---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,greek words are transliterated and marked like so4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,,on ,,the ,,cattle ,,plague3 ,,or1 ,contagious ,typhus in ,horned ,cattle4 ,,its ,,history1 ,,origin1 ,,description1 ,,and ,,treatment4 ,,by ,h4 ,,bourguignon1 ,doctor of the ,facult de ,paris1 ,fellow of the ,socit de ,mdecine de ,paris2 ,laureate of the ,institute of ,france1 ,member of the ,legion of ,honour1 etc4 ,scribo nec ficta1 nee picta1 sed qu ratio1 sensus et experientia docent4 ,,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co4 ,,london3 ,j ,,churchill ,,sons4 #ahfi4 ,,to ,,miss ,,burdett ,,coutts4 ,,madam1 ,the numerous services which you have rendered1 and the interest you have shown in the calamitous epizootic which at this moment decimates the noble herds of ,england1 have prompted me to dedicate the following pages to you1 satisfied that ,i am only giving public expression to the homage felt for you by many of your fellow-countrymen4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,madam1 ,with respect1 your obedient servant1 ,h4 ,,bourguignon4 ,,preface4 ,nations1 during the successive phases of their evolution on the globe1 in which they advance from a state of infancy and barbarism to one of virility and civilization1 from civilization to decadence or senility2 and from decadence to their final extinction1 are liable to numberless calamities4 ,these calamities are produced by moral causes1 and are then called social ,revolutions2 and in other instances from physical causes1 and then they are termed ,cataclysms1 ,epidemics1 or ,epizootics4 ,in these crises1 the initiative and devotion of individuals1 the public administration1 and the application of knowledge acquired in the ,arts and ,sciences1 afford collectively an infallible criterion for ascertaining the position which a nation occupies in the scale of civilization1 and the value of its religious1 social1 and political institutions4 ,calamities always leave behind them disasters and victims1 but they bequeath also a precious legacy4 ,nations which are called upon for fresh and progressive efforts1 find in the experience they have gained a new source of strength and means of future greatness4 ,i am convinced that this will be the case with ,england2 though1 helpless for the moment1 and unable to stay the ,cattle ,plague which now ravages her entire extent1 she will in future be found better prepared to resist the inroads of such a direful enemy4 ,no branch of human knowledge has been more rudely tested during the present epizootic than medical science4 ,many persons have been astounded at its helplessness2 but if they had reflected at what a distance medicine has to follow in the wake of the exact sciences by which it is furnished with instruments for prosecuting its researches1--that organic chemistry progresses but slowly1--that the ,cattle ,plague was entirely unknown to the present generation of medical men in ,england1--and that the means for its scientific and practical study have been therefore wholly wanting1 they would have been less surprised to find that it is as difficult to cure the ,cattle ,plague as it1 is to cure phthisis1 cancer1 hydrophobia1 and the cholera1 against which medicine but too often is of little avail4 ,in times of great national calamity it behoves every one to contribute in proportion to his talents1 fortune1 or abilities1 to alleviate the effects of the common misfortune4 ,the poor man's mite1 and the honest intention of the most insignificant1 when added to the budget of common efforts1 have their relative value2 and it is for these reasons that ,i have published the following monograph on the ,cattle ,plague4 ,if it assists in any way to the extinction of the present epizootic1 or if it serve to point out the necessity of combining the study of comparative pathology with that of medicine1 ,i shall feel that ,i have contributed something which may favour my claim to be enrolled among the citizens of ,england4 ,this book1 as may easily be seen1 was originally written in my native language4 ,a few kind and obliging friends--more particularly ,mr4 ,taylor ,sinnett1 ,drs4 ,clapton and ,gervis1 of ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 and ,mr4 ,berridge1 of the ,british ,museum--have rendered me the greatest assistance in the translation4 ,without the guidance of such competent auxiliaries ,i could not have performed my arduous task4 ,i therefore beg to return to those gentlemen1 and to all those who have assisted me on this occasion1 my sincerest and most grateful thanks4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,introduction #a ,,first ,,part4 ,the ,history of the ,contagious ,typhus of the ,ox1 from the remotest ,times down to the ,present ,day #e ,,second ,,part4 ,,chapter ,i4--,on ,typhus ,disease in general1 and the ,typhus which affects the ,ox in particular #gb ,,chapter ,,ii4--,the ,origin and ,causes of the ,ox-,typhus #hd ,,chapter ,,iii4--,description of the ,contagious ,typhus of the ,ox2 its ,symptoms1 ,course1 ,progress1 c4 #adj #a4 ,symptomatic ,characteristics #ada #b4 ,lesions found in the ,bodies after ,death #afc #c4 ,diagnosis--,prognosis--,use of the ,flesh of ,animals--,danger of direct ,absorption #agc #d4 ,general ,considerations on the ,typhus1 and ,recapitulation of the ,symptoms #aia ,,chapter ,,iv4--,treatment of the ,ox-,typhus #bjf #a #b4 ,means and ,measures to be employed to resist the ,causes of ,contagious ,typhus of the ,bovine ,species #bjh #c4 ,curative ,medication #bcg #d4 ,hygienic ,measures to be taken against the ,extension of the ,contagion--,acts and ,orders concerning sanitary ,police ,regulations #beg ,,third ,,part4 ,to ,farmers and ,graziers #bha ,,fourth ,,part4 ,suggestions on the ,improvements to be effected in the ,study of ,medical ,science1 in order that we may be in a ,condition to confront ,disease generally1 and ,epizootic and ,epidemic ,diseases in particular #caa ,,appendix4 ,various ,documents #ccg ,,introduction4 ,everyone is talking of the ,,cattle ,,plague6 ,but why should we borrow this sinister and gloomy denomination from the middle ages and from the people's vocabulary8 ,is this1 then1 an unknown and incurable disease8 ,is this the first time that it has made its appearance on the soil of ,great ,britain8 ,to judge by the manner in which the diffusion of this complaint has been met1 accounted for1 explained1 and discussed1 one might imagine it was so2 and yet the mere observation of its causes1 its symptoms1 and its signs and effects on the bodies of the diseased animals1 besides a few references to the medical library1 would easily have testified that nature did not wait until the second half of the #aith century to generate a new distemper4 ,no6 ,nothing new has appeared for a long time in the worlds of space4 ,the cosmic phenomena pursue their perpetual course1 and the organic phenomena1 fortiori1 do the same4 ,life1 throughout the whole range of the animal kingdom1 whatever may be its changes and fluctuations1 submits to the fixed and invariable laws which hold dominion over health and disease4 ,our presumption and ignorance alone can account for the astonishment we manifest1 not only when we witness great general calamities1 but even when we look upon those simple morbid derangements which organic matter1 both animal and vegetable1 is continually undergoing on the globe1 in the natural progress of destruction and dissolution4 ,the habit we most of us have contracted of confining our observations to the phenomena which strike our eyes1 instead of fixing them on the general causes by which these phenomena have been produced2 the forgetfulness of some1 in others the want of acquaintance with general and comparative pathology1 have in this instance led many conscientious inquirers to misapprehend both the nature and the treatment of the cattle complaint4 ,it is in vain that we have subdivided and classed medical science--in vain that we have arbitrarily instituted a veterinary medicine and a human medicine2 nature1 in her acts1 has no such subtleties4 ,with nature1 organic matter is organic matter1 life is life2 and although it may be true that both organic matter and life become more complex1 and continue to rise in perfection till they reach man1 it is quite as true that the laws of pathology and physiology are the same in all1 and that it is just as difficult to cure the typhus of the ox as that of man4 ,as1 therefore1 it is because we overlooked these fundamental truths1 that the outbreak of the cattle distemper found us unprepared1 we must treat the subject with all the gravity which is its due4 ,let it not1 however1 be feared that the special fact of the so-called ,cattle ,plague will be lost sight of amidst a crowd of scientific generalities4 ,no2 collateral reflections1 seemingly foreign to the main argument1 will concur to elucidate it2 and all these rays of light will converge to a common centre1 reflecting1 we flatter ourselves1 some evident facts and practical truths4 ,this work on the contagious typhus of the ox is divided into four principal parts4 ,the first part contains the history of this typhus from the remotest times down to the present day4 ,it is divided into several sections4 ,the second part1 which gives the description of the disease1 is subdivided into four chapters4 ,the first chapter treats of general typhus1 in order that a perfect understanding may be arrived at as to the name and definition of the particular distemper which affects the ox4 ,the second relates to the causes and origin of the disease4 ,the third treats of its symptoms1 its progress1 c4 ,the fourth contains its mode of treatment4 ,the third part gives some plain instructions for the benefit of farmers1 cattle-dealers1 and dairymen4 ,the fourth part gives a development of the scientific means and safeguards to be adopted1 in order that this country shall never relapse into that state of helpless panic to which a want of preparation exposed it when the present epizootia began its ravages4 ,,first ,,part4 ,the ,history of the ,contagious ,typhus of the ,ox1 from the remotest times down to the present day4 ,i4 ,general1 local1 and particular causes of destruction are constantly reacting on organized creatures1 and these causes account for those epiphytic diseases which infest plants1 the epizootic diseases which spread mortality among the brute creation1 and the epidemic1 which strike and are fatal to the human species4 ,thus it is that we particularize at present1 in the vegetable kingdom1 the disease which has attacked the vines1 olive-trees1 and potatoes2 in the animal kingdom1 the silkworm sickness1 and the cholera1 and the typhoid fever of cattle3 so that we may safely say1 that one or other of these diseases is always1 at a given moment1 raging in some part of the globe among some species of animal1 either birds1 pigs1 horses1 sheep1 horned cattle1 or1 in fine1 attacks man himself4 ,when1 however1 the peccant invasion falls only on the vegetables and animals situated at our antipodes1 we seldom hear of the ravages it commits2 and when we do1 forgetful of the affinity which links together all the organic beings on the earth and their mutual dependence1 nothing can exceed the indifference we show to these calamities4 ,then1 when the danger threatens us nearer home1 or when the evil has invaded us1 we have recourse to quarantine as the grand preservative to shield us4 ,but this preservative remedy is most frequently deceptive--a mere illusion2 for the real plague1 typhus and cholera1 borne along by the winds of heaven1 pass over the longest distances and the highest obstacles1 and baffle all our calculations2 teaching us1 by their successive returns1 that we shall continually be exposed to their destructive havoc so long as we neglect to eradicate the evil at its original source1 that is1 in those countries from which it emanates4 ,and this is the place to observe1 that the cholera morbus threatens to keep a permanent footing in the ,english possessions of ,india1 because the public works1 by means of which the great rivers used to be confined to their beds1 have not of late been repaired and kept in good order in those countries2 owing to which neglect1 their waters overflow the plains1 leaving1 when they subside1 those pestilential deposits which afford a perpetual incubation to the cholera4 ,we are induced to dwell thus on the general causes of these diseases1 because the sick plants1 on which dumb animals feed1 and the sick animals1 on which man himself feeds1 have a continual relation of cause and effect2 and we shall have to refer to this subject and give it weight1 when we come to speak of the treatment of these diseases4 ,it is an important fact1 which deserves our most pointed attention and consideration1 that the vital resistance inherent in the animal frame to withstand the attacks of these contagious diseases1 is very far from being the same throughout the whole kind4 ,man1 in this respect1 is the most favoured and best fortified2 he is able1 without much degenerating1 to inhabit any latitude1 to go with a sort of impunity1 if his calling require him to do so1 amidst the most pestilential emanations1 and to continue for hours inhaling their baneful fumes4 ,we could quote many striking examples of this resisting power in man4 ,but there is one which we have recently witnessed1 and which all can appreciate4 ,we refer to the slaughter-house of the great ,metropolitan ,market4 ,here we saw1 in lumps and fragments1 every variety of corrupt detritus of animals which had been seized with the contagious typhus2 we saw the animals1 too1 being felled and slaughtered and dissected1 in a high temperature which rendered the air so poisonous that we could hardly breathe it2 yet amidst all this infection the workmen employed to move and handle these revolting wrecks appeared indifferent to the scene1 and quite in their usual health4 ,no living animal besides man could stand such a trial2 no other could breathe for hours1 and day after day1 like these workmen1 an atmosphere so charged with decomposing impurities4 ,we say1 therefore1 that man may expose himself1 with less danger to his life than any other animal1 to those pernicious causes which produce and develop contagious diseases4 ,next to him1 with respect to this power of vital resistance1 come the omnivorous animals1 then the carnivorous1 and last of all1 the herbivorous1 in which this faculty is very feeble indeed4 ,this prime consideration1 to be fully understood and appreciated by unscientific readers1 would require explanations beyond the scope of this work4 ,let us1 however1 for the present establish the fact1 that herbivorous animals1 such as sheep and horned cattle1 offer but a very weak resistance to the causes which generate infectious and epizootic diseases1 and let us do our best to prove it by demonstration2 for if this truth be once admitted1 we shall therefrom deduce that it is the duty of man constantly to surround these frail and delicate creatures with special care and attention1 if he wishes to prevent their being decimated from time to time1 and if he would likewise avoid the consequent injuries to himself--the loss of health and money accruing from this deterioration4 ,so long as the herbivorous or grass-eating animal is properly fed2 so long as he browses on fat pastures2 so long as his blood retains those physiological elements which are the prime condition of health1 he can1 and does1 resist the causes of most contagious maladies4 ,but if a hot summer and a long continuance of dry weather chance to curtail1 in temperate zones1 the usual abundance of his fodder1 then comes the fatal change3 the blood is impoverished1 the secretions are debilitated1 a strange languor runs through the system1 the vital resistance is unnerved1 and he becomes an easy prey to those noxious influences which were encountered before without injury whilst his provision was abundant4 ,this is a fundamental matter4 ,we therefore beg leave to support and justify our argument by borrowing some additional evidence from prior labours of ours1 accomplished at the ,ecole d',alfort1 near ,paris1 conjointly with ,professor ,delafond1 whose name has so often been cited in the public journals in connexion with the cattle plague4 ,all vegetables and animals2 with the exception of adult men1 whenever their health declines from any cause 7but more particularly from paucity of food71 spontaneously generate microscopic parasites1 or very minute insects1 the germs of which are inherent in their system4 ,a flock of fleecy animals1 wasted by deficient food in dry and parched meadows1 becomes attacked in due time by a parasitical cutaneous disease1 known as the itch1 which is enough1 if not checked1 to destroy the whole4 ,now1 all that is required is to remove this flock to a more fertile soil1 where there is plenty to feed them1 and the disease will disappear of itself without any treatment4 ,deficiency of food destroys the health of animals1 and abundance of food overcomes disease in them4 ,a sheep affected by this parasitical disease may1 without any fear1 be placed in a flock of healthy sheep1 for he will not propagate the distemper2 but if instead of being sound and healthy1 the flock is in a weak declining state1 this contaminated animal will diffuse the disease with frightful rapidity1 and may cause their entire destruction4 ,these facts may seem startling1 but we are only speaking after the incontestable authority of experiments4 ,we selected six healthy sheep1 which we kept well supplied with provisions2 we covered these healthy sheep with parasites 7acari74 ,on every one of these sound1 well-fed sheep1 the microscopic animalcul died off without generating the cutaneous disease2 for the blood1 the humours1 and the skin of sound and healthy sheep constitute a soil unfavourable to the propagation of these parasites1 and actually starve them to death4 ,after this first experiment1 we subjected these six sheep to a deficient diet2 they grew lean1 their blood was impoverished1 and then all we had to do was to lay upon them not thousands and thousands of these parasites--as we had done in the first instance--but one solitary female in a state of fecundity2 and the parasitical distemper unfolded itself so fiercely as to cause the death of three of these sheep on which the test was allowed to run its course2 whilst the other three sheep1 having been restored in time to a recoverable condition just as they were about to drop off1 were thoroughly cured1 without any special treatment1 by the sole influence of good food and ordinary hygienic attention4 ,other tests1 similar to these experiments1 were applied to dogs1 horses1 and horned cattle4 ,a lean and scraggy dog1 covered with parasites and eruptions1 with eyes running foul humour1 a dog which could neither run nor stand1 and which was reduced to the last stage of wasting marasmus1 was rescued from the jaws of death and thoroughly cured without special treatment1 by the sole influence of a rich restorative diet4 ,this dog afterwards became a fine hunting hound1 beautiful in shape1 and admirable for his sportive attributes4 ,these experiments having been submitted to the judgment of the ,acadmie des ,sciences in ,paris1 were honoured with its approval1 and the reports concerning them were printed at the ,academy's expense1 and crowned at the competitive examination4 ,the vital resistance of horned cattle is so feeble1 that those animals which are periodically exhibited in the north of ,london1 though certainly chosen from among the most healthy and robust1 could not herd together in large numbers for the space of a month in the ,agricultural ,hall at ,islington1 without sinking under infectious and contagious diseases--almost one and all4 ,under the conditions in which we see them in that ,show1 a single month would be sufficient to produce almost their complete destruction2 for even a single week1 which is the usual duration of their confinement1 affects them so much as to render a large proportion of them unhealthy4 ,every one knows how apt cavalry horses are to sicken and die off during a campaign4 ,every one has heard of the fearful ravages amongst the horses of the ,allied armies during the ,crimean war1 when many companies were dismounted owing to this mortality4 ,let us now transport ourselves in thought into the middle of those immense steppes where vast and innumerable herds of herbivorous animals are being bred for our supply1 and consider what will be the effects on their health and life if they should be afflicted with a scarcity of forage1 in consequence of this long dry summer4 ,it is unnecessary to say that there exist in ,russia1 in ,hungary1 in ,australia1 in ,north and ,south ,america1 and in many other parts of the globe1 large tracts of country which are still uninhabited1 whose uncultivated soil supplies with food great numbers of sheep and cattle4 ,these spacious tracts1 known as moorlands or steppes1 particularly abound in ,russia1 on the banks of the ,wolga1 the ,don1 the ,dnieper2 in ,hungary1 on the banks of the ,danube2 and also in ,south ,america1 in the republics of ,venezuela1 ,new ,granada1 ,columbia1 c4 ,now1 in hot and rainy seasons these steppes teem with rich and luxuriant verdure2 the plants growing up in the marshes are prolific and abundant1 and even those parts of the wild moors which produce nothing but heath are capable of feeding and fattening flocks and herds4 ,under conditions so auspicious as these1 animals may still suffer1 but in what way8 ,by excess of food1 or repletion4 ,they are in general robust and healthy1 and thus fortified they inhale without detriment the deleterious gases of oxygen with carbon1 carburetted hydrogen and the like1 exhaled by the plants which grow out of the swampy soils4 ,thus protected1 too1 they are proof against the fluctuations of the seasons1 and against every injury which threatens them2 and their strong and sound condition enables them to sustain the fatigues of their long and arduous journeys1 and to supply the rich countries of the ,west with their flesh1 fleece1 and hides4 ,when the seasons have thus conveyed a due proportion of heat1 water1 and electricity to the elements of the soil1 both plants and animals conduce to the comfort and health of man1 and fulfil his expectations4 ,but the laws of nature are involved in mystery4 ,good and evil go hand in hand--death and life travel close together--and a few years of prosperous harvests are almost invariably followed by blight1 barrenness1 and scarcity4 ,most men think only of the present time1 and this imprudence and want of foresight prevent farmers and great cattle proprietors from collecting and holding in reserve the requisite stores of sustenance to supply their sheep and oxen during these barren seasons4 ,sickness then breaks out1 and these helpless creatures perish in vast numbers1 to the detriment of their owners' best interests4 ,and truly1 when continual rains cause the rivers to overflow1 when the plains are drenched and soaked1 or when a burning sun scorches the ground1 herbivorous animals wander in vain from field to field in quest of sustenance to restore their strength1 or of pure and healthy water to slake their thirst2 their vital resistance dwindles away1 deleterious gases poison and bewilder them1 their blood is debased1 and as ,ovid says1 ,corpora foeda jacent1 vitiantur odoribus herb4 ,and since these mild and harmless animals1 which seem to have been created merely to clothe us1 and to nourish us with their milk and flesh1 have not been endowed by nature either with the intelligence1 or the activity1 or the cunning1 or the invention1 or the skill bestowed on the omnivorous and carnivorous species1 hard is their fate under the pressing needs of hunger4 ,peaceful creatures1 they browse in vain on deleterious plants on a sterile soil2 their external and internal teguments now afford a favourable seat for the propagation of parasites--for the parasitogenia2 and soon after a general adynamia1 or relaxation of the fibres1 delivers them up without resistance to the morbific elements of the infectious diseases to which they are exposed1 where the languishing1 the sick1 and the rotting are herded together1 and they are carried off by hecatombs by this wasteful and devouring typhus4 ,,ii4 ,we may readily conclude1 from these general observations on infectious and contagious diseases1 that they must have existed in all former ages2 and if in our present advanced state of civilization they are so destructive1 we may be sure that in those remote periods they must have been1 both as regards man as well as the brute creation1 the cause of general extermination1 in whatever parts of the earth they prevailed4 ,and indeed1 whenever we refer to ancient or modern history1 we are continually struck with the analogy which exists between the epidemic diseases signalized by the general name of ,,plague1 and which decimated all the living beings1 and those which more recently1 and at the present moment1 have startled the world by their fatal effects on men and animals4 ,moreover1 we cannot too often repeat the fact--in order that those documents relating to the past which contain useful instruction may be examined and searched into--that the physiological and pathological laws which rule and determine the phenomena of organic matter1 whether in health or sickness1 were1 like the laws of chemistry1 electricity1 and astronomy1 originally established at the time of creation1 and that matter submits with passive obedience to the laws of transformation and transubstantiation1 which are the absolute condition of life4 ,these are the eternal laws of which a synthesis so admirable is furnished by the ,gospel1 in this short injunction1 ,take1 eat1 this is my body2 drink1 this is my blood4 ,now1 if man1 who is the sovereign master of this matter1 did not take care to regulate and modify it for his own benefit and the benefit of all living creatures on whom his own life depends1 as well as his wealth and happiness2 if he did not seek thereby continually to diminish the sum of evil1 and to extend the sum of good which it is his mission to increase1 he would violate these laws1 which are inherent in matter1 and which have existed for his use since the creation of the world4 ,we must likewise believe that those ,,plagues which are spoken of in the ,bible1 those which ,homer alludes to1 that which is related by ,plutarch1 and which succeeded the general drought in #gec before ,christ2 those mentioned by ,titus ,livius1 ,virgil1 ,ovid1 and other ,latin authors1 the most virulent of which plagues raged in the years #caj1 #bab1 and #agh of the ,foundation of ,rome1 resembled the epidemics or plagues which are witnessed in our own day4 ,the plague of #bab swept away all the inhabitants of ,sicily1 cattle as well as men2 that of #agh destroyed all the priests1 who sought in vain for victims free from the contagion1 to offer them up as sacrifices to the offended ,gods4 ,cecilius ,severus gives a most striking description of a pestilential disease which1 in #cgf ,a4,d41 swept away all the cattle in ,europe4 ,judging from his account of that scourge1 we may fairly believe that the distemper he has described was identically the same as the one which has just broken out in ,england4 ,a universal distaste1 sudden dejection1 vertigoes1 spasmodic tension in the limbs1 a painful swelling of the lower belly1 violent affections of the nerves1 sudden death--everything shows the presence of a pestilential ferment1 which irritates the solids1 infects and vitiates the fluids1 which is the cause of the putrefaction of the humours1 manifested by the swelling of the lower belly1 which in that case depends on a putrid fermentation so as to disengage air4 ,a piece of iron1 representing the sign of the ,cross1 was heated in the fire1 and when red-hot was applied to the forehead of the sick animals2 and this remedy was looked upon at that time as the most effectual they could apply4 ,grgoire de ,tours makes mention of an epidemic1 the result of a long dry summer1 which1 in #eib1 was very fatal in its havoc1 sparing no living creature whatever4 ,andr ,duchesne1 in his ,history of ,england1 speaks of an epidemic which1 in #acaf1 during the reign of ,edward ,,ii41 owed its origin1 on the contrary1 to a long season of rains4 ,the celebrated physicians ,ramazzini and ,lancisi relate that in #agaa1 an ox which had been imported from ,hungary1 that constant focus of typhus1 displayed the most deadly form of the cattle disease1 in the ,venetian territory1 although no alteration in the air or waters had been observed in ,italy1 and the seasons had been regular and the pastures abundant4 ,the contagion spread into ,piedmont1 where it carried of #gj1jjj head of cattle2 thence it extended to ,france and ,holland1 each of which countries lost #bjj1jjj of these animals4 ,the trade in hides introduced the distemper into ,england1 where it proved no less fatal4 ,it was the same in the other countries of ,europe4 ,in this disease1 the intestines of the affected cattle were1 as in the present epizootia1 inflamed1 and strewed over with livid spots and ulcerations1 and the blood1 though apparently fluid in the body of the animal1 coagulated directly after it had issued from the vein4 ,herment thence concludes1 that this epizootia is nothing more than an inflammation of the blood4 ,lancisi advised his contemporaries to put to death without pity every animal which was affected or seemed to be affected with the disease2 and it was in ,england that this spirited resolve was first acted upon4 ,the three counties of ,middlesex1 ,essex1 and ,surrey arrested the course of this contagion in less than three months1 by adopting this measure2 whilst in the rest of the stricken counties of ,great ,britain1 and likewise in ,holland1 where this decisive course was not taken at all1 the disease prevailed among the cattle for several years4 ,since that time1 it has been insisted on by some authors1 that the barbarous process of general extermination offers the most effectual remedy which1 in our present state of ignorance and improvidence1 we could have recourse to1 in order to check the diffusion and the duration of this fell disease4 ,the learned ,goelicke describes an epizootia which was witnessed in #agcj1 at ,frankfort-on-the-,oder4 ,his narrative1 written with a masterly hand1 might very properly be applied to the disease which we are now considering2 and the treatment recommended by this earnest and vigilant observer is so wisely deduced from the symptoms1 that even in the present day we might take that treatment as a model4 ,we could have borrowed much more largely from this source of biographical researches had we not deemed that these quotations would be sufficient for the purpose we had in view in this work4 ,but from these authorities we think it may justly be concluded1 that infectious and contagious diseases among horned cattle have frequently appeared from the remotest times down to the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,all these attacks of epizootia were a frequent and severe cause of suffering and misery among animals and men2 but the ravages which they left behind them were of slight importance each time1 if we compare them with those attending the epizootia which towards the year #agdf affected the animal kingdom4 ,this dreadful scourge lasted ten years1 and swept away nearly the whole race of horned cattle throughout ,europe4 ,it was closely studied and thoroughly understood in its causes1 its symptoms1 and its treatment by the scientific authors of that day1 and those writers1 more judicious than we1 did not designate the malady by the title of ,,plague4 ,this particular visitation deserves to fix our attention in an especial manner1 not only on account of its striking resemblance to the disease which now makes us all so anxious1 but because it induced two ,english physicians1 ,malcolm ,flemming and ,peter ,layard1 to write on this disease two accounts or statements which are equal1 if not superior1 to all the volumes which have since appeared on the subject of the ,cattle ,disease4 ,there is no help for it1 and our pride must bend itself to the acknowledgment3 these two men1 our seniors by a century1 were men of quite another stamp4 ,their expositions1 enriched with quotations from the ,greek and ,latin authors1 abounding in facts1 ingenious insights and inferences1 are far superior in merit to the multitude of voluminous works which have been written and published since then4 ,it would be easy to prove that these two sagacious inquirers far better understood than we have done the real nature of this cattle disease1 and that we must be grateful to them for first opening the way which all of us must take in order to discover the preventive and curative means of which we are still ignorant4 ,let us observe1 in passing1 that these two physicians1 who appear to have been scarcely known1 enlightened by the effects of the inoculation of small-pox1 then practised from man to man1 appear to have first conceived the idea1 now practised in ,russia1 of preventing the propagation of the contagious cattle disease by means of inoculation2 and we may raise the interest of this remark by reminding the reader that their experiments to inoculate cattle were made in #ageg1 eight years after the very year which gave birth to the future inoculation of man with animal virus by the celebrated ,jenner4 ,by this it would appear that the twofold honour of applying the method of inoculation as both preventive and curative means in respect of contagion in cattle1 and as the preventive means by the variola of the cow to resist the ravages of the small-pox in man1 is the indisputable claim of ,english physicians4,a ,,iii4 ,very little is known of the origin or first outbreak of the epizootia which produced such fearful ravages in the middle of the eighteenth century4 ,some suppose that it first appeared in ,tartary1 where it occasioned a disorder twice as extensive in its pernicious effects as any similar distemper which had been known up to that time4 ,thence it passed into ,russia1 from which it spread on one side into ,poland1 ,livonia1 ,prussia1 ,pomerania1 and ,holland1 and from that country into ,england2 on the other side towards the ,east1 it invaded the ,turkish ,empire1 ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,dalmatia1 ,austria1 ,moravia1 ,styria1 the ,gulf of ,venice1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,portugal1 ,france1 the banks of the ,rhine1 and ,denmark4 ,but another opinion has assigned ,bohemia as the source from which this destructive epizootia took its rise1 and its supporters allege that during the siege of ,prague the cattle feeding in its plains had been deprived of their usual fodder by the continual razzias of the ,french to supply their own cavalry4 ,be this as it may1 this virulent cattle disease having at length assumed the proportions of a public calamity1 the several governments were obliged to take it into serious consideration1 and the medical faculties and most celebrated physicians began to make it the subject of their studies and reports4 ,in ,france1 therefore1 the professors of the faculty of ,paris and ,montpellier1 suspending every other pursuit1 devoted their most assiduous care and attention to dumb animals4 ,sauvages1 the ,dean of the ,faculty at ,montpellier1 drew up a most philosophical and learned account of the prevailing disease1 in which1 like ,stahl1 he forgot probably for a moment the part which1 in the progress of distempers1 he ascribes to the soul4 ,the professors of ,paris1 very famous in their day1 but who1 having left behind them no works so valuable as the ,nosologia of ,sauvages1 are now completely forgotten1 likewise addressed the result of their inquiries and lucubrations to the ,king4 ,doctor ,leclerc was sent into ,holland1 whence he brought back a ,memorial1 which was a reflex of the opinions he found current in ,denmark1 and which has been transmitted to us in the ,memorials of the ,royal ,society of ,science at ,copenhagen4 ,it is evident from the reflections found in the writings of ,malcolm ,flemming1 ,layard1 and other competent observers1 that this formidable epizootia was in its character identical with the one described by ,ramazzini and ,lancisi in #agaa2 and we feel warranted in saying1 after having examined every work of any importance which has treated of that visitation1 that it resembles the disease now prevailing among cattle1 in its march1 in its symptoms1 and in its gravity4 ,we believe that these three visitations constitute but one and the same malady1 occurring at three different periods4 ,this appears to us a most important fact1 for if such be the case1 the tentative treatment of that time deserves our most particular attention4 ,consequently1 a few retrospective glances may perhaps be permitted us1 in considering the subject of cattle disease4 ,the medical professors 7including several ,english physicians71 who observed and described the epizootia of #agde1 divided the same into three periods4 ,the duration of the disease1 when it passed through all its phases up to the death of the affected animal1 consisting of from ten to twelve days1 they usually ascribed to each of these periods or stages an average continuance of three or four days4 #ast ,period4--,after a few days of latent incubation1 which the observer could not suspect1 the sick animal betrayed signs of the morbid state which was about to declare itself1 by his careless feeding1 by drooping his head1 and by exhibiting the deepest dejection of spirits in his attitude and look4 ,rumination1 already imperfect1 soon ceased altogether1 the appetite failed1 the horns1 ears1 and hoofs were cold1 the hair grew stiff1 the tongue and mucus looked white2 the eyes were tearful and fixed1 the hearing obtuse1 whilst1 in the cows1 the supply of milk diminished4 ,in cases of unusual gravity1 transient shiverings testified to a serious disturbance in all the animal functions4 ,these shiverings were followed by a violent fever1 the blood became inflamed1 the breath hot1 the respiration hurried and sometimes attended with slight coughing2 when1 if too violent a repercussion was transmitted to the nervous centres1 the pressure on the vertebral line became intolerable1 and the animal1 seized with vertigo1 and almost delirious with pain1 would fall during this first period1 as if struck by lightning4 ,the same phenomena are sometimes observed in the typhoid fever of man1 which offers moreover some analogy with the contagious typhus of the ox2 but as the ox and the horse have likewise the real typhus fever1 they may some day supply us with the preventive virus for that fever1 in the same manner as the cow now supplies us with the preventive virus for the small-pox4 #bnd ,period4--,in most cases the disease pursued its course with greater or less regularity2 the sick animal experienced gnawing pains or twitchings1 and spasmodic shootings in the limbs1 apparently attended with pain4 ,his thirst was insatiable1 but he had no appetite1 the functions of the bladder and intestines were impeded1 then diarrhoea supervened1 accompanied with dry1 fetid1 and sometimes bloody excreta4 ,thick viscid mucosities dripped from the nostrils1 mouth1 and eyes4 ,the dorsal regions and the loins were constantly aching1 headache and sleeplessness were permanent4 ,the animal continued either standing or lying down1 and if he wanted to rest1 he could not bend himself gradually1 but would fall like an inert mass to the ground4 #crd ,period4--,diarrhoea was continual1 becoming more fetid every day1 the wasting of flesh made rapid strides2 the cellular tissue beneath the hide was filled with gas along the vertebral channels and under the abdomen2 the nostrils were stopped up with mucosities1 the animal could only breathe through the mouth1 puffing and blowing aloud as he drew in the air2 and at last pustular eruptions showed themselves on various parts2 but as this depurating crisis was insufficient1 the poor beast1 in this final period of the attack1 fell a sacrifice to it between the seventh and twelfth day4 ,if he chanced to be lying down his agony was slow1 but if standing1 he would sink upon himself1 and expire at once4 ,in this dreadful epizootia1 very few of the smitten cattle survived--not more than four or five in a hundred2 and in these favourable cases1 the symptoms presented certain signs and critical phenomena of a happy omen4 ,in these rare exceptions1 the pulse did not exceed seventy1 the beatings of the heart were always perceptible1 the patient did not refuse to drink1 the continuous fever exhibited no aggravation at night1 pustular eruptions and tumours appeared on the dewlap and the fore limbs1 and the epidermis over the mouth and nostrils peeled off about the twelfth day4 ,when dissected1 the bodies offered to view the following alterations1 the same having already been observed by ,frascator during the prevalence of the epizootia in #aead1 and by ,lancisi and ,ramazzini during that which was so fatal in #agaa4 ,the mucous glands of the mouth were livid1 and occasionally excoriated2 the bronchial tubes were obstructed with mucosities2 the lungs1 besides being partially congested1 were sometimes emphysematous1 that is1 inflated with compressed air4 ,of the four stomachs1 the rumen was full of food1 the reticulum1 the omasum1 and the abomasum exhibited purple or livid spots1 according to their place4 ,the thin intestine and the thick intestine showed either a general injection1 scattered livid spots1 or ulcerations1 according as the fever had worn the exanthematous or typhoid form2 for the mucous membrane of the digestive channels1 and especially that of the intestines1 displays1 like the external tegument in man and the brute creation1 divers forms of inflammation1 analogous with the measles1 the scarlatina1 and the small-pox2 so that1 if the typhoid fever in man1 which is nothing else than the small-pox of the intestines1 is so frequently cured1 it is because the general morbid condition1 the fever1 often conceals different intestinal lesions1 albeit they seem to be similar in the general symptoms1 which taken collectively constitute the disease4 ,the flesh of these diseased animals was blackish1 and devoid of blood2 the animals which fed upon it1 if uncooked1 sickened afterwards1 or died4 ,the wrecks of the bodies1 and more particularly the skin1 sometimes retained a strength of contagion so deadly1 that the mere exportation of them was enough to cause its propagation1 and to this cause was at that time attributed the outbreak of the contagion in ,england4 ,an extraordinary case of this pernicious influence1 which is related by ,hartmann1 who observed this epizootia at its decline in #agef1 will give an idea of the subtlety of this malignant virus4 ,a farmer who had lost an ox in consequence of that virulent distemper1 buried it in one of his fields4 ,the following night a bear smelt the ox1 raked it up with his feet1 ate a portion of the flesh1 and a few days after1 the beast of prey was found dead in a neighbouring wood by a peasant in the parish of ,eumaki4 ,the skin belonging to this bear was magnificent4 ,the peasant flayed the animal and carried home his skin in triumph4 ,but his triumph was short2 for that same night the poor countryman fell ill1 and died two days after the attack4 ,the magistrates of ,wiburg1 having heard of this occurrence1 sent orders to have the infected skin burned4 ,meanwhile1 the skin had been given to the curate of the place as a compensation for the offices of burial2 but his cupidity having persuaded him that this fine skin could not have destroyed the peasant whom he had just buried1 he did not burn it at all1 but induced another peasant to clean and dress it for him4 ,this simple fellow and two other clodpoles1 who assisted him in the preparation1 fell ill1 and all three of them died in the course of a few days4 ,a new and peremptory order now came from ,wiburg to burn this skin1 to burn the house in which it had been dressed1 to burn even the presbytery itself1 should it be deemed necessary4 ,the skin had already passed through several hands4 ,however1 the curate being still reluctant to part with it1 took it home again4 ,can it be possible1 said he to himself1 that this skin has really proved fatal to life8 ,what can have been the cause1 ,i wonder8 ,at the same time he rubbed it in his hands and smelt it4 ,unlucky curate6 ,a few days afterwards he himself was taken ill and died4 7,memoirs of the ,academy of ,stockholm47 ,a native of ,clermont ,ferrand1 in the department of ,puy de ,dme1 in ,france1 the birth-place of ,pascal1 one day finding an ox which had died of the epizootia1 stripped off the skin and carried it away4 ,after his return home1 the black typhus1 and then gangrene1 broke out on one of his arms1 which had to be cut off1 and the patient died of the effects of the amputation4 ,a butcher having slaughtered an ox smitten with this typhus1 sold the flesh for meat to some soldiers of the ,regiment ,royal ,bavire1 then garrisoned in one of the towns of ,languedoc4 ,all those who partook of this meat were seized with diarrhoea1 dysentery1 and fever1 and several of the sick soldiers very nearly died4 ,the butcher1 whose avarice had caused all this mischief1 had richly deserved some exemplary punishment1 and some of the sufferers proposed that he should be hanged outright1 but the majority1 more clement1 sentenced him to be beaten black and blue with horsewhips4 ,the popular saying1 when the beast is dead the poison is dead1 being generally true1 the virulence of the contagion1 in the above instances1 possessed venomous properties of an exceptional character1 for if every sick animal slaughtered by the butchers and sold to the consumers1 or those which had been flayed for the sake of the skin1 had contained so murderous a virus in their tissues1 the number of victims to the contagion among the human species would have been appalling4 ,and in that case1 too1 similar sacrifices would be witnessed at present1 for it cannot be doubted that1 in the actual state of the meat market in ,london1 the people are now in the daily habit of eating the flesh of cattle which are diseased4 ,,iv4 ,physicians of different countries have naturally bestowed much time and care in considering and discussing the nature of this epizootia1 because they have felt that a satisfactory theory and appreciation of its principal phenomena1 might afford the medical faculty a rational basis for some special treatment4 ,layard and the physicians of ,geneva have considered this cattle disease to be a malignant fever with an eruptive tendency4 ,in the estimation of the faculties of ,paris and ,montpellier1 this cattle disease1 considered in its symptoms1 was nothing more than a malignant fever essentially contagious1 the action of which appeared to tend exclusively towards the skin1 and therefore it was rational to provoke external eruptions and deposits which1 as they matured1 diverted from the centre the greatest part of the morbific matter4 ,the treatment1 to which1 above all1 we invite the reader's attention 7more particularly that of medical men71 necessarily varied according to the period of the disease4 ,it was sometimes preservative1 sometimes curative1 as the case might be4 ,the ,preventive ,treatment4--,the farmers and cattle-breeders1 whose herds were still exempt from the contagion1 mindful of the advice which they received through the public press1 took very particular care of their cattle during this season of epizootia3 they rubbed them over with a brush1 and washed them at least once a day2 they sheltered them from the inclemency of wind and rain2 they took their milch cows1 which until then they had kept shut up in unhealthy cow-houses1 into the open air of the fields2 they washed and fumigated the stables2 they examined the quality of the fodder and of the other articles of food2 they added marine salt to their drinking water1 or poured salt water over their forage2 and above all1 they took care that no foreign animal commingled with their flocks and herds4 ,some physicians1 on their side conscious of the duty which devolves upon them in such seasons of calamity1 instead of resting satisfied with recommending remedies1 betook themselves boldly to the work1 and studied the disease experimentally in respect to its propagation and prevention4 ,thus1 for instance1 certain ,dutch physicians1 in #aged1 wishing to know whether the morbid matter would transmit the disease by inoculation1 made incisions in the necks of some oxen1 cows and calves1 inserting in the wound a little tow saturated with the morbid secretions discharged from the eyes and nostrils4 ,this direct inoculation having been practised on seventeen animals1 transmitted the disease to them all in the course of a few days4 ,the ,english physicians having been made acquainted with these experiments1 applied them to a more practical purpose1 no longer to discover whether the disease could thus be transmitted 7for that had been proved71 but to find out 7what was far more important7 whether this fearful distemper could be prevented and kept off4 ,malcolm ,flemming1 in #agee1 merely suggested the idea of inoculation as a preventive means1 without proceeding to a course of experiments to ratify his opinion4 ,he intimates his notion in the following terms3-- ,i apprehend that inoculation will stand the better chance of bringing on the distemper1 if the subject it is performed on is as young as safety will permit1 the vessels being then most absorbent1 and the animal economy most easily put into disorder4 ,but even in case the inoculation of calves should be found so successful as universally to prevail1 the method ,i recommend will not be altogether useless2 for1 by being properly modelled and adapted to circumstances1 it may1 ,i am persuaded1 prevent contagion1 and likewise act as a preparative in any epidemical affection of the inflammatory kind1 not only in horned cattle1 but likewise in all other quadrupeds that civil society may think worthy of preservation1 and even in the human species4 ,layard1 in #ageg1 devotes the seventh chapter of his work1 ,the ,means to prevent the ,infection1 to the consideration of the preventive treatment1 in which he says3-- ,no one will think of bringing the infection into any place free from it1 merely for the sake of inoculating their cattle2 but if the contagious distemper be in the neighbourhood of a herd1 or break out so as to endanger the stock1 the grazier or farmer may1 by inoculating his cattle1 with proper precautions1 at least secure his stock1 since he can house them before they fall sick1 prepare them1 and have due care taken1 knowing the course of the distemper4 ,sir ,william ,st4 ,quintin1 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,fountayne1 ,dean of ,york1 and other gentlemen have succeeded in inoculation3 in ,holland it has both failed and succeeded4 ,these gentlemen all inoculated with matter taken from the running of the mouth1 nose1 or eyes4 ,professor ,swenke mentions that the beast from which he took the matter was recovering from the distemper4 ,a circumstance to be attended to is this3--had matter been taken after the crisis1 from a tumour1 boil1 pimple1 or scab1 either on the back near the spine1 or on the legs1 the pus would have proved much more elaborated1 subtle1 and infecting than that which1 flowing with the mucus of the nose1 must necessarily be1 in some degree1 sheathed by this glutinous excretion1 though ,i am well aware how putrid and acrid it is rendered by the disease4 ,that nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the success of inoculation1 due attention should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast1 no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human species4 ,undoubtedly the young1 healthy1 and strong bid fairer for a good issue than the old1 sickly1 and feeble2 each of these different constitutions demand a particular treatment1 even in the method of preparation2 and however trifling it may seem to many--the urging a necessity of preparation--,i will venture to affirm that ,i have seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation1 and fatal events from want of preparation4 ,i have likewise been witness of unfavourable turns1 merely from an injudicious preparation4 ,the beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding2 those that have but a small share of blood must have none drawn4 ,the strong must1 besides moderate bleeding and purging1 be kept on light diet1 and their body kept open4 ,thus1 scalded bran1 mixed with their hay and chaff1 will cool them4 ,the weakly1 and such as are inclined to scour1 must be kept on dry fodder1 and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them4 ,a mess of malt1 or a quart of warm ale1 with a few spices1 will be very suitable for them4 ,whatever diseases the cattle may be affected with1 if time will permit1 they are first to be removed4 ,the cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed1 rubbed dry1 and then curried1 to remove all the filth from the hair and skin4 ,then they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable1 where the air is temperate and no cold can come to them4 ,there they are to be prepared according to the direction already given1 foddered with good sweet hay1 and watered with clear spring water2 and if the distemper be not near1 they may be turned out into the air1 near the barn or stable1 and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the day4 ,when it appears that the cattle are in perfect health1 free from any infection or disease1 brisk and lively1 neither costive nor scouring1 and chewing their cud1 then the operation may be safely undertaken1 and henceforth they must be confined to the barn4 ,since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood1 wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first1 particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs1 nor near the womb1 if a cow with calf be inoculated2 for1 though rowels are properly applied in the dewlaps to draw off the pestilential humour from the breast1 and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the flanks1--yet1 in this operation1 as matter is inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels1 those vital parts1 or the womb1 might become the chief seat of the disease1 and the event prove fatal4 ,to prevent such accidents1 human beings have been inoculated on the arms and legs1 and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient4 ,i would recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks1 on both sides1 to have the benefit of two drains4 ,the skin is to be cut lengthways two inches1 deep enough for the blood to start1 but not to bleed much4 ,in this incision is to be put a dossil or pledget of tow1 dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe1 opened in the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper4 ,it may not be amiss to stitch up the wound1 to keep the tow in1 and let it remain forty-eight hours4 ,then the stitches are to be cut1 the tow taken out1 and the wound dressed with yellow basilicum ointment1 or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg1 spread on pledgets of tow4 ,these dressings are to be continued during the whole illness1 and till after the recovery of the beast1 to promote the discharge2 and then the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris1 or any other4 ,on the third day after inoculation1 the discolouring of the wound1 whose lips appear grey and swollen1 will be a sign that the inoculation has succeeded2 but the beasts1 as ,professor ,swenke informs us1 did not fall ill till the sixth day1 which answers exactly to the observations daily made in the inoculating of children4 ,yet the ,professor adds that on the third day a costiveness came on1 which was removed by giving each calf three ounces of ,epsom salts4 ,no sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them1 and at night fastened loosely4 ,they must be rubbed morning and evening1 and curried1 till the boils begin to rise2 warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully4 ,should the beasts require more nourishment1 dry meat1 such as cut hay1 with a little bran1 may be offered4 ,i should be very cautious in giving milk-pottage1 even after the boils and pimples had all come out1 for fear of bringing on a scouring4 ,however1 this caution is proper1 that whenever milk-pottage be given1 the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for obvious reasons4 ,in cases of accident1 the same attention is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way1 and the medicines recommended are the same ,i would use2 but by inoculation there seldom is a call for any1 so favourably does the distemper proceed through its several stages4 ,the crisis being over1 it will be proper to purge the cattle1 to air them by degrees1 and to have the same regard in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure4 ,such are the recommendations which ,layard has prescribed for those who have to practise inoculation as a preventive treatment2 it would be difficult to offer an example of greater prudence or precision4 ,a certain number of oxen were1 by means of this inoculation1 protected against the attack of the cattle disease2 and this mode of treatment was1 as we shall afterwards explain1 adopted in ,russia4 ,unfortunately1 this rational and preventive treatment was discovered only at the end of the epizootia1 when already upwards of six millions of horned cattle had fallen a sacrifice to the contagious fever4 ,curative ,means4--,when the first course of the disease had left no doubt of the attack1 the sick animal was subjected