,,translations ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,lit]ature
                                 ,,s]ies
 ,i                                     
,,greek ,,texts                         
,,/4 ,,dionysius ,,(                    
,,alex&ria                              
,,translation ,,( ,,*ri/ian             
,,lit]ature4 ,,s]ies ,i                 
,,greek ,,texts                         
,,/4 ,,dionysius                        
,,( ,,alex&ria                          
,,lett]s ,,& ,,treatises                
,by ,,*>les ,,lett ,,feltoe1 ,d4,d4     
,,society ,,= ,,promot+                 
,,*ri/ian ,,k4 ,london                  
,! ,macmillan ,company4 ,new ,york      
,,preface   ,n long aft] my edition (   
?is ,fa!r's writ+s appe>$ 9 ! ,cambridge
 ,patri/ic ,texts 7#aijd71 ,i 0 invit$  
to translate ! ,lett]s & "s ( ! o!r m   
c]ta9ly g5u9e fragm5ts t rema9 into     
,engli% = ! pres5t s]ies2 b x is n until
 n[ t ,i h be5 able to accompli% ! task 
,i !n und]took4 ,s9ce !n1 ?\gh *iefly   
occupi$ 9 o!r rese>*es1 ,i h naturally  

acquir$ a m ext5sive & accurate k ( ,/4 
,dionysius & 8 times1 "s ( ! results (  
:i* w be f\nd 9 ?is volume4 ,nev]!less1 
,i 0 b\nd to incorporate a consid]able  
am\nt ( ! in=mation & conclusions arriv$
 at 9 ! =m] "w1 & wi% to express my     
ackn[l$gm5ts to ! ,syndics ( !          
,univ]sity ,press = leave to d s1 z well
 z to ^? aga9 ^: names ,i m5tion$ z hav+
 assi/$ me be=e4  ,9 ! pres5t book ,dr4 
,a4 ,j4 ,mason 0 k9d en\gh to advise me 
ov] ! *oice ( extracts f ! two          
treatises1 ,on ,nature & ,refutation &  
,def5ce1 & on "o or two m9or po9ts1 :ile
 a fri5d & neighb\r 7! ,rev4 ,l4        
,patt]son7 read ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,,ms4  
be=e x w5t to ! pr9t] & gave me ! b5efit
 ( a fre% m9d ^u a numb] ( small details
 ( /yle & fact1 = :i* ,i s9c]ely ?ank   
him4                                    
,c4 ,l4 ,feltoe4    ,ripple by ,dov]    
,m>* #aiah4                             
,,cont5ts                               
,,page   ,,preface                      
,v   ,,introduction                     

#i   ,,lett]s                           
#ce   ,,to ,,basilides                  
#gf   ,,on ,,! ,,promises               
#hb   ,,on ,,nature                     
#ia   ,,refutation ,,& ,,def5ce         
#aja   ,,additional ,,note              
#ajh   ,,index                          
#aji                                    
,,introduction   #a4 ,none ( ! _m       
influ5tial occupants ( ! see ( ,alex&ria
 & ( ! _m di/+ui%$ heads ( !            
,cate*etical ,s*ool 9 t city seem to h  
be5 held 9 high] respect by ! anci5ts   
?an ,dionysius4 ,by common cons5t he is 
/yl$ ! ,great1 :ile ,a?anasius1 "o ( 8  
mo/ fam\s-successors z ,bi%op1 calls him
 ,tea*] ( ! ,*ur* univ]sal1 & ,basil 7( 
,cs>ea7 ref]s to him z a p]son (        
canonical au?ority 7kanonikos74 ,he took
 a prom95t & important "p 9 all ! lead+ 
movem5ts & controv]sies ( ! day1 & 8    
op9ions always c>ri$ great weight1      
especially 9 ,ea/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,8 writ+s
 are freely ref]r$ to & quot$1 n only by
 ,eusebius ! hi/orian1#a b also by      

,a?anasius1 ,basil & ,john ( ,damascus  
among/ o!rs4 ,& :at we ga!r ( 8 p]sonal 
/ory f 8 lett]s & v>i\s fragm5ts embodi$
 9 ! works ( o!rs--& v little1 if any?+ 
else1 = c]ta9 has come d[n to           
u--und\bt$ly leaves ! impression t !    
v]dict ( ! anci5t _w is correct4        
,8 ,family & ,e>li] ,life  #b4 ,!       
ref]5ces to 8 family & e>ly ye>s are    
extremely scanty & vague4 ,9 ! ,*ronicon
 ,ori5tale1 p4 #id1 he is /at$ to h be5 
a ,sabaita & sprung f ! *iefs & nobles (
 t race3 & sev]al writ]s speak z if he  
_h be5 a rhetorician be=e 8 conv]sion 7z
 ,cyprian ( ,c>?age _h be574 ,! exact   
mean+ ( ! t]m ,sabaita above is d\btful4
 ,/rictly us$1 x %\ld mean a memb] ( !  
,sabaite conv5t ne> ,j]usalem1 & !      
,*ronicon may be claim+ ,dionysius z t1 
?\gh1 ( c\rse1 )\t any gr\nd = ! claim4 
,if x is equival5t1 h[ev]1 to ,saban "h1
 x implies an ,arab desc5t = him1 :i* is
 h>dly probable1 z he seems always to   
consid] himself connect$ by education & 
resid5ce1 if n by bir?1 ) ! city-folk ( 

,alex&ria1 :om he di/+ui%es f ! ,coptic 
inhabitants ( ,egypt 7,aigyptioi72 s t x
 w\ld be r surpris+ to f9d t 8 family   
came f ! remot] p>ts ( ,arabia1 :]e !   
,sabans dwelt4 ,! o!r tradition ( 8 hav+
 be5 a rhetorician may be due to "s     
confusion betwe5 our ,dionysius & a mu* 
lat] ,alex&rian writ] ( ! same "n1 :o   
edit$ ! works ( ! ,areopagite ) notes & 
wrote o!r treatises4 ,on ! o!r h&1      
,dionysius's lit]>y /yle is su* t x     
might v well h be5 =m$ by ! /udy &      
practice ( rhetoric1 :ile he has be5    
?\ght himself to corroborate ! /atem5t (
 ! ,*ronicon ,ori5tale1 z to ! high     
position ( 8 family1 9 8 reply to       
,g]manus 7p4 #di71 :]e he ref]s to !    
losses ( dignities :i* he has suff]$ = !
 ,fai?4  #c4 ,he 0 probably a prie/1 & n
 less ?an ?irty1 :5 he became head ( !  
,cate*etical ,s*ool 9 #bca1 & 9 #bfd he 
excus$ himself f att5dance at ! ,c\ncil 
( ,antio* on ! gr\nd ( age & infirmity2 
& s x is a safe inf]5ce t he 0 born ab\t
 or be=e #bjj1 be+ ?us ne>ly ( an age ) 

,cyprian ( ,c>?age1 & only t5 or fifte5 
ye>s y\ng] ?an ,orig51 8 ma/]4          
,8 ,conv]sion  #d4 ,! ,*ronicon         
,ori5tale assigns ! read+ ( ,/4 ,paul's 
lett]s z ! cause ( 8 conv]sion to       
,*ri/ianity1 & proce$s to /ate h[1 aft] 
_! p]usal1 he pres5t$ himself = baptism 
to ,demetrius1 !n ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 :o
 admitt$ him 9 due c\rse4 ,:e!r ?is 0   
actually ! cause ( 8 conv]sion or n1 we 
"k f :at he has himself told u 9 8 lett]
 to ,philemon 7p4 #ef71 t bo? be=e &    
aft] baptism he 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( all 
t 0 writt5 = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4       
,0 ,he ,m>ri$ or ,n8  #e4 ,:e!r1 9      
accordance ) ! common practice ( !      
,ea/]n ,*ur* at t "t1 ,dionysius 0 m>ri$
 or n1 is a moot po9t4 ,he address$ 8   
treatise p]i ,physes to "o ,timo!us ho  
pais1 & we read ( hoi paides 7( :om     
,timo!us 0 "o7 z accompany+ him 9 8     
flight 7p4 #dd74 ,"o w\ld naturally inf]
 f ?is t he 0 !n a wid[] 78 wife n be+  
m5tion$71 & t ^! 7 8 sons2 b !y may h   
be5 8 pupils1 on ! supposition t he 0   

/ill ,cate*ete z well z ,bi%op1 or1 :i* 
is less likely1 8 s]vants4#b            
,he becomes ,head ( ! ,cate*etical      
,s*ool  #f4 ,:5 ,demetrius di$ 9 #bca1  
,h]aclas1 :o = "s ye>s _h be5 associat$ 
) ,orig5 at ! ,cate*etical ,s*ool & _h j
 be5 left 9 *>ge ( x by him on 8 f9al   
retirem5t t ye> f ,alex&ria1 0 elect$   
,bi%op1 :ile ,dionysius1 :o _h himself  
be5 a pupil ( ,orig5 !re1 0 appo9t$ to  
fill ! vacancy he creat$4 ,x is possible
 t ! treatise p]i ,physes1 extracts f   
:i* are giv5 bel[ 7on pp4 #ia ff471 0   
compos$ :ile ,dionysius held ?is        
important po/1 & t a comm5t>y on        
,ecclesia/es1 "s g5u9e fragm5ts ( :i*   
probably rema91 belongs to ! same p]iod4
 ,! =m] ( ^! is mu* ! m valuable "w1 = 9
 x = ! fir/ "t a ,*ri/ian und]took      
sy/ematically to refute ! atomi/ic      
!ories ( ,epicurus & 8 foll[]s4         
,he becomes ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria  #g4     
,sixte5 ye>s lat]1 9 #bdg1 ^u ! dea? (  
,h]aclas1 ,dionysius succe$$ to !       
bi%opric z ! f\rte5? occupant ( ! see1  

possibly1 z has already be5 sugge/$1 )\t
 at once resign+ 8 po/ at ! ,s*ool4     
,philip ! ,arabian 7( ,bo/ra7 _h !n be5 
,emp]or = ?ree ye>s1 a position he 0    
de/9$ to reta9 = two ye>s long]4 ,l     
,alex&] ,sev]us be=e him1 he 0 kn[n to  
fav\r ! ,*ri/ians1 & ,dionysius himself 
be>s witness to ! comp>ative mildness ( 
8 rule 7p4 #cg74 ,= a %ort "t1 !re=e1 ! 
new ,bi%op & 8 flock 7 left 9 peace1    
?\gh ev5 be=e ! dea? ( ,philip signs ( !
 com+ /orm appe>$4 ,9 ! la/ ye> ( 8     
reign ,dionysius tells ,fabius1 ,bi%op (
 ,antio* 7p4 #ce71 t ! prophet & poet ( 
evil to ?is city1 :oev] he 01 /irr$ up !
 populace aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,alex&ria1
 & sev]al p]sons 7 cruelly m>tyr$4 ,?is 
reign ( t]ror la/$ "s "t1 b 0 int]rupt$ 
9 ! autumn ( #bdi by ! revolution :i*   
caus$ ! deposition & dea? ( ,philip1 &  
:i* set ,decius on ! ?rone 9 8 /ead4 ,! 
respite 0 only too brief1 = by ! beg9n+ 
( ! new ye> ! edict :i* ,decius _h issu$
 0 be+ actively c>ri$ into effect4 ,!   
,bi%ops 7 at fir/ s+l$ out = attack4    

,orig51 ?\gh n "o ( !m1 0 includ$ among 
! e>li] victims--on acc\nt1 no d\bt1 ( 8
 prom95ce z a s*ol> & a tea*]--be+      
imprison$ at ,tyre & cruelly tortur$1   
?\gh n actually m>tyr$4                 
,"u ! ,p]secution ( ,decius  #h4        
,decius's rev]sal ( 8 pr$ecessor's      
policy t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians 0 probably due 
to reasons ( /ate & exp$i5cy r ?an1 z   
,eusebius implies1 to m]e spite & hatr$ 
( ,philip & all 8 ways4 ,anyh[1 !       
sev]ity ( ! ,decian p]secution is       
und\bt$1 & x fell ) great =ce ^u ! ,*ur*
 at ,alex&ria4 ,! ,prefect ( ,egypt1    
,sab9us1 lo/ no "t 9 attack+ ,dionysius 
& 8 foll[]s4 ,_m endur$ tortures or     
dea?1 or bo?4 ,dionysius himself1 aft]  
wait+ f\r days1 fl$ & 0 s\ght = by a    
secret s]vice mess5g] 7frum5t>ius1 see  
note on p4 #dc7 s5t by ,sab9us4 ,a brief
 se>* 0 suffici5t to recov] him1 & he 0 
c>ri$ (f ) f\r ( 8 companions to        
,taposiris4 ,b ?r\gh a /range           
int]position ( ,provid5ce 7relat$ on pp4
 #dd f47 he 0 rescu$ by a w$d+ p>ty (   

ru/ic revell]s & remov$ to a place (    
safety 9 ! ,libyan ,des]t1 :]e he appe>s
 to h be5 left unmole/$1 ) two ( 8 f\r  
companions 7see pp4 #fd ff471 till !    
p]secution ceas$ & he 0 able to return  
to ! city4 ,9 aft] days ,dionysius's    
action 9 flee+ on ?is occasion 0        
viol5tly attack$ by a c]ta9 ,bi%op      
,g]manus1 :o 0 p]haps "o ( 8 suffragans4
 ,g]manus boa/$ ( 8 own mu* brav]       
conduct "u p]secution4 ,dionysius 9 8   
reply 7see especially pp4 #dc & #de7    
ma9ta9s t x 0 n ( 8 own w nor yet )\t   
div9e intimation t he _h fl$1 & t he _h 
suff]$ f> m ?an 8 critic = ! ,fai?4     
,decius's rule 0 br\ght to a calamit\s  
end 9 #bea1 b ,gallus1 :o succe$$ him1  
cont9u$ 8 treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/ians = ano!r
 two ye>s1 :5 he1 too1 suff]$ an        
untimely fate4  #i4 ,= ! next f\r ye>s !
 ,*ur* ( ,alex&ria enjoy$ comp>ative re/
 & peace4 ,9 #bec milianus#c ! ,gov]nor 
( ,pannonia & ,moesia1 :o _h 9 t spr+   
wre/$ ! imp]ial p[] f ,gallus1 0 9 8    
turn1 aft] f\r mon?s' rule1 defeat$ by  

,val]ian & 8 son ,galli5us1 & sla9 by ! 
soldi]y4 ,! new ,emp]ors 7fa!r & son7   
left ! ,*ri/ians alone dur+ ! fir/ f\r  
ye>s ( _! reign--a some:at surpris+     
fact1 :5 x is consid]$ t ,val]ian _h be5
 specially *os5 to fill ! (fice (       
,c5sor1 :i* ,decius _h reviv$4 ,x may 9 
"s measure h be5 due to :at ,ar*bi%op   
,b5son 7,cyprian1 p4 #deg7 calls 8      
languid temp]am5t z well z to 8 son's   
connexions ) ! ,*ri/ians ?r\gh 8 wife   
,cornelia ,salon9a4                     
,8 ,action ab\t ,h]etical ,baptism  #aj4
 ,dur+ ?is int]val ( peace1 b *iefly    
t[>ds ! end ( x1 ,dionysius took "p 9 t 
controv]sy ab\t h]etical baptism to :i* 
! lett]s on pp4 #ea ff4 belong4 ,up till
 n[ v>i\s p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom _h foll[$    
v>i\s cu/oms on ?is matt] )\t mu*       
disput+4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,africa     
baptism by h]etics 0 n recogniz$1 :ile 9
 ! ,we/ baptism ) wat] 9 ! "n ( !       
,tr9ity or ( ,*ri/ 0 held valid by      
:omsoev] p]=m$4 ,be=e ! middle ( ! ?ird 
c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce ( practice    

gradually became m & m a matt] (        
controv]sy4 ,9 or ab\t ,a4,d4 #bcj two  
synods 7 held "o aft] ! o!r at ,iconium 
& at ,synnada 7see p4 #eh1 n471 :i*     
confirm$ ! op9ion t h]etical baptism 0  
invalid3 & "s tw5ty-five ye>s lat] on   
,cyprian ( ,c>?age conv5$ sev]al synods 
9 ,nor? ,africa1 :i* arriv$ at ! same   
conclusion4 ,!reupon a viol5t qu>rel    
arose betwe5 ,cyprian & ,/eph5 ! ,bi%op 
( ,rome2 ?is became1 p]haps1 all ! ke5]1
 because ( ! =m] alliance & co-op]ation 
betwe5 ,cyprian & ,/eph5's pr$ecessor1  
,cornelius1 9 combat+ ! ,novatiani/     
s*ism1#d :i* _h ev5tually l$ also to    
h]esy ov] ! re/oration ( ^? :o _h laps$ 
"u p]secution4 ,sev]e language 0 n[ us$ 
on bo? sides1 & o!r lead+ ,*ur*m5 ( !   
day 7 naturally drawn into ! discussion3
 among !m our ,dionysius1 :o--aft] !    
fir/1 at all ev5ts--) *>act]i/ic        
sagacity /e]$ a middle c\rse & advis$ t 
! old] _s ( tol]ation %\ld be ma9ta9$1 !
 circum/ances ( diff]5t *ur*es requir+  
diff]5t me?ods4 ,fragm5ts ( five lett]s 

on ?is subject h come d[n to u1 all     
address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome or r to     
repres5tative memb]s ( t ,*ur*1 ! fir/ (
 !m probably writt5 9 #bed :5 !         
,novatiani/ s*ism 0 subsid+ 7see p4     
#eb71 & ! o!rs belong+ to ! ye> #beg    
7see pp4 #ed ff474                      
,"u ! ,p]secution ( ,val]ian  #aa4      
,sudd5ly1 9 ! summ] ( t ye>1 ! ,*ur* 0  
/>tl$ by ! issue ( an edict :i* reviv$ !
 reign ( t]ror & ?rew h] into a /ate (  
p]secution :i* la/$ = m ?an ?ree ye>s4  
,?is unexpect$ *ange ( treatm5t is      
attribut$ by ,dionysius to ! influ5ce ( 
,macrianus1 :o at "o "t held ! (fice (  
,rationalis 7,treasur] or               
,acc\ntant-,g5]al7 to ! ,emp]or4 ,?is   
man 0 app>5tly a cripple 9 body1 b      
m5tally & o!rwise a p]son ( consid]able 
ability & =ce ( "*3 b he seems to h     
associat$ himself 9 "s way ) ! soo?say]s
 ( ,egypt1#e & to h conceiv$ a viol5t   
hatr$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,q e>ly 9 !    
proce$+s :i* 7 in/itut$ aga9/ !m at     
,alex&ria 9 consequ5ce ( ! edict1       

,dionysius1 ) sev]al ( 8 cl]gy1 0 br\ght
 be=e milianus ! ,prefect1#f & aft]     
exam9ation--*iefly z to 8 loyalty to !  
,emp]ors1 :i* 8 refusal to pay !m div9e 
hon\rs r5d]$ d\btful--0 bani%$ fir/ to a
 place call$ ,cephro 7probably n f> f   
,taposiris1 :]e he _h be5 s5t be=e71 &  
!n some:]e on ! high road 9 ! di/rict   
call$ ,collu?ion4 ,dionysius's own      
acc\nt ( ! circum/ances :i* l$ to &     
att5d$ ?is second exile is giv5 on pp4  
#df ff41 an acc\nt :i* is valuable1     
among o!r reasons1 because x is l>gely  
drawn f ! (ficial memor&a ( ! ,prefect's
 c\rt1 & because x %[s h[ bo? sides did 
_! ineffectual be/ to und]/& ea* o!r's  
position4                               
,re/oration ( ,peace  #ab4 ,! p]secution
 la/$ till ! autumn ( #bfj1 & 0 !n1 on !
 disappe>ance ( ,val]ian1 /ay$ by an    
edict ( ,peace issu$ by 8 son ,galli5us1
 :o 0 n[ left alone ^u ! ?rone4 ,!      
,greek v]sion1 :i* ,eusebius gives u1 is
 app>5tly n t ( ! actual edict1 b ( !   
,emp]or's lett] or rescript :i* appli$ x

 to ,egypt4 ,x is address$ to ,dionysius
 & o!r bi%ops1 & runs z foll[s3 ,i h    
orda9$ t ! b5efit ( my concession be    
en=c$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 to ! effect t m5    
%\ld )draw f 7i4 e4 n int]f]e )7 y\r    
places ( wor%ip4 ,& accord+ly ye1 too1  
may use ! t]ms ( my rescript1 s t none  
may int]f]e ) y4 ,& ?is1 :i* may )      
au?ority be c>ri$ out by y1 has already 
be5 grant$ by me "s "t ago4 ,& accord+ly
 ,aurelius ,quir9ius1 :o is 9 *>ge ( !  
,ex*equ]1#g %all pres]ve ?is =m n[ giv5 
by me4 ,in/ructions 7 also issu$ p]mitt+
 ! ,*ri/ians to h free access to _!     
cemet]ies--a privilege :i* 0 always mu* 
priz$4                           ,8     
,return to ,alex&ria  #ac4 ,x is        
practically c]ta9 t ,dionysius return$  
to ,alex&ria z soon z ,galli5us's edict 
came into op]ation !re4 ,b almo/        
imm$iately fre% di/urbances 7 felt 9 !  
city1 foll[$ by "o ( ^? frequ5t         
outbreaks ( pe/il5ce to :i* ! ,ea/ 0    
always liable1 & ^! h9d]$ = a "t 8 "w ( 
br++ ! bre?r5 toge!r aga94 ,!           

di/urbances are ) good reason ?\ght to h
 be5 ^? connect$ ) ! attempt (          
,macrianus to ov]turn ! p[] ( ,galli5us 
9 ,egypt1 ?\gh t c\ntry 0 s (t5 ! sc5e (
 tumults & civil w>s = ! next twelve    
ye>s & m t x is almo/ impossible to     
id5tify any p>ticul> di/urbances )      
c]ta9ty dur+ ?is p]iod4         ,!      
,tr\bles ,connect$ ) 8 ,prote/ aga9/    
,sabellianism  #ad4 ,= ano!r five ye>s  
,dionysius 0 sp>$ to adm9i/] 8 *>ge & to
 b5efit ! ,*ur* at l>ge ) 8 prud5t      
c\nsels4 ,b1 ?\gh attacks ^u himself    
nev] seem to h tr\bl$ him v mu*1 he _h  
/ill to endure "o su* attack :i*        
probably griev$ him m ?an all ! re/1 & !
 aft] results ( :i* l+]$ on till ! days 
( ,a?anasius & ,basil 9 ! next c5tury4  
,?is 0 9 connexion ) ! ,sabellian       
controv]sy1 especially t phase ( x :i*  
_h rec5tly aris5 9 ! ,libyan ,p5tapolis 
7on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,cyr5aica74       
,sabellius 0 a native ( ! di/rict1 & 8  
h]esy consi/$ 9 lay+ too mu* /ress on ! 
unity ( ! ,godhead & 9 s hopelessly     

conf\nd+ ! ,?ree ,p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity z  
to imply t ! ,p]son ( ! ,fa!r 0 inc>nate
 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is 9 #beg t we fir/ f9d    
,dionysius1 9 a lett] to ,xy/us ,,ii    
7see p4 #ee71 call+ ! att5tion ( !      
,bi%op ( ,rome to ^! views1 by :i* "t   
,sabellius 0 himself probably already   
dead4 ,f :at he says !re1 x appe>s z if 
,dionysius 0 unaw>e t ^! views 7 n ( q  
rec5t orig9 & 7 already r preval5t 9 bo?
 ,ea/ & ,we/1 :il/ 8 words seem also to 
imply t ?is lat] phase ( ,sabellianism  
endang]$ ! dignity ( ! ,?ird ,p]son z   
well z ( ! ,fir/ & ,second4 ,9 ,libya ! 
h]esy ga9$ su* a hold ^u ! ,*ur* t x ev5
 infect$ c]ta9 ( ! ,bi%ops1 & ! ,son (  
,god 0 no long] prea*$4 ,dionysius1     
!re=e1 feel+ 8 responsibility = ! *ur*es
 "u 8 c>e1 became active 9 try+ to      
eradicate ! evil4 ,among a numb] (      
lett]s :i* he wrote on ! subject1 !re 0 
"o 7ab\t ! ye> #bfj7 9 :i* he made use (
 c]ta9 expressions & illu/rations )     
reg>d to ! ,son ( ,god1 :i* 7 seiz$ hold
 ( by "s memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ei!r at       

,alex&ria or 9 ! ,p5tapolis z h]etical4 
,?is lett] 0 app>5tly "o ( ! lat] lett]s
 ( ! s]ies1 :5 8 e>li] ov]tures _h fail$
 to produce ! effect he desir$4  #ae4   
,dionysius's critics laid a =mal        
compla9t aga9/ him be=e 8 namesake      
7,dionysius71 :o _h by n[ succe$$ !     
m>tyr$ ,xy/us ,,ii z ,bi%op ( ,rome2 !y 
accus$ him ( hav+ fall5 into five errors
 himself1 :ile correct+ ! false views ( 
! ,sabellians4  ,!y 7 z foll[s1 z we    
ga!r !m f ,a?an41 de s5t4 ,dion43--     
7#a7 ,sep>at+ ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4    7#b7 
,d5y+ ! et]nity ( ! ,son4    7#c7 ,nam+ 
! ,fa!r )\t ! ,son & ! ,son )\t ! ,fa!r4
    7#d7 ,virtually reject+ ! t]m       
homo\sios 7( "o sub/ance7 z             
descriptive ( ! ,son4    7#e7 ,speak+ ( 
! ,son z a creature ( ! ,fa!r & us+     
mislead+ illu/rations ( _! relation to  
,"o ,ano!r4  ,"o or two ( ^!            
illu/rations :i* 7 object$ to w be f\nd 
9 ! extract translat$ on p4 #ajc1 & !y  
are suffici5t to give "s idea ( ! re/4  
,x may1 h[ev]1 be ackn[l$g$ t nei!r     

,dionysius himself 9 8 orig9al /atem5ts 
& 9 8 attempts to expla9 !m1 nor        
,a?anasius1 :o1 :5 ,arius aft]w>ds      
appeal$ to ,dionysius 9 support ( 8     
op9ions1 put =w>d an elaborate def5ce ( 
him1 0 altoge!r happy or successful4    
#af4 ,^u receiv+ ! compla9t m5tion$1 !  
,bi%op ( ,rome appe>s to h conv5$ a     
synod1 :i* condemn$ ! expressions       
compla9$ (1 & a lett] 0 address$ by him 
on ! modes ( correct+ ! h]esy to ! ,*ur*
 ( ,alex&ria4 ,f motives ( delicacy he  
made no actual m5tion ( 8 ,alex&rian    
bro!r-bi%op 9 ?is lett]1 :ile criticiz+ 
8 views1 ?\gh he wrote to him privately 
ask+ = an explanation4 ,a consid]able   
portion ( ! public lett] has be5 pres]v$
 = u by ,a?anasius1 b x is n includ$ 9  
?is volume1 nor is x necess>y to        
p>ticul>ize 8 treatm5t ( ! "q or to say 
m ?an ?is1 t1 ?\gh ! ,roman ,bi%op wrote
 q good ,greek & gives no impression t  
he felt hamp]$ by x 9 express+ 8 mean+1 
yet he does naturally exhibit di/9ct    
traces ( ,we/]n modes ( ?\ght z oppos$  

to ,ea/]n1 & is n always q fair 9 8     
repres5tation & int]pretation ( :at     
,dionysius _h said4  ,dionysius's answ] 
to 8 ,roman bro!r 0 embodi$ 9 ! treatise
 call$ ,refutation & ,def5ce 7,el5*os   
kai ,apologia71 "s extracts f :i* 7z    
giv5 by ,a?anasius7 w be f\nd on pp4    
#aja ff4  ,! foll[+ is an indication (  
,dionysius's l9e ( def5ce aga9/ ! five  
po9ts rais$ aga9/ him1 o!r matt]s :i*   
arose m p>ticul>ly betwe5 him & 8       
namesake ( ,rome be+ pass$ ov]4  7#a7 ,z
 to ! *>ge ( sep>at+ ! ,?ree ,p]sons 9 !
 ,tr9ity1 he di/9ctly d5ies x3 all !    
language he employs & ! v names he gives
 imply ! opposite3 ,fa!r mu/ involve    
,son & ,son ,fa!r3 ,holy ,_s at once    
sugge/s ,8 ,s\rce & ! ,*annel4  7#b7 ,z 
to ! et]nity ( ! ,son1 he is equally    
emphatic4 ,god 0 always ! ,fa!r & !re=e 
,*ri/ 0 always ! ,son1 j z1 if ! sun 7  
et]nal1 ! daylight w\ld also be et]nal4 
7#c7 ,! *>ge ( omitt+ ! ,son 9 speak+ ( 
! ,fa!r & vice v]sa is refut$ by :at is 
said "u 7#a73 ! "o "n involves ! o!r4   

