,,a/ronomical ,,my?s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cliffs ,,( ,,flamanville4 ,,a/ronomical ,,my?s1 ,,bas$ ,,on ,,flamm>ion',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,,by ,,john ,f4 ,,blake4 ,illu/ration ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahgg4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill1 ,,que5 ,,victoria ,,/reet4 ,illu/ration ,,preface4 ,! ,book :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! public is f\nd$ ^u a ,fr5* "w by ,m4 ,flamm>ion :i* has enjoy$ consid]able popul>ity4 ,x conta9$ a numb] ( int]e/+ acc\nts ( ! v>i\s ideas1 sometimes my?ical1 sometimes int5d$ to be s]i\s1 t _h be5 ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! heav5ly bodies & our own e>?2 ) a popul> hi/ory ( ! e>lie/ comm5cem5t ( a/ronomy among sev]al anci5t peoples4 ,x 0 orig9ally writt5 9 ! =m ( conv]sations betwe5 ! memb]s ( an imag9>y p>ty at ! seaside4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ?is /yle w\ld h>dly be s mu* appreciat$ by ,engli% z by ,fr5* read]s1 & !re=e 9 pres5t+ ! mat]ials ( ! ,fr5* au?or 9 an ,engli% dress ! conv]sational =m has be5 ab&on$4 ,sev]al facts ( extreme int]e/ 9 relation to ! e>ly a/ronomical my?s & ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce among ! anci5ts hav+ be5 br\ght to light1 especially by ! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,haliburton1 a consid]able am\nt ( new matt]1 includ+ ! :ole *apt] on ! ,pleiades1 has be5 introduc$1 :i* makes ! pres5t issue n exactly a translation1 b r a book f\nd$ on ! ,fr5* au?or's "w4 ,x is hop$ t x may be f\nd ( int]e/ to ^? :o c>e to "k ab\t ! e>ly days ( ! olde/ ( our sci5ces1 :i* is n[ attract+ g5]al att5tion aga9 by ! magnitude ( its rec5t advances4 ,a/ronomy also1 9 e>ly days1 z w be se5 by a p]usal ( ?is book1 0 s mix$ up ) all ! affairs ( life1 & contribut$ s mu* ev5 to religion1 t a hi/ory ( its beg9n+s is f\nd to reveal ! orig9 ( sev]al ( our ideas & habits1 n[ app>5tly q unconnect$ ) ! sci5ce4 ,!re is matt] ( int]e/ "h1 !re=e1 = ^? :o wi% to "k only ! hi/ory ( ! g5]al ideas ( mank9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,annual ,,revolution ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,r\nd ,,! ,,sun1 ,,) ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,con/ellations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,cliffs ,,( ,,flamanville ,frontispiece4 ,,! ,,annual ,,revolution ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,r\nd ,,! ,,sun1 ,,) ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,con/ellations ,page ix ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,ye>1 ,,& ,,! ,,mon?s xiv ,,an ,,a/ronom] ,,at ,,"w ,to face page #a ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,con/ellations #di ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,f ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore #fe ,,! ,,zodiac ,,( ,,d5d]ah #ajb ,i4 ,,babylonian ,,a/ronom]s #ai ,,ii4 ,,druidical ,,wor%ip #cg ,,iii4 ,,*aldean ,,a/ronom]s #hg ,,iv4 ,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,9 ,,egypt #ajh ,v4 ,,! ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,druids #abc ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nemaean ,,lion #adf ,,vii4 ,,heav5s ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs #aia ,,viii4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,cop]nicus #bjh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em #bbe ,x4 ,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,telescope #bbg ,,xi4 ,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,! ,,p>is ,,obs]vatory #bbi ,,xii4 ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,ow5 #cae ,,xiii4 ,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus ,,& ,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon #ccf ,,xiv4 ,,prodigies ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #ceh ,,xv4 ,,an ,,a/rolog] ,,at ,,"w #che ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w #dbi #a4 ,,! ,,e>lie/ 7,,aryan7 ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #ab #b4 ,,anci5t ,,gauli% ,,m$als1 ,,be>+ ,,a/ronomical ,,signs #db #c4 ,,anci5t ,,cele/ial ,,sph]e #eh #d4 ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,be> ,,on ,,septemb] #d #fb #e4 ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,! ,,be> #fc #f4 ,,con/ellation ,,( ,,orion #gc #g4 ,,*>t ,,( ,,con/ellations ,,9 ,,sixte5? ,,& ,,sev5te5? ,,c5turies #gh #h4 ,,flam/e$',s ,,*>t #gi #i4 ,,arabian ,,sph]e ,,( ,,! ,,elev5? ,,c5tury #hd #aj4 ,,anci5t ,,*9ese ,,pieces ,,( ,,money1 ,,be>+ ,,repres5tations ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac #ic #aa4 ,,! ,,zodiac #if #ab4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,/>s1 ,b4,c4 #abjj #ih #ac4 ,,curi\s ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,,figure1 ,,repres5t+ ,,elev5 ,,diff]5t ,,heav5s #aej #ad4 ,,ptolemy',s ,,a/ronomical ,,sy/em #aha #ae4 ,,! ,,epicycles ,,( ,,ptolemy #ahd #af4 ,,heav5s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #ahh #ag4 ,,emblematic ,,draw+ ,,f ,,anci5t ,,a/ronomical ,,"w #aic #ah4 ,,egyptian ,,sy/em #aid #ai4 ,,capella',s ,,sy/em #aie #bj4 ,,! ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em #bje #ba4 ,,ty*o ,,brahe',s ,,sy/em #bab #bb4 ,,desc>tes' ,,!ory ,,( ,,vortices #baf #bc4 ,,vortices ,,( ,,! ,,/>s #bah #bd4 ,,v>iation ,,( ,,desc>tes' ,,!ory #bai #be4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,float+ #bcg #bf4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,) ,,roots #bcg #bg4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,v$ic ,,prie/s #bch #bh4 ,,h9doo ,,e>? #bci #bi4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,anaxim&] #bdj #cj4 ,,plato',s ,,cubical ,,e>? #bda #ca4 ,,egyptian ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? #bdc #cb4 ,,hom]ic ,,cosmography #bdg #cc4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,greeks #bef #cd4 ,,pomponius ,,mela',s ,,cosmography #beg #ce4 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,%ad[ #bfb #cf4 ,,ditto #bfc #cg4 ,,ditto #bfd #ch4 ,,ditto #bfd #ci4 ,,! ,,cosmography ,,( ,,cosmas #bfh #dj4 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,e>? #bfi #da4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,sunrise #bga #db4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,an ,,egg #bgc #dc4 ,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,a ,,float+ ,,egg #bgd #dd4 ,,eigh?-,,c5tury ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w #bgf #de4 ,,t5?-,,c5tury ,,maps #bgg #df4 ,,! ,,map ,,( ,,&rea ,,bianco #bhc #dg4 ,,f ,,! ,,map ,,9 ,,h]e=d ,,ca!dral #bhe #dh4 ,,ditto #bhf #di4 ,,cosmography ,,( ,,/4 ,,d5is #bia #ej4 ,,! ,,map ,,( ,,m>co ,,polo #bic #ea4 ,,map ,,on ,a ,,m$al ,,( ,,*>les ,v #bid #eb4 ,,dante',s ,,inf]nal ,,regions #caa #ec4 ,,p>adise ,,( ,,fra ,,mauro #cbb #ed4 ,,! ,,p>adise ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury #cbd #ee4 ,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,comet1 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury #cdi #ef4 ,,an ,,egg ,,m>k$ ,,) ,a ,,comet #ceb #eg4 ,,! ,,roman ,,cal5d> #djc #eh4 ,,diagram ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,week #dac ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,ye>1 ,,& ,,! ,,mon?s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,a/ronomy #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,celts #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellations #di ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,zodiac #hi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,pleiades #aaa ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,anci5ts #ach ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,h>mony #afa ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,sy/ems #agi ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,t]re/rial ,,_w ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,cosmography ,,& ,,geography #bca ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cosmography ,,& ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* #beh ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,leg5d>y ,,worlds ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages #cjj ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,eclipses ,,& ,,comets #ccj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,greatness ,,& ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a/rology #cfj ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,"t ,,& ,,! ,,cal5d> #chg ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w #dah ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,a/ronom] ,,at ,,"w4 ,illu/ration ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,a/ronomy is an anci5t sci5ce2 & ?\gh ( late x has made a fre% />t 9 new regions1 & we are op5+ on ! era ( fre% & unlook$-= discov]ies :i* w soon reveal our pres5t ignorance1 our advance ^u primitive ideas has be5 s great t x is difficult = u to realize :at !y 7 )\t an att5tive & n un9/ructive /udy ( !m4 ,no o!r sci5ce1 n ev5 geology1 c comp>e ) a/ronomy = ! complete revolution :i* x has effect$ 9 popul> notions1 or = ! *ange x has br\ght ab\t 9 m5's e/imate ( _! place 9 creation4 ,x is probable t !re w always be m5 :o believe t ! :ole univ]se 0 made = _! b5efit2 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 we h already le>n$ f a/ronomy t our habitation is n t c5tral spot m5 once deem$ x1 b only an ord9>y planet circulat+ r\nd an ord9>y />1 j z we are likely also to le>n f biology1 t we occupy ! position1 z animals1 ( an ord9>y family 9 an ord9>y class4 ,t we may m p]fectly realize ?is /range revolution ( ideas1 we mu/ ?r[ ourselves z f> z possible into ! feel+ & _s ( our ance/ors1 :51 )\t ! k we n[ possess1 !y contemplat$1 z !y c\ld n fail to d1 ! m>vell\s & awe-inspir+ ph5om5a ( ! heav5s by night4 ,to !m1 = _m an age1 ! sun & moon & />s1 ) all ! planets1 seem$ absolutely to rise1 to %9e1 & to set2 ! con/ellations to bur/ out by night 9 ! ea/1 & travel sl[ly & 9 sil5ce to ! we/2 ! ocean waves to rise & fall & beat aga9/ ! rock-b\nd %ore z if end[$ ) life2 & ev5 9 ! infancy ( ! intellect !y mu/ h long$ to pi]ce ! secrets ( ?is my/]i\s heav5ly vault1 & to "k ! nature ( ! />ry firmam5t z x seem$ to !m1 & ! condition ( ! e>? :i* appe>$ 9 ! c5tre ( ^! univ]sal movem5ts4 ,! simple/ hypo!sis 0 = !m ! tru?1 & !y believ$ t ! sky 0 9 reality a l(ty & ext5d$ canopy be/udd$ ) />s1 & ! e>? a va/ pla91 ! solid basis ( ! univ]se1 on :i* dwelt man1 sole creature t lift$ 8 eyes & ?\ghts above4 ,two di/9ct regions ?us appe>$ to compose ! :ole sy/em--! upp] "o1 or ! air1 9 :i* 7 ! mov+ />s1 ! lights ( heav51 & ! firmam5t ov] all2 & ! l[] "o1 or e>? & sea1 adorn$ on ! surface ) ! products ( life1 & bel[ ) ! m9]als1 metals1 & /ones4 ,= a long "t ! v>i\s !ories ( ! univ]se1 grotesque & *ang+ z !y might be1 7 b modifications ( ?is "o c5tral idea1 ! e>? bel[1 ! heav5s above1 & on ?is 0 bas$ e religi\s sy/em t 0 promulgat$--! v phrases f\nd$ ^u x rema9+ to ?is day = a te/imony to ! intimate relation ?us manife/$ betwe5 ! infant ideas 9 a/ronomy & !ology4 ,no wond] t e>ly revolutions 9 ! conceptions 9 "o sci5ce 7 ?\ght to militate aga9/ ! o!r4 ,x is only :5 ! ?\ghts on bo? are enl>g$ t x is se5 t _! connection is n necess>y1 b accid5tal1 or1 at lea/1 inevitable only 9 ! infancy ( bo?4 ,x is sc>cely possible to e/imate fully ! enorm\s *ange f ^! ideas repres5t+ ! appe>ances to ^? :i* n[ repres5t ! reality2 or to picture to ourselves ! total revolution 9 m5's m9ds be=e !y c\ld trans=m ! picture ( a va/ t]re/rial surface1 to :i* ! sun & all ! heav5ly bodies 7 b accessories = v>i\s purposes1 to "o 9 :i* ! e>? is b a planet l ,m>s1 mov+ 9 appe>ance among ! />s1 z x does1 & rotat+ ) a rapidity t br+s a :ole hemisph]e ( ! heav5s into view ?r\gh ! c\rse ( a s+le day & night4 ,at fir/ sight1 :at a loss ( dignity6 b1 on clos] ?\ght1 :at a ga9 ( gr&eur6 ,no long] "s little neighb\r+ lights %9e d[n ^u u f a solid vault2 b we f9d ourselves laun*$ into ! sea ( inf9ity2 ) p[] to gaze into its almo/ immeasurable dep?s4 ,to appreciate rightly our position1 we h to plant ourselves1 9 imag9ation1 9 "s spot remov$ f ! surface ( ! e>?1 :]e we may be un9flu5c$ by h] motion1 & picture to ourselves :at we %\ld see4 ,7 we plac$ 9 "s spot f> en\gh remov$ f ! e>?1 we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 et]nal day2 ! sun w\ld ev] %9e1 = no great globe w\ld int]pose itself betwe5 x & our eyes2 !re w\ld be no night !re4 ,7 we 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?'s orbit1 & )9 x1 mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a w\ld pres5t !mselves4 ,at "o "t ! e>? w\ld appe> b an ord9>y planet1 small] ?an ,v5us1 b1 z "t wore on1 unmeasur$ by recurr+ days or *ang+ seasons1 x w\ld gradually be se5 to increase 9 size--n[ appe>+ l ! moon at ! full1 & %9+ l h] ) a silv] light4 ,z x came ne>]1 & its magnitude increas$1 ! features ( ! surface w\ld be di/+ui%$2 ! bright] sea & ! d>k] %9+ cont95ts1 ) ! brilliant ice-caps at ! poles2 b1 unlike :at we see 9 ! moon1 ^! features w\ld appe> to move1 &1 "o aft] ano!r1 e "p ( ! e>? w\ld be visible4 ,! actual "t requir$ = all to pass be=e u w\ld be :at we "h call a day & night4 ,& /ill1 z x rotates1 ! e>? passes ne>] to u1 assumes its l>ge/ app>5t size1 & s gradually decreas+ aga91 becomes once m1 aft] ! int]val we "h call a ye>1 an ord9>y-look+ />-l planet4 ,to u1 9 ^! days1 ?is description is easy ( imag9ation2 we f9d no difficulty 9 pictur+ x to ourselves2 b1 if we w ?9k = a mom5t :at su* an idea w\ld h be5 to ! e>lie/ obs]v]s ( a/ronomy1 we %all bett] appreciate ! va/ *ange t has tak5 place--h[ we are remov$ f !m1 z we may say1 toto coelo4 ,b n only z to ! importance ( ! e>? 9 ! univ]se1 b on o!r matt]s connect$ ) a/ronomy1 we p]ceive ! imm5sity ( ! *ange 9 our ideas--9 t ( di/ance1 = in/ance4 ,?is cele/ial vault ( ! anci5ts 0 ne> en\gh = ?+s to pass f x to u2 x 0 9 close connection ) ! e>?1 support$ by x1 & !re=e ( less diamet]2 b n[1 :5 our di/ance f ! sun is express$ by numb]s t we may write1 inde$1 b mu/ totally fail to adequately appreciate1 & ! di/ance f ! next ne>e/ /> is su*1 t ) ! velocity ( light--a velocity we are accu/om$ to reg>d z in/antane\s--we %\ld only rea* x aft] a ?ree ye>s' j\rney1 we are rem9d$ ( ! pa!tic l9es ( ,?omas ,hood3 ,i rememb]1 ,i rememb]1 ! fir trees /raight & high1 ,& h[ ,i ?\ght _! sl5d] tops 7 close aga9/ ! sky2 ,x 0 a *ildi% fantasy1 b n[ 'tis little joy1 ,to "k ,i'm fur!r (f f heav5 ?an :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,! a/ronom]'s answ] to ! la/ l9e w\ld be t z f> z ! mat]ial heav5 goes1 we are j z mu* 9 x z ! />s or z any o!r memb] ( ! univ]se2 we _c1 !re=e1 be f> (f or ne> to x4 ,x is probable t we are ev5 yet b little awake to true cosmical ideas 9 o!r respects2--z to velocity1 = in/ance4 ,we "k inde$1 ( light & electricity & ! motions ( ! e>?1 b revelations are n[ be+ made to u ( motions ( mat]ial sub/ances 9 ! sun ) su* velocities t 9 comp>ison ) !m any motions on ! e>? appe> inf9itesimally small4 ,our progress to our pres5t notions1 & appreciations ( ! tru? ( nature 9 ! heav5s1 w ?us occupy mu* ( our ?\ghts2 b we mu/ also rec\nt ! hi/ory ( ! acquirem5t ( ^? facts :i* h ultimately become ! basis = our *anges ( idea4 ,our ru/ic =efa!rs1 :atev] _! nation1 7 n s enam\r$ ( ! wond]s ( sci5ce--t _! a/ronomy 0 greatly a collection ( !ories1 ?\gh !ories1 & wild ones1 !y _h2 x 0 a m practical matt]1 & 0 believ$ too by !m to be m practical ?an we n[ f9d reason to believe to be ! case4 ,!y notic$ ! v>i\s seasons1 & !y m>k$ ! *anges 9 ! appe>ances ( ! heav5s t accompani$ !m2 !y connect$ ! two toge!r1 & conceiv$ ! latt] to be ! cause ( ! =m]1 & s1 ) o!r app>5tly unc]ta9 ev5ts4 ,! cele/ial ph5om5a ?us acquir$ a fictiti\s importance :i* r5d]$ _! /udy ( prim>y necessity1 b gave no occasion = a !ory4 ,t we may bett] appreciate ! e>lie/ obs]vations on a/ronomy1 x may be well to m5tion briefly :at are ! v>y+ ph5om5a :i* may mo/ easily be notic$4 ,if we except ! phases ( ! moon1 :i* almo/ )\t obs]vation w\ld =ce _! recognition on p :o _h no o!r ?an lun> light by night1 & :i* mu/ !re=e1 f ! e>lie/ p]iods ( human hi/ory h divid$ "t into lun> mon?s2 !re are ?ree diff]5t sets ( ph5om5a :i* dep5d on ! arrangem5t ( our planet>y sy/em1 & :i* 7 e>ly obs]v$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! dep5ds ^u ! e>?'s rotation on its axis1 ! result ( :i* is t ! />s appe> to revolve ) a uni=m motion f ea/ to we/2 ! velocity increas+ ) ! di/ance f ! pole />1 :i* rema9s ne>ly fix$4 ,?is circum/ance is almo/ z easy ( obs]vation z ! phases ( ! moon1 & 0 us$ f ! e>lie/ ages to m>k ! passage ( "t dur+ ! night4 ,! next arises f ! motion ( ! e>? 9 h] orbit ab\t ! sun1 by :i* x happ5s t ! e>? is 9 a diff]5t position ) respect to ! sun e night1 &1 !re=e1 a diff]5t set ( />s are se5 9 8 neighb\rhood2 ^! are sett+ ) him1 & !re=e also a diff]5t set are j ris+ at sunset e ev5+4 ,^! *anges1 :i* w\ld g ?r\gh ! cycle 9 a ye>1 are1 ( c\rse1 less obvi\s1 b ( great importance z m>k+ ! approa* ( ! v>i\s seasons dur+ ages 9 :i* ! h\r ( ! sun's ris+ c\ld n be not$ by a clock4 ,! la/ dep5ds on ! prop] motions ( ! moon & planets ab\t ! e>? & sun respectively1 by reason ( :i* ^? heav5ly bodies occupy v>y+ positions among ! />s4 ,only a c>eful & cont9u\s scrut9y ( ! heav5s w\ld detect ^! *anges1 except1 p]haps1 9 ! case ( ! moon1 & b little ( importance really dep5ds on !m2 nev]!less1 !y 7 v e>ly ! subject ( obs]vation1 z imag9ation l5t !m a false value1 & 9 "s cases because _! connection ) eclipses 0 p]ceiv$4 ,! practical cultivation ( a/ronomy among/ ! e>lie/ p _h always ref]5ce to "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree sets ( appe>ances1 & ! v>i\s t]ms & signs t 7 inv5t$ 7 int5d$ = ! cle>] exposition ( ! results ( _! obs]vations on ^! po9ts4 ,9 look+ !re=e into extreme antiquity we %all f9d 9 _m in/ances our only guide to :at _! k 0 is ! way 9 :i* !y express$ ^! results4 ,we d n f9d1 & p]haps we %\ld sc>cely expect to f9d1 any "o man or ev5 "o nation :o laid ! f\ndation ( a/ronomy--= x 0 an equal necessity = all1 & 0 probably antec$5t to ! practice ( rememb]+ m5 by _! names4 ,we _c1 ei!r1 conjecture ! antiquity ( ideas & obs]vations met ) among races :o are !mselves ! only record ( _! pa/2 & if we are to f9d any orig9s ( ! sci5ce1 x is only among/ ^? nations :i* h be5 cultivators ( arts by :i* _! anci5t do+s are record$4 ,among/ ! e>lie/ cultivators ( a/ronomy we may ref] to ! ,primitive ,greeks1 ! ,*9ese1 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,babylonians1 & ! ,aryans1 & also to c]ta9 traditions met ) among/ _m savage z well z less b>b>\s races1 ! v univ]sality ( :i* proclaims z l\dly z possible _! extreme antiquity4 ,ea* ( ! f\r above-m5tion$ races h names ) :i* are associat$ ! beg9n+s ( a/ronomy--,uranus & ,atlas among/ ! ,greeks2 ,folic among/ ! ,*9ese2 ,?aut or ,m]cury 9 ,egypt2 ,zoroa/] & ,bel 9 ,p]sia & ,babylonia4 ,names su* z ^!1 if ^? ( individuals1 are n necess>ily ^? ( ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s--b only ! e>lie/ t h come d[n to u4 ,inde$ x is v f> f c]ta9 :e!r ^! anci5t celebrities h any real hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,! acts & lab\rs ( ! e>lie/ inve/igators are s wrapp$ 9 obscurity1 !re is su* a mixture ( fable ) tradition1 t we c h no reliance t any ( !m1 or t o!rs m5tion$ 9 anci5t my?ology1 are n f> m emblematical ?an p]sonal4 ,"s1 su* z ,uranus1 are c]ta9ly symbolical2 b ! v exi/5ce ( ! "n h&$ d[n to u1 if x prove no?+ else1 proves t ! sci5ce 0 e>ly cultivat$ among/ ^? :o h pres]v$ or inv5t$ !m4 ,if we attempt to "n 9 ye>s ! date ( ! comm5cem5t--n ( a/ronomy itself--= t probably 9 "s =m 0 coeval ) ! race ( man itself1 b ( record$ obs]vations1 we are met ) a new difficulty aris+ f ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* !y reckon$ "t4 ,?is 0 9 e case by ! occurr5ce ( ! phases ( "o or o!r ( ! above-m5tion$ ph5om5a2 sometimes h[ev] !y select$ ! app>5t rotation ( ! sun 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 sometimes t ( ! moon 9 a mon?1 sometimes ! int]val f "o sol/ice to ! next1 & yet !y app>5tly gave to ea* & all ( ^! ! same title--su* z annus--obvi\sly repres5t+ a cycle only1 b )\t ref]5ce to its l5g?4 ,by ^! diff]5t me?ods ( c\nt+1 hopeless confusion has (t5 be5 introduc$ into *ronology2 & ! mod]ns h 9 _m in/ances unju/ly accus$ ! anci5ts ( vanity & falsehood4 ,bailly attempt$ to reconcile all ^! v>i\s me?ods & consequ5t dates ) ea* o!r1 & to prove t practical a/ronomy comm5c$ ab\t #a1ejj ye>s be=e ! ,deluge1 or t x is ab\t #g1jjj ye>s old2 b we %all see reason 9 ! sequel = suspect+ any su* attempt1 & %all endeav\r to arrive at m reliable dates f indep5d5t evid5ce4 ,p]haps ! remote/ antiquity to :i* we c possibly m\nt is t ( ! ,aryans1 among/ :om ! hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a 7 compos$4 ,! %ort hi/ory ( ,hebrew & ,greco-,roman civilization seems to be lo/ 9 comp>ison ) ?is ! e>lie/ "w ( human imag9ation4 ,:5 seek+ = words to express _! ?\ghts1 ^! primitive m5 by ! banks ( ! ,oxus p]sonifi$ ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s & e>?1 ! /orm1 ! w9d1 ! ra91 ! />s & meteors4 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 x is n practical b !oretical a/ronomy we f9d4 ,we trace ! fir/ figur+ ( t primitive idea allud$ to be=e--! heav5 above1 ! e>? bel[4 ,"h1 z we see1 is ! e>? repres5t$ z an indef9ite plane surface & passive be+ =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! _w2 & above x ! sky1 a lum9\s & v>iable vault b5ea? :i* %9es out ! f]tile & life-giv+ light4 ,?us to ! e>? !y gave ! "n ,p',,r?ovi1 ! wide expanse2 ! blue & />-bespangl$ heav5s !y call$ ,,v>una1 ! vault2 & b5ea? x 9 ! region ( ! cl\ds !y en?ron$ ! light ,,dyaus1 i4e4 ! lum9\s air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,f h5ce1 x w\ld appe>1 or on ?is model1 ! e>ly ideas ( all peoples h be5 =m$4 ,among ! ,greeks ! "n = heav5 expresses ! same idea ( a holl[ vault 7,greek3 koilos1 holl[1 concave7 & ! e>? is call$ ,greek3 ge1 or "m4 ,among ! ,lat9s ! "n coelum has ! same signification1 :ile ! e>? t]ra comes f ! p>ticiple t]sa 7! dry elem5t7 9 contradi/9ction to m>e ! wet4 ,9 ?is orig9al ,aryan notion1 h[ev]1 z repres5t$ by ! figure1 we h m ?an ?is1 ! orig9 ( ! names ,jupit] & ,deus comes out4 ,= x is easy to trace ! connection betwe5 ,dyaus 7! lum9if]\s air7 & ! ,greek ^w ,zeus f :5ce ,dios1 ,greek3 !os1 ,deus1 & ! ,fr5* ^w ,dieu1 & !n by add+ pat] or fa!r we get ,deuspat]1 ,zeuspat]1 ,jupit]4 ,^! etymologies are n h[ev] matt]s beyond dispute1 & !re are at lea/ two o!r modes ( d]iv+ ! same words4 ,?us we are told ! e>lie/ "n = ! ,deity 0 ,jehovah1 ! ^w ,jehov mean+ fa!r ( life2 & t ! ,greeks translat$ ?is into ,dis or ,zeus1 a ^w hav+1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! same s5se1 be+ d]iv$ f ,greek3 zao to live4 ,( c\rse !re c be no "q ( ! lat] ^w ,deus be+ ! direct translation ( ,dios4 ,a ?ird !ory is t !re exi/s 9 "o ( ! dialects :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! old languages ( ,asia1 a ^w ,yah\h1 a p>ticiple ( ! v]b nih1 to exi/1 to be2 :i* !re=e signifies ! self-exi/5t1 ! pr9ciple ( life1 ! orig9 ( all motion1 & ?is is suppos$ to be ! allusion ( ,diodorus1 :o expla9+ ! !ology ( ! ,greeks1 says t ! ,egyptians accord+ to ,mane?o1 prie/ ( ,memphis1 9 giv+ names to ! five elem5ts h call$ ! _s or e!r ,y\pit] 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 = ! _s is ! s\rce ( life1 ! au?or ( ! vital pr9ciple 9 animals1 & is h5ce reg>d$ z ! fa!r or g5]ator ( all be+s4 ,! p ( ! ,hom]ic ages ?\ght ! lightn+-be>+ ,jupit] 0 ! comm5cem5t1 orig91 end1 & middle ( all ?+s1 a s+le & univ]sal p[]1 gov]n+ ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 fire1 wat]1 day & night1 & all ?+s4 ,porphyry says t :5 ! philosoph]s disc\rs$ on ! nature & p>ts ( ! ,deity1 !y c\ld n imag9e any s+le figure t %\ld repres5t all 8 attributes1 ?\gh !y pres5t$ him "u ! appe>ance ( a man1 :o 0 seat$ to repres5t 8 immovable ess5ce2 uncov]$ 9 8 upp] "p1 because ! upp] p>ts ( ! univ]se or region ( ! />s manife/ mo/ ( 8 nature2 b clo!d bel[ ! lo9s1 because he is m hidd5 9 t]re/rial ?+s2 & hold+ a sceptre 9 8 left h&1 because 8 he>t is ! rul] ( all ?+s4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! etymologies :i* ass]t t ,jupit] is d]iv$ f juv>e to help1 mean+ ! assi/+ fa!r2 or aga9 t he is ,dies pat]--! god ( ! day--9 :i* case no d\bt ! sun w\ld be allud$ to4 ,x appe>s !n t ! anci5t ,aryan s*eme1 ?\gh possibly supply+ u ) ! orig9 ( "o ( ! wide/ spread ( our words1 is n univ]sally all[$ to d s4 ,?is orig91 h[ev]1 appe>s to d]ive support f ! app>5t occurr5ce ( ! orig9al ( ano!r well-kn[n anci5t classical ^w 9 ! same s*eme1 t is ,v>una1 obvi\sly ! same ^w z ,greek3 ,ouranos1 & ,uranus1 signify+ ! heav5s4 ,less cle>ly too p]haps we may trace o!r su* words to ! same s\rce4 ,?us ! ,sun1 :i* accord+ to ^! primitive conceptions is ! husb& ( ! ,e>?1 :i* x n\ri%es & makes fruitful1 0 call$ ,savitr & ,surya1 f :i* ! passage to ! ,go?ic ,sauil is )9 ! limits ( kn[n etymological *anges1 & s comes ! ,li?uanian ,saull1 ! ,cymric ,haul1 ! ,greek ,heilos1 ! ,lat9 ,sol1 & ! ,engli% ,sol>4 ,s f _! ,nakt1 ! de/ructive1 we get ,nux1 ,na*t1 ,night4 ,f ,glu1 ! ,%9+1 :5ce ! p>ticiple ,gluc9a1 & s to ,luc9a1 ,lu5a1 ,luna1 ,lune4 ,turn+ f ! anci5t ,aryans1 ^: a/ronomy we "k only f poems & fables1 & s le>n b little ( _! actual advance 9 ! sci5ce ( obs]vation1 we come to ! ,babylonians1 conc]n+ ^: a/ronomical acquirem5ts we h lately be5 put 9 possession ( valuable evid5ce by ! tablets obta9$ by ,mr4 ,smi? f ,k\yunjik1 an acc\nt ! cont5ts ( :i* has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,sayce 7,nature1 vol4 xii4 p4 #dhi74 ,z ! k ?us obta9$ is m c]ta91 be+ d]iv$ f _! actual records1 ?an any t we previ\sly possess$1 x w be well to give z full an acc\nt ( x z we are able4 ,! orig9ators ( ,babylonian a/ronomy 7 n ! ,*aldaeans1 b ano!r race f ! m\nta9s ( ,elam1 :o are g5]ally call$ ,acadians4 ,( ! a/ronomy ( ?is race we h no complete records1 b c only judge ( _! progress by ! words & names left by !m to ! sci5ce1 z aft]w>ds cultivat$ by ! ,semitic ,babylonians4 ,^! la/ 7 a subsequ5t race1 :o ent]+ ! c\ntry f ! ,ea/1 conqu]$ ! orig9al inhabitants ab\t #bjjj ,b4,c41 & borr[$ _! civilization1 & ) x _! language 9 ! arts & sci5ces4 ,b ev5 ?is latt] race is "o ( consid]able antiquity1 & :5 we see1 z we %ortly %all1 ! great advances !y _h made 9 obs]vations ( ! sun & moon1 & consid] ! probable sl[ness ( developm5t 9 ^? e>ly ages1 we h "s idea ( ! remot5ess ( ! date at :i* a/ronomical sci5ce 0 !re comm5c$4 ,our *ief s\rce ( in=mation is an extremely anci5t "w call$ ,! ,obs]vations ( ,bell1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 be=e #agjj ,b4,c41 :i* 0 compil$ = a c]ta9 ,k+ ,saig\1 ( ,agave 9 ,babylonia4 ,?is "w is 9 sev5ty books or p>ts1 & is compos$ ( num]\s small e>!n tablets hav+ impress$ ^u !m ! cunei=m "* 9 :i* !y pr9t$1 & :i* we are n[ able to read4 ,we g5]ally date ! art ( pr9t+ f ,caxton1 9 #adgd1 because x took ! place ( manuscript t _h be5 previ\sly 9 use 9 ! ,we/2 b t me?od ( writ+1 if 9 "s respects an improvem5t on previ\s me?ods ( record+ ideas z m easily execut$1 0 9 o!rs a retrogression z be+ less durable3 :ile ! manuscripts h p]i%$ ! impressions on /one h rema9$ to ?is day1 & w no d\bt la/ long] ?an ev5 our pr9t$ books4 ,^! little tablets repres5t$ s _m leaves1 & 9 l>ge libr>ies1 su* z t f :i* ^? kn[n h be5 d]iv$1 !y 7 numb]$ z our own are n[1 s t any p>ticul> "o c\ld be ask$ = by ^? :o might wi% to consult x4 ,! great difficulty ( int]pret+ ^! records1 :i* are writt5 9 two diff]5t dialects1 & deal (t5 ) v te*nical matt]s1 may well be imag9$4 ,^! difficulties h[ev] h be5 ov]come1 & a good approa* to ! k ( _! cont5ts has be5 made4 ,! ,*aldaeans1 z is well kn[n1 7 mu* giv5 to a/ronomy & _m ( _! writ+s deal ) ?is subject2 b !y did practical "w z well1 & did n indulge s mu* 9 !ory z ! ,aryans4 ,we %all h future occasion 9 ?is book to ref] to _! obs]vations on v>i\s po9ts1 z !y did n by any means conf9e !mselves to ! simple/ matt]s2 mu*1 9 fact1 ( t ) :i* mod]n a/ronomy deals1 ! dates & duration ( eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 ! accurate measurem5t ( "t1 ! exi/5ce ( cycles 9 lun> & sol> ph5om5a1 0 /udi$ & record$ by !m4 ,we c make "s approa* to ! probable dates ( ! inv5tion ( "s "p ( _! sy/em1 by means ( ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* 7 inv5t$ by !m & :i* we w discuss m at l5g? h]eaft]4 ,we ne$ only say at pres5t t :at is n[ ! sign ( spr+1 0 n reckon$ s ) !m1 & t we c calculate h[ long ago x is t ! sign !y reckon$ ! spr+ sign 0 s4 ,semiramis also rais$ 9 ! c5tre ( ,babylon a temple consecrat$ to ,jupit]1 :om ! ,babylonians call$ ,bel4 ,x 0 ( an extraord9>y height & s]v$ = an obs]vatory4 ,! :ole edifice 0 con/ruct$ ) great art 9 asphalte & brick4 ,on its summit 7 plac$ ! /atues ( ,jupit]1 ,juno1 & ,rhea1 cov]$ ) gold4 ,! ,egyptians h always be5 nam$ z ! e>lie/ cultivators ( a/ronomy by ! ,grecian writ]s1 by :om ! sci5ce has be5 h&$ d[n to u1 & ! ,*aldaeans h ev5 be5 said to h borr[$ f !m4 ,! te/imony ( su* writ]s h[ev] is n to be receiv$ implicitly1 b to be weigh$ ) ! k we may n[ obta91 z we h notic$ above ) respect to ! ,babylonians1 f ! actual records !y h left u1 :e!r by actual records1 or by words & cu/oms rema9+ to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4--,,babylonian ,,a/ronom]s4 ,h]odotus decl>es t ! ,egyptians _h made obs]vations = #aa1cdj ye>s & _h se5 ! c\rse ( ! sun *ange f\r times1 & ! ecliptic plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! equator4 ,?is is ! /yle ( /atem5t on :i* op9ions ( ! antiquity ( ,egyptian a/ronomy h be5 f\nd$1 & x is obvi\sly unwor?y ( cr$it4 ,diodorus says t !re is no c\ntry 9 :i* ! positions & motions ( ! />s h be5 s accurately obs]v$ z 9 ,egypt 7i4e4 to 8 k74 ,!y h pres]v$1 he says1 = a great numb] ( ye>s regi/]s 9 :i* _! obs]vations are record$4 ,expositions are f\nd 9 ^! regi/]s ( ! motions ( ! planets1 _! revolutions & _! /ations1 &1 moreov]1 ! relation :i* ea* be>s to ! bir?days ( animals1 & its good or evil influ5ce4 ,!y (t5 pr$ict$ ! future ) success4 ,! e>?quakes1 inundations1 ! appe>ance ( comets1 & _m o!r ph5om5a :i* x is impossible = ! vulg> to "k be=eh&1 7 =ese5 by !m by means ( ! obs]vations !y _h made ov] a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,on ! occasion ( ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt1 a long passage 0 discov]$ lead+ f ,k>nak to ,lucksor4 ,?is passage 0 adorn$ on ea* side ( ! way ) a range ( #afjj sph9xes ) ! body ( a lion & ! head ( a ram4 ,n[ 9 ,egyptian ar*itecture1 ! ornam5ts are nev] ! result ( caprice or *ance2 on ! contr>y1 all is done ) int5tion1 & :at (t5 appe>s at fir/ sight /range1 appe>s1 aft] hav+ be5 c>efully exam9$ & /udi$1 to pres5t allegories full ( s5se & reason1 f\nd$ on a pr(\nd k ( natural ph5om5a1 t ! ornam5ts are int5d$ to record4 ,^! sph9xes & rams ( ! passage 7 probably ! emblems ( ! diff]5t signs ( ! ,zodiac along ! r\te ( ! sun4 ,! date ( ! av5ue is n kn[n2 b x w\ld d\btless lead u to a high antiquity = ! ,egyptian obs]vations4 ,! l may be said ( ! great pyramid1 :i* accord+ to ,piazzi ,smy? 0 built ab\t #bagj ,b4,c4 ,c]ta9ly !re are no c>v+s ab\t x exhibit+ any a/ronomical designs2 b ! exact way 9 :i* x is execut$ w\ld seem to indicate t ! build]s _h a v cle> conception ( ! importance ( ! m]idian l9e4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /at$ t ,piazzi ,smy? does n consid] x to h be5 built by ! ,egyptians = !mselves2 b "u ! comm& ( "s old] race4 ,!re seem1 h[ev]1 to be indications 9 v>i\s fe/ivals & obs]vances1 :i* are met ) widely ov] ! e>?'s surface1 z w be indicat$ m 9 detail 9 ! *apt] on ! ,pleiades1 t "s a/ronomical obs]vations1 ?\gh ( ! rude/1 7 made by races ant]ior ev5 to ^? ^: hi/ory we p>tially possess2 & t n m]ely because ( its naturalness1 b because ( positive evid5ce1 we mu/ trace back a/ronomy to a s\rce f :5ce ,egyptians1 ,indians1 & p]haps ,babylonians !mselves d]iv$ x4 ,! ,*9ese a/ronomy is totally remov$ f ^! & /&s on its own basis4 ,) !m x 0 a matt] conc]n+ ! gov]nm5t1 & /r+5t laws 7 en=c$ on ! /ate a/ronom]s4 ,! advance1 h[ev]1 t !y made w\ld appe> to be small2 b if we are to believe _! writ]s1 !y made obs]vations ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e our era4 ,"u ! reign ( ,hoangti1 ,yu*i record$ t !re 0 a l>ge /> ne> ! poles ( ! heav5s4 ,by a me?od :i* we %all enl>ge ^u fur!r on1 x c be a/ronomically asc]ta9$ t ab\t ! epo* ?is obs]vation 0 said to be made !re 0 a /> 7,greek3 a ,draconis7 s ne> ! pole z to appe> immovable1 :i* is s f> a confirmation ( 8 /atem5t4 ,9 #bafi ! fir/ ( a s]ies ( eclipses 0 record$ by !m2 b ! value ( _! a/ronomy seems to be d\btful :5 we le>n t calculation proves t n "o ( !m previ\s to ! age ( ,ptolemy c be id5tifi$ ) ! dates giv54 ,among/ all nations except ! ,*9ese1 :]e x 0 political1 & ! ,greeks1 :]e x 0 purely speculative1 a/ronomy has be5 intimately mix$ ) religi\s ideas1 & we consequ5tly f9d x to h tak5 consid]able hold on ! m9d4 ,j z we h se5 among ! ,indians t ! basis ( _! a/ronomical ideas 0 ! two-fold division into heav5 & e>?1 s among o!r nations ?is duality has =m$ ! basis ( _! religion4 ,two aspects ( ?+s h be5 notic$ by m5 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s--t :i* rema9s always1 & t :i* is m]ely transitory1 causes & effects4 ,! heav5 & ! e>? h pres5t$ ! image ( ?is to _! m9ds--"o be+ ! et]nal exi/5ce1 ! o!r ! pass+ =m4 ,9 heav5 no?+ seems to be born1 increase1 decrease1 or die above ! sph]e ( ! moon4 ,t alone %[$ ! traces ( alt]ation 9 its phases2 :ile on ! o!r h& !re 0 an image ( p]petuity 9 its prop] sub/ance1 9 its motion1 & ! inv>iable succession ( ! same phases4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 ! heav5s 7 reg>d$ z ! fa!r1 & ! e>? z ! "m ( all ?+s4 ,= ! pr9ciple ( f]tility 9 ! ra9s1 ! dew & ! w>m?1 came f above2 :ile ! e>? br\ght =? abundantly ( ! products ( nature4 ,su* is ! idea ( ,plut>*1 ( ,hesiod1 & ( ,virgil4 ,f h5ce h aris5 ! fictions :i* h =m$ ! basis ( !ogony4 ,uranus is said to h esp\s$ ,ghe1 or ! heav5s took ! e>? to wife1 & f _! m>riage 0 born ! god ( "t or ,saturn4 ,ano!r p>tly religi\s1 & p>tly a/ronomical antagonism has be5 drawn betwe5 light & d>kness1 associat$ respectively ) good & evil4 ,9 ! days :5 artificial lights1 beyond ^? ( ! flick]+ fire1 7 unkn[n1 & ) ! sett+ ( ! sun all ! _w 0 envelop$ 9 d>kness & seem$ = a "t to be )\t life1 or at lea/ cut (f entirely f man1 x w\ld seem t ! sun & its light 0 ! entire orig9 ( life4 ,h5ce x naturally became ! e>lie/ div9ity ^: brilliant light leap+ out ( ! bosom ( *aos1 _h br\ght ) x man & all ! univ]se1 z we see x repres5t$ 9 ! !ologies ( ,orpheus & ( ,moses2 :5ce ! god ,bel ( ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,oromaza ( ! ,p]sians1 :om !y invoke z ! s\rce ( all t is good 9 nature1 :ile !y place ! orig9 ( all evil 9 d>kness & its god ,ahr9am4 ,we f9d ! glories ( ! sun celebrat$ by all ! poets1 & pa9t$ & repres5t$ by num]\s emblems & diff]5t names by ! arti/s & sculptors :o h adorn$ ! temples rais$ to nature or ! great fir/ cause4 ,among ! ,jews !re are traditions ( a v high antiquity = _! a/ronomy4 ,josephus assures u t x 0 cultivat$ be=e ! ,mosaic ,deluge4 ,accord+ to him x is to ! public _s & ! lab\r ( ! ant$iluvians t we owe ! sci5ce ( a/rology3 & s9ce !y _h le>nt f ,adam t ! _w %\ld p]i% by wat] & by fire1 ! fe> t _! sci5ce %\ld be lo/1 made !m erect two columns1 "o ( brick ! o!r ( /one1 on :i* !y engrav$ ! k !y _h acquir$1 s t if a deluge %\ld wa% away ! column ( brick1 ! /one "o might rema9 to pres]ve = po/]ity ! memory ( :at !y _h writt54 ,! presci5ce 0 rew>d$1 & ! column ( /one is /ill to be se5 9 ,syria4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ?is /atem5t x w\ld c]ta9ly be int]e/+ if we c\ld f9d 9 ,syria or any:]e else a monum5t t record$ ! anci5t a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! ,jews4 ,ric>d & o!rs believe t !y 7 v f> advanc$ 9 ! sci5ce1 & t we owe a great "p ( our pres5t a/ronomy to !m2 b su* a conjecture mu/ rema9 )\t pro( unless we c\ld prove !m ant]ior to ! o!r nations1 :om1 we h se51 cultivat$ a/ronomy 9 v remote times4 ,"o obs]vation seems peculi> to !m1 if inde$ x be a v]itable obs]vation4 ,josephus says1 ,god prolong$ ! life ( ! patri>*s t prec$$ ! deluge1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! virtues1 & to give !m ! opportunity ( p]fect+ ! sci5ces ( geometry & a/ronomy :i* !y _h discov]$2 :i* !y c\ld n h done if !y _h n liv$ = #fjj ye>s1 because x is only aft] ! lapse ( #fjj ye>s t ! great ye> is accompli%$4 ,n[ :at is ?is great ye> or cycle ( #fjj ye>s8 ,m4 ,cass9i1 ! director ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 has discuss$ x a/ronomically4 ,he consid]s x z a te/imony ( ! high antiquity ( _! a/ronomy4 ,?is p]iod1 he says1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable t h be5 discov]$2 =1 if we take ! lun> mon? to be #bi days #ab;h4 #ddm4 #cs4 we f9d t #bai1adf-a_/b days make #g1dba lun> mon?s1 & t ?is numb] ( days gives #fjj sol> ye>s ( #cfe days #e;h4 #eam4 #cfs4 ,if ?is ye> 0 9 use be=e ! deluge1 x appe>s v probable x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! patri>*s 7 already acqua9t$ to a consid]able degree ( accuracy ) ! motions ( ! />s1 = ?is lun> mon? agrees to a second almo/ ) t :i* has be5 det]m9$ by mod]n a/ronom]s4 ,a v simil> argum5t has be5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy? to prove t ! ,great ,pyramids 7 built by ! desc5dants ( ,abraham ne> ! "t ( ,noah2 namely1 t measures ( two diff]5t elem5ts 9 ! measurem5t ( "t or space :5 multipli$ or divid$ produce a numb] :i* may be f\nd to repres5t "s proportion ( ! edifice1 & h5ce to assume t ! two numb]s 7 kn[n to ! build]s4 ,we ne$ sc>cely po9t out t numb]s h always be5 capable ( great manipulation1 & ! m]e fact ( "o numb] be+ s mu* great] ?an ano!r1 is no pro( t bo? 7 kn[n1 unless we knew t "o ( !m 0 kn[n indep5d5tly1 or t !y are intimately connect$4 ,9 ! case ( ,josephus' numb] ! cycle dur+ :i* ! lun> mon?s & sol> ye>s are comm5surable has be5 long discuss$ & if ! numb] _h be5 #ai in/ead ( #fjj1 we %\ld h _h little d\bt ( its ref]5ce2 yet #fjj is a v simple numb] & might ref] to _m o!r cycles ?an ! complicat$ "o po9t$ out by ,m4 ,cass9i4 ,a simil> case may be quot$ ) reg>d to ! ,indians1 :i*1 accord+ to our temp]am5t1 may be ei!r consid]$ a pro( t ^! reason+s are correct1 or t !y are easy to make4 ,!y say t !re are two />s diametrically opposite :i* pass ?r\gh ! zodiac 9 #add ye>s2 no?+ c be made ( ?is p]iod1 nor yet ( ano!r equally problematical "o ( #ahj ye>s2 b if we multiply ! two toge!r we obta9 #be1ibj1 :i* is v ne>ly ! l5g? ( ! cycle = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,9 ?is review ( ! anci5t ideas ( diff]5t peoples1 we h foll[$ ! mo/ probable ord] 9 consid]+ t ! obs]vation ( nature came fir/1 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( x 7 aft]w>ds individualiz$ & nam$4 ,x is prop] to add t accord+ to "s anci5t au?ors--su* z ,diodorus ,siculus--! process 0 consid]$ to h be5 ! o!r way4 ,t ,uranus 0 an actual individual1 t ,atlas & ,saturn 7 8 sons or desc5dants or foll[]s1 & t because ,atlas 0 a great a/ronom] he 0 said to support ! heav5s1 & t 8 sev5 daught]s 7 real1 & be+ v spiritual !y 7 reg>d$ z goddesses aft] dea? & plac$ 9 heav5 "u ! "n ( ! ,pleiades4 ,h[ev]1 ! univ]sality ( ! ideas seems to =bid ?is int]pretation1 :i* is also 9 itself mu* less natural4 ,^! v>i\s op9ions lead u to rem>k1 9 conclusion1 t ! fables ( anci5t my?ological a/ronomy mu/ be int]pret$ by means ( v>i\s keys4 ,allegory is ! fir/--! allegory employ$ by philosoph]s & poets :o h spok5 9 figurative language4 ,_! words tak5 9 ! lett] are q unnatural1 b _m ( ! fables are simply ! description or explanation ( physical facts4 ,hi]oglyphics are ano!r key4 ,hav+ become obscure by ! lapse ( "t !y sometimes1 h[ev]1 pres5t ideas diff]5t f ^? :i* !y orig9ally express$4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t hi]oglyphics h be5 ! s\rce ( ! m5 ) dogs' heads1 or feet ( goats1 c4 ,fables also arise f ! adoption ( /range words ^: s\nd is some?+ l ano!r ^w 9 ! borr[+ language connect$ ) o!r ideas1 & ! connection betwe5 ! two has to be made by fable4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,a/ronomy ,,( ,,! ,,celts4 ,! num]\s /one monum5ts t are to be f\nd scatt]$ ov] ?is c\ntry1 & ov] ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,norm&y1 h giv5 rise to _m controv]sies z to _! orig9 & use4 ,by "s !y h be5 suppos$ to be m]e sepul*ral monum5ts erect$ 9 late times s9ce ! ,roman occupation ( ,great ,brita94 ,su* an idea has little to re/ ^u1 & we pref] to reg>d !m1 z !y h always be5 reg>d$1 z relics ( ! ,druidical wor%ip ( ! ,celtic or ,gauli% races t prec$$ u 9 ?is "p ( ,europe4 ,if we 7 to believe ! acc\nts ( ord9>y hi/orians1 we might believe t ! ,druids 7 no?+ m ?an a k9d ( savage race1 hidd51 l ! fall[-de] 9 ! recesses ( _! woods4 ,?\ght to be sangu9>y1 brutal1 sup]/iti\s1 we h le>n$ no?+ ( !m beyond _! human sacrifices1 _! wor%ip ( ! oak1 _! rais$ /ones2 )\t inquir+ :e!r ^! *>act]i/ics :i* sc&alize our ta/es1 are n simply ! legacy ( a primitive era1 to :i*1 by ! side ( ! tatt]$ religions ( ! old ,paganism1 ,druidism rema9$ fai?ful4 ,nev]!less ! ,druids 7 n )\t m]it 9 ! ord] ( ?\ght4 ,= ! ,celts1 z = all primitive p1 a/ronomy & religion 7 intimately associat$4 ,!y consid]$ t ! s\l 0 et]nal1 & ! />s 7 worlds successively inhabit$ by ! spiritual emigrants4 ,!y consid]$ t ! />s 7 z mu* ! abodes ( human life z our own e>?1 & ?is image ( ! future life con/itut$ _! p[] & _! gr&eur4 ,!y repell$ entirely ! idea ( ! de/ruction ( life1 & pref]r$ to see 9 ! ph5om5a ( dea?1 a voyage to a region already peopl$ by fri5ds4 ,"u :at =m did ,druidical sci5ce repres5t ! univ]se8 ,_! sci5tific contemplation ( ! heav5s 0 at ! same "t a religi\s contemplation4 ,x is !re=e impossible to sep>ate 9 our hi/ory _! a/ronomical & !ological heav5s4 ,9 _! !ological a/ronomy1 or a/ronomical !ology1 ! ,druids consid]$ ! totality ( all liv+ be+s z divid$ into ?ree circles4 ,! fir/ ( ^! circles1 ! circle ( imm5sity1 ,ceugant1 correspond+ to incommunicable1 inf9ite attributes1 belong$ to ,god alone2 x 0 prop]ly ! absolute1 & none1 save ! ineffable be+1 _h a "r !re4 ,! second circle1 t ( bless$ness1 ,gwyn-fyd1 unit$ 9 x ! be+s t h arriv$ at ! sup]ior degrees ( exi/5ce2 ?is 0 heav54 ,! ?ird1 ! circle ( voyages1 ,abr$1 compris$ all ! noviciate2 x 0 !re1 at ! bottom ( ! abysses1 9 ! great oceans1 z ,talies9 says1 t ! fir/ brea? ( man comm5c$4 ,! object propos$ to m5's p]sev]ance & c\rage 0 to atta9 to :at ! b>ds call$ ! po9t ( lib]ty1 v probably ! po9t at :i*1 be+ suitably =tifi$ aga9/ ! assaults ( ! l[] passions1 !y 7 n expos$ to be tr\bl$1 aga9/ _! wills1 9 _! cele/ial aspirations2 & :5 !y arriv$ at su* a po9t--s wor?y ( ! ambition ( e s\l t w\ld be its own ma/]--!y quitt$ ! circle ( ,abr$ & ent]$ t ( ,gwyn-fyd2 ! h\r ( _! recomp5se _h come4 ,demetrius1 cit$ by ,plut>*1 relates t ! ,druids believ$ t ^! s\ls ( ! elect 7 s intimately connect$ ) our circle t !y c\ld n em]ge f x )\t di/urb+ its equilibrium4 ,?is writ] /ates1 t be+ 9 ! suite ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius1 9 "s "p ( ! ,briti% isles1 he he>d sudd5ly a t]rible hurricane1 & ! prie/s1 :o alone inhabit$ ^! sacr$ isl&s1 imm$iately expla9$ ! ph5om5on1 by tell+ him t a vacuum _h be5 produc$ on ! e>?1 by ! dep>ture ( an important s\l4 ,! great m51 he said1 :ile !y live are l tor*es ^: light is always b5efic5t & nev] h>ms any "o1 b :5 !y are ext+ui%$ _! dea? g5]ally occasions1 z y h j se51 w9ds1 /orm1 & d]angem5ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! pal+5etic sy/em ( ! ,druids is complete 9 itself1 & takes ! be+ at 8 orig91 & conducts him to ! ultimate heav54 ,at ! mom5t ( 8 creation1 z ,h5ry ,m>tyn says 9 8 ,comm5t>y1 ! be+ has no consci5ce ( ! gifts t are lat5t 9 him4 ,he is creat$ 9 ! l[e/ /age ( life1 9 ,annwfn1 ! %ad[y abyss at ! base ( ,abr$4 ,!re1 surr\nd$ by nature1 submitt$ to necessity1 he rises obscurely ?r\gh ! successive degrees ( inorganic matt]1 & !n ?r\gh ! organic4 ,8 consci5ce at la/ awakes4 ,he is man4 ,?ree ?+s are prim>ily contemporane\s--man1 lib]ty1 & light4 ,be=e man !re 0 no?+ 9 creation b fatal ob$i5ce to physical laws2 ) man comm5ces ! great battle betwe5 lib]ty & necessity1 good & evil4 ,! good & ! evil pres5t !mselves to man 9 equilibrium1 & he c at 8 pleasure atta* himself to "o or ! o!r ( !m4 ,x might appe> at fir/ sight t x 0 c>ry+ ?+s too f> to attribute to ! ,druids ! k1 n inde$ ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w1 b ! g5]al idea on :i* x 0 con/ruct$4 ,b1 on clos] exam9ation1 ?is op9ion seems to h "s consi/5cy4 ,if x 0 f ! ,druids t ,py?agoras d]iv$ ! basis ( 8 !ology1 :y %\ld x n be f !m t he d]iv$ also t ( 8 a/ronomy8 ,:y1 if !re is no difficulty 9 see+ t ! pr9ciple ( ! subord9ation ( ! e>? might arise f ! m$itations ( an isolat$ _s1 %\ld !re be any m difficulty 9 ?9k+ t ! pr9ciples ( a/ronomy %\ld take bir? 9 ! mid/ ( a corporation ( !ologians embu$ ) ! same ideas z ! philosoph]s on ! circulation ( life1 & appli$ ) cont9u$ dilig5ce to ! /udy ( cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,! ,druid1 n hav+ to receive my?ological errors1 might be l$ by t circum/ance to imag9e 9 space o!r worlds simil> to our own4 ,indep5d5tly ( its intr9sic value1 ?is supposition re/s also ^u ! te/imony ( hi/orians4 ,a s+ul> /atem5t made by ,hecataeus ) reg>d to ! religi\s rites ( ,great ,brita9 exhibits ?is 9 a /rik+ mann]4 ,?is hi/orian relates t ! moon1 se5 9 ?is isl&1 appe>s mu* l>g] ?an x does any:]e else1 & t x is possible to di/+ui% m\nta9s on its surface1 su* z !re are on ! e>?4 ,n[1 h[ _h ! ,druids made an obs]vation ( ?is k9d8 ,x is ( n mu* consequ5ce :e!r !y _h actually se5 ! lun> m\nta9s or _h only imag9$ !m1 ! curi\s ?+ is t !y 7 p]suad$ t t body 0 l ! e>?1 & _h m\nta9s & o!r features simil> to our own4 ,plut>*1 9 8 treatise ,de facie 9 orbe ,lunae1 tells u t1 accord+ to ! ,druids1 & con=mably to an idea :i* _h long be5 held 9 sci5ce1 ! surface ( ! moon is furr[$ ) sev]al ,m$it]raneans1 :i* ! ,grecian philosoph]s comp>e to ! ,r$ & ,caspian seas4 ,x 0 also ?\ght t imm5se abysses 7 se51 :i* 7 suppos$ to be 9 communication ) ! hemisph]e t is turn$ away f ! e>?4 ,la/ly1 ! dim5sions ( ?is sky-borne c\ntry 7 e/imat$2 7ideas v diff]5t to ^? t 7 curr5t 9 ,greece73 its size & its bread?1 says ! travell] depict$ by ! writ]1 are n at all su* z ! geomet]s say1 b mu* l>g]4 ,x is ?r\gh ! same au?or1 :o is 9 accordance 9 ?is respect ) all ! b>ds1 t we "k t ?is cele/ial e>? 0 consid]$ by ! !ologians ( ! ,we/ z ! resid5ce ( happy s\ls4 ,!y rose & approa*$ x 9 proportion z _! prep>ation _h be5 complete1 b1 9 ! agitation ( ! :irlw9d1 _m rea*$ ! moon t x w\ld n receive4 ,! moon repell$ a great numb]1 & reject$ !m by its fluctuations1 at ! mom5t !y rea*$ x2 b ^? t _h bett] success fix$ !mselves !re = good2 _! s\l is l ! flame1 :i*1 rais+ itself 9 ! e!r ( ! moon1 z fire raises itself on t ( ! e>? receives =ce & solidity 9 ! same way t r$-hot iron does :5 plung$ into ! wat]4 ,!y ?us trac$ an analogy betwe5 ! moon & ! e>?1 :i* !y d\btless c>ri$ out to its full developm5t1 & made ! moon an image ( :at !y knew "h1 pictur+ !re ! lun> fields & brooks & breezes & p]fumes4 ,:at a *>m su* a belief mu/ h giv5 to ! heav5s at night4 ,! moon 0 ! place & visible pl$ge ( immortality4 ,on ?is acc\nt x 0 plac$ 9 high position 9 _! religion2 ! ord] ( all ! fe/ivals 0 arrang$ aft] t :i* 0 d$icat$ to x2 its pres5ce 0 s\ght 9 all _! c]emonies1 & its rays 7 invok$4 ,! ,druids are always !re=e repres5t$ z hav+ ! cresc5t 9 _! h&s4 ,a/ronomy & !ology be+ s intimately connect$ 9 ! _s ( ! ,druids1 we c easily und]/& t ! two /udies 7 br\ght to ! front toge!r 9 _! colleges4 ,f c]ta9 po9ts ( view we may say t ! ,druids 7 no?+ m ?an a/ronom]s4 ,?is quality 0 n less /rik+ to ! anci5ts 9 !m ?an 9 ! ,*aldaeans4 ,! obs]vation ( ! />s 0 "o ( _! (ficial functions4 ,caes> tells u1 )\t ent]+ m into p>ticul>s1 t !y taught _m ?+s ab\t ! =m & dim5sions ( ! e>?1 ! size & arrangem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( heav51 & ! motions ( ! />s1 :i* includes ! great] "p ( ! ess5tial problems ( cele/ial geometry1 :i* we see !y _h already propos$ to !mselves4 ,we c see ! same fact 9 ! magnific5t passage ( ,talies94 ,i w ask ! b>ds1 he says 9 8 ,hymn ( ! ,_w1 & :y w n ! b>ds answ] me8 ,i w ask ( !m :at su/a9s ! e>?1 s9ce hav+ no support x does n fall8 or if x falls :i* way does x g8 ,b :at c s]ve = its support8 ,is ! _w a great travell]8 ,al?\gh x moves )\t ceas+1 x rema9s tranquil 9 its r\te2 & h[ admirable is t r\te1 see+ t ! _w moves n 9 any direction4 ,?is suffices to %[ t ! ideas ( ! ,druids on mat]ial ph5om5a 7 n at all inf]ior to _! conceptions ( ! de/9y ( ! s\l1 & t !y _h sci5tific views ( q ano!r orig9 f ! ,alex&rian ,greeks1 ! ,lat9s1 _! disciples1 or ! middle ages4 ,an anecdote ( ! eigh? c5tury furni%es ano!r pro( 9 fav\r ( ,druidical sci5ce4 ,e "o kn[s t ,virgilius1 bi%op ( ,salzburg1 0 accus$ ( h]esy by ,boniface be=e ! ,pope ,za*>ias1 because he _h ass]t$ t !re 7 antipodes4 ,n[ ,virgilius 0 educat$ 9 "o ( ! le>n$ mona/]ies ( ,irel&1 :i* 7 f$ by ! ,*ri/ian b>ds1 :o _h pres]v$ ! sci5tific traditions ( ,druidism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4--,,druidical ,,wor%ip4 ,! fundam5tal alliance betwe5 ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds & ( ! et]nity ( ! s\l is p]haps ! mo/ memorable "* 9 ! ?\ghts ( ?is anci5t race4 ,! dea? ^u e>? 0 = !m only a psy*ological & a/ronomical fact1 n m grave ?an t :i* happ5$ to ! moon :5 x 0 eclips$1 nor ! fall ( ! v]dant clo?+ ( ! oak "u ! brea? ( ! autumnal breeze4 ,we see ^! conceptions & mann]s1 at fir/ sight s extraord9>y1 clo! !mselves ) a simple & natural aspect4 ,! ,druids 7 s conv9c$ ( ! future life 9 ! />s1 t !y us$ to l5d money to be repaid 9 ! o!r _w4 ,su* a cu/om mu/ h made a pr(\nd impression on ! m9ds ( ^? :o daily practis$ x4 ,pomponius ,mela & ,val]ius ,maximus bo? tell u ( ?is cu/om4 ,! latt] says1 ,aft] hav+ left ,m>seilles ,i f\nd t anci5t cu/om ( ! ,gauls /ill 9 =ce1 namely1 ( l5d+ "o ano!r money to be paid back 9 ! inf]nal regions1 = !y are p]suad$ t ! s\ls ( m5 are immortal4 ,9 pass+ to ! o!r _w !y lo/ nei!r _! p]sonality1 _! memory1 nor _! fri5ds2 !y !re re-enc\nt]$ ! bus9ess1 ! laws1 ! magi/rates ( ?is _w4 ,!y _h capitals & ev]y?+ ! same z "h4 ,!y gave "o ano!r r5dezv\s z emigrants might :o 7 go+ to ,am]ica4 ,?is sup]/ition1 s laudable z f> z x _h ! effect ( press+ on ! m9ds ( m5 ! firm s5tim5t ( immortality1 l$ !m to burn1 along ) ! dead1 all ! objects :i* _h be5 de> to !m1 or ( :i* !y ?\ght !y might /ill wi% to make use4 ,! ,gauls1 says ,pomponius ,mela1 burn & bury ) ! dead t :i* _h belong$ to ! liv+4 ,!y _h ano!r cu/om prompt$ by ! same _s1 b f> m t\*+4 ,:5 any "o bade f>ewell to ! e>?1 ea* "o *>g$ him to take lett]s to 8 abs5t fri5ds1 :o %\ld receive him on 8 arrival & d\btless load him ) que/ions z to ?+s bel[4 ,x is to ,diodorus t we owe ! pres]vation ( ! remembrance ( ?is cu/om4 ,at _! fun]als1 he says1 !y place lett]s ) ! dead :i* are writt5 to ^? already dead by _! p>5ts1 s t !y may be read by !m4 ,!y foll[$ ! s\l 9 ?\ght 9 its passage to ! o!r planets1 & ! survivors (t5 regrett$ t !y c\ld n accompli% ! voyage 9 _! company2 sometimes1 inde$1 !y c\ld n resi/ ! temptation4 ,!re are "s1 says ,mela1 :o burn !mselves ) _! fri5ds 9 ord] t !y may cont9ue to live toge!r4 ,!y ent]ta9$ ano!r idea also1 :i* l$ ev5 to worse practices ?an ?is1 namely1 t dea? 0 a sort ( recruit+ t 0 comm&$ by ! laws ( ! univ]se = ! su/5ance ( ! army ( exi/5ces4 ,9 c]ta9 cases !y w\ld replace "o dea? by ano!r4 ,posidonius1 :o visit$ ,gaul at an epo* :5 x _h n be5 brok5 up1 & :o knew x f> bett] ?an ,caes>1 has left u "s v curi\s in=mation on ?is subject4 ,if a man felt himself s]i\sly w>n$ by 8 disease t he mu/ hold himself 9 read9ess = dep>ture1 b :o1 nev]!less1 _h1 = ! mom5t1 "s important bus9ess on h&1 or ! ne$s ( 8 family *a9$ him to ?is life1 or ev5 t dea? 0 disagreeable to him2 if no memb] ( 8 family or 8 cli5ts 7 will+ to (f] himself in/ead1 he look$ out = a sub/itute2 su* a "o w\ld soon arrive accompani$ by a troop ( fri5ds1 & /ipulat+ = 8 price a c]ta9 sum ( money1 he di/ribut$ x himself z remembrances among 8 companions1--(t5 ev5 he w\ld only ask = a b>rel ( w9e4 ,!n !y w\ld erect a /age1 improvise a sort ( fe/ival1 & f9ally1 aft] ! banquet 0 ov]1 our h]o w\ld lie d[n on ! %ield1 & driv+ a sword into 8 bosom1 w\ld take 8 dep>ture = ! o!r _w4 ,su* a cu/om1 inde$1 %[s any?+ b :at we %\ld rightly call civilization1 h[ev] admirable may h be5 _! op9ions2 b x receives its only palliation f ! fact t _! indiff]5ce to dea? did n arise f _! und]valu+ life "h1 b t !y _h s firm a belief 9 ! exi/5ce & ! happ9ess ( a life h]eaft]4 ,t ^! beliefs 7 n sep>at$ f _! a/ronomical ideas is se5 f ! fact t !y peopl$ ! firmam5t ) ! dep>t$4 ,! ,milky ,way 0 call$ ! t[n ( ,gwyon 7,co] or ,k] ,gwydion1 ,k] 9 ,breton1 ,ca] 9 ,gauli%1 ,kohair 9 ,gaelic72 c]ta9 b>dic leg5ds gave to ,gwyon z fa!r a g5ius call$ ,don1 :o resides 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia1 & :o figures z ! k+ ( ! fairies 9 ! popul> my?s ( ,irel&4 ,! empyrean is ?us divid$ betwe5 v>i\s heav5ly spirits4 ,ar?ur _h = resid5ce ! ,great ,be>1 call$ by ! ,druids ,ar?ur's ,*>iot4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 entirely limit$ to tradition & ! reports ( =m] travell]s = our in=mation z to ! a/ronomy ( ! ,druids1 b we h also at our s]vice num]\s co9s belong+ to ! old ,gauls1 :o 7 ( "o family ) ^? :o cultivat$ ,druidism 9 our isl&1 :i* h be5 discov]$ buri$ 9 ! soil ( ,france4 ,! importance :i* 0 giv5 to a/ronomy 9 t race becomes imm$iately evid5t ^u ! discov]y ( ! fact t ^! co9s are m>k$ ) figures hav+ ref]5ce to ! heav5ly bodies1 9 o!r words are a/ronomical co9s4 ,if we exam9e1 f a g5]al po9t ( view1 a l>ge collection ( ,gauli% m$als su* z t pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,museum ( ,p>is1 we obs]ve t among ! ess5tial symbols t occupy ! fields are types ( ! ,horse1 ! ,bull1 ! ,bo>1 ! ,eagle1 ! ,lion1 ! ,horseman1 & ! ,be>4 ,we rem>k next a great numb] ( signs1 mo/ (t5 a/ronomical1 ord9>ily accessory1 b occasionally ! *ief1 su* z ! sign symbol3 rotat$ mirror$ ,s1 globules surr\nd$ by conc5tric circles1 />s ( five1 six1 or eight po9ts1 radiat$ & flam+ bodies1 cresc5ts1 triangles1 :eels ) f\r spokes1 ! sign symbol3 inf9ity1 ! lun> cresc5t1 ! zigzag1 c4 ,la/ly1 we rem>k o!r accessory types repres5t$ by images ( real objects or imag9>y figures1 su* z ! ,lyre1 ! ,diota1 ! ,s]p5t1 ! ,hat*et1 ! ,human ,eye1 ! ,sword1 ! ,b\gh1 ! ,lamp1 ! ,jewel1 ! ,bird1 ! ,arr[1 ! ,e> ( ,corn1 ! ,fi%es1 c4 ,on a great numb] ( m$als1 on ! /at]es ( ,v]c+etorix1 on ! rev]ses ( ! co9s ( sev]al epo*s1 we recognize pr9cipally ! sign ( ! ,wat]]1 :i* appe>s to symbolize = "o "p ( antiquity ! k ( ! heav5ly sph]e4 ,on ! ,gauli% types ?is sign 7an amphora ) two h&les7 be>s ! "n ( ,diota1 & repres5ts among/ ! ,druids z among/ ! ,magi ! sci5ces ( a/ronomy & a/rology4 ,"s ( ^! co9s are repres5t$ 9 ! woodcut bel[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! fir/ ( ^! repres5ts ! c\rse ( ! ,sun-,horse rea*+ ! ,tropic ( ,canc] 7summ] sol/ice71 & br\ght back to ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn 7w9t] sol/ice74 ,on ! second is se5 ! symbol ( ! ye> betwe5 ! s\? 7repres5t$ by ! sun symbol3 sun7 & ! nor? 7repres5t$ by ! ,nor!rn ,be>74 ,9 ! ?ird ! cal5d> 7or c\rse ( ! ye>7 betwe5 ! sun symbol3 sun & ! moon symbol3 moon4 ,"t ! ,sun1 & ! ,be> are visible on ! f\r?4 ,! diurnal motion ( ! heav5s is repres5t$ on ! fif?2 & la/ly1 on ! six?1 appe>s ! ,wat]+-pot1 ! ,sun-,horse1 & ! sign ( ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,on o!r gr\ps ( money ! pres5ce ( ! zodiac may be made out4 ,^! m$als w\ld seem to %[ t "s "p ( ! a/ronomical k ( ! ,druids 0 n inv5t$ by !mselves1 b borr[$ f ! ,*aldeans or o!rs :o 9 o!r l&s inv5t$ !m 9 previ\s ages1 & f :om !y may h possibly d]iv$ !m f ! ,ph5icians4 ,we may c]ta9ly expect1 h[ev]1 f ^! pieces ( money1 if f\nd 9 suffici5t numb] & c>efully /udi$1 to discov] a good _m positive facts n[ want+ to u1 ( ! religion1 sci5ces1 mann]s1 language1 comm]cial relation1 c4 :i* belong$ to ! ,celtic civilization4 ,x 0 f> f be+ s b>b>\s z is ord9>ily suppos$1 & we %all d m ju/ice to x :5 we "k x bett]4 ,m4 ,filli\x1 ! curator ( ! museum ( ,gu]et1 :o has /udi$ ^! co9s ) c>e1 aft] hav+ s\ght = a long "t = a cle> & concise me?od ( det]m9+ exactly ! symbolic & religi\s "* ( ! ,gauli% money1 has be5 able to give ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts4 ,! co9s h = _! ord9>y field ! heav5s4 ,on ! "r side !y pres5t almo/ univ]sally ! ideal heads ( gods or goddesses1 or 9 default ( ^!1 ! symbols t are repres5tative ( !m4 ,on ! rev]se = ! mo/ "p1 !y reproduce1 ei!r by direct types or by emblems artfully comb9$1 ! pr9cipal cele/ial bodies1 ! div]s aspects ( ! con/ellations1 & probably ! laws1 :i*1 accord+ to _! anci5t sci5ce1 presid$ ov] _! c\rse2 9 a small] proportion !y d5ote ! religi\s my?s :i* =m ! base ( ! national belief ( ! ,gauls4 ,z we h se5 above1 = !m ! pres5t life 0 b a transitory /ate ( ! s\l1 only a prodrome ( ! future life1 :i* %\ld develop itself 9 heav5 & ! a/ronomical worlds ) :i* x is fill$4 ,borr[$ f an elevat$ spiritualism1 incessantly t5d+ t[>ds ! cele/ial worlds1 ^! ideas 7 s+ul>ly appropriate to a nation at once w>like & comm]cial4 ,^! circum/ances expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! /range types1 f\nd$ at ! same "t on ^? ( o!r nations1 & on ! symbolism :i* 0 ! s\l ( ! ,druidical religion4 ,to ?is religi\s ca/e1 inde$1 we mu/ give ! m]it ( ?is +5i\s & orig9al conception1 ( turn+ ! rev]ses ( ! co9s into regul> *>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,no?+ inde$ c\ld be bett] calculat$ to inspire ! p ) respect & confid5ce ?an ^! my/]i\s & le>n$ symbols1 repres5t+ ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s4 ,n mak+ use ( writ+ to tea* _! dogmas1 :i* !y wi%$ to ma9ta9 z "p ( ! my/]ies ( _! ca/e1 ! ,druids avail$ !mselves ( ?is me?od ( plac+ on ! money t cele/ial symbolism ( :i* !y alone possess$ ! key4 ,! religi\s ideas f\nd$ on a/ronomical obs]vations 7 n peculi> to1 or orig9at$ by1 ! ,druids1 any m ?an _! zodiac4 ,!re seems reason to believe t !y _h come d[n f a remote antiquity1 & be5 widely spread ov] _m nations1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ! ,pleiades2 b we c c]ta9ly trace !m to ! ,ea/1 :]e !y fir/ prevail$ 9 ,p]sia & ,egypt1 & 7 aft]w>ds br\ght to ,greece1 :]e !y disappe>$ be=e ! new creations ( an?ropomorphism1 ?\gh !y 7 n =gott5 9 ! days ( ! poet ,anacreon1 :o says1 ,d n repres5t = me1 ar\nd ?is vase 7a vase he _h ord]$ ( ! work] 9 silv]71 ei!r ! heav5ly bodies1 or ! *>iot1 or ! melan*oly ,orion2 ,i h no?+ to d ) ! ,pleiades or ! ,h]dsman4 ,he only want$ my?ological subjects :i* 7 m to 8 ta/e4 ,! *>act]s :i* are made use ( 9 ^! a/ronomical moneys ( ! ,druids w\ld appe> to h a m anci5t orig9 ?an we are able to trace directly1 s9ce !y are mo/ ( !m f\nd on ! arms & implem5ts ( ! bronze age4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z ! conc5tric po9t$ circles1 ! cresc5t ) a globule or a />1 ! l9e 9 zigzag1 7 us$ 9 ,egypt2 :]e !y s]v$ to m>k ! sun1 ! mon?1 ! ye>1 ! fluid elem5t2 & !y appe> to h _h among ! ,druids ! same signification4 ,! o!r signs1 su* z ! symbol3 wave1 & its multiple comb9ations1 ! c5tr$ circles1 gr\p$ 9 "o or two1 ! little r+s1 ! alphabetical *>act]s recall+ ! =m ( a con/ellation1 ! :eel ) rays1 ! radiat+ discs1 c4 are all repres5t$ on ! bronze arms f\nd 9 ! ,celtic1 ,g]manic1 ,breton1 & ,sc&9avian l&s4 ,f ?is remote p]iod1 :i* 0 /rongly impress$ ) ! ,ori5tal g5ius1 we mu/ date ! orig9 ( ! ,celtic symbolism4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 & n )\t reason1 t ?is epo*1 besides be+ contemporane\s ) ! ,ph5ician e/abli%m5ts on ! bord]s ( ! ocean1 0 an age ( civilization & progress 9 ,gaul1 & t ! ideas ( ! ,druids became modifi$ at ! same "t t !y acquir$ j notions 9 a/ronomy & 9 ! art ( ca/+ metals4 ,at a f> lat] p]iod1 ! ,druidic !ocracy hav+1 ) religi\s c>e1 pres]v$ ! symbols ( its anci5t traditions1 _h !m /amp$ on ! co9s :i* !y caus$ to be /ruck4 ,?is rem>kable fact is %[n 9 an inconte/able mann] 9 ! r\gh] attempts 9 ,gauli% money1 & ?is same /ate ( ?