,transcrib]'s ,note3      ,m9or spell+ &
 typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t
     note4 ,! oe ligature is %[n z oe1 !
 ,greek lett] pi is     repres5t$ by pi1
 &  appe>s be=e a sup]script "*4        
,,! ,,sev5 ,,follies                    
,,( ,,sci5ce                            
,a                 ,,popul> ,,acc\nt ,,(
 ,,! ,,mo/ ,,fam\s                      
,,sci5tific ,,impossibilities        ,,&
 ,,! ,,attempts ,,:i* ,,h ,,be5 ,,made  
,,to ,,solve ,,!m4           ,,to ,,:i* 
,,is ,,add$ ,a ,,small ,,budget ,,(     
,,int]e/+                 ,,p>adoxes1   
,,illusions1 ,,& ,,m>vels4              
,,) ,,num]\s ,,illu/rations             
,,by                             ,,john 
,,ph9   ,,au?or ,,( ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! 
,,microscope2 ,,! ,,work%op ,,companion2
    ,,! ,,%akespe>e ,,cyclop$ia2        
,,editor ,,m>quis ,,( ,,worce/]',s1     
,,c5tury ,,( ,,inv5tions2 ,,etc4        
,,second ,,edition                      
,device                                 
,,new ,,york                      ,d4   

,,van ,,no/r& ,,company                 
#bc ,,murray ,,& #bg ,,w>r5 ,,/s4       
#aijf           ,,copyright1 #aijf1     
,,by ,d4 ,,van ,,no/r& ,,company4       
,,preface   ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i h      
endeavor$ to give a simple acc\nt (     
problems :i* h occupi$ ! att5tion ( !   
human m9d ev] s9ce ! dawn (             
civilization1 & :i* c nev] lose _!      
int]e/ until "t %all be no m4 ,:ile to  
mo/ p]sons ^! subjects w h b an         
hi/orical int]e/1 yet ev5 f ?is po9t (  
view !y are ( m value ?an ! hi/ory (    
empires1 = !y are ! intellectual        
battlefields ^u :i* mu* ( our progress 9
 sci5ce has be5 won4 ,to a few1 h[ev]1  
"s ( !m may be ( actual practical       
importance1 = al?\gh ! s*oolma/] has be5
 abroad = ^! _m ye>s1 x is an un=tunate 
fact t ! circle-squ>] & !               
p]petual-motion-seek] h n ceas$ out ( ! 
l&4  ,9 ^! days ( almo/ miracul\s       
progress x is difficult to realize t !re
 may be su* a ?+ z a sci5tific          
impossibility4 ,i h !re=e endeavor$ to  

po9t out :]e ! l9e mu/ be drawn1 & by   
way ( illu/ration ,i h add$ a few curi\s
 p>adoxes & m>vels1 "s ( :i* %[ app>5t  
contradictions to kn[n laws ( nature1 b 
:i* are all simply & easily expla9$ :5  
we und]/& ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i*    
gov]n ea* case4  ,9 pres5t+ ! v>i\s     
subjects :i* are "h discuss$1 ,i h      
endeavor$ to use ! simple/ language & to
 avoid entirely ! use ( ma!matical      
=mulae1 = ,i "k by l>ge exp]i5ce t ^!   
are ! bugbe> ( ! ord9>y read]1 = :om ?is
 volume is specially int5d$4 ,!re=e ,i h
 endeavor$ to /ate ev]y?+ 9 su* a simple
 mann] t any "o ) a m]e common s*ool    
education c und]/& x4 ,?is1 ,i tru/1 w  
expla9 ! abs5ce ( ev]y?+ :i* requires ! 
use ( any?+ high] ?an ! simple rules (  
ari?metic & ! mo/ elem5t>y propositions 
( geometry4 ,& ev5 ?is ,i h f\nd to be  
en\gh = _m lawy]s1 physicians1 & cl]gym5
 :o1 9 ! ard5t pursuit ( _! pr(essions1 
h =gott5 mu* t !y le>n$ at college4 ,& z
 ,i hope to f9d _m read]s among/        
intellig5t me*anics1 ,i h 9 "s cases    

sugge/$ me*anical pro(s :i* any exp]t   
h&l] ( tools c easily c>ry out4  ,z a   
matt] ( c\rse1 v little orig9ality is   
claim$ = any?+ 9 ! book1--! only po9ts t
 are new be+ a few illu/rations (       
well-kn[n pr9ciples1 "s ( :i* _h already
 appe>$ 9 ,! ,"y ,sci5ti/ &             
,self-education = ,me*anics4 ,:5ev] !   
exact words ( an au?or h be5 us$1 cr$it 
has always be5 giv52 b 9 reg>d to g5]al 
/atem5ts & ideas1 ,i mu/ re/ cont5t )   
nam+ ! books f :i* ,i h d]iv$ ! greate/ 
assi/ance4 ,ozanam's ,recreations 9     
,sci5ce & ,natural ,philosophy1 9 !     
editions ( ,hutton 7#ahjc7 & ,riddle    
7#ahed71 has be5 a /oreh\se ( matt]4    
,mu* has be5 glean$ f ! ,budget (       
,p>adoxes by ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan &    
also f ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,ball's    
,ma!matical ,recreations & ,problems4   
,^? :o wi% to in=m !mselves 9 reg>d to  
:at has be5 done by !                   
p]petual-motion-mong]s mu/ consult ,mr4 
,dirck's two volumes entitl$ ,p]petuum  
,mobile & ,i h made free use ( 8 labors4

 ,to ^! & "o or two o!rs ,i ackn[l$ge   
unlimit$ cr$it4  ,"s ( ! m>vels :i* are 
"h describ$1 al?\gh v old1 are n g5]ally
 kn[n1 & z !y are easily put 9 practice 
!y may af=d a pleasant h\r's amusem5t to
 ! read] & 8 fri5ds4                    
,,john ,,ph9  ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j41 ,july1 
#aije4     ,,cont5ts    ,preface    ,,! 
,,sev5 ,,follies ,,( ,,sci5ce           
,,page       ,introductory ,note        
#a    ,i ,squ>+ ! ,circle               
#i   ,,ii ,! ,duplication ( ! ,cube     
#cj  ,,iii ,! ,trisection ( an ,angle   
#cc   ,,iv ,p]petual ,motion            
#cf    ,v ,! ,transmutation (           
,metals--,al*emy                        
#gi   ,,vi ,! ,fixation ( ,m]cury       
#ib  ,,vii ,! ,univ]sal ,m$ic9e & !     
,elixir ( ,life                      #ie
    ,,additional ,,follies   ,p]petual  
or ,ev]-burn+ ,lamps                    
#ajj  ,! ,alkahe/ or ,univ]sal ,solv5t  
#ajd  ,pal+5esy                         
#ajf  ,! ,p[d] ( ,sympa?y               
#aaa    ,a ,,small ,,budget ,,(         

,,p>adoxes1 ,,illusions1 ,,& ,,m>vels   
7,,) ,,apologies ,,to ,,pr(essor ,,de   
,,morgan7   ,! ,f\r? ,dim5sion          
#aag  ,h[ a ,space may be app>5tly      
,enl>g$ by m]ely *ang+    its ,%ape     
#abf  ,c a ,man ,lift ,himself by !     
,/raps ( 8 ,boots8                      
#abh  ,h[ a ,spid] ,lift$ a ,snake      
#acj  ,h[ ! ,%ad[ may be made to move   
backw>d on ! ,sun-dial           #acc   
,h[ a ,wat* may be us$ z a ,compass     
#acd  ,micrography or ,m9ute ,writ+4    
,writ+ s f9e t !    :ole ,bible1 if     
writt5 9 *>act]s ( ! same size1    might
 be inscrib$ tw5ty-two times on a squ>e 
in*                #acf  ,illusions ( ! 
,s5ses                                  
#adi    ,ta/e & ,smell                  
#aej    ,s5se ( ,heat                   
#aej    ,s5se ( ,he>+                   
#aej    ,s5se ( ,t\*--,"o ,?+ ,appe>+ z 
,two                          #aea  ,h[ 
,objects may be app>5tly ,se5 ?r\gh a   
,hole 9 !    ,h&                        
#aef  ,h[ to ,see 7app>5tly7 ?r\gh a    

,solid ,brick                           
#aeh    ,,curi\s ,,ari?metical          
,,problems   ,! ,*ess-bo>d ,problem     
#afc  ,! ,nail ,problem                 
#afd  ,a ,"q ( ,population              
#afe  ,h[ to ,become a ,millionaire     
#aff  ,! ,actual ,co/ & ,pres5t ,value (
 ! ,fir/ ,folio ,%akespe>e      #afh    
,ari?metical ,puzzles                   
#agj  ,ar*im$es & ,8 ,fulcrum           
#aga     ,,! ,,sev5 ,,follies ,,(       
,,sci5ce   ,! difficult1 ! dang]\s1 & ! 
impossible h always _h a /range         
fasc9ation = ! human m9d4 ,we see ?is e 
day 9 ! acts ( boys :o risk life & limb 
9 ! p]=mance ( useless b dang]\s feats1 
& among/ *ildr5 ( l>g] gr[? we f9d      
loop-!-loop]s1 bridge-jump]s1 & all     
sorts ( v5ture-seek]s to :om mu* ( !    
attraction ( ^! p]=mances is und\bt$ly !
 m]e risk t is involv$1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 
to "s ext5t1 notoriety & money-mak+ may 
contribute _! %>e4 ,_m ( our read]s w   
d\btless rememb] ! words ( ,james       
,fitz-,james1 9 ,! ,lady ( ! ,lake3     

,or1 if a pa? be dang]\s kn[n     ,!    
dang]'s self is lure alone4  ,& 9       
comm5t+ on ! old-"t game laws ( ,engl&1 
,fr\de1 ! hi/orian1 says3 ,al?\gh ! old 
=e/ laws 7 t]rible1 !y s]v$ only to     
enhance ! excitem5t by dang]4  ,t :i* is
 true ( physical dang]s holds equally   
true 9 reg>d to intellectual            
difficulties4 ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan     
tells u1 9 8 ,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 t he  
once gave a lecture on ,squ>+ ! ,circle 
& t a g5tleman :o 0 introduc$ to x by   
:at he said1 rem>k$ l\d en\gh to be he>d
 by all ar\nd3 ,only prove to me t x is 
impossible & ,i w set ab\t x ?is v ev5+4
  ,!re=e x is n to be wond]$ at t c]ta9 
v difficult1 or p]haps impossible       
problems h 9 all ages _h a p[]ful       
fasc9ation = c]ta9 m9ds4 ,9 t curi\s    
olla podrida ( fact & fiction1 ,!       
,curiosities ( ,lit]ature1 ,d',israeli  
gives a li/ ( six ( ^! problems1 :i* he 
calls ,! ,six ,follies ( ,sci5ce4 ,i d n
 "k :e!r ! phrase ,follies ( ,sci5ce    
orig9at$ ) him or n1 b he enum]ates !   

,quadrature ( ! ,circle2 ! ,duplication1
 or1 z he calls x1 ! ,multiplication ( !
 ,cube2 ! ,p]petual ,motion2 !          
,philosophical ,/one2 ,magic1 &         
,judicial ,a/rology1 z ^? kn[n to him4  
,?is li/1 h[ev]1 has no classical /&+   
su* z p]ta9s to ! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w1
 ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 ( ,greece1 ! ,sev5   
,*ampions ( ,*ri/5dom1 & o!rs4 ,!re are 
"s well-kn[n follies t are omitt$1 :ile 
"s au?orities w\ld p]emptorily reject   
,magic & ,judicial ,a/rology z be+      
attempts at fraud r ?an e>ne/ ef=ts to  
discov] & utilize ! secrets ( nature4 ,!
 g5]ally accept$ li/ is z foll[s3   #a4 
,! ,quadrature ( ! ,circle or1 z x is   
call$ 9  ! v]nacul>1 ,squ>+ ! ,circle4  
#b4 ,! ,duplication ( ! ,cube4   #c4 ,! 
,trisection ( an ,angle4   #d4 ,p]petual
 ,motion4   #e4 ,! ,transmutation ( !   
,metals4   #f4 ,! ,fixation ( ,m]cury4  
#g4 ,! ,elixir ( ,life4  ,!             
,transmutation ( ! ,metals1 ! ,fixation 
( ,m]cury1 & ! ,elixir ( ,life might    
p]haps be prop]ly class$ z "o1 "u ! head

 ( ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 & !n ,a/rology
 & ,magic might come 9 to make up !     
my/ic numb] ,sev54  ,! expression       
,follies ( ,sci5ce does n seem a v      
appropriate "o4 ,real sci5ce has no     
follies4 ,nei!r c ^! va9 attempts be    
call$ sci5tific follies because _! v    
ess5ce is t !y are unsci5tific4 ,ea* "o 
is really a v]itable ,w-o'-!-,wisp =    
unsci5tific ?9k]s1 & !re are _m m ( !m  
?an ^? t we h "h nam$4 ,b ! expression  
has be5 adopt$ 9 lit]ature & x is j z   
well to accept x4 ,^? on ! li/ t we h   
giv5 are ! ones t h become fam\s 9      
hi/ory & !y /ill engage ! att5tion ( a  
c]ta9 class ( m9ds4 ,x is only a few    
mon?s s9ce a man :o claims to be a      
pr(essional ar*itect & te*nical writ]   
put =? an alleg$ me?od ( squ>+ ! circle1
 :i* he claims to be exact2 & ! results 
( an attempt to make liquid air a pa?way
 to p]petual motion are /ill 9 evid5ce1 
z a m9us quantity1 9 ! pockets ( _m :o  
believ$ t all ?+s are possible to mod]n 
sci5ce4 ,& inde$ x is ?is false idea ( !

 possibility ( ! impossible t leads     
a/ray ! foll[]s ( ^! false lights4      
,inv5tive sci5ce has accompli%$ s       
mu*--_m ( h] a*ievem5ts be+ s a/\nd+ t  
!y w\ld c]ta9ly h seem$ miracles to !   
mo/ intellig5t m5 ( a few g5]ations     
ago--t ! ord9>y m9d _c see ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 unkn[n possibilities & ^? ?+s :i*
 well-e/abli%$ sci5ce pron\nces to be   
impossible1 because !y contradict       
fundam5tal laws :i* are ?or\ghly        
e/abli%$ & well und]/ood4  ,?us any "o  
:o w\ld claim t he c\ld make a plane    
triangle 9 :i* ! ?ree angles w\ld       
measure m ?an two "r angles1 w\ld %[ by 
?is v claim t he 0 entirely ignorant ( !
 fir/ pr9ciples ( geometry4 ,! same w\ld
 be true ( ! man :o w\ld claim t he c\ld
 give1 9 exact figures1 ! diagonal ( a  
squ>e ( :i* ! side is exactly "o foot or
 "o y>d1 & x is also true ( ! man :o    
claims t he c give ! exact area ( a     
circle ( :i* ei!r ! circumf]5ce or !    
diamet] is kn[n ) precision4 ,t !y _c   
bo? be kn[n exactly is v well und]/ood  

by all :o h /udi$ ! subject1 b t ! area1
 ! circumf]5ce1 & ! diamet] ( a circle  
may all be kn[n ) an exactitude :i* is  
f> 9 excess ( any?+ ( :i* ! human m9d c 
=m ! lea/ conception1 is q true1 z we   
%all %[ :5 we come to consid] ! subject 
9 its prop] place4  ,^! problems are n  
only int]e/+ hi/orically b !y are       
valuable z illu/rat+ ! vag>ies ( ! human
 m9d & ! difficulties ) :i* ! e>ly      
inve/igators _h to cont5d4 ,!y also %[ u
 ! b>ri]s ov] :i* we _c pass1 & !y en=ce
 ! immutable "* ( ! natural laws :i*    
gov]n ! _w ar\nd u4 ,we he> mu* ( !     
progress ( sci5ce & ( ! *anges :i* ?is  
progress has br\ght ab\t1 b ^! *anges   
nev] affect ! fundam5tal facts &        
pr9ciples ^u :i* all true sci5ce is     
bas$4 ,!ories & explanations & ev5      
practical applications *ange or pass    
away1 s t we "k !m no m1 b nature rema9s
 ! same ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,no new !ory (  
electricity c ev] take away f ! voltaic 
batt]y its p[]1 or *ange x 9 any        
respect1 & no new discov]y 9 reg>d to ! 

con/itution ( matt] c ev] less5 !       
eag]ness ) :i* c>bon & oxyg5 comb9e     
toge!r4 ,e little :ile we he> ( "s      
discov]y t is go+ to upset all our      
preconceiv$ notions & entirely *ange ^? 
laws :i* long exp]i5ce has prov$ to be  
inv>iable1 b 9 e case ^! alleg$         
discov]ies h turn$ out to be fallacies4 
,= example1 ! wond]ful prop]ties (      
radium h l$ "s en?usia/s to adopt ! idea
 t _m ( our old notions ab\t !          
cons]vation ( en]gy mu/ be ab&on$1 b :5 
all ! facts are c>efully exam9$ x is    
f\nd t !re is no rational basis = su*   
views4 ,^u ?is po9t ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge  
says3      ,!re is absolutely no gr\nd =
 ! popul> & gratuit\s     surmise t     
radium emits en]gy )\t loss or wa/e (   
any k9d1     & t x is compet5t to g on  
=ev]4 ,! idea1 at "o "t                 
irresponsibly moot$1 t x contradict$ !  
pr9ciple ( !     cons]vation ( en]gy1 & 
0 tr\bl+ physici/s ) ! idea     t !y mu/
 ov]haul _! !ories--a ?+ :i* !y ought   
always to be delight$ to d on good      

evid5ce--?is idea 0 a     gratuit\s     
absurdity1 & nev] _h ! slighte/         
f\ndation4 ,x is     reasonable to      
suppose1 h[ev]1 t radium & ! o!r l      
sub/ances are draw+ ^u _! own /ores (   
int]nal atomic     en]gy1 & !reby       
gradually dis9tegrat+ & fall+ into o!r  
& ultimately m /able =ms ( matt]4  ,"o  
w\ld naturally suppose t ! ext5sive     
diffusion ( s\nd sci5tific k :i* has    
tak5 place dur+ ! c5tury j pa/1 w\ld h  
plac$ ^! problems among/ ! lumb] ( pa/  
ages2 b x seems t "s ( !m1 p>ticul>ly ! 
squ>+ ( ! circle & p]petual motion1 /ill
 occupy consid]able space 9 ! att5tion (
 ! _w1 & ev5 ! futile *ase aft] !       
,elixir ( ,life has n be5 entirely      
ab&on$4 ,inde$ c]ta9 pr(essors :o occupy
 prom95t (ficial positions1 ass]t t !y h
 made great progress t[>ds its atta9m5t4
 ,9 view ( su* facts "o is almo/ driv5  
to accept ! humor\s explanation :i* ,de 
,morgan has (f]$ & :i* he bases on an   
old leg5d relat+ to ! fam\s wiz>d1      
,mi*ael ,scott4 ,! g5]ally accept$      

tradition1 z relat$ by ,sir ,walt]      
,scott 9 8 notes to ! ,lay ( ! ,la/     
,m9/rel1 is z foll[s3      ,mi*ael      
,scott 01 once ^u a "t1 mu* emb>rass$ by
 a _s     = :om he 0 "u ! necessity (   
f9d+ con/ant employm5t4     ,he comm&$  
him to build a 'cauld1' or dam head     
across ! ,twe$ at     ,kelso2 x 0       
accompli%$ 9 "o night1 & /ill does honor
 to !     inf]nal ar*itect4 ,mi*ael next
 ord]$ t ,eildon ,hill1 :i* 0     !n a  
uni=m cone1 %\ld be divid$ into ?ree4   
,ano!r night 0     suffici5t to "p its  
summit into ! ?ree picturesque peaks :i*
     x n[ be>s4 ,at l5g? ! en*ant]      
conqu]$ ?is indefatigable     demon1 by 
employ+ him 9 ! hopeless task ( mak+    
ropes out (     sea-s&4  ,:]eupon ,de   
,morgan (f]s ! foll[+ exce$+ly int]e/+  
cont9uation ( ! leg5d3      ,! record$  
/ory is t ,mi*ael ,scott1 be+ b\nd by   
contract     to procure p]petual        
employm5t = a numb] ( "y demons1 0      
worri$ out ( 8 life 9 inv5t+ jobs = !m1 
until at la/ he     set !m to make ropes

 out ( sea-s&1 :i* !y nev] c\ld d4      
,we h obta9$ a v curi\s correspond5ce   
betwe5 ! wiz>d     ,mi*ael & 8 demon    
slaves2 b we d n feel at lib]ty to say  
h[ x came into our h&s4 ,we mu* regret t
 we did n receive     x 9 "t = ! ,briti%
 ,association4 ,x appe>s t ! /ory1      
true z f> z x goes1 0 nev] f9i%$4 ,!    
demons easily     conqu]$ ! rope        
difficulty1 by ! simple process ( mak+ !
     s& into glass1 & sp9n+ ! glass into
 ?read :i* !y     twi/$4 ,mi*ael1       
?or\ghly disconc]t$1 hit ^u ! plan (    
sett+ "s to squ>e ! circle1 o!rs to f9d 
! p]petual     motion1 etc4 ,he comm&$  
ea* ( !m to transmigrate f "o     human 
body into ano!r1 until _! tasks 7 done4 
,?is expla9s     ! :ole succession (    
cyclomet]s & all ! h]oes ( !            
,budget4 ,"s ( ?is correspond5ce is v   
rec5t2 x is mu*     blott$1 & we are n q
 sure ( its mean+4 ,x is full (         
figurative allusions to driv+ some?+    
illegible d[n a /eep     into ! sea4 ,x 
looks l a humble petition to be all[$ "s

     div]sion 9 ! int]vals (            
transmigration2 & ! answ] is3           
',rumpat et s]p5s it] in/itutum'      a 
l9e ( ,horace1 :i* ! demons int]pret z a
 direction to come     a?w>t ! proce$+s 
( ! ,in/itute by a sly trick4  ,& really
 ^? :o h foll[$ c>efully ! hi/ory ( ! m5
 :o h claim$ t !y _h solv$ ^! fam\s     
problems1 w be almo/ incl9$ to accept   
,de ,morgan's +5i\s explanation z some?+
 m ?an a m]e skit4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( !   
philosoph]'s /one1 ( ma*9es &           
contrivances = obta9+ p]petual motion1 &
 ( circle-squ>+1 is p]meat$ ) acc\nts ( 
! mo/ gross & obvi\s frauds4 ,t         
ignorance play$ an important "p 9 !     
conduct ( _m :o h put =? s*emes bas$ ^u 
^! pret5d$ solutions is no d\bt true1 b 
t a delib]ate attempt at absolute fraud 
0 ! ma9spr+ 9 _m cases _c be d5i$4 ,l   
,d\/]swivel 9 ,! ,antiqu>y1 _m ( ! m5 :o
 advocat$ ^! delusions may h _h a sneak+
 suspicion t !re might be "s tru? 9 !   
doctr9es :i* !y promulgat$2 b mo/ ( !m  
knew t _! p>ticul> claims 7 gr\ndless1 &

 t !y 7 put =w>d = ! purpose ( deceiv+  
"s confid+ patron f :om !y expect$ ei!r 
money or ! cr$it & glory ( hav+ done t  
:i* _h be5 hi!rto consid]$ impossible4  
,"s ( ! que/ions "h discuss$ h be5 call$
 sci5tific impossibilities--an epi!t :i*
 _m h consid]$ entirely inapplicable to 
any problem1 on ! gr\nd t all ?+s are   
possible to sci5ce4 ,& 9 view ( !       
wond]ful ?+s t h be5 accompli%$ 9 ! pa/1
 "s ( my read]s may well ask3 ,:o %all  
decide :5 doctors disagree8  ,p]haps !  
be/ answ] to ?is "q is t giv5 by        
,ozanam1 ! old hi/orian ( ^! & _m o!r   
sci5tific puzzles4 ,he claim$ t x 0 !   
bus9ess ( ! ,doctors ( ! ,sorbonne to   
discuss1 ( ! ,pope to decide1 & ( a     
ma!matician to g /raight to heav5 9 a   
p]p5dicul> l9e6  ,9 ?is connection !    
words ( ,de ,morgan h a deep            
significance4 ,allud+ to ! difficulty ( 
prev5t+ m5 ( no au?ority f sett+ up     
false pret5sions & ! impossibility (    
de/roy+ ! ass]tions ( fancy speculation1
 he says3 ,_m an error ( ?\ght & le>n+  

has fall5 be=e a gradual gr[? ( ?\ghtful
 & le>n$ opposition4 ,b su* ?+s z !     
quadrature ( ! circle1 etc41 are nev]   
put d[n4 ,& :y8 ,because ?\ght c        
influ5ce ?\ght1 b ?\ght _c influ5ce     
self-conceit2 le>n+ c annihilate le>n+2 
b le>n+ _c annihilate ignorance4 ,a     
sword may cut ?r\gh an iron b>1 & !     
sev]$ ends w n reunite2 let x g ?r\gh ! 
air1 & ! yield+ sub/ance is :ole aga9 9 
a mom5t4     ,i4  ,,squ>+ ,,! ,,circle  
,und\bt$ly "o ( ! reasons :y ?is problem
 has receiv$ s mu* att5tion f ^? ^: m9ds
 c]ta9ly h no special lean+ t[>ds       
ma!matics1 lies 9 ! fact t !re is a     
g5]al impression abroad t ! gov]nm5ts ( 
,great ,brita9 & ,france h (f]$ l>ge    
rew>ds = its solution4 ,de ,morgan tells
 ( a ,jesuit :o came all ! way f ,s\?   
,am]ica1 br++ ) him a quadrature ( !    
circle & a newspap] cutt+ ann\nc+ t a   
rew>d 0 ready = ! discov]y 9 ,engl&4 ,z 
a matt] ( fact 8 me?od ( solv+ ! problem
 0 wor?less1 & ev5 if x _h be5 valuable1
 !re w\ld h be5 no rew>d4  ,ano!r case 0

 t ( an agricultural labor] :o sp5t 8   
h>d-e>n$ sav+s on a j\rney to ,london1  
c>ry+ ) him an alleg$ solution ( !      
problem1 & :o dem&$ f ! ,"l ,*ancellor !
 sum ( "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 :i* he     
claim$ to be ! am\nt ( ! rew>d (f]$ &   
:i* he desir$ %\ld be h&$ ov] =?)4 ,:5  
he fail$ to get ! money he & 8 fri5ds 7 
highly indignant & insi/$ t ! influ5ce (
 ! cl]gy _h depriv$ ! poor man ( 8 j    
des]ts6  ,& x is relat$ t 9 ! ye> #aghh1
 "o ( ^! delud$ individuals1 a ,m4 de   
,vaus5ville1 actually br\ght an action  
aga9/ ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces to    
recov] a rew>d to :i* he felt himself   
entitl$4 ,x ought to be ne$less to say t
 !re nev] 0 a rew>d (f]$ = ! solution ( 
?is or any o!r ( ! problems :i* are     
discuss$ 9 ?is volume4 ,^u ?is po9t ,de 
,morgan has ! foll[+ rem>ks3            
,montucla says1 speak+ ( ,france1 t he  
f9ds ?ree notions     preval5t among !  
cyclomet]s or circle-squ>]s3 #a4 ,t !re 
is a l>ge rew>d (f]$ = success2 #b4 ,t !
 longitude problem     dep5ds on t      

success2 #c4 ,t ! solution is ! great   
end &     object ( geometry4 ,! same    
?ree notions are equally preval5t       
among ! same class 9 ,engl&4 ,no rew>d  
has ev] be5 (f]$ by     ! gov]nm5t (    
ei!r c\ntry4 ,! longitude problem 9 no  
way     dep5ds ^u p]fect solution2 exi/+
 approximations are     suffici5t to a  
po9t ( accuracy f> beyond :at c be      
want$4 ,&     geometry1 cont5t ) :at    
exi/s1 has long press$ on to o!r        
matt]s4 ,sometimes a cyclomet] p]suades 
a skipp]1 :o has made     l& 9 ! wrong  
place1 t ! a/ronom]s are 9 fault = us+  
a wrong measure ( ! circle2 & ! skipp]  
?9ks x a v     com=table solution6 ,&   
?is is ! utmo/ t ! problem ev]     has  
to d ) longitude4  ,9 ! ye> #agge !     
,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,p>is pass$
 a resolution n to ent]ta9              
communications :i* claim$ to give       
solutions ( any ( ! foll[+ problems3 ,! 
duplication ( ! cube1 ! trisection ( an 
angle1 ! quadrature ( a circle1 or any  
ma*9e ann\nc$ z %[+ p]petual motion4 ,& 

we h he>d t ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 
pass$ simil> resolutions1 b ( c\rse 9 ! 
case ( nei!r society did ^! resolutions 
exclude legitimate ma!matical           
inve/igations--! fam\s computations (   
,mr4 ,%anks1 to :i* we %all h occasion  
to ref] h]eaft]1 7 submitt$ to ! ,royal 
,society ( ,london & publi%$ 9 _!       
,transactions4 ,attempts to squ>e !     
circle1 :5 made intellig5tly1 7 n only  
comm5dable b h be5 productive ( ! mo/   
valuable results4 ,at ! same "t !re is  
no problem1 ) ! possible exception ( t (
 p]petual motion1 t has caus$ m wa/e (  
"t & ef=t on ! "p ( ^? :o h attempt$ its
 solution1 & :o h 9 almo/ all cases be5 
ignorant bo? ( ! nature ( ! problem & ( 
! results :i* h be5 already atta9$4 ,f  
,ar*im$es d[n to ! pres5t "t "s ( !     
able/ ma!maticians h occupi$ !mselves ) 
! quadrature1 or1 z x is call$ 9 common 
language1 ! squ>+ ( ! circle2 b ^! m5   
are n to be plac$ 9 ! same class ) ^? to
 :om ! t]m circle-squ>]s is g5]ally     
appli$4  ,z already not$1 ! great       

difficulty ) mo/ circle-squ>]s is t !y  
are ignorant bo? ( ! nature ( ! problem 
to be solv$ & ( ! results :i* h be5     
already atta9$4 ,sometimes we see x     
expla9$ z ! draw+ ( a squ>e inside a    
circle & at o!r times z ! draw+ ( a     
squ>e ar\nd a circle1 b bo? ^! problems 
are among/ ! v simple/ 9 practical      
geometry1 ! solutions be+ giv5 9 ! six? 
& sev5? propositions ( ! ,f\r? ,book (  
,euclid4 ,o!r def9itions h be5 giv51 "s 
( !m q absurd4 ,?us 9 ,france1 9 #agec1 
,m4 de ,causans1 ( ! ,gu>ds1 cut a      
circul> piece ( turf1 squ>$ x1 & f !    
result d$uc$ orig9al s9 & ! ,tr9ity4 ,he
 f\nd out t ! circle 0 equal to ! squ>e 
9 :i* x is inscrib$1 & he (f]$ a rew>d =
 ! detection ( any error1 & actually    
deposit$ #aj1jjj francs z e>ne/ (       
#cjj1jjj4 ,b ! c\rts w\ld n all[ any "o 
to recov]4  ,9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,a!naeum 
= #ahee a correspond5t says ! ?+ is no  
long] a problem b an axiom4 ,he makes ! 
squ>e equal to a circle by mak+ ea* side
 equal to a qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,z   

,de ,morgan says1 he does n "k t ! area 
( ! circle is great] ?an t ( any o!r    
figure ( ! same circuit4  ,su* ideas are
 evid5tly ak9 to ! poetic notion ( !    
quadrature4 ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! ,birds1   
introduces a geomet]1 :o ann\nces 8     
int5tion to make a squ>e circle4 ,&     
,pope 9 ! ,dunciad deliv]s himself z    
foll[s3      ,mad ,ma!sis alone 0       
unconf9$1     ,too mad = m]e mat]ial    
*a9s to b9d1--     ,n[ to pure space    
lifts h] ec/atic />e1     ,n[1 runn+    
r\nd ! circle1 f9ds x squ>e4  ,! au?or's
 note expla9s t ?is reg>ds ! wild &     
fruitless attempts ( squ>+ ! circle4 ,! 
poetic idea seems to be t ! geomet]s try
 to make a squ>e circle4  ,z /at$ by all
 recogniz$ au?orities1 ! problem is ?is3
 ,to describe a squ>e :i* %all be       
exactly equal 9 area to a giv5 circle4  
,! solution ( ?is problem may be giv5 9 
two ways3 7#a7 ! ari?metical me?od1 by  
:i* ! area ( a circle is f\nd & express$
 num]ically 9 squ>e measure1 & 7#b7 !   
geometrical quadrature1 by :i* a squ>e1 

equal 9 area to a giv5 circle1 is       
describ$ by means ( rule & compasses    
alone4  ,( c\rse1 if we "k ! area ( !   
circle1 x is easy to f9d ! side ( a     
squ>e ( equal area2 ?is c be done by    
simply extract+ ! squ>e root ( ! area1  
provid$ ! numb] is "o ( :i* x is        
possible to extract ! squ>e root4 ,?us1 
if we h a circle :i* conta9s #ajj squ>e 
feet1 a squ>e ) sides ( #aj feet w\ld be
 exactly equal to x4 ,b ! asc]ta9+ ( !  
area ( ! circle is ! v po9t :]e !       
difficulty comes 92 ! dim5sions (       
circles are usually /at$ 9 ! l5g?s ( !  
diamet]s1 & :5 ?is is ! case1 ! problem 
resolves itself into ano!r1 :i* is3 ,to 
f9d ! area ( a circle :5 ! diamet] is   
giv54  ,n[ ,ar*im$es prov$ t ! area (   
any circle is equal to t ( a triangle ^:
 base has ! same l5g? z ! circumf]5ce & 
^: altitude or height is equal to !     
radius4 ,!re=e if we c f9d ! l5g? ( !   
circumf]5ce :5 ! diamet] is giv51 we are
 9 possession ( all ! po9ts ne$$ to     
enable u to squ>e ! circle4  ,9 ?is =m !

 problem is kn[n to ma!maticians z t ( !
 rectification ( ! curve4  ,9 a         
practical =m ?is problem mu/ h pres5t$  
itself to intellig5t workm5 at a v e>ly 
/age 9 ! progress ( op]ative me*anics4  
,ar*itects1 build]s1 blacksmi?s1 & !    
mak]s ( *>iot :eels & vessels ( v>i\s   
k9ds mu/ h _h occasion to comp>e !      
diamet]s & circumf]5ces ( r\nd articles4
 ,?us 9 ,i ,k+s1 vii1 #bc1 x is said (  
,hiram ( ,tyre t he made a molt5 sea1 t5
 cubits f ! "o brim to ! o!r2 x 0 r\nd  
all ab\t 99 99 99 & a l9e ( ?irty cubits
 did compass x r\nd ab\t1 f :i* x has   
be5 inf]r$ t among ! ,jews1 at t "t1 !  
accept$ ratio 0 #c to #a1 & p]haps1 ) ! 
crude measur+ in/rum5ts ( t age1 ?is 0 z
 ne> z c\ld be expect$4 ,& ?is ratio    
seems to h be5 accept$ by !             
,babylonians1 ! ,*9ese1 & probably also 
by ! ,greeks1 9 ! e>lie/ times4 ,at !   
same "t we mu/ n =get t ^! /atem5ts 9   
reg>d to ! ratio come to u ?r\gh        
hi/orians & prophets1 & may n h be5 !   
figures us$ by tra9$ me*anics4 ,an error

 ( "o foot 9 a hoop made to g r\nd a tub
 or ci/]n ( sev5 feet 9 diamet]1 w\ld   
h>dly be tol]at$ ev5 9 an appr5tice4  ,!
 ,egyptians seem to h rea*$ a clos]     
approximation1 = f a calculation 9 !    
,rh9d papyrus1 ! ratio ( #c4af to #a    
seems to h be5 at "o "t 9 use4 ,x is    
probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 ^! e>ly times !    
ratio accept$ by me*anics 9 g5]al 0     
det]m9$ by actual measurem5t1 & ?is1 z  
we %all see h]eaft]1 is q capable ( giv+
 results accurate to ! second fractional
 place1 ev5 ) v common app>atus4  ,to   
,ar*im$es1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally accord$ !  
cr$it ( ! fir/ attempt to solve !       
problem 9 a sci5tific mann]2 he took !  
circumf]5ce ( ! circle z int]m$iate     
betwe5 ! p]imet]s ( ! inscrib$ & !      
circumscrib$ polygons1 & rea*$ !        
conclusion t ! ratio lay betwe5 #c-a_/g 
& #c-aj_/ga1 or betwe5 #c4adbh &        
#c4adjh4  ,?is ratio1 9 its m accurate  
=m ( #c4adaeib44 is n[ kn[n by ! ,greek 
lett] pi 7pron\nc$ l ! common ^w pie71 a
 symbol :i* 0 introduc$ by ,eul]1 betwe5

 #agcg & #agdh1 & :i* is n[ adopt$ all  
ov] ! _w4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 us$ ! t]m ratio1 
or value ( ! ratio in/ead1 ?r\gh\t ?is  
*apt]1 z probably be+ m famili> to my   
read]s4  ,pr(essor ,muir ju/ly says (   
?is a*ievem5t ( ,ar*im$es1 t x is a mo/ 
notable piece ( "w2 ! immature condition
 ( ari?metic1 at ! "t1 0 ! only real    
ob/acle prev5t+ ! evaluation ( ! ratio  
to any degree ( accuracy :atev]4  ,& :5 
we rememb] t nei!r ! num]als n[ 9 use   
nor ! ,arabic num]als1 z !y are usually 
call$1 nor any sy/em equival5t to our   
decimal sy/em1 0 kn[n to ^! e>ly        
ma!maticians1 su* a calculation z t made
 by ,ar*im$es 0 a wond]ful feat4  ,if   
any ( my read]s1 :o are famili> ) !     
,hebrew or ,greek numb]s1 & ! mode (    
repres5t+ !m by lett]s1 w try to d any (
 ^? m elaborate sums :i*1 :5 work$ out  
by mod]n me?ods1 are m]e *ild's play 9 !
 h&s ( any ( ! bright s*ol>s 9 our      
common s*ools1 !y w fully appreciate !  
difficulties "u :i* ,ar*im$es labor$4   
,or1 if ignorant ( ,greek & ,hebrew1 let

 !m try x ) ! ,roman num]als1 & multiply
 ,,xcviii by ,,mdlvii1 )\t us+ ,arabic  
or common num]als4 ,pr(essor ,mc,arthur1
 9 8 article on ,ari?metic 9 !          
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 makes !      
foll[+ /atem5t on ?is po9t3      ,!     
me?ods t prec$$ ! adoption ( ! ,arabic  
num]als 7     all comp>atively unwieldy1
 & v simple processes involv$ great     
labor4 ,! notation ( ! ,romans1 9       
p>ticul>1 c\ld adapt itself     s ill to
 ari?metical op]ations1 t ne>ly all _!  
calculations _h to be made by ! abacus4 
,"o ( ! be/ & mo/     manageable ( !    
anci5t sy/ems is ! ,greek1 ?\gh t1 too1 
is     v clumsy4  ,aft] ,ar*im$es1 ! mo/
 notable result 0 t giv5 by ,ptolemy1 9 
! ,great ,syntaxis4 ,he made ! ratio    
#c4adaeeb1 :i* 0 a v close              
approximation4  ,= sev]al c5turies !re 0
 little progress t[>ds a m accurate     
det]m9ation ( ! ratio4 ,among ! ,h9doos1
 z e>ly z ! six? c5tury1 ! n[ well-kn[n 
value1 #c4adaf1 _h be5 obta9$ by        
,arya-,bhata1 & a little lat] ano!r ( _!