to an appropriate diet1 and restricted to liquids either as medicinal decoctions1 or as alimentary beverages4 ,the decoctions consisted of whey mixed with a little vinegar1 and nitred hay4 ,the broths1 or alimentary beverages1 consisted of a decoction of bread1 and of water mixed with bran and meal1 whether of barley1 oats1 or wheat4 ,at this stage of the curative process1 the majority of physicians recommended one or two bleedings1 in order to abate the violence of the fever1 and of the congestions near the nervous centres and the lungs2 and as constipation prevailed at the time1 they strove with the same object to empty the digestive passages1 the intestines1 and the stomachs1 notwithstanding the difficulty that exists to produce this result in ruminating animals4 ,the purgatives employed consisted of a decoction of senna1 mixed with prune juice1 with a little rhubarb or fresh linseed oil1 infused in their drink1 or applied as a clyster in warm water slightly salted4 ,those who practised polypharmacy administered at night a mixture of nitre1 camphor1 red-lead1 and rhubarb1 in half a pailful of warm water2 and greatly did they boast of the active influence of this beverage4 ,some practitioners even endeavoured1 in the first stage of the malady1 to accelerate its action on the skin by giving for that purpose warm drinks1 and by covering the cattle with woollen cloths1 to promote perspiration2 but it was generally admitted that the sick animals preferred cold drinks1 and that they were particularly fond of acidulated whey4 ,in the second period of the distemper1 the same drinks were continued1 adding thereto some theriac or ,jesuit's bark1 in order to lessen the frequency of the diarrhoetic evacuations4 ,they also provoked the depurating secretions from the mouth1 nose1 and eyes1 by repeated washings2 and as those animals1 in which the running was most easy and copious1 seemed to be less seriously affected with the disease1 they strove to increase that which flowed from the glands of the mouth by fixing a gag in the jaws1 and keeping it there for several hours4 ,this measure seemed so efficacious that a decree from the ,parlement de ,rouen1 issued on the #acth of ,march1 #agde1 ordered the application of a gag1 or bit1 for three hours every day1 to the cattle under treatment4 ,in the third period1 they sought to overcome the wasting of strength in the system by means of tonic and nutritious drinks1 decoctions of centaury1 ,jesuit's bark1 juniper berries1 c4 ,they likewise administered emollient clysters if the evacuations were bloody4 ,moreover1 they placed two or three setons1 principally in the dewlap1 in order to obey the signs and indications of nature--quo natura vergit1 eo ducendum2 as a salutary and critical eruption of the skin was at that period forcing its way4 ,these setons were kept open with a mixture of turpentine and yolks of egg1 for the purpose of encouraging the secretion4 ,the purulent or emphysematous tumours were cut4 ,but whatever means might be employed1 almost all the cattle perished1 and the few and rare recoveries only afforded the pessimists the satisfaction of claiming the merit of them for themselves4 ,it was remarked1 besides1 that the fattest beasts were the least able to resist the effects of the distemper4 ,it is hardly necessary to say1 that during the whole course of the treatment1 great care was taken to keep both the stables and the cattle in a perfect state of cleanliness4 ,the convalescence of those animals which were cured was invariably long1 and required great attention as to their food and hygienic treatment4 ,solid substances1 roots1 and forage were withheld until rumination revived2 and it was only after several days of encouraging trials that the recovered animal was suffered at last to feed all day in the field1 according to his pleasure4 ,such1 then1 was that formidable epizootia which1 in the middle of the eighteenth century1 swept away upwards of six millions of horned cattle1 and which occasioned a loss to ,europe exceeding fifty millions sterling--perhaps we might say a hundred millions--for other domestic animals1 sheep1 horses1 c4 7as generally happens in cases of epizootia71 had likewise suffered1 in different degrees1 from the various complaints arising from inclement seasons4 ,it was certainly necessary to our purpose that we should have taken this retrospective view of the cattle disease1 and it will afford us a valuable guide for the future4 ,we may now content ourselves with bringing together the different annals in the chain of time which elapsed between ,layard's treatise1 which was published in #ageg1 and the present day4 ,this chain of time amounts to #ajh years4 ,v4 ,the typhus of ,horned ,cattle1 which had shown itself in a manner permanent1 sometimes raging at one part of the globe1 sometimes at another1 could not1 under the unaltered conditions by which it had been generated1 suspend its ravages2 and though1 thanks to her isolated position1 ,england may be less exposed to it than other countries1 it is1 however1 necessary to take note of what may serve for our instruction in the several epizootics which will pass under our view4 ,medical writers relate that contagious typhus broke out several times in ,holland during the years #agfh1 #agfi1 and #aggj2 it also appeared in ,french ,flanders in #agga1 in ,hainault in #aggc4 ,in ,france one particular spot was1 at this period1 completely rendered intact by drawing a sanitary fence about its limits1 and bestowing on the cattle particular hygienic attention as a safeguard4 ,the stables of these animals were washed1 cleansed1 and fumigated2 spring water was given them to drink1 their food was chosen with care1 and a certain quantity of salt was mixed with it4 ,in #aggd1 ,holland1 a cold and damp country1 was once more invaded by the scourge2 and the ,government offered in vain a reward of #hj1jjj florins to any one who should discover the preventive or specific remedy for the disease4 ,the typhus which1 at that epoch1 had likewise broken out again in the south of ,france1 threatened to become an abiding peril to the wealth of nations4 ,two ,french authors1 ,vicq d',azyr and ,paulet1 betook themselves earnestly to the task of collecting every document which up to that time had been published on the successive visitations of the malady1 and of offering the means of preventing it4 ,their intention was unquestionably laudable1 but the time for obtaining such a result had not yet arrived2 besides which1 these two writers1 whatever may have been their desert1 were not equal to an achievement of this character4 ,they belonged1 indeed1 to that order of men who look upon the cultivation of science solely as a step to personal distinction4 ,vicq d',azyr himself was but twenty-five years old when he issued1 in #agge1 his work1 entitled1 ,expos des ,moyens curatifs et preservatifs qui peuvent tre employs contre les ,maladies des ,btes ,cornes4 ,we should deceive ourselves if we expected to find in this exposition anything but an interesting compilation of the works already published4 ,paulet's treatise appeared likewise in #agge1 under the title1 ,recherches historiques et physiques sur les ,maladies epizootiques1 avec les ,moyens d'y rmdier dans tous les ,cas1 publies par ordre du ,roi4 ,paris4 ,two volumes4 ,after reading and reflecting on this title1 as servile as it is arrogant1 ,i might have dispensed with all examination of the work4 ,a scientific man1 whilst in the pursuit of truth1 takes orders from nobody1 not even from kings4 ,paulet1 therefore1 writing by order1 could only produce a work of mediocrity1 and such is incontestably the degree of value of his two volumes1 forming1 as they do1 a fastidious dissertation of epizootics in general1 and of those relating to cattle in particular4 ,the works of ,paulet and ,vicq d',azyr1 written at the same time1 not being the labour of men practising the medical art1 are on a level as to the notions which they have handed down to us2 but that of ,vicq d',azyr being the better of the two1 we shall extract therefrom what may chiefly interest us4 ,vicq d',azyr relates the history of the epizootics1 and expatiates on the original cause of the typhus in horned cattle1 and on its nature4 ,the passages in which he treats of its mode of propagation and its treatment1 are the most deserving of our notice4 ,he says1 that he tried to no purpose to communicate the disease a second time to animals which had been fortunate enough to get cured4 ,that cows covered with the fresh skins stripped from dead cattle1 victims to the distemper1 did not contract it4 ,that infected clothes which had been worn by men who had served in hospitals where cattle were under treatment1 having been laid on the backs of several beasts in sound health1 were found to transmit the distemper in three cases out of six4 ,that the gases expelled from the intestines1 received into a bladder ball1 and let out under the noses of healthy cattle1 have communicated the disease to them1 after ten or fifteen days of latent incubation2 and that the same gases being mixed with their drink1 have also propagated the contagion4 ,that frictions1 with the hands impregnated with virus1 having been made over the skin1 did not produce any ill effects4 ,that some oxen which had been designedly placed for a few hours among sick animals1 have afterwards been seized with the distemper4 ,that a calf which had been placed in a stall containing some oxen grievously affected1 but which calf had a basket beneath its nose filled with aromatic herbs1 withstood the contagion4 ,that cowsheds which had been partially cleansed and fumigated1 transmitted the disease to other cattle1 even several months after they had been vacated4 ,finally1 he mentions the experiments of inoculation made by ,lay and in ,england1 but not understanding their aim and capacity1 he adds1 that inoculation does not seem to him of any use1 since the inoculated animals all died4 ,yet he quotes the encouraging results obtained by ,camper in ,holland1 who1 out of #aab inoculated cattle1 saved #da2 and those of ,koopman1 who1 out of #id1 cured #de by this very inoculation4 ,he reminds us that the cattle typhus is an abiding disease in ,hungary and ,russia1 where the beasts having bad water to drink1 can only be protected by a constant use of marine salt 7sel gemme72 but being deprived of this salt1 when they go great distances to be sold1 and being exposed to extreme fatigue and privations1 the typhus then spreads among them4 ,he likewise tells us that ,hungary and ,dalmatia1 which used to supply the markets of ,italy with butcher's meat1 were obliged to give up sending any cattle there1 the ,italians having firmly refused to purchase the same at any price whatever4 ,as regards treatment1 the advice which ,vicq d',azyr gives to agriculturists1 is mostly borrowed from the authors who have written on the great epizootics of #agaa1 and #agde to #agee4 ,thus1 he advises them to give as drinks in the first stage1 water whitened with meal and nitred2 to purge the animals with linseed oil2 even to make scarifications on the skin1 and to keep up the suppuration with turpentine2 to make the animals inhale six times a day vapours seasoned with vinegar2 to wrap them over with woollen cloths2 to bleed them once or twice2 to administer to them1 when diarrhoea shows itself1 a beverage containing wormwood1 quinine1 and diascordium2 to cut open the tumours containing pus or air1 etc4 ,it is1 as is seen1 the same treatment as that quoted above2 he guarantees its success1 and supports his views by the authority of ,van ,swieten and ,huxan4 ,van ,swieten1 however1 had somewhat modified the treatment1 by the predominance which he allowed to acids2 and this course seemed to him to be only reasonable with respect to animals whose sick humours contain an excess of alkali4 ,vicq d',azyr fixed his attention on the means of prevention1 the most effectual of which1 in his opinion1 was to slaughter every animal which had either sickened1 or had been exposed to the influence of the contagion2 and as he insisted that the authorities had no measures to keep in this matter of public interest1 he made it a principle that the government was bound to compensate the cattle proprietors whose animals had to be killed--the more so1 said he1 that the crafty husbandmen would never come forward and freely declare the invalidity of their cattle1 unless some indemnity were held out to them1 which they would look upon as a sort of equivalent for the benefits they had expected by cutting them up and selling them as the food of man4 ,the doctors of the period1 scenting in ,vicq d',azyr a dangerous competitor1 considered the advice of exterminating the diseased cattle as an ingenious means of curing them1 and as the author's age and experience gave warrant for this satirical tone of discussion1 the public joined them in laughing at him4 ,the epizootic typhus1 if not so destructive1 was at least as frequent in the early part of the nineteenth century1 as it had been during the eighteenth4 ,the armies during the wars of united ,europe against the ,french ,republic and ,empire1 found it constantly in their train4 ,nor could it be otherwise1 the two leading causes of its prevalence being at hand4 ,for on one hand there was the transit of large herds from the steppes of ,hungary1 and on the other the wretched hygienic conditions amidst which the cattle had to live in the campaigning armies4 ,many books have been published of late years on the diseases of cattle1 in ,france and ,germany2 and several distinguished ,english veterinary surgeons1 especially ,professor ,simonds1 have also devoted their attention to the same subject4 ,in the second part of this work1 we shall have occasion to refer to their labours4 ,in ,france1 ,renault1 ,delafond1 d',arboval1 ,gell1 whose works enjoy a deserved reputation1 have discussed the subject of the origin of this disease4 ,renault asserts that the disease has but one single focus1 the steppes of ,russia and ,hungary4 ,the epizootics of ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,south ,america are caused1 he considers1 by the importation of animals to those countries4 ,it is thus that he explains the epizootia which1 under the name of ,delombodera1 devastated the ,american ,republics in #ahcb1 and that which1 in #ahda1 appeared in ,egypt4 ,renault thinks that neither the long transit1 nor the filthy state of the markets1 nor the most wretched feeding1 are sufficient to account for contagious typhus among cattle2 that in addition to these causes1 it still requires1 in order to produce and generate it among animals1 a predisposition1 and a special aptitude1 such as1 hitherto at least1 do not appear to have been witnessed except in the progeny of the steppes4 ,the other professors of his fraternity have submitted arguments to him1 which to us seem very rational2 and we will endeavour to do justice to them when we discuss the origin of the typhus which at this moment is afflicting ,england4 ,,vi4 ,these historical dissertations and speculations on the subject of the bovine epizootia certainly deserve to draw the attention of all who feel an interest in the malady2 but how insignificant they are compared with the concluding facts which ,i have still to mention1 before ,i at length address myself to the consideration of the epizootia which is now consuming our herds6 ,the indisputable fact that so terrible a distemper as this typhus had fixed itself permanently in ,russia1 and that it was causing incalculable losses to the lordly proprietors of the steppes1 as well as to the government1 roused them at last from their indifference4 ,then1 indeed1 they urged the veterinary doctors to adopt some energetic means to arrest the long duration of the scourge1 and we must admit to their honour1 that various experiments which were tried for the purpose of preventing the evil1 have been crowned with complete success4 ,any one may ascertain the fact by referring to the ,journal ,magazin of ,berlin1 in which the learned ,professor ,jessen of ,dorpat has explained the results of these important experiments4 ,the ,russian veterinarians having observed that the oxen which had been cured of the typhus could mingle with impunity with the infected herds1 conceived the idea of communicating the complaint to sound cattle by means of inoculation1 and thereby to shield them from the contagion4 ,the first experiments in the inoculation of ,tchouma or cattle typhus1 were made in the year #ahec1 by order of the government1 in the neighbourhood of ,odessa1 at the ,heridin farm1 by ,professor ,jessen4 ,the first inoculative attempts were very fatal2 they caused the death of all the inoculated animals4 ,but it was soon perceived that these grievous results1 far from prejudicing the theory1 really confirmed it2 and that the virus1 attenuated in its toxical properties1 would prove as effectual as was expected4 ,and truly1 in #ahed and #ahee1 at the ,dorpat establishment1 the inoculations made with a better selected virus afforded results less disastrous4 ,at ,kozau they were still more satisfactory4 ,in fine1 passing from experiment to experiment1 they arrived at the conclusion that it was necessary to inoculate several heads of cattle1 the one after the other1 without having recourse to any other virus than the first inoculated1 so that they might thereby obtain virus of the #bnd1 #crd1 #dth1 #eth1 and up to the #ajth generation4 ,the virus thus attenuated in its morbid effects answered at length every experiment1 and oxen thus inoculated could mingle with impunity with diseased cattle4 ,at the veterinary establishment of ,chalkoff they inoculated1 during eight meetings1 #ajei animals with virus of the #crd generation1 and the results were as satisfactory as could be wished for1 only #fj animals having sunk under the effects of this preventive operation4 ,the inoculations made in #aheg and #aheh on an estate belonging to the ,duchess ,helena1 at ,karlowska1 in the government of ,pultawa1 and conducted by the veterinarian ,raussels1 likewise afforded the most satisfactory results4 ,professor ,jessen thinks it certain1 that beasts born of cows which have been afflicted with contagious typhus do not contract the disease4 ,he maintains that ,europe may be preserved from this frightful scourge1 by taking care that no cattle be exported from the steppes of ,russia save those which have had the distemper either naturally or by inoculation1 and he is striving to propagate this opinion1 and to render it practical1 by having all the cattle inoculated1 without exception4 ,it is deeply to be regretted that counsels so prudent have not been heeded in the #dg governments which1 out of the #ec possessed by ,russia1 have generated the contagious typhus2 for then it would not so frequently have effected its passage into the neighbouring states1 and ,england most probably1 would not now have to take up arms against its fatal extension4 ,,vii4 ,we here conclude that part of our labour which includes the history of this disease1 and what we have been able to glean from those medical writers1 and others1 who have given us the results of their experience4 ,it may have appeared somewhat protracted1 but it has at least laid open to the student the antecedent investigations of our predecessors1 under calamities of the same kind1 but considerably more fatal than what has yet been witnessed in ,western ,europe during our time4 ,we have disinterred and brought to light the forgotten works of conscientious and competent men4 ,like ,brunelleschi1 the architect1 we have sought1 not to invent a theory1 but to recover a practice2 and thus we have received the observations and precious facts1 and finally the preventive treatment1 of other men and other times1 which had coped successfully against the cattle disease when its ravages were infinitely greater4 ,to resume1 then3 these inquiries 7which we undertook without anticipating so rich a harvest7 have proved1 and made evident-- ,that the contagious typhus afflicting horned cattle1 has spread its destructive principle over our globe ever since there have been animals living on its surface4 ,that from century to century1 not to say from year to year1 it has carried its terrors amidst nations and peoples4 ,that the remedial measures which had been taken and applied prior to the middle of the eighteenth century1 were utterly powerless either to cure this disease or to prevent it4 ,that at that period appeared two ,english physicians1 men of remarkable aptitude and penetration1 one of whom1 ,malcolm ,flemming1 laid down in theory the bases of a preventive treatment2 whilst the other1 ,peter ,layard1 applied this theory to practice1 by inoculating sound and healthy animals with the morbid virus of the typhus1 in order to protect them from the fatal effects of the contagion4 ,that this all-important progress in medical experience1 has been absolutely forgotten2 so much so1 indeed1 that the experiments of inoculation1 tried in ,russia only ten or twelve years ago with perfect success1 do not seem to be connected by any link with those made in ,england a century before1 and that the invasion of the so-called ,,cattle ,,plague in #ahfe seemed to some men to have introduced a new scourge1 which men were not armed and prepared to meet--which they were powerless to cure1 or to stay in its progress4 ,these inquiries1 then1 have proved1 we think1 that we are not so helpless as we had imagined to resist the evil4 ,but we cannot help feeling1 that we have laid bare in this exposition some most distressing inferences concerning the human mind4 ,for1 in truth1 can anything be more deplorable1 than thus to see the civilized nations of ,europe endure1 from century to century1 these reiterated outbreaks of cattle typhus1 and to see likewise that no man of sufficient energy and independence has yet arisen to tell the truth fearlessly to the governments and peoples1 however painful that truth may be1 and to expose the futility of the measures hitherto employed to arrest the scourge8 ,and1 on the other hand1 is it not most afflicting to see discoveries of indisputable value buried out of view1 submerged in public libraries1 utterly unknown and forgotten1 like their authors1 to such a degree1 that the distemper which they have made known in its entirety1 and which is as old as the world itself1 seems to us almost new in #ahfe8 ,god send1 that these cruel trials and severe lessons which the past has bequeathed to us may teach us something for our benefit6 ,may the irresistible might which is derived from the auspicious union of capital and intelligence supersede the vain and flimsy efforts of isolated energy6 ,may the government1 which lavishes hundreds of millions upon the destructive engines of war1 devote some portion of its ample means to the study of hereditary infections and contagious diseases6 ,for these fatal epidemics decimate men as well as cattle1 and we may at least ward off from our children the desolating disease which at present afflicts ourselves4 ,we possess already every requisite means to protect ourselves from the formidable visitation of these diseases3 we have science2 we have the men who cultivate and teach it2 we have the experience of the past added to our own4 ,to-day1 we are called upon to resist the baleful effects of cattle typhus2 but another epizootia may come to-morrow1 and strike our horses and our sheep--those domestic animals which constitute our most precious possession4 ,the cholera hovers about us4 ,if we do nothing1 if we talk and debate instead of acting1 these scourges will come upon us on a sudden1 and find us quite as helpless as ever to resist their sway4 ,these palpable truths deserve to be further developed1 and will be treated more copiously at the end of this book4 ,they will constitute the complement of our work1 necessarily written in haste1 since the danger we had to expose was itself so urgent and alarming4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,to assist the researches of other inquirers on this vital subject1 now so generally interesting1 we may add1 that the cattle treatises already referred to--of ,malcolm ,flemming and ,peter ,layard--are to be found in the ,library of the ,british ,museum1 bound together in a single volume1 which is certainly worth ten times its weight in gold4 ,it contains1 indeed1 eight different opuscula1 all relating to cattle complaints1 which scientific students may consult with real gratification4 ,i will here transcribe the titles of the most important of these treatises1 the pregnant expositions of the two ,english physicians above-named4 ,that of ,malcolm ,flemming3 ,a ,proposal1 in order to ,diminish the ,progress of the ,distemper among the ,horned ,cattle1 supported by ,facts4 ,london1 #agee4 ,that of ,peter ,layard3 ,an ,essay on the ,nature1 ,cause1 and ,cure of the ,contagious ,distemper among the ,horned ,cattle in these ,kingdoms4 ,london1 #ageg4 ,a great many accounts1 treatises1 and expositions on the same subject appeared at the same time in ,france1 ,holland1 ,denmark1 and ,switzerland4 ,one1 which appeared in the last of these countries1 is entitled3 ,reflexions sur la ,maladie du ,gros ,btail1 par la ,socit des ,mdecius de ,genve4 #agef4 ,,second ,,part4 ,this ,part is divided1 as already stated1 into four chapters4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,on ,typhous ,diseases in general1 and the ,typhus which affects the ,ox in particular4 ,by following the example of those authors who have described the contagious typhus of the ox1 we might proceed at once to explain its symptoms1 and go directly to our purpose2 but1 by taking this hasty course1 we should expose ourselves to be imperfectly understood by the majority of our readers1 and to leave certain doubts in the minds of physicians as to the nature of the disease and the propriety of its treatment4 ,all animals1 including man himself1 are born with a predisposition and liability to contract a certain number of contagious febrile diseases2 they bear in a manner a certain number of physiological elements1 which might be called latent germs1 and which1 under given conditions1 become the leaven of these diseases4 ,this must1 indeed1 be the case1 since after these disorders have been once developed those who have been cured of them are not apt to contract them again1 the morbid developments having destroyed that natural aptitude which had previously existed to undergo the morbid action of the contagious virus4 ,these diseases are not numerous2 they constitute a very distinct class1 and the same laws1 which regulate the phenomena in one of them are applicable to all the rest4 ,these diseases exhibit the following characteristics3 #ast1 a period of incubation1 during which the whole economy1 more particularly the blood and humours1 experience very important changes and modifications2 #bnd1 a febrile state1 which varies in its continuous or intermittent types1 and in its intensity1 according to the species of the animals1 and which proceeds from the alteration of the blood2 #crd1 a revulsion at once toxical and congestive towards the nervous centre1 inducing stupor2 #dth1 a flux of mucus from the mouth and chest2 #eth1 a more intense1 congestive1 and inflammatory flux or discharge from the external or internal teguments--the skin or the mucous membrane of the digestive channels2 #fth1 a period of adynamia and dejection1 with a tendency1 in some cases1 to a critical or salutary rejection of the morbid matter by the development of tumours or abscesses in the skin2 #gth1 they are at once infectious and contagious1 epizootic or epidemic2 that is to say1 they are transmitted in different degrees by contact1 by inoculation1 and at a distance by the means of vitiated air2 #hth1 finally--and this is their leading characteristic--they are not subject to recurrence1 each individual that has once been affected1 losing in general all aptitude to contract the disease a second time4 ,this last characteristic1 when well understood1 ought in reason to induce us to have recourse to the preventive treatment1 and such has been the case with respect to the most virulent amongst them--small-pox and the typhus of the ox4 ,prompted by these principles1 which are as logical and fixed as any mathematical deduction1 ,i suggested in #ahee that inoculation should be applied in typhoid fever1 which is nothing else but the equivalent of intestinal small-pox1 in order to prevent the disease in men4 ,but if the simplest truth sometimes requires a contest of ages before it is heard and understood1 ,i could not hope to fix attention on a fact which might be taken as problematical4 ,i felt that ,i was outrunning time1 and that ,i should neither be heard nor understood2 and so it has proved4 ,be that as it may1 these typhous diseases have1 as is seen1 their laws and foreseen development4 ,they attack animals generally1 but chiefly herbivorous animals1 endowed1 as we have shown in the first part1 with a vital resistance which is1 relatively speaking1 very inconsiderable4 ,these febrile typhous diseases 7whether their development is caused by a spontaneous morbid action in the patient or by an evident contagion71 have a period of incubation during which the vital strength undergoes latent morbid modifications1 though not sufficient to indicate1 save in times of epizootics and epidemics1 the particular form which is about to reveal its symptoms in the course of a few days4 ,this period of incubation being over1 the mouth and chest become affected1 and fever declares itself2 and then the materies morbi1 which is to become the special and dominant characteristic of the distemper1 is directed either to the skin1 or to the digestive mucous membrane4 ,in the first case1 we see evidence of exanthematic diseases1 which present only the lightest forms of detersive disorders1 such as measles1 scarlatina1 or that more serious one1 from its pustulous form1 the small-pox4 ,in the second case1 the elimination takes place from the intestinal canal1 and then we see produced in animals1 as well as in men1 the typhous diseases3 that is to say1 the typhoid fever--a pustulous and ulcerous malady of the intestines--or the common typhus of the hospitals1 prisons1 and campaigning armies2 and again1 in animals1 there is also the typhus of the steppes1 of the marshes1 c4 ,the ,eastern pestilence1 the plague of ,rome in the age of ,antoninus and the plague of ,athens1 which might have given to ,hippocrates the right of treating with ,artaxerxes as one potentate treats with another1 ought perhaps to be classed among those typhuses not subject to recurrence4 ,as for the cholera1 it seems to be a contagious and epidemic disorder1 of a distinct and particular kind4 ,we are ignorant of its essential cause1 its nature1 and its mode of treatment2 and although it has prevailed in every age1 and even frequently of late years1 it will always1 by reason of the strange formation of our medical institutions1 find us as weak and defenceless to resist its attack as we have ever been4 ,if we have been properly understood1 typhous diseases are1 above all1 general febrile affections4 ,at one time the materies morbi1 or discharge1 affects the skin2 at another1 the digestive mucous membrane4 ,when it acts upon the skin1 as clinical observation shows1 there is sometimes a sort of hesitation in the eruptive process2 people wonder what disease is coming forth2 the eruption wavers in the form it will assume1 till at length its real character is determined4 ,the same uncertainty prevails when the intestines are affected4 ,sometimes the exanthema is merely the equivalent of simple measles or scarlatina of the intestinal mucous membrane1 and many typhoid fevers of short continuance are nothing else in their nature4 ,the same occurs in common typhuses4 ,sometimes the local affection proceeds as far as pustulous eruption1 sometimes only to exanthematic rubefaction2 hence the various alterations which we have witnessed in the intestines of cattle killed in our presence at the slaughter-houses of the ,metropolitan ,market1 and which we ourselves dissected4 ,the experienced ,professor ,bouley1 from the ,ecole ,vtrinaire of ,alfort1 near ,paris1 whose visit must have been beneficial to ,england1 clearly recognised in an ox which was slaughtered and dissected at the ,metropolitan ,market1 the genuine pustule of typhoid fever4 ,but in most cases1 as we shall show1 it is the other forms which prevail4 ,we make these observations in order to anticipate the objections of those reasoners who1 being more influenced and guided by the local facts and by the symptoms1 than by the general phenomena of comparative pathology1 might argue that such or such fact is opposed to our doctrine4 ,in a word1 then1 typhous diseases have their types2 but the living being is subjected to so many different influences1 hereditary1 idiosyncratic1 climataic1 hygienic1 c41 that by the side of one subject going through the course of morbid phenomena with fatal regularity1 another may be seen in which such or such functional derangement is readily distinguished4 ,thus in some animals1 predisposed thereto by prior disorders1 the morbid action originally propelled towards the channels of respiration will continue to be most salient2 and after dissection the lungs will be congested and emphysematous1 and the intestines relatively but scarcely altered4 ,the animal1 indeed1 though bordering on typhus1 will sink under the effect of functional derangement in the breathing passages4 ,in others1 by the influence of some particular predisposing cause1 disorders of the nervous centres will be signalized2 a cerebral and spinal pains will be intolerable1 delirium will quickly ensue1 and the asphyxiated patient1 if a man1 will succumb in the course of a few days2 or if an ox1 he will be wild and ungovernable1 and then fall as if thunderstruck1 fastened to his stall4 ,finally1 in other cases1 these first two phases of the distemper will not prove fatal1 the intestinal injuries will pursue their course1 and the affected animals will not die until the third period4 ,as we have seen1 the morbid phenomena may be different1 although the affection continues the same2 the typhoid fever or the typhus being nevertheless the essential disease which prevails4 ,these generalities1 to some readers1 may appear irrelevant1 but let them not be mistaken2 they have a claim to our notice1 and are really important4 ,they show1 indeed1 that independent of the preventive treatment1 which is an absolute rule in the case of virulent1 contagious1 and non-recurring diseases1 the treatment of the disease itself1 when it has declared itself1 and when it pursues its course1 cannot be the same for every patient2 and that1 moreover1 this treatment must vary in the different phases of the disease1 as physicians and veterinarians are well aware4 ,these generalities1 likewise1 explain the various diseases--viz41 those in which the animals blend together the typhous and exanthematic diseases4 ,the measles and the scarlet fever1 affecting the external or internal membranes1 are like the first steps of these maladies2 they are generally slight1 and we have but to watch over the progress of the symptoms1 and to assist nature1 which1 with few exceptions1 brings all things to a favourable issue4 ,these disorders1 which are relatively slight and do not provoke in the economy any of those changes which in some sort transform the constitution1 are not absolutely proof against relapse4 ,they lead us rationally and by degrees to the more infectious and contagious diseases1 to the common typhus2 therefore it is unnecessary to apply the preventive treatment to them1 that being exclusively reserved for the latter4 ,let it then be well understood1 that the typhus of the ox1 the study of which we are about to enter upon1 may vary in its symptoms and post-mortem appearances1 without losing thereby the characteristic mark which renders it a thoroughly distinct1 and1 in the present day1 a thoroughly well known distemper4 ,now that the reader possesses these general notions of the ,contagious ,typhus1 we shall be able to speak to him in a language which he will understand1 and give a definition which he will be able to judge and appreciate4 ,the typhus of the ox1 then1 is a virulent1 contagious1 febrile1 and non-recurring disease1 with stupor and derangement of the nervous1 respiratory1 and digestive functions2 leaving various changes in the respective organs of these functions1 and chiefly in the intestines4 ,this new definition seems to us to be more faithful and just than those hitherto given2 and this1 if needed1 we could demonstrate4 ,i do not disguise from myself that some of the opinions expressed in these generalities may1 at first sight1 appear strange and liable to objection4 ,thus1 it may be argued that inoculation as a preventive treatment of typhous maladies is far from being a general law1 applicable to every case2 since in ,russia1 for instance1 where this inoculation is practised every day1 it completely fails in certain foreign herds1 and they die of the consequences of the operation2 and that this1 therefore1 might happen in ,england4 ,to these objections we would reply1 first1 as regards the novelty of opinions expressed1 that we have taken up the pen1 because we had to write something different from what has already been published in known works1 otherwise it would have been our duty to remain silent2 and secondly1 as regards the inefficacy of inoculation1 that organic and vital phenomena have their principles and their laws1 which are fixed and invincible1 from which it is reasonable to deduce consequences and positive rules of conduct1 which cannot yield to superannuated opinions or imperfectly executed experiments4 ,to institute experiments indeed under the rigorous conditions of a logical and irrefutable demonstration1 is not so easy a matter as may generally be thought4 ,for our part1 the principles deduced from strict observation are the basis on which we build1 and if it so chance that we are baffled in our experiments we vary them indefinitely2 and if still we are deceived in our hopes1 we ascribe the miscarriage to our impotence1 to inadequate means1 and to the defective instruments which the physical and chemical sciences1 still in their cradle as regards organic matter1 supply for our use4 ,above all1 we wish it to be remembered--,scribo nec ficta1 nec picta1 sed qu ratio1 sensus1 et experientia docent4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,origin and ,causes of the ,ox ,typhus4 ,i4 ,i have drawn my conclusions as to the preventive treatment of typhus in the ox1 from the knowledge ,i had acquired of its morbid phenomena1 its nature1 and its non-recurrence2 and it is a logical deduction quite as accurate as could be the result of a syllogism4 ,the study of the origin of this typhus1 and of the causes by which it is generated and spread abroad1 will supply us with additional arguments to sustain this deduction1 as well as those signs and indications which are the very foundation of curative treatment4 ,the description of the disease will contribute to the same result2 for the rational treatment of a distemper can be derived only from a knowledge of all the phenomena which occasion it1 of the functional derangements1 and of the alterations observed in bodies after death4 ,i wish particularly to say at once1 in entering upon the subject of etiology1 that the special works which treat of it contain precise information as to the causes and origin of the typhus in horned cattle2 and that the chief organs of the press in every country--those ephemeral encyclopdias in which unfortunately so much vital force and intelligence are dissipated--have published articles of the highest interest on this subject4 ,it would be physically impossible for me to begin again a bibliographical labour similar to the one exhibited in the ,first ,part1 in order to afford due justice to each of these public writers1 who have met the epizootia on the confines of their country and fought hand to hand with it4 ,this work is not susceptible of so much enlargement4 ,let it be well understood1 that ,i claim no other merit than that of discussing these questions of etiology1 in that order and with that common sense which fix ideas firmly in the mind--which1 if ,i may use the term1 photograph them on those parts of the brain allotted to the memory and judgment2 also of drawing from known and admitted facts more rational and practical conclusions than those which have been current up to the present time4 ,much has been already said and argued on the origin of the contagious typhus which affects the ox2 some adhering exclusively to the special conditions observable in the breed of those oxen which are reared and fed on the steppes of ,russia and ,hungary2 others1 more reasonably1 as it seems to us1 ascribing it to the hygienic conditions generally1 that is to say1 to the climate1 the season1 the feeding1 c41 c41 amidst which these animals are living4 ,all these discussions upon what has been said and argued on this subject have been very useful4 ,for1 had it been rigidly proved that the oxen of the steppes1 by some peculiar organization1 carry within them those germs or physiological elements which at given times become the leaven of the distemper1 and1 at a subsequent period1 the elements of the contagion1 then1 indeed1 a fact of capital importance and prominent authority would have been established1 and the attention of all men interested in these inquiries would have been exclusively concentrated on that particular race of animals and on those countries smitten with the curse1 in order to arrest and confine the disease within its one and only focus4 ,the supporters of this theory1 concerning the first circumscribed origin of the typhus1 maintain that all the epizootics whose deplorable history we have given in the first part of this work1 have had no other generative causes than the propagation of the complaint1 born and begotten on the banks of the ,wolga and the ,danube1 and subsequently conveyed to the different parts of the earth by the emigration of the cattle4 ,and in this manner1 too1 they have accounted for the appearance of the typhus in ,south ,america1 in ,africa1 and in ,asia4 ,since this doctrine on the origin of the typhus has been conceived and maintained by men of a high order of understanding1 we must suppose that they had been struck and convinced by important facts and serious reasons2 and as it would be unfair to oppose a plain denial to an opinion now so generally adopted1 we are bound to say in what manner these authors justify their views1 after which we shall endeavour to refute them4 ,the partisans of the circumscribed origin1 who make it depend exclusively on the peculiar organization of the race of the steppes1 have based their argument1 peremptory and unanswerable as they imagine1 on the prime fact1 that it has always been possible to trace the diffusion of the typhus in a given country1 to some sick animal of the steppes conveyed to that kingdom4 ,in this manner it is1 that they explain the generation of the epizootics which have so frequently wasted the continent of ,europe4 ,on whatever point of the globe they may appear1 this1 and only this1 is the source of their existence4 ,the isolated position of ,great ,britain is made to support their arguments4 ,behold1 they exclaim1 ,great ,britain1 which1 thanks to its surrounding seas1 has escaped most of the epizootics which have desolated ,france and ,germany during the early part of the nineteenth century4 ,nay1 more1 the present visitation of the distemper is also seized upon to sustain their theory1 since certain oxen1 natives of the steppes1 appear to have imported it into ,london4 ,we must add1 that nothing is wanting in order to prove this assertion2 for they relate with perfect regularity1 and step by step1 the course taken by the contagion2 they specify the time occupied on its passage1 and even the names of the infected vessels which have thus imported the principle of the typhus4 ,it must be admitted that all the facts thus stated are indisputable2 we acknowledge as true1 that the bovine race of the steppes has conveyed into other countries the contagious germs of the disease2 we admit that its dissemination may be thus accounted for4 ,but to admit this fact1 and to draw from it the conclusion that the bovine race of the steppes alone is capable1 by some particular and distinct organization1 of developing the original typhus of the ox1 and that this typhus has no other focus on the earth than the banks of the ,dnieper and the ,don1 does not appear to us a sound logical deduction4 ,and as1 if this conclusion were positively recognised1 we might see but one side of the evil1 and deduce very serious consequences therefrom1 it is necessary to receive these facts for what they are worth1 and no more4 ,let us first observe1 that those writers who ascribe the contagious typhus to the race of ,southern ,russia1 do not take into consideration the epizootics of this typhus1 the account of which has been handed down to us by the ancient authors of ,greece and ,rome2 and that they refer just as little to those which are quite as frequent in the republics of ,south ,america as on the banks of the ,dnieper4 ,for even if we allow that once1 and only once1 one of these epizootics may be traced to the arrival of a ship containing oxen brought from the steppes1 how1 on the other hand1 can we believe that all other epizootics have had such a fortuitous cause to generate it2 consequently1 the typhus1 in these cases1 must have been locally developed and diffused among ,american cattle8 ,moreover1 we seek in vain for the reasons which would authorize us to assign to the bovine race of the steppes a particular organization1 rendering it alone fit to engender the typhus4 ,but let us grant for a moment1 that the ,russian and ,hungarian oxen constitute a peculiar race1 as their framework and the length of their horns would seem to imply2 this much being conceded1 it still remains to be shown in what respect their anatomical and physiological structure differs from that of other animals to such an extent as to render them alone liable to originate this fatal typhus4 ,oh6 if it were true that the bovine race of the steppes alone could engender the typhus6 we would hail the fact with joy1 and would show without much exertion of reasoning that1 in that case1 we possessed not only the means of preventing the disease by inoculating sound and healthy cattle1 but the far more important means of sweeping it for ever from the earth1 by at once exterminating that cursed race1 smitten with the original predisposition of this plague2 and as1 after all1 the murderous scourge of the typhus of the steppes has already cost1 and may perhaps continue to cost the various nations of the ,old ,world millions upon millions1 they would feel that their most urgent interest would be to come to an understanding 7nor would the sacrifice be too much for their resources7 so as to destroy and extirpate the evil at its original source4 ,there would then be no difficulty in raising up a new breed of cattle in those countries1 by transporting to it those of other nations free from the infection4 ,but who does not understand that this heroic sacrifice would be illusory1 and that the foreign races1 modified in time in this new medium1 would regenerate the typhus2 so that the double sacrifice of extermination and indemnity would have been made to no purpose8 ,we wish we could adopt this hypothesis1 so simple and so consolatory1 of the circumscribed origin of the typhus1 and its exclusive propagation through the race of the steppes2 but our mind is altogether opposed to that view1 and for the following reasons1 amongst others3-- ,if the bovine race of the steppes alone could produce the typhic virus1 by reason of a particular organization which is the prime condition of its existence1 this race alone would of necessity be fit to receive its taint by the influence of contagion4 ,but if the other animals of the same species1 as unfortunately too surely happens1 can receive the principle of the disorder1 develop the ailment1 and die of its effects1 then the reasoning of our opponents is faulty from its source2 and it must be admitted that all horned cattle are apt to generate the typhic virus in those countries which afford the conditions of its production1 and that this exclusive predisposition as it is called1 attributed to the race inhabiting the steppes1 is simply a chimera4 ,but arguments are seldom exhausted even to defend a bad cause1 and it is objected that the fact that all oxen may contract the typhus transmitted by the contact of animals from one to another1 does not prove that the original predisposition is the same in every race2 and they persist in maintaining--#ast1 that the typhus of the steppes is alone able originally to beget the disease2 #bnd1 that having thus begotten and produced it1 it becomes1 after this organic conception1 apt to be transmitted to every animal1 and fit to be assimilated with them4 ,to these subtleties and argumentative refinements it would be as easy for me to oppose abstract reasonings equally strong1 as it would have been for the ,jansenists and ,mollinists1 had it so chanced that they had been drawn into a debate on the origin and nature of the virus of the plague which carried off ,jansenius4 ,but let us confine ourselves to serious facts and conclude-- #ast4 ,that we have no proof of any anatomical and physiological difference in the humours or in the blood--that is to say1 in the organic1 intimate1 and biological elements of the individuals which collectively constitute the bovine species4 #bnd4 ,that we have a right to believe1 that all horned cattle are apt to develop the typhic virus when they are placed within the conditions required for that effect--that is to say1 when they are exposed to the special morbific causes which form its condition sine qu non1 and which are met with on the banks of those great rivers which water ,southern ,russia and ,hungary1 in ,africa1 on the banks of the ,nile1 in ,south ,america1 on the margins of the lakes1 and in what are called hot climates1 c4 ,,ii4 ,but if the origin of the typhus cannot exclusively depend on the peculiar organization of certain individuals of the bovine species1 we must inquire after and search for the real causes which produce it4 ,we have explained already1 in the ,first ,part1 what alterations organic matter undergoes in general1 when accidental causes happen to modify its organic elements2 and we have pointed out the fact1 that of all living creatures herbivorous animals were those that offered the least vital resistance to the causes of disease and destruction4 ,this unquestionable fact being taken for granted1 let us now consider under what conditions live the multitudinous herds of horned cattle which in ,russia and in ,south ,america are reared and supported solely for the produce of their flesh1 and sometimes1 too1 for that of their hides4 ,the great breeders and proprietors fix the number of their heads of cattle according and in proportion to the quantity of the pastures1 but like other men1 they mortgage the future for their benefit without making due allowance for accidents or extreme changes of weather1 as when years of unusual drought succeed those of heavy rain2 so that these herds1 by the single fact of these extreme fluctuations in the degrees of temperature1 are exposed to a multiplicity of causes productive of disease4 ,the same nature which generates life and health generates disease and dissolution1 and when the former are neglected the latter will prevail4 ,in the prosperous and favoured countries of the temperate zone1 such as ,england and ,france1 these extreme variations in the seasons1 which are always the cause of a deficiency or alteration in the production of fodder1 are equally the cause of the numerous epizootics which attack all the herbivorous species1 and particularly those to which oxen fall victims1 such as the tumourous typhus 7le typhus charbonneux71 the so-called aphthous fever1 the contagious peripneumonia 7which is not liable to return and is prevented by inoculation71 parasitical cutaneous disease4 ,but in less favoured countries1 in those which are damp1 argillaceous1 swampy1 inundated by the overflows of their lakes and rivers1 or by the reflux of the sea1 there is deposited a slimy or brackish water1 which a temporary torrid heat afterwards causes to ferment2 and then a superabundance of life1 a teeming vegetation1 springs up in all directions4 ,in the midst of this swarming vitality live and thrive an infinity of worms1 maggots1 animalcul1 insects1 mollusca1 fish1 reptiles1 birds1 c42 and here1 too1 all these creatures die and decay1 when this slime1 the prolific source of generations which we might look upon as spontaneous1 begins to dry up and disintegrate4 ,then from these organic vegetable and animal matters1 in a state of decomposition1 escape those deleterious gases1 such as hydrogen1 carbonic oxide1 nitrogen1 carbonic acid1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and even phosphoretted hydrogen4 ,often to all these causes of infection are added myriads of grasshoppers1 which cover the ground1 where they die1 aggravating the mass of pestiferous vapour which fills the atmosphere4 ,finally1 the water which slakes the thirst of the herds of cattle is corrupted2 the plants on which they feed distil poisons2 the air1 the water1 and the plants1 carry within them a principle of venom and death4 ,after this1 how can we be surprised if this flood of putrid emanations is transformed into a contagious typhic virus1 whose subtle and pestilential effluvia are conveyed by the ox to considerable distances8 ,in fine1 let us recapitulate in our minds all the causes of destruction to which these passive creatures are exposed1 and we shall acknowledge that there is no necessity to attribute to them a peculiar organization in order to understand the development of the typhus1 which1 at a given moment1 cuts them all off2 and that in the deltas of the different countries1 as well in ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america1 as in ,europe1 are to be found those conditions of infectious disease which we have described4 ,in these causes1 and only in these causes1 or in those which resemble them1 will rational men seek for the principle of the contagious typhus in the bovine race4 ,moreover1 who is there who does not understand that what is true with regard to cholera is likewise applicable to this contagious typhus8 ,the cholera1 for causes analogous to these1 subject to the particular state of the soil1 is generated1 not exclusively1 it is true1 but most frequently1 on the banks of the ,ganges1 in the same manner as the contagious typhus is developed in certain countries where its natural focus is found4 ,the race of animals which exists on this deadly and destructive soil is an instrument of incubation for typhus1 not in consequence of their peculiar structure1 but because the conditions under which they live condemn them to this fate4 ,,iii4 ,now the breeding of cattle1 and the feeding and fattening of them for the market1 constitute a branch of industry--a great interest4 ,they all have to be removed1 conveyed to various distances1 and sold2 so that this traffic becomes a new cause to be added to all those which foster1 develop and propagate the distemper4 ,in prosperous times1 when the seasons1 conformably with our wishes1 have pursued a course which we call regular 7for we are fain to believe that the planets turn on their axes on our account71 and when the cattle find the ground covered with rich pastures1 and limpid streams--conditions which are eminently favourable in themselves1 though in ,hungary it is necessary to add gum1 salt1 mineral water1 and arsenic acid1 before the health of these animals is satisfactory1--then the cattle breeders make their sordid calculations1 and select the heads of cattle intended for sale4 ,with animals1 as with man1 health is but relative1 not absolute2 the healthiest in appearance often bearing within its frame the fatal principle of no distant death4 ,fatness not being by any means a sure sign of vital strength1 many of these cumbersome beasts1 though seemingly in good and sound condition1 contain in their systems1 in various stages of incubation1 the tainted leaven of contagious affections1 such as peripneumonia1 or even the typhus itself4 ,but1 regardless of this liability1 their sale and migration are resolved upon at length4 ,hitherto these harmless creatures have lived in the most perfect stillness and retirement4 ,their calm1 monotonous life has been as regular as the course of time2 never by a single pulsation have their hearts exceeded the wonted number per minute2 they are all gifted with a nervous sensibility of which the vulgar have no notion4 ,some favoured few have felt the sympathy of friendship for the herdsman who tended them1 and for the companions with which they fed4 ,they have been leaders of their own herd1 they have marched at their head2 they have given the signal when to seek shelter beneath the trees1 or when to repair to the brook4 ,they have loved the fields amidst which they have grown and thriven4 ,some of them1 reared and fed beneath the domestic thatch1 were grateful for the care they had received2 their master was endeared to them1 they would run to meet his coming1 answer to their name1 and lick his hand with fondness4 ,and it is the course of this tranquil1 this happy existence1 that is about to be broken abruptly4 ,it is this creature1 the pattern of gentleness and goodness1 that we are going to treat like a heap of insensible and inert matter--which we are going to subject to unutterable