+s 0 p]petuat$ ev5 into ! epo* ( ! high arts1 s9ce we f9d on ! imitation /atues ( ,mac$onia ! old ,celtic symbols associat$ ) emblems ( a ,grecian orig94 ,9 ,italy a diff]5t result 0 arriv$ at1 because ! w>like elem5t ( ! nobles soon pr$om9at$ ov] ! religi\s4 ,nev]!less ! mo/ anci5t ,roman co9s1 ^? :i* are kn[n to u "u ! "n ( ,consul>1 h n escap$ ! common law :i* seems to h presid$1 among all nations1 ov] ! orig9 ( money4 ,! two commone/ types1 "o 9 bronze ( ,janus ,bifrons ) ! palus2 ! o!r 9 silv]1 ! ,dioscures ) _! />s1 h an em95tly a/ronomical aspect4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! ,gauli% & ,roman co9s may be foll[$ 9 a s]ies ( analogies :i* are v rem>kable f an a/ronomical po9t ( view4 ,to cite only a few examples1 we may obs]ve on a l>ge numb] ( p5nies ( diff]5t families1 ! impression ( ,auriga ! ,coa*man conduct+ a quadriga2 or ! sun "u ano!r =m 7) 8 head radiat$ & drawn 9 pr(ile72 or ,diana ) h] lun> attributes2 or ! five planets well *>act]is$2 = example1 ,v5us by a d\ble />1 z t ( ! morn+ or ( ! ev5+2 or ! con/ellations ( ! ,dog1 ,h]cules1 ! ,kid1 ! ,lyre1 & almo/ all ^? ( ! zodiac & ( ! circumpol> region & ! sev5-k9e 7septemtriones74 ,9 lat] times1 "u ! ,caes>s1 9 ! villa ( ,borghese1 is f\nd a cal5d> ^: arrangem5ts v mu* recall ! anci5t ,gauli% co94 ,! head ( ! twelve great gods & ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac are repres5t$1 & ! draw+ ( ! con/ellations e/abli%es a correspond5ce betwe5 _! ris+ & ! position ( ! sun 9 ! zodiac4 ,x may !re=e be affirm$ t 9 ! co9age & works ( art 9 ,italy & ,greece1 ! *>act]i/ic influ5ce ( a/ronomical wor%ip is f\nd z /rongly z among ! ,druids4 ,nor h ! ,we/]n nations alone _h ! curi\s habit ( impress+ _! a/ronomical ideas ^u _! co9age1 = 9 ,*9a & ,japan co9s ( a simil> description h be5 met )1 conta9+ on _! rev]se all ! signs ( ! zodiac admitt$ by !m4 ,9 conclusion1 we may say1 t x 0 cosmography1 t con/ruct$ ! dogmas ( ! ,druidical religion1 :i* 01 9 its ess5tial elem5ts1 ! same z t ( ! old ,ori5tal !ocracies4 ,! outw>d c]emonies 7 address$ to ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 & o!r visible ph5om5a2 b1 above nature1 !re 0 ! great g5]at+ & mov+ pr9ciple1 :i* ! ,celts plac$1 at a lat] p]iod p]haps1 among ! attributes ( _! supreme deities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,con/ellations4 ,! ,lyre--,cassiopeia--,! ,little ,be>--,! ,dragon--,&rom$a--,! ,great ,be>--,capella--,algol1 or ,m$usa's ,head4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,con/ellations4 ,:5 we look ^u ! multitude ( heav5ly bodies ) :i* ! cele/ial vault is /rew$1 our att5tion is naturally arre/$ by c]ta9 gr\p+s ( brilliant />s1 app>5tly associat$ toge!r on acc\nt ( _! great proximity2 & also by c]ta9 rem>kable s+le />s :i* h excessive brilliancy or are completely isolat$ f ! re/4 ,^! natural gr\ps seem to h "s obscure connection ) or dep5d5ce on ea* o!r4 ,!y h always be5 notic$1 ev5 by ! mo/ savage races4 ,! languages ( sev]al su* races conta9 diff]5t names = ! same id5tical gr\ps1 & ^! names1 mo/ly borr[$ f t]re/rial be+s1 give an imag9>y life to ! solitude & sil5ce ( ! skies4 ,a cele/ial globe1 z we "k1 pres5ts u ) a s+ul> m5ag]ie1 ri* 9 curi\s mon/]s plac$ 9 inconceivable positions4 ,h[ ^! con/ellations1 z !y are call$1 7 fir/ inv5t$1 & by :om1 is an int]e/+ "q :i* by ! aid ( comp>ative philology we mu/ endeav\r n[ to answ]4 ,among ^! con/ellations !re are twelve :i* h a m ?an ord9>y importance1 & to :i* m att5tion has always be5 paid4 ,!y are ^? ?r\gh :i* ! sun appe>s to pass 9 8 annual j\rney r\nd ! ecliptic1 ent]+ "o region ea* mon?4 ,at lea/1 ?is is :at !y 7 :5 fir/ inv5t$4 ,!y 7 call$ ! zodiacal con/ellations or signs ( ! zodiac--! "n be+ d]iv$ f _! be+ mo/ly nam$ aft] liv+ bea/s4 ,9 our own days ! zodiacal con/ellations are no long] ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,:5 !y 7 arrang$ ! sun ent]$ ea* "o on a c]ta9 date4 ,he n[ is no long] at ! same po9t 9 ! heav5s at t date1 nev]!less he is /ill said to ent] ! same sign ( ! zodiac--:i* !re=e no long] co9cides ) ! zodiacal con/ellation x 0 nam$ f--b m]ely /&s = a c]ta9 twelf? "p ( ! ecliptic1 :i* v>ies f "t to "t4 ,x w be ( c\rse ( great int]e/ to discov] ! orig9 ( ^! p>ticul> con/ellations1 ! date ( _! inv5tion1 c42 & we %all hope to d s aft] hav+ discuss$ ! orig9 ( ^? se5 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e :i* may be m famili> ev5 ?an ^?4 ,we h repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece ! two halves ( ! ,grecian cele/ial sph]e--! ,nor!rn & ! ,s\!rn1 ) ! v>i\s con/ellations !y conta94 ,?is sph]e 0 n inv5t$ by ! ,greeks1 b 0 receiv$ by !m f m anci5t peoples1 & correct$ & augm5t$4 ,x 0 us$ by ,hipp>*us two ?\s& ye>s ago2 & ,ptolemy has giv5 u a description ( x4 ,x conta9$ #dh con/ellations1 ( :i* #ba belong$ to ! ,nor!rn1 #ae to ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e1 & ! rema9+ twelve 7 ^? ( ! zodiac1 situat$ along ! ecliptic4 ,! con/ellations reckon$ by ,ptolemy conta9$ altoge!r #a1jbf />s1 ^: relative positions 7 det]m9$ by ,hipp>*us2 ) ref]5ce to :i* accompli%m5t ,pl9y says1 ,hipp>*us1 ) a height ( audacity too great ev5 = a god1 has v5tur$ to transmit to po/]ity ! numb] ( ! />s6 ,ptolemy's catalogue conta9s3-- ,= ! nor!rn con/ellations #cfa />s ,= ! zodiacal #cej ,= ! s\!rn #cah or ----- ,= all ! #dh con/ellations #a1jbi or1 s9ce #c ( ^! are nam$ twice #a1jbf ,( c\rse ?is numb] is n to be suppos$ to repres5t ! :ole ( ! />s visible ev5 to ! nak$ eye2 !re are twice z _m 9 ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e alone1 :ile !re are ab\t #e1jjj 9 ! :ole sky4 ,! numb] visible 9 a telescope completely dw>fs ?is1 s t m ?an #cjj1jjj are n[ catalogu$2 :ile ! numb] visible 9 a l>ge telescope may be reckon$ at n less ?an #gg millions4 ,! pr9cipal nor!rn con/ellations nam$ by ,ptolemy are conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ li/1 ) ! />s ( ! fir/ magnitude t occur 9 ea*3-- ,! ,great ,be>1 or ,david's ,*>iot1 ne> ! c5tre4 ,! ,little ,be>1 ) ! ,pole ,/> at ! end ( ! tail4 ,! ,dragon4 ,cepheus1 situat$ to ! "r ( ! ,pole4 ,! ,h]dsman1 or ! ,keep] ( ! ,be>1 ) ! /> ,arcturus4 ,! ,nor!rn ,cr[n to ! "r4 ,h]cules1 or ! ,man :o ,kneels4 ,! ,lyre1 or ,fall+ ,vulture1 ) ! beautiful /> ,vega4 ,! ,swan1 or ,bird1 or ,cross4 ,cassiopeia1 or ! ,*air1 or ! ,?rone4 ,p]seus4 ,! ,c>t]1 or ! ,*>iote]1 ) ,capella ,ophiu*us1 or ,s]p5t>ius1 or ,esculapius4 ,! ,s]p5t4 ,! ,b[ & ,arr[1 or ! ,d>t4 ,! ,eagle1 or ! ,fly+ ,vulture1 ) ,altair4 ,! ,dolph94 ,! ,little ,horse1 or ! ,bu/ ( ! ,horse4 ,pegasus1 or ! ,w+$ ,horse1 or ! ,great ,cross4 ,&rom$a1 or ! ,woman ) ! ,girdle4 ,! ,nor!rn ,triangle1 or ! ,delta4 ,! fifte5 con/ellations on ! s\? ( ! ecliptic 73-- ,! ,:ale4 ,orion1 ) ! beautiful />s ,rigel & ,betelgeuse4 ,! ,riv] ,endanus1 or ! ,riv] ,orion1 ) ! brilliant ,a*]n>4 ,! ,h>e4 ,! ,great ,dog1 ) ! magnific5t ,sirius4 ,! ,little ,dog1 or ! ,dog :i* runs be=e1 ) ,procyon4 ,! %ip ,argo1 ) its f9e ,alpha 7,canopus7 & ,eta4 ,! ,female ,hydra1 or ! ,wat] ,snake4 ,! ,cup1 or ! ,urn1 or ! ,vase4 ,! ,rav54 ,! ,alt>1 or ! ,p]fum+ ,pot4 ,! ,c5taur1 ^: /> ,alpha is ! ne>e/ to ! e>?4 ,! ,wolf1 or ! ,c5taur's ,lance1 or ! ,pan!r1 or ! ,bea/4 ,! ,s\!rn ,cr[n1 or ! ,w& ( ,m]cury1 or ,uraniscus4 ,! ,s\!rn ,fi%1 ) ,fomalhaut4 ,! twelve zodiacal con/ellations1 :i* are ( m importance ?an ! re/1 are g5]ally nam$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* ! sun passes ?r\gh !m 9 its passage along ! ecliptic1 & bo? ,lat9s & ,engli% h endeav\r$ to impress _! names on ! vulg> by embody+ !m 9 v]ses4 ,! poet ,ausonius ?us catalogues !m3-- ,sunt3 ,aries1 ,taurus1 ,gem9i1 ,canc]1 ,leo1 ,virgo1 ,libraque1 ,scorpius1 ,arcit55s1 ,cap]1 ,amphora1 ,pisces4 & ! ,engli% effusion is z foll[s3-- ,! ,ram1 ! ,bull1 ! ,heav5ly ,tw9s1 ,& next ! ,crab ! ,lion %9es1 ,! ,virg9 & ! ,scales4 ,! ,scorpion1 ,ar*]1 & ,he ,goat1 ,! ,man t holds ! wat]+-pot1 ,& ,fi% ) glitt]+ scales4 ,^! twelve h hi]oglyphics assign$ to !m1 by :i* !y are ref]r$ to 9 cal5d>s & a/ronomical works1 "s ( ! m>ks be+ easily trac$ to _! orig94 ,?us symbol3 aries ref]s to ! horns ( ! ,ram2 symbol3 taurus to ! head ( ! ,bull2 symbol3 scorpion to ! jo9ts & tail-/+ ( ! ,scorpion2 symbol3 saggit>ius is v cle>ly connect$ ) an ar*]2 symbol3 capricorn is =m$ by ! junction ( ! fir/ two lett]s ,greek3 t & ,greek3 r 9 ,greek3 tragos1 ! ,sea-goat1 or ,capricorn2 symbol3 libra = ! ,balance1 is sugge/ive ( its %ape2 symbol3 aqu>ius ref]s to ! wat] 9 ! ,wat]+-pot2 & p]haps symbol3 pisces to ! ,two ,fi%es2 symbol3 gem9i = ,tw9s may d5ote two sides alike2 symbol3 canc] = ! ,crab1 has some?+ ( its side-walk+ appe>ance2 :ile symbol3 leo = ! ,lion1 & symbol3 virgo = ! ,virg91 seem to h no ref]5ce t is traceable4 ,^! con/ellations conta9 ! foll[+ />s ( ! fir/ magnitude--,aldeb>an1 ,ant>es1 & ,spica4 ,to ^! con/ellations admitt$ by ! ,greeks %\ld be add$ ! ,locks ( ,b]5ice1 al?\gh x is n nam$ by ,ptolemy4 ,x 0 inv5t$ inde$ by ! a/ronom] ,conon4 ,! /ory is t ,b]5ice 0 ! sp\se & ! si/] ( ,ptolemy ,eu]getes1 & t %e made a v[ to cut (f h] locks & devote !m to ,v5us if h] husb& return$ victori\s2 to console ! k+ ! a/ronom] plac$ h] locks among ! />s4 ,if ?is is a true acc\nt ,arago mu/ be mi/ak5 9 ass]t+ t ! con/ellation 0 creat$ by ,ty*o ,brahe 9 #afjc4 ,! "o he did add to ! =m] ones 0 t ( ,ant9oeus1 by collect+ into "o figure "s unappropriat$ />s ne> ! ,eagle4 ,at ab\t ! same "t ,j4 ,bay]1 f ! in=mation ( ,vespuccius & ! sailors1 add$ twelve to ! s\!rn con/ellations ( ,ptolemy2 among :i* may be m5tion$ ! ,peacock1 ! ,t\can1 ! ,pho5ix1 ! ,crane1 ! ,fly1 ! ,*ameleon1 ! ,bird ( ,p>adise1 ! ,s\!rn ,triangle1 & ! ,indian4 ,augu/us ,roy]1 9 #afgi1 =m$ five new gr\ps1 among :i* we may "n ! ,great ,cl\d1 ! ,fleur-de-,lis1 & ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,hevelius1 9 #afij1 add$ #af2 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,giraffe1 ! ,unicorn1 ! ,little ,lion1 ! ,lynx1 ! ,little ,triangle4 ,among ^! new]-nam$ con/ellations none is m int]e/+ ?an ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 :i* is by "s consid]$ z ! mo/ brilliant ( all t are kn[n4 ,"s acc\nt ( x1 possibly f ! ,arabs1 seems to h rea*$ ,dante1 :o evid5tly ref]s to x1 be=e x _h be5 nam$ by ,roy]1 9 a celebrat$ passage 9 8 ,purgatory4 ,"s h ?\ght t 8 ref]5ce to su* />s 0 only accid5tal1 & t he really ref]r$ only to ! f\r c>d9al virtues ( !ology1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( kn[+ h[ he c\ld h he>d ( !m2 b z ! ,arabs _h e/abli%m5ts along ! entire coa/ ( ,africa1 !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! in=mation might rea* ,italy4 ,am]icus ,vespuccius1 :o 9 8 ?ird voyage ref]s to ^! v]ses ( ,dante1 does n m5tion ! "n ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,he simply says t ! f\r />s =m a rhomboidal figure4 ,z voyages r\nd ! ,cape multipli$1 h[ev]1 ! con/ellation became rapidly m celebrat$1 & x is m5tion$ z =m+ a brilliant cross by ! ,flor5t9e ,&rea ,corsali1 9 #aeag1 & a little lat] by ,pigafetta1 9 #aebj4 ,all ^! con/ellations h n be5 consid]$ suffici5t1 & _m subsequ5t additions h be5 made4 ,?us ,lacaille1 9 #ageb1 creat$ f\rte5 new ones1 mo/ly *>act]iz$ by mod]n names--z ! ,sculptor's ,/udio1 ! ,*emical ,furnace1 ! ,clock1 ! ,compass1 ! ,telescope1 ! ,microscope1 & o!rs4 ,lemonni]1 9 #agff1 add$ ! ,re9de]1 ! ,solitaire1 & ! ,indian ,bird1 & ,lal&e ! ,h>ve/man4 ,poczobut1 9 #aggg1 add$ "o m1 & ,p4 ,hell ano!r4 ,f9ally1 9 ! *>ts drawn by ,bode1 eight m appe>1 among :i* ! ,a]o/at1 & ! ,electrical & ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es4 ,we ?us arrive at a total ( #ajh con/ellations4 ,to :i* we may add t ! foll[+ gr\ps are g5]ally recogniz$4 ,! ,head ( ,m$usa1 ne> ,p]seus2 ! ,pleiades1 on ! back1 & ! ,hyades on ! =ehead ( ! ,bull2 ! ,club ( ,h]cules2 ! ,%ield ( ,orion1 sometimes call$ ! ,rake2 ! ,?ree ,k+s2 ! ,/aff ( ,s4 ,james2 ! ,sword ( ,orion2 ! ,two ,asses 9 ! ,crab1 hav+ betwe5 !m ! ,/> ,clu/]1 call$ ! ,/all1 or ! ,mang]2 & ! ,kids1 ne> ,capella1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,coa*man4 ,?is br+s ! li/ ( ! con/ellations to #aag1 :i* is ! total numb] n[ admitt$4 ,a curi\s episode ) respect to ^! /> arrangem5ts may "h be m5tion$4 ,ab\t ! eigh? c5tury ,b$e & c]ta9 o!r !ologians & a/ronom]s wi%$ to depose ! ,olympian gods4 ,!y propos$1 !re=e1 to *ange ! names & arrangem5ts ( ! con/ellations2 !y put ,s4 ,pet] 9 ! place ( ! ,ram2 ,s4 ,&rew in/ead ( ! ,bull2 & s on4 ,9 m rec5t cal5d>s ,david1 ,solomon1 ! ,magi1 & o!r ,new & ,old ,te/am5t *>act]s 7 plac$ 9 ! heav5s in/ead ( ! =m] con/ellations2 b ^! *anges ( "n 7 n g5]ally adopt$4 ,z an example ( ^! cele/ial sph]es we figure a portion ( "o nam$ ,coeli /ellati ,*ri/iani hemisph]icum prius4 ,we "h see ! ,great ,be> replac$ by ! ,b>que ( ,s4 ,pet]1 ! ,little ,be> by ,s4 ,mi*ael1 ! ,dragon by ! ,innoc5ts1 ! ,coa*man by ,s4 ,j]ome1 ,p]seus by ,s4 ,paul1 ,cassiopeia by ! ,magdal5e1 ,&roma*e by ,s4 ,sepul*re1 & ! ,triangle by ,s4 ,pet]'s mitre2 :ile = ! zodiac 7 sub/itut$ ! ,twelve ,apo/les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a proposal 0 made by ,weigel1 a pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a1 to =m a s]ies ( h]aldic con/ellations1 & to use = ! zodiac ! arms ( ! twelve mo/ illu/ri\s families 9 ,europe2 b ^! attempts at *ange h be5 9 va91 ! old names are /ill kept4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! orig9 9 mod]n times ( #fi out ( ! #aag con/ellations1 !re rema9 ! #dh :i* 7 ackn[l$g$ by ! ,greeks1 ^: orig9 is involv$ 9 m obscurity4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to be notic$ & nam$1 z x is n[ ! mo/ easily recogniz$ & mo/ widely kn[n1 is ! ,great ,be>1 :i* attracts all ! m att5tion t x is "o ( ^? t nev] sets1 be+ at a less di/ance f ! pole ?an ! latt] is f ! horizon4 ,e "o kn[s ! sev5 brilliant />s t =m ?is con/ellation4 ,! f\r 9 ! rectangle & ! ?ree 9 a curv$ l9e at once call to m9d ! =m ( a *>iot1 especially "o ( antique build4 ,x is ?is resemblance1 no d\bt1 t has obta9$ = ! con/ellation ! "n ( ! ,*>iot t x be>s among _m p4 ,among ! anci5t ,gauls x 0 ,ar?ur's ,*>iot4 ,9 ,france x is ,david's ,*>iot1 & 9 ,engl& x goes by ! "n ( ,k+ ,*>les' ,wa91 & by t ( ! ,pl\gh4 ,! latt] "n 0 9 vogue1 too1 among ! ,lat9s 7,plau/rum71 & ! ?ree />s 7 ?ree ox51 f :5ce x w\ld appe> t !y ext5d$ ! idea to all ! sev5 />s1 & at la/ call$ !m ! sev5 ox51 septem-triones1 f :5ce ! "n sometimes us$ = ! nor?--sept5trional4 ,! ,greeks also call$ x ! ,*>iot 7,greek3 ,hamaxa71 & ! same ^w seems to h /ood sometimes = a pl\gh4 ,x c]ta9ly has "s resemblance to ?is in/rum5t4 ,if we take ! sev5 />s z repres5t+ ! *>act]i/ic po9ts ( a *>iot1 ! f\r />s ( ! quadrilat]al w repres5t ! f\r :eels1 & ! ?ree o!rs w repres5t ! ?ree horses4 ,above ! c5tre ( ! ?ree horses any "o ) cle> sight may p]ceive a small /> ( ! fif? or six? magnitude1 call$ ! ,cavali]4 ,ea* ( ^! sev]al />s is indicat$1 z is usual ) all ! con/ellations1 by a ,greek lett]1 ! l>ge/ be+ d5ot$ by ! fir/ lett]4 ,?us ! #d />s 9 ! quadrilat]al are ,greek3 a1 ,greek3 b1 ,greek3 g1 ,greek3 d1 & ! #c tail />s ,greek3 e1 ,greek3 x1 ,greek3 e4 ,! ,arabs give to ea* /> its special "n1 :i* 9 ?is case are z foll[s3--,dubhe & ,m]ak are ! />s at ! back2 ,phegda & ,megrez ^? ( ! front2 ,alio?1 ,mizat1 & ,acki> ! o!r ?ree1 :ile ! little "o ov] ,mizat is ,alcor4 ,ano!r "n = x is ,saidak1 or ! ,te/]1 ! be+ able to see x be+ a m>k ( cle> vision4 ,!re is "s little int]e/ 9 ! ,great ,be> on acc\nt ( ! possibility ( its be+ us$ z a k9d ( cele/ial "t-keep]1 & its easy recognition makes x all ! m available4 ,! l9e ?r\gh ,greek3 a & ,greek3 b passes almo/ exactly ?r\gh ! pole4 ,n[ ?is l9e revolves ( c\rse ) ! con/ellation r\nd ! pole 9 #bd h\rs2 9 e su* int]val be+ once1 v]tical above ! pole1 & once v]tical bel[1 tak+ ! int]m$iate positions to "r & left betwe5 ^! times4 ,! in/ant at :i* ?is l9e is v]tical ov] ! pole is n ! same on any two consecutive nights1 s9ce ! />s advance ea* day #d m9utes on ! sun4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* ! sup]ior passage takes place at #e m9utes to #aa at night2 on ! foll[+ night f\r m9utes e>li]1 or at #i m9utes to #aa4 ,9 ?ree mon?s ! culm9ation takes place #f h\rs e>li]1 or at #e m9utes to #e4 ,9 six mon?s1 i4e4 on ,sept4 #bb1 x culm9ates at #aj4ee 9 ! morn+1 be+ v]tically bel[ ! pole at ! same h\r 9 ! ev5+4 ,! foll[+ woodcut exhibits ! positions ( ! ,great ,be> at ! v>i\s h\rs ( ,septemb] #d?4 ,x is pla9 f ?is t1 kn[+ ! day ( ! mon?1 ! h\r ( ! night may be told by obs]v+ :at angle ! l9e jo9+ ,greek3 a & ,greek3 b ( ?is con/ellation makes ) ! v]tical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,we h us$ ! "n ,great ,be>1 by :i* ! con/ellation is be/ kn[n4 ,x is "o ( ! olde/ names also1 be+ d]iv$ f ! ,greeks1 :o call$ x ,arctos megale 7,greek3 ,arktos megale71 :5ce ! "n ,arctic2 & s+ul>ly en\gh ! ,iroquois1 :5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 call$ x ,ok\>i1 _! "n = a be>4 ,! explanation ( ?is "n is c]ta9ly n to be f\nd 9 ! resemblance ( ! con/ellation to ! animal4 ,! ?ree />s are inde$ 9 ! tail1 b ! f\r are 9 ! middle ( ! back2 & ev5 if we take 9 ! small] />s t /& 9 ! feet & head1 no +5uity c make x 9 ?is or any o!r way resemble a be>4 ,x w\ld appe>1 z ,ari/otle obs]ves1 t ! "n is d]iv$ f ! fact1 t ( all kn[n animals ! be> 0 ?\ght to be ! only "o t d>$ to v5ture into ! froz5 regions ( ! nor? & tempt ! solitude & cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,o!r orig9s ( ! "n1 & o!r names1 h be5 sugge/$1 ( :i* we may m5tion a few4 ,= example1 ,ursa is said to be d]iv$ f v]sus1 because ! con/ellation is se5 to turn ab\t ! pole4 ,x has be5 call$ ! ,screw 7,greek3 ,elike71 or ,helix1 :i* has pla9ly ref]5ce to its turn+4 ,ano!r "n is ,calli/o1 9 ref]5ce to its beauty2 & la/ly1 among ! ,arabs ! ,great & ,little ,be>s 7 kn[n z ! ,great & ,little ,c(f9s 9 ref]5ce to _! sl[ & solemn motion4 ,^! names ref]r$ to ! f\r />s ( ea* con/ellation1 ! o!r ?ree be+ ! m\rn]s foll[+ ! be>]s4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,arabs made x into ! grave ( ,laz>us & ! ?ree weep]s1 ,m>y1 ,m>?a1 & _! maid4 ,next z to ! ,little ,be>4 ,?is con/ellation has evid5tly receiv$ its "n f ! simil>ity ( its =m to t ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,9 fact1 x is compos$ ( sev5 />s arrang$ 9 ! same way1 only 9 an inv]se ord]4 ,if we foll[ ! l9e f ,greek3 b to ,greek3 a ( ! ,great ,be> to a di/ance ( five times z great z t betwe5 ^! />s we rea* ! brighte/ /> ( ! ,little ,be>1 call$ ! ,pole ,/>4 ,all ! names ( ! "o con/ellation h be5 appli$ to ! o!r1 only at a lat] date4 ,! new con/ellations 7 add$ "o by "o to ! cele/ial sph]e by ! ,greeks be=e !y arrang$ c]ta9 ( !m z p>ts ( ! zodiac4 ,! successive introduction ( ! con/ellations is prov$ completely by a long passage ( ,/rabo1 :i* has be5 (t5 misund]/ood4 ,x is wrong1 he says1 to accuse ,hom] ( ignorance because he speaks only ( "o ( ! two ,cele/ial ,be>s4 ,! second 0 probably n =m$ at t "t4 ,! ,ph5icians 7 ! fir/ to =m !m & to use !m = navigation4 ,!y came lat] to ! ,greeks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,con/ellations ,,f ,,! ,,sea-,,%ore4 ,! ,swan--,! ,lyre--,h]cules--,! ,cr[n--,! ,h]dsman--,! ,eagle--,! ,s]p5t--,! ,balance--,! ,scorpion--,sagitt>ius4 ,all ! comm5tators on ,hom]1 ,hyg9 & ,diog5es ,la]tes1 attribute to ,?ales ! introduction ( ?is con/ellation4 ,pseudo-,erato/h5es call$ ! ,little ,be> ,greek3 ,pho9ike1 to indicate t x 0 a guide to ! ,ph5icians4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ab\t ! sev5te5? ,olympiad1 ,cleo/rates ( ,t5$os enri*$ ! sph]e ) ! ,ar*] 7,greek3 ,toxotes1 ,sagitt>ius7 & ! ,ram 7,greek3 ,krios1 ,aries71 & ab\t ! same "t ! zodiac 0 introduc$ into ! ,grecian sph]e4 ,) reg>d to ! ,little ,be> !re is ano!r passage ( ,/rabo :i* x w be int]e/+ to quote4 ,he says--,! position ( ! p "u ! p>allel ( ,c9namomophore1 i4e4 #c1jjj /adia s\? ( ,m]oe & #h1hjj /adia nor? ( ! equator1 repres5ts ab\t ! middle ( ! int]val betwe5 ! equator & ! tropic1 :i* passes by ,sy5e1 :i* is #e1jjj /adia nor? ( ,m]oe4 ,^! same p are ! fir/ = :om ! ,little ,be> is compris$ entirely 9 ! ,arctic circle & rema9s always visible2 ! mo/ s\!rn /> ( ! con/ellation1 ! brilliant "o t ends ! tail be+ plac$ on ! circumf]5ce ( ! ,arctic circle1 s z j to t\* ! horizon4 ,! rem>kable ?+ 9 ?is passage is t x ref]s to an epo* ant]ior to ,/rabo1 :5 ! /> ,greek3 a ( ! ,little ,be>1 :i* n[ appe>s almo/ immovable1 ow+ to its extreme proximity to ! pole1 0 !n m to ! s\? ?an ! o!r />s ( ! con/ellation1 & mov$ 9 ! ,arctic circle s z to t\* ! horizon ( places ( c]ta9 latitudes1 & to set = latitudes ne>] ! equator4 ,9 ^? days x 0 n ! ,pole ,/>--if t ^w has any relation to ,greek3 poleo1 ,i turn--= ! heav5s did n turn ab\t x !n z !y d n[4 ,! ,grecian geograph] speaks 9 ?is passage ( a p]iod :5 ! mo/ brilliant /> 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! pole 0 ,greek3 a ( ! ,dragon4 ,?is 0 m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,at t "t ! ,little ,be> 0 ne>] to ! pole ?an :at we n[ call ! ,pol> ,/>1 = ?is latt] 0 ! mo/ s\!rn /> 9 ! con/ellation4 ,if we c\ld alight ^u docum5ts dat+ back f\rte5 ?\s& ye>s1 we %\ld f9d ! /> ,vega 7,greek3 a ,lyra7 ref]r$ to z occupy+ ! pole ( ! _w1 al?\gh x n[ is at a di/ance ( #ea degrees f x1 ! :ole cycle ( *anges occupy+ a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-six ?\s& ye>s4 ,be=e leav+ ^! two con/ellations we may notice ! orig9 ( ! names accord+ to ,plut>*4 ,he w\ld h x t ! names are d]iv$ f ! use t !y 7 put to 9 navigation4 ,he says t ! ,ph5icians call$ t con/ellation t guid$ !m 9 _! r\te ! ,dobebe1 or ,d\be1 t is1 ! speak+ con/ellation1 & t ?is same ^w happ5s to mean also 9 t language a be>2 & s ! "n 0 conf\nd$4 ,c]ta9ly !re is /ill a ^w dubbeh 9 ,arabic hav+ ?is signification4 ,next z to ! ,h]dsman4 ,! "n ( its *>act]i/ic /> & ( itself1 ,arcturus 7,greek3 ,arktos1 be>2 ,greek3 ,ouros1 gu>dian71 is expla9$ )\t difficulty by its position ne> ! ,be>s4 ,!re are six small />s ( ! ?ird magnitude 9 ! con/ellation r\nd its *ief "o--?ree ( its />s =m+ an equilat]al triangle4 ,arcturus is 9 ! cont9uation ( ! curv$ l9e ?r\gh ! ?ree tail />s ( ! ,great ,be>4 ,! con/ellation has also be5 call$ ,atlas1 f its ne>ness to ! pole--z if x held up ! heav5s1 z ! fable goes4 ,beyond ?is triangle1 9 ! direction ( ! l9e cont9u$ /raight f ! ,great ,be>1 is ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 ^: =m imm$iately sugge/s its "n4 ,among ! />s t compose x "o1 ( ! second magnitude1 is call$ ! ,pe>l ( ! ,cr[n4 ,x 0 9 ?is po9t ( ! heav5s t a tempor>y /> appe>$ 9 ,may1 #ahff1 & disappe>$ aga9 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks4 ,among ! circumpol> con/ellations we mu/ n[ speak ( ,cassiopeia1 or ! ,*air--or ,?rone--:i* is situat$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,pole f ! ,great ,be>2 & :i* is easily f\nd by jo9+ its /> ,greek3 d to ! ,pole & cont9u+ x4 ,! ,*air is compos$ pr9cipally ( five />s1 ( ! ?ird magnitude1 arrang$ 9 ! =m ( an ,m4 ,a small] /> ( ! f\r? magnitude completes ! squ>e =m$ by ! ?ree ,greek3 b1 ,greek3 a1 & ,greek3 g4 ,! figure ?us =m$ has a fair resemblance to a *air or ?rone1 ,greek3 d & ,greek3 e =m+ ! back2 & h5ce ! ju/ification = its popul> "n4 ,! o!r "n ,cassiopeia has its connection & mean+ unkn[n4 ,we may suitably rem>k 9 ?is place1 ) ,arago1 t no precise draw+ ( ! anci5t con/ellations has come d[n to u4 ,we only "k _! =ms by writt5 descriptions1 & ^! (t5 v %ort & meagre4 ,a v]bal description c nev] take ! place ( a draw+1 especially if x is a complex figure1 s t !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( d\bt z to ! true =m1 position1 & arrangem5t ( ! figures ( m51 bea/s1 & inanimate objects :i* compos$ ! />-gr\ps ( ! ,grecian a/ronom]s--s t unexpect$ difficulties att5d ! attempt to reproduce !m on our mod]n sph]es4 ,add to ?is t alt]ations h be5 av[$ly introduc$ by ! anci5t a/ronom]s !mselves1 among o!rs by ,ptolemy1 especially 9 ^? giv5 by ,hipp>*us4 ,ptolemy says he det]m9$ to make ^! *anges because x 0 necess>y to give a bett] proportion to ! figures1 & to adapt !m bett] to ! real positions ( ! />s4 ,?us 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,virg91 z drawn by ,hipp>*us1 c]ta9 />s correspond$ to ! %\ld]s2 b ,ptolemy plac$ !m 9 ! sides1 s z to make ! figure a m beautiful "o4 ,! result is t mod]n design]s give scope to _! imag9ation r ?an consult ! descriptions ( ! ,greeks4 ,cassiopeia1 ,cepheus1 ,&rom$a1 & ,p]seus hold+ 9 8 h& ! ,head ( ,m$usa1 appe> to h be5 e/abli%$ at ! same epo*1 no d\bt subsequ5tly to ! ,great ,be>4 ,!y =m "o family1 plac$ toge!r 9 "o "p ( ! heav5s1 & associat$ 9 "o drama2 ! ard5t ,p]seus deliv]+ ! un=tunate ,&rom$a1 daught] ( ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia4 ,we c nev] be sure1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! con/ellations sugge/$ ! fable1 or ! fable ! con/ellations3 ! =m] may only mean t ,p]seus1 ris+ be=e ,&rom$a1 seems to deliv] x f ! ,night & f ! con/ellation ( ! ,:ale4 ,! ,head ( ,m$usa1 a celebrat$ woman1 t ,p]seus cut (f & holds 9 8 h&1 is said by ,volney to be only ! head ( ! con/ellation ,virgo1 :i* passes b5ea? ! horizon precisely z ! ,p]seus rises1 & ! s]p5ts :i* surr\nd x are ,ophiucus & ! pol> ,dragon1 :i* !n occupies ! z5i?4 ,ei!r way1 we h no acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! names1 & x is possible t we may h to seek x1 if ev] we f9d x1 f o!r s\rces--= x w\ld appe> t simil> names 7 us$ = ! same con/ellations by ! ,indians4 ,?is seems inevitably prov$ by :at is relat$ by ,wil=d 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 ,,iii47 ( 8 conv]sation ) 8 pundit1 an a/ronom]1 on ! names ( ! ,indian con/ellations4 ,ask+ him1 he says1 to %[ me 9 ! heav5s ! con/ellation ( ,ant>mada1 he imm$iately po9t$ to ,&rom$a1 ?\gh ,i _h n giv5 him any in=mation ab\t x be=eh&4 ,he aft]w>ds br\ght me a v r>e & curi\s "w 9 ,sanscrit1 :i* conta9$ a *apt] devot$ to ,upanac*atras1 or extra-zodiacal con/ellations1 ) draw+s ( ,capuja 7,cepheus71 & ( ,casyapi 7,cassiopeia7 seat$ & hold+ a lotus fl[] 9 h] h&1 ( ,ant>mada *>m$ ) ! fi% beside h]1 & la/ ( ,p>asiea 7,p]seus7 :o1 accord+ to ! explanation ( ! book1 held ! head ( a mon/] :i* he _h sla9 9 combat2 blood 0 dropp+ f x1 & = hair x _h snakes4 ,z ! />s compos+ a con/ellation h (t5 v little connection ) ! figure !y are suppos$ to =m1 :5 we f9d ! same set ( />s call$ by ! same "n by two diff]5t nations1 z 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 9 "s ( ! ,indian names ( con/ellations among ! ,am]icans1 x is a pro( t "o ( ! nations copi$ x f ! o!r1 or t bo? h copi$ f a common s\rce4 ,s 9 ! case be=e u1 we _c ?9k ^! simil> names h aris5 indep5d5tly1 b mu/ conclude t ! ,grecian 0 borr[$ f ! ,indian4 ,ano!r well-kn[n con/ellation 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 =m+ an isosceles triangle ) ,arcturus & ! ,pole ,/>1 is ! ,lyre4 ,lucian ( ,samosatus says t ! ,greeks gave ?is "n to ! con/ellation to d hon\r to ! ,lyre ( ,orpheus4 ,ano!r possible explanation is ?is4 ,! ^w = lyre 9 ,greek ,greek3 *elys & 9 ,lat9 7te/udo7 means also a tortoise4 ,n[ at ! "t :5 ?is "n 0 impos$ ! *ief /> 9 ! ,lyre may h be5 v ne> to ! pole ( ! heav5s & !re=e h _h a v sl[ motion1 & h5ce x might h be5 nam$ ! tortoise1 & ?is 9 ,greek w\ld easily be int]pret$ into lyre in/ead4 ,inde$ ?is d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w seems c]ta9ly to h giv5 rise to ! fable ( ,m]cury hav+ con/ruct$ a lyre out ( ! back ( a tortoise4 ,circl+ r\nd ! pole ( ! ecliptic1 & =m$ by a s9u\s l9e ( />s pass+ r\nd f ! ,great ,be> to ! ,lyre1 is ! ,dragon1 :i* owes its "n to its =m4 ,its importance is d]iv$ f its relation to ! ecliptic1 ! pole ( :i* is det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! />s ( ! fir/ coil ( ! body4 ,! c5tre ( ! zodiacal circle is a v important po9t1 t circle be+ trac$ on ! mo/ anci5t sph]es1 & probably be+ notic$ ev5 be=e ! pole ( ! heav5s4 ,closely associat$ ) ! ,dragon bo? 9 my?ology & 9 ! cele/ial sph]e is ,h]cules4 ,he is always drawn kneel+2 9 fact1 ! con/ellation is r a man 9 a kneel+ po/ure ?an any p>ticul> man4 ,! poets call$ x ,engonasis ) ref]5ce to ?is1 :i* is too melan*oly or l[ly a position ?an w\ld agree well ) ! valiant h]o ( my?ology4 ,!re is a /ory relat$ by ,a,eschylus ab\t ! /ones 9 ! ,*amp des ,caill\x1 betwe5 ,m>seilles & ! emb\*ure ( ! ,rhone1 to ! effect t ,h]cules1 be+ among/ ! ,ligurians1 f\nd x necess>y to fight ) !m2 b he _h no m missiles to ?r[2 :5 ,jupit]1 t\*$ by ! dang] ( 8 son1 s5t a ra9 ( r\nd /ones1 ) :i* ,h]cules repuls$ 8 enemies4 ,! ,engonasis is ?us consid]$ by "s to repres5t him b5d+ d[n to pick up ! /ones4 ,posidonius rem>ks t x 0 a pity ,jupit] did n ra9 ! /ones on ! ,ligurians at once1 )\t giv+ ,h]cules ! tr\ble to pick !m up4 ,ophiucus1 :i* comes close by1 simply means ! man t holds ! s]p5t ,greek3 ophi-ou*os4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible to "k ! orig9s ( all ! names1 z ^? we n[ use are only ! surviv+ ones ( sev]al t f "t to "t h be5 appli$ to ! v>i\s con/ellations accord+ to _! tempor>y association ) ! local leg5ds4 ,! prom95t ones are fav\r$ ) q a cr[d ( names4 ,we ne$ only cite a few4 ,h]cules1 = in/ance1 has be5 call$ ,greek3 ,okalzon ,korynetes1 ,engonasis1 ,+5iculus1 ,nessus1 ,?amyris1 ,desanes1 ,mac]is1 ,almannus1 ,al-*ete1 c4 ,! ,swan has ! names ( ,greek3 ,kyknos1 ,greek3 ,ikt91 ,greek3 ,ornis1 ,ol>1 ,hel5ae g5itor1 ,ales ,jovis1 ,l$aeus1 ,milvus1 ,gall9a1 ,! ,cross1 :ile ! ,coa*man has be5 ,greek3 ,ippilates1 ,greek3 ,ela/ippos1 ,greek3 ,airoelates1 ,greek3 ,enio*os1 ,auriga1 ,acator1 ,hemo*us1 ,eri*?onus1 ,mamsek1 ,alanat1 ,a?aiot1 ,alatod1 c4 ,) respect to ! ,coa*man1 9 "s old maps he is drawn ) a :ip 9 8 left h& turn$ t[>ds ! *>iot1 & is call$ ! *>iote]4 ,no d\bt its proximity to ! =m] con/ellation has acquir$ = x its "n4 ,! la/ we ne$ m5tion1 z ( any celebrity1 is t ( ,orion1 :i* is situat$ on ! equator1 :i* runs exactly ?r\gh its mid/4 ,regel =ms its left foot1 & ! ,h>e s]ves = a foot/ool to ! "r foot ( ! h]o4 ,?ree magnific5t />s 9 ! c5tre ( ! quadrilat]al1 :i* lie 9 "o /raight l9e are call$ ! ,rake1 or ! ,?ree ,k+s1 or ! ,/aff ( ,jacob1 or ! ,belt4 ,^! names h an obvi\s orig92 b ! mean+ ( ,orion itself is m d\btful4 ,9 ! ,grecian sph]e x is writt5 ,greek3 ,orion1 :i* also means a k9d ( bird4 ,! alli$ ^w ,greek3 oros has v num]\s mean+s1 ! only "o ( :i* t c\ld be conjectur$ to be connect$ ) ! con/ellations is a gu>dian4 ,! ^w ,greek3 horion1 on ! contr>y1 ! dim9utive ( ,greek3 horos1 means a limit1 & has be5 assign$ to ,jupit]2 & 9 ?is case may h ref]5ce to ! con/ellation be+ situat$ on ! conf9es ( ! two hemisph]es4 ,9 my?ology ,orion 0 an intrepid hunt] ( enorm\s size4 ,he 0 ! same p]sonage z ,orus1 ,arion1 ! ,m9otaur1 & ,nimrod1 & aft]w>ds became ,saturn4 ,orion is call$ ,tsan 9 ,*9ese1 :i* signifies ?ree1 & corresponds to ! ?ree k+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! ,asiatics us$ n to trace ! images ( _! con/ellations1 b simply jo9$ ! compon5t />s by /raight l9es1 & plac$ at ! side ! hi]oglyphic *>act]s t repres5t$ ! object !y wi%$ to "n4 ,?us jo9+ by five l9es ! pr9cipal />s 9 ,orion1 !y plac$ at ! side ! hi]oglyphics repres5t+ a man & a sword1 f :5ce ! ,greeks d]iv$ ! figure !y aft]w>ds drew ( a giant arm$ ) a sword4 ,we mu/ include 9 ?is s]ies t brighte/ ( all />s1 ,sirius4 ,x =ms "p ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,dog1 & lies to ! s\? ( ,orion ne> ! extreme limit ( our vision into ! ,s\!rn hemisph]e 9 our latitudes4 ,?is /> seems to h be5 intimately connect$ ) ,egypt1 & to h d]iv$ its "n--z well z ! "n ( ! o!rwise unimportant con/ellation x =ms "p (--f t c\ntry1 & 9 ?is way3-- ,! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile 0 always prec$$ by an ,etesian w9d1 :i*1 bl[+ f nor? to s\? ab\t ! "t ( ! passage ( ! sun b5ea? ! />s ( ! ,crab1 drove ! mi/s to ! s\?1 & accumulat$ !m ov] ! c\ntry :5ce ! ,nile takes its s\rce1 caus+ abundant ra9s1 & h5ce ! flood4 ,! greate/ importance atta*$ to ! =etell+ ! "t ( ?is ev5t1 s t p might be ready ) _! provisions & _! places ( security4 ,! moon 0 no use = ?is purpose1 b ! />s 71 = ! inundation comm5c$ :5 ! sun 0 9 ! />s ( ! ,lion4 ,at ?is "t ! />s ( ! ,crab j appe>$ 9 ! morn+1 b ) !m1 at "s di/ance f ! ecliptic1 ! bright /> ,sirius also rose4 ,! morn+ ris+ ( ?is /> 0 a sure precursor ( ! inundation4 ,x seem$ to !m to be ! w>n+ />1 by ^: fir/ appe>ance !y 7 to be ready to move to saf] spots1 & ?us act$ = ea* family ! "p ( a fai?ful dog4 ,:5ce !y gave x ! "n ( ! ,dog1 or ,monitor1 9 ,egyptian ,anubis1 9 ,ph5ician ,hannobea*1 & x is /ill ! ,dog-,/>--,caniculus1 & its ris+ comm5ces our dog-days4 ,! intimate connection betwe5 ! ris+ ( ?is /> & ! ris+ ( ! ,nile l$ p to call x also ! ,nile />1 or simply ! ,nile2 9 ,egyptian & ,hebrew1 ,sihor2 9 ,greek1 ,greek3 ,so?is2 9 ,lat91 ,sirius4 ,9 ! same way ! ,egyptians & o!rs *>act]is$ ! diff]5t days ( ! ye> by ! />s :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ev5+--z we %all see m p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to ! ,pleiades--& 9 ?is way c]ta9 />s came to be associat$ 9 _! cal5d> ) v>iations ( temp]ature & op]ations ( agriculture4 ,!y soon took = ! cause :at 0 orig9ally b ! sign1 & ?us !y came to talk ( moi/ />s1 ^: ris+ br\ght ra91 & arid />s1 :i* br\ght dr\ght4 ,"s made c]ta9 plants to gr[1 & o!rs _h influ5ce ov] animals4 ,9 ! case ( ,egypt1 no o!r s great ev5t c\ld occur z t :i* ! ,dog-,/> =etold1 & its appe>ance 0 consequ5tly made ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( pa9t+ x z a simple />1 9 :i* case x w\ld be indi/+ui%able f o!rs1 !y gave x %ape accord+ to its function & "n4 ,:5 !y wi%$ to signify t x op5$ ! ye>1 x 0 repres5t$ z a port] be>+ keys1 or else !y gave x two heads1 "o ( an old man1 to repres5t ! pass+ ye>1 ! o!r ( a y\ng]1 to d5ote ! succe$+ ye>4 ,:5 !y w\ld repres5t x z giv+ w>n+ ( ! inundation !y pa9t$ x z a dog4 ,to illu/rate :at !y 7 to d :5 x appe>$1 ,anubis _h 9 8 arms a /ew-pot1 w+s to 8 feet1 a l>ge fea!r "u 8 arm1 & two reptiles beh9d him1 a tortoise & a duck4 ,!re is also 9 ! cele/ial sph]e a con/ellation call$ ! ,little ,dog & ,procyon2 ! latt] "n has an obvi\s mean+1 z appe>+ be=e ! ,dog-,/>4 ,we _c foll[ any f>!r ! v>i\s con/ellations ( ! nor!rn sph]e1 nor ( ! s\!rn4 ,! zodiacal con/ellations we mu/ res]ve = ! pres5t1 :ile we conclude by ref]r+ to "s ( ! *anges 9 =m & position t "s ( ! above-m5tion$ h und]gone 9 ! c\rse ( _! v>i\s repres5tations4 ,^! *anges are sometimes v curi\s1 z1 = example1 9 a col\r$ *>t1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #afej1 we h ! ,*>iote] drawn 9 ! co/ume ( ,adam1 ) 8 knees on ! ,milky ,way1 & turn+ 8 back to ! public2 ! %e-goat appe>s to be climb+ ov] 8 neck1 & two little %e-goats seem to be runn+ t[>ds _! "m4 ,cassiopeia is m l ,k+ ,solomon ?an a woman4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ,ph5om5a ( ,aratus1 publi%$ #aeei1 :]e ,cassiopeia is repres5t$ sitt+ on an oak *air ) a ducal back1 hold+ ! holy palm 9 h] left h&1 :ile ! ,coa*man1 ,eri*?on1 is 9 ! co/ume ( a m9ion ( ,h5ry ! ,?ird ( ,france4 ,n[ comp>e ! ,cassiopeia ( ! ,greeks ) t drawn 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 or ! ,coa*man ( ! same p]iods1 & we c easily see ! fancies ( ! pa9t]s h be5 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile s\rces ( *ange4 ,!y seem1 too1 to h _h ! fancy 9 ! middle ages to draw !m all hide\s & turn+ _! backs4 ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! two pictures ( ,&rom$a & ,h]cules1 z giv5 bel[1 :]e ^? on "o side are z heavy & gross z ! o!rs are arti/ic & pretty4 ,un=tunately = ! tru? ( ,&rom$a's beauty1 z depict$ 9 ^! designs1 %e 0 suppos$ to be a negress1 be+ ! daught] ( ! ,e?iopians1 ,cepheus & ,cassiopeia4 ,n "o ( ! draw+s indicates ?is2 inde$ !y all take aft] _! local beauties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,9 ,flam/e$'s *>t1 z drawn above1 ! ,coa*man is a female2 & in/ead ( ! %e-goat be+ on ! back1 %e holds x 9 h] arms4 ,no "o1 inde$1 f any ( ! figures ( ?is con/ellation w\ld ev] dream x 0 int5d$ to repres5t a coa*man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,"o m fundam5tal cause ( *anges has be5 ! confusion ( names d]iv$ by "o nation f ano!r1 ^! hav+ sometimes foll[$ _! signification1 b at o!rs be+ translat$ phonetically4 ,?us ! ,lat9s1 9 d]iv+ names f ! ,greek ,greek3 ,arktos1 h p>tly translat$ x by ,ursa1 & p>tly h copi$ x 9 ! =m ,arcticus4 ,s also ) ref]5ce to ! ?ree />s 9 ! head ( ! ,bull1 call$ by ! ,greeks ,hyades4 ,! ,romans ?\ght x 0 d]iv$ f ,greek3 hyes1 s[s1 s !y call$ !m suculae1 or little s[s2 :]eas ! orig9al "n 0 d]iv$ f ,greek3 hye91 to ra91 & signifi$ />s ^: appe>ance indicat$ ! approa* ( ! ra9y season4 ,m curi\s /ill is ! trans=mation ( ! ,pe>l ( ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n 7,m>g>ita ,coronae7 9 a sa9t--,s4 ,m>gu]ite4 ,! names may h _h _m orig9s ^: signification is lo/1 ow+ to _! be+ misund]/ood4 ,?us figurative language may h be5 int]pret$ z real1 z :5 a conjunction is call$ a m>riage2 a disappe>ance1 dea?2 & a reappe>ance1 a resurrection2 & !n /ories mu/ be inv5t$ to fit ^! words2 or ! />s t h 9 "o c\ntry giv5 notice ( c]ta9 ev5ts lose ! mean+ ( _! names :5 ^! are us$ else:]e2 z :5 a boat pa9t$ ne> ! />s t accompany an inundation1 becomes ! %ip ,argo2 or :51 to repres5t ! w9d1 ! bird's w+ is drawn2 or ^? />s t m>k a season are associat$ ) ! bird ( passage1 ! insect or ! animal t appe>s at t "t3 su* z ^! w\ld soon lose _! orig9al signification4 ,! cele/ial sph]e1 !re=e1 z we n[ possess x1 is n simply a collection ( unmean+ names1 associat$ ) a gr\p ( />s 9 no way connect$ ) !m1 :i* h be5 impos$ at v>i\s epo*s by caprici\s imag9ation1 b 9 mo/ in/ances1 if n 9 all1 !y embody a hi/ory1 :i*1 if we c\ld trace x1 w\ld probably lead u to a/ronomical facts1 indicat+ ! :]e & ! :5 ( _! fir/ introduction2 & ! /ory ( _! *anges1 s f> z we c trace x1 gives u "s clue to ! m5tal *>act]i/ics or a/ronomical progress ( ! p :o introduc$ ! alt]ations4 ,we %all f9d1 inde$1 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 t _m ( our conclusions z to ! bir? & gr[? ( a/ronomy are d]iv$ f consid]ations connect$ ) ! v>i\s con/ellations1 m especially ^? ( ! zodiac4 ,) reg>d to ! date :5 & ! c\ntry :]e ! con/ellations ( ! sph]e 7 inv5t$1 we w "h give :at evid5ce we possess1 indep5d5t ( ! orig9 ( ! zodiac4 ,9 ! fir/ place x seems capable ( c]ta9 pro( t !y 7 n inv5t$ by ! ,greeks1 f :om we h receiv$ !m1 b adopt$ f an old] s\rce1 & x is possible to give limits to ! date ( introduction among !m4 ,newton1 :o attributes its introduction to ,musaeus1 a contempor>y ( ,*iron1 rem>ks1 t x mu/ h be5 settl$ aft] ! exp$ition ( ! ,argonauts1 & be=e ! de/ruction ( ,troy2 because ! ,greeks gave to ! con/ellation names t 7 d]iv$ f _! hi/ory & fables1 & devot$ sev]al to celebrate ! memory ( ! fam\s adv5tur]s kn[n z ! ,argonauts1 & !y w\ld c]ta9ly h d$icat$ "s to ! h]oes ( ,troy1 if ! siege ( t place _h happ5$ at ! "t4 ,we rem>k t at ?is "t a/ronomy 0 9 too infant a /ate 9 ,greece = !m to h fix$ ) s mu* accuracy ! position ( ! />s1 & t we h 9 ?is a pro( !y mu/ h borr[$ _! k f old] cultivators ( ! sci5ce4 ,! v>i\s /atem5ts we meet ) ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! sph]e may be equally well int]pret$ ( its introduction only into ,greece4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 z t ,eudoxus fir/ con/ruct$ x 9 ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury ,b4,c41 or t by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 t ,*iron 0 ! orig9ator4 ,! olde/ direct acc\nt ( ! names ( ! con/ellations & _! compon5t />s is t ( ,hesiod1 :o cites by "n 9 8 ,works & ,days ! ,pleiades1 ,arcturus1 ,orion1 & ,sirius4 ,he liv$1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ab\t #hhd ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,! k ( all ! con/ellations did n rea* ! ,greeks at ! same "t1 z we h se5 f ! omission by ,hom] ( any m5tion ( ! ,little ,be>1 :5 if he _h kn[n x1 he c\ld h>dly h fail$ to speak ( x4 ,= 9 8 description ( ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 he m5tions ! ,pleiades1 ! ,hyades1 ,orion & ! ,be>1 :i* alone does n ba! 9 ! ,ocean4 ,he c\ld nev] h said ?is la/ if he _h kn[n ( ! ,dragon & ,little ,be>4 ,we may !n safely conclude t ! ,greeks receiv$ ! idea ( ! con/ellations f "s old] s\rce1 probably ! ,*aldeans4 ,!y receiv$ x d\btless z a sph]e1 ) figur$1 b nameless con/ellations2 & ! ,greeks by slight *anges adapt$ !m to repres5t ! v>i\s real or imag9>y h]oes ( _! hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be a graci\s task1 = _! c\ntrym5 w\ld glory 9 hav+ _! great m5 e/abli%$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,:5 !y saw a %ip repres5t$1 :at m suitable ?an to "n x ! %ip ,argo8 ,! ,swan mu/ be ,jupit] trans=m$1 ! ,lyre is t ( ,orpheus1 ! ,eagle is t :i* c>ri$ away ,ganym$e1 & s on4 ,?is w\ld be no m ?an :at o!r nations h done1 z1 = example1 ! ,*9ese1 :o made great] *anges /ill1 unless we consid] !irs to h _h an entirely indep5d5t orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,t ! cele/ial sph]e 0 a conception kn[n to o!rs ?an ! ,greeks is easily prov$4 ,! ,arabians1 = in/ance1 c]ta9ly did n borr[ x f !m2 yet !y h ! same ?+s repres5t$4 ,above is a figure ( a portion ( an ,arabian sph]e drawn 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 :]e we get repres5t$ pla9ly en\gh ! ,great & ,little ,be>s1 ! ,dragon1 ,cassiopeia1 ,&rom$a1 ,p]seus1 ) ! ,triple ,head ( ,m$usa2 ! ,triangle1 "o ( ! ,fi%es1 ,auriga1 ! ,ram1 ! ,bull obscurely1 & ! ,tw9s4 ,!re is also ! fam\s s-call$ zodiac ( ,d5d]ah1 br\ght f ,egypt to ,p>is4 ,?is 9 reality conta9s m con/ellations ?an ^? ( ! zodiac4 ,mo/ ( ! nor!rn ones c be trac$1 ) c]ta9 modifications4 ,its con/ruction is suppos$ to belong to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,mo/ conspicu\s on x is ! ,lion1 9 a k9d ( b>que1 recall+ ! %ape ( ! ,hydra4 ,bel[ x is ! calf ,isis1 ) ,sirius1 or ! ,dog-,/>1 on ! =ehead2 above x is ! ,crab1 to ! "r ! ,tw9s1 ov] ^! along in/rum5t1 ! ,pl\gh1 & above t a small animal1 ! ,little ,be>1 & s we may g on3--all ! zodiacal con/ellations1 especially ! ,balance1 ! ,scorpion1 & ! ,fi%es be+ v cle>4 ,?is sph]e is inde$ ( lat] date ?an t suppos$ = ! ,grecian1 b x c]ta9ly appe>s to be indep5d5t4 ,! rema9s we possess ( old] sph]es are m p>ticul>ly connect$ ) ! zodiac1 & w be discuss$ h]eaft]4 ,f :at p ! ,greeks receiv$ ! cele/ial sph]e1 is a "q on :i* m ?an "o op9ion has be5 =m$4 ,"o is t x 0 orig9at$ 9 ! tropical latitudes ( ,egypt4 ,! o!r1 t x came f ! ,*aldeans1 & a ?ird t x came f m temp]ate latitudes fur!r to ! ea/4 ,! argum5ts = ! la/ ( ^! are z foll[3 ,!re is an empty space ( ab\t #ij deg41 =m$ by ! la/ con/ellations ( ! sph]e1 t[>ds ! s\? pole1 t is by ! ,c5taur1 ! ,alt>1 ! ,ar*]1 ! ,s\!rn ,fi%1 ! ,:ale1 & ! ,%ip4 ,n[ 9 a sy/ematic plan1 if ! au?or 7 situat$ ne> ! equator !re w\ld be no vacant space left 9 ?is way1 = 9 ?is case ! s\!rn />s1 attract+ z mu* att5tion z ! nor!rn1 w\ld be inevitably ins]t$ 9 ! sy/em ( con/ellations :i* w\ld be ext5d$ to ! horizon on all sides4 ,b a c\ntry ( suffici5tly high latitude to be unable to see at any "t ! />s ab\t ! s\!rn pole mu/ be nor? bo? ( ,egypt & ,*aldea4 ,?is empty space rema9$ unfill$ until ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 except t ! /> ,canopus 0 includ$ 9 ! con/ellation ,argo1 & ! riv] ,eridan _h an arbitr>y ext5sion giv5 to x1 in/ead ( t]m9at+ 9 latitude #dj deg44 ,ano!r less cog5t argum5t is d]iv$ f ! int]pretation ( ! fable ( ! ,pho5ix4 ,?is is suppos$ to repres5t ! c\rse ( ! sun1 :i* comm5ces its gr[? at ! "t ( its dea?4 ,a simil> fable is f\nd among ! ,sw$es4 ,n[ a tropical nation w\ld f9d ! diff]5ce ( days too little to lead x to inv5t su* a fable to repres5t x4 ,x mu/ ne$s h aris5 :]e ! days ( w9t] 7 v mu* %ort] ?an ^? ( summ]4 ,! ,book ( ,zoroa/]1 9 :i* "s ( ! e>lie/ notices ( a/ronomy are record$1 /ates t ! l5g? ( a summ] day is twice z long z t ( w9t]4 ,?is fixes ! latitude 9 :i* t book mu/ h be5 compos$1 & makes x #di deg44 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t to su* a place mu/ we look = ! orig9 ( ^! sph]es1 & n to ,egypt or ,*aldea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4--,,*aldean ,,a/ronom]s4 ,diodorus ,siculus speaks ( a nation 9 t "p ( ! _w1 :om he calls ,hyp]boreans1 :o _h a tradition t _! c\ntry is ! ne>e/ to ! moon1 on :i* !y discov]$ m\nta9s l ^? on ! e>?1 & t ,apollo comes !re once e n9ete5 ye>s4 ,?is p]iod be+ t ( ! metonic cycle ( ! moon1 %[s t if ?is c\ld h really be5 discov]$ by !m1 !y mu/ h _h a long acqua9tance ) a/ronomy4 ,! ,babylonian tablets lead u to ! belief t a/ronomy1 & ) x ! sph]e1 & ! zodiac 7 introduc$ by a nation com+ f ! ,ea/1 f ! m\nta9s ( ,elam1 call$ ! ,accadians1 be=e #cjjj ,b4,c41 & ^! may h be5 ! nation to :om ! :ole is due4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! argum5ts = ! ,egyptians1 or ,*aldeans be+ ! orig9ators dep5d solely on ! tradition h&$ d[n by _m1 t "o or o!r are ! olde/ p 9 ! _w1 ) ! olde/ civilization1 & !y h long cultivat$ a/ronomy4 ,m precise in=mation1 h[ev]1 seems to r5d] ^! traditions1 to say ! lea/1 d\btful1 & c]ta9ly incapable ( ov]?r[+ ! argum5ts adduc$ above4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,zodiac4 ,! zodiac1 z already /at$1 is ! c\rse 9 ! heav5s app>5tly pursu$ by ! sun 9 8 annual j\rney ?r\gh ! />s4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t1 h[ev]1 ! s]ies ( obs]vations & reflections t mu/ h be5 necess>y to trace ?is zone z repres5t+ su* a c\rse4 ,fir/1 ! diurnal motion ( ! :ole heav5s f ea/ to we/ mu/ h be5 notic$ dur+ ! night1 & ! fact t c]ta9 />s nev] set1 b turn 9 a circle r\nd a fix$ po9t4 ,:at becomes !n1 ! next "q w\ld be1 ( ^? />s t d desc5d b5ea? ! horizon1 s9ce !y rise 9 ! same relative positions z ^? 9 :i* !y set4 ,!y c\ld n be ?\ght to be de/roy$1 b mu/ complete ! "p ( ! circle t is invisible b5ea? ! e>?4 ,! possibility ( any />s f9d+ a pa? b5ea? ! e>? mu/ h l$ inevitably to ! conception ( ! e>? z a body susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ) no?+ to support x4 ,b leav+ ?is alone1 x w\ld also be conclud$ t ! sun w5t ) ! />s1 & 0 9 a c]ta9 position among !m1 ev5 :5 bo? !y & x 7 invisible4 ,! next obs]vations necess>y w\ld be t ! zodiacal con/ellations visible dur+ ! nights ( w9t] 7 n ! same z ^? se5 9 summ]1 t su* & su* a gr\p ( />s pass$ ! m]idian at midnight at a c]ta9 "t1 & t six mon?s aft]w>ds ! gr\p exactly opposite 9 ! heav5s pass$ at ! same h\r4 ,n[ s9ce at midnight ! sun w be exactly opposite ! m]idian1 if x cont9ues uni=mly on its c\rse1 x w be among t gr\p ( />s t is opposite ! gr\p t culm9ates at midnight1 & s ! sign ( ! zodiac ! sun occupies w\ld be det]m9$4 ,?is me?od w\ld be *eck$ by comp>isons made 9 ! morn+ & ev5+ ) ! con/ellations visible ne>e/ to ! sun at its ris+ & sett+4 ,! difficulty & indirectness ( ^! obs]vations w\ld make x probable t orig9ally ! zodiac w\ld be det]m9$ r by ! pa? ( ! moon1 :i* foll[s ne>ly ! same pa? z ! sun1 & :i* c\ld be obs]v$ at ! same "t z1 & actually associat$ )1 ! con/ellations4 ,n[ ! moon is f\nd ea* night s f> to ! ea/ ( its position on ! previ\s night t x accompli%es ! :ole circumf]5ce 9 tw5ty-sev5 days eight h\rs4 ,! two ne>e/ :ole numb] ( days h g5]ally be5 reckon$1 "s tak+ tw5ty-eight1 & o!rs tw5ty-sev54 ,! zodiac1 or1 z ! ,*9ese call$ x1 ! ,yell[ ,way1 0 ?us divid$ into tw5ty-eight p>ts1 :i* 7 call$ ,nak%atras 7mansions1 or hotels71 because ! moon rema9s 9 ea* ( !m = a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! mansions 7 nam$ aft] ! brighte/ />s 9 ea*1 ?\gh sometimes !y w5t a long way (f to fix ^u a *>act]i/ic />1 z 9 ! sixte5? ,indian con/ellation1 ,vi*aca1 :i* 0 nam$ aft] ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 9 latitude #dj deg44 ,?is arose f ! brightness ( ! moon ext+ui%+ ! light ( ^? t lie ne>e/ to x4 ,?is me?od ( divid+ ! zodiac 0 v widely spread1 & 0 common to almo/ all anci5t nations4 ,! ,*9ese h tw5ty-eight con/ellations1 b ! ^w si\ does n mean a gr\p ( />s1 b simply a mansion or hotel4 ,9 ! ,coptic & anci5t ,egyptian ! ^w = con/ellation has ! same mean+4 ,!y also _h tw5ty-eight1 & ! same numb] is f\nd among ! ,arabians1 ,p]sians1 & ,indians4 ,among ! ,*aldeans1 or ,accadians1 we f9d no sign ( ! numb] tw5ty-eight4 ,! ecliptic or ,yoke ( ! ,sky1 ) !m1 z we see 9 ! newly-discov]$ tablets1 0 divid$ into twelve divisions z n[1 & ! only connection t c be imag9$ betwe5 ?is & ! tw5ty-eight is ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,biot1 :o ?9ks t ! ,*9ese _h orig9ally only tw5ty-f\r mansions1 f\r m be+ add$ by ,*5kung 7,b4,c4 #aajj71 & t !y correspond$ ) ! tw5ty-f\r />s1 twelve to ! nor? & twelve to ! s\?1 t m>k$ ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac among ! ,*aldeans4 ,b "u ?is supposition ! tw5ty-eight has no ref]5ce to ! moon1 :]eas we h e reason to believe t x has4 ,! ,siamese only reckon$ tw5ty-sev51 & occasionally ins]t$ an extra "o1 call$ ,abigitt51 or int]cal>y moon4 ,!y made use1 moreov]1 ( ! con/ellations to tell ! h\r ( ! night by _! position 9 ! heav5s1 & _! me?od ( do+ ?is appe>s to h involv$ _! hav+ tw5ty-eight con/ellations4 ,! names ( ! tw5ty-eight divisions among ! ,arabs 7 d]iv$ f p>ts ( ! l>g] con/ellations t made ! twelve signs1 ! fir/ be+ ! horns1 & ! second ! belly1 ( ! ,ram4 ,! tw5ty-eight divisions among ! ,p]sians1 ( :i* we may notice t ! second 0 =m$ by ! ,pleiades1 & call$ ,p]vis1 soon gave way to ! twelve1 ! names ( :i*1 record$ 9 ! works ( ,zoroa/]1 & !re=e n less anci5t ?an he1 7 n q ! same z ^? n[ us$4 ,!y 7 ! ,lamb1 ! ,bull1 ! ,tw9s1 ! ,crab1 ! ,lion1 ! ,e> ( ,corn1 ! ,balance1 ! ,scorpion1 ! ,b[1 ! ,sea-,goat1 ! ,wat]+-pot1 & ! ,fi%es4 ,nor 7 ! ,*9ese cont9ually b\nd to ! numb] tw5ty-eight4 ,!y1 too1 _h a zodiac = ! sun z well z ! moon1 z may be se5 on "s v curi\s pieces ( money1 ( :i* ^? figur$ bel[ are specim5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,on "s ( ^! ! v>i\s con/ellations ( ! ,nor!rn hemisph]e are engrav$1 especially ! ,great ,be>--"u innum]able disguises--& on o!rs ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac4 ,^! are v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! ,grecian set--!y are ! ,m\se1 ! ,bull1 ! ,tig]1 ! ,h>e1 ! ,dragon1 ! ,s]p5t1 ! ,horse1 ! ,ram1 ! ,monkey1 ! ,cock1 ! ,dog1 & ! ,pig4 ,! ,japanese s]ies 7 ! same4 ,! ,mongolians _h a s]ies ( zodiacal co9s /ruck 9 ! reign ( ,jehanjir ,%ah 7#ajad74 ,he _h pieces ( gold /amp$1 repres5t+ ! sun 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion2 & "s ye>s aft]w>ds o!r co9s 7 made1 ) "o side hav+ ! impress ( ! p>ticul> sign 9 :i* ! sun happ5$ to be :5 ! co9 0 /ruck4 ,9 ?is way a s]ies is pres]v$ hav+ all ! twelve signs4 ,tav]ni] tells ! /ory t "o ( ! wives ( ! ,sultan1 wi%+ to immortalise h]self1 ask$ ,jehanjir to be all[$ to reign = f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs1 & took ! opportunity to h a l>ge quantity ( new gold & silv] zodiacal co9s /ruck & di/ribut$ among ! p4 ,! tw5ty-eight divisions are less kn[n n[1 simply f ! fact t ! ,greeks did n adopt !m2 b !y 7 mu* us$ by ! e>ly ,asian peoples1 :o di/+ui%$ !m1 l ! twelve1 by a s]ies ( animals1 & !y are /ill us$ by ! ,arabs4 ,s f> = ! nature ( ! zodiac1 z us$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 & z adopt$ f m anci5t s\rces by ! ,greeks & h&$ on to u4 ,x is v rem>kable t ! arrangem5t ( x1 & its relation to ! pole ( ! equator1 c>ries ) x "s indication ( ! age 9 :i* x mu/ h be5 inv5t$1 z we n[ proce$ to %[4 ,we may rem>k1 9 ! fir/ place1 t f v e>ly times ! c5tre ( ! zodiacal circle has be5 m>k$ 9 ! cele/ial sph]e1 ?\gh !re is no rem>kable /> ne> ! spot2 & ! c5tre ( ! equatorial circle1 or pole1 has be5 ev5 less notic$1 ?\gh mu* m obvi\s4 ,we _c p]haps conclude t ! in/ability ( ! pole 0 kn[n1 b t ! necessity = draw+ ! zodiac l$ to att5tion be+ paid to its c5tre4 ,bo? ! ,p]sians & ! ,*9ese not$ 9 addition f\r bright />s1 :i* !y said wat*$ ov] ! re/1 ,tas*t] ov] ! ea/1 ,sat]is ov] ! we/1 ,v5aud ov] ! s\?1 & ,ha/orang ov] ! nor?4 ,n[ we mu/ und]/& ^! po9ts to ref] to ! sun1 ! ea/ be+ ! spr+ equ9ox1 ! we/ ! autumnal1 & ! nor? & s\? ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices4 ,!re are no />s ( any brilliancy t we c\ld n[ suppose ref]r$ to 9 ^! positions2 b if we turn ! zodiac ?r\gh #fj deg4 we %all f9d ,aldeb>an1 ! ,ant>es1 ,regulus1 & ,fomalhaut1 f\r />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 pretty ne>ly 9 ! "r places4 ,does ! zodiac !n turn 9 ?is way8 ,! answ] is1 ,x does4 ,! effect ( ! attraction ( ! sun & moon ^u ! equatorial protub]ance ( ! e>? is to draw x r\nd f we/ to ea/ by a v sl[ motion1 & make ! ecliptic cross ! equator ea* ye> ab\t "o m9ute ( arc to ! ea/ ( :]e x cross$ x ! ye> be=e4 ,s1 !n1 ! sid]eal ye>1 or int]val betwe5 ! times at :i* ! sun is 9 a c]ta9 position among/ ! />s1 is long] ?an ! sol> ye>1 or int]val betwe5 ! times at :i* ! sun crosses ! equator at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,n[ ! sun's position 9 ! zodiac ref]s to ! =m]1 8 appe>ance at ! equ9ox to ! latt] k9d ( ye>4 ,ea* sol> ye> !n--& ^! are ! ye>s we usually reckon by--! equ9ox is at a po9t fifty seconds ( arc to ! ea/ on ! zodiac1 an effect :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,n[ x is pla9 t if x keeps mov+ cont9u\sly to ! ea/ x w at la/ come r\nd to ! same po9t aga91 & ! :ole p]iod ( its revolution c easily be calculat$ f ! di/ance x moves ea* ye>4 ,! result ( su* a calculation %[s t ! :ole revolution is complet$ 9 #be1hgj ye>s1 aft] :i* "t all w be aga9 z x is n[ 9 ?is respect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,if we draw a figure ( ! zodiac1 z bel[1 & "k t at ?is "t ! v]nal equ9ox takes place :5 ! sun is 9 ! ,fi%es1 !n1 ! con/ellation ( ! ,ram be+ to ! we/ ( ?is1 ! date at :i* ! equ9ox 0 !re mu/ be be=e our pres5t date1 :ile at "s "t 9 ! future x w be 9 ,aqu>ius4 ,n[ if 9 any old description we f9d t ! equ9ox is ref]r$ to z be+ 9 ! ,ram or 9 ! ,bull1 x tells u at once h[ long ago su* a description 0 a true "o1 &1 !re=e1 :5 x 0 writt54 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! ,zodiac c>ries ) x an intimation ( its date4 ,?us 9 ! example lately ref]r$ to ( ! ,p]sians & _! f\r />s1 x mu/ h be5 ab\t #e1jjj ye>s ago1 accord+ to ! above calculation1 t ^! 7 9 ! positions assign$1 :i* is !re=e ! date ( ?is "p ( ,p]sian a/ronomy1 if we h rightly conjectur$ ! />s ref]r$ to4 ,we h already said t ! signs ( ! zodiac are n n[ ! same z ! zodiacal con/ellations1 & ?is is n[ easily und]/ood4 ,x is n wor? :ile to say t ! sun ent]s su* & su* a "p ( ! ,fi%es at ! equ9ox1 & *anges e ye>4 ,s ! "p ( ! heav5s x does !n ent]--be x ,fi%es1 or ,aqu>ius1 or ! ,ram--is call$ by ! same "n--& is call$ a sign2 ! "n *os5 is ! ,ram or ,aries1 :i* co9cid$ ) ! con/ellation ( t "n :5 ! matt] 0 arrang$4 ,!re is ano!r equally important & in/ructive result ( ?is precession ( ! equ9ox4 ,= ! e>?'s axis is always p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! equator1 & if ! latt] moves1 ! =m] mu/ too1 & *ange its position ) respect to ! axis ( ! ecliptic1 :i* rema9s immovable4 ,& ! ends ( ^! axes1 or ! po9ts !y occupy among ! />s1 call$ _! poles1 w *ange 9 ! same way2 ! pole ( ! equator1 r\nd :i* ! heav5s appe> to move1 describ+ a curve ab\t ! pole ( ! ecliptic2 & s9ce ! ecliptic & equator are always ne>ly at ! same angle1 ?is curve w be v ne>ly a circle1 z repres5t$ on prec$+ page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,n[ ! pole ( ! equator is a v m>k$ po9t 9 ! heav5s1 because ! /> ne>e/ to x appe>s to h no motion4 ,if !n we draw su* a figure z above1 s z to see :]e ?is pole w\ld be at any giv5 date1 & !n read 9 any old record t su* & su* a /> _h no motion1 we "k at once at :at date su* a /atem5t mu/ h be5 made4 ,?is means ( e/imat+ dates is less c]ta9 ?an ! o!r1 because any /> t is ne>] to ! pole ?an any o!r w appe> to h no motion relatively to ! re/1 unless accurate measurem5ts 7 made4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we h any reason to believe t obs]vations 7 c>efully made1 & !re is any evid5ce t "s p>ticul> /> 0 consid]$ ! ,pole ,/>1 we h "s confid5ce 9 conclud+ ! date1 examples ( :i* w appe> 9 ! sequel2 & we may give "o illu/ration n[1 ?\gh n a v satisfactory "o4 ,hipp>*us cites a passage f ! sph]e ( ,eudoxus1 9 :i* he says1 ,e/ v]o /ella qua$am 9 eodem consi/5s loco1 quae quidem polus e/ mundi4 7,!re is a c]ta9 immovable />1 :i* is ! pole ( ! _w47 ,n[ ref]r+ to our figure1 we f9d t ab\t #acjj ,b4,c4 ! two />s1 ,greek3 b ,ursae ,m9oris & ,greek3 k ,draconis 7 fairly ne> ! pole1 & ?is fact leads u to date ! inv5tion ( ?is sph]e at ab\t ?is epo*1 r ?an a little be=e or a little aft]1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is argum5t 7?\gh !re may be 9 o!rs71 to prev5t u dat+ x :5 ,greek3 a ,draconis 0 ne> ! pole1 #bhej ,b4,c4 ,?is /> 0 inde$ said by ! ,*9ese a/ronom]s 9 ! reign ( ,hoangti to m>k ! pole1 :i* gives a date to _! obs]vations4 ,! *ief use ( ?is latt] me?od is to confirm our conclusions f ! =m]1 r ?an to orig9ate any4 ,let u n[ apply our k to ! facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place we may notice t 9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us ! v]nal equ9ox 0 9 ! fir/ degree ( ! ,ram1 f :i* our own arrangem5t has orig9at$4 ,hipp>*us liv$ #abh ye>s ,b4,c41 or ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s ago1 at :i* "t ! equ9ox 0 exactly at ,greek3 b ,aries4 ,secondly1 !re are _m reasons = believ+ t at ! "t ( ! inv5tion ( ! zodiac1 inde$ 9 ! fir/ dawn+ ( a/ronomy1 ! ,bull 0 ! fir/ sign into :i* ! sun ent]$ at ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,n[ x takes #b1aef ye>s to retrograde ?r\gh a sign1 & !re=e ! ,bull might occupy ?is position any "t betwe5 #bdjj & #ddef ,b4,c41 & any ne>] approximation mu/ dep5d on our ability to fix on any p>ticul> "p ( ! con/ellation z ! orig9al equ9octial po9t4 ,we may say t :oev] inv5t$ ! zodiac w\ld no d\bt make ?is po9t ! beg9n+ ( a sign1 & !re=e date its inv5tion #bdjj ,b4,c42 or on ! o!r h&1 if x c be prov$ t ! con/ellations 7 kn[n & obs]v$ be=e ?is1 we may h to put back ! date to ne> ! end ( ! sign1 & make its la/ rem>kable />s ! equ9octial ones1 say ^? 