7#d7 ,dionysius's rejection or          
non-employm5t ( ! t]m homo\sios is less 
easily dispos$ (4 ,he practically       
ackn[l$ges t1 z x is n a ,scriptural ^w1
 he _h n us$ x1 b at ! same "t t !      
figures he employ$ sugge/$ a simil>     
relation%ip1 e4 g4 ! figure ( p>5t &    
*ild :o are ( "o family 7homog5eis7 or  
se$1 root & plant :i* are ( "o k9d      
7homophy71 & aga9 s\rce & /ream1 & 9    
ano!r place ! ^w 9 ! he>t & ! m9d spr++ 
=? by ! tongue 7see p4 #ajf73 b = !     
unsatisfactor9ess ( ?is def5ce ! read]  
%\ld consult ,be?une-,bak]1 ,e>ly       
,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 *ap4 viii4 
pp4 #aac ff1 :o po9ts out t ,dionysius  
_h n grasp$ ! ,we/]n tradition ( "o     
sub/antia 7ousia7 ( ,godhead exi/+ 9    
?ree ,p]sons4  7#e7 ,b ! mo/ s]i\s      
misund]/&+ naturally arose f ,dionysius 
speak+ ( ! ,son z poima 7creature71 &   
illu/rat+ ! ^w by ! g>d5] ) 8 v9e & !   
%ipwright ) 8 boat4 ,8 def5ce is t ?\gh 
he _h und\bt$ly us$ su* r unsuitable    
figures some:at casually1 he _h         

imm$iately adduc$ sev]al o!rs m suitable
 & apposite 7su* z ^? m5tion$ "u 7#d7   
above74 ,& he compla9s t n only "h1 b   
?r\gh\t1 8 accus]s did n take 8         
utt]ances z a :ole1 b sla%$ 8 writ+s    
ab\t & made :at s5se ( !m !y lik$1 n    
s9c]ely1 b ) evil int5t4 ,he tries fur!r
 to expla9 t 9 8 context poie9 7make7 0 
equival5t to g5nan 7beget71 z ( a ,fa!r1
 n a ,creator1 :i* he ma9ta9s is        
legitimate1 b ! def5ce is n v conv9c+   
all ! same4  ,s f> z we c n[ judge1     
h[ev]1 8 argum5ts seem to h satisfi$ 8  
critics at ! "t1 & 7 c]ta9ly held 9 high
 repute by ! anci5t ,*ur*es1 = !y are   
quot$ or ref]r$ to n only by ,a?anasius1
 z has be5 /at$1 b also by ,eusebius1 by
 ,basil ( ,cs>ea 7:o is1 h[ev]1 mu* m   
temp]ate 9 8 support71 & by ,j]ome &    
,ruf9us4                                
,dionysius's ,la/ ,days  #ag4 ,x is     
evid5t t1 9 spite ( ?is controv]sy1 8   
great reputation 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur* 0   
ma9ta9$ to ! end3 = :5 ! ,c\ncil (      
,antio* 0 be+ summon$ to deal ) !       

tr\bles connect$ ) ! h]esies ( ,paul (  
,samosata1 :o held views some:at simil> 
to ^? ( ,sabellius1 ,dionysius 0        
specially invit$ to att5d4 ,z 0 said    
above on p4 #aj1 he excus$ himself f    
att5dance on ! gr\nd ( old age &        
infirmity1 b he s5t a lett] 9 reply to !
 invitation :i* conta9$ 8 views on !    
matt]1 & ^! 7 unfav\rable to ! h]etic4  
,9 #bfe1 be=e ! ,c\ncil _h f9i%$ its    
sessions1 he pass$ to 8 well-e>n$ re/4  
,dionysius z ,au?or  #ah4 ,f :at has    
already be5 said1 x w be ga!r$ t        
,dionysius 0 a p]son ( rem>kable        
v]satility1 & at ! same "t unusually    
free f ^? sn>es ( ! v]satile man1       
%all[ness & inaccuracy4 ,! critical     
rem>ks on ! ,revelation ( ,s4 ,john !   
,div9e f 8 treatise ,on ! ,promises 7p]i
 ,epangelin71 :i* are giv5 9 full 7f    
,eusebius7 on pp4 #hb ff41 h receiv$ !  
mo/ respectful consid]ation f su*       
au?orities z ,bi%op ,we/cott & ,dr4     
,swete & are well wor? read+1 :ile "s ( 
! expositions ( ,biblical passages      

attribut$ to him are probably g5u9e & by
 no means de/itute ( m]it1 ?\gh none (  
!m are pr9t$ 9 ?is volume4              
,z ,*ri/ian ,philosoph]  #ai4 ,! long   
extracts :i* rema9 f 8 book ,on ,nature 
7p]i ,physes71 direct$ aga9/ !          
,epicureans1 %[ him to h possess$ on !  
:ole a cle> grasp ( _! t5ets1 toge!r )  
mu* g5u9e hum\r & entire abs5ce (       
bitt]ness ( _s 9 criticiz+ !m4  ,!      
extracts giv5 by ,eusebius appe> to be  
fairly cont9u\s ?r\gh\t3 !y deal 7#a7 ) 
! atomi/ic portion ( ! ,epicurean       
philosophy1 & 7#b7 ) ! m /rictly        
!ological portion ( x1 ! ref]5ces to !  
h$oni/ic doctr9e be+ only slight &      
pass+4  ,dionysius beg9s by rem>k+ t ( !
 v>i\s hypo!ses :i* h be5 />t$ z to !   
orig9 ( ! univ]se1 "o ( ! lea/          
satisfactory is t ( ,epicurus1 viz4 t x 
is ! result ( a *ance conc\rse ( an     
inf9ite numb] ( atoms1 z !y ru% ?r\gh   
space4  ,he !n proce$s to %[ by a s]ies 
( illu/rations tak5 f human workman%ip t
 m]e *ance c\ld nev] produce ! wond]ful 

results t we see all ar\nd u4 ,s1 too1 f
 ! /udy ( ! heav5s ! same inf]5ce mu/ be
 drawn4  ,8 next po9t appe>s to be t !  
diff]5ce 9 durability1 :i* ,epicurus    
po/ulates = ! v>i\s bodies produc$ by   
atoms1 goes to upset 8 !ory4 ,if "s     
products 7e4 g4 ! gods7 are et]nal & "s 
are %ort-liv$1 :at det]m9es ! diff]5ce8 
,"s ( ! s5seless atoms !mselves mu/ be  
gift$ ) p[]s ( direct+1 arrang+ & rul+4 
,b if x is m]e *ance1 !n ,epicurus asks 
u1 :o /udy ! ord] & ! ph5om5a ( e>? &   
heav51 to believe ! impossible4  ,! same
 conclusion is arriv$ at by ! /udy (    
man1 ^: m]e body is a ma*9e s m>vell\s t
 "s h em]g$ f ! /udy ( x ) a belief t   
,physis h]self is a deity4 ,! high]     
p[]s1 too1 ( man1 8 m9d & reason &      
skill1 all po9t 9 ! opposite direction  
to ,epicurus's solution ( ! problem4 ,x 
_c1 surely1 be ! atoms r ?an ! ,muses   
:i* are responsible = ! arts & sci5ces4 
,! half-humor\s allusion to ^!          
heav5-born p]sonages ( hea!n my?ology   
leads ,dionysius to attack ! ,epicurean 

!ory ( ! gods4 ,accord+ to ,epicurus1 ! 
gods 9 no way conc]n !mselves ) mundane 
matt]s1 b sp5d a s]5e exi/5ce )\t lab\r 
or ex]tion ( any k9d4 ,b su* an exi/5ce1
 says ,dionysius1 is s repugnant to ! v 
idea & in/9ct ( man t x mu/ be          
absolutely false ) reg>d to div9e be+s4 
,at ?is po9t occurs a %ort passage 9 :i*
 ! inconsi/5cy ( ,democritus1 f :om     
,epicurus _h confess$ly borr[$ 8        
physics1 mutatis mut&is1 is criticiz$1  
?\gh x has only a g5]al be>+ ^u ! l9e ( 
argum5t4 ,democritus1 he says1 :o       
pr(ess$ t he w\ld h giv5 ! _w 9 ex*ange 
= ! discov]y ( "o good cause            
7aitiologia71 yet 9 putt+ =w>d 8 ideas (
 ,*ance z a cause c\ld n h be5 m absurd3
 he sets up ,ty* z ! sov]eign cause ( ! 
,univ]se1 & yet bani%es h] z a p[] f !  
life ( m54 ,! tru? is t1 :ile practical 
m5 & ev5 philosoph]s f9d _! highe/      
pleasure 9 b5efit+ o!rs1 by ?is !ory !  
gods are to be kept f any %>e 9 su*     
pleasure4  ,"o o!r inconsi/5cy 9 !      
,epicurean writ+s ,dionysius next deals 

)1 & t is ,epicurus's own con/ant use ( 
oa?s & adjurations1 9 :i* ! names ( ^? v
 be+s occur ^: influ5ce ^u m5's affairs 
he s depreciates4 ,?is is1 9            
,dionysius's op9ion1 due to 8 fe> ( be+ 
put to dea? by ! /ate = a!ism1 z        
,socrates _h be53 ?\gh he is probably   
do+ ,epicurus a wrong4  ,! extracts end 
) a repetition ( ! appeal to ! wond]s ( 
! sky & ( ! e>? z a conclusive          
contradiction ( ,epicurus's views4#h  ,a
 selection f ^! int]e/+ portions ( a n  
unimportant "w = its "t w be f\nd on pp4
 #ia ff4                   ,g5]al       
,*>act]i/ics ( 8 ,writ+s  #bj4 ,! lett] 
to ,basilides on sev]al po9ts (         
ecclesia/ical ord] 7! l>g] portion ( :i*
 is giv5 on pp4 #gf ff47 is a model (   
:at su* episcopal utt]ances %\ld be3 x  
def9itely /ates :i* is ! highe/ & be/   
c\rse1 b leaves ! decision to !         
individual consci5ce4 ,b x is to ! g5]al
 correspond5ce 7pp4 #ce ff47 t ! bulk ( 
,engli% read]s w probably turn1 & t     
deals ) a l>ge v>iety ( subjects3 9 "s  

cases !ological matt]s l ,novatianism & 
! baptism ( h]etics are discuss$2 9 o!rs
 !re are descriptions ( ! m>tyrdoms ( 8 
"t at ,alex&ria & 8 own p]sonal         
exp]i5ces "u p]secution1 all told ) a   
vividness & a sobriety em95tly          
*>act]i/ic ( ! man3 o!rs are address$ to
 p]sons or di/ricts 9 8 prov9ce1        
especially at ,ea/]tide1 treat+ ( matt]s
 ( local & tempor>y importance1 :ile "o 
or two incid5ts :i* he records are ( mu*
 value z illu/rat+ *ur* cu/oms & mann]s 
( ! p]iod 7e4 g4 ! case ( ,s>apion on p4
 #db1 pray]s = ! ,emp]ors on p4 #dg1    
matt]s connect$ ) ! celebration ( ,holy 
,baptism & ,holy ,communion on p4 #ei74 
,9 8 controv]sy ) ! ,sabellians1 z we h 
already rem>k$1 "s ( ! expressions &    
figures employ$ 7 insuffici5tly gu>d$ or
 expla9$ & s laid ,dionysius op5 to     
criticism3 b we mu/ rememb] h[ mu* m    
easy x is = u1 :o h ! b5efit ( subsequ5t
 hi/ory & exp]i5ce1 to see ?is & to     
correct x1 ?an x 0 = him & = 8          
contempor>ies to grope _! way1 z !y     

sl[ly b surely did1 "u ! ,div9e guidance
 to a full] k & a m accurate /atem5t ( !
 tru?4  #ba4 ,x is fur!r to be notic$ h[
 v seldom1 if ev]1 ,dionysius (f5ds     
aga9/ ! pr9ciples ( good ta/e ei!r :5   
attack+ oppon5ts1 or :5 describ+        
horrors1 or :5 deal+ ) ! my/]ies ( !    
,fai?4 ,9 controv]sy he always displays 
an admirable mod]ation & sweetness (    
tone1 :i* is ! m rem>kable because 8    
convictions 7 /rong & def9ite4 ,?is is  
especially to be obs]v$ 9 8 treatm5t (  
,novatianus ! intrud] 7see p4 #ej71 9 8 
criticism ( ! deceas$ ,nepos ( ,ars5oe  
7see p4 #hb71 & to a less ext5t 9 8     
def5ce ( himself aga9/ ! *>ges (        
,g]manus 7see p4 #dc74 ,ev5 :5 he has to
 speak ( "o :om he believes to h done   
him wrong1 l ! ,prefect milianus 7p4    
#dh71 or ( "o :om 8 s\l abhors l        
,macrianus 7p4 #fh71 8 language is mild 
9 comp>ison ) t ( _m 9 simil>           
circum/ances4 ,s1 too1 :5 he takes ^u   
himself to describe ! tortures & dea?s (
 ! m>tyrs 7pp4 #ce f471 or ! ravages (  

pe/il5ce 7p4 #gd71 he indulges 9 b few  
gha/ly or revolt+ details1 ?\gh 8       
n>rative is always lively & ?rill+4 ,&  
once m :5 he deals ) su* a subject z !  
,et]nal ,son%ip ( our ,"l1 or1 if !     
passage 7n "h giv57 be au!ntic1 ,8 ,dea?
 & ,passion1 ! same good ta/e & re/ra9t 
( language is to be obs]v$4  #bb4       
,dionysius's lit]>y /yle is excell5t = !
 age 9 :i* he liv$1 & s f> confirms !   
tru? ( ! /atem5t t he _h be5 a ma/] (   
rhetoric be=e 8 conv]sion4 ,he gives    
evid5ce ( hav+ read widely & to good    
purpose bo? 9 classical & 9 religi\s    
lit]ature4 ,z to ! =m]1 he actually     
quotes f or ref]s to ,hom]1 ,hesiod1    
,?ucydides1 ,ari/otle1 & ,democritus3 b 
8 language is really saturat$ )         
classical uses1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! words
 & phrases :i* he employs recall ! be/  
writ]s ( antiquity4 ,8 compositions     
exhibit signs ( mu* c>e 9 production1   
notably ! treatise ,on ,nature 7p]i     
,physes7 & ! two ,ea/] lett]s1 to !     
,alex&rians & to ,hi]ax 7pp4 #gj & #gc74

 ,"h1 & to a some:at less degree 9 !    
lett] to ,h]mammon 7pp4 #fe ff471 he    
writes 9 a m rhetorical & elaborate     
mann] ?an 9 mo/ ( ! o!r fragm5ts :i* are
 extant1 b ev5 9 ^! passages he is      
seldom fanta/ic1 or /ilt$1 or obscure2  
:il/ 9 pure n>rative or simple          
description 7e4 g4 9 ! lett]s :i* record
 8 own or o!rs' suff]+s & 9 ! treatise  
,on ! ,promises 7p]i ,epangelin771 8    
language c\ld h>dly be m unaffect$ or   
bett] *os54                             
,dionysius z ,int]pret] ( ,scripture    
#bc4 ,to :at ext5t did ,dionysius accept
 ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( ,orig51         
especially 9 ! matt] ( ,biblical        
criticism & int]pretation8 ,! evid5ce1  
su* z x is1 is r d\btful & conflict+4 ,x
 is some:at om9\s t aft] ! dea? ( ,bi%op
 ,demetrius1 ^: d5unciations _h caus$ ! 
ma/]'s removal f ,alex&ria & 8 retirem5t
 to ,cs>ea1 we he> ( no ef=t on ! "p (  
,dionysius or ( any o!r pupil to obta9 8
 recall4 ,?is c]ta9ly sugge/s t1 great z
 _! reg>d & respect = him z a man & a   

s*ol> may h be51 !y ei!r felt !mselves  
p[]less to re9/ate him1 or else consid]$
 8 views & me?ods ( advocat+ !m         
detrim5tal to ! welf>e ( ! ,*ur* at     
l>ge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is pleas+ to      
rememb] t ,dionysius wrote an epi/le to 
8 old tea*] on ! subject ( m>tyrdom1 :i*
 we may presume 0 design$ to com=t him  
dur+ 8 imprisonm5t at ,tyre4 ,we le>n1  
too1 on some:at late au?ority t aft]    
,orig5's dea? ,dionysius wrote a lett]  
to ,!otecnus1 ,bi%op ( ,cs>ea1 extoll+ 8
 ma/]'s virtues4 ,! *ief me?odical      
comm5ts on ! ,bible1 ( ! au!nticity (   
:i* we may be c]ta91 are ^? conta9$ 9 ! 
fragm5ts ( ! treatise ,on ! ,promises   
7p]i ,epangelin71 reproduc$ on pp4 #hb  
ff4 ,?is 0 a direct reply to !          
,refutation ( ,allegori/s 7,el5*os      
,allgori/n71 9 :i* ,nepos ( ,ars5oe _h  
?\ght to support 8 grossly mat]iali/ic  
views ( ! ,mill5nium by ! ,revelation ( 
,s4 ,john ! ,div9e4 ,z ! title sugge/s1 
?is "w _h1 no d\bt1 attack$ ,orig5's    
fondness = ! allegorical int]pretation (

 ,scripture1 & especially on ! subject (
 ! ,mill5nium1 & !re=e we may ) "s am\nt
 ( c]ta9ty inf] t ,dionysius 9 8        
refutation ( ,nepos w\ld accept ,orig5's
 me?ods z a comm5tator4 ,b ! extracts   
pres]v$ by ,eusebius deal almo/ :olly ) 
! au?or%ip & textual criticism1 & s give
 no prop] clue z to 8 me?od ( int]pret+ 
! subject-matt] ( ! book4  ,9 ! lett] to
 ,basilides 7pp4 #gf ff47 ! requirem5ts 
( ! case d n call = a /yle (            
int]pretation :i* w\ld br+ out ei!r a   
correspond5ce or a disagreem5t )        
,orig5's me?ods1 except s f> z x is m>k$
 by ! frank & free ex]cise ( critical   
judgm5t4 ,! comm5t>y on ! ,beg9n+ (     
,ecclesia/es1 if x is1 z seems likely1 9
 "p ! "w ( ,dionysius1 is n inconsi/5t 9
 /yle ( treatm5t ) a g5]al acceptance ( 
8 ma/]'s position4 ,procopius ( ,gaza1  
h[ev]1 ranks him among ! oppon5ts ( !   
allegorical s*ool ( int]pret]s1 /at+ t x
 0 9 ?is v "w t ,dionysius attack$ 8    
ma/]1 & a %ort extract :i* has be5      
assign$ to x by ,pitra 7,spic4 ,solesm41

 i1 #ag7 is di/9ctly less allegorical 9 
treatm5t ?an ! re/3 x runs z foll[s--   
,on ,eccles4 iv4 #i1 #aj3 ',two are     
bett] ?an "o1' etc4 ,z we und]/& ?is    
lit]ally1 we d n admit ^? :o accept !   
int]pretation ( ! /atem5ts z ref]r+ to !
 s\l & ! body2 = x is by no means       
ju/ifi$1 see+ t ! s\l has ! entire      
control ov] ! rul+ & gov]n+ bo? ( itself
 & ( ! body1 :]eas ! body is ! bondman (
 ! s\l1 subs]vi5t & en?rall$ to x 9 all 
its decisions4 ,if1 !n1 ! s\l be incl9$ 
to :at is mean & evil1 & become c>eless 
( bett] ?\ghts & consid]ations1 ! body  
is unable to re/ore x & lead x back to  
high] ?+s3 = t is n natural to x4  ,!re 
is also ano!r %ort extract 7on ,g54 ii4 
#h1 #ii7 attribut$ to our au?or1 :i* is 
non-allegorical 9 its treatm5t4 ,!      
evid5ce !re=e is inconclusive on ?is    
po9t3 = ?\gh ,j]ome also m5tions        
,dionysius z a comm5tator on ! ,bible   
?ree times 9 8 lett]s1 he ?r[s no fur!r 
light on ! "q4#aj  ,on ! subject (      
,inspiration we h no gr\nd = ?9k+ t     

,dionysius took up an indep5d5t         
position4#aa ,he introduces 8 ,biblical 
quotation ) ! phrases curr5t among/ e>ly
 ,*ri/ian writ]s4  ,! g5]al impression  
!re=e left ^u ! read] is t ,dionysius   
rev]t$ to ! m sob] me?ods ( int]pret+   
,scripture t prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur* ( 
8 day z a :ole1 ?\gh he approa*$ 8      
ma/]'s !ories 9 8 usual sympa!tic _s &  
avail$ himself ( mu* t 0 valuable 9 !m4 
,8 ,place 9 ! ,*ur* ,kal5d>  #bd4 ,we   
he> ( a ,*ur* d$icat$ to ,s4 ,d5ys 9    
,alex&ria at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1  
:i* 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 a tumult 9 ! "t 
( ,a?anasius4 ,octob] #c & ,novemb] #ag 
are ! two mo/ usual dates = 8           
,commemoration 9 ! ,kal5d>1 ! =m] date m
 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e he is hon\r$ z
 a holy m>tyr4#ab                       
,conclud+ ,rem>ks  #be4 ,! =ego+ sket*  
is suffici5t to %[ t1 z a man ( action &
 a rul] ( ! ,*ur*1 ,dionysius's         
p]sonality is no less /rik+ ?an z a     
/ud5t1 a writ] & a ?9k]4 ,he 0 cle>ly a 
/rong yet conciliatory adm9i/rator ( 8  

prov9ce z ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 j z he _h 
be5 a compet5t & successful tea*] &     
director ( sacr$ /udies z head ( !      
,cate*etical ,s*ools--"o :o 9 ea*       
capacity c>ri$ on & ma9ta9$ ! great     
traditions :i* he inh]it$ f ,s4 ,m>k & 8
 successors1 f ,pantnus1 ,clem5t &      
,orig54 ,& n only at home & )9 8 own    
jurisdiction1 z we h se51 did he wor?ily
 magnify 8 (fice & make full pro( ( 8   
m9i/ry2 = he made 8 influ5ce = good felt
 ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom4 ,bi%ops & cl]gy f   
all p>ts naturally turn$ to him 9 _!    
difficulties = advice & guidance2 & x is
 impossible n to feel t 8 wond]ful      
bread? ( judgm5t & 8 love ( conciliation
 7 ( ! greate/ value to ! ,*ur* ( ! ?ird
 c5tury1 & w rema9 a model = imitation  
to ea* succe$+ age4 ,m5 w always be     
tempt$1 z !y 7 9 t c5tury1 to speak     
/rongly & to act vehem5tly :]e _!       
spiritual beliefs are involv$1 & we may 
pray t ,god w nev] fail to raise up     
among/ ! rul]s ( ,8 ,*ur* m5 ( ! type ( 
,s4 ,d5ys ! ,great ( ,alex&ria4         

,bibliography  #bf4 ,! fir/ attempt at  
mak+ a full collection ( our au?or's    
rema9s 0 und]tak5 by ,simon de          
,magi/ris1 ^: edition 0 publi%$ at ,rome
 9 #agif4 ,r\? 7,reliqui ,sacr1 tom4    
iii4 & iv42 ,ox=d1 #ahdf7 & ,migne      
7,patr4 ,grc4 tom4 x47 publi%$          
consid]able portions ) ,lat9 notes1 :ile
 ,gall&ius 7,biblio!ca vett4 patrum1    
app4 to vol4 xiv471 ,pitra1 ,mai & 7m   
rec5tly7 ,holl 9 vol4 v4 ( ,texte und   
,unt]su*ung5 7neue ,folge7 h pr9t$ a    
numb] ( fragm5ts f v>i\s s\rces & ( v   
v>y+ degrees ( probable au!nticity4  ,! 
e>lie/ li/ ( ,dionysius's lit]>y        
productions1 except ! scatt]$ ref]5ces  
to be f\nd 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( 
,eusebius1 is t ( ,j]ome 7de viris      
illu/ribus1 #fi71 :i* m or less tallies 
) :at we ga!r f ,eusebius4 ,! /ud5t w1  
h[ev]1 f9d a complete mod]n li/ ( !m1   
toge!r ) o!r valuable matt]1 9 ,h>nack1 
,alt*ri/4 ,lit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #dji-bg1 & 
9 ,b>d5hew]1 ,altkir*4 ,lit41 vol4 ii4  
pp4 #afg-ia3 ! acc\nt 9 ,krg]1 ,e>ly    

,*ri/ian ,lit]ature 7,eng4 ,trans47 is  
mu* %ort]4 ,sev]al compositions m5tion$ 
by ,eusebius & ,j]ome are only kn[n to u
 by "n1 unless "s ( ! %ort extracts     
attribut$ to ,dionysius come f "o or o!r
 ( !m1 & ! cont5ts ( !m are almo/ :olly 
matt] = conjecture4 ,! mo/ important (  
^! is p]haps ! epi/ol diakonik dia      
,hippolyt\ 7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #de71    
because ( ! v>i\s !ories :i* h be5 put  
=w>d ab\t x4 ,dom ,mor9 7,revue         
,bndict9e1 xvii41 #aijj71 = in/ance1    
sugge/$ t ,ruf9us's translation ( !     
d\btful epi!t 7diakonik7 be+ de         
m9i/]iis1 x 0 none o!r ?an ! ,canons (  
,hippolytus1 & t ! ,canons 7 aft]w>ds   
attribut$ to ! *ur*-writ]1 ,hippolytus1 
?r\gh a mi/ak5 id5tification ( ! unkn[n 
be>] ( ,dionysius's missive ) !         
well-kn[n au?or2 b ! !ory has n met )   
mu* acceptance s9ce1 & ! discussion has 
( late di$ d[n1 q diff]5t views be+ n[  
held ab\t ! ,canons ( ,hippolytus4  ,x  
may also be m5tion$ t sev]al fragm5ts 9 
,syriac & 9 ,arm5ian are attribut$ to   