torture6 ,and now1 indeed1 these creatures are all at once handed over to the savage guidance1 to the thongs and cudgels1 of a hind1 whose cruelty keeps pace with his stolid ignorance1 and who abets his dogs to quicken their course to the neighbouring market4 ,from this moment1 half-fed and athirst1 these poor animals are forced to make long journeys afoot2 or since the construction of railways1 to be heaped together confusedly in a locomotive pen4 ,there1 the shaking1 the sudden starts1 the friction of five hundred wheels on the rails1 the horrid snorting of the engines1 alarm and terrify them to such a degree as to turn the whole mass of their blood4 ,in such a state of vital prostration or feverish excitement1 entire herds are carried to the public markets or to annual fairs with other animals1 and nearly all sent to the shambles4 ,but some amongst them are reserved for another fate4 ,the females1 for instance1 are set apart to serve as milch cows2 and in this manner they carry with them into the cowsheds1 wherein they are received1 the taint of those contagious distempers1 the germs of which lay concealed in their frames1 or which they have contracted from the companions of their journey4 ,some of these heads of cattle1 starting from the steppes of ,russia1 have to travel five hundred miles in an open cage1 less cared for and protected than bales of merchandise1 exposed to the rain1 to the heat of the sun1 to sudden changes of temperature1 to cold and cutting draughts1 increased by the rapid motion of the train2--these animals1 foundered1 prostrate1 panting with fever and torturing pains1 still have to undergo new trials1 if they cross the sea4 ,in this case1 the wretched victims are violently expelled from the locomotive1 rocking sheds of the railway2 a leathern strap hanging from a crane lifts them into the air1 and lets them down into the mid-deck of a ship1 where they are crowded as closely together as possible1 for here1 too1 space is very costly4 ,finally1 the vessel gets under way and ploughs the ocean2 contrary winds beat it about in every direction1 and these poor creatures have to endure a new kind of torture1 accompanied by the intolerable pangs of sea-sickness2 and in this state it is that they alight on the ,british soil1 and are driven off to the different markets4 ,it is useless to expatiate at length on the state of general derangement and disease in which these oxen reach their final destination4 ,some amongst them have endured for eight or nine days these unspeakable tortures1 without being sustained by nourishment--for no animal1 when his spirits forsake him1 can assimilate his food amidst all this physical suffering and so great a shock to his nervous system4 ,let us here declare that these animals1 though removed from their meadows with all the signs and appearances of sound health1 at a time when a fine season had been productive of abundance1 and when no epizootia was raging in the country which they have left1 may nevertheless bear within them the taint of contagious typhus2 and let us ask ourselves what must come to pass in those disastrous years when this typhus prevails under the influence of those destructive causes which were passed in review just now1 and when the ,russian and ,hungarian proprietors1 eager to forestall an inevitable general calamity1 hasten to send off to ,italy1 ,france1 ,holland1 ,finland1 or to the ports of ,england1 many animals already seized with typhus1 and whose virus must have acquired infectious properties still more intense and deadly under the influence of the deep disquiet and commotion which the removal and conveyance of these animals1 under conditions so deplorable1 must have produced in their frames4 ,such are indeed the pernicious conditions in which oxen may be1 and often are1 dispatched to ,england2 and such appears to be the real cause of the outbreak of the spreading epizootia which we witness at this moment1 and which has created so much alarm in so many counties of ,england4,b ,,iv4 ,let us now consider this contagious typhus in its destructive extension over the ,british soil2 let us study and examine the causes of its diffusion as they pass under our notice4 ,the mooted question of determining whether the cattle typhus was originally imported from abroad1 or whether it broke out spontaneously in ,england1 has been1 and still is1 a subject of dubious debate amongst some professional men1 amongst the leading writers of the public journals1 and also amongst agriculturists and farmers4,c ,and1 in truth1 the propagation of the distemper is occasionally witnessed under conditions so singular and striking1 that it seems to warrant and supply arguments for every conceivable opinion4 ,when the disease was recognised and identified for the first time on the #bdth of ,june1 #ahfe1 public opinion ascribed its appearance to contagion arising from some diseased cows imported from ,finland1 and which1 after being exposed in the ,islington ,market on the #aith1 were sold and removed to the cowsheds of a breeder or dairyman4 ,we may observe that1 on hearing the intelligence of this sudden invasion1 the public mind1 which is so excitable in ,england1 did not disguise the indignation it felt against foreign countries which had been capable of contaminating an island so advantageously situated and so well protected1 and infecting her magnificent herds1 exuberant with health4 ,but after a closer examination of the facts1 and possibly alarmed1 at the serious consequences of a ,continental blockade which would deprive the ,united ,kingdom1 not of the entire twenty or thirty thousand live stock1 such as oxen1 sheep1 pigs1 c41 which they receive every week1 but only of the eight or ten thousand head of cattle which are landed weekly on their coasts to supply their markets1 public opinion was appeased4 ,but1 unfortunately1 this national susceptibility now took the opposite extreme2 and the only causes it now saw were the dirt and want of adequate ventilation in the metropolitan stables and sheds2 and to these causes it attributed1 first the generation1 and then the propagation or diffusion of the malady2 an opinion which appeared all the more natural and reasonable1 in that the oxen and cows of the graziers were the first victims of the typhus4 ,we all know how liable1 among all nations1 the public mind is to waver and fluctuate1 and how susceptible and open it is to new impressions during fatal visitations and general calamities2 nor can we feel the least surprise at the uncertainty which has so long prevailed1 and still continues1 as to the real causes of the introduction of the bovine typhus in ,england4 ,let us therefore examine this question of etiology1 and try to discover what opinion ought to prevail4 ,it is important to establish at once two material facts which seem to us indisputable3 #ast4 ,that the contagious typhus in cattle which is known to be permanent in the southeast of ,europe1 actually existed there during the month of ,june1 #ahfe2 #bnd1 ,that some of the horned cattle1 fed and reared in that part of ,europe1 were transported to ,england1 after having crossed through ,russia from south to north1 in order to avoid passing through ,germany4 ,as for the first of these facts1 it is admitted and received1 as might easily be proved by reproducing the speeches and addresses delivered by the veterinary doctors at the ,congress now being held at ,vienna1 and at which were present the men whose experience of this cattle distemper gives them the highest authority--,hertwig1 ,jessen1 ,rll1 ,siegmund1 ,gerlach1 c4 ,the contagious typhus of horned cattle is so fully in the epizootic state in those countries which are washed by the ,black ,sea1 that it was enough for the veterinarians present at the ,congress to manifest a desire to see cattle afflicted with this disease1 for the opportunity so to do to be immediately afforded them4,d ,thus1 then1 the fact is undeniable1 the contagious typhus was raging1 in ,june1 #ahfe1 in ,hungary and ,russia1 as it rages there at all times4 ,as for the conveyance of cattle from those countries into ,england1 the fact is no less certain and assured4 ,it is well known that a convoy of #cjj heads of cattle1 proceeding from the pasture-grounds of ,hungary and ,austria1 was transported into ,finland by rail1 and afterwards shipped at ,revel for ,england4 ,thanks to the rapid locomotion by steam1 the migration of these cattle had lasted but ten days--two days for the transport by land1 and eight days for the passage by sea1 through the tortuous line of the ,baltic2 but this was sufficient length of time for the incubation to be produced1 even supposing the animals to have looked sound when their transit began4 ,moreover1 it is indubitable that the markets of this immeasurable ,london have for many years been supplied with horned cattle from every country3 from ,france1 ,holland1 ,belgium1 ,podolia1 ,poland1 ,prussia1 ,austria1 ,hungary1 and ,russia4 ,thus1 the ,islington ,market 7the fact is assured7 had received horned cattle imported from the countries where typhus is known to be permanent4 ,were these cattle thus imported affected with the typhus8 ,this fact likewise is as certain as the other1 since two of the foreign cows thus imported1 were the first to fall sick1 and to die of this typhus4 ,but if the contagious typhus of horned cattle rages permanently on the banks of the streams which discharge themselves into the ,black ,sea1 and if the beasts reared in those countries have long been transported to ,england and other countries1 how1 it will be asked1 is it that the disease has not broken out more frequently1 for it has never been seen in ,great ,britain1 at least1 during the former part of the nineteenth century8 ,this question is not devoid of a certain degree of importance1 and deserves to fix our attention for a moment4 ,now the conditions in which the animals were exhibited in #ahfc and #ahfd were precisely the same as those of #ahfe1 before the outbreak of the disease2 and yet the contagion has been possible in #ahfe1 whilst it was not so in #ahfc4 ,we do not presume to explain the mysterious phenomena which govern the development of epidemics and epizootics2 but it seems to us not altogether impossible to give a rational and satisfactory elucidation of the facts4 ,in general1 in epizootics1 and ,i might even say in some particular epidemics--in that of the typhus1 for instance--three connected and inseparable facts form the condition sine qu non1 of the generation of the disease4 ,first1 a focus for producing the virus2 secondly1 for the most part a favourable soil1 and a special predisposition amongst animals to receive and propagate it2 thirdly1 what is called an epidemic or epizootic genius--that is to say1 a particular state of the atmospheric elements1 or the air1 which hitherto has escaped our analyses1 and whose morbific properties vary in their degrees of intensity4 ,thus the epizootic genius of #agaa1 the terrible one of #agej1 and the one which now diffuses its contagious miasma1 have differed in some of their virulent conditions4 ,however that may be1 it will be sufficient to glance back at the past to assure ourselves that1 in general1 epizootics have been coincident with some violent change of season1 such as extreme droughts1 or superabundant rains2 that is to say1 when the cattle1 disturbed in the physiological conditions of their health1 have become favourable to the incubation of the miasmatic leaven scattered through the air1 or else when these animals were living under irregular conditions1 and had to endure unwonted fatigues and privations1 as in the folds of campaigning armies1 for instance4 ,these epizootics have appeared to depend not only on the state of the soil and of the health of the cattle1 but also 7we repeat it designedly7 on an element no less indispensable to the propagation of the disease--a special state of the air1 which favours the development and preservation of typhic miasma3 for sometimes a sudden change of temperature has proved sufficient to stop the rampant progress of the contagion1 the other conditions remaining unaltered4 ,these relations of cause and effect between the contagious principle1 the predisposition of the animals1 and the state of the atmosphere1 evidently are subject to some exceptions2 but we must allow that in the present epizootic they are absolutely and completely applicable4 ,for1 in truth1 the years #ahfd and #ahfe have been distinguished1 if not by the persistency of a high rate of temperature not often witnessed1 at least by an excessive drought during the months which are both hot and rainy2 and this has happened in the various countries of ,europe1 thereby producing a falling off in the pasture and fodder both as respects their quantity and quality4 ,as to ,england1 a country usually cold and damp1 but renowned for its spacious green fields and meadows1 it has suffered more than any other country from these unfavourable conditions1 and their destructive influence on the grass and corn2 the herds having found a great reduction of food where formerly they met with abundance4 ,everybody has seen1 as we have ourselves1 large herds of cattle1 wandering in amazement from field to field1 and seeking for something to browse on a parched and arid soil4 ,a supplementary provision of corn1 roots1 malt1 and the grounds of the beer vat or spirit barrel1 no doubt served to mitigate the sad effects of these privations on the health of cattle2 but in spite of all that could be done1 their blood became impoverished1 their strength and vital resistance sank1 and 7like the animals which we transferred at will into a soil more favourable to the spread of parasitic diseases71 they afforded last ,june1 as they do now1 an unusual predisposition to suffer and transform the morbific principles of typhus1 which in all probability they would have been proof against at any other time4 ,we may very fairly infer this much1 for we must of necessity believe that the regular importation of cattle from those countries which are considered as the permanent focus of typhus1 has from time to time transported the miasmatic germs of this malady into ,england1 although the virus did not take effect on ,british cattle at those periods1 for want of one or other of the conditions necessary to its generation and development4 ,we may likewise infer1 and a watchful appreciation of the facts contained in the veterinary medical journals would show that this opinion is not unfounded1 that the special disease which constitutes this typhus 7similar in that respect to epidemic diseases71 may develop itself in one beast by accident1 spontaneously1 sporadically--that is to say1 without immediate contagion2 in a word1 apart from those epizootic conditions which alone render its propagation possible4 ,to be brief1 we think that an isolated case of cattle typhus may by chance be detected1 when there is no epizootia prevailing to account for it1 just as we occasionally meet with cases of typhus or cholera among men during seasons absolutely free from these epidemics4 ,it would not1 therefore1 appear to us altogether impossible1 that under the influence of very special conditions1 the contagious typhus of the ox might have its birth in ,england2 and this would favour the theory of those reasoners who maintain that this typhus met with the first causes1 and the origin of its development1 in the stalls and cowsheds of ,london4 ,but such has not been the cause of cattle typhus in the epizootia which we see at present4 ,no doubt some animals suffered great privations1 but1 whatever alteration their health may have sustained1 all this is nothing to be compared to the sufferings endured by the cattle in the steppes under the influence of deleterious conditions of the most exceptional character1 which do1 indeed1 give birth to this typhus1 and which we have already described4 ,no1 certainly not6 ,nothing authorizes us to believe that the typhus now under our observation was bred and born1 at first1 within the stalls and cowsheds of ,london4 ,it was most assuredly imported4 ,but it is true1 nevertheless1 that this cruel scourge found the horned cattle of ,england predisposed to receive it1 and it likewise met with atmospheric conditions favourable to its subsequent diffusion2 in a word1 it met with the epizootic genius proper for the generation and propagation of the typhus miasma4 ,it is thus that we may account for and reconcile the two contending theories1 one of which refers the cause of this typhus to foreign importation1 whilst the other insists that it originated in the filthy and half-ventilated cowsheds of the metropolis4 ,but if this typhus could not spring up spontaneously out of the bovine race of ,england1 it must be confessed that1 independently of the general predisposition due to a great and protracted drought1 it found in the sickening sheds of the metropolitan and country cattle the most favourable conditions for its incubation and subsequent diffusion4 ,it would1 indeed1 be difficult to conceive of anything more directly adverse to the hygienic laws of health in cattle than the stalls and sheds dotted over the densely populated districts of ,london4 ,most of these pent-up cribs are situated in narrow lanes and yards1 in filthy streets and blind alleys2 and within these close1 hot1 and steaming receptacles the miserable cows1 pressed against each other1 without ever moving a limb1 waste away and become phthisical in a very short space of time4 ,we may readily imagine what a prey to the contagion must be afforded by these animals1 already more or less ailing1 some of which are fed in a great measure on malt1 so sour and acrid that the very smell of it is intolerable4 ,the milk from these cows is1 moreover1 of so wretched a quality1 that in a cowhouse containing #dh of these poor creatures1 at ,kensington1 ,i found only one1 the milk of which exhibited the taste and quality fit for a sick child1 for whom ,i ordered a milk diet4 ,it is not1 therefore1 to be wondered at that the present epizootia1 during this late tropical season,e especially1 should have met with all the conditions most conducive to its development and propagation4 ,when the cattle distemper first broke out1 the graziers1 not suspecting its gravity1 attempted to treat the animals themselves1 but soon afterwards perceiving the fruitlessness of all their remedial measures1 they felt that the best thing they could do was to turn their sick beasts to whatever account they could1 by driving them to market or to the slaughter-houses1 an expedient which they were the more disposed to adopt1 inasmuch as the diseased cows had ceased to give milk4 ,and then1 the removal of these animals1 in various stages of the disorder1 became the most rapid means of disseminating the contagion1 which1 had it been concentrated and pent-up at first within its narrow focus1 would otherwise have spread with less fearful havoc4,f ,in the meanwhile the sick cows being commingled with thousands of heads of cattle exposed for sale at the different markets1 communicated far and wide the principle of the disease2 and as a certain number of these animals remaining unsold were driven back to the farms1 into stalls until then removed from every cause of contagion1 they introduced among their sound companions the fatal germs of the distemper2 and as1 again1 this effectual means of propagating the evil was repeated several times in the same week1 the consequence was that1 by the end of ,july--a little more than a month after the outbreak--the whole of the south of ,england was in some sort contaminated4 ,thence the contagion extended to the north of the kingdom1 and passed into ,scotland2 so that1 at present1 the cattle-typhus has spread its ramifications over a great number of the counties of ,great ,britain4,g ,in the first instance1 the contagion spread from animal to animal by means of an infecting influence in some degree direct1 among cattle sheltered beneath the same roof1 or collected in swarms within the same markets4 ,but very soon the air itself was impregnated and polluted by the vaporization and diffusion of the typhic miasma2 and herds of cattle which had no contact1 either direct or indirect1 with infected animals1 were seen to be tainted with the distemper4 ,whether this contamination was produced by the passage of attainted cattle along the public roads 7having fields on the right and left71 or otherwise1 nothing but an absolute isolation1 an utter impossibility of contact1 appeared to offer a perfect immunity against the spread of the evil4 ,the miasma1 condensed by the fogs and transported in all directions by the winds1 now began to overleap every natural or artificial barrier1 and the favoured herds1 ruminating at their ease in the manorial farms of the wealthy patricians1 in their well-kept parks and amid every luxury1 were suddenly smitten with an evil which in their case seemed an anomaly4 ,in such peaceful homes these innocent creatures were tended by intelligent and benevolent hands1 which understood and felt for their frail constitutions2 food of the best quality was lavishly supplied to them1 and whatever they could wish for lay around them in abundance2 richly reared1 they had themselves become so many ornaments within these scenes of beauty1 and all men thought that here1 at least1 were plots of rural ground which the genius of epizootia would not invade1 and in which the healthy herds were invulnerable to contagion4 ,it was under these circumstances that the fine farms of ,earl ,granville1 at ,golder's ,green1 skirting the ,finchley ,road1,h containing as many as #acj milch cows1 were suddenly and fiercely attacked amidst their seeming immunity1 and struck down in great numbers4 ,when ,i left ,england a month ago1 said the noble lord1 there were about #acj milch cows in four sheds2 in the two largest and best managed ,i found only one cow yesterday1 ,september #dth4 ,the park of ,holly ,lodge1,i which is partly bounded by the main road along which pass and repass files of cattle going to and coming from the markets1 was visited by the same unsparing scourge4 ,now certainly1 the noble and beneficent lady of the manor1 who secured to her cattle every attention1 and who1 confiding in the resources of medical science1 attempted every means to save these stricken creatures doomed to an inevitable death2 she whose enlightened mind1 equally open to the claims of science as to those of misfortune1 desired that experiments should be made which might tend to throw any light on this devastating malady2 she1 at any rate1 one would think1 might have escaped the common lot without exciting wonder or envy at the privilege which she enjoyed4 ,but this fell and sweeping epizootia1 inexorable in its latitudinarian march1 entered those shady bounds1 and decimated those orderly sheds with the same impartiality as it did that of the poor man1 ,cutting1 whose whole fortune was stored up in the two milch cows whose death he had to deplore4 ,this epizootia threatens to invade1 one by one1 all the ,european ,states1 like the awful scourge of #agej1 to which we have already drawn attention4 ,for even now ,holland and ,belgium,j have been smitten2 and the alarm it has excited has for a time superseded the panic which the stealthy advance of the cholera to the west had kindled4 ,some imagine that it might have been kept out of ,great ,britain1 or have been checked in its outbreak4 ,but1 in spite of all the safest precautions and the soundest measures of preparation1 it would most likely have baffled human skill1 and neither been held aloof nor stifled in its focus4 ,but how painful it is1 to have to write and to think that ignorance1 carelessness1 revolting cupidity1 and the most wanton violation of the laws1 have all contributed to extend the evil1 with the foulest premeditation and the blindest disregard6 ,to feel one's self a stranger in a country1 and to be able to rejoice at one's connexions with it1 and at the same time to be obliged to give publicity to certain truths distasteful to those to whom they are told1 is a most painful task4 ,but1 as it would be to swerve from that duty and loyalty which the national interests as well as those of science impose upon a writer1 not to speak out with impartial justice in a matter of so vital an importance1 we beg permission to consider1 without reserve1 this delicate question3--the causes which have contributed to propagate the complaint4 ,v4 ,england1 so long spared by that wasting scourge1 which had so often extended its ravages over ,france and other kingdoms during the last sixty years1 was taken by surprise2 and the regulations and laws necessary to stifle without delay the distemper in its focus--that is to say1 in the metropolis--not being in readiness1 the outbreak of the disease found her helpless and unarmed4 ,on the other hand1 the organic forms of the ,english ,government and municipal bodies1 the reserve of the ,cabinet during the vacation1 the limited power of the ,lord ,mayor and his civic counsellors1 the subdivision of ,london into parishes and vestries1 as in the good times of the middle ages1 the loose scattering of the shambles and meat markets through the many streets of the huge town1 the right asserted by each man to be absolutely independent and free1 the sanctity of the ,englishman's home1 c41 c41 all concurred to let loose and propagate the contagion1 instead of keeping it within bounds4 ,indeed1 whilst the competent authorities1 with all the energy which could be expected of them on so grave a matter1 were meeting and discussing the best measures to be taken1 and the interesting debates at the ,mansion-house were throwing the first light upon the question1 the insidious malady pursued its destructive progress1 diffusing new terror and alarm4 ,when at length the ,privy ,council issued their orders1 prescribing the public declaration of sick cattle1 and that no affected beast was to be conveyed either by rail or by ship1 whilst all the necessary means of purification and disinfection were to be employed1 c41 it was unfortunately too late1 the dreadful calamity having taken root and multiplied its stem like the upas-tree4 ,what a field for reflection there is in these cases1 which originating with the imperfect state of the laws and institutions1 have fostered and encouraged the disease6 ,but this is a subject which it would not behove us to discuss1 and we prefer to show by the notes which will be found appended to the end of this work1 and which are produced as attesting documents1 that cattle proprietors1 by their own confession1 too often sacrifice the interests of the public to their own private advantage4,k ,nor have we been able to participate in the thoughts and reflections of so many sensible and judicious persons1 on the impotence and dilatoriness of the public authorities1 and also1 let us say1 on the inadequate pecuniary means proposed by a people so lavish of its wealth when useful and great undertakings are designed1 without paying a natural tribute of regret1 to the memory of a ,prince who took so deep an interest in the progress of agriculture1 and who1 had he still been living1 would have known how to direct with a firm and steady hand1 the right measures to be taken amidst so many intricacies and embarrassments4 ,sometimes allusion has been made to ,france in the speeches delivered at these meetings1 presided over by that active magistrate1 the ,lord ,mayor4 ,in the course of these remarks the speakers have praised and held up to admiration the advantages of her system of centralization1 the decrees of her sanitary police1 and the promptness with which she executes the measures which the public interests require4 ,that is true4 ,france is certainly in a state to resist the scourge with very effectual means to arrest its progress2 but if in this matter1 as in some others1 she have acquired a superiority1 it has only been by an experience dearly purchased1 these epizootics having returned more than once to destroy her flocks and herds4 ,politically1 the same might be said of her revolutions1 those great moral epidemics4 ,an orator1 a writer1 went so far as to say1 in one of his numerous letters1 the one dated the #bdth of ,august3 ,i regret to say some of our neighbours laugh at our expense4,l ,no1 your neighbours will not laugh at your misfortunes4 ,they sympathize at present both in your joys and sorrows1 and if ,i have taken up my pen on this occasion1 it has only been because ,i could not look with indifference on your too just anxieties1 when ,i flattered myself that ,i might write some useful pages to mitigate and relieve them4 ,as most newspaper readers are aware1,m and as everybody may easily ascertain1 the diseased cattle1 in spite of reiterated orders to destroy them immediately1 were1 nevertheless1 driven to the markets to be sold for what could be got for them2 or when their tainted condition was too glaring they were at once sent off to the private shambles1 the owners of which1 in order to disguise the accusatory proof of the misdemeanor1 hastened to sell the body of the animal4 ,it would be quite impossible to mention all the violations of the law1 which every day continue to fill the columns of the public journals4 ,one graceless wretch1 who deserved to be hanged for it1 if his ignorance do not excuse him1 was so infamous as to introduce a sick cow into a shed not yet attainted1 in his criminal desire of propagating the disease there4,n ,thus1 then1 independently of the causes inherent to the typhus itself1 which served of necessity to diffuse it1 other causes proceeding from the defective state of the law1 and the perfidy of individuals1 have contributed to its dissemination4 ,and yet the ,government circulars1 the newspapers1 and the reports of veterinary doctors have made known that the slightest omissions and inattentions were serious--that the want of ventilation and cleanliness in the stables1 the overcrowding of the cattle1 and their abiding near their own droppings1 or dung-heaps--that the keeping of dead bodies close to farms1 cowsheds1 enclosed grounds1 and fields--that the hasty and imperfect burial of cattle--that the collection and transit of their fragments1 bones1 horns1 and skins--that the driving on the public roads of any animal either tainted itself1 or having lived among those that were sick--that the clothes of persons and stable utensils1 soiled with putrid liquids--that all these1 and similar causes1 were capable of propagating or aggravating the disease4 ,but whilst we must loudly condemn the voluntary misdeeds of those who drove their sick cattle to market1 it must likewise be allowed that1 to conform one's self rigidly to the given injunctions1 was sometimes attended with serious embarrassments4 ,how great1 indeed1 must have been the perplexity of any grazier who1 being the owner1 for instance1 of forty head of cattle1 and having seen ten of them perish under his eyes1 without knowing where to dispose of them1 was threatened with the loss of the remaining thirty within a few days6 ,how could he calmly and patiently resign himself to suffer so large a quantity of animal matter to accumulate and putrefy around him1 when1 suddenly ruined1 and destitute of every resource1 the authorities held back instead of coming to his assistance4 ,the prime cause of all the transgressions committed in despite of the ,privy ,council's orders1 may therefore be referred in part to the want of compensation to be granted to the owners of infected cattle4 ,it all might be almost reduced to a question of money4 ,for let us suppose for a moment1 that inspectors entrusted with adequate powers1 had been authorized1 after a close examination1 to point out the tainted cattle2 to fix a moderate price on them by way of compensation2 to have them slaughtered1 carried away1 and immediately buried1 would not such a course have diminished the generation of contagious miasma in a considerable proportion8 ,moreover1 some cattle-breeders and farmers exposed themselves to the imposition of fines and penalties without any evil designs2 for when they drove their beasts to market they were only in the stage of incubation1 at the preliminary period1 when it is really no easy task to distinguish the distemper4 ,the following fact will exemplify this4 ,at each market1 in spite of continual warnings1 the inspectors pick out and despatch to the slaughter-houses a certain number of sick cattle1 not only those affected with typhus1 but with other disorders4 ,one cannot help wondering1 on seeing the poor1 lean1 sickly condition of some of these creatures1 how their owners could have been so mad as to expose them for sale2 but in their number there are a few which1 although sick1 appear in good health to the common observer4 ,about a fortnight ago1 during one of our visits to the great ,metropolitan ,market1 ,mr4 ,tegg1 the veterinary inspector1 whose intelligence and earnestness are quite equal to the very difficult charge with which he is entrusted1 ordered to be seized and removed to a secluded fold near the slaughter-houses1 a dozen diseased animals4 ,when once these cattle had been thus collected in a body1 it was easy to submit them to a still closer examination4 ,most of these beasts1 adult cows and oxen1 were lean1 panting1 feverish1 dispirited1 and remained motionless where they stood4 ,but among them was a cow1 with a brisk and lively look1 a quick open eye1 which watched us with anxiety1 and fled at our approach every time we passed by her4 ,the turn came for this cow to be examined4 ,mr4 ,tegg1 strong and handy--as every good veterinary doctor should be--seized hold of one of her horns1 but he was quickly shaken off2 other persons came up to assist him2 the fiery animal was suddenly seized by both horns1 by the nostrils1 and the tail2 but so strong and spirited was the animal1 that she defended herself with advantage against all her adversaries1 and once more shook herself free4 ,it was necessary1 however1 to master the creature1 so they surrounded her again1 pressing her back this time into a corner of the pen1 to overpower her4 ,but lo6 the animal takes a sudden spring1 and leaps over the bars4 ,assuredly this cow1 for a beast suspected of the typhus taint1 had given a proof1 if not of health1 at least of extraordinary vigour2 and her owner1 who had seen her condemned with much vexation1 now thought he saw ample reason to reclaim her1 and drive her back to the market for sale4 ,however the cow1 on taking such a leap1 and under conditions so unfavourable1 came down with all her weight upon her limbs1 fracturing one of her forelegs4 ,after this accident1 we were able to prosecute the examination we desired1 and ,mr4 ,tegg showed us a row of little glandular swellings on the ridge of the gums1 and livid spots on the vaginal mucous membrane1 which confirmed his diagnosis4 ,the owner of this cow1 nevertheless1 still discredited the diseased state of the beast2 so to convince him1 she was driven off at once to the slaughter-house to be struck down2 but1 unfortunately1 three or four others filled the required area1 so that the poor cow was forced to witness the execution of her fellow-creatures before being killed herself4 ,the look and posture of this cow1 her excited yet terrified glance as she surveyed this scene of carnage1 was one of those pictures which no pencil could draw2 and although we acknowledge that man possesses an incontestable right to apply to his own use the dead or live matter of animals for his food and sustenance1 we could not help feeling for the poor victim1 slipping over the blood1 and thus scenting death before receiving the stroke4 ,we are not excessively sensitive2 we have seen a hundred horses bleeding from the incisions made by veterinary pupils1 and scores of oxen slaughtered2 we ourselves have practised numerous experiments on animals2 but the affecting sight of that animal witnessing the slaughter of others1 and waiting her turn to die1 touched us deeply4 ,we could not help asking ourselves1 how it was that man could dispense with compassion and good feeling even in that bloody toil1 and why he did not bandage the eyes of the doomed creatures he was going to sacrifice8 ,these dumb animals that we treat like inert matter are sensitive like ourselves2 they are very conscious of pain2 and if it be our privilege to compute the number of our days1 we ought not to forget that they are1 like us1 endowed with intelligence1 so that when they are thus detained at the place of execution1 all their senses and faculties being concentrated on their destroyer1 they are fully conscious of the cruel fate which awaits them4 ,at last it was the poor beast's turn to be slaughtered1 and ten minutes afterwards we opened her entrails1 and had proof that ,mr4 ,tegg's judgment was exact1 for already the stomach and intestines offered to view indubitable signs of the typhus at its first period4 ,the owner of the cow was then convinced and brought to reason1 but he still very fairly asserted the goodness of his motives1 about which none present doubted at all1 and applied for compensation to the full value of the beast1 both as butcher's meat and offal1 which application was granted4 ,judge1 therefore1 by this particular example1 how many tainted cattle there must have been which have propagated this distemper1 some with and some without the knowledge of their owners2 and1 horresco referens6 how much of this tainted meat must have been purchased and eaten by the public1 since this cow had all the appearance of health and vigour1 and the real diseased condition might not have been detected at all1 but for the experience and sagacity of ,mr4 ,tegg1 the inspector4 ,,vi4 ,in this consideration of the causes of the contagious typhus in bovine cattle1 we have deemed it essential to invite attention both to those which are generally recognised and admitted1 and to those which1 though they may have been settled in the minds of observant and experienced men1 may yet appear hypothetical to certain readers4 ,besides which1 in every scientific work1 allowance must be made for the past and future2 and here we have two vital distinctions4 ,if the man who undertakes this task does not go on1 he falls back2 and it was to avoid incurring this reproach that we have passed our old boundaries and visited new avenues4 ,we are aware that more than one objection might be urged against the opinions and theories which we have exposed1 in order to account for the outbreak of typhus in ,england2 we might anticipate1 we might reply to these objections2 but we would rather recapitulate our inquiry into the causes1 in the tangible form of practical propositions4 ,from the general considerations above given1 we think we may conclude1 #ast4 ,that the causes which generate the cattle typhus on our globe are permanent and unceasing1 not only on the banks of the great rivers which empty themselves into the ,black ,sea1 but also in other countries--in ,america1 in ,africa1 c42 wherever1 in a word1 exist the conditions1 not of race 7the race of the animal in this case being but secondary71 but of climate and of the organic elements which are indispensable to the formation and development of typhic miasma4 #bnd4 ,that the cattle typhus1 although it exists not necessarily1 but through the improvidence or want of caution in man1 on different parts of the earth1 never appears at all in the temperate and more genial zones1 save under particular and special circumstances1 analogous in some degree with those which generate the human typhus--inclemency of the seasons1 overcrowded dwellings1 bad or insufficient food1 and want of cleanliness2 and that these particular and special circumstances give birth to the epizootic genus1 rendering the cattle fit and apt to receive the germs of the contagious virus1 and to foster its incubation4 #crd4 ,that the cattle typhus1 thus accidentally developed in the temperate and genial zones1 by means of the vicious hygienic conditions amidst which horned cattle are accustomed to live1 and which serve as the causes of its propagation1 is afterwards transmitted by the contact of animals living in the same stall or shed1 or collected in herds on the same ground1 or transported in the same vehicles1 by land or sea4 #dth4 ,that the droppings of animals1 their litter1 their dead bodies1 and their detritus1 or broken-up remains--also the stables1 vehicles1 and implements which have served for their use1 and all matters or substances which have touched them or approached them--are generative elements of the distemper4 #eth4 ,that the typhic miasma1 thus reproduced and multiplied in one place under the influence of all these producing causes1 is conveyed by the winds to great distances1 smiting those well guarded cattle which appeared to be fully protected from the possibility of infection by their isolation4 #fth4 ,that the want of prompt and stringent measures first to concentrate1 and then to stifle this typhus in its focus2 the love of lucre1 the perfidy of some1 and the absence of foresight and caution in others1 may be1 and have been in the particular cases which we are dealing with1 material causes and agencies of its diffusion4 ,such we consider to be the causes which engender and propagate cattle typhus1 and which will serve as a basis for the preventive measures to be employed in order to withstand and check its propagation4 ,,footnotes3 ,b ,we are aware that the transport of cattle is conducted in a different manner during the prevalence of this epizootia4 ,the account given by two ,german veterinary surgeons of the management of the vessels of the ,north ,german ,lloyd's1 and of the manner in which the animals are treated1 is a proof of this2 but before the appearance of the epizootia1 the transport of animals by land and by sea left much to be desired4 ,this account will be found at the end of this work 7,,note ,a72 and all documents in support of the facts which have served as the basis of our dissertation1 are also in the ,appendix1 arranged alphabetically in the form of notes4 ,c ,see ,notes ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e4 ,d ,see ,note ,f4 ,e ,on the #aeth of ,september1 the thermometer stood at #hj ,fahrenheit4 ,f ,see ,notes ,g1 ,j4 ,g ,see ,notes ,k1 ,l4 ,h ,see ,note ,m4 ,i ,see ,note ,n4 ,j ,see ,notes ,o1 ,p4 ,k ,see ,notes ,r1 ,s1 ,t4 ,l ,see ,note ,v4 ,m ,see ,note ,y4 ,n ,see ,note ,z4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,description of the ,contagious ,typhus of the ,ox2 its ,symptoms1 ,course1 ,progress1 c4 ,i have already written the history of the typhus which affects the ox2 ,i have shown and dwelt upon the signs and characters of typhus diseases generally1 deducing therefrom the denomination and definition of that of the ox in particular2 finally1 ,i have described the causes which generate and diffuse it abroad4 ,now1 ,i must make known the various phases and alterations to which the disease is liable1 and which1 in the language of the medical schools1 are called its symptoms and characteristics2 its progress or course2 its prognosis2 its post-mortem appearances1 c4 c4 ,this examination1 like those which have preceded it1 will afford new foundations for medical practice4 ,i4 ,symptomatic ,characteristics4--,the typhus of the ox1 like all infectious and contagious diseases1 offers to observation four successive changes3 #ast1 a period of ,incubation1 during which the original structure is subject to internal and latent derangements2 #bnd1 a period of ,initiation1 during which the first evident signs of the disease are manifested2 #crd1 a period of ,endurance1 during which the phenomena are fully developed2 #dth1 a period of ,decline1 or wasting atony4 ,these divisions and classifications1 it will readily be conceived1 are rather fanciful1 for nature does not adapt herself to our methodical forms4 ,still we shall abide by them1 because they have their relative and practical utility1 and because they will afford to the practitioner suggestions more easily understood2 and finally1 because the organic changes are different at these various periods1 which in their entirety constitute the typhus of the bovine species4 ,the description of those different phases through which the organism of cattle smitten with the contagion has to pass1 has moreover been given in a masterly manner by the veterinary physicians of the different ,european countries1 especially by those in which opportunities to observe it have been most frequent--that is to say1 by the ,russian1 ,german1 and ,french veterinary doctors1 ,jessen1 ,rll1 ,d',arboval1 ,gell4 ,the ,english physicians of the #ahth century1 as we have already seen1 were also in no respect inferior to those of our own time4 ,finally1 ,mr4 ,simonds1 who published a very able ,report on his return from his scientific exploration in ,galicia1 in #aheg1 and the skilful ,professor ,bouley1 in his recent communications to the ,acadmie de ,mdecine1 in ,paris1 respecting his examination of the present cattle typhus in ,england1 have described the disease with minute exactness1 as we ourselves have verified on the various sick beasts which we have seen during the last two months4 #a4 ,period of ,incubation4--,several careful experiments1 which have been cited in the historical division of this work1 and numerous fortuitous occasions1 have authorized us to assign a duration of nine or twelve days to the period of incubation1 according to the general conditions of the epizootia1 the manner in which the contagion is transmitted1 and the former state of health of the affected cattle4 ,thus an epizootia at the outset1 either when it has become general1 or when it is at its decline1 does not always transmit typhic miasma of the same virulent intensity1 nor does it always provoke in the frame a labour of incubation which is invariable4 ,the contagion transmitted from animal to animal living continually in the same stalls or sheds is followed by an incubation more quick and active than that which results from a chance contact in the markets1 or from a contagion produced at a distance1 by the transmission of the miasmatic effluvium along the public highways4 ,let us add to these considerations the relative state of each animal's health1 and we shall then perfectly understand that the incubation must vary both in its continuance and in the characteristics of its manifestation4 ,in some animals it scarcely betrays the derangements produced by its morbid operation3 they preserve their appetite and their usual looks4 ,a close and attentive observation would alone be able to distinguish some slight alterations in their way of living1 in the regularity of their rumination and sleep4 ,but in others1 there is no mistaking a something irregular and unusual in their appearance and living2 the vital state is no longer the same4 ,thus an animal which used to be cheerful and familiar becomes silent and solitary2 it browses the grass with less eagerness and avidity2 it lies down more frequently and longer2 it lingers by the side of the hedge along the field1 or it wanders about1 here and there1 with a listless look1 and without any object4 ,others moan and complain1 bellowing at intervals in an unusual manner1 very expressive of languor and pain4 ,but apart from seasons of epizootia1 the beasts too often exhibit these imperceptible shades of variety in their looks and actions for the attention to be struck by them2 these changes1 therefore1 are almost always unnoticed4 ,however1 the typhic miasma absorbed at the same time by the respiratory and digestive mucous membranes serves to modify the qualities of the blood1 and secretly reacts on the nervous system2 soon after1 the animal exhibits more decidedly those changes which previously were hardly to be detected2 his want of appetite is more marked1 his sadness more obvious1 and his attention fixes itself more slowly and carelessly on the objects which surround him4 ,when he is in the shed1 his usual food is found in excess of his wants1 his thirst is much keener and more frequent1 and a continual dejection and lowness of spirits or a transitory agitation disturb all his functions4 ,when the farmers or graziers notice these premonitory signs for the first time they pay but little attention thereto2 but if the contagion has found its way into their stalls and sheds they are no longer deceived by them1 but begin to apprehend that in a day or two fresh victims will be added to the number4 #b4 ,period of ,initiation4--,soon the elaboration of the virulent miasma in the organic structure changes the quality of the blood and humours1 the functions of assimilation and secretion are modified1 the nervous centres receive vitiated organic elements and are disturbed in their physiological conditions1 and the smitten animal displays that state of latent uneasiness which he is imperfectly conscious of by a general look of heaviness and stupor 7,typhos71 which has suggested for this disease its name of typhus4 ,indeed1 the poor animal's eyes are fixed1 the hearing becomes obtuse or indifferent1 as may be seen in the sinking of the ears1 those organs which are so sensitive1 so contractile1 and so vigilant in herbivorous animals4 ,with the head hanging down and motionless1 the neck stretched out1 their forelegs open and spread1 their buttocks drawn together and one of them completely lax1 they seem to succumb beneath the weight of their bodies4 ,in a word1 the animal exhibits through its whole bearing a heavy sadness1 a general dejection1 which bespeak a great derangement in the whole structure4 ,from this time1 in the animals which are most seriously affected1 the appetite ceases1 the rumination becomes irregular and partial1 whilst in some others the appetite and rumination are maintained in different degrees4 ,but the incubation of the morbid elements pursues its course1 the alteration of the blood becomes general1 and the circulation is increased and quickened4 ,after this the fever interposes and stops the secretions1 that of the udders is dried up1 the mucous channels cease to flow1 the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes whitish1 the little glands situated on it are more permanent1 especially in the circumference of the gums2 the floor of the tongue and the larynx are inflamed1 the mucous membrane of the cow's sexual organs is red and furrowed with livid streaks1 the white of the eye is parched1 and the skin feels alternately hot and cold1 as well as the horns and hoofs4 ,some of the sufferers have an external horripilation1 transient shiverings are felt in the front and hind quarters and at the junction of the limbs with the trunk4 ,some pregnant cows near their delivery miscarry4 ,in a word1 at this period of irritation1 the whole frame is at war with the typhic elements which besiege it1 and which overcome the preservative power of the vital forces1 and from this general disturbance arises an incandescent fever1 which drains and stops all the secretions at their source4 ,these general symptoms are the first signs and warnings of functional derangements more significant1 which may1 however1 vary according to the predispositions of each animal1 and transfer their evolutions either to the nervous centres or to the respiratory mucous membrane1 or to that of the digestive channels1 in the inflammatory and febrile form of the contagious typhus4 ,such at least is what we observe in the typhus of #ahfe in ,england4 ,the functional derangements1 in truth1 subordinate to and depending on the predispositions exhibited by the cattle1 are far from being the same in all4 ,in some1 the nervous derangements predominate2 in others1 it is those of the respiratory1 and in others1 it is those of the digestive channels4 ,as in this period of irritation the nervous centres are more particularly affected1 the animal suffers cerebral and rickety pains1 a constant cephalalgia1 which provokes vague anxiety2 he is sometimes cheerful1 sometimes wild and furious2 he clenches his teeth and yawns1 the muscles of his face spasmodically contract1 the spine feels very sensitive when pressed1 a burning and insatiable thirst comes on1 the breathing is hurried1 and the intestinal evacuations are suspended4 ,in this form the toxmia appears to concentrate about the nervous centres--as is observed elsewhere at the outset of certain violent fevers1 in the typhus and typhoid fever of man1 for instance--and some of their number may perish the victims of these nervous disorders1 and even fall as if struck with electricity4 ,they die apparently from the result of the typhic poison2 for at this second period1 we do not trace in the nervous centres those injuries which might account for so sudden a death4 ,when the respiratory apparatus concentrates upon it the febrile congestion1 the breathing becomes painful1 accelerated1 embarrassed1 sometimes convulsive1 and a deep1 oppressive cough is heard from time to time4 ,the animal1 under the yoke of this oppressive uneasiness1 turns his head from right to left1 scents1 and seems to question his flanks1 where the seat of the disorder is2 and then1 whether the pulmonary affection is congestive or inflammatory or emphysematous1 he may die of the consequences of obstruction to the pulmonary circulation and from the alteration of the blood1 under the influence of a slow asphyxia1 but only at the third or fourth period4 ,finally1 when the typhus localizes more particularly its morbid phenomena on the digestive channels1 we discern local alterations on the floor of the tongue and the buccal mucous membrane1 spots of livid red1 leaving behind them ulcerations of greater or less extent and depth on different parts of the intestinal canal4 ,in this form1 which follows more regularly all the periods1 constipation is obstinate at the outset1 evacuation of the bowels takes place with difficulty1 the fces are hard and the urine scanty1 the belly is inflated and sensitive4 ,sometimes at this period of initiation1 one of these three symptomatic forms--the nervous1 the pulmonary1 and the digestive--may predominate exclusively1 so far as to mask the disease as a whole1 and to constitute it a special malady4 ,but in that case1 it is only the exaggeration of the functional derangements which in their total constitute the typhus3 for when the distemper pursues its course1 these three principal centres of life are always affected in different degrees4 ,thus1 not one of the cattle smitten with the typhus goes through all the phases of the disease1 without suffering at a given moment in its nervous1 respiratory1 and digestive functions4 ,in this respect1 the typhus of the ox presents an apparent analogy with the typhoid fever in man1 although it is different4 ,consequently1 the name of typhus fever given by some veterinary surgeons1 is not altogether inapplicable to it4 #c4 ,period of ,duration4--,at this stage of the disease1 which may be said to extend from the fourth to the seventh day1 the nervous derangements are confined to symptoms of uneasiness and sensibility along the dorsal spine2 for those cases which exhibited more violent derangement in the nervous functions have proved fatal4 ,in this period of the disease the breathing is more embarrassed1 particularly when the pulmonary form of the disease prevails4 ,the pulse1 which is hard and frequent1 indicates from forty to sixty pulsations2 the beatings of the heart are more violent and audible2 the mucous membranes1 dry at the outbreak1 recover their secretions1 but these latter are endowed with irritating properties4 ,thus the eyelids1 swollen and tumefied at the edges beneath the lashes1 drip with a corrosive liquid1 which soon marks its furrow along the chanfrin2 the bronchi1 the trachea1 the nostrils1 the salivary glands1 exude a serosity which runs out of the nasal and buccal orifices4 ,the exanthematic eruption having discharged itself through the digestive channels1 constipation is followed by diarrhoea1 rumination is completely stopped1 the beast declines all solid nutriment1 and pants for drinks1--for those especially which have a slight taste of acidity in them4 ,the derangements at this period pursue a rapid course--the breathing becomes more and more difficult1 the skin is hot and dry1 the hairs stiffen more and more1 gases are developed in the cellular tissues beneath the skin1 along the dorsal vertebr1 at the abdominal folds of the posterior limbs and under the abdomen1 in the form of flat1 uneven1 crepitant tumours1 which crackle when pressed with the hand2 the diarrhoea becomes more liquefied and irritant1 for then it is no longer a flow of droppings covered with mucus which is expelled1 but secretions already putrid1 sometimes reddish in colour1 and attended with foetid gases1 which induce tenesmus in the rectum1 and force up the tail4 ,the animal grows perceptibly lean1 his dejection is extreme1 and cows which are with calf miscarry4 ,at night1 the animal seems to have an increase of fever1 sometimes of a remittent type1 after which he becomes drowsy and lies down to rest himself or to sleep1 if he can2 but the difficulty of breathing1 the abdominal pains1 soon force him to rise again1 which he cannot do without an effort4 #d4 ,period of ,decline and ,sinking4--,this stage is observed to extend from the eighth day to the twelfth or the fourteenth4 ,the morbid functions pursue their course1 for the disease has its regular phases and a successive variation of phenomena4 ,the secretions1 which a few days before were fluid and irritating1 have undergone a change2 they have become thick and purulent1 they flow more slowly from the ocular mucous membranes1 and also from the nasal and buccal1 which are red and inflamed1 and they already emit a foetid smell4 ,the dull tarnished eyes become hollowed1 purulent mucus lodges within their orbits1 the bronchi are stopped up1 the breathing grows louder and more panting1 the animal instinctively