9 ! horns ( ,taurus4 ,comp>e ! l9e ( ,virgil1 ,c&idus auratis ap]it cum cornibus annum ,taurus4 ,! date 9 ?is case w\ld be ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4--or once m "s rem>kable "p ( ! con/ellation may give pro( t its appe>ance ) ! sun comm5c$ ! ye>--& our date w\ld be int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two4 ,9 fact1 ! rem>kable gr\p ( />s kn[n z ! ,pleiades actually does play ?is "p4 ,s mu* int]e/ clu/]s1 h[ev]1 r\nd ?is gr\p1 s mu* light is ?r[n by x on ! pa/ hi/ory ( a/ronomical ideas--& s mu* new in=mation has rec5tly be5 obta9$ ab\t x--t x requires a *apt] to itself1 & we %all !re=e pass ov] its discussion "h4 ,let u n[ review "s ( ! indications t "s "p ( ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull 0 orig9ally ! fir/ sign ( ! zodiac4 ,we ne$ p]haps only m5tion ! a/rological books ( ! ,jews--! ,cabal--9 :i* ! ,bull is dealt ) z ! fir/ zodiacal sign4 ,among ! ,p]sians1 :o designate ! successive signs by ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ,a /&s = ,taurus1 ,b = ! ,tw9s1 & s on4 ,! ,*9ese attribute ! comm5cem5t ( ! sun's app>5t motion to ! />s ( ,taurus4 ,9 ,!bes is a sepul*ral *amb] ) zodiacal signs1 & ,taurus at ! head ( !m4 ,! zodiac ( ! pagoda ( ,elephanta 7,salsette7 comm5ces ) ! same con/ellation4 ,h[ev]1 reasons h be5 giv5 = assign+ to ! zodiac a /ill e>li] date ?an ?is w\ld involve4 ,?us ,laplace writes3--,! names ( ! con/ellations ( ! zodiac h n be5 giv5 to !m by *ance--!y embody ! results ( a l>ge numb] ( rese>*es & ( a/ronomical sy/ems4 ,"s ( ! names appe> to h ref]5ce to ! motion ( ! sun4 ,! ,crab1 = in/ance1 & ! ,he-,goat1 indicate its retrogression at ! sol/ices4 ,! ,balance m>ks ! equality ( ! days & nights at ! equ9oxes1 & ! o!r names seem to ref] to agriculture & to ! climate ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ! zodiac 0 inv5t$4 ,! ,he-,goat appe>s bett] plac$ at ! highe/ po9t ( ! sun's c\rse ?an ! l[e/4 ,9 ?is position1 :i* x occupi$ fifte5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! ,balance 0 at ! v]nal equ9ox1 & ! zodiacal con/ellations mat* well ) ! climate & agriculture ( ,egypt4 ,if we exam9e ?is1 h[ev]1 we see t all t is probable 9 x is satisfi$ by ! ,ram be+ at ! v]nal1 & ! ,balance at ! autumnal equ9ox1 :i* corresponds mu* bett] ) o!r evid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,zodiac ,,( ,,d5d]ah4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 no d\bt1 ! names ( ! zodiacal con/ellations w\ld dep5d on ! pr9cipal /> or />s 9 ea*1 & ^! />s & ! portion ( ! ecliptic assign$ to ea* may h be5 notic$ be=e ! />s r\nd !m 7 gr\p$ into con/ellations ) diff]5t names4 ,9 any case1 ! introduction ( ! zodiac into ,greece seems to h be5 subsequ5t to t ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 & n to h tak5 place m ?an five or six c5turies be=e our era4 ,eudemus1 ( ,rhodes1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! pupils ( ,ari/otle1 & au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 attributes ! introduction ( ! zodiac to ,o5opides ( ,*io1 a contempor>y ( ,anaxagoras4 ,!y did n receive x complete1 z at fir/ x _h only elev5 con/ellations1 "o ( !m1 ! ,scorpion1 be+ aft]w>ds divid$1 to complete ! necess>y numb]4 ,_! zodiacal divisions too w\ld h be5 m regul> _h !y d]iv$ !m directly f ! ,ea/1 & w\ld n h /ret*$ 9 "s in/ances ov] #cf deg4 to #dh deg41 l ! ,lion1 ! ,bull1 ! ,fi%es1 or ! ,virg9--:ile ! ,crab1 ! ,ram1 & ! ,he-,goat1 h only #ai deg4 to #bc deg44 ,nor w\ld _! con/ellations be dispos$ s irregul>ly1 "s to ! nor? & "s to ! s\? ( ! ecliptic1 nor "s spread+ out widely & o!rs cramm$ close toge!r1 s t we see t !y only borr[$ ! idea f ! ,ea/]ns1 & fill$ x out ) _! anci5t con/ellations4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,humboldt4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! names ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 we mu/ rememb] t a c]ta9 portion ( ! zodiacal circle1 & n any def9ite gr\p ( />s1 =ms ea* sign1 & t ! con/ellations may h be5 =m$ sep>ately1 & h receiv$ indep5d5t names1 ?\gh aft]w>ds receiv+ ^? ( ! sign 9 :i* !y 74 ,! only rational sugge/ion = ! orig9 ( ! names is t !y 7 connect$ ) "s ev5ts :i* took place1 or "s "* ( ! sun's motion obs]v$1 :5 x 0 9 ea* sign4 ,?us we h se5 t ! ,balance may ref] to equal nights & days 7?\gh only introduc$ among ! ,greeks 9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us71 & ! ,crab to ! retrogression or /opp+ ( ! sun at ! sol/ice4 ,! v>i\s pursuits ( husb&ry1 hav+ all _! necess>y times1 :i* 9 ! primeval days 7 det]m9$ by ! positions ( ! />s1 w\ld give rise to m important names4 ,?us ! ,e?iopian1 at ,!bes1 w\ld call ! />s t by _! ris+ at a p>ticul> "t indicat$ ! inundation1 ,aqu>ius1 or ! ,wat]]2 ^? b5ea? :i* x 0 necess>y to put ! pl\gh to ! e>?1 ! ,bull />s4 ,! ,lion />s w\ld be ^? at ^: appe>ance ?is =midable animal1 driv5 f ! des]ts by ?ir/1 %[$ himself on ! bord]s ( ! riv]4 ,^? ( ! ,e> ( ,corn1 or ! ,virg9 ( h>ve/1 ^? b5ea? :i* ! h>ve/ 0 to be ga!r$ 92 & ! sign ( ! ,goat1 t 9 :i* ! sun 0 :5 ^! animals 7 born4 ,!re c be b little d\bt b t su* 0 ! orig9 ( ! names impos$1 & = a "t !y w\ld be und]/ood 9 t s5se4 ,b aft]w>ds1 :5 "t 0 m accurately kept1 & cal5d>s regulat$1 )\t ea* man /udy+ ! />s = himself1 :5 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes made ! p]iods n exactly co9cide1 ! orig9al mean+ w\ld be lo/1 ! />s w\ld be associat$ ) ! animals1 z ?\gh !re 0 a real bull1 a real lion1 c41 9 ! heav5s2 & !n ! /ep w\ld be easy to repres5t ^! by liv+ animals1 :om !y w\ld end[ ) ! heav5ly attributes ( :at !y repres5t$2 & s ! p came at la/ to pray to & wor%ip ! sev]al creatures = ! sake ( _! suppos$ influ5ce4 ,!y ask$ ( ! ,ram f _! flocks ! influ5ces !y ?\ght dep5d$ on ! con/ellation4 ,!y pray$ ! ,scorpion n to spread 8 evil v5om on ! _w2 !y rev]$ ! ,crab1 ! ,sc>abaeus1 & ! ,fi%1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! absurdity ( x4 ,x is c]ta9 at lea/ t ! gods ( _m nations are connect$ or are id5tical ) ! signs ( ! zodiac1 & x seems at lea/ m reasonable to suppose ! =m] d]iv$ f ! latt] ?an vice v]sa4 ,among ! ,greeks inde$1 :o _h1 s to speak1 _! gods ready made be=e !y borr[$ ! idea ( ! zodiac1 ! process appe>s to h be5 ! rev]se1 !y made ! signs to repres5t z f> z !y c\ld _! gods4 ,9 ! m pa/oral peoples1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,ea/1 & 9 ,egypt1 ?is process c be v cle>ly trac$4 ,among ! ,jews !re seems to be "s rem>kable connection betwe5 _! patri>*s & ^! signs1 ?\gh ! hi/ory ( t connection may n well be made out4 ,! twelve signs are m5tion$ z be+ wor%ipp$1 along ) ! sun & moon1 9 ! ,book ( ,k+s4 ,b :at is m rem>kable is ! dream ( ,joseph1 9 :i* ! sun & moon & ! o!r elev5 />s wor%ipp$ him1 c\pl$ ) ! v>i\s designations or descriptions giv5 to ea* son 9 ! bless+ ( ,jacob4 ,9 ,reub5 we h ! man :o is said to be un/able z wat]1 9 :i* we may recognise ,aqu>ius4 ,9 ,simeon & ,levi ! bre?r51 we trace ! ,tw9s4 ,judah is ! ,lion4 ,zebulun1 t dwells at ! hav5 ( ! sea1 repres5ts ,fi%es4 ,issa*> is ! ,bull1 or /rong ass c\*+ d[n betwe5 two burd5s4 ,dan1 ! s]p5t by ! way1 ! add] 9 ! pa?1 repres5ts ! ,scorpion4 ,gad is ! ,ram1 ! lead] to a flock or troop ( %eep4 ,a%] ! ,balance1 z ! weigh] ( bread4 ,naphtali1 ! h9d let loose1 is ! ,capricorn1 ,joseph ! ,ar*]1 ^: b[ abode 9 /r5g?4 ,brujan9 ! ,crab1 *ang+ f morn+ to ev5+1 & ,d9ah1 ! only daught]1 repres5ts ! ,virg94 ,!re is d\btless some?+ f>-fet*$ 9 "s ( ^! comp>isons1 b :5 we consid] ! c>e ) :i* ! numb] twelve 0 reta9$1 & t ! f\r *ief tribes c>ri$ on _! sacr$ /&>ds ^! v signs--namely1 ,judah a lion1 ,reub5 a man1 ,ephraim a bull1 & ,dan a scorpion--& notice ! num]\s traces ( a/ronomical culture 9 ! ,jewi% c]emonies1 ! sev5 lights ( ! c&le/ick1 ! twelve /ones ( ! ,high ,prie/1 ! fea/s at ! two equ9oxes1 ! c]emonies connect$ ) a ram & a bull1 we _c d\bt t !re is some?+ m ?an *ance 9 ! matt]1 b r conclude t we h an example ( ! process by :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,egyptians !mselves1 a/ronomical repres5tations became at la/ actually deifi$4 ,x has be5 ?\ght possible inde$ to assign def9itely ea* god ( ! ,egyptians to "o ( ! twelve zodiacal signs4 ,! ,ram 0 consecrat$ to ,jupit] ,ammon1 :o 0 repres5t$ ) a ram's head & horns4 ,! ,bull became ! god ,apis1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ "u t similitude4 ,! ,tw9s correspond to ,horus & ,h>pocrates1 two sons ( ,osiris4 ,! ,crab 0 consecrat$ to ,anubis or ,m]cury4 ,! ,lion belong$ to ! summ] sun1 ,osiris2 ! ,virg9 to ,isis4 ,! ,balance & ! ,scorpion 7 includ$ toge!r "u ! "n ( ,scorpion1 :i* animal belongs to ,typhon1 z did all dang]\s animals4 ,! ,ar*] 0 ! image ( ,h]cules1 = :om ! ,egyptians _h great v5]ation4 ,! ,capricorn 0 consecrat$ to ,pan or ,m5des4 ,! ,wat]]--or man c>ry+ a wat]-pot--is f\nd on _m ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,?is process ( deification 0 r5d]$ easi] by ! cu/om !y _h ( celebrat+ a fe/ival ea* mon?1 "u ! "n neom5ia4 ,!y *>act]is$ ! neom5ias ( ! v>i\s mon?s by mak+ ! animal ^: sign ! sun 0 ent]+ accompany ! ,isis :i* ann\nc$ ! fete4 ,!y 7 n cont5t ) a repres5tation only1 b _h ! animal itself4 ,! dog1 be+ ! symbol ( ,cannulus1 ) :i* ! ye> comm5c$1 a liv+ dog 0 made to head ! c]emonial ( ! fir/ neom5ia4 ,diodorus te/ifies to ?is z an eye-witness4 ,^! neom5ias ?us came to be call$ ! fe/ival ( ! ,bull1 ( ! ,ram1 ! ,dog1 or ! ,lion4 ,t ( ! ,ram w\ld be ! mo/ solemn & important 9 places :]e !y dealt mu* 9 %eep4 ,t ( ! ,bull 9 ! fat pa/ure-l&s ( ,memphis & ,l[] ,egypt4 ,t ( ,capella w\ld be brilliant at ,m5des1 :]e !y br$ goats m ?an else:]e4 ,we may =tify ^! op9ions by a quotation f ,lucian1 :o gives expression to !m v cle>ly4 ,x is f ! divisions ( ! zodiac1 he says1 t ! cr[d ( animals wor%ipp$ 9 ,egypt h _h _! orig94 ,"s employ$ "o con/ellation1 & "s ano!r4 ,^? :o us$ to consult t ( ! ,ram came to adore a ram4 ,^? :o took _! presages f ! ,fi%es w\ld n eat fi%4 ,! goat 0 n kill$ 9 places 7 !y obs]v$ ,capricornus1 & s on1 accord+ to ! />s ^: influ5ce !y c>$ mo/ =4 ,if !y ador$ a bull x 0 c]ta9ly to d hon\r to ! cele/ial ,bull4 ,! ,apis1 :i* 0 a sacr$ object ) !m1 & w&]$ at lib]ty ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & = :i* !y f\nd$ an oracle1 0 ! a/rological symbol ( ! ,bull t %one 9 ! heav5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4--,,! ,,zodiac ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,9 ,,egypt4 ,_! use ( ! zodiac is illu/rat$ 9 an int]e/+ mann] by a mummy f\nd "s ye>s ago 9 ,egypt4 ,at ! bottom ( ! c(f9 0 f\nd pa9t$ a zodiac1 some?+ l t ( ,d5d]ah2 und]nea? ! lid1 along ! body ( a great goddess1 7 drawn elev5 signs1 b ) t ( ,capricornus left out4 ,! inscription %[$ t ! mummy 0 t ( a "y man1 ag$ #ba ye>s1 #d mon?s1 & #bb days1 :o di$ ! #ai? ye> ( ,trajan1 on ! #h? ( ! mon? ,pazni1 :i* corresponds to ! #bnd ( ,june1 ,a4,d4 #aaf4 ,! embalm$ 0 !re=e born on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y1 ,a4,d4 #ie1 at :i* "t ! sun 0 9 ! con/ellation ( ,capricornus4 ,?is %[s t ! zodiac 0 ! repres5tation ( ! a/rological !ories ab\t ! p]son embalm$1 :o 0 d\btless a p]son ( "s importance4 7,see ,plate ,,iv47 ,any su* use z ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 long subsequ5t to ! inv5tion ( ! signs !mselves1 z x involves a mu* m complicat$ idea4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,pleiades4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! con/ellations is a gr\p ( sev5 />s arrang$ 9 a k9d ( triangul> clu/]1 & kn[n z ! ,pleiades4 ,x is n1 /rictly speak+1 "o ( ! con/ellations1 z x =ms only "p ( "o4 ,we h se5 t "o ( ! anci5t signs ( ! zodiac is ! ,bull1 or ,taurus2 ! gr\p ( />s we are n[ speak+ ( =ms "p ( ?is1 ly+ t[>ds ! ea/]n "p 9 ! %\ld]s ( ! ,bull4 ,! ,pleiades sc>cely escape anybody's obs]vation n[1 & we %all n be1 !re=e1 surpris$ t !y h always attract$ great att5tion4 ,s great inde$ has be5 ! att5tion paid to !m t fe/ivals & seasons1 cal5d>s & ye>s1 h by _m nations be5 regulat$ by _! ris+ or culm9ation1 & !y h be5 ?us m mix$ up ) ! e>ly hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 & h left m m>ks on ! records ( pa/ nations1 ?an any o!r cele/ial object1 except ! sun & moon4 ,! int]e/+ details ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,pleiades h be5 v c>efully work$ out by ,r4 ,g4 ,haliburton1 ,f4,s4,a41 to :om we owe ! great] "p ( ! in=mation we possess on ! subject4#a ,let u fir/ expla9 :at may be obs]v$ ) respect to ! ,pleiades4 ,x is a gr\p possess+ peculi> advantages = obs]vation2 x is a compact gr\p1 ! :ole w appe> at once2 & x is an unmi/akable gr\p & x is ne> ! equator1 & is !re=e visible to obs]v]s 9 ei!r hemisph]e4 ,n[ suppose ! sun to be 9 ! same latitude z ! ,pleiades on "s p>ticul> day2 ow+ to ! proximity ( ! gr\p to ! ecliptic1 x w be !n v ne> ! sun1 & x w set ) x & be invisible dur+ ! night4 ,if ! sun 7 to ! ea/ ( ! ,pleiades !y w\ld h already set1 & ! fir/ view ( ! heav5s at sunset w\ld n conta9 ?is con/ellation2 & s x w\ld be s long z ! sun 0 to ! ea/1 or = ne>ly half a ye>2 ?\gh dur+ "s portion ( ?is "t x w\ld rise lat] on 9 ! night4 ,dur+ ! o!r half ye>1 :ile ! sun 0 to ! we/1 ! ,pleiades w\ld be visible at sunset1 & we imm$iately see h[ !y are ?us l$ to divide ! :ole ye> into two portions1 "o ( :i* might be call$ ! ,pleiades bel[1 & ! o!r ! ,pleiades above4 ,x is pla9 t ! ,pleiades fir/ become visible at sunset1 :5 !y are !n j ris+1 9 :i* case !y w culm9ate a little aft] midnight 7n at midnight1 on acc\nt ( ! twilight7 & be visible all night4 ,?is w occur :5 ! sun is ab\t half a circle remov$ f !m--t is1 at ?is "t1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]2 :i* w\ld ?us be ! comm5cem5t ( "o half ( ! ye>1 ! o!r half comm5c+ 9 ,may4 ,! culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades at midnight takes place a few days lat]1 :5 !y rise at ! "t t ! sun is really on ! horizon1 9 :i* case !y are exactly opposite to x2 & ?is w happ5 on ! same day all ov] ! e>?4 ,! opposite effect to ?is w\ld be :5 ! sun 0 close to ! ,pleiades--a few days be=e :i* ! latt] w\ld be j sett+ aft] sunset1 & a few days aft] w\ld be j ris+ be=e sunrise4 #a ,mr4 ,haliburton's obs]vations are conta9$ 9 an int]e/+ pamphlet1 entitl$ ,new ,mat]ials = ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 :i* is quot$ by ,pr(4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 b :i* is n easy to obta94 ,x may be se51 h[ev]1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,we h ?us ! foll[+ obs]vations1 t might be made ) respect to ?is1 or any o!r well-m>k$ con/ellation4 ,fir/1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* x 0 visible at sunset2 secondly1 ! date ( its culm9ation at midnight2 ?irdly1 its sett+ 9 ! ev5+2 & f\r?ly1 its ris+ 9 ! morn+3 ! la/ two dates be+ ne>ly six mon?s remov$ f ! second4 ,!re are also ! dates ( its culm9ation at sunrise & sunset1 :i* w\ld divide ^! int]vals into two equal halves4 ,on acc\nt ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ! "t at :i* ! sun has any p>ticul> position ) respect to ! />s1 gr[s lat] ye> by ye> 9 relation to ! equ9octial po9ts4 ,& z we regulate our ye> by ! date ( ! sun's entrance on ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! sid]eal dates1 z we may call !m1 keep advanc+ on ! mon?s4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! *ange is sl[1 x has n prev5t$ ye>s be+ comm5c$ & husb&ry be+ regulat$ by ! dates above m5tion$4 ,any date t is regulat$ by ! />s we might expect to be ne>ly ! same all ov] ! _w1 & ! cu/oms obs]v$ to be univ]sal1 ?\gh ! date itself might alt]1 & 9 ?is way4 ,s long z ! date 0 directly obta9$ f ! position ( ! />1 all w\ld agree2 b z soon z a sol> cal5d> 0 arrang$1 & x 0 f\nd t at t "t ?is position co9cid$ ) a c]ta9 day1 say ! ,pleiades culm9at+ at midnight on ,novemb] #ag1 !n "s w\ld keep on ! date ,novemb] #ag z ! important day1 ev5 :5 ! ,pleiades no long] culm9at$ at midnight !n1 & o!rs w\ld keep reckon+ by ! />s1 & s h a diff]5t date4 ,) ^! explanations we %all be able to recognise h[ mu* ! configurations ( ! ,pleiades h _h to d ) ! fe/ivals & cal5d>s ( nations1 & h ev5 left _! traces on cu/oms & names 9 use among ourselves to ! pres5t day4 ,we h evid5ces f two v diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! univ]sality ( ! division ( ! ye> into two p>ts by means ( ! ,pleiades4 ,on ! "o h& we le>n f ,hesiod t ! ,greeks comm5c$ _! w9t] seasons 9 8 days by ! sett+ ( ! ,pleiades 9 ! morn+1 & ! summ] season by _! ris+ at t "t4 ,& ,mr4 ,ellis1 9 8 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 tells u t ! ,society ,isl&]s divid$ ! ye> into two seasons ( ! ,pleiades1 or ,mat>ii4 ,! fir/ !y call$ ,mat>ii i nia1 or ! ,pleiades above4 ,x comm5c$ :51 9 ! ev5+1 ^! />s appe>$ at or ne> ! horizon1 & ! half ye> dur+ :i*1 imm$iately aft] sunset1 !y 7 se5 above ! horizon 0 call$ ,mat>ii i nia4 ,! o!r season comm5c$ :5 at sunset ^! />s are invisible1 & cont9u$ until at t "t !y appe>$ aga9 above ! horizon4 ,?is season 0 call$ ,mat>ii i r>o1 i4e4 ! ,pleiades bel[4 ,besides ^! direct evid5ces we %all f9d t _m semi-annual fe/ivals connect$ ) ^! />s indicate ! comm5cem5t ( ! two seasons among o!r nations4 ,"o ( ^! fe/ivals 0 ( c\rse always tak5 = ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 & mu* 0 made ( x z new-ye>'s day4 ,a new-ye>'s fe/ival connect$ ) & det]m9$ by ! ,pleiades appe>s to be "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal ( all cu/oms2 & ?\gh "s little difficulty arises1 z we h already po9t$ out1 9 fix+ ! date ) ref]5ce to sol> cal5d>s1 & diff]5ces & co9cid5ces 9 ?is respect among diff]5t nations may be to a c]ta9 ext5t accid5tal1 yet ! fact ( ! wide-spread obs]vance ( su* a fe/ival is c]ta9 & mo/ int]e/+4 ,! actual obs]vance at ! pres5t day ( ?is fe/ival is to be f\nd among ! ,au/ralian savages4 ,at _! midnight culm9ation 9 ,novemb]1 !y /ill hold a new-ye>'s corroboree1 9 hon\r ( ! ,mormodellick1 z !y call ! ,pleiades1 :i* !y say are v good to ! black fell[s4 ,) !m ,novemb] is some:at aft] ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 b 9 =m] days x w\ld m>k ! actual comm5cem5t1 & ! new ye> w\ld be regulat$ by ! seasons4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ?is culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades has ! same relation to ! autumnal equ9ox1 :i* w\ld nev] be tak5 z ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>2 & we mu/ !re=e look to ! s\!rn hemisph]e = ! orig9 ( ! cu/om2 especially z we f9d ! v ,pleiades !mselves call$ ,v]giliae1 or />s ( spr+4 ,( c\rse we might suppose t ! ris+ ( ! con/ellation 9 ! morn+ _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h tak5 place 9 ! beg9n+ ( spr+ "s #e1jjj ye>s ago2 b ?is seems improbable1 fir/1 because x is unlikely t diff]5t ph5om5a ( ! ,pleiades %\ld h be5 mo/ notic$1 & secondly1 because nei!r ,april nor ,may are among any nations connect$ ) ?is con/ellation by "n4 ,:]eas 9 ,india ! ye> comm5c$ 9 ! mon? !y call$ ,c>tiguey1 :i* means ! ,pleiades4 ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians we f9d ! same connection betwe5 ,a?>-aye1 ! "n ( ! ,pleiades1 ) ! ,*aldeans & ,hebrews1 & ,a?or 9 ! ,egyptian "n ( ,novemb]4 ,! ,arabs also call ! con/ellation ,atauria4 ,we %all h m to say on ?is etymology pres5tly1 b 9 ! meantime we le>n t x 0 ! ph5om5on connect$ ) ! ,pleiades at or ab\t ,novemb] t 0 notic$ by all anci5t nations1 f :i* we mu/ conclude t ! orig9 ( ! new-ye>'s spr+ fe/ival came f ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re is "s corroboration ( ?is 9 ! anci5t traditions z to ! />s hav+ *ang$ _! c\rses4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e a man /&+ fac+ ! position ( ! sun at noon w\ld see ! />s rise on 8 "r h& & move t[>ds 8 left4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 if he also look$ 9 ! direction ( ! sun at noon1 he w\ld see !m rise on 8 left h&4 ,n[ "o ( a race migrat+ f "o side to ! o!r ( ! equator w\ld take 8 position f ! sun1 & fancy he 0 fac+ ! same way :5 he look$ at x at noon1 & s w\ld ?9k ! motion ( ! />s to h alt]$1 in/ead ( 8 hav+ turn$ r\nd4 ,su* a tradition1 !n1 seems to h aris5 f su* a migration1 ! fact ( :i* seems to be confirm$ by ! call+ ! ,pleiades />s ( spr+1 & comm5c+ ! ye> ) _! culm9ation at midnight4 ,9 ord] to trace ?is new-ye>'s fe/ival into o!r c\ntries1 & by ?is means to %[ its connection ) ! ,pleiades1 we mu/ rem>k t e fe/ival has its peculi> features & rites1 & x is by ^! t we mu/ recognise x1 :]e ! actual date ( its occurr5ce has slightly *ang$2 be>+1 ( c\rse1 9 m9d t ! actual *ange ( date mu/ n be too great to be acc\nt$ = by ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 or ab\t sev5ty-"o ye>s = ea* day ( *ange1 s9ce ! in/itution ( ! fe/ival1 & t ! *ange is 9 ! "r direction4 ,n[ we f9d t ev]y:]e ?is fe/ival ( ! ,pleiades' culm9ation at midnight 7or x may be ( ! slightly e>li] "o ( _! fir/ appe>ance at ! horizon at app>5t sunset7 0 always connect$ ) ! memory ( ! dead4 ,x 0 a fea/ ( ance/ors4 ,among ! ,au/ralians !mselves1 ! corroborees ( ! natives are connect$ ) a wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,!y pa9t a :ite /ripe ov] _! arms1 legs1 & ribs1 &1 danc+ by ! light ( _! fires by night1 appe> l s _m skeletons rejoic+4 ,:at is also to be rem>k$1 ! fe/ival la/s ?ree days1 & comm5ces 9 ! ev5+2 ! latt] a natural result ( ! date dep5d+ on ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades on ! horizon at t "t4 ,! ,society ,isl&]s1 :o1 z we h se51 divid$ _! ye> by ! appe>ance ( ! ,pleiades at sunset1 comm5c$ _! ye> on ! fir/ day ( ! appe>ance1 ab\t ,novemb]1 & also celebrat$ ! clos+ ( "o & ! op5+ ( a new ye> by a usage resembl+ mu* ! popi% cu/om ( mass = s\ls 9 purgatory1 ea* man return+ to 8 home to (f] special pray]s = ! spirits ( dep>t$ relatives4 ,9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 :i* belong to ! ,fiji gr\p1 ! fe/ival ( ,ina*i1 a v]nal fir/-fruits' celebration1 & also a commemoration ( ! dead takes place t[>ds ! end ( ,octob]1 & comm5ces at sunset4 ,9 ,p]u ! new-ye>'s fe/ival occurs 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]1 & is call$ ,ayam>ca f aya1 a corpse1 & m>ca1 c>ry+ 9 arms1 because !y celebrat$ ! solemn fe/ival ( ! dead1 ) te>s1 lugubri\s songs1 & pla9tive music2 & x 0 cu/om>y to visit ! tombs ( relations1 & to leave 9 !m food & dr9k4 ,! fact t ?is took place at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,p]u on ! v same day z a simil> c]emony takes place 9 ,europe1 0 only an accid5tal co9cid5ce1 :i* is all ! m rem>kable because ! two appe>1 z w be se5 9 ! sequel1 to h _h ! same orig91 & !re=e at fir/ ! same date1 & to h alt]$ f x by exactly ! same am\nt4 ,^! in/ances f races s\? ( ! equator prove cle>ly t !re exi/s a v g5]al connection ) new-ye>'s day1 z det]m9$ by ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades at sunset1 & a fe/ival ( ! dead2 & 9 "s in/ances ) an (f]+ ( fir/-fruits4 ,:at ! orig9 ( ?is connection may be is a m difficult matt]4 ,at fir/ sight "o might conjecture t ) ! ye> t 0 pass$ x 0 natural to connect ! m5 t _h pass$ away2 & ?is may inde$ be ! true int]pretation3 b !re are traditions & obs]vances :i* may be ?\ght by "s to po9t to "s anci5t wide-spread cata/rophe :i* happ5$ at ?is p>ticul> season1 :i* !y ye>ly commemorat$1 & reckon$ a new ye> f ea* commemoration4 ,su* traditions & obs]vances we %all notice z we trace ! spread ( ?is new-ye>'s fe/ival ( ! dead among v>i\s nations1 & its connection1 ) ! ,pleiades4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,india ,novemb] is call$ ! mon? ( ! ,pleiades4 ,n[ on ! #ag? day ( t mon? is celebrat$ ! ,h9doo ,durga1 a fe/ival ( ! dead1 & said by ,greswell to h be5 a new-ye>'s commemoration at ! e>lie/ "t to :i* ,indian cal5d>s c be c>ri$ back4 ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians ! same day 0 v noticeable1 & !y took c>e to regulate _! sol> cal5d>s t x might rema9 un*ang$4 ,num]\s alt]$ cal5d>s h be5 discov]$1 b !y are all regulat$ by ?is "o day4 ,?is 0 det]m9$ by ! culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades at midnight4 ,on ?is day comm5c$ ! solemn fe/ival ( ! ,isia1 :i*1 l ! corroborees ( ! ,au/ralians1 la/$ ?ree days1 & 0 celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 & ( ,osiris1 ! "l ( tombs4 ,n[ ! mon? ,a?yr 0 und\bt$ly connect$ ) ! ,pleiades1 be+ t 9 :i* ! ,pleiades are mo/ di/9ct--t is1 9 :i* !y rise ne> & be=e sunset4 ,among ! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 m att5tion 0 paid to a/ronomy ?an among/ ! savage races ) :i* ! ye> ( ! ,pleiades w\ld appe> to h orig9at$1 & !y /udi$ v c>efully ! connection betwe5 ! positions ( ! />s & ! entrance ( ! sun into ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & regulat$ _! cal5d> accord+ly2 z we %all see %ortly 9 speak+ ( ! pyramid build]s4 ,! ,p]sians =m]ly call$ ! mon? ( ,novemb] ,mordad1 ! angel ( dea?1 & ! fea/ ( ! dead took place at ! same "t z 9 ,p]u1 & 0 consid]$ a new-ye>'s fe/ival4 ,x comm5c$ also 9 ! ev5+4 ,9 ,ceylon a comb9$ fe/ival ( agriculture & ( ! dead takes place at ! beg9n+ ( ,novemb]4 ,among ! bett] kn[n ( ! anci5t nations ( ! nor!rn hemisph]es1 su* z ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ! anomaly ( hav+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> at ! autumnal equ9ox seems to h induc$ !m to make a *ange to t ( spr+1 & ) ?is *ange has foll[$ ! fe/ival ( ! dead1 al?\gh "s traces ( x 7 left 9 ,novemb]4 ,! commemoration ( ! dead 0 connect$ among ! ,egyptians ) a deluge1 :i* 0 typifi$ by ! prie/ plac+ ! image ( ,osiris 9 a sacr$ c(f] or ark1 & laun*+ x out into ! sea till x 0 borne out ( sight4 ,n[ :5 we connect ?is fact1 & ! celebration tak+ place on ! #ag? day ( ,a?yr1 ) ! date on :i* ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! deluge ( ,noah /ates x to h comm5c$1 9 ! second mon? 7( ! ,jewi% ye>1 :i* corresponds to ,novemb]71 ! #ag? day ( ! mon?1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ?is is no *ance co9cid5ce1 & t ! precise date "h /at$ mu/ h be5 regulat$ by ! ,pleiades1 z 0 ! ,egyptian date4 ,?is co9cid5ce is r5d]$ ev5 /rong] by ! simili>ity ( traditions among ! two nations conc]n+ ! dove & ! tree z connect$ ) ! deluge4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 no fe/ival ( ! dead among ! ,hebrews2 _! bett] =m ( fai? hav+ prev5t$ x4 ,we h n z yet le>nt any?+ ( ! importance ( ! ,pleiades among ! anci5t ,babylonian a/ronom]s1 b z ?r\gh _! tablets we h lately become acqua9t$ ) _! v]sion ( ! /ory ( ! deluge1 we may be l$ 9 ?is way to fur!r in=mation ab\t _! a/ronomical appreciation ( ?is con/ellation4 ,f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,celtic races 7 p>tak]s 9 ?is g5]al culture1 we might almo/ call x1 ( ! ,pleiades1 z %[n by ! "t & "* ( _! fe/ival ( ! dead4 ,?is is especially int]e/+ to ourselves1 z x po9ts to ! orig9 ( ! sup]/itions ( ! ,druids1 & acc\nts = cu/oms rema9+ ev5 to ?is day among/ u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4--,,! ,,leg5ds ,,( ,,! ,,druids4 ,! fir/ ( ,novemb] 0 ) ! ,druids a night full ( my/]y1 9 :i* !y annually celebrat$ ! recon/ruction ( ! _w4 ,a t]rible rite 0 connect$ ) ?is2 = ! ,druidess nuns 7 oblig$ at ?is "t to pull d[n & rebuild ea* ye> ! ro( ( _! temple1 z a symbol ( ! de/ruction & r5ovation ( ! _w4 ,if "o ( !m1 9 br++ ! mat]ials = ! new ro(1 let fall h] sacr$ burd51 %e 0 lo/4 ,h] companions1 seiz$ ) a fanatic transport1 ru%$ ^u h] & tore h] to pieces1 & sc>cely a ye> is said to h pass$ )\t !re be+ "o or m victims4 ,on ?is same night ! ,druids ext+ui%$ ! sacr$ fire1 :i* 0 kept cont9ually burn+ 9 ! sacr$ prec9cts1 & at t signal all ! fires 9 ! isl& 7 "o by "o put out1 & a primitive night reign$ ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,!n pass$ along to ! we/ ! phantoms ( ^? :o _h di$ dur+ ! prec$+ ye>1 & 7 c>ri$ away by boats to ! judgm5t-seat ( ! god ( ! dead4 7,plate ,v47 ,al?\gh ,druidism is n[ ext9ct1 ! relics ( x rema9 to ?is day1 = 9 our cal5d> we /ill f9d ,novemb] #a m>k$ z ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 & 9 ! pre-,re=mation cal5d>s ! la/ day ( ,octob] 0 m>k$ ,all ,hall[ ,eve1 & ! #bnd ( ,novemb] z ,all ,s\ls'2 indicat+ cle>ly a ?ree days' fe/ival ( ! dead1 comm5c+ 9 ! ev5+1 & orig9ally regulat$ by ! ,pleiades--an emphatic te/imony h[ mu* a/ronomy has be5 mix$ up ) ! rites & cu/oms ev5 ( ! ,engli% ( to-day4 ,9 =m] days ! relics 7 m num]\s1 9 ! ,hall[e'en tor*es ( ! ,iri%1 ! bonfires ( ! ,scot*1 ! coel-coe? fires ( ! ,wel%1 & ! t9dle fires ( ,cornwall1 all light$ on ,hall[e'en4 ,9 ,france x /ill l+]s m ?an "h1 = to ?is v day ! ,p>isians at ?is fe/ival repair to ! cemet]ies1 & lun* at ! graves ( _! ance/ors4 ,if ! extreme antiquity ( a rite c be ga!r$ f ! remot5ess ( ! races t /ill p]=m x1 ! fact relat$ to u by ,prescott 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico _c fail to h great int]e/4 ,!re we f9d t ! great fe/ival ( ! ,mexican cycle 0 held 9 ,novemb]1 at ! "t ( ! midnight culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades4 ,x began at sunset1 & at midnight z t con/ellation approa*$ ! z5i?1 a human victim1 0 (f]$ up1 to av]t ! dread calamity :i* !y believ$ imp5d$ ov] ! human race4 ,!y _h a tradition t ! _w _h be5 previ\sly de/roy$ at ?is "t1 & !y 7 fill$ ) gloom & dismay1 & 7 n at re/ until ! ,pleiades 7 se5 to culm9ate1 & a new cycle _h begun2 ?is great cycle1 h[ev]1 0 only accompli%$ 9 fifty-two ye>s4 ,x is possible t ! fe/ival ( lan?orns among ! ,japanese1 :i* is celebrat$ ab\t ,novemb]1 may be also connect$ ) ?is same day1 z x is c]ta9 t t nation does reckon days by ! ,pleiades4 ,^! in/ances ( a simil> fe/ival at approximately ! same p]iod ( ! ye>1 & regulat$ 7until fix$ to a p>ticul> day 9 a sol> cal5d>7 by ! midnight culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades1 %[ conclusively h[ great an influ5ce t con/ellation has _h on ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! _w1 & ?r[ "s light on ! hi/ory ( man4 ,ev5 :]e we f9d no fe/ival connect$ ) ! p>ticul> position ( ! ,pleiades :i* is ! basis ( ! above1 !y /ill are us$ = ! regulation ( ! seasons--z among/ ! ,dyaks ( ,borneo4 ,?is race ( m5 are guid$ 9 _! f>m+ op]ations by ?is con/ellation4 ,:5 x is l[ 9 ! ea/ at e>ly morn+1 be=e sunrise1 ! eld]s "k x is "t to cut d[n ! jungle2 :5 x approa*es mid-heav51 !n x is "t to burn :at !y h cut d[n2 :5 x is decl9+ t[>ds ! we/1 !n !y plant2 & :5 9 ! e>ly ev5+ x is se5 ?us decl9+1 !n !y may reap 9 safety & 9 peace2 ! latt] p]iod is also t ( _! fea/ ( ,nycapian1 or fir/-fruits4 ,we f9d ! same regulations among/ ! anci5t ,greeks 9 ! days ( ,hesiod1 :o tells u t ! corn is to be cut :5 ! ,pleiades rise1 & pl\gh+ is to be done :5 !y set4 ,also t !y are invisible = =ty days1 & reappe> aga9 at h>ve/4 ,:5 ! ,pleiades rise1 ! c>e ( ! v9e mu/ cease2 & :51 flee+ f ,orion1 !y are lo/ 9 ! waves1 sail+ comm5ces to be dang]\s4 ,! "n1 inde$1 by :i* we n[ "k ^! />s is suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! ^w ,greek3 ple91 to sail--because sail+ 0 safe aft] !y _h ris52 ?\gh o!rs d]ive x f ,greek3 peleiai1 a flight ( doves4 ,any ye> t is regulat$ by ! ,pleiades1 or by any o!r gr\p ( />s1 mu/1 z we h se5 be=e1 be :at is call$ a sid]eal1 & n a sol> ye>4 ,n[ a ye> 9 uncivilis$ c\ntries c only mean a succession ( seasons1 z is illu/rat$ by ! use ( ! expression a p]son ( s _m summ]s4 ,x is difficult ( c\rse to say :5 any p>ticul> season beg9s by notic+ its *>act]i/ics z to wea!r2 ev5 ! mo/ regul> ph5om5a are n c]ta9 en\gh = t2 we _c say t :5 ! days & nights become exactly equal any m>k$ *ange takes place 9 ! temp]ature or humidity ( ! atmosph]e1 or 9 any o!r easily-notic$ ph5om5a4 ,! day !re=e on :i* spr+ comm5ces is arbitr>y1 except t1 inasmu* z spr+ dep5ds on ! position ( ! sun1 its comm5cem5t1 ought to be regulat$ by t lum9>y1 & n by "s />-gr\p :i* has no influ5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,nev]!less ! position ( su* a gr\p is mu* m easily obs]v$1 & 9 e>ly ages c\ld almo/ alone be obs]v$2 & s long z ! midnight culm9ation ( ! ,pleiades--judg$ (1 x mu/ be notic$1 by _! appe>ance on ! horizon at sunset--fairly co9cid$ ) t /ate ( wea!r :i* might be reckon$ ! comm5cem5t ( spr+ conditions1 no error w\ld be detect$1 because ! *ange 9 _! position is s sl[4 ,! sol> spr+ is probably a lat] discov]y1 :i* n[1 f its great] reasonabl5ess & con/ancy1 has sup]s$$ ! old "o4 ,b s9ce ! "t ( ! sun's cross+ ! equator is ! natural comm5cem5t ( spr+1 :e!r discov]$ or n1 x is pla9 t no gr\p ( />s c\ld be tak5 z a guide in/ead1 if _! indication did n approximately co9cide ) ?is4 ,if !n we c det]m9e ! exact date at :i* ! ,pleiades indicat$ by _! midnight culm9ation ! sun's passage across ! equator1 we c be sure t ! spr+ c\ld only h be5 regulat$ by ?is dur+1 say1 a ?\s& ye>s at mo/1 on ei!r side ( ?is date4 ,x is v c]ta9 t if ! me?od ( reckon+ spr+ by ! />s _h be5 inv5t$ at a m remote date1 "s o!r set ( />s w\ld h be5 *os5 in/ead4 ,n[ :5 0 ?is date8 ,x is a matt] admitt+ ( c]ta9 calculation1 dep5d+ only on numb]s d]iv$ f obs]vation 9 our own days & records ( ! pa/ few c5turies1 & ! answ] is t ?is date is ab\t #bagj ,b4,c4 ,we h se5 t1 ?\gh x 0 probably br\ght f ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! ,egyptians adopt$ ! ye> ( ! ,pleiades1 & celebrat$ ! new-ye>'s fe/ival ( ! dead2 b !y 7 also advanc$ a/ronom]s1 & w\ld soon f9d out ! *ange t took place 9 ! seasons :5 regulat$ by ! />s4 ,& to su* p]sons ! date at :i* ! two p]iods co9cid$1 or at lea/ 7 exactly half a ye> ap>t1 w\ld be "o ( great importance & int]e/1 & !re seems to be evid5ce t !y did commemorate x 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is all circum/antial1 & ! conclusion !re=e c only claim probability4 ,! evid5ce is z foll[s3--,! mo/ rem>kable build+s ( ,egypt are ! pyramids4 ,^! are ( v>i\s sizes & importance1 b are built v mu* aft] ! same plan4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to be all copies f "o1 ! l>ge/1 namely1 ! ,pyramid ( ,gizeh1 & to be ( subsequ5t date to ?is4 ,_! object has long be5 a puzzle1 & ! be/ conclusion has be5 suppos$ to be t !y 7 = sepul*ral purposes1 z 9 "s ( !m c(f9s h be5 f\nd4 ,! l>ge "o1 h[ev]1 %[s f> m ?an ! re/ ( ! /ructure1 & _c h be5 meant = a fun]al pile alone4 ,its peculi>ities come out on a c>eful exam9ation & measurem5t su* z x has be5 subject$ to at ! devot$ h&s ( ,piazzi ,smy?1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal = ,scotl&4 ,he has %[n t x is n built at r&om1 z a tomb might be1 b x is adju/$ ) exquisite design1 & ) surpris+ accuracy4 ,9 ! fir/ place x lies due nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 & ! c>eful asc]ta9m5t ( ! m]idian ( ! place1 by mod]n a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 c\ld n sugge/ any improvem5t 9 its position 9 ?is respect4 ,! outside ( x is n[1 s to speak1 peal$1 t is to say1 !re 0 orig9ally1 cov]+ ! :ole1 ano!r lay] ( /ones :i* h be5 tak5 away4 ,^! /ones1 :i* 7 ( a diff]5t mat]ial1 7 beautifully poli%$1 z "s ( ! rema9+ ones1 n[ cov]$ & conceal$1 c te/ify4 ,! angle at :i* !y are cut1 & :i* ( c\rse gives ! angle & elevation ( ! :ole pyramid1 is su* t ! height ( x is 9 ! same proportion to its circumf]5ce or p]imet]1 z ! radius ( a circle is to its circumf]5ce approximately4 ,! height1 9 fact1 is prov$ by measurem5t & obs]vation to be #dhf ft41 & ! f\r sides toge!r to be #c1jef ft41 or ab\t #f-b_/g times ! height4 ,x does n seem improbable t1 consid]+ _! advancem5t1 ! ,egyptians might h calculat$ approximately h[ mu* l>g] ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle is ?an its diamet]1 & x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! pyramid expresses x4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy? goes mu* fur!r & believes t !y knew1 or 7 div9ely taught1 ! %ape & size ( ! e>?1 & by a little manipulation ( ! l5g? ( _! unit1 or z he expresses x ! pyramid in*1 he makes ! base ( ! pyramid express ! numb] ( miles 9 ! diamet] ( ! e>?4 ,n[ 9 ! int]ior ( ! app>5tly solid /ructure1 besides ! usual slant+ passage d[n to a k9d ( cell> or vault b5ea? ! middle ( ! base1 :i* may h be5 us$ = a sepul*ral re/+-place1 !re are two slant+ passages1 "o runn+ nor? & ! o!r runn+ s\?1 & slant+ up at diff]5t angles4 ,"p ( t :i* leads s\? is mu* enl>g$1 & is kn[n z ! gr& gall]y4 ,x is ( a v rem>kable %ape1 be+ p]fectly smoo? & poli%$ along its asc5d+ base1 z inde$ x is 9 e "p1 & hav+ a numb] ( /eps or projections1 po9t+ also upw>ds at c]ta9 angles1 v c>efully ma9ta9$4 ,:e!r we und]/& its use or n1 x is v pla9 t x has be5 made ) a v p>ticul> design1 & "o n easily compreh5d$4 ,?is leads into a *amb] kn[n z ! k+'s *amb]1 ^: walls are exquisitely poli%$ & :i* conta9s a c(f] kn[n z ,*eops' ,c(f94 ,?is c(f] has be5 villa9\sly treat$ by travell]s1 :o h *ipp$ & damag$ x1 b orig9ally x 0 v c>efully made & poli%$4 ,x is too l>ge to h be5 br\ght 9 by ! only entrance into ! *amb] aft] x 0 f9i%$1 & !re=e is obvi\sly no c(f9 at all1 z is prov$ also by ! elaborat5ess ( ! means ( approa*4 ,pr(essor ,piazzi ,smy? has made ! happy sugge/ion t x repres5ts _! /&>d ( l5g? & capacity1 & po9ts out ! rem>kable fact t x conta9s exactly z mu* z f\r qu>t]s ( our dry measure4 ,z no "o has ev] sugge/$ :at our qu>t]s are qu>t]s (1 ,pr(essor ,smy? v naturally supplies ! answ]--( ! cont5ts ( ! pyramid c(f]4 ,!re are v>i\s o!r measurem5ts t h be5 made by ! same work]1 & _! mean+ sugge/$ 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,our ,inh]itance 9 ! ,great ,pyramid1 :i* we may foll[ or agree to z we c2 b f all t has be5 said above1 x w appe> probable t ?is pyramid 0 built ) a def9ite design to m>k v>i\s natural ph5om5a or artificial measures1 :i* is all we require = our pres5t purpose4 ,n[ we come to ! "q1 :at is ! mean+ ( ! p>ticul> angles at :i* ! nor?-look+ & s\?-look+ passages rise1 if1 z we n[ believe1 !y mu/ h "s mean+4 ,! exits ( ^! passages 7 clos$1 & !y c\ld n !re=e h be5 = obs]vation1 b !y may h be5 s arrang$ z to be a memorial ( any rem>kable ph5om5a to be se5 9 ^? directions4 ,to asc]ta9 if !re be any su* to :i* !y po9t1 we mu/ ?r[ back ! heav5s to _! position 9 ! days ( ! ,egyptians1 because1 z we h se51 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes alt]s ! m]idian altitude ( e />4 ,z ! passages po9t nor? & s\?1 if !y ref] to any /> at all1 x mu/ be to _! pass+ ! m]idian4 ,n[ let u take ! heav5s z !y 7 #bagj ,b4,c41 ! date at :i* ! ,pleiades really comm5c$ ! spr+1 by _! midnight culm9ation1 & ask h[ high !y w\ld be !n4 ,! answ] ( a/ronomy is rem>kable--,exactly at t height t !y c\ld be se5 9 ! direction ( ! s\?w>d-po9t+ passage ( ! pyramid4 ,& w\ld any /> !n be 9 a position to be se5 9 ! direction ( ! o!r or nor?w>d-look+ passage8 ,yes1 ! l>ge/ /> 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,dragon1 :i* w\ld be s ne> ! pole 7#c deg4 #eb'7 z to be tak5 z ! ,pole ,/> 9 ^? days4 ,^! are su* rem>kable co9cid5ces 9 a /ructure admitt$ly made ) ma!matical accuracy & design1 & truly execut$1 t we _c take !m to be accid5tal1 b mu/ endeav\r to acc\nt = !m4 ,! simple/ explanation seems to be1 t ev]y?+ 9 ! pyramid is int5d$ to repres5t "s /&>d or measure1 & t ^! passages h to d ) _! ye>4 ,!y _h receiv$ ! ye> ( ! ,pleiades f a remot] antiquity ?an _! own1 !y _h discov]$ ! true comm5cem5t ( sol> spr+1 z det]m9$ f ! sol> autumnal equ9ox1 & !y commemorat$ by ! build+ ( ! pyramid ! co9cid5ce ( ! two dates1 mak+ passages 9 x :i* w\ld h no mean+ except at t p>ticul> "t4 ,:e!r ! pyramid 0 built at t "t1 or :e!r _! a/ronomical k 0 suffici5t to enable !m to pr$ict x & build accord+ly1 j z we calculate back to x1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,x is v possible t ! pyramid may h be5 built by "s immigrat+ race m le>n$ 9 a/ronomy1 l ! ,accadians among ! ,babylonians4 ,ei!r ! :ole ( ! conclusions respect+ ! pyramid is f\nd$ on pure imag9ation & ! :ole "w ^u x ?r[n away1 or we h "h ano!r v rem>kable pro( ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,pleiades on ! reckon+ ( ! ye>1 & a v int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! heav5s4 ,foll[+ ! guidance ( ,mr4 ,haliburton1 we %all f9d /ill m cu/oms1 & names dep5d+ 9 all probability on ! influ5ce ! ,pleiades once ex]t$1 & ! obs]vances connect$ ) ! fea/s 9 _! hon\r4 ,! "n by :i* ! ,pleiades are kn[n among ! ,polynesians is ! ,tau1 :i* means a season1 & !y speak ( ! ye>s ( ! ,tau1 t is ( ! ,pleiades4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! ,egyptians _h simil> fea/s at simil> times1 9 relation to ?is con/ellation1 & argu$ t !y did n arise indep5d5tly4 ,?is seems /ill fur!r prov$ by _! "n = ^! />s--! ,atauria4 ,n[ ! ,egyptians d n appe> to h d]iv$ _! signs ( ! ,zodiac f ! same s\rce2 ^! _h a ,babylonian orig91 & ! con/ellation 9 :i* ! ,pleiades 7 plac$ by ! latt] p 0 ! ,bull1 by :atev] "n he w5t4 ,! ,egyptians1 we may make ! fair surmise1 adopt$ f bo? s\rces2 !y took ! ,pleiades to indicate ! ,bull1 & !y call$ ?is animal aft] ! ,atauria4 ,f !nce we got ! ,lat9 ,taurus1 & ! ,g]man ,?i]4 ,x is possible t ?is someh[ got connect$ ) ! lett] tau 9 ,greek1 :i* seems itself connect$ ) ! sacr$ sc>abaeus or ,tau-beetle ( ,egypt2 b ! nature ( ! connection is by no means obvi\s4 ,mr4 ,haliburton ev5 sugge/s t ! tors & ,ar?ur's seat1 :i* are names giv5 to ,briti% hill-tops1 may be connect$ ) ! high places1 ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,pleiades1 b ( ?is we h no pro(4 ,among ! cu/oms possibly d]iv$ f ! anci5ts1 ?r\gh ! ,pho5icians1 ?\gh n[ adopt$ z convey+ a diff]5t mean+ 9 a ,*ri/ian s5se1 is t ( ! hot cross bun1 or bull cake4 ,x is f\nd on ,egyptian monum5ts1 signify+ ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ye>1 & sometimes /amp$ ) ! head & horns ( ! bull4 ,x is f\nd among ourselves too1 ess5tially connect$ ) ! dead1 & some?+ simil> to x appe>s 9 ! s\l cake connect$ orig9ally ) ,all ,s\ls' ,day4 ,among ! ,scot* x 0 traditionally ?\ght t on ,new ,ye>'s ,eve ! ,c&lemas ,bull c be se51 ris+ at twilight & sail+ ov] ! heav5s--a v ne> approa* to a matt]-(-fact /atem5t4 ,we h se5 t among ! anci5t ,indians !re 0 "s notice tak5 ( ! ,pleiades1 & t !y 9 all probability guid$ _! ye> by !m or by "s o!r />s3 x w\ld !re=e behove !m to "k some?+ ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,x seems v well prov$ t _! days ( ,brahma & o!r p]iods 7 meant to repres5t "s a/ronomical cycles1 & among ^! we f9d "o t is applicable to ! above4 ,!y said t 9 e ?\s& div9e ages1 or 9 e day ( ,brahma1 f\rte5 ,m5us are successively inve/$ ) ! sov]eignty ( ! e>?4 ,ea* ,m5u transmits 8 empire to 8 sons dur+ sev5ty-"o div9e ages4 ,we may f9d a mean+ = ?is by putt+ x t ! equ9ox goes =w>d f\rte5 days 9 ea* ?\s& ye>s1 & ea* day takes up sev5ty-"o ye>s4 ,^! may n be ! only ones among ! v>i\s cu/oms1 say+s1 & names t are due 9 "o way or o!r to ?is primitive me?od ( arrang+ ! seasons by ! positions ( ! />s1 especially ( ^? mo/ rem>kable & conspicu\s ones ! ,pleiades1 b !y are ^? t are be/ au!nticat$4 ,if ! connection betwe5 ! ,pleiades & ! fe/ival ( ! dead1 ! new ye> & a deluge1 c be cle>ly made out2 if ! tradition ( ! latt] be f\nd z univ]sal z t ( ! =m]1 & be connect$ ) x 9 ! ,mosaic n>rative2 if we c trace all ^! traditions to ! s\? ( ! equator1 & f9d num]\s fur!r traditions connect$ ) isl&s1 we may f9d "s reason = believ+ 9 _! !ory :o sugge/ t ! e>ly prog5itors ( ! human race 78 all ( !m7 7 inhabitants ( "s =tunate isl&s ( ev5 temp]ature 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e !y made "s progress 9 civilisation1 b t _! isl& 0 swall[$ up by ! sea1 & t !y only escap$ by mak+ huge vessels1 &1 be+ c>ri$ by ! waves1 !y l&$ on cont95tal %ores1 :]e !y commemorat$ ye>ly ! great cata/rophe t _h happ5$ to !m1 notify+ its "t by ! position ( ! ,pleiades1 mak+ x a fea/ ( ! dead :om !y _h left beh9d1 & op5+ ! ye> ) ! day1 :e!r x 7 spr+ or n1 & h&+ d[n to _! desc5dants & to ^? among :om !y came1 ! traditions & cu/oms :i* su* ev5ts _h impress$ ^u !m4 ,:e!r su* an acc\nt be probable1 my?ical1 or unnatural1 !re are c]ta9ly "s /range ?+s to acc\nt = 9 connection ) ! ,pleiades4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,anci5ts4 ,_m & v>i\s h be5 ! ideas ent]ta9$ by reflect+ m5 9 =m] times on ! nature & con/ruction ( ! heav5ly vault1 :]e9 appe>$ ^? />s & con/ellations ^: hi/ory we h already trac$4 ,is x solid8 or liquid8 or gase\s8 ,ea* ( ^! & _m o!r suppositions h be5 duly =mulat$ by ! anci5t philosoph]s & sages1 al?\gh1 z we are told by mod]n a/ronomy1 x does n exi/ at all4 ,9 our /udy ( ! anci5t ideas ab\t ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 we w comm5ce ) t e>ly & curi\s sy/em :i* consid]$ ! heav5ly vault to be mat]ial & solid4 ,! !ory ( a solid sky receiv$ ! ass5t ( all ! mo/ anci5t philosoph]s4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,ari/otle's "w on ! heav5s1 ,simplicius reveals ! repugnance ! anci5t philosoph]s felt 9 admitt+ t a /> c\ld /& alone 9 space1 or h a free motion ( its own4 ,x mu/ h a support1 & !y !re=e conceiv$ t ! sky mu/ be solid4 ,h[ev] /range ?is idea may n[ appe>1 x =m$ = _m c5turies ! basis ( all a/ronomical !ories4 ,?us ,anaxim5as 79 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c47 is relat$ by ,plut>* to h said t ! out] sky is solid & cry/all9e1 & t ! />s are fix$ to its surface l /uds1 b he does n say on :at ?is op9ion 0 f\nd$1 ?\gh x is probable t1 l 8 ma/] ,anaxim&]1 he c\ld n und]/& h[ ! />s c\ld move )\t be+ support$4 ,py?agoras1 :o liv$ ab\t ! same epo*1 is also suppos$ by "s to h held ! same views1 & x is possible t !y all borr[$ ^! ideas f ! ,p]sians1 ^: e>lie/ a/ronom]s are said 9 ! ,z5d ave/a to h believ$ 9 conc5tric solid skies4 ,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 is said by 8 comm5tator ,aratus to h also believ$ 9 ! solidity ( ! heav5s1 b 8 reasons are n assign$4 ,not)/&+ ^! previ\sly express$ op9ions1 ,ari/otle 7f\r? c5tury1 ,b4,c47 has = a long "t be5 g5]ally suppos$ to be ! inv5tor ( solid skies1 b 9 fact he only gave ! idea 8 valuable & entire support4 ,! sph]e ( ! />s 0 8 eigh? heav54 ,! less elevat$ heav5s1 9 :i* he also believ$1 7 inv5t$ to expla9 z well z !y might1 ! prop] motions ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets4 ,! philosoph] ( ,/agira said t ! motion ( 8 eigh? or out]mo/ solid sky 0 uni=m1 nor ev] tr\bl$ by any p]turbation4 ,)9 ! univ]se !re is1 he says1 a fix$ & immovable c5tre1 ! e>?2 & )\t !re is a b\nd+ surface enclos+ x on all sides4 ,! out]mo/ "p ( ! univ]se is ! sky4 ,x is fill$ ) heav5ly bodies :i* we "k z />s1 & x has a p]petual motion1 c>ry+ r\nd ) x ^! immortal bodies 9 its unalt]+ & un5d+ revolution4 ,euclid1 to :om we may assign a date ( ab\t #bge be=e our pres5t era1 also consid]$ ! />s to be set 9 a solid sph]e1 hav+ ! eye ( ! obs]v] z c5tre2 ?\gh = him ?is conception 0 simply a d$uction f exact & fundam5tal obs]vations1 namely1 t _! revolution took place z a :ole1 ! %ape & size ( ! con/ellation be+ nev] alt]$4 ,cic]o1 9 ! la/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 decl>$ himself a believ] 9 ! solidity ( ! sky4 ,accord+ to him ! e!r 0 too r>efi$ to enable x to move ! />s1 :i* mu/ !re=e require to be fix$ to a sph]e ( _! own1 indep5d5t ( ! e!r4 ,9 ! "t ( ,s5eca !re seem to h be5 difficulties already rais$ ab\t ! solidity ( ! heav5s1 = he only m5tions x 9 ! =m ( a "q--,is ! sky solid & ( a firm & compact sub/ance8 7,que/ions1 ,book ii47 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ! idea ( ! /> sph]e /ill l+]$1 & 9 ! eyes ( ,simplicius1 ! comm5tator ( ,ari/otle1 x 0 n m]ely an artifice suitable = ! repres5tation ( ! app>5t motions1 b a firm & solid reality2 :ile ,mahomet & mo/ ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* _h ! same conception ( ^! conc5tric sph]es4 ,x appe>s !n f ?is review t ! phrases />ry vault1 & especially fix$ />s1 h be5 us$ 9 two v di/9ct s5ses4 ,:5 we meet ) !m 9 ,ari/otle or ,ptolemy1 x is obvi\s t !y h ref]5ce to ! cry/al sph]e ( ,anaxim5as1 to :i* !y 7 suppos$ to be affix$1 & to move ) x2 b t lat] ! ^w fix$ c>ri$ ) x ! s5se ( immovable1 & ! />s 7 conceiv$ z fix$ 9 ?is s5se1 indep5d5tly ( ! sph]e to :i* !y 7 orig9ally ?\ght to be atta*$4 ,?us ,s5eca speaks ( !m z ! fixum et immobilem populum4 ,if we w\ld inquire a little fur!r into ! suppos$ nature ( ?is solid sph]e1 we f9d t ,emp$ocles consid]$ x to be a solid mass1 =m$ ( a portion ( ! e!r :i* ! elem5t>y fire has conv]t$ into cry/al1 & 8 ideas ( ! connection betwe5 cold & solidification be+ n v precise1 he describ$ x by names t give ! be/ idea ( transp>5ce1 &1 l ,lactantius1 call$ x vitreum caelum1 or said caelum a]em glaciatum esse1 ?\gh we _c suppose t he made any allusion to :at we n[ call glass1 b simply meant "s body em95tly transp>5t into :i* ! fire _h trans=m$ ! air2 :ile s f> f hav+ any idea ( cold1 z we might imag9e possible f obs]vations ( ! sn[y tops ( m\nta9s1 !y actually believ$ 9 a w>m region above ! l[] atmosph]e4 ,?us ,ari/otle consid]s t ! sph]es heat by _! motion ! air bel[ !m1 )\t be+ heat$ !mselves1 & t !re is ?us a production ( heat4 ,! motion ( ! sph]e ( fix$ />s1 he says1 is ! mo/ rapid1 z x moves 9 a circle ) all ! bodies atta*$ to x1 & ! spaces imm$iately bel[ are /rongly heat$ by ! motion1 & ! heat1 ?us eng5d]$1 is propagat$ d[nw>ds to ! e>?4 ,?is h[ev]1 /rangely en\gh1 does n appe> to h prev5t$ _! suppos+ an et]nal cold to reign 9 ! regions next bel[1 = ,macrobius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,cic]o1 speaks ( ! decrease ( temp]ature ) ! height1 & concludes t ! extreme zones ( ! heav5s :]e ,saturn moves mu/ be et]nally cold2 b ?is !y reckon$ z "p ( ! atmosph]e1 beyond ^: limits alone 0 to be f\nd ! fi]y e!r4 ,x is to ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* t we owe ! transmission dur+ ! middle ages ( ! idea ( a cry/al vault4 ,!y conceiv$ a heav5 ( glass compos$ ( eight or t5 sup]pos$ lay]s1 some?+ l s _m sk9s 9 an onion4 ,?is idea seems to h l+]$ on 9 c]ta9 cloi/]s ( s\!rn ,europe ev5 into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 = a v5]able ,pr9ce ( ! ,*ur* told ,humboldt 9 #ahae1 t a l>ge a]olite lately fall51 :i* 0 cov]$ ) a vitrifi$ cru/1 mu/ be a fragm5t ( ! cry/all9e sky4 ,on ^! v>i\s sph]es1 "o envelop+ )\t t\*+ ano!r1 !y suppos$ ! sev]al planets to be fix$1 z we %all see 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,:e!r ! great] m9ds ( antiquity1 su* z ,plato1 ,plut>*1 ,eudoxus1 ,ari/otle1 ,apollonius1 believ$ 9 ! reality ( ^! conc5tric sph]es to c>ry ! planets1 or :e!r ?is conception 0 n r ) !m an imag9>y "o1 s]v+ only to simplify calculation & assi/ ! m9d 9 ! solution ( ! difficult problem ( _! motion1 is a po9t on :i* ev5 ,humboldt _c decide4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! !ory involv$ no less ?an sev5ty-sev5 conc5tric sph]es1 & lat]1 :5 ! adv]s>ies ( ,cop]nicus br\ght !m all into prom95ce to def5d ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy1 ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ^! solid sph]es1 circles & epicycles1 :i* 0 "u ! especial patronage ( ! ,*ur*1 0 v widespread4 ,ty*o ,brahe expressly boa/s ( hav+ be5 ! fir/1 by consid]ations conc]n+ ! orbits ( ! comets1 to h demon/rat$ ! impossibility ( solid sph]es1 & to h upset ?is +5i\s scaffold+4 ,he suppos$ ! spaces ( our sy/em to be fill$ ) air1 & t ?is m$ium1 di/urb$ by ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 oppos$ a resi/ance :i* gave rise to ! h>monic s\nds4 ,x %\ld be add$ also t ! ,grecian philosoph]s1 ?\gh little fond ( obs]vation1 b rejoic+ r 9 fram+ sy/ems = ! explanation ( ph5om5a ( :i* !y possess$ b ! fa9te/ glimpse1 h left u "s ideas ab\t ! nature ( %oot+ />s & a]olites t come v close to ^? t are n[ accept$4 ,"s philosoph]s ?9k1 says ,plut>* 9 8 life ( ,lys&]1 t %oot+ />s are n deta*$ p>ticles ( e!r :i* are ext+ui%$ by ! atmosph]e soon aft] be+ ignit$1 nor d !y arise f ! combu/ion ( ! r>efi$ air 9 ! upp] regions1 b t !y are r heav5ly bodies :i* fall1 t is to say1 :i* escap+ 9 "s way f ! g5]al =ce ( rotation are precipitat$ 9 an irregul> mann]1 sometimes on inhabit$ portions ( ! e>?1 b sometimes also 9 ! ocean1 :]e ( c\rse !y _c be f\nd4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonius expresses himself /ill m cle>ly3 ,among/ ! />s t are visible move o!rs t are invisible1 to :i* 9 consequ5ce we are unable to give any "n4 ,^! latt] (t5 fall to ! e>? & take fire l t />-/one :i* fell all on fire ne> ,a,egos ,potamos4 ,^! ideas 7 no d\bt borr[$ f "s m anci5t s\rce1 z he believ$ t all ! />s 7 made ( some?+ l pumice-/one4 ,anaxagoras1 9 fact1 ?\ght t all ! heav5ly bodies 7 fragm5ts ( rocks :i* ! e!r1 by ! =ce ( its circul> motion1 _h deta*$ f ! e>?1 set fire to1 & turn$ into />s4 ,?us ! ,ionic s*ool1 ) ,diog5es ( ,apollonius1 plac$ ! a]olites & ! />s 9 "o class1 & assign$ to all ( !m a t]re/rial orig91 ?\gh 9 ?is s5se only1 t ! e>?1 be+ ! c5tral body1 _h furni%$ ! matt] = all ^? t surr\nd x4 ,plut>* speaks ?us ( ?is curi\s comb9ation3--,anaxagoras tea*es t ! ambi5t e!r is ( an igne\s nature1 & by ! =ce ( its gyratory motion x te>s (f blocks ( /one1 r5d]s !m inc&esc5t1 & trans=ms !m into />s4 ,x appe>s t he expla9$ also by an analog\s effect ( ! circul> motion ! desc5t ( ! ,nemaean ,lion1 :i*1 accord+ to an old tradition1 fell out ( ! moon ^u ! ,peloponnesus4 ,accord+ to ,boeckh1 ?is anci5t my? ( ! ,nemaean ,lion _h an a/ronomical orig91 & 0 symbolically connect$ 9 *ronology ) ! cycle ( int]calation ( ! lun> ye>1 ) ! wor%ip ( ! moon 9 ,nemaea1 & ! games by :i* x 0 accompani$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4--,,! ,,nemaean ,,lion4 ,anaxagoras expla9s ! app>5t motion ( ! cele/ial sph]e f ea/ to we/ by ! hypo!sis ( a g5]al revolution1 ! int]ruption ( :i*1 z we h j se51 caus$ ! fall ( meteoric /ones4 ,?is hypo!sis is ! po9t ( dep>ture ( ! !ory ( vortices1 :i* m ?an two ?\s& ye>s lat]1 by ! lab\rs ( ,desc>tes1 ,huygh5s1 & ,hooke1 took s prom95t a place among ! !ories ( ! _w4 ,x may be wor? add+ ) reg>d to ! fam\s a]olite ( ,a,egos ,potamus1 allud$ to above1 t :5 ! heav5s 7 no long] believ$ to be solid1 ! fai? 9 ! cele/ial orig9 ( ?is1 z ( o!r a]olites1 0 = a long "t de/roy$4 ,?us ,bailly ! a/ronom]1 allud+ to x1 says1 if ! fact be true1 ?is /one mu/ h be5 ?r[n out by a volcano4 ,inde$ x is only )9 ! la/ c5tury t x has be5 f9ally accept$ = fact t /ones d fall f ! sky4 ,laplace ?\ght x probable t !y came f ! moon2 b x has n[ be5 demon/rat$ t a]olites1 meteors1 & %oot+ />s belong all to "o class ( heav5ly bodies1 t !y are fragm5ts scatt]$ ?r\gh space1 & circulate l ! planets r\nd ! sun4 ,:5 ! e>? 9 its motion crosses ?is heav5ly ho/1 ^? :i* come ne> en\gh to t\* its atmosph]e leave a lum9\s tra9 beh9d !m by _! heat+ by friction ) ! air3 ^! are ! %oot+ />s4 ,sometimes !y come s close z to appe> l>g] ?an ! moon1 !n !y are meteors2 & sometimes too ! attraction ( ! e>? makes !m fall to x1 & ^! become a]olites4 ,b to return to our anci5t a/ronom]s3-- ,!y believ$ ! heav5s to be 9 motion1 n only because !y saw ! motion ) _! eyes1 b because !y believ$ !m to be animat$1 & reg>d$ motion z ! ess5ce ( life4 ,!y judg$ ( ! rapidity ( ! />s' motion by a v +5i\s means4 ,!y p]ceiv$ t x 0 great] ?an t ( a horse1 a bird1 an arr[1 or ev5 ( ! voice1 & ,cleom5as endeav\r$ to e/imate x 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,he rem>ks t :5 ! k+ ( ,p]sia made w> ^u ,greece he plac$ m5 at c]ta9 int]vals1 s z to lie 9 he>+ ( ea* o!r1 & ?us pass$ on ! news f ,a!ns to ,susa4 ,n[ ?is news took two days & nights to pass ov] ?is di/ance4 ,! voice !re=e only accompli%$ a fraction ( ! di/ance t ! />s _h accompli%$ twice 9 ! same "t4 ,! heav5s1 z we h se51 7 n suppos$ to consi/ ( a s+le sph]e1 b ( sev]al conc5tric ones1 ! arrangem5t & names ( :i* we mu/ n[ inquire into4 ,! e>ly ,*aldeans e/abli%$ ?ree4 ,! fir/ 0 ! empyreal heav51 :i* 0 ! mo/ remote4 ,?is1 :i* !y call$ also ! solid firmam5t1 0 made ( fire1 b ( fire ( s r>e & p5etrat+ a nature1 t x easily pass$ ?r\gh ! o!r heav5s1 & became univ]sally diffus$1 & 9 ?is way rea*$ ! e>?4 ,! second 0 ! e!real heav51 conta9+ ! />s1 :i* 7 simply =m$ ( ! m compact & d5s] p>ts ( ?is sub/ance2 & ! ?ird heav5 0 t ( ! planets4 ,! ,p]sians1 h[ev]1 gave a sep>ate heav5 to ! sun1 & ano!r to ! moon4 ,! sy/em :i* has enjoy$ ! longe/ & mo/ widely-spread reign is t :i* places above1 or r r\nd1 ! solid firmam5t a heav5 ( wat]--7! nature ( :i* is n accurately def9$71 & r\nd ?is a primum mobile1 prime mov]1 or orig9ator ( all ! motions1 & r\nd all ?is ! empyreal heav51 or abode ( ! bless$4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5tly pr9t$ sci5tific encyclopa$ia kn[n1 ! ,mag>ita philosophica1 edit$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 t is1 two c5turies be=e ! adoption ( ! true sy/em ( ! _w1 we h ! curi\s figure repres5t$ on ! next page1 9 :i* we f9d no less ?an elev5 diff]5t heav5s4 ,we "h see on ! ext]ior ! solid empyreal heav51 :i* is /at$ 9 ! body ( ! "w to be ! abode ( ! bless$ & to be immovable1 :ile ! next heav5 gives motion to all )91 & is foll[$ by ! aque\s heav51 !n ! cry/al firmam5t1 & la/ly by ! sev]al heav5s ( ! planets1 sun1 & moon4 ,! revolution ( ^! sph]es 0 n suppos$ to take place1 l ! motion ( ! e>? 9 mod]n a/ronomy1 r\nd an imag9>y axis1 b r\nd "o :i* _h a mat]ial exi/5ce1 :i* 0 provid$ ) pivots mov+ 9 fix$ sockets4 ,?us ,vitruvius1 ar*itect to ,augu/us1 tea*es x expressly 9 ^! words3-- ,! heav5 turns cont9ually r\nd ! e>? & sea ^u an axis1 :]e two extremities are l two pivots t su/a9 x3 = !re are two places 9 :i* ! ,gov]nor ( ,nature has fa%ion$ & set ^! pivots z two c5tres2 "o is above ! e>? among ! nor!rn />s2 ! o!r is at ! opposite end b5ea? ! e>? to ! s\?2 & ar\nd ^! pivots1 z r\nd two c5tres1 he has plac$ little naves1 l ^? ( a :eel ^u :i* ! heav5 turns cont9ually4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,simil>ly curi\s ideas we %all f9d to h prevail$ ) respect to ! mean+ ( ev]y?+ t !y obs]v$ 9 ! heav5s3 ?us :at a numb] ( op9ions h be5 haz>d$ on ! nature ( ! ,milky ,way alone6 "s ( :i* we may le>n f ,plut>*4 ,! ,milky ,way1 he says1 is a nebul\s circle1 :i* con/antly appe>s 9 ! sky1 & :i* owes its "n to its :ite appe>ance4 ,c]ta9 ,py?agoreans ass]t t :5 ,phaeton lit up ! univ]se1 "o />1 :i* escap$ f its prop] place1 set light to ! :ole space x pass$ ov] 9 its circul> c\rse1 & s =m$ ! ,milky ,way4 ,o!rs ?\ght t ?is circle 0 :]e ! sun _h be5 mov+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,accord+ to o!rs x is b an optical ph5om5on produc$ by ! reflection ( ! sun's rays f ! vault ( ! sky z f a mirror1 & comp>able ) ! effects se5 9 ! ra9b[ & illum9at$ cl\ds4 ,metrodorus says x is ! m>k ( ! sun's passage :i* moves along ?is circle4 ,p>m5idas pret5ds t ! milky col\r arises f a mixture ( d5se & r>e air4 ,anaxagoras ?9ks x an effect ( ! e>?'s %ad[ project$ on ?is "p ( ! heav5s1 :5 ! sun is bel[4 ,democritus says t x is ! lu/re ( sev]al little />s :i* are v ne> toge!r1 & :i* reciprocally illum9ate ea* o!r4 ,ari/otle believes x to be a va/ mass ( arid vap\rs1 :i* takes fire f a gl[+ tress1 above ! region ( ! e!r1 & f> bel[ t ( ! planets4 ,posidonius says t ! circle is a comp\nd ( fire less d5se ?an t ( ! />s1 b m lum9\s4 ,all su* op9ions1 except t ( ,democritus1 are ( little value1 because f\nd$ on no?+2 p]haps ! wor/ is t ( ,!ophra/us1 :o said x 0 ! junction betwe5 ! two hemisph]es1 :i* toge!r =m$ ! vault ( heav53 & t x 0 s badly made t x let ?r\gh "s ( ! light t he suppos$ to exi/ ev]y:]e beh9d ! solid sky4 ,we n[ "k t ! ,milky ,way1 l _m ( ! nebulae1 is an imm5se agglom]ation ( suns4 ,! ,milky ,way is itself a nebula1 a mass ( sid]eal sy/ems1 ) our own among !m1 s9ce our sun is a s+le /> 9 ?is va/ ar*ipelago ( eighte5 million orbs4 ,! ,greeks call$ x ! ,galaxy4 ,! ,*9ese & ,arabians call x ! ,riv] ( ,heav54 ,x is ! ,pa? ( ,s\ls among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 & ! ,road ( ,s4 ,jacques de ,compo/elle among ,fr5* peasants4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ideas conc]n+ ! /ructure ( ! heav5s among ! ,greek philosoph]s1 we meet ) o!r modifications :i* x w be int]e/+ to rec\nt4 ,?us ,eudoxus1 :o paid great] att5tion ?an o!rs to ! v>iations ( ! motions ( ! planets1 gave m ?an "o sph]e to ea* ( !m to repres5t ^! obs]v$ *anges4 ,ea* planet1 accord+ to him1 has a sep>ate "p ( ! heav5 to itself1 :i* is compos$ ( sev]al conc5tric sph]es1 ^: movem5ts1 modify+ ea* o!r1 produce t ( ! planet4 ,he gave ?ree sph]es to ! sun3 "o :i* turn$ f ea/ to we/ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 to repres5t ! diurnal rotation2 a second1 :i* turn$ ab\t ! pole ( ! ecliptic 9 #cfe-a_/d days1 & produc$ its annual movem5t2 & a ?ird 0 add$ to acc\nt = a c]ta9 suppos$ motion1 by :i* ! sun 0 drawn out ( ! ecliptic1 & turn$ ab\t an axis1 mak+ su* an angle ) t ( ! ecliptic1 z repres5t$ ! suppos$ ab]ration4 ,! moon also _h ?ree sph]es to produce its motions 9 longitude & latitude1 & its diurnal motion4 ,ea* ( ! o!r planets _h f\r1 ! extra "o be+ add$ to acc\nt = _! /ations & retrogressions4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ^! conc5tric sph]es 7 suppos$ to fit ea* o!r1 s t ! diff]5t planets 7 only sep>at$ by ! ?icknesses ( ^! cry/al zones4 ,polem>*1 ! disciple ( ,eudoxus1 :o w5t to ,a!ns ) 8 pupil ,calippus = ! express purpose ( consult+ ,ari/otle on ^! subjects1 0 n satisfi$ ) ! exactness ) :i* ^! sph]es repres5t$ ! planet>y motions1 & made *anges 9 ! direction ( /ill great] complication4 ,in/ead ( ! tw5ty-six sph]es :i* repres5t$ ,eudoxus' sy/em1 ,calippus e/abli%$ ?irty-?ree1 & by add+ also int]m$i>y sph]es to prev5t ! motion ( "o planet int]f]+ ) t ( ! adjac5t ones1 ! numb] 0 increas$ to fifty-six4 ,!re is extant a small "w1 ascrib$ to ,ari/otle1 entitl$ ,lett] ( ,ari/otle to ,alex&] on ! sy/em ( ! _w1 :i* gives s cle> an acc\nt ( ! ideas ent]ta9$ 9 8 epo* t we %all v5ture to give a some:at long extract f x4 ,! "w1 x %\ld be said1 is n by all consid]$ g5u9e1 b is ascrib$ by "s to ,nicolas ( ,damas1 by o!rs to ,anaxim5as ( ,lampsacus1 a contempor>y ( ,alex&]'s1 & by o!rs to ! ,/oic ,posidonius4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ,ari/otle paid "s att5tion to a/ronomy1 = he records ! r>e ph5om5a ( an eclipse ( ,m>s by ! moon1 & ! occultation ( "o ( ! ,gem9i by ! planet ,jupit]1 & ! "w may well be g5u9e4 ,x conta9s ! foll[+3-- ,!re is a fix$ & immovable c5tre to ! univ]se4 ,?is is occupi$ by ! e>?1 ! fruitful "m1 ! common focus ( e k9d ( liv+ ?