 ma!maticians came to ! conclusion t !  
squ>e root ( #aj 0 ! true value ( !     
ratio4 ,he 0 l$ to ?is by calculat+ !   
p]imet]s ( ! successive inscrib$        
polygons ( #ab1 #bd1 #dh1 & #if sides1 &
 f9d+ t ! great] ! numb] ( sides ! ne>] 
! p]imet] ( ! polygon approa*$ ! squ>e  
root ( #aj4 ,he !re=e ?\ght t ! p]imet] 
or circumf]5ce ( ! circle itself w\ld be
 ! squ>e root ( exactly #aj4 ,x is too  
great1 h[ev]1 be+ #c4afbb in/ead (      
#c4adaei444 ,! same idea is attribut$ to
 ,bovillus1 by ,montucla4  ,by calculat+
 ! p]imet]s ( ! inscrib$ & circumscrib$ 
polygons1 ,vieta 7#aegi7 c>ri$ 8        
approximation to t5 fractional places1 &
 9 #aehe ,pet] ,metius1 ! fa!r (        
,adrian1 by a lucky /ep rea*$ ! n[ fam\s
 fraction #cee_/aac1 or #c4adaeibib1 :i*
 is correct to ! six? fractional place4 
,! error does n exce$ "o "p 9 ?irte5    
millions4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5?    
c5tury1 ,ludolph ,van ,ceul5 rea*$ #ce  
places4 ,?is result1 :i* 9 8 life he    
f\nd by mu* labor1 0 engrav$ ^u 8       

tomb/one 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 ,leyd54 ,!
 monum5t has n[ un=tunately disappe>$4  
,f ?is "t on1 v>i\s ma!maticians        
succe$$1 by improv$ me?ods1 9 increas+ !
 approximation4 ,?us 9 #agje1 ,abraham  
,%>p c>ri$ x to #gb places2 ,ma*9       
7#agjf7 to #ajj places2 ,ru!r=d 7#ahda7 
to #bjh places1 & ,mr4 ,%anks 9 #ahec1  
to #fjg places4 ,! same comput] 9 #ahgc 
rea*$ ! enorm\s numb] ( #gjg places4    
,pr9t$ 9 type ( ! same size z t us$ on  
?is page1 ^! figures w\ld =m a l9e ne>ly
 six feet long4  ,z a matt] ( int]e/ ,i 
give "h ! value ( ! ratio ( !           
circumf]5ce to ! diamet]1 to #abg       
places3      #c4adaei #bfece #higic     
#bchdf #bfdcc #hcbgi #ejbhh #daiga      
#ficii #cgeaj #ehbji #gdidd #eibcj      
#ghafd #jfbhf #bjhii       #hfbhj #cdhbe
 #cdbaa #gjfgi #hbadh #jhfea #cbgbc     
#jffdg       #jichd #df  ,! degree (    
accuracy :i* may be atta9$ by us+ a     
ratio c>ri$ to only t5 fractional       
places1 f> exce$s any?+ t c be requir$ 9
 ev5 ! f9e/ "w1 & inde$ x is beyond     

any?+ atta9able by means ( our pres5t   
tools & in/rum5ts4 ,= example3 ,if !    
l5g? ( a curve ( #ajj feet radius 7     
det]m9$ by a value ( t5 fractional      
places1 ! result w\ld n err by !        
"o-million? "p ( an in*1 a quantity :i* 
is q invisible "u ! be/ microscopes ( ! 
pres5t day4 ,?is %[s u t 9 any          
calculations relat+ to ! dim5sions ( !  
e>?1 su* z longitude1 etc41 we h at our 
comm&1 9 ! #abg places ( figures giv5   
above1 an exactness :i* = all practical 
purposes may be reg>d$ z absolute4 ,?is 
w be be/ appreciat$ by a consid]ation ( 
! fact t if ! e>? 7 a p]fect sph]e & if 
we knew its exact diamet]1 we c\ld      
calculate s exactly ! l5g? ( an iron    
hoop :i* w\ld g r\nd x1 t ! diff]5ce    
produc$ by a *ange ( temp]ature equal to
 ! million? ( a million? "p ( a degree  
,fahr5heit1 w\ld f> exce$ ! error aris+ 
f ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true ratio & !    
result ?us rea*$4  ,su* m9ute quantities
 are f> beyond ! p[]s ( conception ( ev5
 ! mo/ ?or\ghly tra9$ human m9d1 b :5 we

 come to use six & sev5 hundr$ places ! 
results are simply a/\nd+4 ,pr(essor ,de
 ,morgan1 9 8 ,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 gives
 ! foll[+ illu/ration ( ! extreme       
accuracy :i* might be atta9$ by ! use ( 
#fjg fractional places1 ! highe/ numb]  
:i* _h be5 rea*$ :5 he wrote3      ,say 
t ! blood-globule ( "o ( our animalcules
 is a million?     ( an in* 9 diamet]4#a
 ,fa%ion 9 ?\ght a globe l our own1     
b s mu* l>g] t our globe is b a         
blood-globule 9 "o (     its            
animalcules2 nev] m9d ! microscope :i*  
%[s ! creature     be+ r a bulky        
in/rum5t4 ,call ?is ! fir/ globule above
     u4 ,let ! fir/ globe above u be b a
 blood-globule1 z to size1     9 !      
animalcule ( a /ill l>g] globe1 :i* call
 ! second     globe above u4 ,g on 9 ?is
 way to ! tw5tie? globe above u4        
,n[1 g d[n j z f> on ! o!r side4 ,let ! 
blood-globule     ) :i* we />t$ be a    
globe peopl$ ) animals l ours1 b     r  
small]1 & call ?is ! fir/ globe bel[ u4 
,?is is a     f9e /ret* ( progression   

bo? ways4 ,n[1 give ! giant ( !         
tw5tie? globe above u ! #fjg decimal    
places1 &1 :5 he has     measur$ !      
diamet] ( 8 globe ) accuracy wor?y ( 8  
size1     let him calculate !           
circumf]5ce ( 8 equator f ! #fjg        
places4 ,br+ ! little philosoph] f !    
tw5tie? globe bel[     u ) 8 v be/      
microscope1 & set him to see ! small    
error     :i* ! giant mu/ make4 ,he w n 
succe$1 unless 8     microscopes be mu* 
bett] = 8 size ?an ours are = ours4  ,x 
w\ld ( c\rse be impossible = any human  
m9d to grasp ! range ( su* an           
illu/ration z t j giv54 ,at ! same "t ^!
 illu/rations d s]ve 9 "s measure to    
give u an impression1 if n an idea1 ( ! 
va/ness on ! "o h& & ! m9ut5ess on ! o!r
 ( ! measurem5ts ) :i* we are deal+4 ,i 
!re=e (f] no apology = giv+ ano!r       
example ( ! ne>ness to absolute accuracy
 ) :i* ! circle has be5 squ>$4  ,x is   
common k t light travels ) a velocity ( 
ab\t #ahe1jjj miles p] second4 ,9 o!r   
words1 light w\ld g completely r\nd !   

e>? 9 a little m ?an "o-eigh? ( a       
second1 or1 z ,h]s*el puts x1 9 less "t 
?an x w\ld take a swift runn] to make a 
s+le /ride4 ,tak+ ?is di/ance ( #ahe1jjj
 miles p] second z our unit (           
measurem5t1 let u apply x z foll[s3  ,x 
is g5]ally believ$ t our sol> sy/em is b
 an individual unit 9 a /ell> sy/em :i* 
may include hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( suns l our
 own1 ) all _! att5dant planets & moons4
 ,?is /ell> sy/em aga9 may be to "s     
high] sy/em :at our sol> sy/em is to our
 own /ell> sy/em1 & !re may be sev]al   
su* gradations ( sy/ems1 all go+ to =m  
"o complete :ole :i*1 = want ( a bett]  
"n1 ,i %all call a univ]se4 ,n[ ?is     
univ]se1 complete 9 itself1 may be f9ite
 & sep>at$ f all o!r sy/ems ( a simil>  
k9d by an empty space1 across :i* ev5   
gravitation _c ex]t its influ5ce4 ,let u
 suppose t ! imag9>y b\nd>y ( ?is great 
univ]se is a p]fect circle1 ! ext5t (   
:i* is su* t light1 travel+ at ! rate we
 h nam$ 7#ahe1jjj miles p] second71 w\ld
 take millions ( millions ( ye>s to pass

 across x1 & let u fur!r suppose t we "k
 ! diamet] ( ?is mighty space ) p]fect  
accuracy2 !n1 us+ ,mr4 ,%anks' #gjg     
places ( decimal fractions1 we c\ld     
calculate ! circumf]5ce to su* a degree 
( accuracy t ! error w\ld n be visible  
"u any microscope n[ made4  ,an         
illu/ration :i* may impress "s m9ds ev5 
m =cibly ?an ei!r ( ^? :i* we h j giv51 
is z foll[s3  ,let u suppose t 9 "s     
titanic iron-works a /eel armor-plate _h
 be5 =g$1 p]fectly circul> 9 %ape & hav+
 a diamet] ( exactly #ahe1jjj1jjj miles1
 or v ne>ly t ( ! orbit ( ! e>?1 & a    
?ickness ( #hjjj miles1 or ab\t t ( !   
diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,let u fur!r assume t1 
ow+ to ! attraction ( "s imm5se /ell>   
body1 ?is huge mass has :at we w\ld call
 a weight correspond+ to t :i* a plate (
 ! same mat]ial w\ld h at ! surface ( ! 
e>?1 & let x be requir$ to calculate !  
l5g? ( ! side ( a squ>e plate ( ! same  
mat]ial & ?ickness & :i* %all be exactly
 equal to ! circul> plate4  ,us+ ! #gjg 
places ( figures ( ,mr4 ,%anks1 ! l5g? (

 ! requir$ side c\ld be calculat$ s     
accurately t ! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 
! two plates 7! circle & ! squ>e7 w\ld n
 be suffici5t to turn ! scale ( ! mo/   
delicate *emical balance ev] con/ruct$4 
,( c\rse 9 assum+ ! necess>y conditions1
 we are oblig$ to leave out (           
consid]ation all ^? m ref9$ details :i* 
w\ld emb>rass u 9 simil> calculations on
 ! small scale & conf9e ourselves to !  
purely ma!matical aspect ( ! case2 b !  
/ret* ( imag9ation requir$ is n great]  
?an t dem&$ by _m illu/rations ( ! k9d4 
,s mu*1 !n1 = :at is claim$ by !        
ma!maticians2 & ! c]ta9ty t _! results  
are correct1 z f> z !y g1 is %[n by !   
pr$ictions made by a/ronom]s 9 reg>d to 
! moon's place 9 ! heav5s at any giv5   
"t4 ,! error is less ?an a second ( "t 9
 tw5ty-sev5 days1 & ^u ?is ! sailor     
dep5ds = a k ( 8 position ^u ! trackless
 deep4 ,?is is a practical te/ ^u :i*   
m]*ants are will+ to /ake1 & d /ake1    
billions ( doll>s e day4  ,x is n[ well 
e/abli%$ t1 l ! diagonal & side ( a     

squ>e1 ! diamet] & circumf]5ce ( any    
circle are incomm5surable quantities4   
,b1 z ,de ,morgan says1 mo/ ( !         
quadrators are n aw>e t x has be5 fully 
demon/rat$ t no two numb]s :atsoev] c   
repres5t ! ratio ( ! diamet] to !       
circumf]5ce1 ) p]fect accuracy4 ,:51    
!re=e1 we are told t ei!r #h to #be or  
#fd to #bja is ! true ratio1 we "k t x  
is no su* ?+1 )\t ! necessity (         
exam9ation4 ,! po9t t is left op51 z n  
fully demon/rat$ to be impossible1 is ! 
geometrical quadrature1 ! det]m9ation ( 
! circumf]5ce by ! /raight l9e & circle1
 us$ z 9 ,euclid4  ,b s9ce ,de ,morgan  
wrote1 x has be5 %[n t a ,euclidean     
con/ruction is actually impossible4 ,^? 
:o desire to exam9e ! "q m fully1 w f9d 
a v cle> discussion ( ! subject 9       
,kle9's ,fam\s ,problems 9 ,elem5t>y    
,geometry4 7,bo/on1 ,g9n  ,co47  ,!re   
are v>i\s geometrical con/ructions :i*  
give approximate results t are          
suffici5tly accurate = mo/ practical    
purposes4 ,"o ( ! olde/ ( ^! makes !    

ratio #c-a_/g to #a4 ,us+ ?is ratio we c
 asc]ta9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ( :i* 
! diamet] is giv5 by ! foll[+ me?od3    
,divide ! diamet] into #g equal p>ts by 
! usual me?od4 ,!n1 hav+ drawn a /raight
 l9e1 set (f on x ?ree times ! diamet] &
 "o ( ! sev5?s2 ! result w give !       
circumf]5ce ) an error ( less ?an ! "o  
tw5ty-five-hundr$? "p or "o tw5ty-fif? (
 "o p] c5t4  ,if ! circumf]5ce _h be5   
giv51 ! diamet] might h be5 f\nd by     
divid+ ! circumf]5ce into tw5ty-two p>ts
 & sett+ (f sev5 ( !m4 ,?is w\ld give ! 
diamet]4 ,a m accurate me?od is z       
foll[s3  ,giv5 a circle1 ( :i* x is     
desir$ to f9d ! l5g? ( ! circumf]5ce3   
,inscribe 9 ! giv5 circle a squ>e1 & to 
?ree times ! diamet] ( ! circle add a   
fif? ( ! side ( ! squ>e2 ! result w     
diff] f ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle by less
 ?an "o-sev5te5-?\s&? "p ( x4 ,ano!r    
me?od :i* gives a result accurate to !  
"o-sev5te5-?\s&? "p is z foll[s3        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  ,let ,,ad1     
,fig4 #a1 be ! diamet] ( ! circle1 ,c ! 

c5t]1 & ,,cb ! radius p]p5dicul> to     
,,ad4 ,cont9ue ,,ad & make ,,de equal to
 ! radius2 !n draw ,,be1 & 9 ,,ae1      
cont9u$1 make ,,ef equal to x2 if to ?is
 l9e ,,ef1 its fif? "p ,,fg be add$1 !  
:ole l9e ,,ag w be equal to !           
circumf]5ce describ$ ) ! radius ,,ca1 )9
 "o-sev5te5-?\s&? "p4  ,! foll[+        
con/ruction gives ev5 /ill clos]        
results3 ,giv5 ! semi-circle ,,abc1     
,fig4 #b2 f ! extremities ,a & ,c ( its 
diamet] raise two p]p5dicul>s1 "o ( !m  
,,ce1 equal to ! tang5t ( #cj deg41 & ! 
o!r ,,af1 equal to ?ree times ! radius4 
,if ! l9e ,,fe be !n drawn1 x w be equal
 to ! semi-circumf]5ce ( ! circle1 )9   
"o-hundr$-?\s&? "p ne>ly4 ,?is is an    
error ( "o-?\s&? ( "o p] c5t1 an        
accuracy f> great] ?an any me*anic c    
atta9 ) ! tools n[ 9 use4  ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #b4  ,:5 we h ! l5g? ( !         
circumf]5ce & ! l5g? ( ! diamet]1 we c  
describe a squ>e :i* %all be equal to ! 
area ( ! circle4 ,! foll[+ is ! me?od3  
,draw a l9e ,,acb1 ,fig4 #c1 equal to   

half ! circumf]5ce & half ! diamet]     
toge!r4 ,bisect ?is l9e 9 ,o1 & ) ,o z a
 c5t] & ,,ao z radius1 describe !       
semi-circle ,,adb4 ,erect a p]p5dicul>  
,,cd1 at ,c1 cutt+ ! arc 9 ,d2 ,,cd is !
 side ( ! requir$ squ>e :i* c !n be     
con/ruct$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!           
explanation ( ?is is t ,,cd is a mean   
proportional betwe5 ,,ac & ,,cb4        
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4  ,de ,morgan    
says3 ,! foll[+ me?od ( f9d+ !          
circumf]5ce ( a circle 7tak5 f a pap] by
 ,mr4 ,s4 ,dra* 9 ! ',philosophical     
,magaz9e1' ,janu>y1 #ahfc1 ,suppl471 is 
z accurate z ! use ( eight fractional   
places3 ,f ?ree diamet]s d$uct          
eight-?\s&?s & sev5-million?s ( a       
diamet]2 to ! result1 add five p] c5t4  
,we h !n n q en\gh2 b ! %ortcom+ is at !
 rate ( ab\t an in* & a sixtie? ( an in*
 9 #ad1jjj miles4  ,= obta9+ ! side ( a 
squ>e :i* %all be equal 9 area to a giv5
 circle1 ! empirical me?od1 giv5 by     
,ahmes 9 ! ,rh9d papyrus #djjj ye>s ago1
 is v simple & suffici5tly accurate = _m

 practical purposes4 ,! rule is3 ,cut (f
 "o-n9? ( ! diamet] & con/ruct a squ>e  
^u ! rema9d]4  ,?is makes ! ratio       
#c4af44 & ! error does n exce$ "o-?ird (
 "o p] c5t4  ,!re are v>i\s me*anical   
me?ods ( measur+ & comp>+ ! diamet] & ! 
circumf]5ce ( a circle1 & "s ( !m give  
tol]ably accurate results4 ,! mo/ obvi\s
 device & t :i* 0 probably ! olde/1 is !
 use ( a cord or ribbon = ! curv$       
surface & ! usual measur+ rule = !      
diamet]4 ,) an accurately divid$ rule & 
a ?9 metallic ribbon :i* does n /ret*1 x
 is possible to det]m9e ! ratio to !    
second fractional place1 & ) a little   
c>e & skill ! ?ird place may be det]m9$ 
q closely4  ,an improvem5t :i* 0 no d\bt
 introduc$ at a v e>ly day is ! measur+ 
:eel or circumf]5tor4 ,?is is us$       
ext5sively at ! pres5t day by c\ntry    
:eelwrights = measur+ tires4 ,x consi/s 
( a :eel fix$ 9 a frame s t x may be    
roll$ along or ov] any surface ( :i* !  
measurem5t is desir$4  ,?is may ( c\rse 
be us$ = measur+ ! circumf]5ce ( any    

circle & comp>+ x ) ! diamet]4 ,de      
,morgan gives ! foll[+ in/ance ( its    
use3 ,a squ>]1 hav+ read t ! circul>    
ratio 0 undet]m9$1 adv]tis$ 9 a c\ntry  
pap] z foll[s3 ,i ?\ght x v /range t s  
_m great s*ol>s 9 all ages %\ld h fail$ 
9 f9d+ ! true ratio & h be5 det]m9$ to  
try myself4 ,he kept 8 me?od secret1    
expect+ to secure ! b5efit ( ! discov]y1
 b x leak$ out t he did x by roll+ a    
twelve-in* disk along a /raight rail1 & 
8 ratio 0 #fd to #bja or #c4adjfbe      
exactly4 ,z ,de ,morgan says1 ?is is a v
 cr$itable piece ( "w2 x is n wrong by  
#a 9 #cjjj4  ,skilful ma*9i/s are able  
to measure to ! "o-five-?\s&? ( an in*2 
?is1 on a two-in* cyl9d]1 w\ld give !   
ratio correct to five places1 provid$ we
 c\ld measure ! curv$ l9e z accurately z
 we c ! /raight diamet]1 b x is         
difficult to d ?is by ! usual me?ods4   
,p]haps ! mo/ accurate plan w\ld be to  
use a f9e wire & wrap x r\nd ! cyl9d] a 
numb] ( times1 aft] :i* its l5g? c\ld be
 measur$4 ,! result w\ld ( c\rse require

 correction = ! angle :i* ! wire w\ld   
necess>ily make if ! ends did n meet    
squ>ely & also = ! diamet] ( ! wire4 ,v 
accurate results h be5 obta9$ by ?is    
me?od 9 measur+ ! diamet]s ( small rods4
  ,a some:at orig9al way ( f9d+ ! area (
 a circle 0 adopt$ by "o squ>]4 ,he took
 a c>efully turn$ metal cyl9d] & hav+   
measur$ its l5g? ) great accuracy he    
adopt$ ! ,ar*im$ean me?od ( f9d+ its    
cubical cont5ts1 t is to say1 he imm]s$ 
x 9 wat] & f\nd out h[ mu* x displac$4  
,he !n _h all ! data requir$ to enable  
him to calculate ! area ( ! circle ^u   
:i* ! cyl9d] /ood4  ,s9ce ! /raight     
diamet] is easily measur$ ) great       
accuracy1 :5 he _h ! area he c\ld       
readily h f\nd ! circumf]5ce by work+   
backw>d ! rule ann\nc$ by ,ar*im$es1    
viz43 t ! area ( a circle is equal to t 
( a triangle ^: base has ! same l5g? z !
 circumf]5ce & ^: altitude is equal to !
 radius4  ,"o w\ld almo/ fancy t among/ 
circle-squ>]s !re prevails an idea t "s 
k9d ( ban or magical prohibition has be5

 laid ^u ?is problem2 t l ! hidd5       
treasures ( ! pirates ( old x is        
protect$ f ! attacks ( ord9>y mortals by
 "s _s or demoniac influ5ce1 :i*        
p>alyses ! m9d ( ! w\ld-be solv] &      
fru/rates 8 ef=ts4  ,x is only on su* an
 hypo!sis t we c acc\nt = ! wild        
attempts ( s _m m51 & ! p]si/5ce ) :i*  
!y cl+ to obvi\sly errone\s results 9 ! 
face n only ( ma!matical demon/ration1 b
 ( practical me*anical measurem5ts4 ,=  
ev5 :5 work+ 9 wood x is easy to measure
 to ! half or ev5 ! "o-f\r? ( ! hundr$? 
( an in*1 & on a t5-in* circle ?is w br+
 ! circumf]5ce to #c4adaf in*es1 :i* is 
a corroboration ( ! or?odox ratio       
7#c4adaei7 suffici5t to %[ t any value  
:i* is great] ?an #c4adb or less ?an    
#c4ada _c possibly be correct4  ,& 9    
reg>d to ! area ! pro( is q z simple4 ,x
 is easy to cut out ( %eet metal a      
circle #aj in*es 9 diamet]1 & a squ>e ( 
#g4he on ! side1 or ev5 "o-?\s&? ( an   
in* clos] to ! /&>d #g4hed4 ,n[ if ! "w 
be done ) any?+ l ! accuracy ) :i* good 

ma*9i/s "w1 x w be f\nd t ! circle & !  
squ>e w exactly balance ea* o!r 9       
weight1 ?us prov+ 9 ano!r way !         
correctness ( ! accept$ ratio4  ,b      
al?\gh ev5 z e>ly z be=e ! end ( !      
eighte5? c5tury1 ! value ( ! ratio _h   
be5 accurately det]m9$ to #aeb places ( 
decimals1 ! n9ete5? c5tury ab\nd$ 9     
circle-squ>]s :o br\ght =w>d ! mo/      
absurd argum5ts 9 favor ( o!r values4 ,9
 #ahcf1 a ,fr5* well-s9k] nam$ ,lacomme1
 appli$ to a pr(essor ( ma!matics =     
in=mation 9 reg>d to ! am\nt ( /one     
requir$ to pave ! circul> bottom ( a    
well1 & 0 told t x 0 impossible to give 
a correct answ]1 because ! exact ratio (
 ! diamet] ( a circle to its circumf]5ce
 _h nev] be5 det]m9$6 ,?is absolutely   
true b v unpractical /atem5t by !       
pr(essor1 set ! well-s9k] to ?9k+2 he   
/udi$ ma!matics aft] a fa%ion1 & ann\nc$
 t he _h discov]$ t ! circumf]5ce 0     
exactly #c-a_/h times ! l5g? ( !        
diamet]6 ,= ?is discov]y 787 he 0 honor$
 by sev]al m$als ( ! fir/ class1 be/[$  

by ,p>isian societies4  ,ev5 z late z ! 
ye> #ahfj1 a ,mr4 ,james ,smi? (        
,liv]pool1 took up ?is ratio #c-a_/h to 
#a1 & publi%$ sev]al books & pamphlets 9
 :i* he tri$ to argue = its accuracy4   
,he ev5 s\ght to br+ x be=e ! ,briti%   
,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 
,pr(essors ,de ,morgan & ,:ewell1 & ev5 
! fam\s ma!matician1 ,sir ,william ,r[an
 ,hamilton1 tri$ to conv9ce him ( 8     
error1 b )\t success4 ,pr(essor         
,:ewell's demon/ration is s neat & s    
simple t ,i make no apology = giv+ x "h4
 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a lett] to ,mr4 ,smi?3  
,y may d ?is3 calculate ! side ( a      
polygon ( #bd sides inscrib$ 9 a circle4
 ,i ?9k y are ma!matician en\gh to d    
?is4 ,y w f9d t if ! radius ( ! circle  
be "o1 ! side ( ! polygon is 4#bfd1 etc4
 ,n[ ! arc :i* ?is side subt5ds is1     
accord+ to y\r proposition1 #c4abe_/ab  
4#bfjd1 &1 !re=e1 ! *ord is great] ?an  
its arc1 :i*1 y w all[1 is impossible4  
,?is mu/ seem1 ev5 to a s*ool-boy1 to be
 unansw]able1 b x did n faze ,mr4 ,smi?1

 & ,i d\bt if ev5 ! me?od :i* ,i h      
sugge/$ previ\sly1 viz41 t ( cutt+ a    
circle & a squ>e out ( ! same piece (   
%eet metal & weigh+ !m1 w\ld h done s4  
,& yet by ?is me?od ev5 a common pair ( 
groc]'s scales w %[ to any common-s5se  
p]son ! error ( ,mr4 ,smi?'s value & !  
correctness ( ! accept$ ratio4  ,ev5 a  
/ill lat] in/ance is f\nd 9 a writ] :o1 
9 #ahib1 cont5d$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,tribune
 = #c4b in/ead ( #c4adaf1 z ! value ( ! 
ratio4 ,he ann\nces x z ! re-discov]y ( 
a long lo/ secret1 :i* consi/s 9 ! k ( a
 c]ta9 l9e call$ ! ,nicom$ean l9e4 ,?is 
ann\ncem5t gave rise to consid]able     
discussion1 & ev5 t[>ds ! dawn ( !      
tw5tie? c5tury #c4b _h its advocates z  
aga9/ ! accept$ ratio #c4adaf4  ,v]ily !
 slaves ( ! mighty wiz>d1 ,mi*ael       
,scott1 h n yet ceas$ f _! labors6      
,,footnotes3  #a ,:at foll[s is an      
exce$+ly =cible illu/ration ( an        
important ma!matical tru?1 b at ! same  
"t x may be wor? not+ t ! size ( !      
blood-globules or corpuscles has no     

relation to ! size ( ! animal f :i* !y  
are tak54 ,! blood corpuscle ( ! t9y    
m\se is l>g] ?an t ( ! huge ox4 ,!      
smalle/ blood corpuscle kn[n is t ( a   
species ( small de]1 & ! l>ge/ is t ( a 
liz>d l reptile f\nd 9 our s\!rn        
wat]s--! amphiuma4  ,^! facts d n at all
 affect ! =ce or value ( ,de ,morgan's  
ma!matical illu/ration1 b ,i h ?\ght x  
well to call ! att5tion ( ! read] to ?is
 po9t1 le/ he %\ld receive an errone\s  
physiological idea4     ,,ii  ,,!       
,,duplication ,,( ,,! ,,cube   ,?is     
problem became fam\s because ( ! halo ( 
my?ological romance ) :i* x 0 surr\nd$4 
,! /ory is z foll[s3  ,ab\t ! ye> #dcj  
,b4,c4 ! ,a!nians 7 afflict$ by a       
t]rible plague1 & z no ord9>y means     
seem$ to assuage its virul5ce1 !y s5t a 
deputation ( ! citiz5s to consult !     
oracle ( ,apollo at ,delos1 9 ! hope t !
 god might %[ !m h[ to get rid ( x4  ,! 
answ] 0 t ! plague w\ld cease :5 !y _h  
d\bl$ ! size ( ! alt> ( ,apollo 9 !     
temple at ,a!ns4 ,?is seem$ q an easy   

task2 ! alt> 0 a cube1 & !y plac$ beside
 x ano!r cube ( exactly ! same size4 ,b 
?is did n satisfy ! conditions prescrib$
 by ! oracle1 & ! p 7 told t ! alt> mu/ 
consi/ ( "o cube1 ! size ( :i* mu/ be   
exactly twice ! size ( ! orig9al alt>4  
,!y !n con/ruct$ a cubic alt> ( :i* !   
side or edge 0 twice t ( ! orig9al1 b !y
 7 told t ! new alt> 0 eight times & n  
twice ! size ( ! orig9al1 & ! god 0 s   
enrag$ t ! plague became worse ?an be=e4
  ,accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 ! reason giv5
 = ! affliction 0 t ! p _h devot$       
!mselves to pleasure & to s5sual        
enjoym5ts & pursuits1 & _h neglect$ !   
/udy ( philosophy1 ( :i* geometry is "o 
( ! high] dep>tm5ts--c]ta9ly a v s\nd   
reason1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! details ( 
! /ory4 ,! p !n appli$ to !             
ma!maticians1 & x is suppos$ t _!       
solution 0 suffici5tly ne> ! tru? to    
satisfy ,apollo1 :o rel5t$1 & ! plague  
disappe>$4  ,9 o!r words1 ! lead+       
citiz5s probably appli$ !mselves to !   
/udy ( sew]age & hygi5ic conditions1 &  

,apollo 7! ,sun7 in/ead ( caus+ disease 
by ! fe/]+ corruption ( ! usual fil? (  
cities1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 dri$ up !  
sup]flu\s moi/ure1 & promot$ ! heal? ( !
 inhabitants4  ,x is well kn[n t !      
relation ( ! area & ! cubical cont5ts ( 
any figure to ! l9e> dim5sions ( t      
figure are n s g5]ally und]/ood z we    
%\ld expect 9 ^! days :5 ! s*oolma/] is 
suppos$ to be abroad 9 ! l&4 ,at an     
exam9ation ( c&idates = ! position (    
fireman 9 "o ( our cities1 sev]al ( !   
applicants made ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t a  
two-in* pipe & a five-in* pipe 7 equal  
to a sev5-in* pipe1 :]eas ! comb9$      
capacities ( ! two small pipes are to ! 
capacity ( ! l>ge "o z #bi to #di4  ,?is
 rem9ds u ( a /ory :i* ,sir ,fr$]ick    
,bramwell1 ! eng9e]1 us$ to tell ( a    
wat] company us+ wat] f a /ream fl[+    
?r\gh a pipe ( a c]ta9 diamet]4 ,!      
company requir$ m wat]1 & aft] c]ta9    
negotiations ) ! own] ( ! /ream1 (f]$   
d\ble ! sum if !y 7 all[$ a supply ?r\gh
 a pipe ( d\ble ! diamet] ( ! "o !n 9   

use4 ,?is 0 accept$ by ! own]1 :o       
evid5tly 0 n aw>e ( ! fact t a pipe (   
d\ble ! diamet] w\ld c>ry f\r times !   
supply4  ,a squ>e ^: side is twice !    
l5g? ( ano!r1 & a circle ^: diamet] is  
twice t ( ano!r w ea* h an area f\r     
times t ( ! orig9al4 ,& 9 ! case (      
solids3 ,a ball ( twice ! diamet] w     
weigh eight times z mu* z ! orig9al1 & a
 ball ( ?ree times ! diamet] w weigh    
tw5ty-sev5 times z mu* z ! orig9al4  ,9 
attempt+ to calculate ! side ( a cube   
:i* %all h twice ! volume ( a giv5 cube1
 we meet ! old difficulty (             
incomm5surability1 & ! solution _c be   
effect$ geometrically1 z x requires !   
con/ruction ( two mean proportionals    
betwe5 two giv5 l9es4     ,,iii  ,,!    
,,trisection ,,( ,,an ,,angle   ,?is    
problem is n s g5]ally kn[n z t ( squ>+ 
! circle1 & consequ5tly x has n receiv$ 
s mu* att5tion f amateur ma!maticians1  
?\gh ev5 )9 little m ?an a ye> a small  
book1 9 :i* an attempt$ solution is     
giv51 has be5 publi%$4 ,:5 x is fir/    

pres5t$ to an un$ucat$ read]1 ^: m9d has
 a ma!matical turn1 & especially to a   
skilful me*anic1 :o has n /udi$         
!oretical geometry1 x is apt to create a
 smile1 because at fir/ sight mo/ p]sons
 are impress$ ) an idea ( its           
simplicity1 & ! ease ) :i* x may be     
solv$4 ,& ?is is true1 ev5 ( _m p]sons  
:o h _h a fair g5]al education4 ,^? :o h
 /udi$ only :at is kn[n z practical     
geometry ?9k at once ( ! ease & accuracy
 ) :i* a "r angle1 = example1 may be    
divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts4 ,?us tak+ !
 "r angle ,,acb1 ,fig4 #d1 :i* may be   
set (f m easily & accurately ?an any o!r
 angle except1 p]haps1 t ( #fj deg41 &  
kn[+ t x conta9s #ij deg41 describe an  
arc ,,adeb1 ) ,c = ! c5t] & any conv5i5t
 radius4 ,n[ e s*ool-boy :o has play$ ) 
a pair ( compasses kn[s t ! radius ( a  
circle w /ep r\nd ! circumf]5ce exactly 
six times2 x w !re=e divide ! #cfj deg4 
into six equal p>ts ( #fj deg4 ea*4 ,?is
 be+ ! case1 ) ! radius ,,cb1 & ,b = a  
c5t]1 describe a %ort arc cross+ ! arc  

,,adeb 9 ,d1 & jo9 ,,cd4 ,! angle ,,dcb 
w be #fj deg41 & z ! angle ,,acb is #ij 
deg41 ! angle ,,acd mu/ be #cj deg41 or 
"o-?ird "p ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! same way lay  
(f ! angle ,,ace ( #fj deg41 & ,,ecb mu/
 be #cj deg41 & ! rema9d] ,,dce mu/ also
 be #cj deg44 ,! angle ,,acb is !re=e   
easily divid$ into ?ree equal p>ts1 or 9
 o!r words1 x is trisect$4 ,& ) a slight
 modification ( ! me?od1 ! same may be  
done ) an angle ( #de deg41 & ) "s o!rs4
 ,^! h[ev] are only special cases1 & ! v
 ess5ce ( a geometrical solution ( any  
problem is t x %all be applicable to all
 cases s t we require a me?od by :i* any
 angle may be divid$ into ?ree equal    
p>ts by a pure ,euclidean con/ruction4  
,! able/ ma!maticians decl>e t ! problem
 _c be solv$ by su* means1 & ,de ,morgan
 gives ! foll[+ reasons = ?is           
conclusion3 ,! trisector ( an angle1 if 
he dem& att5tion f any ma!matician1 is  
b\nd to produce f 8 con/ruction1 an     
expression = ! s9e or cos9e ( ! ?ird "p 
( any angle1 9 t]ms ( ! s9e or cos9e ( !

 angle itself1 obta9$ by ! help ( no    
high] ?an ! squ>e root4 ,! ma!matician  
kn[s t su* a ?+ _c be2 b ! trisector    
virtually says x c be1 & is b\nd to     
produce x to save "t4 ,?is is ! mis=tune
 ( mo/ ( ! solv]s ( ! celebrat$         
problems1 t !y h n k en\gh to pres5t ^? 
consequ5ces ( _! results by :i* !y c be 
easily judg$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4  
,de ,morgan gives an acc\nt ( a t]rific 
con/ruction by a fri5d ( ,dr4 ,walli*1  
:i* he says is s ne>ly true1 t unless ! 
angle be v obtuse1 common draw+1 appli$ 
to ! con/ruction1 w n detect ! error4 ,b
 geometry requires absolute accuracy1 n 
a m]e approximation4     ,,iv           
,,p]petual ,,motion   ,x is probable t m
 "t1 ef=t1 & money h be5 wa/$ 9 ! se>* =
 a p]petual-motion ma*9e ?an h be5      
devot$ to attempts to squ>e ! circle or 
ev5 to f9d ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,& :ile 
x has be5 claim$ 9 favor ( ?is delusion 
t ! pursuit ( x has giv5 rise to        
valuable discov]ies 9 me*anics &        
physics1 "s ev5 go+ s f> z to urge t we 

owe ! discov]y ( ! great law ( !        
cons]vation ( en]gy to ! sugge/ions made
 by ! p]petual-motion seek]s1 we c]ta9ly
 h no evid5ce to %[ any?+ ( ! k9d4      
,p]petual motion 0 decl>$ to be an      
impossibility ^u purely me*anical &     
ma!matical gr\nds long be=e ! law ( !   
cons]vation ( en]gy 0 ?\ght (1 & x is v 
c]ta9 t ?is delusion _h no place 9 !    
?\ghts ( ,rum=d1 ,black1 ,davy1 ,"y1    
,j\le1 ,grove1 & o!rs :5 !y devot$ _!   
att5tion to ! laws gov]n+ ! trans=mation
 ( en]gy4 ,^? :o pursu$ su* a           
w-o'-!-wisp1 7 n ! m5 to po9t ! way to  
any sci5tific discov]y4  ,! se>* = a    
p]petual-motion ma*9e seems to be (     
comp>atively mod]n orig92 we h no record
 ( ! labors ( anci5t inv5tors 9 ?is     
direction1 b ?is may be z mu* because ! 
records h be5 lo/1 z because attempts 7 
nev] made4 ,! works ( a me*anical       
inv5tor r>ely attract$ mu* att5tion 9   
anci5t times1 :ile ! ma!matical problems
 7 reg>d$ z among/ ! highe/ bran*es (   
philosophy1 & ! se>* = ! philosoph]'s   

/one & ! elixir ( life appeal$ alike to 
prie/ & layman4 ,we h records ( attempts
 made #djjj ye>s ago to squ>e ! circle1 
& ! hi/ory ( ! philosoph]'s /one is lo/ 
9 ! mi/s ( antiquity2 b x is n until !  
elev5? or twelf? c5tury t we f9d any    
ref]5ce to p]petual motion1 & x 0 n     
until ! close ( ! sixte5? & ! beg9n+ ( !
 sev5te5? c5tury t ?is problem f\nd a   
prom95t place 9 ! writ+s ( ! day4  ,by  
p]petual motion is meant a ma*9e :i*1   
)\t assi/ance f any ext]nal s\rce except
 gravity1 %all cont9ue to g on mov+     
until ! p>ts ( :i* x is made are worn   
out4 ,"s insi/ t 9 ord] to be prop]ly   
entitl$ to ! "n ( a p]petual-motion     
ma*9e1 x mu/ evolve m p[] ?an t :i* is  
m]ely requir$ to run x1 & x is true t   
almo/ all ^? :o h attempt$ to solve ?is 
problem h av[$ ?is to be _! object1 _m  
go+ s f> z to claim = _! contrivances ! 
ability to supply unlimit$ p[] at no co/
 :atev]1 except ! int]e/ on a small     
inve/m5t1 & ! trifl+ am\nt ( oil requir$
 = lubrication4 ,b x is evid5t t a ma*9e

 :i* w\ld ( itself ma9ta9 a regul> &    
con/ant motion w\ld be ( great value1   
ev5 if x did no?+ m ?an move itself4 ,& 
?is seems to h be5 ! idea ^u :i* ^? m5  
work$1 :o _h 9 view ! suppos$ rew>d (f]$
 = su* an inv5tion z a means = f9d+ !   
longitude4 ,& x is well kn[n t x 0 !    
hope ( atta9+ su* a rew>d t spurr$ on v 
_m ( ^? :o devot$ _! "t & sub/ance to ! 
subject4  ,!re are sev]al legitimate &  
successful me?ods ( obta9+ a practically
 p]petual motion1 provid$ we are all[$  
to call to our aid "s "o ( ! v>i\s      
natural s\rces ( p[]4 ,= example1 !re   
are num]\s m\nta9 /reams :i* h nev] be5 
kn[n to fail1 & :i* by means ( ! simple/
 k9d ( a wat]-:eel w\ld give con/ant    
motion to any light ma*9]y4 ,ev5 ! w9d1 
! emblem ( fickl5ess & incon/ancy1 may  
be h>ness$ s t x w furni% p[]1 & x does 
n require v mu* me*anical +5uity to     
provide means :]eby ! surplus p[] ( a   
/rong gale may be /or$ up & kept 9      
res]ve = a "t ( calm4 ,inde$ ?is has    
frequ5tly be5 done by ! rais+ ( weights1