stretches his neck to ease it2 the wasting of the flesh exposes the bones of the sacrum and coccyx1 laying bare the vertebr and the ribs2 the emphysematous tumours are more extensive and crackling2 the skin1 less heated1 wrinkles up and splits about the bony protuberances2 the udders are crusty and excoriated2 detached boils1 hard and rounded at first1 then soft and purulent1 begin to show themselves on the trunk and the upper parts of the limbs4 ,the diarrhoea1 still frequent1 becomes bloody and intolerably offensive4 ,at this final period the organic structure yields to the effects of a general alteration of the liquids and solids4 ,the vital force has lost the power of reaction2 a mass of blood1 decomposed by the double influence of a virulent toxmia and the obstructions of respiration1 conveys to all the organs a principle of dissolution2 the nervous system is in a manner paralysed1 as is shown in the animal's insensibility4 ,the secretions stop up the various channels and cavities2 they lodge within them2 they undergo a putrid decomposition1 and pass out with difficulty in the form of a purulent and bloody flux1 in the highest degree infectious4 ,very soon the sick animal has ceased really to live2 it struggles and labours with its agony2 if the lungs are clogged with gas or fluid they rattle hurriedly and often2 the animal cannot hold its head up even when lying down1 and when standing moves it to and fro as if affected with the natural shaking of old age1 and as if seeking to ward off some indescribable evil1 the occurrence of which it was awaiting4 ,the animal's body is a prey given up beforehand to the laws of organic decomposition3 the internal mucous membrane of the cheeks and lips peels off in strips when rubbed2 the sores on the skin have a livid and gangrenous look2 the eggs which the flies deposit on the edge of the eyelids and at the nasal orifices1 or on the excoriations of the skin1 quickly pass into the state of larv4 ,the air they expire is cold and infectious2 the native caloric1 extinguished in every focus successively1 disappears2 the vaginal mucous membrane is tumefied1 the anal opening gapes1 and from it flows a bloody and decomposed liquid which the rectum can no longer expel4 ,the mouth1 half open and coated with a thick glutinous foam1 vainly tries to inhale long draughts of air which can no longer reach the lungs4 ,finally1 if the animal is lying down1 he expires in slow agony1 his head borne down by its own weight2 or1 if standing1 he sinks and falls down1 his death having anticipated the fall4 ,such are the symptoms--the subjective signs which enable us to detect the contagious typhus of the ox4 ,but all animals do not exhibit these disorders of the vital functions with the same regularity and excess4 ,some of these we have seen1 from first to last1 sustain the internal effects of the morbid process--in some sort passively--without revealing any deep derangements in the nervous1 respiratory1 and digestive functions4 ,the poisonous virus had smitten them2 they suffered in their general structure2 they looked stupefied2 they lost1 at a given moment1 their appetite and rumination2 they had fever2 their breathing had become short and frequent2 they had diarrhoea2 they gradually lost flesh1 and the excreta passed through certain changes and transformations4 ,in a word1 the animal had manifestly the bovine typhus2 but1 thanks to a relative immunity1 to a special organization1 which renders some of these beasts capable of resisting the contagion for a long period1 and sometimes altogether,o--thanks to that variety which we observe in different constitutions 7for small-pox and typhus in man1 and the true typhoid fever in animals1 do not operate with the same violence on all alike7--thanks to this privileged organization1--we have seen some oxen pass through every stage of the disease without exhibiting this terrible train of morbid phenomena4 ,in these cases--for even this mild form of the distemper at last produces death--the injuries fix themselves more exclusively on the digestive channels1 and we witness1 in dissection1 ulcerations in some1 in others mere spots of a livid red1 more or less extensive4 ,finally1 although the typhus be one of the gravest maladies which destroy and decimate cattle1 all sick animals are not mortally affected thereby4 ,in the present epizootia1 five per cent41 as nearly as can be ascertained1 recover2 and when that happens1 signs of a favourable omen are observable during the course of the attack4 ,in these favourable instances1 indeed1 the symptoms1 even though they exhibit a certain gravity1 pursue a regular course2 fever does not become remittent2 the fcal discharge is copious and easy1 with less foetor2 the animal loses flesh slowly and progressively2 the tumours are cutaneous1 inflammatory2 their character is good1 depurative1 and rather purulent than gaseous and crackling4 ,the droppings do not show that high degree of pestilential decomposition described above2 the animal in his drink welcomes and digests a mixture of bran and flour2 the secretions of purulent mucus and the fcal discharges dry up and stop in the early part of the period of decline2 the epidermis of the openings through which they passed out peels off in thin scales1 and afterwards in scurfs or husks--in a word1 the economy does not experience those acute disturbances which strike one of the tripods of life--that is to say1 either the nervous centres1 the lungs1 or the digestive organs4 ,now1 in these curable cases1 in which the cure is most generally due to nature's own efforts1 but which a systematic treatment might render far more frequent1 the convalescence is long1 and requires great attention and a well-regulated diet1 in which the food is carefully measured and divided4 ,here there must be a rigid superintendence4 ,a laxity in the watchfulness1 or too much reliance on the reviving health1 have produced sudden relapses1 and been fatal to many sick cattle1 which had been looked upon as thoroughly cured4 ,for it may well be conceived that convalescent animals1 after sustaining such violent derangements in their health1 and having been brought down to the lowest degree of prostration and marasmus--to a reconstitution1 we may call it1 of the solids and liquids--have a devouring hunger4 ,if1 therefore1 the keeper who looks after them unhappily forgets that the principal lesions or sores are seated in the stomach and intestines1 and if he gives them too much solid nutriment1 he impedes the cure1 irritates the ulcerations not yet thoroughly covered over1 and soon adds another victim to those which had already died4 ,this convalescence lasts from fifteen to twenty days1 and the animal only recovers its health at last by slow degrees4 ,still the careful keeper need not be afraid of a relapse when he is patient and watchful4 ,such1 then1 is the contagious typhus of the ox4 ,type of the unreturnable infectious diseases1 its virulent miasms undergo within the structure a series of transformations3 they produce in the frame a general disorder fully capable of annihilating the predisposition or aptitude of the animal to receive the taint4 ,a disease essentially specific1 it affects the principal centres of life2 it kills its victim both by its deadly virus and by the local derangements to which it gives rise2 for how is it possible to preserve life when the whole nervous system1 that promoter and regulator of all the functions1 is upset8--when the lungs which revivify the blood1 when the digestive organs which are the very sources of alimentation1 are smitten with stagnation8--when1 in fine1 not only these vital centres have ceased to operate1 but when each by itself is the cause of torturing pains and exhaustion8 ,the typhus1 moreover1 is observed in all animals of the bovine species1 whatever may be their race1 their age1 or their sex4 ,the recovered animals may live with impunity amidst diseased herds of cattle1 thanks to its non-relapsive nature4 ,jessen has even witnessed cows which1 after their own cure1 communicated a sort of immunity to their offspring4 ,for the same reason it is that epizootias are less fatal in those countries where they often occur1 the constitutions of those animals which are engendered amongst such habituated herds1 preserving a prophylaxy inherent to the blood which has been transmitted to them4 ,besides1 what a pregnant subject is this for the physician1 and what more meritorious task can he set himself than the treatment of such a distemper1 which reason assures him must eventually lead to the cure and eradication of the same complaint in the human species8 ,from a cause which as yet has been indistinguishable and imponderable1 what important1 what marvellous results loom in the future6 ,the air seems to us pure and wholesome1 yet it conceals a typhic miasma of the most deadly kind2 it carries this pernicious principle into the richest meadows1 where we see feeding flocks and herds which to us seem exuberant with health4 ,then this miasma is inhaled and absorbed1 and it meets in the frame the special and indispensable organic element which is needed for its multiplication2 there it undergoes certain latent transformations1 and a fermentation1 a germination1 which we call incubation1 in order to explain a process which we cannot understand4 ,then fever is kindled1 all the functions are disturbed1 and the sick animal is struck down1 leaving us wondering1 ignorant1 and powerless spectators in the presence of phenomena which1 nevertheless1 are the eternal work of nature and have endured through all time4--,but if in the invisible typhic atom nature gives us death1 it also gives us life in the zoosperma4 ,,ii4 ,lesions found in the ,bodies of ,oxen after ,death4 ,the description which we have given of the disorders produced in the different functions by the operation of the typhus1 may easily suggest what must be the lesions exhibited by the organs of the body4 ,death1 we have said already1 may overtake the disease at any of its periods1 and thus show every aspect and every degree of the organic lesions4 ,such an animal being struck down at the period of initiation1 will not1 of course1 present the changes and varieties of the period of decline1 and vice vers4 ,in general1 the state of the dead bodies is that of the most decided marasmus2 the remains are intensely repulsive1 as well by the stench they emit as by the sight they afford2 and1 in summer especially1 decomposition sets in with great rapidity4 ,consequently1 the utmost care is required in conveying them from place to place2 and this attention is the more essential1 because in the transit1 the cavities being deprived of their contractile power1 let flow the pestilential liquids which they contain1 thereby infecting the carriages and public roads4 ,the urgent necessity there is to inhume at once these dead bodies1 the most active agents in diffusing the contagion1 is equally the drift of this observation4 ,the deceased animal1 as a subject of anatomy1 enables us to certify the seat of the emphysematous tumours1 and to see that they are really due to the air which insinuates itself into the cellular tissue1 and which1 receding from the pressure of the fingers between the cells1 produced the crackling sound we noticed above4 ,this penetration of the air is1 moreover1 a far more general effect than was supposed4 ,it is ascertained1 likewise1 from the examination of these subjects1 that the round1 fluctuating1 and smaller tumours1 are indeed purulent gatherings1 which occasionally find a passage into the layers and interstices of the muscles4 ,the muscular flesh is usually flabby1 bloodless1 unsightly1 of a very nauseous smell2 and it would be difficult to imagine that the most avaricious trickster would dare to offer even the most presentable parts of it for sale and consumption4 ,but when the expedients and artifices known to the butcher's trade are had resort to1 when1 regardless of the public health1 the unprincipled dealer selects the most fleshy parts1 when he dresses and adorns them by colouring them over with the blood of a healthy beast1 the unwary eye of the purchaser may be deceived4 ,observe1 that we are now speaking of cattle that have died in the last stage of this marasmus1 so that we might suppose1 even if the many summonses before the magistrates1 and the too moderate fines which have been imposed on the guilty parties1 had not shed the broadest light upon the fact1 that a large number of sick cattle which had been slaughtered at different stages of this frightful disease1 have been dressed and adorned1 exposed for sale1 sold1 and eaten by a very large portion of the inhabitants of ,london and of the country likewise4 ,digestive ,channels4--,the mucous membrane of the buccal cavity is1 for the most part1 of a livid whiteness2 ecchymosed stains1 and sometimes ulcerations1 differing in their form and number1 are visible on the floor of the tongue4 ,mr4 ,simonds has had an anatomical model constructed1 which presents a perfect type of these ulcerations1 some of which are of a scarlet hue1 with perpendicular edges4 ,the stomachs exhibit a variety of ulcerations4 ,the paunch1 or first stomach1 always contains a large quantity of food intended for rumination2 sometimes these aliments are dry1 and lie sticking to its sides2 at other times they are diluted with water which had not yet been absorbed after drinking4 ,the inner membrane of this first reservoir may show flat spots1 with livid injections of different sizes4 ,the honeycomb1 or second stomach1 generally exhibits the same injuries as the paunch4 ,the manyplies1 or third stomach1 contains between its lamin hard1 pulverulent1 and dry alimentary substances1 which are seen sticking to the different leaves4 ,on removing these substances1 some ecchymosed spots are laid bare1 the epithelium of which easily peels off2 sometimes ulcerations1 and even perforations1 are visible4 ,the reed1 or fourth stomach1 whose sides are thicker1 more fleshy1 and more vascular1 exhibits within its folds various kinds of lesions or sores3 they consist of large flat stains of a darkish red1 more or less soft1 and sometimes ulcerations red on their deep surface1 with clean edges4 ,as for the intestines1 properly so called1 the duodenum shows the same injuries1 but most generally large ecchymosed spots4 ,the small intestine appears on the outside1 even when it preserves its place in the abdomen1 of a reddish colour1 lined with vessels distended with blood1 the signs of a general congestion of its membranes4 ,the examination of the mucous membrane1 after it has been cut open lengthways1 shows1 indeed1 that this portion of the digestive tube is the principal seat of the distemper2 for1 independently of this general injection1 you perceive ulcerations which have succeeded to detached pustules or lengthy flat spots1 the result of a cluster of several of ,peyer's glands1 brought together by the plastic influence of inflammation4 ,these flat spots1 or wafers1 very similar to those we observe in the typhoid fever of man1 are inflamed and ulcerated in different degrees4 ,the mucous membrane of the large intestine exhibits lesions depending on the period of the disease4 ,about the third period1 the injection is sometimes general1 especially near the rectum2 but in the fourth and last period we often meet with ulcerations which are smaller in the upper part1 larger and deeper about the lower or rectal part4 ,the membrane of the sexual parts of the cow is strongly injected1 and of a dull red colour4 ,as we have seen1 the different organs of the digestive apparatus may1 in this typhus1 offer to view extensive alterations perfectly consistent with the gravity of the symptoms or the functional derangements4 ,in two cases in which disorders of the respiration had prevailed1 and which had been sacrificed on the eighth or tenth day of the disease1 we only observed partial injections of a very limited character1 either on the gastric membranes or on that of the intestine1 and which might have been detected in the case of common intestinal inflammation4 ,therefore1 in these two cases1 the characteristic lesions of the typhus1 if they must be localized in the intestine1 were1 so to speak1 absolutely wanting4 ,it was1 we will not say exactly the same1 on four other animals1 three oxen and one cow2 but if1 in two of them1 the fourth stomach was inflamed1 if in the third the small intestine was congested1 and if1 lastly1 in the cow the large intestine showed ulcerations1 we could not in these lesions distinguish those of typhoid fever4 ,these facts struck us with great surprise1 for we were far from suspecting them4 ,we hoped1 on opening the intestine of these animals1 which had certainly all died of the typhus1 to meet assuredly in a determined spot some well-known lesion declared beforehand4 ,to our great astonishment1 such has not always been the case4 ,so that our theories1 conclusive as they seemed on the identity of the ox typhus and the typhoid fever in man1 and which more than anyone else we wished to see confirmed1 must submit to observation4 ,in fine1 in this epizootia the intestinal lesions or sores present different appearances4 ,developed to the utmost in some cases1 so much so as to exhibit ulcerations at the root of the tongue as well as in the intestines1 and to be in a manner the excess of the injuries which are seen in typhoid fever1 they are in other cases scarcely perceptible1 and sometimes entirely absent1 when the animal is struck down in the third or fourth period1 that is to say1 when the exanthematic or pustular state has had time to develope itself on the digestive channels4 ,one of these animals seized by ,mr4 ,tegg at the ,camden ,town market1 was in such a state of exhaustion that he could not be driven to the slaughter-house1 only two hundred yards distant2 they were forced to fell him on the spot midway1 in order to have him conveyed to the place of dissection4 ,we only detected partial injections on the digestive tube of this beast4 ,the pulmonary emphysema which had caused this animal's death was developed in the highest degree4--,he was opened at the request of ,m4 ,bouley1 of ,alfort4 ,apparatus of ,respiration4--,here1 again1 the typhus shows us injuries which differ from those of typhoid fever2 for if the breathing is always more or less obstructed at the outbreak of this fever1 no serious organic change in the lungs is the consequence thereof4 ,in the ox typhus1 on the contrary1 when the pulmonary form prevails1 the derangements of the respiratory organs are remarkable4 ,thus1 the mucous membrane of the nostrils1 from which flows a purulent and fetid mucus1 is sometimes ulcerated and excoriated4 ,the larynx and the trachea or windpipe1 choked up with frothy mucus1 show the same alterations1 though less frequently4 ,the lungs1 which are rather congested than inflamed1 are emphysematous1 the air having entered and distended the cellular tissue which unites the lobes together4 ,in some cases1 the lungs are so gorged with air that their lobes constitute but a single heap1 rendering them irrecognisable1 so greatly do their volume1 their specific gravity1 and their spongy aeriform aspect differ from the natural state4 ,apparatus of ,circulation4--,the inner sides of the heart show ecchymosed spots1 and the same is the case with the larger vessels4 ,the blood1 diminished in its quantity and altered in its quality1 is blackish and more fluid2 but in most cases it coagulates instantaneously and in a mass1 without separating into its solid and liquid parts4 ,nervous ,system4--,having observed and dissected the dead bodies at the slaughter-houses of the markets1 we were not able to examine either the brain or the spinal marrow4 ,besides1 let us remark in this place1 that the mode of felling cattle in ,england would have rendered impossible such an examination4 ,for the animals are struck with a club1 which kills them both by cerebral concussion and by the direct alteration of the brain2 the instrument having a sharp end which perforates the skull and injures the cerebral lobes4 ,nor is this all2 the moment the animal is struck down1 a flexible rod is inserted into the hole made in the skull1 and driven as far as the spinal canal1 so as to tear to pieces the protuberance and the bulb1 that is to say1 the vital knot4 ,this manner of killing cattle seems to us1 however1 preferable to the one adopted in ,france1 where the animal does not sink till he has been struck repeatedly with the club4 ,but be that as it may1 those authors who have examined the nervous centres of horned cattle which had perished victims of the typhus1 have usually found the meninges1 or membranes that envelope the brain1 injected1 whilst the brain itself was slightly dotted over with blood4 ,these anatomical lesions of the nervous centres being insufficient of themselves to explain the death at the second period1 we have endeavoured to give the explanation of it in treating of the symptoms4 ,the other organs1 the spleen1 the liver1 the kidneys1 present alterations of a secondary interest only4 ,,iii4 ,diagnosis--,prognosis--,use of the ,flesh of ,animals which have ,died of the ,typhus--,danger of direct ,absorption4 ,the typhus of the ox has such distinct and strongly marked characteristics that it is not easily mistaken4 ,however1 to conform ourselves to received custom1 ,i will say some words about the principal symptoms of some distempers affecting the ox1 between which and typhus unprofessional persons might be embarrassed1 and hesitate to distinguish them4 ,we will transfer1 however1 those particulars pertaining to the diagnosis to the part written for the special use of agriculturists1 farmers1 and graziers1 in order that they may readily find whatever it may be necessary for them to know when they chance to have any sick and tainted cattle to treat and cure4 ,we have likewise a few words to say on the subject of the prognosis of the disease1 as regards its propagation and its time of lasting4 ,finally1 we will unfold a question of very real importance in hygiene--we mean the use and consumption of the flesh of animals as food1 and the danger which may accrue to man and other animals from contact with their dead bodies1 or fragments of the same4 ,the diseases of the ox1 which we are accustomed to consider as distinguished from typhus1 are the contagious peripneumonia1 the apthous fever1 and the charbonneux typhus2 but1 as we have just said1 we will mention by-and-by their chief characteristics4 ,everyone is anxious1 and natural indeed is that anxiety1 to know what this epizootia will become--what will be its course2 how long it will last2 whether it will extend its ravages over the whole extent of the three kingdoms2 and if1 in fine1 it will invade all ,europe4 ,to answer in a precise manner these questions would be a difficult task2 for who amongst us can assign at present any definite course to the atmospheric variations8 and yet they have a genuine influence on the progress of the epizootia4 ,on the other hand1 the measures which have been taken hitherto to confine the contagion to its different foci1 have unhappily proved almost ineffectual1 but it may be hoped that1 assisted by experience1 we shall be able to resist the evil more effectually1 and check its propagation4 ,if the atmospheric conditions and the preventive measures could not modify the spread of the distemper1 we should have reason to dread a still greater extension of the contagion2 for the virulent character of the epizootia appears to be of an exceptional intensity1 and we may perhaps compare it with the famous epizootia1 of the middle of the eighteenth century1 which for ten years afflicted all ,europe with its ravages1 striking down six millions of horned cattle4 ,let the reader cast an eye over the extracts borrowed from the physicians of the principal faculties who have described this typhus1 and which we have reproduced in the first part of this book relating to its history1 and he will then be convinced that the disease is absolutely the same as that which then raged so fiercely4 ,and if that is the case1 we must anticipate that it will extend its ravages whilst prolonging its duration4 ,already it has spread to ,holland and ,belgium2 ,hungary and other provinces in the south-east of ,germany--a fact much less surprising--are likewise smitten with it2 and now we hear the news that ,france1 though so vigilantly on her guard1 has seen her frontiers passed over4 ,in spite of the cordon sanitaire which she had prudently established everywhere1 some horned cattle have been seized with the typhus at the town of ,raubaix1 in the north4 ,without setting ourselves up as pessimists1 let us declare that we must expect that the contagion will continue to spread4 ,let us make up our minds to this1 in order to take the necessary sanitary measures1 and set ourselves seriously to work by trying the preventive treatment4 ,but1 alas6 between the ,government1 the municipal corporations1 the agricultural societies1 the cattle proprietors1 and1 with regret we add1 the veterinary surgeons1 there has been sadly wanting1 up to the present time1 that mutual understanding2 that prompt and decisive action1 and those pecuniary advances which are so necessary to encounter and contend with this great calamity4 ,as for estimating with any approach to accuracy the sacrifice of property2 the pecuniary loss1 which this fatal epizootic may occasion the country1 the want of exact statistics as to the number of cattle which have already been struck down will not permit us to do it4 ,but we may1 perhaps1 already set it down approximately from #ej1jjj to #fj1jjj head of cattle for ,england and ,scotland1 until we have obtained more precise statistical information on this significant point of inquiry4 ,that would represent1 however1 a very considerable capital2 for if we compute the loss of each animal at the average sum of #ael4 only1 the sacrifice already incurred would not be less than from #gej1jjjl4 to #ijj1jjjl4 ,this sacrifice in money might possibly have proved the be all and the end all2 and at this point we might1 perhaps1 have arrested the contagion1 had we all been able to act advisedly and harmoniously together1 in the name and for the interest of the public1 from the first appearance of the disease4 ,but this calculation of1 let us say1 #ijj1jjjl41 is made on the supposition that each cattle owner had been willing to abide by his own loss2 whereas1 unfortunately1 many of them have striven to shift it on others1 and large numbers of the sick and tainted beasts having been sold and consumed1 a proportionate sum thus recovered by those avaricious men must be of course deducted from this estimate4 ,deducted1 indeed6 ,considering the consequences on the public health1 is it not rather an aggravation than a mitigation of the loss8 ,these last assertions naturally lead us to inquire whether we are not justified in saying that the flesh of sick and tainted cattle1 thus circulated and consumed1 has not had its baleful effects on the public health4 ,the butchers who sold the flesh of these sick and tainted cattle have no doubt been careful to abstain from using it in their own families2 and the first time they speculated on the health of their fellow-citizens1 well knowing what they did1 their conscience probably reproached them with the misdemeanour4 ,but afterwards1 when no bad consequences to their customers had been seen1 their own impunity1 joined to this apparent harmlessness to their neighbours1 rendered them bolder1 and it became a daily habit with them to sell this peccant offal1 which poisons even the earth by its contact4 ,moreover1 the graziers themselves were in league with the butchers1 and took care to slaughter the affected animals before the wasting of their flesh by the progress of the distemper had bereft them of their greatest value4 ,their private interest prompting them thus to dispose of the sick animals as fast as they could1 the majority of the tainted beasts were sold and eaten in the second stage or period of the typhus4 ,now1 if the flesh of these diseased animals had been eaten raw1 accidents most terrible and appalling would certainly have been the consequence1 although dogs may have fed upon it without injury4 ,but the cooking of animal flesh at #ajj degrees of heat has the property of destroying for a time the septic germs1 as the famous debates now being held by the experimentalists who are studying the subject of spontaneous generation tend to show4 ,this poisonous meat1 therefore1 may at first have been digested without producing immediate ill effects4 ,our medical practice1 however1 authorizes us to declare that1 after making every allowance for the influences of this extraordinarily hot summer1 digestive and nervous complaints of the acutest description1 and without any special cause to account for them1 have been very numerous indeed during the last two months1 and beyond all proportion greater than they usually are in ,london4 ,and we cannot but feel that1 if the cholera should reach the shores of ,england at this critical conjuncture1 it will find organisms most ready to receive its virus4 ,then1 indeed1 if the typhic miasma come to mix and blend with the choleraic miasma1 all living beings will have to contend with the most deleterious causes of alterations in their health1 and we may 7,god send it be otherwise67 witness one of those measureless calamities which1 known in former ages as the ,black ,pestilence1 decimated cattle and men indiscriminately1 and which1 when we read the sorrowful accounts of it in history1 make the flesh creep with affright4 ,we sincerely hope that such misfortunes may be spared us4 ,but ought we to abstain entirely and absolutely from consuming the flesh of cattle smitten with typhus8 ,it is a delicate question1 but still we shall answer it1 making due allowance for every interest concerned4 ,we conceive that all animals which are smitten with the early effects of the disorder1 which begin to operate at the opening of its second period1 that is to say1 when the first symptoms are declared1 such as stupor1 loss of appetite and shiverings1 may be handed over to the butchers4 ,but this must only be done on the positive understanding and condition that every animal1 sick or not sick1 in times of epizootia1 shall pass1 either in the farm1 the market1 or the stable1 under the examination of a competent veterinary inspector1 who shall mark the beast when fit to be sold for consumption4 ,with this precaution1 which at present is put in practice in ,belgium1 every interest is cared for and guarded--those of the public health as well as those of the cattle owners4 ,but there is another question of some importance which deserves to fix our attention for a moment4 ,people sometimes inquire whether the ox-typhus can be communicated to other animals1 and even to man1 either by contact1 by direct absorption1 or by inhaling the miasma floating in the atmosphere4 ,experiments of great interest might be made on this subject2 but we can already assert1 on the evidence of facts publicly known1 that the direct absorption of putrid matter and purulent secretions1 and likewise the mere contact with tainted flesh1 when the epidermis or scarf-skin is cracked or peeled off1 or when the least open sore exists1 may give access to the disease1 and produce death1 both in man and other animals4 ,in these cases1 the absorbed virus operates1 not as a specific agent1 giving birth to typhus1 but as a provocative septic agent1 endowed with infectious properties1 which infuse into the economy a germ of virulent and mortal disease4 ,so long as a sound and intact outer skin stands as a safeguard between us and absorption1 we may fearlessly touch and handle the tainted flesh of these animals4 ,but the slightest sore or abrasion is an open door to let in death4 ,a young veterinary surgeon1 who had a slight wound in one of his arms1 was carried off within forty-eight hours1 as was proved at a coroner's inquest1 after he had dissected an ox which had died of the typhus4,p ,we see by this fatal example that we must be particularly careful not to touch an ox tainted with typhus when we carry about us any open sore1 unless we take the utmost precaution in order to guard against all direct contact or absorption4 ,man1 as we have said and shown1 breathes with comparative impunity an atmosphere laden with the infectious miasma of this typhus4 ,but that which to-day is true may not be true to-morrow2 let us1 therefore1 be also on our guard against the too continuous absorption of an atmosphere impregnated with these deleterious principles4 ,as for herbivorous animals in general1 a similar organization must1 in their cases1 predispose them to receive the contagion4 ,whenever we visit the markets1 we cannot help fearing to see the ox typhus communicated to the sheep and pigs which are stationed around them4 ,it is an unquestionable fact that1 in certain epizootias1 all animals without distinction have been smitten and struck down1 and the herbivorous animals more rapidly than any other4 ,the habit of collecting such vast numbers of cattle in the same market1 and on the same day1 though convenient for business1 appears to us injudicious1 especially during the prevalence of this scourge4 ,this part of our treatise was in the printer's hands when ,mr4 ,simonds wrote a letter to the ,privy ,council which justifies all our apprehensions4 ,the typhus of the ox has been communicated to a number of sheep1 and we must all expect to see this cruel disease assume much larger proportions than heretofore1 since it has now obtained a second focus for its maintenance and dissemination4 ,veterinary ,department1 #bc1 ,new-street1 ,spring-gardens1 ,sept4 #beth4 ,,sir1--,i beg to report that1 acting on the instructions received from you to investigate without loss of time the statement received at your office relative to an outbreak of the cattle plague in a remote part of the county of ,norfolk1 supposed to have arisen from cattle having been in contact with some diseased sheep1 recently brought to the premises1 ,i have visited the district in question1 and inquired into all the circumstances of the case4 ,it appears that as far back as the #agth of ,august ,mr4 ,c4 ,temple1 farmer and merchant1 of ,blakeney1 received on his farm #abj lambs which he had instructed a dealer to procure for him for feeding purposes4 ,the lambs were bought at ,thetford-fair on the preceding day1 and were immediately sent by rail to ,fakenham1 from which place they were driven to ,blakeney1 a distance of about ten miles4 ,on their arrival they appeared to be fatigued to a greater extent than ordinary1 which was1 however1 attributed to the heat of the weather and the exertion the animals had undergone4 ,in addition to this1 the shepherd observed that several of them seemed unwell1 and he remarked to his master that they did not appear to be a 'very healthy lot1' and that he thought it would be better to return them to the dealer4 ,within a day or two of this time the symptoms of illness were more marked in all the original cases1 and many more of the animals had been attacked4 ,on the #bdth two of the worst cases were removed from the field to the farm premises1 and were placed in a shed for treatment1 in which afterwards a cow was put4 ,on the #beth two of the lambs died1 and in consequence of this1 and of the large number which were now affected1 the whole were brought1 on the morning of the #bgth1 into the same yard where the shed previously alluded to was situated4 ,there is also another shed1 separated from this yard only by some old furze faggots1 into which the cows were driven night and morning for being milked4 ,the lambs remained in the yard till the morning of the #bhth1 when having had some medicine administered to them1 they were returned to the fold and never came again near the cows4 ,while in the yard three died1 two on the #bgth1 and one on the #bhth1 and on the following day two others died in the field4 ,from this time the disease went on1 so that by ,friday last1 the #bbnd of ,september1 the day of my visit1 forty-six had either died or been killed1 and twenty-seven were in a very precarious condition4 ,on the #gth of ,september1 ten days after the last exposure to the sheep1 a cow gave evidence of being affected with the cattle plague1 this animal being the one which had been put into the shed occupied by the diseased sheep on the #bdth of ,august4 ,a second cow was attacked on the #aath of ,september1 and a third shortly afterwards1 which was followed by others2 so that by the #afth all the cows1 six in number1 a heifer1 and a calf1 were all dead4 ,my examination of the lambs showed that they were unmistakably the subjects of the plague4 ,the symptoms agreed in almost every particular with those observed in cattle affected with the malady1 and the post-mortem appearances were also identical4 ,with a view to ascertain the true nature of the changes produced in the system prior to death1 ,i had four of the lambs killed1 and from these ,i took some diseased parts and forwarded them to the ,royal ,veterinary ,college without note or comment4 ,these parts were examined by my colleague1 ,mr4 ,varnell1 who at once recognised the special changes of structure which are caused by the cattle plague4 ,the whole facts of the case leave not the least doubt of sheep being liable to the disease termed the cattle plague1 and that when affected they can easily communicate the malady to the ox tribe2 and moreover1 that when so conveyed it proves equally as destructive as when propagated from ox to ox in the ordinary manner4 ,the case is also more important from having occurred in a place no less than fourteen miles distant from any other where the cattle plague exists1 thus placing beyond a doubt the fact of the malady being introduced among the cattle by the sheep alone4 ,i regret to add that this is not a solitary case of sheep being affected by the cattle plague4 ,i learned that some sheep were supposed to be similarly affected belonging to ,mr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,h4 ,harvey1 ,m4,p41 on his estate at ,crown ,point1 near ,norwich4 ,this place ,i also visited1 and found a large flock of upwards of #bjjj lambs1 among which the malady was prevailing4 ,a large number had been separated from the diseased1 and gave no evidence of the malady4 ,very many1 however1 had died1 and the disease was making rapid progress4 ,i also examined many of the dead1 and found the post-mortem appearances to be identical with those seen in the other cases spoken of in this report4 ,in this instance the malady was brought into the estate by the purchase of some cattle1 which afterwards died from the disease1 and which were unfortunately pastured with the sheep at the time the disease manifested itself4 ,the whole matter is one of the greatest importance1 and which ,i lose no time in submitting to you for the information of the ,lords of the ,council4 ,i have the honour to be1 ,sir1 your most obedient servant1 ,,jas4 ,b4 ,,simonds4 ,,iv4 ,general ,considerations on the ,ox-,typhus1 and the ,recapitulation of the ,symptoms4 ,we have seen the causes1 the symptoms1 and the cadaveric alterations of the ,bovine typhus1 and we may therefore apply ourselves at present to the consideration of its pathogenia and its nature4 ,only1 the limits of this book will not admit of a complete discussion of every point of this important question of pathology2 for if we desired to show in what respect the typhus differs from1 and in what respect it resembles1 such and such a morbid entity1 febrile1 infectious and contagious like it1 such a dissertation would require a whole volume for itself2 we are therefore obliged to keep within certain limits4 ,like every watchful physician who has applied himself to the study of comparative pathology1 we entertained our own preconceived opinions as to the nature of this ,cattle ,plague4 ,arguing priori from what we knew1 from the laws of the pathogenia of those exanthematic diseases which we have alluded to in a former chapter2 from the identity of variola in various animals2 from the preventive treatment to which this identity has led2 believing that animals and man have each their typhoid fever1 as they have their variola or small-pox2 considering with the ,ecole de ,tours1 typhoid fever as a variola of the intestinal mucous membrane1 and having proposed1 in #ahee1,q to adopt inoculation as a preventive treatment1 drawing an easy comparison between the typhus we are now observing and the typhoid fever in man2 hoping1 we may say1 indeed1 to find in this typhus the inoculative and preventive virus which is required for our typhoid fever1 all will understand with what eager and vivid curiosity we have examined the entrails of the victims struck down by this epizootia4 ,for1 if this typhus had been a genuine typhoid fever1 the bovine species which has already provided the preventive virus for small-pox1 would equally have afforded us the preventive virus for typhoid fever4 ,in this hypothesis1 our proposal to inoculate the typhoid fever1 which up to this time has been tried on horses only1 and in experiments badly conducted1 by pupils of the ,veterinary ,school of ,lyons1 was perhaps on the eve of being realised4 ,but we regret to say1 we have been forced to submit to evidence1 and to acknowledge that the present infectious typhus is not the one we require to provide us with the anti-typhoid virus4 ,in the same manner as pathologists disagree as to the question1 whether the typhus and typhoid fever in man are one and the same disease1 so should we long debate1 without coming to an agreement1 as to that which relates to the typhus and typhoid fever of the ox4 ,we cannot pretend to produce a reconciliation between these dissentient schools2 all we desire1 is to sum up what observation has suggested to us1 on account of the practical and therapeutic interest belonging to the subject4 ,for ourselves1 the typhus and the typhoid fever of the ox are two diseases of the same order1 but nevertheless distinct2 and the reasons upon which we ground our opinion are suggested to us by the nature of the intestinal lesions1 the symptoms1 and causes of these distempers4 ,as we have already seen1 the contagious typhus of the ox1 at least that of the present epizootia1 is an infectious disease1 which varies in the intensity of the functional disorders and the cadaveric lesions to which it gives rise4 ,the typhoid fever1 we mean the real one1--for there are other intestinal exanthematic fevers which simulate it1--always localize on the small intestines a pustulous exanthem1 and in the typhus of the ox1 this pustulous exanthem and the ulcerations by which it is succeeded1 are frequently wanting4 ,the real typhoid fever springs up in every country under the influence of local causes1 and is not in the same degree infectious and contagious as the typhus proper4 ,in fine1 the typhoid fever smites many species of animals--the horse1 the pig1 etc41 without transmitting its contagion with the same intensity4 ,the contagious typhus of the ox appears to be more especially proper to that animal2 for in those latitudes where it developes itself other animals are not affected by it4 ,for these reasons1 then1 to which we could easily add many others1 we consider the typhus of the present epizootia a special and distinct type of typhic diseases1 and differing from the typhoid fever3 it is the highest expression of its class1 and occupies the first degree in the scale of infectious typhic diseases4 ,next to it we should place the typhoid fever1 which we admit is not often found in the ox4 ,but veterinary pathology is still less understood than human pathology1 and typhoid fever may perhaps be recognised in those diseases which the former science has described under the names of adynamic and ataxic fevers4 ,besides1 a persistent research among the veterinary memorials and reports might possibly enable us to discover some instances in which the real typhoid fever in the ox had been traced1 apart from the epizootic conditions4 ,here is an instance of it3-- ,gell1 in vol4 i4 page #bde of the ,pathologie ,bovine1 quotes the following abstract which had been forwarded to him by one of his brethren1 on the dissection of an ox1 which was made on the #ajth of ,may1 #ahbd3-- ,duodenum4--,uniform redness of the mucous membrane1 with thickening1 softening1 and petechial spots4 ,in the middle portion were discovered some of ,peyer's glands1 small round pustules1 whitish at the top1 with a reddish circumference4 ,in some parts contiguous to these pustules lay ulcerations somewhat extensive1 which seemed to be the result of the softening of the pustules which had preceded them4 ,a dark pus issued from these ulcerations4 ,the inflammation by which they were attended was diffused in some places1 whilst in others it was circumscribed4 ,in some parts the intestinal mucous membrane was utterly destroyed4 ,the mesenteric glands were red and soft4 ,gell adds3--,i have recorded this interesting narrative1 as it may perhaps serve hereafter to throw light on a point of doctrine4 ,the intention which ,gell nurtured at the time1 is1 we see1 now fulfilled conformably with his object4 ,the contagious typhus of the ox not being a real typhoid fever1 we shall not1 consequently1 be able to borrow from it the preventive virus for that disease in man4 ,but if these diseases differ1 and if it is difficult1 in the present state of science1 to assign to them such distinct characters as to produce a perfect agreement among all medical writers1 we must1 however1 admit1 that to designate the ox-typhus now before us by the generic name of ,,plague1 after the ,germans1 who have given it the name of ,,rinderpest1 would carry us too far back4 ,let us acknowledge also1 that the denomination of contagious typhus1 adopted by the ,french veterinary doctors1 is not1 any more than the designation of ,,typhus ,,fever1 applied to it by ,english physicians1 totally free from objection4 ,in truth1 the various species of typhus whose characteristics we have already given 7see p4 #gc71 are all of them febrile and contagious4 ,whoever uses the word typhus1 speaks of a contagious and febrile malady1 inasmuch as we cannot conceive typhus without its accompaniments1 fever and contagion4 ,but as the prevailing characteristic of this infectious disease is1 above all1 its contagion1 we have preferred to adopt the name of contagious typhus1 without1 however1 deceiving ourselves as to the value of the denomination4 ,the final elucidation has not yet been found for these diseases2 at some future day they will be methodically divided and arranged1 and each of them will then receive a special title1 which will remove from the mind that vague uncertainty which at present we regret4 ,but if some faults of doctrine are open to debate1 no doubt whatever can exist in the mind as to the morbid individuality of ox-typhus1 or the general conditions of its pathogenia2 and we are able to deduce from the preceding explanation1 the following conclusions as so many propositions definitively settled3-- #ast4 ,the typhus of the ox is a disease essentially infectious1 which is produced by the absorption of the morbigenous miasma in the air4 #bnd4 ,this typhic miasma is absorbed and engendered by the ox1 under the influence of a number of special deleterious causes4 #crd4 ,when the miasma has been absorbed and incubation produced1 the disease itself is but a supreme effort of nature--a struggle between the vital forces and the morbid evolution of the poison1 in order to guard and defend life against the danger which threatens it4 #dth4 ,a malady essentially general1 totius substanti1 it directs its action1 in different degrees1 over the whole structure1 but chiefly on the nervous centres1 on the organs of respiration1 and on the digestive apparatus4 #eth4 ,its progress is regular2 to the latest period of incubation it succeeds that of the general poisoning of the blood--that of the pyrexia of general fever--which for a time stops up all the secretions4 ,then1 the morbid flux is localized according to particular predispositions3 either on the nervous centres1 when the animal is struck down at the outbreak2 or on the lungs1 when the respiratory derangements become the leading symptoms2 or on the digestive channels1 when the train of typhoid phenomena is observable4 #fth4 ,the period of acute inflammation1 which had dried up the sources of secretion1 gives place to that of the depurative and critical exhalations or secretions2 from every mucous membrane1 from every outlet1 there issues a mucous discharge1 which at first is thin and clear1 but afterwards becomes thick and purulent1 and endowed with the most infectious properties4 ,the intestinal mucous membrane1 smitten with a particular lesion1 becomes the seat of a flux extremely copious and intolerably fetid4 ,gases1 and occasionally purulent deposits1 are developed in the cellular tissue beneath the skin4 #gth4 ,the organism or physical frame1 disturbed in the very centres of life1 undergoes a general transformation1 a kind of organic decomposition beforehand1 and all the symptoms of reaction are followed by a period of wasting atony and adynamia1 which usher in dissolution or life's extinction4 #hth4 ,finally1 throughout the whole course of the distemper1 one special functional derangement--stupor--has been witnessed as the predominant symptom1 the nervous system being in a manner annihilated in its functions in consequence of the general infection4 ,such are1 in a brief outline1 the principal symptoms of this typhus1 which1 when once engrafted on the economy1 pursues its fatal march1 and no treatment can then arrest its evolution4 ,as in small-pox1 so in typhoid fever and in most general disorders1 ,nature for a time must be allowed to exercise her new functions1 which succeed each other in due course1 and which the physician must not stop2 for if he did1 he would accelerate death2 but he must watch with a vigilant eye1 in order to assist the vital powers4 ,the medical man1 satisfied with these facts1 will therefore abandon the chimerical hope of finding a specific remedy for such a disease4 ,the virus once absorbed1 the frame will endure1 and fatally endure1 all the morbid phenomena which must produce and succeed each other4 ,against such a poison no other antidote exists than the poison itself4 ,and this will be easily understood4 ,what necessity have we for a specific remedy to resist a distemper1 which carries within itself its preventive treatment8 ,if it germinates and is propagated1 let us not accuse ,nature and render her responsible2 our own blindness1 the lack of a community of interests among the people1 our social institutions1 the still imperfect state of the exact sciences1 c41 amply explain how it is that we have not yet employed the effectual means we possess1 not of curing it1 but preventing it4 ,if we could have our choice between prevention and cure1 should we not naturally take the former8 ,indeed1 the sources1 the causes which generate the typhic miasma1 are thoroughly well known to us1 and these we can avoid4 ,the developed miasms hang suspended in the air2 we may1 perhaps1 one day destroy them1 if not in the outer atmosphere1 at least in the stalls and sheds where the animals inhale and absorb them4 ,in fine1 if we are powerless to arrest the fell disease when its periods revolve1 we may hope at some future time to act with greater efficiency upon it during its period of incubation4 ,on the other hand1 if this formidable disease cannot be stopped in its progress1 does it follow that we should not treat it at all8 ,certainly not6 ,far be such a heresy from our thoughts4 ,what would be the consequence1 if we left to their fate the sufferers from the small-pox1 from typhoid fever1 and from typhus itself1 instead of watching over them with the utmost solicitude8 ,if the physician1 the enlightened interpreter of morbid phenomena1 did not direct them with a bold and fearless hand1 but abandoned ,nature to her helpless course1 why1 necessarily1 every patient would die1 whereas a large number are now saved4 ,that which is true in the case of man1 is likewise true in the case of animals3 we are bound to treat them when they are ill4 ,if to-day we think it more expeditious and more profitable to exterminate them1 we certainly neglect our duty4 ,we are the sovereign masters of animals2 they are the companions of our toils and pleasures1 their lives must be given to preserve our own2 but on their well-being and their happiness our own well-being and happiness also depend4 ,they will return to us the sufferings and diseases of which they die a hundred times over4 ,like ourselves1 they die of consumptive1 tubercular1 cancerous1 eruptive1 typhoid1 and parasitical diseases4 ,and who can tell whether they have not communicated these disorders to man1 who was1 perhaps1 originally exempt from them2 and whether they do not continually communicate them to him8 ,what noble pages might be written on the close connexion which exists between all organized beings1 both physically and morally6 ,let us love these animals1 let us treat them with kindness1 and all our other qualities will be raised by so doing4 ,but as a man must belong to the time he lives in1 we will take up for a moment with the doctrines of the economists2 we will tolerate the extermination of diseased animals1 as a painful necessity4 ,our duty is to seek in the study of the diseases of animals and in their cure1 the cure of the disorders which afflict the human species4 ,we shall1 therefore1 now proceed to consider the subject of the treatment of horned cattle1 both as relates to preventive and curative medication4 ,,footnotes3 ,o ,mr4 ,simonds has for three months had under his observation a cow which has lived with impunity among animals sick and dying of the typhus4 ,and a young calf did not contract the disease for more than three weeks4 ,p ,another instance of the fatal effects of the terrible disease now ravaging our flocks and herds of cattle1 and resulting in the death of a veterinary surgeon1 has just occurred in the town of ,sudbury1 ,suffolk4 ,last week the epidemic made its appearance in the stock-yard of ,mr4 ,ruffell1 farmer1 ,melford1 and the cases were attended by ,mr4 ,robert ,john ,plumbly1 veterinary surgeon1 ,sudbury4 ,on ,thursday a cow1 which was evidently suffering from the disease1 was brought out and shot by ,mr4 ,plumbly1 who afterwards made a partial post-mortem examination of the carcase4 ,in doing so with a small scalpel his shirt-sleeves became saturated with blood1 c4 from the animal4 ,he returned home1 and the same day was attacked with sickness and acute pains in the head and chest1 accompanied with a soreness in the bones generally4 ,on the following day he appeared somewhat better1 and was able to attend to his duties1 but became worse towards evening1 and was confined to his house on the following day4 ,he considered that he was merely suffering from the effects of a severe cold1 and did not call in medical assistance till ,saturday night4 ,he slept well that night1 and seemed somewhat better on ,sunday morning4 ,about two o'clock in the afternoon he got out of his bed to have it made1 when he appeared comparatively strong and in good spirits2 but almost immediately afterwards he was taken in what seemed to be a fit1 and expired in a few minutes1 before the surgeon1 who only lived next door1 could come to his assistance4 ,it was thought that death had resulted from apoplexy1 and a medical certificate to that effect was given4 ,rumours1 however1 soon becoming current that ,mr4 ,plumbly's death was caused by the cattle plague1 the borough coroner 7,r4 ,ransom1 ,esq47 directed a post-mortem examination to be made4 ,but1 by this time1 so rapid was the spread of the virus through the system that the body appeared perfectly plague-stricken1 and by ,tuesday morning1 when the surgeons arrived to examine it1 and it was taken out of the coffin1 the corpse scarcely retained the semblance of a human being1 the head and trunk being much swollen and black in colour1 the features quite undistinguishable1 and all the flesh converted into a putrid jelly-like mass4 ,the tissues were completely disintegrated1 so that it was utterly impossible to make any examination4 ,an inquest was held on ,tuesday afternoon1 at the court room1 ,town ,hall1 before the coroner1 ,r4 ,ransom1 ,esq41 and a jury2 ,mr4 ,joseph ,barker1 chemist1 being chosen foreman4 ,the mayor 7,s4 ,higgs1 ,esq47 and other gentlemen were present during the whole of the inquiry1 which lasted four hours4 ,the jury went and viewed the body1 which lay in an outhouse1 but were so overcome with the fearful spectacle that they were permitted by the coroner to retire to partake of stimulants before they could further proceed with the inquiry4 ,the first witness called was ,mr4 ,william ,brown1 veterinary surgeon1 and partner with the deceased1 who deposed to having gone with him to ,mr4 ,ruffell's farm at ,long ,melford1 on ,thursday last1 to examine several cows down with the cattle plague4 ,one was brought out and shot by the deceased1 who proceeded to examine the intestines and viscera1 which did not present the appearances usually observable in advanced stages of the disease1 there being but slight ulceration of the coats of the stomach and bowels4 ,the lungs were not examined1 as the deceased had only a small scalpel with him4 ,in making incisions in the body the shirt-sleeves of the deceased became covered with blood1 but he did not prick or cut himself4 ,henrietta ,dansie1 nurse1 was examined1 and said that deceased had been suffering from boils on his right arm1 one of which she had poulticed on ,wednesday1 the day before he had examined the diseased animal4 ,he removed the poultice himself1 but declined