,dionysius1 b only ?ree ( ^!1 9 ! =m]   
language1 appe> to be g5u9e3 "o is a    
translation ( ! lett] to ,novatian 7p4  
#ej71 & ! two o!rs are1 :e!r rightly or 
wrongly1 ?\ght to be "p ( ! ,lett] to   
,/ephanus on ,baptism1 & w be f\nd z    
,s,s #b & #c ( x on pp4 #ec ff4  ,!     
article on ,dionysius 9 ,smi?'s         
,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,biography is by  
,dr4 ,we/cott1 &1 ?\gh n v full1 is1 x  
is ne$less to say1 wor?y ( be+ consult$4
  ,?ree ,g]man books on our au?or w also
 be f\nd useful1 ?\gh n v rec5t3 viz4   
,fr/]1 de doctr94 et s5t5tiis ,dionysii1
 ,b]ol9i1 #ahfe2 ,dittri*1 ,dionysius d]
 ,grosse1 ,freiburg1 i4,b41 #ahfg2 &    
,ro*1 ,dionysius d] ,grosse b] die      
,natur1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,( ^! ! second 
is ! mo/ important = ! g5]al /ud5t4     
,dr4 ,salmond produc$ a s]viceable      
translation ( ! fragm5ts 9 #ahga 7,t4   
,t4 ,cl>k's s]ies1 ,ed9burgh71 & s9ce !n
 we h _h ,dr4 ,gif=d's 79 8 s*ol>ly     
edition ( ,eus41 ,prp>4 ,evang41 ,ox=d1 
#aijc71 ( su* z !re appe>4  ,= ! g5]al  

hi/ory ( ! p]iod mu* valuable help w be 
f\nd 9 ,ar*bi%op ,b5son's ,cyprian1     
,london1 #ahig2 ,p4 ,all>d1 ,hi/oire des
 ,p]scutions1 vols4 ii4 & iii41 ,p>is1  
#ahhf1 & ,aub1 ,l',eglise et l',etat    
dans la #b;de moiti du #cme ,sicle4  ,a 
full collection ( all ! g5u9e & d\btful 
extracts appe>$ 9 ! s]ies ( ,cambridge  
,patri/ic ,texts1 ) introductions &     
notes by ! pres5t editor1 9 #aijd4      
,,lett]s                         ,to    
,fabian1 ,bi%op ( ,antio*               
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #da1 #db1 & #dd7    
7#a7 ,! p]secution did n beg9 among/ u )
 ! ,imp]ial edict2 = x anticipat$ t by a
 :ole ye>4 ,& ! prophet & poet ( evil to
 ?is city1 :oev] he 01#ac 0 be=eh& 9    
mov+ & excit+ ! hea!n cr[ds aga9/ u1    
rek9dl+ _! zeal = ! national            
sup]/itions4 ,s !y be+ ar\s$ by him &   
avail+ !mselves ( all lawful au?ority = 
_! unholy do+s1 conceiv$ t ! only piety1
 ! prop] wor%ip ( _! gods 0 ?is--to ?ir/
 = our blood4 ,fir/1 !n1 !y c>ri$ (f an 
old man1 ,metras1 & bade him utt] impi\s

 words1#ad & :5 he refus$ !y beat 8 body
 ) /icks & /abb$ 8 face & eyes ) %>p    
bulru%es z !y l$ him into ! outskirts ( 
! city & !re /on$ him4 ,!n !y l$ a      
believ] nam$ ,qu9ta to ! idol-h\se &    
tri$ to make h] kneel d[n1 &1 :5 %e     
turn$ away 9 disgu/1 !y b\nd h] by !    
feet & haul$ h] "r ?r\gh ! city ov] !   
r\gh pavem5t1 ! big /ones bruis+ h] poor
 body1 & at ! same "t beat h] till !y   
rea*$ ! same spot1 & !re /on$ h]4       
,!reupon !y all ) "o cons5t made a ru%  
on ! h\ses ( ! believ]s1 &1 fall+ ea* ^u
 ^? :om !y recogniz$ z neighb\rs1       
plund]$1 h>ri$ & despoil$ !m1 sett+     
aside ! m valuable ( _! possessions &   
ca/+ out into ! /reets & burn+ ! *eap]  
?+s & su* z 7 made ( wood1 till !y      
produc$ ! appe>ance ( a city deva/at$ by
 ! enemy4 ,b ! bre?r5 gave way &        
submitt$ & accept$ ! plund]+ ( _!       
possessions ) joy l unto ^? ( :om ,paul 
also te/ifi$4#ae ,& ,i "k n if any1 save
 possibly a s+le "o :o fell into _! h&s1
 up till n[ has d5i$ ! ,"l4  ,ano!r     

notable case 0 t ( ! ag$ virg9          
,apollonia1 :om !y seiz$ & knock$ out   
all h] tee?1 /rik+ h] on ! jaws3 !n !y  
made a pyre be=e ! city & ?reat5$ to    
burn h] alive1 if %e w\ld n jo9 !m 9    
utt]+ blasphemies4 ,b %e ask$ = a brief 
respite1 & be+ let g1 sudd5ly leapt into
 ! fire & 0 dev\r$ by ! flames4         
,s>apion1 also1 !y caught 9 8 own h\se1 
& aft] outrag+ him ) cruel tortures &   
cru%+ all 8 limbs1 !y ca/ him headlong f
 ! upp] /orey4  ,& we c\ld g by no high 
road1 ?or\ghf>e1 or byway1 ei!r by day  
or by night2 = ev]y:]e & always !re 0 a 
con/ant cry t any "o :o did n utt] words
 ( blasphemy mu/ be dragg$ (f & burnt4  
,& ?is /ate ( ?+s prevail$ = "s "t1 till
 ! revolution & civil w>#af occupi$ !   
att5tion ( ^! unhappy m5 & turn$ on "o  
ano!r _! fury aga9/ u4 ,& s we _h a %ort
 brea?+ space1 z !y f\nd no leisure =   
rag+ aga9/ u3 b v soon ! ov]?r[ ( ! rul]
 :o _h be5 n unfav\rable to u#ag is     
ann\nc$1 & our grave fe>s ( be+ attack$ 
are r5ew$4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! edict arriv$1  

:i* 0 itself almo/ to be comp>$ ) t     
=etold by ! ,"l1 well-nigh ! mo/ t]rible
 ( all1 s z to cause1 if possible1 ev5 !
 elect to /umble4#ah ,nev]!less all 7   
panic-/rick51 & numb]s at once ( ^? :o 7
 9 high] positions1 "s came =w>d 9 fe>1 
& "s :o held public po/s 7 l$ by _!     
(ficial duties2 o!rs1 aga91 7 br\ght 9  
by ^? ab\t !m1 & :5 _! names 7 call$1   
approa*$ ! impure & unholy sacrifices2  
pale & trembl+ 9 "s cases z if !y 7 n   
go+ to sacrifice b !mselves become      
sacrifices & victims to ! idols1 s t !y 
incurr$ ridicule f ! l>ge cr[d t /ood   
by1 & prov$ !mselves to be utt] c[>ds   
bo? 9 reg>d to dea? & 9 reg>d to        
sacrific+1 :il/ o!rs ran readily up to !
 alt>1 mak+ x pla9 by _! =w>dness t !y  
_h n be5 ,*ri/ians ev5 be=e4 ,ab\t su* !
 ,"l's pr$iction is mo/ true t )        
difficulty %all !y be sav$4#ai ,& ( !   
re/#bj "s foll[$ "o or o!r ( ! above1   
:ile o!rs fl$ or 7 captur$3 & ( ^! la/1 
aga91 "s aft] go+ z f> z *a9s &         
imprisonm5t1 & ev5 aft] be+ immur$      

sev]al days 9 c]ta9 cases1 /ill1 be=e   
com+ into c\rt1 =swore !mselves2 & o!rs1
 ev5 aft] endur+ "s am\nt ( torm5t1     
fail$ at ! la/4 ,b ! /eadfa/ & bless$   
pill>s ( ! ,"l1#ba be+ /r5g!n$ by ,him &
 receiv+ due & proportionate p[] &      
endurance = ! mighty ,fai? t 0 9 !m1    
prov$ !mselves admirable witnesses ( ,8 
,k+dom4#bb ,=emo/ among !m 0 ,julian1 a 
suff]] f g\t1 unable to /& or walk2 he 0
 br\ght up ) two o!rs1 :o c>ri$ him1 (  
:om ! "o /raightway d5i$ ! ,fai?2 ! o!r1
 ,cronion by "n1 b surnam$ ,eun\s       
7well-dispos$71 & ! old man ,julian     
himself confess$ ! ,"l & 7 convey$ on   
camel's back1 & sc\rg$ z !y rode "r     
?r\gh ! city--big ?\gh x be1 z ye "k--& 
at la/ 7 burnt ) fire unqu5*able1 :il/  
all ! p /ood r\nd4 ,& a soldi] :o /ood  
by z !y 7 c>ri$ along & prote/$ aga9/ ^?
 :o insult$ !m 0 d5\nc$ & br\ght up1 to 
wit ,god's brave w>rior ,besas1 & aft]  
h]oic conduct 9 ! great w> ( piety 0    
behead$4 ,& yet ano!r1 a ,libyan by     
race1 :o rightly & happily 0 nam$ ,mau> 

7happy71#bc ?\gh ! judge urg$ him       
/rongly to r5\nce ! ,fai?1 w\ld n give  
91 & s 0 burnt alive4 ,aft] !m ,epima*us
 & ,alex&]1 :5 !y _h rema9$ a long "t 9 
bonds & _h endur$ endless tortures f !  
claws#bd & sc\rges1 7 also consum$ )    
fire unqu5*able4 ,& ) !m f\r#be wom53   
,ammon>ion1 a holy virg91 ?\gh ! judge  
tortur$ h] vigor\sly = a long "t because
 %e _h decl>$ be=eh& t %e w\ld say no?+ 
t he bade h]1 kept true to h] promise & 
0 l$ (f to puni%m5t2 & ( ! re/ !re 0 !  
ag$ & rev]5d ,m]curia & ,dionysia1 :o1  
?\gh %e _h _m *ildr51 did n love !m     
above ! ,"l3 ^! ! ,prefect 0 a%am$ to g 
on tortur+ 9 va9 & be beat5 by wom51 & s
 !y di$ by ! sword )\t fur!r tortures3 =
 ! brave ,ammon>ion _h exhau/$ all _!   
devices4  ,!n 7 deliv]$ up ?ree         
,egyptians3 ,h]on1 ,at] & ,isidore1 & ) 
!m ,dioscorus1 a lad ( ab\t fifte54 ,&  
fir/ ( all ! ,prefect tri$ to cajole !  
/ripl+ ) words1 ?9k+ he c\ld easily be  
won ov]1 & !n to =ce him by torm5ts1    
?9k+ he w\ld soon give 91 b ,dioscorus 0

 nei!r p]suad$ nor =c$4 ,s ! o!rs he    
cruelly lac]at$1 & :5 !y1 too1 /ood     
firm1 h&$ !m ov] to ! fire2 b           
,dioscorus1 :o _h di/+ui%$ himself 9    
public & _h answ]$ 8 private que/ion+s  
mo/ wisely1 he let (f1 say+ t he grant$ 
him a reprieve = rep5t+1 on acc\nt ( 8  
age4 ,& n[#bf ! godly ,dioscorus is /ill
 ) u1 hav+ wait$ = 8 long] trial & 8 m  
det]m9$ conflict4  ,ano!r ,egyptian1    
,nemesion1 0 falsely accus$ ( be+ an    
associate ( brig&s1 b be+ accus$ ( t mo/
 untrue *>ge be=e ! c5turion1 he 0 !n   
d5\nc$ z a ,*ri/ian & came 9 *a9s be=e !
 ,prefect4#bg ,& he hav+ mo/ unju/ly    
maltreat$ him ) twice z _m tortures &   
/ripes z ! brig&s _h receiv$1 burnt him 
to dea? betwe5 !m1 be+ hon\r$1 happy    
man1 by ! example ( ,*ri/4#bh  ,aga9 a  
:ole quat]nion ( soldi]s--,ammon1 ,z5on1
 ,ptolemy & ,+5uus1 & an old man1       
,!ophilus1 ) !m1 7 /&+ be=e ! judgm5t   
seat1 :il/ "s "o 0 be+ tri$ = be+ a     
,*ri/ian1 & :5 he %[$ signs ( d5y+ !    
,fai? !y 7 s provok$ z !y /ood by1 nodd+

 _! heads1 & /ret*+ out _! h&s & mak+   
ge/ures ) _! bodies1 t !y drew ! g5]al  
att5tion to !mselves1 & !n1 be=e any    
c\ld seize !m1 !y leapt ^u ! /&#bi ( _! 
own accord1 say+ !y 7 ,*ri/ians1 s t !  
,prefect & 8 assessors 7 fright5$1 & ^? 
:o 7 be+ judg$ seem$ to take c\rage ov] 
:at await$ !m1 & _! judges lo/ he>t4 ,s 
^! soldi]s walk$ 9 brave procession f ! 
c\rt & rejoic$ 9 _! witness 7m>tyrdom71 
,god giv+ !m a glori\s triumph4#cj  7#b7
 ,& _m o!rs 9 ! cities & villages 7 torn
 asund] by ! hea!n 7,g5tiles71 "o ( :i* 
,i w m5tion z an example4 ,is*yrion act$
 z /ew>d to "o ( ! au?orities at a wage4
 ,8 employ] bade him sacrifice1         
ill-treat$ him :5 he refus$1 & on 8     
p]si/5ce drove him =? ) insults3 :5 he  
/ill /ood 8 gr\nd1 he took a big /ick & 
kill$ him by driv+ x ?r\gh 8 vital p>ts4
 ,:at ne$ to m5tion ! multitude ( ^? :o 
w&]$ 9 des]ts & m\nta9s#ca consum$ by   
hung] & ?ir/ & cold & diseases & brig&s 
& wild bea/s8 ! survivors ( :om be>     
witness to _! election & victory4#cb ,( 

^!1 also1 ,i w br+ =w>d "o in/ance by   
way ( illu/ration4 ,*remon 0 ! ag$      
,bi%op ( :at is call$ ,nilopolis4 ,he   
fl$ to ! ,arabian hills#cc ) 8 wife#cd &
 nev] return$1 nor 7 !y ev] se5 aga9 by 
! bre?r51 :o made long se>*1 b f\nd     
nei!r !m nor _! bodies4 ,& !re 7 _m :o  
on ^? v ,arabian hills 7 sold into      
slav]y by ! b>b>ian ,s>ac5s1#ce ( :om "s
 7 ) difficulty ransom$ at high sums1 & 
o!rs ev5 yet h n be5 ransom$4 ,& ^! ?+s 
,i h describ$ at l5g?1 bro!r1 n )\t     
purpose1 b 9 ord] t ?\ mighte/ "k h[ _m 
t]rible ?+s h tak5 place among/ u1 ( :i*
 ^? :o h _h m exp]i5ce w "k ( m cases   
?an ,i d4  ,!n %ortly aft] he proce$s-- 
7#c7 ,accord+ly1 ! holy m>tyrs !mselves1
 :5 /ill among/ u1 :o are n[ ! assessors
 ( ,*ri/ & p>tn]s ( ,8 ,k+dom1 %>+ ,8   
judgm5ts & decisions1#cf esp\s$ ! cause 
( c]ta9 ( ! fall5 bre?r5 :o _h incurr$ !
 *>ge ( hav+ done sacrifice1 & see+ _!  
conv]sion & rep5tance & approv+ x z fit 
to be accept$ by ,him :o desire? n at   
all ! dea? ( ! s9n] s mu* z 8           

rep5tance1#cg receiv$ !m1 summon$ !m to 
assemblies1 introduc$ !m & admitt$ !m to
 ! pray]s & fea/s4#ch ,:at1 !n1 d ye    
c\nsel u 9 ^! matt]s1 bre?r58 ,:at ought
 we to d8 ,%all we acquiesce & ass5t to 
!m & ma9ta9 _! decision & concession &  
treat k9dly ^? to :om !y h ext5d$ m]cy8 
or %all we hold _! judgm5t wrong & set  
ourselves up z critics ( _! decision &  
vex _! k9d he>ts & rev]se _! arrangem5t8
  ,a fur!r extract on ! subject ( !     
laps$  ,i w set out ! foll[+ s+le       
example t happ5$ among/ u4 ,!re 0 a     
c]ta9 ag$ believ] among/ u1 ,s>apion1 :o
 _h liv$ blamelessly = a long "t b      
yield$ to temptation4 ,?is man (t5 begg$
 to be re/or$1 b no "o he$$ him2 = he _h
 sacrific$4 ,b he fell ill1 & = ?ree    
days 9 succession he rema9$ spee*less & 
unconsci\s4 ,!n recov]+ a little on !   
f\r? day1 he call$ to him 8 nephew &    
said3 ,h[ long1 my *ild1 d ye keep me   
back8 ha/5 ye1 ,i pray1 & let me g      
spe$ily4 ,call ?\ "o ( ! eld]s          
7presbyt]s74 ,aft] ?is he became        

spee*less aga94 ,! boy ran = ! eld]1 b x
 0 night & he 0 ill & c\ld n come4 ,n[  
,i _h giv5 in/ructions t if ^? :o 7     
dep>t+ life ask$ & especially :5 !y     
*anc$ to h made supplication ev5 be=e1  
!y %\ld be absolv$ 9 ord] t !y might    
dep>t 9 good hope2 he gave ! boy1 !re=e1
 a morsel ( ! ,eu*>i/1 bidd+ him moi/5 x
 & drop x into ! old man's m\?4 ,! lad  
w5t back ) x4 ,:5 he drew ne>1 be=e he  
ent]$1 ,s>apion reviv$ aga9 & said3 ,ha/
 come1 *ild8 ,! presbyt] c\ld n come1 b 
d ?\ quickly :at he bade !e1 & let me g4
 ,s ! boy moi/5$ x & dropp$ x into 8    
m\?3 & ! o!r %ortly aft] swall[+ x      
/raightway gave up ! gho/4 ,0 he n      
cle>ly su/a9$ & kept alive until he 0   
absolv$ t1 ) 8 s9 wip$ out1 he might be 
ackn[l$g$ 7by ! ,"l7 = ! _m good ?+s he 
_h done8                             ,to
 ,g]manus a ,bi%op                      
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #dj & vii4 #aa7     
7#a7 ,n[ be=e ,god ,i speak & ,he kn[e? 
if ,i lie2#ci n at all on my own judgm5t
 nor yet )\t ,div9e guidance did ,i take

 flight1 b on a =m] occasion also z soon
 z ev] ! p]secution "u ,decius 0 set    
up1#dj ,sab9us#da s5t a frum5t>ius#db to
 seek me2 & ,i await$ 8 arrival at my   
h\se = f\r days1 :ile he w5t r\nd se>*+ 
ev]y:]e1 ! /reams1 ! roads & ! fields1  
:]e he suspect$ me to hide or g1 b he   
nev] light$ on my h\se1 be+ held by     
bl9dness3 = he did n believe ,i %\ld /ay
 at home "u pursuit4 ,& h>dly aft] ! f\r
 days :5 ,god bade me remove &          
unexpect$ly made a way = me1 ,i & !     
boys#dc & _m ( ! bre?r5 w5t out toge!r4 
,& ?is 0 ord]$ by ! ,provid5ce ( ,god1 z
 aft] ev5ts h %[n1 9 :i* p]*ance we h   
be5 useful to "s4  ,fur!r on he         
proce$s--  7#b7 ,= ab\t sunset ,i ) my  
companions hav+ fall5 into ! h&s ( !    
soldi]s1 0 tak5 to ,taposiris1 b        
,timo!us#dd by ! ,provid5ce ( ,god      
happ5$ n to be pres5t nor to be caught  
else:]e4 ,b arriv+ aft]w>ds1 he f\nd !  
h\se empty & s]vants gu>d+ x1 & u c>ri$ 
(f prison]s4  ,& fur!r on--  7#c7 ,& :at
 is ! mann] ( ,8 wond]ful disp5sation8 =

 only ! tru? %all be spok54 ,"o ( !     
ru/ics met ,timo!us z he 0 flee+ &      
tr\bl$1#de & inquir$ ! reason ( 8 ha/e4 
,& he told ! tru?1 & :5 ! o!r he>d x 7n[
 he 0 go+ to a m>riage revel3 = x is _! 
cu/om to pass ! :ole night at su*       
ga!r+s71 he ent]$ & in=m$ ^? :o 7 recl9+
 at table4 ,& !y ) "o cons5t z if at a  
signal all arose & came runn+ at great  
spe$ & fell ^u u ) l\d cries1 & :5 !    
soldi]s :o 7 gu>d+ u /raightway took to 
flight1 !y came ^u u j z we 7 recl9+ on 
! b>e b$/eads4 ,& ,i inde$1 ,god wot1   
tak+ !m at fir/ to be b&its :o _h come =
 plund] & ravage1 rema9$ on ! c\* :]e ,i
 01 undress$ save = my l95 "u-g>m5t1#df 
& began to (f] !m ! re/ ( my raim5t :i* 
0 at my side4 ,b !y bade me rise & g out
 z quickly z ,i c\ld4 ,& !n ,i1 und]/&+ 
:y !y _h come1 cri$ out begg+ & pray+ !m
 to dep>t & leave u1 & if !y w\ld d u a 
good turn1 ,i bes\ght !m to =e/all ^? :o
 _h c>ri$ me (f & cut (f my head        
!mselves4 ,& :ile ,i ?us cri$1 z !y "k  
:o %>$ & took "p 9 ev]y?+1 !y rais$ me  

by =ce1 & :5 ,i let myself d[n on my    
back to ! gr\nd1 !y took & l$ me out1   
dragg+ me by ! arms & legs4 ,& !re      
foll[$ me ^? :o _h be5 witnesses ( all  
?is1 ,gaius1 ,fau/us1 ,pet] & ,paul1 &  
!y also help$ to c>ry me out ( ! t[n%ip 
9 _! arms1 & !n putt+ me on a b>eback$  
ass1 l$ me away4  ,ano!r extract f !    
same lett] giv5 by ,eusebius 9 ano!r "p 
( 8 ,hi/ory1 & ref]r+ to a some:at lat] 
p]iod 9 ,dionysius's life  7#d7 ,i am   
really 9 dang] ( fall+ into mu*         
fooli%ness#dg & want ( "r feel+ ?r\gh   
be+ compell$ ( necessity to n>rate      
,god's wondr\s disp5sation conc]n+ u4 ,b
 s9ce x is good1 x says1#dh to keep     
close ! secret ( a k+ b glori\s to      
reveal ! works ( ,god1 ,i w come to     
close qu>t]s ) our viol5t accus]1       
,g]manus4 ,i came be=e milian#di n      
alone2 = !re foll[$ ) me my             
fell[-presbyt]#ej ,maximus1 & deacons   
,fau/us1 ,eusebius & ,*remon4 ,& "o ( ! 
bre?r5 :o 0 pres5t f ,rome came 9 ) u4  
,n[ milian did n say to me at ! />t1 ,d 

n summon 7! bre?r5 = public wor%ip73 = t
 0 sup]flu\s & ! la/ ?+ 7to insi/ on71  
s9ce he 0 go+ back to ! v beg9n+ ( !    
matt]4 ,= ! "q 0 n ab\t summon+ o!rs b  
ab\t n be+ ,*ri/ians ourselves1 & x 0 f 
?is t he bade u desi/1 ?9k+ t if ,i %\ld
 *ange my m9d1 ! o!rs w\ld foll[ me4 ,& 
,i answ]$ n unsuitably nor yet v        
diff]5tly f ! words3 ,we ought to obey  
,god r ?an m51#ea b ,i te/ifi$ outright 
t ,i wor%ip ! only ,god & none o!r1 nor 
w ,i ev] alt] nor desi/ f be+ a         
,*ri/ian4 ,^u ?is he bade u g away to a 
village on ! bord]s ( ! des]t nam$      
,cephro4 ,li/5 !n to :at 0 said on bo?  
sides z x 0 7(ficially7 record$3        
,dionysius1 ,fau/us1 ,maximus1          
,m>cellus#eb & ,*remon be+ br\ght 91    
milian ! ,prefect said3 ,9 ! c\rse (    
conv]sation also#ec ,i describ$ to y !  
clem5cy :i* our ,sov]eigns#ed h display$
 t[>ds y4 ,= !y gave y opportunity ( be+
 lib]at$ if y w\ld adopt a natural l9e (
 conduct & wor%ip ! gods :o protect !   
,empire & give up ^? :o are contr>y to  

nature4 ,:at say ye !n to ?is8 = ,i d n 
expect y w be ungrateful = _! clem5cy :5
 !y invite y to a bett] c\rse4          
,dionysius answ]$3 ,x is n a fact t all 
m5 wor%ip all gods1 = ea* wor%ips c]ta9 
:om he believes 94 ,s ) u1 we wor%ip &  
adore ! ,"o ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 
:o has entru/$ ! ,empire also to ! mo/  
religi\s ,emp]ors1 ,val]ian & ,galli5us2
 & to ,him we pray#ee )\t ceas+ = _!    
,empire t x may abide un%ak54 milian !  
,prefect said1 ,b :o prev5ts y f        
wor%ipp+ him also1 if he be god1 ) !    
natural gods8 = y 7 ord]$ to wor%ip gods
 & ^? :i* all "k4 ,dionysius answ]$3 ,we
 wor%ip none o!r b ,him4 milian !       
,prefect said to !m3 ,i obs]ve t y      
toge!r are bo? ungrateful & ins5sible ( 
! l5i5cy ( our ,emp]ors4 ,:]e=e ye %all 
n be 9 ?is city b %all be dismiss$ to ! 
p>ts ( ,libya & /ay 9 a place call$     
,cephro1 :i* ,i h *os5 at ! bidd+ ( our 
,emp]ors4 ,& bo? y & o!rs w be          
absolutely =bidd5 ei!r to hold meet+s or
 to ent] ! cemet]ies s-call$4#ef ,& if  

any "o 7 to appe> n to h arriv$ at !    
place ,i h ord]$ or 7 f\nd at any       
assembly1 he w d s at 8 own risk4 ,= !  
necess>y p5alty w n be want+4 ,be (f    
!re=e :]e ye 7 bidd54 ,s he hurri$ me   
away ev5 ?\gh ,i 0 sick1 grant+ me n a  
day's respite4 ,:at leisure1 !n1 _h ,i  
to call assemblies or n8#eg  ,fur!r on  
he says--  7#e7 ,b we did n ab/a9 ev5 f 
! visible assembl+ ( ourselves toge!r 9 
! ,"l's pres5ce1 b ^? :o 7 9 ! city     
7,alex&ria7 ,i ! m e>ne/ly urg$ to      
assemble1 z if ,i 7 /ill ) !m1 be+ abs5t
 9 ! body1 z x says1 b pres5t 9 ! _s4#eh
 ,& at ,cephro also a l>ge numb] ( !    
,*ur* 7 soj\rn+ ) u1 consi/+ ( ! bre?r5 
:o _h foll[$ u f ! city or 7 pres5t f   
o!r p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,!re1 too1 ! ,"l op5$
 u a door = ! ^w4#ei ,& at fir/ we 7    
pursu$ & /on$1 b lat] n a few ( !       
,g5tiles left _! idols & turn$ to ,god4 
,?us ! ^w 0 fir/ s[n ?r\gh u 9 _! he>ts 
:o _h n previ\sly receiv$ x4 ,& z x 7 = 
?is cause ,god hav+ l$ u to !m1 l$ u    
away aga9 :5 we _h fulfill$ ?is         

m9i/ry4#fj ,= milian wi%$1 z x seem$1 to
 transf] u to r\gh] & m ,libyan-l p>ts1 
& bade ^? :o 7 scatt]$ 9 e direction to 
draw toge!r to ! ,m>eotis1 assign+ to   
ea* p>ty "o ( ! villages ( ! di/rict1 b 
u he put m on ! road s t we %\ld be !   
fir/ to be arre/$4 ,= he evid5tly manag$
 & arrang$ s t he might h u easy (      
capture :5ev] he wi%$ to seize u4 ,& z =
 me1 :5 ,i 0 ord]$ to dep>t to ,cephro1 
,i did n ev5 "k 9 :at direction ! place 
lay1 h>dly hav+ he>d s mu* z ! "n be=e2 
& yet ,i w5t (f will+ly & )\t tr\ble4 ,b
 :5 x 0 told me t !y w\ld remove me to !
 p>ts ( ,collu?ion1 all :o 7 pres5t "k  
h[ ,i 0 affect$4 ,= "h ,i w accuse      
myself4 ,at fir/ ,i 0 vex$ & took x v   
ill4 ,= ?\gh ! place happ5$ to be bett] 
kn[n & m famili> to u1 yet p said x 0   
devoid ( bre?r5 & respectable folk1 be+ 
expos$ to ! annoyances ( wayf>]s & !    
attacks ( robb]s4 ,b ,i f\nd consolation
 :5 ! bre?r5 rem9d$ me t x is ne>] to ! 
city1 & t1 :ile ,cephro gave mu*        
opportunity ( int]c\rse ) bre?r5 f      

,egypt 9 g5]al1 s t "o c\ld draw        
congregations f a wid] area1 yet at     
,collu?ion we %\ld m con/antly enjoy !  
sight ( ^? :o 7 really lov$ & mo/       
intimate & de>4 ,= !y w\ld be able to   
come & /ay ! night & !re w\ld be        
di/rict-meet+s z is ! case ) outly+     
suburbs4#fa ,& s x turn$ out4  ,& l[]   
d[n aga9 he writes ?is ab\t :at _h      
happ5$ to him--  7#f7 ,_m inde$ are !   
confessions ( fai? ov] :i* ,g]manus     
prides himself3 _m are ! ?+s :i* he has 
to m5tion z hav+ happ5$ to him4 ,c he   
reckon up z _m 9 8 own case z ,i c 9    
m9e--condemnations1 confiscations1 sales
 by public auction1 spoil+ ( "o's       
possessions1 loss ( dignities1 despis+s 
( worldly hon\r1 contempt ( comm5dations
 by ,prefects & ,c\ncils & ( oppon5ts'  
?reats1 endurance ( clam\r+s & dang]s & 
p]secutions & w&]+s & tribulations & mu*
 affliction1 su* z are ! ?+s :i* h      
happ5$ unto me "u ,decius & ,sab9us & up
 to ! pres5t "t "u milian8 ,b :]e did   
,g]manus appe>8 ,:at talk 0 !re ( him8  

,h[ev]1 ,i )draw f ! mu* fooli%ness into
 :i* ,i am fall+ ?r\gh ,g]manus2 :]e=e  
,i refra9 f giv+ a detail$ acc\nt (     
ev5ts to ! bre?r5 :o "k all4            
7,to ,novatian7                         
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vi4 #de7  ,if x 0 aga9/ 
?y w1 z ?\ saye/1 t ?\ wa/ promot$1#fb  
?\ wilt prove ?is by retir+ ( ?9e own   
accord4 ,x 7 good to suff] any?+ &      
ev]y?+ s to escape divid+ ! ,*ur* (     
,god4 ,& m>tyrdom#fc to avoid s*ism is  
no less glori\s ?an m>tyrdom to avoid   
idolatry4 ,nay1 x is to my m9d great]4  
,9 "o case a man is a m>tyr = 8 own s+le
 s\l's sake4 ,b ?is is = ! :ole ,*ur*4  
,ev5 n[ wa/ ?\ to p]suade or con/ra9 !  
bre?r5 to come to "o m9d1 ?y true de$#fd
 7 great] ?an ?y fall4 ,?is w n be      
reckon$ to !e1 ! o!r w be laud$4 ,& if  
?\ %\lde/ be p[]less to sway disob$i5t  
spirits1 save1 save ?9e own s\l4#fe ,i  
pray = ?y heal? & ?y /eadfa/ cleav+ to  
peace 9 ! ,"l4  ,i h to ?ank ! editors &
 publi%]s = leave to repr9t ! above     
translation by ,ar*bi%op ,b5son f 8     

