,,unto ,,?is ,,la/ ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays ,,on ,,political ,,economy by ,,john ,,rusk9 ,london ,melb\rne ,toronto ,w>d ,lock ,co ,limit$ #aiab ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,political ,,economy ,,( ,,art #g ,,lecture ,i4 #aa #a4 ,discov]y #bc #b4 ,application #bh ,,lecture ,,ii4 #df #c4 ,accumulation #df #d4 ,di/ribution #fe ,,add5da #hf ,note #a4--;,fa!rly ,au?ority #hf #b4--,"r to ,public ,support #ij #c4--,trial ,s*ools #ie #d4--,public ,fav\r #aja #e4--;,inv5tion ( new wants #ajb #f4--;,economy ( ,lit]ature #ajd #g4--,pilots ( ! ,/ate #ajf #h4--,silk & ,purple #ajg ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,unto ,,?is ,,la/ #aag ,,essay ,i4--,! ,roots ( ,hon\r #abg ,,ii4--,! ,ve9s ( ,weal? #adc ,,iii4--,qui ,judicatis ,t]ram #aef ,,iv4--,ad ,valorem #agc ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,essays ,,on ,,political ,,economy,a ,i4--,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,life3 ,,weal?1 ,,money ,,& ,,ri*es #bjg ,section #a4 ,weal? #bad #b4 ,money #bai #c4 ,ri*es #bbb ,,ii4--,,nature ,,( ,,weal?1 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,value1 ,,! ,,national ,,/ore1 ,,nature ,,( ,,lab\r1 ,,value ,,& ,,price1 ,,! ,,curr5cy #bbe ,,iii4--,,! ,,curr5cy-,,hold]s ,,& ,,/ore-,,hold]s1 ,,! ,,disease ,,( ,,desire #beb ,,iv4--,,laws ,,& ,,gov]nm5ts3 ,,lab\r ,,& ,,ri*es #bgh ,a ,^! ,essays 7 aft]w>ds revis$ & amplifi$1 & publi%$ ) o!rs "u ! title ,mun]a ,pulv]is4 ,,! ,,political ,,economy ,,( ,,art4 ,,preface4 ,! great] "p ( ! foll[+ treatise rema9s 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* x 0 read at ,man*e/]2 b ! m famili> passages ( x1 :i* 7 tru/$ to extempore deliv]y1 h be5 s9ce writt5 ) great] explicitness & fullness ?an ,i c\ld give !m 9 speak+2 & a consid]able numb] ( notes are add$1 to expla9 ! po9ts :i* c\ld n be suffici5tly consid]$ 9 ! "t ,i _h at my disposal 9 ! lecture-room4 ,"s apology may be ?\ght due to ! read]1 = an endeav\r to engage 8 att5tion on a subject ( :i* no pr(\nd /udy seems compatible ) ! "w 9 :i* ,i am usually employ$4 ,b pr(\nd /udy is n1 9 ?is case1 necess>y ei!r to writ] or read]1 :ile accurate /udy1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 is necess>y = u all4 ,political economy means1 9 pla9 ,engli%1 no?+ m ?an citiz5s' economy2 & its fir/ pr9ciples ought1 !re=e1 to be und]/ood by all :o mean to take ! responsibility ( citiz5s1 z ^? ( h\sehold economy by all :o take ! responsibility ( h\sehold]s4 ,nor are its fir/ pr9ciples 9 ! lea/ obscure3 !y are1 _m ( !m1 disagreeable 9 _! practical requirem5ts1 & p 9 g5]al pret5d t !y _c und]/&1 because !y are unwill+ to obey !m2 or1 r1 by habitual disob$i5ce1 de/roy _! capacity ( und]/&+ !m4 ,b !re is n "o ( ! really great pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce :i* is ei!r obscure or disputable--:i* might n be taught to a y\? z soon z he c be tru/$ ) an annual all[ance1 or to a "y lady z soon z %e is ( age to be tak5 into c\nsel by ! h\sekeep]4 ,i might1 ) m appe>ance ( ju/ice1 be blam$ = ?9k+ x necess>y to en=ce :at ev]ybody is suppos$ to "k4 ,b ?is fault w h>dly be f\nd ) me1 :ile ! comm]cial ev5ts record$ daily 9 our j\rnals1 & /ill m ! explanations attempt$ to be giv5 ( !m1 %[ t a l>ge numb] ( our s-call$ m]*ants are z ignorant ( ! nature ( money z !y are reckless1 unju/1 & un=tunate 9 its employm5t4 ,! /atem5ts ( economical pr9ciple giv5 9 ! text1 ?\gh ,i "k t mo/1 if n all1 ( !m are accept$ by exi/+ au?orities on ! sci5ce1 are n support$ by ref]5ces1 because ,i h nev] read any au?or on political economy1 except ,adam ,smi?1 tw5ty ye>s ago4#a ,:5ev] ,i h tak5 up any mod]n book ^u ?is subject1 ,i h usually f\nd x encumb]$ ) inquiries into accid5tal or m9or comm]cial results1 = ! pursuit ( :i* an ord9>y read] c\ld h no leisure1 &1 by ! complication ( :i*1 x seem$ to me1 ! au?ors !mselves _h be5 n unfrequ5tly prev5t$ f see+ to ! root ( ! bus9ess4 #a #aheg4 ,f9ally1 if ! read] %\ld feel incl9$ to blame me = too sangu9e a /atem5t ( future possibilities 9 political practice1 let him consid] h[ absurd x w\ld h appe>$ 9 ! days ( ,edw>d ,i4 if ! pres5t /ate ( social economy _h be5 !n pr$ict$ z necess>y1 or ev5 describ$ z possible4 ,& ,i believe ! advance f ! days ( ,edw>d ,i4 to our own1 great z x is confess$ly1 consi/s1 n s mu* 9 :at we h actually accompli%$1 z 9 :at we are n[ enabl$ to conceive4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,among ! v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! age 9 :i* we live1 z comp>$ ) o!r ages ( ?is n yet v exp]i5c$ _w1 "o ( ! mo/ notable appe>s to me to be ! j & :olesome contempt 9 :i* we hold pov]ty4 ,i repeat1 ! j & :olesome contempt2 ?\gh ,i see t "s ( my he>]s look surpris$ at ! expression4 ,i assure !m1 ,i use x 9 s9c]ity2 & ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to ask y to li/5 to me ?is ev5+1 unless ,i _h ent]ta9$ a pr(\nd respect = weal?--true weal?1 t is to say2 =1 ( c\rse1 we ought to respect nei!r weal? nor any?+ else t is false ( its k9d3 & ! di/9ction betwe5 real & false weal? is "o ( ! po9ts on :i* ,i %all h a few words pres5tly to say to y4 ,b true weal? ,i hold1 z ,i said1 9 great hon\r2 & sympa?ize1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) t extraord9>y feel+ ( ! pres5t age :i* publicly pays ?is hon\r to ri*es4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 help notic+ h[ extraord9>y x is1 & h[ ?is epo* ( ours diff]s f all bygone epo*s 9 hav+ no philosophical nor religi\s wor%ipp]s ( ! ragg$ god%ip ( pov]ty4 ,9 ! classical ages1 n only !re 7 p :o volunt>ily liv$ 9 tubs1 & :o us$ gravely to ma9ta9 ! sup]iority ( tub-life to t[n-life1 b ! ,greeks & ,lat9s seem to h look$ on ^! ecc5tric1 & ,i d n scruple to say1 absurd p1 ) z mu* respect z we d ^u l>ge capitali/s & l&$ proprietors2 s t really1 9 ^? days1 no "o c\ld be describ$ z purse pr\d1 b only z empty-purse pr\d4 ,& no less di/9ct ?an ! hon\r :i* ^? curi\s ,greek p pay to _! conceit$ poor1 is ! disrespectful mann] 9 :i* !y speak ( ! ri*2 s t "o _c li/5 long ei!r to !m1 or to ! ,roman writ]s :o imitat$ !m1 )\t f9d+ oneself entangl$ 9 all sorts ( plausible absurdities2 h>d ^u be+ conv9c$ ( ! uselessness ( collect+ t heavy yell[ sub/ance :i* we call gold1 & l$ g5]ally to d\bt all ! mo/ e/abli%$ maxims ( political economy4 ,nor are matt]s mu* bett] 9 ! middle ages4 ,= ! ,greeks & ,romans cont5t$ !mselves ) mock+ at ri* p1 & con/ruct+ m]ry dialogues betwe5 ,*>on & ,diog5es or ,m5ippus1 9 :i* ! f]ryman & ! cynic rejoic$ toge!r z !y saw k+s & ri* m5 com+ d[n to ! %ore ( ,a*]on1 9 lam5t+ & lam5table cr[ds1 ca/+ _! cr[ns into ! d>k wat]s1 & se>*+1 sometimes 9 va91 = ! la/ co9 out ( all _! treasures t c\ld ev] be ( use to !m4 ,b ^! ,pagan views ( ! matt] 7 indulg5t1 comp>$ ) ^? :i* 7 held 9 ! middle ages1 :5 weal? seems to h be5 look$ ^u by ! be/ m5 n only z contemptible1 b z crim9al4 ,! purse r\nd ! neck is1 !n1 "o ( ! pr9cipal signs ( condemnation 9 ! pictur$ ,inf]no2 & ! ,_s ( ,pov]ty is rev]5c$ ) subjection ( he>t1 & fai?fulness ( affection1 l t ( a loyal knight = 8 lady1 or a loyal subject = 8 que54 ,& truly1 x requires "s boldness to quit ourselves ( ^! feel+s1 & to confess _! p>tiality or _! error1 :i*1 nev]!less1 we are c]ta9ly b\nd to d4 ,= weal? is simply "o ( ! greate/ p[]s :i* c be entru/$ to human h&s3 a p[]1 n inde$ to be envi$1 because x seldom makes u happy2 b /ill less to be abdicat$ or despis$2 :ile1 9 ^! days1 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 x has become a p[] all ! m notable1 9 t ! possessions ( a ri* man are n repres5t$1 z !y us$ to be1 by w$ges ( gold or c(f]s ( jewels1 b by masses ( m5 v>i\sly employ$1 ov] ^: bodies & m9ds ! weal?1 accord+ to its direction1 ex]cises h>mful or helpful influ5ce1 & becomes1 9 t alt]native1 ,mammon ei!r ( ,unrighte\sness or ( ,righte\sness4 ,n[1 x seem$ to me t s9ce1 9 ! "n y h giv5 to ?is great ga!r+ ( ,briti% pictures1 y recognise !m z ,treasures--t is1 ,i suppose1 z "p & p>cel ( ! real weal? ( ! c\ntry--y might n be un9t]e/$ 9 trac+ c]ta9 comm]cial que/ions connect$ ) ?is p>ticul> =m ( weal?4 ,mo/ p]sons express !mselves z surpris$ at its quantity2 n hav+ kn[n be=e to :at an ext5t good art _h be5 accumulat$ 9 ,engl&3 & x w1 !re=e1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 be held a wor?y subject ( consid]ation1 :at are ! political int]e/s involv$ 9 su* accumulations2 :at k9d ( lab\r !y repres5t1 & h[ ?is lab\r may 9 g5]al be appli$ & economiz$1 s z to produce ! ri*e/ results4 ,n[1 y mu/ h pati5ce ) me1 if 9 approa*+ ! specialty ( ?is subject1 ,i dwell a little on c]ta9 po9ts ( g5]al political sci5ce already kn[n or e/abli%$3 = ?\gh ?us1 z ,i believe1 e/abli%$1 "s :i* ,i %all h occasion to re/ argum5ts on are n yet by any means univ]sally accept$2 & !re=e1 ?\gh ,i w n lose "t 9 any detail$ def5ce ( !m1 x is necess>y t ,i %\ld di/9ctly tell y 9 :at =m ,i receive1 & wi% to argue f !m2 & ?is ! m1 because !re may p]haps be a "p ( my audi5ce :o h n int]e/$ !mselves 9 political economy1 z x be>s on ord9>y fields ( lab\r1 b may yet wi% to he> 9 :at way its pr9ciples c be appli$ to ,art4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 take leave to trespass on y\r pati5ce ) a few elem5t>y /atem5ts 9 ! outset1 & )1 ! expression ( "s g5]al pr9ciples1 "h & !re1 9 ! c\rse ( our p>ticul> inquiry4 ,to beg91 !n1 ) "o ( ^! necess>y truisms3 all economy1 :e!r ( /ates1 h\seholds1 or individuals1 may be def9$ to be ! art ( manag+ lab\r4 ,! _w is s regulat$ by ! laws ( ,provid5ce1 t a man's lab\r1 well appli$1 is always amply suffici5t to provide him dur+ 8 life ) all ?+s ne$ful to him1 & n only ) ^?1 b ) _m pleasant objects ( luxury2 & yet f>!r1 to procure him l>ge int]vals ( heal?ful re/ & s]viceable leisure4 ,& a nation's lab\r1 well appli$1 is 9 l mann]1 amply suffici5t to provide its :ole population ) good food & com=table habitation2 & n ) ^? only1 b ) good education besides1 & objects ( luxury1 art treasures1 su* z ^! y h ar\nd y n[4 ,b by ^? same laws ( ,nature & ,provid5ce1 if ! lab\r ( ! nation or ( ! individual be misappli$1 & mu* m if x be insuffici5t1--if ! nation or man be indol5t & unwise1--suff]+ & want result1 exactly 9 proportion to ! indol5ce & improvid5ce1--to ! refusal ( lab\r1 or to ! misapplication ( x4 ,:]ev] y see want1 or mis]y1 or degradation1 9 ?is _w ab\t y1 !re1 be sure1 ei!r indu/ry has be5 want+1 or indu/ry has be5 9 error4 ,x is n accid5t1 x is n ,heav5-comm&$ calamity1 x is n ! orig9al & inevitable evil ( man's nature1 :i* fill y\r /reets ) lam5tation1 & y\r graves ) prey4 ,x is only t1 :5 !re %\ld h be5 provid5ce1 !re has be5 wa/e2 :5 !re %\ld h be5 lab\r1 !re has be5 lascivi\sness2 &1 wilfulness1 :5 !re %\ld h be5 subord9ation4#b #b ,prov]bs xiii4 #bc3 ,mu* food is 9 ! tillage ( ! poor3 b !re is t is de/roy$ = want ( judgm5t4 ,n[1 we h w>p$ ! ^w economy 9 our ,engli%3 language into a mean+ :i* x has no bus9ess :atev] to be>4 ,9 our use ( x1 x con/antly signifies m]ely sp>+ or sav+2 economy ( money means sav+ money--economy ( "t1 sp>+ "t1 & s on4 ,b t is a :olly b>b>\s use ( ! ^w--b>b>\s 9 a d\ble s5se1 = x is n ,engli%1 & x is bad ,greek2 b>b>\s 9 a treble s5se1 = x is n ,engli%1 x is bad ,greek1 & x is worse s5se4 ,economy no m means sav+ money ?an x means sp5d+ money4 ,x means1 ! adm9i/ration ( a h\se2 its /ew>d%ip2 sp5d+ or sav+1 t is1 :e!r money or "t1 or any?+ else1 to ! be/ possible advantage4 ,9 ! simple/ & cle>e/ def9ition ( x1 economy1 :e!r public or private1 means ! wise managem5t ( lab\r2 & x means ?is ma9ly 9 ?ree s5ses3 namely1 fir/1 apply+ y\r lab\r rationally2 secondly1 pres]v+ its produce c>efully2 la/ly1 di/ribut+ its produce seasonably4 ,i say fir/1 apply+ y\r lab\r rationally2 t is1 s z to obta9 ! mo/ preci\s ?+s y c1 & ! mo/ la/+ ?+s1 by x3 n gr[+ oats 9 l& :]e y c gr[ :eat1 nor putt+ f9e embroid]y on a /uff t w n we>4 ,secondly1 pres]v+ its produce c>efully2 t is to say1 lay+ up y\r :eat wisely 9 /oreh\ses = ! "t ( fam9e1 & keep+ y\r embroid]y wat*fully f ! mo?3 & la/ly1 di/ribut+ its produce seasonably2 t is to say1 be+ able to c>ry y\r corn at once to ! place :]e ! p are hungry1 & y\r embroid]ies to ! places :]e !y are gay1 s fulfill+ 9 all ways ! ,wise ,man's description1 :e!r ( ! que5ly h\sewife or que5ly nation4 ,%e rise? :ile x is yet night1 & give? meat to h] h\sehold1 & a portion to h] maid5s4 ,%e make? h]self cov]+s ( tape/ry1 h] clo?+ is silk & purple4 ,/r5g? & hon\r are 9 h] clo?+1 & %e %all rejoice 9 "t to come4 ,n[1 y w obs]ve t 9 ?is description ( ! p]fect economi/1 or mi/ress ( a h\sehold1 !re is a /udi$ expression ( ! balanc$ division ( h] c>e betwe5 ! two great objects ( utility & spl5d\r2 9 h] "r h&1 food & flax1 = life & clo?+2 9 h] left h&1 ! purple & ! ne$lework1 = hon\r & = beauty4 ,all p]fect h\sewif]y or national economy is kn[n by ^! two divisions2 :]ev] ei!r is want+1 ! economy is imp]fect4 ,if ! motive ( pomp prevails1 & ! c>e ( ! national economi/ is direct$ only to ! accumulation ( gold1 & ( pictures1 & ( silk & m>ble1 y "k at once t ! "t mu/ soon come :5 all ^! treasures %all be scatt]$ & bla/$ 9 national ru94 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! elem5t ( utility prevails1 & ! nation disda9s to occupy itself 9 any wise ) ! arts ( beauty or delight1 n only a c]ta9 quantity ( its en]gy calculat$ = ex]cise 9 ^? arts alone mu/ be entirely wa/$1 :i* is bad economy1 b also ! passions connect$ ) ! utilities ( prop]ty become morbidly /rong1 & a mean lu/ ( accumulation m]ely = ! sake ( accumulation1 or ev5 ( lab\r m]ely = ! sake ( lab\r1 w bani% at la/ ! s]5ity & ! morality ( life1 z completely1 & p]haps m ignobly1 ?an ev5 ! lavi%ness ( pride & ! lightness ( pleasure4 ,& simil>ly1 & mu* m visibly1 9 private & h\sehold economy1 y may judge always ( its p]fectness by its fair balance betwe5 ! use & ! pleasure ( its possessions4 ,y w see ! wise cottag]'s g>d5 trimly divid$ betwe5 its well-set vegetables1 & its fragrant fl[]s2 y w see ! good h\sewife tak+ pride 9 h] pretty table-clo?1 & h] glitt]+ %elves1 no less ?an 9 h] well-dress$ di%1 & h] full /or]oom2 ! c>e 9 h] c\nt5ance w alt]nate ) gaiety1 & ?\gh y w rev]5ce h] 9 h] s]i\sness1 y w "k h] be/ by h] smile4 ,n[1 z y w h anticipat$1 ,i am go+ to address y1 on ?is & our succe$+ ev5+1 *iefly on ! subject ( t economy :i* relates r to ! g>d5 ?an ! f>m-y>d4 ,i %all ask y to consid] ) me ! k9d ( laws by :i* we %all be/ di/ribute ! b$s ( our national g>d51 & raise 9 x ! sweete/ succession ( trees pleasant to ! sight1 & 79 no =bidd5 s5se7 to be desir$ to make u wise4 ,b1 be=e proce$+ to op5 ?is specialty ( our subject1 let me pause = a few mom5ts to plead ) y = ! acceptance ( t pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t or au?ority :i* mu/ be at ! root ( all economy1 :e!r = use or = pleasure4 ,i said1 a few m9utes ago1 t a nation's lab\r1 well appli$1 0 amply suffici5t to provide its :ole population ) good food1 com=table clo?+1 & pleasant luxury4 ,b ! good1 in/ant1 & con/ant application is ev]y?+4 ,we mu/ n1 :5 our /rong h&s are ?r[n out ( "w1 look wildly ab\t = want ( some?+ to d ) !m4 ,if ev] we feel t want1 x is a sign t all our h\sehold is out ( ord]4 ,fancy a f>m]'s wife1 to :om "o or two ( h] s]vants %\ld come at twelve o'clock at noon1 cry+ t !y _h got no?+ to d2 t !y did n "k :at to d next3 & fancy /ill f>!r1 ! said f>m]'s wife look+ hopelessly ab\t h] rooms & y>d1 !y be+ all ! :ile consid]ably 9 disord]1 n kn[+ :]e to set ! sp>e h&-maid5s to "w1 & at la/ compla9+ bitt]ly t %e _h be5 oblig$ to give !m _! d9n] = no?+4 ,t's ! type ( ! k9d ( political economy we practise too (t5 9 ,engl&4 ,w\ld y n at once ass]t ( su* a mi/ress t %e knew no?+ ( h] duties8 & w\ld y n be c]ta91 if ! h\sehold 7 rightly manag$1 ! mi/ress w\ld be only too glad at any mom5t to h ! help ( any numb] ( sp>e h&s2 t %e w\ld "k 9 an in/ant :at to set !m to2--9 an in/ant :at "p ( to-morr['s "w might be mo/ s]viceably =w>d$1 :at "p ( next mon?'s "w mo/ wisely provid$ =1 or :at new task ( "s pr(itable k9d und]tak58 & :5 ! ev5+ came1 & %e dismiss$ h] s]vants to _! recreation or _! re/1 or ga!r$ !m to ! read+ r\nd ! "w-table1 "u ! eaves 9 ! sunset1 w\ld y n be sure to f9d t none ( !m _h be5 ov]task$ by h]1 j because none _h be5 left idle2 t ev]y?+ _h be5 accompli%$ because all _h be5 employ$2 t ! k9dness ( ! mi/ress _h aid$ h] pres5ce ( m9d1 & ! slight lab\r _h be5 entru/$ to ! weak1 & ! =midable to ! /rong2 & t z none _h be5 di%on\r$ by inactivity s none _h be5 brok5 by toil8 ,n[1 ! precise c\nt]p>t ( su* a h\sehold w\ld be se5 9 a nation 9 :i* political economy 0 rightly und]/ood4 ,y compla9 ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ "w = y\r m54 ,dep5d ^u x1 ! real difficulty r is to f9d m5 = y\r "w4 ,! s]i\s "q = y is n h[ _m y h to fe$1 b h[ mu* y h to d2 x is our inactivity1 n our hung]1 t ru9s u3 let u nev] fe> t our s]vants %\ld h a good appetite--our weal? is 9 _! /r5g?1 n 9 _! />vation4 ,look ar\nd ?is isl& ( y\rs1 & see :at y h to d 9 x4 ,! sea ro>s aga9/ y\r h>b\rless cliffs--y h to build ! breakwat]1 & dig ! port ( refuge2 ! unclean pe/il5ce rav9s 9 y\r /reets--y h to br+ ! full /ream f ! hills1 & to s5d ! free w9ds ?r\gh ! ?or\ghf>e2 ! fam9e blan*es y\r lips & eats away y\r fle%--y h to dig ! moor & dry ! m>%1 to bid ! morass give =? in/ead ( engulph+1 & to wr+ ! honey & oil out ( ! rock4 ,^! ?+s1 & ?\s&s su*1 we h to d1 & %all h to d con/antly1 on ?is great f>m ( ours2 = d n suppose t x is any?+ else ?an t4 ,precisely ! same laws ( economy :i* apply to ! cultivation ( a f>m or an e/ate apply to ! cultivation ( a prov9ce or ( an isl&4 ,:atev] rebuke y w\ld address to ! improvid5t ma/] ( an ill-manag$ patrimony1 precisely t rebuke we %\ld address to ourselves1 s f> z we leave our population 9 idl5ess & our c\ntry 9 disord]4 ,:at w\ld y say to ! "l ( an e/ate :o compla9$ to y ( 8 pov]ty & disabilities1 &1 :5 y po9t$ out to him t 8 l& 0 half ( x ov]run ) we$s1 & t 8 f5ces 7 all 9 ru91 & t 8 cattle-%$s 7 ro(less1 & 8 lab\r]s ly+ "u ! h$ges fa9t = want ( food1 he answ]$ to y t x w\ld ru9 him to we$ 8 l& or to ro( 8 %$s--t ^? 7 too co/ly op]ations = him to und]take1 & t he knew n h[ to fe$ 8 lab\r]s nor pay !m8 ,w\ld y n in/antly answ]1 t in/ead ( ru9+ him to we$ 8 fields1 x w\ld save him2 t 8 inactivity 0 8 de/ruction1 & t to set 8 lab\r]s to "w 0 to fe$ !m8 ,n[1 y may add acre to acre1 & e/ate to e/ate1 z f> z y l1 b y w nev] rea* a compass ( gr\nd :i* %all escape f ! au?ority ( ^! simple laws4 ,! pr9ciples :i* are "r 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a few fields1 are "r also 9 ! adm9i/ration ( a great c\ntry f horizon to horizon3 idl5ess does n cease to be ru9\s because x is ext5sive1 nor lab\r to be productive because x is univ]sal4 ,nay1 b y reply1 !re is "o va/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! nation's economy & ! private man's3 ! f>m] has full au?ority ov] 8 lab\r]s2 he c direct !m to d :at is ne$$ to be done1 :e!r !y l x or n2 & he c turn !m away if !y refuse to "w1 or imp$e o!rs 9 _! work+1 or are disob$i5t1 or qu>relsome4 ,!re is ?is great diff]5ce2 x is precisely ?is diff]5ce on :i* ,i wi% to fix y\r att5tion1 = x is precisely ?is diff]5ce :i* y h to d away )4 ,we "k ! necessity ( au?ority 9 f>m1 or 9 fleet1 or 9 army2 b we commonly refuse to admit x 9 ! body ( ! nation4 ,let u consid] ?is po9t a little4 ,9 ! v>i\s awkw>d & un=tunate ef=ts :i* ! ,fr5* h made at ! developm5t ( a social sy/em1 !y h at lea/ /at$ "o true pr9ciple1 t ( frat]nity or bro!rhood4 ,d n be al>m$2 !y got all wrong 9 _! exp]im5ts1 because !y q =got t ?is fact ( frat]nity impli$ ano!r fact q z important--t ( pat]nity or fa!rhood4 ,t is to say1 if !y 7 to reg>d ! nation z "o family1 ! condition ( unity 9 t family consi/$ no less 9 _! hav+ a head1 or a fa!r1 ?an 9 _! be+ fai?ful & affectionate memb]s1 or bro!rs4 ,b we mu/ n =get ?is1 = we h long confess$ x ) our lips1 ?\gh we refuse to confess x 9 our lives4 ,= half an h\r e ,sunday we expect a man 9 a black g[n1 suppos$ to be tell+ u tru?1 to address u z bre?r51 ?\gh we %\ld be %ock$ at ! notion ( any bro!rhood exi/+ among u out ( *ur*4 ,& we c h>dly read a few s5t5ces on any political subject )\t runn+ a *ance ( cross+ ! phrase pat]nal gov]nm5t1 ?\gh we %\ld be utt]ly horror-/ruck at ! idea ( gov]nm5ts claim+ any?+ l a fa!r's au?ority ov] u4 ,n[1 ,i believe ^? two =mal phrases are 9 bo? in/ances p]fectly b9d+ & accurate1 & t ! image ( ! f>m & its s]vants :i* ,i h hi!rto us$1 z express+ a :olesome national organization1 fails only ( do+ s1 n because x is too dome/ic1 b because x is n dome/ic en\gh2 because ! real type ( a well-organiz$ nation mu/ be pres5t$1 n by a f>m cultivat$ by s]vants :o wr\ght = hire1 & might be turn$ away if !y refus$ to lab\r1 b by a f>m 9 :i* ! ma/] 0 a fa!r1 & 9 :i* all ! s]vants 7 sons2 :i* impli$1 !re=e1 9 all its regulations1 n m]ely ! ord] ( exp$i5cy1 b ! bonds ( affection & responsibilities ( relation%ip2 & 9 :i* all acts & s]vices 7 n only to be sweet5$ by bro!rly concord1 b to be en=c$ by fa!rly au?ority4#c #c ,see note #a/1 9 ,add5da p4 #hf4 ,obs]ve1 ,i d n mean 9 ! lea/ t we ought to place su* an au?ority 9 ! h&s ( any "o p]son1 or ( any class or body ( p]sons4 ,b ,i d mean to say t z an individual :o conducts himself wisely mu/ make laws = himself :i* at "s "t or o!r may appe> irksome or injuri\s1 b :i*1 precisely at ! "t !y appe> mo/ irksome1 x is mo/ necess>y he %\ld obey1 s a nation :i* means to conduct itself wisely1 mu/ e/abli% au?ority ov] itself1 ve/$ ei!r 9 k+s1 c\ncils1 or laws1 :i* x mu/ resolve to obey1 ev5 at times :5 ! law or au?ority appe>s irksome to ! body ( ! p1 or injuri\s to c]ta9 masses ( x4 ,& ?is k9d ( national law has hi!rto be5 only judicial2 cont5t$1 t is1 ) an endeav\r to prev5t & puni% viol5ce & crime3 b1 z we advance 9 our social k2 we %all endeav\r to make our gov]nm5t pat]nal z well z judicial2 t is1 to e/abli% su* laws & au?orities z may at once direct u 9 our occupations1 protect u aga9/ our follies1 & visit u 9 our di/resses3 a gov]nm5t :i* %all repress di%one/y1 z n[ x puni%es !ft2 :i* %all %[ h[ ! discipl9e ( ! masses may be br\ght to aid ! toils ( peace1 z discipl9e ( ! masses has hi!rto knit ! s9ews ( battle2 a gov]nm5t :i* %all h its soldi]s ( ! pl\gh%>e z well z its soldi]s ( ! sword1 & :i* %all di/ribute m pr\dly its gold5 crosses ( indu/ry--gold5 z ! gl[ ( ! h>ve/1 ?an n[ x grants its bronze crosses ( hon\r--bronz$ ) ! crimson ( blood4 ,i h n1 ( c\rse1 "t to insi/ on ! nature or details ( gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d2 only ,i wi% to plead = y\r sev]al & future consid]ation ( ?is "o tru?1 t ! notion ( ,discipl9e & ,int]f]5ce lies at ! v root ( all human progress or p[]2 t ! ,let alone pr9ciple is1 9 all ?+s :i* man has to d )1 ! pr9ciple ( dea?2 t x is ru9 to him1 c]ta9 & total1 if he lets 8 l& alone--if he lets 8 fell[-m5 alone--if he lets 8 own s\l alone4 ,t 8 :ole life1 on ! contr>y1 mu/1 if x is heal?y life1 be cont9ually "o ( pl\gh+ & prun+1 rebuk+ & help+1 gov]n+ & puni%+2 & t !re=e x is only 9 ! concession ( "s great pr9ciple ( re/ra9t & int]f]5ce 9 national action t he c ev] hope to f9d ! secret ( protection aga9/ national degradation4 ,i believe t ! masses h a "r to claim education f _! gov]nm5t2 b only s f> z !y ackn[l$ge ! duty ( yield+ ob$i5ce to _! gov]nm5t4 ,i believe !y h a "r to claim employm5t f _! gov]n\rs2 b only s f> z !y yield to ! gov]n\r ! direction & discipl9e ( _! lab\r2 & x is only s f> z !y grant to ! m5 :om !y may set ov] !m ! fa!r's au?ority to *eck ! *ildi%nesses ( national fancy1 & direct ! wayw>dnesses ( national en]gy1 t !y h a "r to ask t none ( _! di/resses %\ld be unreliev$1 none ( _! weaknesses unwat*$2 & t no grief1 nor nak$ness1 nor p]il %\ld exi/ = !m1 aga9/ :i* ! fa!r's h& 0 n out/ret*$1 or ! fa!r's %ield uplift$4#d #d ,comp>e ,wordswor?'s ,essay on ! ,poor-,law ,am5dm5t ,bill4 ,i quote "o important passage3--,b1 if x be n safe to t\* ! ab/ract "q ( man's "r 9 a social /ate to help himself ev5 9 ! la/ extremity1 may we n /ill cont5d = ! duty ( a ,*ri/ian gov]nm5t1 /&+ 9 loco p>5tis t[>ds all its subjects1 to make su* effectual provision t no "o %all be 9 dang] ( p]i%+ ei!r ?r\gh ! neglect or h>%ness ( its legislation8 ,or1 waiv+ ?is1 is x n indisputable t ! claim ( ! ,/ate to ! allegiance1 involves ! protection ( ! subject8 ,&1 z all rights 9 "o p>ty impose a correlative duty ^u ano!r1 x foll[s t ! "r ( ! ,/ate to require ! s]vices ( its memb]s1 ev5 to ! jeop>d+ ( _! lives 9 ! common def5ce1 e/abli%es a "r 9 ! p 7n to be ga9said by utilit>ians & economi/s7 to public support :51 f any cause1 !y may be unable to support !mselves4--7,see note #bnd 9 ,add5da p4 #ij74 ,n[1 ,i h press$ ?is ^u y at m l5g? ?an is ne$ful or proportion$ to our pres5t purposes ( inquiry1 because ,i w\ld n = ! fir/ "t speak to y on ?is subject ( political economy )\t cle>ly /at+ :at ,i believe to be its fir/ gr& pr9ciple4 ,b its be>+ on ! matt] 9 h& is *iefly to prev5t y f at once too viol5tly diss5t+ f me :5 :at ,i may /ate to y z advisable economy 9 art appe>s to imply too mu* re/ra9t or int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om ( ! patron or arti/4 ,we are a little apt1 ?\gh1 on ! :ole a prud5t nation1 to act too imm$iately on our impulses1 ev5 9 matt]s m]ely comm]cial2 mu* m 9 ^? involv+ cont9ual appeals to our fancies4 ,h[ f>1 !re=e1 ! propos$ sy/ems or re/ra9ts may be advisable1 x is = y to judge2 only ,i pray y n to be (f5d$ ) !m m]ely because !y are sy/ems & re/ra9ts4 ,d y at all recollect t int]e/+ passage ( ,c>lyle1 9 :i* he comp>es1 9 ?is c\ntry & at ?is day1 ! und]/ood & comm]cial value ( man & horse2 & 9 :i* he wond]s t ! horse1 ) its inf]ior bra9s & its awkw>d ho(9ess1 in/ead ( h&9ess1 %\ld be always wor? s _m t5s or scores ( p\nds 9 ! m>ket1 :ile ! man1 s f> f always comm&+ 8 price 9 ! m>ket1 w\ld (t5 be ?\ght to conf] a s]vice on ! community by simply kill+ himself out ( _! way8 ,well1 ,c>lyle does n answ] 8 own "q1 because he supposes we %all at once see ! answ]4 ,! value ( ! horse consi/s simply 9 ! fact ( y\r be+ able to put a bridle on him4 ,! value ( ! man consi/s precisely 9 ! same ?+4 ,if y c bridle him1 or :i* is bett]1 if he c bridle himself1 he w be a valuable creature directly4 ,o!rwise1 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 8 value is ei!r no?+1 or accid5tal only4 ,only1 ( c\rse1 ! prop] bridle ( man is n a lea!rn "o3 :at k9d ( texture x is rightly made (1 we f9d f t comm&1 ,be ye n z ! horse or z ! mule :i* h no und]/&+1 ^: m\?s mu/ be held 9 ) bit & bridle4 ,y are n to be )\t ! re9s1 inde$1 b !y are to be ( ano!r k9d2 ,i w guide !e ) m9e ,eye4 ,s ! bridle ( man is to be ! ,eye ( ,god2 & if he rejects t guidance1 !n ! next be/ = him is ! horse's & ! mule's1 :i* h no und]/&+2 & if he rejects t1 & takes ! bit fairly 9 8 tee?1 !n !re is no?+ left = him ?an ! blood t comes out ( ! city1 up to ! horsebridles4 ,quitt+1 h[ev]1 at la/ ^! g5]al & s]i\s laws ( gov]nm5t--or r br++ !m d[n to our own bus9ess 9 h&--we h to consid] ?ree po9ts ( discipl9e 9 t p>ticul> bran* ( human lab\r :i* is conc]n$1 n ) procur+ ( food1 b ! expression ( emotion2 we h to consid] respect+ art3 fir/1 h[ to apply our lab\r to x2 !n1 h[ to accumulate or pres]ve ! results ( lab\r2 & !n1 h[ to di/ribute !m4 ,b s9ce 9 art ! lab\r :i* we h to employ is ! lab\r ( a p>ticul> class ( m5--m5 :o h special g5ius = ! bus9ess1 we h n only to consid] h[ to apply ! lab\r1 b fir/ ( all1 h[ to produce ! lab\r]2 & ?us ! "q 9 ?is p>ticul> case becomes f\rfold3 fir/1 h[ to get y\r man ( g5ius2 !n1 h[ to employ y\r man ( g5ius2 !n1 h[ to accumulate & pres]ve 8 "w 9 ! greate/ quantity2 & la/ly1 h[ to di/ribute 8 "w to ! be/ national advantage4 ,let u take up ^! que/ions 9 succession4 ,i4 ,,discov]y4--,h[ are we to get our m5 ( g5ius3 t is to say1 by :at means may we produce among u1 at any giv5 "t1 ! greate/ quantity ( effective art-intellect8 ,a wide "q1 y say1 involv+ an acc\nt ( all ! be/ means ( art education4 ,yes1 b ,i d n mean to g into ! consid]ation ( ^?2 ,i want only to /ate ! few pr9ciples :i* lie at ! f\ndation ( ! matt]4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is t y h always to f9d y\r arti/1 n to make him2 y c't manufacture him1 any m ?an y c manufacture gold4 ,y c f9d him1 & ref9e him3 y dig him out z he lies nugget-fa%ion 9 ! m\nta9-/ream2 y br+ him home2 & y make him into curr5t co91 or h\sehold plate1 b n "o gra9 ( him c y orig9ally produce4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( art-intellect is born annually 9 e nation1 great] or less accord+ to ! nature & cultivation ( ! nation or race ( m52 b a p]fectly fix$ quantity annually1 n increaseable by "o gra94 ,y may lose x1 or y may ga!r x2 y may let x lie loose 9 ! rav9e1 & buri$ 9 ! s&s1 or y may make k+s' ?rones ( x1 & ov]lay temple gates ) x1 z y *oose3 b ! be/ y c d ) x is always m]ely sift+1 melt+1 hamm]+1 purify+--nev] creat+4 ,& !re is ano!r ?+ notable ab\t ?is arti/ical gold2 n only is x limit$ 9 quantity1 b 9 use4 ,y ne$ n make ?rones or gold5 gates ) x unless y l1 b assur$ly y c't d any?+ else ) x4 ,y c't make knives ( x1 nor arm\r1 nor railroads4 ,! gold won't cut y1 & x won't c>ry y2 put x to a me*anical use1 & y de/roy x at once4 ,x is q true t 9 ! greate/ arti/s1 _! prop] arti/ical faculty is unit$ ) e o!r2 & y may make use ( ! o!r faculties1 & let ! arti/ical "o lie dormant4 ,= aught ,i "k1 !re may be two or ?ree ,leon>do da ,v9cis employ$ at ?is mom5t 9 y\r h>b\rs & railroads3 b y are n employ+ _! ,leon>desque or gold5 faculty !re1 y are only oppress+ & de/roy+ x4 ,& ! arti/ical gift 9 av]age m5 is n jo9$ ) o!rs2 y\r born pa9t]1 if y don't make a pa9t] ( him1 won't be a fir/-rate m]*ant1 or lawy]2 at all ev5ts1 :atev] he turns out1 8 own special gift is unemploy$ by y2 & 9 no wise helps him 9 t o!r bus9ess4 ,s "h y h a c]ta9 quantity ( a p>ticul> sort ( intellig5ce1 produc$ = y annually by provid5tial laws1 :i* y c only make use ( by sett+ x to its own prop] "w1 & :i* any attempt to use o!rwise involves ! dead loss ( s mu* human en]gy4 ,well1 !n1 suppos+ we wi% to employ x1 h[ is x to be be/ discov]$ & ref9$8 ,x is easily en\gh discov]$4 ,to wi% to employ x is to discov] x4 ,all t y ne$ is1 a s*ool ( trial#e 9 e important t[n1 9 :i* ^? idle f>m]s' lads :om _! ma/]s nev] c keep out ( mis*ief1 & ^? /upid tailors' 'pr5tices :o are always /it*+ ! sleeves 9 wrong way upw>ds1 may h a try at ?is o!r trade2 only ?is s*ool ( trial mu/ n be entirely regulat$ by =mal laws ( art education1 b mu/ ultimately be ! work%op ( a good ma/] pa9t]1 :o w try ! lads ) "o k9d ( art & ano!r1 till he f9ds out :at !y are fit =4 ,next1 aft] y\r trial s*ool1 y want y\r easy & secure employm5t1 :i* is ! matt] ( *ief importance4 ,=1 ev5 on ! pres5t sy/em1 ! boys :o h really int5se art capacity1 g5]ally make pa9t]s ( !mselves2 b !n1 ! be/ half ( _! e>ly en]gy is lo/ 9 ! battle ( life4 ,be=e a good pa9t] c get employm5t1 8 m9d has always be5 embitt]$1 & 8 g5ius di/ort$4 ,a common m9d usually /oops1 9 pla/ic *ill1 to :atev] is ask$ ( x1 & scrapes or daubs its way complac5tly into public fav\r4#f ,b y\r great m5 qu>rel ) y1 & y rev5ge y\rselves by />v+ !m = ! fir/ half ( _! lives4 ,precisely 9 ! degree 9 :i* any pa9t] possesses orig9al g5ius1 is at pres5t ! increase ( moral c]ta9ty t dur+ 8 e>ly ye>s he w h a h>d battle to fight2 & t j at ! "t :5 8 conceptions ought to be full & happy1 8 temp] g5tle1 & 8 hopes en?usia/ic--j at t mo/ critical p]iod1 8 he>t is full ( anxieties & h\sehold c>es2 he is *ill$ by disappo9tm5ts1 & vex$ by inju/ice2 he becomes ob/9ate 9 8 errors1 no less ?an 9 8 virtues1 & ! arr[s ( 8 aims are blunt$1 z ! re$s ( 8 tru/ are brok54 #e ,see note #crd1 9 ,add5da p4 #ie4 #f ,see note #d?1 9 ,add5da p4 #aja4 ,:at we ma9ly want1 !re=e1 is a means ( suffici5t & unagitat$ employm5t3 n hold+ out great prizes = :i* "y pa9t]s are to scramble2 b furni%+ all ) adequate support1 & opportunity to display su* p[] z !y possess )\t rejection or mortification4 ,i ne$ n say t ! be/ field ( lab\r ( ?is k9d w\ld be pres5t$ by ! con/ant progress ( public works involv+ v>i\s decoration2 & we w pres5tly exam9e :at k9d ( public works may ?us1 advantage\sly = ! nation1 be 9 con/ant progress4 ,b a m important matt] ev5 ?an ?is ( /eady employm5t1 is ! k9d ( criticism ) :i* y1 ! public1 receive ! works ( ! "y m5 submitt$ to y4 ,y may d mu* h>m by indiscreet praise & by indiscreet blame2 b rememb]1 ! *ief h>m is always done by blame4 ,x /&s to reason t a "y man's "w _c be p]fect4 ,x mu/ be m or less ignorant2 x mu/ be m or less feeble2 x is likely t x may be m or less exp]im5tal1 & if exp]im5tal1 "h & !re mi/ak54 ,if1 !re=e1 y all[ y\rself to laun* out into sudd5 b>k+ at ! fir/ faults y see1 ! probability is t y are abus+ ! y\? = "s defect naturally & inevitably belong+ to t /age ( 8 progress2 & t y might j z rationally f9d fault ) a *ild = n be+ z prud5t z a privy c\ncillor1 or ) a kitt5 = n be+ z grave z a cat4 ,b !re is "o fault :i* y may be q sure is unnecess>y1 & !re=e a real & blameable fault3 t is ha/e1 involv+ neglig5ce4 ,:5ev] y see t a "y man's "w is ei!r bold or slov5ly1 !n y may attack x firmly2 sure ( be+ "r4 ,if 8 "w is bold1 x is insol5t2 repress 8 insol5ce3 if x is slov5ly1 x is indol5t2 spur 8 indol5ce4 ,s long z he works 9 t da%+ or impetu\s way1 ! be/ hope = him is 9 y\r contempt3 & x is only by ! fact ( 8 seem+ n to seek y\r approbation t y may conjecture he des]ves x4 ,b if he does des]ve x1 be sure t y give x him1 else y n only run a *ance ( driv+ him f ! "r road by want ( enc\ragem5t1 b y deprive y\rselves ( ! happie/ privilege y w ev] h ( rew>d+ 8 lab\r4 ,= x is only ! "y :o c receive mu* rew>d f m5's praise3 ! old1 :5 !y are great1 get too f> beyond & above y to c>e :at y ?9k ( !m4 ,y may urge !m !n ) sympa?y1 & surr\nd !m !n ) acclamation2 b !y w d\bt y\r pleasure1 & despise y\r praise4 ,y might h *e]$ !m 9 _! race ?r\gh ! asphodel mead[s ( _! y\?2 y might h br\ght ! pr\d1 bright sc>let into _! faces1 if y _h b cri$ once to !m ,well done1 z !y da%$ up to ! fir/ goal ( _! e>ly ambition4 ,b n[1 _! pleasure is 9 memory1 & _! ambition is 9 heav54 ,!y c be k9d to y1 b y nev] m c be k9d to !m4 ,y may be f$ ) ! fruit & fullness ( _! old age1 b y 7 z ! nipp+ blight to !m 9 _! blossom+1 & y\r praise is only z ! w>m w9ds ( autumn to ! dy+ bran*es4 ,!re is "o ?\ght /ill1 ! sadde/ ( all1 be>+ on ?is )hold+ ( e>ly help4 ,x is possible1 9 "s noble natures1 t ! w>m? & ! affections ( *ildhood may rema9 un*ill$1 ?\gh unansw]$2 & t ! old man's he>t may /ill be capable ( gladness1 :5 ! long-)held sympa?y is giv5 at la/4 ,b 9 ^! noble natures x ne>ly always happ5s1 t ! *ief motive ( e>?ly ambition has n be5 to give delight to !mselves1 b to _! p>5ts4 ,e noble y\? looks back1 z to ! *iefe/ joy :i* ?is _w's hon\r ev] gave him1 to ! mom5t :5 fir/ he saw 8 fa!r's eyes fla% ) pride1 & 8 "m turn away h] head le/ he %\ld take h] te>s = te>s ( sorr[4 ,ev5 ! lov]'s joy1 :5 "s wor?9ess ( 8 is ackn[l$g$ be=e 8 mi/ress1 is n s great z t1 = x is n s pure--! desire to exalt himself 9 h] eyes mixes ) t ( giv+ h] delight2 b he does n ne$ to exalt himself 9 8 p>5ts' eyes3 x is ) ! pure hope ( giv+ !m pleasure t he comes to tell !m :at he has done1 or :at has be5 said ( him2 & !re=e he has a pur] pleasure ( 8 own4 ,& ?is pure/ & be/ ( rew>ds y keep f him if y c3 y fe$ him 9 8 t5d] y\? ) a%es & di%on\r2 & !n y come to him1 obsequi\s1 b too late1 ) y\r %>p laurel cr[n1 ! dew all dri$ f (f its leaves2 & y ?ru/ x into 8 languid h&1 & he looks at y wi/fully4 ,:at %all he d ) x8 ,:at c he d1 b g & lay x on 8 "m's grave8 ,?us1 !n1 y see t y h to provide = y\r "y m53 fir/1 ! se>*+ or discov]+ s*ool2 !n ! calm employm5t2 !n ! ju/ice ( praise3 "o ?+ m y h to d = !m 9 prep>+ !m = full s]vice--namely1 to make1 9 ! noble s5se ( ! ^w1 g5tlem5 ( !m2 t is to say1 to take c>e t _! m9ds receive su* tra9+1 t 9 all !y pa9t !y %all see & feel ! noble/ ?+s4 ,i am sorry to say1 t ( all p>ts ( an arti/'s education ?is is ! mo/ neglect$ among u2 & t ev5 :]e ! natural ta/e & feel+ ( ! y\? h be5 pure & true1 :]e !re 0 ! "r /uff 9 him to make a g5tleman (1 y may too frequ5tly disc]n "s j>r+ r5ts 9 8 m9d1 & elem5ts ( degradation 9 8 treatm5t ( subject1 ow+ to want ( g5tle tra9+1 & ( ! lib]al influ5ce ( lit]ature4 ,?is is q visible 9 our greate/ arti/s1 ev5 9 m5 l ,turn] & ,ga9sbor\gh2 :ile 9 ! common grade ( our second-rate pa9t]s ! evil atta9s a pit* :i* is f> too sadly manife/ to ne$ my dwell+ ^u x4 ,n[1 no bran* ( art economy is m important ?an t ( mak+ ! intellect at y\r disposal pure z well z p[]ful2 s t x may always ga!r = y ! sweete/ & faire/ ?+s4 ,! same quantity ( lab\r f ! same man's h&1 w1 accord+ z y h tra9$ him1 produce a lovely & useful "w1 or a base & hurtful "o1 & dep5d ^u x1 :atev] value x may possess1 by reason ( ! pa9t]'s skill1 its *ief & f9al value1 to any nation1 dep5ds ^u its be+ able to exalt & ref9e1 z well z to please2 & t ! picture :i* mo/ truly des]ves ! "n ( an art-treasure1 is t :i* has be5 pa9t$ by a good man4 ,y _c b see h[ f> ?is w\ld lead1 if ,i 7 to enl>ge ^u x4 ,i mu/ take x up z a sep>ate subject "s o!r "t3 only notic+ at pres5t t no money c\ld be bett] sp5t by a nation ?an 9 provid+ a lib]al & discipl9$ education = its pa9t]s1 z !y advance into ! critical p]iod ( _! y\?2 & t also1 a l>ge "p ( _! p[] dur+ life dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( subjects :i* y1 ! public1 ask !m =1 & !re=e ! k9d ( ?\ghts ) :i* y require !m to be habitually famili>4 ,i %all h m to say on ?is head :5 we come to consid] :at employm5t !y %\ld h 9 public build+s4 ,!re are _m o!r po9ts ( ne>ly z mu* importance z ^!1 to be expla9$ ) ref]5ce to ! developm5t ( g5ius2 b ,i %\ld h to ask y to come & he> six lectures in/ead ( two if ,i 7 to g into _! detail4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h n spok5 ( ! way 9 :i* y ought to look = ^? artific]s 9 v>i\s manual trades1 :o1 )\t possess+ ! ord] ( g5ius :i* y w\ld desire to devote to high] purposes1 yet possess wit1 & hum\r1 & s5se ( col\r1 & fancy = =m--all comm]cially valuable z quantities ( intellect1 & all m or less expressible 9 ! l[] arts ( ironwork1 pott]y1 decorative sculpture1 & su* l4 ,b ^! details1 int]e/+ z !y are1 ,i mu/ comm5d to y\r own consid]ation1 or leave = "s future inquiry4 ,i want j n[ only to set ! be>+s ( ! entire subject broadly be=e y1 ) en\gh ( detail$ illu/ration to make x intelligible2 & !re=e ,i mu/ quit ! fir/ head ( x "h1 & pass to ! second1 namely1 h[ be/ to employ ! g5ius we discov]4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( able h&s & heads be+ plac$ at our disposal1 :at %all we mo/ advisably set !m ^u8 ,,ii4 ,,application4--,!re are ?ree ma9 po9ts ! economi/ has to att5d to 9 ?is4 ,fir/1 ,to set 8 m5 to v>i\s "w4 ,secondly1 ,to easy "w4 ,?irdly1 ,to la/+ "w4 ,i %all briefly t\* on ! fir/ two1 = ,i want to arre/ y\r att5tion on ! la/4 ,i say fir/1 to v>i\s "w4 ,suppos+ y h two m5 ( equal p[] z l&scape pa9t]s--& bo? ( !m h an h\r at y\r disposal4 ,y w\ld n set !m bo? to pa9t ! same piece ( l&scape4 ,y w\ld1 ( c\rse1 r h two subjects ?an a repetition ( "o4 ,well1 suppos+ !m sculptors1 w n ! same rule hold8 ,y naturally conclude at once t x w2 b y w h h>d "w to conv9ce y\r mod]n ar*itects ( t4 ,!y w put tw5ty m5 to "w1 to c>ve tw5ty capitals2 & all %all be ! same4 ,if ,i c\ld %[ y ! ar*itects' y>ds 9 ,engl& j n[1 all op5 at once1 p]haps y might see a ?\s& clev] m51 all employ$ 9 c>v+ ! same design4 ,( ! degradation & dea?fulness to ! art-intellect ( ! c\ntry involv$ 9 su* a habit1 ,i h m or less be5 l$ to speak be=e n[2 b ,i h n hi!rto m>k$ its def9ite t5d5cy to increase ! price ( "w1 z su*4 ,:5 m5 are employ$ cont9ually 9 c>v+ ! same ornam5ts1 !y get into a monoton\s & me?odical habit ( lab\r--precisely correspond5t to t 9 :i* !y w\ld break /ones1 or pa9t h\se-walls4 ,( c\rse1 :at !y d s con/antly1 !y d easily2 & if y excite !m tempor>ily by an increase ( wages1 y may get mu* "w done by !m 9 a little "t4 ,b1 unless s /imulat$1 m5 condemn$ to a monoton\s ex]tion1 "w--& always1 by ! laws ( human nature1 mu/ "w--only at a tranquil rate1 n produc+ by any means a maximum result 9 a giv5 "t4 ,b if y all[ !m to v>y _! designs1 & ?us int]e/ _! heads & he>ts 9 :at !y are do+1 y w f9d !m become eag]1 fir/1 to get _! ideas express$1 & !n to f9i% ! expression ( !m2 & ! moral en]gy ?us br\ght to be> on ! matt] quick5s1 & !re=e *eap5s1 ! production 9 a mo/ important degree4 ,sir ,?omas ,deane1 ! ar*itect ( ! new ,museum at ,ox=d1 told me1 z ,i pass$ ?r\gh ,ox=d on my way "h1 t he f\nd t1 ow+ to ?is cause alone1 capitals ( v>i\s design c\ld be execut$ *eap] ?an capitals ( simil> design 7! am\nt ( h& lab\r 9 ea* be+ ! same7 by ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ,well1 t is ! fir/ way1 !n1 9 :i* y w employ y\r intellect well2 & ! simple obs]vance ( ?is pla9 rule ( political economy w effect a noble revolution 9 y\r ar*itecture1 su* z y _c at pres5t s mu* z conceive4 ,!n ! second way 9 :i* we are to gu>d aga9/ wa/e is by sett+ our m5 to ! easie/1 & !re=e ! quicke/1 "w :i* w answ] ! purpose4 ,m>ble1 = in/ance1 la/s q z long z granite1 & is mu* s(t] to "w2 !re=e1 :5 y get hold ( a good sculptor1 give him m>ble to c>ve--n granite4 ,t1 y say1 is obvi\s en\gh4 ,yes2 b x is n s obvi\s h[ mu* ( y\r workm5's "t y wa/e annually 9 mak+ !m cut glass1 aft] x has got h>d1 :5 y ought to make !m m\ld x :ile x is s(t4 ,x is n s obvi\s h[ mu* exp5se y wa/e 9 cutt+ diamonds & rubies1 :i* are ! h>de/ ?+s y c f9d1 into %apes t mean no?+1 :5 ! same m5 might be cutt+ s&/one & free/one into %apes t meant some?+4 ,x is n s obvi\s h[ mu* ( ! arti/s' "t 9 ,italy y wa/e1 by =c+ !m to make wret*$ little pictures = y out ( crumbs ( /one glu$ toge!r at enorm\s co/1 :5 ! t5? ( ! "t w\ld make good & noble pictures = y out ( wat]-col\r4 ,i c\ld g on giv+ y almo/ numb]less in/ances ( ?is great comm]cial mi/ake2 b ,i %\ld only we>y & confuse y4 ,i !re=e comm5d also ?is head ( our subject to y\r own m$itation1 & proce$ to ! la/ ,i nam$--! la/ ,i %all task y\r pati5ce ) to-night4 ,y "k we are n[ consid]+ h[ to apply our g5ius2 & we 7 to d x z economi/s1 9 ?ree ways3-- ,to v>i\s "w2 ,to easy "w2 ,to la/+ "w4 ,?is la/+ ( ! "w1 !n1 is our f9al "q4 ,_m ( y may1 p]haps1 rememb] t ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 once comm&$ by ,pietro di ,m$ici to m\ld a /atue out ( sn[1 & t he obey$ ! comm&4#g ,i am glad1 & we h all reason to be glad1 t su* a fancy ev] came into ! m9d ( ! unwor?y pr9ce1 & = ?is cause3 t ,pietro di ,m$ici !n gave1 at ! p]iod ( "o great epo* ( consummate p[] 9 ! arts1 ! p]fect1 accurate2 & int5se/ possible type ( ! greate/ error :i* nations & pr9ces c commit1 respect+ ! p[] ( g5ius entru/$ to _! guidance4 ,y _h !re1 obs]ve1 ! /ronge/ g5ius 9 ! mo/ p]fect ob$i5ce2 capable ( iron indep5d5ce1 yet :olly submissive to ! patron's w2 at once ! mo/ highly accompli%$ & ! mo/ orig9al1 capable ( do+ z mu* z man c\ld d1 9 any direction t man c\ld ask4 ,& its gov]n\r1 & guide1 & patron sets x to build a /atue 9 sn[--to put itself into ! s]vice ( annihilation--to make a cl\d ( itself1 & pass away f ! e>?4 #g ,see ! noble passage on ?is tradition 9 ,casa ,guidi ,w9d[s4 ,n[ ?is1 s precisely & completely done by ,pietro di ,m$ici1 is :at we are all do+1 exactly 9 ! degree 9 :i* we direct ! g5ius "u our patronage to "w 9 m or less p]i%able mat]ials4 ,s f> z we induce pa9t]s to "w 9 fad+ col\rs1 or ar*itects to build ) imp]fect /ructure1 or 9 any o!r way consult only imm$iate ease & *eapness 9 ! production ( :at we want1 to ! exclusion ( provid5t ?\ght z to its p]man5ce & s]viceabl5ess 9 aft] ages2 s f> we are =c+ our ,mi*ael ,angelos to c>ve 9 sn[4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! economi/ 9 art is1 to see t no intellect %all ?us glitt] m]ely 9 ! mann] ( ho>-fro/2 b t x %all be well vitrifi$1 l a pa9t$ w9d[1 & %all be set s betwe5 %afts ( /one & b&s ( iron1 t x %all be> ! sun%9e ^u x1 & s5d ! sun%9e ?r\gh x1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,i c conceive1 h[ev]1 "s political economi/ to int]rupt me "h1 & say1 ,if y make y\r art we> too well1 y w soon h too mu* ( x2 y w ?r[ y\r arti/s q out ( "w4 ,bett] all[ = a little :olesome evanesc5ce--b5efic5t de/ruction3 let ea* age provide art = itself1 or we %all soon h s _m good pictures t we %all n "k :at to d ) !m4 ,rememb]1 my de> he>]s1 :o are ?us ?9k+1 t political economy1 l e o!r subject1 _c be dealt ) effectively if we try to solve two que/ions at a "t in/ead ( "o4 ,x is "o "q1 h[ to get pl5ty ( a ?+2 & ano!r1 :e!r pl5ty ( x w be good = u4 ,consid] ^! two matt]s sep>ately2 nev] confuse y\rself by int]weav+ "o ) ! o!r4 ,x is "o "q1 h[ to treat y\r fields s z to get a good h>ve/2 ano!r1 :e!r y wi% to h a good h>ve/1 or w\ld r l to keep up ! price ( corn4 ,x is "o "q1 h[ to graft y\r trees s z to gr[ mo/ apples2 & q ano!r1 :e!r hav+ su* a heap ( apples 9 ! /ore-room w n make !m all rot4 ,n[1 !re=e1 t we are talk+ only ab\t graft+ & gr[+1 pray d n vex y\rselves ) ?9k+ :at y are to d ) ! pipp9s4 ,x may be desirable = u to h mu* art1 or little--we w exam9e t by & by2 b j n[1 let u keep to ! simple consid]ation h[ to get pl5ty ( good art if we want x4 ,p]haps x might be j z well t a man ( mod]ate income %\ld be able to possess a good picture1 z t any "w ( real m]it %\ld co/ ,l#ejj or ,l#a1jjj2 at all ev5ts1 x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! bran*es ( political economy to asc]ta9 h[1 if we l1 we c get ?+s 9 quantities--pl5ty ( corn1 pl5ty ( w9e1 pl5ty ( gold1 or pl5ty ( pictures4 ,x has j be5 said1 t ! fir/ great secret is to produce "w t w la/4 ,n[1 ! conditions ( "w la/+ are tw(old3 x mu/ n only be 9 mat]ials t w la/1 b x mu/ be itself ( a quality t w la/--x mu/ be good en\gh to be> ! te/ ( "t4 ,if x is n good1 we %all tire ( x quickly1 & ?r[ x aside--we %all h no pleasure 9 ! accumulation ( x4 ,s t ! fir/ "q ( a good art-economi/ respect+ any "w is1 ,w x lose its flav\r by keep+8 ,x may be v amus+ n[1 & look mu* l a "w ( g5ius4 ,b :at w be its value a hundr$ ye>s h5ce8 ,y _c always asc]ta9 ?is4 ,y may get :at y fancy to be "w ( ! be/ quality1 & yet f9d to y\r a/oni%m5t t x won't keep4 ,b ( "o ?+ y may be sure1 t art :i* is produc$ ha/ily w also p]i% ha/ily2 & t :at is *eape/ to y n[1 is likely to be de>e/ 9 ! end4 ,i am sorry to say1 ! great t5d5cy ( ?is age is to exp5d its g5ius 9 p]i%able art ( ?is k9d1 z if x 7 a triumph to burn its ?\ghts away 9 bonfires4 ,!re is a va/ quantity ( intellect & ( lab\r consum$ annually 9 our *eap illu/rat$ publications2 y triumph 9 !m2 & y ?9k x is s gr& a ?+ to get s _m woodcuts = a p5ny4 ,:y1 woodcuts1 p5ny & all1 are z mu* lo/ to y z if y _h inve/$ y\r money 9 gossam]4 ,m lo/1 = ! gossam] c\ld only tickle y\r face1 & glitt] 9 y\r eyes2 x c\ld n cat* y\r feet & trip y up3 b ! bad art c1 & does2 = y c't l good woodcuts z long z y look at ! bad ones4 ,if we 7 at ?is mom5t to come across a ,titian woodcut1 or a ,dur] woodcut1 we %\ld n l x--^? ( u at lea/ :o are accu/om$ to ! *eap "w ( ! day4 ,we don't l1 & c't l1 t long2 b :5 we are tir$ ( "o bad *eap ?+1 we ?r[ x aside & buy ano!r bad *eap ?+2 & s keep look+ at bad ?+s all our lives4 ,n[1 ! v m5 :o d all t quick bad "w = u are capable ( do+ p]fect "w4 ,only1 p]fect "w c't be hurri$1 & !re=e x c't be *eap beyond a c]ta9 po9t4 ,b suppose y pay twelve times z mu* z y d n[1 & y h "o woodcut = a %ill+ in/ead ( twelve2 & ! "o woodcut = a %ill+ is z good z art c be1 s t y w nev] tire ( look+ at x2 & is /ruck on good pap] ) good ink1 s t y w nev] we> x out by h&l+ x2 :ile y are sick ( y\r p5ny-ea* cuts by ! end ( ! week1 & h torn !m mo/ly 9 half too4 ,isn't y\r %ill+'s wor? ! be/ b>ga98 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 only 9 gett+ pr9ts or woodcuts ( ! be/ k9d t y w practise economy4 ,!re is a c]ta9 quality ab\t an orig9al draw+ :i* y _c get 9 a woodcut1 & ! be/ "p ( ! g5ius ( _m m5 is only expressible 9 orig9al "w1 :e!r ) p5 & ink--p5cil or col\rs4 ,?is is n always ! case2 b 9 g5]al1 ! be/ m5 are ^? :o c only express !mselves on pap] or canvass2 & y w1 !re=e1 9 ! long run1 get mo/ = y\r money by buy+ orig9al "w2 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple already laid d[n1 t ! be/ is likely to be ! *eape/ 9 ! end4 ,( c\rse1 orig9al "w _c be produc$ "u a c]ta9 co/4 ,if y want a man to make y a draw+ :i* takes him six days1 y mu/1 at all ev5ts1 keep him = six days 9 bread & wat]1 fire & lodg+2 t is ! l[e/ price at :i* he c d x = y1 b t is n v de>3 & ! be/ b>ga9 :i* c possibly be made hone/ly 9 art--! v ideal ( a *eap pur*ase to ! pur*as]--is ! orig9al "w ( a great man f$ = z _m days z are necess>y on bread & wat]1 or p]haps we may say ) z _m onions z w keep him 9 good hum\r4 ,t is ! way by :i* y w always get mo/ = y\r money2 no me*anical multiplication or +5uity ( comm]cial arrangem5ts w ev] get y a bett] p5ny's wor? ( art ?an t4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 pu%+ our calculations q to ?is prison-discipl9e extreme1 we may lay x d[n z a rule 9 art-economy1 t orig9al "w is1 on ! :ole1 *eape/ & be/ wor? hav+4 ,b precisely 9 proportion to ! value ( x z a production1 becomes ! importance ( hav+ x execut$ 9 p]man5t mat]ials4 ,& "h we come to note ! second ma9 error ( ! day1 t we n only ask our workm5 = bad art1 b we make !m put x into bad sub/ance4 ,we h1 = example1 put a great quantity ( g5ius1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 into wat]-col\r draw+1 & we h done ?is ) ! mo/ reckless disreg>d :e!r ei!r ! col\rs or ! pap] w /&4 ,9 mo/ in/ances1 nei!r w4 ,by accid5t1 x may happ5 t ! col\rs 9 a giv5 draw+ h be5 ( good quality1 & its pap] un9jur$ by *emical processes4 ,b y take n ! lea/ c>e to ensure ^! be+ s2 ,i h myself se5 ! mo/ de/ructive *anges take place 9 wat]-col\r draw+s )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] !y 7 pa9t$2 & f all ,i c ga!r respect+ ! recklessness ( mod]n pap] manufacture1 my belief is1 t ?\gh y may /ill h&le an ,alb]t ,dur] engrav+1 two hundr$ ye>s old1 fe>lessly1 n "o-half ( t "t w h pass$ ov] y\r mod]n wat]-col\rs1 be=e mo/ ( !m w be r$uc$ to m]e :ite or br[n rags2 & y\r desc5dants1 twit*+ !m contemptu\sly into fragm5ts betwe5 f+] & ?umb1 w mutt] aga9/ y1 half 9 scorn & half 9 ang]1 ,^? wret*$ n9ete5?-c5tury p6 !y kept vap\r+ & fum+ ab\t ! _w1 do+ :at !y call$ bus9ess1 & !y c\ldn't make a %eet ( pap] t wasn't rott54 ,& note t ?is is no unimportant portion ( y\r art economy at ?is "t4 ,y\r wat]-col\r pa9t]s are becom+ e day capable ( express+ great] & bett] ?+s2 & _! mat]ial is especially adapt$ to ! turn ( y\r be/ arti/s' m9ds4 ,! value :i* y c\ld accumulate 9 "w ( ?is k9d w\ld soon become a mo/ important item 9 ! national art-weal?1 if only y w\ld take ! little pa9s necess>y to secure its p]man5ce4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 myself1 t wat]-col\r ought n to be us$ on pap] at all1 b only on vellum1 & !n1 if prop]ly tak5 c>e (1 ! draw+ w\ld be almo/ imp]i%able4 ,/ill1 pap] is a mu* m conv5i5t mat]ial = rapid "w2 & x is an inf9ite absurdity n to secure ! goodness ( its quality1 :5 we c\ld d s )\t ! slighte/ tr\ble4 ,among ! _m fav\rs :i* ,i am go+ to ask f our pat]nal gov]nm5t1 :5 we get x1 w be t x w supply its little boys ) good pap]4 ,y h no?+ to d b to let ! gov]nm5t e/abli% a pap] manufactory1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( any ( our lead+ *emi/s1 :o %\ld be answ]able = ! safety & complet5ess ( all ! processes ( ! manufacture4 ,! gov]nm5t /amp on ! corn] ( y\r %eet ( draw+-pap]1 made 9 ! p]fect way1 %\ld co/ y a %ill+1 :i* w\ld add some?+ to ! rev5ue2 & :5 y b\ght a wat]-col\r draw+ = fifty or a hundr$ gu9eas1 y w\ld h m]ely to look 9 ! corn] = y\r /amp1 & pay y\r extra %ill+ = ! security t y\r hundr$ gu9eas 7 giv5 really = a draw+1 & n = a col\r$ rag4 ,!re ne$ be no monopoly or re/riction 9 ! matt]2 let ! pap] manufactur]s compete ) ! gov]nm5t1 & if p lik$ to save _! %ill+1 & take _! *ance1 let !m2 only1 ! arti/ & pur*as] might !n be sure ( good mat]ial1 if !y lik$1 & n[ !y _c be4 ,i %\ld l also to h a gov]nm5t col\r manufactory2 ?\gh t is n s necess>y1 z ! quality ( col\r is m )9 ! arti/'s p[] ( te/+1 & ,i h no d\bt t any pa9t] may get p]man5t col\r f ! respectable manufactur]s1 if he *ooses4 ,i w n attempt to foll[ ! subject out at all z x respects ar*itecture1 & our me?ods ( mod]n build+2 respect+ :i* ,i h _h occasion to speak be=e n[4 ,b ,i _c pass )\t "s brief notice our habit--cont9ually1 z x seems to me1 ga9+ /r5g?--( putt+ a l>ge quantity ( ?\ght & "w1 annually1 into ?+s :i* are ei!r 9 _! nature necess>ily p]i%able1 z dress2 or else into compliances ) ! fa%ion ( ! day1 9 ?+s n necess>ily p]i%able1 z plate4 ,i am afraid almo/ ! fir/ idea ( a "y ri* c\ple sett+ up h\se 9 ,london1 is1 t !y mu/ h new plate4 ,_! fa!r's plate may be v h&some1 b ! fa%ion is *ang$4 ,!y w h a new s]vice f ! lead+ manufactur]1 & ! old plate1 except a few apo/le spoons1 & a cup :i* ,*>les ! ,second drank a heal? 9 to _! pretty ance/ress1 is s5t to be melt$ d[n1 & made up ) new fl\ri%es & fre% lu/re4 ,n[1 s long z ?is is ! case--s long1 obs]ve1 z fa%ion has influ5ce on ! manufacture ( plate--s long y _c h a goldsmi?'s art 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,d y suppose any workman wor?y ! "n w put 8 bra9s into a cup or an urn1 :i* he kn[s is to g to ! melt+ pot 9 half a score ye>s8 ,he w n2 y don't ask or expect x ( him4 ,y ask ( him no?+ b a little quick h&icraft--a clev] twi/ ( a h&le "h1 & a foot !re1 a convolvulus f ! newe/ s*ool ( design1 a pheasant f ,l&se]'s game c>ds2 a c\ple ( s5tim5tal figures = support]s1 9 ! /yle ( ! signs ( insurance (fices1 !n a clev] t\* ) ! burni%]1 & !re's y\r ep]gne1 ! admiration ( all ! footm5 at ! w$d+-breakfa/1 & ! torm5t ( "s un=tunate y\? :o _c see ! pretty girl opposite to him1 ?r\gh its tyrann\s bran*es4 ,b y don't suppose t t's goldsmi?'s "w8 ,goldsmi?'s "w is made to la/1 & made ) ! man's :ole he>t & s\l 9 x2 true goldsmi?'s "w1 :5 x exi/s1 is g5]ally ! means ( education ( ! greate/ pa9t]s & sculptors ( ! day4 ,francia 0 a goldsmi?2 ,francia 0 n 8 own "n1 b t ( 8 ma/] ! jewell]2 & he sign$ 8 pictures almo/ always1 ,francia1 ! goldsmi?1 = love ( 8 ma/]2 ,ghirl&ajo 0 a goldsmi?1 & 0 ! ma/] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 ,v]roc*io 0 a goldsmi?1 & 0 ! ma/] ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,ghib]ti 0 a goldsmi?1 & beat out ! bronze gates :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo said might s]ve = gates ( ,p>adise4#h ,b if ev] y want "w l !irs aga91 y mu/ keep x1 ?\gh x %\ld h ! mis=tune to become old fa%ion$4 ,y mu/ n break x up1 nor melt x any m4 ,!re is no economy 9 t2 y c\ld n easily wa/e intellect m griev\sly4 ,nature may melt h] goldsmi?'s "w at e sunset if %e *ooses2 & beat x out into *as$ b>s aga9 at e sunrise2 b y mu/ n4 ,! way to h a truly noble s]vice ( plate1 is to keep add+ to x1 n melt+ x4 ,at e m>riage1 & at e bir?1 get a new piece ( gold or silv] if y w1 b ) noble workman%ip on x1 done = all "t1 & put x among y\r treasures2 t is "o ( ! *ief ?+s :i* gold 0 made =1 & made incorruptible =4 ,:5 we "k a little m ( political economy1 we %all f9d t none b p>tially savage nations ne$1 imp]atively1 gold = _! curr5cy2#i b gold has be5 giv5 u1 among o!r ?+s1 t we might put beautiful "w into its imp]i%able spl5d\r1 & t ! arti/s :o h ! mo/ wilful fancies may h a mat]ial :i* w drag out1 & beat out1 z _! dreams require1 & w hold itself toge!r ) fanta/ic t5acity1 :atev] r>e & delicate s]vice !y set x ^u4 #h ,sev]al reasons may acc\nt = ! fact t goldsmi?'s "w is s :olesome = "y arti/s2 fir/1 t x gives great firmness ( h& to deal = "s "t ) a solid sub/ance2 aga91 t x induces caution & /ead9ess--a boy tru/$ ) *alk & pap] suff]s an imm$iate temptation to scrawl ^u x & play ) x1 b he d>es n scrawl on gold1 & he _c play ) x2 &1 la/ly1 t x gives great delicacy & precision ( t\* to "w ^u m9ute =ms1 & to aim at produc+ ri*ness & f9i% ( design correspond5t to ! preci\sness ( ! mat]ial4 #i ,see note 9 ,add5da on ! nature ( prop]ty p4 #ajg4 ,s "h is "o bran* ( decorative art 9 :i* ri* p may indulge !mselves unselfi%ly2 if !y ask = good art 9 x1 !y may be sure 9 buy+ gold & silv] plate t !y are en=c+ useful education on "y arti/s4 ,b !re is ano!r bran* ( decorative art 9 :i* ,i am sorry to say we _c1 at lea/ "u exi/+ circum/ances1 indulge ourselves1 ) ! hope ( do+ good to anybody1 ,i mean ! great & subtle art ( dress4 ,& "h ,i mu/ int]rupt ! pursuit ( our subject = a mom5t or two1 9 ord] to /ate "o ( ! pr9ciples ( political economy1 :i*1 ?\gh x is1 ,i believe1 n[ suffici5tly und]/ood & ass]t$ by ! lead+ ma/]s ( ! sci5ce1 is n yet1 ,i grieve to say1 act$ ^u by ! plurality ( ^? :o h ! managem5t ( ri*es4 ,:5ev] we sp5d money1 we ( c\rse set p to "w3 t is ! mean+ ( sp5d+ money2 we may1 inde$1 lose x )\t employ+ anybody2 b1 :5ev] we sp5d x1 we set a numb] ( p to "w1 great] or less1 ( c\rse1 accord+ to ! rate ( wages1 b1 9 ! long run1 proportion$ to ! sum we sp5d4 ,well1 y\r %all[ p1 because !y see t h[ev] !y sp5d money !y are always employ+ somebody1 &1 !re=e1 do+ "s good1 ?9k & say to !mselves1 t x is all "o h[ !y sp5d x--t all _! app>5tly selfi% luxury is1 9 reality1 unselfi%1 & is do+ j z mu* good z if !y gave all _! money away1 or p]haps m good2 & ,i h he>d fooli% p ev5 decl>e x z a pr9ciple ( political economy1 t :oev] inv5t$ a new want#aj conf]r$ a good on ! community4 ,i h n words /rong en\gh--at lea/ ,i c\ld n1 )\t %ock+ y1 use ! words :i* w\ld be /rong en\gh--to express my e/imate ( ! absurdity & ! mis*iev\sness ( ?is popul> fallacy4 ,s1 putt+ a great re/ra9t ^u myself1 & us+ no h>d words1 ,i w simply try to /ate ! nature ( x1 & ! ext5t ( its influ5ce4 #aj ,see note #e?1 9 ,add5da p4 #ajb4 ,grant$1 t :5ev] we sp5d money = :atev] purpose1 we set p to "w2 &1 pass+ by1 = ! mom5t1 ! "q :e!r ! "w we set !m to is all equally heal?y & good = !m1 we w assume t :5ev] we sp5d a gu9ea we provide an equal numb] ( p ) heal?y ma9t5ance = a giv5 "t4 ,b1 by ! way 9 :i* we sp5d x1 we entirely direct ! lab\r ( ^? p dur+ t giv5 "t4 ,we become _! ma/]s or mi/resses1 & we compel !m to produce1 )9 a c]ta9 p]iod1 a c]ta9 article4 ,n[1 t article may be a useful & la/+ "o1 or x may be a useless & p]i%able "o--x may be "o useful to ! :ole community1 or useful only to ourselves4 ,& our selfi%ness & folly1 or our virtue & prud5ce1 are %[n1 n by our sp5d+ money1 b by our sp5d+ x = ! wrong or ! "r ?+2 & we are wise & k9d1 n 9 ma9ta9+ a c]ta9 numb] ( p = a giv5 p]iod1 b only 9 requir+ !m to produce1 dur+ t p]iod1 ! k9d ( ?+s :i* %all be useful to society1 in/ead ( ^? :i* are only useful to ourselves4 ,?us1 = in/ance3 if y are a "y lady1 & employ a c]ta9 numb] ( semp/resses = a giv5 "t1 9 mak+ a giv5 numb] ( simple & s]viceable dresses1 suppose1 sev52 ( :i* y c we> "o y\rself = half ! w9t]1 & give six away to poor girls :o h none1 y are sp5d+ y\r money unselfi%ly4 ,b if y employ ! same numb] ( semp/resses = ! same numb] ( days1 9 mak+ f\r1 or five1 or six beautiful fl\nces = y\r own ball-dress--fl\nces :i* w clo! no "o b y\rself1 & :i* y w y\rself be unable to we> at m ?an "o ball--y are employ+ y\r money selfi%ly4 ,y h ma9ta9$1 inde$1 9 ea* case1 ! same numb] ( p2 b 9 ! "o case y h direct$ _! lab\r to ! s]vice ( ! community2 9 ! o!r case y h consum$ x :olly ^u y\rself4 ,i don't say y are nev] to d s2 ,i don't say y ought n sometimes to ?9k ( y\rselves only1 & to make y\rselves z pretty z y c2 only d n confuse coquetti%ness ) b5evol5ce1 nor *eat y\rselves into ?9k+ t all ! f9]y y c we> is s mu* put into ! hungry m\?s ( ^? b5ea? y3 x is n s2 x is :at y y\rselves1 :e!r y w or no1 mu/ sometimes in/9ctively feel x to be--x is :at ^? :o /& %iv]+ 9 ! /reets1 =m+ a l9e to wat* y z y /ep out ( y\r c>riages1 "k x to be2 ^? f9e dresses d n mean t s mu* has be5 put into _! m\?s1 b t s mu* has be5 tak5 out ( _! m\?s4 ,! real politico-economical signification ( e "o ( ^? beautiful toilettes1 is j ?is2 t y h _h a c]ta9 numb] ( p put = a c]ta9 numb] ( days :olly "u y\r au?ority1 by ! /]ne/ ( slave-ma/]s--hung] & cold2 & y h said to !m1 ,i w fe$ y1 inde$1 & clo! y1 & give y fuel = s _m days2 b dur+ ^? days y %all "w = me only3 y\r little bro!rs ne$ clo!s1 b y %all make none = !m3 y\r sick fri5d ne$s clo!s1 b y %all make none = h]3 y y\rself w soon ne$ ano!r1 & a w>m] dress2 b y %all make none = y\rself4 ,y %all make no?+ b lace & roses = me2 = ?is =tnight to come1 y %all "w at ! patt]ns & petals1 & !n ,i w cru% & consume !m away 9 an h\r4 ,y w p]haps answ]--,x may n be p>ticul>ly b5evol5t to d ?is1 & we won't call x s2 b at any rate we d no wrong 9 tak+ _! lab\r :5 we pay !m _! wages3 if we pay = _! "w we h a "r to x4 ,no2--a ?\s& times no4 ,! lab\r :i* y h paid =1 does inde$ become1 by ! act ( pur*ase1 y\r own lab\r3 y h b\ght ! h&s & ! "t ( ^? work]s2 !y are1 by "r & ju/ice1 y\r own h&s1 y\r own "t4 ,b1 h y a "r to sp5d y\r own "t1 to "w ) y\r own h&s1 only = y\r own advantage8--mu* m1 :51 by pur*ase1 y h inve/$ y\r own p]son ) ! /r5g? ( o!rs2 & add$ to y\r own life1 a "p ( ! life ( o!rs8 ,y may1 inde$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 use _! lab\r = y\r delight3 rememb]1 ,i am mak+ no g5]al ass]tions aga9/ spl5d\r ( dress1 or pomp ( accessories ( life2 on ! contr>y1 !re are _m reasons = ?9k+ t we d n at pres5t atta* en\gh importance to beautiful dress1 z "o ( ! means ( influ5c+ g5]al ta/e & "*4 ,b ,i d say1 t y mu/ weigh ! value ( :at y ask ^! work]s to produce = y 9 its own di/9ct balance2 t on its own wor?9ess or desirabl5ess re/s ! "q ( y\r k9dness1 & n m]ely on ! fact ( y\r hav+ employ$ p 9 produc+ x3 & ,i say f>!r1 t z long z !re are cold & nak$ness 9 ! l& ar\nd y1 s long !re c be no "q at all b t spl5d\r ( dress is a crime4 ,9 due "t1 :5 we h no?+ bett] to set p to "w at1 x may be "r to let !m make lace & cut jewels2 b1 z long z !re are any :o h no blankets = _! b$s1 & no rags = _! bodies1 s long x is blanket-mak+ & tailor+ we mu/ set p to "w at--n lace4 ,& x w\ld be /range1 if at any great assembly :i*1 :ile x dazzl$ ! "y & ! ?\ghtless1 beguil$ ! g5tl] he>ts t beat b5ea? ! embroid]y1 ) a placid s5sation ( luxuri\s b5evol5ce--z if by all t !y wore 9 wayw>dness ( beauty1 com=t _h be5 fir/ giv5 to ! di/ress$1 & aid to ! indig5t2 x w\ld be /range1 ,i say1 if1 = a mom5t1 ! spirits ( ,tru? & ( ,t]ror1 :i* walk invisibly among ! masques ( ! e>?1 w\ld lift ! dimness f our err+ ?\ghts1 & %[ u h[--inasmu* z ! sums exhau/$ = t magnific5ce w\ld h giv5 back ! fail+ brea? to _m an un%elt]$ outca/ on moor & /reet--!y :o we> x h lit]ally ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,dea?2 & dress$ !mselves 9 8 spoils4 ,yes1 if ! veil c\ld be lift$ n only f y\r ?\ghts1 b f y\r human sight1 y w\ld see--! angels d see--on ^? gay :ite dresses ( y\rs1 /range d>k spots1 & crimson patt]ns t y knew n (--spots ( ! inext+ui%able r$ t all ! seas _c wa% away2 yes1 & among ! pleasant fl[]s t cr[n y\r fair heads1 & gl[ on y\r wrea!d hair1 y w\ld see t "o we$ 0 always twi/$ :i* no "o ?\ght (--! grass t gr[s on graves4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 ?is la/1 ?is cle>e/ & mo/ appall+ view ( our subject1 t ,i int5d$ to ask y to take ?is ev5+2 only x is impossible to set any "p ( ! matt] 9 its true light1 until we g to ! root ( x4 ,b ! po9t :i* x is our special bus9ess to consid] is1 n :e!r co/l9ess ( dress is contr>y to *>ity2 b :e!r x is n contr>y to m]e worldly wisdom3 :e!r1 ev5 suppos+ we knew t spl5d\r ( dress did n co/ suff]+ or hung]1 we might n put ! spl5d\r bett] 9 o!r ?+s ?an dress4 ,&1 suppos+ our mode ( dress 7 really graceful or beautiful1 ?is might be a v d\btful "q2 = ,i believe true nobl5ess ( dress to be an important means ( education1 z x c]ta9ly is a necessity to any nation :i* wi%es to possess liv+ art1 conc]n$ ) portraiture ( human nature4 ,no good hi/orical pa9t+ ev] yet exi/$1 or ev] c exi/1 :]e ! dresses ( ! p ( ! "t are n beautiful3 & _h x n be5 = ! lovely & fanta/ic dress+ ( ! #ac? to ! #af? c5turies1 nei!r ,fr5*1 nor ,flor5t9e1 nor ,v5etian art c\ld h ris5 to any?+ l ! rank x rea*$4 ,/ill1 ev5 !n1 ! be/ dress+ 0 nev] ! co/lie/2 & its effect dep5d$ mu* m on its beautiful &1 9 e>ly times1 mode/1 arrangem5t1 & on ! simple & lovely masses ( its col\r1 ?an on gorge\sness ( clasp or embroid]y4 ,:e!r we c ev] return to any ( ^? m p]fect types ( =m1 is que/ionable2 b !re c be no "q1 t all ! money we sp5d on ! =ms ( dress at pres5t worn1 is1 s f> z any good purpose is conc]n$1 :olly lo/4 ,m9d1 9 say+ ?is1 ,i reckon among good purposes1 ! purpose :i* "y ladies are said sometimes to ent]ta9--( be+ m>ri$2 b !y w\ld be m>ri$ q z soon 7& probably to wis] & bett] husb&s7 by dress+ quietly1 z by dress+ brilliantly3 & ,i believe x w\ld only be ne$$ to lay fairly & l>gely be=e !m ! real good :i* might be effect$ by ! sums !y sp5d 9 toilettes1 to make !m tru/ at once only to _! bright eyes & braid$ hair = all ! mis*ief !y h a m9d to4 ,i wi% we c\ld1 = once1 get ! /ati/ics ( a ,london season4 ,!re 0 mu* compla9+ talk 9 ,p>liam5t la/ week1 ( ! va/ sum ! nation has giv5 = ! be/ ,paul ,v]onese 9 ,v5ice--,l#ad1jjj3 ,i wond] :at ! nation mean:ile has giv5 = its ball-dresses6 ,suppose we c\ld see ! ,london mill9]s' bills1 simply = unnecess>y bread?s ( slip & fl\nce1 f ,april to ,july2 ,i wond] :e!r ,l#ad1jjj w\ld cov] !m4 ,b ! bread?s ( slip & fl\nce are by ?is "t z mu* lo/ & vani%$ z la/ ye>'s sn[2 only !y h done less good3 b ! ,paul ,v]onese w la/ = c5turies1 if we take c>e ( x2 & yet we grumble at ! price giv5 = ! pa9t+1 :ile no "o grumbles at ! price ( pride4 ,"t does n p]mit me to g into any f>!r illu/ration ( ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* we build our /atue out ( sn[1 & wa/e our lab\r on ?+s t vani%4 ,i mu/ leave y to foll[ out ! subject = y\rselves1 z ,i said ,i %\ld1 & proce$1 9 our next lecture1 to exam9e ! two o!r bran*es ( our subject1 namely1 h[ to accumulate our art1 & h[ to di/ribute x4 ,b1 9 clos+1 z we h be5 mu* on ! topic ( good gov]nm5t1 bo? ( ourselves & o!rs1 let me j give y "o m illu/ration ( :at x means1 f t old art ( :i*1 next ev5+1 ,i %all try to conv9ce y t ! value1 bo? moral & m]cantile1 is great] ?an we usually suppose4 ,"o ( ! frescoes by ,ambrozio ,lor5zetti1 9 ! t[n-hall ( ,si5a1 repres5ts1 by means ( symbolical figures1 ! pr9ciples ( ,good ,civic ,gov]nm5t & ( ,good ,gov]nm5t 9 g5]al4 ,! figure repres5t+ ?is noble ,civic ,gov]nm5t is en?ron$1 & surr\nd$ by figures repres5t+ ! ,virtues1 v>i\sly support+ or adm9i/]+ its au?ority4 ,n[1 obs]ve :at "w is giv5 to ea* ( ^! virtues4 ,?ree w+$ ones--,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity--surr\nd ! head ( ! figure1 n 9 m]e compliance ) ! common & h]aldic laws ( prec$5ce among ,virtues1 su* z we mod]ns obs]ve habitually1 b ) peculi> purpose on ! "p ( ! pa9t]4 ,fai?1 z ?us repres5t$1 rul+ ! ?\ghts ( ! ,good ,gov]n\r1 does n mean m]ely religi\s fai?1 und]/ood 9 ^? times to be necess>y to all p]sons--gov]n$ no less ?an gov]n\rs--b x means ! fai? :i* enables "w to be c>ri$ out /eadily1 9 spite ( adv]se appe>ances & exp$i5cies2 ! fai? 9 great pr9ciples1 by :i* a civic rul] looks pa/ all ! imm$iate *ecks & %ad[s t w\ld daunt a common man1 kn[+ t :at is rightly done w h a "r issue1 & hold+ 8 way 9 spite ( pull+s at 8 cloak & :isp]+s 9 8 e>1 endur+1 z hav+ 9 him a fai? :i* is evid5ce ( ?+s unse54 ,& ,hope1 9 l mann]1 is "h n ! heav5w>d hope :i* ought to animate ! he>ts ( all m52 b %e att5ds ^u ,good ,gov]nm5t1 to %[ t all su* gov]nm5t is expectant z well z cons]vative2 t if x ceases to be hopeful ( bett] ?+s1 x ceases to be a wise gu>dian ( pres5t ?+s3 t x ought nev]1 z long z ! _w la/s1 to be :olly cont5t ) any exi/+ /ate ( in/itution or possession1 b to be hopeful /ill ( m wisdom & p[]2 n clut*+ at x re/lessly or ha/ily1 b feel+ t its real life consi/s 9 /eady asc5t f high to high]3 cons]vative1 inde$1 & jeal\sly cons]vative ( old ?+s1 b cons]vative ( !m z pill>s1 n z p9nacles--z aids1 b n z idols2 & hopeful *iefly1 & active1 9 times ( national trial or di/ress1 accord+ to ^? fir/ & notable words describ+ ! que5ly nation4 ,%e rise?1 :ile x is yet night4 ,& aga91 ! w+$ ,*>ity :i* is att5dant on ,good ,gov]nm5t has1 9 ?is fresco1 a peculi> (fice4 ,c y guess :at8 ,if y consid] ! "* ( conte/ :i* s (t5 takes place among k+s = _! cr[ns1 & ! selfi% & tyrann\s means !y commonly take to aggr&ize or secure _! p[]1 y w1 p]haps1 be surpris$ to he> t ! (fice ( ,*>ity is to cr[n ! ,k+4 ,& yet1 if y ?9k ( x a little1 y w see ! beauty ( ! ?\ght :i* sets h] 9 ?is function3 s9ce 9 ! fir/ place1 all ! au?ority ( a good gov]nor %\ld be desir$ by him only = ! good ( 8 p1 s t x is only ,love t makes him accept or gu>d 8 cr[n3 9 ! second place1 8 *ief greatness consi/s 9 ! ex]cise ( ?is love1 & he is truly to be rev]$ only s f> z 8 acts & ?\ghts are ^? ( k9dness2 s t ,love is ! light ( 8 cr[n1 z well z ! giv] ( x3 la/ly1 because 8 /r5g? dep5ds on ! affections ( 8 p1 & x is only _! love :i* c securely cr[n him1 & = ev]4 ,s t ,love is ! /r5g? ( 8 cr[n z well z ! light ( x4 ,!n1 surr\nd+ ! ,k+1 or 9 v>i\s ob$i5ce to him1 appe> ! dep5d5t virtues1 z ,=titude1 ,temp]ance1 ,tru?1 & o!r att5dant spirits1 ( all :i* ,i _c n[ give acc\nt1 wi%+ y only to notice ! "o to :om are entru/$ ! guidance & adm9i/ration ( ! public rev5ues4 ,c y guess :i* x is likely to be8 ,*>ity1 y w\ld h ?\ght1 %\ld h some?+ to d ) ! bus9ess2 b n s1 = %e is too hot to att5d c>efully to x4 ,prud5ce1 p]haps1 y ?9k ( 9 ! next place4 ,no1 %e is too timid1 & loses opportunities 9 mak+ up h] m9d4 ,c x be ,lib]ality !n8 ,no3 ,lib]ality is entru/$ ) "s small sums2 b %e is a bad acc\ntant1 & is all[$ no important place 9 ! ex*equ]4 ,b ! treasures are giv5 9 *>ge to a virtue ( :i* we he> too little 9 mod]n times1 z di/9ct f o!rs2 ,magnanimity3 l>g5ess ( he>t3 n s(tness or weakness ( he>t1 m9d y--b capacity ( he>t--! great measur+ virtue1 :i* weighs 9 heav5ly balances all t may be giv51 & all t may be ga9$2 & sees h[ to d noble/ ?+s 9 noble/ ways3 :i* ( two goods compreh5ds & !re=e *ooses ! greate/3 :i* ( two p]sonal sacrifices d>es & accepts ! l>ge/3 :i*1 out ( ! av5ues ( b5efic5ce1 treads always t :i* op5s f>!/ into ! blue fields ( futurity3 t "*1 9 f9e1 :i*1 9 ^? words tak5 by u at fir/ = ! description ( a ,que5 among ! nations1 looks less to ! pres5t p[] ?an to ! di/ant promise2 ,/r5g? & hon\r are 9 h] clo?+--& %e %all rejoice ,,9 ,,"t ,,to ,,come4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,! heads ( our subject :i* rema9 = our consid]ation ?is ev5+ are1 y w rememb]1 ! accumulation & ! di/ribution ( works ( art4 ,our complete inquiry fell into f\r divisions--fir/1 h[ to get our g5ius2 !n1 h[ to apply our g5ius2 !n1 h[ to accumulate its results2 & la/ly1 h[ to di/ribute !m4 ,we consid]$1 la/ ev5+1 h[ to discov] & apply x2--we h to-night to exam9e ! modes ( its pres]vation & di/ribution4 ,,iii4 ,,accumulation4--,& n[1 9 ! outset1 x w be well to face t objection :i* we put aside a little :ile ago2 namely1 t p]haps x is n well to h a great deal ( good art2 & t x %\ld n be made too *eap4 ,nay1 ,i c imag9e "s ( ! m g5]\s among y1 exclaim+1 we w n tr\ble y to disprove t objection2 ( c\rse x is a selfi% & base "o3 good art1 z well z o!r good ?+s1 ought to be made z *eap z possible1 & put z f> z we c )9 ! rea* ( ev]ybody4 ,p>don me1 ,i am n prep>$ to admit t4 ,i r side ) ! selfi% objectors1 & believe t art ought n to be made *eap1 beyond a c]ta9 po9t2 = ! am\nt ( pleasure t y c receive f any great "w1 dep5ds :olly on ! quantity ( att5tion & en]gy ( m9d y c br+ to be> ^u x4 ,n[1 t att5tion & en]gy dep5d mu* m on ! fre%ness ( ! ?+ ?an y w\ld at all suppose2 unless y v c>efully /udi$ ! movem5ts ( y\r own m9ds4 ,if y see ?+s ( ! same k9d & ( equal value v frequ5tly1 y\r rev]5ce = !m is infallibly dim9i%$1 y\r p[]s ( att5tion get gradually we>i$1 & y\r int]e/ & en?usiasm worn out2 & y _c 9 t /ate br+ to any giv5 "w ! en]gy necess>y to enjoy x4 ,if1 inde$1 ! "q 7 only betwe5 enjoy+ a great _m pictures ea* a little1 or "o picture v mu*1 ! sum ( enjoym5t be+ 9 ea* case ! same1 y might rationally desire to possess r ! l>g] quantity1 ?an ! small2 bo? because "o "w ( art always 9 "s sort illu/rates ano!r1 & because quantity dim9i%es ! *ances ( de/ruction4 ,b ! "q is n a m]ely ari?metical "o ( ?is k9d4 ,y\r fragm5ts ( brok5 admirations w n1 :5 !y are put toge!r1 make up "o :ole admiration2 two & two1 9 ?is case1 d n make f\r1 nor any?