
,i appeal to your honor4 ,the truth of a
 dying man's assertions cannot be       
suspected4 ,i am sure he was convinced  
of the truth of his assertion4 ,this    
alone can palliate his statements4 ,m4  
,a---- would have soon recovered from   
his unfortunate impression in relation  
to the count1 and it is a pity that he  
did not sooner impart it to us4 ,we are 
able to furnish such evidence of ,monte 
,leone's truth that he would have       
himself confessed that he was wrong4 ,we
 will see at all risks the unfortunate  
young man's father and will attempt to  
discover the origin of this strange     
imputation4 ,we will ask one favor of   
you1 such as may be between people of   
honor1 to suspend your judgments in     
relation to ,monte-,leone until we are  
able to satisfy you this originated in  
some terrible mistake4  ,the naval      
officer then said3 ,we have no reason to
 be hostile to ,count ,monte-,leone1 and

 his conduct in relation to the         
preliminaries of the duel rather inspire
 us with respect4 ,we will1 then1 await 
your communications and say nothing of  
the circumstances4  ,i thank you1       
sirs--all here has occurred as should   
between men of honor and courage4 ,let  
us now take care of the victims4 ,each  
take care of his own friend1 pointing to
 the son of the ,general and to         
,scorpione4  ,a quarter of an hour      
afterwards there remained only a few    
drops of dried-up blood on the withered 
leaves and on the moss4 ,when ,taddeo   
returned with the body of ,tonio1       
,monte-,leone was already with the      
,marquise4 ,when the latter saw him1 she
 thought in obedience to his promise he 
had come to bid her adieu4 ,then the    
,count told her what had happened1 and  
the circumstances of ,scorpione's death4
 ,aminta wept4  ,all the self-denial of 
the poor lad appeared before her2 his   
torture and suffering which began and   
ended his life4 ,the arrival of ,taddeo1

 therefore1 distressed her4 ,the ,count1
 however1 was there1 and she had        
discovered the direction of his         
pretended voyage4 ,the ,count1 perhaps1 
regretted ,tonio's death as much as she 
did1 for he had been its involuntary    
cause and could not console himself for 
it4  ,a few hours after1 ,von ,apsberg  
and ,taddeo met at the bedside of the   
,vicomte1 who was yet sick4 ,they told  
him all the incidents of the duel1 and  
they concurred in thinking the          
statements of the dying ,lieutenant most
 atrocious4 ,they determined not to     
speak of it to the ,count whose anger   
and exasperation1 they feared at such a 
statement4 ,as ,von ,apsberg had said to
 the ,lieutenant's seconds1 they        
determined at all hazards to reach the  
,general's cell1 and thus explain the   
mystery4 ,three days passed in useless  
efforts to induce the authorities to    
accede to their request4 ,at last the   
,procureur du roi relaxed in favor of   
,doctor ,matheus who was introduced into

 the cell of ,general ,a---- whom he    
found completely overcome by the death  
of his son4 ,to this grief1 which was   
intense and terrific1 was joined the    
most violent anger against the ,count1  
whom he called the murderer and assassin
 of his son4 ,yes1 said the unfortunate 
father1 he is a villain1 and coward1 and
 has denounced the father and killed the
 son4 ,what have ,i done to this man8   
why is he so enraged against me8 why    
against mine8  ,general1 said ,von      
,apsberg1 ,i can understand how bitter a
 despair like yours must be3 it should  
not1 though1 make you unjust towards a  
man of honor who was your associate and 
is ours4 ,this was said in a low tone4  
,count ,monte-,leone fought honorably   
against your son1 and but for an        
unforseen accident would have been      
killed by him4 ,resume1 then1 your      
coolness4 ,time is precious1 and ,i beg 
you to tell me why you have accused     
,monte-,leone4  ,would to ,god ,i had   
kept that terrible secret to myself6    

would to ,god my son had never heard    
that charge6 ,he would not then have    
been forced to meet him to avenge me2 he
 would have been living now4  ,the sobs 
of the ,general increased4 ,von ,apsberg
 suffered his grief to pass away1 and   
asked1 ,is this note yours1 ,general8   
,what note8 asked he1 and looking       
through his tears at a piece of paper   
which the ,doctor gave him4  ,von       
,apsberg whispered almost in his ear4   
,this note was given a few days after   
your arrest4  ,the ,general read it1 and
 said3 ,yes1 an old servant who         
accompanied me to the prison1 and who   
was afterwards taken away1 was my       
messenger4  ,and you say that you saw in
 the hands of the ,prefect1 as the basis
 of the charge against you1 the list of 
the members of your vente signed by you 
and given by you to ,count              
,monte-,leone4  ,i do4  ,well1 said the 
,doctor1 repel this error1 and do       
justice to the innocent name you have   
aspersed1 for the ,count gave me that   

very list1 and here it is4 ,the ,general
 took the document and looked minutely  
at the signature4 ,he then said1 ,this  
is not the list ,i gave ,monte-,leone4  
,my signature is forged4 ,both the list 
and signatures have been imitated by a  
forger1 skilfully indeed1 but the true  
list1 the one which beyond doubt will   
take me to the scaffold1 this list1 as  
,i say and as my blood will prove1 is in
 the hands of the ,prefect of police4   
,von ,apsberg grew pale and leaned      
against the wall4 ,an icy paleness ran  
through his veins and a cloud stood     
before his eyes4 ,he shuddered at this  
distinct statement4 ,the fact was this  
list must have been taken from his own  
papers and imitated in his own room     
which hitherto he had looked on as      
inviolable1 or the ,count was a traitor1
 and the ,general right4 ,the           
unfortunate ,lieutenant was not         
mistaken1 he had proved all he said1 and
 was correct in all he did4 ,general1   
said ,von ,apsberg1 for the sake of the 

honor of a man who is dear to me1 for   
the sake of an association the dominant 
idea of which you have sustained so     
nobly and for which you now suffer1     
think well--make an appeal to your      
memory2 let not chagrin lead you astray1
 ,i beg you2 by your thirty glorious    
years of service1 ,i ask you if that is 
not your signature8  ,on my conscience1 
and by the memory of my son1 ,i vow that
 list is an imitation1 a copy of mine1  
and that the original was given to      
,angles on the day of my arrest4  ,it is
 a strange and incredible mystery1 said 
,von ,apsberg1 who continued to repel   
with horror the idea of treason in      
,monte ,leone4 ,some enemy must have    
taken this paper from the ,count and    
copied it4  ,do not look so far for this
 traitor4 ,i have pointed him out to    
you4 ,the man you call your friend has  
denounced and betrayed me by means of   
that fatal document4 ,i tell you1       
,doctor1 he is a coward1 and has        
betrayed the father and son4 ,the old   

soldier wept4 ,they came to tell the    
,doctor that the time allotted for his  
visit was past4 ,he was about to leave  
when the ,general seized him and said1  
,do prompt justice to that man1 or the  
day of ,carbonarism is gone4 ,von       
,apsberg could not restrain an          
expression of terror when he heard these
 words and saw the look with which they 
were accompanied4 ,he clasped the       
,general's hand and followed the turnkey
 who accompanied him to the outer gate  
of the conciergerie4444  ,two days      
before this scene1 ,,mm4 ,ober and      
professor ,c41 the two other chiefs of  
the central ventes1 who were yet at     
liberty1 placed in the hands of ,count  
,monte-,leone their lists certified to  
as those of ,general ,a----1 ,f----1    
,b----1 and the ,count de ,ch----1 had  
been4 ,monte-,leone at once took those  
important papers to ,matheus1 who shut  
them up with the others in a secret     
drawer of the old bureau1 a print of the
 lock of which we saw ,mlle4            

,crepineau's lover take4 ,von ,apsberg1 
when he returned home1 found ,taddeo and
 the ,vicompte waiting for him4 ,the    
latter was much changed1 being pale and 
weak4 ,he was so anxious1 however1 to   
learn the result of the ,doctor's visit 
to ,a---- that he went to his house4    
,von ,apsberg was struck by the         
agitation of his friends and the        
desperation of their countenances4      
,taddeo said3 ,we are betrayed and lost1
 and ,carbonarism in ,france is dead4   
,ober and ,c---- were last night        
arrested and taken to prison4 ,von      
,apsberg sank on his chair without      
speaking4 ,he then arose and rushed out 
of the room4 ,what is the matter with   
him8 said both ,taddeo and the ,vicomte4
 ,von ,apsberg went to his laboratory1  
opened the door and then the secretary4 
,he took out a mass of papers1 and      
descended again with rapidity4 ,he said 
to the ,vicomte1 you know the signature 
of ,ober1 having corresponded with him  
on business1 and handed him the letter4 

,d',harcourt took it1 and went to the   
window1 the curtains of which he threw  
aside4 ,he looked carefully at the      
signature2 and then1 after a minute     
examination of every letter1 said1 ,it  
is forged4 ,he then took a letter from  
his pocket and added1 ,i can prove it by
 this4 ,he then laid the letter which   
was written by ,ober side by side with  
the roll and said1 ,this is but a coarse
 imitation4  ,von ,apsberg beat his     
breast and exclaimed3 ,as you said1 my  
friends1 ,cabonarism is dead in ,france1
 and one of its sons1 or rather its     
chief1 who should have defended it with 
his body and mind1 with his blood and   
life1 has basely slain it4  ,do you mean
 ,monte-,leone8 asked d',harcourt and   
,taddeo4  ,i mean ,monte-,leone1 and he 
told all that had passed between the    
,general and himself4  ,no6 said        
,taddeo4 ,i do not and can not think so4
 ,i will not4 ,i will not think one ,i  
have esteemed honorable to a proverb1 so
 debased4 ,no6 ,count ,monte-,leone is  

neither a spy nor a traitor4 ,no6 he    
shall be slandered by none2 not even by 
you shall such a slander be uttered     
against a friend1 countryman1 and       
brother4  ,why1 added he1 with great    
vehemence1 why do you not ask for       
another version than that which condemns
 him8 why may not these lists have been 
taken and copied while in his           
possession8 why may they not have been  
thus treated1 so that he gave you but   
counterfeits when he fancied he gave you
 originals8 ,indeed1 said the           
noble-hearted young man1 you forget too 
easily the qualities of those you love1 
and are oblivious of years of courage   
consecrated to the cause we sustain1 and
 for which he has periled his life4     
,truly your friendship turns now into   
hatred and contempt4  ,taddeo1 said     
d',harcourt1 ,we too1 suffer--our hearts
 also repel what our reason tells us is 
true4 ,as you do we seek to satisfy     
ourselves that hate not design had      
produced our ruin4 ,we1 like you1 are   

unwilling to think our friend a villain2
 and ,god grant we may not be mistaken4 
,von ,apsberg added that his faith in   
,monte-,leone had been revived by       
,taddeo's energetic defence4 ,every     
thing must have a cause1 a reason1 a    
motive4 ,why then should ,monte-,leone  
betray us4  ,well1 well1 my friends1    
said ,taddeo1 clasping their hands1 if  
you do not suspect you are not sure of  
what you say2 you will soon be          
satisfied1 and in a short time will     
deplore your unworthy suspicion4 ,but ,i
 who repelled it will now fathom what it
 means4 ,our safety and a brother's     
honor depend on our doing so4           
,gentlemen1 said ,von ,apsberg1 we      
should be guilty if we concealed any    
longer from ,monte-,leone what we       
intended4 ,certainly a determined will  
is required to enable one to inflict    
such a blow on him4 ,he alone can enable
 us to trace the traitors and criminals4
 ,he can give us light--otherwise we are
 in darkness4  ,taddeo said1 ,ask me to 

brave death1 to risk my liberty for our 
cause1 and ,i will not hesitate4 ,do    
not1 though1 ask me to say to a man whom
 ,i think honorable1 'you are accused of
 having sold your brothers1 of having   
basely denounced their secrets--you are 
called a traitor and a spy--that ,i     
cannot do4'  ,d',harcourt said1 like    
,taddeo1 ,i feel myself incompetent to  
make this revelation4 ,my lips would    
quiver1 and in spite of my efforts1 my  
strength would fail when ,i looked into 
his lofty brow and frank countenance4   
,on that brow fear and shame have never 
spread a blush4  ,then ,i will speak1   
said ,von ,apsberg1 ,i love the ,count  
as well as you do1 and accused him just 
now with deep regret1 my heart refuting 
the imputation which my mouth uttered4  
,i will see him1 ,i will tell him of    
all1 and will in my devotion accomplish 
the most cruel task ever imposed on me4 
,just then several blows were struck on 
the pannel of the book-case through     
which we have seen ,s4 ,pignana enter1  

and also ,signor ,salvatori and ,m4     
,h----4 ,this is some important         
information from ,pignana1 said ,von    
,apsberg1 and he touched the spring4    
,the panel opened1 but behind it was    
,monte-,leone instead of ,pignana4 ,all 
experienced great emotion when they saw 
him4 ,von ,apsberg was the most         
agitated1 for he was to speak1 and had  
thus the most painful task to perform4  
,i am just now come1 said ,monte-,leone1
 but ,i did not think ,i should enter   
,frederick's house openly4 ,prudence is 
now more needed than ever4 ,you have    
heard1 said he1 of the arrests of the   
chiefs of the two other central ventes8 
,yes1 said ,von ,apsberg1 and we were   
seeking to discover who is our secret   
enemy4  ,this misfortune1 said the      
,count1 is to be attributed rather to   
our friends than our enemies4 ,one piece
 of indiscretion may have produced all  
this4  ,imprudence1 said ,matheus1 in a 
conspiracy1 is a crime4 ,it endangers   
all who participate in it4  ,my friends1

 said the ,count1 our association is    
menaced from all quarters4 ,the journals
 of every day reveal to all ,europe the 
misfortunes of the secret societies of  
,germany and ,italy--the sisters of     
,carbonarism in ,france4 ,the latter1   
attacked in the person of the chiefs of 
our central ventes1 mortally wounded by 
the discouragement of a great number of 
our brothers1 has now but one of two    
alternatives to take4  ,revolt8 said    
,von ,apsberg4  ,violence8 said ,taddeo4
  ,no1 my friend1 prudence and inaction4
  ,all looked at him with surprise1 and 
,von ,apsberg felt again the strange    
feeling which the facts we have         
recounted had produced4  ,the ,count    
resumed4 ,what ,i say1 it is evident1   
astonishes you4 ,burdened1 though1 with 
a heavy responsibility by the ventes of 
,europe1 which await1 as a signal for   
action1 only my word1 ,i can give it to 
this immense secret association1 which  
is beneath the surface of society1 only 
when force and number are aided by      

opportunity4 ,opportunity now is        
wanting2 for the uneasy eye of          
government penetrates our ranks1 and the
 iron hand of despotism decimates us4   
,force and numbers now are paralysed by 
fear1 and ,i am sorry to say all our    
future hope is found in prudence and    
inactivity4  ,this language is indeed   
strange in the month of ,monte-,leone1  
said d',harcourt4  ,far different1 said 
,taddeo1 from that you used yesterday4  
,calm and cold1 said ,von ,apsberg1 when
 we take into consideration the storm   
which howls around us--the shipwrecks   
which menace every day our vessels4     
,because the heavens are in a           
blaze--because the tempests howls around
 us1 ,i would have you for the time seek
 a shelter4  ,once1 though1 said        
,apsberg1 you advised us to brave       
danger1 to meet it face to face1 to     
parry it with arms in our hands1 to     
conquer or to die4  ,gentlemen1 said the
 ,count with dignity1 am ,i called on to
 rehearse again the offensive scene     

which took place at the abbey de ,san   
,paolo8 ,am ,i1 as one in the supreme   
vente of ,naples1 the chief of which ,i 
was1 an object of distrust to my        
brethren8 ,have ,i again lost the       
confidence of my dearest associates8 ,if
 such be the case1 if the pledges ,i    
have given to our cause are now         
valueless1 if forgetfulness and         
ingratitude go together1 say so1 plainly
 and distinctly4 ,i am willing to       
abandon the office1 title1 and rank1 you
 have conceded to me4 ,i will write to  
all the ventes of ,europe and will      
henceforth become the most humble but   
not the least devoted brother of the    
association4  ,the suspicions of the    
three friends at once passed away when  
they heard this energetic and loyal     
discourse4 ,von ,apsberg gave his hand  
to the ,count4 ,excuse us1 said he1     
misfortune embitters even the best men4 
,the misfortunes of our brethen1 the    
mysterious enemy who denounces and seems
 anxious to effect our ruin1 overwhelm  

and distress us4 ,look1 added he1 with  
the haste with which men often discharge
 a painful duty1 here are the lists of  
the six chiefs of the central ventes4   
,are these the papers given you by the  
imprisoned chiefs ,a----1 ,ch----1      
,b----1 ,c----1 ,f----1 and ,ober8 ,are 
these the papers you gave me8  ,they    
are4  ,are these their signatures8 said 
,von ,apsberg4  ,they are4  ,you are    
mistaken1 said d',harcourt1 at least in 
relation to that of ,ober1 for here is  
his true signature to this letter1      
written the day previous to his arrest4 
,you can yourself see how poor the      
imitation is4  ,the ,count grew pale1   
and the other conspirators watched him  
as if to read his thoughts4  ,do you    
think the other lists also forgeries8   
said the ,count4  ,we do4  ,then1 said  
the ,count1 all is lost4  ,all is lost1 
said ,von ,apsberg1 and we wish to      
ascertain from you who had charge of    
these papers2 how is it that they have  
been copied1 and how came the originals 

in the hands of the police8  ,if such be
 the case1 said ,taddeo1 who suffered   
visibly from this species of            
examination4  ,but1 said ,monte-,leone1 
who became more and more excited1 you   
ask me a question ,i cannot             
answer--which ,god alone can explain4   
,all this is a mystery beyond my powers4
  ,well1 said ,von ,apsberg1 growing    
every moment more nervous1 for he saw   
the approach of the necessity of this   
terrible explanation2 well1 in the      
absence of proof1 our brethren indulge  
in conjectures4 ,as he spoke1 the words 
seemed riveted to his lips1 and to break
 from them with difficulty4  ,what are  
those conjectures8 said ,monte-,leone1  
resuming his sang-froid2 for the idea   
that there was a suspicion in relation  
to his honor1 was not within the compass
 of his thought4 ,he began to seek a    
remedy almost before he knew what was   
the evil which menaced him4  ,,they     
,,say1 said ,von ,apsberg1 with         
hesitation1 that some traitor has       

insinuated himself among us and betrayed
 us to the secret police--that he has   
sold us to our enemies1 and that the    
arrests of our brothers are the fruits  
of his treason4  ,who is that man8 said 
,monte-,leone4  ,who is he8 said ,von   
,apsberg1 and his very heart grew cold4 
,yes6 who8 who is he8 said              
,monte-,leone4  ,von ,apsberg was about 
to speak2 the bolt was about to fall4   
,his two friends ceased almost to       
breathe1 when the door of the room was  
rung violently4  ,who can it be at this 
hour8 said d',harcourt4  ,i cannot tell1
 said the ,doctor1 ,i expect no one4    
,the bell was rung again4  ,some        
patient1 perhaps1 said ,monte-,leone4   
,go at once4 ,a doctor should always be 
prompt to attend such calls4  ,but1 said
 d',harcourt1 what if it be an officer8 
,then there is an additional reason for 
answering the bell1 said ,monte-,leone4 
,von ,apsberg left the room1 closing the
 door after him and hurrying into the   
anteroom1 saw before him ,mlle4         

,celestine ,crepineau4 ,the three       
friends listened at the door ,von       
,apsberg had closed1 to ascertain who   
called4  ,excuse me1 ,doctor1 said      
,mlle4 ,crepineau1 but the matter was so
 urgent4  ,what8  ,this note1 which a   
very pleasant person1 fair as you are1  
but not so handsome1 asked me to deliver
 at once4  ,very well1 said the ,doctor1
 who took the note and shut the door in 
,mlle4's face4  ,now that is not polite1
 said she4 ,after all1 though1 he may   
have been engaged in some operation when
 ,i rang1 and he may have been very much
 annoyed by the interruption4  ,von     
,apsberg read the letter which had been 
given him hurriedly and uttered an      
exclamation of joy4 ,when he rejoined   
his friends1 he said1 ,god has come to  
our assistance4  ,what is the matter8   
asked all of them4  ,nothing that       
concerns us1 said the ,doctor1 seeking  
to disguise his trouble2 ,i have an     
appointment which is strictly private4  
,tell me1 then1 said ,monte-,leone1 who 

is accused of having betrayed us4  ,i do
 not know1 said ,von ,apsberg1 at once  
changing his tone4 ,no one can say who  
he is4  ,d',harcourt and ,taddeo looked 
at him with surprise4 ,the ,count said1 
,i thought our secret enemy1 or the     
person pointed out as such1 was known to
 you4  ,he is not1 said the ,doctor1    
looking significantly at his friends4   
,none know who he is4  ,then1 said      
,monte-,leone1 we must seek him out and 
reach him wherever he is4  ,if we       
discover him1 said ,von ,apsberg1 what  
shall be his fate4  ,our statutes       
provide for that case1 said             
,monte-,leone2 he shall share his       
victim's fate4 ,if our brethren die1 so 
shall he4  ,he shall die1 said the      
,carbonari4  ,listen1 said              
,monte-,leone1 the signature of ,ober is
 false1 but perhaps it is the only one  
which has been counterfeited4 ,we must  
ascertain whether the others are4 ,this 
point must be cleared up1 and ,i will   
see to it4 ,gold and influence will open

 the dungeons of our friends1 and ,i    
will see them4 ,besides1 the papers were
 not out of my possession4 ,ah6 said he1
 as if he were utterly discouraged1 this
 is enough to make a man mad4 ,to-morrow
 ,i shall have penetrated it1 and then  
you will see me4 ,he went out through   
the secret pannel4  ,when it had closed1
 ,apsberg arose and repeating his last  
words1 said1 ,yes1 my friends1 to-morrow
 you shall know all4 ,taking from his   
bosom the letter ,mlle4 ,crepineau had  
given him1 he read as follows3  ,,to    
,,doctor ,,matheus--,if you would       
ascertain who has denounced your        
brethren1 the miserable spy whose       
reports have ruined them and given to   
your enemies the original rolls1 be     
to-night at #aa o'clock1 p4 m41 at the  
back door of the ,prefecture of ,police1
 opening on the quai des ,orfevres4 ,you
 will there find the person you need4   
,this is the hour of his rendezvous4    
,stand in the angle of the door1 and    
without being seen1 you may recognize   

the informer4  ,a ,,brother of the third
 ,,central ,,vente4   ,v4--,a ,,terrible
 ,,night4  ,the night of ,january #eth1 
#ahbj1 was one of the coldest of the    
winter4 ,the snow fell heavily1 and the 
,seine was covered with large           
crystallized flakes which1 uniting      
together and lodging on each bank1      
narrowed the current and caused it to   
flow more rapidly4  ,the steps of the   
patrols1 or of the benighted travellers1
 were unheard4 ,the light of the lamps  
shone redly but indistinctly amid the   
snowy cloak which hung around them4     
,they seemed like eyes of fire in the   
long solitary streets4 ,all was sad and 
gloomy in this paradise of pleasure and 
festival4 ,one might have fancied a vast
 white shroud to be extended over a city
 without souls4  ,a man walked rapidly  
down the port ,st4 ,nicholas1 before    
that part of the old ,louvre which had  
once witnessed such joy1 love1 crime1   
and splendor4 ,his steps seemed1 from   
their length1 to testify great          

impatience and an anxiety to reach his  
destination4  ,what can they be about8  
said he4 ,all is lost if they do not    
come4 ,the anonymous note is formal and 
the terms are precise1 ,eleven o'clock  
and the quai des ,orfevres4 ,this secret
 enemy1 whose name and features we are  
about to know1 had only to hasten to the
 ,prefecture of ,police to deprive us of
 the only means of unmasking a          
scoundrel4 ,yet heaven protects us1 for 
just as ,i was about to reveal to       
,monte-,leone the villainy imputed to   
him1 this note closed my lips and veiled
 the indignation my words could not but 
have created in his noble soul4  ,the   
man stopped4 ,the silence of the quai   
was broken1 and he heard the sound of   
persons approaching him4 ,soon two      
shadows were seen by the light of the   
lamps which hung from the walls of the  
,louvre1 and a voice was heard4 ,it is  
he3 it is ,matheus4 ,he waits for us in 
the chiaro oscuro of the door4 ,this was
 followed by a short dry cough1 produced

 by the intense cold of the evening4    
,the speaker was the ,vicomte           
d',harcourt1 scarcely recovered from his
 illness4 ,a few seconds passed and     
d',harcourt and ,taddeo stood by the    
side of ,von ,apsberg4 ,the three       
friends had determined not to consult   
,monte-,leone1 nor to inform him of what
 had taken place until they knew who had
 denounced them and who was to be       
punished4  ,i came hither1 said ,von    
,apsberg1 alone1 because three men      
together are greater subjects of remark 
than two2 for the same reason two are   
more subject to comment than one2       
therefore1 let us separate1 and walking 
down the quai meet at the place         
appointed4  ,the clock of the ,hotel de 
,ville struck eleven1 when the three    
friends met in rear of the ,prefecture  
of ,police4 ,they followed strictly the 
directions of the anonymous letter4     
,they discovered the back door and stood
 in its shadow1 being concealed by an   
angle in the wall4 ,they waited there4  

,carriage after carriage passed1 and    
their hearts beat violently as each     
approached4 ,the carriages crossed the  
quai but did not stop4 ,at about a      
quarter after eleven came a carriage    
driven rapidly1 but which relaxed its   
speed as it reached the quai de         
,orfevres2 it then paused a few feet    
only from the angle of the wall where   
the ,carbonari were concealed4 ,the     
steps were let down and the person in   
the carriage descended and walked       
rapidly to the back door of the         
,prefecture4 ,in spite1 though1 of his  
haste1 the ,carbonari could not but     
remark the stature1 tournure1 cloak1 and
 bearing of the stranger4 ,the door was 
opened4 ,the three friends followed and 
were able to hear him say1 ,count       
,monte-,leone4  ,he--he-- said they4    
,the scoundrel6 said ,von ,apsberg4     
,the villain6 said ,d',harcourt4        
,taddeo hurried to the carriage which   
was on the point of leaving4  ,all doubt
 is gone1 said ,taddeo4 ,the carriage is

 his4  ,they are his horses1 said       
d',harcourt4  ,it is his driver1 said   
,von ,apsberg4 ,then speaking to the man
 who1 while surrounded by the three men1
 began to tremble1 ,who is the person   
who came in the carriage8 said he4  ,my 
master1 said the automaton1 more dead   
than alive4 ,the ,count ,monte-,leone4  
,whence did your master come hither8    
,how8 said the driver1 who did not      
understand the question4  ,i wish to    
know1 did you drive him from his hotel1 
or some other place8  ,my master was    
to-night at the ,neapolitan embassy4 ,i 
waited for him in the courtyard which   
was black as a fair on days when there  
is no reception4 ,after having remained 
an hour there he got into the carriage  
and bade me drive to the quai des       
,orfevres1 near the ,prefecture of      
,police4 ,here ,i am1 ,monsieur1 and so 
are you4 ,good night1 then4  ,whipping  
up his horses at the risk of driving    
over two of the young men who stood at  
their heads1 he went away at a gallop4  

,von ,apsberg1 d',harcourt1 and ,rovero1
 were all as white as the snow1 which   
had again begun to fall with violence1  
and looked at each other with that      
sympathy of a thousand sentiments which 
might have been expected in persons so  
terribly situated as they were4 ,terror1
 shame1 and despair were all united in  
their glance4 ,then by one of those     
sudden and sublime emotions1 they       
clasped each other's hands as if to say1
 that1 henceforth they could rely on no 
others4 ,von ,apsberg and the ,vicomte1 
were about to speak1 when ,taddeo made  
them wait1 and said1 ,no complaints1 no 
insults4 ,if it be he1 contempt and     
death4 ,as he spoke the last word his   
voice quivered4  ',if it be he8' what   
doubt can there be8 said ,von ,apsberg4 
,have not our eyes seen8 ,have not our  
ears heard8 ,are we not satisfied8  ,did
 you not hear the name8  ,may he not    
have used the name surreptitiously8     
,was it not his form1 dress1 and air8   
,did you see his face8 asked ,taddeo1   

who was himself struck with the poverty 
of his reasons1 and contended against   
his convictions4  ,but1 are not the     
driver and carriage his8  ,the driver   
may have been bribed1 said ,taddeo1 who1
 like many others1 became enthusiastic  
in favor of a bad cause4 ,i need        
something more1 ,i must be certain1 and 
will be4 ,in two hours ,i will see you  
at ,matheus's4 ,he entered a            
hackney-coach and drove away2 bidding   
the coachman go to the ,neapolitan      
embassy4  ,i know his plan1 said ,von   
,apsberg1 for if ,monte-,leone was not  
at the embassy1 the driver was mistaken1
 and it was not ,monte-,leone we saw4   
,what now shall we do8 asked the        
,vicomte1 whose cough became more       
violent1 and more frequent4  ,go home1  
said ,von ,apsberg1 for both your body  
and mind suffer4 ,you remember ,i am    
accountable to your father1 and to--your
 sister1 for your health4  ,but what    
will you do8 said the ,vicomte4  ,i will
 wait4  ,where--here8 at this door8     

,yes2 at this door1 deserted as it is4  
,i will wait here1 for the phantom or   
the reality4 ,i will wait and tear off  
the hat which covers his brow1 and read 
with my own eyes the shame there1 and   
thus throw from my soul the last remnant
 of faith in the honor of my friend4    
,but if he resist8  ,so much the better3
 ,i will then kill him4  ,and if he kill
 you8  ,his work will be complete2 for1 
like ,judas1 he will have slain one he  
said he loved4  ,i will stay1 said      
d',harcourt2 and1 despite of the        
entreaties of his friend and the orders 
of his physician1 he wrapped himself    
more closely in his cloak1 leaned       
against the wall1 and waited4 ,von      
,apsberg followed his example4444       
,taddeo went to the embassy4 ,few       
persons had been there during the       
evening1 but the rooms were brilliant   
with light1 and contrasted with the     
darkness of the vast courtyard of which 
,monte-,leone's driver had spoken4 ,it  
was almost midnight1 but like most      

,italians the ,duchess lived as much by 
night as day4 ,the hour1 too1 at which  
,taddeo came was not unusually late1 for
 at this hour he was in the habit of    
visiting the ,duchess4 ,therefore1 she  
was not surprised to see him4 ,she lay  
negligently on an ottoman in that       
boudoir where we have already seen her  
receive ,count ,monte-,leone4 ,there too
 she had probably received company      
during the evening1 for the chairs were 
in a kind of ring around the ottoman4   
,she said3  ,ah1 ,signor ,rovero1 you   
are welcome4 ,i have been kept long     
waiting this evening for you and for one
 of your best friends1 who expected to  
find you here4  ,who1 ,signora1 is that 
friend8 asked ,taddeo1 with deep        
curiosity4  ,can you not guess8 said the
 ,duchess4 ,whom should we call         
,pylades' friend but ,orestes8  ,is it  
the ,count you mean8  ,yes4  ,has he    
been here8  ,certainly1 said ,la        
,felina4  ,certainly1 repeated ,taddeo1 
you kept him a long time with you4      

,taddeo1 said ,la ,felina1 you are      
indulging in that villanous habit of    
jealousy4 ,ah6 said she1 ,i am learned  
in that4 ,she did not give him time to  
reply4 ,it is a pity you yet love a poor
 woman that chagrin and suffering       
overwhelm1 and whose heart is now as    
withered as her face4  ,to me you are   
what you always were1 and what you will 
ever be1 said ,taddeo4 ,deign1 though1  
to tell me1 ,i beg you1 when did the    
,count go8  ,the ,count1 again4 ,did you
 come hither to speak of him alone8     
,not so2 but an imperious reason forces 
me to know when he left the hotel4      
,about an hour ago1 said the ,duchess1  
looking at ,taddeo4  ,taddeo grew pale  
and his fingers grasped the back of the 
ottoman convulsively4 ,his head fell on 
his bosom1 and his eyes became          
motionless and fixed upon the carpet4   
,he was convinced1 and in despair4 ,from
 this dreary state he was aroused by the
 pressure of a soft hand4  ,taddeo1 said
 a voice musical as the song of the     

angels1 you suffer4  ,yes1 said the     
young man4  ,i see you do4 ,can         
friendship do nothing to soothe you8    
,nothing6  ,thus it is with men1 said   
,la ,felina2 they think of us in their  
pleasure and happiness1 but never in    
their sorrow4  ,taddeo looked towards   
the ,duchess1 whose features expressed  
so much sympathy and devotion that he   
felt his heart give way1 and he was     
about to give vent to his secret--an    
innate and noble sentiment of generosity
 restrained him4 ,it seemed to him that 
,la ,felina might fancy he took a base  
revenge1 should he dishonor one she had 
loved so passionately1 and1 perhaps1 was
 yet devoted to4  ,signor ,rovero1 said 
the ambassadress1 after a long silence1 
since you think me unworthy to share    
your secret1 let us have done with it4  
,skilful physicians lull pains they     
cannot soothe4 ,let me then do as they  
do1 and divert your mind from such      
bitter thoughts to present it a more    
pleasant prospect--that of your sister's

 happiness4  ,what say you8 asked       
,taddeo1 as if he were aroused from a   
dream4  ,you understand me              
certainly--the approaching marriage of  
your sister with ,count ,monte-,leone is
 everywhere understood to be a fact4    
,never6 said ,taddeo1 losing his        
sang-froid4  ,a smile of triumph1 which 
,taddeo did not observe1 flitted across 
,la ,felina's face4 ,she said1 ,what say
 you8--do you oppose the union8  ,it is 
no longer possible1 signora1 said       
,taddeo1 giving way to his emotion--it  
cannot be4 ,vice and virtue--the serpent
 and the dove--heaven and hell--may be  
mingled1 but not ,aminta and            
,monte-,leone4 ,he is unworthy of her4  
,unworthy8 said ,la ,felina--your heroic
 friend unworthy of her8  ,my friend6 ,i
 deny him4 ,he was my friend1 as ,judas 
was ,christ's4 ,for he has sold his1 as 
the recreant sold our ,saviour4         
,taddeo6 is it you who speak thus8  ,it 
is4 ,i1 whose soul has been crushed by  
his cruel deception--,i1 whose holy     

faith in his truth has perished--,i1 who
 must detest him whom ,i loved and      
honored6 ,unable any longer to conceal  
the odious secret within his breast1 he 
opened his bleeding heart to ,la        
,felina4  ,when the ,duchess had heard  
him1 she said1 ,no1 it is               
impossible6--,monte-,leone is not a     
traitor1 a coward1 the basest of men4   
,ah6 you say so2 so did ,i4 ,i repelled 
the charge with horror2 yet ,i was      
forced to yield to reason and evidence4 
,it is evident either that you saw or   
did not see him4  ,but the departure    
from your hotel1 said ,taddeo1 coincides
 so fatally with his arrival at the     
prefecture of police--the very answer of
 the driver proves all4  ,all this is   
presumptive1 yet terrible2 but if you   
yield--if your faith in his honor is not
 great enough to triumph over it1 do you
 believe that a true passion1 that a    
deep love1 such as he inspires1 will    
also do so8  ,ah1 signora6 said ,taddeo1
 with pain1 you have been generous long 

enough2 you have had pity or time long  
enough to allow me at least to remain in
 doubt about your sentiments4 ,it is    
cruel to choose such a time as this to  
own them4  ,how know you what ,i feel8  
said ,la ,felina to ,taddeo1 who was    
about to go4 ,think you the profound    
passion of which you speak can resist   
indifference and forgetfulness8--,i     
spoke only of your sister4  ,is it true8
 said the young man1 forgetting all in  
his joy at this confession--of my       
sister8  ,yes2 and her heart will not   
suffer her to be convinced as easily as 
you have been of the baseness of a man  
whose name and hand she was about to    
receive4 ,to break the bonds which unite
 them1 to change her love into contempt1
 the ,marquise de ,manlear will require 
evidence beyond dispute of a crime of   
which1 as yet1 you have only suspicions1
 and which my respect for ,monte-,leone 
forces me to repudiate4  ,as she spoke1 
the ,duchess1 who sat on the ottoman    
yet1 reached forth her arm to pick up a 

paper which lay on the carpet4 ,taddeo1 
following her motions1 picked up the    
paper and handed it to her4  ,what is   
that8 said she2 some letter ,i have     
dropped or which one of my visitors has 
lost4  ,count ,monte-,leone sat there1  
and she pointed to a particular chair4  
,she opened it mechanically1 but        
scarcely had she done so than she       
uttered a cry of grief4 ,taddeo hurried 
to ,la ,felina with a bottle of salts4  
,she had let the paper fall1 and it met 
his glance as it lay open4 ,he saw a    
seal4 ,moved by a feeling of curiosity1 
which he could not repress1 and hoping  
to discover the cause of ,la ,felina's  
emotion1 made confident also by the     
authentic character of the paper1       
,taddeo took and read it carefully4     
,scarcely had he done so than his       
strength gave way and he became pale as 
death4 ,sinking back in a chair he was  
crushed1 as it were1 by terror4 ,the    
,duchess had recovered1 and their       
countenances exhibited to each other the

 terrible feelings which filled their   
minds4  ,did you read8 said ,la ,felina4
  ,i did1 said ,rovero4 ,here it is4  ,i
 recognize as an attache of the ,police 
,count ,monte-,leone1 who acts by my    
authority4  ,this is awful1 said she4   
,do you yet doubt8 said ,taddeo1        
quivering with grief4  ,what will you do
 with that paper8 said ,la ,felina1 also
 trembling4  ,what people do with a     
decree which holds a man to public      
infamy--fasten it to the scaffold1 that 
all may know who is the wretch society  
expels from its bosom4 ,i will nail it  
to his brow4  ,no1 no6 you will not do  
so2 you will not be hard-hearted and    
cruel enough to act thus4  ,i will do my
 duty1 said ,taddeo1 sternly4  ,and ,i1 
said ,signora de la ,palma1 taking      
possession of the paper1 will not suffer
 you to do so4 ,then1 quicker than      
thought1 she crushed the paper in her   
hands1 and threw it in the fire4  ,what 
have you done8 said ,taddeo4 ,you have  
destroyed the irrefragable proof of his 

guilt4  ,you read it1 that is enough for
 you--it is too much for him4 ,then     
rushing from the room where she was     
alone1 she said aloud--,it is enough1   
too1 for me1 for now she will never     
marry him4   ,,vi4--,,the ,,accusation4 
,what had occurred was a sufficient     
reason for the ,duchess not to return to
 the room4 ,taddeo hurried to ,von      
,apsberg's4 ,d',harcourt and the ,doctor
 did not come until two o'clock4 ,the   
door they watched did not open1 and he  
they were so anxiously waiting for      
prudently left by some other egress4    
,well1 said the ,doctor to ,taddeo1 was 
he at the ,duchess's8--did he go out as 
his driver said8  ,may we yet doubt8    
said ,d',harcourt4  ,taddeo was silent1 
and seemed not even to have heard them4 
,with his head on his hands1 he sat     
before a table in the centre of the     
room4 ,his eyes were red with tears and 
watching1 and he had written a few lines
 rapidly2 at last he said3  ,read that1 
which is my answer4  ,they did so1 and a

 painful sigh escaped their breasts4    
,he continued--,i1 who defended1 accuse 
him2 ,i do so because ,i saw the proof  
of his infamy4 ,i know not its object   
and motive1 which confounds my reason2  
,i cannot1 however1 doubt it1 for ,i    
have read the letter1 and devote this   
man to the hatred and vengeance of the  
brethren he has betrayed4 ,he then told 
all that had passed4  ,von ,apsberg took
 the pen and wrote his name below       
,taddeo's4 ,d',harcourt did the same4   
,this act1 simple as it was1 had a      
lugubrious and solemn character1 for    
which it was indebted to the physiognomy
 and emotion of the three men whose     
hearts beat under the same emotion1 and 
who shed tears together4 ,at last it    
seemed that they had evidence which     
lighted up their future path of         
vengeance4  ,my friends1 said the       
,doctor1 ,carbonarism in ,france is     
dead4 ,the arrests of the chiefs of the 
central ventes tell you plainly enough  
what fate is reserved for us4 ,we are   

free men only because our liberty       
contributed to the plans of our enemies4
 ,we cannot dissemble that we are sold  
and betrayed by a spy4 ,our retreats and
 plans also are revealed1 and the       
dungeon1 exile1 or death1 is the fate of
 our brethren and ourselves4 ,i propose 
to you1 therefore1 no isolated          
vengeance1 but one for all affiliated   
with us4 ,by the terms of our           
association1 a sentence has been passed 
on the traitor1 and been signed4 ,he    
pointed to the paper to which they had  
affixed their names4 ,who will execute  
it8 ,the supreme annual vente will      
assemble in a few days at the ,masonic  
lodge of the ,friends of ,truth4 ,the   
supreme vente will decide4  ,no1        
gentlemen1 said the ,vicomte            
,d',harcourt1 my mind and education     
object to nocturnal vengeance4 ,i prefer
 daylight and the sword to obscurity and
 the dagger4 ,his sword is not worthy to
 be crossed with mine1 but better thus  
than murder4  ,so be it4 ,but not your  

sword1 but those of all of us will be   
directed to his heart4 ,to-morrow1 like 
three shadowy avengers1 we will tell him
 of his crime and punish it4  ,to-morrow
 be it1 said ,d',harcourt and ,taddeo4  
,then1 clasping each other's hand with a
 mingled feeling of anger1 sorrow1 and  
despair1 they separated4  ,on the       
morning of the night after these scenes1
 ,monte-,leone1 immersed in reflection1 
sat in his hotel4 ,it might be about ten
 o'clock4 ,the snow1 which had been     
falling since the evening before1       
intercepted the faint light of day1 and 
added to the sadness of the vast room4  
,by means of his anxious research and   
skilful investigations1 ,monte-,leone1  
since the previous evening1 had         
ascertained beyond doubt that the true  
lists of members of the central ventes  
were in the hands of the police4        
,thenceforth all seemed an impenetrable 
mystery to the ,count1 which his        
intelligence and the fertile resources  
of his mind could not fathom4 ,how had  

originals been replaced by copies8--how 
had the police obtained the originals8  
,this impenetrable enigma appeared to   
the ,count as a new evidence of his evil
 genius1 which had been for a long time 
apparently growing darker and darker    
before him1 and seemed to hurry him to  
ruin and destruction4 ,the defection of 
the world had become more and more      
sensible--the coldness every day became 
more marked and decided4 ,the incredible
 and brutal challenge of ,lieutenant    
,a----1 the causeless duel1 and the     
death he had been forced to inflict on  
one who1 for his father's sake1 he      
almost loved1 appeared before him4 ,the 
embarrassment which he saw with sorrow  
supervene in the intercourse of his     
friends with him1 caused a vague torment
 in his usually energetic and decided   
mind4 ,the tenderness of ,aminta1 the   
esteem and affection of the ,prince1    
opposed these impressions1 but could not
 dispel them entirely4 ,the ,count was  
thus disturbed by this overwhelming     

trouble and fatigue1 produced by painful
 and distressing reflection1 when       
,giacomo appeared before him4 ,he       
entered with such calmness and silence1 
that the ,count did not perceive his    
intendent until he stood at his side1   
and said3  ,a person is waiting to speak
 to your excellency in the cabinet4  ,i 
am at home for no one4  ,that is bad1   
said ,giacomo1 for ,i have said you were
 in1 and even bade the person wait in   
the next room4 ,really ,i think it was  
time to do so1 for the poor woman       
trembled so she could scarcely stand4   
,who is she8 asked the ,count4  ,that ,i
 cannot give your excellency2 in the    
first place1 because she did not tell me
 her name1 and1 in the second place1    
because she wears a veil1 which her     
little hand holds fast4 ,this1 too1 is  
always the case3 ladies never come at   
this hour to see a bachelor without a   
veil--this is the uniform of the sex4   
,who can it be8 thought he4 ,the idea   
occurred to him that it might be the    

,duchess4 ,the recollection of ,la      
,felina's disinterested kindness pleaded
 in her favor4 ,monte-,leone bade       
,giacomo show her in4 ,the intendent    
left and soon returned1 preceded by a   
veiled lady of an elegant and           
distinguished air4 ,scarcely had the old
 man retired1 when the visitor lifted up
 her veil1 and exhibited the features of
 ,aminta4 ,he was rejoiced indeed1 and  
said3  ,you here--at my house6 and      
,monte-,leone fell at her feet4 ,i never
 would have dared to ask you to grant me
 such a favor4 ,i never would have      
hoped1 you would concede such4  ,count1 
said ,aminta1 trembling as much1 as     
possible1 ,i took this step for a reason
 which is imperious to me4 ,are we      
alone8 said she1 looking timidly around 
her4  ,we are alone1 said the ,count4   
,speak to me1 and tell me to what ,i am 
indebted for your presence here8  ,to my
 sorrow and despair1 said the ,marquise4
  ,what then is the matter8 asked the   
,count with terror4  ,i do not know1 but

 some danger menaces us4444 ,the        
,prince1 my second father1 who1 as you  
know1 always treated me as a            
daughter--who hitherto always has       
received you with such kindness1 and has
 acted so that our proposed marriage is 
no longer a secret1 came yesterday to   
see me4 ,his countenance expressed the  
greatest trouble1 and his eyes sparkled 
with rage4 ,he said1 ',my daughter1 ,i  
am about to grieve you greatly1 and you 
must arm yourself with all your courage 
and resolution4 ,your marriage with     
,count ,monte-,leone is now impossible1 
and ,i beg you1 in the name of my love  
of you1 to abandon him for ever4'  ,what
 do ,i hear8 said ,monte-,leone1 almost 
beside himself4 ,what does this         
mean8--why this change8--whence did he  
obtain a right thus to ruin and crush   
me8  ,he did not pause there1 that is   
but half of my sacrifice4 ,he said1     
',you must not again receive ,count     
,monte-,leone's visits4 ,the doors of   
this house henceforth are closed to     

him4'  ,monte-,leone said with          
vehemence1 ,is it not enough to separate
 us8--would he add insult to cruelty8   
,what is my crime8 ,of what am ,i       
accused8 ,why was ,i worthy of you      
yesterday1 and am so base to-day8  ,my  
prayers and tears1 said the ,marquise1  
could not induce the ,prince to reveal  
this strange secret to me4 ,he said1    
',the ,count has no longer a right to   
your hand1 for he has deceived us4 ,if  
he insists again on speaking of his     
passion1 say to him1 that ,i know all1  
and have heard it from one who cannot   
lie1 and whom it is the duty of every   
,frenchman to have faith in next to     
,god--from the ,king6'  ,the ,count     
stood silent and amazed4 ,it seemed to  
him that an invisible net surrounded    
him1 and that the iron threads          
perpetually closed around him4 ,all grew
 darker and deeper2 the mysteries amid  
which he walked seemed more intense1 and
 his reason began to give way beneath   
the heavy hand which weighed on his     

brow4 ,aminta looked at him with deep   
distress4 ,the silence of the ,count    
appeared to acknowledge the ,prince's   
words4 ,he seemed stupified by an       
accusation1 of the justice of which he  
was aware4 ,aminta trembled at the idea 
that she had loved a criminal4 ,he1     
however1 at last looked up1 and his eyes
 bore only the expression of deep       
sadness4 ,he said1 ,aminta1 by all that 
is most holy1 by our own life1 ,i swear 
that ,i know not the meaning of this4   
,from the language1 though1 that the    
,prince has used1 and from the ,king's  
name being1 ,i know not why1 involved in
 my affairs1 it is clear that my honor  
has been doubted by the ,prince4 ,this  
,i have hitherto allowed no one to do4  
,however1 one has been found bold enough
 to do this4  ,the ,prince is almost my 
father1 said ,aminta1 timidly4  ,he is  
my mortal foe1 for he seeks to separate 
us4  ,listen1 continued he1 in a more   
gentle tone1 and he sat beside her2 my  
love is so great1 ,i dread so to bring  

any cloud across your brow1 that        
hitherto ,i have concealed my           
sufferings4  ,you have been unhappy and 
,i ignorant of it6  ,i am in that       
terrible condition in which a man feels 
that his reason is about to escape from 
him4 ,i hear my voice--,i see my face1  
and seek to discover in their expression
 if there be any symptom of folly or    
not--,i am not myself--,i am not what ,i
 was--,i am like the leper in the       
,bible1 for all flee from me--,i am     
repelled everywhere1 as if death and    
disease followed in my train4 ,french   
society1 across which ,i strode like a  
king once1 now seeks to make me atone   
for my fleeting triumph4 ,to public     
esteem and universal consideration have 
succeeded distrust and coldness4 ,i see 
hatred and fear in eyes that once shone 
with admiration and respect2 and1 when  
,i look into my life1 when ,i examine my
 most secret acts1 ,i find no cause for 
this repulsion1 and can not but ask     
myself if my fancy be not diseased1 and 

calls not up the chimeras which distress
 me4  ,no1 no1 said ,aminta1 with that  
womanly pride which always actuated her 
in relation to him she loved1 your      
reason and mind are yet the same4 ,some 
dark and odious calumny may perhaps have
 been circulated to your disadvantage4  
,who will tell me what it is8 said the  
,count2 who will exhibit it to my eyes8 
who will show me the phantom which robs 
me of name and fame1 and secretly       
immolates my honor8  ,just then the bell
 of the hotel rang4 ,the ,count hurried 
to the door to exclude any one4 ,he was1
 however1 too late2 for rapid steps were
 heard in the anteroom4  ,who is it8    
said he to ,giacomo4  ,the three persons
 to whom these doors are never closed1  
,m4 ,von ,apsberg1 d',harcourt1 and     
,rovero4  ,the ,marquise uttered a cry  
of terror4  ,they will come hither1 said
 he1 in spite of both ,giacomo and      
myself1 and this room has no other      
egress4  ,the voices of the ,carbonari  
fell on the ears of the ,marquise4  ,go 

in there1 said ,monte-,leone to the     
,marquise2 and he opened an elegant     
closet4 ,in a few moments ,i will       
dismiss them4  ,the young woman did     
so--and scarcely had the door been      
closed than the three young men entered 
the room4 ,their brows were stern and   
severe1 and bore the impress of their   
feelings4  ,what is the matter now8     
asked ,monte-,leone4  ,not a sound was  
heard1 but six eyes glared at him with  
disdain and arrogance4 ,von ,apsberg    
took a paper from his breast1 and       
without speaking1 gave it to            
,monte-,leone4  ,what means this8 said  
he4 ,he read----  ,,statutes ,,of       
,,french ,,cabonarism4  ,article        
#a4--,whosoever shall denounce or betray
 his brethren1 confesses that he        
deserves death1 and sentences himself   
for the crime at the time of its        
commission4  ,well1 said the ,count1    
looking at his friends1 ,i know all     
that4 ,i signed that article as well as 
you4  ,go on1 said ,taddeo4 ,the ,count 

continued3  ,we1 chiefs of the central  
ventes1 supreme judges of the members of
 the association1 we to whom our        
brethren have confided the sacred right 
of life and death1 declare1 swear1 and  
affirm1 that a base traitor and informer
 is among us4 ,each of us therefore     
demands on this man the punishment which
 he has made himself liable to1 which is
 death4  ,his name8 his name8 asked     
,monte-,leone4  ,his name1 said ,von    
,apsberg1 we hesitated to tell you the  
other day1 but do so no longer4 ,his    
name is ,count ,monte-,leone6           
,monte-,leone stood mute at this reply1 
and cast glances of surprise and terror 
on his companions4 ,his blood ran as if 
it would burst the arteries4 ,his eyes  
became fiery1 and the nails of his      
fingers drew blood from his palms4 ,he  
was silent4 ,one might have fancied him 
the animating spirit of a cloud charged 
with thunder4 ,after the reading of the 
sentence1 the silence was broken by ,von
 ,apsberg1 who said3  ,he who was our   

chief1 who was our dearest friend--his  
voice trembled at this sentence--should 
not die like a common ,carbonaro4 ,we   
have therefore forgotten our aversion to
 his crime1 and offer to risk our lives 
against his in strife4  ,the ,count let 
the ,doctor conclude1 and then said1 ,i 
was right6 ,i saw what ,i fancied ,i    
did4 ,this is no dream--no              
hallucination4 ,a man has dared to      
couple my name and the reproach of a    
denunciator together4  ,there are three 
who dare1 and their names are ,rovero1  
,d',harcourt1 and ,von ,apsberg4        
,gentlemen1 said he1 sometimes one is   
forced to condescend to be affronted    
when dealing with people too low to     
reach their mark4 ,i1 however1 cannot   
condescend to stoop to the gutters where
 such epithets are gathered up as you   
throw on me4  ,these epithets1 said     
,d',harcourt1 are not addressed merely  
by three men to ,count ,monte-,leone4   
,all ,paris does so4  ,public rumor1    
interrupted ,von ,apsberg1 accuses you  

of having betrayed ,a----1 ,ober1       
,b----1 and our other friends4  ,public 
rumor6 exclaimed the ,count1 whose eyes 
seemed ready to spring from his head4   
,public rumor says that ,count          
,monte-,leone1 ruined and desperate1    
obtains the money he now spends1 most   
disgracefully4 ,he has sold his brethren
 to enable him to continue his luxury4  
,the ,count uttered an exclamation of   
horror4  ,count ,monte-,leone1          
proscribed two months ago in ,france1   
owes the right of remaining in the realm
 to the fact that he is in communication
 with the ,french police1 whose agent he
 is4  ,are you done8 said ,monte-,leone1
 sarcastically4  ,count ,monte-,leone   
has sold the secrets of his brethren in 
every land1 and filled the prisons of   
,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy1 with his   
victims4  ,then1 said ,monte-,leone1    
with a far different accent from what   
might have been expected from an injured
 man or discovered criminal1 for his    
tone was almost joyous1 this is the     

explanation of the obscurity amid which 
,i have wandered4 ,no1 it is impossible6
 ,paris may speak thus1 but you do not6 
,you do not think me such a being8  ,on 
our honor we do1 said the three4  ,the  
ball which reaches the soldier's heart1 
the bolt which falls on the traveller1  
have not a more sudden effect than these
 words on ,monte-,leone4  ,they1 too6   
said he1 they1 too6  ,yes1 said ,von    
,apsberg1 we accuse you more distinctly 
even than the rest of the world4 ,we    
have horrible proof4  ,what is it8      
,general ,a---- swore on the soul of his
 son that you betrayed him2 and that he 
saw the list he gave you in the hands of
 the ,prefect of ,police4 ,this one you 
gave me1 said the ,doctor1 handing the  
document to him4 ,here are the lists of 
the five other ventes1 all of which are 
false and counterfeit4 ,you alone had   
these lists1 and could give them up4    
,horrible6 said ,monte-,leone4  ,a man1 
said ,d',harcourt1 went yesterday1 at   
eleven o'clock at night1 into the       

,prefecture of ,police4 ,this man got   
out of a carriage which was your own4   
,the man gave your name to the keeper of
 the gate4 ,he did not however know that
 two of his brethren overheard him4     
,those who overheard him are now before 
you4 ,will you deny it8  ,the carriage  
and name mine8 said ,monte-,leone1      
beside himself4  ,finally1 said ,taddeo1
 ,i saw the disgraceful brevet you      
received from the police4 ,i saw the    
name of ,monte-,leone linked with the   
infamous word ',,spy4'  ,taddeo had no  
sooner finished reading this letter than
 ,monte-,leone hurried towards a press1 
and took out pistols1 one of which he   
threw at ,taddeo's feet4  ,take it1 said
 he1 kill me before ,i shoot you2 for ,i
 will not survive this insult one       
moment1 or live with him who has        
pronounced it4  ,at that moment1 a cry  
was heard in the next room4 ,the door   
was thrown open1 and the ,marquise of   
,maulear fell between her brother and   
,count ,monte-,leone4                   

,,vii4--,,descent ,,of ,,the ,,police4  
,when the ,marquise de ,maulear regained
 consciousness her attention was        
directed to a woman who knelt before the
 sofa4 ,this person was the confidential
 female servant of the ,count           
,monte-,leone1 who rendered to the      
,marquise cares he could not extend     
himself4 ,having retired into the next  
room he anxiously waited for an         
opportunity to see her again4 ,doctor   
,von ,apsberg having become satisfied   
that the young woman had merely fainted1
 and that there was nothing serious in  
her condition1 joined ,d',harcourt in   
his efforts to hurry ,taddeo from the   
hotel2 and ,monte-,leone's ideas having 
been suddenly changed by the apparition 
of the lady1 which had effaced all his  
sufferings1 scarcely perceived their    
sudden departure4 ,the ,marquise1 when  
she recovered1 remembered this terrible 
scene4  ,my                             
brother6--,taddeo6--,monte-,leone6 where
 are they8 ,for ,god's sake hide nothing

 from me--take me to them--let me       
terminate that terrible combat1 the very
 idea of which makes me mad4  ,here is  
the ,count1 madame1 said the woman1     
pointing to ,monte-,leone1 who drew     
near4  ,one word--tell me where my      
brother is4  ,count ,monte-,leone bade  
the servant leave him2 and when he was  
alone with her1 he said bitterly1 ,your 
brother is gone1 madame1 with his       
friends1 after having overwhelmed me    
with insults4  ,by your love to me1 said
 ,aminta1 falling on her knees1 ,i ask  
his life4  ,but you did not hear this   
terrible scene1 said he4  ,i did4 ,every
 word fell on my heart as if it would   
crush it4 ,they were1 though1 the       
results of error and anger4 ,the honor  
of ,monte-,leone is above such          
imputations4  ,aminta1 said the ,count1 
they are only the echoes of the world4  
,my fury cannot reach the thousand      
mouths which dishonor me4 ,i can speak  
only through their interpreters4 ,blood 
alone can wash out the insults they have

 subjected me to--ask me1 then1 for my  
own life1 but not for the life of those 
who have thus insulted me4  ,one of them
 is my brother1--is your friend4  ,my   
dearest friend1 said the ,count1 one who
 knows my very inmost life1 and has had 
a thousand opportunities to judge me4   
,he was bold enough to repeat that      
odious calumny to me4 ,ah6 continued he1
 with sombre vehemence1 that this       
corrupt world1 which knows me not1      
should have been able thus to heap      
suspicion on me6 ,the world has judged  
me by itself2 but ,taddeo is the very   
reflection of my own soul4 ,the name of 
friend seemed too little for him4 ,i    
loved him as ,i would have loved my     
mother's son4 ,he was the object of my  
second love on earth4 ,aminta1 ,taddeo  
has leagued himself with my enemies1 and
 came hither to affront me mortally4    
,this is too much for my heart and      
physical endurance4 ,count              
,monte-,leone1 who in danger was so     
firm1 wept at the idea that his friends 

had so misconceived him4  ,my friend1   
said the ,marquise1 sobbing1 and        
pressing the face of ,monte-,leone to   
her bosom1 ,taddeo would shed tears of  
despair and regret could he only see how
 you grieve4 ,certainly he is wrong to  
doubt your honor1 but he will repair his
 wrongs1 and expiate all by repentance4 
,he will defend you1 will convince and  
confound your enemies and will again be 
your friend4  ,he has suspected me1 said
 ,monte-,leone1 sadly1 and cannot be my 
friend again1 even if he confessed his  
injustice on his knees before me4 ,he is
 your brother1 though1 ,aminta1 and that
 imposes a sacrifice on me which my love
 for you alone can inspire4 ,i will     
either not avenge the insult1 or demand 
satisfaction for it from another4 ,god  
grant that other may kill me1 for then  
,taddeo will live without being called  
on to expiate this outrage4  ,ah6 said  
,aminta1 that misfortune was absent1 but
 now he wishes to die4  ,yes1 ,aminta1  
said the ,count1 ,i wish to die rather  

than drag out a disgraceful life1       
without the power of effacing from my   
brow the stigma placed there1 rather    
than read suspicion in every eye1 rather
 than see myself despised4 ,all         
parts--all ,europe--all the world1      
perhaps1 will repeat this awful charge4 
,i do not believe it1 said the young    
woman2 ,i am sure there is no heart on  
earth more worthy than yours1 and that  
you may challenge the esteem of all4    
,what ,i know1 though1 all others       
must4----,in eight days1 ,count         
,monte-,leone1 you must marry me4 ,i    
will be ,countess ,monte-,leone4  ,what6
 said the ,count1 to whom that idea gave
 a glimpse of heaven amid the hell      
around him1 you ,countess ,monte-,leone6
  ,who then will dare to say that ,i    
married a disgraced man8  ,aminta1 said 
the ,count1 falling at the feet of the  
noble-hearted woman1 ,god knows my      
gratitude is equal to your love1 but ,i 
cannot marry you4 ,you know that ,i love
 you1 that ,i would give my life for    

your hand1 but my father's name ,i      
cannot confer on you1 dishonored as it  
now is4 ,hear then my oath1 said the    
,count4 ,aminta trembled1 but he said1  
,i swear by the sacred soul of my       
father1 not to accept your hand until my
 enemies are confounded1 until the      
infernal imposture of which ,i am the   
victim be recognized as the basest and  
foulest of calumnies4  ,so be it1 said  
,aminta4 ,we will not wait long for that
 day1 and my prayers will appeal to     
heaven for it4 ,let ,taddeo's life1     
though1 be sacred to you4 ,i confide him
 to your love of me4444 ,no1--no1 said  
she1 seeing he was about to reply1 and  
perhaps resist her2 do not speak1 but   
remember that ,taddeo is my brother1 and
 that his death will separate us for    
ever4  ,a few moments after this scene1 
a carriage1 which was standing at the   
end of the quai1 bore the ,marquise     
rapidly to her hotel4 ,we need not say  
that she was completely overcome by the 
incidents of the day4444  ,at about ten 

o'clock the next day1 the ,duke         
d',harcourt1 was at the breakfast table 
with all his family4 ,the eyes of the   
old man were suddenly struck with the   
following passage in the ,journal des   
,debats1 which he was glancing over4 ,he
 read it aloud3--  ,the terrible secret 
association1 on the track of which the  
police has very long been1 has been     
discovered--even its name is known--the 
whimsical one of ',carbonarism6' ,we are
 assured that every rank of life has    
representatives in this vast            
affiliation4 ,even young men of the most
 noble families of ,france have been    
found on its rolls1 and they have been  
already pointed out to the attention of 
the government4  ,the ,viscount         
d',harcourt grew visibly pale as he     
heard his father read1 and ,marie called
 the ,duke's attention to the fact4 ,she
 hurried to his side4  ,it is nothing1  
said he1 but a sudden spasm of pain4 ,it
 will soon pass away1 and in a few      
minutes ,i shall be better4  ,the ,duke 

d',harcourt had finished his paper1 and 
looked sternly on his son4 ,his glance  
was like that of the judge on the       
criminal1 a mute appeal to conscience1  
which the young man could not be        
insensible of4 ,rene1 said the ,duke1 in
 his most penetrating tone1 if ,i did   
not know that you have overcome the     
influence of those political chimeras   
which produced your expulsion from      
,italy1 the agitation caused by what you
 have heard read would make me think the
 cause of those conspirators your own4  
,the ,count's trouble increased4 ,the   
old noble continued to speak in this    
tone1 extolling1 also1 the advantages of
 a monarchical government1 and pointing 
out the evils likely to result from the 
possible realization of the plans of the
 ,carbonari4 ,he1 however1 heard the    
sounds of many feet in the anteroom of  
the saloon1 where he sat with his       
children4 ,the secretary of the ,duke1  
the brave ,d',arbel1 an old officer of  
the army of ,conde1 who had emigrated   

with the ,duke1 and never left him1     
appeared at the door4 ,his features     
expressed the greatest agitation4 ,he   
said3--  ,the ,duke does not know what  
is going on4  ,what is the matter1 my   
dear ,d',arbel8 said the ,duke1 taking a
 seat in the chair the old man handed to
 him4  ,the door of our hotel has been  
broken open in the ,king's name1 and is 
now in possession of the police4 ,the   
chief has placed all the household under
 surveillance and is about to come      
hither4  ,what means this8 said the     
,duke4 ,why is my house thus invaded8   
,ah1 my ,god6 said ,marie1 trembling1   
what do these people want8  ,what do    
they want8 said the ,vicomte1 completely
 beside himself4 ,they want vengeance on
 me4  ,to arrest you6 ,for heaven's     
sake1 sir1 tell me what you have been   
doing4  ,what you censured so violently 
just now4 ,father1 ,i have sought to    
overturn a government of which my       
opinions do not approve4 ,i am now to   
experience the penalty of having failed4

 ,in such matters success makes great   
men1 and failure criminals4  ,criminal  
or not1 they shall not take away my son4
 ,i will defend him4  ,brother1 brother1
 cried ,marie1 wildly1 and embracing the
 ,vicomte4  ,monsieur1 said ,d',arbel1 a
 few moments yet remain for you to      
attempt to enable the ,vicomte to       
escape4  ,whither8 how8 said the ,duke1 
who was overcome with terror and        
distress4  ,through the garden4 ,the    
gate on la rue ,baylonne perhaps is yet 
practicable4  ,d',arbel is right1 said  
the ,duke1 come1 come2 and he took his  
son's hand1 and led him to the end of   
the room where he opened the window     
fronting on the portico4  ,here1 said   
the secretary1 is a cloak and hat with a
 broad brim which will somewhat conceal 
the features of the ,vicomte4 ,he placed
 his own hat and cloak on ,rene's head  
and hurried him towards the outer door4 
,remain here1 my daughter1 said the     
,duke to ,marie1 to detain them as long 
as possible1 and enable us to escape4   

,this way--this way1 ,duke1 said the    
secretary to ,m4 d',harcourt and his    
son4 ,the principal alley is too much   
exposed for us to escape unseen4 ,he led
 them close to the wall where the       
foliage was very thick1 and thence to   
the gate4 ,the ,duke's eyes were so     
filled with tears1 that he stumbled at  
every step1 and his son was forced to   
guide him to the goal of all their      
hopes4 ,at last they stood at the gate4 
,the ,secretary took a pass-key from his
 pocket1 put it in the lock and opened  
the door4 ,here1 though1 were six       
officers of police4 ,the ,duke uttered a
 painful cry1 and to keep from falling  
leaned against the wall4  ,i am your    
prisoner1 said ,d',harcourt to these    
men4 ,i am the ,vicomte4  ,we know you  
well enough4 ,you have long been pointed
 out to us1 and we have had our eyes on 
you4  ,the ,duke1 when he heard these   
words1 felt as if his heart would break1
 for a cruel idea occurred to him4 ,his 
son had long been under surveillance1   

and had also for a long time deceived   
his father4  ,come1 then1 said the      
,vicomte1 ,i am ready to accompany you4 
,you are acting correctly1 ,m4 le       
,vicomte1 said the agent4 ,you submit   
without difficulty4 ,let us go1 but not 
in this direction2 if you please1 we    
will go through the garden to the hotel4
  ,and why8  ,because such are our      
orders4 ,the chief intends to examine   
your papers and draw up the proces      
verbal in your presence4 ,m4 ,h----     
never puts himself out except on great  
occasions like this4  ,without replying1
 the ,vicomte took his father's arm1 and
 followed by the old secretary1 and     
surrounded by the police agents1 went to
 the house4 ,the ,duke1 during the whole
 route1 did not speak1 but sobbed       
audibly4 ,from time to time1 he clasped 
the arm of his son as if he would have  
retained possession of him4 ,when they  
returned home1 ,marie1 who thought her  
brother safe1 uttered a cry of terror1  
and fainted4 ,the ,duke hurried to her  

side and sent for her women to take care
 of her4 ,the ,vicomte1 in the interim1 
was taken to his room by ,m4 ,h----1 to 
be present at the examination of his    
papers4 ,a few minutes after1 the door  
was thrown open1 and ,count             
,monte-,leone entered4 ,faithful to the 
promise he had made to the ,marquise to 
ask no explanation from ,taddeo of the  
outrage he had received1 he had come to 
obtain satisfaction from ,rene4 ,the    
appearance of the police in the         
vestibule of the house1 the terrified   
air of the servants1 made ,monte-,leone 
apprehend some new disaster4 ,he entered
 the room without being impeded1 for the
 guards had orders to keep persons from 
going out1 not from entering4  ,ah1     
,count1 said the ,duke1 when he saw     
,monte-,leone1 you are come to share our
 trouble4 ,my son is arrested and lost4 
,arrested8  ,yes2 as an accomplice in   
one of those awful plots in which you   
were yourself once involved4 ,what      
sorrow to my house6  ,where is he       

now--has he left the hotel8 asked the   
,count4  ,no1 sir1 said the secretary1  
the police is now examining his papers4 
,his papers seized6 ,you were right1    
sir1 in what you said--your son is lost4
  ,the ,duke1 with an activity and      
vehemence due entirely to the           
over-excitement caused by his           
misfortune1 said1 ,and how1 ,monsieur1  
do you know any thing about my son's    
papers8  ,i know but too well1 said the 
,count in despair2 for ,i shall         
doubtless ere long share his fate and   
captivity1 as ,i have his hopes and     
anticipations4  ,alas6 said the ,duke1  
your antecedents1 your exalted opinions1
 a powerful instinct which cannot       
deceive a father's heart1 all tell me   
that you have led my son astray4 ,you   
have ruined him4  ,before the ,count    
could reply1 the ,vicomte returned1     
followed by ,m4 ,h----1 chief of the    
political police1 and his officers4  ,my
 father1 said the ,vicomte1 ,i was      
unwilling to leave the hotel without    

imploring your pardon for the wrong ,i  
have done you4 ,he knelt before the     
,duke1 who could scarcely stand4 ,i     
forgive you1 my son1 for having thus    
wrung from me the only tears ,i ever    
shed on your account4 ,they are bitter1 
though1 indeed1 and cannot but shorten  
my life4  ,marie had recovered1 and     
embraced her brother4  ,what the ,duke  
said to his son1 the tender and touching
 embrace of the young girl1 appeared not
 to be observed by ,rene4 ,his glance   
was fixed1 and stern1 and full of       
horror4 ,his features were discomposed  
by violent rage1 and1 pointing to ,count
 ,monte-,leone1 he exclaimed3  ,ah6 why 
look for the informer8--there he is4    
,father1 father1 that scoundrel has sold
 me to the persons who tear me from your
 arms4 ,there is the man whose name     
henceforth is ,judas4  ,the ,duke and   
,marie shrank from the ,count as from a 
reptile4  ,rene1 said the ,count1 thank 
,god that my hand has no dagger to reach
 your heart for this new insult6  ,ah6  

,i believe you4 ,one more crime would   
have cost you nothing4 ,you would then  
slay the body as you did the soul4 ,a   
coward is but a coward--a spy is but an 
assassin4  ,a spy6 said ,monte-,leone1  
rushing towards the ,vicomte4  ,he then 
paused as if he had been seized by a new
 idea1 and1 turning towards the chief of
 police1 said1 pointing to ,rene1 ,tell 
this man that ,i am not one of your     
creatures4 ,tell him that ,i do not know
 you4 ,if he needs proof1 arrest me1 for
 ,i am far more criminal than he is4    
,we have no orders to arrest ,count     
,monte-,leone1 said ,m4 ,h----1 with a  
smile4  ,well1 the ,count said1 if you  
have no orders1 ,i will give you reason 
to do so4 ,instead of being an agent of 
police1 ,i am the head of the secret    
association you seek after4 ,i am the   
leader of those who seek to ruin you1   
the soul of the invisible world which   
conspires against the throne of your    
king and hated government4 ,now1 far    
from avoiding1 ,i call on you to act4   