to put on a plaster as the place was a small one1 although not healed4 ,he changed his linen on his return from ,melford2 but the same afternoon he was taken with sickness and vomiting1 and complained of acute pains in his head and bones4 ,on ,sunday afternoon1 shortly before he died1 he wished to have his bed made1 and got out and stood whilst it was being done4 ,he then complained of faintness1 and got into bed again1 and witness to revive him washed his face and hands2 in doing so she observed that the nails of one of the hands which had lain in the bed were turning black4 ,she was about to give him some pills when she noticed a sudden change come over him2 and thinking he was going to faint or have a fit1 she rang for assistance and went herself for the doctor1 who1 being from home1 another surgeon residing next door was called in1 but by this time the unfortunate gentleman was quite dead4 ,mr4 ,maurice ,mason1 surgeon1 said he was called in to see the deceased the night before he died1 and visited him again on ,sunday morning1 and ordered him a lotion and leeches for his head and effervescing drinks 7the leeches were not applied74 ,from the appearance of the body and the evidence which had been adduced1 witness was of opinion that the death of the deceased was caused by the absorption of poisonous virus from the dead beast4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,smith1 surgeon1 gave similar evidence1 and added that the tissues of the body were so disintegrated that it would have been utterly impossible to have made a post-mortem examination4 ,after half an hour's consultation the jury returned a verdict1 that deceased died from the effects of the absorption of virus or poison into his system upon the occasion of his making a post-mortem examination of a cow which had died from a certain disease called the cattle plague4 ,the sad occurrence has caused much sensation in the town1 the deceased1 who was only #bc years of age1 being well known and much respected4 ,q ,appel des ,expriences dans le but d'tablir le ,traitement ,prservatif de la ,fivre ,typhoide et des ,maladies infectieuses inrcidivables1 par l'inoculation de leurs produits morbides4 ,memoire lu l',institut1 le #h ,octobre1 #ahee4 ,insr dans la ,gazette ,hebdomadaire de ,mdecine4 ,paris4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,treatment and ,cure of the ,ox-,typhus4 ,in now addressing ourselves to the treatment1 and1 as far as human agency can effect it1 to the cure1 of this insidious distemper1 we cannot conceal from ourselves1 that this is the most difficult1 the most delicate1 and1 at the same time1 the most important division of our work2 for it is to this part1 above all1 that attention will be directed4 ,this portion of our task1 therefore1 will prove especially arduous2 and nothing can give a better notion of the difficulties we shall have to encounter than the many fruitless attempts which1 for several months past1 have been made to overcome them by many ardent inquirers1 stimulated by the best possible intentions4 ,this1 then1 is the moment--if we may be allowed the metaphor--to take the bull by the horns2 and we do so without hesitation4 ,if1 like so many others1 we are baffled and overcome in this unequal struggle--if our strength is not on a level with our desires--we trust we shall be pardoned4 ,several paths leading to the same end may be followed in this exposition of the treatment of ox-typhus4 ,after mature reflection1 we shall adopt the one1 which will allow us to take the disease at its birth1 ab ovo2 to study it in all its phases1 in its first and second causes1 and then in the successive periods of its development4 ,in this manner1 we shall be able to give an account of each fact of real importance mentioned in the foregoing pages1 and to comprise within the treatment whatever is connected either directly or indirectly with the disease4 ,thus we will relate in so many separate articles1-- #ast4 ,the means and measures to be employed to meet and resist the first local causes which may generate the typhus1 then the secondary causes which serve to propagate it4 #bnd4 ,the means of preventing the spread of the disease to animals still in good health4 #crd4 ,the means of treating it at its different periods1 from the period of incubation to that of its decline4 #dth4 ,finally1 we shall insert the laws and sanitary regulations which have been published in ,england relative to this disease4 ,as will be seen1 by adopting this method1 the whole matter will be considered consecutively and in regular order2 and the reader will understand that when such a phase of the malady is developed it is because the preceding one1 which is the cause of it1 has not been effectually contended with4 ,i4 ,means and ,measures to be employed to resist the ,causes of the ,contagious ,typhus of the ,bovine ,species4 ,we have shown fully and explicitly in what countries of the globe1 and in what particular conditions1 the typhus is generated among oxen4 ,we know that this dire disease has its focus on the banks of great rivers or lakes1 which are periodically overflowed1 and on which is deposited a slime teeming with organic matter2 in marshy plains1 where the same natural impurities are fostered2 and that these first hotbeds of the evil are found in ,china1 in ,india1 in ,america1 in ,africa1 as well as on the shores of the ,black ,sea4 ,a spirit of observation which delights in measuring the phenomena of nature with the contracted compass of its own short views and conceptions1 could alone have imagined that the ox-typhus was only to be found originally in the steppes of ,hungary and ,russia1 and that the bovine species of those countries1 thanks to a special organization1 was alone capable of generating the typhus4 ,since we know1 then1 in what conditions this disease is developed1 and especially in what manner it is propagated in ,europe1 it is not impossible now1 when nations are united by the means of quick and easy communication1 by commercial treaties1 and by the mutual relations of science1 to examine what measures might be taken to modify and control these conditions4 ,a commission formed for this purpose1 a scientific congress1 would be able to make on the spot a study of all the circumstances which favour the development of typhus1 and the result of their reports would enlighten the peoples as to the causes which produce it and from which they are first to suffer4 ,they would be recommended to choose as pastures the healthiest places1 to withdraw their cattle at certain seasons from those plots of ground which are baleful to them2 new systems of agriculture would be planned and tried1 c4 ,these questions being carefully examined1 might lead to important results2 nor can we understand how1 in the age in which we live1 the same indifference and apathy as prevailed in the past should be maintained in presence of the positive and permanent causes of this infectious disease1 whose contagion1 as we now see by many proofs1 may extend at once to so large a portion of ,europe4 ,there is now something to be done in this matter2 it is the duty of the governments to deal with it effectually1 and to take serious measures to destroy the evil radically1 if radically it can be destroyed1 and1 if not1 to alleviate its pernicious effects as much as possible4 ,moreover1 many breeders of cattle have not waited until now to guard against some of the first causes of the typhus3 already they give the animals rock salt1 ferruginous and arsenical preparations1 but all this is done without method1 and according to each man's will and pleasure4 ,it would1 therefore1 be necessary to institute regulations1 and to see them carried out and practised under the superintendence of public functionaries1 armed with sufficient power and authority4 ,these measures having been taken1 others no less indispensable ought to follow4 ,they should determine for the herds of cattle intended for exportation1 the ways and channels they must travel by to go to any central part or to any railway station2 and there the inspectors on duty should mark every animal that passes out of the district he is leaving4 ,heavy penalties should be inflicted on all who might infringe these rules4 ,these precautions would contribute in part to arrest the propagation of the complaint2 but there is another measure more radical and effectual1 which should be taken in order to prevent its extension--we mean inoculation1 which has met with complete success in some of the governments of ,russia4 ,thus we see1 there are powerful means of withstanding the production of the disease in its focus1 or generative bed1 and likewise its extension among the herds of neighbouring countries2 and these latter might render them in some sort obligatory1 by refusing most rigidly to admit to their markets1 as in ,italy has sometimes been done1 every head of cattle which was not marked as inoculated or which was not furnished with a permit of health4 ,it is easy to conceive that those countries wherein the ox-typhus has its birth1 and for which the breeding of cattle and their exportation are a great source of wealth1 would soon feel that they are more interested than any other in stifling the contagion in its focus1 and in affording to those countries that receive their herds1 every security and guarantee which they have a right to expect4 ,interest in this case coming to the help of common sense1 very satisfactory results would in course of time be obtained4 ,moreover1 we are conscious that we are here dealing with very complicated questions2 for1 though in a book they may seem simple and easy1 their application is a matter of extreme difficulty4 ,we know too well that these preventive measures for protecting animals will meet with many obstacles1 and only be adopted at last with tardy reluctance1 since man himself continues in some respect indifferent to the causes which spread about the fearful epidemics to which he falls a victim in consequence of his neglect4 ,in truth1 it is well known that the cholera of the present day--that much more serious plague--had its origin on the banks of the ,red ,sea1 amidst the infectious miasmata developed near ,mecca1 where thousands of pilgrims who had died of fatigue and privation1 and hundreds of thousands of sheep butchered and religiously offered up in sacrifice1 have1 beneath a torrid heat1 generated the choleraic miasma1 which formerly was supposed to be produced exclusively on the banks of the ,ganges4 ,this fact duly ascertained and proved1 we might suppose that the governments of the different nations among which the cholera is about to extend its ravages1 were indignant and had complained at thus being smitten with a scourge1 due to the careless ignorance and sordid avidity of some official of the ,turkish ,government4 ,but we should be mistaken4 ,no6 every one hoped at first that he1 at least1 would be spared by the contagion1 and the authorities did nothing to resist the evil but adopt the old course of quarantine--a remedy more illusory now than ever1 since the nations are in constant communication1 either in their own persons or by the exchange of their commodities2 and consequently1 the epidemic is pursuing its invading course from week to week4 ,that which is being done for the cholera gives us a scale by which we may estimate the efforts which will be made to arrest the generation and the contagion of the cattle typhus4,r ,we are certainly bound to resist the introduction of horned cattle tainted with typhus2 but in the conditions amidst which they live1 some of them may bear the seeds of the distemper1 even whilst they appear in perfect health1 and therefore able to endure the fatigue of a long journey4 ,now1 in order to avoid exciting the incubation of the typhus during their transit either to ,finland1 ,holland1 ,france1 or ,england1 it must never be forgotten that these animals are gifted with a nervous sensibility of wonderful acuteness1 joined to the weakest vital resistance4 ,care must be taken to husband their strength1 to give them a choice distribution of food easy of assimilation2 barley-meal1 or other grains1 must be mixed up with their drink2 they must be protected from the changes of weather2 they must have room enough and air enough in the locomotive stalls on the railway trains and on board ship4 ,we pass over in silence the hygienic measures to be taken in order to keep these vehicles of transit in a proper sanitary state3 the sanitary police regulations inserted further on will make them sufficiently known4 ,all these measures having been taken to meet and withstand distant causes and dangers1 let us now direct our attention to those local causes which strike our eyes1 and which likewise have their share of influence in propagating the disease4 ,thus1 whenever an inclement season comes to deprive the herbivorous animals of sufficient pasture1 or to deteriorate its natural qualities1 we are bound to remedy this change1 and to increase the cares we devote to them2 for these frail and helpless creatures1 immediately feel and suffer from the effects of a sustenance less than usually restorative4 ,under such circumstances1 we must make exceptional sacrifices2 when they return from feeding on the grass1 we should give them some additional fodder1 or roots of a generous quality4 ,we must imitate the regimen used in the country of the steppes1 by adding to their forage a solution of marine salt1 or a solution of sulphate of iron4 ,day by day we must give to the weakest and least fed cattle1 a ration consisting of bruised oats1 pounded juniper berries1 gentian1 sulphate of iron1 and carbonate of soda4 ,for1 if we neglect to take those measures which are required to prevent among herbivorous animals the development of those ordinary epizootias1 which every year are generated on our own soil1 they will certainly afford a favourable seat to the typhic miasma transmitted by foreign animals1 or exceptionally generated by themselves4 ,these cares and attentions must be greatly increased1 when the foreign epizootia1 has spread itself1 as in the present instance1 among our flocks and herds4 ,then1 indeed1 we must be careful not to load these creatures with pampering food for the purpose of fattening them4 ,for it may be profitable1 and the breeder may plume himself1 on having produced an adipose monstrosity to such a degree as to bury1 for instance1 a pig's head in the fleshy exuberance of his thorax2 but such a derogation from the laws of nature borders closely on disease1 and assuredly such an unnatural accumulation1 predisposes the glutted animals to epizootic diseases in general4 ,the water given them to drink must be attended to with particular solicitude4 ,it should never be drawn up from ponds or stagnant rivers4 ,the animals kept in the pasture grounds should always find at their disposal1 in receptacles intended for their use1 a supply of pure fresh water4 ,after these precautions with respect to their food and sustenance1 attention must next be directed to the hygienic conditions required by the animal4 ,every morning he should be cleaned1 washed1 brushed1 and dried2 what is every day done for the horse must now be done for the ox4 ,these unusual cares will be most salutary to him1 and greatly increase his vital resistance4 ,the animal thus protected in his food and particular necessities1 attention must next be directed to the stalls and sheds4 ,over-crowding must be carefully avoided2 the proper cube of air for breathing must be measured out for each head of cattle2 every day the latter must be carried out into the open air2 the floor of the stall or shed must first be thoroughly cleansed and washed out1 after which it must be sprinkled with a solution of chloride of lime4 ,if the stall is not well aired1 a little straw should be burned on the ground1 to improve the atmosphere1 or else branches of resinous trees1 or juniper berries may be used4 ,in some cases aromatic fumigations of sage1 rosemary1 or mint1 boiled in water1 are employed1 the balsamic vapours which arise therefrom being at once tonic and purifying4 ,during the night a tub1 containing pitch and tar1 should be left in the stall1 or a large piece of camphor should be suspended from the ceiling4 ,vinegar may be spilt on a piece of red-hot iron1 or powder of sulphur may be burned into sulphuric gas and diffuse its vapours through the stall or shed4 ,this excellent parasiticide may perhaps be equally endowed with anti-typhic properties4 ,finally1 when this fatal epizootia is ravaging the country1 every farmer and agriculturist must carefully abstain from mixing with his herds any cattle which have been bought either at fairs or markets2 he must take care1 conformably with the directions issued by the ,privy ,council1 7to which we refer the reader for more ample details17 to avoid all contact both direct and indirect with horned cattle tainted with the typhus1 as he might himself become an instrument of the contagion4--,let him never forget that to take as the guide for his actions in these times of calamity his private and personal interest1 is the greatest crime a man can commit4 ,let him strive1 therefore1 to assist the authorities in the measures which they have taken for the interest of all4 ,,ii4 ,now that we have examined the measures which prudence directs us to take to defend ourselves against the causes which produce and propagate typhus1 let us think of the means of preventing it1 when the contagion threatens to diffuse itself over a whole kingdom1 as at present it is doing in ,england4 ,when1 on the #aith of last ,june1 it was believed that the typhus or ,cattle ,plague1 as they continue to call it1 had effected its invasion in ,england1 the ,government1 informed by professional men of the serious danger to which the interests of the country would be exposed1 if the disease should spread1 might have considered this distemper not as a question of private interest1 but as one of public and national concern4 ,it might at the outset have given to this epizootia all the significancy of a public calamity1 have looked upon it as the invasion of an enemy threatening to destroy its territory1 and have employed every possible means to stifle it at its birth4 ,we well know that the ,english ,government1 derived as it is rather from political than from religious and social changes1 is at once monarchical1 aristocratic1 and partially democratic1 and for that reason embarrassed in its working by so many wheels4 ,its authority is scattered and divided1 whilst the respect ascribed to the prerogatives of each distinct public power is the safeguard of the ,state4 ,in the absence of both ,houses during the recess1 it could take no resolution as to ways and means2 for the difficulties on this unhappy occasion1 we cannot too often repeat it1 are reduced to a question of money4 ,deprived of the requisite authority1 it was unable to do more than exhume the old laws on the matter and ordain new ones4 ,and yet1 the impotence of the ,government was not perhaps so great as is imagined2 for whilst it suffered the typhus almost unmolested to devastate the country1 it very justly1 and in the name of the public interest1 took vigorous and effectual measures to stamp out another epidemic--the rash and insane conspiracy of the ,fenians4 ,it stood still and would not authorize domiciliary visits in stables and stalls1 nor the seizure of sick animals1 but it did not falter a moment at the domiciliary visits and incarceration of insurgent citizens meditating mischief1 so that in this instance1 the privilege of immunity has been given to the brute creation4 ,everybody1 both in ,england and out of ,england1 admires their vigour and despatch in stifling the insurrection in its bud4 ,but why not act with equal promptitude in the case of an epizootia8 ,arming itself1 in this manner1 in the public interest1 and with sufficient power1 the ,government might have appointed an executive commission1 with the ,lord ,mayor as president4 ,such a commission would have applied itself at once to the consideration and studious examination of the subject in all its bearings1 and would have proposed prompt and energetic measures1 which the ,government1 with equal despatch1 would have confirmed by giving to them the authority of law1 as they have since tardily done4 ,a fund1 which1 for the wealth of ,england1 would not have been considerable1 #bej1jjjl4--the cost of a few ,armstrong guns--might have been placed at the disposal of this ,board1 to enable its directors to meet and provide for1 without delay1 every just claim and want arising from the scourge4 ,an auxiliary commission1 exclusively medical1 and consisting of medical and veterinary doctors1 might have been formed conjointly with the former1 and every preventive measure1 considered by them as necessary to stamp out the complaint at the outbreak1 after it had been proposed by the medical board1 and submitted to the executive commission1 and by them to the ,home ,secretary1 might have been acted upon by law within twenty-four hours4 ,taken unawares1 and the mode of treating the sick animals not being known at first1 they would have been reduced to the cruel necessity of exterminating at once all tainted cattle1 as well as those belonging to tainted herds1 but not without compensating the owners of those cattle4,s ,they would have sent two physicians to ,russia and ,hungary1 to observe and study the preventive and curative medication1 especially their mode of inoculation1 and thanks to the rapid locomotion of these times1 twenty days would have been sufficient for this foreign exploration4 ,the physicians constituting the medical board should have been authorized to seize any beast tainted with the typhus2 a company should have been charged to collect and keep ready for the public service1 at the four quarters of ,london1 an ample retinue of horses1 closed carriages1 and working men1 to convey at all hours of the day and night the carcases of the slaughtered animals to the respective spots1 where long and deep trenches had been dug to receive them4 ,each carcase before burial to have been well sprinkled with chloride of lime4 ,by taking this course1 every one's interest would have been respected1 as much as can be desired when a great calamity threatens a country2 besides1 in doing so1 the present ministers would but have followed the example of the ,government 7with regard to compensation71 during the epizootia of the eighteenth century4 ,the proprietors who had thus received1 not the full and absolute price1 but a sum sufficiently remunerative for their sacrificed cattle1 would have assisted the authorities1 and thereby would have served the common interest1 because their sick cattle1 perishing every hour within their stalls and sheds1 were no longer a real source of embarrassment and ruin4 ,they would not have been obliged to drive them to market to get what they could out of them and disencumber themselves4 ,the most active cause of the contagion would by this means have been prevented4 ,this allowance having been made for the most pressing dangers1 attention should next have been directed to a matter no less important--we mean the treatment and cure of this distemper2 for we will never admit that ,england can have fallen back a century1 and that whilst those enlightened men--,malcolm ,flemming and ,layard--proposed and tried to cure and prevent ox-typhus in #ageg1 we1 in #ahfe1 shall have been reduced to the horrible alternative1 the repugnant barbarity1 of the general and indiscriminate extermination of the tainted cattle4 ,whilst1 therefore1 the treatment of the typhus would have been studied on the spot1 and the most urgent measures would have been taken to withstand the propagation of the evil1 they would have established1 a few miles from ,london and on the northern side1 in the direction of the great cattle market1 a number of hospitals or sanitariums1 and1 as far as possible1 within a park4 ,these hospitals1 constructed of wood1 containing1 besides stables and sheds1 a slaughter-house1 a dwelling-house for the staff of employs1 a laboratory stocked with all the physical and chemical instruments required1 c41 would in two or three weeks have been sufficiently prepared to receive a certain number of cattle4 ,provided with these advantages and opportunities1 a permanent stage of operation would have been raised on which trials and experiments might have been made with every chance of fruitful results4 ,in these sanitariums1 for instance1 the most practical physicians and veterinarians might have entered upon a systematic course of treatment1 dividing the bovine patients into classes1 according to their periods of disease1 their age1 c42 and trying some particular mode of treatment1 some remedy considered as effectual1 alternately1 upon each of these classes of tainted cattle4 ,these experiments1 having been made under circumstances so favourable1 would have enabled the faculty to establish a medical basis1 which1 if not infallible1 would have been relatively efficacious1 and might have saved a large number of the infected animals4 ,whilst thus fixing their attention on the cure of the sick animals1 these experimentalists would have carefully studied and practised the preventive treatment by inoculation1 availing themselves both of ,layard's hints and recommendations and of the practical knowledge acquired by the medical expedition to the steppes1 which would by that time have returned from their mission4 ,they would have selected animals smitten with the genuine typhus1 of the typhoid and intestinal form1 in the third period1 whilst the depurative and critical secretions are running from the mucous membranes2 they would have gathered the virus from its springs of infection or from its purulent subcutaneous deposits or from the serum of the blood4 ,on the other hand1 they might have chosen four heifers1 of good constitutions and healthy1 and these they might have prepared1 according to ,layard's advice1 for inoculation1 by a special treatment1 and by hygienic and medical cares4 ,on some of these the inoculation would have been made near the tail1 according to the subcutaneous process1 with a lancet charged with typhic virus2 on others1 a crucial incision1 or cross-cut1 would have been made on the crupper4 ,but1 to speak truth1 we cannot do better than ,layard1 whose ingenious treatment1 with all due deference to a certain veterinarian of our day1 deserves a very different epithet than that of being amusing4,t ,layard says3-- ,that nothing may be omitted which in any shape can contribute to the success of inoculation1 due attention should be paid to the constitution and state of the beast1 no less in this practice on the cattle than on the human species4 ,undoubtedly the young1 healthy1 and strong bid fairer for a good issue than the old1 sickly1 and feeble2 each of these different constitutions demand a particular treatment1 even in the method of preparation2 and however trifling it may seem to many--the urging a necessity of preparation--,i will venture to affirm that ,i have seen excellent effects arising from a rational preparation1 and fatal events from want of preparation4 ,i have likewise been witness of unfavourable turns1 merely from an injudicious preparation4 ,the beasts which are sanguine require moderate bleeding2 those that have but a small share of blood must have none drawn4 ,the strong must1 besides moderate bleeding and purging1 be kept on light diet and their body kept open4 ,thus1 scalded bran1 mixed with their hay and chaff2 will cool them4 ,the weakly1 and such as are inclined to scour1 must be kept on dry fodder1 and have peas and beans given them to strengthen them4 ,a mess of malt1 or a quart of warm ale1 with a few spices1 will be very suitable for them4 ,whatever diseases the cattle be affected with1 if time will permit1 they are first to be removed4 ,the cattle to be inoculated are first to be well washed1 rubbed dry1 and then curried1 to remove all the filth from the hair and skin4 ,then they are to be placed in a spacious barn or stable1 where the air is temperate and no cold can come to them4 ,there they are to be prepared according to the direction already given1 foddered with good sweet hay1 and watered with clear spring water2 and if the distemper be not near they may be turned out into the air1 near the barn or stable1 and may stay there a few hours in the middle of the day4 ,when it appears that the cattle are in perfect health1 free from any infection or other disease1 brisk and lively1 neither costive nor scouring1 and chewing their cud1 then the operation may be safely undertaken1 and henceforth they must be confined to the barn4 ,since there is observed to follow the greatest flow of the contagious and putrid particles separated from the blood1 wherever the infectious matter makes an impression at first1 particular care must be taken not to inoculate near such vital parts as the heart and lungs1 nor near the womb1 if a cow with calf be inoculated2 for1 though rowels are properly applied in the dewlaps1 to draw off the pestilential humour from the breast1 and in other cases beasts are frequently rowelled in the flanks1--yet in this operation1 as matter is inserted by these channels into the neighbouring vessels1 those vital parts1 or the womb1 might become the chief seat of the disease1 and the event prove fatal4 ,to prevent such accidents1 human beings have been inoculated on the arms and legs1 and now-a-days the arms are found sufficient4 ,i would recommend that the cattle should be inoculated about the middle of the shoulders or buttocks1 on both sides1 to have the benefit of two drains4 ,the skin is to be cut lengthways two inches1 deep enough for the blood to start1 but not to bleed much4 ,in this incision is to be put a dossil or pledget of tow1 dipped in the matter of a boil full ripe1 opened in the back of a young calf recovering from the distemper4 ,it may not be amiss to stitch up the wound1 to keep the tow in1 and let it remain forty-eight hours4 ,then the stitches are to be cut1 the tow taken out1 and the wound dressed with yellow basilicon ointment1 or one made with turpentine and yolk of egg1 spread on pledgets of tow4 ,these dressings are to be continued during the whole illness1 and till after the recovery of the beast1 to promote the discharge2 and then the wound may be healed with the cerate of lapis calaminaris1 or any other4 ,on the third day after inoculation1 the discolouring of the wound1 whose lips appear grey and swollen1 will be a sign that the inoculation has succeeded2 but the beasts1 as ,professor ,swenke informs us1 did not fall ill till the sixth day1 which answers exactly to the observations daily made in the inoculating of children4 ,yet the ,professor adds that on the third day a costiveness came on1 which was removed by giving each calf three ounces of ,epsom salts4 ,no sooner do the symptoms of heaviness and stupidity appear than the beasts must have a light covering thrown over them1 and at night fastened loosely4 ,they must be rubbed morning and evening1 and curried1 till the boils begin to rise2 warm hay-water and vinegar-whey must be given plentifully4 ,should the beasts require more nourishment1 dry meat1 such as hay1 with a little bran1 may be offered4 ,i should be very cautious in giving milk-pottage1 even after the boils and pimples had all come out1 for fear of bringing on a scouring4 ,however1 this caution is proper1 that whenever milk-pottage be given the vinegar-whey is to be omitted for obvious reasons4 ,in cases of accident1 the same attention is to be observed in the disease by inoculation as in the natural way1 and the medicines recommended are the same ,i would use2 but by inoculation there seldom is a call for any1 so favourably does the distemper proceed through its several stages4 ,the crisis being over1 it will be proper to purge the cattle1 to air them by degrees1 and to have the same regard in the management of them as is laid down in the chapter on the method of cure4 ,the typhic virus is so highly infectious and poisonous that the first animals inoculated would have all died2 it would have been necessary to inoculate successively a number of animals with the virus derived from the first inoculation1 and transmitted from an inoculated animal to a healthy one1 by which means they would have acquired a virus of the first1 second1 third generation1 and so on4 ,these inoculations having always been made on four animals at a time2 on two of them1 the disease would have been left to take its own course1 in order that the experimentalists might watch its progress and development1 and the two others would have supplied the virus for inoculation4 ,at the third or fourth generation1 the virus1 modified and attenuated in its infectious principles1 would no longer have been mortal in its effects1 as experience has proved in ,russia4 ,then the inoculated animals1 placed under the control of hygienic cares and a few purgative and tonic medications1 would have passed from convalescence to health4 ,the virus thus attenuated would have supplied the means of a practical inoculation on a large scale to all healthy animals4 ,proceeding thus1 they would1 moreover1 but have followed the method adopted in those times of epidemic and epizootia when the small-pox is raging4 ,on those occasions1 we subject our sick patients to vaccination or revaccination2 we inoculate the variola in our sheep threatened with the contagion2 we pursue the same course in cases of epizootia1 of peripneumonia4 ,and truly1 that which it is reasonable to do in one case may be generalized and applied to a greater number4 ,the experiment we have suggested might1 perhaps1 have been long and difficult1 nay1 even costly1 but we should have established1 after a certain time1 the rational method of this preventive treatment1 and have distributed the same throughout the country4 ,veterinarians would have formed in particular districts their centre of operation1 in which the preventive virus might have been produced1 and they might have gone from farm-house to farm-house to inoculate all the cattle within them4 ,from these facts and observations made by the physicians1 precious documents would have been derived2 and if1 contrary to all expectation1 success had not justified every hope1 we should have bequeathed to future generations facts and experiences which would have been of the most useful character to them and full of instruction4 ,thus it is that science advances and progress is accomplished4 ,if all that we have just indicated as a realizable matter had been done1 in effect1 ,england would have afforded in this1 as she has so often done in other cases1 a noble example to be followed1 and would have acquired a new title to the admiration of other nations4 ,but1 unfortunately it has not been so3 silence has succeeded to eloquence at ,guildhall1 and the meetings at the ,mansion-house have flickered away4 ,that which was held on the #bgth of ,september1 seems likely to be the last of them4,u ,the subscriptions which1 in spite of all the praiseworthy efforts and earnestness of the ,lord ,mayor1 did not reach #bjjjl41 were returned to the subscribers1 so that all the attempts which have been made to centralize the direction to be given to the various measures have proved abortive4 ,the plan of forming sanitariums1 as well as that of compensating the owners of cattle1 have both fallen to the ground4 ,what can we think of such a state of things when we see the ox-typhus extending its ravages to sheep1 and have to fear that the disease will spread to other animal species8 ,what serious reflections it creates in our minds1 and what awful consequences we might deduce therefrom6 ,but what would be the use of them8 ,let us add1 however1 that ,france1 save on the recognised principle of indemnification1 and a more speedy extermination of her tainted cattle1 has shown the same deficiency as to the means of treatment as ,england2 whilst we have the consolation of attributing this impotence on the part of this country to the fact that the outbreak of the epizootia has occurred during the ,parliamentary recess4 ,it is1 therefore1 to institutions rather than to individuals that we must ascribe the impossibility of conquering the difficulties which have been met1 and which at any other time might not have obstructed the course of things4 ,far be it from us therefore to accuse of indifference a great people renowned for their zealous promotion of public interests1 for their charity and inexhaustible philanthropy1 whose innumerable asylums have been opened to every misfortune1 who support so many hospitals and public charities by their voluntary contributions1 and who1 in so many calamities1 have seen some devoted heroine issue from her retirement to assuage them4 ,for if the ,crimean war produced its lady beneficent in the person of ,florence ,nightingale1 all of us must allow that if others had followed the example of ,miss ,burdett ,coutts1 who1 in a manner1 has stood alone against the storm1 by the facilities she has afforded for treating and experimentalizing on the cattle smitten with typhus1 the formidable scourge might have been arrested in its focus4 ,,iii4 ,curative ,medication4 ,we might acquire the means of resisting the general causes which develop the typhus2 we might stop its diffusion1 we might even prevent it1 by inoculating the sound and healthy animals1 and yet it would be necessary1 none the less1 to search for the means of curing it2 for1 as in the small-pox1 the preventive treatment of which we know1 certain circumstances would arise in the disease which would oblige us to treat it4 ,and as we are far from being able to resist the generation and dissemination of this scourge1 which reckons almost as many victims as sufferers1 it is important to make known what treatment we can oppose to the functional derangements to which it gives rise4 ,as we have already said1 this typhus1 when the organism has absorbed its peccant and infectious miasma1 produces a succession of disorders which become in a manner temporary functions2 it pursues its phases1 its periods2 and as the functional derangements differ at these several epochs from the development of the morbid phenomena1 the course of medicine which is employed to check them cannot always be the same4 ,starting1 therefore1 from practical data1 we will attend the disease in its gradual advance--that is to say1 in its distinct periods--and will afterwards explain certain predominant symptoms1 which1 owing to their importance1 must likewise fix the attention of the careful therapeutist4 ,it will be remembered that we have recognised four periods in the regular course of typhus3-- #ast1 a period of incubation2 #bnd1 a period of initiation2 #crd1 a period of duration2 #dth1 a period of decline4 ,but1 in the first place1 before beginning the treatment1 every farmer or grazier1 or cattle-owner1 who keeps a certain number of cattle1 should divide his herd into several classes1 in order to regulate and methodize the cares to be given to the sick4 ,thus1 he will form a first class1 comprising the animals in a sound and healthy state1 having had no intercourse1 either direct or indirect1 with the tainted cattle1 and which he will be careful immediately to isolate and keep apart4 ,a second class must be formed of those beasts1 which1 though as yet unaffected with the distemper1 have1 nevertheless1 been exposed more or less directly to its contagion1 by living and consorting with them1 or by their contact with other animals1 either at fairs or markets1 or in the ships and cattle-trucks on the railway during their transit from one place to another4 ,the horned cattle composing this latter class must be carefully watched1 and be made the subject of the preventive treatment1 the moment the first sign appears of the working of the incubation4 ,a third class must be formed1 consisting of cattle actually smitten with the distemper4 ,these divisions of animals being thus settled and separated1 will diminish the labour and the cost of treatment and the liability to diffuse the complaint1 especially when the epizootia begins to lose its virulence4 ,first ,period--of ,incubation4 ,we have said that infectious diseases1 when once the frame had suffered the effects of the poisonous miasma1 pursued their fatal course1 and that1 generally speaking1 it was impossible after such infection to arrest its development4 ,we say generally1 for the typhus at the outbreak of its appearance on a virgin soil sometimes manifests itself in a benignant manner1 then it becomes more destructive1 by-and-bye its pernicious properties decline1 and it in some sort goes out of itself4 ,one would say that the epizootia1 like those it smites1 has likewise its peculiarities1 its period of initiation1 of duration1 and of decline4 ,there are in consequence fixed times or epochs during which the sufferers afford better scope for our means of action2 at a given moment the attenuated virus1 having lost much of its deadly effects1 ceases to produce death1 which decline is the real source of the marvellous successes obtained by certain remedies against the epizootia4 ,if it be true that the distemper at its period of duration1 and at its most critical moment1 cannot be fettered1 we should not be justified in asserting positively the same1 as respects the period of incubation4 ,indeed1 we are convinced ourselves1 that if ever this disease shall be clogged in the wheel1 if ever its specific remedy shall be discovered1 it will be within the period of incubation1 when the economy begins to struggle with the first phenomena of the poisoning4 ,be that as it may1 we cannot1 in epizootic times1 too earnestly enjoin the owners of cattle to submit their animals to a strict and close inspection1 in order that1 when the first signs of incubation appear1 they may modify the animal's usual diet1 and attack the disease at its birth1 so as to render it abortive1 if the thing can be done4 ,at this period we must endeavour to come to ,nature's assistance1 we must shake and stir up the economy1 we must unseat the morbid functions which seek to master us1 and then the vital force1 thus solicited and stimulated1 may sometimes struggle with advantage4 ,to do this effectually1 if the animal is atonic and predisposed to adynamia1 if his internal organs are relaxed1 we will strengthen him by administering every day a stimulating beverage4 ,if he is confined to the stall we will give him the open air1 and let him graze the fields2 which is a treatment by itself for the invalid animal1 so vivifying is the pure air of the common1 and so thoroughly different from the atmosphere which is pent up within his stall4 ,if the animal is strong1 lusty1 exuberant with health1 let him be purged once or twice1 the purgative to be given at intervals of twenty-four hours4 7,we shall give the medical formula in the chapter addressed to farmers1 graziers1 c47 ,this purgation1 moreover1 will correspond with the theory of those authors who consider the evacuations as the proper means of delivering the economy from the infectious miasms which have been absorbed4 ,if the beast is plethoric1 recourse should sometimes be had to bleeding1 especially in hot and dry seasons1 like the one we have recently passed through4 ,these stimulative and depletive medications cannot but be favourable to the animal1 since it will anticipate the treatment to which he must be submitted a few days later1 when the disease shall have declared itself4 ,to this treatment1 in some sort preventive1 must be annexed an antimiasmatic beverage1 either a permanganate of potash1 or a solution of chlorate of potash1 or of arsenic acid in powder1 mixed with some aromatized beverage1 or solution of arseniate of soda4 ,these anti-typhic drinks must be discontinued on those days when the sick cattle are purged4 ,it need hardly be said1 that during this period of incubation the feeding of the cattle must be strictly attended to1 and that the animal must receive unusual hygienic care4 ,second ,period1 or that of ,initiation4 ,at this period the constitution and temperament of the sick cattle must first of all be deliberately studied1 so as to ascertain fully which are lymphatic1 which are nervous1 and which are sanguine4 ,we must notice the age1 the sex1 the state of gestation1 and make allowance for any prior complaints to which any of the sick cattle may have been subject4 ,for if1 like certain system-mongers1 we reduced the treatment of all tainted cattle to the same mathematical formula of medication1 that is1 either to bleeding or to purging exclusively1 we should certainly increase the number of victims4 ,in this stage of the disease we have to contend with the derangements of the circulation and secretions4 ,the fever is generally intense1 the blood is inflamed or vitiated1 the mucous membranes are dried up2 shiverings1 alternations of cold and heat1 c41 occur4 ,we must then mitigate these morbid phenomena either by bleeding or purging4 ,the bleeding must be more or less copious1 according to the strength of the animal4 ,for1 it must not be forgotten that we have several critical phases to pass through1 and if we exhaust the animal by too largely draining him of blood1 we may forfeit the success of the treatment4 ,if bleeding is considered unnecessary1 let the sufferer be purged at once1 by administering either sulphate of magnesia 7,epsom salts71 or sulphate of soda 7,glauber's salt74 ,these purges to be taken daily1 for two or three days1 according to the way they operate4 ,linseed oil1 mixed in some warm beverage1 may be given instead of these1 or else a mixture of rhubarb and calomel1 or even a decoction of senna4 ,preference should be given to saline or laxative purges1 as1 drastic purgatives1 such as aloes or jalap1 sometimes concentrate the inflammation on the narrow parts of the digestive channels4 ,in this second stage--the period of initiation--the appetite is generally gone1 the thirst excessive2 so that nutritive or solid feeding must of course be suppressed4 ,as for the drinks1 they must be cold1 consisting of water with sufficient flour mixed in it to whiten it1 and a little vinegar or sulphuric acid1 to acidulate it4 ,a decoction of good hay with some marine salt1 or nitrate of potash2 a decoction of pellitory or wall-wort1 of ground-ivy1 or whey1 or buttermilk1 likewise acidulated1 and which the cattle are very partial to1 will in every way be suitable for their use4 ,if the heat of the skin diminishes1 and if congestion appears to settle on the lungs1 the drinks must be given warm1 consisting of a decoction of borage leaves1 mallows1 marsh-mallow1 and pellitory4 ,in these cases1 the body must be protected from chills by overlaying it with blankets1 so as to keep the mass of the blood as much as possible on the surface1 and check the tendency it has to load the internal organs4 ,by following these prescriptions1 we shall answer all the conditions of the treatment during the second period4 ,in truth1 by the process of bleeding1 we shall have reduced the heat of the fever1 and prevented too great a flow towards the nervous1 pulmonary1 or digestive centres4 ,the purgings will have acted with similar effects2 and1 what is more1 they will have cleared the prim vi1 and rendered the circulation of the abdominal apparatus more easy4 ,in fine1 the drinks will have contributed to assuage the violence of the fever4 ,the washing1 which must be effected with a wet sponge passed over the nose1 mouth1 and eyes1 and then over the skin1 which must afterwards be rubbed dry1 will be both useful and pleasant to the sick animal4 ,this cleansing will maintain the important functions of the skin in due order4 ,some persons have advocated as most efficacious at this period hydro-therapia1 or the ,water-cure1 in the form of warm and cold ablutions1 vapour baths1 c4 ,this treatment1 so bracing by its revulsive action1 and the powerful influence of which we witnessed for several years in the establishment which we superintended at ,belle ,vue1 near ,paris1 might prove of some service in ox-typhus1 especially in the form of the vapour bath2 but it requires so much practice1 and so incessant and watchful a care1 that it is needful to have the process attended by an experienced practitioner4 ,we must remark1 in addition1 that the general state of the animal1 and his desire for food1 will show the degree of strictness and restraint which must be observed in regulating his diet4 ,his instinct must be taken by us as a guide2 and if the drinks rendered nutritive by the addition of bran1 oatmeal1 barley flour1 or even seed of grass pounded1 are relished by him1 we must indulge his desires to some extent1 in order to keep up his strength4 ,third ,period1 or that of ,duration4 ,at this stage of the distemper we must watch and follow step by step the symptoms which attend it1 and come to their relief4 ,all the secretions have now resumed their course2 from the mucous membranes there occurs a copious discharge1 first of all serous1 then thick and muco-purulent2 the breathing may be obstructed1 the diarrhoea frequent2 the air infiltrates beneath the integument4 ,the fever is sometimes continuous1 sometimes intermittent4 ,we must satisfy the cravings of the vital powers by administering the same beverages as in the preceding period4 ,far from checking the diarrhoea1 as some advise1 we must regulate the evacuations by means of laxatives1 such as tartrate of potash1 sulphate of magnesia1 or sulphate of soda4 ,it is very essential1 indeed1 that the mucous membranes of the digestive channels should be free1 and not irritated by the contact of solid alimentary substances or bilious secretions4 ,if the diarrhoea be too frequent or irritating1 we must give the sufferer night and morning a clyster1 consisting of bran water4 ,at this period we will follow the advice given over and over again by all the physicians of the last century1 and apply cauteries with red-hot iron1 or fix one or two setons either on the dewlap1 the neck1 or the thighs1 and these issues must be kept open by means of basilicon ointment4 ,it is unquestionably of the highest importance to promote all the depurative secretions in animals whose cellular tissue is choked up with grease and lymph4 ,those only have got well in which the running has been regular and copious1 and the wasting of the flesh progressive4 ,if the fever is not regular1 two pills of sulphate of quinine must be given1 each pill containing one gramme1 one pill in the morning1 the other during the day1 in order to prevent the fit1 which usually takes place in the evening4 ,if the state of atony1 of adynamia1 comes on at this period1 acetate of ammonia must be given1 from one to six ounces1 in a pint of water1 the same to be administered in two doses2 only the acidulous or alkaline drinks must be discontinued1 otherwise the acetate of ammonia would be decomposed in its passage into the digestive channels4 ,finally1 the eyes1 the nostrils1 and the mouth must be frequently washed with an infusion of camomile1 or some other aromatic plant4 ,the setons must be kept up very carefully4 ,if the sick animal relishes the nutritive beverages1 let him have a decoction of bread1 rice1 barley1 or oats4 ,fourth ,period1 or that of ,decline4 ,at this stage of the disease1 in which adynamia predominates1 everything must tend to support the organism4 ,the drinks must be bitter and stimulating2 beer1 with plenty of hops in it1 with an addition of powdered ,peruvian bark or sulphate of iron1 may be given2 or a decoction of this bark1 with gentian roots1 centaury leaves1 and hops2 or again1 a beverage may be administered night and morning1 made of veterinary theriacum1 of extract of juniper and alcohol2 or finally1 an infusion of aromatic plants4 ,if the diarrhoea be bloody and fetid1 give the animal night and morning a clyster1 consisting of a decoction of ,jesuit's bark1 adding thereto a spoonful of powdered wood charcoal1 pounded to the finest powder1 and passed carefully through a sieve4 ,if the running ceases1 its return must be excited by injecting in the nostrils a spoonful of sternutatory vinegar or smelling salts4 ,finally1 the purulent boils must be opened1 and dressed with stimulating ointment4 ,at this closing period1 which determines the fate of the disease1 as we say1 there is a tendency to despair of the cure4 ,seeing the fatal course of most attacks1 we lose heart1 death seems inevitable1 and we yield its prey to its fangs4 ,but let us not despair2 let us remember that1 in these febrile infectious diseases1 above all1 the phenomena must almost always proceed to the last stage of exhaustion of the vital powers to render the cure attainable4 ,some patients1 smitten with typhoid fever or cholera1 have owed their lives to the indefatigable tenacity of the contest in extremis between life and death4 ,i still see before me a choleraic patient1 whom1 during the epidemic of #ahdi1 ,i had left in the morning at ten o'clock1 passing into the cold period4 ,at five o'clock ,i returned to see him2 the whole family was in tears1 and the sheet had been thrown over the patient's head1 as if he had already breathed his last4 ,time was precious to me at that fell season1 and ,i was about to retire1 when ,i applied my finger to the wrist of the sufferer1 and felt a faint pulsation at long intervals4 ,i threw my coat off directly1 called for flannel and essential oil of mustard1 which ,i had prescribed that morning4 ,i set the example1 and instantly the whole family helped me to rub the patient in every direction4 ,in a quarter of an hour the heart quickened and revived1 and in less than half an hour more the circulation resumed its course2 at the end of an hour of this obstinate struggle the vital heat began to show itself--in a word1 the patient was saved4 ,we must not1 therefore1 give up the contest until the death of the sufferer is fully ascertained2 and the same persistency should be practised in the case of animals smitten with the typhus4 ,if the circulation slackens1 if the skin turns cold1 take a piece of wool1 coat it with rubefacient liniment1 and rub the animal therewith1 more particularly along the spine4 ,then give him a cordial drink1 and pass raies de feu over the loins4 ,all these appliances will help to stimulate the nervous system1 and resuscitate the exhausted powers of life4 ,if1 at last1 we are so fortunate as to overcome the profound adynamia which has utterly prostrated the frame1 we next shall have to sustain the sick animal by giving him decoctions of meat with sea-salt1 or sulphate of iron added to it1 or a light broth1 made with meat and bread4 ,herbivorous animals1 put upon a carnivorous diet1 would not generally endure it1 of course2 but some of them rather incline to unctuous beverages1 and even to cooked or raw meat4 ,all men know that certain horse trainers give race-horses a small portion of meat1 especially when the races are coming on1 in order to increase their mettle and strength4 ,we remember a sheep1 which we saw at the ,ecole d',alfort1 during our studies of comparative pathology and the cutaneous diseases of domestic animals1 which manifested a great liking for meat1 and even ate it ravenously like a glutton4 ,in convalescence1 the animal must be sent into the open air1 in some fold enclosed with bars2 he must be taken every day to pasture1 each day increasing the time he is allowed to feed1 and gradually he will be left to return to his usual regimen4 ,but still it must be observed1 that in this distemper convalescence is long and slow1 and very deceitful4 ,a too substantial course of feeding often revives the inflammation of the intestines by irritating ulcerations not yet healed1 and more than one animal which had been looked upon as cured has perished in its convalescence through a lack of watchful attention4 ,herbivorous beasts1 therefore1 incline to and digest animal food2 consequently1 we must give sick oxen meat broths1 pure milk1 or milk and water4 ,with these must be mixed wheat straw chopped small1 for hay or even oat straw would swell and distend the stomachs4 ,the typhus in this epizootia is not regular in its progress and development4 ,frequently the nervous or pulmonary phenomena predominate1 when the treatment1 such as we have just explained1 must be modified4 ,we must also bear in mind that nature does not divide a disease into periods1 like those we have adopted to render our exposition of the symptoms more intelligible and the treatment itself more methodical4 ,if the nervous form of the disease prevails--if the animal shows alternations of dulness and restlessness--if1 pressure on the spine is very painful--above all1 if1 in bulls1 for instance1 there is plethora1 let the bleedings and purgings be increased in order to abate the nervous erethismus4 ,in this form1 the violence of the attack usually carries off the beast4 ,should there1 however1 be any chance of saving him it will be by employing this medication1 which is at once revulsive and depletive1 notwithstanding the well-known fact that bleedings1 far from relieving the nervous system1 sometimes aggravate its irritability4 ,a general ablution with cold water may be tried in desperate cases4 ,the animal must then be immediately well rubbed1 and covered with wool1 in order to excite a thorough reaction4 ,in the pulmonary form of the typhus1 but only during the acute stage1 the drinks must be warm and emollient1 composed of a decoction of soothing substances1 with mallows1 c42 or one of linseed1 to which must be added some oxymel of squills and opium4 ,the purgatives must be non-stimulating2 and emetics1 freely diluted1 for instance1 will be very serviceable4 ,at the third and fourth period in this pulmonary form of the disease1 adopt the treatment prescribed for intestinal typhus4 ,we might have greatly enlarged the list of the