 ! w9d+ up ( spr+s1 ! pump+ ( wat] into 
/orage res]voirs & o!r simple           
contrivances4  ,! v>iations :i* are     
con/antly occurr+ 9 ! temp]ature & !    
pressure ( ! atmosph]e h also be5 =c$   
into ?is s]vice4 ,a clock :i* requir$ no
 w9d+ 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london t[>ds ! latt]
 "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 call$ a   
p]petual motion1 & ! work+ p[] 0 d]iv$ f
 v>iations 9 ! quantity1 & consequ5tly 9
 ! weight ( ! m]cury1 :i* 0 =c$ up into 
a glass tube clos$ at ! upp] end & hav+ 
! l[] end imm]s$ 9 a ci/]n ( m]cury aft]
 ! mann] ( a b>omet]4 ,x 0 fully        
describ$ by ,james ,f]guson1 ^: lectures
 on ,me*anics & ,natural ,philosophy 7  
edit$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]4 ,x ran =  
ye>s )\t requir+ w9d+1 & is said to h   
kept v good "t4 ,a simil> contrivance 0 
employ$ 9 a clock :i* 0 possess$ by !   
,academy ( ,pa9t+ at ,p>is4 ,x is       
describ$ 9 ,ozanam's "w1 ,vol4 ,,ii1    
page #aje1 ( ! edition ( #ahjc4  ,!     
*anges :i* are con/antly tak+ place 9 ! 
temp]ature ( all bodies1 & ! expansion &

 contraction :i* ^! v>iations produce1  
af=d a v effici5t p[] = clocks & small  
ma*9es4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,ball     
tells u t !re 0 at ,p>is 9 ! latt] half 
( la/ c5tury a clock :i* 0 an +5i\s     
illu/ration ( su* p]petual motion4 ,!   
en]gy1 :i* 0 /or$ up 9 x to ma9ta9 !    
motion ( ! p5dulum1 0 provid$ by !      
expansion ( a silv] rod4 ,?is expansion 
0 caus$ by ! daily rise ( temp]ature1 & 
by means ( a tra9 ( lev]s x w\nd up !   
clock4 ,!re 0 a disconnect+ app>atus1 s 
t ! contraction due to a fall (         
temp]ature produc$ no effect1 & !re 0 a 
simil> arrangem5t to prev5t ov]w9d+4 ,i 
believe t a rise ( eight or n9e degrees 
,fahr5heit 0 suffici5t to w9d up ! clock
 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4  ,ano!r indirect     
me?od ( w9d+ a wat* is ?us describ$ by  
,pr(essor ,ball3      ,i h 9 my         
possession a wat*1 kn[n z ! ,lohr pat5t1
 :i*     produces ! same effect by      
some:at diff]5t means4 ,inside !        
case is a /eel weight1 & if ! wat* is   
c>ri$ 9 a pocket ?is     weight rises & 

falls at e /ep "o takes1 some:at aft] ! 
mann] ( a p$omet]4 ,! weight is mov$ up 
by ! action ( !     p]son :o has x 9 8  
pocket1 & 9 fall+ ! weight w9ds up     !
 spr+ ( ! wat*4 ,on ! face is a small   
dial %[+ !     numb] ( h\rs = :i* ! wat*
 is w\nd up4 ,z soon z ! h&     ( ?is   
dial po9ts to fifty-six h\rs1 ! tra9 (  
lev]s :i*     w9d up ! wat* disconnects 
automatically1 s z to prev5t     ov]w9d+
 ! spr+1 & x reconnects aga9 z soon z ! 
wat*     has run d[n eight h\rs4 ,! wat*
 is an excell5t "t-keep]1 &     a walk (
 ab\t a c\ple ( miles is suffici5t to   
w9d x up =     tw5ty-f\r h\rs4  ,dr4    
,hoop]1 9 8 ,rational ,recreations1 has 
describ$ a me?od ( driv+ a clock by !   
motion ( ! tides1 & x w\ld n be         
difficult to contrive a v simple        
arrangem5t :i* w\ld obta9 f t s\rce mu* 
m p[] ?an is requir$ = t purpose4 ,inde$
 ! probability is t _m p]sons n[ liv+ w 
see ! "t :5 all our railroads1          
factories1 & light+ plants w be op]at$  
by ! tides ( ! ocean4 ,x is only a "q ( 

return = capital1 & x is well kn[n t t  
has be5 fall+ /eadily = ye>s4 ,:5 !     
int]e/ on inve/m5ts falls to a po9t     
suffici5tly l[1 ! tides w be h>ness$ & !
 great] "p ( ! heat1 light1 & p[] t we  
require w be obta9$ f ! imm5se am\nt (  
en]gy t n[ goes to wa/e along our coa/s4
  ,ano!r contrivance by :i* a seem+ly   
p]petual motion may be obta9$ is ! dry  
pile or column ( ,de ,luc4 ,! pile      
consi/s ( a s]ies ( disks ( gilt &      
silv]$ pap] plac$ back to back &        
alt]nat+1 all ! gilt sides fac+ "o way &
 all ! silv] sides ! o!r4 ,! s-call$    
gild+ is really ,dut* metal or copp]1 & 
! silv] is t9 or z9c1 s t ! two actually
 =m a voltaic c\ple4 ,sometimes ! pap]  
is slightly moi/5$ ) a weak solution (  
molasses to insure a c]ta9 degree (     
dampness2 ?is increases ! action1 = if !
 pap] be artificially dri$ & kept 9 a   
p]fectly dry atmosph]e1 ! app>atus w n  
"w4 ,a pair ( ^! piles1 ea* conta9+ two 
or ?ree ?\s& disks ! size ( a qu>t] ( a 
doll>1 may be arrang$ side by side1     

v]tically1 & two or ?ree in*es ap>t4 ,at
 ! l[] ends !y are connect$ by a brass  
plate1 & ! upp] ends are ea* surm\nt$ by
 a small metal bell & betwe5 ^! bells a 
gilt ball1 susp5d$ by a silk ?read1     
keeps vibrat+ p]petually4 ,_m ye>s ago  
,i made a pair ( ^! columns :i* kept a  
ball 9 motion = ne>ly two ye>s1 &       
,pr(essor ,silliman tells u t a set ( ^!
 bells rang 9 ,yale ,college laboratory 
= six or eight ye>s unceas+ly4 ,h[ mu*  
long] ! columns w\ld h cont9u$ to furni%
 en]gy suffici5t to cause ! balls to    
vibrate1 x might be difficult to        
det]m9e4 ,! am\nt ( en]gy requir$ is    
exce$+ly small1 b s9ce ! columns are    
really no?+ b a voltaic pile1 x is v    
evid5t t aft] a "t !y w\ld become       
exhau/$4  ,su* a pair ( columns1 cov]$ )
 a tall glass %ade1 =m a v int]e/+ piece
 ( bric-a-brac1 especially if ! bells h 
a sweet tone1 b ! contrivance is ( no   
practical use except z embodi$ 9        
,bohn5b]g]'s electroscope4  ,inv5tions (
 ?is k9d might be multipli$ indef9itely1

 b none ( ^! devices c be call$ a       
p]petual motion because !y all dep5d =  
_! action ^u en]gy d]iv$ f ext]nal      
s\rces o!r ?an gravity4 ,b ! au?ors ( ^!
 inv5tions are n to be class$ ) ! regul>
 p]petual-motion-mong]s4 ,! purposes =  
:i* ^! arrangem5ts 7 inv5t$ 7           
legitimate1 & ! contrivances answ]$     
fully ! ends = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,! real 
p]petual-motion-seek]s are m5 ( a       
diff]5t /amp1 & _! s*emes readily fall  
into "o ( ^! ?ree classes3 #a4          
,,absurdities1 #b4 ,,fallacies1 #c4     
,,frauds4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( !
 mo/ *>act]i/ic ma*9es & app>atus ( :i* 
acc\nts h be5 publi%$4   #a4            
,,absurdities  ,9 ?is class may be      
includ$ ^? inv5tions :i* h be5 made or  
sugge/$ by hone/ b ignorant p]sons 9    
direct violation ( ! fundam5tal         
pr9ciples ( me*anics & physics4 ,su*    
inv5tions if pres5t$ to any exp]t       
me*anic or /ud5t ( sci5ce1 w\ld be at   
once condemn$ z impracticable1 b z a    
g5]al rule1 ! inv5tors ( ^! absurd      

contrivances h be5 s confid5t ( success1
 t !y h publi%$ descriptions & sket*es (
 !m1 & ev5 gone s f> z to take out      
pat5ts be=e !y h te/$ _! inv5tions by   
con/ruct+ a work+ ma*9e4 ,x is said1 t  
at "o "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,pat5t ,(fice  
issu$ a circul> refusal to all          
applicants = pat5ts ( ?is k9d1 b at     
pres5t in/ead ( s5d+ su* a circul>1 !   
applicant is quietly reque/$ to furni% a
 work+ model ( 8 inv5tion & t usually   
ends ! matt]4 ,:ile ,i h no direct      
in=mation on ! subject1 ,i suspect t !  
circul> 0 )drawn because ( ! am\nt (    
useless correspond5ce1 9 ! %ape ( fooli%
 replies & argum5ts1 :i* x drew =?4 ,to 
require a work+ model is a reasonable   
reque/ & "o = :i* ! law duly provides1 &
 :5 a successful model is =?com+1 a     
pat5t w no d\bt be grant$2 b until t is 
pres5t$ ! (ficials ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice c h
 no positive in=mation 9 reg>d to !     
practicability ( ! inv5tion4  ,! e>lie/ 
me*anical device int5d$ to produce      
p]petual motion is t kn[n z ! ov]balanc+

 :eel4 ,?is is describ$ 9 a sket* book (
 ! ?irte5? c5tury by ,wil>s de          
,honec\rt1 an ar*itect ( ! p]iod1 & s9ce
 !n x has be5 re-inv5t$ hundr$s ( times4
 ,9 its simple/ =ms x is ?us describ$ & 
figur$ by ,ozanam3      ,fig4 #e        
repres5ts a l>ge :eel1 ! circumf]5ce (  
:i* is     furni%$1 at equal di/ances1 )
 lev]s1 ea* be>+ at its     extremity a 
weight1 & movable on a h+e s t 9 "o     
direction     !y c re/ ^u ! circumf]5ce1
 :ile on ! opposite side1     be+ c>ri$ 
away by ! weight at ! extremity1 !y are 
oblig$     to arrange !mselves 9 !      
direction ( ! radius cont9u$4 ,?is      
be+ suppos$1 x is evid5t t :5 ! :eel    
turns 9 !     direction ,,abc1 ! weights
 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c w rec$e f ! c5t]2         
consequ5tly1 z !y act ) m =ce1 !y w c>ry
 ! :eel     t[>ds t side2 & z a new lev]
 w be ?r[n out1 9     proportion z !    
:eel revolves1 x !nce foll[s1 say !y1 t 
! :eel w cont9ue to move 9 ! same       
direction4 ,b     not)/&+ ! speci\s     
appe>ance ( ?is reason+1     exp]i5ce   

has prov$ t ! ma*9e w n g2 & x may      
inde$ be demon/rat$ t !re is a c]ta9    
position 9 :i* !     c5t] ( gravity (   
all ^! weights is 9 ! v]tical plane     
pass+ ?r\gh ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & t     
!re=e x mu/     /op4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #e4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4      
,ano!r inv5tion ( a simil> k9d is ?us   
describ$ by ! same au?or3      ,9 a     
cyl9dric drum1 9 p]fect equilibrium on  
its axis1 are =m$     *annels z se5 9   
,fig4 #f1 :i* conta9 balls ( lead or a  
c]ta9     quantity ( quicksilv]4 ,9     
consequ5ce ( ?is disposition1 !         
balls or quicksilv] mu/1 on ! "o side1  
asc5d by approa*+     ! c5t]1 & on ! o!r
 mu/ roll t[>ds ! circumf]5ce4     ,!   
ma*9e ought1 !re=e1 to turn incessantly 
t[>ds t     side4  ,9 8 ,c\rse (        
,lectures on ,natural ,philosophy1 ,dr4 
,?omas ,"y speaks ( ^! contrivances z   
foll[s3      ,"o ( ! mo/ common         
fallacies1 by :i* ! sup]ficial          
projectors ( ma*9es = obta9+ p]petual   
motion h be5     delud$1 has aris5 f    

imag9+ t any numb] ( weights     asc5d+ 
by a c]ta9 pa?1 on "o side ( ! c5t] (   
motion &     desc5d+ on ! o!r at a      
great] di/ance1 mu/ cause a con/ant     
prepond]ance on ! side ( ! desc5t3 = ?is
 purpose !     weights h ei!r be5 fix$  
on h+es1 :i* all[ !m to fall     ov] at 
a c]ta9 po9t1 s z to become m di/ant f !
     c5t]1 or made to slide or roll     
along grooves or planes :i* lead     !m 
to a m remote "p ( ! :eel1 f :5ce !y    
return z     !y asc5d2 b x w appe> on ! 
inspection ( su* a ma*9e1     t al?\gh  
"s ( ! weights are m di/ant f ! c5t]    
?an o!rs1 yet !re is always a           
proportionately small] numb]     ( !m on
 t side on :i* !y h ! greate/ p[]1 s t  
^! circum/ances precisely c\nt]balance  
ea* o!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4  ,he  
!n gives ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #g71 %[n  
on ! prec$+ page1 ( a :eel suppos$ to be
 capable ( produc+ a p]petual motion2 ! 
desc5d+ balls act+ at a great] di/ance f
 ! c5t]1 b be+ few] 9 numb] ?an !       
asc5d+4 ,9 ! model1 ! balls may be kept 

9 _! places by a plate ( glass cov]+ !  
:eel4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4  ,a m    
elaborate arrangem5t embody+ ! same idea
 is figur$ & describ$ by ,ozanam4 ,!    
ma*9e1 :i* is %[n 9 ,fig4 #h1 consi/s ( 
a k9d ( :eel =m$ ( six or eight arms1   
proce$+ f a c5t] :]e ! axis ( motion is 
plac$4 ,ea* ( ^! arms is furni%$ ) a    
receptacle 9 ! =m ( a pair ( bell[s3 b  
^? on ! opposite arms /& 9 contr>y      
directions1 z se5 9 ! figure4 ,! movable
 top ( ea* receptacle has affix$ to x a 
weight1 :i* %uts x 9 "o situation & op5s
 x 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ! bell[s ( !
 opposite arms h a communication by     
means ( a canal1 & "o ( !m is fill$ )   
quicksilv]4  ,^! ?+s be+ suppos$1 x is  
visible t ! bell[s on ! "o side mu/ op51
 & ^? on ! o!r mu/ %ut2 consequ5tly1 !  
m]cury w pass f ! latt] into ! =m]1 :ile
 ! contr>y w be ! case on ! opposite    
side4  ,ozanam naively adds3 ,x might be
 difficult to po9t out ! defici5cy ( ?is
 reason+2 b ^? acqua9t$ ) ! true        
pr9ciples ( me*anics w n hesitate to bet

 a hundr$ to "o1 t ! ma*9e1 :5          
con/ruct$1 w n answ] ! int5d$ purpose4  
,t ?is bet w\ld h be5 a p]fectly safe "o
 mu/ be q evid5t to any p]son :o has !  
slighte/ k ( practical me*anics1 & yet !
 fundam5tal idea :i* is embodi$ 9 ?is & 
! o!r examples :i* we h j giv51 =ms !   
basis ( almo/ all ! attempts :i* h be5  
made to produce a p]petual motion by    
purely me*anical means4  ,! hydro/atic  
p>adox by :i* a few ounces ( liquid may 
app>5tly balance _m p\nds1 or ev5 tons1 
has frequ5tly sugge/$ a =m ( app>atus   
design$ to secure a p]petual motion4    
,dr4 ,arnott1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,physics1  
relates ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,a projector 
?\ght t ! vessel ( 8 contrivance1       
repres5t$ "h 7,fig4 #i71 0 to solve !   
r5[n$ problem ( ! p]petual motion4 ,x 0 
goblet-%ap$1 less5+ gradually t[>ds !   
bottom until x became a tube1 b5t upw>ds
 at c & po9t+ ) an op5 extremity into ! 
goblet aga94 ,he reason$ ?us3 ,a p9t (  
wat] 9 ! goblet a mu/ m ?an c\nt]balance
 an ounce :i* ! tube b w conta91 & mu/1 

!re=e1 be con/antly pu%+ ! ounce =w>d   
into ! vessel aga9 at a1 & keep+ up a   
/ream or circulation1 :i* w cease only  
:5 ! wat] dries up4 ,he 0 conf\nd$ :5 a 
trial %[$ him ! same level 9 a & 9 b4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4  ,?is sugge/ion 
has be5 adopt$ ov] & ov] aga9 by sangu9e
 inv5tors4 ,dircks1 9 8 ,p]petuum       
,mobile1 tells u t a contrivance1 on    
precisely ! same pr9ciple1 0 propos$ by 
! ,abbe de la ,roque1 9 ,le ,j\rnal des 
,scavans1 ,p>is1 #afhf4 ,! in/rum5t 0 a 
,u tube1 "o leg long] ?an ! o!r & b5t   
ov]1 s t any liquid might drop into !   
top end ( ! %ort leg1 :i* he propos$ to 
be made ( wax1 & ! long "o ( iron4      
,presum+ ! liquid to be m cond5s$ 9 !   
metal ?an ! wax tube1 x w\ld fl[ f ! end
 into ! wax tube & s cont9ue4  ,?is is a
 typical case4 ,a man ( le>n+ & ( high  
position is s confid5t t 8 !ory is "r t 
he does n ?9k x wor? :ile to te/ x      
exp]im5tally1 b ru%es into pr9t &       
immortalizes himself z ! au?or ( a      
blund]4 ,x is safe to say t ?is absurd  

inv5tion w d m to p]petuate 8 "n ?an all
 8 le>n+ & real a*ievem5ts4 ,& !re are  
o!rs 9 ! same pr$icam5t--circle-squ>]s  
:o1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury h5ce1 w be       
rememb]$ = _! errors :5 all else        
connect$ ) !m w be =gott54  ,to e mill] 
^: mill ceas$ work+ = want ( wat]1 !    
idea has no d\bt occurr$ t if he c\ld   
only pump ! wat] back aga9 & use x a    
second or a ?ird "t he might be         
indep5d5t ( dry or wet seasons4 ,( c\rse
 no practical mill] 0 ev] s f> delud$ z 
to attempt to put su* a sugge/ion into  
practice1 b innum]able ma*9es ( ?is k9d1
 & ( ! mo/ crude arrangem5t1 h be5      
sket*$ & describ$ 9 magaz9es & pap]s4   
,figures ( :eels driv+ an ord9>y pump1  
:i* returns to an elevat$ res]voir !    
wat] :i* has driv5 ! :eel1 are s common 
t x is n wor? :ile to reproduce any (   
!m4 ,9 ! foll[+ attempt1 h[ev]1 :i* is  
copi$ f ,bi%op ,wilk9s' fam\s book1     
,ma!matical ,magic 7#afdh71 ! well-kn[n 
,ar*im$ean screw is employ$ in/ead ( a  
pump1 & ! naivete ( ! good bi%op's      

description & conclusion are well wor? !
 space !y w occupy4  ,aft] an elaborate 
description ( ! screw1 he says3 ,^! ?+s1
 consid]$ toge!r1 x w h5ce appe> h[ a   
p]petual motion may seem easily         
contrivable4 ,=1 if !re 7 b su* a       
wat]-:eel made on ?is in/rum5t1 ^u :i* !
 /ream t is c>ri$ up may fall 9 its     
desc5t1 x w\ld turn ! screw r\nd1 & by t
 means convey z mu* wat] up z is requir$
 to move x2 s t ! motion mu/ ne$s be    
cont9ual s9ce ! same weight :i* 9 its   
fall does turn ! :eel1 is1 by ! turn+ ( 
! :eel1 c>ri$ up aga94 ,or1 if ! wat]1  
fall+ ^u "o :eel1 w\ld n be =cible en\gh
 = ?is effect1 :y !n !re might be two1  
or ?ree1 or m1 accord+ z ! l5g? &       
elevation ( ! in/rum5t w admit2 by :i*  
means ! weight ( x may be s multipli$ 9 
! fall t x %all be equival5t to twice or
 ?rice t quantity ( wat] :i* asc5ds2 z  
may be m pla9ly disc]n$ by ! foll[+     
diagram 7,fig4 #aj73  ,:]e ! figure ,,lm
 at ! bottom does repres5t a wood5      
cyl9d] ) helical cavities cut 9 x1 :i*  

at ,,ab is suppos$ to be cov]$ ov] ) t9 
plates1 & ?ree wat]:eels1 ^u x1 ,,hik2 !
 l[] ci/]n1 :i* conta9s ! wat]1 be+     
,,cd4 ,n[1 ?is cyl9d] be+ turn$ r\nd1   
all ! wat] :i* f ! ci/]n asc5ds ?r\gh x1
 w fall into ! vessel at ,e1 & f t      
vessel be+ convey$ ^u ! wat]-:eel ,h1   
%all consequ5tly give a circul> motion  
to ! :ole screw4 ,or1 if ?is alone %\ld 
be too weak = ! turn+ ( x1 !n ! same    
wat] :i* falls f ! :eel ,h1 be+ receiv$ 
into ! o!r vessel ,f1 may f !nce aga9   
desc5d on ! :eel ,i1 by :i* means ! =ce 
( x w be d\bl$4 ,& if ?is be yet        
insuffici5t1 !n may ! wat]1 :i* falls on
 ! second :eel ,i1 be receiv$ into ! o!r
 vessel ,g1 & f !nce aga9 desc5d on !   
?ird :eel at ,k2 & s = z _m o!r :eels z 
! in/rum5t is capable (4 ,s t besides ! 
great] di/ance ( ^! ?ree /reams f ! c5t]
 or axis by :i* !y are made s mu*       
heavi]2 & besides t ! fall ( ?is outw>d 
wat] is =cible & viol5t1 :]eas ! asc5t (
 t )9 is natural--besides all ?is1 !re  
is twice z mu* wat] to turn ! screw z is

 c>ri$ up by x4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#aj4  ,b1 on ! o!r side1 if all ! wat]  
fall+ ^u "o :eel w\ld be able to turn x 
r\nd1 !n half ( x w\ld s]ve ) two :eels1
 & ! re/ may be s dispos$ ( 9 ! fall z  
to s]ve unto "s o!r useful1 delightful  
ends4  ,:5 ,i fir/ ?\ght ( ?is inv5tion1
 ,i c\ld sc>ce =be>1 ) ,ar*im$es1 to cry
 out ',eureka6 ,eureka6' x seem+ s      
infallible a way = ! effect+ ( a        
p]petual motion t no?+ c\ld be s mu* z  
probably object$ aga9/ x2 b1 ^u trial & 
exp]i5ce1 ,i f9d x altoge!r insuffici5t 
= any su* purpose1 & t = ^! two reasons3
  #a4 ,! wat] t asc5ds w n make any     
consid]able /ream 9 ! fall4  #b4 ,?is   
/ream1 ?\gh multipli$1 w n be ( =ce     
en\gh to turn ab\t ! screw4  ,h[ well x 
w\ld h be5 = _m ( ^? inv5tors1 :o       
suppos$ t !y _h discov]$ a successful   
p]petual motion1 if !y _h only giv5 _!  
contrivances a fair & unprejudic$ te/ z 
did ! good old bi%op6  ,a modification (
 ?is device1 9 :i* m]cury is us$ in/ead 
( wat]1 is ?us describ$ by a            

correspond5t ( ,! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e4  
7,london47      ,9 ,fig4 #aa1 ,a is !   
screw turn+ on its two pivots ,,gg2 ,b  
is a     ci/]n to be fill$ above ! level
 ( ! l[] ap]ture ( !     screw ) m]cury1
 :i* ,i conceive to be pref]able to wat]
 on     _m acc\nts1 & pr9cipally because
 x does n adh]e or     evaporate l wat]2
 ,c is a res]voir1 :i*1 :5 ! screw is   
turn$ r\nd1 receives ! m]cury :i* falls 
f ! top2 !re     is a pipe1 :i*1 by !   
=ce ( gravity1 conveys ! m]cury f     ! 
res]voir ,c on to 7:at = want ( a bett] 
t]m may be call$7     ! float-bo>d ,e1  
fix$ at "r angles to ! c5t] axis ( !    
screw1 & furni%$ at its circumf]5ce )   
ridges or floats to     int]cept !      
m]cury1 ! mom5t & weight ( :i* w cause !
     float-bo>d & screw to revolve1     
until1 by ! prop] incl9ation     ( !    
floats1 ! m]cury falls into ! receiv]   
,f1 f :5ce x     aga9 falls by its sp\t 
into ! ci/]n ,g1 :]e ! con/ant          
revolution ( ! screw takes x up aga9 z  
be=e4  ,he !n sugge/s "s difficulties   

:i* ! ball1 se5 j "u ! lett] ,e1 is     
int5d$ to ov]come1 b he confesses t he  
has nev] tri$ x1 & to any practical     
me*anic x is v obvi\s t ! ma*9e w n "w4 
,b we give ! description 9 ! language ( 
! inv5tor1 z a fair type ( ?is class (  
p]petual-motion ma*9es4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #aa4  ,9 ! ye> #agij a ,doctor    
,s*weirs took out a pat5t = a ma*9e 9   
:i* small metal balls 7 us$ in/ead ( a  
liquid1 & !y 7 rais$ by a sort ( *a9    
pump :i* deliv]$ !m ^u ! circumf]5ce ( a
 l>ge :eel1 :i* 0 ?us caus$ to revolve4 
,x 0 claim$ = ?is inv5tion t x kept go+ 
= "s mon?s1 b any me*anic :o w exam9e ! 
,doctor's draw+ mu/ see t x c\ld n h    
cont9u$ 9 motion aft] ! initial impulse 
_h be5 exp5d$4  ,t prop]ty ( liquids    
kn[n z capill>y attraction has be5      
frequ5tly call$ to ! aid (              
p]petual-motion seek]s1 & ! fact t      
al?\gh wat] w1 9 capill>y tubes &       
sponges1 rise sev]al in*es above ! g5]al
 level1 x w n ov]fl[1 has be5 a />tl+   
surprise to ! w\ld-be inv5tors4 ,p]haps 

! mo/ notable in/ance ( a mi/ake ( ?is  
k9d occurr$ 9 ! case ( ! fam\s ,sir     
,william ,congreve1 ! inv5tor ( !       
milit>y rockets t bore 8 "n1 & ! au?or (
 c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 mat*es :i* 7 call$ 
aft] him4 ,x 0 ?us describ$ & figur$ 9  
an article :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,atlas        
7,london7 & 0 copi$ into ,! ,me*anic's  
,magaz9e 7,london7 = #ahbg3      ,!     
celebrat$ ,boyle ent]ta9$ an idea t     
p]petual motion     might be obta9$ by  
means ( capill>y attraction2 &1 inde$1  
!re seems b little d\bt t nature has    
employ$ ?is =ce 9     _m in/ances to    
produce ?is effect4      ,!re are _m    
situations 9 :i* !re is e reason to     
believe     t ! s\rces ( spr+s on ! tops
 & sides ( m\nta9s     dep5d on !       
accumulation ( wat] creat$ at c]ta9     
elevations by     ! op]ation ( capill>y 
attraction1 act+ 9 l>ge masses (        
por\s mat]ial1 or ?r\gh lam9at$         
sub/ances4 ,^! masses be+     saturat$1 
9 process ( "t become ! s\rces ( spr+s &
 !     heads ( riv]s2 & ?us by an       

endless r\nd ( asc5d+ &     desc5d+     
wat]s1 =m1 on ! great scale ( nature1 an
 incessant     cause ( p]petual motion1 
9 ! pure/ acceptance ( ! t]m1 &         
precisely on ! pr9ciple t 0 contemplat$ 
by ,boyle4 ,x is     probable1 h[ev]1 t 
any imitation ( ?is process on ! limit$ 
scale practicable by human art w\ld n be
 ( suffici5t magnitude     to be        
effective4 ,nature1 by ! imm5sity ( h]  
op]ations1 is able     to all[ = a      
sl[ness ( process :i* w\ld baffle !     
attempts     ( man 9 any direct & simple
 imitation ( h] works4 ,work+1          
!re=e1 ^u ! same causes1 he f9ds himself
 oblig$ to take a     m complicat$ mode 
to produce ! same effect4      ,to amuse
 ! h\rs ( a long conf9em5t f illness1   
,sir ,william     ,congreve has rec5tly 
contriv$ a s*eme ( p]petual motion1     
f\nd$ on ?is pr9ciple ( capill>y        
attraction1 :i*1 x is     appreh5d$1 w n
 be subject to ! g5]al refutation       
applicable to ^? plans 9 :i* ! p[] is   
suppos$ to be     d]iv$ f gravity only4 

,sir ,william's p]petual motion is z    
foll[s3      ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4   
,let ,,abc1 ,fig4 #ab1 be ?ree          
horizontal roll]s fix$ 9 a frame2       
aaa1 etc41 is an endless b& ( sponge1   
runn+ r\nd ^!     roll]s2 & bbb1 etc41  
is an endless *a9 ( weights1 surr\nd+   
! b& ( sponge1 & atta*$ to x1 s t !y mu/
 move     toge!r2 e "p ( ?is b& & *a9   
be+ s accurately     uni=m 9 weight t ! 
p]p5dicul> side ,,ab w1 9 all           
positions ( ! b& & *a91 be 9 equilibrium
 ) !     hypo!nuse ,,ac1 on ! pr9ciple (
 ! incl9$ plane4 ,n[1 if !     frame 9  
:i* ^! roll]s are fix$ be plac$ 9 a     
ci/]n (     wat]1 hav+ its l[] "p imm]s$
 !re91 s t ! wat]'s     edge cuts ! upp]
 "p ( ! roll]s ,,bc1 !n1 if ! weight &  
quantity ( ! endless *a9 be duly        
proportion$ to ! ?ickness     & bread? (
 ! b& ( sponge1 ! b& & *a9 w1 on !      
wat] 9 ! ci/]n be+ br\ght to ! prop]    
level1 beg9 to     move r\nd ! roll]s 9 
! direction ,,ab1 by ! =ce (            
capill>y attraction1 & w cont9ue s to   

move4 ,! process is     z foll[s3       
,on ! side ,,ab ( ! triangle1 ! weights 
bbb1 etc41 hang+     p]p5dicul>ly       
alongside ! b& ( sponge1 ! b& is n      
compress$ by !m1 & its pores be+ left   
op51 ! wat] at !     po9t x1 at :i* ! b&
 meets its surface1 w rise to a c]ta9   
height y1 above its level1 & !reby      
create a load1 :i* load     w n exi/ on 
! asc5d+ side ,,ca1 because on ?is side 
!     *a9 ( weights compresses ! b& at !
 wat]'s edge1 &     squeezes out any    
wat] t may h previ\sly accumulat$ 9 x2  
s t ! b& rises 9 a dry /ate1 ! weight ( 
! *a9     hav+ be5 s proportion$ to !   
bread? & ?ickness ( ! b&     z to be    
suffici5t to produce ?is effect4 ,!     
load1 !re=e1 on     ! desc5d+ side ,,ab1
 n be+ oppos$ by any simil> load on !   
asc5d+ side1 & ! equilibrium ( ! o!r    
p>ts n be+     di/urb$ by ! alt]nate    
expansion & compression ( ! sponge1     
! b& w beg9 to move 9 ! direction ,,ab2 
& z x moves     d[nw>ds1 ! accumulation 
( wat] w cont9ue to rise1 &     !reby   

c>ry on a con/ant motion1 provid$ ! load
 at xy be     suffici5t to ov]come !    
friction on ! roll]s ,,abc4      ,n[ to 
asc]ta9 ! quantity ( ?is load 9 any     
p>ticul>     ma*9e1 x mu/ be /at$ t x is
 f\nd by exp]im5t t !     wat] w rise 9 
a f9e sponge ab\t an in* above its      
level2 if1     !re=e1 ! b& & sponge be  
"o foot ?ick & six feet broad1     !    
area ( its horizontal section 9 contact 
) ! wat] w\ld     be #hfd squ>e in*es1 &
 ! weight ( ! accumulation ( wat]       
rais$ by ! capill>y attraction be+ "o   
in* rise ^u #hfd     squ>e in*es1 w\ld  
be #cj lb41 :i*1 x is conceiv$1 w\ld be 
mu* m ?an equival5t to ! friction ( !   
roll]s4  ,! article1 inspir$ no d\bt by 
,sir ,william1 !n goes on to give       
elaborate reasons = ! success ( !       
device1 b all ^! are met by ! damn+ fact
 t ! ma*9e nev] work$4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds  
,sir ,william1 at consid]able exp5se1   
publi%$ a pamphlet 9 :i* he expla9$ &   
def5d$ 8 views4 ,if he _h only _h a     
work+ model made & ! ?+ _h cont9u$ 9    

motion = a few h\rs1 he w\ld h sil5c$   
all objectors f> m quickly & =cibly ?an 
he ev] c\ld h done by any am\nt (       
argum5t4  ,& 9 8 case !re c\ld h be5 no 
excuse = 8 n mak+ a small ma*9e aft] !  
plans t he publi%$ & ev5 pat5t$4 ,he 0  
weal?y & c\ld h comm&$ ! s]vices ( ! be/
 me*anics 9 ,london1 b no work+ model 0 
ev] made4 ,_m inv5tors ( p]petual-motion
 ma*9es (f] _! pov]ty z an excuse = n   
mak+ a model or work+ ma*9e4 ,?us       
,dircks1 9 8 ,p]petuum ,mobile gives an 
acc\nt ( a me*anic1 a model mak]1 :o _h 
a neat brass model ( a "t-piece1 9 :i* 7
 two /eel balls ,a & ,b2--,b to fall    
into a semicircul> gall]y ,c1 & be c>ri$
 to ! end ,d ( a /raight tr\gh ,,de2    
:ile ,a 9 its turn rolls to ,e1 & s on  
cont9u\sly2 only ! gall]y ,c n be+      
screw$ 9 its place1 we are desir$ to    
take ! w = ! de$1 until tw5ty %ill+s be 
rais$ to complete ?is "p ( ! "w6  ,&    
,mr4 ,dircks also quotes f ! ,build] (  
,june1 #ahdg3 ,?is va9 delusion1 if n   
/ill 9 =ce1 is at lea/ z /&+ a fallacy z

 ev]4 ,joseph ,hutt1 a frame-"w knitt]1 
9 ! neighborhood ( ! enlight5$ t[n (    
,h9ckley1 pr(esses to h discov]$ x      
p]petual motion & only wants tw5ty      
p\nds1 z usual1 to set x ago+4  ,!      
foll[+ r curi\s arrangem5t 0 describ$ 9 
,! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e = #ahbe4  ,i beg 
leave to (f] ! prefix$ device4 ,! po9t  
at :i*1 l all ! re/1 x fails1 ,i confess
 ,i did n 7z ,i d n[7 pla9ly p]ceive at 
once1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly v obvi\s4 ,!  
orig9al idea 0 ?is--to enable a body :i*
 w\ld float 9 a heavy m$ium & s9k 9 a   
light] "o1 to pass successively ?r\gh ! 
"o to ! o!r1 ! cont9uation ( :i* w\ld be
 ! end 9 view4 ,to say t valves _c be   
made to act z propos$ w n be to %[ !    
rationale 7if ,i may s say7 ^u :i* !    
idea is fallaci\s4  ,! figure is suppos$
 to be tubul>1 & made ( glass1 = !      
purpose ( see+ ! action ( ! balls       
inside1 :i* float or fall z !y travel f 
air ?r\gh wat] & f wat] ?r\gh air4 ,!   
foot is suppos$ to be plac$ 9 wat]1 b x 
w\ld answ] ! same purpose if ! bottom 7 

clos$4  ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+1
 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,no4 #a1 ! left leg1 fill$ 
) wat] f ,b to ,a4 #b & #c1 valves1 hav+
 9 _! c5t]s v small project+ valves2 !y 
all op5 upw>ds4 #d1 ! "r leg1 conta9+   
air f ,a to ,f4 #e & #f1 valves1 hav+ v 
small ones 9 _! c5t]s2 !y all op5       
d[nw>ds4 ,! :ole app>atus is suppos$ to 
be air & wat]-tight4 ,! r\nd figures    
repres5t holl[ balls1 :i* w s9k "o-f\r? 
( _! bulk 9 wat] 7( c\rse w fall 9 air72
 ! weight !re=e ( ?ree balls re/+ ^u "o 
ball 9 wat]1 z at ,e1 w j br+ its top   
ev5 ) ! wat]'s edge2 ! weight ( f\r     
balls w s9k x "u ! surface until ! ball 
imm$iately ov] x is "o-f\r? its bulk 9  
wat]1 :5 ! "u ball w escape r\nd ! corn]
 at ,c1 & beg9 to asc5d4  ,! ma*9e is   
suppos$ 79 ! figure7 to be 9 action1 &  
,no4 #h 7"o ( ! balls7 to h j escap$    
r\nd ! corn] at ,c1 & to be1 by its     
buoyancy1 ris+ up to valve ,no4 #c1     
/rik+ fir/ ! small project+ valve 9 !   
c5t]1 :i* :5 op5$1 ! l>ge "o w be rais$ 
by ! buoyancy ( ! ball2 because ! mom5t 

! small valve 9 ! c5t] is op5$ 7al?\gh  
only ! size ( a p9's head71 ,no4 #b     
valve w h tak5 ^u itself to su/a9 ! :ole
 column ( wat] f ,a to ,b4 ,! said ball 
7,no4 #h7 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! valve ,no4 
#c1 w1 by appropriate weights or spr+s1 
close2 ! ball w proce$ upw>ds to ! next 
valve 7,no4 #b71 & p]=m ! same op]ation 
!re4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ,a1 x w float ^u ! 
surface ?ree-f\r?s ( its bulk out (     
wat]4 ,^u ano!r ball 9 due c\rse arriv+ 
"u x1 x w be lift$ q out ( ! wat]1 &    
fall ov] ! po9t ,d1 pass into ! "r leg  
7conta9+ air71 & fall to valve ,no4 #e1 
/rike & op5 ! small valve 9 its c5t]1 !n
 op5 ! l>ge "o1 & pass ?r\gh2 ?is valve 
w !n1 by appropriate weights or spr+s1  
close2 ! ball w roll on ?r\gh ! b5t tube
 7:i* is made 9 t =m to ga9 "t z well z 
to exhibit motion7 to ! next valve 7,no4
 #f71 :]e x w p]=m ! same op]ation1 &   
!n1 fall+ ^u ! f\r balls at ,e1 =ce !   
bottom "o r\nd ! corn] at ,c4 ,?is ball 
w proce$ z did ,no4 #h1 & ! re/ 9 ! same
 mann] successively4  ,illu/ration3     

,fig4 #ac4  ,t an ord9>y amateur me*anic
 %\ld be misl$ by su* argum5ts is p]haps
 n s surpris+1 :5 we rememb] t ! fam\s  
,john ,b]n\lli claim$ to h inv5t$ a     
p]petual motion bas$ on ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 ! specific gravities ( two       
liquids4 ,a translation ( ! orig9al     
,lat9 may be f\nd 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia     
,britannica1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 page #eee4  
,"s ( ! premises on :i* he dep5ds are1  
h[ev]1 impossibilities1 & ,pr(essor     
,*ry/al concludes 8 notice ( ! inv5tion 
?us3 ,"o really is at a loss )          
,b]n\lli's wond]ful !ory1 :e!r to admire
 mo/ ! consci5ti\s /atem5t ( ! hypo!sis1
 ! prim logic ( ! demon/ration--s       
c>efully cut accord+ to ! patt]n ( !    
anci5ts--or ! weighty sup]/ructure built
 on s frail a f\ndation4 ,mo/ ( our     
p]petual motions 7 cle>ly ! result ( too
 little le>n+2 surely ?is "o 0 ! product
 ( too mu*4  ,a m simple device 0       
sugge/$ rec5tly by a correspond5t (     
,p[]4 ,he describes x ?us3  ,! ,j-%ap$  
tube ,a1 ,fig4 #ad1 is op5 at bo? ends1 

b tap]s at ! l[] end1 z %[n4 ,a         
well-greas$ cotton rope ,c passes ov] ! 
:eel ,b & ?r\gh ! small op5+ ( ! tube ) 
practically little or no friction1 &    
also )\t leakage4 ,! tube is !n fill$ ) 
wat]4 ,! rope above ! l9e ,,wx balances 
ov] ! pulley1 & s does t bel[ ! l9e     
,,yz4 ,! rope 9 ! tube betwe5 ^! l9es is
 lift$ by ! wat]1 :ile ! rope on ! o!r  
side ( ! pulley betwe5 ^! l9es is pull$ 
d[nw>d by gravity4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#ad4  ,! inv5tor (f]s ! above sugge/ion 
r z a k9d ( puzzle ?an z a sob] attempt 
to solve ! fam\s problem1 & he concludes
 by ask+ :y x w n "w8  ,9 addition to ! 
usual resi/ance or friction (f]$ by !   
air to all motion1 !re are f\r          
drawbacks3  #a4 ,! friction 9 its be>+s 
( ! axle ( ! :eel ,b4  #b4 ,! p[]       
requir$ to b5d & unb5d ! rope4  #c4 ,!  
friction ( ! rope 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! wat] f
 z to x & its t5d5cy to raise a portion 
( ! wat] above ! level ( ! wat] at x4   
#d4 ,! friction at ! po9t y1 ?is la/ be+
 ! mo/ s]i\s ( all4 ,an op5+ ( ! tube ) 

practically little or no friction1 &    
also )\t leakage is a me*anical         
impossibility4 ,9 ord] to h ! jo9t      
wat]-tight1 ! tube mu/ hug ! rope v     
tightly & ?is w\ld make friction en\gh  
to prev5t any motion4 ,& ! long] !      
column ( wat] xz1 ! great] w be ! t5d5cy
 to leak1 & consequ5tly ! tight] mu/ be 
! jo9t & ! great] ! friction !reby      
creat$4  ,a favorite idea )             
p]petual-motion seek]s is ! utilization 
( ! =ce ( magnetism4 ,"s "t prior to !  
ye> #aegi1 ,joannes ,taisni]us wrote a  
book :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & 9  
:i* consid]able space is devot$ to      
,cont9ual ,motions & to ! solv+ ( ?is   
problem by magnetism4 ,bi%op ,wilk9s 9 8
 ,ma!matical ,magick describes "o ( ! _m
 devices :i* h be5 inv5t$ ) ?is end 9   
view4 ,he says3 ,b among/ all ^! k9ds ( 
inv5tion1 t is mo/ likely1 :]e9 a       
load/one is s dispos$ t x %all draw unto
 x on a recl9$ plane a bullet ( /eel1   
:i* /eel z x asc5ds ne> to ! load/one1  
may be contriv$ to fall d[n ?r\gh "s    

hole 9 ! plane1 & s to return unto !    
place f :5ce at fir/ x began to move2 &1
 be+ !re1 ! load/one w aga9 attract x   
upw>ds till com+ to ?is hole1 x w fall  
d[n aga92 & s ! motion %all be p]petual1
 z may be m easily conceivable by ?is   
figure 7,fig4 #ae73  ,suppose ! load/one
 to be repres5t$ at ,,ab1 :i*1 ?\gh x h 
n /r5g? en\gh to attract ! bullet ,c    
directly f ! gr\nd1 yet may d x by !    
help ( ! plane ,,ef4 ,n[1 :5 ! bullet is
 come to ! top ( ?is plane1 its own     
gravity 7:i* is suppos$ to exce$ ! /r5g?
 ( ! load/one7 w make x fall into t hole
 at ,e2 & ! =ce x receives 9 ?is fall w 
c>ry x ) su* a viol5ce unto ! o!r end ( 
?is ar*1 t x w op5 ! passage :i* is !re 
made = x1 & by its return w aga9 %ut x3 
s t ! bullet 7z at ! fir/7 is 9 ! same  
place :5ce x 0 attract$1 &1 consequ5tly 
mu/ move p]petually4  ,illu/ration3     
,fig4 #ae4  ,not)/&+ ! positiv5ess ( !  
mu/ at ! close ( 8 description1 x is v  
obvi\s to any practical me*anic t !     
ma*9e w n move at all1 f> less move     

p]petually1 & ! bi%op himself1 aft]     
c>efully & consci5ti\sly discuss+ !     
objections1 comes to ! same conclusion4 
,he ends by say+3 ,s t none ( all ^!    
magnetical exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 z yet   
discov]$1 are suffici5t = ! effect+ ( a 
p]petual motion1 ?\gh ^! k9d ( qualities
 seem mo/ conducible unto x1 & p]haps   
h]eaft] x may be contriv$ f !m4  ,x has 
occurr$ to sev]al w\ld-be inv5tors (    
p]petual motion t if "s sub/ance c\ld be
 f\nd :i* w\ld prev5t ! passage ( !     
magnetic =ce1 !n by int]pos+ a plate (  
?is mat]ial at ! prop] mom5t1 betwe5 !  
magnet & ! piece ( iron to be attract$1 
a p]petual motion might be obta9$4      
,sev]al inv5tors h claim$ t !y _h       
discov]$ su* a non-conduct+ sub/ance1 b 
x is ne$less to say t _! claims _h no   
f\ndation 9 fact1 & if !y _h discov]$   
any?+ ( ! k9d1 x w\ld h requir$ j z mu* 
=ce to int]pose x z w\ld h be5 ga9$ by !
 int]position4 ,x has be5 fully prov$ t 
9 e case :]e a ma*9e 0 made to "w       
app>5tly by ! int]position ( su* a      

mat]ial1 a fraud 0 p]petrat$ & ! ma*9e 0
 really made to move by means ( "s      
conceal$ spr+s or weights4  ,a          
correspond5t ( ! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e    
7,vol4 xii1 ,london1 #ahbi71 gives !    
foll[+ curi\s design = a ,self-mov+     
,railway ,c>riage4 ,he describes x z a  
ma*9e :i*1 7 x possible to make its p>ts
 hold toge!r unimpair$ by rotation or ! 
ravages ( "t1 & to give x a pa? encircl+
 ! e>?1 w\ld assur$ly cont9ue to roll   
along 9 "o undeviat+ c\rse until "t %all
 be no m4  ,a s]ies ( incl9$ planes are 
to be erect$ 9 su* a mann] t a cone w   
asc5d "o 7its sides =m+ an acute angle71
 & be+ rais$ to ! summit1 desc5d on !   
next 7hav+ p>allel sides71 at ! foot (  
:i* x mu/ rise on a ?ird & fall on a    
f\r?1 & s cont9ue to d alt]nately       
?r\gh\t4  ,! diagram1 ,fig4 #af1 is !   
section ( a c>riage ,a1 ) broad conical 
:eels a1 a1 re/+ on ! incl9$ plane b4 ,!
 entrance to ! c>riage is f above1 & !re
 are ample accommodations = goods &     
pass5g]s4 ,! mo/ s+ul> prop]ty ( ?is    

contrivance is1 t its spe$ increases ! m
 x is lad52 & :5 *eck$ on any "p ( !    
road1 x w1 :5 ! cause ( /oppage is      
remov$1 proce$ on its j\rney by m]e p[] 
( gravity4 ,its pa? may be a circul>    
road =m$ ( ! incl9$ planes4 ,b to avoid 
a circuit\s r\te1 a d\ble road ought to 
be made4 ,! c>riage n hav+ a retrograde 
motion on ! incl9$ planes1 a road to set
 out ^u1 & ano!r to return by1 are      
indisp5sable4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 
,h[ any "o c\ld ev] imag9e t su* a      
contrivance w\ld ev] cont9ue 9 motion = 
ev5 a %ort "t1 except1 p]haps1 on !     
fam\s desc5sus av]ni1 mu/ be a puzzle to
 e sane me*anic4 ,i !re=e give x z a    
climax to ! absurdities :i* h be5       
propos$ 9 sob] e>ne/4 ,z a fitt+ close1 
h[ev]1 to ?is *apt] ( human folly1 ,i   
give ! foll[+ joke f ! ,p5ny ,magaz9e1  
publi%$ by ! ,society = ! ,diffusion (  
,useful ,k4      ',fa!r1 ,i h inv5t$ a  
p]petual motion6' said a little fell[   
( eight ye>s old4 ',x is ?us3 ,i w\ld   
make a great :eel1 & fix     x up l a   

wat]-:eel2 at ! top ,i w\ld hang a great
 weight1     & at ! bottom ,i w\ld hang 
a numb] ( little weights2 !n !     great
 weight w\ld turn ! :eel half r\nd & s9k
 to !     bottom1 because x is s heavy3 
& :5 ! little weights rea*     ! top !y 
w\ld s9k d[n1 because !y are s _m2 & ?us
 !     :eel w\ld turn r\nd = ev]4'  ,!  
*ild's fallacy is a type ( all ! blund]s
 :i* are made on ?is subject4 ,foll[ a  
projector 9 8 description1 & if x be n  
p]fectly un9telligible1 :i* x (t5 is1 x 
always proves t he expects to f9d c]ta9 
( 8 movem5ts alt]nately /rong & weak--n 
accord+ to ! laws ( nature--b accord+ to
 ! wants ( 8 me*anism4   #b4 ,,fallacies
  ,fallacies are di/+ui%$ f absurdities 
on ! "o h& & f frauds on ! o!r1 by !    
fact t )\t any int5tionally fraudul5t   
contrivances on ! "p ( ! inv5tor1 !y    
seem to produce results :i* h a t5d5cy  
to af=d to c]ta9 en?usia/s a basis (    
hope 9 ! direction ( p]petual motion1   
al?\gh usually n "u t "n1 = t is always 
explicitly disclaim$ by ! promot]s4  ,! 