,earn your rewards1 and arrest the most 
implacable enemy of your master--the    
chief of ,carbonarism--arrest me6  ,the 
,duke1 the ,vicomte1 and the witnesses  
of this scene1 looked with amazement at 
,monte-,leone1 who1 as it were1 rushed  
to the block4 ,rene d',harcourt felt    
something of remorse at what he had     
said4 ,m4 ,h----1 piqued at the         
defiance1 as it were1 cast in his face1 
said to ,monte-,leone1 ,instead of      
admitting you guilty of the crimes with 
which you charge yourself1 we protest   
against your statement3 were you as     
guilty as you say1 you would not dare   
thus to speak4 ,besides1 this bravado is
 useless4 ,we know to what your conduct 
is to be attributed1 and that you have  
pursued a very different course from    
what you say4 ,if you suffer1 it is     
because you have forced me thus publicly
 to make an explanation4 ,the ,count was
 stricken down by this overwhelming     
statement1 and by the attempt to        
establish complicity between himself and

 the police4 ,his sight1 his very       
thoughts became dim1 and his lips1      
contracted by fury1 gave vent only to   
indistinct mutterings4 ,before he       
recovered his sang-froid1 before he     
could repel this disgraceful imputation1
 ,rene1 in obedience to a signal from   
,m4 ,h----1 disengaged himself from his 
sister's arm1 and1 clasping his father  
to his bosom1 went from the room4       
,pausing at the door1 he pointed to     
,h----1 and said to ,monte-,leone1 the  
words of this man tear away my last     
doubt2 ,i maintain all ,i have said4    
,may an old man and young woman's tears1
 may my blood rest on your head4 ,the   
,vicomte left4 ,when the old man saw his
 son depart1 he went to ,monte-,leone1  
and with a gesture of anger and contempt
 said to him3 ,away6 you have betrayed  
my son to the executioner2 away1 you    
will also kill me4 ,he then sank in the 
arms of his servant4  ,,footnotes3  #aj 
,continued from page #baf4  ,entered    
according to ,act of ,congress1 in the  

year #ahej1 by ,stringer  ,townsend1 in 
the ,clerk's ,office of the ,district   
,court of the ,united ,states for the   
,southern ,district of ,new-,york4      
,from ,fraser's ,magazine4  ,,chamois   
,,hunting4   ,i had been staying at     
,fend 7one of the highest inhabited     
spots in ,europe7 for some days1        
existing on a light and wholesome       
regimen of hard-boiled eggs1 harder     
baked rye bread1 and corn brandy1       
exploring the magnificent scenery round 
me1 and had returned the way ,i came1 to
 a collection of brown packing-boxes1 by
 courtesy called a village1 which       
rejoiced in the euphonious name of      
,dumpfen1 nestling cozily under the     
grand belt of pines that feathered the  
flanks of the mountains1 which rose high
 and clear behind4 ,in front roared1    
rattled1 and grated1 a wide glacier     
torrent1 the color of ill-made gruel1   
and on the opposite side stretched1 some
 quarter of a mile1 a flat plain of     
gravel and worn boulders1 here and there

 gemmed with patches of short sweet     
turf1 till it reached the base of a     
noble range of cliffs1 which rose gray  
and steep into the clear blue sky1 so   
lofty1 that the fringe of world-old     
pines along their summits could scarcely
 be distinguished4  ,on the narrow patch
 of turf between the village and the    
torrent ,i found--it being a fine       
,sunday afternoon--much mirth and       
conviviality4 ,the rifle-butts were     
pitched on the opposite side of the     
torrent1 with a small hut close to them 
to shelter the marker1 a fellow of      
infinite fun1 attired in bright scarlet1
 and a fantastic cap1 who placed marked 
pegs into the bullet-holes1 and         
pantomimed with insane gestures of      
admiration1 contempt1 astonishment1 or  
derision1 the good or bad success of the
 marksmen4 ,and splendid specimens of   
men they were--firm1 proud1 yet         
courteous and gentle1 well dressed in   
their handsome and handy costume1 strong
 as lions1 which1 in fact1 they needed  

to be to support the weight of those    
young eighteen pounders which they      
called rifles1 with brass enough in the 
stocks to manufacture faces for a       
dynasty of railroad kings4 ,never did ,i
 see finer fellows4 ,and the women6 ,how
 lovely are those ,tyrolese damsels1    
with their dark brown glossy hair       
braided under the green hat1 with a     
brilliant carnation stuck over their    
left ear in a pretty coquettish fashion1
 enough to send an unfortunate bachelor 
raving4 ,and their complexions6 the very
 flower in their hair paling1 looking   
dull beside their blooming cheeks2 and  
their clear soft hazel eyes1 with such a
 soul of kindness1 gentleness and purity
 peeping through them1 as one scarcely  
sees1 even in one and another elsewhere4
  ,the shooting was at last over1 the   
winner crowned with flowers1 and1 the   
targets borne in triumph before them1   
the whole party retired to the wooden   
hut with a mystic triangle in a circle  
over the door1 to eat1 drink1 and be    

merry2 and very merry we were1 albeit   
the only tipple strongly resembled very 
indifferent red ink1 both in taste and  
color4 ,talk of the dura messorum ilia6 
what insides those fellows must have    
had6  ,we were sitting listening to     
interminable stories of ,berg-geister1  
and ,gemsen ,koenige1 and rifle practice
 at ,french live targets1 when two herd 
lads came in from some of the higher    
mountain pastures1 and reported three   
chamois1 seen that morning low down on  
the cliffs4  ,hereupon up rose a vast   
clatter among the yaegers as to the     
fortunate man who was to go after them1 
for chamois hunting1 gentle reader1     
requires rather less retinue and greater
 quiet than pheasant shooting in        
,october4  ,the lot fell upon one       
,joseph something or another2 ,i never  
could make out his surname1 if he had   
one--which ,i rather doubt4 ,he was a   
fine1 handsome1 jaunty fellow1 with     
nut-brown hair curling round his open   
forehead1 and a moustache for which a   

guardsman would have given his little   
finger4  ,now1 as it fell out1 ,i also  
got excited2 ,i too thirsted after      
chamois' blood2 but how to get it8 ,how 
could ,i1 small five foot seven1 and    
rather light in the build1 persuade that
 ,hercules to let me accompany him1     
unless he put me in his pocket1 which   
would have been derogatory8 ,it is true 
that ,i1 being light myself1 was        
perfectly convinced that weight was     
rather an incumbrance than otherwise in 
the mountains2 but how could ,i persuade
 the heavy1 whose opinions1 of course1  
ran the other way1 to agree with me8    
,however1 as the men thinned off1 and   
the place became quieter1 ,i determined 
to make the attempt1 at least1 and      
commenced the attack by standing ,joseph
 a chopine of the aforesaid red ink1 and
 then1 fearing the consequences1        
followed it up by an infinity of gouttes
 of infamous corn brandy1 all the while 
raving about the ,tyrol1 ,andreas       
,hofer1 and the ,monk1 and abusing the  

,french1 till ,i quite won his heart2   
he1 innocent soul1 never imagining the  
trap ,i had set for him4 ,at last ,i    
glided into chamois hunting1 the darling
 theme of a ,tyroler1 making him tell me
 all sorts of wild stories1 and telling 
him some in return1 7every whit as true1
 ,i have no doubt1 as his own17 till at 
last ,i boldly demanded to be allowed to
 accompany him the next morning4        
,joseph humm'd and ha'ed for some time2 
but gratitude for the tipple1 my        
admiration for ,hofer1 and1 perhaps1 the
 knowledge that ,i had been over some of
 the stiffest bits of the surrounding   
ranges solus1 and had been after the    
gems1 though unsuccessfully1 before1    
made him relent1 and it was finally     
settled that ,i should go4 ,he went home
 to get comfortably steady for the next 
morning1 and ,i laid violent hands on   
every thing eatable to stuff into my    
knapsack2 whilst the others1 after      
vainly trying to persuade me out of my  
determination1 retired1 shaking hands   

with me as if ,i was ordered for        
execution at eight precisely the next   
morning4 ,whereupon ,i vanished into the
 wooden box1 which it is de regle to get
 into in that part of the world when one
 wants to sleep1 and slumbered          
incontinently4  ,i had been asleep about
 five minutes1 according to my own      
computation1 though1 in fact1 it was as 
many hours1 when ,i suddenly awoke to a 
full perception of the fact that ,i was 
in for it4 ,alas1 those treacherous     
fumes of ,slibowitz no longer deluded me
 into the idea that ,i was fully up to  
any existing mountain in the known      
world2 that jumping a ten-foot crevasse 
was as easy as taking a hurdle2 or that 
climbing hand over hand up rocks so     
perpendicular that one's nose scraped   
against their stony bosoms1 was rather  
safer1 if any thing1 than taking        
sparrows' nests from the top of a stable
 ladder6 ,however1 the honor of ,england
 was at stake4 ,go ,i must4 ,so ,i      
resigned myself to the certainty of     

breaking my only neck1 and jumped up1   
thereby nearly dashing in the roof of my
 brain-pan against the top of my box1   
adding1 most unnecessarily1 another     
headache to the one ,i already          
possessed--and turned out4              
,unfortunately1 there was no one awake  
to see my magnanimity2 and it was too   
dark to see if there had been2 so ,i    
groped my way down1 with my upper       
garments on my arm4 ,after barking my   
shins against stools and trestles1 and  
being nearly eaten up by a big dog in   
the dark1 ,i sallied out1 preferring to 
make my morning ablutions in the clear  
but cold brunnen that plashed and       
sparkled on the little green before the 
door1 to dipping the tip of my nose and 
the ends of my fingers into the pie-dish
 which had been considerately placed for
 my private use4  ,how intensely        
beautiful that dawn was6 with the       
pine-woods steeped in the deepest       
purple--here and there a faint1 gauzy   
mist1 looking self-luminous1 marking the

 course of some mountain brook through  
the forest4 ,the gray cliffs stood dark 
and silent on the opposite side of the  
stream1 and one far-off snow-peak1 just 
catching the faint reflected light of   
dawn1 gleamed ghost-like and faint1 like
 some spirit lingering on the forbidden 
confines of day4  ,how intense was that 
silence6--broken only by the harsh      
rattle of the torrent and the occasional
 faint tinkle of a cow-bell in the      
distance1 or now and then by a          
spirit-like whispering sigh amongst the 
pines1 that scarcely moved their long   
arms before the cold breath of the dying
 night4  ,i had finished my toilet1 and 
was just beginning to hug myself in the 
idea that ,i had escaped1 and had a very
 good excuse to slip into bed again1    
when ,i heard the clang of a pair of    
iron-soled shoes advancing down the     
torrent bed that did duty for a road1   
and to my unmitigated disgust saw       
,joseph looming through the darkness1   
like an own brother to the ,erl ,king1 a

 shooting-iron under each arm1 and a    
mighty wallet on his back4 ,there was no
 escape--,i was in for it6  ,setting our
 faces to the mountains1 we entered the 
pine-forest1 and toiled up and up       
through the dark1 silent trees1 turning 
neither to the right hand nor to the    
left1 till the day began to break1 some 
three-quarters of an hour after our     
start1 when we stopped with one accord1 
of course only to look back and see the 
sunrise1 though ,i doubt if either of us
 could have kept up that steady         
tread-mill pace much longer1 with any   
degree of comfort4  ,well1 we halted to 
look1 perhaps for the last time1 at the 
valley and the village now far below us4
 ,we had got to the height of the cliffs
 on the opposite side1 and could look   
over their summits at the tumbled       
alp-billows that tossed their white     
crests for many a league beyond2 the sun
 steeping the snow-peaks in tints of    
purple1 pink1 and crimson1 and here and 
there a rock-peak shone with the        

brightest silver and the reddest        
gold1--enough to send one clean wud with
 their exquisite beauty4 ,down below in 
the valley1 the sun had not yet risen1  
though man had2 the little columns of   
blue smoke wreathed gracefully upwards  
in the calm morning air1 and the lowing 
of the cows1 and the faint tinkle of    
their bells1 as they were being driven  
to their morning pasture1 floated up    
ever and anon in strangely diminished   
tones1 that seemed to come from some    
fairy world far down in the             
,alp-caverns4  ,having rested1 we turned
 our faces again to the mountains1 and  
toiled anew through the pine-forest1 now
 no longer dark and gloomy1 but         
fleckered with gleams of yellow morning 
light1 and sparkling with a thousand    
dew-diamonds4  ,up1 up6 still up6 across
 the little sparkling runlets1 tumbling 
head over heels in their hurry to see   
what sort of a world the valley below   
might be2--up6 over masses of rock1     
ankle-deep in rich brown moss1          

bejewelled with strawberries and        
cowberries1 garlanded with raspberries1 
twisting and straggling out of their    
crevices1 covered with rich ripe        
fruit2--up6 over bits of open turf1     
green as emeralds1 set in pure white    
gravel1 sparkling like a thousand       
diamonds2--up6 through tangled masses of
 fallen pines1 their bleaching stumps   
standing out like the masts of great    
wrecks--terrible marks of the course of 
the avalanche wind6--up6 through one    
short bit more of pine-wood1 over the   
split fir fence1 and into the little    
mountain meadow1 smiling in the level   
sunlight1 with its bright stream        
tinkling merrily through it1 its        
scattering boulders1 and wooden         
sennhutt1 with the cows and goats       
clustered round it1 standing ready to be
 milked1--one of the latter1 by the bye1
 instantly charges me1 and has to be    
repelled by my alpenstock1 bayonet      
fashion1--while all around1 the sweet   
breath of the cows mingles deliciously  

with the aromatic fragrance of the pine 
forest1 and the rich scent of the black 
orchis and wild thyme4  ,seat yourself  
on that wooden milking-stool by the     
door--7beware6 it has but one leg1 and  
is kittle to guide7--after a hearty     
shake of the hand from that grey old    
giant of a herdsman1 and enjoy yourself4
  ,joseph1 what's i' the fardel8 ,turn  
out your traps1 and let us see what     
'provaunt' you have got4 ,a mighty mass 
of cold boiled mutton1 an infinity of   
little drabs of rye-bread1 the size of  
one's hand1 and as hard as flints2      
and--what is that thou art extracting   
with such a grin on thy manly           
countenance1 as if thou hadst found the 
best joke in ,europe1 tied up in the    
corner of the bag8  ,a quart bottle of  
corn-brandy6--,i simper1 the grey       
herdsman simpers1 and ,joseph simpers   
most of all1 as if he was conscious of  
having done a monstrous clever thing1   
but was modest4 ,schnaps at six in the  
morning6--hardly correct1 say ,i4       

,joseph thinks that it is apt to make   
one thirsty 7it certainly always appears
 to have that effect upon him72 and the 
grey herdsman shakes his head1 and      
smacks his lips dubiously1 as if he were
 not quite certain1 but would rather    
like to try4  ,well1 just one           
thimbleful1 ,joseph1 'just to kill the  
larvae1 ye ken4' ,ah6 you don't         
understand1 it is a mountain excuse1    
too4 ,never mind--hand us the becher4   
,here we breakfasted luxuriously1 eking 
out our store with sour milk and crumbly
 new white cheese from the sennhutt4    
,the grey herdsman eyes me intently1 and
 longs to know what manner of man ,i am4
 ,i take pity on his thirst for         
knowledge4 ,ein ,englander8--,i am his  
friend for life6 ,he has heard of the   
#cj1jjjl4 sent over in the ,french      
war-time1 and his nephew has seen the   
letter in a glass-case at ,innspruck4   
,and ,i want to shoot chamois8 ,he looks
 almost sorrowfully at me1 but ,i have  
gone too far to retreat1 and am very    

valiant4 ,yes1 there are three up about 
the ,wildgrad ,koegle4 ,that is enough1 
,ade ,andre6 ,pack up1 ,joseph1         
,forward6  ,stop a bit1 let us load     
here2 we may stumble on something       
shootable4 ,i am soon ready2 but loading
 with ,joseph is a very solemn affair1  
not to be undertaken lightly1 or        
finished in a hurry4  ,first1 he takes a
 dose of stuff out of a cow's horn1     
which ,i1 in my ignorance1 suppose to be
 very badly made ,no4 #g shot4 ,a small 
quantity of this he places in the pan of
 his rifle1 and crushes with the handle 
of his knife1 the rest he pours down the
 barrel1 and ,i perceive that it is     
powder2 then he looks up and down1 round
 and about--what the deuce is he after8 
,is he cockney enough to be going to    
flash off his rifle1 and afraid of some 
one hearing him8 ,no1 there he has it--a
 bunch of grey moss1 baum haar1 as he   
calls it1 from that blasted pine4       
,wonder again2 what in the name of      
goodness is he going to do with that8   

,use it as a pocket-handkerchief8 ,i do 
not believe he carries one2 at any rate1
 if he does1 he only uses that pattern  
said by the ,fliegende ,blaetter to be  
so popular amongst the ,gallician       
deputies of the ,paul's-,kirche         
,parliament4 ,no1--wrong again2 he      
carefully pulls it to pieces1 and making
 it into a round ball1 rams it down upon
 the powder2 and a most excellent dodge 
it is4 ,colonel ,hawker has only        
re-discovered an old secret1 or1 more   
likely1 learnt it on the shores of the  
,bodensee2 then the greased patch and   
the ball1 and all is ready4 ,on we go6  
,after leaving the meadow1 we entered   
again into the pine forest1 which       
gradually became more open1 the trees   
more stunted and fantastic1 and their   
long straggling arms clothed more and   
more as we ascended with the ash-grey   
baumhaar2 dead trees and thunder-riven  
stumps became frequent1 rotting in and  
into the black bog mould1 which gives a 
scanty root-hold to the blushing        

alpen-rose4 ,soon we leave the trees    
behind us altogether2 nothing but wild  
chaotic masses of gravel and stones1    
tossed and heaped one on the other1 by  
the fierce avalanche--the very rocks    
grey and crumbling with age2 here and   
there patches of black bog1 with little 
oases of emerald green turf perched in  
their centre1 the black orchis growing  
thick upon them1 and perfuming the air  
yards around4  ,ere long1 even these    
traces of vegetation became more scarce1
 and the appearance of every thing      
around us wilder and more steril4 ,still
 the brilliant peaks of the ,wildgrad   
,koegle gleamed brightly before us1 and 
beckoned us on4  ,our path lay now1     
steep and rugged1 along the edge of a   
ravine1 at the bottom of which we heard 
the torrent chafing and roaring many a  
yard below us4 ,there was a precipitous 
bank of rocks and screes to our right1  
quite unclimbable1 which seemed only to 
want the will--they certainly had the   
way--to topple us into the abyss4 ,just 

as we were turning an abrupt angle very 
gingerly1 with our eyes fixed on our    
slippery path1 and longing for an       
elephant's trunk1 to try the sound bits 
from the rotten ones1 we suddenly heard 
a rushing sough1 like the falling of a  
moist snow avalanche1 and a cloud passed
 across the sun4 ,glancing hastily      
upwards1 ,i--yes ,i1 in the body at this
 present1 inditing this faithful        
description of my chase1--saw1 not a    
hundred paces from me1 an enormous      
vulture6 ,any thing so fiercely1 so     
terribly grand1 as this great bird1 saw 
,i never before1 and can scarcely hope  
to see again4 ,he was so near that we   
could distinctly see the glare of his   
fierce eye1 and the hard bitter grip of 
his clenched talons4 ,the sweep of his  
vast wings was enormous--,i dare not    
guess how broad from tip to tip2 and    
their rushing noise1 as he beat the air 
in his first labored strokes1 sounded   
strangely wild and spirit-like in the   
mountain stillness4 ,a dozen strange    

strokes1 and he took a wild swoop round 
to our right1 and away1 like a cloud    
before the blast1 till a neighboring    
peak hid him from our sight1 followed by
 a wild shout of astonishment from      
,joseph4 ,i opened not my mouth1 or if  
,i did--left it open4  ,nothing ever    
gave me such a feeling of reality as the
 sight of this vast vulture so near me4 
,often and often had ,i seen them1 both 
in ,switzerland and the ,tyrol1 sailing 
so high that1 although well up the      
mountain flank myself1 ,i almost doubted
 whether they were realities1 or mere   
muscae volitantes1 produced by staring  
up in to the clear bright sky1 with     
one's head thrown back4 ,this fellow    
there was no doubt of--we saw his very  
beard6 ,we were really then             
chamois-hunting--we had penetrated into 
the very den of the mountain tyrant4 ,no
 fear of gigs and green parasols here2  
we were above the world6  ,soon after   
our friend had departed1 and we had     
recovered from the astonishment into    

which his unexpected visit had thrown   
us1 we reached the end of our mauvais   
pas1 and found ourselves at the foot of 
a wild valley1 entirely shut in by      
ranges of lofty cliffs1 with here and   
there patches of snow lying on the least
 inclined spots4 ,in front1 still far   
above us1 towered the wild rock masses  
of the ,wildgrad ,koegle4 ,the ,koegle  
itself ran up into one sharp peak1 that 
seemed from where we were1 to terminate 
in a point4 ,great part of its base was 
concealed by a range of precipices1 with
 broad sheets of snow here and there1   
resting at an extraordinary high angle1 
as we soon found to our cost1 and having
 their crests notched1 and pillared1 and
 serrated in the wildest manner4 ,the   
floor of the valley was covered with    
masses of rock and boulder1 hurled from 
the surrounding cliffs1 and heaps and   
sheets of rough gravel1 ground and      
crushed by the avalanches1 and fissured 
by the torrents of melted snow4 ,the    
silence of the ,alp-spirit1 as silent as

 death itself1 was in it2 only at       
intervals was heard the whispering      
'sough' of some slip of snow1 dislodged 
by the warmth of the mid-day sun4  ,we  
advanced stealthily1 concealing         
ourselves behind the boulders1 and      
searched valley and cliff in vain for   
our prey4 ,joseph was the proud         
possessor of a telescope1 mysteriously  
fashioned out of paper and cardboard2 a 
pretty good one1 nevertheless1 brought  
from ,italy by some travelling pedlar1  
and an object of great veneration1 but  
one which failed in discovering a single
 chamois4 ,our only chance now was that 
they might be feeding in some of the    
smaller valleys1 between the cliffs at  
the head of the basin in which we were  
and the ,koegle itself4  ,feeding6 what 
could they be feeding on1 when you say  
yourself that you left all kinds of     
'green stuff' behind you long ago4  ,so 
,i thought1 too1 doubtless1 by this     
time1 most impatient reader2 but on the 
screes at the head of the valley1       

,joseph showed me1 for the first time1  
the plant on which these extraordinary  
animals in a great measure live4 ,it has
 a thick green1 trilobate leaf1 and a   
flower so delicate and gauze-like1 that 
one wonders how it can bear for a moment
 the harsh storms to which it is        
exposed4 ,its petals have a most curious
 crumpled appearance1 and are of the    
softest pink imaginable--almost         
transparent4 ,as for its class and      
order1 you must go elsewhere for them2  
,i know them not2 nor the name either   
which the ,latins would have called it  
if they had been aware of its existence4
 ,joseph called it gemsenkraut1 or      
chamois herb1 and that was enough for   
me4  ,having finished our botanical     
investigations1 we pushed on to the     
upper end of the valley1 and found that 
the cliffs1 and screes1 and snow-patches
 looked uglier and steeper the nearer we
 approached them4 ,however1 there was no
 retreat--onward we must go1 or be      
declared nidding through the length and 

breadth of the ,tyrol4  ,oh6 those      
screes--those screes6 lying at an angle 
of goodness knows how much with the     
horizon--sharp1 slaty1 angular pieces of
 stone1 like savage hatchets1 slippery  
as glass1 glancing from under our feet1 
and casting us down sideways on their   
abominable edges1 sliddering down by the
 ton1 carrying our unfortunate persons  
yards below where we wanted to go1      
crashing and clattering1 and then       
dancing and bounding far down into the  
valley1 like mischievous gnomes1        
delighted with the bumpings and         
bruisings they had treated us to6 ,how  
,joseph did anathematize6 ,for my part1 
mine was a grief too deep for swears6   
,after crossing1 still ascending1 two or
 three beds of screes1 we came to the   
edge of the first snow-field2 not very  
broad1 it is true1 but lying at a higher
 angle than ,i ever thought possible1   
and frozen as hard as marble on the     
surface--one sheet of ice1 with an      
agreeable fall of some hundred feet at  

its lower edge4 ,we were in despair6 ,we
 had now got excited and confident--our 
blood was up2 and here came the         
impossible to stop us4  ,but what is it 
that ,joseph has picked up from the     
snow1 and is examining so carefully8    
,no matter--'twas not what we sought1   
but it was something closely connected  
with it4  ,yes1 there is no doubt of it2
 they have been here1 and lately too6   
,see the sharp hoof-prints just above6  
,they must have crossed this morning6   
,go it1 ye cripples 7in prospectu71 we  
must cross this1 come what may4  ,we got
 along steadily1 without any slides1    
though with many slips1 always sticking 
our staves convulsively into the snow   
the moment our heels seemed to have the 
slightest disposition to assume the     
altitude of our heads4 ,it was nervous  
work--one slip1 one moment too late in  
thrusting our staff perpendicularly in  
the snow1 as an anchor1 and away we     
should have shot like a meteor over the 
glittering surface for a hundred        

terrible yards1 and then with a wild    
bound have been launched into the abyss 
below4 ,however1 we could not have      
turned back if we had wished it1 and at 
last1 to our intense satisfaction1 we   
grasped the rough rock that bounded the 
further side of the field4 ,grasped     
it6--we embraced it6--we clung to its   
rough surface as if we had been six     
months at sea1 and had landed in the    
,hesperides6  ,at length on the summit  
of the ridge1 we were able to crouch    
down and look through a crack in the    
rock into the next valley4 ,round and   
about1 above and below1 we examined     
every hole and corner2 half-a-dozen     
times some villanous stone made our     
hearts leap to our mouths4 ,but alas6 it
 was no go2 there was not a living thing
 in sight--barrenness1 barrenness1 and  
desolation4  ,our chance of chamois was 
utterly over for the day4 ,n'importe4   
,better luck to-morrow4 ,who can feel   
out of spirits in that brisk mountain   
atmosphere8 ,there is the highest peak  

of the ,wildgrad ,koegle right before   
us--and hang him1 we'll dine on his     
head4  ,the ridge on which we found     
ourselves was but a few feet broad1 and 
about a hundred and fifty feet above the
 snow on each side4 ,it was composed of 
innumerable irregular pillar-like masses
 of rock1 of different heights and      
distances1 impossible to descend at the 
point where we found ourselves1 but as  
it ran at the same general level1 we    
fancied that we could get on the sloping
 mass of snow which lay on the side of  
the peak at some distance on4 ,jumping  
from one small table of rock to         
another--now only saved from immortal   
smash by ,joseph's strong arm1 and now  
swaying doubtfully on a plateau the size
 of a small dumb-waiter top1 uncertain  
whether we should be off or not--we     
hopped along1 wishing we were kangaroos1
 till we found a crevice which seemed   
practicable1 and down which ,i went with
 a run--or rather a slide1 much quicker 
than was agreeable1 being only brought  

up by my feet coming on ,joseph's broad 
shoulders1 he taking1 as ,i must confess
 he generally did1 the first place1     
whereby he always came in for a double  
allowance of stones and gravel1 but     
about which he seemed utterly           
indifferent4  ,on reaching the bottom1  
we found that1 as usual1 the snow had   
melted some distance from the rock1     
leaving a mighty pretty crack to receive
 us4 ,however1 a lucky jump landed us   
safely1 and for a moment erect1 on the  
snow1 and then head over heels1 rolling1
 and bumping1 and kicking1 we spun over 
the slippery surface till we managed to 
bring ourselves up about fifty yards    
below where we had started4 ,but in     
spite of tumbles we were in high        
spirits3 there were no gems to frighten1
 and no more tottering avalanches1 ready
 to fall on our heads if we as much as  
ventured to use our                     
pocket-handkerchiefs4  ,we toiled up the
 terribly steep snow-patch merrily      
enough1 not without retracing our path  

several times in a manner at once       
undignified and unexpected--though it   
certainly was not to be complained of as
 far as speed went--and reached1 at     
last1 utterly blown and sick with       
exertion1 the base of the rock forming  
the summit of the mountain4 ,hardly     
giving ourselves time to recover1 we    
climbed up the last sixty or seventy    
feet of cliff1 and ,i found             
myself--first this time1 for a          
wonder--on a small platform1 the summit 
of the ,wildgrad ,koegle4  ,the platform
 was some ten or twelve feet square1 and
 the only approach to it was on the side
 we had ascended2 on every other the    
cliff ran down in a sheer wall1 how deep
 ,i know not1 for ,i never could judge  
of distances from above4  ,as for       
describing what we saw from our elevated
 dining-table1 it is clean out of the   
question2 we saw nothing but            
mountains--or rather the tops of        
mountains1 for we were far above the    
general level of their crests2 one wide 

sea of rock and snow surged around us2  
shoreless1 no bounding range1 no sweet  
glimpses of broad green valleys and     
glistening rivers in the distance2 no   
pretty villages nestling cosily under   
the pine forest--nothing but peak on    
peak1 ridge on ridge2 bright pinnacles  
and clusters of pinnacles shooting up   
here and there far above the rest into  
the calm blue sky--deep grooves marking 
the course of distant valleys1 like     
tide-marks on the sea4 ,but no trace of 
man or beast1 herb or tree2 the very    
wind that whistled past us brought no   
sound or scent from the valleys it had  
passed1 but sounded harsh1 and dry1 and 
dead4 ,vain1 indeed would be the effort 
to convey the slightest idea of the     
solemn grandeur of that scene6 ,manfred8
 ,manfred gives the finest and truest   
picture ever perhaps painted of ,swiss  
,alpine scenery1 as seen looking towards
 the mountains1 or from the cliffs      
bordering some rich pastoral valley2 but
 we had passed all that long ago--we    

were in the very heart of the range4    
,alp was still piled on ,alp1 but we had
 reached the summit of the pile4 ,the   
only valleys we saw were fearful scars  
in the mountain flank1 half filled with 
eternal snow1 and the crumbling         
skeletons of dead ,alps4 ,no sound--no  
herdsman's joedle--no cowbell's tinkle  
ever reached to half way up our rocky   
perch3 we were far above the vulture and
 the chamois4 ,we were alone with the   
rock1 and snow1 and sky6 ,it seemed     
profanity to whisper--and yet there was 
,joseph1 after a glance round1 and a    
short schoene panorama6 whistling and   
fishing up the eatables and drinkables  
from the bottom of his wallet1 as coolly
 as if he was seated in his own smoky1  
half-lighted cabin4 ,he had been born in
 it1 and was used to it4 ,i doubt       
whether ,i myself felt the grandeur of  
the scene as much then as ,i have often 
done since1 on recalling it bit by bit  
to my recollection4 ,the really grand   
gives one at first a sort of painful    

feeling that is indescribable4 ,one     
cannot think--one only feels with that  
strange undescribed sense1 that strives1
 almost to heart-breaking1 to bring     
itself forth1 and yet stays voiceless4  
,we sat long1 drinking in alternate     
draughts of sublimity and ,slibowitz 7as
 ,joseph called the brandy71 till the   
,berg-geist kindly put an end to our    
exstasies by drawing a dark gray veil   
over the whole picture1 and pelting us  
with snow-flakes1 as a gentle hint to be
 off and leave him to his cogitations4  
,it began1 indeed1 to snow in real      
earnest1 and the weather looked mighty  
dark and unpromising1 so we scrambled   
hastily down the way we came1 and       
leaning well back on our alpenstocks    
with our feet stretched out before us1  
shot down the long sheet of snow1 at a  
considerably quicker rate than we had   
ascended2 and gliding scornfully past   
our columnar friends1 whose fantastic   
capitals had given us so much trouble in
 the morning1 we reached1 with many a   

tumble and much laughter1 the stony     
ravine at its foot4  ,scorning to finish
 the day without drawing blood from     
something besides ourselves1 we         
determined to commit slaughter on       
whatever came across us4 ,we soon heard 
the shrill signal-whistle of the marmot1
 and for want of better game1 determined
 to bag at least one of these           
exceedingly wide-awake gentlemen4       
,creeping to the top of a neighboring   
ridge1 we peeped cautiously over into a 
little valley floored with a confused   
mass of mossy stones and straggling     
alpen-rosen4 ,here several of these     
quaint little beasts1 half rat1 half    
rabbit1 were frisking in and out of     
their burrows1 cutting all sorts of what
 ,joseph called1 ',burzelbaume1'        
,anglice1 capers2 little suspecting that
 the all-destroying monster1 man1 had   
his eye upon them4 ,one fellow1 the     
sentinel1 took my particular fancy as he
 sat up on his nether end on a large    
stone4 ,there was an expression of      

unutterable self-conceit and conscious  
wide-awakefulness about his blunt muzzle
 and exposed incisors that was perfectly
 delicious4 ,him ,i determined to bring 
to bag1 and cautiously raising my       
carbine--crack6 ,over he rolled1 ,i have
 no doubt1 too astonished to feel any   
pain1 his friends tumbling madly head   
over heels into their burrows1 whilst   
the astonished echoes repeated crack6   
crack6 again and again1 in all sorts of 
tones and modulations1 till warned to   
silence by the harsh rattle of an old   
mountain a mile off4 ,we bagged our     
friend1 who looked every wit as         
conceited in death as he did when alive1
 and recommenced our descent4 ,on our   
way we shot a brace of schnee huhner1 a 
species of ptarmigan1 a pack of which   
very slow birds were running stupidly in
 and out amongst the rocks--and hurried 
on4 ,it was growing very dark1 the snow 
fell heavily1 and the wind began rushing
 and eddying round us1 depositing the   
largest and coldest of the snow-flakes  

in our ears and eyes1 till we were      
half-blinded and wholly deaf4 ,joseph   
began to look serious1 and hunted about 
for a small torrent he knew of1 to serve
 as a guide1 and after some trouble and 
anxiety1 we found it1 and stumbled down 
its rocky banks till we came to a       
solitary sennhutt1 which was to be our  
resting-place for the night4  ,after    
some trouble1 we got the door open1 and 
found that the hut was fortunately not  
entirely filled with hay2 a space about 
six or eight feet broad had been boarded
 off between it and the outer wall for  
the use of the wild-hauer4 ,this was to 
serve us as parlor and kitchen and all1 
except bed-room1 which was to be sought 
for in the hay-stack itself4 ,our floor 
was the bare earth2 the logs which      
formed the wall were badly jointed1 and 
the wind whistled through the gaping    
cracks in the most uncomfortable manner2
 one could almost fancy that it was     
trying to articulate the dreaded word1  
rheu--matism4  ,however1 the ever-active

 ,joseph1 bustling about1 found some dry
 wood1 and we made a blazing fire on the
 floor at the imminent risk of burning  
our beds1 and slightly thawed ourselves2
 we continued our researches1 and found 
a shallow wooden pail1 carefully covered
 over1 holding some two gallons of sour 
milk1 left by the charitable hay-man    
some fortnight before1 for the use of   
any benighted hunter who might have the 
luck to stumble on the hut1 and one of  
those abominable one-legged             
milking-stools1 so common in that part  
of the world1 which1 having vainly      
endeavored to sit on1 and having tumbled
 into the fire in consequence1 to       
,joseph's intense amusement1 ,i hurled  
madly over the hay out into the storm4  
,as the clatter made amongst the        
shingles of the roof by its hasty exist 
subsided1 we heard a noise which struck 
terror into both our hearts1 and would  
doubtless have chilled our very marrow1 
if it had not been below freezing-point 
already4 ,devils6 ,berg-geister6 ,fly6  

out into the black storm6 over the      
precipice6 into the torrent6 before some
 fearful mopping and mowing face1 too   
ghastly horrible for human eye-ball to  
see without bursting1 or human brain to 
conceive without madness1 gibber out    
upon us from that dark corner6 ,listen3 
there it is again6 ,and--mew-w-w-w-w6   
down tumbled between us a miserable1    
half-grown1 gray kitten1 nearly dead    
with cold and starvation1 doubtless     
absent on some poaching expedition when 
the hut was deserted1 and not thought   
worth the going back for4 ,oh6 the joy  
of that unfortunate little beast at     
seeing man and fire once more6 ,how she 
staggered about with tail erect1 vainly 
trying to mew and purr at the same time6
 having to be perpetually pulled out of 
the fire1 and put out1 to prevent her   
playing the part of one of ,samson's    
foxes with our beds1 filling the cabin  
with unspeakable smells of singed hair6 
,and now she would persist in walking up
 our backs1 and tickling us to madness  

with her scorched tail6  ,having        
disposed of ,catchins1 as she was       
immediately named1 as well as we could1 
by tossing her by the tail to the top of
 the hay1 whenever she descended to     
thank us1 which happened about three    
times in every two minutes1 we fixed our
 suppers1 broiling the schnee-huhner    
over the bright fire1 and enjoyed       
ourselves mightily4 ,after a smoke and a
 short cross-examination from ,joseph as
 to our friends1 family1 and            
expectations1 and particular inquiries  
for the shortest overland route to      
,england1 and the number of years       
required for the journey1 we climbed up 
into the hay1 and grubbed and wormed our
 way for two or three feet below its    
surface1 and1 making unto ourselves each
 a spiracle or blow-hole over our       
respective noses1 tried to slumber4     
,now1 a bed of short1 sweet ,alpine     
grass1 fragrant with the spirits of a   
thousand departed flowers1 is as warm1  
cozy1 and elastic as a bed can be1 but  

it has one unfortunate drawback1--the   
small straws and dust falling down the  
before-mentioned spiracle1 tickle and   
titilate one's unfortunate face and nose
 in a most distracting manner2 and as   
you utterly destroy the snug economy of 
your couch1 and let in a rush of cold   
mountain air1 as often as you raise your
 hand to brush away the annoyance1 some 
fastidious persons might possibly prefer
 a modest mattress1 with a fair         
allowance of sheets and blankets4  ,at  
last1 however1 ,i was dozing off1 tired 
of hearing ,joseph muttering what       
certainly were not his prayers1 rustling
 fretfully1 and sneezing trumpet-like at
 intervals1 as some straw1 more         
inquisitive than usual1 made a tour of  
inspection up his nostril1 when ,i      
suddenly heard a round ,tyrolese oath   
rapped out with great fervor1 and       
something whirled over my head and      
plumped against the timbers of the roof4
 ,dreamily supposing that it was the    
aforesaid cumbrous ,tyrolese execration1

 which ,joseph had jerked out with such 
energy as to send it clean back into    
oblivion1 when something with an evil   
smell1 and making a noise like a        
miniature stocking-machine1 tumbled down
 my spiracle1 plump into my face4       
,waking fully1 ,i at once perceived that
 it was the cat1 not the oath1 ,i had   
heard fly over me shortly before1 she1  
in the excess of her gratitude1 being   
determined to stick as closely to us as 
possible4 ,following ,joseph's example1 
,i seized her by the tail1 and whirled  
her1 purring uninterruptedly1 as far as 
,i could4 ,ere many minutes had elapsed1
 she was again launched forth by the    
infuriated ,joseph1 and backwards and   
forwards she flew at least half-a-dozen 
times between us1 without appearing in  
the least disconcerted1 perhaps1 indeed1
 finding the exercise conducive to the  
assimilation of the sour milk1 till     
,nature could stand no more1 and we fell
 fast asleep4  ,whether she spent the   
night on our faces1 in alternate        

watches1 ,i know not1 but ,i had ghastly
 dreams1 and when ,i woke in the        
morning1 ,i found my hand and arm thrust
 forth from the hay1 reposing on a cool 
and clean counterpane of snow1 which had
 drifted in during the night1 as if ,i  
had been repelling her advances even in 
my sleep4  ,feeling very cold and damp1 
we turned out as soon as we woke1 and   
blowing up the embers of the fire1      
warmed ourselves as well as we could1   
and took a peep out into the night4 ,the
 storm had passed away1 leaving         
everything covered with a veil of snow1 
that gleamed faintly under the intense  
black-blue sky4 ,the stars were         
beginning to assume that peculiar       
sleepy1 twinkling appearance which shows
 that their night-watch is drawing to a 
close1 and everything lay in still1 calm
 rest around us4  ,we breakfasted       
sparingly1 as our provisions were       
beginning to run short1 thanks to the   
keen mountain air and our hard work the 
day before1 and just as the first cold  

chill of the approaching dawn began to  
be felt1 we left the cabin1 shutting up 
,catchins1 and hanging the marmot on a  
peg out of her reach1 till our return4  
,our day's route lay more round to the  
left of the ,wildgrad ,koegle4 ,the     
scene was for some time a repetition of 
that of the day before1 but the cliffs  
were still more precipitous and the     
ravines narrower and more difficult to  
traverse4 ,many a tumble we got for the 
first hour amongst the boulders covered 
with treacherous moss and cowberry      
plants1 but before sunrise we had left  
all vegetation behind us again1 and were
 up amongst the crags and the snow4  ,as
 we ascended1 we saw a valley to our    
left1 filled to the brim with dense     
mist1 which1 as soon as the sun began to
 tinge the highest peaks1 rose in       
swirling columns1 and shut out every    
thing that was not in our immediate     
vicinity4 ,this was advantageous1 as1   
although it prevented our seeing1 it at 
the same time prevented our being seen1 

from the cliffs before we reached our   
best ground4 ,we toiled on steadily1    
crossing vast beds of snow1 and         
occasionally the roots of some glacier1 
that threw itself into the valleys to   
our left1 climbing1 scrambling1 and     
slipping1 but still steadily ascending1 
till we got to where ,joseph expected to
 fall in with chamois1 when we called a 
halt1 and sheltering ourselves behind a 
mass of rock from the keen morning wind1
 waited for the clearing of the mist4   
,the ,alp-spirit seemed to be amusing   
himself mightily with this same mist6 at
 one moment1 catching it up in huge     
masses1 he piled it on the sharp peaks1 
as if to make himself a comfortable     
cushion2 and then1 sitting suddenly down
 to try its efficacy1 drove it in all   
directions by his lubber weight4        
,enraged1 he tossed and tumbled it about
 for some time1 and at last spread it   
into one broad level plain1 with the    
higher peaks standing out clear and     
sharp1 like rocks from a calm sea4 ,now 

and then the mist would disappear       
entirely for a few moments1 leaving     
everything clear and bright2 then a     
small cloud1 like a man's hand1 would   
form on the side of some distant peak1  
and spreading out with inconceivable    
rapidity1 would envelope us in its      
boiling wreaths1 while the wind1 ever   
and anon rushing down some unexpected   
gully1 cut a tunnel right through it1   
giving us glimpses of distant mountains 
and snow-fields1 looking near and       
strange as if seen through a telescope4 
,at last the sun began to shine out     
cheerily and steadily1 and the breeze   
gave a freshness and buoyance to our    
spirits never to be felt except on high 
mountains4 ,the heavy atmosphere of the 
valley squeezes one's soul into its     
case1 and sits on the lid like an       
incubus4 ,that blessed mountain-spirit  
is the only power who takes the lid off 
altogether1 and lets the soul out of its
 larva-case to revel in the strange     
beauties of his domain without          

restraint6  ,after a time1 we found     
ourselves in a region of snow-fields1   
filling up broad valleys1 lying calm and
 shadowless in the bright sunshine4     
,here and there1 they were marked by    
delicate blue lines1 where the crevasses
 allowed the substratum of ice to be    
seen1 showing that these apparently     
eternal and immovable plains of snow    
were slowly but steadily flowing        
downwards1 to appear as splintered      
glaciers in the valley far below2 and   
here and there again1 dark ridges1      
standing sharply up from the snow-bed1  
marked the course of buried mountain    
ranges1 and gave some idea of the vast  
depth of the deposit4  ,but wonderfully 
beautiful as these plains were1 and     
strange and wild as they appeared to an 
,english eye1 with a brilliant ,august  
sun pouring his whole flood of light and
 warmth upon them1 they were not the    
great points of interest to us4 ,those  
mighty ranges of cliff1 rising tier     
above tier to our right1 fretted with a 

pure white lace-work of fresh fallen    
snow1 with here and there vast beds of  
screes shot from above1 giving promise  
of gemsenkraut1 were the bits we scanned
 with the greatest eagerness4 ,we had   
come for chamois1 and ,i am afraid1     
looked upon the rest as of very         
secondary importance4  ,we were         
advancing along the base of the lowest  
tier of cliff1 which had a sort of step 
of snow running along it about half-way 
up for some half-a-mile1 bounded at one 
end by an immense mass of screes and    
precipice1 and at the other by a sudden 
turn of the rock1 when ,joseph suddenly 
dashing off his hat and throwing himself
 prostrate behind a stone1 dragged me   
down beside him1 with a vice-like grasp1
 that left its mark on my arm for many a
 day after4 ,utterly taken aback at the 
suddenness of my prostration1 ,i lay    
beside him1 wondering at the change that
 had come over his face2 he was as white
 as marble1 his moustache worked with   
intense excitement1 and his eyeballs    

seemed starting from their sockets as he
 glared at the cliff4 ,following his    
line of sight1 ,i glanced upwards1 and  
my eye was instantly arrested by        
something--it moved--again--and again6  
,with shaking hand ,i directed the      
telescope to the point1 and there1 at   
the end of it1 hopping fearlessly on the
 shivered mountain side1 scratching its 
ear with its hind foot1 and nibbling    
daintily the scattered bits of          
gemsenkraut that spring up between the  
stones1 stood fearless and free--a      
chamois6  ,after watching him with      
intense interest for some moments1 we   
drew back1 scarcely daring to breathe1  
and sheltering ourselves behind a large 
stone1 held a council of war4 ,it was   
evidently impossible to approach him    
from where we were3 we could not have   
moved ten steps towards him without the 
certainty of being discovered2 our only 
chance was to get above him and so cut  
him off from the higher ranges4         
,crawling backwards1 we managed to place

 a low range of rock between ourselves  
and the cliffs1 and then making a wide  
sweep1 we reached their base at some    
distance from where the chamois was     
feeding4  ,after examining the precipice
 for some time1 we found that the only  
mode of access to its summit1 here some 
three or four hundred feet above us1 was
 by a sort of ravine1 what would be     
called in the ,swiss ,alps1 a cheminee a
 species of fracture in the strata the  
broken edges of which would give us some
 foot and hand hold3 at its upper       
termination we could see the end of a   
small glacier1 slightly overhanging the 
cliff1 from which a small stream leapt  
from ledge to ledge1 only alive in the  
last hour or two of sun-warmth1 giving  
promises1 which certainly were          
faithfully fulfilled1 of additional     
slipperiness and discomfort4 ,but we had
 no choice2 we had already spent nearly 
an hour in our cautious circuit4 ,our   
scramble1 wherever it took place1 would 
cost us nearly another before we got    

above our expected prey1 and if we      
hesitated much longer1 he might take a  
fancy to march off altogether in search 
of the rest of the herd4 ,so up we went1
 dragging ourselves and each other up   
the wet slippery rocks1 getting a       
shivering swish of ice-cold water in our
 faces every now and then1 till we got  
about half-way up1 when1 just as we were
 resting for a moment to take breath1 we
 heard a tremendous roar1 followed by a 
splintering crash just above our heads1 
and had the pleasure of seeing the      
fragments of some half-a-ton of ice1    
which had fallen from the glacier above1
 fly out from the shelf of rock under   
which we were resting1 and spin down the
 rugged path we had just ascended4      
,thinking that this was quite near      
enough to be pleasant1 and calculating  
that by every doctrine of chances the   
same thing would not happen twice in the
 same half-hour1 we scrambled up as fast
 as we could before the next instalment 
became due1 and at last reached safely  

the top of the precipice4  ,we certainly
 had not much to boast of as far as     
walking went1 when we got there1 for the
 snow and rocks were tumbled about in a 
very wild manner4 ,if we slipped off a  
rock1 we tumbled waist-deep into the    
soft1 melting snow-drifts1 and when we  
tumbled on the snow1 there was always   
some lurking rock ready to remind us of 
his presence by a hearty thump2 however1
 as we were fairly above the chamois1   
our excitement carried us on4 ,i do not 
think that ,joseph swore once2 we found 
afterwards indeed1 to our cost1 that in 
one of his involuntary summersets1 he   
had broken the bottle1 and narrowly     
escaped being bayoneted by the          
fragments3 however1 we did not know it  
then1 and so scrambled on in contented  
ignorance1 until we reached the spot on 
the cliffs to our right1 which we had   
marked as being above our prey4 ,here1  
however1 we found that it was impossible
 to get near enough to the edge to look 
over1 as the fresh-fallen snow          

threatened to part company from the rock
 and carry us with it1 on the slightest 
indiscretion on our parts4 ,crouching   
down in the snow1 we listened for some  
hint of our friend's whereabouts1 and   
had not waited more than a minute1 when 
the faint clatter of a stone far below  
convinced us that he was on the move3   
keeping low1 we wallowed along till we  
came to where the crest of the cliff    
showing a little above the snow1 gave us
 a tolerable shelter2 carefully crawling
 to the edge1 we peeped over1 and saw1  
as we expected1 that the gems had       
shifted his quarters1 and as luck would 
have it1 was standing on the snow-bed   
half-way up the cliff1 immediately below
 us4  ,trembling1 partly with           
excitement1 and partly from the         
under-waistcoat of half-melted snow we  
had unconsciously assumed in our        
serpentine wrigglings1 we lay and       
watched the graceful animal below us4   
,he evidently had a presentiment that   
there was something no canny about the  

mountain-side2 some eddy had perhaps    
reached his delicate nostrils1 laden    
with the taint of an intruder4 ,with his
 head high in the air1 and his ears     
pointed forwards1 he stood examining--as
 wiser brutes than he sometimes         
do--every point of the compass but the  
right4 ,one foot was advanced2 one      
moment more1 and he would have gone2    
when crack6 close to my ear1 jut as ,i  
was screwing up my nerves for a long    
shot1 went ,joseph's heavy rifle4 ,with 
a sinking heart ,i saw the brute take a 
tremendous bound1 all four hoofs        
together1 and then1 like a rifle-ball   
glancing over the bosom of a calm lake1 
bound after bound carried him away and  
away over the snow-field1 and round the 
corner to our right1 before ,i had      
recovered my senses sufficiently to take
 a desperate snap at him4  ,what we     
said1 or felt1 or how we got over the   
face of that cliff1 ,i know not4 ,a dim 
recollection of falling stones and dust 
showering round us--pieces of           

treacherous rock giving way in our hands
 and under our feet1 bruising slides1   
and one desperate jump over the chasm   
between the cliff and the snow1--and    
there we were both1 standing pale and   
breathless1 straining our eyes for some 
scarcely expected trace of blood to give
 us hope4  ,not a drop tinged the       
unsullied snow at the place where he had
 made his first mad bound1 nor at the   
second1 nor at the third2 but a few     
paces further on1 one ruby-tinged hole  
showed where the hot blood had sunk     
through the melting snow4  ,too excited 
to feel any uprising of envy1 hatred1 or
 malice against my more fortunate       
companion1 ,i raced along the white     
incline1 leaving him behind reloading   
his rifle1--which was always a sort of  
solemn rite with him1--and following1   
without difficulty1 the deep            
indentations of the animal's hoofs1 ,i  
came to where the cliff receded into a  
sort of small bay1 with its patch of    
snow on the same plane with the one ,i  

was on1 but separated from it by a      
rugged promontory of cliff and broken   
rock4 ,cautiously ,i scrambled round the
 point1 removing many a stone that      
seemed inclined to fall and give the    
alarm to the watchful chamois1 and      
peeping cautiously round the last mass  
of rock that separated me from the      
snow-patch1 ,i saw the poor brute1      
standing not more than sixty yards from 
me1 his hoofs drawn close together under
 him1 ready for a desperate rush at the 
cliff at the first sound that reached   
him2 his neck stretched out1 and his    
muzzle nearly touching the snow1        
straining every sense to catch some     
inkling of the whereabouts of the       
mischief he felt was near him4  ,with my
 face glowing as if it had been freshly 
blistered1 a dryness and lumping in my  
throat1 as if ,i had just escaped from  
an unsuccessful display of ,mr4         
,calcraft's professional powers1 and my 
heart thud-thudding against my ribs at  
such a rate that ,i really thought the  

gems must hear it in the stillness1 ,i  
raised my carbine4 ,once1 at the neck   
just behind the ear1 ,i saw the brown   
hide clear at the end of the barrel1 but
 ,i dared not risk such a chance2 and   
so1 straining my nerves1 ,i shifted my  
aim to just behind the shoulder1--one   
touch of the cold trigger1 and as the   
thin gases streamed off1 rejoicing at   
their liberation1 ,i saw the chamois    
shrink convulsively when the ball struck
 him1 and then fall heavily on the snow1
 shot right through the heart4 ,with a  
who-whoop6 that might have been heard   
half-way to ,innspruck1 ,i rushed up to 
him2--one sweep of the knife--the red   
blood bubbled out on to the snow that   
shrunk and wasted before its hot touch1 
as if it felt itself polluted1 and there
 lay stretched out in all its beauty    
before me the first gems ,i ever        
killed--just as ,joseph came up1        
panting1 yelling1 and joedling1 and     
rejoicing at my success1 without a shade
 of envy in his honest heart4  ,now ,i  

believe1 in all propriety1 we ought to  
have been melancholy1 and moralized over
 the slain4 ,that rich1 soft black eye1 
filming over with the frosty breath of  
death1 and that last convulsive kick of 
the hind legs1 ought perhaps to have    
made us feel that we had done rather a  
brutal and selfish thing2 but they did  
not4 ,this is a truthful narrative1 and 
,i must confess that our only feeling   
was one of unmixed rejoicing4  ,i have  
occasionally moralized over a trout1    
flopping about amongst the daisies and  
buttercups1 and dying that horrible     
suffocation death of my causing2 but it 
was never1 if ,i remember right1 the    
first trout ,i had killed that day4 ,my 
feelings always get finer as my pannier 
gets fuller1 particularly if it be a    
warm afternoon1 and ,i have lunched4    
,but as for the unfortunate gems1 we    
rejoiced over him exceedingly2 we shook 
hands over him2 we sat beside him1 and  
on him2 we examined him1 carefully1     
minutely1 scientifically1 from stem to  

stem4 ,i firmly believe that ,i could   
pick him out at this moment from the    
thousand ghosts that attend the         
silver-horned ,gemsen ,koenig1 if ,i had
 but the good luck to fall in with his  
majesty and his charmed suite4          
,joseph's ball had struck him high up on
 the neck1 but had not inflicted any    
thing like a severe wound4 ,had we fired
 on him from below1 he would have scaled
 the cliffs in a moment1 and been no    
more seen1 at least by us2 but as he    
knew that the mischief was above him1 he
 dared not ascend--to descend was       
impossible2 and so1 getting to a certain
 extent pounded1 he gave me the rare    
chance of a second shot4  ,long we sat  
and gazed at the chamois2 and the wild  
scene before us--never shall ,i forget  
it6--shut in on three sides by steep and
 frowning cliffs1 in front the          
precipice1 and far1 far down1 the wild  
rocky valleys1 divided by shivered      
ridges1 rising higher and higher till   
they mounted up into the calm1 pure snow

 range1 set in the frame of the jutting 
promontories on each side of us--looking
 the brighter and the holier from the   
comparative shade in which we were4 ,not
 a sound but the occasional faint swish 
of the waterfall that drained from the  
snow-bed1--not a living thing now but   
our two selves standing side by side on 
the snow4 ,we had killed the third1 and 
there he lay stiffening between us6     
,but1 hillo6 ,joseph6 we are nearly     
getting sentimental1 after all1 over    
this brute1 7that ,i should say so67 who
 has all but broken our necks already1  
and who in all human probability will do
 so entirely before we have done with   
him4 ,fish up the decanter1 and let us  
have a schnaps over our quarry2 my      
throat and lips are burning1 as if ,i   
had lunched off quicklime4 ,well1 what  
are you fumbling at8 ,oh1 horror6       
,joseph's hand returns empty from the   
bag1 with a large cut on one of the     
fingers--weeping tears of blood6 ,the   
bottle is smashed6--smashed to atoms6   

and the unconscious ,joseph has had the 
celestial liquor trickling down his     
back--how long he know not1 and care    
not2 it is gone1 and for ever6          
,like the summer-dried fountain1        
,when our need is the sorest6  ,but it  
is of no use blaspheming in that manner1
 ,joseph2 not one of those ten hundred  
and fifty millions of bad spirits you   
are invoking so freely1 will bring us   
back one drop of our good ones2 so we   
must e'en girn and bide4 ,but still it  
is as bad as bad can be1--not a drop of 
water for hours to come1 perhaps4       
,water1 water1 everywhere1     ,nor any 
drop to drink4  ,munching snow only     
chars one's lips like hot cinders1 and  
the cool swish of the waterfall there   
below us only makes one the more        
thirsty4 ,let us be off out of ear-shot 
of it1 at any rate4 ,take up the gems1  
and let us dream of cool1 bubbling      
runlets and iced sour milk as we go4    
,dream6 quotha6 we must dream of how we 
are to go at all1 first1 and a very     

nightmarey sort of dream it promises to 
be2 we are regularly pounded2 not a     
vestige of a crack or crevice up which  
to worm ourselves in the whole face of  
the semicircular range of cliffs beneath
 which we stand2 and moreover1 they are 
all of that upside down1 overhanging    
style1 that precludes all climbing4 ,we 
must retrace our steps as we best can1  
and try where we descended4  ,well1     
,joseph1 where did we come down--eh8    
,not there6 ,nonsense6--impossible6     
,yes6 too true2 there it was2 there are 
our tracks in the snow1 and the dust and
 stones that were so obliging as to     
accompany us to the bottom1 and be      
hanged to them6 ,but the cliff has      
surely grown since then4 ,it looks as   
high as ,gallantry ,bower1 in dear old  
,north ,devon4--,i wish ,i were at the  
top or bottom either of that1 instead of
 where ,i am6 ,there is not a hundred   
feet difference between them4 ,three    
hundred feet1 the cliff is1 if an inch6 
,we can never do it6 ,let us make a cast

 round by the screes1 and see if we     
cannot get down that way4  ,we did so1  
but found that they were quite          
impassable4 ,what looked like a         
continuous shoot when seen from below1  
we found to be divided by two or three  
ledges of rock1 and the angle at which  
they lay1 rendered it impossible for any
 thing heavier footed than a gems to    
pass them4 ,we must up the cliff6 ,we   
had no choice4  ,now1 to begin1 it was  
no easy thing to get at the cliff at    
all4 ,that confounded gap between the   
snow and the rock was bad enough to get 
across from above2 but to jump up from  
the sloping snow slap against the face  
of the rock was ten times worse4        
,however1 ,joseph having uncoiled a few 
yards of line from his waist1 and made  
it fast to the gems1 tightened his belt1
 and took the crack gallantly1 lighting 
on a narrow ledge1 with his nose almost 
touching the rock1 to which he stuck    
like a limpet for a moment1 and then1   
having steadied himself1 turned round   

and seated himself1 with his legs       
dangling over the chasm4 ,now came my   
turn4 ,having thrown the end of the line
 to ,joseph--after vainly looking for a 
promising ledge to land on1 ,i yielded  
to his entreaties1 and swung myself     
right at him4 ,we grasped each other    
pretty tight1 you may be assured1 gentle
 reader2 and after swaying for a moment 
or two over the abyss1 ,i climbed up    
him1 and getting my feet on his         
shoulders1 ,i managed to draw myself up 
to a ledge a few feet higher4 ,now came 
my turn to turn1 and a most unpleasant  
piece of gymnastics it was4 ,the ledge  
was not an inch too broad1 and the rock 
below only rough enough to scratch      
against1 not to give any firm foot-hold4
 ,however1 ,i at last got my back       
against the rock pretty firmly2 and     
,joseph1 who had dragged the gems up    
from the snow1 threw me the end of the  
line1 which1 after one or two           
unsuccessful grabs1 that nearly toppled 
me over from my bad eminence1 ,i caught1

 and with his assistance1 got the gems  
up to me1 and rested it across my knees4
 ,joseph now turned his face to the     
rock1 and getting up to me1 placed one  
of his iron-soled shoes on my thigh1 and
 the other on my shoulder1 and climbed  
over and past me4 ,as soon as he was    
firmly fixed1 ,i threw him up the end of
 the line1 and1 felt much relieved of   
the weight of the chamois1 whose rough  
hide rubbed lovingly over my face as it 
passed me1 and turning round1 and       
standing upon my ledge1 laid hold of    
,joseph by the ankle1 and again climbed 
up him and past him1 to be climbed up   
and over in my turn4 ,over and over we  
had to repeat the same manoeuvre1 varied
 occasionally by our being unable to    
turn or to sit down from the narrowness 
of the ledges1 and then the strain was  
terrible4 ,if we had not come sometimes 
to a broader ledge than usual1 which    
allowed us to lie down and get an easier
 hold of the line1 as it dangled like a 
plummet over the cliff1 we1 or at least 

,i1 could never have reached the top of 
the cliff with the gems1 and ,i very    
much doubt whether either of us would   
have cared much to have done so without 
it4 ,what was before me ,i hardly knew4 
,imitating as well as ,i could the happy
 insouciance of a snail sliming up the  
side of the ,parthenon1 ,i tried to     
restrict my range of vision to points   
immediately near me4 ,i never felt giddy
 in my life2 but ,i felt that it would  
be running a terrible risk to look into 
the immensity that lay stretched out    
below me1 like another world4  ,however1
 every thing in this world must have at 
least one end1 even an ,alpine cliff4   
,and at last1 as ,i drew myself up1 ,i  
found myself face to face with the snow4
 ,the last step was by no means the     
easiest or safest2 but in a few moments 
all three of us1 ,joseph1 the chamois1  
and myself1 were lying on the snow-bed1 
one hardly more alive than the other4   
,as soon as we had recovered a little1  
we stumbled back amongst the sloppy     

snow1 and the half-hidden rocks1 one of 
which had doubtless caused the untimely 
emptying of our spirit bottle1 till we  
arrived at the cheminee up which we had 
scrambled in the morning4 ,now          
scrambling up is one thing1 and         
scrambling down is another--decidedly   
more difficult1 particularly with the   
addition of a beastie twice as large as 
a well-grown fawn4 ,so we decided to    
return over the small glacier which had 
so nearly knocked our brains out in our 
ascent1 not without a lurking hope of   
finding some water in its delicate green
 chalices4  ,the small ice-stream on    
which we pursued our thirsty search1    
flowed down from the upper snow-beds    
through a chasm in the cliffs1 and lay  
right across our path4 ,the crevasses   
were small and easy to traverse1 though 
had they been ten times the breadth1 we 
should have welcomed them for the       
prospect of water they held out4 ,we    
soon discovered what we wanted1 and     
throwing ourselves on the ice1 from     

which the sun had long since melted the 
last night's snow1 leaving nothing but  
the pure water crystal1 revelled in long
 draughts of ice-cold water1 regardless 
of the consequences4  ,we lay there     
resting ourselves1 and peering down the 
crevasses for some time4 ,how           
deliciously refreshing was that cool    
green light1 filtered through the       
translucent ice1 to our eyes1 wearied by
 the eternal glare of the snow-fields6  
,i have often wondered why no poet had  
ever chosen one of these same crevasses1
 with its tinkling stream1 and fairy    
bridges and battlements of pure green   
ice1 bathing in a strange unearthly     
phosphorescent light1 for the home of   
some glacier ,undine4 ,where could one  
find a fitter palace for some delicate  
,ariel than such places as the moulins  
of the ,mer de ,glace1 the ice-grottoes 
of the ,grindenwald1 or the ,rhone      
glacier1 or even the commonest crack in 
the most insignificant sheet of frozen  
snow4 ,how exquisitely beautiful are    

those little emerald basins1 fit baths  
for ,titania1 filled with water so pure 
and clear that one almost doubts its    
presence1 till its exquisite coolness   
touches one's parched lips6 ,i never    
wondered at the excitement of that      
enthusiastic ,frenchman1 who being held 
by the legs to prevent him throwing     
himself into the arms of the ice-nymph1 
whom he doubtless saw beckoning to him  
from below1 hurled his hat into the     
moulin1 and then raced down to the      
source of the ,arveiron to see it       
appear1 hoping1 doubtless1 that it would
 bring him some tidings of fairyland4   
,but the nymph answered not3 perhaps she
 was cold1 and retained the chapeau for 
her own private wearing4 ,at all events1
 ,m4 le ,baron never got it again1 as   
far as ,i could learn4  ,our labor was  
now nearly over2 we quickly traversed   
two or three small snow-fields1 and     
after a little trouble in hauling       
ourselves and the gems up and down the  
ridges that separated them1 we reached a

 smooth declivity of snow1 down which we
 shot merrily1 getting many a roll1 it  
is true1 but merely laughing thereat1 as
 every tumble carried us all the faster 
downwards1 and at last reached safe and 
sound the region of rocks and gravel we 
had left so long4  ,how deliciously     
refreshing to the wearied eye was the   
first patch of green turf6--how brightly
 glowed the alpen-rosen amongst the     
rocks6 ,and--yes6 there is actually a   
honey-bee droning about that orchis1    
singing his welcome song of home1 and   
fire-sides1 and kindly greetings6       
,happy as two school-boys1 we marched   
on1 carrying our quarry alternately1    
yodling1 and shouting1 and playing all  
sorts of practical jokes on each other1 
rejoicing at the success of our         
expedition1 caring nothing now for the  
frowns of the grim old giants around us1
 caring nothing for the bitter blasts   
and swirling snow-squalls that swept    
past us2 and at last1 as night closed   
in1 we found ourselves once more in the 

little cabin1 that seemed quite         
home-like to us1 and which we had       
fancied more than once in the course of 
the day that we should never see again1 
with ,catchins gyrating pound us1 making
 a tail at the chamois1 and welcoming us
 as old friends4 ,we did not dawdle long
 over our supper1 which consisted       
principally of the rat-like marmot1     
broiled on the embers1 and a draught    
from the neighboring torrent1 and turned
 into our hay beds1 wet and wearied     
enough1 with our brains in a whirl from 
the strange excitements of the day1 and 
slept1 too done up to care for tickling 
straws or feline impertinences4  ,when  
,i woke in the morning1 ,i lay for some 
time trying to collect my thoughts1 half
 fearing that all was but a dream1 and  
that we had still our work before us2   
but on scrambling down1 the sight of the
 gems reassured me1 and was an agreeable
 balm for the intolerable aching ,i felt
 from head to heel4 ,joseph ,i must say 
groaned quite as much as myself1 and we 

hobbled about in the dark to find bits  
of wood for our fire1 like a couple of  
unfortunates just escaped from the rack4
 ,the skin of our faces and necks was   
peeling off1 as if we had been washing  
them in oil of vitriol1 and using       
sand-paper for a towel2 but we were used
 to that1 and had been as badly burnt   
many a time before2 but we ached6--ye   
gods1 how we did ache6 ,it took a long  
warming and some mutually administered  
friction1 to get us at all in walking   
trim4 ,as soon as we become lissom      
again1 having nothing to detain us1 and 
very little to eat1 we wended on our    
way1 one bearing ,catchins in the now   
empty bag1 and the other with the gems1 
down towards the pines1 covered with    
last night's snow1 and following the    
course of the torrent1 strode on as     
merrily1 or perchance more so1 as the   
first morning we started4 ,the sun soon 
shone out bright and warm1 the snow     
began to drip from the boughs1 and every
 step we took showed the black mould and

 the decaying needle leaves of the      
pines4 ,we heard the rustling of several
 black-cock1 and it being my turn to    
carry ,catchins' light weight1 ,i shot  
one villanously1 as he sat on a pine    
branch1 and stuck his tail in my hat1   
after the fashion of all true yaegers4  
,soon we left the melting snow and      
dripping woods behind us1 and reached   
the bright meadows glowing beneath an   
,italian sky4 ,strange sounded the      
shrill chirping of the red and green    
grasshoppers in our ears1 kindly each   
herdsman's yodle and maiden's laugh rang
 to our hearts1 and palace-like seemed  
the little cabin that received us after 
our sojourn amongst the ice and snow1   
now seeming more like uneasy dreams than
 realities which we had undergone but a 
day before4 ,bright smiles greeted us1  
bright brown eyes laughed a welcome to  
us1 and many a sturdy hand was clasped  
in ours as we sat resting ourselves on  
the bench before the door4  ,but we     
tarried not long2 we burned to show our 

trophy at home2 and we sped down the    
,oetzthal1 and reached ,dumpfen early in
 the afternoon1 to be cheered and       
complimented1 and welcomed back with all
 the warmth of the honest ,tyrolese     
heart4 ,the people had been in great    
distress about us--about me1 at         
least--as they supposed that ,i must1 of
 necessity1 have broken my neck4 ,i     
suspect1 indeed1 that they never thought
 that ,i would really go1 and were      
rather astonished when they woke1 and   
found me gone4 ,as for ,joseph1 it was  
his certain fate--if not now1 another   
time4 ,but they rejoiced in their       
mistake1 and with my hat crowned with   
flowers by many a rosy finger1 and my   
hands tingling from many a giant        
squeeze1 and perhaps my heart1 too1 a   
little1 from more than one gentle one1  
,i hung my gems on a nail outside the   
door for inspection1 and seated myself  
once again in the little chamber1       
looking out upon the torrent and the    
cliff4  ,i cannot linger over the simple

 pleasures of that evening2 as ,shallow 
says1 the heart is all4 ,jenkins of the 
,post may love to record his            
reminiscences of a ball at ,almack's1 or
 an aesthetic tea at the ,comtesse of   
,cruche ,casse's2 but such remembrances 
always bring as much pain as pleasure to
 me1 making me yearn for those free days
 spent amongst the mountains1 and the   
torrents1 and the happy single-hearted  
mountaineers1 far from the cares1       
troubles1 and tribulations of our highly
 civilized society4  ,and now1 most     
patient reader1--are you there still8   
,farewell6 ,i have tried to give you    
some faint description of the           
indescribable1 and have1 of course1     
failed4 ,but take at least my advice1   
and a knapsack1 and a thick pair of     
shoes1 and eschewing hackneyed          
,switzerland1 leave for once the old    
bellwether1 and try one summer in the   
,norischer ,alpen2 and if you are       
disappointed--,i can only say1 that you 
richly deserve to be6     ,from         