+ l f\r4 ,y\r good picture1 or book1 or "w ( art ( any k9d1 is always 9 "s degree f5c$ & clos$ ab\t ) difficulty4 ,y may ?9k ( x z ( a k9d ( cocoa-nut1 ) v (t5 r an unseemly %ell1 b good milk & k]nel inside4 ,n[1 if y possess tw5ty cocoa-nuts1 & be+ ?ir/y1 g impati5tly f "o to ! o!r1 giv+ only a s+le scrat* ) ! po9t ( y\r knife to ! %ell ( ea*1 y w get no milk f all ! tw5ty4 ,b if y leave n9ete5 ( !m alone1 & give tw5ty cuts to ! %ell ( "o1 y w get ?r\gh x1 & at ! milk ( x4 ,& ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d is always to get tir$ be=e x has made its tw5ty cuts2 & to try ano!r nut2 & moreov]1 ev5 if x has p]sev]ance en\gh to crack its nuts1 x is sure to try to eat too _m1 & s *oke itself4 ,h5ce1 x is wisely appo9t$ = u t few ( ! ?+s we desire c be _h )\t consid]able lab\r1 & at consid]able int]vals ( "t4 ,we _c g5]ally get our d9n] )\t work+ = x1 & t gives u appetite = x2 we _c get our holiday )\t wait+ = x1 & t gives u ze/ = x2 & we ought n to get our picture )\t pay+ = x1 & t gives u a m9d to look at x4 ,nay1 ,i w ev5 g s f> z to say1 t we ought n to get books too *eaply4 ,no book1 ,i believe1 is ev] wor? half s mu* to its read] z "o t has be5 covet$ = a ye> at a book/all1 & b\ght out ( sav$ half-p5ce2 & p]haps a day or two's fa/+4 ,t's ! way to get at ! cream ( a book4 ,& ,i %\ld say m on ?is matt]1 & prote/ z en]getically z ,i c\ld aga9/ ! plague ( *eap lit]ature1 ) :i* we are j n[ afflict$1 b t ,i fe> y\r call+ me to ord]1 z be+ unpractical1 because ,i don't q see my way at pres5t to mak+ ev]ybody fa/ = _! books4 ,b "o may see t a ?+ is desirable & possible1 ev5 ?\gh "o may n at once "k ! be/ way to x--& 9 my isl& ( ,b>at>ia1 :5 ,i get x well into ord]1 ,i assure y no book %all be sold = less ?an a p\nd /]l+2 if x c be publi%$ *eap] ?an t1 ! surplus %all all g into my treasury1 & save my subjects taxation 9 o!r directions2 only p really poor1 :o _c pay ! p\nd1 %all be suppli$ ) ! books !y want = no?+1 9 a c]ta9 limit$ quantity4 ,i hav5't made up my m9d ab\t ! numb] yet1 & !re are sev]al o!r po9ts 9 ! sy/em yet unsettl$2 :5 !y are all det]m9$1 if y w all[ me1 ,i w come & give y ano!r lecture1 on ! political economy ( lit]ature4#aa #aa ,see note #f?1 9 ,add5da p4 #ajd4 ,meantime1 return+ to our imm$iate subject1 ,i say to my g5]\s he>]s1 :o want to %[] ,titians & ,turn]s ^u u1 l fall+ leaves1 ,pictures ought n to be too *eap2 b 9 mu* /rong] tone ,i w\ld say to ^? :o want to keep up ! prices ( pictorial prop]ty1 t pictures ought n to be too de>1 t is to say1 n z de> z !y are4 ,=1 z matt]s at pres5t /&1 x is :olly impossible = any man 9 ! ord9>y circum/ances ( ,engli% life to possess himself ( a piece ( great art4 ,a mod]n draw+ ( av]age m]it1 or a fir/-class engrav+1 may p]haps1 n )\t "s self-reproa*1 be pur*as$ out ( 8 sav+s by a man ( n>r[ income2 b a satisfactory example ( fir/-rate art--ma/]h&s' "w--is :olly out ( 8 rea*4 ,& we are s accu/om$ to look ^u ?is z ! natural c\rse & necessity ( ?+s1 t we nev] set ourselves 9 any wise to dim9i% ! evil2 & yet x is an evil p]fectly capable ( dim9ution4 ,x is an evil precisely simil> 9 k9d to t :i* exi/$ 9 ! middle ages1 respect+ good books1 & :i* ev]ybody !n1 ,i suppose1 ?\ght z natural z we d n[ our small supply ( good pictures4 ,y c\ld n !n /udy ! "w ( a great hi/orian1 or great poet1 any m ?an y c n[ /udy t ( a great pa9t]1 b at heavy co/4 ,if y want$ a book1 y _h to get x writt5 out = y1 or to write x out = y\rself4 ,b pr9t+ came1 & ! poor man may read 8 ,dante & 8 ,hom]2 & ,dante & ,hom] are none ! worse = t4 ,b x is only 9 lit]ature t private p]sons ( mod]ate =tune c possess & /udy greatness3 !y c /udy at home no greatness 9 art2 & ! object ( t accumulation :i* we are at pres5t aim+ at1 z our ?ird object 9 political economy1 is to br+ great art 9 "s degree )9 ! rea* ( ! multitude2 &1 bo? 9 l>g] & m num]\s gall]ies ?an we n[ possess1 & by di/ribution1 accord+ to 8 weal? & wi%1 9 ea* man's home1 to r5d] ! influ5ce ( art some:at correspond5t 9 ext5t to t ( lit]ature4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! subtle balance :i* y\r economi/ has to /rike3 to accumulate s mu* art z to be able to give ! :ole nation a supply ( x1 accord+ to its ne$1 & yet to regulate its di/ribution s t !re %all be no glut ( x1 nor contempt4 ,a difficult balance1 inde$1 = u to hold1 if x 7 left m]ely to our skill to poise2 b ! j po9t betwe5 pov]ty & pr(usion has be5 fix$ = u accurately by ! wise laws ( ,provid5ce4 ,if y c>efully wat* = all ! g5ius y c detect1 apply x to good s]vice1 & !n rev]5tly pres]ve :at x produces1 y w nev] h too little art2 & if1 on ! o!r h&1 y nev] =ce an arti/ to "w hurri$ly1 = daily bread1 nor imp]fectly1 because y w\ld r h %[y works ?an complete ones1 y w nev] h too mu*4 ,d n =ce ! multiplication ( art1 & y w n h x too *eap2 d n wantonly de/roy x1 & y w n h x too de>4 ,b :o wantonly de/roys x8 y w ask4 ,:y1 we all d4 ,p]haps y ?\ght1 :5 ,i came to ?is "p ( our subject1 correspond+ to t set =? 9 our h\sewife's economy by ! keep+ h] embroid]y f ! mo?1 t ,i 0 go+ to tell y only h[ to take bett] c>e ( pictures1 h[ to clean !m1 & v>ni% !m1 & :]e to put !m away safely :5 y w5t out ( t[n4 ,ah1 n at all4 ,! utmo/ ,i h to ask ( y is1 t y w n pull !m to pieces1 & trample !m "u y\r feet4 ,:at6 y w say1 :5 d we d su* ?+s8 ,hav5't we built a p]fectly beautiful gall]y = all ! pictures we h to take c>e (8 ,yes1 y h1 = ! pictures :i* are def9itely s5t to ,man*e/] to be tak5 c>e (4 ,b !re are quantities ( pictures out ( ,man*e/] :i* x is y\r bus9ess1 & m9e too1 to take c>e ( no less ?an ( ^!1 & :i* we are at ?is mom5t employ+ ourselves 9 pull+ to pieces by deputy4 ,i w tell y :at !y are1 & :]e !y are1 9 a m9ute2 only fir/ let me /ate "o m ( ^? ma9 pr9ciples ( political economy on :i* ! matt] h+es4 ,i mu/ beg9 a little app>5tly wide ( ! m>k1 & ask y to reflect if !re is any way 9 :i* we wa/e money m 9 ,engl&1 ?an 9 build+ f9e tombs8 ,our respect = ! dead1 :5 !y are j dead1 is some?+ wond]ful1 & ! way we %[ x m wond]ful /ill4 ,we %[ x ) black fea!rs & black horses2 we %[ x ) black dresses & bright h]aldries2 we %[ x ) co/ly obelisks & sculptures ( sorr[1 :i* spoil half ( our mo/ beautiful ca!drals4 ,we %[ x ) frightful grat+s & vaults1 & lids ( dismal /one1 9 ! mid/ ( ! quiet grass2 & la/1 & n lea/1 we %[ x by p]mitt+ ourselves to tell any numb] ( lies we ?9k amiable or cr$ible1 9 ! epitaph4 ,?is feel+ is common to ! poor z well z ! ri*1 & we all "k h[ _m a poor family w ne>ly ru9 !mselves1 to te/ify _! respect = "s memb] ( x 9 8 c(f91 :om !y nev] mu* c>$ = :5 he 0 out ( x2 & h[ (t5 x happ5s t a poor old woman w />ve h]self to dea?1 9 ord] t %e may be respectably buri$4 ,n[1 ?is be+ "o ( ! mo/ complete & special ways ( wa/+ money2--no money be+ less productive ( good1 or ( any p]c5tage :atev]1 ?an t :i* we %ake away f ! ends ( und]tak]s' plumes--x is ( c\rse ! duty ( all good economi/s1 & k9d p]sons1 to prove & proclaim cont9ually1 to ! poor z well z ! ri*1 t respect = ! dead is n really %[n by lay+ great /ones on !m to tell u :]e !y are laid2 b by rememb]+ :]e !y are laid1 )\t a /one to help u2 tru/+ !m to ! sacr$ grass & sadd5$ fl[]s2 & /ill m1 t respect & love are %[n to !m1 n by great monum5ts to !m :i* we build ) our h&s1 b by lett+ ! monum5ts /&1 :i* !y built ) _! own4 ,& ?is is ! po9t n[ 9 "q4 ,obs]ve1 !re are two great reciprocal duties conc]n+ indu/ry1 con/antly to be ex*ang$ betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,we1 z we live & "w1 are to be always ?9k+ ( ^? :o are to come aft] u2 t :at we d may be s]viceable1 z f> z we c make x s1 to !m z well z to u4 ,!n1 :5 we die1 x is ! duty ( ^? :o come aft] u to accept ?is "w ( ours ) ?anks & remembrance1 n ?ru/+ x aside or te>+ x d[n ! mom5t !y ?9k !y h no use = x4 ,& ea* g5]ation w only be happy or p[]ful to ! pit* t x ought to be1 9 fulfill+ ^! two duties to ! ,pa/ & ! ,future4 ,its own "w w nev] be rightly done1 ev5 = itself--nev] good1 or noble1 or pleasurable to its own eyes--if x does n prep>e x also = ! eyes ( g5]ations yet to come4 ,& its own possessions w nev] be en\gh = x1 & its own wisdom nev] en\gh = x1 unless x avails itself gratefully & t5d]ly ( ! treasures & ! wisdom bequea!d to x by its ance/ors4 ,=1 be assur$1 t all ! be/ ?+s & treasures ( ?is _w are n to be produc$ by ea* g5]ation = itself2 b we are all int5d$1 n to c>ve our "w 9 sn[ t w melt1 b ea* & all ( u to be cont9ually roll+ a great :ite ga!r+ sn[ball1 high] & high]--l>g] & l>g]--along ! ,alps ( human p[]4 ,?us ! sci5ce ( nations is to be accumulative f fa!r to son3 ea* le>n+ a little m & a little m2 ea* receiv+ all t 0 kn[n1 & add+ its own ga93 ! hi/ory & poetry ( nations are to be accumulative2 ea* g5]ation treasur+ ! hi/ory & ! songs ( its ance/ors1 add+ its own hi/ory & its own songs3 & ! art ( nations is to be accumulative1 j z sci5ce & hi/ory are2 ! "w ( liv+ m5 n sup]s$+1 b build+ itself ^u ! "w ( ! pa/4 ,ne>ly e great & intellectual race ( ! _w has produc$1 at e p]iod ( its c>e]1 an art ) "s peculi> & preci\s "* ab\t x1 :olly unatta9able by any o!r race1 & at any o!r "t2 & ! int5tion ( ,provid5ce conc]n+ t art1 is evid5tly t x %\ld all gr[ toge!r into "o mighty temple2 ! r\gh /ones & ! smoo? all f9d+ _! place1 & ris+1 day by day1 9 ri*] & high] p9nacles to heav54 ,n[1 j fancy :at a position ! _w1 consid]$ z "o great workroom--"o great factory 9 ! =m ( a globe--w\ld h be5 9 by ?is "t1 if x _h 9 ! lea/ und]/ood ?is duty1 or be5 capable ( x4 ,fancy :at we %\ld h _h ar\nd u n[1 if1 in/ead ( qu>rell+ & fight+ ov] _! "w1 ! nations _h aid$ ea* o!r 9 _! "w1 or if ev5 9 _! conque/s1 in/ead ( effac+ ! memorials ( ^? !y succe$$ & subdu$1 !y _h gu>d$ ! spoils ( _! victories4 ,fancy :at ,europe w\ld be n[1 if ! delicate /atues & temples ( ! ,greeks1--if ! broad roads & massy walls ( ! ,romans1--if ! noble & pa!tic ar*itecture ( ! middle ages1 _h n be5 gr\nd to du/ by m]e human rage4 ,y talk ( ! scy! ( ,"t1 & ! too? ( ,"t3 ,i tell y1 ,"t is scy!less & too?less2 x is we :o gnaw l ! worm--we :o smite l ! scy!4 ,x is ourselves :o aboli%--ourselves :o consume3 we are ! mildew1 & ! flame1 & ! s\l ( man is to its own "w z ! mo?1 t frets :5 x _c fly1 & z ! hidd5 flame t bla/s :]e x _c illum9e4 ,all ^! lo/ treasures ( human intellect h be5 :olly de/roy$ by human indu/ry ( de/ruction2 ! m>ble w\ld h /ood its two ?\s& ye>s z well 9 ! poli%$ /atue z 9 ! ,p>ian cliff2 b we m5 h gr\nd x to p[d]1 & mix$ x ) our own a%es4 ,! walls & ! ways w\ld h /ood--x is we :o h left n "o /one ^u ano!r1 & re/or$ its pa?lessness to ! des]t2 ! great ca!drals ( old religion w\ld h /ood--x is we :o h da%$ d[n ! c>v$ "w ) axes & hamm]s1 & bid ! m\nta9-grass bloom ^u ! pavem5t1 & ! sea-w9ds *aunt 9 ! gall]ies4 ,y w p]haps ?9k all ?is 0 someh[ necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! human race4 ,i _c /ay n[ to dispute t1 ?\gh ,i w\ld will+ly2 b d y ?9k x is /ill necess>y = t developm5t8 ,d y ?9k t 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury x is /ill necess>y = ! ,european nations to turn all ! places :]e _! pr9cipal art-treasures are into battle-fields8 ,= t is :at !y are do+ ev5 :ile ,i speak2 ! great firm ( ! _w is manag+ its bus9ess at ?is mom5t1 j z x has done 9 pa/ "t4 ,imag9e :at w\ld be ! ?riv+ circum/ances ( a manufactur] ( "s delicate produce--suppose glass1 or *9a--9 ^: work%op & exhibition rooms all ! workm5 & cl]ks began fight+ at lea/ once a day1 fir/ bl[+ (f ! /eam1 & break+ all ! ma*9]y !y c\ld rea*2 & !n mak+ =tresses ( all ! cupbo>ds1 & attack+ & def5d+ ! %[-tables1 ! victori\s p>ty f9ally ?r[+ ev]y?+ !y c\ld get hold ( out ( ! w9d[1 by way ( %[+ _! triumph1 & ! poor manufactur] pick+ up & putt+ away at la/ a cup "h & a h&le !re4 ,a f9e prosp]\s bus9ess t w\ld be1 w\ld x n8 & yet t is precisely ! way ! great manufactur+ firm ( ! _w c>ries on its bus9ess4 ,x has s arrang$ its political squabbles = ! la/ six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 t n "o ( !m c\ld be f\ght out b 9 ! mid/ ( its mo/ preci\s art2 & x s arranges !m to ?is day4 ,= example1 if ,i 7 ask$ to lay my f+]1 9 a map ( ! _w1 on ! spot ( ! _w's surface :i* conta9$ at ?is mom5t ! mo/ s+ul> conc5tration ( art-tea*+ & art-treasure1 ,i %\ld lay x on ! "n ( ! t[n ( ,v]ona4 ,o!r cities1 inde$1 conta9 m works ( c>riageable art1 b none conta9 s mu* ( ! glori\s local art1 & ( ! spr+s & s\rces ( art1 :i* c by no means be made subjects ( package or port]age1 nor1 ,i grieve to say1 ( salvage4 ,v]ona possesses1 9 ! fir/ place1 n ! l>ge/1 b ! mo/ p]fect & intelligible ,roman amphi!atre t exi/s1 /ill unbrok5 9 circle ( /ep1 & /rong 9 succession ( vault & ar*3 x conta9s m9or ,roman monum5ts1 gateways1 !atres1 ba?s1 wrecks ( temples1 :i* give ! /reets ( its suburbs a "* ( antiquity unexampl$ else:]e1 except 9 ,rome itself4 ,b x conta9s1 9 ! next place1 :at ,rome does n conta9--p]fect examples ( ! great twelf?-c5tury ,lomb>dic ar*itecture1 :i* 0 ! root ( all ! m$iaeval art ( ,italy1 )\t :i* no ,giottos1 no ,angelicos1 no ,raphaels w\ld h be5 possible3 x conta9s t ar*itecture1 n 9 rude =ms1 b 9 ! mo/ p]fect & lovelie/ types x ev] atta9$--conta9s ^?1 n 9 ru9s1 nor 9 alt]$ & h>dly deciph]able fragm5ts1 b 9 *ur*es p]fect f por* to apse1 ) all _! c>v+ fre%1 _! pill>s firm1 _! jo9ts unloos5$4 ,besides ^!1 x includes examples ( ! great ?irte5?- & f\rte5?-c5tury ,go?ic ( ,italy1 n m]ely p]fect1 b else:]e unrivall$4 ,at ,rome1 ! ,roman--at ,pisa1 ! ,lomb>d1 ar*itecture may be se5 9 great] or 9 equal nobl5ess2 b n at ,rome1 nor ,pisa1 nor ,flor5ce1 nor 9 any city ( ! _w1 is !re a great m$iaeval ,go?ic l ! ,go?ic ( ,v]ona4 ,else:]e1 x is ei!r less pure 9 type or less lovely 9 completion3 only at ,v]ona may y see x 9 ! simplicity ( its y\?ful p[]1 & ! t5d]ness ( its accompli%$ beauty4 ,& ,v]ona possesses1 9 ! la/ place1 ! lovelie/ ,r5aissance ar*itecture ( ,italy1 n di/urb$ by pride1 nor defil$ by luxury1 b ris+ 9 fair fulfilm5t ( dome/ic s]vice1 s]5ity ( ef=tless grace1 & mode/y ( home seclusion2 its ri*e/ "w giv5 to ! w9d[s t op5 on ! n>r[e/ /reets & mo/ sil5t g>d5s4 ,all ?is %e possesses1 9 ! mid/ ( natural sc5]y su* z assur$ly exi/s n[h]e else 9 ! habitable globe--a wild ,alp9e riv] foam+ at h] feet1 f ^: %ore ! rocks rise 9 a great cresc5t1 d>k ) cypress1 & mi/y ) olive3 illimitably1 f be=e h] s\!rn gates1 ! tuft$ pla9s ( ,italy sweep & fade 9 gold5 light2 ar\nd h]1 nor? & we/1 ! ,alps cr[d 9 cre/$ troops1 & ! w9ds ( ,b5acus be> to h] ! coolness ( _! sn[s4 ,& ?is is ! city--su*1 & possess+ su* ?+s z ^!--at ^: gates ! decisive battles ( ,italy are f\ght cont9ually3 ?ree days h] t[]s trembl$ ) ! e*o ( ! cannon ( ,arcola2 heap$ pebbles ( ! ,m9cio divide h] fields to ?is h\r ) l9es ( brok5 ramp>t1 :5ce ! tide ( w> roll$ back to ,nov>a2 & n[ on t cresc5t ( h] ea/]n cliffs1 :5ce ! full moon us$ to rise ?r\gh ! b>s ( ! cypresses 9 h] burn+ summ] twilights1 t\*+ ) s(t increase ( silv] light ! rosy m>bles ( h] balconies--along ! ridge ( t encompass+ rock1 o!r circles are increas+ n[1 :ite & pale2 wall$ t[]s ( cruel /r5g?1 sable-spott$ ) cannon-c\rses4 ,i tell y1 ,i h se51 :5 ! ?und]cl\ds came d[n on ^? ,italian hills1 & all _! crags 7 dipp$ 9 ! d>k1 t]rible purple1 z if ! w9epress ( ! wra? ( ,god _h /a9$ _! m\nta9-raim5t--,i h se5 ! hail fall 9 ,italy till ! =e/ bran*es /ood /ripp$ & b>e z if bla/$ by ! locu/2 b ! :ite hail nev] fell f ^? cl\ds ( heav5 z ! black hail w fall f ! cl\ds ( hell1 if ev] "o brea? ( ,italian life /irs aga9 9 ! /reets ( ,v]ona4 ,sad z y w feel ?is to be1 ,i d n say t y c directly prev5t x2 y _c drive ! ,au/rians out ( ,italy1 nor prev5t !m f build+ =ts :]e !y *oose4 ,b ,i d say1#ab t y1 & ,i1 & all ( u1 ought to be bo? act+ & feel+ ) a full k & und]/&+ ( ^! ?+s1 & t1 )\t try+ to excite revolutions or weak5 gov]nm5ts1 we may give our own ?\ghts & help1 s z 9 a measure to prev5t ne$less de/ruction4 ,we %\ld d ?is1 if we only realiz$ ! ?+ ?or\ghly4 ,y drive out day by day ?r\gh y\r own pretty suburbs1 & y ?9k only ( mak+1 ) :at money y h to sp>e1 y\r gateways h&som]1 & y\r c>riage-drives wid]--& y\r draw+-rooms m spl5did1 hav+ a vague notion t y are all ! :ile patroniz+ & advanc+ art1 & y make no ef=t to conceal ! fact1 t )9 a few h\rs' j\rney ( y1 !re are gateways & draw+-rooms :i* might j z well be y\rs z ^!1 all built already2 gateways built by ! greate/ ma/]s ( sculpture t ev] /ruck m>ble2 draw+-rooms1 pa9t$ by ,titian & ,v]onese2 & y won't accept1 nor save ^! z !y are1 b y w r fet* ! h\se-pa9t] f ov] ! way1 & let ,titian & ,v]onese h\se ! rats4 ,yes1 ( c\rse1 y answ]2 we want nice h\ses "h1 n h\ses 9 ,v]ona4 ,:at %\ld we d ) h\ses 9 ,v]ona8 ,& ,i answ]1 d precisely :at y d ) ! mo/ exp5sive "p ( y\r possessions "h3 take pride 9 !m--only a noble pride4 ,y "k well1 :5 y exam9e y\r own he>ts1 t ! great] "p ( ! sums y sp5d on possessions are sp5t = pride4 ,:y are y\r c>riages nicely pa9t$ & f9i%$ outside8 ,y don't see ! outsides z y sit 9 !m--! outsides are = o!r p to see4 ,:y are y\r ext]iors ( h\ses s well f9i%$1 y\r furniture s poli%$ & co/ly1 b = o!r p to see8 ,y are j z com=table y\rselves1 writ+ on y\r old fri5d ( a desk1 ) ! :ite cl\d+s 9 8 lea!r1 & us+ ! light ( a w9d[ :i* is no?+ b a hole 9 ! brick wall4 ,& all t is desirable to be done 9 ?is matt]1 is m]ely to take pride 9 pres]v+ great art1 in/ead ( 9 produc+ mean art2 pride 9 ! possession ( preci\s & endur+ ?+s1 a little way (f1 in/ead ( slight & p]i%+ ?+s ne> at h&4 ,y "k1 9 old ,engli% times1 our k+s lik$ to h lord%ips & duk$oms abroad1 & :y %\ld n y m]*ant pr9ces l to h lord%ips & e/ates abroad8 ,believe me1 rightly und]/ood1 x w\ld be a pr\d]1 & 9 ! full s5se ( our ,engli% ^w1 m respectable ?+ to be "l ( a palace at ,v]ona1 or ( a cloi/] full ( frescos at ,flor5ce1 ?an to h a file ( s]vants dress$ 9 ! f9e/ liv]ies t ev] tailor /it*$1 z long z w\ld rea* f "h to ,bolton3--yes1 & a pr\d] ?+ to s5d p to travel 9 ,italy1 :o w\ld h to say e n[ & !n1 ( "s fair piece ( art1 ,ah6 ?is 0 kept "h = u by ! good p ( ,man*e/]1 ?an to br+ !m travell+ all ! way "h1 exclaim+ ( y\r v>i\s art treasures1 ,^! 7 br\ght "h = u1 7n altoge!r )\t h>m7 by ! good p ( ,man*e/]4 ,ah6 b y say1 ! ,art ,treasures ,exhibition w pay2 b ,v]onese palaces won't4 ,p>don me4 ,!y w\ld pay1 less directly1 b f> m ri*ly4 ,d y suppose x is 9 ! long run good = ,man*e/]1 or good = ,engl&1 t ! ,cont95t %\ld be 9 ! /ate x is8 ,d y ?9k ! p]petual fe> ( revolution1 or ! p]petual repression ( ?\ght & en]gy t cl\ds & encumb]s ! nations ( ,europe1 is ev5tually pr(itable = u8 ,7 we any ! bett] ( ! c\rse ( affairs 9 '#dh2 or has ! /abl+ ( ! dragoon horses 9 ! great h\ses ( ,italy1 any di/9ct effect 9 ! promotion ( ! cotton-trade8 ,n s4 ,b e /ake t y c\ld hold 9 ! /ability ( ! ,cont95t1 & e ef=t t y c\ld make to give example ( ,engli% habits & pr9ciples on ! ,cont95t1 & e k9d de$ t y c\ld d 9 reliev+ di/ress & prev5t+ despair on ! ,cont95t1 w\ld h t5fold reaction on ! prosp]ity ( ,engl&1 & op5 & urge1 9 a ?\s& un=ese5 directions1 ! sluices ( comm]ce & ! spr+s ( indu/ry4 #ab ,! read] c h>dly b rememb] ,mrs4 ,br[n+'s beautiful appeal = ,italy1 made on ! occasion ( ! fir/ great ,exhibition ( ,art 9 ,engl&3-- ,o ,magi ( ! ea/ & ( ! we/1 ,y\r inc5se1 gold1 & myrrh are excell5t6-- ,:at gifts = ,*ri/1 !n1 br+ ye ) ! re/8 ,y\r h&s h work$ well4 ,is y\r c\rage sp5t ,9 h&work only8 ,h y no?+ be/1 ,:i* g5]\s s\ls may p]fect & pres5t1 ,& ,he %all ?ank ! giv]s =8 no light ,( tea*+1 lib]al nations1 = ! poor1 ,:o sit 9 d>kness :5 x is n night8 ,no cure = wick$ *ildr58 ,*ri/1--no cure1 ,no help = wom51 sobb+ out ( sight ,because m5 made ! laws8 no bro!l-lure ,burnt out by popul> lightn+s8 ,ha/ ?\ f\nd ,no rem$y1 my ,engl&1 = su* woes8 ,no outlet1 ,au/ria1 = ! sc\rg$ & b\nd1 ,no call back = ! exil$8 no repose1 ,russia1 = kn\t$ ,poles work$ und]gr\nd1 ,& g5tle ladies blea*$ among ! sn[s8 ,no m]cy = ! slave1 ,am]ica8 ,no hope = ,rome1 free ,france1 *ivalric ,france8 ,alas1 great nations h great %ames1 ,i say4 ,no pity1 ,o _w1 no t5d] utt]ance ,( b5$iction1 & pray]s /ret*$ ?is way ,= poor ,italia1 baffl$ by mis*ance8 ,o graci\s nations1 give "s e> to me6 ,y all g to y\r ,fair1 & ,i am "o ,:o at ! roadside ( humanity ,besee* y\r alms1--,god's ju/ice to be done4 ,s1 prosp]6 ,i c\ld press1 if ,i *ose1 bo? ^! motives ^u y1 ( pride & self-int]e/1 ) m =ce1 b ^! are n motives :i* ought to be urg$ ^u y at all4 ,! only motive t ,i ought to put be=e y is simply t x w\ld be "r to d ?is2 t ! hold+ ( prop]ty abroad1 & ! p]sonal ef=ts ( ,engli%m5 to r$eem ! condition ( =eign nations1 are among ! mo/ direct pieces ( duty :i* our weal? r5d]s incumb5t ^u u4 ,i d n--& 9 all tru? & delib]at5ess ,i say ?is--,i d n "k any?+ m ludicr\s among ! self-deceptions ( well-mean+ p ?an _! notion ( patriotism1 z requir+ !m to limit _! ef=ts to ! good ( _! own c\ntry2--! notion t *>ity is a geographical virtue1 & t :at x is holy & righte\s to d = p on "o bank ( a riv]1 x is q improp] & unnatural to d = p on ! o!r4 ,x w be a wond]ful ?+1 "s day or o!r1 = ! ,*ri/ian _w to rememb]1 t x w5t on ?9k+ = two ?\s& ye>s t neighb\rs 7 neighb\rs at ,j]usalem1 b n at ,j]i*o2 a wond]ful ?+ = u ,engli% to reflect1 9 aft]-ye>s1 h[ long x 0 be=e we c\ld %ake h&s ) anybody across t %all[ salt wa%1 :i* ! v *alk-du/ ( its two %ores :it5s f ,folke/one to ,ambleteuse4 ,nor ought ! motive ( gratitude1 z well z t ( m]cy1 to be )\t its influ5ce on y1 :o h be5 ! fir/ to ask to see1 & ! fir/ to %[ to u1 ! treasures :i* ?is poor lo/ ,italy has giv5 to ,engl&4 ,rememb] all ^! ?+s t delight y "h 7 h]s--h]s ei!r 9 fact or 9 tea*+2 h]s1 9 fact1 are all ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ t\*+ pa9t+s ( old "t t n[ gl[ ^u y\r walls2 h]s 9 tea*+ are all ! be/ & greate/ ( desc5dant s\ls--y\r ,reynolds & y\r ,ga9sbor\gh nev] c\ld h pa9t$ b = ,v5ice2 & ! en]gies :i* h giv5 ! only true life to y\r exi/+ art 7 fir/ /irr$ by voices ( ! dead1 t haunt$ ! ,sacr$ ,field ( ,pisa4 ,well1 all ^! motives = "s def9ite c\rse ( action on our "p t[>ds =eign c\ntries re/ ^u v s]i\s facts2 too s]i\s1 p]haps y w ?9k1 to be int]f]$ )2 = we are all ( u 9 ! habit ( leav+ great ?+s alone1 z if ,provid5ce w\ld m9d !m1 & att5d+ ourselves only to little ?+s :i* we "k1 practically1 ,provid5ce doesn't m9d unless we d4 ,we are ready en\gh to give c>e to ! gr[+ ( p9es & lettuces1 kn[+ t !y don't gr[ ,provid5tially sweet or l>ge unless we look aft] !m2 b we don't give any c>e to ! good ( ,italy or ,g]many1 because we ?9k t !y w gr[ ,provid5tially happy )\t any ( our m$dl+4 ,let u leave ! great ?+s1 !n1 & ?9k ( little ?+s2 n ( ! de/ruction ( :ole prov9ces 9 w>1 :i* x may n be any bus9ess ( ours to prev5t2 b ( ! de/ruction ( poor little pictures 9 peace1 f :i* x surely w\ld n be mu* out ( our way to save !m4 ,y "k ,i said1 j n[1 we 7 all ( u engag$ 9 pull+ pictures to pieces by deputy1 & y did n believe me4 ,consid]1 !n1 ?is similitude ( ourselves4 ,suppose y saw 7z ,i d\bt n y (t5 d see7 a prud5t & k9d "y lady sitt+ at "w1 9 ! corn] ( a quiet room1 knitt+ com=t]s = h] c\s9s1 & t j outside1 9 ! hall1 y saw a cat & h] kitt5s at play among ! family pictures2 amus+ !mselves especially ) ! be/ ,v&ykes1 by gett+ on ! tops ( ! frames1 & !n scrambl+ d[n ! canvasses by _! claws2 & on someone's in=m+ ! "y lady ( ^! proce$+s ( ! cat & kitt5s1 suppose %e answ]$ t x wasn't h] cat1 b h] si/]'s1 & ! pictures w]5't h]s1 b h] uncle's1 & %e c\ldn't leave h] "w1 = %e _h to make s _m pairs ( com=t]s be=e d9n]4 ,w\ld y n say t ! prud5t & k9d "y lady 01 on ! :ole1 answ]able = ! additional t\*es ( claw on ! ,v&ykes8 ,n[1 t is precisely :at we prud5t & k9d ,engli% are do+1 only on a l>g] scale4 ,"h we sit 9 ,man*e/]1 h>d at "w1 v prop]ly1 mak+ com=t]s = our c\s9s all ov] ! _w4 ,j outside !re 9 ! hall--t beautiful m>ble hall ( ,italy--! cats & kitt5s & monkeys are at play among ! pictures3 ,i assure y1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fifte5 ye>s 9 :i* ,i h be5 work+ 9 ^? places 9 :i* ! mo/ preci\s remnants ( ,european art exi/1 a s5sation1 :e!r ,i w\ld or no1 0 gradually made di/9ct & deep 9 my m9d1 t ,i 0 liv+ & work+ 9 ! mid/ ( a d5 ( monkeys2--sometimes amiable & affectionate monkeys1 ) all mann] ( w9n+ ways & k9d int5tions2--m frequ5tly selfi% & malici\s monkeys1 b1 :atev] _! disposition1 squabbl+ cont9ually ab\t nuts1 & ! be/ places on ! b>r5 /icks ( trees2 & t all ?is monkeys' d5 0 fill$1 by mis*ance1 ) preci\s pictures1 & ! witty & wilful bea/s 7 always wrapp+ !mselves up & go+ to sleep 9 pictures1 or te>+ holes 9 !m to gr9 ?r\gh2 or ta/+ !m & spitt+ !m out aga91 or twi/+ !m up into ropes & mak+ sw+s ( !m2 & t sometimes only1 by wat*+ "o's opportunity1 & be>+ a scrat* or a bite1 "o c\ld rescue ! corn] ( a ,t9toret1 or ,paul ,v]onese1 & pu% x ?r\gh ! b>s into a place ( safety4 ,lit]ally1 ,i assure y1 ?is 01 & ?is is1 ! fix$ impression on my m9d ( ! /ate ( matt]s 9 ,italy4 ,& see h[4 ,! pr(essors ( art 9 ,italy1 hav+ long foll[$ a me?od ( /udy peculi> to !mselves1 h at la/ arriv$ at a =m ( art peculi> to !mselves2 v diff]5t f t :i* 0 arriv$ at by ,correggio & ,titian4 ,naturally1 ! pr(essors l _! own =m ! be/2 &1 z ! old pictures are g5]ally n s />tl+ to ! eye z ! mod]n ones1 ! dukes & c\nts :o possess !m1 & :o l to see _! gall]ies look new & f9e 7& are p]suad$ also t a celebrat$ *ef-d'oeuvre ought always to cat* ! eye at a qu>t] ( a mile (f71 believe ! pr(essors :o tell !m _! sob] pictures are q fad$1 & good = no?+1 & %\ld all be br\ght bright aga92 &1 accord+ly1 give ! sob] pictures to ! pr(essors1 to be put "r by rules ( art4 ,!n1 ! pr(essors repa9t ! old pictures 9 all ! pr9cipal places1 leav+ p]haps only a bit ( backgr\nd to set (f _! own "w4 ,& ?us ! pr(essors come to be g5]ally figur$ 9 my m9d1 z ! monkeys :o te> holes 9 ! pictures1 to gr9 ?r\gh4 ,!n ! picture-deal]s1 :o live by ! pictures1 _c sell !m to ! ,engli% 9 _! old & pure /ate2 all ! good "w mu/ be cov]$ ) new pa9t1 & v>ni%$ s z to look l "o ( ! pr(essorial pictures 9 ! great gall]y1 be=e x is saleable4 ,& ?us ! deal]s come to be imag$1 9 my m9d1 z ! monkeys :o make ropes ( ! pictures1 to sw+ by4 ,!n1 e n[ & !n1 9 "s old /able or w9e-cell>1 or timb]-%$1 beh9d "s =gott5 vats or faggots1 somebody f9ds a fresco ( ,p]ug9o's or ,giotto's1 b doesn't ?9k mu* ( x1 & has no idea ( hav+ p com+ into 8 cell>1 or be+ oblig$ to move 8 faggots2 & s he :itewa%es ! fresco1 & puts ! faggots back aga92 & ^! k9d ( p]sons1 !re=e1 come g5]ally to be imag$ 9 my m9d1 z ! monkeys :o ta/e ! pictures1 & spit !m out1 n f9d+ !m nice4 ,:ile1 f9ally1 ! squabbl+ = nuts & apples 7call$ 9 ,italy bella lib]ta7 goes on all day long4 ,n[1 all ?is might soon be put an end to1 if we ,engli%1 :o are s fond ( travell+ 9 ! body1 w\ld also travel a little 9 s\l4 ,we ?9k x a great triumph to get our packages & our p]sons c>ri$ at a fa/ pace1 b we nev] take ! slighte/ tr\ble to put any pace into our p]ceptions2 we /ay usually at home 9 ?\ght1 or if we ev] m5tally see ! _w1 x is at ! old /age-coa* or waggon rate4 ,d b consid] :at an odd sight x w\ld be1 if x 7 only q cle> to y h[ ?+s are really go+ on--h[1 "h 9 ,engl&1 we are mak+ enorm\s & exp5sive ef=ts to produce new art ( all k9ds1 kn[+ & confess+ all ! :ile t ! great] "p ( x is bad1 b /ruggl+ /ill to produce new patt]ns ( wall-pap]s1 & new %apes ( tea-pots1 & new pictures1 & /atues1 & ar*itecture2 & plum+ & cackl+ if ev] a tea-pot or a picture has ! lea/ good 9 x2--all ! :ile tak+ no ?\ght :atev] ( ! be/ possible pictures1 & /atues1 & wall-patt]ns already 9 exi/5ce1 :i* require no?+ b to be tak5 common c>e (1 & kept f damp & du/3 b we let ! walls fall t ,giotto patt]n$1 & ! canvasses rot t ,t9toret pa9t$1 & ! ar*itecture be da%$ to pieces t ,/4 ,l\is built1 :ile we are furni%+ our draw+-rooms ) prize uphol/]y1 & writ+ acc\nts ( our h&some w>eh\ses to ! c\ntry pap]s4 ,don't ?9k ,i use my words vaguely or g5]ally3 ,i speak ( lit]al facts4 ,giotto's frescos at ,assisi are p]i%+ at ?is mom5t = want ( dec5t c>e2 ,t9toret's pictures 9 ,san ,seba/ian at ,v5ice1 are at ?is in/ant rott+ piecemeal into grey rags2 ,/4 ,l\is's ,*apel1 at ,c>cassonne1 is at ?is mom5t ly+ 9 %att]$ fragm5ts 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,& "h we are all caw+ & cr[+1 poor little half-fl$g$ daws z we are1 ab\t ! pretty /icks & wool 9 our own ne/s4 ,!re's h>dly a day passes1 :5 ,i am at home1 b ,i get a lett] f "s well-mean+ c\ntry cl]gyman1 deeply anxi\s ab\t ! /ate ( 8 p>i% *ur*1 & break+ 8 he>t to get money toge!r t he may hold up "s wret*$ remnant ( ,tudor trac]y1 ) "o ni*e 9 ! corn] & no /atue--:5 all ! :ile ! mightie/ piles ( religi\s ar*itecture & sculpture t ev] ! _w saw are be+ bla/$ & )]$ away1 )\t "o glance ( pity or regret4 ,! c\ntry cl]gyman does n c>e = !m--he has a sea-sick imag9ation t _c cross ,*annel4 ,:at is x to him1 if ! angels ( ,assisi fade f its vaults1 or ! que5s & k+s ( ,*>tres fall f _! p$e/als8 ,!y are n 9 8 p>i%4 ,:at6 y w say1 are we n to produce any new art1 nor take c>e ( our p>i% *ur*es8 ,no1 c]ta9ly n1 until y h tak5 prop] c>e ( ! art y h got already1 & ( ! be/ *ur*es out ( ! p>i%4 ,y\r fir/ & prop] /&+ is n z *ur*w>d5s & p>i% ov]se]s 9 an ,engli% c\nty1 b z memb]s ( ! great ,*ri/ian community ( ,europe4 ,& z memb]s ( t community 79 :i* alone1 obs]ve1 pure & preci\s anci5t art exi/s1 = !re is none 9 ,am]ica1 none 9 ,asia1 none 9 ,africa71 y conduct y\rselves precisely z a manufactur] w\ld1 :o att5d$ to 8 looms1 b left 8 w>eh\se )\t a ro(4 ,! ra9 floods y\r w>eh\se1 ! rats frolic 9 x1 ! spid]s sp9 9 x1 ! *\ghs build 9 x1 ! wall-plague frets & fe/]s 9 x1 & /ill y keep weave1 weave1 weav+ at y\r wret*$ webs1 & ?9k+ y are gr[+ ri*1 :ile m is gnaw$ out ( y\r w>eh\se 9 an h\r ?an y c weave 9 a twelvemon?4 ,ev5 ?is similitude is n absurd en\gh to set u rightly =?4 ,! weav] w\ld1 or might1 at lea/1 hope t 8 new wo( 0 z /\t z ! old ones1 & t1 !re=e1 9 spite ( ra9 & ravage1 he w\ld h some?+ to wrap himself 9 :5 he ne$$ x4 ,b our webs rot z we sp94 ,! v fact t we despise ! great art ( ! pa/ %[s t we _c produce great art n[4 ,if we c\ld d x1 we %\ld love x :5 we saw x done--if we really c>$ = x1 we %\ld recognise x & keep x2 b we don't c>e = x4 ,x is n art t we want2 x is amusem5t1 gratification ( pride1 pres5t ga9--any?+ 9 ! _w b art3 let x rot1 we %all always h en\gh to talk ab\t & hang ov] our sidebo>ds4 ,y w 7,i hope7 f9ally ask me :at is ! outcome ( all ?is1 practicable1 to-morr[ morn+ by u :o are sitt+ "h8 ,^! are ! ma9 practical outcomes ( x3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 don't grumble :5 y he> ( a new picture be+ b\ght by ,gov]nm5t at a l>ge price4 ,!re are _m pictures 9 ,europe n[ 9 dang] ( de/ruction :i* are1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 priceless2 ! prop] price is simply t :i* x is necess>y to give to get & to save !m4 ,if y c get !m = fifty p\nds1 d2 if n = less ?an a hundr$1 d2 if n = less ?an five ?\s&1 d2 if n = less ?an tw5ty ?\s&1 d2 nev] m9d be+ impos$ ^u3 !re is no?+ disgraceful 9 be+ impos$ ^u2 ! only disgrace is 9 impos+2 & y c't 9 g5]al get any?+ mu* wor? hav+1 9 ! way ( ,cont95tal art1 b x mu/ be ) ! help or connivance ( numb]s ( p :o1 inde$1 ought to h no?+ to d ) ! matt]1 b :o practically h1 & always w h1 ev]y?+ to d ) x2 & if y don't *oose to submit to be *eat$ by !m out ( a ducat "h & a zec*9 !re1 y w be *eat$ by !m out ( y\r picture2 & :e!r y are mo/ impos$ ^u 9 los+ t1 or ! zec*9s1 ,i ?9k ,i may leave y to judge2 ?\gh ,i "k !re are _m political economi/s1 :o w\ld r leave a bag ( gold on a g>ret-table1 ?an give a port] sixp5ce extra to c>ry x d[n/airs4 ,t1 !n1 is ! fir/ practical outcome ( ! matt]4 ,nev] grumble1 b be glad :5 y he> ( a new picture be+ b\ght at a l>ge price4 ,9 ! long run1 ! de>e/ pictures are always ! be/ b>ga9s2 &1 ,i repeat 7= else y might ?9k ,i said x 9 m]e hurry ( talk1 & n delib]ately71 !re are "s pictures :i* are )\t price4 ,y %\ld /&1 nationally1 at ! edge ( ,dov] cliffs--,%akespe>e's--& wave blank *eques 9 ! eyes ( ! nations on ! o!r side ( ! sea1 freely (f]$1 = su* & su* canvasses ( !irs4 ,!n ! next practical outcome ( x is3 ,nev] buy a copy ( a picture1 "u any circum/ances :atev]4 ,all copies are bad2 because no pa9t] :o is wor? a /raw ev] w copy4 ,he w make a /udy ( a picture he likes1 = 8 own use1 9 8 own way2 b he won't & c't copy2 :5ev] y buy a copy1 y buy s mu* misund]/&+ ( ! orig9al1 & enc\rage a dull p]son 9 foll[+ a bus9ess he is n fit =1 besides increas+ ultimately *ances ( mi/ake & impo/ure1 & f>!r+1 z directly z money c f>!r1 ! cause ( ignorance 9 all directions4 ,y may1 9 fact1 consid] y\rself z hav+ pur*as$ a c]ta9 quantity ( mi/akes2 &1 accord+ to y\r p[]1 be+ engag$ 9 dissem9at+ !m4 ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 t copies %\ld nev] be made4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( dull p]sons %\ld always be employ$ by a ,gov]nm5t 9 mak+ ! mo/ accurate copies possible ( all good pictures2 ^! copies1 ?\gh arti/ically valueless1 w\ld be hi/orically & docum5t>ily valuable1 9 ! ev5t ( ! de/ruction ( ! orig9al picture4 ,! /udies also made by great arti/s = _! own use1 %\ld be s\ght aft] ) ! greate/ eag]ness2 !y are (t5 to be b\ght *eap2 & 9 connection ) ! me*anical copies1 w\ld become v preci\s3 trac+s f frescos & o!r l>ge works are also ( great value2 = ?\gh a trac+ is liable to j z _m mi/akes z a copy1 ! mi/akes 9 a trac+ are ( "o k9d only1 :i* may be all[$ =1 b ! mi/akes ( a common copyi/ are ( all conceivable k9ds3 f9ally1 engrav+s1 9 s f> z !y convey c]ta9 facts ab\t ! pictures1 )\t pret5d+ adequately to repres5t or give an idea ( ! pictures1 are (t5 s]viceable & valuable4 ,i c't1 ( c\rse1 ent] into details 9 ^! matt]s j n[2 only ?is ma9 piece ( advice ,i c safely give y--nev] to buy copies ( pictures 7= y\r private possession7 :i* pret5d to give a facsimile t %all be 9 any wise repres5tative (1 or equal to1 ! orig9al4 ,:5ev] y d s1 y are only l[]+ y\r ta/e1 & wa/+ y\r money4 ,& if y are g5]\s & wise1 y w be ready r to subscribe z mu* z y w\ld h giv5 = a copy ( a great picture1 t[>ds its pur*ase1 or ! pur*ase ( "s o!r l x1 by ! nation4 ,!re ought to be a great ,national ,society in/itut$ = ! pur*ase ( pictures2 pres5t+ !m to ! v>i\s gall]ies 9 our great cities1 & wat*+ !re ov] _! safety3 b 9 ! meantime1 y c always act safely & b5eficially by m]ely all[+ y\r arti/ fri5ds to buy pictures = y1 :5 !y see good ones4 ,nev] buy = y\rselves1 nor g to ! =eign deal]s2 b let any pa9t] :om y "k be entru/$1 :5 he f9ds a neglect$ old picture 9 an old h\se1 to try if he _c get x = y2 !n1 if y l x1 keep x2 if n1 s5d x to ! hamm]1 & y w f9d t y d n lose money on pictures s pur*as$4 ,& ! ?ird & *ief practical outcome ( ! matt] is ?is g5]al "o3 ,:]ev] y g1 :atev] y d1 act m = pres]vation & less = production4 ,i assure y1 ! _w is1 g5]ally speak+1 9 calamit\s disord]1 & j because y h manag$ to ?ru/ "s ( ! lumb] aside1 & get an available corn] = y\rselves1 y ?9k y %\ld d no?+ b sit sp9n+ 9 x all day long--:ile1 z h\sehold]s & economi/s1 y\r fir/ ?\ght & ef=t %\ld be1 to set ?+s m squ>e all ab\t y4 ,try to set ! gr\nd floors 9 ord]1 & get ! rott5ness out ( y\r gran>ies4 ,!n sit & sp91 b n till !n4 ,,iv4 ,,di/ribution4--,& n[1 la/ly1 we come to ! f\r? great head ( our inquiry1 ! "q ( ! wise di/ribution ( ! art we h ga!r$ & pres]v$4 ,x mu/ be evid5t to u1 at a mom5t's ?\ght1 t ! way 9 :i* works ( art are on ! :ole mo/ useful to ! nation to :i* !y belong1 mu/ be by _! collection 9 public gall]ies1 suppos+ ^? gall]ies prop]ly manag$4 ,b !re is "o disadvantage atta*$ necess>ily to gall]y exhibition1 namely1 ! ext5t ( mis*ief :i* may be done by "o fooli% curator4 ,z long z ! pictures :i* =m ! national weal? are dispos$ 9 private collections1 ! *ance is always t ! p :o buy !m w be j ! p :o are fond ( !m2 & t ! s5se ( ex*angeable value 9 ! commodity !y possess1 w induce !m1 ev5 if !y d n e/eem x !mselves1 to take su* c>e ( x z w pres]ve its value undim9i%$4 ,at all ev5ts1 s long z works ( art are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! nation1 no univ]sal de/ruction ( !m is possible2 a c]ta9 av]age only are lo/ by accid5ts f "t to "t4 ,b :5 !y are once collect$ 9 a l>ge public gall]y1 if ! appo9tm5t ( curator becomes 9 any way a matt] ( =mality1 or ! po/ is s lucrative z to be disput$ by place-hunt]s1 let b "o fooli% or c>eless p]son get possession ( x1 & p]haps y may h all y\r f9e pictures repa9t$1 & ! national prop]ty de/roy$1 9 a mon?4 ,t is actually ! case at ?is mom5t1 9 sev]al great =eign gall]ies4 ,!y are ! places ( execution ( pictures3 ov] _! doors y only want ! ,dantesque inscription1 ,lasciate ogni sp]anza1 voi *e entrate4 ,suppos+1 h[ev]1 ?is dang] prop]ly gu>d$ aga9/1 z x w\ld be always by a nation :i* ei!r knew ! value1 or und]/ood ! mean+1 ( pa9t+1#ac arrangem5t 9 a public gall]y is ! safe/1 z well z ! mo/ s]viceable1 me?od ( exhibit+ pictures2 & x is ! only mode 9 :i* _! hi/orical value c be br\ght out1 & _! hi/orical mean+ made cle>4 ,b great good is also to be done by enc\rag+ ! private possession ( pictures2 p>tly z a means ( /udy 7mu* m be+ always discov]$ 9 any "w ( art by a p]son :o has x p]petually ne> him ?an by "o :o only sees x f "t to "t71 & also z a means ( ref9+ ! habits & t\*+ ! he>ts ( ! masses ( ! nation 9 _! dome/ic life4 #ac ,x w\ld be a great po9t ga9$ t[>ds ! pres]vation ( pictures if x 7 made a rule t at e op]ation !y und]w5t1 ! exact spots 9 :i* !y h be5 re-pa9t$ %\ld be record$ 9 writ+4 ,= ^! la/ purposes ! mo/ s]viceable art is ! liv+ art ( ! "t2 ! p>ticul> ta/es ( ! p w be be/ met1 & _! p>ticul> ignorances be/ correct$1 by pa9t]s lab\r+ 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 m or less guid$ to ! k ( :at is want$ by ! degree ( sympa?y ) :i* _! "w is receiv$4 ,s !n1 g5]ally1 x %\ld be ! object ( gov]nm5t1 & ( all patrons ( art1 to collect1 z f> z may be1 ! works ( dead ma/]s 9 public gall]ies1 arrang+ !m s z to illu/rate ! hi/ory ( nations1 & ! progress & influ5ce ( _! arts2 & to enc\rage ! private possession ( ! works ( liv+ ma/]s4 ,& ! fir/ & be/ way 9 :i* to enc\rage su* private possession is1 ( c\rse1 to keep d[n ! prices ( !m z f> z y c4 ,i hope !re are n a great _m pa9t]s 9 ! room2 if !re are1 ,i entreat _! pati5ce = ! next qu>t] ( an h\r3 if !y w be> ) me = s long1 ,i hope !y w n1 f9ally1 be (f5d$ by :at ,i am go+ to say4 ,i repeat1 tru/+ to _! indulg5ce 9 ! int]im1 t ! fir/ object ( our national economy1 z respects ! di/ribution ( mod]n art1 %\ld be /eadily & rationally to limit its prices1 s9ce by do+ s1 y w produce two effects2 y w make ! pa9t]s produce m pictures1 two or ?ree in/ead ( "o1 if !y wi% to make money2 & y w1 by br++ good pictures )9 ! rea* ( p ( mod]ate income1 excite ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! nation 9 !m1 increase a ?\s&fold ! dem& = ! commodity1 & !re=e its :olesome & natural production4 ,i "k h[ _m objections mu/ arise 9 y\r m9ds at ?is mom5t to :at ,i say2 b y mu/ be aw>e t x is n possible = me 9 an h\r to expla9 all ! moral & comm]cial be>+s ( su* a pr9ciple z ?is4 ,only1 believe me1 ,i d n speak lightly2 ,i ?9k ,i h consid]$ all ! objections :i* c\ld be rationally br\ght =w>d1 ?\gh ,i h "t at pres5t only to glance at ! ma9 "o1 namely1 ! idea t ! high prices paid = mod]n pictures are ei!r hon\rable1 or s]viceable1 to ! pa9t]4 ,s f> f ?is be+ s1 ,i believe "o ( ! pr9cipal ob/acles to ! progress ( mod]n art to be ! high prices giv5 = good mod]n pictures4 ,= obs]ve1 fir/1 ! action ( ?is high remun]ation on ! arti/'s m9d4 ,if he gets on1 z x is call$1 cat*es ! eye ( ! public1 & especially ( ! public ( ! upp] classes1 !re is h>dly any limit to ! =tune he may acquire2 s t1 9 8 e>ly ye>s1 8 m9d is naturally l$ to dwell on ?is worldly & weal?y em95ce z ! ma9 ?+ to be rea*$ by 8 art2 if he f9ds t he is n gradually ris+ t[>ds x1 he ?9ks !re is some?+ wrong 9 8 "w2 or1 if he is too pr\d to ?9k t1 /ill ! bribe ( weal? & hon\r w>ps him f 8 hone/ lab\r into ef=ts to attract att5tion2 & he gradually loses bo? 8 p[] ( m9d & 8 rectitude ( purpose4 ,?is1 accord+ to ! degree ( av>ice or ambition :i* exi/s 9 any pa9t]'s m9d1 is ! necess>y influ5ce ^u him ( ! hope ( great weal? & reputation4 ,b ! h>m is /ill great]1 9 s f> z ! possibility ( atta9+ =tune ( ?is k9d tempts p cont9ually to become pa9t]s :o h no real gift = ! "w2 & on :om ^! motives ( m]e worldly int]e/ h exclusive influ5ce2--m5 :o torm5t & abuse ! pati5t work]s1 eclipse or ?ru/ aside all delicate & good pictures by _! own gaudy & co>se ones1 corrupt ! ta/e ( ! public1 & d ! greate/ am\nt ( mis*ief to ! s*ools ( art 9 _! day :i* x is possible = _! capacities to effect2 & x is q wond]ful h[ mu* mis*ief may be done ev5 by small capacity4 ,if y c\ld by any means succe$ 9 keep+ ! prices ( pictures d[n1 y w\ld ?r[ all ^! di/urb]s out ( ! way at once4 ,y may p]haps ?9k t ?is sev]e treatm5t w\ld d m h>m ?an good1 by )draw+ ! :olesome elem5t ( emulation1 & giv+ no /imulus to ex]tion2 b ,i am sorry to say t arti/s w always be suffici5tly jeal\s ( "o ano!r1 :e!r y pay !m l>ge or l[ prices2 & z = /imulus to ex]tion1 believe me1 no good "w 9 ?is _w 0 ev] done = money1 nor :ile ! slighte/ ?\ght ( money affect$ ! pa9t]'s m9d4 ,:atev] idea ( pecuni>y value ent]s into 8 ?\ghts z he works1 w1 9 proportion to ! di/9ctness ( its pres5ce1 %ort5 8 p[]4 ,a real pa9t] w "w = y exquisitely1 if y give him1 z ,i told y a little :ile ago1 bread & wat] & salt2 & a bad pa9t] w "w badly & ha/ily1 ?\gh y give him a palace to live 91 & a pr9c$om to live ^u4 ,turn] got1 9 8 e>li] ye>s1 half-a-cr[n a day & 8 supp] 7n bad pay1 nei!r72 & he le>n$ to pa9t ^u t4 ,& ,i believe t !re is no *ance ( art's truly fl\ri%+ 9 any c\ntry1 until y make x a simple & pla9 bus9ess1 provid+ its ma/]s ) an easy compet5ce1 b r>ely ) any?+ m4 ,& ,i say ?is1 n because ,i despise ! great pa9t]1 b because ,i hon\r him2 & ,i %\ld no m ?9k ( add+ to 8 respectability or happ9ess by giv+ him ri*es1 ?an1 if ,%akespe>e or ,milton 7 alive1 ,i %\ld ?9k we add$ to _! respectability1 or 7 likely to get bett] "w f !m1 by mak+ !m millionaires4 ,b1 obs]ve1 x is n only ! pa9t] himself :om y injure1 by giv+ him too high prices2 y injure all ! inf]ior pa9t]s ( ! day4 ,if !y are mode/1 !y w be disc\rag$ & depress$ by ! feel+ t _! do+s are wor? s little1 comp>atively1 9 y\r eyes2--if pr\d1 all _! wor/ passions w be ar\s$1 & ! insult or opprobrium :i* !y w try to ca/ on _! successful rival w n only afflict & w\nd him1 b at la/ s\r & h>d5 him3 he _c pass ?r\gh su* a trial )\t griev\s h>m4 ,t1 !n1 is ! effect y produce on ! pa9t] ( m>k1 & on ! inf]ior ones ( 8 own /&+4 ,b y d worse ?an ?is2 y deprive y\rselves1 by :at y give = ! fa%ionable picture1 ( ! p[] ( help+ ! y\ng] m5 :o are com+ =w>d4 ,be x admitt$1 = argum5t's sake if y are n conv9c$ by :at ,i h said1 t y d no h>m to ! great man by pay+ him well2 yet c]ta9ly y d him no special good4 ,8 reputation is e/abli%$1 & 8 =tune made2 he does n c>e :e!r y buy or n3 he ?9ks he is r do+ y a fav\r ?an o!rwise by lett+ y h "o ( 8 pictures at all4 ,all ! good y d him is to help him to buy a new pair ( c>riage horses2 :]eas1 ) t same sum :i* ?us y ca/ away1 y might h reliev$ ! he>ts & pres]v$ ! heal? ( tw5ty "y pa9t]s2 & if among ^? tw5ty1 y b *anc$ on "o 9 :om a true lat5t p[] _h be5 h9d]$ by 8 pov]ty1 j consid] :at a f>-bran*+1 f>-embrac+ good y h wr\ght ) t lucky exp5diture ( y\rs4 ,i say1 ,consid] x 9 va92 y _c consid] x1 = y _c conceive ! sickness ( he>t ) :i* a "y pa9t] ( deep feel+ toils ?r\gh 8 fir/ obscurity2--8 s5se ( ! /rong voice )9 him1 :i* y w n he>2--8 va91 fond1 wond]+ witness to ! ?+s y w n see2--8 f> away p]ception ( ?+s t he c\ld accompli% if he _h b peace1 & "t1 all unapproa*able & vani%+ f him1 because no "o w leave him peace or grant him "t3 all 8 fri5ds fall+ back f him2 ^? :om he w\ld mo/ rev]5tly obey rebuk+ & p>alys+ him2 & la/ & wor/ ( all1 ^? :o believe 9 him ! mo/ fai?fully suff]+ by him ! mo/ bitt]ly2--! wife's eyes1 9 _! sweet ambition1 %9+ bright] z ! *eek wa/es away2 & ! little lips at 8 side p>*$ & pale1 :i* "o day1 he kn[s1 ?\gh he may nev] see x1 w quiv] s pr\dly :5 !y "n 8 "n1 call+ him our fa!r4 ,y deprive y\rselves1 by y\r l>ge exp5diture = pictures ( m>k1 ( ! p[] ( reliev+ & r$eem+ ?is di/ress2 y injure ! pa9t] :om y pay s l>gely2--& :at1 aft] all1 h y done = y\rselves1 or got = y\rselves8 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t ! hurri$ "w ( a fa%ionable pa9t] w conta9 m = y\r money ?an ! quiet "w ( "s unkn[n man4 ,9 all probability1 y w f9d1 if y ra%ly pur*ase :at is popul> at a high price1 t y h got "o picture y don't c>e =1 = a sum :i* w\ld h b\ght tw5ty y w\ld h delight$ 94 ,= rememb] always t ! price ( a picture by a liv+ arti/1 nev] repres5ts1 nev] c repres5t1 ! quantity ( lab\r or value 9 x4 ,its price repres5ts1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! degree ( desire :i* ! ri* p ( ! c\ntry h to possess x4 ,once get ! weal?y classes to imag9e t ! possession ( pictures by a giv5 arti/ adds to _! g5tility1 & !re is no price :i* 8 "w may n imm$iately rea*1 & = ye>s ma9ta92 & 9 buy+ at t price1 y are n gett+ value = y\r money1 b m]ely disput+ = victory 9 a conte/ ( o/5tation4 ,& x is h>dly possible to sp5d y\r money 9 a worse or m wa/eful way2 = ?\gh y may n be do+ x = o/5tation y\rself1 y are1 by y\r p]t9acity1 n\ri%+ ! o/5tation ( o!rs2 y meet !m 9 _! game ( weal?1 & cont9ue x = !m2 if !y _h n f\nd an opposite play]1 ! game w\ld h be5 done2 = a pr\d man c f9d no enjoym5t 9 possess+ himself ( :at nobody disputes ) him4 ,s t by e f>?+ y give = a picture beyond its fair price--t is to say1 ! price :i* w pay ! pa9t] = 8 "t--y are n only *eat+ y\rself & buy+ vanity1 b y are /imulat+ ! vanity ( o!rs2 pay+ lit]ally1 = ! cultivation ( pride4 ,y may consid] e p\nd t y sp5d above ! j price ( a "w ( art1 z an inve/m5t 9 a c>go ( m5tal quick-lime or guano1 :i*1 be+ laid on ! fields ( human nature1 is to gr[ a h>ve/ ( pride4 ,y are 9 fact pl\gh+ & h>r[+1 9 a mo/ valuable "p ( y\r l&1 9 ord] to reap ! :irlw9d2 y are sett+ y\r h& /\tly to ,job's agriculture1 ,let ?i/les gr[ in/ead ( :eat1 & cockle in/ead ( b>ley4 ,well1 b y w say1 !re is "o advantage 9 high prices1 :i* m ?an c\nt]balances all ?is mis*ief1 namely1 t by great rew>d we bo? urge & enable a pa9t] to produce r "o p]fect picture ?an _m inf]ior ones3 & "o p]fect picture 7s y tell u1 & we believe x7 is wor? a great numb] ( inf]ior ones4 ,x is s2 b y _c get x by pay+ = x4 ,a great "w is only done :5 ! pa9t] gets into ! hum\r = x1 likes 8 subject1 & det]m9es to pa9t x z well z he c1 :e!r he is paid = x or n2 b bad "w1 & g5]ally ! wor/ sort ( bad "w1 is done :5 he is try+ to produce a %[y picture1 or "o t %all appe> to h z mu* lab\r 9 x z %all be wor? a high price4#ad #ad ,:5 ?is lecture 0 deliv]$1 ,i gave "h "s data = approximate e/imates ( ! av]age value ( good mod]n pictures ( diff]5t classes2 b ! subject is too complicat$ to be adequately treat$ 9 writ+1 )\t introduc+ m detail ?an ! read] w h pati5ce =4 ,b ,i may /ate1 r\ghly1 t prices above a hundr$ gu9eas are 9 g5]al extravagant = wat]-col\rs1 & above five hundr$ = oils4 ,an arti/ almo/ always does wrong :o puts m "w ?an ^! prices w remun]ate him = into any s+le canvass--8 tal5t w\ld be bett] employ$ 9 pa9t+ two pictures ?an "o s elaborate4 ,! wat]-col\r pa9t]s also are gett+ into ! habit ( mak+ _! draw+s too l>ge1 & 9 a measure atta*+ _! price r to bread? & ext5t ( t\* ?an to ?\ghtful lab\r4 ,( c\rse m>k$ exceptions occur "h & !re1 z 9 ! case ( ,john ,lewis1 ^: draw+s are wr\ght ) unfail+ precision ?r\gh\t1 :atev] _! scale4 ,h>dly any price c be remun]ative = su* "w4 ,!re is h[ev]1 ano!r po9t1 & a /ill m important "o1 be>+ on ?is matt] ( pur*ase1 ?an ! keep+ d[n ( prices to a rational /&>d4 ,& t is1 t y pay y\r prices into ! h&s ( liv+ m51 & d n p\r !m into c(f9s4 ,= obs]ve t1 z we arrange our paym5t ( pictures at pres5t1 no arti/'s "w is wor? half its prop] value :ile he is alive4 ,! mom5t he dies1 8 pictures1 if !y are good1 rea* d\ble _! =m] value2 b1 t rise ( price repres5ts simply a pr(it made by ! intellig5t deal] or pur*as] on 8 pa/ pur*ases4 ,s t ! real facts ( ! matt] are1 t ! ,briti% public1 sp5d+ a c]ta9 sum annually 9 art1 det]m9es t1 ( e ?\s& x pays1 only five hundr$ %all g to ! pa9t]1 or %all be at all conc]n$ 9 ! production ( art2 & t ! o!r five hundr$ %all be paid m]ely z a te/imonial to ! intellig5t deal]1 :o knew :at to buy4 ,n[1 te/imonials are v pretty & prop] ?+s1 )9 due limits2 b te/imonial to ! am\nt ( a hundr$ p] c5t4 on ! total exp5diture is n good political economy4 ,d n !re=e1 9 g5]al1 unless y see x to be necess>y = its pres]vation1 buy ! picture ( a dead arti/4 ,if y fe> t x may be expos$ to contempt or neglect1 buy x2 its price w !n1 probably1 n be high3 if y want to put x into a public gall]y1 buy x2 y are sure1 !n1 t y d n sp5d y\r money selfi%ly3 or1 if y lov$ ! man's "w :ile he 0 alive1 & b\ght x !n1 buy x also n[1 if y c see no liv+ "w equal to x4 ,b if y did n buy x :ile ! man 0 liv+1 nev] buy x aft] he is dead3 y are !n do+ no good to him1 & y are do+ "s %ame to y\rself4 ,look ar\nd y = pictures t y really l1 & 9 buy+ :i* y c help "s g5ius yet unp]i%$--t is ! be/ atonem5t y c make to ! "o y h neglect$--& give to ! liv+ & /ruggl+ pa9t] at once wages1 & te/imonial4 ,s f>1 !n1 ( ! motives :i* %\ld induce u to keep d[n ! prices ( mod]n art1 & ?us r5d] x1 z a private possession1 atta9able by great] numb]s ( p ?an at pres5t4 ,b we %\ld /rive to r5d] x accessible to !m 9 o!r ways also--*iefly by ! p]man5t decoration ( public build+s2 & x is 9 ?is field t ,i ?9k we may look = ! pr(itable means ( provid+ t con/ant employm5t = "y pa9t]s ( :i* we 7 speak+ la/ ev5+4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important k9d ( public build+s :i* we are always sure to want1 are s*ools3 & ,i w\ld ask y to consid] v c>efully1 :e!r we may n wisely introduce "s great *anges 9 ! way ( s*ool decoration4 ,hi!rto1 z f> z ,i "k1 x has ei!r be5 s difficult to give all ! education we want$ to our lads1 t we h be5 oblig$ to d x1 if at all1 ) *eap furniture 9 b>e walls2 or else we h consid]$ t *eap furniture & b>e walls are a prop] "p ( ! means ( education2 & suppos$ t boys le>n$ be/ :5 !y sat on h>d =ms1 & _h no?+ b blank pla/] ab\t & above !m :]eupon to employ _! sp>e att5tion2 also1 t x 0 z well !y %\ld be accu/om$ to r\gh & ugly conditions ( ?+s1 p>tly by way ( prep>+ !m = ! h>d%ips ( life1 & p>tly t !re might be ! lea/ possible damage done to floors & =ms1 9 ! ev5t ( _! becom+1 dur+ ! ma/]'s abs5ce1 ! fields or in/rum5ts ( battle4 ,all ?is is s f> well & necess>y1 z x relates to ! tra9+ ( c\ntry lads1 & ! fir/ tra9+ ( boys 9 g5]al4 ,b !re c]ta9ly comes a p]iod 9 ! life ( a well educat$ y\?1 9 :i* "o ( ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( 8 education is1 or ought to be1 to give him ref9em5t ( habits2 & n only to tea* him ! /rong ex]cises ( :i* 8 frame is capable1 b also to increase 8 bodily s5sibility & ref9em5t1 & %[ him su* small matt]s z ! way ( h&l+ ?+s prop]ly1 & treat+ !m consid]ately4 ,n only s1 b ,i believe ! notion ( fix+ ! att5tion by keep+ ! room empty1 is a :olly mi/ak5 "o3 ,i ?9k x is j 9 ! emptie/ room t ! m9d w&]s mo/2 = x gets re/less1 l a bird1 = want ( a p]*1 & ca/s ab\t = any possible means ( gett+ out & away4 ,& ev5 if x be fix$1 by an ef=t1 on ! bus9ess 9 h&1 t bus9ess becomes itself repulsive1 m ?an x ne$ be1 by ! vil5ess ( its associations2 & _m a /udy appe>s dull or pa9ful to a boy :5 x is pursu$ on a blott$ deal desk1 "u a wall ) no?+ on x b scrat*es & pegs1 :i* w\ld h be5 pursu$ pleasantly en\gh 9 a curta9$ corn] ( 8 fa!r's libr>y1 or at ! lattice w9d[ ( 8 cottage4 ,nay1 my own belief is1 t ! be/ /udy ( all is ! mo/ beautiful2 & t a quiet glade ( =e/1 or ! nook ( a lake %ore1 are wor? all ! s*oolrooms 9 ,*ri/5dom1 :5 once y are pa/ ! multiplication table2 b be t z x may1 !re is no "q at all b t a "t ought to come 9 ! life ( a well tra9$ y\?1 :5 he c sit at a writ+ table )\t want+ to ?r[ ! ink/& at 8 neighb\r2 & :5 also he w feel m capable ( c]ta9 ef=ts ( m9d ) beautiful & ref9$ =ms ab\t him ?an ) ugly ones4 ,:5 t "t comes1 he ought to be advanc$ into ! decorat$ s*ools2 & ?is advance ought to be "o ( ! important & hon\rable epo*s ( 8 life4 ,i h n "t1 h[ev]1 to insi/ on ! m]e s]viceabl5ess to our y\? ( ref9$ ar*itectural decoration1 z su*2 = ,i want y to consid] ! probable influ5ce ( ! p>ticul> k9d ( decoration :i* ,i wi% y to get = !m1 namely1 hi/orical pa9t+4 ,y "k we h hi!rto be5 9 ! habit ( convey+ all our hi/orical k1 su* z x is1 by ! e> only1 nev] by ! eye2 all our notions ( ?+s be+ o/5sibly d]iv$ f v]bal description1 n f sight4 ,n[1 ,i h no d\bt t1 z we gr[ gradually wis]--& we are do+ s e day--we %all discov] at la/ t ! eye is a nobl] organ ?an ! e>2 & t ?r\gh ! eye we mu/1 9 reality1 obta91 or put into =m1 ne>ly all ! useful in=mation we are to h ab\t ?is _w4 ,ev5 z ! matt] /&s1 y w f9d t ! k :i* a boy is suppos$ to receive f v]bal description is only available to him s f> z 9 any und]h& way he gets a sight ( ! ?+ y are talk+ ab\t4 ,i rememb] well t1 = _m ye>s ( my life1 ! only notion ,i _h ( ! look ( a ,greek knight 0 complicat$ betwe5 recollection ( a small engrav+ 9 my pocket ,pope's ,hom]1 & rev]5t /udy ( ! ,horse ,gu>ds4 ,& ?\gh ,i believe t mo/ boys collect _! ideas f m v>i$ s\rces1 & arrange !m m c>efully ?an ,i did2 /ill1 :atev] s\rces !y seek mu/ always be ocul>3 if !y are clev] boys1 !y w g & look at ! ,greek vases & sculptures 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & at ! weapons 9 our arm\ries--!y w see :at real arm\r is l 9 lu/re1 & :at ,greek arm\r 0 l 9 =m1 & s put a fairly true image toge!r1 b /ill n1 9 ord9>y cases1 a v liv+ or int]e/+ "o4 ,n[1 ! use ( y\r decorative pa9t+ w\ld be1 9 myriads ( ways1 to animate _! hi/ory = !m1 & to put ! liv+ aspect ( pa/ ?+s be=e _! eyes z fai?fully z intellig5t inv5tion c2 s t ! ma/] %all h no?+ to d b once to po9t to ! s*oolroom walls1 & = ev] aft]w>ds ! mean+ ( any ^w w\ld be fix$ 9 a boy's m9d 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,is x a "q ( classical dress--:at a tunic 0 l1 or a *lamys1 or a peplus8 ,at ?is day1 y h to po9t to "s vile woodcut1 9 ! middle ( a diction>y page1 repres5t+ ! ?+ hung ^u a /ick1 b !n1 y w\ld po9t to a hundr$ figures1 we>+ ! actual dress1 9 its fi]y col\rs1 9 all actions ( v>i\s /atel9ess or /r5g?2 y w\ld und]/& at once h[ x fell r\nd ! p's limbs z !y /ood1 h[ x drift$ f _! %\ld]s z !y w5t1 h[ x veil$ _! faces z !y wept1 h[ x cov]$ _! heads 9 ! day ( battle4 ,n[1 if y want to see :at a weapon is l1 y ref]1 9 l mann]1 to a numb]$ page1 9 :i* !re are spe>-heads 9 r[s1 & sword-hilts 9 symmetrical gr\ps2 & gradually ! boy gets a dim ma!matical notion h[ "o scymit> is hook$ to ! "r & ano!r to ! left1 & "o javel9 has a knob to x & ano!r none3 :ile "o glance at y\r good picture w\ld %[ him1--& ! fir/ ra9y aft]noon 9 ! s*oolroom w\ld = ev] fix 9 8 m9d1--! look ( ! sword & spe> z !y fell or flew2 & h[ !y pi]c$1 or b5t1 or %att]$--h[ m5 wield$ !m1 & h[ m5 di$ by !m4 ,b f> m ?an all ?is1 is x a "q n ( clo!s or weapons1 b ( m58 h[ c we suffici5tly e/imate ! effect on ! m9d ( a noble y\?1 at ! "t :5 ! _w op5s to him1 ( hav+ fai?ful & t\*+ repres5tations put be=e him ( ! acts & pres5ces ( great m5--h[ _m a resolution1 :i* w\ld alt] & exalt ! :ole c\rse ( 8 aft]-life1 might be =m$1 :5 9 "s dreamy twilight he met1 ?r\gh 8 own te>s1 ! fix$ eyes ( ^? %ad[s ( ! great dead1 unescapable & calm1 pi]c+ to 8 s\l2 or fanci$ t _! lips mov$ 9 dread repro( or s\ndless exhortation4 ,& if b = "o out ( _m ?is 7 true--if yet1 9 a few1 y c\ld be sure t su* influ5ce _h inde$ *ang$ _! ?\ghts & de/9ies1 & turn$ ! eag] & reckless y\?1 :o w\ld h ca/ away 8 en]gies on ! race-horse or ! gambl+-table1 to t noble life-race1 t holy life-haz>d1 :i* %\ld w9 all glory to himself & all good to 8 c\ntry--w\ld n t1 to "s purpose1 be political economy ( art8 ,& obs]ve1 !re c\ld be no monotony1 no exhau/ibl5ess1 9 ! sc5es requir$ to be ?us p\rtray$4 ,ev5 if !re 71 & y want$ = e s*ool 9 ! k+dom1 "o dea? ( ,leonidas2 "o battle ( ,m>a?on2 "o dea? ( ,cleobis & ,bito2 !re ne$ n !re=e be m monotony 9 y\r art ?an !re 0 9 ! repetition ( a giv5 cycle ( subjects by ! religi\s pa9t]s ( ,italy4 ,b we ought n to admit a cycle at all4 ,= ?\gh we _h z _m great s*ools z we h great cities 7"o day ,i hope we %all h71 c5turies ( pa9t+ w\ld n exhau/1 9 all ! numb] ( !m1 ! noble & pa!tic subjects :i* might be *os5 f ! hi/ory ( ev5 "o noble nation4 ,b1 besides ?is1 y w n1 9 a little :ile1 limit y\r y\?s' /udies to s n>r[ fields z y d n[4 ,!re w come a "t--,i am sure ( x--:5 x w be f\nd t ! same practical results1 bo? 9 m5tal discipl9e1 & 9 political philosophy1 are to be atta9$ by ! accurate /udy ( m$iaeval & mod]n z ( anci5t hi/ory2 & t ! facts ( m$iaeval & mod]n hi/ory are1 on ! :ole1 ! mo/ important to u4 ,& among ^! noble gr\ps ( con/ellat$ s*ools :i* ,i =esee aris+ 9 our ,engl&1 ,i =esee also t !re w be divid$ fields ( ?\ght2 & t :ile ea* w give its s*ol>s a great g5]al idea ( ! _w's hi/ory1 su* z all m5 %\ld possess--ea* w also take ^u itself1 z its own special duty1 ! clos] /udy ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 "s giv5 place or "t4 ,x w review ! re/ ( hi/ory1 b x w exhau/ its own special field ( x2 & f\nd its moral & political tea*+ on ! mo/ p]fect possible analysis ( ! results ( human conduct 9 "o place1 & at "o epo*4 ,& !n1 ! gall]ies ( t s*ool w be pa9t$ ) ! hi/orical sc5es belong+ to ! age :i* x has *os5 = its special /udy4 ,s f>1 !n1 ( art z y may apply x to t great s]ies ( public build+s :i* y devote to ! education ( y\?4 ,! next l>ge class ( public build+s 9 :i* we %\ld introduce x1 is "o :i* ,i ?9k a few ye>s m ( national progress w r5d] m s]viceable to u ?an !y h be5 lately4 ,i mean1 build+s = ! meet+s ( guilds ( trades4 ,& "h1 = ! la/ "t1 ,i mu/ aga9 int]rupt ! c\rse ( our *ief inquiry1 9 ord] to /ate "o o!r pr9ciple ( political economy1 :i* is p]fectly simple & indisputable2 b :i*1 nev]!less1 we cont9ually get into comm]cial emb>rassm5ts = want ( und]/&+2 & n only s1 b suff] mu* h9drance 9 our comm]cial discov]ies1 because _m ( our bus9ess m5 d n practically admit x4 ,suppos+ half a doz5 or a doz5 m5 7 ca/ a%ore f a wreck on an un9habit$ isl& & left to _! own res\rces1 "o ( c\rse1 accord+ to 8 capacity1 w\ld be set to "o bus9ess & "o to ano!r2 ! /ronge/ to dig & to cut wood1 & to build huts = ! re/3 ! mo/ dext]\s to make %oes out ( b>k & coats out ( sk9s2 ! be/ educat$ to look = iron or lead 9 ! rocks1 & to plan ! *annels = ! irrigation ( ! fields4 ,b ?\gh _! lab\rs 7 ?us naturally sev]$1 t small gr\p ( %ipwreck$ m5 w\ld und]/& well en\gh t ! spe$ie/ progress 0 to be made by help+ ea* o!r1--n by oppos+ ea* o!r2 & !y w\ld "k t ?is help c\ld only be prop]ly giv5 s long z !y 7 frank & op5 9 _! relations1 & ! difficulties :i* ea* lay "u prop]ly expla9$ to ! re/4 ,s t any appe>ance ( secresy or sep>at5ess 9 ! actions ( any ( !m w\ld in/antly1 & ju/ly1 be look$ ^u ) suspicion by ! re/1 z ! sign ( "s selfi% or fooli% proce$+ on ! "p ( ! individual4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! sci5tific man 7 f\nd to h gone out at night1 unkn[n to ! re/1 to alt] ! sluices1 ! o!rs w\ld ?9k1 & 9 all probability rightly ?9k1 t he want$ to get ! be/ supply ( wat] to 8 own field2 & if ! %oemak] refus$ to %[ !m :]e ! b>k grew :i* he made ! s&als (1 !y w\ld naturally ?9k1 & 9 all probability rightly ?9k1 t he didn't want !m to see h[ mu* !re 0 ( x1 & t he meant to ask f !m m corn & potatoes 9 ex*ange = 8 s&als ?an ! tr\ble ( mak+ !m des]v$4 ,& ?us1 al?\gh ea* man w\ld h a portion ( "t to himself 9 :i* he 0 all[$ to d :at he *ose )\t let or inquiry1--s long z he 0 work+ 9 t p>ticul> bus9ess :i* he _h und]tak5 = ! common b5efit1 any secresy on 8 "p w\ld be imm$iately suppos$ to mean mis*ief2 & w\ld require to be acc\nt$ =1 or put an end to3 & ?is all ! m because1 :atev] ! "w might be1 c]ta9ly !re w\ld be difficulties ab\t x :i*1 :5 once !y 7 well expla9$1 might be m or less done away ) by ! help ( ! re/2 s t assur$ly e "o ( !m w\ld advance ) 8 lab\r n only m happily1 b m pr(itably & quickly1 by hav+ no secrets1 & by frankly be/[+1 & frankly receiv+1 su* help z lay 9 8 way to get or to give4 ,&1 j z ! be/ & ri*e/ result ( weal? & happ9ess to ! :ole ( !m1 w\ld foll[ on _! p]sev]ance 9 su* a sy/em ( frank communication & ( helpful lab\r2--s precisely ! wor/ & poore/ result w\ld be obta9$ by a sy/em ( secresy & ( enmity2 & ea* man's happ9ess & weal? w\ld assur$ly be dim9i%$ 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* jeal\sy & concealm5t became _! social & economical pr9ciples4 ,x w\ld n1 9 ! long run1 br+ good1 b only evil1 to ! man ( sci5ce1 if1 in/ead ( tell+ op5ly :]e he _h f\nd good iron1 he c>efully conceal$ e new b$ ( x1 t he might ask1 9 ex*ange = ! r>e pl\gh%>e1 m corn f ! f>m]1 or 9 ex*ange = ! rude ne$le1 m lab\r f ! semp/ress3 & x w\ld n ultimately br+ good1 b only evil1 to ! f>m]s1 if !y s\ght to burn ea* o!r's corn/acks1 t !y might raise ! value ( _! gra91 or if ! semp/resses tri$ to break ea* o!r's ne$les1 t ea* might get all ! /it*+ to h]self4 ,n[1 ^! laws ( human action are precisely z au?oritative 9 _! application to ! conduct ( a million ( m51 z to t ( six or twelve4 ,all enmity1 jeal\sy1 opposition1 & secresy are :olly1 & 9 all circum/ances1 de/ructive 9 _! nature--n productive2 & all k9dness1 fell[%ip1 & communicativ5ess are inv>iably productive 9 _! op]ation1--n de/ructive2 & ! evil pr9ciples ( opposition & exclusiv5ess are n r5d]$ less fatal1 b m fatal1 by _! acceptance among l>ge masses ( m52 m fatal1 ,i say1 exactly 9 proportion z _! influ5ce is m secret4 ,= ?\gh ! opposition does always its own simple1 necess>y1 direct quantity ( h>m1 & )draws always its own simple1 necess>y1 measurable quantity ( weal? f ! sum possess$ by ! community1 yet1 9 proportion to ! size ( ! community1 x does ano!r & m ref9$ mis*ief ?an ?is1 by conceal+ its own fatality "u aspects ( m]cantile complication & exp$i5cy1 & giv+ rise to multitudes ( false !ories bas$ on a mean belief 9 n>r[ & imm$iate appe>ances ( good done "h & !re by ?+s :i* h ! univ]sal & ev]la/+ nature ( evil4 ,s t ! "t & p[]s ( ! nation are wa/$1 n only 9 wret*$ /ruggl+ aga9/ ea* o!r1 b 9 va9 compla9ts1 & gr\ndless disc\ragem5ts1 & empty inve/igations1 & useless exp]im5ts 9 laws1 & elections1 & inv5tions2 ) hope always to pull wisdom ?r\gh "s new-%ap$ slit 9 a ballot-box1 & to drag prosp]ity d[n out ( ! cl\ds along "s new knot ( electric wire2 :ile all ! :ile ,wisdom /&s call+ at ! corn]s ( ! /reets1 & ! bless+ ( heav5 waits ready to ra9 d[n ^u u1 deep] ?an ! riv]s & broad] ?an ! dew1 if only we w obey ! fir/ pla9 pr9ciples ( humanity1 & ! fir/ pla9 precepts ( ! skies2 ,execute true judgm5t1 & %[ m]cy & compassion1 e man to 8 bro!r2 & let none ( y imag9e evil aga9/ 8 bro!r 9 y\r he>t4#ae #ae ,x w\ld be well if1 in/ead ( prea*+ cont9ually ab\t ! doctr9e ( fai? & good works1 our cl]gym5 w\ld simply expla9 to _! p a little :at good works mean4 ,!re is n a *apt] 9 all ! ,book we pr(ess to believe1 m specially & directly writt5 = ,engl&1 ?an ! second ( ,habakkuk1 & ,i nev] 9 all my life he>d "o ( its practical texts prea*$ f4 ,i suppose ! cl]gym5 are all afraid1 & "k t _! flocks1 :ile !y w sit q politely to he> syllogisms out ( ! epi/le to ! ,romans1 w\ld get re/ive directly if !y ev] press$ a practical text home to !m4 ,b we %\ld h no m]cantile cata/rophes1 & no di/ressful paup]ism1 if we only read (t51 & took to he>t1 ^? pla9 words3--,yea1 also1 because he is a pr\d man1 nei!r keepe? at home1 :o enl>ge? 8 desire z hell1 & _c be satisfi$1--,%all n all ^! take up a p>able aga9/ him1 & a taunt+ prov]b aga9/ him1 & say1 ',woe to him t increase? t :i* is n 83 & to him t lade? himself ) ?ick clay4' 7,:at a glori\s hi/ory1 9 "o metaphor1 ( ! life ( a man gre$y ( =tune47 ,woe to him t covete? an evil covet\sness t he may set 8 ne/ on high4 ,woe to him t builde? a t[n ) blood1 & /abli%e? a city by iniquity4 ,behold1 is x n ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s t ! p %all lab\r 9 ! v fire1 & ! p %all we>y !mselves = v vanity4 ,! ,am]icans1 :o h be5 s5d+ out %ips ) %am bolt-heads on _! timb]s1 & only half _! bolts1 may m$itate on t builde? a t[n ) blood4 ,!re=e1 ,i believe mo/ firmly1 t z ! laws ( national prosp]ity get famili> to u1 we %all m & m ca/ our toil into social & communicative sy/ems2 & t "o ( ! fir/ means ( our do+ s1 w be ! re-e/abli%+ guilds ( e important trade 9 a vital1 n =mal1 condition2--t !re w be a great c\ncil or gov]nm5t h\se = ! memb]s ( e trade1 built 9 :atev] t[n ( ! k+dom occupies itself pr9cipally 9 su* trade1 ) m9or c\ncil halls 9 o!r cities2 & to ea* c\ncil-hall1 (fic]s atta*$1 ^: fir/ bus9ess may be to exam9e into ! circum/ances ( e op]ative1 9 t trade1 :o *ooses to report himself to !m :5 out ( "w1 & to set him to "w1 if he is inde$ able & will+1 at a fix$ rate ( wages1 det]m9$ at regul> p]iods 9 ! c\ncil-meet+s2 & ^: next duty may be to br+ reports be=e ! c\ncil ( all improvem5ts made 9 ! bus9ess1 & means ( its ext5sion3 n all[+ private pat5ts ( any k9d1 b mak+ all improvem5ts available to e memb] ( ! guild1 only allott+1 aft] successful trial ( !m1 a c]ta9 rew>d to ! inv5tors4 ,= ^!1 & _m o!r su* purposes1 su* halls w be aga91 ,i tru/1 fully e/abli%$1 & !n1 9 ! pa9t+s & decorations ( !m1 especial ef=t ought to be made to express ! wor?9ess & hon\rabl5ess ( ! trade = ^: memb]s !y are f\nd$4 ,= ,i believe "o ( ! wor/ symptoms ( mod]n society to be1 its notion ( great inf]iority1 & ung5tlemanl9ess1 z necess>ily belong+ to ! "* ( a tradesman4 ,i believe tradesm5 may be1 ought to be--(t5 are1 m g5tlem5 ?an idle & useless p3 & ,i believe t art may d noble "w by record+ 9 ! hall ( ea* trade1 ! s]vices :i* m5 belong+ to t trade h done = _! c\ntry1 bo? pres]v+ ! portraits1 & record+ ! important incid5ts 9 ! lives1 ( ^? :o h made great advances 9 comm]ce & civilization4 ,i _c foll[ out ?is subject1 x bran*es too f>1 & 9 too _m directions2 besides1 ,i h no d\bt y w at once see & accept ! tru? ( ! ma9 pr9ciple1 & be able to ?9k x out = y\rselves4 ,i w\ld fa9 also h said some?+ ( :at might be done1 9 ! same mann]1 = alm%\ses & hospitals1 & = :at1 z ,i %all try to expla9 9 notes to ?is lecture1 we may hope to see1 "s day1 e/abli%$ ) a diff]5t mean+ 9 _! "n ?an t !y n[ be>--workh\ses2 b ,i h deta9$ y too long already1 & _c p]mit myself to trespass fur!r on y\r pati5ce except only to recapitulate1 9 clos+1 ! simple pr9ciples respect+ weal? :i* we h ga!r$ dur+ ! c\rse ( our inquiry2 pr9ciples :i* are no?+ m ?an ! lit]al & practical acceptance ( ! say+1 :i* is 9 all good m5's m\?s2 namely1 t !y are /ew>ds or m9i/]s ( :atev] tal5ts are entru/$ to !m4 ,only1 is x n a /range ?+1 t :ile we m or less accept ! mean+ ( t say+1 s long z x is consid]$ metaphorical1 we nev] accept its mean+ 9 its own t]ms8 ,y "k ! lesson is giv5 u "u ! =m ( a /ory ab\t money4 ,money 0 giv5 to ! s]vants to make use (3 ! unpr(itable s]vant dug 9 ! e>?1 & hid 8 ,"l's money4 ,well1 we1 9 our poetical & spiritual application ( ?is1 say1 t ( c\rse money doesn't mean money1 x means wit1 x means intellect1 x means influ5ce 9 high qu>t]s1 x means ev]y?+ 9 ! _w except itself4 ,& d n y see :at a pretty & pleasant come-(f !re is = mo/ ( u1 9 ?is spiritual application8 ,( c\rse1 if we _h wit1 we w\ld use x = ! good ( our fell[-creatures4 ,b we hav5't wit4 ,( c\rse1 if we _h influ5ce ) ! bi%ops1 we w\ld use x = ! good ( ! ,*ur*2 b we hav5't any influ5ce ) ! bi%ops4 ,( c\rse1 if we _h political p[]1 we w\ld use x = ! good ( ! nation2 b we h no political p[]2 we h no tal5ts entru/$ to u ( any sort or k9d4 ,x is true we h a little money1 b ! p>able c't possibly mean any?+ s vulg> z money2 our money's our own4 ,i believe1 if y ?9k s]i\sly ( ?is matt]1 y w feel t ! fir/ & mo/ lit]al application is j z necess>y a "o z any o!r--t ! /ory does v specially mean :at x says--pla9 money2 & t ! reason we don't at once believe x does s1 is a sort ( tacit idea t :ile ?\ght1 wit1 & intellect1 & all p[] ( bir? & position1 are inde$ giv5 to u1 &1 !re=e1 to be laid out = ! ,giv]1--our weal? has n be5 giv5 to u2 b we h work$ = x1 & h a "r to sp5d x z we *oose4 ,i ?9k y w f9d t is ! real sub/ance ( our und]/&+ 9 ?is matt]4 ,beauty1 we say1 is giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 /r5g? is giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 position is giv5 by ,god--x is a tal5t2 b money is prop] wages = our day's "w--x is n a tal5t1 x is a due4 ,we may ju/ly sp5d x on ourselves1 if we h work$ = x4 ,& !re w\ld be "s %ad[ ( excuse = ?is1 7 x n t ! v p[] ( mak+ ! money is itself only "o ( ! applications ( t intellect or /r5g? :i* we confess to be tal5ts4 ,:y is "o man ri*] ?an ano!r8 ,because he is m indu/ri\s1 m p]sev]+1 & m sagaci\s4 ,well1 :o made him m p]sev]+ or m sagaci\s ?an o!rs8 ,t p[] ( endurance1 t quickness ( appreh5sion1 t calmness ( judgm5t1 :i* enable him to seize ! opportunities t o!rs lose1 & p]si/ 9 ! l9es ( conduct 9 :i* o!rs fail--are ^! n tal5ts8--are !y n1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 among ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & influ5tial ( m5tal gifts8 ,& is x n wond]ful1 t :ile we %\ld be utt]ly a%am$ to use a sup]iority ( body1 9 ord] to ?ru/ our weak] companions aside f "s place ( advantage1 we unhesitat+ly use our sup]iorities ( m9d to ?ru/ !m back f :atev] good t /r5g? ( m9d c atta98 ,y w\ld be indignant if y saw a /rong man walk into a !atre or a lecture-room1 &1 calmly *oos+ ! be/ place1 take 8 feeble neighb\r by ! %\ld]1 & turn him out ( x into ! back seats1 or ! /reet4 ,y w\ld be equally indignant if y saw a /\t fell[ ?ru/ himself up to a table :]e "s hungry *ildr5 7 be+ f$1 & rea* 8 arm ov] _! heads & take _! bread f !m4 ,b y are n ! lea/ indignant if1 :5 a man has /\tness ( ?\ght & swiftness ( capacity1 &1 in/ead ( be+ long-arm$ only1 has ! mu* great] gift ( be+ long-head$--y ?9k x p]fectly j t he %\ld use 8 intellect to take ! bread out ( ! m\?s ( all ! o!r m5 9 ! t[n :o are ( ! same trade ) him2 or use 8 bread? & sweep ( sight to ga!r "s bran* ( ! comm]ce ( ! c\ntry into "o great cobweb1 ( :i* he is himself to be ! c5tral spid]1 mak+ e ?read vibrate ) ! po9ts ( 8 claws1 & comm&+ e av5ue ) ! facets ( 8 eyes4 ,y see no inju/ice 9 ?is4 ,b !re is inju/ice2 &1 let u tru/1 "o ( :i* hon\rable m5 w at no v di/ant p]iod disda9 to be guilty4 ,9 "s degree1 h[ev]1 x is inde$ n unju/2 9 "s degree x is necess>y & int5d$4 ,x is assur$ly j t idl5ess %\ld be surpass$ by en]gy2 t ! wide/ influ5ce %\ld be possess$ by ^? :o are be/ able to wield x2 & t a wise man1 at ! end ( 8 c>e]1 %\ld be bett] (f ?an a fool4 ,b = t reason1 is ! fool to be wret*$1 utt]ly cru%$ d[n1 & left 9 all ! suff]+ :i* 8 conduct & capacity naturally inflict8--,n s4 ,:at d y suppose fools 7 made =8 ,t y might tread ^u !m1 & />ve !m1 & get ! bett] ( !m 9 e possible way8 ,by no means4 ,!y 7 made t wise p might take c>e ( !m4 ,t is ! true & pla9 fact conc]n+ ! relations ( e /rong & wise man to ! _w ab\t him4 ,he has 8 /r5g? giv5 him1 n t he may cru% ! weak1 b t he may support & guide !m4 ,9 8 own h\sehold he is to be ! guide & ! support ( 8 *ildr52 out ( 8 h\sehold he is /ill to be ! fa!r1 t is1 ! guide & support ( ! weak & ! poor2 n m]ely ( ! m]itori\sly weak & ! innoc5tly poor1 b ( ! guiltily & puni%ably poor2 ( ! m5 :o ought to h kn[n bett]--( ! poor :o ought to be a%am$ ( !mselves4 ,x is no?+ to give p5sion & cottage to ! wid[ :o has lo/ h] son2 x is no?+ to give food & m$ic9e to ! workman :o has brok5 8 arm1 or ! decrepit woman wa/+ 9 sickness4 ,b x is some?+ to use y\r "t & /r5g? to w> ) ! wayw>dness & ?