+4 ,imm$iately surr\nd+ x on all sides is ! air4 ,above ?is 9 ! highe/ region is ! dwell+-place ( ! gods1 :i* is call$ ! heav5s4 ,! heav5s & ! univ]se be+ sph]ical & 9 cont9ual motion1 !re mu/ be two po9ts on opposite sides1 z 9 a globe :i* turns ab\t an axis1 & ^! po9ts mu/ be immovable1 & h ! sph]e betwe5 !m1 s9ce ! univ]se turns ab\t !m4 ,!y are call$ ! poles4 ,if a l9e be drawn f "o ( ^! po9ts to ! o!r x w be ! diamet] ( ! univ]se1 hav+ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre & ! two poles at ! extremities2 ( ^! two poles ! nor!rn "o is always visible above our horizon1 & is call$ ! ,arctic pole2 ! o!r1 to ! s\?1 is always invisible to u--x is call$ ! ,ant>ctic pole4 ,! sub/ance ( ! heav5s & ( ! />s is call$ e!r2 n t x is compos$ ( flame1 z pret5d$ by "s :o h n consid]$ its nature1 :i* is v diff]5t f t ( fire1 b x is s call$ because x has an et]nal circul> motion1 be+ a div9e & incorruptible elem5t1 altoge!r diff]5t f ! o!r f\r4 ,( ! />s conta9$ 9 ! heav5s "s are fix$1 & turn ) ! heav5s1 con/antly ma9ta9+ _! relative positions4 ,9 _! middle portion is ! circle call$ ! zoophore1 :i* /ret*es obliquely f "o tropic to ! o!r1 & is divid$ into twelve p>ts1 :i* are ! twelve signs 7( ! zodiac74 ,! o!rs are w&]+ />s1 & move nei!r ) ! same velocity z ! fix$ />s1 nor ) a uni=m velocity among !mselves1 b all 9 diff]5t circles1 & ) velocities dep5d+ on ! di/ances ( ^! circles f ! e>?4 ,al?\gh all ! fix$ />s move on ! same surface ( ! heav5s1 _! numb] _c be det]m9$4 ,( ! movable />s !re are sev51 :i* circulate 9 z _m conc5tric circles1 s arrang$ t ! l[] circle is small] ?an ! high]1 & t ! sev5 s plac$ "o )9 ! o!r are all )9 ! sph]es ( ! fix$ />s4 ,on ! ne>]1 t is inn]1 side ( ?is e!real1 immovable1 unalt]able1 impassible nature is plac$ our movable1 corruptible1 & mortal nature4 ,( ?is !re are sev]al k9ds1 ! fir/ ( :i* is fire1 a subtle inflammable ess5ce1 :i* is k9dl$ by ! great pressure & rapid motion ( ! e!r4 ,x is 9 ?is region ( air1 :5 any di/urbance takes place 9 x1 t we see k9dl$ %oot+-/>s1 /reaks ( light1 & %9+ motes1 & x is !re t comets are light$ & ext+ui%$4 ,bel[ ! fire comes ! air1 by nature cold & d>k1 b :i* is w>m$ & enflam$1 & becomes lum9\s by its motion4 ,x is 9 ! region ( ! air1 :i* is passive & *angeable 9 any mann]1 t ! cl\ds cond5se1 & ra91 sn[1 fro/1 & hail are =m$ & fall to ! e>?4 ,x is ! abode ( /ormy w9ds1 ( :irlw9ds1 ?und]1 lightn+1 & _m o!r ph5om5a4 ,! cause ( ! heav5's motion is ,god4 ,he is n 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! e>? is a region ( agitation & tr\ble1 b he is above ! out]mo/ circumf]5ce1 :i* is ! pure/ ( all regions1 a place :i* we call rightly ouranos1 because x is ! highe/ "p ( ! univ]se1 & olympos1 t is1 p]fectly bright1 because x is altoge!r sep>at$ f ev]y?+ l ! %ad[ & disord]$ movem5ts :i* occur 9 ! l[] regions4 ,we notice 9 ?is extract a curi\s etymology ( ! ^w e!r1 namely1 z signify+ p]petual motion 7,greek3 aei tee971 ?\gh x is m probable t its true1 z its m g5]ally accept$ d]ivation is f ,greek3 ai!91 to burn or %9e1 a mean+ d\btless allud$ to 9 a rem>kable passage ( ,hippocrates1 ,greek3 ,p]i ,s>kon4 ,x appe>s to me1 he says1 t :at we call ! pr9ciple ( heat is immortal1 t x kn[s all1 sees all1 he>s all1 p]ceives all1 bo? 9 ! pa/ & 9 ! future4 ,at ! "t :5 all 0 9 confusion1 ! great] "p ( ?is pr9ciple rose to ! circumf]5ce ( ! univ]se2 x is ?is t ! anci5ts h call$ e!r4 ,! fir/ ,greek t c be call$ an a/ronom] 0 ,?ales1 born at ,miletus #fda ,b4,c41 :o introduc$ into ,greece ! elem5ts ( a/ronomy4 ,8 op9ions 7 ^!3 t ! />s 7 ( ! same sub/ance z ! e>?1 b t !y 7 on fire2 t ! moon borr[$ its light f ! sun1 & caus$ ! eclipses ( ! latt]1 :ile x 0 itself eclips$ :5 x ent]$ ! e>?'s %ad[2 t ! e>? 0 r\nd1 & divisible into five zones1 by means ( five circles1 i4e4 ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic1 ! two tropics1 & ! equator2 t ! latt] circle is cut obliquely by ! ecliptic1 & p]p5dicul>ly by ! m]idian4 ,up to 8 "t no division ( ! sph]e _h be5 made beyond ! description ( ! con/ellations4 ,^! op9ions d n appe> to h be5 rapidly spread1 s9ce ,h]odotus1 "o ( ! f9e/ intellects ( ,greece1 :o liv$ two c5turies lat]1 0 /ill s ill-in/ruct$ z to say1 9 speak+ ( an eclipse1 ,! sun ab&on$ its place1 & night took ! place ( day4 ,anaxagoras1 ( :om we h spok5 be=e1 ass]t$ t ! sun 0 a mass ( fire l>g] ?an ! ,peloponnesus4 ,plut>* says he reg>d$ x z a burn+ /one1 & ,diog5es ,la]tius look$ ^u x z hot iron4 ,= ?is bold idea he 0 p]secut$4 ,!y consid]$ x a crime t he taught ! causes ( ! eclipses ( ! moon1 & pret5d$ t ! sun is l>g] ?an x looks4 ,he fir/ taught ! exi/5ce ( "o ,god1 & he 0 tax$ ) impiety & treason aga9/ 8 c\ntry4 ,:5 he 0 condemn$ to dea?1 ,nature1 he said1 has long ago condemn$ me to ! same2 & z to my *ildr51 :5 ,i gave !m bir? ,i _h no d\bt b !y w\ld h to die "s day4 ,8 disciple ,p]icles1 h[ev]1 def5d$ him s eloqu5tly t 8 life 0 sp>$1 & he 0 s5t into exile4 ,py?agoras1 :o belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,?ales1 & :o travell$ 9 ,pho5icia1 ,*aldea1 ,judaea1 & ,egypt1 to le>n _! ideas1 v5tur$1 9 spite ( ! w>n+s ( ! prie/s1 to submit to ! rites ( initiation at ,heliopolis1 & !nce return$ to ,samos1 b meet+ ) poor reception !re1 he w5t to ,italy to tea*4 ,f him arose ! ,italian ,s*ool1 & 8 disciples took ! "n ( philosoph]s 7lov]s ( wisdom7 in/ead ( t ( sages4 ,we %all le>n m ab\t him 9 ! *apt] on ! ,h>mony ( ! ,sph]es4 ,8 fir/ disciple1 ,emp$ocles1 fam\s = ! curiosity :i* l$ him to 8 dea? 9 ! crat] ( ,a,etna1 z ! /ory goes1 ?\ght t ! true sun1 ! fire t is 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 illum9at$ ! o!r hemisph]e1 & t :at we see is only ! reflect$ image ( t1 :i* is invisible to u1 & all ( ^: movem5ts x foll[s4 ,8 disciple1 ,philolaus1 also taught t ! sun 0 a mass ( glass1 :i* s5t u by reflection all ! light t x scatt]$ ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 =get t ^! op9ions are record$ by hi/orians :o probably did n und]/& !m1 & :o took 9 ! lett] :at 0 only int5d$ = a comp>ison or figure4 ,if we are to believe ,plut>*1 ,x5ophanes1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #cfj ,b4,c41 0 v wild 9 8 op9ions4 ,he ?\ght ! />s 7 light$ e night & ext+ui%$ e morn+2 t ! sun is a fi]y cl\d2 t eclipses take place by ! sun be+ ext+ui%$ & aft]w>ds rek9dl$2 t ! moon is inhabit$1 b is eighte5 times l>g] ?an ! e>?2 t !re are sev]al suns & sev]al moons = giv+ light to diff]5t c\ntries4 ,?is c only be mat*$ by ^? :o said ! sun w5t e night ?r\gh a hole 9 ! e>? r\nd aga9 to ! ea/2 or t x w5t above gr\nd1 & if we did n see x go+ back x 0 because x accompli%$ ! j\rney 9 ! night4 ,p>m5idas 0 ! disciple ( ,x5ophanes4 ,he divid$ ! e>?1 l ,?ales1 into zones2 & he add$ t x 0 susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t x did n fall because !re 0 no reason :y x %\ld move 9 "o direction r ?an ano!r4 ,?is argum5t is p]fectly philosophical1 & illu/rates a pr9ciple employ$ s9ce ! "t ( ,ar*im$es1 & ( :i* ,leibnitz made s mu* use4 ,su* are "s ( ! g5]al ideas :i* 7 held by ! ,greeks & o!rs on ! nature ( ! heav5s1 omitt+ t ( ,ptolemy1 ( :i* we %all give a full] acc\nt h]eaft]4 ,we see t !y 7 all affect$ by ! dom9ant idea ( ! sup]iority ( ! e>? ov] ! re/ ( ! univ]se1 & 7 spoil$ = want ( ! gr& conception ( ! imm5sity ( space4 ,! univ]se 0 = !m a clos$ space1 outside ( :i* !re 0 no?+2 & !y busi$ !mselves ) metaphysical que/ions z to ! possibility ( space be+ inf9ite4 ,9 ! meantime _! conceptions ( ! di/ances sep>at+ u f o!r visible p>ts ( ! univ]se 7 excessively cramp$4 ,hesiod1 = in/ance1 ?9ks to give a gr& idea ( ! size ( ! univ]se by say+ t ,vulcan's anvil took sev5 days to fall f heav5 to e>?1 :5 9 reality1 z n[ calculat$1 x w\ld take no less ?an sev5ty-two ye>s = ! light1 ev5 travell+ at a f> great] rate1 to rea* u f "o ( ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,cele/ial ,,h>mony4 ,nature pres5ts h]self to u "u v>i\s aspects4 ,at times1 x may be1 %e pres5ts to u ! appe>ance ( discord1 & we fail to p]ceive ! unity t p]vades ! :ole ( h] actions4 ,at o!rs1 h[ev]1 & mo/ (t5 to an in/ruct$ m9d1 !re is a concord betwe5 h] v>i\s p[]s1 a h>mony ev5 9 h] s\nds1 t w n escape u4 ,ev5 ! wild notes ( ! tempe/ & ! bass roll ( ! ?und] =m !mselves into "p ( ! gr& *orus :i* 9 ! great op]a are succe$$ by ! solos ( ! ev5+ breeze1 ! songs ( birds1 or ! ripple ( ! waves4 ,^! are ideas t w\ld mo/ naturally pres5t !mselves to contemplative m9ds1 & su* mu/ h be5 ! /ud5ts ( ! sil5t1 b to !m h>moni\s & tuneful1 />-lit sky1 "u ! cle> atmosph]e ( ,greece4 ,! v>i\s motions !y obs]v$ became indissolubly connect$ 9 _! m9ds ) music1 & !y did n d\bt t ! heav5ly sph]es made h>mony1 if imp]ceptible to human e>s4 ,b _! ideas 7 m precise ?an ?is4 ,!y discov]$ t h>mony dep5d$ on numb]1 & !y attempt$ to prove t :e!r ! music !y might make 7 audible or n1 ! cele/ial sph]es _h motions :i* 7 connect$ toge!r 9 ! same way z ! numb]s belong+ to a h>mony4 ,! /udy ( _! op9ions on ?is po9t reveals "s v curi\s z well z v int]e/+ ideas4 ,we may comm5ce by ref]r+ to an anci5t treatise by ,timaeus ( ,locris on ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,to him we owe ! fir/ s]i\s exposition ( ! complete h>monic cosmography ( ,py?agoras4 ,we mu/ premise t1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1 ,god employ$ all exi/+ matt] 9 ! =mation ( ! univ]se--s t x compreh5ds all ?+s1 & all is 9 x4 ,x is a unique1 p]fect1 & sph]ical production1 s9ce ! sph]e is ! mo/ p]fect ( figures2 animat$ & end[$ ) reason1 s9ce t :i* is animat$ & end[$ ) reason is bett] ?an t :i* is n4 ,s beg9s ,timaeus1 & !n foll[s1 z a quotation f ,plato1 a comp>ison ( ! e>? to :at w\ld appe> to u n[adays to be a v s+ul> animal4 ,n only1 says ,plato1 is ! e>? a sph]e1 b ?is sph]e is p]fect1 & its mak] took c>e t its surface %\ld be p]fectly uni=m = _m reasons4 ,! univ]se 9 fact has no ne$ ( eyes1 s9ce !re is no?+ outside ( x to see2 nor yet ( e>s1 s9ce !re is no?+ b :at is "p ( itself to make a s\nd2 nor ( brea?+ organs1 z x is n surr\nd$ by air3 any organ t %\ld s]ve to take 9 n\ri%m5t1 or to reject ! gross] p>ts1 w\ld be absolutely useless1 = !re be+ no?+ outside x1 x c\ld n receive or reject any?+4 ,= ! same reason x ne$s no h&s ) :i* to def5d itself1 nor yet ( feet ) :i* to walk4 ,( ! sev5 k9ds ( motion1 its au?or has giv5 x t :i* is mo/ suitable = its figure 9 mak+ x turn ab\t its axis1 & s9ce = ! execution ( ?is rotatory motion no arms or legs are want$1 its mak] gave x none4 ,) reg>d to ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 ,plato1 accord+ to ,timaeus1 says t ,god compos$ x ( a mixture ( ! divisible & indivisible ess5ces1 s t ! two toge!r might be unit$ into "o1 unit+ two =ces1 ! pr9ciples ( two k9ds ( motion1 "o t :i* is always ! same1 & ! o!r t :i* is always *ang+4 ,! mixture ( ^! two ess5ces 0 difficult1 & 0 n accompli%$ )\t consid]able skill & pa9s4 ,! proportions ( ! mixture 7 accord+ to h>monic numb]s1 s *os5 t x is possible to "k ( :at1 & by :at rule1 ! s\l ( ! univ]se is comp\nd$4 ,by h>monic numb]s ,timaeus means ^? t are proportional to ^? repres5t+ ! consonances ( ! musical scale4 ,! consonances kn[n to ! anci5ts 7 ?ree 9 numb]3 ! diapason1 or octave1 9 ! proportion ( #b to #a1 ! diap5t1 or fif?1 9 t ( #c to #b1 & ! diatess>on1 or f\r?1 9 t ( #d to #c2 :5 to ^! are jo9$ ! tones :i* fill ! int]vals ( ! consonances1 & are 9 ! proportion ( #i to #h1 & ! semitones 9 t ( #bef to #bdc1 all ! degrees ( ! musical scale is complete4 ,! discov]y ( ^! h>monic numb]s is due to ,py?agoras4 ,x is /at$ t :5 pass+ "o day ne> a =ge1 he notic$ t ! hamm]s gave out v accurate musical concords4 ,he _h !m weigh$1 & f\nd t ( ^? :i* s\nd$ ! octave1 "o weigh$ twice z mu* z ! o!r2 t ( ^? :i* made a p]fect fif?1 "o weigh$ "o ?ird m ?an ! o!r1 & 9 ! case ( a f\r?1 "o qu>t] m4 ,aft] hav+ tri$ ! hamm]s1 he took a musical /r+ /ret*$ ) weights1 & f\nd t :5 he _h appli$ a giv5 weight 9 ! fir/ in/ance to make any p>ticul> note1 he _h to d\ble ! weight to obta9 ! octave1 to add "o ?ird extra only to obta9 a fif?1 a qu>t] = ! f\r?1 & eight = "o tone1 & ab\t an eighte5? = a half-tone2 or m simply /ill1 he /ret*$ a cord once = all1 & !n :5 ! :ole l5g? s\nd$ any note1 :5 /opp$ 9 ! middle x gave ! octave1 at ! ?ird x gave ! fif?1 at ! qu>t] ! f\r?1 at ! eigh? ! tone1 & at ! eighte5? ! semi-tone4 ,s9ce ! anci5ts conceiv$ ( ! s\l by means ( motion1 ! quantity ( motion develop$ 9 any?+ 0 _! measure ( ! quantity ( its s\l4 ,n[ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies seem$ to !m to dep5d on _! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ! fa/e/ be+ ^? at ! circumf]5ce ( ! :ole4 ,to det]m9e ! relative degrees ( velocity1 !y imag9$ a /raight l9e drawn outw>ds f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 z f> z ! empyreal heav51 & divid$ x accord+ to ! proportions ( ! musical scale1 & ^! divisions !y call$ ! h>monic degrees ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,tak+ ! e>?'s radius = ! fir/ numb]1 & call+ x unity1 or1 9 ord] to avoid fractions1 d5ot+ x by #chd1 ! second degree1 :i* is at ! di/ance ( an h>monic ?ird1 w be repres5t$ by #chd plus its eigh? "p1 or #dcb4 ,! ?ird degree w be #dcb1 plus its eigh? "p1 or #dhf4 ,! f\r?1 be+ a semitone1 w be z #bdc to #bef1 :i* w give #eab2 & s on4 ,! eigh? degree w 9 ?is way be ! d\ble ( #chd or #gfh1 & repres5ts ! fir/ octave4 ,!y cont9u$ ?is s]ies to #cf degrees1 z 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,! ,e>?4 ,mi #chd #a_/h #dcb ,re #dcb #a_/h #dhf ,ut #dhf 3 #eab 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,si #eab #a_/h #egf ,la #egf #a_/h #fdh ,sol #fdh #a_/h #gbi ,fa #gbi 3 #gfh 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,mi #gfh #a_/h #hfd ,re #hfd #a_/h #igb ,ut #igb 3 #ajbd 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,si #ajbd #a_/h #aaeb ,la #aaeb #a_/h #abif ,sol #abif #a_/h #adeh ,fa #adeh 3 #aecf 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,mi #aecf #a_/h #agbh ,re #agbh #a_/h #aidd ,ut #aidd 3 #bjdh 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,si #bjdh #aci #bahg ,si #b #bahg 3 #bcjd 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,la #bcjd #a_/h #beib ,sol #beib #a_/h #biaf ,fa #biaf 3 #cjgb 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,mi #cjgb #a_/h #cdef ,re #cdeg #a_/h #chhh ,ut #chhh #a_/h #dcgd ,si #dcgd 3 #dfjh 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,la #dfjh #a_/h #eahd ,sol #eahd #a_/h #ehcb ,fa #ehcb 3 #fadd 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,mi #fadd #dag #fefa ,mi #b #fefa 3 #fiab 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,re #fiab #a_/h #gggf ,ut #gggf #a_/h #hgdh ,si #hgdh 3 #ibaf 3 3 #bdc 3 #bef ,la #ibaf #a_/h #ajcfh ,sol #ajcfh #chd #bg ,! empyreal heav54 ,sum ( all ! t]ms1 #aad1fie4 ,?is s]ies !y consid]$ a complete "o1 because by tak+ ! t]ms 9 _! prop] int]vals1 ! la/ becomes #bg times ! orig9al numb]1 & 9 ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras ?is #bg _h a my/ic signification1 & 0 consid]$ z ! p]fect numb]4 ,! reason = consid]+ #bg a p]fect numb] 0 curi\s4 ,x is ! sum ( ! fir/ l9e>1 squ>e1 & cubic numb]s add$ to unity4 ,fir/ !re is #a1 :i* repres5ts ! po9t1 !n #b & #c1 ! fir/ l9e> numb]s1 ev5 & unev51 !n #d & #i1 ! fir/ squ>e or surface numb]s1 ev5 & unev51 & ! la/ #h & #bg1 ! fir/ solid or cubic numb]s1 ev5 & unev51 & #bg is ! sum ( all ! =m]4 ,:5ce1 tak+ ! numb] #bg z ! symbol ( ! univ]se1 & ! numb]s :i* compose x z ! elem5ts1 x appe>$ "r t ! s\l ( ! univ]se %\ld be compos$ ( ! same elem5ts4 ,on ?is scale ( di/ances1 ) correspond+ velocities1 !y arrang$ ! v>i\s planets1 & ! univ]se compreh5d$ all ^! sph]es1 f t ( ! fix$ />s 7:i* 0 exclud$7 to ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s 0 ! common envelope1 or circumf]5ce ( ! univ]se1 & ,saturn1 imm$iately bel[ x1 correspond$ to ! ?irty-six? tone1 & ! e>? to ! fir/1 & ! o!r planets ) ! sun & moon at ! v>i\s h>monic di/ances4 ,!y reckon$ "o tone f ! e>? to ! moon1 half a tone f ! moon to ,m]cury1 ano!r half-tone to ,v5us1 "o tone & a half f ,v5us to ! sun1 "o f ! sun to ,m>s1 a semitone f ,m>s to ,jupit]1 half a tone f ,jupit] to ,saturn1 & a tone & a half f ,saturn to ! fix$ />s2 b ^! di/ances 7 n1 z we %all see1 univ]sally agre$ ^u4 ,accord+ to ,timaeus1 ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* conta9s )9 x no pr9ciple ( contr>iety1 be+ entirely div9e & pure1 always moves ) an equal motion 9 ! same direction f ea/ to we/4 ,b ! />s :i* are )9 x1 be+ animat$ by ! mix$ pr9ciple1 ^: composition has be5 j expla9$1 & ?us conta9+ two contr>y =ces1 yield on acc\nt ( "o ( ^! =ces to ! motion ( ! sph]e ( fix$ />s f ea/ to we/1 & by ! o!r !y resi/ x1 & move 9 a contr>y direction1 9 proportion to ! degree ) :i* !y are end[$ ) ea*2 t is to say1 t ! great] ! proportion ( ! mat]ial to ! div9e =ce t !y possess1 ! great] is _! motion f we/ to ea/1 & ! soon] !y accompli% _! p]iodic c\rse4 ,n[ ! am\nt ( ?is =ce dep5ds on ! matt] !y conta94 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! planets turn ea* day by ! common motion ) all ! heav5s ab\t ! e>? f ea/ to we/1 b !y also retrograde t[>ds ! ea/1 & accompli% _! p]iods accord+ to _! compon5t p>ts4 ,! additions :i* ,plato made to ?is !ory h always be5 a prov]b ( obscurity1 & none ( 8 comm5tators h be5 able to make any?+ ( !m1 & v possibly !y 7 nev] int5d$ to4 ,s f> ! h>mony ( ! heav5ly bodies has be5 expla9$ ) ref]5ce to numb]s only1 & we may add to ?is t !y reckon$ #abf1jjj /adia1 or #ad1bhf miles1 to repres5t a tone1 :i* 0 ?us ! di/ance ( ! e>? to ! moon1 & ! same measurem5t made x #ejj1jjj f ! e>? to ! sun1 & ! same di/ance f ! sun to ! fix$ />s4 ,b ,plato tea*es 9 8 ,republic t !re is actual musical1 h>mony betwe5 ! planets4 ,ea* ( ! sph]es1 he said1 c>ri$ ) x a ,sir51 & ea* ( ^! s\nd+ a diff]5t note1 !y =m$ by _! union a p]fect conc]t1 & be+ !mselves delight$ ) _! own h>mony1 !y sang div9e songs1 & accompani$ !m by a sacr$ dance4 ,! anci5ts said !re 7 n9e ,muses1 eight ( :om1 accord+ to ,plato1 presid$ ov] cele/ial1 & ! n9? ov] t]re/rial ?+s1 to protect !m f disord] & irregul>ity4 ,cic]o & ,macrobius also express op9ions on ?is h>moni\s conc]t4 ,su* great motions1 says ,cic]o1 _c take place 9 sil5ce1 & x is natural t ! two extremes %\ld h relat$ s\nds z 9 ! octave4 ,! fix$ />s mu/ execute ! upp] note1 & ! moon ! base4 ,kepl] has improv$ on ?is1 & says ,jupit] & ,saturn s+ bass1 ,m>s takes ! t5or1 ! e>? & ,v5us are contralto1 & ,m]cury is soprano6 ,true1 no "o has ev] he>d ^! s\nds1 b ,py?agoras himself may answ] ?is objection4 ,we are always surr\nd$1 he says1 by ?is melody1 & our e>s are accu/om$ to x f our bir?1 s t1 hav+ no?+ diff]5t to comp>e x )1 we _c p]ceive x4 ,we may "h recall ! fur!r developm5t ( ! idea ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se1 :i* 0 ! s\rce ( ?is h>mony1 & endeav\r to f9d a rational int]pretation ( _! mean+4 ,!y said t nature _h made ! animals mortal & ephem]al1 & _h infus$ _! s\ls into !m1 z !y _h be5 extracts f ! sun or moon1 or ev5 f "o ( ! planets4 ,a portion ( ! un*angeable ess5ce 0 add$ to ! reason+ "p ( man1 to =m a g]m ( wisdom 9 privileg$ individuals4 ,= ! human s\l !re is "o "p :i* possesses intellig5ce & reason1 & ano!r "p :i* has nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,! v>i\s portions ( ! g5]al s\l ( ! univ]se resid$1 accord+ to ,timaeus1 9 ! diff]5t planets1 & dep5d$ on _! v>i\s *>act]s4 ,"s portions 7 9 ! moon1 o!rs 9 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 or ,m>s1 & s on1 & ?us !y give rise to ! v>i\s *>act]s & dispositions t are se5 among m54 ,b to ^! p>ts ( ! human s\l t are tak5 f ! planets is jo9$ a sp>k ( ! supreme ,div9ity1 :i* is above !m all1 & ?is makes man a m holy animal ?an all ! re/1 & enables him to h imm$iate conv]se ) ! ,deity himself4 ,all ! diff]5t sub/ances 9 nature 7 suppos$ to be end[$ ) m or less ( ?is s\l1 accord+ to _! mat]ial nature or subtilty1 & 7 plac$ 9 ! same ord] along ! l9e1 f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce1 on :i* ! planets 7 situat$1 z we h se5 above4 ,9 ! c5tre 0 ! e>?1 ! heavie/ & grosse/ ( all1 :i* _h b little if any s\l at all4 ,betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon1 ,timaeus plac$ fir/ wat]1 !n ! air1 & la/ly elem5t>y fire1 :i* he consid]$ to be pr9ciples1 :i* 7 less mat]ial 9 proportion z !y 7 m remote & p>took ( a l>g] quantity ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,beyond ! moon came all ! planets1 & ?us 7 fill$ up ! great] numb] ( ! h>monic degrees1 ! motions ( ! v>i\s bodies be+ guid$ by ! pr9ciple enunciat$ above4 ,:5 we c>efully consid] ?is !ory we f9d t by a slight *ange ( "n we may br+ x m into h>mony ) mod]n ideas4 ,x w\ld appe> inde$ t ! anci5ts call$ t s\l :i* we n[ call =ce1 & :ile we say t ?is =ce ( attraction is 9 proportion to ! masses & ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance1 !y put x t x 0 proportional to ! matt]1 & to ! div9e sub/ance on :i* ! di/ance dep5d$4 ,s t we may int]pret ,timaeus z /at+ ?is proposition3 ,! di/ances ( ! />s & _! =ces are proportional among !mselves to _! p]iodic times4 ,"s p1 says ,plut>*1 seek ! proportions ( ! s\l ( ! univ]se 9 ! velocities 7or p]iodic times71 o!rs 9 ! di/ances f ! c5tre2 "s 9 ! masses ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & o!rs m acute 9 ! ratios ( ! diamet]s ( _! orbits4 ,x is probable t ! mass ( ea* planet1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! sph]es & ! velocities ( _! motions1 are l well-tun$ musical in/rum5ts1 all proportional h>monically ) ea* o!r & ) all o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & by necess>y consequ5ce t !re are ! same relative proportions 9 ! s\l ( ! univ]se by :i* !y 7 =m$ by ! ,deity4 ,x is m>vell\s h[ deeply occupi$ 7 all ! be/ m9ds 9 ,greece & ,italy on ?is subject1 bo? poets & philosoph]s2 ,ocellus1 ,democritus1 ,timaeus1 ,ari/otle1 & ,lucretius h all left treatises on ! same subject1 & almo/ ) ! same title1 ,! ,nature ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?\gh some:at simil> to t ( ,timaeus1 x w be int]e/+ to give an acc\nt ( ! ideas ( "o ( ^!1 ,ocellus ( ,lucania4 ,ocellus repres5ts ! univ]se z hav+ a sph]ical =m4 ,?is sph]e is divid$ into conc5tric lay]s2 above t ( ! moon !y 7 call$ cele/ial sph]es1 :ile bel[ x & inw>ds z f> z ! c5tre ( ! e>? !y 7 call$ ! elem5t>y sph]es1 & ! e>? 0 ! c5tre ( !m all4 ,9 ! cele/ial sph]es all ! />s 7 situat$1 :i* 7 s _m gods1 & among !m ! sun1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful ( all4 ,9 ^! sph]es is nev] any di/urbance1 /orm1 or de/ruction1 & consequ5tly no rep>ation1 no reproduction1 no action ( any k9d 0 requir$ on ! "p ( ! gods4 ,bel[ ! moon all is at w>1 all is de/roy$ & recon/ruct$1 & "h !re=e x is t g5]ations are possible4 ,b ^! take place "u ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 & p>ticul>ly t ( ! sun1 :i* 9 its c\rse acts 9 diff]5t ways on ! elem5t>y sph]es1 & produces cont9ual v>iations 9 !m1 f :5ce arises ! repl5i%+ & div]sify+ ( nature4 ,x is ! sun t lights up ! region ( fire1 t dilates ! air1 melts ! wat]1 & r5d]s f]tile ! e>?1 9 its daily c\rse f ea/ to we/1 z well z 9 ?is annual j\rney into ! two tropics4 ,b to :at does ! e>? owe its g]ms & its species8 ,accord+ to "s philosoph]s ^! g]ms 7 cele/ial ideas :i* bo? gods & demons scatt]$ f above ov] e "p ( nature1 b accord+ to ,ocellus !y arise cont9ually "u ! influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! divisions ( ! heav5s 7 suppos$ to sep>ate ! portion t is unalt]able f t :i* is 9 ceaseless *ange4 ,! l9e divid+ ! mortal f ! immortal is t describ$ by ! moon3 all t lies above t1 inclusive1 is ! habitation ( ! gods2 all t lies bel[ is ! abode ( nature & discord2 ! latt] t5d+ con/antly to de/ruction1 ! =m] to ! recon/ruction ( all creat$ ?+s4 ,ideas su* z ^!1 ( :i* we c\ld give o!r examples m remotely connect$ ) h>mony1 :atev] am\nt ( tru? we may discov] 9 !m1 prove !mselves to h be5 made be=e ! sci5ces ( obs]vation _h enabl$ m5 to make any?+ bett] ?an empty !ories1 & to support !m ) false logic4 ,no bett] example ( ! latt] c p]haps be m5tion$ "h ?an ! way 9 :i* ,ocellus pret5ds to prove t ! _w is et]nal4 ,! univ]se1 he says1 hav+ always exi/$1 x foll[s t ev]y?+ 9 x & e arrangem5t ( x mu/ always h be5 z x is n[4 ,! sev]al p>ts ( ! univ]se hav+ always exi/$ ) x1 we may say ! same ( ! p>ts ( ^! p>ts2 ?us ! sun1 ! moon1 ! fix$ />s1 & ! planets h always exi/$ ) ! heav5s2 animals1 vegetables1 gold1 & silv] ) ! e>?2 ! curr5ts ( air1 w9ds1 & *anges f hot to cold1 f cold to hot1 ) ! air4 ,!re=e ! heav51 ) all t x n[ conta9s2 ! e>?1 ) all t x produces & supports2 & la/ly1 ! :ole a]ial region1 ) all its ph5om5a1 h always exi/$4 ,:5 ?is sy/em ( argum5t pass$ away1 & exact obs]vation took its place1 x 0 soon f\nd t s f> f :at ! anci5ts _h argu$ mu/ be really be+ ! case1 no su* relation z !y indicat$ betwe5 ! di/ances or velocities ( ! planets c\ld be trac$1 & !re=e no h>mony 9 ! heav5s 9 ?is s5se4 ,x is n inde$ t we c say no s\nds exi/ because we he> none2 b consid]+ h>mony really to consi/ ( ! relations ( numb]s1 no su* relations exi/ betwe5 ! planets' di/ances1 z measur$ n[ ( c\rse f ! sun1 in/ead ( be+1 z !n1 imag9$ f ! e>?4 ,! gamut is no?+ else ?an ! s]ies ( numb]s3-- d re mi fa sol la si d #a #i_/h #e_/d #d_/c #c_/b #e_/c #ae_/h #b & is indep5d5t ( our p]ception ( ! correspond+ notes4 ,a conc]t play$ be=e a deaf assembly w\ld be a conc]t /ill4 ,if "o note is made by #aj1jjj vibrations p] second1 & ano!r by #bj1jjj1 we %\ld he> !m z an octave1 b if "o _h only #aj & ! o!r #bj1 !y w\ld /ill be an octave1 ?\gh inaudible z notes to u2 s too we may speak ev5 ( ! h>mony ( lum9\s vibrations ( e!r1 ?\gh !y d n affect our e>s4 ,! velocities ( ! planets d n co9cide ) ! t]ms ( ?is s]ies4 ,! ne>] !y are to ! sun ! fa/] is _! motion1 ,m]cury travell+ at ! mean rate ( #ee1jjj metres a second1 ,v5us1 #cf1hjj1 ! e>? #cj1eej1 ,m>s #bd1ddh1 ,jupit] #ac1jjj1 ,saturn #i1hdj1 ,uranus #f1hjj1 & ,neptune #e1ejj1 numb]s :i* are 9 ! proportion r\ndly ( #ajj1 #fg1 #ee1 #dd1 #bd1 #af1 #ab1 #aj1 :i* h no suffici5t relation to ! t]ms ( an h>monic s]ies1 to make any h>mony obvi\s4 ,return+1 h[ev]1 to ! anci5t philosoph]s1 we are l$ by _! ideas ab\t ! s\l ( ! univ]se to discov] ! orig9 ( _! gods & natural religion4 ,!y 7 p]suad$ t only liv+ ?+s c\ld move1 & consequ5tly t ! mov+ />s mu/ be end[$ ) sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,x may v well be t f ! numb] sev5 ( ! planets1 includ+ ! sun & moon1 :i* 7 _! e>lie/ gods1 arose ! respect & sup]/ition ) :i* all nations1 & especially ! ,ori5tals1 reg>d$ t numb]4 ,f ^! arose ! sev5 sup]ior angels t are f\nd 9 ! !ologies ( ! ,*aldeans1 ,p]sians1 & ,arabians2 ! sev5 gates ( ,mi?ra1 ?r\gh :i* all s\ls mu/ pass to rea* ! abode ( bliss2 ! sev5 worlds ( purification ( ! ,indians1 & all ! o!r applications ( ! numb] sev5 :i* s l>gely figure 9 ,judaism1 & h desc5d$ f x to our own "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h se51 ?is numb] sev5 may h be5 d]iv$ f ! numb] ( ! />s 9 ! ,pleiades4 ,we h notic$ 9 our *apt] on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,zodiac h[ ! v>i\s signs z !y came r\nd & 7 ?\ght to influ5ce ! wea!r & o!r natural ph5om5a1 came at la/ to be wor%ipp$4 ,n less1 ( c\rse1 7 ! sun & moon deifi$1 & t by nations :o _h no zodiac4 ,among ! ,egyptians ! sun 0 pa9t$ 9 diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! "t ( ye>1 v mu* z he is repres5t$ 9 our own days 9 pictures ( ! old & new ye>s4 ,at ! w9t] sol/ice ) !m he 0 an infant1 at ! spr+ equ9ox he 0 a "y man1 9 summ] a man 9 full age ) fl[+ be>d1 & 9 ! autumn an old man4 ,_! fable ( ,osiris 0 f\nd$ on ! same idea4 ,!y repres5t$ ! sun by ! hawk1 & ! moon by ! ,ibis1 & to ^! two1 wor%ipp$ "u ! names ( ,osiris & ,isis !y attribut$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 & built a city1 ,heliopolis1 to ! =m]1 9 ! temple ( :i* !y plac$ 8 /atue4 ,! ,ph5icians 9 ! same way1 :o 7 mu* influ5c$ by ideas ( religion1 attribut$ div9ity to ! sun1 moon1 & />s1 & reg>d$ !m z ! sole causes ( ! production & de/ruction ( all ?+s4 ,! sun1 "u ! "n ( ,h]cules1 0 _! great div9ity4 ,! ,e?iopians wor%ipp$ ! same1 & erect$ ! fam\s table ( ! sun4 ,^? :o liv$ above ,m]oe1 admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( et]nal & incorruptible gods1 among :i* !y includ$ ! sun1 moon1 & ! univ]se4 ,l ! ,incas ( ,p]u1 !y call$ !mselves ! *ildr5 ( ! sun1 :om !y reg>d$ z _! common fa!r4 ,! moon 0 ! great div9ity ( ! ,arabs4 ,! ,s>ac5s call$ x ,cab>1 or ! great1 & its cresc5t /ill adorns ! religi\s monum5ts ( ! ,turks4 ,ea* ( _! tribes 0 "u ! protection ( "s p>ticul> />4 ,sabeism 0 ! pr9cipal religion ( ! ea/4 ,! heav5s & ! />s 7 its fir/ object4 ,9 read+ ! sacr$ books ( ! anci5t ,p]sians conta9$ 9 ! ,z5dave/a1 we f9d on e page invocations address$ to ,mi?ra1 to ! moon1 ! />s1 ! elem5ts1 ! m\nta9s1 ! trees1 & e "p ( nature4 ,! e!real fire circulat+ ?r\gh all ! univ]se1 & ( :i* ! sun is ! pr9cipal focus1 0 repres5t$ among ! fire-wor%ipp]s by ! sacr$ & p]petual fire ( _! prie/s4 ,ea* planet _h its own p>ticul> temple1 :]e inc5se 0 burnt 9 its hon\r4 ,^! anci5t peoples embodi$ 9 _! religi\s sy/ems ! ideas :i*1 z we h se51 l$ among ! ,greeks to ! repres5tation ( ! h>mony ( heav54 ,all ! _w seem$ to !m animat$ by a pr9ciple ( life :i* circulat$ ?r\gh all p>ts1 & :i* pres]v$ x 9 an et]nal activity4 ,!y ?\ght t ! univ]se liv$ l man & ! o!r animals1 or r t ^! latt] only liv$ because ! univ]se 0 ess5tially alive1 & communicat$ to !m = an in/ant an inf9itely small portion ( its own immortality4 ,!y 7 n wise1 x may be1 9 ?is1 b !y appe> to h caught "s ( ! ideas t lie at ! basis ( religi\s ?\ght1 & to h trac$ h>mony :]e we h almo/ lo/ ! p]ception ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,a/ronomical ,,sy/ems4 ,9 our =m] *apt]s we h ga9$ "s idea ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ! heav5s z repres5t$ by anci5t philosoph]s1 & we no long] require to "k :at 0 ?\ght 9 ! infancy ( a/ronomy1 :5 any ideas promulgat$ 7 m or less r&om ones2 b 9 ?is *apt] we hope to discuss ^? arrangem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies :i* h be5 promulgat$ by m5 z complete sy/ems1 & 7 suppos$ to repres5t ! totality ( ! facts4 ,! e>lie/ ?or\ghly-e/abli%$ sy/em is t ( ,ptolemy4 ,x 0 n inde$ inv5t$ by him4 ,! ma9 ideas _h be5 ent]ta9$ long be=e 8 "t1 b he gave x consi/5ce & a "n4 ,we obta9 an excell5t view ( ! g5]al nature ( ?is sy/em f ,cic]o4 ,he writes3-- ,! univ]se is compos$ ( n9e circles1 or r ( n9e mov+ globes4 ,! out]mo/ sph]e is t ( ! heav5s :i* surr\nds all ! o!rs1 & on :i* are fix$ ! />s4 ,b5ea? ?is revolve sev5 o!r globes1 c>ri$ r\nd by a motion 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! heav5s4 ,on ! fir/ circle revolves ! /> :i* m5 call ,saturn2 on ! second ,jupit] %9es1 t b5efic5t & propiti\s /> to human eyes2 !n foll[s ,m>s1 ruddy & awful4 ,bel[1 & occupy+ ! middle region1 revolves ! ,sun1 ! *ief1 pr9ce1 & mod]ator ( ! o!r />s1 ! s\l ( ! _w1 ^: imm5se globe spreads its light ?r\gh space4 ,aft] him come1 l two companions1 ,v5us & ,m]cury4 ,la/ly1 ! l[e/ globe is occupi$ by ! moon1 :i* borr[s its light f ! /> ( day4 ,bel[ ?is la/ cele/ial circle1 !re is no?+ b :at is mortal & corruptible1 except ! s\ls giv5 by a b5efic5t ,div9ity to ! race ( m54 ,above ! moon all is et]nal4 ,! e>?1 situat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 & sep>at$ f heav5 on all sides1 =ms ! n9? sph]e2 x rema9s immovable1 & all heavy bodies are drawn to x by _! own weight4 ,! e>?1 we %\ld add1 is surr\nd$ by ! sph]e ( air1 & !n by t ( fire1 & by t ( e!r & ! meteors4 ,) respect to ! motions ( ^! sph]es4 ,! fir/ circle describ$ ab\t ! t]re/rial sy/em1 namely1 t ( ! moon1 0 accompli%$ 9 #bg days1 #g h\rs1 & #dc m9utes4 ,next to ! moon1 ,m]cury 9 ! second1 & ,v5us 9 ! ?ird1 & ! sun 9 ! f\r? circle1 all turn$ ab\t ! e>? 9 ! same "t1 #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 & #di m9utes4 ,b ^! planets1 9 addition to ! g5]al movem5t1 :i* c>ri$ !m 9 #bd h\rs r\nd f ea/ to we/ & we/ to ea/1 & ! annual revolution1 :i* made !m run ?r\gh ! zodiacal circle1 _h a ?ird motion by :i* !y describ$ a circle ab\t ea* po9t ( _! orbit tak5 z a c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,ptolemy',s ,,a/ronomical ,,sy/em4 ,! fif? sph]e1 c>ry+ ,m>s1 accompli%$ its revolution 9 two ye>s4 ,jupit] took #aa ye>s1 #cac days1 & #ai h\rs to complete 8 orbit1 & ,saturn 9 ! sev5? sph]e took #bi ye>s & #afi days4 ,above all ! planets came ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 or ,firmam5t1 turn+ f ea/ to we/ 9 #bd h\rs ) inconceivable rapidity1 & endu$ also ) a prop] motion f we/ to ea/1 :i* 0 measur$ by ,hipp>*us1 & :i* we n[ call ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & "k t x has a p]iod ( #be1hgj ye>s4 ,above all ^! sph]es1 a primum mobile gave motion to ! :ole ma*9e1 mak+ x turn f ea/ to we/1 b ea* planet & ea* fix$ /> made an ef=t aga9/ ?is motion1 by means ( :i* ea* ( !m accompli%$ _! revolution ab\t ! e>? 9 great] or less "t1 accord+ to its di/ance1 or ! magnitude ( ! orbit x _h to accompli%4 ,"o imm5se difficulty att5d$ ?is sy/em4 ,! app>5t motions ( ! planets is n uni=m1 = sometimes !y are se5 to advance f we/ to ea/1 :5 _! motion is call$ direct1 sometimes !y are se5 = sev]al nights 9 succession at ! same po9t 9 ! heav5s1 :5 !y are call$ /ation>y1 & sometimes !y return f ea/ to we/1 & !n _! motion is call$ retrograde4 ,we "k n[ t ?is app>5t v>iation 9 ! motion ( ! planets is simply due to ! annual motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,= example1 ,saturn describes its va/ orbit 9 ab\t ?irty ye>s1 & ! e>? describes 9 "o ye> a mu* small] "o inside4 ,n[ if ! e>? goes fa/] 9 ! same direction z ,saturn1 x is pla9 t ,saturn w be left beh9d & appe> to g backw>ds1 :ile if ! e>? is go+ 9 ! same direction ! velocity ( ,saturn w appe> to be decreas$1 b 8 direction ( motion w appe> unalt]$4 ,to expla9 ^! v>iations1 h[ev]1 accord+ to 8 sy/em1 ,ptolemy suppos$ t ! planets did n move exactly 9 ! circumf]5ce ( _! respective orbits1 b ab\t an ideal c5tre1 :i* itself mov$ along ?is circumf]5ce4 ,in/ead !re=e ( describ+ a circle1 !y describ$ p>ts ( a s]ies ( small circles1 :i* w\ld comb9e1 z is easy to see1 into a s]ies ( un9t]rupt$ waves1 & ^! he call$ ,epicycles4 ,ano!r objection1 :i* ev5 ?is arrangem5t did n ov]come1 0 ! v>iation ( ! size ( ! planets4 ,to ov]come ?is ,hipp>*us gave to ! sph]e ( ea* planet a consid]able ?ickness1 & saw t ! planet did n turn c5trally r\nd ! e>?1 b r\nd a c5tre ( motion plac$ outside ! e>?4 ,its revolution took place 9 su* a mann]1 t at "o "t x rea*$ ! inn] b\nd>y1 at ano!r "t ! out] b\nd>y ( its sph]ical heav54 ,b ?is reply 0 n satisfactory1 = ! diff]5ces 9 ! app>5t sizes prov$ by ! laws ( optics su* a prodigi\s diff]5ce betwe5 _! di/ances f ! e>? at ! times ( conjunction & opposition1 t x w\ld be extremely difficult to imag9e sph]es ?ick en\gh to all[ ( x4 ,x 0 a gigantic & =midable piece ( ma*9]y to :i* x 0 necess>y to be cont9ually add+ fre% pieces to make obs]vation accord ) !ory4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! times ( ! ,k+-,a/ronom]1 ,alphonso ,x4 ( ,ca/ile1 !re 7 already sev5ty-five circles1 "o )9 ! o!r4 ,x is said t "o day he exclaim$1 9 a full assemblage ( bi%ops1 t if ! ,deity _h done him ! hon\r to ask 8 advice be=e creat+ ! _w1 he c\ld h told ,him h[ to make x a little bett]1 or at all ev5ts m simply4 ,he meant to express h[ unwor?y ?is complication 0 ( ! dignity ( nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,epicycles ,,( ,,ptolemy4 ,fraca/or1 9 8 ,homoc5trics1 says t no?+ is m mon/r\s or absurd ?an all ! exc5trics & epicycles ( ,ptolemy1 & proposes to expla9 ! diff]5ce ( velocity 9 ! planets at diff]5t p>ts ( _! orbits by ! m$ium (f]+ great] or less resi/ance1 & _! alt]ation 9 app>5t size by ! effect ( refraction4 ,! ess5tial elem5t ( ?is sy/em 0 t x took appe>ances = realities1 & 0 f\nd$ on ! assumption t ! e>? is fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & ( c\rse !re=e neglect$ all ! appe>ances produc$ by its motion1 or _h to expla9 !m by "s peculi>ity 9 ! o!r planets4 ,al?\gh x 0 correct$ f "t to "t to make x accord bett] ) obs]vation1 x 0 ! same ess5tially t 0 taught (ficially ev]y:]e4 ,x reign$ supreme 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,arabia1 & 9 ! great s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 :i* consolidat$ x & enri*$ x by its own obs]vations4 ,b ?\gh ! same 9 ess5ce1 ! details1 & especially ! means ( ov]com+ ! difficulties rais$ by increas$ obs]vations1 h mu* v>i$1 & x w be int]e/+ & in/ructive to record "s ( ! *ief ( !m4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important influ5ces 9 modify+ ! a/ronomical sy/ems taught to ! _w has be5 t ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,:51 aft] five c5turies ( pati5t toil1 ( hopes1 ambitions1 & discussions1 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* took possession ( ! ?rones & consci5ces ( m51 !y f\nd$ _! physical edifice on ! anci5t sy/em1 :i* !y adapt$ to _! special wants4 ,) !m ,ari/otle & ,ptolemy reign$ supreme4 ,!y decre$ t ! e>? con/itut$ ! univ]se1 t ! heav5s 7 made = x1 t ,god1 ! angels1 & ! sa9ts inhabit$ an et]nal abode ( joy situat$ above ! azure sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 & !y embodi$ ?is gratify+ illusion 9 all _! illum9at$ manuscripts1 _! cal5d>s1 & _! *ur* w9d[s4 ,! doctors ( ! ,*ur* all ackn[l$g$ a plurality ( heav5s1 b !y diff]$ z to ! numb]4 ,/4 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s w\ld n fix x1 & ! same d\bt held ,/4 ,basil back2 b ! re/1 = ! mo/ "p borr[+ _! ideas f paganism1 said !re 7 six or sev51 or up to t54 ,!y consid]$ ^! heav5s to be s _m hemisph]es support$ on ! e>?1 & gave to ea* a diff]5t "n4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,b$e1 :i* _h _m adh]5ts1 !y 7 ! ,air1 ,e!r1 ,fi]y ,space1 ,firmam5t1 ,heav5 ( ! ,angels1 & ,heav5 ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,! two *ief v>ieties 9 ! sy/ems ( ! middle ages may be repres5t$ z foll[s3-- ,^? :o wi%$ to h ev]y?+ z complete z possible comb9$ ! sy/em ( ,ptolemy ) t ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>? ! inf]nal regions :i* !y surr\nd$ by a circle4 ,ano!r circle m>k$ ! e>? itself1 & aft] t ! surr\nd+ ocean1 m>k$ z wat]1 !n ! circle ( air1 & la/ly t ( fire4 ,envelop+ ^!1 & foll[+ "o aft] ! o!r1 7 ! sev5 circles ( ! sev5 planets2 ! eigh? repres5t$ ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s on ! firmam5t1 !n came ! n9? heav51 !n a t5?1 ! coelum cri/all9um1 & la/ly an elev5? & out]mo/1 :i* 0 ! empyreal heav51 :]e dwelt ! *]ubim & s]aphim1 & above all ! sph]es 0 a ?rone on :i* sat ! ,fa!r1 z ,jupit] ,olympus4 ,! o!rs :o wi%$ = m simplicity1 repres5t$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ) a circle to indicate ! ocean1 ! second sph]e 0 t ( ! moon2 ! ?ird 0 t ( ! sun2 on ! f\r? 7 plac$ ! f\r planets1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ,v5us & ,m]cury2 !re 0 a fif? = ! space outside ! planets1 & ! la/ outside "o 0 ! firmam5t2 altoge!r sev5 sph]es in/ead ( elev54 ,z a specim5 ( ! /yle ( repres5tation ( ! a/ronomical sy/ems ( ! middle ages1 we may take ! figure on ! foll[+ page3-- ,"h we see ! e>? plac$ immovable 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & repres5t$ by a disc trav]s$ by ! ,m$it]ranean1 & surr\nd$ by ! ocean4 ,r\nd ?is are circumscrib$ ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,t ( ! moon fir/1 !n t ( ,m]cury1 9 :i* sev]al con/ellations1 z ! ,lyre1 ,cassiopeia1 ! ,cr[n1 & o!rs1 are r\ghly indicat$1 !n comes ! sph]e ( ,v5us ) ,sagitt>ius & ! ,swan4 ,aft] ?is comes ! cele/is p>adisus1 & ! leg5d t1 ! p>adise to :i* ,paul 0 rais$ is 9 ?is ?ird locality2 "s ( ^! mu/ rea* to u1 s9ce 9 !m repose ! s\ls ( ! prophets4 ,9 ! o!r circles are yet o!r con/ellations3 = example ,pegasus1 ,&rom$a1 ! ,dog1 ,argo1 ! ,he-goat1 ,aqu>ius1 ! ,fi%es1 & ,canopus1 figur$ by a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,to ! nor? is se5 ne> ! con/ellation ( ! ,swan a l>ge /> ) sev5 rays1 meant to repres5t ! brighte/ ( ^? :i* compose ! ,great ,be>4 ,! />s ( ,cassiopeia are n only misplac$1 b r\ghly repres5t$4 ,! ,lyre is curi\sly drawn4 ,! positions ( ! con/ellations j nam$ are all wrong 9 ?is figure1 j z we f9d ^? ( t[ns 9 maps ( ! e>?4 ,! c>tograph]s ( ! middle ages1 ) incr$ible ignorance1 misplac$ 9 g5]al e locality4 ,!y did ! same = ! con/ellations 9 ! cele/ial hemisph]es4 ,9 ! heav5 ( ,jupit]1 & 9 t ( ,saturn we read ! words--,s]aphim1 ,dom9ationes1 ,pote/ates1 ,ar*angeli1 ,virtutes coelorum1 ,pr9cipatus1 ,?roni1 ,*]ubim1 all d]iv$ f _! !ology4 ,a v]itable muddle6 ,! angels plac$ ) ! h]oes ( my?ology1 ! immortal virg9s ) ,v5us & ,&rom$a1 & ! ,sa9ts ) ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,hydra1 & ! ,scorpion6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,,heav5s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,ano!r su* ri*ly illum9at$ manuscript 9 ! libr>y at ,gh5t1 entitl$ ,lib] ,floridus1 conta9s a draw+ simil> to ?is "u ! title ,a/rologia secundum ,b$um4 ,only1 in/ead ( ! e>?1 !re is a s]p5t 9 ! c5tre ) ! "n ,great ,be>1 & ! tw9s are repres5t$ by a man & woman1 ,&rom$a 9 a *asuble1 & ,v5us z a nun6 ,sev]al simil> ones might be quot$1 v>y+ m or less f ?is2 "o1 execut$ 9 a geographical manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 has ! t5? sph]e1 be+ t ( ! fix$ />s1 !n ! cry/all9e heav51 & !n ! immovable heav51 :i*1 x says1 accord+ to sacr$ & c]ta9 !ology1 is ! dwell+-place ( ! bless$1 :]e may we live = ev] & ev]1 ,am52 ?is is also call$ ! empyreal heav54 ,ne> ea* planet ! au?or m>ks ! "t ( its revolution1 b n at all correctly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4--,,heav5s ,,( ,,! ,,fa!rs4 ,! con/ructors ( ^! sy/ems 7 n 9 ! lea/ d\bt z to _! reality1 = !y actually measur$ ! di/ance betwe5 "o sph]e & ano!r1 ?\gh 9 e case _! numb]s 7 f> f ! tru? z we n[ "k x4 ,we may cite z an example an ,italian sy/em ^: sph]es 7 z foll[s3--,t]ra1 ,aqua1 ,aria1 ,fuoco1 ,luna1 ,m]curio1 ,v5us1 ,sol1 ,m>te1 ,giove1 ,saturno1 ,/elle fixe1 ,sf]a nona1 ,cielo empyreo4 ,atta*$ to ! design is ! foll[+ table ( dim5sions :i* we may copy3-- ,miles4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ! surface #c1bde inn] side ( ! heav5 ( ! ,moon #ajg1icf ,diamet] ( ,moon #a1hif ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ,m]cury #bji1aih ,diamet] ( ,m]cury #bcj ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ,v5us #egi1cbj ,diamet] ( ,v5us #b1hhd ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ! ,sun #c1hib1hff ,diamet] ( ! ,sun #ce1gjj ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ,m>s #d1bfh1fbi ,diamet] ( ,m>s #g1egb ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ,jupit] #h1cbc1ebj ,diamet] ( ,jupit] #bi1fda ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to outside ( ,saturn's heav5 #eb1edd1gjb ,diamet] ( ,saturn #bi1bjb ,f ! c5tre ( ! ,e>? to ! fix$ />s #gc1chg1gdg ,! au?or /ates t he _c pursue 8 calculations fur!r1 & condesc5ds to ackn[l$ge t x is v difficult to "k accurately :at is ! ?ickness ( ! n9? & ( ! cry/all9e heav5s6 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ^! reckon+s are bett] ?an ^? ( ! ,egyptians1 :o came to ! conclusion t ,saturn 0 only di/ant #dib miles1 ! sun only #cfi1 & ! moon #bdf4 ,^! num]\s v>iations & adaptations ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 prove :at a firm hold x _h tak51 & h[ x reign$ supreme ov] all m9ds4 ,nor are we m]ely left to ga!r ?is4 ,!y consci\sly look$ to ,ptolemy z _! great light1 if we may judge f an emblematic draw+ tak5 f an au?oritative a/ronomical "w1 ! ,m>g>ita ,philosophica1 :i* we give on ! opposite page4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,9 all ! sy/ems d]iv$ f ,ptolemy1 ! ord] ( ! planets rema9$ ! same1 & ,m]cury & ,v5us 7 plac$ ne>] to ! e>? ?an ! sun is4 ,accord+ to _m au?ors1 h[ev]1 ,plato made a v>iation 9 ?is respect1 by putt+ !m outside ! sun1 on ! gr\nd t !y nev] 7 se5 to pass across its surface4 ,he _h obvi\sly nev] he>d ( ! ,transit ( ,v5us4 ,?is arrangem5t 0 adopt$ by ,!on1 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,almage/a ( ,ptolemy1 & aft]w>ds by ,geb]1 :o alone among ! ,arabians dep>t$ f ! /rict ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,egyptian ,,sy/em4 ,! ,egyptians improv$ ^u ?is idea1 & made ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! true sy/em1 by repres5t+ ^! two planets1 ,m]cury & ,v5us1 z revolv+ r\nd ! sun in/ead ( ! e>?4 ,all ! re/ ( _! sy/em 0 ! same z t ( ,ptolemy1 = ! sun itself1 & ! o!r planets & ! fix$ />s all revolv$ r\nd ! e>? 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is sy/em ( c\rse acc\nt$ accurately = ! motions ( ! two inf]ior planets1 ^: ne>ness to ! sun may h sugge/$ _! connection ) x4 ,?is sy/em 0 9 vogue at ! same "t z ,ptolemy's1 & numb]s ,vitruvius among/ its support]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,capella',s ,,sy/em4 ,9 ! fif? c5tury ( our era ,m>tian ,capella taught a v>iation on ! ,egyptian sy/em1 9 :i* he made ,m]cury & ,v5us revolve 9 ! same orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,9 ! treatise entitl$ ,quod ,tellus non sit ,c5trum ,omnibus ,planetis1 he expla9s t :5 ,m]cury is on ?is side ( ! orbit x is ne>] to u ?an ,v5us1 & f>!r (f f u ?an t planet :5 x is on ! o!r side4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 also adopt$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,we h "h indicat$ ! "t ( ! revolution ( ! v>i\s planets1 & notice t ! firmam5t is said to move r\nd f we/ to ea/ 9 #g1jjj ye>s2 ! second heav5 9 #di1jjj1 :ile ! primum mobile outside mov$ 9 ! contr>y direction 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! ,egyptian sy/ems surviv$ 9 "s places ! true "o1 z !y 7 ?\ght to ov]come ! *ief difficulties ( ! ,ptolemaic )\t int]f]+ ) ! /ability ( ! e>?1 & !y 7 kn[n z ! common sy/em1 i4e4 conta9+ ! elem5ts ( bo?4 ,su* 7 ! a/ronomical sy/ems 9 vogue be=e ! "t ( ,cop]nicus--all ( !m bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! e>? be+ ! immovable c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to trace ! hi/ory ( ! introduction ( t sy/em :i* has completely ?r[n ov] all ^! =m] ones1 & :i* e "o kn[s n[ to be ! true "o--! ,cop]nican4 ,no revolution is accompli%$1 :e!r 9 sci5ce or politics1 )\t hav+ be5 long 9 prep>ation4 ,! !ory ( ! motion ( ! e>? _h be5 conceiv$1 discuss$1 & ev5 taught _m ages be=e ! bir? ( ,cop]nicus4 ,& ! be/ pro( ( ?is is ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,cop]nicus himself 9 8 great "w ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,caele/ium1 9 :i* he laid d[n ! pr9ciples ( 8 sy/em4 ,we w quote ! passage 9 :i* x is conta9$4 ,i h be5 at ! tr\ble1 he writes1 to read ov] all ! works ( philosoph]s t ,i c\ld procure1 to see if ,i c\ld f9d 9 !m any diff]5t op9ion to t :i* is n[ taught 9 ! s*ools respect+ ! motions ( ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,& ,i saw fir/ 9 ,cic]o t ,maetas _h put =? ! op9ion t ! e>? moves4 7,maetam s5sisse t]ram mov]i47 ,aft]w>ds ,i f\nd 9 ,plut>* t o!rs _h ent]ta9$ ! same idea4 ,"h ,cop]nicus quotes ! orig9al z f> z x relates to ! sy/em ( ,philolaus1 to ! effect t ! e>? turns r\nd ! region ( fire 7e!real region71 & runs ?r\gh ! zodiac l ! sun & ! moon4 ,! pr9cipal ,py?agoreans1 su* z ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 ,h]aclides ( ,pontium1 taught also ! same doctr9e1 say+ t ! e>? is n immovable 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 b revolves 9 a circle1 & is f> f occupy+ ! *ief place among ! cele/ial bodies4 ,py?agoras le>nt ?is doctr9e1 x is said1 f ! ,egyptians1 :o 9 _! hi]oglyphics repres5t$ ! symbol ( ! sun by ! /]coral beetle1 because ?is insect =ms a ball ) ! excrem5t ( ! ox51 & ly+ d[n on its back1 turns x r\nd & r\nd ) its legs4 ,timaeus ( ,locris 0 m precise ?an ! o!r ,py?agoreans 9 call+ ! five planets ! organs ( "t1 on acc\nt ( _! revolutions1 add+ t we mu/ conclude t ! e>? is n immovable 9 "o place1 b t x turns1 on ! contr>y1 ab\t itself1 & travels also ?r\gh space4 ,plut>* records t ,plato1 :o _h always taught t ! sun turn$ r\nd ! e>?1 _h *ang$ 8 op9ion t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 regrett+ t he _h n plac$ ! sun 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 :i* 0 ! only place1 he !n ?\ght1 t 0 suitable = t />4 ,?ree c5turies be=e ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,ari/>*us ( ,samos is said by ,ari/otle to h compos$ a special "w to def5d ! motion ( ! e>? aga9/ ! contr>y op9ions ( philosoph]s4 ,9 ?is "w1 :i* is n[ lo/1 he laid d[n 9 ! mo/ positive mann] t ! sun rema9s immovable1 & t ! ,e>? moves r\nd x 9 a circul> curve1 ( :i* t /> is ! c5tre4 ,x w\ld be impossible to /ate ?is 9 cle>] t]ms2 & :at makes 8 mean+ m cle>1 if possible1 is t he 0 p]secut$ = x1 be+ accus$ ( irreligion & ( tr\bl+ ! repose ( ,ve/a--because1 says ,plut>*1 9 ord] to expla9 ! ph5om5a1 he taught t ! heav5s 7 immovable1 & t ! e>? accompli%$ a motion ( translation 9 an oblique l9e1 at ! same "t t x turn$ r\nd its own axis4 ,?is is exactly ! op9ion t ,cop]nicus took up1 aft] an int]val ( eighte5 c5turies--& he too 0 accus$ ( irreligion4 ,9 pass+ f ! ,greeks to ! ,romans1 & f !m to ! middle ages1 ! doctr9e ( ,ari/>*us und]w5t a curi\s modification1 assimilat+ x to ! sy/em ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :i* we %all h]eaft] consid]1 r ?an to t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,?is consi/$ 9 mak+ ! planets move r\nd ! sun1 :ile ! sun itself revolv$ r\nd ! e>?1 & c>ri$ !m ) him1 & ! heav5s revolv$ r\nd all4 ,vitruvius & ,macrobius bo? taught ?is doctr9e4 ,al?\gh ,cic]o & ,s5eca1 ) ,ari/otle & ! ,/oics1 taught ! immobility ( ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 ! "q seem$ undecid$1 to ,s5eca at lea/1 :o writes3--,x w\ld be well to exam9e :e!r x is ! univ]se t turns ab\t ! immovable e>?1 or ! e>? t moves1 :ile ! univ]se rema9s at re/4 ,inde$ "s m5 h taught t ! e>? is c>ri$ along1 unkn[n to ourselves1 t x is n ! motion ( ! heav5s t produces ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! />s1 b t x is we :o rise & set relatively to !m4 ,x is a matt] wor?y ( contemplation1 to "k 9 :at /ate we are--:e!r we are assign$ an immovable or rapidly-mov+ home--:e!r ,god makes all ?+s revolve r\nd u1 or we r\nd !m4 ,! d\ble motion ( ! e>?1 !n1 is an idea reviv$ f ! ,grecian philosoph]s4 ,! !ory 0 kn[n inde$ to ,ptolemy1 :o devotes a :ole *apt] 9 8 celebrat$ ,almage/a to combat x4 ,f 8 po9t ( view x seem$ v absurd1 & he did n hesitate to call x s2 & x 0 9 reality only :5 fre% discov]ies _h alt]$ ! me?od ( exam9+ ! "q t ! absurdities disappe>$1 & 7 transf]r$ to ! o!r side4 ,n until x 0 discov]$ t ! e>? 0 no l>g] & no heavi] ?an ! o!r planets c\ld ! idea ( its revolution & translation h appe>$ any?+ else ?an absurd4 ,we are apt to laugh at ! errors ( =m] great m51 :ile we =get ! scant9ess ( ! k !y !n possess$4 ,s x w be in/ructive to draw att5tion to ,ptolemy's argum5ts1 t we may see :]e x is t new k & ideas h l$ u1 z !y w\ld d\btless h l$ him1 _h he possess$ !m1 to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,8 argum5t dep5ds ess5tially on ! obs]v$ effects ( weight4 ,light bodies1 he says1 are c>ri$ t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 !y appe> to u to g up2 because we s speak ( ! space t is ov] our heads1 z f> z ! surface :i* appe>s to surr\nd u4 ,heavy bodies t5d1 on ! contr>y1 t[>ds ! middle1 z t[>ds a c5tre1 & !y appe> to u to fall d[n1 because we s speak ( :atev] is "u our feet1 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,^! bodies are pil$ up r\nd ! c5tre by ! oppos$ =ces ( _! impetus & friction4 ,we c easily see t ! :ole mass ( ! e>?1 be+ s l>ge comp>$ ) ! bodies t fall ^u x1 c receive !m )\t _! weight or _! velocity communicat+ to x any p]ceptible oscillation4 ,n[ if ! e>? _h a motion 9 common ) all ! o!r heavy bodies1 x w\ld n be long1 on acc\nt ( its weight1 9 leav+ ! animals & o!r bodies beh9d x1 & )\t support1 & x w\ld soon itself fall out ( heav54 ,su* w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( its motion1 :i* are mo/ ridicul\s ev5 to imag9e4 ,aga9/ ! idea ( ! e>?'s diurnal rotation he argu$ z foll[s3--,!re are "s :o pret5d t no?+ prev5ts u f suppos+ t ! heav5 rema9s immovable1 & ! e>? turns r\nd ^u its axis f we/ to ea/1 accompli%+ ! rotation ea* day4 ,x is true t1 z f> z ! />s are conc]n$1 !re is no?+ aga9/ our suppos+ ?is1 if guid$ only by appe>ances1 & = great] simplicity2 b ^? :o d s =get h[ ?or\ghly ridicul\s x is :5 we consid] :at happ5s ne> u & 9 ! air4 ,= ev5 if we admit1 :i* is n ! case1 t ! light] bodies h no motion1 or only move z bodies ( a contr>y nature1 al?\gh we see t a]ial bodies move ) great] velocity ?an t]re/rial--if we admit t v d5se & heavy bodies h a rapid & con/ant motion ( _! own1 :]eas 9 reality !y obey b ) difficulty ! impulses communicat$ to !m--we %\ld !n be oblig$ to ass]t t ! e>?1 by its rotation1 has a m rapid motion ?an any ( ! bodies t are r\nd x1 z x makes s l>ge a circuit 9 s %ort a "t4 ,9 ?is case ! bodies :i* are n support$ by x w\ld appe> to h a motion contr>y to x1 & no cl\d or any fly+ bird c\ld ev] appe> to g to ! ea/1 s9ce ! e>? w\ld always move fa/] ?an x 9 t direction4 ,! ,almage/a 0 = a long "t ! gospel ( a/ronom]s2 to believe 9 ! motion ( ! e>? 0 to !m m ?an an innovation1 x 0 simply folly4 ,cop]nicus himself well expresses ! /ate ( op9ion 9 :i* he f\nd ! "q1 & ! process ( 8 own *ange1 9 ! foll[+ words3--,& ,i too1 tak+ occasion by ^! te/imonies1 comm5c$ to cogitate on ! motion ( ! e>?1 & al?\gh t op9ion appe>$ absurd1 ,i ?\ght t z o!rs be=e me _h inv5t$ an assemblage ( circles to expla9 ! motion ( ! />s1 ,i might also try if1 by suppos+ ! e>? to move1 ,i c\ld n f9d a bett] acc\nt ( ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies ?an t ) :i* we are at pres5t cont5t$4 ,aft] long rese>*es1 ,i am at la/ conv9c$ t if we assign to ! circulation ( ! e>? ! motions ( ! o!r planets1 calculation & obs]vation w agree bett] toge!r4 ,& ,i h no d\bt t ma!maticians w be ( my op9ion1 if !y w take ! tr\ble to consid] c>efully & n sup]ficially ! demon/rations ,i %all give 9 ?is "w4 ,al?\gh ! op9ions ( ,cop]nicus _h be5 held be=e1 x is v j t 8 %\ld be ! "n by :i* !y are kn[n2 = dur+ ! "t t elaps$ be=e he wrote1 ! adh]5ts ( su* views became few] & few]1 until at la/ ! v remembrance ( !m 0 almo/ =gott51 & x requir$ rese>* to "k :o _h held !m & taught !m4 ,x took him ?irty ye>s' "w to e/abli% !m on a firm basis4 ,we %all make no excuse = quot+ fur!r f 8 book1 t we may "k exactly ! circum/ances1 z f> z he tells u1 ( 8 giv+ ?is sy/em to ! _w4 ,i hesitat$ = a long "t :e!r ,i %\ld publi% my comm5t>ies on ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or :e!r x w\ld n be bett] to foll[ ! example ( c]ta9 ,py?agoreans1 :o left no writ+s1 b communicat$ ! my/]ies ( _! philosophy orally f man to man among _! adepts & fri5ds1 z is prov$ by ! lett] ( ,lysidas to ,hipp>*us4 ,!y did n d ?is1 z "s suppose1 f a _s ( jeal\sy1 b 9 ord] t weighty que/ions1 /udi$ ) great c>e by illu/ri\s m51 might n be disp>ag$ by ! idle1 :o d n c>e to und]take s]i\s /udy1 unless x be lucrative1 or by %all[-m9d$ m51 :o1 ?\gh devot+ !mselves to sci5ce1 are ( s indol5t a _s t !y only intrude among philosoph]s1 l drones among bees4 ,:5 ,i hesitat$ & held back1 my fri5ds press$ me on4 ,! fir/ 0 ,nicolas ,s*onb]g1 ,c>d9al ( ,capua1 a man ( great le>n+4 ,! o!r 0 my be/ fri5d1 ,tideman ,gysius1 ,bi%op ( ,culm1 :o 0 z well v]s$ 9 ! ,holy ,scriptures z 9 ! sci5ces4 ,! latt] press$ me s mu* t he decid$ me at la/ to give to ! public ! "w ,i _h kept = m ?an tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,_m illu/ri\s m5 urg$ me1 9 ! int]e/ ( ma!matics1 to ov]come my repugnance & to let ! fruit ( my lab\rs see ! light4 ,!y assur$ me t ! m my !ory ( ! motion ( ! e>? appe>$ absurd1 ! m x w\ld be admir$ :5 ! publication ( my "w _h dissipat$ d\bts by ! cle>e/ demon/rations4 ,yield+ to ^! entreaties1 & buoy+ myself ) ! same hope1 ,i cons5t$ to ! pr9t+ ( my "w4 ,he tri$ to gu>d himself aga9/ ! attacks ( dogmati/s by say+1 ,if any evil-advis$ p]son %\ld quote aga9/ me any texts ( ,scripture1 ,i deprecate su* a ra% attempt4 ,ma!matical tru?s c only be judg$ by ma!maticians4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 h[ev]1 8 "w1 aft] 8 dea?1 0 condemn$ by ! ,index 9 #afaf1 "u ,paul ,v4 ,on exam9+ ! anci5t sy/ems1 ,cop]nicus 0 /ruck by ! want ( h>mony 9 ! arrangem5ts propos$1 & by ! arbitr>y mann] 9 :i* new pr9ciples 7 introduc$ & old ones neglect$1 comp>+ ! sy/em to a collection ( legs & arms n unit$ to any trunk1 & x 0 ! simplicity & h>mony :i* ! "o idea ( ! motion ( ! e>? introduc$ into ! :ole sy/em t conv9c$ him mo/ ?or\ghly ( its tru?4 ,he knew well t new views & tru?s w\ld appe> z p>adoxes1 & be reject$ by m5 :o 7 w$d$ to old doctr9es1 & on ?is acc\nt he took su* pa9s to %[ t ^! views _h be5 held be=e1 & ?us to dis>m !m ( _! app>5t novelty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,! ,,cop]nican ,,sy/em4 ,cop]nicus dealt only ) ! six planets !n kn[n & ! sun & moon4 ,z to ! />s1 he _h no idea t !y 7 suns l our own1 at imm5se & v>i\s di/ances f u4 ,! k ( ! magnitude ( ! sid]eal univ]se 0 res]v$ = our own c5tury1 :5 x 0 discov]$ by ! me?od ( p>allaxes4 ,we w give ,cop]nicus's own sket* ( ! planet>y sy/em3-- ,9 ! highe/ place is ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 an immovable sph]e1 :i* surr\nds ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,among ! movable planets ! fir/ is ,saturn1 :i* requires ?irty ye>s to make its revolution4 ,aft] x ,jupit] accompli%es its j\rney 9 twelve ye>s2 ,m>s foll[s1 requir+ two ye>s4 ,9 ! f\r? l9e come ! e>? & ! moon :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "o ye> return to _! orig9al position4 ,! fif? place is occupi$ by ,v5us1 :i* requires n9e mon?s = its j\rney4 ,m]cury occupies ! six? place1 ^: orbit is accompli%$ 9 eighty days4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all is ! sun4 ,:at man is !re1 :o 9 ?is maje/ic temple c\ld *oose ano!r & bett] place = t brilliant lamp :i* illum9ates all ! planets ) _! satellites8 ,x is n )\t reason t ! sun is call$ ! lant]n ( ! _w1 ! s\l & ?\ght ( ! univ]se4 ,9 plac+ x 9 ! c5tre ( ! planets1 z on a regal ?rone1 we give x ! gov]nm5t ( ! great family ( cele/ial bodies4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit appe>$ simply to ,cop]nicus z a good basis = ! exact det]m9ation ( ! ratios ( ! di/ances ( ! sev]al planets ab\t ! sun4 ,b he did n give up ! exc5trics & epicycles = ! explanation ( ! irregul> motions ( ! planets1 & c]ta9 imag9>y v>iations 9 ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,accord+ to him ! e>? 0 end[$ ) ?ree diff]5t motions1 ! fir/ ab\t its axis1 ! second along ! ecliptic1 & a ?ird1 :i* he call$ ! decl9ation1 mov+ x backw>ds along ! signs ( ! zodiac f ea/ to we/4 ,?is la/ motion 0 inv5t$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons4 ,he ?\ght1 l _m o!r anci5t philosoph]s1 t a body c\ld n turn ab\t ano!r )\t be+ fix$ 9 "s way to x--by a cry/al sph]e1 or some?