,chambers's ,edinburgh ,journal4        
,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,aberdeen           
,,combworks4   ,within our recollection1
 comb-making was considered one of the  
most miserable of trades1 and as        
destitute of any thing like an organized
 modus operandi as that of the          
perambulating artisans who possessed a  
certain skill in the fashioning of rams'
 horns into spoons and rejoiced in the  
expressive designation of ,horners4 ,on 
a late visit to ,aberdeen1 however1 we  
found the manufacture of combs carried  
on there not only to an extent far      
exceeding our preconceived notions1 but 
flourishing in a state of skilful       
organisation2 and we hastened to visit  
the comb-works of by far the largest    
comb-maker in this country or in the    
world4 ,we have no room to follow the   
steps by which ,aberdeen came to be the 
seat of this particular branch of       
industry2 but before describing the     
system of comb-making there1 we shall   
take a short retrospective glance at the

 general history of the comb1 in order  
to illustrate the various changes it has
 passed through1 and its gradual        
elevation to a respectable position in  
the manufactures of the country4  ,it is
 impossible to state with any degree of 
accuracy the time when it first became  
an indispensable requisite of the       
toilet2 but by what we can glean from   
the ancient writers it would appear to  
have been of ,egyptian origin4 ,the     
,greeks and ,romans used combs made of  
boxwood1 which they obtained as we do1  
from the shores of the ,euxine ,sea1 and
 the mountain-ridge of ,cytorus1 in     
,galatia4 ,according to ,guasco1 a      
modern ,italian author1 combs were also 
formed of silver1 iron1 bronze1 but in  
no instance do we find the modern       
material1 shell or horn4 ,in addition to
 the wooden combs found in their tombs1 
it has been proved that the ,egyptians  
had ivory combs1 toothed on one side1   
which gradually came into use among the 
,greeks and ,romans2 but from specimens 

of the remains found at ,pompeii1 with  
representations on the ,amyclaean       
tables1 it would seem that the ,greeks1 
who were remarkably studious and careful
 in arranging their hair1 used them1    
with teeth on both sides1 exactly       
similar to our small-tooth-combs4  ,the 
mediaeval progress of the comb exhibits1
 like that of every thing else of its   
class1 much curious elaboration with but
 little improvement in utility4 ,in the 
fifteenth volume of the ,archaeologia   
there is a representation of an ivory   
comb found in the ruins of ,inkleton    
,nunnery1 ,cambridgeshire1 containing   
some ,anglo-,saxon design exquisitely   
carved in relief1 but with such teeth as
 a common boor in our day would treat   
with contempt4 ,we find ,chaucer        
commenting on the many absurd articles  
of female attire1 at a time when both   
sexes tied up their hair in a licorous  
fashion with ivory pins2 and one of the 
earliest specimens of ,english combs    
extant1 was dug up in #agfd from beneath

 the lowest of the three paved streets1 
which lie--memorials of their several   
ages--under the present ,shiprow ,street
 of ,aberdeen2 and it was supposed to   
have lain there ever since ,edward      
,,iii4 burned and ruined the city in    
#accf4  ,in modern days the comb        
probably reached its most costly and    
ornamental state at the court of ,louis 
,,xiv41 where hair-dressing was an art  
more appreciated and often better paid  
than the higher efforts of genius4      
,combs of ivory and of tortoise-shell1  
richly inlaid with gold and pearl1      
formed an essential adjunct of the      
toilet of the court beauties4 ,in ,great
 ,britain the fabrication of horn into  
combs was a very ancient process1       
chiefly in ,yorkshire and the midland   
counties4 ,but towards the end of the   
last century the increased demand for   
combs caused makers to establish        
themselves all over the country2 and in 
,scotland there were one or two houses  
of some eminence in the trade at the    

period--some twenty-five years back--at 
which we have now arrived4 ,it was1     
however1 one of those trades that1 as   
its artificers were concerned1 would not
 stand investigation4 ,making combs on  
nearly the same principles as those     
pursued by their forefathers--that is1  
by simply cutting out the interspace    
between the teeth1 with various sorts   
and sizes of saws--its followers1 barely
 entitled to the name of skilled        
workmen1 were dissipated1 unsettled1 and
 irregular in their habits4  ,we come   
now to treat of the grand era in the    
comb trade--of the time when it was     
destined1 like the great staple         
manufactures of our country1 to undergo 
a revolution4 ,the introduction of      
machinery and steam-power1 with the     
division of labor1 is suggestive of an  
important stride in the progress of the 
trade4 ,about the year #ahbh ,mr4 ,lynn 
invented a machine of a singularly      
ingenious design1 having for its        
principal object that of cutting two    

combs out of one plate of horn or shell2
 and two years afterwards ,stewart1     
,rowell  ,co4 commenced the manufacture 
in ,aberdeen4 ,to the first of these    
circumstances the trade was indebted for
 the successful idea of a machine1 which
 affected at the same time a saving of  
half the material1 and an increase of   
produce almost inconceivable4 ,to the   
latter it is still more indebted for the
 first application of steam-power to the
 machinery2 and1 what we think of       
infinitely greater importance1 the      
introduction of those true principles in
 the philosophy of production contended 
for by ,adam ,smith--a philosophy which1
 in its legitimate application1 has the 
invariable effect of elevating alike the
 character of the produce and the       
producers4  ,we shall most appropriately
 represent the combined effect of these 
improvements on the trade by taking the 
reader along with us in a cursory view  
of the principal departments of the     
,aberdeen ,combworks4 ,provided with an 

intelligent cicerone in the person of   
one of the clerks of the office1 we     
began our investigations1 and as an     
essential preliminary1 were first shown 
specimens of the various kinds of raw   
material4 ,in the order of its intrinsic
 value1 this consists of                
tortoise-shells1 horns1 and hoofs4      
,ivory1 in our day1 is reserved almost  
exclusively for the manufacture of      
small-tooth combs1 which form a branch  
of the ivory trade distinct from the one
 before us4 ,of the first of these      
materials1 tortoise-shell1 that best    
adapted to manufacturing purposes is the
 shell1 or scales of a horny contexture 
which inclose the sea-tortoise1 ,testudo
 imbricata4 ,it is found in all warm    
latitudes2 but the best species are     
indigenous to ,hindostan1 the ,indian   
,archipelago1 and the shores of the ,red
 ,sea4 ,the price we are apt to think   
excessive4 ,at present it is thirty-five
 shillings per pound1 and ten years ago 
it was nearly double that price4 ,it    

forms however a valuable article of     
importation4 ,there are two chief       
divisions in horn1 buffalo and ox horns1
 both of which are imported from various
 parts of the globe4 ,buffalo horn is   
for the most part used in the           
manufacture of knife-handles1 and such  
articles1 in the cutlery trade4 ,in     
comb-making it is chiefly used for      
dressing-combs1 and1 generally speaking1
 all combs of a deep black color are    
formed of this material4 ,the best      
buffalo-horns are obtained from the     
,east ,indies1 and the finest are those 
of the ,indian buffalo from ,siam4 ,we  
were shown a beautiful specimen of      
,siamese horns1 which1 on account of    
their extraordinary dimensions1 had been
 preserved and polished4 ,one of them   
measured five feet from tip to base1    
eighteen and a half inches in           
circumference at the widest part1 and   
weighed fourteen pounds4 ,some          
conception may be formed of the size of 
an animal which can support such a      

weight on the frontal-bone1 if we       
recollect that an ,english ox-horn      
weighs only a single pound4  ,ox-horns1 
the staple of comb-makers1 are imported 
with hides from ,south ,america1 the    
,cape of ,good ,hope1 and ,new ,south   
,wales4 ,the imports1 however1 are      
chiefly from the enormous herds of      
,south ,american black-cattle1 which    
have multiplied to such an extent in the
 ,brazilian territories1 that they are  
now slaughtered for the sake of their   
hides and horns1 and their carcasses    
left to be devoured by the innumerable  
carnivorous animals which infest the    
jungles4 ,the ox-horns entered for      
consumption in ,great ,britain in #ahej 
numbered #a1bej1jjj1 and the average    
price is about fifty pounds per ton4    
,hoofs are from the ,german and home    
markets1 and are worth about twelve     
pounds per ton4 ,they are used generally
 in the cheapest description of combs1  
but although the least valuable         
material1 are subject to the most costly

 and ingenious processes of manufacture4
  ,at the time of our visit the quantity
 of horns and hoofs in stock amounted to
 upwards of one hundred tons of each4   
,enormous piles of different            
varieties--from the delicate curvature  
of the small ,highland ox to the equally
 beautiful but enormous cornu of the    
ferocious buffalo of the ,cape2 from the
 ,smithfield horns to those of the      
gigantic buffalo of ,thibet and         
,siam--all lay piled in inextricable    
confusion4  ,after a glance at the      
steam-engine1 fifty horse-power1 and the
 largest of the horizontal kind in      
,scotland1 we proceeded to see the first
 stage of the manufacture1 where horns  
are cut into assorted sizes by a        
circular saw4 ,a horn is twice cut      
transversely1 and afterwards1 if a large
 one1 longitudinally4 ,the tips or      
extremities here cut off are sent to    
,sheffield1 where they are converted    
into table-knife and umbrella handles2  
and for this purpose sixteen thousand   

horns can be cut up in a week4 ,instead 
of being divided in this manner1 the    
hoofs are1 after being boiled a certain 
time1 to render the fibre soft1 cut into
 two pieces2 or rather the sole is      
stamped out by vertical                 
punching-machines of the same irregular 
conformation4  ,the horns and hoofs thus
 cut are then brought in pieces into the
 pressing department4 ,the first thing  
that strikes the visitor on entering is 
the peculiar and easily distinguishable 
odor of burnt horn1 which indeed is     
predominant throughout the works4 ,this 
arises from the high temperature        
necessary to the fabrication of horn1   
which to a greater or less extent       
effects decomposition of the material1  
and is invariably accompanied with the  
disengagement of the peculiar gases     
which create the odor4 ,along the floor 
of this department are thirty-six       
furnaces of a peculiar construction1 and
 at each of these a man and boy were    
busily engaged in shaping the cut horns 

into flat plates1 by heating the pieces1
 and then cutting them to the required  
shape with knives4 ,they were then      
inserted between screw-blocks1 and      
pressed flat4 ,if1 however1 the plates  
are required for stained combs1 as the  
greater part of them are1 a different   
mode of pressing is pursued4 ,into a    
rectangular cast-iron trough about two  
and a half feet long by twelve inches   
wide and deep1 a number of iron         
hot-plates are put2 they are then oiled 
on their surface1 and the plates of horn
 inserted between them2 a wedge is next 
driven into the press by the            
percussion-force of a weight falling    
eight feet1 producing a force of about  
one hundred and twenty tons4 ,this      
pressure on the horn in the iron plates 
has the effect of breaking the fibre to 
a certain degree1 and forcing it to     
expand in a lateral direction4 ,whatever
 may have been the original color of the
 horn1 it is now of a uniform dark green
 color1 and perfectly soft4 ,this       

treatment renders the tissues more      
pervious to the action of acids1 and    
will be better understood when we arrive
 at the operation of staining4  ,but    
there are other means of pressure4      
,around the apartment were arranged one 
hundred and twenty iron                 
screw-presses--levers of the second     
order1 and differing only from a common 
vice in pressing under the screw after  
the manner of nut-crackers4 ,they are   
fitted with steel dies1 with a variety  
of engraved designs1 and in these       
braid-combs1 the outside coverings of   
pocket-combs and side-combs are pressed4
 ,we were shown a new impression on     
pocket-combs of the ,crystal ,palace4 ,a
 man exerting his strength on one of    
these presses can produce a force of    
upwards of fifty tons4 ,but however     
great1 the pressure is still            
insufficient4 ,the enormous demand for  
the cheap side-combs of hoof led to the 
application of hydraulic pressure4 ,the 
two portions of the hoof1 after being   

boiled a second time in a number of     
little troughs1 with a steam-jet in each
 of them to preserve the necessary      
temperature1 the excrescences still     
adhering are pared off4 ,they are then  
transferred to an adjoining room1 where 
sixteen hydraulic presses1 are in       
operation2 and here are subjected to a  
pressure of three hundred tons1 with a  
degree of speed and precision that is   
astonishing4 ,they come out of the press
 in the form of small1 semi-transparent1
 rectangular plates1 having on each side
 the rounded projection or beading      
observable on most side-combs4 ,to      
illustrate the resistless force of this 
pressure1 we were informed that the very
 steel dies which give shape to the hoof
 are soon crushed and worn out2 and it  
was not without some nice calculation   
and experiment that the application of  
hydraulic pressure to the purpose was   
successfully attained4 ,after having    
received the necessary formation by the 
various modes of pressing1 the plates   

are laid aside to dry in a room where a 
high temperature is preserved by means  
of steam-pipes1 and where they are also 
assorted into different sizes1 and the  
edges squared with circular saws4 ,the  
number of such plates1 of shell1 horn1  
and hoof1 in stock at the time of our   
visit1 was somewhere about four millions
 and a half4  ,from this they are       
distributed to the different processes  
in order--the first of which is cutting 
the teeth4 ,certain classes of          
horn-plates1 however1 are subjected to a
 farther process of planing on the      
surface preliminary to this operation2  
but in all plates which have been       
hot-pressed1 and are intended to be     
stained1 this is unnecessary1 and       
therefore they are taken when perfectly 
dry to the cutting department4 ,on      
entering this department the visitor is 
sometimes bewildered4 ,the incessant and
 peculiar clatter of the machinery1 the 
heat of the place1 and apparent         
confusion1 produce together a curious   

effect4 ,a little observation1 however1 
shows that we have arrived at the basis 
of all the modern improvements in       
comb-making4 ,on benches around the     
apartment1 in close proximity to each   
other1 were twenty-four                 
twinning-machines--the invention1 with  
its subsequent improvements1 to which we
 have referred4 ,each of these is worked
 by a man1 with an attendant who keeps  
up a supply of hot plates from the fires
 arranged for that purpose in the centre
 of the room4 ,it is impossible without 
diagrams to explain the principles and  
construction of this apparatus2 but     
there can be no mistaking its effect4 ,a
 plate of horn1 after being heated1 is  
placed on a small carriage within the   
cast-iron frame of the machine1 which   
travels by means of a particular        
arrangement of gearing on parallel      
slides4 ,immediately over this are two  
angular-shaped chisel-like cutters1     
which1 on the application of motive     
power1 descend on the horn with an      

alternating motion1 and an inconceivable
 degree of rapidity and force4 ,before  
we could well see1 far less understand1 
the rationale of the process1 we were   
shown the horn cut in two pieces--one   
half literally taken out of the other1  
and each presenting the well-defined    
outline of a comb4 ,in this cutting     
department resides the perfection of    
that beautiful mechanism that           
revolutionized the trade and reduced it 
to mathematical precision4 ,to          
appreciate this we have only to look at 
the increase it has effected in the     
production4 ,a comb-maker of the old    
school could not perhaps1 with all his  
skill1 cut more than eighty or a hundred
 combs per day2 while with this         
machinery a man and boy will cut upwards
 of two thousand of the same kind1 and  
with a consumption of only half the     
material4 ,the finer dressing-combs1 and
 all small-tooth combs1 are still cut by
 circular saws in the next department4  
,here1 however1 a moderately curious    

visitor will not linger4 ,a dense       
atmosphere of horn dust fills the large 
apartment1 and gives to every thing     
within its influence the white          
appearance that distinguishes a         
flour-mill1 to which indeed at first    
sight it bears a striking resemblance4  
,from the notes we took1 we learn that  
here there are wheels on the fine       
self-acting machinery1 in connection    
with the cutting and pointing of combs1 
that revolve #ejjj times in a minute1   
and saws so delicately fine as to cut   
forty teeth within the space of an inch4
  ,we inquired as to the effect on the  
operatives of this animalized           
atmosphere1 and were informed that it   
was not known to be injurious4 ,on the  
contrary1 it was stated as a singular   
fact1 in connection with the late       
visitation of cholera in ,aberdeen1 that
 not a single comb-maker had been       
affected by the disease1 at least       
fatally2 whence it may be inferred1     
although we do not pretend to assign the

 reason1 that the fabrication of horn   
must be attended with considerable      
anti-miasmatic effects4 ,at all events  
it is certain that horn-dust cannot     
exercise that injurious action on the   
air-passages and the lungs which is     
experienced in many trades1 such as that
 of the steel-grinders of ,sheffield4   
,passing over one or two intermediate   
stages after the combs are thus cut and 
twinned--such as thinning on the outer  
edge by means of grindstones1 and       
pointing1 by means of peculiarly-shaped 
bevel-saws--we arrive at the next       
department1 where the finishing is given
 by the hand4 ,here we meet with        
artificers who1 with a pertinacious     
reverence for ancient usages1 preserve  
among themselves the appellation of     
comb-makers par excellence1 forgetting  
that the very boys and girls in their   
respective departments play as important
 a part in the aggregate production4    
,and yet1 in their province1 they are   
deserving of commendation4 ,the         

specimens of elaborate and skilful      
decoration displayed here1 especially on
 ladies' braid-combs1 were admirable1   
and one pattern was shown us wherein    
there was a species of chain1 formed of 
beautifully stained horn1 woven with the
 head of the comb1 which1 although we   
examined it minutely1 and knew there    
must have been a joint in each alternate
 link1 we nevertheless failed to        
discover4 ,it is in this department that
 the teeth are smoothed and rounded--an 
operation technically termed            
grailling--which is effected by         
different sorts of cutting rasps4 ,so   
far as the making or formation is       
concerned1 the combs are now finished4  
,at the opposite side of the buildings  
we were taken to the department where   
the staining is carried on4 ,this will  
be better understood if described as the
 imitation on the various classes of    
combs of the natural diversity of tint  
in tortoise-shell4 ,the horn1 whether in
 plates1 as in the side-combs1 or after 

being twinned1 as in dressing-combs1 is 
immersed in diluted nitric acid1 which1 
with its characteristic action on all   
organized tissues1 creates a deep and   
permanent yellow stain4 ,this resembles 
the ground color of tortoise-shell2 and 
to produce the variegation1 the horns   
are then treated with a particular      
composition of red oxide of lead1 with  
certain alkaline compounds1 which has   
the effect of neutralizing the action of
 the acid1 and imprinting a stain of a  
deep orange color4 ,after being         
carefully washed1 dried1 and polished1  
the surface of the combs presents the   
beautiful and natural appearance        
desired4 ,indeed1 the imitation is so   
perfect in the best classes of stained  
combs1 that a practised observer can    
only detect it4 ,we were shown1 for     
example1 two specimens of braid-combs1  
one of real tortoise-shell and another  
of stained horn2 and so much alike were 
they in color and configuration1 that we
 could not tell which was which1 and yet

 the one comb was worth about ten times 
as much as the other4 ,this operation of
 staining1 which is somewhat artistic1  
is performed by women4  ,there are still
 some minor departments1 which we need  
not describe in detail4 ,buffing        
consists in smoothing the rough surfaces
 of the horn by means of wheels covered 
with walrus skin4 ,side-combs and braids
 are bent to their peculiar curve by    
being first heated and then fastened to 
wooden blocks--an operation that lasts  
only a few minutes4 ,pocket-combs have  
of course a different and peculiar      
treatment in some stages2 such as the   
formation of the joint1 and the putting 
together of the handles4 ,and there is a
 department exclusively devoted to the  
fabrication of horn-spoons1 which       
becomes chiefly remarkable from the     
circumstance of there being no modern   
application of machinery to the         
manufacture4 ,the last process1 however1
 to which all combs are subjected1 is   
that of polishing1 which is effected by 

wheels1 covered with leather of         
different degrees of softness4 ,after   
this they are despatched to the         
warehouse1 to be assorted the last      
time--the side-combs being stitched to  
cards1 or packed in fancy boxes1 which  
affords constant work to about twenty   
women4  ,we were finally shown the      
patterns of the different kinds of      
combs1 many of them exceedingly         
beautiful2 but we can only notice them  
in regard to number4 ,of dressing-combs 
7counting the different sizes of all the
 patterns71 there were #fje2 ladies'    
braid-combs1 #fab2 ladies' side-combs1  
#ebe2 pocket1 small-tooth1 horse combs1 
and sundry articles1 #ahf3 in all1 #aibh
 different varieties4  ,the aggregate   
number produced of all these different  
sorts averages upwards of #abjj gross   
weekly1 or about #i1jjj1jjj annually4   
,the annual consumption of ox-horns is  
about #gcj1jjj1 being considerably more 
than half the imports of #ahej2 the     
consumption of hoofs amounts to         

#d1jjj1jjj2 the consumption of          
tortoise-shell and buffalo-horn1        
although not so large1 is               
correspondingly valuable3 even the      
waste1 composed of horn-shavings and    
parings of hoof1 which1 from its        
nitrogenized composition1 becomes       
valuable in the manufacture of prussiate
 of potash1 amounts to #cej tons in the 
year2 the broken combs in the various   
stages of manufacture average #ej or #fj
 gross in a week2 and as the crowning   
illustration of the enormous extent of  
these comb-works1 the very paper for    
packing costs ,l4#fjj a year4  ,there   
are so many beautiful instances of the  
division of labor that the task of      
selecting is not easy4 ,but let us take 
the cheapest article in the trade2      
namely1 the side-combs1 sold retail at  
#a;d4 per pair3 in its progress from the
 hoof to the comb--finished1 carded1 and
 labelled ,german shell--it undergoes   
eleven distinct operations4 ,this comb1 
which twenty years ago was sold to the  

trade at #cs4 #f;d4 per dozen1 can now  
be purchased in the same way for two    
shillings and sixpence per gross6 thus  
effecting a reduction in price of about 
#afjj per cent4 ,as an illustration of  
the value of labor1 we give the         
following comparative estimate of the   
produce of the three materials3----  #a 
cwt4 shell1 val4 ,l4#bjj1 produces      
combs1 val4 #bge1 inc4 #cg-a_/b per     
cent4 #a ton horns1         #ef1        
#aej1     #afh           #a ton hoofs1  
#ab1                    #cf1     #bjj   
,regarded in this aspect1 in the        
relation of labor to material1 we find  
that hoofs--intrinsically the least     
valuable of the materials--become1 with 
the application of labor1 the most      
valuable--that is1 proportionably3 and  
the converse is true in the case of     
tortoise-shell4  ,at the time of our    
visit there were employed #def men and  
boys1 and #afd women--in all1 #fbj      
persons--exactly four times the number  
employed in the comb-trade in all       

,scotland when the house commenced      
business4     ,from the ,national ,era4 
,a ,,reminiscence4  ,,by ,,alice        
,,carey4   ,some four or five years ago1
 there came to reside in the            
neighborhood in which ,i then lived a   
family consisting of three persons--an  
old lady1 a young man1 and a child of   
some fourteen years4 ,the cottage they  
took was divided by a little strip of   
woods from my own home2 and ,i well     
remember how rejoiced ,i was on first   
seeing the blue smoke curling up from   
the high red chimneys1 for the house had
 been a long time vacant1 and the       
prospect of having near neighbors gave  
me delight4 ,perhaps1 too1 ,i was not   
the less pleased that they were new     
neighbors4 ,we are likely to            
under-estimate persons and things we    
have continually about us2 but let      
separation come1 and we learn what they 
were to us4 ,apropos of this--in the    
little grove ,i have spoken of ,i       
remember there was an oak tree1 taller  

by a great deal than its fellows2 and a 
thousand times ,i have felt as though   
its mates must be oppressed with a      
painful sense of degradation1 and really
 wished the axe were laid at its root4  
,at last1 one day ,i heard the ringing  
strokes of that fatal instrument1 and1  
on inquiry1 was told that the woodman   
had received orders no longer to spare  
that tree4 ,eagerly ,i listened at      
first--every stroke was like the song of
 victory2 then the gladness subsided1   
and ,i began to marvel how the woods    
would look with the monarch fallen2 then
 ,i thought1 the glory will have        
departed1 and began to reflect on myself
 as having sealed its death warrant1 so 
that when the crash1 telling that the   
mighty was fallen1 woke the sleeping    
echoes from the hills1 ,i cannot tell   
how sad an echo it waked also in my     
heart4 ,if ,i could see it standing once
 more1 just once more6 but ,i could not1
 and till this day ,i feel a twinge when
 ,i think of the tall oak4  ,but the new

 neighbors4 ,some curiosity mingled with
 my pleasure1 ,i confess1 and so1 as    
soon as ,i thought they were settled1   
and feeling at home1 ,i made my toilet  
with unusual care for the first call4   
,the cottage was somewhat back from the 
main road1 and access to it was had by a
 narrow grass-grown lane1 bordered on   
one side by a green belt of meadow land1
 and on the other by the grove1 sloping 
upward and backward to a clayey hill1   
where1 with children and children's     
children1 about them1      ,the rude    
forefathers of the hamlet slept4  ,a    
little farther on1 but in full view of  
its stunted cypresses and white         
headstones1 was the cottage4 ,of burial 
grounds generally ,i have no dread1 but 
from this particular one ,i was         
accustomed1 even from a child1 to turn  
away with something of superstitious    
horror4 ,i could never forget how ,laura
 ,hastings saw a light burning there all
 one winter night1 after the death of   
,john ,hine1 a wild1 roving fellow1 who 

never did any real harm in his life to  
any one but himself1 hastening his own  
death by foolish excesses4              
,nevertheless1 his ghost had been seen  
more than once1 sitting on the cold clay
 mound beneath which the soul's         
expression was fading and crumbling into
 dust--so1 at least1 said some of the   
oldest and most pious inhabitants of our
 village4 ,there1 too1 ,mary            
,wildermings1 a fair young girl who     
died1 more sinned against than sinning1 
had been heard to sing sad lullabies    
under the waning moon sometimes1 and at 
other times had been sitting by her     
sunken grave1 and braiding roses1 as for
 a bridal1 in her hair4 ,true1 ,i never 
saw any of these wonderful things2 but a
 spot more likely to be haunted by the  
unresting spirits of the bad could not  
readily be imagined4 ,the woods1 thick  
and full of birds1 along the roadside1  
thinned away toward the desolate ridge1 
where briers grew over the grave-mounds1
 and about and through the fallen       

palings1 as they would1 with here and   
there a little clearing among weeds and 
thistles and high matted grass1 for the 
making of a new bed4  ,it was the       
twilight of a beautiful summer day as ,i
 walked down the grassy lane and past   
the lonesome graveyard to make my first 
call at the cottage1 feeling1 ,i        
scarcely knew why1 strangely sad4 ,by an
 old broken bridge in the hollow between
 the cottage and the graveyard ,i       
remember that ,i sat down1 and for a    
long time listened to the trickling of  
the water over the pebbles1 and watched 
the golden patches of sunlight till they
 quite faded out as came still evening  
on1 and twilight gray1 that in her sober
 livery all things clad4  ,so quietly ,i
 sat that the mole1 beginning its blind 
work at sunset1 loosened and stirred the
 ground beneath my feet1 and the white1 
thick-winged moths1 coming from beneath 
the dusty weeds1 fluttered about me1 and
 lighted in my lap1 and the dull1 flabby
 beating of the bat came almost in my   

face4  ,the first complaint of the owl  
sounded along the hollow and died over  
the next hill1 warning me to proceed1   
when ,i heard1 as it were the echo of my
 own thought1 repeated in a low1        
melancholy voice1 the conclusion of that
 beautiful stanza of the elegy in       
reference to that moping bird4 ,i       
distinctly caught the lines----      ,of
 such as wandering near her sacred      
bower1     ,molest her ancient solitary 
reign4  ,looking up1 ,i saw approaching 
slowly1 with arms folded and eyes upon  
the ground1 a young and seemingly       
exceeding handsome man4 ,he passed      
without noticing me at all1 and ,i think
 without seeing me4 ,as he did not      
observe me1 ,i had the better           
opportunity of observing him1 though ,i 
would fain have foregone that privilege 
to have won one glance4 ,he interested  
me1 and ,i felt humiliated that he      
should pass me as though ,i were a stick
 or a stone4 ,his face was pale and very
 sad1 and his forehead shaded with a    

mass of black1 heavy hair1 pushed away  
from one temple1 and falling neglectedly
 over the other4  ,well6 said ,i1 as ,i 
watched him ascending the opposite hill1
 feeling very much as though he had     
wantonly slighted some claim ,i had upon
 him1 though ,i could not possibly have 
the slightest1 and1 turning             
ill-humoredly away1 ,i walked with a    
quick step toward the cottage4  ,a      
golden-haired young girl sat in the     
window reading1 and on my approach arose
 and received me with easy gracefulness 
and well-bred courtesy1 but during my   
stay her manner did not once border upon
 cordiality4 ,she was very beautiful1   
but her beauty was like that of         
statuary4 ,the mother ,i did not see4   
,she was1 as ,i was told1 slightly      
indisposed1 and1 on begging that she    
might not be disturbed1 the daughter    
readily acquiesced4 ,every thing about  
the place indicated people accustomed to
 refined and elegant habits1 but whence 
they came1 how long they proposed to    

remain1 and what relation the young man 
sustained to the other members of the   
family ,i confess ,i would gladly have  
known4  ,seeing a flute on the table1 ,i
 spoke of music1 for ,i conceived it to 
belong to the absent gentleman4 ,i      
received no enlightenment1 however2 and 
as the twilight was already falling     
deeply1 ,i felt obliged to take leave1  
without obtaining even a glimpse of the 
person whom ,i had pictured in          
imagination as young and fair1 and of   
course agreeable4  ,the sun had been set
 some time1 but the moon had risen full 
and bright1 so that ,i felt no fear even
 in passing the graveyard1 but walked   
more slowly than ,i had done before1    
till1 reaching the gate1 ,i paused to   
think of the awful mystery of life and  
death and immortality4  ,this is not a  
very desolate spot after all1 thought   
,i1 as leaning over the gate1 something 
of the quiet of the place infused itself
 into my spirits4 ,here1 ,i felt1 the   
wicked cease from troubling1 and the    

weary are at rest4 ,here the long train 
of evils that attach themselves to the  
best phases of humanity fade to silent  
dust4 ,here the thorn-crown of pain is  
loosened from the brow of sorrow by the 
white hand of peace1 and the hearts that
 were all their lifetime bowed under the
 shadow of a great and haply unpitied   
affliction1 never ache any more4 ,and   
here1 oh1 best of all1 the frailties of 
the unresisting tempted are folded away 
beneath the shroud from the humiliating 
glances of pity--from the cold eyes of  
pride4 ,we have need to be thankful that
 when man brought upon his primal nature
 the mildew of sin1 ,god did not cast us
 utterly from him1 but in the           
unsearchable riches of his mercy struck 
open the refuge of the grave4 ,if there 
were no fountain where our sins of      
scarlet might be washed as white as     
wool--if the black night of death were  
not bordered by the golden shadows of   
the morning of immortality--if deep in  
the darkness were not sunken the        

foundations of the white bastions of    
peace--it were yet an inestimable       
privilege to lay aside the burden of    
life1 for life becomes--sooner or later1
 a burden1 an echo among ruins4  ,in the
 corner of the burial ground1 where the 
trees are thickest1 a little apart from 
the rest1 was the grave of ,mary        
,wildermings1 and year after year the   
blue thistles bloomed and faded in its  
sunken sod4  ,the train of my           
reflections naturally suggested her1    
and1 turning my eyes in the direction of
 her resting place1 ,i saw1 or thought  
,i saw1 the outline of a human figure4  
,i remembered the story of her unresting
 ghost1 and at first little doubted that
 ,i beheld it1 and felt1 ,i own1 a      
tumult of strange feeling on finding    
myself thus alone so near a questionable
 shape4  ,then1 ,i said1 this is some   
delusion of the senses2 and ,i passed my
 hand over my eyes1 for an uncertain    
glimmer had followed my intensity of    
gaze4 ,i looked towards the cottage to  

reassure myself by the light of a human 
habitation1 but all there was dark--a   
cloud had passed over the moon1 and1    
without venturing to look towards the   
haunted grave1 ,i withdrew from the     
gate1 very lightly2 nevertheless1 it    
creaked as ,i did so4 ,any sound save   
the beating of my own heart gave me     
courage2 and when ,i had walked a little
 way1 ,i turned and looked again1 but   
the dense shadow would have prevented my
 seeing any thing1 if any thing had been
 there4 ,certain it is1 ,i saw nothing4 
,on returning home1 ,i asked the        
housekeeper1 a garrulous person usually1
 if she remembered ,mary ,wildermings1  
and if she was not buried in the        
graveyard across the wood4  ,yes1 ,i    
remember her1 and she is buried in the  
corner of the ground on the hill4 ,they 
come to my house1 ,i know1 to get a cup1
 or something of the sort1 with which to
 dip the water from her grave1 for it   
rained terribly all the day of her      
funeral4 ,but1 she added1 what do you   

want to talk of the dead and gone for1  
when there are living folks enough to   
talk about8  ,truth is1 she wanted me to
 say something of our new neighbors1 and
 was vexed that ,i did not1 though ,i   
probably should have done so had they   
not been quite driven from my thoughts  
by the more absorbing event of the      
evening2 so1 as much vexed and          
disappointed as herself1 ,i retired4    
,the night was haunted with some        
troublous dreams1 but a day of sunshine 
succeeded1 and my thoughts flowed back  
to a more cheerful channel4  ,days and  
weeks went by1 and we neither saw nor   
heard anything of our new neighbors1 for
 my call was not returned1 nor did ,i   
make any further overtures towards an   
acquaintance4  ,often1 as ,i sat under  
the apple tree by the door1 of          
twilights1 ,i heard the sweet mellow    
music of the flute4  ,is that at the    
cottage8 said the housekeeper to me1 one
 night3 it sounds to me as though it    
were in the corner of the graveyard4  ,i

 smiled as she turned her head a little 
to one side1 and1 encircling the right  
ear with her hand1 listened for some    
minutes eagerly1 and then proceeded to  
express her conviction that the music   
was the result of no mortal agency4     
,did you ever hear of a ghost playing   
the flute8 said ,i4  ,a flute6 she      
answered1 indignantly1 it's a flute1    
just as much as you are a flute2 and for
 the sake of enlightening your blind    
understanding1 ,i'll go to the          
graveyard1 night as it is1 if you will  
go with me4  ,very well1 ,i said4 ,come 
on4  ,so1 under the faint light of the  
crescent moon1 we took our way together4
 ,gradually the notes became lower and  
sadder1 and quite died away4 ,i urged my
 trembling companion to walk faster1    
lest the ghost should vanish too2 and   
she acceded to my wish with silent      
alacrity1 that convinced me at once of  
the sincerity of her expressed belief4  
,just as we began to ascend the hill1   
she stopped suddenly1 saying1  ,there6  

did you hear that8  ,i answered that ,i 
heard a noise1 but that it was no       
unusual thing to hear sounds of the sort
 in an inhabited neighborhood at so     
early an hour4  ,it was the latching of 
the gate at the graveyard4 ,she         
answered1 solemnly4  ,as you value your 
immortal soul1 go no further4  ,in vain 
,i argued1 that a ghost would have no   
need to unlatch the gate4 ,she          
positively refused to go farther1 and   
with a courage not very habitual to me1 
,i confess1 ,i walked on alone4  ,do you
 think ,i don't know that sound8 she    
called after me4 ,i would know if ,i had
 forgotten everything else4 ,oh1 stop   
till ,i tell you6 ,the night ,mary      
,wildermings died1 ,i heard her say2 but
 ,i knew the sound of the gate as well  
as she1 and would not wait even for a   
ghost story4 ,i have since wished ,i    
had1 for ,i could never afterwards      
persuade her to reveal it4  ,gaining the
 summit of the hill1 ,i perceived1 a    
little way before me1 a dark figure1    

receding slowly2 but so intent was ,i on
 the superhuman1 that ,i paid little    
attention to the human2 though          
afterward1 in recalling the             
circumstance1 the individual previously 
seen while ,i sat on the bridge became  
in some way associated with this4  ,how 
hushed and solemn the graveyard seemed6 
,i was half afraid1 as ,i looked        
in--quite startled1 in fact1 when       
latching and unlatching the gate1 to    
determine whether the sound ,i had heard
 were that or not1 a rabbit1 roused from
 its light sleep1 under the fallen      
grass1 sped fleetly across the still    
mounds to the safer shelter of the      
woods4 ,i saw nothing else1 save that   
the grass was trampled to a narrow path 
leading towards ,mary's grave4  ,during 
the summer1 ,i sometimes saw the young  
girl in the woods1 and ,i noticed that  
she neither gathered flowers nor sang   
with the birds2 but would sit for hours 
in some deep shadow1 without moving her 
position in the least1 not even to push 

away the light curls which the wind blew
 over her cheeks and forehead1 as they  
would4 ,she seemed to neither love nor  
seek human companionship4 ,once only ,i 
noticed1 and it was the last time she   
ever walked in the woods1 that he whom  
,i supposed to be her brother was with  
her4 ,she did not sit in the shade1 as  
usual1 but walked languidly1 and leaning
 heavily on the arm of her attendant1   
who several times swept off the curls   
from her forehead1 and bent down1 as if 
kissing her4  ,a few days afterwards1   
being slightly indisposed1 ,i called in 
the village doctor4 ,our conversation1  
naturally enough1 was of who was sick   
and who was dead4  ,among my patients1  
he said1 there is none that interests me
 so deeply as a little girl at the      
cottage--indeed1 ,i have scarcely       
thought of anything else1 since ,i knew 
that she must die4 ,a strange child1 he 
continued2 she seems to feel neither    
love of life nor fear of death--nor does
 she either weep or smile2 and though ,i

 have been with her much of late1 ,i    
have never seen her sleep4 ,she suffers 
no pain--her face wears the same calm   
expression1 but her large1 melancholy   
eyes are wide open all the time4  ,the  
second evening after this1 though not   
quite recovered myself1 ,i called at the
 cottage1 in the hope of being of some  
service to the sick girl4 ,the snowy    
curtain was dropped over the window of  
her chamber--the sash partly raised1 and
 all within still--very still4 ,the door
 was a little open1 and1 pausing1 ,i    
heard from within a low1 stifled moan1  
which ,i could not misunderstand1 and   
pushing open the door1 ,i entered       
without rapping4  ,in the white sheet1  
drawn straight over the head and the    
feet1 ,i recognised at once the fearful 
truth--the little girl was dead4 ,by the
 head of the bed1 and still as one      
stricken into stone1 sat the personage  
,i so often wished to see4 ,the room was
 shadowy1 and his face buried in his    
hands--nevertheless1 ,i knew him--it was

 he who had passed me on the bridge4    
,presently the housekeeper1 or one that 
,i took to be she1 entered1 and         
whispering to him1 he arose and left the
 room1 so that ,i but imperfectly saw   
him4 ,when he was gone1 the woman folded
 the covering away from the face1 and to
 my horror ,i saw that the eyes were    
still unclosed4 ,seeing my surprise1 she
 said1 as she folded a napkin1 and      
pinned it close over the shut lids----  
,it is strange1 but the child would     
never in life close her eyes--her       
mother1 they say1 died in watching for  
one who never came1 and the baby was    
watchful and sleepless from the first4  
,the next day1 and the next1 it was dull
 and rainy--excitement and premature    
exposure had induced a return of my     
first indisposition1 so that ,i was not 
at the funeral4 ,i saw1 however1 from my
 window1 preparations for the burial--to
 my surprise1 in the lonesome little    
graveyard by the woods4  ,in the course 
of a fortnight1 ,i prepared for a visit 

of condolence to the cottage1 but1 on   
reaching it1 found the inhabitants      
gone--the place still and empty4  ,on my
 return1 ,i stopped at the haunted      
burial ground--close by the grave of    
,mary ,wildermings was that of the      
stranger child4 ,the briers and thistles
 had been carefully cut away1 there was 
no slab and no name over either1 but the
 blue and white violets were planted    
thickly about both4 ,that they slept    
well1 was all ,i knew4     ,from        
,household ,words4  ,,the ,,shadow ,,of 
,,margery ,,paston4   ,a suggestive     
book1 ,the ,paston ,letters2 ,original  
,letters1 written during the reigns of  
,henry the ,sixth1 ,edward the ,fourth1 
and ,richard the ,third3 the private    
history of a family of rank1 some four  
centuries ago4 ,in this collection of   
ancient memorials of domestic life1 we  
trace the nature of the contests between
 themselves of a poor1 ambitious1 and   
turbulant aristocracy1 when the right of
 the strong arm was paramount over law2 

we see the growth of that power which   
was derived from the profitable exercise
 of industry2 and view the middle       
classes1 amidst the partial oppression  
and general contempt of the high-born1  
securing for themselves a firm position 
and a strong hold1 whilst the exclusive 
claims of feudality were crumbling      
around them4 ,here we learn how harsh   
were many of the domestic relations of  
parent and child--how public oppression 
had its counterpart in private tyranny4 
,the love passages of the book are      
singularly interesting4 ,a humble friend
 of the ,paston family has won the      
affections of one of its daughters4     
,they are betrothed4 ,the mother insults
 the ,factor4 ,the brothers despise him4
 ,the power of the ,church is opposed to
 the union4 ,yet the ardent girl is     
constant--and she triumphs4 ,how she    
finally emerged from her persecutions is
 not recorded4 ,but the last letter of  
the angry mother1 which describes these 
struggles1 is thus endorsed3--,a letter 

to ,sir ,john ,paston from his mother1  
touching the good-will between her      
daughter ,margery ,p4 and ,ric4 ,calle1 
who were after married together4  ,the  
shadows of the young lady and her lover 
arise before us1 and we try to piece out
 their dim history4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,margery ,paston  
is sitting in the accustomed solitude of
 the ,brown chamber in her mother's     
dowry house at ,norwich4 ,dame ,margaret
 ,paston1 her mother1 has just returned 
from spending the ,easter of #adfi in   
her son's ruinous castle of ,caister4   
,he holds this castle under a disputed  
will2 and the great duke of ,norfolk is 
preparing to dispossess him of it1 not  
by the feeble writs of the ,king's      
,court at ,westminster1 but by gun and  
scaling ladder4 ,on the return of the   
lady she receives unwelcome             
intelligence4 ,her chaplin1 ,sir ,james 
,gloys1 has intercepted a letter        
addressed to her daughter4 ,the young   
lady is the object of constant anxiety  

and suspicion--watched--persecuted4 ,up 
to the age of twelve or fourteen she had
 seen little of her parents1 but had    
been a welcome inmate in the family of  
,sir ,john ,fastolf1 at ,caister2 who1  
in his caresses of the fair girl1       
indulged the strong affection which old 
men generally feel towards a playful and
 endearing child4 ,he had no children of
 his own1 and little ,margery was1      
therefore1 a real solace to the ancient 
warrior4 ,there was another child1 a few
 years older than ,margery1 who was     
admitted to play1 and to learn out of   
the same book1 with the daughter of the 
,pastons4 ,this was ,richard ,calle1 the
 only son of an honest and painstaking  
man1 who acted in the capacity of a     
steward for ,sir ,john ,fastolf1 and    
conducted many of the complicated       
affairs with which the old knight amused
 himself in the evening of a busy       
life--his friends complaining of the    
yearly great damage he beareth in       
disbursing his money about shipping and 

boats1 keeping a house up at ,yarmouth  
to his great harm1 and receiveth but    
chaffer and ware for his corns and his  
wools1 and then must abide a long day to
 make money4#aa  ,richard ,calle has now
 grown into manhood4 ,he is reputed to  
have received a goodly inheritance from 
his father1 which he has increased by   
provident enterprises in trade4 ,when   
the ,pastons wanted money1 he was once  
always to be applied to4 ,but he has    
presumed to address his play-fellow     
,margery with the language of affection2
 and though ,sir ,john ,paston had once 
said that1 for his part1 ,richard ,calle
 might have his dowerless sister and    
welcome1 for he had always been a warm  
friend of the ,pastons2 his mother is   
indignant that a trader should think of 
marrying into a gentle family2 and ,john
 of ,gelston1 the second son1 in an hour
 when the fortunes of the house seemed  
in the ascendant1 has vowed that        
,richard ,calle should never have my    
good-will for to make my sister to sell 

candles and mustard1 at ,framlingham4#ab
  ,margery ,paston sits in the ,brown   
chamber1 with her bright blue eyes      
dimmed with tears4 ,she is endeavouring 
to forget her own sorrows by reading a  
tale of imaginary griefs1 which for four
 hundred years has never been read with 
a tearless eye4 ,she is at that passage 
of ,the ,clerk's ,tale of ,chaucer1     
where ,grisildis has her infant daughter
 taken from her1 under pretence that it 
is to be put to death3----      ,but1 at
 the last1 to speaken she began1        
,and meekly she to the serjeant pray'd  
7,so as he was a worthy gentleman7      
,that she might kiss her child ere that 
it deid died2     ,and in her barne lap 
this little child she laid     ,with    
full sad face1 and 'gan the child to    
bliss1     ,and lulled it1 and after    
'gan it kiss4  ,the door of the chamber 
is hastily opened1 and an old servant   
stands before ,margery with a face of   
affright4 ,all in that household love   
the gentle maiden2 and so the old man1  

seeing the tear in her eye1 bids her be 
of good cheer1 for though his worshipful
 mistress is now in a somewhat impatient
 humor1 and demands her instant         
attendance in the ,oaken parlor1 she is 
a good lady at heart1 and would soon    
forgive any slight cause of offence4    
,dame ,paston has called in two allies  
to constitute1 with herself1 the        
tribunal that is about to sit in        
judgment on ,margery ,paston4 ,dame     
,agnes ,paston1 the aged mother of the  
late heir of ,caister1 sits at the table
 with her daughter-in-law and the       
priest4  ,margery enters2 and1 in a     
moment1 is kneeling at the feet of her  
mother1 with the accustomed reverence of
 child to parent4 ,oh1 minion1 says the 
mother1 rise1 ,i beseech you2 it is not 
for such as you to kneel to a poor      
forlorn widow1 left with few worldly    
goods4 ,mistress ,calle has             
plenteousness all around her1 and has   
nothing to ask of the world's gear4 ,she
 has her good house at ,framlingham1 and

 her full store at ,norwich4 ,mistress1 
know you the price of salted hams at    
this present8 ,are pickled herrings     
plenteous8 ,we have some wool in loft1  
which we should not be unwilling to     
exchange for worsteds4 ,how say you1    
,mistress ,dry-goods2 will you deal1    
will you chaffer8  ,my mother1 what mean
 you8  ,oh1 minion1 you know full well  
my meaning4 ,you are an alien from your 
family4 ,you are betrothed to a low     
trader1 with no gentle blood in his     
veins4  ,the good ,sir ,william ,paston1
 ,knight1 and whilom ,judge of ,his     
,majesty's ,court of the ,common ,pleas1
 would rise from his grave to save a    
granddaughter of his from inter-marrying
 with mustard and candle1 quoth the     
ancient lady4 ,faugh6 a factor6  ,and   
one whom ,i shrewdly suspect to be a    
heretic1 says the priest1 looking       
earnestly at ,mistress ,margaret        
,paston4  ,oh1 my mother1 why am ,i thus
 persecuted8  ,persecuted1 foosooth6    
responds the elder dame2 ,i took other  

rule with my daughters2 and well do ,i  
remember that when ,elizabeth ,clere1 my
 niece1 tried to intercede with me for  
her wilful cousin ,mary1 forasmuch as   
she had been 'beaten once in the week or
 twice1 and sometimes twice in a day1   
and had her head broken in several      
places1'#ac ,i told her that it was for 
warning and ensample to all forward     
maidens who dared to think of love or   
marriage without their parents'         
guidance4 ,and with the help of my      
worthy lord1 the good ,sir ,william     
,paston1 ,knight1 and ,judge of ,his    
,majesty's ,court of the ,common        
,pleas--,his ,majesty ,henry the ,sixth 
gave him two robes and a hundred marks  
yearly2 and may ,god him preserve upon  
his throne----  ,the priest and         
,mistress ,margaret drown the good old  
lady's somewhat disloyal gratitude      
7seeing that the ,house of ,york is in  
the ascendant7 by judicious clearings of
 the voice1 as they prepare to read the 
intercepted letter of ,richard ,calle1  

with sundry glosses4  ,minion1 says the 
mother1 know you this superscription8   
,it is a letter from my own ,richard1   
cries the delighted girl2 will you give 
it me8  ,assuredly not4 ,it convicts you
 of being a false liar1--or it lies     
itself4 ,did you not1 with the fear of  
close custody1 and bread and water1 and 
maybe some healing stripes1 before your 
eyes1 affirm that there was no contract 
between the dry-goodsman and yourself8  
,mother1 ,i own my sin2 ,i did affirm   
it1 but ,i was wrong1 and ,i am         
penitent4  ,vile brethel6 exclaims the  
mother4  ,she mentioned it not1 even    
under the seal of confession1 adds the  
priest4  ,yes1 once in the week or      
twice1 and sometimes twice a day1 and   
she made an excellent wife1 by reason of
 the frequent beatings1 and brought up  
her children accordant1 soliloquises the
 old lady4  ,daughter1 ,i conjure you to
 hear what this vile ,richard ,calle    
sayeth to you4 ,tell me that it is      
false--tell me that he is a bold liar1  

when he affirmeth that you are          
contracted1 and you shall at once have  
all freedom and reasonable pleasure2 but
 if not----  ,mother1 ,i listen4  ,hear1
 then1 what this abominable bill        
imports4 ,sir ,james1 please to read4   
',to ,mistress ,margery ,paston3  ',mine
 own lady and mistress1 and before ,god 
very true wife1 ,i1 with heart full1    
very sorrowfully recommend me unto you1 
as he that cannot be merry1 nor nought  
shall be1 till it be otherwise with us  
than it is yet2 for this life that we   
lead now is neither pleasure to ,god nor
 to the world1 considering the great    
band of matrimony that is made betwixt  
us1 and also the great love that hath   
been1 and as ,i trust yet is1 betwixt   
us1 and as on my part never greater4    
,wherefore ,i beseech ,almighty ,god    
comfort us as soon as it pleaseth ,him2 
for us that ought of very right to be   
most together1 are most asunder4        
,meseemeth it is a thousand years ago   
that ,i spake with you----  ,margery    

here bursts into a passion of tears2 and
 her mother1 almost weeping too1        
ejaculates1 ,my poor child6 ,the priest 
looks at the lady somewhat spitefully1  
and proceeds3----  ',i had liever than  
all the good in the world ,i might be   
with you4 ,alas6 alas6 good lady full   
little remember they what they do that  
keep us thus asunder4 ,four times in the
 year are they accursed that let        
matrimony----'  ,accursed are they8     
exclaims the priest4 ,ban and anathema  
against us1 my worshipful lady6 ,but    
there are others1 ,i wot1 that the      
,church holds accursed2 and this base   
mechanical be one of them1 if ,i mistake
 not4 ,did ,i not once hear him say--for
 the varlet ever had privilege to speak 
in this house1 when his betters held    
their peace--did ,i not hear him once   
say that his father had told him that he
 had seen the heretic priest1 ,john     
,waddon1 burnt at ,framlingham1 and that
 he 7shame that such an unbeliever might
 presume to speak upon matters of the   

,church67 thought that the knowledge of 
the truth was not advanced by such      
terrors1 and that those who lit the     
fires for the ,lollards had no sanction 
in the ,gospel of ,christ4 ,for mine own
 part1 ,i well believe that he has      
seduced our daughter from her obedience 
by his false and damnable opinions4     
,mistress ,margery1 did he never open in
 your presence the book of that arch    
heretic1 ,john ,wiclif1 which is called1
 ',the ,book of the ,new ,law'--the book
 which1 in the ,constitution of         
,archbishop ,arundel1 was forbidden to  
be read1 under pain of the greater      
excommunication8  ,the maiden answers   
not4 ,the priest1 looking earnestly at  
,mistress ,margaret ,paston1 asks her if
 she did not think that there was a     
possibility of such a devilish          
corruption having gone forward2 and     
,mistress ,margaret1 her cheek coloring 
a deep red1 and then having an ashy     
paleness1 speaks no more for good or    
evil to her daughter1 but quails before 

the priest4 ,he has her secret4 ,there  
is a treasured volume in that house1    
which has been carefully locked up for  
half a century1 to be looked upon in the
 secret hour1 when prying eyes are      
sleeping1 and in the hour of            
tribulation1 when careful eyes are      
waking4 ,with ,richard ,calle1 ,mistress
 ,margaret had often spoken of this     
book2 although even to possess it was to
 risk a charge of ,lollardie1 with all  
its penalties4 ,the priest sees his     
triumph2 and proceeds to make an end of 
as much of the letter as he chooses to  
read3----  ',i understand1 lady1 ye have
 had as much sorrow for me as any       
gentlewoman hath had in the world1 as   
would ,god all that sorrow that ye have 
had had rested upon me1 and that ye had 
been discharged of it2 for ,i wis1 lady1
 it is to me a death to hear that ye be 
entreated otherwise than ye ought to be2
 this is a painful life that we lead4 ,i
 cannot live thus without it be a great 
displeasure to ,god4'  ,he thought not  

of ,god's displeasure when he presumed  
to speak of love to a daughter of the   
,pastons1 says the priest4 ,a           
granddaughter of ,sir ,william ,paston1 
one of his ,majesty's ,justices1 mutters
 the ancient lady4 ,sir ,james continues
 to read the missive3----  ',i suppose  
they deem we be not ensured together and
 if they do so ,i marvel1 for then they 
are not well advised1 remembering the   
plainness that ,i brake to my mistress  
at the beginning1 and ,i suppose by you1
 both2 and ye did as ye ought to do of  
very right2 and if ye have done the     
contrary1 as ,i have been informed ye   
have done1 ye did neither consciencely1 
nor to the pleasure of ,god1 without ye 
did it for fear1 and for the time1 to   
please such as were at that time about  
you2 and if ye did it for this cause1 it
 was a reasonable cause1 considering the
 great and importable calling upon ye   
that ye had2 and many an untrue tale was
 made to you of me1 which1 ,god know it1
 ,i was never guilty of4#ad  ,and now1  

pretty ,mistress ,margery1 says ,sir    
,james1 will you affirm that this man   
sayeth untruly1 when he sayeth that you 
are ensured together8 ,you have before  
said that you are not so ensured4 ,will 
you cast off your mother and your       
brothers to be the wife of a low factor1
 and a companion for idle queans and the
 wives of fat burgesses1 instead of     
wedding some noble knight1 who will give
 you a castle to dwell in1 with all     
worship and authority8 ,deny the        
contract2 there is guilt in affirming it
 even if it had been made in a moment of
 imprudence4  ,sir ,james ,gloys1 and   
you1 my honored mother1 answers the     
maiden1 ,richard ,calle says truly1 that
 ,i did not consciencely1 nor to the    
pleasure of ,god1 when ,i concealed our 
contract for fear1 and for the time4 ,we
 are betrothed2 and ,i rejoice at the   
handfasting4 ,no pain1 no fear1 shall   
ever again lead me to deny it4 ,he is my
 true husband1 and may ,i ever be to him
 a reverent and loving wife4 ,for who   

can ,i love as ,i have loved1 and do    
love1 ,richard ,calle1--the companion of
 my childhood1 the instructor of my     
girlhood3 a true man1 as brave as if he 
were the sturdiest of belted knights--as
 wise as if he were the clerkliest of   
learned scholars4 ,he has abundance2 he 
is generous4 ,when did a ,paston ask    
,richard ,calle for aid that his hand   
was not open8 ,we may not want his help 
just now2 but if the time arrive1 and   
assuredly it may be not far off1 that   
hand would be again stretched out for   
succour4 ,come ,richard ,calle of gentle
 or simple1 ,i heed not2 he is my own   
true man1 and to him is my faith        
plighted1 for ever and aye4  ,twice in a
 day1 and had her head broke in several 
places1 grumbles the ancient dame4      
,mistress ,margery1 responds the priest1
 you must take your own course4 ,but    
this is not now a matter for daughter   
and mother to settle between them4 ,it  
must before the ,lord ,bishop4 ,in the  
name of ,holy ,church1 ,i prohibit all  

intercourse by message or letter between
 ,richard ,calle and yourself4 ,you must
 be in strict durance for a short       
season2 and then a higher than us shall 
decide1 contract or no contract4 ,heaven
 forfend that ,i1 or any servant of the 
altar1 should let matrimony4  ,my child1
 go to your chamber1 whispers the       
subdued mother4  ,we see the shadow of  
,margery ,paston1 before she quits the  
,oaken parlor1 kneeling for her mother's
 blessing4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,the ,michaelmas of #adfi  
is nearly come4 ,margery ,paston is     
still in durance at her mother's house4 
,every art has been tried to make her   
deny the betrothal4 ,the priest has     
worked upon the fears of the mother--the
 daughter has been studiously kept from 
her presence4 ,but this state of things 
cannot abide4 ,dame ,margaret thus      
writes to ,sir ,john ,paston3 ,i greet  
you well1 and send you ,god's blessing  
and mine2 letting you weet that on      
,thursday last was1 my mother and ,i    

were with my ,lord of ,norwich1 and     
desired him that he would no more do in 
the matter touching your sister till    
that ye1 and my brother1 and others1    
that were executors to your father1     
might be here together1 for they had the
 rule of her as well as ,i2 and he said 
plainly that he had been required so    
often to examine her1 that he might not1
 nor would1 no longer delay it3 and     
charged me1 in pain of cursing1 that she
 should not be deferred1 but that she   
should appear before him the next day4  
,and ,i said plainly that ,i would      
neither bring her nor send her4 ,and    
then he said that he would send for her 
himself1 and charged that she should be 
at her liberty to come when he sent for 
her4  ,on the next day--it is a         
,friday--,margery ,paston is brought    
into the ,bishop's ,court4 ,there1      
surrounded with the panoply of the      
,church1 sits old ,walter ,lyhart--he   
that built the roof of the nave1 and the
 screen1 of ,norwich ,cathedral4 ,the   

maiden trembles1 but her spirit remains 
unbroken4 ,the bishop puts her in       
remembrance how she was born1--what kin 
and friends she has--,and ye shall have 
more1 young lady1 if ye will be ruled   
and guided after them4 ,but if ye will  
not1 what rebuke1 and loss1 and shame   
will be yours8 ,they will evermore      
forsake you1 for any good1 or help1 or  
comfort that ye shall have of them4 ,be 
well advised4 ,i have heard say that ye 
love one that your friends are not well 
pleased that ye should love4 ,be        
advised--be right well advised4  ,i am  
the betrothed wife of ,richard ,calle4  
,i must cleave to him for better for    
worse4  ,rehearse to me what you said to
 him4 ,let me understand if it makes    
matrimony8  ,we have plighted our       
troth--we are handfasted4 ,how can ,i   
repeat the words8 ,richard said----,oh1 
my lord6 spare me1 ,i am bound in my    
conscience1 whatsoever the words were4  
,if the very words make not sure1 make  
it1 ,i beseech you1 surer ere ,i go     

hence4  ,and then the bishop dismisses  
the maiden with many frowns4  ,richard  
,calle is summoned4 ,he briefly tells   
the time and place where the vows were  
exchanged4 ,the bishop is bewildered4   
,he scarcely dare hesitate to confirm   
the marriage4 ,but the subtle priest is 
at his side1 and he whispers the fearful
 word of ,lollardie4 ,then the bishop   
hastily breaks up the court1 and says1  
,that he supposed there should be found 
other things against him that might     
cause the letting the marriage2 and     
therefore he would not be too hasty to  
give sentence4  ,margery ,paston stands 
again upon her mother's threshold4 ,the 
aged servant is weeping as he opens the 
door3 ,oh1 my dear young mistress6 ,i am
 commanded to shut this gate against    
you4 ,the figure of ,sir ,james ,gloys  
looms darkly in the hall4 ,begone1      
mistress6 he exclaims4 ,i will go to my 
grandmother1 sobs out the poor girl4    
,your grandmother banishes you for ever 
from her presence1 retorts the churlish 

priest4  ,it is night4 ,the pride and   
the purity of the unhappy ,margery      
forbid her to seek the protection of her
 ,richard4 ,she has been watched4       
,exhausted and heart-broken1 she gladly 
accepts the shelter which ,roger ,best  
offers her4 ,that shelter becomes her   
prison4  ,here closes the record4 ,but  
what a succession of ,shadows is called 
up by the endorsement of the letter     
which tells of these sorrows3 ,they were
 after married together4 ,the contract  
could not be dissolved4  ,at one time we
 see the shadows of ,richard and        
,margery ,calle sitting cheerily        
together in their peaceful home at      
,framlingham4 ,the intrigues that are   
carrying on in the ,duke of ,norfolk's  
castle1 under whose walls they abide1   
touch them not4 ,they are not called    
upon to declare either for ,york or     
,lancaster4  ,at another time we fancy  
,john of ,gelston1 ,margery's younger   
brother1 a wandering fugitive after the 
battle of ,barnet1 throwing himself upon

 the despised ,factor for refuge and    
succor4 ,the fortunes of the ,pastons   
are now at the lowest ebb4 ,norfolk     
holds ,caister4 ,edward the ,fourth has 
pardoned their revolt--but he will not  
trust them1 or employ them4 ,at length  
,norfolk dies4 ,caister is restored to  
the ,pastons--but they are penniless4   
,we see the shadow of a great feast     
within those half-ruinous walls4 ,the   
,factor has procured the means from his 
friends the ,lombards4 ,he now sits upon
 the dais4 ,sir ,john ,paston calls him 
brother4 ,dame ,paston greets him as    
son4 ,john of ,gelston says1 ,i would   
that my sister should not sell mustard  
and candles at ,framlingham--and        
assuredly she shall not4 ,richard ,calle
 has managed his substance better than  
we2 he can win broad lands enow4 ,kiss  
me1 sister4  ,there is one shadow of    
,margery which rests upon our mind4 ,she
 sits with her mother in the ,oaken     
parlor at ,norwich1 reading from a      
volume1 now opened without fear1        

,blessed are the peace-makers4          
,,footnotes3  #aa ,paston ,letters2     
edited by ,a4 ,ramsay4  #ab ,paston     
,letters4  #ac ,paston ,letters4  #ad   
,this and the preceding passages are    
given literally from ,calle's letter in 
the ,paston ,collection4     ,from the  
,london ,times4  ,,cleopatra',s         
,,needle4   ,but a few years ago1 the   
imperishable records of the ,assyrian   
empire were discovered amidst the sands 
of the ,euphrates by the intelligence   
and enterprise of a single ,english     
traveller4 ,what is the value of the    
ruins of ,pompeii by the side of these  
awful records of the genius and power of
 a mighty nation1 which had passed from 
the earth apparently as a wave passes   
away on the surface of the sea8 ,the    
official persons charged with the       
direction of such matters would1 of     
course1 satisfy themselves in the first 
instance that there was no trickery1 no 
spice of adventure or imposition1 about 
the project of removing the ,assyrian   

marbles to ,england4 ,when this was     
done1 was it not natural to suppose that
 they would have clutched at the        
opportunity of adding yet another trophy
 to the relics of the ,parthenon8 ,the  
history of ,mr4 ,layard is there to show
 how weak is the character of that      
enthusiasm which must work out its      
effects at a distance--in what driblets 
any assistance from the public purse is 
vouchsafed to an enterprise which is not
 recommended to notice by the untiring  
zeal of a projector6 ,consider the money
 fooled away on the basin at ,keyham on 
the one hand1 and the inefficient aid   
afforded to ,mr4 ,layard for the removal
 of the ,assyrian marbles on the other1 
and our meaning will be at once evident4
 ,we desire to-day to call attention to 
another public shortcoming of the like  
nature4  ,englishmen who travel from    
their native country to the ,british    
,indian empire1 as they pass through    
,alexandria1 take occasion to visit two 
tall obelisks of red ,thebaic granite on

 the south side of the ,great ,harbour4 
,these relics of the remotest periods of
 ,egyptian history are covered with     
inscriptions which possess great        
interest for the antiquarian1           
independently of the value which        
attaches to the shafts or pillars       
themselves4 ,in our columns yesterday   
will be found a long and particular     
account of the traditions which must    
ennoble these mute interpreters of the  
past in the eyes of the latest          
posterity2 we do not1 therefore1 deem it
 necessary to repeat the tale in this   
place4 ,one of the two obelisks remains 
erect in its original site2 the other   
lies prostrate on the sand1 with which  
it is partly covered4 ,a portion of its 
pedestal has been built into the wall   
which at that spot constitutes the      
fortification of the town4 ,the one     
which yet remains upright on the spot   
where once stood the temple of the      
,caesars is the property of the         
,egyptian ,government2 the other1 which 

lies neglected on the earth1 belongs to 
the ,english nation4 ,it is ours by     
conquest--it is ours by gift4 ,it is a  
trophy won by our arms when the gallant 
,abercromby fell at the head of his     
victorious troops4 ,as though this title
 were not sufficient1 in #ahbj ,mehemet 
,ali1 then ,pasha of ,egypt set at rest 
any doubt which might have existed as to
 our title to this trophy by its long   
abandonment on the field of battle4 ,he 
solemnly presented it to ,george ,,iv4  
,nor has a shadow of doubt ever been    
cast upon our right to this memorial of 
past times and of our own military      
glory1 save by a modest inuendo of the  
,french consul in #ahcj1 when the       
,french were busy removing the obelisk  
of ,luxor4 ,that worthy and intelligent 
functionary suggested that1 as the      
,english had so long neglected the      
,pasha's present1 they might be         
considered to have relinquished it1 and 
therefore it might as well be taken away
 in the ,french vessel which had come   

for the other obelisk4 ,to this modest  
proposition the ,english government     
demurred1 and accordingly ,cleopatra's  
,needle has been left upon the sand in  
the harbour of ,alexandria1 until it may
 suit the ,english to take some         
efficient steps for its removal4 ,all   
authoritative reports from the spot     
inform us that the inscription is partly
 defaced upon one side1 but in no other 
respect4 ,the sand from the desert has  
in great measure preserved the monument 
which has been so long abandoned to its 
fate4 ,truth1 however1 compels us to    
call attention to the language of our   
report1 which adds1 that if the obelisk 
be not removed at once1 it will         
doubtless1 ere long1 become utterly     
ruined and worthless4 ,this result will 
not be attributable to the ravages of   
time1 but to the injuries inflicted by  
idle or mischievous persons on this     
valuable record and monument of by-gone 
days4  ,a correspondent furnishes the   
,times with the following interesting   

historical notices of this celebrated   
monument3       ,travellers who visit   
,alexandria cannot fail to observe1 on  
the south side of the great harbor1 now 
called the ,new ,port1      a beautiful 
obelisk of red ,thebaic granite1 or     
,syenite1      covered with             
hieroglyphics1 standing erect where was 
once      the ,caesarium1 or ,temple of 
,caesar1 while near it another          
similar monument lies prostrate1 and    
partly covered by the      sand4 ,to    
these relics of a remote antiquity the  
,arabs give      the name of ,mesellet  
,faraun1 or ,pharaoh's ,packing ,needle1
      a term which is1 indeed1 applied  
by them to all obelisks4      ,the      
traditions of the later periods of the  
,roman ,empire1 and      of a subsequent
 time1 seem to have attributed many     
objects      at ,alexandria to          
,cleopatra1 and the obelisks in question
 are      accordingly best known to     
,europeans as ,cleopatra's              
,needles1 a trivial designation1        

possessing as little      historical    
value as that of ,queen ,elizabeth's    
,pocket      ,pistol1 which is given to 
the great gun at ,dover4 ,the           
classical term obelisk is1 in its       
origin1 not less      trivial1 if it be 
true that it is derived from the ,latin 
obeliscus1 a diminutive of the ,greek   
word ,greek3 obelos1      which means1  
literally1 a spit1 as indicative of the 
peculiar form of this species of        
monument4       ,as far as the true     
history of these obelisks is concerned1 
which is principally to be deduced from 
the monarchs' names      sculptured on  
them1 they appear to have been          
originally cut      at the granite      
quarries of ,syene1 at the first        
cataract in      ,upper ,egypt1 #gej    
miles from their present site1 by       
,thothmosis ,,iii4 ,this monarch was one
 of the most celebrated      rulers of  
that remarkable country4 ,we find       
remains of him in      ,nubia1 at       
,samneh1 at ,premmis1 and at ,amada1    

proving that his      sway extended even
 beyond the third cataract4 ,he added   
also      largely to the great temple of
 ,karnak2 and on the sculptures      in 
one of its rooms he is represented as   
presenting      offerings to his        
ancestors or predecessors of eight      
several      dynasties1 namely3 the     
kings of ,thebes1 of ,abydos1 of        
,memphis1 of ,ethiopia1 and of four     
other divisions of ,egypt4      ,in one 
of the tombs near ,thebes is a painting 
of a grand      procession of men of the
 several nations bordering on the       
,nile1 who are bringing their costly    
gifts in token of homage      to this   
king4 ,under ,thothmosis ,,iii41 who    
held ,upper and      ,lower ,egypt and  
,ethiopia1 the kingdom of ,thebes had   
reached      its full size4 ,several    
later kings may have been more          
wealthy1 and more powerful1 and their   
conquests may have      extended        
further1 but those conquests were only  
temporary2      and the glories of those

 later kings never threw the reign      
of ,thothmosis ,,iii4 into the shade4   
,the central inscriptions on the four   
faces of these      obelisks were       
sculptured by the monarch whom we have  
just      described4 ,the lateral       
inscriptions were added by a king who   
was1 if possible1 even more celebrated1 
namely1 ,amunmai      ,rameses ,,ii41   
commonly known by the name of           
,sesostris1 the      monarch under whom 
,upper ,egypt rose to its greatest      
height      in arms1 in art1 and in     
wealth4 ,it is unnecessary to do more   
than allude to the fabled history of    
this monarch2 but      confining        
ourselves to the particulars recorded on
      imperishable monuments of stone1  
we find that he finished      the palace
 of the ,memnonium or ,mamunei at       
,abydos1 and also      the temple of    
,osiris1 in the same city2 and on one of
 the      walls of the latter he carved 
that list of his forefathers      now in
 the ,british ,museum1 which is known by

 the name of the      ,tablet of        
,abydos4 ,at ,thebes1 besides adding to 
the buildings      of his predecessors1 
he erected a new palace1 which1 like    
that at ,abydos1 was by the ,greeks     
called the ,memnonium4 ,in      the     
first courtyard was a colossal statue of
 himself1 larger      than any other in 
,egypt1 and in the second yard were two 
smaller ones1 from one of which was     
taken the colossal head      now in the 
,british ,museum4       ,the two        
obelisks of ,alexandria likewise have   
the names and      titles of some       
,pharaoh of later times1 by whom they   
may      probably have been removed to  
,memphis2 but subsequently the          
,ptolemies1 to embellish their          
,greco-,egyptian capital1               
transferred them to ,alexandria4 ,in the
 reign of the ,emperor      ,tiberius1  
when the ,alexandrians completed the    
beautiful      temple to his honor named
 the ,sebaste1 or ,caesar's ,temple1    
which stood by the side of the harbor1  

and was surrounded by      a sacred     
grove1 ornamented with porticoes1 and   
fitted up      with libraries1          
paintings1 and statues1--it being the   
most      lofty building in the         
city1--they set up in front of this     
temple the two obelisks of ,thothmosis  
and ,rameses1 which1      like the other
 monuments of the ,theban kings1 have   
outlived      all the temples and       
palaces of their ,greek and ,roman      
successors4       ,these beautiful      
memorials of two of the most powerful   
and      celebrated rulers of ,egypt    
appear not to have suffered any         
material injury from the vicissitudes to
 which the dominions      of those kings
 have during so many ages been          
subjected4#ae      ,from a very early   
period one of them has been thrown down 
from the pedestal on which it stood2 but
 this seeming      calamity has probably
 preserved its sculptures better than   
if it had remained on its pedestal1 for 
its still erect      companion1 though  

well preserved on the sides exposed to  
the      sea1 has suffered a good deal  
from the beating against it of      the 
land-wind1 which blows with violence and
 is charged with      sand4 ,with the   
exception of the four corners of the    
base1      where1 like the obelisk in   
the ,hippodrome at ,constantinople1     
it would seem to have formerly been held
 to its pedestal by      four cubes of  
bronze1 the fallen obelisk is perfect1  
and its      sculptures are in          
comparatively good preservation4 ,its   
length is #fd feet1 and at its base it  
is about #h feet      square2 its weight
 being estimated at about #bdj tons4#af 
,the obelisk is of great value from its 
antiquity1 its      proportions1 and1   
moreover1 as an imperishable memorial of
      ,british valor4       ,after the  
,english were in possession of          
,alexandria 7as we      find it recorded
 by ,dr4 ,clarke in his ,travels7 a     
subscription was opened among the       
officers of the army and      navy for  

the purpose of removing the prostrate   
obelisk to      ,great ,britain4 ,with  
the money thus raised they purchased one
      of the vessels that ,menou had    
sunk in the old port of                 
,alexandria4 ,this they raised1 and     
prepared for its      reception4 ,the   
work went on rapidly1 the obelisk was   
turned1      and its lower surface was  
found to be in a high state of          
preservation4 ,it was then moved1 by    
means of machinery      constructed for 
the purpose1 towards the vessel prepared
 to      receive it4 ,lord ,cavan       
presided at this undertaking4 ,a naval  
officer1 who was present upon the       
occasion1 brought over to      ,england 
the plans projected for conveying this  
splendid      trophy of the success of  
our arms to the metropolis of this      
country2 and there is every reason to   
believe the design      would have been 
accomplished4 ,its interruption took    
place in      consequence of an order   
preventing the sailors from             

assisting at the work4 ,an eye-witness1 
who is still living1      states that   
about #e1jjj,l4 were subscribed by the  
army1 that      #cjj ,sepoys worked for 
three or four months in constructing a  
jetty1 whence the obelisk was to have   
been embarked2 but      that the        
,general who then commanded at ,malta   
wrote to the      military authorities  
in ,egypt1 objecting to the employment  
of the troops in such a work1 and       
ordering them to suspend      their     
operations4 ,this was accordingly done1 
and the money      unexpended was       
returned to the subscribers4            
,though the obelisk was thus left behind
 when the ,british      forces quitted  
,egypt1 the idea of bringing it to      
,england was      never abandoned2 and  
whatever doubts might have existed as   
to our right to the possession of a     
trophy which had been      taken1 but   
afterwards 7as it were7 abandoned on the
 field of      battle1 were set at rest 
by the gift of it made in the year      

#ahbj by the late ,mehemet ,ali ,pasha  
to ,king ,george ,,iv4                  
,notwithstanding this gift1 the obelisk 
still remained      without any         
definitive steps being taken for its    
removal to      ,england4#ag ,in #ahcj1 
when the ,french sent a vessel to       
,alexandria to transport to ,france the 
obelisk of ,luxor1      which is now    
standing in the ,place de la ,concorde  
at ,paris1      and also1 as it was     
talked of at the time1 the one of       
',cleopatra's needles' which is yet     
standing1 the ,french      ,consul in   
,egypt is said to have made the modest  
suggestion      that1 'as the ,english  
had so long neglected the ,pasha's      
present1 they might be considered to    
have relinquished it1      and therefore
 it might as well be taken away in the  
,french      vessel which had come for  
the other obelisk4'       ,this1        
however1 was not allowed to take place4 
,neither have      the ,english taken   
any steps to acquire possession of a    

monument which is the indisputable      
property of the ,british      nation1   
and which1 if not removed1 will         
doubtless ere long      become utterly  
ruined and worthless4 ,the stones of the
      pedestal on which it stood have   
been carried away for      building     
purposes2 the obelisk itself has been   
exposed to      many marks inflicted by 
the curious and idlers of               
,alexandria1 and as a last indignity one
 end of it has      actually been built 
into the wall surrounding the port1     
forming part of the new fortifications  
of the city4       ,the subject of the  
removal of this obelisk has often been  
before ,parliament4 ,on the #b;d of     
,june last1 in the ,house of            
,peers1 the ,marquis of ,westmeath1 at  
the request of several      military and
 naval officers1 inquired what steps had
 been      taken for obtaining          
possession of or for removing it4 ,he   
stated that the opinion of the late ,sir
 ,r4 ,peel1 expressed      to himself1  

was1 that it was a monument which ought 
to be      brought to ,london and       
erected as a memorial of ,sir ,ralph    
,abercromby and others who had fought   
and died in ,egypt4 ,the      late ,sir 
,george ,murray had also stated that he 
joined with      all his military and   
naval friends1 who desired that the     
obelisk should be brought to this       
country4 ,in reply to ,lord             
,westmeath's inquiry the ,earl of       
,carlisle admitted the      importance  
which attached to the obelisk1 not      
merely as a      memorial of the ancient
 art of ,egypt1 but also as a monument  
of ,british heroism2 but said that he   
apprehended there were      some        
mechanical difficulties4 ,this1 however1
 can hardly be      the case1 inasmuch  
as the obelisk would unquestionably have
      been removed in #ahja1 had it not 
been for the reasons      already       
stated4       ,as a relic of ancient    
art1 as a memorial of two of the most   
renowned monarchs of ,egypt1 and as a   

trophy of ,british      valor1 this     
obelisk is without price4 ,if allowed to
 remain      in its present state1 it   
will inevitably be destroyed1 and       
there cannot exist the slightest doubt  
that it was the      bounden duty of the
 ,british nation to see to its          
preservation1 which can only be secured 
by carrying out the      intention of   
our valiant troops half-a-century       
ago--namely1      by transplanting it to
 ,england4 ,the appropriate site for it 
might either be the courtyard of the    
,british ,museum1 where      it would   
form a noble addition to the peerless   
collection of      ,egyptian monuments1 
of which the famed ',rosetta ,stone1'   
that      other trophy of our occupation
 of ,egypt1 forms a part2 or it         
might1 perhaps1 be more appropriately   
set up in ,st4 ,james's      ,park1 at  
the back of the ,horse ,guards4 ,the    
expense of its      removal could not be
 great2 but1 whatever might be its      
amount1 it is certain1 when even ,mr4   