\ghtlessness ( mank9d2 to keep ! err+ workman 9 y\r s]vice till y h made him an un]r+ "o2 & to direct y\r fell[-m]*ant to ! opportunity :i* 8 dullness w\ld h lo/4 ,?is is mu*2 b x is yet m1 :5 y h fully a*iev$ ! sup]iority :i* is due to y1 & acquir$ ! weal? :i* is ! fitt+ rew>d ( y\r sagacity1 if y solemnly accept ! responsibility ( x1 z x is ! helm & guide ( lab\r f> & ne>4 ,= y :o h x 9 y\r h&s1 are 9 reality ! pilots ( ! p[] & ef=t ( ! ,/ate4#af ,x is entru/$ to y z an au?ority to be us$ = good or evil1 j z completely z k+ly au?ority 0 ev] giv5 to a pr9ce1 or milit>y comm& to a capta94 ,&1 accord+ to ! quantity ( x t y h 9 y\r h&s y are ! arbit]s ( ! w & "w ( ,engl&2 & ! :ole issue1 :e!r ! "w ( ! ,/ate %all suffice = ! ,/ate or n1 dep5ds ^u y4 ,y may /ret* out y\r sceptre ov] ! heads ( ! ,engli% lab\r]s1 & say to !m1 z !y /oop to its wav+1 ,subdue ?is ob/acle t has baffl$ our fa!rs1 put away ?is plague t consumes our *ildr52 wat] ^! dry places1 pl\gh ^! des]t ones1 c>ry ?is food to ^? :o are 9 hung]2 c>ry ?is light to ^? :o are 9 d>kness2 c>ry ?is life to ^? :o are 9 dea?2 or on ! o!r side y may say to h] lab\r]s3 ,"h am ,i2 ?is p[] is 9 my h&2 come1 build a m\nd "h = me to be ?ron$ ^u1 high & wide2 come1 make cr[ns = my head1 t m5 may see !m %9e f f> away2 come1 weave tape/ries = my feet1 t ,i may tread s(tly on ! silk & purple2#ag come1 dance be=e me1 t ,i may be gay2 & s+ sweetly to me1 t ,i may slumb]2 s %all ,i live 9 joy1 & die 9 hon\r4 ,& bett] ?an su* an hon\rable dea?1 x 7 t ! day _h p]i%$ :]e9 we 7 born1 & ! night 9 :i* x 0 said !re is a *ild conceiv$4 #af ,see note #g?1 9 ,add5da p4 #ajf4 #ag ,see note #h?1 9 ,add5da p4 #ajg4 ,i tru/1 t 9 a little :ile1 !re w be few ( our ri* m5 :o1 ?r\gh c>elessness or covet\sness1 ?us =feit ! glori\s (fice :i* is int5d$ = _! h&s4 ,i said1 j n[1 t weal? ill us$ 0 z ! net ( ! spid]1 entangl+ & de/roy+3 b weal? well us$1 is z ! net ( ! sacr$ fi%] :o ga!rs s\ls ( m5 out ( ! deep4 ,a "t w come--,i d n ?9k ev5 n[ x is f> f u--:5 ?is gold5 net ( ! _w's weal? w be spread abroad z ! flam+ me%es ( morn+ cl\d are ov] ! sky2 be>+ ) !m ! joy ( light & ! dew ( ! morn+1 z well z ! summons to hon\rable & peaceful toil4 ,:at less c we hope f y\r weal? ?an ?is1 ri* m5 ( ,engl&1 :5 once y feel fully h[1 by ! /r5g? ( y\r possessions--n1 obs]ve1 by ! exhau/ion1 b by ! adm9i/ration ( !m & ! p[]--y c direct ! acts1--comm& ! en]gies1--in=m ! ignorance1--prolong ! exi/5ce1 ( ! :ole human race2 & h[1 ev5 ( worldly wisdom1 :i* man employs fai?fully1 x is true1 n only t h] ways are pleasantness1 b t h] pa?s are peace2 & t1 = all ! *ildr5 ( m51 z well z = ^? to :om %e is giv51 ,l5g? ( days are 9 h] "r h&1 z 9 h] left h& ,ri*es & ,hon\r8 ,,add5da4 ,note1 p4 #ai4--;,fa!rly au?ority4 ,?is /atem5t c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be he>d )\t displeasure by a c]ta9 class ( politicians2 & 9 "o ( ! notices ( ^! lectures giv5 9 ! ,man*e/] j\rnals at ! "t1 endeav\r 0 made to get quit ( x by ref]r+ to ! ,div9e au?ority1 z ! only ,pat]nal p[] ) respect to :i* m5 7 truly /yl$ bre?r54 ,( c\rse x is s1 &1 equally ( c\rse1 all human gov]nm5t is no?+ else ?an ! executive expression ( ?is ,div9e au?ority4 ,! mom5t gov]nm5t ceases to be ! practical en=cem5t ( ,div9e law1 x is tyranny2 & ! mean+ :i* ,i atta* to ! words1 pat]nal gov]nm5t1 is1 9 m ext5d$ t]ms1 simply ?is--,! executive fulfilm5t1 by =mal human me?ods1 ( ! w ( ! ,fa!r ( mank9d respect+ ,8 *ildr54 ,i c\ld n give su* a def9ition ( ,gov]nm5t z ?is 9 a popul> lecture2 & ev5 9 writt5 =m1 x w necess>ily sugge/ _m objections1 ( :i* ,i mu/ notice & answ] ! mo/ probable4 ,only1 9 ord] to avoid ! recurr5ce ( su* tiresome phrases z x may be answ]$ 9 ! second place1 & x w be object$ 9 ! ?ird place1 etc41 ,i w ask ! read]'s leave to arrange ! discussion 9 ! =m ( simple dialogue1 lett+ ,o4 /& = objector1 & ,r4 = response4 ,o4--,y def9e y\r pat]nal gov]nm5t to be ! executive fulfilm5t1 by =mal human me?ods1 ( ! ,div9e w4 ,b1 assur$ly1 t w _c /& 9 ne$ ( aid or expression f human laws4 ,x _c fail ( its fulfilm5t4 ,r4--,9 ! f9al s5se x _c2 & 9 t s5se1 m5 :o are committ+ murd] & /eal+ are fulfill+ ! w ( ,god z mu* z ! be/ & k9de/ p 9 ! _w4 ,b 9 ! limit$ & pres5t s5se1 ! only s5se ) :i* we h any?+ to d1 ,god's w conc]n+ man is fulfill$ by "s m51 & ?w>t$ by o!rs4 ,& ^? m5 :o ei!r p]suade or en=ce ! do+ ( x1 /& t[>ds ^? :o are rebelli\s aga9/ x exactly 9 ! position ( fai?ful *ildr5 9 a family1 :o1 :5 ! fa!r is out ( sight1 ei!r compel or p]suade ! re/ to d z _! fa!r w\ld h !m1 7 he pres5t2 & 9 s f> z !y are express+ & ma9ta9+1 = ! "t1 ! pat]nal au?ority1 !y ex]cise1 9 ! exact s5se 9 :i* ,i mean ! phrase to be und]/ood1 pat]nal gov]nm5t ov] ! re/4 ,o4--,b1 if ,provid5ce has left a lib]ty to man 9 _m ?+s 9 ord] to prove him1 :y %\ld human law abridge t lib]ty1 & take ^u itself to compel :at ! great ,lawgiv] does n compel8 ,r4--,x is confess$1 9 ! enactm5t ( any law :atsoev]1 t human lawgiv]s h a "r to d ?is4 ,=1 if y h no "r to abridge any ( ! lib]ty :i* ,provid5ce has left to man1 y h no "r to puni% any "o = committ+ murd] or robb]y4 ,y ought to leave !m to ! puni%m5t ( ,god & ,nature4 ,b if y ?9k y\rself "u obligation to puni%1 z f> z human laws c1 ! violation ( ! w ( ,god by ^? great s9s1 y are c]ta9ly "u ! same obligation to puni%1 ) proportionately less puni%m5t1 ! violation ( ,8 w 9 less s9s4 ,o4--,no2 y mu/ n attempt to puni% less s9s by law1 because y _c prop]ly def9e nor asc]ta9 !m4 ,ev]ybody c det]m9e :e!r murd] has be5 committ$ or n1 b y _c det]m9e h[ f> p h be5 unju/ or cruel 9 m9or matt]s1 & !re=e _c make or execute laws conc]n+ m9or matt]s4 ,r4--,if ,i propose to y to puni% faults :i* _c be def9$1 or to execute laws :i* _c be made equitable1 reject ! laws ,i propose4 ,b d n g5]ally object to ! pr9ciple ( law4 ,o4--,yes2 ,i g5]ally object to ! pr9ciple ( law z appli$ to m9or ?+s2 because1 if y c\ld succe$ 7:i* y _c7 9 regulat+ ! entire conduct ( m5 by law 9 little ?+s z well z great1 y w\ld take away f human life all its probation>y "*1 & r5d] _m virtues & pleasures impossible4 ,y w\ld r$uce virtue to ! movem5t ( a ma*9e1 in/ead ( ! act ( a _s4 ,r4--,y h j said1 p>5!tically1 & ,i fully & will+ly admit x1 t x is impossible to regulate all m9or matt]s by law4 ,is x n probable1 !re=e1 t ! degree 9 :i* x is possible to regulate !m by x1 is also ! degree 9 :i* x is "r to regulate !m by x8 ,or :at o!r means ( judgm5t w y employ1 to sep>ate ! ?+s :i* ought to be =mally regulat$ f ! ?+s :i* ought n4 ,y admit t great s9s %\ld be legally repress$2 b y say t small s9s %\ld n be legally repress$4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% betwe5 great & small s9s2 & h[ d y int5d to det]m9e1 or d y 9 practice ( daily life det]m9e1 on :at occasions y %\ld compel p to d "r1 & on :at occasions y %\ld leave !m ! option ( do+ wrong8 ,o4--,i ?9k y _c make any accurate or logical di/9ction 9 su* matt]s2 b t common s5se & in/9ct h1 9 all civiliz$ nations1 indicat$ c]ta9 crimes ( great social h>mfulness1 su* z murd]1 !ft1 adult]y1 sl&]1 & su* l1 :i* x is prop] to repress legally2 & t common s5se & in/9ct indicate also ! k9d ( crimes :i* x is prop] = laws to let alone1 su* z mis]l9ess1 ill-natur$ speak+1 & _m ( ^? comm]cial di%one/ies :i* ,i h a notion y want y\r pat]nal gov]nm5t to int]f]e )4 ,r4--,pray d n al>m y\rself ab\t :at my pat]nal gov]nm5t is likely to int]f]e )1 b keep to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,y say t common s5se & in/9ct h1 9 all civiliz$ nations1 di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! s9s t ought to be legally dealt ) & t ought n4 ,d y mean t ! laws ( all civiliz$ nations are p]fect8 ,o4--,no2 c]ta9ly n4 ,r4--,or t !y are p]fect at lea/ 9 _! discrim9ation ( :at crimes !y %\ld deal )1 & :at crimes !y %\ld let alone8 ,o4--,no2 n exactly4 ,r4--,:at d y mean1 !n8 ,o4--,i mean t ! g5]al t5d5cy is "r 9 ! laws ( civiliz$ nations2 & t1 9 due c\rse ( "t1 natural s5se & in/9ct po9t out ! matt]s !y %\ld be br\ght to be> ^u4 ,& ea* "q ( legislation mu/ be made a sep>ate subject ( inquiry z x pres5ts itself3 y _c fix any g5]al pr9ciples ab\t :at %\ld be dealt ) legally1 & :at %\ld n4 ,r4--,suppos+ x to be s1 d y ?9k !re are any po9ts 9 :i* our ,engli% legislation is capable ( am5dm5t1 z x be>s on comm]cial & economical matt]s1 9 ?is pres5t "t8 ,o4--,( c\rse ,i d4 ,r4--,well1 !n1 let u discuss ^! toge!r quietly2 & if ! po9ts t ,i want am5d$ seem to y incapable ( am5dm5t1 or n 9 ne$ ( am5dm5t1 say s3 b don't object1 at />t+1 to ! m]e proposition ( apply+ law to ?+s :i* h n _h law appli$ to !m be=e4 ,y h admitt$ ! fitness ( my expression1 pat]nal gov]nm5t3 x only has be51 & rema9s1 a "q betwe5 u1 h[ f> su* gov]nm5t %\ld ext5d4 ,p]haps y w\ld l x only to regulate1 among ! *ildr51 ! l5g? ( _! lessons2 & p]haps ,i %\ld l x also to regulate ! h>dness ( _! cricket-balls3 b _c y wait quietly till y "k :at ,i want x to d1 be=e qu>rell+ ) ! ?+ itself8 ,o4--,no2 ,i _c wait quietly3 9 fact ,i don't see any use 9 beg9n+ su* a discussion at all1 because ,i am q sure f ! fir/1 t y want to m$dle ) ?+s t y h no bus9ess )1 & to int]f]e ) heal?y lib]ty ( action 9 all sorts ( ways2 & ,i "k t y c't propose any laws t w\ld be ( real use4#ah #ah ,if ! read] is displeas$ ) me = putt+ ?is fooli% spee* into 8 m\?1 ,i entreat 8 p>don2 b he may be assur$ t x is a spee* :i* w\ld be made by _m p1 & ! sub/ance ( :i* w\ld be tacitly felt by _m m1 at ?is po9t ( ! discussion4 ,i h really tri$1 up to ?is po9t1 to make ! objector z intellig5t a p]son z x is possible = an au?or to imag9e anybody to be1 :o diff]s ) him4 ,r4--,if y inde$ "k t1 y w\ld be wrong to he> me any f>!r4 ,b if y are only 9 pa9ful d\bt ab\t me1 :i* makes y unwill+ to run ! risk ( wa/+ y\r "t1 ,i w tell y be=eh& :at ,i really d ?9k ab\t ?is same lib]ty ( action1 namely1 t :5ev] we c make a p]fectly equitable law ab\t any matt]1 or ev5 a law secur+1 on ! :ole1 m j conduct ?an unju/1 we ought to make t law2 & t !re w yet1 on ^! conditions1 always rema9 a numb] ( matt]s respect+ :i* legalism & =malism are impossible2 en\gh1 & m ?an en\gh1 to ex]cise all human p[]s ( individual judgm5t1 & af=d all k9ds ( scope to individual "*4 ,i ?9k ?is2 b ( c\rse x c only be prov$ by sep>ate exam9ation ( ! possibilities ( =mal re/ra9t 9 ea* giv5 field ( action2 & ^! two lectures are no?+ m ?an a sket* ( su* a detail$ exam9ation 9 "o field1 namely1 t ( art4 ,y w f9d1 h[ev]1 "o or two o!r rem>ks on su* possibilities 9 ! next note4 ,note #bnd1 p4 #ba4--,"r to public support4 ,x did n appe> to me desirable1 9 ! c\rse ( ! spok5 lecture1 to ent] into details or (f] sugge/ions on ! que/ions ( ! regulation ( lab\r & di/ribution ( relief1 z x w\ld h be5 impossible to d s )\t t\*+ 9 _m disput$ or disputable po9ts1 n easily h&l$ be=e a g5]al audi5ce4 ,b ,i mu/ n[ supply :at is want+ to make my g5]al /atem5t cle>4 ,i believe1 9 ! fir/ place1 t no ,*ri/ian nation has any bus9ess to see "o ( its memb]s 9 di/ress )\t help+ him1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 at ! same "t puni%+ him3 help1 ( c\rse--9 n9e cases out ( t5--mean+ guidance1 mu* m ?an gift1 &1 !re=e1 int]f]5ce ) lib]ty4 ,:5 a peasant "m sees "o ( h] c>eless *ildr5 fall into a dit*1 h] fir/ proce$+ is to pull him out2 h] second1 to box 8 e>s2 h] ?ird1 ord9>ily1 to lead him c>efully a little way by ! h&1 or s5d him home = ! re/ ( ! day4 ,! *ild usually cries1 & v (t5 w\ld cle>ly pref] rema9+ 9 ! dit*2 & if he und]/ood any ( ! t]ms ( politics1 w\ld c]ta9ly express res5tm5t at ! int]f]5ce ) 8 individual lib]ty3 b ! "m has done h] duty4 ,:]eas ! usual call ( ! "m nation to any ( h] *ildr51 "u su* circum/ances1 has lately be5 no?+ m ?an ! foxhunt]'s1--,/ay /ill !re2 ,i %all cle> y4 ,& if we always c\ld cle> !m1 _! reque/s to be left 9 muddy indep5d5ce might be sometimes all[$ by k9d p1 or _! cries = help disda9$ by unk9d ones4 ,b we c't cle> !m4 ,! :ole nation is1 9 fact1 b\nd toge!r1 z m5 are by ropes on a glaci]--if "o falls1 ! re/ mu/ ei!r lift him or drag him along ) !m#ai z dead weight1 n )\t mu* increase ( dang] to !mselves4 ,& ! law ( "r be+ manife/ly 9 ?is1 z1 :e!r manife/ly or n1 x is always1 ! law ( prud5ce1 ! only "q is1 h[ ?is :olesome help & int]f]5ce are to be adm9i/]$4 #ai ,x is v curi\s to wat* ! ef=ts ( two %opkeep]s to ru9 ea* o!r1 nei!r hav+ ! lea/ idea t 8 ru9$ neighb\r mu/ ev5tually be support$ at 8 own exp5se1 ) an increase ( poor rates2 & t ! conte/ betwe5 !m is n 9 reality :i* %all get ev]y?+ = himself1 b :i* %all fir/ take ^u himself & 8 cu/om]s ! gratuit\s ma9t5ance ( ! o!r's family4 ,! fir/ int]f]5ce %\ld be 9 education4 ,9 ord] t m5 may be able to support !mselves :5 !y are gr[n1 _! /r5g? mu/ be prop]ly develop$ :ile !y are "y2 & ! /ate %\ld always see to ?is--n all[+ _! heal? to be brok5 by too e>ly lab\r1 nor _! p[]s to be wa/$ = want ( k4 ,"s que/ions connect$ ) ?is matt] are notic$ f>!r on "u ! head ,trial ,s*ools3 "o po9t ,i mu/ notice "h1 t ,i believe all y\?s ( :atev] rank1 ought to le>n "s manual trade ?or\ghly2 = x is q wond]ful h[ mu* a man's views ( life are cle>$ by ! atta9m5t ( ! capacity ( do+ any "o ?+ well ) 8 h&s & arms4 ,= a long "t1 :at "r life !re 0 9 ! upp] classes ( ,europe dep5d$ 9 no small degree on ! necessity :i* ea* man 0 "u ( be+ able to f5ce2 at ?is day1 ! mo/ useful ?+s :i* boys le>n at public s*ools1 are1 ,i believe1 rid+1 r[+1 & cricket+4 ,b x w\ld be f> bett] t memb]s ( ,p>liam5t %\ld be able to pl\gh /raight1 & make a horse%oe1 ?an only to fea!r o>s neatly or po9t _! toes prettily 9 /irrups4 ,!n1 9 lit]>y & sci5tific tea*+1 ! great po9t ( economy is to give ! discipl9e ( x ?r\gh k :i* w imm$iately be> on practical life4 ,our lit]>y "w has long be5 economically useless to u because too mu* conc]n$ ) dead languages2 & our sci5tific "w w yet1 = "s "t1 be a good deal lo/1 because sci5tific m5 are too fond or too va9 ( _! sy/ems1 & wa/e ! /ud5t's "t 9 endeav\r+ to give him l>ge views1 & make him p]ceive int]e/+ connections ( facts2 :5 !re is n "o /ud5t1 no1 nor "o man1 9 a ?\s&1 :o c feel ! beauty ( a sy/em1 or ev5 take x cle>ly into 8 head2 b ne>ly all m5 c und]/&1 & mo/ w be int]e/$ 91 ! facts :i* be> on daily life4 ,botani/s h discov]$ "s wond]ful connection betwe5 nettles & figs1 :i* a c[boy :o w nev] see a ripe fig 9 8 life ne$ n be at all tr\bl$ ab\t2 b x w be int]e/+ to him to "k :at effect nettles h on hay1 & :at ta/e !y w give to porridge2 & x w give him ne>ly a new life if he c be got b once1 9 a spr+ "t1 to look well at ! beautiful circlet ( ! :ite nettle blossom1 & "w out ) 8 s*oolma/] ! curves ( its petals1 & ! way x is set on its c5tral ma/4 ,s1 ! pr9ciple ( *emical equival5ts1 beautiful z x is1 matt]s f> less to a peasant boy1 & ev5 to mo/ sons ( g5tlem51 ?an _! kn[+ h[ to f9d :e!r ! wat] is :olesome 9 ! back-kit*5 ci/]n1 or :e!r ! sev5-acre field wants s& or *alk4 ,hav+1 !n1 direct$ ! /udies ( our y\? s z to make !m practically s]viceable m5 at ! "t ( _! entrance into life1 t entrance %\ld always be ready = !m 9 cases :]e _! private circum/ances pres5t no op5+4 ,!re ought to be gov]nm5t e/abli%m5ts = e trade1 9 :i* all y\?s :o desir$ x %\ld be receiv$ z appr5tices on _! leav+ s*ool2 & m5 ?r[n out ( "w receiv$ at all times4 ,at ^! gov]nm5t manufactories ! discipl9e %\ld be /rict1 & ! wages /eady1 n v>y+ at all 9 proportion to ! dem& = ! article1 b only 9 proportion to ! price ( food2 ! commodities produc$ be+ laid up 9 /ore to meet sudd5 dem&s1 & sudd5 fluctuations 9 prices prev5t$3--t gradual & necess>y fluctuation only be+ all[$ :i* is prop]ly consequ5t on l>g] or m limit$ supply ( raw mat]ial & o!r natural causes4 ,:5 !re 0 a visible t5d5cy to produce a glut ( any commodity1 t t5d5cy %\ld be *eck$ by direct+ ! y\? at ! gov]nm5t s*ools into o!r trades2 & ! ye>ly surplus ( commodities %\ld be ! pr9cipal means ( gov]nm5t provision = ! poor4 ,t provision %\ld be l>ge1 & n disgraceful to !m4 ,at pres5t !re are v /range notions 9 ! public m9d respect+ ! receiv+ ( alms3 mo/ p are will+ to take !m 9 ! =m ( a p5sion f gov]nm5t1 b unwill+ to take !m 9 ! =m ( a p5sion f _! p>i%es4 ,!re may be "s reason = ?is s+ul> prejudice1 9 ! fact ( ! gov]nm5t p5sion be+ usually giv5 z a def9ite ackn[l$gm5t ( "s s]vice done to ! c\ntry2--b ! p>i% p5sion is1 or ought to be1 giv5 precisely on ! same t]ms4 ,a lab\r] s]ves 8 c\ntry ) 8 spade1 j z a man 9 ! middle ranks ( life s]ves x ) 8 sword1 p51 or lancet3 if ! s]vice is less1 & !re=e ! wages dur+ heal? less1 !n ! rew>d1 :5 heal? is brok51 may be less1 b n1 !re=e1 less hon\rable2 & x ought to be q z natural & /raight=w>d a matt] = a lab\r] to take 8 p5sion f 8 p>i%1 because he has des]v$ well ( 8 p>i%1 z = a man 9 high] rank to take 8 p5sion f 8 c\ntry1 because he has des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,if !re be any disgrace 9 com+ to ! p>i%1 because x may imply improvid5ce 9 e>ly life1 mu* m is !re disgrace 9 com+ to ! gov]nm5t3 s9ce improvid5ce is f> less ju/ifiable 9 a highly educat$ ?an 9 an imp]fectly educat$ man2 & f> less ju/ifiable 9 a high rank1 :]e extravagance mu/ h be5 luxury1 ?an 9 a l[ rank1 :]e x may only h be5 com=t4 ,s t ! real fact ( ! matt] is1 t p w take alms delight$ly1 consi/+ ( a c>riage & footm51 because ^? d n look l alms to ! p 9 ! /reet2 b !y w n take alms consi/+ only ( bread & wat] & coals1 because ev]ybody w\ld und]/& :at ^? meant4 ,m9d1 ,i d n want any "o to refuse ! c>riage :o ought to h x2 b nei!r d ,i want !m to refuse ! coals4 ,i %\ld inde$ be sorry if any *ange 9 our views on ^! subjects involv$ ! lea/ less5+ ( self-dep5d5ce 9 ! ,engli% m9d3 b ! common %r9k+ ( m5 f ! acceptance ( public *>ity is n self-dep5d5ce1 b m]e base & selfi% pride4 ,x is n t !y are unwill+ to live at _! neighb\rs' exp5se1 b t !y are unwill+ to confess !y d3 x is n dep5d5ce !y wi% to avoid1 b gratitude4 ,!y w take places 9 :i* !y "k !re is no?+ to be done--!y w borr[ money !y "k !y _c repay--!y w c>ry on a los+ bus9ess ) o!r p's capital--!y w *eat ! public 9 _! %ops1 or sponge on _! fri5ds at _! h\ses2 b to say pla9ly !y are poor m51 :o ne$ ! nation's help1 & g into an alm%\se--?is !y l(tily repudiate1 & virtu\sly pref] be+ ?ieves to be+ paup]s4 ,i tru/ t ^! deceptive ef=ts ( di%one/ m5 to appe> indep5d5t1 & ! agoniz+ ef=ts ( un=tunate m5 to rema9 indep5d5t1 may bo? be 9 "s degree *eck$ by a bett] adm9i/ration & und]/&+ ( laws respect+ ! poor4 ,b ! ord9ances = relief & ! ord9ances = lab\r mu/ g toge!r2 o!rwise di/ress caus$ by mis=tune w always be conf\nd$1 z x is n[1 ) di/ress caus$ by idl5ess1 un?rift1 & fraud4 ,x is only :5 ! /ate wat*es & guides ! middle life ( m51 t x c1 )\t disgrace to !m1 protect _! old age1 ackn[l$g+ 9 t protection t !y h done _! duty1 or at lea/ "s portion ( _! duty1 9 bett] days4 ,i "k well h[ /range1 fanciful1 or impracticable ^! sugge/ions w appe> to mo/ ( ! bus9ess m5 ( ?is day2 m5 :o conceive ! prop] /ate ( ! _w to be simply t ( a va/ & disorganiz$ mob1 scrambl+ ea* = :at he c get1 trampl+ d[n its *ildr5 & old m5 9 ! mire1 & do+ :at "w x f9ds mu/ be done ) any irregul> squad ( lab\r]s x c bribe or inveigle toge!r1 & aft]w>ds scatt] to />vation4 ,a great deal may1 inde$1 be done 9 ?is way by a nation /rong-elb[$ & /rong-he>t$ z we are--n easily fright5$ by pu%+1 nor disc\rag$ by falls4 ,b x is /ill n ! "r way ( do+ ?+s = p :o call !mselves ,*ri/ians4 ,e s nam$ s\l ( man claims f e o!r su* s\l1 protection & education 9 *ildhood--help or puni%m5t 9 middle life--rew>d or relief1 if ne$$1 9 old age2 all ( ^! %\ld be completely & un/9t+ly giv52 & !y c only be giv5 by ! organization ( su* a sy/em z ,i h describ$4 ,note #crd1 p4 #bd4--,trial ,s*ools4 ,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ by ! read] h[ mu* ( pa9t+ tal5t we really lose on our pres5t sy/em1#bj & h[ mu* we %\ld ga9 by ! propos$ trial s*ools4 ,= x might be ?\ght1 t z matt]s /& at pres5t1 we h m pa9t]s ?an we ought to h1 hav+ s _m bad ones1 & t all y\?s :o _h true pa9t]s' g5ius =c$ _! way out ( obscurity4 #bj ,x w be obs]v$ t1 9 ! lecture1 x is assum$ t works ( art are national treasures2 & t x is desirable to )draw all ! h&s capable ( pa9t+ or c>v+ f o!r employm5ts1 9 ord] t !y may produce ?is k9d ( weal?4 ,i d n1 9 assum+ ?is1 mean t works ( art add to ! monet>y res\rces ( a nation1 or =m "p ( its weal?1 9 ! vulg> s5se4 ,! result ( ! sale ( a picture 9 ! c\ntry itself is m]ely t a c]ta9 sum ( money is transf]r$ f ! h&s ( ,b4 ! pur*as]1 to ^? ( ,a4 ! produc]2 ! sum ultimately to be di/ribut$ rema9+ ! same1 only ,a4 ultimately sp5d+ x in/ead ( ,b41 :ile ! lab\r ( ,a4 has be5 9 ! meantime )drawn f productive *annels2 he has pa9t$ a picture :i* nobody c live ^u1 or live 91 :5 he might h gr[n corn or built h\ses2 :5 ! sale !re=e is effect$ 9 ! c\ntry itself1 x does n add to1 b dim9i%es1 ! monet>y res\rces ( ! c\ntry1 except only s f> z x may appe> probable1 on o!r gr\nds1 t ,a4 is likely to sp5d ! sum he receives = 8 picture m rationally & usefully ?an ,b4 w\ld h sp5t x4 ,if1 inde$1 ! picture1 or o!r "w ( art1 be sold 9 =eign c\ntries1 ei!r ! money or ! useful products ( ! =eign c\ntry be+ import$ 9 ex*ange = x1 su* sale adds to ! monet>y res\rces ( ! sell+1 & dim9i%es ^? ( ! pur*as+ nation4 ,b s\nd political economy1 /range z x may at fir/ appe> to say s1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) sep>ations betwe5 national int]e/s4 ,political economy means ! managem5t ( ! affairs ( citiz5s2 & x ei!r reg>ds exclusively ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( "o nation1 or ! adm9i/ration ( ! affairs ( ! _w consid]$ z "o nation4 ,s :5 a transaction betwe5 individuals :i* enri*es ,a41 impov]i%es ,b4 9 precisely ! same degree1 ! s\nd economi/ consid]s x an unproductive transaction betwe5 ! individuals2 & if a trade betwe5 two nations :i* enri*es "o1 impov]i%es ! o!r 9 ! same degree1 ! s\nd eoonomi/ consid]s x an unproductive trade betwe5 ! nations4 ,x is n a g5]al "q ( political economy1 b only a p>ticul> "q ( local exp$i5cy1 :e!r an article 9 itself valueless1 may be> a value ( ex*ange 9 transactions ) "s o!r nation4 ,! economi/ consid]s only ! actual value ( ! ?+ done or produc$2 & if he sees a quantity ( lab\r sp5t1 = in/ance1 by ! ,swiss1 9 produc+ woodwork = sale to ! ,engli%1 he at once sets ! comm]cial impov]i%m5t ( ! ,engli% pur*as] aga9/ ! comm]cial enri*m5t ( ! ,swiss sell]2 & consid]s ! :ole transaction productive only s f> z ! woodwork itself is a real addition to ! weal? ( ! _w4 ,= ! arrangem5t ( ! laws ( a nation s z to procure ! greate/ advantages to itself1 & leave ! smalle/ advantages to o!r nations1 is n a "p ( ! sci5ce ( political economy1 b m]ely a broad application ( ! sci5ce ( fraud4 ,consid]$ ?us 9 ! ab/ract1 pictures are n an addition to ! monet>y weal? ( ! _w1 except 9 ! am\nt ( pleasure or in/ruction to be got out ( !m day by day3 b !re is a c]ta9 protective effect on weal? ex]cis$ by works ( high art :i* mu/ always be includ$ 9 ! e/imate ( _! value4 ,g5]ally speak+1 p]sons :o decorate _! h\ses ) pictures1 w n sp5d s mu* money 9 pap]s1 c>pets1 curta9s1 or o!r exp5sive & p]i%able luxuries z !y w\ld o!rwise4 ,works ( good art1 l books1 ex]cise a cons]vative effect on ! rooms !y are kept 92 & ! wall ( ! libr>y or picture gall]y rema9s undi/urb$1 :5 ^? ( o!r rooms are re-pap]$ or re-panell$4 ,( c\rse1 ?is effect is /ill m def9ite :5 ! picture is on ! walls !mselves1 ei!r on canvass /ret*$ into fix$ %apes on _! panels1 or 9 fresco2 involv+1 ( c\rse1 ! pres]vation ( ! build+ f all unnecess>y & caprici\s alt]ation4 ,& g5]ally speak+1 ! occupation ( a l>ge numb] ( h&s 9 pa9t+ or sculpture 9 any nation may be consid]$ z t5d+ to *eck ! disposition to indulge 9 p]i%able luxury4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 9 my assumption t works ( art are treasures1 take mu* into consid]ation ?is collat]al monet>y result4 ,i consid] !m treasures1 m]ely z p]man5t means ( pleasure & in/ruction2 & hav+ at o!r times tri$ to %[ ! sev]al ways 9 :i* !y c please & tea*1 assume "h t !y are ?us useful2 & t x is desirable to make z _m pa9t]s z we c4 ,?is is n s4 ,x is difficult to analyse ! *>act]s ( m9d :i* cause y\?s to mi/ake _! vocation1 & to endeav\r to become arti/s1 :5 !y h no true arti/'s gift4 ,b ! fact is1 t multitudes ( "y m5 d ?is1 & t by f> ! great] numb] ( liv+ arti/s are m5 :o h mi/ak5 _! vocation4 ,! peculi> circum/ances ( mod]n life1 :i* exhibit art 9 almo/ e =m to ! sight ( ! y\?s 9 our great cities1 h a natural t5d5cy to fill _! imag9ations ) borr[$ ideas1 & _! m9ds ) imp]fect sci5ce2 ! m]e dislike ( me*anical employm5ts1 ei!r felt to be irksome1 or believ$ to be degrad+1 urges numb]s ( "y m5 to become pa9t]s1 9 ! same temp] 9 :i* !y w\ld enli/ or g to sea2 o!rs1 ! sons ( engrav]s or arti/s1 taught ! bus9ess ( ! art by _! p>5ts1 & hav+ no gift = x !mselves1 foll[ x z ! means ( livelihood1 9 an ignoble pati5ce2 or1 if ambiti\s1 seek to attract reg>d1 or di/ance rivalry1 by fanta/ic1 m]etrici\s1 or unprec$5t$ applications ( _! me*anical skill2 :ile f9ally1 _m m5 e>ne/ 9 feel+1 & consci5ti\s 9 pr9ciple1 mi/ake _! desire to be useful = a love ( art1 & _! quickness ( emotion = its capacity1 & pass _! lives 9 pa9t+ moral & in/ructive pictures1 :i* might almo/ ju/ify u 9 ?9k+ nobody c\ld be a pa9t] b a rogue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i believe t mu* ( ! be/ arti/ical intellect is daily lo/ 9 o!r avocations4 ,g5]ally1 ! temp] :i* w\ld make an admirable arti/ is humble & obs]vant1 capable ( tak+ mu* int]e/ 9 little ?+s1 & ( ent]ta9+ itself pleasantly 9 ! dulle/ circum/ances4 ,suppose1 add$ to ^! *>act]s1 a /eady consci5ti\sness :i* seeks to d its duty :]ev] x may be plac$1 & ! p[]1 d5i$ to few arti/ical m9ds1 ( +5i\s inv5tion 9 almo/ any practical dep>tm5t ( human skill1 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! v humility & consci5ti\sness :i* w\ld h p]fect$ ! pa9t]1 h 9 _m in/ances prev5t$ 8 becom+ "o2 & t 9 ! quiet life ( our /eady craftsm5--sagaci\s manufactur]s & uncompla9+ cl]ks--!re may frequ5tly be conceal$ m g5ius ?an ev] is rais$ to ! direction ( our public works1 or to be ! m>k ( our public praises4 ,x is inde$ probable1 t int5se disposition = art w conqu] ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 if ! surr\nd+ circum/ances are su* z at all to pres5t ! idea ( su* conque/1 to ! m9d2 b we h no gr\nd = conclud+ t ,giotto w\ld ev] h be5 m ?an a %eph]d1 if ,cimabue _h n by *ance f\nd him draw+2 or t among ! %eph]ds ( ! ,ap5n9es !re 7 no o!r ,giottos1 undiscov]$ by ,cimabue4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! habit ( consid]+ happy accid5ts z :at are call$ special ,provid5ces2 & ?9k+ t :5 any great "w ne$s to be done1 ! man :o is to d x w c]ta9ly be po9t$ out by ,provid5ce1 be he %eph]d or sea-boy2 & prep>$ = 8 "w by all k9ds ( m9or provid5ces1 9 ! be/ possible way4 ,:]eas all ! analogies ( ,god's op]ations 9 o!r matt]s prove ! contr>y ( ?is2 we f9d t ( ?\s& se$s1 ,he (t5 br+s b "o to be>1 (t5 n "o2 & ! "o se$ :i* ,he appo9ts to be> is all[$ to be> crude or p]fect fruit accord+ to ! deal+s ( ! husb&man ) x4 ,& !re _c be a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any p]son accu/om$ to take broad & logical views ( ! _w's hi/ory1 t its ev5ts are rul$ by ,provid5ce 9 precisely ! same mann] z its h>ve/s2 t ! se$s ( good & evil are broadca/ among m51 j z ! se$s ( ?i/les & fruits are2 & t accord+ to ! =ce ( our indu/ry1 & wisdom ( our husb&ry1 ! gr\nd w br+ =? to u figs or ?i/les4 ,s t :5 x seems ne$$ t a c]ta9 "w %\ld be done = ! _w1 & no man is !re to d x1 we h no "r to say t ,god did n wi% x to be done1 & !re=e s5t no man able to d x4 ,! probability 7if ,i wrote my own convictions1 ,i %\ld say c]ta9ty7 is1 t ,he s5t _m m51 hundr$s ( m51 able to d x2 & t we h reject$ !m1 or cru%$ !m2 by our previ\s folly ( conduct or ( in/itution1 we h r5d]$ x impossible to di/+ui%1 or impossible to rea* !m2 & :5 ! ne$ = !m comes1 & we suff] = ! want ( !m1 x is n t ,god refuses to s5d u deliv]]s1 & specially appo9ts all our consequ5t suff]+s2 b t ,he has s5t1 & we h refus$1 ! deliv]]s2 & ! pa9 is !n wr\ght out by ,8 et]nal law1 z surely z fam9e is wr\ght out by et]nal law = a nation :i* w nei!r pl\gh nor s[4 ,no less are we 9 error 9 suppos+1 z we s frequ5tly d1 t if a man be f\nd1 he is sure to be 9 all respects fitt$ = ! "w to be done1 z ! key is to ! lock2 & t e accid5t :i* happ5$ 9 ! =g+ him1 only adapt$ him m truly to ! w>ds4 ,x is pitiful to he> hi/orians beguil+ !mselves & _! read]s1 by trac+ 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( great m51 ! m9or circum/ances :i* fitt$ !m = ! "w !y did1 )\t ev] tak+ notice ( ! o!r circum/ances :i* z assur$ly unfitt$ !m = x2 s conclud+ t miracul\s int]position prep>$ !m 9 all po9ts = ev]y?+ & t !y did all t c\ld h be5 desir$ or hop$ = f !m3 :]eas ! c]ta9ty ( ! matt] is t1 ?r\gh\t _! lives1 !y 7 ?w>t$ & corrupt$ by "s ?+s z c]ta9ly z !y 7 help$ & discipl9$ by o!rs2 & t1 9 ! k9dlie/ & mo/ rev]5t view :i* c ju/ly be tak5 ( !m1 !y 7 b poor mi/ak5 creatures1 /ruggl+ ) a _w m pr(\ndly mi/ak5 ?an !y2--assur$ly s9n$ aga9/1 or s9n+ 9 ?\s&s ( ways1 & br++ out at la/ a maim$ result--n :at !y might or ought to h done1 b all t c\ld be done aga9/ ! _w's resi/ance1 & 9 spite ( _! own sorr[ful falsehood to !mselves4 ,& ?is be+ s1 x is ! practical duty ( a wise nation1 fir/ to )draw1 z f> z may be1 its y\? f de/ructive influ5ces2--!n to try its mat]ial z f> z possible1 & to lose ! use ( none t is good4 ,i d n mean by )draw+ f de/ructive influ5ces ! keep+ ( y\?s out ( trials2 b ! keep+ !m out ( ! way ( ?+s purely & absolutely mis*iev\s4 ,i d n mean t we %\ld %ade our gre5 corn 9 all heat1 & %elt] x 9 all fro/1 b only t we %\ld dyke out ! inundation f x1 & drive ! f[ls away f x4 ,let y\r y\? lab\r & suff]2 b d n let x />ve1 nor /eal1 nor blaspheme4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 9 my p[] "h to ent] into details ( s*emes ( education2 & x w be long be=e ! results ( exp]im5ts n[ 9 progress w give data = ! solution ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions connect$ ) ! subject1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal "o is ! mode 9 :i* ! *ance ( advancem5t 9 life is to be ext5d$ to all1 & yet made compatible ) cont5tm5t 9 ! pursuit ( l[] avocations by ^? ^: abilities d n qualify !m = ! high]4 ,b ! g5]al pr9ciple ( trial s*ools lies at ! root ( ! matt]--( s*ools1 t is to say1 9 :i* ! k (f]$ & discipl9e en=c$ %all be all a "p ( a great assay ( ! human s\l1 & 9 :i* ! "o %all be increas$1 ! o!r direct$1 z ! tri$ he>t & bra9 w be/ be>1 & no o!rwise4 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ say1 t 9 ?is trial ,i believe all emulation to be a false motive1 & all giv+ ( prizes a false means4 ,all t y c dep5d ^u 9 a boy1 z significative ( true p[]1 likely to issue 9 good fruit1 is 8 w to "w = ! "w's sake1 n 8 desire to surpass 8 s*oolfell[s2 & ! aim ( ! tea*+ y give him ought to be1 to prove to him & /r5g!n 9 him 8 own sep>ate gift1 n to puff him into swoll5 rivalry ) ^? :o are ev]la/+ly great] ?an he3 /ill less ought y to hang fav\rs & rib&s ab\t ! neck ( ! creature :o is ! greate/1 to make ! re/ envy him4 ,try to make !m love him & foll[ him1 n /ruggle ) him4 ,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be exam9ation to asc]ta9 & atte/ bo? progress & relative capacity2 b our aim %\ld be to make ! /ud5ts r look ^u x z a means ( asc]ta9+ _! own true positions & p[]s 9 ! _w1 ?an z an ar5a 9 :i* to c>ry away a pres5t victory4 ,i h n1 p]haps1 9 ! c\rse ( ! lecture1 insi/$ en\gh on ! nature ( relative capacity & individual "*1 z ! roots ( all real value 9 ,art4 ,we are too mu* 9 ! habit1 9 ^! days1 ( act+ z if ,art wor? a price 9 ! m>ket 7 a commodity :i* p c\ld be g5]ally taught to produce1 & z if ! education ( ! arti/1 n 8 capacity1 gave ! /]l+ value to 8 "w4 ,no impression c possibly be m absurd or false4 ,:atev] p c tea* ea* o!r to d1 !y w e/imate1 & ought to e/imate1 only z common indu/ry2 no?+ w ev] fet* a high price b precisely t :i* _c be taught1 & :i* nobody c d b ! man f :om x is pur*as$4 ,no /ate ( society1 nor /age ( k1 ev] does away ) ! natural pre-em95ce ( "o man ov] ano!r2 & x is t pre-em95ce1 & t only1 :i* w give "w high value 9 ! m>ket1 or :i* ought to d s4 ,x is a bad sign ( ! judgm5t1 & bad om5 = ! progress1 ( a nation1 if x supposes itself to possess _m arti/s ( equal m]it4 ,noble art is no?+ less ?an ! expression ( a great s\l2 & great s\ls are n common ?+s4 ,if ev] we conf\nd _! "w ) t ( o!rs1 x is n ?r\gh lib]ality1 b ?r\gh bl9dness4 ,note #d?1 p4 #bd4--,public fav\r4 ,!re is great difficulty 9 mak+ any %ort or g5]al /atem5t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 great & ignoble m9ds 9 _! behavi\r to ! public4 ,x is by no means univ]sally ! case t a mean m9d1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 w b5d itself to :at y ask ( x3 on ! contr>y1 !re is "o k9d ( m9d1 ! meane/ ( all1 :i* p]petually compla9s ( ! public1 contemplates & proclaims itself z a g5ius1 refuses all :olesome discipl9e or humble (fice1 & ends 9 mis]able & rev5geful ru92 also1 ! greate/ m9ds are m>k$ by no?+ m di/9ctly ?an an inconceivable humility1 & acceptance ( "w or in/ruction 9 any =m1 & f any qu>t]4 ,!y w le>n f ev]ybody1 & d any?+ t anybody asks ( !m1 s long z x involves only toil1 or :at o!r m5 w\ld ?9k degradation4 ,b ! po9t ( qu>rel1 nev]!less1 assur$ly rises "s day betwe5 ! public & !m1 respect+ "s matt]1 n ( humiliation1 b ( ,fact4 ,y\r great man always at la/ comes to see some?+ ! public don't see4 ,?is some?+ he w assur$ly p]si/ 9 ass]t+1 :e!r ) tongue or p5cil1 to be z he sees x1 n z !y see x2 & all ! _w 9 a heap on ! o!r side w n get him to say o!rwise4 ,!n1 if ! _w objects to ! say+1 he may happ5 to get /on$ or burnt = x1 b t does n 9 ! lea/ matt] to him2 if ! _w has no p>ticul> objection to ! say+1 he may get leave to mutt] x to himself till he dies1 & be m]ely tak5 = an idiot2 t also does n matt] to him--mutt] x he w1 accord+ to :at he p]ceives to be fact1 & n at all accord+ to ! ro>+ ( ! walls ( ,r$ sea on ! "r h& or left ( him4 ,h5ce ! qu>rel1 sure at "s "t or o!r to be />t$ betwe5 ! public & him2 :ile y\r mean man1 ?\gh he w spit & scrat* spirit$ly at ! public1 :ile x does n att5d to him1 w b[ to x = its clap 9 any direction1 & say any?+ :5 he has got its e>1 :i* he ?9ks w br+ him ano!r clap2 & ?us1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 he & x g on smoo?ly toge!r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 times :5 ! ob/9acy ( ! mean man looks v l ! ob/9acy ( ! great "o2 b if y look closely into ! matt]1 y w always see t ! ob/9acy ( ! fir/ is 9 ! pronunciation ( ,i2 & ( ! second1 9 ! pronunciation ( ,x4 ,note #e?1 p4 #ch4--;,inv5tion ( new wants4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = political economi/s long to h endur$ ! error spok5 ( 9 ! text1#ba _h !y n be5 confus$ by an idea1 9 "p well f\nd$1 t ! en]gies & ref9em5ts1 z well z ! ri*es ( civiliz$ life arose f imag9>y wants4 ,x is q true1 t ! savage :o kn[s no ne$s b ^? ( food1 %elt]1 & sleep1 & aft] he has sn>$ 8 v5ison & pat*$ ! r5ts ( 8 hut1 passes ! re/ ( 8 "t 9 animal repose1 is 9 a l[] /ate ?an ! man :o lab\rs incessantly t he may procure = himself ! luxuries ( civilization2 & true also1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o & ano!r nation 9 progressive p[] dep5ds 9 great "p on va9 desires2 b ^! idle motives are m]ely to be consid]$ z giv+ ex]cise to ! national body & m9d2 !y are n s\rces ( weal?1 except s f> z !y give ! habits ( indu/ry & acquisitiv5ess4 ,if a boy is clumsy & lazy1 we %all d good if we c p]suade him to c>ve *]ry/ones & fly kites2 & ?is use ( 8 f+]s & limbs may ev5tually be ! cause ( 8 becom+ a weal?y & happy man2 b we mu/ n !re=e argue t *]ry/ones are valuable prop]ty1 or t kite-fly+ is a pr(itable mode ( pass+ "t4 ,9 l mann]1 a nation always wa/es its "t & lab\r directly1 :5 x inv5ts a new want ( a frivol\s k9d1 & yet ! inv5tion ( su* a want may be ! sign ( a heal?y activity1 & ! lab\r und]gone to satisfy ! new want may lead1 indirectly1 to useful discov]ies or to noble arts2 s t a nation is n to be disc\rag$ 9 its fancies :5 x is ei!r too weak or fooli% to be mov$ to ex]tion by any?+ b fancies1 or has att5d$ to its s]i\s bus9ess fir/4 ,if a nation w n =ge iron1 b likes di/ill+ lav5d]1 by all means give x lav5d] to di/il2 only d n let its economi/s suppose t lav5d] is z pr(itable to x z oats1 or t x helps poor p to live1 any m ?an ! s*oolboy's kite provides him 8 d9n]4 ,luxuries1 :e!r national or p]sonal1 mu/ be paid = by lab\r )drawn f useful ?+s2 & no nation has a "r to indulge 9 !m until all its poor are com=tably h\s$ & f$4 #ba ,i h giv5 ! political economi/s too mu* cr$it 9 say+ ?is4 ,actually1 :ile ^! %eets are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ! blunt1 broad1 unmitigat$ fallacy is enunciat$1 =mally & precisely1 by ! ,common ,c\ncilm5 ( ,new ,york1 9 _! report on ! pres5t comm]cial crisis4 ,"h is _! collective op9ion1 publi%$ 9 ! ,times ( ,novemb] #bcrd1 #aheg3--;,ano!r errone\s idea is t luxuri\s liv+1 extravagant dress+1 spl5did turn-outs & f9e h\ses1 are ! cause ( di/ress to a nation4 ,no m errone\s impression c\ld exi/4 ,e extravagance t ! man ( #ajj1jjj or #a1jjj1jjj doll>s indulges 9 adds to ! means1 ! support1 ! weal? ( t5 or a hundr$ :o _h little or no?+ else b _! lab\r1 _! intellect1 or _! ta/e4 ,if a man ( #a1jjj1jjj doll>s sp5ds pr9cipal & int]e/ 9 t5 ye>s1 & f9ds himself begg>$ at ! end ( t "t1 he has actually made a hundr$ :o h cat]$ to 8 extravagance1 employ]s or employ$1 s mu* ri*] by ! division ( 8 weal?4 ,he may be ru9$1 b ! nation is bett] (f & ri*]1 = "o hundr$ m9ds & h&s1 ) #aj1jjj doll>s apiece1 are f> m productive ?an "o ) ! :ole4 ,yes1 g5tlem5 ( ! ,common ,c\ncil6 b :at has be5 do+ 9 ! "t ( ! transf]8 ,! sp5d+ ( ! =tune has tak5 a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s 7suppose t571 & dur+ t "t #a1jjj1jjj doll>s' wor? ( "w has be5 done by ! p1 :o h be5 paid t sum = x4 ,:]e is ! product ( t "w8 ,by y\r own /atem5t1 :olly consum$2 = ! man = :om x has be5 done is n[ a begg>4 ,y h giv51 !re=e1 z a nation1 #a1jjj1jjj doll>s' wor? ( "w1 & t5 ye>s ( "t1 & y h produc$1 z ultimate result1 "o begg>6 ,excell5t economy1 g5tlem56 & sure to conduce1 9 due sequ5ce1 to ! production ( m ?an "o begg>4 ,p]haps ! matt] may be made cle>] to y1 h[ev]1 by a m famili> in/ance4 ,if a s*oolboy goes out 9 ! morn+ ) five %ill+s 9 8 pocket1 & comes home at night p5niless1 hav+ sp5t 8 all 9 t>ts2 pr9cipal & int]e/ are gone1 & fruit]] & bak] are enri*$4 ,s f> s good4 ,b suppose ! s*oolboy1 in/ead1 has b\ght a book & a knife2 pr9cipal & int]e/ are gone1 & booksell] & cutl] are enri*$4 ,b ! s*oolboy is enri*$ also1 & may help 8 s*oolfell[s next day ) knife & book1 in/ead ( ly+ 9 b$ & incurr+ a debt to ! doctor4 ,! en]vat+ influ5ce ( luxury1 & its t5d5cies to increase vice1 are po9ts :i* ,i keep entirely out ( consid]ation 9 ! pres5t essay2 b1 s f> z !y be> on any "q discuss$1 !y m]ely furni% additional evid5ce on ! side :i* ,i h tak54 ,?us1 9 ! pres5t case1 ,i assume t ! luxuries ( civiliz$ life are 9 possession h>mless1 & 9 acquirem5t1 s]viceable z a motive = ex]tion2 & ev5 on ^! fav\rable t]ms1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! nation ought n to indulge 9 !m except "u sev]e limitations4 ,mu* less ought x to indulge 9 !m if ! temptation consequ5t on _! possession1 or fatality incid5t to _! manufacture1 m ?an c\nt]balances ! good done by ! ef=t to obta9 !m4 ,note #f?1 p4 #dh4--;,economy ( ,lit]ature4 ,i h be5 mu* impress$ lately by "o ( ! results ( ! quantity ( our books2 namely1 ! /]n impossibility ( gett+ any?+ und]/ood1 t requir$ pati5ce to und]/&4 ,i obs]ve always1 9 ! case ( my own writ+s1 t if ev] ,i /ate any?+ :i* has co/ me any tr\ble to asc]ta91 & :i*1 !re=e1 w probably require a m9ute or two ( reflection f ! read] be=e x c be accept$1--t /atem5t w n only be misund]/ood1 b 9 all probability tak5 to mean some?+ v ne>ly ! rev]se ( :at x does mean4 ,n[1 :atev] faults !re may be 9 my modes ( expression1 ,i "k t ! words ,i use w always be f\nd1 by ,johnson's diction>y1 to be>1 fir/ ( all1 ! s5se ,i use !m 92 & t ! s5t5ces1 :e!r awkw>dly turn$ or n1 w1 by ! ord9>y rules ( gramm>1 be> no o!r int]pretation ?an t ,i mean !m to be>2 s t ! misund]/&+ ( !m mu/ result1 ultimately1 f ! m]e fact t _! matt] sometimes requires a little pati5ce4 ,& ,i see ! same k9d ( mis9t]pretation put on ! words ( o!r writ]s1 :5ev] !y require ! same k9d ( ?\ght4 ,i 0 at fir/ a little despond5t ab\t ?is2 b1 on ! :ole1 ,i believe x w h a good effect ^u our lit]ature = "s "t to come2 & !n1 p]haps1 ! public may recov] its pati5ce aga94 ,= c]ta9ly x is excell5t discipl9e = an au?or to feel t he mu/ say all he has to say 9 ! fewe/ possible words1 or 8 read] is sure to skip !m2 & 9 ! pla9e/ possible words1 or 8 read] w c]ta9ly misund]/& !m4 ,g5]ally1 also1 a d[nright fact may be told 9 a pla9 way2 & we want d[nright facts at pres5t m ?an any ?+ else4 ,& ?\gh ,i (t5 he> moral p compla9+ ( ! bad effects ( want ( ?\ght1 = my "p1 x seems to me t "o ( ! wor/ diseases to :i* ! human creature is liable is its disease ( ?9k+4 ,if x w\ld only j look#bb at a ?+ in/ead ( ?9k+ :at x mu/ be l1 or d a ?+1 in/ead ( ?9k+ x _c be done1 we %\ld all get on f> bett]4 #bb ,!re c be no "q1 h[ev]1 ( ! mis*iev\s t5d5cy ( ! hurry ( ! pres5t day1 9 ! way p und]take ?is v look+4 ,i gave ?ree ye>s' close & incessant lab\r to ! exam9ation ( ! *ronology ( ! ar*itecture ( ,v5ice2 two long w9t]s be+ :olly sp5t 9 ! draw+ ( details on ! spot3 & yet ,i see con/antly t ar*itects :o pass ?ree or f\r days 9 a gondola go+ up & d[n ! ,gr& ,canal1 ?9k t _! fir/ impressions are j z likely to be true z my pati5tly wr\ght conclusions4 ,mr4 ,/reet1 = in/ance1 glances ha/ily at ! facade ( ! ,ducal ,palace--s ha/ily t he does n ev5 see :at its patt]n is1 & misses ! alt]nation ( r$ & black 9 ! c5tres ( its squ>es--& yet he in/antly v5tures on an op9ion on ! *ronology ( its capitals1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ complicat$ & difficult subjects 9 ! :ole range ( ,go?ic ar*aeology4 ,x may1 nev]!less1 be asc]ta9$ ) v fair probability ( correctness by any p]son :o w give a mon?'s h>d "w to x1 b x c be asc]ta9$ no o!rwise4 ,note #g?1 p4 #hd4--,pilots ( ! ,/ate4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly1 ^! responsibilities atta* to e p]son possess$ ( weal?1 x is necess>y bo? to avoid any /r+5cy ( /atem5t respect+ ! b5evol5t modes ( sp5d+ money1 & to admit & approve s mu* lib]ty ( sp5d+ x = selfi% pleasures z may di/9ctly make weal? a p]sonal rew>d = toil1 & secure 9 ! m9ds ( all m5 ! "r ( prop]ty4 ,= al?\gh1 )\t d\bt1 ! pure/ pleasures x c procure are n selfi%1 x is only z a means ( p]sonal gratification t x w be desir$ by a l>ge majority ( work]s2 & x w\ld be no less false e?ics ?an false policy to *eck _! en]gy by any =ms ( public op9ion :i* bore h>dly aga9/ ! wanton exp5diture ( hone/ly got weal?4 ,x w\ld be h>d if a man :o _h pass$ ! great] "p ( 8 life at ! desk or c\nt] c\ld n at la/ innoc5tly gratify a caprice2 & all ! be/ & mo/ sacr$ ends ( almsgiv+ w\ld be at once disappo9t$1 if ! idea ( a moral claim took ! place ( affectionate gratitude 9 ! m9d ( ! receiv]4 ,"s di/9ction is made by u naturally 9 ?is respect betwe5 e>n$ & inh]it$ weal?2 t :i* is inh]it$ appe>+ to involve ! mo/ def9ite responsibilities1 especially :5 consi/+ 9 rev5ues d]iv$ f ! soil4 ,! =m ( taxation :i* con/itutes r5tal ( l&s places annually a c]ta9 portion ( ! national weal? 9 ! h&s ( ! nobles1 or o!r proprietors ( ! soil1 "u conditions peculi>ly calculat$ to induce !m to give _! be/ c>e to its effici5t adm9i/ration4 ,! want ( in/ruction 9 ev5 ! simple/ pr9ciples ( comm]ce & economy1 :i* hi!rto has disgrac$ our s*ools & univ]sities1 has inde$ be5 ! cause ( ru9 or total inutility ( life to multitudes ( our m5 ( e/ate2 b ?is defici5cy 9 our public education _c exi/ mu* long]1 & x appe>s to be highly advantage\s = ! ,/ate t a c]ta9 numb] ( p]sons di/+ui%$ by race %\ld be p]mitt$ to set examples ( wise exp5diture1 :e!r 9 ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 or 9 patronage ( art & lit]ature2 only !y mu/ see to x t !y take _! "r /&+ m firmly ?an !y h done hi!rto1 = ! position ( a ri* man 9 relation to ^? ar\nd him is1 9 our pres5t real life1 & is also contemplat$ g5]ally by political economi/s z be+1 precisely ! rev]se ( :at x ought to be4 ,a ri* man ought to be cont9ually exam9+ h[ he may sp5d 8 money = ! advantage ( o!rs3 at pres5t1 o!rs are cont9ually plott+ h[ !y may beguile him into sp5d+ x app>5tly = 8 own4 ,! aspect :i* he pres5ts to ! eyes ( ! _w is g5]ally t ( a p]son hold+ a bag ( money ) a /aun* grasp1 & resolv$ to "p ) none ( x unless he is =c$1 & all ! p ab\t him are plott+ h[ !y may =ce him2 t is to say1 h[ !y may p]suade him t he wants ?is ?+ or t2 or h[ !y may produce ?+s t he w covet & buy4 ,"o man tries to p]suade him t he wants p]fumes2 ano!r t he wants jewell]y2 ano!r t he wants sug>plums2 ano!r t he wants roses at ,*ri/mas4 ,anybody :o c inv5t a new want = him is suppos$ to be a b5efactor to society3 & ?us ! en]gies ( ! poor] p ab\t him are cont9ually direct$ to ! production ( covetable1 in/ead ( s]viceable ?+s2 & ! ri* man has ! g5]al aspect ( a fool1 plott$ aga9/ by all ! _w4 ,:]eas ! real aspect :i* he ought to h is t ( a p]son wis] ?an o!rs1 entru/$ ) ! managem5t ( a l>g] quantity ( capital1 :i* he adm9i/]s = ! pr(it ( all1 direct+ ea* man to ! lab\r :i* is mo/ heal?y = him1 & mo/ s]viceable = ! community4 ,note #h?1 p4 #hd4--,silk & ,purple4 ,9 v>i\s places ?r\gh\t ^! lectures ,i h _h to allude to ! di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive lab\r1 & betwe5 true & false weal?4 ,i %all "h endeav\r1 z cle>ly z ,i c1 to expla9 ! di/9ction ,i mean4 ,prop]ty may be divid$ g5]ally into two k9ds2 t :i* produces life1 & t :i* produces ! objects ( life4 ,t :i* produces or ma9ta9s life consi/s ( food1 9 s f> z x is n\ri%+2 ( furniture & clo?+1 9 s f> z !y are protective or *]i%+2 ( fuel2 & ( all l&1 in/rum5ts1 or mat]ials1 necess>y to produce food1 h\ses1 clo!s & fuel4 ,x is specially & rightly call$ useful prop]ty4 ,! prop]ty :i* produces ! objects ( life consi/s ( all t gives pleasure or sugge/s & pres]ves ?\ght3 ( food1 furniture1 & l&1 9 s f> z !y are pleas+ to ! appetite or ! eye1 ( luxuri\s dress2 & all o!r k9ds ( luxuries2 ( books1 pictures1 & ar*itecture4 ,b ! modes ( connection ( c]ta9 m9or =ms ( prop]ty ) human lab\r r5d] x desirable to arrange !m "u m ?an ^! two heads4 ,prop]ty may !re=e be conv5i5tly consid]$ z ( five k9ds4 #a/4 ,prop]ty necess>y to life1 b n producible by lab\r1 & !re=e belong+ ( "r1 9 a due measure1 to e human be+ z soon z he is born1 & morally unali5able4 ,z1 = in/ance1 8 prop] %>e ( ! atmosph]e1 )\t :i* he _c brea!1 & ( wat]1 :i* he ne$s to qu5* 8 ?ir/4 ,z mu* l& z he ne$s to fe$ f is also inali5able2 b 9 well regulat$ communities ?is quantity ( l& may (t5 be repres5t$ by o!r possessions1 or its ne$ suppli$ by wages & privileges4 #b4 ,prop]ty necess>y to life1 b only producible by lab\r1 & ( :i* ! possession is morally connect$ ) lab\r1 s t no p]son capable ( do+ ! "w necess>y = its production has a "r to x until he has done t "w3--he t w n "w1 nei!r %\ld he eat4 ,x consi/s ( simple food1 clo?+1 & habitation1 ) _! se$s & mat]ials1 or in/rum5ts & ma*9]y1 & animals us$ = necess>y draught or locomotion1 etc4 ,x is to be obs]v$ ( ?is k9d ( prop]ty1 t its increase _c usually be c>ri$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 because x dep5ds n on lab\r only1 b on ?+s ( :i* ! supply is limit$ by nature4 ,! possible accumulation ( corn dep5ds on ! quantity ( corn-gr[+ l& possess$ or comm]cially accessible2 & t ( /eel1 simil>ly1 on ! accessible quantity ( coal & iron/one4 ,x foll[s f ?is natural limitation ( supply t ! accumulation ( prop]ty ( ?is k9d 9 l>ge masses at "o po9t1 or 9 "o p]son's h&s1 commonly involves1 m or less1 ! sc>city ( x at ano!r po9t & 9 o!r p]sons' h&s2 s t ! accid5ts or en]gies :i* may enable "o man to procure a great deal ( x1 may1 & 9 all likelihood w p>tially prev5t o!r m5 procur+ a suffici5cy ( x1 h[ev] will+ !y may be to "w = x2 !re=e1 ! modes ( its accumulation & di/ribution ne$ to be 9 "s degree regulat$ by law & by national treaties1 9 ord] to secure ju/ice to all m54 ,ano!r po9t requir+ notice respect+ ?is sort ( prop]ty is1 t no "w c be wa/$ 9 produc+ x1 provid$ only ! k9d ( x produc$ be pres]vable & di/ributable1 s9ce = e gra9 ( su* commodities we produce we are r5d]+ s mu* m life possible on e>?4#bc ,b ?\gh we are sure1 ?us1 t we are employ+ p well1 we _c be sure we might n h employ$ !m bett]2 = x is possible to direct lab\r to ! production ( life1 until little or none is left = t ( ! objects ( life1 & ?us to increase population at ! exp5se ( civilization1 le>n+1 & morality3 on ! o!r h&1 x is j z possible--& ! error is "o to :i* ! _w is1 on ! :ole1 m liable--to direct lab\r to ! objects ( life till too little is left = life1 & ?us to increase luxury or le>n+ at ! exp5se ( population4 ,"r political economy holds its aim pois$ ju/ly betwe5 ! two extremes1 desir+ nei!r to cr[d its dom9ions ) a race ( savages1 nor to f\nd c\rts & colleges 9 ! mid/ ( a des]t4 #bc ,?is po9t has sometimes be5 disput$2 = in/ance1 op5+ ,mill's ,political ,economy ! o!r day1 ,i *anc$ on a passage 9 :i* he says t a man :o makes a coat1 if ! p]son :o we>s ! coat does no?+ useful :ile he we>s x1 has done no m good to society ?an ! man :o has only rais$ a p9eapple4 ,b ?is is a fallacy induc$ by endeav\r aft] too mu* subtlety4 ,none ( u h a "r to say t ! life ( a man is ( no use to him1 ?\gh x may be ( no use to u2 & ! man :o made ! coat1 & !reby prolong$ ano!r man's life1 has done a graci\s & useful "w1 :atev] may come ( ! life s prolong$4 ,we may say to ! we>] ( ! coat1 ,y :o are we>+ coats1 & do+ no?+ 9 !m1 are at pres5t wa/+ y\r own life & o!r p's2 b we h no "r to say t 8 exi/5ce1 h[ev] wa/$1 is wa/$ away4 ,x may be j dragg+ itself on1 9 its ?9 gold5 l9e1 ) no?+ dep5d5t ^u x1 to ! po9t :]e x is to /r5g!n into good *a9 cable1 & h ?\s&s ( o!r lives dep5d5t on x4 ,meantime1 ! simple fact respect+ ! coat-mak] is1 t he has giv5 s mu* life to ! creature1 ! results ( :i* he _c calculate2 !y may be--9 all probability w be--inf9ite results 9 "s way4 ,b ! rais] ( p9es1 :o has only giv5 a pleasant ta/e 9 ! m\? to "s "o1 may see ) tol]able cle>ness to ! end ( ! ta/e 9 ! m\?1 & ( all conceivable results !refrom4 #c4 ,! ?ird k9d ( prop]ty is t :i* conduces to bodily pleasures & conv5i5ces1 )\t directly t5d+ to su/a9 life2 p]haps sometimes indirectly t5d+ to de/roy x4 ,all da9ty 7z di/+ui%$ f n\ri%+7 food1 & means ( produc+ x2 all sc5ts n ne$$ = heal?2 sub/ances valu$ only = _! appe>ance & r>ity 7z gold & jewels72 fl[]s ( difficult culture2 animals us$ = delight 7z horses = rac+71 & su* l1 =m prop]ty ( ?is class2 to :i* ! t]m luxury1 or luxuries1 ought exclusively to belong4 ,respect+ :i* we h to note fir/1 t all su* prop]ty is ( d\btful advantage ev5 to its possessor4 ,furniture tempt+ to indol5ce1 sweet od\rs1 & lusci\s food1 are m or less injuri\s to heal?3 :ile jewels1 liv]ies1 & o!r su* common belong+s ( weal?y p1 c]ta9ly convey no pleasure to _! own]s proportionate to _! co/4 ,f>!r1 su* prop]ty1 = ! mo/ "p1 p]i%es 9 ! us+4 ,jewels =m a great exception--b ri* food1 f9e dresses1 horses & c>riages1 are consum$ by ! own]'s use4 ,x ought mu* (t5] to be br\ght to ! notice ( ri* m5 :at sums ( int]e/ ( money !y are pay+ t[>ds ! close ( _! lives1 = luxuries consum$ 9 ! middle ( !m4 ,x w\ld be v int]e/+1 = in/ance1 to "k ! exact sum :i* ! money sp5t 9 ,london = ices1 at its dess]ts & balls1 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 _h x be5 sav$ & put out at comp\nd int]e/1 w\ld at ?is mom5t h furni%$ = useful purposes4 ,also1 9 mo/ cases1 ! enjoym5t ( su* prop]ty is :olly selfi%1 & limit$ to its possessor4 ,spl5did dress & equipage1 h[ev]1 :5 s arrang$ z to produce real beauty ( effect1 may (t5 be r a g5]\s ?an a selfi% *annel ( exp5diture4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 necess>ily 9 su* case involve "s ( ! arts ( design2 & !re=e take _! place 9 a high] category ?an t ( luxuries m]ely4 #d4 ,! f\r? k9d ( prop]ty is t :i* be/[s intellectual or emotional pleasure1 consi/+ ( l& set ap>t = purposes ( delight m ?an = agriculture1 ( books1 works ( art1 & objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to fix an accurate limit betwe5 prop]ty ( ! la/ class & ( ?is class1 s9ce ?+s :i* are a m]e luxury to "o p]son are a means ( intellectual occupation to ano!r4 ,fl[]s 9 a ,london ball-room are a luxury2 9 a botanical g>d51 a delight ( ! intellect2 & 9 _! native fields1 bo?2 :ile ! mo/ noble works ( art are cont9ually made mat]ial ( vulg> luxury or ( crim9al pride2 b1 :5 rightly us$1 prop]ty ( ?is f\r? class is ! only k9d :i* des]ves ! "n ( real prop]ty2 x is ! only k9d :i* a man c truly be said to possess4 ,:at a man eats1 or dr9ks1 or we>s1 s long z x is only :at is ne$ful = life1 c no m be ?\ght ( z 8 possession ?an ! air he brea!s4 ,! air is z ne$ful to him z ! food2 b we d n talk ( a man's weal? ( air2 & :at food or clo?+ a man possesses m ?an he himself requires1 mu/ be = o!rs to use 7&1 to him1 !re=e1 n a real prop]ty 9 itself1 b only a means ( obta9+ "s real prop]ty 9 ex*ange = x74 ,:]eas ! ?+s t give intellectual or emotional enjoym5t may be accumulat$ & d n p]i% 9 us+2 b cont9ually supply new pleasures & new p[]s ( giv+ pleasures to o!rs4 ,& ^!1 !re=e1 are ! only ?+s :i* c rightly be ?\ght ( z giv+ weal? or well be+4 ,food conduces only to be+1 b ^! to well be+4 ,& !re is n any broad] g5]al di/9ction betwe5 l[] & high] ord]s ( m5 ?an re/s on _! possession ( ?is real prop]ty4 ,! human race may be prop]ly divid$ by zoologi/s into m5 :o h g>d5s1 libr>ies1 or works ( art2 & :o h none2 & ! =m] class w include all noble p]sons1 except only a few :o make ! _w _! g>d5 or museum2 :ile ! p :o h n1 or1 :i* is ! same ?+1 d n c>e = g>d5s or libr>ies1 b c>e = no?+ b money or luxuries1 w include none b ignoble p]sons3 only x is necess>y to und]/& t ,i mean by ! t]m g>d5 z mu* ! ,c>?usian's plot ( gr\nd fifte5 feet squ>e betwe5 8 mona/]y buttresses1 z ,i d ! gr\nds ( ,*atswor? or ,kew2 & ,i mean by ! t]m art z mu* ! old sailor's pr9t ( ! ,are?usa be>+ up to engage ! ,belle ,p\le1 z ,i d ,raphael's ,disputa1 & ev5 r m2 = :5 abundant1 beautiful possessions ( ?is k9d are almo/ always associat$ ) vulg> luxury1 & become !n any?+ b indicative ( noble "* 9 _! possessors4 ,! ideal ( human life is a union ( ,sp>tan simplicity ( mann]s ) ,a!nian s5sibility & imag9ation1 b 9 actual results1 we are cont9ually mi/ak+ ignorance = simplicity1 & s5suality = ref9em5t4 #e4 ,! fif? k9d ( prop]ty is repres5tative prop]ty1 consi/+ ( docum5ts or money1 or r docum5ts only1 = money itself is only a transf]able docum5t1 curr5t among societies ( m51 giv+ claim1 at sight1 to "s def9ite b5efit or advantage1 mo/ commonly to a c]ta9 %>e ( real prop]ty exi/+ 9 ^? societies4 ,! money is only g5u9e :5 ! prop]ty x gives claim to is real1 or ! advantages x gives claim to c]ta92 o!rwise1 x is false money1 & may be consid]$ z mu* =g$ :5 issu$ by a gov]nm5t1 or a bank1 z :5 by an individual4 ,?us1 if a doz5 ( m51 ca/ a%ore on a des]t isl&1 pick up a numb] ( /ones1 put a r$ spot on ea* /one1 & pass a law t e /one m>k$ ) a r$ spot %all give claim to a peck ( :eat2--s long z no :eat exi/s1 or c exi/1 on ! isl&1 ! /ones are n money4 ,b ! mom5t z mu* :eat exi/s z %all r5d] x possible = ! society always to give a peck = e spott$ /one1 ! spott$ /ones w\ld become money1 & might be ex*ang$ by _! possessors = :atev] o!r commodities !y *ose1 to ! value ( ! peck ( :eat :i* ! /ones repres5t$4 ,if m /ones 7 issu$ ?an ! quantity ( :eat c\ld answ] ! dem& (1 ! value ( ! /one co9age w\ld be depreciat$1 9 proportion to its increase above ! quantity ne$$ to answ] x4 ,aga91 suppos+ a c]ta9 numb] ( ! m5 s ca/ a%ore 7 set aside by lot1 or any o!r conv5tion1 to d ! r\gh] lab\r necess>y = ! :ole society1 !y !mselves be+ ma9ta9$ by ! daily allotm5t ( a c]ta9 quantity ( food1 clo?+1 etc4 ,!n1 if x 7 agre$ t ! /ones spott$ ) r$ %\ld be signs ( a ,gov]nm5t ord] = ! lab\r ( ^! m52 & t any p]son pres5t+ a spott$ /one at ! (fice ( ! lab\r]s1 %\ld be entitl$ to a man's "w = a week or a day1 ! r$ /ones w\ld be money2 & might--probably w\ld--imm$iately pass curr5t 9 ! isl& = z mu* food1 or clo?+1 or iron1 or any o!r article z a man's "w = ! p]iod secur$ by ! /one 0 wor?4 ,b if ! ,gov]nm5t issu$ s _m spott$ /ones t x 0 impossible = ! body ( m5 !y employ$ to comply ) ! ord]s2 z1 suppose1 if !y only employ$ twelve m51 & issu$ eighte5 spott$ /ones daily1 ord]+ a day's "w ea*1 !n ! six extra /ones w\ld be =g$ or false money2 & ! effect ( ?is =g]y w\ld be ! depreciation ( ! value ( ! :ole co9age by "o-?ird1 t be+ ! p]iod ( %ortcom+ :i* w\ld1 on ! av]age1 necess>ily ensue 9 ! execution ( ea* ord]4 ,mu* occasional "w may be done 9 a /ate or society1 by help ( an issue ( false money 7or false promises7 by way ( /imulants2 & ! fruit ( ?is "w1 if x comes into ! promis]'s h&s1 may sometimes enable ! false promises at la/ to be fulfill$3 h5ce ! frequ5t issue ( false money by gov]nm5ts & banks1 & ! n unfrequ5t escapes f ! natural & prop] consequ5ces ( su* false issues1 s z to cause a confus$ conception 9 mo/ p's m9ds ( :at money really is4 ,i am n sure :e!r "s quantity ( su* false issue may n really be p]missible 9 a nation1 accurately proportion$ to ! m9imum av]age produce ( ! lab\r x excites2 b all su* proc$ures are m or less uns\nd2 & ! notion ( unlimit$ issue ( curr5cy is simply "o ( ! absurde/ & mo/ mon/r\s t ev] came into disjo9t$ human wits4 ,! use ( objects ( real or suppos$ value = curr5cy1 z gold1 jewell]y1 etc41 is b>b>\s2 & x always expresses ei!r ! measure ( ! di/ru/ 9 ! society ( its own gov]nm5t1 or ! proportion ( di/ru/ful or b>b>\s nations ) :om x has to deal4 ,a metal n easily corrod$ or imitat$1 is a desirable m$ium ( curr5cy = ! sake ( cleanl9ess & conv5i5ce1 b 7 x possible to prev5t =g]y1 ! m wor?less ! metal itself1 ! bett]4 ,! use ( wor?less m$ia1 unre/ra9$ by ! use ( valuable m$ia1 has always hi!rto involv$1 & is !re=e suppos$ to involve necess>ily1 unlimit$1 or at lea/ improp]ly ext5d$1 issue2 b we might z well suppose t a man mu/ necess>ily issue unlimit$ promises because 8 words co/ no?+4 ,int]c\rse ) =eign nations mu/1 inde$1 = ages yet to come1 at ! _w's pres5t rate ( progress1 be c>ri$ on by valuable curr5cies2 b su* transactions are no?+ m ?an =ms ( b>t]4 ,! gold us$ at pres5t z a curr5cy is n1 9 po9t ( fact1 curr5cy at all1 b ! real prop]ty#bd :i* ! curr5cy gives claim to1 /amp$ to measure its quantity1 & m+l+ ) ! real curr5cy occasionally by b>t]4 #bd ,or r1 equival5t1 to su* real prop]ty1 because ev]ybody has be5 accu/om$ to look ^u x z valuable3 & !re=e ev]ybody is will+ to give lab\r or goods = x4 ,b real prop]ty does ultimately consi/ only 9 ?+s t n\ri% body or m9d2 gold w\ld be useless to u if we c\ld n get mutton or books = x4 ,ultimately all comm]cial mi/akes & emb>rassm5ts result f p expect+ to get goods )\t work+ = !m1 or wa/+ !m aft] !y h got !m4 ,a nation :i* lab\rs1 & takes c>e ( ! fruits ( lab\r1 w\ld be ri* & happy2 ?\gh !re 7 no gold 9 ! univ]se4 ,a nation :i* is idle1 & wa/es ! produce ( :at "w x does1 w\ld be poor & mis]able1 ?\gh all its m\nta9s 7 ( gold1 & _h gl5s fill$ ) diamonds in/ead ( glaci]4 ,! evils necess>ily result+ f ! use ( baseless curr5cies h be5 t]ribly illu/rat$ :ile ^! %eets h be5 pass+ ?r\gh ! press2 ,i h n _h "t to exam9e ! v>i\s conditions ( di%one/ or absurd trad+ :i* h l$ to ! late panic 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&2 ?is only ,i "k1 t no m]*ant des]v+ ! "n ought to be m liable to panic ?an a soldi] %\ld2 = 8 "n %\ld nev] be on m pap] ?an he c at any in/ant meet ! call (1 happ5 :at w4 ,i d n say ?is )\t feel+ at ! same "t h[ difficult x is to m>k1 9 exi/+ comm]ce1 ! j limits betwe5 ! _s ( ent]prise & ( speculation4 ,some?+ ( ! same temp] :i* makes ! ,engli% soldi] d always all t is possible1 & attempt m ?an is possible1 jo9s its influ5ce ) t ( m]e av>ice 9 tempt+ ! ,engli% m]*ant into risks :i* he _c ju/ify1 & ef=ts :i* he _c su/a92 & ! same passion = adv5ture :i* our travell]s gratify e summ] on p]il\s sn[ wrea?s1 & cl\d-encompass$ precipices1 surr\nds ) a romantic fasc9ation ! glitt]+ ( a holl[ inve/m5t1 & gilds ! cl\ds t curl r\nd gulfs ( ru94 ,nay1 a high] & a m s]i\s feel+ frequ5tly m+les 9 ! motley temptation2 & m5 apply !mselves to ! task ( gr[+ ri*1 z to a lab\r ( provid5tial appo9tm5t1 f :i* !y _c pause )\t culpability1 nor retire )\t di%on\r4 ,our l>ge trad+ cities be> to me v ne>ly ! aspect ( mona/ic e/abli%m5ts 9 :i* ! ro> ( ! mill-:eel & ! crane takes ! place ( o!r devotional music2 & 9 :i* ! wor%ip ( ,mammon or ,molo* is conduct$ ) a t5d] rev]5ce & an exact propriety2 ! m]*ant ris+ to 8 ,mammon mat9s ) ! self-d5ial ( an an*orite1 & expiat+ ! frivolities into :i* he may be beguil$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! day by late att5dance at ,mammon vesp]s4 ,b1 ) e all[ance t c be made = ^! consci5ti\s & romantic p]sons1 ! fact rema9s ! same1 t by f> ! great] numb] ( ! transactions :i* lead to ^! times ( comm]cial emb>rassm5t may be rang$ simply "u two great heads1--gambl+ & /eal+2 & bo? ( ^! 9 _! mo/ culpable =m1 namely1 gambl+ ) money :i* is n ours1 & /eal+ f ^? :o tru/ u4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght a day might come1 :5 ! nation w\ld p]ceive t a well-educat$ man :o /eals a hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 involv+ ! entire means ( subsi/5ce ( a hundr$ families1 des]ves1 on ! :ole1 z sev]e a puni%m5t z an ill-educat$ man :o /eals a purse f a pocket1 or a mug f a pantry4 ,b )\t hop+ = ?is excess ( cle>sight$ness1 we may at lea/ lab\r = a sy/em ( great] hone/y & k9dness 9 ! m9or comm]ce ( our daily life2 s9ce ! great di%one/y ( ! great buy]s & sell]s is no?+ m ?an ! natural gr[? & outcome f ! little di%one/y ( ! little buy]s & sell]s4 ,e p]son :o tries to buy an article = less ?an its prop] value1 or :o tries to sell x at m ?an its prop] value--e consum] :o keeps a tradesman wait+ = 8 money1 & e tradesman :o bribes a consum] to extravagance by cr$it1 is help+ =w>d1 accord+ to 8 own measure ( p[]1 a sy/em ( baseless & di%on\rable comm]ce1 & =c+ 8 c\ntry d[n into pov]ty & %ame4 ,& p ( mod]ate means & av]age p[]s ( m9d w\ld d f> m real good by m]ely c>ry+ out /]n pr9ciples ( ju/ice & hone/y 9 common matt]s ( trade1 ?an by ! mo/ +5i\s s*emes ( ext5d$ philan?ropy1 or vocif]\s decl>ations ( !ological doctr9e4 ,!re are ?ree weighty matt]s ( ! law--ju/ice1 m]cy1 & tru?2 & ( ^! ! ,tea*] puts tru? la/1 because t _c be kn[n b by a c\rse ( acts ( ju/ice & love4 ,b m5 put1 9 all _! ef=ts1 tru? fir/1 because !y mean by x _! own op9ions2 & ?us1 :ile ! _w has _m p :o w\ld suff] m>tyrdom 9 ! cause ( :at !y call tru?1 x has few :o w suff] ev5 a little inconv5i5ce1 9 t ( ju/ice & m]cy4 ,,unto ,,?is ,,la/3 ,,f\r ,,essays ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,political ,,economy4 ,,fri5d1 ,i ,,d ,,!e ,,no ,,wrong4 ,,did',,/ ,,n ,,?\ ,,agree ,,) ,,me ,,= ,a ,,p5ny8 ,,take ,,t ,,?9e ,,is1 ,,& ,,g ,,?y ,,way4 ,i ,,w ,,give ,,unto ,,?is ,,la/ ,,ev5 ,,z ,,unto ,,!e4 ,,if ,,ye ,,?9k ,,good1 ,,give ,,me ,,my ,,price2 ,,& ,,if ,,n1 ,,=be>4 ,,s ,,!y ,,weigh$ ,,= ,,my ,,price ,,?irty ,,pieces ,,( ,,silv]4 ,,preface4 ,! f\r foll[+ essays 7 publi%$ eighte5 mon?s ago 9 ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e1 & 7 reprobat$ 9 a viol5t mann]1 z f> z ,i c\ld he>1 by mo/ ( ! read]s !y met )4 ,n a :it ! less1 ,i believe !m to be ! be/1 t is to say1 ! true/1 righte/-word$1 & mo/ s]viceable ?+s ,i h ev] writt52 & ! la/ ( !m1 hav+ _h especial pa9s sp5t on x1 is probably ! be/ ,i %all ev] write4 ,?is1 ! read] may reply1 x might be1 yet n !re=e well writt54 ,:i*1 9 no mock humility1 admitt+1 ,i yet re/ satisfi$ ) ! "w1 ?\gh ) no?+ else t ,i h done2 & purpos+ %ortly to foll[ out ! subjects op5$ 9 ^! pap]s1 z ,i may f9d leisure1 ,i wi% ! introductory /atem5ts to be )9 ! rea* ( any "o :o may c>e to ref] to !m4 ,s ,i republi% ! essays z !y appe>$4 ,"o ^w only is *ang$1 correct+ ! e/imate ( a weight2 & no ^w is add$4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ,i f9d no?+ to modify 9 ^! pap]s1 x is a matt] ( regret to me t ! mo/ />tl+ ( all ! /atem5ts 9 !m--t respect+ ! necessity ( ! organization ( lab\r1 ) fix$ wages1--%\ld h f\nd its way into ! fir/ essay2 x be+ q "o ( ! lea/ important1 ?\gh by no means ! lea/ c]ta91 ( ! positions to be def5d$4 ,! real gi/ ( ^! pap]s1 _! c5tral mean+ & aim1 is to give1 z ,i believe = ! fir/ "t 9 pla9 ,engli%--x has (t5 be5 incid5tally giv5 9 good ,greek by ,plato & ,x5ophon1 & good ,lat9 by ,cic]o & ,horace1--a logical def9ition ( ,,weal?3 su* def9ition be+ absolutely ne$$ = a basis ( economical sci5ce4 ,! mo/ reput$ essay on t subject :i* has appe>$ 9 mod]n times1 aft] op5+ ) ! /atem5t t writ]s on political economy pr(ess to tea*1 or to inve/igate1#be ! nature ( weal?1 ?us foll[s up ! decl>ation ( its !sis--,e "o has a notion1 suffici5tly correct = common purposes1 ( :at is meant by weal?4 444 ,x is no "p ( ! design ( ?is treatise to aim at metaphysical nicety ( def9ition4#bf #be ,:i*8 = :]e inve/igation is necess>y1 tea*+ is impossible4 #bf ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,prelim9>y rem>ks1 p4 #b4 ,metaphysical nicety1 we assur$ly d n ne$2 b physical nicety1 & logical accuracy1 ) respect to a physical subject1 we z assur$ly d4 ,suppose ! subject ( inquiry1 in/ead ( be+ ,h\se-law 7,oikonomia71 _h be5 ,/>-law 7,a/ronomia71 & t1 ignor+ di/9ction betwe5 />s fix$ & w&]+1 z "h betwe5 weal? radiant & weal? reflective1 ! writ] _h begun ?us3 ,e "o has a notion1 suffici5tly correct = common purposes1 ( :at is meant by />s4 ,metaphysical nicety 9 ! def9ition ( a /> is n ! object ( ?is treatise2--! essay s op5$ might yet h be5 f> m true 9 its f9al /atem5ts1 & a ?\s&-fold m s]viceable to ! navigator1 ?an any treatise on weal?1 :i* f\nds its conclusions on ! popul> conception ( weal?1 c ev] become to ! economi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x 01 !re=e1 ! fir/ object ( ^! foll[+ pap]s to give an accurate & /able def9ition ( weal?4 ,_! second object 0 to %[ t ! acquisition ( weal? 0 f9ally possible only "u c]ta9 moral conditions ( society1 ( :i* q ! fir/ 0 a belief 9 ! exi/5ce & ev51 = practical purposes1 9 ! atta9ability ( hone/y4 ,)\t v5tur+ to pron\nce--s9ce on su* a matt] human judgm5t is by no means conclusive--:at is1 or is n1 ! noble/ ( ,god's works1 we may yet admit s mu* ( ,pope's ass]tion z t an hone/ man is among ,8 be/ works pres5tly visible1 &1 z ?+s /&1 a some:at r>e "o2 b n an incr$ible or miracul\s "w2 /ill less an abnormal "o4 ,hone/y is n a di/urb+ =ce1 :i* d]anges ! orbits ( economy2 b a consi/5t & comm&+ =ce1 by ob$i5ce to :i*--& by no o!r ob$i5ce--^? orbits c cont9ue cle> ( *aos4 ,x is true1 ,i h sometimes he>d ,pope condemn$ = ! l[ness1 in/ead ( ! height1 ( 8 /&>d3--,hone/y is inde$ a respectable virtue2 b h[ mu* high] may m5 atta96 ,%all no?+ m be ask$ ( u ?an t we be hone/8 ,= ! pres5t1 good fri5ds1 no?+4 ,x seems t 9 our aspirations to be m ?an t1 we h to "s ext5t lo/ sight ( ! propriety ( be+ s mu* z t4 ,:at else we may h lo/ fai? 91 !re %all be "h no "q2 b assur$ly we h lo/ fai? 9 common hone/y1 & 9 ! work+ p[] ( x4 ,& ?is fai?1 ) ! facts on :i* x may re/1 x is q our fir/ bus9ess to recov] & keep3 n only believ+1 b ev5 by exp]i5ce assur+ ourselves1 t !re are yet 9 ! _w m5 :o c be re/ra9$ f fraud o!rwise ?an by ! fe> ( los+ employm5t2#bg nay t x is ev5 accurately 9 proportion to ! numb] ( su* m5 9 any ,/ate1 t ! said ,/ate does or c prolong its exi/5ce4 #bg ,! effectual discipl9e :i* is ex]cis$ ov] a workman is n t ( 8 corporation1 b ( 8 cu/om]s4 ,x is ! fe> ( los+ _! employm5t :i* re/ra9s 8 frauds1 & corrects 8 neglig5ce 7,weal? ( ,nations1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 #aj74 ,to ^! two po9ts1 !n1 ! foll[+ essays are ma9ly direct$4 ,! subject ( ! organization ( lab\r is only casually t\*$ ^u2 because1 if we once c get a suffici5t quantity ( hone/y 9 our capta9s1 ! organization ( lab\r is easy1 & w develop itself )\t qu>rel or difficulty2 b if we _c get hone/y 9 our capta9s1 ! organization ( lab\r is = ev]more impossible4 ,! sev]al conditions ( its possibility ,i purpose to exam9e at l5g? 9 ! sequel4 ,yet1 le/ ! read] %\ld be al>m$ by ! h9ts ?r[n out dur+ ! foll[+ inve/igation ( fir/ pr9ciples1 z if !y 7 lead+ him into unexpect$ly dang]\s gr\nd1 ,i w1 = 8 bett] assurance1 /ate at once ! wor/ ( ! political cre$ at :i* ,i wi% him to arrive4 #a4 ,fir/1--t !re %\ld be tra9+ s*ools = y\? e/abli%$1 at ,gov]nm5t co/1#bh & "u ,gov]nm5t discipl9e1 ov] ! :ole c\ntry2 t e *ild born 9 ! c\ntry %\ld1 at ! p>5t's wi%1 be p]mitt$ 7&1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be "u p5alty requir$7 to pass ?r\gh !m2 & t1 9 ^! s*ools1 ! *ild %\ld 7) o!r m9or pieces ( k h]eaft] to be consid]$7 imp]atively be taught1 ) ! be/ skill ( tea*+ t ! c\ntry c\ld produce1 ! foll[+ ?ree ?+s3-- 7a7 ! laws ( heal?1 & ! ex]cises enjo9$ by !m2 7b7 habits ( g5tl5ess & ju/ice2 & 7c7 ! call+ by :i* he is to live4 #bh ,x w probably be inquir$ by ne>-sight$ p]sons1 out ( :at funds su* s*ools c\ld be support$4 ,! exp$i5t modes ( direct provision = !m ,i w exam9e h]eaft]2 indirectly1 !y w\ld be f> m ?an self-support+4 ,! economy 9 crime alone 7q "o ( ! mo/ co/ly articles ( luxury 9 ! mod]n ,european m>ket71 :i* su* s*ools w\ld induce1 w\ld suffice to support !m t5 times ov]4 ,_! economy ( lab\r w\ld be pure ga91 & t too l>ge to be pres5tly calculable4 #b4 ,secondly1--t1 9 connection ) ^! tra9+ s*ools1 !re %\ld be e/abli%$1 also entirely "u ,gov]nm5t regulation1 manufactories & work%ops1 = ! production & sale ( e necess>y ( life1 & = ! ex]cise ( e useful art4 ,& t1 int]f]+ no :it ) private ent]prise1 nor sett+ any re/ra9ts or tax on private trade1 b leav+ bo? to d _! be/1 & beat ! ,gov]nm5t if !y c\ld1--!re %\ld1 at ^! ,gov]nm5t manufactories & %ops1 be au?oritatively good & exempl>y "w done1 & pure & true sub/ance sold2 s t a man c\ld be sure1 if he *ose to pay ! ,gov]nm5t price1 t he got = 8 money bread t 0 bread1 ale t 0 ale1 & "w t 0 "w4 #c4 ,?irdly1--t any man1 or woman1 or boy1 or girl1 out ( employm5t1 %\ld be at once receiv$ at ! ne>e/ ,gov]nm5t s*ool1 & set to su* "w z x appe>$1 on trial1 !y 7 fit =1 at a fix$ rate ( wages det]m9able e ye>3--t1 be+ f\nd incapable ( "w ?r\gh ignorance1 !y %\ld be taught1 or be+ f\nd incapable ( "w ?r\gh sickness1 %\ld be t5d$2 b t be+ f\nd object+ to "w1 !y %\ld be set1 "u compulsion ( ! /ricte/ nature1 to ! m pa9ful & degrad+ =ms ( necess>y toil1 especially to t 9 m9es & o!r places ( dang] 7su* dang] be+1 h[ev]1 dim9i%$ to ! utmo/ by c>eful regulation & discipl9e7 & ! due wages ( su* "w be reta9$--co/ ( compulsion fir/ ab/ract$--to be at ! workman's comm&1 s soon z he has come to s\nd] m9d respect+ ! laws ( employm5t4 #d4 ,la/ly1--t = ! old & de/itute1 com=t & home %\ld be provid$2 :i* provision1 :5 mis=tune _h be5 by ! work+ ( su* a sy/em sift$ f guilt1 w\ld be hon\rable in/ead ( disgraceful to ! receiv]4 ,= 7,i repeat ?is passage out ( my ,political ,economy ( ,art1 to :i* ! read] is ref]r$ = f>!r detail#bi7 a lab\r] s]ves 8 c\ntry ) 8 spade1 j z a man 9 ! middle ranks ( life s]ves x ) sword1 p51 or lancet3 if ! s]vice is less1 &1 !re=e ! wages dur+ heal? less1 !n ! rew>d1 :5 heal? is brok51 may be less1 b n1 !re=e1 less hon\rable2 & x ought to be q z natural & /raight=w>d a matt] = a lab\r] to take 8 p5sion f 8 p>i%1 because he has des]v$ well ( 8 p>i%1 z = a man 9 high] rank to take 8 p5sion f 8 c\ntry1 because he has des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry4 #bi ,! ,political ,economy ( ,art3 ,add5da1 p4 #ic4 ,to :i* /atem5t1 ,i w only add1 = conclusion1 respect+ ! discipl9e & pay ( life & dea?1 t1 = bo? high & l[1 ,livy's la/ words t\*+ ,val]ius ,publicola1 de publico e/ elatus1#cj ought n to be a di%on\rable close ( epitaph4 #cj ,p4 ,val]ius1 omnium cons5su pr9ceps belli pacisque artibus1 anno po/ moritur2 gloria +5ti1 copiis famili>ibus adeo exiguis1 ut fun]i sumtus deesset3 de publico e/ elatus4 ,lux]e matronae ut ,brutum4--,lib4 ,,ii4 c4 xvi4 ,^! ?