mo/ notable in/ance ( ?is class 9 rec5t 
times 0 ! application ( liquid air z a  
s\rce ( p[]1 ! claim hav+ be5 actually  
made by "s ( ! advocates ( ?is fallacy t
 a /eam%ip />t+ f ,new ,york ) #ajjj    
gallons ( liquid air1 c\ld n only cross 
! ,atlantic at full spe$ b c\ld rea* !  
o!r side ) m ?an #ajjj gallons ( liquid 
air on bo>d--! p[] requir$ to drive !   
vessel & to liquefy ! surplus air be+   
all obta9$ dur+ ! passage by utiliz+ !  
orig9al quantity ( liquid air t _h be5  
furni%$ 9 ! fir/ place4  ,t ?is 0       
equival5t to p]petual motion1 pure &    
simple1 0 obvi\s ev5 to ^? :o 7 lea/    
famili> ) su* subjects1 ?\gh ! idea (   
call+ x p]petual motion 0 /]nly         
repudiat$ by all conc]n$--! t]m p]petual
 motion hav+ become ?or\ghly (f5sive to 
! e>s ( common-s5se p1 & consequ5tly    
t5d+ to ca/ d\bt ov] any ent]prise to   
:i* x might be appli$4  ,t liquid air is
 a real & wond]ful discov]y1 & t = a    
c]ta9 small range ( purposes x w prove  
highly useful1 _c be d\bt$ by ^? :o h   

se5 & h&l$ x & are famili> ) its        
prop]ties1 b t x w ev] be successfully  
us$ z an economical s\rce ( me*anical   
p[] is1 to say ! lea/1 v improbable4 ,t 
a small quantity ( ! liquid is capable (
 do+ an enorm\s am\nt ( "w1 & t "u "s   
conditions !re is app>5tly m p[]        
develop$ ?an 0 orig9ally requir$ to     
liquefy ! air1 is und\bt$ly true1 b :5 a
 c>eful quantitative exam9ation is made 
( ! outgo & ! income ( en]gy1 x w be    
f\nd 9 ?is1 z 9 e simil> case1 t in/ead 
( a ga9 !re is a v decid$ & s]i\s loss4 
,! correct explanation ( ! fallacy 0    
publi%$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 by !   
late ,dr4 ,h5ry ,morton1 presid5t ( !   
,/ev5s ,in/itute1 & ! same explanation &
 exposure 7 made by ! writ]1 ne>ly fifty
 ye>s ago1 9 ! case ( a v simil>        
ent]prise4 ,! =m ( ! fallacy 9 bo? cases
 is s simil> & s int]e/+ t ,i %all make 
no apology = giv+ ! details4  ,ab\t !   
ye> #ahec or #ahed1 two +5i\s me*anics (
 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 conceiv$ ! idea t by 
us+ "s liquid m volatile ?an wat]1 a    

great sav+ might be effect$ 9 ! co/ (   
runn+ an eng9e4 ,at t "t gasol5e & b5z9e
 7 unkn[n 9 comm]ce1 & ! same 0 true 9  
reg>d to bisulphide ( c>bon1 b z !      
process ( manufactur+ ! latt] 0 simple &
 ! s\rces ( supply 7 *eap & app>5tly    
unlimit$1 !y adopt$ t liquid4 ,! "n ( "o
 ( ^! inv5tors 0 ,hughes & t ( ! o!r 0  
,hill1 & x w\ld seem t ea* _h made !    
inv5tion indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 ,!y _h a  
fi]ce conflict ov] ! pat5t1 b ?is does n
 conc]n u except to ?is ext5t1 t !      
records ( ! case may !re=e be f\nd 9 !  
ar*ives ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice at ,wa%+ton1  
,d4,c4 ,hughes 0 back$ by ! weal? ( a   
well-kn[n lawy] ( ,ro*e/]1 ^: son       
subsequ5tly occupi$ a high (fice 9 !    
/ate ( ,new ,york1 & he con/ruct$ a     
beautiful little /eam-eng9e & boil]1    
made ( ! v f9e/ mat]ials & ) su* skill &
 accuracy t x gave out a v consid]able  
am\nt ( p[] 9 proportion to its size4 ,!
 s\rce ( heat 0 a s]ies ( lamps1 f$1 ,i 
?9k1 ) l>d oil 7?is 0 be=e ! days (     
k]os5e71 & ! exhibition te/ consi/$ 9   

fir/ fill+ ! boil] ) wat]1 & not+ ! "t t
 x took to get up a c]ta9 /eam pressure 
z %[n by ! gage4 ,aft] ?is te/1         
bisulphide ( c>bon 0 add$ to ! wat]1 & !
 "t & pressure 7 not$4 ,! diff]5ce 0 (  
c\rse rem>kable1 & altoge!r 9 favor ( ! 
new liquid4 ,! exhau/ 0 c>ri$ into a    
vessel ( cold wat] & z bisulphide (     
c>bon is v easily cond5s$ & v heavy1    
almo/ ! entire quantity us$ 0 recov]$ & 
us$ ov] & ov] aga94  ,b to ! un9/ruct$  
onlook]1 ! mo/ rem>kable "p ( !         
exhibition 0 :5 ! /eam pressure 0 s f>  
l[]$ t ! eng9e revolv$ v sl[ly1 & !n1 on
 a little bisulphide be+ inject$ into ! 
boil]1 ! pressure w\ld at once rise1 & !
 eng9e w\ld "w ) great rapidity4 ,?is   
seem$ almo/ l magic4  ,! same exp]im5t 0
 tri$ on an eng9e ( twelve horse-p[]1 & 
) a l result4 ,:5 ! /eam pressure _h    
fall5 s f> t ! eng9e began to move q    
sl[ly1 a quantity ( ! bisulphide w\ld be
 inject$ into ! boil] & ! pressure w\ld 
at once rise1 ! eng9e w\ld move ) r5ew$ 
vigor1 & ! fly-:eel w\ld revolve ) />tl+

 velocity4 ,all ?is 0 se5 ov] & ov] aga9
 by myself & o!rs4 ,at t "t ! writ]1 !n 
q a "y man1 _h j recov]$ f a v sev]e    
illness & 0 mak+ a liv+ by tea*+        
me*anical draw+ & mak+ draw+s = inv5tors
 & o!rs1 & 9 ! c\rse ( bus9ess he 0     
br\ght into contact ) "s p>ties :o ?\ght
 ( inve/+ 9 ! new & app>5tly wond]ful   
inv5tion4 ,!y employ$ him to exam9e x & 
give an op9ion z to its value4 ,aft]    
c>eful consid]ation & z ?or\gh a        
calculation z ! data !n at comm& w\ld   
all[1 he %[$ 8 cli5ts t ! te/s :i* _h   
be5 exhibit$ to !m prov$ no?+1 & t if a 
cle> pro( ( ! value ( ! inv5tion 0 to be
 giv51 x mu/ be aft] a run ( _m h\rs & n
 ( a few m9utes1 & aga9/ a prop]ly      
adju/$ load1 ! am\nt ( :i* _h be5       
c>efully asc]ta9$4 ,?is te/ 0 nev] made1
 or if made ! results 7 n communicat$ to
 ! prospective pur*as]s2 ! negotiations 
fell ?r\gh1 & ! inv5tion :i* 0 to h     
revolutioniz$ our me*anical indu/ries   
fell into innocu\s desuetude4  ,t !     
inv5tors 7 hone/ ,i h no d\bt4 ,!y 7    

!mselves deceiv$ :5 !y saw ! eng9e />t  
(f ) trem5d\s velocity z soon z a little
 bisulphide ( c>bon 0 inject$ into !    
boil]1 & !y fail$ to see t ?is spurt1 if
 ,i may use ! expression1 0 simply due  
to a draft ^u capital previ\sly /or$ up4
 ,! capacity ( bisulphide ( c>bon = heat
 is q l[1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( wat]2 its     
vaporiz+ po9t is also mu* l[] &         
consequ5tly1 an ord9>y boil] full ( hot 
wat] conta9s en\gh heat to vaporize a   
consid]able quantity ( bisulphide (     
c>bon at a pretty high pressure4  ,9 ev5
 a /ill great] measure ! same is true ( 
liquid air1 & ?is 0 ! und]ly+ fallacy 9 
! case ( ! te/s made ) liquid-air       
motors4   #c4 ,,frauds  ,b :ile !       
inv5tors ( ^! s*emes may h be5 hone/1   
!re is ano!r class :o delib]ately set   
out to p]petrate a fraud4 ,_! ma*9es "w1
 & "w well1 b !re is always "s conceal$ 
s\rce ( p[]1 :i* causes !m to move4 ,z a
 g5]al rule1 su* inv5tors =m a company  
or corporation ( unlimit$ lie-ability1 z
 ,de ,morgan phrases x1 & !n !y proce$  

by means ( fl>+ prospectuses & lib]al   
adv]tis+1 to ga!r 9 ! dupes :o are      
attract$ by _! s$uctive promises (      
enorm\s returns = a v small outlay4     
,p]haps ! mo/ widely kn[n ( ^! fraudul5t
 s*emes ( rec5t ye>s 0 ! notori\s       
,keeley motor1 ! orig9ator ( :i* manag$ 
to hoodw9k a respectable old lady1 & to 
draw f h] enorm\s supplies ( ca%4 ,at 8 
dea?1 h[ev]1 ! absolutely fraudul5t     
nature ( 8 contrivances 0 fully         
disclos$1 & no?+ m has be5 he>d ( 8     
alleg$ discov]y4 ,b1 :ile he liv$ & 0   
able to put =w>d claims bas$ ^u "s      
app>5t results1 he f\nd pl5ty ( fools :o
 accept$ ! idea t !re is no?+ impossible
 to sci5ce4  ,x is true t ! ,keeley     
motor 0 exam9$ by sev]al committees & "s
 v respectable g5tlem5 act$ 9 su* a way 
z to give a seem+ endorsem5t ( ! s*eme1 
b x mu/ n be suppos$ = an in/ant t any  
well-educat$ eng9e]s & sci5tific m5 7   
deceiv$ by ,mr4 ,keeley's nons5se4 ,! v 
fact t he refus$ to all[ a complete     
exam9ation ( 8 ma*9e by intellig5t      

practical m51 ought to h be5 en\gh to   
condemn 8 s*eme1 = if he _h really made 
! discov]y :i* he claim$ !re w\ld h be5 
no difficulty 9 prov+ x practically &   
?or\ghly1 & !n he might h =m$ company   
aft] company t w\ld h rew>d$ him ) weal?
 beyond ! dreams ( av>ice4  ,! ,keeley  
motor 0 n put =w>d z a p]petual motion2 
9 ^! days none ( ^! s*emes is admitt$ to
 be a p]petual motion1 = t t]m has n[   
become exce$+ly (f5sive & w\ld condemn  
any inv5tion2 b ! result is ! same 9 !  
end1 & ! :ole hi/ory ( p]petual motion  
is p]meat$ ) frauds ( ?is k9d1 "s ( !m  
hav+ be5 s simple t !y 7 obvi\s to ev5 !
 mo/ unskill$ obs]v]1 :ile o!rs 7       
exce$+ly complicat$ & mo/ +5i\sly       
conceal$4 ,_m ye>s ago a numb] ( ^!     
fraudul5t p]petual-motion ma*9es 7      
manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica & s5t ov] to      
,great ,brita9 = exhibition1 & q a      
lucrative bus9ess 0 done by %[+ !m 9    
v>i\s t[ns4 ,b ! fraud 0 soon detect$ & 
! ,briti% police !n made x too w>m = ^! 
sw9dl]s4  ,mr4 ,dircks1 9 8 ,p]petuum   

,mobile1 has giv5 acc\nts ( q a numb] ( 
^! impo/ures4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! mo/  
notable3  ,m4 ,poppe ( ,tueb+5 tells ( a
 clock made by ,m4 ,geis]1 :i* 0 an     
admirable piece ( me*anism & seem$ to h 
solv$ ?is great problem 9 an +5i\s &    
simple mann]1 b x deceiv$ only = a "t4  
,:5 ?or\ghly exam9$ inw>dly & outw>dly1 
"s "t aft] 8 dea?1 x 0 f\nd t ! c5t]    
props support+ its cyl9d]s conta9$      
clev]ly con/ruct$1 hidd5 clock-"w1 w\nd 
up by ins]t+ a key 9 a small hole "u !  
second-h&4  ,ano!r case 0 t ( a man nam$
 ,adams :o exhibit$1 = eight or n9e     
days1 8 pret5d$ p]petual motion 9 a t[n 
9 ,engl& & took 9 ! natives = fifty or  
sixty p\nds4 ,accid5t1 h[ev]1 l$ to a   
discov]y ( ! impo/ure4 ,a g5tleman1     
view+ ! ma*9e took hold ( ! :eel or     
trundle & lift$ x up a little1 :i*      
probably dis5gag$ ! :eels t connect$ !  
hidd5 ma*9]y 9 ! pl9?1 & imm$iately he  
he>d a s\nd simil> to t ( a wat* :5 !   
spr+ is runn+ d[n4 ,! own] 0 9 great    
ang] & directly put ! :eel into its     

prop] position1 & ! ma*9e aga9 w5t ar\nd
 z be=e4 ,! circum/ance 0 m5tion$ to an 
intellig5t p]son :o det]m9$ to f9d out &
 expose ! impo/ure4 ,he took ) him a    
fri5d to view ! ma*9e & !y seat$        
!mselves "o on ea* side ( ! table ^u :i*
 ! ma*9e 0 plac$4 ,!y !n took hold ( !  
:eel & trundle & lift$ !m up1 !re be+ "s
 play 9 ! pivots4 ,imm$iately ! hidd5   
spr+ began to run d[n & !y cont9u$ to   
hold ! ma*9e 9 spite ( ! endeavors ( !  
own] to prev5t !m4 ,:5 ! spr+ _h run    
d[n1 !y plac$ ! ma*9e aga9 on ! table & 
(f]$ ! own] fifty p\nds if x c\ld !n set
 itself go+1 b not)/&+ 8 f+]+ & pu%+1 x 
rema9$ motionless4 ,a con/able 0 s5t =1 
! impo/or w5t be=e a magi/rate & !re    
sign$ a pap] confess+ 8 p]petual motion 
to be a *eat4  ,9 ! ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1
 ,vol4 #df1 is an acc\nt ( a p]petual   
motion1 con/ruct$ by "o ,r$hoeff] (     
,p5nsylvania1 :i* obta9$ suffici5t      
notoriety to induce ! ,legislature to   
appo9t a committee to enquire into its  
m]its4 ,! att5tion ( ,mr4 ,luk5s 0 turn$

 to ! subject1 & al?\gh ! actual mov+   
cause 0 n discov]$1 yet ! deception 0 s 
+5i\sly imitat$ 9 a ma*9e ( simil>      
appe>ance made by him & mov$ by a spr+ s
 well conceal$1 t ! deceiv] himself 0   
deceiv$ & ,r$hoeff] 0 induc$ to believe 
t ,mr4 ,luk5s _h be5 successful 9 obta9+
 a mov+ p[] 9 "s way 9 :i* he himself _h
 fail$1 :5 he _h produc$ a ma*9e s      
plausible 9 appe>ance z to deceive !    
public4  ,in/ances ( a simil> k9d might 
be multipli$ indef9itely4  ,! exp]i5c$  
me*anic :o reads ! descriptions "h giv5 
( ! v>i\s devices :i* h be5 propos$ = ! 
con/ruction ( a p]petual-motion ma*9e   
mu/ be /ruck ) ! *ildi% simplicity ( !  
plans :i* h be5 (f]$2 & ^? :o w se>* !  
pages ( ! me*anical j\rnals ( ! la/     
c5tury or :o w exam9e ! two closely     
pr9t$ volumes 9 :i* ,mr4 ,dircks has    
collect$ almo/ ev]y?+ ( ! k9d1 w be     
a/oni%$ at ! sam5ess :i* prevails among/
 ! (f]+s ( ^! w\ld-be inv5tors4 ,among/ 
! hundr$s1 or1 p]haps1 ?\s&s1 (         
contrivances :i* h be5 describ$1 !re is 

probably n m ?an a doz5 k9ds :i* diff]  
radically f ea* o!r2 ! same arrangem5t  
hav+ be5 inv5t$ & re-inv5t$ ov] & ov]   
aga94 ,& "o ( ! /range features ( ! case
 is t successive inv5tors seem to take  
no note ( ! failure ( ^? pr$ecessors :o 
h br\ght =w>d precisely ! same          
comb9ation ( p>ts "u a v slightly       
diff]5t =m4  ,x is true t we            
occasionally f9d a v elaborate &        
app>5tly complicat$ ma*9e1 b 9 su* cases
 x w be f\nd1 on close exam9ation1 to   
owe its app>5t complexity to a m]e      
multiplication ( p>ts2 no real inv5tive 
+5uity is exhibit$ 9 any case4  ,ano!r  
s+ul> *>act]i/ic ( almo/ all ^? :o h    
devot$ !mselves to ! se>* = a p]petual  
motion is _! absolute confid5ce 9 !     
success ( ! plans :i* !y h br\ght =?4 ,s
 confid5t are !y 9 ! s\ndness ( _! views
 & s sure ( ! success ( _! s*emes t !y d
 n ev5 take ! tr\ble to te/ _! plans b  
ann\nce !m z accompli%$ facts1 & publi% 
_! sket*es & descriptions z if ! ma*9e 0
 already work+ )\t a hit*4 ,inde$1 s f> 

0 "o inv5tor c>ri$ away ) ?is feel+ (   
confid5ce 9 ! success ( 8 ma*9e t he no 
long] all[$ himself to be tr\bl$ ) any  
d\bts z to ! ma*9e's go+ b 0 greatly    
puzzl$ z to :at means he %\ld take to   
/op x aft] x _h be5 set 9 motion6  ,^!  
facts1 :i* are well kn[n to all :o h be5
 br\ght into contact ) ?is class ( m9ds1
 expla9 _m o!rwise puzzl+ circum/ances &
 enable u to place a prop] value on     
ass]tions :i*1 if n made s positively & 
by su* app>5tly good au?ority1 w\ld be  
at once condemn$ z delib]ate falsehoods4
 ,t falsehood1 pure & simple1 has =m$ ! 
basis ( a good _m claims ( ?is k9d1 !re 
c be no d\bt1 b at ! same "t1 x is      
probable t "s ( ! claimants really      
deceiv$ !mselves & attribut$ to causes  
o!r ?an radical errors ( !ory1 ! fact t 
_! ma*9es w\ld n cont9ue to move4  ,:ile
 _m h claim$ ! actual inv5tion ( a      
p]petual motion x is v c]ta9 t n "o has 
ev] succe$$4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to expla9 !
 /atem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 reg>d to     
,orffyreus & ! claims ( ! ,m>quis (     

,worce/]8 ,= bo? ( ^! m5 x is claim$ t  
!y con/ruct$ :eels :i* 7 capable ( mov+ 
p]petually & app>5tly /rong te/imony is 
(f]$ 9 support ( ^! ass]tions4  ,9 !    
fam\s ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 publi%$ by !
 ,m>quis 9 #affc1 f\r ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 
! celebrat$ #ef? article reads z foll[s 
7v]batim et lit]atim73      ,to provide 
& make t all ! ,weights ( ! desc5d+ side
 (     a ,:eel %all be p]petually fur!r 
f ! ,c5tre1 !n ^? (     ! m\nt+ side1 & 
yet equal 9 numb] & heft to ! "o side   
z ! o!r4 ,a mo/ incr$ible ?+1 if n se51 
b tri$ be=e     ! late k+ 7( bless$     
memory7 9 ! ,t[]1 by my directions1     
two ,extraord9>y ,embassadors accompany+
 ,8 ,maje/y1 & ! ,duke     ( ,ri*mond & 
,duke ,hamilton1 ) mo/ ( ! ,c\rt1 att5d+
     ,him4 ,! ,:eel 0 #ad4 ,foot ov]1 & 
#dj4 ,weights ( #ej4 p\nds     apiece4  
,sir ,william ,bal=e1 !n ,lieut5ant ( ! 
,t[]1 c     ju/ifie x1 ) sev]al o!rs4   
,!y all saw1 t no soon] ^!     great    
,weights pass$ ! ,diamet]-l9e ( ! l[]   
side1 b !y     hung a foot fur!r f !    

,c5tre1 nor no soon] pass$ !            
,diamet]-l9e ( ! upp] side1 b !y hung a 
foot ne>]4 ,be     pleas$ to judge !    
consequ5ce4  ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ! 
,m>quis himself1 & t he exhibit$ su* a  
:eel at ! "t & place :i* he names1 ,i h 
n ! lea/ d\bt4 ,& t "s ( ! weights on "o
 side hung a foot fur!r f ! c5t] ?an did
 weights on ! o!r side is also no d\bt  
true1 b1 z ! judg+ ( ! consequ5ce is    
left to ourselves we "k t aft] ! fir/   
impulse giv5 to x _h be5 exp5d$1 ! :eel 
w\ld simply /& /ill unless kept 9 motion
 by "s ext]nal =ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ag4  ,mr4 ,dircks 9 8 ,life1 ,times & 
,sci5tific ,lab\rs ( ! ,second ,m>quis (
 ,worce/]1 gives an engrav+ ( a :eel :i*
 complies ) all ! conditions laid d[n by
 ! ,m>quis & :i* is ?us describ$3       
,let ! annex$ diagram1 ,fig4 #ag1       
repres5t a :eel ( #ad feet 9            
diamet]1 hav+ #dj spokes1 sev5 feet ea*1
 & ) an inn] rim     co9cid+ ) !        
p]iph]y1 at "o foot di/ance all r\nd4   
,next     provide #dj balls or weights1 

hang+ 9 ! c5t] ( cords or     *a9s two  
feet long4 ,n[1 fa/5 "o end ( ?is cord  
at ! top (     ! c5t] spoke ,c1 & ! o!r 
end ( ! cord to ! next     "r-h& spoke  
"o foot bel[ ! upp] end1 or on ! inn]   
r+2     proce$ 9 l mann] ) e o!r spoke 9
 succession2 & x     w be f\nd t1 at ,a1
 ! cord w h ! position %[n     outside !
 :eel2 :ile at ,b1 ,c1 & ,d1 x w also   
take !     respective positions1 z %[n  
on ! outside4 ,! result 9 ?is     case w
 be1 t all ! weights on ! side ,a1 ,c1  
,d1 hang to !     great or out] circle1 
:ile on ! side ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 all ! weights
     are susp5d$ f ! less] or inn]      
circle4 ,& if we rev]se !     motion ( !
 :eel1 turn+ x f ! "r to ! left h&1 we  
%all rev]se ^! positions also 7! l[] end
 ( ! cord     slid+ 9 a groove t[>ds a  
left-h& spoke71 b )\t !     :eel hav+   
any t5d5cy to move ( itself4  ,b x is q 
z likely t ! :eel con/ruct$ by ! ,m>quis
 0 l "o ( ! ov]balanc+ :eels describ$ at
 ! beg9n+ ( ?is article4  ,x is ^u ?is  
scantl+ t has be5 bas$ ! claim t !      

,m>quis really inv5t$ a p]petual motion1
 b to ^? :o h se5 mu* ( inv5tors ( ?is  
k9d1 ! discrepancy betwe5 ! sugge/$     
claim made by ! ,m>quis & :at we "k mu/ 
h be5 ! actual results1 is easily       
expla9$4 ,! ,m>quis felt sure t ! ?+    
ought to "w1 & ! excuse = its n do+ s 0 
probably ! imp]fect mann] 9 :i* ! :eel 0
 made4 ,only put a little bett] "w on x1
 says ! inv5tor1 & x w g4  ,casp>       
,kalt(f1 me*anician to ! ,m>quis1       
probably got ! :eel up 9 a hurry s z to 
exhibit x on ! occasion ( ! k+'s visit  
to ! t[]4 ,if he only _h _h a little m  
"t he w\ld h made a ma*9e t w\ld h      
work$4 787 ,i h he>d ! same excuse "u   
almo/ ! same circum/ances1 scores (     
times4  ,! case ( ,orffyreus 0 v        
diff]5t4 ,! real "n ( ?is inv5tor 0     
,jean ,erne/ ,elie-,bessl]1 & he is said
 to h manufactur$ ! "n ,orffyreus by    
plac+ 8 own "n betwe5 two l9es ( lett]s1
 & pick+ out alt]nate lett]s above &    
bel[4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! *ur*1 b turn$ 8 
att5tion to me*anics & became an exp]t  

clock mak]4 ,8 "*1 z giv5 by 8          
contempor>ies 0 fickle1 tricky1 &       
irascible4 ,hav+ devis$ a s*eme =       
p]petual motion he con/ruct$ sev]al     
:eels :i* he claim$ to be self-mov+4 ,! 
la/ "o :i* he made 0 #ab feet 9 diamet] 
& #ad in*es deep1 ! mat]ial be+ light   
p9e bo>ds1 cov]$ ) wax$ clo? to conceal 
! me*anism4 ,! axle 0 #h in*es ?ick1 ?us
 af=d+ abundant space = conceal$ ma*9]y4
  ,?is :eel 0 submitt$ to ! ,l&grave (  
,hesse :o _h x plac$ 9 a room :i* 0 !n  
lock$1 & ! lock secur$ ) ! ,l&grave's   
own seal4 ,at ! end ( =ty days x 0 f\nd 
to be /ill runn+4  ,pr(essor ,graves&e  
hav+ be5 employ$ by ! ,l&grave to make  
an exam9ation & pron\nce ^u its m]its1  
he endeavor$ to p]=m 8 "w ?or\ghly2 ?is 
s irritat$ ,orffyreus t ! latt] broke ! 
ma*9e 9 pieces1 & left on ! wall a writ+
 /at+ t he _h be5 driv5 to d ?is by !   
imp]t95t curiosity ( ! ,pr(essor6  ,i h 
no d\bt t ?is 0 a cle> case ( fraud1 & t
 ! :eel 0 driv5 by "s me*anism conceal$ 
9 ! huge axle4 ,z already /at$1         

,orffyreus 0 at "o "t a clock mak]2 n[  
clocks h be5 made to g = a :ole ye> )\t 
hav+ to be rew\nd1 s t =ty days 0 n a v 
long "t = ! app>atus to keep 9 motion4  
,pr(essor ,graves&e seems to h _h "s    
fai? 9 ! inv5tion1 b !n we mu/ rememb] t
 x w\ld n h be5 v difficult to deceive  
an hone/ old pr(essor ^: confid5ce 9    
humanity 0 probably unb\nd$4 ,! cr[n+   
argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! motion 0 ! 
fact t ! inv5tor refus$ to all[ a ?or\gh
 exam9ation1 al?\gh a weal?y patron /ood
 ready ) a l>ge rew>d if ! ma*9e c\ld be
 prov$ to be :at 0 claim$4  ,& n[ comes 
up ! "q :i* has aris5 9 reg>d to o!r    
problems1 & w recur aga9 & aga9 to ! end
 ( ! *apt]3 ,is a p]petual motion ma*9e 
"o ( ! sci5tific impossibilities8  ,!   
answ] to ?is "q lies 9 ! fact t !re is  
no pr9ciple m ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ?an t no
 comb9ation ( ma*9]y c create en]gy4 ,s 
f> z our pres5t k ( nature goes we might
 z well try to create matt] z to create 
en]gy1 & ! creation ( en]gy is ess5tial 
to ! successful work+ ( a               

p]petual-motion ma*9e because "s p[] mu/
 always be lo/ ?r\gh friction & o!r     
resi/ances & mu/ be suppli$ f "s s\rce  
if ! ma*9e is to keep on mov+4 ,& s9ce !
 law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy makes x    
positive t no m p[] c be giv5 out by a  
ma*9e ?an 0 orig9ally suppli$ to x1 x   
seems z c]ta9 z any?+ c be t !          
con/ruction ( a p]petual-motion ma*9e is
 "o ( ! impossibilities4     ,v         
,,transmutation ,,( ,,! ,,metals   ,!   
accurs$ ?ir/ = gold has exi/$ f ! e>lie/
 ages &1 z ! apo/le says1 is ! root (   
all evil4 ,^? :o h a gre$ = p[]1 a crav+
 = luxury1 or a fev] = lu/1 all ?9k t _!
 wilde/ dreams might be realiz$ if !y   
c\ld only comm& suffici5t gold4 ,nev] 0 
!re a m lurid picture ( a m9d inflam$ ) 
all ^! evil passions ?an t set =? by ,b5
 ,jonson 9 ! ,second ,act ( ,! ,al*emi/1
 & :o c d\bt b t su* desires & dreams   
spurr$ on _m1 ei!r to engage 9 an actual
 se>* = ! philosoph]'s /one1 or to      
become ! dupes ( :at ,van ,helmont calls
 a diabolical crew ( gold & silv] suck+ 

flies & lee*es4  ,z we might naturally  
expect1 ! e>ly hi/ory ( al*emy is %r\d$ 
9 my?s & fables4 ,zosimos ! ,panopolite 
tells u t ! art ( ,al*emy 0 fir/ taught 
to mank9d by demons1 :o fell 9 love ) ! 
daught]s ( m51 &1 z a rew>d = _! favors1
 taught !m all ! works & my/]ies (      
nature4 ,on ?is ,bo]haave rem>ks3       
,?is anci5t fiction took its rise f a   
mi/ak5 int]pretation     ( ! words (    
,moses1 ',t ! sons ( ,god saw ! daught]s
 (     m5 t !y 7 fair1 & !y took !m     
wives ( all :i* !y     *ose4'#b ,f :5ce 
x 0 inf]r$ t ! sons ( ,god 7            
daemons1 consi/+ ( a s\l1 & a visible b 
impalpable body1     l ! image 9 a      
look+-glass 7to :i* notion we f9d sev]al
     allusions 9 ! evangeli/s72 t !y "k 
all ?+s1 appe>$     to m5 & conv]s$ )   
!m1 fell 9 love ) wom51 _h     intrigues
 ) !m & reveal$ secrets4 ,f ! same fable
     probably arose t ( ! ,sibyl1 :o is 
said to h obta9$ (     ,apollo ! gift ( 
prophecy1 & reveal+ ! w ( heav5 9       
return = a l favor4 ,s prone is ! rov+  

m9d ( man to     figm5ts1 :i* x c at    
fir/ idly amuse itself )1 & at     l5g? 
fall d[n & wor%ip4  ,?is idea ( !       
sup]natural orig9 ( ! arts p]meates !   
anci5t my?ology :i* ev]y:]e tea*es t m5 
7 taught ! sacr$ arts ( m$ic9e & *emi/ry
 by gods & demigods4  ,mod]n sci5ce     
disc>ds all ^! my?ological acc\nts4     
,:atev] k ! anci5ts acquir$ ( m$ic9e &  
*emi/ry 01 no d\bt1 rea*$ along two     
l9es--ph>macy & metallurgy4 ,t !        
ph>maci/ or apo!c>y ex]cis$ 8 call+ at a
 v e>ly p]iod we h positive k2 ?us 9 !  
,book ( ,ecclesia/es we are told t dead 
flies cause ! o9tm5t ( ! apo!c>y to s5d 
=? a /9k+ savor1 & t m5 at a v e>ly day 
f\nd out ! means ( work+ iron1 copp]1   
gold1 silv]1 etc41 is evid5t f ! acc\nts
 giv5 ( ,vulcan & ,tubalca91 z well z f 
! rema9s ( old tools & weapons4 ,& t    
,al*emy1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 is a  
comp>atively mod]n outgr[? ( ^! two     
arts1 is pretty c]ta94 ,no m5tion ( !   
art ( conv]t+ ! bas] metals into gold1 &
 no acc\nt ( a univ]sal m$ic9e or elixir

 ( life is to be f\nd 9 any ( ! au!ntic 
writ+s ( ! anci5ts4 ,hom]1 ,ari/otle1 & 
ev5 ,pl9y are all sil5t on ! subject1 & 
^? writ+s :i* treat ( ! art1 & :i* claim
 an anci5t orig91 su* z ! books ( ,h]mes
 ,trismegi/us1 are n[ reg>d$ by ! be/   
au?orities z spuri\s--! evid5ce t !y 7 !
 "w ( a f> lat] age be+ irrefragable4   
,sev]al writ]s h tak5 ! gr\nd t !       
al*emical treatises :i* h come d[n to u 
f ! e>ly writ]s on ! subject1 are purely
 allegorical & d n relate to mat]ial    
?+s1 b to ! pr9ciples ( a high] religion
 :i*1 9 ^? days1 x 0 dang]\s to exp\nd 9
 pla9 language4 ,"o or two elaborate    
works & sev]al articles support+ ?is    
view h be5 publi%$1 b ! common-s5se     
read] :o w glance ?r\gh ! imm5se        
collection ( al*emical tracts ga!r$     
toge!r by ,mangetus 9 two folio volumes 
( a ?\s& pages ea*1 w rise f su*        
exam9ation1 v ?or\ghly conv9c$ t x 0 !  
actual metal gold1 & ! fabl$ univ]sal   
m$ic9e t ^! writ]s _h 9 view4  ,!re c be
 little d\bt t ,geb]1 ,rog] ,bacon1     

,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,raymond ,lully1      
,helvetius1 ,van ,helmont1 ,basil       
,val5t9e1 & o!rs1 describe v sub/antial 
?+s ) a m9ut5ess ( detail :i* leaves no 
room = d\bt z to _! mat]iality ?\gh we  
_c always be sure ( _! id5tity4  ,"s    
confusion ( ?\ght has be5 caus$ by !    
diff]5ce :i* has be5 made betwe5 ! t]ms 
al*emy & *emi/ry & _! applications4 ,!  
^w al*emy is simply ! ^w *emi/ry ) !    
,arabic ^w al1 :i* signifies !1 prefix$1
 & ! hi/ory ( al*emy is really ! hi/ory 
( *emi/ry--wild & erratic 9 its beg9n+s1
 & giv+ rise to /range hopes & /ill     
/rang] !ories1 b ev] work+ along ! l9e (
 discov]y & progress4 ,&1 al?\gh _m ( ! 
pr(essional *emi/s or al*emi/s ( !      
middle ages 7 und\bt$ *>latans & quacks1
 yet did we n h _m ( ! same k9d 9 !     
n9ete5? c5tury8 ,we may use ! ^w al*emi/
 z a t]m ( reproa*1 & apply x to ^! e>ly
 work]s because _! !ories appe> to u to 
be absurd1 b h[ d we "k t ! *emi/s ( !  
tw5ty-second c5tury w n reg>d u 9 a     
simil> light1 & set at naught ! !ories  

we s fondly *]i%8  ,only sev5 out ( !   
l>ge numb] ( metals n[ catalogu$ by u 7 
kn[n to ! anci5ts2 ^! 7 gold1 silv]1    
m]cury1 copp]1 t91 lead1 & iron4 ,& z x 
happ5$ t ! li/ ( s-call$ planets also   
numb]$ exactly sev51 x 0 ?\ght t !re mu/
 be a connection betwe5 ! two1 &1       
consequ5tly1 9 ! al*emical writ+s1 ea*  
metal 0 call$ by ! "n ( t "o ( ! heav5ly
 bodies :i* 0 suppos$ to be connect$ ) x
 9 influ5ce & quality4  ,9 ! a/ronomy ( 
! anci5ts1 z is g5]ally kn[n1 ! e>?     
occupi$ ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 & ! li/ (   
planets includ$ ! sun & moon4 ,aft] !m  
came ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 &   
,saturn4 ,to ! metal gold 0 giv5 ! "n ( 
,sol1 or ! sun1 on acc\nt ( its         
brightness & its p[] ( resi/+ corrod+   
ag5ts2 h5ce ! comp\nds ( gold 7 kn[n z  
sol> comp\nds & sol> m$ic9es4 ,z might h
 be5 expect$1 silv] 0 assign$ to ,luna  
or ! moon1 & 9 ! mod]n ph>macopoeia su* 
t]ms z lun> cau/ic & lun> salts /ill h a
 place4 ,m]cury 01 ( c\rse1 appropriat$ 
to ! planet ( t "n4 ,copp] 0 nam$ aft]  

,v5us1 & cupre\s salts 7 kn[n z v5]eal  
salts4 ,iron1 probably f its be+ ! metal
 *iefly us$ = mak+ arms & armor1 0      
d$icat$ to ,m>s1 & we /ill speak (      
m>tial salts4 ,t9 0 nam$ aft] ,jupit] f 
8 brilliancy1 ! comp\nds ( t9 be+ call$ 
jovial salts4 ,! dull1 lead5 color (    
,saturn1 ) 8 app>5tly heavy & sl[       
motion1 seem$ to fit him = association )
 lead1 & we /ill h ! saturn9e o9tm5t z a
 rem9d] ( old al*emical times4  ,( ^!   
metals gold 0 suppos$ to be ! only "o t 
0 p]fect1 & ! belief 0 g5]al t if ! o!rs
 c\ld be purifi$ & p]fect$ !y w\ld be   
*ang$ to gold4 ,_m ( ! old *emi/s work$ 
fai?fully & hone/ly to accompli% ?is1 b 
! pa? to weal? seem$ s direct & ! means 
= deception 7 s ready & simple1 t l>ge  
numb]s ( quacks & *>latans ent]$ ! field
 & held out ! mo/ allur+ inducem5ts to  
dupes :o furni%$ !m lib]ally ) money &  
o!r necess>ies 9 ! hope t :5 ! discov]y 
0 made !y w\ld be put 9 possession (    
unb\nd$ weal?4 ,^! dupes 7 easily       
deceiv$ & l$ a/ray by simple frauds1 :i*

 sc>cely rose to ! level ( amateur      
leg]dema94 ,9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,academy ( 
,sci5ces = #aggb1 ,m4 ,ge(froy gives an 
acc\nt ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! frauds ( 
^! sw9dl]s 7 c>ri$ on4 ,! foll[+ are a  
few ( _! tricks3 ,in/ead ( ! m9]al      
sub/ances :i* !y pret5d$ to transmute !y
 put a salt ( gold or silv] at ! bottom 
( ! crucible1 ! mixture be+ cov]$ ) "s  
p[d]$ crucible & gum wat] or wax s t x  
might look l ! bottom ( ! crucible4     
,ano!r me?od 0 to bore a hole 9 a piece 
( *>coal1 fill ! hole ) f9e fil+s ( gold
 or silv]1 /opp+ x ) p[]$ *>coal1 mix$ )
 "s agglut9ant s t ! :ole might look    
natural4 ,!n :5 ! *>coal burn$ away1 !  
silv] or gold 0 f\nd 9 ! bottom ( !     
crucible4 ,or !y soak$ *>coal 9 a       
solution ( ^! metals & ?rew ! *>coal1 :5
 p[d]$1 ^u ! mat]ial to be transmut$4   
,sometimes !y :it5$ gold ) m]cury & made
 x pass = silv] or t91 & ! gold :5 melt$
 0 exhibit$ z ! result ( transmutation4 
,a common exhibition 0 to dip nails 9 a 
liquid & to take !m out app>5tly half   

conv]t$ into gold2 ^! nails consi/$ (   
"o-half iron neatly sold]$ to ! o!r     
half1 :i* 0 gold1 & cov]$ ) some?+ to   
conceal ! color4 ,! pa9t or cov]+ 0     
remov$ by ! liquid4 ,a v common trick 0 
! use ( a holl[1 iron /irr+ rod2 ! holl[
 0 fill$ ) gold or silv] fil+s1 & neatly
 /opp$ ) wax4 ,:5 us$ to /ir ! cont5ts (
 ! crucible ! wax melt$ & all[$ ! gold  
or silv] to fall out4  ,^! frauds 7     
r5d]$ all ! m easy because ( c]ta9      
/atem5ts :i* 7 curr5t 9 reg>d to        
successful attempts to conv]t lead & o!r
 metals into gold4 ,^! acc\nts 7 v\*$ = 
by well-kn[n *emi/s & o!rs ( high /&+4  
,p]haps ! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is t giv5 by   
,helvetius 9 8 ,brief ( ! ,gold5 ,calf2 
,discov]+ ! ,r>e/ ,miracle 9 ,nature2 h[
 by ! smalle/ portion ( ! ,philosoph]'s 
,/one1 a great piece ( common lead 0    
totally transmut$ into ! pure/          
transpl5d5t gold1 at ! ,hague 9 #afff4  
,! foll[+ is ,br&e's abridgm5t ( ?is    
s+ul> acc\nt4      ,! #bg? day (        
,decemb]1 #afff1 9 ! aft]noon1 came a   