,hume has expressed an      interest in 
the subject1 that the nation would      
cheerfully      incur it4 ,an offer has 
indeed been made to ,government to      
bring it to ,england by contract for a  
comparatively trifling      sum4        
,,footnotes3  #ae ,mr4 ,gould1 in the   
,builder of ,august #b1 says1 from      
certain authorities1 it would appear    
that both were standing at the close of 
the #abth century4  #af ,on the #aeth of
 ,april1 #ahcb1 when a proposition for  
its removal was made in the ,house of   
commons1 it was stated that it weighed  
#bhd tons4 ,captain ,smyth1 ,r4,n41     
supposes it to be #bcj tons4  #ag ,in   
#ahbb ,captain ,smyth1 ,r4,n41 was      
prepared1 with the consent of ,mehemet  
,ali1 to attempt its removal1 but could 
not procure the authority of our        
,government4 ,the ,pasha offered to     
build a pier for the embarkation of the 
obelisk1 and to render ,captain ,smyth  
every assistance for its removal4       
,from the ,london ,times  ,,history     

,,and ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,cheap    
,,postage ,,system4   ,a traveller      
sauntering through the ,lake districts  
of ,england1 some years ago1 arrived at 
a small public-house just as the postman
 stopped to deliver a letter4 ,a young  
girl came out to receive it4 ,she took  
it in her hand1 turned it over and over1
 and asked the charge4 ,it was a large  
sum--no less than a shilling4 ,sighing  
heavily she observed that it came from  
her brother1 but that she was too poor  
to take it in1 and she returned it to   
the postman accordingly4 ,the traveller 
was a man of kindness as well as of     
observation2 he offered to pay the      
postage himself1 and in spite of more   
reluctance on the girl's part than he   
could well understand he did pay it1 and
 gave her the letter4 ,no sooner1       
however1 was the postman's back turned  
than she confessed that the proceeding  
had been concerted between her brother  
and herself1 that the letter was empty1 
that certain signs on the direction     

conveyed all that she wanted to know1   
and that as neither of them could afford
 to pay postage they had devised this   
method of franking the intelligence     
desired4 ,the traveller pursued his     
journey1 and as he plodded over the     
,cumberland fells he mused upon the     
badness of a system which drove people  
to such straits for means of            
correspondence1 and defeated its own    
objects all the time4 ,with most men    
such musings would have ended before the
 hour1 but this man's name was ,rowland 
,hill1 and it was from this incident and
 these reflections that the whole scheme
 of penny postage was derived4  ,the    
value of this reform is felt in every   
household throughout the kingdom1 but   
its extent will be well shown by the    
extraction of some figures from a return
 which has just been made to the ,house 
of ,commons4 ,the first general         
reduction of postage took place on the  
#eth of ,december1 #ahci--;a fourpenny  
rate being interposed for a short time  

before the universal charge of a penny4 
,at this time the number of letters     
delivered annually in the united kingdom
 was about #ge millions1 the actual     
estimate for #ahci being #ge1ijg1egb4   
,the gross amount of the tax levied upon
 this delivery was no less than         
#b1cci1gcgl41 of which1 as the cost of  
management was only #fhg1jjjl41 there   
was #a1feb1dbdl4 carried to the account 
of profit4 ,last year the number of     
letters delivered in the united kingdom 
was estimated at upwards of three       
hundred and forty-seven millions1 while 
the penny tax upon the same amounted to 
no more than #b1bfd1fhdl41 so that while
 our payments to the ,exchequer have    
been actually lessened1 the service     
rendered to the public has been         
multiplied fivefold--in other words1 we 
pay less for five letters than we       
formerly paid for one4  ,it is worth    
remark that the correspondence in the   
three kingdoms has increased almost     
equally4 ,in #ahci the deliveries were  

#ei1ihb1ebj2 #h1cja1ijd2 and #g1fbc1adh1
 in ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland1  
respectively2 while last year they were 
#bgf1beb1fdb2 #ce1chh1hie2 and          
#ce1dbg1ecd4 ,the rate of increase has  
been continuous1 though not quite       
constant1 ever since the reduction4 ,the
 first effect of the reform was to      
double the deliveries at once1 and turn 
the #ge millions into upwards of #afj   
millions4 ,from that time to this the   
increase has proceeded at the rate of   
#aj or #bj millions a year1 the smallest
 augmentation being in the famous year  
of #ahdh1 when the delivery exceeded    
only by #f millions that of #ahdg2 and  
the largest in the equally famous times 
of #ahde1 when railway speculations     
added #bh millions of epistles to       
correspondence of the year preceding4   
,the return before us includes1 we      
hardly know with what view1 a weekly    
account taken once a month for #ahej1   
and from this curious table it would    
seem that during the month in which     

ladies talk least they write most2 at   
any rate the largest number of letters  
yet counted was for the week ending     
,february the #bast4  ,the cost of      
management has1 of course1 been swelled 
considerably under the new system1      
though by no means in proportion to the 
increased service1 for whereas the      
deliveries1 as we have said1 are        
multiplied fivefold1 the expenses are   
only multiplied about twice and a half1 
being #a1dfj1ghel4 in #ahej1 against    
#fhf1gfhl4 in #ahci4 ,the return does   
not comprise the items out of which this
 sum is made up1 though it specifies the
 amounts paid in each year for the      
conveyance of mails by railway4 ,these  
amounts fluctuate rather curiously from 
#ab1fbcl4 in #ahci1 to #bjf1cegl4 in    
this present year of #ahea--not         
increasing gradually or even constantly1
 but rising or falling occasionally1    
though with an ultimate tendency to     
rise4 ,we should have rather liked to   
see the expenses of management and      

conveyance stated separately1 and some  
means of comparison given between the   
cost of railway carriage and that of the
 old mail coaches4 ,about #aj1jjjl4 per 
annum of the total disbursements is     
devoted1 we are told1 to pensions1 and  
must therefore be distinguished from the
 direct expenses of the ,post-office    
service4 ,all things considered1        
perhaps1 this non-effective charge is   
not heavy2 in fact1 we believe that     
,post-office servants are by no means   
extravagantly paid either for their work
 or at their retirement4  ,the ,money   
,order office forms a distinct          
establishment of itself1 and a curious  
institution it is4 ,the amount of orders
 issued in #ahdj1 the first year of the 
system1 was #bdj1jfcl4 for ,england and 
,wales1 #dg1biel4 for ,ireland1 and     
#be1gfel4 for ,scotland4 ,in the year   
#ahej these amounts had increased in    
,england to no less a sum than          
#g1agc1fbbl41 in ,ireland to #fbc1gcbl41
 and in ,scotland to #fig1adcl4 ,the    

total sum was #h1did1dihl41 and the     
number of orders of which it was        
composed #d1dci1gac1 showing an average 
of some shillings less than #bl4 per    
order4 ,the proportion between the      
number and the amount of the orders does
 not vary greatly in the three kingdoms1
 though the average amount of each order
 is somewhat larger in ,scotland than   
,ireland1 and in ,england than          
,scotland4  ,the ,scotch transactions   
fell off considerably in the year #ahdi1
 but the ,english and ,irish offices    
have steadily increased their business1 
nor is any effect perceptible in the    
latter country1 either from the famine  
or the rebellion4 ,the return of money  
orders issued is distinguished from that
 of money orders paid1 and the          
difference between these gross amounts  
is no less than #aa1jjjl4 in favor of   
the ,post-office for the year ending the
 #cast of last ,december4 ,some of these
 orders will no doubt have come in for  
payment during the current year1 but we 

suspect that ignorance1 negligence1 or  
accident must be leaving an appreciable 
balance to accumulate on the side of the
 office4 ,country bankers1 we believe1  
used to reckon upon a gain of #el4 per  
cent4 on the score of notes lost1       
mislaid1 hoarded1 destroyed1 or         
otherwise not presented for payment4    
,money orders are doubtless more        
rigorously exchanged for cash1 but there
 must still1 we imagine1 be a profit    
from this source1 especially as the     
,post-office circumscribes the term of  
its liability1 which bankers did not4   
,the total expenses of the ,money ,order
 offices1 both in ,london and the       
country1 are returned at #gj1eggl4 and  
the total amount of commission received 
at #gc1hacl4--a fair balance of charge  
and service4  ,the actual benefits1     
however1 of this prodigious reform      
extend far beyond those immediately     
represented in the figures we have      
given4 ,it is not the mere saving of    
#d;d4 or #e;d4 on a letter by which the 

country has so enormously gained4 ,the  
facilitation of business1 the diffusion 
of information1 the correspondence of   
friends1 and the maintenance of family  
connexions1 which in old days were      
severed for ever1 are the real and      
inestimable advantages of ,mr4 ,,rowland
 ,,hill',s invention4 ,like most        
reformers1 he had to contend with       
violent and not always sincere          
opposition4 ,the system1 indeed1 was    
long deprived of a fair trial by the    
obstinate resistance of those who should
 have aided him1 and it is mainly owing 
to this concerted hostility that the    
results are not as favorable to the     
revenue as they are to the welfare of   
the country4 ,but the principle is now  
established1 and of all the reductions  
which a ,chancellor of the ,exchequer   
has ever made there has been none       
attended with such universal relief1    
convenience1 and benefit as this        
sacrifice of #hjj1jjjl4 for the sake of 
the letter writers4     ,,october4  ,,by

 ,,miss ,,alice ,,carey4       ,not the 
light of the long blue summer1          
,nor the flowery huntress1 ,spring1     
,nor the chilly and moaning ,winter1    
,doth peace to my bosom bring1          
,like the hazy and red ,october1        
,when the woods stand bare and brown1   
,and into the lap of the south land1    
,the flowers are blowing down2          
,when all night long1 in the moonlight1 
,the boughs of the roof tree chafe1     
,and the wind1 like a wandering poet1   
,is singing a mournful waif2      ,and  
all day through the cloud-armies1       
,the sunbeams coquettishly rove--       
,for then in my path first unfolded     
,the sweet passion-flower of love4      
,with bosom as pale as the sea-shell1   
,and soft as the flax unspun1     ,and  
locks like the nut-brown shadows        
,in the light of the sunken sun1        
,came the maiden whose wonderful beauty 
,enchanted my soul from pain1     ,and  
gladdened my heart1 that can never1     
,no1 never be happy again4      ,far    

away from life's pain and passion1      
,and our ,eden of love1 she went1       
,like a pale star fading softly         
,from the morning's golden tent4        
,but oft1 when the bosom of ,autumn     
,is warm with the summer beams1     ,we 
meet in the pallid shadows       ,that  
border the land of dreams1      ,for    
seeing my woe through the splendor      
,that hovers about her above1     ,she  
puts from her forehead the glory1       
,and listens again to my love4     ,,my 
,,novel3  ,,or1 ,,varieties ,,in        
,,english ,,life4#ah  ,,by ,,pisistratus
 ,,caxton4   ,,book ,,vii4--,,initial   
,,chapter4  ,what is courage8 said my   
uncle ,roland1 rousing himself from a   
reverie into which he had fallen after  
the ,sixth ,book in this history had    
been read to our family circle4  ,what  
is courage8 he repeated more earnestly4 
,is it insensibility to fear8 ,that may 
be the mere accident of constitution2   
and1 if so1 there is no more merit in   
being courageous than in being this     

table4  ,i am very glad to hear you     
speak thus1 observed ,mr4 ,caxton1 for  
,i should not like to consider myself a 
coward2 yet ,i am very sensible to fear 
in all dangers1 bodily and moral4  ,la1 
,austin1 how can you say so8 cried my   
mother1 firing up2 was it not only last 
week that you faced the great bull that 
was rushing after ,blanche and the      
children8  ,blanche at that recollection
 stole to my father's chair1 and hanging
 over his shoulder1 kissed his forehead4
  ,mr4 ,caxton1 7sublimely unmoved by   
these flatteries47--,i don't deny that  
,i faced the bull1 but ,i assert that ,i
 was horribly frightened4               
,roland4--,the sense of honor which     
conquers fear is the true courage of    
chivalry3 you could not run away when   
others were looking on--no gentleman    
could4  ,mr4 ,caxton4--,fiddledee6 ,it  
was not on my gentility that ,i stood1  
,captain1 ,i should have run fast       
enough1 if it had done any good4 ,i     
stood upon my understanding4 ,as the    

bull could run faster than ,i could1 the
 only chance of escape was to make the  
brute as frightened as myself4          
,blanche4--,ah1 you did not think of    
that1 your only thought was to save me  
and the children4  ,mr4                 
,caxton4--,possibly1 my dear--very      
possibly ,i might have been afraid for  
you too--but ,i was very much afraid for
 myself4 ,however1 luckily1 ,i had the  
umbrella1 and ,i sprang it up and spread
 it forth in the animal's stupid eyes1  
hurling at him simultaneously the       
biggest lines ,i could think of in the  
,first ,chorus of the ',seven against   
,thebes4' ,i began with ,,eledemnas     
,,pedioploktupos2 and when ,i came to   
the grand howl of ,greek3 ,io1 io1 io1  
io1--the beast stood appalled as at the 
roar of a lion4 ,i shall never forget   
his amazed snort at the ,greek4 ,then he
 kicked up his hind legs1 and went bolt 
through the gap in the hedge4 ,thus1    
armed with ,a,eschylus and the umbrella1
 ,i remained master of the field2 but   

7continued ,mr4 ,caxton1 ingenuously7 ,i
 should not like to go through that half
 minute again4  ,no man would1 said the 
,captain kindly4 ,i should be very sorry
 to face a bull myself1 even with a     
bigger umbrella than yours1 and even    
though ,i had ,a,eschylus1 and ,homer to
 boot1 at my fingers' ends4  ,mr4       
,caxton4--,you would not have minded if 
it had been a ,frenchman with a sword in
 his hand8  ,captain4--,of course not4  
,rather liked it than otherwise1 he     
added grimly4  ,mr4 ,caxton4--,yet many 
a ,spanish matador1 who doesn't care a  
button for a bull1 would take to his    
heels at the first lunge en carte from a
 ,frenchman4 ,therefore1 in fact1 if    
courage be a matter of constitution1 it 
is also a matter of custom4 ,we face    
calmly the dangers we are habituated to1
 and recoil from those of which we have 
no familiar experience4 ,i doubt if     
,marshal ,turenne himself would have    
been quite at his ease on the           
tight-rope2 and a rope-dancer1 who seems

 disposed to scale the heavens with     
,titanic temerity1 might possibly object
 to charge on a cannon4  ,captain       
,roland4--,still1 either this is not the
 courage ,i mean1 or there is another   
kind of it4 ,i mean by courage that     
which is the especial force and dignity 
of the human character1 without which   
there is no reliance on principle1 no   
constancy in virtue--a something1       
continued my uncle1 gallantly1 and with 
a half bow towards my mother1 which your
 sex shares with our own4 ,when the     
lover1 for instance1 clasps the hand of 
his betrothed1 and says1 ',wilt thou be 
true to me1 in spite of absence and     
time1 in spite of hazard and fortune1   
though my foes malign me1 though thy    
friends may dissuade thee1 and our lot  
in life may be rough and rude8' and when
 the betrothed answers1 ',i will be     
true1' does not the lover trust to her  
courage as well as her love8  ,admirably
 put1 ,roland1 said my father4 ,but     
apropos of what do you puzzle us with   

these queries on courage8  ,captain     
,roland1 7with a slight blush47--,i was 
led to the inquiry 7though1 perhaps1 it 
may be frivolous to take so much thought
 of what1 no doubt1 costs ,pisistratus  
so little7 by the last chapters in my   
nephew's story4 ,i see this poor boy1   
,leonard1 alone with his fallen hopes1  
7though very irrational they were17 and 
his sense of shame4 ,and ,i read his    
heart1 ,i dare say1 better than         
,pisistratus does1 for ,i could feel    
like that boy if ,i had been in the same
 position2 and1 conjecturing what he and
 thousands like him must go through1 ,i 
asked myself1 ',what can save him and   
them8' ,i answered1 as a soldier would  
answer1 ',courage6' ,very well4 ,but    
pray1 ,austin1 what is courage8  ,mr4   
,caxton4 7prudently backing out of a    
reply47--,papoe6 ,brother1 since you    
have just complimented the ladies on    
that quality1 you had better address    
your question to them4  ,blanche here   
leant both hands on my father's chair1  

and said1 looking down at first         
bashfully1 but afterwards warming with  
the subject1 ,do you not think1 sir1    
that little ,helen has already          
suggested1 if not what is courage1 what 
at least is the real essence of all     
courage that endures and conquers1 that 
ennobles1 and hallows1 and redeems8 ,is 
it not ,patience1 father8--and that is  
why we women have a courage of our own4 
,patience does not affect to be superior
 to fear1 but at least it never admits  
despair4  ,pisistratus4--,kiss me1 my   
,blanche1 for you have come near to the 
truth which perplexed the soldier and   
puzzled the sage4  ,mr4 ,caxton1        
7tartly47--,if you mean me by the sage1 
,i was not puzzled at all4 ,heaven knows
 you do right to inculcate patience--it 
is a virtue very much required in your  
readers4 ,nevertheless1 added my father1
 softening with the enjoyment of his    
joke--nevertheless1 ,blanche and ,helen 
are quite right4 ,patience is the       
courage of the conqueror2 it is the     

virtue1 par excellence1 of ,man against 
,destiny--of the ,one against the       
,world1 and of the ,soul against        
,matter4 ,therefore this is the courage 
of the ,gospel2 and its importance1 in a
 social view--its importance to races   
and institutions--cannot be too         
earnestly inculcated4 ,what is it that  
distinguishes the ,anglo-,saxon from all
 other branches of the human family1    
peoples deserts with his children1 and  
consigns to them the heritage of rising 
worlds8 ,what but his faculty to brave1 
to suffer1 to endure--the patience that 
resists firmly1 and innovates slowly8   
,compare him with the ,frenchman4 ,the  
,frenchman has plenty of valor--that    
there is no denying2 but as for         
fortitude1 he has not enough to cover   
the point of a pin4 ,he is ready to rush
 out of the world if he is bit by a     
flea4  ,captain ,roland4--,there was a  
case in the papers the other day1       
,austin1 of a ,frenchman who actually   
did destroy himself because he was so   

teased by the little creatures you speak
 of4 ,he left a paper on his table1     
saying that 'life was not worth having  
at the price of such torments4'#ai  ,mr4
 ,caxton1 7solemnly47--,sir1 their whole
 political history1 since the great     
meeting of the ,tiers ,etat1 has been   
the history of men who would rather go  
to the devil than be bit by a flea4 ,it 
is the record of human impatience1 that 
seeks to force time1 and expects to grow
 forests from the spawn of a mushroom4  
,wherefore1 running through all extremes
 of constitutional experiment1 when they
 are nearest to democracy they are next 
door to a despot2 and all they have     
really done is to destroy whatever      
constitutes the foundation of every     
tolerable government4 ,a constitutional 
monarchy cannot exist without           
aristocracy1 nor a healthful republic   
endure with corruption of manners4 ,the 
cry of equality is incompatible with    
,civilization1 which1 of necessity1     
contrasts poverty with wealth--and1 in  

short1 whether it be an emperor or a mob
 that is to rule1 ,force is the sole    
hope of order1 and the government is but
 an army4  ,impress1 ,o ,pisistratus6   
impress the value of patience as regards
 man and men4 ,you touch there on the   
kernel of the social system--the secret 
that fortifies the individual and       
disciplines the million4 ,i care not1   
for my part1 if you are tedious so long 
as you are earnest4 ,be minute and      
detailed4 ,let the real human life1 in  
its war with ,circumstance1 stand out4  
,never mind if one can read you but     
slowly--better chance of being less     
quickly forgotten4 ,patience1 patience6 
,by the soul of ,epictetus1 your readers
 shall set you an example6   ,,chapter  
,,ii4  ,leonard had written twice to    
,mrs4 ,fairfield1 twice to ,riccabocca1 
and once to ,mr4 ,dale2 and the poor1   
proud boy could not bear to betray his  
humiliation4 ,he wrote as with cheerful 
spirits--as if perfectly satisfied with 
his prospects4 ,he said that he was well

 employed1 in the midst of books1 and   
that he had found kind friends4 ,then he
 turned from himself to write about     
those whom he addressed1 and the affairs
 and interests of the quiet world       
wherein they lived4 ,he did not give his
 own address1 nor that of ,mr4          
,prickett4 ,he dated his letters from a 
small coffee-house near the bookseller1 
to which he occasionally went for his   
simple meals4 ,he had a motive in this4 
,he did not desire to be found out4 ,mr4
 ,dale replied for himself and for ,mrs4
 ,fairfield1 to the epistles addressed  
to these two4 ,riccabocca wrote also4   
,nothing could be more kind than the    
replies of both4 ,they came to ,leonard 
in a very dark period in his life1 and  
they strengthened him in the noiseless  
battle with despair4  ,if there be a    
good in the world that we do without    
knowing it1 without conjecturing the    
effect it may have upon a human soul1 it
 is when we show kindness to the young  
in the first barren foot-path up the    

mountain of life4  ,leonard's face      
resumed its serenity in his intercourse 
with his employer2 but he did not       
recover his boyish ingenuous frankness4 
,the under-currents flowed again pure   
from the turbid soil1 and the splintered
 fragments uptorn from the deep2 but    
they were still too strong and too rapid
 to allow transparency to the surface4  
,and now he stood in the sublime world  
of books1 still and earnest as a seer   
who invokes the dead4 ,and thus1 face to
 face with knowledge1 hourly he         
discovered how little he knew4 ,mr4     
,prickett lent him such works as he     
selected and asked to take home with    
him4 ,he spent whole nights in reading2 
and no longer desultorily4 ,he read no  
more poetry1 no more ,lives of ,poets4  
,he read what poets must read if they   
desire to be--,sapere principium et     
fons--strict reasonings on the human    
mind2 the relations between motive and  
conduct1 thought and action2 the grave  
and solemn truths of the past world2    

antiquities1 history1 philosophy4 ,he   
was taken out of himself4 ,he was       
carried along the ocean of the universe4
 ,in that ocean1 ,o seeker1 study the   
law of the tides2 and seeing ,chance    
nowhere--thought presiding over         
all--,fate1 that dread phantom1 shall   
vanish from creation1 and ,providence   
alone be visible in heaven and on earth6
   ,,chapter ,,iii4  ,there was to be a 
considerable book-sale at a             
country-house one day's journey from    
,london4 ,mr4 ,prickett meant to have   
attended it on his own behalf1 and that 
of several gentlemen who had given him  
commissions for purchase2 but1 on the   
morning fixed for his departure1 he was 
seized with a severe return of his old  
foe1 the rheumatism4 ,he requested      
,leonard to attend instead of himself4  
,leonard went1 and was absent for the   
three days during which the sale lasted4
 ,he returned late in the evening1 and  
went at once to ,mr4 ,prickett's house4 
,the shop was closed2 he knocked at the 

private entrance2 a strange person      
opened the door to him1 and in reply to 
his question if ,mr4 ,prickett was at   
home1 said with a long and funereal     
face1 ,young man1 ,mr4 ,prickett1       
senior1 has gone to his long home1 but  
,mr4 ,richard ,prickett will see you4   
,at this moment a very grave-looking    
man1 with lank hair1 looked forth from  
the side-door communicating between the 
shop and the passage1 and then stepped  
forward--,come in1 sir2 you are my late 
uncle's assistant1 ,mr4 ,fairfield1 ,i  
suppose8  ,your late uncle6 ,heavens1   
sir1 do ,i understand aright--can ,mr4  
,prickett be dead since ,i left ,london8
  ,died1 sir1 suddenly1 last night4 ,it 
was an affection of the heart2 the      
,doctor thinks the rheumatism attacked  
that organ4 ,he had small time to       
provide for his departure1 and his      
account books seem in sad disorder3 ,i  
am his nephew and executor4  ,leonard   
had now followed the nephew into the    
shop4 ,there1 still burned the gas lamp4

 ,the place seemed more dingy and       
cavernous than before4 ,death always    
makes its presence felt in the house it 
visits4  ,leonard was greatly           
affected--and yet more1 perhaps1 by the 
utter want of feeling which the nephew  
exhibited4 ,in fact1 the deceased had   
not been on friendly terms with this    
person1 his nearest relative and        
heir-at-law1 who was also a bookseller4 
,you were engaged but by the week1 ,i   
find1 young man1 on reference to my late
 uncle's papers4 ,he gave you ,l#a a    
week--a monstrous sum6 ,i shall not     
require your services any further4 ,i   
shall move these books to my own house4 
,you will be good enough to send me a   
list of those you bought at the sale1   
and your account of travelling expenses1
 c4 ,what may be due to you shall be    
sent to your address4 ,good evening4    
,leonard went home1 shocked and saddened
 at the sudden death of his kind        
employer4 ,he did not think much of     
himself that night2 but1 when he rose   

the next day1 he suddenly felt that the 
world of ,london lay before him1 without
 a friend1 without a calling1 without an
 occupation for bread4  ,this time it   
was no fancied sorrow1 no poetic dream  
disappointed4 ,before him1 gaunt and    
palpable1 stood ,famine4  ,escape6--yes4
 ,back to the village2 his mother's     
cottage2 the exile's garden2 the        
radishes and the fount4 ,why could he   
not escape8 ,ask why civilization cannot
 escape its ills1 and fly back to the   
wild and the wigwam4  ,leonard could not
 have returned to the cottage1 even if  
the ,famine that faced had already      
seized him with her skeleton hand4      
,london releases not so readily her     
fatal step-sons4   ,,chapter ,,iv4  ,one
 day three persons were standing before 
an old book-stall in a passage leading  
from ,oxford ,street into ,tottenham    
,court ,road4 ,two were gentlemen2 the  
third1 of the class and appearance of   
those who more habitually halt at old   
book-stalls4  ,look1 said one of the    

gentlemen to the other1 ,i have         
discovered here what ,i have searched   
for in vain the last ten years--the     
,horace of #aehj1 the ,horace of the    
,forty ,commentators--a perfect treasury
 of learning1 and marked only fourteen  
shillings6  ,hush1 ,norreys1 said the   
other1 and observe what is yet more     
worth your study2 and he pointed to the 
third bystander1 whose face1 sharp and  
attenuated1 was bent with an absorbed1  
and as it were with a hungering         
attention over an old worm-eaten volume4
  ,what is the book1 my ,lord8 whispered
 ,mr4 ,norreys4  ,his companion smiled1 
and replied by another question1 ,what  
is the man who reads the book8  ,mr4    
,norreys moved a few paces1 and looked  
over the student's shoulder4 ,preston's 
translation of ,,boethius1 ,the         
,consolations of ,philosophy1 he said1  
coming back to his friend4  ,he looks as
 if he wanted all the consolations      
,philosophy can give him1 poor boy4  ,at
 this moment a fourth passenger paused  

at the book-stall1 and1 recognizing the 
pale student1 placed his hand on his    
shoulder and said1 ,aha1 young sir1 we  
meet again4 ,so poor ,prickett is dead4 
,but you are still haunted by           
associations4 ,books--books--magnets to 
which all iron minds move insensibly4   
,what is this8 ,,boethius6 ,ah1 a book  
written in prison1 but a little time    
before the advent of the only           
philosopher who solves to the simplest  
understanding every mystery of life---- 
,and that philosopher----  ,is ,death6  
said ,mr4 ,burley4 ,how can you be dull 
enough to ask8 ,poor ,boethius1 rich1   
nobly born1 a consul1 his sons          
consuls--the world one smile to the     
,last ,philosopher of ,rome4 ,then      
suddenly1 against this type of the old  
world's departing ,,wisdom1 stands      
frowning the new world's grim genius1   
,,force--,theodoric the ,ostrogoth      
condemning ,boethius the ,schoolman2 and
 ,boethius1 in his ,pavian dungeon1     
holding a dialogue with the shade of    

,athenian ,philosophy4 ,it is the finest
 picture upon which lingers the         
glimmering of the ,western golden day1  
before night rushes over time4  ,and1   
said ,mr4 ,norreys abruptly1 ,boethius  
comes back to us with the faint gleam of
 returning light1 translated by ,alfred 
the ,great4 ,and1 again1 as the sun of  
knowledge bursts forth in all its       
splendor1 by ,queen ,elizabeth4         
,boethius influences us as we stand in  
this passage2 and that is the best of   
all the ,consolations of                
,philosophy--eh1 ,mr4 ,burley8  ,mr4    
,burley turned and bowed4  ,the two men 
looked at each other2 you could not see 
a greater contrast4 ,mr4 ,burley1 his   
gay green dress already shabby and      
soiled1 with a rent in the skirts1 and  
his face speaking of habitual           
night-cups4 ,mr4 ,norreys1 neat and     
somewhat precise in dress1 with firm    
lean figure1 and quiet1 collected1      
vigorous energy in his eyes and aspect4 
,if1 replied ,mr4 ,burley1 a poor devil 

like me may argue with a gentleman who  
may command his own price with the      
booksellers1 ,i should say it is no     
consolation at all1 ,mr4 ,norreys4 ,and 
,i should like to see any man of sense  
accept the condition of ,boethius in his
 prison1 with some strangler or headsman
 waiting behind the door1 upon the      
promised proviso that he should be      
translated1 centuries afterwards1 by    
,kings and by ,queens1 and help         
indirectly to influence the minds of    
,northern barbarians1 babbling about him
 in an alley1 jostled by passers-by who 
never heard the name of ,boethius1 and  
who don't care a fig for philosophy4    
,your servant1 sir1--young man1 come and
 talk4  ,burley hooked his arm within   
,leonard's1 and led the boy passively   
away4  ,that is a clever young man1 said
 ,harley ,l',estrange4 ,but ,i am sorry 
to see yon young student1 with his      
bright earnest eyes1 and his lip that   
has the quiver of passion and           
enthusiasm1 leaning on the arm of a     

guide who seems disenchanted of all that
 gives purpose to learning and links    
philosophy with use to the world4 ,who1 
and what is this clever man whom you    
call ,burley8  ,a man who might have    
been famous1 if he had condescended to  
be respectable6 ,the boy listening to us
 both so attentively interested me      
too--,i should like to have the making  
of him4 ,but ,i must buy this ,horace4  
,the shopman1 lurking within his hole   
like a spider for flies1 was now called 
out4 ,and when ,mr4 ,norreys had bought 
the ,horace1 and given an address where 
to send it1 ,harley asked the shopman if
 he knew the young man who had been     
reading ,boethius4  ,only by sight4 ,he 
has come here every day the last week1  
and spends hours at the stall4 ,when    
once he fastens on a book1 he reads it  
through4  ,and never buys8 said ,mr4    
,norreys4  ,sir1 said the shopman1 with 
a good-natured smile1 they who buy      
seldom read4 ,the poor boy pays me      
twopence a-day to read as long as he    

pleases4 ,i would not take it1 but he is
 proud4  ,i have known men amass great  
learning in that way1 said ,mr4         
,norreys4 ,yes1 ,i should like to have  
that boy in my hands4 ,and now1 my lord1
 ,i am at your service1 and we shall go 
to the studio of your artist4  ,the two 
gentlemen walked on towards one of the  
streets out of ,fitzroy ,square4  ,in a 
few minutes more ,harley ,l',estrange   
was in his element1 seated carelessly on
 a deal table1 smoking his cigar1 and   
discussing art with the gusto of a man  
who honestly loved1 and the taste of a  
man who thoroughly understood it4 ,the  
young artist1 in his dressing robe1     
adding slow touch upon touch1 paused    
often to listen the better4 ,and ,henry 
,norreys1 enjoying the brief respite    
from a life of great labor1 was gladly  
reminded of idle hours under rosy skies2
 for these three men had formed their   
friendship in ,italy1 where the bands of
 friendship are woven by the hands of   
the ,graces4   ,,chapter ,v4  ,leonard  

and ,mr4 ,burley walked on into the     
suburbs round the north road from       
,london1 and ,mr4 ,burley offered to    
find literary employment for            
,leonard--an offer eagerly accepted4    
,then they went into a public house by  
the wayside4 ,burley demanded a private 
room1 called for pen1 ink1 and paper2   
and placing these implements before     
,leonard1 said1 ,write what you please1 
in prose1 five sheets of letter paper1  
twenty-two lines to a page--neither more
 nor less4  ,i cannot write so4  ,tut1  
'tis for bread4  ,the boy's face        
crimsoned4  ,i must forget that1 said   
he4  ,there is an arbor in the garden   
under a weeping ash1 returned ,burley4  
,go there1 and fancy yourself in        
,arcadia4  ,leonard was too pleased to  
obey4 ,he found out the little arbor at 
one end of a deserted bowling-green4    
,all was still--the hedgerow shut out   
the sight of the inn4 ,the sun lay warm 
on the grass1 and glinted pleasantly    
through the leaves of the ash4 ,and     

,leonard there wrote the first essay    
from his hand as ,author by profession4 
,what was it that he wrote8 ,his dreamy 
impressions of ,london8 an anathema on  
the streets1 and its hearts of stone8   
murmurs against poverty8 dark elegies on
 fate8  ,oh1 no6 little knowest thou    
true genius1 if thou askest such        
questions1 or thinkest that there1 under
 the weeping ash1 the task-work for     
bread was remembered2 or that the       
sunbeam glinted but over the practical  
world1 which1 vulgar1 and sordid1 lay   
around4 ,leonard wrote a fairy tale--one
 of the loveliest you can conceive1 with
 a delicate touch of playful humor--in a
 style all flowered over with happy     
fancies4 ,he smiled as he wrote the last
 word--he was happy4 ,in rather more    
than an hour ,mr4 ,burley came to him1  
and found him with that smile on his    
lips4  ,mr4 ,burley had a glass of      
brandy and water in his hand2 it was his
 third4 ,he too smiled--he too looked   
happy4 ,he read the paper aloud1 and    

well4 ,he was very complimentary4 ,you  
will do6 said he1 clapping ,leonard on  
the back4 ,perhaps some day you will    
catch my one-eyed perch4 ,then he folded
 up the ,,ms41 scribbled off a note1 put
 the whole in one envelope--and they    
returned to ,london4  ,mr4 ,burley      
disappeared within a dingy office near  
,fleet ,street1 on which was            
inscribed--,office of the ,beehive1 and 
soon came forth with a golden sovereign 
in his hand--,leonard's first-fruits4   
,leonard thought ,peru lay before him4  
,he accompanied ,mr4 ,burley to that    
gentleman's lodging in ,maida ,hill4    
,the walk had been very long2 ,leonard  
was not fatigued4 ,he listened with a   
livelier attention than before to       
,burley's talk4 ,and when they reached  
the apartments of the latter1 and ,mr4  
,burley sent to the cookshop1 and their 
joint supper was taken out of the golden
 sovereign1 ,leonard felt proud1 and for
 the first time for weeks he laughed the
 heart's laugh4 ,the two writers grew   

more and more intimate and cordial4 ,and
 there was a vast deal in ,burley by    
which any young man might be made the   
wiser4 ,there was no apparent evidence  
of poverty in the apartment--clean1 new1
 well furnished2 but all things in the  
most horrible litter--all speaking of   
the huge literary sloven4  ,for several 
days ,leonard almost lived in those     
rooms4 ,he wrote continuously--save when
 ,burley's conversation fascinated him  
into idleness4 ,nay1 it was not         
idleness--his knowledge grew larger as  
he listened2 but the cynicism of the    
talker began slowly to work its way4    
,that cynicism in which there was no    
faith1 no hope1 no vivifying breath from
 ,glory--from ,religion4 ,the cynicism  
of the ,epicurean1 more degraded in his 
style than ever was ,diogenes in his    
tub2 and yet presented with such ease   
and such eloquence--with such art and   
such mirth--so adorned with illustration
 and anecdote1 so unconscious of        
debasement4  ,strange and dread         

philosophy--that made it a maxim to     
squander the gifts of mind on the mere  
care for matter1 and fit the soul to    
live but as from day to day1 with its   
scornful cry1 ,a fig for immortality and
 laurels6 ,an author for bread6 ,oh1    
miserable calling6 was there something  
grand and holy1 after all1 even in      
,chatterton's despair6   ,,chapter ,,vi4
  ,the villanous ,beehive6 ,bread was   
worked out of it1 certainly2 but fame1  
but hope for the future--certainly not4 
,milton's ,paradise ,lost would have    
perished without a sound1 had it        
appeared in the ,beehive4  ,fine things 
were there in a fragmentary crude state1
 composed by ,burley himself4 ,at the   
end of a week they were dead and        
forgotten--never read by one man of     
education and taste2 taken              
simultaneously and indifferently with   
shallow politics and wretched essays1   
yet selling1 perhaps1 twenty or thirty  
thousand copies--an immense sale2 and   
nothing got out of them but bread and   

brandy6  ,what more would you have8     
cried ,john ,burley4 ,did not stern old 
,sam ,johnson say he could never write  
but from want8  ,he might say it1       
answered ,leonard2 but he never meant   
posterity to believe him4 ,and he would 
have died of want1 ,i suspect1 rather   
than have written ,rasselas for the     
,beehive6 ,want is a grand thing1       
continued the boy1 thoughtfully4 ,a     
parent of grand things4 ,necessity is   
strong1 and should give us its own      
strength2 but ,want should shatter      
asunder1 with its very writhings1 the   
walls of our prison-house1 and not sit  
contented with the allowance the jail   
gives us in exchange for our work4      
,there is no prison-house to a man who  
calls upon ,bacchus--stay--,i will      
translate to you ,schiller's ,dithyramb4
 ',then see ,i ,bacchus--then up come   
,cupid and ,phoebus1 and all the        
,celestials are filling my dwelling4'   
,breaking into impromptu careless       
rhymes1 ,burley threw off a rude but    

spirited translation of that divine     
lyric4  ,o materialist6 cried the boy1  
with his bright eyes suffused4 ,schiller
 calls on the gods to take him to their 
heaven with him2 and ye would debase the
 ,gods to a gin palace4  ,ho1 ho6 cried 
,burley with his giant laugh4 ,drink1   
and you will understand the ,dithyramb4 
,,chapter ,,vii4  ,suddenly one morning1
 as ,leonard sat with ,burley1 a        
fashionable cabriolet1 with a very      
handsome horse1 stopped at the door--a  
loud knock--a quick step on the stairs1 
and ,randal ,leslie entered4 ,leonard   
recognized him and started4 ,randal     
glanced at him in surprise1 and then1   
with a tact that showed he had already  
learned to profit by ,london life1 after
 shaking hands with ,burley1 approached1
 and said with some successful attempt  
at ease1 ,unless ,i am not mistaken1    
sir1 we have met before4 ,if you        
remember me1 ,i hope all boyish quarrels
 are forgotten8  ,leonard bowed1 and his
 heart was still good enough to be      

softened4  ,where could you two ever    
have met8 asked ,burley4  ,in a village 
green1 and in single combat1 answered   
,randal1 smiling2 and he told the story 
of the ,battle of the ,stocks with a    
well-bred jest on himself4 ,burley      
laughed at the story4 ,but1 said he1    
when this laugh was over1 my young      
friend had better have remained guardian
 of the village stocks1 than come to    
,london in search of such fortune as    
lies at the bottom of an inkhorn4  ,ah1 
said ,randal1 with the secret contempt  
which men elaborately cultivated are apt
 to feel for those who seek to educate  
themselves--ah1 you make literature your
 calling1 sir8 ,at what school did you  
conceive a taste for letters8--not very 
common at our great public schools4  ,i 
am at school now for the first time1    
answered ,leonard1 dryly4  ,experience  
is the best school-mistress1 said       
,burley2 and that was the maxim of      
,goethe1 who had book-learning enough1  
in all conscience4  ,randal slightly    

shrugged his shoulders1 and1 without    
wasting another thought on ,leonard1    
peasant-born and self-taught1 took his  
seat1 and began to talk to ,burley upon 
a political question1 which made then   
the war-cry between the two great       
,parliamentary parties4 ,it was a       
subject in which ,burley showed much    
general knowledge2 and ,randal1 seeming 
to differ from him1 drew forth alike his
 information and his argumentative      
powers4 ,the conversation lasted more   
than an hour4  ,i can't quite agree with
 you1 said ,randal1 taking his leave2   
but you must allow me to call           
again--will the same hour to-morrow suit
 you8  ,yes1 said ,burley4  ,away went  
the young man in his cabriolet4 ,leonard
 watched him from the window4  ,for five
 days1 consecutively1 did ,randal call  
and discuss the question in all its     
bearings2 and ,burley1 after the second 
day got interested in the matter1 looked
 up his authorities--refreshed his      
memory and even spent an hour or two in 

the ,library of the ,british ,museum4   
,by the fifth day1 ,burley had really   
exhausted all that could well be said on
 his side of the question4  ,leonard1   
during these colloquies1 had sat apart1 
seemingly absorbed in reading1 and      
secretly stung by ,randal's disregard of
 his presence4 ,for indeed that young   
man1 in his superb self-esteem1 and in  
the absorption of his ambitious         
projects1 scarce felt even curiosity as 
to ,leonard's rise above his earlier    
station1 and looked on him as a mere    
journeyman of ,burley's4 ,but the       
self-taught are keen and quick          
observers4 ,and ,leonard had remarked   
that ,randal seemed more as one playing 
a part for some private purpose1 than   
arguing in earnest2 and that when he    
rose and said1 ,mr4 ,burley1 you have   
convinced me1 it was not with the       
modesty of a sincere reasoner1 but the  
triumph of one who has gained his end4  
,but so struck1 meanwhile1 was our      
unheeded and silent listener1 with      

,burley's power of generalization1 and  
the wide surface over which his         
information extended1 that when ,randal 
left the room the boy looked at the     
slovenly purposeless man1 and said      
aloud--,true2 knowledge is not power4   
,certainly not1 said ,burley1 dryly--the
 weakest thing in the world4  ,knowledge
 is power1 muttered ,randal ,leslie1 as1
 with a smile on his lip1 he drove from 
the door4  ,not many days after this    
last interview there appeared a short   
pamphlet2 anonymous1 but one which made 
a great impression on the town4 ,it was 
on the subject discussed between ,randal
 and ,burley4 ,it was quoted at great   
length in the newspapers4 ,and ,burley  
started to his feet one morning1 and    
exclaimed1 ,my own thoughts6 my very    
words6 ,who the devil is this           
pamphleteer8 ,leonard took the newspaper
 from ,burley's hand4 ,the most         
flattering encomiums preceded the       
extracts1 and the extracts were as      
stereotypes of ,burley's talk4  ,can you

 doubt the author8 cried ,leonard1 in   
deep disgust and ingenuous scorn4 ,the  
young man who came to steal your brains1
 and turn your knowledge----  ,into     
power1 interrupted ,burley1 with a      
laugh1 but it was a laugh of pain4      
,well1 this was very mean2 ,i shall tell
 him so when he comes4  ,he will come no
 more1 said ,leonard4 ,nor did ,randal  
come again4 ,but he sent ,mr4 ,burley a 
copy of the pamphlet with a polite note1
 saying1 with candid but careless       
acknowledgment1 that he had profited    
much by ,mr4 ,burley's hints and        
remarks4  ,and now it was in all the    
papers1 that the pamphlet which had made
 so great a noise was by a very young   
man1 ,mr4 ,audley ,egerton's relation1  
and high hopes were expressed of the    
future career of ,mr4 ,randal ,leslie4  
,burley still attempted to laugh1 and   
still his pain was visible4 ,leonard    
most cordially despised and hated       
,randal ,leslie1 and his heart moved to 
,burley with noble but perilous         

compassion4 ,in his desire to soothe and
 comfort the man whom he deemed cheated 
out of fame1 he forgot the caution he   
had hitherto imposed on himself1 and    
yielded more and more to the charm of   
that wasted intellect4 ,he accompanied  
,burley now where he went to spend his  
evenings1 and more and more--though     
gradually1 and with many a recoil and   
self-rebuke--there crept over him the   
cynic's contempt for glory1 amid        
miserable philosophy of debased content4
  ,randal had risen into grave repute   
upon the strength of ,burley's          
knowledge4 ,but1 had ,burley written the
 pamphlet1 would the same repute have   
attended him8 ,certainly not4 ,randal   
,leslie brought to that knowledge       
qualities all his own--a style simple1  
strong1 and logical2 a certain tone of  
good society1 and allusions to men and  
to parties that showed his connection   
with a cabinet minister1 and proved that
 he had profited no less by ,egerton's  
talk than ,burley's4  ,had ,burley      

written the pamphlet1 it would have     
showed more genius1 it would have had   
humor and wit1 but have been so full of 
whims and quips1 sins against taste1 and
 defects in earnestness1 that it would  
have failed to create any serious       
sensation4 ,here1 then1 there was       
something else besides knowledge1 by    
which knowledge became power4 ,knowledge
 must not smell of the brandy bottle4   
,randal ,leslie might be mean in his    
plagiarism1 but he turned the useless   
into use4 ,and so far he was original4  
,but one's admiration1 after all1 rests 
where ,leonard's rested--with the poor1 
shabby1 riotous1 lawless1 big1 fallen   
man4  ,burley took himself off to the   
,brent1 and fished again for the        
one-eyed perch4 ,leonard accompanied    
him4 ,his feelings were indeed different
 from what they had been when he had    
reclined under the old tree1 and talked 
with ,helen of the future4 ,but it was  
almost pathetic to see how ,burley's    
nature seemed to alter1 as he strayed   

along the banks of the rivulet1 and     
talked of his own boyhood4 ,the man then
 seemed restored to something of the    
innocence of the child4 ,he cared1 in   
truth1 little for the perch1 which      
continued intractable1 but he enjoyed   
the air and the sky1 the rustling grass 
and the murmuring waters4 ,these        
excursions to the haunts of youth seemed
 to rebaptize him1 and then his         
eloquence took a pastoral character1 and
 ,isaac ,walton himself would have loved
 to hear him4 ,but as he got back into  
the smoke of the metropolis1 and the gas
 lamps made him forget the ruddy sunset1
 and the soft evening star1 the gross   
habits reassumed their sway2 and on he  
went with his swaggering1 reckless step 
to the orgies in which his abused       
intellect flamed forth1 and then sank   
into the socket quenched and rayless4   
,,chapter ,,viii4  ,helen was seized    
with profound and anxious sadness4      
,leonard had been three or four times to
 see her1 and each time she saw a change

 in him that excited all her fears4 ,he 
seemed1 it is true1 more shrewd1 more   
worldly-wise1 more fitted1 it might be1 
for coarse1 daily life2 but1 on the     
other hand1 the freshness and glory of  
his youth were waning slowly4 ,his      
aspirings drooped earthward4 ,he had not
 mastered the ,practical1 and moulded   
its uses with the strong hand of the    
,spiritual ,architect1 of the ,ideal    
,builder3 the ,practical was            
overpowering himself4 ,she grew pale    
when he talked of ,burley1 and          
shuddered1 poor little ,helen6 when she 
found he was daily and almost nightly in
 a companionship which1 with her native1
 honest prudence1 she saw so unsuited to
 strengthen him in his struggles1 and   
aid him against temptation4 ,she almost 
groaned when1 pressing him as to his    
pecuniary means1 she found his old      
terror of death seemed fading away1 and 
the solid1 healthful principles he had  
taken from his village were loosening   
fast4 ,under all1 it is true1 there was 

what a wiser and older person than      
,helen would have hailed as the         
redeeming promise4 ,but that something  
was grief--a sublime grief ,in his own  
sense of falling--in his own impotence  
against the ,fate he had provoked and   
coveted4 ,the sublimity of that grief   
,helen could not detect3 she saw only   
that it was grief1 and she grieved with 
it1 letting it excuse every             
fault--making her more anxious to       
comfort1 in order that she might save4  
,even from the first1 when ,leonard had 
exclaimed1 ,ah1 ,helen1 why did you ever
 leave me8 she had revolved the idea of 
return to him2 and when in the boy's    
last visit he told her that ,burley1    
persecuted by duns1 was about to fly    
from his present lodgings1 and take his 
abode with ,leonard in the room she had 
left vacant1 all doubt was over4 ,she   
resolved to sacrifice the safety and    
shelter of the home assured her4 ,she   
resolved to come back and share         
,leonard's penury and struggles1 and    

save the old room1 wherein she had      
prayed for him1 from the tempter's      
dangerous presence4 ,should she burden  
him8 ,no2 she had assisted her father by
 many little female arts in needle and  
fancy work4 ,she had improved herself in
 these during her sojourn with ,miss    
,starke4 ,she could bring her share to  
the common stock4 ,possessed with this  
idea1 she determined to realize it      
before the day on which ,leonard had    
told her ,burley was to move his        
quarters4 ,accordingly she rose very    
early one morning2 she wrote a pretty   
and grateful note to ,miss ,starke1 who 
was fast asleep1 left it on the table1  
and before any one was astir1 stole from
 the house1 her little bundle on her    
arm4 ,she lingered an instant at the    
garden-gate1 with a remorseful          
sentiment--a feeling that she had       
ill-repaid the cold and prim protection 
that ,miss ,starke had shown her4 ,but  
sisterly love carried all before it4    
,she closed the gate with a sigh1 and   

went on4  ,she arrived at the           
lodging-house before ,leonard was up1   
took possession of her old chamber1 and1
 presenting herself to ,leonard as he   
was about to go forth1 said1            
7story-teller that she was17--,i am sent
 away1 brother1 and ,i have to come to  
you to take care of me4 ,do not let us  
part again4 ,but you must be very       
cheerful and very happy1 or ,i shall    
think that ,i am sadly in your way4     
,leonard at first did look cheerful1 and
 even happy2 but then he thought of     
,burley1 and then of his own means of   
supporting her1 and was embarrassed1 and
 began questioning ,helen as to the     
possibility of a reconciliation with    
,miss ,starke4 ,and ,helen said gravely1
 ,impossible--do not ask it1 and do not 
go near her4  ,then ,leonard thought she
 had been humbled and insulted1 and     
remembered that she was a gentleman's   
child1 and felt for her wounded         
pride--he was so proud himself4 ,yet    
still he was embarrassed4  ,shall ,i    

keep the purse again1 ,leonard8 said    
,helen coaxingly4  ,alas6 replied       
,leonard1 the purse is empty4  ,that is 
very naughty in the purse1 said ,helen1 
since you put so much into it4  ,i6     
,did you not say you made1 at least1 a  
guinea a-week8  ,yes2 but ,burley takes 
the money2 and then1 poor fellow6 as ,i 
owe all to him1 ,i have not the heart to
 prevent his spending it as he likes4   
,please1 ,i wish you could settle the   
month's rent1 said the landlady1        
suddenly showing herself4 ,she said it  
civilly1 but with firmness4  ,leonard   
colored4 ,it shall be paid to-day4      
,then he pressed his hat on his head1   
and putting ,helen gently aside1 went   
forth4  ,speak to me in future1 kind    
,mrs4 ,smedley1 said ,helen1 with the   
air of a housewife4 ,he is always in    
study1 and must not be disturbed4  ,the 
landlady--a good woman1 though she liked
 her rent--smiled benignly4 ,she was    
fond of ,helen1 whom she had known of   
old4  ,i am so glad you are come back2  

and perhaps now the young man will not  
keep such late hours4 ,i meant to give  
him warning1 but----  ,but he will be a 
great man one of these days1 and you    
must bear with him now4 ,and ,helen     
kissed ,mrs4 ,smedley1 and sent her away
 half inclined to cry4  ,then ,helen    
busied herself in the rooms4 ,she found 
her father's box1 which had been duly   
forwarded4 ,she re-examined its         
contents1 and wept as she touched each  
humble and pious relic4 ,but her        
father's memory itself thus seemed to   
give this home a sanction which the     
former had not2 and she rose quietly and
 began mechanically to put things in    
order1 sighing as she saw all so        
neglected1 till she came to the         
rose-tree1 and that alone showed heed   
and care4 ,dear ,leonard6 she murmured1 
and the smile resettled on her lips4    
,,chapter ,,ix4  ,nothing1 perhaps1     
could have severed ,leonard from ,burley
 but ,helen's return to his care4 ,it   
was impossible for him1 even had there  

been another room in the house vacant1  
7which there was not17 to install this  
noisy1 riotous son of the ,muse by      
,bacchus1 talking at random1 and        
smelling of spirits1 in the same        
dwelling with an innocent1 delicate1    
timid1 female child4 ,and ,leonard could
 not leave her alone all the twenty-four
 hours4 ,she restored a home to him1 and
 imposed its duties4 ,he1 therefore1    
told ,mr4 ,burley that in future he     
should write and study in his own room1 
and hinted with many a blush1 and as    
delicately as he could1 that it seemed  
to him that whatever he obtained from   
his pen ought to be halved with ,burley1
 to whose interest he owed the          
employment1 and from whose books or     
whose knowledge he took what helped to  
maintain it2 but that the other half1 if
 his1 he could no longer afford to spend
 upon feasts or libations4 ,he had      
another to provide for4  ,burley        
pooh-poohed the notion of taking half   
his coadjutor's earning1 with much      

grandeur1 but spoke very fretfully of   
,leonard's sober appropriation of the   
other half2 and1 though a good-natured1 
warm-hearted man1 felt extremely        
indignant against the sudden            
interposition of poor ,helen4 ,however1 
,leonard was firm2 and then ,burley grew
 sullen1 and so they parted4 ,but the   
rent was still to be paid4 ,how8        
,leonard for the first time thought of  
the pawn-broker4 ,he had clothes to     
spare1 and ,riccabocca's watch4 ,no2    
that last he shrank from applying to    
such base uses4  ,he went home at noon  
and met ,helen at the street door4 ,she 
too had been out1 and her soft cheek was
 rosy red with unwonted exercise and the
 sense of joy4 ,she had still preserved 
the few gold pieces which ,leonard had  
taken back to her on his first visit to 
,miss ,starke's4 ,she had now gone out  
and bought wools and implements for     
work2 and meanwhile she had paid the    
rent4  ,leonard did not object to the   
work1 but he blushed deeply when he knew

 about the rent1 and was very angry4 ,he
 payed back to her that night what she  
had advanced2 and ,helen wept silently  
at his pride1 and wept more when she saw
 the next day a woeful hiatus in his    
wardrobe4  ,but ,leonard now worked at  
home1 and worked resolutely2 and ,helen 
sat by his side1 working too2 so that   
next day1 and the next1 slipped         
peacefully away1 and in the evening of  
the second be asked her to walk out in  
the fields4 ,she sprang up joyously at  
the invitation1 when bang went the door1
 and in reeled ,john                    
,burley--drunk2--,and so drunk6         
,,chapter ,x4  ,and with ,burley there  
reeled in another man--a friend of      
his--a man who had been a wealthy trader
 and once well to do1 but who1          
unluckily1 had literary tastes1 and was 
fond of hearing ,burley talk4 ,so1 since
 he had known the wit1 his business had 
fallen from him1 and he had passed      
through the ,bankrupt ,court4 ,a very   
shabby-looking dog he was1 indeed1 and  

his nose was redder than ,burley's4     
,john made a drunken dash at poor       
,helen4 ,so you are the ,pentheus in    
petticoats who defies ,bacchus1 cried   
he2 and therewith he roared out a verse 
from ,euripides4 ,helen ran away1 and   
,leonard interposed4  ,for shame1       
,burley6  ,he's drunk1 said ,mr4 ,douce 
the bankrupt trader--very drunk--don't  
mind--him4 ,i say1 sir1 ,i hope we don't
 intrude4 ,sit still1 ,burley1 sit still
 and talk1 do--that's a good man4 ,you  
should hear him ta--ta--talk1 sir4      
,leonard meanwhile had got ,helen out of
 the room1 into her own1 and begged her 
not to be alarmed1 and keep the door    
locked4 ,he then returned to ,burley1   
who had seated himself on the bed1      
trying wondrous hard to keep himself    
upright2 while ,mr4 ,douce was striving 
to light a short pipe that he carried in
 his buttonhole--without having filled  
it--and1 naturally failing in that      
attempt1 was now beginning to weep4     
,leonard was deeply shocked and revolted

 for ,helen's sake3 but it was hopeless 
to make ,burley listen to reason4 ,and  
how could the boy turn out of his room  
the man to whom he was under            
obligations8  ,meanwhile there smote    
upon ,helen's shrinking ears loud       
jarring talk and maudlin laughter1 and  
cracked attempts at jovial songs4 ,then 
she heard ,mrs4 ,smedley in ,leonard's  
room1 remonstrating1 and ,burley's laugh
 was louder than before1 and ,mrs4      
,smedley1 who was a meek woman1         
evidently got frightened1 and was heard 
in precipitate retreat4 ,long and loud  
talk recommenced4 ,burley's great voice 
predominant1 ,mr4 ,douce chiming in with
 hiccupy broken treble4 ,hour after hour
 thus lasted1 for want of the drink that
 would have brought it to a premature   
close4 ,and ,burley gradually began to  
talk himself somewhat sober4 ,then ,mr4 
,douce was heard descending the stairs1 
and silence followed4 ,at dawn1 ,leonard
 knocked at ,helen's door4 ,she opened  
it at once1 for she had not gone to bed4

  ,helen1 said he very sadly1 you cannot
 continue here1 ,i must find out some   
proper home for you4 ,this man has      
served me when all ,london was          
friendless1 and he tells me that he has 
nowhere else to go--that the bailiffs   
are after him4 ,he has now fallen       
asleep4 ,i will go and find you some    
lodging close at hand--for ,i cannot    
expel him who has protected me2 and yet 
you cannot be under the same roof with  
him4 ,my own good angel1 ,i must lose   
you4  ,he did not wait for her answer1  
but hurried down the stairs4  ,the      
morning looked through the shutterless  
panes in ,leonard's garret1 and the     
birds began to chirp from the elm-tree1 
when ,burley rose1 and shook himself1   
and stared round4 ,he could not quite   
make out where he was4 ,he got hold of  
the water-jug1 which he emptied at three
 draughts1 and felt greatly refreshed4  
,he then began to reconnoitre the       
chamber--looked at ,leonard's           
,,mss4--peeped into the                 

drawers--wondered where the devil       
,leonard himself had gone to--and       
finally amused himself by throwing down 
the fire-irons1 ringing the bell1 and   
making all the noise he could1 in the   
hopes of attracting the attention of    
somebody or other1 and procuring himself
 his morning dram4  ,in the midst of    
this charivari the door opened softly1  
but as if with a resolute hand1 and the 
small quiet form of ,helen stood before 
the threshold4 ,burley turned round1 and
 the two looked at each other for some  
moments with silent scrutiny4  ,burley1 
7composing his features into their most 
friendly expression47--,come hither1 my 
dear4 ,so you are the little girl whom  
,i saw with ,leonard on the banks of the
 ,brent1 and you have come back to live 
with him--and ,i have come to live with 
him too4 ,you shall be our little       
housekeeper1 and ,i will tell you the   
story of ,prince ,prettyman1 and a      
great1 many others not to be found in   
,mother ,goose4 ,meanwhile1 my dear     

little girl1 here is sixpence--just run 
out and change this for its worth in    
rum4  ,helen1 7coming slowly up to ,mr4 
,burley1 and still gazing earnestly into
 his face47--,ah1 sir1 ,leonard says you
 have a kind heart1 and that you have   
served him--he cannot ask you to leave  
the house2 and so ,i1 who have never    
served him1 am to go hence and live     
alone4  ,burley1 7moved47--,you go1 my  
little lady8--and why8 ,can we not all  
live together8  ,helen4--,no sir4 ,i    
left every thing to come to ,leonard1   
for we had met first at my father's     
grave4 ,but you rob me of him1 and ,i   
have no other friend on earth4  ,burley1
 7discomposed47--,explain1 yourself4    
,why must you leave him because ,i come8
  ,helen looks at ,mr4 ,burley again1   
long and wistfully1 but makes no answer4
  ,burley1 7with a gulp47--,is it       
because he thinks ,i am not fit company 
for you8  ,helen bowed her head4        
,burley winced1 and after a moment's    
pause said1--,he is right4  ,helen1     

7obeying the impulse of her heart1      
springs forward and takes ,burley's     
hand47--,ah1 sir1 she cried1 before he  
knew you he was so different--then he   
was cheerful--then1 even when his first 
disappointment came1 ,i grieved and     
wept2 but ,i felt he would conquer      
still--for his heart was so good and    
pure4 ,oh1 sir1 don't think ,i reproach 
you2 but what is to become of him       
if--if--,no1 it is not for myself ,i    
speak4 ,i know that if ,i was here1 that
 if he had me to care for1 he would come
 home early and--work                   
patiently--and--and--that ,i might save 
him4 ,but now when ,i am gone1 and you  
with him--you to whom he is grateful1   
you whom he would follow against his own
 conscience1 7you must see that1        
sir17--what is to become of him8        
,helen's voice died in sobs4  ,burley   
took three or four long strides through 
the room--he was greatly agitated4 ,i am
 a demon1 he murmured4 ,i never saw it  
before--but it is true--,i should be    

this boy's ruin4 ,tears stood in his    
eyes1 he paused abruptly1 made a clutch 
at his hat1 and turned to the door4     
,helen stopped the way1 and taking him  
gently by the arm1 said1--,oh1 sir1     
forgive me--,i have pained you2 and     
looked up at him with a compassionate   
expression1 that indeed made the child's
 sweet face as that of an angel4        
,burley bent down as if to kiss her1 and
 then drew back--perhaps with a         
sentiment that his lips were not worthy 
to touch that innocent brow4  ,if ,i had
 had a sister--a child like you1 little 
one1 he muttered1 perhaps ,i too might  
have been saved in time4 ,now----  ,ah1 
now you may stay1 sir2 ,i don't fear you
 any more4  ,no1 no2 you would fear me  
again ere night time1 and ,i might not  
be always in the right mood to listen to
 a voice like yours1 child4 ,your       
,leonard has a noble heart and rare     
gifts4 ,he should rise yet1 and he      
shall1 ,i will not drag him into the    
mire4 ,good-bye--you will see me no     

more4 ,he broke from ,helen1 cleared the
 stairs with a bound1 and was out of the
 house4  ,when ,leonard returned he was 
surprised to hear his unwelcome guest   
was gone--but ,helen did not venture to 
tell him of her interposition4 ,she knew
 instinctively how such officiousness   
would mortify and offend the pride of   
man2 but she never again spoke harshly  
of poor ,burley4 ,leonard supposed that 
he should either see or hear of the     
humorist in the course of the day4      
,finding he did not1 he went in search  
of him at his old haunts2 but no trace4 
,he inquired at the ,beehive if they    
knew there of his new address1 but no   
tidings of ,burley could be obtained4   
,as he came home disappointed and       
anxious1 for he felt uneasy as to the   
disappearance of his wild friend1 ,mrs4 
,smedley met him at the door4  ,please1 
sir1 suit yourself with another lodging1
 said she4 ,i can have no such singings 
and shoutings going on at night in my   
house4 ,and that poor little girl too6  

you should be ashamed of yourself4      
,leonard frowned and passed by4         
,,chapter ,,xi4  ,meanwhile1 on leaving 
,helen1 ,burley strode on2 and1 as if by
 some better instinct1 for he was       
unconscious of his own steps1 he took   
the way towards the still green haunts  
of his youth4 ,when he paused at length1
 he was already before the door of a    
rural cottage1 standing alone in the    
midst of fields1 with a little farm-yard
 at the back2 and far through the trees 
in front was caught a glimpse of the    
winding ,brent4  ,with this cottage     
,burley was familiar2 it was inhabited  
by a good old couple who had known him  
from a boy4 ,there he habitually left   
his rods and fishing-tackle2 there1 for 
intervals in his turbid1 riotous life1  
he had sojourned for two or three days  
together--fancying1 the first day that  
the country was a heaven1 and convinced 
before the third that it was a          
purgatory4  ,an old woman of neat and   
tidy exterior came forth to greet him4  

,ah1 ,master ,john1 said she1 clasping  
his nerveless hand--well1 the fields be 
pleasant now--,i hope you are come to   
stay a bit8 ,do2 it will freshen you2   
you lose all the fine color you had     
once1 in ,lunnon town4  ,i will stay    
with you1 my kind friend1 said ,burley1 
with unusual meekness--,i can have the  
old room1 then8  ,oh yes1 come and look 
at it4 ,i never let it now to any one   
but you--never have let it since the    
dear beautiful lady with the angel's    
face went away4 ,poor thing1 what could 
have become of her8  ,thus speaking1    
while ,burley listened not1 the old     
woman drew him within the cottage1 and  
led him up the stairs into a room that  
might have well become a better house1  
for it was furnished with taste1 and    
even elegance4 ,a small cabinet         
pianoforte stood opposite the           
fire-place1 and the window looked upon  
pleasant meads and tangled hedgerows1   
and the narrow windings of the blue     
rivulet4 ,burley sank down exhausted1   

and gazed wistfully from the casement4  
,you have not breakfasted8 said the     
hostess anxiously4  ,no4  ,well1 the    
eggs are fresh laid1 and you would like 
a rasher of bacon1 ,master ,john8 ,and  
if you will have brandy in your tea1 ,i 
have some that you left long ago in your
 own bottle4  ,burley shook his head4   
,no brandy1 ,mrs4 ,goodyer2 only fresh  
milk4 ,i will see whether ,i can yet    
coax ,nature4  ,mrs4 ,goodyer did not   
know what was meant by coaxing ,nature1 
but she said1 ,pray do1 ,master ,john1  
and vanished4  ,that day ,burley went   
out with his rod1 and he fished hard for
 the one-eyed perch2 but in vain4 ,then 
he roved along the stream with his hands
 in his pockets1 whistling4 ,he returned
 to the cottage at sunset1 partook of   
the fare provided for him1 abstained    
from the brandy1 and felt dreadfully    
low4 ,he called for pen1 ink1 and paper1
 and sought to write1 but he could not  
achieve two lines4 ,he summoned ,mrs4   
,goodyer1 ,tell your husband to come and

 sit and talk4  ,up came old ,jacob     
,goodyer1 and the great wit bade him    
tell him all the news of the village4   
,jacob obeyed willingly1 and ,burley at 
last fell asleep4 ,the next day it was  
much the same1 only at dinner he had up 
the brandy bottle1 and finished it2 and 
he did not have up ,jacob1 but he       
contrived to write4  ,the third day it  
rained incessantly4  ,have you no books1
 ,mrs4 ,goodyer8 asked poor ,john       
,burley4  ,oh yes2 some that the dear   
lady left behind her2 and perhaps you   
would like to look at some papers in her
 own writing8  ,no1 not the papers--all 
women scribble1 and all scribble the    
same things4 ,get me the books4  ,the   
books were brought up--poetry and       
essays--,john knew them by heart4 ,he   
looked out on the rain1 and at evening  
the rain had ceased4 ,he rushed to his  
hat and fled4  ,nature1 ,nature6 he     
exclaimed when he was out in the air1   
and hurrying by the dripping hedgerows1 
you are not to be coaxed by me6 ,i have 

jilted you shamefully1 ,i own it2 you   
are a female and unforgiving4 ,i don't  
complain4 ,you may be very pretty1 but  
you are the stupidest and most tiresome 
companion that ever ,i met with4 ,thank 
heaven1 ,i am not married to you6  ,thus
 ,john ,burley made his way into town1  
and paused at the first public-house4   
,out of that house he came with a jovial
 air1 and on he strode towards the heart
 of ,london4 ,now he is in ,leicester   
,square1 and he gazes on the foreigners 
who stalk that region1 and hums a tune2 
and now from yonder alley two forms     
emerge1 and dog his careless footsteps2 
now through the maze of passages towards
 ,st4 ,martin's he threads his path1    
and1 anticipating an orgy as he nears   
his favorite haunts1 jingles the silver 
in his pockets2 and now the two forms   
are at his heels4  ,hail to thee1 ,o    
,freedom6 muttered ,john ,burley2 thy   
dwelling is in cities1 and thy palace is
 the tavern4  ,in the king's name1 quoth
 a gruff voice2 and ,john ,burley feels 

the horrid and familiar tap on the      
shoulder4  ,the two bailiffs who dogged 
have seized their prey4  ,at whose suit8
 asked ,john ,burley1 falteringly4  ,mr4
 ,cox1 the wine-merchant4  ,cox6 ,a man 
to whom ,i gave a cheque on my bankers  
not three months ago6  ,but it war'nt   
cashed4  ,what does that signify8--the  
intention was the same4 ,a good heart   
takes the will for the deed4 ,cox is a  
monster of ingratitude2 and ,i withdraw 
my custom4  ,sarve him right4 ,would    
your honor like a jarvey8  ,i would     
rather spend the money on something     
else1 said ,john ,burley4 ,give me your 
arm1 ,i am not proud4 ,after all1 thank 
heaven1 ,i shall not sleep in the       
country4  ,and ,john ,burley made a     
night of it in the ,fleet4   ,,chapter  
,,xii4  ,miss ,starke was one of those  
ladies who pass their lives in the      
direst of all civil strife--war with    
their servants4 ,she looked upon the    
members of that class as the unrelenting
 and sleepless enemies of the           

unfortunate householders condemned to   
employ them4 ,she thought they ate and  
drank to their villanous utmost1 in     
order to ruin their benefactors--that   
they lived in one constant conspiracy   
with one another and the tradesmen1 the 
object of which was to cheat and pilfer4
 ,miss ,starke was a miserable woman4   
,as she had no relations or friends who 
cared enough for her to share her       
solitary struggle against her domestic  
foes2 and her income1 though easy1 was  
an annuity that died with herself1      
thereby reducing various nephews1       
nieces1 or cousins1 to the strict bounds
 of a natural affection--that did not   
exist2 and as she felt the want of some 
friendly face amidst this world of      
distrust and hate1 so she had tried the 
resource of venal companions4 ,but the  
venal companions had never staid        
long--either they disliked ,miss        
,starke1 or ,miss ,starke disliked them4
 ,therefore the poor woman had resolved 
upon bringing up some little girl whose 

heart1 as she said to herself2 would be 
fresh and uncorrupted1 and from whom she
 might expect gratitude4 ,she had been  
contented1 on the whole1 with ,helen1   
and had meant to keep that child in her 
house as long as she 7,miss ,starke7    
remained upon the earth--perhaps some   
thirty years longer2 and then1 having   
carefully secluded her from marriage1   
and other friendship1 to leave her      
nothing but the regret of having lost so
 kind a benefactress4 ,agreeably with   
this notion1 and in order to secure the 
affections of the child1 ,miss ,starke  
had relaxed the frigid austerity natural
 to her manner and mode of thought1 and 
been kind to ,helen in an iron way4 ,she
 had neither slapped nor pinched her1   
neither had she starved4 ,she had       
allowed her to see ,leonard1 according  
to the agreement made with ,dr4 ,morgan1
 and had laid out tenpence on cakes1    
besides contributing fruit from her     
garden for the first interview--a       
hospitality she did not think it fit to 

renew on subsequent occasions4 ,in      
return for this1 she conceived she had  
purchased the right to ,helen bodily and
 spiritually1 and nothing could exceed  
her indignation when she rose one       
morning and found the child had gone4   
,as it never had occurred to her to ask 
,leonard's address1 though she suspected
 ,helen had gone to him1 she was at a   
loss what to do1 and remained for       
twenty-four hours in a state of inane   
depression4 ,but then she began to miss 
the child so much that her energies     
woke1 and she persuaded herself that she
 was actuated by the purest benevolence 
in trying to reclaim this poor creature 
from the world1 into which ,helen had   
thus rashly plunged4  ,accordingly1 she 
put an advertisement into the ,times1 to
 the following effect1 liberally        
imitated from one by which1 in former   
years1 she had recovered a favorite     
,blenheim3       ,,two ,,guineas        
,,reward4       ,strayed1 from ,ivy     
,cottage1 ,highgate1 a ,little ,girl1   

answers      to the name of ,helen2 with
 blue eyes and brown hair2 white        
muslin frock1 and straw hat with blue   
ribbons4 ,whoever will      bring the   
same to ,ivy ,cottage1 shall receive the
 above      ,reward4       ,n4          
,b4--,nothing more will be offered4     
,now1 it so happened that ,mrs4 ,smedley
 had put an advertisement in the ,times 
on her own account1 relative to a niece 
of hers who was coming from the country1
 and for whom she desired to find a     
situation4 ,so1 contrary to her usual   
habit1 she sent for the newspaper1 and1 
close by her own advertisement she saw  
,miss ,starke's4  ,it was impossible    
that she could mistake the description  
of ,helen2 and1 as this advertisement   
caught her eye the very day after the   
whole house had been disturbed and      
scandalized by ,burley's noisy visit1   
and on which she had resolved to get rid
 of a lodger who received such visitors1
 the good-hearted woman was delighted to
 think that she could restore ,helen to 

some safe home4 ,while thus thinking1   
,helen herself entered the kitchen where
 ,mrs4 ,smedley sat1 and the landlady   
had the imprudence to point out the     
advertisement1 and talk1 as she called  
it1 seriously to the little girl4       
,helen in vain and with tears entreated 
her to take no step in reply to the     
advertisement4 ,mrs4 ,smedley felt it   
was an affair of duty1 and was obdurate1
 and shortly afterwards put on her      
bonnet and left the house4 ,helen       
conjectured that she was on her way to  
,miss ,starke's1 and her whole soul was 
bent on flight4 ,leonard had gone to the
 office of the ,beehive with his ,,mss42
 but she packed up all their joint      
effects1 and1 just as she had done so1  
he returned4 ,she communicated the news 
of the advertisement1 and said she      
should be so miserable if compelled to  
go back to ,miss ,starke's1 and implored
 him so pathetically to save her from   
such sorrow that he at once assented to 
her proposal of flight4 ,luckily1 little

 was owing to the landlady--that little 
was left with the maid-servant2 and1    
profiting by ,mrs4 ,smedley's absence1  
they escaped without scene or conflict4 
,their effects were taken by ,leonard to
 a stand of hackney vehicles1 and then  
left at a coach-office1 while they went 
in search of lodgings4 ,it was wise to  
choose an entirely new and remote       
district2 and before night they were    
settled in an attic in ,lambeth4        
,,chapter ,,xiii4  ,as the reader will  
expect1 no trace of ,burley could       
,leonard find2 the humorist had ceased  
to communicate with the ,beehive4 ,but  
,leonard grieved for ,burley's sake2    
and1 indeed1 he missed the intercourse  
of the large wrong mind4 ,but he settled
 down by degrees to the simple loving   
society of his child companion1 and in  
that presence grew more tranquil4 ,the  
hours in the daytime that he did not    
pass at work he spent as before1 picking
 up knowledge at book-stalls2 and at    
dusk he and ,helen would stroll         

out--sometimes striving to escape from  
the long suburb into fresh rural air2   
more often wandering to and fro the     
bridge that led to glorious             
,westminster--,london's classic         
land--and watching the vague lamps      
reflected on the river4 ,this haunt     
suited the musing melancholy boy4 ,he   
would stand long and with wistful       
silence by the balustrade--seating      
,helen thereon1 that she too might look 
along the dark mournful waters which1   
dark though they be1 still have their   
charm of mysterious repose4  ,as the    
river flowed between the world of roofs 
and the roar of human passions on either
 side1 so in those two hearts flowed    
,thought--and all they knew of ,london  
was its shadow4   ,,chapter ,,xiv4      
,there appeared in the ,beehive certain 
very truculent political papers--papers 
very like the tracts in the ,tinker's   
bag4 ,leonard did not heed them much1   
but they made far more sensation in the 
public that read the ,beehive than      