+--& 9 ?is case t ! same surface w\ld ea* day be pres5t$ to ! sun1 & s x requires a ?ird rotation1 by :i* its axis may rema9 con/antly p>allel to itself4 ,galileo1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds demon/rat$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! two motions 9 "q1 & prov$ t ! ?ird 0 unnecess>y4 ,cop]nicus 0 born 9 ! ,poli% village ( ,?orn1 9 #adgc1 & di$ 9 #aedc1 at ,w>mia1 ( :i* he 0 canon1 & :]e he built an obs]vatory4 ,! voyages ( 8 y\?1 8 lab\rs1 adv]sities1 & old age at la/ broke him d[n1 & 9 ! w9t] ( #aedb he took to 8 b$1 & 0 incapable ( fur!r "w4 ,8 "w1 :i* 0 j f9i%$ pr9t+ at ,nuremb]g1 0 br\ght to him by 8 fri5ds be=e he di$4 ,he soon aft] completely fail$ 9 /r5g?1 & pass$ away tranquilly on ! #bcrd ( ,may1 #aedc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4--,,dea? ,,( ,,cop]nicus4 ,! ,cop]nican sy/em requir$1 h[ev]1 e/abli%+ 9 ! m9ds ( a/ronom]s g5]ally be=e x took ! place x n[ holds1 & ?is "w 0 done by ,galileo--a "n z celebrat$ z t ( ,cop]nicus himself1 if n m s4 ,?is p]haps is due n only to 8 demon/ration ( ! motion ( ! e>?1 b to 8 introduction ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 & 8 obs]vational me?od 9 a/ronomy4 ,! next advance 0 made by ,kepl]1 :o ov]?rew at "o bl[ all ! exc5trics & epicycles ( ! anci5ts1 :5 by 8 labori\s calculations he prov$ ! ellipticity ( ! orbit ( ,m>s4 ,! ,grecian hypo!ses 7 ! logical consequ5ces ( two propositions :i* 7 univ]sally admitt$ z axioms 9 ! e>ly & middle ages4 ,fir/1 t ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies 7 uni=m2 second1 t _! orbits 7 p]fect circles4 ,no?+ appe>$ m natural ?an ?is belief1 ?\gh false4 ,s !n :5 ,kepl]1 9 #afji1 recognis$ ! fact1 by inconte/able geometrical measurem5ts1 t ,m>s describ$ an oval orbit r\nd ! sun1 9 :i* its velocity v>i$ p]iodically1 he c\ld n believe ei!r 8 obs]vation or 8 calculation1 & he puzzl$ 8 bra9 to discov] :at secret pr9ciple x 0 t =c$ ! planet to approa* & dep>t f ! sun by turns4 ,=tunately = him1 9 ?is inquietude he came across a treatise by ,gilb]t1 ,de ,magnate1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ 9 ,london n9e ye>s be=e4 ,9 ?is rem>kable "w ,gilb]t prov$ by exp]im5t t ! e>? acts on magnetiz$ ne$les & on b>s ( iron plac$ ne> its surface j z a magnet does--& by a conjectural ext5sion ( ?is fact1 :i* 0 a vague pres5tim5t ( ! tru?1 he suppos$ t ! e>? itself might be reta9$ 9 its con/ant orbit r\nd ! sun by a magnetic attraction4 ,?is idea 0 a ray ( light to ,kepl]4 ,x l$ him to see ! secret cause ( ! alt]nat+ motions t _h tr\bl$ him s mu*1 & 9 ! joy ( t discov]y he said1 ,if we f9d x impossible to attribute ! vibration to a magnetic p[] resid+ 9 ! sun1 act+ on ! planet )\t any mat]ial m$ium betwe51 we mu/ conclude t ! planet is itself end[$ ) a k9d ( intellig5t p]ception :i* gives x p[] to "k at ea* in/ant ! prop] angles & di/ances = its motion4 ,9 ! result ,kepl] 0 l$ to enunciate to ! _w 8 ?ree celebrat$ laws3-- #a/4 ,t ! planets move 9 ellipses1 ( :i* ! sun is 9 "o ( ! foci4 #bnd4 ,! spaces describ$ by ! ideal radius :i* jo9s ea* planet to ! sun are proportional to ! times ( _! description4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ne>] a planet is to ! sun1 ! fa/] x moves4 #crd4 ,! squ>es ( ! times ( revolution are z ! cubes ( ! major axes ( ! orbits4 ,su* 7 ! laws ( ,kepl]1 ! basis ( mod]n a/ronomy1 :i* l$ 9 ! h&s ( ,newton to ! simple explanation by univ]sal gravitation1 :i* itself is n[ ask+ to be expla9$4 ,we are n to suppose t ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus 0 univ]sally accept$ ev5 by a/ronom]s ( note4 ,by "s an attempt 0 made to inv5t a sy/em :i* %\ld h all ! advantages ( ?is1 & yet if possible save ! immobility ( ! e>?4 ,su* 0 t ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 :o 0 born ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,cop]nicus1 & di$ 9 #afja4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ labori\s & pa9/ak+ obs]v]s ( 8 "t1 al?\gh by ! peculi>ity ( fate he is kn[n g5]ally only by 8 false sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,ty*o ,,brahe',s ,,sy/em4 ,9 #aegg1 ,ty*o ,brahe wrote a little treatise1 ,ty*onis ,brahe1 ,dani1 ,de ,mundi ,a,etherei ,rec5tioribus ph5om5is1 a propos ( a comet t _h lately appe>$4 ,he speaks at l5g? ( 8 sy/em z foll[s3--,i h rem>k$ t ! anci5t sy/em ( ,ptolemy is n at all natural1 & too complicat$4 ,b nei!r c ,i approve ( ! new "o introduc$ by ! great ,cop]nicus aft] ! example ( ,ari/>*us ( ,samos4 ,?is heavy mass ( e>?1 s little fit = motion1 c\ld n be displac$ 9 ?is mann]1 & mov$ 9 ?ree ways1 l ! cele/ial bodies1 )\t a %ock to ! pr9ciples ( physics4 ,besides1 x is oppos$ to ,scripture6 ,i ?9k !n1 he adds1 t we mu/ decid$ly & )\t d\bt place ! e>? immovable 9 ! c5tre ( _w1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! anci5ts & ! te/imony ( ,scripture4 ,9 my op9ion ! cele/ial motions are arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* incloses all1 h ! e>? = _! c5tre4 ,! five planets turn ab\t ! sun z ab\t _! *ief & k+1 ! sun be+ con/antly 9 ! c5tre ( _! orbits1 & accompany x 9 its annual motion r\nd ! e>?4 ,?is sy/em p]fectly acc\nts = ! app>5t motions ( ! planets z se5 f ! e>?1 & is ess5tially a v>iation on ! ,cop]nican1 r ?an on ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 b x l5t itself less readily to future discov]ies4 ,x simply am\nts1 z f> z ! sol> sy/em is conc]n$1 to impress+ ^u all ! re/ ( x ! motions ( ! e>?1 s z to leave ! latt] at re/2 & 7 ! sun only z l>ge ) respect to ! e>? z x seems1 7 ! planets really small] ?an ! moon1 & ! />s only at a %ort di/ance1 & small] ?an ! planets1 x might seem m natural t !y %\ld move ?an ! e>?2 b :5 all ^! suppositions 7 disprov$1 ! v argum5t ( ,ty*o ,brahe = ! /ability ( ! e>? turn$ ! o!r way1 & prov$ z inconte/ably t x mov$4 ,9 ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 h[ev]1 ^! que/ions are ( no consequ5ce2 if ! sun be at re/1 ?is mass makes no diff]5ce2 if ! e>? moves l ! planets1 _! relative size does n alt] any?+2 & if />s are immovable !y may be at any di/ance & ( any magnitude4 ,! objections ( ,ty*o ,brahe to ! e>?'s motion 73 ,fir/1 t x 0 too heavy--we "k n[1 h[ev]1 t "s o!r planets are heavi]--& t ! sun1 :i* he w\ld make move in/ead1 is #cdj1jjj times z heavy4 ,secondly1 t if ! e>? mov$1 all loose ?+s w\ld be c>ri$ f ea/ to we/2 b we h exp]i5ce ( _m loose ?+s be+ kept by friction on mov+ bodies1 & c conceive h[1 all ?+s may be kept by ! attraction ( ! e>? "u ! influ5ce ( its own motion4 ,?irdly1 t he c\ld n imag9e t ! e>? 0 turn$ upside d[n e day1 & t = twelve h\rs our heads are d[nw>ds4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( ! antipodes ov]comes ?is objection1 & %[s t !re is no up & d[n 9 ! univ]se1 b ea* man calls t d[n :i* is ne>] to ! c5tre ( ! e>? ?an himself4 ,a v>iation on ,ty*o ,brahe's sy/em 0 attempt$ by "o ,longomontanus1 :o _h liv$ ) him = t5 ye>s4 ,x consi/$ 9 admitt+ ! diurnal rotation1 b n ! annual revolution1 ( ! e>?2 b x made no progress1 & 0 soon =gott54 ,m rem>kable ?an ?is 0 ! attempt by ,desc>tes 9 ! same direction1 namely1 to hold ! pr9ciples ( ,cop]nicus1 & yet to tea* ! immobility ( ! e>?4 ,8 idea ( immobility 0 h[ev] v diff]5t f t ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 or ( any "o else1 & w\ld only be call$ s by ^? :o 7 b\nd to believe x at all co/s4 ,8 ,!ory ( ,vortices1 z x is call$1 w be be/ giv5 9 8 own words z conta9$ 9 8 ,les ,pr9cipes de la ,philosophie1 ?ird "p1 *ap4 xxvi41 entitl$1 ,t ! e>? is at re/ 9 its heav51 :i* does n prev5t its be+ c>ri$ along ) x1 & t x is ! same ) all ! planets4 ,i adh]e1 he says1 to ! hypo!sis ( ,cop]nicus1 because x seems to me ! simple/ & cle>e/4 ,!re is no vacuum any:]e 9 space4444 ,! heav5s are full ( a univ]sal liquid sub/ance4 ,?is is an op9ion n[ commonly receiv$ among a/ronom]s1 because !y _c see h[ ! ph5om5a c be expla9$ )\t x4 ,! sub/ance ( ! heav5s has ! common prop]ty ( all liquids1 t its m9ute/ p>ticles are easily mov$ 9 any direction1 & :5 x happ5s t !y all move 9 "o way1 !y necess>ily c>ry ) !m all ! bodies !y surr\nd1 & :i* are n prev5t$ f mov+ by any ext]nal cause4 ,! matt] ( ! heav5 9 :i* ! planets are turns r\nd cont9ually l a vortex1 :i* has ! ,sun = its c5tre4 ,! p>ts t are ne>e/ ! ,sun move fa/] ?an ^? t are at a great] di/ance2 & all ! planets1 includ+ ! e>?1 rema9 always susp5d$ 9 ! same place 9 ! matt] ( ! heav54 ,& j z 9 ! turns ( riv]s1 :5 ! wat] turns back on itself & twi/s r\nd 9 circles1 if any twig or light body floats on x1 we see x c>ry !m r\nd1 & make !m move ) x1 & ev5 among ^! twigs we may see "s turn+ on _! own c5tre1 & ^? t are ne>e/ to ! middle ( ! vortex mov+ quick] ?an ^? on ! outside2 s we may easily imag9e x to be ) ! planets1 & ?is is all t is necess>y to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,! matt] t is r\nd ,saturn takes ab\t ?irty ye>s to run its circle2 t :i* surr\nds ,jupit] c>ries x & its satellites r\nd 9 twelve ye>s1 & s on4444 ,! satellites are c>ri$ r\nd _! prim>ies by small] vortices4444 ,! e>? is n su/a9$ by columns1 nor susp5d$ 9 ! air by ropes1 b x is environ$ on all sides by a v liquid heav54 ,x is at re/1 & has no propulsion or motion1 s9ce we d n p]ceive any 9 x4 ,?is does n prev5t x be+ c>ri$ r\nd by its heav51 & foll[+ its motion )\t mov+ itself1 j z a vessel :i* is n mov$ by w9ds or o>s1 & is n reta9$ by an*ors1 rema9s 9 repose 9 ! middle ( ! sea1 al?\gh ! flood ( ! great mass ( wat] c>ries x ins5sibly ) x4 ,l ! e>?1 ! planets rema9 at re/ 9 ! region ( heav5 :]e ea* "o is f\nd4 ,cop]nicus made no difficulty 9 all[+ t ! e>? moves4 ,ty*o1 to :om ?is op9ion seem$ absurd & unwor?y ( common s5se1 wi%$ to correct him1 b ! e>? has f> m motion 9 8 hypo!sis ?an 9 t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--;,,desc>tes' ,,!ory ,,( ,,vortices4 ,su* is ! celebrat$ !ory ( vortices4 ,! comp>ison ( ! rotation ( ! e>? & planets & _! revolution r\nd ! sun to ! turn+ ( small portions ( a rapid /ream1 may conta9 an idea yet de/9$ to be develop$ to acc\nt = ^! motions2 b z us$ by ,desc>tes x is a m]e play+ ^u words admirably adapt$ to secure ! concurr5ce ( all p>ties2 ^? :o believ$ 9 ! motion ( ! e>? see+ t x did n int]f]e ) _! ideas 9 ! lea/1 & ^? :o believ$ 9 its /ability be+ gratifi$ to f9d "s way by :i* !y might /ill cl+ to t belief & yet adopt ! new ideas4 ,?is 0 its purpose1 & t purpose x well s]v$2 b z a philosophical speculation x 0 wor?less4 ,:5 =m] a/ronom]s decl>$ t any planet mov$1 :e!r x 7 ! e>? or any o!r1 !y _h no idea ( attraction1 b suppos$ ! planet fix$ to a sph]e2 ?is sph]e mov+ & c>ry+ ! planet ) x 0 :at !y meant by ! planet mov+3 ! !ory ( vortices m]ely sub/itut$ a liquid = a solid sph]e1 ) ?is disadvantage1 t if ! planet 7 fix$ to a solid mov+ sph]e1 x mu/ move2 if only plac$ 9 a liquid "o1 t liquid might pass x if x did n h motion ( its own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,vortices ,,( ,,! ,,/>s4 ,a v>iation on ,desc>tes' sy/em ( vortices 0 propos$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* suppos$ t ! sun1 in/ead ( be+ fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! sy/em1 itself circulat$ r\nd ano!r c5tre1 c>ry+ ,m]cury ) x4 ,?is motion ( ! sun 0 int5t$ to expla9 ! *anges ( magnitude ( its disc z se5 f ! e>?1 & ! diurnal & annual v>iations 9 its motion1 )\t disc>d+ its circul> pa?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,v>iation ,,( ,,desc>tes' ,,!ory4 ,we h ?us notic$ all ! *ief a/ronomical sy/ems t h at any "t be5 ent]ta9$ by a/ronom]s4 ,!y "o & all h giv5 way be=e ! univ]sally ackn[l$g$ tru? ab\t :i* !re is no long] any dispute4 ,sy/ems are n n[ matt]s ( op9ion or !ory4 ,we speak ( facts z c]ta9 z any t c be asc]ta9$ 9 any bran* ( k4 ,we h mu* to le>n1 b :at we h settl$ z ! basis ( our k w nev] m be alt]$ z f> z we c see4 ,( c\rse !re h be5 always fanta/ic fancies put =? ab\t ! sol> sy/em1 b !y are m amus+ ?an in/ructive4 ,"s h said t !re is no sun1 moon1 or />s1 b t !y are reflections f an imm5se light "u ! e>?4 ,"s savage races say t ! moon :5 decreas+ breaks up into />s1 & is r5ew$ ea* mon? by a creative act4 ,! ,indians us$ to say t x 0 full ( nect> :i* ! gods ate up :5 x wan$1 & :i* grew aga9 :5 x wax$4 ,! ,brahm9s plac$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre1 & said t ! />s mov$ l fi%es 9 a sea ( liquid4 ,!y c\nt$ n9e planets1 ( :i* two are invisible dragons :i* cause eclipses2 :i*1 s9ce !y happ5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! zodiac1 %[ t ^! dragons revolve l ! re/4 ,!y said ! sun 0 ne>] ?an ! moon1 p]haps because x is hott] & bright]4 ,b]osus ! ,*aldean gave a v orig9al explanation ( ! phases & eclipses ( ! moon4 ,he said x _h "o side bright1 & ! o!r side j ! col\r ( ! sky1 & 9 turn+ x repres5t$ ! diff]5t col\rs to u4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is *apt] we may notice :at in=mation we possess z to ! orig9 ( ! names by :i* ! planets are kn[n4 ,^! names h n always be5 giv5 to !m1 & date only f ! "t :5 ! poets began to associate ! ,grecian my?ology ) a/ronomy4 ,! e>li] names _h ref]5ce r to _! sev]al *>act]s1 al?\gh !re appe> to h be5 among e p two sets ( names appli$ to !m4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek names ref]r$ to _! v>i\s degrees ( brilliancy3 ?us ,saturn1 :i* is n easily di/+ui%$1 0 call$ ,ph5on1 or t :i* appe>s2 ,jupit] 0 nam$ ,phaeton1 ! brilliant2 ,m>s 0 ,pysois1 or flame-col\r$2 ,m]cury1 ,/ilbon1 ! sp>kl+2 ,v5us1 ,phosphorus2 & ,lucif]1 ! light-be>]4 ,!y call$ ! latt] also ,calli/e1 ! mo/ beautiful4 ,x 0 also kn[n !n z n[ "u ! appellations ( ! morn+ /> & ev5+ />1 indicat+ its special position4 ,) ! anci5t ,accadians1 ! planets _h simil> names1 among o!rs4 ,?us1 ,m>s 0 sometimes call$ ! vani%+ />1 9 allusion to its recession f ! e>?1 & ,jupit] ! planet ( ! ecliptic1 f its neighb\rhood to ! latt] 7,sayce74 ,! "n ( ,m>s raises ! int]e/+ "q z to :e!r !y _h notic$ its phases z well z its movem5ts--especially :51 ) ref]5ce to ,v5us1 x is record$ 9 ! ,obs]vations ( ,bel1 t x rises1 & 9 its orbit duly gr[s 9 size4 ,!y _h also a r confus+ sy/em ( nom5clature by nam+ ea* planet aft] ! /> t x happ5$ to be ! ne>e/ to at any po9t ( its c\rse r\nd ! ecliptic4 ,among less cultivat$ nations also ! same practice held1 z ) ! natives ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ^: "n = ! sun is a ^w mean+ x br+s ! day2 = ! moon1 x br+s ! night2 & = ,v5us1 x ann\nces ! day4 ,b ev5 among ! ,ea/]n nations1 f :om ! ,greeks & ,romans borr[$ _! a/ronomical sy/ems1 x soon became a practice to associate ^! planets ) ! names ( ! sev]al div9ities !y wor%ipp$4 ,?is 0 p]haps natural f ! adoration !y paid to ! cele/ial lum9>ies !mselves on acc\nt ( _! real or suppos$ influ5ce on t]re/rial affairs2 &1 moreov]1 z "t w5t on1 & h]oes _h appe>$1 & !y _h to f9d !m dwell+-places 9 ! heav5s1 !y w\ld naturally associate !m ) "o or o!r ( ! mo/ brilliant & rem>kable lum9>ies1 to :i* !y might suppose !m translat$4 ,beyond ^! g5]al rem>ks1 only conjectures c be made :y any p>ticul> div9ity %\ld among ! ,greeks be connect$ ) ! sev]al planets z we n[ "k !m4 ,su* conjectures z ! foll[+ we may make4 ,?us ,jupit]1 ! l>ge/1 w\ld take fir/ rank1 & be call$ aft] ! "n ( ! *ief div9ity4 ,! s(t & sympa?is+ ,v5us--appe>+ at ! twilight--w\ld well d5ote ! ev5+ />4 ,m>s w\ld receive its "n f its r$ appe>ance1 naturally sugge/+ c>nage & ! god ( w>4 ,saturn1 or ,kronos1 ! god ( "t1 is p]sonifi$ by ! sl[ & almo/ imp]ceptible motion ( t remote planet4 ,:ile ,m]cury1 ! fi]y & quick god ( ?ieves & comm]ce1 is well mat*$ ) ! hide-&-seek planet :i* s seldom c be se51 & moves s rapidly4 ,^! 7 ! only planets kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & 7 inde$ all t c\ld be discov]$ )\t a telescope4 ,if ! anci5t ,babylonians possess$ telescopes1 z has be5 conjectur$ f _! speak+1 z we h notic$ above1 ( ! increase ( ! size ( ,v5us1 & f ! f9d+ a cry/al l5s among ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 !y did n use !m = ?is purpose4 ,! o!r planets n[ kn[n h a f> %ort] hi/ory4 ,uranus 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el on ! #ac? ( ,m>*1 #agha1 & 0 at fir/ tak5 = a comet4 ,h]s*el propos$ to call x ,georgium ,sidus1 aft] ,k+ ,george ,,iii4 ,lal&e sugge/$ x %\ld be nam$ ,h]s*el1 aft] its discov]]1 & x bore ?is "n = "s "t4 ,aft]w>ds ! names1 ,neptune1 ,a/roea1 ,cybele1 & ,uranus 7 successively propos$1 & ! latt]1 ! sugge/ion ( ,bode1 0 ultimately adopt$4 ,x is ! "n ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! gods1 connect$ ) ! !n mo/ mod]n ( planets 9 po9t ( discov]y1 ?\gh also mo/ anci5t 9 =mation1 if rec5t !ories be correct4 ,neptune1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 0 calculat$ into exi/5ce1 if "o may s speak1 by ,adams & ,lev]ri] indep5d5tly1 & 0 fir/ se51 9 ! qu>t] indicat$1 by ,dr4 ,galle at ,b]l91 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 & by univ]sal cons5t x receiv$ ! "n x n[ be>s4 ,!re are n[ also kn[n a long s]ies ( :at are call$ m9or planets1 all circulat+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 ) _! irregul> orbits inextricably m+l$ toge!r4 ,_! discov]y 0 l$ to 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t ! di/ances ( ! sev]al planets might approximately be express$ by ! t]ms ( a c]ta9 ma!matical s]ies1 if "o t]m 0 suppli$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]--a fact kn[n by ! "n ( ,bode's law4 ,:5 ! new planet1 ,uranus1 0 f\nd to obey ?is law1 ! feel+ 0 s /rong t !re mu/ be some?+ to repres5t ?is miss+ t]m1 t /rong ef=ts 7 made to discov] x1 :i* l$ to success1 & sev]al1 ^: names are d]iv$ f ! m9or gods & goddesses1 are n[ well kn[n4 ,all ^! planets1 l ! signs ( ! zodiac1 are indicat$ by a/ronom]s by c]ta9 symbols1 :i*1 z !y d]ive _! =m f ! names or nature ( ! planets1 may prop]ly "h be expla9$4 ,! sign ( ,neptune is symbol3 neptune1 repres5t+ ! trid5t ( ! sea2 = ,uranus symbol3 uranus1 :i* is ! fir/ lett] ( ,h]s*el ) a little globe bel[2 symbol3 saturn is ! sickle ( "t1 or ,saturn2 symbol3 jupit] is ! repres5tation ( ! fir/ lett] ( ,zeus or ,jupit]2 symbol3 m>s is ! lance & buckl] ( ,m>s2 symbol3 v5us ! mirror ( ,v5us2 symbol3 m]cury ! w& ( ,m]cury2 symbol3 sun ! sun's disc2 & symbol3 moon ! cresc5t ( ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ix4--,,! ,,sol> ,,sy/em4 ,! m mod]n discov]ies h1 ( c\rse1 be5 all made by means ( ! telescope1 & a few words on ! hi/ory ( its discov]y may fitly close ?is *apt]4 ,accord+ to ,olb]s1 a concave & convex l5s 7 fir/ us$ 9 comb9ation1 to r5d] objects less di/ant 9 appe>ance1 9 ! ye> #afjf4 ,9 t ye> ! *ildr5 ( "o ,jean ,lipp]%ey1 an optician ( ,middelburg1 9 ,zeal&1 7 play+ ) 8 l5ses1 & happ5$ to hold "o be=e ! o!r to look at a di/ant clock4 ,_! great surprise 9 see+ h[ ne> x seem$ attract$ _! fa!r's att5tion1 & he made sev]al exp]im5ts ) !m1 at la/ fix+ !m z 9 ! mod]n telescope--9 draw tubes4 ,on ! #bnd ( ,octob]1 #afjf1 he made a petition to ! ,/ates-,g5]al ( ,holl& = a pat5t4 ,! ald]m51 h[ev]1 saw no advantage 9 x1 z y c\ld only look ) "o eye in/ead ( two4 ,!y refus$ ! pat5t1 & ?\gh ! discov]y 0 soon f\nd ( value1 ,lipp]%ey reap$ no b5efit4 ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to apply ! telescope to a/ronomical obs]vations4 ,he did n h x made 9 ,holl&1 b con/ruct$ x himself on ,lipp]%ey's pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 9 #afji4 ,its magnify+ p[] 0 at fir/ #d1 & he aft]w>ds increas$ x to #g1 & !n to #cj4 ,) ?is he discov]$ ! phases ( ,v5us1 ! spots on ! sun1 ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]1 & ! m\nta9s ( ! moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,x4--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,telescope4 ,kepl]1 9 #afaa1 made ! fir/ a/ronomical telescope ) two concave glasses4 ,huygh5s increas$ ! magnify+ p[] successively to #dh1 #ej1 & #ib1 & discov]$ ,saturn's r+ & 8 satellite ,no4 #d4 ,cass9i1 ! fir/ director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 br\ght x to #aej1 aid$ by ,auz\t ,campani ( ,rome1 & ,rives ( ,london4 ,he obs]v$ ! rotation ( ,jupit] 7#affe71 t ( ,v5us & ,m>s 7#afff71 ! fif? & ?ird satellites ( ,saturn 7#afga71 & aft]w>ds ! two ne>] ones 7#afhd72 ! o!r satellites ( ?is planet 7 discov]$1 ! six? & sev5?1 by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 7#aghi71 & ! eigh? by ,bond & ,lasel 7#ahdh74 ,we may add "h t ! satellites ( ,uranus 7 discov]$1 six by ,h]s*el f #agij to #agid1 & two by ,lassel 9 #ahea1 ! latt] also discov]+ ,neptune's satellite 9 #ahdg4 ,! rotation ( ,saturn 0 discov]$ by ,h]s*el 9 #aghi1 & t ( ,m]cury by ,s*roet] 9 #ahjj4 ,! e>lie/ telescopes :i* 7 reflectors 7 made by ,gregory 9 #affc & ,newton 9 #afgb4 ,! greate/ in/rum5ts ( our c5tury are t ( ,h]s*el1 :i* magnifies #c1jjj times1 & ,"l ,rosse's1 magnify+ #f1jjj times1 ! ,f\cault telescope at ,m>seilles1 ( #d1jjj1 ! reflector at ,melb\rne1 ( #g1jjj1 & ! ,newall refractor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xi4--,,! ,,f\ndation ,,( ,,p>is ,,obs]vatory4 ,! exact k ( ! heav5s1 :i* makes s gr& a feature 9 mod]n sci5ce1 is due1 h[ev]1 n only to ! exi/5ce ( in/rum5ts1 b also to ! e/abli%m5t ( obs]vatories especially devot$ to _! use4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical obs]vatory t 0 con/ruct$ 0 t at ,p>is4 ,9 #affg ,colb]t submitt$ ! designs ( x to ,l\is ,,xiv41 & f\r ye>s aft]w>ds x 0 complet$4 ,! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #afgf1 t ( ,b]l9 9 #agaj1 & t ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #agbe4 ,s9ce !n num]\s o!rs h be5 erect$1 private z well z public1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & no night passes )\t num]\s obs]vations be+ tak5 z "p ( ! ord9>y duty ( ! a/ronom]s atta*$ to !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,t]re/rial ,,_w ,,( ,,! ,,anci5ts4--,,cosmography ,,& ,,geography4 ,) respect to ! %ape & position ( ! e>? itself 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 & ! "q ( its motion or immobility1 we _c g s f> back z 9 ! case ( ! heav5s1 s9ce x obvi\sly requires m obs]vation1 & is n s press+ = an answ]4 ,among/ ! ,greeks sev]al au?ors appe> to h und]tak5 ! subject1 b only "o complete "w has come d[n to u :i* und]takes x directly4 ,?is is a "w attribut$ to ,ari/otle1 ,de ,mundo4 ,x is address$ to ,alex&]1 & by "s is consid]$ to be spuri\s1 because x lacks ! maje/ic obscurity t 9 8 ackn[l$g$ works repels ! read]4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 x is n z obscure z x might be1 = ! writ]1 x is q bad en\gh1 & its dryness & vagu5ess1 its mixture ( metaphysical & physical reason+1 logic & obs]vation1 & ! *ange t has naturally pass$ ov] ! mean+s ( _m common words s9ce !y 7 writt51 r5d] x v t$i\s & unpleasant read+4 ,nev]!less1 z pres5t+ u ) ! fir/ record$ ideas on ^! que/ions ( ! nature & prop]ties ( ! e>?1 x des]ves att5tive /udy4 ,x is n a sy/em ( obs]vations l ^? ( ,ptolemy & ! ,alex&rian ,s*ool1 b an entirely !oretical "w4 ,x is f\nd$ entirely on logic2 b un=tunately1 if ! premisses are bad1 ! bett] ! syllogism ! m errone\s w be ! conclusion2 & x is j ?is :i* we f9d "h4 ,?us if he be ask$ :e!r ! e>? turns or ! heav5s1 he w reply t ! e>? is evid5tly 9 repose1 & t ?is is ! case n only because we obs]ve x to be s1 b because x is a necessity t x %\ld be2 because repose is natural to ! e>?1 & x is naturally 9 equilibrium4 ,?is idea ( natural leads v (t5 a/ray4 ,he is guid$ to 8 idea ( :at is natural by see+ :at is1 & !n argues t :at is1 or appe>s to be1 mu/ be1 because x is natural--?us argu+ 9 a circle4 ,ano!r example may be giv5 9 8 answ] to ! "q1 ,:y mu/ ! />s move r\nd ! e>?8 ,he says x is natural1 because a circle is a m p]fect l9e1 & mu/ !re=e be describ$ by ! p]fect />s1 & a circle is p]fect because x has no ends6 ,un=tunately !re are o!r curves t h no ends2 b ! circle 0 consid]$1 )\t m reason1 ! mo/ p]fect curve1 & !re=e ! planets mu/ move 9 circles--an idea :i* _h to wait till ,kepl]'s "t to be explod$4 ,"o m specim5 ( ?is /yle may be quot$1 namely1 8 pro( t e "p ( heav5 mu/ be et]nally mov+1 :ile ! e>? mu/ be 9 ! c5tre & at re/4 ,! pro( is ?is4 ,ev]y?+ :i* p]=ms any act has be5 made = ! purpose ( t act4 ,n[ ! "w ( ,god is immortality1 f :i* x foll[s t all t is div9e mu/ h an et]nal motion4 ,b ! heav5s h a div9e quality1 & = ?is reason !y h a sph]ical %ape & move et]nally 9 a circle4 ,n[ :5 a body has a circul> motion1 "o "p ( x mu/ rema9 at re/ 9 its place1 namely1 t :i* is 9 ! c5tre2 ! e>? is 9 ! c5tre--!re=e x is at re/4 ,ari/otle says 9 ?is "w t !re are two k9ds ( simple motion1 t 9 a circle & t 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! latt] belongs to ! elem5ts1 :i* ei!r g up or d[n1 & ! =m] to ! cele/ial bodies1 ^: nature is m div9e1 & :i* h nev] be5 kn[n to *ange2 & ! e>? & _w mu/ be ! only bodies 9 exi/5ce1 = if !re 7 ano!r1 x mu/ be ! contr>y to ?is1 & !re is no contr>y to a circle2 & aga91 if !re 7 any o!r body1 ! e>? w\ld be attract$ t[>ds x1 & move1 :i* x does n4 ,su* is ! /yle ( argum5t :i* 0 9 ^? days ?\ght conclusive1 & :i* ) a little developm5t & inflation ( language appe>$ int5sely pr(\nd4 ,b :at br+s ^! speculations to ! subject we h n[ 9 h& is ?is3 t :5 ,ari/otle ?us proves ! e>? to be immovable 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 he is l$ on to inquire h[ x is possible = x to rema9 9 "o fix$ place4 ,he obs]v$ t ev5 a small fragm5t ( e>?1 :5 x is rais$ into ! air & !n let g1 imm$iately falls )\t ev] /opp+ 9 "o place--fall+1 z he suppos$1 all ! quick] accord+ to its weight2 & he 0 !re=e puzzl$ to "k :y ! :ole mass ( ! e>?1 not)/&+ its weight1 c\ld be kept f fall+4 ,ari/otle exam9es "o by "o ! answ]s t h be5 giv5 to ?is "q4 ,?us ,x5ophanes gave to ! e>? inf9itely ext5d$ roots1 aga9/ :i* ,emp$ocles uses su* argum5ts z we %\ld use n[4 ,?ales ( ,miletus makes ! e>? re/ ^u wat]1 )\t f9d+ any?+ on :i* ! wat] itself c re/1 or answ]+ ! "q h[ x is t ! heavi] e>? c be support$ on ! light] wat]4 ,anaxem5es1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,democritus1 :o make ! e>? flat1 consid] x to be su/a9$ by ! air1 :i* is accumulat$ bel[ x1 & also presses d[n ^u x l a great cov]let4 ,ari/otle himself says t he agrees ) ^? philosoph]s :o ?9k t ! e>? is br\ght to ! c5tre by ! primitive rotation ( ?+s1 & t we may comp>e x1 z ,emp$ocles does1 to ! wat] 9 glasses :i* are made to turn rapidly1 & :i* does n fall out or move1 ev5 ?\gh upside d[n4 ,he also quotes ) approval ano!r op9ion some:at simil> to ?is1 namely1 t ( ,anaxim&]1 :i* /ates t ! e>? is 9 repose1 on acc\nt ( its own equilibrium4 ,plac$ 9 ! c5tre & at an equal di/ance f its extremities1 !re is no reason :y x %\ld move 9 "o direction r ?an ! o!r1 & re/s immovable 9 ! c5tre )\t be+ able to leave x4 ,! result ( all is t ,ari/otle concludes t ! e>? is immovable1 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & t x is n a /> circulat+ 9 space l o!r />s1 & t x does n rotate ^u its axis2 & he completes ! sy/em by /at+ t ! e>? is sph]ical1 :i* is prov$ by ! diff]5t aspects ( ! heav5s to a voyag] to ! nor? or to ! s\?4 ,su* 0 ! ,ari/otelian sy/em1 conta9+ f> m error ?an tru?1 :i* 0 ! fir/ ( any complet5ess4 ,scatt]$ ideas1 h[ev]1 on ! %ape & me?od ( support ( ! e>? & ! cause ( v>i\s ph5om5a1 su* z ! circulation ( ! />s1 are met ) besides 9 abundance4 ,! orig9al ideas ( ! e>? 7 naturally t+$ by ! prepossessions ( ea* race1 e "o ?9k+ 8 own c\ntry to be situat$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,?us among ! ,h9doos1 :o liv$ ne> ! equator1 & among ! ,sc&9avians1 inhabit+ regions ne>] ! pole1 ! same mean+ atta*es to ! words by :i* !y express _! own c\ntry1 m$piama & m$g>d1 bo? mean+ ! c5tral habitation4 ,olympus among ! ,greeks 0 made ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & aft]w>ds ! temple ( ,delphi4 ,= ! ,egyptians ! c5tral po9t 0 ,!bes2 = ! ,assyrians x 0 ,babylon2 = ! ,indians x 0 ! m\nta9 ,m]o2 = ! ,hebrews ,j]usalem4 ,! ,*9ese always call$ _! c\ntry ! c5tral empire4 ,x 0 !n ! cu/om to d5ote ! _w by a l>ge disc1 surr\nd$ on all sides by a m>vell\s & inaccessible ocean4 ,at ! extremities ( ! e>? 7 plac$ imag9>y regions & =tunate isles1 inhabit$ by giants or pigmies4 ,! vault ( ! sky 0 suppos$ to be support$ by enorm\s m\nta9s & my/]i\s columns4 ,num]\s v>iations h be5 sugge/$ on ! e>lie/ suppos$ =m ( ! e>?1 :i* 01 z we h se5 9 a =m] *apt]1 orig9ally suppos$ to be an imm5se flat ( inf9ite dep?1 & giv+ support to ! heav5s4 ,z travels ext5d$ & geography began to be a sci5ce1 x 0 rem>k$ t an imm5se area ( wat] circumscrib$ ! solid e>? by irregul> b\nd>ies--:5ce ! idea ( a univ]sal ocean4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t ! horizon at sea 0 always circul>1 x 0 suppos$ t ! ocean 0 b\nd$1 & ! :ole e>? came to be repres5t$ z conta9$ 9 a circle1 b5ea? :i* 7 roots rea*+ d[nw>ds )\t end1 b ) no imag9$ support4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,! ,,e>? ,,float+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,! ,,e>? ,,) ,,roots4 ,! ,v$ic prie/s ass]t$ t ! e>? 0 support$ on twelve columns1 :i* !y v +5i\sly turn$ to _! own acc\nt by ass]t+ t ^! columns 7 support$ by virtue ( ! sacrifices t 7 made to ! gods1 s t if ^! 7 n made ! e>? w\ld collapse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,v$ic ,,prie/s4 ,^! pill>s 7 inv5t$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! pass+ ( ! sun b5ea? ! e>? aft] 8 sett+1 = :i* at fir/ !y 7 oblig$ to imag9e a sy/em ( tunnels1 :i* gradually became enl>g$ to ! int]vals betwe5 ! pill>s4 ,! ,h9doos made ! hemisph]ical e>? to be support$ ^u f\r elephants1 & ! f\r elephants to /& on ! back ( an imm5se tortoise1 :i* itself float$ on ! surface ( a univ]sal ocean4 ,we are n h[ev] to laugh at ?is z int5d$ to be lit]al2 ! elephants symbolis$1 x may be1 ! f\r elem5ts1 or ! f\r directions ( ! compass1 & ! tortoise 0 ! symbol = /r5g? & = et]nity1 :i* 0 also sometimes repres5t$ by a s]p5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,,h9doo ,,e>?4 ,! float+ ( ! e>? on wat] or "s o!r liquid long held gr\nd4 ,x 0 adopt$ by ,?ales1 & six c5turies lat] ,s5eca adopts ! same op9ion1 say+ t ! humid elem5t t supports ! e>?'s disc l a vessel may be ei!r ! ocean or "s liquid m simple ?an wat]4 ,diodorus tells u t ! ,*aldeans consid]$ ! e>? holl[ & boat-%ap$--p]haps turn$ upside d[n--& ?is doctr9e 0 introduc$ into ,greece by ,h]aclitus ( ,ephesus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,anaxim&]4 ,anaxim&] repres5ts ! e>? z a cyl9d]1 ! upp] face ( :i* alone is inhabit$4 ,?is cyl9d]1 he /ates1 is "o-?ird z high z its diamet]1 & x floats freely 9 ! c5tre ( ! cele/ial vault1 because !re is no reason :y x %\ld move to "o side r ?an ! o!r4 ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 ,h]aclitus1 & ,anaxagoras all adopt$ ?is purely imag9>y =m4 ,europe made ! nor!rn half1 & ,lybia 7,africa7 & ,asia ! s\!rn1 :ile ,delphi 0 9 ! c5tre4 ,anaxim5es1 )\t giv+ a precise op9ion z to ! =m ( ! e>?1 made x out to be support$ on compress$ air1 ?\gh he gave no idea z to h[ ! air 0 to be compress$4 ,plato ?\ght to improve ^u ^! ideas by mak+ ! e>? cubical4 ,! cube1 :i* is b\nd by six equal faces1 appe>$ to him ! mo/ p]fect ( solids1 & !re=e mo/ suitable = ! e>?1 :i* 0 to /& 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,plato',s ,,cubical ,,e>?4 ,eudoxus1 :o 9 8 long voyages ?r\gh\t ,greece & ,egypt _h se5 new con/ellations appe> z he w5t s\?1 :ile o!rs to ! nor? disappe>$1 d$uc$ ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 9 :i* op9ion he 0 foll[$ by ,ar*im$es1 &1 z we h se51 by ,ari/otle4 ,accord+ to ,a*illes ,tatius1 ,x5ophanes gave to ! e>? ! %ape ( an imm5se incl9$ plane1 :i* /ret*$ out to inf9ity4 ,he drew x 9 ! =m ( a va/ m\nta94 ,! summit only 0 inhabit$ by m51 & r\nd x circulat$ ! />s1 & ! base 0 at an inf9ite dep?4 ,hesiod _h be=e ?is obscurely said3 ,! abyss is surr\nd$ by a braz5 b>ri]2 above x re/ ! roots ( ! e>?4 ,epicurus & 8 s*ool 7 well pleas$ ) ?is repres5tation4 ,if su* 7 ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 !n x 0 impossible t ! sun1 & moon1 & />s %\ld complete _! revolutions b5ea? x4 ,a solid & indef9ite support be+ once admitt$1 ! ,epicurean ideas ab\t ! />s 7 a necess>y consequ5ce2 ! />s mu/ inevitably be put out ea* day 9 ! we/1 s9ce !y are n se5 to return to ! place :5ce !y />t$1 & !y mu/ be rek9dl$ "s h\rs aft]w>ds 9 ! ea/4 ,9 ! days ( ,augu/us1 ,cleom$es /ill f9ds himself oblig$ to combat ^! ,epicurean ideas ab\t ! sett+ & ris+ ( ! sun & />s4 ,^! /upid ideas1 he says1 h no o!r f\ndation ?an an old woman's /ory--t ! ,ib]ians he> ea* night ! hiss+ noise made by ! burn+ sun z x is ext+ui%$1 l a hot iron 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,mod]n travell]s h %[n u t simil> ideas ab\t ! support ( ! e>? h be5 ent]ta9$ by m remote p4 ,?us1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,gre5l&]s1 h&$ d[n f antiquity to our own days1 ! e>? is support$ on pill>s1 :i* are s consum$ by "t t !y (t5 crack1 & 7 x n t !y are support$ by ! incantations ( ! magicians1 !y w\ld long s9ce h brok5 d[n4 ,?is idea ( ! break+ ( ! pill>s may possibly h orig9at$ 9 ! kn[n s9k+ ( ! l& b5ea? ! sea1 :i* is /ill go+ on ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,egyptian ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,an anci5t ,egyptian papyrus 9 ! libr>y ( ,p>is gives a v curi\s hi]oglyphical repres5tation ( ! univ]se4 ,! e>? is "h figur$ "u ! =m ( a recl9+ figure1 & is cov]$ ) leaves4 ,! heav5s are p]sonifi$ by a goddess1 :i* =ms ! vault by h] />-bespangl$ body1 :i* is elongat$ 9 a v peculi> mann]4 ,two boats1 c>ry+1 "o ! ris+ sun1 & ! o!r ! sett+ sun1 are repres5t$ z mov+ along ! heav5s ov] ! body ( ! goddess4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! picture is ! god1 ,maon1 a div9e intellig5ce1 :i* presides ov] ! equilibrium ( ! univ]se4 ,we w n[ pass on f ! e>ly ideas ( ! g5]al %ape & situation ( ! _w to inquire into ! fir/ outl9es ( geographical k ( details4 ,( all ! anci5t writ+s :i* deal ) su* que/ions1 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures h ! greate/ antiquity1 & 9 !m are laid d[n _m details ( kn[n c\ntries1 f :i* a fair map ( ! _w z kn[n to !m might be made out4 ,! prophet ,esdras believ$ t six-sev5?s ( ! e>? 0 dry l&--an idea :i* c\ld n well be explod$ till ! great oceans _h be5 trav]s$ & ,am]ica discov]$4 ,m int]e/+1 z be+ m complete1 & writt5 to a c]ta9 ext5t = ! v purpose ( relat+ :at 0 kn[n ( ! geography ( ! e>?1 are ! writ+s ( ! olde/ ,grecian poets4 ,! fir/ elem5ts ( ,grecian geography are conta9$ 9 ! two national & almo/ sacr$ poems1 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,s important h ^! writ+s be5 consid]$ 9 reg>d to anci5t geography1 t = _m c5turies discussions h be5 c>ri$ on ) reg>d to ! details1 ?\gh evid5tly fictiti\s1 ( ! voyage ( ,ulysses1 & tw5ty l9es ( ! ,iliad h furni%$ matt] = a book ( ?irty volumes4 ,! %ield ( ,a*illes1 =g$ by ,vulcan & describ$ 9 ! eighte5? book ( ! ,iliad1 gives u an au!ntic repres5tation ( ! primitive cosmographical ideas ( ! age4 ,! e>? is !re figur$ z a disc1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! ,riv] ,ocean4 ,h[ev] /range x may appe> to u1 to apply ! t]m riv] to ! ocean1 x occurs too (t5 9 ,hom] & ! o!r anci5t poets to admit ( a d\bt ( its be+ lit]ally und]/ood by !m4 ,hesiod ev5 describes ! s\rces ( ! ocean at ! we/]n extremity ( ! _w1 & ! repres5tation ( ^! s\rces 0 pres]v$ f age to age among/ au?ors po/]ior to ,hom] by ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,h]odotus says pla9ly t ! geograph]s ( 8 "t drew _! maps ( ! _w accord+ to ! same ideas2 ! e>? 0 figur$ ) !m z a r\nd disc1 & ! ocean z a riv]1 :i* wa%$ x on all sides4 ,! e>?'s disc1 ! orbis t]r>um1 0 cov]$ accord+ to ,hom] by a solid vault or firmam5t1 b5ea? :i* ! />s ( ! day & night 7 c>ri$ by *>iots support$ by ! cl\ds4 ,9 ! morn+ ! sun rose f ! ea/]n ocean1 & 9 ! ev5+ x decl9$ into ! we/]n2 & a vessel ( gold1 ! my/]i\s "w ( ,vulcan1 c>ri$ x quickly back by ! nor?1 to ! ea/ aga94 ,b5ea? ! e>? ,hom] places1 n ! habitation ( ! dead1 ! cav]ns ( ,hades1 b a vault call$ ,t>t>us1 correspond+ to ! firmam5t4 ,"h liv$ ! ,titans1 ! enemies ( ! gods1 & no brea? ( w9d1 no ray ( light1 ev] p5etrat$ to ?is subt]ranean _w4 ,writ]s subsequ5t to ,hom] by a c5tury det]m9$ ev5 ! height ( ! firmam5t & ! dep? ( ,t>t>us4 ,an anvil1 !y said1 w\ld take n9e days to fall f heav5 to e>?1 & z _m m to fall f e>? to ! bottom ( ,t>t>us4 ,?is e/imate ( ! height ( heav5 0 ( c\rse f> too small4 ,if a body 7 to fall = n9e days & nights1 or #ggg1fjj seconds "u ! attraction ( ! e>?1 x w\ld only pass ov] #dcj1ejj miles1 t is n mu* m ?an half z f> aga9 z ! moon4 ,a ray ( light w\ld only take two seconds to pass ov] t di/ance1 :]eas x takes eight m9utes to rea* u f ! sun1 & f\r h\rs to come f ,neptune--to say no?+ ( ! di/ance ( ! />s4 ,! limits ( ! _w 9 ! ,hom]ic cosmography 7 surr\nd$ by obscurity4 ,! columns ( :i* ,atlas 0 ! gu>dian 7 support$ on unkn[n f\ndations1 & disappe>$ 9 ! sy/ems subsequ5t to ,hom]4 ,beyond ! my/]i\s b\nd>y :]e ! e>? end$ & ! heav5s began an indef9ite *aos spread out--a confus$ m$ley ( life & inanity1 a gulf :]e all ! elem5ts ( heav51 ,t>t>us1 & e>? & sea are mix$ toge!r1 a gulf ( :i* ! gods !mselves are afraid4 ,ideas su* z ^! prevail$ long aft] geomet]s & a/ronom]s _h prov$ ! sph]ical =m ( ! globe1 & !y 7 reviv$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian geograph]s & h left _! trace ev5 on ! common language ( to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,hom]ic ,,cosmography4 ,! c5tre ( ! t]re/rial disc 0 occupi$ by ! cont95t & isles ( ,greece1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,hom] possess$ no g5]al "n4 ,! c5tre ( ,greece pass$ !re=e = ! c5tre ( ! :ole _w2 & 9 ,hom]'s sy/em x 0 reckon$ to be ,olympus 9 ,!ssaly1 b ! prie/s ( ! celebrat$ ,temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi 7kn[n !n "u ! "n ( ,py?on7 gave out a tradition t t sacr$ place 0 ! real c5tre ( ! habitable _w4 ,! /raits :i* sep>ate ,italy f ,sicily 7 s to speak ! ve/ibule ( ! fabul\s _w ( ,hom]4 ,! ?reefold ebb & fl[1 ! h[l+ ( ! mon/] ,scylla1 ! :irlpools ( ,*>ybdis1 ! float+ rocks--all tell u t we are quitt+ "h ! region ( tru?4 ,sicily itself1 al?\gh already kn[n "u ! "n ( ,tr9acria1 0 fill$ ) m>vels2 "h ! flocks ( ! ,sun w&]$ 9 a *>m+ solitude "u ! gu>dian%ip ( nymphs2 "h ! ,cyclops1 ) "o eye only1 & ! an?ropophag\s ,le/rigons sc>$ away ! travell] f a l& t 0 o!rwise f]tile 9 corn & w9e4 ,two hi/orical races 7 plac$ by ,hom] 9 ,sicily1 namely ! ,sicani1 & ! ,siceli1 or ,siculi4 ,to ! we/ ( ,sicily we f9d ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( a region ( fables4 ,! en*ant$ isl&s ( ,circe & ,calypso1 & ! float+ isl& ( ,eolus c no long] be f\nd1 unless we imag9e !m to h orig9at$1 l ,graham's ,isl& 9 ?is c5tury1 f volcanic eruptions or elevations1 & to h disappe>$ aga9 by ! action ( ! sea4 ,! ,hom]ic map ( ! _w t]m9at$ t[>ds ! we/ by two fabul\s c\ntries :i* h giv5 rise to _m traditions among ! anci5ts1 & to _m discussions among mod]ns4 ,ne> to ! entrance ( ! ocean1 & n f> f ! sombre cav]ns :]e ! dead are congregat$1 ,ulysses f\nd ! ,cimm]ians1 an unhappy p1 :o1 con/antly surr\nd$ by ?ick %ad[s1 nev] enjoy$ ! rays ( ! sun1 nei!r :5 x m\nt$ ! skies1 nor :5 x desc5d$ bel[ ! e>?4 ,/ill f>!r away1 & 9 ! ocean itself1 & !re=e beyond ! limits ( ! e>?1 beyond ! region ( w9ds & seasons1 ! poet pa9ts = u a ,=tunate ,l&1 :i* he calls ,elysium1 a c\ntry :]e tempe/s & w9t] are unkn[n1 :]e a s(t zephyr always bl[s1 & :]e ! elect ( ,jupit]1 snat*$ f ! common lot ( mortals1 enjoy a p]petual felicity4 ,:e!r ^! fictions _h an allegory = _! basis1 or 7 f\nd$ on ! mi/ak5 notions ( voyag]s--:e!r !y arose 9 ,greece1 or1 z ! ,hebrew etymology ( ! "n ,cimm]ian might seem to indicate1 9 ! ea/1 or 9 ,ph5icia1 x is c]ta9 t ! images !y pres5t1 transf]r$ to ! _w ( reality1 & appli$ successively to v>i\s l&s1 & confus$ by contradictory explanations1 h s+ul>ly emb>rass$ ! progress ( geography ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,! ,roman travell]s ?\ght !y recognis$ ! ,=tunate ,isles 9 a gr\p to ! we/ ( ,africa1 n[ kn[n z ! ,can>ies4 ,! philosophical fictions ( ,plato & ,!opompus ab\t ,atlantes & ,m]opis h be5 long p]petuat$ 9 hi/orical !ories2 ?\gh ( c\rse x is possible t 9 ! num]\s *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 "s anci5t va/ & popul\s isl& may h desc5d$ b5ea? ! level ( ! sea4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! poetic imag9ation creat$ ! ,hyp]boreans1 beyond ! regions :]e ! nor!rn w9ds 7 g5]at$1 & accord+ to a s+ul> k9d ( meteorology1 !y believ$ !m = t reason to be protect$ f ! cold w9ds4 ,h]odotus regrets t he has n be5 able to discov] ! lea/ trace ( !m2 he took ! tr\ble to ask = in=mation ab\t !m f _! neighb\rs1 ! ,arimaspes1 a v cle>-sight$ race1 ?\gh hav+ b a s+le eye2 b !y c\ld n in=m him :]e ! ,hyp]boreans dwelt4 ,! ,en*ant$ ,isles1 :]e ! ,hesp]ides us$ to gu>d ! gold5 fruit1 & :i* ! :ole ( antiquity plac$ 9 ! we/1 n f> f ! ,=tunate ,isles1 are sometimes call$ ,hyp]borean by au?ors well v]s$ 9 ! anci5t traditions4 ,x is also 9 ?is s5se t ,sophocles speaks ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,phoebus1 ne> ! vault ( heav51 & n f> f ! s\rces ( ! night1 i4e4 ( ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,avi5us expla9s ! mild temp]ature ( ! ,hyp]borean c\ntry by ! tempor>y proximity ( ! sun1 s9ce1 accord+ to ! ,hom]ic ideas1 x passes dur+ ! night by ! nor!rn ocean to return to its palace 9 ! ea/4 ,?is anci5t tradition 0 n entirely explod$ 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus1 :o /ates t on ! conf9es ( ,g]many might be se5 ! v]itable sett+ ( ,apollo beyond ! wat]1 & he believes t z 9 ! ea/ ! sun gives rise to inc5se & balm by its great proximity to ! e>?1 s 9 ! regions :]e x sets x makes ! mo/ preci\s ( juices to transude f ! e>? & =m amb]4 ,x is ?is idea t is emb$d$ 9 ! fables ( amb] be+ ! te>s ( gold t ,apollo %$ :5 he w5t to ! ,hyp]borean l& to m\rn ! loss ( 8 son ,a,esculapius1 or by ! si/]s ( ,phaeton1 *ang$ into popl>s2 & x is d5ot$ by ! ,greek "n = amb]1 electron--a sun-/one4 ,! ,grecian sages1 long be=e ! "t ( ,tacitus1 said t ?is v preci\s mat]ial 0 an exhalation f ! e>? t 0 produc$ & h>d5$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 :i* !y ?\ght came ne>] to ! e>? 9 ! we/ & 9 ! nor?4 ,florus1 9 relat+ ! exp$ition ( ,decimus ,brutus along ! coa/ ( ,spa91 gives great effect to ! ,epicurean views ab\t ! sun1 by decl>+ t ,brutus only /opp$ 8 conque/s aft] hav+ witness$ ! actual desc5t ( ! sun into ! ocean1 & hav+ he>d ) horror ! t]rible noise occasion$ by its ext9ction4 ,! anci5ts also believ$ t ! sun & ! o!r heav5ly bodies 7 n\ri%$ by ! wat]s--p>tly ! fre% wat] ( ! riv]s1 & p>tly ! salt wat] ( ! sea4 ,clean!s gave ! reason = ! sun return+ t[>ds ! equator on rea*+ ! sol/ices1 t x c\ld n g too f> away f ! s\rce ( its n\ri%m5t4 ,py!as relates t 9 ! ,isl& ( ,?ule1 six days' j\rney nor? ( ,great ,brita91 & 9 all t neighb\rhood1 !re 0 no l& nor sea nor air1 b a comp\nd ( all ?ree1 on :i* ! e>? & ! sea 7 susp5d$1 & :i* s]v$ to unite toge!r all ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ?\gh x 0 n possible to g into ^! places1 nei!r on foot nor 9 %ips4 ,p]haps ! ice float+ 9 ! froz5 seas & ! hazy nor!rn atmosph]e _h be5 se5 by "s navigator1 & ?us gave rise to ?is idea4 ,z x /&s1 ! hi/ory may be p]haps mat*$ by t ( ! amus+ monk :o said he _h be5 to ! end ( ! _w & _h to /oop d[n1 z !re 0 n room to /& betwe5 heav5 & e>? at _! junction4 ,hom] liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury be=e our era4 ,h]odotus1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif?1 develop$ ! ,hom]ic *>t to ?ree times its size4 ,he rem>ks at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 book t = sev]al c5turies ! _w has be5 divid$ into ?ree p>ts--,europe1 ,asia1 & ,libya2 ! names giv5 to !m be+ female4 ,! ext]ior limits ( ^! c\ntries rema9$ 9 obscurity not)/&+ t ^? b\nd>ies ( !m t lay ne>e/ to ,greece 7 cle>ly def9$4 ,"o ( ! greate/ writ]s on anci5t geography 0 ,/rabo1 ^: ideas we w n[ give an acc\nt (4 ,he seems to h be5 a disciple ( ,hipp>*us 9 a/ronomy1 ?\gh he criticises & contradicts him sev]al times 9 8 geography4 ,he _h a j idea ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>?2 b consid]$ x z ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & immovable4 ,he takes pa9s to prove t !re is only "o inhabit$ e>?--n 9 ?is refut+ ! notion t ! moon & />s might h inhabitants1 = ^! he consid]$ to be insignificant meteors n\ri%$ by ! exhalations ( ! ocean2 b he f\ght aga9/ ! fact ( !re be+ on ?is globe any o!r inhabit$ "p ?an t kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,x is rem>kable to notice t ! pro(s !n us$ by geograph]s ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>? are j ^? :i* we %\ld use n[4 ,?us ,/rabo says1 ,! indirect pro( is drawn f ! c5tripetal =ce 9 g5]al1 & ! t5d5cy t all bodies h 9 p>ticul> t[>ds a c5tre ( gravity4 ,! direct pro( results f ! ph5om5a obs]v$ on ! sea & 9 ! sky4 ,x is evid5t1 = example1 t x is ! curvature ( ! e>? t alone prev5ts ! sailor f see+ at a di/ance ! lights t are plac$ at ! ord9>y height ( ! eye1 & :i* mu/ be plac$ a little high] to become visible ev5 at a great] di/ance2 9 ! same way1 if ! eye is a little rais$ x w see ?+s :i* previ\sly 7 hidd54 ,hom] _h already made ! same rem>k4 ,on ?is globe1 repres5t+ ! _w1 ,/rabo & ! cosmograph]s ( 8 "t plac$ ! habitable _w 9 a surface :i* he describes 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,suppose a great circle1 p]p5dicul> to ! equator1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! poles to be describ$ ab\t ! sph]e4 ,x is pla9 t ! surface w be divid$ by ?is circle1 & by ! equator into f\r equal p>ts4 ,! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es conta91 ea* ( !m1 two ( ^! p>ts4 ,n[ on any "o ( ^! qu>t]s ( ! sph]e let u trace a quadrilat]al :i* %all h = its s\!rn b\nd>y ! half ( ! equator1 = nor!rn b\nd>y a circle m>k+ ! comm5cem5t ( pol> cold1 & = ! o!r sides two equal & opposite segm5ts ( ! circle t passes ?r\gh ! poles4 ,x is on "o su* quadrilat]al t ! habitable _w is plac$4 ,he figures x z an isl&1 because x is surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea4 ,x is pla9 t ,/rabo _h a good idea ( ! nature ( gravity1 because he does n di/+ui% 9 any way an upp] or a l[] hemisph]e1 & decl>es t ! quadrilat]al on :i* ! habitable _w is situat$ may be any "o ( ! f\r =m$ 9 ?is way4 ,! =m ( ! habitable _w is t ( a *lamys1 or cloak4 ,?is foll[s1 he says1 bo? f geometry & ! great spread ( ! sea1 :i*1 envelop+ ! l&1 cov]s x bo? to ! ea/ & to ! we/ & r$uces x to a %ort5$ & truncat$ =m ( su* a figure t its greate/ bread? pres]v$ has only a ?ird ( its l5g?4 ,z to ! actual l5g? & bread?1 he says1 x measures sev5ty ?\s& /adia 9 l5g?1 & is b\nd$ by a sea ^: imm5sity & solitude r5d]s x impassable2 :ile ! bread? is less ?an ?irty ?\s& /adia1 & has = b\nd>ies ! d\ble region :]e ! excess ( heat on "o side & ! excess ( cold on ! o!r r5d] x un9habitable4 ,! habitable _w 0 ?us mu* long] f ea/ to we/ ?an x 0 broad f nor? to s\?2 f :5ce come our t]ms longitude1 ^: degrees are c\nt$ 9 ! =m] direction1 & latitude1 reckon$ 9 ! latt] direction4 ,erato/h5es1 & aft] him ,hipp>*us1 :ile he gives l>g] numb]s ?an ! prec$+ = ! dim5sions ( ! inhabit$ "p ( ! e>?1 namely1 ?irty-eight ?\s& /adia ( bread? & eighty ?\s& ( l5g?1 decl>es t physical laws accord ) calculations to prove t ! l5g? ( ! habitable e>? mu/ be tak5 f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun4 ,?is l5g? ext5ds f ! extremity ( ,india to t ( ,ib]ia1 & ! bread? f ! p>allel ( ,e?iopia to t ( ,i]ne4 ,t ! e>? is an isl&1 ,/rabo consid]s to be prov$ by ! te/imony ( our s5ses4 ,= :]ev] m5 h rea*$ to ! extremities ( ! e>? !y h f\nd ! sea1 & = regions :]e ?is has n be5 v]ifi$ x is e/abli%$ by reason+4 ,^? :o h retrac$ _! /eps h n done s because _! passage 0 b>r$ by any cont95t1 b because _! supplies h run %ort1 & !y 7 afraid ( ! solitude2 ! wat] always ran freely 9 front ( !m4 ,x is extraord9>y t ,/rabo & ! a/ronom]s ( t age1 :o recognis$ s cle>ly ! sph]icity ( ! e>? & ! real insignificance ( m\nta9s1 %\ld yet h suppos$ ! />s to h play$ s humble a "p1 b s x 02 & we f9d ,/rabo argu+ 9 :at we may call q ! contr>y direction4 ,he says1 ! l>g] ! mass ( wat] t is spread r\nd ! e>?1 s mu* m easy is x to conceive h[ ! vap\rs aris+ f x are suffici5t to n\ri% ! heav5ly bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,! ,,e>? ,,( ,,! ,,lat] ,,greeks4 ,among ! ,lat9 cosmograph]s we may "h cite "o :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ,pomponius ,mela1 :o wrote a treatise1 call$ ,de ,situ ,orbis4 ,f :atev] s\rce1 :e!r traditional or o!rwise1 he arriv$ at ! conclusion1 he divid$ ! e>? into two cont95ts1 our own & t ( ! ,anti*?ones1 :i* rea*$ to our antipodes4 ,?is map 0 9 use till ! "t ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 :o modifi$ x 9 ! matt] ( ! position ( ?is second cont95t1 :i* till !n rema9$ a matt] ( my/]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,pomponius ,,mela',s ,,cosmography4 ,( ^? :o 9 anci5t times add$ to ! k !n possess$ ( cosmography1 we %\ld n omit to m5tion ! "n ( ,py!as1 ( ,m>seilles1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e our era4 ,8 *ief obs]vations1 h[ev]1 7 n s closely relat$ to geography z to ! relation ( ! e>? ) ! heav5ly bodies4 ,by ! obs]vation ( ! gnomon at mid-day on ! day ( ! sol/ice he det]m9$ ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic 9 8 epo*4 ,by ! obs]vation ( ! height ( ! pole1 he discov]$ t 9 8 "t x 0 n m>k$ by any />1 b =m$ a quadrilat]al ) ?ree neighb\r+ />s1 ,greek3 b ( ! little ,be> & ,greek3 k & ,greek3 a ( ! ,dragon4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,cosmography ,,& ,,geography ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4 ,aft] ! writ]s m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt] a long int]val elaps$ )\t any progress be+ made 9 ! k ( ! %ape or configuration ( ! e>?4 ,f ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ^: colonies !mselves gave a c]ta9 k ( geography1 d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! great impetus 0 giv5 to discov]y by ! adv5tur\s voyag]s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 !re 0 no?+ b s]vile copy+ f anci5t au?ors1 :o 7 ev5 misrepres5t$ :5 !y 7 n und]/ood4 ,ev5 ! p59sula ( ,india 0 only kn[n by ! acc\nts ( ,ori5tals & ! writ+s ( ! ,anci5ts until ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,vague notions1 too1 7 held z to ! limits ( ,africa1 & ev5 ( ,europe & ,asia--:ile ( c\rse !y knew no?+ ( ,am]ica1 9 spite ( _! m>k+ on _! maps an anti*?onal cont95t to ! s\?4 ,d5ys1 ! travell]1 a ,greek writ] ( ! fir/ c5tury1 & ,priscian1 8 ,lat9 comm5tator ( ! f\r?1 /ill ma9ta9$ ! old errors ) reg>d to ! e>?4 ,accord+ to !m ! e>? is n r\nd1 b leaf-%ap$2 its b\nd>ies are n s arrang$ z to =m ev]y:]e a regul> circle4 ,macrobius1 9 8 sy/em ( ! _w1 proves cle>ly t he _h no notion t ,africa 0 cont9u$ to ! s\? ( ,e?iopia1 t is ( ! t5? degree ( ,n4 latitude4 ,he ?\ght1 l ,clean?us & ,crates & o!r anci5t au?ors1 t ! regions t lay ne>e/ ! tropics1 & 7 burnt by ! sun1 c\ld n be inhabit$2 & t ! equatorial regions 7 occupi$ by ! ocean4 ,he divid$ ! hemisph]e into five zones1 ( :i* only two 7 habitable4 ,"o ( !m1 he said1 is occupi$ by u1 & ! o!r by m5 ( ^: nature we are ignorant4 ,orosus1 writ+ 9 ! same c5tury 7f\r?71 & ^: "w ex]cis$ s great an influ5ce on ! cosmograph]s ( ! middle ages & on ^? :o made ! maps ( ! _w dur+ t long p]iod1 0 ignorant ( ! =m or b\nd>ies ( ,africa1 & ( ! cont\rs ( ! p59sulas ( ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,he made ! heav5s re/ ^u ! e>?4 ,s4 ,basil1 also ( ! f\r? c5tury1 plac$ ! firmam5t on ! e>?1 & on ?is heav5 a second1 ^: upp] surface 0 flat1 not)/&+ t ! inn] surface :i* is turn$ t[>ds u is 9 ! =m ( a vault2 & he expla9s 9 ?is way h[ ! wat]s c be held !re4 ,s4 ,cyril %[s h[ useful ?is res]voir ( wat] is to ! life ( m5 & ( plants4 ,diodorus1 ,bi%op ( ,t>sus1 9 ! same c5tury1 also divid$ ! _w into two /ages1 & comp>$ x to a t5t4 ,sev]ianus1 ,bi%op ( ,gabala1 ab\t ! same "t1 comp>$ ! _w to a h\se ( :i* ! e>? is ! gr\nd floor1 ! l[] heav5s ! ceil+1 & ! upp]1 or heav5 ( heav5s1 ! ro(4 ,?is d\ble heav5 0 also admitt$ by ,eusebius ( ,caes>aea4 ,9 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? c5turies sci5ce made no progress :atev]4 ,x 0 /ill taught t !re 7 limits to ! ocean4 ,?us ,lactantius ass]t$ t !re c\ld n be inhabitants beyond ! l9e ( ! tropics4 ,?is ,fa!r ( ! ,*ur* consid]$ x a mon/r\s op9ion t ! e>? is r\nd1 t ! heav5s turn ab\t x1 & t all p>ts ( ! e>? are inhabit$4 ,!re are "s p1 he says1 s extravagant z to p]suade !mselves t !re are m5 :o h _! heads d[nw>ds & _! feet upw>ds2 t all t lies d[n "h is hung up !re2 t ! trees & h]bs gr[ d[nw>ds2 & t ! sn[ & hail fall upw>ds4444 ,^? p :o ma9ta9 su* op9ions d s = no o!r purpose ?an to amuse !mselves by disputation1 & to %[ _! _s2 o!rwise x w\ld be easy to prove by inv9cible argum5t t x is impossible = ! heav5s to be und]nea? ! e>?4 7,div9e ,in/itution74 ,sa9t ,augu/9 also1 9 8 ,city ( ,god1 says3 ,!re is no reason to believe 9 t fabul\s hypo!sis ( ! antipodes1 t is to say1 ( m5 :o inhabit ! o!r side ( ! e>?--:]e ! sun rises :5 x sets ) u1 & :o h _! feet oppos$ to ours4 444 ,b ev5 if x 7 demon/rat$ by any argum5t t ! e>? & _w h a sph]ical =m1 x w\ld be too absurd to pret5d t any h>dy voyag]s1 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ! imm5sity ( ! ocean1 _h be5 able to rea* t "p ( ! _w & !re implant a deta*$ bran* ( ! primaeval human family4 ,9 ! same /ra9 wrote ,s4 ,basil1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 ,s4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,s4 ,*ryso/om1 ,procopius ( ,gaza1 ,sev]ianus1 ,diodorus ,bi%op ( ,t>sus1 & ! great] numb] ( ! ?9k]s ( t epo*4 ,eusebius ( ,caes>aea 0 bold en\gh on "o occasion to write 9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,psalms1 t1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( "s ! e>? is r\nd2 b he draws back 9 ano!r "w f s ra% an ass]tion4 ,ev5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! monks ( ,salamanca & ,alcala oppos$ ! old argum5ts aga9/ ! antipodes to all ! !ories ( ,columbus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,! ,,e>?',s ,,%ad[4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,gregory ( ,t\rs adopt$ also ! op9ion t ! int]tropical zone 0 un9habitable1 &1 l o!r hi/orians1 he taught t ! ,nile came f ! unkn[n l& 9 ! ea/1 desc5d$ to ! s\?1 cross$ ! ocean :i* sep>at$ ! anti*?one f ,africa1 & !n alone became3 visible4 ,! geographical & cosmographical ideas t 7 !n preval5t may also be judg$ ( by :at ,s4 ,avitus1 a ,lat9 poet ( ! six? c5tury & nephew ( ! ,emp]or ,flavius ,avitus1 says 9 8 poem on ! ,creation1 :]e he describes ! t]re/rial ,p>adise4 ,beyond ,india1 he writes1 :]e ! _w comm5ces1 :]e ! conf9es ( heav5 & e>? are jo9$1 is an exalt$ asylum1 inaccessible to mortals1 & clos$ by et]nal b>ri]s1 s9ce ! fir/ s9 0 committ$4 ,9 a treatise on a/ronomy1 publi%$ a little aft] ?is 9 #aeha1 by ,apian & ,gemma ,frison1 !y v di/9ctly /ate _! belief 9 a r\nd e>?1 ?\gh !y d n g into details ( its surface4 ,! argum5t is ! old "o f eclipses1 b ! figures !y give 9 illu/ration are v amus+1 ) ?ree or f\r m5 ( ! size ( ! moon disport+ !mselves on ! e>?'s surface4 ,z1 h[ev]1 !y all h _! feet to ! globe repres5t+ ! e>?1 & consequ5tly h _! feet 9 opposite directions at ! antipodes1 ! idea is v cle>ly %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,if1 !y say1 ! e>? 7 squ>e1 its %ad[ on ! moon w\ld be squ>e also4 ,if ! e>? 7 triangul>1 its %ad[1 dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon1 w\ld also be triangul>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,if ! e>? _h six sides1 its %ad[ w\ld h ! same figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! %ad[ ( ! e>? is r\nd1 x is a pro( t ! e>? is r\nd also4 ,?is ( c\rse is "o ( ! pro(s t w\ld be employ$ 9 ! pres5t day = ! same purpose4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! fanta/ical sy/ems1 h[ev]1 ! *ef d'oeuvre ( ! cosmography ( t age1 0 ! fam\s sy/em ( ! squ>e e>?1 ) solid walls = support+ ! heav5s4 ,its au?or 0 ,cosmas1 surnam$ ,indicopleu/es aft] 8 voyage to ,india & ,e?iopia4 ,he 0 at fir/ a m]*ant1 & aft]w>ds a monk4 ,he di$ 9 #eej4 ,8 manuscript 0 entitl$ ,*ri/ian ,topography1 & 0 writt5 9 #ece4 ,x 0 ) ! object ( refut+ ! op9ions ( ^? :o gave a sph]ical =m to ! e>? t ,cosmas compos$ 8 "w aft] ! sy/ems ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 & 9 opposition to ! cosmography ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,he r$uc$ to a sy/ematic =m ! op9ions ( ! ,fa!rs1 & und]took to expla9 all ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s 9 accordance ) ! ,scriptures4 ,9 8 fir/ book he refutes ! op9ion ( ! sph]icity ( ! e>?1 :i* he reg>d$ z a h]esy4 ,9 ! second he exp\nds 8 own sy/em1 & ! fif? to ! n9? he devotes to ! c\rses ( ! />s4 ,?is mongrel composition is a s+ul> mixture ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,indians1 ,*aldeans1 ,greeks1 & ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs4 ,) respect to 8 oppon5ts he says1 ,!re are on all sides vigor\s attacks aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & accuses !m ( misund]/&+ ,scripture1 be+ misl$ by ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon4 ,he makes great fun ( ! idea ( ra9 fall+ upw>ds1 & yet accuses 8 oppon5ts ( mak+ ! e>? at ! same "t ! c5tre & ! base ( ! univ]se4 ,! zeal ) :i* ^! pret5d$ refutations are us$ proves1 no d\bt1 t 9 ! six? c5tury !re 7 "s m51 m s5sible & bett] in/ruct$ ?an o!rs1 :o pres]v$ ! deposit ( progress accompli%$ by ! ,grecian g5ius 9 ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 & def5d$ ! lab\rs ( ,hipp>*us & ,ptolemy2 :ile x is manife/ t ! great] numb] ( _! contempor>ies kept ! old ,indian & ,hom]ic traditions1 :i* 7 easi] to und]/&1 & m accessible to ! false witness ( ! s5ses1 & n improv$ by comb9ation ) texts ( ,scripture mis9t]pret$4 ,9 fact1 cosmographical sci5ce 9 ! g5]al op9ion retrograd$ in/ead ( advanc+4 ,accord+ to ,cosmas & 8 map ( ! _w1 ! habitable e>? is a plane surface4 ,b in/ead ( be+ suppos$1 z 9 ! "t ( ,?ales1 to be a disc1 he repres5t$ x 9 ! =m ( a p>allelogram1 ^: long sides are twice ! %ort] ones1 s t man is on ! e>? l a bird 9 a cage4 ,?is p>allelogram is surr\nd$ by ! ocean1 :i* breaks 9 9 f\r great gulfs1 namely1 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,caspian seas1 & ! ,p]sian & ,arabian gulfs4 ,beyond ! ocean 9 e direction !re exi/s ano!r cont95t :i* _c be rea*$ by man1 b ( :i* "o "p 0 once inhabit$ by him be=e ! ,deluge4 ,to ! ea/1 j z 9 o!r maps ( ! _w1 & 9 lat] sy/ems1 he plac$ ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise1 & ! f\r riv]s t wat]$ ,ed51 :i* come by subt]ranean *annels to wat] ! po/-diluvian e>?4 ,aft] ! ,fall1 ,adam 0 driv5 f ,p>adise2 b he & 8 desc5dants rema9$ on its coa/s until ! ,deluge c>ri$ ! ark ( ,noah to our pres5t e>?4 ,on ! f\r outsides ( ! e>? rise f\r p]p5dicul> walls1 :i* surr\nd x1 & jo9 toge!r at ! top 9 a vault1 ! heav5s =m+ ! cupola ( ?is s+ul> edifice4 ,! _w1 accord+ to ,cosmas1 0 !re=e a l>ge oblong box1 & x 0 divid$ into two p>ts2 ! fir/1 ! abode ( m51 rea*es f ! e>? to ! firmam5t1 above :i* ! />s accompli% _! revolutions2 !re dwell ! angels1 :o _c g any high]4 ,! second rea*es upw>ds f ! firmam5t to ! upp] vault1 :i* cr[ns & t]m9ates ! _w4 ,on ?is firmam5t re/ ! wat]s ( ! heav5s4 ,cosmas ju/ifies ?is sy/em by decl>+ t1 accord+ to ! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs & ! ,comm5tators on ! ,bible1 ! e>? has ! =m ( ! ,tab]nacle t ,moses erect$ 9 ! des]t2 :i* 0 l an oblong box1 twice z long z broad4 ,b we may f9d o!r simil>ities1--= ?is l& beyond ! ocean recalls ! ,atlantic ( ! anci5ts1 & ! ,mahom$ans1 & ,ori5tals 9 g5]al1 say t ! e>? is surr\nd$ by a high m\nta91 :i* is a simil> idea to ! walls ( ,cosmas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,! ,,cosmography ,,( ,,cosmas4 ,god1 he says1 9 creat+ ! e>?1 re/$ x on no?+4 ,! e>? is !re=e su/a9$ by ! p[] ( ,god1 ! ,creator ( all ?+s1 support+ all ?+s by ! ^w ( ,8 p[]4 ,if bel[ ! e>?1 or outside ( x1 any?