/rang]     to my h\se at ! ,hague1 9 a  
plebeick habit1 ( hone/ gravity &       
s]i\s au?ority1 ( a mean /ature & a     
little long face1 black     hair n at   
all curl$1 a be>dless *91 & ab\t =ty-f\r
 ye>s     7z ,i guess7 ( age & born 9   
,nor? ,holl&4 ,aft] salutation1 he      
besee*$ me ) great rev]5ce to p>don 8   
rude accesses1 =     he 0 a lov] ( !    
,pyrote*nian art1 & hav+ read my        
treatise     aga9/ ! sympa!tic p[d] (   
,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 & obs]v$ my     d\bt
 ab\t ! philosophic my/]y1 induc$ him to
 ask me if ,i     really 0 a disbeliev] 
z to ! exi/5ce ( an univ]sal     m$ic9e 
:i* w\ld cure all diseases1 unless !    
pr9cipal p>ts     7 p]i%$1 or !         
pr$e/9at$ "t ( dea? come4 ,i repli$1 ,i 
nev] met ) an adept1 or saw su* a       
m$ic9e1 ?\gh ,i _h     f]v5tly pray$ =  
x4 ,!n ,i said1 ',surely y are a le>n$  
physician4' ',no1' said he1 ',i am a    
brass-f\nd]1 & a lov] (     *emi/ry4'   
,he !n took f 8 bosom-p\* a neat ivory  
box1 &     out ( x ?ree pond]\s lumps ( 

/one1 ea* ab\t ! bigness (     a walnut4
 ,i gre$ily saw & h&l$ = a qu>t] ( an   
h\r ?is     mo/ noble sub/ance1 ! value 
( :i* might be some:]e ab\t     tw5ty   
tons ( gold2 & hav+ drawn f ! own] _m   
r>e     secrets ( its admirable effects1
 ,i return$ him ?is treasure (          
treasures ) a mo/ sorr[ful m9d1 humbly  
besee*+ him to     be/[ a fragm5t ( x ^u
 me 9 p]petual memory ( him1 ?\gh     b 
! size ( a cori&] se$4 ',no1 no1' said  
he1 't is n     lawful1 ?\gh ?\ w\lde/  
give me z _m gold5 ducats z w\ld        
fill ?is room2 = x w\ld h p>ticul>      
consequ5ces1 & if     fire c\ld be burn$
 ( fire1 ,i w\ld at ?is in/ant r ca/ x  
all into ! fi]ce/ flames4' ,he !n ask$  
if ,i _h a private     *amb] ^: prospect
 0 f ! public /reet2 s ,i pres5tly      
conduct$ him to my be/ furni%$ room     
backw>ds1 :i* he ent]$1     says        
,helvetius 79 ! true _s ( ,dut*         
cleanl9ess71 )\t     wip+ 8 %oes1 :i* 7 
full ( sn[ & dirt4 ,i n[ expect$     he 
w\ld be/[ "s great secret ^u me2 b 9    

va94 ,he ask$ =     a piece ( gold1 &   
op5+ 8 d\blet %[$ me five pieces (     t
 preci\s metal :i* he wore ^u a gre5    
rib&1 & :i*     v mu* excell$ m9e 9     
flexibility & color1 ea* be+ !     size 
( a small tr5*]4 ,i n[ e>ne/ly aga9     
crav$ a crumb (     ! /one1 & at la/1   
out ( 8 philosophical commis]ation1 he  
gave me a morsel z l>ge z a rapese$2 b  
,i said1 ',?is scanty     portion w     
sc>cely transmute f\r gra9s ( lead4'    
',!n1' said     he1 ',deliv] x me back3'
 :i* ,i did1 9 hopes ( a great] p>cel2  
b he1 cutt+ (f half ) 8 nail1 said3     
',ev5 ?is is     suffici5t = !e4'       
',sir1' said ,i1 ) a deject$ c\nt5ance1 
':at means ?is8' ,& he said1 ',ev5 t w  
transmute half an     ounce ( lead4' ,s 
,i gave him great ?anks1 & said ,i w\ld 
try x1     & reveal x to no "o4 ,he !n  
took 8 leave1 & said he w\ld     call   
aga9 next morn+ at n9e4 ,i !n confess$1 
t :ile !     mass ( 8 m$ic9e 0 9 my h& !
 day be=e1 ,i _h secretly     scrap$ (f 
a bit ) my nail1 :i* ,i project$ on     

lead1 b x     caus$ no transmutation1 = 
! :ole flew away 9 fumes4 ',fri5d1'     
said he1 '?\ art m dext]\s 9 committ+   
!ft ?an 9     apply+ m$ic9e2 had/ ?\    
wrapt up ?y /ol5 prey 9 yell[     wax1 x
 w\ld h p5etrat$ & transmut$ ! lead into
 gold4' ,i     !n ask$ if ! philosophic 
"w co/ mu* or requir$ long "t1     =    
philosoph]s say t n9e or t5 mon?s are   
requir$ = x4 ,he     answ]$1 ',_! writ+s
 are only to be und]/ood by ! adepts1   
)\t :om no /ud5t c prep>e ?is magi/]y4  
,fl+ n away1     !re=e1 ?y money & goods
 9 hunt+ out ?is art1 = ?\     %alt nev]
 f9d x4' ,to :i* ,i repli$1 ',z ?y ma/] 
%[$ x     !e s maye/ ?\ p]*ance discov] 
some?+ !re( to me :o     "k ! rudim5ts1 
& !re=e1 x may be easi] to add to a     
f\ndation ?an beg9 anew4' ',9 ?is art1' 
said he1 'x is q     o!rwise1 = unless  
?\ kn[e/ ! ?+ f head to heel1 ?\        
can/ n break op5 ! glassy seal ( ,h]mes4
 ,b en\gh2 tomorr[     at ! n9? h\r ,i w
 %[ !e ! mann] ( projection4' ,b        
,elias nev] came aga92 s my wife1 :o 0  

curi\s 9 ! art     :]e( ! wor?y man _h  
disc\rs$1 teaz$ me to make !            
exp]im5t ) ! little sp>k ( b\nty ! arti/
 _h left me2     s ,i melt$ half an     
ounce ( lead1 ^u :i* my wife put 9 !    
said m$ic9e2 x hiss$ & bubbl$1 & 9 a    
qu>t] ( an h\r     ! mass ( lead 0      
transmut$ into f9e gold1 at :i* we 7    
exce$+ly amaz$4 ,i took x to ! goldsmi?1
 :o judg$ x mo/     excell5t1 & will+ly 
(f]$ fifty flor9s = ea* ounce4  ,su* is 
! celebrat$ hi/ory ( ,elias ! arti/ &   
,dr4 ,helvetius4  ,helvetius /ood v high
 z a man & *emi/1 b 9 connection ) ?is &
 "s o!r n>ratives ( ! same k9d1 x may be
 well to rememb] t some?+ ov] a hundr$  
ye>s be=e t "t ! celebrat$ ,p>acelsus _h
 introduc$ laudanum4  ,! foll[+ is ano!r
 hi/ory ( transmutation1 giv5 by        
,mangetus1 on ! au?ority ( ,m4 ,gros1 a 
cl]gyman ( ,g5eva1 ( ! mo/              
unexceptionable "*1 & at ! same "t a    
skilful physician & exp]t *emi/4        
,ab\t ! ye> #afej an unkn[n ,italian    
came to ,g5eva & took     lodg+s at !   

sign ( ! ,gre5 ,cross4 ,aft] rema9+ !re 
a day     or two1 he reque/$ ,de ,luc1 !
 l&lord1 to procure him a man           
acqua9t$ ) ,italian1 to accompany him   
?r\gh ! t[n & po9t     out ^? ?+s :i*   
des]v$ to be exam9$4 ,de ,luc 0         
acqua9t$ ) ,m4 ,gros1 at t "t ab\t tw5ty
 ye>s ( age1 &     a /ud5t 9 ,g5eva1 &  
kn[+ 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ! ,italian           
language1 reque/$ him to accompany !    
/rang]4 ,to ?is     proposition he      
will+ly acc$$1 & att5d$ ! ,italian      
ev]y:]e = ! space ( a =tnight4 ,! /rang]
 n[ began to     compla9 ( want ( money1
 :i* al>m$ ,m4 ,gros n a little1 =      
at t "t he 0 v poor1 & he became        
appreh5sive1 f !     t5or ( ! /rang]'s  
conv]sation1 t he int5d$ to ask !       
loan ( money f him4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 !  
,italian ask$ him     if he 0 acqua9t$ )
 any goldsmi?1 ^: bell[s & o!r          
ut5sils !y might be p]mitt$ to use1 & :o
 w\ld n refuse to     supply !m ) !     
diff]5t articles requisite = a p>ticul> 
process :i* he want$ to p]=m4 ,m4 ,gros 

nam$ a ,m4 ,bureau1 to     :om !        
,italian imm$iately repair$4 ,he readily
 furni%$     crucibles1 pure t91        
quicksilv]1 & ! o!r ?+s requir$ by     !
 ,italian4 ,! goldsmi? left 8 work%op1 t
 ! ,italian might     be "u ! less      
re/ra9t1 leav+ ,m4 ,gros1 ) "o ( 8 own  
workm5 z an att5dant4 ,! ,italian put a 
quantity ( t9 into "o     crucible1 & a 
quantity ( quicksilv] into ano!r4 ,! t9 
0     melt$ 9 ! fire & ! m]cury heat$4  
,x 0 !n p\r$ into     ! melt$ t91 & at !
 same "t a r$ p[d] enclos$ 9 wax     0  
project$ into ! amalgam4 ,an agitation  
took place & a great     deal ( smoke 0 
exhal$ f ! crucible2 b ?is spe$ily      
subsid$1 & ! :ole be+ p\r$ out1 =m$ six 
heavy +ots1     hav+ ! color ( gold4 ,! 
goldsmi? 0 call$ 9 by ! ,italian     &  
reque/$ to make a rigid exam9ation ( !  
smalle/ ( ^!     +ots4 ,! goldsmi? n    
cont5t ) ! t\*-/one & !     application 
( aqua=tis1 expos$ ! metal on ! cupel ) 
lead     & fus$ x ) antimony1 b x su/a9$
 no loss4 ,he f\nd x     possess$ ( !   

ductility & specific gravity ( gold2 &  
full (     admiration1 he exclaim$ t he 
_h nev] work$ be=e ^u gold     s        
p]fectly pure4 ,! ,italian made him a   
pres5t ( ! smalle/     +ot z a recomp5se
 & !n1 accompani$ by ,m4 ,gros1 he      
repair$     to ! m9t1 :]e he receiv$ f  
,m4 ,bacuet1 ! m9t-ma/]1 a     quantity 
( ,spani% gold co91 equal 9 weight to ! 
+ots :i*     he _h br\ght4 ,to ,m4 ,gros
 he made a pres5t ( tw5ty pieces on     
acc\nt ( ! att5tion t he _h paid to him 
& aft] pay+     8 bill at ! inn1 he add$
 fifte5 pieces m1 to s]ve to     ent]ta9
 ,m4 ,gros & ,m4 ,bureau = "s days1 & 9 
! meantime     he ord]$ a supp]1 t he   
might1 on 8 return1 h ! pleasure     (  
supp+ ) ^! two g5tlem54 ,he w5t out1 b  
nev]     return$1 leav+ beh9d him !     
greate/ regret & admiration4 ,x     is  
ne$less to add t ,m4 ,gros & ,m4 ,bureau
 cont9u$ to enjoy     !mselves at ! inn 
till ! fifte5 pieces :i* ! /rang] _h    
left1 7 exhau/$4  ,n>ratives su* z ^! l$
 ev5 ,b]gman1 a v able *emi/ ( ! p]iod1 

to take ! gr\nd t al?\gh mo/ ( ^!       
relations are deceptive & _m unc]ta91 "s
 be> su* "* & te/imony t1 unless we     
reject all hi/orical evid5ce1 we mu/    
all[ !m entitl$ to confid5ce4  ,a mu* m 
probable explanation is t ! relators 7  
ei!r dream+ or deceiv$ by clev]         
leg]dema94  ,( ! possibility or         
impossibility ( conv]t+ ! m common      
metals into gold or silv]1 x w\ld be ra%
 to give a positive op9ion4 ,to say t   
gold1 silv]1 lead1 copp]1 etc41 are     
elem5ts & _c be *ang$1 is m]ely to say t
 we h n be5 able to decompose !m4 ,wat]1
 pota%1 soda1 & o!r sub/ances1 7 at "o  
"t consid]$ elem5ts1 & resi/$ all !     
ef=ts ( ! old] *emi/s to resolve !m into
 _! compon5ts1 b ) ! adv5t ( m p[]ful   
means ( analysis !y 7 %[n to be         
comp\nds1 & x is n impossible t !       
s-call$ elem5ts into :i* !y 7 resolv$   
may !mselves be f\nd to be comp\nds4    
,?is has happ5$ 9 reg>d to "s sub/ances 
:i* 7 at "o "t ann\nc$ z elem5ts1 & x is
 n impossible t x may happ5 9 reg>d to  

o!rs4 ,! able/ *emi/s ( ! pres5t day    
recognize ?is fully & are prep>$ =      
radical *anges 9 our k ( ! nature &     
con/itution ( matt]4 ,among/ ! new views
 is ! hypo!sis ( ,ru!r=d & ,soddy1 :i*1 
z giv5 by ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 9 a    
rec5t article contribut$ by him to      
,h>p]'s ,magaz9e1 is t1      atoms (    
elem5ts ( high atomic weight1 su* z     
radium1 uranium1     ?orium1 & !        
suspect$ elem5ts polonium & act9ium1 are
     un/able2 t !y und]go spontane\s    
*ange into o!r =ms (     matt]1 !mselves
 radioactive & !mselves un/able2 & t    
f9ally elem5ts are produc$1 :i*1 on     
acc\nt ( _!     non-radioactivity1 are z
 a rule1 impossible to recognize1 = _!  
m9ute am\nt precludes ! application (   
any ord9>y te/ )     success4 ,!        
recognition ( helium h[ev]1 :i* is      
comp>atively     easy ( detection1 l5ds 
great support to ?is hypo!sis4  ,at !   
same "t we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t !
 sub/ances :i* we n[ recognize z elem5ts
 h n only resi/$ ! mo/ p[]ful analytical

 ag5cies & dissociat+ =ces1 b h ma9ta9$ 
_! elem5tal "* 9 spectrum analysis1 &   
%[n _! pres5ce z di/9ct elem5ts 9 ! sun 
& o!r heav5ly bodies :]e !y mu/ h be5   
subject$ to ! action ( ! mo/ en]getic   
decompos+ =ces4 ,s t 9 ! pres5t /ate (  
our k ! ne> prospect ( successful       
transmutation does n seem to be v       
bright1 al?\gh we _c reg>d x z          
impossible4 ,9 ! article f :i* we h     
already quot$1 ,sir ,william ,ramsay1   
aft] discuss+ ! be>+ ( c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9
 reg>d to ! p>t+ ) & absorb+ ( en]gy by 
c]ta9 elem5ts1 says3 ,if ^! hypo!ses are
 j1 !n ! transmutation ( ! elem5ts no   
long] appe>s an idle dream4 ,!          
philosoph]'s /one w h be5 discov]$1 & x 
is n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility t x   
may lead to t o!r goal ( ! philosoph]s (
 ! d>k ages--! elixir vitae4 ,= ! action
 ( liv+ cells is also dep5d5t on !      
nature & direction ( ! en]gy :i* !y     
conta92 & :o c say t x w be impossible  
to control _! action1 :5 ! means (      
imp>t+ & controll+ en]gy %all h be5     

inve/igat$6  ,9 ! ev5t ( ! discov]y ( a 
*eap me?od ( produc+ gold1 ! *ange :i*  
w\ld c]ta9ly occur 9 our f9ancial or    
curr5cy sy/em w\ld be important1 if n   
revolution>y4 ,x has become ! fa%ion at 
pres5t ) c]ta9 writ]s to sc\t ! s-call$ 
quantitative !ory ( money z if x 7 an   
expos$ fallacy4 ,n[ ! quantitative !ory 
( money re/s on "o ( ! mo/ well-gr\nd$ &
 firmly e/abli%$ pr9ciples 9 political  
economy3 ! tr\ble is t ! writ]s 9 "q d n
 und]/& x or ev5 "k :at x is4 ,at       
pres5t1 ! production ( gold b>ely keeps 
pace ) ! increas+ dem& = ! metal z      
curr5cy & 9 ! arts1 b if t production 7 
increas$ t5-fold1 ! value ( gold w\ld   
decl9e & prices w\ld g up a/oni%+ly4    
,"o ( ! objects :i* ! bett] class (     
al*emi/s _h 9 view 0 ! mak+ ( gold to   
su* an ext5t t x might become q common &
 cease to be s\ght aft] by mank9d4 ,"o  
al*emical writ] says3 ,w\ld to ,god t   
all m5 might become adepts 9 our art1 = 
!n gold1 ! common idol ( mank9d1 w\ld   
lose its value & we %\ld prize x only = 

its sci5tific tea*+4   ,,footnotes3  #b 
,g5esis vi1 #b4     ,,vi  ,,! ,,fixation
 ,,( ,,m]cury   ,?is is really "o ( !   
processes suppos$ to be involv$ 9 !     
transmutation ( ! metals & might1 !re=e1
 p]haps1 ) propriety1 be includ$ "u t   
head4 ,b z x has receiv$ special        
att5tion 9 ! apocryphal works ( ,h]mes  
,trismegi/us1 :o is g5]ally reg>d$ z !  
,fa!r ( ,al*emy1 x is frequ5tly m5tion$ 
z "o ( ! old sci5tific problems4 ,read]s
 ( ,scott's novel1 ,k5ilwor?1 may       
rememb] t ,wayl& ,smi?1 9 8 acc\nt ( 8  
=m] ma/]1 ,demetrius ,doboobius1        
describes him z a pr(\nd *emi/ :o _h    
made sev]al ef=ts to fix m]cury1 & judg$
 himself to h made a fair hit at !      
philosoph]'s /one4 ,h]mes1 or1 r1 ^? :o 
wrote ov] 8 "n1 speaks 9 ! j>gon ( !    
adepts1 ab\t cat*+ ! fly+ bird1 by :i*  
is meant m]cury1 & dr[n+ x s t x may fly
 no m4 ,! usual means = effect+ ?is 0   
amalgamation ) gold1 or "s o!r metal or 
solution 9 "s acid4  ,to ! anci5t *emi/s
 m]cury mu/ h be5 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ (  

objects4 ,its great heav9ess1 its       
metallic brilliancy1 & its wond]ful     
mobility1 mu/ all h comb9$ to r5d] x a  
subject = deep ?\ght & an attractive    
object = exp]im5t & inve/igation4  ,liv+
 9 a w>m climate1 z !y did1 !re 0 no    
means at _! comm& by :i* its fluidity   
c\ld be impair$4 ,?is subtle sub/ance   
seem$ to defy ! usual attempts to grasp 
x2 x roll$ ab\t l a solid sph]e1 b (f]$ 
no resi/ance to ! t\*1 & :5 press$ x    
split up into innum]able small] globules
 s t ! problem ( fix+ x mu/ h _h a      
/range fasc9ation = ! ?\ghtful al*emi/1 
especially :5 he f\nd t1 on subjection  
to a comp>atively mod]ate degree ( heat1
 ?is heavy metal disappe>$ 9 vapor &    
left n a trace beh9d4  ,i h (t5 wond]$  
:at ! old al*emi/s w\ld h said if !y _h 
se5 fluid m]cury imm]s$ 9 a cle> liquid 
& br\ght out 9 ! =m ( a lump ( solid1   
bright metal4 ,=1 al?\gh ?is is n 9 any 
s5se a solution ( ! problem1 yet x is a 
mo/ curi\s sight & "o :i* 0 r>ely se5   
be=e ! discov]y ( ! liquefaction ( !    

gases4 ,to ,geb]1 ,basil ,val5t9e1 ,van 
,helmont1 ,helvetius1 & m5 ( _! day1    
liv+ 9 _! climate1 ?is />tl+ ph5om5on   
w\ld h seem$ no?+ %ort ( a miracle4  ,9 
mod]n times ! solidification ( m]cury _h
 be5 frequ5tly witness$ by ^! :o dwelt 9
 nor!rn climates & by ! skilful use (   
c]ta9 freez+ mixtures made up ( ord9>y  
salts1 x is n difficult to exhibit ?is  
metal 9 ! solid /ate at any "t4 ,b x 0 n
 until ! discov]y ( ! liquefaction (    
c>bonic acid1 nitr\s oxide1 & o!r gases 
by ,f>aday1 ab\t #ahbc1 t ! freez+ (    
m]cury became a common lecture-room     
exp]im5t4  ,9 ! ye> #ahfb ! writ]       
deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on *emi/ry1 9
 ! city ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & dur+ !    
progress ( ^! lectures he r$uc$ c>bonic 
acid fir/ to ! liquid1 & !n to ! solid  
/ate1 9 ! =m ( a :ite sn[4 ,! temp]ature
 ( ?is sn[ 0 ab\t -#hj deg4 ,c5t4 7-#agf
 deg4 ,fahr47 & :5 x 0 mix$ ) e!r & laid
 on a quantity ( m]cury1 ! latt] 0      
quickly froz54 ,9 ?is way x 0 easy to   
make a hamm]-head ( froz5 m]cury & drive

 a nail ) x4  ,ano!r v int]e/+ exp]im5t 
0 ! freez+ ( a sl5d] triangul> b> (     
m]cury :i* might be twi/$1 b5t1 & ti$ 9 
a knot4 ,?is 0 done by fold+ a long /rip
 ( v /iff pap] s z to make an angul>    
tr\gh into :i* ! m]cury 0 p\r$4 ,?is    
tr\gh 0 !n c>efully level$ & a mixture (
 solid c>bonic acid & e!r 0 plac$ ov] ! 
metal 9 ! usual way4 ,9 a few seconds ! 
m]cury 0 froz5 q solid s t x c\ld be    
lift$ out by means ( two pairs ( wood5  
=ceps & b5t & knott$ at w4 ,b ! mo/     
/rik+ "p ( ! exp]im5t 0 ! melt+ ( ?is b>
 ( m]cury by means ( a piece ( ice4 ,!  
mom5t ! ice t\*$ ! m]cury1 ! latt] melt$
 & fell d[n 9 drops 9 ! same way t a b> 
( lead or sold] melts :5 x is t\*$ ) a  
r$-hot iron4  ,! melt$ m]cury 0 all[$ to
 fall into a tall ale-glass ( wat]1 !   
temp]ature ( :i* _h be5 r$uc$ z ne>ly z 
possible to ! freez+ po9t4 ,:5 ! m]cury 
came 9 contact ) ! cold wat]1 ! latt]   
began to freeze & by c>eful manipulation
 x 0 possible to freeze a tube ( ice    
?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! column ( wat]4 ,!      

effect ( ?is "u prop] illum9ation 0 v   
/rik+4  ,ow+ to ! fact t ! specific heat
 or !rmal capacity ( m]cury is only ab\t
 "o-?irtie? ( t ( wat]1 x requires a    
consid]able am\nt ( melt$ m]cury to     
produce ! desir$ result4  ,b ^!         
processes d n enable u to fix m]cury 9 !
 al*emical s5se2 ! accompli%m5t ( t /ill
 rema9s an unsolv$ problem1 & x is m ?an
 likely t x w rema9 s4     ,,vii  ,,!   
,,univ]sal ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,! ,,elixir ,,(
 ,,life   ,love ( life is a *>act]i/ic (
 all animals1 man includ$1 & not)/&+ !  
fact t an occasional individual becomes 
s dissatisfi$ ) 8 environm5t t he       
commits suicide1 & also 9 ! face ( !    
poet's ass]tion t      protract$ life is
 b protract$ woe  mo/ m5 & wom5 are ( ! 
same way ( ?9k+ z ,*>mian1 ! att5dant on
 ,cleopatra1 & love long life bett] ?an 
figs4 ,& ! =ce ( ?is g5]al feel+ is     
appeal$ to 9 ! only "o ( ! ,mosaic      
comm&m5ts to :i* a promise is atta*$1 ! 
inducem5t = honor+ fa!r & "m be+ t ?y   
days may be long 9 ! l& t ! ,"l ?y ,god 

give? !e4  ,no wond] !n t ! old al*emi/s
 dream$ ( a univ]sal m$ic9e t w\ld n    
only prev5t or cure sickness b t w\ld   
r5ew ! y\? ( ! ag$ & ! feeble1 = 9 ?is1 
z 9 mo/ o!r attempts at discov]y1 ! wi% 
0 fa!r to ! ?\ght4 ,t ! r5ewal ( y\? 9 !
 ag$ 0 suppos$ to be )9 ! ability ( !   
magicians & gods ( old1 we ga!r f !     
/ories ( ,m$ea & ,aeson & ! ivory %\ld] 
( ,pelops1 z ref]r$ to 9 ,%akespe>e1 &  
expla9$ 9 ! ,%akespe>e ,cyclop$ia4  ,( !
 =m ( ?is suppos$ elixir we "k v little 
= ! language ( ! al*emi/s 0 s vague &   
my/ical t x is (t5 v difficult to       
asc]ta9 _! mean+ ) any approa* to       
c]ta9ty4 ,! foll[+1 :i* is a fair sample
 ( _! metaphorical modes ( express+     
!mselves1 is f\nd 9 ! works ( ,geb]4 ,9 
"o ( 8 writ+s1 he exclaims3 ,br+ me !   
six lep]s t ,i may cleanse !m4 ,mod]n   
comm5tators expla9 ?is z be+ 8 mode (   
tell+ 8 read]s t he w\ld conv]t into    
gold ! six inf]ior or1 z !y 7 call$ by !
 al*emi/s1 ! six imp]fect metals4 ,no   
wond] t ,dr4 ,johnson adopt$ ! idea t ! 

^w gibb]i% 7anci5tly writt5 geb]i%7 ow$ 
its orig9 to an epi!t appli$ to !       
language ( ,geb] & 8 tribe4  ,"s h      
claim$ t ! elixir & ! philosoph]'s /one 
7 "o & ! same ?+1 & "s ( ! writ+s ( !   
old al*emi/s w\ld seem to confirm ?is   
view4 ,?us1 at ! close ( a =mula =      
prep>+ ! philosoph]'s /one1 ,c>olus     
,musitanus gives ! foll[+ admonition3   
,?us fri5d1 y h a description ( !       
univ]sal m$ic9e1 n     only = cur+      
diseases & prolong+ life1 b also =      
transmut+ all metals into gold4 ,give   
!re=e ?anks to ,almighty     ,god1 :o1  
tak+ pity on human calamities1 has at   
la/ reveal$ ?is     ine/imable treasure1
 & made x kn[n = ! b5efit ( all4  ,&    
,br&e tells u t ne>ly all ! al*emi/s    
attribut$ ! p[] ( prolong+ life ei!r to 
! philosoph]'s /one or to c]ta9         
prep>ations ( gold1 imag9+ possibly t ! 
p]man5ce ( t metal might be transf]r$ to
 ! human sy/em4 ,! celebrat$ ,desc>tes  
is said to h support$ su* op9ions2 he   
told ,sir ,k5elm ,digby t al?\gh he w\ld

 n v5ture to promise immortality1 he 0  
c]ta9 t life might be l5g!n$ to ! p]iod 
( t ( ! ,patri>*s4 ,8 plan1 h[ev]1 seems
 to h be5 ! v rational "o ( limit+ all  
excess ( diet & enjo9+ punctual & frugal
 meals4  ,x is an old say+ t hi/ory     
repeats itself4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago c]ta9
 m$ical practition]s /rongly urg$ ! use 
( salts ( gold 9 ! treatm5t ( disease1 &
 great hopes 7 ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to _!   
efficacy4 ,& ! ,keeley gold cure =      
drunk>ds is /rongly 9 evid5ce1 ev5 at ! 
pres5t day4  ,on ! o!r h&1 "s h held t !
 elixir 0 q di/9ct f ! /one by :i*      
metals might be transmut$ into gold4 ,9 
! second "p ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,iv1 ,fal/aff  
7,act ,,iii1 ,sc5e #b1 l9e #cee71 says (
 ,%all[3 x %all g h>d b ,i w make him a 
philosoph]'s two /ones to me1 & ?is say+
 ( 8 has giv5 consid]able tr\ble to !   
comm5tators4  ,w>burton's explanation ( 
?is expression is1 t !re 0 two /ones1 "o
 ( :i* 0 a univ]sal m$ic9e & ! o!r a    
transmut] ( base metals into gold4 ,& 9 
,*ur*y>d's ,disc\rse & ,comm5dation ( ^?

 t c make ,gold1 we read ( ,remundus1 :o
      ,wrate sundry workes1 z well do?  
yet appe>e     ,( /one = gold1 & %ew$   
pla9e & cle>e     ,a /one = heal?4      
,johnson & "s o!rs h object$ to ?is     
explanation1 b x seems to be evid5t t   
,fal/aff meant t he w\ld get heal? &    
weal? f ,%all[4 ,he got ! weal? to !    
ext5t ( a ?\s& p\nds4  ,! int5se desire 
:i* exi/s 9 ! human bosom = an elixir t 
w cure all diseases1 & prolong life has 
made itself evid5t1 ev5 9 rec5t times1 &
 has call$ =? s]i\s ef=ts on ! "p ( m5  
occupy+ prom95t positions 9 ! sci5tific 
_w4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry       
sugge/ions h be5 made ( fluids :i*1 :5  
inject$ into ! ve9s ( ! old & ! feeble1 
w\ld r5ew y\? & imp>t fre% /r5g?4 ,b    
alas6 ! results ?us f> atta9$ h be5     
any?+ b gratify+1 & ! probabilities     
aga9/ success 9 ?is direction are v     
/rong4  ,! late/ gleam ( light comes f  
discov]ies 9 connection ) ! radioactive 
elem5ts1 z ! read] w f9d1 on ref]r+ to  
,sir ,william ,ramsay's utt]ance1 :i* is

 giv5 at ! close ( ! article on !       
,transmutation ( ! ,metals1 on a prec$+ 
page4     ,,additional ,,follies   ,9   
addition to ! sev5 ,follies1 ( :i* an   
acc\nt has be5 giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages1   
!re are a few :i* des]ve to be class$ ) 
!m1 al?\gh !y d n f9d a place 9 ! usual 
li/s4 ,^! are kn[n z      ,,p]petual    
,,lamps4     ,,! ,,alkahe/ ,,or         
,,univ]sal ,,solv5t4     ,,pal+5esy4    
,,! ,,p[d] ,,( ,,sympa?y4     ,,p]petual
 ,,or ,,ev]-,,burn+ ,,lamps   ,"p ( !   
sepul*ral rites ( ! anci5ts consi/$ 9   
plac+ light$ lamps 9 ! tombs or vaults 9
 :i* ! dead 7 laid1 &1 9 _m cases1 ^!   
lamps 7 c>efully t5d$ & kept cont9ually 
burn+4 ,"s au?ors h claim$1 h[ev]1 t ^! 
m5 ( old 7 able to con/ruct lamps :i*   
burn$ p]petually & requir$ no att5tion4 
,9 numb] #cgi ( ! ,spectator !re is an  
anecdote ( "s "o hav+ op5$ ! sepul*] ( !
 fam\s ,rosicrucius4 ,!re he discov]$ a 
lamp burn+ :i* a /atue ( clock-"w /ruck 
into pieces4 ,h5ce1 says ! writ]1 !     
disciples ( ?is vision>y claim$ t he _h 

made use ( ?is me?od to %[ t he _h      
re-inv5t$ ! ev]-burn+ lamps ( ! anci5ts4
 ,& ,=tunio ,liceti wrote a book 9 :i*  
he collect$ a l>ge numb] ( /ories ab\t  
lamps1 said to h be5 f\nd burn+ 9 tombs 
or vaults4 ,ozanam fills eight closely  
pr9t$ pages ) a discussion ( ! subject4 
,attempts h be5 made to expla9 _m ( !   
facts ^u :i* is bas$ ! claim t ! anci5ts
 7 able to con/ruct p]petual lamps by ! 
sugge/ion t ! light sometimes se5 on !  
op5+ ( anci5t tombs may h be5 due to !  
phosphoresc5ce :i* is well kn[n to arise
 dur+ ! decomposition ( animal &        
vegetable matt]4 ,decay+ wood & dead fi%
 are famili> objects :i* give out a     
light t is suffici5t to r5d] dimly      
visible ! outl9es ( surr\nd+ objects1 & 
su* a light1 se5 9 ! vic9ity ( an old   
lamp1 might give rise to ! impression t 
! lamp _h be5 actually burn+ & t x _h   
be5 bl[n out by sudd5 exposure to a     
draft ( air4  ,ano!r supposition 0 t !  
flame1 :i* 0 suppos$ to h be5 se51 may h
 be5 caus$ by ! ignition ( gases aris+ f

 ! decomposition ( dead bodies1 & set on
 fire by ! flambeaux or c&les ( !       
inve/igators1 & x is q possible t !     
occurr5ce ( ea* ( ^! ph5om5a may h giv5 
a c]ta9 degree ( confirmation to        
preconceiv$ ideas4  ,aft] ! discov]y (  
phosphorus 9 #affi1 by ,br&t & ,kunckel1
 x 0 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( lum9\s   
phials :i* c\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 &  
:i* gave out suffici5t light to enable !
 us] to see ! h&s ( a wat* on a d>k     
night4 ,directions = mak+ ^! lum9\s     
phials are v simple1 & may be f\nd 9 mo/
 ( ! books ( exp]im5ts publi%$ prior to 
! introduction ( ! mod]n lucif] mat*4   
,!y 7 also us$ = obta9+ a light by means
 ( ! old mat*es1 :i* 7 tipp$ m]ely ) a  
little sulphur1 & :i* c\ld n be ignit$  
by friction4 ,su* a mat*1 aft] be+ dipp$
 into "o ( ^! phosphorus bottles1 w\ld  
readily take fire by slight friction1 & 
"s p]sons pref]r$ ?is contrivance to !  
old fl9t & /eel1 p>tly1 no d\bt1 because
 x 0 a novelty4 ,b ^! bottles 7 n 9 any 
s5se p]petual1 ! light be+ due to ! sl[ 

oxidation ( ! phosphorus s t1 9 a       
comp>atively %ort "t1 ! lum9osity ( !   
mat]ials ceas$4 ,nev]!less1 x has be5   
sugge/$ t "s =m ( ^! old lum9\s phials  
may h be5 ! orig9al p]petual lamp4      
,aft] ! discov]y ( ! phosphoresc5t      
qualities ( b>ium sulphate or ,bolognian
 phosphorus1 z x 0 call$1 x 0 ?\ght t   
?is might be a re-discov]y ( ! long-lo/ 
art ( mak+ p]petual lamps4 ,b x is well 
kn[n t ?is sub/ance loses its           
phosphoresc5t p[] aft] be+ kept 9 ! d>k 
= "s "t1 & t occasional exposure to     
bright sun-light is "o ( ! conditions   
absolutely ess5tial to its giv+ out any 
light at all4 ,?is condition does n exi/
 9 a d>k tomb4  ,a few ye>s ago         
phosphoresc5t salts ( b>ium & calcium 7 
employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( :at 0 kn[n z  
lum9\s pa9t4 ,^! mat]ials %9e 9 ! d>k ) 
brilliancy suffici5t to enable ! obs]v] 
to read words & numb]s trac$ ) !m1 b    
regul> exposure to ! rays ( ! sun or "s 
o!r bright light is absolutely necess>y 
to enable !m to ma9ta9 _! effici5cy4  ,m

 rec5tly x has be5 sugge/$ t ! anci5ts  
may h be5 acqua9t$ ) "s =m ( radioactive
 matt] l radium1 & t ?is 0 ! secret ( ! 
lamps 9 "q4 ,x is f> m likely1 h[ev]1 t 
! reports ( _! p]petual lamps 7 bas$ ^u 
m]e errors ( obs]vation4  ,! p]petual   
lamp is1 9 *emi/ry1 ! c\nt]p>t (        
p]petual motion 9 me*anics--bo? violate 
! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( 
en]gy4 ,& j z sugge/ions ( impossible   
movem5ts h be5 num]\s 9 ! case (        
p]petual motion1 s impossible devices & 
con/ructions h be5 sugge/$ 9 reg>d to   
p]petual lamps4 ,prior to ! developm5t1 
or ev5 ! sugge/ion ( ! law ( !          
cons]vation ( en]gy1 x 0 believ$ t x    
might be possible to f9d a liquid :i*   
w\ld burn )\t be+ consum$1 & a wick :i* 
w\ld fe$ ! liquid to ! flame )\t be+    
itself de/roy$4 ,dr4 ,plott sugge/$     
naph?a = ! fluid & asbe/os = ! wick1 b  
s9ce k]os5e oil1 naph?a1 gasol5e1 & o!r 
liquids ( ! k9d h become common1 e      
h\sewife kn[s t z h] lamp burns1 ! oil1 
( :atev] k9d x may be1 disappe>s4  ,"u  

pres5t conditions ! con/ruction ( a     
p]petual lamp is n a sev]ely felt want2 
= con/ancy & brilliancy our pres5t means
 ( illum9ation are suffici5t = almo/ all
 our requirem5ts4 ,:e!r or n x w\ld be  
possible to ga!r up ^? natural curr5ts (
 electricity1 :i* are suspect$ to fl[   
?r\gh & ov] ! e>?1 & utilize !m =       
purposes ( illum9ation1 h[ev] feeble1 x 
might be difficult to decide4 ,b su*    
means ( p]petual electric light+ w\ld be
 simil> to a p]petual motion d]iv$ f a  
m\nta9 /ream4 ,su* natural means (      
illum9ation already exi/1 & h exi/$ =   
ages 9 ! fire-giv+ wells ( naph?a :i*   
are f\nd on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian sea1 & 
9 o!r p>ts ( ! ea/1 & :i* h long be5    
objects ( adoration to ! fire-wor%ipp]s4
  ,z = ! outcome ( pres5t rese>*es into 
! prop]ties ( radium1 polonium1 & simil>
 sub/ances1 & _! possible applications1 
x is too e>ly to =m ev5 a surmise4      
,,! ,,alkahe/ ,,or ,,univ]sal ,,solv5t  
,! production ( a univ]sal solv5t or    
alkahe/ 0 "o ( ! special problems ( !   

al*emi/s 9 _! g5]al se>* = !            
philosoph]'s /one & ! means ( transmut+ 
! s-call$ inf]ior metals into gold &    
silv]4 ,_! idea ( ! way 9 :i* x w\ld aid
 !m to atta9 ^! ends does n seem to be v
 cle>ly /at$ 9 any "w t ,i h consult$2  
probably !y ?\ght t a univ]sal solv5t   
w\ld wa% away all impurities f common   
mat]ials & leave 9 absolute purity !    
high] sub/ance1 :i* con/itut$ ! gold ( !
 adepts4 ,b :atev] _! p>ticul> object   
may h be51 x is well kn[n t mu* "t &    
labor 7 exp5d$ 9 ! fruitless se>*4  ,!  
futility ( su* attempts 0 v well expos$ 
by ! cynical sceptic1 :o ask$ !m :at k9d
 ( vessel c\ld !y provide = hold+ su* a 
liquid8 ,if its solv5t p[]s are su* t x 
dissolves ev]y?+1 x is v evid5t t x w\ld
 dissolve ! v mat]ial ( ! vessel 9 :i* x
 mu/ be plac$4  ,:5 hydr(luoric acid    
became a subject ( inve/igation x 0     
?\ght t its *>act]i/ics approa*$1 m     
ne>ly ?an ^? ( any o!r sub/ance kn[n1 to
 ^? ( ! univ]sal solv5t1 & ! v          
difficulty above sugge/$1 pres5t$ itself

 /rongly to ! *emi/s :o exp]im5t$ ) x4  
,n only common metals b glass & porcela9
 7 act$ ^u by ?is wond]fully en]getic   
liquid & :5 attempts 7 made to isolate !
 fluor9e1 ev5 ! plat9um electrodes 7    
corrod$ & de/roy$4 ,vessels ( pure silv]
 & ( lead s]v$ tol]ably well1 b ,davy   
sugge/$ t ! mo/ sci5tific me?od (       
con/ruct+ a conta9+ vessel w\ld be to   
use a comp\nd 9 :i* fluor9e 0 already   
pres5t to ! po9t ( saturation4 ,z !re is
 a limit to ! am\nt ( fluor9e ) :i* any 
base c comb9e1 su* a vessel w\ld be pro(
 aga9/ its solv5t action4 ,i am n aw>e1 
h[ev]1 t ! sugge/ion 0 ev] c>ri$ into   
actual practice ) success4              
,,pal+5esy   ,?is s+ul> delusion may h  
be5 p>tly due to errors ( obs]vation1 ! 
in/rum5ts & me?ods ( =m] times hav+ be5 
notably crude & unreliable4 ,?is fact1  
tak5 9 connection ) ! wild !ories ^u :i*
 ! natural sci5ces ( ! middle ages 7    
bas$1 is a suffici5t explanation ( "s ( 
! extraord9>y /atem5ts made by ,kir*]1  
,s*ott1 ,digby1 & o!rs4  ,by pal+5esy ^!