,leonard's papers1 full of rare promise 
though the last were4 ,they greatly     
increased the sale of the periodical in 
the manufacturing towns1 and began to   
awake the drowsy vigilance of the ,home 
,office4 ,suddenly a descent was made   
upon the ,beehive1 and all its papers   
and plans4 ,the editor saw himself      
threatened with a criminal prosecution1 
and the certainty of two years'         
imprisonment3 he did not like the       
prospect1 and disappeared4 ,one evening1
 when ,leonard1 unconscious of these    
mischances1 arrived at the door of the  
office1 he found it closed4 ,an agitated
 mob was before it1 and a voice that was
 not new to his ear1 was haranguing the 
bystanders1 with many imprecations      
against tyrans4 ,he looked1 and1 to his 
amaze1 recognized in the orator ,mr4    
,sprott the ,tinker4  ,the police came  
in numbers to disperse the crowd1 and   
,mr4 ,sprott prudently vanished1        
,leonard learned then what had befallen1
 and again saw himself without          

employment and the means of bread4      
,slowly he walked back4 ,o1 knowledge1  
knowledge6--powerless indeed6 he        
murmured4  ,as he thus spoke1 a handbill
 in large capitals met his eyes on a    
dead wall--,wanted1 a few smart young   
men for ,india4  ,a crimp accosted      
him--,you would make a fine soldier1 my 
man4 ,you have stout limbs of your own4 
,leonard moved on4  ,it has come back1  
then1 to this4 ,brute physical force    
after all4 ,o ,mind1 despair6 ,o        
,peasant1 be a machine again4  ,he      
entered his attic noiselessly1 and gazed
 upon ,helen as she sat at her work1    
straining her eyes by the open          
window--with tender and deep compassion4
 ,she had not heard him enter1 nor was  
she aware of his presence4 ,patient and 
still she sat1 and the small fingers    
plied busily4 ,he gazed1 and saw that   
her cheek was pale and hollow1 and the  
hands looked so thin6 ,his heart was    
deeply touched1 and at that moment he   
had not one memory of the baffled ,poet1

 one thought that proclaimed the        
,egotist4  ,he approached her gently1   
laid his hand on her shoulder--,helen1  
put on your shawl and bonnet1 and walk  
out--,i have much to say4  ,in a few    
moments she was ready1 and they took    
their way to their favorite haunt upon  
the bridge4 ,pausing in one of the      
recesses or nooks1 ,leonard then        
began1--,helen1 we must part4           
,part8--,oh1 brother6  ,listen4 ,all    
work that depends on mind is over for   
me2 nothing remains but the labor of    
thews and sinews4 ,i cannot go back to  
my village and say to all1 ',my hopes   
were self-conceit and my intellect a    
delusion6' ,i cannot4 ,neither in this  
sordid city can ,i turn menial or       
porter4 ,i might be born to that        
drudgery1 but1 my mind has1 it may be   
unhappily1 raised me above my birth4    
,what1 then1 shall ,i do8 ,i know not   
yet--serve as a soldier1 or push my way 
to some wilderness afar1 as an emigrant1
 perhaps4 ,but whatever my choice1 ,i   

must henceforth be alone2 ,i have a home
 no more4 ,but there is a home for you1 
,helen1 a very humble one1 7for you1    
too1 so well born17 but very safe--the  
roof of--of--my peasant mother4 ,she    
will love you for my sake1 and--and---- 
,helen clung to him trembling1 and      
sobbed out4 ,any thing1 any thing you   
will4 ,but ,i can work2 ,i can make     
money1 ,leonard4 ,i do1 indeed1 make    
money--you do not know how much--but    
enough for us both till better times    
come to you4 ,do not let us part4  ,and 
,i--a man1 and born to labor1 to be     
maintained by the work of an infant6    
,no1 ,helen1 do not so degrade me4  ,she
 drew back as she looked on his flushed 
brow1 bowed her head submissively1 and  
murmured1 ,pardon4'  ,ah1 said ,helen1  
after a pause2 if now we could but find 
my poor father's friend6 ,i never so    
much cared for it before4  ,yes1 he     
would surely provide for you4  ,for me6 
repeated ,helen1 in a tone of soft deep 
reproach1 and she turned away her head  

to conceal her tears4  ,you are sure you
 would remember him1 if we met him by   
chance8  ,oh1 yes4 ,he was so different 
from all we see in this terrible city1  
and his eyes were like yonder stars1 so 
clear and so bright2 yet the light      
seemed to come from afar off1 as the    
light does in yours1 when your thoughts 
are away from all things round you4 ,and
 then1 too1 his dog whom he called      
,nero--,i could not forget that4  ,but  
his dog may not be always with him4     
,but the bright clear eyes are6 ,ah1 now
 you look up to heaven1 and yours seems 
to dream like his4  ,leonard did not    
answer1 for his thoughts were indeed    
less on earth than struggling to pierce 
into that remote and mysterious heaven4 
,both were silent long2 the crowd passed
 them by unheedingly4 ,night deepened   
over the river1 but the reflection of   
the lamplights on its waves was more    
visible than that of the stars4 ,the    
beams showed the darkness of the strong 
current1 and the craft that lay eastward

 on the tide1 with sail-less spectral   
masts and black dismal hulks1 looked    
deathlike in their stillness4  ,leonard 
looked down1 and the thought of         
,chatterton's grim suicide came back to 
his soul1 and a pale1 scornful face with
 luminous haunting eyes seemed to look  
up from the stream1 and murmur from     
livid lips1--,struggle no more against  
the tides on the surface--all is calm   
and rest within the deep4  ,starting in 
terror from the gloom of his reverie1   
the boy began to talk fast to ,helen1   
and tried to soothe her with            
descriptions of the lowly home which he 
had offered4  ,he spoke of the light    
cares which she would participate with  
his mother--for by that name he still   
called the widow--and dwelt1 with an    
eloquence that the contrast round him   
made sincere and strong1 on the happy   
rural life1 the shadowy woodlands1 the  
rippling cornfields1 the solemn lone    
churchspire soaring from the tranquil   
landscape4 ,flatteringly he painted the 

flowery terraces of the ,italian exile1 
and the playful fountain that1 even as  
he spoke1 was flinging up its spray to  
the stars1 through serene air untroubled
 by the smoke of cities1 and untainted  
by the sinful sighs of men4 ,he promised
 her the love and protection of natures 
akin to the happy scene3 the simple     
affectionate mother--the gentle         
pastor--the exile1 wise and             
kind--,violante1 with dark eyes full of 
the mystic thoughts that solitude calls 
from childhood1--,violante should be her
 companion4  ,and oh6 cried ,helen1 if  
life be thus happy there1 return with   
me1 return--return6  ,alas6 murmured the
 boy1 if the hammer once strike the     
spark from the anvil1 the spark must fly
 upward2 it cannot fall back to earth   
until light has left it4 ,upward still1 
,helen--let me go upward still6         
,,chapter ,,xv4  ,the next morning      
,helen was very ill--so ill that1       
shortly after rising1 she was forced to 
creep back to bed4 ,her frame           

shivered--her eyes were heavy--her hand 
burned like fire4 ,fever had set in4    
,perhaps she might have caught cold on  
the bridge--perhaps her emotions had    
proved too much for her frame4 ,leonard1
 in great alarm1 called on the nearest  
apothecary4 ,the apothecary looked      
grave1 and said there was danger4 ,and  
danger soon declared itself--,helen     
became delirious4 ,for several days she 
lay in this state1 between life and     
death4 ,leonard then felt that all the  
sorrows of earth are light1 compared    
with the fear of losing what we love4   
,how valueless the envied laurel seemed 
beside the dying rose4  ,thanks1        
perhaps1 more to his heed and tending   
than to medical skill1 she recovered    
sense at last--immediate peril was over4
 ,but she was very weak and reduced--her
 ultimate recovery                      
doubtful--convalescence1 at best1 likely
 to be very slow4  ,but when she learned
 how long she had been thus ill1 she    
looked anxiously at ,leonard's face as  

he bent over her1 and faltered          
forth--,give me my work6 ,i am strong   
enough for that now--it would amuse me4 
,leonard burst into tears4  ,alas6 he   
had no work himself2 all their joint    
money had melted away2 the apothecary   
was not like good ,dr4 ,morgan2 the     
medicines were to be paid for1 and the  
rent4 ,two days before1 ,leonard had    
pawned ,riccabocca's watch2 and when the
 last shilling thus raised was gone1 how
 should he support ,helen8 ,nevertheless
 he conquered his tears1 and assured her
 that he had employment2 and that so    
earnestly that she believed him1 and    
sank into soft sleep4 ,he listened to   
her breathing1 kissed her forehead1 and 
left the room4 ,he turned into his own  
neighboring garret1 and1 leaning his    
face on his hands1 collected all his    
thoughts4  ,he must be a beggar at last4
 ,he must write to ,mr4 ,dale for       
money--,mr4 ,dale1 too1 who knew the    
secret of his birth4 ,he would rather   
have begged of a stranger--it served to 

add a new dishonor to his mother's      
memory for the child to beg of one who  
was acquainted with her shame4 ,had he  
himself been the only one to want and to
 starve1 he would have sunk inch by inch
 into the grave of famine1 before he    
would have so subdued his pride4 ,but   
,helen1 there on that bed--,helen       
needing1 for weeks perhaps1 all support1
 and illness making luxuries themselves 
like necessaries6 ,beg he must4 ,and    
when he so resolved1 had you but seen   
the proud bitter soul he conquered1 you 
would have said--,this which he thinks  
is degradation--this is heroism4 ,oh1   
strange human heart6--no epic ever      
written achieves the ,sublime and the   
,beautiful which are graven1 unread by  
human eye1 in thy secret leaves1 ,of    
whom else should he beg8 ,his mother had
 nothing1 ,riccabocca was poor1 and the 
stately ,violante1 who had exclaimed1   
,would that ,i were a man6--he could not
 endure the thought that she should pity
 him1 and despise4 ,the ,avenels6       

,no--thrice ,no4 ,he drew towards him   
hastily ink and paper1 and wrote rapid  
lines that were wrung from him as from  
the bleeding strings of life4  ,but the 
hour for the post had passed--the letter
 must wait till the next day2 and three 
days at least would elapse before he    
could receive an answer4 ,he left the   
letter on the table1 and1 stifling as   
for air1 went forth4 ,he crossed the    
bridge--he passed on mechanically--and  
was borne along by a crowd pressing     
towards the doors of ,parliament4 ,a    
debate that excited popular interest was
 fixed for that evening1 and many       
bystanders collected in the street to   
see the members pass to and fro1 or hear
 what speakers had yet risen to take    
part in the debate1 or try to get orders
 for the gallery4  ,he halted amidst    
these loiterers1 with no interest1      
indeed1 in common with them1 but looking
 over their heads abstractedly towards  
the tall ,funeral ,abbey--,imperial     
,golgotha of ,poets1 and ,chiefs1 and   

,kings4  ,suddenly his attention was    
diverted to those around by the sound of
 a name--displeasingly known to him4    
,how are you1 ,randal ,leslie8 ,coming  
to hear the debate8 said a member who   
was passing through the street4  ,yes2  
,mr4 ,egerton promised to get me under  
the gallery4 ,he is to speak himself    
to-night1 and ,i have never heard him4  
,as you are going into the ,house1 will 
you remind him8  ,i can't now1 for he is
 speaking already1 and well too4 ,i     
hurried from the ,athenaeum1 where ,i   
was dining1 on purpose to be in time1 as
 ,i heard that his speech was making a  
great effect4  ,this is very unlucky1   
said ,randal1 ,i had no idea he would   
speak so early4  ,m---- brought him up  
by a direct personal attack4 ,but follow
 me2 perhaps ,i can get you into the    
,house2 and a man like you1 ,leslie1 of 
whom we expect great things some day1 ,i
 can tell you1 should not miss any such 
opportunity of knowing what this ,house 
of ours is on a field night4 ,come on6  

,the member hurried towards the door2   
and as ,randal followed him1 a bystander
 cried--,that's the young man who wrote 
the famous pamphlet--,egerton's         
relation4  ,oh1 indeed6 said another4   
,clever man1 ,egerton--,i am waiting for
 him4  ,so am ,i4  ,why1 you are not a  
constituent1 as ,i am4  ,no2 but he has 
been very kind to my nephew1 and ,i must
 thank him4 ,you are a constituent--he  
is an honor to your town4  ,so he is2   
enlightened man6  ,and so generous6     
,brings forward really good measures1   
quoth the politician4  ,and clever young
 men1 said the uncle4  ,therewith one or
 two others joined in the praise of     
,audley ,egerton1 and many anecdotes of 
his liberality were told4  ,leonard     
listened at first listlessly1 at last   
with thoughtful attention4 ,he had heard
 ,burley1 too1 speak highly of this     
generous statesman1 who1 without        
pretending to genius himself1           
appreciated it in others4 ,he suddenly  
remembered1 too1 that ,egerton was      

half-brother to the ,squire4 ,vague     
notions of some appeal to this eminent  
person1 not for charity1 but employ to  
his mind1 gleamed across                
him--inexperienced boy that he yet was6 
,and while thus meditating1 the door of 
the ,house opened1 and out came ,audley 
,egerton himself4 ,a partial cheering1  
followed by a general murmur1 apprised  
,leonard of the presence of the popular 
statesman4 ,egerton was caught hold of  
by some five or six persons in          
succession2 a shake of the hand1 a nod1 
a brief whispered word or two1 sufficed 
the practised member for graceful       
escape2 and soon1 free from the crowd1  
his tall erect figure passed on1 and    
turned towards the bridge4 ,he paused at
 the angle and took out his watch1      
looking at it by the lamp-light4        
,harley will be here soon1 he           
muttered--he is always punctual2 and now
 that ,i have spoken1 ,i can give him an
 hour or so4 ,that is well4  ,as he     
replaced his watch in his pocket1 and   

re-buttoned his coat over his firm broad
 chest1 he lifted his eyes1 and saw a   
young man standing before him4  ,do you 
want me8 asked the statesman1 with the  
direct brevity of his practical         
character4  ,mr4 ,egerton1 said the     
young man1 with a voice that slightly   
trembled1 and yet was manly amidst      
emotion1 you have a great name1 and     
great power--,i stand here in these     
streets of ,london without a friend1 and
 without employ4 ,i believe that ,i have
 it in me to do some nobler work than   
that of bodily labor1 had ,i but one    
friend--one opening for my thoughts4    
,and now ,i have said this1 ,i scarcely 
know how1 or why1 but from despair1 and 
the sudden impulse which that despair   
took from the praise that follows your  
success1 ,i have nothing more to add4   
,audley ,egerton was silent for a       
moment1 struck by the tone and address  
of the stranger2 but the consummate and 
wary man of the world1 accustomed to all
 manner of strange applications1 and all

 varieties of imposture1 quickly        
recovered from a passing and slight     
effect4  ,are you a native of ----8     
7naming the town he represented as      
member47  ,no1 sir4  ,well1 young man1  
,i am very sorry for you2 but the good  
sense you must possess 7for ,i judge of 
that by the education you have evidently
 received7 must tell you that a public  
man1 whatever be his patronage1 has it  
too fully absorbed by claimants who have
 a right to demand it1 to be able to    
listen to strangers4  ,he paused a      
moment1 and1 as ,leonard stood silent1  
added1 with more kindness than most     
public men so accosted would have       
showed--,you say you are                
friendless--poor fellow4 ,in early life 
that happens to many of us1 who find    
friends enough before the close4 ,be    
honest1 and well-conducted2 lean on     
yourself1 not on strangers2 work with   
the body if you can't with the mind2    
and1 believe me1 that advice is all ,i  
can give you1 unless this trifle1--and  

the minister held out a crown piece4    
,leonard bowed1 shook his head sadly1   
and walked away4 ,egerton looked after  
him with a slight pang4  ,pooh6 said he 
to himself1 there must be thousands in  
the same state in these streets of      
,london4 ,i cannot redress the          
necessities of civilization4 ,well      
educated6 ,it is not from ignorance     
henceforth that society will suffer--it 
is from over-educating the hungry       
thousands who1 thus unfitted for manual 
toil1 and with no career for mental1    
will some day or other stand like that  
boy in our streets1 and puzzle wiser    
ministers than ,i am4  ,as ,egerton thus
 mused1 and passed on to the bridge1 a  
bugle-horn rang merrily from the box of 
a gay four-in-hand4 ,a drag-coach with  
superb blood-horses rattled over the    
causeway1 and in the driver ,egerton    
recognised his nephew--,frank           
,hazeldean4  ,the young ,guardsman was  
returning1 with a lively party of men1  
from dining at ,greenwich2 and the      

careless laughter of these children of  
pleasure floated far over the still     
river4  ,it vexed the ear of the        
careworn statesman--sad1 perhaps1 with  
all his greatness1 lonely amidst all his
 crowd of friends4 ,it reminded him1    
perhaps1 of his own youth1 when such    
parties and companionships were familiar
 to him1 though through them all he bore
 an ambitious aspiring soul--,le jeu    
vaut-il la chandelle8 said he1 shrugging
 his shoulders4  ,the coach rolled      
rapidly past ,leonard1 as he stood      
leaning against the corner of the       
bridge1 and the mire of the kennel      
splashed over him from the hoofs of the 
fiery horses4 ,the laughter smote on his
 ear more discordantly than on the      
minister's1 but it begot no envy4  ,life
 is a dark riddle1 said he1 smiting his 
breast4  ,and he walked slowly on1      
gained the recess where he had stood    
several nights before with ,helen2 and  
dizzy with want of food1 and worn out   
for want of sleep1 he sank down into the

 dark corner2 while the river that      
rolled under the arch of stone muttered 
dirge-like in his ear2--as under the    
social key-stone wails and rolls on for 
ever the mystery of ,human ,discontent4 
,take comfort1 ,o ,thinker by the       
stream6 ',tis the river that founded and
 gave pomp to the city2 and without the 
discontent1 where were progress--what   
were ,man8 ,take comfort1 ,o ,thinker6  
wherever the stream over which thou     
bendest1 or beside which thou sinkest1  
weary and desolate1 frets the arch that 
supports thee2--never dream that1 by    
destroying the bridge1 thou canst       
silence the moan of the wave6           
,,footnotes3  #ah ,continued from page  
#bei4  #ai ,fact4 ,in a work by ,m4     
,,gibert1 a celebrated ,french          
physician1 on diseases of the skin1 he  
states that that minute troublesome kind
 of rash1 known by the name of prurigo1 
though not dangerous in itself1 has     
often driven the individual afflicted by
 it to--suicide4 ,i believe that our    

more varying climate1 and our more      
heating drinks and ailments1 render the 
skin complaint more common in ,england  
than in ,france1 yet ,i doubt if any    
,english physician could state that it  
had ever driven one of his ,english     
patients to suicide4     ,from the      
,london ,art-,journal4  ,,international 
,,copyright4   ,the recent judgment of  
,lord ,campbell in ,boosey v4 ,jeffreys1
 which has settled finally the much     
litigated question of the right of a    
foreigner to copyright in this country1 
whether of books1 pictures1 or music1   
has been alleged as an excuse for a     
public meeting of authors and           
publishers1 to appeal against the       
concession of such a right1 and to      
procure a reversal of the decision1     
should his lordship be disposed to      
overrule his own judgment in the ,house 
of ,lords4 ,the direct impulse to the   
present agitation1 however1 appears to  
have been certain proceedings commenced 
against ,mr4 ,bohn and others1 by ,mr4  

,murray1 for their alleged invasion of  
his copyrights in the works of          
,washington ,irving2 of which cheap     
editions have been issued1 on the faith 
of a recent opinion of ,lord ,cranworth1
 wholly at variance with that which has 
lately been pronounced by the ,court of 
,error1 by no fewer than four           
publishers4 ,the defendants in these    
cases are of course the leading         
instigators of this movement1 and appear
 to have prevailed upon ,sir ,edward    
,bulwer ,lytton to take the chair at a  
public meeting of ,authors and          
,publishers1 at the ,hanover ,square    
,rooms1 for the purpose of discussing   
the question in all its bearings4       
,although the authors and publishers of 
,england were but slenderly represented 
on the occasion1 and even those who were
 present were far from unanimous1       
several ingenious and even brilliant    
speeches were delivered1 and resolutions
 were carried1 tending to support the   
,chairman's view of the subject2 viz41  

to procure a revision of the law which  
declares foreign authors resident       
abroad1 to be entitled to copyright in  
this country2 to form a society to      
consider the steps necessary to obtain  
the proposed readjustment of the law2   
and lastly1 to collect subscriptions to 
indemnify the gentlemen now acting on   
the defensive1 in the various actions   
for the alleged invasion of copyright1  
in the expensive process of appealing   
against ,lord ,campbell's decision to   
the ,house of ,lords4 ,we confess that  
we have not been convinced by any of the
 arguments adduced on this occasion1    
able and plausible as many of them were1
 that we should violate that great      
principle of justice1 which forbids that
 we should do evil that good may come2  
and that because foreign nations cannot 
be brought to a sense of the dishonesty 
of their habitual invasions of ,british 
,copyright1 we should make reprisals    
upon their authors1 and deny them that  
protection which they so dishonestly    

withhold to us4 ,still less can we      
affirm a proposition which would go back
 from twenty five to thirty years1 and  
deprive ,english booksellers of         
copyrights for which1 on the faith of   
the law as it then stood1 they have paid
 very considerable sums of money4 ,the  
impression1 that if we deprive ,american
 authors of the copyright they have     
hitherto enjoyed in ,england1 we shall  
force them and their readers to agree to
 an international arrangement1 we       
believe to be entirely fallacious4      
,there are very few ,american authors   
whose copyrights have proved of any     
material value to ,english publishers2  
and even of that few1 the majority have 
retired for some years past1 almost     
wholly from the field of literature4    
,washington ,irving1 ,cooper1 and       
,prescott1 are almost the only authors  
who have a marketable value in this     
country2 and two out of the three have  
written little that is worthy of their  
genius for many years4 ,besides1 the    

,american buccaneer knows full well that
 the chief weight of the sacrifice1 if  
,american copyrights were to be declared
 null and void in this country1 would   
fall upon neither ,mr4 ,irving1 ,mr4    
,cooper1 nor ,mr4 ,prescott1 but upon   
,messrs4 ,murray and ,bentley1 the      
,british possessors of their copyrights4
 ,if1 therefore1 the question be mooted 
at all1 it should not be with a view to 
a retrospective operation4 ,but we more 
than doubt1 if ,america1 uninfluenced by
 worthier motives1 will ever be driven  
to a recognition of the rights of       
,british authors1 for the sake of       
protecting the interests of the very few
 of its native writers who look to      
,england for the chief reward of their  
literary labor4 ,america1 in her rage   
for cheap editions1 has almost          
annihilated her own literature1 and her 
unwarrantable piracy of our best        
authors1 does but react on those of her 
own4 ,if unable to understand the       
impolicy of her present course1 will    

mulcting ,mr4 ,murray and ,mr4 ,bentley 
induce her to abandon her wholesale     
appropriations of ,english literary     
property8 or1 will our becoming robbers 
ourselves diminish the wholesale piracy 
of our neighbors8 ,we think not4 ,the   
arguments of ,sir ,edward ,bulwer       
,lytton1 which apply to the conduct of  
,america in refusing to entertain the   
question of international copyright1 are
 unanswerable2 but if she prefers the   
selfish demands of the million to the   
interests of her own writers1 she is not
 likely to be deterred from continuing  
the work of spoliation because we1 at   
length1 determine to follow her example4
 ,it cannot be doubted1 for one moment1 
that it was the intention of the act at 
present in force1 to recognize the      
copyright of foreigners whose works were
 first published in this country1 and it
 is equally clear that the law for the  
protection of the patents of foreigners 
in ,england1 was conceived in the same  
spirit4 ,why should we refuse protection

 to the writings of a foreign author1   
and concede it to his scientific        
discoveries8 ,if we are to interpret the
 law as ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer ,lytton and    
,mr4 ,bohn would have us do1 why should 
we grant to any foreign inventor the    
patent by which his property is secured 
in this country8 ,more than twenty years
 ago the late ,mr4 ,murray paid         
,washington ,irving #aejjl4 for his     
,tales of a ,traveller2 #cjjjl4 for his 
,columbus2 #ajjjl41 for his ,granada2   
and #ajjjl4 for his ,bracebridge ,hall4 
,is it to be endured1 that because      
,american booksellers are engaged in an 
unauthorized republication of every     
,english book which they consider worth 
reprinting1 we should1 after so long a  
forbearance1 become pirates in our turn2
 and thus despoil1 not the foreign      
aggressor1 but our own respectable      
publishers1 of a right in which so large
 an amount of capital and enterprise has
 been embarked4  ,whatever difference of
 opinion1 therefore1 there may be as to 

the measures which are most likely to   
force upon our neighbors a fair         
recognition of the rights of our        
authors1 by a system of reprisal which  
we could never be brought to admire1 and
 which we consider beneath the dignity  
of our national character1 there can be 
none as to the absurdity of attempting  
so to do1 by a retrospective operation  
which has neither justice nor common    
honesty to recommend it4 ,we are far    
from desiring to attach any moral blame 
to the gentlemen whose reprints1 in this
 country1 of the works of ,irving and   
others1 have given occasion for the     
present controversy4 ,the state of the  
law1 as interpreted by ,lord ,cranworth1
 and other of our eminent jurists1      
appears to have warranted their belief  
that they were perfectly authorized in  
so doing4 ,there are1 however1          
considerations of courtesy which ought  
always to be observed by persons of the 
same profession towards each other1     
which should prevent them from doing all

 that even the law entitles them to do1 
where1 by such a course1 they are       
prejudicing the interests of their      
respectable brother tradesmen1 on       
occasions on which they had good ground 
to believe that they have done every    
thing they could to secure the rights to
 which they lay claim4 ,neither is the  
position of the author to be wholly     
overlooked4 ,so far back as #ahac or    
#ahad1 ,washington ,irving was a        
resident in this country1 engaged in    
mercantile pursuits1 as a partner in a  
,british firm1 and was as much an       
,englishman as either ,mr4 ,leslie or   
,mr4 ,stuart ,newton4 ,he was1 indeed1 a
 resident in ,england at the date of the
 publication of several of his works4   
,but the principle1 if carried out      
fairly1 would compromise the interests  
of painters and print-publishers1 as    
well as of litterateurs and booksellers4
 ,if the arguments employed at the late 
meeting1 are at all tenable1 the        
valuable copyrights of ,messrs4 ,moon1  

,graves  ,co41 ,colnaghi1 or ,hogarth1  
and other printsellers1 in the          
engravings executed from the works of   
,leslie1 ,newton1 ,ohalon1 and others1  
are completely at the mercy of any one  
who may think it worth his while to     
reproduce them4 ,the sort of            
retaliation1 therefore1 which is now    
suggested1 would be equivalent to that  
of cutting off the nose for the purpose 
of being revenged upon the face4  ,it is
 quite true that in #ahde1 in ,chappell 
v4 ,purday1 the ,court of ,exchequer was
 of opinion that a foreign author       
residing abroad1 who composed a work    
there1 could have no copyright in this  
country2 a decision which was           
subsequently confirmed in the same      
,court in ,boosey v4 ,purday4 ,these    
judgments have1 however1 been entirely  
overruled by ,lord ,campbell1 who on a  
late occasion pronounced an opinion in  
the teeth of these decisions1 and whose 
impressions on this question are said to
 be shared by a large majority of the   

,judges of the ,court of ,queen's       
,bench4 ,the point may therefore be     
considered as settled2 and as further   
litigation in the ,court of ,chancery   
can only be productive of ruinous       
expense and vexation1 it is much to be  
desired that an amicable arrangement of 
the differences of the respective       
publishers may be entered into1 which1  
whilst it recognizes the proper         
principle1 will avert the necessity of  
further contests on the subject4 ,mr4   
,colburn was1 it appears1 in favor of   
the anti-foreign copyright disputants1  
and has1 therefore1 clearly invited the 
invasion of his own copyrights of the   
works of ,american authors4 ,as1        
however1 he is understood to have       
virtually1 if not ostensibly1 retired   
from the publishing trade1 he has for   
the future1 at least1 but little        
interest in the matter4  ,the speeches  
of ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton and of  
,mr4 ,bohn1 at the late meeting1 contain
 many facts and illustrations1 which    

will be found of service in considering 
the question of international copyright4
 ,mr4 ,bohn has already done much by the
 publication of cheap editions of       
standard authors1 at a very moderate    
price1 to render good books accessible  
to the public1 and is placed by his     
position as a bookseller1 beyond the    
suspicion of having been actuated by    
mercenary or unworthy motives in the    
matter4 ,we question however if the     
general interests of authors and        
publishers have not suffered materially 
from his reprints4 ,when ,mr4 ,colburn  
attributed to ,american piracy the      
discouraging fact that for books for    
which he could once afford to pay       
#ajjjl41 he cannot now give more than   
from #ajjl4 to #aejl41 he appears to    
have overlooked the prevalence of cheap 
literature generally in this country2   
and the ruinous competition which is now
 going on among rival booksellers4 ,who 
is likely to purchase his guinea and a  
half editions of ,cooper's novels1 when 

he can obtain from ,mr4 ,bohn the works 
of ,washington ,irving 7large and       
handsomely printed volumes7 at two      
shillings each8 ,besides1 the same      
system of piracy was at work when he    
purchased ,mr4 ,cooper's copyrights1 as 
is in operation now4 ,he recommends     
,british publishers not to purchase     
another copyright from an ,american     
author until his government have        
consented to enter into some            
international arrangement2 and so far we
 agree with him in his suggestion4 ,it  
is a remarkable fact1 however1 that     
whilst ,british authors are protesting  
in their speeches and writings against  
foreign appropriations of their         
copyrights1 they are often very much    
flattered by their adoption4 ,the       
audacious single-volume piracies of     
,galignani and ,baudry of ,paris1 of the
 poetry of ,byron1 ,scott1 ,southey1    
,moore1 ,coleridge1 ,shelley and others1
 were often looked upon by the parties  
who might be expected to consider       

themselves most aggrieved1 as conferring
 a distinction upon their writings      
calculated to increase their reputation 
in this country4 ,in several instances  
within our knowledge1 the materials for 
the biographical notices which prefaced 
the respective volumes were supplied by 
the authors themselves6 ,lord ,byron1 so
 far from expressing any indignation at 
the liberty which ,messrs4 ,galignani   
had taken with his writings1 assisted   
them in identifying them1 and wrote     
interesting autograph letters to aid in 
their illustration4  ,southey1 as we    
gather from one of his letters1 was     
rather flattered than otherwise at the  
republication of his poetry in ,paris1  
and if rumor may be credited1 ,moore    
corrected the proofs1 and furnished     
materials for the biography of one or   
more of the foreign editions of his     
works4 ,mr4 ,bowles and several other   
poets whose writings were included in   
this series1 not only furnished notes   
for the ,biographical ,prefaces1 but    

indicated to the editor the publications
 from which their fugitive writings     
should be collected4 ,mrs4 ,hemans      
furnished several notes and suggestions 
for one of the ,american editions of her
 works1 and sent copies to her friends  
as evidence of her translantic          
popularity4 ,in fact we have rarely met 
with an author whose writings have been 
deemed worthy of being reprinted abroad1
 who has not considered himself         
flattered by the preference4 ,we do not 
of course profess to believe that their 
publishers were equally complimented by 
this unceremonious invasion of their    
property4 ,so long as the sale of such  
piracies were limited to the continent1 
we doubt if they were the means of      
abstracting a great deal from the       
pockets of either the author or         
publisher2 but for very many years they 
were allowed to be imported in single   
copies1 during which period they were   
introduced into this country in large   
quantities4 ,they were1 however1        

purchased rather from their compactness 
than for their cheapness1 and the       
instant ,mr4 ,murray published a        
handsomely printed single volume edition
 of the ,poetry of ,lord ,byron at a    
moderate price1 the trade in ,french and
 ,belgian piracies of ,british          
copyrights was almost destroyed4 ,why   
should we not print cheap editions for  
exportation8 ,the drawback on the paper1
 and the superiority of our printing and
 binding would be sufficiently obvious  
to enable us to obtain a better price   
than would be given for such coarse     
reprints as are usually hurried into    
circulation in ,america4 ,we cannot but 
believe that such an enterprise might be
 carried out successfully4 ,there is    
scarcely an edition1 at a moderate      
price1 of any ,american author1 that is 
worthy of the library2 and looking at   
the quality of the paper and print1 we  
doubt if the ,american booksellers could
 afford a volume of similar quality at  
the price charged by ,mr4 ,bohn for his 

reprints4  ,any plan is1 however1 better
 than that suggested at the late        
meeting1 of becoming pirates ourselves  
to cure our neighbors of their          
buccaneering propensities4 ,the         
comparatively small number of works of  
mark which are now produced in ,america 
7there have been no prose writers of any
 very great eminence since the heyday of
 the literary lives of ,irving1 ,cooper1
 and ,channing1 if we except ,mr4       
,prescott7 goes far to show that        
national literature is all but          
annihilated in that country1 and that   
the evil must eventually1 in a great    
measure1 correct itself4 ,in a recent   
,american newspaper it is stated that   
protection is not refused in that       
country to any ,british author who will 
go through the necessary forms by which 
he becomes qualified for the privilege4 
,our readers will smile to hear that one
 of these conditions consists of an     
oath1 by which the candidate for        
copyright in ,america is required to    

renounce for ever all allegiance and    
fidelity to any foreign prince1         
potentate1 state or sovereign1 whatever1
 and particularly to the ,queen of the  
,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and 
,ireland6 ,the late ,captain ,marryat   
declined to comply with these terms1    
although another ,english author1 of    
undeniable reputation1 has1 it is       
affirmed1 not scrupled to bolt this     
denationalizing pill4 ,we have not heard
 if he has turned his privilege to any  
account4     ,from ,fraser's ,magazine4 
,a ,,country ,,gentleman ,,at ,,home4   
,,by ,c4 ,,astor ,,bristed4   ,it was a 
lovely ,october day2 the temperature    
perfectly ,elysian--not half a degree   
too hot or too cold--and the air moister
 than is usual in the dry climate of the
 ,northern ,states1 altogether reminding
 one of ,florence in early autumn1 only 
less enervating4 ,ashburner and the     
,harry ,bensons were gliding up the     
,hudson in a 'floating palace1' which is
 ,american penny-a-liner for a          

northriver steamboat4 ,gerard ,ludlow   
was on board1 handsome and distingue as 
ever1 but a little thinned and worn by  
numberless polkas4 ,he had got rid of   
his wife by a mighty effort1 and was    
going to play le ,mari a la             
,campagne--not at ,ravenswood1 however1 
but with some of the ,van ,hornes who   
lived higher up the river4 ,while the   
young exquisite was rattling on in a    
sort of ,macaronic ,french to ,mrs4     
,benson about the mountains of          
,switzerland and the pictures of ,italy1
 the ascent of the ,nile and that       
glorious ,clos-,vougeot ,blanc ,mousseux
 at the ,anglais--every topic1 in short1
 that had not the least connection with 
,america--,ashburner was witnessing for 
the third time1 with unabated           
admiration1 the magnificent scenery of  
the classic ,american river--for classic
 it is to a ,new-,yorker since          
,washington ,irving has immortalized its
 legends4  ,i am glad to see you are not
 ashamed to show a little enthusiasm1   

said ,benson1 as he marked his friend   
leaning over the forward railing1       
absorbed in the view before him4 ,some  
people don't care much for this sort of 
thing4 ,there's my cousin ,ludlow1 how  
supremely indifferent he is to it all6  
,he is talking to my wife about the last
 comic opera he saw in ,paris1 which    
represents ,shakespeare and ,queen ,bess
 getting very jolly together4           
,certainly one would hardly be able to  
tell what countryman ,ludlow was1       
without previous knowledge4 ,he seems1  
like many of your fashionables1 very    
much out of place here4  ,that's true   
enough2 and the man most out of place   
among them all is my brother ,carl1 whom
 we are just going to visit4            
,ashburner's recollection and knowledge 
of ,carl ,benson were pretty much       
comprised in a certain luncheon at      
,ravenswood1 which he had found very    
much in place1 and a very good place    
for4 ,henry went on to explain himself4 
,he prides himself on a regard for two  

things--sincerity and equity--two very  
estimable virtues1 no doubt1 but capable
 of being ridden to death like all      
hobbies4  ,benson further proceeded to  
state that he was afraid they would find
 his brother in no very genial          
mood--that1 in fact1 he had two special 
reasons at that time for being in bad   
humor4 ,the anti-rent epidemic had      
broken out in the vicinity1 and his     
place was threatened with perforation by
 a railroad4 ,the former1 however       
perilous to some of his acquaintance1   
was no very terrible danger to ,carl    
himself1 he having as many tenants in   
the country as his brother had in       
town--to wit1 just one4 ,the latter was 
considerably more serious in itself1 and
 rendered particularly aggravating by   
attendant circumstances4 ,an equally    
convenient and much safer inland route  
for the railway had been originally     
proposed2 but ,mr4 ,jobson1 the chief   
engineer1 started the project of a new  
one close along the shore1 running      

through the beautiful private grounds   
that lined the whole east bank of the   
river for a hundred and fifty miles4    
,the true motive for this change was1   
that the company would thus have to pay 
less for right of way1 since the inland 
route would have passed through the     
cornfields and vegetable-grounds of     
farmers1 to whom they must have made    
full compensation at the market value of
 the land1 whereas by cutting through a 
private lawn they could take the ground 
at a merely nominal rate1 the damage    
caused to a gentleman by the destruction
 of his place for all the purposes of a 
country-seat being a fancy value1 which 
jurors and commissioners chosen from the
 mass of the people1 and regarding the  
aristocratic landholder with an envious 
eye1 would never pay the least attention
 to4 ,but either from a lingering regard
 for outward decency1 or from some other
 motive1 this1 the real reason1 met with
 only a passing allusion in ,mr4        
,jobson's report4 ,he came out boldly1  

and recommended the river route as      
calculated to improve the appearance of 
the shore1 by filling up bays and       
cutting off sharp points4#bj ,what made 
it worse was1 that the majority of these
 very gentlemen proprietors had been    
induced to subscribe largely to the road
 under the solemn assurance from leading
 members of the company 7which took care
 not to make itself officially and      
corporately responsible7 that the inland
 route would be adopted1 which assurance
 was thrown to the winds as soon as the 
books were filled up4 ,carl was not to  
be taken in so2 he had refused to       
subscribe to the road1 and opposed it to
 the extent of his small influence from 
the first2 he might be the victim of    
such people1 but he would not be their  
dupe4 ,this was one consolation to him4 
,another was1 that the railway1 when it 
did come upon him1 which would not be   
for two years yet1 would not absolutely 
ruin his place4 ,it would not go through
 his house1 or across the lawn in front 

of it1 or break down his terrace1 for   
which ,nature was to be thanked1 and not
 ,mr4 ,jobson4 ,ravenswood was partly   
within one of the to-be-improved bays1  
and1 consequently1 the rails would cut  
it close along the water under the      
terraced bank4 ,it merely stopped his   
access to the river1 which1 as he did   
not yacht1 and had room for the little  
boating he wanted in the adjoining bay1 
was no great deprivation4 ,at any rate1 
the danger anticipated by ,harry turned 
out all moonshine4 ,when they stopped at
 ,van ,burenopolis 7the landing nearest 
,ravenswood71 ,carl's rockaway was on   
the ground1 and in ten minutes their    
host received them at his front door1   
both his hands out-stretched1 and his   
face lighted up with unfeigned pleasure4
  ,carl ,benson was an unflattered      
likeness of his brother1 with a larger  
nose1 large feet1 that got into every   
one's way1 coarser hair1 and narrower   
chest2 altogether a rougher and inferior
 type of form2 but he had a fresh and   

ruddy complexion1 and though he was     
,henry's senior by six years1 there did 
not seem to be more than a twelve-month 
between them4 ,in dress he was as quiet 
as ,harry was gay2 never cared how old  
his clothes were1 so long as he had     
plenty of clean linen2 was often two    
years behind the fashion2 affected black
 coats and gray trousers2 eschewed      
enamelled chains1 jewelled              
waistcoat-buttons1 and other similar    
fopperies of ,young ,new-,york2         
preferred shoes 7not of patent leather7 
to boots1 and usually tied his cravat in
 the smallest possible bow4 ,nor was the
 contrast in manner between the two     
brothers less marked2 the elder was shy 
and retiring before strangers1 and would
 have been called a very awkward man    
anywhere but in ,england4 ,you might    
easily guess from his way of behaving   
himself on a first introduction1 the    
uncertain style of his movements1 and   
his butter-finger fashion of taking hold
 of things1 that he had none of that    

dexterity in the little every-day       
occasions of life which distinguished   
,harry2 who1 for instance1 could harness
 a horse about as soon as his groom1    
while ,carl would have been half the day
 about it1 and not have done it well    
after all2 ,harry could carry out a     
complicated affair of business at one   
interview1 without coming off worst2 but
 his elder brother would have pottered  
about it three days1 and probably been  
cheated in the end4 ,this inaptitude for
 small business1 this want of           
promptitude and dexterity1 of presence  
of mind and body1 so to speak1 is not   
very detrimental in ,europe1 where a    
gentleman with a tolerably well-filled  
purse can have so much done for him2 but
 in ,america1 where the richest man has 
to do so much for himself1 it is a      
constantly recurring inconvenience1 and 
it struck the ,englishman almost        
immediately that this1 though not       
especially alluded to by ,henry1 was one
 of the things that made ,carl out of   

place in his own fatherland4  ,the      
mansion at ,ravenswood1 which had braved
 the storms of eighty-five winters 7a   
venerable age for an ,american house71  
was pitched on a hill commanding a view 
of the ,hudson for forty miles4         
,without1 it was built of rough stone1  
with an ample wooden stoop running all  
round it1 and a great variety of vines  
and creepers running round all the      
pillars of the stoop2--within1 it       
branched off into large halls and       
spacious rooms1 filled with antediluvian
 furniture1 and guiltless of the        
ambitious upholstery attempts of ,young 
,new-,york1 which in such matters goes  
ahead of ,paris itself4 ,the library    
alone1 in which ,carl lived1--that is to
 say1 he did everything but dining and  
sleeping there1--was fitted up in modern
 style1 furnished with luxurious        
arm-chairs and sofas1 the walls and     
ceiling neatly painted in oak1 and the  
principal window composed of one oval   
pane of glass set in a frame1 to which  

the external landscape supplied an      
exquisite picture4 ,the hill swept down 
to the water's edge almost1 where it    
terminated abruptly in a lofty terrace1 
ninety feet above the level of the      
shore4 ,the woodlands all about--on     
,benson's place1 on the places          
adjoining1 on the opposite bank--would  
have been beautiful at any time of the  
year2 now1 when the foliage was changing
 color1 in anticipation of the coming   
frost1 they were surpassingly so4 ,as   
the trees change not all at once1 but   
different ones assume different tints   
successively1 the natural kaleidoscope  
is varied from day to day4 ,the sumach  
leaf is one of the first to alter2 it   
becomes a vivid scarlet2 then the maple 
assumes a brilliant red and gold2 then  
others put on a rich sienna1 and others 
a warm olive4 ,here and there were      
interspersed patches of evergreens1     
pines looking almost blue1 and cedars   
looking quite black from the contrast of
 the gorgeous and fiery coloring that   

surrounded them4 ,the river water was   
deep blue2 in the little bay north of   
,ravenswood it shaded off into a soft   
olive from the reflection of the foliage
 and grass about it2 while beyond the   
further bank of the ,hudson rose the    
,kaatskill#ba chain1 richly wooded to   
their summits1 and painted with the     
myriad dyes of autumn1--a fitting       
background to the landscape4 ,of course 
the finest part of this view was beyond 
the limits of ,ravenswood1 but so much  
of it as belonged to ,carl 7and his     
grounds covered some two hundred acres7 
was cleverly disposed with the help of  
an ingenious landscape-gardener2 the    
trees were cut into picturesque clumps  
and vistas1 opened at the desirable     
points4 ,henry1 who bragged for all the 
family as well as for himself1 took care
 to inform ,ashburner how1 when the     
place came into ,carl's possession 7or  
rather into his wife's1 for by the laws 
of ,new-,york1 the wife's property is   
absolutely hers1 and out of her         

husband's control7 by the demise of his 
father-in-law1 there was hardly a       
carriage-road on it1 and how he had     
devoted all his spare income to it for  
seven years1 and made it what you see   
it4  ,as the ,englishman had nothing to 
do for some days but to ramble about    
,ravenswood1 and talk to the owner of   
it1 he had full opportunity of          
ascertaining how far his brother's      
estimate of him was correct1 and also   
how far the difference between the two1 
particularly in their practical aptitude
 for business1 was attributable to the  
fact1 that one of them had finished his 
education in ,england1 and the other in 
,america1 which1 for a ,new-,yorker1    
means in ,paris1 in ,germany1 half over 
the continent of ,europe1 in short4 ,his
 conclusion was1 that some of the       
qualities which made his host so out of 
place were natural1 and that others had 
been superinduced upon these by his     
,english education4  ,harry ,benson had 
truly stated1 that his brother's        

prominent trait of character was        
sincerity4 ,he used to say of himself1  
that the fairy had bestowed on him true 
,thomas's gift1 the tongue that ne'er   
could lie1 and that the consequent      
incapacities predicted by the ,scottish 
minstrel had fallen upon him2 he could  
neither buy nor sell1 nor pay court to  
prince or peer1 7that is1 in ,america1  
to the sovereign people17 nor win favor 
of fair lady4 ,certainly this is a      
dangerous quality in any country1 unless
 tempered with an exquisite tact1 which 
was not among ,carl's possessions2 but  
it is peculiarly dangerous in ,america1 
for there is no public 7not excepting   
the ,french or ,irish7 that feeds so    
greedily on pure humbug as the          
,american4 ,populus vult decipi there   
with a vengeance2 and when the general  
current of feeling has set towards any  
show or phantasm1 moral1 political1     
literary1 or social1 woe to the         
individual who plants himself in its    
way6  ,equally correct was the assertion

 that equity was a leading idea of his  
mind4 ,give the devil his due1 was one  
of his favorite proverbs2 and when he   
said that a thing was not fair1 it      
seemed to him a conclusive argument     
against it4 ,his conception of the      
virtues was the genuine ,aristotelian   
one--a medium between two extremes4 ,not
 that he was a lukewarm partisan on all 
subjects2 but of the people he most     
disliked--and he was a really good hater
 of some classes1 ,romanists1 for       
instance1 and ,frenchmen1 and ,southern 
slaveholders--he could not bring himself
 to take any unfair advantage4 ,now it  
is no news to any one who knows anything
 of the ,americans1 that they are a     
nation of violent extremes2 the         
different political parties1 theological
 sects1 geographical divisions--the     
literati of different cities1           
even--vituperate and assail one another 
fearfully1 hardly respecting the laws of
 the land1 much less the principles of  
natural justice4 ,add to all this1 that 

,carl had a naturally elegant and       
fastidious taste1 certain to make him   
aristocratic in sentiment1 however      
democratic he might be in principle1 and
 it will be seen that he had a tolerable
 stock of incompatibilities to start    
with before having anything to do with  
,england4  ,but1 as if to settle his    
business completely1 and prevent him    
from ever becoming a contented and      
contenting citizen of his own country1  
it chanced that just at the period of   
his youth1 when1 according to the wont  
of ,young ,america1 dress and billiards 
formed the main topic of his            
conversation1 and he was aspiring to the
 possession of a fast trotter1 accident 
took him to ,england1 and a series of   
accidents kept him there1 and caused him
 to make it his home for several years1 
and his standpoint for all his          
continental excursions4 ,he grew up to  
mature manhood among and along with a   
generation of ,englishmen4 ,he acquired 
a taste for classical studies1 and for  

that literary society1 and those habits 
of literary and ethical criticism which 
are nowhere else found in such          
perfection4 ,his life had always been   
strictly1 even prudishly moral2 and     
while casting off the frivolities and   
fopperies of his boyhood1 he also parted
 with much of the impulsive and         
imperfectly understood religion of his  
younger days1 and replaced it by a more 
sedate and permanent feeling1 which     
never rose to ecstasy of emotion1 but   
was always present to him as a daily    
habit1 and was deeply earnest1 with     
little outward show4  ,such a man's     
tendencies were visibly towards the     
church2 and had ,carl been an           
,englishman1 or continued his sojourn in
 ,england1 he would have taken orders   
naturally and inevitably1 and might have
 made a tolerable parson4 ,but at home  
he soon found it impossible to          
assimilate himself to that ,evangelical 
party which constitutes the great bulk  
of the ,american religious community4   

,the three leading tendencies of his    
character already alluded to1 fostered  
as they were by his residence abroad1   
had ended by making him very eclectic   
and very unconventional4 ,he took what  
seemed good to him from every quarter1  
without reference to antecedents2 and   
the fact that all the world about him   
were going one way1 was just the reason 
to make him go the other4 ,the ,puritan 
denunciations of all who differed from  
them on points of transcendental        
theology1 or of social institutions1    
seemed to him illiberal and             
uncharitable4 ,his religion acted upon  
him somewhat like the ,socratic ,daemon2
 it restrained him from actions1 rather 
than prompted him to them4 ,he abhorred 
all parade of godliness1 and shrunk from
 disclosing his religious experiences1  
as he would have done from disclosing   
his loves to a mixed assemblage4 ,there 
were many things about these people     
besides their abhorrence of the fine    
arts1 that shocked his aesthetic        

sensibility1 and their inquisitive      
censoriousness he deemed ungentlemanly  
in point of manners1 and little short of
 persecution in point of principle4     
,what most of all repelled him was their
 unmitigated seriousness4 ,a certain    
notorious personage1 whom it is no      
scandal to call the greatest of living  
charlatans1 is reported to have taken   
for his motto1 ,praise ,god1 and be     
merry4 ,now this was exactly what ,carl 
wanted to do1 to praise ,god1 and be    
merry2 and he did not think the latter  
clause of the device implied any        
necessary incompatibility with the      
former4 ,he held strongly to the neque  
semper arcum1 and thought that a man was
 all the better man1 and better         
,christian1 for an occasional season of 
healthy enjoyment4 ,he did not think    
teetotalism necessary to prevent        
gentlemen from becoming drunkards1 and  
he took his regular exercise on ,sunday 
as well as on other days4 ,his sincere  
nature revolted equally from the idea of

 dissembling a merriment which he felt1 
and from that of simulating a religious 
enthusiasm which he did not feel4 ,with 
all personal respect for such men1 and  
all reverence for the service they had  
done to the cause of vital religion1 and
 civil1 no less than religious liberty1 
he very soon found that he could not    
amalgamate with them1 and gave up all   
intention of going into the church4     
,thus it came to pass1 that letting     
himself slide into the place which his  
fortune and connections had marked out  
for him1 he became a man of society1 and
 a gentleman of the world4 ,it proved   
that he was not entirely free from the  
national error of quitting one extreme  
for another3 it could only be said in   
his defence1 that his new role rather   
came to1 than was sought for by him4    
,perhaps his fastidiousness partly led  
him into it2 but this trait of his mind 
showed itself more in intellectual      
criticism than in material ,sybaritism1 
and more in the choice of companions    

than either4 ,certainly he had no great 
qualifications for the part1 especially 
in ,new-,york1 and very wild work he    
made of it with his peculiar ideas1 some
 of which were rather ,english1 and all 
of which were considerably the reverse  
of ,american4  ,the first offence that  
,carl gave was by getting married in    
church as quietly as anything can be    
done in ,new-,york1 and going out of the
 way immediately afterwards1 instead of 
standing his bride up for eight hundred 
people to look at4 ,he was shamefully   
negligent of his duties to society in   
not having given a reception4 ,carl said
 that he married for the present        
happiness and future comfort of himself 
and his wife1 not for the amusement of  
society2 and that was all the           
explanation he deigned to give his      
fashionable acquaintances4  ,his next   
eccentricity was refusing to read ,the  
,sewer1 to let it enter his house1 or to
 talk about it4 ,he said1 that in       
,europe1 scandalous newspapers were not 

taken in by respectable families1 that  
even young men read them at their clubs 
and by stealth1 and never mentioned them
 before ladies2 that people making      
pretensions to superior morality and    
decency ought not to patronize an       
immoral and blasphemous print--and more 
to the same effect4 ,men and women who  
referred to ,france as the standard of  
half the things they did1 taunted him   
with referring to ,england4 ,benson did 
not think it worth while to discuss the 
merits of that case1 but answered by a  
quotation from ,aristophanes1 how clever
 folks learn many things from their     
enemies1--which he had to translate     
before his auditors understood it1--and 
by another of like purport from a ,latin
 bard1 which they were less slow to     
comprehend1 as it has become part of the
 stock in trade of our public speakers1 
and even the editors know what it means4
 ,then one man liked ,the ,sewer because
 it had the best reports of trotting    
matches2 and another1 because it        

published the news from ,washington     
half-an-hour sooner than any of its     
contemporaries2 and they all said1 that 
all the papers were so bad1 it was      
merely a question of degree1 and not of 
kind4 ,nobody agreed with ,carl1 not    
even the people who were abused by ,the 
,sewer1 and he made no converts out of  
his own family--his wife1 brother1 and  
sister4  ,but his great crime was       
blaspheming the polka1 for which ,i     
believe ,young ,new-,york thought him   
absolutely insane1 and would gladly have
 put him into a straight-jacket4 ,he    
thought that a matinee which lasted from
 noon to midnight was an absurd and     
wicked waste of time2 that even six     
hours a day was too much for a          
reasonable being to devote to the       
,redowa2 that at a ball or party there  
should be some place for people who like
 to converse1 and a non-dancing man     
should not be stuck into a corner all   
the evening on pain of being knocked    
over by the waltzers2 that the tipsy    

excesses of the young gentlemen who     
lorded it in the ball-room rendered     
their society not the most edifying for 
ladies2 and as whatever he thought he   
gave utterance to in pretty plain       
language1 he made himself prodigiously  
unpopular1 and was a great nuisance to  
the exclusives4  ,on the other hand1 he 
found things enough to annoy him4 ,he   
had no like-minded1 and it seemed no    
like-bodied men to associate with2 no   
gentlemen to converse with on classical 
subjects1 no acquaintances to join him  
in his long walks and drives4 ,he was   
not over-fond of the ,french4 ,they make
 the best coffee and gloves in the      
world1 he used to say1 but coffee and   
gloves1 after all1 are a very small part
 of life4 ,therefore it was irksome to  
him to hear the ,french always appealed 
to as the standard of dress1 furniture1 
and manners4 ,above all1 it worried him 
to find their language the recognized   
one of the salon and the opera4 ,that   
two or three persons1 whose native      

tongue was ,english1 should go on       
talking imperfect ,french1 7for the     
knowledge acquired by a two years'      
residence in ,paris must be             
comparatively imperfect17 though no     
foreigners were present1 struck him as a
 mischievous absurdity1 and directly    
calculated to hinder mental growth4 ,but
 all these were petty troubles compared 
to the misery he endured from the       
gossiping and scandalous propensities of
 his fashionable acquaintance4 ,he now  
found his error in supposing that there 
is any peculiar illiberality and        
uncharitableness in a religious         
community1 as distinguished from a      
worldly one2 and discovered1 that in    
avoiding the ,evangelical connection1 he
 had not escaped the spirit of          
inquisitive censoriousness4 ,a common   
error of young men is this3 they fancy1 
that because people of the world talk of
 their liberality1 and parade it        
ostentatiously1 they must possess an    
extra share of it4 ,and doubtless they  

are more charitable towards their       
favorite propensities2 the jolly good   
fellow will judge leniently of his      
bottle companion's trippings1 and so on 
through the calender of vices3 though   
even this proposition is not to be      
received absolutely4 ,catiline will     
sometimes be found complaining of       
sedition2 most offenders have some      
lingering sense remaining of original   
right and wrong2 not enough to keep them
 straight1 but enough to blame others   
for the self-same obliquities4 ,but to  
try the question correctly1 we should   
examine the worldly1 not in their       
judgments of one another1 but in their  
judgments of the religious1 and see how 
much liberality they show them4 ,we     
should watch the hatred of virtue and   
purity1 and the envy of fair fame1      
developing themselves in every form of  
slander and detraction1 from the sly    
innuendo to the open falsehood4 ,all    
merely fashionable society has a        
necessary tendency to be scandalous2    

fashionable people must talk a great    
deal without any definite purpose1 and  
personal topics are always the readiest 
at hand for small talk1 in a momentary  
dearth of others--this one's dress and  
appearance--that one's style of         
living--who is attentive to whom--and so
 on2 so that besides the gossip which   
springs from deliberate wickedness1     
there is a great deal that is the result
 of mere thoughtlessness and vacuity4   
,and ,new-,york fashionable society is  
probably more scandalous than any other1
 because there are fewer public         
amusements for persons of leisure than  
in the continental cities of ,europe1   
while the men have not that vent in     
political life1 or the women in outdoor 
exercise1 which ,londoners find4  ,now  
,carl was imbued with the idea 7,i      
believe it was one of his acquired      
,english ones71 that the first duty of a
 gentleman is to mind his own business4 
,he had a horror of interfering with any
 one's private affairs1 and an equal    

horror of any one interfering with his4 
,it sickened him1 therefore1 to be among
 people who were always speaking ill of 
one another1 and fetching and carrying  
stories4 ,he grew tired of every one in 
the not very large circle of his        
acquaintance1 which his fastidiousness1 
before adverted to1 had always kept     
small2 for he hated immoral people1 and 
had a very imperfect sympathy for vulgar
 ones2 and the man who begins by        
excluding these two classes1 will make a
 large hole in his visiting list4 ,he   
was in danger of becoming morbid and    
misanthropic4 ,the natural and proper   
resource for a person so situated1 is to
 take up some active and steady         
occupation--ride some hobby1 if he can  
do nothing better1--at any rate1 give   
himself enough to do4 ,carl was not a   
man of hobbies1 and all the available   
ones were ridden to death already4 ,the 
first resort of a young ,englishman1    
with good fortune and connections1 is   
politics2 it is the very last resort of 

a ,new-,yorker similarly situated4 ,he  
usually has enough of it at college2 is 
a violent politician at sixteen1 and by 
nineteen gives up all thoughts of       
shining in that way4 ,why this is so1 ,i
 will not stop to explain at present1 as
 ,i have no intention of writing a      
treatise a la ,de ,tocqueville on the   
working of democratic institutions in   
,america4 ,i only mention the fact2     
perhaps you will find some further light
 thrown on it before we get to the end  
of this paper4  ,two refuges lay open   
before him--business and literature4    
,business--banking1 or commerce of some 
sort1 is the shortest way for a         
,new-,yorker to dispose of himself2 but 
,carl had neither taste nor ability for 
trading or finance1 and was too frank   
and unsuspecting to make his way        
profitably in a very sharp mercantile   
community4 ,to literature his ideas     
naturally turned2 and in some countries 
a productive literary life might have   
been his happy destiny4 ,he was not     

necessitated to write for a livelihood1 
and was just the sort of man to write   
for reputation4 ,it was the occupation  
for which his tastes and his education  
fitted him4  ,but he had been too well  
educated for an ,american litterateur4  
,his standard of excellence was pitched 
too high4 ,the popular models provoked  
his criticism1 not his emulation4 ,the  
exaggerated flattery of newspaper puffs1
 and the ,little-,peddlingtonism of     
sectional cliques disgusted him4 ,he    
would not toady others1 and disliked    
being toadied himself4 ,he had too      
correct an appreciation of newspaper    
editors1 and too much candor to disguise
 this appreciation4 ,his accurate taste 
was shocked by little mechanical        
deficiencies--the carelessness of       
compositors and proofreaders--the       
impossibility of getting a ,greek       
quotation set up correctly4 ,he wrote   
for elegantly and thoroughly educated   
men1 such as had been the associates of 
his youth1 and found few of his         

countrymen to read1 and fewer to        
understand him2 consequently1 after a   
brief experience1 he gave up all writing
 for publication except one species of  
authorship1 which had only a semblance  
of doing others any good1 and which did 
himself a great deal of harm4  ,this was
 the controversial and satirical1 to    
which he was prompted by an honest      
abhorrence of shams1 and in which he was
 encouraged by the morbid public        
appetite for any thing savoring of      
personality or approaching to a row upon
 paper4 ,carl had a knack of saying     
disagreeable things in a disagreeable   
way1 with some point and smartness--was 
clever in prose parody1 in the reductio 
ad absurdum1 in quoting a man against   
himself1--in short1 up to all the dodges
 of belligerent criticism1 and had a    
lively sense and keen perception of the 
ridiculous2 but not priding himself as a
 gentleman and a ,christian on these    
accomplishments1 he did his best to keep
 them down1 just as he did to keep down 

any tendency to say ill-natured things  
in social intercourse1 and only gave    
them play when provoked by any flagrant 
exhibition of imposture4 ,but having    
once found by experiment how this sort  
of writing took1 how an hour's          
ebullition of sarcasm would command     
attention1 when two months of research  
and polish were unheeded1 and having no 
lack of material to tempt him1 he was   
seduced into it again and again4 ,if a  
sciolist undertook to put forth a new   
theory of the ,platonic philosophy      
without having mastered his ,greek      
grammar1 ,carl ,benson was at hand to   
turn him inside out1 and show up his    
pretensions4 ,if a demagogue took up the
 formulas and watchwords of other times 
and countries1 to malign his betters1   
and stir up one class against another1  
,carl was the first to dissent from the 
popular voice of panegyric1 and         
demonstrate in plain terms what         
mischievous nonsense the lecturer had   
been uttering4 ,if a ,radical magazine  

blazoned out the discovery of some      
prodigious mare's nest--some awful      
conspiracy of ,england against ,american
 liberty or letters1 who was so ready as
 ,carl to point out that the editor     
could not spell the most ordinary       
foreign name straight1 and did not      
exactly know the difference between     
,fraser and the ,edinburgh6 ,booksellers
 and periodicals were glad enough to    
publish these squibs1 and the reading   
public read them fast enough1 with      
considerable amusement1 and no profit or
 intention of profiting by them2 it was 
parvis componere magna1 like            
,aristophanes and ,cleon2 the bystanders
 cheered the exposer1 and followed the  
exposed as fast as ever4 ,carl began to 
set up for a professed satirist1--one of
 the worst things that can befall a man1
 for the benefit he confers on others is
 very problematical1 and the evil he    
inflicts on himself positive and        
inevitable4  ,he who had been the       
merriest of young men found himself     

growing ill-natured and morbid when he  
should have been in the prime of life4  
,it was hard to say which he disliked   
most1 the exclusives or the democracy1  
and he uttered his mind about both      
pretty freely4 ,he was sick of the      
newspapers1 with their bad print and    
worse principles--of the endless debates
 about the same old questions in        
,congress--of literary pretenders and   
the thousand and one most remarkable men
 among us1--of all the continuously     
succeeding popular delusions--of the    
gossiping young men in illimitable      
cravats1 and all the personal           
intelligence about ,mr4 ,brown and ,miss
 ,jones4 ,still he clung to old ,gotham 
for a reason that influenced few people 
in it4 ,he had strong conservative      
feelings and local attachments2 his     
childhood 7unlike his brother's7 had    
been spent in the city1 and the scenes  
of his childhood were dear to him1      
however little interest he might feel in
 the new characters that peopled them4  

,but when in the rapid march of up town 
progress1 the house which his father    
built1 where his parents had died1 and  
he and his brother and sister played as 
children1 became so surrounded by shops1
 and stores1 and manufactories1 that he 
was fairly driven out of it1 then he    
withdrew from the city altogether1 and  
established himself for all the year    
round at his--that is to say1 at his    
wife's--place on the ,hudson4 ,his      
contemporaries speedily forgot him1 or  
if they ever thought of him1 it was only
 as an unhappy recluse1                 
,bellerophon-like1 eating his own heart1
 and shunning the ways of men4  ,he was 
nothing of the sort4 ,in quitting the   
town1 he quitted most of his sources of 
discontent4 ,he had great capacity of   
self-amusement when fairly left to      
himself1 and could always find          
interesting occupation in his library4  
,he now reaped the fruit of his early   
studies1 though not exactly in the way  
he had once hoped and anticipated4 ,his 

place1 too1 amused him greatly1 and1 not
 keeping up two establishments1 he had  
money in abundance to spend on it4 ,he  
revelled in out-of-door exercise2 it was
 a constant pleasure to him to gallop   
his blood mare 7a taste for horses ran  
in the family7 over fresh grass1 where  
there were no omnibuses or fast trotters
 in his way4 ,nor was he without        
society2 those who are unpopular with   
the majority can generally boast a few  
of the warmest personal friends1 and it 
was so in his case4 ,they came to visit 
him by intervals and relays1--real      
worthies of literature1 who had been his
 father's friends before they were      
his1--quiet men of general tastes and   
accomplishments1 like ,philip ,van      
,horne2 now and then a like-minded      
stranger1 such as ,ashburner1 or his    
sister and her husband1 a good-natured1 
gentlemanly1 ornamental ,philadelphian2 
or his brother ,harry4 ,but most of all 
was he happy in his family circle3 a man
 of the warmest domestic affections1 he 

rejoiced in the society of his children 
and the cheering presence of his wife4  
,we owe this lady an apology for not    
bringing her forward sooner3 it would   
have been more in accordance with the   
grammar of gallantry to put the more    
worthy person first4 ,and yet1 reader1  
may it not be better to keep the good   
wine till the last1 and after telling   
you a great deal about a man whom you   
may not like1 then to tell you something
 about a woman whom you must1 or1 at    
least1 you ought to like8 ,so let me    
present you to ,mrs4 ,carl ,benson4     
,henry ,benson used to say that ,carl   
had carried out his eclectic principles 
in the choice of his wife1 for she was  
something between a blonde and a        
brunette1 and had dark eyes and light   
hair4 ,she was a tall woman 7according  
to the ,american standard of female     
height--,i am not sure that she would   
have been considered so in ,england71   
and her figure rose up straight and     
springy as a reed4 ,altogether1 she was 

in beautiful preservation1 which is more
 than can be said for every ,american   
woman who has mounted into the thirties1
 and is the mother of three children4   
,her shoulders were magnificent1 her    
bust good1 her arms and hands           
exquisitely moulded1 her feet and ankles
 neatly turned1 her features regular1   
yet not wanting in expression1 and her  
complexion almost perfect4 ,still1 with 
all these elements of beauty1 and though
 of good family 7she was one of the ,van
 ,hornes7 and sufficient worldly        
prospects1 she had never been a great   
belle1 and this was an additional charm 
in her husband's eyes1 who would never  
have deeply loved a woman that all the  
world ran after4 ,indeed1 she had not   
belle accomplishments or tastes1        
preferred singing ,english ballads to   
,italian arias1 and galloping over the  
county all the morning to dancing at a  
ball all night4 ,and she was so         
insensible to the advantage of a        
cavalier per se1 that she would rather  

talk to an amusing woman than to a      
stupid man1 however handsome and        
fashionable4 ,of toilet mysteries she   
knew enough to keep her from dressing   
badly1 but not enough to make her dress 
well and effectively4 ,her talents were 
not of the showy order1 and did not fit 
her for shining in a salon4 ,she had    
good 7not extraordinary7 natural        
abilities1 and had been beautifully     
coached1 first by her father1 and       
afterwards by her husband1 so that      
without any pedantry or bas-bleu-ism1   
she displayed an extensive acquaintance 
with literary topics1 but she was not   
brilliant in small talk1 in playful     
raillery1 or cut-and-thrust repartee4   
,when she was in ,paris 7as ,miss       
,louisa ,van ,horne71 the ,french could 
make nothing of her2 they thought her a 
handsome bit of marble1 cold1           
unimpassioned1 and uninteresting4 ,and  
when more lately ,vincent ,le ,roi came1
 as ,henry's umbra1 to pass a few days  
at ,ravenswood1 the ,vicomte went away  

saying that ,madame ,carl ,benson was   
undoubtedly an angel1 but1 for his part1
 he didn't like angels2 they were very  
misty and insipid2 he much preferred les
 filles d',eve4 ,and all who knew ,le   
,roi agreed that he would not know well 
what to do with an angel4 ,on the other 
hand1 it must be set off against the    
deficiencies above mentioned1 that she  
was a true and loving wife1 a fond      
mother1 a benevolent lady1 and a sincere
 ,christian4  ,such was--no1 such was   
not the mistress of ,ravenswood4 ,i feel
 the attempted portrait is inadequate4  
,a passing description cannot do justice
 to the woman any more than a passing   
interview4 ,her superficial             
blemishes--want of ease in her          
conversation1 or of crinoline in her    
dress1--were obvious to the casual      
observer2 but the sterling qualities of 
her character1 her truth and honesty1   
her constancy of affection1 her         
unworldly disposition1 her loftiness of 
soul--all these1 as they could only be  

properly appreciated by those who had   
known her for years1 so can they only be
 generally and vaguely hinted at in a   
brief sketch like this4 ,the great      
mystery was1 how she came to marry      
,carl4 ,every one said she was too good 
for him1 and he would have been the last
 man to deny it4 ,perhaps she was       
pleased with his simple integrity1 and  
foresaw that he would make a most       
affectionate husband1 though it was not 
in his nature to be a passionate lover4 
,perhaps she pardoned his awkwardness in
 regard for his honesty4  ,after all1 ,i
 would not claim that she was morally   
perfect2 very few of us are4 ,i am      
afraid she was rather censorious1 and   
judged harshly of sinners2 that in her  
own comfortable position she did not    
always weigh accurately the temptations 
of others4 ,it is a common practice of  
very good and moral people to indemnify 
themselves for their virtue by          
depreciation of others2 'tis an error   
that lurks at the heels of ,christian   

duty2 for are we not commanded to hate  
sin8 and the transition from the        
abstract to the concrete is so easy4  ,i
 fancy1 too1 she did not harmonize      
altogether with ,mrs4 ,henry ,benson4   
,indeed1 the two sisters-in law made    
little secret of their mutual           
incompatibility4 ,clara said that       
,louisa was very proper and very stupid1
 regular as a machine1 and with no fun  
or frolic in her--that the only man she 
ever had about her1 her cousin ,philip1 
was as dull as herself1--that she       
dressed badly1 and talked bad           
,french1--that she went to church in the
 morning1 and gossiped in the afternoon1
 and was more charitable to the bodies  
of her inferiors than to the souls of   
her equals4 ,louisa looked down upon    
,clara as a worldly and frivolous little
 creature1 who fostered her beauty to   
attract admirers and worried her husband
 to death by her caprices1 who wasted   
her time in dancing and flirting1 and   
her money in ,parisian nick-nacks1 or in

 giving parties to people who did not   
care for her4 ,in short1 the two ladies 
said many hard things of each other when
 separate1 and were painfully amiable   
when together4  ,but these bickerings   
did not greatly impair the happiness of 
our party at ,ravenswood4 ,the brothers 
loved each other as much as if they had 
not been brothers1 and had not had to   
divide a large family estate between    
them4 ,even their wives' quarrels could 
not make them quarrel4  ,many a jolly   
turn had they and their guest1 lounging 
with their cigars after breakfast on the
 vine-trellised stoop1 or under the     
spreading horse-chesnuts at one corner  
of the house1 watching the white sails  
that glided by on the sunny water1 and  
the fantastic cloudlets that floated in 
the clear sky2 strolling through the    
winding walks1 or across the terrace at 
evening1 when the setting sun had piled 
red clouds like a huge volcano over the 
,hudson1 and the ,kaatskills looked like
 great blocks of lapis lazuli1 their    

summits half veiled in fiery mist2      
riding through the adjacent country in  
bright moonlight nights1 now threading  
their way among the uncertain           
bridle-paths of a dense wood1 and anon  
startling a village with their          
clattering hoofs and boisterous         
merriment as they swept by it at full   
gallop2 driving four-in-hand a livelong 
day to visit friends who lived north or 
south of them on the rivers1 by roads   
that rose up over the hills and showed  
all the glorious panorama of the        
,hudson1 and then dipped down inland    
among picturesque glens and             
water-courses and mill-streams4 ,capital
 game breakfast they had1 which the     
women were not too sentimental to help  
them in doing justice to2 and excellent 
plain dinners1 with oceans of iced      
champagne2 and when the cloth was drawn1
 ,carl would chirp over his claret with 
as comfortable a melancholy as ever any 
ruined ,protectionist gentleman in ,old 
,england gave utterance to4  ,at a very 

early period of their acquaintance1     
,henry ,benson had put ,ashburner up to 
the way of getting at the dark side of  
things in ,america4 ,never assail       
anything1 he said2 if you do1 the people
 will tackle you1 from the highest to   
the lowest4 ,let an ,american gentleman 
talk2 give him his head1 and he will    
soon lead you on the track you want4    
,acting on this hint1 the ,englishman   
let his host talk2 what little he said  
himself would come in the form of a     
query or suggestion4 ,you lead a very   
nice life here1 he would say1 but it is 
rather quiet4 ,i should think an active 
man like yourself would choose some more
 stirring form of existence4 ,then ,carl
 blazed out4  ,go into politics1 ,i     
suppose6 ,a nice business that for an   
honest man and a gentleman6 ,why1       
,ashburner1 the democracy of our ,state1
 who are always in fear of being reduced
 to vassalage by a few thousand easy and
 unambitious rich men1 have lost their  
liberties without perceiving it to      

hundreds of thousands of alien settlers 
with their foreign priests4 ,a          
successful politician here is either a  
hack lawyer of thirty years' standing1  
who has had opportunity enough of       
getting used to the devil's work in his 
first business1 or an upstart demagogue1
 who has made his way by dint of sheer  
brass2 either a blind partisan1 who     
knows nothing outside of the regular    
ticket1 or a non-committal man1 who says
 everything to everybody1 and never gave
 an intelligible1 manly1 straightforward
 opinion in his life4 ,one party would  
sell us body and soul to the            
,slaveholders1 and the other to the     
,anti-renters1 and both to the ,irish4  
,if ,i could bring myself to enter the  
lists with such people1 ,i should have  
to start with the dead weight of being a
 millionaire 7as they call every man    
here who has two or three hundred       
thousand dollars7 and an aristocrat 7as 
they call every man who has the habits  
and education of a gentleman74 ,there is

 not a voter in this county has less    
influence than ,i have2--to be sure1 ,i 
don't try for any1 because ,i well know 
that by doing so1 ,i should only make   
myself more unpopular1 without becoming 
any more influential4 ,or be a leader of
 fashion1 perhaps--one of those people  
who talk scandal about one another all  
day long when they are not dancing1 who 
try to pursue pleasure in a place where 
every one else is at work1 and are so   
destitute of resources1 that they       
quarrel for pure want of something to   
do4 ,see what they have made of my      
brother1 who is a clever fellow and a   
well-educated man1 though ,i say it4 ,he
 is becoming a third-rate dancer--one of
 ,tom ,edwards's corps2 is growing      
frivolous and scandalous1 and getting   
his earnest honesty knocked out of him  
every day4 ,or profess literature1      
possibly--,henry does a little of that  
too2 you may see him in the magazines   
sandwiched between the last learned     
cobbler and the newest ,laura ,matilda  

of the ,west4 ,no1 ,i don't want to     
belong to any ,mutual ,admiration       
,society1 and if ,i did1 it's too late  
now4 ,my mind has been spoken so often  
and so freely1 that were ,i to write a  
book as good as one of ,fenimore        
,cooper's1 7if you can imagine the      
possibility of such a thing even in     
hypothesis7 no editor would notice it1  
and no one read it--unless it contained 
something personal4 ,here ,i shall stay 
and amuse myself in what one of our     
ex-great men used to call dignified     
retiracy2 and if this railroad drives me
 out1 why1 then1 ingens iterabimus      
aequor--to ,england1 were ,i a bachelor1
 but my wife couldn't live there2 no    
,american woman can1 after the attention
 she has been used to at home1 except   
the ambassador's wife--so it will       
probably be to ,italy1 or perhaps to    
,paris1 for a man can find occupation   
there1 whatever be his peculiar bent1   
and fill up his time well in the place  
without knowing or liking the people4   