+ exi/$1 x w\ld fall ( its own accord4 ,s ,god made ! e>? ! base ( ! univ]se1 & orda9$ t x %\ld su/a9 itself by its own prop] gravity4 ,aft] hav+ made a great squ>e box ( ! univ]se1 x rema9$ = him to expla9 ! cele/ial ph5om5a1 su* z ! succession ( days & nights & ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,! ,,squ>e ,,e>?4 ,?is is ! rem>kable explanation he gives4 ,he says t ! e>?1 t is1 ! oblong table circumscrib$ on all sides by high walls1 is divid$ into ?ree p>ts2 fir/ ! habitable e>?1 :i* occupies ! middle2 secondly1 ! ocean :i* surr\nds ?is on all sides2 & ?irdly1 ano!r dry l& :i* surr\nds ! ocean1 t]m9at$ itself by ^! high walls on :i* ! firmam5t re/s4 ,accord+ to him ! habitable e>? is always high] z we g nor?1 s t s\!rn c\ntries are always mu* l[] ?an nor!rn4 ,= ?is reason1 he says1 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 :i* run t[>ds ! s\?1 are mu* m rapid ?an ! ,nile1 :i* runs nor?w>ds4 ,at ! extreme nor? !re is a l>ge conical m\nta91 beh9d :i* ! sun1 moon1 planets1 & comets all set4 ,^! />s nev] pass bel[ ! e>?1 !y only pass beh9d ?is great m\nta91 :i* hides !m = a long] or %ort] "t f our obs]vation4 ,accord+ z ! sun dep>ts f or approa*es ! nor?1 & consequ5tly is l[] or high] 9 ! heav5s1 he disappe>s at a po9t ne>] to or fur!r f ! base ( ! m\nta91 & s is beh9d x a long] or %ort] "t1 :5ce ! inequality ( ! days & nights1 ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons1 eclipses1 & o!r ph5om5a4 ,?is idea is n peculi> to ,cosmas1 = accord+ to ! ,indians1 ! m\nta9 ( ,someirat is 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & :5 ! sun appe>s to set1 he is really only hid+ beh9d ?is m\nta94 ,8 idea1 too1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! motions are p]=m$ is /range1 b may be mat*$ else:]e4 ,all ! />s are creat$1 he says1 to regulate ! days & nights1 ! mon?s & ! ye>s1 & !y move1 n at all by ! motion ( ! heav5 itself1 b by ! action ( c]ta9 div9e ,be+s1 or lampadophores4 ,god made ! angels = ,8 s]vice1 & ,he has *>g$ "s ( !m ) ! motion ( ! air1 o!rs ) t ( ! sun1 or ! moon1 or ! o!r />s1 & o!rs aga9 ) ! collect+ ( cl\ds & prep>+ ! ra94 ,simil> to ?is 7 ! ideas ( o!r doctors ( ! ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,,explanation ,,( ,,sunrise4 ,*ur*1 su* z ,s4 ,hil>y & ,!odorus1 "s ( :om suppos$ t ! angels c>ri$ ! />s on _! %\ld]s l ! omophores ( ! ,mani*ees2 o!rs t !y roll$ !m 9 front ( !m or drew !m beh9d2 :ile ! ,jesuit ,riccioli1 :o made a/ronomical obs]vations1 rem>ks t ea* angel t pu%es a /> takes great c>e to obs]ve :at ! o!rs are do+1 s t ! relative di/ances betwe5 ! />s may always rema9 :at !y ought to be4 ,! ,abbot ,tri!mus gives ! exact succession ( ! sev5 angels or spirits ( ! planets1 :o take x 9 turns dur+ a cycle ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty-f\r ye>s to gov]n ! cele/ial motions f ! creation to ! ye> #aebb4 ,! sy/em ?us introduc$ seems to h be5 spread abroad1 & to h l+]$ ev5 into ! n9ete5? c5tury among ! ,arabs4 ,a guide ( t nationality hir$ at ,cairo 9 #ahcj1 rem>k$ to two travell]s h[ ! e>? _h be5 made squ>e & cov]$ ) /ones1 b ! /ones _h be5 ?r[n into ! f\r corn]s1 n[ call$ ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 & ,russia1 :ile ! c5tre1 =m+ a circle r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai1 _h be5 giv5 to ! ,arabians4 ,alongside ( ?is sy/em ( ! squ>e 0 ano!r equally curi\s--t ( ! egg4 ,its au?or 0 ! fam\s ,v5]able ,b$e1 "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ m5 ( 8 "t1 :o 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,armagh1 :i* produc$ ,alfr$ & ,alcu94 ,he says3 ,! e>? is an elem5t plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! _w1 z ! yolk is 9 ! middle ( an egg2 ar\nd x is ! wat]1 l ! :ite surr\nd+ ! yolk2 outside t is ! air1 l ! membrane ( ! egg2 & r\nd all is ! fire :i* closes x 9 z ! %ell does4 ,! e>? be+ ?us 9 ! c5tre receives e weight ^u itself1 & ?\gh by its nature x is cold & dry 9 its diff]5t p>ts1 x acquires accid5tally diff]5t qualities2 = ! portion :i* is expos$ to ! torrid action ( ! air is burnt by ! sun1 & is un9habitable2 its two extremities are too cold to be inhabit$1 b ! portion t lies 9 ! temp]ate region ( ! atmosph]e is habitable4 ,! ocean1 :i* surr\nds x by its waves z f> z ! horizon1 divides x into two p>ts1 ! upp] ( :i* is inhabit$ by u1 :ile ! l[] is inhabit$ by our antipodes2 al?\gh n "o ( !m c come to u1 nor "o ( u to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,,an ,,egg4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce %[s t h[ev] f> he may h be5 f ! tru?1 he did n1 l s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 /umble ov] ! idea ( up & d[n 9 ! univ]se1 & s consid] ! notion ( antipodes absurd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,e>? ,,z ,a ,,float+ ,,egg4 ,a great numb] ( ! maps ( ! _w ( ! p]iod foll[$ ?is idea1 & drew ! _w 9 ! %ape ( an egg at re/4 ,x 0 broa*$1 h[ev]1 9 ano!r =m by ,edrisi1 an ,arabian geograph] ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :o1 ) _m o!rs1 consid]$ ! e>? to be l an egg ) "o half plung$ into ! wat]4 ,! regul>ity ( ! surface is only int]rupt$ by valleys & m\nta9s4 ,he adopt$ ! sy/em ( ! anci5ts1 :o suppos$ t ! torrid zone 0 un9habit$4 ,accord+ to him ! kn[n _w only =ms a s+le half ( ! egg1 ! great] "p ( ! wat] belong+ to ! surr\nd+ ocean1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* e>? floats l an egg 9 a bas94 ,sev]al arti/s & map-mak]s adopt$ ?is !ory 9 ! geographical repres5tations1 & s1 :e!r 9 ?is way or ! la/1 ! egg has _h ! privilege ( repres5t+ ! =m ( ! e>? = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! celebrat$ ,raban ,maur1 ( ,may5ce1 compos$ 9 ! n9? c5tury a treatise1 entitl$ ,de ,univ]so1 divid$ into tw5ty-two books4 ,x is a k9d ( encyclopa$ia1 9 :i* he gives an abridg$ view ( all ! sci5ces4 ,accord+ to 8 cosmographic sy/em ! e>? is 9 ! =m ( a :eel1 & is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! univ]se1 be+ surr\nd$ by ! ocean2 on ! nor? x is b\nd$ by ! ,caucasus1 :i* he supposes to be m\nta9s ( gold1 :i* no "o c rea* because ( dragons1 & griff9s1 & m5 ( mon/r\s %ape t dwell !re4 ,he also places ,j]usalem 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! treatise ( ,honorus1 entitl$ ,imago ,mundi1 & _m o!r au?ors ( ! same k9d1 repres5t1 #a/1 ! t]re/rial p>adise 9 ! mo/ ea/]ly portion ( ! _w1 9 a locality inaccessible to man2 #bnd1 ! f\r riv]s :i* _h _! s\rces 9 ,p>adise2 #crd1 ! torrid zone1 un9habit$2 #d?1 fanta/ic isl&s1 trans=m$ f ! ,atlantis into ,antillia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #dd4--;,,eigh? ,,c5tury ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,9 a manuscript comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 :i* is 9 ! libr>y ( ,tur91 is a v curi\s *>t1 ref]r$ to ! t5?1 b belong+ possibly to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,x repres5ts ! e>? z a circul> planisph]e4 ,! f\r sides ( ! e>? are ea* accompani$ by a figure ( a w9d1 z a horse on a bell[s1 f :i* air is p\r$ out1 z well z f a %ell 9 8 m\?4 ,above1 or to ! ea/1 are ,adam1 & ,eve ) ! s]p5t4 ,to _! "r is ,asia ) two v elevat$ m\nta9s--,cappadocia & ,caucasus4 ,f !nce comes ! riv] ,eusis1 & ! sea into :i* x falls =ms an arm ( ! ocean :i* surr\nds ! e>?4 ,?is arm jo9s ! ,m$it]ranean1 & sep>ates ,europe f ,asia4 ,t[>ds ! middle is ,j]usalem1 ) two curi\s arms ( ! sea runn+ pa/ x2 :ile to ! s\? !re is a long & /raight sea 9 an ea/ & we/ direction4 ,! v>i\s isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean are put 9 a squ>e pat*1 & ,rome1 ,france1 & ,g]many are indicat$1 :ile ,?ula1 ,britannia1 & ,scotia are m>k$ z isl&s 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ! ocean t surr\nds ! :ole _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,t5? ,,c5tury ,,maps4 ,we figure bel[ two v curi\s maps ( ! _w ( ! t5? c5tury--"o ( :i* is r\nd1 ! o!r squ>e4 ,! fir/ is divid$ into ?ree triangles2 t ( ! ea/1 or ,asia1 is m>k$ ) ! "n ( ,%em2 t ( ! nor?1 or ,europe1 ) t ( ,japhet2 t ( ! s\?1 or ,africa1 ) t ( ,*am4 ,! second is also divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree sons ( ,noah2 ! ocean surr\nds x1 ! ,m$it]ranean =ms ! upright portion ( a cross ( wat] :i* divides ! ,adamic _w4 ,omons1 ! au?or ( a geographical poem entitl$ ,! ,image ( ! ,_w1 compos$ 9 #abfe1 :o 0 call$ ! ,lucretius ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 n m advanc$ ?an ! cosmograph]s ( ! =m] c5turies ( :i* we h hi!rto spok54 ,! cosmographical "p ( 8 poem is borr[$ f ! sy/em ( ,py?agoras & ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! e>? is envelop$ 9 ! heav5s1 z ! yoke 9 ! :ite ( an egg1 & t x is 9 ! middle z ! c5tre is )9 ! circle1 & he speaks l ,py?agoras ( ! h>mony ( ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,omons suppos$ also t 9 8 "t ! t]re/rial p>adise 0 /ill exi/+ 9 ! ea/1 ) its tree ( life1 its f\r riv]s1 & its angel ) a flam+ sword4 ,he appe>s to h conf\nd$ ,hecla ) ! purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 & he places ! latt] 9 ,icel&1 say+ t x nev] ceases to burn4 ,! volcanoes 7 only1 accord+ to him1 ! brea?+ places or m\?s ( ! inf]nal regions4 ,! latt] he plac$ ) o!r cosmograph]s 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,ano!r au?or1 ,nicephorus ,blemmyde1 a monk :o liv$ dur+ ! same c5tury1 compos$ ?ree cosmographical works1 among !m ! foll[+3 ,on ! ,heav5s & ! ,e>?1 ,on ! ,sun & ,moon1 ! ,/>s1 & ,times & ,days4 ,accord+ to 8 sy/em ! e>? is flat1 & he adopts ! ,hom]ic !ory ( ! ocean surr\nd+ ! _w1 & t ( ! sev5 climates4 ,nicolas ( ,oresmus1 a celebrat$ cosmograph] ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 al?\gh 8 celebrity z a ma!matician attract$ ! att5tion ( ,k+ ,john ( ,france1 :o made him tutor to 8 son ,*>les ,v41 0 n wis] ?an ^? we h enum]at$ above4 ,he compos$ among o!r works a ,treatise on ! ,sph]e4 ,he reject$ ! !ory ( an anti*?onal cont95t z contr>y to ! fai?4 ,a map ( ! _w1 prep>$ by him ab\t ! ye> #acgg1 repres5ts ! e>? z r\nd1 ) "o hemisph]e only inhabit$1 ! o!r1 or l[] "o1 be+ plung$ 9 ! wat]4 ,he seems to h be5 l$ by v>i\s borr[$ ideas1 z1 = in/ance1 !ological ones1 su* z ! /atem5t 9 ! ,psalms t ,god _h f\nd$ ! e>? ^u ! wat]s1 & ,grecian ones borr[$ f ! s*ool ( ,?ales1 & ! !ories ( ! ,arabian geograph]s4 ,9 fact we h se5 t ,edrisi ?\ght t half ( ! e>? 0 9 ! wat]1 & ,ab\lf$a ?\ght ! same4 ,! e>? 0 plac$ by ,nicolas 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 :i* he repres5t$ by pa9t+ ! sky blue1 & dott+ x ov] ) />s 9 gold4 ,leon>do ,dati1 :o compos$ a geographical poem entitl$ ,della ,sp]a1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 advanc$ no fur!r4 ,a col\r$ planisph]e %[$ ! e>? 9 ! c5tre ( ! univ]se surr\nd$ by ! ocean1 !n ! air1 !n ! circles ( ! planets aft] ! ,ptolemaic sy/em1 & 9 ano!r repres5tation ( ! same k9d he figures ! inf]nal regions 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & gives its diamet] z sev5 ?\s& miles4 ,he proves himself n to h kn[n "o half ( ! globe by 8 /atem5t ( ! %ape ( ! e>?--t x is l a ,t inside an ,o4 ,?is is a comp>ison giv5 9 _m maps ( ! _w 9 ! middle ages1 ! mean p>allel be+ ab\t ! #cf? degree ( nor? latitude1 t is to say at ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>2 ! ,m$it]ranean is ?us plac$ s z to divide ! e>? into two equal p>ts4 ,john ,beauvau1 ,bi%op ( ,angi]s "u ,l\is ,,xl1 expresses 8 ideas z foll[s3-- ,! e>? is situat$ & re/s 9 ! middle ( ! firmam5t1 z ! c5tre or po9t is 9 ! middle ( a circle4 ,( ! :ole e>? m5tion$ above only "o qu>t] is inhabit$4 ,! e>? is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 z an apple is divid$ ?r\gh ! c5tre by cutt+ x l5g?ways & across4 ,if "o "p ( su* an apple is tak5 & peel$1 & ! peel is spread out ov] any?+ flat1 su* z ! palm ( ! h&1 !n x resembles ! habitable e>?1 "o side ( :i* is call$ ! ea/1 & ! o!r ! we/4 ,! ,arabians adopt$ n only ! ideas ( ! anci5ts1 b also ! fundam5tal notions ( ! cosmographical sy/em ( ! ,greeks4 ,"s ( !m1 z ,bak\y1 reg>d$ ! e>? z a flat surface1 l a table1 o!rs z a ball1 ( :i* "o half is cut (f1 o!rs z a complete revolv+ ball1 & o!rs t x 0 holl[ )94 ,o!rs aga9 w5t z f> z to say t !re 7 sev]al suns & moons = ! sev]al p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,9 a map1 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,cambridge1 by ,h5ry1 ,canon ( ,/4 ,m>ie ( ,may5ce1 ! =m ( ! _w is giv5 aft] ,h]odotus4 ,! f\r c>d9al po9ts are indicat$1 & ! ori5tation is t ( ne>ly all ! c>tographic monum5ts ( ! middle ages1 namely1 ! ea/ at ! top ( ! map4 ,! f\r c>d9al po9ts are f\r angels1 "o foot plac$ on ! disc ( ! e>?2 ! col\rs ( _! ve/m5ts are symbolical4 ,! angel plac$ at ! ,boreal extremity ( ! e>?1 or to ! nor? ( ! ,scy?ians1 po9ts ) 8 f+] to p enclos$ 9 ! ramp>ts ( ,gog & ,magog1 g5s immunda z ! leg5d says4 ,9 8 left h& he holds a die to indicate1 no d\bt1 t !re are %ut up ! ,jews :o ca/ lots = ! clo!s ( ,*ri/4 ,8 ve/m5ts are gre51 8 mantle & 8 w+s are r$4 ,! angel plac$ to ! left ( ,p>adise has a gre5 mantle & w+s1 & r$ ve/m5ts4 ,9 8 left h& he holds a k9d ( palm1 & by ! "r he seems to m>k ! way to ,p>adise4 ,! position ( ! o!r angels plac$ at ! we/ ( ! _w is diff]5t4 ,!y seem occupi$ 9 /opp+ ! passage beyond ! ,columns 7t is1 ! entrance to ! ,atlantic ,ocean74 ,all ( !m h gold5 aureolas4 ,! surr\nd+ ocean is pa9t$ ( a cle> gre54 ,ano!r rem>kable map ( ! _w is t ( ,&rea ,bianco4 ,9 x we see ,ed5 at ! top1 :i* repres5ts ! ea/1 & ! f\r riv]s are runn+ out ( x4 ,mu* ( ,europe is indicat$1 includ+ ,spa91 ,p>is1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,irel&1 :i* are nam$1 ,engl&1 ,icel&1 ,spitzb]g51 c41 :i* are n nam$4 ,! portion r\nd ! ,nor? ,pole to ! left is indicat$ z cold b5ea? ! ,pole />4 ,9 ^! maps ! sy/ematic !ories ( ! anci5t geograph]s seem mix$ ) ! doctr9es ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!y place g5]ally 9 ! ,r$ ,sea "s m>k d5ot+ ! passage ( ! ,hebrews1 ! t]re/rial p>adise at ! extreme ea/1 & ,j]usalem 9 ! c5tre4 ,! t[ns are figur$ (t5 by edifices1 z 9 ! li/ ( ,!odosius1 b )\t any reg>d to _! respective positions4 ,ea* t[n is ord9>ily repres5t$ by two t[]s1 b ! pr9cipal ones are di/+ui%$ by a little wall t appe>s betwe5 ^! two t[]s1 on :i* are pa9t$ sev]al w9d[s1 or else !y may be kn[n by ! size ( ! edifices4 ,/4 ,james ( ,compo/ella 9 ,gallicia & ,rome are repres5t$ by edifices ( consid]able size1 z are ,naz>e?1 ,troy1 ,antio*1 ,damascus1 ,babylon1 & ,n9eveh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,! ,,map ,,( ,,&rea ,,bianco4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable monum5ts ( ! geography ( ! la/ c5turies ( ! middle ages is ! map 9 ,h]e=d ,ca!dral1 by ,ri*>d ( ,hald+ham1 n only on acc\nt ( its num]\s leg5ds1 b because ( its l>ge dim5sions1 be+ sev]al squ>e y>ds 9 area4 ,on ! upp] "p ( ?is map is repres5t$ ! ,la/ ,judgm5t2 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ) rais$ arms1 hold+ 9 ,8 h&s a scroll ) ^! words1 ,ecce te/imonium meum4 ,at ,8 side two angels c>ry 9 _! h&s ! in/rum5ts ( ,8 passion4 ,on ! "r h& /&s an angel ) a trumpet to 8 m\?1 out ( :i* come ^! words1 ,levez si v5dres v\s p>4 ,an angel br+s =w>d a bi%op by ! h&1 beh9d :om is a k+1 foll[$ by o!r p]sonages2 ! angel introduces !m by a door =m$ ( two columns1 :i* seems to s]ve z an entrance to an edifice4 ,! ,virg9 is kneel+ at ! feet1 ( h] ,son4 ,beh9d h] is ano!r woman kneel+1 :o holds a cr[n1 :i* %e seems ready to place on ! head ( ! ,"m ( ,*ri/1 & by ! side ( ! woman is a kneel+ angel1 :o appe>s to be support+ ! mat]nal int]cessor4 ,! ,virg9 uncov]s h] brea/ & pron\nces ! words ( a scroll :i* is held by an angel kneel+ 9 front ( h]1 ,vei i b' fiz mon piz de deuiz lauele *>e prei/es--,eles mame lettes dont leit de ,virg9 qui e/es--,syes m]ci de t\s si com nos mesmes dei/es4--,r 444 em 444 ont s]vi kaut sauv]esse me fei/es4 ,to ! left ano!r angel1 also ) a trumpet to 8 m\?1 gives out ! foll[+ words1 :i* are writt5 on a scroll1 ,leves si alles all fu de enf] e/able4 ,a gate1 drawn l t ( ! entrance1 repres5ts probably ! passage by :i* ^? mu/ g out :o are condemn$ to et]nal pa9s4 ,9 fact ! devil is se5 dragg+ aft] him a cr[d ( m51 :o are ti$ by a cord :i* he holds 9 8 h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,f ,,! ,,map ,,9 ,,h]e=d ,,ca!dral4 ,! map itself comm5ces at its upp] "p1 t is1 ! ea/1 by ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,x is a circle1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is repres5t$ ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,adam & ,eve are !re 9 company ) ! s]p5t t beguil$ !m4 ,! f\r leg5d>y riv]s come out ( ! base ( ! tree1 & !y are se5 bel[ cross+ ! map4 ,outside ,ed5 ! flight ( ! fir/ c\ple1 & ! angel t drove !m away1 are repres5t$4 ,at ?is extreme ea/]n portion is ! region ( giants ) ! heads ( bea/s4 ,!re1 too1 is se5 ! fir/ human habitation1 or t[n1 built by ,eno*4 ,bel[ appe>s ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,ne> ?is are two m5 seat$ on a hill close to ! riv] ,jax>tes2 "o ( !m is eat+ a human leg & ! o!r an arm1 :i* ! leg5d expla9s ?us3--,"h live ! ,ess$ons1 ^: cu/om x is to s+ at ! fun]als ( _! p>5ts2 !y te> ! corpses ) _! tee?1 & prep>e _! food ) ^! fragm5ts ( fle%1 mix$ ) t ( animals4 ,9 _! op9ion x is m hon\rable to ! dead to be enclos$ 9 ! bodies ( _! relations ?an 9 ^? ( worms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,,f ,,! ,,map ,,9 ,,h]e=d ,,ca!dral4 ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,ess$ons4 ,dragons4 ,pigmies4 ,! ,monoc]os4 ,! ,manti*ore4 ,a ,sph9x4 ,! ,k+ ( ! ,cyclops4 ,blemmye4 ,p>asol lip4 ,monocle4 ,bel[ are se5 dragons & pigmies1 always to ! ea/ ( ,asia1 & a little fur!r away 9 ! mid/ ( a /range c\ntry1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,cyclops4 ,?is extraord9>y geography %[s u 9 ,india ! ,manti*ore1 :o has a triple range ( tee?1 ! face ( a man1 blue eyes1 ! r$ col\r ( blood1 ! body ( a lion1 & ! tail ( a scorpion2 its voice is a :i/le4 ,on ! nor? ( ! ,ganges is repres5t$ a man ) "o leg1 %ad+ 8 head ) 8 foot1 :i* is expla9$ by ! foll[+ leg5d3--,9 ,india dwell ! ,monocles1 :o h only "o leg1 b :o nev]!less move ) surpris+ velocity2 :5 !y wi% to protect !mselves f ! heat ( ! sun !y make a %ad[ ) ! sole ( _! foot1 :i* is v l>ge4 ,! ,blemmys h _! m\? & eyes 9 _! *e/2 o!rs h _! m\?s & eyes on _! %\ld]s4 ,! ,p>v9i are ,e?iopians t h f\r eyes4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,sy5e is a man seat$ :o is cov]+ 8 head ) 8 lip1 p :o ) _! prom95t lip %ade _! faces f ! sun4 ,above is drawn a little sun1 ) ! ^w sol4 ,!n comes an animal ( human =m1 hav+ ! feet ( a horse & ! head & beak ( a bird2 he re/s on a /ick1 & ! leg5d tells u x is a satyr2 ! fauns1 half m5 & half horses2 ! cynocephales--m5 ) ! head ( a dog2 & ! cyan?ropes--dogs ) ! heads ( m54 ,! sph9x has ! w+s ( a bird1 ! tail ( a s]p5t1 ! head ( a woman4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,cordill]as1 :i* are jo9$ to a great *a9 ( m\nta9s4 ,"h la/ly is se5 ! monoc]os1 a t]rible animal2 b "h is ! m>vel3 ,:5 "o %[s to ?is monoc]os a "y girl1 :o1 :5 ! animal approa*es1 uncov]s h] brea/1 ! mon/]1 =gett+ 8 f]ocity1 lays 8 head !re1 & :5 he is asleep may be tak5 def5celess4 ,ne> to ! lake ,meotides is a man clo!d 9 ,ori5tal /yle1 ) a hat t t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 & hold+ by ! bridle a horse ^: h>ness is a human sk91 & :i* is expla9$ ?us by ! ,lat9 leg5d3 ,"h live ! griff9s1 v wick$ m51 = among o!r crimes !y proce$ s f> z to make clo!s = !mselves & _! horses out ( ! sk9s ( _! enemies4 ,m to ! s\? is a l>ge bird1 ! o/ri*2 accord+ to ! leg5d1 ! o/ri* has ! head ( a goose1 ! body ( a crane1 ! feet ( a calf2 x eats iron4 ,n f> f ! ,riphean ,m\nta9s two m5 ) long tunics & r\nd bonnets are repres5t$ 9 ! attitude ( fight+2 "o br&i%es a sword1 ! o!r a k9d ( club1 & ! leg5d tells u1 ,! cu/oms ( ! p ( ! int]ior ( ,scy?ia are some:at wild2 !y inhabit caves2 !y dr9k ! blood ( ! sla9 by suck+ _! w\nds2 !y pride !mselves on ! numb] ( p !y h sla9--n to h sla9 any "o 9 combat is reckon$ disgraceful4 ,ne> ! riv] t empties itself into ! ,caspian ,sea x is writt53 ,?is riv] comes f ! inf]nal regions2 x ent]s ! sea aft] hav+ desc5d$ f m\nta9s cov]$ ) wood1 & x is !re1 !y say1 t ! m\? ( hell op5s4 ,to ! s\? ( ?is riv]1 & to ! nor? ( ,hyrcania1 is repres5t$ a mon/] hav+ ! body ( a man1 ! head1 tail1 & feet ( a bull3 ?is is ! ,m9otaur4 ,fur!r on are ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 & ! ark ( ,noah on "o ( its plateaux4 ,"h1 too1 is se5 a l>ge tig]1 & we read3 ,! tig]1 :5 he sees t he has be5 depriv$ ( 8 "y1 pursues ! ravi%] precipitately2 b ! latt]1 ha/5+ away on 8 swift horse1 ?r[s a mirror to him & is safe4 ,else:]e appe>s ,lot's wife *ang$ into a pill> ( salt2 ! lynx :o c see ?r\gh a /one wall2 ! riv] ,le!2 s call$ because all :o dr9k ( x =get ev]y?+4 ,num]\s o!r details might be m5tion$1 b en\gh has be5 said to %[ ! curi\s nature & exce$+ int]e/ ( ?is map1 9 :i* matt]s ( obs]vation & imag9ation are /rangely mix$4 ,ano!r v curi\s geographical docum5t ( t epo* is ! map ( ! _w ( ! ,gr&es ,*roniques de ,sa9t-,d5is4 ,?is belongs to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! capitals "h too are repres5t$ by edifices4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is a v]tical canal1 :i* goes f ! ,columns ( ,h]cules to ,j]usalem4 ,! ,caspian ,sea communicates ) x to ! nor?1 & ! ,r$ ,sea to ! s\?-ea/1 by ! ,nile4 ,x pres]ves ! same position = ,p>adise & = ! l& ( ,gog & ,magog t we h se5 be=e4 ,! geography ( ,europe is v defective4 ,britannia & ,anglia figure z two sep>ate isl&s1 be+ repres5t$ (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,spa91 ) ,allemania & ,g]mania1 also two di/9ct c\ntries1 to ! nor?4 ,! ocean is repres5t$ z r\nd ! :ole1 & ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass are repres5t$ by diff]5t k9ds ( w9ds on ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,cosmography ,,( ,,/4 ,,d5is4 ,?is 0 ! g5]al /yle ( ! maps ( ! _w at t p]iod1 z we may p]ceive f ! v>i\s illu/rations we h be5 able to give1 & x curi\sly initiates u into ! m$iaeval ideas4 ,sometimes !y are surr\nd$ by laughable figures ( ! w9ds ) inflat$ *eeks1 sometimes !re are drawn light *ildr5 ( ,eolus seat$ on lea!rn bottles1 rotat+ ! liquid )92 at o!r times1 sa9ts1 angels1 ,adam & ,eve1 or o!r p1 adorn ! circumf]5ce ( ! map4 ,)9 are %[n a pr(usion ( animals1 trees1 populations1 monum5ts1 t5ts1 drap]ies1 & mon>*s seat$ on _! ?rones--an idea :i* 0 useful1 no d\bt1 & :i* gave ! read] "s k ( ! local ri*es1 ! e?nography1 ! local =ms ( gov]nm5t & ( ar*itecture 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries repres5t$2 b ! draw+s 7 = ! mo/ "p *ildi%1 & m fanta/ic ?an real4 ,! language1 too1 9 :i* !y 7 writt5 0 z mix$ z ! draw+s2 no regul>ity 0 pres]v$ 9 ! or?ography ( a "n1 :i* on ! same map may be writt5 9 t5 diff]5t ways1 be+ express$ 9 b>b>\s ,lat91 ,roman1 or ,old ,fr5*1 ,catalan1 ,italian1 ,ca/ilian1 or ,portuguese6 ,dur+ ! same epo* o!r =ms ( maps 9 less detail & ( small] size %[ ! *>act]s t we h se5 9 ! maps ( e>li] c5turies4 ,m>co ,polo1 ! travell]1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has pres]v$ 9 8 writ+s all ! anci5t traditions1 & unit$ !m 9 a s+ul> mann] ) ! results ( 8 own obs]vations4 ,he _h n se5 ,p>adise1 b he _h se5 ! ark ( ,noah re/+ on ! top ( ,ar>at4 ,8 map ( ! _w1 pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,/ockholm1 is oval1 & repres5ts two cont95ts4 ,9 t :i* we inhabit1 ! only seas indicat$ are ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,black ,sea4 ,asia appe>s at ! ea/1 ,europe to ! nor?1 & ,africa to ! s\?4 ,! o!r cont95t to ! s\? ( ! equator1 :i* is n m>k$1 is ,anti*?onia4 ,9 a map ( ! _w engrav$ on a m$al ( ! fifte5? c5tury dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 !re is /ill a rem9isc5ce ( ! ideas ( ! conceal$ e>? & ,m]opides1 z describ$ by ,!opompus4 ,we see ! w9ds z *]ubim2 ,europe m accurately repres5t$ ?an usual2 b ,africa /ill unkn[n1 & a second cont95t1 call$ ,brumae1 in/ead ( ,anti*?onia1 ) imag9>y details ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej--,,! ,,map ,,( ,,m>co ,,polo4 ,if su* 7 ! ideas ent]ta9$ among/ ! mo/ enlight5$ nations1 :at may we expect among ^? :o 7 less advanc$8 ,x w\ld take u too long to describe all t m ,ea/]n nations h done ^u ?is po9t s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( our pres5t era1 b we may give an example or two f ! ,arabians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,map ,,on ,a ,,m$al ,,( ,,*>les ,v4 ,9 ! anci5t ,arabian *ronicle ( ,tab>i is a sy/em f\nd$ on ! e>? be+ ! solid f\ndation ( all ?+s2 we read3 ,! prophet says1 ! all-p[]ful & inimitable ,deity has creat$ ! m\nta9 ( ,kaf r\nd ab\t ! e>?2 x has be5 call$ ! f\ndation pile ( ! e>?1 z x is said 9 ! ,koran1 ',! m\nta9s are ! piles4' ,?is _w is 9 ! mid/ ( ! m\nta9 ( ,kaf1 j z ! f+] is 9 ! mid/ ( ! r+4 ,?is m\nta9 is em]ald1 & blue 9 col\r2 no man c g to x1 because he w\ld h to pass f\r mon?s 9 d>kness to d s4 ,!re is 9 t m\nta9 nei!r sun1 nor moon1 nor />s2 x is s blue t ! azure col\r y see 9 ! heav5s comes f ! brilliancy ( ! m\nta9 ( ,kaf1 :i* is reflect$ 9 ! sky4 ,if ?is 7 n s ! sky w\ld n be blue4 ,all ! m\nta9s t y see are support$ by ,kaf2 if x did n exi/1 all ! e>? w\ld be 9 a cont9ual tremble1 & n a creature c\ld live ^u its surface4 ,! heav5s re/ ^u x l a t5t4 ,ano!r ,arabian au?or1 ,b5akaty1 writ+ 9 #acag1 says3 ,"k t ! e>? has ! =m ( a globe susp5d$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! heav5s4 ,x is divid$ by ! two great circles ( ! m]idian & equator1 :i* cut ea* o!r at light angles1 into f\r equal p>ts1 namely1 ^? ( ! nor?-we/1 nor?-ea/1 s\?-we/1 & s\?-ea/4 ,! inhabit$ portion ( ! e>? is situat$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ( :i* "o half is inhabit$4 ,ibn-,w>dy1 :o liv$ 9 ! same c5tury1 adopt$ ! idea ( ! ocean surr\nd+ all ! e>?1 & said we knew nei!r its dep? nor its ext5t4 ,?is ocean 0 also ackn[l$g$ by ! au?or ( ! ,kaf m\nta92 he says x lies betwe5 ! e>? & t m\nta91 & calls x ,bahr-al-,mohi?4 ,! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury saw ! dawn ( a new era 9 k & sci5ce4 ,! discov]ies ( ,columbus *ang$ entirely ! aspect ( matt]s1 ! imag9ation 0 excit$ to fre% ent]prises1 & ! h>dihood ( ! adv5tur]s ?r\gh good or bad success 0 su* z want ( lib]ty c\ld n de/roy4 ,nev]!less1 z we h se51 ,columbus imag9$ ! e>? to h ! %ape ( a pe>4 ,n t he obta9$ ?is idea f 8 own obs]vations1 b r reta9$ x z a relic ( pa/ traditions4 ,x is probable t x really dates f ! sev5? c5tury4 ,we may read 9 sev]al cosmographical manuscripts ( t epo*1 t ! e>? has ! =m ( a cone or a top1 its surface ris+ f s\? to nor?4 ,^! ideas 7 consid]ably spread by ! compilations ( ,john ( ,beauvais 9 #adgi1 f :om probably ,columbus d]iv$ 8 notion4 ,al?\gh ,columbus is g5]ally & rightly kn[n z ! discov]] ( ! ,new ,_w1 a v curi\s suit 0 br\ght by ,p9zon aga9/ 8 heirs 9 #aead4 ,p9zon pret5d$ t ! discov]y 0 due to him alone1 z ,columbus _h only foll[$ 8 advice 9 mak+ x4 ,p9zon told ! admiral himself t ! requir$ r\te 0 intimat$ by an inspiration1 or revelation4 ,! tru? 0 t ?is revelation 0 due to a flock ( p>rots1 fly+ 9 ! ev5+ t[>ds ! s\?-we/1 :i* ,p9zon conclud$ mu/ be go+ 9 ! direction ( an invisible coa/ to pass ! night 9 ! bu%es4 ,c]ta9ly ! consequ5ces ( ,columbus resi/+ ! advice ( ,p9zon w\ld h be5 mo/ rem>kable2 = _h he cont9u$ to sail due we/ he w\ld h be5 caught by ! ,gulf ,/ream & c>ri$ to ,florida1 or possibly to ,virg9ia1 & 9 ?is case ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld h receiv$ a ,spani% & ,ca?olic population1 in/ead ( an ,engli% & ,prote/ant "o4 ,! discov]ies ( ^? days 7 (t5 commemorat$ by ! =mation ( h]aldic devices = ! au?ors ( !m1 & we h 9 ?is way "s curi\s coats ( arms on record4 ,t1 = in/ance1 ( ,seba/ian ,cano 0 a globe1 ) ! leg5d1 ,primus circumd$i/i me4 ,! arms giv5 to ,columbus 9 #adic consi/$ ( ! fir/ map ( ,am]ica1 ) a range ( isl&s 9 a gulf4 ,*>les ,v4 gave to ,diego ( ,ordaz ! figure ( ! ,peak ( ,orizaba z 8 arms1 to commemorate 8 hav+ asc5d$ x2 & to ! hi/orian ,ovi$o1 :o pass$ ?irty-f\r ye>s )\t int]ruption 7#aeac-dg7 9 tropical ,am]ica1 ! f\r beautiful />s ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,we h arriv$ at ! close ( our hi/ory ( ! attempts t prec$$ ! actual discov]y ( ! =m & con/itution ( ! globe2 s9ce ^! 7 e/abli%$ our fur!r progress has be5 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,!re n[ rema9s briefly to notice ! attempts at discov]+ ! size ( ! e>? on ! supposition1 & aft]w>ds c]ta9ty1 ( its be+ a globe4 ,! e>lie/ attempt at ?is 0 made by ,erato/h5es1 #bdf ye>s be=e our era1 & x 0 f\nd$ on ! foll[+ reason+4 ,! sun illum9ates ! bottom ( pits at ,sy5e at ! summ] sol/ice2 on ! same day1 in/ead ( be+ v]tical ov] ! heads ( ! inhabitants ( ,alex&ria1 x is #g-a_/d degrees f ! z5i?4 ,sev5-&-a-qu>t] degrees is ! fiftie? "p ( an entire circumf]5ce2 & ! di/ance betwe5 ! two t[ns is five ?\s& /adia2 h5ce ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is fifty times ?is di/ance1 or #bej ?\s& /adia4 ,a c5tury be=e our era ,posidonius arriv$ at an analog\s result by rem>k+ t ! /> ,canopus t\*$ ! horizon at ,rhodes :5 x 0 #g degrees #ab m9utes above t ( ,alex&ria4 ,^! measurem5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh r\gh1 7 +5i\s1 71 foll[$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury by simil> ones by ! ,arabian ,caliph1 ,almam\n1 :o did n greatly modify !m4 ,! fir/ m5 :o actually w5t r\nd ! _w 7 ! crew ( ! %ip "u ,magellan1 :o />t$ to ! we/ 9 #aebj2 he 0 sla9 by ! ,philipp9e isl&]s 9 #aeba1 b 8 %ip1 "u 8 lieut5ant1 ,seba/ian ,cano1 return$ by ! ea/ 9 #aebb4 ,! fir/ attempt at ! actual measurem5t ( a "p ( ! e>?'s surface along ! m]idian 0 made by ,f]nel 9 #aebh4 ,8 process 0 a s+ul>1 b simple "o1 namely1 by c\nt+ ! numb] ( ! turns made by ! :eels ( 8 c>riage betwe5 ,p>is & ,ami5s4 ,he made ! numb] #eg1jbj1 & accurate measurem5ts ( ! di/ance _m ye>s aft] %[$ he _h n made an error ( m ?an f\r turns4 ,! a/ronom] ,pic>d attempt$ x aga9 "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 by triangulation4 ,! ,fr5* a/ronom]s h always be5 =w>d 9 ?is inquiry1 & to !m we owe ! sy/ematic attempts to arrive at a tru] k ( ! l5g? ( an arc ( ! m]idian :i* 7 made 9 #agce-de 9 ,lapl& & 9 ,p]u2 & lat] "u ,me*a9 & ,delambre1 by ord] ( ! ,national ,assembly1 = ! basis ( ! metrical sy/em4 ,obs]vations ( ?is k9d h also be5 made by ! ,engli%1 z at ,l\gh ,foyle 9 ,irel&1 & 9 ,india4 ,! review :i* has "h be5 made ( ! v>i\s ideas on :at n[ seems s simple a matt] _c b impress u ) ! va/ contra/ !re is betwe5 ! wild attempts ( ! e>li] philosoph]s & our mod]n affirmations4 ,:at progress has be5 made 9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s6 ,& all ( ?is is due to h>d "w4 ,! true revelation ( nature is t :i* we =m ourselves1 by our p]sev]+ ef=ts4 ,we n[ "k t ! e>? is approximately sph]ical1 b flatt5$ by ab\t #a_/cjj at ! poles1 is ?ree-qu>t]s cov]$ ) wat]1 & envelop$ ev]y:]e by a light atmosph]ic mantle4 ,! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>? to its surface is #c1ief miles1 its area is #aig million squ>e miles1 its volume is #bef1jjj millions ( cubic miles1 its weight is six ?\s& trillion tons4 ,s1 ?anks to ! bold measurem5ts ( its inhabitants1 we "k z mu* ab\t x z we are likely to "k = a long "t to come4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,leg5d>y ,,worlds ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,! leg5ds t 7 = s _m ages preval5t 9 ,europe _h _! f\ndation 9 ! attempt to make ! acc\nts ( ,scripture & ! ideas & dogmas ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* fit into ! few & insignificant facts t 7 kn[n ) respect to ! e>?1 & ! sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p1 & ! f> m num]\s imag9ations t 7 ent]ta9$ ab\t x4 ,we are !re=e l$ on to exam9e "s ( ^! leg5ds1 t we may appreciate h[ f> a k ( a/ronomy w effect ! eradication ( errors & fantasies :i*1 "u ! aspect ( tru?1 h s long enslav$ ! p4 ,no d\bt ! au?ors ( ! leg5d>y /ories knew well en\gh _! allegorical nature2 b ^? :o receiv$ !m suppos$ t !y gave true indications ( ! nature ( ! e>? & _w1 & !re=e accept$ !m z facts4 ,"s inde$ consid]$ t ! :ole physical con/itution ( ! _w 0 a scaffold or a model1 & t !re 0 a real !ological univ]se hidd5 b5ea? ?is semblance4 ,no "o omitt$ f 8 sy/em ! spiritual heav5 9 :i* ! angels & j m5 might sp5d _! exi/5ce2 b 9 addition to ?is !re 7 places ^: reality 0 believ$ 91 b ^: locality is m difficult to settle1 & :i* !re=e 7 mov$ f "o place to ano!r by v>i\s writ]s1 viz41 ! inf]nal regions1 purgatory1 & ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,we w "h rec\nt "s ( ^? leg5ds1 :i* wield$ suffici5t sway ov] m5's m9ds z to ga9 _! belief 9 ! v]itable exi/5ce ( ! places describ$1 & 9 ?is way to influ5ce _! a/ronomical & cosmographical ideas4 ,& = ! fir/ we w desc5d to ! inf]nal regions ) ,plut>* & ,!spesius4 ,?is ,!spesius relates 8 adv5tures 9 ! o!r _w4 ,hav+ fall5 head-fir/ f an elevat$ place1 he f\nd himself unw\nd$1 b 0 contus$ 9 su* a way z to be ins5sible4 ,he 0 suppos$ to be dead1 b1 aft] ?ree days1 z !y 7 ab\t to bury him1 he came to life aga94 ,9 a few days he recov]$ 8 =m] p[]s ( m9d & body2 b made a m>vell\s *ange = ! bett] 9 8 life4 ,he said t at ! mom5t t he lo/ consci\sness he f\nd himself l a sailor at ! bottom ( ! sea2 b aft]w>ds1 hav+ recov]$ himself a little1 he 0 able to brea! p]fectly1 & see+ only ) ! eyes ( 8 s\l1 he look$ r\nd on all t 0 ab\t him4 ,he saw no long] ! accu/om$ sights1 b />s ( prodigi\s magnitude1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by imm5se di/ances4 ,!y 7 ( dazzl+ brightness & spl5did col\r4 ,8 s\l1 c>ri$ l a vessel on ! lum9\s ocean1 sail$ along freely & smoo?ly1 & mov$ ev]y:]e ) rapidity4 ,pass+ ov] 9 sil5ce a l>ge numb] ( ! sights t met 8 eye1 he /at$ t ! s\ls ( ! dead1 tak+ ! =m ( bubbles ( fire1 rise ?r\gh ! air1 :i* op5s a passage above !m2 at la/ ! bubbles1 break+ )\t noise1 let out ! s\ls 9 a human =m & ( a small] size1 & mov+ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,"s1 ris+ ) a/oni%+ lightness1 m\nt$ 9 a /raight l9e2 o!rs1 runn+ r\nd l a :ipp+-top1 w5t up & d[n by turns ) a confus$ & irregul> motion1 mak+ small advance by long & pa9ful ef=ts4 ,among ?is numb] he saw "o ( 8 p>5ts1 :om he recognis$ ) difficulty1 z %e _h di$ 9 8 infancy2 b %e approa*$ him1 & said1 ,good day1 ,!spesius4 ,surpris$ to he> himself call$ by ?is "n1 he told h] t he 0 call$ ,arideus1 & n ,!spesius4 ,t 0 once y\r "n1 %e repli$1 b 9 future y w be> t ( ,!spesius1 = y are n dead1 only ! intellig5t "p ( y\r s\l has come "h by ! p>ticul> w ( ! gods2 y\r o!r faculties are /ill unit$ to y\r body1 :i* keeps !m l an an*or4 ,! pro( ,i w give y is t ! s\ls ( ! dead d n ca/ any %ad[1 & !y _c move _! eyes4 ,fur!r on1 9 trav]s+ a lum9\s region1 he he>d1 z he 0 pass+1 ! %rill voice ( a female speak+ 9 v]se1 :o presid$ ov] ! "t ,!spesius %\ld die4 ,8 g5ius told him t x 0 ! voice ( ! ,sibyl1 :o1 turn+ on ! orbit ( ! moon1 =etold ! future4 ,!spesius w\ld will+ly h he>d m1 b1 driv5 (f by a rapid :irlw9d1 he c\ld make out b little ( h] pr$ictions4 ,9 ano!r place he rem>k$ sev]al p>allel lakes1 "o fill$ ) melt$ & boil+ gold1 ano!r ) lead cold] ?an ice1 & a ?ird ) v r\gh iron4 ,!y 7 kept by g5ii1 :o1 arm$ ) tongs l ^? us$ 9 =ges1 plung$ into ^! lakes1 & !n )drew by turns1 ! s\ls ( ^? :om av>ice or an insatiable cupidity _h l$ into crime2 aft] !y _h be5 plung$ into ! lake ( gold1 :]e ! fire made !m r$ & transp>5t1 !y 7 ?r[n into ! lake ( lead4 ,!n1 froz5 by ! cold1 & made z h>d z hail1 !y 7 put into ! lake ( iron1 :]e !y became horribly black4 ,brok5 & bruis$ on acc\nt ( _! h>dness1 !y *ang$ _! =m1 & pass$ once m into ! lake ( gold1 & suff]$ 9 ^! *anges inexpressible pa94 ,9 ano!r place he saw ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h to return to life & be viol5tly =c$ to take ! =m ( all sorts ( animals4 ,among ! numb] he saw ! s\l ( ,n]o1 :i* _h already suff]$ _m torm5ts1 & 0 b\nd ) r$-hot *a9s ( iron4 ,! workm5 7 seiz+ him to give him ! =m ( a vip]1 "u :i* he 0 de/9$ to live1 aft] hav+ dev\r$ ! womb t bore him4 ,! locality ( ^! inf]nal regions 0 nev] exactly det]m9$4 ,! anci5ts 7 divid$ ^u ! po9t4 ,9 ! poems ( ,hom] ! inf]nal regions appe> "u two diff]5t =ms3 ?us1 9 ! ,iliad1 x is a va/ subt]ranean cavity2 :ile 9 ! ,odyssey1 x is a di/ant & my/]i\s c\ntry at ! extremity ( ! e>?1 beyond ! ocean1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,cimm]ians4 ,! description :i* ,hom] gives ( ! inf]nal region proves t 9 8 "t ! ,greeks imag9$ x to be a copy ( ! t]re/rial _w1 b "o :i* _h a special "*4 ,accord+ to ! philosoph]s x 0 equally remote f all p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,?us ,cic]o1 9 ord] to %[ t x 0 ( no consequ5ce :]e "o di$1 said1 :]ev] we die !re is j z long a j\rney to be made to rea* ! inf]nal regions4 ,! poets fix$ ^u c]ta9 localities z ! entrance to ?is dismal empire3 su* 0 ! riv] ,le!1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,scy?ians2 ! cav]n ,a*]usia 9 ,epirus1 ! m\? ( ,pluto1 9 ,laodicoea1 ! cave ( ,z5>us ne> ,lac$aemon4 ,9 ! map ( ! _w 9 ! ,poly*ronicon ( ,ranulphus ,uygd51 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 x is /at$3 ,! ,isl& ( ,sicily 0 once a "p ( ,italy4 ,!re is ,m\nt ,etna1 conta9+ ! inf]nal regions & purgatory1 & x has ,scylla & ,*>ybdis1 two :irlpools4 ,ulysses 0 said to rea* ! place ( ! dead by cross+ ! ocean to ! ,cimm]ian l&1 ,a,eneas to h ent]$ x by ! ,lake ( ,av]nus4 ,x5ophon says t ,h]cules w5t !re by ! p59sula ( ,are*usiade4 ,mu* ( ?is1 no d\bt1 dep5ds on ! exagg]ation & mis9t]pretation ( ! acc\nts ( voyag]s2 z :5 ! ,pho5icians relat$ t1 aft] pass+ ! ,columns ( ,h]cules1 to seek t9 9 ,?ule & amb] 9 ! ,baltic1 !y came1 at ! extremity ( ! _w1 to ! ,=tunate ,isles1 ! abode ( et]nal spr+1 & fur!r on to ! ,hyp]borean regions1 :]e a p]petual night envelop$ ! c\ntry--! imag9ation ( ! p develop$ f ?is ! ,elysian fields1 z ! places ( delight 9 ! l[] regions1 hav+ _! own sun1 moon1 & />s1 & ,t>t>us1 a place ( %ades & desolation4 ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 bo? among pagans & ,*ri/ians1 ! locality 0 some:]e 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! poets & philosoph]s ( ,greece & ,rome made v detail$ & circum/antial maps ( ! subt]ranean regions4 ,!y enum]at$ its riv]s1 its lakes1 & woods1 & m\nta9s1 & ! places :]e ! ,furies p]petually torm5t$ ! wick$ s\ls :o 7 condemn$ to et]nal puni%m5t4 ,^! ideas pass$ naturally into ! cre$s ( ,*ri/ians ?r\gh ! sect ( ! ,ess5es1 ( :om ,josephus writes z foll[s3--,!y ?\ght t ! s\ls ( ! j g beyond ! ocean to a place ( repose & delight1 :]e !y 7 tr\bl$ by no inconv5i5ce1 no *ange ( seasons4 ,^? ( ! wick$1 on ! contr>y1 7 relegat$ to places expos$ to all ! inclem5cies ( ! wea!r1 & suff]$ et]nal torm5ts4 ,! ,ess5es1 adds ! same au?or1 h simil> ideas ab\t ^! torm5ts to ^? ( ! ,greeks ab\t ,t>t>us & ! k+dom ( ,pluto4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,gno/ic sects1 on ! contr>y1 consid]$ ! l[] regions z simply a place ( purgatory1 :]e ! s\l is purifi$ by fire4 ,among/ all ! writ+s ( ,*ri/ian ages 9 :i* matt]s su* z we are n[ pass+ 9 review are describ$1 !re is "o t /&s out beyond all o!rs z a ma/]piece1 & t is ! magnific5t poem ( ,dante1 8 ,div9e ,com$y1 :]e9 he describ$ ! inf]nal regions z !y pres5t$ !mselves to 8 lively & f]tile imag9ation4 ,we h 9 x a picture ( m$iaeval ideas1 pa9t$ = u 9 indelible l9es1 be=e ! remembrance ( !m 0 lo/ 9 ! pa/4 ,! poem is at once a tomb & a cradle--! tomb ( a _w t 0 pass+1 ! cradle ( ! _w t 0 to come3 a portico betwe5 two temples1 t ( ! pa/ & t ( ! future4 ,9 x are deposit$ ! traditions1 ! ideas1 ! sci5ces ( ! pa/1 z ! ,egyptians deposit$ _! k+s & symbolic gods 9 ! sepul*res ( ,!bes & ,memphis4 ,! future br+s into x its aspirations & its g]ms envelop$ 9 ! swaddl+ clo!s ( a ris+ language & a spl5did poetry--a my/]i\s infant t is n\ri%$ by ! two teats ( sacr$ tradition & pr(ane fiction1 ,moses & ,/4 ,paul1 ,hom] & ,virgil4 ,! !ology ( ,dante1 /rictly or?odox1 0 t ( ,/4 ,?omas & ! o!r doctors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,natural philosophy1 prop]ly s call$1 0 n yet 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 a/ronomy1 ,ptolemy reign$ supreme1 & 9 ! explanation ( cele/ial ph5om5a no "o dreamt or d>$ to dream ( dep>t+ 9 any way f ! traditionally sacr$ sy/em4 ,9 ^? days a/ronomy 0 indissolubly l9k$ ) a complete s]ies ( philosophical & !ological ideas1 & includ$ ! physics ( ! _w1 ! sci5ce ( life 9 e be+1 ( _! organisation1 & ! causes on :i* dep5d$ ! aptitudes1 incl9ations1 & ev5 9 "p ! actions1 ( m51 ! de/9ies ( individuals1 & ! ev5ts ( hi/ory4 ,9 ?is !ological1 a/ronomical1 & t]re/rial univ]se ev]y?+ emanat$ f ,god2 ,he _h creat$ ev]y?+1 & ! creation embrac$ two ord]s ( be+s1 ! immat]ial & ! corporeal4 ,! pure spirits compos$ ! n9e *oirs ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y4 ,l s _m circles1 !y 7 rang$ r\nd a fix$ po9t1 ! ,et]nal ,be+1 9 an ord] det]m9$ by _! relative p]fection4 ,fir/ ! s]aphim1 !n ! *]ubim1 & aft]w>ds ! simple angels4 ,^? ( ! fir/ circle receiv$ imm$iately f ! c5tral po9t ! light & ! virtue :i* !y communicat$ to ^? ( ! second2 & s on f circle to circle1 l mirrors :i* reflect1 ) an ev]-less5+ light1 ! brilliancy ( a s+le lum9\s po9t4 ,! n9e *oirs1 support$ by ,love1 turn$ )\t ceas+ r\nd _! c5tre 9 l>g] & l>g] circles accord+ to _! di/ance2 & x 0 by _! means t ! motion & ! div9e inflatus 0 communicat$ to ! mat]ial creation4 ,?is latt] _h 9 ! upp] "p ( x ! empyreal1 or heav5 ( pure light4 ,bel[ t1 0 ! ,primum mobile1 ! greate/ body 9 ! heav5s1 z ,dante calls x1 because x surr\nds all ! re/ ( ! circle1 & b\nds ! mat]ial _w4 ,!n came ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s2 !n1 cont9u+ to desc5d1 ! heav5s ( ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! sun1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ! moon1 & la/ly1 ! e>?1 ^: solid & compact nucleus is surr\nd$ by ! sph]es ( wat]1 air1 & fire4 ,z ! *oirs ( angels turn ab\t a fix$ po9t1 s ! n9e mat]ial circles turn also ab\t ano!r fix$ po9t1 & are mov$ by ! pure spirits4 ,let u n[ desc5d to ! geography ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,)9 ! e>? is a l>ge cone1 ^: lay]s are ! frightful abodes ( ! condemn$1 & :i* ends 9 ! c5tre1 :]e ! div9e ,ju/ice keeps b\nd up to 8 *e/ 9 ice ! pr9ce ( ! rebelli\s angels1 ! emp]or ( ! k+dom ( woe4 ,su* are ! inf]nal regions :i* ,dante describes accord+ to ideas g5]ally admitt$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,! =m ( ! inf]nal regions 0 t ( a funnel or rev]s$ cone4 ,all its circles 7 conc5tric1 & cont9ually dim9i%$2 ! pr9cipal ones 7 n9e 9 numb]4 ,virgil also admitt$ n9e divisions--?ree times ?ree1 a numb] sacr$ p> excell5ce4 ,! sev5?1 eigh?1 & n9? circles 7 divid$ into sev]al regions2 & ! space betwe5 ! entrance to ! inf]nal regions & ! riv] ,a*]on1 :]e ! re/+-place ( ! damn$ really comm5c$1 0 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,dante1 guid$ by ,virgil1 trav]s$ all ^! circles4 ,x 0 9 #acjj t ! poet1 9 ! mid/ ( ! c\rse ( life1 at ! age ( ?irty-five1 pass$ 9 _s ?r\gh ! ?ree regions ( ! dead4 ,lo/ 9 a lonely1 wild1 & dismal =e/1 he rea*$ ! base ( a hill1 :i* he attempt$ to climb4 ,b ?ree animals1 a pan!r1 a lion1 & a ?9 & fami%$ wolf1 prev5t$ 8 passage2 s1 return+ aga9 :]e ! sun 0 p[]less1 into ! %ades ( ! dep?s ( ! valley1 !re met him a %ad[ ( ! dead4 ,?is human =m1 :om a long sil5ce _h depriv$ ( spee*1 0 ,virgil1 :o 0 s5t to guide & succ\r him by a cele/ial dame1 ,beatrice1 ! object ( 8 love1 :o 0 at ! same "t a real & a my/ically ideal be+4 ,virgil & ,dante arriv$ at ! gate ( ! inf]nal regions2 !y read ! t]rible inscription plac$ ov] ! gate2 !y ent]$ & f\nd fir/ ^? unhappy s\ls :o _h liv$ )\t virtue & )\t vice4 ,!y rea*$ ! banks ( ,a*]on & saw ,*>on1 :o c>ri$ ov] ! s\ls 9 8 b>k to ! o!r side2 & ,dante 0 surpris$ by a pr(\nd sleep4 ,he woke beyond ! riv]1 & he desc5d$ into ! ,limbo :i* is ! fir/ circle ( ! inf]nal regions4 ,he f\nd !re ! s\ls ( ^? :o _h di$ )\t baptism1 or :o _h be5 indiff]5t to religion4 ,!y desc5d$ next to ! second circle1 :]e ,m9os1 ! judge ( ^? bel[1 is en?ron$4 ,"h ! luxuri\s are puni%$4 ,! poet "h met ) ,francesca ( ,rim9i & ,paul1 h] fri5d4 ,he completely recov]$ ! use ( 8 s5ses1 & pass$ ?r\gh ! ?ird circle1 :]e ! g\rm&s are puni%$4 ,9 ! f\r? he f\nd ,plutus1 :o gu>ds x4 ,"h are torm5t$ ! prodigal & ! av>ici\s4 ,9 ! fif? are puni%$ ^? :o yield to ang]4 ,dante & ,virgil !re saw a b>k approa*+1 conduct$ by ,phlegias2 !y ent]$ x1 cross$ a riv]1 & arriv$ ?us at ! base ( ! r$-hot iron walls ( ! inf]nal t[n ( ,dite4 ,! demons t gu>d$ ! gates refus$ !m admittance1 b an angel op5$ !m1 & ! two travell]s !re saw ! h]etics t 7 enclos$ 9 tombs surr\nd$ by flames4 ,! travell]s !n visit$ ! circles ( viol5ce1 fraud1 & usury1 :5 !y came to a riv] ( blood gu>d$ by a troop ( c5taurs2 sudd5ly !y saw com+ to !m ,g]yon1 :o repres5ts fraud1 & ?is bea/ took !m beh9d him to c>ry !m across ! re/ ( ! inf]nal space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,dante',s ,,inf]nal ,,regions4 ,! eigh? circle 0 divid$ into t5 valleys1 compris+3 ! flatt]]s2 ! simoniacal2 ! a/rolog]s2 ! sorc]]s2 ! false judges2 ! hypocrites :o walk$ ab\t clo!d ) heavy lead5 g>m5ts2 ! ?ieves1 et]nally /ung by v5om\s s]p5ts2 ! h]esi>*s2 ! *>latans1 & ! =g]s4 ,at la/ ! poets desc5d$ into ! n9? circle1 divid$ into f\r regions1 :]e are puni%$ f\r k9ds ( traitors4 ,"h is rec\nt$ ! admirable episode ( ,c\nt ,ugol94 ,9 ! la/ region1 call$ ! region ( ,judas1 ,,lucif] is en*a9$4 ,!re is ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & ,dante1 he>+ ! noise ( a little brook1 reasc5d$ to ! o!r hemisph]e1 on ! surface ( :i* he f\nd1 surr\nd$ by ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 ! m\nta9 ( ,purgatory4 ,su* 0 ! fam\s ,inf]no ( ,dante4 ,n only 0 ! geography ( ! inf]nal regions attempt$ 9 ! middle ages1 b ev5 _! size4 ,dexelius calculat$ t ! numb] ( ! damn$ 0 a hundr$ millions1 & t _! abode ne$ n measure m ?an "o ,g]man mile 9 e direction4 ,cyrano ( ,b]g]ac amus+ly said t x 0 ! damn$ t kept turn+ ! e>?1 by hang+ on ! ceil+ l bats1 & try+ to get away4 ,9 #ageg an ,engli% cl]gyman1 ,dr4 ,sw9d51 publi%$ a book entitl$1 ,rese>*es on ! ,nature ( ! ,fire ( ,hell & ! ,place :]e x is situat$4 ,he places x 9 ! sun4 ,accord+ to him ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5tury _h plac$ x b5ea? ! e>? on acc\nt ( a false int]pretation ( ! desc5t ( ,jesus into hell aft] 8 crucifixion1 & by false ideas ( cosmography4 ,he attempt$ to %[1 #a/1 t ! t]re/rial globe is too small to conta9 ev5 ! angels t fell f heav5 aft] _! battle2 #bnd1 t ! fire ( hell is real1 & t ! clos$ globe ( e>? c\ld n support x a suffici5tly long p]iod2 #crd1 t ! sun alone pres5ts itself z ! necess>y place1 be+ a well-su/a9$ fire1 & directly opposite 9 situation to heav51 s9ce ! empyreal is r\nd ! outside ( ! univ]se1 & ! sun 9 ! c5tre4 ,:at a *ange to ! pres5t ideas1 ev5 ( doctors ( div9ity1 9 a hundr$ ye>s6 ,s f>1 !n1 = m$iaeval ideas on ! position & "* ( hell4 ,next z to purgatory4 ,! voyage to purgatory t has met ) mo/ success is c]ta9ly ! celebrat$ ,iri% leg5d ( ,/4 ,patrick1 :i* = sev]al c5turies 0 admitt$ z au!ntic1 & ! acc\nt ( :i* 0 compos$ c]ta9ly a c5tury be=e ! poem ( ,dante4 ,?is purgatory1 ! entrance to :i* is drawn 9 m ?an "o illum9at$ manuscript1 is situat$ 9 ,irel&1 on "o ( ! isl&s ( ,l\gh ,d]g1 ,c\nty ,donegal1 :]e !re are /ill two *apels & a %r9e1 at :i* annual c]emonies are p]=m$4 ,a knight1 call$ ,ow51 resolv$ to visit x = p5ance2 & ! *ronicle gives u an acc\nt ( 8 adv5tures4 ,fir/ he _h 8 obsequial rites p]=m$1 z if he _h be5 dead1 & !n he advanc$ boldly into ! deep rav9e2 he m>*$ on c\rage\sly1 & ent]$ into ! semi-%ad[s2 he m>*$ on1 & ev5 ?is fun]eal twilight ab&on$ him1 & :5 he _h gone = a long "t 9 ?is obscurity1 !re appe>$ to him a little light z x 7 f a glimm] ( day4 ,he arriv$ at a h\se1 built ) mu* c>e1 an impos+ mansion ( grief & hope1 a m>vell\s edifice1 b simil> nev]!less to a monki% cloi/]1 :]e !re 0 no m light ?an !re is 9 ?is _w 9 w9t] at vesp]-"t4 ,! knight 0 9 dreadful susp5se4 ,sudd5ly he he>d a t]rible noise1 z if ! univ]se 0 9 a riot2 = x seem$ c]ta9ly to him z if e k9d ( bea/ & e man 9 ! _w 7 toge!r1 & ea* gave utt]ance to _! own cry1 at "o "t & ) "o voice1 s t !y c\ld n make a m frightful noise4 ,!n comm5c$ 8 trials1 & disc\rse ) ! inf]nal be+s2 ! demons yell$ ) delight or ) fury r\nd him4 ,mis]able wret*1 said "s1 y are come "h to suff]4 ,fly1 said o!rs1 = y h n behav$ well 9 ! "t t is pass$3 if y w take our advice1 & w g back aga9 to ! _w1 we w take x z a great fav\r & c\rtesy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xii4--,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,ow54 ,ow5 0 ?r[n on ! d>k %ad[y e>?1 :]e ! demons creep l hide\s s]p5ts4 ,a my/]i\s w9d1 :i* he sc>cely he>d1 pass$ ov] ! mud1 & x seem$ to ! knight z if he _h be5 pi]c$ by a spe>-head4 ,aft] a :ile ! demons lift$ him up2 !y took him /raight (f to ! ea/1 :]e ! sun rises1 z if !y 7 go+ to ! place :]e ! univ]se ends4 ,n[1 aft] !y _h j\rney$ = a long "t "h & !re ov] div]s c\ntries1 !y br\ght him to an op5 field1 v long & v full ( griefs & *a/isem5ts2 he c\ld n see ! end ( ! field1 x 0 s long2 !re 7 m5 & wom5 ( v>i\s ages1 :o lay d[n all nak$ on ! gr\nd ) _! bellies d[nw>ds1 :o _h hot nails driv5 into _! h&s & feet2 & !re 0 a fi]y dragon1 :o sat ^u !m & drove 8 tee? into _! fle%1 & seem$ z if he w\ld eat !m2 h5ce !y suff]$ great agony1 & bit ! e>? 9 spite ( its h>dness1 & f "t to "t !y cri$ mo/ pite\sly ',m]cy1 m]cy2' b !re 0 no "o !re :o _h pity or m]cy1 = ! devils ran among !m & ov] !m1 & beat !m mo/ cruelly4 ,! devils br\ght ! knight t[>ds a h\se ( puni%m5t1 s broad & long t "o c\ld n see ! end4 ,?is h\se is ! h\se ( ba?s1 l ^? ( ! inf]nal regions1 & ! s\ls t are ba!d 9 ignom9y are !re heap$ 9 l>ge vats4 ,n[ s x 01 t ea* ( ^! vats 0 fill$ ) "s k9d ( metal1 hot & boil+1 & !re !y plung$ & ba!d _m p ( v>i\s ages1 "s ( :om 7 plung$ 9 ov] _! heads1 o!rs up to ! eyebr[s1 o!rs up to ! eyes1 & o!rs up to ! m\?4 ,n[ all 9 tru? ( ^! p cri$ out ) a l\d voice & wept mo/ pite\sly4 ,sc>cely _h ! knight pass$ ?is t]rible place1 & left beh9d 9 8 my/]i\s voyage t column ( fire :i* rose l a ligh?\se 9 ! %ades1 & :i* %one s sadly betwixt hope & et]nal despair1 ?an a va/ & magnific5t spectacle display$ itself 9 ! subt]ranean space4 ,?is lum9\s & odoresc5t region1 :]e "o might see s _m ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 & monks ( e ord]1 0 ! t]re/rial p>adise2 man does n /ay !re always2 !y told ! knight t he c\ld n ta/e too long its rapid delights2 x is a place ( transition betwe5 purgatory & ! abodes ( heav51 j z ! d>k places :i* he _h trav]s$ 7 made by ! ,creator betwe5 ! _w & ! inf]nal regions4 ,9 spite ( our joys1 said ! s\ls1 we %all pass away f "h4 ,!n !y took him to a m\nta91 & told him to look1 & ask$ ( him :at col\r ! heav5s seem$ to be !re :]e he 0 /&+1 & he repli$ x 0 ! col\r ( burn+ gold1 su* z is 9 ! furnace2 & !n !y said to him1 ,t :i* y see is ! entrance to heav5 & ! gate ( p>adise4 ,! attempts at id5tification ( hell & purgatory h n be5 s num]\s1 p]haps because ! subjects 7 n v attractive1 except z ! spite ( m5 might ?9k ( !m 9 ref]5ce to o!r p2 b :5 we come to ! t]re/rial p>adise1 q a cr[d ( attempts by e k9d ( writ] to fix its position 9 any & e "p ( ! globe is met ) on e side4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 "u ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,daniel ,huet1 ,bi%op ( ,avran*es1 gave great att5tion to ! "q1 & collect$ e op9ion t _h be5 express$ ^u x1 ) a view to arriv+ at "s def9ite conclusion = himself4 ,he 0 a/oni%$ at ! numb] ( writ+s & ! div]sity ( ! op9ions !y express$4 ,no?+1 he says1 c\ld %[ me bett] h[ little is really kn[n ab\t ! situation ( ! t]re/rial p>adise ?an ! diff]5ces 9 ! op9ions ( ^? :o h occupi$ !mselves ab\t ! "q4 ,"s h plac$ x 9 ! ?ird heav51 "s 9 ! f\r?1 9 ! heav5 ( ! moon1 9 ! moon itself1 on a m\nta9 ne> ! lun> heav51 9 ! middle region ( ! air1 out ( ! e>?1 ^u ! e>?1 b5ea? ! e>?1 9 a place t is hidd5 & sep>at$ f man4 ,x has be5 plac$ "u ! ,nor? ,pole1 9 ,t>t>y1 or 9 ! place n[ occupi$ by ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,o!rs plac$ x 9 ! extreme s\?1 9 ! l& ( fire4 ,o!rs 9 ! ,levant1 or on ! bord]s ( ! ,ganges1 or 9 ! ,isl& ( ,ceylon1 mak+ ! "n ,india to be d]iv$ f ,ed51 ! l& :]e ! p>adise 0 situat$4 ,x has be5 plac$ 9 ,*9a1 or 9 an inaccessible place beyond ! ,black ,sea2 by o!rs 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,africa1 b5ea? ! equator1 9 ! ,ea/1 c4 c4 ,not)/&+ ?is =midable array1 ! good bi%op 0 bold en\gh to make 8 *oice betwe5 !m all4 ,8 op9ion 0 t ! dwell+-place ( ! fir/ man 0 situat$ betwe5 ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 above ! place :]e !y sep>ate be=e fall+ into ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 &1 f\nd+ ?is op9ion on v ext5sive read+1 he decl>$ t ( all 8 pr$ecessors1 ,calv9 _h come ne>e/ to ! tru?4 ,among ! o!r au?ors ( great] or less celebrity t h occupi$ !mselves 9 ?is "q1 we may in/ance ! foll[+3-- ,raban ,maur 7n9? c5tury7 believ$ t ! t]re/rial p>adise 0 at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! e>?4 ,he describ$ ! tree ( life1 & add$ t !re 0 nei!r heat nor cold 9 t g>d52 t imm5se riv]s ( wat] n\ri%$ all ! =e/2 & t ! p>adise 0 surr\nd$ by a wall ( fire1 & its f\r riv]s wat]$ ! e>?4 ,james ( ,vitry suppos$ ,pison to come out ( ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,he describes also ! g>d5 ( ,ed52 &1 l all ! cosmograph]s ( ! middle ages1 he plac$ x 9 ! mo/ ea/]ly portion ( ! _w 9 an inaccessible place1 & surr\nd$ by a wall ( fire1 :i* rose up to heav54 ,dati plac$ also ! t]re/rial p>adise 9 ,asia1 l ! cosmograph]s t prec$$ him1 & made ! ,nile come f ! ea/4 ,/5*us1 ! libr>ian ( ,/4 ,siege1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 devot$ sev]al ye>s to ! problem1 b discov]$ no?+4 ,! celebrat$ ori5tali/ & mission>y ,bo*>t wrote a treatise on ?is subject 9 #afej4 ,!v5ot publi%$ also 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a map repres5t+ ! c\ntry ( ! ,lybians1 & adds t sev]al great doctors place ! t]re/rial p>adise !re4 ,an ,arm5ian writ] :o translat$ & borr[$ f ,/4 ,epiphanius 7eigh? c5tury7 produc$ a ,memorial on ! ,f\r ,riv]s ( ! ,t]re/rial ,p>adise4 ,he supposes !y rise 9 ! unkn[n l& ( ! ,amazons1 :5ce also arise ! ,danube & ! ,hellespont1 & !y deliv] _! wat]s into t great sea t is ! s\rce ( all seas1 & :i* surr\nds ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,he aft]w>ds says1 foll[+ up ! same !ory1 t ! riv]s ( p>adise surr\nd ! _w & ent] aga9 into ! sea1 :i* is ! univ]sal ocean4 ,g]vais & ,rob]t ( ,/4 ,m>i5 d',aux]re taught t ! t]re/rial p>adise 0 on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! squ>e :i* =m$ ! _w4 ,ala9 de ,lille1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ma9ta9$ 9 8 ,anticlaudianus t ! e>? is circul>1 & ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 is 9 ! ea/ ( ,asia4 ,jo9ville1 ! fri5d ( ,/4 ,l\is1 gives u a curi\s notion ( 8 geographical ideas1 s9ce1 ) reg>d to p>adise1 he assures u t ! f\r great riv]s ( ! s\? come out ( x1 z d ! spices4 ,"h1 he says1 ref]r+ to ! ,nile1 x is advisable to speak ( ! riv] :i* passes by ! c\ntries ( ,egypt1 & comes f ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,:]e ?is riv] ent]s ,egypt !re are p v exp]t & exp]i5c$1 z ?ieves are "h1 at /eal+ f ! riv]1 :o 9 ! ev5+ ?r[ _! nets on ! /reams & riv]s1 & 9 ! morn+ !y (t5 f9d & c>ry (f ! spices :i* are sold "h 9 ,europe z com+ f ,egypt at a good rate1 & by weight1 su* z c9namon1 g+]1 rhub>b1 cloves1 lignum1 aloes1 & sev]al o!r good ?+s1 & !y say t ^! good ?+s come f ! t]re/rial p>adise1 & t ! w9d bl[s !m (f ! trees t are gr[+ !re4 ,& he says t ne> ! end ( ! _w are ! peoples ( ,gog & ,magog1 :o w come at ! end ( ! _w ) ,anti*ri/4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 m ?an descriptions--we h repres5tations ( ! t]re/rial p>adise by c>tograph]s ( ! middle ages1 "s ( :i* we h se5 9 speak+ ( _! g5]al ideas ( geography1 & we w n[ introduce o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,p>adise ,,( ,,fra ,,mauro4 ,fra ,mauro1 a religi\s cosmograph] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 gives on ! ea/ side ( a map ( ! _w a repres5tation :i* %[s u t at t epo* ! g>d5 ( delights _h become v b>r54 ,x is a va/ pla91 on :i* we see ,jehovah & ! fir/ human c\ple1 ) a circul> ramp>t surr\nd+ x4 ,! f\r riv]s fl[ out ( x by bifurcat+4 ,an angel protects ! pr9cipal gate1 :i* _c be rea*$ b by cross+ b>r5 m\nta9s4 ,! cosmographical map ( ,g]vais1 d$icat$ to ! ,emp]or ,o?o ,,iv41 %[s ! t]re/rial p>adise 9 ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :i* is squ>e1 & is situat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! seas4 ,adam & ,eve appe> 9 consultation4 ,! map ( ! _w prep>$ by ,&reas ,bianco1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 repres5ts ,ed51 ,adam & ,eve1 & ! tree ( life4 ,on ! left1 on a p59sula1 are se5 ! reprobat$ p ( ,gog & ,magog1 :o are to accompany ,anti*ri/4 ,alex&] is also repres5t$ !re1 b )\t app>5t reason4 ,! p>adisaical p59sula has a build+ on x ) ?is inscription1 ,ospitius ,mac>ii4 ,=malconi says1 on ?is subject1 t a c]ta9 ,mac>ius lives ne> p>adise1 :o is a witness to all t ! au?or /ates1 & z ,bianco has indicat$1 8 cell 0 close to ! gates ( p>adise4 ,?is leg5d has ref]5ce to ! pilgrims ( ,/4 ,mac>ius1 a tradition t 0 spread on ! return ( ! ,crusad]s1 ( ?ree monks :o und]took a voyage to discov] ! po9t :]e ! e>? & heav5 meet1 t is to say1 ! place ( ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,! map ( ,rudim5tum1 a va/ compilation publi%$ at ,luebeck 9 #adge by ! ,dom9ican ,broc>d1 repres5ts ! t]re/rial p>adise surr\nd$ by walls1 b x is less /]ile t 9 ! la/ picture1 z may be se5 on ! next page4 ,9 ! ye> #aejc1 :5 ,v>!ma1 ! adv5tur\s ,bolognian1 w5t to ! ,indies by ! r\te ( ,pale/9e & ,syria1 he 0 %[n ! evil-reput$ h\se :i* ,ca9 dwelt 91 :i* 0 n f> f ! t]re/rial p>adise4 ,ma/] ,gilius1 ! le>n$ naturali/ :o travell$ at ! exp5se ( ,francis ,i41 _h ! same satisfaction4 ,! simple fai? ( our ance/ors _h no hesitation 9 accept+ su* ar*aeology4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,! ,,p>adise ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ ( all attempts to discov] ! situation ( p>adise 0 t made half unconsci\sly by ,columbus :5 he fir/ f\nd ! ,am]ican %ore4 ,9 8 ?ird voyage1 :5 = ! fir/ "t he rea*$ ! ma9 l&1 he 0 p]suad$ n only t he _h arriv$ at ! extremity ( ,asia1 b t he c\ld n be f> f ! position ( p>adise4 ,! ,or9oco seem$ to be "o ( ^? f\r great riv]s :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 came out ( ! g>d5 inhabit$ by our fir/ p>5ts1 & 8 hopes 7 support$ by ! fragrant breezes t blew f ! beautiful =e/s on its banks4 ,?is1 he ?\ght1 0 b ! entrance to ! cele/ial dwell+-place1 & if he _h d>$--if a religi\s fe> _h n held back him :o _h risk$ ev]y?+ amid/ ! elem5ts & among/ m51 he w\ld h lik$ to pu% =w>d to :]e he might hope to f9d ! cele/ial b\nd>ies ( ! _w1 &1 a little fur!r1 to h ba!d 8 eyes1 ) pr(\nd humility1 9 ! light ( ! flam+ swords :i* 7 wield$ by two s]aphim be=e ! gate ( ,ed54 ,he ?us expresses himself on ?is subject 9 8 lett] to "o ( ! mon>*s ( ,spa91 dat$ ,hayti1 ,octob]1 #adih4 ,! ,holy ,scriptures atte/ t ! ,"l creat$ p>adise1 & plac$ 9 x ! tree ( life1 & made ! f\r great riv]s ( ! e>? to pass out ( x1 ! ,ganges ( ,india1 ! ,tigris1 ! ,euphrates 7pass+ f ! m\nta9s to =m ,mesopotamia1 & end+ 9 ,p]sia71 & ! ,nile1 :i* rises 9 ,e?iopia & goes to ! ,sea ( ,alex&]4 ,i _c1 nor h be5 ev] able to f9d 9 ! books ( ! ,lat9s or ,greeks any?+ au!ntic on ! site ( ?is t]re/rial p>adise1 nor d ,i see any?+ m c]ta9 9 ! maps ( ! _w4 ,"s place x at ! s\rce ( ! ,nile1 9 ,e?iopia2 b ! travell]s :o h pass$ ?r\gh ^? c\ntries h n f\nd ei!r 9 ! mildness ( ! climate or 9 ! elevation ( ! site t[>ds heav5 any?