pharmaceutic agents1 but the richer a treatment is in remedies the poorer it is in cures4 ,we have made choice of the simplest and safest among all the remedies advised by experienced men1 making allowance for the difficulties inherent to the number of animals1 the mode of application1 the cost1 c41 always keeping in view the life of the animal to be saved and the interest of the cattle owners4 ,we think that the treatment by inoculation might have prevented the typhus in a very large proportion1 and that the curative medication might have saved many of the infected cattle at the worst period of the epizootia4 ,such1 then1 are the results which will one day be obtained1 when we shall be able to supersede the barbarous process of general extermination1 by the adoption of a rational treatment1 founded at once on science and practical experience4 ,,iv4 ,hygienic ,measures to be taken against the ,extension of the ,contagion--,acts and ,orders concerning ,sanitary ,police ,regulations4 ,i have purposely neglected1 in discussing the various plans of treatment1 certain measures to be adopted with the object of opposing the spread of the contagion4 ,the memorandum published on this subject by the ,privy ,council1 and drawn up by ,dr4 ,thudichum1 is so complete and so clear1 that we can find nothing better to say4 ,i recommend its perusal to all who possess horned cattle1 and who have occasion to send them to any distance4 ,it is of the highest importance to follow this judicious advice1 as the general interest will constitute here the safeguard of the pecuniary interests of each in particular4 ,i add to this memorandum upon hygienic measures1 the consolidated and amended acts and orders published under the head of ,sanitary ,police4 ,in this way those interested will have beneath their eyes all which it is important for them to know1 both in a medical and legal point of view4 ,,memorandum on the ,principles and ,practice of ,disinfection1 as applicable to the present ,epidemic of ,cattle ,disease4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,w4 ,,thudichum1 ,m4,d4 ,sidenote3 ,i4--,principles of disinfection4 ,i4--,,principles ,,of ,,disinfection4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,definition of disinfection4 #a4 ,the term disinfection signifies the removal and destruction1 or destruction and subsequent removal of the products of destruction1 of all matters actually being or containing products of disease capable of reproducing disease in other animals4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,may include special purification and deodorization4 #b4 ,if the same processes and means1 as used for this purpose1 are applied to the purification and deodorization of places and things not actually infected1 but capable or suspected of being infected1 then these preventive measures are practically and properly included under the definition of disinfection4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,reproducers and primary carriers of infection4 ,sidenote3 ,infectious parts of dead animals4 #c4 ,the reproducers of the infectious matter or contagion are all kinds of cattle of the ox tribe1 which also are at present in this country the only animals liable to its specific effects4 ,it is probable that the contagion adheres with particular pertinacity to all secretions and discharges from sick animals4 ,for this reason1 fces or droppings1 urine1 ruminated food1 all secretions from the mouth1 nose1 and eyes1 and any sore parts of the surface of the diseased animals must be considered as the principal and primary carriers of the infectious matter or plague poison4 ,it is also probable that many parts of animals which have died from the cattle plague1 or have been killed during advanced stages of the disease1 are infectious1 some because they are primarily imbued with the contagion1 others because they have been in contact with it after the death of the animal4 ,skins1 hides1 hair1 horns1 and hoofs1 must therefore always be treated with precaution4 ,the chances of infection by flesh1 fat1 cleaned guts1 and blood1 are perhaps more remote1 but cannot be lost sight of4 ,sidenote3 #d4 ,particular danger of droppings1 or fces4 #d4 ,the cattle plague1 although affecting every part of the animal1 shows its visible effects most extensively in the intestinal canal4 ,it is believed1 and apparently upon good grounds1 that the intestinal discharges are the principal agents1 upon the distribution of which mainly depends the spread of the disorder4 ,sidenote3 #e4 ,enumeration of infected things and places4 #e4 ,it follows from the above1 that all articles which have been in contact with a diseased animal1 or any of its discharges1 particularly its fces1 are capable of carrying the infection for an indefinite time1 and must be looked upon as being actually infectious to other healthy animals4 ,such are racks of wood or iron2 cribs or mangers of wood1 iron1 or stone2 articles used for fastening animals2 leather collars and straps1 ropes and chains2 all harness of any animals used for drawing1 and all carts1 waggons1 and carriages which they have actually been drawing2 the stalls or sheds in which animals have been standing2 the whole lengths of the gutters and drains through which their urine has been flowing2 the entire surface over which their manure has been drawn1 and all implements with which the removal has been effected2 the entire dung-heap upon which infected manure has been put1 and the fluid contents of the manure pit1 or of the special receptacle for the urine2 yards or sheds in which cattle have been kept to tread down long straw1 and the whole of such straw and manure1 as also the ground beneath them2 paths and roads upon which diseased cattle have walked or been carried2 fields and meadows upon which they have been grazing2 all carts1 carriages1 trucks and railway trucks in which diseased cattle have been conveyed1 and all the platforms1 railings1 bridges1 and boards upon which they have been moved thereto2 as also all apparatus which has been used to pen1 tie1 lift1 haul1 lower1 and fix them2 the clothes1 and particularly shoes and boots1 and iron-pointed sticks of drivers and their dogs2 the apparel of all cattle-herds or attendants1 particularly their shoes and boots2 the shoes and boots of all persons visiting places where diseased cattle are or have been standing2 and1 in general1 the clothes of all persons visiting infected places1 ships1 and all parts of the platforms1 stages1 stairs and bridges1 hoists and cranes used for embarking and landing the animals2 markets1 and all sheds1 and pens1 and implements used in contact with cattle2 slaughter-houses1 and all persons and implements in them which have been employed upon sick cattle1 as also sundry parts or organs which come from sick animals killed in slaughter-houses2 knackers' yards1 trucks or carts1 horses1 men1 and implements which have been employed in the disposal of sick or dead animals2 wells and ponds from which diseased cattle have been drinking1 or into which any portion of their excreta has had any opportunity of flowing1 directly or indirectly2 all fodder1 grass1 hay1 straw1 clover1 c41 and particularly remnants of fodder upon which diseased cattle have been feeding2 and1 in general1 all persons1 animals1 places1 buildings1 and movable things which have been in contact with matters proceeding from diseased cattle1 or with such diseased cattle themselves4 ,to the above-mentioned places and things any of the processes and agents enumerated and described in the following may have to be applied4 ,sidenote3 ,,ii4 ,practice of disinfection4 ,,ii4--,,practice ,,of ,,disinfection4 ,sidenote3 ,a4 ,disinfection by earth4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,burying of animals1 c4 ,a4 ,disinfection by ,earth4 #a4 ,burying4--,all matters that can be buried1 so as to remain covered with a thick layer of ground or earth are innocuous4 ,the ground chosen for such interment should be dry4 ,the quickest1 and cheapest1 and most certain way of disinfecting an animal dead from the plague is to bury it entire4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,burying of dung4 #b4 ,the droppings1 and all straw and other matters contaminated therewith1 may also be buried into ground where they are not likely to be disturbed for a long time4 ,the places from which such droppings have been removed to be cleaned and disinfected as will be described below4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,infected manure and compost heaps4 #c4 ,manure heaps and the down-trodden manure of cattle yards1 if they have become infected by even a small quantity of the droppings of a diseased animal1 should be carefully shifted to a suitable piece of ground1 and there be transformed into compost heaps4 ,a layer of manure one or two feet in thickness should be covered all over with six inches of dry earth1 ashes1 and mineral rubbish2 upon this another layer of manure may be placed1 and then again a layer of earth1 and so forth1 until the whole of the manure is stacked2 it should be covered all over with a continuous layer of earth of from six inches to one foot in thickness4 ,if the manure heap or yard manure cannot be shifted1 it may be covered on the spot with a layer of dry earth1 after which all animals are to be kept away from it4 ,sidenote3 #d4 ,removal of boil infected by soakage4 #d4 ,if the floor of any shed or stable in which diseased cattle has been standing is not constructed with special water-tight and impenetrable material1 it must be assumed to be infected to the depth of at least six inches4 ,this ground should therefore be removed1 together with any stones1 pavements1 or wood work which may have been in contact with it1 carted to a piece of dry land and buried4 ,half-rotten wood is a particularly favourable carrier of infection4 ,mortar1 bricks1 loam1 or any other lining of the sides of a pen in which a diseased animal has been standing1 should be broken out and buried4 ,sidenote3 ,b4 ,disinfection by fire4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,burning4 ,b4 ,disinfection by ,fire4 #a4 ,burning4--,all infected articles of a minor value1 or made of incombustible materials1 can be disinfected by exposing them to a heat which will char organic matter4 ,to this class of articles may be reckoned racks of wood or iron2 cribs or mangers of wood1 iron or stone2 leather collars and straps1 ropes and chains2 dry manure1 residues of fodder from which diseased cattle have eaten2 and all such small articles of little value which can easily be replaced by new ones4 ,chains may be exposed to a dull red heat2 all other articles may be heated over a fire of coal1 brushwood1 or straw until well scorched4 ,all new articles of ironware should be bought in a galvanised state1 to prevent the formation of rust1 the accumulations of which form convenient seats for infectious matter1 and for the same purpose it is desirable that iron articles which have been disinfected by heat as above should afterwards be either galvanised1 or1 at least1 while hot be treated with resin1 to cover them with a durable varnish1 or should be varnished or painted4 ,sidenote3 ,c4 ,disinfection by chloride of lime4 ,general remarks4 ,c4 ,disinfection by ,chloride of ,lime4--,chloride of lime1 or bleaching powder1 is the most powerful1 the cheapest and most easily managed of all artificial disinfectants4 ,it can be had everywhere1 and at any time1 and in quantities sufficient for every purpose4 ,it should as much as possible he applied in solution1 of a strength varying somewhat with the particular purpose for which it is to be employed2 and after it has been allowed to act upon the surface or matter to be disinfected a reasonable time1 should be washed off1 together with all products of decomposition4 ,as chloride of lime does not destroy only the infectious matter in a mixture1 but destroys all organic matter without distinction1 it is not applicable to large quantities of matter1 such as the manure of cattle1 dung-heaps1 c41 inasmuch as twice or three times the weight of these matters of chloride of lime would be required for their effectual destruction and disinfection4 ,it is further inapplicable to all matters rich in ammonia1 particularly putrid urine1 as it destroys the ammonia and evolves a large amount of gases1 some of which have a repugnant odour1 and are perhaps not quite innocuous4 ,but for the disinfection of surfaces of things and places no better or more suitable agent than chloride of lime is at present known to science4 ,sidenote3 ,d4 ,special directions for disinfection of stables1 sheds1 c41 trucks1 and ships1 c4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,special directions4 ,sidenote3 ,washing4 ,sidenote3 ,scrubbing4 ,sidenote3 ,all washing water to be disinfected4 ,d4 ,special ,directions for the ,disinfection of ,stables1 ,sheds1 ,vans1 ,railway ,trucks1 and ,cattle ,ships1,v and of ,persons and ,things connected with them4--#a4 ,after such a place has been cleaned by mechanical means1 scraping1 c41 as much as possible1 and all manure and dirt has been carefully buried1 the entire surface which has been contaminated1 or is likely to have been contaminated1 should be covered with a layer of chloride of lime in powder4 ,the powder should be worked about with a broom until equally distributed4 ,it is intended to disinfect the water to be used in the washing process which is now to commence4 ,clean water1 from a hose in which it flows under pressure1 or from a force-pump1 garden-engine1 or from large watering-pots or water-cans1 or poured freely from buckets1 should now be applied to the entire surface by one person1 while another at the same time scrubs the entire surface2 and particularly all crevices1 joints1 and irregularities4 ,the washing water and chloride of lime are then to be worked down the gutters1 into the sinks1 cesses1 or natural watercourses4 ,no washing water from any infected place or thing should ever be allowed to flow into any cesspool1 urine-hold1 dung-heap1 pond1 sewer1 or natural watercourse1 without having previously been mixed and stirred with a liberal amount of chloride of lime4 ,when the place has thus been scrubbed until the water flows off clean1 it is ready for effectual disinfection4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,actual disinfection4 ,sidenote3 ,solution of chloride of lime4 ,sidenote3 ,how applied4 ,sidenote3 ,how long to be left on4 #b4 ,for this purpose a solution of chloride of lime in water1 in the proportion of one pound of the powder to one gallon of water1 is made4 ,for the lair of one animal from six to ten gallons of such fluid should be prepared4 ,this fluid is now distributed over the whole surface to be disinfected1 gradually1 by squirting from a syringe1 or by pumping through a force-pump1 garden-engine1 or by watering from a watering-pot or can with a finely pierced rose4 ,all woodwork1 stones1 bricks1 cement1 mortar1 all fixtures of whatever material1 should be well wetted with the solution1 and immediately be scrubbed with a hard brush4 ,floor and ceiling are also scrubbed1 and the whole is left in this wet state covered with the chloride of lime solution for at least one hour1 during which time care is taken that no parts become dry4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,to be washed off after disinfection4 ,sidenote3 ,flushing4 ,sidenote3 ,precautions as to direction of clean water4 #c4 ,as the chloride of lime and the products of its decomposing action upon infectious matters may be hurtful to cattle1 these matters have to be carefully washed off by a second and final flushing4 ,for this too much water and too much scrubbing cannot be employed4 ,care should be taken to apply the clean water always to the highest parts1 so as to cause it to flow thence to the lower parts1 and to wash away the waste from the lower parts before applying any fresh water to the upper parts4 ,sidenote3 #d4 ,care not to carry back dirt by brooms1 boots1 c4 #d4 ,care should also be taken to rinse and flush every broom which has worked away sediment and waste from the lower parts into and through the gutters and drains before applying it again to the clean upper parts4 ,care should also be taken that the working persons should not step from the dirty or partially cleansed places on to the clean ones1 as this may suffice to bring infection back to the disinfected place4 ,sidenote3 #e4 ,disinfection of workmen and tools4 #e4 ,lastly1 all persons employed in this work1 having swept and flushed the gutters with the same care as the lairs1 are collected1 together with all engines and tools which they have used1 as near as possible to the sink or place of final egress of water from the premises1 and there disinfected as will be described4 ,sidenote3 ,tools4 ,the tools1 such as hooks1 forks1 spades1 hoes1 barrows1 c41 are scrubbed with the above solution of chloride of lime1 and subsequently water until clean2 they are then repeatedly wetted with the solution1 and after it has had time to disinfect the entire surfaces of them1 they are washed clean and laid up1 or hung up to dry4 ,sidenote3 ,workmen4 ,sidenote3 ,disinfection of boots4 ,sidenote3 ,disinfection of workpeople's bodies1 hands1 c4 ,sidenote3 ,changing and disinfecting clothes4 ,sidenote3 ,burning of articles of little value4 ,the workmen1 then1 having finished the disinfection and flushing of all objects and surfaces1 effect their own disinfection in the following manner3--,they wash their boots most carefully with chloride of lime and water1 scraping the soles and scrubbing the seams where the soles join the upper leather4 ,they wash their hands and arms1 and by means of clean rags or sponges they remove any splashes from their clothes4 ,after this they go indoors1 remove all clothes from head to foot1 wash their bodies1 and particularly their hands1 faces1 hair and feet1 with plenty of soap and water1 and put on fresh clothes and linen4 ,the clothes and linen which they have taken off should be treated as infected1 set to soak immediately in boiling water and afterwards disinfected1 or in water containing two ounces of chloride of lime to the gallon in solution1 or containing four ounces of ,condy's red permanganate of potash fluid in solution2 or the clothes and linen should be put in a copper and boiled and subsequently washed4 ,all articles of little value which are much soiled should be burned on a bright fire4 ,sidenote3 ,e4 ,disinfection of live stock4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,stock may carry infection in two modes4 ,e4 ,disinfection of ,live ,stock4--#a4 ,live cattle may carry infection in two ways3 first1 by being themselves infected with the plague and reproducing the poison2 and secondly1 by accidentally carrying the poison from other animals in a dormant state upon some part of their surface1 their hair1 and particularly their feet4 ,these latter animals may therefore infect others without being or becoming themselves subjects of the plague4 ,all persons therefore buying new animals1 should disinfect them before allowing them to enter their premises4 ,in a similar manner1 if in a stable there has been a case of plague1 the healthy or apparently healthy animals should all be disinfected4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,mode and means of disinfecting live stock4 ,sidenote3 ,warming and refreshing drink4 ,sidenote3 ,penned in the quarantine shed4 #b4 ,the mode in which live animals may be disinfected1 consists in washing them with disinfectant solutions of such strength as will destroy the contagion without injuring the surface of the animal4 ,a solution of two ounces of chloride of lime in a gallon of water1 is a proper solution for washing the coat of animals4 ,a mixture of four ounces of ,condy's red permanganate of potash fluid1 with one gallon of water1 is also a proper disinfectant solution4 ,for full-sized cows and bullocks1 c41 several gallons of either of these solutions should be used4 ,great care should be taken to keep the solution away from the eyes1 nostrils1 mouth1 and tender parts4 ,when the entire surface is washed and disinfected1 all disinfectant is removed by the application of great quantities of clean tepid water to all parts4 ,the animal is given a warming and refreshing drink1 and is conducted by a clean attendant to the clean quarantine shed4 ,there it should receive fodder both dry and green1 and sop1 and plenty of pure cold water1 and be rubbed dry with whisks of straw and hay4 ,sidenote3 ,f4 ,the quarantine shed4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,objects4 ,sidenote3 ,both quarantine and surface disinfection are required4 ,f4 ,the ,quarantine ,shed4--#a4 ,the quarantine shed is intended to keep the new and suspected cattle separate for a period of at least ten days1 in order to afford the security1 to be obtained by observation alone1 that it is not actually infected with plague4 ,while1 therefore1 disinfection of the surface of cattle removes one kind of danger1 another1 which cannot be removed1 can only be kept circumscribed or penned in1 and this is done by the quarantine shed4 ,but the keeping of cattle in the quarantine shed would not disinfect its surface with certainty even during a much longer period than ten days2 disinfection of the surface therefore cannot supply the precaution of the quarantine shed1 and a rigorous quarantine cannot supply the effect of surface disinfection4 ,both precautions are necessary for perfect security1 although either of them1 without the other1 obviates a particular kind and a certain amount of danger4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,management of the quarantine shed4 #b4 ,the quarantine shed should be situated in an isolated part of the premises4 ,all manure and urine from it should flow and be carried to a particular place separate and distinct from the common dung-heap1 and be buried daily4 ,sidenote3 ,cleanliness4 ,sidenote3 ,persons attending healthy stock not to attend quarantine shed1 and vice vers4 ,the utmost cleanliness should be observed in the shed4 ,all tools1 pails1 currycombs1 etc41 used in this shed should be used in it exclusively and nowhere else4 ,the person attending the quarantine shed should not be allowed to go into the shed where healthy stock is kept1 or permitted to approach healthy stock4 ,no person attending healthy stock should be permitted to approach quarantine cattle1 or to go near or into the quarantine shed4 ,but should unfortunately only one person be available for both duties1 that person should be allowed to approach quarantine cattle only when clothed in the safety dress to be immediately described4 ,sidenote3 ,g4 ,the safety dress4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,description4 ,g4 ,the ,safety ,dress4--#a4 ,this consists of strong water-boots reaching up to the knees1 well greased all over2 of a waterproof coat1 buttoned close all the way up in front1 and closing tightly round the neck and wrists4 ,the head is to be covered with a cap which takes the hair well in4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,persons who should use the safety dress4 ,sidenote3 ,to disinfect before leaving suspected or infected premises4 #b4 ,every person having occasion to visit sheds in which there is diseased cattle1 or suspected cattle1 or quarantine cattle1 should be provided with the above dress1 put it on when entering the place1 take it off when leaving the place1 and have it disinfected immediately4 ,this precaution should be strictly observed by all inspectors1 all veterinarians1 or others called in to attend sick cattle1 by all dealers and butchers entering sheds1 yards1 or meadows1 for the purpose of sale or purchase1 and by all other persons coming on the premises on business in connexion with cattle4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,strangers not to enter sheds except in disinfected safety dresses4 ,sidenote3 ,proprietors of cattle to keep safety dresses4 #c4 ,the owners of stock should not allow any strangers to enter their sheds1 yards1 or meadows1 except in disinfected safety-dresses2 and in case this should give rise to difficulties1 they will do well to have themselves one or two such safety-dresses at hand1 and to cause all persons whose business compels them to enter their sheds1 to leave their own boots behind1 and to put on the long boots1 waterproof-coat1 and special cap4 ,only thus can they hope to exclude all ordinary and obvious chances of infection from their previously healthy sheds1 yards1 and meadows4 ,sidenote3 ,h4 ,measures to be taken where plague has appeared4 ,sidenote3 ,killing and burying diseased animals4 ,sidenote3 ,disinfecting the living and the stables4 ,h4 ,measures to be taken on ,premises where ,plague has actually appeared4--#a4 ,when the plague has actually appeared in any shed1 yard1 or place1 the sick animal should at once be removed with all due precautions4 ,it is certainly the safest and best to pole-axe the animal at once1 and to bury it entire1 and then to disinfect the particular lair as above described1 clear out the stable or shed1 disinfect the whole of it and all apparatus1 also all the animals1 and only to let the animals enter the shed1 c4 again1 after it is completely sweet and dry4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,hospital shed4 ,sidenote3 ,situation of4 #b4 ,if1 however1 a proprietor is desirous of keeping a sick animal because its illness does not appear severe or fatal1 he should place it in a separate shed1 which must not be the same as or near to the quarantine shed1 and be distant from all healthy animals1 and so situated that the prevailing wind does not blow from this hospital shed towards the healthy or quarantine shed4 ,the water should also not flow from this hospital shed towards the others1 or the yard1 or any meadow1 but should be carefully drained away and sent off the premises by a special sink4 ,sidenote3 #c4 ,preventing of diffusion of fces4 #c4 ,to prevent the scattering of fces by infected animals 7and also by suspected animals and all animals suffering from diarrhoea71 their tails should be so tied to one or other of their horns as to protect them against being soiled by the intestinal discharges1 and to prevent them from distributing such discharges by the ceaseless motions peculiar to these organs4 ,the spattering of fces should be prevented by a copious supply of rough straw1 with some sand1 sawdust1 or ashes placed behind and underneath the animal4 ,the straw and fces should be dealt with as has been described4 ,animals affected with plague or diarrhoea should not be led along streets1 highroads1 and paths1 as they would be certain to drop infectious fces1 which would then be distributed over the entire length of these roads by the feet of men and animals1 and the wheels of vehicles4 ,sidenote3 #d4 ,special management of hospital shed4 ,sidenote3 ,persons to be employed4 #d4 ,the sick animals should be disinfected repeatedly2 their pens should be cleaned and disinfected repeatedly1 during the course of the illness4 ,this should be done by persons either guarded by the safety dress1 or--and this is safest--by such as may not come into contact with healthy cattle1 or have to enter healthy sheds4 ,all tools1 pails1 fodder1 c41 to be used in the hospital shed to be kept for that purpose only1 and never to be used with healthy1 or quarantine1 or only suspected cattle4 ,sidenote3 #e4 ,disinfection of parts of dead or killed animals4 #e4 ,if the proprietor of any dead piece of cattle1 whether it has died naturally or been killed1 should decide upon dismembering it instead of burying it entire1 and upon utilising the hide1 horns1 hoofs1 tallow1 and bones1 he should disinfect the skin1 horns1 and hoofs1 by steeping them for one hour in a strong solution of chloride of lime1 containing one pound of the powder in each gallon of water1 and afterwards washing them4 ,the tallow should be thickly powdered with chloride of lime all over1 and be sent directly to the boilers4 ,it should not be boiled in any vessel employed on the farm4 ,under all circumstances1 it is advisable to let this dismemberment of dead and fallen cattle he performed at the knacker's yard4 ,sidenote3 #f4 ,flesh1 c41 to be buried4 #f4 ,flesh1 blood1 guts1 lungs1 and the bones of the head of infected animals should not be trafficked with1 as they cannot easily be disinfected4 ,they should always be buried4 ,sidenote3 ,i4 ,disinfection of meadows1 fields1 roads1 c4 ,sidenote3 #a4 ,meadows4 ,i4 ,disinfection of ,meadows1 ,fields1 ,roads1 c4--#a4 ,meadows infected by diseased cattle should be carefully cleaned of all dung1 by burying each dropping on the spot where it lies1 cutting out the round piece of turf with the dropping on it1 and turning it upside down4 ,the grass on the entire meadow should then be cut and burned4 ,it should then be left without any cattle for at least a month1 including at least two wet days4 ,sidenote3 #b4 ,of roads1 c4 #b4 ,all roads1 paths1 streets of towns1 or villages should be carefully and frequently scavenged4 ,all carts1 vans1 or waggons used for carrying manure1 should be water-tight1 caulked and painted1 and should not be permitted to ooze and drop their fluid or semi-fluid contents on the road over which they are drawn4 ,they should be kept clean and disinfected1 as a precautionary measure1 by the proceedings above described4 ,sidenote3 ,,iii4 ,general recommendations4 ,,iii4 ,,general ,,recommendations4 ,in conclusion it must be pointed out to farmers1 dairymen1 and all persons having charge of cattle1 ,that the same great measures which are known to maintain and restore the health of human beings1 will also maintain and restore the health of cattle4 ,pure air2 dry1 spacious1 well-ventilated and well-drained clean sheds2 clean and dry meadows2 plenty of pure water2 frequent currying and washing2 the prevention of the development1 by the destruction of the germs1 of internal and external parasites1 particularly entozoa2 proper food in suitable quantities1 and at proper times2 protection from inclement weather2 the utmost cleanliness in the removal of manure2 the storing of the manure at a great distance from the cattle-shed1 and1 in addition1 the most conscientious observance of the precautionary and disinfecting measures above described--all these measures and agents together will secure the utmost possible health of stock and the prosperity of the agriculturist and dairyman4 ,but the neglect of any one of them will make the stock liable to become infected1 and the more so the more several or all collateral conditions of the healthy existence of animals are neglected4 ,the negligent man is therefore certain to lose1 to injure his neighbour by defeating his precautions1 and to damage society2 but the watchful and painstaking man will be rewarded not only by the preservation of his property1 but particularly by the consciousness that it has been preserved by his own care and attention1 and that thereby he has also benefited the state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this consolidates and amends the former ,orders4 7,copy47 ,at the ,council ,chamber1 ,whitehall1 the #bbnd day of ,september1 #ahfe4 ,by the ,lords of ,her ,majesty's ,most ,honourable ,privy ,council4 ,,present4 ,lord ,president4 ,duke of ,somerset4 ,earl of ,clarendon4 ,earl de ,grey and ,ripon4 ,mr4 ,secretary ,cardwell4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,bruce4 ,,whereas by an ,act passed in the session of the eleventh and twelfth years of ,her present ,majesty's reign1 chapter one hundred and seven1 intituled ,an ,act to prevent until the #ast day of ,september1 #ahej1 and to the end of the then next session of ,parliament1 the spreading of contagious or infectious disorders amongst sheep1 cattle1 and other animals1 and which has since been from time to time continued by divers subsequent ,acts1 and lastly by an ,act passed in the session of the twenty-eighth and twenty-ninth years of the reign of ,her present ,majesty1 chapter one hundred and nineteen1 it is 7amongst other things7 enacted that it shall be lawful for the ,lords and others of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council1 or any two or more of them1 from time to time1 to make such ,orders and ,regulations as to them may seem necessary for the purpose of prohibiting or regulating the removal to or from such parts or places as they may designate in such ,order or ,orders1 of sheep1 cattle1 horses1 swine1 or other animals1 or of meat1 skins1 hides1 horns1 hoofs1 or other part of any animals1 or of hay1 straw1 fodder1 or other articles likely to propagate infection2 and also for the purpose of purifying any yard1 stable1 outhouse1 or other place1 or any waggons1 carts1 carriages1 or other vehicles2 and also for the purpose of directing how any animals dying in a diseased state1 or any animals1 parts of animals1 or other things seized under the provisions of the said ,act1 are to be disposed of2 and also for the purpose of causing notices to be given of the appearance of any disorder among sheep1 cattle1 or other animals1 and to make any other ,orders or ,regulations for the purpose of giving effect to the provisions of the said ,act1 and again to revoke1 alter1 or vary any such ,orders or ,regulations2 and that all provisions for any of the purposes aforesaid in any such ,order or ,orders contained shall have the like force and effect as if the same had been inserted in the said ,act2 and that all persons offending against the said ,act shall for each and every offence forfeit and pay any sum not exceeding twenty pounds1 or such smaller sum as the said ,lords or others of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council may in any case by such ,order direct3-- ,and whereas a contagious or infectious disorder now prevails among the cattle of ,great ,britain1 which is generally designated the cattle plague1 and may be recognised by the following symptoms3-- ,great depression of the vital powers1 frequent shivering1 staggering gait1 cold extremities1 quick and short breathing1 drooping head1 reddened eyes1 with a discharge from them1 and also from the nostrils1 of a mucous nature2 raw-looking places on the inner side of the lips and roof of the mouth1 diarrhoea or dysenteric purging3 ,and whereas several ,orders1 dated respectively the #bdth of ,july1 the #aath1 #ahth1 and #bfth of ,august1 #ahfe1 have been made under the authority of the said ,acts by the ,lords of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council1 with a view to check the spreading of the said disorder3 ,and whereas it is expedient to consolidate and amend the said ,orders3 ,now1 therefore1 the ,lords of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council do hereby1 by virtue of1 and in exercise of the powers given by1 the said ,act1 so continued as aforesaid1 order as follows3-- #a4 ,this ,order shall extend to all parts of ,great ,britain4 #b4 ,the said ,orders dated respectively the #bdth of ,july1 the #aath1 #ahth1 and #bfth of ,august1 #ahfe1 are revoked1 with the exception of so much of the said ,order of the #bdth of ,july1 #ahfe1 as empowers the ,clerk of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council to appoint ,inspectors within the limits of the ,metropolitan ,police ,district1 provided that such revocation shall not affect any appointment made1 or any act done1 or penalty recoverable1 under any ,order hereby revoked4 #c4 ,in this ,order the word animal shall mean any cow1 heifer1 bull1 bullock1 ox1 calf1 sheep1 lamb1 goat1 or swine2 and the word ,inspector shall include any ,inspector appointed under this ,order1 or under any of the said revoked ,orders4 #d4 ,whenever the ,local ,authority1 as hereinafter defined1 shall be satisfied of the existence of the said disorder in1 or have reason to apprehend its approach to1 the district over which his or their jurisdiction extends1 it shall be lawful for such ,local ,authority1 if he or they shall think fit1 from time to time to appoint one or more ,veterinary ,surgeon or ,surgeons1 or other duly qualified person or persons1 to be an ,inspector or ,inspectors1 for the purpose of carrying into effect the rules and regulations made by this ,order1 within the district for which he or they shall have been appointed4 ,and the same authority may1 from time to time1 revoke such appointment4 #e4 ,subject to the powers herein reserved to the ,clerk of ,her ,majesty's ,privy ,council1 the ,local ,authority within the ,city of ,london1 and the liberties thereof1 shall be the ,lord ,mayor2 in any municipal borough in ,england or ,wales1 the ,mayor2 in any ,petty ,sessional ,division in ,england or ,wales 7exclusive so far as relates to the jurisdiction of the ,inspector of so much of the said division as lies1 within the limits of a municipal borough for which an ,inspector has been appointed71 the ,justices acting in and for such ,petty ,sessional ,division4 ,the ,local ,authority in any burgh or town in ,scotland which is subject to the jurisdiction of a ,provost or other ,principal ,magistrate1 shall be the ,provost or such ,principal ,magistrate2 and in any other place in ,scotland not within the jurisdiction of such ,provost or other ,principal ,magistrate1 the ,justices of the ,county in ,sessions assembled4 #f4 ,every ,inspector shall from time to time report to the ,local ,authority by which he is appointed1 the steps taken by him for carrying into effect the regulations prescribed by this ,order2 and the ,local ,authority shall certify1 in such manner as may be directed by one of ,her ,majesty's ,principal ,secretaries of ,state1 the number of days that such ,inspector has actually been engaged in the performance of his duty1 and the number of miles travelled by him while thus engaged4 #g4 ,every ,inspector shall furnish the ,lords of the ,council with such information in regard to the said disorder1 as their ,lordships may1 from time to time1 require4 #h4 ,every person having in his possession1 or under his custody1 any animal labouring under the said disorder1 shall forthwith give notice thereof to the ,inspector of the district within which such person resides1 or if no ,inspector shall have been appointed for the district within which such person resides1 then to the ,officers hereinafter named1 according to the place of residence of the person obliged to give notice2 that is to say3 within the ,metropolitan ,police ,district1 to the said ,clerk of the ,privy ,council2 within the ,city of ,london1 and the liberties thereof1 to the ,lord ,mayor2 within any other borough1 burgh1 or town subject to the jurisdiction of a ,mayor1 ,provost1 or other ,principal ,magistrate1 to such ,mayor1 ,provost1 or other ,principal ,magistrate2 elsewhere in ,england1 to the ,clerk of the ,justices acting in and for the ,petty ,sessional ,division2 and elsewhere in ,scotland1 to the ,clerk of the ,peace of the county4 #i4 ,every ,inspector shalt have power to enter upon and inspect any premises or place in which any animal or animals may be found within the district for which he is appointed1 and to examine and inspect1 whenever and wherever he may deem it necessary1 any animal within such district4 #aj4 ,every ,inspector shall have power within his district to seize and slaughter1 or cause to be seized and slaughtered1 and to be buried1 as hereinafter directed1 in any convenient place1 any animal labouring under the said disorder4 #aa4 ,every ,inspector shall have power within his district to cause to be cleansed and disinfected1 in any manner which he may think proper1 any premises in which animals labouring under the said disorder have been1 or may be1 and to cause to be disinfected1 and if necessary destroyed1 any fodder1 manure1 or refuse matter1 which he may deem likely to propagate the said disorder4 ,and every owner or occupier of such premises shall obey any order given by such ,inspector for that purpose4 #ab4 ,every ,inspector shall have power within his district to direct that any animal which he suspects to be labouring under the said disorder1 shall be kept separate from animals free from the said disorder4 ,and every person having in his possession1 or under his custody1 such animal1 shall obey any order given by such ,inspector for that purpose4 #ac4 ,every person having in his possession1 or under his custody1 any animal labouring under the said disorder1 shall1 as far as practicable1 keep such animal separate from all other animals1 and shall not1 if the animal be within a district for which an ,inspector has been appointed1 remove the same from his land or premises1 without the licence of the ,inspector4 #ad4 ,no person shall send or bring to any fair or market1 or expose for sale1 or send or carry by any railway1 or by any ship or vessel coastwise1 or place upon1 or drive along1 any highway or the sides thereof2 any animal labouring under the said disorder4 #ae4 ,no person in any district for which an ,inspector has been appointed shall1 without the licence of the ,inspector1 send or bring to or from market1 or remove from his land or premises1 any animal which has been in the same shed or stable1 or has been in the same herd or flock1 or has been in contact1 with any animal labouring under the said disorder4 #af4 ,no person shall place1 or keep1 any animal labouring under the said disorder in any common or unenclosed land1 or1 if the animal be in a district for which an ,inspector has been appointed1 in any field or pasture1 where1 in the judgment of the ,inspector1 such animal may be likely to propagate the said disorder4 #ag4 ,all animals having died of the said disorder1 or having been slaughtered on account thereof2 shall be buried with their skins1 and with a sufficient quantity of quick-lime1 or other disinfectant1 as soon as practicable1 and shall be covered with at least five feet of earth1 or shall1 in districts for which an ,inspector has been appointed1 with the consent of the owner1 be otherwise disposed of2 in manner directed by the ,inspector4 #ah4 ,during the continuance of the cattle plague within the said ,city of ,london1 or that part of the ,metropolitan ,police ,district which is under the jurisdiction of the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works1 no animal shall be brought or sent to the ,metropolitan ,cattle ,market1 or any other market within the said ,city or the said part of the ,metropolitan ,police ,district1 except for the purpose of being there sold for immediate slaughtering2 and every such animal1 as soon as sold1 shall be marked for slaughter1 in the manner in which cattle are ordinarily marked for slaughter in the ,metropolitan ,cattle ,market4 #ai4 ,whenever any ,local ,authority1 as hereinbefore defined1 declares1 by notice published in any newspaper circulating within his or their jurisdiction1 that it is expedient that animals1 as hereinbefore defined1 or some specified description thereof1 shall be excluded from any specified market or fair within that jurisdiction1 for a time to be specified in such notice1 it is hereby ordered1 that after the publication of such notice1 it shall not be lawful for any person to bring or send such animals or description thereof into such market or fair3 provided always1 that this clause of this ,order shall not1 unless renewed by a further ,order1 be in force after the expiration of three calendar months from the date of this ,order4 #bj4 ,every person offending against this ,order shall1 in pursuance of the said ,act1 for every such offence forfeit any sum not exceeding twenty pounds which the ,justices before whom he or she shall be convicted of such offence may think fit to impose4 7,signed7 ,,arthur ,,helps4 ,,footnotes3 ,r ,since these lines were put into the printer's hands1 the ,french ,government have proposed to other nations to take measures collectively to prevent the pilgrimage to ,mecca continuing to be a cause of the spread of cholera4 ,we hasten to render justice to this prudent initiative4 ,but why not take the same measures against typhus which are judged necessary against cholera8 ,s ,the typhus which broke out fifteen days ago near ,roubaix1 in ,france1 bordering upon ,belgium1 where the epizootia rages1 appears to have been stifled in its focus by the instantaneous extermination of the whole herd in which it declared itself4 ,t ,it is amusing to read authors of the last century on the treatment of this disease4 ,they were far more confident in their powers than we helpless creatures pretend to be4 ,the directions given are full and distinct1 and in chapters boldly headed ',the ,cure4' ,the beast is to be bled1 washed1 and hot vinegar and water1 with aromatic herbs1 may be placed in the stable to revive the cattle4 ,the animal must be rubbed a quarter of an hour1 both morning and evening1 and the bags of a milch cow should be anointed morning and evening with warm oil4 ,a rowel is to be made in the dewlap by taking a skein of hemp1 tow1 or twisted packthread1 a foot long1 and as thick as a man's thumb4 ,the prescriptions are most amusing4 ,they may serve to entertain those who want the cure at present1 and for this reason ,i reproduce one or two4--,gamgee1 ,letter on #bast ,august4 ,u ,dr4 ,letheby reported that #ab1iaf lbs41 or more than five tons of meat1 had been condemned in the ,city markets during the past week as unfit for human food4 ,it consisted of #fd sheep1 #d calves1 #g pigs1 #adb quarters of beef1 and #cfa joints and pieces of meat2 #ecgg lbs4 were diseased or from animals that had died of disease1 and the rest was putrid4 ,all of it was destroyed4 ,yesterday1 a sub-committee of the ,metropolitan ,plague ,committee1 at a meeting at the ,mansion ,house1 passed an unanimous resolution1 on the motion of ,mr4 ,brewster1 recommending that1 as unexpected and insuperable difficulties had arisen in carrying out the purposes for which they were appointed1 the money already subscribed should be returned to the subscribers1 after deducting1 pro rat1 the expenses already incurred4 ,v ,for the disinfection of railway trucks and cattle ships1 see ,special ,memorandum4 ,,third ,,part4 ,to ,farmers and ,graziers4 ,you would have had just cause to reproach me with a want of common sense if ,i had obliged you to read a book of two hundred pages1 and to lose your time in looking for the advice you will require1 if the cattle plague should visit your stalls and herds1 instead of being able to turn at once to the matter which concerns you4 ,i have taken up my pen on purpose to be of service to you2 this is my principal duty1 which ,i am now going to fulfil by summing up in a few pages the most important facts which have been described in the two first parts of this work4 ,the cattle plague1 which has lately fallen upon horned beasts1 is a plague1 no doubt3 but there are different species of plagues1 and it is necessary that you should know that this disease is one arising from the absorption of seeds and germs with which the air is impregnated1 and which is drawn by the animals into their bodies when breathing the air around them4 ,when these germs1 these infectious poisons1 have penetrated into the lungs and blood of the animals1 these seeds of infection remain there from eight to twelve days without producing any very perceptible effects2 but after that time the tainted animal becomes dejected1 loses his appetite1 is seized with fever1 laborious breathing1 and diarrhoea1 to which sum of disorders in the health of oxen1 cows1 c41 the name of typhus has been given2 or1 as this distemper is contagious in the highest degree1 it has also been called the contagious typhus4 ,you may compare this disease1 in order to form a more precise idea of it1 to the small-pox1 which sometimes afflicts your children1 or to typhoid fever4 ,these complaints1 which are familiar to most of you1 have some resemblance to the typhus of the ox4 ,only in the small-pox1 which is caught by contagion1 and which seldom attacks more than once1 like typhus1 the disease is localized on the skin2 whilst in the cattle plague the internal organs are the principal seat of the evil4 ,this comparison will show you at once that the cattle plague1 or rather the cattle typhus1 can only be cured when the disease has run its full course1 as you have observed in a person tainted with small-pox2 so that your task must be to help the sick animal to endure his complaint until the end1 or until he is cured2 and you must not attempt to check it by violent means1 for if you did you would hasten the death which you desire to prevent4 ,you will likewise understand that if the disease--as is certainly the case--does not attack the same animal twice1 it would be very beneficial to inoculate the animal whilst he is sound and healthy1 whenever this scourge threatens--as in the present time--to attack all cattle4 ,perhaps you may be told that inoculation1 which prevents small-pox in man1 cannot be applicable to cattle2 that animals inoculated with the virus of the typhus have all died of the consequences of the operation1 and so on4 ,to all these objections you will answer1 with that downright good sense which belongs to your class1 that ,nature cannot have two weights and two measures2 and that if the inoculation of the typhus kills animals1 whilst the inoculation of the small-pox saves men1 both maladies being governed by the same laws1 it is the inexperience of physicians1 and not the operation itself1 which must be made to account for it4 ,in a word1 to sow virus is to reap it2 but there are many ways of sowing it1 and one man will reap a rich harvest1 whilst another shall gather nothing but tares4 ,let those unbelievers say what they like1 and take my word for it1 that we shall one day cure typhus as frequently as we do small-pox1 by inoculating it1 and when it appears in spite of that course1 by treating it medicinally4 ,this contagious disease is very frequent in certain countries1 principally in ,russia and ,hungary1 on the banks of the great rivers which empty themselves into the ,black ,sea4 ,in those remote countries1 when the seasons are either too rainy or too hot--and you know what a summer that of #ahfe has been--the pastures generate the pestilential poisons of the typhus1 the cattle absorb these destructive principles1 and die of them4 ,but as the herds of cattle in those countries are bred for sale1 and are sent for that purpose to other countries1 to ,france1 ,italy1 ,england1 c41 the animals which have had the germ of the disease transport it with them wherever they go4 ,thus1 it is certain that some oxen conveyed from ,russia and ,hungary1 where the typhus frequently rages1 brought the disease with them into ,great ,britain in the month of last ,june2 and as the complaint is communicated from one animal to another1 and afterwards at great distances1 it spread with great rapidity over ,england and ,scotland4 ,so great are its powers of contagion1 that some of the cattle sent back from ,england have transmitted the disease to ,holland1 in the first place1 and afterwards to ,belgium2 and it was feared at one time that all ,europe would be invaded by it4 ,the first belief was--and everything tends to make good the opinion--that the typhus originally came from abroad2 but many respectable authorities1 seeing the foul and nauseous state of the stalls and cowsheds both in ,london and elsewhere1 the overcrowding of the animals1 and the general neglect to which they are exposed1 have asserted that the disease had its origin in ,london4 ,this1 we repeat1 is not likely to have been the case1 but it is not absolutely impossible2 at all events1 there can be no question that the grievous conditions in which some of your brethren keep their cattle have contributed to spread the distemper1 independently of other causes4 ,moreover1 it is necessary to tell you1 that sheep and horned cattle are of all living animals those which are most sensitive to the influence of contagious diseases4 ,every year you see instances of this fact in your own fields and meadows4 ,your sheep1 you all know1 easily contract the small-pox1 worm diseases both on the skin and in the interior of the body2 your oxen have aphthous diseases1 disorders of the blood and the lungs1 scabs and carbuncles--diseases which are all more or less contagious1 and which are generally brought on by want of care1 and1 above all1 by improper feeding3 by which you see how much of the sufferings of the cattle1 and of the heavy losses to you which follow them1 depends upon yourselves and may be avoided4 ,besides1 these poor creatures1 which some of you treat so harshly1 are extremely susceptible1 and the blows they receive may easily affect their whole mass of blood4 ,you must1 therefore1 for your own sakes1 treat them more kindly and gently4 ,therefore1 the typhus which was imported from ,russia into ,england1 finding your cattle in such wretched conditions of cleanliness and health1 was propagated amongst them with fearful rapidity4 ,when once the disease had developed itself within your sheds and stalls1 it would have been the wisest plan immediately to kill the sick cattle1 or to treat them medicinally1 carefully abstaining from driving to market any of your beasts which had been exposed to the contagion4 ,but unfortunately you did not act in this manner2 many amongst you could not put up patiently with your losses1 and only consulting your private interest1 to the detriment of the general good1 you sold your sick cows and oxen1 and sowing the contagion about the country and through the markets1 the scourge was soon scattered in every direction1 so that instead of stifling the disease at its birth everything was done to propagate and diffuse it4 ,now1 if we add1 that the germs of this typhus penetrate everywhere1 that it is sufficient to convey sick cattle along the public roads1 and by this means to pass near farms and meadows containing healthy cattle1 to transmit the contagion1 that these noxious germs impregnate your own clothes1 the fleece of sheep1 and every article1 implement1 and vehicle used in agriculture1 you cannot but see how often1 though unwillingly1 you must have disseminated the evil far and wide4 ,the germs1 the miasmata of the disease1 insinuate themselves not only upon animals and men1 but they shed their virus upon the grass of the fields1 the walls of the stalls and stables1 and every agricultural utensil4 ,every tainted animal scatters the pestilential and contagious germs1 not only by the air he expires1 but by his droppings1 and after death by his mortal remains--his hide1 his horns1 his entrails1 his flesh--all of which disseminate the deadly germs into the atmosphere1 which afterwards diffuses them in every direction4 ,the germs of this virulent distemper have no doubt smitten some cattle which appeared in the best health and conditions1 those of the rich as well as those of the poor2 but1 just in the same manner as the cholera chiefly fixes itself upon the sickly1 the ill-fed1 the unclean1 upon those who live in crowded dwellings and badly ventilated rooms2 so1 too1 does the typhus choose its victims among the stalls and stables of those graziers who keep their cows tied up for years to the rack1 giving them neither air nor exercise1 and feeding them1 not on that diet which their health requires1 but on those things which add to their milk and increase their flesh4 ,it follows1 of course1 that the greater number of these cows1 more or less disordered by this long course of baleful treatment1 and many of which die of consumption1 after their deteriorated milk has infused into men the seeds of diseases1 must afford an easy prey to the typhus1 to receive which they seem almost expressly to have been trained4 ,it is highly important then1 farmers and graziers1 that you should be able to recognise this ox-typhus2 in the first place1 that you may take the necessary measures to prevent its contagion2 and secondly1 that you may apply the treatment which shall have been recommended to you4 ,you must at all times1 but above all when the contagious disease is raging1 keep a watchful eye on your cattle4 ,if you notice in their gait1 in their looks1 about their ears1 any unusual signs2 if they seem to you less eager1 less active1 less vigilant1 if they leave any part of their rations when in the stables1 or if1 when in the fields1 they no longer browse with that continual alacrity which sometimes it is difficult to divert them from1 be upon your guard1 and dread the outbreak of the complaint4 ,if to these changes of minor importance is added an appetite really less acute1 if the rumination is less regular1 if the animal looks sad and dispirited1 if he exhibits an unwonted look of gloom1 if his leaden eye continues fixed1 astonished1 be sure a morbid change is inwardly at work1 and that this cruel distemper is spreading through his frame4 ,by-and-bye the animal loses his appetite more and more2 rumination is shorter and less frequent2 he holds his head down1 his ears sink and fall2 he grinds his teeth4 ,then as to the cows3 their milk1 which was already diminished1 suddenly dries up altogether1 and that lowness of spirits which had been visible for some days before1 passes into stupor4 ,if at this time you touch their horns1 their extremities1 their hide in any part1 you find that all these different parts are sometimes warm1 sometimes cold4 ,from this day forward you will witness1 one by one1 a succession of disorders in the animal's health3 partial shiverings at the attachment of the fore and hind limbs1 loud panting breathing1 with slight cough1 the urine scanty and thick1 the droppings hard and constipated1 and finally1 general excessive warmth4 ,if you press the back the pressure will be painful1 and all the signs of intense fever will be manifest4 ,already these indications have divulged the nature of the malady you have to deal with2 but others