,it does surprise me1 said ,ashburner1  
that the terminus of a refined          
,american's dream should always be      
,paris1--that whenever a man has means  
and leisure1 he runs off thither1 and   
stays as long as he can3 and if not     
there1 in some other place--anywhere but
 at home4  ,come now1 broke in ,henry   
,benson2 he had retired with the ladies 
after dinner1 and now rejoined the men  
to have some more claret1--don't you    
,english run over to ,paris perpetually1
 and all around the continent8 ,don't we
 meet you everywhere in the four        
quarters of the globe8 ,you don't like  
to stay at home any more than we do2    
only we are franker than you1 and avow  
it4  ,we go away from home1 but we don't
 like to stay away1 replied the         
,englishman4  ,exactly2 and if we had a 
pied-a-terre close to the continent as  
you have1 we should not like to stay    
away from home either--more than half   
the year4 ,here has ,carl been making   
his moan to you about our unappreciated 

condition2 it's always his way over the 
decanters--one of his amusements merely4
 7,carl1 old fellow1 pass the ,laffitte 
this way47 ,well1 ,i think1 and he      
paused to fill a brimming glass1 that we
 are very jolly victims2 and for my     
part1 ,i am quite disposed to play1     
regardless of my doom4 ,look at our     
wives and children1 our houses and      
horses1 our whole style of living4      
,ponder well on this ,bourdeaux2        
ruminate on those woodcocks we have been
 discussing4 ,what miserable misused    
fellows we are6 ,we do live in a great  
country--we have such civil and         
religious liberty as is enjoyed in only 
one other country in the world2 and if  
we don't have the management of the     
government1 why no one here or abroad   
holds us responsible for what the       
government does1 and that is just the   
condition ,plato thought a philosopher  
should pray for4 ,fill up again1 brother
 mine1 and thank your stars that you    
have your time to yourself1 and are not 

a parliament man1 as ,ashburner is going
 to be1 and are not set to work twelve  
hours a day among blue books and red    
tape4  ,and now1 reader1 these papers1  
which have been running on for a year or
 more1 are wound up4 ,i did not begin   
them intending to give you anything     
marvellous1 or new1 or profound about   
the aspect1 prospects1 and destiny1     
political1 religious1 or literary1 of   
the great people among whom ,i am a     
small unit4 ,i only intended to present 
you with some phases of outward life and
 manners--such things as would strike or
 interest a stranger in our beloved     
,gotham1 and in the places to which     
regular ,gothamites--,american cockneys1
 so to speak--are wont to repair4 ,for  
,i am but a cockney in my own country2  
,i have never travelled far in it1--good
 reason why1 when they are apt to hang  
up a man at one end of the ,union for   
what is a sort of religion at the other4
 ,they did not aspire to be ,sketches of
 ,american ,society 7that was an        

honorary prefix of yours1 ,mr4 ,editor71
 nor even ,sketches of ,new-,york       
,society1 but only of a very small class
 of persons in ,new-,york2 and therefore
 ,i had originally headed them ,the     
,upper ,ten ,thousand1 in accordance    
with a phrase established by ,mr4       
,willis1 though even that is an         
exaggeration1 for the people so         
designated are hardly as many hundred4  
,in truth1 ,i began the series chiefly  
to amuse some ,cantab friends of mine1  
who were curious to know how the        
gentlemen that were their contemporaries
 and representatives in our ,atlantic   
cities1 lived1 and eat1 and dressed1 and
 amused themselves2 what their habits   
and pursuits and propensities were4 ,the
 last thing that ,i expected was that   
any of them should be read1 much less   
republished1 on my side the water4 ,to a
 ,new-,yorker1 many things which they   
contain must necessarily appear stale1  
stupid1 and commonplace4 ,for instance1 
in one number half a page is taken up   

with the description of a               
trotting-wagon2 to an ,american ,i      
should as soon think of describing a    
pair of boots2 the one is as familiar an
 object to him as the other4 ,but at the
 very first number1 some clever folks   
took it into their heads that they were 
to be very personal1--that every        
character described or even alluded to  
in them was to represent a real living  
prototype2 that was enough to make them 
sought after4 ,and it really did happen 
that in that first number ,i had        
described a sleigh which actually       
existed in real wood and iron somewhere 
about the city2 and the inference above 
detailed was obvious4 ,it is not every  
story in ,gotham that has so much       
foundation2 in fact1 they get them up   
frequently without any foundation to    
speak of1 only unfortunately the        
narratives don't fall to the ground as  
readily as the houses do4 ,it is hardly 
worth while contradicting such idle     
rumors1 but to my ,american readers     

7since ,i have some1 much to my own     
amazement7 ,i wish to say one thing once
 for all--that ,harry ,benson is not    
meant to represent any living individual
 whatsoever1 and that his wife1 house1  
horses1 and other accessaries1 are not  
designed after the corresponding        
appurtenances of any real person4 ,and  
the same remark applies with equal force
 to all the appendages of ,carl ,benson1
 as delineated in this very sketch4     
,still1 ,i suppose ,i ought to be       
obliged to the members of our set who   
got up this idea2 for the factitious    
interest thus communicated to these     
papers has caused them to be reprinted  
7in the cheap and multitudinous style of
 ,american reprints71 and thus to become
 known to the outsiders both of our own 
city and of other parts of the country1 
who could perhaps judge them more fairly
 on their own merits1 from having no    
knowledge of1 or interest in1 the local 
celebrities supposed to be portrayed in 
them4 ,some have been disposed to accept

 them as what they were really meant    
for--light sketches of life and manners 
in a certain circle2 some have had the  
bad taste to wax furious at them4 ,i    
understand that a few southern editors  
have departed from their usual stoical  
calmness and dignified reserve on the   
subject1 to assail me for my occasional 
allusions to the peculiar institution2  
and am told 7life is too short1 and time
 too precious1 to read such things      
oneself1 but there are always           
good-natured friends to put you up to   
them7 that a correspondent of the       
,ochloratic ,review and ,no ,government 
,advocate1 who probably never wore a    
decent coat in his life1 and regards    
every man in a clean shirt as an        
oppressor of the people1 has seriously  
taken me to ask for representing some of
 my characters as elegantly dressed6 ,if
 this individual could find nothing     
worse to say of my papers1 after nine   
months examination of them1 methinks he 
might have continued to hold his tongue2

 but ,i suppose any trash will do for   
the ,ochlocratic4  ,whether the abuse of
 these persons1 or the praise of others1
 or my own inclination1 may tempt me    
hereafter to essay something more       
definite and connected1 ,i will not say 
at present4 ,of the things that lie on  
the knees of the ,gods1 it becomes no   
man to speak prematurely4 ,meanwhile1   
make a long arm across the              
,atlantic--,so--shake hands1 and        
good-bye6                               
,,frank ,,manhattan4  ,,footnotes3  #bj 
,a literal fact4 ,washington ,irving's  
residence was among those disfigured by 
this operation1 which made havoc of all 
the oldest and most beautiful properties
 in the ,state4  #ba ,commonly written  
,catskill2 but ,i believe the above is  
the genuine ,dutch orthography4         
,from ,dickens's ,household ,words4     
,,the ,,flying ,,artist4   ,karl        
,herwitz is a ,german4 ,he is about     
fifty years of age1 and one of the most 
original of characters4 ,since ,i have  

know known him1 ,i have passed whole    
nights in listening to his adventures1  
which are in general as instructive as  
they are amusing4 ,married at a very    
early age1 he left the military career  
for that of inventions4 ,he had a most  
marvellous talent for conceiving novel  
machines1 often of practical utility2   
but his soul was set upon perfecting a  
flying machine4 ,to this he had devoted 
nearly his whole life4 ,he made models1 
he tried experiments1 he brought to bear
 all his prodigious knowledge of        
mathematics on the subject of travelling
 in air1 with an enthusiasm1 a childish 
earnestness1 which is not               
uncharacteristic of genius4 ,he studied 
every natural law which was likely to   
advance him towards the consummation of 
all his hopes and desires--namely1 the  
ability to fly4 ,at one time his little 
garden was turned into an aviary4 ,he   
filled it with birds of various kinds1  
to study the mechanism of their powers  
of flight4 ,there was the eagle and the 

dove1 the vulture and the sparrow1 all  
of which were made subservient to his   
darling object4 ,he has often explained 
all this to me4 ,the ,golden ,eagle1 he 
once said1 can cleave the air at the    
rate of forty miles an hour4 ,now1 if ,i
 can succeed in imitating the mechanism 
by which he travels in space1 exactly   
and efficiently1 of course1 my machine  
will move in the air at the same pace4  
,what could ,i say8 ,no argument1 no    
warning1 availed4 ,still he went on1    
hoping and working1 and buying expensive
 tools and materials4 ,he completed     
aerial ships one after another2 and     
although none of them answered1 he was  
never discouraged4  ,at one time1       
however1 he thought he had succeeded4   
,his contrivance was a curious affair1  
shot out of a bomb2 but it was about as 
buoyant as a shot1 fell1 and failed1    
disheartening everybody but the         
persevering projector4 ,still he did not
 wholly neglect useful productions1 and 
several times made improvements in      

mechanism1 and sold them for very good  
prices4 ,but the money went as fast as  
it came4 ,his winged ,pegasus was a     
merciless ,ogre1 which swallowed up all 
the money the old ,german earned4  ,last
 ,christmas-eve1 in ,paris1 five of us  
were collected1 after dinner1 round a   
roaring fire1 half wood1 half charcoal4 
,for some time the conversation was     
general enough4 ,we spoke of ,england   
and of an ,english ,christmas4 ,the     
magic spell of the fireside was felt1   
and the word home hung on the trembling 
lip of all2 for we were in a foreign    
land2 we were all ,english1 save one4   
,there was a lawyer1 the most           
unlawyer-like man ,i ever knew1 a       
noble-hearted fellow1 whom to know is to
 like2 there was a poet1 of an eccentric
 order of merit1 whose love of          
invective1 bitter satire1 and intense   
propensity to hate--whose fantastic and 
,germanic cast of philosophy will ever  
prevent his succeeding among rational   
beings2 then there was an artist1 a     

young man well known in the world1 not  
half so much as he deserves1 if kindness
 of soul could ever make a man famous2  
there was ,citizen ,karl ,herwitz1 as he
 loved to be called2 lastly myself4 ,i  
had been speaking of some far-off land1 
relating some personal adventure2 and1  
with commendable modesty1 feeling that  
,i had held possession of the chair     
quite long enough1 paused for a reply4  
,tell us your adventures at the ,court  
of ,konningen1 said the poet1 standing  
up to see that his hair hung tastefully 
around his shoulders1 addressing at the 
same time ,karl1 and mentioning the name
 of one of the smaller ,german states4  
,i have heard it before1 but it will be 
new to the rest1 and ,i promise them a  
rich treat4  ,ah6 sighed the ,german1   
with a huge puff at his long pipe2 that 
was an adventure--or rather a whole     
string of adventures4 ,i have told it   
several times2 but1 if you like1 ,i will
 tell it again4  ,all warmly called on  
the ,german to keep his promise4 ,after 

freshly loading his pipe1 and taking a  
drain at his glass1 he drew his         
arm-chair closer to the fire1 settled   
his feet on the chenets1 and began his  
narrative in a quaint and strange       
,english1 which ,i shall not seek to    
copy3--  ,i had spent all my money4 ,i  
had sold all my property4 ,there        
remained nothing but a little furniture 
in my house1 which was in a quiet       
retired quarter of the town2 but then ,i
 had completed a machine1 and sent it   
for the approval of the ,minister of the
 ,interior1 who promised to purchase it 
for the government4 ,i now looked       
forward with delight to a long career of
 success1 and saw the completion of my  
flying machine in prospect4 ,on this ,i 
depended1 and still depend1 for fame1   
reputation1 and fortune4  ,i had then a 
good wife and four children2 she is dead
 now4 ,the ,german paused1 puffed away  
vigorously at his pipe1 and tried to    
hide his emotion from our view by       
enveloping himself in smoke4  ,i was    

naturally impatient for some result1 he 
continued1 when his face became once    
more visible4--,i used to go every day  
to the ,minister1 and wait in the       
antechamber1 with other suitors1 for my 
turn4 ,weeks passed1 and then months1   
and yet it never came4 ,but we must all 
eat1 and six mouths are not fed for     
nothing4 ,we had no resources1 save our 
clothes and our furniture4 ,my clothes  
were needed to go out with1 so the      
furniture went first4 ,one article was  
sold1 and the produce applied by my     
careful wife to the wants of the family4
 ,we had come to that point when food is
 the only thing which must be looked on 
as a necessity4 ,we lived hardly indeed4
 ,bread1 and a little soup1 was all we  
ever attempted to indulge in4  ,six     
months passed without any change for the
 better4 ,i went to the ,minister's     
every day2 sometimes ,i saw him1 and    
sometimes ,i did not4 ,he was always    
very polite1 bowed to me affably1 said  
my machine was under consideration1     

should be reported on immediately1 and  
passed on his way4 ,it was the dead of  
winter4 ,every article of furniture was 
now gone1 my wife and children having   
not gone out for two months for want of 
clothes4 ,we huddled together1 for      
warmth1 on two straw mattresses1 in the 
corner of an empty room1 without table1 
without chairs1 without fire4 ,catherine
 had nothing to wear but an old cotton  
gown and one under-garment4 ,we had not 
eaten food for a day and a night1 when  
,i rose in the morning to go to the     
,minister's4 ,i felt savage1 irate1     
furious4 ,i thought of my starving and  
perishing family1 of the long delay     
which had taken place in the            
consideration of my machine4 ,i compared
 the luxurious ease of the ,minister    
with my own position1 and was inclined  
to do some desperate act4 ,i think ,i   
could have turned conspirator1 and have 
overthrown the ,government4 ,i was      
already half a misanthrope4  ,when ,i   
entered the ,minister's antechamber1 ,i 

placed myself1 as usual1 near the stove4
 ,i kept away from the well-dressed mob 
as much as possible4 ,they were         
solicitors1 it is true1 and humble      
enough1 some of them2 but then they had 
good coats on1 smart uniforms1 polite   
boots1 and came1 perhaps1 in carriages4 
,i came on foot1 clad in a long frock   
reaching almost to my heels1 patched in 
several places2 with trousers so darned 
about the calves as to be almost falling
 to pieces2 with boots which were       
absolutely only worn for look1 for they 
had no soles to them4 ,my hat1 too1 was 
a dreadful-looking thing4 ,this day1    
being faint with hunger1 and pinched by 
the cold1 the heat of the room overcame 
me1 and ,i grew dizzy4 ,i am sure ,i    
knew nothing of what passed around4 ,i  
saw my wife and children1 through a     
misty haze1 starving with hunger and    
cold4 ,a basket full of logs of wood lay
 beside my knee4 ,reckless1 wild1 not   
caring who saw me1 ,i took a thick log1 
huddled it under my frock1 and went     

away4 ,i passed the porter's lodge      
unseen2 ,i was in the open air2 ,i was  
proud1 ,i was happy4 ,i had stolen a log
 of wood2 but my children would have    
fire for one day4  ,when ,i got home ,i 
went to bed4 ,i was feverish and ill2   
wild shapes floated round me2 ,i saw the
 officers of justice after me2 ,i beheld
 a furious mob chasing me along         
interminable fields2 and on every hedge1
 and every tree1 and every house1 and   
every post1 ,i read1 in large letters1  
the word thief4 ,it was evening when ,i 
awoke4 ,i looked around for some minutes
 without moving or speaking2 a delicious
 fragrance seemed to fill the air1 a    
fire blazed on the hearth1 and round it 
huddled my wife and children1 sitting on
 logs of wood4 ,i rubbed my eyes4 ,the  
presence of these logs of wood seemed to
 convince me that ,i still dreamed4 ,but
 there was an odor of mutton broth1     
which was too real to be mistaken4      
,catherine1 said ,i1 why1 you seem to   
have some food4  ,all came rushing to my

 bedside1 mother and children4 ,they    
scarcely spoke2 but one brought a basin 
of broth1 another a hunch of bread1     
another a plate of meat and potatoes1   
which had been kept hot before the fire4
 ,i was too faint and sick to talk4 ,i  
took my broth slowly4 ,never did food   
prove a greater blessing4 ,life1 reason1
 courage1 hope1 all seemed to return1 as
 mouthful by mouthful ,i swallowed the  
nourishing liquid4 ,it spread warmth and
 comfort through every fibre of my      
frame4 ,when ,i had taken this1 ,i ate  
the meat1 and vegetables1 and bread1    
without fear4 ,while ,i did so1 my wife1
 sending the children back to the       
fire-place1 told me1 in a whisper1 how  
she had procured such unexpected        
subsistence4 ,it seems that scarcely had
 ,i got home1 and1 after flinging my log
 on the ground1 rushed to bed1 when a   
knock came to the door4 ,catherine went 
to answer it4 ,a man of middle age      
entered4 ,he gave a hurried glance      
around1 seemed to shudder at its        

emptiness1 looked at the next room      
through the open door1 saw that it was  
as bare as the other1 turned his eyes   
away from the crouching form of my      
half-dressed wife1 and spoke3--  ,have  
you any children8  ,four1 said          
,catherine1 tremblingly2 but1 still1    
answering at once1 so peremptory was the
 tone of the stranger4  ,how long have  
you been in this state8  ,six months4   
,your husband is ,karl ,herwitz1 the    
mechanist8  ,he is1 sir4  ,well1 madam1 
please to tell him that ,i recognized   
him as he came out of the ,minister's of
 the ,interior1 and1 noticing what he   
clutched with such wild energy1 followed
 him here4 ,tell him1 ,i am not rich1   
but ,i can pay my debts2 ,i owe him the 
sum contained in this purse4 ,i am happy
 to pay it4  ,and did he owe it you8    
said ,i1 anxiously4  ,no1 replied ,karl2
 he had never seen me or heard of me    
before4 ,generous ,englishman6 ,i shall 
never forget him4 ,i found out          
afterwards that he was a commercial     

traveller1 with a large family and a    
moderate income4 ,on what he left we    
lived a month1 by exercising strict     
economy4 ,i did not go to the           
,minister's for several days4 ,i feared 
some one might have seen me1 and ,i was 
bowed by shame4 ,but1 at last1 ,i       
mustered courage1 and presented myself  
at the audience4 ,i was1 as usual1      
totally unnoticed1 and ,i resumed my    
wretched dangling in the antechamber1 as
 usual4 ,the result was always the same4
 ,generally ,i caught a glimpse of the  
,minister2 but1 when ,i did1 it was     
eternally the same words4 ,meanwhile    
time swept rapidly by1 and soon my      
misery was as great as ever4 ,my        
children1 who during the past month had 
recovered a little their health and     
looks1 looked pale and wan again4 ,i was
 more shabby1 more dirty1 more haggard  
and starved-looking than ever4 ,once    
again ,i went out1 after our all being  
without food for some twenty-four hours4
 ,i knew not what to do4 ,i walked along

 the street turning over every possible 
expedient in my mind4  ,suddenly ,i saw1
 on the opposite side of the way1 a     
lieutenant belonging to the regiment ,i 
had quitted4 ,he had been my intimate   
friend1 but so shabby was ,i1 that ,i   
sought to avoid him4 ,he saw me1        
however1 and1 to my surprise1 hurried   
across and shook me heartily by the     
hand4 ,i could scarcely restrain tears2 
so sure was ,i1 in my present state1 to 
be cut by even old friends4 ,but1 in my 
worst troubles1 something has always    
turned up to make me love and cherish   
the human heart4  ,my poor ,karl1 said  
he1 the world uses you badly4  ,very2   
said ,i3 and in a few words ,i told my  
story4  ,my dear ,karl6 he exclaimed1   
when ,i had concluded1 ,i was going to  
ask you to dine with me on what ,i have 
left4 ,i am come up to claim a year's   
arrears of pay1 and have been sent back 
with a free passage and promises4 ,but  
,i have a little silver2 and1 as ,i     
said1 meant to ask you to devour it4    

,but after what you have told me1 will  
you share my purse with me for your wife
 and children's sake8 ,and he pulled out
 a purse containing about the value of  
five shillings ,english1 forced me to   
take half1 shook me heartily by the     
hand1 and hurried away to escape my     
thanks4  ,home ,i rushed with mad       
eagerness1 a loaf in one hand1 the rest 
of the money in the other4 ,my poor wife
 once more could give food to her little
 ones4 ,on the morning of the third day 
after ,i had obtained this little help1 
,i lay in bed1 ruminating4 ,i was       
turning over in my mind every possible  
expedient by which to raise enough money
 to go on with1 a brief time1 until my  
machine was really decided on by the    
,government4 ,suddenly ,i sat up in my  
bed and addressed my wife3  ,how much   
money have you got left1 ,catherine8    
,she had threepence of your money4  ,can
 you manage with the loaf of bread then1
 and three-halfpence for to-day8  ,i    
have often managed on less1 said she4   

,then give me three-halfpence to take   
out with me4  ,but what are you going to
 do8 ,we may have nothing to-morrow1 and
 then the three-halfpence will be       
missed4  ,give6 said ,i1 rather sternly1
 reflecting as ,i was on my scheme2 be  
assured1 it is for our good4  ,my poor  
wife gave me the money with a very ill  
grace1 but without another word2 and1   
rising1 ,i went out4 ,when in the       
street1 ,i directed my footsteps towards
 the outskirts4 ,they were soon reached4
 ,i halted before a tavern frequented   
wholly by workmen1 and going into the   
public room1 called for a choppe of     
beer4 ,i had purposely chosen my        
position4 ,before me was a handsome1    
neatly-dressed young workman1 who1 like 
all his companions1 was smoking and     
drinking beer4 ,quietly1 without saying 
a word1 ,i drew out a small note-book   
and a drawing-pencil4 ,i was then       
considered a very good artist2 but had  
only used my pencil to sketch models4   
,but ,i now sketched the human face with

 care and anxiety4 ,presently1 as my    
pencil was laid down1 a man sitting next
 to me peeped over my shoulder4  ,why6  
he cried1 that's ,alexis1 to the life4  
,how so8 said the man ,i had been       
sketching1 holding out his hand1 into   
which ,i put my note-book4  ,good6 cried
 he1 while a smile of satisfaction      
covered his face4 ,will you sell this8  
,i should like to keep it4  ,i will sell
 it if you like1 replied ,i1 as quietly 
as ,i could1 though my heart was nigh   
bursting with excitement4  ,how much8   
,i knew my man1 and asked but six sous1 
threepence1 which the workman gladly    
paid1 while five others followed his    
example1 at the same price4 ,i went home
 a proud and happy man with my          
thirty-six pence of copper4 ,would you  
believe it8 that was the commencement of
 a long and prosperous career1 which    
lasted until the ,revolution of #ahdh   
threw me back again4 ,six months after1 
,i received a thousand florins for a    
portrait in oil of the ,grand ,duchess  

of ,b----2 and about the end of the same
 year ,i drove up to the ,hotel of the  
,minister of the ,interior in a splendid
 carriage1 a gentleman by my side2 it   
was the ,english commercial traveller4  
,we had a letter of audience1 and were  
admitted at once4 ,the ,minister rose1  
and after a very warm greeting1         
requested us to be seated4 ,we took     
chairs4  ,my dear ,herwitz1 said the    
,minister1 a little1 bowing1 smirking   
man1 what can ,i do for you8 ,glad to   
see you doing so well4 ,the ,grand      
,duchess says wonders of you4 ,i will   
have the committee on your machine4  ,i 
beg your pardon1 said ,i1 but ,i have   
come to request your written order for  
its removal4 ,i have sold it to the     
,english house represented by this      
gentleman4  ,its removal6 cried the     
astonished ,minister2 impossible6 so    
excellent an invention should not pass  
into the hands of foreigners4  ,so ,i   
thought1 replied ,i1 coldly1 when for   
nine months ,i waited daily in your     

antechamber1 with my family starving at 
home4 ,but it is now sold4 ,my word is  
my bond4  ,the ,minister bit his lip1   
but made no reply4 ,he took up a sheet  
of paper1 and wrote the order for       
removal4 ,i took it1 bowed stiffly1 and 
came away4  ,we all heartily thanked the
 old ,german for his narrative4 ,since  
the ,revolution1 and the consequent     
impossibility of selling his machines in
 ,germany1 he has come to ,paris1 and   
taken to portrait-painting once more4   
,his perseverance and endurance are     
untiring4 ,his wife died long since1 and
 he is like a mother to his four        
girls2--all of whom are most industrious
 and devoted4 ,he still believes in his 
flying machine2 but1 for the sake of his
 parental love1 his hard-working head   
and fingers--for the sake of his        
goodness of soul1 his eccentricities1 he
 must be forgiven for this invincible   
credulity4  ,none can fail to admire the
 original dreamer when he is also a     
practical worker2 while few will be     

willing to patronize the mere visionary1
 who is always thinking and never doing4
     ,from ,ainsworth's ,magazine4      
,,art ,,expression4   ,what is the      
highest degree of expression that art   
can delineate8 said ,piombino4 ,sleep1  
replied the master1 to the surprise of  
all present1 not excepting ,leonardo4 ,i
 will explain1 resumed ,michael ,angelo1
 lest you should have misapprehended me4
 ,when ,i say that sleep is the highest 
expression that artist can put into     
form1 ,i mean that it is the last and   
crowning effort of art2 that it is the  
figure surmounting the pyramid on whose 
sides are prefigured life's many        
phases--all passion1 emotion1 thought4  
,and to elevate the idea to its highest 
limit1 it is necessary to depict it in  
youth--witness the ,venus asleep--in    
order that man may feel how turbulent a 
sea of life is calmed under its spell4  
,but would not death itself express as  
much--a peace to the same passions1 a   
peace more lasting8 said ,piombino4 ,no1

 said ,michael ,angelo1 the passions    
live in sleep2 are growing2 in death    
they are at an end2 hence in sleep the  
eye is closed to hide the naked forms of
 passion that lie within2 in death the  
eye is open and sightless1 a            
circumstance so effectually related in  
marble--a material in which the open eye
 has a look of death united to          
immortality4444  ,but you have not told 
us1 said ,leonardo da ,vinci1 on        
observing that ,piombino was satisfied1 
in what consists this long debated      
notion which we call the fine ideal8 ,by
 the fine ideal1 said ,michael ,angelo4 
,i presume we both understand not the   
work of art itself1 but the conception  
out of which it springs4 ,art is the    
exercise of an imitative faculty upon   
visible things2 but fine art is the     
transcendental idea entertained after   
the study of nature1 and transferred    
from the mind itself to the canvas or   
marble4 ,how is that idea acquired8     
asked ,leonardo4 ,the study of          

unsophisticated nature yields the ideal1
 or similitude of things seen2 and this 
study1 impressing the recollection1     
affords in due time a conception of     
abstract beauty itself to curious and   
sensitive minds4 ,by what process can   
such conception be achieved8 ,alas6 to  
make real progress in this enterprise   
demands1 on setting out1 the possession 
of the finest faculties2 powers so      
transcendental as few are able to value4
 ,such is1 however1 the prospect of all 
who deserve success in the highest      
departments of knowledge4 ,let us       
suppose one to be thus endowed2 what    
then8 ,well1 let him go forth in a      
genial mood and make himself master of  
the real2 this done1 he will have       
observed the groupings of inanimate     
forms1 and have learned nature's        
failures and successes in giving        
features to the world4 ,he will then ask
 what each feature would express1       
whether it be not something spiritual   
which lies deeper than the outer shape4 

,does the human face alone give         
utterance through its lineaments to     
thought and feeling8 are not those of   
the landscape also pregnant with        
meaning8     ,from the ,paris ,journal  
des ,debats4  ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,the
 ,,vegetarians4   ,the ,vegetarians     
lately held a meeting in ,london1 under 
the presidency of ,mr4 ,brotherton1     
,m4,p4 ,there were about #djj persons   
present2 as many women as men2 a great  
many children1 and a great many         
,quakers2 and as in that country people 
dine a propos of everything1 even when  
they only live on vegetables1 there was 
a banquet of ,vegetarians4 ,we have no  
need to say that the flesh of all kinds 
of animals was rigorously excluded2 the 
bill of fare consequently could be      
neither so brilliant nor so full of     
variety as those of ,guildhall or the   
,hotel de ,ville4 ,these was only little
 pies of mushrooms1 toasted bread and   
parsley1 rice cakes1 blanc mange1 cheese
 tarts1 and all sorts of pastry4 ,the   

desert was composed of raspberries1     
cherries1 and preserves2 the whole      
washed down with tea1 milk1 coffee1 and 
iced water4 ,after dinner there         
naturally came speeches4 ,it is         
probable1 from the bill of fare1 that   
the speakers were in full possession of 
their sang froid2 they have then no     
excuse for making1 and it is not        
permitted for any one to make1 after    
such dinners1 such speeches as they     
delivered4 ,if a speech be inevitable in
 an ,english banquet1 there is also     
something inevitable in the speech1 a   
quotation from the ,bible4 ,the ,bible  
7we ask pardon for the expression on    
account of the circumstance7 is served  
up with all sorts of sauce4 ,the        
,president of the ,vegetarians1 then1   
relied on the verse in ,genesis1 in     
which it is said3 ,and ,god             
said--,behold1 ,i have given you every  
herb bearing seed1 which is upon the    
face of all the earth1 and every tree in
 which is the fruit of a tree yielding  

seed3 to you it shall be for meat4 ,that
 is very good1 but something else is to 
be found in the ,bible2 and if the      
,vegetarians quote to us the #bith verse
 of the first chapter of ,genesis1 we   
may answer them with the #bhth1 in which
 ,god1 after having created man and     
woman1 said3 ,be fruitful and multiply1 
and replenish the earth1 and subdue it3 
and have dominion over the fish of the  
sea1 and over the fowl of the air1 and  
over every living thing that moveth upon
 the earth6 ,so much for the theological
 part of the question2 but there remains
 the political part1 that of economy and
 health4 ,in a political point of view1 
the ,vegetarians place their panacea    
above all others2 according to them1    
society will not be regenerated until   
all men shall live on parsley and       
tapioca3 ,passing in review1 says the   
report1 all the plans of social reform1 
the ,peace ,congress1 popular education1
 c41 the chairman expressed the opinion 
that none of these plans attack the root

 of the evil1 and that a reform in      
eating and drinking should precede all  
others1 ,for1 said he1 a man who1 from  
conscientious motives1 shall abstain    
from the slaughter of animals1 will not 
be guilty of murder of his fellow       
creatures4 ,as to the economic part of  
the question1 the ,vegetarians are      
decided free-traders1 decided partisans 
of direct exchange4 ,it has been proved1
 said the chairman1 that the nutritious 
quality of animals is derived from      
vegetables1 and1 consequently1 men take 
their good second-hand4 ,the            
,vegetarians declare then for the       
abolition of intermediaries and for     
direct consumption4 ,as for health1 the 
advantages of the vegetable system are  
presented to us under the most          
encouraging colors4 ,thus1 the ,east    
,indians1 the porters of ,cairo and     
,constantinople1 and in general a great 
part of the ,orientals1 never eat meat1 
and yet they are the finest types of the
 human race4 ,the ,russians eat black   

wheat1 the ,scotch oats1 and they are   
very industrious laborers4 ,to this it  
may be answered1 that if the ,orientals 
eat little or no flesh1 it is probably  
for them an affair of temperature as    
well as of temperament2 that the        
conditions of health are not the same in
 all countries2 that if the peasants of 
the ,north do not eat meat1 it is       
probably because they cannot get it2 if 
the ,english army were fed on rice1     
oats1 and milk1 instead of roast beef   
and beer1 we should be curious to know  
the results of the regime4 ,but that    
does not prevent men from being in good 
health by indulging in an enormous      
consumption of parsley2 that herb is    
only fatal to parrots4 ,the chairman of 
the ,vegetarians1 ,mr4 ,brotherton1 is a
 living proof of it4 ,for forty two     
years he has followed the vegetable     
regime1 and he affirms that it suits    
him4 ,there was also in the meeting an  
,american1 who came expressly all the   
way from ,philadelphia1 and who had     

belonged to the fraternity for forty    
years4 ,he declared that he enjoyed the 
best health1 that he had five children1 
all well1 that his children had married 
vegetarians1 that he had twenty-one     
grandchildren1 who could never be made  
to taste meat4 ,there is in the society 
one member of parliament1 and1 we may   
perceive sometimes1 that the others do  
not live on raspberries and cream2 there
 is a magistrate1 before whom there will
 be no necessity of appealing to ,philip
 ,sober2 there is an alderman1 and we   
hope that he was not the other day at   
the ,hotel de ,ville2 there are #ba     
medical men1 but they are there for the 
sake of experiment2 there are ten       
members of the clergy1 but that is not  
many2 there are ten literary men--alas6 
it is1 perhaps1 not their fault6 ,and   
there are #ej lawyers1 #bf merchants1   
#aa fundholders1 #hga workmen--in all   
#gah1 of whom #eac are men1 and #bje    
female4 ,we remember having seen at     
,paris an ,englishman who made a very   

large fortune by selling pills entirely 
composed of extracts of vegetables4 ,a  
caricature once represented his patients
 in full flower1 that is covered with   
carrots1 turnips1 and potatoes1 proving 
the success of the medicine4 ,perhaps we
 shall see it proved that it is         
forbidden to men to eat animals1 and we 
do not despair of seeing it proved that 
it is permitted to animals to eat men4  
,authors and ,books4   ,the magazine    
literature of ,germany is quite         
different from ours1 a fact which       
generally speaking is not to its        
discredit4 ,indeed there are several    
periodicals in ,germany which may be    
compared with the best ,english         
magazines for their varied excellence1  
while their cost is comparatively       
trifling4 ,among these are the ,deutsche
 ,monatschrift1 a republican monthly1   
edited by ,,adolf ,,kolatscheck1 and    
published at ,stuttgart2 and the        
,grenzboten1 a weekly1 of conservative  
and constitutional opinions1 edited by  

,,gustav ,,freytag1 and ,,julian        
,,schmidt1 and published at ,leipzig4   
,the ,american reader of these two      
periodicals1 will have an excellent     
apprehension of the general scope and   
tendencies of current thought in        
,germany1 as well as some knowledge of  
the new books as they make their        
appearance4 ,those who wish a convenient
 and cheap mode of becoming acquainted  
with the productions of ,german         
novelists1 may find it in the           
,illustrirtes ,familienbuch1            
7,illustrated ,family ,book71 published 
monthly at ,treves4 ,this is mainly made
 up of romances by the best writers of  
the day2 there is also a department for 
artistic criticism1 but it is not very  
good4 ,the engravings are tolerable4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,german ,poets are prolific just now4   
,mr4 ,,hoppl has brought out a volume at
 ,stuttgart1 full of suppressed tears   
and melancholy miseries4 ,he is unloved 
and unappreciated1 and must1 therefore1 

have a bad time in this dreary and      
woeful world4 ,of a similar strain is   
the second edition of ,,carl ,,august   
,,lebret',s ,gedichte1 likewise         
published at ,stuttgart2 if anything he 
is more pitiable and stupid than ,hoppl4
 ,,adolph ,,glassbrenner1 of ,berlin1   
serves up poems of another sort1 in his 
freshly printed third edition4 ,he is   
known to every reader of current ,german
 literature as a comic writer of no     
small ability1 and these poems prove his
 talent4 ,they are mostly political in  
their tendency1 and are good of their   
kind4 ,dunkles ,laub 7,dark ,leaves7 is 
a youthful poem of ,mr4 ,frederik       
,ruperti1 published at ,bremen4 ,it     
recounts the awful experiences1 and     
spiritual and other struggles of the    
author's youth4 ,he suffers especially  
from an unhappy passion1 and is         
apparently convinced that the man never 
lived who endured so much4 ,still1 he   
shows great poetic ability1 and now that
 his youth is disposed of something may 

be hoped from him4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,,freiligrath1 the
 ,german poet1 is the subject of a      
searching1 yet mildly expressed         
criticism1 in that excellent periodical1
 the ,grenzboten1 of ,leipzig4 ,the     
writer finds that he is superficial in  
feeling1 without a genuine sense of     
poetic melody1 and not remarkable for   
mental power4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,a tenth edition  
of ,,brockhaus',s                       
,conversations-,lexicon is now passing  
through the press4 ,the first edition   
was published in #agif4 ,of the fifth   
edition1 which appeared in #ahah1       
#cb1jjj copies were sold2 of the seventh
 7#ahbf7 #bg1jjj2 of the eighth 7#ahcb7 
#ca1jjj2 of the ninth 7#ahdc7 #cj1jjj4  
,the supplementary works issued between 
the editions1 and devoted to current    
matters1 have also had a large sale4 ,of
 the ,conversations-,lexicon der        
,neuesten ,zeit und ,literatur1 7#d     
vols4 #ahcb-cd7 #bg1jjj copies were     

sold2 of the ,conversations-,lexicon der
 ,gegenwart 7#d vols4 #ahch-ahda7       
#ah1jjj2 and the ,gegenwart which is now
 appearing is also sold largely4 ,the   
new edition promises to be written in   
the same spirit of moderation and       
liberalism as its predecessors1 but if  
the articles of the ,gegenwart afford an
 indication1 it will be more progressive
 and radical1 and less careful to       
satisfy all parties4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,an        
excellent ,german critic says of the    
preface to ,,lamartine',s ,history of   
the ,restoration1 that it is as         
coquettish as everything in the historic
 way that has come from ,lamartine's pen
 of late years4 ,he coquets with the    
conflict of his own understanding and   
sentiments4 ,his heart still beats for  
the ancient dynasty2 his mind decides   
for the republic--a very serious state  
of things1 not only for a statesman1 who
 is called to share in the immediate    
development of affairs1 and who can     

never arrive at unity of action1 as long
 as feeling and reflection impel him to 
different courses1 but also for the     
historian4 ,lamartine1 says the writer1 
is a remarkable example of that mixture 
which is often found among the ,french1 
of fantastic sentimentality1 and        
frivolous1 superficial reflection4 ,he  
is especially remarkable1 because he has
 converted this mixture1 of which in    
most cases1 the person is unconscious1  
into a sort of system1 and justifies it 
accordingly4 ,the understanding says    
,yes1 the heart says ,no1 but both speak
 vivaciously and clearly1 showing that  
he has them both in a high degree4 ,this
 consoles him for the want of harmony   
between the two2 he never thinks that in
 such harmony the reality of both       
consists4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,robert ,,prutz1 the      
well-known ,german historian1 has just  
made his appearance as a novelist with a
 romance in three parts1 called ,das    
,engelchen 7,the ,little ,angel74 ,a    

large portion of it has been previously 
published in the ,deutsche ,allgemeine  
,zeitung1 where it has excited a        
profound interest4 ,from the author's   
previous achievements as a lyric and    
dramatic poet1 his success in this new  
sphere is only what was to be expected4 
,the ,little ,angel is a novel of modern
 society4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,zwrei ,monate in ,paris   
7,two ,months in ,paris71 by ,,adolphe  
,,stahr1 is published by ,schulze in    
,oldenburg4 ,lest our readers should    
infer from the name of the author that  
this is a political work of solid       
character1 we subjoin the following     
remark by a ,german reviewer1 ,written  
in a light1 easy1 careless vein1 this   
work helps to augment the already       
colossal pile of books relating to      
,paris1 but is by no means such as we   
should have expected from the           
representative of the ,prussian         
revolution4 ,nay1 it has been already   
surpassed by two recent and similar     

productions--the one by a lady1 a little
 art-criticism1 a little literature1 a  
few theatrical items1 a bal mabille1 a  
visit to ,heine1 and the sketch of a    
meeting of workmen1 with their songs1   
all written in that tolerably piquant1  
lively style1 with which we have however
 of late been surfeited1 form a book1   
agreeable enough1 it is true1 but not   
such as we should1 in these earnest1    
serious times1 have expected from such a
 writer4 ,the ,american reader may      
however draw a very different conclusion
 from that of this earnest and serious  
reviewer4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,the last lesson usually   
taken by the student of ancient art is  
that in gems--cameos1 intaglios1 and the
 like--a fact the more surprising since 
nine-tenths of the spirit of classic    
life and beauty is thus extant in       
miniature4 ,the ,venus di ,medicis and  
the ,apollo ,belvidere1 the ,parthenon  
and the ,temple of the ,winds--every    
variety of mosaic1 and half-obliterated 

scrap of fresco are familiar to the     
dilettante1 ere he reflects over the    
incredible grace1 beauty1 and spirit    
displayed in the exquisite design of    
nearly every classic gem4 ,those1       
however1 who have learned to appreciate 
this department of ancient art1 will    
welcome the appearance of ,,kohler',s   
,gesammelte ,schriften1 7and the        
collected essays of ,h4 ,k4 ,e4         
,,kohler71 forming the best work known  
on this subject4 ,in it we find1 treated
 in a masterly manner1 all the intricate
 methods of judging of ancient gems with
 modern inscriptions1 gems of an        
uncertain era1 and modern imitations of 
ancient cutting4 ,the darker side of the
 work consists of violent and unmerited 
attacks on rival writers4 ,published by 
,leopold ,vossin1 ,leipzig4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,among   
the cheapest and most attractive books  
for children which we have met with are 
the recently published ,munich          
,bilderbuecher1 or picture-books1       

consisting of thin folios of all manner 
of neatly-designed fancies1 many of them
 by eminent artists4 ,they contain fairy
 tales1 humorous sketches1 historical   
illustrations1 and a vast number of     
pictures in the well-known ,slovenly    
,peter style1 but far more attractive4  
,many are colored1 and the publisher has
 judiciously printed a number on thick1 
parchment-like paper1 well adapted to   
withstand the wear and tear of the      
nursery4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,books are no longer       
written in ,latin4 ,for literature and  
learning that good old language has     
finally given way1 in almost every      
country1 during the present century4 ,in
 the ,united ,states there have been    
produced some fifty volumes in ,latin   
since the ,revolution1 nearly all of    
which are by foreigners4 ,the ,life of  
,washington1 by ,francis ,glass1 a      
western schoolmaster1 is the most       
considerable contribution to ,latin     
literature by a native ,american4 ,in   

,europe only a few pedantic churchmen   
continue to write to dead nations1 and  
it is perhaps well enough that they     
should do so1 since scarce any of them  
have fit thoughts for the living age1 or
 for tongues that have been used by free
 and thinking men4 ,we find an exception
 to the prevailing law in ,de ,caroli   
,timothei ,zumptii ,vita et ,studiis    
,narratio ,august4 ,wilh4 ,zumptii4     
,every body is familiar with the name of
 ,zumpt as that of one of the most      
learned ,latinists of the last half     
century1 and it is appropriate that his 
life should be written in a language to 
the study and illustration of which it  
was almost entirely devoted4 ,the ,lives
 of ,hemsterhuys by ,ruhnken1 of        
,ruhnken by ,wyttenbach1 and of         
,wyttenbach by ,mahne1 have long been   
the delight of scholars1 and have       
furnished some of the best specimens of 
modern ,latinity4 ,zumpt will not take  
rank among philologers with these great 
lights of the eighteenth century1 but he

 rendered services to learning which    
will deserve a memorial1 and in moral   
qualities he was not inferior to any of 
them4 ,he became in succession a teacher
 in other ,gymnasia in ,berlin1 and     
ultimately ,professor of ,history in the
 ,military ,college1 and of ,latin      
,eloquence in the ,university4 ,he      
published the first edition of his      
celebrated ,grammar in #ahah1 and it    
soon became known throughout the        
civilized world4 ,of his other          
publications the most considerate is his
 edition of the ,verrine ,orations of   
,cicero2 his ,dissertations on the      
,population of the ,ancient ,world1 ,de 
,legibus ,judiciisque ,repetundarum1 and
 several others1 show that he was well  
versed in antiquities1 but grammar1     
criticism1 and style were his proper    
field4 ,wolf pronounced himself and     
,zumpt the only men in ,berlin who could
 write ,latin4 ,his incessant labors    
undermined his constitution1 and brought
 on a premature decay2 and for some time

 before his death he had become entirely
 blind4 ,he died at ,carlsbad in #ahdi4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,a third edition of ,,thibaut',s        
well-known work1 ,uber ,reinheit der    
,tonkunst1 with a preface by the        
,minister ,r4 ,bahr1 and a portrait of  
,palestrina1 has just made its          
appearance1 from the establishment of   
the well-known publisher ,mohr1 of      
,heidelberg4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,a new course of  
,proces ,celebres is to be published by 
,brockhaus1 of ,leipsic4 ,number one    
contains the ,proces du ,comte et de la 
,comtesse ,bocarme4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,remak ,rob4      
,untersuchungen ueber d4 ,enturckelung  
der ,wirbelthiere1 ,berlin1 #ahea4 ,all 
who are interested in theories of the   
development of organic life will welcome
 the appearance of this work1 which has 
been received with cordial approbation  
by the most eminent ,german             
physiologists4 ,this second volume is   

devoted to the development of the       
chicken in the egg1 and is illustrated  
with seven admirable copper-plates4     
,notwithstanding the researches of      
,everard ,horne1 ,ratke1 and others into
 this department1 this work of ,remak's 
is distinguished by an even more        
accurate and detailed examination of    
phenomena1 and it may confidently be    
classed among the first of the age4     
,this is the opinion of ,the            
,centralblatt4 ,the engravings are by   
,haase4 ,this ,robert ,remak is the     
brother of ,gustav ,remak1 an eminent   
,german lawyer in ,philadelphia4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,in the ,archives for the ,study of     
,modern ,languages and ,literature we   
observe a paper by one ,g4 ,,jap1       
entitled1 ,why does the ,english        
,language1 in its acquisition and       
combination of new words1 rather incline
 to the classic tongues than the copious
 and flexible ,german element8 ,to which
 we may answer1 ,alas1 why1 indeed8 ,why

 is not the study of the ,saxon         
,testament generally introduced8 and why
 are not school-boys familiarized with  
the older forms of our own language--as 
they are in ,germany made to study the  
,neibelungen ,lied1 and ,wackernagel's  
,reader8 ,we can imagine no argument in 
favor of a study of ,greek which might  
not be with equal force applied to      
,saxon and good old ,english4         99
       99       99       99       99  ,a
 work has recently appeared in ,breslan 
bearing the title1 ,the ,higher         
,classes1 as they are1 and as they      
should be1 by ,count ,,arnim ,,blumberg3
 written in the month of ,february1     
#ahea4 ,that the aristocracy of ,germany
 at the present day are far from being  
the practical philanthropists which they
 should be is beyond a doubt1 but that  
they will become such by inspiring them 
with piety1 in the unfortunate1         
melancholy sense in which that word is  
generally taken at the present day on   
the continent1 is still more doubtful4  

,not slothful in business1 fervent in   
spirit1 serving the ,lord1 is piety in  
,america--something contrasting         
remarkably with the mystical and        
world-renouncing pietismus of modern    
,germany4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,a second completely       
renewed and greatly increased edition of
 ,,berthold ,,auerbach',s ,deutsche     
,abende1 or ,german ,evenings1 has been 
published by ,bassorman1 of ,mannheim4  
,auerbach is in this country rapidly    
attaining the popularity which was held 
a few years since by ,zschokke4 ,apropos
 of the latter1 we remark a neat and    
very cheap edition of all his works1 now
 publishing by ,sauerlaender1 of ,aarau4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,one of the most important          
architectural works which has ever made 
its appearance is now being published by
 ,meissner1 of ,hamburg1 bearing the    
title ,denkmaler der ,bankunst aller    
,zeiten und ,lander 7,monuments of the  
,architecture of every ,era and         

,country71 by ,,jules ,,gailhaband1 and 
published for ,germany under care and   
contribution of ,dr4 ,franz ,kugler4    
,the literary and artistic excellence of
 the original work is too well known to 
render description necessary1 and its   
improvement is guaranteed from its being
 under the care of ,kugler1 who is      
perhaps better qualified1 aesthetically1
 for such a task1 than any ,german1 or  
indeed any one living4 ,the #aig and    
#aih livraisons which now appear1       
contain engravings of the ,chateau      
,chambord in ,france1 the ,mosque of    
,hassan in ,cairo1 the ,temple of       
,gerschen in ,nubia1 the ,baths of      
,caracalla1 sketches of bridges of the  
middle ages1 the ,palace of ,strozzi1   
and many others4 ,in connection with    
this we may mention the ,entwurfez      
,land-und4 ,stadt ,gebauden1 or         
,sketches for ,domestic ,architecture by
 ,f4 ,w4 ,,holz1 a work which may be    
commended as suggestive rather than     
practical1 but still on that very       

account to be commended to young        
architects desirous of developing their 
creative powers4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,without wishing  
to render aught save honor to all who   
diligently pursue the minutest          
departments of science1 we are still at 
times reminded1 by occasional works1 of 
the professor who was honored as one    
inspired by a full ,german blood and a  
,fatherland's spirit1 for a book--the   
result of thirty years' unwearied       
application--on bigamy and polygamy     
among grasshoppers4 ,we are irresistibly
 reminded of this anecdote by a         
preliminary notice of some thirty odd   
years' observations of certain varieties
 of thrushes1 which are shortly to      
appear in an ornithological magazine at 
,stuttgart4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,among a mass of    
,lutheran ,church literature recently   
published in ,germany1 we observe       
,,vogel ,,ernst ,,gust',s ,bibliotheca  
,biographica ,lutherana1 ,ubersicht der 

zedruckten ,dr4 ,martin ,luther         
betreffenden biograph4 ,schriften1 id   
est1 7,gustavus ,ernst ,vogel's         
,biographical ,lutheran ,library3 a     
notice of all the printed works extant  
referring to the life of ,dr4 ,martin   
,luther47 ,this work will be found      
extremely interesting to all readers of 
the ,history of the ,reformation1 since 
it embraces notices of many important   
works which might otherwise escape      
attention4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,a work interesting to     
those who like to follow out the        
different political trains of thought   
developed in these working times1 has   
recently been published by ,rumpfer of  
,hanover1 bearing the title4 ,the       
,excellence of a ,constitutional        
,monarchy for ,england1 and its         
inapplicability to the other countries  
of ,europe4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,the ,german critics
 notice an increased interest in what   
relates to ,art and ,literature in the  

,middle ,ages4 ,among other singular but
 interesting works1 we observe the      
commencement of a series of             
,manufacturing or ,trade ,chronicles of 
that time1 containing researches into   
the mediaeval sources and archives of   
many ,german cities1 and consisting of  
items never before printed1 published at
 ,st4 ,gall1 in ,switzerland1 by        
,scheitlin and ,zollikoffer4 ,as        
,switzerland is eminently the country   
wherein the ancient guilds1 or business 
associations of the ,middle ,ages1 have 
longest continued in their original     
form1 we may remark a peculiar          
appropriateness in the fact that such a 
work should there make its first        
appearance4 ,this volume consists of    
,the ,chronicles of the honorable       
,association of ,butchers4 ,also1 the   
publication of a manuscript1 ,thetmari  
magistri1 iter ad ,terram ,sanctum1     
#abag1 7,thetmar's ,journey to the ,holy
 ,land1 in #abag17 by ,huber  ,co41 of  
,st4 ,gall3 edited by ,t4 ,,tobler4     

,with which we would cite ,koninc       
,ermenrikes ,duet4 ,the death of ,king  
,ermenrich1 an old ,flemish ,song and   
,legend of ,theodoric1 discovered with  
notes1 by ,jac4 ,grimm1 ,hanover3 pub4  
by ,ehlerman1 price #aes4 groschen4     
,this work1 which we have as yet not    
seen1 has1 however1 been spoken of in   
terms of high praise1 as although in    
many places wanting1 still excellent1 as
 giving yet another glance into the rich
 vein of ,german ,legendary1 and        
,lyrical ,life4 ,fault is1 however1     
found with the publisher for a want of  
precision and accuracy4 ,,conrad        
,,schwenck publishes through            
,,saunerlander1 a ,mythology of the     
,ancient ,german while the ,origin of   
the three oldest cities on the ,rhine1  
namely1 ,mayence1 ,bonn1 and ,cologne1  
by ,franz ,ritter1 is not without claims
 to interest4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,one of the most  
exquisite artistic literary productions 
which has for years appeared in         

,germany1 is that which has lately been 
published by ,,rudolph ,,besser1 of     
,hamburg1 bearing the title1 ,dr4       
,martin ,luther1 der ,deutsche          
,reformator3 ,in bildlichen             
,darstellunzen von ,gustav ,koenig2 in  
geschichtlichen ,umrissen von ,heinrich 
,gelzer4 7,dr4 ,martin ,luther1 the     
,german reformer3 artistically          
illustrated by ,gustavus ,koenig1 with  
historical sketches1 by ,henry ,gelzer47
 ,this is one of the works of which     
,protestant ,germany may well feel      
proud1 inasmuch as it has in every line 
the impress and spirit of national art4 
,the entire work sets forth the artistic
 feeling which characterized the        
,nuremberg artists of the sixteenth     
century1 and we are continually and     
irresistibly reminded1 in turning over  
these exquisite engravings1 of ,albert  
,duerer1 ,cranach ,wohlgemuth and ,hans 
,sebald ,beham4 ,the work consists in a 
great part of short sketches and scenes 
from the life of ,luther1 illustrated1  

as the title implies1 by the eminent    
artist ,koenig1 who1 though an artist of
 ,munich1 is by birth a ,coburger4 ,from
 ,munich he has1 however1 drawn all the 
learning and inspiration of the middle  
age and high ,catholic art1 the which   
knowledge he has however admirably and  
consistently applied to an eminently    
,protestant subject4 ,peculiarly in the 
modernised ,duerer style1 is one of the 
first engravings representing ,luther as
 a boy singing for bread1 7as is even   
yet the custom in some parts of         
,germany17 before the door of a house4  
,luther gives himself a naive account of
 this3 ,they say1 7quoth ,luther17 and  
truly1 that the ,pope himself hath been 
in his time a wandering student1        
therefore let us not despise the lads   
who beg before the doors 'panem propter 
,deum'1 and sing for bread4 ,such an one
 have ,i also been1 and received bread  
before the doors of houses1 particularly
 at ,eisenach1 in mine own dear town4   
,very animated and expressive is also   

the scene representing ,luther as       
accidentally coming upon a copy of the  
,bible for the first time in the        
,university ,library4 ,in his left hand 
he holds a massy folio ,aristotle1 and  
near him lie tomes of scholastic        
philosophy and theology1 while his eye  
with the rapid glance of intelligence   
and conviction peruses the history of   
,anna4 ,this is in short a work which   
every patron of art will certainly      
obtain1 nor will it prove less          
acceptable to the scholar and theologian
 from the graphic and excellent         
character of the literary matter4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,deutsches ,volkskalender auf das ,jahr1
 #aheb4 ,herausg1 von ,gustav4 ,nientz4 
,there are two works1 which1 generally  
speaking1 are found in every ,christian 
family--the ,bible and--the almanac4    
,the ,almanac has in fact the greater   
antiquity of the twain1 for in the      
remote ,east1 as in ,norway1 it was     
universally published for the million1  

on blocks of wood or stone1 or on       
walking-canes1 even in the days of      
paganism4 ,and since it is so generally 
distributed1 would it not be well for   
some of our higher literati to take the 
matter in hand1 and make it a medium for
 something better than criminal trials1 
quack advertisements1 and similar       
subjects8 ,this of ,nieritz is well     
gotten up1 and contains excellent       
contributions from ,jer4 ,gotthelf1     
,karl ,barth1 ,a4 ,wildenhahn1 ,karl    
,simrock1 and ,a4 ,grube4 ,the best in  
the collection appears to be ,the       
,broom-maker of ,rychiswyl1 by          
,gotthelf4 ,all of the engravings are   
admirable1 and the work is published for
 next to nothing4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,an ,austrian     
,biographical ,dictionary is now        
publishing1 by ,moritz ,bermann1 at     
,vienna2 useful to students of history  
and politics4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,in ,,sweden1 is  
the title of two volumes of ,sketches of

 ,travel1 by ,,hans ,,christian         
,,andersen1 just published at ,leipzic4 
,they are replete with all the poetic   
charm and genial humor which his pen    
imparts to every subject it touches4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,henrich ,,zeise is a ,danish novelist 
with whose works we have in this country
 no acquaintance1 but who has just been 
introduced to the ,germans by a         
translation into their language of his  
,novels of ,christian ,winther1 which   
are praised by the critics as not only  
well written1 but as affording an       
excellent idea of ,danish social life4  
,zeise is the son of a country parson of
 ,lolland2 was born in #agif2 and first 
distinguished himself by his fugitive   
poems1 which in #ahbj were collected in 
a volume4 ,he travelled in ,germany1    
,switzerland1 and ,italy1 and in #ahcb  
published a collection of translations  
from the ,german poets and other        
writers4 ,in #ahce1 he brought out a    
second series of his own poems1 in which

 he abandoned to a great degree his     
previous popular style1 and put on the  
manners of fashionable society4 ,this   
was not a successful experiment4 ,his   
novels are more recent2 the best1       
,osterie1 was published in #ahdc4 ,in   
#ahdi he translated ,reinecke ,fuchs    
into ,danish1 preserving the original   
metre4 ,he now has a pension from       
government1 and lives at ,copenhagen4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,tegner1 the great ,swedish poet1 is   
known to ,american and ,english readers 
through ,frithiof's ,saga and           
,longfellow's translations of his       
,children of the ,lord's ,supper4 ,a    
,german version of his more recent      
writings is now making its appearance at
 ,leipzic4 ,the first number contains   
,gerda1 a fragment of an unfinished     
heroic poem which is spoken of as very  
admirable1 and a few little comic poems 
which are said to be charming4 ,adam and
 ,eve figure in one of these4         99
       99       99       99       99    

,,heinrich ,,von ,,ortenburg has        
published a second edition of his       
poetical tale1 entitled                 
,nachtbluthen--,night-blooms1 or        
,night-flowers--and ,,john ,g4 ,,seide1 
the ,viennese1 an increased edition of  
,the ,songs of the ,night4 ,the two will
 serve to bind up with ,voices of the   
,night--though perhaps there are ,german
 or ,sclavonic poems that would better  
serve this purpose4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,bomische ,rosen1 
,czechische ,volkslieder 7,bohemian     
,roses1 or ,national ,songs71 by ,,ida  
,,von ,,duringsfeld1 and published by   
,kern1 of ,breslau1 will undoubtedly    
attract the attention of the rapidly    
increasing circle of friends of         
,sclavonic literature4 ,also ,sketches  
of ,travel1 by the same authoress1      
published by ,schlodtmann1 of ,bremen4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,an edition of ,hoffman von             
,fallersleben's ,heimatklange1 or       
,regrets for ,home1 a collection of     

songs1 has just made its appearance4    
,apropos of ultra-liberal political     
bards1 we see that ,,freligrath         
publishes the second volume of ,neuere  
,polit und ,sociale ,gedichte1 or       
,recent ,political and ,social ,poems1  
by ,schaub1 of ,duesseldorf4            
,freligrath's reputation as a poet      
appears to have much advantage from his 
persecution as a patriot4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,the     
,italians were surprised lately by the  
announcement that the ex-minister       
,,guerrazzi1 who is in prison awaiting  
trial for high treason1 was about to    
publish ,an ,apology for his ,political 
,life1 and that sheets of this ,apology 
are from time to time forwarded to      
,signor ,lami1 ,minister of ,greece and 
,justice1 who revises them1 when they   
are returned to ,guerrazzi for final    
correction4 ,it seems                   
incredible--altogether inconsistent with
 ,italian policy--that a state prisoner 
should thus be suffered to pre-occupy   

the public mind with his defence4 ,but  
the ministerial paper of the #hth of    
,august indiscreetly solved the mystery 
with the following notice3       ,the   
publisher1 ,lemonnier1 at ,florence1 is 
now printing1 and      will shortly     
publish a thick volume1 containing ',the
 ,apology      for the ,political ,life 
of ,guerrazzi1' written by himself4     
,the announcement of this publication1  
is of a nature to      excite great     
curiosity2 it will at the same time be a
      thunderbolt to the ,neo-,moderati1
 and the most conclusive                
condemnation of their acts during the   
period ,guerrazzi was      in power4    
,guerrazzi therein unpitifully and ably 
scourges      their political           
weaknesses1 and their portefeuille      
rivalries1 which obliged the ,grand     
,duke in the end to throw      himself  
into the arms of the democratic party4  
,this book of      ,guerrazzi's will be 
a peremptory reply to the               
proudly-compiled apology of the ,italian

 ,constitutional      party1 published  
by ,messrs4 ,gualterio and ,farini1 and 
especially to the base and calumnious   
imputations1 directed      by the latter
 against our excellent and loyal ,grand 
,duke1 in      the recently published   
third volume of his work4 ,not only     
will the ,constitutionalists be         
denounced in the book of                
,guerrazzi1 but the intrigues of the    
,piedmontese ,government      with      
regard to ,tuscany will be exposed1 as  
likewise those of      ,sir ,g4         
,hamilton1 ,british ambassador at       
,florence4  ,this certifies the         
publication to be a bargain between     
,guerrazzi and the ,tuscan ,ministry to 
give vent to their hatred of the        
,constitutional party and of ,piedmont4 
,guerrazzi writes in prison1 from prison
 sends to the printers1 and the         
,minister acts as reviser4 ,it is really
 an odd thing--but characteristic of    
,italian affairs1 perhaps1--for a       
disgraced and impeached minister to buy 

his life by turning ,states' ,evidence4 
,in better days such results were for   
rascals of a lower grade4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,f4 ,a4  
,,gualterio brings out an account of the
 late ,italian revolution--,gliultimi   
,rivolgimenti ,italiani1 ,memorie       
,storiche1 con ,documenti inediti--the  
first part of which1 in three large     
octavo volumes1 only comes down to the  
accession of ,pius ,,ix4 to the         
,pontificate4 ,the work is published in 
,florence1 and has made considerable    
sensation1 especially in ,tuscany and   
,piedmont4 ,the publications on the     
subject that appear in ,italy are of    
course all on one side4 ,the other side 
is represented by a party1 or by several
 parties1 who are in exile1 and the     
number of books published on ,italy and 
,italian affairs1 in ,london and in     
,paris1 is very great3 more than a      
hundred during the last year4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,in ,berlin we observe that ,sigismund  

,wiese1 the author of two pious plays1  
entitled respectively ,moses and ,jesus 
of ,nazareth1 has put forth another pair
 of similar dramatic productions1       
bearing the names of the ,apostle       
,peter1 and ,the ,apostle ,paul4        
,whether this be a retrograde movement  
toward the ancient ,bible mysteries of  
the middle ages1 or whether the theatre 
in ,berlin 7as we should infer from     
certain recent curious works and        
movements7 is actually undergoing a     
spiritual renovation1 we have not as yet
 ascertained4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,a work called    
,essai de ,socialisme ,rationnel1 by ,m4
 ,,colins1 has appeared at ,paris1 where
 it is exciting some attention4 ,it is  
dedicated to ,emile de ,girardin1 though
 in the dedication the author declares  
his complete dissent from the doctrines 
of that eminent journalist4 ,m4 ,anatole
 ,leroy is reviewing it in a series of  
articles in ,la ,presse4 ,the motto of  
,m4 ,colins is this3 ,what ,i understand

 by socialism is the abolition of all   
pauperism1 whether moral relating to    
knowledge1 or material relating to      
riches4 ,i affirm that this socialism   
has become necessary to order1 and that 
it can be established without disorder4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,pleasant reading is there in the       
,memoires ,pittoresques d'un ,officier  
de ,marine1 just published at ,paris in 
two handsome octavos1 with the name of  
,captain ,f4 ,,laconte as their author4 
,the ,french in general are not great   
travellers1 but the best narrators in   
the world4 ,our ,captain adds to the    
reputation of his people in both        
respects4 ,he tells the story of his    
adventures and experiences in           
out-of-the-way parts of the world with a
 gayety and laissez-aller which charm   
the reader4 ,for the rest1 what he saw  
in the ,south ,sea1 in ,russia1 in      
,turkey1 at ,madagascar1 was well worth 
the telling in such a style4 ,when he   
prints another book we hope to hear of  

it4         99       99       99        
99       99  ,a book which our students 
of belles-lettres should have is ,m4 de 
la ,,villemarque',s ,poemes des ,bardes 
,bretons du ,v,ie ,siecle4 ,it is an    
excellent proof of the thorough study   
now devoted to the early popular        
literature of ,france1 whose richness1  
by the way1 is not much suspected by the
 elegant scholars of other countries4   
,m4 de la ,villemarque has treated his  
subject with equal conscientiousness and
 affection4 ,he gives abundant specimens
 of the songs of the bards in the form  
of translations from the original       
,celtic into ,french4 ,the work is      
concluded by some philological          
disquisitions of value to whoever wishes
 to study the ,celtic tongue4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,m4 ,,perrymond1 one of the most        
intelligent and learned staticians of   
,france1 has published a reply to       
,thiers's ,report on ,paupers and       
,public ,charity3 the title of          