+ t c\ld lead to ! presumption t p>adise 0 !re1 & t ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge 7 unable to rea* x or cov] x4 ,sev]al pagans h writt5 = ! purpose ( prov+ x 0 9 ! ,=tunate ,isles1 :i* are ! ,can>ies4 ,/4 ,isidore1 ,b$e1 & ,/rabo1 ,/4 ,ambrosius1 ,scotus1 & all judici\s !ologians affirm ) "o accord t p>adise 0 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x is f !nce only t ! enorm\s quantity ( wat] c come1 see+ t ! c\rse ( ! riv]s is extremely long2 & ^! wat]s 7( p>adise7 arrive "h1 :]e ,i am1 & =m a lake4 ,!re are great signs "h ( ! neighb\rhood ( ! t]re/rial p>adise1 = ! site is entirely con=mable to ! op9ion ( ! sa9ts & judici\s !ologians4 ,! climate is ( admirable mildness4 ,i believe t if ,i pass$ b5ea? ! equ9octial l9e1 & arriv$ at ! highe/ po9t ( :i* ,i h spok51 ,i %\ld f9d a mild] temp]ature1 & a *ange 9 ! />s & ! wat]s2 n t ,i believe t ! po9t :]e ! greate/ height is situat$ is navigable1 or ev5 t !re is wat] !re1 or t "o c\ld rea* x1 b ,i am conv9c$ t !re is ! t]re/rial p>adise1 :]e no "o c come except by ! w ( ,god4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ?is illu/ri\s navigator ! e>? _h ! =m ( a pe>1 & its surface kept ris+ t[>ds ! ea/1 indicat$ by ! po9t ( ! fruit4 ,x 0 !re t he suppos$ might be f\nd ! g>d5 :]e anci5t tradition imag9$ ! creation ( ! fir/ human c\ple 0 accompli%$4 ,we c sc>cely ?9k )\t a/oni%m5t ( ! great am\nt ( d>kness t obscur$ sci5tific k1 :5 ?is great man appe>$ on ! sc5e ( ! _w1 nor ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! obscurity & vagu5ess ( ideas 7 dissipat$ almo/ imm$iately aft] 8 m>vell\s discov]ies4 ,sc>cely _h a half c5tury elaps$ aft] 8 dea?1 ?an all ! geographical fables ( ! middle ages did no m ?an excite smiles ( incr$ulity1 al?\gh dur+ 8 life ! univ]sal op9ion 0 n mu* advanc$ ^u ! times ( ! fam\s knight ,john ( ,m&eville1 :o wrote gravely z foll[s3-- ,no mortal man c g to or approa* ?is p>adise4 ,by l& no "o c g !re on acc\nt ( savage bea/s :i* are 9 ! des]ts1 & because ( m\nta9s & rocks t _c be pass$ ov]1 & d>k places )\t numb]2 nor c "o g !re any bett] by sea2 ! wat] ru%es s wildly1 x comes 9 s great waves1 t no vessel d>e sail aga9/ !m4 ,! wat] is s rapid1 & makes s great a noise & tempe/1 t no "o c he> h[ev] l\d he is spok5 to1 & s :5 "s great m5 ) good c\rage h attempt$ sev]al times to g by ?is riv] to p>adise1 9 l>ge companies1 !y h nev] be5 able to accompli% _! j\rney4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m h di$ ) fatigue 9 swimm+ aga9/ ! wat]y waves4 ,_m o!rs h become bl9d1 o!rs h become deaf by ! noise ( ! wat]1 & o!rs h be5 suffocat$ & lo/ 9 ! waves1 s t no mortal man c approa* x except by ! special grace ( ,god4 ,) "o notable exception1 no attempts h be5 made ( late ye>s to solve su* a "q4 ,t exception is by ! noble & indefatigable ,liv+/one1 :o decl>$ 8 conviction to ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,a!naeum1 t p>adise 0 situat$ some:]e ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,nile4 ,^? g5]ally :o n[ seek an answ] to ! "q ( ! bir?place ( ! human race d n call x p>adise4 ,s9ce man is "h1 & !re 0 a "t q rec5t1 geologically speak+1 :5 he 0 n1 !re mu/ h be5 "s actual locality on ! e>?'s surface :]e he 0 fir/ a man4 ,:e!r we h1 or ev5 c hope to h1 en\gh in=mation to indicate :]e t locality 0 situat$1 is a matt] ( d\bt4 ,we h n at pres5t4 ,^? :o h att5d$ mo/ to ! subject appe> to ?9k "s isl& ! mo/ probable locality1 b x is q conjectural4 ,! "n ,p>adise appe>s to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,p]sian1 9 :i* x means a g>d52 simil>ly d]iv$ words express ! same idea 9 o!r languages2 z 9 ! ,hebrew p>des1 9 ! ,arabian firdaus1 9 ! ,syriac p>diso1 & 9 ! ,arm5ian p>tes4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ! ,p]sian ^w itself is d]iv$ f ! ,sanscrit pradesa1 or p>adesa1 :i* means a circle1 a c\ntry1 or /range region2 :i*1 ?\gh ne> en\gh z to s\nd1 does n q agree z to mean+4 ,ed5 is f a ,hebrew root mean+ delights4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,eclipses ,,& ,,comets4 ,we h se5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s on ! sy/ems ( ! anci5ts & _! ideas ( ! _w h[ ev]y?+ 0 once suppos$ to h exclusive ref]5ce to man1 & h[ he consid]$ himself n only *ief ( animate objects1 b t 8 own city 0 ! c5tre ( ! mat]ial _w1 & 8 own _w ! c5tre ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 t ! sun 0 made to %9e1 z well z ! moon & />s1 = 8 b5efit2 & t1 7 x n = him !y w\ld h no reason = exi/5ce4 ,& we h se5 h[1 /ep by /ep1 ^! illusions h be5 dispell$1 & he has le>nt to appreciate 8 own littl5ess 9 proportion z he has realis$ ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se ( :i* he =ms "p4 ,if su* has be5 8 hi/ory1 & su* 8 =m] ideas on ! regul> p>ts1 z we may call !m1 ( nature1 mu* m h simil> ideas be5 develop$ 9 relation to ^? o!r ph5om5a :i*1 com+ at su* long int]vals1 h n be5 recognis$ by him z p]iodic1 b h seem$ to h "s relation to mundane affairs1 (t5 ( ! smalle/ consequ5ce4 ,su* are eclipses ( ! sun & moon1 comets1 %oot+-/>s1 & meteors4 ,among ! less in/ruct$ ( m51 ev5 :5 a/ronom]s ( ! same age & nation knew _! real nature1 eclipses h always be5 look$ ^u z some?+ om9\s ( evil4 ,among ! anci5t nations p us$ to come to ! assi/ance ( ! moon1 by mak+ a confus$ noise ) all k9ds ( in/rum5ts1 :5 x 0 eclips$4 ,x is ev5 done n[ 9 ,p]sia & "s p>ts ( ,*9a1 :]e !y fancy t ! moon is fight+ ) a great dragon1 & !y ?9k ! noise w make him loose 8 hold & take to flight4 ,among ! ,ea/ ,indians !y h ! same belief t :5 ! sun & ! moon are eclips$1 a dragon is seiz+ !m1 & a/ronom]s :o g !re to obs]ve eclipses are tr\bl$ by ! fe>s ( _! native att5dants1 & by _! endeav\rs to get into ! wat] z ! be/ place "u ! circum/ances4 ,9 ,am]ica ! idea is t ! sun & moon are tir$ :5 !y are eclips$4 ,b ! m ref9$ ,greeks believ$ = a long "t t ! moon 0 bewit*$1 & t ! magicians made x desc5d f heav51 to put into ! h]bs a c]ta9 malefic5t fro?4 ,p]haps ! idea ( ! ,dragon arose f ! anci5t cu/om ( call+ ! places 9 ! heav5s at :i* ! eclipses ( ! moon took place ! head & tail ( ! ,dragon4 ,9 anci5t hi/ory we h _m curi\s in/ances ( ! v critical influ5ce t eclipses h _h1 especially 9 ! case ( ev5ts 9 a campaign1 :]e x 0 ?\ght unfav\rable to "s project$ attempt4 ,?us an eclipse ( ! moon 0 ! orig9al cause ( ! dea? ( ! ,a!nian g5]al ,nicias4 ,j at a critical juncture1 :5 he 0 ab\t to dep>t f ! h>b\r ( ,syracuse1 ! eclipse fill$ him & 8 :ole army ) dismay4 ,! result ( 8 t]ror 0 t he delay$ ! dep>ture ( 8 fleet1 & ! ,a!nian army 0 cut 9 pieces & de/roy$1 & ,nicias lo/ 8 lib]ty & life4 ,plut>* says !y c\ld und]/& well en\gh ! cause ( ! eclipse ( ! sun by ! int]position ( ! moon1 b !y c\ld n imag9e by ! opposition ( :at body ! moon itself c\ld be eclips$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s eclipses ( antiquity 0 t ( ,?ales1 record$ by ,h]odotus1 :o says3--,! ,lydians & ! ,m$es 7 at w> = five consecutive ye>s4 ,n[ :ile ! w> 0 su/a9$ on bo? sides ) equal *ance1 9 ! six? ye>1 "o day :5 ! armies 7 9 battle array1 x happ5$ t 9 ! mid/ ( ! combat ! day sudd5ly *ang$ into night4 ,?ales ( ,miletus _h pr$ict$ ?is ph5om5on to ! ,ionians1 & _h po9t$ out precisely t v ye> z ! "o 9 :i* x w\ld take place4 ,! ,lydians & ,m$es1 see+ ! night succe$+ sudd5ly to ! day1 put an end to ! combat1 & only c>$ to e/abli% peace4 ,ano!r notable eclipse is t relat$ by ,diodorus ,siculus4 ,x 0 a total eclipse ( ! sun1 :i* took place :ile ,aga?ocles1 flee+ f ! port ( ,syracuse1 :]e he 0 blockad$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians1 0 ha/5+ to ga9 ! coa/ ( ,africa4 ,:5 ,aga?ocles 0 already surr\nd$ by ! enemy1 night came on1 & he escap$ contr>y to all hope4 ,on ! day foll[+ s complete an eclipse ( ! sun took place t x seem$ altoge!r night1 = ! />s %one out 9 all places4 ,! soldi]s !re=e ( ,aga?ocles1 p]suad$ t ! gods 7 int5d+ !m "s mis=tune1 7 9 ! greate/ p]turbation ab\t ! future4 ,aga?ocles 0 equal to ! occasion4 ,:5 disemb>k$ 9 ,africa1 :]e1 9 spite ( all 8 f9e words1 he 0 unable to reassure 8 soldi]s1 :om ! eclipse ( ! sun _h fright5$1 he *ang$ 8 tactics1 & pret5d+ to und]/& ! prodigy1 ,i grant1 comrades1 he said1 t _h we p]ceiv$ ?is1 eclipse be=e our emb>kation we %\ld inde$ h be5 9 a critical situation1 b n[ t we h se5 x aft] our dep>ture1 & z x always signifies a *ange 9 ! pres5t /ate ( affairs1 x foll[s t our circum/ances1 :i* 7 v bad 9 ,sicily1 are ab\t to am5d1 :ile we %all indubitably ru9 ^? ( ! ,c>?ag9ians1 :i* h be5 hi!rto s fl\ri%+4 ,we are rem9d$ by ?is ( ! /ory ( ,p]icles1 :o1 :5 ready to set sail ) 8 fleet on a great exp$ition1 saw himself /opp$ by a simil> ph5om5on4 ,he spread 8 mantle ov] ! eyes ( ! pilot1 :om fe> _h prev5t$ act+1 & ask$ him if t 0 any sign ( mis=tune1 :5 ! pilot answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,:at mis=tune !n d y suppose1 said he1 is presag$ by ! body t hides ! sun1 :i* diff]s f ?is 9 no?+ b be+ l>g]8 ,) ref]5ce to ^! eclipses1 :5 _! locality & approximate date is kn[n1 a/ronomy comes to ! assi/ance ( hi/ory1 & c supply ! exact day1 & ev5 h\r1 ( ! occurr5ce4 ,= ! eclipses dep5d on ! motions ( ! moon1 & j z a/ronom]s c calculate bo? ! "t & ! pa? ( a sol> eclipse 9 ! future1 s !y c = ! pa/4 ,if !n ! eclipses are calculat$ back to ! epo* :5 ! p>ticul> "o is record$1 x c be easily asc]ta9$ :i* "o x 0 t ab\t t "t pass$ ov] ! spot at :i* x 0 obs]v$1 & z soon z ! p>ticul> eclipse is fix$ ^u1 x may be told at :at h\r x w\ld be se54 ,?us ! eclipse ( ,?ales has be5 assign$ by diff]5t au?ors to v>i\s dates1 betwe5 ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 #ehc ,b4,c41 & ! #crd ( ,febru>y1 #fbf ,b4,c4 ,! only eclipse ( ! sun t is suitable betwe5 ^? dates has be5 f\nd by ! ,a/ronom]-,royal to be t :i* w\ld happ5 9 ,lydia on ! #bh? ( ,may1 #ehe ,b4,c41 :i* mu/ !re=e be ! date ( ! ev5t4 ,s ( ! eclipse ( ,aga?ocles1 ,m4 ,delaunay has fix$ its date to ! #ae? ,augu/1 #caj ,b4,c4 ,9 lat] days1 :5 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus _h to deal ) ! ignorant p ( ,am]ica1 ! same k9d ( /ory 0 repeat$4 ,he f\nd himself r$uc$ to fam9e by ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry1 :o kept him & 8 companions prison]s2 & be+ aw>e ( ! approa* ( ! eclipse1 he m5ac$ !m ) br++ ^u !m great mis=tunes1 & depriv+ !m ( ! light ( ! moon1 if !y did n in/antly br+ him provisions4 ,!y c>$ little = 8 m5aces at fir/2 b z soon z !y saw ! moon disappe>1 !y ran to him ) abundance ( victuals1 & implor$ p>don ( ! conqu]or4 ,?is 0 on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #aejd1 a date :i* may be te/$ by ! mod]n tables ( ! moon1 & ,columbus's acc\nt prov$ to be correct4 ,! eclipse 0 inde$ record$ 9 o!r places by v>i\s obs]v]s4 ,eclipses 9 _! natural aspect h ?us _h consid]able influ5ce on ! vulg>1 :o knew no?+ ( _! cause4 ,?is ( c\rse 0 ! /ate ) all 9 ! e>ly ages1 & x is int]e/+ to trace ! gradual progress f _! be+ q unexpect$ to _! be+ pr$ict$4 ,x is v probable1 if n c]ta91 t _! recurr5ce 9 ! case ( ! moon at lea/ 0 recognis$ long be=e _! nature 0 und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiii4--,,*ri/oph] ,,columbus ,,& ,,! ,,eclipse ,,( ,,! ,,moon4 ,among ! ,*9ese !y 7 long calculat$1 &1 9 fact1 x is ?\ght by "s t !y h pret5d$ to a great] antiquity by calculat+ backw>ds1 & record+ z obs]v$ eclipses ^? :i* happ5$ be=e !y und]/ood or notic$ !m4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 au!nticat$ t !y did 9 ! ye> #bafi ,b4,c4 obs]ve an eclipse ( ! sun1 & t at t date !y 7 9 ! habit ( pr$ict+ !m4 ,= ?is p>ticul> eclipse is said to h co/ sev]al ( ! a/ronom]s _! lives1 z !y _h n calculat$ x rightly4 ,z ! lives ( pr9ces 7 suppos$ to be dep5d5t on ^! eclipses1 x became high treason to expose !m to su* a dang] )\t =ew>n+ !m4 ,!y paid m att5tion to ! eclipses ( ! sun ?an ( ! moon4 ,among ! ,babylonians ! eclipses ( ! moon 7 obs]v$ f a v e>ly date1 & num]\s records ( !m are conta9$ 9 ! ,obs]vations ( ,bel 9 ,s>gon's libr>y1 ! tablets ( :i* h lately be5 discov]$4 ,9 ! old] portion !y only record t on ! #ad? day ( su* & su* a 7lun>7 mon? an eclipse takes place1 & /ate 9 :at wat* x beg9s1 & :5 x ends4 ,9 a lat] portion ! obs]vations 7 m precise1 & ! descriptions ( ! eclipse m accurate4 ,long be=e #agjj ,b4,c4 ! discov]y ( ! lun> cycle ( #bbc lun> mon?s _h be5 made1 & by means ( x !y 7 able to /ate ( ea* lun> eclipse1 t x 0 ei!r accord+ to calculation or contr>y to calculation4 ,!y dealt also ) sol> eclipses1 & tri$ to trace on a sph]e ! pa? !y w\ld take on ! e>?4 ,accord+ly1 l ! eclipses ( ! moon1 ^! too 7 spok5 ( z happ5+ ei!r accord+ to calculation or contr>y to calculation4 ,9 a report s5t 9 to "o ( ! lat] k+s ( ,assyria by ! /ate a/ronom]1 ,abil ,isl> /ates t a wat* _h be5 kept on ! #bh?1 #bi?1 & #cj? ( ,sivan1 or ,may1 = an eclipse ( ! sun1 :i* did n1 h[ev]1 take place aft] all4 ,! %ad[1 x is cle>1 mu/ h fall5 outside ! field ( obs]vation4 ,besides ! m ord9>y k9d ( sol> eclipses1 m5tion is made 9 ! ,obs]vations ( ,bel ( annul> eclipses :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 are seldom allud$ to by classical writ]s4 ,a record ( a lat] eclipse has be5 f\nd by ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son on "o ( ! ,n9eveh ,tablets4 ,?is occurr$ ne> t city 9 ,b4,c4 #gfc1 & f ! "* ( ! inscription x may be inf]r$ t x 0 a r>e occurr5ce ) !m1 inde$ t x 0 ne>ly1 if n q1 a total eclipse4 ,?is has an especial int]e/ z be+ ! e>lie/ t we h any approximate date =4 ,x is possible t ! rem>kable ph5om5on1 allud$ to by ! prophet ,isaiah1 ( ! %ad[ go+ backw>ds t5 degrees on ! dial ( ,ahaz1 may be really a record ( an eclipse ( ! sun1 su* z a/ronomy proves to h occurr$ at ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> #fhi ,b4,c4 ,we h v little notice ( ! calculation ( eclipses by ! ,egyptians2 all t is told u is m or less fabul\s4 ,?us ,diog5es ,la]tius says t !y reckon$ t dur+ a p]iod ( #dh1hfc ye>s1 #cgc eclipses ( ! sun & #hcb eclipses ( ! moon _h occurr$1 :i* is f> few] ?an ! "r numb] = s long a "t1 & :i*1 ( c\rse1 has no basis 9 fact4 ,among ! ,greeks1 ,anaxagoras 0 ! fir/ :o ent]ta9$ cle> ideas ab\t ! nature ( eclipses2 & x 0 f him t ,p]icles le>nt _! h>mlessness4 ,plut>* relates t ,helicon ( ,cyzicus pr$ict$ an eclipse ( ! sun to ,dionysius ( ,syracuse1 & receiv$ z a rew>d a tal5t ( silv]4 ,livy records an eclipse ( ! sun z hav+ tak5 place on ! #aa? ( ,qu9tilis1 :i* corresponds to ! #aa? ( ,july4 ,x happ5$ dur+ ! ,appoll9>ian games1 #aij ,b4,c4 ,! same au?or tells u ( an eclipse ( ! moon t 0 pr$ict$ by "o ,gallus1 a tribune ( ! second legion1 on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,pydna--a pr$iction :i* 0 duly fulfill$ on ! foll[+ night4 ,! fact ( its hav+ be5 =etold quiet$ ! sup]/iti\s fe>s ( ! soldi]s1 & gave !m a v high op9ion ( ,gallus4 ,o!r au?ors1 among !m ,cic]o1 d n give s flatt]+ a /ory1 b /ate t ,gallus's "p consi/$ only 9 expla9+ ! cause ( ! eclipse aft] x _h happ5$4 ,! date ( ?is eclipse 0 ! #crd ( ,septemb]1 #afh ,b4,c4 ,ennius1 writ+ t[>ds ! end ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 describes an eclipse :i* 0 said to h happ5$ ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s be=e 7#djd1 ,b4,c471 9 ! foll[+ rem>kable words3--,on ! nones ( ,july ! moon pass$ ov] ! sun1 & !re 0 night4 ,ari/>*us1 ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 und]/ood & expla9$ ! nature ( eclipses2 b ! *ief ( ! anci5t au?ors ^u ?is subject 0 ,hipp>*us4 ,he & 8 disciples 7 able to pr$ict eclipses ) consid]able accuracy1 bo? z to _! "t & duration4 ,gem9us & ,cleom$es 7 two o!r writ]s1 some:at lat]1 :o expla9$ & pr$ict$ eclipses4 ,9 lat] times regul> tables 7 drawn up1 %[+ :5 ! eclipses w\ld happ54 ,"o t ,ptolemy 0 ! au?or ( 0 f\nd$ on data d]iv$ f anci5t obs]v]s--,callipus1 ,democritus1 ,eudoxus1 ,hipp>*us--aid$ by 8 own calculations4 ,aft] ! days ( ,ptolemy ! k ( ! eclipses advanc$ p>i passu ) ! advance ( a/ronomy g5]ally4 ,s long z a/ronomy itself 0 empirical1 ! "t ( ! return ( an eclipse 0 only reckon$ by ! int]vals t _h elaps$ dur+ ! same portion ( previ\s cycles2 b aft] ! discov]y ( elliptic orbits & ! =ce ( gravitation ! :ole motion ( ! moon c\ld be calculat$ ) z great accuracy z any o!r a/ronomical ph5om5on4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 if ! new moon is 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic !re mu/ be an eclipse ( ! sun2 if ! full moon is !re1 !re mu/ be an eclipse ( ! moon2 & if x %\ld 9 ^! cases be only p>tially 9 t plane1 ! eclipses also w be p>tial4 ,! cycle ( *anges t ! position ( ! moon c und]go :5 new & full occupies a p]iod ( eighte5 ye>s & elev5 days1 9 :i* p]iod !re are =ty-"o eclipses ( ! sun & tw5ty-n9e ( ! moon4 ,ea* ye> !re are at mo/ sev5 & at lea/ two eclipses2 if only two1 !y are eclipses ( ! sun4 ,al?\gh m num]\s 9 reality = ! :ole e>?1 eclipses ( ! sun are m r>ely obs]v$ 9 any p>ticul> place1 because !y are n se5 ev]y:]e1 b only :]e ! %ad[ ( ! moon passes2 :ile all t "p ( ! e>? t sees ! moon at all at ! "t sees x eclips$4 ,we n[ come to comets4 ,! anci5ts divid$ comets into diff]5t classes1 ! *ief po9ts ( di/9ction be+ d]iv$ f ! %ape1 l5g?1 & brilliancy ( ! tails4 ,pl9y di/+ui%$ twelve k9ds1 :i* he ?us *>act]is$3--,"s fright5 u by _! blood-col\r$ mane2 _! bri/l+ hair rises t[>ds ! heav54 ,! be>d$ ones let _! long hair fall d[n l a maje/ic be>d4 ,! javel9-%ap$ ones seem to be project$ =w>ds l a d>t1 z !y rapidly atta9 _! %ape aft] _! fir/ appe>ance2 if ! tail is %ort]1 & t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 x is call$ a sword2 ?is is ! pale/ ( all ! comets2 x has ! appe>ance ( a bright sword )\t any div]g+ rays4 ,! plate or disc d]ives its "n f its %ape1 its col\r is t ( amb]1 x gives out "s div]g+ rays f its sides1 b n 9 l>ge quantity4 ,! cask has really ! =m ( a cask1 :i* "o might suppose to be /av$ 9 smoke envelop$ 9 light4 ,! retort imitates ! figure ( a horn1 & ! lamp t ( a burn+ flame4 ,! horse-comet repres5ts ! mane ( a horse :i* is viol5tly agitat$1 z by a circul>1 or r cyl9drical1 motion4 ,su* a comet appe>s also ( s+ul> :it5ess1 ) hair ( a silv] hue2 x is s bright t "o c sc>cely look at x4 ,!re are bri/l+ comets1 !y are l ! sk9s ( bea/s ) _! hair on1 & are surr\nd$ by a nebulosity4 ,la/ly1 ! hair ( ! comet sometimes takes ! =m ( a lance4 ,p+re1 a celebrat$ hi/orian ( comets1 tells u t "o ( ! fir/ comets notic$ 9 hi/ory is t :i* appe>$ ov] ,rome =ty ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & 9 :i* ! ,roman p imag9$ !y saw ! s\l ( ,caes> end[$ ) div9e hon\rs4 ,next comes t :i* ?rew its light on ,j]usalem :5 x 0 be+ besieg$ & rema9$ = a :ole ye> above ! city1 accord+ to ! acc\nt ( ,josephus4 ,x 0 ( ?is k9d t ,pl9y said x is ( s great a :it5ess t "o c sc>cely look at x1 & "o may see 9 x ! image ( ,god 9 human =m4 ,diodorus tells u t1 a little aft] ! subv]sion ( ! t[ns ( ,helix & ,bura1 !re 7 se51 = sev]al nights 9 succession1 a brilliant light1 :i* 0 call$ a beam ( fire1 b :i* ,ari/otle says 0 a true comet4 ,plut>*1 9 8 life ( ,timoleon1 says a burn+ flame prec$$ ! fleet ( ?is g5]al until 8 arrival at ,sicily1 & t dur+ ! consulate ( ,caius ,s]vilius a bright %ield 0 se5 susp5d$ 9 ! heav5s4 ,! hi/orians ,sazonc5as & ,socrates relate t 9 ! ye> #djj ,a4,d4 a comet 9 ! =m ( a sword %one ov] ,con/ant9ople1 & appe>$ to t\* ! t[n j at ! "t :5 great mis=tunes 7 imp5d+ ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( ,ga9as4 ,! same ph5om5on appe>$ ov] ,rome previ\s to ! arrival ( ,al>ic4 ,9 fact ! anci5t *ronicl]s always associat$ ! appe>ance ( a comet ) "s t]re/rial ev5t1 :i* x 0 n difficult to d1 see+ t critical situations 7 at all times exi/+ 9 "s "o c\ntry or o!r :]e ! comet w\ld be visible1 & probably ^? :i* c\ld n be connect$ ) any 7 n ?\ght wor?y ( be+ record$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ye> #ajjj ,a4,d4 0 = a long "t pr$ict$ to be ! end ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is ye> ! a/ronom]s & *ronicl]s regi/]$ ! fall ( an enorm\s burn+ meteor & ! appe>ance ( a comet4 ,p+re says3 ,on ! #ai? ( ! cal5ds ( ,janu>y--t is ! #ad? ( ,decemb]--! heav5s be+ d>k1 a k9d ( burn+ sword fell to ! e>?1 leav+ beh9d x a long tra9 ( light4 ,its brilliancy 0 su* t x fright5$ n only ^? :o 7 9 ! fields1 b ev5 ^? :o 7 %ut up 9 _! h\ses4 ,?is great op5+ 9 ! heav5s 0 gradually clos$1 & !n 0 se5 ! figure ( a dragon1 ^: feet 7 blue1 & ^: head kept cont9ually increas+4 ,a comet hav+ appe>$ at ! same "t z ?is *asm1 or meteor1 !y 7 conf\nd$4 ,?is relation is giv5 9 ! *ronicles ( ,seigb]t 9 ,h]mann ,corn]1 9 ! ,*ronique de ,t\rs1 9 ,alb]t ,cas91 & o!r hi/orians ( ! "t4 ,bod91 resuscitat+ an idea ( ,democritus1 wrote t ! comets 7 ! s\ls ( illu/ri\s p]sonages1 :o1 aft] hav+ liv$ on ! e>? a long s]ies ( c5turies1 & be+ ready at la/ to pass away1 7 c>ri$ 9 a k9d ( triumph to heav54 ,= ?is reason1 fam9e1 epidemics1 & civil w>s foll[$ on ! app>ition ( comets1 ! t[ns & _! inhabitants f9d+ !mselves !n depriv$ ( ! help ( ! illu/ri\s s\ls :o _h lab\r$ to appease _! inte/9al feuds4 ,"o ( ! comets ( ! middle ages :i* made ! greate/ impression on ! m9ds ( ! p 0 t :i* appe>$ dur+ ,holy ,week ( ! ye> #hcg1 & fright5$ ,l\is ! ,debonnaire4 ,! fir/ morn+ ( its appe>ance he s5t = 8 a/rolog]4 ,g1 he said1 on to ! t]race ( ! palace1 & come back aga9 imm$iately & tell me :at y h se51 = ,i h n se5 t /> be=e1 & y h n %[n x to me2 b ,i "k t ?is sign is a comet3 x ann\nces a *ange ( reign & ! dea? ( a pr9ce4 ,! son ( ,*>lemagne hav+ tak5 c\nsel ) 8 b5* ( bi%ops1 0 conv9c$ t ! comet 0 a notice s5t f heav5 expressly = him4 ,he pass$ ! nights 9 pray]1 & gave l>ge donations to ! mona/]ies1 & f9ally _h a numb] ( masses p]=m$ out ( fe> = himself & =e?\ght = ! ,*ur* committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,! comet1 h[ev]1 0 a v in(f5sive "o1 be+ none o!r ?an t kn[n z ,halley's comet1 :i* return$ 9 #ahce4 ,:ile !y 7 be+ ?us fright5$ 9 ,france1 ! ,*9ese 7 obs]v+ x a/ronomically4 ,! hi/orian ( ,m]l9 ! en*ant] relates t a few days aft] ! fetes :i* 7 held on ! occasion ( ! erection ( ! fun]al monum5t ( ,salisbury1 a sign appe>$ 9 heav54 ,x 0 a comet ( l>ge size & excessive spl5d\r4 ,x resembl$ a dragon1 out ( ^: m\? came a long two-=k$ tongue1 "o "p ( :i* turn$ t[>ds ! nor? & ! o!r to ! ea/4 ,! p 7 9 a /ate ( fe>1 ea* "o ask+ :at ?is sign presag$4 ,ut]1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! k+1 ,ambrosius1 8 bro!r1 :o 0 engag$ 9 pursu+ "o ( ! sons ( ,vortig]n1 consult$ all ! wise m5 ( ,brita91 b no "o c\ld give him any answ]4 ,!n he ?\ght ( ,m]l9 ! en*ant]1 & s5t = him to ! c\rt4 ,:at does ?is app>ition presage8 dem&$ ! k+'s bro!r4 ,m]l9 began to weep4 ,o son ( ,brita91 y h j _h a great loss--! k+ is dead4 ,aft] a mom5t ( sil5ce he add$1 ,b ! ,britons h /ill a k+4 ,ha/e !e1 ,ut]1 attack ! enemy4 ,all ! isl& w submit to y1 = ! figure ( ! fi]y dragon is ?yself4 ,! ray t goes t[>ds ,gaul repres5ts a son :o %all be born to !e1 :o w be great by 8 a*ievem5ts1 & n less s by 8 p[]4 ,! ray t goes t[>ds ,irel& repres5ts a daught] ( :om ?\ %alt be ! fa!r1 & h] sons & gr&sons %all reign ov] all ! ,britons4 ,^! pr$ictions 7 realis$2 b x is m ?an probable t !y 7 made up aft] ! ev5t4 ,! comet ( #ajff 0 reg>d$ z a presage ( ! ,conque/ "u ,william ( ,norm&y4 ,9 ! ,bayeaux tape/ry1 on :i* ,matilda ( ,fl&]s _h drawn all ! mo/ memorable episodes 9 ! transm>9e exp$ition ( h] husb&1 ! comet appe>s 9 "o ( ! corn]s ) ! inscription1 ,i/i mirantur /ellam1 :i* proves t ! comet 0 consid]$ a v]itable m>vel4 ,x is said ev5 to be traditionally report$ t "o ( ! jewels ( ! ,briti% cr[n 0 tak5 f ! tail ( ?is comet4 ,nev]!less x 0 no m ?an ,halley's comet aga9 9 its p]iodical visit e sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,9 ,july1 #abad1 a brilliant comet appe>$ :i* 0 lo/ to view on ! same day z ! ,pope1 ,urban ,,iv41 di$1 i4e4 ! ?ird ( ,octob]4 ,9 ,june1 #adef1 a simil> body ( enorm\s size1 ) a v long & extraord9>ily bright tail1 put all ,*ri/5dom 9 a fright4 ,! ,pope1 ,calixtus ,,iii41 0 engag$ 9 a w> at t "t ) ! ,s>ac5s4 ,he %[$ ! ,*ri/ians t ! comet _h ! =m ( a cross1 & ann\nc$ "s great ev5t4 ,at ! same "t ,mahomet ann\nc$ to 8 foll[]s t ! comet1 hav+ ! =m ( a yataghan1 0 a bless+ ( ! ,prophet's4 ,x is said t ! ,pope aft]w>ds recognis$ t x _h ?is =m1 & excommunicat$ x4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,*ri/ians obta9$ ! victory "u ! walls ( ,belgrade4 ,?is 0 ano!r appe>ance ( ,halley's comet4 ,9 ! e>ly mon?s ( #adgb appe>$ a l>ge comet1 :i* hi/orians agree 9 say+ 0 v horrible & al>m+4 ,belle=e/ said x 0 a hide\s & fright5+ comet1 :i* ?rew its rays f ea/ to we/1 giv+ great cause = fe> to great p1 :o 7 n ignorant t comets are ! m5ac+ rods ( ,god1 :i* admoni% ^? :o are 9 au?ority1 t !y may be conv]t$4 ,p+re1 :o has told u ( s _m ( ! comets t 7 se5 be=e 8 "t1 wrote ( ?is epo*3 ,comets became ! mo/ efficaci\s signs ( ! mo/ important & d\btful ev5ts4 ,!y 7 *>g$ to ann\nce w>s1 s$itions1 & ! int]nal movem5ts ( republics2 !y presag$ fam9es1 pe/il5ce1 & epidemics2 pr9ces1 or ev5 p]sons ( dignity1 c\ld n pay ! tribute ( nature )\t ! previ\s appe>ance ( t univ]sal oracle1 a comet2 m5 c\ld no long] be surpris$ by any unexpect$ ev5t2 ! future might be z easily read 9 ! heav5s z ! pa/ 9 hi/ory4 ,_! effect dep5d$ on ! place 9 ! heav5s :]e !y %one1 ! c\ntries ov] :i* !y directly lay1 ! signs ( ! zodiac t !y measur$ by _! longitude1 ! con/ellations !y trav]s$1 ! =m & l5g? ( _! tails1 ! place :]e !y w5t out1 & a ?\s& o!r circum/ances m easily indicat$ ?an di/+ui%$2 !y also ann\nc$ 9 g5]al w>s1 & ! dea? ( pr9ces1 or "s gr& p]sonage1 b !re 7 few ye>s t pass$ )\t some?+ ( ?is k9d occurr+4 ,! dev\t a/rolog]s--= !re 7 _m ( t sort--risk$ less ?an ! o!rs4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! comet ?reat5$ "s mis=tune2 if x did n happ51 x 0 because ! pray]s ( p5it5ce _h turn$ aside ! wra? ( ,god2 he _h return$ 8 sword to ! scabb>d4 ,b a rule 0 inv5t$ :i* gave ! a/rolog]s free scope1 = !y said t ev5ts ann\nc$ by a comet might be po/pon$ = "o or m p]iods ( =ty ye>s1 or ev5 z _m ye>s z ! comet _h appe>$ days2 s t "o :i* _h appe>$ = six mon?s ne$ n produce its effect = #ahj ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,repres5tation ,,( ,a ,,comet1 #af,,? ,,c5tury4 ,! mo/ frightful ( ! comets ( ?is p]iod1 accord+ to ,simon ,g\l>t1 0 t ( #aebg4 ,x put "s into s great a fright t !y di$2 o!rs fell sick4 ,x 0 se5 by sev]al ?\s& p1 & appe>$ v long1 & ( ! col\r ( blood4 ,at ! summit 0 se5 ! repres5tation ( a curv$ arm1 hold+ a l>ge sword 9 its h&1 z if x w\ld /rike2 at ! top ( ! po9t ( ! sword 7 ?ree />s1 b t :i* t\*$ ! po9t 0 m brilliant ?an ! o!rs4 ,on ! two sides ( ! rays ( ?is comet 7 se5 l>ge hat*ets1 poign>ds1 bloody swords1 among :i* 7 se5 a great numb] ( m5 decapitat$1 hav+ _! heads & be>ds horribly bri/l+4 ,a view ( ?is comet is giv5 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,prodigies4 ,!re 0 ano!r comet rem>k$ 9 #aeef1 & ano!r 9 #aegg1 l ! head ( an owl1 foll[$ by a mantle ( scatt]$ light1 ) po9t$ ends4 ,( ?is comet we read 9 ! same book t record$ ! la/ describ$3 ,! comet is an infallible sign ( a v evil ev5t4 ,:5ev] eclipses ( ! sun or moon1 or comets1 or e>?quakes1 conv]sions ( wat] into blood1 & su* l prodigies happ51 x has always be5 kn[n t v soon aft] ^! mis]able port5ts afflictions1 effusion ( human blood1 massacres1 dea?s ( great mon>*s1 k+s1 pr9ces1 & rul]s1 s$itions1 trea*]ies1 raids1 ov]?r[+s ( empires1 k+doms1 or villages2 hung] & sc>city ( provisions1 burn+ & ov]?r[+ ( t[ns2 pe/il5ces1 widespread mortality1 bo? ( bea/s & m52 9 fact all sorts ( evils & mis=tunes take place4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t all ^! signs & prodigies give w>n+ t ! end ( ! _w is come1 & ) x ! t]rible la/ judgm5t ( ,god4 ,b ev5 n[ comets 7 be+ obs]v$ a/ronomically1 & began to lose _! sepul*ral aspect4 ,a rem>kable comet1 h[ev]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #afhj1 0 n )\t its fe>s = ! vulg>4 ,we are told t x 0 recognis$ z ! same :i* appe>$ ! ye> ( ,caes>'s dea?1 !n 9 #eca1 & aft]w>ds 9 #aajf1 hav+ a p]iod ( ab\t #ege ye>s4 ,! t]ror x produc$ 9 ! t[ns 0 great2 timid spirits saw 9 x ! sign ( a new deluge1 z !y said wat] 0 always ann\nc$ by fire4 ,:ile ! fe>ful 7 mak+ _! wills1 &1 9 anticipation ( ! end ( ! _w1 7 leav+ _! money to ! monks1 :o 9 accept+ !m %[$ !mselves bett] physici/s ?an ! te/ators1 p 9 high /ation 7 ask+ :at great p]son x h]ald$ ! dea? (1 & x is report$ ( ! bro!r ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o app>5tly 0 afraid ( becom+ too sudd5ly l ,caes>1 t he said %>ply to ! c\rti]s :o 7 discuss+ x1 ,ah1 g5tlem51 y may talk at y\r ease1 if y please2 y are n pr9ces4 ,?is same comet gave rise to a curi\s /ory ( an extraord9>y prodigy1 h[ at ,rome a h5 laid an egg on :i* 0 drawn a picture ( ! comet4 ,! fact 0 atte/$ by 8 ,hol9ess1 by ! ,que5 ( ,sw$51 & all ! p]sons ( fir/ quality 9 ,rome4 ,on ! #d? ,decemb]1 #afhj1 a h5 laid an egg on :i* 0 se5 ! figure ( ! comet1 accompani$ by o!r m>ks su* z are "h repres5t$4 ,! clev]e/ naturali/s 9 ,rome h se5 & exam9$ x1 & h nev] se5 su* a prodigy be=e4 ,( ?is same comet ,b]n\illi wrote1 ,t if ! body ( ! comet is n a visible sign ( ! ang] ( ,god1 ! tail may be4 ,x 0 ?is too t sugge/$ to ,:i/on ! idea t he put =w>d1 n z a sup]/iti\s1 b z a physical speculation1 t a comet approa*+ ! e>? 0 ! cause ( ! deluge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,,an ,,egg ,,m>k$ ,,) ,a ,,comet4 ,! la/ bl[ to ! sup]/iti\s fe> ( ! comets 0 giv5 by ,halley1 :5 he prov$ t !y circulat$ l planets r\nd ! sun1 & t ! comets notic$ 9 #hcg1 #ajff1 #acgh1 #adef1 #aeca1 #afjg1 #afhb 7 all "o1 ^: p]iod 0 ab\t #gf ye>s1 & :i* w\ld return 9 #agei1 :i* pr$iction 0 v]ifi$1 & ! comet w5t aft]w>ds by ! "n ( ?is a/ronom]4 ,x return$ aga9 9 #ahce1 & w revisit u 9 #aiaa4 ,ev5 aft] ! fe> aris+ f ! relics ( a/rology _h di$ away1 ano!r totally diff]5t al>m 0 connect$ ) comets--an al>m :i* has n entirely subsid$ ev5 9 our own times4 ,?is is t a comet may come 9 contact ) ! e>? & de/roy x by ! collision4 ,! mo/ rem>kable panic 9 ?is respect 0 t :i* arose 9 ,p>is 9 #aggc4 ,at ! previ\s meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,m4 ,lal&e 0 to h read an int]e/+ pap]1 b ! "t fail$4 ,x 0 on ! subject ( comets t c\ld1 by approa*+ ! e>?1 cause its de/ruction1 ) special ref]5ce to ! "o t 0 soon to come4 ,f ! title only ( ! pap] ! mo/ dreadful fe>s 7 spread abroad1 &1 increas+ day by day1 7 ) great difficulty allay$4 ,! h\se ( ,m4 ,lal&e 0 fill$ ) ^? :o came to "q him on ! memoir 9 "q4 ,! f]m5tation 0 s great t "s dev\t p1 z ignorant z weak1 ask$ ! ar*bi%op to make a =ty h\rs' pray] to turn away ! enorm\s deluge t !y fe>$1 & ! prelate 0 ne>ly go+ to ord] ^! pray]s1 if ! memb]s ( ! ,academy _h n p]suad$ him h[ ridicul\s x w\ld be4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,lal&e1 f9d+ x impossible to answ] all ! que/ions put to him ab\t 8 fatal memoir1 & wi%+ to prev5t ! real evils t might arise f ! fright5$ imag9ations ( ! weak1 caus$ x to be pr9t$1 & made x z cle> z 0 possible4 ,:5 x appe>$1 x 0 f\nd t he /at$ t ( ! sixty comets kn[n !re 7 eight :i* c\ld1 by com+ too ne> ! e>?1 say )9 #dj1jjj miles1 occasion su* a pressure t ! sea w\ld leave its b$ & cov] "p ( ! globe1 b t 9 any case ?is c\ld n happ5 till aft] tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is 0 too long to make x wor? :ile to make provision = x1 & ! eff]vesc5ce subsid$4 ,a simil> case to ?is occurr$ ) respect to ,biela's comet1 :i* 0 to return 9 #ahcb4 ,9 calculat+ its reappe>ance 9 ?is ye>1 ,damoiseau f\nd t x w\ld pass ?r\gh ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit on ! #bi? ( ,octob]4 ,ru%+ away ) ?is1 ! pap]s made out t a collision 0 inevitable1 & ! end ( ! _w 0 come4 ,b no "o ?\ght to inquire :]e ! e>? w\ld be :5 ! comet pass$ ?r\gh ! plane 9 :i* x revolv$4 ,arago1 h[ev]1 set p's m9ds at re/ by po9t+ out t at t "t ! e>? w\ld be a mon?'s j\rney f ! spot1 :i* ) ! rate at :i* ! e>? is mov+ w\ld correspond to a di/ance ( sixty millions ( miles4 ,?is1 l o!r frights1 pass$ away1 b 0 repeat$ aga9 9 #ahdj & #aheg ) l results1 & ev5 9 #ahgb a simil> end to ! _w 0 ann\nc$ to ! public = ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 on ! suppos$ au?ority ( a ,pr(essor at ,g5eva1 b :o _h nev] said :at 0 suppos$4 ,b 9 reality all cause ( fe> has n[ pass$ away1 s9ce x has be5 prov$ t ! comet is made ( gase\s matt] 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity1 s t1 ?\gh x may make great %[ 9 ! heav5s1 ! :ole mass may n weigh m ?an a few p\nds2 & we h 9 addition ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce1 :i* might h be5 reli$ on on ! occasions above ref]r$ to1 = 9 #aggj ,lexele's comet 0 se5 to pass ?r\gh ! satellites ( ,jupit] )\t d]ang+ !m 9 ! lea/1 b 0 itself ?r[n entirely out ( its pa?1 :ile !re is reason to believe t on ! #bi? ( ,june1 #ahfa1 ! e>? rema9$ sev]al h\rs 9 ! tail ( a comet )\t hav+ exp]i5c$ ! slighte/ inconv5i5ce4 ,z to ! nature ( comets1 ! op9ions t h be5 held h be5 mo/ly v vague4 ,metrodorus ?\ght !y 7 reflections f ! sun2 ,democritus1 a conc\rse ( sev]al />s2 ,ari/otle1 a collection ( exhalations :i* _h become dry & inflam$2 ,/rabo1 t !y are ! spl5d\r ( a /> envelop$ 9 a cl\d2 ,h]acletes ( ,pontus1 an elevat$ cl\d :i* gave out mu* light2 ,epig5es1 "s t]re/rial matt] t _h caught fire1 & 0 agitat$ by ! w9d2 ,boecius1 "p ( ! air1 col\r$2 ,anaxagoras1 sp>ks fall5 f ! elem5t>y fire2 ,x5ophanes1 a motion & spread+ out ( cl\ds :i* caught fire2 & ,desc>tes1 ! debris ( vortices t _h be5 de/roy$1 ! fragm5ts ( :i* 7 com+ t[>ds u4 ,x is said t ! ,*aldaeans held ! op9ion t !y 7 analog\s to planets by _! regul> c\rse1 & t :5 we ceas$ to see !m1 x 0 because !y _h gone too f> f u2 & ,s5eca foll[$ ?is explanation1 s9ce he reg>d$ !m z globes turn+ 9 ! heav5s1 & :i* appe> & disappe> 9 c]ta9 times1 & ^: p]iodical motions might be kn[n by regul> obs]vation4 ,we h ?us trac$ ! p>ticul> ideas t h atta*$ !mselves to eclipses & comets1 z ! two mo/ rem>kable ( ! extraord9>y ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 & h se5 h[ ! fe>s & sup]/itions ( mank9d h be5 inevitably l9k$ ) !m 9 ! e>li] days ( ignorance & d>kness1 b !y are only "p ( a sy/em ( ph5om5a1 & h be5 no m connect$ ) sup]/ition ?an o!rs less rem>kable1 except 9 proportion to _! rem>kabl5ess4 ,o!r m9or appe>ances t are at all unusual h1 on ! same belief 9 ! inextricable union ( cele/ial & t]re/rial matt]s1 be5 made ! signs ( calamities or extra-prosp]ity2 ! doleful side ( human nature be+ usually ! /ronge/1 ! =m] h be5 *os5 m (t5 ?an ! latt]4 ,accord+ to ,s5eca1 ! tradition ( ! ,*aldees ann\nc$ t a univ]sal deluge w\ld be caus$ by ! conjunction ( all ! planets 9 ! sign ( ,capricorn1 & t a g5]al break+ up ( ! e>? w\ld take place at ! mom5t ( _! conjunction 9 ,canc]4 ,! g5]al break-up ( ! _w1 !y said1 w happ5 :5 ! />s :i* gov]n ! heav51 p5etrat$ ) a quality ( heat & dryness1 meet "o ano!r 9 a fi]y triplicity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xiv4--,,prodigies ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,ev]y:]e1 & 9 all ages ( ! pa/1 m5 h ?\ght t a protect+ provid5ce1 always wat*+ ov] !m1 has tak5 c>e to w>n !m ( ! de/9ies :i* await !m2 !nce ! good & evil presages tak5 f ! appe>ance ( c]ta9 heav5ly bodies1 ( div]s meteors1 or ev5 ! accid5tal meet+ ( c]ta9 animate or inanimate objects4 ,! ,indian ( ,nor? ,am]ica dy+ ( fam9e 9 8 mis]able cab91 w n g out to ! *ase if he sees c]ta9 presages 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,nor ne$ we be a/oni%$ at su* ideas 9 an uncultivat$ man1 :5 ev5 among ,europeans1 a salt-cell> upset1 a glass brok51 a knife & =k cross$1 ! numb] ?irte5 at d9n]1 & su* ?+s are reg>d$ z unlucky accid5ts4 ,! employm5t ( sorc]y & div9ation is closely connect$ ) ^! sup]/itions4 ,besides eclipses & comets1 meteors 7 tak5 z ! signs ( div9e wra?4 ,we le>n f ,s4 ,maximus ( ,tur91 t ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 "t admitt$ ! necessity ( mak+ a noise dur+ eclipses1 s z to prev5t ! magicians f hurt+ ! sun or moon1 a sup]/ition entirely pagan4 ,!y us$ to fancy !y c\ld see cele/ial armies 9 ! air1 com+ to br+ miracul\s assi/ance to man4 ,!y ?\ght ! hurricanes & tempe/s ! "w ( evil spirits1 ^: rage kept !m set aga9/ ! e>?4 ,s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! great !ologian ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 accept$ ?is op9ion1 j z he admitt$ ! reality ( sorc]ies4 ,b ! full developm5t1 z well z ! n\ri%m5t ( ^! sup]/iti\s ideas1 0 d]iv$ f ! /oreh\se ( a/rology1 :i* dealt ) matt]s ( ord9>y occurr5ce1 bo? 9 ! heav5s & on ! e>?--& to ! hi/ory ( :i* our next *apt] is devot$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,greatness ,,& ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a/rology4 ,our /udy ( ! op9ions ( ! anci5ts on ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( a/ronomy1 leads u inevitably to ! discussion ( _! a/rology1 :i* has 9 e age & among e p accompani$ x--& ?\gh a/rology be n[ no m z a sci5ce1 or l+]s only ) ^? :o are ignorant & desir\s ( tak+ advantage ( ! /ill great] ignorance ( o!rs--yet x is n lack+ 9 int]e/ z %[+ ! effect ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s on ! human m9d1 :5 t effect is br\ght to its mo/ te*nical & complete developm5t4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% 9 ! fir/ place two k9ds ( a/rology1 viz41 natural & judicial4 ,! fir/ propos$ to =esee & ann\nce ! *anges ( ! seasons1 ! ra9s1 w9d1 heat1 cold1 abundance1 or /]ility ( ! gr\nd1 diseases1 c41 by means ( a k ( ! causes :i* act on ! air & on ! atmosph]e4 ,! o!r is occupi$ ) objects :i* w\ld be /ill m int]e/+ to m54 ,x trac$ at ! mom5t ( 8 bir?1 or at any o!r p]iod ( 8 life1 ! l9e t ea* mu/ travel accord+ to 8 de/9y4 ,x pret5d$ to det]m9e our *>act]s1 our passions1 =tune1 mis=tunes1 & p]ils 9 res]ve = ea* mortal4 ,we h n "h to consid] ! natural a/rology1 :i* is a v]itable sci5ce ( obs]vation & does n des]ve ! "n ( a/rology4 ,x is r wor?y to be call$ ! meteorological cal5d> ( its cultivators4 ,m rural ?an _! desc5dants ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! anci5ts _h recognis$ ! connection betwe5 ! cele/ial ph5om5a & ! vicissitudes ( ! seasons2 !y obs]v$ ^! ph5om5a c>efully to discov] ! return ( ! same inclem5cies2 & !y 7 able 7or ?\ght !y 77 to /ate ! date ( ! return ( p>ticul> k9ds ( wea!r ) ! same positions ( ! />s4 ,b ! v connection ) ! />s soon l$ ! way to a deg5]acy4 ,! autumnal con/ellations1 = example1 ,orion & ,h]cules1 7 reg>d$ z ra9y1 because ! ra9s came at ! "t :5 ^! />s rose4 ,! ,egyptians :o obs]v$ 9 ! morn+1 call$ ,sirius ! burn+1 because 8 appe>ance 9 ! morn+ 0 foll[$ by ! great heat ( ! summ]3 & x 0 ! same ) ! o!r />s4 ,soon !y reg>d$ !m z ! cause ( ! ra9 & ! heat--al?\gh !y 7 b remote witnesses4 ,! /> ,sirius is /ill connect$ ) heat--s9ce we call x ! dog-/>--& ! hotte/ days ( ! ye>1 ,july #bbnd to ,augu/ #bcrd1 we call dog-days4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 ! morn+ ris+ ( ,sirius took place on ! e>li] ( ^? days--?\gh x does n n[ rise 9 ! morn+ till ! middle ( ,augu/--& #d1jjj ye>s ago x rose ab\t ! #bj? ( ,june1 & prec$$ ! annual rise ( ! ,nile4 ,! belief 9 ! meteorological influ5ce ( ! />s is "o ( ! causes ( judicial a/rology4 ,?is latt] has simply subject$ man1 l ! atmosph]e1 to ! influ5ce ( ! />s2 x has made dep5d5t on !m ! ris+s ( 8 passions1 ! good & ill =tune ( 8 life1 z well z ! v>iations ( ! seasons4 ,inde$1 x 0 v easy to expla94 ,x is ! />s1 or heav5ly bodies 9 g5]al1 t br+ ! w9ds1 ! ra9s1 & ! /orms2 _! influ5ces mix$ ) ! action ( ! rays ( ! sun modify ! cold or heat2 ! f]tility ( ! fields1 heal? or sickness1 dep5d on ^! b5eficial or injuri\s influ5ces2 n a blade ( grass c gr[ )\t all ! />s hav+ contribut$ to its increase2 man brea!s ! emanations :i* escap+ f ! heav5ly bodies fill ! air2 man is !re=e 9 8 entire nature subject$ to !m2 ^! />s mu/ !re=e influ5ce 8 w & 8 passions2 ! good & evil passages 9 8 c>e]1 9 a ^w1 mu/ direct 8 life4 ,z soon z x 0 e/abli%$ t ! ris+ ( a c]ta9 /> or planet1 & its aspect ) reg>d to o!r planets1 ann\nc$ a c]ta9 de/9y to man1 x 0 natural to believe t ! r>] configurations signifi$ extraord9>y ev5ts1 :i* conc]n$ great empires1 nations1 & t[ns4 ,& la/ly1 s9ce errors gr[ fa/] ?an tru?1 x 0 natural to ?9k t ! configurations :i* 7 /ill m r>e1 su* z ! reunion ( all ! planets 9 conjunction ) ! same />1 :i* c occur only aft] ?\s&s ( c5turies1 :ile nations h be5 r5ew$ an inf9ity ( times1 & empires h be5 ru9$1 _h ref]5ce to ! e>? itself1 :i* _h s]v$ z ! !atre = all ^! ev5ts4 ,jo9$ to ^! sup]/iti\s ideas 0 ! tradition ( a deluge1 & ! belief t ! _w mu/ "o day p]i% by fire1 & s x 0 ann\nc$ t ! =m] ev5t took place :5 all ! planets 7 9 conjunction 9 ! sign ( ! ,fi%es1 & ! latt] w\ld occur :5 !y all met 9 ! sign ( ! ,lion4 ,! orig9 ( a/rology1 l t ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 0 9 all probability 9 upp] ,asia4 ,!re1 ! />ry heav5s1 always pure & spl5did1 invit$ obs]vation & /ruck ! imag9ation4 ,we h already se5 ?is ) respect to ! m matt]-(-fact portions ( a/ronomy4 ,! ,assyrians look$ ^u ! />s z div9ities endu$ ) b5efic5t or malefic5t p[]4 ,! adoration ( ! heav5ly bodies 0 ! e>lie/ =m ( religion among ! pa/oral population t came d[n f ! m\nta9s ( ,kurde/an to ! pla9s ( ,babylon4 ,! ,*aldaeans at la/ set ap>t a sac]dotal & le>n$ ca/e devot$ to ! obs]vation ( ! heav5s2 & ! temples became regul> obs]vatories4 ,su* d\btless 0 ! t[] ( ,babel--a monum5t consecrat$ to ! sev5 planets1 & ( :i* ! acc\nt has come d[n to u 9 ! anci5t book ( ,g5esis4 ,a long s]ies ( obs]vations put ! ,*aldaeans 9 possession ( a !ological a/ronomy1 re/+ on a m or less *im]ical !ory ( ! influ5ce ( ! cele/ial bodies on ! ev5ts ( nations & private individuals4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 writ+ t[>ds ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 has put u 9 possession ( ! mo/ circum/antial details t h rea*$ u ) reg>d to ! ,*aldaean prie/s4 ,at ! head ( ! gods1 ! ,assyrians plac$ ! sun & moon1 ^: c\rses & daily positions !y _h not$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ! zodiac1 9 :i* ! sun rema9$1 "o mon? 9 ea*4 ,! twelve signs 7 gov]n$ by z _m gods1 :o _h ! correspond+ mon?s "u _! influ5ce4 ,ea* ( ^! mon?s 7 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 :i* made altoge!r ?irty-six subdivisions1 ov] :i* z _m />s presid$1 call$ gods ( consultation4 ,half ( ^! gods _h "u _! control ! ?+s :i* happ5 above ! e>?1 & ! o!r half ^? bel[4 ,! sun & moon & ! five planets occupi$ ! mo/ elevat$ rank 9 ! div9e hi]>*y & bore ! "n ( gods ( int]pretation4 ,among ^! planets ,saturn or old ,bel1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ /> & ! mo/ di/ant f u1 0 surr\nd$ by ! greate/ v5]ation2 he 0 ! int]pret] p> excell5ce--! reveal]4 ,ea* ( ! o!r planets _h 8 own p>ticul> "n4 ,"s ( !m1 su* z ,bel 7,jupit]71 ,m]odaez 7,m>s71 ,nebo 7,m]cury71 7 reg>d$ z male1 & ! o!rs1 z ,s9 7! ,moon71 & ,mylitta or ,baul?is 7,v5us71 z females2 & f _! position relative to ! zodiacal con/ellations1 :i* 7 also call$ ,lords or ma/]s ( ! ,gods1 ! ,*aldaeans d]iv$ ! k ( ! de/9y ( ! m5 :o 7 born "u su* & su* a conjunction--pr$ictions :i* ! ,greeks aft]w>ds call$ horoscopes4 ,! ,*aldaeans inv5t$ also relations betwe5 ea* ( ! planets & meteorological ph5om5a1 an op9ion p>tly f\nd$ on =tuit\s co9cid5ces :i* !y _h m or less frequ5tly obs]v$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,alex&] _! cr$it 0 consid]able1 & ! k+ ( ,mac$onia1 ei!r f sup]/ition or policy1 0 9 ! habit ( consult+ !m4 ,x is probable t ! ,babylonian prie/s1 :o ref]r$ e natural prop]ty to sid]eal influ5ces1 imag9$ !re 7 "s my/]i\s relations betwe5 ! planets & ! metals ^: col\rs 7 respectively some:at analog\s to !irs4 ,gold correspond$ to ! sun1 silv] to ! moon1 lead to ,saturn1 iron to ,m>s1 t9 to ,jupit]1 & m]cury /ill reta9s ! "n ( ! planet ) :i* x 0 associat$4 ,x is less ?an two c5turies ago1 s9ce ! metals h ceas$ to be designat$ by ! signs ( _! respective planets4 ,al*emy1 ! "m ( *emi/ry1 0 an intimately connect$ si/] ( ,a/rology1 ! "m ( ,a/ronomy4 ,egyptian civilisation dates back to a no less remote p]iod ?an t ( ,babylon4 ,n less c>eful obs]v]s ?an ! ,babyloni% a/rolog]s ( ! meteors & ! atmosph]ic revolutions1 !y c\ld pr$ict c]ta9 ph5om5a1 & !y gave x out t !y _h !mselves be5 ! cause ( !m4 ,diodorus ,siculus tells u t ! ,egyptian prie/s pretty g5]ally pr$ict$ ! ye>s ( b>r5ness or abundance1 ! contagions1 ! e>?quakes1 inundations1 & comets4 ,! k ( cele/ial ph5om5a made an ess5tial "p ( ! !ology ( ! ,egyptians z x did ( ! ,*aldaeans4 ,!y _h colleges ( prie/s specially atta*$ to ! /udy ( ! />s1 at :i* ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ,eudoxus 7 in/ruct$4 ,religion 0 besides completely fill$ ) ! symbols relat+ to ! sun or moon4 ,ea* mon?1 ea* decade1 ea* day 0 consecrat$ to a p>ticul> god4 ,^! gods1 to ! numb] ( ?irty1 7 call$ 9 ! ,alex&r9e a/ronomy decans 7,greek3 dekavoi74 ,! fe/ivals 7 m>k$ by ! p]iodical return ( c]ta9 a/ronomical ph5om5a1 & ^? heliacal ris+s to :i* any my?ological ideas 7 atta*$1 7 not$ ) great c>e4 ,we f9d ev5 n[ pro( ( ?is old sac]dotal sci5ce 9 ! zodiac sculptur$ on ! ceil+s ( c]ta9 temples1 & 9 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions relat+ to cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,accord+ to ! ,egyptians1 :o 7 no less aw>e ?an ! ,greeks1 ( ! influ5ce ( atmosph]ic *anges on our organs1 ! diff]5t />s _h a special action on ea* "p ( ! body4 ,9 ! fun]al rituals :i* 7 plac$ at ! bottom ( ! c(f9s1 con/ant allusion is made to ?is !ory4 ,ea* limb ( ! dead body 0 plac$ "u ! protection ( a p>ticul> god4 ,! div9ities divid$ betwe5 !m1 s to speak1 ! spoils ( ! dead4 ,! head belong$ to ,ra1 or ! ,sun1 ! nose & lips to ,anubis1 & s on4 ,to e/abli% ! horoscope ( anyone1 ?is !ory ( specific influ5ces 0 comb9$ ) ! /ate ( ! heav5s at ! "t ( 8 bir?4 ,x seems ev5 to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,egyptians1 t a p>ticul> /> indicat$ ! com+ ( ea* man into ! _w1 & ?is op9ion 0 held also by ! ,m$es1 & is allud$ to 9 ! ,gospels4 ,9 ,egypt1 z 9 ,p]sia & ,*aldaea1 ! sci5ce ( nature 0 a sacr$ doctr9e1 ( :i* magic & a/rology con/itut$ ! two bran*es1 & 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se 7 atta*$ v firmly to ! div9ities or g5ii ) :i* !y believ$ x fill$4 ,x 0 ! same 9 ! primitive religions ( ,greece4 ,! ,!ssalian wom5 _h an especially great reputation 9 ! art ( en*antm5ts4 ,all ! poets rival "o ano!r 9 decl>+ h[ !y are able1 by _! magical hymns1 to br+ d[n ! moon4 ,m5&]1 9 8 com$y entitl$ ,! ,!ssalian1 repres5ts ! my/]i\s c]emonies by ! aid ( :i* ^! sorc]]s =ce ! moon to leave ! heav5s1 a prodigy :i* s completely became ! type ( en*antm5ts t ,nonnus tells u x is done by ! ,brahm9s4 ,!re 01 9 addition1 ano!r cultus 9 ,greece1 namely1 t ( ,hecate ) my/]i\s rays1 ! patron ( sorc]]s4 ,lucian ( ,samosate--if ! "w on a/rology :i* is ascrib$ to him be really 8--ju/ifies 8 belief 9 ! influ5ce ( ! />s 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,! />s foll[ _! orbit 9 ! heav52 b indep5d5tly ( _! motion1 !y act ^u :at passes "h bel[4 ,if y admit t a horse 9 a gallop1 t birds 9 fly+1 & m5 9 walk+1 make ! /ones jump or drive ! little float+ p>ticles ( du/ by ! w9d ( _! c\rse1 :y %\ld y d5y t ! />s h any effect8 ,! smalle/ fire s5ds u its emanations1 & al?\gh x is n = u t ! />s burn1 & !y c>e v little ab\t w>m+ u1 :y %\ld we n receive any emanations f !m8 ,a/rology1 x is true1 _c make t good :i* is evil4 ,x c effect no *ange 9 ! c\rse ( ev5ts2 b x r5d]s a s]vice to ^? :o cultivate x by ann\nc+ to !m good ?+s to come2 x procures joy by anticipation at ! same "t t x =tifies !m aga9/ ! evil4 ,mis=tune1 9 fact1 does n take !m by surprise1 ! =ekn[l$ge ( x r5d]s x easi] & light]4 ,t is my way ( look+ at a/rology4 ,v diff]5t is ! op9ion ( ! satiri/ ,juv5al1 :o says t wom5 are ! *ief cultivators ( x4 ,all t an a/rolog] pr$icts to !m1 he says1 !y ?9k to come f ! temple ( ,jupit]4 ,avoid meet+ ) a lady :o is always ca/+ up h] ephem]ides1 :o is s good an a/rolog] t %e has ceas$ to consult1 & is already beg9n+ to be consult$2 su* a "o on ! inspection ( ! />s w refuse to accompany h] husb& to ! army or to 8 native l&4 ,if %e only wi%es to drive a mile1 ! h\r ( dep>ture is tak5 f h] book ( a/rology4 ,if h] eye it*es & wants rubb+1 %e w d no?+ till %e has run ?r\gh h] conjur+ book4 ,if %e is ill 9 b$1 %e w take h] food only at ! times fix$ 9 h] ,petosiris4 ,wom5 ( second-rate condition1 he adds1 g r\nd ! circus be=e consult+ _! de/9y1 aft] :i* !y %[ _! h&s & face to ! div9]4 ,:5 ,octavius came into ! _w a s5ator v]s$ 9 a/rology1 ,nigidius ,figulus1 pr$ict$ ! glori\s de/9y ( ! future emp]or4 ,livia1 ! wife ( ,tib]ius1 ask$ ano!r a/rolog]1 ,scribius1 :at w\ld be ! de/9y ( h] infant2 8 reply 01 !y say1 l ! o!r's4 ,! h\se ( ,poppea1 ! wife ( ,n]o1 0 always full ( a/rolog]s4 ,x 0 "o ( ! soo?say]s atta*$ to h] h\se1 ,ptolemy1 :o pr$ict$ to ,o?o 8 elevation to ! empire1 at ! "t ( ! exp$ition into ,spa91 :]e he accompani$ him4 ,! hi/ory ( a/rology "u ! ,roman empire supplies "s v curi\s /ories1 ( :i* we may select an illu/rative few4 ,octavius1 9 company ) ,agrippa1 consult$ "o day ! a/rolog] ,!ag5es4 ,! future husb& ( ,julia1 m cr$ul\s or m curi\s ?an ! nephew ( ,caes>1 0 ! fir/ to take ! horoscope4 ,!ag5es =etold a/oni%+ prosp]ity = him4 ,octavius1 jeal\s ( s happy a de/9y1 & fe>+ t ! reply w\ld be less fav\rable to him1 in/ead ( foll[+ ! example ( 8 companion1 refus$ at fir/ to /ate ! day ( 8 bir?4 ,b1 curiosity gett+ ! bett] ( him1 he decid$ to reply4 ,no soon] _h he told ! day ( 8 bir? ?an ! a/rolog] ?rew himself at 8 feet1 & wor%ipp$ him z ! future ma/] ( ! empire4 ,octavius 0 transport$ ) joy1 & f t mom5t 0 a firm believ] 9 a/rology4 ,to commemorate ! happy influ5ce ( ! zodiacal sign "u :i* he 0 born1 he _h ! picture ( x /ruck on "s ( ! m$als t 7 issu$ 9 8 reign4 ,! ma/]s ( ! empire believ$ 9 a/rological div9ation1 b wi%$ to keep ! advantages to !mselves4 ,!y want$ to "k ! future )\t all[+ _! subjects to d ! same4 ,n]o w\ld n p]mit anyone to /udy philosophy1 say+ x 0 a va9 & frivol\s ?+1 f :i* "o might take a pretext to div9e future ev5ts4 ,he fe>$ le/ "s "o %\ld pu% 8 curiosity s f> z to wi% to f9d out :5 & h[ ! emp]or %\ld die--a sort ( indiscreet "q1 replies to :i* lead to conspiracies & attempts4 ,?is 0 :at ! heads ( ! /ate 7 mo/ afraid (4 ,tib]ius _h be5 to ,rhodes1 to a soo?say] ( r5[n1 to in/ruct himself 9 ! rules ( a/rology4 ,he _h atta*$ to 8 p]son ! celebrat$ a/rolog] ,?rasyllus1 ^: fate-reveal+ sci5ce he prov$ by "o ( ^? pleasantries :i* are only possible ) tyrants4 ,:5ev] ,tib]ius consult$ an a/rolog] he plac$ him 9 ! highe/ "p ( 8 palace1 & employ$ = 8 purpose an ignorant & p[]ful fre$man1 :o br\ght by difficult pa?s1 b\nd$ by precipices1 ! a/rolog] ^: sci5ce 8 ,maje/y wi%$ to prove4 ,on ! return j\rney1 if ! a/rolog] 0 suspect$ ( indiscretion or trea*]y1 ! fre$man ?rew him into ! sea1 to bury ! secret4 ,?rasyllus hav+ be5 br\ght by ! same r\te across ^! precipices1 /ruck ,tib]ius ) awe :ile he que/ion$ him1 by %[+ him 8 sov]eign p[]1 & easily disclos+ ! ?+s ( ! future4 ,caes> ask$ him if he _h tak5 8 own horoscope1 & ) :at signs 7 m>k$ t day & h\r = himself4 ,?rasyllus !n exam9$ ! position & ! di/ance ( ! />s2 he hesitat$ at fir/1 !n he grew pale2 !n he look$ aga91 & f9ally1 trembl+ ) a/oni%m5t & fe>1 he cri$ out t ! mom5t 0 p]il\s1 & he 0 v ne> 8 la/ h\r4 ,tib]ius !n embrac$ him & congratulat$ him on hav+ escap$ a dang] by =esee+ x2 & accept+ h5ce=? all 8 pr$ictions z oracles1 he admitt$ him to ! numb] ( 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,tib]ius _h a great numb] ( p put to dea? :o 7 accus$ ( hav+ tak5 _! horoscope to "k :at hon\rs 7 9 /ore = !m1 al?\gh 9 secret he took ! horoscopes ( great p1 t he might asc]ta9 t he _h no rivalry to fe> f !m4 ,septimus ,sev]us 0 v ne>ly pay+ ) 8 head = "o ( ^? sup]/iti\s curiosities t br\ght ! ambiti\s ( ! "t to ! a/rolog]4 ,9 prosp]\s times he _h ga9$ fai? 9 _! pr$ictions1 & consult$ !m ab\t important acts4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 wife1 & wi%+ to contract a second m>riage1 he took ! horoscopes ( ! well-connect$ ladies :o 7 at ! "t op5 to m>riage4 ,none ( _! =tunes1 tak5 by ! rules ( a/rology1 7 enc\rag+4 ,he le>nt at la/ t !re 0 liv+ 9 ,syria a "y woman to :om ! ,*aldaeans _h pr$ict$ t %e %\ld be ! wife ( a k+4 ,sev]us 0 z yet b a legate4 ,he ha/5$ to dem& h] 9 m>riage1 & he obta9$ h]2 ,julia 0 ! "n ( ! woman :o 0 born "u s happy a />2 b 0 he ! cr[n$ husb& :i* ! />s _h promis$ to ! "y ,syrian8 ,?is reflection soon began to p]plex ,sev]us1 & to get out ( 8 p]plexity he w5t to ,sicily to consult an a/rolog] ( r5[n4 ,! matt] came to ! e>s ( ! ,emp]or ,commodus2 & judge ( 8 ang]6 ,! ang] ( ,commodus 0 rage & fr5zy2 b ! ev5t soon gave ! response t ,sev]us 0 seek+ 9 ,sicily1--,commodus 0 /rangl$4 ,div9ation :i* _h ! emp]or = its object at la/ came to be a crime ( high treason4 ,! rigor\s measures resort$ to aga9/ ! indiscreet curiosity ( ambition took m t]rible proportions "u ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors4 ,"u ,con/ant9e1 a numb] ( p]sons :o _h appli$ to ! oracles 7 puni%$ ) cruel tortures4 ,"u ,val5s1 a c]ta9 ,palladius 0 ! ag5t ( a t]rible p]secution4 ,ev]yone f\nd himself expos$ to be+ d5\nc$ = hav+ relations ) soo?say]s4 ,traitors slipp$ secretly into h\ses magic =mulae & *>ms1 :i* !n became s _m pro(s aga9/ ! inhabitant4 ,! fe> 0 s great 9 ! ,ea/1 says ,ammi5us ,m>cell9us1 t a great numb] burn$ _! books1 le/ matt] %\ld be f\nd 9 !m = an accusation ( magic or sorc]y4 ,"o day 9 ang]1 ,vitellius comm&$ all ! a/rolog]s to leave ,italy by a c]ta9 day4 ,!y respond$ by a po/]1 :i* impud5tly comm&$ ! pr9ce to leave ! e>? be=e t date1 & at ! end ( ! ye> ,vitellius 0 put to dea?2 on ! o!r h&1 ! confid5ce accord$ to a/rolog]s l$ sometimes to ! greate/ extremes4 ,= in/ance1 aft] hav+ consult$ ,babylus1 ,n]o put to dea? all ^? ^: prophecies promis$ ! elevation ( ,heliogabalus4 ,ano!r in/ance 0 t ( ,m>cus ,aurelius & 8 wife ,fau/9a4 ,! latt] 0 /ruck ) ! beauty ( a gladiator4 ,= a long "t %e va9ly /rove 9 secret ) ! passion t consum$ h]1 b ! passion did no?+ b increase4 ,at la/ ,fau/9a reveal$ ! matt] to h] husb&1 & ask$ him = "s rem$y t %\ld re/ore peace to h] tr\bl$ s\l4 ,! philosophy ( ,m>cus ,aurelius c\ld n sugge/ any?+4 ,s he decid$ to consult ! ,*aldaeans1 :o 7 adepts at ! art ( mix+ philt]s & compos+ draughts4 ,! means prescrib$ 7 m simple ?an might h be5 expect$ f _! complicat$ sci5ce2 x 0 t ! gladiator %\ld be cut 9 pieces4 ,!y add$ t ,fau/9a %\ld aft]w>ds be ano9t$ ) ! blood ( ! victim4 ,! rem$y 0 appli$1 ! innoc5t a?lete 0 immolat$1 & ! empress aft]w>ds only dream$ ( him ) great pleasure4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ians 7 z mu* addict$ to a/rology z ! o!r sects4 ,! ,c\ncils ( ,laodicea 7#cff1 ,a4,d471 ( ,arles 7#cad71 ( ,agdus 7#eje71 ,orleans 7#eaa71 ,aux]re 7#egj71 & ,n>bonne 7#ehi71 condemn$ ! practice4 ,accord+ to a tradition ( ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 :i* appe>s to h be5 borr[$ f ,mazdeism1 x 0 ! rebel angels :o taught m5 a/rology & ! use ( *>ms4 ,"u ,con/antius ! crime ( high treason s]v$ z a pretext = p]secution4 ,a numb] ( p 7 accus$ ( x1 :o simply cont9u$ to practise ! anci5t religion4 ,x 0 pret5d$ t !y _h rec\rse to sorc]ies aga9/ ! life ( ! emp]or1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t 8 fall4 ,^? :o consult$ ! oracles 7 m5ac$ ) sev]e p5alties & put to dea? by torture1 "u ! pret5ce t by deal+ ) que/ions ( fate !y _h crim9al int5tions4 ,plots )\t numb] multipli$ ! accusations2 & ! cruelty ( ! judges aggravat$ ! puni%m5ts4 ,! pagans1 9 _! turn _h to suff] ! m>tyrdom :i* !y _h previ\sly inflict$ on ! e>ly disciples ( ,*ri/--or r1 to be tru]1 x 0 au?ority1 always intol]able1 :e!r pagan or ,*ri/ian1 t %[$ itself inexorable aga9/ ^? :o d>$ to diff] f ! accept$ fai?4 ,libanius & ,jamblicus 7 accus$ ( hav+ attempt$ to discov] ! "n ( ! successor to ! empire4 ,jamblicus1 be+ fright5$ at ! prosecution br\ght aga9/ him1 poison$ himself4 ,! "n only ( philosoph] 0 suffici5t to f\nd an accusation ^u4 ,! philosoph] ,maximus ,diog5es ,alypius1 & 8 son ,hi]ocles1 7 condemn$ to lose _! lives on ! mo/ frivol\s pret5ce4 ,an old man 0 put to dea? because he 0 9 ! habit ( driv+ (f ! approa* ( fev] by incantations1 & a "y man :o 0 surpris$ 9 ! act ( putt+ 8 h&s alt]nately to a m>ble & 8 brea/1 because he ?\ght t by c\nt+ 9 ?is way sev5 times sev51 he might cure ! /oma*-a*e1 met ) ! same fate4 ,!odosius prohibit$ e k9d ( manife/ation or usage connect$ ) pagan belief4 ,:oev] %\ld d>e to immolate a victim1 said 8 law1 or consult ! entrails ( ! animals he _h kill$1 %\ld be reg>d$ z guilty ( ! crime ( high treason4 ,! fact ( hav+ rec\rse to a process ( div9ation 0 suffici5t = an accusation aga9/ a man4 ,!odosius ,,ii4 ?\ght t ! cont9uation ( idolatr\s practices _h drawn d[n ! wra? ( heav51 & br\ght ^u !m ! rec5t calamities t _h afflict$ 8 empire--! d]angem5t ( ! seasons & ! /]ility ( ! soil--& he ?und]$ out t]rible ?reats :5 8 fai? & 8 ang] unit$ !mselves into fanaticism4 ,he wrote z foll[s to ,flor5tius1 prefect ( ! praetorium 9 #dci1 ! ye> t prec$$ 8 dea?3-- ,are we to suff] any long] f ! seasons be+ upset by ! effect ( ! div9e wra?1 on acc\nt ( ! atroci\s p]fidy ( ! pagans1 :i* di/urbs ! equilibrium ( nature8 ,= :at is ! cause t n[ ! spr+ has no long] its ord9>y beauty1 t ! autumn no long] furni%es a h>ve/ to ! labori\s workman & t ! w9t]1 by its rig\r1 freezes ! soil & r5d]s x /]ile8 ,p]haps we are unduly amus$ ) ^! ideas ( ,!odosius s long z we reta9 ! cu/om ( ask+ ! special int]v5tion ( ,provid5ce = ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ra96 ,9 ! middle ages1 :5 a/rology took su* a hold on ! _w1 sev]al philosoph]s w5t s f> z to consid] ! cele/ial vault z a book1 9 :i* ea* />1 hav+ ! value ( "o ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 told 9 ineffaceable *>act]s ! de/9y ( e empire4 ,! book ( ,unhe>d-( ,curiosities1 by ,gaff>el1 gives u ! configuration ( ^! cele/ial *>act]s1 & we f9d !m also 9 ! writ+s ( ,cornelius ,agrippa4 ,! middle ages took _! a/rological ideas f ! ,arabians & ,jews4 ,! ,jews !mselves at ?is epo* borr[$ _! pr9ciples f su* contam9at$ s\rces t we are n able to trace 9 !m ! transmission ( ! anci5t ideas4 ,to give an example1 ,simeon ,b5-,jo*ai1 to :om is attribut$ ! fam\s book call$ ,zoh>1 _h atta9$ 9 _! op9ion su* a prodigi\s acqua9tance ) cele/ial my/]ies z indicat$ by ! />s1 t he c\ld h read ! div9e law 9 ! heav5s be=e x _h be5 promulgat$ on ! e>?4 ,dur+ ! :ole ( ! middle ages1 :5ev] !y want$ to cle> up d\bts ab\t geography or a/ronomy1 !y always _h rec\rse to ?is ,ori5tal sci5ce1 z cultivat$ by ! ,jews & ,arabians4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,alphonse ,x4 0 v importunate ) ! ,jews to make !m assi/ him ) _! advice 9 8 va/ a/ronomical & hi/orical works4 ,ni*olas ,oresmus1 :5 ! mo/ enlight5$ mon>* 9 ,europe 0 supply+ ,du ,guescl9 ) an a/rolog] to guide him 9 8 /rategical op]ations1 0 physician to ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 :o 0 himself devot$ to a/rology1 & gave him ! bi%opric ( ,lisieux4 ,he compos$ ! ,treatise ( ! ,sph]e1 ( :i* we h already spok54 ,a few ye>s lat]1 a le>n$ man1 ! bi%op ,pet] d',ailly1 actually d>$ to take ! horoscope ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & prov$ by mo/ c]ta9 rules t ! great ev5t :i* inaugurat$ ! new era 0 m>k$ ) v notable signs 9 a/rology4 ,ma?ias ,corv91 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 nev] und]took any?+ )\t fir/ consult+ ! a/rolog]s4 ,! ,duke ( ,milan & ,pope ,paul also gov]n$ !mselves by _! advice4 ,k+ ,l\is ,,xi41 :o s he>tily despis$ ! re/ ( mank9d1 & _h z mu* malice 9 him z he _h weakness1 _h a curi\s adv5ture ) an a/rolog]4 ,x 0 told him t an a/rolog] _h _h ! h>dihood to pr$ict ! dea? ( a woman ( :om ! k+ 0 v fond4 ,he s5t = ! wret*$ prophet1 gave him a sev]e reprim&1 & !n ask$ him ! "q1 ,y1 :o "k ev]y?+1 :5 w y die8 ,! a/rolog]1 suspect+ a trick1 repli$ imm$iately1 ,sire1 ?ree days be=e y\r ,maje/y4 ,fe> & sup]/ition ov]came ! mon>*'s res5tm5t1 & ! k+ took p>ticul> c>e ( ! adroit impo/or4 ,x is well kn[n h[ mu* ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! a/rolog]s4 ,%e _h "o 9 h] ,hotel de ,soissons 9 ,p>is1 :o wat*$ con/antly at ! top ( a t[]4 ,?is t[] is /ill 9 exi/5ce1 by ! ,wool-,m>ket1 :i* 0 built 9 #agfc on ! site ( ! hotel4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a sph]e & a sol> dial1 plac$ !re by ! a/ronom] ,p+re4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! a/rolog]s :o 0 "u h] patronage 0 ,no/radamus4 ,he 0 a physician ( ,prov5ce1 & 0 born at ,/4 ,r5y 9 #aejc4 ,to m$ic9e he jo9$ a/rology1 & und]took to pr$ict future ev5ts4 ,he 0 call$ to ,p>is by ,ca!r9e 9 #aeef1 & attempt$ to write 8 oracles 9 poetry4 ,8 little book 0 mu* s\ght aft] dur+ ! :ole ( ! rema9d] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ev5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! next4 ,accord+ to contempor>y writ]s _m imitations 7 made ( x4 ,x 0 writt5 9 v]ses ( f\r l9es1 & 0 call$ ,quatra9s ,a/ronomiques4 ,z usual1 ! prophecies 7 obscure en\gh to suit any?