+s1 !n1 ,i believe1 & am ab\t1 z ,i f9d p[]1 to expla9 & illu/rate 9 _! v>i\s be>+s2 foll[+ out also :at belongs to !m ( collat]al inquiry4 ,"h ,i /ate !m only 9 brief1 to prev5t ! read] ca/+ ab\t 9 al>m = my ultimate mean+2 yet reque/+ him1 = ! pres5t to rememb]1 t 9 a sci5ce deal+ ) s subtle elem5ts z ^? ( human nature1 x is only possible to answ] = ! f9al tru? ( pr9ciples1 n = ! direct success ( plans3 & t 9 ! be/ ( ^! la/1 :at c be imm$iately accompli%$ is always que/ionable1 & :at c be f9ally accompli%$1 inconceivable4 ,d5m>k ,hill1 #aj? ,may1 #ahfb4 ,,essay ,i4 ,,! ,,roots ,,( ,,hon\r4 ,among ! delusions :i* at diff]5t p]iods h possess$ !mselves ( ! m9ds ( l>ge masses ( ! human race1 p]haps ! mo/ curi\s--c]ta9ly ! lea/ cr$itable--is ! mod]n soi-disant sci5ce ( political economy1 bas$ on ! idea t an advantage\s code ( social action may be det]m9$ irrespectively ( ! influ5ce ( social affection4 ,( c\rse1 z 9 ! in/ances ( al*emy1 a/rology1 wit*craft1 & o!r su* popul> cre$s1 political economy has a plausible idea at ! root ( x4 ,! social affections1 says ! economi/1 are accid5tal & di/urb+ elem5ts 9 human nature2 b av>ice & ! desire ( progress are con/ant elem5ts4 ,let u elim9ate ! incon/ants1 &1 consid]+ ! human be+ m]ely z a covet\s ma*9e1 exam9e by :at laws ( lab\r1 pur*ase1 & sale1 ! greate/ accumulative result 9 weal? is obta9able4 ,^? laws once det]m9$1 x w be = ea* individual aft]w>ds to introduce z mu* ( ! di/urb+ affectionate elem5t z he *ooses1 & to det]m9e = himself ! result on ! new conditions suppos$4 ,?is w\ld be a p]fectly logical & successful me?od ( analysis1 if ! accid5tals aft]w>ds to be introduc$ 7 ( ! same nature z ! p[]s fir/ exam9$4 ,suppos+ a body 9 motion to be influ5c$ by con/ant & incon/ant =ces1 x is usually ! simple/ way ( exam9+ its c\rse to trace x fir/ "u ! p]si/5t conditions1 & aft]w>ds introduce ! causes ( v>iation4 ,b ! di/urb+ elem5ts 9 ! social problem are n ( ! same nature z ! con/ant ones2 !y alt] ! ess5ce ( ! creature "u exam9ation ! mom5t !y are add$2 !y op]ate1 n ma!matically1 b *emically1 introduc+ conditions :i* r5d] all our previ\s k unavailable4 ,we made le>n$ exp]im5ts ^u pure nitrog51 & h conv9c$ ourselves t x is a v manageable gas3 b behold6 ! ?+ :i* we h practically to deal ) is its *loride2 & ?is1 ! mom5t we t\* x on our e/abli%$ pr9ciples1 s5ds u & our app>atus ?r\gh ! ceil+4 ,obs]ve1 ,i nei!r impugn nor d\bt ! conclusions ( ! sci5ce1 if its t]ms are accept$4 ,i am simply un9t]e/$ 9 !m1 z ,i %\ld be 9 ^? ( a sci5ce ( gymna/ics :i* assum$ t m5 _h no skeletons4 ,x might be %[n1 on t supposition1 t x w\ld be advantage\s to roll ! /ud5ts up into pellets1 flatt5 !m into cakes1 or /ret* !m into cables2 & t :5 ^! results 7 effect$1 ! re-ins]tion ( ! skeleton w\ld be att5d$ ) v>i\s inconv5i5ces to _! con/itution4 ,! reason+ might be admirable1 ! conclusions true1 & ! sci5ce defici5t only 9 applicability4 ,mod]n political economy /&s on a precisely simil> basis4 ,assum+1 n t ! human be+ has no skeleton1 b t x is all skeleton1 x f\nds an ossifiant !ory ( progress on ?is negation ( a s\l2 & hav+ %[n ! utmo/ t may be made ( bones1 & con/ruct$ a numb] ( int]e/+ geometrical figures ) dea?'s-heads & hum]i1 successfully proves ! inconv5i5ce ( ! reappe>ance ( a s\l among ^! corpuscul> /ructures4 ,i d n d5y ! tru? ( ?is !ory3 ,i simply d5y its applicability to ! pres5t phase ( ! _w4 ,?is inapplicability has be5 curi\sly manife/$ dur+ ! emb>rassm5t caus$ by ! late /rikes ( our workm54 ,"h occurs "o ( ! simple/ cases1 9 a p]t95t & positive =m1 ( ! fir/ vital problem :i* political economy has to deal ) 7! relation betwe5 employ] & employ$72 & at a sev]e crisis1 :5 lives 9 multitudes1 & weal? 9 masses1 are at /ake1 ! political economi/s are helpless--practically mute2 no demon/rable solution ( ! difficulty c be giv5 by !m1 su* z may conv9ce or calm ! oppos+ p>ties4 ,ob/9ately ! ma/]s take "o view ( ! matt]2 ob/9ately ! op]atives ano!r2 & no political sci5ce c set !m at "o4 ,x w\ld be /range if x c\ld1 x be+ n by sci5ce ( any k9d t m5 7 ev] int5d$ to be set at "o4 ,disputant aft] disputant va9ly /rives to %[ t ! int]e/s ( ! ma/]s are1 or are n1 antagoni/ic to ^? ( ! m53 none ( ! plead]s ev] seem+ to rememb] t x does n absolutely or always foll[ t ! p]sons mu/ be antagoni/ic because _! int]e/s are4 ,if !re is only a cru/ ( bread 9 ! h\se1 & "m & *ildr5 are />v+1 _! int]e/s are n ! same4 ,if ! "m eats x1 ! *ildr5 want x2 if ! *ildr5 eat x1 ! "m mu/ g hungry to h] "w4 ,yet x does n necess>ily foll[ t !re w be antagonism betwe5 !m1 t !y w fight = ! cru/1 & t ! "m1 be+ /ronge/1 w get x1 & eat x4 ,nei!r1 9 any o!r case1 :atev] ! relations ( ! p]sons may be1 c x be assum$ = c]ta9 t1 because _! int]e/s are div]se1 !y mu/ necess>ily reg>d ea* o!r ) ho/ility1 & use viol5ce or cunn+ to obta9 ! advantage4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 s1 & x 7 z j z x is conv5i5t to consid] m5 z actuat$ by no o!r moral influ5ces ?an ^? :i* affect rats or sw9e1 ! logical conditions ( ! "q are /ill indet]m9able4 ,x c nev] be %[n g5]ally ei!r t ! int]e/s ( ma/] & lab\r] are alike1 or t !y are oppos$2 =1 accord+ to circum/ances1 !y may be ei!r4 ,x is1 inde$1 always ! int]e/ ( bo? t ! "w %\ld be rightly done1 & a j price obta9$ = x2 b1 9 ! division ( pr(its1 ! ga9 ( ! "o may or may n be ! loss ( ! o!r4 ,x is n ! ma/]'s int]e/ to pay wages s l[ z to leave ! m5 sickly & depress$1 nor ! workman's int]e/ to be paid high wages if ! smallness ( ! ma/]'s pr(it h9d]s him f enl>g+ 8 bus9ess1 or conduct+ x 9 a safe & lib]al way4 ,a /ok] ought n to desire high pay if ! company is too poor to keep ! eng9e-:eels 9 repair4 ,& ! v>ieties ( circum/ance :i* influ5ce ^! reciprocal int]e/s are s endless1 t all endeav\r to d$uce rules ( action f balance ( exp$i5cy is 9 va94 ,& x is meant to be 9 va94 ,= no human actions ev] 7 int5d$ by ! ,mak] ( m5 to be guid$ by balances ( exp$i5cy1 b by balances ( ju/ice4 ,he has !re=e r5d]$ all endeav\rs to det]m9e exp$i5cy futile = ev]more4 ,no man ev] knew or c "k1 :at w be ! ultimate result to himself1 or to o!rs1 ( any giv5 l9e ( conduct4 ,b e man may "k1 & mo/ ( u d "k1 :at is a j & unju/ act4 ,& all ( u may "k also1 t ! consequ5ces ( ju/ice w be ultimately ! be/ possible1 bo? to o!rs & ourselves1 ?\gh we c nei!r say :at is be/1 or h[ x is likely to come to pass4 ,i h said balances ( ju/ice1 mean+1 9 ! t]m ju/ice1 to include affection1--su* affection z "o man owes to ano!r4 ,all "r relations betwe5 ma/] & op]ative1 & all _! be/ int]e/s1 ultimately dep5d on ^!4 ,we %all f9d ! be/ & simple/ illu/ration ( ! relations ( ma/] & op]ative 9 ! position ( dome/ic s]vants4 ,we w suppose t ! ma/] ( a h\sehold desires only to get z mu* "w out ( 8 s]vants z he c1 at ! rate ( wages he gives4 ,he nev] all[s !m to be idle2 fe$s !m z poorly & lodges !m z ill z !y w endure1 & 9 all ?+s pu%es 8 requirem5ts to ! exact po9t beyond :i* he _c g )\t =c+ ! s]vant to leave him4 ,9 do+ ?is1 !re is no violation on 8 "p ( :at is commonly call$ ju/ice4 ,he agrees ) ! dome/ic = 8 :ole "t & s]vice1 & takes !m2--! limits ( h>d%ip 9 treatm5t be+ fix$ by ! practice ( o!r ma/]s 9 8 neighb\rhood2 t is to say1 by ! curr5t rate ( wages = dome/ic lab\r4 ,if ! s]vant c get a bett] place1 he is free to take "o1 & ! ma/] c only tell :at is ! real m>ket value ( 8 lab\r1 by requir+ z mu* z he w give4 ,?is is ! politico-economical view ( ! case1 accord+ to ! doctors ( t sci5ce2 :o ass]t t by ?is proc$ure ! greate/ av]age ( "w w be obta9$ f ! s]vant1 & !re=e1 ! greate/ b5efit to ! community1 & ?r\gh ! community1 by rev]sion1 to ! s]vant himself4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n s4 ,x w\ld be s if ! s]vant 7 an eng9e ( :i* ! motive p[] 0 /eam1 magnetism1 gravitation1 or any o!r ag5t ( calculable =ce4 ,b he be+1 on ! contr>y1 an eng9e ^: motive p[] is a ,s\l1 ! =ce ( ?is v peculi> ag5t1 z an unkn[n quantity1 ent]s into all ! political economi/'s equations1 )\t 8 k1 & falsifies e "o ( _! results4 ,! l>ge/ quantity ( "w w n be done by ?is curi\s eng9e = pay1 or "u pressure1 or by help ( any k9d ( fuel :i* may be suppli$ by ! *aldron4 ,x w be done only :5 ! motive =ce1 t is to say1 ! w or _s ( ! creature1 is br\ght to its greate/ /r5g? by its own prop] fuel2 namely1 by ! affections4 ,x may inde$ happ51 & does happ5 (t51 t if ! ma/] is a man ( s5se & en]gy1 a l>ge quantity ( mat]ial "w may be done "u me*anical pressure1 en=c$ by /rong w & guid$ by wise me?od2 also x may happ51 & does happ5 (t51 t if ! ma/] is indol5t & weak 7h[ev] good-natur$71 a v small quantity ( "w1 & t bad1 may be produc$ by ! s]vant's undirect$ /r5g?1 & contemptu\s gratitude4 ,b ! univ]sal law ( ! matt] is t1 assum+ any giv5 quantity ( en]gy & s5se 9 ma/] & s]vant1 ! greate/ mat]ial result obta9able by !m w be1 n ?r\gh antagonism to ea* o!r1 b ?r\gh affection = ea* o!r2 & t if ! ma/]1 in/ead ( endeav\r+ to get z mu* "w z possible f ! s]vant1 seeks r to r5d] 8 appo9t$ & necess>y "w b5eficial to him1 & to =w>d 8 int]e/s 9 all j & :olesome ways1 ! real am\nt ( "w ultimately done1 or ( good r5d]$1 by ! p]son s c>$ =1 w inde$ be ! greate/ possible4 ,obs]ve1 ,i say1 ( good r5d]$1 = a s]vant's "w is n necess>ily or always ! be/ ?+ he c give 8 ma/]4 ,b good ( all k9ds1 :e!r 9 mat]ial s]vice1 9 protective wat*fulness ( 8 ma/]'s int]e/ & cr$it1 or 9 joyful read9ess to seize unexpect$ & irregul> occasions ( help4 ,nor is ?is "o :it less g5]ally true because indulg5ce w be frequ5tly abus$1 & k9dness met ) +ratitude4 ,= ! s]vant :o1 g5tly treat$1 is ungrateful1 treat$ ung5tly1 w be rev5geful2 & ! man :o is di%one/ to a lib]al ma/] w be injuri\s to an unju/ "o4 ,9 any case1 & ) any p]son1 ?is unselfi% treatm5t w produce ! mo/ effective return4 ,obs]ve1 ,i am "h consid]+ ! affections :olly z a motive p[]2 n at all z ?+s 9 !mselves desirable or noble1 or 9 any o!r way ab/ract$ly good4 ,i look at !m simply z an anomal\s =ce1 r5d]+ e "o ( ! ord9>y political economi/'s calculations nugatory2 :ile1 ev5 if he desir$ to introduce ?is new elem5t into 8 e/imates1 he has no p[] ( deal+ ) x2 = ! affections only become a true motive p[] :5 !y ignore e o!r motive & condition ( political economy4 ,treat ! s]vant k9dly1 ) ! idea ( turn+ 8 gratitude to acc\nt1 & y w get1 z y des]ve1 no gratitude1 nor any value = y\r k9dness2 b treat him k9dly )\t any economical purpose1 & all economical purposes w be answ]$2 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r matt]s1 :osoev] w save 8 life %all lose x1 :oso loses x %all f9d x4#ca #ca ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two modes ( treatm5t1 & betwe5 _! effective mat]ial results1 may be se5 v accurately by a comp>ison ( ! relations ( ,e/h] & ,*>lie 9 ,bleak ,h\se1 ) ^? ( ,miss ,brass & ! ,m>*ioness 9 ,ma/] ,humphrey's ,clock4 ,! ess5tial value & tru? ( ,dick5s's writ+s h be5 unwisely lo/ sight ( by _m ?\ghtful p]sons1 m]ely because he pres5ts 8 tru? ) "s col\r ( c>icature4 ,unwisely1 because ,dick5s's c>icature1 ?\gh (t5 gross1 is nev] mi/ak54 ,all[+ = 8 mann] ( tell+ !m1 ! ?+s he tells u are always true4 ,i wi% t he c\ld ?9k x "r to limit 8 brilliant exagg]ation to works writt5 only = public amusem5t2 & :5 he takes up a subject ( high national importance1 su* z t :i* he h&l$ 9 ,h>d ,times1 t he w\ld use sev]] & m accurate analysis4 ,! usefulness ( t "w 7to my m9d1 9 sev]al respects1 ! greate/ he has writt57 is ) _m p]sons s]i\sly dim9i%$ because ,mr4 ,b\nd]by is a dramatic mon/]1 in/ead ( a *>act]i/ic example ( a worldly ma/]2 & ,/eph5 ,blackpool a dramatic p]fection1 in/ead ( a *>act]i/ic example ( an hone/ workman4 ,b let u n lose ! use ( ,dick5s's wit & insight1 because he *ooses to speak 9 a circle ( /age fire4 ,he is entirely "r 9 8 ma9 drift & purpose 9 e book he has writt52 & all ( !m1 b especially ,h>d ,times1 %\ld be /udi$ ) close & e>ne/ c>e by p]sons int]e/$ 9 social que/ions4 ,!y w f9d mu* t is p>tial1 &1 because p>tial1 app>5tly unju/2 b if !y exam9e all ! evid5ce on ! o!r side1 :i* ,dick5s seems to ov]look1 x w appe>1 aft] all _! tr\ble1 t 8 view 0 ! f9ally "r "o1 grossly & %>ply told4 ,! next cle>e/ & simple/ example ( relation betwe5 ma/] & op]ative is t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! comm&] ( a regim5t & 8 m54 ,suppos+ ! (fic] only desires to apply ! rules ( discipl9e s z1 ) lea/ tr\ble to himself1 to make ! regim5t mo/ effective1 he w n be able1 by any rules1 or adm9i/ration ( rules1 on ?is selfi% pr9ciple1 to develop ! full /r5g? ( 8 subord9ates4 ,if a man ( s5se & firmness1 he may1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 produce a bett] result ?an w\ld be obta9$ by ! irregul> k9dness ( a weak (fic]2 b let ! s5se & firmness be ! same 9 bo? cases1 & assur$ly ! (fic] :o has ! mo/ direct p]sonal relations ) 8 m51 ! mo/ c>e = _! int]e/s1 & ! mo/ value = _! lives1 w develop _! effective /r5g?1 ?r\gh _! affection = 8 own p]son1 & tru/ 9 8 "*1 to a degree :olly unatta9able by o!r means4 ,! law applies /ill m /r+5tly z ! numb]s conc]n$ are l>g]2 a *>ge may (t5 be successful1 ?\gh ! m5 dislike _! (fic]s2 a battle has r>ely be5 won1 unless !y lov$ _! g5]al4 ,pass+ f ^! simple examples to ! m complicat$ relations exi/+ betwe5 a manufactur] & 8 workm51 we are met fir/ by c]ta9 curi\s difficulties1 result+1 app>5tly1 f a h>d] & cold] /ate ( moral elem5ts4 ,x is easy to imag9e an en?usia/ic affection exi/+ among soldi]s = ! colonel1 n s easy to imag9e an en?usia/ic affection among cotton-sp9n]s = ! proprietor ( ! mill4 ,a body ( m5 associat$ = purposes ( robb]y 7z a ,highl& clan 9 anci5t times7 %all be animat$ by p]fect affection1 & e memb] ( x be ready to lay d[n 8 life = ! life ( 8 *ief4 ,b a b& ( m5 associat$ = purposes ( legal production & accumulation is usually animat$1 x appe>s1 by no su* emotions1 & none ( !m are 9 anywise will+ to give 8 life = ! life ( 8 *ief4 ,n only are we met by ?is app>5t anomaly1 9 moral matt]s1 b by o!rs connect$ ) x1 9 adm9i/ration ( sy/em4 ,= a s]vant or a soldi] is engag$ at a def9ite rate ( wages1 = a def9ite p]iod2 b a workman at a rate ( wages v>iable accord+ to ! dem& = lab\r1 & ) ! risk ( be+ at any "t ?r[n out ( 8 situation by *ances ( trade4 ,n[1 z1 "u ^! cont+5cies1 no action ( ! affections c take place1 b only an explosive action ( disaffections1 two po9ts (f] !mselves = consid]ation 9 ! matt]4 ,! fir/--,h[ f> ! rate ( wages may be s regulat$ z n to v>y ) ! dem& = lab\r4 ,! second--,h[ f> x is possible t bodies ( workm5 may be engag$ & ma9ta9$ at su* fix$ rate ( wages 7:atev] ! /ate ( trade may be71 )\t enl>g+ or dim9i%+ _! numb]1 s z to give !m p]man5t int]e/ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ) :i* !y are connect$1 l t ( ! dome/ic s]vants 9 an old family1 or an esprit de corps1 l t ( ! soldi]s 9 a crack regim5t4 ,! fir/ "q is1 ,i say1 h[ f> x may be possible to fix ! rate ( wages irrespectively ( ! dem& = lab\r4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts 9 ! hi/ory ( human error is ! d5ial by ! common political economi/ ( ! possibility ( ?us regulat+ wages2 :ile1 = all ! important1 & mu* ( ! unimportant1 lab\r on ! e>?1 wages are already s regulat$4 ,we d n sell our prime-m9i/]%ip by ,dut* auction2 nor1 on ! decease ( a bi%op1 :atev] may be ! g5]al advantages ( simony1 d we 7yet7 (f] 8 diocese to ! cl]gyman :o w take ! episcopacy at ! l[e/ contract4 ,we 7) exquisite sagacity ( political economy67 d inde$ sell commissions1 b n1 op5ly1 g5]al%ips3 sick1 we d n inquire = a physician :o takes less ?an a gu9ea2 litigi\s1 we nev] ?9k ( r$uc+ six-&-eightp5ce to f\r-&-sixp5ce2 caught 9 a %[]1 we d n canvass ! cabm51 to f9d "o :o values 8 driv+ at less ?an a sixp5ce a mile4 ,x is true t 9 all ^! cases !re is1 & 9 e conceivable case !re mu/ be1 ultimate ref]5ce to ! presum$ difficulty ( ! "w1 or numb] ( c&idates = ! (fice4 ,if x 7 ?\ght t ! lab\r necess>y to make a good physician w\ld be gone ?r\gh by a suffici5t numb] ( /ud5ts ) ! prospect ( only half-gu9ea fees1 public cons5t w\ld soon )draw ! unnecess>y half-gu9ea4 ,9 ?is ultimate s5se1 ! price ( lab\r is inde$ always regulat$ by ! dem& = x2 b s f> z ! practical & imm$iate adm9i/ration ( ! matt] is reg>d$1 ! be/ lab\r always has be51 & is1 z all lab\r ought to be1 paid by an inv>iable /&>d4 ,:at6 ! read]1 p]haps1 answ]s amaz$ly3 pay good & bad workm5 alike8 ,c]ta9ly4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 "o prelate's s]mons & 8 successor's1--or betwe5 "o physician's op9ion & ano!r's1--is f> great]1 z respects ! qualities ( m9d involv$1 & f> m important 9 result to y p]sonally1 ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad lay+ ( bricks 7?\gh t is great] ?an mo/ p suppose74 ,yet y pay ) equal fee1 cont5t$ly1 ! good & bad workm5 ^u y\r s\l1 & ! good & bad workm5 ^u y\r body2 mu* m may y pay1 cont5t$ly1 ) equal fees1 ! good & bad workm5 ^u y\r h\se4 ,nay1 b ,i *oose my physician & 787 my cl]gyman1 ?us indicat+ my s5se ( ! quality ( _! "w4 ,by all means1 also1 *oose y\r bricklay]2 t is ! prop] rew>d ( ! good workman1 to be *os54 ,! natural & "r sy/em respect+ all lab\r is1 t x %\ld be paid at a fix$ rate1 b ! good workman employ$1 & ! bad workm5 unemploy$4 ,! false1 unnatural1 & de/ructive sy/em is1 :5 ! bad workman is all[$ to (f] 8 "w at half-price1 & ei!r take ! place ( ! good1 or =ce him by 8 competition to "w = an inadequate sum4 ,?is equality ( wages1 !n1 be+ ! fir/ object t[>ds :i* we h to discov] ! directe/ available road2 ! second is1 z above /at$1 t ( ma9ta9+ con/ant numb]s ( workm5 9 employm5t1 :atev] may be ! accid5tal dem& = ! article !y produce4 ,i believe ! sudd5 & ext5sive inequalities ( dem& :i* necess>ily arise 9 ! m]cantile op]ations ( an active nation1 con/itute ! only ess5tial difficulty :i* has to be ov]come 9 a j organization ( lab\r4 ,! subject op5s into too _m bran*es to admit ( be+ inve/igat$ 9 a pap] ( ?is k9d2 b ! foll[+ g5]al facts be>+ on x may be not$4 ,! wages :i* enable any workman to live are necess>ily high]1 if 8 "w is liable to int]mission1 ?an if x is assur$ & cont9u\s2 & h[ev] sev]e ! /ruggle = "w may become1 ! g5]al law w always hold1 t m5 mu/ get m daily pay if1 on ! av]age1 !y c only calculate on "w ?ree days a week1 ?an !y w\ld require if !y 7 sure ( "w six days a week4 ,suppos+ t a man _c live on less ?an a %ill+ a day1 8 sev5 %ill+s he mu/ get1 ei!r = ?ree days' viol5t "w1 or six days' delib]ate "w4 ,! t5d5cy ( all mod]n m]cantile op]ations is to ?r[ bo? wages & trade into ! =m ( a lott]y1 & to make ! workman's pay dep5d on int]mitt5t ex]tion1 & ! pr9cipal's pr(it on dext]\sly us$ *ance4 ,9 :at p>tial degree1 ,i repeat1 ?is may be necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( ! activities ( mod]n trade1 ,i d n "h inve/igate2 cont5t+ myself ) ! fact1 t 9 its fatalle/ aspects x is assur$ly unnecess>y1 & results m]ely f love ( gambl+ on ! "p ( ! ma/]s1 & f ignorance & s5suality 9 ! m54 ,! ma/]s _c be> to let any opportunity ( ga9 escape !m1 & frantically ru% at e gap & brea* 9 ! walls ( ,=tune1 rag+ to be ri*1 & affront+1 ) impati5t covet\sness1 e risk ( ru92 :ile ! m5 pref] ?ree days ( viol5t lab\r1 & ?ree days ( drunk5ness1 to six days ( mod]ate "w & wise re/4 ,!re is no way 9 :i* a pr9cipal1 :o really desires to help 8 workm51 may d x m effectually ?an by *eck+ ^! disord]ly habits bo? 9 himself & !m2 keep+ 8 own bus9ess op]ations on a scale :i* w enable him to pursue !m securely1 n yield+ to temptations ( prec>i\s ga92 &1 at ! same "t1 lead+ 8 workm5 into regul> habits ( lab\r & life1 ei!r by induc+ !m r to take l[ wages 9 ! =m ( a fix$ sal>y1 ?an high wages1 subject to ! *ance ( _! be+ ?r[n out ( "w2 or1 if ?is be impossible1 by disc\rag+ ! sy/em ( viol5t ex]tion = nom9ally high day wages1 & lead+ ! m5 to take l[] pay = m regul> lab\r4 ,9 effect+ any radical *anges ( ?is k9d1 d\btless !re w\ld be great inconv5i5ce & loss incurr$ by all ! orig9ators ( movem5t4 ,t :i* c be done ) p]fect conv5i5ce & )\t loss1 is n always ! ?+ t mo/ ne$s to be done1 or :i* we are mo/ imp]atively requir$ to d4 ,i h already allud$ to ! diff]5ce hi!rto exi/+ betwe5 regim5ts ( m5 associat$ = purposes ( viol5ce1 & = purposes ( manufacture2 9 t ! =m] appe> capable ( self-sacrifice--! latt]1 n2 :i* s+ul> fact is ! real reason ( ! g5]al l[ness ( e/imate 9 :i* ! pr(ession ( comm]ce is held1 z comp>$ ) t ( arms4 ,philosophically1 x does n1 at fir/ sight1 appe> reasonable 7_m writ]s h endeav\r$ to prove x unreasonable7 t a peaceable & rational p]son1 ^: trade is buy+ & sell+1 %\ld be held 9 less hon\r ?an an unpeaceable & (t5 irrational p]son1 ^: trade is slay+4 ,nev]!less1 ! cons5t ( mank9d has always1 9 spite ( ! philosoph]s1 giv5 prec$5ce to ! soldi]4 ,& ?is is "r4 ,= ! soldi]'s trade1 v]ily & ess5tially1 is n slay+1 b be+ sla94 ,?is1 )\t well kn[+ its own mean+1 ! _w hon\rs x =4 ,a bravo's trade is slay+2 b ! _w has nev] respect$ bravos m ?an m]*ants3 ! reason x hon\rs ! soldi] is1 because he holds 8 life at ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate4 ,reckless he may be--fond ( pleasure or ( adv5ture--all k9ds ( bye-motives & mean impulses may h det]m9$ ! *oice ( 8 pr(ession1 & may affect 7to all appe>ance exclusively7 8 daily conduct 9 x2 b our e/imate ( him is bas$ on ?is ultimate fact--( :i* we are well assur$--t1 put him 9 a =tress brea*1 ) all ! pleasures ( ! _w beh9d him1 & only dea? & 8 duty 9 front ( him1 he w keep 8 face to ! front2 & he kn[s t ?is *oice may be put to him at any mom5t1 & has be=eh& tak5 8 "p--virtually takes su* "p cont9ually--does1 9 reality1 die daily4 ,n less is ! respect we pay to ! lawy] & physician1 f\nd$ ultimately on _! self-sacrifice4 ,:atev] ! le>n+ or acut5ess ( a great lawy]1 our *ief respect = him dep5ds on our belief t1 set 9 a judge's seat1 he w /rive to judge ju/ly1 come ( x :at may4 ,c\ld we suppose t he w\ld take bribes1 & use 8 acut5ess & legal k to give plausibility to iniquit\s decisions1 no degree ( intellect w\ld w9 = him our respect4 ,no?+ w w9 x1 %ort ( our tacit conviction1 t 9 all important acts ( 8 life ju/ice is fir/ ) him2 8 own int]e/1 second4 ,9 ! case ( a physician1 ! gr\nd ( ! hon\r we r5d] him is cle>] /ill4 ,:atev] 8 sci5ce1 we %\ld %r9k f him 9 horror if we f\nd him reg>d 8 pati5ts m]ely z subjects to exp]im5t ^u2 mu* m1 if we f\nd t1 receiv+ bribes f p]sons int]e/$ 9 _! dea?s1 he 0 us+ 8 be/ skill to give poison 9 ! mask ( m$ic9e4 ,f9ally1 ! pr9ciple holds ) utmo/ cle>ness z x respects cl]gym54 ,no goodness ( disposition w excuse want ( sci5ce 9 a physician1 or ( %rewdness 9 an advocate2 b a cl]gyman1 ev5 ?\gh 8 p[] ( intellect be small1 is respect$ on ! presum$ gr\nd ( 8 unselfi%ness & s]viceabl5ess4 ,n[ !re c be no "q b t ! tact1 =esight1 decision1 & o!r m5tal p[]s1 requir$ = ! successful managem5t ( a l>ge m]cantile conc]n1 if n su* z c\ld be comp>$ ) ^? ( a great lawy]1 g5]al1 or div9e1 w\ld at lea/ mat* ! g5]al conditions ( m9d requir$ 9 ! subord9ate (fic]s ( a %ip1 or ( a regim5t1 or 9 ! curate ( a c\ntry p>i%4 ,if1 !re=e1 all ! effici5t memb]s ( ! s-call$ lib]al pr(essions are /ill1 someh[1 9 public e/imate ( hon\r1 pref]r$ be=e ! head ( a comm]cial firm1 ! reason mu/ lie deep] ?an 9 ! measurem5t ( _! sev]al p[]s ( m9d4 ,& ! ess5tial reason = su* pref]5ce w be f\nd to lie 9 ! fact t ! m]*ant is presum$ to act always selfi%ly4 ,8 "w may be v necess>y to ! community2 b ! motive ( x is und]/ood to be :olly p]sonal4 ,! m]*ant's fir/ object 9 all 8 deal+s mu/ be 7! public believe7 to get z mu* = himself1 & leave z little to 8 neighb\r 7or cu/om]7 z possible4 ,en=c+ ?is ^u him1 by political /atute1 z ! necess>y pr9ciple ( 8 action2 recomm5d+ x to him on all occasions1 & !mselves reciprocally adopt+ x2 proclaim+ vocif]\sly1 = law ( ! univ]se1 t a buy]'s function is to *eap51 & a sell]'s to *eat1--! public1 nev]!less1 involunt>ily condemn ! man ( comm]ce = 8 compliance ) _! own /atem5t1 & /amp him = ev] z belong+ to an inf]ior grade ( human p]sonality4 ,?is !y w f9d1 ev5tually1 !y mu/ give up do+4 ,!y mu/ n cease to condemn selfi%ness2 b !y w h to discov] a k9d ( comm]ce :i* is n exclusively selfi%4 ,or1 r1 !y w h to discov] t !re nev] 01 or c be1 any o!r k9d ( comm]ce2 t ?is :i* !y h call$ comm]ce 0 n comm]ce at all1 b coz5+2 & t a true m]*ant diff]s z mu* f a m]*ant accord+ to laws ( mod]n political economy1 z ! h]o ( ! ,excursion f ,autolycus4 ,!y w f9d t comm]ce is an occupation :i* g5tlem5 w e day see m ne$ to engage 91 r ?an 9 ! bus9esses ( talk+ to m51 or slay+ !m2 t1 9 true comm]ce1 z 9 true prea*+1 or true fight+1 x is necess>y to admit ! idea ( occasional volunt>y loss2 t sixp5ces h to be lo/1 z well z lives1 "u a s5se ( duty2 t ! m>ket may h its m>tyrdoms z well z ! pulpit2 & trade its h]oisms1 z well z w>4 ,may h--9 ! f9al issue1 mu/ h--& only has n _h yet1 because m5 ( h]oic temp] h always be5 misguid$ 9 _! y\? into o!r fields1 n recogniz+ :at is 9 our days1 p]haps1 ! mo/ important ( all fields2 s t1 :ile _m a zeal\s p]son loses 8 life 9 try+ to tea* ! =m ( a gospel1 v few w lose a hundr$ p\nds 9 %[+ ! practice ( "o4 ,! fact is1 t p nev] h _h cle>ly expla9$ to !m ! true functions ( a m]*ant ) respect to o!r p4 ,i %\ld l ! read] to be v cle> ab\t ?is4 ,five great intellectual pr(essions1 relat+ to daily necessities ( life1 h hi!rto exi/$--?ree exi/ necess>ily1 9 e civiliz$ nation3 ,! ,soldi]'s pr(ession is to def5d x4 ,! ,pa/or's1 to tea* x4 ,! ,physician's1 to keep x 9 heal?4 ,! ,lawy]'s1 to en=ce ju/ice 9 x4 ,! ,m]*ant's1 to provide = x4 ,& ! duty ( all ^! m5 is1 on due occasion1 to die = x4 ,on due occasion1 namely3-- ,! ,soldi]1 r ?an leave 8 po/ 9 battle4 ,! ,physician1 r ?an leave 8 po/ 9 plague4 ,! ,pa/or1 r ?an tea* ,falsehood4 ,! ,lawy]1 r ?an c\nt5ance ,inju/ice4 ,! ,m]*ant--,:at is 8 due occasion ( dea?8 ,x is ! ma9 "q = ! m]*ant1 z = all ( u4 ,=1 truly1 ! man :o does n "k :5 to die1 does n "k h[ to live4 ,obs]ve1 ! m]*ant's function 7or manufactur]'s1 = 9 ! broad s5se 9 :i* x is "h us$ ! ^w mu/ be und]/ood to include bo?7 is to provide = ! nation4 ,x is no m 8 function to get pr(it = himself out ( t provision ?an x is a cl]gyman's function to get 8 /ip5d4 ,! /ip5d is a due & necess>y adjunct1 b n ! object1 ( 8 life1 if he be a true cl]gyman1 any m ?an 8 fee 7or honor>ium7 is ! object ( life to a true physician4 ,nei!r is 8 fee ! object ( life to a true m]*ant4 ,all ?ree1 if true m51 h a "w to be done irrespective ( fee--to be done ev5 at any co/1 or = q ! contr>y ( fee2 ! pa/or's function be+ to tea*1 ! physician's to heal1 & ! m]*ant's1 z ,i h said1 to provide4 ,t is to say1 he has to und]/& to _! v root ! qualities ( ! ?+ he deals 91 & ! means ( obta9+ or produc+ x2 & he has to apply all 8 sagacity & en]gy to ! produc+ or obta9+ x 9 p]fect /ate1 & di/ribut+ x at ! *eape/ possible price :]e x is mo/ ne$$4 ,& because ! production or obta9+ ( any commodity involves necess>ily ! ag5cy ( _m lives & h&s1 ! m]*ant becomes 9 ! c\rse ( 8 bus9ess ! ma/] & gov]nor ( l>ge masses ( m5 9 a m direct1 ?\gh less confess$ way1 ?an a milit>y (fic] or pa/or2 s t on him falls1 9 great "p1 ! responsibility = ! k9d ( life !y lead3 & x becomes 8 duty1 n only to be always consid]+ h[ to produce :at he sells 9 ! pure/ & *eape/ =ms1 b h[ to make ! v>i\s employm5ts involv$ 9 ! production1 or transf]5ce ( x1 mo/ b5eficial to ! m5 employ$4 ,& z into ^! two functions1 requir+ = _! "r ex]cise ! highe/ intellig5ce1 z well z pati5ce1 k9dness1 & tact1 ! m]*ant is b\nd to put all 8 en]gy1 s = _! j dis*>ge he is b\nd1 z soldi] or physician is b\nd1 to give up1 if ne$ be1 8 life1 9 su* way z x may be dem&$ ( him4 ,two ma9 po9ts he has 9 8 provid+ function to ma9ta93 fir/1 8 engagem5ts 7fai?fulness to engagem5ts be+ ! real root ( all possibilities 9 comm]ce72 &1 secondly1 ! p]fectness & purity ( ! ?+ provid$2 s t1 r ?an fail 9 any engagem5t1 or cons5t to any det]ioration1 adult]ation1 or unju/ & exorbitant price ( t :i* he provides1 he is b\nd to meet fe>lessly any =m ( di/ress1 pov]ty1 or lab\r1 :i* may1 ?r\gh ma9t5ance ( ^! po9ts1 come ^u him4 ,aga93 9 8 (fice z gov]nor ( ! m5 employ$ by him1 ! m]*ant or manufactur] is inve/$ ) a di/9ctly pat]nal au?ority & responsibility4 ,9 mo/ cases1 a y\? ent]+ a comm]cial e/abli%m5t is )drawn altoge!r f home influ5ce2 8 ma/] mu/ become 8 fa!r1 else he has1 = practical & con/ant help1 no fa!r at h&3 9 all cases ! ma/]'s au?ority1 toge!r ) ! g5]al tone & atmosph]e ( 8 bus9ess1 & ! "* ( ! m5 ) :om ! y\? is compell$ 9 ! c\rse ( x to associate1 h m imm$iate & press+ weight ?an ! home influ5ce1 & w usually neutralize x ei!r = good or evil2 s t ! only means :i* ! ma/] has ( do+ ju/ice to ! m5 employ$ by him is to ask himself /]nly :e!r he is deal+ ) su* subord9ate z he w\ld ) 8 own son1 if compell$ by circum/ances to take su* a position4 ,suppos+ ! capta9 ( a frigate saw x "r1 or 7 by any *ance oblig$1 to place 8 own son 9 ! position ( a common sailor2 z he w\ld !n treat 8 son1 he is b\nd always to treat e "o ( ! m5 "u him4 ,s1 also2 suppos+ ! ma/] ( a manufactory saw x "r1 or 7 by any *ance oblig$1 to place 8 own son 9 ! position ( an ord9>y workman2 z he w\ld !n treat 8 son1 he is b\nd always to treat e "o ( 8 m54 ,?is is ! only effective true1 or practical ,,rule :i* c be giv5 on ?is po9t ( political economy4 ,& z ! capta9 ( a %ip is b\nd to be ! la/ man to leave 8 %ip 9 case ( wreck1 & to %>e 8 la/ cru/ ) ! sailors 9 case ( fam9e1 s ! manufactur]1 9 any comm]cial crisis or di/ress1 is b\nd to take ! suff]+ ( x ) 8 m51 & ev5 to take m ( x = himself ?an he all[s 8 m5 to feel2 z a fa!r w\ld 9 a fam9e1 %ipwreck1 or battle1 sacrifice himself = 8 son4 ,all :i* s\nds v /range3 ! only real /rang5ess 9 ! matt] be+1 nev]!less1 t x %\ld s s\nd4 ,= all ?is is true1 & t n p>tially nor !oretically1 b ev]la/+ly & practically3 all o!r doctr9e ?an ?is respect+ matt]s political be+ false 9 premises1 absurd 9 d$uction1 & impossible 9 practice1 consi/5tly ) any progressive /ate ( national life2 all ! life :i* we n[ possess z a nation %[+ itself 9 ! resolute d5ial & scorn1 by a few /rong m9ds & fai?ful he>ts1 ( ! economic pr9ciples taught to our multitudes1 :i* pr9ciples1 s f> z accept$1 lead /raight to national de/ruction4 ,respect+ ! modes & =ms ( de/ruction to :i* !y lead1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 respect+ ! f>!r practical work+ ( true polity1 ,i hope to reason fur!r 9 a foll[+ pap]4 ,,essay ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ve9s ,,( ,,weal?4 ,! answ] :i* w\ld be made by any ord9>y political economi/ to ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! prec$+ pap]1 is 9 few words z foll[s3-- ,x is inde$ true t c]ta9 advantages ( a g5]al nature may be obta9$ by ! developm5t ( social affections4 ,b political economi/s nev] pr(ess$1 nor pr(ess1 to take advantages ( a g5]al nature into consid]ation4 ,our sci5ce is simply ! sci5ce ( gett+ ri*4 ,s f> f be+ a fallaci\s or vision>y "o1 x is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be practically effective4 ,p]sons :o foll[ its precepts d actually become ri*1 & p]sons :o disobey !m become poor4 ,e capitali/ ( ,europe has acquir$ 8 =tune by foll[+ ! kn[n laws ( our sci5ce1 & increases 8 capital daily by an adh]5ce to !m4 ,x is va9 to br+ =w>d tricks ( logic1 aga9/ ! =ce ( accompli%$ facts4 ,e man ( bus9ess kn[s by exp]i5ce h[ money is made1 & h[ x is lo/4 ,p>don me4 ,m5 ( bus9ess d inde$ "k h[ !y !mselves made _! money1 or h[1 on occasion1 !y lo/ x4 ,play+ a long-practis$ game1 !y are famili> ) ! *ances ( its c>ds1 & c rightly expla9 _! losses & ga9s4 ,b !y nei!r "k :o keeps ! bank ( ! gambl+-h\se1 nor :at o!r games may be play$ ) ! same c>ds1 nor :at o!r losses & ga9s1 f> away among ! d>k /reets1 are ess5tially1 ?\gh invisibly1 dep5d5t on !irs 9 ! light$ rooms4 ,!y h le>n$ a few1 & only a few1 ( ! laws ( m]cantile economy2 b n "o ( ^? ( political economy4 ,prim>ily1 :i* is v notable & curi\s1 ,i obs]ve t m5 ( bus9ess r>ely "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w ri*4 ,at lea/ if !y "k1 !y d n 9 _! reason+s all[ = ! fact t x is a relative ^w1 imply+ its opposite poor z positively z ! ^w nor? implies its opposite s\?4 ,m5 ne>ly always speak & write z if ri*es 7 absolute1 & x 7 possible1 by foll[+ c]ta9 sci5tific precepts1 = ev]ybody to be ri*4 ,:]eas ri*es are a p[] l t ( electricity1 act+ only ?r\gh inequalities or negations ( itself4 ,! =ce ( ! gu9ea y h 9 y\r pocket dep5ds :olly on ! default ( a gu9ea 9 y\r neighb\r's pocket4 ,if he did n want x1 x w\ld be ( no use to y2 ! degree ( p[] x possesses dep5ds accurately ^u ! ne$ or desire he has = x1--& ! art ( mak+ y\rself ri*1 9 ! ord9>y m]cantile economi/'s s5se1 is !re=e equally & necess>ily ! art ( keep+ y\r neighb\r poor4 ,i w\ld n cont5d 9 ?is matt] 7& r>ely 9 any matt]71 = ! acceptance ( t]ms4 ,b ,i wi% ! read] cle>ly & deeply to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two economies1 to :i* ! t]ms ,political & ,m]cantile might n unadvisably be atta*$4 ,political economy 7! economy ( a ,/ate1 or ( citiz5s7 consi/s simply 9 ! production1 pres]vation1 & di/ribution1 at fitte/ "t & place1 ( useful or pleasurable ?+s4 ,! f>m] :o cuts 8 hay at ! "r "t2 ! %ipwright :o drives 8 bolts well home 9 s\nd wood2 ! build] :o lays good bricks 9 well-temp]$ mort>2 ! h\sewife :o takes c>e ( h] furniture 9 ! p>l\r1 & gu>ds aga9/ all wa/e 9 h] kit*52 & ! s+] :o rightly discipl9es1 & nev] ov]/ra9s h] voice3 are all political economi/s 9 ! true & f9al s5se2 add+ cont9ually to ! ri*es & well-be+ ( ! nation to :i* !y belong4 ,b m]cantile economy1 ! economy ( m]ces or ( pay1 signifies ! accumulation1 9 ! h&s ( individuals1 ( legal1 or moral claim ^u1 or p[] ov]1 ! lab\r ( o!rs2 e su* claim imply+ precisely z mu* pov]ty or debt on "o side1 z x implies ri*es or "r on ! o!r4 ,x does n1 !re=e1 necess>ily involve an addition to ! actual prop]ty1 or well-be+1 ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* x exi/s4 ,b s9ce ?is comm]cial weal?1 or p[] ov] lab\r1 is ne>ly always conv]tible at once into real prop]ty1 :ile real prop]ty is n always conv]tible at once into p[] ov] lab\r1 ! idea ( ri*es among active m5 9 civiliz$ nations1 g5]ally ref]s to comm]cial weal?2 & 9 e/imat+ _! possessions1 !y r calculate ! value ( _! horses & fields by ! numb] ( gu9eas !y c\ld get = !m1 ?an ! value ( _! gu9eas by ! numb] ( horses & fields !y c\ld buy ) !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r reason = ?is habit ( m9d2 namely1 t an accumulation ( real prop]ty is ( little use to its own]1 unless1 toge!r ) x1 he has comm]cial p[] ov] lab\r4 ,?us1 suppose any p]son to be put 9 possession ( a l>ge e/ate ( fruitful l&1 ) ri* b$s ( gold 9 its gravel1 c\ntless h]ds ( cattle 9 its pa/ures2 h\ses1 & g>d5s1 & /oreh\ses full ( useful /ores2 b suppose1 aft] all1 t he c\ld get no s]vants8 ,9 ord] t he may be able to h s]vants1 "s "o 9 8 neighb\rhood mu/ be poor1 & 9 want ( 8 gold--or 8 corn4 ,assume t no "o is 9 want ( ei!r1 & t no s]vants are to be _h4 ,he mu/1 !re=e1 bake 8 own bread1 make 8 own clo!s1 pl\gh 8 own gr\nd1 & %eph]d 8 own flocks4 ,8 gold w be z useful to him z any o!r yell[ pebbles on 8 e/ate4 ,8 /ores mu/ rot1 = he _c consume !m4 ,he c eat no m ?an ano!r man c\ld eat1 & we> no m ?an ano!r man c\ld we>4 ,he mu/ lead a life ( sev]e & common lab\r to procure ev5 ord9>y com=ts2 he w be ultimately unable to keep ei!r h\ses 9 repair1 or fields 9 cultivation2 & =c$ to cont5t himself ) a poor man's portion ( cottage & g>d51 9 ! mid/ ( a des]t ( wa/e l&1 trampl$ by wild cattle1 & encumb]$ by ru9s ( palaces1 :i* he w h>dly mock at himself by call+ 8 own4 ,! mo/ covet\s ( mank9d w\ld1 ) small exultation1 ,i presume1 accept ri*es ( ?is k9d on ^! t]ms4 ,:at is really desir$1 "u ! "n ( ri*es1 is1 ess5tially1 p[] ov] m52 9 its simple/ s5se1 ! p[] ( obta9+ = our own advantage ! lab\r ( s]vant1 tradesman1 & arti/2 9 wid] s5se1 au?ority ( direct+ l>ge masses ( ! nation to v>i\s ends 7good1 trivial1 or hurtful1 accord+ to ! m9d ( ! ri* p]son74 ,& ?is p[] ( weal? ( c\rse is great] or less 9 direct proportion to ! pov]ty ( ! m5 ov] :om x is ex]cis$1 & 9 inv]se proportion to ! numb] ( p]sons :o are z ri* z ourselves1 & :o are ready to give ! same price = an article ( :i* ! supply is limit$4 ,if ! musician is poor1 he w s+ = small pay1 z long z !re is only "o p]son :o c pay him2 b if !re be two or ?ree1 he w s+ = ! "o :o (f]s him mo/4 ,& ?us ! p[] ( ! ri*es ( ! patron 7always imp]fect & d\btful1 z we %all see pres5tly1 ev5 :5 mo/ au?oritative7 dep5ds fir/ on ! pov]ty ( ! arti/1 & !n on ! limitation ( ! numb] ( equally weal?y p]sons1 :o also wants seats at ! conc]t4 ,s t1 z above /at$1 ! art ( becom+ ri*1 9 ! common s5se1 is n absolutely nor f9ally ! art ( accumulat+ mu* money = ourselves1 b also ( contriv+ t our neighb\rs %all h less4 ,9 accurate t]ms1 x is ! art ( e/abli%+ ! maximum inequality 9 our own fav\r4 ,n[ ! e/abli%m5t ( su* inequality _c be %[n 9 ! ab/ract to be ei!r advantage\s or disadvantage\s to ! body ( ! nation4 ,! ra% & absurd assumption t su* inequalities are necess>ily advantage\s1 lies at ! root ( mo/ ( ! popul> fallacies on ! subject ( political economy4 ,= ! et]nal & inevitable law 9 ?is matt] is1 t ! b5eficialness ( ! inequality dep5ds1 fir/1 on ! me?ods by :i* x 0 accompli%$1 &1 secondly1 on ! purposes to :i* x is appli$4 ,inequalities ( weal?1 unju/ly e/abli%$1 h assur$ly injur$ ! nation 9 :i* !y exi/ dur+ _! e/abli%m5t2 &1 unju/ly direct$1 injure x yet m dur+ _! exi/5ce4 ,b inequalities ( weal? ju/ly e/abli%$1 b5efit ! nation 9 ! c\rse ( _! e/abli%m5t2 &1 nobly us$1 aid x yet m by _! exi/5ce4 ,t is to say1 among e active & well-gov]n$ p1 ! v>i\s /r5g? ( individuals1 te/$ by full ex]tion & specially appli$ to v>i\s ne$1 issues 9 unequal1 b h>moni\s results1 receiv+ rew>d or au?ority accord+ to its class & s]vice2#cb :ile1 9 ! inactive or ill-gov]n$ nation1 ! gradations ( decay & ! victories ( treason "w out also _! own rugg$ sy/em ( subjection & success2 & sub/itute1 = ! melodi\s inequalities ( concurr5t p[]1 ! iniquit\s dom9ances & depressions ( guilt & mis=tune4 #cb ,i h be5 naturally ask$ sev]al times1 ) respect to ! s5t5ce 9 ! fir/ ( ^! pap]s1 ! bad workm5 unemploy$1 ,b :at are y to d ) y\r bad unemploy$ workm58 ,well1 x seems to me ! "q might h occurr$ to y be=e4 ,y\r h\semaid's place is vacant--y give tw5ty p\nds a ye>--two girls come = x1 "o neatly dress$1 ! o!r dirtily2 "o ) good recomm5dations1 ! o!r ) none4 ,y d n1 "u ^! circum/ances1 usually ask ! dirty "o if %e w come = fifte5 p\nds1 or twelve2 &1 on h] cons5t+1 take h] in/ead ( ! well-recomm5d$ "o4 ,/ill less d y try to beat bo? d[n by mak+ !m bid aga9/ ea* o!r1 till y c hire bo?1 "o at twelve p\nds a ye>1 & ! o!r at eight4 ,y simply take ! "o fitte/ = ! place1 & s5d away ! o!r1 n p]haps conc]n+ y\rself q z mu* z y %\ld ) ! "q :i* y n[ impati5tly put to me1 ,:at is to become ( h]8 ,= all t ,i advise y to d1 is to deal ) workm5 z ) s]vants2 & v]ily ! "q is ( weight3 ,y\r bad workman1 idl]1 & rogue--:at are y to d ) him8 ,we w consid] ( ?is pres5tly3 rememb] t ! adm9i/ration ( a complete sy/em ( national comm]ce & indu/ry _c be expla9$ 9 full detail )9 ! space ( twelve pages4 ,meantime1 consid] :e!r1 !re be+ confess$ly "s difficulty 9 deal+ ) rogues & idl]s1 x may n be advisable to produce z few ( !m z possible4 ,if y exam9e into ! hi/ory ( rogues1 y w f9d !y are z truly manufactur$ articles z any?+ else1 & x is j because our pres5t sy/em ( political economy gives s l>ge a /imulus to t manufacture t y may "k x to be a false "o4 ,we _h bett] seek = a sy/em :i* w develop hone/ m51 ?an = "o :i* w deal cunn+ly ) vagabonds4 ,let u re=m our s*ools1 & we %all f9d little re=m ne$$ 9 our prisons4 ,?us ! circulation ( weal? 9 a nation resembles t ( ! blood 9 ! natural body4 ,!re is "o quickness ( ! curr5t :i* comes ( *e]ful emotion or :olesome ex]cise2 & ano!r :i* comes ( %ame or ( fev]4 ,!re is a flu% ( ! body :i* is full ( w>m? & life2 & ano!r :i* w pass into putrefaction4 ,! analogy w hold1 d[n ev5 to m9ute p>ticul>s4 ,= z diseas$ local det]m9ation ( ! blood involves depression ( ! g5]al heal? ( ! sy/em1 all morbid local action ( ri*es w be f\nd ultimately to involve a weak5+ ( ! res\rces ( ! body politic4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is is produc$ may be at once und]/ood by exam9+ "o or two in/ances ( ! developm5t ( weal? 9 ! simple/ possible circum/ances4 ,suppose two sailors ca/ away on an un9habit$ coa/1 & oblig$ to ma9ta9 !mselves !re by _! own lab\r = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,if !y bo? kept _! heal?1 & work$ /eadily1 & 9 amity ) ea* o!r1 !y might build !mselves a conv5i5t h\se1 & 9 "t come to possess a c]ta9 quantity ( cultivat$ l&1 toge!r ) v>i\s /ores laid up = future use4 ,all ^! ?+s w\ld be real ri*es or prop]ty2 &1 suppos+ ! m5 bo? to h work$ equally h>d1 !y w\ld ea* h "r to equal %>e or use ( x4 ,_! political economy w\ld consi/ m]ely 9 c>eful pres]vation & j division ( ^! possessions4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 aft] "s "t "o or o!r might be dissatisfi$ ) ! results ( _! common f>m+2 & !y might 9 consequ5ce agree to divide ! l& !y _h br\ght "u ! spade into equal %>es1 s t ea* might !nce=w>d "w 9 8 own field & live by x4 ,suppose t aft] ?is arrangem5t _h be5 made1 "o ( !m 7 to fall ill1 & be unable to "w on 8 l& at a critical "t--say ( s[+ or h>ve/4 ,he w\ld naturally ask ! o!r to s[ or reap = him4 ,!n 8 companion might say1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 ,i w d ?is additional "w = y2 b if ,i d x1 y mu/ promise to d z mu* = me at ano!r "t4 ,i w c\nt h[ _m h\rs ,i sp5d on y\r gr\nd1 & y %all give me a writt5 promise to "w = ! same numb] ( h\rs on m9e1 :5ev] ,i ne$ y\r help1 & y are able to give x4 ,suppose ! disabl$ man's sickness to cont9ue1 & t "u v>i\s circum/ances1 = sev]al ye>s1 requir+ ! help ( ! o!r1 he on ea* occasion gave a writt5 pl$ge to "w1 z soon z he 0 able1 at 8 companion's ord]s1 = ! same numb] ( h\rs :i* ! o!r _h giv5 up to him4 ,:at w ! positions ( ! two m5 be :5 ! invalid is able to resume "w8 ,consid]$ z a ,polis1 or /ate1 !y w be poor] ?an !y w\ld h be5 o!rwise3 poor] by ! )drawal ( :at ! sick man's lab\r w\ld h produc$ 9 ! int]val4 ,8 fri5d may p]haps h toil$ ) an en]gy quick5$ by ! enl>g$ ne$1 b 9 ! end 8 own l& & prop]ty mu/ h suff]$ by ! )drawal ( s mu* ( 8 "t & ?\ght f !m2 & ! unit$ prop]ty ( ! two m5 w be c]ta9ly less ?an x w\ld h be5 if bo? _h rema9$ 9 heal? & activity4 ,b ! relations 9 :i* !y /& to ea* o!r are also widely alt]$4 ,! sick man has n only pl$g$ 8 lab\r = "s ye>s1 b w probably h exhau/$ 8 own %>e ( ! accumulat$ /ores1 & w be 9 consequ5ce = "s "t dep5d5t on ! o!r = food1 :i* he c only pay or rew>d him = by yet m deeply pl$g+ 8 own lab\r4 ,suppos+ ! writt5 promises to be held entirely valid 7among civiliz$ nations _! validity is secur$ by legal measures#cc71 ! p]son :o _h hi!rto work$ = bo? might n[1 if he *ose1 re/ altoge!r1 & pass 8 "t 9 idl5ess1 n only =c+ 8 companion to r$eem all ! engagem5ts he _h already ent]$ into1 b exact+ f him pl$ges = fur!r lab\r1 to an arbitr>y am\nt1 = :at food he _h to advance to him4 #cc ,! disputes :i* exi/ respect+ ! real nature ( money arise m f ! disputants exam9+ its functions on diff]5t sides1 ?an f any real diss5t 9 _! op9ions4 ,all money1 prop]ly s call$1 is an ackn[l$gm5t ( debt2 b z su*1 x may ei!r be consid]$ to repres5t ! lab\r & prop]ty ( ! cr$itor1 or ! idl5ess & p5ury ( ! debtor4 ,! intricacy ( ! "q has be5 mu* increas$ by ! 7hi!rto necess>y7 use ( m>ketable commodities1 su* z gold1 silv]1 salt1 %ells1 etc41 to give intr9sic value or security to curr5cy2 b ! f9al & be/ def9ition ( money is t x is a docum5t>y promise ratifi$ & gu>ante$ by ! nation to give or f9d a c]ta9 quantity ( lab\r on dem&4 ,a man's lab\r = a day is a bett] /&>d ( value ?an a measure ( any produce1 because no produce ev] ma9ta9s a consi/5t rate ( productibility4 ,!re might n1 f fir/ to la/1 be ! lea/ illegality 79 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w7 9 ! arrangem5t2 b if a /rang] arriv$ on ! coa/ at ?is advanc$ epo* ( _! political economy1 he w\ld f9d "o man comm]cially ,ri*2 ! o!r comm]cially ,poor4 ,he w\ld see1 p]haps ) no small surprise1 "o pass+ 8 days 9 idl5ess2 ! o!r lab\r+ = bo?1 & liv+ sp>ely1 9 ! hope ( recov]+ 8 indep5d5ce1 at "s di/ant p]iod4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an example ( "o only out ( _m ways 9 :i* inequality ( possession may be e/abli%$ betwe5 diff]5t p]sons1 giv+ rise to ! ,m]cantile =ms ( ,ri*es & ,pov]ty4 ,9 ! in/ance be=e u1 "o ( ! m5 might f ! fir/ h delib]ately *os5 to be idle1 & to put 8 life 9 pawn = pres5t ease2 or he might h mismanag$ 8 l&1 & be5 compell$ to h rec\rse to 8 neighb\r = food & help1 pl$g+ 8 future lab\r = x4 ,b :at ,i want ! read] to note especially is ! fact1 common to a l>ge numb] ( typical cases ( ?is k9d1 t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! m]cantile weal? :i* consi/s 9 a claim ^u lab\r1 signifies a political dim9ution ( ! real weal? :i* consi/s 9 sub/antial possessions4 ,take ano!r example1 m consi/5t ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( affairs ( trade4 ,suppose t ?ree m51 in/ead ( two1 =m$ ! little isolat$ republic1 & f\nd !mselves oblig$ to sep>ate 9 ord] to f>m diff]5t pieces ( l& at "s di/ance f ea* o!r along ! coa/2 ea* e/ate furni%+ a di/9ct k9d ( produce1 & ea* m or less 9 ne$ ( ! mat]ial rais$ on ! o!r4 ,suppose t ! ?ird man1 9 ord] to save ! "t ( all ?ree1 und]takes simply to sup]9t5d ! transf]5ce ( commodities f "o f>m to ! o!r2 on condition ( receiv+ "s suffici5tly remun]ative %>e ( e p>cel ( goods convey$1 or ( "s o!r p>cel receiv$ 9 ex*ange = x4 ,if ?is c>ri] or mess5g] always br+s to ea* e/ate1 f ! o!r1 :at is *iefly want$1 at ! "r "t1 ! op]ations ( ! two f>m]s w g on prosp]\sly1 & ! l>ge/ possible result 9 produce1 or weal?1 w be atta9$ by ! little community4 ,b suppose no int]c\rse betwe5 ! l&[n]s is possible1 except ?r\gh ! travell+ ag5t2 & t1 aft] a "t1 ?is ag5t1 wat*+ ! c\rse ( ea* man's agriculture1 keeps back ! articles ) :i* he has be5 entru/$ until !re comes a p]iod ( extreme necessity = !m1 on "o side or o!r1 & !n exacts 9 ex*ange = !m all t ! di/ress$ f>m] c sp>e ( o!r k9ds ( produce2 x is easy to see t by +5i\sly wat*+ 8 opportunities1 he might possess himself regul>ly ( ! great] "p ( ! sup]flu\s produce ( ! two e/ates1 & at la/1 9 "s ye> ( sev]e/ trial or sc>city1 pur*ase bo? = himself1 & ma9ta9 ! =m] proprietors !nce=w>d z 8 lab\r]s or s]vants4 ,?is w\ld be a case ( comm]cial weal? acquir$ on ! exacte/ pr9ciples ( mod]n political economy4 ,b m di/9ctly ev5 ?an 9 ! =m] in/ance1 x is manife/ 9 ?is t ! weal? ( ! ,/ate1 or ( ! ?ree m5 consid]$ z a society1 is collectively less ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! m]*ant be5 cont5t ) ju/] pr(it4 ,! op]ations ( ! two agriculturi/s h be5 cramp$ to ! utmo/2 & ! cont9ual limitations ( ! supply ( ?+s !y want$ at critical times1 toge!r ) ! failure ( c\rage consequ5t on ! prolongation ( a /ruggle = m]e exi/5ce1 )\t any s5se ( p]man5t ga91 mu/ h s]i\sly dim9i%$ ! effective results ( _! lab\r2 & ! /ores f9ally accumulat$ 9 ! m]*ant's h&s w n 9 anywise be ( equival5t value to ^? :i*1 _h 8 deal+s be5 hone/1 w\ld h fill$ at once ! gran>ies ( ! f>m]s & 8 own4 ,! :ole "q1 !re=e1 respect+ n only ! advantage1 b ev5 ! quantity1 ( national weal?1 resolves itself f9ally into "o ( ab/ract ju/ice4 ,x is impossible to conclude1 ( any giv5 mass ( acquir$ weal?1 m]ely by ! fact ( its exi/5ce1 :e!r x signifies good or evil to ! nation 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x exi/s4 ,its real value dep5ds on ! moral sign atta*$ to x1 j z /]nly z t ( a ma!matical quantity dep5ds on ! algebraical sign atta*$ to x4 ,any giv5 accumulation ( comm]cial weal? may be indicative1 on ! "o h&1 ( fai?ful indu/ries1 progressive en]gies1 & productive +5uities2 or1 on ! o!r1 x may be indicative ( mortal luxury1 m]ciless tyranny1 ru9\s *icane4 ,"s treasures are heavy ) human te>s1 z an ill-/or$ h>ve/ ) untimely ra92 & "s gold is bright] 9 sun%9e ?an x is 9 sub/ance4 ,& ^! are n1 obs]ve1 m]ely moral or pa!tic attributes ( ri*es1 :i* ! seek] ( ri*es may1 if he *ooses1 despise2 !y are1 lit]ally & /]nly1 mat]ial attributes ( ri*es1 depreciat+ or exalt+1 incalculably1 ! monet>y signification ( ! sum 9 "q4 ,"o mass ( money is ! outcome ( action :i* has creat$1--ano!r1 ( action :i* has annihilat$1--t5 times z mu* 9 ! ga!r+ ( x2 su* & su* /rong h&s h be5 p>alys$1 z if !y _h be5 numb$ by night%ade3 s _m /rong m5's c\rage brok51 s _m productive op]ations h9d]$2 ?is & ! o!r false direction giv5 to lab\r1 & ly+ image ( prosp]ity set up1 on ,dura pla9s dug into sev5-times-heat$ furnaces4 ,t :i* seems to be weal? may 9 v]ity be only ! gild$ index ( f>-rea*+ ru92 a wreck]'s h&ful ( co9 glean$ f ! bea* to :i* he has beguil$ an argosy2 a camp-foll[]'s bundle ( rags unwrapp$ f ! brea/s ( goodly soldi]s dead2 ! pur*ase-pieces ( pott]'s fields1 :]e9 %all be buri$ toge!r ! citiz5 & ! /rang]4 ,& !re=e1 ! idea t directions c be giv5 = ! ga9+ ( weal?1 irrespectively ( ! consid]ation ( its moral s\rces1 or t any g5]al & te*nical law ( pur*ase & ga9 c be set d[n = national practice1 is p]haps ! mo/ insol5tly futile ( all t ev] beguil$ m5 ?r\gh _! vices4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re is n 9 hi/ory record ( any?+ s disgraceful to ! human intellect z ! mod]n idea t ! comm]cial text1 ,buy 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell 9 ! de>e/1 repres5ts1 or "u any circum/ances c\ld repres5t1 an available pr9ciple ( national economy4 ,buy 9 ! *eape/ m>ket8--yes2 b :at made y\r m>ket *eap8 ,*>coal may be *eap among y\r ro( timb]s aft] a fire1 & bricks may be *eap 9 y\r /reets aft] an e>?quake2 b fire & e>?quake may n !re=e be national b5efits4 ,sell 9 ! de>e/8--yes1 truly2 b :at made y\r m>ket de>8 ,y sold y\r bread well to-day2 0 x to a dy+ man :o gave 8 la/ co9 = x1 & w nev] ne$ bread m1 or to a ri* man :o to-morr[ w buy y\r f>m ov] y\r head2 or to a soldi] on 8 way to pillage ! bank 9 :i* y h put y\r =tune8 ,none ( ^! ?+s y c "k4 ,"o ?+ only y c "k1 namely1 :e!r ?is deal+ ( y\rs is a j & fai?ful "o1 :i* is all y ne$ conc]n y\rself ab\t respect+ x2 sure ?us to h done y\r own "p 9 br++ ab\t ultimately 9 ! _w a /ate ( ?+s :i* w n issue 9 pillage or 9 dea?4 ,& ?us e "q conc]n+ ^! ?+s m]ges itself ultimately 9 ! great "q ( ju/ice1 :i*1 ! gr\nd be+ ?us f> cle>$ = x1 ,i w ent] ^u 9 ! next pap]1 leav+ only1 9 ?is1 ?ree f9al po9ts = ! read]'s consid]ation4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! *ief value & virtue ( money consi/s 9 its hav+ p[] ov] human be+s2 t1 )\t ?is p[]1 l>ge mat]ial possessions are useless1 &1 to any p]son possess+ su* p[]1 comp>atively unnecess>y4 ,b p[] ov] human be+s is atta9able by o!r means ?an by money4 ,z ,i said a few pages back1 ! money p[] is always imp]fect & d\btful2 !re are _m ?+s :i* _c be rea*$ ) x1 o!rs :i* _c be reta9$ by x4 ,_m joys may be giv5 to m5 :i* _c be b\ght = gold1 & _m fidelities f\nd 9 !m :i* _c be rew>d$ ) x4 ,trite en\gh1--! read] ?9ks4 ,yes3 b x is n s trite1--,i wi% x 71--t 9 ?is moral p[]1 q inscrutable & immeasurable ?\gh x be1 !re is a monet>y value j z real z t repres5t$ by m pond]\s curr5cies4 ,a man's h& may be full ( invisible gold1 & ! wave ( x1 or ! grasp1 %all d m ?an ano!r's ) a %[] ( bullion4 ,?is invisible gold1 also1 does n necess>ily dim9i% 9 sp5d+4 ,political economi/s w d well "s day to take he$ ( x1 ?\gh !y _c take measure4 ,b f>!r4 ,s9ce ! ess5ce ( weal? consi/s 9 its au?ority ov] m51 if ! app>5t or nom9al weal? fail 9 ?is p[]1 x fails 9 ess5ce2 9 fact1 ceases to be weal? at all4 ,x does n appe> lately 9 ,engl&1 t our au?ority ov] m5 is absolute4 ,! s]vants %[ "s disposition to ru% riot\sly up/airs1 "u an impression t _! wages are n regul>ly paid4 ,we %\ld augur ill ( any g5tleman's prop]ty to :om ?is happ5$ e o!r day 9 8 draw+-room4 ,s also1 ! p[] ( our weal? seems limit$ z respects ! com=t ( ! s]vants1 no less ?an _! quietude4 ,! p]sons 9 ! kit*5 appe> to be ill-dress$1 squalid1 half-/>v$4 ,"o _c help imag9+ t ! ri*es ( ! e/abli%m5t mu/ be ( a v !oretical & docum5t>y "*4 ,f9ally4 ,s9ce ! ess5ce ( weal? consi/s 9 p[] ov] m51 w x n foll[ t ! nobl] & ! m 9 numb] ! p]sons are ov] :om x has p[]1 ! great] ! weal?8 ,p]haps x may ev5 appe> aft] "s consid]ation1 t ! p]sons !mselves are ! weal?--t ^! pieces ( gold ) :i* we are 9 ! habit ( guid+ !m1 are1 9 fact1 no?+ m ?an a k9d ( ,byzant9e h>ness or trapp+s1 v glitt]+ & beautiful 9 b>b>ic sight1 :]e) we bridle ! creatures2 b t if ^! same liv+ creatures c\ld be guid$ )\t ! frett+ & j+l+ ( ! byzants 9 _! m\?s & e>s1 !y might !mselves be m valuable ?an _! bridles4 ,9 fact1 x may be discov]$ t ! true ve9s ( weal? are purple--& n 9 ,rock1 b 9 ,fle%--p]haps ev5 t ! f9al outcome & consummation ( all weal? is 9 ! produc+ z _m z possible full-brea!d1 bright-ey$1 & happy-he>t$ human creatures4 ,our mod]n weal?1 ,i ?9k1 has r a t5d5cy ! o!r way2--mo/ political economi/s appe>+ to consid] multitudes ( human creatures n conducive to weal?1 or at be/ conducive to x only by rema9+ 9 a dim-ey$ & n>r[-*e/$ /ate ( be+4 ,nev]!less1 x is op51 ,i repeat1 to s]i\s "q1 :i* ,i leave to ! read]'s pond]+1 :e!r1 among national manufactures1 t ( ,s\ls ( a good quality may n at la/ turn out a q lead+ly lucrative "o8 ,nay1 9 "s f>away & yet undreamt-( h\r1 ,i c ev5 imag9e t ,engl& may ca/ all ?\ghts ( possessive weal? back to ! b>b>ic nations among :om !y fir/ arose2 & t1 :ile ! s&s ( ! ,indus & adamant ( ,golconda may yet /iff5 ! h\s+s ( ! *>g]1 & fla% f ! turban ( ! slave1 %e1 z a ,*ri/ian "m1 may at la/ atta9 to ! virtues & ! treasures ( a ,hea!n "o1 & be able to lead =? h] ,sons1 say+-- ,^! are ,,my ,jewels4 ,,essay ,,iii4 ,,qui ,,judicatis ,,t]ram4 ,"s c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 a ,jew m]*ant1 l>gely engag$ 9 bus9ess on ! ,gold ,coa/1 & report$ to h made "o ( ! l>ge/ =tunes ( 8 "t 7held also 9 repute = mu* practical sagacity71 left among 8 l$g]s "s g5]al maxims conc]n+ weal?1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 /rangely en\gh1 ev5 to our own days4 ,!y 7 held 9 consid]able respect by ! mo/ active trad]s ( ! middle ages1 especially by ! ,v5etians1 :o ev5 w5t s f> 9 _! admiration z to place a /atue ( ! old ,jew on ! angle ( "o ( _! pr9cipal public build+s4 ,( late ye>s ^! writ+s h fall5 into disrepute1 be+ oppos$ 9 e p>ticul> to ! _s ( mod]n comm]ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %all reproduce a passage or two f !m "h1 p>tly because !y may int]e/ ! read] by _! novelty2 & *iefly because !y w %[ him t x is possible = a v practical & acquisitive tradesman to hold1 ?r\gh a n unsuccessful c>e]1 t pr9ciple ( di/9ction betwe5 well-gott5 & ill-gott5 weal?1 :i*1 p>tially insi/$ on 9 my la/ pap]1 x mu/ be our "w m completely to exam9e 9 ?is4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 9 "o place3 ,! gett+ ( treasures by a ly+ tongue is a vanity toss$ to & fro ( !m t seek dea?3 add+ 9 ano!r1 ) ! same mean+ 7he has a curi\s way ( d\bl+ 8 say+s73 ,treasures ( wick$ness pr(it no?+3 b ju/ice deliv]s f dea?4 ,bo? ^! passages are notable = _! ass]tion ( dea? z ! only real issue & sum ( atta9m5t by any unju/ s*eme ( weal?4 ,if we read1 in/ead ( ly+ tongue1 ly+ label1 title1 pret5ce1 or adv]tisem5t1 we %all m cle>ly p]ceive ! be>+ ( ! words on mod]n bus9ess4 ,! seek+ ( dea? is a gr& expression ( ! true c\rse ( m5's toil 9 su* bus9ess4 ,we usually speak z if dea? pursu$ u1 & we fl$ f him2 b t is only s 9 r>e in/ances4 ,ord9>ily1 he masks himself--makes himself beautiful--all-glori\s2 n l ! ,k+'s daught]1 all-glori\s )91 b outw>dly3 8 clo?+ ( wr\ght gold4 ,we pursue him frantically all our days1 he fly+ or hid+ f u4 ,our cr[n+ success at ?ree-score & t5 is utt]ly & p]fectly to seize1 & hold him 9 8 et]nal integrity---robes1 a%es1 & /+4 ,aga93 ! m]*ant says1 ,he t oppresse? ! poor to increase 8 ri*es1 %all surely come to want4 ,& aga91 m /rongly3 ,rob n ! poor because he is poor2 nei!r oppress ! afflict$ 9 ! place ( bus9ess4 ,= ,god %all spoil ! s\l ( ^? t spoil$ !m4 ,?is robb+ ! poor because he is poor is especially ! m]cantile =m ( !ft1 consi/+ 9 tak+ advantage ( a man's necessities 9 ord] to obta9 8 lab\r or prop]ty at a r$uc$ price4 ,! ord9>y highwayman's opposite =m ( robb]y--( ! ri*1 because he is ri*--does n appe> to occur s (t5 to ! old m]*ant's m9d2 probably because1 be+ less pr(itable & m dang]\s ?an ! robb]y ( ! poor1 x is r>ely practis$ by p]sons ( discretion4 ,b ! two mo/ rem>kable passages 9 _! deep g5]al significance are ! foll[+3-- ,! ri* & ! poor h met4 ,god is _! mak]4 ,! ri* & ! poor h met4 ,god is _! light4 ,!y h met3 m lit]ally1 h /ood 9 ea* o!r's way1 7obviav]unt74 ,t is to say1 z long z ! _w la/s1 ! action & c\nt]action ( weal? & pov]ty1 ! meet+1 face to face1 ( ri* & poor1 is j z appo9t$ & necess>y a law ( t _w z ! fl[ ( /ream to sea1 or ! int]*ange ( p[] among ! electric cl\ds3--,god is _! mak]4 ,b1 also1 ?is action may be ei!r g5tle & j1 or convulsive & de/ructive3 x may be by rage ( dev\r+ flood1 or by lapse ( s]viceable wave2--9 blackness ( ?und]/roke1 or cont9ual =ce ( vital fire1 s(t1 & %apeable into love-syllables f f> away4 ,& :i* ( ^! x %all be dep5ds on bo? ri* & poor kn[+ t ,god is _! light2 t 9 ! my/]y ( human life1 !re is no o!r light ?an ?is by :i* !y c see ea* o!r's faces1 & live2--light1 :i* is call$ 9 ano!r ( ! books among :i* ! m]*ant's maxims h be5 pres]v$1 ! sun ( ju/ice1#cd ( :i* x is promis$ t x %all rise at la/ ) heal+ 7heal?-giv+ or help+1 mak+ :ole or sett+ at "o7 9 its w+s4 ,= truly ?is heal+ is only possible by means ( ju/ice2 no love1 no fai?1 no hope w d x2 m5 w be unwisely fond--va9ly fai?ful1 unless prim>ily !y are j2 & ! mi/ake ( ! be/ m5 ?r\gh g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 has be5 t great "o ( ?9k+ to help ! poor by almsgiv+1 & by prea*+ ( pati5ce or ( hope1 & by e o!r means1 emolli5t or consolatory1 except ! "o ?+ :i* ,god ord]s = !m1 ju/ice4 ,b ?is ju/ice1 ) its accompany+ hol9ess or helpfulness1 be+ ev5 by ! be/ m5 d5i$ 9 its trial "t1 is by ! mass ( m5 hat$ :]ev] x appe>s3 s t1 :5 ! *oice 0 "o day fairly put to !m1 !y d5i$ ! ,helpful ,"o & ! ,j2#ce & desir$ a murd]]1 s$ition-rais]1 & robb]1 to be grant$ to !m2--! murd]] in/ead ( ! ,"l ( ,life1 ! s$ition-rais] in/ead ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 & ! robb] in/ead ( ! ,j ,judge ( all ! _w4 #cd ,m accurately1 ,sun ( ,ju/ness2 b1 in/ead ( ! h>% ^w ,ju/ness1 ! old ,engli% ,righte\sness be+ commonly employ$1 has1 by gett+ confus$ ) godl9ess1 or attract+ ab\t x v>i\s vague & brok5 mean+s1 prev5t$ mo/ p]sons f receiv+ ! =ce ( ! passages 9 :i* x occurs4 ,! ^w righte\sness prop]ly ref]s to ! ju/ice ( rule1 or "r1 z di/+ui%$ f equity1 :i* ref]s to ! ju/ice ( balance4 ,m broadly1 ,righte\sness is ,k+'s ju/ice2 & ,equity1 ,judge's ju/ice2 ! ,k+ guid+ or rul+ all1 ! ,judge divid+ or disc]n+ betwe5 opposites 7!re=e1 ! d\ble "q1 ,man1 :o made me a rul]--,greek3 dika/es--or a divid]--,greek3 m]i/es--ov] y87 ,?us1 ) respect to ! ,ju/ice ( ,*oice 7selection1 ! feebl] & passive ju/ice71 we h f lego1--lex1 legal1 loi1 & loyal2 & ) respect to ! ,ju/ice ( ,rule 7direction1 ! /rong] & active ju/ice71 we h f rego1--rex1 regal1 roi1 & royal4 #ce ,9 ano!r place writt5 ) ! same mean+1 ,j1 & hav+ salvation4 ,i h j spok5 ( ! fl[+ ( /reams to ! sea z a p>tial image ( ! action ( weal?4 ,9 "o respect x is n a p>tial1 b a p]fect image4 ,! popul> economi/ ?9ks himself wise 9 hav+ discov]$ t weal?1 or ! =ms ( prop]ty 9 g5]al1 mu/ g :]e !y are requir$2 t :]e dem& is1 supply mu/ foll[4 ,he f>!r decl>es t ?is c\rse ( dem& & supply _c be =bidd5 by human laws4 ,precisely 9 ! same s5se1 & ) ! same c]ta9ty1 ! wat]s ( ! _w g :]e !y are requir$4 ,:]e ! l& falls1 ! wat] fl[s4 ,! c\rse nei!r ( cl\ds nor riv]s c be =bidd5 by human w4 ,b ! disposition & adm9i/ration ( !m c be alt]$ by human =e?\ght4 ,:e!r ! /ream %all be a curse or a bless+1 dep5ds ^u man's lab\r1 & adm9i/rat+ intellig5ce4 ,= c5turies aft] c5turies1 great di/ricts ( ! _w1 ri* 9 soil1 & fav\r$ 9 climate1 h la9 des]t "u ! rage ( _! own riv]s2 n only des]t1 b plague-/ruck4 ,! /ream :i*1 rightly direct$1 w\ld h fl[$ 9 s(t irrigation f field to field--w\ld h purifi$ ! air1 giv5 food to man & bea/1 & c>ri$ _! burd5s = !m on its bosom--n[ ov]:elms ! pla91 & poisons ! w9d2 its brea? pe/il5ce1 & its "w fam9e4 ,9 l mann] ?is weal? goes :]e x is requir$4 ,no human laws c )/& its fl[4 ,!y c only guide x3 b ?is1 ! lead+ tr5* & limit+ m\nd c d s ?or\ghly1 t x %all become wat] ( life--! ri*es ( ! h& ( wisdom2#cf or1 on ! contr>y1 by leav+ x to its own lawless fl[1 !y may make x1 :at x has be5 too (t51 ! la/ & deadlie/ ( national plagues3 wat] ( ,m>ah--! wat] :i* fe$s ! roots ( all evil4 #cf ,l5g? ( days 9 h] "r h&2 9 h] left1 ri*es & hon\r4 ,! necessity ( ^! laws ( di/ribution or re/ra9t is curi\sly ov]look$ 9 ! ord9>y political economi/'s def9ition ( 8 own sci5ce4 ,he calls x1 %ortly1 ! sci5ce ( gett+ ri*4 ,b !re are _m sci5ces1 z well z _m arts1 ( gett+ ri*4 ,poison+ p ( l>ge e/ates 0 "o employ$ l>gely 9 ! middle ages2 adult]ation ( food ( p ( small e/ates is "o employ$ l>gely n[4 ,! anci5t & hon\rable ,highl& me?od ( black mail2 ! m mod]n & less hon\rable sy/em ( obta9+ goods on cr$it1 & ! o!r v>i\sly improv$ me?ods ( appropriation--:i*1 9 major & m9or scales ( indu/ry1 d[n to ! mo/ arti/ic pocket-pick+1 we owe to rec5t g5ius1--all come "u ! g5]al head ( sci5ces1 or arts1 ( gett+ ri*4 ,s t x is cle> ! popul> economi/1 9 call+ 8 sci5ce ! sci5ce p> excell5ce ( gett+ ri*1 mu/ atta* "s peculi> ideas ( limitation to its "*4 ,i hope ,i d n misrepres5t him1 by assum+ t he means 8 sci5ce to be ! sci5ce ( gett+ ri* by legal or j means4 ,9 ?is def9ition1 is ! ^w j1 or legal1 f9ally to /&8 ,= x is possible among c]ta9 nations1 or "u c]ta9 rul]s1 or by help ( c]ta9 advocates1 t proce$+s may be legal :i* are by no means j4 ,if1 !re=e1 we leave at la/ only ! ^w j 9 t place ( our def9ition1 ! ins]tion ( ?is solit>y & small ^w w make a notable diff]5ce 9 ! gramm> ( our sci5ce4 ,= !n x w foll[ t1 9 ord] to gr[ ri* sci5tifically we mu/ gr[ ri* ju/ly2 &1 !re=e1 "k :at is j2 s t our economy w no long] dep5d m]ely on prud5ce1 b on jurisprud5ce--& t ( div9e1 n human law4 ,:i* prud5ce is inde$ ( no mean ord]1 hold+ itself1 z x 71 high 9 ! air ( heav51 & gaz+ = ev] on ! light ( ! sun ( ju/ice2 h5ce ! s\ls :i* h excell$ 9 x are repres5t$ by ,dante z />s =m+ 9 heav5 = ev] ! figure ( ! eye ( an eagle3 !y hav+ be5 9 life ! disc]n]s ( light f d>kness2 or to ! :ole human race1 z ! light ( ! body1 :i* is ! eye2 :ile ^? s\ls :i* =m ! w+s ( ! bird 7giv+ p[] & dom9ion to ju/ice1 heal+ 9 its w+s7 trace also 9 light ! inscription 9 heav53 ,,diligite ,,ju/itiam ,,qui ,,judicatis ,,t]ram4 ,ye :o judge ! e>?1 give 7n1 obs]ve1 m]ely love1 b7 dilig5t love to ju/ice3 ! love :i* seeks dilig5tly1 t is to say1 *oos+ly1 & by pref]5ce to all ?+s else4 ,:i* judg+ or do+ judgm5t 9 ! e>? is1 accord+ to _! capacity & position1 requir$ n ( judges only1 nor ( rul]s only1 b ( all m53#cg a tru? sorr[fully lo/ sight ( ev5 by ^? :o are ready en\gh to apply to !mselves passages 9 :i* ,*ri/ian m5 are spok5 ( z call$ to be sa9ts 7i4e41 to helpful or heal+ functions72 & *os5 to be k+s 7i4e41 to kn[+ or direct+ functions72 ! true mean+ ( ^! titles hav+ be5 long lo/ ?r\gh ! pret5ces ( unhelpful & unable p]sons to sa9tly & k+ly "*2 also ?r\gh ! once popul> idea t bo? ! sanctity & royalty are to consi/ 9 we>+ long robes & high cr[ns1 in/ead ( 9 m]cy & judgm5t2 :]eas all true sanctity is sav+ p[]1 z all true royalty is rul+ p[]2 & inju/ice is "p & p>cel ( ! d5ial ( su* p[]1 :i* makes m5 z ! creep+ ?+s1 z ! fi%es ( ! sea1 t h no rul] ov] !m4#ch #cg ,i he> t sev]al ( our lawy]s h be5 greatly amus$ by ! /atem5t 9 ! fir/ ( ^! pap]s t a lawy]'s function 0 to d ju/ice4 ,i did n int5d x = a je/2 nev]!less x w be se5 t 9 ! above passage nei!r ! det]m9ation nor do+ ( ju/ice are contemplat$ z functions :olly peculi> to ! lawy]4 ,possibly1 ! m our /&+ armies1 :e!r ( soldi]s1 pa/ors1 or legislators 7! g5]ic t]m pa/or includ+ all tea*]s1 & ! g5]ic t]m lawy] includ+ mak]s z well z int]pret]s ( law71 c be sup]s$$ by ! =ce ( national h]oism1 wisdom1 & hone/y1 ! bett] x may be = ! nation4 #ch ,x be+ ! privilege ( ! fi%es1 z x is ( rats & wolves1 to live by ! laws ( dem& & supply2 b ! di/9ction ( humanity1 to live by ^? ( "r4 ,absolute ju/ice is inde$ no m atta9able ?an absolute tru?2 b ! righte\s man is di/+ui%$ f ! unrighte\s by 8 desire & hope ( ju/ice1 z ! true man f ! false by 8 desire & hope ( tru?4 ,& ?\gh absolute ju/ice be unatta9able1 z mu* ju/ice z we ne$ = all practical use is atta9able by all ^? :o make x _! aim4 ,we h to exam9e1 !n1 9 ! subject be=e u1 :at are ! laws ( ju/ice respect+ paym5t ( lab\r--no small "p1 ^!1 ( ! f\ndations ( all jurisprud5ce4 ,i r$uc$1 9 my la/ pap]1 ! idea ( money paym5t to its simple/ or radical t]ms4 ,9 ^? t]ms its nature1 & ! conditions ( ju/ice respect+ x1 c be be/ asc]ta9$4 ,money paym5t1 z !re /at$1 consi/s radically 9 a promise to "s p]son work+ = u1 t = ! "t & lab\r he sp5ds 9 our s]vice to-day we w give or procure equival5t "t & lab\r 9 8 s]vice at any future "t :5 he may dem& x4#ci #ci ,x might appe> at fir/ t ! m>ket price ( lab\r express$ su* an ex*ange3 b ?is is a fallacy1 = ! m>ket price is ! mom5t>y price ( ! k9d ( lab\r requir$1 b ! j price is its equival5t ( ! productive lab\r ( mank9d4 ,?is diff]5ce w be analys$ 9 its place4 ,x mu/ be not$ also t ,i speak "h only ( ! ex*angeable value ( lab\r1 n ( t ( commodities4 ,! ex*angeable value ( a commodity is t ( ! lab\r requir$ to produce x1 multipli$ into ! =ce ( ! dem& = x4 ,if ! value ( ! lab\r x & ! =ce ( dem& y1 ! ex*angeable value ( ! commodity is xy1 9 :i* if ei!r x #j1 or y #j1 xy #j4 ,if we promise to give him less lab\r ?an he has giv5 u1 we "u-pay him4 ,if we promise to give him m lab\r ?an he has giv5 u1 we ov]-pay him4 ,9 practice1 accord+ to ! laws ( dem& & supply1 :5 two m5 are ready to d ! "w1 & only "o man wants to h x done1 ! two m5 "u-bid ea* o!r = x2 & ! "o :o gets x to d1 is "u-paid4 ,b :5 two m5 want ! "w done1 & !re is only "o man ready to d x1 ! two m5 :o want x done ov]-bid ea* o!r1 & ! workman is ov]-paid4 ,i w exam9e ^! two po9ts ( inju/ice 9 succession1 b fir/ ,i wi% ! read] to cle>ly und]/& ! c5tral pr9ciple ly+ betwe5 ! two1 ( "r or j paym5t4 ,:5 we ask a s]vice ( any man1 he may ei!r give x u freely1 or dem& paym5t = x4 ,respect+ free gift ( s]vice1 !re is no "q at pres5t1 t be+ a matt] ( affection--n ( traffic4 ,b if he dem& paym5t = x1 & we wi% to treat him ) absolute equity1 x is evid5t t ?is equity c only consi/ 9 giv+ "t = "t1 /r5g? = /r5g?1 & skill = skill4 ,if a man works an h\r = u1 & we only promise to "w half an h\r = him 9 return1 we obta9 an unju/ advantage4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 we promise to "w an h\r & a half = him 9 return1 he has an unju/ advantage4 ,! ju/ice consi/s 9 absolute ex*ange2 or1 if !re be any respect to ! /ations ( ! p>ties1 x w n be 9 fav\r ( ! employ]3 !re is c]ta9ly no equitable reason 9 a man's be+ poor1 t if he give me a p\nd ( bread to-day1 ,i %\ld return him less ?an a p\nd ( bread to-morr[2 or any equitable reason 9 a man's be+ un$ucat$1 t if he uses a c]ta9 quantity ( skill & k 9 my s]vice1 ,i %\ld use a less quantity ( skill & k 9 84 ,p]haps1 ultimately1 x may appe> desirable1 or1 to say ! lea/1 graci\s1 t ,i %\ld give 9 return some:at m ?an ,i receiv$4 ,b at pres5t1 we are conc]n$ on ! law ( ju/ice only1 :i* is t ( p]fect & accurate ex*ange2--"o circum/ance only int]f]+ ) ! simplicity ( ?is radical idea ( j paym5t--t inasmu* z lab\r 7rightly direct$7 is fruitful j z se$ is1 ! fruit 7or int]e/ z x is call$7 ( ! lab\r fir/ giv51 or advanc$1 ought to be tak5 into acc\nt1 & balanc$ by an additional quantity ( lab\r 9 ! subsequ5t repaym5t4 ,suppos+ ! repaym5t to take place at ! end ( a ye>1 or ( any o!r giv5 "t1 ?is calculation c\ld be approximately made2 b z money 7t is to say1 ca%7 paym5t involves no ref]5ce to "t 7x be+ optional ) ! p]son paid to sp5d :at he receives at once or aft] any numb] ( ye>s71 we c only assume1 g5]ally1 t "s slight advantage mu/ 9 equity be all[$ to ! p]son :o advances ! lab\r1 s t ! typical =m ( b>ga9 w be3 ,if y give me an h\r to-day1 ,i w give y an h\r & five m9utes on dem&4 ,if y give me a p\nd ( bread to-day1 ,i w give y sev5te5 ounces on dem&1 & s on4 ,all t is necess>y = ! read] to note is1 t ! am\nt return$ is at lea/ 9 equity n to be less ?an ! am\nt giv54 ,! ab/ract idea1 !n1 ( j or due wages1 z respects ! lab\r]1 is t !y w consi/ 9 a sum ( money :i* w at any "t procure = him at lea/ z mu* lab\r z he has giv51 r m ?an less4 ,& ?is equity or ju/ice ( paym5t is1 obs]ve1 :olly indep5d5t ( any ref]5ce to ! numb] ( m5 :o are will+ to d ! "w4 ,i want a horse%oe = my horse4 ,tw5ty smi?s1 or tw5ty ?\s& smi?s1 may be ready to =ge x2 _! numb] does n 9 "o atom's weight affect ! "q ( ! equitable paym5t ( ! "o :o does =ge x4 ,x co/s him a qu>t] ( an h\r ( 8 life1 & s mu* skill & /r5g? ( arm to make t horse%oe = me4 ,!n at "s future "t ,i am b\nd 9 equity to give a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & "s m9utes m1 ( my life 7or ( "s o!r p]son's at my disposal71 & also z mu* /r5g? ( arm & skill1 & a little m1 9 mak+ or do+ :at ! smi? may h ne$ (4 ,su* be+ ! ab/ract !ory ( j remun]ative paym5t1 its application is practically modifi$ by ! fact t ! ord] = lab\r1 giv5 9 paym5t1 is g5]al1 :ile ! lab\r receiv$ is special4 ,! curr5t co9 or docum5t is practically an ord] on ! nation = s mu* "w ( any k9d2 & ?is univ]sal applicability to imm$iate ne$ r5d]s x s mu* m valuable ?an special lab\r c be1 t an ord] = a less quantity ( ?is g5]al toil w always be accept$ z a j equival5t = a great] quantity ( special toil4 ,any giv5 craftsman w always be will+ to give an h\r ( 8 own "w 9 ord] to receive comm& ov] half an h\r1 or ev5 mu* less1 ( national "w4 ,?is s\rce ( unc]ta9ty1 toge!r ) ! difficulty ( det]m9+ ! monet>y value ( skill1#dj r5d]s ! asc]ta9m5t 7ev5 approximate7 ( ! prop] wages ( any giv5 lab\r 9 t]ms ( curr5cy1 matt] ( consid]able complexity4 ,b !y d n affect ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange4 ,! wor? ( ! "w may n be easily kn[n2 b x has a wor?1 j z fix$ & real z ! specific gravity ( a sub/ance1 ?\gh su* specific gravity may n be easily asc]ta9able :5 ! sub/ance is unit$ ) _m o!rs4 ,nor is !re s mu* difficulty or *ance 9 det]m9+ x z 9 det]m9+ ! ord9>y maxima & m9ima ( vulg> political economy4 ,!re are few b>ga9s 9 :i* ! buy] c asc]ta9 ) any?+ l precision t ! sell] w\ld h tak5 no less2--or ! sell] acquire m ?an a com=table fai? t ! pur*as] w\ld h giv5 no m4 ,?is impossibility ( precise k prev5ts nei!r f /riv+ to atta9 ! desir$ po9t ( greate/ vexation & injury to ! o!r1 nor f accept+ x = a sci5tific pr9ciple t he is to buy = ! lea/ & sell = ! mo/ possible1 ?\gh :at ! real lea/ or mo/ may be he _c tell4 ,9 l mann]1 a j p]son lays x d[n = a sci5tific pr9ciple t he is to pay a j price1 &1 )\t be+ able precisely to asc]ta9 ! limits ( su* a price1 w nev]!less /rive to atta9 ! close/ possible approximation to !m4 ,a practically s]viceable approximation he c obta94 ,x is easi] to det]m9e sci5tifically :at a man ought to h = 8 "w1 ?an :at 8 necessities w compel him to take = x4 ,8 necessities c only be asc]ta9$ by empirical1 b 8 due by analytical1 inve/igation4 ,9 ! "o case1 y try y\r answ] to ! sum l a puzzl$ s*oolboy--till y f9d "o t fits2 9 ! o!r1 y br+ out y\r result )9 c]ta9 limits1 by process ( calculation4 #dj ,"u ! t]m skill ,i mean to include ! unit$ =ce ( exp]i5ce1 intellect1 & passion 9 _! op]ation on manual lab\r3 & "u ! t]m passion1 to include ! entire range & ag5cy ( ! moral feel+s2 f ! simple pati5ce & g5tl5ess ( m9d :i* w give cont9uity & f95ess to ! t\*1 or enable "o p]son to "w )\t fatigue1 & ) good effect1 twice z long z ano!r1 up to ! qualities ( "* :i* r5d] sci5ce possible--7! ret>dation ( sci5ce by envy is "o ( ! mo/ trem5d\s losses 9 ! economy ( ! pres5t c5tury7--& to ! incommunicable emotion & imag9ation :i* are ! fir/ & mightie/ s\rces ( all value 9 art4 ,x is highly s+ul> t political economi/s %\ld n yet h p]ceiv$1 if n ! moral1 at lea/ ! passionate elem5t1 to be an inextricable quantity 9 e calculation4 ,i _c conceive1 = in/ance1 h[ x 0 possible t ,mr4 ,mill %\ld h foll[$ ! true clue s f> z to write1--,no limit c be set to ! importance--ev5 9 a purely productive & mat]ial po9t ( view--( m]e ?