,,perrymond',s work is ,le ,pain du     
,proletaire1 ou le ,commerce des        
,peuples4 ,it is socialistic4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,the political and social theory of     
,mazzini1 and especially his doctrine   
that the idea of duty1 with the utter   
subjection of the individual to the     
general interest1 is the sole base for  
society and government1 is the subject  
of some vigorous and unmerciful essays  
in the ,journal des ,debats1 by         
,alexandre ,thomas4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,a late number of 
the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 has an    
article by ,m4 ,,taillandier1 on the    
,swiss popular poets1 in which they are 
duly praised1 and considerable extracts 
given from their writings4 ,m4          
,taillandier thinks1 however1 that      
,switzerland is in serious danger of    
moral and mental corruption from the    
inroads of the ,hegelian philosophy4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,those who wish in the briefest space to

 get an idea of the philosophical system
 of ,,auguste ,,comte1 will find a      
valuable aid in some articles by ,m4    
,,romain ,,cornut1 now published in ,la 
,presse4 ,m4 ,cornut proposes to give a 
succinct yet complete summary of all the
 teachings of the great ,positivist4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,a work has just begun to appear at     
,paris1 which must excite the attention 
of every student of history1 and claim a
 place in every library that pretends to
 any degree of completeness4 ,it is a   
collection of the speeches and          
parliamentary reports of the principal  
,french orators from #aghi to the       
present day4 ,the first volume is       
published containing the speeches of    
,,mirabeau1 with a biography and a great
 variety of critical notices of the     
great revolutionist and his career4 ,the
 speeches of ,robespierre will appear   
promptly1 as well as those of ,bussot1  
,vergniaud1 ,danton1 ,maury1 ,cazalles1 
c4 ,the price is seven francs the       

volume4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,we have mentioned with the
 praise which we believe it deserved1   
the ,history of the ,protestants of     
,france1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,,felice1 lately    
published by ,mr4 ,walker4 ,this work   
was simultaneously translated1 by the   
author of ,mr4 ,walker's version1 and by
 a very accomplished woman whose labors 
that version made profitless4 ,on the   
same subject we have from ,lea          
,blanchard1 of ,philadelphia1 in two    
volumes1 a ,history of the ,protestant  
,reformation in ,france1 by ,mrs4       
,,marsh1 the authoress of ,emily        
,wyndham1 c4 ,this work will be popular4
 ,several years ago we read a ,history  
of the ,reformed ,religion in ,france1  
by ,mr4 ,,smedley1 published by the     
,harpers1 who still1 we believe1 have it
 on their trade lists4 ,it is quite as  
eloquently written1 as dramatic1 and in 
all respects as able as either of the   
others2 and any of the three may be     
commended as not less engrossing than   

the last new novel4         99       99 
99       99       99  ,the library of   
the poet ,gray1 which had been kept     
together in the family of ,william      
,penn1 was at length scattered by a sale
 at auction1 in ,london1 on the #bfth of
 ,august4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,when ,m4 ,,guizot1 many   
years ago1 published his ,collection of 
,memoirs relating to the ,history of the
 ,revolution in ,england1 in            
twenty-seven volumes1 he added to that  
great work biographical sketches of the 
various authors whose works he had      
translated4 ,those biographical studies1
 carefully revised and corrected1 with  
some that he had contributed to         
dictionaries1 and others entirely new1  
are now collected into a volume of      
,bohn's ,library 7,new-,york1 ,bangs    
,brother71 and1 with the memoirs of     
,general ,monk1 constitute a sort of    
gallery of portraits1 in which          
personages of the most different        
characters appear in contrast--chiefs or

 champions of sects or parties1         
,parliamentarians1 ,cavaliers1          
,republicans1 and ,levellers1 who1      
either at the termination of the        
political conflicts in which they were  
engaged1 or when in retirement towards  
the close of their lives1 described     
themselves1 their own times1 and the    
parts they played therein4 ,m4 ,guizot  
has written the ,history of the ,english
 ,revolution in these lives of the      
,revolutionists2 for all parties were   
revolutionary in those days--the        
,cavaliers by their denial of right no  
less than the ,parliamentarians by their
 assertion of it4 ,the studies are of   
,denzil ,hollis1 ,edmund ,ludlow1       
,thomas ,may1 ,sir ,p4 ,warwick1 ,john  
,lilburne1 ,fairfax1 ,mr4 ,hutchinson1  
,sir ,thomas ,herbert1 ,john ,price1    
,lord ,clarendon1 ,burnet1 the ,duke of 
,buckingham1 ,sir ,john ,reresby1 with  
notices of the ,eikon ,basilike1 c1 and 
,memoirs of ,james ,,ii4--a sufficient  
variety to enable the author to exhibit 

all the facettes of the diamond4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,at the distribution of prizes awarded  
to pupils in the various colleges of    
,paris1 three or four weeks ago1 the new
 ,superior ,council of ,public          
,instruction1 including ,,mm4 ,thenard1 
,giraud1 ,daniel-,poinsot1 and ,ortila1 
attended officially at the ,sorbornne3  
they were placed behind the ,minister of
 ,public ,instruction1 beside whom were 
,m4 ,portalis1 ,president of the ,court 
of ,cassation1 and ,m4 ,saint-,marc     
,girardin1 ,secretary of the ,council4  
,the other members of the ,council who  
assisted the ,minister were ,m4 ,dupin1 
,president of the ,national ,assembly2  
,m4 ,laplagne-,barras1 wearing the      
magnificent dress of the superior       
officers of the ,court of ,cassation2   
,cardinal ,gousset1 seated1 wearing the 
scarlet robe and hat of his office1 c4  
,but the real hero of the solemnity was 
,,guizot1 who1 on his entrance into the 
hall to resume his ancient place among  

the professors1 was greeted with loud   
acclamations and the most respectful    
salutations1 which were repeated still  
more warmly when the name of his son1   
,william ,guizot1 was pronounced as of  
one of the prizemen4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,a new     
novel1 in two volumes1 by ,,eugene      
,,sue1 with the title of ,miss ,mary2 a 
tale by ,,henri ,,murger1 called ,claude
 et ,marianne2 and volumes iv4 and v4 of
 ,ange ,pitou1 by ,,alexander ,,dumas1  
have just appeared in ,paris4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,the witty feuilletoniste1 ,,jules      
,,janin1 has published in a volume the  
letters he wrote from ,london during the
 ,great ,exhibition to the ,journal des 
,debats4 ,j4 ,j41 as everybody knows1 is
 the most delightful journalist of art  
and society in the world1 and all ,paris
 anticipates the articles under his     
signature as a principal part of each   
day's satisfaction4 ,apropos of this new
 book of his1 the ,london ,morning      

,chronicle says1 ,from the first line to
 the last1 he has rioted in his own     
peculiar style--laughed1 cried1 sung1   
danced1 in the same1 and almost in every
 breath--jumped about in one page like a
 kitten catching its tail--and struck   
himself into an awful attitude of moral 
meditation1 with an aspect as wise as   
,aristotle's1 in the next--accomplishing
 all these literary feats by a most     
miraculous outpouring of words--capital 
words1 fanciful1 witty1 fantastic1      
scholarly words--and jumbled1 tossed1   
piled up on each others' backs--jerked  
this way and that--sharpened one against
 the other1 glittering and gleaming1 one
 by the aid of another--a perfect       
firework of words1 ,roman-candle        
sentences1 and ,catherine-wheel         
periods--rockets of epithets1 and       
girandoles of antitheses6 ,but yet      
,janin's self-respect would not allow   
him to say that1 in some instances1 he  
has sacrificed thought and sense1 pith  
and shrewdness1 to build up a           

barley-sugar temple of verbal           
prettiness1 and to deck and wreath it   
with artificial flowers of rhetoric and 
of phraseology1 which for a moment may  
seem to have smell1 and sap1 and savor1 
but which1 upon closer inspection1 too  
often reveal themselves in their true1  
and dry1 and dreary substance of wire1  
and gauze1 and calico4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,one ,m4 
,,leon ,,de ,,montbeillard has published
 a work on ,,spinoza4 ,if that          
,philosopher has one characteristic more
 eminent than another1 it is commonly   
supposed to be the precision and        
exactness of his logic4 ,to say that    
,spinoza was a rigorous logician is a   
platitude1 a truism4 ,m4 ,montbeillard  
declines to walk in such a beaten path4 
,he denies that ,spinoza has any skill  
whatever in the science of reason1 that 
he is a mere rhapsodist6         99     
99       99       99       99  ,m4      
,,xavier ,,sauriac1 author of the       
,socialist tragedy entitled ,the ,death 

of ,jesus ,christ1 was lately tried1    
along with his two booksellers1 for     
pernicious and insurrectionary doctrines
 put into the mouth of the ,redeemer4   
,they were heard by counsel1 and the    
dramatist was admitted to plead at      
length2 but the jury convicted the      
three1 and the court inflicted long     
imprisonment1 and fines4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,,mr4    
,,theodore ,,marten1 a frequent         
contributor to the ,edinburgh ,review1  
and the author of the well-known ,bon   
,gaultier ,papers in ,tait's ,magazine1 
has been married to the celebrated      
actress1 ,miss ,helen ,faucit ,saville  
7best known without the last name74     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,thomas ,,cooper1 author of the        
,purgatory of ,suicides1 c41 has been on
 a lecturing tour through ,ireland and  
,scotland1 lately1 and has given an     
account of what he observed1 in several 
letters to the ,london ,leader4 ,we copy
 from them a few paragraphs3       ,i   

had two hours delightful conversation   
with ,mr4 de ,quincy1      at ,lasswade1
 and was as deeply impressed with his   
intellectual power in talking1 as ,i was
 with his writing      when1 in my      
boyhood1 ,i read his ,confessions of an 
,english      ,opium ,eater4       ,on  
my return from visiting ,kirk ,alloway1 
and the cottage of      ,burns1 ,i      
called on his remaining sister1 ,mrs4   
,begg1 a highly      intelligent woman  
of eighty1 who gave me some information 
of      an important character1 as ,i   
deem it to be4 ,her daughter1           
,isabella1 was present while ,i had the 
short conversation      with her4 ,i    
told her that ,i entertained strong     
doubts of the      truth of many things 
which were said about her illustrious   
brother1 and ,i wished to have the      
benefit of her own      personal        
knowledge respecting him4 ,she replied  
that she      would have pleasure in    
giving me all the information in her    
power4 ,i told her that a person in     

,glasgow had declared to      me1 the   
other day1 that he believed all the     
accounts of her      brother's irregular
 life2 for a friend of his had called on
      ,mrs4 ,begg lately1 and she had   
said that she had often seen      her   
brother sit at the table in a morning1  
after a night's      debauch1 shading   
his face with his hand1 while the big   
tears      of remorse were dropping on  
the board before him4 ,mrs4 ,begg       
seemed moved painfully4 ,nothing is more
 false1 she      replied2 ,i never had  
such a conversation2 and never could    
say so1 for ,i never saw my brother     
either drunk1 or showing      any such  
feeling2 nor did ,i ever know him to be 
drunk4 ,it is      true1 ,i saw but     
little of him in the latter part of his 
life2 but his son1 who was with him     
almost constantly1 told      me that he 
never saw his father the worse for      
liquor but      once2 and then he was   
sick1 but yet perfectly conscious4 ,his 
son also said1 that though his father   

would come home late      during the    
latter part of his life1 when they lived
 in      ,dumfries2 yet he was always   
able to examine bolts and bars1         
went to observe that the children were  
right in bed and      always acted like 
a sober man4 ,besides1 added the        
intelligent old lady1 how was it        
possible that my brother      could be a
 drunkard1 when he had so small an      
income1 and      yet1 a few weeks before
 his death1 owed nobody a shilling8     
,that speaks for itself4 ,mrs4 ,begg    
furthermore confirmed      what ,i also 
learned in ,glasgow from persons        
conversant with      those who had known
 every circumstance of the close of     
,burns's life1 that ,allan ,cunningham  
has sorely misstated      many matters4 
,burns did not die in the dramatic style
      which ,allan tells of4 ,allan was 
never in ,ayrshire in his      life2 but
 had his materials from some old fellow 
who went      about poking into every   
corner and raking out every false       

story about ,burns4 ,a writer in        
,glasgow1 in whose company ,i      sat  
for a short time in the evening after ,i
 had delivered my      oration there on 
,burns1 contradicted ,allan             
,cunningham's      account of ,burns's  
death1 from personal knowledge--just at 
the time when ,allan's ,life of ,burns  
appeared2 but ,allan      never took any
 notice of the pamphlet1 and never      
corrected      the misstatement4 ,mrs4  
,begg said that she had seen the two    
volumes of the new life of her brother1 
by ,robert ,chambers1      and the      
account was fairer than any she had seen
 before4  ,the name of the ,baroness    
,,von ,,beck has been familiar through  
the ,english reviews1 during the last   
year or two1 as the authoress of a book 
on the late ,hungarian war4 ,this woman 
turns out to have been no baroness1 not 
even a friend of ,kossuth1 but a paid   
spy in the service of the ,national     
,hungarian ,government1 and lately a    
paid spy in the recently established    

foreign branch of the ,english police   
force4 ,she was on the thirtieth of     
,august apprehended at ,birmingham for  
obtaining money under false pretences1  
and died in the anteroom of the court1  
from a sudden affection of the heart1   
induced by the emotion caused by her    
detection4 ,she had played a remarkable 
part4 ,her ,memoirs were published by   
,bentley1 and had a large sale1 but they
 appear to have been written by another 
person4 ,at the time of her arrest she  
was procuring subscriptions for a new   
volume descriptive of her pretended     
,adventures4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,mr4 ,,thackeray  
is writing a novel in three volumes1 to 
be published in the winter4 ,the scene  
is in ,england early in the eighteenth  
century1 and among the characters will  
be ,bolingbroke1 ,swift1 and ,pope2 and 
,steele will play a prominent part4 ,mr4
 ,thackeray has concluded to publish no 
more serials1 and we hope his new scenes
 and persons will suggest to him a      

little respect for human nature1 which  
hitherto he appears to have regarded as 
a mere trick and imposture4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,a       
pension of #bjjl4 a year on the civil   
list has been conferred on ,mr4 ,silk   
,buckingham4 ,a pension of #bjjl4 a year
 has also been given to ,colonel        
,torrens1 the author of several works on
 political economy4 ,mr4 ,buckingham had
 just obtained #djjl4 a year1 as we have
 before mentioned1 from the ,east ,india
 ,company4 ,it seems to us that these   
pensions can have but little to do with 
the encouragement of literature4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,the venerable poet ,,james ,,montgomery
 will be eighty years of age on the     
fifth of ,november1 and the people of   
,sheffield are preparing suitable honors
 for the occasion4 ,a statue1 to be set 
up in a conspicuous place1 is talked of1
 and a general desire is felt that the  
festival which is proposed1 and the     
honors which are to be given1 shall be  

worthy of the man and the city4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,a curious ,diary of ,,edmund ,,bohen1 a
 voluminous writer of the seventeenth   
century1 has been discovered in         
,suffolk1 ,england1 his native county1  
and is about to be published under the  
editorship of ,s4 ,w4 ,,rix1 of         
,beccles1 author of the ,fauconberge    
,memorial4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill1 we 
are advised by letters from ,england1 is
 hereafter to be editor of the          
,westminster ,review1 which is now the  
grand organ of the socialists and       
disorganizers of society4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,we have 
from ,mr4 ,hart1 of ,philadelphia1 in   
two beautiful volumes1 ,memoirs of the  
,life of ,mary ,queen of ,scots1 by     
,miss ,,benger4 ,they are written with  
neatness1 and could not fail of a       
dramatic interest4 ,indeed1 we know of  
no memoir of ,mary ,stuart1 in the two  
or three dozen we have read with more or

 less attention1 that is in all respects
 as attractive as ,miss ,benger's4 ,but 
it seemed an unfortunate time to publish
 this1 when the ,history of ,mary ,queen
 of ,scots by ,m4 ,,mignet1 ,perpetual  
,secretary of the ,academy of ,moral and
 ,political ,sciences1 was advertised1  
and it was known that its character     
would be such as necessarily to give it 
precedence of all other works on the    
subject4 ,we noticed the design of ,m4  
,mignet two or three months ago1 and we 
have now before us a translation1       
published by ,bentley1 of ,london1 of   
his first volume4 ,it fully realizes our
 expectations1 in evident candor1       
research1 and ability4 ,it owes its     
existence to ,prince ,labanoff's        
collection of the queen's letters1 and  
is the substance of a series of papers  
on that extraordinary work in the       
,journal des ,savants4 ,but ,m4 ,mignet 
had obtained access to original         
documents 7chiefly the dispatches of the
 ,spanish embassies in ,england1        

,france1 and ,rome7 which even ,prince  
,labanoff had not explored1 and has thus
 been able to give an original character
 to his narrative4 ,it is an excellent  
specimen of condensed yet clear         
historical writing4 ,leading incidents  
stand out boldly1 and no essential facts
 are omitted1 yet there is not an excess
 of details4 ,motives are discriminated1
 and doubtful questions cleared1 while  
we are spared the fatigue of elaborate  
disquisition4 ,the book is little more  
than a sketch--but it is a most valuable
 one4 ,with more materials before him   
than any previous biographer1 the author
 has had to contend with fewer          
prejudices of his own4 ,he is neither   
the apologist1 nor the traducer of his  
heroine4 ,neither as ,catholic nor as   
,protestant1 as ,scotchman nor as       
,englishman1 does he sit in judgment on 
her history2 he views the scenes of her 
career with an impartiality as far      
removed from harshness as from          
indulgence and may perhaps be pronounced

 her first unbiassed biographer4 ,it is 
right at the same time to add that his  
historic coldness of temperament does   
not always enable him to judge quite    
fairly the difficulties under which both
 parties 7but especially the ,protestant
 party7 labored at particular times2 and
 perhaps it stops short1 now and then1  
of the compassionate considerations     
which would best explain some points of 
,mary's conduct4  ,upon the whole1 it   
will be seen from ,m4 ,mignet's judicial
 and masterly exhibition of the case1   
that there is very little ground upon   
which to base a belief of the poor      
queen's innocence of the great crimes of
 which she is accused4 ,for her wit1    
beauty1 and misfortunes1 notwithstanding
 her wickedness1 the world clings to her
 memory1 and until human nature is      
changed men will receive proofs of her  
guilt as they would such proofs against 
a sister4 ,m4 ,mignet presents these    
proofs so that they cannot be rejected4 
,among the recent ,french ,lives of     

,mary ,stuart1 is one by ,m4 ,duguard--a
 sentimental romance that acquired a    
temporary rage1 and was aided by ,george
 ,sand in an elaborate letter of        
compliment addressed to the author4     
,miss ,agnes ,strickland will devote to 
the same heroine one entire volume of   
her ,lives of the ,queens of ,scotland4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,among the recently established         
publishing houses of this country no one
 appears to be conducted with more      
judgment--so far at least as the        
selection and execution of books is     
concerned--than that of ,w4 ,m4 ,moore  
,co4 of ,cincinnati4 ,among their       
original publications we have ,service  
,afloat and ,ashore ,during the ,mexican
 ,war1 by ,lieut4 ,,semmes1 7a second   
edition is just issued17 which by the   
common consent of reviewers is in       
attractiveness and absolute value       
inferior to none among the very large   
number of works that treat of the       
,mexican campaigns2 and the list of     

their republications includes ,the      
,course of ,creation1 by the ,rev4 ,dr4 
,,anderson1 of ,scotland1 in which1 with
 unusual ability1 candor1 and eloquence1
 the relations of natural science and   
the divine revelation are discussed2    
,the ,footprints of the ,creator1 the   
most able1 and1 in a scientific point of
 view1 the most interesting of the works
 of ,,hugh ,,miller2 and ,scenes and    
,legends of the ,north of ,scotland1 by 
the same author--a singularly           
entertaining performance4 ,they have in 
press a volume on ,aesthetiks1 by       
,professor ,,moffat1 of ,miami          
,university1 said to be written with    
singular ability1 and designed chiefly  
for purposes of education4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,among   
the most attractive books in recent     
religious literature is ,the ,ancient   
and ,modern ,history of the ,rivers of  
the ,bible1 lately published in ,london 
and just reprinted in ,new-,york by     
,stringer  ,townsend1 with an           

introduction by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,george  
,b4 ,cheever4 ,the ,euphrates1 the      
,hiddekel or ,tigris1 the ,chebar1 the  
,ulai1 the ,jordan1 the ,jarmuk1 the    
,jahbok1 the ,arnon1 the ,kishon1 and   
the ,nile1 the brooks ,zered1 ,cherith1 
,kedron1 ,elah1 ,eshcol1 and ,besor1 and
 the pool of ,siloam1 are treated with a
 degree of knowledge and a pleasing     
simplicity of style somewhat rare in    
works of this description4 ,the author  
has given particular attention to the   
discoveries of ,rich1 ,layard1 and      
others1 by the ,euphrates and the       
,tigris1 and we have nowhere else a     
better exhibition in brief of the       
appearance of the classical and sacred  
lands through which these rivers have   
flowed1 half the time since the creation
 was witness of the most remarkable     
events in human history4 ,the volume is 
illustrated by excellent wood-engravings
 of natural scenery1 antiquities1 and   
existing cities4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,among the        

passengers from this port to ,europe1 in
 the steamer of the #ajth ,september1   
was the ,abbe ,,brasseur ,,de           
,,bourbourg1 for three years past an    
active archaeological student in        
,mexico--that land of monuments and     
traditions1 whose ancient history is    
second only to that of ,egypt in its    
features of gloom and mystery4 ,some of 
the results of the ,abbe's researches   
have been indicated in his recently     
published ,cartas1 addressed to the ,duc
 de ,valmy1 which are only the          
introduction to an elaborate work1      
within which it is the author's design  
to bring all that is known of the       
ancient and modern history of ,mexico4  
,among the various materials for the    
illustration of that part of this work  
relating to the aborigines1 the ,abbe   
has succeeded in obtaining from the     
neglected and not yet half explored     
libraries of ,mexico1 the following     
original and valuable materials4  #a4   
,part #a4 of a manuscript1 by a priest  

of ,chiapas1 named ,ordones1 entitled1  
,historia del ,cielo y de la ,tierra1   
etc4 etc41 being a translation of an    
ancient ,tzendal hieroglyphical ,,ms4   
containing the ,indian account of the   
first settlement of ,southern ,mexico1  
the founding of ,na ,chan1 or ,palenque1
 etc4 ,also1 portions of ,part ,,ii4 of 
the same ,,ms4 #b4 ,another manuscript  
of ,ordones1 without title1 being a sort
 of memoir upon the ruins of ,palenque1 
and on ,antonio ,del ,rio's expedition4 
#c4 ,a few chapters of a ,,ms4 of ,santa
 ,clara1 taken from an inedited history 
of ,peru1 but relative to ,mexico4 #d4  
,the original ,,ms4 of ,cabrera upon    
,palenque4 #e4 ,principles of a ,grammar
 of the ,tzotzil language4 #f4          
,principles of a ,grammar1              
,doctrinarium1 and part of a ,vocabulary
 of the ,tzoque language 7,chiapas74 #g4
 ,a complete ,vocabulary of the ,maya   
and ,spanish1 with a great many         
etymological explanations4 #h4 ,a       
,vocabulary of the ,spanish and ,maya1  

less complete1 #i4 ,codex ,chimalpopoca1
 being the manuscript of the collection 
of ,boturini1 catalogued under the name 
of ,historia de los ,reyes de           
,culhuacan1 in the ,aztec or ,nahua     
language4 #aj4 ,codex ,gondra1 being the
 same known in the collection of        
,boturini1 under the name of ,historia  
,tultaca1 often cited by ,gama2 ,spanish
 and ,mexican4 #aa4 ,fuente de los      
,verbos y ,substantives ,mexicanos1 a   
host of ,spanish and ,mexican           
vocabularies4 #ab4 ,relacion que le     
envia su ,magestad por ,d4 ,juan        
,baptista de ,pomar1 en #i dias de ,marz
 de #aehb4 ,this is a relation          
concerning ,tezcuco4 #ac4 ,a ,,ms4 in   
,mexican hieroglyphics1 being a title of
 property in the ,kingdom of the        
,tezcucan ,prince ,nezahualpilli1 with a
 portrait of this prince1 all on ,papel 
,maguey4 #ad4 ,several prayer books in  
,mexican 7,,ms474 #ae4 ,a few prayers in
 ,maya1 ,,ms4 #af4 ,the original ,,ms4  
explanation of the ,codex ,borgia1      

composed by the ,father ,fabrega1 for   
,cardinal ,borgia1 of which speaks      
,baron ,humboldt in his ,vues de        
,cordilleres1 etc4 in ,italian4 #ag4 ,a 
short vocabulary of the ,huabi language 
spoken near ,tehuantepec4 ,the ,abbe has
 also four or five ,mexican ,grammars   
printed in ,mexico1 and other rare books
 not included in the catalogue of       
,ternaux ,compans4 ,the collection is1  
therefore1 more complete than any other 
made by any individual1 and in the hands
 of an indefatigable student like the   
,abbe ,bourbourg1 will not fail to throw
 a flood of light on the ancient history
 of ,mexico4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,a few weeks ago  
,mr4 ,,schoolcraft published a complaint
 that his ,indian in his ,wigwam had    
been published without his knowledge by 
,g4 ,h4 ,derby  ,co1 of ,buffalo1 under 
the title of ,the ,american ,indians1   
their ,history1 ,condition and          
,prospects4 ,messrs4 ,derby  ,co4 have  
replied in the ,literary ,world1 that   

they came honestly by the stereotype    
plates of the book1 and that as to the  
title1 they had an undoubted right to   
alter it4 ,we beg these gentlemen and   
all others in like circumstances to     
reflect a little upon this doctrine1    
before endorsing it too positively4     
,however indisputable the title of      
,derby  ,co4 to the copyright of the    
book in question1 they had no more right
 to change its name than they had to    
steal ,mr4 ,schoolcraft's money4 ,he is 
a very silly person who maintains the   
contrary4 ,only the author of a book has
 the right to change even the place of a
 comma in it4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,mr4 ,,simms has  
just published ,norman ,maurice1 or the 
,man of the ,people1 an ,american       
,drama1 in ,five ,acts4 ,the scene is   
partly in ,philadelphia1 partly in ,st4 
,louis1 and the plot involves the       
election of a senator from ,missouri--as
 various passages disclose1 in the      
present time4 ,this is one of the chief 

faults of the piece1 as the history of  
,missouri politics is so familiar that  
no illusion in the case is possible4    
,aside from this1 it is in many respects
 an admirable play--bold1 simple1 and   
yet striking in conception1 and wrought 
out with a general fitness and force of 
incident and style that should secure   
it1 in our opinion1 immediate and very  
eminent success on the stage4 ,there has
 never been acted an ,american play of  
equal merit4 ,it was originally printed 
in the ,southern ,literary ,messenger4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,we are gratified to learn that the     
,rev4 ,dr4 ,,albro1 of ,cambridge1      
,massachusetts1 has in preparation a    
complete edition of the works of the    
learned and renowned ,mr4 ,thomas       
,shepherd1 who was the first minister in
 that town4 ,these works will fill      
several octavo volumes1 and we regard   
them as among the most valuable relics  
of the ,puritan age in ,new-,england4   
,we have had for several years the very 

rare but incomplete collection of them  
published by ,prince1 in #agdg4 ,dr4    
,albro will have some advantages in     
writing ,shepherd's biography1 which    
have not been enjoyed by others who have
 recently essayed that service4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,a new edition of ,the ,works of ,henry 
,fielding will be published in a few    
weeks by ,stringer  ,townsend4 ,monsieur
 de ,marivaux in ,france1 says ,bishop  
,warburton1 and ,henry ,fielding1 in    
,england1 stand the foremost among those
 who have given a faithful and chaste   
copy of life and manners1 and by        
enriching their romance with the best   
part of the comic art1 may be said to   
have brought it to perfection4 ,without 
attempting a defence of the impurities  
which may be found in the novels and    
descriptions of ,fielding1 it should not
 be forgotten that the language used1   
and the manners depicted were those of  
the age in which he lived1 and for which
 he wrote without further regard to     

posterity than as his would serve as    
records and illustrations of past times4
 ,in our admiration of a new school of  
comic writers1 many may have forgotten  
this prose ,homer of human nature1 and  
it will not be an unpleasing or         
profitless task for any to review and   
compare ,fielding and ,smollet with     
,dickens1 ,lever1 ,thackeray and others 
now living1 who have attempted in the   
same manner to add to the general       
happiness4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,the ,theory of ,human     
,progression1 and ,natural ,probability 
of a ,reign of ,justice1 a work which   
has received much attention in ,england1
 has just been republished by ,b4 ,b4   
,mussey  ,co41 of ,boston4 ,the author  
says1 ,the truth ,i endeavor to         
inculcate is--,that ,credence rules the 
world--that credence determines the     
condition and fixes the destiny of      
nations--that true credence must ever   
entail with it a correct and beneficial 
system of society1 while false credence 

must ever be accompanied by despotism1  
anarchy1 and wrong--that before a nation
 can change its condition1 it must      
change its credence2 that change of     
credence will of necessity be           
accompanied sooner or later by change of
 condition3 and consequently1 that true 
credence1 or in other words knowledge1  
is the only means by which man can work 
out his well being and ameliorate his   
condition on the globe4 ,the author1 who
 appears to be familiar in some way with
 the writings of ,comte1 is             
unquestionably a man of abilities1 and  
the work is in some respects eminently  
suggestive2 but it has not escaped      
severe criticism in some of the         
theological and philosophical journals4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,mr4 ,,bartlett',s ,nile ,boat1 or      
,glimpses of the ,land of ,egypt1 has   
been republished in a beautiful large   
octavo by the ,harpers4 ,the well-known 
author aims at affording a few distinct 
and lively impressions1 by pencil and   

pen1 of the more interesting objects on 
the banks of the ,nile1 with such       
historical and archaeological           
explanation as may satisfy the reader   
without confusing him with redundant    
details4 ,exaggeration has been         
studiously avoided1 and accuracy        
studied1 and the illustrations have been
 copied from original sketches taken on 
the spot4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,dr4 ,,kitto',s very       
valuable ,daily ,bible ,illustrations   
have been published by ,messrs4 ,carter 
in four small octavo volumes4 ,the      
entire work is to consist of eight      
volumes1 and will comprise a series of  
original readings on selected passages  
of ,scripture1 illustrative of the      
history1 biography1 geography1          
antiquities1 and theology of the ,bible4
 ,the subjects are arranged so as to    
extend over two years' daily reading4   
,while specially designed for the family
 circle1 to the youthful members of     
which the illustrations will render the 

,scripture histories particularly       
agreeable1 the work is characterized by 
a degree of scholarship and ability that
 will make it eminently entertaining and
 instructive to even the best informed  
general reader4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,the ,early ,life 
and ,first ,campaigns of ,napoleon1 with
 a ,history of the ,bonaparte ,family1  
and a ,review of ,french ,politics1 to  
the year #agif1 by ,b4 ,p4 ,,poore1 has 
been published by ,ticknor  ,co4 of     
,boston1 and will be continued in       
several parts1 completing the life of   
the ,emperor4 ,mr4 ,poore while residing
 in ,europe as the ,historical ,agent of
 ,massachusetts1 collected many         
important documents illustrating his    
subject1 and he will undoubtedly succeed
 in producing not only a very           
interesting biography1 but a            
comparatively original one4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,mr4     
,,george ,,taylor1 a young lawyer who   
has distinguished himself in his        

profession1 is the author of a clever   
book1 entitled ,indications of the      
,creator1 or the ,natural ,evidences of 
a ,final ,cause4 7,charles ,scribner47  
,mr4 ,taylor takes the side of the      
,christian ,religion1 and of the real   
against the sham student of nature1 in a
 reviewal of the general subject1 in    
astronomy1 geology1 comparative         
physiology1 and natural geography4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,history of ,pontiac1 which1 while 
in press1 several weeks ago1 we noticed 
at considerable length in this magazine1
 has since been published by ,little    
,brown of ,boston1 and ,bentley of      
,london1 and by the common consent of   
the reviewers it places ,mr4 ,,parkman  
among our most able and pleasing        
historians4 ,certainly no subject of its
 kind has hitherto been treated with as 
much felicity4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,the beautiful    
edition of the ,works of ,thomas ,de    
,quincey1 which ,ticknor  ,co4 have for 

some time been publishing in ,boston1   
will soon be completed1 and the eight or
 ten duodecimos which it will comprise  
will be added to as many libraries as   
are owned by persons of a genuine       
appreciation in literature4 ,they have  
never before appeared collectively4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,mrs4 7,fanny ,forester7 ,,judson has   
been several weeks in ,england1 on her  
way via the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 to the
 ,united ,states4 ,she is in better     
health than she had been during the last
 year of her residence in the ,east4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,an octavo volume has just been         
published in ,philadelphia under the    
title of ,the ,female ,prose ,writers of
 ,america1 with ,portraits1             
,biographical ,notices1 and ,specimens  
of their ,writings1 by ,,john ,s4       
,,hart1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,the book is beneath  
criticism1 and we will dismiss it very  
briefly after demonstrating the truth of
 this statement4 ,we have scarcely ever 

seen so melancholy an illustration of   
incompetence for a task voluntarily     
assumed4 ,it appears that to every woman
 whose name he had ever seen in print   
,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,hart sent nearly a year 
ago a circular from which the following 
paragraphs are extracts3       ,authors 
interested in having their merits placed
 on a      proper footing before the    
public1 will contribute important       
facilities to the accomplishment of this
 end by furnishing      me with         
information in regard to the following  
particulars3       #a4 ,the name in full
 7the middle name1 as well as the first 
and last71 and written carefully so as  
to prevent misprints4       #b4 ,date of
 birth1 where there is no objection4    
#f4 ,extracts4--,indicate any passages1 
amounting in all to      five or six    
octavo pages1 that1 in the opinion of   
the author      or her friends1 may be  
taken as fair specimens of her style4   
,the passages should be such as are     
complete in themselves1      and contain

 something of general interest4         
#h4 ,critiques and commendatory         
notices4--,well-written      critiques  
upon the author's style or writings1    
whether      published or unpublished1  
will be acceptable4 ,in almost          
every case1 probably1 articles of this  
kind have been      published1 or exist 
in manuscript1 or may be written for    
the occasion by those entirely          
acquainted with the      subject1 and if
 forwarded would furnish the present    
editor      the most reliable means of  
doing full justice in each              
particular case4  ,the sort of criticism
 which the volume contains may easily be
 inferred1 as may be the class of       
literary women who would take any notice
 of an application conceived in a spirit
 so offensive to delicacy and common    
self-respect4 ,accounts of the writings 
of ,miss ,sedgwick1 ,mrs4 ,kirkland1    
,mrs4 ,oakes ,smith1 ,mrs4 ,sigourney1  
,miss ,mc,intosh1 ,margaret ,fuller1 and
 a few more1 were to be found in a      

well-known book published in the same   
city1 and of course therefore are       
included1 but to show how ignorant the  
author is of the field he attempts to   
survey1 let us place in one column some 
of the names he has altogether omitted1 
and in another an equal number from     
among those he has inserted4  ,names    
omitted4                ,dr4 ,hart's    
,female ,prose ,writers4 ,,mrs4         
,,robinson1 ,talvi4               ,sarah
 ,hall1 ,,mrs4 ,,richard ,k4 ,,haight1  
,sarah ,h4 ,browne1 ,,mrs4 ,,wm4 ,c4    
,,rives1                    ,maria      
,j4,b4 ,browne1 ,,mrs4 ,t4,j4 ,,conant1 
,elizabeth ,larcombe1 ,,emma ,,willard1 
,clara ,moore1 ,f4 ,,wright             
,d',,arusmont1                 ,ann ,e4 
,porter1 ,,catherine ,e4 ,,beecher1     
,ann ,t4 ,wilbur1 ,,anna ,,cora         
,,mowatt1                     ,eliza ,l4
 ,sproat1 ,,eliza ,,buckminster ,,lee1  
,e4 ,w4 ,barnes1 ,,elizabeth ,p4        
,,peabody1                 ,caroline    
,orne1 ,,eliza ,l4 ,,follen1            

,caroline ,may1 ,,maria ,,brooks1       
,julia ,c4,r4 ,dorr1 ,,sarah ,,helen    
,,whitman1                  ,mary ,e4   
,morange1 ,,miss ,h4 ,,lee1             
,mary ,elizabeth ,lee1 ,,mrs4 ,,putnam1 
,elizabeth ,bogart1 ,,mrs4 ,,southworth1
                      ,mary ,j4 ,windle1
 ,,miss ,a4 ,e4 ,,dupuy1                
,frances ,b4 ,m4 ,brotherson1 ,,miss    
,,alice ,,carey1 c4 c41            c4 c4
  ,of the persons named in the second   
column we believe not one has the       
slightest claim to be mentioned in a    
survey of the compositions of the       
,female ,prose ,writers of ,america4 ,it
 is not unlikely that some of them have 
capacities for literature1 but if so the
 public has no sufficient proof of it4  
,on the other hand1 see whose places    
they occupy4  ,mrs4 ,robinson and       
,madame d',arusmont were born in        
,europe1 but this fact could not have   
influenced ,dr4 ,hart1 who has given a  
conspicuous place to ,miss ,caroline    
,may1 an ,englishwoman1 who has been in 

this country less than a quarter as long
 as either of these distinguished       
persons4 ,mrs4 ,robinson is the wife of 
our great orientalist1 and is herself   
one of the most learned women in the    
world2 she has distinguished herself in 
,american history1 in romance1 and in   
criticism1 beyond almost any writer of  
her sex4 ,the authoress of ,a ,few ,days
 in ,athens1 must certainly be regarded 
as one of the most able literary women  
of this age1 whatever may be thought of 
some of her principles4 ,mrs4 ,haight is
 well known by two of the most brilliant
 volumes of travels ever published by   
the ,harpers4 ,mrs4 ,rives 7wife of our 
minister to ,france71 in her ,tales and 
,souvenirs of a ,residence in ,europe   
7published by ,lea and ,blanchard71 and 
in other writings1 displays abilities   
that make her right to recognition in   
such a work unquestionable4 ,mrs4       
,conant 7wife of the eminent ,hebrew    
professor7 is a woman of great and      
varied erudition1 and ranks1 generally1 

with ,mrs4 ,robinson4 ,mrs4 ,willard is 
universally known by her valuable       
writings on education1 in history1 and  
in science1 and by her interesting      
,journal of a ,residence in ,europe4    
,catherine ,e4 ,beecher1 the authoress  
of ,letters on the ,difficulties of     
,religion1 we believe is regarded as one
 of the ablest of the celebrated family 
to which she belongs1 and as having the 
most profound and masculine intelligence
 exhibited in contributions made by her 
countrywomen to literature4 ,mrs4       
,mowatt is entitled to a high rank among
 our female novelists4 ,mrs4 ,lee1 by   
her lives of ,jean ,paul and the        
,buckminsters and the ,old ,painters1   
her novel of ,naomi or ,boston ,two     
,hundred ,years ,ago1 and other works1  
is omitted with about as much reason as 
the ,prince of ,denmark might be from   
,hamlet4 ,another lady of this name1 the
 authoress of ,the ,huguenots1 ,the     
,three ,experiments of ,living1 ,the    
,life and ,times of ,luther1 c41 we     

believe has done more good by her       
writings than any other woman in        
,america1 and for literary abilities she
 is entitled to distinguished praise4   
,miss ,peabody is too well known by her 
essays in ,a,esthetics to need          
characterization4 ,mrs4 ,follen is one  
of the best known1 and most esteemed    
female writers of the time4 ,mrs4       
,brooks's ,idomen1 a ,tale of the ,vale 
of ,yumuri1 is an exquisite production1 
which alone would preserve the name of  
,maria del ,occidente in the lists of   
illustrious women4 ,mrs4 ,whitman is a  
writer of remarkable acuteness and      
richness1 as is shown by her essays on  
the ,transcendental ,philosophy4 ,mrs4  
,putnam 7a sister of ,james ,russell    
,lowell71 is distinguished not more for 
that masterly controversy which she     
carried on last summer with the ,north  
,american ,review1 respecting the       
,revolutions in ,northern ,europe1 than 
for that extensive and varied learning1 
among the fruits of which were the first

 ,american translations of ,swedish and 
,danish literature1 including some of   
the novels of ,miss ,bremer4 ,mrs4      
,southworth1 by her ,deserted ,wife1    
,mother-in-law1 c41 appears to have     
acquired a larger share of popularity   
than is enjoyed by any of her female    
,american contemporaries4 ,miss ,a4 ,e4 
,dupuy1 authoress of ,the ,conspirator  
7lately published by the ,appletons71   
has won praise from eminent critics in  
the same department4 ,miss ,alice       
,carey1 by her ,ill-starred1 and other  
novelettes1 has evinced the possession  
of such genius as entitles her to a     
place in the very highest rank of our   
literary women4 ,and who that knows any 
thing of ,american literature forgets   
,mrs4 ,sedgwick1 who wrote ,allen       
,prescott2 or ,mrs4 ,louisa ,j4 ,hall1  
who wrote ,joanna of ,naples8  ,we think
 we have shown that ,dr4 ,john ,s4 ,hart
 knows nothing about ,the ,female ,prose
 ,writers of ,america4 ,our readers     
certainly can judge for themselves2 but 

to us the selection of the persons who  
are named in the second of the above    
columns1 to the exclusion of those whose
 names are in the first column1 would   
seem to be an elaborate quiz1 if the    
manner of the thing did not evince a    
genuine earnestness of purpose4 ,we     
might have dismissed the book with half 
a dozen lines1 but when we have occasion
 to condemn any performance thus        
decidedly1 we think it but fair to prove
 the justice of our judgment4         99
       99       99       99       99  ,a
 second edition of ,,mrs4 ,,lee',s      
,memoirs of the ,rev4 ,joseph           
,buckminster1 ,d4,d41 and of his ,son1  
the ,rev4 ,joseph ,stevens ,buckminster1
 has just been issued by ,ticknor1 ,reed
  ,fields1 of ,boston4 ,in the religious
 and literary history of this country   
there have been few more interesting    
characters than the ,buckminsters1 and  
this volume of their memoirs is very    
judiciously and tastefully written4     
,mrs4 ,lee began her task in an attempt 

to furnish some materials respecting her
 father1 and brother1 for the ,rev4 ,dr4
 ,sprague1 of ,albany1 who has been     
several years engaged on a work to be   
entitled ,annals of the ,american       
,pulpit1 or ,biographical ,notices of   
,eminent ,american ,clergymen1 of       
various ,denominations4         99      
99       99       99       99  ,a very  
elegant edition of the ,moral           
,reflections1 ,sentences and ,maxims1 of
 ,,rochefoucauld1 has been published by 
the well-known bibliopole1 ,mr4 ,gowan1 
of ,fulton-street4 ,the wise ,french    
worldling maintains still a precedence  
of all the writers of his class1 and    
such an impression of his master-work   
will increase his audience4         99  
99       99       99       99  ,among   
the new works announced by ,mr4 ,hart of
 ,philadelphia is the ,principles of    
,organic ,chemistry1 by ,dr4 ,,carl     
,,loewig1 professor of ,chemistry in the
 ,university of ,zurich1 translated by  
,david ,breed1 ,m4,d41 of ,new-,york4   

99       99       99       99       99  
,in a brief and hastily written         
paragraph in the last ,international1 we
 referred to a novel by ,,dr4           
,,huntington1 as ,alice1 or the         
,mysteries1 instead of ,alice1 or the   
,new ,una1--a mistake which any reader  
of ordinary intelligence1 who had ever  
seen the work in question1 might easily 
have corrected4 ,the character of the   
literary performances of ,dr4           
,huntington is such as to justify some  
curiosity respecting his personal       
history1 and in too carelessly          
attempting to give it1 we fell into some
 errors1 which he corrects in a letter  
to the ,courier and ,enquirer1 saying-- 
,the novel of ,alice1 or the ,mysteries1
 ,i did not write1      although ,i am  
forced to admit that it 'displayed a    
great      deal of talent as well as a  
very peculiar morality2' 7indeed        
its morality ,i never did quite         
approve7--,i never was a      village   
doctor--,i never was a ,congregational  

minister--and ,i      am not now a      
,catholic priest4  ,we may amend our    
statement thus3 ,dr4 ,huntington is the 
author of a work entitled1 ,alice1 or   
the ,new ,una1 which was very commonly  
regarded as the most licentious         
publication of its season2 we understand
 that in his youth he was somewhat      
remarkable for the grimness of his      
,calvinism2 that while a                
,congregationalist he became a doctor in
 medicine2 that he afterwards took      
orders in the ,episcopal church2 that he
 left that church to enter a society of 
,roman ,catholics2 and that it was      
rumored soon after that he had become a 
priest1 but1 it is now understood1 was  
prevented by disqualifying domestic     
relations4 ,we admit that our paragraph 
had some little inaccuracies1 but       
certainly they are more easy of         
explanation than ,dr4 ,huntington's     
intimation in his letter of ,july to the
 ,london ,morning ,chronicle that the   
author of ,alban and ,alice is a        

clergyman of the ,protestant ,episcopal 
,church6         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,harper  ,,brothers have  
just published ,forest ,life and ,forest
 ,trees1 by ,g4 ,s4 ,springer1 of       
,boston2 ,judge ,haliburton's recent    
work on ,america which we noticed last  
month2 and ,lamartine's ,restoration of 
the ,monarchy in ,france1 the most      
brilliant1 superficial and false        
production of a writer never remarkable 
for depth or conscience4 ,they have in  
press a new volume of ,mr4 ,hildreth's  
capital ,history of the ,united ,states2
 ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,r4 ,james's ,lectures on 
,civilization1 delivered in various     
parts of the country last winter2       
,sixteen ,months in the ,gold ,diggings1
 by ,daniel ,b4 ,woods2 ,wesley and     
,methodism1 by ,isaac ,taylor2 ,the     
,fifteen ,decisive ,battles of the      
,world1 by ,professor ,creasy2 new      
volumes of ,memoirs of ,dr4 ,chalmers   
and ,miss ,strickland's ,lives of the   
,queens of ,scotland2 and several new   

,english and ,american novels4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,a very interesting handbook of ,london1
 somewhat different from any work of the
 kind yet published1 is soon to appear  
in this city under the title of         
,memories of the ,great ,metropolis1    
profusely illustrated with wood         
engravings1 and with a higher literary  
finish than is common in such           
performances4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,the ,rev4 ,dr4   
,,henry ,a4 ,,boardman1 of              
,philadelphia1 one of the wise1 learned 
and faithful divines by whom is         
preserved the best reputation of the    
best vocation1 has just published       
7,lippincott1 ,grambo1  ,co47 a volume  
of discourses entitled1 ,the ,bible in  
the ,family1 or ,hints on ,domestic     
,happiness4 ,it is quite aside1 and     
evidently was intended to be1 from the  
usual routine1 though not beyond the    
legitimate domain of the pulpit4 ,we    
have treatises on the relative duties1  

but no book1 we believe1 of this        
sort--not a treatise1--which is adapted 
to ,american society4 ,dr4 ,boardman's  
work is attractive for its original and 
striking observation and scholarly      
finish as a piece of literature1 while  
calculated to be eminently useful for   
its illustrations of practical religion4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,among the novelties about to be    
issued from the press of ,mr4 ,redfield1
 of ,clinton ,hall1 is a series of      
,portraits or ,biographies by ,,arsene  
,,houssaye1 of the men and women of the 
eighteenth century1 comprising the      
philosophers1 poets1 artists--indeed all
 who lent a grace to or stamped their   
impress on the long and desolate reign  
of ,louis ,quinze4 ,they are executed   
with a firm hand and possess the        
brilliant coloring of fiction1 without  
deviating from historic truth4 ,it is   
the only work that gives a just idea of 
the gay1 witty and dissipated society   
that existed in ,france previous to the 

,revolution1 and was one of the causes  
of that event4 ,mr4 ,redfield also      
announces ,the ,ladies of the ,covenant1
 a series of interesting biographical   
illustrations of the religious history  
of ,scotland1 by the ,rev4 ,,james      
,,anderson2 ,sorcery and ,magic1 by     
,,thomas ,,wright1 of the ,shakspeare   
and ,percy societies2 and a volume of   
,tales and ,sketches1 by ,miss          
,,caroline ,,chesebro4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,there is
 in the possession of descendants of    
,,jonathan ,,edwards a ,,ms4 volume of  
,discourses on ,christian ,love1 in his 
own handwriting4 ,the paper looks dingy1
 but the writing is regular and clear4  
,it is now being transcribed1 and will  
be published during the autumn by       
,robert ,carter  ,brothers4 ,the same   
house have in the press ,lectures on the
 ,evidences of ,christianity1 delivered 
at the ,university of ,virginia1 during 
the ,session of #ahej-ea1 among the     
contributors to which are the ,rev4     

,drs4 ,alexander1 ,breckenridge1        
,plumer1 ,mc,gill1 ,rice1 ,sampson1     
,ruffner1 c4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,the              
,knickerbocker has recently contained   
several chapters under the title of ,the
 ,sketch ,book of ,me1 ,meister ,karl1  
which have the best quality of ,rabelais
 and ,sterne4 ,we have heard them       
attributed to ,mr4 ,,charles ,g4        
,,leland1 of ,philadelphia--one of the  
youngest of our authors1 and one of the 
finest scholars and rarest humorists of 
this time1 ,we believe ,pennsylvania has
 no other son or citizen who gives      
fairer promise of distinction in        
letters4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,,isaac ,,taylor',s        
,elements of ,thought1 a concise        
,explanation of the ,principal ,terms   
employed in the several branches of     
,intellectual ,philosophy1 has been     
published by ,w4 ,gowans1 from the ninth
 ,london edition4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,mr4 ,,carlyle',s 

,life of ,john ,stirling is in the press
 of ,phillips  ,sampson of ,boston1 and 
will soon be issued4 ,from the same     
house we are to have ,memoirs of ,sarah 
,margaret ,fuller1 ,marchesa d' ,ossoli1
 edited by ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson and   
,william ,h4 ,channing2 and a new and   
very beautiful edition of ,robinson     
,crusoe1 with new illustrations4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,american annuals for the present  
season are not very numerous4 ,mr4      
,walker1 of ,fulton-street1 has         
published ,the ,odd ,fellow's ,offering1
 which contains excellent contributions 
by ,mr4 ,simms1 ,mr4 ,saunders1 ,mrs4   
,hewitt1 ,mrs4 ,kirkland1 ,mrs4         
,kimball1 ,mrs4 ,oakes ,smith1 and other
 writers2 and ,lippencott1 ,grambo      
,co41 of ,philadelphia1 have published  
the handsomest book of its class for the
 year1 in ,the ,iris1 with unique and   
beautiful illustrations from drawings by
 ,captain ,eastman1 ,u4,s4,a41 whose    
wife writes a large portion of the      

contents4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,vagamundo1 or the ,attache
 in ,spain1 by ,,john ,e4 ,,warren1 is a
 very delightful book illustrative of   
society1 scenery1 c41 in old1 renowned1 
romantic ,spain1 where the author was   
attached to the ,american legation4 ,as 
,mr4 ,warren while abroad was a         
correspondent of ,the ,international1 it
 may be suspected that we have some     
prejudice in his favor--which indeed is 
very true--and therefore we inform our  
readers that of the ,english edition of 
this work1 and of the ,american edition1
 all the critics have given such        
opinions as delight an author and bring 
money to his publisher4 ,mr4 ,warren is 
the author of ,para1 or ,scenes and     
,adventures on the ,banks of the        
,amazon1 lately published by ,putnam4   
,it is his vocation to travel and make  
books1 as these two performances very   
plainly show4 7,charles ,scribner47     
99       99       99       99       99  
,mr4 ,,charles ,,astor ,,bristed1 whose 

very clever sketches of ,american       
,society we have copied from month to   
month from ,fraser's ,magazine1 has in  
the press of ,putnam a work entitled    
,five ,years in an ,english ,university4
 ,mr4 ,putnam has in press also ,the    
,shield1 by ,miss ,,fenimore ,,cooper1  
and ,the ,monuments of ,central and     
,western ,america1 by ,dr4 ,,hawks1     
besides several beautiful souvenir      
volumes1 for the coming holidays1 which 
embrace contributions by the best       
authors and artists of the country4     
,mr4 ,,simms1 has just published 7by ,a4
 ,hart71 a new novel under the title of 
,catherine ,walton1 which is equal to   
his best productions4 ,the scene is in  
,south ,carolina1 during the            
,revolution4     ,the ,fine ,arts4      
,,paul ,,delaroche',s picture of ,marie 
,antoinette is to be engraved on a large
 scale4 ,delaroche has represented the  
unfortunate ,autrichienne descending the
 stairs from the terrible tribunal which
 pronounced her death-sentence4 ,she is 

attired in black1 with a white scarf    
round her shoulders4 ,a singular but    
striking effect1 which the painter has  
rendered with habitual felicity1 is the 
altered color of her hair1 which is said
 to have turned white4 ,the artist has  
shown the alteration1 by a few stray    
auburn locks1 blanched at the root4 ,in 
the background is represented the mob   
which greeted with execrations the widow
 ,capet on the morning of the #aeth     
,october1 #agic4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,the ,print of the
 ,london ,art-,union for the current    
year is from one of ,mr4 ,frith's       
pictures1 ,an ,english ,merry-making in 
the ,olden ,time1 engraved by ,holt1 so 
carefully as to bring out every detail  
and shade of character in the original  
with the greatest fidelity and spirit4  
,the merry-making consists mainly in the
 performance1 beneath some noble trees1 
of the old country-dance of ,sir ,roger 
de ,coverley1 by a party of rustics4 ,a 
couple of lovers are seated in the      

foreground1 and close by them is a group
 of merry damsels hauling a jolly old   
farmer to the dance1 while the dame     
encourages their attack4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,a few   
friends of the poet ,motherwell1 of     
,glasgow1 have just erected a beautiful 
monument to him in that city4 ,it is the
 work of ,mr4 ,fillans1 a friend of the 
deceased1 and is in the form of a small 
,gothic temple1 consisting of a         
quadrangular pediment of solid masonry1 
supporting a light dome on four pillars2
 the dome being decorated with carvings 
of shields and fleurs de lis4 ,in the   
space between the pillars is a          
sarcophagus1 on which is placed a       
termini bust of the poet4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,the     
,german ,painter ,,winterhalter1 whose  
pencil is mainly dedicated to courtly   
chronicles and countenances1 has just   
completed another of his numerous royal 
family groups4 ,it represents the ,duke 
of ,wellington in the act of offering an

 affectionate souvenir to his little    
godson ,prince ,arthur1 on the occasion 
of his first birth-day anniversary4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,the ,count de ,,thun1 a distinguished  
,austrian painter1 and ,m4 ,ruben1      
director of the ,royal ,academy of the  
,fine ,arts in ,prague1 have been       
commissioned by the ,austrian government
 to examine into the several            
organizations of the schools of the arts
 of design in ,england1 ,france1 and    
,germany1 with a view to propose such   
ameliorations as the examination may    
suggest in the various schools of       
,austria4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,in the closing weeks of   
the ,great ,exhibition in ,london1      
several chef-d'oeuvres of art have been 
received1 and among them one by the     
celebrated ,dutch sculptor1 ,van der    
,ven1 representing the ,temptation of   
,eve4 ,it attracts a great deal of      
attention4 ,the treatment of the subject
 is bold and original1 the form of the  

first woman being developed with        
freedom1 grace1 and life-like effect4   
,one of its chief excellencies is1 that 
in its composition there is no trace of 
that disposition to borrow from the     
classic styles of antiquity1 instead of 
relying upon nature1 which so often     
detracts from the merit of modern       
sculpture4 ,mr4 ,spense1 an ,english    
artist at ,rome1 has also lately        
contributed a statue of ,burns's        
,highland ,mary1 which is much admired4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,mr4 ,,ruskin has published a new      
pamphlet entitled ,pre-,raphaelitism1 in
 which nature1 and not the critical     
writers1 the applauded models of the    
day1 or tradition1 is declared the only 
true guide to excellence in art2 and all
 modern art is held to be depraved in   
taste1 as it were1 an arid desert1 in   
which he endeavors to set up two        
landmarks1 ,john ,everett1 ,millais1 and
 ,joseph ,mallord ,turner4 ,between     
these two poles stand ,william ,hunt1   

who paints still life2 ,samuel ,prout1  
of street architecture renown2 ,john    
,lewis1 the harem-scene delineator2 and 
finally1 ,mulready and ,landseer4 ,the  
essay is keenly reviewed in the         
,athenaeum1 ,times1 c41 but is admitted 
by all to be characteristically         
eloquent4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,the ,american ,art-,union 
opened its galleries on ,monday evening1
 ,september #bb4 ,the collection of     
pictures we understand is unusually     
good4 ,the occasion was one of much good
 feeling and enjoyment4 ,speeches were  
made by the ,president of the           
,art-,union1 by ,mr4 ,conrad1 ,secretary
 of ,war1 by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,osgood1 ,parke 
,godwin1 ,c4 ,a4 ,dana1 ,mr4 ,thompson  
of the ,southern ,literary ,messenger1  
,judge ,campbell1 ,general ,wetmore1 and
 several other gentlemen4         99    
99       99       99       99           
,,powers',s celebrated statue of ,,eve1 
which was lost off ,cape ,palos in ,may1
 #ahej1 arrived in ,new-,york a few days

 ago1 in the ,british schooner ,volo1   
from ,carthagena1 not having sustained  
any material injury4 ,a letter from ,mr4
 ,powers respecting this statue was     
printed in the last number of ,the      
,international4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,,mr4 ,,leutze1   
after a long absence from this country1 
has returned1 bringing with him his     
greatest work1 ,washington ,crossing the
 ,delaware1 which will soon be exhibited
 at the ,stuyvesant ,institute4 ,mr4    
,leutze was received with great applause
 at the late meeting of the ,art-,union4
     ,historical ,review of the ,month4 
,in the ,,united ,,states1 since our    
last publication1 no events have        
occupied more attention than the great  
,agricultural ,state ,fair which was    
held recently at ,rochester1 and of     
which we shall give a particular        
account1 illustrated with numerous      
engravings1 in our next number2 and the 
,railroad ,festival at ,boston1 which   
was held at the same time4 ,at the      

latter were present the ,president of   
the ,united ,states1 the ,secretary of  
,state1 and other members of the        
,cabinet1 the ,governor-,general of     
,canada1 his ,aids and ,cabinet1 the    
principal members of the ,canadian      
,parliament1 and the leading merchants  
in the ,canadian cities1 the ,governors 
of ,new ,england states1 the ,presidents
 of the railways in ,new ,england1 the  
,mayors of the cities of ,new ,england  
and many other influential persons      
interested in railways and steam        
navigation4 ,speeches were made by the  
,president of the ,united ,states1 by   
,lord ,elgin1 ,daniel ,webster1 ,edward 
,everett1 and many others1 and the      
occasion was altogether one of the most 
brilliant and satisfactory of its kind  
ever known in this country4  ,on the    
#ajth of ,september ,mr4 ,gorsuch1 a    
citizen of ,maryland1 accompanied by    
several officers and other persons1     
proceeded from ,philadelphia to         
,christiana1 near ,lancaster1 for the   

purpose of arresting two negroes claimed
 under a law of the ,united ,states as  
fugitive slaves4 ,in order to resist the
 execution of the law the negroes of the
 vicinity rallied to the number of      
seventy or eighty1 armed themselves with
 guns1 and fired on the party of whites1
 killing ,mr4 ,gorsuch1 and mortally    
wounding his son4 ,the negroes were also
 considerably injured by a discharge    
from revolvers by the party with the    
officers4 ,it appears from a statement  
published by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,gorsuch1 a 
son of the claimant of the negroes1 that
 a conspiracy was planned beforehand1 to
 resist the officers of the law in the  
execution of their duty2 and that it was
 not confined to the negroes1 but was   
apparently under the guidance and       
control of whites4 ,mr4 ,gorsuch says   
that while the officers were awaiting   
the decision of the blacks1 a white man 
rode up2 that his presence seemed to    
inspire the negroes with renewed        
hostility2 that he refused1 when        

summoned1 to aid the officers1 and      
threatened them with bloodshed if they  
persisted in executing the law4 ,it is  
further alleged that it was after       
receiving some communication from this  
person that the negroes rushed on the   
officers and killed ,mr4 ,gorsuch4      
,since then a correspondence on the     
subject has been held between the       
national executive and the executives of
 the states of ,maryland and            
,pennsylvania4 ,the slaves have not been
 recovered1 but many arrests have been  
made of persons charged with conspiracy 
to prevent the execution of the laws1   
and with treason4  ,the ,free ,soil     
party of ,massachusetts1 at a ,state    
,convention1 held ,sept4 #af1 nominated 
for ,governor1 ,john ,g4 ,palfrey1 and  
for ,lieutenant-,governor1 ,amasa       
,walker4 ,the nomination for ,governor  
was first tendered to ,stephen ,c4      
,phillips1 of ,salem1 who declined4 ,the
 democrats held their ,state ,convention
 on the #bfth of ,august4 ,they passed  

resolutions decidedly in favor of the   
,union1 and against all anti-national   
and anti-sectional agitation4 ,george   
,s4 ,boutwell was nominated for         
,governor1 and ,henry ,w4 ,cushman for  
,lieutenant-,governor1 and ,charles ,g4 
,greene1 ,henry ,h4 ,childs1 and ,isaac 
,davis1 were appointed delegates to the 
,national ,democratic ,convention1 which
 was recommended to be holden at        
,baltimore in ,may1 #aheb4 ,the ,whig   
,state ,convention was held at          
,springfield on the #ajth of ,september 
and1 on the first ballot1 ,robert ,c4   
,winthrop was nominated as their        
candidate for ,governor1 and ,george    
,grinnell as their candidate for        
,lieutenant-,governor4 ,the proceedings 
were very harmonious1 and the address of
 the chairman1 and the resolutions      
passed by the convention1 were of a     
strong national and ,union character4   
,edward ,everett1 ,george ,ashmun1 and  
,seth ,sprague1 were chosen delegates   
from the ,state at large to the         

,national ,whig ,convention4  ,in       
,new-,york the ,whig ,state ,convention 
assembled at ,syracuse on the #aath of  
,september4 ,george ,w4 ,patterson1 was 
nominated for ,controller2 ,james ,m4   
,cook1 for ,treasurer2 ,samuel ,a4      
,foote1 for ,judge of the ,court of     
,appeals2 ,james ,c4 ,forsyth1 for      
,secretary of ,state2 ,daniel ,ullmann1 
,jr41 for ,attorney-,general2 ,henry    
,fitzhugh1 for ,canal ,commissioner2 and
 ,a4 ,h4 ,wells1 for ,state ,prison     
,inspector4 ,resolutions were adopted1  
declaring that the proceeding of the two
 ,whig ,state ,committees at ,albany1   
for the union and co-operation of the   
party1 was the result of honorable and  
patriotic devotion to the ,constitution1
 and for the best interests of the whole
 people1 and that it is adopted and     
approved by this ,convention2 and       
pledging the whigs to the most liberal  
conduct in the matter of internal       
improvements4 ,the ,democratic          
,convention met at the same place on the

 tenth4 ,resolutions were adopted       
reaffirming the principles avowed in the
 resolutions adopted by the ,state      
,convention held at the same place last 
year4 ,the following persons were       
nominated for the several state offices3
 ,john ,c4 ,wright1 for ,controller2    
,henry ,s4 ,randall1 for ,secretary of  
,state2 ,levi ,s4 ,chatfield1 for       
,attorney-,general2 ,benjamin ,welch1   
,jr41 for ,treasurer2 ,horace ,wheaton1 
for ,canal ,commissioner2 ,w4 ,j4       
,m',alpine1 for ,state ,engineer2       
,general ,storms1 for ,inspector of     
,state ,prisons2 and ,a4 ,s4 ,johnson1  
for ,judge of the ,court of ,appeals4   
,the ,maryland ,whig ,state ,convention 
at ,baltimore1 ,september #agth1        
nominated1 with great unanimity1 the    
following ,state ticket3 ,for           
,controller of the ,treasury1 ,george   
,c4 ,morgan2 ,lottery ,commissioner1 ,o4
 ,h4 ,hicks2 ,commissioner of the ,land 
,office1 ,george ,c4 ,brewer4 ,the      
,democrats1 at their ,state ,convention 

held at ,baltimore1 on the #abth1       
nominated ,philip ,francis ,thomas1 of  
,baltimore ,city1 for ,controller2      
,james ,murray1 of ,annapolis1 for      
,commissioner of the ,land ,office2     
,thomas ,r4 ,stewart1 of ,caroline1 for 
,lottery ,commissioner4  ,in ,virginia1 
an election for members of ,congress1   
under the old system and apportionment1 
takes place on the fourth ,thursday in  
the present month4 ,the question of the 
ratification of the new constitution is 
to be decided under the universal       
suffrage system1 on the same day4       
,members of the ,legislature are also to
 be elected1 according to the old       
apportionment2 but if the new           
constitution is ratified1 the           
legislative election is to be superseded
 by a new election1 under the new       
apportionment1 in ,december next4 ,at   
the same time1 a ,governor and          
,lieutenant-,governor c41 are to be     
elected2 and next spring1 the county    
officers will be chosen in another      

election2 after which the ,state        
elections will occur regularly from time
 to time4  ,in ,south ,carolina a large 
meeting was held at ,charleston1 on the 
#bhth of ,august1 in favor of           
co-operation between the slaveholding   
states1 and opposed to separate ,state  
,action for the purpose of resistance to
 the ,national ,government4 ,john       
,rutledge presided1 and in the list of  
other officers we find the names of many
 of the most distinguished citizens of  
the ,state4 ,our advices from           
,california1 to the #adth of ,august1   
are of a favorable character4 ,in ,san  
,francisco business is active in spite  
of the effects of the recent            
conflagration1 and the administration of
 justice is placed on a more substantial
 basis4 ,great activity prevails in the 
mining districts1 and the work of       
constructing canals on various          
gold-bearing streams is vigorously      
advancing4 ,accounts from ,utah         
represent the new territory in a        

prosperous condition1 with the exception
 of some slight ,indian difficulties4   
,the crops are unusually fine4 ,the     
emigrants for ,salt ,lake and ,oregon   
are progressing prosperously4 ,the      
,mormons have extended their settlements
 along the base of the mountains1       
northward1 and facing the ,great ,salt  
,lake1 ninety miles1 nearly to ,bear    
,river ferry4 ,they are fast taking up  
all the good land in the ,valley1 and   
are engaged in building a railroad to   
the mountain1 some seven or eight miles1
 on which to transport the materials for
 their great temple4 ,dr4 ,john ,m4     
,bernhisel has been chosen ,territorial 
,delegate to ,congress4  ,it has been   
stated that the ,survey of the ,mexican 
,boundary ,commission was progressing   
rapidly westward4 ,the astronomers and  
surveyors of the ,american and ,mexican 
,commissioners had joined forces1 and   
their advanced parties had reached a    
point thirty miles west of ,rio         
,mienlies4 ,the line was to run eight or

 ten miles south of ,cooks ,spring1 thus
 giving the ,united ,states the whole of
 the road to the ,copper ,mines1 and the
 only route which can be traversed by   
wagons4 ,we have later intelligence1    
that in consequence of a disagreement   
between the ,commissioners and the      
,surveyor1 the operations of the        
,commission are almost suspended4  ,dr4 
,gardner1 of fraudulent ,mexican claim  
notoriety1 has returned to ,washington1 
surrendered himself into the hands of   
the ,united ,states authorities1 and    
given bail in the sum of #dj1jjj to     
appear for trial at the ,december term4 
,senator ,chase1 of ,ohio1 has issued a 
manifesto in which he announces his     
intention to adhere to the platform and 
support the ticket of the ,ohio         
,democratic ,convention4 ,but the ground
 of this determination is1 that he      
considers the action of that            
,convention1 besides being acceptable on
 other topics1 as in effect indorsing   
the ,free ,soil doctrines4 ,john        

,mc,pherson ,berrien has declared his   
intention of acting with the ,union     
party4 ,gen4 ,quitman1 before the late  
election1 withdrew from the contest1 as 
the secession candidate for ,governor of
 ,mississippi4 ,the ,special ,convention
 of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church  
for the election of an ,assistant       
,bishop fur the ,diocese of ,illinois1  
was held at ,pekin1 ,sept4 #h1 and      
resulted in the election of ,dr4        
,whitehouse1 of ,new-,york4 ,the annual 
meeting of the ,american ,board of      
,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions   
was held at ,portland1 on the #ith day  
of ,september4 ,the ,president1         
,theodore ,frelinghuysen1 presided1 and 
the affairs of the society and its      
prospects1 were presented in several    
very interesting reports4  ,in the last 
number of this magazine1 we stated the  
failure of some ineffectual risings in  
,,cuba1 and supposed that the peace of  
that island was reestablished1 at least 
for a considerable period4 ,but1 about  

the end of ,august1 the country became  
exceedingly interested respecting the   
fate of the steamer ,pampero1 which1 it 
had become known1 had left ,new ,orleans
 with several hundred men1 under the    
command of ,general ,narciso ,lopez1    
with the intention of landing at some   
point on the ,cuban coast4 ,it          
afterwards was disclosed that the party1
 which consisted of #dhj men1 designed  
to go to the ,river ,st4 ,john1 and     
effect a junction with an artillery     
force which was waiting there1 and then 
land at some point in the central       
department2 but on touching at ,key     
,west for stores1 they were informed of 
a revolt of the ,vuelta de ,abajo1 and  
,lopez resolved to land in that         
district4 ,the party disembarked at the 
small town of ,morillos1 at two o'clock1
 on the morning of the #abth of ,august2
 and1 soon after1 ,general ,lopez sent a
 pronunciamento to ,los ,pazos1 in which
 he informed the inhabitants he was     
about to march on them1 and would give  

no quarter to any who did not join him4 
,being without means of transportation1 
he ordered ,colonel ,crittenden to      
remain and protect the baggage1 together
 with #ajjj musket cartridges1 #cjjj    
muskets1 and #gjj pounds of powder in   
kegs4 ,he told ,crittenden that he would
 send for him at ,los ,pazos1 and took  
with him #cbc men1 leaving #acj with    
,crittenden1 who1 at #aa o'clock that   
night1 started to rejoin him4 ,their    
advance was slow1 and on the morning of 
the #acth1 while eating breakfast1 they 
were surprised by a report of musketry1 
and the whistling of bullets1 from a    
body of the enemy1 who were repulsed    
with a loss of nine killed4 ,a short    
time after they repeated the attack4    
,crittenden charged1 and forced them to 
retreat to a chaparral1 from which1 as  
the invaders advanced1 they opened a    
destructive fire4 ,finding he could not 
maintain his position1 ,crittenden      
ordered a return1 and the enemy again   
advanced4 ,at this time1 he wished a    

small party to attain a position at the 
right flank of the enemy1 to charge from
 that side at the same moment he charged
 on the front4 ,lieutenants ,van        
,vechten and ,crafts1 with twenty men1  
volunteered1 and attained the position4 
,after remaining about half an hour1 and
 hearing nothing of ,crittenden1 they   
were compelled to retreat1 leaving their
 baggage and stores4 ,the next morning  
this party succeeded in joining ,lopez  
at ,los ,pazos1 half an hour before he  
marched from that place4 ,gen4 ,enna1   
commander of the ,spanish troops1       
immediately attacked ,lopez with #hjj   
men4 ,after a hard fight1 the enemy     
retreated1 leaving a large number 7among
 whom were several of their highest     
officers7 dead and wounded4 ,lopez lost 
in killed and wounded1 thirty men1 among
 whom were ,col4 ,dowzeman1 ,lieut4     
,laviseau1 killed2 ,gen4 ,pragay1       
,capts4 ,brigham and ,gonti1 mortally   
wounded4 ,on the morning of the #adth1  
,lopez marched into the mountains1 and  

on that day he was attacked by #ijj men4
 ,the action lasted three hours1 and the
 ,spaniards retreated with a large loss4
 ,at the moment that the ,spaniards     
retreated in one direction1 ,lopez      
issued an order to retreat in an        
opposite one1 and made a forced march of
 #ah miles in #e hours1 over a mountain 
road4 ,on the #aith1 being still in the 
mountains1 two leagues from ,bahia1 he  
was overtaken by a heavy rain storm1    
which destroyed the greater part of his 
ammunition1 and rendered the firearms   
entirely useless4 ,on the morning of the
 #bjth1 the sentry was surprised and    
shot1 and ,lopez was completely routed1 
flying to the mountains4 ,lopez escaped 
on horseback1 with nothing but what he  
wore4 ,he encamped on one of the        
mountains1 exposed to the violence of a 
terrific storm4 ,on the evening of the  
#bast1 having been forty-eight hours    
without food1 a horse was killed and    
divided among #abe men1 who were all    
that remained with him4 ,they wandered  

about until mid-day of the #bdth1 when a
 halt was ordered1 and on examination it
 was found that they had only #fj       
serviceable muskets1 and about #dj dry  
cartridges4 ,they commenced a retreat1  
when a force of #ijj charged on the     
party4 ,they dispersed1 threw away their
 arms1 and fled to the mountains2 seven 
men only remaining with ,lopez1 and a   
large number being overtaken and killed4
 ,lopez was taken with six of his men in
 the ,pinos de ,rangel2 his captors were
 ,jose ,antonio ,castaneda1 guide of a  
pursuing force1 and fifteen peasants of 
the country4 ,the capture took place on 
the #bith1 just seventeen days from his 
landing4 ,the news of it spread at once 
through the country1 and people began to
 flock into the camp to see the         
prisoners2 to avoid inconvenience1 ,col4
 ,ramon de ,lago1 who commanded the     
column1 conveyed them to ,havana by a   
night march4  ,the second day after     
being separated from ,lopez1 the party  
under ,colonel ,crittenden was captured 

by a detachment of ,spanish soldiers and
 carried into ,havana1 where1 on the    
sixteenth of ,august they were shot1 by 
order of the ,captain ,general4 ,very   
much exaggerated accounts of the        
circumstances attending their execution 
were circulated in the ,united ,states2 
and by forged letters respecting        
successes by the invaders1 adhesions to 
them by the people of the island1       
indignities to ,americans1 c41 it was   
sought to excite the public indignation 
so that further expeditions should be   
set on foot that would be altogether    
irresistible4 ,the party whose          
managements consisted of such systematic
 and persevering falsehood lost all its 
energy when news came of the capture of 
,lopez and the remnants of his army4 ,at
 seven o'clock on the morning of the    
first of ,september1 ,lopez was         
garroted--that being the ,spanish       
punishment for treason--in the presence 
of from eight to ten thousand troops4   
,brought from the prison he ascended the

 platform with a firm and steady step4  
,facing the multitude he made a short   
speech1 and his last words were1 ,i die 
for my beloved ,cuba4 ,he then took his 
seat--the machine was adjusted2 at the  
first twist of the screw his head       
dropped forward--and he was dead4 ,he   
was a brave man1 but of feeble          
capacities1 and the leading members of  
the ,cuban junta in the ,united ,states 
had no confidence in any movements      
subject to his direction4 ,a few of the 
prisoners taken about the time of the   
capture of ,lopez have been set at      
liberty1 and others have been           
transported to ,spain4 ,the result of   
the whole business shows that the bodies
 of the prisoners shot at ,havana with  
,crittenden and ,kerr1 were not         
mutilated nor anywise maltreated1 as had
 been stated1 but that the story that   
they had been was fabricated to excite  
indignation and procure reinforcements  
in this country2 that the invaders      
achieved no important success at any    

time1 beyond the killing of ,general    
,enna and the consequent repulse of the 
detachment led by him2 that they killed 
not more than two hundred of the        
,spaniards2 that they at no time were   
able to act on the offensive1 but fought
 for their lives from the first1 and    
were at length surprised and utterly    
routed2 that1 though they were landed in
 the very quarter of ,cuba where ,lopez 
was most likely to obtain aid1 yet they 
received none of any kind1 and were not 
joined by a single corporal's guard from
 the hour of their setting foot on the  
soil of ,cuba2 that the ,creoles1 or    
natives of ,cuba1 so far from affording 
them such aid as even cowards friendly  
to them might safely have done1 evinced 
the most active and deadly hostility    
throughout to the invaders and their    
cause4 ,we cannot doubt that they       
furnished the information which led to  
the surprise and route of ,lopez2 we    
know that they finally deceived1        
betrayed1 bound and delivered him to    