more significant succeed them which remove every doubt4 ,the breathing becomes more hurried and oppressed1 more puffy2 from the eyes1 nostrils1 and mouth there issues a discharge which1 thin and irritant at first1 soon becomes thick and purulent1 and of a fetid smell4 ,diarrhoea takes the place of constipation2 the sexual organs of the cow are red and inflamed1 and furrowed with livid streaks4 ,the cattle grow leaner and leaner1 some of them dying at this period4 ,if they still hold out1 the diarrhoea becomes more frequent1 more fetid1 and sometimes bloody2 gases are developed under the skin1 along the spine1 where they form wide flat tumours1 which crackle when pressed upon with the fingers4 ,finally1 the mucus which runs from the head becomes still thicker and more fetid2 a glutinous foam stops up the mouth2 the eyes1 filled with humour1 sink in the orbit2 the bodily warmth decreases1 the animal sways his head from right to left1 becomes insensible1 cold2 his head lolls on one side1 and he dies1 panting1 from exhaustion and asphyxia1 the tenth or twelfth day after the disease has been confirmed4 ,the carcass exhibits a repulsive appearance2 the hide is dry1 excoriated1 and cracked2 it sticks to the bones1 which show the form of a skeleton1 and the putrid decomposition1 which had already set in before death1 seizes rapidly on all the tissues4 ,the course of the disease is not always the same4 ,sometimes the animal is agitated at first1 and all the functions of life are so disturbed that death comes on in the two or three first days4 ,at other times1 the lungs are more affected than the other internal organs2 the cough is more intense1 the breath hurried and obstructed1 the excess of mucus preventing the air from passing into the chest4 ,when once you have seen this disease it is impossible to mistake it for any other1 unless it be the chest complaint called peripneumonia1 which is likewise contagious4 ,but in this disease1 as the ,report of the ,royal ,agricultural ,society states1 the attack is generally insidious2 the eyes preserve their vivacity1 and the appetite is not lost until towards the close4 ,a short1 dry cough shows itself from the outbreak1 and persists4 ,the breathing is frequent and painful2 the sides of the chest when struck with the fingers give out the hard1 solid sound of a full barrel1 this percussion being painful4 ,the eyes1 nose1 and mouth do not discharge those purulent secretions seen in typhus2 the diarrhoea only comes on at the end1 being less frequent and fetid4 ,in the milch cows the milk decreases1 but is not quite suppressed4 ,the heat of the horns and lower extremities is retained4 ,the peripneumonia1 in a word1 runs its course more regularly1 and carries off the animal about the fourth week4 ,thus it will be seen that the two distempers widely differ in their symptoms4 ,every beast which dies of the contagious typhus1 bears on its digestive organs the traces of the malady1 more or less strongly marked4 ,the third and fourth stomachs and the intestines exhibit red or livid patches1 and at other times ulcerations4 ,the cattle plague is by far the most formidable malady which can affect animals4 ,when left to itself1 or treated without discernment1 it carries off ninety cattle out of a hundred4 ,in prior visitations1 especially that of #agej1 when six millions of horned beasts were swept off in ,europe1 ,england lost from three to four hundred thousand2 and we may suppose that the number of cattle which have perished since last ,june exceeds sixty thousand4 ,the treatment is very difficult1 owing to the contagious character of the disease1 and it has given rise to much discussion4 ,in some countries1 the governments1 considering the distemper incurable1 only seek to stamp it out wherever it may appear4 ,they slaughter all the sick cattle1 and even those which had come near them1 allowing a compensation of half the value of the beast4 ,this measure has not always proved successful1 the disease having in spite of it sometimes extended over the whole of the country thus defended from its diffusion4 ,england protected by the sea1 and which has been spared for a century1 was taken somewhat unawares1 so that some uncertainty has been witnessed in the measures employed to arrest its course4 ,in some districts1 the parties interested have had the good sense to form assurance funds2 and it is much to be regretted that the same plan has not been adopted for the metropolis4 ,but we cannot help what has been done2 let us1 therefore1 be reconciled with the past1 and see what is best to be done in future for the interests of all4 ,what is the present state of the matter8 ,a certain number of districts1 both in ,england and ,scotland1 are still exempt from the typhus2 in others the disease is generally extending its ravages4 ,those districts which hitherto have been spared1 should institute assurance funds1 and take every precaution to secure themselves against this scourge4 ,in ,france1 in ,belgium1 even in ,great ,britain1 some places managed1 in #agej1 to successfully protect themselves by prohibiting the importation of any foreign cattle or animal4 ,these preventive measures may now be taken with some chance of success in certain parts4 ,ireland1 which1 thanks to the published ,orders in ,council1 seems to have escaped up to this time from the contagion1 shows us the effectual results of these sanitary measures4 ,as for the districts already infected1 it is of the highest importance to send no more tainted beasts to the different fairs and markets1 otherwise the distemper will spread indefinitely3 the unsold cattle1 the sheep1 the pigs1 which are placed only a few yards apart1 must necessarily convey the contagion everywhere4 ,it would even be necessary at this time not to collect oxen and other animals together in the same markets2 we urgently invite the attention of all public authorities to this most important question4 ,at all events1 the farmers and graziers who1 after all the cautions they have received1 all the orders which have been published1 and all the dangers which have been clearly exposed to them1 should still persist in driving their cattle out of their abodes1 would deserve censure1 and ought to be heavily fined4 ,the best they can do1 since the contagion has not been prevented1 is to submit their cattle to the treatment which we are now going to explain to them in detail4 ,it has been abundantly proved by the many convictions at the various police courts1 that the flesh of cattle seriously diseased has been sold to the consumers1 to the great injury of the public health2 and if the cholera1 which is steadily and surely advancing towards us1 should mix its fatal germs with those of the ox-typhus1 we must all expect deplorable consequences1 in case the flesh of tainted oxen should continue to be sold by the butchers1 as during the last three months it has been4 ,every farmer or grazier who shall have fully ascertained that the ox typhus has insinuated itself into his farm or his stables1 must instantly have recourse to the necessary measures and safeguards by means of which he may limit its pernicious influence1 and prevent the spread of the contagion to his other cattle still sound and healthy4 ,let him immediately divide his stock of animals into three classes or lots--the first class must consist of healthy cattle1 having had no direct contact with the infected beasts2 the second class must contain those cattle which1 though not yet sick1 may become so1 because they have been in contact with those tainted2 the third class will be composed of cattle smitten with the typhus4 ,the sound and healthy cattle forming the first class must be removed from the farm1 and driven to the field separately1 by some other road1 in different pastures1 and only after the dispersion of the morning mists4 ,those which are accustomed to continue at the rack must be taken out twice a day1 for the twofold object of taking wholesome exercise1 and allowing their stalls and sheds to be cleaned4 ,their feeding must be attended to and watched with very particular care2 the rations of those which were being fattened up must be decreased1 and they ought to be sold to the butcher for consumption as soon as possible4 ,let the following provisions be added to their daily sustenance3 ,pounded oats #d pounds4 ,pounded juniper berries #a pound4 ,powdered gentian #a ounce4 ,sulphate of iron #b drachms4 ,carbonate of soda #b ,the herdsman who tends the cattle whilst feeding in the fields must have them cleaned every day3 he will carefully wash and scrub them2 he will not allow them to drink out of the ponds1 or at any stagnant and muddy watercourse4 ,those belonging to the second class must receive the same strengthening and tonic ration in the morning2 and1 twice every day1 one of the following anti-contagious preparations3 either a solution of chlorate of potash or of permanganate of potash2 two drachms of either of these salts dissolved in eight ounces of warm water1 mixed afterwards with a gallon of an infusion of sage or hyssop1 just at the time when the drink is given to them4 ,or you may employ1 for the same purpose1 a solution of arseniate of soda--two grains dissolved in four ounces of water1 and mixed with their drink in the same way4 ,you need hardly be told that these doses must be reduced one half1 when you have to treat a calf or a heifer1 and that the same diminution will hold good1 in their cases1 for all other medicaments4 ,the use of these anti-contagious drinks is of the highest importance2 ,i recommend you earnestly to study their effects1 and to continue them even after the distemper shall have broken out4 ,these drinks having no disagreeable taste1 the cattle take to them in general2 should the contrary be the case1 give them in a bottle as all men who are cattle owners know how to do4 ,if the health of any of these animals among which the outbreak of the typhus is apprehended should seem below the standard1 you must apply a purgative to those whose bowels do not operate well1 and even have recourse to bleeding in exceptional cases4 ,during the absence of those cattle which are undergoing the preventive treatment1 let the hygienic conditions of their stalls and sheds be looked to2 for no circumstance must be overlooked or neglected if we hope to withstand the propagation of so formidable a malady4 ,be careful to take out the litter every day1 to wash the floor and cleanse it of the droppings1 to ventilate the place thoroughly1 to fumigate it with burnt sulphur or aromatic plants1 such as juniper berries1 sage1 rosemary1 salted with nitrate of potash and arsenic acid2 in order to promote the combustion and give effect to its disinfectious properties4 ,at night1 camphor or tar1 or naphthaline1 or creosote1 or even iodine1 may be left in the stable to diffuse their vapours2 all these measures are very effectual in modifying the air4 ,let us now see what must be done with respect to the sick animals themselves4 ,the typhus1 as we have said1 when once it is developed in an ox or cow1 usually pursues its fatal course until the last period of its cure2 generally death alone can arrest its march4 ,besides1 the disorders which this disease produces in the various functions of the body are not the same at the different stages of its duration4 ,thus1 for instance1 the fever produces great excitement in the beginning1 but later it produces exhaustion4 ,without being a physician1 a man can understand that the treatment to be applied to these different states ought not to be the same4 ,we must1 moreover1 observe that the typhus is of all known distempers the most difficult to treat4 ,it requires in the doctor a degree of skill1 of practical experience1 vigilance1 decision1 and sureness of hand which no man can be expected to possess at the first outbreak of the epizootia4 ,on the other hand1 the constitution of the ox1 so easily shaken1 undergoes in two weeks all the commotion which a man labouring under typhoid fever would be subject to in a month4 ,the phenomena succeed each other with terrific swiftness1 leaving scarcely time for us to act1 or for the medicines to operate4 ,do not1 therefore1 marvel at the great mortality among your cattle1 and at my repeated recommendations of the preventive treatment by means of inoculation4 ,at the outbreak1 you must reduce the violence of the fever1 prevent the derangements in connexion with the nervous centres1 assuage the thirst1 empty the stomachs and intestines1 which will be the principal seat of the complaint1 and sometimes let blood4 ,but how are you to obtain these results8 ,by abolishing the solid feeding1 which is easily done1 since the animal has lost his appetite4 ,give him to drink1 three or four times a day1 half a pailful of a decoction of good hay1 adding thereto a sprinkling of salt2 or a decoction of wall-wort1 with a drachm of nitrate of potash2 or water whitened with bran and flour1 or whey1 with a little vinegar4 ,if the animal has a tendency to cold1 if he coughs1 if his breathing is oppressed1 give him warm drinks1 consisting of an infusion of mallow leaves and borage1 or else a light decoction of barley and oats1 and cover the animal's body warmly over4 ,now1 with respect to purgatives3 give the animal1 night and morning1 according to the effect produced1 #f or #h ounces of ,epsom salts 7sulphate of magnesia71 or an equal dose of ,glauber's salt 7sulphate of soda71 dissolved in two pints of honey-coloured water2 or #ab ounces of linseed oil in some warm drink2 or a decoction of senna leaves and prunes1 with an ounce of sulphate of soda added thereto4 ,we might point out a larger number of purgatives1 but we shall desist from so doing4 ,those which we have just prescribed1 not being irritant to the intestines1 are the best which can be employed4 ,if the animal is very restive1 if he passes through alternate fits of dejection1 stupor1 and great excitement1 you must have recourse to bleeding1 particularly local bleeding1 by opening the small veins of the head4 ,if the excitement does not abate you must add1 night and morning1 to one of his drinks1 #b grains of extract of belladonna1 or a half ounce of powdered belladonna leaves4 ,if the fever1 at first1 is irregular1 and tends to become malignant1 you must then have recourse to sulphate of quinine1 #bj grains in the morning1 and the same quantity during the day4 ,when the disease is principally seated in the lungs1 add to one of the pectoral drinks #d ounces of oxymel of squills1 and #b grains of opium1 giving also an emetic--#e grains of tartar-emetic to #d pints of water--to be taken in four times1 at intervals of two hours4 ,whilst this medication is applied to the internal organs1 let the animal have unusual care taken of him2 let his head be washed several times a day with vinegar and water4 ,such is the course of treatment to be adopted during the first three or four days4 ,it must be1 of course1 followed methodically1 watching and obeying the signs of nature4 ,the purgatives must not be given on those days when the sick animal is bled1 and the doses must vary with the effects they produce4 ,from the fourth to the seventh day the symptoms change1 diarrhoea shows itself1 and the running appears at the nose1 mouth1 and eyes2 you must then continue the use of purgatives1 but the dose must be weaker4 ,those mentioned above are suitable in every way4 ,the drinks1 too1 continue the same4 ,sometimes1 at this period of the disease1 the animal is utterly cast down1 nothing can draw him from his stupor3 he lies down the whole day2 in this case you give him acetate of ammonia1 from #a to #f ounces1 in a pint of water1 gradually increasing from #a to #b ounces a day1 according to the effect produced2 and meanwhile1 plain non-acidulated drinks should be administered4 ,at this stage of the disease it is right to assist the depurative work of nature4 ,this is effected by inserting a seton in the neck1 and the secretion of this issue is kept up by means of such an ointment as the basilicon with powdered cantharides4 ,finally1 the mouth1 nose1 and eyes must be washed very often with an infusion of camomile and sage4 ,at the last period of the distemper1 the beast sinks into a state of general exhaustion2 his life seems all but extinguished through excess of weakness4 ,you must now sustain and keep him up by every possible contrivance2 give him bitter and stimulating drinks1 beer diluted with water1 adding thereto some powder of ,peruvian bark1 or sulphate of quinine4 ,this is prepared by steeping in #h pints of boiling water1 ,peruvian bark1 gentian root1 centaury leaves and flowers1 and hops1 #a ounce of each2 or else prepare a drink consisting of veterinary treacle1 extract of juniper1 #a ounce of each1 dissolved in #b ounces of alcohol1 and then mixed with #c pints of water4 ,when the diarrhoea becomes fetid and bloody1 give1 night and morning1 a clyster composed of a decoction of ,peruvian bark1 and a teaspoonful of powdered charcoal from the poplar1 well sifted4 ,if the running from the nostrils begins to stop1 you must inject into the nasal orifices some spoonfuls of a sternutatory solution1 thus composed-- ,spanish pepper #a ounce4 ,essence of turpentine #a ,camphor #b drachms4 ,vinegar #b pints4 ,should any sores form on the skin1 or should they arise from the opening of purulent deposits1 dress them with the following ointment-- ,acetate of copper a drachm4 ,calcined alum #bj grains4 ,sal ammoniac #bj ,camphor a drachm4 ,common ointment an ounce4 ,if the natural heat diminishes greatly1 if the chill reaches the hams and skin1 let the beast be rubbed all over1 three times a day1 with wool1 moistened with the following liniment-- ,laurel oil an ounce4 ,green soap ,volatile oil of lavender a drachm4 ,solution of ammonia ,simultaneously with the above1 give the following cordial1 to be drunk in two draughts-- ,cinnamon an ounce4 ,extract of gentian #a ounce4 ,red wine #b pints4 ,should the animal fall into a state of lethargy1 you must have recourse to strokes of fire1 according to surgical usage4 ,this distemper must extend to its extreme degree of gravity before it advances towards its cure2 you need1 therefore1 not despair until the last moment4 ,at this period of exhaustion1 the drinks above-mentioned are given up1 or you add nutritive beverages to them1 such as beef-tea1 fat soups1 milk1 and farinaceous drinks4 ,if the animal holds on1 and his appetite returns1 which will be shown by the desquamation of the nostrils1 by the return of rumination1 by the habit of the beast to look right and left1 to question you in a manner1 add cut straw to his nutritive drinks3 send him out every day into the open air1 and let him return by slow degrees to his habitual feeding4 ,but it is extremely important to watch the intestinal functions2 to diminish and change the food1 if the diarrhoea returns2 as such relapses often cause the death of an animal considered out of danger4 ,such1 then1 farmers and graziers1 is the treatment to be opposed to the ox typhus3 it is simple as respects the remedies1 and ,i have deemed that it ought to be so1 in order that the medicines prescribed might be had everywhere1 and at a cost which the poor man could command as well as the rich4 ,the disease is variable1 it is not always equally deadly2 and there comes a moment when in some sort it cures itself1 with a little assistance and watching4 ,the great point is1 to be careful and vigilant1 to attend to nature and the instincts of the suffering cattle1 and lend yourselves to both4 ,i cannot reproduce here the instructions given by the ,privy ,council to protect your cattle from contagion1 and above all not to propagate it1 but ,i shall refer you to ,doctor ,thudichum's ,memorandum1 page #beg4 ,this exposition is too complete to need anything added to it by me2 study it well2 let it be your monitor and guide2 read it over again and again2 your own interests and those of the whole country depend on the manner in which you shall treat this admirable warning4 ,there are in this disease1 as in every other1 unforeseen varieties and complications1 such as those which are brought on by the gestation and abortion of cows1 and those proceeding from prior disease2 for these accidents you will provide4 ,moreover1 such a terrible distemper can only be treated according to the advice of a professional man4 ,call him in1 then1 follow his advice and prescriptions with rigid exactness1 and do not attempt to do better than he2 and1 above all1 arm yourselves against the insidious pretensions of quacks and charlatans1 whatever mantle they may put on to hide their ignorance4 ,,fourth ,,part4 ,suggestions on the ,improvements to be effected in the ,study of ,medical ,science1 in order that we may be in a ,condition to confront ,diseases generally1 but ,epizootic and ,epidemic ,diseases in particular4 ,the epizootia of bovine typhus which is now extending its unrestricted ravages over this island1 and which has assumed the magnitude of a general calamity1 has naturally excited and stirred up the public mind4 ,thoughtful and earnest men could not look on and witness unmoved the ever progressive march of the scourge2 but each observer has1 consistently with his means and qualifications1 striven to find a remedy to resist the evil4 ,thus1 we have seen1 and with respectful interest we have watched1 the gentlemen of the press1 and other men of letters1 economists1 scientific men1 and1 above all1 physicians1 producing from day to day in the newspapers articles and letters of remarkable merit on the all-engrossing subject of this epizootia4 ,the re-opening of the medical colleges furnished the skilful professors at their head with a seasonable opportunity to consider this dire distemper1 according to the views of general pathology and medical philosophy1 and this they have done with unquestionable talent and ability4 ,still1 something remains to be said on this important matter1 and since ,i have taken up my pen1 like others1 ,i wish to mingle my voice with that of my brethren1 and inquire whether the time is not come to avail ourselves more fully than we have done yet of the grand discoveries of the exact sciences1 which1 with respect to the science of medicine1 are the instruments of its progress4 ,and my object in doing so1 is1 that we may1 as far as possible1 rise to a level with the ordeal which the future may have in store for us4 ,medicine is at once an art and a science4 ,an art it has been at all times1 and in every age of civilized man2 but it became a science only when human knowledge had acquired a certain expansion2 when natural phenomena had been tested and explained2 when mathematics1 physics1 chemistry1 botany1 general anatomy1 general pathology1 had enabled the inquiring physician to study with important results whatever belongs to his theme2 to understand the serial chain and connexion of bodies with each other1 in the mineral1 vegetable1 and animal kingdoms1 and to investigate their immutable laws4 ,uric acid1 as we see with the microscope1 will always crystallize in rhombohedrons1 according to a fixed law2 the vegetable cell1 the germination of a seed1 must obey1 and always submit to1 the innate and indestructible forces inherent in them4 ,that which is true in the vegetable is true in the animal world1 as regards the pre-established order which regulates and controls the phenomena of life4 ,these laws which govern the development of organic phenomena being immutable and everlasting1 permit the different generations which succeed each other on our globe to build upon a durable basis1 which certifies to the slow and laborious1 but irresistible march of human progress4 ,medical science being in truth only the application of other positive sciences to the preservation of health and the cure of diseases1 continues like them to perfect itself incessantly2 but all it can do is to follow them at a distance1 and it can never hope to reach their degree of superiority4 ,these are truths which have been long admitted and felt by us4 ,therefore1 we have appealed for assistance to the discoveries of the natural sciences3 physics1 chemistry1 have in our hands become effectual means of observation and analysis2 and we1 in our age1 gain more knowledge in fifty years than our forefathers did in several centuries1 for they were then necessarily rather artists than scholars4 ,in a word1 medical science or biology is constituting itself1 and if it be fully conscious of its impotence in the case of many diseases1 it also knows its progressive improvement4 ,it is striving to achieve the highest place among social institutions1 and the day may come when it shall obtain it1 for nations will then owe to us their health and life--that is to say1 their earthly happiness4 ,the laws by which organic phenomena are regulated1 are1 we have said1 everlasting2 we may also declare that they are general4 ,one of these laws common to the plant1 to the shell1 to every species of vertebrata1 reappears in man1 whose organization comprises all the functions divided among the other organic kingdoms4 ,not only does the organization of man obey the laws which govern the vital phenomena of other animals2 not only does he possess their organs and functions1 but he is a tributary subject to their diseases4 ,so that the knowledge of the laws affecting the functions and diseases of those creatures which are placed below him in the scale of animals ought to be the first foundation of all medical study4 ,these truths are too manifest to be new2 they are written and professed everywhere1 and every one amongst us has received general notions of comparative anatomy and physiology at the beginning of his course of study4 ,but let us admit that these notions only served to expand the circle of our knowledge and ideas1 and that we seldom or never apply them to the practice of our art4 ,it would have been very different had we received at the beginning of our medical novitiate1 not merely in theory and books1 but practically and experimentally1 precise notions of anatomy1 physiology1 and1 let me add1 of the pathology of all animals4 ,let us suppose for a moment that the task had been imposed upon us before entering upon the study of human maladies1 to observe the structure of plants and animals1 to submit their tissues to microscopical examination and chemical analysis2 to study experimentally all their functions and diseases1 and acknowledge that had such been the case1 the anatomy1 physiology2 and pathology of man would have been far better understood1 and that most of the difficulties against which we now contend in vain in our helplessness1 might easily have been overcome4 ,comparative anatomy and physiology are the first conditions of all medical instruction of a serious character2 there can be no doubt on the subject1 but the evidence being not perhaps so palpable with respect to comparative pathology1 it will not be useless1 therefore1 to enter into fuller particulars as to this subject4 ,we know not whether any one has ever sought to retrace the first origin of our diseases in the animal kingdom1 but it would undoubtedly be a study of great scientific interest4 ,as for us1 we gladly believe that man1 created to be the sovereign lord of the earth1 did not originally receive the principle of every organic disease with which we see him affected4 ,it seems to us probable that he was created sound in body and in mind1 but unequal is his vital powers1 and in his faculties and talents1 the social functions being various and dissimilar1 and subject to physical and moral infirmities4 ,we think it likely that plants and animals1 from which1 in course of time1 man's substance is formed1 have transmitted the first causes1 the germs of some organic diseases with which they were themselves affected4 ,we see in this transmission of animal diseases to man1 a connecting link1 which appears to us to be a condition of harmony1 order1 peace1 and happiness among all living beings4 ,it seems to us that the first injunction of a legislator should be--love other animals like yourselves2 for if man had practised this maxim1 he would have logically applied the same to his fellow-creatures2 and no doubt1 with such principles to guide them1 past generations would not have bequeathed to us the innumerable calamities we have had to deplore4 ,we think that we receive from animals some of their diseases1 because the fact is palpably evident2 thus they have parasitical diseases1 such as favus1 tnia1 psora1 trichinosis1 which they transmit to us4 ,they are likewise smitten with small-pox1 typhoid fever1 and with typhus2 and under certain given conditions they may transmit them to us4 ,they die of consumption and cancer1 and it is probable that they transfuse into us through their milk and flesh the germs of these diseases4 ,finally1 we have our epidemics as they have their epizootics2 and here we will limit our instances of this reciprocation4 ,it is certain that the study of these maladies in animals would have been for us the source of precise knowledge1 which1 if well understood and explained1 would have often led to their preventive treatment4 ,this is what has occurred in the case of small-pox2 it is what will one day occur in typhoid fever1 in times of epidemic1 as will be the case in a certain number of other general or local diseases4 ,in truth1 some complaints now looked upon as inherent to the human species1 were originally foreign to it2 most parasitical diseases belong to this class4 ,thus man has not the psora1 or itch--the disease does not properly belong to him2 the parasite which engenders it is not bred in him1 it is always transmitted to him by animals4 ,it is the same with the tnia1 or tape-worm1 with the trichina1 or fine hair-worm4 ,medical science1 instituted on the bases of comparative pathology1 would have made the study of diseases in the brute creation1 not the collateral1 but the principal object of its inquiries4 ,it would have applied itself to the cure of the lower animals2 and whilst learning to cure them1 it would have ensured the cure of men's diseases4 ,if such be the case1 can any one believe that the treatment of diathetic and hereditary maladies would be1 as they still are1 insoluble problems2 and that the physician would have the misery of seeing decimated1 whilst he helplessly looks on1 a large part of the population1 condemned inevitably to die of consumption and cancer8 ,would every man smitten with hydrophobia be irrevocably condemned to death8 ,assuredly1 it would not be so4 ,that the physician should have been reduced to the painful necessity of confessing his want of means1 when medicine could be nothing more than an art1 we admit2 but now that science has grown up and come of age1 society has a right to challenge him to do1 what in past ages could not have been expected of him4 ,briefly1 we think that the time is come1 by blending comparative pathology with anatomy and physiology1 to construct one of the bases of the tripod on which medical science will have to rest4 ,the success which has already been achieved in this direction is a certain guarantee for those which we may hope for hereafter4 ,such is our deep conviction1 and perhaps we have some title to speak out decidedly on this point1 as we have long since exemplified our precepts by actual proofs4 ,persuaded for many years that comparative pathology afforded to industrious men a new mine1 rich in precious veins for working1 we several times endeavoured to explore this fertile field4 ,but1 unfortunately1 our means of action not being consistent with our sanguine expectations1 we were repeatedly compelled to suspend our pursuits1 until at last we found at the ,ecole ,vtrinaire d',alfort1 the favourable opportunity and the essential conditions of which we had so long been in quest4 ,grieved at our helplessness to stay the ravages of pulmonary consumption1 ,i formed one day the resolution to study that wasteful complaint in animals in order to discover1 or at least to look for1 the required remedy4 ,with that view1 ,i confined in a dark1 cold1 and damp cellar a number of animals to practise on3 birds of different species1 rabbits1 a monkey1 a dog1 c4 ,to these animals ,i dealt out a deficient quantity of food4 ,the monkey1 as might have been expected1 was the first to be affected1 since in our climates they all die of consumption4 ,next1 and for the same reason1 it was the parrot's turn2 then the chickens and ducks died2 after them the rabbits2--in fine1 at the end of fourteen months1 the dog alone survived4 ,all the rest had sunk under consumption1 and exhibited tubercles in different organs--in the lungs or mesentery4 ,it was then necessary to have the counter-proof3 to place a second set of animals in the same conditions1 to produce the disease again1 and attempt its cure4 ,but the first experiment had been a long one1 and ,i was forced to relinquish the inquiry1 which1 moreover1 was above my means at that period4 ,on another occasion1 it seemed to me strange that we should be obliged to open the bladder of patients suffering from the stone1 or to subject them to lithotrity1 which has also its perils4 ,nature1 ,i said to myself1 forms calculi by uniting organic elements1 by crystallizing them1 and by cementing them with vesical mucus4 ,but would it not be possible to cure the disease by employing contrary means--dissolving the calculi in the bladder by means of continued injections1 changing the chemical agents according to the composition of the calculus1 and adding thereto the action of a galvanic current8 ,after this1 ,i pursued my inquiry in this direction4 ,i studied for several months the chemical composition of calculi by examining them in their dissolved state2 and ,i saw that those in which the alkaline bases prevailed1 being submitted to a diluted solution of tartaric acid1 which would not injure the bladder1 crumbled after a time2 that the calculi with excess of acid were also attacked by an alkaline solution2 in fine1 that the calculi of oxalate of lime alone seemed to resist the action of these chemical solutions4 ,but it is well known that they sometimes defy all lithotrite instruments1 and compel us to have recourse to the knife4 ,these preliminary experiments over1 it was necessary to come to their application1 and for that purpose to make experiments on some animals4 ,the canine species1 omnivorous like ourselves1 was chosen in preference4 ,bitches were selected to be practised on2 for as their urinary passages are wider and more flexible1 it enabled me to insert in the bladder fragments of calculi already analysed1 which were to serve as the nuclei to the stones they were intended to develop4 ,this second assortment of animals1 penned up apart from each other1 were supplied with different modes of sustenance3 some of them were put upon a diet of meat only1 others on a farinaceous diet1 and a third set on a mixed course of food4 ,these experiments were being regularly followed up1 when an important and unforeseen event compelled me to desist at the end of six months4 ,the poor animals were destroyed2 but all of them1 as ,i had anticipated1 had generated calculi of various chemical composition4 ,these unfinished inquiries concerning comparative pathology1 thus interrupted in spite of myself1 might1 had circumstances allowed them to reach the goal1 have authorized us to undertake in man the dissolution of stone in the bladder4 ,and how would this have been effected8 ,by seizing the stone between the two ends of the catheter with the double current1 and by injecting a well-sustained series of dissolvents into the patient1 whilst lying at his ease in a recumbent posture4 ,nor is this all4 ,they would likewise1 ,i believe1 have thrown some light on the organic production of calculi1 on the lithic diathesis1 and the particular formation of the stone2 and led us1 in some degree1 to their preventive treatment1 which is always superior to the curative remedy4 ,on a subsequent occasion1 ,i betook myself to my task under more favourable conditions4 ,i undertook at ,alfort1 conjointly with ,professor ,delafond1 a course of experiments on the cutaneous diseases of animals in relation to comparative pathology1 having already1 whilst walking the hospitals1 published a work on the ,entomology and ,pathology of ,psora in ,man1 which had been printed at the expense of the ,academy4 ,these inquiries and examinations at ,alfort were persisted in for five years1 and were considered to have led to very satisfactory results as regards general pathology4 ,but ,i have spoken of these labours in the first part of my book4 ,pardon me1 reader1 and do not suppose that vanity or any desire to parade myself has induced me to refer to these experiments4 ,no2 my only object is to show to what results similar studies might lead1 if they were executed on a large scale and on the whole animal kingdom2 if1 instead of these partial efforts made under favour1 some special and appropriate medical institution encouraged earnest experimentalists1 supplying them without stint with all necessary resources1 and with the best and completest instruments of observation4 ,will any one deny1 that if medical science had been settled on this foundation fifty years ago--that is to say1 since the exact sciences first began to provide us with the means of investigation1 it would now be so impotent8 ,epizootias and epidemics would not thus flout us as they do2 the cholera would no longer be an enigma1 nor the ox typhus so incurable4 ,no6 a hundred times no6 ,medical science would not he helpless and impotent in our day1 had our forerunners been more mindful and provident4 ,but1 instead of this1 the science for which we plead would have done good work4 ,it would have made and confirmed an infinite variety of observations on the brute creation2 it would have transmitted our diseases to them as they transmit their diseases to us2 it would have treated and cured these diseases1 and every such cure would have been a new triumph1 a new victory for mankind4 ,for instance1 during an outbreak of cholera1 this science would have been ready and prepared to try different experiments on men and animals2 it would first have communicated the cholera to animals1 and then submitted them to a variety of experimental treatments4 ,this cholera1 which is not an infectious fever1 with its regular and assigned periods1 like typhus1 and which we are not obliged to suffer to run its course1 but which1 on the contrary1 is a nervous affection produced by some poisonous miasma1 the toxical effects of which first of all assail the nervous system and then more particularly the great sympathetic2 the cramps being but the result of a reflective action--this cholera1 we say1 must be curable1 and well-advised experiments would reveal the remedy we want for it1 nor should we have to wait long for the revelation4 ,as for me1 ,i once made a desperate attempt in this direction4 ,it was during the cholera of #ahed4 ,we remarked whilst dissecting subjects1 as is always the case1 that the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines1 which were in a manner paralyzed1 had suffered the fluid parts of the blood to ooze out on the surface4 ,hence the cause of those vomitings1 and those watery and colourless diarrhoeas which nothing can stop1 so that at a given moment the patients die1 poisoned1 of course1 but dying more particularly through want of circulation1 the blood being reduced to its solid parts and unable to circulate any longer4 ,relying on this fact1 and trusting for want of better to the secondary effects1 ,i strove to restore to the blood its aqueous part1 and1 if possible1 to re-establish the circulation4 ,with this view1 ,i went to the ,hpital de la ,charit1 provided with all the requisite instruments4 ,choleraic patients were being brought there every hour4 ,the experiments being new1 venturesome1 and dangerous1 in the eyes of the hospital directors1 ,i was only suffered to operate on the moribund4 ,the first patient1 considered to be in a state sufficiently desperate to be given up to me1 was a woman1 forty-five years old4 ,she was literally insensible1 and thoroughly cold4 ,i hesitated for a moment to try the operation under conditions so unreasonable1 so preposterous--almost upon a corpse4 ,the radial arteries in the arm had ceased to beat1 and the heart alone kept up a feeble circulation at the central parts4 ,at length ,i opened the vein1 from which not a single drop of blood proceeded1 and taking the usual measures to prevent the air from having access1 ,i gradually and slowly injected two ounces of alkaline solution1 the process of injection lasting twelve minutes4 ,it was scarcely over before the patient half-opened her eyelids1 and looked about her with astonishment2 the pulse became perceptible for a few moments1 and all present thought she was saved4 ,we put a few questions to her2 the patient could not answer us1 but she nodded as much as to say yes1 when asked if she felt better4 ,but this was all we could do in her case4 ,the circulation stopped again1 the patient relapsed into her state of insensibility and died two hours after the injection4 ,the result obtained in this instance had not answered our expectation4 ,however1 the circulation had for a minute or two resumed its course1 and a flash of reason had once more shown itself4 ,i thought the experiment ought to be repeated1 and accordingly the next morning ,i made another trial4 ,the patient this time was a working shoemaker1 thirty-eight years of age1 exactly in the same far-gone1 hopeless state as the patient of the day before4 ,in his case1 the inward commotion caused by the injection was more powerful2 twenty minutes after the injection he was able to see1 to understand1 to speak1 to raise his head2 but this vital recovery was1 as in the former case1 but of short continuance1 and two hours and a half after the operation the man expired4 ,after these experiments ,i dissected the two bodies1 and then1 finding that their lungs were infiltrated with water1 ,i understood that the alkaline solution had not been assimilated1 that it had stopped in its passage into the pulmonary parenchyma1 to the detriment of the functions of the hmatosis4 ,i also understood that the proper injection1 instead of distilled alkaline water1 would have been the serum of the blood1 drawn at the very moment from some man or animal4 ,the conclusion which ,i drew from these experiments was that a variety of operations1 made at different stages of the malady1 might lead to beneficial results1 especially if we succeeded in transmitting the cholera to animals1 as that would enable us to test a large number of curative agents and to pursue a methodical course of experimentalization4 ,from all ,i have said1 ,i infer that life1 health1 and disease1 being subject to the same laws throughout the whole animal kind1 it is certain that the physician should possess precise knowledge as to the organization1 the functions1 and diseases of animals4 ,that by proceeding in this manner1 we shall advance from the simple to the complex1 from the plant to the animal1 and from the animal to man4 ,that we must of necessity emerge from the state in which we are now entangled ,,by ,,founding ,,and ,,establishing ,,in ,,london ,a ,,college ,,of ,,the ,,natural ,,and ,,medical ,,sciences4 ,every medical pupil might spend two years in this college1 receiving in it an experimental and practical training2 he would devote himself in it to the chemical analysis of all bodies1 to physiological experiments and tests1 without limit and of every kind4 ,most deeply do ,i appreciate the many difficulties and obstacles that would interfere with the execution of such a design4 ,in our civilized age1 nations seem rather bent on seeking out the means of exterminating each other than of protecting themselves and animals from epidemics and epizootias4 ,it is believed that every first-rate kingdom now spends from #djj to #ejj millions of francs 7#af to #bj1jjj1jjjl47 annually in maintaining their land and sea forces1 whilst one-half of their populations are living in misery and ignorance1 in disease and corruption4 ,the time is not come--shall we ever see it8--to employ the vital powers of the peoples1 to better incessantly their social condition4 ,perhaps1 by reason of its organization1 the ,government of this country would not be authorized to devote #ajj1jjjl4 or #bjj1jjjl4 to the establishment of an institution like the medical college ,i suggest1 notwithstanding its paramount necessity4 ,but ,england is in the habit of doing great things independently of the ,government4 ,in default of the ruling powers1 then1 let me appeal to the national initiative1 for if the spectacle which we are at present witnessing was not1 in the case of ,england1 one of those trials which invigorate a people by the salutary teachings which they bring2 if it did not induce them to take some energetic resolution by which their interests would be saved and their power enlarged1 it would indeed be a deplorable sign of the times and make us despair of its future4 ,moreover1 to show the urgency of founding a ,college of ,natural and ,medical ,science1 let us add1 that in every other country they are endeavouring to unite this indispensable complement to medical education4 ,the ,german universities1 the ,faculty of ,paris1 have1 for several years past1 incorporated a course of comparative pathology1 with the other series of public lectures4 ,it is not a mere ,utopia that we propose1 but an extension and improvement1 all the parts of which are already prepared4 ,if this ,college could be thrown open to-morrow1 competent professors would be ready at the call of duty to indite the programme for this instruction within twenty-four hours2 and as for the professors themselves1 there would be enough to choose among the large body of efficient scholars who do honour to the country4 ,if we have been rightly understood1 we desire to see established in ,london an institution which would afford an equivalent to what exists in ,paris1 at the ,museum and ,collge de ,france1 where numerous courses of lectures on anatomy1 physiology1 physics1 and chemistry are given4 ,only in ,london this special college would be formed and organized on such a scale as to bear away the palm from every previous foundation of the same kind2 it would be an institution unexampled in the world1 out of whose halls would one day come anatomists1 physiologists1 and pathologists of the very highest order of excellence4--,but organic matter would not be the sole object of this instruction1 for the animal is something more than matter4 ,courses of medical history and philosophy1 of really general pathology1 would introduce the students to the grand phenomena of nature1 to the great laws which govern the worlds and the globe2 and descending from the heights of science to the observation of the infinitely minute1 they would never forget the important part of the vital powers1 and of that unknown power called at different times by the names of pneuma1 archc--mind and soul4 ,the ,regent's ,park would1 we think1 be the proper site for this college1 as the contiguity of the ,zoological ,gardens would afford continual opportunities for investigating the diseases of animals4 ,moreover1 this college would not trench upon or interfere in any manner with those medical and veterinary establishments which at present exist2 it would ally itself with1 and complete them1 nothing more4 ,the instruction received at this ,college of ,natural and ,medical ,science would be so useful and necessary1 and so attractive withal1 that the sons of the great families would come to it to finish their collegiate studies1 to the great benefit of the country4 ,other young men1 in considerable numbers1 would flock to it from various parts of the world4 ,the foundation of such an institution would be an epoch in the history of science1 and would give ,england another claim to the esteem of nations4 ,i conclude1 then1 with a conviction that a nation which owes to ,lord ,bacon1 the founder of experimental philosophy1 his imperishable book on the restoration1 the method and teaching of the sciences2 to ,harvey1 the circulation2 to ,priestley1 the constitution of chemistry2 to ,sydenham1 the modern ,hippocrates1 his treatise on ,practical ,medicine2 to ,jenner1 vaccination2 and to ,charles ,bell1 the discovery of the sensitive and motor nerves--is a people too great and too enlightened to retrograde2 and that1 if the epizootic of ox typhus did find them at first unready and disarmed1 they will in the end convert this disaster into a new source of greatness and strength4 ,such is the sincere hope which ,i cherish and the prayer ,i offer up for the happiness of a country which1 for the future1 has become my own4 ,,appendix4 ,,note ,a4 ,,bremen1 ,august #cj4 ,the following report1 drawn up by two ,german veterinary surgeons1 of a recent visit to ,london to examine into the cattle murrain1 has been furnished by the agent of the ,north ,german ,lloyd's at ,nordenhamm3-- ,on ,wednesday1 the #ith instant1 we1 the undersigned1 were requested to be at ,nordenhamm1 if possible1 the following morning4 ,upon our arrival we were asked by the agent of the ,north ,german ,lloyd's1 who had consulted with several of the chief cattle exporters1 to undertake a voyage to ,london at once in the steamer ,schwan1 in the interest of the cattle export from the ,weser4 ,the object of our mission was1 first1 to examine as closely as possible into the epidemic cattle disease raging in and around ,london for some time past2 then carefully to observe the treatment of cattle upon the vessel during the voyage1 upon arrival1 and at the time of disembarkation2 lastly1 to use every means in our power to prevent obstacles being opposed to the continued export of cattle from these ports to ,england4 ,furnished by the agent of the ,north ,german ,lloyd's with letters of introduction to cattle dealers in ,london1 and with the necessary funds1 we left ,nordenhamm in the steamer ,schwan1 ,captain ,christensen1 at #d ,p4,m41 on the #ajth instant4 ,the vessel carried #cdg head of large cattle1 #b calves1 and #bfj sheep4 ,favoured by very fine weather1 we arrived in the ,thames at #b ,p4,m41 on the #abth4 ,at the beginning of the voyage the animals were rather uneasy1 trampled a good deal1 and caused considerable motion in the ship2 after a time1 however1 they became quiet4 ,a sharp1 penetrating smell was easily perceptible in the 'tween decks of the ship1 which was quickly removed upon a light breeze springing up1 by means of the excellent ventilation and numerous air-pipes and wind shafts4 ,the animals were several times watered1 and it was easy to see how greatly they were refreshed4 ,the hay in the racks1 on the other hand1 was hardly touched4 ,upon arriving in the port we were introduced by the captain to the two veterinary surgeons stationed here to inspect the cattle1 and witnessed the rapid disembarkation of the cargo1 all of which were thoroughly healthy1 not one being condemned4 ,the cattle1 when landed1 were immediately brought to carts standing in readiness and transported to ,london1 where they are cleansed and then driven into the adjacent fields4 ,after doing all in our power to attain the object of our journey1 we went back to the port to wait for the ,schwan1 having first thoroughly cleansed the clothes we had worn during our inspection of the diseased cattle4 ,the ,schwan came in shortly after our arrival1 and disembarked #bef head of large cattle1 #ab calves and #djj sheep1 all in good condition4 ,mr4 ,philipps1 the ,london agent of the ,north ,german ,lloyd's1 was on the spot1 together with several reporters from newspapers1 who wished to see by personal investigation how and in what condition cattle are brought from the ,weser4 ,we re-embarked on the ,schwan upon the #aith4 ,the crew were engaged during the voyage in carefully cleansing the ship4 ,the weather was fine1 and we arrived safely at ,nordenhamm upon the #bast4 7,signed7 ,g4 ,j4 ,,rippen1 ,veterinary ,surgeon at ,seefield4 ,h4 ,,fasting1 ,veterinary ,surgeon at ,schwey4 ,,note ,b4 ,professor ,simonds having had such opportunities of investigating those diseases as they existed in ,england and in foreign countries as were possessed only by a few ,englishmen1 might be permitted to offer a few observations4 ,he had been appointed by the ,royal ,agricultural ,societies of ,england and ,ireland to proceed to the ,continent in #aheg1 when there was a rumour that the disease which existed among cattle in this country at the present time was prevailing in ,mecklenburg4 ,consuls sent despatches that the rinderpest was prevailing largely1 and the ,government1 as a precautionary measure1 closed the ports against the introduction of cattle from the ,baltic to this country4 ,he found1 however1 from his observations abroad that since #ahag there had been no disease of this kind westward of a line between ,revel in the ,baltic and the ,gulf of ,venice1 but to the eastward of that line it had existed4 ,he came up with the affection at the ,carpathian mountains1 where it was raging in #aheg just as it is raging in ,england at the present time4 ,not only had it existed there1 but it had been carried into the interior of ,russia in the ordinary method of the cattle trade4 ,a person who was in the habit of purchasing cattle attended a fair and bought a number of animals1 and took them to his own farm1 and in the course of ten days one or two were seized with the disease1 and the result was there was a gradual spread of the evil in that district4 ,it gained ground until the ,government instituted the sanitary police regulations1 which1 though they were such as would be considered strange in ,england1 were1 he believed1 absolutely necessary for the extirpation of the plague4 ,it was undoubtedly true that no foreign animals had been seized at our ports or in the metropolitan market2 but it was not necessary for the case they had in hand to say whether the disease was or was not of foreign importation4 ,there was this fact before them1 that it was not until the month of ,june that the disease appeared in ,england4 ,a certain number of animals came out of a diseased district4 ,he had documentary evidence that animals came from ,revel and came from the district of ,esthonia4 ,he had before him proof that the disease now in ,england was raging in that district4 ,they had proof that shortly after the arrival of those cattle in ,england the disease manifested itself here4 ,he admitted there were difficulties in the way of checking the importation of foreign cattle4 ,the ,government had its eyes open to the matter1 and he did not think it possible for the ,government to have done more than they had done or to have done more quickly what they had been doing4 ,at this moment half the supply of the metropolitan market came from foreign countries1 and he did not wish to convey any reflection by saying that this disease had its origin from abroad4 ,he would admit that the animals from ,germany and ,hungary were coming in a healthy condition2 but he could not admit that they came from ,russia1 ,poland1 or ,galicia in so perfect a condition1 because the regulations there were not sufficient to stamp out the disease4 ,the ,government had made an inquiry as to the general health of cattle on the ,continent4 ,they believed ,france1 ,belgium1 ,holland1 ,schleswig-,holstein1 ,oldenburg1 and a large part of the ,continent that supplied cattle to this country were free from disease4 ,this went to show that we had admitted a disease not from where we received our supplies of meat1 but from some other district4 ,then it must be associated with the fact that it came into this country when animals arrived here from an infected district in ,russia4 ,animals from ,germany and ,hungary were often shipped and mixed with others from a diseased district4 ,as regarded the disease being spontaneous1 we had been free from it for twenty years4 ,what was the state of our cowsheds fifty years ago8 ,were they not in a more filthy condition than they are now8 ,if1 therefore1 the disease had been induced from common causes it would have been here years and years ago4 ,it was no reflection to say that a great many cases could be traced directly to the metropolitan market4 ,take one case which occurred in ,sussex4 ,certain cattle had been bought in the metropolitan market and were taken home4 ,in three or four days they were ill1 and presented symptoms of this affection4 ,in a few days more the cows and calves were dead4 ,in another instance calves were bought in ,chichester ,market1 where they had been taken from ,london4 ,the result was the death of twelve cows and ten calves4 ,the people had other cattle on the same farm1 and not one of them took it4 ,he could say1 too1 that persons who had only one animal had lost it by the disease4 ,how had the disease got into ,norfolk and ,kent but by the animals which went from the metropolitan market8 ,he could prove by documentary evidence that it was so4 ,he could show there was not a single instance where the origin of the disease could not be traced to the metropolis4 ,it was the most fearful visitation that had ever been seen in ,england4 ,they had adopted a system of compensation in ,norfolk1 and if by this meeting something was done to shut out the animals of infected districts1 no doubt the promoters would receive not only the thanks of ,london1 but the country generally4 ,mr4 ,gibbins--,now1 if the disease came from abroad1 and diseased cattle were shipped on the other side of the sea1 no doubt the voyage would concentrate and aggravate the disease4 ,the ,government inspectors reported1 however1 that not one instance had been seen of foreign cattle so diseased1 nor had any been seized and destroyed in ,london or anywhere else4 ,whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able