\ght1 )\t see+ t x 0 logically necess>y to add also1 & ( m]e feel+4 ,& ?is ! m1 because 9 8 fir/ def9ition ( lab\r he includes 9 ! idea ( x all feel+s ( a disagreeable k9d connect$ ) ! employm5t ( "o's ?\ghts 9 a p>ticul> occupation4 ,true2 b :y n also1 feel+s ( an agreeable k9d8 ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ! feel+s :i* ret>d lab\r are m ess5tially a "p ( ! lab\r ?an ^? :i* accel]ate x4 ,! fir/ are paid = z pa91 ! second z p[]4 ,! workman is m]ely indemnifi$ = ! fir/2 b ! second bo? produce a "p ( ! ex*angeable value ( ! "w1 & mat]ially increase its actual quantity4 ,fritz is ) u4 ,he is wor? fifty ?\s& m54 ,truly1 a l>ge addition to ! mat]ial =ce2--consi/+1 h[ev]1 be x obs]v$1 n m 9 op]ations c>ri$ on 9 ,fritz's head1 ?an 9 op]ations c>ri$ on 9 8 armies' he>t4 ,no limit c be set to ! importance ( m]e ?\ght4 ,p]haps n6 ,nay1 suppose "s day x %\ld turn out t m]e ?\ght 0 9 itself a recomm5dable object ( production1 & t all ,mat]ial production 0 only a /ep t[>ds ?is m preci\s ,immat]ial "o8 ,suppos+1 !n1 ! j wages ( any quantity ( giv5 lab\r to h be5 asc]ta9$1 let u exam9e ! fir/ results ( j & unju/ paym5t1 :5 9 fav\r ( ! pur*as] or employ]2 i4e41 :5 two m5 are ready to d ! "w1 & only "o wants to h x done4 ,! unju/ pur*as] =ces ! two to bid aga9/ ea* o!r till he has r$uc$ _! dem& to its l[e/ t]ms4 ,let u assume t ! l[e/ bidd] (f]s to d ! "w at half its j price4 ,! pur*as] employs him1 & does n employ ! o!r4 ,! fir/ or app>5t result1 is1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! two m5 is left out ( employ1 or to />vation1 j z def9itely z by ! j proc$ure ( giv+ fair price to ! be/ workman4 ,! v>i\s writ]s :o endeav\r$ to invalidate ! positions ( my fir/ pap] nev] saw ?is1 & assum$ t ! unju/ hir] employ$ bo?4 ,he employs bo? no m ?an ! j hir]4 ,! only diff]5ce 79 ! outset7 is t ! j man pays suffici5tly1 ! unju/ man insuffici5tly1 = ! lab\r ( ! s+le p]son employ$4 ,i say1 9 ! outset2 = ?is fir/ or app>5t diff]5ce is n ! actual diff]5ce4 ,by ! unju/ proc$ure1 half ! prop] price ( ! "w is left 9 ! h&s ( ! employ]4 ,?is enables him to hire ano!r man at ! same unju/ rate on "s o!r k9d ( "w2 & ! f9al result is t he has two m5 work+ = him at half-price1 & two are out ( employ4 ,by ! j proc$ure1 ! :ole price ( ! fir/ piece ( "w goes into ! h&s ( ! man :o does x4 ,no surplus be+ left 9 ! employ]'s h&s1 he _c hire ano!r man = ano!r piece ( lab\r4 ,b by precisely s mu* z 8 p[] is dim9i%$1 ! hir$ workman's p[] is increas$2 t is to say1 by ! additional half ( ! price he has receiv$2 :i* additional half he has ! p[] ( us+ to employ ano!r man 9 8 s]vice4 ,i w suppose1 = ! mom5t1 ! lea/ fav\rable1 ?\gh q probable1 case--t1 ?\gh ju/ly treat$ himself1 he yet w act unju/ly to 8 subord9ate2 & hire at half-price1 if he c4 ,! f9al result w !n be1 t "o man works = ! employ]1 at j price2 "o = ! workman1 at half-price2 & two1 z 9 ! fir/ case1 are /ill out ( employ4 ,^! two1 z ,i said be=e1 are out ( employ 9 bo? cases4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! j & unju/ proc$ure does n lie 9 ! numb] ( m5 hir$1 b 9 ! price paid to !m1 & ! p]sons by :om x is paid4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce1 t :i* ,i want ! read] to see cle>ly1 is1 t 9 ! unju/ case1 two m5 "w = "o1 ! fir/ hir]4 ,9 ! j case1 "o man works = ! fir/ hir]1 "o = ! p]son hir$1 & s on1 d[n or up ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( s]vice2 ! influ5ce be+ c>ri$ =w>d by ju/ice1 & arre/$ by inju/ice4 ,! univ]sal & con/ant action ( ju/ice 9 ?is matt] is !re=e to dim9i% ! p[] ( weal?1 9 ! h&s ( "o individual1 ov] masses ( m51 & to di/ribute x ?r\gh a *a9 ( m54 ,! actual p[] ex]t$ by ! weal? is ! same 9 bo? cases2 b by inju/ice x is put all into "o man's h&s1 s t he directs at once & ) equal =ce ! lab\r ( a circle ( m5 ab\t him2 by ! j proc$ure1 he is p]mitt$ to t\* ! ne>e/ only1 ?r\gh :om1 ) dim9i%$ =ce1 modifi$ by new m9ds1 ! en]gy ( ! weal? passes on to o!rs1 & s till x exhau/s itself4 ,! imm$iate op]ation ( ju/ice 9 ?is respect is1 !re=e1 to dim9i% ! p[] ( weal?1 fir/ 9 acquisition ( luxury1 &1 secondly1 9 ex]cise ( moral influ5ce4 ,! employ] _c conc5trate s multitud9\s lab\r on 8 own int]e/s1 nor c he subdue s multitud9\s m9d to 8 own w4 ,b ! second>y op]ation ( ju/ice is n less important4 ,! insuffici5t paym5t ( ! gr\p ( m5 work+ = "o1 places ea* "u a maximum ( difficulty 9 ris+ above 8 position4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! sy/em is to *eck advancem5t4 ,b ! suffici5t or j paym5t1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh a desc5d+ s]ies ( (fices or grades ( lab\r1#da gives ea* subord9at$ p]son fair & suffici5t means ( ris+ 9 ! social scale1 if he *ooses to use !m2 & ?us n only dim9i%es ! imm$iate p[] ( weal?1 b removes ! wor/ disabilities ( pov]ty4 #da ,i am sorry to lose "t by answ]+1 h[ev] curtly1 ! equivocations ( ! writ]s :o s\ght to obscure ! in/ances giv5 ( regulat$ lab\r 9 ! fir/ ( ^! pap]s1 by confus+ k9ds1 ranks1 & quantities ( lab\r ) its qualities4 ,i nev] said t a colonel %\ld h ! same pay z a private1 nor a bi%op ! same pay z a curate4 ,nei!r did ,i say t m "w ought to be paid z less "w 7s t ! curate ( a p>i% ( two ?\s& s\ls %\ld h no m ?an ! curate ( a p>i% ( five hundr$74 ,b ,i said t1 s f> z y employ x at all1 bad "w %\ld be paid no less ?an good "w2 z a bad cl]gyman yet takes 8 ti!s1 a bad physician takes 8 fee1 & a bad lawy] 8 co/s4 ,& ?is1 z w be f>!r %[n 9 ! conclusion1 ,i said1 & say1 p>tly because ! be/ "w nev] 01 nor ev] w be1 done = money at all2 b *iefly because1 ! mom5t p "k !y h to pay ! bad & good alike1 !y w try to disc]n ! "o f ! o!r1 & n use ! bad4 ,a sagaci\s writ] 9 ! ,scotsman asks me if ,i %\ld l any common scribbl] to be paid by ,messrs4 ,smi?1 ,eld] & ,co4 ! orig9al publi%]s ( ?is "w z _! good au?ors are4 ,i %\ld1 if !y employ$ him--b w\ld s]i\sly recomm5d !m1 = ! scribbl]'s sake1 z well z _! own1 n to employ him4 ,! quantity ( its money :i* ! c\ntry at pres5t inve/s 9 scribbl+ is n1 9 ! outcome ( x1 economically sp5t2 & ev5 ! highly +5i\s p]son to :om ?is "q occurr$1 might p]haps h be5 m b5eficially employ$ ?an 9 pr9t+ x4 ,x is on ?is vital problem t ! entire de/9y ( ! lab\r] is ultimately dep5d5t4 ,_m m9or int]e/s may sometimes appe> to int]f]e ) x1 b all bran* f x4 ,= in/ance1 consid]able agitation is (t5 caus$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! l[] classes :5 !y discov] ! %>e :i* !y nom9ally1 & to all appe>ance1 actually1 pay out ( _! wages 9 taxation 7,i believe ?irty-five or =ty p] c5t474 ,?is s\nds v griev\s2 b 9 reality ! lab\r] does n pay x1 b 8 employ]4 ,if ! workman _h n to pay x1 8 wages w\ld be less by j t sum3 competition w\ld /ill r$uce !m to ! l[e/ rate at :i* life 0 possible4 ,simil>ly ! l[] ord]s agitat$ = ! repeal ( ! corn laws1#db ?9k+ !y w\ld be bett] (f if bread 7 *eap]2 nev] p]ceiv+ t z soon z bread 0 p]man5tly *eap]1 wages w\ld p]man5tly fall 9 precisely t proportion4 ,! corn laws 7 rightly repeal$2 n1 h[ev]1 because !y directly oppress$ ! poor1 b because !y indirectly oppress$ !m 9 caus+ a l>ge quantity ( _! lab\r to be consum$ unproductively4 ,s also unnecess>y taxation oppresses !m1 ?r\gh de/ruction ( capital1 b ! de/9y ( ! poor dep5ds prim>ily always on ?is "o "q ( du5ess ( wages4 ,_! di/ress 7irrespectively ( t caus$ by slo?1 m9or error1 or crime7 arises on ! gr& scale f ! two react+ =ces ( competition & oppression4 ,!re is n yet1 nor w yet = ages be1 any real ov]-population 9 ! _w2 b a local ov]-population1 or1 m accurately1 a degree ( population locally unmanageable "u exi/+ circum/ances = want ( =e?\ght & suffici5t ma*9]y1 necess>ily %[s itself by pressure ( competition2 & ! tak+ advantage ( ?is competition by ! pur*as] to obta9 _! lab\r unju/ly *eap1 consummates at once _! suff]+ & 8 own2 = 9 ?is 7z ,i believe 9 e o!r k9d ( slav]y7 ! oppressor suff]s at la/ m ?an ! oppress$1 & ^? magnific5t l9es ( ,pope1 ev5 9 all _! =ce1 fall %ort ( ! tru?-- ,yet1 to be j to ^! poor m5 ( pelf1 ,ea* does b ,,hate ,,8 ,,neighb\r ,,z ,,himself3 ,damn$ to ! m9es1 an equal fate betides ,! slave t digs x1 & ! slave t hides4 #db ,i h to ackn[l$ge an int]e/+ communication on ! subject ( free trade f ,paisley 7= a %ort lett] f ,a ,well-wi%] at ----1 my ?anks are yet m due74 ,b ! ,scotti% writ] w1 ,i fe>1 be disagreeably surpris$ to he>1 t ,i am1 & always h be51 an utt]ly fe>less & unscrupul\s free trad]4 ,sev5 ye>s ago1 speak+ ( ! v>i\s signs ( infancy 9 ! ,european m9d 7,/ones ( ,v5ice1 vol4 iii4 p4 #afh71 ,i wrote3 ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( comm]ce 7 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,engli% p>liam5t only a few mon?s ago1 9 its free trade measures1 & are /ill s little und]/ood by ! million1 t no nation d>es to aboli% its cu/om-h\ses4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i d n admit ev5 ! idea ( reciprocity4 ,let o!r nations1 if !y l1 keep _! ports %ut2 e wise nation w ?r[ its own op54 ,x is n ! op5+ !m1 b a sudd51 inconsid]ate1 & blund]+ly exp]im5tal mann] ( op5+ !m1 :i* does h>m4 ,if y h be5 protect+ a manufacture = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 y mu/ n take ! protection (f 9 a mom5t1 s z to ?r[ e "o ( its op]atives at once out ( employ1 any m ?an y mu/ take all its wrapp+s (f a feeble *ild at once 9 cold wea!r1 ?\gh ! cumb] ( !m may h be5 radically injur+ its heal?4 ,little by little1 y mu/ re/ore x to fre$om & to air4 ,mo/ p's m9ds are 9 curi\s confusion on ! subject ( free trade1 because !y suppose x to imply enl>g$ competition4 ,on ! contr>y1 free trade puts an end to all competition4 ,protection 7among v>i\s o!r mis*iev\s functions7 endeav\rs to enable "o c\ntry to compete ) ano!r 9 ! production ( an article at a disadvantage4 ,:5 trade is entirely free1 no c\ntry c be compet$ ) 9 ! articles = ! production ( :i* x is naturally calculat$2 nor c x compete ) any o!r1 9 ! production ( articles = :i* x is n naturally calculat$4 ,tuscany1 = in/ance1 _c compete ) ,engl& 9 /eel1 nor ,engl& ) ,tuscany 9 oil4 ,!y mu/ ex*ange _! /eel & oil4 ,:i* ex*ange %\ld be z frank & free z hone/y & ! sea-w9ds c make x4 ,competition1 inde$1 arises at fir/1 & %>ply1 9 ord] to prove :i* is /ronge/ 9 any giv5 manufacture possible to bo?3 ?is po9t once asc]ta9$1 competition is at an end4 ,! collat]al & rev]sion>y op]ations ( ju/ice 9 ?is matt] ,i %all exam9e h]eaft] 7x be+ ne$ful fir/ to def9e ! nature ( value72 proce$+ !n to consid] )9 :at practical t]ms a ju/] sy/em may be e/abli%$2 & ultimately ! vex$ "q ( ! de/9ies ( ! unemploy$ workm54#dc ,le/1 h[ev]1 ! read] %\ld be al>m$ at "s ( ! issues to :i* our inve/igations seem to be t5d+1 z if 9 _! be>+ aga9/ ! p[] ( weal? !y _h some?+ 9 common ) ^? ( socialism1 ,i wi% him to "k1 9 accurate t]ms1 "o or two ( ! ma9 po9ts :i* ,i h 9 view4 #dc ,i %\ld be glad if ! read] w\ld fir/ cle> ! gr\nd = himself s f> z to det]m9e :e!r ! difficulty lies 9 gett+ ! "w or gett+ ! pay = x4 ,does he consid] occupation itself to be an exp5sive luxury1 difficult ( atta9m5t1 ( :i* too little is to be f\nd 9 ! _w8 or is x r t1 :ile 9 ! enjoym5t ev5 ( ! mo/ a?letic delight1 m5 mu/ nev]!less be ma9ta9$1 & ?is ma9t5ance is n always =?com+8 ,we mu/ be cle> on ?is head be=e go+ f>!r1 z mo/ p are loosely 9 ! habit ( talk+ ( ! difficulty ( f9d+ employm5t4 ,is x employm5t t we want to f9d1 or support dur+ employm5t8 ,is x idl5ess we wi% to put an end to1 or hung]8 ,we h to take up bo? que/ions 9 succession1 only n bo? at ! same "t4 ,no d\bt t "w is a luxury1 & a v great "o4 ,x is1 inde$1 at once a luxury & a necessity2 no man c reta9 ei!r heal? ( m9d or body )\t x4 ,s pr(\ndly d ,i feel ?is1 t1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel1 "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ,i w\ld recomm5d to b5evol5t & practical p]sons1 is to induce ri* p to seek = a l>g] quantity ( ?is luxury ?an !y at pres5t possess4 ,nev]!less1 x appe>s by exp]i5ce t ev5 ?is heal?ie/ ( pleasures may be indulg$ 9 to excess1 & t human be+s are j z liable to surfeit ( lab\r z to surfeit ( meat2 s t1 z on ! "o h&1 x may be *>itable to provide1 = "s p1 light] d9n]1 & m "w1--= o!rs1 x may be equally exp$i5t to provide light] "w1 & m d9n]4 ,:e!r socialism has made m progress among ! army & navy 7:]e paym5t is made on my pr9ciples71 or among ! manufactur+ op]atives 7:o are paid on my oppon5ts' pr9ciples71 ,i leave x to ^? oppon5ts to asc]ta9 & decl>e4 ,:atev] _! conclusions may be1 ,i ?9k x necess>y to answ] = myself only ?is3 t if !re be any "o po9t insi/$ on ?r\gh\t my works m frequ5tly ?an ano!r1 t "o po9t is ! impossibility ( ,equality4 ,my cont9ual aim has be5 to %[ ! et]nal sup]iority ( "s m5 to o!rs1 sometimes ev5 ( "o man to all o!rs2 & to %[ also ! advisability ( appo9t+ su* p]sons or p]son to guide1 to lead1 or on occasion ev5 to compel & subdue1 _! inf]iors1 accord+ to _! own bett] k & wis] w4 ,my pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy 7 all involv$ 9 a s+le phrase spok5 ?ree ye>s ago at ,man*e/]3 ,soldi]s ( ! ,pl\gh%>e z well z ,soldi]s ( ! ,sword3 & !y 7 all summ$ 9 a s+le s5t5ce 9 ! la/ volume ( ,mod]n ,pa9t]s--,gov]nm5t & co-op]ation are 9 all ?+s ! ,laws ( ,life2 ,an>*y & competition ! ,laws ( ,dea?4 ,& ) respect to ! mode 9 :i* ^! g5]al pr9ciples affect ! secure possession ( prop]ty1 s f> am ,i f invalidat+ su* security1 t ! :ole gi/ ( ^! pap]s w be f\nd ultimately to aim at an ext5sion 9 its range2 & :]eas x has long be5 kn[n & decl>$ t ! poor h no "r to ! prop]ty ( ! ri*1 ,i wi% x also to be kn[n & decl>$ t ! ri* h no "r to ! prop]ty ( ! poor4 ,b t ! work+ ( ! sy/em :i* ,i h und]tak5 to develop w\ld 9 _m ways %ort5 ! app>5t & direct1 ?\gh n ! unse5 & collat]al1 p[]1 bo? ( weal?1 z ! ,lady ( ,pleasure1 & ( capital1 z ! ,"l ( ,toil1 ,i d n d5y3 on ! contr>y1 ,i affirm x 9 all joyfulness2 kn[+ t ! attraction ( ri*es is already too /rong1 z _! au?ority is already too weighty1 = ! reason ( mank9d4 ,i said 9 my la/ pap] t no?+ 9 hi/ory _h ev] be5 s disgraceful to human intellect z ! acceptance among u ( ! common doctr9es ( political economy z a sci5ce4 ,i h _m gr\nds = say+ ?is1 b "o ( ! *ief may be giv5 9 few words4 ,i "k no previ\s in/ance 9 hi/ory ( a nation's e/abli%+ a sy/ematic disob$i5ce to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( its pr(ess$ religion4 ,! writ+s :i* we 7v]bally7 e/eem z div9e1 n only d5\nce ! love ( money z ! s\rce ( all evil1 & z an idolatry abhorr$ ( ! ,deity1 b decl>e mammon s]vice to be ! accurate & irreconcileable opposite ( ,god's s]vice2 &1 :5ev] !y speak ( ri*es absolute1 & pov]ty absolute1 decl>e woe to ! ri*1 & bless+ to ! poor4 ,:]eupon we =?) inve/igate a sci5ce ( becom+ ri*1 z ! %orte/ road to national prosp]ity4 ,tai ,cri/ian dann]a l',etiope1 ,qu&o si p>tiranno i due collegi1 ,l',,uno ,,9 ,,et]no ,,ricco1 ,e ,l',,altro ,,inope4 ,,essay ,,iv4 ,,ad ,,valorem4 ,9 ! la/ pap] we saw t j paym5t ( lab\r consi/$ 9 a sum ( money :i* w\ld approximately obta9 equival5t lab\r at a future "t3 we h n[ to exam9e ! means ( obta9+ su* equival5ce4 ,:i* "q involves ! def9ition ( ,value1 ,weal?1 ,price1 & ,produce4 ,none ( ^! t]ms are yet def9$ s z to be und]/ood by ! public4 ,b ! la/1 ,produce1 :i* "o might h ?\ght ! cle>e/ ( all1 is1 9 use1 ! mo/ ambigu\s2 & ! exam9ation ( ! k9d ( ambiguity att5dant on its pres5t employm5t w be/ op5 ! way to our "w4 ,9 8 ,*apt] on ,capital1#dd ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill in/ances1 z a capitali/1 a h>dw>e manufactur]1 :o1 hav+ int5d$ to sp5d a c]ta9 portion ( ! proce$s ( 8 bus9ess 9 buy+ plate & jewels1 *anges 8 m9d1 & pays x z wages to additional workpeople4 ,! effect is /at$ by ,mr4 ,mill to be t m food is appropriat$ to ! consumption ( productive lab\r]s4 #dd ,book ,i4 *ap4 iv4 s4 #a4 ,to save space1 my future ref]5ces to ,mr4 ,mill's "w w be by num]als only1 z 9 ?is in/ance1 ,i4 iv4 #a4 ,ed4 9 #b vols4 #hvo1 ,p>k]1 #ahdh4 ,n[ ,i d n ask1 ?\gh1 _h ,i writt5 ?is p>agraph1 x w\ld surely h be5 ask$ ( me1 ,:at is to become ( ! silv]smi?s8 ,if !y are truly unproductive p]sons1 we w acquiesce 9 _! ext9ction4 ,& ?\gh 9 ano!r "p ( ! same passage1 ! h>dw>e m]*ant is suppos$ also to disp5se ) a numb] ( s]vants1 ^: food is ?us set free = productive purposes1 ,i d n inquire :at w be ! effect1 pa9ful or o!rwise1 ^u ! s]vants1 ( ?is emancipation ( _! food4 ,b ,i v s]i\sly inquire :y ironw>e is produce1 & silv]w>e is n8 ,t ! m]*ant consumes ! "o1 & sells ! o!r1 c]ta9ly does n con/itute ! diff]5ce1 unless x c be %[n 7:i*1 inde$1 ,i p]ceive x to be becom+ daily m & m ! aim ( tradesm5 to %[7 t commodities are made to be sold1 & n to be consum$4 ,! m]*ant is an ag5t ( conveyance to ! consum] 9 "o case1 & is himself ! consum] 9 ! o!r3#de b ! lab\r]s are 9 ei!r case equally productive1 s9ce !y h produc$ goods to ! same value1 if ! h>dw>e & ! plate are bo? goods4 #de ,if ,mr4 ,mill _h wi%$ to %[ ! diff]5ce 9 result betwe5 consumption & sale1 he %\ld h repres5t$ ! h>dw>e m]*ant z consum+ 8 own goods in/ead ( sell+ !m2 simil>ly1 ! silv] m]*ant z consum+ 8 own goods in/ead ( sell+ !m4 ,_h he done ?is1 he w\ld h made 8 position cle>]1 ?\gh less t5able2 & p]haps ?is 0 ! position he really int5d$ to take1 tacitly involv+ 8 !ory1 else:]e /at$1 & %[n 9 ! sequel ( ?is pap] to be false1 t dem& = commodities is n dem& = lab\r4 ,b by ! mo/ dilig5t scrut9y ( ! p>agraph n[ "u exam9ation1 ,i _c det]m9e :e!r x is a fallacy pure & simple1 or ! half ( "o fallacy support$ by ! :ole ( a great] "o2 s t ,i treat x "h on ! k9d] assumption t x is "o fallacy only4 ,& :at di/9ction sep>ates !m8 ,x is inde$ possible t 9 ! comp>ative e/imate ( ! morali/1 ) :i* ,mr4 ,mill says political economy has no?+ to d 7,,iii4 i4 #b71 a /eel =k might appe> a m sub/antial production ?an a silv] "o3 we may grant also t knives1 no less ?an =ks1 are good produce2 & scy!s & pl\gh%>es s]viceable articles4 ,b1 h[ ( bayonets8 ,suppos+ ! h>dw>e m]*ant to effect l>ge sales ( ^!1 by help ( ! sett+ free ( ! food ( 8 s]vants & 8 silv]smi?1--is he /ill employ+ productive lab\r]s1 or1 9 ,mr4 ,mill's words1 lab\r]s :o increase ! /ock ( p]man5t means ( enjoym5t 7,i4 iii4 #d78 ,or if1 in/ead ( bayonets1 he supply bombs1 w n ! absolute & f9al enjoym5t ( ev5 ^! en]getically productive articles 7ea* ( :i* co/s t5 p\nds#df7 be dep5d5t on a prop] *oice ( "t & place = _! enfantem5t2 *oice1 t is to say1 dep5d+ on ^? philosophical consid]ations ) :i* political economy has no?+ to d8#dg #df ,i take ,mr4 aft]w>ds ,sir ,a4 ,helps' e/imate 9 8 essay on ,w>4 #dg ,also :5 ! wr\ght silv] vases ( ,spa9 7 da%$ to fragm5ts by our cu/om-h\se (fic]s1 because bullion might be import$ free ( duty1 b n bra9s1 0 ! axe t broke !m productive8--! arti/ :o wr\ght !m unproductive8 ,or aga94 ,if ! woodman's axe is productive1 is ! execution]'s8 z also1 if ! hemp ( a cable be productive1 does n ! productiv5ess ( hemp 9 a halt] dep5d on its moral m ?an on its mat]ial application8 ,i %\ld h regrett$ ! ne$ ( po9t+ out inconsi/5cy 9 any portion ( ,mr4 ,mill's "w1 _h n ! value ( 8 "w proce$$ f its inconsi/5cies4 ,he des]ves hon\r among economi/s by inadv]t5tly disclaim+ ! pr9ciples :i* he /ates1 & tacitly introduc+ ! moral consid]ations ) :i* he decl>es 8 sci5ce has no connection4 ,_m ( 8 *apt]s1 are1 !re=e1 true & valuable2 & ! only conclusions ( 8 :i* ,i h to dispute are ^? :i* foll[ f 8 premises4 ,?us1 ! idea :i* lies at ! root ( ! passage we h j be5 exam9+1 namely1 t lab\r appli$ to produce luxuries w n support s _m p]sons z lab\r appli$ to produce useful articles1 is entirely true2 b ! in/ance giv5 fails--& 9 f\r directions ( failure at once--because ,mr4 ,mill has n def9$ ! real mean+ ( usefulness4 ,! def9ition :i* he has giv5--capacity to satisfy a desire1 or s]ve a purpose 7,,iii4 i4 #b7--;applies equally to ! iron & silv]2 :ile ! true def9ition1--:i* he has n giv51 b :i* nev]!less und]lies ! false v]bal def9ition 9 8 m9d1 & comes out once or twice by accid5t 7z 9 ! words any support to life or /r5g? 9 ,i4 i4 #e7--;applies to "s articles ( iron1 b n to o!rs1 & to "s articles ( silv]1 b n to o!rs4 ,x applies to pl\ghs1 b n to bayonets2 & to =ks1 b n to filigree4#dh #dh ,filigree3 t is to say1 g5]ally1 ornam5t dep5d5t on complexity1 n on art4 ,! elicit+ ( ! true def9ition w give u ! reply to our fir/ "q1 ,:at is value8 respect+ :i*1 h[ev]1 we mu/ fir/ he> ! popul> /atem5ts4 ,! ^w 'value1' :5 us$ )\t adjunct1 always means1 9 political economy1 value 9 ex*ange 7,mill1 ,,iii4 i4 #c74 ,s t1 if two %ips _c ex*ange _! rudd]s1 _! rudd]s are1 9 politico-economic language1 ( no value to ei!r4 ,b ! subject ( political economy is weal?4--7,prelim9>y rem>ks1 page #a47 ,& weal? consi/s ( all useful & agreeable objects :i* possess ex*angeable value4--7,prelim9>y rem>ks1 page #aj47 ,x appe>s !n1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mill1 t usefulness & agreeabl5ess und]lie ! ex*ange value1 & mu/ be asc]ta9$ to exi/ 9 ! ?+1 be=e we c e/eem x an object ( weal?4 ,n[1 ! economical usefulness ( a ?+ dep5ds n m]ely on its own nature1 b on ! numb] ( p :o c & w use x4 ,a horse is useless1 & !re=e unsaleable1 if no "o c ride1--a sword if no "o c /rike1 & meat1 if no "o c eat4 ,?us e mat]ial utility dep5ds on its relative human capacity4 ,simil>ly3 ,! agreeabl5ess ( a ?+ dep5ds n m]ely on its own likeabl5ess1 b on ! numb] ( p :o c be got to l x4 ,! relative agreeabl5ess1 & !re=e saleabl5ess1 ( a pot ( ! smalle/ ale1 & ( ,adonis pa9t$ by a runn+ brook1 dep5ds virtually on ! op9ion ( ,demos1 9 ! %ape ( ,*ri/oph] ,sly4 ,t is to say1 ! agreeabl5ess ( a ?+ dep5ds on its relative human disposition4#di ,!re=e1 political economy1 be+ a sci5ce ( weal?1 mu/ be a sci5ce respect+ human capacities & dispositions4 ,b moral consid]ations h no?+ to d ) political economy 7,,iii4 i4 #b74 ,!re=e1 moral consid]ations h no?+ to d ) human capacities & dispositions4 #di ,^! /atem5ts s\nd crude 9 _! brevity2 b w be f\nd ( ! utmo/ importance :5 !y are develop$4 ,?us1 9 ! above in/ance1 economi/s h nev] p]ceiv$ t disposition to buy is a :olly moral elem5t 9 dem&3 t is to say1 :5 y give a man half-a-cr[n1 x dep5ds on 8 disposition :e!r he is ri* or poor ) x--:e!r he w buy disease1 ru91 & hatr$1 or buy heal?1 advancem5t1 & dome/ic love4 ,& ?us ! agreeabl5ess or ex*ange value ( e (f]$ commodity dep5ds on production1 n m]ely ( ! commodity1 b ( buy]s ( x2 !re=e on ! education ( buy]s1 & on all ! moral elem5ts by :i* _! disposition to buy ?is1 or t1 is =m$4 ,i w illu/rate & exp& into f9al consequ5ces e "o ( ^! def9itions 9 its place3 at pres5t !y c only be giv5 ) extreme/ brevity2 = 9 ord] to put ! subject at once 9 a connect$ =m be=e ! read]1 ,i h ?r[n into "o1 ! op5+ def9itions ( f\r *apt]s2 namely1 ( t on ,value 7,ad ,valorem72 on ,price 7,?irty ,pieces72 on ,production 7,demet]72 & on ,economy 7,! ,law ( ! ,h\se74 ,i d n :olly l ! look ( ?is conclusion f ,mr4 ,mill's /atem5ts3--let u try ,mr4 ,ric>do's4 ,utility is n ! measure ( ex*angeable value1 ?\gh x is absolutely ess5tial to x4--7,*ap4 #a4 sect4 i47 ,ess5tial to :at degree1 ,mr4 ,ric>do8 ,!re may be great] & less degrees ( utility4 ,meat1 = in/ance1 may be s good z to be fit = any "o to eat1 or s bad z to be fit = no "o to eat4 ,:at is ! exact degree ( goodness :i* is ess5tial to its ex*angeable value1 b n ! measure ( x8 ,h[ good mu/ ! meat be1 9 ord] to possess any ex*angeable value2 & h[ bad mu/ x be--7,i wi% ?is 7 a settl$ "q 9 ,london m>kets7--9 ord] to possess none8 ,!re appe>s to be "s hit*1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! work+ ev5 ( ,mr4 ,ric>do's pr9ciples2 b let him take 8 own example4 ,suppose t 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society ! b[s & arr[s ( ! hunt] 7 ( equal value ) ! implem5ts ( ! fi%]man4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! value ( ! de]1 ! produce ( ! hunt]'s day's lab\r1 w\ld be exactly 7italics m9e7 equal to ! value ( ! fi%1 ! product ( ! fi%]man's day's lab\r4 ,! comp>ative value ( ! fi% & game w\ld be entirely regulat$ by ! quantity ( lab\r realiz$ 9 ea*4 7,ric>do1 *ap4 iii4 ,on ,value47 ,inde$6 ,!re=e1 if ! fi%]man cat*es "o sprat1 & ! huntsman "o de]1 "o sprat w be equal 9 value to "o de]2 b if ! fi%]man cat*es no sprat1 & ! huntsman two de]1 no sprat w be equal 9 value to two de]8 ,nay2 b--,mr4 ,ric>do's support]s may say--he means1 on an av]age2--if ! av]age product ( a day's "w ( fi%] & hunt] be "o fi% & "o de]1 ! "o fi% w always be equal 9 value to ! "o de]4 ,might ,i inquire ! species ( fi%4 ,:ale8 or :itebait8#ej #ej ,p]haps x may be said1 9 f>!r support ( ,mr4 ,ric>do1 t he meant1 :5 ! utility is con/ant or giv51 ! price v>ies z ! quantity ( lab\r4 ,if he meant ?is1 he %\ld h said x2 b1 _h he meant x1 he c\ld h h>dly miss$ ! necess>y result1 t utility w\ld be "o measure ( price 7:i* he expressly d5ies x to be72 & t1 to prove saleabl5ess1 he _h to prove a giv5 quantity ( utility1 z well z a giv5 quantity ( lab\r3 to wit1 9 8 own in/ance1 t ! de] & fi% w\ld ea* fe$ ! same numb] ( m51 = ! same numb] ( days1 ) equal pleasure to _! palates4 ,! fact is1 he did n "k :at he meant himself4 ,! g5]al idea :i* he _h d]iv$ f comm]cial exp]i5ce1 )\t be+ able to analyse x1 01 t :5 ! dem& is con/ant1 ! price v>ies z ! quantity ( lab\r requir$ = production2 or1--us+ ! =mula ,i gave 9 la/ pap]--:5 y is con/ant1 xy v>ies z x4 ,b dem& nev] is1 nor c be1 ultimately con/ant1 if x v>ies di/9ctly2 =1 z price rises1 consum]s fall away2 & z soon z !re is a monopoly 7& all sc>city is a =m ( monopoly2 s t e commodity is affect$ occasionally by "s col\r ( monopoly71 y becomes ! mo/ influ5tial condition ( ! price4 ,?us ! price ( a pa9t+ dep5ds less on its m]it ?an on ! int]e/ tak5 9 x by ! public2 ! price ( s++ less on ! lab\r ( ! s+] ?an ! numb] ( p]sons :o desire to he> him2 & ! price ( gold less on ! sc>city :i* affects x 9 common ) c]ium or iridium1 ?an on ! sun-light col\r & unalt]able purity by :i* x attracts ! admiration & answ]s ! tru/ ( mank9d4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t ,i use ! ^w dem& 9 a some:at diff]5t s5se f economi/s usually4 ,!y mean by x ! quantity ( a ?+ sold4 ,i mean by x ! =ce ( ! buy]'s capable int5tion to buy4 ,9 good ,engli%1 a p]son's dem& signifies1 n :at he gets1 b :at he asks =4 ,economi/s also d n notice t objects are n valu$ by absolute bulk or weight1 b by su* bulk & weight z is necess>y to br+ !m into use4 ,!y say1 = in/ance1 t wat] be>s no price 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is true t a cupful does n1 b a lake does2 j z a h&ful ( du/ does n1 b an acre does4 ,& 7 x possible to make ev5 ! possession ( ! cupful or h&ful p]man5t 7i4e41 to f9d a place = !m71 ! e>? & sea w\ld be b\ght up by h&fuls & cupfuls4 ,x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to pursue ^! fallacies f>!r2 we w seek = a true def9ition4 ,mu* /ore has be5 set = c5turies ^u ! use ( our ,engli% classical education4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t our well-educat$ m]*ants recall$ to m9d always ?is mu* ( _! ,lat9 s*ool+1--t ! nom9ative ( valorem 7a ^w already suffici5tly famili> to !m7 is valor2 a ^w :i*1 !re=e1 ought to be famili> to !m4 ,valor1 f val]e1 to be well1 or /rong 7,greek3 hugia9o72--/rong1 9 life 7if a man71 or valiant2 /rong1 = life 7if a ?+71 or valuable4 ,to be valuable1 !re=e1 is to avail t[>ds life4 ,a truly valuable or avail+ ?+ is t :i* leads to life ) its :ole /r5g?4 ,9 proportion z x does n lead to life1 or z its /r5g? is brok51 x is less valuable2 9 proportion z x leads away f life1 x is unvaluable or malignant4 ,! value ( a ?+1 !re=e1 is indep5d5t ( op9ion1 & ( quantity4 ,?9k :at y w ( x1 ga9 h[ mu* y may ( x1 ! value ( ! ?+ itself is nei!r great] nor less4 ,= ev] x avails1 or avails n2 no e/imate c raise1 no disda9 depress1 ! p[] :i* x holds f ! ,mak] ( ?+s & ( m54 ,! real sci5ce ( political economy1 :i* has yet to be di/+ui%$ f ! ba/>d sci5ce1 z m$ic9e f wit*craft1 & a/ronomy f a/rology1 is t :i* tea*es nations to desire & lab\r = ! ?+s t lead to life2 & :i* tea*es !m to scorn & de/roy ! ?+s t lead to de/ruction4 ,& if1 9 a /ate ( infancy1 !y suppose indiff]5t ?+s1 su* z excresc5ces ( %ellfi%1 & pieces ( blue & r$ /one1 to be valuable1 & sp5d l>ge measure ( ! lab\r :i* ought to be employ$ = ! ext5sion & ennobl+ ( life1 9 div+ or digg+ = !m1 & cutt+ !m into v>i\s %apes1--or if1 9 ! same /ate ( infancy1 !y imag9e preci\s & b5efic5t ?+s1 su* z air1 light1 & cleanl9ess1 to be valueless1--or if1 f9ally1 !y imag9e ! conditions ( _! own exi/5ce1 by :i* alone !y c truly possess or use any?+1 su*1 = in/ance1 z peace1 tru/1 & love1 to be prud5tly ex*angeable1 :5 ! m>ket (f]s1 = gold1 iron1 or excresc5ces ( %ells--! great & only sci5ce ( ,political ,economy tea*es !m1 9 all ^! cases1 :at is vanity1 & :at sub/ance2 & h[ ! s]vice ( ,dea?1 ! ,"l ( ,wa/e1 & ( et]nal empt9ess1 diff]s f ! s]vice ( ,wisdom1 ! ,lady ( ,sav+1 & ( et]nal fulness2 %e :o has said1 ,i w cause ^? t love me to inh]it ,,sub/ance2 & ,i w ,,fill _! treasures4 ,! ,lady ( ,sav+1 9 a pr(\nd] s5se ?an t ( ! sav+s' bank1 ?\gh t is a good "o3 ,madonna della ,salute1--,lady ( ,heal?--:i*1 ?\gh commonly spok5 ( z if sep>ate f weal?1 is inde$ a "p ( weal?4 ,?is ^w1 weal?1 x w be rememb]$1 is ! next we h to def9e4 ,to be weal?y1 says ,mr4 ,mill1 is to h a l>ge /ock ( useful articles4 ,i accept ?is def9ition4 ,only let u p]fectly und]/& x4 ,my oppon5ts (t5 lam5t my n giv+ !m en\gh logic3 ,i fe> ,i mu/ at pres5t use a little m ?an !y w l2 b ?is bus9ess ( ,political ,economy is no light "o1 & we mu/ all[ no loose t]ms 9 x4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 9 ! above def9ition1 fir/1 :at is ! mean+ ( hav+1 or ! nature ( ,possession4 ,!n1 :at is ! mean+ ( useful1 or ! nature ( ,utility4 ,& fir/ ( possession4 ,at ! cross+ ( ! transepts ( ,milan ,ca!dral has la91 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ! embalm$ body ( ,/4 ,c>lo ,borromeo4 ,x holds a gold5 crosi]1 & has a cross ( em]alds on its brea/4 ,admitt+ ! crosi] & em]alds to be useful articles1 is ! body to be consid]$ z hav+ !m8 ,d !y1 9 ! politico-economical s5se ( prop]ty1 belong to x8 ,if n1 & if we may1 !re=e1 conclude g5]ally t a dead body _c possess prop]ty1 :at degree & p]iod ( animation 9 ! body w r5d] possession possible8 ,z ?us3 lately 9 a wreck ( a ,cali=nian %ip1 "o ( ! pass5g]s fa/5$ a belt ab\t him ) two hundr$ p\nds ( gold 9 x1 ) :i* he 0 f\nd aft]w>ds at ! bottom4 ,n[1 z he 0 s9k+--_h he ! gold8 or _h ! gold him8#ea #ea ,comp>e ,george ,h]b]t1 ,! ,*ur* ,por*1 ,/anza #bh4 ,& if1 in/ead ( s9k+ him 9 ! sea by its weight1 ! gold _h /ruck him on ! =ehead1 & !reby caus$ incurable disease--suppose palsy or insanity1--w\ld ! gold 9 t case h be5 m a possession ?an 9 ! fir/8 ,)\t press+ ! inquiry up ?r\gh in/ances ( gradually increas+ vital p[] ov] ! gold 7:i* ,i w1 h[ev]1 give1 if !y are ask$ =71 ,i presume ! read] w see t possession1 or hav+1 is n an absolute1 b a gradat$1 p[]2 & consi/s n only 9 ! quantity or nature ( ! ?+ possess$1 b also 7& 9 a great] degree7 9 its suitabl5ess to ! p]son possess+ x1 & 9 8 vital p[] to use x4 ,& our def9ition ( ,weal?1 exp&$1 becomes3 ,! possession ( useful articles1 :i* we c use4 ,?is is a v s]i\s *ange4 ,= weal?1 in/ead ( dep5d+ m]ely on a h1 is ?us se5 to dep5d on a c4 ,gladiator's dea?1 on a habet2 b soldi]'s victory1 & /ate's salvation1 on a quo plurimum posset4 7,liv4 ,,vii4 #f47 ,& :at we reason$ ( only z accumulation ( mat]ial1 is se5 to dem& also accumulation ( capacity4 ,s mu* = our v]b4 ,next = our adjective4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( useful8 ,! inquiry is closely connect$ ) ! la/4 ,= :at is capable ( use 9 ! h&s ( "s p]sons1 is capable1 9 ! h&s ( o!rs1 ( ! opposite ( use1 call$ commonly1 f-use1 or ab-use4 ,& x dep5ds on ! p]son1 mu* m ?an on ! article1 :e!r its usefulness or ab-usefulness w be ! quality develop$ 9 x4 ,?us1 w9e1 :i* ! ,greeks1 9 _! ,bac*us1 made1 rightly1 ! type ( all passion1 & :i*1 :5 us$1 *e]e? god & man 7t is to say1 /r5g!ns bo? ! div9e life1 or reason+ p[]1 & ! e>?ly1 or c>nal p[]1 ( man72 yet1 :5 abus$1 becomes ,dionusos1 hurtful especially to ! div9e "p ( man1 or reason4 ,& aga91 ! body itself1 be+ equally liable to use & to abuse1 &1 :5 rightly discipl9$1 s]viceable to ! ,/ate1 bo? = w> & lab\r2--b :5 n discipl9$1 or abus$1 valueless to ! ,/ate1 & capable only ( cont9u+ ! private or s+le exi/5ce ( ! individual 7& t b feebly7--! ,greeks call$ su* a body an idiotic or private body1 f _! ^w signify+ a p]son employ$ 9 no way directly useful to ! ,/ate3 :5ce1 f9ally1 our idiot1 mean+ a p]son entirely occupi$ ) 8 own conc]ns4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s1 t if a ?+ is to be useful1 x mu/ be n only ( an avail+ nature1 b 9 avail+ h&s4 ,or1 9 accurate t]ms1 usefulness is value 9 ! h&s ( ! valiant2 s t ?is sci5ce ( weal? be+1 z we h j se51 :5 reg>d$ z ! sci5ce ( ,accumulation1 accumulative ( capacity z well z ( mat]ial1--:5 reg>d$ z ! sci5ce ( ,di/ribution1 is di/ribution n absolute1 b discrim9ate2 n ( e ?+ to e man1 b ( ! "r ?+ to ! "r man4 ,a difficult sci5ce1 dep5d5t on m ?an ari?metic4 ,weal?1 !re=e1 is ,,! ,,possession ,,( ,,! ,,valuable ,,by ,,! ,,valiant2 & 9 consid]+ x z a p[] exi/+ 9 a nation1 ! two elem5ts1 ! value ( ! ?+1 & ! val\r ( its possessor1 mu/ be e/imat$ toge!r4 ,:5ce x appe>s t _m ( ! p]sons commonly consid]$ weal?y1 are 9 reality no m weal?y ?an ! locks ( _! own /rong boxes are2 !y be+ inh]5tly & et]nally incapable ( weal?2 & op]at+ = ! nation1 9 an economical po9t ( view1 ei!r z pools ( dead wat]1 & eddies 9 a /ream 7:i*1 s long z ! /ream fl[s1 are useless1 or s]ve only to dr[n p1 b may become ( importance 9 a /ate ( /agnation1 %\ld ! /ream dry72 or else1 z dams 9 a riv]1 ( :i* ! ultimate s]vice dep5ds n on ! dam1 b ! mill]2 or else1 z m]e accid5tal /ays & imp$im5ts1 act+1 n z weal?1 b 7= we ought to h a correspond5t t]m7 z ill?1 caus+ v>i\s deva/ation & tr\ble ar\nd !m 9 all directions2 or la/ly1 act n at all1 b are m]ely animat$ conditions ( delay 7no use be+ possible ( any?+ !y h until !y are dead71 9 :i* la/ condition !y are nev]!less (t5 useful z delays1 & imp$im5ta1 if a nation is apt to move too fa/4 ,?is be+ s1 ! difficulty ( ! true sci5ce ( ,political ,economy lies n m]ely 9 ! ne$ ( develop+ manly "* to deal ) mat]ial value1 b 9 ! fact1 t :ile ! manly "* & mat]ial value only =m weal? by _! conjunction1 !y h nev]!less a mutually de/ructive op]ation on ea* o!r4 ,= ! manly "* is apt to ignore1 or ev5 ca/ away1 ! mat]ial value3--:5ce t ( ,pope3-- ,sure1 ( qualities dem&+ praise ,m g to ru9 =tunes1 ?an to raise4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 ! mat]ial value is apt to und]m9e ! manly "*2 s t x mu/ be our "w1 9 ! issue1 to exam9e :at evid5ce !re is ( ! effect ( weal? on ! m9ds ( its possessors2 also1 :at k9d ( p]son x is :o usually sets himself to obta9 weal?1 & succe$s 9 do+ s2 & :e!r ! _w owes m gratitude to ri* or to poor m51 ei!r = _! moral influ5ce ^u x1 or = *ief goods1 discov]ies1 & practical advancem5ts4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 anticipate future conclusions s f> z to /ate t 9 a community regulat$ only by laws ( dem& & supply1 b protect$ f op5 viol5ce1 ! p]sons :o become ri* are1 g5]ally speak+1 indu/ri\s1 resolute1 pr\d1 covet\s1 prompt1 me?odical1 s5sible1 unimag9ative1 ins5sitive1 & ignorant4 ,! p]sons :o rema9 poor are ! entirely fooli%1 ! entirely wise1#eb ! idle1 ! reckless1 ! humble1 ! ?\ghtful1 ! dull1 ! imag9ative1 ! s5sitive1 ! well-in=m$1 ! improvid5t1 ! irregul>ly & impulsively wick$1 ! clumsy knave1 ! op5 ?ief1 & ! entirely m]ciful1 j1 & godly p]son4 #eb ,greek3 ho ,zeus dep\ p5etai4--,ari/4 ,plut4 #ehb4 ,x w\ld b weak5 ! gr& words to lean on ! prec$+ ones3--,greek3 hoti t\ ,pl\t\ p>e*o beltionas &ras1 kai t5 gnom51 kai t5 idean4 ,?us f> !n ( weal?4 ,next1 we h to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ,,price2 t is to say1 ( ex*ange value1 & its expression by curr5cies4 ,note fir/1 ( ex*ange1 !re c be no pr(it 9 x4 ,x is only 9 lab\r !re c be pr(it--t is to say a mak+ 9 advance1 or mak+ 9 fav\r ( 7f pr(icio74 ,9 ex*ange1 !re is only advantage1 i4e41 a br++ ( vantage or p[] to ! ex*ang+ p]sons4 ,?us1 "o man1 by s[+ & reap+1 turns "o measure ( corn into two measures4 ,t is ,pr(it4 ,ano!r by digg+ & =g+1 turns "o spade into two spades4 ,t is ,pr(it4 ,b ! man :o has two measures ( corn wants sometimes to dig2 & ! man :o has two spades wants sometimes to eat3--,!y ex*ange ! ga9$ gra9 = ! ga9$ tool2 & bo? are ! bett] = ! ex*ange2 b ?\gh !re is mu* advantage 9 ! transaction1 !re is no pr(it4 ,no?+ is con/ruct$ or produc$4 ,only t :i* _h be5 be=e con/ruct$ is giv5 to ! p]son by :om x c be us$4 ,if lab\r is necess>y to effect ! ex*ange1 t lab\r is 9 reality involv$ 9 ! production1 &1 l all o!r lab\r1 be>s pr(it4 ,:atev] numb] ( m5 are conc]n$ 9 ! manufacture1 or 9 ! conveyance1 h %>e 9 ! pr(it2 b nei!r ! manufacture nor ! conveyance are ! ex*ange1 & 9 ! ex*ange itself !re is no pr(it4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 be acquisition1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,if1 9 ! ex*ange1 "o man is able to give :at co/ him little lab\r = :at has co/ ! o!r mu*1 he acquires a c]ta9 quantity ( ! produce ( ! o!r's lab\r4 ,& precisely :at he acquires1 ! o!r loses4 ,9 m]cantile language1 ! p]son :o ?us acquires is commonly said to h made a pr(it2 & ,i believe t _m ( our m]*ants are s]i\sly "u ! impression t x is possible = ev]ybody1 someh[1 to make a pr(it 9 ?is mann]4 ,:]eas1 by ! un=tunate con/itution ( ! _w we live 91 ! laws bo? ( matt] & motion h q rigor\sly =bidd5 univ]sal acquisition ( ?is k9d4 ,pr(it1 or mat]ial ga91 is atta9able only by con/ruction or by discov]y2 n by ex*ange4 ,:5ev] mat]ial ga9 foll[s ex*ange1 = e plus !re is a precisely equal m9us4 ,unhappily = ! progress ( ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy1 ! plus quantities1 or--if ,i may be all[$ to co9 an awkw>d plural--! pluses1 make a v positive & v5]able appe>ance 9 ! _w1 s t e "o is eag] to le>n ! sci5ce :i* produces results s magnific5t2 :]eas ! m9uses h1 on ! o!r h&1 a t5d5cy to retire into back /reets1 & o!r places ( %ade1--or ev5 to get !mselves :olly & f9ally put out ( sight 9 graves3 :i* r5d]s ! algebra ( ?is sci5ce peculi>1 & difficultly legible2 a l>ge numb] ( its negative signs be+ writt5 by ! acc\nt-keep] 9 a k9d ( r$ ink1 :i* />vation ?9s1 & makes /rangely pale1 or ev5 q invisible ink1 = ! pres5t4 ,! sci5ce ( ,ex*ange1 or1 z ,i he> x has be5 propos$ to call x1 ( ,catallactics1 consid]$ z "o ( ga91 is1 !re=e1 simply nugatory2 b consid]$ z "o ( acquisition1 x is a v curi\s sci5ce1 diff]+ 9 its data & basis f e o!r sci5ce kn[n4 ,?us3--,if ,i c ex*ange a ne$le ) a savage = a diamond1 my p[] ( do+ s dep5ds ei!r on ! savage's ignorance ( social arrangem5ts 9 ,europe1 or on 8 want ( p[] to take advantage ( !m1 by sell+ ! diamond to any "o else = m ne$les4 ,if1 f>!r1 ,i make ! b>ga9 z completely advantage\s to myself z possible1 by giv+ to ! savage a ne$le ) no eye 9 x 7rea*+1 ?us1 a suffici5tly satisfactory type ( ! p]fect op]ation ( catallactic sci5ce71 ! advantage to me 9 ! entire transaction dep5ds :olly ^u ! ignorance1 p[]lessness1 or he$lessness ( ! p]son dealt )4 ,d away ) ^!1 & catallactic advantage becomes impossible4 ,s f>1 !re=e z ! sci5ce ( ex*ange relates to ! advantage ( "o ( ! ex*ang+ p]sons only1 x is f\nd$ on ! ignorance or incapacity ( ! opposite p]son4 ,:]e ^! vani%1 x also vani%es4 ,x is !re=e a sci5ce f\nd$ on nesci5ce1 & an art f\nd$ on artlessness4 ,b all o!r sci5ces & arts1 except ?is1 h = _! object ! do+ away ) _! opposite nesci5ce & artlessness4 ,?is sci5ce1 alone ( sci5ces1 mu/1 by all available means1 promulgate & prolong its opposite nesci5ce2 o!rwise ! sci5ce itself is impossible4 ,x is1 !re=e1 peculi>ly & alone1 ! sci5ce ( d>kness2 probably a ba/>d sci5ce--n by any means a div9a sci5tia1 b "o begott5 ( ano!r fa!r1 t fa!r :o1 advis+ 8 *ildr5 to turn /ones into bread1 is himself employ$ 9 turn+ bread into /ones1 & :o1 if y ask a fi% ( him 7fi% n be+ producible on 8 e/ate71 c b give y a s]p5t4 ,! g5]al law1 !n1 respect+ j or economical ex*ange1 is simply ?is3--,!re mu/ be advantage on bo? sides 7or if only advantage on "o1 at lea/ no disadvantage on ! o!r7 to ! p]sons ex*ang+2 & j paym5t = 8 "t1 intellig5ce1 & lab\r1 to any int]m$iate p]son effect+ ! transaction 7commonly call$ a m]*ant73 & :atev] advantage !re is on ei!r side1 & :atev] pay is giv5 to ! int]m$iate p]son1 %\ld be ?or\ghly kn[n to all conc]n$4 ,all attempt at concealm5t implies "s practice ( ! opposite1 or undiv9e sci5ce1 f\nd$ on nesci5ce4 ,:5ce ano!r say+ ( ! ,jew m]*ant's--,z a nail betwe5 ! /one jo9ts1 s do? s9 /ick fa/ betwe5 buy+ & sell+4 ,:i* peculi> rivet+ ( /one & timb]1 9 m5's deal+ ) ea* o!r1 is aga9 set =? 9 ! h\se :i* 0 to be de/roy$--timb] & /ones toge!r--:5 ,ze*>iah's roll 7m probably curv$ sword7 flew ov] x3 ! curse t goe? =? ov] all ! e>? ^u e "o t /eale? & holde? himself guiltless1 in/antly foll[$ by ! vision ( ! ,great ,measure2--! measure ( ! inju/ice ( !m 9 all ! e>? 7,greek3 aute he adikia auton en pase te ge71 ) ! weight ( lead = its lid1 & ! woman1 ! _s ( wick$ness1 )9 x2--t is to say1 ,wick$ness hidd5 by ,dulness1 & =maliz$1 outw>dly1 into pond]\sly e/abli%$ cruelty4 ,x %all be set ^u its own base 9 ! l& on ,babel4#ec #ec ,ze*4 v4 #aa4 ,see note on ! passage1 at pp4 #aia-b4 ,i h hi!rto c>efully re/rict$ myself1 9 speak+ ( ex*ange1 to ! use ( ! t]m advantage2 b t t]m includes two ideas3 ! advantage1 namely1 ( gett+ :at we ne$1 & t ( gett+ :at we wi% =4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! dem&s exi/+ 9 ! _w are romantic2 f\nd$ on visions1 idealisms1 hopes1 & affections2 & ! regulation ( ! purse is1 9 its ess5ce1 regulation ( ! imag9ation & ! he>t4 ,h5ce1 ! "r discussion ( ! nature ( price is a v high metaphysical & psy*ical problem2 sometimes to be solv$ only 9 a passionate mann]1 z by ,david 9 8 c\nt+ ! price ( ! wat] ( ! well by ! gate ( ,be?lehem2 b its fir/ conditions are ! foll[+3--,! price ( any?+ is ! quantity ( lab\r giv5 by ! p]son desir+ x1 9 ord] to obta9 possession ( x4 ,?is price dep5ds on f\r v>iable quantities4 ,a4 ,! quantity ( wi% ! pur*as] has = ! ?+2 oppos$ to ,greek3 a1 ! quantity ( wi% ! sell] has to keep x4 ,b4 ,! quantity ( lab\r ! pur*as] c af=d1 to obta9 ! ?+2 oppos$ to ,greek3 b1 ! quantity ( lab\r ! sell] c af=d1 to keep x4 ,^! quantities are op]ative only 9 excess2 i4e41 ! quantity ( wi% 7,a7 means ! quantity ( wi% = ?is ?+1 above wi% = o!r ?+s2 & ! quantity ( "w 7,b7 means ! quantity :i* c be sp>$ to get ?is ?+ f ! quantity ne$$ to get o!r ?+s4 ,ph5om5a ( price1 !re=e1 are int5sely complex1 curi\s1 & int]e/+--too complex1 h[ev]1 to be exam9$ yet2 e "o ( !m1 :5 trac$ f> en\gh1 %[+ itself at la/ z a "p ( ! b>ga9 ( ! ,poor ( ! ,flock 7or flock ( slaught]71 ,if ye ?9k good1 give ,,me my price1 & if n1 =be>--,ze*4 xi4 #ab2 b z ! price ( ev]y?+ is to be calculat$ f9ally 9 lab\r1 x is necess>y to def9e ! nature ( t /&>d4 ,lab\r is ! conte/ ( ! life ( man ) an opposite3--! t]m life includ+ 8 intellect1 s\l1 & physical p[]1 cont5d+ ) "q1 difficulty1 trial1 or mat]ial =ce4 ,lab\r is ( a high] or l[] ord]1 z x includes m or few] ( ! elem5ts ( life3 & lab\r ( good quality1 9 any k9d1 includes always z mu* intellect & feel+ z w fully & h>moni\sly regulate ! physical =ce4 ,9 speak+ ( ! value & price ( lab\r1 x is necess>y always to und]/& lab\r ( a giv5 rank & quality1 z we %\ld speak ( gold or silv] ( a giv5 /&>d4 ,bad 7t is1 he>tless1 inexp]i5c$1 or s5seless7 lab\r _c be valu$2 x is l gold ( unc]ta9 alloy1 or flaw$ iron4#ed #ed ,lab\r :i* is entirely good ( its k9d1 t is to say1 effective1 or effici5t1 ! ,greeks call$ weighable1 or ,greek3 axios1 translat$ usually wor?y1 & because ?us sub/antial & true1 !y call$ its price ,greek3 "t1 ! hon\rable e/imate ( x 7honor>ium73 ?is ^w be+ f\nd$ on _! conception ( true lab\r z a div9e ?+1 to be hon\r$ ) ! k9d ( hon\r giv5 to ! gods2 :]eas ! price ( false lab\r1 or ( t :i* l$ away f life1 0 to be1 n hon\r1 b v5geance2 = :i* !y res]v$ ano!r ^w1 attribut+ ! exaction ( su* price to a peculi> goddess call$ ,tisiphone1 ! requit] 7or quittance-tak]7 ( dea?2 a p]son v]s$ 9 ! highe/ bran*es ( ari?metic1 & punctual 9 h] habits2 ) :om acc\nts curr5t h be5 op5$ also 9 mod]n days4 ,! quality & k9d ( lab\r be+ giv51 its value1 l t ( all o!r valuable ?+s1 is inv>iable4 ,b ! quantity ( x :i* mu/ be giv5 = o!r ?+s is v>iable3 & 9 e/imat+ ?is v>iation1 ! price ( o!r ?+s mu/ always be c\nt$ by ! quantity ( lab\r2 n ! price ( lab\r by ! quantity ( o!r ?+s4 ,?us1 if we want to plant an apple sapl+ 9 rocky gr\nd1 x may take two h\rs' "w2 9 s(t gr\nd1 p]haps only half an h\r4 ,grant ! soil equally good = ! tree 9 ea* case4 ,!n ! value ( ! sapl+ plant$ by two h\rs' "w is n[ise great] ?an t ( ! sapl+ plant$ 9 half an h\r4 ,"o w be> no m fruit ?an ! o!r4 ,also1 "o half-h\r ( "w is z valuable z ano!r half-h\r2 nev]!less ! "o sapl+ has co/ f\r su* pieces ( "w1 ! o!r only "o4 ,n[ ! prop] /atem5t ( ?is fact is1 n t ! lab\r on ! h>d gr\nd is *eap] ?an on ! s(t2 b t ! tree is de>]4 ,! ex*ange value may1 or may n1 aft]w>ds dep5d on ?is fact4 ,if o!r p h pl5ty ( s(t gr\nd to plant 91 !y w take no cognizance ( our two h\rs' lab\r1 9 ! price !y w (f] = ! plant on ! rock4 ,& if1 ?r\gh want ( suffici5t botanical sci5ce1 we h plant$ an upas-tree in/ead ( an apple1 ! ex*ange value w be a negative quantity2 /ill less proportionate to ! lab\r exp5d$4 ,:at is commonly call$ *eapness ( lab\r1 signifies1 !re=e1 9 reality1 t _m ob/acles h to be ov]come by x2 s t mu* lab\r is requir$ to produce a small result4 ,b ?is %\ld nev] be spok5 ( z *eapness ( lab\r1 b z de>ness ( ! object wr\ght =4 ,x w\ld be j z rational to say t walk+ 0 *eap1 because we _h t5 miles to walk home to our d9n]1 z t lab\r 0 *eap1 because we _h to "w t5 h\rs to e>n x4 ,! la/ ^w :i* we h to def9e is ,production4 ,i h hi!rto spok5 ( all lab\r z pr(itable2 because x is impossible to consid] "u "o head ! quality or value ( lab\r1 & its aim4 ,b lab\r ( ! be/ quality may be v>i\s 9 aim4 ,x may be ei!r con/ructive 7ga!r+1 f con & /ruo71 z agriculture2 nugatory1 z jewel-cutt+2 or de/ructive 7scatt]+1 f de & /ruo71 z w>4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 always easy to prove lab\r1 app>5tly nugatory1 to be actually s2#ee g5]ally1 ! =mula holds good1 he t ga!re? n1 scatt]e?2 ?us1 ! jewell]'s art is probably v h>mful 9 its m9i/]+ to a clumsy & inelegant pride4 ,s t1 f9ally1 ,i believe ne>ly all lab\r may be %ortly divid$ into positive & negative lab\r3 positive1 t :i* produces life2 negative1 t :i* produces dea?2 ! mo/ directly negative lab\r be+ murd]1 & ! mo/ directly positive1 ! be>+ & re>+ ( *ildr53 s t 9 ! precise degree 9 :i* murd] is hateful1 on ! negative side ( idl5ess1 9 t exact degree *ild-re>+ is admirable1 on ! positive side ( idl5ess4 ,= :i* reason1 & because ( ! hon\r t !re is 9 re>+#ef *ildr51 :ile ! wife is said to be z ! v9e 7= *e]+71 ! *ildr5 are z ! olive-bran*1 = praise2 nor = praise only1 b = peace 7because l>ge families c only be re>$ 9 times ( peace73 ?\gh s9ce1 9 _! spread+ & voyag+ 9 v>i\s directions1 !y di/ribute /r5g?1 !y are1 to ! home /r5g?1 z arr[s 9 ! h& ( ! giant--/rik+ "h & !re1 f> away4 #ee ,! mo/ accurately nugatory lab\r is1 p]haps1 t ( :i* n en\gh is giv5 to answ] a purpose effectually1 & :i*1 !re=e1 has all to be done ov] aga94 ,also1 lab\r :i* fails ( effect ?r\gh non-coop]ation4 ,! cure ( a little village ne> ,bell9zona1 to :om ,i _h express$ wond] t ! peasants all[$ ! ,tic9o to flood _! fields1 told me t !y w\ld n jo9 to build an effectual embankm5t high up ! valley1 because ev]ybody said t w\ld help 8 neighb\rs z mu* z himself4 ,s e proprietor built a bit ( l[ embankm5t ab\t 8 own field2 & ! ,tic9o1 z soon z x _h a m9d1 swept away & swall[$ all up toge!r4 #ef ,obs]ve1 ,i say1 re>+1 n begett+4 ,! praise is 9 ! sev5? season1 n 9 ,greek3 sporetos1 nor 9 ,greek3 phytalia1 b 9 ,greek3 opora4 ,x is /range t m5 always praise en?usia/ically any p]son :o1 by a mom5t>y ex]tion1 saves a life2 b praise v hesitat+ly a p]son :o1 by ex]tion & self-d5ial prolong$ ?r\gh ye>s1 creates "o4 ,we give ! cr[n ob civem s]vatum1--:y n ob civem natum8 ,born1 ,i mean1 to ! full1 9 s\l z well z body4 ,engl& has oak en\gh1 ,i ?9k1 = bo? *aplets4 ,lab\r be+ ?us v>i\s 9 its result1 ! prosp]ity ( any nation is 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( lab\r :i* x sp5ds 9 obta9+ & employ+ means ( life4 ,obs]ve1--,i say1 obta9+ & employ+2 t is to say1 n m]ely wisely produc+1 b wisely di/ribut+ & consum+4 ,economi/s usually speak z if !re 7 no good 9 consumption absolute4#eg ,s f> f ?is be+ s1 consumption absolute is ! end1 cr[n1 & p]fection ( production2 & wise consumption is a f> m difficult art ?an wise production4 ,tw5ty p c ga9 money = "o :o c use x2 & ! vital "q1 = individual & = nation1 is1 nev] h[ mu* d !y make8 b to :at purpose d !y sp5d8 #eg ,:5 ,mr4 ,mill speaks ( productive consumption1 he only means consumption :i* results 9 increase ( capital1 or mat]ial weal?4 ,see ,i4 iii4 #d1 & ,i4 iii4 #e4 ,! read] may1 p]haps1 h be5 surpris$ at ! slight ref]5ce ,i h hi!rto made to capital1 & its functions4 ,x is "h ! place to def9e !m4 ,capital signifies head1 or s\rce1 or root mat]ial--x is mat]ial by :i* "s d]ivative or second>y good is produc$4 ,x is only capital prop] 7caput vivum1 n caput mortuum7 :5 x is ?us produc+ some?+ diff]5t f itself4 ,x is a root1 :i* does n ent] into vital function till x produces some?+ else ?an a root2 namely1 fruit4 ,t fruit w 9 "t aga9 produce roots2 & s all liv+ capital issues 9 reproduction ( capital2 b capital :i* produces no?+ b capital is only root produc+ root2 bulb issu+ 9 bulb1 nev] 9 tulip2 se$ issu+ 9 se$1 nev] 9 bread4 ,! ,political ,economy ( ,europe has hi!rto devot$ itself :olly to ! multiplication1 or 7less ev57 ! aggregation1 ( bulbs4 ,x nev] saw1 nor conceiv$ su* a ?+ z a tulip4 ,nay1 boil$ bulbs !y might h be5--glass bulbs--,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops1 consummat$ 9 p[d] 7well1 if x 7 glass-p[d] & n gunp[d]71 = any end or mean+ ! economi/s _h 9 def9+ ! laws ( aggregation4 ,we w try & get a cle>] notion ( !m4 ,! be/ & simple/ g5]al type ( capital is a well-made pl\gh%>e4 ,n[1 if t pl\gh%>e did no?+ b beget o!r pl\gh%>es1 9 a polyp\s mann]1--h[ev] ! great clu/] ( polyp\s pl\gh might glitt] 9 ! sun1 x w\ld h lo/ its function ( capital4 ,x becomes true capital only by ano!r k9d ( spl5d\r1--:5 x is se5 spl5desc]e sulco1 to gr[ bright 9 ! furr[2 r ) dim9ution ( its sub/ance1 ?an addition1 by ! noble friction4 ,& ! true home "q1 to e capitali/ & to e nation1 is n1 h[ _m pl\ghs h y8 b1 :]e are y\r furr[s8 n--h[ quickly w ?is capital reproduce itself8--b1 :at w x d dur+ reproduction8 ,:at sub/ance w x furni%1 good = life8 :at "w con/ruct1 protective ( life8 if none1 its own reproduction is useless--if worse ?an none 7= capital may de/roy life z well z support x71 its own reproduction is worse ?an useless2 x is m]ely an advance f ,tisiphone1 on mortgage--n a pr(it by any means4 ,n a pr(it1 z ! anci5ts truly saw1 & %[$ 9 ! type ( ,ixion2--= capital is ! head1 or f\nta9 head1 ( weal?--! well-head ( weal?1 z ! cl\ds are ! well-heads ( ra93 b :5 cl\ds are )\t wat]1 & only beget cl\ds1 !y issue 9 wra? at la/1 in/ead ( ra91 & 9 lightn+ in/ead ( h>ve/2 :5ce ,ixion is said fir/ to h invit$ 8 gue/s to a banquet1 & !n made !m fall into a pit fill$ ) fire2 :i* is ! type ( ! temptation ( ri*es issu+ 9 imprison$ torm5t1--torm5t 9 a pit 7z also ,demas' silv] m9e71 aft] :i*1 to %[ ! rage ( ri*es pass+ f lu/ ( pleasure to lu/ ( p[]1 yet p[] n truly und]/ood1 ,ixion is said to h desir$ ,juno1 & in/ead1 embrac+ a cl\d 7or phantasm71 to h begott5 ! ,c5taurs2 ! p[] ( m]e weal? be+1 9 itself1 z ! embrace ( a %ad[1--com=tless 7s also ,ephraim fe$e? on w9d & foll[e? aft] ! ea/ w9d2 or t :i* is n--,prov4 xxiii4 #e2 & aga9 ,dante's ,g]yon1 ! type ( av>ici\s fraud1 z he flies1 ga!rs ! air up ) retractile claws1--l'a] a se raccolse#eh71 b 9 its (fspr+1 a m+l+ ( ! brutal ) ! human nature3 human 9 sagacity--us+ bo? intellect & arr[2 b brutal 9 its body & ho(1 = consum+1 & trampl+ d[n4 ,= :i* s9 ,ixion is at la/ b\nd ^u a :eel--fi]y & too!d1 & roll+ p]petually 9 ! air2--! type ( human lab\r :5 selfi% & fruitless 7kept f> into ! middle ages 9 _! :eel ( =tune72 ! :eel :i* has 9 x no brea? or _s1 b is :irl$ by *ance only2 :]eas ( all true "w ! ,ezekiel vision is true1 t ! ,_s ( ! liv+ creature is 9 ! :eels1 & :]e ! angels g1 ! :eels g by !m2 b move no o!rwise4 #eh ,s also 9 ! vision ( ! wom5 be>+ ! ephah1 be=e quot$1 ! w9d 0 9 _! w+s1 n w+s ( a /ork1 z 9 our v]sion2 b milvi1 ( a kite1 9 ! ,vulgate1 or p]haps m accurately /ill 9 ! ,septuag9t1 hoopoe1 a bird connect$ typically ) ! p[] ( ri*es by _m traditions1 ( :i* t ( its petition = a cre/ ( gold is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! ,birds ( ,ari/ophanes1 9 :i* its "p is pr9cipal1 is full ( !m2 note especially ! =tification ( ! air ) bak$ bricks1 l ,babylon1 l4 #eej2 &1 aga91 comp>e ! ,plutus ( ,dante1 :o 7to %[ ! influ5ce ( ri*es 9 de/roy+ ! reason7 is ! only "o ( ! p[]s ( ! ,inf]no :o _c speak intelligibly2 & also ! c[>dlie/2 he is n m]ely quell$ or re/ra9$1 b lit]ally collapses at a ^w2 ! sudd5 & helpless op]ation ( m]cantile panic be+ all told 9 ! brief metaphor1 z ! sails1 swoll5 ) ! w9d1 fall1 :5 ! ma/ breaks4 ,?is be+ ! real nature ( capital1 x foll[s t !re are two k9ds ( true production1 always go+ on 9 an active ,/ate2 "o ( se$1 & "o ( food2 or production = ! ,gr\nd1 & = ! ,m\?2 bo? ( :i* are by covet\s p]sons ?\ght to be production only = ! gran>y2 :]eas ! function ( ! gran>y is b int]m$iate & cons]vative1 fulfill$ 9 di/ribution2 else x ends 9 no?+ b mildew1 & n\ri%m5t ( rats & worms4 ,& s9ce production = ! ,gr\nd is only useful ) future hope ( h>ve/1 all ess5tial production is = ! ,m\?2 & is f9ally measur$ by ! m\?2 h5ce1 z ,i said above1 consumption is ! cr[n ( production2 & ! weal? ( a nation is only to be e/imat$ by :at x consumes4 ,! want ( any cle> sight ( ?is fact is ! capital error1 issu+ 9 ri* int]e/ & rev5ue ( error among ! political economi/s4 ,_! m9ds are cont9ually set on money-ga91 n on m\?-ga92 & !y fall into e sort ( net & sn>e1 dazzl$ by ! co9-glitt] z birds by ! f[l]'s glass2 or r 7= !re is n mu* else l birds 9 !m7 !y are l *ildr5 try+ to jump on ! heads ( _! own %ad[s2 ! money-ga9 be+ only ! %ad[ ( ! true ga91 :i* is humanity4 ,! f9al object ( political economy1 !re=e1 is to get good me?od ( consumption1 & great quantity ( consumption3 9 o!r words1 to use ev]y?+1 & to use x nobly2 :e!r x be sub/ance1 s]vice1 or s]vice p]fect+ sub/ance4 ,! mo/ curi\s error 9 ,mr4 ,mill's entire "w 7provid$ = him orig9ally by ,ric>do7 is 8 endeav\r to di/+ui% betwe5 direct & indirect s]vice1 & consequ5t ass]tion t a dem& = commodities is n dem& = lab\r 7,i4 v4 #i1 et seq474 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 lab\r]s employ$ to lay out pleasure gr\nds1 & to manufacture velvet2 decl>+ t x makes mat]ial diff]5ce to ! lab\r+ classes 9 :i* ( ^! two ways a capitali/ sp5ds 8 money2 because ! employm5t ( ! g>d5]s is a dem& = lab\r1 b ! pur*ase ( velvet is n4#ei ,error colossal z well z /range4 ,x w1 inde$1 make a diff]5ce to ! lab\r] :e!r we bid him sw+ 8 scy! 9 ! spr+ w9ds1 or drive ! loom 9 pe/il5tial air2 b1 s f> z 8 pocket is conc]n$1 x makes to him absolutely no diff]5ce :e!r we ord] him to make gre5 velvet1 ) se$ & a scy!1 or r$ velvet1 ) silk & scissors4 ,nei!r does x anywise conc]n him :e!r1 :5 ! velvet is made1 we consume x by walk+ on x1 or we>+ x1 s long z our consumption ( x is :olly selfi%4 ,b if our consumption is to be 9 any wise unselfi%1 n only our mode ( consum+ ! articles we require int]e/s him1 b also ! k9d ( article we require ) a view to consumption4 ,z ?us 7return+ = a mom5t to ,mr4 ,mill's great h>dw>e !ory#fj73 x matt]s1 s f> z ! lab\r]'s imm$iate pr(it is conc]n$1 n an iron fil+ :e!r ,i employ him 9 gr[+ a pea*1 or =g+ a bomb%ell2 b my probable mode ( consumption ( ^? articles matt]s s]i\sly4 ,admit t x is to be 9 bo? cases unselfi%1 & ! diff]5ce1 to him1 is f9al1 :e!r :5 8 *ild is ill1 ,i walk into 8 cottage & give x ! pea*1 or drop ! %ell d[n 8 *imney1 & bl[ 8 ro( (f4 #ei ,! value ( raw mat]ial1 :i* has1 inde$1 to be d$uct$ f ! price ( ! lab\r1 is n contemplat$ 9 ! passages ref]r$ to1 ,mr4 ,mill hav+ fall5 into ! mi/ake solely by pursu+ ! collat]al results ( ! paym5t ( wages to middlem54 ,he says3--,! consum] does n1 ) 8 own funds1 pay ! weav] = 8 day's "w4 ,p>don me2 ! consum] ( ! velvet pays ! weav] ) 8 own funds z mu* z he pays ! g>d5]4 ,he pays1 probably1 an int]m$iate %ip-own]1 velvet m]*ant1 & %opman2 pays c>riage money1 %op r5t1 damage money1 "t money1 & c>e money2 all ^! are above & beside ! velvet price 7j z ! wages ( a head g>d5] w\ld be above ! grass price72 b ! velvet is z mu* produc$ by ! consum]'s capital1 ?\gh he does n pay = x till six mon?s aft] production1 z ! grass is produc$ by 8 capital1 ?\gh he does n pay ! man :o m[$ & roll$ x on ,monday1 till ,saturday aft]noon4 ,i d n "k if ,mr4 ,mill's conclusion--! capital _c be disp5s$ )1 ! pur*as]s c--has yet be5 r$uc$ to practice 9 ! ,city on any l>ge scale4 #fj ,:i*1 obs]ve1 is ! precise opposite ( ! "o "u exam9ation4 ,! h>dw>e !ory requir$ u to dis*>ge our g>d5]s & engage manufactur]s2 ! velvet !ory requires u to dis*>ge our manufactur]s & engage g>d5]s4 ,! wor/ ( x1 = ! peasant1 is1 t ! capitali/'s consumption ( ! pea* is apt to be selfi%1 & ( ! %ell1 di/ributive2#fa b1 9 all cases1 ?is is ! broad & g5]al fact1 t on due catallactic comm]cial pr9ciples1 somebody's ro( mu/ g (f 9 fulfilm5t ( ! bomb's de/9y4 ,y may gr[ = y\r neighb\r1 at y\r lik+1 grapes or grape%ot2 he w also1 catallactically1 gr[ grapes or grape%ot = y1 & y w ea* reap :at y h s[n4 #fa ,x is "o v awful =m ( ! op]ation ( weal? 9 ,europe t x is entirely capitali/s' weal? :i* supports unju/ w>s4 ,j w>s d n ne$ s mu* money to support !m2 = mo/ ( ! m5 :o wage su*1 wage !m gratis2 b = an unju/ w>1 m5's bodies & s\ls h bo? to be b\ght2 & ! be/ tools ( w> = !m besides2 :i* makes su* w> co/ly to ! maximum2 n to speak ( ! co/ ( base fe>1 & angry suspicion1 betwe5 nations :i* h n grace nor hone/y en\gh 9 all _! multitudes to buy an h\r's peace ( m9d )3 z1 at pres5t1 ,france & ,engl&1 pur*as+ ( ea* o!r t5 millions /]l+ wor? ( con/]nation annually 7a rem>kably light crop1 half ?orns & half asp5 leaves1--s[n1 reap$1 & gran>i$ by ! sci5ce ( ! mod]n political economi/1 tea*+ covet\sness in/ead ( tru?74 ,& all unju/ w> be+ supportable1 if n by pillage ( ! enemy1 only by loans f capitali/s1 ^! loans are repaid by subsequ5t taxation ( ! p1 :o appe> to h no w 9 ! matt]1 ! capitali/s' w be+ ! prim>y root ( ! w>2 b its real root is ! covet\sness ( ! :ole nation1 r5d]+ x incapable ( fai?1 frankness1 or ju/ice1 & br++ ab\t1 !re=e1 9 due "t1 8 own sep>ate loss & puni%m5t to ea* p]son4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! mann] & issue ( consumption :i* are ! real te/s ( production4 ,production does n consi/ 9 ?+s labori\sly made1 b 9 ?+s s]viceably consumable2 & ! "q = ! nation is n h[ mu* lab\r x employs1 b h[ mu* life x produces4 ,= z consumption is ! end & aim ( production1 s life is ! end & aim ( consumption4 ,i left ?is "q to ! read]'s ?\ght two mon?s ago1 *oos+ r t he %\ld "w x out = himself ?an h x %>ply /at$ to him4 ,b n[1 ! gr\nd be+ suffici5tly brok5 7& ! details into :i* ! sev]al que/ions1 "h op5$1 mu/ lead u1 be+ too complex = discussion 9 ! pages ( a p]iodical1 s t ,i mu/ pursue !m else:]e71 ,i desire1 9 clos+ ! s]ies ( introductory pap]s1 to leave ?is "o great fact cle>ly /at$4 ,,!re ,,is ,,no ,,weal? ,,b ,,life4 ,life1 includ+ all its p[]s ( love1 ( joy1 & ( admiration4 ,t c\ntry is ! ri*e/ :i* n\ri%es ! greate/ numb] ( noble & happy human be+s2 t man is ri*e/ :o1 hav+ p]fect$ ! functions ( 8 own life to ! utmo/1 has also ! wide/ helpful influ5ce1 bo? p]sonal & by means ( 8 possessions1 ov] ! lives ( o!rs4 ,a /range political economy2 ! only "o1 nev]!less1 t ev] 0 or c be3 all political economy f\nd$ on self-int]e/#fb be+ b ! fulfilm5t ( t :i* once br\ght s*ism into ! ,policy ( angels1 & ru9 into ! ,economy ( ,heav54 #fb ,9 all reason+ ab\t prices1 ! proviso mu/ be und]/ood1 'suppos+ all p>ties to take c>e ( _! own int]e/4'--,mill1 ,,iii4 i4 #e4 ,! greate/ numb] ( human be+s noble & happy4 ,b is ! nobl5ess consi/5t ) ! numb]8 ,yes1 n only consi/5t ) x1 b ess5tial to x4 ,! maximum ( life c only be rea*$ by ! maximum ( virtue4 ,9 ?is respect ! law ( human population diff]s :olly f t ( animal life4 ,! multiplication ( animals is *eck$ only by want ( food1 & by ! ho/ility ( races2 ! population ( ! gnat is re/ra9$ by ! hung] ( ! swall[1 & t ( ! swall[ by ! sc>city ( gnats4 ,man1 consid]$ z an animal1 is inde$ limit$ by ! same laws3 hung]1 or plague1 or w>1 are ! necess>y & only re/ra9ts ^u 8 increase1--effectual re/ra9ts hi!rto1--8 pr9cipal /udy hav+ be5 h[ mo/ swiftly to de/roy himself1 or ravage 8 dwell+-places1 & 8 highe/ skill direct$ to give range to ! fam9e1 se$ to ! plague1 & sway to ! sword4 ,b1 consid]$ z o!r ?an an animal1 8 increase is n limit$ by ^! laws4 ,x is limit$ only by ! limits ( 8 c\rage & 8 love4 ,bo? ( ^! h _! b\nds2 & ought to h3 8 race has its b\nds also2 b ^! h n yet be5 rea*$1 nor w be rea*$ = ages4 ,9 all ! ranges ( human ?\ght ,i "k none s melan*oly z ! speculations ( political economi/s on ! population "q4 ,x is propos$ to bett] ! condition ( ! lab\r] by giv+ him high] wages4 ,nay1 says ! economi/1 if y raise 8 wages1 he w ei!r drag p d[n to ! same po9t ( mis]y at :i* y f\nd him1 or dr9k y\r wages away4 ,he w4 ,i "k x4 ,:o gave him ?is w8 ,suppose x 7 y\r own son ( :om y spoke1 decl>+ to me t y d>$ n take him into y\r firm1 nor ev5 give him 8 j lab\r]'s wages1 because if y did1 he w\ld die ( drunk5ness1 & leave half a score ( *ildr5 to ! p>i%4 ,:o gave y\r son ^! dispositions8--,i %\ld inquire4 ,has he !m by inh]itance or by education8 ,by "o or o!r !y mu/ come2 & z 9 him1 s also 9 ! poor4 ,ei!r ^! poor are ( a race ess5tially diff]5t f ours1 & unr$eemable 7:i*1 h[ev] (t5 impli$1 ,i h he>d none yet op5ly say71 or else by su* c>e z we h ourselves receiv$1 we may make !m cont95t & sob] z ourselves--wise & dispassionate z we are--models ardu\s ( imitation4 ,b1 x is answ]$1 !y _c receive education4 ,:y n8 ,t is precisely ! po9t at issue4 ,*>itable p]sons suppose ! wor/ fault ( ! ri* is to refuse ! p meat2 & ! p cry = _! meat1 kept back by fraud1 to ! ,"l ( ,multitudes4#fc ,alas6 x is n meat ( :i* ! refusal is cruele/1 or to :i* ! claim is valide/4 ,! life is m ?an ! meat4 ,! ri* n only refuse food to ! poor2 !y refuse wisdom2 !y refuse virtue2 !y refuse salvation4 ,ye %eep )\t %eph]d1 x is n ! pa/ure t has be5 %ut f y1 b ! pres5ce4 ,meat6 p]haps y\r "r to t may be pleadable2 b o!r rights h to be plead$ fir/4 ,claim y\r crumbs f ! table1 if y w2 b claim !m z *ildr51 n z dogs2 claim y\r "r to be f$1 b claim m l\dly y\r "r to be holy1 p]fect1 & pure4 #fc ,james v4 #d4 ,obs]ve1 9 ^! /atem5ts ,i am n tak+ up1 nor c\nt5anc+ "o :it1 ! common sociali/ idea ( division ( prop]ty2 division ( prop]ty is its de/ruction2 & ) x ! de/ruction ( all hope1 all indu/ry1 & all ju/ice3 x is simply *aos--a *aos t[>ds :i* ! believ]s 9 mod]n political economy are fa/ t5d+1 & f :i* ,i am /riv+ to save !m4 ,! ri* man does n keep back meat f ! poor by reta9+ 8 ri*es2 b by basely us+ !m4 ,ri*es are a =m ( /r5g?2 & a /rong man does n injure o!rs by keep+ 8 /r5g?1 b by us+ x injuri\sly4 ,! sociali/1 see+ a /rong man oppress a weak "o1 cries out--,break ! /rong man's arms2 b ,i say1 ,tea* him to use !m to bett] purpose4 ,! =titude & intellig5ce :i* acquire ri*es are int5d$1 by ! ,giv] ( bo?1 n to scatt]1 nor to give away1 b to employ ^? ri*es 9 ! s]vice ( mank9d2 9 o!r words1 9 ! r$emption ( ! err+ & aid ( ! weak--t is to say1 !re is fir/ to be ! "w to ga9 money2 !n ! ,sabba? ( use = x--! ,sabba?1 ^: law is1 n to lose life1 b to save4 ,x is cont9ually ! fault or ! folly ( ! poor t !y are poor1 z x is usually a *ild's fault if x falls into a pond1 & a cripple's weakness t slips at a cross+2 nev]!less1 mo/ pass]s-by w\ld pull ! *ild out1 or help up ! cripple4 ,put x at ! wor/1 t all ! poor ( ! _w are b disob$i5t *ildr51 or c>eless cripples1 & t all ri* p are wise & /rong1 & y w see at once t nei!r is ! sociali/ "r 9 desir+ to make ev]ybody poor1 p[]less1 & fooli% z he is himself1 nor ! ri* man "r 9 leav+ ! *ildr5 9 ! mire4 ,/range words to be us$ ( work+ p3 ,:at6 holy2 )\t any long robes nor ano9t+ oils2 ^! r\gh-jacket$1 r\gh-word$ p]sons set to nameless & di%on\r$ s]vice8 ,p]fect6--^!1 ) dim eyes & cramp$ limbs1 & sl[ly wak5+ m9ds8 ,pure6--^!1 ) s5sual desire & grovell+ ?\ght2 f\l ( body1 & co>se ( s\l8 ,x may be s2 nev]!less1 su* z !y are1 !y are ! holie/1 p]fecte/1 pure/ p]sons ! e>? c at pres5t %[4 ,!y may be :at y h said2 b if s1 !y yet are holi] ?an we1 :o h left !m ?us4 ,b :at c be done = !m8 ,:o c clo!--:o tea*--:o re/ra9 _! multitudes8 ,:at end c !re be = !m at la/1 b to consume "o ano!r8 ,i hope = ano!r end1 ?\gh n1 inde$1 f any ( ! ?ree rem$ies = ov]-population commonly sugge/$ by economi/s4 ,^! ?ree are1 9 brief--,colonization2 ,br++ 9 ( wa/e l&s2 or ,disc\ragem5t ( ,m>riage4 ,! fir/ & second ( ^! exp$i5ts m]ely evade or delay ! "q4 ,x w1 inde$1 be long be=e ! _w has be5 all coloniz$1 & its des]ts all br\ght "u cultivation4 ,b ! radical "q is n h[ mu* habitable l& is 9 ! _w1 b h[ _m human be+s ought to be ma9ta9$ on a giv5 space ( habitable l&4 ,obs]ve1 ,i say1 ought to be1 n h[ _m c be4 ,ric>do1 ) 8 usual inaccuracy1 def9es :at he calls ! natural rate ( wages z t :i* w ma9ta9 ! lab\r]4 ,ma9ta9 him6 yes2 b h[8--! "q 0 in/antly ?us ask$ ( me by a work+ girl1 to :om ,i read ! passage4 ,i w amplify h] "q = h]4 ,ma9ta9 him1 h[8 ,z1 fir/1 to :at l5g? ( life8 ,out ( a giv5 numb] ( f$ p]sons h[ _m are to be old--h[ _m "y2 t is to say1 w y arrange _! ma9t5ance s z to kill !m e>ly--say at ?irty or ?irty-five on ! av]age1 includ+ dea?s ( weakly or ill-f$ *ildr58--or s z to enable !m to live out a natural life8 ,y w fe$ a great] numb]1 9 ! fir/ case1#fd by rapidity ( succession2 probably a happi] numb] 9 ! second3 :i* does ,mr4 ,ric>do mean to be _! natural /ate1 & to :i* /ate belongs ! natural rate ( wages8 #fd ,! quantity ( life is ! same 9 bo? cases2 b x is diff]5tly allott$4 ,aga93 ,a piece ( l& :i* w only support t5 idle1 ignorant1 & improvid5t p]sons1 w support ?irty or =ty intellig5t & indu/ri\s ones4 ,:i* ( ^! is _! natural /ate1 & to :i* ( !m belongs ! natural rate ( wages8 ,aga93 ,if a piece ( l& support =ty p]sons 9 indu/ri\s ignorance2 & if1 tir$ ( ?is ignorance1 !y set ap>t t5 ( _! numb] to /udy ! prop]ties ( cones1 & ! sizes ( />s2 ! lab\r ( ^! t51 be+ )drawn f ! gr\nd1 mu/ ei!r t5d to ! increase ( food 9 "s transitional mann]1 or ! p]sons set ap>t = sid]eal & conic purposes mu/ />ve1 or "s "o else />ve in/ead ( !m4 ,:at is1 !re=e1 ! natural rate ( wages ( ! sci5tific p]sons1 & h[ does ?is rate relate to1 or measure1 _! rev]t$ or transitional productiv5ess8 ,aga93 ,if ! gr\nd ma9ta9s1 at fir/1 =ty lab\r]s 9 a peaceable & pi\s /ate ( m9d1 b !y become 9 a few ye>s s qu>relsome & impi\s t !y h to set ap>t five1 to m$itate ^u & settle _! disputes2 t51 arm$ to ! tee? ) co/ly in/rum5ts1 to en=ce ! decisions2 & five to rem9d ev]ybody 9 an eloqu5t mann] ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god2--:at w be ! result ^u ! g5]al p[] ( production1 & :at is ! natural rate ( wages ( ! m$itative1 muscul>1 & oracul> lab\r]s8 ,leav+ ^! que/ions to be discuss$1 or waiv$1 at _! pleasure1 by ,mr4 ,ric>do's foll[]s1 ,i proce$ to /ate ! ma9 facts be>+ on t probable future ( ! lab\r+ classes :i* has be5 p>tially glanc$ at by ,mr4 ,mill4 ,t *apt] & ! prec$+ "o diff] f ! common writ+ ( political economi/s 9 admitt+ "s value 9 ! aspect ( nature1 & express+ regret at ! probability ( ! de/ruction ( natural sc5]y4 ,b we may sp>e our anxieties1 on ?is head4 ,m5 c nei!r dr9k /eam1 nor eat /one4 ,! maximum ( population on a giv5 space ( l& implies also ! relative maximum ( edible vegetable1 :e!r = m5 or cattle2 x implies a maximum ( pure air2 & ( pure wat]4 ,!re=e3 a maximum ( wood1 to transmute ! air1 & ( slop+ gr\nd1 protect$ by h]bage f ! extreme heat ( ! sun1 to fe$ ! /reams4 ,all ,engl& may1 if x s *ooses1 become "o manufactur+ t[n2 & ,engli%m51 sacrific+ !mselves to ! good ( g5]al humanity1 may live dim9i%$ lives 9 ! mid/ ( noise1 ( d>kness1 & ( deadly exhalation4 ,b ! _w _c become a factory1 nor a m9e4 ,no am\nt ( +5uity w ev] make iron dige/ible by ! million1 nor sub/itute hydrog5 = w9e4 ,nei!r ! av>ice nor ! rage ( m5 w ev] fe$ !m1 & h[ev] ! apple ( ,sodom & ! grape ( ,gomorrah may spread _! table = a "t ) da9ties ( a%es1 & nect> ( asps1--s long z m5 live by bread1 ! f> away valleys mu/ laugh z !y are cov]$ ) ! gold ( ,god1 & ! %\ts ( ,8 happy multitudes r+ r\nd ! w9epress & ! well4 ,nor ne$ our m s5tim5tal economi/s fe> ! too wide spread ( ! =malities ( a me*anical agriculture4 ,! pres5ce ( a wise population implies ! se>* = felicity z well z = food2 nor c any population rea* its maximum b ?r\gh t wisdom :i* rejoices 9 ! habitable p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! des]t has its appo9t$ place & "w2 ! et]nal eng9e1 ^: beam is ! e>?'s axle1 ^: beat is its ye>1 & ^: brea? is its ocean1 w /ill divide imp]i\sly to _! des]t k+doms1 b\nd ) unfurr[able rock1 & swept by un>re/$ s&1 _! p[]s ( fro/ & fire3 b ! zones & l&s betwe51 habitable1 w be lovelie/ 9 habitation4 ,! desire ( ! he>t is also ! light ( ! eyes4 ,no sc5e is cont9ually & untir+ly lov$1 b "o ri* by joyful human lab\r2 smoo? 9 field2 fair 9 g>d52 full 9 or*>d2 trim1 sweet1 & frequ5t 9 home/ead2 r++ ) voices ( vivid exi/5ce4 ,no air is sweet t is sil5t2 x is only sweet :5 full ( l[ curr5ts ( "u s\nd--triplets ( birds1 & murmur & *irp ( insects1 & deep-ton$ words ( m51 & wayw>d trebles ( *ildhood4 ,z ! art ( life is le>n$1 x w be f\nd at la/ t all lovely ?+s are also necess>y3--! wild fl[] by ! wayside1 z well z ! t5d$ corn2 & ! wild birds & creatures ( ! =e/1 z well z ! t5d$ cattle2 because man do? n live by bread only1 b also by ! des]t manna2 by e wondr\s ^w & unkn[able "w ( ,god4 ,happy1 9 t he knew !m n1 nor did 8 fa!rs "k2 & t r\nd ab\t him rea*es yet into ! inf9ite1 ! amazem5t ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,note1 f9ally1 t all effectual advancem5t t[>ds ?is true felicity ( ! human race mu/ be by individual1 n public ef=t4 ,c]ta9 g5]al measures may aid1 c]ta9 revis$ laws guide1 su* advancem5t2 b ! measure & law :i* h fir/ to be det]m9$ are ^? ( ea* man's home4 ,we cont9ually he> x recomm5d$ by sagaci\s p to compla9+ neighb\rs 7usually less well plac$ 9 ! _w ?an !mselves71 t !y %\ld rema9 cont5t 9 ! /ation 9 :i* ,provid5ce has plac$ !m4 ,!re are p]haps "s circum/ances ( life 9 :i* ,provid5ce has no int5tion t p %\ld be cont5t4 ,nev]!less1 ! maxim is on ! :ole a good "o2 b x is peculi>ly = home use4 ,t y\r neighb\r %\ld1 or %\ld n1 rema9 cont5t ) 8 position1 is n y\r bus9ess2 b x is v mu* y\r bus9ess to rema9 cont5t ) y\r own4 ,:at is *iefly ne$$ 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day is to %[ ! quantity ( pleasure t may be obta9$ by a consi/5t1 well-adm9i/]$ compet5ce1 mode/1 confess$1 & labori\s4 ,we ne$ examples ( p :o1 leav+ ,heav5 to decide :e!r !y are to rise 9 ! _w1 decide = !mselves t !y w be happy 9 x1 & h resolv$ to seek--n great] weal?1 b simpl] pleasure2 n high] =tune1 b deep] felicity2 mak+ ! fir/ ( possessions1 self-possession2 & hon\r+ !mselves 9 ! h>mless pride & calm pursuits ( peace4 ,( :i* l[ly peace x is writt5 t ju/ice & peace h kiss$ ea* o!r2 & t ! fruit ( ju/ice is s[n 9 peace ( !m t make peace2 n peace-mak]s 9 ! common und]/&+--reconcil]s ( qu>rels2 7?\gh t function also foll[s on ! great] "o27 b peace-,creators2 ,giv]s ( ,calm4 ,:i* y _c give1 unless y fir/ ga92 nor is ?is ga9 "o :i* w foll[ assur$ly on any c\rse ( bus9ess1 commonly s call$4 ,no =m ( ga9 is less probable1 bus9ess be+ 7z is %[n 9 ! language ( all nations--,greek3 pole9 f ,greek3 pelo1 ,greek3 prasis f ,greek3 p]ao1 v5ire1 v5dre1 & v5al1 f v5io1 etc47 ess5tially re/less--& probably cont5ti\s2--hav+ a rav5-l m9d to ! motion to & fro1 z to ! c>rion food2 :]eas ! olive-fe$+ & be>+ birds look = re/ = _! feet3 ?us x is said ( ,wisdom t %e ha? build$ h] h\se1 & hewn out h] sev5 pill>s2 & ev5 :51 ?