 writ]s meant a c]ta9 *emical process by
 means ( :i* a plant or an animal might 
be reviv$ f its a%es4 ,9 o!r words a    
sort ( mat]ial resurrection4 ,mo/ ( !   
acc\nts giv5 by ! old au?ors g no fur!r 
?an to ass]t t by prop] me?ods ! a%es ( 
plants1 :5 treat$ ) wat]1 produce small 
=e/s ( f]ns & p9es4 ,?us1 an ,engli%    
*emi/1 nam$ ,coxe1 ass]ts t hav+        
extract$ & dissolv$ ! ess5tial salts (  
f]n1 & !n filt]$ ! liquor1 he obs]v$1   
aft] leav+ x at re/ = five or six weeks1
 a vegetation ( small f]ns adh]+ to !   
bottom ( ! vessel4 ,! same *emi/1 hav+  
mix$ nor!rn pota% ) an equal quantity ( 
sal ammoniac1 saw1 "s "t aft]1 a small  
=e/ ( p9es & o!r trees1 ) :i* he 0 n    
acqua9t$1 ris+ f ! bottom ( ! vessel4   
,& ,kir*] tells u 9 8 ,ars ,magnetica t 
he _h a long-neck$ phial1 h]metically   
seal$1 conta9+ ! a%es ( a plant :i* he  
c\ld revive at pleasure by means ( heat2
 & t he %[$ ?is wond]ful ph5om5on to    
,*ri/9a1 ,que5 ( ,sw$51 :o 0 highly     
delight$ ) x4 ,un=tunately he left ?is  

valuable curiosity "o cold day 9 8 w9d[ 
& x 0 entirely de/roy$ by ! fro/4 ,fa!r 
,s*ott also ass]ts t he saw ?is *emical 
wond] :i*1 accord+ to 8 acc\nt1 0 a rose
 reviv$ f its a%es4 ,& he adds t a c]ta9
 pr9ce hav+ reque/$ ,kir*] to make him  
"o ( ! same k9d1 he *ose r to give up 8 
own ?an to repeat ! op]ation4  ,ev5 !   
celebrat$ ,boyle1 ?\gh n v favorable to 
pal+5esy1 relates t hav+ dissolv$ 9 wat]
 "s v]digris1 :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is   
produc$ by comb9+ copp] ) ! acid (      
v9eg>1 & hav+ caus$ ?is wat] to congeal1
 by means ( artificial cold1 he obs]v$1 
at ! surface ( ! ice1 small figures :i* 
_h an exact resemblance to v9es4  ,9 ?is
 connection x is well to be> 9 m9d t 9  
,boyle's "t almo/ all v9eg> 0 really :at
 its "n implies--s\r w9e 7v9 aigre7--&  
v]digris or copp] acetate 0 g5]ally     
prep>$ by expos+ copp] plates to !      
action ( refuse grapes :i* _h be5 all[$ 
to f]m5t & become s\r4 ,!re=e to him x  
might n h seem$ s v improbable t ! gre5 
cry/als :i* appe>$ on ! surface ( ! ice 

71 9 reality1 m9ute resuscitat$         
grape-v9es4  ,! explanation ( ^! facts  
giv5 by ,fa!r ,kir*] is wor?y ( ! sci5ce
 ( ! times4 ,he tells u t ! sem9al      
virtue ( ea* mixture is conta9$ 9 its   
salts & ^! salts1 unalt]able by _!      
nature1 :5 put 9 motion by heat1 rise 9 
! vessel ?r\gh ! liquor 9 :i* !y are    
diffus$4 ,be+ !n at lib]ty to arrange   
!mselves at pleasure1 !y place !mselves 
9 t ord] 9 :i* !y w\ld be plac$ by !    
effect ( vegetation1 or ! same z !y     
occupi$ be=e ! body to :i* !y belong$ _h
 be5 decompos$ by ! fire2 9 %ort1 !y =m 
a plant1 or ! phantom ( a plant1 :i* has
 a p]fect resemblance to ! "o de/roy$4  
,t ! op]ators h "h mi/ak5 = true        
vegetable gr[? ! f]n-l cry/als ( ! salts
 :i* exi/ 9 ! a%es ( all plants is v    
obvi\s4 ,_! k ( plant /ructure 0        
exce$+ly limit$ & _! microscopes 7 s    
imp]fect t imag9ation _h free scope4 ,z 
se5 "u our mod]n microscopes1 !re are   
few pretti] sights ?an ! cry/allization 
( su* salts z sal ammoniac1 potassic    

nitrate1 b>ium *loride1 etc4 ,! cry/als 
are actually se5 to gr[ & x w\ld n      
require a v great /ret* ( ! imag9ation  
to conv9ce "o t ! gr[? is due to a liv+ 
organism4 ,inde$1 ?is view has actually 
be5 tak5 9 an article :i* rec5tly appe>$
 9 a prom95t magaz9e4 ,! writ] ( t      
article sees no diff]5ce betwe5 ! m]e   
aggregation ( inorganic p>ticles br\ght 
toge!r by voltaic action & ! build+ up (
 vital /ructures "u ! influ5ce ( organic
 =ces4 ,?is is simply mat]ialism run    
mad4  ,p]haps ! f9e/ illu/ration ( su*  
cry/allization is to be f\nd 9 !        
deposition ( silv] f a solution ( !     
nitrate z se5 "u ! microscope4 ,a drop (
 ! solution is plac$ on a glass slide & 
:ile ! obs]v] wat*es x ?r\gh a l[ p[]1 a
 piece ( copp] wire or1 pref]ably1 a    
m9ute quantity ( ! amalgam ( t9 &       
m]cury1 su* z is us$ = silv]+ *eap look+
 glasses1 is br\ght into contact ) x4   
,*emical decomposition at once sets 9 & 
!n ! silv] ?us deposit$ =ms "o elem5t ( 
a v m9ute voltaic c\ple & fre% cry/als (

 silv] are deposit$ ^u ! silv] already  
?r[n d[n4 ,:5 ! illum9ation ( ?is object
 "u ! microscope is prop]ly manag$1 !   
appe>ance1 :i* resembles t %[n 9 ,fig4  
#ah1 is exce$+ly brilliant1 & beautiful 
beyond description4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4
 #ah4  ,t imag9ation play$ /range pranks
 9 ! obs]vations ( ! old] microscopi/s  
is %[n by "s ( ! engrav+s f\nd 9 _!     
books4 ,i h n[ be=e me a ?ick1 dumpy    
qu>to 9 :i* ! s-call$ sem9al animalcules
 are depict$ z little m5 & wom51 & ,i h 
no d\bt t1 to ! eye ( ?is e>ly obs]v]1  
!y _h t appe>ance4 ,b ! microscopi/s (  
to-day "k bett]4  ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 ^:
 "n is associat$ ) ! ,sympa!tic ,p[d]1  
tells u t he took ! a%es ( burnt crabs1 
dissolv$ !m 9 wat] &1 aft] subject+ !   
:ole to a t$i\s process1 small crabs 7  
produc$ 9 ! liquor4 ,^! 7 n\ri%$ ) blood
 f ! ox1 &1 aft] a "t1 left to !mselves 
9 "s /ream :]e !y ?rove & grew l>ge4    
,n[1 al?\gh ,evelyn1 9 8 di>y1 decl>es t
 ,sir ,k5elm 0 an errant m\ntebank1 x is
 q possible t he 0 hone/ 9 8 acc\nt ( 8 

exp]im5ts & t he 0 m]ely l$ a/ray by !  
imp]fection ( 8 in/rum5ts ( obs]vation4 
,x is m ?an likely t ! creatures :i*    
,digby saw 7 entomo/raca introduc$ 9 !  
=m ( ova :i*1 unless a good microscope  
be us$1 are q invisible4 ,^! w\ld       
develop rapidly & might easily be mi/ak5
 = "s species ( crab1 ?\gh1 :5 exam9$ ) 
prop] in/rum5ts1 all resemblance        
vani%es4 ,:5 let loose 9 a runn+ /ream x
 w\ld evid5tly be impossible to trace _!
 id5tity & foll[ _! gr[?4  ,b :ile "s ( 
^! /ories may h orig9at$ 9 errors (     
obs]vation ?is w h>dly expla9 "s ( !    
/atem5ts made by ^? :o h advocat$ ?is   
/range doctr9e4 ,fa!r ,s*ott1 9 8       
,physica ,curiosa1 gives an acc\nt ( !  
resurrection ( a sp>r[ & actually gives 
an engrav+ 9 :i* ! bird is %[n 9 a      
bottle reviv$6  ,al?\gh ! subject1 (    
itself1 is n wor?y ( a mom5t's          
consid]ation1 x des]ves att5tion z an   
illu/ration ( ! extraord9>y vag>ies into
 :i* ! human m9d is liable to fall4     
,,! ,,p[d] ,,( ,,sympa?y   ,?is curi\s  

occult me?od ( cur+ w\nds is            
indissolubly associat$ ) ! "n ( ,sir    
,k5elm ,digby 7born #afjc1 di$ #affe71  
?\gh x 0 und\bt$ly 9 use long be=e 8 "t4
 ,he himself tells u t he le>n$ to make 
& apply ! drug f a ,c>melite1 :o _h     
travel$ 9 ! ea/1 & :om he met 9         
,flor5ce1 9 #afbb4 ,! desc5dants (      
,digby are /ill prom95t 9 ,engl&1 & ,o4 
,w4 ,holmes1 9 8 ,"o ,hundr$ ,days 9    
,europe1 tells u t he _h met a ,sir     
,k5elm ,digby1 a desc5dant ( ! fam\s    
,sir ,k5elm ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & t he 
c\ld h>dly refra9 f ask+ him if he _h   
any ( 8 ance/or's fam\s p[d] 9 8 pocket4
  ,digby 0 a /ud5t ( *emi/ry1 or at lea/
 ( ! *emi/ry ( ^? days1 & wrote books ( 
,recipes & ! mak+ ( ,me?+ton me!gl9 or  
mead8 ,syd]1 etc4 ,he 01 z we h se5 9 ! 
previ\s article1 a believ] 9 pal+5esy & 
made exp]im5ts ) a view to sub/antiate t
 /range doctr9e4 ,evelyn calls him an   
errant quack1 & he may h be5 giv5 to    
quack]y1 b !n ! loose sci5tific ideas ( 
^? days all[$ a wide range 9 draw+      

conclusions :i*1 ?\gh !y seem absurd to 
u1 may h appe>$ to be q reasonable to ! 
m5 ( t "t4  ,f 8 book on ! subject1#c we
 le>n t ! w\nd 0 nev] to be br\ght into 
contact ) ! p[d]4 ,a b&age 0 to be tak5 
f ! w\nd1 imm]s$ 9 ! p[d]1 & kept !re   
until ! w\nd heal$4  ,?is beats ! abs5t 
treatm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce6  ,! p[d] 0 
simply pulv]iz$ vitriol1 t is1 f]ric    
sulphate1 or sulphate ( iron4  ,!re 0   
ano!r & probably an old] me?od ( us+    
sympa!tic p[d]s & salves2 ?is 0 to apply
 ! suppos$ curative to ! weapon :i*     
caus$ ! w\nd1 in/ead ( ! w\nd itself4 ,9
 ! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel1 ,scott gives  
an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,lady (       
,buccleu* appli$ ?is occult surg]y to ! 
w\nd ( ,william ( ,delora9e3        ,%e 
drew ! spl9t] f ! w\nd1       ,& ) a *>m
 %e /an*$ ! blood4       ,%e bade ! ga% 
be cleans$ & b\nd3       ,no long] by 8 
c\* %e /ood2     ,b %e has ta'en ! brok5
 lance4       ,& wa%$ x f ! clott$ gore1
       ,& salv$ ! spl9t] o'er & o'er4   
,william ( ,delora9e1 9 trance1         

,:5e'er %e turn$ x r\nd & r\nd          
,twi/$ z if %e gall$ 8 w\nd4       ,!n  
to h] maid5s %e did say1     ,t he %\ld 
be :ole man & s\nd1       ,)9 ! c\rse ( 
a night & day4     ,full long %e toil$1 
= %e did rue       ,mi%ap to fri5d s /\t
 & true4#d  ,t no direct b5efit c\ld h  
be5 d]iv$ f su* a mode ( treatm5t mu/ be
 obvi\s1 b ,de ,morgan v plausibly      
claims t 9 ! !n /ate ( surgical & m$ical
 k1 x 0 really ! v be/ t c\ld h be5     
adopt$4 ,8 argum5t is z foll[s3 ,!      
sympa!tic p[d] 0 t :i* cur$ by ano9t+ ! 
weapon ) its salve in/ead ( ! w\nd4 ,i h
 be5 long conv9c$ t x 0 efficaci\s4 ,!  
directions 7 to keep ! w\nd clean &     
cool1 & to take c>e ( diet1 rubb+ !     
salve on ! knife or sword4 ,if we       
rememb] ! dreadful notions ^u drugs :i* 
prevail$1 bo? z to quantity & quality1  
we %all readily see t any way ( n dress+
 ! w\nd1 w\ld h be5 useful4 ,if !       
physicians _h tak5 ! h9t1 _h be5 c>eful 
( diet1 etc41 & _h p\r$ ! little b>rels 
( m$ic9e d[n ! ?roat ( a practicable    

doll1 !y w\ld h _h _! magical cures z   
well z ! surgeons4 ,matt]s are mu*      
improv$ n[2 ! quantity ( m$ic9e giv51   
ev5 by or?odox physicians1 w\ld h be5   
call$ inf9itesimal by _! pr(essional    
ance/ors4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,college (      
,physicians has a "r to ab&on its motto1
 :i* is1 ,ars longa1 vita brevis1 mean+1
 ,practice is long1 s life is %ort4  ,z 
set =? by ,digby & o!rs1 ! use ( ! ,p[d]
 ( ,sympa?y is free f all ta9t (        
wit*craft or magic1 b1 9 ano!r =m1 x 0  
:olly dep5d5t ^u incantations & o!r     
magical p]=mances4 ,?is idea ( sympa!tic
 action 0 ev5 c>ri$ s f> z to lead to   
attempts to de/roy or injure ^? :om !   
op]ator dislik$4 ,9 "s cases ?is 0 done 
by m\ld+ an image 9 wax :i*1 :5 =m$ "u  
prop] occult influ5ces1 0 suppos$ to h !
 p[] ( transf]r+ to ! victim any        
injuries inflict$ on ! image4 ,into su* 
images p9s & knives 7 ?ru/ 9 ! hope t ! 
liv+ orig9al w\ld suff] ! same pa9s &   
mutilations t w\ld be inflict$ if !     
knives or p9s 7 ?ru/ into him1 &        

sometimes ! wax5 =m 0 held be=e ! fire &
 all[$ to melt away sl[ly 9 ! hope t !  
prototype w\ld also wa/e away1 &        
ultimately die4 ,%akespe>e alludes to   
?is 9 ! play ( ,k+ ,john4 ,9 ,act v41   
,sc5e #d1 l9e #bd1 ,melun says3         
,a quantity ( life     ,:i* ble$s away1 
ev5 z a =m ( wax1     ,resolve? f 8     
figure 'ga9/ ! fire8  ,& ,holl9%$ tells 
u t x 0 alleg$ aga9/ ,dame ,eleanor     
,cobham & h] conf$]ates t !y _h devis$  
an image ( wax1 repres5t+ ! k+1 :i*1 by 
_! sorc]ie1 by little & little consum$1 
int5d+ !reby1 9 conclusion1 to wa/e &   
de/roy ! k+'s p]son4  ,9 ^! cases1      
h[ev]1 ! op]ator always dep5d$ ^u c]ta9 
occult or demoniacal influ5ces1 or1 9   
o!r words1 ^u ! art ( magic1 & !re=e    
examples ( ?is k9d d n come )9 ! scope (
 ! pres5t volume4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,p[d] ( 
,sympa?y ! results 7 suppos$ to be due  
entirely to natural causes4             
,,footnotes3  #c ,t\*+ ! ,cure ( ,w\nds 
by ! ,p[d] ( ,sympa?y4 ,) ,in/ructions  
h[ to make ! said ,p[d]4 ,r5d]$         

fai?fully out ( ,fr5* into ,engli% by   
,r4 ,:ite1 ,g5t4 ,london1 #afeh4  #d    
,canto ,,iii4 ,/anza #bc4     ,a ,,small
 ,,budget ,,( ,,p>adoxes1 ,,illusions1  
,,& ,,m>vels     ,,! ,,f\r? ,,dim5sion  
,,& ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,a ,,new      
,,s5se ,,& ,,new ,,s5se-,,organ   ,?is  
subject has n[ f\nd its way n only into 
semi-sci5tific works b into our g5]al   
lit]ature & magaz9es4 ,ev5 our          
novel-writ]s h us$ sugge/ions f ?is     
hypo!sis z "p ( ! ma*9]y ( _! plots s t 
x prop]ly f9ds a place among/ ! subjects
 discuss$ 9 ?is volume4  ,v>i\s attempts
 h be5 made to expla9 :at is meant by ! 
f\r? dim5sion1 b x w\ld seem t ?us f> ! 
explanations :i* h be5 (f]$ are1 to mo/ 
m9ds1 vague & incompreh5sible1 ?is latt]
 condition aris+ f ! fact t ! ord9>y m9d
 is utt]ly unable to conceive ( any su* 
?+ z a dim5sion :i* _c be def9$ 9 t]ms (
 ! ?ree ) :i* we are already famili>4 ,&
 ,i confess at ! />t t ,i labor "u !    
sup]lative difficulty ( n be+ able to =m
 any conception ( a f\r? dim5sion1 & =  

?is incapacity my only consolation is1 t
 9 ?is respect ,i am n alone4 ,i h      
conv]s$ ^u ! subject ) _m able          
ma!maticians & physici/s1 & 9 e case ,i 
f\nd t !y 7 9 ! same pr$icam5t z myself1
 & :]e ,i h met m5 :o pr(ess$ to ?9k x  
easy to =m a conception ( a f\r?        
dim5sion1 ,i h f\nd _! ideas1 n only 9  
reg>d to ! new hypo!sis1 b to its       
correlations ) g5]ally accept$ physical 
facts1 to be nebul\s & inaccurate4  ,x  
does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t because myself & 
"s o!rs _c =m su* a cle> conception ( a 
f\r? dim5sion z we c ( ! ?ird1 t1 !re=e1
 ! !ory is errone\s & ! alleg$          
conditions non-exi/5t4 ,"s m9ds ( great 
p[] & acut5ess h be5 incapable ( ma/]+  
c]ta9 bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,?us ,did]ot1 :o
 0 associat$ ) d',alemb]t1 ! fam\s      
ma!matician1 9 ! production (           
,l',encyclop$ie1 & :o 0 n only a man (  
ackn[l$g$ ability1 b :o1 at "o "t1      
taught ma!matics & wrote ^u sev]al      
ma!matical subjects1 seems to h be5     
unable to ma/] ! elem5ts ( algebra4 ,!  

foll[+ anecdote reg>d+ 8 defici5cy 9 ?is
 respect is giv5 by ,?iebault & indors$ 
by ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan3 ,at !         
invitation ( ! ,empress1 ,ca!r9e ,,ii1  
,did]ot paid a visit to ! ,russian c\rt4
 ,he 0 a brilliant conv]sationali/ & be+
 q free ) 8 op9ions1 he gave ! y\ng]    
memb]s ( ! c\rt circle a good deal (    
lively a!ism4 ,! ,empress h]self 0 v mu*
 amus$1 b "s ( h] c\ncillors sugge/$ t x
 might be desirable to *eck ^!          
expositions ( /range doctr9es4 ,z       
,ca!r9e did n l to put a direct muzzle  
on h] gue/'s tongue1 ! foll[+ plot 0    
contriv$4 ,did]ot 0 in=m$ t a le>n$     
ma!matician 0 9 possession ( an         
algebraical demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce (  
,god & w\ld give x to him be=e all !    
c\rt if he desir$ to he> x4 ,did]ot     
gladly cons5t$1 & al?\gh ! "n ( !       
ma!matician is n giv51 x is well kn[n to
 h be5 ,eul]4 ,he advanc$ t[>d ,did]ot1 
& said 9 ,fr5*1 gravely1 & 9 a tone (   
p]fect conviction3 ,monsieur1 7a  bn7 _/
 n  x1 !re=e1 ,god exi/s2 reply6        

,did]ot1 to :om algebra 0 ,hebrew1 0    
emb>rass$ & disconc]t$1 :ile peals (    
laught] rose on all sides4 ,he ask$     
p]mission to return to ,france at once1 
:i* 0 grant$4  ,ev5 su* a m9d z t (     
,buckle1 :o 0 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be a 
ke5-sight$ ?9k]1 c\ld n =m any idea ( a 
geometrical l9e--t is1 ( a l9e )\t      
bread? or ?ickness1 a conception :i* has
 be5 grasp$ cle>ly & accurately by ?\s&s
 ( s*ool-boys4 ,he !re=e ass]ts1        
positively1 t !re are no l9es )\t       
bread?1 & comes to ! foll[+ extraord9>y 
conclusions3      ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! bread?
 ( ! fa9te/ l9e is s slight z to     be 
incapable ( measurem5t1 except by an    
in/rum5t "u !     microscope1 x foll[s t
 ! assumption t !re c be l9es     )\t   
bread? is s ne>ly true t our s5ses1 :5  
unassi/$     by art1 c n detect ! error4
 ,=m]ly1 & until ! inv5tion     ( !     
micromet]1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 x 0     
impossible to     detect x at all4      
,h5ce1 ! conclusions ( ! geometrician   
approximate s closely to tru? t we are  

ju/ifi$ 9 accept+     !m z true4 ,! flaw
 is too m9ute to be p]ceiv$4 ,b t !re   
is a flaw appe>s to me c]ta94 ,x appe>s 
c]ta9 t1 :5ev]     some?+ is kept back 9
 ! premises1 some?+ mu/ be want+ 9     !
 conclusion4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! field (
 inquiry has n be5     entirely cov]$2 &
 "p ( ! prelim9>y facts be+             
suppress$1 x mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be admitt$ t  
complete tru? be     unatta9able1 & t no
 problem 9 geometry has be5 exhau/ively 
solv$4#e  ,! fallacy :i* und]lies ,mr4  
,buckle's cont5tion is ?us cle>ly expos$
 by ! au?or ( ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (     
,hell4      ,if x be conc$$ t l9es h    
bread?1 !n all we h to d     is to      
assign "s def9ite bread? to ea* l9e--say
 !     "o-?\s&? ( an in*--& all[ = x4 ,b
 ! l9es ( !     geomet] h no bread?4    
,all ! micromet]s ( :i* ,mr4 ,buckle    
speaks dep5d1 ei!r directly or          
indirectly1 ^u l9es = _!                
graduations1 & ! positions ( ^! l9es are
 indicat$ by     rul+s or scrat*es4 ,n[1
 9 ev5 ! f9e/ ( ^! rul+s1 z1     =      

example1 ^? ( ,nob]t or ,fasoldt1 :]e ! 
rul+ or     scrat*+1 toge!r ) its       
accompany+ space1 am\nts to no m     ?an
 ! "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 
!     scrat* has a p]ceptible bread?4 ,b
 ?is broad scrat* is n !     l9e        
recogniz$ by ! microscopi/1 to say no?+ 
( ! geomet]4     ,! true l9e is a l9e   
:i* lies 9 ! v c5t] ( ?is     scrat* & x
 is c]ta9 t ?is c5tral l9e has          
absolutely no     bread? at all4#f  ,x  
mu/ be v evid5t t if ,mr4 ,buckle's     
cont5tion t geometrical l9es h bread? 7 
true1 !n "s ( ! fundam5tal axioms (     
geometry mu/ be false4 ,x c\ld no long] 
hold true t ! :ole is equal to all its  
p>ts tak5 toge!r1 = if we divide a squ>e
 or a circle into two p>ts by means ( a 
l9e :i* has bread?1 ! two p>ts _c be    
equal to ! :ole z x =m]ly 04 ,z a matt] 
( fact1 ,mr4 ,buckle's l9es are         
saw-cuts1 n geometrical l9es4           
,geometrical po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces1 h 
no mat]ial exi/5ce & c h none4 ,an ideal
 conception & a mat]ial exi/5ce are two 

v diff]5t ?+s4  ,a v int]e/+ book#g has 
be5 writt5 on ! movem5ts & feel+s ( !   
inhabitants ( a _w ( two dim5sions4     
,nev]!less1 if we "k any?+ at all1 we "k
 t su* a _w c\ld n h any actual exi/5ce 
& :5 we attempt to =m any m5tal         
conception ( x & its inhabitants1 we are
 compell$ to adopt1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! 
idea ( ! ?ird dim5sion4  ,b at ! same "t
 we mu/ rememb] t s9ce ! ord9>y me*anic 
& ! s*ool-boy :o has /udi$ geometry1 f9d
 no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ( po9ts )\t   
magnitude1 l9es )\t bread?1 & surfaces  
)\t ?ickness--conceptions :i* seem to h 
be5 impossible to ,buckle1 a man (      
ackn[l$g$ ability--x may be possible t  
m9ds con/itut$ slightly diff]5tly f t ( 
myself & "s o!rs1 might1 p]haps1 be able
 to =m a conception ( a f\r? dim5sion4  
,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! speculations
 ( ^? :o h wov5 ?is idea into romances &
 day-dreams we f9d t ! hypo!sis ( a f\r?
 dim5sion has be5 pres5t$ by two v      
diff]5t classes ( ?9k]s1 & ! discussion 
has be5 c>ri$ on f two v diff]5t        

/&po9ts4  ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( ?is       
hypo!sis seems to h come f ,kant &      
,gauss & to h _h a purely metaphysical  
orig91 =1 al?\gh attempts h be5 made to 
trace ! idea back to ! fam\s phantoms ( 
,plato1 x is evid5t t ! ideas !n advanc$
 _h no?+ 9 common ) ! mod]n !ory ( !    
exi/5ce ( a f\r? dim5sion4 ,! fir/ h9t  
seems to h be5 a purely ma!matical "o & 
did n attract any v g5]al att5tion4 ,x  
01 h[ev]1 seiz$ ^u by a c]ta9 bran* ( ! 
transc5d5tali/s1 closely alli$ to !     
spirituali/s1 & 0 exploit$ by !m z a    
possible explanation ( "s curi\s &      
my/]i\s ph5om5a & feats exhibit$ by     
c]ta9 ,indian & ,european devotees4 ,?is
 may h be5 done m]ely = ! purpose (     
my/ify+ & conf\nd+ _! adv]s>ies by br++ 
=w>d a /rik+ illu/ration ( ,hamlet's    
fam\s dictum--      ,!re are m ?+s 9    
heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1     ,?an are     
dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4  ,a v fair   
/atem5t ( ?is view is ?us giv5 by ,edw>d
 ,c>p5t]3#h      ,!re is ano!r idea :i* 
mod]n sci5ce has be5 famili>iz+     u )1

 & :i* is br++ u t[>ds ! same           
conception--t1     namely1 ( ! f\r?     
dim5sion4 ,! supposition t ! actual     
_w has f\r space-dim5sions in/ead ( ?ree
 makes _m ?+s     conceivable :i*       
o!rwise w\ld be incr$ible4 ,x makes x   
conceivable t app>5tly sep>ate objects1 
e4 g41 di/9ct     p1 are really         
physically unit$2 t ?+s app>5tly        
sund]$ by enorm\s di/ances ( space are  
really q toge!r2     t a p]son or o!r   
object might pass 9 & out ( a clos$ room
     )\t di/urbance ( walls1 doors or   
w9d[s1 etc41 & if ?is     f\r? dim5sion 
7 to become a factor ( our consci\sness 
x is     obvi\s t we %\ld h means ( k   
:i*1 to !     ord9>y s5se1 w\ld appe>   
simply miracul\s4 ,!re is mu*1          
app>5tly1 to sugge/ t ! consci\sness    
atta9$ to by !     ,indian gnanis 9 _!  
degree1 & by hypnotic subjects 9 !irs1  
is ( ?is f\r? dim5sional ord]4      ,z a
 solid is relat$ to its own surface1 s1 
x w\ld appe>1 is     ! cosmic           
consci\sness relat$ to ! ord9>y         

consci\sness4 ,!     phases ( ! p]sonal 
consci\sness are b diff]5t facets ( !   
o!r consci\sness2 & exp]i5ces :i* seem  
remote f ea*     o!r 9 ! individual are 
p]haps all equally ne> 9 !     univ]sal4
 ,space itself1 z we "k x1 may be       
practically     annihilat$ 9 !          
consci\sness ( a l>g] space1 ( :i* x is 
b ! sup]ficies2 & a p]son liv+ 9 ,london
 may n unlikely     f9d t he has a back 
door op5+ q simply &     unc]emoni\sly  
out 9 ,bombay4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !         
ma!maticians1 look+ at x z a purely     
speculative idea1 h endeavor$ to arrive 
at def9ite conclusions 9 reg>d to :at   
w\ld be ! condition ( ?+s if ! univ]se  
really exi/s 9 a f\r?1 or ev5 9 "s high]
 dim5sion4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,w4 ,r4 ,ball  
tells u t      ! conception ( a _w ( m  
?an ?ree dim5sions is     facilitat$ by 
! fact t !re is no difficulty 9 imag9+ a
     _w conf9$ to only two              
dim5sions--:i* we may take =            
simplicity to be plane--?\gh equally    
well x might be a sph]ical     or o!r   

surface4 ,we may picture ! inhabitants (
 flatl& z     mov+ ei!r on ! surface ( a
 plane or betwe5 two p>allel &          
adjac5t planes4 ,!y c\ld move 9 any     
direction along ! plane1     b !y c\ld n
 move p]p5dicul>ly to x1 & w\ld h no    
consci\sness t su* a motion 0 possible4 
,we may suppose !m     to h no ?ickness1
 9 :i* case !y w\ld be m]e geometrical  
ab/ractions2 or we may ?9k ( !m z hav+ a
 small b uni=m     ?ickness1 9 :i* case 
!y w\ld be realities4                   
4       4       4       4       4       
,if an inhabitant ( flatl& 0 able to    
move 9 ?ree dim5sions1     he w\ld be   
cr$it$ ) sup]natural p[]s by ^? :o 7    
unable s to move2 = he c\ld appe> or    
disappe> at w2 c\ld     7s f> z !y c\ld 
tell7 create matt] or de/roy x1 & w\ld  
be free f s _m con/ra9ts to :i* ! o!r   
inhabitants 7     subject t 8 actions   
w\ld be inexplicable to !m4             
4       4       4       4       4       
,our consci\s life is 9 ?ree dim5sions1 
& naturally ! idea     occurs :e!r !re  

may n be a f\r? dim5sion4 ,no inhabitant
 (     flatl& c\ld realize :at life 9   
?ree dim5sions w\ld mean1     ?\gh1 if  
he evolv$ an analytical geometry        
applicable to ! _w     9 :i* he liv$1 he
 might be able to ext5d x s z to obta9  
results true ( t _w 9 ?ree dim5sions :i*
 w\ld be to him     unkn[n &            
inconceivable4 ,simil>ly we _c realize  
:at life 9     f\r dim5sions is l1 ?\gh 
we c use analytical geometry to         
obta9 results true ( t _w1 or ev5 (     
worlds ( high]     dim5sions4 ,moreov]1 
! analogy ( our position to !           
inhabitants     ( flatl& enables u to =m
 "s idea ( h[ inhabitants (     space ( 
f\r dim5sions w\ld reg>d u4             
4       4       4       4       4       
,if a f9ite solid 0 pass$ sl[ly ?r\gh   
flatl&1 !     inhabitants w\ld be       
consci\s only ( t "p ( x :i* 0 9     _! 
plane4 ,?us !y w\ld see ! %ape ( !      
object gradually     *ange & ultimately 
vani%4 ,9 ! same way1 if a body ( f\r   
dim5sions 0 pass$ ?r\gh our space1 we   

%\ld be consci\s (     x only z a solid 
body 7namely1 ! section ( ! body by our 
space7 ^: =m & appe>ance gradually *ang$
 & p]haps     ultimately vani%$4 ,x has 
be5 sugge/$ t ! bir?1 gr[?1     life1 & 
dea? ( animals1 may be expla9$ ?us z !  
passage (     f9ite f\r-dim5sional      
bodies ?r\gh our ?ree-dim5sional space4 
,attempts h be5 made to con/ruct draw+s 
& models %[+ a f\r-dim5sional body4 ,!  
success ( su* attempts has n be5 v      
enc\rag+4  ,inve/igators ( ?is class    
look ^u ! actuality ( a f\r? dim5sion z 
an unsolv$ "q1 b !y hold t1 provid$ we  
c\ld see our way cle> to adopt x1 x w\ld
 op5 up wondr\s possibilities 9 ! way ( 
expla9+ ab/ruse & hi!rto inexplicable   
physical conditions & ph5om5a4  ,!re is 
obvi\sly no limit to su* speculations1  
provid$ we assume ! exi/5ce ( su*       
conditions z are ne$$ = our purpose4    
,too (t51 h[ev]1 ^? :o indulge 9 su*    
day-dreams beg9 by assum+ ! impossible1 
& end by imag9+ ! absurd4  ,we h s      
little positive k 9 reg>d to ! ultimate 

con/itution ( matt] & ev5 9 reg>d to !  
actual "* ( ! objects ar\nd u1 :i* are  
reveal$ to u ?r\gh our s5ses1 t ! field 
9 :i* our imag9ation may revel is       
b\ndless4 ,p]haps "s day ! humanity ( ! 
pres5t w m]ge itself into a new race1   
end[$ ) new s5ses1 ^: revelations are to
 u1 = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 utt]ly         
inconceivable4  ,! possibility ( su* a  
developm5t may be r5d]$ m cle> if we    
imag9e ! exi/5ce ( a race devoid ( !    
s5se ( he>+1 & )\t ! organs necess>y to 
t s5se4 ,!y c]ta9ly c\ld =m no idea (   
s\nd1 f> less c\ld !y enjoy music or    
oratory1 su* z af=d u s mu* delight4 ,&1
 if "o or m ( our race %\ld visit ^! p1 
h[ v /range to !m w\ld appe> ^? curi\s  
app5dages1 call$ e>s1 :i* project f !   
sides ( our heads1 & h[ inexplicable to 
!m w\ld be ! movem5ts & expressions (   
intellig5ce :i* we %[ :5 we talk or s+8 
,x is c]ta9 t no developm5t ( ! physical
 or ma!matical sci5ces c\ld give !m any 
idea :atev] ( ! s5sations :i* s\nd1 9   
its v>i\s modifications1 imp>ts to u1 & 

nei!r c any progress 9 t direction      
enable u to acquire any idea ( !        
revelations :i* a new s5se might op5 up 
to u4 ,nev]!less1 x seems to me t !     
developm5t ( new s5ses & new s5se organs
 is n only m likely to be possible1 b t 
x is actually m probable1 ?an any       
revelation 9 reg>d to a f\r? dim5sion4  
,,footnotes3  #e ,hi/ory ( ,civilization
 9 ,engl&4 ,am]ican edition1 ,vol4 ,,ii1
 page #cdb4  #f ,! ,natural ,hi/ory (   
,hell1 by ,john ,phillipson1 page #cg4  
#g ,flatl&1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,abbott4 ,london1
 #ahhd4  #h ,f ,adam's ,peak to         
,elephanta-- page #afj4     ,,h[ ,a     
,,space ,,may ,,be ,,app>5tly ,,enl>g$  
,,by ,,*ang+ ,,its ,,%ape   ,! foll[+ is
 a curi\s illu/ration ( ! errors to :i* 
c>eless obs]v]s may be subject3  ,draw a
 squ>e1 l ,fig4 #ai1 & divide ! sides   
into #h p>ts ea*4 ,jo9 ! po9ts (        
division 9 opposite sides s z to divide 
! :ole squ>e into #fd small squ>es4 ,!n 
draw ! l9es %[n 9 black & cut up ! draw+
 into f\r pieces4 ,! l9es indicat+ !    

cuts h be5 made q heavy s z to %[ up    
cle>ly1 b on ! actual c>d !y may be made
 q light4 ,n[1 put ! f\r pieces toge!r1 
s z to =m ! rectangle %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4  
,unless ! scale1 to :i* ! draw+ is made 
is q l>ge & ! "w v accurate1 x w seem t 
! rectangle conta9s #e squ>es "o way &  
#ac ! o!r :i*1 :5 multipli$ toge!r1 give
 #fe = ! numb] ( small squ>es1 be+ an   
app>5t ga9 ( "o squ>e by ! simple       
process ( cutt+4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4   
#ai4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4  ,?is    
p>adox is v apt to puzzle ^? :o are n   
famili> ) accurate draw+s4 ,( c\rse1 e  
p]son ( common s5se kn[s t ! c>d or     
draw+ is n made any l>g] by cutt+ x1 b  
:]e does ! #fe? small squ>e come f8  ,on
 c>eful exam9ation x w be se5 t ! l9e   
,,ab1 ,fig4 #bj1 is n q /raight & ! ?ree
 p>ts into :i* x is divid$ are ?us      
enabl$ to ga9 en\gh to make "o ( ! small
 squ>es4 ,on a small scale ?is deviation
 f ! /raight l9e is n v obvi\s1 b make a
 l>g] draw+1 & make x c>efully1 & x w   
readily be se5 h[ ! trick is done4      

,,c ,a ,,man ,,lift ,,himself ,,by ,,!  
,,/raps ,,( ,,8 ,,boots8   ,i ?9k x 0 ! 
eld] ,/eph5son1 ! fam\s eng9e]1 :o told 
a man :o claim$ ! honor ( hav+ inv5t$ a 
p]petual motion1 t :5 he c\ld lift      
himself ov] a f5ce by tak+ hold ( 8     
wai/-b&1 he might hope to accompli% 8   
object4 ,& ! qu]y :i* s]ves z a title = 
?is article has long be5 prop\nd$ z "o (
 ! physical impossibilities4 ,& yet1    
p]haps1 x might be possible to inv5t a  
wai/-b& or a boot-/rap by :i* ?is       
app>5tly impossible feat might be       
accompli%$6  ,travel]s 9 ,mexico        
frequ5tly br+ home beans :i* jump ab\t  
:5 laid on a table4 ,!y are well-kn[n z 
jump+ beans & h (t5 be5 a puzzle to ^?  
:o 7 n famili> ) ! facts 9 ! case4 ,ea* 
bean conta9s ! l>va ( a species ( beetle
 & ?is af=ds a clue to ! secret4 ,b ! "q
 at once comes up3 ,h[ is ! insect able 
to move1 n only itself1 b its h\se z    
well1 )\t "s pur*ase or direct contact )
 ! table8  ,! explanation is simple4 ,! 
holl[ bean is ela/ic & ! insect has     

/r5g? en\gh to b5d x slightly2 :5 !     
insect sudd5ly relaxes its ef=t & all[s 
! bean to spr+ back to its =m] %ape1 !  
reaction on ! table moves ! bean4 ,a man
 plac$ 9 a p]fectly rigid box c\ld nev] 
move himself by press+ on ! sides1 b if 
! box 7 ela/ic & c\ld be b5t by ! /r5g? 
( ! man inside1 x might be made to move4
  ,a some:at analog\s result1 b dep5d+  
on diff]5t pr9ciples1 is atta9$ 9 c]ta9 
curi\s boat races :i* are held at "s    
,engli% regattas & :i* is expla9$ by    
,pr(4 ,w4 ,w4 ,r\se ,ball1 9 8          
,ma!matical ,recreations & ,problems4   
,he says t x      af=ds a some:at curi\s
 illu/ration ( ! fact t commonly a      
boat is built s z to make ! resi/ance to
 motion /raight     =w>d less ?an t to  
motion 9 ! opposite direction4      ,!  
only ?+ suppli$ to ! crew is a coil (   
rope1 & !y     h 7)\t leav+ ! boat7 to  
propel x f "o po9t to     ano!r z       
rapidly z possible4 ,! motion is giv5 by
 ty+ "o end     ( ! rope to ! aft]?w>t1 
& giv+ ! o!r end a s]ies (     viol5t   

j]ks 9 a direction p>allel to ! keel4   
,! effect ( ea* j]k is to compress !    
boat4 ,left to itself !     boat t5ds to
 resume its orig9al %ape1 b ! resi/ance 
to !     motion ?r\gh ! wat] ( ! /]n is 
mu* great] ?an t (     ! b[1 h5ce1 on ! 
:ole1 ! motion is =w>ds4 ,i am told t   
9 /ill wat] a pace ( two or ?ree miles  
an h\r c be ?us     atta9$4     ,,h[ ,a 
,,spid] ,,lift$ ,a ,,snake   ,"o ( ! mo/
 int]e/+ books 9 natural hi/ory is a "w 
on ,insect ,ar*itecture1 by ,r5nie4 ,b  
if ! ar*itecture ( insect homes is      
wond]ful1 ! eng9e]+ display$ by ^!      
creatures is equally m>vell\s4 ,long    
be=e man _h ?\ght ( ! saw1 ! saw-fly _h 
us$ ! same tool1 made aft] ! same       
fa%ion1 & us$ 9 ! same way = ! purpose (
 mak+ slits 9 ! bran*es ( trees s t %e  
might h a secure place 9 :i* to deposit 
h] eggs4 ,! c>p5t] bee1 ) only ! tools  
:i* nature has giv5 h]1 cuts a r\nd     
hole1 ! full diamet] ( h] body1 ?r\gh   
?ick bo>ds1 & s makes a tunnel by :i* %e
 c h a safe retreat1 9 :i* to re> h] "y4

 ,! tumble-bug1 )\t d]rick or ma*9]y1   
rolls ov] l>ge masses ( dirt _m times h]
 own weight1 & ! sexton beetle w1 9 a   
few h\rs1 bury b5ea? ! gr\nd ! c>cass ( 
a comp>atively l>ge animal4 ,all ^!     
feats require a degree ( in/9ct :i* 9 a 
reason+ creature w\ld be call$ eng9e]+  
skill1 b none ( !m are z wond]ful z !   
feats p]=m$ by ! spid]4 ,?is extraord9>y
 little animal has ! faculty ( propell+ 
h] ?reads directly aga9/ ! w9d1 & by    
means ( h] sl5d] cords %e c haul up &   
susp5d bodies :i* are _m times h] own   
weight4  ,"s ye>s ago a p>agraph w5t !  
r\nds ( ! pap]s 9 :i* x 0 said t a spid]
 _h susp5d$ an un=tunate m\se1 rais+ x  
up f ! gr\nd1 & leav+ x to p]i% mis]ably
 betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,w\ld-be           
philosoph]s made great fun ( ?is        
/atem5t1 & ridicul$ x unm]cifully4 ,i "k
 n h[ true x 01 b ,i "k t x might h be5 
true4  ,"s ye>s ago1 9 ! village (      
,havana1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 a spid]
 entangl$ a milk-snake 9 h] ?reads1 &   
actually rais$ x "s di/ance f ! gr\nd1 &