to state4 ,sir ,george ,grey asked him whether he had found any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market4 ,he said not one4 ,they had1 no doubt1 many instances of the disease amongst the cows that were ordinarily called milch cows1 but that were not milch cows when they came to market1 because one effect of the disease was to deprive the animal of milk4 ,these were then sent to the market and sold as fat stock4 ,he could only say they had had no cases1 except in cows1 whether they came from the dairies in ,london or elsewhere4 ,,note ,c4 ,m4 ,dembinski1 ,professor of ,analytical ,chemistry and ,natural ,science1 had also addressed a communication to the ,lord ,mayor on the subject4 ,the prevalent ,rinderpest1 he said1 originated in the steppes of ,podolia1 from which considerable herds of cattle were exported through the steppes to ,moscow1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,riga1 and ,revel1 and thence to the ports of ,memel1 ,knigsberg1 ,dantzic1 ,hamburg1 ,kiel1 and the ,hague4 ,deprived of congenial food and pure water on their transport through the steppes1 and then arriving at marshy lands1 the exhausted animals drank the stagnant water1 which1 during hot weather1 exhaled a pestiferous malaria1 and infected them with a predisposition to the epidemic in question1 which developed itself into a kind of fever on the voyage to ,england in a crowded condition4 ,,note ,d4 ,,international ,,veterinary ,,congress1 ,,vienna1 ,august1 #ahfe4 ,with regard to the cattle plague1 it may be well to state that ,austria has been most unfortunately situated1 from the readiness with which ,russian cattle have been admitted into the country at various parts of the western and southern frontiers4 ,at the opening of the ,congress this difficulty was particularly noted by the ,ministerial counsellor1 ,dr4 ,vell1 who attended on behalf of the ,government1 for the purpose of welcoming the assembly1 and giving an assurance that its deliberations would meet with all the attention they deserved4 ,he specially referred to the fact that the laws relating to cattle disease prevention had been entirely revised in #ahej1 but that the ,steppe murrain continued to be introduced by smuggled stock into the western and southern provinces of the ,state4 ,it was therefore necessary to attempt a more effectual control over the propagation of so disastrous a malady4 ,herr ,pabst welcomed the meeting on behalf of the ,minister of ,trade4 ,he said that the value of the cattle of the ,austrian dominions considerably exceeded one hundred million pounds sterling 7one thousand million ,austrian florins71 and that cattle plagues completely put a stop to the development of that essential branch of agriculture which embraces the improvement and increase of live stock in a country4 ,he assured the assembly that all would be done that was possible to improve the existing state of matters1 and that he hoped they would greatly aid the ,government by the discussions which would take place and the conclusions at which they would arrive4 ,i may state1 by the way1 that an opinion rather generally expressed by some1 and stoutly maintained by others1 was that the peculiar disposition of some of the ,austrian subjects1 and the feeling existing in ,hungary against ,state measures1 rendered the law1 to a great extent1 inoperative4 ,i can1 from personal experience1 state that although stringent and most efficient means are used for the suppression of cattle plagues1 and with the best results in ,austria proper1 there is great difficulty in carrying out the law in districts where ,austrian rule is at a discount4 ,indeed this is clearly indicated by the manner in which the ,rinderpest penetrates into ,austria1 where the laws are similar to those in the kingdom of ,prussia1 which is1 and has long been1 completely protected from invasions of the disorder4 ,at the meeting of the first ,international ,congress1 held in ,hamburg in #ahfe1 ,dr4 ,rll stated that owing to the length of time to which the quarantine for ,russian cattle extended on the ,austrian frontier1 herds of cattle were often smuggled through1 and companies had been formed for the purpose of insurance against seizure by the authorities4 ,the unlawful traffic was therefore carried on with comparative safety to the dealers1 who cared not what misfortune they brought on a country if only their personal ends could be served4 ,this question was the first to occupy the attention of the ,congress last week2 when a resolution was proposed to shorten the period of quarantine for cattle from ,russia into any country from twenty-one days to ten4 ,the discussion was keen4 ,it was stipulated1 however1 that the quarantine should be carried out most strictly over all parts of the frontier1 without respect to any breed of cattle or other circumstances which might be brought forward as exceptional reasons for retaining animals in quarantine4 ,the committee appointed to prepare a succinct report on the subject included ,professors ,unterberger1 ,seifmann1 ,werner1 ,zlamal1 ,hertwig1 ,haubner1 and ,rll2 and the committee decided in favour of the shortened quarantine1 on the following conditions3--,first--,when the establishment of quarantine institutions is effected in accordance with the requirements of trade and the peculiarities of the frontier1 special attention must be paid to the erection of quarantine stables1 c41 where there are facilities for procuring an abundance of fodder and water4 ,second--,the animals to be kept under efficient veterinary supervision wherever they have to submit to quarantine4 ,the inspectors must be properly qualified veterinary surgeons4 ,third--,the use of a brand to indicate that the animals have been in quarantine4 ,fourth--,the effectual disinfection1 by washing and otherwise1 of animals as they leave the quarantine4 ,fifth--,the introduction of a poll-tax along the eastern frontiers1 and the appointment of proper veterinarians to be on the watch as to the health of cattle along the frontiers4 ,sixth--,careful supervision to be placed over the traffic in cattle wherever it takes place in a country4 ,seventh--,the punishment to the full extent that the law allows of all who break the rules relating to quarantine or other means for the prevention of the cattle plague4 ,professor ,hertwig1 of ,berlin1 whose opinion is always listened to with great respect in veterinary circles1 stated his reasons for adopting these resolutions now1 whereas in #ahfc he was against shortening the period of quarantine4 ,he referred chiefly to the importance of not offering temptations for cattle dealers to evade the law by insisting on unreasonable restrictions4 ,the feeling of the assembly was greatly in favour of avoiding vexatious and expensive measures1 which might greatly interfere with the employment of capital in cattle traffic4 ,a small number of professors1 not exceeding eight or nine1 held out for a quarantine of twenty-one days4 ,it may be as well to state that quarantine regulations1 which have been regarded as almost useless in the prevention of human disorders1 from the great difficulties in the way of carrying them out efficiently1 are recognised as of great value in controlling the propagation of cattle plagues4 ,it is possible to control the movement of herds1 and the governments of ,central ,europe have found it absolutely essential so to do4 ,indeed1 the ablest medical men who have written against the adoption of a quarantine system for human small-pox and cholera1 such as ,professor ,siegmund1 of ,berlin1 acknowledge its value and absolute requirement with regard to the ,rinderpest4 ,a professor from ,galicia argued in favour of controlling the movements of people wherever the disease appeared1 and no fact seems to have been better ascertained than that of the communication of the ,rinderpest from herd to herd by human beings4 ,professor ,jessen1 of ,dorpat1 states that in ,russia the malady was at one time speedily propagated by the people1 who regarded the destruction of their stock as a visitation of ,providence1 and who summoned a priest into their stables to pray with them that the plague might be stayed4 ,moving from farm to farm1 the malady was by this means rapidly transmitted4 ,in ,hungary1 many outbreaks result from people dressing the carcases and hawking about the meat1 which1 even where human beings remain uninjured1 is deadly to the cattle whenever the water with which it is washed is thrown about the yards1 or the meat is hung up near sheds containing living animals4 ,the members present at the ,international ,congress spoke in favour of establishing a fund1 apart from the ,government grants1 for the payment of diseased or infected animals which have to be slaughtered with a view to the prevention of the plague4 ,special precautions were suggested as to the transmission of articles the product of diseased animals4 #a4 ,perfectly dried skins1 the points of horns cut off1 as they often are for commercial purposes1 the salted and dried intestines of cattle1 melted tallow1 wools1 cowhair1 4c41 could be freely allowed to pass unobserved4 #b4 ,entire horns1 hoofs1 c41 which are detached from the soft parts1 but which often contain adhering flesh1 c41 should be disinfected with chloride of lime4 #c4 ,as melted tallow is often conveyed in bags which may be charged with the poison1 those bags should be washed with chloride of lime solution4 #d4 ,fresh bones1 fresh skins1 and intestines1 unmelted tallow1 raw flesh1 and fresh sheepskins1 should not be sold whenever the ,rinderpest exists in a district4 ,according to all the accounts which reach us1 the foreign observations and resolutions may be of essential service in ,england4 ,the members of the ,assembly were informed by ,mr4 ,erner of the origin and the progress of the cattle plague in ,england1 and were deeply interested by the account given of the imminent danger in which many countries are placed that purchase breeding stock in the ,british isles4 ,the theories of spontaneous origin amuse the learned here not a little1 as they justly think we ought not to be so far behind every nation in the possession of knowledge regarding the propagation of such a disorder as the steppe murrain4 ,,note ,e4 ,now1 if the disease came from abroad1 and diseased cattle were shipped on the other side of the sea1 no doubt the voyage would concentrate and aggravate the disease4 ,whether the disease came from abroad or elsewhere he was not able to state4 ,sir ,george ,grey asked him whether he had found any disease among the foreign cattle that came into the market4 ,he had not one4 ,he could only say they had had no cases1 except in cows1 whether they came from the dairies in ,london or elsewhere4 ,so far as they knew1 not one single bullock or ox had been condemned4--,,mr4 ,,gibbins1 #ahth ,august1 ,meeting at the ,mansion ,house4 ,the very first shed in which the plague must have appeared in ,london is a pattern of cleanliness1 and the stock was magnificent1 as proved by the animals in a shed to which the disease has not been propagated4 ,almost simultaneously the malady broke out in the ,essex marshes1 and in every instance we trace a more or less direct contamination by foreign stock4 ,,note ,f4 ,,vienna1 ,august1 #ahfe4 ,on the #bhth of ,august about thirty of the members of the ,congress accepted an invitation to visit the renowned agricultural establishment at ,altenburg1 in ,hungary4 ,after the visitors had inspected the herds and other appurtenances of this institution1 ,professor ,maasch1 its director1 intimated that the ,rinderpest had appeared at ,nickolsdorf1 about four ,german miles from ,altenburg4 ,the ,president of the ,congress had known this fact before the party left ,vienna for ,hungary2 but as he feared some enthusiasts would first see the plague1 and then inspect the ,altenburg herds1 he preferred to adopt the stratagem of communicating the information through ,professor ,maasch1 after the great ,agricultural ,college of ,hungary had been viewed4 ,nickolsdorf1 where the steppe murrain appeared on the #ajth of ,august1 is an exquisitely clean village1 with well-whitewashed buildings and broad roads1 constituting the centre of a thriving agricultural district4 ,its people are typical ,hungarians1 not too anxious to work1 and1 on the whole1 poor2 but they are intelligent1 notwithstanding the national proclivity to farm a thousand acres badly rather than one-fourth the quantity to perfection4 ,their wants are not great1 and their worldly luxuries1 beyond potatoes and schnaps1 are bought with the profits made on large herds of cattle4 ,one herd only had suffered from the cattle plague when we visited the village4 ,this herd consisted of #abbe animals1 divided into three lots4 ,the affected portion numbered #dej animals--bullocks intended for work and slaughter--varying in age from three to seven years4 ,the cows and heifers had not been smitten4 ,the #dej animals amongst which the disease appeared were housed in no less than sixteen different sheds in ,nickolsdorf4 ,out of each of these places sick animals had been taken1 and either slaughtered or permitted to die4 ,we killed four for dissection on the #bith4 ,six more had been previously killed1 their hides slacked1 and the entire body buried2 nine had died1 and two we left in life to be soon slaughtered and disposed of as the others4 ,the district veterinary surgeon in constant attendance was an extremely active and intelligent man1 who recognised the disease on its first outbreak1 and adopted such measures for separation1 destruction1 and burial1 as prevented the disease from spreading so rapidly as it has in ,england4 ,the cause of the outbreak was the intermingling of cattle-dealers' stock with the ,nickolsdorf herd2 and although the animals which carried it have not been fully traced1 they are believed to have been owned by a butcher who had purchased them in ,comorn1 where the malady is raging4 ,singular variations have been seen in the symptoms exhibited1 especially when animals are first affected4 ,during the ,nickolsdorf outbreak there has been an invariable incubation of five or six days2 then furor or delirium appears3 the bullocks stare1 roar1 stamp with their feet1 are prepared to attack people who approach them1 and seem to be dizzy at intervals4 ,they shiver1 their muscles twitch1 the eyes soon begin to discharge1 and the mucus which flows from the mouth foams4 ,the pulse is at first slower than usual1 until all the fever symptoms appear4 ,there is more constipation than diarrhoea1 though1 on examination1 the mucous membranes are all found to be affected precisely in the manner so often observed in ,england during the present outbreak4 ,the differences in the symptoms are accounted for by peculiarities of breed1 the condition of stalls1 the food the animals have lived on1 and similar circumstances4 ,we may hear more of these ,hungarian outbreaks1 but the chances are we shall not witness in any part of ,austria the wholesale devastation now going on in ,great ,britain4--,international ,veterinary ,congress4 ,,note ,g4 ,at present the cowkeepers send off the infected beasts to the market1 or to some slaughter-house1 where they might be killed4 ,there was believed to be great danger in allowing the infected cows to be driven through the streets4 ,if the good could be separated from the bad animals1 and if the latter could be conveyed to sanitoriums1 where the medical men could operate upon them1 then much benefit would result2 and then1 too1 if the animals died1 they would be buried on the spot4 ,all the professors were agreed in this1 that if a compensation fund were raised1 and the cowkeeper were told that he would be remunerated for his loss1 he would at once inform the authorities when the disease made its appearance in his cowshed4 ,shed after shed was being now shut up1 and men and women who seemed to be affluent one day were the next reduced to ruin4 ,an illustration of this would suffice4 ,one day last week a cowkeeper at ,pimlico had #gj or #hj healthy cows4 ,on ,wednesday three of them were found dead4 ,on ,thursday #db of them were sent to the market4 ,of these #db three showed symptoms of the disease1 and then the whole of the #db beasts had to be slaughtered because of the disease being among the three4 ,the poor fellow was thus ruined4 ,last ,monday he sent nine more cows to the market1 and these also had to be slaughtered4 ,at present the man was absolutely out of his mind4 ,out of his #gj beasts1 he had not one left4 ,some persons were saying that the disease arose from bad water1 bad ventilation1 and bad cowsheds2 but in the case of ,miss ,burdett ,coutts1 who had had #dj head of cattle1 which were most carefully housed and attended to--particularly from the moment she heard that the disease was amongst them--all were gone1 with the exception of one cow2 so that1 whether it was a want of water or a want of ventilation which in other cases caused it1 this was an instance in which everything was done that could be done1 and yet the plague raged and the mortality ensued4--,,mr4 ,,gibbins1 ,meeting at the ,mansion ,house4 ,,note ,j4 ,yesterday morning ,dr4 ,jarvis1 medical officer of ,st4 ,matthew's1 ,bethnal-green1 received information that ,mr4 ,castell1 an extensive purveyor of milk1 had lost eighty-four cows during the past week4 ,other cowkeepers in this district have also experienced great losses4 ,the disease has manifested itself with more or less virulence at ,st4 ,anne's1 ,limehouse2 ,st4 ,john1 ,hackney3 ,st4 ,mary-le-,bow1 ,st4 ,george's-in-the-,east1 ,st4 ,john1 ,wapping2 ,christ ,church1 ,spitalfields2 ,st4 ,leonard's1 ,shoreditch2 ,st4 ,mary1 ,whitechapel2 ,st4 ,paul's1 ,shadwell2 the hamlet of ,ratcliff1 ,stoke ,newington1 ,kingsland1 and ,tottenham4 ,mr4 ,gibbins1 chairman of the ,metropolitan ,markets ,committee1 ,mr4 ,rudkin1 a member of the committee1 ,mr4 ,tegg1 veterinary surgeon to the market1 and ,mr4 ,baldry1 clerk to the market1 applied to the sitting magistrate at ,clerkenwell ,police ,court yesterday for summonses against cowkeepers for sending diseased cows into the market4 ,during the course of the present week no less than nineteen cows had been seized in the market and fairs and condemned4 ,the order was asked for under the #hth section of the recent ,order in ,council1 which recited that it shall not be lawful to send or bring to any fair or market1 or to send or carry by any railway1 or by any ship or vessel coastwise1 or to place upon or to drive along any highway1 or the sides thereof1 any animal labouring under disease4 ,the cattle seized had not been examined by a ,government inspector1 and no certificate had been given to the owners that they were fit to be removed4 ,the market authorities wished it to be known that proceedings would be taken in every case that was brought under their notice4 ,mr4 ,cooke observed that the inspectors had power to seize and slaughter1 or cause to be slaughtered1 and to be buried in any convenient place1 any animal labouring under the disease4 ,had that been done8 ,mr4 ,tegg said that the animals were in some of the cases slaughtered1 and the others would be slaughtered in the course of the day4 ,the summonses were granted4 ,yesterday1 the summonses issued at the instance of ,mr4 ,frederick ,thomas ,stanley1 a member of the ,royal ,college of ,veterinary ,surgeons1 and one of the inspectors appointed under the ,order in ,council1 came on for hearing before ,mr4 ,burcham1 magistrate at the ,southwark police court4 ,the summons in the first case was addressed to ,thomas ,meredith1 of the ,flying ,horse-yard1 ,blackman-street1 for that the defendant1 without the licence of the said inspector1 did unlawfully remove from his premises some animals labouring under the cattle disease4 ,mr4 ,sleigh1 instructed by ,mr4 ,gant1 appeared to support the summons2 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,edwin for the defendant4 ,evidence was given that the defendant had been warned that the cows were diseased1 but that he had removed them notwithstanding4 ,the further hearing of the case was adjourned1 as were also the other summonses of a like nature4 ,in pursuance of powers vested in him by the ,manx ,legislature1 the governor of the ,isle of ,man has issued a proclamation prohibiting the importation of cattle into the island4 ,tinder the same ,act his ,excellency has power to subject all cattle imported into the island to a five days' quarantine4 ,,note ,k4 ,tracing1 as we have done1 the sale of infected stock from abroad as far back as the #aith of ,june1 we find that each week that the disease has been amongst us a fresh county has been contaminated2 and more than that when we consider that ,scotland has not escaped4 ,,note ,l4 ,,scotland4--,the cattle plague has travelled ,north to ,aberdeenshire1 and has killed a number of animals almost simultaneously on three farms at many miles distance from one another4 ,the owners of stock in one of the districts1 and the ,royal ,northern ,agricultural ,association1 are taking1 or resolving to take1 sharp and prompt steps to stay the progress of the disease4 ,the committee of the association having met on ,friday1 appointed a committee of inspection1 arranged for a public meeting of persons interested1 and favourably entertained the notion of forming a fund for mutual insurance against the sacrifices and losses which the extension of the disease might occasion4 ,a meeting of the ,general ,central ,union was also held at ,stirling on ,friday1 and a committee was appointed to confer on the subject with the directors of the ,highland ,society1 and report to another meeting to be held next ,friday4-- ,scotsman4 ,the most important communication received to-day is from ,scotland4 ,the malady has undoubtedly broken out near ,kelso1 on fourteen head of cattle imported into ,london and sent north4 ,twenty-eight animals have been seized with the disease at ,woolwich1 and calves from the ,london market are said to have taken the malady down to ,horsham and ,grinstead4 ,information has been received concerning the sale of at least fifty-four diseased and infected animals in the ,metropolitan ,cattle ,market the #crd instant4 ,,note ,m4 ,mr4 ,charles ,panter has1 at the request of ,earl ,granville1 drawn up a statement relative to the health of the cows on a farm hired by his lordship at ,golder's-green1 on the ,finchley-road4 ,in publishing the statement1 ,earl ,granville says3 ,when ,i left ,england1 a month ago1 there were about #acj milch cows in four sheds4 ,in the two largest and best managed ,i found only one cow yesterday 7,sept4 #d74 ,his ,royal ,highness the ,duke of ,coburg informed me last week that what he believed to be the same disease visited ,coburg last year4 ,no one could trace its origin1 and no medical treatment was successful4 ,air and water were their only remedies4 ,some men had died from eating the meat killed at a particular stage of the disease4 ,his ,royal ,highness had seen a horse die in four hours1 killed by flies which came from the carcase of a cow which had been allowed to remain above ground4 ,the disease disappeared in the autumn as mysteriously as it had come4 ,i understand that ,professor ,simonds is of opinion that the disease mentioned by the ,duke of ,coburg is not the same as that from which we are suffering here--that its name is the ,siberian ,pest4 ,mr4 ,panter's statement is dated ,sept4 #d1 and is as follows3--,on the #acth of ,july ,i purchased five ,dutch cows in the ,metropolitan ,market1 and placed them in quarantine at ,child's-hill ,farm1 one mile from here4 ,on the #bbnd of ,july one of them showed signs of debility2 diarrhoea followed4 ,thinking it was only a cold1 she was treated accordingly1 but continued to get worse1 and died in five days4 ,two more were attacked in a similar way1 when veterinary advice was called in1 but in five days the whole either died or were slaughtered4 ,every precaution was used to prevent the spread of infection here2 the men who attended the sick cattle were not allowed to go among the healthy ones1 and vice vers4 ,but1 previous to this1 bearing of the disease in the ,london cowsheds1 ,i adopted precautionary measures1 such as a liberal use daily of chloride of lime1 administered one ounce of nitre in half a pint of water to each cow1 and a small quantity of tar1 and painted their noses with tar4 ,but on the #hth of ,august1 unfortunately1 the disease showed itself here in a fat cow that had been for ten months in the best built1 best drained and ventilated shed4 ,no new stock had been added for nine weeks4 ,in a few hours four more cows showed symptoms of it4 ,i immediately had them all removed and slaughtered1 and made a post-mortem examination of them1 and found the windpipe in a state of decomposition1 the lungs inflated1 the small intestines red and inflamed1 and the meat of a dark yellow colour outside1 and dark red inside1 which ,i think unfit for human food after the first stage4 ,the disease confined itself to the above shed of forty-eight cows 7which are now all gone7 till the #bjth of ,august1 when it broke out in another shed of thirty-five cows1 some ten yards from the former one1 and continued its ravages1 taking from two to four cows daily1 till they are all gone but two1 one of which has not been attacked2 the other1 which was a bad case1 is cured1 and partly come to her milk again4 ,on the first symptoms ,i had her separated from the other stock1 and did not treat her for two days1 when diarrhoea set in2 ,i then gave her a bottle of brandy and four ounces of ground ginger in three quarts of old ale4 ,she lay in a kind of stupor for twelve hours1 when ,i could see a change in her for the better4 ,i continued to give her daily four quarts of gruel made with old ale and two ounces of ginger4 ,in four days she was sufficiently recovered to eat a little hay1 c41 and do without further treatment4 ,in another case the above treatment failed1 and the animal died in three days4 ,in other cases ,i allowed anyone to treat them who thought they had a remedy1 both professional men and others4 ,one persevering young veterinary surgeon came up out of ,somersetshire and treated two cases most energetically1 but failed in both2 one died in four1 and the other in eight days4 ,in other cases tonics1 stimulants1 blisters1 and setons have been tried1 but all failed4 ,the whole of the eighty-one cows lost were of the ,english breed2 we have not as yet had any loss out of the other two sheds1 consisting of about half ,english and half ,dutch cows1 and standing about forty yards from the infected shed4 ,it may be interesting for your lordship to know that ,i had the shed at ,child's-hill ,farm immediately cleansed with disinfectants1 and washed with hot lime1 c41 and bought twelve fresh cows and placed them there on the #afth1 which are now in perfect health2 and a neighbour situated midway between here and that farm had twenty-three cows lying in a field2 the plague took twenty of them1 and in three weeks he replaced them with new stock1 which are still healthy1 he having had them a month4 ,another neighbour1 a mile distant1 had a fine herd of seventy-two cows 7,english7 lying in the fields a fortnight ago4 ,the plague broke out among them1 and now he has only eight left in health4 ,from my own experience1 and from all ,i can learn1 ,i believe the disease is atmospheric1 and of a typhoid character4 ,the first symptom in a milking cow is an almost entire loss of milk1 then loss of appetite1 a watery discharge from the eyes1 nostrils1 and mouth1 which thickens as the disease develops itself2 rumination ceases1 her ears hang down1 her eyes are heavy and sunken1 bloody matter is seen in the excrement1 great debility is seen1 diarrhoea sets in1 and death takes place in from three to nine days4 ,i have read of iron water being a preventive of the disease4 ,all the water your cows have drunk comes six miles through rusty iron pipes4 ,,note ,n4 ,,the ,,cattle ,,murrain ,,at ,,holly ,,lodge4--,on the #bgth of ,june an ,alderney bull was purchased at ,bushey1 near ,watford1 and placed with the rest of the herd1 then consisting of eleven cows1 five sucking calves1 three yearling heifers1 and one bull4 ,the bull had been imported from ,alderney for several months4 ,about a month after--namely1 on the #bith of ,july--a cow in calf was attacked with unusual symptoms4 ,she was separated from the rest2 nourishing drinks were administered2 but having calved1 she died forty-eight hours after the first symptoms were observed4 ,this led to the belief that she died of the disease which then began to prevail4 ,this cow had been pastured with the others in a field occasionally used for grazing sheep that were taken to the ,metropolitan ,cattle-market1 and1 if not sold1 brought back again until the next market day2 the sheep were separated from the cows by iron hurdles4 ,the ,holly ,lodge ,estate is partly bounded on the east by the route taken by drovers with foreign and other cattle to and from the market1 some of which are also occasionally brought back to neighbouring fields4 ,the high road forms the western boundary within a few yards of the cattle-sheds and pastures4 ,these facts are stated to show that the contagion might have been easily communicated to the animals4 ,a few days later three calves were attacked with cold shivering and twitching of the muscles4 ,the previous nights having become suddenly and unusually cold and wet1 the symptoms were at first attributed to that cause4 ,although these calves had been pastured quite apart from the cow which first died1 the cow had been driven across the field where the calves lay to the shed in which it died1 the calves having been placed in the next shed1 where two of them died on the #fth of ,august1 unmistakeably of the cattle plague4 ,the third calf was sent to the ,royal ,veterinary ,college1 where it also died4 ,by the #ith of ,august four cows and the bull were seized with the disease so virulently that it was thought necessary to kill them after three days' illness4 ,on the #abth a cow and a heifer were also destroyed1 and on the #adth one of the sucking calves died4 ,thus1 out of a herd of nineteen animals1 twelve had died within a fortnight4 ,the malady had taken so strong and sudden a hold upon them that no systematic means of remedy could be applied except separation1 warmth1 stimulants1 and the medicines ordinarily given in cases of cold and fever4 ,on the #acth of ,august two more cows were pronounced incurable by two of the veterinary surgeons who had been called in2 but it was determined1 upon further advice1 to try a mode of treatment upon them not hitherto adopted4 ,one drachm of calomel was administered in gruel1 four hours afterwards one pint of castor oil1 and three hours later one quart of yeast4 ,about two quarts of warm porter were added to a gruel of yeast and oatmeal1 and given at intervals4 ,these remedies acted most efficiently1 and in one case gave much encouragement4 ,the next day the cow began to eat hay1 to chew her cud1 and to yield a good quantity of milk4 ,these remedies1 together with bi-sulphate of soda1 which invariably produced a return of the milk1 and quinine1 were then tried upon four other patients1 with varied success4 ,but in the end all these cows died1 not1 it is believed1 of the cattle murrain1 but of exhaustion occasioned by the activity of the drugs administered to them4 ,this belief was strengthened by the healthy appearance presented by the viscera of the first cow thus experimented upon1 on its being partially dissected after death4 ,the remaining cow thus treated is still alive4 ,it is impossible to avoid believing that had the medical man who kindly gave his attention to these animals1 been better acquainted with the constitution of the creature1 or had those who tended them had any knowledge of medicine1 three of the cows treated in this manner might and probably would have recovered2 and even when the animals succumbed the consequences were less serious1 the virulence of the poison being expelled--at least it was undiscernible to those who dissected them4 ,during the fortnight that the murrain was raging1 one cow in calf and one calf remained perfectly healthy1 apparently1 until both were seized within a day of each other2 these had always been kept separate from the sick animals1 and tended by other men4 ,the calf died1 and the cow was destroyed1 in consequence of the symptoms being so violent4 ,in this case very little calomel was given4 ,as it may be as well to mention all particulars1 it may be stated here that the men who tended the animals were provided with a dress1 and that it was found desirable that a certain quantity of stimulants--brandy1 coffee1 and strong soup--should be given to prevent nausea and other uncomfortable feelings from which the men suffered4 ,all the directions respecting the burying of the animals issued by the ,privy ,council have been strictly complied with2 clothes1 c41 have been burnt1 chloride of lime 7,macdougall's disinfectant7 was used with others to destroy insects and flies1 with abundance of white-washing4 ,the men were recommended to use1 as a wash for the mouth1 manganate of potash4 ,the first crop of grass in the field where the cattle lay before their sickness1 and during it1 has been destroyed also2 and it is intended to use some disinfectant1 such as charcoal or lime1 to spread over the field4 ,miss ,b4 ,c4 feels so persuaded that some mode of treatment could be found to alleviate1 if not to save life1 that she has determined to employ a medical gentleman1 who kindly offers his services1 and to take also the advice of a good cow or veterinary surgeon1 and to try the effects of various remedies in some of the cowsheds where persons will be glad to let such experiments be tried2 and it is also her intention to ask the ,privy ,council to allow one of the ,government ,inspectors to assist and report upon the cases4 ,it may not be altogether unimportant to add that the state of the atmosphere seemed to have some effect upon the health of the animals1 as upon those occasions the symptoms were most severe during the thunder-storms which then occurred4 ,the milk which returned was found to be rather watery1 and the cream had a peculiar appearance4 ,at first the pigs declined it1 and it was not thought advisable to continue to give it at all to any animals for about a week4 ,it is now perfectly good4 ,,note ,o4 ,advices from ,holland1 dated the ,hague1 ,sept4 #f1 state3 ,the cattle disease has now been observed in the parishes of ,kethel1 ,delfshaven1 ,moordrecht1 ,uaardingen1 ,averschie1 ,kvalingen1 ,nieuwerkerk on the ,issel 7two hours from ,rotterdam71 ,spykenisse1 ,schiedam1 ,herrjansdam1 ,maasland1 ,sommelsdyk1 and ,zevenhuisen4 ,it has spread most at ,kethel1 where it first broke out among a cargo of cattle not admitted into ,england4 ,in the other parishes some sixty animals were infected on the #ast inst4 ,the post-mortem examination of the diseased beasts presents the abnormal appearances that have been found in the disease elsewhere1 i4e41 swollen mucous membranes with red spots1 peculiar exudations in the fourth stomach and intestines1 c4 ,the medical commission declares the malady to be the typhus contagiosus bovum of modern veterinary surgery1 and recommends that infected animals should be treated with from three to four drachms of muriatic acid1 mixed with six ounces of treacle and decoction of linseed4 ,decoctions of ,peruvian bark and osier peelings1 with sulphuric ether1 are also said to be beneficial to weak animals4 ,the avoidance of all contact of the cattle-tenders with infected beasts is especially enjoined1 and ventilation and cleanliness of the stalls strongly recommended4 ,cattle markets and fairs are suspended until further orders1 and extraordinary measures for disinfection are applied upon steamboats and railways4 ,,note ,p4 ,the following document has been received at the ,foreign ,office from her ,majesty's ,agent and ,consul-,general at ,bucharest3-- 7,translation from the ,official ,monitoral1 ,no4 #agc1 ,august #h-bj1 #ahfe47 ,,general ,,direction ,,of ,,the ,,sanitary ,,service4 ,from the #ast to the #aeth ,july a typhus epizooty broke out among the large horned cattle in the districts of ,ilfov1 ,jassy1 ,bolgrad1 ,falcin1 ,buzeo1 and ,roman1 which still continues1 but is on the decrease4 ,the ,direction1 in consequence1 publishes the above for the information of those concerned4 ,the ,director-,general1 7,signed7 ,d4 ,,gluch4 ,aug4 #b-ad1 #ahfe4 ,,note ,r4 ,august #ad4 ,,the ,,question ,,of ,,infection4--,yesterday afternoon ,mr4 ,alfred ,ebsworth1 of #aa1 ,trinity-street1 ,southwark1 the medical officer of health for the parish of ,st4 ,mary1 ,newington1 attended before the sitting magistrate to make a statement with regard to the condition of the parish from the influx of diseased cattle1 and the manner in which they were disposed of4 ,addressing the magistrate 7,mr4 ,burnham7 ,mr4 ,ebsworth said that on that morning he1 in his capacity of medical officer of health for the parish of ,st4 ,mary1 ,newington1 received an order to attend professionally a man who was seriously ill in ,kent-street1 within the parish4 ,while paying the visit to the patient his attention had been drawn to the condition of a slaughter-house on the other side of the street1 where it was reported to him there were fifteen cows which had been ordered by the ,government officer to be destroyed at the ,bricklayers' ,arms ,station1 and then to be buried4 ,the animals were accordingly destroyed by the men in the employ of ,mr4 ,george ,nicholls1 the proprietor of the yard in question2 and from ,mr4 ,nicholls he had learned that1 instead of the carcases of the animals being buried1 they were carted through the parish of ,st4 ,george's to ,mitcham1 where they were boiled down1 and brought back through the parish of ,st4 ,mary1 ,newington1 in the shape of cats'-meat4 ,he 7,mr4 ,ebsworth7 felt it his duty to come before the magistrate with this complaint1 especially when the cattle plague was so prevalent4 ,he had a right to inquire upon what grounds the carcases had not been disposed of on the spot where they had been slaughtered1 instead of being carted through the parish he represented1 in a way calculated to spread the infection4 ,he could not but regard this as a most iniquitous proceeding1 and he attended with a view to prevent a repetition of the practice4 ,mr4 ,frederick ,t4 ,stanley presented himself1 and said that he was a member of the ,royal ,college of ,veterinary ,surgeons4 ,he had been appointed an inspector of cattle under the orders issued by the ,privy ,council4 ,within the district there were no means of burying the carcases of the diseased and condemned animals1 and in the instance referred to they could not have been buried in the cowshed4 ,it was impossible to bury the carcases in the ,london districts1 and hence they were sent to the knacker's yard1 where it was supposed they would be disposed of4 ,mr4 ,ebsworth3 ,and that1 your worship1 is what ,i complain of4 ,mr4 ,burcham3 ,you think that the practice to which you have called my attention is calculated to propagate the extension of the disease4 ,mr4 ,stanley declared that the skins were disinfected under his especial orders4 ,mr4 ,burcham remarked that the animals had been taken to the slaughter-house1 not for the purpose of being killed and buried1 but that their skins should be taken off and disinfected4 ,why should they have been taken to ,mitcham8 ,mr4 ,stanley stated that the disease could not be communicated from a dead animal1 and it was conveyed only by inoculation1 or through the breath of a living animal upon the dead body of a diseased ox4 ,mr4 ,burcham3 ,i do not agree with you in that opinion4 ,i believe that infection may be conveyed by a dead animal4 ,mr4 ,ebsworth said that such was his opinion1 and1 having regard to #bh1jjj patients in the parish1 he had felt it his bounden duty to come forward to make this complaint4 ,he thought such things ought not to occur4 ,mr4 ,burcham was of the same opinion1 and that such a commodity ought not to be allowed to be conveyed through the public streets in open carts4 ,just before the magistrate was about to rise1 ,mr4 ,stanley introduced to his worship ,professor ,simonds1 and a long colloquy 7in private7 ensued between them4 ,at its close ,professor ,simonds retired1 and ,mr4 ,burcham said3 ,i wish to state that ,i wanted to be satisfied that everything was done by ,mr4 ,stanley that could be done under the circumstances by which he was surrounded1 in the midst of great difficulty4 ,i have had an interview with ,professor ,simonds1 and he informs me that there are the greatest difficulties1 if not impossibilities1 in finding any places near ,london in which the dead carcases of diseased animals can be buried4 ,in the case now before me these animals were slaughtered at the ,bricklayers' ,arms ,station1 and were then taken to the slaughter-house in ,kent-street1 under the notion that the owner of the slaughter-house had the means of boiling them down4 ,it appears that he had no such apparatus1 and hence he found it necessary to send the carcases to ,mitcham1 the nearest place at which he believed the carcases could be buried and disposed of1 and the neighbourhood thereby disinfected4 ,professor ,simonds is perfectly sure that this meat when boiled down cannot by any probability cause the infection to spread4 ,it was possible1 but not probable1 that infection might be introduced by the carcases of the diseased animals on their way to the place where they had to be boiled down2 but it appears to me1 from what ,i have just heard1 that every precaution has been taken to prevent such an occurrence4 ,it seems that the authorities cannot find a place within a reasonable distance in which the carcases can be buried1 and1 therefore1 they are obliged to have recourse to boiling them down1 as the only alternative4 ,it is right that ,i should add that the conduct of ,mr4 ,stanley1 the inspector1 has been quite in conformity with the directions he has received1 not only under the ,orders in ,council1 but also sanctioned in my presence to-day by ,professor ,simonds4 ,i trust that this statement will remove from the mind of ,mr4 ,stanley any unfavourable impression he may have entertained2 and ,i will only add my opinion1 that the diseased cattle ought to be removed through these populous districts in closed and not in open carts4 ,the conversation then closed1 and at an unusually late hour the court adjourned4 ,,diseased ,,meat4--,at the ,thames ,police ,court yesterday ,henry ,frost1 an old man1 was charged with having allowed to be deposited on the premises occupied by him in the rear of the house1 ,no4 #ac1 ,sidney-street1 ,stepney1 four quarters of beef prepared for sale and intended for the food of man1 but which was unfit for human food4 ,frost carried on the business of a greengrocer4 ,he asserted that he let the place to other men1 who were the actual offenders4 ,it was intimated that the vestry had no disposition to press for a heavy penalty4 ,mr4 ,paget fined the prisoner #djs4 ,at ,clerkenwell1 ,mr4 ,tegg1 inspector at the ,metropolitan ,cattle ,market for the ,city authorities applied to ,mr4 ,d',eyncourt for an order to destroy a quantity of diseased meat which he purposed seizing4 ,mr4 ,d',eyncourt said the meat must be actually seized and condemned upon evidence before he could make the order4 ,in the matter of the seizure of #cb quarters of beef1 weighing about #cjjj lbs41 which was found on the premises of a knacker in ,pleasant-grove1 ,belle-isle1 ,mr4 ,d',eyncourt dismissed an application made against the defendant under the ,nuisances ,removal ,act4 ,the defence set up was that the meat was recognised as bad and diseased by the killer as soon as the animals were slaughtered4 ,,note ,s4 ,the ,orders in ,council seemed only to complicate the matter1 and how effectually to combat the evil was a most difficult question4 ,some said the grand remedy was the knife1 and others suggested that the diseased animals should be sent to a sanatorium4 ,to destroy the diseased cattle was impossible1 except the owner of them or the inspector went round and obtained an order from a magistrate for their destruction4 ,the last meeting was adjourned1 among other purposes1 in order that the committee might take the opinion of the law officers upon the subject4 ,it so happened1 however1 that most of the law officers of the ,corporation were at present out of town4 ,fortunately the ,common ,serjeant was found1 and he gave an opinion which confirmed the committee in their view that they had no power to kill1 and no power to do anything except in the matter of isolation4 ,then the committee passed a resolution that another committee ought to be formed to raise the necessary funds for compensating the cattle-owners1 and to see that those funds were properly applied1 for the money was only intended to apply to the cattle plague1 and was not meant to go in the shape of compensation for pleuro-pneumonia1 or for the foot diseases4 ,in other words1 they were now legislating for the cattle plague or ,rinderpest only4 ,he resided at ,dulwich1 and he found that in the villages adjoining there were many cows1 and never in his life had he seen finer cows4 ,not one of them had been affected by the disease4 ,there was a cowkeeper at ,peckham who had #bjj cows1 and all of them were in the most healthy state4 ,at ,brixton ,hill a man had #cj cows in the same excellent condition4 ,at ,dulwich nearly all the cows were diseased1 but there the shed and other accommodation was exceedingly bad4 ,in parts of ,peckham ,rye some of the cowkeepers had lost their cattle1 but there again the places were badly ventilated1 and the cows were badly cared for4 ,he believed that the disease might be prevented by the use of proper precautions on the part of those who had the greatest interest in keeping their cows in a healthy state4 ,he believed1 too1 that this question affected the whole of the metropolitan district quite as much as it did the ,city itself4 ,there were no fewer than #ajf head of diseased cattle lately seized2 but1 as he said before1 they could not be killed without an order from a magistrate1 and a magistrate would naturally feel a difficulty in issuing an order to kill so many as #ajf head4 ,it was necessary1 under such circumstances1 that a deputation should wait upon the ,home ,secretary and ask him to provide a remedy1 and tell the authorities what they were to do at such a crisis4 ,if1 as it now appeared1 the inspectors and the markets' committee had been slaughtering beasts without authority1 who was to pay the costs should proceedings against them be commenced8 ,professor ,simonds seemed to think that next session a bill of indemnity would be introduced1 and certainly something of this kind was rendered necessary1 for cattle were now coming here which were consigned to ,a41 ,b41 and ,c41 and then the owners could not be found1 and without the consent of the owners the diseased beasts could not be killed4 ,the next subject in the report had reference to slaughter-houses4 ,as there were no places at present to which cattle in an incipient stage of the disease could be removed from the sheds in which they were placed along with untainted cattle1 it was now proposed that slaughter-houses should be established in ,london for their reception4 ,then came the question1 how were the beasts to be removed from the sheds to the slaughter-houses8 ,it was the opinion of many that they ought to be removed in vans1 and not driven through the streets2 but1 however that might be1 slaughter-houses should be erected in the metropolis where the tainted animals might be killed4 ,then came the question1 how was an animal to be dealt with when first stricken with the disease8 ,it was suggested that hospitals or sanatoriums should be provided1 to which the beasts should be sent4 ,but this was a matter of great importance1 to which the attention of the committee to be appointed and that of the medical men would have to be directed4 ,if the plague went on it would affect all classes1 rich and poor alike1 and instead of meat being as now at a reasonable rate1 it would go up #d;d4 or #f;d4 per pound2 but he had hopes that the disease might be checked1 particularly as ,professors ,simonds and ,gamgee had been more successful in the treatment of it than they had previously been4 ,,note ,t4 ,august #ca4 ,,deputation ,,to ,,the ,,home ,,office4--,yesterday afternoon the ,lord ,mayor proceeded from the ,mansion ,house to the ,home ,office1 and had an interview with ,mr4 ,waddington on the subject of the cattle plague1 and the desirability of establishing hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan districts for the reception and medical treatment of diseased cattle4 ,his lordship was accompanied on the occasion by the following deputation from the ,markets and ,cattle ,plague ,committees3--,mr4 ,gibbins 7,chairman of the ,markets ,committee71 ,mr4 ,webber1 ,mr4 ,gower1 ,mr4 ,brewster1 ,mr4 ,rudkin1 and ,dr4 ,jarvis 7the ,medical ,officer of ,health for ,bethnal-green74 ,sir ,george ,grey having left ,london for ,falloden4 ,the ,lord ,mayor introduced the deputation to ,mr4 ,waddington1 and in doing so1 said that their object was to obtain the sanction of ,government to the establishment of hospitals or sanatoriums within the metropolitan districts1 to which diseased cattle could be conveyed from the cowsheds in order that they might there receive medical treatment1 and be1 if possible1 restored to health4 ,he observed that similar establishments had been formed at ,edinburgh and other large towns1 and that they had been found to work most satisfactorily1 not only in separating the diseased cattle from those which were non-diseased1 but in affording facilities to the medical profession to exercise their skill and knowledge under circumstances more favourable to a fair trial of both than they could expect to find in crowded cowsheds1 many of which were in a filthy condition and badly ventilated4 ,he pointed out the progress the plague had made1 and was still making1 in the metropolis1 and how its effects upon the high price of meat and milk were affecting all classes of the community4 ,the difficulties1 he said1 of adequately meeting the necessities of the case were at present very great1 and some of these consisted in the alleged illegality of slaughtering diseased animals without an order from a magistrate1 and also the illegality of removing those diseased from the cowsheds to the hospitals1 supposing the latter to exist4 ,but he hoped the ,government1 who had no doubt well considered a subject of such vast importance1 would speedily do away with those difficulties1 and render the fullest aid to the ,markets' ,committee and ,metropolitan ,cattle ,plague ,committee1 who were unceasingly devoting their time and attention to mitigate1 and1 if possible1 put an end to the evil4 ,at present1 however1 the object of the deputation was limited to that of obtaining the sanction of the ,government to the establishment of the hospitals or sanatoriums4 ,this was an object which had not only received the general approval of the two committees mentioned1 but also of the medical profession1 and he might add1 what it was by no means unimportant to bear in mind1 that the cowkeepers themselves and the salesmen of the ,cattle ,market were also in favour of it4 ,mr4 ,gibbins and the several members of the deputation corroborated what had fallen from the ,lord ,mayor1 and strongly advocated the necessity of having the hospitals speedily established4 ,mr4 ,rudkin called the attention of ,mr4 ,waddington to the fact that the day before there were fourteen diseased cows seized at the slaughter-house of the ,cattle ,market1 which had been sent there from the cowsheds of the metropolis4 ,he argued that this in itself was a proof that the ,order in ,council1 as at present carried out1 was insufficient to prevent diseased cows from being sent from the cowsheds by their owners to be slaughtered for human food4 ,mr4 ,waddington1 who listened very attentively to the whole of the statements1 said he would take an early opportunity of communicating with ,sir ,george ,grey upon the subject4 ,in the first instance1 however1 he wished the deputation to forward to him their views in writing1 and these also would be transmitted to the ,home ,secretary4 ,the deputation promised to comply with the suggestion1 and thanked ,mr4 ,waddington for the courtesy with which he had received and the patience with which he had listened to them4 ,,yorkshire4--,the plague has extended to this district4 ,the cases reported1 however1 are extremely few1 and precautions are being taken which it is hoped may stop the further progress of the disease4 ,on ,tuesday a meeting of the ,yorkshire ,medical ,veterinary ,society was held at ,leeds1 and the question was discussed in all its bearings4 ,it was stated that four cases had occurred in ,leeds1 and the disease has also appeared in the ,skyrack division of the ,riding4 ,the general result of the discussion was1 that members of the society were recommended1 when diseased cattle were submitted1 not to order them to be killed1 but to place them in a sanatorium for medicinal treatment2 the wholesale destruction of the animals being regarded as a blot upon the profession4 ,,note ,v4 ,indeed1 information has reached us of the disease existing in ,dumfriesshire1 but there is some doubt on this point4 ,so long as we hear of infected1 or probably infected1 cattle being disseminated in large numbers from the great markets of the country1 we must have the propagation of the malady4 ,for the welfare of this country1 it is deeply to be regretted that our ,government cannot deal with this question as ,continental authorities do4 ,i regret to say some of our neighbours laugh at our expense4 ,they see us helpless owing to the wretched state of our laws on the subject1 and they are not a little amused at the theories of spontaneous development of the disease which some still advocate4 ,the ,french ,emperor has sent over ,professor ,bouley1 who is still in this country1 and who telegraphed on his first arrival1 about ten days ago1 that the ports of ,france should be instantly closed to ,british cattle4 ,this has been done1 and we may depend upon it the ,french people will not suffer as we now must4--,,gamgee1 ,lettre du #bd ,aot4 ,,note ,y4 ,august #af4 ,,more ,,seizures ,,of ,,diseased ,,meat4--,yesterday ,mr4 ,paget1 in the course of the proceedings at the ,thames ,police ,court1 was informed that there was a large quantity of meat in a van in the police-yard adjoining1 which had been seized that day by ,mr4 ,j4 ,stevens1 the sanitary inspector of ,mile-end ,old ,town1 and which was described as unfit for human food4 ,the inspector stated1 that in consequence of having been informed that there was a quantity of diseased meat at the shop of ,mr4 ,frost1 butcher1 ,sydney-street1 ,mile-end ,old ,town1 he went there that morning1 and found four quarters of beef 7two fore and two hind quarters7 which were from a diseased beast4 ,he made a seizure of them1 and heard that the animal had been sent by a person of the name of ,stephens1 a cowkeeper in business on ,bow-common4 ,the meat was in a very nasty state1 and totally unfit for human food4 7,mr4 ,paget went into the police-yard to examine the meat1 which was in a very shocking state47 ,dr4 ,freeman1 ,medical ,officer of ,health of the ,hamlet of ,mile-end ,old ,town1 stated that his attention was called to the state of the meat by the sanitary inspector4 ,he examined it1 and gave his opinion that it should be destroyed1 as it was not only in a diseased condition1 but he believed that it had died from some disease4 ,mr4 ,paget3 ,can you state the nature of the disease which caused its death8--,witness3 ,i cannot4 ,most likely it was the prevailing epidemic2 and if it were eaten it would be very injurious4 ,mr4 ,paget1 after hearing the evidence1 ordered that the meat should be immediately destroyed1 when the inspector took the van with its contents to a knacker's yard to see the order carried into effect4 ,,note ,z4 ,,nefarious ,,attempt ,,to ,,spread ,,the ,,plague4--,yesterday ,mr4 ,gifford1 ,sanitary ,inspector to the parish of ,paddington1 asked 7at ,marylebone ,police ,court7 for the magistrate's advice under the following circumstances3--,applicant said that1 in consequence of information received1 he yesterday went to a cowshed situate on the ,maryland ,farm1 ,harrow-road4 ,he found the door fastened4 ,on looking through one of the chinks1 he saw a cow which apparently was in the worst stage of the now prevailing disease1 and his opinion was verified after he had burst open the door and examined the animal4 ,he subsequently ascertained that the diseased cow had been brought some distance by a man who was at feud with the owner of the ,maryland ,farm1 and surreptitiously placed amongst the healthy cattle4 ,this was the first case where the disease had shown itself in the parish of ,paddington4 ,mr4 ,yardley referred the applicant to the ,order in ,council1 dated the #bdth of ,july1 #ahfe1 under which he thought inspectors of nuisances had power to act summarily4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,savill ,,and ,,edwards1 ,,printers1 ,,chandos ,,street1 ,,covent ,,garden4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved4 ,greek words are transliterated and marked like so ,typographical errors corrected in the text3 ,page #fb ,ge#aa;e changed to ,gell ,page #fg ,bruneleschi changed to ,brunelleschi ,page #adb ,rol changed to ,rll ,page #age charboneux changed to charbonneux ,page #bec eat changed to ate ,page #ced lairs changed to fairs ,page #cgg ,boulay changed to ,bouley ---------------------------------------- -------