\gh apt to wait long at ! doorpo/s1 %e has to leave h] h\se & g abroad1 h] pa?s are peace also4 ,= u1 at all ev5ts1 h] "w mu/ beg9 at ! entry ( ! doors3 all true economy is ,law ( ! h\se4 ,/rive to make t law /rict1 simple1 g5]\s3 wa/e no?+1 & grudge no?+4 ,c>e 9 n[ise to make m ( money1 b c>e to make mu* ( x2 rememb]+ always ! great1 palpable1 inevitable fact--! rule & root ( all economy--t :at "o p]son has1 ano!r _c h2 & t e atom ( sub/ance1 ( :atev] k9d1 us$ or consum$1 is s mu* human life sp5t2 :i*1 if x issue 9 ! sav+ pres5t life1 or ga9+ m1 is well sp5t1 b if n1 is ei!r s mu* life prev5t$1 or s mu* sla94 ,9 all buy+1 consid]1 fir/1 :at condition ( exi/5ce y cause 9 ! produc]s ( :at y buy2 secondly1 :e!r ! sum y h paid is j to ! produc]1 & 9 due proportion lodg$ 9 8 h&s2#fe ?irdly1 to h[ mu* cle> use1 = food1 k1 or joy1 ?is t y h b\ght c be put2 & f\r?ly1 to :om & 9 :at way x c be mo/ spe$ily & s]viceably di/ribut$3 9 all deal+s :atsoev] insi/+ on entire op5ness & /]n fulfilm5t2 & 9 all do+s1 on p]fection & lovel9ess ( accompli%m5t2 especially on f95ess & purity ( all m>ketable commodity3 wat*+ at ! same "t = all ways ( ga9+1 or tea*+1 p[]s ( simple pleasure2 & ( %[+ hoson en asphodelph geg honei>--! sum ( enjoym5t dep5d+ n on ! quantity ( ?+s ta/$1 b on ! vivacity & pati5ce ( ta/e4 #fe ,! prop] (fices ( middlem51 namely1 ov]se]s 7or au?oritative workm571 conveyanc]s 7m]*ants1 sailors1 retail deal]s1 etc471 & ord]-tak]s 7p]sons employ$ to receive directions f ! consum]71 mu/1 ( c\rse1 be exam9$ be=e ,i c ent] f>!r into ! "q ( j paym5t ( ! fir/ produc]4 ,b ,i h n spok5 ( !m 9 ^! introductory pap]s1 because ! evils att5dant on ! abuse ( su* int]m$iate functions result n f any alleg$ pr9ciple ( mod]n political economy1 b f private c>elessness or iniquity4 ,& if1 on due & hone/ ?\ght ov] ^! ?+s1 x seems t ! k9d ( exi/5ce to :i* m5 are n[ summon$ by e plea ( pity & claim ( "r1 may1 = "s "t at lea/1 n be a luxuri\s "o3--consid] :e!r1 ev51 suppos+ x guiltless1 luxury w\ld be desir$ by any ( u1 if we saw cle>ly at our sides ! suff]+ :i* accompanies x 9 ! _w4 ,luxury is inde$ possible 9 ! future--innoc5t & exquisite3 luxury = all1 & by ! help ( all2 b luxury at pres5t c only be enjoy$ by ! ignorant2 ! cruele/ man liv+ c\ld n sit at 8 fea/1 unless he sat bl9dfold4 ,raise ! veil boldly2 face ! light2 & if1 z yet1 ! light ( ! eye c only be ?r\gh te>s1 & ! light ( ! body ?r\gh sackclo?1 g ?\ =? weep+1 be>+ preci\s se$1 until ! "t come1 & ! k+dom1 :5 ,*ri/'s gift ( bread1 & beque/ ( peace %all be ,unto ?is la/ z unto !e2 & :51 = e>?'s sev]$ multitudes ( ! wick$ & ! we>y1 !re %all be holi] reconciliation ?an t ( ! n>r[ home1 & calm economy1 :]e ! ,wick$ cease--n f tr\ble1 b f tr\bl+--& ! ,we>y are at re/4 ,,essays ,,on ,,political ,,economy3 ,,contribut$ ,,to ,,fras]',s ,,magaz9e ,,9 #ahfb ,,& #ahfc1 ,,be+ ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,pap]s ,,:i* ,,appe>$ ,,9 ,,! ,,cornhill ,,magaz9e1 ,,"u ,,! ,,title ,,( ,,unto ,,?is ,,la/4 ,i4 ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,life2 ,,weal?1 ,,money1 ,,& ,,ri*es4 ,z dome/ic economy regulates ! acts & habits ( a h\sehold1 political economy regulates ^? ( a society or ,/ate1 ) ref]5ce to its ma9t5ance4 ,political economy is nei!r an art nor a sci5ce1#ff b a sy/em ( conduct & legislature1 f\nd$ on ! sci5ces1 direct+ ! arts1 & impossible1 except "u c]ta9 conditions ( moral culture4 ,by ! ma9t5ance ( a ,/ate is to be und]/ood ! support ( its population 9 heal?y & happy life2 & ! increase ( _! numb]s1 s f> z t increase is consi/5t ) _! happ9ess4 ,x is n ! object ( political economy to increase ! numb]s ( a nation at ! co/ ( common heal? or com=t2 nor to increase indef9itely ! com=t ( individuals1 by sacrifice ( surr\nd+ lives1 or possibilities ( life4 #ff ,! sci5ce :i* 9 mod]n days _h be5 call$ ,political ,economy is 9 reality no?+ m ?an ! inve/igation ( ! ph5om5a ( comm]cial op]ations4 ,x has no connexion ) political economy1 z und]/ood & treat$ ( by ! great ?9k]s ( pa/ ages2 & z long z x is all[$ to pass "u ! same "n1 e ^w writt5 by ^? ?9k]s--& *iefly ! words ( ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 ,cic]o1 & ,bacon--mu/ be ei!r misund]/ood or misappli$4 ,! read] mu/ n1 !re=e1 be surpris$ at ! c>e & insi/5ce ) :i* ,i h reta9$ ! lit]al & e>lie/ s5se ( all important t]ms us$ 9 ^! pap]s2 = a ^w is usually well made at ! "t x is fir/ want$2 its y\nge/ mean+ has 9 x ! full /r5g? ( its y\?2 subsequ5t s5ses are commonly w>p$ or weak5$2 & z a misus$ ^w always is liable to involve an obscur$ ?\ght1 & all c>eful ?9k]s1 ei!r on ?is or any o!r subject1 are sure to h us$ _! words accurately1 ! fir/ condition1 9 ord] to be able to avail ourselves ( _! say+s at all1 is a firm def9ition ( t]ms4 ,! assumption :i* lies at ! root ( ne>ly all errone\s reason+ on political economy--namely1 t its object is to accumulate money or ex*angeable prop]ty--may be %[n 9 few words to be )\t f\ndation4 ,= no economi/ w\ld admit national economy to be legitimate :i* propos$ to itself only ! build+ ( a pyramid ( gold4 ,he w\ld decl>e ! gold to be wa/$1 7 x to rema9 9 ! monum5tal =m1 & w\ld say x ought to be employ$4 ,b to :at end8 ,ei!r x mu/ be us$ only to ga9 m gold1 & build a l>g] pyramid1 or to "s purpose o!r ?an ! ga9+ ( gold4 ,& ?is o!r purpose1 h[ev] at fir/ appreh5d$1 w be f\nd to resolve itself f9ally into ! s]vice ( man--t is to say1 ! ext5sion1 def5ce1 or com=t ( 8 life4 ,! gold5 pyramid may p]haps be provid5tly built1 p]haps improvid5tly2 b1 at all ev5ts1 ! wisdom or folly ( ! accumulation c only be det]m9$ by our hav+ fir/ cle>ly /at$ ! aim ( all economy1 namely1 ! ext5sion ( life4 ,if ! accumulation ( money1 or ( ex*angeable prop]ty1 7 a c]ta9 means ( ext5d+ exi/5ce1 x w\ld be useless1 9 discuss+ economical que/ions1 to fix our att5tion ^u ! m di/ant object--life--in/ead ( ! imm$iate "o--money4 ,b x is n s4 ,money may sometimes be accumulat$ at ! co/ ( life1 or by limitations ( x2 t is to say1 ei!r by ha/5+ ! dea?s ( m51 or prev5t+ _! bir?s4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to keep cle>ly 9 view ! ultimate object ( economy1 & to det]m9e ! exp$i5cy ( m9or op]ations ) ref]5ce to t ult]ior end4 ,x has be5 j /at$ t ! object ( political economy is ! cont9uance n only ( life1 b ( heal?y & happy life4 ,b all true happ9ess is bo? a consequ5ce & cause ( life2 x is a sign ( its vig\r1 & means ( its cont9uance4 ,all true suff]+ is 9 l mann] a consequ5ce & cause ( dea?4 ,i %all !re=e1 9 future1 use ! ^w ,life s+ly3 b let x be und]/ood to include 9 its signification ! happ9ess & p[] ( ! entire human nature1 body & s\l4 ,t human nature1 z its ,creator made x1 & ma9ta9s x :]ev] ,8 laws are obs]v$1 is entirely h>moni\s4 ,no physical error c be m pr(\nd1 no moral error m dang]\s ?an t involv$ 9 ! monki% doctr9e ( ! opposition ( body to s\l4 ,no s\l c be p]fect 9 an imp]fect body2 no body p]fect )\t p]fect s\l4 ,e "r action & true ?\ght sets ! seal ( its beauty on p]son & face2 e wrong action & f\l ?\ght its seal ( di/ortion2 & ! v>i\s aspects ( humanity might be read z pla9ly z a pr9t$ hi/ory1 7 x n t ! impressions are s complex t x mu/ always 9 "s cases--&1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 9 all cases--be impossible to deciph] !m completely4 ,nev]!less1 ! face ( a consi/5tly j1 & ( a consi/5tly unju/ p]son1 may always be rightly disc]n$ at a glance2 & if ! qualities are cont9u$ by desc5t ?r\gh a g5]ation or two1 !re arises a complete di/9ction ( race4 ,bo? moral & physical qualities are communicat$ by desc5t1 f> m ?an !y c be develop$ by education 7?\gh bo? may be de/roy$ = want ( education71 & !re is z yet no asc]ta9$ limit to ! nobl5ess ( p]son & m9d :i* ! human creature may atta91 by p]sev]+ obs]vance ( ! laws ( ,god respect+ its bir? & tra9+4 ,we mu/ !re=e yet f>!r def9e ! aim ( political economy to be ! multiplication ( human life at ! highe/ /&>d4 ,x might at fir/ seem que/ionable :e!r we %\ld endeav\r to ma9ta9 a small numb] ( p]sons ( ! highe/ type ( beauty & intellig5ce1 or a l>g] numb] ( an inf]ior class4 ,b ,i %all be able to %[ 9 ! sequel1 t ! way to ma9ta9 ! l>ge/ numb] is fir/ to aim at ! highe/ /&>d4 ,det]m9e ! noble/ type ( man1 & aim simply at ma9ta9+ ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( p]sons ( t class1 & x w be f\nd t ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( e heal?y subord9ate class mu/ necess>ily be produc$ also4 ,! p]fect type ( manhood1 z j /at$1 involves ! p]fections 7:atev] we may h]eaft] det]m9e ^! to be7 ( 8 body1 affections1 & intellig5ce4 ,! mat]ial ?+s1 !re=e1 :i* x is ! object ( political economy to produce & use 7or accumulate = use71 are ?+s :i* s]ve ei!r to su/a9 & com=t ! body1 or ex]cise rightly ! affections & =m ! intellig5ce4#fg ,:atev] truly s]ves ei!r ( ^! purposes is useful to man1 :olesome1 heal?ful1 helpful1 or holy4 ,by seek+ su* ?+s1 man prolongs & increases 8 life ^u ! e>?4 #fg ,x may be obs]v$1 9 anticipation ( "s ( our future results1 t :ile "s conditions ( ! affections are aim$ at by ! economi/ z f9al1 o!rs are necess>y to him z 8 own in/rum5ts3 z he obta9s !m 9 great] or less degree 8 own f>!r "w becomes m or less possible4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! =tify+ virtues1 :i* ! wise/ m5 ( all "t h1 ) m or less di/9ctness1 arrang$ "u ! g5]al heads ( ,prud5ce1 or ,discretion 7! _s :i* disc]ns & adopts rightly72 ,ju/ice 7! _s :i* rules & divides rightly72 ,=titude 7! _s :i* p]si/s & endures rightly72 & ,temp]ance 7! _s :i* /ops & refuses rightly72 or 9 %ort] t]ms /ill1 ! virtues :i* tea* h[ to consi/1 assi/1 p]si/1 & desi/4 ,^! out]mo/ virtues are n only ! means ( protect+ & prolong+ life itself1 b !y are ! *ief gu>ds or s\rces ( ! mat]ial means ( life1 & are ! visible gov]n+ p[]s & pr9ces ( economy4 ,?us 7res]v+ detail$ /atem5ts = ! sequel7 precisely accord+ to ! numb] ( j m5 9 a nation1 is _! p[] ( avoid+ ei!r inte/9e or =eign w>4 ,all disputes may be peaceably settl$1 if a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons h be5 tra9$ to submit to ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,! necessity = w> is 9 direct ratio to ! numb] ( unju/ p]sons :o are incapable ( det]m9+ a qu>rel b by viol5ce4 ,:e!r ! inju/ice take ! =m ( ! desire ( dom9ion1 or ( refusal to submit to x1 or ( lu/ ( t]ritory1 or lu/ ( money1 or ( m]e irregul> passion & wanton w1 ! result is economically ! same2--loss ( ! quantity ( p[] & life consum$ 9 repress+ ! inju/ice1 z well z ( t requir+ to be repress$1 add$ to ! mat]ial & moral de/ruction caus$ by ! fact ( w>4 ,! e>ly civil w>s ( ,engl&1 & ! exi/+ w> 9 ,am]ica1 are curi\s examples--^! "u mon>*ical1 ?is "u republican in/itutions--( ! results ( ! want ( education ( l>ge masses ( nations 9 pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,?is latt] w>1 especially1 may p]haps at lea/ s]ve = "s visible1 or if t be impossible 7= ! ,greeks told u t ,plutus 0 bl9d1 z ,dante t he 0 spee*less71 "s feelable pro( t true political economy is an e?ical1 & by no means a comm]cial bus9ess4 ,! ,am]icans imag9$ !mselves to "k some:at ( money-mak+2 b[$ l[ be=e _! ,doll>1 expect+ ,div9e help f x2 m ?an pot5t--ev5 omnipot5t4 ,yet all ! :ile ?is app>5tly tangible1 0 inde$ an imag9>y ,deity2--& _h !y %[n ! sub/ance ( him to any true economi/1 or ev5 true m9]alogi/1 !y w\ld h be5 told1 long ye>s ago1--,alas1 g5tlem51 ?is t y are ga9+ is n gold1--n a p>ticle ( x4 ,x is yell[1 & glitt]+1 & l en\gh to ! real metal1--b see--x is brittle1 cat-gold1 'iron fire/one4' ,out ( ?is1 heap x z high z y w1 y w get s mu* /eel & brim/one--no?+ else2 & 9 a ye> or two1 :5 7_h y kn[n a little ( "r economy7 y might h _h quiet ro(-trees ov] y\r heads1 & a fair acc\nt at y\r bank]'s1 y %all in/ead h to sleep a-field1 "u r$ tape/ries1 co/lie/1 yet com=tless2 & at y\r bank]'s f9d deficit at comp\nd int]e/4 ,b ! m]e dread or di/ru/ result+ f ! want ( inn] virtues ( ,fai? & ,*>ity among nations1 is (t5 no less co/ly ?an w> itself4 ,! fe> :i* ,france & ,engl& h ( ea* o!r co/s ea* nation ab\t fifte5 millions /]l+ annually1 besides v>i\s p>alyses ( comm]ce2 t sum be+ sp5t 9 ! manufacture ( means ( de/ruction in/ead ( means ( production4 ,!re is no m reason 9 ! nature ( ?+s t ,france & ,engl& %\ld be ho/ile to ea* o!r ?an t ,engl& & ,scotl& %\ld be1 or ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire2 & ! reciprocal t]rors ( ! opposite sides ( ! ,engli% ,*annel are nei!r m necess>y1 m economical1 nor m virtu\s ?an ! old rid+ & reiv+ on opposite flanks ( ! ,*eviots1 or ?an ,engl&'s own weav+ = h]self ( cr[ns ( ?orn f ! /ems ( h] ,r$ & ,:ite ,roses4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] does n s]ve ei!r ( ^! purposes1--mu* m :atev] c\nt]acts !m1--is 9 l mann] useless to man1 un:olesome1 unhelpful1 or unholy2 & by seek+ su* ?+s man %ort5s & dim9i%es 8 life ^u ! e>?4 ,& nei!r ) respect to ?+s useful or useless c man's e/imate ( !m alt] _! nature4 ,c]ta9 sub/ances be+ good = 8 food1 & o!rs noxi\s to him1 :at he ?9ks or wi%es respect+ !m c nei!r *ange _! nature1 nor prev5t _! p[]4 ,if he eats corn1 he w live2 if night%ade1 he w die4 ,if he produce or make good & beautiful ?+s1 !y w recreate him 7note ! solemnity & weight ( ! ^w72 if bad & ugly ?+s1 !y w corrupt or break 9 pieces--t is1 9 ! exact degree ( _! p[]1 kill him4 ,= e h\r ( lab\r1 h[ev] en?usia/ic or well int5d$1 :i* he sp5ds = t :i* is n bread1 s mu* possibility ( life is lo/ to him4 ,8 fancies1 lik+s1 beliefs1 h[ev] brilliant1 eag]1 or ob/9ate1 are ( no avail if !y are set on a false object4 ,( all t he has lab\r$ =1 ! et]nal law ( heav5 & e>? measures out to him = rew>d1 to ! utmo/ atom1 t "p :i* he ought to h lab\r$ =1 & )draws f him 7or en=ces on him1 x may be7 inexorably t "p :i* he ought n to h lab\r$ =4 ,! du/ & *aff are all1 to ! la/ speck1 w9n[$ away1 & on 8 summ] ?re%+-floor /&s 8 heap ( corn2 little or mu*1 n accord+ to 8 lab\r1 b to 8 discretion4 ,no comm]cial arrangem5ts1 no pa9t+ ( surfaces nor alloy+ ( sub/ances1 w avail him a p5nyweight4 ,nature asks ( him calmly & inevitably1 ,:at h y f\nd1 or =m$--! "r ?+ or ! wrong8 ,by ! "r ?+ y %all live2 by ! wrong y %all die4 ,to ?\ghtless p]sons x seems o!rwise4 ,! _w looks to !m z if !y c\ld coz5 x out ( "s ways & means ( life4 ,b !y _c coz5 ,,x2 !y c only coz5 _! neighb\rs4 ,! _w is n to be *eat$ ( a gra92 n s mu* z a brea? ( its air c be drawn surreptiti\sly4 ,= e piece ( wise "w done1 s mu* life is grant$2 = e piece ( fooli% "w1 no?+2 = e piece ( wick$ "w1 s mu* dea?4 ,?is is z sure z ! c\rses ( day & night4 ,b :5 ! means ( life are once produc$1 m51 by _! v>i\s /ruggles & indu/ries ( accumulation or ex*ange1 may v>i\sly ga!r1 wa/e1 re/ra91 or di/ribute !m2 necessitat+1 9 proportion to ! wa/e or re/ra9t1 accurately s mu* m dea?4 ,! rate & range ( additional dea? is measur$ by ! rate & range ( wa/e1 & is inevitable2--! only "q 7det]m9$ mo/ly by fraud 9 peace1 & =ce 9 w>7 is1 ,:o is to die1 & h[8 ,su* be+ ! ev]la/+ law ( human exi/5ce1 ! ess5tial "w ( ! political economi/ is to det]m9e :at are 9 reality useful & life-giv+ ?+s1 & by :at degrees & k9ds ( lab\r !y are atta9able & di/ributable4 ,?is inve/igation divides itself "u ?ree great heads--fir/1 ( ,weal?2 secondly1 ( ,money2 & ?irdly1 ( ,ri*es4 ,^! t]ms are (t5 us$ z synonym\s1 b !y signify entirely diff]5t ?+s4 ,weal?1 consi/s ( ?+s 9 !mselves valuable2 ,money1 ( docum5t>y claims to ! possession ( su* ?+s2 & ,ri*es is a relative t]m1 express+ ! magnitude ( ! possessions ( "o p]son or society z comp>$ ) ^? ( o!r p]sons or societies4 ,! /udy ( ,weal? is a prov9ce ( natural sci5ce3--x deals ) ! ess5tial prop]ties ( ?+s4 ,! /udy ( ,money is a prov9ce ( comm]cial sci5ce3--x deals ) conditions ( engagem5t & ex*ange4 ,! /udy ( ,ri*es is a prov9ce ( moral sci5ce3--x deals ) ! due relations ( m5 to ea* o!r 9 reg>d ( mat]ial possessions2 & ) ! j laws ( _! association = purposes ( lab\r4 ,i %all 9 ?is pap] %ortly sket* out ! range ( subjects :i* w come be=e u z we foll[ ^! ?ree bran*es ( inquiry4 ,,section ,i4--,,weal?4 ,weal?1 x has be5 said1 consi/s ( ?+s ess5tially valuable4 ,we n[1 !re=e1 ne$ a def9ition ( value4 ,value signifies ! /r5g? or avail+ ( any?+ t[>ds ! su/a9+ ( life1 & is always tw(old2 t is to say1 prim>ily1 ,,intr9sic1 &1 second>ily1 ,,effectual4 ,! read] mu/1 by anticipation1 be w>n$ aga9/ confus+ value ) co/1 or ) price4 ,value is ! life-giv+ p[] ( any?+2 co/1 ! quantity ( lab\r requir$ to produce x2 price1 ! quantity ( lab\r :i* its possessor w take 9 ex*ange = x4 ,co/ & price are comm]cial conditions1 to be /udi$ "u ! head ( ,money4 ,intr9sic value is ! absolute p[] ( any?+ to support life4 ,a %eaf ( :eat ( giv5 quality & weight has 9 x a measurable p[] ( su/a9+ ! sub/ance ( ! body2 a cubic foot ( pure air1 a fix$ p[] ( su/a9+ its w>m?2 & a clu/] ( fl[]s ( giv5 beauty1 a fix$ p[] ( enliv5+ or animat+ ! s5ses & he>t4 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ affect ! intr9sic value ( ! :eat1 ! air1 or ! fl[]s1 t m5 refuse or despise !m4 ,us$ or n1 _! own p[] is 9 !m1 & t p>ticul> p[] is 9 no?+ else4 ,b 9 ord] t ?is value ( !irs may become effectual1 a c]ta9 /ate is necess>y 9 ! recipi5t ( x4 ,! dige/+1 ! brea?+1 & p]ceiv+ functions mu/ be p]fect 9 ! human creature be=e ! food1 air1 or fl[]s c become _! full value to x4 ,! production ( effectual value1 !re=e1 always involves two ne$s2 fir/1 ! production ( a ?+ ess5tially useful2 !n ! production ( ! capacity to use x4 ,:]e ! intr9sic value & acceptant capacity come toge!r !re is ,,effectual value1 or weal?4 ,:]e !re is ei!r no intr9sic value1 or no acceptant capacity1 !re is no effectual value2 t is to say1 no weal?4 ,a horse is no weal? to u if we _c ride1 nor a picture if we _c see1 nor c any noble ?+ be weal?1 except to a noble p]son4 ,z ! aptness ( ! us] increases1 ! effectual value ( ! ?+ us$ increases2 & 9 its entirety c co-exi/ only ) p]fect skill ( use1 or h>mony ( nature4 ,! effectual value ( a giv5 quantity ( any commodity exi/+ 9 ! _w at any mom5t is !re=e a ma!matical function ( ! capacity exi/+ 9 ! human race to enjoy x4 ,let its intr9sic value be repres5t$ by x1 & ! recipi5t faculty by y2 its effectual value is x y1 9 :i* ! sum v>ies z ei!r co-effici5t v>ies1 is increas$ by ei!r's increase1#fh & cancell$ by ei!r's abs5ce4 #fh ,) ?is some:at /range & ungeometrical limitation1 h[ev]1 :i*1 "h express$ = ! mom5t 9 ! briefe/ t]ms1 we mu/ aft]w>ds trace 9 detail--t x y may be indef9itely increas$ by ! increase ( y only2 b n by ! increase ( x1 unless y increases also 9 a fix$ proportion4 ,valuable mat]ial ?+s may be conv5i5tly ref]r$ to five heads3-- #a4 ,l&1 ) an associat$ air1 wat]1 & organisms4 #b4 ,h\ses1 furniture1 & in/rum5ts4 #c4 ,/or$ or prep>$ food & m$ic9e1 & articles ( bodily luxury1 includ+ clo?+4 #d4 ,books4 #e4 ,works ( art4 ,we %all ent] into sep>ate inquiry z to ! conditions ( value "u ea* ( ^! heads4 ,! foll[+ sket* ( ! entire subject may be useful = future ref]5ce3-- #a4 ,l&4 ,its value is tw(old-- ,a4 ,z produc+ food & me*anical p[]4 ,b4 ,z an object ( sight & ?\ght1 produc+ intellectual p[]4 ,a4 ,its value1 z a means ( produc+ food & me*anical p[]1 v>ies ) its =m 7z m\nta9 or pla971 ) its sub/ance 79 soil or m9]al cont5ts71 & ) its climate4 ,all ^! conditions ( intr9sic value1 9 ord] to give effectual value1 mu/ be kn[n & compli$ ) by ! m5 :o h to deal ) x2 b at any giv5 "t1 or place1 ! intr9sic value is fix$2 su* & su* a piece ( l&1 ) its associat$ lakes & seas1 rightly treat$ 9 surface & sub/ance1 c produce precisely s mu* food & p[]1 & no m4 ,its surface treatm5t 7agriculture7 & sub/ance treatm5t 7practical geology & *emi/ry71 are ! fir/ roots ( economical sci5ce4 ,by surface treatm5t1 h[ev]1 ,i mean m ?an agriculture z commonly und]/ood2 ,i mean l& & sea culture2--dom9ion ov] bo? ! fix$ & ! fl[+ fields2--p]fect acqua9tance ) ! laws ( climate1 & ( vegetable & animal gr[? 9 ! giv5 tracts ( e>? or ocean1 & ( _! relations regulat+ especially ! production ( ^? articles ( food :i*1 be+ 9 ea* p>ticul> spot producible 9 ! highe/ p]fection1 w br+ ! be/ price 9 comm]cial ex*anges4 ,b4 ,! second elem5t ( value 9 l& is its beauty1 unit$ ) su* conditions ( space & =m z are necess>y = ex]cise1 or pleasant to ! eye1 associat$ ) vital organism4 ,l& ( ! highe/ value 9 ^! respects is t ly+ 9 temp]ate climates1 & boldly v>i$ 9 =m2 remov$ f unheal?y or dang]\s influ5ces 7z ( miasm or volcano72 & capable ( su/a9+ a ri* fauna & flora4 ,su* l&1 c>efully t5d$ by ! h& ( man1 s f> z to remove f x unsightl9esses & evid5ces ( decay2 gu>d$ f viol5ce1 & inhabit$1 "u man's affectionate protection1 by e k9d ( liv+ creature t c occupy x 9 peace1 =ms ! mo/ preci\s prop]ty t human be+s c possess4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! degree 9 :i* ^! two elem5ts ( value c be unit$ 9 l&1 or 9 :i* ei!r elem5t mu/1 or %\ld1 9 p>ticul> cases1 be sacrific$ to ! o!r1 =ms ! mo/ important bran* ( economical inquiry respect+ pref]5ces ( ?+s4 #b4 ,build+s1 furniture1 & in/rum5ts4 ,! value ( build+s consi/s--,a1 9 p]man5t /r5g?1 ) conv5i5ce ( =m1 ( size1 & ( position2 s z to r5d] employm5t peaceful1 social int]c\rse easy1 temp]ature & air heal?y4 ,! advisable or possible magnitude ( cities & mode ( _! di/ribution 9 squ>es1 /reets1 c\rts1 etc41 ! relative value ( sites ( l&1 & ! modes ( /ructure :i* are heal?ie/ & mo/ p]man5t1 h to be /udi$ "u ?is head4 ,b4 ,! value ( build+s consi/s1 second>ily1 9 hi/orical association & ar*itectural beauty1 ( :i* we h to exam9e ! influ5ce on mann]s & life4 ,! value ( in/rum5ts consi/s-- ,a4 ,9 _! p[] ( %ort5+ lab\r1 or o!rwise accompli%+ 7z %ips7 :at human /r5g? unaid$ c\ld n4 ,! k9ds ( "w :i* are sev]ally be/ accompli%$ by h& or by ma*9e2--! effect ( ma*9]y 9 ga!r+ & multiply+ population1 & its influ5ce on ! m9ds & bodies ( su* population2 toge!r ) ! conceivable uses ( ma*9]y on a colossal scale 9 accompli%+ mighty & useful works1 hi!rto un?\ght (1 su* z ! deep5+ ( l>ge riv] *annels2--*ang+ ! surface ( m\nta9\s di/ricts2--irrigat+ tracts ( des]t 9 ! torrid zone2--break+ up1 & ?us r5d]+ capable ( quick] fusion edges ( ice 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,arctic seas1 etc41 s r5d]+ p>ts ( ! e>? habitable :i* hi!rto h n be5 s1 are to be /udi$ "u ?is head4 ,b4 ,! value ( in/rum5ts is1 second>ily1 9 _! aid to ab/ract sci5ces4 ,! degree 9 :i* ! multiplication ( su* in/rum5ts %\ld be enc\rag$1 s z to make !m1 if l>ge1 easy ( access to numb]s 7z co/ly telescopes71 or s *eap z t !y might1 9 a s]viceable =m1 become a common "p ( ! furniture ( h\seholds1 is to be consid]$ "u ?is head4 #c4 ,food1 m$ic9e1 & articles ( luxury4 ,"u ?is head we %all h to exam9e ! possible me?ods ( obta9+ pure & n\ri%+ food 9 su* security & equality ( supply z to avoid bo? wa/e & fam9e2 !n ! economy ( m$ic9e & j range ( sanit>y law2 f9ally1 ! economy ( luxury1 p>tly an ae/hetic & p>tly an e?ical "q4 #d4 ,books4 ,! value ( ^! consi/s-- ,a4 ,9 _! p[] ( pres]v+ & communicat+ ! k ( facts4 ,b4 ,9 _! p[] ( excit+ vital or noble emotion & intellectual action4 ,!y h also _! correspond+ negative p[]s ( disguis+ & effac+ ! memory ( facts1 & kill+ ! noble emotions1 or excit+ base ones4 ,"u ^! two heads we h to consid] ! economical & educational value1 positive & negative1 ( lit]ature2--! means ( produc+ & educat+ good au?ors1 & ! means & advisability ( r5d]+ good books g5]ally accessible1 & direct+ ! read]'s *oice to !m4 #e4 ,works ( art4 ,! value ( ^! is ( ! same nature z t ( books1 b ! laws ( _! production & possible modes ( di/ribution are v diff]5t1 & require sep>ate exam9ation4 ,,section ,,ii4--,,money4 ,"u ?is head1 we %all h to exam9e ! laws ( curr5cy & ex*ange2 ( :i* ,i w note "h ! fir/ pr9ciples4 ,money has be5 inaccurately spok5 ( z m]ely a means ( circulation4 ,x is1 on ! contr>y1 an expression ( "r4 ,x is n weal?1 be+ ! sign#fi ( ! relative quantities ( x1 to :i*1 at a giv5 "t1 p]sons or societies are entitl$4 #fi ,always1 & necess>ily1 an imp]fect sign2 b capable ( approximate accuracy if rightly ord]$4 ,if all ! money 9 ! _w1 notes & gold1 7 de/roy$ 9 an in/ant1 x w\ld leave ! _w nei!r ri*] nor poor] ?an x 04 ,b x w\ld leave ! individual inhabitants ( x 9 diff]5t relations4 ,money is1 !re=e1 correspond5t 9 its nature to ! title-de$ ( an e/ate4 ,?\gh ! de$ be burn$1 ! e/ate /ill exi/s1 b ! "r to x has become disputable4 ,! wor? ( money rema9s un*ang$1 z long z ! proportion ( ! quantity ( exi/+ money to ! quantity ( exi/+ weal?1 or available lab\r :i* x pr(esses to repres5t1 rema9s un*ang$4 ,if ! weal? increases1 b n ! money1 ! wor? ( ! money increases2 if ! money increases1 b n ! weal?1 ! wor? ( ! money dim9i%es4 ,money1 !re=e1 _c be arbitr>ily multipli$1 any m ?an title-de$s c4 ,s long z ! exi/+ weal? or available lab\r is n fully repres5t$ by ! curr5cy1 ! curr5cy may be increas$ )\t dim9ution ( ! assign$ wor? ( its pieces4 ,b :5 ! exi/+ weal?1 or available lab\r1 is once fully repres5t$1 e piece ( money ?r[n into circulation dim9i%es ! wor? ( e o!r exi/+ piece1 9 ! proportion x be>s to ! numb] ( !m1 provid$ ! new piece be receiv$ ) equal cr$it2 if n1 ! depreciation ( wor? takes place exclusively 9 ! new piece1 accord+ to ! inf]iority ( its cr$it4 ,:51 h[ev]1 new money1 compos$ ( "s sub/ance ( suppos$ intr9sic value 7z ( gold71 is br\ght into ! m>ket1 or :5 new notes are issu$ :i* are suppos$ to be des]v+ ( cr$it1 ! desire to obta9 money w1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 /imulate indu/ry2 an additional quantity ( weal? is imm$iately produc$1 & if ?is be 9 proportion to ! new claims advanc$1 ! value ( ! exi/+ curr5cy is undepreciat$4 ,if ! /imulus giv5 be s great z to produce m goods ?an are proportion$ to ! additional co9age1 ! wor? ( ! exi/+ curr5cy w be rais$4 ,arbitr>y control & issues ( curr5cy affect ! production ( weal?1 by act+ on ! hopes & fe>s ( m52 & are1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 wise4 ,b ! issue ( additional curr5cy to meet ! exig5cies ( imm$iate exp5se1 is m]ely "o ( ! disguis$ =ms ( borr[+ or tax+4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t l[ /ate ( economical k1 (t5 possible = ,gov]nm5ts to v5ture on an issue ( curr5cy1 :5 !y c\ld n v5ture on an additional loan or tax1 because ! real op]ation ( su* issue is n und]/ood by ! p1 & ! pressure ( x is irregul>ly di/ribut$1 & ) an unp]ceiv$ gradation4 ,f9ally1 ! use ( sub/ances ( intr9sic value z ! mat]ials ( a curr5cy1 is a b>b>ism2--a remnant ( ! conditions ( b>t]1 :i* alone c r5d] comm]ce possible among savage nations4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill necess>y1 p>tly z a me*anical *eck on arbitr>y issues2 p>tly z a means ( ex*anges ) =eign nations4 ,9 proportion to ! ext5sion ( civilization1 & increase ( tru/wor?9ess 9 ,gov]nm5ts1 x w cease4 ,s long z x exi/s1 ! ph5om5a ( ! co/ & price ( ! articles us$ = curr5cy1 are m+l$ ) ^? ( curr5cy itself1 9 an almo/ inextricable mann]2 & ! wor? ( money 9 ! m>ket is affect$ by multitud9\s accid5tal circum/ances1 :i* h be5 trac$1 ) m or less success1 by writ]s on comm]cial op]ations2 b ) ^! v>iations ! true political economi/ has no m to d ?an an eng9e] =tify+ a h>b\r ( refuge aga9/ ,atlantic tide1 has to conc]n himself ) ! cries or qu>rels ( *ildr5 :o dig pools ) _! f+]s = its ebb+ curr5ts among ! s&4 ,,section ,,iii4--,,ri*es4 ,accord+ to ! v>i\s indu/ry1 capacity1 good =tune1 & desires ( m51 !y obta9 great] or small] %>e (1 & claim ^u1 ! weal? ( ! _w4 ,! inequalities betwe5 ^! %>es1 always 9 "s degree j & necess>y1 may be ei!r re/ra9$ by law 7or circum/ance7 )9 c]ta9 limits2 or may increase indef9itely4 ,:]e no moral or legal re/ra9t is put ^u ! ex]cise ( ! w & intellect ( ! /rong]1 %rewd]1 or m covet\s m51 ^! diff]5ces become ultimately enorm\s4 ,b z soon z !y become s di/9ct 9 _! extremes z t1 on "o side1 !re %all be manife/ r$undance ( possession1 & on ! o!r manife/ pressure ( ne$1--! t]ms ri*es & pov]ty are us$ to express ! opposite /ates2 be+ contr>y only 9 ! mann] ( ! t]ms w>m? & cold2 :i* nei!r ( !m imply an actual degree1 b only a relation to o!r degrees1 ( temp]ature4 ,respect+ ri*es1 ! economi/ has to inquire1 fir/1 into ! advisable modes ( _! collection2 secondly1 into ! advisable modes ( _! adm9i/ration4 ,respect+ ! collection ( national ri*es1 he has to inquire1 fir/1 :e!r he is ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ! nation ri*2 if ! quantity ( money x possesses relatively to t possess$ by o!r nations be l>ge1 irrespectively ( ! mann] ( its di/ribution4 ,or does ! mode ( di/ribution 9 any wise affect ! nature ( ! ri*es8 ,?us1 if ! k+ alone be ri*--suppose ,croesus or ,mausolus--are ! ,lydians & ,c>ians !re=e a ri* nation8 ,or if "o or two slave-ma/]s be ri*1 & ! nation be o!rwise compos$ ( slaves1 is x to be call$ a ri* nation8 ,= if n1 & ! ideas ( a c]ta9 mode ( di/ribution or op]ation 9 ! ri*es1 & ( a c]ta9 degree ( fre$om 9 ! p1 ent] into our idea ( ri*es z attribut$ to a p1 we %all h to def9e ! degree ( flu5cy or circulative "* :i* is ess5tial to _! vitality2 & ! degree ( indep5d5ce ( action requir$ 9 _! possessors4 ,que/ions :i* look z if !y w\ld take "t 9 answ]+4 ,& f>!r4 ,s9ce !re are two modes 9 :i* ! inequality1 :i* is inde$ ! condition & con/itu5t ( ri*es1 may be e/abli%$--namely1 by increase ( possession on ! "o side1 & by decrease ( x on ! o!r--we h to inquire1 ) respect to any giv5 /ate ( ri*es1 precisely 9 :at mann] ! correlative pov]ty 0 produc$2 t is to say1 :e!r by be+ surpass$ only1 or be+ depress$1 :at are ! advantages1 or ! contr>y1 conceivable 9 ! depression4 ,= in/ance1 x be+ "o ( ! commone/ advantages ( be+ ri* to ent]ta9 a numb] ( s]vants1 we h to inquire1 on ! "o side1 :at economical process produc$ ! pov]ty ( ! p]sons :o s]ve him2 & :at advantage ea* 7on 8 own side7 d]ives f ! result4 ,^! be+ ! ma9 que/ions t\*+ ! collection ( ri*es1 ! next1 or la/1 "p ( ! inquiry is into _! adm9i/ration4 ,!y h 9 ! ma9 ?ree great economical p[]s :i* require sep>ate exam9ation3 namely1 ! p[]s ( selection1 direction1 & provision4 ,a4 ,_! p[] ( ,,selection relates to ?+s ( :i* ! supply is limit$ 7z ! supply ( be/ ?+s is always74 ,:5 x becomes matt] ( "q to :om su* ?+s are to belong1 ! ri*e/ p]son has necess>ily ! fir/ *oice1 unless "s arbitr>y mode ( di/ribution be o!rwise det]m9$ ^u4 ,! bus9ess ( ! economi/ is to %[ h[ ?is *oice may be a ,wise "o4 ,b4 ,_! p[] ( ,,direction arises out ( ! necess>y relation ( ri* m5 to poor1 :i* ultimately1 9 "o way or ano!r1 involves ! direction (1 or au?ority ov]1 ! lab\r ( ! poor2 & ?is ne>ly z mu* ov] _! m5tal z _! bodily lab\r4 ,! bus9ess ( ! economi/ is to %[ h[ ?is direction may be a ,j "o4 ,c4 ,_! p[] ( ,,provision or prep>atory sight 7= pro-accumulation is by no means necess>ily pro-vision71 is dep5d5t ^u _! r$undance2 :i* may ( c\rse by active p]sons be made available 9 prep>ation = future "w or future pr(it2 9 :i* function ri*es h g5]ally receiv$ ! "n ( capital2 t is to say1 ( head- or s\rce-mat]ial4 ,! bus9ess ( ! economi/ is to %[ h[ ?is provision may be a ,di/ant "o4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! ?ree functions ( ri*es w embrace e f9al problem ( political economy2--&1 above1 or be=e all1 ?is curi\s & vital problem1--:e!r1 s9ce ! :olesome action ( ri*es 9 ^! ?ree functions w dep5d 7x appe>s7 on ! ,wisdom1 ,ju/ice1 & ,f>-sight$ness ( ! hold]s2 & x is by no means to be assum$ t p]sons prim>ily ri*1 mu/ !re=e be j & wise1--x may n be ultimately possible s1 or some:at s1 to arrange matt]s1 z t p]sons prim>ily j & wise1 %\ld !re=e be ri*4 ,su* be+ ! g5]al plan ( ! inquiry be=e u1 ,i %all n limit myself to any consecutive foll[+ ( x1 hav+ h>dly any good hope ( be+ able to complete s labori\s a "w z x mu/ prove to me2 b f "t to "t1 z ,i h leisure1 %all endeav\r to c>ry =w>d ?is "p or t1 z may be imm$iately possible2 indicat+ always ) accuracy ! place :i* ! p>ticul> essay w or %\ld take 9 ! complet$ sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,,nature ,,( ,,weal?1 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,value1 ,,! ,,national ,,/ore1 ,,nature ,,( ,,lab\r1 ,,value ,,& ,,price1 ,,! ,,curr5cy4 ,! la/ pap] hav+ consi/$ ( little m ?an def9ition ( t]ms1 ,i purpose1 9 ?is1 to exp& & illu/rate ! giv5 def9itions1 s z to avoid confusion 9 _! use :5 we ent] into ! detail ( our subject4 ,! view :i* has be5 tak5 ( ! nature ( weal?1 namely1 t x consi/s 9 an intr9sic value develop$ by a vital p[]1 is directly oppos$ to two ne>ly univ]sal conceptions ( weal?4 ,9 ! ass]tion t value is prim>ily intr9sic1 x opposes ! idea t any?+ :i* is an object ( desire to numb]s1 & is limit$ 9 quantity1 may be call$1 or virtually become1 weal?4 ,& 9 ! ass]tion t value is second>ily dep5d5t ^u p[] 9 ! possessor1 x opposes ! idea t weal? consi/s ( ?+s ex*angeable at rat$ prices4 ,be=e go+ f>!r1 we w make ^! two positions cle>]4 ,fir/4 ,all weal? is intr9sic1 & is n con/itut$ by ! judgm5t ( m54 ,?is is easily se5 9 ! case ( ?+s affect+ ! body2 we "k t no =ce ( fantasy w make /ones n\ri%+1 or poison innoc5t2 b x is less app>5t 9 ?+s affect+ ! m9d4 ,we are easily--p]haps will+ly--misl$ by ! appe>ance ( b5eficial results obta9$ by indu/ries address$ :olly to ! gratification ( fanciful desire2 & apt to suppose t :atev] is widely covet$1 de>ly b\ght1 & pleasurable 9 possession1 mu/ be includ$ 9 our def9ition ( weal?4 ,x is ! m difficult to quit ourselves ( ?is error because _m ?+s :i* are true weal? 9 mod]ate use1 yet become false weal? 9 immod]ate2 & _m ?+s are mix$ ( good & evil1--z1 mo/ly1 books & works ( art1--out ( :i* "o p]son w get ! good1 & ano!r ! evil2 s t x seems z if !re 7 no fix$ good or evil 9 ! ?+s !mselves1 b only 9 ! view tak51 & use made ( !m4 ,b t is n s4 ,! evil & good are fix$ 9 ess5ce & 9 proportion4 ,!y are sep>able by in/9ct & judgm5t1 b n int]*angeable2 & 9 ?+s 9 :i* evil dep5ds ^u excess1 ! po9t ( excess1 ?\gh indef9able1 is fix$2 & ! p[] ( ! ?+ is on ! hi!r side = good1 & on ! f>!r side = evil4 ,& 9 all cases ?is p[] is inh]5t1 n dep5d5t on op9ion or *oice4 ,our ?\ghts ( ?+s nei!r make1 nor m> _! et]nal =ce2 nor--:i* is ! mo/ s]i\s po9t = future consid]ation--c !y prev5t ! effect ( x ^u ourselves4 ,!re=e1 ! object ( special analysis ( weal? into :i* we h pres5tly to ent] w be n s mu* to enum]ate :at is s]viceable1 z to di/+ui% :at is de/ructive2 & to %[ t x is inevitably de/ructive2 t to receive pleasure f an evil ?+ is n to escape f1 or alt] ! evil ( x1 b to be alt]$ by x2 t is1 to suff] f x to ! utmo/1 hav+ our own nature1 9 t degree1 made evil also4 ,& x w be %[n f>!r t1 ?r\gh :atev] l5g? ( "t or subtleties ( connexion ! h>m is accompli%$ 7be+ also less or m accord+ to ! f95ess & wor? ( ! humanity on :i* x is wr\ght71 /ill1 no?+ b h>m ev] comes ( a bad ?+4 ,s t1 f9ally1 weal? is n ! accid5tal object ( a morbid desire1 b ! con/ant object ( a legitimate "o4#gj ,by ! fury ( ignorance1 & fitfulness ( caprice1 l>ge int]e/s may be cont9ually atta*$ to ?+s uns]viceable or hurtful2 if _! nature c\ld be alt]$ by our passions1 ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy w\ld be b z ! weigh+ ( cl\ds1 & ! portion+ out ( %ad[s4 ,b ( ignorance !re is no sci5ce2 & ( caprice no law4 ,_! di/urb+ =ces int]f]e ) ! op]ations ( economy1 b h no?+ 9 common ) !m2 ! calm arbit] ( national de/9y reg>ds only ess5tial p[] = good 9 all x accumulates1 & alike disda9s ! w&]+s ( imag9ation & ! ?ir/s ( disease4 #gj ,few passages ( ! ,book :i* at lea/ "s "p ( ! nations at pres5t mo/ advanc$ 9 civilization accept z an expression ( f9al tru?1 h be5 m di/ort$ ?an ^? be>+ on ,idolatry4 ,= ! idolatry !re d5\nc$ is nei!r sculpture1 nor v5]ation ( sculpture4 ,x is simply ! sub/itution ( an ,eidolon1 phantasm1 or imag9ation ( ,good1 = t :i* is real & endur+2 f ! ,highe/ ,liv+ ,good1 :i* gives life1 to ! l[e/ mat]ial good :i* m9i/]s to x4 ,! ,creator1 & ! ?+s creat$1 :i* ,he is said to h se5 good 9 creat+1 are 9 ?is _! et]nal goodness always call$ ,helpful or ,holy3 & ! sweep & range ( idolatry ext5d to ! rejection ( all or any ( ^!1 call+ evil good1 or good evil1--putt+ bitt] = sweet1 & sweet = bitt]1 s betray+ ! fir/ ( all ,loyalties1 to ! fix$ ,law ( life1 & ) resolute opposite loyalty s]v+ our own imag9ation ( good1 :i* is ! law1 n ( ! dwell+1 b ( ! ,grave 7o!rwise call$ ! law ( error2 or m>k miss+1 :i* we translate law ( ,s971 ^! two ma/]s1 betwe5 ^: s]vices we h to *oose1 be+ o!rwise di/+ui%$ z ,god & ,mammon1 :i* ,mammon1 ?\gh we n>r[ly take x z ! p[] ( money only1 is 9 tru? ! great evil _s ( false & fond desire1 or ,covet\sness1 :i* is ,idolatry4 ,s t ,iconoclasm--image or lik5ess-break+--is easy2 b an idol _c be brok5--x mu/ be =sak51 & ?is is n s easy1 ei!r 9 resolution or p]suasion4 ,= m5 may readily be conv9c$ ( ! weakness ( an image1 b n ( ! empt9ess ( a phantasm4 ,secondly4 ,! ass]tion t weal? is n only intr9sic1 b dep5d5t1 9 ord] to become effectual1 on a giv5 degree ( vital p[] 9 its possessor1 is oppos$ to ano!r popul> view ( weal?2--namely1 t ?\gh x may always be con/itut$ by caprice1 x is1 :5 s con/itut$1 a sub/antial ?+1 ( :i* giv5 quantities may be c\nt$ z exi/+ "h1 or !re1 & ex*angeable at rat$ prices4 ,9 ?is view !re are ?ree errors4 ,! fir/ & *ief is ! ov]look+ ! fact t all ex*angeabl5ess ( commodity1 or effective dem& = x1 dep5ds on ! sum ( capacity = its use exi/+1 "h or else:]e4 ,! book we _c read1 or picture we take no delight 91 may inde$ be call$ "p ( our weal?1 9 s f> z we h p[] ( ex*ang+ ei!r = some?+ we l bett]4 ,b our p[] ( effect+ su* ex*ange1 & yet m1 ( effect+ x to advantage1 dep5ds absolutely on ! numb] ( accessible p]sons :o c und]/& ! book1 or enjoy ! pa9t+1 & :o w dispute ! possession ( !m4 ,?us ! actual wor? ( ei!r1 ev5 to u1 dep5ds no less on _! ess5tial goodness ?an on ! capacity consi/+ some:]e = ! p]ception ( x2 & x is va9 9 any complet$ sy/em ( production to ?9k ( obta9+ "o )\t ! o!r4 ,s t1 ?\gh ! great political economi/ kn[s t co-exi/5ce ( capacity = use ) tempor>y possession _c be always secur$1 ! f9al fact1 on :i* he bases all action & adm9i/ration1 is t1 9 ! :ole nation1 or gr\p ( nations1 he has to deal )1 = e gra9 ( intr9sic value produc$ he mu/ ) exacte/ *emi/ry produce its tw9 gra9 ( gov]n+ capacity1 or 9 ! degrees ( 8 failure he has no weal?4 ,nature's *all5ge to u is 9 e>ne/1 z ! ,assyrian's mock1 ,i w give y two ?\s& horses1 if ?\ be able on ?y "p to set rid]s ^u !m4 ,bavieca's paces are brave1 if ! ,cid backs him2 b woe to u1 if we take ! du/ ( capacity1 we>+ ! arm\r ( x1 = capacity itself1 = s all procession1 h[ev] goodly 9 ! %[ ( x1 is to ! tomb4 ,! second error 9 ?is popul> view ( weal? is t1 9 e/imat+ prop]ty :i* we _c use z weal?1 because x is ex*angeable1 we 9 reality confuse weal? ) money4 ,! l& we h no skill to cultivate1 ! book :i* is seal$ to u1 or dress :i* is sup]flu\s1 may inde$ be ex*angeable1 b z su* are no?+ m ?an a cumbr\s =m ( bank-note1 ( d\btful & sl[ conv]tibility4 ,z long z we reta9 possession ( !m1 we m]ely keep our bank-notes 9 ! %ape ( gravel or clay1 ( book leaves1 or ( embroid]$ tissue4 ,circum/ances may p]haps r5d] su* =ms ! safe/1 or a c]ta9 complac5cy may atta* to ! exhibition ( !m2--into bo? ^! advantages we %all inquire aft]w>ds2 ,i wi% ! read] only to obs]ve "h1 t ex*angeable prop]ty :i* we _c use is1 to u p]sonally1 m]ely "o ( ! =ms ( money1 n ( weal?4 ,! ?ird error 9 ! popul> view is ! confusion ( gu>dian%ip ) possession2 ! real /ate ( m5 ( prop]ty be+1 too commonly t ( curators1 n possessors ( weal?4 ,= a man's p[] ( ,use1 ,adm9i/ration1 ,o/5tation1 ,de/ruction1 or ,beque/2 & possession is 9 use only1 :i* = ea* man is /]nly limit$2 s t su* ?+s1 & s mu* ( !m1 are well = him1 or ,weal?2 & m ( !m1 or any o!r ?+s1 are ill = him1 or ,ill?4 ,plung$ to ! lips 9 ,or9oco1 he %all dr9k to 8 ?ir/ measure1--m1 at 8 p]il2 ) a ?\s& ox5 on 8 l&s1 he %all eat to 8 hung] measure1--m1 at 8 p]il4 ,he _c live 9 two h\ses at once2 a few bales ( silk or wool w suffice = ! fabric ( all ! clo!s he c ev] we>1 & a few books w probably hold all ! furniture good = 8 bra94#ga ,beyond ^!1 9 ! be/ ( u b n>r[1 capacities1 we h b ! p[] ( adm9i/]+1 or if = h>m1 mal-adm9i/]+1 weal? 7t is to say1 di/ribut+1 l5d+1 or increas+ x72--( exhibit+ x 7z 9 magnific5ce ( ret9ue or furniture71 ( de/roy+1 or1 f9ally1 ( bequea?+ x4 ,& ) multitudes ( ri* m51 adm9i/ration deg5]ates into curator%ip2 !y m]ely hold _! prop]ty 9 *>ge1 z ,tru/ees1 = ! b5efit ( "s p]son or p]sons to :om x is to be deliv]$ ^u _! dea?2 & ! position1 expla9$ 9 cle> t]ms1 w\ld h>dly seem a covetable "o4 ,:at w\ld be ! probable decision ( a y\? on 8 entrance into life1 to :om ! c>e] hop$ = him 0 propos$ 9 t]ms su* z ^!3 ,y mu/ "w unremitt+ly1 & ) y\r utmo/ intellig5ce1 dur+ all y\r available ye>s2 y w ?us accumulate weal? to a l>ge am\nt2 b y mu/ t\* none ( x1 beyond :at is ne$ful = y\r support4 ,:atev] sums y may ga9 beyond ^? requir$ = y\r dec5t & mod]ate ma9t5ance %all be prop]ly tak5 c>e (1 & on y\r dea?-b$ y %all h ! p[] ( det]m9+ to :om !y %all belong1 or to :at purposes be appli$8 #ga ,i res]ve1 until ! completion & collection ( ^! pap]s1 any support by ! au?ority ( o!r writ]s ( ! /atem5ts made 9 !m2 71 inde$1 su* au?orities wisely s\ght = & %[n1 !re w\ld be no occasion = my writ+ at all4 ,ev5 9 ! scatt]$ passages ref]r+ to ?is subject 9 ?ree books ( ,c>lyle's3--,s>tor ,res>tus2 ,pa/ & ,pres5t2 & ! ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets2 all has be5 said t ne$s to be said1 & f> bett] ?an ,i %all ev] say x aga94 ,b ! habit ( ! public m9d at ! pres5t is to require ev]y?+ to be utt]$ diffusely1 l\dly1 & sev5 times ov]1 be=e x w li/52 & x has exclaim$ aga9/ ^! pap]s ( m9e1 z if !y conta9$ ?+s d>+ & new1 :5 !re is n "o ass]tion 9 !m ( :i* ! tru? has n be5 = ages kn[n to ! wise/1 & proclaim$ by ! mo/ eloqu5t ( m54 ,x w be a f> great] pleasure to me h]eaft]1 to collect _! words ?an add to m9e2 ,horace's cle> r5d]+ ( ! sub/ance ( ! prec$+ passages 9 ! text may be f\nd room = at once3-- ,si quis emat ci?>as1 emptas comportet 9 unum1 ,nec /udio ci?>ae1 nec ,musae d$itus ulli2 ,si scalpra et =mas1 non sutor2 nautica vela1 ,av]sus m]caturis3 delirus et am5s ,undique dicatur m]ito4 ,qui discrepat i/is1 ,qui nummos aurumque recondit1 nescius uti ,compositis1 metu5sque velut cont+]e sacrum8 ,) :i* x is p]haps desirable also to give ,x5ophon's /atem5t1 x be+ cle>] ?an any ,engli% "o c be1 ow+ to ! p[] ( ! g5]al ,greek t]m = weal?1 useable ?+s3-- ,greek3 ,tauta ara onta1 to m5 epi/am5o *re/hai auton heka/ois *remata e/i1 to de me epi/am5o1 ou *remata2 hosp] ge auloi to m5 epi/am5o axios log\ aule9 *remata eisi1 to de me epi/am5o oud5 mallon e a*re/oi li?oi1 ei me apsdidoito ge aut\s4 99 99 99 ,me pol\m5oi m5 g> ou *remata eis9 hoi auloi2 7oud5 g> *resimoi eisi7 pol\m5oi de *remata2 ,pros tauta d' ho ,sokrates eip51 en epi/etai ge pole94 ,ei de polo9 hau pros t\ton hos me epi/etai *re/hai1 oude pol\m5oi eisi *remata4 ,! lab\r ( life1 "u su* conditions1 w\ld probably be nei!r zeal\s nor *e]ful2 yet ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is position & t ( ! ord9>y capitali/ is ! p[] :i* ! latt] delights 9 suppos+ himself to possess1 & :i* is attribut$ to him by o!rs1 ( sp5d+ 8 money at any mom5t4 ,?is pleasure1 tak5 9 ! imag9ation ( p[] to "p ) t :i* we h no int5tion ( p>t+ )1 is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ?\gh commone/ =ms ( ,eidolon1 or ,phantasm ( ,weal?4 ,b ! political economi/ has no?+ to d ) ?is idealism1 & looks only to ! practical issue ( x1--namely1 t ! hold] ( weal?1 9 su* temp]1 may be reg>d$ simply z a me*anical means ( collection2 or z a money-*e/ ) a slit 9 x1#gb set 9 ! public ?or\ghf>e2--*e/ ( :i* only ,dea? has ! key1 & probably ,*ance ! di/ribution ( cont5ts4 ,9 8 function ( l5d] 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is "o ( adm9i/ration1 n use1 z f> z he is himself conc]n$71 ! capitali/ takes1 inde$1 a m int]e/+ aspect2 b ev5 9 t function1 8 relations ) ! /ate are apt to deg5]ate into a me*anism = ! conv5i5t contraction ( debt2--a function ! m mis*iev\s1 because a nation inv>iably appeases its consci5ce ) respect to an unju/ifiable exp5se by meet+ x ) borr[$ funds1--expresses its rep5tance ( a fooli% piece ( bus9ess by lett+ its tradesm5 wait = _! money1--& always leaves its desc5dants to pay = ! "w :i* w be ( ! lea/ s]vice to !m4#gc #gb ,! orifice be+ n m]ely ( a receptant1 b ( a suctional "*4 ,among ! types ( human virtue & vice pres5t$ grotesquely by ! l[] animals1 p]haps none is m curi\sly def9ite t t ( av>ice 9 ! ,cephalopod1 a creature :i* has a purse = a body2 a hawk's beak = a m\?2 suck]s = feet & h&s2 & ^: h\se is its own skeleton4 #gc ,x w\ld be well if a some:at dogg$ conviction c\ld be en=c$ on nations z on individuals1 t1 ) few exceptions1 :at !y _c at pres5t pay =1 !y %\ld n at pres5t h4 ,quit ( ^! ?ree s\rces ( misconception1 ! read] w h little f>!r difficulty 9 appreh5d+ ! real nature ( ,effectual value4 ,he may1 h[ev]1 at fir/ n )\t surprise1 p]ceive ! consequ5ces involv$ 9 ! acceptance ( our def9ition4 ,= if ! actual exi/5ce ( weal? be dep5d5t on ! p[] ( its possessor1 x foll[s t ! sum ( weal? held by ! nation1 in/ead ( be+ con/ant or calculable1 v>ies h\rly1 nay1 mom5t>ily1 ) ! numb] & "* ( its hold]s2 & t 9 *ang+ h&s1 x *anges 9 quantity4 ,& f>!r1 s9ce ! wor? ( ! curr5cy is proportion$ to ! sum ( mat]ial weal? :i* x repres5ts1 if ! sum ( ! weal? *anges1 ! wor? ( ! curr5cy *anges4 ,& ?us bo? ! sum ( ! prop]ty1 & p[] ( ! curr5cy1 ( ! ,/ate1 v>y mom5t>ily1 z ! "* & numb] ( ! hold]s4 ,& n only s1 b a diff]5t rate & mann] ( v>iation is caus$ by ! "* ( ! hold]s ( diff]5t k9ds ( weal?4 ,! transitions ( value caus$ by ! "* ( ! hold]s ( l& diff] 9 mode f ^? caus$ by "* 9 hold]s ( works ( art2 & ^! aga9 f ^? caus$ by "* 9 hold]s ( ma*9]y or o!r work+ capital4 ,b we _c exam9e ^! special ph5om5a ( any k9d ( weal? until we h a cle> idea ( ! way 9 :i* true curr5cy expresses !m2 & ( ! result+ modes 9 :i* ! co/ & price ( any article are relat$ to its value4 ,to obta9 ?is we mu/ approa* ! subject 9 its fir/ elem5ts4 ,let u suppose a national /ore ( weal?1 real or imag9>y 7t is to say1 compos$ ( mat]ial ?+s ei!r useful1 or believ$ to be s71 presid$ ov] by a ,gov]nm5t1#gd & t e workman1 hav+ produc$ any article involv+ lab\r 9 its production1 & = :i* he has no imm$iate use1 br+s x to add to ?is /ore1 receiv+1 f ! ,gov]nm5t1 9 ex*ange an ord] ei!r = ! return ( ! ?+ itself1 or ( its equival5t 9 o!r ?+s1#ge su* z he may *oose out ( ! /ore at any "t :5 he ne$s !m4 ,n[1 suppos+ t ! lab\r] spe$ily uses ?is g5]al ord]1 or1 9 common language1 sp5ds ! money1 he has nei!r *ang$ ! circum/ances ( ! nation nor 8 own1 except 9 s f> z he may h produc$ useful & consum$ useless articles1 or vice v]sa4 ,b if he does n use1 or uses 9 "p only1 ! ord] he receives1 & lays aside "s portion ( x2 & ?us e day br++ 8 contribution to ! national /ore1 lays by "s p]c5tage ( ! ord] receiv$ 9 ex*ange = x1 he increases ! national weal? daily by z mu* z he does n use ( ! receiv$ ord]1 & to ! same am\nt accumulates a monet>y claim on ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is ( c\rse always 9 8 p[]1 z x is 8 legal "r1 to br+ =w>d ?is accumulation ( claim1 & at once to consume1 to de/roy1 or di/ribute1 ! sum ( 8 weal?4 ,suppos+ he nev] does s1 b dies1 leav+ 8 claim to o!rs1 he has enri*$ ! ,/ate dur+ 8 life by ! quantity ( weal? ov] :i* t claim ext5ds1 or has1 9 o!r words1 r5d]$ s mu* additional life possible 9 ! ,/ate1 ( :i* additional life he bequea?s ! imm$iate possibility to ^? :om he inve/s ) 8 claim1 he w\ld di/ribute ?is possibility ( life among ! nation at l>ge4 #gd ,! read] is to include "h 9 ! idea ( ,gov]nm5t1 any bran* ( ! ,executive1 or ev5 any body ( private p]sons1 entru/$ ) ! practical managem5t ( public int]e/s unconnect$ directly ) _! own p]sonal ones4 ,9 !oretical discussions ( legislative int]f]5ce ) political economy1 x is usually & ( c\rse unnecess>ily1 assum$ t ,gov]nm5t mu/ be always ( t =m & =ce 9 :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to see x2--t its abuses c nev] be less1 nor its wisdom great]1 nor its p[]s m num]\s4 ,b1 practically1 ! cu/om 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries is1 = e man to deprecate ! int]f]5ce ( ,gov]nm5t z long z ?+s tell = 8 p]sonal advantage1 & to call = x :5 !y cease to d s4 ,! reque/ ( ! ,man*e/] ,economi/s to be suppli$ ) cotton by ! ,gov]nm5t 7! sy/em ( supply & dem& hav+1 = ! "t1 fall5 sorr[fully %ort ( ! expectations ( sci5tific p]sons f x71 is an int]e/+ case 9 po9t4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t less wide & bitt] suff]+ 7suff]+1 too1 ( ! innoc5t7 _h be5 ne$$ to =ce ! nation1 or "s "p ( x1 to ask itself :y a body ( m51 already confess$ly capable ( manag+ matt]s bo? milit>y & div9e1 %\ld n be p]mitt$1 or ev5 reque/$ at ne$ to provide 9 "s wise = su/5ance z well z = def5ce1 & secure1 if x might be 7& x might1 ,i ?9k1 ev5 ! r be71 purity ( bodily ailm5t1 z well z ( religi\s conviction8 ,:y1 hav+ made _m roads = ! passage ( armies1 !y may n make a few = ! conveyance ( food2 & aft] organiz+1 ) applause1 v>i\s s*emes ( spiritual in/ruction = ! ,public1 organize1 moreov]1 "s me?ods ( bodily n\ri%m5t = !m8 ,or is ! s\l s mu* less tru/wor?y 9 its in/9cts ?an ! /oma*1 t legislation is necess>y = ! "o1 b inconv5i5t to ! o!r8 ,!re is a /range fallacy runn+ at ?is "t ?r\gh all talk ab\t free trade4 ,x is cont9ually assum$ t e k9d ( ,gov]nm5t int]f]5ce takes away lib]ty ( trade4 ,:]eas lib]ty is lo/ only :5 int]f]5ce h9d]s1 n :5 x helps4 ,y d n take away a man's fre$om by %[+ him 8 road--nor by mak+ x smoo!r = him 7n t x is always desirable to d s1 b x may be72 nor ev5 by f5c+ x = him1 if !re is an op5 dit* at ! side ( x4 ,! real mode 9 :i* protection int]f]es ) lib]ty1 & ! real evil ( x1 is n 9 its protect+ "o p]son1 b 9 its h9d]+ ano!r2 a =m ( int]f]5ce :i* inv>iably does mo/ mis*ief to ! p]son x is int5d$ to s]ve1 :i* ! ,nor!rn ,am]icans are ab\t discom=tably to discov]1 unless !y ?9k bett] ( x4 ,!re is also a ludicr\s confusion 9 _m p]sons' m9ds betwe5 protection & enc\ragem5t2 !y diff] mat]ially4 ,protection is say+ to ! comm]cial s*oolboy1 ,nobody %all hit y4 ,enc\ragem5t1 is say+ to him1 ,t's ! way to hit4 #ge ,! "q ( equival5ce 7namely1 h[ mu* w9e a man is to receive 9 return = s mu* corn1 or h[ mu* coal 9 return = s mu* iron7 is a q sep>ate "o1 :i* we w exam9e pres5tly4 ,= ! "t let x be assum$ t ?is equival5ce has be5 det]m9$1 & t ! ,gov]nm5t ord] 9 ex*ange = a fix$ weight ( any article 7call$1 suppose1 a71 is ei!r = ! return ( t weight ( ! article itself1 or ( ano!r fix$ weight ( ! article b1 or ano!r ( ! article c1 & s on4 ,we hi!rto consid] ! ,gov]nm5t itself z simply a cons]vative p[]1 tak+ *>ge ( ! weal? entru/$ to x4 ,b a ,gov]nm5t may be f> o!r ?an a cons]vative p[]4 ,x may be on ! "o h& con/ructive1 on ! o!r de/ructive4 ,if a con/ructive1 or improv+ p[]1 us+ all ! weal? entru/$ to x to ! be/ advantage1 ! nation is enri*$ 9 root & bran* at once1 & ! ,gov]nm5t is enabl$ = e ord] pres5t$1 to return a quantity ( weal? great] ?an ! ord] 0 writt5 =1 accord+ to ! fructification obta9$ 9 ! int]im4#gf #gf ,! read] mu/ be w>n$ 9 advance t ! conditions "h suppos$ h no?+ to d ) ! int]e/ ( money commonly s call$4 ,?is ability may be ei!r conceal$1 9 :i* case ! curr5cy does n completely repres5t ! weal? ( ! c\ntry1 or x may be manife/$ by ! cont9ual paym5t ( ! excess ( value on ea* ord]1 9 :i* case !re is 7irrespectively1 obs]ve1 ( collat]al results aft]w>ds to be exam9$7 a p]petual rise 9 ! wor? ( ! curr5cy1 t is to say1 a fall 9 ! price ( all articles repres5t$ by x4 ,b if ! ,gov]nm5t be de/ructive1 or a consum+ p[]1 x becomes unable to return ! value receiv$ on ! pres5tation ( ! ord]4 ,?is inability may ei!r 7,a71 be conceal$ by meet+ dem&s to ! full1 until x issue 9 bankruptcy1 or 9 "s =m ( national debt2--or 7,b71 x may be conceal$ dur+ oscillatory movem5ts betwe5 de/ructiv5ess & productiv5ess1 :i* result on ! :ole 9 /ability2--or 7,c71 x may be manife/$ by ! consi/5t return ( less ?an value receiv$ on ea* pres5t$ ord]1 9 :i* case !re is a consi/5t fall 9 ! wor? ( ! curr5cy1 or rise 9 ! price ( ! ?+s repres5t$ by x4 ,n[1 if = ?is conception ( a c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 we sub/itute t ( ano!r body ( p]sons occupi$ 9 indu/rial pursuits1 ( :om ea* adds 9 8 private capacity to ! common /ore3 s t ! /ore itself1 in/ead ( rema9+ a public prop]ty ( asc]ta9able quantity1 = ! gu>dian%ip ( :i* a body ( public m5 are responsible1 becomes dissem9at$ private prop]ty1 ea* man giv+ 9 ex*ange = any article receiv$ f ano!r1 a g5]al ord] = its equival5t 9 :atev] o!r article ! claimant may desire 7su* g5]al ord] be+ payable by any memb] ( ! society 9 ^: possession ! dem&$ article may be f\nd71 we at once obta9 an approximation to ! actual condition ( a civiliz$ m]cantile community f :i* approximation we might easily proce$ into /ill complet] analysis4 ,i purpose1 h[ev]1 to arrive at e result by ! gradual expansion ( ! simpl] conception2 b ,i wi% ! read] to obs]ve1 9 ! meantime1 t bo? ! social conditions ?us suppos$ 7& ,i w by anticipation say also all possible social conditions7 agree 9 two great po9ts2 namely1 9 ! primal importance ( ! suppos$ national /ore or /ock1 & 9 its de/ructibility or improvability by ! hold]s ( x4 ,i4 ,obs]ve t 9 bo? conditions1 t ( c5tral ,gov]nm5t-hold+1 & diffus$ private-hold+1 ! quantity ( /ock is ( ! same national mom5t4 ,9 ! "o case1 inde$1 its am\nt may be kn[n by exam9ation ( ! p]sons to :om x is confid$2 9 ! o!r x _c be kn[n b by expos+ ! private affairs ( e individual4 ,b1 kn[n or unkn[n1 its significance is ! same "u ea* condition4 ,! ri*es ( ! nation consi/ 9 ! abundance1 & _! weal? dep5ds on ! nature ( ?is /ore4 ,,ii4 ,9 ! second place1 bo? conditions 7& all o!r possible ones7 agree 9 ! de/ructibility or improvability ( ! /ore by its hold]s4 ,:e!r 9 private h&s1 or "u ,gov]nm5t *>ge1 ! national /ore may be daily consum$1 or daily enl>g$1 by its possessors2 & :ile ! curr5cy rema9s app>5tly unalt]$1 ! prop]ty x repres5ts may dim9i% or increase4 ,! fir/ "q1 !n1 :i* we h to put "u our simple conception ( c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 namely1 ,:at /ore has x8 is "o ( equal importance1 :atev] may be ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate2 :ile ! second "q--namely1 ,:o are ! hold]s ( ! /ore8--involves ! discussion ( ! con/itution ( ! ,/ate itself4 ,! fir/ inquiry resolves itself into ?ree heads3 #a4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! /ore8 #b4 ,:at is its quantity 9 relation to ! population8 #c4 ,:at is its quantity 9 relation to ! curr5cy8 ,! second inquiry1 into two3 #a4 ,:o are ! ,hold]s ( ! /ore1 & 9 :at proportions8 #b4 ,:o are ! ,claimants ( ! /ore 7t is to say1 ! hold]s ( ! curr5cy71 & 9 :at proportions8 ,we w exam9e ! range ( ! fir/ ?ree que/ions 9 ! pres5t pap]2 ( ! two foll[+1 9 ! sequel4 ,"q ,fir/4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! /ore8 ,has ! nation hi!rto work$ = & ga!r$ ! "r ?+ or ! wrong8 ,on t issue re/ ! possibilities ( its life4 ,= example1 let u imag9e a society1 ( no great ext5t1 occupi$ 9 procur+ & lay+ up /ore ( corn1 w9e1 wool1 silk1 & o!r su* pres]vable mat]ials ( food & clo?+2 & t x has a curr5cy repres5t+ !m4 ,imag9e f>!r1 t on days ( fe/ivity1 ! society1 discov]+ itself to d]ive satisfaction f pyrote*nics1 gradually turns its att5tion m & m to ! manufacture ( gunp[d]2 s t an increas+ numb] ( lab\r]s1 giv+ :at "t !y c sp>e to ?is bran* ( indu/ry1 br+ increas+ quantities ( combu/ibles into ! /ore1 & use ! g5]al ord]s receiv$ 9 ex*ange to obta9 su* w9e1 wool1 or corn z !y may h ne$ (4 ,! curr5cy rema9s ! same1 & repres5ts precisely ! same am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! /ore1 & ( lab\r sp5t 9 produc+ x4 ,b ! corn & w9e gradually vani%1 & 9 _! place1 z gradually1 appe> sulphur & saltpetre2 till at la/1 ! lab\r]s :o h consum$ corn & suppli$ nitre1 pres5t+ on a fe/al morn+ "s ( _! curr5cy to obta9 mat]ials = ! fea/1 discov] t no am\nt ( curr5cy w comm& any?+ ,fe/ive1 except ,fire4 ,! supply ( rockets is unlimit$1 b t ( food limit$ 9 a q f9al mann]2 & ! :ole curr5cy 9 ! h&s ( ! society repres5ts an inf9ite p[] ( detonation1 b none ( exi/5ce4 ,! /atem5t1 c>icatur$ z x may seem1 is only exagg]at$ 9 assum+ ! p]si/5ce ( ! folly to extremity1 un*eck$1 z 9 reality x w\ld be1 by ! gradual rise 9 price ( food4 ,b x falls %ort ( ! actual facts ( human life 9 expression ( ! dep? & int5sity ( ! folly itself4 ,= a great "p 7! read] w\ld n believe h[ great until he saw ! /ati/ics 9 detail7 ( ! mo/ e>ne/ & +5i\s indu/ry ( ! _w is sp5t 9 produc+ munitions ( w>2 ga!r+ t is to say ! mat]ials1 n ( fe/ive1 b ( consum+ fire2 fill+ its /ores ) all p[] ( ! in/rum5ts ( pa91 & all afflu5ce ( ! m9i/ries ( dea?4 ,x 0 no true ,trionfo della ,morte :i* m5 h se5 & fe>$ 7sometimes sc>cely fe>$7 s long2--:]e9 he br\ght !m re/ f _! lab\rs4 ,we see & %>e ano!r & high] =m ( 8 triumph n[4 ,task-ma/] in/ead ( ,releas]1 he rules ! du/ ( ! ar5a no less ?an ( ! tomb2 &1 cont5t once 9 ! grave :i!r man w5t1 to make 8 works cease & 8 devices to vani%1--n[1 9 ! busy city & on ! s]viceable sea1 makes 8 "w to increase1 & 8 devices to multiply4 ,to ?is d\bl$ loss1 or negative p[] ( lab\r1 sp5t 9 produc+ means ( de/ruction1 we h to add 9 our e/imate ( ! consequ5ces ( human folly1 :atev] m insidi\s wa/e ( toil !re is 9 ! production ( unnecess>y luxury4 ,su* & su* an occupation 7x is said7 supports s _m lab\r]s1 because s _m obta9 wages 9 foll[+ x2 b x is nev] consid]$ t unless !re be a support+ p[] 9 ! product ( ! occupation1 ! wages giv5 to "o man are m]ely )drawn f ano!r4 ,we _c say ( any trade t x ma9ta9s su* & su* a numb] ( p]sons1 unless we "k h[ & :]e ! money1 n[ sp5t 9 ! pur*ase ( its produce1 w\ld h be5 sp5t1 if t produce _h n be5 manufactur$4 ,! pur*as+ funds truly support a numb] ( p 9 mak+ ,?is2 b 7probably7 leave unsupport$ an equal numb] :o are mak+1 or c\ld h made ,t4 ,! manufactur]s ( small wat*es ?rive 9 ,g5eva2--x is well2--b :]e w\ld ! money sp5t on small wat*es h gone1 _h !re be5 no small wat*es to buy8 ,if ! s frequ5tly utt]$ aphorism ( m]cantile economy--lab\r is limit$ by capital--7 true1 ?is "q w\ld be a def9ite "o4 ,b x is untrue2 & t widely4 ,out ( a giv5 quantity ( wages1 m or less lab\r is to be _h1 accord+ to ! quantity ( w ) :i* we c inspire ! workman2 & ! true limit ( lab\r is only 9 ! limit ( ?is moral /imulus ( ! w1 & ! bodily p[]4 ,9 an ultimate1 b entirely practical s5se1 lab\r is limit$ by capital1 z x is by matt]--t is to say1 :]e !re is no mat]ial1 !re c be no "w--b 9 ! practical s5se1 lab\r is limit$ only by ! great orig9al capital#gg ( ,head1 ,he>t1 & ,h&4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ artificial relations ( comm]ce1 x is to capital z fire to fuel3 out ( s mu* fuel y %all h s mu* fire--n 9 proportion to ! mass ( combu/ibles1 b to ! =ce ( w9d t fans & wat] t qu5*es2 & ! appliance ( bo?4 ,& lab\r is fur!r$1 z conflagration is1 n s mu* by add$ fuel1 z by admitt$ air4 #gg ,! aphorism1 be+ hurri$ ,engli% = lab\r is limit$ by want ( capital1 involves also awkw>d ,engli% 9 its d5ial1 :i* _c be help$4 ,= :i* reasons1 ,i _h to ins]t1 above1 ! qualify+ probably2 = x c nev] be said positively t ! pur*ase money1 or wages fund ( any trade is )drawn f "s o!r trade4 ,! object itself may be ! /imulus ( ! production ( ! money :i* buys x2 t is to say1 ! "w by :i* ! pur*as] obta9$ ! means ( buy+ x w\ld n h be5 done by him1 unless he _h want$ t p>ticul> ?+4 ,& ! production ( any article n intr9sically 7nor 9 ! process ( manufacture7 injuri\s1 is useful1 if ! desire ( x causes productive lab\r 9 o!r directions4 ,9 ! national /ore1 !re=e1 ! pres5ce ( ?+s intr9sically valueless does n imply an entirely correlative abs5ce ( ?+s valuable4 ,we _c be c]ta9 t all ! lab\r sp5t on vanity has be5 div]t$ f reality1 & t = e bad ?+ produc$1 a preci\s ?+ has be5 lo/4 ,9 great measure1 ! va9 ?+s repres5t ! results ( r\s$ indol5ce2 !y h be5 c>v$1 z toys1 9 extra "t2 &1 if !y _h n be5 made1 no?+ else w\ld h be5 made4 ,ev5 to munitions ( w> ?is pr9ciple applies2 !y p>tly repres5t ! "w ( m5 :o1 if !y _h n made spe>s1 w\ld nev] h made prun+-hooks1 & :o are incapable ( any activities b ^? ( conte/4 ,?us1 !n1 f9ally1 ! nature ( ! /ore has to be consid]$ "u two ma9 lights1 ! "o1 t ( its imm$iate & actual utility2 ! o!r1 t ( ! pa/ national "* :i* x signifies by its production1 & future "* :i* x mu/ develop by its uses4 ,& ! issue ( ?is inve/igation w be to %[ u t ,economy does n dep5d m]ely on pr9ciples ( dem& & supply1 b prim>ily on :at is dem&$1 & :at is suppli$4 ,"q ,second4 ,:at is ! quantity ( ! /ore 9 relation to ! population8 ,x foll[s f :at has be5 already /at$ t ! accurate =m 9 :i* ?is "q has to be put is--,:at quantity ( ea* article compos+ ! /ore exi/s 9 proportion to ! real ne$ = x by ! population8 ,b we %all = ! "t assume1 9 ord] to keep all our t]ms at ! simple/1 t ! /ore is :olly compos$ ( useful articles1 & accurately proportion$ to ! sev]al ne$s ( !m4 ,n[ x does n foll[1 because ! /ore is l>ge 9 proportion to ! numb] ( p1 t ! p mu/ be 9 com=t1 nor because x is small1 t !y mu/ be 9 di/ress4 ,an active & economical race always produces m ?an x requires1 & lives 7if x is p]mitt$ to d s7 9 compet5ce on ! produce ( its daily lab\r4 ,! quantity ( its /ore1 great or small1 is !re=e 9 _m respects indiff]5t to x1 & _c be inf]r$ by its aspect4 ,simil>ly an inactive & wa/eful population1 :i* _c live by its daily lab\r1 b is dep5d5t1 p>tly or :olly1 on consumption ( its /ore1 may be 7by v>i\s difficulties h]eaft] to be exam9$1 9 realization ( gett+ at su* /ore7 reta9$ 9 a /ate ( abject di/ress1 ?\gh its possessions may be imm5se4 ,b ! results always involv$ 9 ! magnitude ( /ore are1 ! comm]cial p[] ( ! nation1 its security1 & its m5tal "*4 ,its comm]cial p[]1 9 t accord+ to ! quantity ( its /ore1 may be ! ext5t ( its deal+s2 its security1 9 t accord+ to ! quantity ( its /ore are its means ( sudd5 ex]tion or su/a9$ endurance2 & its "*1 9 t c]ta9 conditions ( civilization _c be atta9$ )\t p]man5t & cont9ually accumulat+ /ore1 ( great intr9sic value1 & ( peculi> nature4 ,n[1 see+ t ^! ?ree advantages arise f l>g5ess ( /ore 9 proportion to population1 ! "q arises imm$iately1 ,giv5 ! /ore--is ! nation enri*$ by dim9ution ( its numb]s8 ,are a successful national speculation & a pe/il5ce1 economically ! same ?+8 ,?is is 9 "p a sophi/ical "q2 su* z x w\ld be to ask :e!r a man 0 ri*] :5 /ruck by disease :i* mu/ limit 8 life )9 a pr$icable p]iod ?an he 0 :5 9 heal?4 ,he is enabl$ to enl>ge 8 curr5t exp5ses1 & has = all purposes a l>g] sum at 8 imm$iate disposal 7=1 giv5 ! =tune1 ! %ort] ! life ! l>g] ! annuity72 yet no man consid]s himself ri*] because he is condemn$ by 8 physician4 ,! logical reply is t1 s9ce ,weal? is by def9ition only ! means ( life1 a nation _c be enri*$ by its own mortality4 ,or 9 %ort] words1 ! life is m ?an ! meat2 & exi/5ce itself m weal? ?an ! means ( exi/5ce4 ,:5ce1 ( two nations :o h equal /ore1 ! m num]\s is to be consid]$ ! ri*]1 provid$ ! type ( ! inhabitant be z high 7=1 ?\gh ! relative bulk ( _! /ore be less1 its relative effici5cy1 or ! am\nt ( effectual weal?1 mu/ be great]74 ,b if ! type ( ! population be det]iorat$ by increase ( its numb]s1 we h evid5ce ( pov]ty 9 its wor/ influ5ce2 & !n1 to det]m9e :e!r ! nation 9 its total may /ill be ju/ifiably e/eem$ ri*1 we mu/ set or weigh ! numb] ( ! poor aga9/ t ( ! ri*4 ,to effect :i* piece ( scalework1 x is ( c\rse necess>y to det]m9e1 fir/1 :o are poor & :o are ri*2 nor ?is only1 b also h[ poor & h[ ri* !y are6 ,:i* w prove a curi\s !rmometrical inve/igation2 = we %all h to d = gold & = silv] :at we h done = quicksilv]--det]m9e1 namely1 _! freez+-po9t1 _! z]o1 _! temp]ate & fev]-heat po9ts2 f9ally1 _! vaporesc5t po9t1 at :i* ri*es1 sometimes explosively1 z lately 9 ,am]ica1 make to !mselves w+s2--& correspond5tly ! numb] ( degrees bel[ z]o at :i* pov]ty1 ceas+ to brace ) any :olesome cold1 burns to ! bone4 ,= ! p]=mance ( ^! op]ations1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se sci5tific1 we w fir/ look to ! exi/+ s-call$ sci5ce ( ,political ,economy2 we w ask x to def9e = u ! comp>atively & sup]latively ri*1 & ! comp>atively & sup]latively poor2 & on its own t]ms--if any t]ms x c pron\nce--exam9e1 9 our prosp]\s ,engl&1 h[ _m ri* & h[ _m poor p !re are2 & :e!r ! quantity & int5sity ( ! pov]ty is inde$ s ov]balanc$ by ! quantity & int5sity ( weal?1 t we may p]mit ourselves a luxuri\s bl9dness to x1 & call ourselves1 complac5tly1 a ri* c\ntry4 ,& if we f9d no cle> def9ition 9 ! exi/+ sci5ce1 we w endeav\r = ourselves to fix ! true degrees ( ! ,plutonic scale1 & to apply !m4 ,"q ,?ird4 ,:at is ! quantity ( ! /ore 9 relation to ! ,curr5cy8 ,we h se5 t ! real wor? ( ! curr5cy1 s f> z dep5d5t on its relation to ! magnitude ( ! /ore1 may v>y )9 c]ta9 limits1 )\t affect+ its wor? 9 ex*ange4 ,! dim9ution or increase ( ! repres5t$ weal? may be unp]ceiv$1 & ! curr5cy may be tak5 ei!r = m or less ?an x is truly wor?4 ,usually1 x is tak5 = m2 & its p[] 9 ex*ange1 or cr$it-p[]1 is ?us increas$ 7or reta9$7 up to a giv5 /ra9 ^u its relation to exi/+ weal?4 ,?is cr$it-p[] is ( *ief importance 9 ! ?\ghts1 because mo/ %>ply pres5t to ! exp]i5ce1 ( a m]cantile community2 b ! conditions ( its /ability#gh & all o!r relations ( ! curr5cy to ! mat]ial /ore are entirely simple 9 pr9ciple1 if n 9 action4 ,f> o!r ?an simple are ! relations ( ! curr5cy to t available lab\r :i* by our def9ition 7p4 #bai7 x also repres5ts4 ,= ?is relation is involv$ n only ) t ( ! magnitude ( ! /ore to ! numb]1 b ) t ( ! magnitude ( ! /ore to ! m9d1 ( ! population4 ,its proportion to _! numb]1 & ! result+ wor? ( curr5cy1 are calculable2 b its proportion to _! w = lab\r is n4 ,! wor? ( ! piece ( money :i* claims a giv5 quantity ( ! /ore1 is1 9 ex*ange1 less or great] accord+ to ! facility ( obta9+ ! same quantity ( ! same ?+ )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! /ore4 ,9 o!r words1 x dep5ds on ! imm$iate ,co/ & ,price ( ! ?+4 ,we mu/ n[1 !re=e1 complete ! def9ition ( ^! t]ms4 #gh ,^! are ne>ly all briefly repres5t$ by ! image us$ = ! =ce ( money by ,dante1 ( ma/ & sail1-- ,quali dal v5to be gonfiate vele ,caggiono avvolte1 poi *e l'alb] fiacca ,tal cadde a t]ra la fi]a crudele4 ,! image may be foll[$ out1 l all ( ,dante's1 into z close detail z ! read] *ooses4 ,?us ! /ress ( ! sail mu/ be proportion$ to ! /r5g? ( ma/1 & x is only 9 un=ese5 dang] t a skilful seaman ev] c>ries all ! canvas 8 sp>s w be>3 /ates ( m]cantile languor are l ! flap ( ! sail 9 a calm1--( m]cantile precaution1 l tak+ 9 reefs2 & ! m]cantile ru9 is in/ant on ! break+ ( ! ma/4 ,all co/ & price are c\nt$ 9 ,lab\r4 ,we mu/ "k fir/1 !re=e1 :at is to be c\nt$ z ,lab\r4 ,i h already def9$ lab\r to be ! ,conte/ ( ! life ( man ) an opposite4#gi ,lit]ally1 x is ! quantity ( ,lapse1 loss1 or failure ( human life caus$ by any ef=t4 ,x is usually confus$ ) ef=t itself1 or ! application ( p[] 7op]a72 b !re is mu* ef=t :i* is m]ely a mode ( recreation1 or ( pleasure4 ,! mo/ beautiful actions ( ! human body & ! highe/ results ( ! human intellig5ce1 are conditions1 or a*ievem5ts1 ( q unlabori\s1 nay1 ( recreative1 ef=t4 ,b lab\r is ! suff]+ 9 ef=t4 ,x is ! negative quantity1 or quantity ( de-feat :i* has to be c\nt$ aga9/ e ,feat1 & ( de-fect :i* has to be c\nt$ aga9/ e ,fact1 or ,de$ ( m54 ,9 brief1 x is t quantity ( our toils :i* we die 94 #gi ,t is to say1 its only price is its return4 ,comp>e ,unto ,?is ,la/1 p4 #afb & :at foll[s4 ,we might1 !re=e1 a priori1 conjecture 7z we %all ultimately f9d7 t x _c be b\ght1 nor sold4 ,ev]y?+ else is b\ght & sold = ,lab\r1 b lab\r itself _c be b\ght nor sold = any?+1 be+ priceless4#hj ,! idea t x is a commodity to be b\ght or sold1 is ! alpha & omega ( ,politico-,economic fallacy4 #hj ,! object ( ,political ,economy is n to buy1 nor to sell lab\r1--b to sp>e x4 ,e attempt to buy or sell x is1 9 ! outcome1 ineffectual2--s f> z successful1 x is n sale1 b ,betrayal2 & ! pur*ase money is a "p ( t typical ?irty pieces :i* b\ght1 fir/ ! greate/ ( lab\rs1 & aft]w>ds ! burial field ( ! ,/rang]2 = ?is pur*ase-money1 be+ 9 its v smallness or vil5ess ! exactly measur$ opposite ( vilis annona amicorum1 makes all m5 /rang]s to ea* o!r4 ,?is be+ ! nature ( lab\r1 ! ,co/ ( any?+ is ! quantity ( lab\r necess>y to obta9 x2--! quantity = :i*1 or at :i*1 x /&s 7con/at74 ,x is lit]ally ! ,con/ancy ( ! ?+2--y %all w9 x--move x--come at x--= no less ?an ?is4 ,co/ is measur$ & measurable only 9 labor1 n 9 op]a4#ha ,x does n matt] h[ mu* p[] a ?+ ne$s to produce x2 x matt]s only h[ mu* di/ress4 ,g5]ally ! m p[] x requires1 ! less ! di/ress2 s t ! noble/ works ( man co/ less ?an ! meane/4 #ha ,cic]o's di/9ction1 sordidi quae/us1 quorum op]ae1 non quorum artes emuntur1 admirable 9 pr9ciple1 is inaccurate 9 expression1 because ,cic]o did n practically "k h[ mu* op]ative dext]ity is necess>y 9 all ! high] arts2 b ! co/ ( ?is dext]ity is incalculable4 ,be x great or small1 ! co/ ( ! m]e au?ority & p]fectness ( t\* 9 a hamm]/roke ( ,donatello's1 or a p5cil t\* ( ,correggio's1 is ine/imable by any ord9>y ari?metic4 7,! be/ ma/]s !mselves usually e/imate x at sums v>y+ f two to ?ree or f\r %ill+s a day1 ) w9e or s\p extra47 ,true lab\r1 or sp5d+ ( life1 is ei!r ( ! body1 9 fatigue or pa91 ( ! temp] or he>t 7z 9 p]sev]ance ( se>* = ?+s1--pati5ce 9 wait+ = !m1--=titude or degradation 9 suff]+ = !m1 & ! l71 or ( ! intellect4 ,all ^! k9ds ( lab\r are suppos$ to be includ$ 9 ! g5]al t]m1 & ! quantity ( lab\r is !n express$ by ! "t x la/s4 ,s t a unit ( lab\r is an h\r's "w or a day's "w1 z we may det]m9e4#hb #hb ,only obs]ve1 z "s lab\r is m de/ructive ( life ?an o!r lab\r1 ! h\r or day ( ! m de/ructive toil is suppos$ to include proportionate re/4 ,?\gh m5 d n1 or _c1 usually take su* re/1 except 9 dea?4 ,co/1 l value1 is bo? intr9sic & effectual4 ,intr9sic co/ is t ( gett+ ! ?+ 9 ! "r way2 effectual co/ is t ( gett+ ! ?+ 9 ! way we set ab\t x4 ,b intr9sic _c be made a subject ( analytical inve/igation1 be+ only p>tially discov]able1 & t by long exp]i5ce4 ,effectual co/ is all t ! political economi/ c deal )2 t is to say1 ! co/ ( ! ?+ "u exi/+ circum/ances & by kn[n processes4 ,co/ 7irrespectively ( any "q ( dem& or supply7 v>ies ) ! quantity ( ! ?+ want$1 & ) ! numb] ( p]sons :o "w = x4 ,x is easy to get a little ( "s ?+s1 b difficult to get mu*2 x is impossible to get "s ?+s ) few h&s1 b easy to get !m ) _m4 ,! co/ & value ( ?+s1 h[ev] difficult to det]m9e accurately1 are ?us bo? dep5d5t on asc]ta9able physical circum/ances4#hc #hc ,!re is1 !re=e1 obs]ve1 no su* ?+ z *eapness 79 ! common use ( t t]m71 )\t "s error or inju/ice4 ,a ?+ is said to be *eap1 n because x is common1 b because x is suppos$ to be sold "u its wor?4 ,ev]y?+ has its prop] & true wor? at any giv5 "t1 9 relation to ev]y?