 ?is1 too1 9 spite ( ! /ruggles ( !     
reptile1 :i* 0 alive4  ,by :at process (
 eng9e]+ did ! comp>atively small &     
feeble insect succe$ 9 ov]com+ & lift+  
up by me*anical means1 ! m\se or !      
snake8 ,! solution is easy en\gh if we  
only give ! "q a little ?\ght4  ,! spid]
 is furni%$ ) "o ( ! mo/ effici5t       
me*anical implem5ts kn[n to eng9e]s1    
viz41 a /rong ela/ic ?read4 ,t ! ?read  
is /rong is well kn[n4 ,inde$1 !re are  
few sub/ances t w support a great] /ra9 
?an ! silk ( ! silkworm1 or ! spid]2    
c>eful exp]im5t hav+ %[n t = equal sizes
 ! /r5g? ( ^! fib]s exce$s t ( common   
iron4 ,b not)/&+ its /r5g?1 ! spid]'s   
?read alone w\ld be useless z a         
me*anical p[] if x 7 n = its ela/icity4 
,! spid] has no blocks or pulleys1 &1   
!re=e1 x _c cause ! ?read to divide up &
 run 9 diff]5t directions1 b ! ela/icity
 ( ! ?read m ?an makes up = ?is1 & r5d]s
 possible ! lift+ ( an animal mu* heavi]
 ?an a m\se or a snake4 ,?is may require
 a little explanation4  ,let u suppose t

 a *ild c lift a six-p\nd weight "o foot
 high & d ?is tw5ty times a m9ute4      
,furni% him ) #cej rubb] b&s1 ea*       
capable ( pull+ six p\nds ?r\gh "o foot 
:5 /ret*$4 ,let ^! b&s be atta*$ to a   
wood5 plat=m on :i* /& a pair ( horses  
weigh+ #b1ajj lbs41 or r m ?an a ton4   
,if n[ ! *ild w g to "w & /ret* ^! rubb]
 b&s1 s+ly1 hook+ ea* "o up1 z x is     
/ret*$1 9 less ?an tw5ty m9utes he w h  
rais$ ! pair ( horses "o foot6  ,we ?us 
see t ! ela/icity ( ! rubb] b&s enables 
! *ild to divide ! weight ( ! horses    
into #cej pieces ( six p\nds ea*1 & at !
 rate ( a little less ?an "o e ?ree     
seconds1 he lifts all ^! sep>ate pieces 
"o foot1 s t ! *ild easily lifts ?is    
enorm\s weight4  ,ea* spid]'s ?read acts
 l "o ( ! ela/ic rubb] b&s4 ,let u      
suppose t ! m\se or ! snake weigh$ half 
an ounce & t ea* ?read is capable (     
support+ a gra9 & a half4 ,! spid] w\ld 
h to connect ! m\se ) ! po9t f :i* x 0  
to be susp5d$ ) #aej ?reads1 & if !     
little quadrup$ 0 once swung (f 8 feet1 

he w\ld be p[]less4 ,by pull+           
successively on ea* ?read & %ort5+ x a  
little1 ! m\se or snake might be rais$  
to any height )9 ! capacity ( ! build+  
or /ructure 9 :i* ! "w 0 done4 ,s t to  
^? :o h ridicul$ ! /ory we may ju/ly    
say3 ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an   
are dream$ ( 9 y\r philosophy4  ,:at    
object ! spid] c\ld h _h 9 ?is "w ,i am 
unable to see4 ,x may h be5 a dread ( ! 
h>m :i* ! m\se or snake might "w1 or x  
may h be5 ! hope t ! decay+ c>cass w\ld 
attract flies :i* w\ld furni% food = !  
eng9e]4 ,i c v\* = ! tru? ( ! snake     
/ory1 h[ev]1 & ! object ( ?is article is
 to expla9 & r5d] cr$ible a v           
extraord9>y feat ( insect eng9e]+4      
,,h[ ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,may ,,be ,,made ,,to  
,,move ,,backw>d ,,on ,,! ,,sun-,,dial  
,9 ! tw5tie? *apt] ( ,,ii ,k+s1 at !    
elev5? v]se we read1 t ,isaiah ! prophet
 cri$ unto ! ,"l1 & he br\ght ! %ad[ t5 
degrees backw>d1 by :i* x _h gone d[n 9 
! dial ( ,ahaz4  ,x is a curi\s fact1   
fir/ po9t$ out by ,nonez1 ! fam\s       

cosmograph] & ma!matician ( ! sixte5?   
c5tury1 b n g5]ally kn[n1 t by tilt+ a  
sun-dial ?r\gh ! prop] angle1 ! %ad[ at 
c]ta9 p]iods ( ! ye> c be made1 = a %ort
 "t1 to move backw>ds on ! dial4 ,?is 0 
us$ by ! ,fr5* encyclopa$i/s z a        
rationali/ic explanation ( ! miracle :i*
 is relat$ at ! op5+ ( ?is article4  ,! 
read] :o is curi\s 9 su* matt]s w f9d   
directions = con/ruct+ a dial1 = any    
latitude1 on :i* ! %ad[ %all retrograde 
or move backw>ds1 9 ,ozanam's           
,recreations 9 ,sci5ce & ,natural       
,philosophy1 ,riddle's edition1 page    
#ebi4 ,pr(essor ,ball 9 8 ,ma!matical   
,recreations1 page #bad1 gives a v cle> 
explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! subject is 
some:at too te*nical = ^! pages4        
,,h[ ,a ,,wat* ,,may ,,be ,,us$ ,,z ,a  
,,compass   ,sev]al ye>s ago a          
correspond5t ( ,tru? 7,london7 gave !   
foll[+ simple directions = f9d+ ! po9ts 
( ! compass by means ( ! ord9>y pocket  
wat*3 ,po9t ! h\r h& to ! sun1 & s\? is 
exactly half way betwe5 ! h\r h& &      

twelve on ! wat*1 c\nt+ =w>d up to noon1
 b backw>d aft] ! sun has pass$ !       
m]idian4  ,pr(essor ,ball1 9 8          
,ma!matical ,recreations & ,problems1   
gives m complete directions &           
explanations4 ,he says3      ,! position
 ( ! sun relative to ! po9ts ( ! compass
     det]m9es ! sol> "t4 ,conv]sely1 if 
we take ! "t giv5 by     a wat* z be+ ! 
sol> "t 7& x w diff] f x only by     a  
few m9utes at ! mo/71 & we obs]ve !     
position ( ! sun1     we c f9d ! po9ts (
 ! compass4 ,to d ?is x is suffici5t    
to po9t ! h\r-h& to ! sun & !n !        
direction :i*     bisects ! angle betwe5
 ! h\r & ! figure ,,xii w po9t due      
s\?4 ,= in/ance1 if x is f\r o'clock 9 !
 aft]noon1 x is     suffici5t to po9t ! 
h\r-h& 7:i* is !n at ! figure ,,iiii7   
to ! sun1 & ! figure ,,ii on ! wat* w   
indicate !     direction ( s\?4 ,aga91  
if x is eight o'clock 9 ! morn+1 we     
mu/ po9t ! h\r-h& 7:i* is !n at ! figure
 ,,viii7 to !     sun1 & ! figure ,x on 
! wat* gives ! s\? po9t ( !     compass4

      ,betwe5 ! h\rs ( six 9 ! morn+ &  
six 9 ! ev5+ !     angle betwe5 ! h\r & 
,,xii1 :i* mu/ be bisect$ is less ?an   
#ahj degrees1 b at o!r times ! angle to 
be bisect$ is great]     ?an #ahj       
degrees2 or p]haps x is simpl] to say t 
at o!r     times ! rule gives ! nor?    
po9t & n ! s\? po9t4      ,! reason is z
 foll[s3 ,at noon ! sun is due s\?1 & x 
makes "o complete circuit r\nd ! po9ts (
 ! compass 9 #bd     h\rs4 ,! h\r-h& ( a
 wat* also makes "o complete circuit 9  
#ab h\rs4 ,h5ce1 if ! wat* is held ) its
 face 9 ! plane (     ! ecliptic1 & !   
figure ,,xii on ! dial is po9t$ to !    
s\?1 bo? ! h\r-h& & ! sun w be 9 t      
direction at     noon4 ,bo? move r\nd 9 
! same direction1 b ! angul>            
velocity ( ! h\r-h& is twice z great z t
 ( ! sun4     ,h5ce ! rule4 ,! greate/  
error due to ! neglect ( !     equation 
( "t is less ?an #b degrees4 ,( c\rse1 9
 practice1     mo/ p w\ld hold ! face ( 
! wat* horizontal1 & 9 our     latitude 
7t ( ,london7 no s]i\s error w\ld ?us be

 introduc$4      ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1  
or 9 any tropical c\ntry :]e at     noon
 ! sun is due nor?1 ! rule w give ! nor?
 po9t     in/ead ( ! s\?4               
,,micrography ,,or ,,m9ute ,,writ+ ,,&  
,,microphotography   ,m9ute works ( art 
h always excit$ ! curiosity & comm&$ !  
admiration ( ! av]age man4 ,consequ5tly 
,cic]o ?\ght x wor? :ile to record t !  
entire ,iliad ( ,hom] _h be5 writt5 ^u  
p>*m5t 9 *>act]s s f9e t ! copy c\ld be 
enclos$ 9 a nut%ell4 ,?is has always be5
 reg>d$ z a m>vel\s feat4  ,!re is 9 !  
,fr5* ,cab9et ( ,m$als a seal1 said to h
 belong$ to ,mi*ael ,angelo1 !          
fabrication ( :i* mu/ date f a v remote 
epo*1 & ^u :i* fifte5 figures h be5     
engrav$ 9 a circul> space ( f\rte5      
millimet]s 74#ee in*7 9 diamet]4 ,^!    
figures _c be di/+ui%$ by ! nak$ eye4   
,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts h be5 engrav$ 9       
*>act]s s f9e t !y c\ld be /amp$ ^u "o  
side ( a nickle five-c5t piece1 & on    
sev]al occasions ! ,"l's ,pray] has be5 
engrav$ on "o side ( a gold doll>1 !    

diamet] ( :i* is six-t5?s ( an in*4 ,i h
 also se5 x writt5 ) a p5 )9 a circle   
:i* measur$ f\r-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4
  ,9 ! ,h>leian manuscript1 #ecj1 !re is
 an acc\nt ( a r>e piece ( "w1 br\ght to
 pass by ,pet] ,bales1 an ,engli%man1 & 
a cl]k ( ! *anc]y4 ,d',israeli tells u t
 x 0 ,! :ole ,bible 9 an ,engli% walnut1
 no bigg] ?an a h5's egg4 ,! nut holde? 
! book3 !re are z _m leaves 9 8 little  
book z 9 ! great ,bible1 & he ha? writt5
 z mu* 9 "o ( 8 little leaves z a great 
leaf ( ! ,bible4  ,by mo/ p1 su*        
a*ievem5ts are consid]$ m>vels ( skill1 
& ! newspap] acc\nts ( !m :i* are       
publi%$ always attract special att5tion4
 ,& x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t su* "w requires
 good eyes1 /eady n]ves1 & v delicate   
control ( ! muscles4 ,b ) ord9>y writ+  
mat]ials !re are c]ta9 me*anical        
limitations :i* mu/ prev5t ev5 ! mo/    
skilful f go+ v f> 9 ?is direction4 ,^! 
limitations are impos$ by ! fib] or gra9
 ( ! pap] & ! con/ruction ( ! ord9>y p51
 nei!r ( :i* c be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 v

 mod]ate degree ( f95ess4 ,( c\rse1 !   
pap] t is *os5 w be select$ on acc\nt ( 
its h>d1 ev5-gra9$ surface1 & ! p5 w be 
*os5 on acc\nt ( ! quality ( its mat]ial
 & its %ape1 & ! po9t is always c>efully
 dress$ on a :et/one s z to h bo? halves
 ( ! nib equal 9 /r5g? & l5g?1 & ! ends 
smoo? & delicate4 ,:5 due prep>ation has
 be5 made1 & :5 ! eyes & n]ves ( ! writ]
 are 9 good condition1 ! smallness ( !  
di/9ctly readable lett]s t may be       
produc$ is wond]ful4 ,& 9 ?is connection
 x is an int]e/+ fact t 9 _m me*anical  
op]ations1 writ+ includ$1 ! h& is f> m  
delicate ?an ! eye4 ,t :i* ! unaid$ eye 
c see to write1 ! unaid$ eye c see to   
read1 b ! h&1 )\t ! assi/ance or        
guidance ( ! eye1 c produce writ+ s     
m9ute t ! be/ eyes _c see to read x1 &  
yet1 :5 view$ "u a microscope1 x is f\nd
 to comp>e favorably ) ! be/ writ+ (    
ord9>y size4 ,& ^? :o are conv]sant ) ! 
m delicate op]ations ( practical        
me*anics1 "k t ?is is no exceptional    
case4 ,! only aid giv5 by ! eye 9 ! case

 ( su* m9ute writ+ is ! arrangem5t ( !  
l9es1 o!rwise ! writ+ c\ld be done z    
well ) ! eyes %ut z op54  ,s9ce !       
me*anical limitations :i* we h not$     
prev5t u f go+ v f> ) ! in/rum5ts &     
mat]ials m5tion$1 ! next /ep is to adopt
 a f9] surface & a %>p] po9t4 ,^!       
conditions may be f\nd 9 ! f9e glaz$    
c>ds & ! metal p5cils or /yles us$ by   
c>d writ]s4 ,9 ^! c>ds ! surface is     
ne>ly homog5e\s1 t is to say1 free f    
fib]s1 & ! po9t ( ! metal p5cil may be  
made z %>p z a ne$le1 b to utilize ^!   
conditions to ! fulle/ ext5t1 x is      
necess>y to aid ! eye1 & a magnifi] is1 
!re=e1 br\ght into use4 ,"u a p[]ful    
glass ! h& may be s guid$ by ! eye t !  
writ+ produc$ _c be read by ! unaid$    
vision4  ,! specim5s ( f9e writ+ ?us f> 
describ$ h be5 produc$ directly by ! h& 
"u ! guidance ei!r ( a magnifi] or !    
simple s5se ( motion4 ,j h[ f> x w\ld be
 possible to g by ^! means has nev] be5 
det]m9$1 s f> z ,i "k1 b ^? :o h exam9$ 
! specim5s ( select$ diatoms & insect   

scales 9 :i* objects t are utt]ly       
invisible to ! nak$ eye are arrang$ )   
great accuracy s z to =m ! mo/ beautiful
 figures1 c readily believe t a         
comb9ation ( microscopical dext]ity &   
skill 9 p5man%ip might easily g f>      
beyond any?+ t has yet be5 accompli%$ 9 
?is direction1 ei!r 9 anci5t or mod]n   
times4  ,b by means ( a v simple        
me*anical arrangem5t1 ! motion ( ! h& 9 
e direction may be accurately r$uc$ or  
enl>g$ to almo/ any ext5t1 & x ?us      
becomes possible to =m lett]s :i* are   
inconceivably small4 ,! in/rum5t by :i* 
?is is accompli%$ is kn[n z a           
pantagraph1 & x has1 )9 a few ye>s1     
become q popul> z a means ( r$uc+ or    
enl>g+ pictures ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+   
crayon reproductions ( photographs4 ,its
 con/ruction & use are1 !re=e1 v g5]ally
 und]/ood4 ,x 0 by means ( a v          
f9ely-made in/rum5t embody+ ! pr9ciples 
( ! pantagraph t ! extraord9>ily f9e "w 
:i* we are ab\t to describe 0           
accompli%$4  ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t 9   

ord] to produce v f9e writ+ we mu/ use a
 v f9e p5 or po9t & ! f9] ! po9t ! soon]
 does x we> out1 s t 9 a v %ort "t !    
l9es :i* g to =m ! lett]s become ?ick & 
blurr$ & ! "w is r5d]$ illegible4 ,z a  
consequ5ce ( ?is1 :5 ! f9e/ specim5s (  
writ+ are requir$1 x is necess>y to     
ab&on ! use ( ord9>y po9ts & surfaces & 
to resort to ! use ( ! diamond = a p51 &
 glass = a surface ^u :i* to write4 ,"o 
( ! e>lie/ attempts 9 ?is direction 0 t 
( ,m4 ,from5t1 ( ,p>is1 :o engrav$ on   
glass1 )9 a circle1 ! "o-?irtie? ( an   
in* 9 diamet]1 ! ,coat ( ,arms (        
,engl&--lion1 unicorn1 & cr[n--) !      
foll[+ inscription1 p>tly 9 ,roman      
lett]s1 p>tly 9 script3 ,honi soit qui  
mal y p5se1 ,h] ,mo/ ,graci\s ,maje/y1  
,que5 ,victoria1 & ,8 ,royal ,highness1 
,pr9ce ,alb]t1 ,dieu et mon droit4      
,writt5 on occasion ( ! ,great          
,exhibition1 by ,from5t1 a ,p>is1 #ahea4
  ,! late ,dr4 ,b>n>d1 ,presid5t (      
,columbia ,college1 _h 9 8 possession a 
copy ( ! device borne by ! seal (       

,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 execut$ 
= him by ,m4 ,dum\l9-,from5t1 )9 a      
circle less ?an ?ree "o-hundr$?s ( an   
in* 9 diamet]1 9 :i* are embrac$ f\r    
human figures & v>i\s o!r objects1      
toge!r ) inscriptions 9 ,lat91 ,greek1 &
 ,hebrew1 all cle>ly legible4 ,9 ?is    
device ! ris+ sun is repres5t$ 9 !      
horizon1 ! diamet] ( ! disk be+ ab\t    
?ree "o-?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,?is disk has  
be5 cross-hat*$ by ! draughtsman 9 !    
orig9al design f :i* ! copy 0 made2 & ! 
copy %[s ! m>ks ( ! cross-hat*+ ) p]fect
 di/9ctness4 ,:5 ?is beautiful &        
delicate draw+ is br\ght cle>ly out by a
 suitably adju/$ illum9ation1 ! l9es    
appe> z if trac$ by a smoo? po9t 9 a    
surface ( opaque ice4  ,l>dn]1 9 8 book 
on ! ,microscope1 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 gives
 a wood cut :i* %[s ! fir/ piece (      
engrav+ magnifi$ #abj diamet]s1 b he    
said t he 0 n at lib]ty to describe !   
me?od by :i* x 0 done4 ,z happ5s 9 almo/
 all su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! v secrecy ) :i*
 ! process 0 surr\nd$ naturally /imulat$

 o!rs to rival or surpass x1 & ,mr4 ,n4 
,pet]s1 a ,london bank]1 turn$ 8        
att5tion to ! subject & soon inv5t$ a   
ma*9e :i* produc$ results f> exce$+     
any?+ t ,m4 ,from5t _h accompli%$4 ,on  
,april #be1 #ahee1 ,mr4 ,f>rants read   
be=e ! ,microscopical ,society ( ,london
 a full acc\nt ( ! ,pet]s ma*9e1 ) :i* !
 inv5tor _h writt5 ! ,"l's ,pray] 79 !  
ord9>y writ+ "*1 )\t abbreviation or    
contraction ( any k9d71 9 a space n     
exce$+ ! "o hundr$ & fifty-?\s&? ( a    
squ>e in*4 ,sev5 ye>s lat]1 ,mr4        
,f>rants1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,microscopical
 ,society1 describ$ fur!r improvem5ts 9 
! ma*9e ( ,mr4 ,pet]s1 & made ! foll[+  
/atem5t3 ,! ,"l's ,pray] has be5 writt5 
& may be read 9 ! "o-?ree hundr$ &      
fifty-six ?\s&? ( an ,engli% squ>e in*4 
,! measurem5ts ( "o ( ^! specim5s 0     
v]ifi$ by ,dr4 ,b[]bank1 ) a diff]5ce ( 
n m ?an "o five-million? ( an in*1 & t  
diff]5ce1 small z x is1 arose f 8 n     
includ+ ! prolongation ( ! lett] f 9 !  
s5t5ce 'deliv] u f evil'2 s he made !   

area occupi$ by ! writ+ less ?an t /at$ 
above4  ,"s idea ( ! m9ut5ess ( !       
*>act]s 9 ^! specim5s may be obta9$ f ! 
/atem5t t ! :ole ,bible & ,te/am5t1 9   
writ+ ( ! same size1 might be plac$     
tw5ty-two times on ! surface ( a squ>e  
in*4 ,! gr\nds = ?is />tl+ ass]tion are 
z foll[s3 ,! ,bible & ,te/am5t toge!r1 9
 ! ,engli% language1 are said to conta9 
#c1eff1dhj lett]s4 ,! numb] ( lett]s 9 !
 ,"l's ,pray]1 z writt51 end+ 9 !       
s5t5ce1 'deliv] u f evil1' is #bbc1     
:5ce1 z #c1eff1dhj divid$ by #bbc1 is   
equal to #ae1ibb1 x appe>s t ! ,bible & 
,te/am5t toge!r conta9 ! same numb] (   
lett]s z ! ,"l's ,pray] writt5 #af1jjj  
times2 if !n ! pray] 7 writt5 9         
#a-af1jjj ( an in*1 ! ,bible & ,te/am5t 
9 writ+ ( ! same size w\ld be conta9$ by
 "o squ>e in*2 b z #a-cef1jjj? ( an in* 
is "o tw5ty-second? "p ( #a-ae1ibb ( an 
in*1 x foll[s t ! ,bible & ,te/am5t1 9  
writ+ ( t size1 w\ld occupy less space  
?an "o tw5ty-second? ( a squ>e in*4  ,x 
only n[ rema9s to be se5 t1 m9ute z are 

! lett]s writt5 by ?is ma*9e1 !y are    
*>act]iz$ by a cle>ness & precision ( =m
 :i* proves t ! mov+ p>ts ( ! ma*9e1    
:ile possess+ ! utmo/ delicacy ( fre$om1
 are absolutely de/itute ( %ake1 a union
 ( requisites v difficult ( fulfilm5t1 b
 q indisp5sable to ! satisfactory       
p]=mance ( ! app>atus4  ,i h no         
in=mation 9 reg>d to ! pres5t :]eab\ts (
 any ( ! specim5s turn$ out by ,mr4     
,pet]s1 & inquiry 9 ,london1 among      
p]sons likely to "k1 has n suppli$ any  
in=mation on ! subject4  ,!re 01 h[ev]1 
ano!r micrograph]1 ,mr4 ,william ,webb1 
( ,london1 :o succe$$ 9 produc+ "s      
m>vell\s results4 ,epigrams & also !    
,"l's ,pray] writt5 9 ! "o-?\s&? "p ( a 
squ>e in* h be5 freely di/ribut$4 ,mr4  
,webb also produc$ a few copies ( !     
second *apt] ( ! ,gospel1 accord+ to ,/4
 ,john1 writt5 on ! scale ( ! :ole      
,bible1 to a little m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( 
a squ>e in*1 & ( ! ,"l's ,pray] writt5  
on ! scale ( ! :ole ,bible eight times  
on a squ>e in*4 ,mr4 ,webb di$ ab\t     

fifte5 ye>s ago1 & ,i believe he has _h 
no successor 9 ! art4 ,specim5s ( 8 "w  
are q sc>ce1 mo/ ( !m hav+ f\nd _! way  
into ! cab9ets ( public ,museums &      
,societies1 :o are unwill+ to "p ) !m4  
,! late ,dr4 ,woodw>d1 ,director ( !    
,army ,m$ical ,museum1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41
 procur$ two ( !m on special ord] = !   
,museum4 ,mr4 ,webb _h br\ght out ^! f9e
 writ+s z te/s = c]ta9 qualities ( !    
microscope1 & x 0 to s]ve z te/s =      
high-p[] objectives t ,dr4 ,woodw>d     
procur$ ! specim5s n[ 9 ! microscopical 
dep>tm5t ( ! ,museum4 ,i am s =tunate z 
to h 9 my possession two specim5's (    
,mr4 ,webb's "w4 ,"o is an ord9>y       
microscopical glass slide1 ?ree in*es by
 "o1 & 9 ! c5t] is a squ>e speck :i*    
measures #a-de? ( an in* on ! side4 ,^u 
?is squ>e is writt5 ! :ole ( ! second   
*apt] ( ! ,gospel accord+ to ,/4        
,john--! *apt] :i* conta9s ! acc\nt ( ! 
m>riage 9 ,cana ( ,galilee4  ,9 ord] to 
e/imate ! space :i* ! :ole ,bible w\ld  
occupy if writt5 on ! same scale z ?is  

*apt]1 ,i h made ! foll[+ calculation   
:i*1 ,i ?9k1 w be m easily foll[$ &     
*eck$ by my read]s1 ?an t ( ,mr4        
,f>rants4  ,! text ( ! old v]sion ( !   
,bible1 z publi%$ 9 m9ion by ! ,am]ican 
,bible ,society1 conta9s #abgb pages1   
exclusive ( title pages & blanks4 ,ea*  
page conta9s two columns ( #eh l9es ea*1
 mak+ #aaf l9es to ! page4 ,?is includes
 ! head+s ( ! *apt]s & ! synopses ( _!  
cont5ts1 :i* are1 !re=e1 ?r[n 9 to make 
good measure4 ,we h1 !re=e1 #abgb pages 
( #aaf l9es ea*1 mak+ a total ( #adg1eeb
 l9es4  ,! second *apt] ( ,/4 ,john has 
#be v]ses conta9+ #ie l9es1 & is writt5 
on ! #a-bjbe? ( an in*1 or1 9 o!r words1
 x w\ld g #bjbe times on a squ>e in*4 ,a
 squ>e in* w\ld1 !re=e1 conta9 #ie x    
#bjbe or #aib1cge l9es4 ,?is numb]      
7#aib1cge71 divid$ by ! numb] ( l9es 9 !
 ,bible 7#adg1eeb71 gives #a4cjg1 :i* is
 ! numb] ( times ! ,bible might be      
writt5 on a squ>e in* 9 lett]s ( ! same 
size4 ,9 o!r words1 ! :ole ,bible might 
be writt5 on 4#gg in*1 or v little m ?an

 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a squ>e in*4  ,p]haps !  
foll[+ gives a m impressive illu/ration3
 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates silv] qu>t] ( a doll> 
is 4#ie in* 9 diamet]1 s t ! surface (  
ea* side is 4#gjg ( a squ>e in*4 ,! :ole
 ,bible w\ld1 !re=e1 v ne>ly g on "o    
side ( a qu>t] ( a doll>4 ,if ! blank   
spaces at ! heads ( ! *apt]s & !        
synopses ( cont5ts 7 left out1 x w\ld   
easily g on "o side4  ,! second specim51
 :i* ,i h ( ,mr4 ,webb's writ+1 is a    
copy ( ! ,"l's ,pray] writt5 on a scale 
( eight ,bibles to ! squ>e in*4 ,accord+
 to a /atem5t k9dly s5t me by !         
sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,m9t at    
,philadelphia1 ! diamet] ( ! la/ issu$  
gold doll>1 & also ( ! silv] half-dime1 
is six-t5?s ( an in*4 ,?is gives 4#bhbg 
( a squ>e in* z ! area ( ! surface ( "o 
side1 &1 !re=e1 ! :ole ,bible might be  
writt5 m ?an two & a qu>t] times on "o  
side ( ei!r ! gold doll> or ! silv] half
 dime4  ,su* num]ical & space relations 
are f> beyond ! p[] ( any ord9>y m9d to 
grasp4 ,) ! aid ( a microscope we c see 

! object & comp>e ) o!r magnifications !
 rate at :i* x is enl>g$1 & a p]son (   
ev5 ! mo/ ord9>y education c foll[ !    
calculation & und]/& :y ! /atem5ts are  
true1 b ! f9al result1 l ! duration (   
et]nity or ! imm5sity ( space1 conveys  
no def9ite idea to our m9ds4  ,b at !   
same "t we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5  
our want ( p[] to grasp ^! ideas & our  
inability to =m a conception ( "s       
inconceivable subject1 su* z a f\r?     
dim5sion or ! mode ( action ( a new     
s5se4  ,wond]ful z ^! a*ievem5ts are1   
!re is ano!r bran* ( ! microscopic art  
:i*1 f ! practical applications t h be5 
made ( x1 is ev5 m int]e/+4 ,?is is !   
art ( microphotography4  ,ab\t ! middle 
( ! la/ c5tury ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,danc]1 (   
,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 produc$ c]ta9 m9ute   
photographs ( well-kn[n pictures &      
/atues :i* comm&$ ! univ]sal att5tion ( 
! microscopi/s ( t day1 & = a "t =m$ !  
c5t] ( attraction at all microscopical  
exhibitions4 ,!y h n[1 h[ev]1 become s  
common t !y receive no special notice4  

,mr4 ,danc] & o!r arti/s also produc$   
copies ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,cre$1 !     
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 etc41 on su* 
a scale t ! ,"l's ,pray] might be cov]$ 
) ! head ( a common p91 & yet1 :5 view$ 
"u a v mod]ate magnify+ p[]1 e lett] 0  
cle> & di/9ct4 ,i h n[ be=e me a slip ( 
glass1 ?ree in*es long & "o in* wide1 9 
! c5t] ( :i* is an oval photograph :i*  
occupies less ?an ! #a-bjj? ( a squ>e   
in*4 ,?is photograph conta9s !          
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ) ! signatures
 ( all ! sign]s1 surr\nd$ by portraits (
 ! ,presid5ts & ! seals ( ! orig9al     
?irte5 ,/ates4 ,"u a mod]ate p[] e l9e  
is cle> & di/9ct4 ,9 ! same way copies (
 su* fam\s pictures z ,l&se]'s ,/ag at  
,bay1 al?\gh almo/ invisible to ! nak$  
eye1 come out beautifully cle> & di/9ct 
"u ! microscope1 s t x has be5 sugge/$ t
 "o might h an ext5sive picture gall]y 9
 a small box1 or pack away copies ( all 
! books 9 ! ,congressional ,libr>y 9 a  
small h&-bag4 ,) su* means at our comm&1
 x w\ld be a simple matt] to cond5se a  

bulky dispat* into a few little films1  
:i* might be c>ri$ 9 a quill or conceal$
 9 ways :i* w\ld h be5 impossible ) !   
orig9al4 ,if ,major ,&re _h be5 able to 
avail himself ( ?is mode ( r$uc+ ! bulk 
( ! orig9al pap]s1 he might h c>ri$1 )\t
 dang] ( discov]y1 ^? reports :i* caus$ 
8 capture & l$ to 8 dea?4 ,& h]eaft] !  
ord9>y me?ods ( se>*+ suspect$ spies w h
 to be ex*ang$ = "o t is m effici5t4  ,!
 mo/ int]e/+ application (              
microphotography1 ( :i* we h any record1
 occurr$ dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian w> 9  
#ahgj-ga4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4  ,on
 ,septemb] #ba1 #ahgj1 ! ,g]mans s      
completely surr\nd$ ! ,fr5* capitol1 t  
all communication by roads1 railways1 & 
telegraphs1 0 cut (f & ! only way (     
escape f ! city 0 ?r\gh ! air4 ,on      
,april #bc1 ! fir/ balloon left ,p>is1 &
 9 a %ort "t aft] t1 a regul> balloon   
po/ 0 e/abli%$1 lett]s & packages be+   
s5t out at int]vals ( ?ree to sev5 days4
 ,9 ord] to get news back to ! city1    
c>ri] pigeons 7 employ$1 & at fir/ !    

lett]s 7 simply writt5 on v ?9 pap] &   
enclos$ 9 quills :i* 7 fa/5$ to ! middle
 tail-fea!r ( ! bird1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1
 ,fig4 #ba4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ne$less to  
say1 t ! ord9>y pictures ( doves )      
lett]s ti$ r\nd _! necks or love-notes  
atta*$ to _! w+s1 are all m]e romance4  
,a bird load$ 9 t way w\ld soon fall a  
prey to its enemies4 ,z x 01 "s ( !     
pigeons 7 %ot by ,g]man gunn]s or       
captur$ by hawks tra9$ by ! ,g]mans = ! 
purpose1 b ! great majority got safely  
?r\gh4  ,writt5 communications1 h[ev]1 7
 ( necessity1 bulky & heavy1 & !re=e ,m4
 ,dagron1 a ,p>isian photograph]1       
sugge/$ t ! news be pr9t$ 9 l>ge %eets (
 :i* microphotographs c\ld be made &    
transf]r$ to collodion positives :i*    
might !n be /ripp$ f ! glass & w\ld be v
 light4 ,?is 0 done2 ! collodion        
pellicles measur+ ab\t t5 c5timet]s 7f\r
 in*es7 squ>e & conta9+ ab\t ?ree ?\s&  
av]age messages4 ,eighte5 ( ^! pellicles
 weigh$ less ?an "o gramme 7fifte5      
gra9s7 & 7 easily c>ri$ by a s+le       

pigeon4 ,! pigeons hav+ be5 br$ 9 ,p>is 
& s5t out by balloons1 always return$ to
 _! dove-cotes 9 t city4  ,m4 ,dagron   
left ,p>is by balloon on ,novemb] #ab1 &
 aft] a mo/ adv5tur\s voyage1 be+ ne>ly 
captur$ by a ,g]man patrol1 he rea*$    
,t\rs & !re e/abli%$ 8 headqu>t]s1 &    
organiz$ a regul> sy/em ( communication 
) ! capitol4 ,! results 7 mo/           
satisfactory1 upw>ds ( two & a half     
millions ( messages hav+ be5 s5t into ! 
city4 ,ev5 po/al ord]s1 & drafts 7      
transmitt$ 9 ?is way & duly honor$4  ,& 
?us ?r\gh ! pigeon-po/1 aid$ by         
microphotography1 ,p>is 0 enabl$ to keep
 9 t\* ) ! out] _w1 & ! anxiety ( ?\s&s 
( families 0 reliev$4  ,x is n likely1  
h[ev]1 t ! pigeon-po/ w ev] aga9 come   
into use = ?is purpose2 our int]e/ 9 x  
is n[ m]ely hi/orical1 = 9 ! next great 
siege1 if we ev] h "o1 ! wireless       
telegraph w no d\bt take its place &    
messages1 :i* no hawks c capture & no   
guns c de/roy1 w be s5t directly ov] !  
heads ( ! besieg]s4  ,b let u hope &    

pray1 t ! savage & unnecess>y w> :i* is 
n[ be+ wag$ 9 ! ea/ w be ! la/1 & t 9 ! 
ne> future1 two or m ( ! great nations (
 ! globe w s police ! _w1 t peace on e>?
 & good w t[>d m5 w ev]y:]e prevail4    
,,illusions ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses   ,our s5ses
 h be5 call$ ! ,five ,gateways ( ,k     
because all t we "k ( ! _w 9 :i* we live
 rea*es ! m9d1 ei!r directly or         
indirectly1 ?r\gh ^! av5ues4 ,f ! ivory 
palace1 9 :i* %e dwells ap>t1 & :i* we  
call ! skull1 ! m9d s5ds =? h]          
sc\ts--sight1 he>+1 feel+1 ta/e1 &      
smell--bidd+ !m br+ 9 reports ( all t is
 go+ on ar\nd h]1 & if ! in=mation :i*  
!y furni% %\ld be untrue or di/ort$1 !  
mo/ dire results might foll[4 ,%e1      
!re=e1 frequ5tly comp>es ! tale t is    
told by "o ) ! reports f ! o!rs1 & 9 ?is
 way x is f\nd t "u "s conditions ^!    
report]s are any?+ b reliable2 ! /ories 
:i* !y tell are (t5 di/ort$ & untrue1 & 
9 "s cases _! tales h no f\ndation      
:atev] 9 fact1 b are ! unsub/antial     
fabric ( a vision4  ,x is1 !re=e1 ( !   

greate/ importance to u1 t we %\ld f9d  
out ! po9ts on :i* ^! in=mation be>]s   
are mo/ likely to be deceiv$ s t we may 
gu>d aga9/ ! errors into :i* !y w\ld    
o!rwise c]ta9ly lead u4  ,all ! s5ses   
are liable to be impos$ ^u "u c]ta9     
conditions4 ,! s5ses ( ta/e & ( smell   
are frequ5tly ! subject ( phantom smells
 & ta/es1 :i* are z vivid z ! s5sations 
produc$ by physical causes act+ 9 !     
regul> way4 ,ev5 ^? comp>atively new    
s5ses#i :i* h be5 diff]5tiat$ f ! s5se (
 t\* & :i*1 ) ! orig9al five1 make up ! 
my/ic numb] sev51 are v untru/wor?y     
guides "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,?us we   
all "k h[ ! s5se ( heat may be deceiv$  
by ! old exp]im5t ( plac+ "o h& 9 a b[l 
( cold wat] & ! o!r 9 a b[l ( hot wat]1 
& !n1 aft] a few m9utes1 plac+ bo? h&s  
toge!r 9 a b[l ( tepid wat]2 ! h&1 :i*  
has be5 9 ! cold wat] w feel w>m1 :ile t
 :i* has j be5 tak5 f ! hot wat]1 w feel
 q cold4  ,we h all exp]i5c$ !          
deceptions to :i* ! s5se ( he>+ exposes 
u4 ,:o has n he>d s\nds :i* _h no       

exi/5ce except 9 our own s5sations8 ,& e
 "o is famili> ) ! illusions to :i* we  
are liable :5 "u ! influ5ce ( a skilful 
v5triloqui/4  ,ev5 ! s5se ( t\*1 :i* mo/
 ( u reg>d z infallible1 is liable to   
gross deception4 ,:5 we h felt any?+ we 
are always confid5t z to its %ape1      
numb]1 h>dness1 etc41 b ! foll[+ v      
simple exp]im5t %[s t ?is confid5ce may 
be misplac$3  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4  
,take a l>ge pea or a small m>ble or    
bullet & place x on ! table or 9 ! palm 
( ! left h&4 ,!n cross ! f+]s ( ! "r h& 
z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #bb1 ! second  
f+] cross+ ! fir/1 & place !m on ! ball1
 s t ! latt] may lie betwe5 ! f+]s1 z   
figur$ 9 ! cut4 ,if ! pea or ball be n[ 
roll$ ab\t1 ! s5sation is app>5tly t    
giv5 by two peas "u ! f+]s1 & ?is       
illusion is s /rong t x _c be dispell$  
by call+ 9 any ( ! o!r s5ses 7! s5se (  
sight = example7 z is usually ! case "u 
simil> circum/ances4 ,we may try & try1 
b x w only be aft] consid]able exp]i5ce 
t we %all le>n to disreg>d ! app>5t     

impression t !re are two balls4  ,!     
cause ( ?is illusion is readily f\nd4 ,9
 ! ord9>y position ( ! f+]s ! same ball 
_c t\* at ! same "t ! ext]ior sides (   
two adjo9+ f+]s4 ,:5 ! two f+]s are     
cross$1 ! conditions are exceptionally  
*ang$1 b ! in/9ctive int]pretation      
rema9s ! same1 unless a frequ5t         
repetition ( ! exp]im5t has ov]come !   
effect ( our fir/ education on ?is po9t4
 ,! exp]im5t1 9 fact has to be repeat$ a
 great numb] ( times to make ! illusion 
become less & less appreciable4  ,b (   
all ! s5ses1 t ( sight is ! mo/ liable  
to error & illusion1 z ! foll[+ simple  
illu/rations w %[4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#bc4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4  ,9 ,fig4
 #bc a black spot has be5 plac$ on a    
:ite gr\nd1 & 9 ,fig4 #bd a :ite spot is
 plac$ on a black gr\nd2 :i* is ! l>g]1 
! black spot or ! :ite "o8 ,to e eye !  
:ite spot w appe> to be ! l>ge/1 b z a  
matt] ( fact !y are bo? ! same size4    
,?is curi\s effect is attribut$ by      
,helmholtz to :at is call$ irradiation4 