,cyprian1 p4 #adb4      ,to ,cornelius1 
,bi%op ( ,rome1 9 ,reply to a ,lett] f  
him ab\t                                
,novatian 7circ4 #bec7  ,eusebius 7,h4  
,e4 vi4 #df7 quotes only "o %ort s5t5ce 
f ,dionysius's lett]1 :i* ref]s to !    
dea? ( ,alex&]1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 "o (
 ,orig5's di/+ui%$ pupils & support]s4  
,alex&] twice boldly confess$ ,*ri/ 9 ! 
,gov]nor's ,c\rt at ,cs>ea & di$ at la/ 
9 prison4 ,! s5t5ce is z foll[s--  ,!   
admirable#ff ,alex&] ent]$ into a bless$
 re/ :il/ 9 cu/ody4  ,accord+ to        
,eusebius1 ! lett] also m5tion$ !       
invitation :i* ,dionysius _h receiv$ f !
 ,bi%ops ( ,asia ,m9or to att5d a synod 
at ,antio* at :i* !y tri$ to suppress ! 
s*ism ( ,novatian4                      
,to ,/ephanus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome           
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #d & #e7           
7,! ,fir/ ( ! ,epi/les ab\t ,baptism7   
7#a7 ,"k n[1 bro!r1 t all ! ,*ur*es 9 ! 
,ea/ & ev5 fur!r afield#fg :i* 7 divid$1
 h be5 unit$3 & all _! rul]s ev]y:]e are
 ( "o m9d1 rejoic+ exce$+ly at !        

unexpect$ peace#fh :i* has come ab\t1   
,demetrian 9 ,antio*1 ,!octi/us 9       
,cs>ea1 ,mazabbanes 9 lia1#fi ,m>9us 9  
,tyre1 ,alex&] hav+ fall5 asleep1       
,heliodorus 9 ,laodicea1 ,!lymidrus be+ 
at re/1 ,hel5us 9 ,t>sus & all ! ,*ur*es
 ( ,cilicia1 ,firmilianus#gj & all      
,cappadocia4 ,= ,i h m5tion$ only ! m   
prom95t ( ! ,bi%ops1 9 ord] t ,i may n  
make my lett] too long nor my n>rative  
we>isome4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole ( ,syria & 
,arabia1 di/ricts ^: ne$s ye f "t to "t 
supply#ga & to :om ye n[ h s5t an       
epi/le1 ,mesopotamia also & ,pontus &   
,bi?ynia1 &1 9 "o ^w1 all m5 ev]y:]e    
exult 9 ! h>mony & bro!rly love display$
 & praise ,god = x4#gb  ,! two foll[+   
extracts are translat$ f ,syriac        
v]sions1 & ,i am indebt$ = !m to ,mr4   
,n4 ,mac,lean ( ,*ri/'s ,college1       
,cambridge4 ,! fir/ has be5 put toge!r  
out ( two ,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1   
nei!r ( :i* conta9s ! :ole1 & 0 pr9t$ by
 ,pitra1 ,analecta ,sacra1 ,vol4 ,,iv4  
,! ,greek orig9al ( mo/ ( ! fir/ s5t5ce 

is pres]v$ 9 a cat5a on ,deut]onomy1    
,cod4 ,vat4 #aeba1 fol4 #eia1 & 0 fir/  
pr9t$ by ,simon de ,magi/ris 9 8 edition
 ( our au?or1 p4 #bjj4 ,!re is mu*      
probability t ?is extract =m$ "p ( !    
same lett] to ,/ephanus z ! extract f   
,eusebius :i* prec$es x "h4 ,! second   
extract is f\nd 9 ?ree o!r ,syriac      
,,mss4 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 b is less   
c]ta9ly "p ( ?is lett]1 or inde$ au!ntic
 at all4  7#b7 ,if s be t any man speak 
a wick$ ?+ ( ,god l ^? :o call ,him     
unpity+#gc or any man liv+ 9 ! fe> ( o!r
 gods1 ! ,law has comm&$ t su* a "o be  
/on$3#gd b we w\ld /one ^! m5 ) s\nd    
words ( fai?4 ,or if a man receive n at 
all ! my/]y#ge ( ,*ri/ or alt] & di/ort 
x--7say+7 t ,he is n ,god1 or t he did n
 become a man1 or t ,he did n die1 or t 
,he did n rise1 or t ,he w n come to    
judge ! quick & ! dead--or prea* any?+  
else ap>t f :at we prea*$1 let him be a 
curse1 says ,paul4#gf ,or if s be he h  
wrong$ ! ^w conc]n+ ! resurrection ( !  
fle%1 let him be already reckon$ ) !    

dead4 ,= we speak 9 c>efulness conc]n+  
^! ?+s--9 ord] t we may be 9 agreem5t "o
 ) ano!r1 *ur*es ) *ur*es1 bi%ops )     
bi%ops1 prie/s ) prie/s4 ,& 9 reg>d to  
causes & affairs ab\t matt]s :i* conc]n 
individual m5--h[ x is "r to receive him
 :o approa*es f )\t & h[ him :o comes f 
)9#gg--we c\nsel to obey ^? :o /& at !  
head ( e place :o by ,div9e election#gh 
are put into ?is m9i/ration--leav+ to   
our ,"l ! judgm5t ( all ?+s :i* !y d4   
7#c7 ,^? :o 7 baptiz$ 9 ! "n ( ! ?ree   
,p]sons--! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,holy     
,_s--?\gh !y 7 baptiz$ by h]etics :o    
confess ! ?ree ,p]sons1 %all n be       
re-baptiz$4 ,b ^? :o are conv]t$ f o!r  
h]esies %all be p]fect$ by ! baptism ( !
 ,holy ,*ur*4#gi                        
,to ,xy/us 7or ,sixtus7 ,,ii#hj         
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #e1 #c-f7          
7,! second on ! same subject7  7#a7     
7,/eph57 !re=e _h s5t ^w conc]n+ ,hel5us
 & conc]n+ ,firmilianus1 & all ! bi%ops 
( ,cilicia & ,cappadocia & 7be x not$7 (
 ,galatia & all ! neighb\r+ *ur*es      

likewise--to ! effect t he w\ld n hold  
communion ) !m = ?is same reason1 s9ce1 
he says1 !y re-baptize ! h]etics4#ha ,& 
obs]ve ! importance ( ! matt]4 ,=       
decrees _h really be5 pass$ ab\t x 9 !  
l>ge/ synods ( ! bi%ops1#hb z ,i am     
in=m$1 s t ^? :o come ov] f h]etical    
bodies1 aft] a c\rse ( in/ruction1 are  
wa%$ & cleans$ f ! defilem5t ( ! old &  
unclean leav54#hc ,ab\t all ?is also ,i 
h writt5 ask+ him = in=mation4  7#b7 ,to
 our belov$ fell[-presbyt]s also1       
,dionysius & ,philemon1 :o _h =m]ly sid$
 ) ,/ephanus & 7 correspond5ts ( m9e on 
! same matt]1 ,i h writt5 briefly ! fir/
 "t & m fully n[4#hd  7#c7 ,! tea*+ :i* 
is n[ at "w 9 ,ptolemais (              
,p5tapolis1#he is impi\s1 full (        
blasphemy ab\t ! ,almighty ,god &       
,fa!r#hf ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & full (
 unbelief ab\t ,8 only begott5 ,son1#hg 
! ,fir/-born ( all creation1#hh !       
,inc>nate ,^w1 & displays want (        
p]ception conc]n+ ! ,holy ,_s4 ,& !re=e1
 :5 bo? (ficial communications f bo?    

p>ties arriv$ & "s ( ! bre?r5 s\ght     
p]sonal int]views ) me1 ,i wrote :at ,i 
c\ld#hi by ! ,div9e assi/ance & gave a  
some:at me?odical explanation ( ! matt]1
 a copy ( :i* ,i h s5t y4               
,to ,philemon                           
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #g7                
7,! ?ird on ! same subject7  7#a7 ,i    
read bo? ! critical rese>*es & !        
traditional treatises#ij ( ! h]etics1   
defil+ my s\l a little ) _! abom9able   
op9ions & yet ga9+ ?is advantage f !m1 t
 ,i c\ld refute !m = myself & abhor !m  
mu* m ?or\ghly4 ,& inde$ :5 a c]ta9     
bro!r among ! presbyt]s tri$ to re/ra9  
me & fright5 me f contam9at+ myself ) ! 
mire ( _! iniquity 7he said ,i %\ld ru9 
my s\l1 &1 z ,i p]ceiv$1 !re 0 tru? 9   
:at he said71 a heav5-s5t vision#ia came
 & /r5g!n$ me1 & words came to me :i*   
expressly ord]$ me ?us3 ,read all t may 
come to ?y h&s3 = ?\ art compet5t to    
sift & te/ ev]y?+1 & t 0 ! orig9al      
reason#ib ( ?y accept+ ! ,fai?4 ,i      
ackn[l$g$ ! vision z 9 agreem5t ) !     

apo/olic voice :i* says to ! m able3    
,approve y\rselves bank]s ( repute4#ic  
7#b7 ,?is cause & rule ,i receiv$ f our 
bless$ ,fa!r#id ,h]aclas4 ,= ^? t came  
ov] f ! h]etics1 al?\gh !y _h apo/atiz$ 
f ! ,*ur*--or r _h n ev5 done t b 7     
in=m$ aga9/ z resort+ to "s h]etical    
tea*]1 ?\gh /ill reput$ memb]s ( our    
congregations--^! he repell$ f ! ,*ur*1 
& did n re/ore !m at _! reque/ until !y 
_h publicly & fully /at$ all t !y _h    
he>d among ^? :o set !mselves aga9/ u2 &
 !n he admitt$ !m )\t requir+ !m to be  
re-baptiz$3 = !y _h receiv$ t holy gift 
already4  7#c7 ,i h le>nt ?is also1 t ! 
bre?r5 9 ,africa#ie did n introduce ?is 
practice 7( re-baptism7 n[ = ! fir/ "t1 
b x 0 also adopt$ "s "t ago among our   
pr$ecessors z ,bi%ops1 9 ! mo/ popul\s  
*ur*es & well-att5d$ synods ( ! bre?r51 
viz4 9 ,iconium & ,synnada1#if & ,i _c  
br+ myself to rev]se _! decisions &     
involve !m 9 /rife & controv]sy4 ,= ?\  
%alt n remove1 x says1 ?y neighb\r's    
b\nd>ies1 :i* ?y fa!rs set4#ig          

,to ,dionysius ( ,rome                  
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #g1 #f & #h7       
7,! f\r? lett] on ,baptism7  ,= )       
,novatian we are reasonably indignant1  
see+ t he has cut ! ,*ur* 9 two & dragg$
 c]ta9 ( ! bre?r5 into impieties &      
blasphemies & introduc$ ! mo/ unholy    
tea*+ ab\t ,god & accuses ! mo/ graci\s 
,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l ( be+ )\t pity1#ih 
& besides all ?is sets at n\ght ! holy  
laws & ov]?r[s ! confession ( fai? be=e 
baptism1#ii & altoge!r bani%es ! ,holy  
,_s f !m1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 "s hope ( ,8   
rema9+ or ev5 ( ,8 return+ to !m4#ajj   
,to ,xy/us 7,sixtus7 ,,ii1 ,bi%op (     
,rome                          7,eus41  
,h4 ,e4 vii4 #i7                        
7,! fif? ab\t ,baptism7  ,i truly desire
 c\nsel1 bro!r1 & ask an op9ion f y1 be+
 afraid le/ aft] all ,i am wrong 9 my   
treatm5t ( a case t has come be=e me z  
foll[s--  ,"o :o is reckon$ fai?ful     
among ! bre?r5 :o meet toge!r1 ( old    
/&+1 hav+ be5 a memb] ev5 be=e my       
ord9ation 7z ,bi%op71 & ,i fancy ev5    

be=e ! appo9tm5t ( ! bless$ ,h]aclas1 _h
 be5 pres5t at a rec5t baptism & he>d ! 
que/ions & answ]s 79 t s]vice74 ,he came
 to me weep+ & bemoan+ himself & fall+  
at my feet1 confess+ & prote/+ t !      
baptism he _h receiv$ among ! h]etics 0 
n ?is1 nor _h any?+ 9 common ) x3 = t 0 
full ( impiety & blasphemies3#aja & he  
said t he 0 n[ sore prick$ 9 ! s\l & _h 
no c\rage ev5 to lift up 8 eyes to ,god1
 because he _h />t$ ) su* unholy words &
 rites1 & s he begg$ to obta9 ?is ?or\gh
 means ( purification & acceptance &    
grace4 ,b ?is ,i did n v5ture to d1 say+
 t 8 s long be+ 9 communion ) u 0       
suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,= z he _h he>d !
 ,giv+ ( ,?anks 7,eu*>i/7 & jo9$ 9 say+ 
! ,am51#ajb & /ood#ajc at ! ,table#ajd &
 /ret*$ =? 8 h&s to receive ! holy ,food
 & _h tak5 x & p>tak5 ( ! ,body & ,blood
 ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ = a consid]able 
p]iod1 ,i %\ld n v5ture to put him back 
to ! beg9n+ once m4 ,s ,i bade him take 
c\rage & approa* = ! receiv+ ( ! ,holy  
,?+s ) sure fai? & good hope4 ,b he     

ceases n to grieve1 & %r9ks f approa*+ !
 ,table & c ) difficulty be p]suad$ to  
/& ) 7! ,consi/5tes7#aje = ! ,pray]s4   
,to ,conon#ajf         7,pitra1 ,spic4  
,sol4 i4 #ae1 f a ,bodl4 ,,ms4 dat$     
#ajfb7  ,z to ^? :o are ne>+ ! end (    
life1 if !y desire & beg to obta9       
absolution1 hav+ be=e _! eyes ! judgm5t 
to :i* !y are dep>t+1 consid]+ :at is 9 
/ore = !m1 if !y are h&$ ov] !reto b\nd 
& condemn$1 & believ+ t !y w ga9 relief 
& light5+ ( puni%m5t !re1 if !y be loos$
 "h--= ^! ! approval ( ! ,"l is true &  
assur$--^!1 too1 x is "p ( ! ,div9e m]cy
 to s5d on _! way free4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y  
aft]w>ds cont9ue to live1 x does n appe>
 to me consi/5t to b9d !m aga9 & load !m
 ) _! s9s4 ,= :5 once absolv$ &         
reconcil$ to ,god1 & pron\nc$ aga9 to be
 p>tak]s ( ,div9e grace & dispat*$ z    
free to appe> be=e ! ,"l1#ajg s long z  
no?+ wrong has be5 done by !m 9 !       
meantime to br+ !m back into bondage =  
_! s9s 7 mo/ unreasonable4 ,%all we aft]
 t#ajh impose on ,god ! limits ( our    

judgm5t1 to be kept by ,him :ile we     
obs]ve !m n ourselves1 mak+ p>ade ( !   
goodness ( ! ,"l#aji b )hold+ our own8  
,nev]!less if any "o1 aft] recov]y1 %\ld
 %[ himself 9 ne$ ( fur!r treatm5t1 we  
c\nsel him1 ( 8 own accord1 to humble & 
abase & l[] himself1 ) a view to 8 own  
improvem5t & also to :at is seemly 9 !  
eyes ( ! bre?r5 & irreproa*able be=e ^? 
)\t4#aaj ,if he cons5t to ?is1 he w be !
 ga9]3 b1 if he %\ld object & refuse1 !n
 no d\bt t w be a suffici5t gr\nd = a   
second exclusion4                       
,f ! ,writ+s ab\t ,rep5tance            
7,mai1 ,class4 ,auct4 x4 #dhd1 f a ,vat4
 ,,ms47  ,b n[ we d ! contr>y4 ,= him   
:om ,*ri/ 9 ,8 goodness seeks :5 w&]+ ^u
 ! m\nta9s1 & calls to ,himself :5      
flee+1 & lays ^u ,8 %\ld]s :5 f\nd at   
la/1#aaa him we resolutely repel :5 he  
approa*es4 ,nay1 let u n adopt s evil a 
c\nsel = our own sake1 nor drive ! sword
 into our own he>t4 ,= !y t endeav\r to 
injure or1 on ! o!r h&1 to b5efit o!rs1 
may n altoge!r h ! effect !y desir$ ^u  

!m1 b !y d br+ ab\t good or evil =      
!mselves & repl5i% _! /ore ei!r (       
heav5ly virtues or ( undiscipl9$        
affections4 ,& ^! tak+ good angels z _! 
companions & fell[-travell]s1#aab bo? "h
 & h]eaft]1 9 all peace & fre$om f e    
evil1 w be allott$ ! mo/ bless$         
inh]itances = et]nity & w ev] be ) ,god1
 ! greate/ good ( all2 & ^? w =feit at  
once ! peace ( ,god & _! own peace1 &   
bo? "h & aft] dea? w be h&$ ov] to      
torm5t+ demons4 ,let u !n n repel ^? :o 
return1 b gladly welcome !m & numb] !m )
 ^? :o h n /ray$1 & ?us supply t :i* is 
want+#aac 9 !m4                         
,to ,domitius & ,didymus                
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #aa7               
7,"p ( an ,ea/] ,lett]7  7#a7 ,x is     
sup]flu\s to m5tion by "n ! _m memb]s ( 
our body1 :o are unkn[n to y3 b y %\ld  
"k t m5 & wom51 "y & old1 soldi]s#aad & 
civilians1 e class & age1 "s by ! sc\rge
 & fire & "s by ! sword h conqu]$ 9 !   
fight & c>ri$ (f _! cr[ns1 :ile ) "s ev5
 a v long p]iod did n prove suffici5t to

 %[ !m acceptable to ! ,"l 7z m>tyrs71 z
 9 fact seems to be ! case ev5 n[ )     
me4#aae ,:]e=e ,i h be5 put (f until a  
"t :i* ,he ,himself kn[s to be ! "r "o  
by ,him :o sai?3 ,9 a "t acceptable ,i  
he>d !e1 & 9 ! day ( salvation ,i       
succ\r$ !e4#aaf ,= s9ce y inquire & wi% 
to be in=m$ h[ we f>e1 by all means he> 
our exp]i5ces3 h[ t :5 we 7 be+ l$ away 
prison]s by a c5turion & duumviri#aag ) 
_! soldi]s & s]vants1 viz4 myself &     
,gaius1 ,fau/us1 ,pet] & ,paul1 c]ta9 ( 
! inhabitants ( ! ,m>eotis came ^u u1 & 
) viol5ce dragg$ u (f aga9/ our w & 9   
spite ( our prote/s4#aah ,& n[ ,i )     
,gaius & ,pet] only1 depriv$ ( ! company
 ( ! o!r bre?r51#aai am %ut 9 a desolate
 & dre>y "p ( ,libya1 ?ree days' j\rney 
f ,p>tonium4#abj  ,& fur!r on he says-- 
7#b7 ,9 ! city !re h conceal$ !mselves1 
secretly look+ aft] ! bre?r51 f among ! 
presbyt]s ,maximus1#aba ,dioscorus1     
,demetrius & ,lucius 7= ,fau/9us &      
,aquila1 :o 7 bett] kn[n 9 ! _w1 are    
w&]+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,egypt71 & ( ! deacons

 ,fau/us1 ,eusebius & ,*remon1 :o       
surviv$ ^? :o p]i%$ 9 ! pe/il5ce4#abb   
,eusebius 0 he :om f ! beg9n+ ,god      
/r5g!n$ & inspir$ to p]=m _m s]vices = !
 confessors 9 prison ) all en]gy1 & to  
c>ry out at no small risk ! la/ (fices =
 ! p]fect#abc & bless$ m>tyrs 9 deck+   
out _! bodies 7= burial74 ,= up till n[ 
! ,prefect does n cease f cruelly slay+ 
"s ( ^? :o are br\ght be=e him1 z ,i h  
already said1 & f te>+ o!rs 9 pieces )  
in/rum5ts ( torture1 :ile he cru%es !   
spirits ( o!rs aga9 ) *a9s &            
imprisonm5t1 =bidd+ any to visit !m &   
mak+ se>* le/ any %\ld be f\nd do+ s4   
,nev]!less1 ,god gives !m "s respite f  
_! mis]ies ?r\gh ! zeal & /eadfa/ ef=ts 
( ! bre?r54                             
,to ,h]mammon                           
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #a1 #aj1 #bc7      
7,"p ( ano!r ,ea/] ,lett]7  7#a7 ,ev5   
,gallus#abd did n "k ! flaw 9 ,decius's 
policy1 nor did he =esee :at x 0 t upset
 him1 b /umbl$ ov] ! same /one t 0 "r   
be=e 8 eyes4 ,=1 ?\gh 8 reign 0 prosp]+ 

& ?+s 7 go+ accord+ to 8 m9d1 he drove  
into exile ! holy m5 :o 7 int]c$+ ) ,god
 = 8 peace & heal?1 ) ! effect t ) !m he
 drove out also _! pray]s on 8 behalf4  
,s f> on t po9t1 & !n aga9 he disc\rses 
ab\t ,val]ian 9 ! same lett]--  7#b7 ,to
 ,john also x is reveal$ 9 l mann]1 :5  
he says3 ,!re 0 giv5 him a m\? speak+   
great ?+s & blasphemy1 & !re 0 giv5 him 
au?ority & =ty-two mon?s4#abe ,& bo? ^! 
?+s are to be wond]$ at 9 ! case (      
,val]ian1#abf & ( !m x is especially to 
be obs]v$ h[ 8 prosp]ity la/$ s long z  
he 0 g5tle & well-dispos$ t[>ds ! m5 (  
,god4#abg ,= none ( ! ,emp]ors be=e him 
7 s k9dly & fav\rably affect$ t[>ds !m1 
n ev5 ^? :o 7 said to h be5 op5ly       
,*ri/ians1#abh z he manife/ly 01 receiv+
 !m at ! beg9n+ 9 a mo/ famili> &       
fri5dly _s3 inde$1 8 :ole h\se 0 fill$ )
 dev\t p]sons & 0 a v]itable ,*ur* (    
,god4#abi ,b he 0 p]suad$ to ab&on ?is  
treatm5t by t tutor & *ief rul] (       
,egyptian magicians1#acj :o in/ruct$ him
 to slay or p]secute1 z adv]s>ies &     

h9d]]s ( 8 vile & dete/able sorc]]s1 !  
pure & holy p]sons1 :o are & 7 able to  
conf\nd ! devices ( accurs$ demons by   
be+ pres5t & se5 & m]ely brea?+ on !m & 
utt]+ words1#aca :ile he also incit$ him
 to p]=m unholy rites & dete/able       
juggl]ies & abom9able sacrifices su* z !
 kill+ ( wret*$ boys & ! slay+ ( unhappy
 fa!rs' *ildr5 & ! divid+ ( new-born    
entrails asund] & ! cutt+ up & mutilat+ 
( bodies :i* are ,god's creation1#acb 9 
! hope t su* do+s w\ld br+ !m ,div9e    
fav\r4  ,& to ?is he adds z foll[s--    
7#c7 ,f9e (f]+s at all ev5ts did        
,macrianus make to !m 7sc4 ! demons7 to 
propitiate !m = ! ,empire :i* he hop$ =1
 :51 9 8 =m] position z s-call$ (fic] 9 
*>ge ( ! ,emp]or's g5]al 7ka?ol\7       
acc\nts he ent]ta9$ no reasonable       
7eulogon7 nor ca?olic 7ka?olikon7       
s5tim5ts1#acc b fell "u ! prophet's     
curse1 :o says3 ,woe to ^? :o prophesy  
out ( _! own he>t & see n ! g5]al 7to   
ka?ol\7 view4#acd ,= he did n und]/& !  
work+s ( ,univ]sal 7ka?ol\7             

,provid5ce1#ace nor suspect ! approa* ( 
,judgm5t on ! "p ( ,him :o is be=e all  
?+s & ?r\gh all ?+s & ov] all ?+s4#acf  
,:]e=e he has become also ! enemy ( ,8  
univ]sal 7ka?oliks7 ,*ur* & has ali5at$ 
& e/rang$ himself f ,god's m]cy & bani%$
 himself z f> z possible f 8 own        
salvation1 v]ify+ 9 ?is 8 p]sonal       
"n4#acg  ,& aga9 fur!r on he says--     
7#d7 ,= ,val]ian1 ?r\gh be+ p]suad$ to  
?is policy by him1 expos$ himself to    
insults & injuries accord+ to t :i* 0   
said to ,isaiah3 ,& ^! m5 *ose _! ways &
 _! abom9ations :i* _! s\l desir$1 & ,i 
w *oose _! mock+s & w recomp5se !m _!   
s9s4#ach  ,b ?is man 7,macrianus7 9 8   
mad lu/ aft] imp]ial p[] = :i* he _h no 
qualifications1 be+ unable to deck 8 own
 crippl$ body ) ! imp]ial robes1 put    
=w>d 8 two sons1 :o ?us became liable = 
_! fa!r's s9s4#aci ,= ! prophecy cle>ly 
applies to !m :i* ,god spake3 visit+ !  
s9s ( ! fa!rs ^u ! *ildr5 unto ! ?ird & 
f\r? g5]ation ( !m t hate me4#adj ,= he 
br\ght ^u 8 sons' heads 8 own evil      

desires 9 :i* he _h succe$$ & involv$ !m
 9 ! consequ5ces ( 8 own wick$ness &    
hatr$ ( ,god4#ada  ,!n !re is a section 
9 :i* he ref]s to ! peaceful times "u   
,galli5us--  7#e7 ,s aft] ?us incit+ "o 
( ! ,emp]ors be=e him & attack+ ! o!r1  
he spe$ily vani%$ ) all 8 family1 root &
 bran*1#adb :il/ ,galli5us 0 proclaim$ &
 ackn[l$g$ by all1 be+ at once ! old & !
 new ,emp]or1 hav+ prec$$ ! usurp]s &   
rema9+ aft] !m4 ,=1 9 accordance ) t :i*
 0 spok5 to ! prophet ,isaiah1 behold ! 
?+s pr$ict$ f ! beg9n+ h come to pass1 &
 new ?+s :i* w n[ arise4#adc ,= z a cl\d
 hav+ ov]ca/ ! sun's rays & scre5$ !m = 
a :ile %ades x & %[s itself 9 its /ead1 
& !n :5 ! cl\d has pass$ (f or be5      
dissipat$ ! sun :i* 0 %9+ be=e em]ges & 
%9es =? aga91 s x is ) ,macrianus2 aft] 
com+ =w>d & ga9+ access = himself to !  
imp]ial p[] :i* belong$ to ,galli5us1 he
 ceases to be1 s9ce he 0 ( no acc\nt1 & 
! o!r resumes ! position he _h be=e4 ,& 
! ,empire1 hav+ ca/ (f1 z x 71 its old  
age & purg$ itself ( its =m] badness1 n[

 bur/s into great] spl5d\r1 is se5 &    
he>d f af> & p]vades ! :ole _w4  ,!n 9  
due ord] he indicates ! date ( ?is lett]
 9 ^! words--  7#f7 ,& once m x occurs  
to me to consid] ! days & ye>s ( ?is    
p]iod ( ! ,empire4 ,= ,i obs]ve t !     
ungodly p]sons 7,i h m5tion$7 aft] a    
%ort p]iod ( hon\rable m5tion h lo/ _!  
good "n1 b 7,galli5us7 :o 0 m righte\s &
 lov$ ,god bett]1#add hav+ complet$ !   
sev5 ye>s' p]iod1 is n[ pass+ ?r\gh 8   
n9? ye>3#ade !re=e let u keep !         
,fea/4#adf                        ,to ! 
,bre?r5 9 ,alex&ria                     
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #bb7               
7,"p ( ano!r ,ea/] ,lett]7  7#a7 ,o!r m5
 w\ld n ?9k ! pres5t a "t = keep+       
fe/ival3 nor1 inde$1 is ?is nor any o!r 
su* a "t to !m2 ,i speak n ( times      
obvi\sly sorr[ful1 b ev5 ( su* z !y     
might consid] mo/ joyful4 ,9 ^! days !re
 are lam5tations ev]y:]e1 & all are     
m\rn+3 wail+s res\nd ?r\gh ! city by    
reason ( ! numb] ( ! dead & ! dy+ day by
 day4 ,=1 z x is writt5 ab\t ! fir/born 