+ else2 & at t wor? %\ld be b\ght & sold4 ,if sold "u x1 x is *eap to ! buy] by exactly s mu* z ! sell] loses1 & no m4 ,putrid meat1 at twop5ce a p\nd1 is n *eap] ?an :olesome meat at sev5p5ce a p\nd2 x is probably mu* de>]2 b if1 by wat*+ y\r opportunity1 y c get ! :olesome meat = sixp5ce a p\nd1 x is *eap] to y by a p5ny1 :i* y h ga9$1 & ! sell] has lo/4 ,! pres5t rage = *eapness is ei!r1 !re=e1 simply & lit]ally1 a rage = badness ( all commodities1 or x is an attempt to f9d p]sons ^: necessities w =ce !m to let y h m ?an y %\ld = y\r money4 ,x is q easy to produce su* p]sons1 & 9 l>ge numb]s2 = ! m di/ress !re is 9 a nation1 ! m *eapness ( ?is sort y c obta91 & y\r boa/$ *eapness is ?us m]ely a measure ( ! ext5t ( y\r national di/ress4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a condition ( app>5t *eapness1 :i* we confuse1 9 practice & 9 reason+1 ) ! o!r2 namely1 ! real r$uction 9 co/ ( articles by "r application ( lab\r4 ,b 9 ?is case ! article is only *eap ) ref]5ce to its =m] price1 ! s-call$ *eapness is only our expression = ! s5sation ( contra/ betwe5 its =m] & exi/+ prices4 ,s soon z ! new me?ods ( produc+ ! article are e/abli%$1 x ceases to be e/eem$ ei!r *eap or de>1 at ! new price1 z at ! old "o1 & is felt to be *eap only :5 accid5t enables x to be pur*as$ b5ea? ?is new value4 ,& x is to no advantage to produce ! article m easily1 except z x enables y to multiply y\r population4 ,*eapness ( ?is k9d is m]ely ! discov]y t m m5 c be ma9ta9$ on ! same gr\nd2 & ! "q1 h[ _m y w ma9ta9 9 proportion to y\r means1 rema9s exactly 9 ! same t]ms t x did be=e4 ,a =m ( imm$iate *eapness results1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases1 )\t di/ress1 f ! lab\r ( a population :]e food is r$undant1 or :]e ! lab\r by :i* ! food is produc$ leaves mu* idle "t on _! h&s1 :i* may be appli$ to ! production ( *eap articles4 ,all su* ph5om5a indicate to ! political economi/ places :]e ! lab\r is unbalanc$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! j balance is to be effect$ by tak+ lab\r]s f ! spot :]e ! pressure exi/s1 & s5d+ !m to t :]e food is r$undant4 ,9 ! second1 ! *eapness is a local accid5t1 advantage\s to ! local pur*as]1 disadvantage\s to ! local produc]4 ,x is "o ( ! fir/ duties ( comm]ce to ext5d ! m>ket & ?us give ! local produc] 8 full advantage4 ,*eapness caus$ by natural accid5ts ( h>ve/1 wea!r1 etc41 is always c\nt]balanc$1 9 due "t1 by natural sc>city simil>ly caus$4 ,x is ! "p ( wise ,gov]nm5t1 & heal?y comm]ce1 s to provide 9 times & places ( pl5ty = times & places ( de>?1 z t !re %all nev] be wa/e1 nor fam9e4 ,*eapness caus$ by gluts ( ! m>ket is m]ely a disease ( clumsy & wanton comm]ce4 ,b _! price is dep5d5t on ! human w4 ,su* & su* a ?+ is demon/rably good = s mu*4 ,& x may demon/rably be bad = s mu*4 ,b x rema9s que/ionable1 & 9 all mann] ( ways que/ionable1 :e!r ,i *oose to give s mu*4#hd #hd ,price has already be5 def9$ 7pp4 #bad1 #bae7 to be ! quantity ( lab\r :i* ! possessor ( a ?+ is will+ to take = x4 ,x is be/ to consid] ! price to be t fix$ by ! possessor1 because ! possessor has absolute p[] ( refus+ sale1 :ile ! pur*as] has no absolute p[] ( compell+ x2 b ! effectual or m>ket price is t at :i* _! e/imates co9cide4 ,?is *oice is always a relative "o4 ,x is a *oice to give a price = ?is1 r ?an = t2--a resolution to h ! ?+1 if gett+ x does n involve ! loss ( a bett] ?+4 ,price dep5ds1 !re=e1 n only on ! co/ ( ! commodity itself1 b on its relation to ! co/ ( e o!r atta9able ?+4 ,f>!r4 ,! p[] ( *oice is also a relative "o4 ,x dep5ds n m]ely on our own e/imate ( ! ?+1 b on ev]ybody else's e/imate2 !re=e on ! numb] & =ce ( ! w ( ! concurr5t buy]s1 & on ! exi/+ quantity ( ! ?+ 9 proportion to t numb] & =ce4 ,h5ce ! price ( any?+ dep5ds on f\r v>iables4#he #a4 ,its co/4 #b4 ,its atta9able quantity at t co/4 #c4 ,! numb] & p[] ( ! p]sons :o want x4 #d4 ,! e/imate !y h =m$ ( its desirabl5ess4 7,its value only affects its price s f> z x is contemplat$ 9 ?is e/imate2 p]haps1 !re=e1 n at all47 #he ,! two fir/ ( ^! v>iables are includ$ 9 ! x1 & ! two la/ 9 ! y1 ( ! =mula giv5 at p4 #afb ( ,unto ,?is ,la/1 & ! f\r are ! radical conditions :i* regulate ! price ( ?+s on fir/ production2 9 _! price 9 ex*ange1 ! ?ird & f\r? ( ^! divide ea* into two o!rs1 =m+ ! ,f\r :i* are /at$ at p4 #ahf ( ,unto ,?is ,la/4 ,n[1 9 ord] to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* price is express$ 9 t]ms ( a curr5cy1 we mu/ assume ^! f\r quantities to be kn[n1 & ! e/imate ( desirabl5ess1 commonly call$ ! ,dem&1 to be c]ta94 ,we w take ! numb] ( p]sons at ! l[e/4 ,let ,a & ,b be two lab\r]s :o dem&1 t is to say1 h resolv$ to lab\r =1 two articles1 a & b4 ,_! dem& = ^! articles 7if ! read] likes bett]1 he may say _! ne$7 is to be absolute1 exi/5ce dep5d+ on ! gett+ ^! two ?+s4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t !y are bread & fuel 9 a cold c\ntry1 & let a repres5t ! lea/ quantity ( bread1 & b ! lea/ quantity ( fuel1 :i* w support a man's life = a day4 ,let a be producible by an h\r's lab\r b b only by two h\rs' lab\r2 !n ! co/ ( a is "o h\r1 & ( b two 7co/1 by our def9ition1 be+ expressible 9 t]ms ( "t74 ,if1 !re=e1 ea* man work$ bo? = 8 corn & fuel1 ea* w\ld h to "w ?ree h\rs a day4 ,b !y divide ! lab\r = its great] ease4#hf ,!n if ,a works ?ree h\rs1 he produces #c;a1 :i* is "o a m ?an bo? ! m5 want4 ,& if ,b works ?ree h\rs1 he produces only #a-a_/b;b1 or half ( b less ?an bo? want4 ,b if ,a works ?ree h\rs & ,b six1 ,a has #c;a1 & ,b has #c;b1 a ma9t5ance 9 ! "r proportion = bo? = a day & a half2 s t ea* might take a half a day's re/4 ,b z ,b has work$ d\ble "t1 ! :ole ( ?is day's re/ belongs 9 equity to him4 ,!re=e1 ! j ex*ange %\ld be1 ,a1 giv+ two a = "o b1 has "o a & "o b2--ma9t5ance = a day4 ,b1 giv+ "o b = two a1 has two a & two b2--ma9t5ance = two days4 #hf ,?is great] ease ought to be all[$ = by a dim9ution 9 ! times ( ! divid$ "w2 b z ! proportion ( times w\ld rema9 ! same1 ,i d n introduce ?is unnecess>y complexity into ! calculation4 ,b ,b _c re/ on ! second day1 or ,a w\ld be left )\t ! article :i* ,b produces4 ,nor is !re any means ( mak+ ! ex*ange j1 unless a ?ird lab\r] is call$ 94 ,!n "o workman1 ,a1 produces a1 & two1 ,b & ,c1 produce b2--,a1 work+ ?ree h\rs1 has ?ree a2--,b1 ?ree h\rs1 #a-a_/b;b2--,c1 ?ree h\rs1 #a-a_/b;b4 ,b & ,c ea* give half ( b = a1 & all h _! equal daily ma9t5ance = equal daily "w4 ,to c>ry ! example a s+le /ep f>!r1 let ?ree articles1 a1 b1 & c1 be ne$$4 ,let a ne$ "o h\r's "w1 b two1 & c f\r2 !n ! day's "w mu/ be sev5 h\rs1 & "o man 9 a day's "w c make #g;a1 or #c-a_/b;b1 or #a-c_/d;c4 ,!re=e "o ,a works = a1 produc+ #g;a2 two ,b's "w = b1 produc+ #g;b2 f\r ,c's "w = c1 produc+ #g;c4 ,a has six a to sp>e1 & gives two a = "o b1 & f\r a = "o c4 ,ea* ,b has #b-a_/b;b to sp>e1 & gives #a_/b;b = "o a1 & two b = "o c4 ,ea* ,c has #c_/d ( c to sp>e1 & gives #a_/b;c = "o b1 & #a_/d ( c = "o a4 ,& all h _! day's ma9t5ance4 ,g5]ally1 !re=e1 x foll[s t1 if ! dem& is con/ant1#hg ! relative prices ( ?+s are z _! co/s1 or z ! quantities ( lab\r involv$ 9 production4 #hg ,comp>e ,unto ,?is ,la/1 p4 #agg1 et seq4 ,!n1 9 ord] to express _! prices 9 t]ms ( a curr5cy1 we h only to put ! curr5cy into ! =m ( ord]s = a c]ta9 quantity ( any giv5 article 7) u x is 9 ! =m ( ord]s = gold71 & all quantities ( o!r articles are pric$ by ! relation !y be> to ! article :i* ! curr5cy claims4 ,b ! wor? ( ! curr5cy itself is n 9 ! slighte/ degree f\nd$ m on ! wor? ( ! article = :i* ! gold is ex*angeable4 ,x is j z accurate to say1 ,s _m p\nds are wor? an acre ( l&1 z ,an acre ( l& is wor? s _m p\nds4 ,! wor? ( gold1 ( l&1 ( h\ses1 & ( food1 & ( all o!r ?+s1 dep5ds at any mom5t on ! exi/+ quantities & relative dem&s = all & ea*2 & a *ange 9 ! wor? (1 or dem& =1 any "o1 involves an in/antane\sly correspond5t *ange 9 ! wor?1 & dem& =1 all ! re/--a *ange z inevitable & z accurately balanc$ 7?\gh (t5 9 its process z untraceable7 z ! *ange 9 volume ( ! outfl[+ riv] f "s va/ lake1 caus$ by *ange 9 ! volume ( ! infl[+ /reams1 ?\gh no eye c trace1 no in/rum5t detect motion ei!r on its surface1 or 9 ! dep?4 ,?us1 !n1 ! real work+ p[] or wor? ( ! curr5cy is f\nd$ on ! entire sum ( ! relative e/imates =m$ by ! population ( its possessions2 a *ange 9 ?is e/imate 9 any direction 7& !re=e e *ange 9 ! national "*71 in/antly alt]s ! value ( money1 9 its second great function ( comm&+ lab\r4 ,b we mu/ always c>efully & /]nly di/+ui% betwe5 ?is wor? ( curr5cy1 dep5d5t on ! conceiv$ or appreciat$ value ( :at x repres5ts1 & ! wor? ( x1 dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( :at x repres5ts4 ,a curr5cy is true or false1 9 proportion to ! security ) :i* x gives claim to ! possession ( l&1 h\se1 horse1 or picture2 b a curr5cy is /rong or weak1 wor? mu* or wor? little1 9 proportion to ! degree ( e/imate 9 :i* ! nation holds ! h\se1 horse1 or picture :i* is claim$4 ,?us ! p[] ( ! ,engli% curr5cy has be51 till ( late1 l>gely bas$ on ! national e/imate ( horses & ( w9e3 s t a man might always give any price to furni% *oicely 8 /able1 or 8 cell>1 & receive public approval !re=3 b if he gave ! same sum to furni% 8 libr>y1 he 0 call$ mad1 or a ,bibliomaniac4 ,& al?\gh he might lose 8 =tune by 8 horses1 & 8 heal? or life by 8 cell>1 & r>ely lo/ ei!r by 8 books1 he 0 yet nev] call$ a ,hippomaniac nor an ,o9omaniac2 b only ,bibliomaniac1 because ! curr5t wor? ( money 0 und]/ood to be legitimately f\nd$ on cattle & w9e1 b n on lit]ature4 ,! prices lately giv5 at sales = pictures & ,,mss4 indicate "s t5d5cy to *ange 9 ! national "* 9 ?is respect1 s t ! wor? ( ! curr5cy may ev5 come 9 "t to re/1 9 an ackn[l$g$ mann]1 some:at on ! /ate & keep+ ( ! ,b$=d missal1 z well z on ! heal? ( ,c>actacus or ,bl9k ,bonny2 & old pictures be consid]$ prop]ty1 no less ?an old port4 ,!y might h be5 s be=e n[1 b x is m difficult to *oose ! "o ?an ! o!r4 ,n[1 obs]ve1 all ^! s\rces ( v>iation 9 ! p[] ( ! curr5cy exi/ :olly irrespective ( ! influ5ces ( vice1 indol5ce1 & improvid5ce4 ,we h hi!rto suppos$1 ?r\gh\t ! analysis1 e pr(ess+ lab\r] to lab\r hone/ly1 he>tily1 & 9 h>mony ) 8 fell[s4 ,we h n[ to br+ f>!r into ! calculation ! effects ( relative indu/ry1 hon\r1 & =e?\ght1 & ?us to foll[ out ! be>+s ( our second inquiry3 ,:o are ! hold]s ( ! ,/ore & ,curr5cy1 & 9 :at proportions8 ,?is1 h[ev]1 we mu/ res]ve = our next pap]1--notic+ "h only t1 h[ev] di/9ct ! sev]al bran*es ( ! subject are1 radically1 !y are s int]wov5 9 _! issues t we _c rightly treat any "o1 till we h tak5 cognisance ( all4 ,?us ! quantity ( ! curr5cy 9 proportion to numb] ( population is mat]ially influ5c$ by ! numb] ( ! hold]s 9 proportion to ! non-hold]s2 & ?is aga9 by ! numb] ( hold]s ( goods4 ,= z1 by def9ition1 ! curr5cy is a claim to goods :i* are n possess$1 its quantity indicates ! numb] ( claimants 9 proportion to ! numb] ( hold]s2 & ! =ce & complexity ( claim4 ,= if ! claims be n complex1 curr5cy z a means ( ex*ange may be v small 9 quantity4 ,a sells "s corn to ,b1 receiv+ a promise f ,b to pay 9 cattle1 :i* ,a !n h&s ov] to ,c1 to get "s w9e4 ,c 9 due "t claims ! cattle f ,b2 & ,b takes back 8 promise4 ,^! ex*anges h1 or might h be51 all effect$ ) a s+le co9 or promise2 & ! proportion ( ! curr5cy to ! /ore w\ld 9 su* circum/ances indicate only ! circulat+ vitality ( x--t is to say1 ! quantity & conv5i5t divisibility ( t "p ( ! /ore :i* ! habits ( ! nation keep 9 circulation4 ,if a cattle-bre$] is cont5t to live ) 8 h\sehold *iefly on meat & milk1 & does n want ri* furniture1 or jewels1 or books1--if a w9e- & corn-gr[] ma9ta9s himself & 8 m5 *iefly on grapes & bread2--if ! wives & daught]s ( families weave & sp9 ! clo?+ ( ! h\sehold1 & ! nation1 z a :ole1 rema9s cont5t ) ! produce ( its own soil & ! "w ( its own h&s1 x has little occasion = circulat+ m$ia4 ,x pl$ges & promises little & seldom2 ex*anges only s f> z ex*ange is necess>y = life4 ,! /ore belongs to ! p 9 ^: h&s x is f\nd1 & money is little ne$$ ei!r z an expression ( "r1 or practical means ( division & ex*ange4 ,b 9 proportion z ! habits ( ! nation become complex & fanta/ic 7& !y may be bo?1 )\t !re=e be+ civiliz$71 its circulat+ m$ium mu/ increase 9 proportion to its /ore4 ,if ev]yone wants a little ( ev]y?+1--if food mu/ be ( _m k9ds1 & dress ( _m fa%ions1--if multitudes live by "w :i*1 m9i/]+ to fancy1 has its pay measur$ by fancy1 s t l>ge prices w be giv5 by "o p]son = :at is valueless to ano!r1--if !re are great inequalities ( k1 caus+ great inequalities ( e/imate1--& f9ally1 & wor/ ( all1 if ! curr5cy itself1 f its l>g5ess1 & ! p[] :i* ! possession ( x implies1 becomes ! sole object ( desire ) l>ge numb]s ( ! nation1 s t ! hold+ ( x is disput$ among !m z ! ma9 object ( life3--9 ea* & all ^! cases1 ! curr5cy enl>ges 9 proportion to ! /ore1 &1 z a means ( ex*ange & division1 z a bond ( "r1 & z an expression ( passion1 plays a m & m important "p 9 ! nation's deal+s1 "*1 & life4 ,aga9/ :i* "p1 :51 z a bond ( ,"r1 x becomes too conspicu\s & too burd5some1 ! popul> voice is apt to be rais$ 9 a viol5t & irrational mann]1 lead+ to revolution in/ead ( rem$y4 ,:]eas all possibility ( ,economy dep5ds on ! cle> ass]tion & ma9t5ance ( ?is bond ( "r1 h[ev] burd5some4 ,! fir/ necessity ( all economical gov]nm5t is to secure ! unque/ion$ & unque/ionable work+ ( ! great law ( ,prop]ty--t a man :o works = a ?+ %all be all[$ to get x1 keep x1 & consume x1 9 peace2 & t he :o does n eat 8 cake to-day1 %all be se51 )\t grudg+1 to h 8 cake to-morr[4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is ! fir/ po9t to be secur$ by social law2 )\t ?is1 no political advance1 nay1 no political exi/5ce1 is 9 any sort possible4 ,:atev] evil1 luxury1 iniquity1 may seem to result f x1 ?is is nev]!less ! fir/ ( all ,equities2 & to ! en=cem5t ( ?is1 by law & by police-trun*eon1 ! nation mu/ always prim>ily set its m9d--t ! cupbo>d door may h a firm lock to x1 & no man's d9n] be c>ri$ (f by ! mob1 on its way home f ! bak]'s4 ,:i*1 ?us fe>lessly ass]t+1 we %all endeav\r 9 ! next pap] to consid] h[ f> x may be practicable = ! mob itself1 also1 9 due bread? ( di%1 to h d9n]s to c>ry home4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,curr5cy-,,hold]s ,,& ,,/ore-,,hold]s4 ,,! ,,disease ,,( ,,desire4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! la/ pap] t our pres5t task is to exam9e ! relation ( hold]s ( /ore to hold]s ( curr5cy2 & ( bo? to ^? :o hold nei!r4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 we mu/ det]m9e on :i* side we are to place sub/ances su* z gold1 commonly kn[n z bases ( curr5cy4 ,by aid ( previ\s def9itions ! read] w n[ be able to und]/& clos] /atem5ts ?an h yet be5 possible4 ,! curr5cy ( any c\ntry consi/s ( e docum5t ackn[l$g+ debt :i* is transf]able 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is transf]abl5ess dep5ds ^u its intelligibility & cr$it4 ,its intelligibility dep5ds *iefly on ! difficulty ( =g+ any?+ l x2--its cr$it mu* on national "*1 b ultimately always on ! exi/5ce ( sub/antial means ( meet+ its dem&4 ,z ! degrees ( transf]abl5ess are v>iable 7"s docum5ts pass+ only 9 c]ta9 places1 & o!rs pass+1 if at all1 = less ?an _! inscrib$ value71 bo? ! mass &1 s to speak1 fluidity1 ( ! curr5cy1 are v>iable4 ,true or p]fect curr5cy fl[s freely1 l a pure /ream2 x becomes sluggi% or /agnant 9 proportion to ! quantity ( less transf]able matt] :i* mixes ) x1 add+ to its bulk1 b dim9i%+ its purity4 ,sub/ances ( intr9sic value1 su* z gold1 m+le also ) ! curr5cy1 & increase1 :ile !y modify1 its p[]2 ^! are c>ri$ by x z /ones are c>ri$ by a torr5t1 sometimes mom5t>ily imp$+1 sometimes conc5trat+ its =ce1 b n affect+ its purity4 ,^! sub/ances ( intr9sic value may be also /amp$ or sign$ s z to become ackn[l$gm5ts ( debt1 & !n become1 s f> z !y op]ate indep5d5tly ( _! intr9sic value1 "p ( ! real curr5cy4 ,def]r+ consid]ation ( m9or =ms ( curr5cy1 consi/+ ( docum5ts be>+ private signature1 we w exam9e ! pr9ciple ( legally au?oriz$ or national curr5cy4 ,?is1 9 its p]fect condition1 is a =m ( public ackn[l$gm5t ( debt1 s regulat$ & divid$ t any p]son pres5t+ a commodity ( tri$ wor? 9 ! public m>ket1 %all1 if he please1 receive 9 ex*ange = x a docum5t giv+ him claim = ! return ( its equival5t1 7#a7 9 any place1 7#b7 at any "t1 & 7#c7 9 any k9d4 ,:5 curr5cy is q heal?y & vital1 ! p]sons entru/$ ) its managem5t are always able to give on dem& ei!r-- ,a4 ,! assign+ docum5t = ! assign$ quantity ( goods4 ,or1 ,b4 ,! assign$ quantity ( goods = ! assign+ docum5t4 ,if !y _c give docum5t = goods1 ! national ex*ange is at fault4 ,if !y _c give goods = docum5t1 ! national cr$it is at fault4 ,! nature & p[] ( ! docum5t are !re=e to be exam9$ "u ! ?ree relations :i* x be>s to ,place1 ,"t1 & ,k9d4 #a4 ,x gives claim to ! return ( equival5t weal? 9 any ,place4 ,its use 9 ?is function is to save c>riage1 s t p>t+ ) a bu%el ( corn 9 ,london1 we may receive an ord] = a bu%el ( corn = ! ,antipodes1 or else:]e4 ,to be p]fect 9 ?is use1 ! sub/ance ( curr5cy mu/ be to ! maximum portable1 cr$ible1 & intelligible4 ,its non-acceptance or discr$it results always f "s =m ( ignorance or di%on\r3 s f> z su* int]ruptions rise out ( diff]5ces 9 d5om9ation1 !re is no gr\nd = _! cont9uance among civiliz$ nations4 ,x may be conv5i5t 9 "o c\ntry to use *iefly copp] = co9age1 9 ano!r silv]1 & 9 ano!r gold1--reckon+ accord+ly 9 c5times1 francs1 or sequ9s2 b t a ,fr5* franc %\ld be diff]5t 9 weight f an ,engli% %ill+1 & an ,au/rian zwanzig] v>y 9 weight & alloy f bo?1 is wanton loss ( comm]cial p[]4 #b4 ,x gives claim to ! return ( equival5t weal? at any ,"t4 ,9 ?is second use1 curr5cy is ! expon5t ( accumulation3 x r5d]s ! lay+ up ( /ore at ! comm& ( individuals unlimit$ly possible2--:]eas1 b = its int]v5tion1 all ga!r+ w\ld be conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits by ! bulk ( pov]ty1 or by its decay1 or ! difficulty ( its gu>dian%ip4 ,i w pull d[n my b>ns & build great] _c be a daily say+2 & all mat]ial inve/m5t is enl>gem5t ( c>e4 ,! national curr5cy transf]s ! gu>dian%ip ( ! /ore to _m2 & pres]ves to ! orig9al produc] ! "r ( re-ent]+ on its possession at any future p]iod4 #c4 ,x gives claim 7practical1 ?\gh n legal7 to ! return ( equival5t weal? 9 any ,k9d4 ,x is a transf]able "r1 n m]ely to ?is or t1 b to any?+2 & its p[] 9 ?is function is proportion$ to ! range ( *oice4 ,if y give a *ild an apple or a toy1 y give him a det]m9ate pleasure1 b if y give him a p5ny1 an indet]m9ate "o1 proportion$ to ! range ( selection (f]$ by ! %ops 9 ! village4 ,! p[] ( ! _w's curr5cy is simil>ly 9 proportion to ! op5ness ( ! _w's fair1 & commonly enhanc$ by ! brilliancy ( ext]nal aspect1 r ?an solidity ( its w>es4 ,we h said t ! curr5cy consi/s ( ord]s = equival5t goods4 ,if equival5t1 _! quality mu/ be gu>ante$4 ,! k9ds ( goods *os5 = specific claim mu/1 !re=e1 be capable ( te/1 :ile1 also1 t a /ore may be kept 9 h& to meet ! call ( ! curr5cy1 smallness ( bulk1 ) great relative value1 is desirable2 & inde/ructibility1 ov] at lea/ a c]ta9 p]iod1 ess5tial4 ,su* inde/ructibility & facility ( be+ te/$ are unit$ 9 gold2 its intr9sic value is great1 & its imag9>y value is great]2 s t1 p>tly ?r\gh indol5ce1 p>tly ?r\gh necessity & want ( organization1 mo/ nations h agre$ to take gold = ! only basis ( _! curr5cies2--) ?is grave disadvantage1 t its portability enabl+ ! metal to become an active "p ( ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 ! /ream ( ! curr5cy itself becomes opaque ) gold--half curr5cy & half commodity1 9 unison ( functions :i* p>tly neutralize1 p>tly enhance ea* o!r's =ce4 ,!y p>tly neutralize1 s9ce 9 s f> z ! gold is commodity1 x is bad curr5cy1 because liable to sale2 & 9 s f> z x is curr5cy1 x is bad commodity1 because its ex*ange value int]f]es ) its practical use4 ,especially its employm5t 9 ! high] bran*es ( ! arts becomes unsafe on acc\nt ( its liability to be melt$ d[n = ex*ange4 ,aga94 ,!y p>tly enhance1 s9ce 9 s f> z ! gold has ackn[l$g$ intr9sic value1 x is good curr5cy1 because ev]y:]e acceptable2 & 9 s f> z x has legal ex*angeable value1 its wor? z a commodity is increas$4 ,we want no gold 9 ! =m ( du/ or cry/al2 b we seek = x co9$ because 9 t =m x w pay bak] & but*]4 ,& ?is wor? 9 ex*ange n only absorbs a l>ge quantity 9 t use1#hh b greatly increases ! effect on ! imag9ation ( ! quantity us$ 9 ! arts4 ,?us1 9 brief1 ! =ce ( ! functions is increas$1 b _! precision blunt$1 by _! unison4 #hh ,! wa/e ( lab\r 9 obta9+ ! gold1 ?\gh x _c be e/imat$ by help ( any exi/+ data1 may be und]/ood 9 its be>+ on entire economy by suppos+ x limit$ to transactions betwe5 two p]sons4 ,if two f>m]s 9 ,au/ralia h be5 ex*ang+ corn & cattle ) ea* o!r = ye>s1 keep+ _! acc\nts ( reciprocal debt 9 any simple way1 ! sum ( ! possessions ( ei!r w\ld n be dim9i%$1 ?\gh ! "p ( x :i* 0 l5t or borr[$ 7 only reckon$ by m>ks on a /one1 or not*es on a tree2 & ! "o c\nt$ himself accord+ly1 s _m scrat*es1 or s _m not*es1 bett] ?an ! o!r4 ,b x w\ld soon be s]i\sly dim9i%$ if1 discov]+ gold 9 _! fields1 ea* resolv$ only to accept gold5 c\nt]s = a reckon+2 & accord+ly1 :5ev] he want$ a sack ( corn or a c[1 0 oblig$ to g & wa% s& = a week be=e he c\ld get ! means ( giv+ a receipt = !m4 ,^! inconv5i5ces1 h[ev]1 atta* to gold z a basis ( curr5cy on acc\nt ( its portability & preci\sness4 ,b a f> great] inconv5i5ce atta*es to x z ! only legal basis ( curr5cy4 ,imag9e gold to be only atta9able 9 masses weigh+ sev]al p\nds ea*1 & its value1 l t ( a mala*ite or m>ble1 proportion$ to its l>g5ess ( bulk2--x c\ld n !n get itself confus$ ) ! curr5cy 9 daily use1 b x might /ill rema9 z its basis2 & ?is second inconv5i5ce w\ld /ill affect x1 namely1 t its significance z an expression ( debt1 v>ies1 z t ( e o!r article w\ld1 ) ! popul> e/imate ( its desirabl5ess1 & ) ! quantity (f]$ 9 ! m>ket4 ,my p[] ( obta9+ o!r goods = gold dep5ds always on ! /r5g? ( public passion = gold1 & on ! limitation ( its quantity1 s t :5 ei!r ( two ?+s happ5--t ! _w e/eems gold less1 or f9ds x m easily1--my "r ( claim is 9 t degree effac$2 & x has be5 ev5 gravely ma9ta9$ t a discov]y ( a m\nta9 ( gold w\ld cancel ! ,national ,debt2 9 o!r words1 t m5 may be paid = :at co/s mu* 9 :at co/s no?+4 ,n[1 if x is true t !re is little *ance ( sudd5 convulsion 9 ?is respect1 ! _w w n rapidly increase 9 wisdom s z to despise gold1 & p]haps may ev5 desire x m eag]ly ! m easily x is obta9$2 nev]!less ! "r ( debt ought n to re/ on a basis ( imag9ation2 nor %\ld ! frame ( a national curr5cy vibrate ) e mis]'s panic & e m]*ant's imprud5ce4 ,!re are two me?ods ( avoid+ ?is insecurity1 :i* w\ld h be5 fall5 ^u long ago if1 in/ead ( calculat+ ! conditions ( ! supply ( gold1 m5 _h only consid]$ h[ ! _w might live & manage its affairs )\t gold at all4#hi ,"o is to base ! curr5cy on sub/ances ( tru] intr9sic value2 ! o!r1 to base x on sev]al sub/ances in/ead ( "o4 ,if ,i c only claim gold1 ! discov]y ( a cont95t ( cornfields ne$ n tr\ble me4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i wi% to ex*ange my bread = o!r ?+s1 a good h>ve/ w = ! "t limit my p[] 9 ?is respect2 b if ,i c claim ei!r bread1 iron1 or silk at pleasure1 ! /&>d ( value has ?ree feet in/ead ( "o1 & w be proportionally firm4 ,?us1 ultimately ! /ead9ess ( curr5cy dep5ds ^u ! bread? ( its base2 b ! difficulty ( organization increas+ ) ?is bread?1 ! discov]y ( ! condition at once safe/ & mo/ conv5i5t#ij c only be by long analysis :i* mu/ = ! pres5t be def]r$4 ,gold or silv]#ia may always be reta9$ 9 limit$ use1 z a luxury ( co9age & que/ionless /&>d1 ( "o weight & alloy among nations1 v>y+ only 9 ! die4 ,! purity ( co9age :5 metallic1 is closely indicative ( ! hone/y ( ! sy/em ( rev5ue1 & ev5 ( ! g5]al dignity ( ! ,/ate4#ib #hi ,x is difficult to e/imate ! curi\s futility ( discussions su* z t :i* lately occupi$ a section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 on ! absorption ( gold1 :ile no "o c produce ev5 ! simple/ ( ! data necess>y = ! inquiry4 ,to take ! fir/ occurr+ "o1--,:at means h we ( asc]ta9+ ! weight ( gold employ$ ?is ye> 9 ! toilettes ( ! wom5 ( ,europe 7n to speak ( ,asia72 &1 suppos+ x kn[n1 :at means ( conjectur+ ! weight by :i*1 next ye>1 _! fancies1 & ! *anges ( /yle among _! jewell]s1 w dim9i% or increase x8 #ij ,see1 9 ,pope's epi/le to ,"l ,ba?ur/1 8 sket* ( ! difficulties & uses ( a curr5cy lit]ally pecuni>y-- ,8 ,grace w game--to ,:ite's a bull he l$1 etc4 #ia ,p]haps bo?2 p]haps silv] only4 ,x may be f\nd exp$i5t ultimately to leave gold free = use 9 ! arts4 ,z a means ( reckon+1 ! /&>d might be1 & 9 "s cases has already be51 entirely ideal4--,see ,mill's ,political ,economy1 book iii41 *ap4 #g1 at beg9n+4 #ib ,! purity ( ! dra*ma & sequ9 7 n )\t significance ( ! /ate ( intellect1 art1 & policy1 bo? 9 ,a!ns & ,v5ice2--a fact fir/ impress$ ^u me t5 ye>s ago1 :51 9 dagu]reotypes ( ,v5etian ar*itecture1 ,i f\nd no pur*asable gold pure en\gh to gild !m )1 b t ( ! old ,v5etian sequ94 ,:atev] ! article or articles may be :i* ! national curr5cy promises to pay1 a premium on t article indicates bankruptcy ( ! ,gov]nm5t 9 t proportion1 ! division ( ! assets be+ re/ra9$ only by ! rema9+ confid5ce ( ! hold]s ( notes 9 ! return ( prosp]ity to ! firm4 ,incontrov]tible curr5cies1 ^? ( =c$ acceptance1 or ( unlimit$ issue1 are m]ely v>i\s modes ( disguis+ taxation1 & delay+ its pressure1 until x is too late to int]f]e ) its causes4 ,to d away ) ! possibility ( su* disguise w\ld h be5 among ! fir/ results ( a true economical sci5ce1 _h any su* exi/$2 b !re h be5 too _m motives = ! concealm5t1 s long z x c\ld by any artifices be ma9ta9$1 to p]mit hi!rto ev5 ! f\nd+ ( su* a sci5ce4 ,&1 inde$1 x is only ?r\gh evil conduct1 wilfully p]si/$ 91 t !re is any emb>rassm5t ei!r 9 ! !ory or ! work+ ( curr5cy4 ,no ex*equ] is ev] emb>rass$1 nor is any f9ancial "q difficult ( solution1 :5 p keep _! practice hone/1 & _! heads cool4 ,b :5 ,gov]nm5ts lose all (fice ( pilotage1 protection1 scrut9y1 & witness2 & live only 9 magnific5ce ( proclaim$ l>c5y1 effulg5t m5dacity1 & poli%$ m5dicity2 or :5 ! p *oos+ ,speculation 7! ,s usual r$undant 9 ! spell+7 in/ead ( ,toil1 pursue no di%one/y ) *a/isem5t1 t ea* may ) impunity take 8 di%one/ turn2 & enl>ge _! lu/ ( weal? ?r\gh ignorance ( its use1 mak+ _! h>lot ( ! du/1 & sett+ ,e>?1 ! ,"m1 at ! m]cy ( ,e>?1 ! ,de/roy]1 s t %e has to seek 9 hell ! *ildr5 %e left play+ 9 ! mead[s1--!re are no tricks ( f9ancial t]m9ology t w save !m2 all signature & m9tage d b magnify ! ru9 !y ret>d2 & ev5 ! ri*es t rema91 /agnant or curr5t1 *ange only f ! slime ( ,av]nus to ! s& ( ,phlege?on2--quicks& at ! emb\*ure2--l& flu5tly recomm5d$ by rec5t auctione]s z eligible = build+ leases4 ,f9ally1 !n1 ! p[] ( true curr5cy is f\rfold4 #a4 ,cr$it p[]4 ,its wor? 9 ex*ange1 dep5d5t on public op9ion ( ! /ability & hone/y ( ! issu]4 #b4 ,real wor?4 ,suppos+ ! gold1 or :atev] else ! curr5cy expressly promises1 to be requir$ f ! issu]1 = all 8 notes2 & t ! call _c be met 9 full4 ,!n ! actual wor? ( ! docum5t 7:atev] its cr$it p[]7 w\ld be1 & its actual wor? at any mom5t is to be def9$ z be+1 :at ! division ( ! assets ( ! issu]1 & 8 subsequ5t w "w1 w\ld produce = x4 #c4 ,! ex*ange p[] ( its base4 ,grant+ t we c get five p\nds 9 gold = our note1 x rema9s a "q h[ mu* ( o!r ?+s we c get = five p\nds 9 gold4 ,! m ( o!r ?+s exi/1 & ! less gold1 ! great] ?is p[]4 #d4 ,! p[] ov] lab\r1 ex]cis$ by ! giv5 quantity ( ! base1 or ( ! ?+s to be got = x4 ,! "q 9 ?is case is1 h[ mu* "w1 & 7"q ( que/ions7 ^: "w1 is to be _h = ! food :i* five p\nds w buy4 ,?is dep5ds on ! numb] ( ! population2 on _! gifts1 & on _! dispositions1 ) :i*1 d[n to _! slighte/ hum\rs & up to _! /ronge/ impulses1 ! p[] ( ! curr5cy v>ies2 & 9 ?is la/ ( its ranges1--! range ( passion1 price1 or praise 7conv]so 9 pretium ,deo71 is at once lea/1 & greate/4 ,su* be+ ! ma9 conditions ( national curr5cy1 we proce$ to exam9e ^? ( ! total curr5cy1 "u ! broad def9ition1 transf]able ackn[l$gm5t ( debt2#ic among ! _m =ms ( :i* !re are 9 effect only two1 di/9ctly oppos$2 namely1 ! ackn[l$gm5ts ( debts :i* w be paid1 & ( debts :i* w n4 ,docum5ts1 :e!r 9 :ole or "p1 ( bad debt1 be+ to ^? ( good debt z bad money to bullion1 we put = ! pres5t ^! =ms ( impo/ure aside 7z 9 analys+ a metal we %\ld wa% x cle> ( dross71 & !n range1 9 _! exact quantities1 ! true curr5cy ( ! c\ntry on "o side1 & ! /ore or prop]ty ( ! c\ntry on ! o!r4 ,we place gold1 & all su* sub/ances1 on ! side ( docum5ts1 z f> z !y op]ate by signature2--on ! side ( /ore z f> z !y op]ate by value4 ,!n ! curr5cy repres5ts ! quantity ( debt 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! /ore ! quantity ( its possession4 ,! own]%ip ( all ! prop]ty is divid$ betwe5 ! hold]s ( curr5cy & hold]s ( /ore1 & :atev] ! claim+ value ( ! curr5cy is at any mom5t1 t value is to be d$uct$ f ! ri*es ( ! /ore-hold]s1 ! d$uction be+ practically made 9 ! paym5t ( r5t = h\ses & l&s1 ( int]e/ on /ock1 & 9 o!r ways to be h]eaft] exam9$4 #ic ,"u :i* t]m1 obs]ve1 we include all docum5ts ( debt :i*1 be+ hone/1 might be transf]able1 ?\gh !y practically are n transf]r$2 :ile we exclude all docum5ts :i* are 9 reality wor?less1 ?\gh 9 fact transf]r$ tempor>ily z bad money is4 ,! docum5t ( hone/ debt1 n transf]r$1 is m]ely to pap] curr5cy z gold )drawn f circulation is to t ( bullion4 ,mu* confusion has crept into ! reason+ on ?is subject f ! idea t )drawal f circulation is a def9able /ate1 :]eas x is a gradat$ /ate1 & indef9able4 ,! sov]eign 9 my pocket is )drawn f circulation z long z ,i *oose to keep x !re4 ,x is no o!rwise )drawn if ,i bury x1 nor ev5 if ,i *oose to make x1 & o!rs1 into a gold5 cup1 & dr9k out ( !m2 s9ce a rise 9 ! price ( ! w9e1 or ( o!r ?+s1 may at any "t cause me to melt ! cup & ?r[ x back into curr5cy2 & ! bullion op]ates on ! prices ( ! ?+s 9 ! m>ket z directly1 ?\gh n z =cibly1 :ile x is 9 ! =m ( a cup1 z x does 9 ! =m ( a sov]eign4 ,no calculation c be f\nd$ on my hum\r 9 any ease4 ,if ,i l to h&le r\leaus1 & !re=e keep a quantity ( gold1 to play )1 9 ! =m ( jo9t$ basaltic columns1 x is all "o 9 its effect on ! m>ket z if ,i kept x 9 ! =m ( twi/$ filigree1 or /eadily amicus lamnae1 beat ! n>r[ gold pieces into broad ones1 & d9$ (f !m4 ,! probability is great] t ,i break ! r\leau ?an t ,i melt ! plate2 b ! increas$ probability is n calculable4 ,?us1 docum5ts are only )drawn f ! curr5cy :5 cancell$1 & bullion :5 x is s effectually lo/ z t ! probability ( f9d+ x is no great] ?an t ( f9d+ new gold 9 ! m9e4 ,at pres5t ,i wi% only to note ! broad relations ( ! two great classes--! curr5cy-hold]s & /ore-hold]s4#id ,( c\rse !y are p>tly unit$1 mo/ moni$ m5 hav+ possessions ( l& or o!r goods2 b !y are sep>ate 9 _! nature & functions4 ,! curr5cy-hold]s z a class regulate ! dem& = lab\r1 & ! /ore-hold]s ! laws ( x2 ! curr5cy-hold]s det]m9e :at %all be produc$1 & ! /ore-hold]s ! conditions ( its production4 ,f>!r1 z true curr5cy repres5ts by def9ition debts :i* w be paid1 x repres5ts ei!r ! debtor's weal?1 or 8 ability & will+ness2 t is to say1 ei!r weal? exi/+ 9 8 h&s transf]r$ to him by ! cr$itor1 or weal? :i*1 z he is at "s "t surely to return x1 he is ei!r increas+1 or1 if dim9i%+1 has ! w & /r5g? to reproduce4 ,a s\nd curr5cy1 !re=e1 z by its increase x repres5ts enl>g+ debt1 repres5ts also enl>g+ means2 b 9 ?is curi\s way1 t a c]ta9 quantity ( x m>ks ! defici5cy ( ! weal? ( ! c\ntry f :at x w\ld h be5 if t curr5cy _h n exi/$4#ie ,9 ?is respect x is l ! detritus ( a m\nta92 assume t x lies at a fix$ angle1 & ! m ! detritus1 ! l>g] mu/ be ! m\nta92 b x w\ld h be5 l>g] /ill1 _h !re be5 none4 #id ,!y are 7up to ! am\nt ( ! curr5cy7 simply cr$itors & debtors--! comm]cial types ( ! two great sects ( humanity :i* ^? words describe2 = debt & cr$it are ( c\rse m]ely ! m]cantile =ms ( ! words duty & cre$1 :i* give ! c5tral ideas3 only x is m accurate to say fai? ?an cre$1 because cre$ has be5 appli$ c>elessly to m]e =ms ( words4 ,duty prop]ly signifies :atev] 9 sub/ance or act "o p]son owes to ano!r1 & fai? ! o!r's tru/ 9 8 r5d]+ x4 ,! ,fr5* devoir & foi are full] & cle>] words ?an ours2 =1 fai? be+ ! passive ( fact1 foi comes /raight ?r\gh fides f fio2 & ! ,fr5* keep ! gr\p ( words =m$ f ! inf9itive--fi]i1 se fi]1 se defi]1 defiance1 & ! gr& foll[+ defi4 ,our ,engli% affiance1 defiance1 confid5ce1 diffid5ce1 reta9 accurate mean+s2 b our fai?ful has become obscure1 f be+ us$ = fai?wor?y1 z well z full ( fai?4 ,8 "n t sat on him 0 call$ ,fai?ful & ,true4 ,tru/ is ! passive ( true say+1 z fai? is ! passive ( due do+2 & ! "r le>n+ ( ^! etymologies1 :i* are 9 ! /ricte/ s5se only to be le>n$ by he>t1 is ( consid]ably m importance to ! y\? ( a nation ?an its read+ & ciph]+4 #ie ,= example1 suppose an active peasant1 hav+ got 8 gr\nd into good ord] & built himself a com=table h\se1 f9d+ /ill "t on 8 h&s1 sees "o ( 8 neighb\rs little able to "w1 & ill lodg$1 & (f]s to build him also a h\se1 & to put 8 l& 9 ord]1 on condition ( receiv+ = a giv5 p]iod r5t = ! build+ & ti! ( ! fruits4 ,! (f] is accept$1 & a docum5t giv5 promissory ( r5t & ti!4 ,?is note is money4 ,x c only be good money if ! man :o has incurr$ ! debt s f> recov]s 8 /r5g? z to be able to take advantage ( ! help he has receiv$1 & meet ! dem& ( ! note2 if he lets 8 h\se fall to ru91 & 8 field to wa/e1 8 promissory note w soon be valueless3 b ! exi/5ce ( ! note at all is a consequ5ce ( 8 n hav+ work$ s /\tly z ! o!r4 ,let him ga9 z mu* z to be able to pay back ! entire debt2 ! note is cancell$ & we h two ri* /ore-hold]s & no curr5cy4 ,f9ally1 ?\gh1 z above /at$1 e man possess+ money has usually also "s prop]ty beyond :at is necess>y = 8 imm$iate wants1 & m5 possess+ prop]ty usually also hold curr5cy beyond :at is necess>y = _! imm$iate ex*anges1 x ma9ly det]m9es ! class to :i* !y belong1 :e!r 9 _! eyes ! money is an adjunct ( ! prop]ty1 or ! prop]ty ( ! money4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! hold]'s pleasure is 9 8 possessions1 & 9 8 money subord9ately1 z ! means ( bett]+ or add+ to !m4 ,9 ! second1 8 pleasure is 9 8 money1 & 9 8 possessions only z repres5t+ x4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! money is z an atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! weal?1 ris+ f x & ra9+ back ^u x2 b 9 ! second1 x is a deluge1 ) ! weal? float+1 & = ! mo/ "p p]i%+ 9 x4 ,! %orte/ di/9ction betwe5 ! m5 is t ! "o wi%es always to buy & ! o!r to sell4 ,su* be+ ! great relations ( ! classes1 _! sev]al *>act]s are ( ! highe/ importance to ! nation2 = on ! "* ( ! /ore-hold]s dep5ds ! pres]vation1 display1 & s]viceabl5ess ( its weal?2--on t ( ! curr5cy-hold]s its nature1 & 9 great "p its di/ribution2 & on bo? its production4 ,! /ore-hold]s are ei!r con/ructive1 or neutral1 or de/ructive2 & 9 subsequ5t pap]s we %all1 ) respect to e k9d ( weal?1 exam9e ! relative p[] ( ! /ore-hold] = its improvem5t or de/ruction2 & we %all !n f9d x to be ( incomp>ably great] importance to ! nation 9 ^: h&s ! ?+ is put1 ?an h[ mu* ( x is got2 & t ! "* ( ! hold]s may be conjectur$ by ! quality ( ! /ore1 = su* & su* a ?+2 nor only asks = x1 b if to be bett]$1 bett]s x3 s t possession & possessor reciprocally act on ea* o!r ?r\gh ! entire sum ( national possession4 ,! base nation ask+ = base ?+s s9ks daily to deep] vil5ess ( nature & ( use2 :ile ! noble nation1 ask+ = noble ?+s1 rises daily into div9] em95ce 9 bo?2 ! t5d5cy to degradation be+ surely m>k$ by ,greek3 ataxia1 c>elessness z to ! h&s 9 :i* ?+s are put1 competition = ! acquisition ( !m1 disord]l9ess 9 accumulation1 inaccuracy 9 reckon+1 & bluntness 9 conception z to ! entire nature ( possession4 ,n[1 ! curr5cy-hold]s always increase 9 numb] & influ5ce 9 proportion to ! bluntness ( nature & clums9ess ( ! /ore-hold]s2 = ! less use p c make ( ?+s ! m !y tire ( !m1 & want to *ange !m = some?+ else1 & all frequ5cy ( *ange increases ! quantity & p[] ( curr5cy2 :ile ! l>ge curr5cy-hold] himself is ess5tially a p]son :o nev] has be5 able to make up 8 m9d z to :at he w h1 & proce$s1 !re=e1 9 vague collection & aggregation1 ) m & m infuriate passion1 urg$ by complac5cy 9 progress1 & pride 9 conque/4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re is ?is obscurity 9 ! nature ( possession ( curr5cy1 !re is a *>m 9 ! absolut5ess ( x1 :i* is to "s p v entic+4 ,9 ! enjoym5t ( real prop]ty o!rs mu/ p>tly %>e4 ,! groom has "s enjoym5t ( ! /ud1 & ! g>d5] ( ! g>d52 b ! money is1 or seems %ut up2 x is :olly enviable4 ,no "o else c h "p 9 any complac5cies aris+ f x4 ,! p[] ( ari?metical comp>ison is also a great ?+ to unimag9ative p4 ,!y "k always !y are s mu* bett] ?an !y 71 9 money2 s mu* bett] ?an o!rs1 9 money2 wit _c be s comp>$1 nor "*4 ,my neighb\r _c be conv9c$ ,i am wis] ?an he is1 b he c t ,i am wor? s mu* m2 & ! univ]sality ( ! conviction is no less flatt]+ ?an its cle>ness4 ,only a few c und]/&1 none measure1 sup]iorities 9 o!r ?+s2 b ev]ybody c und]/& money1 & c\nt x4 ,n[1 ^! v>i\s temptations to accumulation w\ld be politically h>mless1 if :at 0 va9ly accumulat$ _h any fair *ance ( be+ wisely sp5t4 ,= z accumulation _c g on = ev]1 b mu/ "s day end 9 its rev]se--if ?is rev]se 7 inde$ a b5eficial di/ribution & use1 z irrigation f res]voir1 ! fev] ( ga!r+1 ?\gh p]il\s to ! ga!r]1 might be s]viceable to ! community4 ,b x con/antly happ5s 7s con/antly1 t x may be /at$ z a political law hav+ few exceptions71 t :at is unreasonably ga!r$ is also unreasonably sp5t by ! p]sons into ^: h&s x f9ally falls4 ,v frequ5tly x is sp5t 9 w>1 or else 9 /upefy+ luxury1 twice hurtful1 bo? 9 be+ indulg$ by ! ri* & witness$ by ! poor4 ,s t ! mal t5] & mal d>e are z correlative z complem5t>y col\rs2 & ! circulation ( weal?1 :i* ought to be s(t1 /eady1 /rong1 f>-sweep+1 & full ( w>m?1 l ! ,gulf ,/ream1 be+ n>r[$ into an eddy1 & conc5trat$ on a po9t1 *anges into ! alt]nate suction & surr5d] ( ,*>ybdis4 ,:i* is1 inde$1 ,i d\bt n1 ! true mean+ ( t m>vell\s fable1 inf9ite1 z ,bacon said ( x1 9 matt] ( m$itation4#if #if ,x is a /range habit ( wise humanity to speak 9 enigmas only1 s t ! highe/ tru?s & usefulle/ laws mu/ be hunt$ = ?r\gh :ole picture-gall]ies ( dreams1 :i* to ! vulg> seem dreams only4 ,?us ,hom]1 ! ,greek trag$ians1 ,plato1 ,dante1 ,*auc]1 ,%akespe>e1 & ,goe!1 h hidd5 all t is *iefly s]viceable 9 _! "w1 & 9 all ! v>i\s lit]ature !y absorb$ & re-embodi$1 "u types :i* h r5d]$ x q useless to ! multitude4 ,:at is worse1 ! two primal decl>]s ( moral discov]y1 ,hom] & ,plato1 are p>tly at issue2 = ,plato's logical p[] qu5*$ 8 imag9ation1 & he became incapable ( und]/&+ ! purely imag9ative elem5t ei!r 9 poetry or pa9t+2 he !re=e some:at ov]rates ! pure discipl9e ( passionate art 9 song & music1 & misses t ( m$itative art4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a deep] reason = 8 di/ru/ ( ,hom]4 ,8 love ( ju/ice1 & rev]5tly religi\s nature made him dread z dea?1 e =m ( fallacy2 b *iefly1 fallacy respect+ ! _w to come 78 own my?s be+ only symbolic expon5ts ( a rational hope74 ,we %all p]haps n[ e day discov] m cle>ly h[ "r ,plato 0 9 ?is1 & feel ourselves m & m wond]/ruck t m5 su* z ,hom] & ,dante 7&1 9 an inf]ior sph]e1 ,milton71 n to speak ( ! great sculptors & pa9t]s ( e age1 h p]mitt$ !mselves1 ?\gh full ( all nobl5ess & wisdom1 to co9 idle imag9ations ( ! my/]ies ( et]nity1 & m\ld ! fai?s ( ! families ( ! e>? by ! c\rses ( _! own vague & vision>y arts3 :ile ! indisputable tru?s respect+ human life & duty1 respect+ :i* !y all h b "o voice1 lie hidd5 beh9d ^! veils ( phantasy1 uns\ght & (t5 unsuspect$4 ,i w ga!r c>efully1 out ( ,dante & ,hom]1 :at ( ?is k9d be>s on our subject1 9 its due place2 ! fir/ broad int5tion ( _! symbols may be sket*$ at once4 ,! rew>ds ( a wor?y use ( ri*es1 subord9ate to o!r ends1 are %[n by ,dante 9 ! fif? & six? orbs ( ,p>adise2 = ! puni%m5t ( _! unwor?y use1 ?ree places are assign$2 "o = ! av>ici\s & prodigal ^: s\ls are lo/ 7,hell3 ,canto #g72 "o = ! av>ici\s & prodigal ^: s\ls are capable ( purification 7,purgatory3 ,canto #ai72 & "o = ! usur]s1 ( :om none c be r$eem$ 7,hell3 ,canto #ag74 ,! fir/ gr\p1 ! l>ge/ 9 all hell 7g5te piu *e altrove troppa71 meet 9 contr>y curr5ts1 z ! waves ( ,*>ybdis1 ca/+ weights at ea* o!r f opposite sides4 ,?is we>9ess ( cont5tion is ! *ief elem5t ( _! torture2 s m>k$ by ! beautiful l9es1 beg9n+1 ,or puoi1 figliuol1 etc4 7b ! usur]s1 :o made _! money inactively1 sit on ! s&1 equally )\t re/1 h[ev]1 ,di qua1 di la soccorri51 etc474 ,= x is n av>ice b cont5tion = ri*es1 lead+ to ?is d\ble misuse ( !m1 :i*1 9 ,dante's sight1 is ! unr$eemable s94 ,! place ( its puni%m5t is gu>d$ by ,plutus1 ! great enemy1 & la fi]a crudele1 a _s q diff]5t f ! ,greek ,plutus1 :o1 ?\gh old & bl9d1 is n cruel1 & is curable1 s z to become f>-sight$ 7,greek3 h\ typhlos all' oxy blepon--,plato's epi!ts 9 fir/ book ( ! ,laws74 ,/ill m does ?is ,dantesque type diff] f ! respl5d5t ,plutus ( ,goe! 9 ! second "p ( ,fau/1 :o is ! p]sonifi$ p[] ( weal? = good or evil2 n ! passion = weal?2 & aga9 f ! ,plutus ( ,sp5s]1 :o is ! passion ( m]e aggregation4 ,dante's ,plutus is specially & def9itely ! _s ( ,cont5tion & ,competition1 or ,evil ,comm]ce2 & because1 z ,i %[$ 9 my la/ pap]1 ?is k9d ( comm]ce makes all m5 /rang]s1 8 spee* is un9telligible1 & no s+le s\l ( all ^? ru9$ by him has recognizable features4 7,la sconesc5te vita-- ,ad ogni conosc5za or li fa bruni74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! r$eemable s9s ( av>ice & prodigality are1 9 ,dante's sight1 ^? :i* are )\t delib]ate or calculat$ op]ation4 ,! lu/1 or lavi%ness1 ( ri*es c be purg$1 s long z !re has be5 no s]vile consi/5cy ( dispute & competition = !m4 ,! s9 is spok5 ( z t ( degradation by ! love ( e>?2 x is purifi$ by deep] humiliation--! s\ls crawl on _! bellies2 _! *ant1 my s\l cleave? unto ! du/4 ,b ! spirits "h condemn$ are all recognizable1 & ev5 ! wor/ examples ( ! ?ir/ = gold1 :i* !y are compell$ to tell ! hi/ories ( dur+ ! night1 are ( m5 swept by ! passion ( av>ice into viol5t crime1 b n sold to its /eady "w4 ,! precept giv5 to ea* ( ^! spirits = its deliv]ance is--,turn ?9e eyes to ! lucre 7lure7 :i* ! ,et]nal ,k+ rolls ) ! mighty :eels3 o!rwise1 ! :eels ( ! ,great] ,=tune1 ( :i* ! con/ellation is asc5d+ :5 ,dante's dream beg9s4 ,comp>e ,george ,h]b]t1-- ,lift up ?y head2 ,take />s = money2 />s1 n to be told ,by any art1 yet to be pur*as$4 ,& ,plato's notable s5t5ce 9 ! ?ird book ( ,polity3--,tell !m !y h div9e gold & silv] 9 _! s\ls = ev]2 t !y ne$ no money /amp$ ( m5--nei!r may !y o!rwise ?an impi\sly m+le ! ga!r+ ( ! div9e ) ! mortal treasure1 = ?r\gh t :i* ! law ( ! multitude has co9$1 endless crimes h be5 done & suff]$2 b 9 !irs is nei!r pollution nor sorr[4 ,at ! entrance ( ?is place ( puni%m5t an evil _s is se5 by ,dante1 q o!r ?an ! ,gran ,nemico4 ,! great enemy is obey$ kn[+ly & will+ly2 b ?is _s--fem99e--& call$ a ,sir5--is ! ,deceitfulness ( ri*es1 ,greek3 apate pl\t\ ( ! gospels1 w9n+ ob$i5ce by guile4 ,?is is ! ,idol ( ,ri*es1 made d\bly phantasmal by ,dante's see+ h] 9 a dream4 ,%e is lovely to look ^u1 & en*ants by h] sweet s++1 b h] womb is loa?some4 ,n[1 ,dante does n call h] "o ( ! ,sir5s c>elessly1 any m ?an he speaks ( ,*>ybdis c>elessly1 & ?\gh he _h only got at ! mean+ ( ! ,hom]ic fable ?r\gh ,virgil's obscure tradition ( x1 ! clue he has giv5 u is q en\gh4 ,bacon's int]pretation1 ! ,sir5s1 or pleasures1 :i* has become univ]sal s9ce 8 "t1 is oppos$ alike to ,plato's mean+ & ,hom]'s4 ,! ,sir5s are n pleasures1 b ,desires3 9 ! ,odyssey !y are ! phantoms ( va9 desire2 b 9 ,plato's vision ( ,de/9y1 phantoms ( con/ant ,desire2 s++ ea* a diff]5t note on ! circles ( ! di/aff ( ,necessity1 b =m+ "o h>mony1 to :i* ! ?ree great ,fates put words4 ,dante1 h[ev]1 adopt$ ! ,hom]ic conception ( !m1 :i* 0 t !y 7 demons ( ! ,imag9ation1 n c>nal 7desire ( ! eyes2 n lu/ ( ! fle%72 !re=e said to be daught]s ( ! ,muses4 ,yet n ( ! muses1 heav5ly or hi/orical1 b ( ! muse ( pleasure2 & !y are at fir/ w+$1 because ev5 va9 hope excites & helps :5 fir/ =m$2 b aft]w>ds1 cont5d+ = ! possession ( ! imag9ation ) ! muses !mselves1 !y are depriv$ ( _! w+s1 & ?us we are to di/+ui% ! ,sir5 p[] f ! ,p[] ( ,circe1 :o is no daught] ( ! muses1 b ( ! /rong elem5ts1 ,sun & ,sea2 h] p[] is t ( frank & full vital pleasure1 :i*1 if gov]n$ & wat*$1 n\ri%es m52 b1 unwat*$1 & hav+ no moly1 bitt]ness or delay mix$ ) x1 turns m5 into bea/s1 b does n slay !m1 leaves !m1 on ! contr>y1 p[] ( revival4 ,%e is h]self inde$ an ,en*antress2--pure ,animal life2 trans=m+--or degrad+--b always wond]ful 7%e puts ! /ores on bo>d ! %ip invisibly1 & is gone aga91 l a gho/72 ev5 ! wild bea/s rejoice & are s(t5$ ar\nd h] cave2 to m51 %e gives no ri* fea/1 no?+ b pure & "r n\ri%m5t1--,pramnian w9e1 *eese & fl\r2 t is corn1 milk1 & w9e1 ! ?ree great su/a9]s ( life--x is _! own fault if ^! make sw9e ( !m2 & sw9e are *os5 m]ely z ! type ( consumption2 z ,plato's ,greek3 huon polis 9 ! second book ( ! ,polity1 & p]haps *os5 by ,hom] ) a deep] k ( ! lik5ess ( n\ri%m5t1 & int]nal =m ( body4 ,et quel e/1 s'il v\s plait1 cet audacieux animal qui se p]met d'etre bati au d$ans comme une jolie petite fille8 ,helas6 *]e enfant1 j'ai honte de le nomm]1 et il ne f\dra pas m'en v\loir4 ,c'e/ 444 c'e/ le co*on4 ,ce n'e/ pas precisem5t flatteur p\r v\s2 mais n\s en sommes t\s la1 et si cela v\s contr>ie p> trop1 il faut all] v\s pla9dre au bon ,dieu qui a v\lu que les *oses fuss5t arrangees a9si3 seulem5t le co*on1 qui ne p5se qu' a mang]1 a l'e/omac bi5 plus va/e que n\s1 et c'e/ t\j\rs une consolation4 7,hi/oire d'une ,b\*ee de ,pa91 ,lettre ix47 ,b ! deadly ,sir5s are all ?+s oppos$ to ! ,circean p[]4 ,!y promise pleasure1 b nev] give x4 ,!y n\ri% 9 no wise2 b slay by sl[ dea?4 ,& :]eas !y corrupt ! he>t & ! head1 in/ead ( m]ely betray+ ! s5ses1 !re is no recov]y f _! p[]2 !y d n te> nor snat*1 l ,scylla1 b ! m5 :o h li/5$ to !m are poison$1 & wa/e away4 ,note t ! ,sir5s' field is cov]$1 n m]ely ) ! bones1 b ) ! sk9s ( ^? :o h be5 consum$ !re4 ,!y address !mselves1 9 ! "p ( ! song :i* ,hom] gives1 n to ! passions ( ,ulysses1 b to 8 vanity1 & ! only man :o ev] came )9 he>+ ( !m1 & escap$ untempt$1 0 ,orpheus1 :o sil5c$ ! va9 imag9ations by s++ ! praises ( ! gods4 ,x is1 !n1 "o ( ^! ,sir5s :om ,dante takes z ! phantasm or deceitfulness ( ri*es2 b note fur!r1 t %e says x 0 h] song t deceiv$ ,ulysses4 ,look back to ,dante's acc\nt ( ,ulysses' dea?1 & we f9d x 0 n ! love ( money1 b pride ( k1 t betray$ him2 :5ce we get ! clue to ,dante's complete mean+3 t ! s\ls ^: love ( weal? is p>donable h be5 fir/ deceiv$ into pursuit ( x by a dream ( its high] uses1 or by ambition4 ,8 ,sir5 is !re=e ! ,philotime ( ,sp5s]1 daught] ( ,mammon-- ,:om all t folk ) su* cont5tion ,d flock ab\t1 my de>e1 my daught] is-- ,hon\r & dignitie f h] alone ,d]iv$ are4 ,by comp>+ ,sp5s]'s entire acc\nt ( ?is ,philotime ) ,dante's ( ! ,weal?-,sir51 we %all get at ! full mean+ ( bo? poets2 b t ( ,hom] lies hidd5 mu* m deeply4 ,= 8 ,sir5s are indef9ite1 & !y are desires ( any evil ?+2 p[] ( weal? is n specially indicat$ by him1 until1 escap+ ! h>moni\s dang] ( imag9ation1 ,ulysses has to *oose betwe5 two practical ways ( life1 indicat$ by ! two rocks ( ,scylla & ,*>ybdis4 ,! mon/]s t haunt !m are q di/9ct f ! rocks !mselves1 :i*1 hav+ _m o!r subord9ate significations1 are 9 ! ma9 ,lab\r & ,idl5ess1 or gett+ & sp5d+2 ea* ) its att5dant mon/]1 or betray+ demon4 ,! rock ( ga9+ has its summit 9 ! cl\ds1 invisible & n to be climb$2 t ( sp5d+ is l[1 b m>k$ by ! curs$ fig-tree1 :i* has leaves b no fruit4 ,we "k ! type else:]e2 & !re is a curi\s lat]al allusion to x by ,dante :5 ,jacopo di ,sant' ,&rea1 :o _h ru9$ himself by pr(usion & committ$ suicide1 scatt]s ! leaves ( ! bu% ( ,lotto degli ,agli1 endeav\r+ to hide himself among !m4 ,we %all h]eaft] exam9e ! type completely2 "h ,i w only give an approximate r5d]+ ( ,hom]'s words1 :i* h be5 obscur$ m by translation ?an ev5 by tradition-- ,!y are ov]hang+ rocks4 ,! great waves ( blue wat] break r\nd !m2 & ! bless$ ,gods call !m ! ,w&]]s4 ,by "o ( !m no w+$ ?+ c pass--n ev5 ! wild doves t br+ ambrosia to _! fa!r ,jove--b ! smoo? rock seizes its sacrifice ( !m4 7,n ev5 ambrosia to be _h )\t ,lab\r4 ,! ^w is peculi>--z a "p ( any?+ (f]$ = sacrifice2 especially us$ ( heave-(f]+47 ,x rea*es ! wide heav5 ) its top1 & a d>k-blue cl\d re/s on x1 & nev] passes2 nei!r does ! cle> sky hold x 9 summ] nor 9 h>ve/4 ,nor c any man climb x--n if he _h tw5ty feet & h&s1 = x is smoo? z ?\gh x 7 hewn4 ,& 9 ! mid/ ( x is a cave :i* is turn$ ! way ( hell4 ,& !re9 dwells ,scylla1 :9+ = prey3 h] cry1 inde$1 is no l\d] ?an t ( a newly-born :elp3 b %e h]self is an awful ?+--nor c any creature see h] face & be glad2 no1 ?\gh x 7 a god t rose aga9/ h]4 ,= %e has twelve feet1 all =e-feet1 & six necks1 & t]rible heads on !m2 & ea* has ?ree r[s ( tee?1 full ( black dea?4 ,b ! opposite rock is l[] ?an ?is1 ?\gh b a b[-%ot di/ant2 & ^u x !re is a great fig-tree1 full ( leaves2 & "u x ! t]rible ,*>ybdis sucks x d[n1 & ?rice ca/s x up aga92 be n ?\ !re :5 %e sucks d[n1 = ,neptune himself c\ld n save !e4 ,! read] w f9d ! mean+ ( ^! types gradually elicit$ z we proce$4 ,?is disease ( desire hav+ especial relation to ! great art ( ,ex*ange1 or ,comm]ce1 we mu/1 9 ord] to complete our code ( fir/ pr9ciples1 %ortly /ate ! nature & limits ( t art4 ,z ! curr5cy conveys "r ( *oice out ( _m ?+s 9 ex*ange = "o1 s ,comm]ce is ! ag5cy by :i* ! p[] ( *oice is obta9$2 & c\ntries produc+ only timb] c obta9 = _! timb] silk & gold2 or1 naturally produc+ only jewels & frank9c5se1 c obta9 = !m cattle & corn4 ,9 ?is function comm]ce is ( m importance to a c\ntry 9 proportion to ! limitations ( its products & ! re/lessness ( its fancy2--g5]ally ( great] importance t[>ds ,nor!rn latitudes4 ,comm]ce is necess>y1 h[ev]1 n only to ex*ange local products1 b local skill4 ,lab\r requir+ ! ag5cy ( fire c only be giv5 abundantly 9 cold c\ntries2 lab\r requir+ suppl5ess ( body & s5sitiv5ess ( t\* only 9 w>m ones2 lab\r involv+ accurate vivacity ( ?\ght only 9 temp]ate ones2 :ile peculi> imag9ative actions are produc$ by extremes ( heat & cold1 & ( light & d>kness4 ,! production ( great art is limit$ to climates w>m en\gh to admit ( repose 9 ! op5 air1 & cool en\gh to r5d] su* repose delightful4 ,m9or v>iations 9 modes ( skill di/+ui% e locality4 ,! lab\r :i* at any place is easie/1 is 9 t place *eape/2 & x becomes (t5 desirable t products rais$ 9 "o c\ntry %\ld be wr\ght 9 ano!r4 ,h5ce h aris5 discussions on ,int]national values1 :i* w be "o day rememb]$ z highly curi\s ex]cises ( ! human m9d4 ,= x w be discov]$1 9 due c\rse ( tide & "t1 t int]national value is regulat$ j z int]-prov9cial or int]-p>i%ional value is4 ,coals & hops are ex*ang$ betwe5 ,nor?umb]l& & ,k5t on absolutely ! same pr9ciples z iron & w9e betwe5 ,lanca%ire & ,spa94 ,! great] bread? ( an arm ( ! sea increases ! co/1 b does n modify ! pr9ciple ( ex*ange2 & a b>ga9 writt5 9 two languages w h no o!r economical results ?an a b>ga9 writt5 9 "o4 ,! di/ances ( nations are measur$ n by seas1 b by ignorances2 & _! divisions det]m9$1 n by dialects1 b by enmities4 ,( c\rse1 a sy/em ( int]national values may always be con/ruct$ if we assume a relation ( moral law to physical geography2 z1 = in/ance1 t x is "r to *eat across a riv]1 ?\gh n across a road2 or across a lake1 ?\gh n across a riv]2 or ov] a m\nta91 ?\gh n across a lake1 etc43--aga91 a sy/em ( su* values may be con/ruct$ by assum+ simil> relations ( taxation to physical geography2 z1 = in/ance1 t an article %\ld be tax$ 9 cross+ a riv]1 b n 9 cross+ a road2 or 9 be+ c>ri$ ov] a m\nta91 b n ov] a f]ry1 etc43 su* positions are inde$ n easily ma9ta9$ :5 once put 9 logical =m2 b "o law ( int]national value is ma9ta9able 9 any =m2 namely1 t ! f>!r y\r neighb\r lives f y1 & ! less he und]/&s y1 ! m y are b\nd to be true 9 y\r deal+s ) him2 because y\r p[] ov] him is great] 9 proportion to 8 ignorance1 & 8 rem$y m difficult 9 proportion to 8 di/ance4 ,i h j said ! bread? ( sea increases ! co/ ( ex*ange4 ,ex*ange or comm]ce1 z su*1 is always co/ly2 ! sum ( ! value ( ! goods be+ dim9i%$ by ! co/ ( _! conveyance1 & by ! ma9t5ance ( ! p]sons employ$ 9 x4 ,s t x is only :5 !re is advantage to bo? produc]s 79 gett+ ! "o ?+ = ! o!r71 great] ?an ! loss 9 conveyance1 t ! ex*ange is exp$i5t4 ,& x is only ju/ly conduct$ :5 ! port]s kept by ! produc]s 7commonly call$ m]*ants7 look only = pay1 & n = pr(it4 ,= 9 j comm]ce !re are b ?ree p>ties--! two p]sons or societies ex*ang+ & ! ag5t or ag5ts ( ex*ange3 ! value ( ! ?+s to be ex*ang$ is kn[n by bo? ! ex*ang]s1 & ea* receives equival5t value1 nei!r ga9+ nor los+ 7= :atev] "o ga9s ! o!r loses74 ,! int]m$iate ag5t is paid an equal & kn[n p]c5tage by bo?1 p>tly = lab\r 9 conveyance1 p>tly = c>e1 k1 & risk2 e attempt at concealm5t ( ! am\nt ( ! pay indicates ei!r ef=t on ! "p ( ! ag5t to obta9 exorbitant p]c5tage1 or ef=t on ! "p ( ! ex*ang]s to refuse him a j "o4 ,b = ! mo/ "p x is ! fir/1 namely1 ! ef=t on ! "p ( ! m]*ant to obta9 l>g] pr(it 7s call$7 by buy+ *eap & sell+ de>4 ,"s "p1 inde$1 ( ?is l>g] ga9 is des]v$1 & might be op5ly dem&$1 because x is ! rew>d ( ! m]*ant's k1 & =esight ( probable necessity2 b ! great] "p ( su* ga9 is unju/2 & unju/ 9 ?is mo/ fatal way1 t x dep5ds fir/ on keep+ ! ex*ang]s ignorant ( ! ex*ange value ( ! articles1 & secondly1 on tak+ advantage ( ! buy]'s ne$ & ! sell]'s pov]ty4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "o ( ! ess5tial1 & q ! mo/ fatal1 =ms ( usury2 = usury means m]ely tak+ an exorbitant sum = ! use ( any?+1 & x is no matt] :e!r ! exorbitance is on loan or ex*ange1 9 r5t or 9 price--! ess5ce ( ! usury be+ t x is obta9$ by advantage ( opportunity or necessity1 & n z due rew>d = lab\r4 ,all ! great ?9k]s1 !re=e1 h held x to be unnatural & impi\s1 9 s f> z x fe$s on ! di/ress ( o!rs1 or _! folly4#ig ,nev]!less attempts to repress x by law 79 o!r words1 to regulate prices by law s f> z _! v>iations dep5d on iniquity1 & n on nature7 mu/ = ev] be ineffective2 ?\gh ,plato1 ,bacon1 & ! ,fir/ ,napoleon--all ?ree ( !m m5 :o knew some:at m ( humanity ?an ! ,briti% m]*ant usually does--tri$ _! h&s at x1 & h left "s 7probably7 good mod]ative =ms ( law1 :i* we w exam9e 9 _! place4 ,b ! only f9al *eck ^u x mu/ be radical purify+ ( ! national "*1 = be+1 z ,bacon calls x1 concessum propt] duritiem cordis1 x is to be done away ) by t\*+ ! he>t only2 n1 h[ev]1 )\t m$ic9al law--z 9 ! case ( ! o!r p]mission1 propt] duritiem4 ,b 9 ?is1 m ?an 9 any?+ 7?\gh mu* 9 all1 & ?\gh 9 ?is he w\ld n himself all[ ( _! application1 = 8 own laws aga9/ usury are %>p en\gh71 ,plato's words are true 9 ! f\r? book ( ! ,polity1 t nei!r drugs1 nor *>ms1 nor burn+s1 w t\* a deep-ly+ political sore1 any m ?an a deep bodily "o2 b only "r & utt] *ange ( con/itution2 & t !y d b lose _! lab\r :o ?9k t by any tricks ( law !y c get ! bett] ( ^! mis*iefs ( int]c\rse1 & see n t !y hew at a ,hydra4 #ig ,h5ce ,dante's companion%ip ( ,cahors1 ,inf41 canto xi41 support$ by ! view tak5 ( ! matt] ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 9 common ) ! ,greeks4 ,& inde$ ?is ,hydra seems s unslayable1 & s9 /icks s fa/ betwe5 ! jo9+s ( ! /ones ( buy+ & sell+1 t to trade 9 ?+s1 or lit]ally cross-give !m1 has w>p$ itself1 by ! in/9ct ( nations1 into _! wor/ ^w = fraud2 =1 because 9 trade !re _c b be tru/1 & x seems also t !re _c b also be injury 9 answ] to x1 :at is m]ely fraud betwe5 enemies becomes trea*]y among fri5ds3 & trad]1 traditor1 & traitor are b ! same ^w4 ,= :i* simplicity ( language !re is m reason ?an at fir/ appe>s2 = z 9 true comm]ce !re is no pr(it1 s 9 true comm]ce !re is no sale4 ,! idea ( sale is t ( an int]*ange betwe5 enemies respectively endeav\r+ to get ! bett] ( "o ano!r2 b comm]ce is an ex*ange betwe5 fri5ds2 & !re is no desire b t x %\ld be j1 any m ?an !re w\ld be betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family4 ,! mom5t !re is a b>ga9 ov] ! pottage1 ! family relation is dissolv$2--typically ! days ( m\rn+ = my fa!r are at h&4 ,:]eupon foll[s ! resolve !n w ,i slay my bro!r4 ,?is inhumanity ( m]c5>y comm]ce is ! m notable because x is a fulfilm5t ( ! law t ! corruption ( ! be/ is ! wor/4 ,= z1 tak+ ! body natural = symbol ( ! body politic1 ! gov]n+ & =m+ p[]s may be lik5$ to ! bra9 & ! lab\r+ to ! limbs1 ! m]cantile1 presid+ ov] circulation & communication ( ?+s 9 *ang$ utilities is symboliz$ by ! he>t2 :i*1 if x h>d51 all is lo/4 ,& ?is is ! ultimate lesson :i* ! lead] ( ,engli% intellect meant = u 7a lesson1 inde$1 n all 8 own1 b "p ( ! old wisdom ( humanity71 9 ! tale ( ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice2 9 :i* ! true & incorrupt m]*ant1--k9d & free1 beyond e o!r ,%akespe>ian conception ( m51--is oppos$ to ! corrupt$ m]*ant1 or usur]2 ! lesson be+ deep5$ by ! expression ( ! /range hatr$ :i* ! corrupt$ m]*ant be>s to ! pure "o1 mix$ ) int5se scorn-- ,?is is ! fool t l5t out money gratis2 look to him1 jailor1 7z to lunatic no less ?an crim9al72 ! enmity1 obs]ve1 hav+ its symbolism lit]ally c>ri$ out by be+ aim$ /raight at ! he>t1 & f9ally foil$ by a lit]al appeal to ! great moral law t fle% & blood _c be weigh$1 en=c$ by ,portia 7,portion71 ! type ( div9e ,=tune1#ih f\nd1 n 9 gold1 nor 9 silv]1 b 9 lead1 t is to say1 9 endurance & pati5ce1 n 9 spl5d\r2 & f9ally taught by h] lips also1 decl>+1 in/ead ( ! law & quality ( m]ces1 ! great] law & quality ( m]cy1 :i* is n /ra9$1 b drops z ! ra91 bless+ him t gives & him t takes4 ,& obs]ve t ?is m]cy is n ! mean ,mis]icordia1 b ! mighty ,gratia1 answ]$ by ,gratitude 7obs]ve ,%ylock's lean+ on !1 to him dete/able1 ^w gratis1 & comp>e ! relation ( ,grace to ,equity giv5 9 ! second *apt] ( ! second book ( ! ,memorabilia72 t is to say1 x is ! graci\s or lov+1 in/ead ( ! /ra9$1 or compet+ mann]1 ( do+ ?+s1 answ]$1 n only ) m]ces or pay1 b ) m]ci1 or ?anks4 ,& ?is is inde$ ! mean+ ( ! great b5$iction1 ,grace1 m]cy1 & peace1 = !re c be no peace )\t grace 7n ev5 by help ( rifl$ cannon71#ii nor ev5 )\t triplicity ( graci\sness1 = ! ,greeks1 :o began ) b "o ,grace1 _h to op5 _! s*eme into ?ree be=e !y _h done4 #ih ,%akespe>e w\ld c]ta9ly nev] h *os5 ?is "n _h he be5 =c$ to reta9 ! ,roman spell+4 ,l ,p]dita1 lo/ lady1 or ,cordelia1 he>t-lady1 ,portia is =tune-lady4 ,! two great relative gr\ps ( words1 ,=tune1 f]o1 & =s--,portio1 porto1 & p>s 7) ! lat]al bran*1 op-portune1 im-portune1 opportunity1 etc471 are ( deep & intr9sic significance2 _! v>i\s s5ses ( br++1 ab/ract+1 & su/a9+1 be+ all c5traliz$ by ! :eel 7:i* be>s & moves at once71 or /ill bett]1 ! ball 7sp]a7 ( ,=tune1--,volve sua sp]a1 e beata si gode3 ! motive p[] ( ?is :eel di/+ui%+ its goddess f ! fix$ maje/y ( ,necessitas ) h] iron nails2 or ,greek3 ananke1 ) h] pill> ( fire & iridesc5t orbits1 fix$ at ! c5tre4 ,portus & porta1 & gate 9 its connexion ) ga91 =m ano!r int]e/+ bran* gr\p2 & ,mors1 ! conc5tration ( delay+1 is always to be rememb]$ ) ,=s1 ! conc5tration ( br++ & be>+1 pass+ on into ,=tis & ,=titude4 #ii ,out ( ^: m\?s1 inde$1 no peace 0 ev] promulgat$1 b only equipoise ( panic1 highly tremul\s on ! edge 9 *anges 9 ! w9d4 ,) ! usual t5d5cy ( long-repeat$ ?\ght to take ! surface = ! deep1 we h conceiv$ _! goddesses z if !y only gave lovel9ess to ge/ure2 :]eas _! true function is to give graci\sness to de$1 ! o!r lovel9ess aris+ naturally out ( t4 ,9 :i* function ,*>is becomes ,*>itas#ajj & has a "n & praise ev5 great] ?an t ( ,fai? or tru?1 = ^! may be ma9ta9$ sull5ly & pr\dly2 b ,*>is#aja is 9 h] c\nt5ance always gladd5+ 7,aglaia71 & 9 h] s]vice in/ant & humble2 & ! true wife ( ,vulcan1 or ,lab\r4 ,& x is n until h] s9c]ity ( function is lo/1 & h] m]e beauty contemplat$1 in/ead ( h] pati5ce1 t %e is born aga9 ( ! foam flake1 & becomes ,aphrodite2 !n only capable ( jo9+ h]self to ,w> & to ! enmities ( m51 in/ead ( to ,lab\r & _! s]vices4 ,!re=e ! fable ( ,m>s & ,v5us is1 *os5 by ,hom]1 pictur+ himself z ,demodocus1 to s+ at ! games 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,alc9\s4 ,phaeacia is ! ,hom]ic isl& ( ,atlantis2 an image ( noble & wise gov]nm5t1 conceal$1 h[ slightly6 m]ely by ! *ange ( a %ort v[el = a long "o 9 ! "n ( its que52 yet misund]/ood by all lat] writ]s1 ev5 by ,horace 9 8 p+uis1 ,phaeaxque1 etc4 ,t fable expresses ! p]petual error ( m51 ?9k+ t grace & dignity c only be rea*$ by ! soldi]1 & nev] by ! artizan2 s t comm]ce & ! useful arts h _h ! hon\r & beauty tak5 away1 & only ! ,fraud#ajb & ,pa9 left to !m1 ) ! lucre4 ,:i* is1 inde$1 "o great reason ( ! cont9ual blund]+ ab\t ! (fices ( gov]nm5t ) respect to comm]ce4 ,! high] classes are a%am$ to deal ) x2 & ?\gh ready en\gh to fight = 7or occasionally aga9/7 ! p1--to prea* to !m1--or judge !m1 w n break bread = !m2 ! ref9$ upp] s]vant :o has will+ly look$ aft] ! burni%+ ( ! arm\ry & ord]+ ( ! libr>y1 n lik+ to set foot into ! l>d]4 #ajj ,! read] mu/ n ?9k t any c>e c be missp5t 9 trac+ ! connexion & p[] ( ! words :i* we h to use 9 ! sequel4 ,n only does all s\ndness ( reason+ dep5d on ! "w ?us done 9 ! outset1 b we may sometimes ga9 m by insi/5ce on ! expression ( a tru?1 ?an by mu* wordless ?9k+ ab\t x2 = to /rive to express x cle>ly is (t5 to detect x ?or\ghly2 & education1 ev5 z reg>ds ?\ght1 ne>ly sums itself 9 mak+ m5 economise _! words1 & und]/& !m4 ,nor is x possible to e/imate ! h>m t has be5 done1 9 matt]s ( high] speculation & conduct1 by loose v]biage1 ?\gh we may guess at x by obs]v+ ! dislike :i* p %[ to hav+ any?+ ab\t _! religion said to !m 9 simple words1 because !n !y und]/& x4 ,?us congregations meet weekly to invoke ! influ5ce ( a ,_s ( ,life & ,tru?2 yet if any "p ( t "* 7 intelligibly express$ to !m by ! =mulas ( ! s]vice1 !y w\ld be (f5d$4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 9 ! clos+ b5$iction1 ! cl]gyman 7 to give its vital significance to ! ^w ,holy1 & 7 to say1 ! ,fell[%ip ( ! ,helpful & ,hone/ ,gho/ be ) y1 & rema9 ) y always1 :at w\ld be ! horror ( _m1 fir/1 at ! irrev]5ce ( s intelligible an expression1 &1 secondly1 at ! discom=table entry ( ! suspicion t 7:ile ?r\gh\t ! comm]cial deal+s ( ! week !y _h d5i$ ! propriety ( ,help1 & possibility ( ,hone/y7 ! ,p]son ^: company !y _h be5 ask+ to be bless$ ) c\ld h no fell[%ip ) knaves4 #aja ,z ,*>is becomes ,*>itas see next page1 ! ^w ,*]1 or ,de>1 passes f ,%ylock's s5se ( x 7to buy *eap & sell de>7 into ,antonio's s5se ( x3 emphasiz$ ) ! f9al i 9 t5d] ,*]i1 & hu%$ to ,engli% calmness 9 our noble ,*]i%4 #ajb ,:ile ,i h trac$ ! f9] & high] laws ( ?is matt] = ^? :om !y conc]n1 ,i h also to note ! mat]ial law--vulg>ly express$ 9 ! prov]b1 ,hone/y is ! be/ policy4 ,t prov]b is inde$ :olly inapplicable to matt]s ( private int]e/4 ,x is n true t hone/y1 z f> z mat]ial ga9 is conc]n$1 pr(its individuals4 ,a clev] & cruel knave w1 9 a mix$ society1 always be ri*] ?an an hone/ p]son c be4 ,b ,hone/y is ! be/ policy1 if policy means practice ( ,/ate4 ,= fraud ga9s no?+ 9 a ,/ate4 ,x only enables ! knaves 9 x to live at ! exp5se ( hone/ p2 :ile !re is = e act ( fraud1 h[ev] small1 a loss ( weal? to ! community4 ,:atev] ! fraudul5t p]son ga9s1 "s o!r p]son loses1 z fraud produces no?+2 & !re is1 besides1 ! loss ( ! "t & ?\ght sp5t 9 accompli%+ ! fraud2 & ( ! /r5g? o!rwise obta9able by mutual help 7n to speak ( ! fev]s ( anxiety & jeal\sy 9 ! blood1 :i* are a heavy physical loss1 z ,i w %[ 9 due "t74 ,practically1 :5 ! nation is deeply corrupt1 *eat answ]s to *eat1 e "o is 9 turn impos$ ^u1 & !re is to ! body politic ! dead loss ( +5uity1 toge!r ) ! incalculable mis*ief ( ! injury to ea* defraud$ p]son1 produc+ collat]al effect unexpect$ly4 ,my neighb\r sells me bad meat3 ,i sell him 9 return flaw$ iron4 ,we nei!r ( u get "o atom ( pecuni>y advantage on ! :ole transaction1 b we bo? suff] unexpect$ inconv5i5ce2--my m5 get scurvy1 & 8 cattle-truck runs (f ! rails4 ,f>!r /ill4 ,z ,*>is becomes ,*>itas on ! "o side1 %e becomes--bett] /ill--,*>a1 ,joy1 on ! o!r2 or r ?is is h] v "m's milk & ! beauty ( h] *ildhood2 = ,god br+s no endur+ ,love1 nor any o!r good1 out ( pa91 nor out ( cont5tion2 b out ( joy & h>mony4#ajc ,& 9 ?is s5se1 human & div9e1 music & gladness1 & ! measures ( bo?1 come into h] "n2 & ,*] becomes full-v[ell$ ,*e]1 & ,*e]ful2 & ,*>a1 companion$1 op5s into ,*oir & ,*oral4 #ajc ,greek3 ta m5 h\n alla zoa ouk e*e9 ai/hes9 ton en tais k9esesi taxeon oude ataxion1 hoi de rhu?mos onoma kai h>monia hem9 de ous eipom5 t\s !\s ,apollo1 ! ,muses1 & ,bac*us--! grave ,bac*us1 t is---rul+ ! *oir ( age2 or ,bac*us re/ra9+2 'saeva t5e1 cum ,b]ecyntio cornu1 tympana1' etc4 ,greek3 sun*oreutas d$o/hai1 t\t\s e9ai kai t\s d$okotas t5 enru?mon te kai h5>monion ai/hes9 me?' edones 444 *or\s te onomak5ai p>a tes *>as emphyton unoma4--,laws1 book ii4 ,& la/ly4 ,z ,grace passes into ,fre$om ( action1 ,*>is becomes ,eleu!ria1 or lib]ality2 a =m ( lib]ty q curi\sly & int5sely diff]5t f ! ?+ usually und]/ood by ,lib]ty 9 mod]n language2 inde$1 mu* m l :at "s p w\ld call slav]y2 = a ,greek always und]/ood1 prim>ily1 by lib]ty1 deliv]ance f ! law ( 8 own passions 7or f :at ! ,*ri/ian writ]s call bondage ( corruption71 & ?is a complete lib]ty3 n hav+ to resi/ ! passion1 b mak+ x fawn ^u1 & foll[ him--7?is may be aga9 p>tly ! mean+ ( ! fawn+ bea/s ab\t ! ,circean cave2 s1 aga91 ,george ,h]b]t-- ,correct ?y passion's spite2 ,!n may ! bea/s draw !e to happy light7-- n be+ m]ely safe f ! ,sir51 b also unb\nd f ! ma/4 ,& x is only 9 su* g5]osity t any man becomes capable ( s gov]n+ o!rs z to take true "p 9 any sy/em ( national economy4 ,nor is !re any o!r et]nal di/9ction betwe5 ! upp] & l[] classes ?an ?is =m ( lib]ty1 ,eleu!ria1 or b5ignity1 9 ! "o1 & its opposite ( slav]y1 ,d\leia1 or malignity1 9 ! o!r2 ! sep>ation ( ^! two ord]s ( m51 & ! firm gov]nm5t ( ! l[] by ! high]1 be+ ! fir/ conditions ( possible weal? & economy 9 any /ate1--! ,gods giv+ x no great] gift ?an ! p[] to disc]n its freem51 & malignum sp]n]e vulgus4 ,! exam9ation ( ?is =m ( ,*>is mu/1 !re=e1 lead u into ! discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al1 & especially ( t ( ! poor by ! ri*1 discov]+ h[ ! ,graci\sness jo9$ ) ! ,greatness1 or ,love ) ,maje/as1 is ! true ,dei ,gratia1 or ,div9e ,"r1 ( e =m & mann] ( ,k+2 i4e41 specifically1 ( ! ?rones1 dom9ations1 pr9c$oms1 virtues1 & p[]s ( ! e>?2--( ! ?rones1 /able1 or rul+1 lit]ally "r-do+ p[]s 7rex eris1 recte si facies37 ( ! dom9ations1 lordly1 edify+1 dom9ant1 & h>moni\s p[]s2 *iefly dome/ic1 ov] ! built ?+1 domus1 or h\se2 & inh]5tly tw(old1 ,dom9us & ,dom9a2 ,"l & ,lady3 ( ! ,pr9c$oms1 pre-em95t1 incipi5t1 creative1 & demon/rative p[]s2 ?us poetic & m]cantile1 9 ! pr9ceps c>m5 d$uxisse & ! m]*ant-pr9ce3 ( ! ,virtues or ,c\rages2 militant1 guid+1 or ,ducal p[]s2 & f9ally ( ! ,/r5g?s & ,=ces pure2 magi/ral p[]s1 ( ! m ov] ! less1 & ! =ceful & free ov] ! weak & s]vile elem5ts ( life4 ,subject en\gh = ! next pap] involv+ economical pr9ciples ( "s importance1 ( :i*1 = !me1 "h is a s5t5ce1 :i* ,i d n c>e to translate1 = x w\ld s\nd h>% 9 ,engli%1 ?\gh1 truly1 x is "o ( ! t5d]e/ ev] utt]$ by man2 :i* may be m$itat$ ov]1 or r ?r\gh1 9 ! mean:ile1 by any "o :o w take ! pa9s3-- ,greek3 ,arh oun1 hosp] hippos to anepi/emoni m5 en*eir\nti de *re/hai zemia e/91 h\to kai adelphos hotan tis auto me epi/am5os en*eire *re/hai1 zemia e/i8 ,,iv4 ,,laws ,,& ,,gov]nm5ts3 ,,lab\r ,,& ,,ri*es4 ,x rema9s1 9 ord] to complete ! s]ies ( our def9itions1 t we exam9e ! g5]al conditions ( gov]nm5t1 & fix ! s5se 9 :i* we are to use1 9 future1 ! t]ms appli$ to !m4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a /ate consi/s 9 its cu/oms1 laws1 & c\ncils1 & _! en=cem5ts4 ,i4--,,cu/oms4 ,z "o p]son prim>ily diff]s f ano!r by f95ess ( nature1 & second>ily1 by f95ess ( tra9+1 s also1 a polite nation diff]s f a savage "o1 fir/ by ! ref9em5t ( its nature1 & secondly by ! delicacy ( its cu/oms4 ,9 ! complet5ess1 or accompli%m5t ( cu/om1 :i* is ! nation's self-gov]nm5t1 !re are ?ree /ages--fir/1 f95ess 9 me?od ( do+ or ( be+2--call$ ! mann] or moral ( acts3 secondly1 firmness 9 hold+ su* me?od aft] adoption1 s t x %all become a habit 9 ! "*3 i4e41 a con/ant hav+ or behav+2 &1 la/ly1 practice1 or e?ical p[] 9 p]=mance & endurance1 :i* is ! skill foll[+ on habit1 & ! ease rea*$ by frequ5cy ( "r do+4 ,! s5sibility ( ! nation is indicat$ by ! f95ess ( its cu/oms2 its c\rage1 pati5ce1 & temp]ance by its p]si/5ce 9 !m4 ,by s5sibility ,i mean its natural p]ception ( beauty1 fitness1 & rightness2 or ( :at is lovely1 dec5t1 & j3 faculties dep5d5t mu* on race1 & ! primal signs ( f9e bre$+ 9 man2 b cultivable also by education1 & necess>y p]i%+ )\t x4 ,true education has1 inde$1 no o!r function ?an ! developm5t ( ^! faculties1 & ( ! relative w4 ,x has be5 ! great error ( mod]n intellig5ce to mi/ake sci5ce = education4 ,y d n educate a man by tell+ him :at he knew n1 b by mak+ him :at he 0 n4 ,& mak+ him :at he w rema9 = ev]3 = no wa% ( we$s w br+ back ! fad$ purple4 ,& 9 t dye+ !re are two processes--fir/1 ! cleans+ & wr++ out1 :i* is ! baptism ) wat]2 & !n ! infus+ ( ! blue & sc>let col\rs1 g5tl5ess & ju/ice1 :i* is ! baptism ) fire4 ,! cu/oms & mann]s ( a s5sitive & highly-tra9$ race are always vital3 t is to say1 !y are ord]ly manife/ations ( int5se life 7l ! habitual action ( ! f+]s ( a musician74 ,! cu/oms & mann]s ( a vile & rude race1 on ! contr>y1 are conditions ( decay3 !y are n1 prop]ly speak+1 habits1 b incru/ations2 n re/ra9ts1 or =ms1 ( life2 b gangr5es2--noisome1 & ! beg9n+s ( dea?4 ,& g5]ally1 s f> z cu/om atta*es itself to indol5ce in/ead ( action1 & to prejudice in/ead ( p]ception1 x takes ?is deadly "*1 s t ?us ,cu/om hangs ^u u ) a weight ,heavy z fro/1 & deep almo/ z life4 ,?is p[] & dep? are1 h[ev]1 j :at give value to cu/om1 :5 x works ) life1 in/ead ( aga9/ x4 ,! high e?ical tra9+1 ( a nation be+ ?reefold1 ( body1 he>t1 & practice 7comp>e ! /atem5t 9 ! preface to ,unto ,?is ,la/71 involves exquisit5ess 9 all its p]ceptions ( circum/ance1--all its occupations ( ?\ght4 ,x implies p]fect ,grace1 ,pitifulness1 & ,peace2 x is irreconcilably inconsi/5t ) fil?y or me*anical employm5ts1--) ! desire ( money1--& ) m5tal /ates ( anxiety1 jeal\sy1 & indiff]5ce to pa94 ,! pres5t ins5sibility ( ! upp] classes ( ,europe to ! aspects ( suff]+1 uncleanness1 & crime1 b9ds !m n only into "o responsibility ) ! s91 b into "o di%on\r ) ! f\lness1 :i* rot at _! ?re%olds4 ,! crimes daily record$ 9 ! police c\rts ( ,london & ,p>is 7& mu* m ^? :i* are unrecord$7 are a disgrace to ! :ole body politic2#ajd !y are1 z 9 ! body natural1 /a9s ( disease on a face ( delicate sk91 mak+ ! delicacy itself frightful4 ,simil>ly1 ! fil? & pov]ty p]mitt$ or ignor$ 9 ! mid/ ( u are z di%on\rable to ! :ole social body1 z 9 ! body natural x is to wa% ! face1 b leave ! h&s & feet f\l4 ,*ri/'s way is ! only true "o3 beg9 at ! feet2 ! face w take c>e ( itself4 ,yet1 s9ce necess>ily1 9 ! frame ( a nation1 no?+ b ! head c be ( gold1 & ! feet1 = ! "w !y h to d1 mu/ be "p ( iron1 "p ( clay2--f\l or me*anical "w is always r$uc$ by a noble race to ! m9imum 9 quantity2 &1 ev5 !n1 p]=m$ & endur$1 n )\t s5se ( degradation1 z a f9e temp] is w\nd$ by ! sight ( ! l[] (fices ( ! body4 ,! highe/ conditions ( human society rea*$ hi!rto1 h ca/ su* "w to slaves2--suppos+ slav]y ( a politically def9$ k9d to be done away )1 me*anical & f\l employm5t mu/ 9 all highly-organiz$ /ates take ! aspect ei!r ( puni%m5t or probation4 ,all crim9als %\ld at once be set to ! mo/ dang]\s & pa9ful =ms ( x1 especially to "w 9 m9es & at furnaces1#aje s z to relieve ! innoc5t population z f> z possible3 ( m]ely r\gh 7n me*anical7 manual lab\r1 especially agricultural1 a l>ge portion %\ld be done by ! upp] classes2--bodily heal?1 & suffici5t contra/ & repose = ! m5tal functions1 be+ unatta9able )\t x2 :at necess>ily inf]ior lab\r rema9s to be done1 z especially 9 manufactures1 %\ld1 & always w1 :5 ! relations ( society are rev]5t & h>moni\s1 fall to ! lot ( ^? :o1 = ! "t1 are fit = no?+ bett]4 ,= z1 :atev] ! p]fectness ( ! educational sy/em1 !re mu/ rema9 inf9ite diff]5ces betwe5 ! natures & capacities ( m52 & ^! diff]+ natures are g5]ally rangeable "u ! two qualities ( lordly 7or t5d+ t[>ds rule1 con/ruction1 & h>mony7 & s]vile 7or t5d+ t[>ds misrule1 de/ruction1 & discord72 &1 s9ce ! lordly "p is only 9 a /ate ( pr(itabl5ess :ile rul+1 & ! s]vile only 9 a /ate ( r$eemabl5ess :ile s]v+1 ! :ole heal? ( ! /ate dep5ds on ! manife/ sep>ation ( ^! two elem5ts ( its m9d3 =1 if ! s]vile "p be n sep>at$ & r5d]$ visible 9 s]vice1 x mixes ) & corrupts ! entire body ( ! /ate2 & if ! lordly "p be n di/+ui%$1 & set to rule1 x is cru%$ & lo/1 be+ turn$ to no acc\nt1 s t ! r>e/ qualities ( ! nation are all giv5 to x 9 va94#ajf ,! effect+ ( :i* di/9ction is ! fir/ object1 z we %all see pres5tly1 ( national c\ncils4 #ajd ,! ord9>y brute1 :o fl\ri%es 9 ! v c5tre ( ornate life1 tells u ( unkn[n dep?s on ! v]ge ( :i* we tott]1 be+ b\nd to ?ank our />s e day we live t !re is n a g5]al outbreak & a revolt f ! yoke ( civilization4--,times lead]1 ,dec4 #be?1 #ahfb4 ,admitt+ t our />s are to be ?ank$ = our safety1 :om are we to ?ank = ! dang]8 #aje ,our politicians1 ev5 ! be/ ( !m1 reg>d only ! di/ress caus$ by ! failure ( me*anical lab\r4 ,! degradation caus$ by its excess is a f> m s]i\s subject ( ?