,! eye may also be greatly deceiv$ ev5 9
 reg>d to ! l5g? ( l9es plac$ side by   
side4 ,?us1 9 ,fig4 #be a ?9 v]tical l9e
 /&s ^u a ?ick horizontal "o2 al?\gh !  
two l9es are ( precisely ! same l5g?1 ! 
v]tical "o seems to be consid]ably long]
 ?an ! o!r4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4   
,9 ,figs4 #bf & #bg a s]ies ( v]tical & 
horizontal l9es are %[n1 & 9 bo? =ms !  
space t is cov]$ seems to be long] "o   
way ?an ! o!r4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! space
 9 ea* case is a p]fect squ>e1 & !      
app>5t diff]5ce 9 wid? & height dep5ds  
^u :e!r ! l9es are v]tical or           
horizontal4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4  ,advantage is 
tak5 ( ?is curi\s illusion 9 decorat+   
rooms & 9 select+ dresses4 ,/\t ladies (
 ta/e avoid dress goods hav+ horizontal 
/ripes1 & ladies ( ! opposite con=mation
 avoid ^? 9 :i* ! /ripes are v]tical4   
,b ! greate/ discrepancy is se5 9 ,figs4
 #bh & #bi1 ! middle l9e 9 ,fig4 #bi    
appe>+ to be mu* long] ?an 9 ,fig4 #bh4 
,c>eful measurem5t w %[ t !y are bo? (  

precisely ! same l5g?1 ! app>5t diff]5ce
 be+ due to ! arrangem5t ( ! div]g5t    
l9es at ! ends4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4    
#bh4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4  ,conv]g+ l9es 
h a curi\s effect ^u app>5t size4 ,?us 9
 ,fig4 #cj we h a wall & ?ree po/s1 & if
 ask$ :i* ( ! po/s 0 ! highe/1 mo/      
p]sons w\ld "n ,c1 b measurem5t w %[ t  
,a is ! highe/ & t ,c is ! %orte/4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4  ,a /ill m     
/rik+ effect is produc$ 9 two p>allel   
l9es by cross+ !m ) a s]ies ( oblique   
l9es z se5 9 ,figs4 #ca & #cb4 ,9 ,fig4 
#ca ! horizontal l9es seem to be mu*    
clos] at ! "r-h& ends ?an at ! left1 b  
accurate measurem5t w %[ t !y are       
/rictly p>allel4  ,by *ang+ ! direction 
( ! oblique l9es1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #cb1 !  
horizontal l9es appe> to be crook$      
al?\gh !y are p]fectly /raight4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4  ,all ^! curi\s
 illusions are1 h[ev]1 f> surpass$ by an
 exp]im5t :i* we w n[ proce$ to         
describe4   ,,footnotes3  #i ,! old &   

g5]ally recogniz$ li/ ( ! s5ses is z    
foll[s3 ,sight1 ,he>+1 ,smell1 ,ta/e1 & 
,t\*4 ,?is is ! li/ enum]at$ by ,john   
,bunyan 9 8 fam\s "w1 ,! ,holie ,w>re4  
,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 po9t$ out t ! s5se   
:i* enables u to recognize heat is n q !
 same z t ( t\* & mod]n physiologi/s h  
!re=e set ap>t1 z a di/9ct s5se1 ! p[]  
by :i* we recognize heat4  ,! same _h   
be5 previ\sly done 9 ! case ( ! s5se (  
,muscul> ,resi/ance b1 z ! au?or ( ,!   
,natural ,hi/ory ( ,hell says1 :5 we    
diff]5tiate ! ',s5se ( ,heat1' & !      
',s5se ( ,resi/ance' f ! ,s5se ( ,t\*1  
we may set up new signpo/s1 b we d n op5
 up any new 'gateways'1 ?+s /ill rema9 z
 !y 7 ( old1 & e mess5g] f ! mat]ial _w 
ar\nd u mu/ ent] ! ivory palace ( !     
skull ?r\gh "o ( ! old & well-kn[n ways4
     ,,objects ,,app>5tly ,,se5 ,,?r\gh 
,a ,,hole ,,9 ,,! ,,h&   ,! foll[+      
curi\s exp]im5t always excites surprise1
 & z ,i h met ) v few p]sons :o h ev]   
he>d ( x1 ,i republi% x f ,! ,"y        
,sci5ti/1 = ,novemb]1 #ahhj4 ,x ?r[s a  

good deal ( light ^u ! facts connect$ ) 
vision4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4       
,procure a pa/e-bo>d tube ab\t sev5 or  
eight in*es long & an in* or s 9        
diamet]1 or roll up a /rip ( any k9d (  
/iff pap] s z to =m a tube4 ,hold+ ?is  
tube 9 ! left h&1 look ?r\gh x ) ! left 
eye1 ! "r eye also be+ kept op54 ,!n br+
 ! "r h& into ! position %[n 9 !        
engrav+1 ,fig4 #cc1 ! edge opposite !   
?umb be+ ab\t 9 l9e ) ! "r-h& side ( !  
tube4 ,or ! "r h& may re/ aga9/ ! "r-h& 
side ( ! tube1 ne> ! end f>!/ f ! eye4  
,?is cuts (f entirely ! view ( ! object 
by ! "r eye1 yet /range to say ! object 
w /ill rema9 app>5tly visible to bo?    
eyes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! h&1 z %[n by !    
dott$ l9es 9 ! engrav+6 ,9 o!r words1 x 
w appe> to u z if !re 0 actually a hole 
?r\gh ! h&1 ! object be+ se5 ?r\gh t    
hole4 ,! result is />tl+ly reali/ic1 &  
=ms "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ int]e/+        
exp]im5ts kn[n4  ,?is s+ul> optical     
illusion is evid5tly due to ! sympa?y   
:i* exi/s betwe5 ! two eyes1 f our habit

 ( bl5d+ ! images =m$ 9 bo? eyes s z to 
give a s+le image4     ,,look+ ,,?r\gh  
,a ,,solid ,,brick   ,a v common        
exhibition by /reet %[m51 & "o :i* nev] 
fails to excite surprise & draw a cr[d1 
is ! app>atus by :i* a p]son is app>5tly
 enabl$ to look ?r\gh a brick4 ,m\nt$ on
 a simple-look+ /& are a c\ple ( tubes  
:i* look l a telescope cut 9 two 9 !    
middle4 ,look+ ?r\gh :at mo/ p take = a 
telescope1 we are n surpris$ :5 we see  
cle>ly ! p1 build+s1 trees1 etc41 beyond
 x1 b ?is natural expectation is turn$  
into ! mo/ />tl$ surprise :5 x is f\nd t
 ! view ( ^! objects is n cut (f by     
plac+ a common brick betwe5 ! two p>ts (
 ! telescope & directly 9 ! app>5t l9e (
 vision1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+           
illu/ration1 ,fig4 #cd4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #cd4  ,9 tru?1 h[ev]1 ! obs]v]    
looks r\nd ! brick in/ead ( ?r\gh x1 &  
?is he is enabl$ to d by means ( f\r    
mirrors +5i\sly arrang$ z %[n 9 !       
engrav+4 ,z ! mirrors & ! l[] connect+  
tube are conceal$1 & ! upright tubes    

support+ ! pret5d$ telescope1 ?\gh      
holl[1 appe> to be solid1 x is n v easy 
= ^? :o are n 9 ! secret to discov] !   
trick4  ,( c\rse any numb] ( fake       
explanations are giv5 by ! %[man :o     
always manages to keep up ) ! times &   
exploit ! late/ my/]y4 ,at "o "t x 0    
psy*ic =ce1 !n ,ro5tg5 or ,x-rays2      
lately x has be5 attribut$ to ! my/]i\s 
effects ( radium6  ,?is illu/ration is m
 prop]ly a delusion2 !re is no illusion 
ab\t x4     ,,curi\s ,,ari?metical      
,,problems     ,,! ,,*ess-,,bo>d        
,,problem   ,an ,arabian au?or1 ,al     
,sephadi1 relates ! foll[+ curi\s       
anecdote3  ,a ma!matician nam$ ,sessa1 !
 son ( ,dah>1 ! subject ( an ,indian    
,pr9ce1 hav+ inv5t$ ! game ( *ess1 8    
sov]eign 0 highly pleas$ ) ! inv5tion1 &
 wi%+ to conf] on him "s rew>d wor?y ( 8
 magnific5ce1 desir$ him to ask :atev]  
he ?\ght prop]1 assur+ him t x %\ld be  
grant$4 ,! ma!matician1 h[ev]1 only ask$
 = a gra9 ( :eat = ! fir/ squ>e ( !     
*ess-bo>d1 two = ! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1

 & s on to ! la/1 or sixty-f\r?4 ,!     
pr9ce at fir/ 0 almo/ inc5s$ at ?is     
dem&1 conceiv+ t x 0 ill-suit$ to 8     
lib]ality4 ,by ! advice ( 8 c\rti]s1    
h[ev]1 he ord]$ 8 vizi] to comply )     
,sessa's reque/1 b ! m9i/] 0 mu* a/oni%$
 :51 hav+ caus$ ! quantity ( :eat       
necess>y to fulfil ! pr9ce's ord] to be 
calculat$1 he f\nd t all ! gra9 9 !     
royal gran>ies1 & ev5 all t 9 ^? ( 8    
subjects & 9 all ,asia1 w\ld n be       
suffici5t4  ,he !re=e in=m$ ! pr9ce1 :o 
s5t = ! ma!matician1 & c&idly ackn[l$g$ 
t he 0 n ri* en\gh to be able to comply 
) 8 dem&1 ! +5uity ( :i* a/oni%$ him    
/ill m ?an ! game he _h inv5t$4  ,x w be
 f\nd by calculation t ! sixty-f\r? t]m 
( ! d\ble progression1 beg9n+ ) unity1  
is      #i1bbc1cgb1jcf1hed1gge1hjh1  & !
 sum ( all ! t]ms ( ?is d\ble           
progression1 beg9n+ ) unity1 may be     
obta9$ by d\bl+ ! la/ t]m & subtract+ ! 
fir/ f ! sum4 ,! numb]1 !re=e1 ( ! gra9s
 ( :eat requir$ to satisfy ,sessa's dem&
 w be      #ah1ddf1gdd1jgc1gji1eea1fae4 

,n[1 if a p9t conta9s #i1baf gra9s (    
:eat1 a gallon w conta9 #gc1gbh1 & a    
bu%el 7#h gallons7 w conta9 #ehi1ghd4   
,divid+ ! numb] ( gra9s by ?is quantity1
 we get #ca1bgd1iig1dab1bie = ! numb] ( 
bu%els necess>y to dis*>ge ! promise ( !
 ,indian pr9ce4 ,& if we suppose t "o   
acre ( l& is capable ( produc+ 9 "o ye>1
 ?irty bu%els ( :eat1 x w\ld require    
#a1jdb1dii1iac1gdc acres1 :i* is m ?an  
eight times ! entire surface ( ! globe2 
= ! diamet] ( ! e>? be+ tak5 at #g1icj  
miles1 its :ole surface1 includ+ l& &   
wat]1 w am\nt to v little m ?an         
#abf1dcg1hhi1agg squ>e acres4  ,if !    
price ( a bu%el ( :eat be e/imat$ at "o 
doll>1 ! value ( ! above quantity       
probably exce$s t ( all ! ri*es on !    
e>?4     ,,! ,,nail ,,problem   ,a      
g5tleman took a fancy to a horse1 & !   
deal]1 to induce him to buy1 (f]$ !     
animal = ! value ( ! tw5ty-f\r? nail 9 8
 %oe1 reckon+ "o c5t = ! fir/ nail1 two 
= ! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1 & s on4 ,!    
g5tleman1 ?9k+ ! price v l[1 accept$ !  

(f]4 ,:at 0 ! price ( ! horse8  ,on     
calculat+1 x w be f\nd t ! tw5ty-f\r?   
t]m ( ! progression #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af1
 etc41 is #h1chh1fjh1 or #hc1hhf4jh1 a  
sum :i* is m ?an any horse1 ev5 ! be/   
,arabian1 0 ev] sold =4  ,_h ! price ( !
 horse be5 fix$ at ! value ( all !      
nails1 ! sum w\ld h be5 d\ble ! above   
price less ! fir/ t]m1 or #afg1ggb4ae4  
,a ,,"q ,,( ,,population   ,! foll[+    
note on ! result ( unre/ra9$ propagation
 = "o hundr$ g5]ations is tak5 f        
,famili> ,lectures on ,sci5tific        
,subjects1 by ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4        
,h]s*el3  ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o discuss ! 
subjects ( population1 w>1 pe/il5ce1    
fam9e1 etc41 x may be z well to m5tion t
 ! numb] ( human be+s liv+ at ! end ( ! 
hundr$? g5]ation1 comm5c+ f a s+le pair1
 d\bl+ at ea* g5]ation 7say 9 ?irty     
ye>s71 & all[+ = ea* man1 woman1 & *ild1
 an av]age space ( f\r feet 9 height &  
"o foot squ>e1 w\ld =m a v]tical column1
 hav+ = its base ! :ole surface ( ! e>? 
& sea spread out into a plane1 & = its  

height #c1fgd times ! sun's di/ance f ! 
e>?6 ,! numb] ( human /rata ?us pil$1 "o
 on ! o!r1 w\ld am\nt to                
#dfj1gij1jjj1jjj1jjj4  ,9 ?is connection
 ! foll[+ facts 9 reg>d to ! pres5t     
population ( ! globe may be ( int]e/3   
,! pres5t population ( ! entire globe is
 e/imat$ by ! be/ /ati/icians at betwe5 
f\rte5 & fifte5 hundr$ millions (       
p]sons4 ,?is numb] w\ld easily f9d      
/&+-room on "o half ( ,long ,isl&1 9 !  
,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,if ?is entire      
population 7 to be br\ght to ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 we c\ld easily give e man1      
woman1 & *ild1 "o acre & a half ea*1 or 
a nice little f>m ( sev5 acres & a half 
to e family1 consi/+ ( a man1 8 wife1 & 
?ree *ildr54  ,?is "q has also an       
important be>+ on ! pres]vation (       
animals :i*1 9 limit$ numb]s1 are       
h>mless & ev5 desirable4 ,9 ,au/ralia1  
:]e ! re/ra9ts on increase are slight1 !
 rabbit soon becomes n only a nuisance b
 a m5ace1 & 9 ?is c\ntry ! migratory    
?ru% or rob91 z x is g5]ally call$1 has 

be5 s protect$ 9 "s localities t x      
?reat5s to de/roy ! small fruit indu/ry4
     ,,h[ ,,to ,,become ,a ,,millionaire
   ,_m plans h be5 sugge/$ = gett+ ri*  
quickly1 & "s ( ^! are s plausible &    
allur+ t multitudes h be5 induc$ to     
inve/ 9 !m ! sav+s :i* _h be5 accumulat$
 by h>d labor & sev]e economy4 ,x is    
ne$less to say t1 except 9 ! case ( a   
few /ool-pigeons1 :o 7 all[$ to make    
l>ge pr(its s t _! success might deceive
 o!rs & lead !m into ! net1 all ^!      
projects h l$ to disa/] or ru94 ,x is a 
curi\s fact1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ^? :o inve/$ 
9 su* get-ri*-quickly s*emes 7 probably 
fully aw>e ( _! fraudul5t "* & w5t into 
! speculation ) _! eyes op5 9 ! hope t  
!y might be all[$ to become !           
/ool-pigeons1 & 9 ?is way come out ( !  
ent]prise ) a l>ge balance on ! "r side4
 ,no regret c be felt :5 a bird ( ?is   
k9d gets pluck$4  ,b by ! foll[+ simple 
me?od e "o may become 8 own promot] & 9 
a %ort "t accumulate a respectable      
=tune4 ,x w\ld seem t almo/ any "o c\ld 

save "o c5t = ! fir/ day ( ! mon?1 two  
c5ts = ! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1 & s on4  
,n[ if y w d ?is = ?irty days we w      
gu>antee y ! possession ( q a nice      
little =tune4 ,see h[ easy x is to      
become a millionaire on pap]1 & by !    
way1 x is only on pap] t su* s*emes ev] 
succe$4  ,if1 h[ev]1 y %\ld h any d\bt 9
 reg>d to y\r ability to lay aside !    
requir$ am\nt ea* day1 p]haps y c induce
 "s prosp]\s & av>ici\s employ] to      
accept ! foll[+ tempt+ proposition3     
,(f] to "w = him = a ye>1 provid$ he    
pays y "o c5t = ! fir/ week1 two c5ts = 
! second1 f\r = ! ?ird1 & s on to ! end 
( ! t]m4 ,surely y\r s]vices w\ld       
increase 9 value 9 a correspond+ ratio1 
& _m bus9ess m5 w\ld gladly accept y\r  
t]ms4 ,we ourselves h _h su* a          
proposition accept$ ov] & ov] aga92 !   
only difficulty 0 t :5 we insi/$ ^u     
security = ! la/ in/alm5t ( our wages1  
our w\ld-be employ]s c\ld nev] come to  
"t4 ,& we w\ld /rongly urge ^u our      
read]s t if !y ev] make su* a b>ga91 !y 

get full security = ! la/ paym5t = !y w 
f9d t :5 x becomes due !re w n be money 
en\gh 9 ! :ole _w to satisfy ! claim4   
,! entire am\nt ( all ! money 9         
circulation among all ! nations ( ! _w  
7n ! weal?7 is e/imat$ at some:at less  
?an #ae1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & ! la/ paym5t w\ld
 am\nt to fifte5 hundr$ times t imm5se  
sum4  ,! ,fr5* h a prov]b t x is ! fir/ 
/ep t co/s 7c'e/ le premi] pas qui c\te7
 b 9 ?is case x is ! la/ /ep t co/s & x 
co/s ) a v5geance4  ,:ile on ?is subject
 let me sugge/ to my read]s to figure up
 ! am\nt ( :i* !y w be possess$ if !y w 
beg9 at fifte5 ye>s ( age & save t5 c5ts
 p] week = sixty ye>s1 deposit+ ! money 
9 a sav+s bank z (t5 z x rea*es ! am\nt 
requir$ = a deposit1 & add+ ! int]e/ e  
six mon?s4 ,mo/ p]sons w be surpris$ at 
! result4     ,,! ,,actual ,,co/ ,,&    
,,pres5t ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,folio 
,,%akespe>e   ,sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? (  
,%akespe>e1 8 collect$ works 7 publi%$ 9
 a l>ge folio volume1 n[ kn[n z ,! ,fir/
 ,folio ,%akespe>e4 ,?is 0 9 ! ye>      

#afbc4 ,! price at :i* ! volume 0       
orig9ally sold 0 "o p\nd1 b p]haps we   
ought to take into consid]ation ! fact t
 at t "t money _h a value1 or pur*as+   
p[]1 at lea/ eight times t :i* x has at 
pres5t2 ,halliwell-,phillips e/imates x 
at f twelve to tw5ty times its pres5t   
value4 ,= ?is circum/ance1 h[ev]1 full  
all[ance may be made by multiply+ !     
ultimate result by ! prop] numb]4  ,?is 
folio is reg>d$ z ! mo/ valuable pr9t$  
book 9 ! ,engli% language--! la/ copy t 
0 (f]$ = sale 9 good condition hav+     
br\ght ! record price ( ne>ly #i1jjj1 s 
t x is safe to assume t a p]fect copy1 9
 ! condition 9 :i* x left ! publi%]'s   
h&s1 w\ld readily comm& #aj1jjj1 & ! "q 
n[ arises3 ,:at w\ld be ! comp>ative    
value ( ! pres5t price1 #aj1jjj1 & ( !  
orig9al price 7"o p\nd7 plac$ at int]e/ 
& comp\nd$ e ye> s9ce #afbc8  ,ov] & ov]
 aga9 ,i h he>d x said t ! pur*as]s ( ! 
,fir/ ,folio _h made a spl5did inve/m5t 
& ! same rem>k is frequ5tly us$ 9       
ref]5ce to ! pur*ase ( books 9 g5]al1   

irrespective ( ! pres5t intellectual use
 t may be made ( !m4 ,let u make !      
comp>ison4  ,money plac$ at comp\nd     
int]e/ at six p] c5t1 a little m ?an    
d\bles itself 9 twelve ye>s4 ,at !      
pres5t "t & = a few ye>s back1 six p]   
c5t is a high rate1 b x is a v l[ rate =
 ! av]age4 ,dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! "t money 
br\ght eight1 t51 & twelve p] c5t p]    
annum1 & ev5 )9 ! half c5tury j pa/ x   
br\ght sev5 p] c5t dur+ a l>ge portion (
 ! "t4 ,n[1 betwe5 #afbc & #ahii1 !re   
are #bc p]iods1 ( #ab ye>s ea*1 & at    
d\ble progression ! tw5ty-?ird t]m1     
beg9n+ ) unity1 w\ld be #h1chh1fjh4     
,?is1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! am\nt1 9 p\nds1  
:i* ! volume _h co/ up to #ahii4 ,9     
doll>s x w\ld be #dj1gid1hgh4hh4 ,an    
article :i* co/s =ty millions ( doll>s1 
& sells = t5 ?\s& doll>s1 _c be call$ a 
v good f9ancial inve/m5t4  ,f a lit]>y  
or intellectual /&po9t1 h[ev]1 ! subject
 pres5ts an entirely diff]5t aspect4    
,"s "t ago ,i ask$ "o ( ! =emo/         
,%akespe>ian s*ol>s 9 ! _w if he _h a   

copy ( ! ,fir/ ,folio4 ,8 reply 0 t he  
c\ld n af=d x2 t x w\ld n be wise = him 
to lose #djj to #ejj p] ye> = ! m]e sake
 ( own]%ip1 :5 = a v slight exp5diture =
 "t & railway f>e he c\ld consult any "o
 ( half-a-doz5 copies :5ev] he requir$  
to d s4     ,,ari?metical ,,puzzles   ,a
 good-siz$ volume might be fill$ ) !    
v>i\s ari?metical puzzles :i* h be5     
prop\nd$4 ,!y range f a me?od ( discov]+
 ! numb] :i* any "o may ?9k ( to a      
solution ( ! fam\s "q3 ,h[ old is ,ann8 
,( ! foll[+ cases "o may be consid]$ a  
cat* "q1 :ile ! o!r is an int]e/+       
problem4  ,a c\ntry woman1 c>ry+ eggs to
 a g>rison :]e %e _h ?ree gu>ds to pass1
 sold at ! fir/1 half ! numb] %e _h &   
half an egg m2 at ! second1 ! half ( :at
 rema9$ & half an egg m2 at ! ?ird !    
half ( ! rema9d] & half an egg m2 :5 %e 
arriv$ at ! m>ket-place %e _h ?ree doz5 
/ill to sell4 ,h[ 0 ?is possible )\t    
break+ any ( ! eggs8  ,at fir/ view1 ?is
 problem seems impossible1 = h[ c half  
an egg be sold )\t break+ any8 ,b by    

tak+ ! great] half ( an odd numb] we    
take ! exact half & half an egg m4 ,if  
%e _h #bie eggs be=e %e came to ! fir/  
gu>d1 %e w\ld !re sell #adh1 leav+ h]   
#adg4 ,at ! next %e sold #gd1 leav+ h]  
#gc4 ,at ! next %e sold #cg1 leav+ h]   
?ree doz54  ,! second problem is z      
foll[s3 ,aft] ! ,romans _h captur$      
,jotopat1 ,josephus & =ty o!r ,jews     
s\ght %elt] 9 a cave1 b ! refugees 7 s  
fright5$ t1 ) ! exception ( ,josephus   
himself & "o o!r1 !y resolv$ to kill    
!mselves r ?an fall into ! h&s ( _!     
enemies4 ,fail+ to dissuade !m f ?is    
horrid purpose1 ,josephus us$ 8 au?ority
 z _! *ief to insi/ t !y put ea* o!r to 
dea? 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,!y 7 !re=e     
arrang$ r\nd a circle1 & e ?ird man 0   
kill$ until b two m5 rema9$1 ! und]/&+  
be+ t !y 7 to commit suicide4 ,by plac+ 
himself & ! o!r man 9 ! #ca/ & #af?     
places1 !y 7 ! la/ t 7 left1 & 9 ?is way
 !y escap$ dea?4     ,,ar*im$es ,,& ,,8 
,,fulcrum   ,next to t ( ,euclid1 ! "n (
 ,ar*im$es is probably t :i* is ! be/   

kn[n ( all ! ma!maticians & me*anics (  
antiquity1 & ?is is 9 great "p due to ! 
two fam\s say+s :i* h be5 attribut$ to  
him1 "o be+ ,eureka--,i h f\nd x1 utt]$ 
:5 he discov]$ ! me?od n[ univ]sally 9  
use = f9d+ ! specific gravity ( bodies1 
& ! o!r be+ ! equally fam\s dictum :i*  
he is said to h address$ to ,hi]o1 ,k+ (
 ,sicily1--,give me a fulcrum & ,i w    
raise ! e>? f its place4  ,t ,ar*im$es1 
provid$ he _h be5 immortal1 c\ld h c>ri$
 out 8 promise1 is ma!matically c]ta91 b
 x occurr$ to ,ozanam to calculate !    
l5g? ( "t :i* x w\ld take him to move ! 
e>? only "o in*1 suppos+ 8 ma*9e        
con/ruct$ & ma!matically p]fect2 t is to
 say1 )\t friction1 )\t gravity1 & 9    
complete equilibrium1 & ! foll[+ is !   
result3  ,= ?is purpose we %all suppose 
t ! matt] ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ weighs 
#cjj p\nds p] cubic foot1 ?is be+ ab\t !
 asc]ta9$ av]age4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! e>? 
be #g1icj miles1 ! :ole globe w be f\nd 
to conta9 #bfa1ajg1daa1gfe cubic miles1 
:i* make #a1dbc1dii1abj1hhb1edd1fdj1jjj 

cubic y>ds1 or                          
#ch1dcd1dgf1bfc1hbh1gje1bhj1jjj cubic   
feet1 & all[+ #cjj p\nds to ea* cubic   
foot1 we %all h                         
#aa1ecj1cdb1hgi1adh1faa1ehd1jjj1jjj = ! 
weight ( ! e>? 9 p\nds4  ,n[1 we "k1 by 
! laws ( me*anics1 t1 :atev] be !       
con/ruction ( a ma*9e1 ! space pass$ ov]
 by ! weight1 is to t pass$ ov] by !    
mov+ p[]1 9 ! reciprocal ratio ( ! latt]
 to ! =m]4 ,x is kn[n also1 t a man c   
act ) an ef=t equal only to ab\t #cj    
p\nds = eight or t5 h\rs1 )\t           
int]mission1 & ) a velocity ( ab\t      
#aj1jjj feet p] h\r4 ,if !n we suppose !
 ma*9e ( ,ar*im$es to be put 9 motion by
 means ( a crank1 & t ! =ce cont9ually  
appli$ to x is equal to #cj p\nds1 !n ) 
! velocity ( #aj1jjj feet p] h\r1 to    
raise ! e>? "o in* ! mov+ p[] mu/ pass  
ov] ! space (                           
#chd1cdd1gfb1fch1bhg1jeb1hjj1jjj in*es2 
& if ?is space be divid$ by #aj1jjj feet
 or #abj1jjj in*es1 we %all h = a       
quoti5t #c1bjb1hgc1jba1ihe1gbe1ddj1 :i* 

w be ! numb] ( h\rs requir$ = ?is       
motion4 ,b z a ye> conta9s #h1gff h\rs1 
a c5tury w conta9 #hgf1fjj2 & if we     
divide ! above numb] ( h\rs by ! latt]1 
! quoti5t1 #c1fec1gde1agf1hjc1 w be !   
numb] ( c5turies dur+ :i* x w\ld be     
necess>y to make ! crank ( ! ma*9e      
cont9ually turn 9 ord] to move ! e>?    
only "o in*4 ,we h omitt$ ! fraction ( a
 c5tury z be+ ( little consequ5ce 9 a   
calculation ( ?is k9d4 ,! ma*9e is also 
suppos$ to be con/antly 9 action1 b if x
 %\ld be work$ only eight h\rs ea* day1 
! "t requir$ w\ld be ?ree times z long4 
,s t :ile x is true t ,ar*im$es c\ld    
move ! _w1 ! space ?r\gh :i* he c\ld h  
mov$ x1 dur+ 8 :ole life1 f infancy to  
old age1 is s small t ev5 if multipli$  
two hundr$ million times x c\ld n be    
measur$ by ev5 ! mo/ delicate ( our     
mod]n measur+ in/rum5ts4  ,!re is a     
mod]n say+ :i* has become almo/ z fam\s 
among/ ,engli%-speak+ peoples z is t (  
,ar*im$es to ! _w at l>ge4 ,x is t :i*  
,bulw] ,lytton puts into ! m\? (        

,ri*elieu1 9 8 well-kn[n play ( t "n3   
,b5ea? ! rule ( m5 entirely great       
,,! ,,p5 ,,is ,,mighti] ,,?an ,,!       
,,sword4  ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago x occurr$
 to ! writ] t ^! two epigrammatic       
say+s--t ( ,ar*im$es & t ( ,bulw]       
,lytton1 might be symboliz$ 9 an        
allegorical draw+ :i* w\ld =cibly       
express ! ideas :i* !y conta91 & ! "q   
imm$iately arose--,:]e w ,ar*im$es get 8
 fulcrum & :at c he use z a lev]8  ,& ! 
m5tal answ] 03 ,let ! p5 be ! lev] & !  
pr9t+ press ! fulcrum1 :ile ! sword1 us$
 = ! same purpose b re/+ on glory1 or 9 
o!r words1 hav+ no sub/antial fulcrum1  
breaks 9 ! attempt4 ,! little engrav+   
:i*1 ) a new motto1 =ms a fitt+         
tail-piece to ?is volume1 0 ! outcome4  
,x is true t ! p5 is mighty1 & 9 ! h&s (
 philosoph]s & diplomats x accompli%es  
mu*1 b x is only :5 re/+ on ! pr9t+     
press t x is provid$ ) t fulcrum :i*    
enables x to raise ! _w by diffus+ k1   
inculcat+ morality1 & provid+ pleasure &
 culture = humanity at l>ge4  ,:5       

assign$ to su* a task ! sword breaks1 & 
well x may4 ,b we h a well-gr\nd$ hope t
 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! p5 & ! pr9t+ press
 !re w soon come an era ( univ]sal      
,illu/ration3 ,peace on ,e>? & ,good ,w 
,t[>d ,m54     ,,index    ,absurdities 9
 p]petual motion1 #db   ,accuracy (     
mod]n me?ods ( squ>+ ! circle1 #ag      
,adams1 p]petual motion1 #ga   ,ahaz1   
dial (1 #acc   ,air1 liquid1 #fe        
,alkahe/1 or univ]sal solv5t1 #ajd      
,alt> ( ,apollo1 #cj   ,angelo1 ,mi*ael1
 f9ely engrav$ seal1 #acf   ,angle1     
,trisection (1 #cc   ,apollo1 ,alt> (1  
#cj   ,approximations to ratio ( diamet]
 to circumf]5ce ( circle1 #ag    ,de    
,morgan's ,illu/ration (1 #ah    ,new   
,illu/ration (1 #ai   ,ar*im$ean screw1 
#di   ,ar*im$es1 area ( circle1 #ac     
,ratio ( circumf]5ce to diamet]1 #ad    
,ar*im$es & 8 fulcrum1 #aga   ,ari?metic
 ( ! anci5ts1 #ae   ,ari?metical        
problems1 #afc    ,*ess-bo>d problem1   
#afc    ,nail problem1 #afd    ,a "q (  
population1 #afe    ,h[ to become a     

millionaire1 #aff    ,co/ ( fir/ folio  
,%akespe>e1 #afh    ,ari?metical        
puzzles1 #agj    ,ar*im$es & 8 fulcrum1 
#aga   ,army ,m$ical ,museum1 #adb      
,ball1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w4 ,r41 #ci1 #abi1    
#acc1 #acd   ,balloons = convey+ lett]s1
 #adg   ,balls--proportion ( weight to  
diamet]1 #cb   ,bean1 jump+1 #abh       
,bells kept r++ = eight ye>s1 #da       
,bible 9 walnut %ell1 #acf   ,bible1    
writt5 at rate ( #bb to squ>e in*1 #ada 
,boat-race )\t o>s1 #abi   ,bolognian   
phosphorus1 #ajb   ,boots--lift+ oneself
 by /raps (1 #abh   ,boyle & pal+5esy1  
#ajg   ,bramwell1 ,sir ,fr$]ick1 #ch    
,brick1 to look ?r\gh1 #aea   ,buckle & 
geometrical l9es1 #aai   ,budget (      
,p>adoxes1 ,de ,morgan1 #f1 #ah1 #aah   
,c>bon bisulphide = p]petual motion1 #fg
   ,capill>y attraction1 #ec   ,c>p5t]1 
,edw>d--f\r? dim5sion1 #abb   ,ca!r9e   
,,ii1 #aah   ,c5tury ( ,inv5tions1 #gd  
,*ess-bo>d problem1 #afc   ,*ild lift+  
two horses1 #aca    ,p]petual motion by 
a1 #fd   ,circle1 squ>+ !1 #i           

,suppos$ rew>d = squ>+ !1 #i            
,resolution ( ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces
 on1 #aj    ,:at ! problem is1 #ab      
,approximation to1 by ,ar*im$es1 #ad    
,jews1 ratio accept$ by1 #ac            
,egyptians1 ratio accept$ by1 #ad       
,symbol = ratio introduc$ by ,eul]1 #ad 
,graphical approximations1 #bb          
,circumf]5ce ( circle1 to f9d1 :5       
diamet] is giv51 #bb   ,clock t requires
 no w9d+1 #ch   ,columbia ,college seal1
 #adj   ,column ( ,de ,luc1 #dj         
,compass1 wat* us$ z a1 #acd            
,congreve1 ,sir ,william1 #ec   ,cube1  
duplication (1 #ch   ,cry/allization se5
 by microscope1 #ajh    ,mi/ak5 =       
pal+5esy1 #ajj                          
,danc]--microphotographs1 #add          
,dang]\s1 fasc9ation ( !1 #a            
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 #ade   ,de   
,luc's column1 #dj   ,de ,morgan--,leg5d
 ( ,mi*ael ,scott1 #f    ,ignorance v4  
le>n+1 #h    ,illu/ration ( accuracy (  
mod]n attempts to squ>e ! circle1 #ah   
,budget ( ,p>adoxes1 #f1 #ah            

,trisection ( angle1 #cd1 #aah    ,on   
p[d] ( sympa?y1 #aab    ,anecdote (     
,did]ot1 #aah   ,dial ( ,ahaz1 #acc     
,did]ot1 anecdote (1 #aah   ,digby1 ,sir
 ,k5elm1 & pal+5esy1 #aji    ,sir ,k5elm
 & p[d] ( sympa?y1 #aaa   ,dircks1 #ef1 
#ga1 #ge   ,discov]ies1 valuable1 n due 
to p]petual-motion-mong]s1 #cf          
,duplication ( ! cube1 #cj    ,elixir ( 
life1 #ie   ,eng9e]+1 insect1 #acj      
,eul]1 #ad1 #aah    ,fallacies 9        
p]petual motion1 #fe   ,fal/aff & !     
philosoph]'s /one1 #ig   ,f>aday's      
discov]y1 #ic   ,f>rants1 ,pre/4 ,royal 
,mic4 ,soc1 #adj   ,figure1 a1 enl>g$ by
 cutt+1 #abf   ,fir/ folio ,%akespe>e1  
co/ (1 #afh   ,fixation ( m]cury1 #ib   
,follies ( ,sci5ce1 ,! ,sev51 #b        
,d',israeli's li/1 #b    ,an            
inappropriate t]m1 #c   ,f\r?           
dim5sion--conception (1 #aag    ,flatl&1
 #abj    ,kant & ,gauss1 #aba           
,spirituali/s1 #aba    ,edw>d ,c>p5t]   
on1 #abb    ,possibility ( a new s5se1  
#abc   ,frauds 9 p]petual motion1 #fi   

,freez+ ( m]cury1 #ic   ,from5t1        
micrographs1 #aci    ,gases1            
liquefaction (1 #ic   ,geis]'s clock1   
#ga   ,geometrical quadrature           
impossible1 #ba   ,gibb]i%1 orig9 ( ^w1 
#if   ,god1 demon/ration ( exi/5ce (1   
#aah    ,hamm] made ( solid m]cury1 #ic 
,h&1 to look ?r\gh1 #aef   ,heat & cold1
 illusions1 #aej   ,hesse1 ,l&grave (1  
#gg   ,h9doos1 ratio accept$ by1 #af    
,holmes1 ,o4 ,w41 & p[d] ( sympa?y1 #aaa
   ,hom]'s ,iliad 9 nut%ell1 #acf       
,honec\rt1 ,wil>s de1 #db   ,horses     
lift$ by *ild1 #aca   ,hydr(luoric acid1
 #ajd   ,hydro/atic p>adox1 #df         
,iliad ( ,hom] 9 nut%ell1 #acf          
,impossible1 fasc9ation ( !1 #a         
,insect eng9e]+1 #acj   ,irradiation1   
#aeb    ,jews1 ratio accept$ by !1 #ac  
,keeley gold cure1 #ig   ,keeley motor1 
#fi   ,kir*] & pal+5esy1 #ajf           
,lacomme1 on squ>+ circle1 #bg   ,lamps1
 ev]-burn+1 #ajj   ,libr>y1             
,congressional1 9 h&-bag1 #ade   ,light 
f electric e>?-curr5ts1 #ajc   ,l9es1   

geometrical1 #aai   ,l9es1 direction (1 
deceptive1 #aed    ,l5g? (1 deceptive1  
#aec   ,liquid air1 #fe   ,lodge1 ,sir  
,oliv]1 on cons]vation ( en]gy1 #e      
,longitude1 relation ( squ>+ ! circle   
to1 #aj    ,mc,arthur1 on ari?metic (   
anci5ts1 #ae   ,ma*91 #af   ,magnetism =
 p]petual motion1 #fa   ,man lift+      
himself1 #abh   ,ma!maticians--h[ !y g  
to heav51 #h   ,m]cury1 fixation (1 #ib 
,freez+ (1 #ic   ,metals4 ,see          
,transmutation4   ,metius1 ,pet]1 #af   
,micrography1 or m9ute writ+1 #acf      
,hom] 9 a nut%ell1 #acf    ,mi*ael      
,angelo's seal1 #acf    ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 
#acf    ,bible 9 a nut%ell1 #acf        
,e>lie/ micrographic engrav+1 #aci      
,micrographic copy ( seal ( ,columbia   
,college1 #aci    ,pet]s' ma*9e1 #ada   
,"l's ,pray] writt5 at rate ( #bb       
,bibles to squ>e in*1 #ada    ,webb's   
f9e writ+1 #adb    ,calculation 9 reg>d 
to1 #adc    ,microphotographs by ,danc]1
 #add    ,pigeon-po/ 9 ,franco-,prussian
 ,w>1 #adf   ,millionaire1 to become a1 

#aff   ,miracle--dial ( ,ahaz1 #acc     
,morgan4 ,see ,de ,morgan4   ,morton1   
,presid5t ,h5ry1 #ff   ,motion1         
p]petual4 ,see ,p]petual motion4        
,muir1 ,pr(4 ,on ,ar*im$es1 #ad         
,musitanus1 ,c>olus1 #if    ,nail       
problem1 #afd   ,nicom$ean l9e1 #bi     
,orffyreus--8 real "n1 #gg    ,8        
fraudul5t ma*9e1 #gg   ,ov]balanc+      
:eels1 #dc    ,pa9t1 lum9\s1 #ajb       
,pal+5esy1 #ajf   ,pat5t (fice ,u4 ,s4 &
 p]petual motion1 #db   ,p5 mighti] ?an 
! sword1 #agc   ,p]petual lamps1 #ajj   
,p]petual motion1 #cf    ,:at ! problem 
is1 #cg    ,clock t requires no w9d+1   
#ch    ,wat* w\nd by walk+1 #ci         
,clock w\nd by tides1 #da    ,by        
electricity1 #da    ,absurdities1 #db   
,ov]balanc+ :eels1 #dc    ,dr4 ,"y1 on1 
#dd    ,bell[s action1 #de              
,hydro/atic p>adox1 #df    ,bi%op       
,wilk9s1 #dh    ,ar*im$ean screw1 #di   
,ar*im$ean screw1 by m]cury1 #ea        
,congreve's1 by capill>y attraction1 #ec
    ,tube & balls1 #ef    ,tube & rope1 

#ei    ,magnetism1 #fa    ,self-mov+    
railway c>riage1 #fc    ,a *ild's       
p]petual motion1 #fd    ,fallacies1 #fe 
,liquid air1 #fe    ,bisulphide ( c>bon1
 #ff    ,frauds1 #fi    ,keeley motor1  
#fi    ,geis]'s clock1 #ga    ,adams1   
#ga    ,r$hoeff]1 #gb    ,luk5s1 #gb    
,h[ to /op ! ma*9e1 #gc    ,m>quis (    
,worce/]1 #gd    ,dircks' model1 #ge    
,orffyreus1 #gg    ,possibility (1 #gh  
,pet]s' micrographs1 #ada               
,philosoph]'s /one1 #ig   ,phosphorus1  
discov]y (1 #aja   ,pigeon-po/1 #adf    
,population1 a "q (1 #afe   ,p[]1 !1 ( !
 future1 #dj   ,ptolemy1 on ! circle1   
#ae   ,puzzles1 ari?metical1 #agj       
,railway c>riage1 self-mov+1 #fc        
,ramsay1 ,sir ,william1 #hj1 #ih        
,ratio ( diamet] to circumf]5ce c>ri$ to
 #abg places1 #ag   ,r$hoeff]'s p]petual
 motion1 #gb   ,rosicrucius1 #ajj       
,ru!r=d1 #af    ,s*ott1 ,fa!r1 &        
pal+5esy1 #ajg   ,s*weirs1 ,dr41 #eb    
,scott1 ,mi*ael1 & 8 slave demons1 #f   
,scott1 ,sir ,walt]1 leg5d ( ! great    

,wiz>d1 #f    ,p[d] ( sympa?y1 #aab     
,self-mov+ railway c>riage1 #fc         
,s5ses--illusions (1 #adh    ,ta/e &    
smell1 #adi    ,heat & cold1 #aej       
,he>+1 #aej    ,t\*1 #aej               
,sight--size ( spot1 #aeb      ,l5g? (  
l9es1 #aec      ,direction ( l9es1 #aed 
,objects se5 ?r\gh h&1 #aef    ,look+   
?r\gh a brick1 #aeh   ,s5se1 possibility
 ( a new1 #abc   ,%ad[ go+ backw>d on   
dial1 #acc   ,%akespe>e1 co/ ( fir/     
folio1 #afh    ,philosoph]'s /one1 #ig  
,wit*craft1 #aad   ,%anks--value ( ratio
 c>ri$ to #gjg places1 #af   ,%>p1      
,abraham1 #af   ,sight1 s5se (1 deceiv$1
 #aeb   ,smi?1 ,james1 on squ>+ circle1 
#bh   ,snake lift$ by spid]1 #acj       
,solv5t1 univ]sal1 #ajd   ,space enl>g$ 
by cutt+1 #abf   ,spid] lift+ a snake1  
#acj   ,sun-dial--%ad[ go+ backw>d1 #acc
    ,ta/e & smell--illusions1 #adi      
,tides1 clock mov$ by1 #dj    ,w be !   
great s\rce ( p[] ( ! future1 #dj   ,"t 
x w\ld take ,ar*im$es to move ! _w1 #aga
   ,t\*1 s5se (1 deceiv$1 #aej          

,transmutation ( ! metals1 #gi          
,anci5t fables1 #gi    ,h]mes           
,trismegi/us1 #hj    ,treatises n       
allegorical1 #ha    ,sev5 metals1 #hb   
,metals nam$ aft] planets1 #hb          
,me?ods ( *eat+1 #hc    ,brief ( !      
,gold5 ,calf1 #hd    ,/ory ( unkn[n     
,italian1 #hg    ,possibility ( effect+1
 #hh    ,sir ,william ,ramsay1 #hi      
,effect ( su* discov]y on our curr5cy   
sy/em1 #ij   ,tribune1 ,new ,york1 #bi  
,trisection ( angle1 #cc   ,tube &      
balls1 #ef   ,tube & rope1 #ei          
,univ]sal m$ic9e4 ,see ,elixir ( ,life4 
,van ,ceul51 ,rudolph1 #af    ,walli*1  
,dr41 #ce   ,wat* t is w\nd by walk+1   
#ci    ,us$ z a compass1 #acd   ,webb   
micrographs1 #adb   ,:ewell's refutation
 ( #c-a_/h ratio1 #bh   ,wilk9s1 ,bi%op1
 #dh   ,wit*craft or magic1 #aac        
,worce/]1 ,m>quis (1 #gd   ,writ+1 f9e1 
#aci    ,"y1 ,dr4 ,?omas1 #dd