( ! ,egyptians1 s n[ also a great cry   
arose3 = !re is n a h\se 9 :i* !re is n 
"o dead4#adg ,i w\ld1 inde$1 !re 7 b "o2
 = ! ?+s t h be=e n[ befall5 u 7 truly  
_m & griev\s4#adh ,fir/ ( all !y drove u
 into exile & we kept ! fea/ !n too by  
ourselves1 p]secut$ & h>ri$ to dea? by  
all1 & e place :]e ea* p>ticul>         
affliction befel u became ! sc5e ( our  
fe/al assembly1 op5 c\ntry1 des]t1 %ip1 
inn or prison1 & our p]fect#adi m>tyrs  
sp5t ! brighte/ ( all fea/s1 be+        
ent]ta9$ 9 heav5 above4 ,b aft] ?is w> &
 fam9e seiz$ u1 :i* we endur$ 9 common )
 ! ,g5tiles1 hav+ und]gone alone all !  
injuries !y _h inflict$ on u & !n hav+  
to %>e 9 ! evils !y wr\ght on "o ano!r &
 suff]$3 & once m we rejoic$ 9 ! peace (
 ,*ri/1 :i* ,he has giv5 to u alone4 ,b 
n[ aft] we & !y _h obta9$ a v brief     
respite1 ?is pe/il5ce has ov]tak5 u1 :i*
 is to !m a m fe>ful ?+ ?an all =m] fe>s
 & m t]rible ?an any calamity :atev]1 & 
to quote an expression ( an hi/orian (  
_! own1#aej a ?+ :i* alone has exce$$   

all m5's expectation1 :ile to u x 0 n s 
mu* t z a discipl9e & a te/+ no less    
sev]e ?an any ( ! re/3 = x did n sp>e u1
 ?\gh x attack$ ! ,g5tiles 9 great =ce4 
,to ?is he adds z foll[s--  7#b7 ,at all
 ev5ts mo/ ( ! bre?r5 ?r\gh _! love &   
bro!rly affection = u sp>$ n !mselves   
nor ab&on$ "o ano!r1 b )\t reg>d to _!  
own p]il visit$ ^? :o fell sick1        
dilig5tly look+ aft] & m9i/]+ to !m &   
*e]fully %>$ _! fate ) !m1 be+ infect$ )
 ! disease f !m & will+ly involv+       
!mselves 9 _! tr\bles4 ,n a few also1   
aft] nurs+ o!rs back to recov]y1 di$    
!mselves1 tak+ dea? ov] f !m & ?us      
fulfill+ 9 v de$ ! common say+1 :i* is  
tak5 always z a note ( m]e good feel+2 =
 9 _! dep>ture !y became _! expiatory   
sub/itutes4#aea ,at all ev5ts1 ! v pick 
( our bre?r5 lo/ _! lives 9 ?is way1 bo?
 prie/s & deacons & "s highly prais$    
ones f among ! laity1 s t ?is mann] (   
dy+ does n seem f> remov$ f m>tyrdom1   
be+ ! outcome ( mu* piety & /alw>t fai?4
 ,s1 too1 tak+ up ! bodies ( ! sa9ts on 

_! arms & brea/s1 clos+ _! eyes & %utt+ 
_! m\?s1 be>+ !m on _! %\ld]s & lay+ !m 
out = burial1 cl++ to !m1 embrac+ !m1   
wa%+ !m1 deck+ !m out1 !y n long aft] _h
 ! same s]vices r5d]$ to !m2 = _m ( !   
survivors foll[$ 9 _! tra94 ,b !        
,g5tiles behav$ q diff]5tly3 ^? :o 7    
beg9n+ to fall sick !y ?ru/ away1 & _!  
de>e/ !y fl$ f1 or ca/ !m half dead into
 ! roads3 unburi$ bodies !y treat$ z    
vile refuse2#aeb = !y tri$ to avoid !   
spread+ & communication ( ! fatal       
disease1 difficult z x 0 to escape = all
 _! s*em+4                         ,to  
,hi]ax an ,egyptian ,bi%op              
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #ba7               
7,"p ( ano!r ,ea/] ,lett]7  ,b :at is   
!re surpris+ 9 its be+ difficult = me to
 correspond ev5 by lett] ) ^? :o are    
soj\rn+ at a di/ance1 see+ t x has prov$
 impossible to talk ev5 ) myself & to   
take c\nsel ) my own s\l8 ,at all ev5ts1
 ) my own ki? & k91 ) ! bre?r5 ( my own 
h\se & life1 citiz5s ( ! same ,*ur*1 ,i 
h to communicate by lett]s & to get !m  

?r\gh seems impracticable4 ,= x 7 easi] 
= "o to pass1 ,i say n across ! fronti]1
 b ev5 f ,ea/ to ,we/1 ?an to visit "o  
"p ( ,alex&ria f ano!r4 ,= t va/1       
pa?less des]t :i* x took ,israel two    
g5]ations to trav]se is n s impassable &
 h>d to cross z ! c5tral /reet ( ! city1
 nor is ! sea1 :i* !y _h = a            
c>riage-road :5 ! wat]s 7 p>t$ asund] to
 make a passage ?r\gh4 ,& our /ill &    
waveless h>b\rs#aec h become an image ( 
^? 9 ! pass+ ( :i* ! ,egyptians 7       
ov]:elm$2 = !y h (t5 appe>$ l ! ,r$ ,sea
 f ! blood :i* 0 9 !m4 ,& ! riv] :i*    
fl[s pa/ ! city at "o "t appe>$ dri] ?an
 ! wat]less des]t & m p>*$ ?an t :i*    
,israel cross$ ov] :5 !y 7 s ?ir/y t    
,moses cri$ out & dr9k fl[$ out ( ! /eep
 rock f ,him t worke? wond]s3#aed & at  
ano!r "t x 0 s full z to ov]fl[ ! :ole  
neighb\rhood1 bo? roads & fields1 & to  
?reat5 a return ( ! flood :i* occurr$ 9 
! days ( ,noah4 ,b 9 ei!r case x runs   
pollut$ ) blood & slaught] & dr[n$      
corpses1 z "u ,moses x happ5$ to        

,ph>aoh1 :5 ! riv] turn$ to blood &     
/ank4#aee ,& :at o!r wat] c\ld cleanse  
all ?is b ! wat] :i* itself cleanse? all
 ?+s8#aef ,h[ c\ld ! mighty ocean :i*   
man _c cross1 ov]spread & sweep away ?is
 horrid flood8 or h[ c\ld ! great riv] t
 goe? out ( ,ed5 wa% (f ! /a91 ?\gh x 7 
to div]t ! f\r heads into :i* x is      
divid$ into ! s+le head ( ! ,gihon8#aeg 
or :5 w\ld ! air1 reek+ ev]y:]e ) ! evil
 exhalation1 become pure8 ,= su* mi/ f !
 gr\nd & breezes f ! sea1 airs f ! riv]s
 & vap\rs f ! h>b\rs are giv5 (f t = dew
 we h ! impure fluids ( corpses rott+ 9 
all _! compon5t elem5ts4 ,aft] all ?is d
 m5 wond]1 are !y at a loss1 :5ce come !
 cont9ual pe/il5ces1 :5ce ! dire        
diseases1 :5ce ! div]s ravages1 :5ce !  
:olesale de/ruction ( life1 :y ! l>ge/  
city no long] conta9s 9 x its =m]       
multitude ( inhabitants1 f infant *ildr5
 to ! mo/ advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :om x us$ to  
n\ri% 9 o!r days to a gre5 old age1#aeh 
z ! say+ w5t1 :]eas ^! f =ty up to      
sev5ty ye>s ( age 7 s mu* m num]\s !n t 

_! numb] is n n[ rea*$ ev5 :5 all f     
f\rte5 to eighty are enroll$ & put      
toge!r = ! public di/ribution (         
food1#aei & ?us ^? ^: looks %[ !m to be 
q "y h become z x 7 ( equal age ) ^? :o 
h long be5 advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,& ?\gh !y   
see ! race ( man on e>? ?us dw9dl+ ev] &
 be+ exhau/$1 !y d n tremble1#afj z its 
total ext9ction proce$s & draws ne>4    
7,f ano!r ,ea/] ,lett]7  ,?is fragm5t is
 giv5 9 ! ,sacra ,p>allela ,rupefucald41
 fol4 #gj & #ga1 :]e x is ascrib$ to    
,dionysius's ,f\r? ,ea/] ,lett]4 ,x is  
by no means cle> :i* ,lett] is meant1 b 
! ma9 ?\ght 7( ! cunn+ devices by :i*   
,love w9s its way7 is qua9tly beautiful 
& well wor?y ( our au?or  ,love leaps   
out 9 utmo/ eag]ness to conf] "s b5efit 
ev5 on an unwill+ object3 yea1 (t5 on "o
 :o %r9ks 9 %ame & tries to %un k9d     
treatm5t f dislike ( be+ burd5some to   
ano!r1 & w\ld fa9 put up ) 8 annoyances 
alone1 9 ord] n to cause tr\ble &       
inconv5i5ce to any4 ,he t is full (     
,love craves leave to suff] & endure3 to

 be 9 evil case1 he ?9ks1 gives         
opportunity = be+ help$1 & he w d !     
greate/ fav\r to ano!r1 n himself1 if   
?r\gh t o!r ! evil1 :i* is 8 own1 is    
made to cease4#afa      ,to ,basilides1 
,bi%op ( ! ,*ur*es 9 ! ,p5tapolis       
7,cyr5aica7  ,?is canonical ,lett] 0    
accept$ at ! ?ird ,c\ncil (             
,con/ant9ople 9 ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fhj7   
,dionysius to ,basilides my belov$ son &
 bro!r & godly fell[-work]1 greet+ 9 !  
,"l4  7#a7 ,y s5t to me1 my mo/ fai?ful 
& le>n$ son1 to inquire at :at h\r "o   
ought to end ! fa/ be=e ,ea/]4#afb ,= y 
say t "s ( ! bre?r5 ma9ta9 "o %\ld d s  
at cockcr[3#afc & "s at ev5+4#afd ,= !  
bre?r5 9 ,rome1 s !y say1 await !       
cockcr[3 b conc]n+ ^? 9 ! ,p5tapolis y  
said !y broke ! fa/ soon]4 ,& y ask me  
to set an exact limit & a def9ite h\r1  
:i* is bo? difficult & risky4 ,= x w be 
ackn[l$g$ by all alike t "o ought to />t
 ! fea/ & ! gladness aft] ! "t ( our    
,"l's resurrection1 up till !n humbl+   
our s\ls ) fa/+s4 ,b by :at y h writt5  

to me1 y h q s\ndly & ) a good insight  
into ! ,div9e ,gospels e/abli%$ ! fact t
 no?+ def9ite appe>s 9 !m ab\t ! h\r at 
:i* ,he rose4 ,= ! ,evangeli/s describ$ 
^? t came to ! tomb div]sely--t is1 at  
diff]5t times1 & all#afe said t !y h    
f\nd ! ,"l already ris53 x 0 late on !  
,sabba? day1 z ,s4 ,mat!w puts x3#aff & 
e>ly :ile x 0 yet d>k1 z ,s4 ,john      
writes2 & at e>ly dawn1 z ,s4 ,luke2 & v
 e>ly 444 :5 ! sun 0 ris51 z ,s4 ,m>k4  
,& :5 ,he rose1 no "o has cle>ly /at$2 b
 t late on ! ,sabba? day1 z x began to  
dawn t[>ds ! fir/ day ( ! week1 ab\t    
sunrise on t day ^? :o arriv$ at ! tomb 
f\nd ,him no long] ly+ 9 x1 t is agre$  
to4 ,& we mu/ n imag9e t ! evangeli/s   
are at v>iance & contradict "o ano!r3 b 
ev5 if !re seem to be "s small dispute  
^u ! matt] ( y\r inquiry--t is1 if ?\gh 
all agree t ! ,light ( ! _w#afg our ,"l 
arose on t night1 !y diff] ab\t ! h\r1  
yet let u be anxi\s fairly & fai?fully  
to h>monize :at is said4  ,:at is said1 
!n1 by ,mat!w runs ?us3 ,late on !      

,sabba? day1 z x began to dawn t[>ds !  
fir/ day ( ! week1 came ,m>y ,magdal5e &
 ! o!r ,m>y to see ! sepul*re4 ,&1      
behold1 !re 0 a great e>?quake3 = an    
angel ( ! ,"l desc5d$ f heav5 & came &  
roll$ away ! /one & sat ^u x4 ,& 8      
appe>ance 0 z lightn+1 & 8 raim5t :ite z
 sn[3 & = fe> ( him ! wat*]s did quake &
 became z dead m54 ,& ! angel answ]$ &  
said unto ! wom51 ,fe> n ye2 = ,i "k t  
ye seek ,jesus :i* ha? be5 crucifi$4 ,he
 is n "h2 = he is ris51 ev5 z he said4  
,z to ?is ^w :i* he uses = late1 "s w   
?9k1 9 accordance ) its common          
acceptation1 t ! ev5+ ( ! ,sabba? is    
signifi$2 b o!rs1 und]/&+ x m           
sci5tifically1 w say x is n t1 b ! dead 
( night1 ! ^w us$ signify+ an advanc$   
/age ( lat5ess4#afh ,& because he means 
night & n ev5+1 he adds z x began to    
dawn t[>ds ! fir/ day ( ! week & 7!     
wom57 _h n yet come1 z ! re/ say1 br++  
spices b to see ! sepul*re4#afi ,& !y   
f\nd ! e>?quake _h occurr$ & ! angel    
seat$ on ! /one1 & he>d f him ! words3  

,he is n "h3 he is ris54 ,simil>ly1     
,john says3 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! week came
 ,m>y ,magdal5e e>ly1 :5 x 0 yet d>k1   
unto ! tomb1 & see? ! /one tak5 away f !
 tomb4 ,h[ev]1 by ?is acc\nt1 :5 x 0    
/ill d>k al?\gh t[>ds dawn1 ,he _h gone 
=? f ! tomb4 ,b ,luke says3 ,on !       
,sabba? !y re/$ accord+ to ! comm&m5t4  
,b on ! fir/ day ( ! week at e>ly dawn  
7! wom57 came unto ! tomb br++ ! spices 
:i* !y _h prep>$4 ,& !y f\nd ! /one     
roll$ away f ! tomb4 ,e>ly dawn         
indicates1 p]*ance1 ! morn+ light appe>+
 be=e 7! sun itself7 on ! fir/ day ( !  
week4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x 0 :5 ! ,sabba? _h
 n[ completely pass$1 ) ! night t       
foll[$1 & :5 a new day 0 beg9n+ t !y    
came br++ ! spices & o9tm5ts1 by :i* "t 
x is cle> t ,he _h ris5 long be=e4 ,to  
?is1 also1 corresponds :at ,m>k says3   
7,! wom57 br\ght spices t !y might come 
& ano9t him4 ,& v e>ly on ! fir/ day ( !
 week !y come to ! tomb1 :5 ! sun 0     
ris54 ,= he1 too1 says v e>ly1 :i* is ! 
same ?+ z at e>ly dawn3 & he has add$1  

:5 ! sun 0 ris54 ,= _! />t & _! j\rney  
began1 x is cle>1 at e>ly dawn & v e>ly3
 b !y _h gone on sp5d+ "t bo? on ! road 
& ar\nd ! tomb until sunrise4 ,& on ?is 
occasion also#agj ! :ite rob$ "y man    
says to ^! wom53 ,he is ris53 he is n   
"h4  ,z ?+s /& ?us1 we pron\nce ?is     
decision = ^? :o inquire to a nicety at 
:at h\r or :at half-h\r1 or qu>t] ( an  
h\r1 !y %\ld beg9 _! rejoic+ at !       
,resurrection ( our ,"l f ! dead3 ^? :o 
are premature & relax be=e midnight1    
?\gh ne> x1 we c5sure z remiss & want+ 9
 self-re/ra9t2 = !y drop out ( ! race j 
be=e ! end1 z ! wise man says3 t :i* is 
)9 a little 9 life is n little4#aga ,&  
^? :o put (f & endure to ! fur!/ &      
p]sev]e till ! f\r? wat*1 :5 our ,savi\r
 appe>$ to ^? :o 7 sail+ also1 walk+ on 
! sea1#agb we %all approve z g5]\s &    
pa9/ak+4 ,& ^? midway :o /op z !y 7 mov$
 or z !y 7 able1 let u n treat altoge!r 
sev]ely4 ,= all d n cont9ue dur+ ! six  
days ( ! fa/ ei!r equally or            
simil>ly3#agc b "s rema9 )\t food till  

cockcr[#agd on all ! days1 "s on two1 or
 ?ree1 or f\r1 & "s on none ( !m4 ,& =  
^? :o /rictly p]si/ 9 ^! prolong$ fa/s &
 !n are di/ress$ & almo/ fa9t1 !re is   
p>don if !y take some?+ soon]4 ,b if "s1
 s f> f prolong+ _! fa/ d n fa/ at all1 
b fe$ luxuri\sly dur+ ! e>li] days ( !  
week1 & !n1 :5 !y come to ! la/ two &   
prolong _! fa/ on !m alone1 viz4 on     
,friday & ,saturday1 ?9k !y are p]=m+ "s
 great feat by cont9u+ till dawn1 ,i d n
 hold t !y h ex]cis$ an equal discipl9e 
) ^? :o h practis$ x = long] p]iods4 ,i 
give y ?is c\nsel 9 accordance ) my     
judgm5t 9 writ+ on ^! po9ts4  ,?ree     
rul+s foll[ on po9ts :i* x is n necess>y
 to set out "h  7#b7 ,^! answ]s ,i give 
y f respect = y1 belov$1 n because y 7  
ignorant ( ! subjects ( y\r inquiry b to
 r5d] u ( "o m9d & s\l#age ) y\rself1 z 
inde$ we are4 ,& ,i h set =? my op9ion =
 y to %>e n z a tea*] b z x becomes u to
 discuss "o ) ano!r 9 all simplicity3 & 
:5 y h consid]$ x aga91 my mo/ sagaci\s 
son1 y %\ld write aga9 & tell me :atev] 

seems to y bett] or :at y judge to be z 
,i h said4  ,i pray t y may prosp]1 my  
belov$ son1 z y m9i/] to ! ,"l#agf 9    
peace4                                  
,,treatises                             
,on ! ,promises                         
7,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #bd & #be7  7#a7   
,see+ t !y br+ =w>d a composition (     
,nepos1#agg on :i* !y rely too mu* z %[+
 irrefutably t ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/ w be on 
e>?1 ?\gh ,i accept & love ,nepos = _m  
o!r ?+s1 8 fai?1 8 labori\sness1 8 /udy 
( ! ,scriptures1 & ! _m psalms he has   
writt51#agh by :i* already _m ( ! bre?r5
 are enc\rag$1 & ?\gh ,i hold him 9 all 
! great] respect because he has gone to 
8 re/ be=e u1 yet ! tru? is s de> to me 
& to be pref]r$ t ,i c inde$ applaud &  
give my full ass5t to "r propositions1 b
 mu/ exam9e & correct :atev] appe>s to  
be uns\ndly /at$4 ,& if he 7 /ill ) u & 
prop\nd+ 8 views m]ely by ^w ( m\?1 a   
discussion )\t writ+ w\ld h suffic$ to  
p]suade & conv9ce our oppon5ts by way ( 
"q & answ]4 ,b n[ t ?is writ+ ( 8 is    

publi%$1 :i* _m ?9k mo/ conv9c+1 & c]ta9
 tea*]s hold ! law & ! prophets ( no    
acc\nt & h rel9qui%$ ! foll[+ ( !       
,gospels & depreciat$ ! ,epi/les ( !    
,apo/les1 :ile !y p>ade ! tea*+ ( ?is   
book z if x 7 "s great & hidd5 my/]y & w
 n all[ our simpl] bre?r5 to hold any   
high & noble op9ion ei!r ab\t ! glori\s 
& truly ,div9e appe>+ ( our ,"l#agi or  
ab\t our ris+ f ! dead & our ga!r+      
toge!r & be+ made l unto ,him1#ahj b    
p]suade !m to hope = mean & pass+       
enjoym5ts l ! pres5t 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 
x is necess>y t we also %\ld discuss !  
matt] ) our bro!r ,nepos z if he 7 /ill 
alive4  ,fur!r on he adds--  7#b7 ,s be+
 9 ! di/rict ( ,ars5oe1 :]e1 z y "k1#aha
 ?is tea*+ prevail$ long be=e1 s t bo?  
s*isms & ! defection ( :ole *ur*es h    
occurr$1 ,i call$ toge!r ! presbyt]s &  
tea*]s#ahb among ! bre?r5 9 ! villages1 
su* ( ! bre?r5 z wi%$ be+ also pres5t1 &
 invit$ !m publicly to make an          
exam9ation ( ! matt]4 ,& :5 "s br\ght   
=w>d aga9/ me ?is book z an impregnable 

weapon & bulw>k1 ,i sat ) !m ?ree days 9
 succession f dawn till ev5+ & tri$ to  
correct ! /atem5ts made4 ,dur+ :i* "t ,i
 0 mu* /ruck ) ! /ead9ess1 ! desire =   
tru?1 ! aptness 9 foll[+ an argum5t & ! 
intellig5ce display$ by ! bre?r51 :il/  
we put our que/ions & difficulties &    
po9ts ( agreem5t 9 an ord]ly &          
reasonable mann]1 avoid+ ! mi/ake (     
hold+ jeal\sly at any co/ to :at we _h  
once ?\ght1 ev5 ?\gh x %\ld n[ be %[n to
 be wrong1 & yet n suppress+ :at we _h  
to say on ! o!r side1 b1 z f> z         
possible1 attempt+ to grapple ) & ma/] !
 propositions 9 h& )\t be+ a%am$ to     
*ange "o's op9ion & yield ass5t if !    
argum5t conv9c$ u2 consci5ti\sly &      
unfeign$ly1 ) he>ts spread op5 be=e     
,god1 accept+ :at 0 e/abli%$ by !       
exposition & tea*+ ( ! holy ,scriptures4
  ,at la/ ! *ampion & m\?piece ( ?is    
doctr9e1 ! man call$ ,coracion1#ahc 9 ! 
he>+ ( all ! bre?r5 t 7 pres5t agre$ &  
te/ifi$ to u t he w\ld no long] adh]e to
 x nor disc\rse ^u x nor yet m5tion nor 

tea* x1 on ! gr\nd t he _h be5 conv9c$  
by :at _h be5 said aga9/ x4 ,& ( ! re/ (
 ! bre?r5 "s rejoic$ at ! conf]5ce & !  
reconciliation & h>moni\s arrangem5t :i*
 0 br\ght ab\t by x betwe5 all p>ties4  
,fur!r on he says ?is ab\t ! ,revelation
 ( ,john--  7#c7 ,c]ta9 p#ahd !re=e be=e
 n[ discr$it$ & altoge!r repudiat$ !    
book1 bo? exam9+ x *apt] by *apt] &     
decl>+ x un9telligible & inconclusive & 
t x makes a false /atem5t 9 its         
title4#ahe ,= !y say x is n ,john's1 no 
nor yet a ,revelation1 because ( !      
heavy1 ?ick veil ( obscurity :i* cov]s  
x3#ahf & n only is ! au?or ( ?is book n 
"o ( ! ,apo/les b he is n ev5 "o ( !    
sa9ts nor a *ur*man at all2#ahg x is    
,c]9?us1#ahh ! f\nd] ( ! h]esy t 0 call$
 ,c]9?ian f him1 & he desir$ to         
attribute 8 own composition to a "n t   
w\ld c>ry weight4 ,= ! sub/ance ( 8     
tea*+ 0 ?is1 t ,*ri/'s ,k+dom w be on   
e>?1 & he dreams t x w be conc]n$ ) ?+s 
aft] :i* he himself1 be+ fond ( bodily  
pleasures & v s5sual1 hank]$1 su* z !   

satisfy+ ( 8 belly & l[] lu/s1 t is eat+
 & dr9k+ & m>ry+ & su* means z he ?\ght 
w\ld provide him m decor\sly ) ^!       
pleasures1 fea/s & sacrifices & ! slay+ 
( victims4 ,i %\ld n myself v5ture to   
reject ! book1 see+ t _m bre?r5 hold x 9
 high e/eem1 b1 reckon+ ! decision ab\t 
x to be beyond my p[]s ( m9d1 ,i consid]
 ! int]pret+ ( its v>i\s cont5ts to be  
recondite & matt] = mu* wond]4 ,= )\t   
fully und]/&+1 ,i yet surmise t "s deep]
 mean+ und]lies ! words1 n measur+ &    
judg+ !m by calculations ( my own2 b    
giv+ ! pref]5ce to fai?1#ahi ,i h come  
to ! conclusion t !y are too high = me  
to compreh5d1 & s ,i d n reject :at ,i h
 n tak5 91 b c only wond] at ^! visions 
:i* ,i h n ev5 se5 7mu* less und]/ood74 
,besides ?is1 aft] exam9+ ! book z a    
:ole & %[+ t x is impossible to und]/& x
 9 its lit]al s5se1 he proce$s--  7#d7  
,s hav+ complet$ practically ! :ole     
prophecy1 ! prophet#aij pron\nces a     
bless+ on ^? :o keep x & inde$ on       
himself also3 = bless$1 sai? he1 is he t

 obs]ve? ! words ( ! prophecy ( ?is book
 & ,i ,john :o saw & he>d ^! ?+s4#aia ,t
 he 0 call$ ,john1 !re=e1 & t ! writ+ is
 ,john's ,i w n dispute4 ,= ,i agree t x
 is ! "w ( "s holy & inspir$ p]son b ,i 
%\ld n readily ass5t to 8 be+ ! ,apo/le1
 ! son ( ,zeb$ee1 ! bro!r ( ,james1 ^:  
is ! ,gospel entitl$ ,accord+ to ,john &
 ! ,g5]al ,epi/le4#aib ,= ,i conclude t 
he is n ! same 7#a7 f ! "* ( ea*1 7#b7 f
 ! /yle ( ! language & 7#c7 f :at may be
 call$ ! arrangem5t ( ! book4 ,= !      
,evangeli/ n[h]e ins]ts 8 "n nor yet    
proclaims himself ei!r 9 ! ,gospel or 9 
! ,epi/le4444  7#e7 ,b ,john n[h]e      
speaks ei!r 9 ! fir/ or 9 ! ?ird p]son  
ab\t himself1 :]eas he t wrote !        
,revelation /raightway at ! beg9n+ puts 
himself =w>d3 ,! ,revelation ( ,jesus   
,*ri/1 :i* he gave him to %[ to 8       
s]vants spe$ily1 & he s5t & signifi$ 7x7
 by 8 angel to 8 s]vant ,john :o b>e    
witness ( ! ^w ( ,god & ( 8 te/imony1   
ev5 ( all ?+s t he saw4#aic  ,!n he also
 writes an ,epi/le3 ,john to ! sev5     