,concha4  ,the ,,canadian ,,parliament  
was prorogued by the ,governor-,general 
on ,saturday1 the #cjth of ,august1 to  
the #hth of ,october4 ,the royal speech 
represents the revenue as in a          
satisfactory state1 and refers to the   
grants for improving the navigation of  
the ,st4 ,lawrence1 and to the reduction
 of the emigrant tax4 ,six bills were   
reserved for the approval of the ,queen1
 three of which relate to churches and  
rectories1 two to the reduction of      
salaries1 and one to the incorporation  
of the ,fort ,erie and ,buffalo         
,suspension ,bridge ,company4 ,the      
reciprocity question was left unsettled4
 ,the paraphernalia of the ,canadian    
,government has since been removed from 
,toronto to ,quebec4 ,the general       
election in the ,province of            
,nova-,scotia for members of            
,parliament1 has resulted in a majority 
for the existing ,government4 ,the      
,provincial ,secretary1 the             
,attorney-,general1 the ,financial      

,secretary1 leading members of the      
,cabinet1 have been reelected4 ,the     
construction of the railway from        
,halifax to ,portland1 and through      
,new-,brunswick to ,quebec1 may be      
considered as secured4 ,the question has
 been one of the prominent points in the
 election--the ,liberals being in favor 
of1 and the ,conservatives opposed to   
it4  ,the ,mexican ,congress have passed
 a bill for the formation of an         
alliance1 offensive and defensive1      
between all the ,spanish ,american      
republics4 ,with a foreign debt beyond  
her ability to pay2 with a deficit      
accruing every year2 with a whig        
government1 threatened by insurrection  
at home1 and blockade from a foreign    
power1 ,mexico may well look around her 
for some method of prolonging her       
existence4 ,opposition continues to the 
,tehuantepec treaty2 and it is stated   
that two vessels sent from ,new-,orleans
 to commence the canal were seized by   
the ,mexican authorities4  ,in ,,south  

,,america there has been more than the  
usual amount of revolution4 ,the        
,president of ,ecuador1 ,general ,nueva1
 left ,querto on the seventeenth of     
,july1 to visit his family at           
,guayaquil4 ,on approaching the city he 
was met by a military cavalcade1        
apparently for the purpose of escorting 
him in3 but was seized by them1 and     
hurried off to sea in a vessel lying in 
the river2 the destination of the       
vessel1 and the fate of the prisoner    
were unknown4 ,general ,urbina          
immediately entered upon the            
administration of affairs4 ,in ,chili1  
,don ,manuel ,montt has been elected    
,president by a large majority4 ,advices
 from ,montevideo to ,july thirtieth1   
state that ,urguiza and ,garzon passed  
the ,uraguay on the twentieth with seven
 thousand five hundred men1 and that    
,general ,servando ,gomez at once went  
over to them from the army of ,oribe    
with two thousand cavalry1 some staff   
officers and one thousand extra horses4 

,it is expected that all of ,oribe's    
forces will desert him in the same      
manner4 ,garzon1 who formerly served    
with ,oribe1 is very popular among his  
forces4 ,a ,brazilian army of twelve    
thousand men is marching to join        
,urguiza and ,garzon4 ,the war will now 
be carried into the territories of      
,buenos ,ayres4 ,it will doubtless be a 
most ferocious contest2 with ,rosas it  
is a matter of life and death2 the power
 he has built up with such bloodshed and
 tyranny will either be destroyed       
utterly or confirmed by the result4 ,in 
,peru1 the best understanding is said to
 exist between the ,legislative and     
,executive bodies in the ,government4   
,movements are being made for the       
greater extension of freedom of trade1  
and for prohibiting the circulation of  
,bolivian money within the ,republic4   
,a revolution has broken out in the     
provinces of ,antiochia and ,popayan1 in
 ,new-,grenada1 which at the last       
advices 7,july twenty-fourth71 was      

rapidly spreading over the country4 ,the
 rising is headed by ,general ,borrero1 
who took up arms with one thousand men1 
and has since received large accessions 
to his forces4 ,general ,borrero has the
 reputation of being an accomplished    
soldier and a sincere patriot4 ,the city
 of ,carthagena was thrown into great   
confusion by the reception of the       
intelligence1 the militia being called  
out and the people supplied with arms4  
,in ,nicaragua a revolution has         
displaced the government1 and ,m4       
,montenegro1 who was elected successor  
of the deposed ,president1 died in a few
 days after1 and the chief of the       
opposite faction1 ,general ,munos1 is   
probably now in authority4  ,from       
,,great ,,britain the news is various   
but generally of small importance4 ,the 
,queen and ,royal ,family have been     
making a tour in ,scotland1 which gave  
occasion to the usual rejoicings and    
demonstrations of loyalty4 ,the most    
grave questions discussed in the        

journals are connected with the ,roman  
,catholic ,disabilities subject4 ,on the
 #aith ,august a great gathering of the 
,roman ,catholic clergy and laity took  
place at the ,rotunda in ,dublin4 ,the  
object in view was the organization of a
 party and the commencement of an       
agitation to bring about the repeal of  
the obnoxious act of ,parliament4 ,so   
strongly was public feeling excited on  
the occasion1 that the military and     
police forces were held in readiness for
 action4 ,fortunately the peace was not 
disturbed2 although the spiritual       
leaders themselves boldly set the law at
 defiance by the use1 in one of their   
resolutions1 of the very titles         
prohibited by the recent enactment4     
,among the notices of motion that have  
been placed on the books of the ,house  
of ,commons for next session1 is one by 
,mr4 ,hume to move that after a day to  
be fixed by ,parliament1 no person1 male
 or female1 shall be admitted to the    
service of the public1 in any permanent 

civil office or department1 unless they 
shall pass an examination by competent  
persons appointed for that purpose1 and 
shall be found capable of fluently      
reading and writing the ,english        
language4 ,in ,england the ,railway     
,companies have held their annual       
meetings4 ,the increase of travel has   
not kept pace with the increase of      
railways2 the average profit is #c per  
cent4 ,the ,times has had some forcible 
articles recently on the possibility of 
running a railroad straight from ,london
 to ,constantinople1 and thence through 
,ask ,minor to ,india1 so as to make    
,calcutta accessible in seven days4     
,this the ,times describes not only as  
practicable1 but even of probable       
accomplishment1 in a given number of    
years4  ,the harvest in ,england1       
,scotland1 and ,ireland has been of the 
most gratifying description4 ,the       
weather was generally favorable1 and a  
large quantity of grain was secured in  
excellent condition4 ,as the harvest    

proceeded the reports from the          
agricultural districts improved1 and    
previous estimates of crops1 both as to 
quantity and quality1 under rather than 
over what is realised4 ,the aggregate   
produce of the kingdom is expected to be
 fully equal to that of good average    
seasons4 ,accounts of the potato blight 
have been greatly exaggerated4 ,the     
disease has no doubt reappeared1 but in 
much less degree than at the            
corresponding time in any previous year 
since its first appearance4 ,but        
notwithstanding the prospect of a good  
harvest1 the tide of emigration         
continues to roll on as unceasingly as  
in the spring months4 ,day after day the
 journals chronicle the departure of    
hundreds of emigrants1 the major portion
 of whom are represented as possessing  
sufficient capital to enable them to    
purchase land on their arrival in       
,america4 ,the ,monaghan ,standard      
remarks that the greater proportion of  
emigrants now are of a very different   

description from the hordes of unhappy  
creatures1 poverty stricken and         
debilitated with disease1 who formerly  
struggled across the ,atlantic4 ,the    
greater number of those who now crowd   
our emigrant ships are men who1 with a  
capital varying from ,l#ajj to ,l#cjj1  
have been in the habit of conducting1   
with the aid of their sons and          
daughters1 the cultivation of their     
land4 ,an honorable trait of the        
character of the ,irish in ,america is  
shown in a fact stated in the           
,ballinesloe ,star1 that in six weeks   
upwards of ,l#bj1jjj were received from 
relations in ,america1 in sums varying  
from ,l#e to ,l#cj1 by persons in       
,ireland1 the great majority of whom had
 been receiving relief in the           
work-houses up to the time of the money 
reaching them4 ,in many cases the poor  
people have kept the matter secret1     
through a mistaken fear that if it were 
known to the poor law officials1 a      
portion of the money would be impounded 

to pay for their maintainance while in  
the work-house4 ,the money is consigned 
to some third party--some shopkeeper1 or
 person who could be depended upon1 to  
have it safely conveyed to its intended 
destination1 without the knowledge of   
the work-house officers4  ,much         
excitement has been created in ,england 
by a match between the yacht ,america1  
owned by ,mr4 ,john ,c4 ,stevens1 of    
,new-,york1 and the yacht ,titania1 and 
by other matches between the ,america   
and the most celebrated yachts in       
,england1 in all of which the ,america  
was successful4  ,the ,america arrived  
out early in ,july4 ,hitherto the dozen 
or more yacht clubs in the ,united      
,kingdom had never dreamed of foreign   
competition4 ,it was just known that    
there was an ,imperial ,yacht ,club of  
,st4 ,petersburg1 maintained to         
encourage a nautical spirit among the   
nobility2 and that owners of yachts at  
,rotterdam had enrolled themselves as   
the ,royal ,netherlands ,yacht ,club2   

but1 till the ,america appeared1 the few
 who were aware of the fact that there  
was a flourishing club at ,new ,york did
 not regard it as of the slightest      
consequence1 or as at all likely to     
interfere with their monopoly of the    
most useful of sports4 ,the few trial   
runs the ,america made after her arrival
 proved she was possessed of great      
speed1 and that the owners were not so  
little justified as at first they had   
been thought in offering to back an     
untried vessel against any yacht in the 
,english waters for the large sum of    
,l#aj1jjj4 ,as the day of the ,royal    
,squadron's grand match drew near1 the  
entries became numerous4 ,in the memory 
of man ,cowes never presented such an   
appearance as on the #bb;d of ,august4  
,a large portion of the peerage and     
gentry of the ,united ,kingdom had left 
their residences1 and forsaken the      
sports of the moors1 to witness the     
struggle4 ,there must have been a       
hundred yachts lying at anchor in the   

roads2 the beach was crowded1 from      
,egypt to the piers2 the esplanade in   
front of the ,club thronged with ladies 
and gentlemen1 and with the people      
inland1 who came over in shoals1 with   
wives1 sons1 and daughters1 for the day4
 ,eighteen yachts entered as            
competitors2 the largest of which was a 
three-mast schooner1 the ,brilliant1    
#cib tons2 and the smallest a cutter1   
,volante1 #dh tons4 ,nine of the yachts 
were of above #ajj tons1 and nine were  
of less than #ajj tons4 ,the ,america's 
burden is #agj tons4 ,the umpire in the 
case was ,earl ,wilton1 and the triumph 
of the ,america complete4 ,the ,cup of  
,all ,nations was presented to          
,commodore ,stephens and his brother1   
the owners of the ,america1 after a     
dinner in the club-house that night4    
,mr4 ,abbot ,lawrence was present1 and  
acknowledged the compliments paid to    
this country4 ,the yacht has since been 
sold to an ,english gentleman1--to be a 
model for ,british naval architects4    

,illustration3 ,,the ,,yacht ,,america  
,in the ,american section of the ,great 
,exhibition1 ,mr4 ,hobbs has been the   
great centre of attraction1 and his     
colloquial powers have been severely    
tested by the thousand and one          
explanations he is obliged to give of   
the mode in which his late achievements 
were effected4 ,he contents himself with
 asserting the vulnerability of all     
,british locks and the impregnability of
 his own4 ,he looks on the picking of   
,chubb's locks as the smallest of his   
feats2 and it appears that the          
,directors of the ,bank of ,england 7no 
bad judges in such matters71 have given 
in their adhesion1 by ordering several  
of ,mr4 ,hobbs's patent locks4  ,every  
practical success of the season1 says   
the ,times1 belongs to the ,americans4  
,their reaping machines1 their          
revolvers1 their yachts1 are great      
facts1 and every one in ,england seems  
willing to admire the skill and         
enterprise that produced them4          

,narrow-minded critics1 who are too wise
 to learn1 find out that the reasons for
 the ,america's success were exceedingly
 trifling2 it was only a difference in  
her build1 and in the construction of   
the sails1 c4 ,precisely so1 and it was 
only a stroke with a knife that enabled 
the egg of ,columbus 7which it is true  
must be stale by this time7 to stand    
perpendicular4 ,every one can do it now1
 just as with the aid of fire and coals1
 and some water1 they can rush from     
continent to continent1 and baffle the  
wind or the waves4 ,every discovery that
 is useful is simple4 ,in the works of  
nature1 there is no perplexing          
machinery4  ,the war at the ,cape of    
,good ,hope1 still threatens to be      
expensive and protracted4 ,the ,british 
troops have shown great gallantry in    
action1 and the greatest endurance and  
even cheerfulness under the severe      
fatigue inseparable from the nature of  
the country1 and the wide range embraced
 by the operations4 ,but they are few in

 number2 the policy of the insurgents is
 to avoid as much as possible a general 
engagement2 the frontier is too extended
 to be effectually protected by         
stationary posts2 the troops1 therefore1
 are necessarily harrassed by constant  
patrol duty1 and with no more decisive  
result than an occasional skirmish1 in  
which four1 five1 or six ,caffres are   
put hors de combat4  ,the directors of  
the ,manchester ,commercial             
,association1 and of the ,chamber of    
,commerce1 continue to prosecute their  
endeavors to encourage the cultivation  
of cotton in ,india4 ,in the early part 
of this year1 letters were received by  
the association that fresh ,new-,orleans
 cotton seed was scarce in the districts
 of ,tinnivelly and ,coimbetore1 and    
other parts of the ,madras territory2   
and fearing that the ,india ,board1 if  
appealed to1 might not be sufficiently  
prompt in supplying that deficiency4    
,mr4 ,john ,peal1 one of the members of 
the association1 has imported at his own

 risk thirty tons of this seed1 and     
placed it at the disposal of the ,court 
of ,directors4  ,a ,california has been 
discovered in an interior county of ,new
 ,south ,wales4 ,the ,sydney ,morning   
,herald of ,may #bj1 quotes from the    
,bathurst ,free ,press of a few days    
previous1 an article which describes a  
tremendous excitement in the town of    
,bathurst and the surrounding district  
of the counties ,bathurst1 ,roxburg1 and
 ,westmoreland1 on the discovery that   
the country from the mountain ranges to 
an indefinite extent in the interior is 
one immense gold field4  ,in ,india the 
,british government has derided to take 
and keep possession of certain parts of 
the ,nizam's dominions unless he repays 
at once the monies due to the           
,government of ,india1 amounting to     
upwards of eighty lacs of rupees1 with  
interest at six per cent4 ,the districts
 of country about to be absorbed are1 it
 is said1 all those on the other side of
 the ,kishna river1 ,bachore1 and       

,neildroog1 besides ,berar4 ,but it is  
considered in ,bombay that the ,nizam   
has the means to pay1 and that at the   
eleventh hour he will pay and save his  
territory4  ,traces appear to have been 
discovered of the movements of ,sir     
,john ,franklin1 in the earlier part of 
his voyage1 but throwing little light1  
as we apprehend1 on the painful question
 of his subsequent fate--of little more 
importance1 in fact1 than would be the  
vestiges he may have left behind him in 
,scotland4 ,yet we doubt whether it     
would be justifiable to abandon the     
pursuit1 until their fate has been      
demonstrated by actual observation4     
,this melancholy satisfaction1 at least1
 is due to science1 to humanity1 and to 
surviving relatives4 ,the ,americans are
 foremost in this work of philanthropy4 
,they have furnished the latest and most
 valuable information on the subject4   
,captain de ,haven1 ,mr4 ,penny1 and    
,dr4 ,kane1 of the ,united ,states      
expedition1 are especially entitled1    

with the officers and crews of their    
ships1 to general admiration4  ,on the  
#ast ,august1 a large party of the      
,corporation of ,london1 and of the     
,royal ,commissioners of the ,great     
,exhibition1 repaired to ,paris1 by     
invitation of the ,prefect of the       
,seine4 ,they were entertained on the   
way1 and on ,august #b1 a magnificent   
banquet was given at the ,hotel de      
,ville in ,paris1 followed by a comedy  
and a concert4 ,the total number of     
persons present was #d1jjj4 ,the next   
day1 ,sunday1 the wonders of ,versailles
 and the grandes eaux were exhibited1   
and it is supposed that #ajj1jjj persons
 were present4 ,on ,monday1 the ,lord   
,mayor and his suite1 with the other    
distinguished visitors1 inspected some  
of the most remarkable prisons in       
,paris1 and in the afternoon left for   
,st4 ,cloud1 where they were received by
 the ,president1 who expressed the      
extreme happiness he derived from the   
visit of the chief magistrate of the    

city of ,london1 and his warm sense of  
the kind feeling towards ,france2       
manifested by the ,english nation4 ,on  
,tuesday1 a splende dejeuner was given  
at the ,english ,embassy1 in honor of   
the ,english visitors2 and in the       
evening a grand ball took place at the  
,hotel de ,ville1 which was attended by 
#fjjj persons4 ,on ,wednesday a mimic   
fight took place in the ,champ de ,mars2
 and in the evening1 at the ,grand      
,opera1 an operatic entertainment was   
produced called ,les ,nations1 written  
expressly in honor of ,great ,britain1  
by ,m4 ,adolpbe ,adam4 ,it was a        
tasteful and well-imagined trifle1 of   
two scenes1 the principal being one of  
the ,crystal ,palace4  ,from ,,france   
the political news is of little moment1 
or at least is without any              
distinguishing event4 ,the project for a
 revision of the constitution having    
failed1 all parties are preparing for   
the important event of electing a new   
,president4 ,the ,prince ,joinville may 

be considered to be in the field as the 
representative of the ,bourbon dynasty2 
and it is probable that the real        
conflict will be fought between the     
adherents of ,napoleon and those of the 
exiled monarchy4 ,a majority of the     
,councils of ,arrondissement--according 
to some1 a majority of no less than two 
thirds--have decided against any        
revision of the ,constitution4 ,at      
,lyons a conspiracy against the state   
was discovered1 its leaders arrested1   
and their trial has excited much        
attention4 ,their object it is said was 
to give the south-eastern departments of
 ,france a secret organization1         
sufficiently strong and complete to     
enable them to break out in simultaneous
 insurrection on a given signal2 to     
secure the frontier of ,switzerland and 
of ,savoy as a means of assistance or   
retreat2 to support the ,french movement
 by the advance of the refugees         
collected at ,geneva2 to take           
possession1 if possible1 of the ports of

 ,toulon and ,marseilles1 and thus to   
command ,algiers and the fleet2 to      
inflame by this insurrection the        
south-eastern provinces pledged to the  
movement1 and subsequently the eastern  
departments supposed to be favorable to 
it2 and thus to lead to a general       
republican rising throughout the        
country1 especially where the           
garrisons--were weakest4 ,the prisoners 
were tried by a council of war1 and     
their council in the course of the trial
 threw up their briefs in despair of    
obtaining a fair inquisition4 ,three of 
the prisoners1 ,m4 ,gent1 their leader1 
who had been conspicuous in affairs     
during the provisional government1 and  
,longomazino1 and ,ode--were condemned  
to deportation2 thirteen to detention   
for terms from three to fifteen years as
 felons1 with police surveillance for   
life2 nine to imprisonment for short    
terms2 eleven were acquitted1 besides   
ten who were condemned1 and two         
acquitted by default4 ,the punishment of

 deportation is the highest penalty for 
political offences now known to the     
,french law1 and has been expressly     
substituted by a recent enactment for   
the punishment of death4 ,it consists in
 transportation to ,nonkahiva or        
,vuitkan1 in the ,marquesas1 the most   
desolate islands in the ,pacific ,ocean1
 one day to be peopled1 as an           
enterprising public writer has observed1
 with the chiefs and leaders of         
political parties in ,france4 ,at       
,paris1 on the #cast of ,august1 #abe   
persous were arrested1 charged with a   
conspiracy against the ,state4 ,among   
the number was an advocate1 named       
,maillard1 formerly ,secretary to ,ledru
 ,rollin4 ,rollin is said to be         
implicated in the conspiracy4 ,a general
 ,socialist ,revolution was the object  
of the conspiracy4 ,there was less      
excitement upon the subject in ,paris   
than might have been anticipated4 ,it is
 reported that an expedition will be    
sent to the ,sea of ,japan1 under the   

orders of a rear-admiral1 who has long  
navigated in the ,pacific ,ocean and the
 ,chinese seas4 ,the expedition will1 it
 is added1 be at once military1         
commercial and scientific1 and has for  
its object the opening to ,european     
commerce of ports which have been closed
 against it since the sixteenth century4
  ,we learn from ,paris1 that the       
,cabinet had held two councils1 at which
 the ,president of the ,republic        
presided1 to discuss the ,cuban affairs1
 and it was unanimously resolved to     
take1 if necessary1 efficient measures1 
with or without the concurrence of      
,england1 to protect the rights of      
,spain4  ,letters from ,toulon state    
that the ,mediterranean squadron has    
received orders to proceed forthwith to 
the coast of ,italy4 ,the disturbed     
state of the ,peninsula1 and especially 
of ,naples1 is said to be the cause of  
this movement on the part of the        
,french4 ,naples1 and indeed all ,italy1
 is becoming daily more and more uneasy4

  ,in ,,italy there is little of        
importance1 except constant atrocities  
by the government1 irritating more and  
more the people of the several states1  
and driving them toward such excitements
 as will make revolution unavoidable4   
,an ,italian ,league of ,princes is     
talked of1 at the head of which is to be
 ,austria2 and a visit of the ,cardinal 
,prince ,altieri to ,lombardy is said to
 be for the purpose of coming to an     
understanding with that ,court on the   
subject4 ,the ,pope would be nominal    
president of the league1 the object of  
which is to preserve the peace of       
,italy1 and unite in suppressing every  
revolutionary movement at home1 and     
aggression from abroad4 ,a profound     
sensation has been created throughout   
,europe by the publication of two       
letters by ,mr4 ,gladstone1 a member of 
the ,british ,parliament1 exposing the  
despotism of the government of ,naples4 
,mr4 ,gladstone1 a scholar1 a man of    
academic reputation1 an eminent member  

of the conservative party of ,english   
politicians1 and distinguished among    
members of that party for his calm and  
logical mind1 and for his profound views
 of the nature and functions of a       
church--this man went to ,italy in the  
winter of #ahej-ea1 and spent three     
months in ,naples1 where1 against his   
will1 he was convinced that the conduct 
of the government was more cruel and    
unjust than had ever before been        
tolerated in a civilized country4 ,he   
returned to ,england to arraign the     
despot ,ferdinand at the bar of public  
opinion4 ,of his disclosures we can     
merely state1 that twenty thousand of   
the most intelligent and virtuous men in
 that kingdom are now suffering both    
moral and physical torture as prisoners 
of state4 ,besides this1 a catechism is 
used in the schools inculcating the most
 absolute doctrines of despotic         
government4 ,what is thus proved of     
,naples is equally true of ,modena4 ,in 
fact1 it pervades ,italy4 ,the organs of

 the ,neapolitan ,government give the   
lie to ,mr4 ,gladstone's statements1 and
 hirelings have been employed in ,london
 and ,paris to answer them1 but the     
result has been a triumphant vindication
 of his letters4  ,the correspondent of 
the ,daily ,news1 at ,naples1 states    
that more than one of the hangers-on of 
the ,neapolitan ,court have offered to  
reply to ,mr4 ,gladstone's ,setters1 and
 n notorious spy has sent a manuscript  
to his ,majesty3 but the ,king1 ,i am   
assured1 prefers availing himself of    
such journals in ,england or ,france as 
are open to an offer4 ,material has been
 sent off to the ,univers1 the organ of 
the ,jesuits in ,france2 and an         
,englishman1 well known for certain     
transactions in ,italy1 is to do all the
 pen fighting work for ,ferdinand in    
,london4 ,really1 says the ,daily ,news1
 the princes of this epoch have much to 
redeem4 ,almost every crowned1 or       
would-be crowned1 head1 as he appears on
 the scene1 does so as a mean intriguer1

 a lying varlet1 a wearer of false      
colors4 ,none have the courage to avow  
the nature of their policy or claims2   
all pretending to be all things1 and all
 as unscrupulous as the most reckless of
 adventurers in private life4  ,the     
,voss ,gazette of ,berlin1 publishes a  
letter from ,vienna of the #gth1 which  
states that an extensive conspiracy has 
been discovered in ,italy1 and it was on
 that account the rigors of the state of
 siege in the ,austrian provinces have  
been increased4 ,it is added that on the
 fourth of ,july a gentleman at ,venice 
died suddenly of apoplexy1 and that on  
placing seals on his papers the scheme  
of a conspiracy1 signed by more than    
#djj persons1 was discovered4 ,the      
object of it was1 it is said1 to kill   
the ,emperor in the event of his going  
to ,italy1 and to kill all ,austrian    
officers on the same night4 ,only one   
conspirator resided at ,venice2         
thirty-seven were at ,brescia1 and the  
rest at ,bologna4 ,all have1 it is said1

 been arrested4  ,there is considerable 
activity among the military in ,,italy4 
,the ,austrian garrison and stations are
 strengthened along the whole line of   
frontier1 especially towards ,piedmont4 
,radetzky is understood to have applied 
for reinforcements from ,germany4       
,connected with these movements--perhaps
 arising out of them--are numerous but  
rather vague reports of plots and       
contemplated insurrections4 ,the ,court 
of ,saxony1 long notorious for its zeal 
in propagating the ,roman ,catholic     
faith1 has offered to mediate between   
the ,king of ,sardinia and the ,pope4   
,the intimate family relations which    
connect the ,courts of ,saxony and      
,turin have prompted this step3 it      
appears to be contemplated not without  
alarm by the ,italian ,liberals4  ,great
 excitement has been created throughout 
,europe1 by the promulgation of the two 
decrees of the ,emperor of ,,austria1 in
 which he declares that his ministers   
are henceforth to be responsible to no  

other political authority than the      
throne4 ,the very terms of the          
,constitutional ,government are         
abolished4 ,the ,emperor has violently  
suppressed the ,free ,congregations1    
established by ,ronge1 and that once    
popular reformer has published some     
masterly letters on the subject1 calling
 on the people of ,england to give the  
aid of their sympathy to the liberal    
thinkers of ,germany4 ,the ,austrian    
,government has summarily expelled from 
its dominions ,mr4 ,warrens1 late       
,consul-,general of the ,united ,states 
at ,vienna1 and for the last few years  
the proprietor of the widely-known      
newspaper1 ,the ,lloyds4 ,the cause     
assigned is the publication of some     
unpalatable political remarks4 ,this    
circumstance1 coupled with the late bad 
treatment of ,mr4 ,brace1 will embitter 
our diplomatic relations with ,austria4 
,from ,,russia information as to the war
 in its ,caucasian departments is       
indefinite and uncertain4 ,there had    

been several conflicts but none decisive
 or very important4  ,the ,emperor of   
,russia has declared himself hostile to 
the incorporation of the non-,german    
territories of ,austria into the        
,germanic ,confederation4 ,this would   
seem to indicate that the ,autocrat     
still clings to his project of a        
,panaslavonic union4  ,in the beginning 
of ,july1 several prisoners1 detained in
 the citadel at ,warsaw1 were condemned 
by ,court ,martial1 and had their       
sentences communicated to them4 ,the    
families of these unfortunates expected 
to obtain their pardon from the ,emperor
 during his stay in ,warsaw1 or at all  
events during the celebration at ,moscow
 on the #beth anniversary of his        
coronation1 but they had hoped in vain4 
,on the #bjth of ,july1 four of the     
convicted were publicly flogged4 ,one   
received #b1jjj lashes1 two #a1ejj each1
 and the fourth #b1jjj4 ,this last fell 
dead after having received #a1jjj       
lashes1 and they placed the body of the 

dying man on a stretcher1 where they    
administered the remaining thousand to  
his corpse4 ,thirty others1 of whom the 
greater part were entitled to the       
amnesty granted to refugees1 were sent  
to ,siberia4  ,the census for ,hungary1 
recently published in ,austria1 gives   
the following statistics3 ,the          
collective mass of the native population
 is given at #g1fei1aea souls4 ,of these
 there are #c1ghb1fbg males1 #c1hgf1fbd 
females4 ,these again are divided into  
#b1jij1dei unmarried males1 #a1idc1idf  
unmarried females2 #a1ehj1dfe married   
males1 #a1ehh1ggb married females4 ,one 
of the consequences of the civil war is 
to be found in the fact1 that there are 
#acd1aac more widows than bereaved      
males6 ,the following is an estimate of 
the polyglott population--,magyars1     
#c1gdi1feb--,sclavonians or ,sclaves1   
#h1fef1caa--;,germans1                  
#hcd1cej--,romanis1                     
#ech1cgc--,ruthenians1 #cdg1gcd--;,jews1
 #bc1efd--;,croats1 #hb1jjc--,wends1    

#di1aaf--;,gipsies1 #dg1fji--,serfs1    
#bj1iid4 ,other nationalities1 made up  
of ,illyrians1 ,moravians1 ,bohemians1  
,italians1 ,armenians1 ,poles1 #ha      
,french1 #be ,english1 #ab ,swiss1 and  
#b ,belgian1 in all1 #i1dce4 ,these     
classified according to religion1 show  
of--,roman ,catholics1                  
#d1abb1gch--;,greek ,catholics1         
#fgf1cih--,protestants of both          
confessions1 #b1aci1ebj--;,greek not    
united1 #cif1ica4  ,revolution appears  
to be making the tour of the globe4     
,even the supposed unchangeable ,china  
is visited by the spirit of mutability4 
,according to the latest intelligence1  
it is highly probable that the          
malcontents1 who have been variously    
represented as brigands and rebels1 are 
masters of all the provinces south of   
the ,yellow ,river1 and have seized upon
 the great entrepot of ,canton4 ,this   
would be a revolution2 for ,pekin1 which
 derives its supplies of provisions by  
the great canal from those ,southern    

provinces1 would be starved into        
submission2 and the principal seat of   
foreign commerce would fall into the    
hands of a party more bigotedly hostile 
to intercourse with foreigners than even
 the ,celestial ,government4 ,nor is    
such a revolution either impossible or  
improbable4 ,our knowledge of ,chinese  
history is dim and obscure2 yet enough  
appears to show that the ,mantchoo      
authority has never been so firmly      
established to the ,south as to the     
,north of the ,yellow ,river--that the  
purely ,chinese element of society has  
always preponderated in the ,southern   
provinces4 ,the pretended ,emperor1 at  
the last dates1 was reported to be      
stopping at ,sinchau1 a departmental    
city of ,kwang-si1 having a water       
communication with ,canton1 whence it is
 distant about #bjj miles4 ,in a letter 
from one of his followers1 it is stated 
that ,teen-teh is himself at the head of
 the rebel forces1 whom he led to       
victory in the middle term of the third 

month of the present year 7early in     
,june71 when #aj1jjj of the ,government 
troops were destroyed1 being hemmed in  
in a narrow pathway through a wood in a 
mountain pass4 ,having been duly        
proclaimed ,emperor1 ,teen-teh dates the
 commencement of his reign from the     
month of ,september of last year1 and   
has published an almanac1 which his     
emissaries are busy distributing in     
various parts of the empire4  ,in ,,siam
 two changes of policy appear to be     
impending4 ,the ,king1 who refused to   
treat with ,sir ,james ,brooke1 died on 
the #c;d of ,april1 and his throne is   
now occupied by two of his brothers2 the
 eldest being first1 and the other      
second king4 ,this division of authority
 is not without precedent in ,siam1 and 
has taken place in the present instance 
in accordance with a legal nomination1  
made by the late ,king4 ,there is little
 doubt but that for the future a        
different and more enlightened course of
 policy will be pursued towards         

foreigners4 ,the new ruler-in-chief is a
 man of more than usual education1      
speaking ,english1 and being somewhat   
acquainted with literature and science1 
and he has stated that if the ,english  
and ,american ambassadors return1 they  
will be kindly received1 and liberal    
treaties negotiated with them4          
,scientific ,discoveries and            
,proceedings of ,learned ,societies4    
,at a recent meeting of the ,royal      
,society of ,literature1 ,colonel       
,rawlinson read a most interesting      
paper1 containing the announcement of a 
discovery of great historical           
importance4 ,in looking over the large  
collection of new cuneiform inscriptions
 recently brought by ,mr4 ,layard from  
,assyria1 he has met with one recording 
the annals of the ,koyunjik ,king4      
,under the head of the third year occurs
 a notice which determinately proves the
 king in question to be the biblical    
,senacherib1 and contains some other    
remarkable verifications of ,scripture4 

,the record1 after giving an account of 
the king's war against the king of      
,sidon1 and describing the battle       
between the ,assyrians and ,egyptians1  
in conformity with the statements of    
,josephus and ,herodotus1 presents a    
distinct notice of the proceedings of   
,senacherib against ,hezekiah1 king of  
,judea4 ,the names in the inscription   
are ,khazakiyah1 ,ursalimma1 ,jehuda2   
and the tribute which the ,jewish king  
pays1 in order to free himself from his 
enemy1 is stated almost in the very     
words of ,scripture4 ,the annals of     
,senacherib in this inscription extend  
over seven years1 and a cylinder has    
been met with which gives the events of 
two years more4 ,other points of        
identity between these annals and the   
,greek and the biblical notices of      
,senacherib likewise occur2 but the     
chief point of interest is the          
establishment of the identity of the    
king who built the great palace of      
,koyunjik with that sovereign4 ,a secure

 starting-place is now obtained for     
historical research1 and it rapid       
progress will be made in fixing the     
,assyrian chronology4 ,colonel          
,rawlinson's paper was read at one of   
the four evening meetings which the     
,society has held this season for the   
reception of its foreign members and    
friends4 ,the ,earl of ,carlisle was in 
the chair4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,attempts to discover a    
,,perpetual ,,motion are still made in  
almost every country4 ,in the ,united   
,states a successful result is attained1
 according to the newspapers1 about     
twice a year1 and in ,europe the        
inventive genius of the people is nearly
 as well rewarded4 ,we read in the      
,french paper appearing in              
,constantinople1 that a ,polish refugee 
of the name of ,rudinski has discovered 
a sort of perpetuum mobile1 at least an 
engine which somewhat approaches        
perpetual motion1 for when once put in  
motion it can preserve it for twenty    

years4 ,the power of this engine is said
 to be greater than that of any other   
yet known4 ,the article in the same     
paper says that the inventor has made as
 a model a small carriage1 #bb inches   
long1 #aa inches wide and #ad inches    
high2 that it carries a burden of one   
ton2 and that its speed is a mile in a  
minute4 ,the inventor is now occupied in
 building a mill after his method for   
the ,turkish ,government4 ,the last     
,american effort in this line is a      
,static ,pressure ,rotary ,engine1      
advertised by a ,mr4 ,sawyer1 and       
vindicated by ,mr4 ,andrews1 in a series
 of letters in the ,tribune4 ,professor 
,loomis1 of the ,new-,york ,university1 
has taken the trouble to show that there
 is no discovery in the case4 ,mr4      
,sawyer's machine consist a of a covered
 cylindrical basin1 #bf inches in       
diameter and two inches deep1 to which  
is attached a vertical tube four inches 
in diameter and of any required length4 
,a spiral groove runs the whole length  

of the tube1 and this1 together with the
 basin1 is supposed to be filled with   
quicksilver4 ,the whole is to be rapidly
 revolved about a vertical axis1 when   
the centrifugal force of the mercury in 
the basin drives the mercury out through
 a valve on the edge of the basin1 and  
leaves a vacuum behind4 ,the mercury1 as
 it escapes from the basin1 falls into a
 reservoir communicating with the bottom
 of the spiral groove1 through which it 
is forced by the pressure of the        
atmosphere with such velocity that the  
reaction of the sides of the groove     
causes the tube and the attached basin  
to revolve with great momentum1 evolving
 new centrifugal force by which the     
vacuum is perpetuated4 ,mr4 ,sawyer     
supposes that the centrifugal force of  
the revolving mercury is sufficient to  
maintain its own revolution unimpaired1 
and leave a large surplus capable of    
being applied to any useful purpose4    
,this conclusion is founded upon the    
computations of ,professor ,bull4       

,professor ,bull has computed that a    
wheel #af inches in diameter1 and       
weighing #eca pounds1 revolving #be     
times in #aj seconds1 will have a       
centrifugal force of #b1gaf pounds2 and 
that this velocity may be produced by a 
power of #aff pounds applied #a-a_/b    
inches from the centre1 or a power of   
#deb pounds acting on the spiral groove 
already mentioned4 ,hence1 says ,mr4    
,sawyer1 we have a clear surplus of     
#b1bfd pounds more than is required to  
turn the wheel4 ,if this were so1 it    
would constitute the most beautiful     
perpetual motion ever dreamed of by the 
visionary4 ,professor ,loomis discusses 
the subject at length1 and his chief    
objection may be summed up as follows3  
,according to ,sawyer 1 ,co4's own data1
 the centrifugal force of a revolving   
wheel exceeds the power required to     
produce the rotation only at exceedingly
 high velocities--and in order to avail 
themselves of the full extent of this   
centrifugal force1 they must employ air 

of such density that no vessel could    
possibly resist its pressure4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,in the archives of ,venice an          
interesting discovery has been made1    
from which it would appear that a       
,frenchman of the name of ,gautier1     
professor of mathematics at ,nancy1 and 
member of the ,royal ,society at ,paris1
 was the first to invent navigation by  
steam4 ,in the year #agef he submitted  
his plan to the society1 of which he was
 a member1 and it met with no           
countenance from that body4 ,he then    
published a treatise on the subject1    
which attracted the attention of the    
,venetian ,republic1 and procured for   
him an invitation to the shores of the  
,adriatic2 he went1 but death soon put  
an end to his labors4 ,a year or two    
afterwards the theory of ,gautier was   
practically exemplified on the ,seine1  
amidst the acclamations of the          
,parisians4 ,the treatise by ,gautier on
 ,navigation by ,fire the discovery     

alluded to above4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,a paper was read 
before the ,british ,association        
entitled ,a ,comparison of ,athletic    
,men of ,great ,britain with ,greek     
,statues1 by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,brent4 ,mr4  
,brent1 in order to obtain those of the 
athletic1 measured and weighed          
celebrated boxers1 cricketers1          
wrestlers1 rowers1 pedestrians1 and     
others4 ,these he compared to the       
heights and weights of soldiers and     
policemen1 and thence with certain      
celebrated ,greek statues4 ,and from    
such a comparison it appears that the   
wrestlers of ,cornwall1 ,devon1 and the 
north of ,england1 are not inferior to  
those statues4         99       99      
99       99       99  ,a letter from    
,st4 ,petersburg says that the          
,geographical ,society of that city is  
displaying great activity4 ,scarcely has
 the expedition which is sent to seek   
out the sources of the ,nile returned   
when the society is preparing a new     

expedition having for its object to     
explore the peninsula of ,kamskatka4    
,the ,count de ,czapski is to have the  
direction of this new attempt1 and he   
has subscribed #bj1jjj;f4 a year towards
 the expense4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,a recent         
traveller in ,abyssinia has discovered a
 tribe of ,jews in that country4 ,they  
are called ,falasha4 ,their chief       
priest1 the ,rabbi ,yshaq 7,isaac71 told
 the traveller that they first entered  
the country in the time of ,king        
,solomon1 and that they have            
uninterrupted traditions1 though no     
written history1 of the principal events
 that have occurred to them since that  
remote period4 ,their religious rites   
and belief are the same in substance as 
those of the ,european ,jews1 but some  
of their doctrines are quasi-,christian4
 ,indeed1 they say that it was from them
 that the early ,christians took some of
 their customs and points of belief4    
,they have a tradition of ,st4 ,paul    

having been in communication with them1 
and they hold him in great respect4     
,they never1 it seems1 quitted their own
 country1 and were shocked at the idea  
of going to sea in ships4 ,how at sea1  
they asked1 can the ,sabbath be         
respected8 ,they know little or nothing 
of ,europe2 but on being told that vast 
numbers of their fellow believers       
resided in it1 expressed pleasure and   
sent them their fraternal good wishes4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,a ,french gentleman1 ,m4 ,mariette1 has
 made some important discoveries in the 
ruins of ,memphis1 and the ,academy of  
,moral and ,political ,sciences has     
called on the government to afford him  
the pecuniary means of continuing his   
researches4 ,the ,national ,assembly1 on
 the demand of the government1 voted    
#bj1jjj francs 7#f1jjj7 for this        
purpose4 ,m4 ,mariette has brought to   
light a number of basso-relievos1 some  
statues1 and about five hundred bronze  
figures4 ,but his greatest discovery is 

the ,temple of ,serapis1 and it is to   
free it from the soil which has covered 
it for ages that the money has been     
specially granted4 ,one of the most     
magnificent temples which this deity    
possessed1 or1 indeed1 which existed in 
the world1 was that at ,memphis2 and it 
enjoys the peculiarity of containing    
ornaments in the ,grecian as well as the
 ,egyptian style1 it having been in its 
highest glory about the time at which   
some of the ,grecian idolatry was       
introduced into the ancient worship of  
,egypt4 ,it is known to contain twelve  
statues of deities mounted on symbolical
 animals1 all of more gigantic size than
 any hitherto found1 also two splendid  
figures of the ,sphinx1 and two enormous
 lions in the ,egyptian style3 but the  
,sanctuary of the ,temple1 which has not
 yet been explored1 will1 it is         
expected1 bring to light things far more
 curious1 and of the highest historical 
importance4 ,altogether1 it is expected 
that ,m4 ,mariette's excavations at     

,memphis will rival those of ,dr4       
,layard at ,nineveh4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,it will be
 remembered that an island1 about #abj  
feet high and #b1jjj feet in            
circumference1 suddenly sprang up in    
#ahca between ,sicily and ,la           
,pantellaria4 ,it disappeared about a   
month after1 and at a later period even 
the sounding lead could give no         
indications of its existence2 but       
vessels passing over the place it had   
formerly occupied would sometimes feel a
 sort of shock1 which showed that it was
 of volcanic origin4 ,in ,march last1   
however1 the ,french vessel ,eole1 which
 was taking soundings in the vicinity1  
discovered some traces of its existence2
 and we now learn from ,naples that in  
the course of the last month ,her       
,majesty's ship ,scourge1 ,captain      
,kerr1 verified the truth of the        
preceding observation1 and further      
discovered that the island1 which had   
been christened ,isola ,giulia1 was only

 nine feet under water4 ,captain ,kerr  
had a pole with a streamer and an       
inscription set up on the spot4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,the experiments for the production of  
,,photographs in ,,natural ,,colors     
appears to have been carried on         
simultaneously by ,mr4 ,hill in this    
country and by several persons abroad4  
,the ,athenaeum says that in some       
experiments made by ,sir ,john ,herschel
 a colored impression of the prismatic  
spectrum was obtained on paper stained  
with a vegetable juice4 ,mr4 ,robert    
,hunt published some accounts of the    
indications of color in their natural   
order obtained on sensitive photographic
 surfaces4 ,these were1 however1        
exceedingly faint1 and ,m4 ,biot and    
others regarded the prospect of         
producing photographs in colors         
visionary1--not likely1 from the        
dissimilar action of the solar rays1    
ever to become a reality4 ,m4 ,becquerel
 has a process by which1 on plates of   

metal1 many of the more intense colors  
have been produced2 but it appears to   
have been reserved for the nephew of the
 earliest student in photography1       
,niepce1 to produce on the same plate1  
by one impression of the solar rays1 all
 the colors of the chromatic scale4 ,of 
this process1 called by the discoverer1 
,heliochromy--sun-coloring--we have had 
the opportunity of seeing specimens4    
,they are three copies of colored       
engravings1--a female dancer and two    
male figures in fancy costumes2 and     
every color of the original pictures is 
faithfully impressed on the prepared    
silver tablet4 ,the preparation of the  
plates remains a secret with the        
inventor1 but the plate when prepared   
presents a dark brown1 nearly a black   
surface1 and the image is eaten out in  
colors4 ,we have endeavored by close    
examination to ascertain something of   
the laws producing this remarkable      
effect2 but it is not easy at present to
 perceive the relations between the     

colorific action of light and the       
associated chemical influence4 ,the     
female figure has a red silk dress1 with
 purple trimming and white lace4 ,the   
flesh tints1 the red1 the purple1 and   
the white are well preserved in the     
copy4 ,one of the male figures s        
remarkable for the delicacy of its      
delineation3--here1 blue1 red1 white and
 pink are perfectly impressed4 ,the     
third picture is injured in some        
parts3-but it is1 from the number of    
colors which contains1 the most         
remarkable of all4 ,red1 blue1 yellow1  
green1 and white are distinctly         
marked1--and the intensity of the yellow
 is very striking4 ,such are the facts  
as they have been examined by the       
,athenaeum1 and these results superior  
to those which were given to the world  
when photography was first announced4   
,recent ,deaths4   ,,james ,,fenimore   
,,cooper1 the first ,american who gave  
to ,american literature a name in other 
nations1 and the most illustrious of the

 authors of his country1 died at ,otsego
 ,hall1 his residence in ,cooperstown1  
on ,sunday1 the fourteenth of           
,september1 aged sixty-two years4 ,of   
his literary life and character we have 
recently written at large in these      
pages2 of his noble personal qualities1 
which entitled him to no less eminence  
in society1 we shall have occasion to   
speak hereafter4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,rev4 ,,thomas   
,h4 ,,gallaudet1 ,,ll1 ,d41 the pioneer 
of ,deaf-,mute ,instruction in this     
country1 died in ,hartford1             
,connecticut1 the #ajth of ,september1  
at the age of sixty-four4 ,at an early  
period of his life1 ,mr4 ,gallaudet     
became interested in the ,deaf and      
,dumb4 ,in the autumn of #ahjg1 a child 
of ,dr4 ,mason ,f4 ,cogswell1 of        
,hartford1 through a malignant fever1   
lost her hearing and soon after her     
speech4 ,mr4 ,gallaudet interested      
himself in the case of this child1 and  
attempted to converse with and instruct 

her4 ,his efforts was rewarded with     
partial success2 and through the        
exertions of ,dr4 ,cogswell1 he was     
commissioned to visit ,europe for the   
purpose of becoming a teacher of the    
,deaf and ,dumb in this country4 ,seven 
gentlemen of ,hartford subscribed       
sufficient funds to defray his expenses1
 and he departed on the #beth of ,may1  
#ahae4 ,meanwhile1 the friends of the   
project employed the interval in        
procuring an incorporation from the     
,legislature1 in ,may1 #ahaf4 ,in ,may1 
#ahai1 the name of the ,american ,asylum
 at ,hartford for the ,education and    
,instruction of the ,deaf and ,dumb1 was
 bestowed on the first ,institution for 
,deaf-,mutes established in this        
country4 ,after spending several months 
in assiduous prosecution of his studies1
 under the ,abbe ,sicard and others1    
,mr4 ,gallaudet returned in ,august1    
#ahaf1 accompanied by ,mr4 ,laurent     
,clerc1 a deaf and dumb professor of the
 ,institution at ,paris1 well known in  

,europe as a most intelligent pupil of  
,sicard4 ,mr4 ,clerc is now living in a 
vigorous old age and is still a teacher 
at ,hartford4 ,the ,asylum was opened on
 the #aeth of ,april1 #ahag1 and during 
the first week of its existence received
 seven pupils2 it now averages #bbj     
annually4 ,mr4 ,gallaudet became the    
,principal at its commencement1 and held
 the office until ,april1 #ahcj1 when he
 resigned1 and he has since officiated  
as ,chaplain of the ,retreat for the    
,insane at ,hartford4 ,his interest in  
the cause of the ,deaf-,mute ,education 
has continued unabated1 and his memory  
will be warmly cherished by that        
unfortunate class1 as well as by a large
 class of devoted friends4 ,his last act
 in connection with the great cause to  
which all his best energies had been    
devoted1 was the dictation of the       
following letter to his son1 ,mr4       
,gallaudet of the ,new-,york ,institute1
 who presented it to the recent         
,convention at ,hartford3               

,,hartford1 ,aug4 #bi1 #ahea4  ,to the  
,president1 ,officers and ,members of   
the ,convention of those interested in  
the ,cause of ,instruction of           
,deaf-,mutes1 vote in session in this   
,city--       ,,gentlemen3 ,with deep   
regret ,i perceive that the state of my 
health is such as to prevent my enjoying
 the pleasures and      the privileges  
of participating with you in the objects
 of      the ,convention4 ,look to ,god 
for ,his wisdom and peace1 and      may 
it be richly imparted to you4 ,accept   
the assurances of      my personal      
regard and best wishes for your success 
in your      various operations4        
,yours sincerely1      ,t4 ,h4          
,,gallaudet4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,m4 ,,beverley    
,,tucker1 the half-brother of ,john     
,randolph1 died on the #bfth of ,august1
 of a chronic affection1 at ,winchester1
 in ,virginia4 ,he was one of the last  
of a generation and family1 every member
 of which was remarkable for high and   

peculiar endowment4 ,the subject of our 
notice was not inferior to the kinsman  
whose fame was so peculiar1 in all the  
essentials of a high character and an   
exquisite genius4 ,his writings1 like   
the speeches of ,john ,randolph1 were   
distinguished by freedom1 grace1        
wonderful raciness and spirit1 and      
remarkable eloquence and point4 ,he was 
the author of a series of lectures on   
,government--that of the ,united ,states
 in particular4 ,he was a politician of 
the ,states ,rights ,school1 unbending  
and unyielding in his faith and         
tenacious of its minutest points4 ,these
 lectures cannot be too carefully       
studied1 especially by the young men of 
the north1 as they embody the doctrines 
of ,virginia and the ,south generally1  
and exhibit the extent of the political 
requisition of that great section of our
 country4 ,they are beautifully         
written--are1 in short1 among the best  
specimens of political writing which we 
possess4 ,judge ,tucker 7he was sometime

 on the ,bench in ,missouri7 was the    
author of many other works which deserve
 to be better known4 ,his province was  
fiction as well as politics1 and he     
wrote poetry with singular vigor4 ,he   
was the translator of ,goethe's         
,iphigenia1 which was published in the  
,southern ,literary ,messenger1 and has 
left among other manuscripts1 an        
original drama1 entitled ,viola1 written
 in blank verse4 ,his novel of ,george  
,balcombe1 will be remembered by many   
readers1 as a prose fiction at once     
highly interesting and well written4    
,his ,partisan ,leader1 another prose   
fiction in two volumes1 is a political  
romance1 embodying the ,southern        
hostility to ,mr4 ,van ,buren's         
administration1 and illustrating the    
tendencies of his party to a general    
usurpation of all the attributes of     
sovereign power4 ,his latest production1
 we believe1 is a scattering criticism  
in the ,july issue of the ,southern     
,quarterly ,review1 of ,garland's life  

of ,john ,randolph1 a work which he     
bitterly denounced4 ,like his           
half-brother1 the orator of ,roanoke1   
,judge ,tucker1 was a person of intense 
feelings and great excitability1 an     
eager impulse1 and a keen power of      
sarcasm4 ,he wrote with all the         
eloquence with which the latter spoke4  
,his style is marked by great ease and  
freedom1 by felicities of expression    
which give an epigrammatic point to his 
sentences1 and by a sweetness and       
harmony of arrangement1 which bestow    
music upon the ear without falling into 
monotony4 ,his thought was equally free 
and melodious4 ,he thought deeply and   
earnestly1 and was never satisfied with 
the shallows of thought4 ,in diving1 he 
was no less clear than deep2 he brought 
up pearls where the awkward diver brings
 up mud only4 ,judge ,tucker was a fine 
man2 of warm passions1 but noble nature2
 of powers of satire1 but of benevolent 
heart4 ,he was probably sixty-eight     
years old when he died4 ,he has left a  

wife and several children4 ,we must not 
omit to mention that at the time of his 
death he held the chair of ,law in the  
,college of ,william and ,mary1 at      
,williamsburg1 ,va4 ,judge ,tucker's    
last appearance in affairs was as a     
member of the ,nashville ,convention4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,levi ,,woodbury was born in #agij1 at 
,francestown1 a good farming village in 
the interior of ,new ,hampshire1 where  
he received his early education1        
attending the district school during the
 winter months1 and working on his      
father's farm in the summer4 ,from his  
boyhood he showed a decided taste for   
learning1 and on attaining the proper   
age1 was sent to an academy1 in order to
 prepare for college4 ,he entered       
,dartmouth college in #ahje1 and after  
passing through the usual course1       
received his first degree1 with a high  
reputation among his teachers and       
classmates for industry1 talent1 and    
uncommon perseverance4 ,he at once      

selected the law as his future          
profession1 and having studied for the  
requisite term of three years at        
,litchfield1 ,boston1 and ,exeter1 as   
well as his native place1 was admitted  
to the bar in #ahab4 ,at that time party
 spirit was raging with intense fervor  
in every portion of ,new ,england4 ,mr4 
,woodbury took a decided stand in favor 
of ,madison's administration and the war
 with ,great ,britain4 ,he was soon     
acknowledged as a shrewd and powerful   
leader of the party1 which was then in  
the minority in his native state4       
,devoted with youthful zeal to the cause
 which he had espoused1 he exerted no   
small influence in changing the         
political character of the state1 and   
aiding the ,democratic party in gaining 
the ascendency1 which they secured in   
#ahaf4 ,on the first meeting of the     
legislature1 after his friends came into
 power1 ,mr4 ,woodbury was chosen       
,secretary of the ,senate1 and at the   
commencement of the following year was  

appointed a ,judge of the ,superior     
,court ,he was then but twenty-seven    
years of age1 the youngest ,judge1 so   
far as we remember1 that was ever       
elevated to a seat on the bench4 ,the   
appointment caused great surprise to men
 of all parties1 on account of the      
comparative youth of the incumbent1 and 
his limited experience of practice at   
the bar4 ,he acquitted himself1 however1
 of the duties of his arduous station   
with great credit4 ,his name became     
still more widely known1 and in #ahbc he
 was elected ,governor of ,new          
,hampshire by a large majority4 ,failing
 to be chosen1 for a second term1 he    
resumed the practice of his profession  
in ,portsmouth1 to which place he had   
removed in #ahai1 and where he continued
 to have his permanent residence until  
the time of his decease4 ,he immediately
 entered upon an extensive practice of  
his profession1 and was surrounded with 
clients from all quarters4 ,in #ahbe he 
was chosen to the state legislature from

 the town of ,portsmouth1 and at the    
commencement of the session was elected 
,speaker of the ,house1 although it was 
the first time that he had been a member
 of any legislative assembly4 ,during   
this session he was chosen to fill a    
vacancy which had occurred in the       
,senate of the ,united ,states1 and upon
 taking his seat in that body1 he ably  
sustained the position of a leader of   
his party4 ,his term of service in the  
,senate expired in ,march1 #ahca4 ,he   
had previously declined a re-election4  
,on the reorganization of ,president    
,jackson's cabinet1 in the month of     
,april following1 he was invited to take
 the office of ,secretary of the ,navy4 
,he accepted the appointment1 and       
discharged the duties of the office     
until #ahcd1 when he became ,secretary  
of the ,treasury1 in place of ,mr4      
,taney1 whose nomination had been       
rejected by the ,senate4 ,he continued  
in that post till the close of ,mr4 ,van
 ,buren's presidency1 when he resumed   

his seat in the ,senate1 to which he had
 been elected for six years from the    
#dth of ,march1 #ahda4 ,mean time1 on   
the decease of ,judge ,story1 during the
 administration of ,mr4 ,polk1 he was   
appointed to fill the place of that     
eminent jurist1 and became a ,judge of  
the ,supreme ,court of the ,united      
,states in #ahdf4 ,from that time the   
deceased withdrew from active           
participation in political life1 and    
devoted himself to the duties of his    
high station1 which he discharged with  
assiduity and success4 ,he died at      
,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,september
 #c;d1 at the age of #fa4  ,without     
possessing the highest order of         
intellect1 remarks the ,tribune1 ,judge 
,woodbury had a large share of native   
shrewdness and unfailing quickness of   
political forecast1 a very retentive    
memory1 and a more than common power of 
logical reasoning4 ,he was an effective 
speaker in debate1 and understood the   
art of bringing men over to his views1  

even if they failed to comprehend his   
arguments4 ,his style of writing was    
turgid and obscure1 doing little justice
 to his acknowledged clearness of       
intellect4 ,he made little use of common
 artifices for obtaining personal       
popularity1 and though respected for his
 intelligence and solidity of character1
 was never a great public favorite4 ,in 
the private relations of life his       
character was unblemished4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,,gen4   
,,mcclure1 of ,elgin1 ,illinois1 died at
 that place on the #aeth of ,august1 at 
the age of eighty years4 ,gen4 ,mc,clure
 was a native of ,londonderry1 ,ireland1
 and emigrated to this country and      
settled at ,bath1 in the county of      
,steuben1 prior to the year #ahjj4 ,he  
removed from ,bath to his late residence
 in ,illinois1 in #ahce4 ,during his    
residence in that state he held many    
offices of distinction1 such as         
,surrogate1 ,judge1 ,sheriff1 and member
 of the legislature4 ,in #ahac he was in

 command of the ,american forces on the 
,buffalo frontier4 ,he was severely     
censured for the burning of ,newark 7now
 ,niagara71 which took place whilst he  
was in command1 but a subsequent        
discussion of that matter resulted in a 
very general conviction that the        
,secretary of ,war1 ,general ,armstrong1
 was mainly responsible for the act4    
,whatever of error he may have committed
 during a protracted life spent mostly  
in the service of the public1 he will be
 remembered by the early settlers of    
,western ,new ,york as an active and    
enterprising man1 possessed of a sound  
head and an honest heart4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,,lorenz 
,,oken1 who was in his seventy-third    
year1 died early in ,august ,the ,leader
 says1 ,he will be known to many readers
 as the originator of that theory of    
cranial homologies which has effected so
 great a revolution in anatomical       
science4 ,his discovery of the skull as 
a continuation of the vertebral         

column--of its being1 in fact1 nothing  
but a congeries of four vertebrae1 as   
the brain itself is but a congeries of  
nervous ganglia --will immortalize his  
name2 but if any unwary man of science  
opens the ,lehrbuch der ,natur          
,philosophie with the expectation of    
studying a work of positive science1 he 
will be considerably astonished at      
finding ,nature subjected to the forms  
of ,schelling's metaphysics2 nor will he
 be reconciled to its startling formulas
 by ,oken's assuring him1 that where    
,god is called ,fire or ,water1 these   
expressions are only to be understood   
symbolically--nur symbolisch zunehmen   
seyn4 ,the ,british reader is the last  
to learn with patience that ,nothing    
exists but the ,nothing3 es existirt    
nichts als das ,nichts4 ,nor can you    
pacify him by the assurance that ,nichts
 does not mean no existence1 but means  
no special phenomenon1 the only true    
existence being ,the ,absolute4 ,he very
 properly discards such metaphysic wit3 

and when ,oken teaches that1 ,god is the
 self-conscious ,nothing2 ,creation is  
but ,god's act of self-consciousness2   
and that ,god came first to his         
self-consciousness through the spoken   
word 7,greek3 logos7 the world4 ,if ,god
 did not think1 there would be no world2
 nay1 he himself would not be--when we  
say ,oken teaches him in all seriousness
 such high arguments as these1 the      
,british reader is apt to ask1 ,my dear 
sir1 how do you know all this8 ,a       
translation of ,oken was published by   
,mr4 ,tulk among the works of the ,ray  
,society1 and excited both astonishment 
and merriment in ,england4 ,but1 as we  
said1 ,oken's name is indelibly         
associated with a great advance in      
science2 to his labors we owe the       
admirable researches of ,professor      
,owen1 and no amount of ,german         
metaphysics can quite obscure his       
renown4  ,the incidents of ,oken's life 
are not many4 ,in #ahaf1 he began a     
journal called ,isis1 to which he       

intended to give an encyclopaedic       
character4 ,as the government of        
,saxe-,weimar then allowed the press    
greater freedom than other ,german      
states1 many complainants selected this 
journal as their organ4 ,oken1 whose    
views were liberal1 printed such        
complaints whenever they were of general
 interest4 ,the consequence was1 that   
the government of ,saxe-,weimar was     
compelled1 by the great powers of the   
,german confederacy1 to make him        
discontinue the ,isis1 or discharge him 
from the professorship4 ,oken chose to  
give up the latter1 and continued to    
live in ,jena1 with few interruptions4  
,in #ahbg1 he was made professor in the 
new university of ,munich1 where he has 
continued to lecture ever since4 ,his   
activity is apparent from the list of   
his works3 ,outlines of the ,philosophy 
of ,nature1 of the ,theory of the       
,senses1 and the ,classification of     
,animals founded thereon1 #ahjb2        
,generation1 #ahje2 ,biology1 a         

text-book for his ,lectures1 #ahje2     
,oken's and ,kieser's ,contributions to 
,comparative ,anatomy and ,physiology1  
#ahjf2 ,on the ,signification of the    
,bones of the ,cranium1 #ahjg2 ,on the  
,universe1 a ,continuation of the       
,system of the ,senses1 #ahjh2 ,first   
,ideas towards a ,theory of ,light1     
,darkness1 ,colors1 and ,heat1 #ahjh2   
,sketch of the ,natural ,system of      
,metals1 #ahji2 ,on the ,value of       
,natural ,history1 #ahji2 ,origin and   
,cure of ,hernia ,umbilicalis1 #ahaj2   
,manual of the ,philosophy of ,nature1  
#ahjh1 #ahaj1 and #ahaa2 ,manual of     
,natural ,history1 #ahac1 #ahae1 and    
#ahaf2 ,new ,armament1 ,new ,france1    
,new ,germany1 #ahac2 ,natural ,history 
for ,schools1 #ahba4 ,in #ahcc he became
 professor at ,zurich1 and it was there 
he wrote his ,general ,views of ,natural
 ,history1 for all ,classes1 from #ahcc 
to #ahdf4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,count ,,von              
,,kielmansegge1 the ,hanoverian general1

 died lately at ,linden1 aged           
eighty-three4 ,he was born at           
,ratzebourg1 in the ,duchy of           
,lauenburg1 in the year #agfh1 entered  
the army in #agic1 and served against   
the ,french at ,nieuport in ,holland1 at
 ,hamburg1 at ,quatre ,bras1 and        
,waterloo1 where he commanded a brigade4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,h4 ,e4 ,g4 ,,paulus1 ,doctor of    
,theology1 of ,philosophy1 and of ,laws1
 a man who1 for more than half a        
century1 has been celebrated as one of  
the most able and active among the      
theological and philosophical writers of
 ,germany1 died at ,heidelberg1 on the  
#ajth of ,august4 ,dr4 ,paulus was born 
at ,lemberg1 near ,stuttgard1 in #agfj4 
,he studied chiefly at ,tubingen1 but   
visited several other universities in   
,germany1 ,holland1 and ,england4 ,while
 at ,oxford1 in the year #aghd1 he was  
appointed ,professor of ,oriental       
,languages at ,jena1 chiefly through the
 recommendations of ,griesbach4 ,in     

#agic1 he succeeded to the theological  
chair1 and gave lectures on theology    
above forty years at ,jena1 ,wurtzberg1 
and ,heidleberg1 till advancing age and 
its infirmities compelled him to retire 
from his public duties4 ,he published   
upwards of thirty different works1 and  
gave us the best edition of ,spinoza4   
,he was a man of truly ,german          
erudition2 and with ,eichorn1 ,planck1  
and ,lessing1 one of the leaders of     
,rationalism1 which has ended in ,strass
 and ,bruno ,bauer--unless we are to    
carry the influence further1 and leave  
it in the hands of ,feierbach and ,max  
,steiner1 avowed ,atheists4 ,his        
profound learning1 penetrating judgment1
 unshrinking courage1 and unwearied     
assiduity1 obtained for his writings1   
which were very numerous1 a wide        
circulation1 and his researches1        
historical and critical1 as well as the 
inferences he deduced from them1        
produced1 without doubt1 considerable   
effect on the public mind4 ,in private  

life he was singularly amiable1 easy of 
access1 courteous to strangers1         
bestowing kind and unostentatious       
attention on all who sought his         
assistance1 and ever actively employed  
up to his ninetieth year in endeavoring 
to promote freedom1 order1 and peace1   
piety1 virtue1 and humanity4 ,paulus had
 the degree of ,doctor of ,laws from    
,frieberg1 in consequence of his        
critique of the famous process of ,fonk4
 ,we have referred to the number of his 
works 7those on oriental literature are 
enumerated by ,meusel71 but allusion    
should be made to his periodicals3 his  
,sophronizon1 established in #ahai1     
devoted to church and state1 and        
received with great favor by both       
,protestants and ,catholics4 ,in #ahbe  
he began ,der ,denkglaubige1 7the       
,thinking ,believer71 and in #ahbg1     
,kirchenbeleuchtungen1 in which he aimed
 to show the true state of ,romanism and
 ,protestantism4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,joseph          

,,rusiecki1 one of the oldest and the   
most distinguished of the ,polish       
emigrants in ,france1 died early in     
,august1 in the hospital at ,vierzon4   
,he was born in #aggj1 and commenced his
 military career in #aghg4 ,he fought   
against the ,russians in #agid1 under   
the command of the immortal ,koscinsko4 
,after the partition of ,poland he      
entered the service of the ,french      
,republic1 fondly hoping1 like many     
others who were equally deceived1 that  
his country's independence would be     
restored through ,french influence4 ,he 
made the campaigns of ,italy with the   
,first ,consul1 and formed part of the  
expedition to ,st4 ,domingo under       
,rochambeau4 ,he served subsequently in 
the cuirassiers1 commanded by ,general  
,hautpoul1 who died in his arms on the  
sanguinary field of ,eylau4 ,on the     
cuirassiers1 who were cut to pieces in  
that battle1 being reorganized1 it was  
observed to ,napoleon that ,lieutenant  
,rusiecki was not the height for a      

cuirassier4 ,the ,emperor commanded him 
to alight1 and placing himself back to  
back with him1 he remarked to his       
aid-de-camp1 ,you are mistaken1 sir1 he 
is not a dwarf1 he is my size1 and at   
the same time he promoted him to the    
rank of captain in that corps4 ,he was  
named ,major in the year #ahab1 during  
the campaign of ,russia4 ,he commanded  
the #bb;d regiment of the line during   
the war of ,independence1 in the year   
#ahca4 ,his remains were accompanied to 
the grave by the principal inhabitants  
of ,vierzon1 and by the ,national       
,guard4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,,john ,,gottfried         
,,gruber1 ,professor of ,philosophy at  
,halle1 was born at ,naumburg on the    
#bith ,november1 #aggd1 and educated at 
the ,university of ,leipsic1 where he   
was distinguished for attainments in    
philosophy1 philology1 mathematics1 and 
natural science generally4 ,in addition 
to numerous learned works on history1   
archaeology1 mythology1 etc41 he was the

 principal editor of the celebrated     
,universal ,encyclopaedia1 in #aji      
volumes4 ,he died at ,halle about the   
middle of ,august4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,,john ,,hobart1  
second ,earl of ,clare1 was born in     
,queens1 #agib1 and graduated at        
,christchurch1 ,oxford1 where in #ahab1 
he was second in classics4 ,he1         
throughout life1 cultivated his taste   
for literature1 and for the society of  
literary men4 ,he was a college         
associate and intimate friend of ,lord  
,byron4 ,he was a ,knight of ,st        
,patrick1 ,g4,c4,h41 a ,privy           
,councillor1 ,vice ,president of the    
,royal ,society1 and far many years was 
,governor of ,bombay4 ,he died at       
,brighton on the #ahth of ,august4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,sir ,,henry ,,jardine1 a son of ,rev4 
,dr4 ,jardine1 who projected the first  
,edinburgh ,review1 in #agee1 was born  
in ,edinburgh on the #cjth of ,january1 
#agff1 and after a successful career in 

the law1 retired from public employment 
in #ahcg1 with a yearly pension of      
,l#adjj4 ,he was knighted by ,king      
,george ,,iv41 on the #bith of ,april1  
#ahbe4 ,he was a member of the ,royal   
,society of ,edinburgh1 of the ,society 
of ,antiquaries of ,scotland1 and of    
most of the literary1 scientific1 and   
charitable institutions of ,edinburgh4  
,the ,society of ,antiquaries1 in       
particular1 profited largely by the     
interest which he took in its affairs   
for many years4 ,he was a contributor to
 the ,bannatyne ,club1 of the pleasing  
and characteristic ,diary of ,james     
,melville1 minister of ,kilrenny4 ,in   
private life1 ,sir ,henry ,jardine had  
many friends1 among whom were ,sir      
,walter ,scott1 and other distinguished 
men of his time4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,,lady ,,louisa   
,,stuart died in ,london on the #dth of 
,august1 aged nearly #id4 ,she was the  
youngest daughter of the ,earl of ,bute1
 the celebrated minister during our     

revolution1 and was granddaughter of    
,lady ,mary ,wortley ,montague1 to whose
 works she wrote the charming           
introductory anecdotes prefixed in ,lord
 ,wharncliffe's edition4 ,she remembered
 to have seen her grandmother1 ,lady    
,mary1 when at old ,wortley's death that
 celebrated woman returned to ,london   
after her long and still unexplained    
exile from ,england4 ,lady ,louisa      
herself was a charming letter-writer4   
,ladies' ,late ,summer ,fashions4   ,the
 season being now far advanced1 no      
change of fashions can be looked for    
until autumn shall have fairly set in2  
but a great variety in costume is       
obtained by the different combinations  
of the articles already introduced4     
,illustration  ,white ,muslin ,mantelets
 are much worn4 ,the selection for our  
illustration is of the shawl form1 much 
rounded at the back4 ,the ends in front 
are also slightly rounded4 ,the mantelet
 is made of thin1 soft1 white muslin1   
and is trimmed with worked volants from 

six to seven inches broad1 and set on   
rather full4 ,the back and front are    
edged with two volants2 and a third1    
passing over the armhole1 forms a sort  
of sleeve4 ,the dress worn with this    
mantelet is of white muslin1 ornamented 
with needlework2 but the mantelet is    
intended to be worn in outdoor costume  
with a dress of silk or barege4 ,the    
pattern of the needlework consists of a 
deep scallop1 with a notched or dentated
 edge4 ,within each large scallop there 
is a sprig1 the leaves of which are     
formed in open work4  ,illustration     
,several ,evening ,dresses1 worn at the 
most recent parties1 are of a style     
which would not be inappropriate for    
winter soirees2 for instance1 some of   
the new silk dresses intended for       
evening wear are trimmed with black lace
 flounces1 the corsage ornamented and   
edged with narrow black velvet4 ,many   
dresses of printed organdy have been    
prepared for evening costume2 one has   
the design printed in pink1 the pattern 

being small bouquets2 another1 with the 
pattern in blue1 is made with seven     
flounces1 and each flounce is edged with
 narrow gauze ribbon1 the corsage also  
ornamented with gauze ribbons4 ,this    
style of trimming renders the dress very
 elegant4  ,the ,headdresses worn at    
evening parties present no novelty4     
,natural flowers may be worn in the hair
 with greater advantage at this season  
than at any other1 as they fade less    
rapidly1 than the summer flowers4       
,illustration  ,the newest style of     
,full ,dress for ,little ,girls         
comprises some very pretty white muslin 
dresses1 ornamented with tabliers of    
needlework4 ,bows of ribbon ornament the
 sleeves1 and one is fixed at the waist 
behind4 ,a white muslin dress1 worn over
 a pink or blue slip is a fashionable   
style for little girls4 ,with these     
dresses should be worn a sash with      
flowing ends4 ,some of these dresses are
 made with basques1 notwithstanding that
 the corsage is low and the sleeves     

short4 ,the skirt is always short1 and  
trousers are indispensable4  ,for       
,little ,boys who have not yet attained 
the age for wearing the jacket1 the     
tunic or blouse is adopted4 ,the        
,russian blouse is made all in one      
piece1 but opening on the left side2 or 
the blouse may be made in a style called
 the ,scottish blouse1 namely1 with a   
plain corsage1 having basques or tails1 
the skirt very full1 and cut bias way4  
,either of the above forms are          
fashionable1 and they are made of almost
 every kind of material1 but those of   
chequered silk1 especially for very     
little boys1 are the most distingue4    
,short trousers and socks complete the  
costume4  ,the dress in the first of the
 above figures is of a plaided barege1  
of a delicate pink4 ,the second is of a 
light silk dress of salmon-colored silk1
 van-dyked2 bonnet of white chip4 ,in   
all the recent patterns the advance     
toward autumn modes is too slight to    
need specification4