+1 & _m believ]s h ?\ght !y c\ld trace 9 ! v>i\s v]ses prophecies ( kn[n ev5ts1 by duly twi/+ & manipulat+ ! s5se4 ,a v amus+ prophecy1 :i* happ5$ to be too cle> to leave room = mi/akes z to its mean+1 & :i* turn$ out to be mo/ ludicr\sly wrong1 0 "o conta9$ 9 a little book publi%$ 9 #aegb ) ?is title3--,progno/ication t\*+ ! m>riage ( ! v hon\rable & belov$ ,h5ry1 by ! ,grace ( ,god ,k+ ( ,nav>re1 & ! v illu/ri\s ,pr9cess ,m>gu]ite ( ,france1 calculat$ by ,ma/] ,b]n>d ,abbatio1 ,doctor 9 ,m$ic9e1 & ,a/rolog] to ! v ,*ri/ian ,k+ ( ,france4 ,fir/ he ask$ if ! m>riage w\ld be happy1 & says3--,hav+ 9 my libr>y made ! figure ( ! heav5s1 ,i f\nd t ! "l ( ! asc5dant is jo9$ to ! "l ( ! sev5? h\se1 :i* is = ! woman ( a tr9e aspect1 f :5ce ,i h imm$iately conclud$1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,ptolemy1 ,haly1 ,zael1 ,messahala1 & _m o!r sov]eign a/rolog]s1 t !y w love "o ano!r int5sely all _! lives4 ,9 po9t ( fact !y always dete/$ ea* o!r4 ,aga91 z to l5g? ( life1 ,i h prep>$ ano!r figure1 & h f\nd t ,jupit] & ,v5us are jo9$ to ! sun ) =tification1 & t !y w approa* a hundr$ ye>s2 aft] all ,h5ri ,,iv4 di$ be=e he 0 sixty4 ,our good ,k+ ( ,nav>re w h by 8 mo/ noble & virtu\s ,que5 _m *ildr52 s9ce1 aft] ,i _h prep>$ ano!r figure ( heav51 ,i f\nd ! asc5dant & its "l1 toge!r ) ! moon1 all jo9$ to ! "l ( ! fif? h\se1 call$ t ( *ildr51 :i* w be pretty num]\s1 on acc\nt ( ,jupit] & also ( ,v5us2 & yet !y _h no *ildr56 ,jupit] & ,v5us are f\nd domicil$ on ! aquatic signs1 & s9ce ^! two planets are f\nd concordant ) ! "l ( ! asc5dant1 all ?is proves t ! *ildr5 w be upright & good1 & t !y w love _! fa!r & "m1 )\t do+ !m any injury1 nor be+ ! cause ( _! de/ruction1 z is se5 9 ! fruit ( ! nut1 :i* breaks1 op5s1 & de/roys ! /ock f :i* x took its bir?4 ,! *ildr5 w live long1 !y w be good ,*ri/ians1 & ) _! fa!r w make !mselves s b5ign & fav\rable t[>ds ^? ( our religion1 t at la/ !y w be z belov$ z any man ( our p]iod1 & !re w be no m w>s among ! ,fr5*1 z !re w\ld h be5 b = ! pres5t m>riage4 ,god grant u grace t s long z we are 9 ?is transitory life we may see no o!r k+ b ,*>les ,,ix41 ! pres5t ,k+ ( ,france4 ,& yet ^! words 7 writt5 9 ! ye> ( ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew's day6 & ! m>riage 0 brok5 (f1 & ,h5ri ,,iv4 m>ri$ to ,m>ie de ,m$ici4 ,s mu* = ! a/rological pr$ictions6 ,! aspect 9 :i* a/rology 0 look$ ^u by ! bett] m9ds ev5 :5 x 0 fl\ri%+ may be illu/rat$ by two quotations we may make1 f ,%akespe>e & ,voltaire4 ,our immortal poet puts into ! m\? ( ,edmund 9 ,k+ ,le>3--,?is is ! excell5t fopp]y ( ! _w1 t :5 we are sick 9 =tune 7(t5 ! surfeit ( our own behavi\r7 we make guilty ( our disa/]s ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 z if we 7 villa9s by necessity2 fools by heav5ly compulsion2 knaves1 ?ieves1 & trea*]\s1 by sph]ical pr$om9ance2 drunk>ds1 li>s1 & adult]]s by an en=c$ ob$i5ce ( planet>y influ5ce2 & all t we are evil 91 by a div9e ?ru/+ on4 ,an admirable evasion ( a lib]t9e to lay 8 goati% disposition to ! *>ge ( a />6 ,my fa!r m>ri$ my "m "u ! ,dragon's tail2 & my nativity 0 "u ,ursa major2 s t x foll[s ,i am r\gh le*]\s4 ,tut1 ,i %\ld h be5 t ,i am1 _h ! maid5lie/ /> 9 ! firmam5t tw9kl$ on my bir?4 ,voltaire writes ?us3--,?is error is anci5t1 & t is en\gh4 ,! ,egyptians1 ! ,*aldaeans1 ! ,jews c\ld pr$ict1 & !re=e we c pr$ict n[4 ,if no m pr$ictions are made x is n ! fault ( ! art4 ,s said ! al*emi/s ( ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,if y d n f9d to-day x is because y are n clev] en\gh2 b x is c]ta9 t x is 9 ! clavicle ( ,solomon1 & on t c]ta9ty m ?an two hundr$ families 9 ,g]many & ,france h be5 ru9$4 ,d y wond] ei!r t s _m m51 o!rwise mu* exalt$ above ! vulg>1 su* z pr9ces or popes1 :o knew _! int]e/s s well1 %\ld be s ridicul\sly s$uc$ by ?is imp]t95ce ( a/rology4 ,!y 7 v pr\d & v ignorant4 ,!re 7 no />s b = !m2 ! re/ ( ! univ]se 0 canaille1 = :om ! />s did n tr\ble !mselves4 ,i h n ! hon\r ( be+ a pr9ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! celebrat$ ,c\nt ( ,b\la9villi]s & an ,italian1 call$ ,colonne1 :o _h great reputation 9 ,p>is1 bo? pr$ict$ to me t ,i %\ld infallibly die at ! age ( ?irty-two4 ,i h _h ! malice already to deceive !m by ?irty ye>s1 = :i* ,i humbly beg _! p>don4 ,! me?od by :i* ^! pr$ictions 7 arriv$ at consi/$ 9 mak+ ! diff]5t />s & planets responsible = diff]5t p>ts ( ! body1 diff]5t prop]ties1 & diff]5t ev5ts1 & mak+ up /ories f ! association ( ideas ?us obta9$1 :i* ( c\rse admitt$ ( ! greate/ degree ( latitude4 ,! pr9ciples are expla9$ by ,manilius 9 8 great poem entitl$ ,! ,a/ronomicals1 writt5 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,accord+ to him ! sun presid$ ov] ! head1 ! moon ov] ! "r arm1 ,v5us ov] ! left1 ,jupit] ov] ! /oma*1 ,m>s ! p>ts bel[1 ,m]cury ov] ! "r leg1 & ,saturn ov] ! left4 ,among ! con/ellations1 ! ,ram gov]n$ ! head2 ! ,bull ! neck2 ! ,tw9s ! arms & %\ld]s2 ! ,crab ! *e/ & ! he>t2 ! ,lion ! /oma*2 ! abdom5 correspond$ to ! sign ( ! ,virg92 ! re9s to ! ,balance2 !n came ! ,scorpion2 ! ,ar*]1 gov]n+ ! ?ighs2 ! ,he-goat ! knees2 ! ,wat]] ! legs2 & ! ,fi%es ! feet4 ,alb]t ! ,great assign$ to ! />s ! foll[+ influ5ces3--,saturn 0 ?\ght to rule ov] life1 *anges1 sci5ces1 & build+s2 ,jupit] ov] hon\r1 wi%es1 ri*es1 & cleanness2 ,m>s ov] w>1 prisons1 m>riages1 & hatr$2 ! sun ov] hope1 happ9ess1 ga91 & h]itages2 ,v5us ov] fri5d%ips & am\rs2 ,m]cury ov] illness1 debts1 comm]ce1 & fe>2 ! moon ov] w\nds1 dreams1 & l>c5ies4 ,ea* ( ^! />s also presides ov] p>ticul> days ( ! week1 p>ticul> col\rs1 & p>ticul> metals4 ,! sun gov]n$ ! ,sunday2 ! moon1 ,monday2 ,m>s1 ,tuesday2 ,m]cury1 ,w$nesday2 ,jupit]1 ,?ursday2 ,v5us1 ,friday2 & ,saturn1 ,saturday2 :i* is p>tially indicat$ by our own names ( ! week1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,fr5* names1 :i* are ea* & all d]iv$ f ^! />s4 ,! sun repres5t$ yell[2 ! moon1 :ite2 ,v5us1 gre52 ,m>s1 r$2 ,jupit]1 blue2 ,saturn1 black2 ,m]cury1 %ad$ col\rs4 ,we h already indicat$ ! metals t correspond$ to ea*4 ,! sun 0 reckon$ to be b5efic5t & fav\rable2 ,saturn to be sad1 morose1 & cold2 ,jupit]1 temp]ate & b5ign2 ,m>s1 vehem5t2 ,v5us1 b5evol5t & f]tile2 ,m]cury1 incon/ant2 & ! moon1 melan*oly4 ,among ! con/ellations1 ! ,ram1 ! ,lion1 & ! ,ar*] 7 hot1 dry & vehem5t4 ,! ,bull1 ! ,virg91 & ! ,he-goat 7 heavy1 cold1 & dry2 ! ,tw9s1 ! ,balance1 & ! ,wat]] 7 light1 hot1 & moi/2 ! ,crab1 ,scorpion1 & ! ,fi%es 7 moi/1 s(t1 & cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xv4--,,an ,,a/rolog] ,,at ,,"w4 ,9 ?is way ! heav5s 7 made to be intimately connect$ ) ! affairs ( e>?2 & a/rology 0 9 equally intimate connection ) a/ronomy1 ( :i* x may 9 "s s5se be consid]$ ! "m4 ,! draw]s ( horoscopes 7 at "o "t z mu* 9 reque/ z lawy]s or doctors4 ,"o ,?urneis51 a fam\s a/rolog] & an extraord9>y man1 :o liv$ la/ c5tury at ! electoral c\rt ( ,b]l91 0 at ! same "t physician1 *emi/1 draw] ( horoscopes1 almanack mak]1 pr9t]1 & libr>ian4 ,8 a/rological reputation 0 s widespread t sc>cely a bir? took place 9 families ( any rank 9 ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,hung>y1 or ev5 ,engl& )\t !re be+ s5t an imm$iate envoy to him to ann\nce ! precise mom5t ( bir?4 ,he receiv$ (t5 ?ree & sometimes z _m z t5 messages a day1 & he 0 at la/ s press$ ) bus9ess t he 0 oblig$ to take associates & ag5ts4 ,9 ! days ( ,kepl] we "k t a/rology 0 m ?\ght ( ?an a/ronomy1 = ?\gh on behalf ( ! _w he work$ at ! latt]1 = 8 own daily bread he 0 9 ! employ ( ! =m]1 mak+ almanacks & draw+ horoscopes t he might live4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,"t ,,& ,,! ,,cal5d>4 ,! op9ions ( ?9k]s on ! nature ( "t h be5 v v>i$4 ,"s h consid]$ "t z an absolute reality1 :i* is exactly measur$ by h\rs1 days1 & ye>s1 & is z kn[n & real z any o!r object ^: exi/5ce is kn[n to u4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t "t is only a matt] ( s5sation1 or t x is an illusion1 or a halluc9ation ( a lively bra94 ,! def9itions giv5 ( x by diff]5t great writ]s is z v>i\s4 ,?us ,kant calls x "o ( ! =ms ( s5sibility4 ,s*ell+ decl>es x is pure activity ) ! negation ( all be+4 ,leibnitz def9es x ! ord] ( successions z he def9$ space to be ! ord] ( co-exi/5ces4 ,newton & ,cl>ke make space & "t two attributes ( ! ,deity4 ,a /udy ( ! a/ronomical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & a consid]ation ( _! tea*+1 give u au?ority = say+1 t nei!r space nor "t are realities1 b t ! only ?+s absolute are et]nity & inf9ity4 ,9 fact1 we give ! "n ( "t to ! succession ( ! t]re/rial ev5ts measur$ by ! motion ( ! e>?4 ,if ! e>? 7 n to move1 we %\ld h no means ( measur+1 & consequ5tly no idea ( "t z we h x n[4 ,s long z x 0 believ$ t ! e>? 0 at re/1 & t ! sun & all ! />s turn$ r\nd u1 ?is app>5t motion 0 !n1 z ! real motion ( ! e>? is n[1 ! me?od ( g5]at+ "t4 ,9 fact1 ! ,fa!rs said t at ! end ( ! _w ! diurnal motion w\ld cease1 & !re w\ld be no m "t4 ,b let u exam9e ! fact a little fur!r4 ,suppose = an in/ant t ! e>? 01 z x 0 =m]ly believ$ to be1 an imm5se flat surface1 :i* 0 illum9at$ by a sun :i* rema9$ always immovable at ! z5i?1 or by an inv>iable diffus$ light--su* an e>? be+ suppos$ to be alone by itself 9 ! univ]se & immovable4 ,n[ if !re 7 a man creat$ on t e>?1 w\ld !re be su* a ?+ z "t = him8 ,! light :i* illum9es him is immovable4 ,no mov+ %ad[1 no gnomon1 no sun-dial w\ld be possible4 ,no day nor night1 no morn+ nor ev5+1 no ye>4 ,no?+ t c\ld be divid$ into days1 h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds4 ,9 su* a case "o w\ld h to fall back ^u "s o!r t]m9at+ ev5ts1 :i* w\ld indicate a lapse ( "t2 su* = in/ance z ! life ( a man4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be no univ]sal measure1 = on "o planet ! life might be a ?\s& ye>s1 & on ano!r only a hundr$4 ,or we may look at x 9 ano!r way4 ,suppose ! e>? 7 to turn twice z fa/ ab\t itself & ab\t ! sun1 ! p]sons :o liv$ sixty ( su* ye>s w\ld only h liv$ ?irty ( our pres5t ye>s1 b !y w\ld h se5 sixty revolutions ( ! e>?1 &1 rigor\sly speak+1 w\ld h liv$ sixty ye>s4 ,if ! e>? turn$ t5 times z fa/1 sixty ye>s w\ld be r$uc$ to t51 b !y w\ld /ill be sixty ( ^? ye>s4 ,we %\ld live j z long2 !re w\ld be f\r seasons1 #cfe days1 c41 only ev]y?+ w\ld be m rapid3 b x w\ld be exactly ! same ?+ = u1 & ! o!r app>5tly cele/ial motions hav+ a simil> dim9ution1 !re w\ld be no *ange p]ceiv$ by u4 ,aga91 consid] ! m9ute animals t are obs]vable "u ! microscope1 :i* live b = five m9utes4 ,dur+ t p]iod1 !y h "t to be born & to gr[4 ,f embryos !y become adult1 m>ry1 s to speak1 & h a num]\s prog5y1 :i* !y develop & s5d into ! _w4 ,aft]w>ds !y die1 & all ?is 9 a few m9utes4 ,! impressions :i*1 9 spite ( _! m9ut5ess1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 presum+ !m to possess1 ?\gh rapid & fleet+1 may be z pr(\nd = !m 9 proportion z ours are to u1 & _! measure ( "t w\ld be v diff]5t f ours4 ,all is relative4 ,9 absolute value1 a life complet$ 9 a hundr$ ye>s is n long] ?an "o t is f9i%$ 9 five m9utes4 ,x is ! same = space4 ,! e>? has a diamet] ( #h1jjj miles1 & we are five or six feet high4 ,n[ if1 by any process1 ! e>? %\ld dim9i% till x became z small z a m>ble1 & if ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! _w und]w5t a correspond+ dim9ution1 our m\nta9s might become z small z gra9s ( s&1 ! ocean might be b a drop1 & we ourselves might be small] ?an ! microscopic animals adv]t$ to above4 ,b = all t no?+ w\ld h *ang$ = u4 ,we %\ld /ill be our five or six feet high1 & ! e>? w\ld rema9 exactly ! same numb] ( our miles4 ,a value !n t c be decreas$ & dim9i%$ at pleasure )\t *ange is n a ma!matical absolute value4 ,9 ?is s5se !n x may be said t nei!r "t nor space h any real exi/5ce4 ,or once aga94 ,suppose t in/ead ( our be+ on ! globe1 we 7 plac$ 9 pure space4 ,:at "t %\ld we f9d !re8 ,no "t4 ,we might rema9 t5 ye>s1 tw5ty1 a hundr$1 or a ?\s& ye>s1 b we %\ld nev] arrive at ! next ye>6 ,9 fact ea* planet makes its own "t = its inhabitants1 & :]e !re is no planet or any?+ answ]+ to x !re is no "t4 ,jupit] makes = its inhabitants a ye> :i* is equal to twelve ye>s ( ours1 & a day ( t5 ( our h\rs4 ,saturn has a ye> equal to ?irty ( ours1 & days ( t5 h\rs & a qu>t]4 ,9 o!r sol> sy/ems !re are two or ?ree suns1 s t x is difficult to imag9e :at sort ( "t !y c h4 ,all ?is inf9ite div]sity ( "t takes place 9 et]nity1 ! only ?+ t is real4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! e>? & its inhabitants takes place1 n 9 "t1 b 9 et]nity4 ,be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! e>? & our sol> sy/em1 !re 0 ano!r "t1 measur$ by o!r motions1 & hav+ relation to o!r be+s4 ,:5 ! e>? %all exi/ no long]1 !re may be 9 ! place we n[ occupy1 ano!r "t aga91 = o!r be+s4 ,b !y are n realities4 ,a hundr$ millions ( c5turies1 & a second1 h ! same real l5g? 9 et]nity4 ,9 ! middle ( space1 we c\ld n tell ! diff]5ce4 ,our f9ite m9ds are n capable ( grasp+ ! inf9ite1 & x is well to "k t our only idea ( "t is relative1 hav+ relation to ! regul> ev5ts t befall ?is planet 9 its c\rse1 & n a ?+ :i* we c 9 any way comp>e ) t1 :i* is s al>m+ to ! ideas ( "s--et]nity4 ,we h !n to deal ) ! p>ticul> =m ( "t t our planet makes = u1 = our p]sonal use4 ,x turns ab\t ! sun4 ,an entire circuit =ms a p]iod1 :i* we c use = a measure 9 our t]re/rial affairs4 ,we call x a ye>1 or 9 ,lat9 annus1 signify+ a circle1 :5ce our ^w annual4 ,a second1 %ort] revolution1 turns ! e>? ^u itself1 & br+s ea* m]idian directly fac+ ! sun1 & !n r\nd aga9 to ! opposite side4 ,?is p]iod we call a day1 f ! ,lat9 dies1 :i* 9 ,italian becomes giorne1 :5ce ! ,fr5* j\r4 ,9 ,sanscrit we h ! same ^w 9 dyaus4 ,! l5g? ( "t t x takes = ! e>? to arrive at ! same position ) respect to ! />s1 :i* is call$ a sid]eal ye>1 am\nts to #cfe4befcgdd days4 ,b dur+ ?is "t1 z we h se51 ! equ9ox is displac$ among ! />s4 ,?is secul> retrogression br+s x ea* ye> a little to ! ea/ ( its =m] position1 s t ! sun arrives !re ab\t elev5 m9utes too soon4 ,by tak+ ?is am\nt f ! sid]eal we obta9 ! tropical ye>1 :i* has ref]5ce to ! seasons & ! cal5d>4 ,its l5g? is #cfe4bdbbaff days1 or #cfe days1 #e h\rs1 #dh m9utes1 #dg4h seconds4 ,9 :at way 0 ! primitive ye> regulat$8 0 x a sol> or a sid]eal ye>8 ,!re c be no d\bt t :5 !re 0 an abs5ce ( all civilisation & a cal5d> ( any sort 0 unkn[n1 ! ye> meant simply ! succession ( seasons1 & t no attempt w\ld be made to reckon any day z its comm5cem5t4 ,& z soon z ?is 0 attempt$ a difficulty w\ld arise f !re n be+ an exact numb] ( days 9 ! ye>4 ,s t :5 reckon$ z ! int]val betwe5 c]ta9 positions ( ! sun !y w\ld be ( diff]5t l5g?s1 :i* w\ld introduce "s difficulty z to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>4 ,be ?is ! case1 h[ev]1 or n1 ,mr4 ,haliburton's rese>*es seem to %[ t ! e>lie/ =m ( ye> 0 ! sid]eal "o1 & t x 0 regulat$ by ! ,pleiades4 ,9 speak+ ( t con/ellation we h notic$ t among ! isl&]s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e & o!rs !re are two ye>s 9 "o ( ours1 ! fir/ be+ call$ ! ,pleiades above & ! second ! ,pleiades bel[2 & we h se5 h[ ! same new ye>'s day has be5 recognis$ 9 v _m p>ts ( ! _w & among ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,h9doos4 ,?is ye> w\ld beg9 9 ,novemb]1 & f ! intimate relation ( all ! primitive cal5d>s t h be5 discov]$ to a p>ticul> day1 tak5 z ,novemb] #ag by ! ,egyptians1 x w\ld appe> probable t = a long "t corrections 7 made bo? by ! ,egyptians & o!rs 9 ord] to keep ! ph5om5on ( ! ,pleiades j ris+ at sunset to "o p>ticul> nam$ day ( _! ye>--%[+ t ! ye> !y us$ 0 a sid]eal "o4 ,?is c be trac$ back z f> z #acee ,b4,c4 among ! ,egyptians1 & to #acjf ,b4,c4 among ! ,h9doos4 ,!re seem to h be5 9 use also %ort] p]iods ( ?ree mon?s1 :i*1 l ! two-season ye>1 appe> to h be51 z !y are n[ among ! ,japanese1 regulat$ by ! diff]5t positions ( ! ,pleiades4 ,among ! ,siamese ( ! pres5t day1 !re are bo? =ms ( ! ye> exi/+1 "o sid]eal1 beg9n+ 9 ,novemb]1 & regulat$ by ! =e-nam$ con/ellation2 & ! o!r tropical1 beg9n+ 9 ,april4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ! ye> be reckon$ by ! />s or by ! sun1 !re w always be a difficulty 9 arrang+ ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 because 9 ea* case !re w be ab\t a qu>t] ( a day ov]4 ,x seems1 too1 to h be5 f\nd m conv5i5t 9 e>ly times to take #cfj days z ! l5g? ( ! ye>1 & to add an int]cal>y mon? n[ & !n1 r ?an #cfe & add a day4 ,?us among ! e>lie/ ,egyptians ! ye> 0 ( #cfj days1 :i* 7 reckon$ 9 ! mon?s1 & five days 7 add$ ea* ye>1 betwe5 ! comm5cem5t ( "o & ! end ( ! o!r1 & call$ unlucky days4 ,x 0 ! belief ( ! ,egyptians t ^! five days 7 ! bir?days ( _! pr9cipal gods2 ,osiris be+ born on ! fir/1 ,ani]is 7or ,apollo7 on ! second1 ,typhon on ! ?ird1 ,isis on ! f\r?1 ,nephys 7or ,aphrodite7 on ! fif?4 ,^! appe> to h "s relation ) simil> unlucky days among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & o!r nations4 ,! #cfj days ( ! ,egyptian ye> 7 repres5t$ at ,acan?o1 ne> ,memphis1 9 a symbolical way1 !re be+ plac$ a p]=at$ vessel1 :i* ea* day 0 fill$ ) wat] by "o ( a company ( #cfj prie/s1 ea* prie/ hav+ *>ge ov] "o day 9 ! ye>4 ,a simil> symbolism 0 us$ at ! tomb ( ,osiris1 ar\nd :i* 7 plac$ #cfj pit*]s1 "o ( :i* ea* day 0 fill$ ) milk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! #cfe days 7 repres5t$ by ! tomb ( ,osym&yas1 at ,!bes1 be+ surr\nd$ by a circle ( gold :i* 0 "o cubit broad & #cfe cubits 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on ! side 7 writt5 ! ris+s & sett+s ( ! />s1 ) ! progno/ications d]iv$ f !m by ! ,egyptian a/rolog]s4 ,x 0 de/roy$1 h[ev]1 by ,cambyses :5 ! ,p]sians conqu]$ ,egypt4 ,!y divid$ _! ye> accord+ to ,h]odotus into twelve mon?s1 ! names ( :i* h come d[n to u4 ,ev5 ) ! #cfe days1 :i* _! me?od ( reckon+ w\ld practically come to1 !y w\ld /ill be a qu>t] ( a day ea* ye> %ort2 s t 9 f\r ye>s x w\ld am\nt to a :ole day1 an error :i* w\ld am\nt to some?+ p]ceptible ev5 dur+ ! life ( a s+le man1 by its br++ ! comm5cem5t ( ! civil ye> out ( h>mony ) ! seasons4 ,9 fact ! fir/ day ( ! ye> w\ld gradually g ?r\gh all ! seasons1 & at ! end ( #adfj sol> ye>s !re w\ld h be5 complet$ #adfa civil ye>s1 :i* w\ld br+ back ! day to its orig9al position4 ,?is p]iod repres5ts a cycle ( ye>s 9 :i* approximately ! sun & ! e>? come to ! same relative position aga91 z reg>ds ! e>?'s rotation on its axis & revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,?is cycle 0 notic$ by ,firmicius4 ,ano!r m accurate cycle ( ! same k9d1 notic$ by ,syncellus1 is obta9$ by multiply+ #adfa by #be1 mak+ #cf1ebe ye>s1 :i* takes into acc\nt ! defect :i* ! extra h\rs ov] #cfe h f six4 ,! ,egyptians1 h[ev]1 did n all[ _! ye> to get into s l>ge an error1 ?\gh x 0 9 error by _! us+ sid]eal "t1 regulat+ _! ye>1 & int]calat+ days1 fir/ accord+ to ! ris+s ( ! ,pleiades1 & aft] accord+ to t ( ,sirius1 ! dog-/>1 :i* ann\nc$ to !m ! approa*+ ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nile1 a ph5om5on ( su* great value to ,egypt t !y celebrat$ x ) annual fetes ( ! greate/ magnific5ce4 ,among ! ,babylonians1 z we are in=m$ by ,mr4 ,sayce1 ! ye> 0 divid$ into twelve lun> mon?s & #cfj days1 an int]cal>y mon? be+ add$ :5ev] a c]ta9 />1 call$ ! /> ( />s1 or ,icu1 also call$ ,dilgan1 by ! anci5t ,accadians1 mean+ ! mess5g] ( light1 & :at is n[ call$ ,aldeb>an1 :i* 0 j 9 advance ( ! sun :5 x cross$ ! v]nal equ9ox1 0 n p>allel ) ! moon until ! ?ird ( ,nisan1 t is1 two days aft] ! equ9ox4 ,!y also add$ %ort] mon?s ( a few days ea* :5 ?is sy/em became insuffici5t to keep _! cal5d> correct4 ,!y divid$ _! ye> into f\r qu>t]s ( ?ree mon?s ea*2 ! spr+ qu>t] n comm5c+ ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> :5 ! sun ent]$ ! spr+ equ9ox1 prov+ t ! arrangem5t ( seasons 0 subsequ5t to ! settl+ ( ! cal5d>4 ,! names ( _! mon?s 7 giv5 !m f ! correspond+ signs ( ! zodiac2 :i* 0 ! same z our own1 ?\gh ! zodiac began ) ,aries & ! ye> ) ,nisan4 ,!y too _h cycles1 b !y arose f a v diff]5t cause2 n f errors ( reckon+ 9 ! civil ye> or ! revolution ( ! e>?1 b f ! v>iations ( ! wea!r4 ,e twelve sol> ye>s !y expect$ to h ! same wea!r repeat$4 ,:5 we connect ?is ) _! obs]vations on ! v>y+ brightness ( ! sun1 especially at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye> on ! fir/ ( ,nisan1 :i* !y record at "o "t z bright yell[ & at ano!r z spott$1 & rememb] t mod]n rese>*es h %[n t wea!r is c]ta9ly 9 "s way dep5d5t on ! sol> spots1 :i* h a p]iod n[ ( ab\t elev5 ye>s1 we _c help fancy+ t !y 7 v ne> to mak+ ^! discov]ies4 ,! ye> ( ! anci5t ,p]sians consi/$ ( #cfe days4 ,! extra qu>t] ( a day 0 n notic$ = #abj ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* !y int]calat$ a mon?--9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at ! end ( ! fir/ mon?1 :i* 0 ?us d\bl$4 ,at ! end ( ano!r #abj ye>s !y ins]t$ an int]cal>y mon? aft] ! second mon?1 & s on ?r\gh all _! twelve mon?s4 ,s t aft] #addj ye>s ! s]ies began aga94 ,?is p]iod !y call$ ! int]cal>y cycle4 ,! cal5d> among ! ,greeks 0 m involv$1 b m useful4 ,x 0 luni-sol>1 t is to say1 !y regulat$ x at ! same "t by ! revolutions ( ! moon & ! motion ab\t ! sun1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,! ye> comm5c$ ) ! new moon ne>e/ to ! #bj? or #ba/ ( ,june1 ! "t ( ! summ] sol/ice2 x 0 compos$ 9 g5]al ( twelve mon?s1 ea* ( :i* comm5c$ on ! day ( ! new moon1 & :i* _h alt]nately tw5ty-n9e & ?irty days4 ,?is arrangem5t1 con=mable to ! lun> ye>1 only gave #ced days to ! civil ye>1 & z ?is 0 too %ort by t5 days1 tw5ty-"o h\rs1 ?is diff]5ce1 by accumulation1 produc$ ne>ly eighty-sev5 days at ! end ( eight ye>s1 or ?ree mon?s ( tw5ty-n9e days ea*4 ,to br+ ! lun> ye>s into accordance ) ! sol/ices1 x 0 necess>y to add ?ree int]cal>y mon?s e eight ye>s4 ,! phases ( ! moon be+ ?us br\ght into comp>ison ) ! rotation ( ! e>?1 a cycle 0 discov]$ by ,meton1 n[ kn[n z ! ,metonic cycle1 useful also 9 pr$ict+ eclipses1 :i* compris$ n9ete5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t #bce lunations w h v ne>ly occurr$1 & ! full moons w return to ! same dates4 ,9 fact1 ! ye> & ! lunation are to "o ano!r v ne>ly 9 ! proportion ( #bce to #ai4 ,by obs]v+ = n9ete5 ye>s ! positions & phases ( ! moon1 !y w be f\nd to return aga9 9 ! same ord] at ! same times1 & !y c !re=e be pr$ict$4 ,?is lun> cycle 0 adopt$ 9 ! ye> #dcc ,b4,c4 to regulate ! luni-sol> cal5d>1 & x 0 engrav$ 9 lett]s ( gold on ! walls ( ! temple ( ,m9]va1 f :5ce comes ! "n gold5 numb]1 :i* is giv5 to ! numb] t m>ks ! place ( ! giv5 ye> 9 ?is p]iod ( n9ete54 ,caliphus made a l>g] & m exact cycle by multiply+ by f\r & tak+ away "o day4 ,?us he made ( #bg1gei days #gf ,julian ye>s1 dur+ :i* !re 7 #idj lunations4 ,! ,roman cal5d> 0 ev5 m complicat$ ?an ! ,greek1 & n s good4 ,romulus is said to h giv5 to 8 subjects a /range arrangem5t t we c no long] und]/&4 ,m ( a w>rior ?an a philosoph]1 ?is f\nd] ( ,rome made ! ye> to consi/ ( t5 mon?s1 "s be+ ( tw5ty days & o!rs ( fifty-five4 ,^! unequal l5g?s 7 probably regulat$ by ! agricultural works to be done1 & by ! prevail+ religi\s ideas4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ^! days !y began c\nt+ aga9 9 ! same ord]2 s t ! ye> _h only #cjd days4 ,! fir/ ( ^! t5 mon?s 0 call$ ,m>s aft] ! "n ( ! god f :om ,romulus pret5d$ to h desc5d$4 ,! "n ( ! second1 ,aprilis1 0 d]iv$ f ! ^w ap]ire1 to op51 because x 0 at ! "t t ! e>? op5$2 or x may be1 f ,aphrodite1 "o ( ! names ( ,v5us1 ! suppos$ gr&mo!r ( ,a,eneas4 ,! ?ird mon? 0 consecrat$ to ,maia1 ! "m ( ,m]cury4 ,! names ( ! six o!rs express$ simply _! ord]--,qu9tilis1 ! fif?2 ,sextilis1 ! six?2 ,septemb]1 ! sev5?2 & s on4 ,numa add$ two mon?s to ! t5 ( ,romulus2 "o took ! "n ( ,janu>ius1 f ,janus3 ! "n ( ! o!r 0 d]iv$ ei!r f ! sacrifices 7februalia71 by :i* ! faults committ$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! pa/ ye> 7 expiat$1 or f ,februo1 ! god ( ! dead1 to :i* ! la/ mon? 0 consecrat$4 ,! ye> !n _h #cee days4 ,^! ,roman mon?s h become our own1 & h5ce a special int]e/ atta*es to ! consid]ation ( _! orig91 & ! explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 modifi$ & supplem5t$4 ,ea* ( !m 0 divid$ into unequal p>ts1 by ! days :i* 7 kn[n z ! cal5ds1 nones1 & ides4 ,! cal5ds 7 inv>iably fix$ to ! fir/ day ( ea* mon?2 ! nones came on ! #e? or #g?1 & ! ides ! #ac? or #ae?4 ,! ,romans1 look+ =w>d1 z *ildr5 d to fe/ive days1 to ! fete :i* came on ^! p>ticul> days1 nam$ ea* day by its di/ance f ! next t 0 foll[+4 ,imm$iately aft] ! cal5ds ( a mon?1 ! dates 7 ref]r$ to ! nones1 ea* day be+ call$ sev51 six1 five1 & s on days be=e ! nones2 on ! morr[ ( ! nones !y c\nt$ to ! ides2 & s ! days at ! end ( ! mon? always bore ! "n ( ! cal5ds ( ! mon? foll[+4 ,to complete ! confusion ! #bnd day be=e ! fete 0 call$ ! #crd1 by c\nt+ ! fete itself z ! #a/1 & s !y add$ "o ?r\gh\t to ! numb] t we %\ld n[ say express$ our di/ance f a c]ta9 date4 ,s9ce !re 7 ?us t5 days %ort 9 ea* ye>1 x 0 soon f\nd necess>y to add !m on1 s a supplem5t>y mon? 0 creat$1 :i* 0 call$ ,m]c$onius4 ,?is mon?1 by ano!r anomaly1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! #bcrd & #bd? ( ,febru>y4 ,?us1 aft] ,febru>y #bcrd1 came #a/1 #bnd1 #crd ( ,m]c$onius2 & !n aft] ! dates ( ?is supplem5t>y mon? 7 gone ?r\gh1 ! orig9al mon? 0 tak5 up aga91 & !y w5t on ) ! #bd? ( ,febru>y4 ,& f9ally1 to complete ! m$ley1 ! prie/s :o _h ! *>ge ( regulat+ ?is complex cal5d>1 acquitt$ !mselves z badly z !y c\ld2 by neglig5ce or an arbitr>y use ( _! p[] !y l5g!n$ or %ort5$ ! ye> )\t any uni=m rule4 ,(t51 inde$1 !y consult$ 9 ?is no?+ b _! own conv5i5ce1 or ! int]e/s ( _! fri5ds4 ,! disord] :i* ?is lic5se _h introduc$ into ! cal5d> proce$$ s f> t ! mon?s _h *ang$ f ! seasons1 ^? ( w9t] be+ advanc$ to ! autumn1 ^? ( ! autumn to ! summ]4 ,! fetes 7 celebrat$ 9 seasons diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y 7 in/itut$1 s t ( ,c]es happ5$ :5 ! :eat 0 9 ! blade1 & t ( ,bac*us :5 ! rais9s 7 gre54 ,julius ,caes>1 !re=e1 det]m9$ to e/abli% a sol> ye> accord+ to ! kn[n p]iod ( revolution ( ! sun1 t is #cfe days & a qu>t]4 ,he orda9$ t ea* f\r? ye> a day %\ld be int]calat$ 9 ! place :]e ! mon? ,m]c$onius us$ to be ins]t$1 i4e4 betwe5 ! #bcrd & #bd? ( ,febru>y4 ,! #f? ( ! cal5ds ( ,m>* 9 ord9>y ye>s 0 ! #bd? ( ,febru>y2 x 0 call$ sexto-kal5das4 ,:5 an extra day 0 put 9 e f\r? ye> be=e ! #bd?1 ?is 0 a second #f? day1 & 0 !re=e call$ bissexto-kal5das1 :5ce we get ! "n bissextile1 appli$ to leap ye>4 ,b x 0 necess>y also to br+ back ! public fetes to ! seasons !y ought to be held 93 = ?is purpose ,caes> 0 oblig$ to ins]t 9 ! curr5t ye>1 #df ,b4,c4 7or #gjh ,a4,u4,c471 two int]cal>y mon?s beside ! mon? ,m]c$onius4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a ye> ( fifte5 mon?s divid$ into #dde days1 & ?is 0 call$ ! ye> ( confusion4 ,caes> gave ! /ricte/ injunctions to ,sosig5es1 a celebrat$ ,alex&rian a/ronom] :om he br\ght to ,rome = ?is purpose2 & on ! same pr9ciples ,flavius 0 ord]$ to compose a new cal5d>1 9 :i* all ! ,roman fetes 7 ent]$--foll[+1 h[ev]1 ! old me?od ( reckon+ ! days f ! cal5ds1 nones1 & ides4 ,antonius1 aft] ! dea? ( ,caes>1 *ang$ ! "n ( ,qu9tilis1 9 :i* ,julius ,caes> 0 born1 into ! "n ,julius1 :5ce we d]ive our "n ,july4 ,! "n ( ,augu/us 0 giv5 to ! mon? ,sextilis1 because ! ,emp]or ,augu/us obta9$ 8 greate/ victories dur+ t mon?4 ,tib]ius1 ,n]o1 & o!r imp]ial mon/]s attempt$ to give _! names to ! o!r mon?s4 ,b ! p _h too mu* indep5d5ce & s5se ( ju/ice to accord !m su* a flatt]y4 ,! rema9+ mon?s we h z !y 7 nam$ 9 ! days ( ,numa ,pompilius4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,! ,,roman ,,cal5d>4 ,a cubical block ( :ite m>ble has be5 f\nd at ,pompeii :i* illu/rates ?is v well4 ,ea* ( ! f\r sides is divid$ into ?ree columns1 & on ea* column is ! in=mation ab\t ! mon?4 ,ea* mon? is surm\nt$ by ! sign ( ! zodiac ?r\gh :i* ! sun is pass+4 ,b5ea? ! "n ( ! mon? is inscrib$ ! numb] ( days x conta9s2 ! date ( ! nones1 ! numb] ( ! h\rs ( ! day1 & ( ! night2 ! place ( ! sun1 ! div9ity "u ^: protection ! mon? is plac$1 ! agricultural works t are to be done 9 x1 ! civil & ecclesia/ical c]emonies t are to be p]=m$4 ,^! inscriptions are to be se5 "u ! mon? ,janu>y to ! left ( ! woodcut4 ,! re=m ?us introduc$ by ,julius ,caes> is commonly kn[n z ! ,julian re=m4 ,! fir/ ye> 9 :i* ?is cal5d> 0 foll[$ 0 #dd ,b4,c4 ,! ,julian cal5d> 0 9 use1 )\t any modification1 = a great numb] ( ye>s2 nev]!less1 ! mean value :i* _h be5 assign$ to ! civil ye> be+ a little diff]5t to t ( ! tropical1 a noticeable *ange at l5g? result$ 9 ! dates 9 :i*1 ea* ye>1 ! seasons comm5c$2 s t if no rem$y _h be5 introduc$1 ! same season w\ld be displac$ little by little ea* ye>1 s z to comm5ce successively 9 diff]5t mon?s4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 :i* 0 held 9 ! ye> #cbe ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 adopt$ a fix$ rule to det]m9e ! "t at :i* ,ea/] falls4 ,?is rule 0 bas$ on ! suppos$ fact t ! spr+ equ9ox happ5$ e ye> on ! #ba/ ( ,m>*1 z x did at ! "t ( ! meet+ ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,?is w\ld inde$ be ! case if ! mean value ( ! civil ye> ( ! ,julian cal5d> 0 exactly equal to ! tropical ye>4 ,b :ile ! fir/ is #cfe4be days1 ! second is #cfe4bdbbfd days2 s t ! tropical ye> is too small by #aa m9utes & #h seconds4 ,x foll[s h5ce t aft] ! lapse ( f\r ,julian ye>s ! v]nal equ9ox1 in/ead ( happ5+ exactly at ! same "t z x did f\r ye>s be=e1 w happ5 #dd m9utes #cb seconds too soon2 & w ga9 z mu* 9 ea* succe$+ f\r ye>s4 ,s t at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 aft] ! ye> #cbe1 ! equ9ox w happ5 on ! #bj? ( ,m>*1 aft]w>ds on ! #ai?1 & s on4 ,?is cont9ual advance notifi$ by ! a/ronom]s1 det]m9$ ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 to introduce a new re=m into ! cal5d>4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aehb t ! ,gregorian re=m 0 put into op]ation4 ,at t epo* ! v]nal equ9ox happ5$ on ! #aa? in/ead ( ! #ba/ ( ,m>*4 ,to get rid ( ?is advance ( t5 days t ! equ9ox _h made & to br+ x back to ! orig9al date1 ,pope ,gregory decid$ t ! day aft] ! #d? ( ,octob]1 #aehb1 %\ld be call$ ! #ae? in/ead ( ! #e?4 ,?is *ange only did away ) ! inconv5i5ce at ! "t atta*+ to ! ,julian cal5d>2 x 0 necess>y to make also "s modification 9 ! rule :i* s]v$ to det]m9e ! l5g?s ( ! civil ye>s1 9 ord] to avoid ! same error = ! future4 ,s ! ,pope det]m9$ t 9 ea* #djj ye>s !re %\ld be only #ig bissextile ye>s1 in/ead ( #ajj1 z !re us$ to be 9 ! ,julian cal5d>4 ,?is made ?ree days tak5 (f ! #djj ye>s1 & 9 consequ5ce ! mean value ( ! civil ye> is r$uc$ to #cfe4bdbe days1 :i* is n f> f ! true tropical ye>4 ,! ,gregorian ye> ?us obta9$ is /ill too great by 4#jjjbbf ( a day2 ! date ( ! v]nal equ9ox w /ill !n advance 9 virtue ( ?is excess1 b x is easy to see t ! ,gregorian re=m w suffice = a great numb] ( c5turies4 ,! me?od 9 :i* x is c>ri$ out is z foll[s3--,9 ! ,julian cal5d> ea* ye> t divid$ by f\r :5 express$ 9 its usual way1 by ,a4,d41 0 a leap ye>1 & !re=e ea* ye> t complet$ a c5tury 0 su*1 z #acjj1 #adjj & s on--b 9 ! ,gregorian re=m1 all ^! c5tury numb]s are to be reckon$ common ye>s1 unless ! numb] )\t ! two cyph]s divides by f\r2 ?us #a1ijj w be a common ye> & #b1jjj a leap ye>4 ,x is easy to see t ?is w leave out ?ree leap ye>s 9 e #djj ye>s4 ,! ,gregorian cal5d> 0 imm$iately adopt$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & a little lat] 9 ,engl&4 ,n[ x is 9 op]ation 9 all ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries ( ,europe1 except ,russia1 :]e ! ,julian cal5d> is /ill foll[$4 ,x foll[s t ,russian dates d n agree ) ours4 ,9 #aehb1 ! diff]5ce 0 t5 days1 & ?is diff]5ce rema9$ ! same till ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! ye> #agjj 0 bissextile 9 ! ,julian1 b n 9 ! ,gregorian cal5d>1 s ! diff]5ce increas$ to elev5 days1 & n[ 9 ! same way is twelve days4 ,next to ! ye>1 comes ! day z ! mo/ natural division ( "t 9 connection ) ! e>?1 ?\gh x admits ( less diff]5ce 9 its arrangem5ts1 z we _c be mi/ak5 z to its l5g?4 ,x is ! natural /&>d too ( our division ( "t into %ort] int]vals su* z h\rs1 m9utes1 & seconds4 ,by ! ^w day we mean ( c\rse ! int]val dur+ :i* ! e>? makes a complete revolution r\nd itself1 :ile daytime may be us$ to express ! portion ( x dur+ :i* our portion ( ! e>? is t[>ds ! sun4 ,! ,greeks to avoid ambiguity us$ ! ^w nyctem]e1 mean+ night & day4 ,no anci5t nation is kn[n t did n divide ! day into tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 !y divid$ x at all into su* small p>ts1 :i* seems to %[ t su* a division 0 comp>atively a late in/itution1 & 0 d]iv$ f ! inv5tion ( a s+le nation4 ,x w\ld necess>ily dep5d on ! possibility ( reckon+ %ort] p]iods ( "t ?an ! natural "o ( ! day4 ,9 ! e>lie/ ages1 & ev5 aft]w>ds1 ! position ( ! sun 9 ! heav5s by day1 & ! position ( ! con/ellations by night1 gave approximately ! "t4 ,in/ead ( ask+ ,:at o'clock is x8 ! ,greeks w\ld say1 ,:at /> is pass+8 ,! next me?od ( det]m9+ "t dep5d$ on ! uni=m motion ( wat] f a ci/]n4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ! ,egyptians1 & 0 call$ a clepsydra1 & 0 9 use among ! ,babylonians1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans4 ,! m accurate measurem5t ( "t by means ( clocks 0 n introduc$ till ab\t #adj ,b4,c41 :5 ,trimalcion _h "o 9 8 d9+ *amb]4 ,! use ( !m1 h[ev]1 _h be5 s lo/ t 9 #gfj ,a4,d4 !y 7 consid]$ q novelties4 ,! clocks1 ( c\rse1 h to be regulat$ by ! sun1 an op]ation :i* has be5 ! employm5t ( a/ronom]s1 among o!r ?+s1 = c5turies4 ,ea* locality _h its own "t accord+ to ! mom5t :5 ! sun pass$ ! m]idian ( ! place1 a mom5t :i* 0 det]m9$ by obs]vation4 ,be=e ! introduction ( ! h\r1 ! day & night appe> to h be5 divid$ into wat*es4 ,among ! ,babylonians ! night 0 reckon$ f :at we call #f ,a4,m4 to #f ,p4,m41 & divid$ into ?ree wat*es ( f\r h\rs ea*--call$ ! ev5+1 middle1 & morn+ wat*4 ,^! 7 lat] sup]s$$ by ! m accurate h\r1 or r d\ble h\r or casbri1 ea* ( :i* 0 divid$ into sixty m9utes & sixty seconds1 & ! *ange tak+ place n e>li] ?an #b1jjj ,b4,c4 ,:e!r ! ,babylonians 7or ,accadians7 7 ! inv5tors ( ! h\r x is difficult to say1 ?\gh !y almo/ c]ta9ly 7 ( o!r divisions ( "t4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% ,scriptures we f9d no m5tion ( any su* division until ! date at :i* ! prophecy ( ,daniel 0 writt51 t is1 until ! ,jews _h come 9 contact ) ! ,babylonians4 ,"s nations h c\nt$ ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs consecutively f "o to tw5ty-f\r z a/ronom]s d n[1 b o!rs & ! majority h divid$ ! :ole p]iod into two ( twelve h\rs ea*4 ,! "t ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! day has v>i$ mu* ) ! diff]5t nations4 ,! ,jews1 ! anci5t ,a!nians1 ! ,*9ese1 & sev]al o!r peoples1 m or less ( ! pa/1 h comm5c$ ! day ) ! sett+ ( ! sun1 a cu/om :i* p]haps orig9at$ ) ! det]m9ation ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! ye>1 & !re=e ( ! day1 by ! obs]vation ( "s />s t 7 se5 at sunset1 a cu/om cont9u$ 9 our memory by ! well-kn[n words1 ! ev5+ & ! morn+ 7 ! fir/ day4 ,! ,italians1 till rec5tly1 c\nt$ ! h\rs 9 a s+le s]ies1 betwe5 two sett+s ( ! sun4 ,! only ga9 9 su* a me?od w\ld be to sailors1 t !y might "k h[ _m h\rs !y _h be=e night ov]took !m2 ! sun always sett+ at tw5ty-f\r o'clock2 if ! wat* m>k$ n9ete5 or tw5ty1 x w\ld mean !y _h five or f\r h\rs to see by--b su* a ga9 w\ld be v small aga9/ ! necessity ( sett+ _! wat*es diff]5tly e morn+1 & ! inconv5i5ce ( nev] hav+ fix$ h\rs = meals4 ,among ! ,babylonians1 ,syrians1 ,p]sians1 ! mod]n ,greeks1 & inhabitants ( ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 c41 ! day comm5c$ ) ! ris+ ( ! sun4 ,nev]!less1 among all ! a/ronomical ph5om5a t may be submitt$ to obs]vation1 none is s liable to unc]ta9ty z ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ow+ among o!r ?+s to ! effects ( refraction4 ,among ! anci5t ,arabians1 foll[$ 9 ?is by ! au?or ( ! ,almage/a1 & by ,ptolemy1 ! day comm5c$ at noon4 ,mod]n a/ronom]s adopt ?is usage4 ,! mom5t ( *ang+ ! date is !n always m>k$ by a ph5om5on easy to obs]ve4 ,la/ly1 t we may see h[ e v>iety possible is sure to be *os5 :5 any?+ is left to ! free *oice ( m51 we "k t ) ! ,egyptians1 ,hipp>*us1 ! anci5t ,romans1 & all ! ,european nations at pres5t1 ! day beg9s at midnight4 ,cop]nicus among ! a/ronom]s ( our era foll[$ ?is usage4 ,we may rem>k t ! comm5cem5t ( ! a/ronomical day comm5ces twelve h\rs aft] ! civil day4 ,( ! v>i\s p]iods compos$ ( sev]al days1 ! week ( sev5 days is ! mo/ widely spread--& ( consid]able antiquity4 ,yet x is n ! univ]sal me?od ( divid+ mon?s4 ,among ! ,egyptians ! mon? 0 divid$ into p]iods ( t5 days ea*2 & we f9d no sign ( ! sev5 days--! sev]al days ( ! :ole mon? hav+ a god assign$ to ea*4 ,among ! ,h9doos no trace has be5 f\nd by ,max ,muell] 9 _! anci5t ,v$ic lit]ature ( any su* division1 b ! mon? is divid$ into two accord+ to ! moon2 ! cle> half f ! new to ! full moon1 ! obscure half f ! full to ! new1 & a simil> division has be5 f\nd among ! ,aztecs4 ,! ,*9ese divide ! mon? l ! ,egyptians4 ,among ! ,babylonians two me?ods ( divid+ ! mon? exi/$1 & bo? ( !m f ! e>lie/ times4 ,! fir/ me?od 0 to sep>ate x into two halves ( fifte5 days ea*1 & ea* ( ^! p]iods into ?ree %ort] ones ( five days1 mak+ six p] mon?4 ,! o!r me?od is ! week ( sev5 days4 ,! days ( ! week ) !m1 z !y are ) _m nations n[1 7 nam$ aft] ! sun & moon & ! five planets1 & ! #g?1 #ad?1 #ai?1 #ba/1 & #bh? days ( ea* mon?--days sep>at$ by sev5 days ea* omitt+ ! #ai?--7 t]m$ days ( re/1 on :i* c]ta9 works 7 =bidd5 to be done4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t we h "h all ! elem5ts ( our mod]n week4 ,we f9d x1 z is well kn[n1 9 ! e>lie/ ( ,hebrew writ+s1 b )\t ! m>k :i* gives reason = ! numb] sev51 t is ! names ( ! sev5 heav5ly bodies4 ,x w\ld seem mo/ probable1 !n1 t we mu/ look to ! ,accadians z ! orig9ators ( our mod]n week1 f :om ! ,hebrews may h--&1 if s1 at a v e>ly p]iod--borr[$ ! idea4 ,x is kn[n t ! week 0 n employ$ 9 ! anci5t cal5d>s ( ! ,romans1 into :i* x 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! biblical traditions1 & became a legal usage "u ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,emp]ors4 ,f !nce x has be5 propagat$ toge!r ) ! ,julian cal5d> among/ all ! populations t h be5 subject$ to ! ,roman p[]4 ,we f9d ! p]iod ( sev5 days employ$ 9 ! a/ronomical treatises ( ,h9doo writ]s1 b n be=e ! fif? c5tury4 ,dion ,cassius1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 repres5ts ! week z univ]sally spread 9 8 times1 & consid]s x a rec5t inv5tion :i* he attributes to ! ,egyptians2 mean+ !reby1 d\btless1 ! a/rolog]s ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 at t "t v eag] to spread ! ab/ract speculations ( ,plato & ,py?agoras4 ,if ! names ( ! days ( ! week 7 d]iv$ f ! planets1 ! sun & moon1 z is easy to see1 x is n s cle> h[ !y came to h _! pres5t ord]4 ,! orig9al ord] 9 :i* !y 7 suppos$ to be plac$ 9 ! v>i\s heav5s t support$ !m accord+ to _! di/ance f ! e>? 0 ?us3--,saturn1 ,jupit]1 ,m>s1 ! ,sun1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ! ,moon4 ,"o supposition is t ea* h\r ( ! day 0 sacr$ to "o ( ^!1 & t ea* day 0 nam$ f ! god t presid$ ov] ! fir/ h\rs4 ,n[1 z sev5 goes ?ree times into tw5ty-f\r1 & leaves ?ree ov]1 x is pla9 t if ,saturn began ! fir/ h\r ( ,saturday1 ! next day w\ld beg9 ) ! planet ?ree fur!r on 9 ! s]ies1 :i* w\ld br+ u to ! ,sun = ,sunday1 ?ree m w\ld br+ u next day to ! ,moon = ,monday1 & s to ,m>s = ,tuesday1 to ,m]cury = ,w$nesday1 to ,jupit] = ,?ursday1 to ,v5us = ,friday1 & s r\nd aga9 to ,saturn = ,saturday4 ,! same me?od is illu/rat$ by putt+ ! symbols 9 ord] r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 & jo9+ !m by l9es to ! "o mo/ opposite1 foll[+ always 9 ! same ord] z 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,we arrive 9 ?is way at ! ord] ( ! days ( ! week4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,all ! nations :o h adopt$ ! week h n kept to ! same names = !m1 b h v>i$ !m accord+ to ta/e4 ,?us ,sunday 0 *ang$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* to ! ,"l's ,day1 a "n x /ill p>tially reta9s among ourselves1 b :i* is ! regul> "n among sev]al cont95tal nations1 includ+ ! corrupt$ ,diman*e ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! f\r middle days h also be5 v l>gely *ang$1 z !y h be5 among ourselves & mo/ nor!rn nations to commemorate ! names ( ! great ,sc&9avian gods ,tuesco1 ,wod51 ,?or1 & ,friga4 ,?is *ange 0 no d\bt due to ! old my?ology ( ! ,druids be+ amalgamat$ ) ! new me?od ( collect+ ! days into weeks4 ,we give bel[ a g5]al table ( ! names ( ! days ( ! week 9 sev]al diff]5t languages4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,engli%4 ,,fr5*4 ,,italian4 ,,spani%4 ,,portuguese4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sunday4 ,diman*e4 ,dom5ica4 ,dom+o4 ,dom+o4 ,monday4 ,lundi4 ,lun$i4 ,luneo4 ,secunda feira4 ,tuesday4 ,m>di4 ,m>teti4 ,m>tes4 ,t]ca feira4 ,w$nesday4 ,m]cr$i ,m]col$i4 ,mi]coles4 ,qu>ta feira4 ,?ursday4 ,jeudi4 ,giov$i4 ,jueves4 ,qu9ta feira4 ,friday4 ,v5dr$i4 ,v5]di4 ,vi]nes4 ,sexta feira4 ,saturday4 ,sam$i4 ,sabbato4 ,sabado4 ,sabbado4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,g]man4 ,,anglo-,,saxon4 ,,anci5t ,,anci5t ,,dut*4 ,,frisian4 ,,nor?m54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,sonntag4 ,sonnan daeg4 ,sonna dei4 ,sunnu dagr4 ,zondag4 ,montag4 ,monan daeg4 ,mona dei4 ,mana dagr4 ,ma&ag4 ,di5/ag4 ,tives daeg4 ,tys dei4 ,tyrs dagr4 ,d+sdag4 ,mitwo*4 ,vod5es daeg4 ,w]ns dei4 ,od9s dagr4 ,wo5sdag4 ,donn]/ag4 ,?unores daeg4 ,?unres dei4 ,?ors dagr4 ,dond]dag4 ,freitag4 ,frige daeg4 ,frig5 dei4 ,fria dagr4 ,vrijdag4 ,sam/ag4 ,soet]nes ,sat] dei4 ,laug> dagr ,zaturdag4 daeg4 7wa%+ day7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,! cycle :i* mu/ be complet$ ) ! pres5t cal5d> to br+ ! same day ( ! ye> to ! same day ( ! week1 is tw5ty-eight ye>s1 s9ce !re is "o day ov] e ord9>y ye>1 & two e leap ye>2 :i* w make an ov]lapp+ ( days :i*1 except at ! c5turies1 w g ?r\gh all ! *anges 9 tw5ty-eight times1 :i* =ms :at is call$ ! sol> cycle4 ,!re is b "o m po9t t w be int]e/+ ab\t ! cal5d>1 namely1 ! date f :i* we reckon our ye>s4 ,among ! ,jews x 0 f ! creation ( ! _w1 z record$ 9 _! sacr$ books--b no "o c det]m9e :5 t 0 ) suffici5t accuracy to make x repres5t any?+ b an agreem5t ( ! pres5t day4 ,diff]5t int]pret]s d n come )9 a ?\s& ye>s ( "o ano!r = its suppos$ date2 al?\gh "s ( !m h det]m9$ x v accurately to _! own satisfaction--"o go+ s f> z to say t creation f9i%$ at n9e o'clock "o ,sunday morn+6 ,9 o!r cases ! date has be5 reckon$ f national ev5ts--z 9 ! ,olympiads1 ! f\ndation ( ,rome1 c4 ,! ^w we n[ use1 ,,a]a1 po9ts to a p>ticul> date f :i* to reckon1 s9ce x is compos$ ( ! initials ( ! words ,,ab ,,exordio ,,regni ,,augu/i f ! comm5cem5t ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,at ! pres5t day ! po9t ( dep>ture1 bo? =w>ds & backw>ds1 is ! ye> ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/--a date :i* is itself controv]t$1 & ! use ( :i* did n exi/ among ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,!y exhibit$ great indiff]5ce1 = _m c5turies1 z to ! ye> 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ ent]$ ! _w4 ,x 0 a monk :o liv$ 9 obscurity at ,rome1 ab\t ! ye> #ehj1 :o 0 a native ( s unkn[n a c\ntry t he has be5 call$ a ,scy?ian1 & ^: "n 0 ,d5ys1 surnam$ ,exiguus1 or ! ,little1 :o fir/ attempt$ to discov] by *ronological calculations ! ye> ( ! bir? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! era ( ,d5ys ! ,little 0 n adopt$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,two c5turies aft]w>ds1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e exhort$ ,*ri/ians to make use ( x--& x only came into g5]al use ab\t ! ye> #hjj4 ,among ^? :o adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian era1 "s made ! ye> comm5ce ) ,m>*1 :i* 0 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ye> ( ,romulus2 o!rs 9 ,janu>y1 :i* comm5ces ! ye> ( ,numa2 o!rs comm5c$ on ,*ri/mas ,day2 & o!rs on ,lady ,day1 ,m>* #be4 ,ano!r =m ( nom9al ye> 0 t :i* comm5c$ ) ,ea/] ,day1 9 :i* case1 ! fe/ival be+ a movable "o1 "s ye>s 7 %ort] ?an o!rs1 & 9 "s ye>s !re might be two #bnd1 #crd1 c41 ( ,april1 if ,ea/] fell 9 "o ye> on ! #bnd1 & next ye> a few days lat]4 ,! #a/ ( ,janu>y 0 made to beg9 ! ye> 9 ,g]many 9 #aejj4 ,an edict ( ,*>les ,,ix4 prescribes ! same 9 ,france 9 #aefc4 ,b x 0 n till #ageb t ! *ange 0 made 9 ,engl& by ,"l ,*e/]field's ,act4 ,! ye> #agea1 z ! ye> t _h prec$$ x1 began on ,m>* #be?1 & x %\ld h la/$ till ! next ,lady ,day2 b accord+ to ! ,act1 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & "p ( ,m>* 7 to be reckon$ z "p ( ! ye> #ageb4 ,by ?is means ! un?9k+ seem$ to h gr[n old sudd5ly by ?ree mon?s1 & popul> clam\r 0 rais$ aga9/ ! promot] ( ! ,bill1 & cries rais$ ( ,give u our ?ree mon?s4 ,su* h be5 ! v>i\s *anges t our cal5d> has und]gone to br+ x to its pres5t /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,p]haps ! mo/ anxi\s "q t has be5 ask$ ( ! a/ronom] is :5 ! _w is to come to an end4 ,x is a "q :i*1 ( c\rse1 he has no p[] to answ] ) tru?2 b x is also "o t has (t5 be5 answ]$ 9 good fai?4 ,x has p]haps be5 some:at natural to ask su* a "q ( an a/ronom]1 p>tly because 8 sci5ce naturally deals ) ! /ructure ( ! univ]se1 :i* might give "s light z to its future1 & p>tly because ( 8 connection ) a/rology1 ^: prov9ce x 0 suppos$ to be to op5 ! de/9y ( all ?+s4 ,yet ! "q has be5 answ]$ by o!rs ?an by a/ronom]s1 on gr\nds connect$ ) _! fai?4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ur*1 ! belief 9 ! rapid approa* ( ! end ( ! _w 0 univ]sally spread among/ ,*ri/ians4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les seem$ to ann\nce its com+ be=e t g5]ation pass$ away4 ,aft]w>ds1 x 0 expect$ at ! ye> #ajjj2 & ?\gh ^! beliefs did n re/ 9 any way on a/ronomical gr\nds1 yet to t sci5ce 0 rec\rse _h = enc\ragem5t or disc\ragem5t ( ! idea4 ,! middle ages1 fall ( simple fai? & sup]/iti\s cr$ulity1 7 fill$ ) fe> ( ?is t]rible cata/rophe4 ,z ! ye> #ajjj approa*$1 ! w>n+s became frequ5t & v press+4 ,?us1 = example1 ,b]n>d ( ,?ur+ia1 ab\t #ifj1 began to ann\nce publicly t ! _w 0 ab\t to end1 decl>+ t he _h _h a p>ticul> revelation ( ! fact4 ,he took = 8 text ! enigmatical words ( ! ,apocalypse3 ,at ! end ( "o ?\s& ye>s1 ,satan %all be loos$ f 8 prison1 & %all s$uce ! p t are 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,! book ( life %all be op51 & ! sea %all give up h] dead4 ,he fix$ ! day :5 ! ,annunciation ( ! ,virg9 %\ld co9cide ) ,good ,friday z ! end ( all ?+s4 ,?is happ5$ 9 #iib1 b no?+ extraord9>y happ5$4 ,dur+ ! t5? c5tury ! royal proclamations op5$ by ?is *>act]i/ic phrase3 ,:]eas ! end ( ! _w is approa*+4444 ,9 #aahf ! a/rolog]s fright5$ ,europe by ann\nc+ a conjunction ( all ! planets4 ,rigord1 a writ] ( t p]iod1 says 9 8 ,life ( ,philip ,augu/us3 ,! a/rolog]s ( ! ,ea/1 ,jews1 ,s>ac5s1 & ev5 ,*ri/ians1 s5t lett]s all ov] ! _w1 9 :i* !y pr$ict$1 ) p]fect assurance1 t 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb] !re w\ld be great tempe/s1 e>?quakes1 mortality among m51 s$itions & discords1 revolutions 9 k+doms1 & ! de/ruction ( all ?+s4 ,b1 he adds1 ! ev5t v soon beli$ _! pr$ictions4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 9 #aaih1 ano!r al>m ( ! end ( ! _w 0 rais$1 b ?is "t x 0 n dep5d5t on cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,x 0 said t ,anti*ri/ 0 born 9 ,babylon1 & !re=e all ! human race w\ld be de/roy$4 ,x w\ld be a curi\s li/ to make ( all ! ye>s 9 :i* x 0 said t ,anti*ri/ 0 born2 !y might be c\nt$ by hundr$s1 to say no?+ ( ! future4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! al*emi/ ,arnault ( ,vill5euve ann\nc$ ! end ( ! _w = #acce4 ,9 8 treatise ,de ,sigillis he applies ! influ5ce ( ! />s to al*emy1 & exp\nds ! my/ical =mula by :i* demons are to be conjur$4 ,/4 ,v9c5t ,f]ri]1 a fam\s ,spani% prea*]1 gave to ! _w z _m ye>s' duration z !re 7 v]ses 9 ! ,psalms--ab\t #becg4 ,! sixte5? c5tury produc$ a v pl5tiful crop ( pr$ictions ( ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,simon ,g\l>t1 = example1 gave ! _w an appall+ acc\nt ( t]rible sights se5 9 ,assyria--:]e a m\nta9 op5$ & %[$ a scroll ) lett]s ( ,greek--,! end ( ! _w is com+4 ,?is 0 9 #aecb2 b aft] t ye> _h pass$ 9 safety1 ,leovitius1 a fam\s a/rolog]1 pr$ict$ x aga9 = #aehd4 ,l\is ,gayon reports t ! fright at ?is "t 0 great4 ,! *ur*es c\ld n hold ^? :o s\ght a refuge 9 !m1 & a great numb] made _! wills1 )\t reflect+ t !re 0 no use 9 x if ! :ole _w 0 to f9i%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ma!maticians ( ,europe1 nam$ ,/(fl]1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & :o work$ = a long "t at ! re=m ( ! cal5d> propos$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 pr$ict$ a univ]sal deluge = #aebd4 ,?is deluge 0 to happ5 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 because ,saturn1 ,jupit]1 & ,m>s 7 !n toge!r 9 ! sign ( ! ,fi%es4 ,ev]yone 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 to :om ^! tid+s came1 0 9 a /ate ( con/]nation4 ,!y expect$ a deluge1 9 spite ( ! ra9b[4 ,_m contempor>y au?ors report t ! inhabitants ( ! m>itime prov9ces ( ,g]many sold _! l&s = a m]e trifle to ^? :o _h m money & less cr$ulity4 ,ea* built himself a boat l an ark4 ,a doctor ( ,t\l\se1 nam$ ,auriol1 made a v l>ge ark = himself1 8 family1 & 8 fri5ds1 & ! same precautions 7 tak5 by a great _m p 9 ,italy4 ,at la/ ! mon? ( ,febru>y came1 & n a drop ( ra9 fell4 ,nev] 0 a dri] mon? or a m puzzl$ set ( a/rolog]s4 ,nev]!less !y 7 n disc\rag$ nor neglect$ = all t1 & ,/(fl] himself1 associat$ ) ! celebrat$ ,regiomontanus1 pr$ict$ once m t ! end ( ! _w w\ld come 9 #aehh1 or at lea/ t !re w\ld be frightful ev5ts :i* w\ld ov]turn ! e>?4 ,?is new pr$iction 0 a new deception2 no?+ extraord9>y occurr$ 9 #aehh4 ,! ye> #aegb1 h[ev]1 witness$ a /range ph5om5on1 capable ( ju/ify+ all _! fe>s4 ,an unkn[n /> came sudd5ly into view 9 ! con/ellation ( ,cassiopeia1 s brilliant t x 0 visible ev5 9 full daylight1 & ! a/rolog]s calculat$ t x 0 ! /> ( ! ,magi :i* _h return$1 & t x ann\nc$ ! second com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies 7 fill$ ) new pr$ictions ( great v>iety4 ,ev5 our own c5tury has n be5 )\t su*4 ,a religi\s "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahbf1 by ! ,c\nt ,sallm>d ,mont=t1 demon/rat$ p]fectly t ! _w _h no m ?an t5 ye>s to exi/4 ,! _w1 he said1 is old1 & its "t ( end+ is ne>1 & ,i believe t ! epo* ( t t]rible ev5t is n f> (f4 ,jacob1 ! *ief ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel1 & consequ5tly ( ! anci5t ,*ur*1 0 born 9 #bafh ( ! _w1 i4e41 #ahcf ,b4,c4 ,! anci5t ,*ur*1 :i* 0 ! figure ( ! new1 la/$ #ahcf ye>s4 ,h5ce ! new "o w only la/ till #ahcf ,a4,d4 ,simil> prophecies by p]sons ( v>i\s nations h 9 l mann] be5 made1 )\t be+ fulfill$4 ,inde$1 we h _h our own prophets2 b !y h prov$ !mselves incr$ul\s ( _! own pr$ictions1 by tak+ leases t %\ld comm5ce 9 ! ye> ( ! _w's de/ruction4 ,b we h "o 9 /ore = u yet4 ,9 #ahdj1 ,pi]re ,l\is ( ,p>is calculat$ t ! end w\ld be 9 #aijj1 & he calculat$ 9 ?is way3--,! ,apocalypse says ! ,g5tiles %all occupy ! holy city = =ty-two mon?s4 ,! holy city 0 tak5 by ,om> 9 #fcf4 ,=ty-two mon?s ( ye>s is #abfj1 :i* br+s ! return ( ! ,jews to #ahif1 :i* w prec$e by a few ye>s ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,daniel also ann\nces ! arrival ( ,anti*ri/ #b1cjj days aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,artax]xes on ! ?rone ( ,p]sia1 #djj ,b4,c41 :i* aga9 br+s u to #aijj4 ,"s aga9 h put x at #bjjj ,a4,d41 :i* w make #f1jjj ye>s1 z !y ?9k1 f ! creation2 ^! are ! days ( "w2 !n comes ! #a1jjj ye>s ( mill5nial sabba?4 ,we are l$ f> away by ^! va9 speculations f ! :olesome /udy ( a/ronomy2 !y are useful only 9 %[+ h[ by a little latitude t sci5ce may w9d itself into all ! que/ions t 9 any way affect ! e>?4 ,inde$1 s9ce ! _w began1 ! _w w d\btless end1 & a/ronom]s are /ill ask$ h[ c\ld x be br\ght ab\t8 ,c]ta9ly x is n an impossible ev5t1 & !re are only too _m ways 9 :i* x has be5 imag9$ x might occur4 ,! "q is "o t /&s on a v diff]5t foot+ f t x occupi$ be=e ! days ( ,galileo & ,cop]nicus4 ,!n ! e>? 0 believ$ to be ! c5tre ( ! univ]se1 & all ! heav5s & />s creat$ = x4 ,!n ! comm5cem5t ( ! _w 0 ! comm5cem5t ( ! univ]se1 its de/ruction w\ld be ! de/ruction ( all4 ,n[1 ?anks to ! revolution 9 feel+ t has be5 accompli%$ by ! progress ( a/ronomy1 we h le>n$ our own insignificance1 & t among/ ! inf9ite numb] ( />s1 ea* support+ _! own sy/em ( inhabit$ planets1 our e>? occupies an inf9itesimally small portion1 & ! de/ruction ( x w\ld make no diff]5ce :atev]--/ill less its becom+ un9habitable4 ,x is an ev5t :i* mu/ h happ5$ & be happ5+ to o!r worlds1 )\t affect+ ! inf9ite life ( ! univ]se 9 any m>k$ degree4 ,nev]!less1 = ourselves1 ! "q rema9s z int]e/+ z if we 7 ! all 9 all1 b mu/ be approa*$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,num]\s hypo!ses h be5 put =? on ! "q b !y may mo/ly be dismiss$ z va94 ,buffon calculat$ t x _h tak5 #gd1hcb ye>s = ! e>? to cool d[n to its pres5t temp]ature1 & t x w take #ic1bia ye>s m be=e x w\ld be too cold = m5 to live ^u x4 ,b ,sir ,william ,?omson has %[n t ! int]nal heat ( ! e>?1 suppos$ to be due to its cool+ f fusion1 _c h s]i\sly modifi$ climate = a long s]ies ( ye>s1 & t life dep5ds ess5tially on ! heat ( ! sun4 ,ano!r hypo!sis1 ! mo/ anci5t ( all1 is t :i* supposes ! e>? w be de/roy$ by fire4 ,x comes d[n f ,zoroa/] & ! ,jews2 & on ! improbable supposition ( ! ?9 cru/ ( ! e>? ov] a molt5 mass1 ?is is ?\ght possible4 ,h[ev]1 z ! t5d5cy 9 ! pa/ has be5 all ! o!r way1 namely1 to make ! effect ( ! inn] heat ( ! e>? less m>k$ on ! surface1 we h no reason to expect a rev]sal4 ,a ?ird !ory w\ld make ! e>? die m gradually & m surely4 ,x is kn[n t by ! we>+ d[n ( ! surface by ! ra9s & riv]s1 !re is a t5d5cy to r$uce m\nta9s & all high p>ts ( ! e>? to a uni=m level1 a t5d5cy :i* is only c\nt]act$ by "s elevat+ =ce )9 ! e>?4 ,if ^! elevat+ =ces be suppos$ to be due to ! int]nal heat--a hypo!sis :i* _c be prov$--!n ) ! cool+ ( ! e>? ! elevat+ =ces w\ld cease1 &1 f9ally1 ! :ole ( ! cont95t w\ld be br\ght b5ea? ! sea & t]re/rial life p]i%4 ,ano!r int]e/+ b gr\ndless hypo!sis is t ( ,adhem> on ! p]iodicity ( deluges4 ,?is !ory dep5ds on ! fact ( ! unequal l5g? ( ! seasons 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,our autumn & our w9t] la/ #agi days4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e !y la/ #ahf days4 ,^! sev5 days1 or #afh h\rs1 ( diff]5ce1 increase ea* ye> ! coldness ( ! pole4 ,dur+ #aj1ejj ye>s ! ice accumulates at "o pole & melts at ! o!r1 !reby displac+ ! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity4 ,n[ a "t w arrive :51 aft] ! maximum ( elevation ( temp]ature on "o side1 a cata/rophe w happ51 :i* w br+ back ! c5tre ( gravity to ! c5tre ( figure1 & cause an imm5se deluge4 ,! deluge ( ! nor? pole 0 #d1bjj ye>s ago1 !re=e ! next w be #f1cjj h5ce4 ,x is v obvi\s to ask on ?is--,:y %\ld !re be a cata/rophe8 & :y %\ld n ! c5tre ( gravity return gradually z x 0 gradually displac$8 ,ano!r !ory has be5 t x w\ld p]i% by a comet4 ,t x w n be by ! %ock we h already se5 f ! light weight ( ! comet & f exp]i5ce2 b x has be5 sugge/$ t ! gas may comb9e ) ! air1 & an explosion take place t w\ld de/roy u all2 b is n t also contradict$ by exp]i5ce8 ,ano!r idea is t we %all f9ally fall into ! sun by ! resi/ance ( ! e!r to our motion4 ,encke's comet loses 9 ?irty-?ree ye>s a ?\s&? "p ( its velocity4 ,x appe>s !n t we %\ld h to wait millions ( c5turies be=e we came too ne> ! sun4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 we are simply dep5d5t on our sun1 & our de/9y dep5ds ^u t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 its voyage ?r\gh space x might enc\nt] or come )9 ! range ( "s d>k body we at pres5t "k no?+ (1 & ! attraction might put out ( h>mony all our sol> sy/em ) calamit\s results4 ,or s9ce we are aw>e t ! sun is a radiat+ body giv+ out its heat on all sides1 & !re=e gr[+ cold]1 x may "o day happ5 t x w be too cold to su/a9 life on ! e>?4 ,x is1 we "k1 a v>iable />1 & />s h be5 se5 to disappe>1 or ev5 to h a cata/rophe happ5 to !m1 z ! k9dl+ ( enorm\s quantities ( gas4 ,a cata/rophe 9 ! sun w be our own end4 ,font5elle has amus+ly describ$ 9 v]se ! result ( ! sun gr[+ cold1 :i* may be ?us ,engli%$3-- ,( ?is1 ?\gh1 ,i hav5't a d\bt1 ,"o day :5 !re isn't mu* light1 ,! poor little sun w g out ,& bid u politely--good-night4 ,look out f ! />s up on high1 ,"s o!r to help y to see2 ,i c't %9e any long]1 n ,i1 ,s9ce %9+ don't b5efit me4 ,!n d[n on our poor habitation ,:at numb]less evils w fall1 ,:5 ! heav5s dem& liquidation1 ,:y all w g sma%1 & !n all ,society come to an end4 ,soon out ( ! sleepy affair ,8 way w ea* travell] w5d1 ,no te/am5t leav+1 nor heir4 ,! cool+ ( ! sun mu/1 h[ev]1 take place v gradually1 z no cool+ has be5 p]ceiv$ dur+ ! exi/5ce ( man2 & ! gr[? ( plants 9 ! e>lie/ geological ages1 & ! life ( animals1 prove t = s long a "t x has be5 )9 ! limits )9 :i* life has be5 possible--& we may look =w>d to z long 9 ! future4 ,x is n ( c\rse ! "t :5 ! sun w become a d>k ball1 surr\nd$ by illum9at$ planets1 t we mu/ reckon z ! end ( ! e>?4 ,life w\ld h ceas$ long be=e t /age--no man w witness ! dea? ( ! sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,xvi4--,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,_w4 ,! dim9ution ( ! sun's heat w\ld h = its natural effect ! enl>gem5t ( ! glacial zones6 ! sea & ! l& 9 ^? p>ts ( ! e>? w\ld cease to support life1 :i* w\ld gradually be drawn clos] to ! equatorial belt4 ,man1 :o by 8 nature & 8 intellig5ce is be/ fitt$ to )/& cold climates1 w\ld rema9 among ! la/ ( ! inhabitants1 r$uc$ to ! mo/ mis]able n\ri%m5t4 ,drawn toge!r r\nd ! equator1 ! la/ ( ! sons ( e>? w\ld wage a la/ combat ) dea?1 & exactly z ! %ades approa*$1 w\ld ! human g5ius1 =tifi$ by all ! acquirem5ts ( ages pa/--give out its brighte/ light1 & attempt 9 va9 to ?r[ (f ! fatal cov] t 0 de/9$ to engulf him4 ,at la/1 ! e>?1 fad+1 dry1 & /]ile1 w\ld become an imm5se cemet]y4 ,& x w\ld be ! same ) ! o!r planets4 ,! sun1 already become r$1 w\ld at la/ become black1 & ! planet>y sy/em w\ld be an assemblage ( black balls revolv+ r\nd a l>g] black ball4 ,( c\rse ?is is all imag9>y1 & _c affect ourselves1 b ! v idea ( x is melan*oly1 & en\gh to ju/ify ! words ( ,campbell3-- ,= ?is ha? sci5ce se>*$ on we>y w+ ,by %ore & sea--ea* mute & liv+ ?+1 ,or r\nd ! cope h] liv+ *>iot driv5 ,& :eel$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! signs ( heav54 ,oh1 />-ey$ sci5ce1 ha/ ?\ w&]$ !re ,to waft u home ! message ( despair8 ,9 reality1 z we "k no?+ ( ! orig91 s we "k no?+ ( ! end ( ! _w2 & :]e s mu* has be5 accompli%$1 !re are obvi\sly inf9ite possibilities en\gh to satisfy ! hopes ( e "o4 ,:ile "s />s may be fad+1 o!rs may be ris+ into _! place1 & man ne$ n be id5tifi$ ) "o e>? alone1 b may re/ cont5t 9 ! idea t ! life univ]sal is et]nal4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,london3 ,p4 ,,clay1 ,,sons1 ,,& ,,taylor1 ,,pr9t]s4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes3 #a4 ,passages 9 italics are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 #b4 ,images h be5 mov$ f ! middle ( a p>agraph to ! close/ p>agraph break4 #c4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations1 = example1 ,greek3 a repres5ts fir/ ,greek lett] alpha4 #c4 ,! orig9al text includes c]ta9 symbols = planets & zodiac signs4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! symbols are replac$ by text "n ( ! correspond+ symbol4 ,= example1 symbol3 sun replaces ! symbolic repres5tation ( sun4 #d4 ,9 ?is text v]sion1 fractions are repres5t$ us+ hyph5 & =w>d sla%4 ,= example1 #c-a_/b /&s = ?ree & a half4 #e4 ,c]ta9 words use oe ligature 9 ! orig9al4 #f4 ,obvi\s errors 9 punctuation & a few mispr9ts h be5 sil5tly correct$4 #g4 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 pr9t]'s inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation & ligature usage h be5 reta9$4