*ur*es t are 9 ,asia1 grace to y &      
peace4#aid ,:]eas ! ,evangeli/ did n put
 8 "n ev5 at ! head ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/le
 b began ) ! my/]y ( ! ,div9e           
revelation#aie )\t any sup]flu\s words3 
,t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 :i* we h he>d1 :i* 
we h se5 ) our eyes4#aif  ,= x is ov]   
?is revelation t ! ,"l also pron\nc$    
,pet] bless$1 say+3 ,bless$ art ?\      
,simon b> ,jona1 because fle% & blood   
did n reveal x to !e1 b my heav5ly      
,fa!r4#aig ,nay1 ev5 9 ! second & ?ird  
extant ,epi/les ( ,john1 %ort ?\gh !y   
are1 ,john does n appe> by "n b he      
writes himself ! eld] anonym\sly4 ,:]eas
 our au?or did n ev5 consid] x suffici5t
 to m5tion himself by "n once & !n      
proce$ ) 8 subject1 b he repeats ! "n   
aga91 ,i ,john1 y\r bro!r & p>tak] ) y 9
 ! tribulation & k+dom & 9 ! pati5ce (  
,jesus1 0 9 ! isle t is call$ ,patmos = 
! ^w ( ,god & ! te/imony ( ,jesus4#aih  
,9 fact1 at ! end also he says ?is3     
,bless$ is he t obs]ve? ! words ( !     
prophecy ( ?is book & ,i ,john :o saw & 

he>d ^! ?+s4#aii ,t he :i* wrote ^! ?+s1
 !re=e1 is ,john1 we mu/ believe z he   
says s3 b :i* ,john is n cle>4 ,= he    
does n say1 z 9 _m places 9 ! ,gospel1 t
 he is ! disciple belov$ ( ! ,"l1 nor ! 
"o t recl9$ on ,8 brea/1 nor yet ! bro!r
 ( ,james1 nor yet ! "o t 0 ! eyewitness
 & he>] ( ! ,"l4 ,surely he w\ld h us$  
"o ( ! a=esaid descriptions1 :5 desir\s 
( cle>ly id5tify+ himself4 ,& yet he    
does no?+ ( ! k9d1 b calls himself our  
bro!r & p>tak] ) u1 & witness ( ,jesus &
 bless$ = ! see+ & he>+ ( ! revelations4
 ,i suppose t _m bore ! same "n z ,john 
! ,apo/le1 :o by reason ( _! love t[>ds 
him & f _! admiration & emulation ( him 
& desire to be lov$ by ! ,"l l him1 7   
glad to be> ! same "n ) him1 ev5 z _m a 
"o among ! *ildr5 ( ! fai?ful is call$  
,paul or ,pet]4#bjj ,!re is !n ano!r    
,john also 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 ! "o 
call$ ,m>k :om ,b>nabas & ,paul took )  
!m & ( :om x says aga93 ,& !y _h ,john z
 _! att5dant4#bja ,b z to :e!r he is !  
writ]1 ,i %\ld say no4 ,= x is n writt5 

t he arriv$ 9 ,asia ) !m1 b ,paul & 8   
company1 x says1 set sail f ,paphos &   
came to ,p]ga 9 ,pamphylia2 & ,john     
dep>t$ f !m & return$ to ,j]usalem4#bjb 
,& ,i ?9k !re 0 yet ano!r among ^? :o 7 
9 ,asia1 s9ce !y say !re 7 two tombs 9  
,ephesus & ea* ( !m are said to be !    
tomb ( ,john4#bjc  ,aga91 f ! ?\ghts & f
 ! actual words & _! arrangem5t ?is     
,john may be reasonably reckon$ diff]5t 
f ! o!r4#bjd ,= ! ,gospel & ! ,epi/le   
agree ) ea* o!r & beg9 9 a simil> way4  
,! "o says ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w3 & ! o!r 
,t :i* 0 f ! beg9n+4 ,! "o says ,& ! ,^w
 became fle% & tab]nacl$ 9 u1 & we      
beheld 8 glory1 glory z ( !             
,only-begott5 f ! ,fa!r3 ! o!r uses !   
same or almo/ equival5t expressions1 ,t 
:i* we h he>d1 t :i* we h se5 ) our     
eyes1 t :i* we beheld & our h&s h&l$    
conc]n+ ! ,^w ( ,life1 & ! ,life 0      
manife/$4#bje ,= he />ts 9 ?is way      
because he is deal+1 z he %[s 9 :at     
foll[s1 ) ^? :o say t ! ,"l has n come 9
 ! fle%4#bjf ,= :i* reason he is c>eful 

to add also3 ,& we h se5 & be> witness &
 ann\nce unto y ! et]nal ,life :i* 0 ) !
 ,fa!r & 0 manife/$ unto u4 ,t :i* we h 
se5 & he>d we ann\nce also unto y4#bjg  
,he is consi/5t ) himself & does n      
div]ge f 8 own propositions1 b treats !m
 ?r\gh\t "u ! same heads & 9 ! same     
t]ms1 ( :i* we w briefly recall2 =      
in/ance1 ! att5tive read] w f9d 9 ea*   
book frequ5t m5tion ( ! ,life1 ! ,light1
 ! turn+ f d>kness1#bjh con/ant ref]5ce 
to ! ,tru?1 ,grace1 ,joy1 ! ,fle% & !   
,blood ( ! ,"l1 ! ,judgm5t1 ! ,=giv5ess 
( s9s1 ! ,love ( ,god t[>ds u1 ! comm&  
to u to love "o ano!r & t we mu/ keep   
all ! comm&m5ts3 aga9 !re is !          
conviction ( ! _w1 ( ! devil1 ( !       
anti*ri/1 ,god's adoption ( u z ,sons1 !
 ,fai?1 :i* is ev]y:]e requir$ ( u1 !   
,fa!r & ! ,son ev]y:]e3 & g5]ally       
?r\gh\t 9 describ+ ! "* ( ! ,gospel & ! 
,epi/le "o & ! same complexion is to be 
obs]v$ 9 bo?4 ,b ! ,revelation is q     
diff]5t f !m1 =eign1 out ( t\* & aff9ity
 ) !m1 n hav+1 "o might almo/ say1 "o   

syllable 9 common4 ,! ,epi/le conta9s no
 rem9isc5ce nor subject dealt ) 9 !     
,revelation nor ! ,revelation 9 !       
,epi/le 7to say no?+ ( ! ,gospel71 :]eas
 ,paul 9 8 ,epi/les did give "s         
indication ev5 ab\t ^? revelations :i*  
he has n actually describ$4#bji  ,& yet 
once m "o c e/imate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! 
,gospel & ,epi/le & ! ,revelation#baj f 
! lit]>y /yle4 ,= ! fir/ two books are n
 only writt5 9 irreproa*able ,greek1 b  
are also mo/ elegant 9 _! phrases1      
reason+s & arrangem5ts ( expression4 ,no
 trace c be f\nd 9 !m ( b>b>\s words1   
faulty con/ruction or peculi>ities 9    
g5]al4 ,= ,/4 ,john seems to h possess$ 
bo? words1 ! ,"l hav+ graci\sly v\*saf$ 
!m to him2 viz4 bo? ! ^w & k ( ! ^w (   
spee*4#baa ,t ?is ,john _h se5 a        
,revelation & receiv$ k & ! gift (      
prophecy1#bab ,i d n d5y1 b ,i obs]ve 8 
dialect & inaccurate ,greek /yle1 :i*   
employs b>b>ic idioms & sometimes ev5   
faulty con/ructions1 :i* x is n n[      
necess>y to expose4 ,= ,i h n m5tion$   

?is 9 ord] to sc(f1 let no "o ?9k s1 b  
simply to po9t out ! dissimil>ity ( !   
writ+s4                                 
,on ,nature                     7,eus41 
,prp4 ,evang4 xiv4 #bc-g7  7#a7 ,h[ %all
 we be> ) !m :5 !y say t ! wise &1 = t  
reason1 ! good productions ( ,creation  
are ! results ( *ance co9cid5ces8#bac   
,ea* ( :i* z x came into be+ by itself  
appe>$ to ,him t ord]$ x to be good &   
all ( !m toge!r equally s4  ,= ,god saw1
 x says1 all ?+s t he _h made1 & behold 
!y 7 v good4#bad ,& yet !y take no w>n+ 
f ! small1 ord9>y in/ances at _! feet1 f
 :i* !y may le>n#bae t no necess>y &    
pr(itable "w is produc$ )\t design or   
haphaz>d1 b is adapt$ to its prop]      
purpose by h&iwork1 :]eas :5 x falls    
into a useless & unpr(itable /ate1 x !n 
breaks up & comes to pieces indef9ite1  
&1 z x *ances1 because ! wisdom :i* 0   
conc]n$ 9 its con/ruction no long]      
sup]9t5ds & directs x4 ,= a g>m5t is n  
wov5 by ! wo( /&+ up )\t a weav]1 nor   
yet by ! w>p weav+ itself ( its own     

accord3 b :5 x is becom+ worn out1 !    
torn rags fall asund]4 ,& a h\se or a   
city is built n by receiv+ c]ta9 /ones  
:i* volunte] = ! f\ndations & o!rs :i*  
jump into ! c\rses ( ! walls1 b because 
! build] br+s ! /ones t fit 9 ! prop]   
ord]3 b :5 ! build+ is ?r[n d[n1 ea*    
/one falls to ! gr\nd j z x may4 ,s1    
too1 :5 a %ip is be+ built1 ! keel does 
n set itself bel[1 :ile ! ma/ raises    
itself 9 ! middle & ea* ( ! o!r timb]s  
takes ! place :i* x *ances to ( itself4 
,nor1 aga91 d ! planks ( a wagon--said  
to be #ajjbaf 9 numb]--become fix$ 9 !  
position :i* ea* f\nd empty2 b ! build] 
9 ea* case puts ! timb] toge!r suitably4
 ,b if ! %ip1 :5 x w5t ^u ! sea1 or !   
wagon1 :5 x 0 driv5 along on l&1 comes  
to pieces1 ! timb]s are scatt]$ :]ev] x 
may happ5--9 ! "o case by ! waves1 9 !  
o!r by ! viol5t ru%4  ,9 ! same way x   
w\ld befit !m to say t ! atoms also :i* 
are inop]ative :5 !y are at re/ & n     
work$ by h&s1 are also useless :5 !y    
move at r&om4#bag ,= let ^! oppon5ts (  

ours look to ^! viewless atoms ( !irs & 
apply _! m9ds to ^! m9dless ones1 n l ! 
,psalmi/ :o confesses t ?is 0 reveal$ to
 him by ,god alone3 ,m9e eyes beheld ?y 
unf9i%$ "w4#bah ,s1 too1 :5 !y say t ^? 
f9e webs :i* !y speak ( z be+ produc$ f 
atoms1 are self-wr\ght by !m )\t skill  
or s5sation1 :o c be> to he> ( ^! weav] 
atoms :om ev5 ! spid] excels 9 skill :5 
he sp9s 8 web out ( himself4#bai  7#b7  
,:o1 !n1 is x t discrim9ates betwe5 !   
atoms1 ga!r+ or scatt]+ !m1 & arrang+ "s
 9 ?is way to make ! sun & o!rs 9 t way 
= ! moon1 & putt+ ea* ( !m toge!r       
accord+ to ! light-giv+ p[] ( ea* />8 ,=
 ! p>ticul> numb] & k9d t made ! sun by 
be+ unit$ 9 a p>ticul> way w\ld nev] h  
condesc5d$ to produce ! moon1 nor w\ld !
 int]tw9+s ( ! moon atoms h ev] become !
 sun4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ,arcturus1 bright z 
he is1 w\ld nev] plume himself on hav+ !
 atoms ( ,lucif]1 nor ! ,pleiads ^? (   
,orion4 ,= ,paul has well di/+ui%$ :5 he
 says3 ,!re is "o glory ( ! sun1 & ano!r
 glory ( ! moon1 & ano!r glory ( ! />s3 

= /> diff]e? f /> 9 glory4#bbj ,& if !  
comb9ation ( ! atoms1 z be+ s\lless1 0  
un9tellig5t1 !y ne$$ an intellig5t arti/
 to put !m toge!r3 & if _! junction 0   
)\t purpose & ! result ( necessity1 !y  
be+ void ( reason1 "s wise h]dsman drove
 !m toge!r & presid$ ov] !m3 & if !y h  
be5 l9k$ toge!r volunt>ily to d will+   
s]vice1 "s wond]ful ma/]-craftsman      
assign$ !m _! p>ts & took ! lead2 or1 l 
an exp]t g5]al1 he did n leave 8 army   
disord]$ & all 9 a muddle1 b dispos$ !  
cavalry 9 "o "p & ! heavy arm$ troops   
ap>t1 & ! javel9 m5 by !mselves & !     
sl+]s :]e !y ought to be1 9 ord] t ^? :o
 c>ri$ ! same weapon might help "o      
ano!r4 ,& if !y ?9k ?is illu/ration     
ridicul\s because 9 x ,i make a         
comp>ison ( great bodies ) small1 we w  
come d[n to ! v smalle/4  ,eusebius's   
extract breaks (f "h4  7#c7 ,if ! atoms 
h no rul] ov] !m1 to speak to !m or to  
*oose or to arrange !m1 b !y move1      
settl+ !mselves ( _! own accord out ( ! 
big ru%+ tumult & produc+ a big upro> z 

!y cla% toge!r1 l com+ to l )\t ! ,div9e
 int]v5tion ( :i* ! poet speaks1#bba &  
if !y run & h]d toge!r1 recogniz+ _!    
k9sfolk1 truly ! republic ( ! atoms is a
 m>vell\s "o1 fri5ds greet+ & embrac+ "o
 ano!r & ha/+ to take up _! abode 9 "o  
habitation3 "s h r\nd$ !mselves (f      
spontane\sly into ! sun1 t mighty orb1 t
 !y may produce ! day1 & "s p]*ance h   
fl>$ up into ! _m pyramids#bbb ( />s t  
!y may encircle ! :ole expanse ( sky1   
:ile o!rs are rang$ ar\nd x1 9 ord] t !y
 may--albeit undesign$ly--=m !          
firmam5t#bbc & ar* ! atmosph]e ov] = !  
graduat$ asc5t ( ! />s1 & t !           
conf$]ation ( ^! helt]-skelt] atoms may 
*oose _! abodes & apportion ! sky z     
homes & /ations = !mselves4   7#d7 ,s f>
 are ^! d5i]s ( ,div9e ,provid5ce f     
compreh5d+ ! invisible p>ts ( ! univ]se 
t !y d n ev5 see :at is visible4 ,= !y  
appe> n ev5 to consid] ! ord]$ ris+s &  
sett+s ( ! sun1 conspicu\s ?\gh !y be1  
let alone ^? ( ! o!r heav5ly bodies2 nor
 yet to appreciate ! assi/ance ?us giv5 

to mank9d ?r\gh !m1 ! day be+ light$ up 
= "w & ! night be+ d>k5$ = re/4 ,= man  
%all g =?1 x says1 to 8 "w & 8 lab\r    
until ! ev5+4#bbd ,b !y d n ev5 take    
note ( its o!r#bbe revolution1 by :i* x 
br+s ab\t ! fix$ times & fair seasons & 
! regul> w9t] & summ] sol/ices1 "u      
guidance ( its compon5t atoms4 ,yet     
h[ev] mu* ^! poor creatures dislike x1 x
 is z ! righte\s#bbf believe3 ,great is 
! ,"l t made him3 & at ,8 ^w he ha/5e? 8
 c\rse4#bbg ,d atoms1 ye bl9d1 br+ y    
w9t] & ra9s1 9 ord] t ! e>? may produce 
food = y & all ! animals ^u x8 d !y     
introduce summ] t ye may receive = y\r  
enjoym5t ! fruits ( ! trees also8 !n :y 
d y n b[ d[n & sacrifice to ! atoms t   
are ! gu>dians ( e>?'s fruits8          
ungrateful truly ye are1 nev] (f]+ !m ! 
smalle/ fir/fruits ( ! _m gifts ye h f  
!m4  7#e7 ,! _m-trib$ & mu*-mix$        
populace ( ! />s :i* ! mu*-rov+ &       
ev]-scatt]$ atoms compos$ h 7!y say7    
apportion$ among !mselves _! places     
accord+ to agreem5t1 sett+ up1 z x 71 a 

colony or a community1#bbh )\t any f\nd]
 or controll] tak+ ! lead ov] !m3 & !y  
obs]ve ! duties ( neighb\rl9ess to "o   
ano!r by compact & peacably1 n          
transgress+ ! orig9al b\nds :i* !y      
accept$1 z if !y 7 "u ! jurisdiction (  
su* atoms z _h regal p[]4 ,b ! atoms d n
 rule2 h[ c\ld !y1 be+ ( no acc\nt8     
,nay1 li/5 to ! ,div9e ann\ncem5t       
7logia73 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! ,"l are 8     
works f ! beg9n+2 & f ! mak+ ( !m he    
dispos$ ! p>ts !re(4 ,he g>ni%$ 8 works 
= ev] & ! beg9n+s ( !m unto _!          
g5]ation4#bbi   7#f7 ,:at well-ord]$    
phalanx ev] trav]s$ an e>?ly pla91 no "o
 /epp+ 9 front ( o!rs1 nor fall+ out ( !
 ranks1 nor ob/ruct+ 8 comrades1 nor    
fall+ beh9d !m1 9 ! way t ! />s advance 
ev] 9 regul> ord]1 %ield lock$ 9        
%ield--t cont9u\s1 unwav]+1 un5cumb]$ & 
unemb>rass$ ho/8 ,yet c]ta9 obscure     
deviations 7we are told7 arise among !m 
?r\gh cla%+s & sidew>d motions3#bcj & t 
!y :o devote !mselves to _! /udy c      
always tell ! seasons & =esee !         

positions at :i* !y w rise4 ,let1 !n1 ^!
 cutt]s#bca ( ! uncuttable & divid]s ( !
 indivisible & comb9]s ( ! uncomb9$ &   
disc]n]s ( ! inf9ite tell u by :at means
 occurs ! encompass+ j\rney r\nd !      
heav5s 9 company8 x _c be because a s+le
 comb9ation ( atoms has be5 )\t purpose 
hurl$ z f a sl+ 9 ?is way1 see+ t ! :ole
 encircl+ b& goes on its regul> rhy?mic 
way & :irls ar\nd toge!r2 by :at means  
^? multitud9\s fell[-voyag]s proce$ 9   
company albeit !y are )\t arrangem5t or 
purpose & unkn[n to "o ano!r8 ,well did 
! prophet include among/ ?+s impossible 
& undemon/rable t two /rang]s %\ld run 9
 company3 ,%all two walk at all toge!r1 
he says1 unless !y are acqua9t$8#bcb    
7#g7 7,t to "w is n toilsome to ,god47  
,to "w & to adm9i/] & to b5efit & to    
provide & ! l are p]*ance vexati\s to ! 
idle & ?\ghtless & feeble & iniquit\s1  
among/ :om ,epicurus enroll$ himself1 :5
 he conceiv$ su* ideas ab\t ! gods4 ,b  
to ! e>ne/ & capable & intellig5t &     
sob]-m9d$1 su* z ^? :o love wisdom 7or  

philosoph]s7 ought to be 7& h[ mu* m !  
gods871 !y are n only n unpleas+ &      
irksome b r mo/ delightful & ( all ?+s  
mo/ agreeable2 = neglig5ce & delay 9 do+
 some?+ useful is a reproa* to !m1 z !  
poet#bcc w>ns !m1#bcd :5 he c\nsels3    
,put n (f till ! morr[1 & fur!r ?reat5s 
!m3 ,he t procra/9ates ha? ev] to       
/ruggle aga9/ disa/]s1 :ile !           
prophet#bce in/ructs u /ill m solemnly  
:5 he says t virtu\s de$s are truly     
godlike1 b he t despises !m is          
dete/able3 =1 sai? he1 curs$ be he t    
doe? ! works ( ! ,"l neglig5tly4        
,consequ5tly1 :ile ^? :o are untaught 9 
any craft & are imp]fect f want (       
practice & famili>ity ) ! processes d   
f9d toil involv$ 9 _! endeav\rs1 ^? :o  
make progress 9 x1 & /ill m ^? :o h     
rea*$ p]fection1 are *e]$ by _! easy    
success 9 :at !y aim at1 & w\ld r       
accompli% & br+ to completion ! tasks !y
 are accu/om$ to ?an h all ! good ?+s ( 
mank9d4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,democritus      
himself1 s !y say1 us$ to ma9ta9 t he   

w\ld r discov] a s+le reason = a fact   
?an ga9 ! ,p]sian k+dom2#bcf & t ?\gh he
 seeks 8 reasons s va9ly & unreasonably1
 />t+ z x 7 f a void beg9n+ & a rov+    
hypo!sis & n obs]v+ t fundam5tal        
,necessity#bcg :i* is common to ! nature
 ( ?+s exi/5t1 b consid]+ 8 conception (
 s5seless & m9dless cont+5cies to be !  
highe/ wisdom ( sett+ up ,*ance z !     
mi/ress & que5 ( ?+s univ]sal & ev5 (   
?+s div9e1 & ma9ta9+ t all ?+s occur    
?r\gh h]1 & yet w>n+ h] (f f matt]s (   
human life & conduct & accus+ ^? :o give
 h] prec$5ce !re to be devoid ( judgm5t4
 ,at all ev5ts1 at ! beg9n+ ( !         
,precepts1#bch he says3 ,m5 h fa%ion$ ! 
figure ( ,*ance1 z a cloke = _! own     
folly3 = by nature *ance fights aga9/   
judgem5t4 ,?us !y 7! ,epicureans7 h said
 t ?is v ,*ance1 ! great enemy (        
intellig5ce1 yet has ! ma/]y ov] x2 or1 
r1 by utt]ly uproot+ & aboli%+ ! "o1 !y 
set up ! o!r 9 its place3 = !y s+ n (   
intellig5ce z happy1 b ( *ance z !      
equival5t ( intellig5ce4#bci ,s1 !n1 ^? 

:o sup]9t5d works ( b5efic5ce pride     
!mselves 9 measures :i* advance !       
int]e/s ( _! k9d1 "s z re>]s ( families1
 "s z directors ( in/itutions1 "s z     
heal]s ( m5's bodies1 "s z m9i/]s (     
/ate1 yes1 & ^? :o love wisdom          
7philosoph]s7 & try h>d to in/ruct _!   
fell[s1 likewise give !mselves great    
airs--unless ,epicurus or ,democritus w 
v5ture to ma9ta9 t philosophiz+ is m]e  
vexation ( _s3 b surely !re is no       
pleasure !y w\ld pref] to x4 ,= ev5 ?\gh
 !y reckon pleasure to be ! absolute    
good1 yet !y w be a%am$ to say t to     
philosophize 7seek wisdom7 is n "o ( !  
high] =ms ( pleasure4#bdj ,& z to !     
gods1 ab\t :om ! poets among !m s+ z    
giv]s ( good gifts#bda & ^! philosoph]s 
comb9e respect ) bant]1--! gods nei!r   
give nor p>take ( any good ?+s4 ,& 9 :at
 mann] d !y f9d evid5ce t gods exi/8 =  
!y d n see !m be=e _! eyes do+ any?+    
7ev5 z ^? :o admir$ ! sun & ! moon & !  
/>s said !y 7 call$ gods 7!oi7 because  
!y run 7!e97 _! c\rse72 nor d !y        

attribute to !m any creative or         
con/ructive p[]s1 9 ord] t !y make !m   
gods f ! ^w !9ai 7set1 i4 e4 make73#bdb 
& on t gr\nd ! ,mak] & ,creator ( all   
?+s is truly ! only ,god2 nor d !y put  
=w>d _! managem5t or jurisdiction or    
fav\rs t[>ds m51 9 ord] t we may be     
induc$ to wor%ip !m f motives ( fe> or  
rev]5ce4                                
,refutation & ,def5ce                   
7,eus41 ,prp4 ,evang4 vii4 #ai7  7#a7   
,!y are n pi\s1 :o h& ov] matt] to ,god 
z a ?+ )\t beg9n+ = ,8 ord]ly           
disposition1#bdc ma9ta9+ t1 be+ subject 
to treatm5t & *ange1 x yields to !      
modifications impos$ by ,god4 ,= !y %\ld
 expla9 h[ bo? ! l & ! unlike belong bo?
 to ,god & to matt]4 ,= "s "o mu/ be    
imag9$ sup]ior to ei!r1#bdd & t may n be
 ent]ta9$ ab\t ,god4 ,= :5ce came x t   
!re is 9 !m bo? ! be+ )\t beg9n+1 :i* is
 :at is said to be l 9 bo? & :i* is also
 conceiv$ ( z diff]5t f bo?8#bde ,= if  
,god is ( ,himself )\t beg9n+ & ! be+   
)\t beg9n+ is1 z "s w\ld say1 ,8 v      

ess5ce1 matt] w n be )\t beg9n+1 too3 = 
matt] & ,god are n id5tical4 ,b1 if ea* 
is :at x is indep5d5tly1 & to bo?       
belongs 9 addition ! prop]ty ( be+ )\t  
beg9n+1 x is cle> t ! be+ )\t beg9n+ is 
diff]5t f ei!r & old] & high] ?an bo?4  
,& ?us ! diff]5ce betwe5 _! oppos+ /ates
 is entirely subv]sive ( _! co-exi/5ce1 
or r ( ! "o1 viz4 matt] exi/+ ( itself4 
,o!rwise let !m /ate ! reason :y1 bo?   
be+ )\t beg9n+1 ,god is n subject to    
treatm5t1 un*angeable1 immovable1       
productive1 & matt] is ! opposite1      
subject to treatm5t1 *angeable1 mobile1 
v>y+4  ,aga91 h[ is x t ,god & matt]    
came 9 contact & comb9$8 ,0 x t ,god    
adapt$ ,himself to mat* ! nature ( matt]
 & ex]cis$ ,8 craft ^u x8 ,nay1 t is    
absurd t ,god1 l m51 %\ld "w 9 gold &   
/one & busy ,himself 9 ! o!r h&icrafts  
:i* ! v>i\s mat]ials c give %ape & =m   
to4#bdf  ,b if ,god end[$ matt] ) !     
qualities :i* ,he 9 ,8 own wisdom       
det]m9$1 impress+ on x z ) a seal !     
multi=m & div]se %ape & fa%ion ( ,8 own 

workman%ip1 ?is acc\nt ( x is bo? prop] 
& true1 & yet fur!r proves t ,god1 :o is
 ! fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* ! univ]se 
exi/s1 is )\t beg9n+4 ,= to its be+     
7accord+ to !m7 )\t beg9n+ ,god add its 
be>+ c]ta9 qualities4 ,s1 !n1 !re is    
/ill mu* to be said 9 answ] to ^! views1
 b we d n propose to say x n[4          
,nev]!less !y are express$ ) m propriety
 ?an ^? :o are absolutely a!i/ical      
poly!i/s4#bdg   7#b7 7,a?an41 de s5t4   
,dion41 #ah74 ,h[ev]1 :5 ,i spoke (     
c]ta9 ?+s t _h an orig9 7g5ta7 & c]ta9  
?+s t 7 made 7poita71 ,i did inde$      
casually m5tion examples ( su* ?+s1     
recogniz+ t !y 7 n altoge!r useful = my 
purpose3 = in/ance1 ,i said t nei!r 0 ! 
plant ! same z ! husb&man1 nor ! boat z 
! %ipwright4 ,b aft]w>ds ,i dwelt at    
l5g? on ^? :i* 7 m to ! po9t & cognate  
to ! subject1 & w5t m into detail ab\t  
^! tru] examples1 seek+ out v>i\s       
additional evid5ces :i* ,i set out =    
y#bdh also 9 ano!r lett]3 & 9 !m ,i     
refut$ z false ! accusation also :i* !y 

br+ aga9/ me1 z n /at+ t ,*ri/ is ( "o  
sub/ance 7homo\sios7#bdi ) ! ,fa!r4 ,=  
ev5 if ,i say#bej t ?is ^w is n f\nd nor
 read any:]e 9 ,holy ,writ1 yet ^! lat] 
attempts ( m9e to expla9 :i* !y h ignor$
 are n inconsi/5t ) ?is conception4 ,=  
,i comp>$ human g5]ation1 :i* is cle>ly 
a transmission ( ! p>5ts' own nature    
7homog5s71 say+ t ! p>5ts 7 diff]5t f _!
 *ildr5 9 ?is s+le po9t1 t !y 7 n       
!mselves ! *ildr53 or else x mu/ ne$s be
 t nei!r p>5ts nor *ildr5 %\ld exi/4 ,! 
lett] itself ,i _c1 z ,i h said be=e1   
ow+ to circum/ances1#bea lay my h& on3  
o!rwise ,i w\ld h s5t y my exact words1 
or r a copy ( ! :ole lett]3 & ,i w d s1 
if ,i h ! opportunity4 ,b ,i "k f memory
 t ,i add$ sev]al illu/rations f ?+s    
k9dr$ to "o ano!r3 = in/ance1 ,i said t 
a plant com+ up f a se$ or a root 0     
diff]5t f t :5ce x sprang & yet 0       
absolutely ( "o nature 7homophyes7 ) x3 
& a riv] fl[+ f a s\rce p>takes ( a     
diff]5t %ape & "n2 = nei!r is ! s\rce   
call$ riv] nor ! riv] s\rce1 & bo? ^!   