\ght1 & ( future fe>4 ,i %all exam9e ?is "p ( our subject at l5g? h]eaft]4 ,!re c h>dly be any d\bt1 at pres5t1 ca/ on ! tru? ( ! above passages1 z all ! great ?9k]s are unanim\s on ! matt]4 ,plato's words are t]rific 9 _! scorn & pity :5ev] he t\*es on ! me*anical arts4 ,he calls ! m5 employ$ 9 !m n ev5 human1--b p>tially & dim9utively human1 ,greek3 an?ropiskoi1 & opposes su* "w to noble occupations1 n m]ely z prison is oppos$ to fre$om1 b z a convict's di%on\r$ prison is to ! temple 7escape f !m be+ l t ( a crim9al to ! sanctu>y71 & ! de/ruction caus$ by !m be+ ( s\l no less ?an body4--,rep41 vi4 #i4 ,comp>e ,laws1 v4 #aa4 ,x5ophon dwells on ! evil ( occupations at ! furnace 7root ( ,greek3 banausos71 & especially _! ,greek3 as*olia1 want ( leisure--,econ4 i4 #d4 7,mod]n ,engl&1 ) all its pride ( education1 has lo/ t fir/ s5se ( ! ^w s*ool1 & till x recov] t x w f9d no o!r rightly47 ,8 ^w = ! h>m to ! s\l is to break x1 z we say ( ! he>t4--,econ4 i4 #f4 ,& h]e9 also is ! root ( ! scorn1 o!rwise app>5tly mo/ /range & cruel1 ) :i* ,hom]1 ,dante1 & ,%akespe>e always speak ( ! populace2 = x is entirely true t 9 great /ates ! l[] ord]s are l[ by nature z well z by task1 be+ precisely t "p ( ! commonweal? :i* has be5 ?ru/ d[n = its co>s5ess or unwor?9ess 7by co>s5ess ,i mean especially ins5sibility & irrev]5ce2 ! pr(ane ( ,horace72 & :5 ?is ceases to be s1 & ! corruption & ! pr(anity are 9 ! high] in/ead ( ! l[] ord]s1 !re arises1 fir/1 helpless confusion2 !n1 if ! l[] classes des]ve p[]1 ensues swift revolution1 & !y get x3 b if nei!r ! populace nor _! rul]s des]ve x1 !re foll[s m]e d>kness & dissolution1 till1 out ( ! putrid elem5ts1 "s new capacity ( ord] rises1 l grass on a grave2 if n1 !re is no m hope1 nor %ad[ ( turn+1 = t nation4 ,atropos has h] way ) x4 ,s t ! law ( national heal? is l t ( a great lake or sea1 9 p]fect b sl[ circulation1 lett+ ! dregs fall cont9ually to ! l[e/ place1 & ! cle> wat] rise2 yet s z t !re %all be no neglect ( ! l[] ord]s1 b p]fect sup]vision & sympa?y1 s t if "o memb] suff]1 all memb]s %all suff] ) x4 #ajf ,greek3 oliges1 kai allos gignom5es4 ,! bitt] s5t5ce nev] 0 s true z at ?is day4 ,,ii4--,,laws4 ,^! are ! def9itions & bonds ( cu/om1 or1 ( :at ! nation desires %\ld become cu/om4 ,law is ei!r ar*ic#ajg 7( direction71 m]i/ic 7( division71 or critic 7( judgm5t74 ,ar*ic law is t ( appo9tm5t & precept3 x def9es :at is & is n to be done4 ,m]i/ic law is t ( balance & di/ribution3 x def9es :at is & is n to be possess$4 ,critic law is t ( disc]nm5t & aw>d3 x def9es :at is & is n to be suff]$4 #ajg ,!tic1 or ,!smic1 w\ld p]haps be a bett] t]m ?an ,ar*ic2 b liable to be confus$ ) "s :i* we %all want relat+ to ,!oria4 ,! adm9i/rators ( ! ?ree great divisions ( law are sev]ally ,ar*ons1 ,m]i/s1 & ,dica/s4 ,! ,ar*ons are ! true pr9ces1 or beg9n]s ( ?+s2 or lead]s 7z ( an or*e/ra72 ! ,m]i/s are prop]ly ! ,dom9i1 or ,lords 7law-words7 ( h\ses & nations2 ! ,dica/s prop]ly ! judges1 & t ) ,olympian ju/ice1 :i* rea*es to heav5 & hell4 ,! violation ( ar*ic law is ,greek3 ham>tia 7error7 ,greek3 pon]ia 7failure71 ,greek3 plemmeleia 7discord74 ,! violation ( m]i/ic law is ,greek3 anomia 7iniquity74 ,! violation ( critic law is ,greek3 adikia 7injury74 ,iniquity is c5tral g5]ic t]m2 = all law is fatal2 x is ! division to m5 ( _! fate2 z ! fold ( _! pa/ure1 x is ,greek3 nomos2 z ! assign+ ( _! portion1 ,greek3 moira4 ,if we *oose to class ! laws ( precept & di/ribution "u ! g5]al head ( /atutes1 all law is simply ei!r ( /atute or judgm5t2 t is1 fir/1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ord9ance1 &1 secondly1 ! assignm5t ( ! rew>d or p5alty due to its obs]vance or violation4 ,to "s ext5t ^! two =ms ( law mu/ be associat$1 &1 ) e ord9ance1 ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce to x be also det]m9$4 ,b s9ce ! degrees & guilt ( disob$i5ce v>y1 ! det]m9ation ( due rew>d & puni%m5t mu/ be modifi$ by disc]nm5t ( special fact1 :i* is peculi>ly ! (fice ( ! judge1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( ! lawgiv] & lawsu/a9]1 or k+2 n b t ! two (fices are always !oretically &1 9 e>ly /ages1 or limit$ numb]s1 ( society1 are (t5 practically1 unit$ 9 ! same p]son or p]sons4 ,also1 x is necess>y to keep cle>ly 9 view ! di/9ction betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( law1 because ! possible range ( law is wid] 9 proportion to _! sep>ation4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( conduct respect+ :i* ! nation may wisely express its w by a writt5 precept or resolve2 yet n en=ce x by p5alty2 & ! exp$i5t degree ( p5alty is always q a sep>ate consid]ation f ! exp$i5ce ( ! /atute1 = ! /atute may (t5 be bett] en=c$ by m]cy ?an sev]ity1 & is also easi] 9 be>+1 & less likely to be abrogat$4 ,f>!r1 laws ( precept h ref]5ce especially to y\?1 & conc]n !mselves ) tra9+2 b laws ( judgm5t to manhood1 & conc]n !mselves ) rem$y & rew>d4 ,!re is a highly curi\s feel+ 9 ! ,engli% m9d aga9/ educational law2 we ?9k no man's lib]ty %\ld be int]f]$ ) till he has done irrevocable wrong2 :]eas x is !n j too late = ! only graci\s & k+ly int]f]5ce1 :i* is to h9d] him f do+ x4 ,make y\r educational laws /rict1 & y\r crim9al ones may be g5tle2 b1 leave y\? its lib]ty1 & y w h to dig dungeons = age4 ,& x is good = a man t he we> ! yoke 9 8 y\?2 = ! yoke ( y\?1 if y "k h[ to hold x1 may be ( silk5 ?read2 & !re is sweet *ime ( silv] bells at t bridle re92 b1 = ! captivity ( age1 y mu/ =ge ! iron fett]1 & ca/ ! pass+ bell4 ,s9ce no law c be 9 a f9al or true s5se e/abli%$1 b by "r 7all unju/ laws involv+ ! ultimate necessity ( _! own abrogation71 ! law-su/a9+ p[] 9 s f> z x is ,royal1 or "r do+2--9 s f>1 t is1 z x rules1 n mis-rules1 & ord]s1 n dis-ord]s1 ! ?+s submitt$ to x4 ,?ron$ on ?is rock ( ju/ice1 ! k+ly p[] becomes e/abli%$ & e/abli%+1 ,greek3 !ios1 or div9e1 &1 !re=e1 x is lit]ally true t no rul] c err1 s long z he is a rul]1 or ,greek3 ar*on oudeis ham>tanei tote hotan ar*on e 7p]v]t$ by c>eless ?\ght1 :i* has co/ ! _w some:at1 into ! k+ c d no wrong74 ,:i* is a div9e "r ( k+s inde$1 & q unassailable1 s long z ! t]ms ( x are ,god & my ,"r1 & n ,satan & my ,wrong1 :i* is apt1 9 "s co9ages1 to appe> on ! rev]se ( ! die1 "u a good l5s4 ,m]i/ic law1 or t ( t5ure ( prop]ty1 fir/ det]m9es :at e individual possesses by "r1 & secures x to him2 & :at he possesses by wrong1 & deprives him ( x4 ,b x has a f> high] provisory function3 x det]m9es :at e man %\ld possess1 & puts x )9 8 rea* on due conditions2 & :at he %\ld n possess1 & puts ?is out ( 8 rea* conclusively4 ,e article ( human weal? has c]ta9 conditions atta*$ to its m]it$ possession1 :i*1 :5 !y are unobs]v$1 possession becomes rap9e4 ,! object ( m]i/ic law is n only to secure e man 8 rightful %>e 7! %>e1 t is1 :i* he has work$ =1 produc$1 or receiv$ by gift f a rightful own]71 b to en=ce ! due conditions ( possession1 z f> z law may conv5i5tly rea*2 = in/ance1 t l& %all n be wantonly all[$ to run to wa/e1 t /reams %all n be poison$ by ! p]sons ?r\gh ^: prop]ties !y pass1 nor air be r5d]$ un:olesome beyond giv5 limits4 ,laws ( ?is k9d exi/ already 9 rudim5t>y degree1 b ne$+ l>ge developm5t2 ! j laws respect+ ! possession ( works ( art h n hi!rto be5 s mu* z conceiv$1 & ! daily loss ( national weal?1 & ( its use1 9 ?is respect1 is q incalculable4#ajh ,:ile1 f9ally1 9 c]ta9 conditions ( a nation's progress1 laws limit+ accumulation ( prop]ty may be f\nd exp$i5t4 #ajh ,^! laws ne$ revision q z mu* respect+ prop]ty 9 national z 9 private h&s4 ,= in/ance3 ! public are "u a vague impression1 t because !y h paid = ! cont5ts ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 e "o has an equal "r to see & to h&le !m4 ,b ! public h simil>ly paid = ! cont5ts ( ,woolwi* ,ars5al2 yet d n expect free access to x1 or h&l+ ( its cont5ts4 ,! ,briti% ,museum is nei!r a free circulat+ libr>y1 nor a free s*ool2 x is a place = ! safe pres]vation1 & exhibition on due occasion1 ( unique books1 unique objects ( natural hi/ory1 & unique works ( art2 its books c no m be us$ by ev]ybody ?an its co9s c be h&l$1 or its /atues ca/4 ,free libr>ies !re ought to be 9 e qu>t] ( ,london1 ) l>ge & complete read+-rooms atta*$2 s also free educational in/itutions %\ld be op5 9 e qu>t] ( ,london1 all day long & till late at night1 well light$1 well catalogu$1 & ri* 9 cont5ts bo? ( art & natural hi/ory4 ,b nei!r ! ,briti% ,museum nor ,national ,gall]y are s*ools2 !y are treasuries2 & bo? %\ld be sev]ely re/rict$ 9 access & 9 use4 ,unless "s ord] is tak51 & t soon1 9 ! ,,mss4 dep>tm5t ( ! ,museum 7,sir ,fr$]ic ,madd5 0 compla9+ ( ?is to me only ! o!r day71 ! be/ ,,mss4 9 ! collection w be de/roy$1 irretrievably1 by ! c>eless & cont9ual h&l+ to :i* !y are n[ subject$4 ,critic law det]m9es que/ions ( injury1 & assigns due rew>ds & puni%m5ts to conduct4#aji #aji ,two curi\s economical que/ions arise lat]ally ) respect to ?is bran* ( law1 namely1 ! co/ ( crime & ! co/ ( judgm5t4 ,! co/ ( crime is endur$ by nations ignorantly1 n be+ cle>ly /at$ 9 _! budgets2 ! co/ ( judgm5t pati5tly 7provid$ only x c be _h pure = ! money71 because ! sci5ce1 or p]haps we ought r to say ! art1 ( law1 is felt to f\nd a noble pr(ession1 & discipl9e2 s t civiliz$ nations are usually glad t a numb] ( p]sons %\ld be support$ by funds devot$ to disputation & analysis4 ,b x has n yet be5 calculat$ :at ! practical value might h be51 9 o!r directions1 ( ! intellig5ce n[ occupi$ 9 decid+1 ?r\gh c\rses ( ye>s1 :at might h be5 decid$ z ju/ly1 _h ! date ( judgm5t be5 fix$1 9 z _m h\rs4 ,imag9e "o half ( ! funds :i* any great nation devotes to dispute by law1 appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( physical que/ions 9 m$ic9e1 agriculture1 & !oretic sci5ce2 & calculate ! probable results )9 ! next t5 ye>s4 ,i say no?+ yet1 ( ! m deadly1 m lam5table loss1 involv$ 9 ! use ( pur*as$ in/ead ( p]sonal ju/ice1--,greek3 epakto p>' allon--aporia' oikeion4 ,!re=e1 9 ord] to true analysis ( x1 we mu/ und]/& ! real mean+ ( ?is ^w injury4 ,we commonly und]/& by x any k9d ( h>m done by "o man to ano!r2 b we d n def9e ! idea ( h>m2 sometimes we limit x to ! h>m :i* ! suff]] is consci\s (1 :]eas mu* ! wor/ injuries are ^? he is unconsci\s (2 &1 at o!r times1 we limit ! idea to viol5ce1 or re/ra9t1 :]eas mu* ! worse =ms ( injury are to be accompli%$ by c>elessness1 & ! )drawal ( re/ra9t4 ,injury is1 !n1 simply ! refusal1 or violation ( any man's "r or claim ^u 8 fell[s3 :i* claim1 mu* talk$ ( 9 mod]n times1 "u ! t]m "r1 is ma9ly resolvable into two bran*es3 a man's claim n to be h9d]$ f do+ :at he %\ld2 & 8 claim to be h9d]$ f do+ :at he %\ld n2 ^! two =ms ( h9drance be+ int5sifi$ by rew>d1 or help & =tune1 or ,=s on "o side1 & puni%m5t1 imp$im5t1 & ev5 f9al arre/1 or ,mors1 on ! o!r4 ,n[1 9 ord] to a man's obta9+ ^! two rights1 x is cle>ly ne$ful t ! wor? ( him %\ld be approximately kn[n2 z well z ! want ( wor?1 :i* has1 unhappily1 be5 usually ! pr9cipal subject ( /udy = critic law1 c>eful hi!rto only to m>k degrees ( de-m]it1 in/ead ( m]it2--assign+1 inde$1 to ! defici5cies 7n always1 alas6 ev5 to ^!7 j f9e1 dim9ution1 or 7) ! broad v[els7 damnation2 b to ! effici5cies1 on ! o!r side1 :i* are by mu* ! m int]e/+1 z well z ! only pr(itable "p ( its subject1 assign+ 9 any cle> way nei!r measurem5t nor aid4 ,n[1 x is 9 ?is high] & p]fect function ( critic law1 enabl+ z well z disabl+1 t x becomes truly k+ly or basilican1 in/ead ( ,draconic 7:at ,provid5ce gave ! great1 old1 wra?ful legislator 8 "n872 t is1 x becomes ! law ( man & ( life1 in/ead ( ! law ( ! worm & ( dea?--bo? ( ^! laws be+ set 9 ev]la/+ poise "o aga9/ ano!r1 & ! en=cem5t ( bo? be+ ! et]nal function ( ! lawgiv]1 & true claim ( e liv+ s\l3 su* claim be+ inde$ z /raight & e>ne/ to be m]cifully h9d]$1 & ev51 if ne$ be1 aboli%$1 :5 long] exi/5ce means only deep] de/ruction1 z to be m]cifully help$ & recreat$ :5 long] exi/5ce & new creation mean nobl] life4 ,s t :at we vulg>ly t]m rew>d & puni%m5t w be f\nd to resolve !mselves ma9ly into help & h9drance1 & ^! aga9 w issue naturally f true recognition ( des]v+1 & ! j rev]5ce & j wra? :i* foll[ in/9ctively on su* recognition4 ,i say foll[1 b 9 reality !y are ! recognition4 ,rev]5ce is b ! p]ceiv+ ( ! ?+ 9 its entire tru?3 tru? rev]t$ is tru? rev]$ 7v]eor & v]itas hav+ cle>ly ! same root71 s t ,goe! is = once1 & = a wond]1 wrong 9 t "p ( ! noble s*eme ( education 9 ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 9 :i* he says t rev]5ce is n innate1 & mu/ be taught4 ,rev]5ce is z in/9ctive z ang]2--bo? ( !m in/ant on true vision3 x is sight & und]/&+ t we h to tea*1 & ^! are rev]5ce4 ,make a man p]ceive wor?1 & 9 its reflection he sees 8 own relative unwor?1 & wor%ips !reupon inevitably1 n ) /iff c\rtesy1 b rejoic+ly1 passionately1 &1 be/ ( all1 re/fully3 = ! inn] capacity ( awe & love is inf9ite 9 man2 & :5 8 eyes are once op5$ to ! sight ( beauty & hon\r1 x is ) him z ) a lov]1 :o1 fall+ at 8 mi/ress's feet1 w\ld ca/ himself ?r\gh ! e>?1 if x might be1 to fall l[]1 & f9d a deep] & humbl] place4 ,& ! common insol5ces & petulances ( ! p1 & _! talk ( equality1 are n irrev]5ce 9 !m 9 ! lea/1 b m]e bl9dness1 /upefaction1 & fog 9 ! bra9s1#aaj :i* pass away 9 ! degree t !y are rais$ & purifi$3 ! fir/ sign ( :i* rais+ is1 t !y ga9 "s p[] ( disc]n+1 & "s pati5ce 9 submitt+ to _! true c\nsellors & gov]nors2 ! modes ( su* disc]nm5t =m+ ! real con/itution ( ! /ate1 & n ! titles or (fices ( ! disc]n$ p]son2 = x is no matt]1 save 9 degree ( mis*ief1 to :at (fice a man is appo9t$1 if he _c fulfil x4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! ?ird division ( our subject4 #aaj ,comp>e ,*auc]'s villany 7cl[ni%ness74 ,full f\l & *orli%e seem$ %e1 ,& eke villan\s = to be1 ,& little c\lde ( norture ,to wor%ip any creature4 ,,iii4--,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,c\ncil4 ,?is is ! det]m9ation1 by liv+ au?ority1 ( ! national conduct to be obs]v$ "u exi/+ circum/ances2 & ! modification or enl>gem5t1 abrogation or en=cem5t1 ( ! code ( national law accord+ to pres5t ne$s or purposes4 ,?is gov]nm5t is necess>ily always by ,c\ncil1 = ?\gh ! au?ority ( x may be ve/$ 9 "o p]son1 t p]son _c =m any op9ion on a matt] ( public int]e/ b by 7volunt>ily or involunt>ily7 submitt+ himself to ! influ5ce ( o!rs4 ,?is gov]nm5t is always tw(old--visible & invisible4 ,! visible gov]nm5t is t :i* nom9ally c>ries on ! national bus9ess2 det]m9es its =eign relations1 raises taxes1 levies soldi]s1 fights battles1 or directs t !y be f\ght1 & o!rwise becomes ! expon5t ( ! national =tune4 ,! invisible gov]nm5t is t ex]cis$ by all en]getic & intellig5t m51 ea* 9 8 sph]e1 regulat+ ! inn] w & secret ways ( ! p1 ess5tially =m+ its "*1 & prep>+ its fate4 ,visible gov]nm5ts are ! toys ( "s nations1 ! diseases ( o!rs1 ! h>ness ( "s1 ! burd5s ( ! m1 ! necessity ( all4 ,sometimes _! c>e] is q di/9ct f t ( ! p1 & to write x1 z ! national hi/ory1 is z if "o %\ld numb] ! accid5ts :i* befall a man's weapons & w>drobe1 & call ! li/ 8 biography4 ,nev]!less a truly noble & wise nation necess>ily has a noble & wise visible gov]nm5t1 = its wisdom issues 9 t conclusively4 ,n out ( ! oak1 nor out ( ! rock1 b out ( ! temp] ( man1 is 8 polity3 :]e ! temp] incl9es1 x incl9es z ,samson by 8 pill>1 & draws all d[n ) x4 ,visible gov]nm5ts are1 9 _! ag5cies1 capable ( ?ree pure =ms1 & ( no m ?an ?ree4 ,!y are ei!r mon>*ies1 :]e ! au?ority is ve/$ 9 "o p]son2 olig>*ies1 :5 x is ve/$ 9 a m9ority2 or democracies1 :5 ve/$ 9 a majority4 ,b ^! ?ree =ms are n only1 9 practice1 v>i\sly limit$ & comb9$1 b capable ( inf9ite diff]5ce 9 "* & use1 receiv+ specific names accord+ to _! v>iations2 :i* names1 be+ n[ise agre$ ^u1 nor consi/5tly us$1 ei!r 9 ?\ght or writ+1 no man c at pres5t tell1 9 speak+ ( any k9d ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r he is und]/ood1 nor 9 he>+ :e!r he und]/&s4 ,?us we usually call a j gov]nm5t by "o p]son a mon>*y1 & an unju/ or cruel "o1 a tyranny2 ?is might be reasonable if x _h ref]5ce to ! div9ity ( true gov]nm5t2 b to limit ! t]m olig>*y to gov]nm5t by a few ri* p1 & to call gov]nm5t by a few wise or noble p ari/ocracies1 is evid5tly absurd1 unless x 7 prov$ t ri* p nev] c\ld be wise1 or noble p ri*2 & f>!r absurd because !re are o!r di/9ctions 9 "*1 z well z ri*es or wisdom 7great] purity ( race1 or /r5g? ( purpose1 = in/ance71 :i* may give ! p[] ( gov]nm5t to ! few4 ,s t if we _h to give names to e gr\p or k9d ( m9ority1 we %\ld h v]biage en\gh4 ,b !re is "o "r "n--olig>*y4 ,s also ! t]ms republic & democracy are confus$1 especially 9 mod]n use2 & bo? ( !m are liable to e sort ( misconception4 ,a republic means1 prop]ly1 a polity 9 :i* ! /ate1 ) its all1 is at e man's s]vice1 & e man1 ) 8 all1 at ! /ate's s]vice 7p are apt to lose sight ( ! la/ condition72 b its gov]nm5t may nev]!less be olig>*ic 7consul>1 or decemviral1 = in/ance71 or mon>*ic 7dictatorial74 ,b a democracy means a /ate 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t re/s directly ) ! majority ( ! citiz5s4 ,& bo? ^! conditions h be5 judg$ only by su* accid5ts & aspects ( !m z ea* ( u has _h exp]i5ce (2 & sometimes bo? h be5 confus$ ) an>*y1 z x is ! fa%ion at pres5t to talk ( ! failure ( republican in/itutions 9 ,am]ica1 :5 !re has nev] yet be5 9 ,am]ica any su* ?+ z an in/itution2 nei!r any su* ?+ z a res-publica1 b only a multitud9\s res-privata2 e man = himself4 ,x is n republicanism :i* fails n[ 9 ,am]ica2 x is y\r model sci5ce ( political economy1 br\ght to its p]fect practice4 ,!re y may see competition1 & ! law ( dem& & supply 7especially 9 pap]71 9 beautiful & unh9d]$ op]ation4#aaa ,lu/ ( weal?1 & tru/ 9 x2 vulg> fai? 9 magnitude & multitude1 in/ead ( nobl5ess2 besides t fai? natural to backwoodsm51--lucum ligna1--p]petual self-contemplation1 issu+ 9 passionate vanity3 total ignorance ( ! f9] & high] arts1 & ( all t !y tea* & be/[2#aab & ! discont5t ( en]getic m9ds unoccupi$1 frantic ) hope ( uncompreh5d$ *ange1 & progress !y "k n :i!r2#aac ^! are ! ?+s t !y h fail$ ) 9 ,am]ica2 & yet n altoge!r fail$--x is n collapse1 b collision2 ! greate/ railroad accid5t on record1 ) fire caught f ! furnace1 & ,catil9e's qu5*+ non aqua1 s$ ru9a4 ,b ,i see n1 9 any ( our talk ( !m1 ju/ice en\gh done to _! erratic /r5g? ( purpose1 nor any e/imate tak5 ( ! /r5g? ( endurance ( dome/ic sorr[ 9 :at _! wom5 & *ildr5 suppose a righte\s cause4 ,& out ( t endurance & suff]+1 its own fruit w be born ) "t2 & ,c>lyle's prophecy ( !m 7,june1 #ahej71 z x has n[ come true 9 ! fir/ clause1 w 9 ! la/4 ,am]ica too w f9d t caucuses1 division-li/s1 /ump-oratory & spee*es to ,buncombe w n c>ry m5 to ! immortal gods2 t ! ,wa%+ton ,congress1 & con/itutional battle ( ,kilk5ny cats is1 !re z "h1 naught = su* objects2 q incompet5t = su*2 &1 9 f9e1 t said sublime con/itutional arrangem5t w require to be 7) t]rible ?roes1 & travail su* z few expect yet7 remodell$1 abridg$1 ext5d$1 suppress$2 torn asund]1 put toge!r aga92--n )\t h]oic lab\r1 & ef=t q o!r ?an t ( ! ,/ump-,orator & ! ,revival ,prea*]1 "o day6 #aaa ,supply-&-dem&1--alas6 ,= :at noble "w 0 !re ev] any audible 'dem&' 9 t poor s5se8 7,pa/ & ,pres5t74 ,nay1 ! dem& is n l\d ev5 = ignoble "w4 ,see ,av]age e>n+s ( ,betty ,taylor1 9 ,times1 ( #d? ,febru>y1 ( ?is ye> #ahfc3 ,work$ f ,monday morn+ at #h a4m41 to ,friday night at #e4cj p4m41 = #as4 #e-a_/b;d4--,laissez faire4 #aab ,see ,bacon's note 9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 on didicisse fidelit] artes 7b inde$ ! acc5t _h ne$ be ^u fidelit]74 ,x take? away va9 admiration ( any?+1 :i* is ! root ( all weakness3 = all ?+s are admir$ ei!r because !y are new1 or because !y are great1 etc4 #aac ,ames1 by report ( ,waldo ,em]son1 express$ ! popul> security wisely1 say+1 t a mon>*y is a m]*antman1 :i* sails well1 b w sometimes /rike on a rock1 & g to ! bottom2 :il/ a republic is a raft1 :i* w\ld nev] s9k1 b !n y\r feet are always 9 ! wat]4 ,yes1 & :5 ! f\r w9ds 7y\r only pilots7 /e] competitively f ! f\r corn]s1 ,greek3 hos d' hot' opor9os ,borees phorees9 akan?as1 p]haps ! wis] m>9] may wi% = keel & :eel aga94 ,und]/&1 !n1 once = all1 t no =m ( gov]nm5t1 provid$ x be a gov]nm5t at all1 is1 z su*1 ei!r to be condemn$ or prais$1 or conte/$ = 9 anywise b by fools4 ,b all =ms ( gov]nm5t are good j s f> z !y atta9 ?is "o vital necessity ( policy--t ! wise & k9d1 few or _m1 %all gov]n ! unwise & unk9d2 & !y are evil s f> z !y miss ( ?is or rev]se x4 ,nor does ! =m 9 any case signify "o :it1 b its firmness & adaptation to ! ne$2 = if !re be _m fooli% p]sons 9 a /ate1 & few wise1 !n x is good t ! few gov]n2 & if !re be _m wise & few fooli%1 !n x is good t _m gov]n2 & if _m be wise1 yet "o wis]1 !n x is good t "o %\ld gov]n2 & s on4 ,?us1 we may h ! ants' republic1 & ! realm ( bees1 bo? good 9 _! k9d2 "o = grop+1 & ! o!r = build+2 & nobl] /ill1 = fly+1 ! ,ducal mon>*y ( ^? ,intellig5t ( seasons1 t set =? ,! a]y c>avan1 high ov] seas4 ,nor ne$ we want examples1 among ! inf]ior creatures1 ( dissolut5ess1 z well z resolut5ess 91 gov]nm5t4 ,i once saw democracy f9ely illu/rat$ by ! beetles ( ,nor? ,switz]l&1 :o1 by univ]sal suffrage1 & elytric acclamation1 "o ,may twilight1 c>ri$ x t !y w\ld fly ov] ! ,lake ( ,zug2 & flew %ort1 to ! great disfigurem5t ( ! ,lake ( ,zug--,greek3 ,kan?>\ lim5--ov] "s leagues squ>e1 & to ! close ( ! ,cock*af] democracy = t ye>4 ,! old fable ( ! frogs & ! /ork f9ely t\*es "o =m ( tyranny2 b tru? w t\* x m ne>ly ?an fable1 = tyranny is n complete :5 x is only ov] ! idle1 b :5 x is ov] ! labori\s & ! bl9d4 ,?is description ( pelicans & climb+ p]* :i* ,i f9d quot$ 9 "o ( our popul> natural hi/ories1 out ( ,sir ,em]son ,t5n5t's ,ceylon1 comes z ne> z may be to ! true image ( ! ?+3-- ,heavy ra9s came on1 & z we /ood on ! high gr\nd1 we obs]v$ a pelican on ! m>g9 ( ! %all[ pool gorg+ himself2 our p w5t t[>ds him1 & rais$ a cry ( ,fi%6 fi%6 ,we hurri$ d[n1 & f\nd numb]s ( fi% /ruggl+ upw>d ?r\gh ! grass1 9 ! rills =m$ by ! trickl+ ( ! ra94 ,!re 0 sc>cely wat] to cov] !m1 b nev]!less !y made rapid progress up ! bank1 on :i* our foll[]s collect$ ab\t two baskets ( !m4 ,!y 7 =c+ _! way up ! knoll1 & _h !y n be5 int]rupt$1 fir/ by ! pelican1 & aft]w>ds by ourselves1 !y w\ld 9 a few m9utes h ga9$ ! highe/ po9t1 & desc5d$ on ! o!r side into a pool :i* =m$ ano!r portion ( ! tank4 ,9 go+ ?is di/ance1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ h us$ muscul> ex]tion en\gh to h tak5 !m half a mile on level gr\nd2 = at ^! places all ! cattle & wild animals ( ! neighb\rhood _h latt]ly come to dr9k1 s t ! surface 0 ev]y:]e ind5t$ ) footm>ks1 9 addition to ! cracks 9 ! surr\nd+ bak$ mud1 into :i* ! fi% tumbl$ 9 _! progress4 ,9 ^? holes :i* 7 deep1 & ! sides p]p5dicul>1 !y rema9$ to die1 & 7 c>ri$ (f by kites & cr[s4 ,b :e!r gov]nm5ts be bad or good1 "o g5]al disadvantage seems to atta* to !m 9 mod]n times--t !y are all co/ly4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ess5tially ! fault ( ! gov]nm5ts4 ,if nations *oose to play at w>1 !y w always f9d _! gov]nm5ts will+ to lead ! game1 & soon com+ "u t t]m ( ,ari/ophanes1 ,greek3 kapeloi aspidon1 %ield-sell]s4 ,& :5 7,greek3 pem' epipemati7 ! %ields take ! =m ( iron %ips1 ) app>atus = def5ce aga9/ liquid fire--z ,i see by late/ acc\nts !y are n[ arrang+ ! decks 9 ,engli% docky>ds1--!y become co/ly bi]s en\gh = ! grey convoy ( *ief-m\rn] waves1 wrea!d ) fun]eal foam1 to be> back ! dead ^u2 ! massy %\ld]s ( ^? corpse-be>]s be+ int5d$ = q o!r "w1 & to be> ! liv+1 if we w\ld let !m4 ,nor h we ! lea/ "r to compla9 ( our gov]nm5ts be+ exp5sive s long z we set ! gov]nm5t to d precisely ! "w :i* br+s no return4 ,if our pres5t doctr9es ( political economy be j1 let u tru/ !m to ! utmo/2 take t w> bus9ess out ( ! gov]nm5t's h&s1 & te/ !re9 ! pr9ciples ( supply & dem&4 ,let our future sieges ( ,seba/opol be done by contract--no capture1 no pay--7,i am prep>$ to admit t ?+s might g bett] s72 & let u sell ! comm&s ( our prospective battles1 ) our vic>ages1 to ! l[e/ bidd]2 s may we h *eap victories & div9ity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we h s mu* suspicion ( our sci5ce t we d>e n tru/ x on milit>y or spiritual bus9ess1 x w\ld be b reasonable to try :e!r "s au?oritative h&l+ may n prosp] 9 matt]s utilit>ian4 ,if we 7 to set our gov]nm5ts to d useful ?+s in/ead ( mis*iev\s1 possibly ev5 ! app>atus might 9 "t come to be less co/ly6 ,! ma*9e1 appli$ to ! build+ ( ! h\se1 might p]haps pay1 :5 x seems n to pay1 appli$ to pull+ x d[n4 ,if we made 9 our docky>ds %ips to c>ry timb] & coals1 in/ead ( cannon1 & ) provision = bright5+ ( dome/ic solid cul9>y fire1 in/ead ( = ! av]t+ ( ho/ile liquid fire1 x might h "s effect on ! taxes8 ,or if ! iron bottoms 7 to br+ u home no?+ bett] ?an ivory & peacocks1 in/ead ( m>tial glory1 we might at lea/ h gay] supp]s1 & doors ( ! "r mat]ial = dreams aft] !m4 ,or suppose t we tri$ ! exp]im5t on l& in/ead ( wat] c>riage2 already ! gov]nm5t1 n unapprov$1 c>ries lett]s & p>cels = u2 l>g] packages may 9 "t foll[3--p>cels2--ev5 g5]al m]*&ise8 ,:y n1 at la/1 ourselves8 ,_h ! money sp5t 9 local mi/akes & va9 private litigation1 on ! railroads ( ,engl&1 be5 laid out1 in/ead1 "u prop] gov]nm5t re/ra9t1 on really useful railroad "w1 & _h no absurd exp5se be5 incurr$ 9 ornam5t+ /ations1 we might already h _h1--:at ultimately w be f\nd we mu/ h1--quadruple rails1 two = pass5g]s1 & two = traffic1 on e great l9e2 & we might h be5 c>ri$ 9 swift safety1 & wat*$ & w>d$ by well-paid po9tsm51 = half ! pres5t f>es4 ,greek3 ho ,demidion1 horas ta lago' ha soi ph]o8 ,suppose x %\ld turn out1 f9ally1 t a true gov]nm5t set to true "w1 in/ead ( be+ a co/ly eng9e1 0 a pay+ "o8 t y\r gov]nm5t1 rightly organiz$1 in/ead ( itself subsi/+ by an income tax1 w\ld produce its subjects "s subsi/5ce 9 ! %ape ( an income divid5d6--police & judges duly paid besides1 only ) less "w ?an ! /ate at pres5t provides = !m4 ,a true gov]nm5t set to true "w6--,n easily imag9$1 /ill less obta9$1 b n beyond human hope or +5uity4 ,only y w h to alt] y\r election sy/ems some:at1 fir/4 ,n by univ]sal suffrage1 nor by votes pur*asable ) be]1 is su* gov]nm5t to be _h4 ,t is to say1 n by univ]sal equal suffrage4 ,e man upw>ds ( tw5ty1 :o _h be5 convict$ ( no legal crime1 %\ld h 8 say 9 ?is matt]2 b aft]w>ds a l\d] voice1 z he gr[s old]1 & approves himself wis]4 ,if he has "o vote at tw5ty1 he %\ld h two at ?irty1 f\r at =ty1 & t5 at fifty4 ,= e "o vote :i* he has ) an income ( a hundr$ a ye>1 he %\ld h t5 ) an income ( a ?\s& 7provid$ y fir/ see to x t weal? is1 z nature int5d$ x to be1 ! rew>d ( sagacity & indu/ry1--n ( good luck 9 a scramble or a lott]y47 ,= e "o vote :i* he _h z subord9ate 9 any bus9ess1 he %\ld h two :5 he became a ma/]2 & e (fice & au?ority nationally be/[$1 inf]r+ tru/wor?9ess & intellect1 %\ld h its kn[n proportional numb] ( votes atta*$ to x4 ,b into ! detail & work+ ( a true sy/em 9 ^! matt]s we _c n[ ent]2 we are conc]n$ z yet ) def9itions only1 & /atem5ts ( fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* w be e/abli%$ n[ suffici5tly = our purposes :5 we h exam9$ ! nature ( t =m ( gov]nm5t la/ on ! li/ 9 ! previ\s pap]1--! purely ,magi/ral1 excit+ at pres5t its full %>e ( public notice1 "u its ambigu\s title ( slav]y4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 be5 able to asc]ta9 9 def9ite t]ms1 f ! declaim]s aga9/ slav]y1 :at !y und]/& by x4 ,if !y mean only ! imprisonm5t or compulsion be+ 9 _m cases highly exp$i5t1 slav]y1 s def9$1 w\ld be no evil 9 itself1 b only 9 its abuse2 t is1 :5 m5 are slaves1 :o %\ld n be1 or ma/]s1 :o %\ld n be1 or "u conditions :i* %\ld n be4 ,x is n1 = in/ance1 a necess>y condition ( slav]y1 nor a desirable "o1 t p>5ts %\ld be sep>at$ f *ildr51 or husb&s f wives2 b ! in/itution ( w>1 aga9/ :i* p declaim ) less viol5ce1 effects su* sep>ations--n unfrequ5tly 9 a high] p]man5t mann]4 ,to press a sailor1 seize a :ite y\? by conscription = a soldi]1 or c>ry (f a black "o = a lab\r]1 may all be "r1 or all wrong1 accord+ to ne$s & circum/ances4 ,x is wrong to sc\rge a man unnecess>ily4 ,s x is to %oot him4 ,bo? mu/ be done on occasion2 & x is bett] & k9d] to flog a man to 8 "w1 ?an to leave him idle till he robs1 & flog him aft]w>ds4 ,! ess5tial ?+ = all creatures is to be made to d "r2 h[ !y are made to d x--by pleasant promises1 or h>d necessities1 pa!tic oratory1 or ! :ip1 is comp>atively immat]ial4 ,to be deceiv$ is p]haps z incompatible ) human dignity z to be :ipp$1 & ,i suspect ! la/ in/rum5t to be n ! wor/1 = ! help ( _m individuals4 ,! ,jewi% nation ?rove "u x1 9 ! h& ( a mon>* reput$ n unwise2 x is only ! *ange ( :ip = scorpion :i* is exp$i5t1 & yet t *ange is z likely to come to pass on ! side ( lic5ce z ( law2 = ! true scorpion :ips are ^? ( ! nation's pleasant vices1 :i* are to x z ,/4 ,john's locu/s--cr[n on ! head1 rav9 9 ! m\?1 & /+ 9 ! tail4 ,if x w n be> ! rule ( ,a!na & h] bro!r1 :o %eph]d )\t smit+ 7,greek3 ou plege nemontes71 ,a!na at la/ calls no m 9 ! corn]s ( ! /reets2 & !n foll[s ! rule ( ,tisiphone1 :o smites )\t %eph]d+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 slav]y1 in/ead ( absolute compulsion1 is meant ! pur*ase1 by money1 ( ! "r ( compulsion1 su* pur*ase is necess>ily made :5ev] a portion ( any t]ritory is transf]r$1 = money1 f "o mon>* to ano!r3 :i* has happ5$ frequ5tly en\gh 9 hi/ory1 )\t its be+ suppos$ t ! inhabitants ( ! di/ricts s transf]r$ became _! slaves4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 ! =m] case1 ! dispute seems ab\t ! fa%ion ( ! ?+ r ?an ! fact ( x4 ,!re are two rocks 9 mid-sea1 on ea* ( :i*1 neglect$ equally by in/ructive & comm]cial p[]s1 a h&ful ( inhabitants live z !y may4 ,two m]*ants bid = ! two prop]ties1 b n 9 ! same t]ms4 ,"o bids = ! p1 buys !m1 & sets !m to "w1 "u pa9 ( sc\rge2 ! o!r bids = ! rock1 buys x1 & ?r[s ! inhabitants into ! sea4 ,! =m] is ! ,am]ican1 ! latt] ! ,engli% me?od1 ( slav]y2 mu* is to be said =1 & some?+ aga9/1 bo?1 :i* ,i hope to say 9 due "t & place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 slav]y mean n m]ely ! pur*ase ( ! "r ( compulsion1 b ! pur*ase ( ! body & s\l ( ! creature itself = money1 x is n1 ,i ?9k1 among ! black races t pur*ases ( ?is k9d are mo/ ext5sively made1 or t sep>ate s\ls ( a f9e make fet* ! highe/ price4 ,?is bran* ( ! inquiry we %all h occasion also to foll[ out at "s l5g?2 = 9 ! wor/ in/ance ( ! ,greek3 ,bion prasis we are apt to get only ,pyrrhon's answ]--,greek3 ti phes8--epriam5 se8 ,adelon4 ,! fact is t slav]y is n a political in/itution at all1 b an inh]5t1 natural1 & et]nal inh]itance ( a l>ge portion ( ! human race--to :om ! m y give ( _! own w1 ! m slaves !y w make !mselves4 ,9 common p>lance1 we idly confuse captivity ) slav]y1 & are always ?9k+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 p9e-trunks & c[slip bells1 or betwe5 c>ry+ wood & clo!s-/eal+1 in/ead ( not+ ! f> m s]i\s diff]5ces betwe5 ,ariel & ,caliban1 & ! means by :i* practically t diff]5ce may be br\ght ab\t4#aad #aad ,! passage ( ,plato1 ref]r$ to 9 note p4 #bhj1 9 its context1 respect+ ! slave :o1 well dress$ & wa%$1 aspires to ! h& ( 8 ma/]'s daught]1 corresponds curi\sly to ! attack ( ,caliban on ,prosp]o's cell1 & !re is an und]curr5t ( mean+ ?r\gh\t1 9 ! ,tempe/ z well z 9 ! ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice2 ref]r+ 9 ?is case to gov]nm5t1 z 9 t to comm]ce4 ,mir&a 7! wond]ful1 s address$ fir/ by ,f]d9&1 ,oh1 y wond]67 corresponds to ,hom]'s ,arete3 ,ariel & ,caliban are respectively ! spirits ( fre$om & me*anical lab\r4 ,prosp]o 7= hope71 a true gov]nor1 oppos$ to ,sycorax1 ! "m ( slav]y1 h] "n1 ,sw9e-rav51 indicat+ at once brutality & dea?fulness2 h5ce ! l9e--,z wick$ dew z e'er my "m bru%$1 ) rav5's fea!r1--etc4 ,= all dreams ( ,%akespe>e1 z ^? ( true & /rong m5 mu/ be1 are ,greek3 phantasmata !ia1 kai skiai ton onton1 phantasms ( ,god1 & %ad[s ( ?+s t are4 ,we h>dly tell our *ildr51 will+ly1 a fable ) no purport 9 x2 yet we ?9k ,god s5ds ,8 be/ mess5g]s only to say fairy tales to u1 all fondness & empt9ess4 ,! ,tempe/ is j l a grotesque 9 a ri* missal1 clasp$ :]e paynims pray4 ,ariel is ! _s ( true lib]ty1 9 e>ly /ages ( human society oppress$ by ignorance & wild tyranny2 v5t+ groans z fa/ z mill-:eels /rike2 9 %ipwreck ( /ates1 fe>ful2 s t all b m>9]s plunge 9 ! br9e1 & quit ! vessel1 !n all afire ) me1 yet hav+ 9 itself ! w & sweetness ( true/ peace1 :5ce t is especially call$ ,ariel's song1 ,come unto ^! yell[ s&s--7f5celess1 & c\ntless--*ang+ ) ! sweep ( ! sea--vaga ar5a4 ,comp>e ,horace's opposition ( ! sea-s& to ! du/ ( ! grave3 num]o c>5tis--exigui2 & aga9 comp>e animo rotundum p]currisse ) put a girdle r\nd ! e>?7--& !n take h&s3 c\rt'si$ :5 y h1 & kiss'd1--! wild waves :i/3 7m9d x is c\rtesia1 n curtsey7 & read quiet = :i/ if y want ! full s5se4 ,!n may y inde$ foot x featly1 & sweet spirits be> ! burd5 = y--) wat* 9 ! night1 & call 9 e>ly morn+4 ,! p[] ( lib]ty 9 elem5tal trans=mation foll[s--,full fa?om five ?y fa!r lies1 ( 8 bones are coral made4 ,!n1 giv+ re/ aft] lab\r1 x fet*es dew f ! /ill-vex'd ,b]moo!s1 &1 ) a *>m jo9$ to _! suff]$ lab\r1 leaves m5 asleep4 ,snat*+ away ! fea/ ( ! cruel1 x seems to !m z a h>py1 foll[$ by ! utt]ly vile1 :o _c see x 9 any %ape1 b to :om x is ! picture ( nobody1 x /ill gives %rill h>mony to _! false & mock+ cat*1 ,?\ght is free1 b leads !m into bri>s & f\l places1 & at la/ hollas ! h\nds ^u !m4 ,m9i/] ( fate aga9/ ! great crim9al1 x jo9s itself ) ! inc5s$ seas & %ores--! sword t laye? at x _c hold1 & may1 ) bemock$-at /abs z soon kill ! /ill-clos+ wat]s1 z dim9i% "o d[le t's 9 my plume4 ,z ! guide & aid ( true love1 x is always call$ by ,prosp]o f9e 7! ,fr5* f9e--n ! ,engli%71 or delicate--ano!r long note w\ld be ne$$ to expla9 all ! mean+ 9 ?is ^w4 ,la/ly1 its "w done1 & w>1 x resolves itself to ! elem5ts4 ,! int5se significance ( ! la/ song1 ,:]e ! bee sucks1 ,i w exam9e 9 its due place4 ,! types ( slav]y 9 ,caliban are m palpable1 & ne$ n be dwelt on n[3 ?\gh ,i w notice !m also1 sev]ally1 9 _! prop] places2--! he>t ( 8 slav]y is 9 8 wor%ip3 ,t's a brave god1 & be>s cele/ial liquor4 ,b1 9 illu/ration ( ! s5se 9 :i* ! ,lat9 b5ignus & malignus1 are to be c\pl$ ) ,eleu!ria & ,d\leia1 n t ,caliban's torm5t is always ! physical reflection ( 8 own nature--cramps & side-/it*es t %all p5 ?y brea? up--?\ %alt be p9*$ z ?ick z honeycomb3 ! :ole nature ( slav]y be+ "o cramp & cret9\s contraction4 ,fancy ?is ( ,ariel6 ,y may fett] him1 b yet set no m>k on him2 y may put him to h>d "w & f> j\rney1 b y _c give him a cramp4 ,( ,%akespe>e's names ,i w aft]w>ds speak at m l5g?3 !y are curi\sly--(t5 b>b>\sly--mix$ out ( v>i\s traditions & languages4 ,?ree ( ! cle>e/ 9 mean+ h be5 already notic$4 ,desdemona1 ,greek3 dysdaimonia1 mis]able =tune1 is also pla9 en\gh4 ,o!llo is1 ,i believe1 ! c>eful2 all ! calamity ( ! trag$y aris+ f ! s+le flaw & error 9 8 magnific5tly collect$ /r5g?4 ,ophelia1 s]viceabl5ess1 ! true lo/ wife ( ,hamlet1 is m>k$ z hav+ a ,greek "n by t la/ ^w ( h]1 :]e h] g5tle preci\sness is oppos$ to ! uselessness ( ! *urli% cl]gy--,a m9i/]+ angel %all my si/] be :5 ?\ lie/ h[l+4 ,hamlet is1 ,i believe1 connect$ 9 "s way ) homely1 ! entire ev5t ( ! trag$y turn+ on betrayal ( home duty4 ,h]mione 7,greek3 h]ma71 pill>-l 7,greek3 he eidos e*e *ryses ,aphrodites74 ,titania 7,greek3 tit5e71 ! que52 ,b5$ict & ,beatrice1 bless$ & bless+2 ,val5t9e & ,proteus1 endur+ 7or /rong7 7val5s7 & *angeful4 ,iago & ,ia*imo h evid5tly ! same root--probably ! ,spani% ,iago1 ,jacob1 ! supplant]4 ,leonatus1 & o!r su* names are int]pret$1 or play$ )1 9 ! plays !mselves4 ,= ! int]pretation ( ,sycorax1 & ref]5ce to h] rav5's fea!r1 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,john ,r4 ,wise4 ,i %\ld dwell1 ev5 9 ^! prefatory pap]s1 at some:at m l5g? on ?is matt]1 _h n all ,i w\ld say1 be5 said 7already 9 va97 by ,c>lyle1 9 ! fir/ ( ! ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 :i* ,i comm5d to ! read]'s grave/ read+3 toge!r ) t z mu* neglect$1 & /ill m imm$iately ne$$1 on model prisons1 & ) ! great *apt] on ,p]man5ce 7fif? ( ! la/ section ( ,pa/ & ,pres5t71 :i* sums1 :at is kn[n1 & =e%ad[s1--or r =e-lights1 all t is to be le>n$1 ( ,national ,discipl9e4 ,i h only "h f>!r to exam9e ! nature ( "o _w-wide & ev]la/+ =m ( slav]y1 :olesome 9 use1 deadly 9 abuse--! s]vice ( ! ri* by ! poor4 ,z 9 all previ\s discussions ( our subject1 we mu/ /udy ?is relation 9 its simple/ elem5ts 9 ord] to rea* its fir/ pr9ciples4 ,! simple/ /ate ( x is1 !n1 ?is3#aae a wise & provid5t p]son works mu*1 consumes little1 & lays by /ore2 an improvid5t p]son works little1 consumes all ! produce1 & lays by no /ore4 ,accid5t int]rupts ! daily "w1 or r5d]s x less productive2 ! idle p]son mu/ !n />ve1 or be support$ by ! provid5t "o1--:o1 hav+ him ?us at 8 m]cy1 may ei!r refuse to ma9ta9 him altoge!r1 or1 :i* w evid5tly be m to 8 own int]e/1 say to him1 ,i w ma9ta9 y1 inde$1 b y %all n[ "w h>d1 in/ead ( indol5tly1 & in/ead ( be+ all[$ to lay by :at y save1 z y might h done1 _h y rema9$ indep5d5t1 ,i w take all ! surplus4 ,y w\ld n lay x up y\rself2 x is :olly y\r own fault t has ?r[n y into my p[]1 & ,i w =ce y to "w1 or />ve2 yet y %all h no pr(it1 only y\r daily bread4 ,?is mode ( treatm5t has n[ become s univ]sal t x is suppos$ ! only natural--nay1 ! only possible "o2 & ! m>ket wages are calmly def9$ by economi/s z ! sum :i* w ma9ta9 ! lab\r]4 #aae ,9 ! pres5t g5]al exam9ation ,i conc$e s mu* to ord9>y economi/s z to ignore all innoc5t pov]ty4 ,i assume pov]ty to be always crim9al2 ! conceivable exceptions we w exam9e aft]w>ds4 ,! p[] ( ! provid5t p]son to d ?is is only *eck$ by ! correlative p[] ( "s neighb\r ( simil>ly frugal habits1 :o says to ! lab\r]--,i w give y a little m ?an my provid5t fri5d3--come & "w = me4 ,! p[] ( ! provid5t ov] ! improvid5t dep5ds ?us prim>ily on _! relative numb]s2 second>ily1 on ! modes ( agreem5t ( ! adv]se p>ties ) ea* o!r4 ,! level ( wages is a v>iable function ( ! numb] ( provid5t & idle p]sons 9 ! _w1 ( ! enmity betwe5 !m z classes1 & ( ! agreem5t betwe5 ^? ( ! same class4 ,x dep5ds1 f beg9n+ to end1 on moral conditions4 ,suppos+ ! ri* to be entirely selfi%1 x is always = _! int]e/ t ! poor %\ld be z num]\s z !y c employ & re/ra94 ,=1 grant+ ! entire population no l>g] ?an ! gr\nd c easily ma9ta91--t ! classes are /r+5tly divid$1--& t !re is s5se or /r5g? ( h& en\gh ) ! ri* to secure ob$i5ce2 !n1 if n9e-t5?s ( a nation are poor1 ! rema9+ t5? h ! s]vice ( n9e p]sons ea*2#aaf b1 if eight-t5?s are poor1 only ( f\r ea*2 if sev5-t5?s are poor1 ( two & a ?ird ea*2 b1 practically if ! ri* /rive always to obta9 m p[] ov] ! poor1 in/ead ( to raise !m1--& if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! poor become cont9ually m vici\s & num]\s1 ?r\gh neglect & oppression--?\gh ! range ( ! p[] ( ! ri* increases1 its t5ure becomes less secure2 until1 at la/1 ! measure ( iniquity be+ full1 revolution1 civil w>1 or ! subjection ( ! /ate to a heal?i] or /rong] "o1 closes ! moral corruption & indu/rial disease4 #aaf ,i say no?+ yet ( ! quality ( ! s]vants1 :i*1 nev]!less1 is ! gi/ ( ! bus9ess4 ,w y h ,paul ,v]onese to pa9t y\r ceil+1 or ! plumb] f ov] ! way8 ,bo? w "w = ! same money2 ,paul1 if any?+1 a little *eap] ( ! two1 if y keep him 9 good hum\r2 only y h to disc]n him fir/1 :i* w ne$ eyes4 ,x is r>e1 h[ev]1 t ?+s come to ?is extremity4 ,k9d p]sons among ! ri*1 & wise among ! poor1 modify ! connexion ( ! classes3 ! ef=ts made to raise & relieve on ! "o side1 & ! success & hone/ toil on ! o!r1 b9d & bl5d ! ord]s ( society into ! confus$ tissue ( half-felt obligation1 sull5ly-r5d]$ ob$i5ce1 & v>i\sly-direct$1 or mis-direct$1 toil1 :i* =m ! w>p ( daily life4 ,b ?is great law rules all ! wild design ( ! weav+2 t success 7:ile society is guid$ by laws ( competition7 signifies always s mu* victory ov] y\r neighb\r z to obta9 ! direction ( 8 "w1 & to take ! pr(its ( x4 ,?is is ! real s\rce ( all great ri*es4 ,no man c become l>gely ri* by 8 p]sonal toil4#aag ,! "w ( 8 own h&s1 wisely direct$1 w inde$ always ma9ta9 himself & 8 family1 & make fitt+ provision = 8 age4 ,b x is only by ! discov]y ( "s me?od ( tax+ ! lab\r ( o!rs t he c become opul5t4 ,e increase ( 8 capital enables him to ext5d ?is taxation m widely2 t is1 to inve/ l>g] funds 9 ! ma9t5ance ( 8 lab\r]s--to direct1 accord+ly1 va/] & yet va/] masses ( lab\r2 & to appropriate its pr(its4 ,!re is mu* confusion ( idea on ! subject ( ?is appropriation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 ! int]e/ ( ! employ] to disguise x f ! p]sons employ$2 & = 8 own com=t & complac5cy he (t5 desires no less to disguise x f himself4 ,& x is matt] ( mu* d\bt ) me1 h[ f> ! fooli% argum5ts us$ habitually on ?is subject are inde$ ! hone/ expressions ( fooli% convictions1--or r 7z ,i am sometimes =c$ to conclude f ! irritation ) :i* !y are advanc$7 are resolutely di%one/1 wilful sophisms1 arrang$ s z to mask to ! la/ mom5t ! real /ate ( economy1 & future duties ( m54 ,by tak+ a simple example1 & work+ x ?or\ghly out1 ! subject may be rescu$ f all b det]m9$ misconception4 #aag ,by 8 he>t he may2 b only :5 its produce1 or ! sight or he>+ ( x1 becomes a subject ( dispute1 s z to enable ! arti/ to tax ! lab\r ( multitudes highly1 9 ex*ange = 8 own4 ,let u imag9e a society ( peasants1 liv+ on a riv]-%ore1 expos$ to de/ructive inundation at some:at ext5d$ int]vals2 & t ea* peasant possesses ( ?is good1 b imp]ill$ gr\nd1 m ?an he ne$s to cultivate = imm$iate subsi/5ce4 ,we w assume f>!r 7& ) too great probability ( ju/ice7 t ! great] "p ( !m indol5tly keep 9 tillage j z mu* l& z supplies !m ) daily food2--t !y leave _! *ildr5 idle & untaught2 & take no precautions aga9/ ! rise ( ! /ream4 ,b "o ( !m 7we w say only "o1 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness7 cultivates c>efully all ! gr\nd ( 8 e/ate2 makes 8 *ildr5 "w h>d & heal?ily2 uses 8 sp>e "t & !irs 9 build+ a ramp>t aga9/ ! riv]2 & at ! end ( "s ye>s has 9 8 /oreh\ses l>ge res]ves ( food & clo?+1 & 9 8 /ables a well-t5d$ bre$ ( cattle4 ,! torr5t rises at la/--sweeps away ! h>ve/s & _m ( ! cottages ( ! c>eless peasantry1 & leaves !m de/itute4 ,!y naturally come = help to ! provid5t "o1 ^: fields are unwa/$ & ^: gran>ies are full4 ,he has ! "r to refuse x !m2 no "o disputes 8 "r4 ,b he w probably n refuse x2 x is n 8 int]e/ to d s1 ev5 7 he entirely selfi% & cruel4 ,! only "q ) him w be on :at t]ms 8 aid is to be grant$4 ,cle>ly n on t]ms ( m]e *>ity4 ,to ma9ta9 8 neighb\rs 9 idl5ess w\ld be 8 ru9 & !irs4 ,he w require "w f !m 9 ex*ange = _! ma9t5ance2 & :e!r 9 k9dness or cruelty1 all ! "w !y c give4 ,n n[ ! ?ree or f\r h\rs !y 7 wont to sp5d on _! own l&1 b ! eight or t5 h\rs !y ought to h sp5t4 ,b h[ w he apply ?is lab\r8 ,! m5 are n[ 8 slaves--no?+ less4 ,on pa9 ( />vation1 he c =ce !m to "w 9 ! mann] & to ! end he *ooses4 ,& x is by 8 wisdom 9 ?is *oice t ! wor?9ess ( 8 ma/]%ip is prov$1 or its unwor?9ess4 ,evid5tly he mu/ fir/ set !m to bank out ! wat] 9 "s tempor>y way1 & to get _! gr\nd cleans$ & res[n2 else1 9 any case1 _! cont9u$ ma9t5ance w be impossible4 ,t done1 & :ile he has /ill to fe$ !m1 suppose he makes !m raise a secure ramp>t = _! own gr\nd aga9/ all future flood1 & rebuild _! h\ses 9 saf] places1 ) ! be/ mat]ial !y c f9d2 be+ all[$ "t out ( _! work+ h\rs to fet* su* mat]ial f a di/ance4 ,& = ! food & clo?+ advanc$1 he takes security 9 l& t z mu* %all be return$ at a conv5i5t p]iod4 ,at ! end ( a few ye>s1 we may conceive ?is security r$eem$1 & ! debt paid4 ,! prud5t peasant has su/a9$ no loss2 b is no ri*] ?an he 01 & has _h all 8 tr\ble = no?+4 ,b he has enri*$ 8 neighb\rs mat]ially2 bett]$ _! h\ses1 secur$ _! l&1 & r5d]$ !m1 9 worldly matt]s1 equal to himself4 ,9 all true & f9al s5se1 he has be5 ?r\gh\t _! "l & k+4 ,we w next trace 8 probable l9e ( conduct1 presum+ 8 object to be exclusively ! increase ( 8 own =tune4 ,aft] r\ghly recov]+ & cleans+ ! gr\nd1 he all[s ! ru9$ peasantry only to build huts ^u x1 su* z he ?9ks protective en\gh f ! wea!r to keep !m 9 work+ heal?4 ,! re/ ( _! "t he occupies fir/ 9 pull+ d[n & rebuild+ on a magnific5t scale 8 own h\se1 & 9 add+ l>ge dep5d5cies to x4 ,?is done1 he foll[s ! example ( ! fir/ great ,hebrew f9anci]1 & 9 ex*ange = 8 cont9u$ supply ( corn1 buys z mu* ( 8 neighb\rs6 l&1 z he ?9ks he c sup]9t5d ! managem5t (2 & makes ! =m] own]s securely embank & protect ! c$$ portion4 ,by ?is arrangem5t he leaves to a c]ta9 numb] ( ! peasantry only z mu* gr\nd z w j ma9ta9 !m 9 _! exi/+ numb]s3 z ! population increases1 he takes ! extra h&s1 :o _c be ma9ta9$ on ! n>r[ e/ates1 = 8 own s]vants2 employs "s to cultivate ! gr\nd he has b\ght1 giv+ !m ( its produce m]ely en\gh = subsi/5ce2 ) ! surplus1 :i*1 "u 8 en]getic & c>eful sup]9t5d5ce1 w be l>ge1 he supports a tra9 ( s]vants = /ate1 & a body ( workm51 :om he educates 9 ornam5tal arts4 ,he n[ c spl5didly decorate 8 h\se1 lay out its gr\nds magnific5tly1 & ri*ly supply 8 table1 & t ( 8 h\sehold & ret9ue4 ,& ?us1 )\t any abuse ( "r1 we %\ld f9d e/abli%$ all ! ph5om5a ( pov]ty & ri*es1 :i* 7x is suppos$ necess>ily7 accompany mod]n civilization4 ,9 "o "p ( ! di/rict1 we %\ld h unheal?y l&1 mis]able dwell+s & half-/>v$ poor2 9 ano!r1 a well-ord]$ e/ate1 well-f$ s]vants1 & ref9$ conditions ( highly-educat$ & luxuri\s life4 ,i h put ! two cases 9 simplicity1 & to "s extremity4 ,b ?\gh 9 m complex & qualifi$ op]ation1 all ! relations ( society are b ! expansion ( ^! two typical sequ5ces ( conduct & result4 ,i d n say1 obs]ve1 t ! fir/ proc$ure is entirely "r2 /ill less1 t ! second is :olly wrong4 ,s]vants & arti/s1 & spl5d\r ( habitation & ret9ue1 h all _! use1 propriety & (fice4 ,i only wi% ! read] to und]/& cle>ly :at !y co/2 t ! condition ( hav+ !m is ! subjection to y ( a c]ta9 numb] ( imprud5t or un=tunate p]sons 7or1 x may be1 m =tunate ?an _! ma/]71 ov] ^: de/9ies y ex]cise a b\ndless control4 ,ri*es mean et]nally & ess5tially ?is2 & may heav5 s5d at la/ a "t :5 ^? words ( our be/-reput$ economi/ %all be true1 & we %all inde$ all "k :at x is to be ri*2 t is to be slave-ma/] ov] f>!/ e>?1 & ov] all ways & ?\ghts ( m54 ,e op]ative y employ is y\r true s]vant3 di/ant or ne>1 subject to y\r imm$iate ord]s1 or m9i/]+ to y\r widely-communicat$ caprice--= ! pay he /ipulates1 or ! price he tempts1--all are alike "u ?is great dom9ion ( ! gold4 ,! mill9] :o makes ! dress is z mu* a s]vant 7m s1 9 t %e uses m intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice7 z ! maid :o puts x on2 ! c>p5t] :o smoo!s ! door1 z ! footman :o op5s x2 ! tradesm5 :o supply ! table1 z ! lab\r]s & sailors :o supply ! tradesm54 ,:y speak ( ^! l[] s]vices8 ,pa9t]s & s+]s 7:e!r ( note or rhyme71 je/]s & /ory-tell]s1 morali/s1 hi/orians1 prie/s--s f> z ^!1 9 any degree1 pa9t1 or s+1 or tell _! tale1 or *>m _! *>m1 or p]=m _! rite1 = pay1 9 s f> !y are all slaves2 abject utt]ly1 if ! s]vice be = pay only2 abject less & less 9 proportion to ! degrees ( love & wisdom :i* ent] into _! duty1 or c ent] into x1 accord+ z _! function is to d ! bidd+ & ! "w ( a man2--or to amuse1 tempt1 & deceive a *ild4 ,!re may be ?us1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 !re always is1 a gov]nm5t ( ! ri* by ! poor1 z ( ! poor by ! ri*2 b ! latt] is ! prevail+ & necess>y "o1 & x consi/s1 obs]ve1 ( two di/9ct functions1--! collection ( ! pr(its ( lab\r f ^? :o w\ld h misus$ !m1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ^? pr(its = ! s]vice ei!r ( ! same p]son 9 future1 or ( o!rs2 or1 z is m frequ5tly ! case 9 mod]n times1 = ! s]vice ( ! collector himself4 ,! exam9ation ( ^! v>i\s modes ( collection & use ( ri*es w =m ! ?ird bran* ( our future inquiries2 b ! key to ! :ole subject lies 9 ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 selfi% & unselfi% exp5diture4 ,x is n easy1 by any c\rse ( reason+1 to en=ce ?is on ! g5]ally unwill+ he>]2 yet ! def9ition ( unselfi% exp5diture is brief & simple4 ,x is exp5diture :i* if y are a capitali/1 does n pay y1 b pays somebody else2 & if y are a consum]1 does n please y1 b pleases somebody else4 ,take "o special in/ance1 9 fur!r illu/ration ( ! g5]al type giv5 above4 ,i did n inv5t t type1 b spoke ( a real riv]1 & ( real peasantry1 ! languid & sickly race :i* inhabits1 or haunts--= !y are (t5 m l spectres ?an liv+ m5--! ?orny desolation on ! banks ( ! ,arve4 ,"s ye>s ago1 a society =m$ at ,g5eva (f]$ to embank ! riv]1 = ! gr\nd :i* w\ld h be5 recov]$ by ! op]ation2 b ! (f] 0 refus$ by ! 7!n ,s>d9ian7 gov]nm5t4 ,! capitali/s saw t ?is exp5diture w\ld h paid1 if ! gr\nd sav$ f ! riv] 0 to be !irs4 ,b if :5 ! (f] t _h ?is aspect ( pr(it 0 refus$1 !y _h nev]!less p]si/$ 9 ! plan &1 m]ely tak+ security = ! return ( _! outlay1 l5t ! funds = ! "w1 & ?us sav$ a :ole race ( human s\ls f p]i%+ 9 a pe/if]\s f5 7z1 ,i presume1 "s among !m w\ld1 at p]sonal risk1 h dragg$ any "o dr[n+ creature out ( ! curr5t ( ! /ream1 & n expect$ paym5t !re=71 su* exp5diture w\ld h precisely correspond$ to ! use ( 8 p[] made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 by our suppos$ ri*e/ peasant--x w\ld h be5 ! k+'s1 ( grace1 in/ead ( ! usur]'s1 = ga94 ,impossible1 absurd1 ,utopian6 exclaim n9e-t5?s ( ! few read]s :om ^! words may f9d4 ,no1 good read]1 ?is is n ,utopian3 b ,i w tell y :at w\ld h seem$1 if we _h n se5 x1 ,utopian on ! side ( evil in/ead ( good3 t ev] m5 %\ld h come to value _! money s mu* m ?an _! lives1 t if y call ^u !m to become soldi]s1 & take *ance ( bullet1 = _! pride's sake1 !y w d x gaily1 )\t ?9k+ twice2 b if y ask !m = _! c\ntry's sake to sp5d a hundr$ p\nds )\t security ( gett+ back a hundr$-&-five#aah !y w laugh 9 y\r face4 #aah ,i h n hi!rto t\*$ on ! subject ( int]e/ ( money2 x is too complex2 & mu/ be res]v$ = its prop] place 9 ! body ( ! "w4 7,i %\ld be glad if a writ]1 :o s5t me "s valuable notes on ?is subject1 & ask$ me to return a lett] :i* ,i /ill keep at 8 s]vice1 w\ld s5d me 8 address47 ,! def9ition ( int]e/ 7ap>t f comp5sation = risk7 is1 ! expon5t ( ! com=t ( accompli%$ lab\r1 sep>at$ f its p[]2 ! p[] be+ :at is l5t3 & ! ,fr5* economi/s :o h ma9ta9$ ! entire illegality ( int]e/ are wrong2 yet by no means s curi\sly or wildly wrong z ! ,engli% & ,fr5* ones oppos$ to !m1 ^: op9ions h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,:ewell at page #da ( 8 ,lectures2 x nev] seem+ to occur to ! m9d ( ! compil] any m ?an to ! writ]s :om he quotes1 t x is q possible1 & ev5 7accord+ to ,jewi% prov]b7 prud5t1 = m5 to ho>d1 z ants & mice d1 = use1 n usury2 & lay by some?+ = w9t] nights1 9 ! expectation ( r %>+ ?an l5d+ ! scrap+s4 ,my ,savoy>d squirrels w\ld pass a pleasant "t ( x "u ! sn[-lad5 p9e-bran*es1 if !y always decl9$ to economize because no "o w\ld pay !m int]e/ on nuts4 ,n b t also ?is game ( life-giv+-&-tak+ is1 9 ! end1 some:at m co/ly ?an o!r =ms ( play might be4 ,rifle practice is1 inde$1 a n unheal?y pa/ime1 & a fea!r on ! top ( ! head is a pleas+ app5dage2 b :ile le>n+ ! /ops & f+]+ ( ! sweet in/rum5t1 does no "o ev] calculate ! co/ ( an ov]ture8 ,:at melody does ,tityrus m$itate on 8 t5d]ly spiral pipe8 ,! lead5 se$ ( x1 broad ca/1 true conical ,d5ts de ,lion se$--ne$+ leas all[ance = ! w9d ?an is usual ) t k9d ( h]b--:at crop are y likely to h ( x8 ,suppose1 in/ead ( ?is volunte] m>*+ & c\nt]m>*+1 y 7 to d a little volunte] pl\gh+ & c\nt]pl\gh+8 ,x is m difficult to d x /raight3 ! du/ ( ! e>?1 s di/urb$1 is m grateful ?an = m]ely rhy?mic foot/eps4 ,gold5 cups1 also1 giv5 = good pl\gh+ w\ld be m suitable 9 col\r 7ruby glass1 = ! w9e :i* give? 8 col\r on ! gr\nd1 z well z 9 ! cup1 might be fitt] = ! rifle prize 9 ! ladies' h&s72 or1 conceive a little volunte] ex]cise ) ! spade1 o!r ?an su* z is ne$$ = moat & brea/work1 or ev5 = ! burial ( ! fruit ( ! lead5 av5a-se$1 subject to ! %rill ,lemures' criticism-- ,w] hat das ,haus s s*le*t gebaut8 ,if y 7 to embank ,l9coln%ire n[1--m /\tly aga9/ ! sea8 or /rip ! peat ( ,solway1 or plant ,pl9limmon moors ) l>*--!n1 9 due h\r ( ye>1 "s amateur reap+ & ?re%+8 ,nay1 we reap & ?re% by /eam 9 ^! advanc$ days4 ,i "k x1 my wise & economical fri5ds4 ,! /\t arms ,god gave y to w9 y\r bread by1 y w\ld fa9 %oot y\r neighb\rs--& ,god's sweet s+]s--)2#aai !n y invoke ! fri5ds to y\r f>m-s]vice1 &-- ,:5 "y & old come =? to play ,on a sulphur\s holiday1 ,tell h[ ! d>l+ gobl9 sweat 7,8 fea/ ( c9d]s duly set71 ,& bel*+ night1 :]e brea!d ! morn4 ,8 %ad[y flail ha? ?re%$ ! corn ,t t5 day-lab\r]s c\ld n end4 ,b we w press ! example clos]4 ,on a gre5 knoll above t pla9 ( ! ,arve1 betwe5 ,cluses & ,bonneville1 !re 01 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 a cottage1 inhabit$ by a well-do+ family--man & wife1 ?ree *ildr51 & ! gr&mo!r4 ,i call x a cottage b1 9 tru?1 x 0 a l>ge *imney on ! gr\nd1 wide at ! bottom 7s t ! family might live r\nd ! fire71 ) "o brok5 w9d[ 9 x1 & an unclos+ door4 ,! family1 ,i say1 0 well-do+1 at lea/1 x 0 hopeful & *e]ful2 ! wife heal?y1 ! *ildr51 = ,savoy>ds1 pretty & active1 b ! husb& ?reat5$ ) decl9e1 f exposure "u ! cliffs ( ! ,mont ,v]gi by day1 & to draughts betwe5 e plank ( 8 *imney 9 ! fro/y nights4 ,:y c\ld he n pla/] ! *9ks8 asks ! practical read]4 ,= ! same reason t y\r *ild _c wa% its face & h&s till y h wa%$ !m _m a day = x1 & w n wa% !m :5 x c1 till y =ce x4 #aai ,comp>e ,*auc]'s feel+ respect+ birds 7f ,canace's falcon1 to ! night+ale1 s++ ,dom9e labia --to ! ,"l ( ,love7 ) ! usual mod]n ,briti% s5tim5ts on ?is subject4 ,or ev5 ,c[ley's3-- ,:at pr9ce's *oir ( music c excel ,t :i* )9 ?is %ade does dwell4 ,to :i* we no?+ pay1 or give1 ,!y1 l all o!r poets1 live ,)\t rew>d1 or ?anks = _! oblig+ pa9s6 ',tis well if !y became n prey4 ,yes2 x is bett] ?an well2 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! se$ s[n by ! wayside has be5 protect$ by ! peculi> appropriation ( "p ( ! *ur* rates 9 our c\ntry p>i%es4 ,see ! remon/rance f a ,c\ntry ,p>son1 9 ! ,times ( ,june #d? 7or #e?2 ! lett] is dat$ ,june #crd1 #ahfb73--;,i h he>d at a ve/ry meet+ a good deal ( higgl+ ov] a few %ill+s' outlay 9 clean+ ! *ur*2 b ,i h nev] he>d any dissatisfaction express$ on acc\nt ( ! "p ( ! rate :i* is inve/$ 9 fifty or #ajj doz5s ( birds' heads4 ,i pass$ ?is cottage (t5 9 my walks1 _h its w9d[ & door m5d$1 sometimes m5d$ also a little ! meal ( s\r bread & bro?1 & g5]ally got k9d greet+ & smile f ! face ( "y or old2 :i* greet+1 ?is ye>1 n>r[$ itself into ! half-recogniz+ />e ( ! eld] *ild & ! old woman's te>s2 = ! fa!r & "m 7 bo? dead1--"o ( sickness1 ! o!r ( sorr[4 ,x happ5$ t ,i pass$ n alone1 b ) a companion1 a practis$ ,engli% jo9]1 :o1 :ile ^! p 7 dy+ ( cold1 _h be5 employ$ f six 9 ! morn+ to six ( ! ev5+ = two mon?s1 9 fitt+ ! panels )\t nails1 ( a s+le door 9 a l>ge h\se 9 ,london4 ,?ree days ( 8 "w tak51 at ! "r "t1 f ! oak panels1 & appli$ to ! l>* timb]s1 w\ld h sav$ ^! ,savoy>ds' lives4 ,he w\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ equally 7,i suppose him equally paid = 8 "w by ! own] ( ! great] h\se1 only ! "w n consum$ selfi%ly on 8 own walls27 & ! two peasants1 & ev5tually1 probably _! *ildr51 sav$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 let me f9ally en=ce & leave ) ! read] ?is broad conclusion1--?ree ?+s to be consid]$ 9 employ+ any poor p]son4 ,x is n en\gh to give him employm5t4 ,y mu/ employ him fir/ to produce useful ?+s2 secondly1 ( ! sev]al 7suppose equally useful7 ?+s he c equally well produce1 y mu/ set him to make t :i* w cause him to lead ! heal?ie/ life2 la/ly1 ( ! ?+s produc$1 x rema9s a "q ( wisdom & consci5ce h[ mu* y are to take y\rself1 & h[ mu* to leave to o!rs4 ,a l>ge quantity1 rememb]1 unless y de/roy x1 mu/ always be s left at "o "t or ano!r2 ! only que/ions y h to decide are1 n :at y w give1 & :at y w keep1 b :51 & h[1 & to :om1 y w give4 ,! natural law ( human life is1 ( c\rse1 t 9 y\? a man %all lab\r & lay by /ore = 8 old age1 & :5 age comes1 %\ld use :at he has laid by1 gradually slack5+ 8 toil1 & all[+ himself m frank use ( 8 /ore1 tak+ c>e always to leave himself z mu* z w surely suffice = him beyond any possible l5g? ( life4 ,:at he has ga9$1 or by tranquil & unanxi\s toil1 cont9ues to ga91 m ?an is en\gh = 8 own ne$1 he ought s to adm9i/]1 :ile he yet lives1 z to see ! good ( x aga9 beg9n+ 9 o!r h&s2 = ?us he has himself ! greate/ sum ( pleasure f x1 & fai?fully uses 8 sagacity 9 its control4 ,:]eas mo/ m51 x appe>s1 dislike ! sight ( _! =tunes go+ out into s]vice aga91 & say to !mselves1--,i c inde$ n[ise prev5t ?is money f fall+ at la/ into ! h&s ( o!rs1 nor h9d] ! good ( x1 su* z x is1 f becom+ !irs1 n m9e2 b at lea/ let a m]ciful dea? save me f be+ a witness ( _! satisfaction2 & may ,god s f> be graci\s to me z to let no good come ( any ( ?is money ( m9e be=e my eyes4 ,suppos+ ?is feel+ unconqu]able1 ! safe/ way ( rationally indulg+ x w\ld be = ! capitali/ at once to sp5d all 8 =tune on himself1 :i* might actually1 9 _m cases1 be q ! righte/ z well z ! pleasante/ ?+ to d1 if he _h j ta/es & wor?y passions4 ,b1 :e!r = himself only1 or ?r\gh ! h&s & = ! sake ( o!rs also1 ! law ( wise life is1 t ! mak] ( ! money %\ld also be ! sp5d] ( x1 & sp5d x1 approximately1 all1 be=e he dies2 s t 8 true ambition z an economi/ %\ld be1 to die1 n z ri*1 b z poor1 z possible1 calculat+ ! ebb tide ( possession 9 true & calm proportion to ! ebb tide ( life4 ,:i* law1 *eck+ ! w+ ( accumulative desire 9 ! mid-volley1#abj & lead+ to peace ( possession & fulness ( fruition 9 old age1 is also :olesome 9 t by ! fre$om ( gift1 toge!r ) pres5t help & c\nsel1 x at once ende>s & dignifies age 9 ! sight ( y\?1 :i* !n no long] /rips ! bodies ( ! dead1 b receives ! grace ( ! liv+4 ,its *ief use w\ld 7or w be1 = m5 are inde$ capable ( atta9+ to ?is mu* use = _! reason71 t "s temp]ance & measure w be put to ! acquisitiv5ess ( comm]ce4#aba ,= z ?+s /&1 a man holds x 8 duty to be temp]ate 9 8 food1 & ( 8 body1 b = no duty to be temp]ate 9 8 ri*es1 & ( 8 m9d4 ,he sees t he ought n to wa/e 8 y\? & 8 fle% = luxury2 b he w wa/e 8 age1 & 8 s\l1 = money1 & ?9k x no wrong1 nor ! delirium trem5s ( ! intellect any evil4 ,b ! law ( life is1 t a man %\ld fix ! sum he desires to make annually1 z ! food he desires to eat daily2 & /ay :5 he has rea*$ ! limit1 refus+ increase ( bus9ess1 & leav+ x to o!rs1 s obta9+ due fre$om ( "t = bett] ?\ghts4 ,h[ ! gluttony ( bus9ess is puni%$1 a bill ( heal? = ! pr9cipals ( ! ri*e/ city h\ses1 issu$ annually1 w\ld %[ 9 a suffici5tly impressive mann]4 #abj ,greek3 kai p5ian heg\m5\s he9ai me to t5 ousian elatto poie91 alla to t5 aple/ian pleio4--,laws1 v4 #h4 ,read ! context & comp>e4 ,he :o sp5ds = all t is noble1 & ga9s by no?+ b :at is j1 w h>dly be notably weal?y1 or di/ressfully poor4--,laws1 v4 #db4 #aba ,! fury ( mod]n trade arises *iefly out ( ! possibility ( mak+ sudd5 =tune by l>g5ess ( transaction1 & accid5t ( discov]y or contrivance4 ,i h no d\bt t ! f9al int]e/ ( e nation is to *eck ! action ( ^! comm]cial lott]ies4 ,b speculation absolute1 unconnect$ ) comm]cial ef=t1 is an unmitigat$ evil 9 a /ate1 & ! root ( c\ntless evils beside4 ,i "k1 ( c\rse1 t ^! /atem5ts w be receiv$ by ! mod]n m]*ant1 z an active ,bord] rid] ( ! sixte5? c5tury w\ld h he>d ( its be+ prop] = m5 ( ! ,m>*es to get _! liv+ by ! spade in/ead ( ! spur4 ,b my bus9ess is only to /ate v]acities & necessities2 ,i nei!r look = ! acceptance ( ! "o1 nor promise any?+ = ! ne>ness ( ! o!r4 ,ne> or di/ant1 ! day w assur$ly come :5 ! m]*ants ( a /ate %all be its true m9i/]s ( ex*ange1 its port]s1 9 ! d\ble s5se ( c>ri]s & gate-keep]s1 br++ all l&s into frank & fai?ful communication1 & kn[+ = _! ma/] ( guild1 ,h]mes ! h]ald1 in/ead ( ,m]cury ! ga9-gu>d]4 ,& n[1 f9ally1 = imm$iate rule to :om x conc]ns4 ,! di/ress ( any population means t !y ne$ food1 h\s]oom1 clo!s1 & fuel4 ,y c nev]1 !re=e1 be wrong 9 employ+ any lab\r] to produce food1 h\s]oom1 clo!s1 or fuel3 b y are always wrong if y employ him to produce no?+ 7= !n "s o!r lab\r] mu/ be work$ d\ble "t to fe$ him72 & y are g5]ally wrong1 at pres5t1 if y employ him 7unless he c d no?+ else7 to produce works ( art1 or luxuries2 because mod]n art is mo/ly on a false basis1 & mod]n luxury is crim9ally great4#abb #abb ,x is especially necess>y t ! read] %\ld keep 8 m9d fix$ on ! me?ods ( consumption & de/ruction1 z ! true s\rces ( national pov]ty4 ,m5 are apt to wat* r ! ex*anges 9 a /ate ?an its damages2 b ! ex*anges are only ( importance s f> z !y br+ ab\t ^! la/4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! pur*ases made by ! ri*] classes are m]e =ms ( int]*ange ( unus$ prop]ty1 :olly )\t effect on national prosp]ity4 ,x matt]s no?+ to ! /ate1 :e!r if a *9a pipk9 be rat$ z wor? a hundr$ p\nds1 ,a has ! pipk91 & ,b ! p\nds1 or ,a ! p\nds & ,b ! pipk94 ,b if ! pipk9 is pretty1 & ,a or ,b breaks x1 !re is national loss2 n o!rwise4 ,s aga91 :5 ! loss has really tak5 place1 no %ift+ ( ! %\ld]s t be> x w d away ) ! fact ( x4 ,!re is an int5sely ludicr\s notion 9 ! public m9d respect+ ! aboli%m5t ( debt by d5y+ x4 ,:5 a debt is d5i$1 ! l5d] loses in/ead ( ! borr[]1 t is all2 ! loss is precisely1 accurately1 ev]la/+ly ! same4 ,! ,am]icans borr[ money to sp5d 9 bl[+ up _! own h\ses4 ,!y d5y _! debt2 by "o ?ird already1 gold be+ at fifty premium2 & w probably d5y x :olly4 ,t m]ely means t ! hold]s ( ! notes are to be ! los]s in/ead ( ! issu]s4 ,! quantity ( loss is precisely equal1 & irrevocable2 x is ! quantity ( human indu/ry sp5t 9 explosion1 plus ! quantity ( goods explod$4 ,hon\r only decides :o %all pay ! sum lo/1 n :e!r x is to be paid or n4 ,paid x mu/ be & to ! utt]mo/ f>?+4 ,! way to produce m food is ma9ly to br+ 9 fre% gr\nd1 & increase facilities ( c>riage2--to break rock1 ex*ange e>?1 dra9 ! moi/1 & wat] ! dry1 to m5d roads1 & build h>b\rs ( refuge4 ,taxation ?us sp5t w annihilate taxation1 b sp5t 9 w>1 x annihilates rev5ue4 ,! way to produce h\s]oom is to apply y\r =ce fir/ to ! humbl] dwell+s4 ,:5 y\r bricklay]s are out ( employ1 d n build spl5did new /reets1 b bett] ! old ones3 s5d y\r pavi\rs & slat]s to ! poore/ villages1 & see t y\r poor are heal?ily lodg$ be=e y try y\r h& on /ately ar*itecture4 ,y w f9d its /atel9ess rise bett] "u ! tr[el aft]w>ds2 & we d n yet build s well z t we ne$ ha/5 to display our skill to future ages4 ,_h ! lab\r :i* has decorat$ ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t fill$1 in/ead1 r5ts 9 walls & ro(s ?r\gh\t ! c\nty ( ,middlesex2 & our deputies met to talk )9 massive walls t w\ld h ne$$ no /ucco = five hundr$ ye>s1--! decoration might h be5 bett] aft]w>ds1 & ! talk n[4 ,& t\*+ ev5 our highly consci5ti\s *ur* build+1 x may be well to rememb] t 9 ! be/ days ( *ur* plans1 _! masons call$ !mselves logeurs du bon ,dieu2 & t s9ce1 accord+ to ! mo/ tru/$ reports1 ,god sp5ds a good deal ( ,8 "t 9 cottages z well z 9 *ur*es1 ,he might p]haps l to be a little bett] lodg$ !re also4 ,! way to get m clo!s is1--n necess>ily1 to get m cotton4 ,!re 7 words writt5 tw5ty ye>s ago :i* w\ld h sav$ _m ( u "s %iv]+ _h !y be5 m9d$ 9 "t4 ,%all we read !m8 ,! ,cont95tal p1 x w\ld seem1 are 'import+ our ma*9]y1 beg9n+ to sp9 cotton & manufacture = !mselves1 to cut u out ( ?is m>ket & !n out ( t6' ,sad news inde$2 b irrem$iable2--by no means4 ,! sadde/ news is1 t we %\ld f9d our ,national ,exi/5ce1 z ,i sometimes he> x said1 dep5d on sell+ manufactur$ cotton at a f>?+ an ell *eap] ?an any o!r ,p4 ,a mo/ n>r[ /& = a great ,nation to base itself on6 ,a /& :i*1 ) all ! ,corn-,law ,abrogations conceivable1 ,i d n ?9k w be capable ( endur+4 ,my fri5ds1 suppose we quitt$ t /&2 suppose we came hone/ly d[n f x & said3 ',?is is our m9imum cotton-prices4 ,we c>e n1 = ! pres5t1 to make cotton any *eap]4 ,d y1 if x seem s bless$ to y1 make cotton *eap]4 ,fill y\r lungs ) cotton-fuzz1 y\r he>ts ) copp]as-fumes1 ) rage & mut9y2 become ye ! g5]al gnomes ( ,europe1 slaves ( ! lamp6' ,i admire a ,nation :i* fancies x w die if x d n und]sell all o!r ,nations1 to ! end ( ! _w4 ,bro!rs1 we w cease to "usell !m2 we w be cont5t to equal-sell !m2 to be happy sell+ equally ) !m6 ,i d n see ! use ( und]sell+ !m4 ,cotton-clo? is already two-p5ce a y>d or l[]2 & yet b>e backs 7 nev] m num]\s among u4 ,let inv5tive m5 cease to sp5d _! exi/5ce incessantly contriv+ h[ cotton c be made *eap]2 & try to inv5t1 a little1 h[ cotton at its pres5t *eapness c\ld be some:at ju/li] divid$ among u4 ,let inv5tive m5 consid]1 ,:e!r ! ,secret ( ?is ,univ]se1 & ( ,man's ,life !re1 does1 aft] all1 z we ra%ly fancy x1 consi/ 9 mak+ money8444 ,) a ,hell :i* means--',fail+ to make money1' ,i d n ?9k !re is any ,heav5 possible t w\ld suit "o well2 nor s mu* z an ,e>? t c be habitable long6 ,9 brief1 all ?is ,mammon-,gospel ( ,supply-&-dem&1 ,competition1 ,laissez-faire1 & ,devil take ! h9dmo/ 7=emo/1 is x n1 r1 ,mr4 ,c>lyle87 beg9s to be "o ( ! %abbie/ ,gospels ev] prea*$4 7,9 ! matt] ( clo!s1 decid$ly47 ,! way to produce m fuel is fir/ to make y\r coal m9es saf]1 by s9k+ m %afts2 !n set all y\r convicts to "w 9 !m1 & if1 z is to be hop$1 y succe$ 9 dim9i%+ ! supply ( t sort ( lab\r]1 consid] :at means !re may be1 fir/ ( gr[+ =e/ :]e its gr[? w improve climate2 !n ( spl9t]+ ! =e/s :i* n[ make cont95ts ( fruitful l& pa?less & poison\s1 into faggots = fire2--s ga9+ at once dom9ion sunw>ds & icew>ds4 ,y\r /eam p[] has be5 giv5 y 7y w f9d ev5tually7 = "w su* z t2 & n = excursion tra9s1 to give ! lab\r] a mom5t's brea?1 at ! p]il ( 8 brea? = ev]1 f amid/ ! cities :i* y h cru%$ into masses ( corruption4 ,:5 y "k h[ to build cities1 & h[ to rule !m1 y w be able to brea! 9 _! /reets1 & ! excursion w be ! aft]noon's walk or game 9 ! fields r\nd !m4 ,long ago1 ,claudian's peasant ( ,v]ona knew1 & we mu/ yet le>n1 9 8 fa%ion1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 via & vita4 ,b no?+ ( ?is "w w pay4 ,no2 no m ?an x pays to du/ y\r rooms or wa% y\r door/eps4 ,x w pay2 n at fir/ 9 curr5cy1 b 9 t :i* is ! end & ! s\rce ( curr5cy1--9 life 7& 9 curr5cy ri*ly aft]w>ds74 ,x w pay 9 t :i* is m ?an life1--9 ,god's fir/ creature1 :i* 0 light1 ^: true price has n yet be5 reckon$ 9 any curr5cy1 & yet into ! image ( :i* all weal?1 "o way or o!r1 mu/ be ca/4 ,= y\r ri*es mu/ ei!r z ! lightn+1 :i*1 begot b 9 a cl\d1 ,?\gh %9+ bright1 & speak+ l\d1 ,:il/ x beg9s1 concludes its viol5t race1 ,&1 :]e x gilds1 x w\nds ! place2 or else z ! lightn+ ( ! sacr$ sign1 :i* %9es f "o "p ( ! heav5 to ! o!r4 ,!re is no o!r *oice2 y mu/ ei!r take du/ = deity1 spectre = possession1 fett]$ dream = life1 & = epitaph1 ?is rev]s$ v]se ( ! great ,hebrew hymn ( economy 7,psalm cxii473--,he ha? ga!r$ toge!r1 he ha? /ripp$ ! poor1 8 iniquity rema9e? = ev]4 ,or else1 hav+ ! sun = ju/ice to %9e on y1 & ! s9c]e sub/ance ( good 9 y\r possession1 & ! pure law & lib]ty ( life )9 y1 leave m5 to write ?is bett] leg5d ov] y\r grave3 ,he ha? disp]s$ abroad4 ,he ha? giv5 to ! poor4 ,8 righte\sness rema9e? = ev]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pres5t pap] completes ! def9itions necess>y = future s]vice4 ,! next 9 ord] w be ! fir/ *apt] ( ! body ( ! "w4 ,^! introductory essays are z yet 9 imp]fect =m2 ,i suff] !m to appe>1 ?\gh !y 7 n int5d$ = imm$iate publication1 = ! sake ( su* *ance s]vice z may be f\nd 9 !m4 ,"h ! au?or indicat$ c]ta9 corrections1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ out 9 ?is edition4 ,he !n w5t on to say t ! note on ,*>is 7p4 #bgd7 requir$ a ^w or two 9 fur!r illu/ration1 z foll[s3-- ,! d]ivation ( words is l t ( riv]s3 !re is "o real s\rce1 usually small1 unlikely1 & difficult to f9d1 f> up among ! hills2 !n1 z ! ^w fl[s on & comes into s]vice1 x takes 9 ! =ce ( o!r words f o!r s\rces1 & becomes itself q ano!r ^w--ev5 m ?an "o ^w1 aft] ! junction--a ^w z x 7 ( _m wat]s1 sometimes bo? sweet & bitt]4 ,?us ! :ole =ce ( our ,engli% *>ity dep5ds on ! guttural 9 ,*>is gett+ confus$ ) ! c ( ! ,lat9 c>us2 !nce=w>d ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 ! two ideas ran on toge!r1 & bo? got confus$ ) ,/4 ,paul's ,greek3 agape1 :i* expresses a diff]5t idea 9 all sorts ( ways2 our *>ity1 hav+ n only br\ght 9 ! entirely =eign s5se ( almsgiv+1 b lo/ ! ess5tial s5se ( cont5tm5t1 & lo/ mu* m 9 gett+ too f> away f ! *>is1 ( ! f9al ,gospel b5$ictions4 ,= truly x is f9e ,*ri/ianity we h come to1 :i* pr(ess+ to expect ! p]petual grace ( its ,f\nd]1 has n itself grace en\gh to save x f ov]rea*+ its fri5ds 9 sixp5ny b>ga9s2 & :i*1 supplicat+ ev5+ & morn+ ! =giv5ess ( its own debts1 goes =? 9 ! daytime to take its fell[-s]vants by ! ?roat1 say+--n ,pay me t ?\ owe/1 b ,pay me t ?\ owe/ me n4 ,n b t we sometimes we> ,ophelia's rue ) a diff]5ce1 & call x1 ,h]b o' grace o' ,sundays1 tak+ consolation out ( ! (f]tory )--,look1 :at he laye? out1 x %all be paid him aga94 ,com=table words1 inde$1 & good to set aga9/ ! old royalty ( ,l>gesse-- ,^: mo/e joie 01 ,i wis1 ,:5 t %e gave1 & said1 ',h ?is4' ,aga93 ! fir/ root ( ! ^w fai? be+ f> away 9----7comp>e my note on ?is =ce ( x 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 v41 p4 #bee71 ! ,lat9s1 z prov$ by ,cic]o's d]ivation ( ! ^w1 got _! facio1 also involv$ 9 ! idea2 & s ! ^w1 & ! _w ) x1 gradually lose !mselves 9 an ara*noid web ( disputation conc]n+ fai? & works1 no "o ev] tak+ ! pa9s to limit ! mean+ ( ! t]m3 :i* 9 e>lie/ ,scriptural use is z ne>ly z possible our ,engli% ob$i5ce4 ,!n ! ,lat9 fides1 a q diff]5t ^w1 alt]nately active & passive 9 diff]5t uses1 runs into foi2 fac]e1 ?r\gh fic>e1 into fi]1 at ! end ( words2 & fid]e1 into fi] absolute2 & out ( ?is endless reticulation ( ?\ght & ^w rise /ill m f9ely reticulat$ !ories conc]n+ salvation by fai?--! ?+s :i* ! populace expect$ to be sav$ f1 be+ inde$ c>v$ = !m 9 a v graphic mann] 9 _! ca!dral por*es1 b ! ?+s !y 7 expect$ to believe be+ c>v$ = !m n s cle>ly4 ,la/ly ,i debat$ ) myself :e!r to make ! note on ,hom] long] by exam9+ ! typical mean+ ( ! %ipwreck ( ,ulysses1 & 8 escape f ,*>ybdis by help ( h] fig-tree2 b z ,i %\ld h _h to g on to ! lovely my? ( ,leuco!a's veil1 & did n c>e to spoil ?is by a hurri$ acc\nt ( x1 ,i left x = future exam9ation2 & ?ree days aft] ! pap] 0 publi%$1 obs]v$ t ! review]s1 ) _! usual useful +5uity1 7 endeav\r+ to ?r[ ! :ole subject back into confusion by dwell+ on ! s+le 7z !y imag9$7 ov]sight4 ,i omitt$ also a note on ! s5se ( ! ^w ,greek3 lygron1 ) respect to ! ph>macy ( ,circe1 & h]b-fields ( ,hel5 7comp>e its use 9 ,odyssey1 xvii4 #dgc1 etc471 :i* w\ld fur!r h illu/rat$ ! nature ( ! ,circean p[]4 ,b1 n to be l$ too f> into ! subtl5ess ( ^! my?s1 respect+ !m all ,i h b ?is to say3 ,ev5 9 v simple p>ables1 x is n always easy to atta* indisputable mean+ to e "p ( !m4 ,i recollect "s ye>s ago1 ?r[+ an assembly ( le>n$ p]sons :o _h met to delight !mselves ) int]pretations ( ! p>able ( ! prodigal son 7int]pretations :i* _h up to t mom5t gone v smoo?ly7 into high indignation1 by inadv]t5tly ask+ :o ! prodigal son 01 & :at 0 to be le>n$ by 8 example4 ,! lead+ div9e ( ! company 7/ill "o ( our great popul> prea*]s7 at la/ expla9$ to me t ! unprodigal son 0 a lay figure1 put 9 = dramatic effect1 to make ! /ory pretti]1 & t no note 0 to be tak5 ( him4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 admitt+ t ,hom] put 9 ! la/ escape ( ,ulysses m]ely to make 8 /ory pretti]1 ?is is nev]!less true ( all ,greek my?s1 t !y h _m opposite lights & %ades3 !y are z *angeful z opal &1 l opal1 usually h "o col\r by reflect$1 & ano!r by transmitt$1 light4 ,b !y are true jewels = all t1 & full ( noble en*antm5t = ^? :o c use !m2 = ^? :o _c1 ,i am cont5t to repeat ! words ,i wrote f\r ye>s ago1 9 ! app5dix to ! ,two ,pa?s-- ,! entire purpose ( a great ?9k] may be difficult to fa?om1 & we may be ov] & ov] aga9 m or less mi/ak5 9 guess+ at 8 mean+2 b ! real1 pr(\nd1 nay1 q bottomless & unr$eemable mi/ake1 is ! fool's ?\ght1 t he _h no mean+4 ,,london3 ,,w>d1 ,,lock ,,co41 ,,limit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,text 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74 #b4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ & mov$ f ! middle ( ! p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 #c4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 ,= example1 ,greek3 b repres5ts greek lett] beta4 #d4 ,c]ta9 words use an oe ligature 9 ! orig9al4 #e4 ,mix$ fractions are indicat$ ) a hyph5 & =w>d sla%4 ,= example1 #c-a_/b indicates ?ree & a half4 #f4 ,obvi\s mispr9ts & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ 9 ?is text v]sion4 #g4 ,o!r ?an ! *anges li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4