?+s exi/1#beb & ! s\rce is1 9 a s5se1 ! 
fa!r & ! riv] is ! wat] f ! s\rce4 ,b ^!
 & simil> rem>ks !y pret5d nev] to h se5
 writt51 b act z if !y 7 bl9d4 ,!y only 
try to pelt me f af>#bec ) ^? poor      
ill-fitt+ phrases ( m9e#bed z ) /ones1  
fail+ to recognize t :]e a subject is   
obscure & requires to be br\ght )9 our  
und]/&+1 n only d div]se b ev5 q        
contradictory illu/rations convey !     
mean+ s\ght =4  7#c7 7,ibid41 #ag47 ,x  
has be5 already said t ,god is ! ,f\nta9
 ( all good ?+s3 & ! ,son is            
describ$#bee z ! /ream fl[+ =? f ,him4  
,= ! ,^w is ! efflu5ce ( m9d1 &1 to use 
human phraseology1 is convey$ f ! he>t  
?r\gh ! m\?1 i4 e4 ! m9d t f9ds         
expression by means ( ! tongue1 be+     
diff]5tiat$ f ! ^w 9 ! he>t4 ,= ! "o    
hav+ s5t x =? rema9s & is /ill :at x 02 
b ! o!r be+ s5t =? issues & is c>ri$ 9  
all directions3 & ?us ea* is 9 ea*1 be+ 
diff]5t "o f ! o!r3 & !y are "o1 be+    
two4 ,& x 0 9 ?is way t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son
 also 7 said to be "o & 9 "o ano!r4#bef 

,ea* ( ! titles employ$ by me is        
indivisible & insep>able f its neighb\r4
 ,i spoke ( ! ,fa!r1 & be=e introduc+ ! 
,son ,i impli$ ,him1 too1 9 ! ,fa!r4 ,i 
introduc$ ! ,son3 ev5 if ,i _h n already
 m5tion$ ! ,fa!r ,he w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h   
be5 presuppos$ 9 ! ,son4 ,i add$ ! ,holy
 ,_s3 b at ! same "t ,i intimat$ bo? f  
,:om & ?r\gh ,:om#beg ,he came4 ,b !y   
are n aw>e t ! ,fa!r is n sep>at$ f !   
,son qua ,fa!r--= ! title 7,fa!r7 is    
sugge/ive ( su* connexion 7z ,son )     
,fa!r7--nor is ! ,son cut (f f ! ,fa!r2 
= ! appellation ,fa!r d5otes _! common  
bond4 ,& ! ,_s is ! object ( _!         
deal+s1#beh be+ incapable ( des]tion by 
ei!r ,him t s5ds1 or ,him t conveys4 ,h[
 !n c ,i1 :o use ^! titles1 hold t ,!y  
are :olly divid$ & sep>at$8#bei   7#d7  
7,ibid41 #bc74 ,=1 z our m9d ov]fl[s )  
spee*#bfj ( itself1 z says ! prophet3   
,my he>t ov]fl[e? ) good spee*1#bfa &   
ea* is div]se f ! o!r1 ea* occupy+ its  
prop] place di/9ct f ! o!r1 ! "o dwell+ 
& mov+ 9 ! he>t & ! o!r on ! tongue & 9 

! m\?1 & yet !y are n entirely          
unconnect$ nor depriv$ ( "o ano!r2 ! m9d
 is n spee*less1 nor ! spee* m9dless1 b 
! m9d produces ! spee*1 reveal+ itself  
!reby2 & ! spee* %[s ! m9d1 hav+ be5    
g5d]$ !re92 ! m9d is1 z x 71 ! inly+    
spee* & ! spee* is ! issu+ m9d2 ! m9d is
 transf]r$ into ! spee* & ! spee*       
displays#bfb ! m9d to ! he>]s2 & ?us !  
m9d ?r\gh ! spee* ga9s a lodgm5t 9 !    
s\ls ( ^? t he>1 ent]+ toge!r ) ! spee*1
 & ! m9d is1 z x 71 ! fa!r ( ! spee*1   
hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce )al2 & ! spee*
 is1 z x 71 ! son ( ! m9d1 be+ an       
impossibility prior to ! m9d1 yet br\ght
 into association ) x f any outside     
s\rce1 b spr++ f ! m9d2 ev5 s ! ,fa!r1  
:o is ! ,almighty & ,univ]sal ,m9d1 has 
! ,son1 ! ,^w z ! ,int]pret] & ,mess5g] 
( ,himself4                             
,additional ,note to p4 #ab4   ,j]ome 79
 8 lett] ad ,evangelum7 is responsible =
 ! ass]tion t ,dionysius 0 ! la/ :o1 9  
accordance ) ! orig9al cu/om ( ! ,*ur* (
 ,alex&ria1 0 nom9at$ z ,bi%op by 8     

fell[-presbyt]s !re4 ,subsequ5tly !     
,bi%op 0 *os5 7at lea/ 9 !ory7 by ! :ole
 body ( ! fai?ful 9 ! diocese1 z 9 o!r  
p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,j]ome's words d n    
seem to include consecration also by a  
fre% lay+ ( h&s by ! presbyt]y1 ?\gh    
,bi%op ,lightfoot 7,philippians1 p4     
#bca7 inf]r$ f c]ta9 o!r evid5ce ( a n v
 decisive k9d t ?is 0 ! case & t x 0    
r5d]$ necess>y at fir/ by ! ,bi%op (    
,alex&ria hav+ _h no o!r ,bi%ops ) him 9
 ,egypt until #aij4 ,o!rs hold t no fre%
 lay+ on ( h&s at all _h be5 consid]$   
necess>y1 :i* is h>dly probable4 ,mr4   
,c4 ,h4 ,turn] 7,cambridge ,m$ieval     
,hi/ory1 vol4 i47 has sugge/$ t ,j]ome 0
 misl$ by ,arians :o _h _! own int]e/s  
to s]ve 9 mak+ ! ass]tion1 :ile he      
himself 0 too ready to cr$it x 9 8 zeal 
to uphold ! presbyt]ate aga9/ ! arrogant
 claims ( ! ,roman deacons at t "t4 ,!  
pres5t writ] v5tures to ?9k t ,j]ome's  
/atem5t1 if correct1 ref]s only to      
nom9ation & t an episcopal consecrator  
_h be5 f\nd else:]e 7e4 g4 9 ,africa or 

,pale/9e or ,syria7 = ! lay+ on ( h&s z 
usual4                                  
,,footnotes   #a;,9 "o ( ,eusebius's    
works 7! ,prp>atio ,evangelica7 he is   
quot$    side by side ) great au?ors l  
,plato & ,ari/otle4  #b,mo/ ( ^? :o read
 ?is w be aw>e t pais 7,lat4 pu]7    c  
be us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses1 l our boy & ,fr5* 
g>on4  #c,n ! ,prefect ( ,egypt ( t "n  
m5tion$ by ,dionysius on p4 #df1    ?\gh
 he did aft]w>ds try to usurp ! ?rone   
7see p4 #af74  #d;,= ,dionysius's %>e 9 
?is dispute see 8 lett] on p4 #ej4      
#e;,dionysius's phrase ab\t him on p4   
#ff is tutor & *ief rul] (    ,egyptian 
magicians2 see note #c 9 loco4  #f,?is  
milianus 0 "o ( sev]al :o aft]w>ds      
attempt$ to seize    ! ?rone2 see above1
 p4 #ad4 ,macrianus 0 ano!r ( !m 9      
,egypt    7p4 #fh1 n474  #g,! (fice     
indicat$ seems to be ! same z t (       
,rationalis    m5tion$ above on p4 #af4 
#h;,i 0 mu* assi/$ 9 draw+ up ?is summ>y
 ( p]i ,physes &    also 9 writ+ ! notes
 ^u ! extracts f ! text by ,pr(essor    

,h4 ,jackson1 ( ,cambridge fame4  #i,!  
p>ticul> passage1 h[ev]1 adduc$ by      
,procopius above is ,g54    iii4 #ba4   
#aj,on ?is po9t ,c4 ,h4 ,turn]'s article
 9 ,ha/+s's ,diction>y ( !    ,bible1   
,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dif f4 7on ,patri/ic     
,comm5t>ies71 may be    consult$4  #aa,!
 passage on ,luke xxii1 quot$ by ,dr4   
,s&ay 7,inspiration1 p4    #cf71 is ( v 
d\btful au!nticity4  #ab,m>tyr 9 ?is    
case ne$ n necess>ily be tak5 /rictly z 
mean+ "o put to dea? = ! ,fai?1 ?\gh no 
d\bt ! m$ival    tradition 0 9 fav\r ( 8
 m>tyrdom 9 t s5se4  #ac;,x looks z if  
,dionysius 0 afraid to m5tion 8 "n4     
,p]haps x    0 ,sab9us ! ,prefect4 ,! ^w
 poet 9 ,greek means prop]ly    mak]1 & 
!re is evid5tly a d\ble ent5dre 9 its   
use "h4  #ad;i4 e4 aga9/ ,*ri/ 7#a ,cor4
 xii4 #c74  #ae,! ref]5ce is to ,heb4 x4
 #cd4 ,x w be notic$ t ,dionysius       
attributes ?is ,epi/le to ,s4 ,paul1    
ei!r inadv]t5tly or 9    accordance ) ! 
,alex&r9e tradition1 :i* ,orig5 also    
accepts    7,eus41 ,h4 ,e41 vi4 #be74   

#af,viz4 ! revolt ( ,decius 9 ,oct4     
#bdi4  #ag;i4 e4 ,philip ! ,arabian1 :o 
0 popul>ly suppos$ to be half a         
,*ri/ian4  #ah,! ref]5ce is obvi\sly to 
,matt4 xxiv4 #bd 7,m>k xiii4 #bb7 ?\gh  
,dionysius has sub/itut$ cause to /umble
 7sk&alisai7 =    cause to g a/ray      
7plansai or apoplanan74  #ai,! ref]5ce  
is v loosely to ,matt4 xix4 #bc & #be4  
#bj,viz4 ^? :o held no prom95t position2
 ! ord9>y folk4  #ba;,cp4 ,gal4 ii4 #i4 
#bb;,cp4 ,acts xxviii4 #bc & ,rev4 i4   
#i4  #bc,!re is evid5tly an allusion "h 
to ,matt4 v4 #aa & ,luke vi4 #bb4       
#bd,viz4 ! ungul1 ) :i* ! fle% 0 torn f 
! bones4  #be,only ?ree are m5tion$ 9 ! 
text4  #bf;i4 e4 "s "t betwe5 #bea1 :5  
p]secution end$ ) ! dea?    ( ,decius1 &
 #beg1 :5 ,val]ian reviv$ x4  #bg,! fir/
 0 a m>tial (f5ce1 ! second a civil4    
#bh;i4 e4 by be+ all[$ to foll[ ,*ri/'s 
example4  #bi,?is 0 ! cata/a1 or plat=m1
 :i* correspond$ to our    prison]'s    
dock4  #cj;,dionysius's language recalls
 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ad2 ,col4 ii4 #ae is     

diff]5t4  #ca;,cf4 ,heb4 xi4 #ch4       
#cb;i4 e4 !y %[$ !mselves wor?y ( be+   
among ! elect4  #cc;,a range ( hills to 
! ea/ ( ! ,nile seems to h be5 s        
call$4  #cd,on ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy at   
?is "t1 see ,b+ham1 ,antiq41    ,,iv1 v4
 ,s #e4  #ce,?is is probably ! e>lie/   
extant m5tion ( ! ,s>ac5s--at    lea/ by
 t "n4  #cf,! op9ion t ! m>tyrs pass$ at
 once to heav5 & %>$ ,8    ?rone 0 g5]al
 among ! e>ly ,fa!rs 7see ,matt4 xix4   
#bh & #a    ,cor4 vi4 #b1 #c74  #cg;,cp4
 ,ezek4 xviii4 #bc1 xxxiii4 #aa1 #b     
,pet4 iii4 #i4  #ch,^! expressions are n
 to be press$ z if !y assum$ episcopal  
au?ority4  #ci;,cp4 ,gal4 i4 #bj4       
#dj;i4 e4 9 ,octob] #bdi4  #da,!        
,prefect ( ,egypt4  #db,?is 0 a k9d (   
soldi] employ$ on secret s]vice by !    
emp]ors    & _! prov9cial gov]nors4     
#dc,probably 8 sons1 ?\gh !y might be 8 
pupils or 8 s]vants4  #dd,"o ( ! boys4  
#de,:e!r ,timo!us 0 mak+ (f to jo9      
,dionysius or 0 flee+ 9    ano!r        
direction is n cle>4  #df;,cp4 ,m>k xiv4

 #eb4  #dg;,dionysius's language "h     
recalls #b ,cor4 xi4 #a1 #ag1 #ba & xii4
 #f1    #aa4  #dh,viz4 ,tobit xii4 #g1  
:]e ! be/ atte/$ read+ is to reveal     
glori\sly1 in/ead ( 7x is7 glori\s to   
reveal4  #di,! ,prefect ( ,egypt at t   
"t4  #ej,?\gh ,dionysius 0 ,bi%op1 x is 
noticeable t he /ill    associates      
himself ) ! presbyt]ate "h & else:]e2   
cp4 #a    ,pet4 v4 #a1 etc4  #ea;,acts  
v4 #bi4  #eb,m>cellus seems to be !     
bro!r f ,rome m5tion$ above1 &          
,eusebius is n n[ m5tion$4  #ec,! ^w    
also ei!r ref]s to ! imp]ial edict or   
sugge/s t    "s writt5 communication _h 
be5 s5t4  #ed,viz4 ,val]ian & 8 son     
,galli5us4  #ee;,cp4 #a ,tim4 ii4 #b2   
?is laudable cu/om is (t5 ref]r$ to 9   
e>ly    ,*ri/ian writ+s4  #ef,?is       
re/riction 0 con/antly en=c$ by p]secut+
 emp]ors1    because ! graves ( m>tyrs 7
 a fav\rite resort = pray] &    wor%ip4 
,! ^w cemet]y 7sleep+-place7 0 introduc$
 by    ,*ri/ians = gravey>ds4  #eg,?is  
is an indignant prote/ aga9/ ,g]manus's 

*>ges4  #eha ,cor4 xv4 #c4  #ei;,col4   
iv4 #c4  #fj;,cp4 ,acts xii4 #be4  #fa,!
 bre?r5 :o liv$ on ! outskirts ( a city 
l ,alex&ria    7 n b\nd to att5d ! "m   
*ur*1 b _h z x 7 *apels    ( ease 9 _!  
own vic9ities4  #fb,or p]haps c>ri$ on  
7to act z ?\ did/74  #fc,/rictly speak+1
 ,novatian's )drawal 0 n v likely to    
involve actual m>tyrdom4  #fd,! ^w is   
kator?ma 7success72 p]haps recov]y w\ld 
br+    out ! anti!sis to fall 7sphalma7 
bett]4  #fe;,g54 xix4 #ag 7,,lxx74      
#ff;,ano!r read+ gives bless$ 7mak>ios71
 :i*1 ?\gh less well    support$ by !   
,,mss41 makes ! phrase mak>is anepausato
 m    po9t$4  #fg,?is expression        
probably means to include ! ,*ur*es (   
,mesopotamia    & ,osro5e1 besides ^?   
:i* he proce$s to m5tion bel[4          
#fh;,eusebius is mi/ak5 9 id5tify+ ?is  
peace ) ! cessation (    p]secution3 !  
ref]5ce is to ! subsid+ ( ! ,novatiani/ 
s*ism 9 #bed :i* re/or$ peace to        
,*ri/5dom4 ,! surprise &    joy 7 due to
 ! viol5ce ( ! language & o!r measures  

:i*    ! *ief combatants 7,/eph5 &      
,cyprian7 _h employ$4  #fi;,hadrian's   
colony 9 ,m\nt ,sion 0 s nam$ 7,a4,d4   
#acb74 ,lat] on !    old] & m glori\s "n
 ( ,j]usalem 0 re/or$ to ! see4         
#gj;,bi%op ( ,cs>ea 9 ,cappadocia 7     
,a4,d4 #bfj71 & "o ( ,orig5's           
di/+ui%$ pupils4 ,on ! baptismal        
controv]sy he sid$ )    ,cyprian (      
,c>?age4  #ga,! adroit ref]5ce to !     
wont$ lib]ality ( ! ,roman ,*ur* is     
to be not$3 o!r in/ances are giv5 by    
,salmon1 ,infallibility1 p4    #cge4    
#gb;,"h aga9 ,dionysius %[s 8           
adroitness1 if ,b5son 7,cyprian1 p4     
#ceg7 is "r 9 ?9k+ t ! li/ ( *ur*es he  
gives sugge/s    a repetition ( !       
,p5teco/al outp\r+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/      
7,acts ii4    #i f474  #gc;,cp4 ! lett] 
to ,dionysius1 p4 #eh4  #gd,lev4 xxiv4  
#ac-af4  #ge,! ^w "h us$ repres5ts      
my/rion1 d5ot+ ! ,*ri/ian    revelation 
z my/rion (t5 does4  #gf;,cf4 #a ,cor4  
xvi4 #bb & ,gal4 i4 #h1 #i4  #gg,! =m]  
are conv]ts f hea!nism1 or p]haps f     

h]esy2 !    latt] ,*ri/ians :o h laps$4 
#gh,! ^w "h is ! ,greek *eirotonia 9    
,syriac lett]s1 & s    might also be    
r5d]$ ord9ation4  #gi,! ,,mss4 f :i* ?is
 extract comes /ate t x is f a lett]    
to ,dionysius & ,/ephanus ( ,rome4 ,no  
su* lett] is o!rwise kn[n1    & x is n  
likely t ,/eph5's "n w\ld come second1 z
 he 0    !n bi%op & ,dionysius only a   
presbyt]1 ?\gh lat] on he became        
bi%op4 ,possibly x is f ! lett] :i* our 
,dionysius tells u he    wrote to 8     
,roman namesake & ,philemon :5 !y 7 ( ! 
same    op9ion z ,/eph53 see p4 #ee4 ,z 
f> z ! cont5ts ( ! extract    g1 x is n 
at all incr$ible t ,dionysius 0 will+ to
 admit    ! validity ( su* baptisms z   
are specifi$3 x 0 only h]esies    ( a v 
fundam5tal k9d :i* he consid]$ to       
invalidate baptism4  #hj,! successor to 
,/ephanus 9 #beg z ,bi%op ( ,rome3 he 0 
m>tyr$    aft] "o ye>'s reign4  #ha,?is 
01 accord+ to ,b5son 7,cyprian1 p4      
#ced71 a ?reat :i* he    did n actually 
c>ry into effect1 & 0 only meant to     

re/ra9    !m f adopt+ ,cyprian's        
attitude on ! matt]4  #hb;i4 e4 ^? (    
,iconium & ,synnada 7circ4 #bcj73       
,dionysius may    also be ref]r+ to !   
?ree mu* m rec5t c\ncils :i* ,cyprian   
_h held at ,c>?age betwe5 #bed & #bef   
7i4 e4 s9ce 8 lett] to    ,/eph5 above74
 ,by ?is "t he _h by pati5t inquiry f\nd
 out mu*    m ?an he _h kn[n at fir/ (  
:at 0 necess>y to be kn[n    be=e com+  
to a decision4  #hc;,cf4 #a ,cor4 vi4   
#aa & v4 #g1 #h4  #hd,see note on p4    
#ed4 ,dionysius became aft]w>ds ,bi%op (
 ,rome 9 #bei3    a fragm5t ( a lett] f 
our ,dionysius to him is pr9t$ on p4    
#eh4    ,8 fam\s lett] to our ,dionysius
 on ! ,sabellian controv]sy is n        
includ$ 9 ?is volume4 ,"p ( a lett] to  
,philemon is giv5 on p4    #ef4 ,he 0 a 
,roman ,presbyt]4  #he,on ! nor?-we/    
coa/ ( ,cyr5aica1 "o ( ! five *ief      
cities    :i* gave its "n to ! ,libyan  
,p5tapolis4 ,sabellius d5i$ !    ?ree   
,p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity1 & held t ! ,p]son (
 ! ,fa!r    :o is ,"o ) ! ,son 0        

inc>nate 9 ,*ri/3 see fur!r p4 #ai4     
#hf,!re seems no d\bt t ?is is ! "r     
read+ "h1 ?\gh mo/    ( ! ,,mss4 read   
,god ! ,fa!r & our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 b  
cle>ly ,dionysius is only speak+ ( ,god 
! ,fa!r 9 ?is clause    & ( ,jesus ,*ri/
 9 ! next4 ,see #b ,cor4 i4 #b1 ,eph4 i4
 #c1 etc4  #hg;,x 0 ,dionysius's        
treatm5t ( ?is subject :i* aft]w>ds gave
    ,arius ! h]esi>* ( ,alex&ria an op5+
 = claim+ 8    tea*+ 9 support ( 8 own  
t5ets1 ?\gh !re is no ,arian            
sugge/ion1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is phrase3 see p4
 #bj4  #hh;,col4 i4 #ae4  #hi;,eus41 ,h4
 ,e4 vii4 #bf1 m5tions lett]s to        
,ammonius1 ,bi%op (    ,b]nice1         
,telesphorus ,euphranor & ,euporus 9 ?is
 connexion4    ,a?anasius appe>s only to
 h kn[n "o jo9t lett] to ,ammonius &    
,euphranor4  #ij;,dionysius seems to    
di/+ui% "h two k9ds ( writ+s3 7#a7 ^?   
t 7 bas$ on sy/ematic rese>* &          
criticism1 & 7#b7 ^?    t h&$ on ! m    
traditional & less critical views &     
/atem5ts ( ! pa/4  #ia;,div9e           

int]position is m vaguely sugge/$ above 
on p4 #dd4 ,s4    ,augu/9e's /atem5t    
%\ld also be comp>$1 t at a critical    
mom5t ( 8 conv]sion he he>d a voice     
say+1 ,take & read    7,conf4 vii4 #ab1 
,s #bi72 ,s4 ,polyc>p likewise he>d a   
voice f    heav5 say+1 ,be /rong & play 
! man1 z he 0 l$ into !    ar5a4        
#ib,see ,introduction1 p4 #aa4  #ic,?is 
is "o ( ! m common apocryphal say+s     
usually attribut$    to our ,"l3 h5ce ! 
epi!t apo/olic is some:at /range4  #id,!
 ^w = ,fa!r "h is papas 7pope71 a       
colloquial =m (    patr appli$ to any   
bi%op 7or ev5 to "o ( ! inf]ior cl]gy   
sometimes7 9 ! fir/ ages4 ,= ,h]aclas   
see p4 #aa4 ,x is to be    notic$1      
h[ev]1 t ?is canon ( 8 dealt n )        
h]etical    baptism 7su* z ,dionysius is
 deal+ )71 b ) actual or    reput$      
p]v]ts1 & /at$ ! t]ms on :i* !y 7 to be 
re/or$ to ! ,*ur* ( _! baptism4  #ie;i4 
e4 ! ,*ur* 9 ,africa ,proconsul>is1 (   
:i* ,c>?age 0 !    metropolis & ,cyprian
 ! metropolitan4  #if;,iconium 0 ! *ief 

city ( ,lycaonia 7see ,acts xiii4 &     
xiv471 &    ,synnada 0 an important t[n 
9 ,phrygia ,salut>is4 ,^! synods _h     
be5 held "s tw5ty-five ye>s be=e 79     
,a4,d4 #bcj74  #ig;,deut4 xix4 #ad4     
#ih,see above1 p4 #ec4  #ii;,a          
confession ( fai? has always be5 requir$
 be=e baptism3 ?is    ,novatian         
virtually ignor$ by 8 action4  #ajj;,"h 
z else:]e ,dionysius %[s 8 bread? ( view
 ab\t ,god 9    recogniz+ t ! ,holy ,_s 
might 9 "s measure rema9 ev5    ) !     
laps$4  #aja;,x is /range t s old a     
believ] %\ld nev] h notic$ !    diff]5ce
 be=e1 b baptism 0 almo/ entirely conf9$
 at t    "t to ,ea/] & ,:itsuntide1 & he
 may h always be5 abs5t4  #ajb;,cp4 #a  
,cor4 xiv4 #af4 ,! ,am5 is ei!r t aft] !
 ,consecration    ( ! ,elem5ts or at !  
,reception ( !m4  #ajc,/&+ 01 & is /ill1
 ! po/ure 9 ! ,ea/3 ,scudamore1    ,n4  
,eu*41 p4 #fcg4  #ajd;,a some:at r>e ^w 
= ,alt> )\t "s descriptive epi!t    l   
holy or my/ic4  #aje,! ,consi/5tes 7 !  
la/ ord] ( p5it5ts1 :o 7    all[$ to    

rema9 aft] ! dismissal ( ! cate*um5s &  
o!r    p5it5ts1 b did n jo9 9 ! oblation
 or communion itself3 cf4    ,canons (  
,nica1 ,no4 xi4  #ajf,! lett] f :i* ?is 
is suppos$ to be an extract is said by  
,eusebius 7,h4 ,e4 vi4 #df1 #b7 to h be5
 on ! subject (    ,rep5tance1 & may    
possibly be ! in/ruction :i* ,dionysius 
says    he _h giv5 on p4 #db above4     
#ajg,viz4 "u ! impression t !y 7 go+ to 
die4  #ajh;i4 e4 aft] ?us pl$g+         
ourselves to !m4  #aji;,cf4 #a ,pet4 ii4
 #c1 :]e ,ps4 xxxiii4 7xxxiv47 #i is    
quot$4  #aaj;,cf4 #a ,tim4 iii4 #g1 etc4
  #aaa,! ref]5ce is to ,luke xv4 #d ff4 
& ,ezek4 xxxiv4 #f1 etc4                
#aab;,dionysius is ?9k+ p]haps ( ! /ory 
9 ,tobit v4 #f1 :]e    ,raphael becomes 
! companion ( ,tobit's son ,tobias on 8 
j\rney4  #aac,on ! pr9ciple t *>ity     
?9ke? no evil 444 b hope? all    ?+s 7#a
 ,cor4 xiii473 simil> b n id5tical      
phrases 79 words or    s5se7 are f\nd #a
 ,cor4 xvi4 #ag1 #b ,cor4 ix4 #ab1 xi4  
#i1 ,phil4 ii4 #cj1    & ,col4 i4 #bd4  

#aad,! difficulties ( soldi]s becom+ &  
rema9+ ,*ri/ians 7    peculi>ly great "u
 ! e>ly ,emp]ors4  #aae,t is1 "s _h n   
yet be5 call$ ^u to be actual m>tyrs1   
,dionysius among !m :o 0 /ill 9 exile4  
#aaf;,is4 xlix4 #h4  #aag,^! 7 ! same   
civil (ficials z ^? m5tion$ 9 ,acts vi4 
#bj at ,philippi1 ) _! s]vants1 !re     
call$ lictors    7rhabd\*oi73 ! soldi]s 
belong$ to ! c5turion1 ( c\rse4         
#aah,?is has already be5 describ$ on p4 
#dd4  #aai;,includ+ ,timo!us :o _h be5 !
 means ( 8 escape4  #abj;,a t[n on !    
coa/ #aej miles we/ ( ,alex&ria4        
#aba;,he & ! ?ree deacons h already be5 
m5tion$ on p4 #df4 ,!y    mu/ h left    
,dionysius :5 he w5t into exile &       
return$ to    ,alex&ria4  #abb;,9 !     
isl&1 accord+ to ,ruf9us's v]sion1 b x  
is n cle>    :at isl& he means3 !       
pe/il5ce is probably "o ( ^? frequ5t    
epidemics :i* deva/at$ ,nor? ,africa &  
o!r di/ricts ( !    empire4  #abc,!     
epi!t p]fect1 ?\gh appli$ to believ]s   
g5]ally 9 !    ,new ,te/am5t 7,matt4 v4 

#bh1 etc471 0 lat] specially us$ (      
m>tyrs4  #abd;,gallus succe$$ to !      
empire on ! dea? ( ,decius & 8 sons    9
 #bea1 & reign$ till #bec1 :5 x 0 wre/$ 
f him by milian1    :o 0 9 turn ou/$ by 
,val]ian aft] f\r mon?s' rule4          
,dionysius    makes no m5tion ( ?is     
episode1 ?\gh he does ( ,macrian's      
attempt    lat]4  #abe,! quotation is f 
,rev4 xiii4 #e1 b ! la/ words foll[ a   
read+ :i* has no support 9 ! ,,mss4 ,x  
%\ld also be notic$    t ,dionysius does
 n ?9k x at all c]ta9 t ! au?or ( !     
,revelation is ! ,evangeli/3 see p4 #hf4
  #abf,val]ian reign$ f #bec till 8     
disappe>ance 9 #bfj4 ,!    duration ( ! 
p]secution 0 =ty-two mon?s1 f be=e      
midsumm] #beg till late 9 #bfj4         
#abg;,"h ! expression means ,*ri/ians   
g5]ally1 n prophets or    cl]gy z (t54  
#abh;,alex&] ,sev]us & ,philip !        
,arabian are no d\bt meant4             
#abi;,comp>e su* expressions 9 ,s4      
,paul's lett]s z ,rom4 xvi4 #e1 #a ,cor4
    xvi4 #aa1 etc4  #acj,no d\bt        

,macrianus is meant1 :o is m5tion$ fur!r
 on1 b x is    difficult to acc\nt = !  
exact epi!ts :i* ,dionysius "h          
applies to him4 ,app>5tly he _h be5     
,val]ian's tutor 9 "s k9d    ( magic1 & 
_h alli$ himself someh[ ) ! ,jewi%      
colony 9    ,alex&ria 7h5ce             
ar*isynaggos71 :o w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be     
ho/ile    to ! ,*ri/ians4  #aca;,*ri/ian
 exorci/s mu/ be meant1 ?\gh ! claim to 
sup]natural    p[]s :i* ,dionysius makes
 = !m is suffici5tly rem>kable4         
#acb,?is 0 a frequ5t *>ge aga9/ !       
,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,"h    ,dionysius   
turns x aga9/ _! p]secutors 9 ,egypt4   
#acc;,x is v difficult1 )\t a k ( ,lat9 
& ,greek1 to    und]/& ,dionysius's play
 on words ?r\gh\t ?is section4 ,!       
(fice :i* ,macrianus held 0 t (1 9      
,lat91 ,rationalis or    ,procurator    
summ rei1 9 ,greek ho epi tn ka?ol\ logn
 7some?+    l our ,*ancellor ( !        
,ex*equ]73 h5ce ,dionysius says he 0 n  
rational 7or reasonable7 9 8 treatm5t ( 
! ,*ri/ians &    %[$ no ca?olic _s t[>ds

 !m4  #acd;,ezek4 xiii4 #c4 ,dionysius  
takes ! la/ phrase 7to ka?ol\71 z    if 
x 0 ! object ( ! v]b1 n an adv]b1 9 ord]
 to suit 8    argum5t4  #ace,?is may    
p]haps mean t besides 8 o!r faults      
,macrianus 0    ta9t$ ) ! a!i/ic views (
 ! ,epicureans1 :ile ,dionysius    also 
alludes 9 ?is s5t5ce to ! acc\nts :i*   
,macrianus w\ld    h to pres5t to !     
,emp]or ( 8 own adm9i/ration4  #acf;,cf4
 ,eph4 iv4 #f & ,col4 i4 #ag4           
#acg;,ano!r play on words1 z if         
,macrianus 0 d]iv$ f ! ,greek    makros 
7f> (f71 :i* is some:at d\btful4        
#ach;,is4 lxvi4 #c1 #d 7,,lxx74 ,"h !   
ref]5ce is to ,val]ian fall+ into    !  
h&s ( ,sapor1 ! ,p]sian ,k+1 :o inflict$
 griev\s insults    ^u him1 & kept him 9
 captivity till 8 dea?4  #aci,macrianus 
0 lame ( "o leg4 ,aft] ,val]ian's defeat
 &    disappe>ance 79 #bfj71 = :i* he 0 
himself l>gely responsible1             
,macrianus & 8 two sons1 ,macrianus     
junior & ,quietus1 made an    abortive  
attempt to seize ! ?rone1 :i* 0 soon    

defeat$4  #adj;,ex4 xx4 #e4  #ada,! two 
,macriani 7 defeat$ & sla9 by ,aureolus1
 ano!r    usurp]1 9 ,illyricum1 &       
,quietus 0 put to dea? 9 ! ,ea/4        
#adb;,dionysius is /ill speak+ (        
,macrianus1 :o _h incit$ ,val]ian    to 
attack ! ,p]sians1 & !n _h himself      
attack$ ,galli5us &    tri$ to usurp !  
?rone4  #adc;,is4 xlii4 #i1 b ,dionysius
 has sub/itut$1 = ! la/ phrase1 a       
phrase f xliii4 #ai4 ,! orig9al prophecy
 applies to ! triumph (    ,cyrus & !   
conv]sion ( ! _w to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah4
 ,its    application 9 ! text /rikes u  
to-day z too fanciful4  #add,:e!r       
,galli5us himself 0 really a ,*ri/ian is
 v d\btful1    b 8 wife1 ,cornelia      
,salon9a1 seems to h be54  #ade,?is is a
 v obscure calculation1 b ! up%ot ( x   
may be z    foll[s3 ,galli5us 0         
associat$ ) 8 fa!r ,val]ian z ,emp]or   
sev5 ye>s 7#bec-fj71 !n ,macrianus      
usurp$ ! p[] 79 ,egypt7 =    "o ye>1 or 
r m2 ?us ,galli5us rega9$ ! p[] 9 8     
n9? ye> 7i4 e4 aft] midsumm] #bfa74     

,galli5us's orig9al ,edict    ( ,peace 0
 issu$ 9 ,oct4 #bfj1 b ! ,rescript      
apply+ x to ,egypt    0 delay$ = "s "t4 
,! ,ea/] fe/ival = :i* ?is lett]    0   
writt51 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 t ( #bfb4      
#adf;,cf4 #a ,cor4 v4 #h4  #adg;,exod4  
xii4 #cj4  #adh;,i h translat$ ! ,b]l9  
editor's read+ "h1 z be+ !    lea/      
unsatisfactory ( ^? propos$4 ,o!rs give 
a text :i* may    be r5d]$3 ,i w\ld ?is 
7 all3 = ! ?+s t befell u    be=e drove 
u into _m griev\s tr\bles4 ,b ! exact   
mean+ is    d\btful1 h[ev] we take x4   
#adi,?is epi!t = m>tyrs has already     
occurr$ on p4 #fd4  #aej,?is is none o!r
 ?an a quotation f ,p]icles's spee* ab\t
 !    plague at ,a!ns 9 ,?ucyd4 ii4 #fd1
 ?\gh 9 ,dionysius's orig9al    phrase x
 s\nds z if he meant "s local m9or      
hi/orian4  #aea,! ^w ,dionysius uses "h 
is ! same z ,s4 ,paul1 uses 7#a ,cor4   
iv4 #ac3 p]ipsma1 (fsc\r+74 ,x is said  
to h be5 us$ at    ,a!ns ( ! human      
scapegoats ?r[n into ! riv] 9 "t (      
fam9e3 ,be ?\ my expiation 7p]ipsma74   

,else:]e x seems to    h deg5]at$ into a
 sort ( extravagant complim5t3 ,i am y\r
    humble s]vant 7p]ipsma74 ,dionysius 
sugge/s x might rega9 its    m s]i\s    
mean+ 9 ! pres5t case4  #aeb;,"h aga9   
,dionysius uses an expression sugge/$ by
 ,s4 ,paul 9    ,phil4 iii4 #h4  #aec;,x
 is n cle> :e!r ,dionysius actually     
alludes "h to !    well-protect$ h>b\rs 
( ,alex&ria or 7m loosely7 to ! ,lake   
,m>eotis3 probably to ! =m]1 because !  
canal he ref]s to 9    ! next s5t5ce    
7?\gh he calls x a riv]7 0 cut f ! ,nile
    into "o ( ! h>b\rs & pass$ at ! back
 ( ! city betwe5 x    & ! ,lake         
,m>eotis4  #aed;,cf4 ,ps4 lxxvii4 #ac1  
cxxxvi4 #d1 & ,wisd4 xi4 #d4 ,! :ole    
passage1    ( c\rse1 ref]s to ,exod4    
xiv4 & xvii4  #aee;,cf4 ,exod4 vii4 #bj1
 #ba4  #aef;i4 e4 if ! bigge/ riv] & !  
ocean itself1 z he proce$s              
exagg]at$ly to claim1 _c d s1 :at o!r   
cleans+ c !re    be8  #aeg;,cf4 ,g54 ii4
 #aj ff4 ,dionysius evid5tly adopts !   
lat] ,jewi% view    t ! ,gihon 0 !      

,nile1 ?iopia 7or ,cu%7 be+ id5tifi$ )  
,egypt4  #aeh,! mean+ ( ! phrase employ$
 by ,dionysius "h 7hale old    m57 comes
 f ,hom]1 ,il4 xxiii4 #gia 7cf4 ,virg41 
n4 vi4 #cjd72    b else:]e a v simil>   
phrase seems to sugge/ a cruel1         
untimely old age4  #aei;,evid5tly at    
,alex&ria 7! capital ( t c\ntry :i* 0 ! 
*ief gran>y ( ,rome7 ei!r ! necessit\s  
citiz5s or p]haps all    betwe5 =ty &   
sev5ty 7 entitl$ to receive doles (     
corn2 b    n[ ! relief 0 ext5d$ to all  
ages betwe5 f\rte5 & eighty4  #afj;,ei!r
 ! hea!n are meant1 :o ought to tremble 
& be conv9c$1    or ! ,*ri/ians1 :o 7   
too c\rage\s ?r\gh tru/ 9 ,god to       
tremble4  #afa,! la/ s5t5ce is involv$ &
 obscure4 ,i am n sure t my    p>aphrase
 rightly expresses ! ?\ght4  #afb;,i h  
adopt$ our mod]n mode ( expression1 b 9 
! e>ly    ,*ur* ,pas*a 0 (t5 us$ = ! fa/
 :i* rec$$ ,ea/] z well    z = ! fea/   
itself1 & t is h[ ,dionysius uses x "h4 
#afc;i4 e4 at #c a4m4 on ,ea/] ,day1 !  
traditional h\r ( our ,"l's             

,resurrection1 especially 9 ! ,we/4     
#afd;i4 e4 at #f p4m4 on ,ea/] ,eve4    
#afe;,all1 i4 e4 :o came1 or p]haps all 
! f\r evangeli/s4    ,! diff]5ce is n   
really conf9$ to ! "t1 b to !    p>ties 
:i* came1 ! o!r dev\t wom5 com+ lat] ?an
 ! two    ,m>ys4  #aff,! f\r ref]5ces   
are to ,matt4 xxviii4 #a1 ,john xx4 #a1 
,luke xxiv4    #a1 & ,m>k xvi4 #b4      
#afg;,cf4 ,john ix4 #e1 etc4  #afh,!    
,c\ncil 9 ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fhj7 accept$ 
?is second mean+ &    cons5t$ to        
,dionysius's rul+ on ! po9t rais$ )\t   
res]ve4  #afi;,dionysius ?9ks t ,s4     
,mat!w's acc\nt1 ) :i* ,s4 ,john's      
tallies1 speaks ( ! two ,m>ys com+ to   
look at ! tomb ab\t    midnight on ,ea/]
 eve or morn+1 :ile ,s4 ,luke & ,s4 ,m>k
 m5tion$    c]ta9 wom5 :o arriv$ at !   
tomb some:at lat]1 :5 ! sun _h    j     
ris51 b "o at lea/ ( ! ,m>ys m5tion$ by 
,s4 ,mat!w is    id5tical ) "o ( ^?     
m5tion$ by ,s4 ,m>k & app>5tly by ,s4   
,luke4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ,dionysius     
means t ! two ,m>ys took "p    9 bo?    

visits to ! tomb4 ,dr4 ,swete on ,s4    
,m>k & ,dr4 ,we/cott on    ,s4 ,john    
%\ld be consult$ by any "o :o wi%es to  
pursue !    "q fur!r4  #agj;i4 e4 z on !
 =m] occasion m5tion$ by ,s4 ,mat!w &   
,s4    ,m>k4  #aga,! au?or ( ?is say+   
7:i* is equival5t to our prov]b1 ,a     
miss is z good z a mile7 is n kn[n4     
,basil 7de ,baptism4 ii4 i7    quotes   
some?+ l x1 b ) a diff]5t turn1 & he1   
too1    attributes x to "o ( our wise   
m51 b p]haps he is only    ref]r+ to    
,dionysius 9 ?is passage4  #agb;,cf4    
,matt4 xiv4 #bf4  #agc;,he means ! six  
days ( :at we call ,holy ,week1 b he    
gives no    indication :e!r ! ,l5t5 fa/ 
0 !n conf9$ to ^? days 9    ,alex&ria & 
! ,p5tapolis or la/$ long]4 ,by equally 
he    proce$s to expla9 is meant ! l5g? 
( ! fa/+ 7six days or    two1 & s on71 &
 by simil>ly ! mann] or degree ( x 7till
    cockcr[ or till ev5+74  #agd,! v]b  
us$ 7hyp]ti!nai1 ,lat4 sup]pon]e1 to    
exce$7 is    ! te*nical "o = ?is        
prolong$ fa/3 ! ord9>y fa/ end$ at    #f

 p4m4 & t ( ! /ation days 7,w$nesday &  
,friday7 at #c p4m4  #age;,cf4 #a ,pet4 
iii4 #h & ,phil4 ii4 #bj4  #agf,!       
expression comes f ,acts xiii4 #b1 :]e1 
h[ev]1 x describes    a special act (   
wor%ip r ?an m9i/]+ 9 g5]al4  #agg,nepos
 _h app>5tly be5 ,bi%op ( ,ars5oe 9     
,egypt1 & 0 !    au?or ( a "w 7,el5*os  
,allgori/n7 putt+ =w>d grossly          
mat]ial views ( ! ,mill5nium4 ,dionysius
 refut$ x 9 a c>efully    prep>$        
treatise 9 two books4 ,?is extract is f 
! second book1    & deals *iefly ) !    
au?or%ip ( ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john    
! ,div9e 9 a way v *>act]i/ic ( 8       
l>ge-he>t$ &    broad-m9d$ _s4  #agh,or 
,dionysius may mean t he _h enc\rag$ !  
s++ ( !    ,psalms 9 s]vice4  #agi;,cf4 
,tit4 ii4 #ac1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #h1 etc4    
#ahj,! ref]5ce is to #b ,!ss4 ii4 #a &  
#a ,john iii4 #b4  #aha;,x does n appe> 
to :om ,dionysius address$ ?is treatise1
 b he    usually did address :at he     
wrote to "s p>ticul> p]son4  #ahb;,"h ! 
two (fices are conjo9$ z 9 #a ,tim4 v4  

#ag4 ,! tea*]    z an (fic] ( ! ,*ur* is
 m5tion$ 9 sev]al ( ! e>ly    ,*ur*     
,ord]s4  #ahc,no?+ m is kn[n ( him3 ei!r
 he _h succe$$ to !    lead]%ip s9ce !  
dea? ( ,nepos1 or on ?is p>ticul>       
occasion    took ! lead4  #ahd,!        
allusion is probably to ,gaius ( ,rome &
 8 s*ool r ?an    to ! ,alogi1 z !y 7   
call$1 ( ! ,ea/2 b bo? ^! bodies    7   
/rongly oppos$ to ,mill5>ian views4     
#ahe;,if ?is ref]s to a =mal division   
into *apt]s1 x disappe>$    aft]w>ds1 = 
a new division 0 devis$ 9 ! six? c5tury1
 on    :i* our pres5t sy/em is p>tly    
bas$4  #ahf;,dionysius plays "h on !    
mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w =    ,revelation1   
apokalypsis1 unveil+4 ,he is fond ( su* 
a device4  #ahg;,if t is ! mean+ ( !    
words employ$1 !n sa9ts    7hagioi7 is n
 us$ 9 its ,new ,te/am5t s5se = !       
fai?ful    g5]ally1 b a di/9ction is    
made m l ! lat] use ( !    ^w = ^? :o   
atta9$ high] sa9tl9ess ?an ! re/2 b     
p]haps ! phrase = *ur*m5 implies cl]ical
 or ecclesia/ical    p]sons1 & sa9ts has

 its e>li] s5se4  #ahh;,c]9?us 0 !      
e>lie/ expon5t ( ,gno/ic views1 & z su* 
mu* abhorr$ by ,/4 ,john ! ,apo/le4     
#ahi;i4 e4 reckon+ t x is a matt] :]e   
fai? r ?an reason    %\ld act2 or p]haps
 ! translation %\ld be giv+ m weight    
to 7! au?or's7 tru/wor?9ess4  #aij,?is  
title is to be notic$1 z ! au?or himself
 nev] actually    describes himself by  
x4 ,dionysius is mu* m cauti\s z to !   
au?or%ip ?an ,orig51 8 =m] ma/]1 :o     
attribut$ ! book to    ,/4 ,john !      
,evangeli/ )\t hesitation1 accord+ to   
,eusebius1 ,h4    ,e4 vi4 #be1 #i4      
#aia,rev4 xxii4 #g1 #h3 b ,dionysius has
 no au?ority = jo9+ !    latt] clause on
 to ! =m]1 its con/ruction be+ x is ,i  
,john    :o saw & he>d4  #aib;i4 e4 !   
,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john2 ! second &   
?ird 7 n    s describ$ at fir/ & rightly
 s4  #aic,rev4 i4 #a1 #b4 ,"o might     
almo/ ?9k ,dionysius 0 quot+ f          
memory1 = he foll[s no extant text 9    
omitt+ ,god be=e gave    7?us mak+      
,jesus ,*ri/ ! subject & him  to ,john7 

& !    ?+s :i* mu/ come to pass be=e    
spe$ily3 also he sub/itutes    8        
te/imony = ! te/imony ( ,jesus ,*ri/1   
?\gh 8    /ill  ,jesus ,*ri/4  #aid,rev4
 i4 #d4  #aie;,dionysius seems to       
contra/ ! ,div9e revelation ( ! ,epi/le 
:i* we c tru/ ) t ( ! ,book s-call$ ab\t
 :i* he felt    less sure4  #aifa ,john 
i4 #a4  #aig,matt4 xvi4 #ag4 ,dionysius 
sub/itutes ! adjective heav5ly =    :i* 
is 9 heav54  #aih,rev4 i4 #i4 ,"h aga9 !
 text is some:at inaccurate 9 !         
pati5ce ( ,jesus hav+ no support        
else:]e4  #aii,rev4 xxii4 #g4 ,see note 
on p4 #hf1 above4  #bjj;,x w\ld seem    
likely1 b by no means c]ta91 t          
,dionysius is    speak+ ( /rictly       
baptismal names "h4 ,we h v slight      
gr\nds    = be+ sure t ! cu/om (        
connect+ ! giv+ ( a "n at    baptism 0  
univ]sal z e>ly z ?is4  #bja,see ,acts  
xii4 #be & xiii4 #e4  #bjb;,ibid41 xiii4
 #ac4  #bjc,?is ass]tion is tak5 almo/  
v]batim f ,eus41 ,h4 ,e4 iii4 #ci1      
:]e a passage is also quot$ f ,papias 9 

:i* ,john ! ,eld] is    m5tion$ z well z
 ,john ! ,apo/le among ! ,"l's          
disciples4  #bjd,?is is ! second argum5t
 :i* ,dionysius adduces1 b he seems z   
if he n[ includes ! ?ird ) x4 ,see      
above4  #bje;,john i4 #a1 & #a ,john i4 
#a1 #b4  #bjf;,cf4 #a ,john iv4 #b4     
#bjg;,ibid41 i4 #b1 #c4  #bjh;,x looks z
 if ?is phrase may be a m>g9al gloss on 
! ,light1    :i* has crept into ! text1 
z x occurs n[h]e 9 ! writ+s (    ,/4    
,john nor else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 b !
 same might be    said ( ! adoption     
bel[1 & "o or two o!rs ( ! o!r          
phrases are q r>e 9 ,/4 ,john's writ+s1 
s t !y may be all    in/ances ( !       
?\ghts1 n ! words be+ id5tical 9 ! two  
books4  #bji,! ref]5ce is to su*        
passages z #b ,cor4 xii4 #a ff41 ,gal4  
i4 #ab1    ii4 #b1 etc4  #baj,?is is !  
?ird argum5t4  #baa;,a r =c$ & fanciful 
/atem5t4 ,dionysius appe>s loosely to   
ref] to #a ,cor4 xii4 #h1 some:at boldly
 sub/itut+ ( spee* 7ts    phrases7 = ,/4
 ,paul's ( wisdom4  #bab;,cf4 #a ,cor4  

xiv4 #f & #h4  #bac;i4 e4 ! results n ( 
design b ( ! =tuit\s int]section    (   
l9es ( causation4  #bad;,g54 i4 #ca4    
#bae,! argum5t appe>s to be t1 z on a   
small scale design is    evid5t 9 !     
con/ruction or repair+ ( a ?+ b is abs5t
 9    its decay1 s ! ord]ly creation &  
ma9t5ance ( ! ,univ]se on    ! l>ge     
scale implies intellig5t direction4     
#baf;,hesiod 7,works & ,days1 #eed7 is  
meant1 b ( c\rse #ajj /&s    "h1 z      
else:]e1 = an indef9itely l>ge numb]4   
#bag,! po9t is t movem5t :i* is useful  
sugge/s design3 b z    ! movem5t ( !    
atoms is )\t design1 x _c be useful4    
#bah,ps4 cxxxviii4 7cxxxix47 #af4       
,dionysius quotes ! be/ text "h (       
,,lxx1 b 8 application is r obscure4    
,app>5tly he means t    ! ,epicureans   
claim$ to "k )\t ei!r revelation or     
rese>*    :at ! ,psalmi/ knew only by   
revelation f ,god4  #bai;,dionysius says
 t ev5 ! spid] has m notion ( design ?an
    ! atoms1 b ! s>casm is n q to !     
po9t4  #bbja ,cor4 xv4 #da4  #bba;,god  

ev] br+s l to l4--,hom]1 ,od4 xvii4     
#bah1 a prov]b    quot$ bo? by ,plato & 
,ari/otle4  #bbb;,dionysius is probably 
?9k+ ( ,plato's ,timu #ef;,b1 :]e !     
pyramid is said to be ! geometrical %ape
 ( fire :i* is !    pr9cipal con/itu5t (
 ! bodies ( ! />s 7,pr(essor ,h4        
,jackson74  #bbc;,dionysius is "h ref]r+
 to su* a passage z ,g54 i4 #f ff4 ,no  
d\bt ! anci5ts ?\ght ! vault ( heav5 0  
solid1 enclos+    ! atmosph]e :i* cov]s 
! e>?1 & t ! />s 7 ei!r    fix$ ^u x or 
mov$ 9 _! c\rses on its surface4        
#bbd,ps4 civ4 #bc4  #bbe;i4 e4 ! sun's  
ye>ly 7z oppos$ to its daily7 c\rse4    
#bbf,! righte\s "h is a v unusual       
equival5t = !    ,*ri/ians3 x is        
possible1 h[ev]1 t ! translation is3    
h[ev] mu* ^! m5 disagree1 be+ b poor    
creatures1 ?\gh    righte\s en\gh 9 _!  
own e/imate4  #bbg;,ecclus4 xliii4 #e4  
#bbh,! idea is ( "s />s be+ solit>y1 l a
 ,greek or ,roman    colony 7apoikia7 ) 
a con/itution ( its own1 & ( o!rs       
gr\p+ !mselves into con/ellations or    

communities 7synoikia74    ,! colony _h 
a f\nd] 7oiki/s71 ! community or        
h\sehold    w\ld h "s sort ( controll]  
7oikodespots74  #bbi;,ecclus4 xvi4 #bf  
f4  #bcj,! natural motion ( atoms 0     
d[nw>ds1 b !re 0 also a    slight       
sidew>d motion1 & :5 !y imp+$ a motion  
upw>ds by    bl[s & toss+s1 & ?is       
produc$ ! %ape ( ?+s4 ,b    ,dionysius  
"h says1 h[ is t !ory consi/5t ) !      
ord]ly    m>* ( ! />s8  #bca;,dionysius 
"h plays on ! d]ivation ( atomoi1 f     
temne9    7 to cut74  #bcb;,amos iii4 #c
 7,,lxx74 ,! ,a4,v4 & ,r4,v4 give ! m   
exact mean+    agre$ to ! la/ ^w4       
#bcc;,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 iv4 #djh &
 #daa4  #bcd,viz4 ! hea!n1 to :om !     
poets 7 to "s ext5t :at !    prophets   
are to u ,*ri/ians4  #bce;,j]4 xlviii4  
#aj4  #bcf,! happ9ess ( ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia 0
 prov]bial3 see ,hor41 ,od4    ii4 #ab1 
#ba1 iii4 #i1 #d4  #bcg;,by ,necessity  
"h ,dionysius means n ,fate 9 !         
fatali/'s    s5se1 b t supreme ,w &     
,purpose ( ,god1 :i* is oppos$ to    !  

,epicurean doctr9e ( *ance4  #bch,!     
title "h giv5 7hypo?kai7 is n giv5 9 !  
li/ (    ,democritus's works1 b !       
hypomnmata ?ika may be meant4  #bci;,x  
is impossible to reproduce ! play ^u    
words "h1 euty* tn    phrons91          
emphrone/atn tn ty*n4 ,! ref]5ce seems  
to be to    su* poetical passages z     
,soph41 ,o4 ,t4 #igg ff41 & ,eur41 ,alc4
 #ghe    ff41 :]e ! practical wisdom (  
leav+ ! future to take c>e (    itself  
is extoll$4  #bdj;,epicurus himself     
cont5d$ t by hdon 7pleasure7 he meant n 
s5sual enjoym5ts s mu* z fre$om f pa9 ( 
body & f    di/urbance ( s\l 7at>axia71 
! s\rce ( :i* 0 l>gely 9    ! ex]cise ( 
! m9d & w3 see ,zell]1 ,/oics1          
,epicureans &    ,sceptics1 pp4 #dgc ff4
  #bda,! words quot$ 7dtras ean7 are a  
,hom]ic phrase1 e4 g4 ,od4    viii4 #cbe
 & #cce4  #bdb,! d]ivation f !e9 is     
propos$ by ,plato1 ,cratyl4 #cig ,c3    
t f !9ai by ,h]od1 ii4 #eb1 & ( ! two ! 
latt] is !    m likely 7root!7 ?\gh     
,curtius sugge/s a root !s  to    pray3 

see ,peile1 ,introd4 to ,philology1 p4  
#cg 7#crd ed41 #ahge74  #bdc,^! are     
probably "s sort ( ,gno/ics :o took ov] 
,mani*ean    views ( ,god & ,matt]1 b n 
( ! wor/ k9d1 = !y    recogniz$ t ,god  
_h ! control & disposition ( matt]4     
#bdd,"s "o1 i4 e4 :o c\ld give !m !     
prop]ty ( be+ )\t    beg9n+4            
#bde;,diff]5t f bo?1 because ! be+ )\t  
beg9n+ is n (    ! v ess5ce ( bo?4 ,see 
fur!r on4  #bdf;,a curi\s expression1 = 
:i* "o w\ld h expect$ ! opposite        
/atem5t1 viz4 t ! h&icrafts c %ape & =m 
! mat]ials    !y deal ) r ?an t !       
mat]ials give ! necess>y    me?ods &    
designs to ! h&icrafts :i* deal ) !m4   
,up to    ?is po9t ,dionysius has be5   
combat+ ! view ) :i* !    extract beg9s4
 ,! re/ ( ! extract proce$s to %[ :at   
am\nt    ( tru? !re is 9 x4  #bdg,!     
ref]5ce "h is to ,mani*ean views ( !    
wor/ k9d1 i4 e4    t matt] is n only )\t
 beg9n+1 b ! s\rce ( evil &    altoge!r 
indep5d5t ( ,god4  #bdh;i4 e4 ,dionysius
 ( ,rome1 to :om ?is treatise 0         

address$4 ,?is    p>ticul> o!r lett]    
does n seem to h be5 kn[n to            
,eusebius1 & :5 ,a?anasius quotes ?is   
extract 9 ano!r ( 8    treatises he     
omits ! words to !e4  #bdi;,a?anasius   
himself 0 sp>+ 9 8 use ( ! t]m1 & !     
,synod    ( ,antio* 7,a4,d4 #bfd7 refus$
 to accept x1 z liable to               
miscon/ruction4  #bej;i4 e4 9 ! lett] to
 ,euphranor 7ab\t ,sabellianism 9       
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s4v4                                    
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a deacon1 #df1 #fd   ,*ronicon          
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res]vation ( species1 #db f4   ,conon1  
lett] to1 #fj f4   ,consi/5tes1 #fj     
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#bc ff41 #ia ff4   ,epima*us1 a m>tyr1  
#ch   ,euphranor1 lett] to1 #ef1 #ajd1  
#aje   ,euripides ref]r$ to1 #ajj       
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#ce   ,fa/ be=e ,ea/]1 #gf ff4          
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#ah1 #ee1 #gf   ,p]fect1 appli$ to      
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,,suffolk4                              
,,translations ,,(                      

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translations f ! ,fa!rs h already be5   
publi%$ by ! ,s4,p4,c4,k4 "u ! title    
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to enl>ge ?is s]ies to include texts :i*
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,oration4 ,by ! ,v54 ,j4 ,h4            
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#as4 #c;d4 ea*4  99,/4 ,ir5aeus3 ,aga9/ 
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,m4 ,hit*cock1 ,d4,d4 #as4 #f;d4  99,/4 

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,b9dley1 ,d4,d4 #as4 #f;d4  ,m9ucius    
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,freese4  99,t]tullian3 ,on ! ,te/imony 
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,edit$ by ,c4 ,l4 ,,feltoe1 ,d4,d4  ,/4 
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call$ ! ,clem5t9e ,liturgy4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 
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99,bi%op ,s>apion's ,pray]-,book4 ,by ! 
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#f;d4                      7,o!r s]ies 9

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