material from the ,google ,print        
project47            ,,dante     ,,dante
  ,,six ,,sermons  ,,by  ,,philip ,h4   
,,wicksteed  ,m4,a4  ,illustration      
,,london ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul  ,,co41 #a  
,,paternoster ,,square #ahgi   7,the    
rights of translation and of            
reproduction are reserved7              
,,preface4   ,the five ,sermons which   
form the body of this little book on    
,dante were delivered in the ordinary   
course of my ministry at ,little        
,portland ,street ,chapel1 in the autumn
 of #ahgh1 and subsequently at the ,free
 ,christian ,church1 ,croydon1 in a     
slightly altered form4  ,they are now   
printed1 at the request of many of my   
hearers1 almost exactly as delivered at 
,croydon4  ,the substance of a sixth    
,sermon has been thrown into an         
,appendix4  ,in allowing the publication
 of this little volume1 my only thought 
is to let it take its chance with other 
fugitive productions of the ,pulpit that
 appeal to the ,press as a means of     

widening the possible area rather than  
extending the period over which the     
preacher's voice may extend2 and my only
 justification is the hope that it may  
here and there reach hands to which no  
more adequate treatment of the subject  
was likely to find its way4  ,the       
translations ,i have given are sometimes
 paraphrastic1 and virtually contain    
glosses or interpretations which make it
 necessary to warn the reader against   
regarding them as in every case ,dante's
 ipsissima verba4 ,for the most part the
 renderings are substantially my own2   
but ,i have freely availed myself of    
numerous translations1 without special  
acknowledgment1 whenever they supplied  
me with suitable phrases4  ,i have only 
to add the acknowledgment of my         
obligations to ,fraticelli's edition of 
,dante's works 7whose numbering of the  
minor poems and the letters ,i have     
adopted for reference71 to the same     
writer's ',life of ,dante1' and to ,mr4 
,symonds' ',introduction to the ,study  

of ,dante4'                             
,p4 ,h4 ,w4  ,june #ahgi4               
,,contents4                             
,,page  ,i4 ,,dante3 ,,as ,a ,,citizen  
,,of ,,florence               #a  ,,ii4 
,,dante3 ,,in ,,exile                   
#bi  ,,iii4 ,,hell                      
#ei  ,,iv4 ,,purgatory                  
#hi  ,v4 ,,heaven                       
#aai  ,,appendix                        
#ade     ,i  ,,dante',s ,,life ,,and    
,,principles  ,i4 ,,as ,a ,,citizen ,,of
 ,,florence   ,there are probably few   
competent judges who would hesitate to  
give ,dante a place of honour in the    
triad of the world's greatest poets2 and
 amongst these three ,dante occupies a  
position wholly his own1 peerless and   
unapproached in history4  ,for ,homer   
and ,shakespeare reflect the ages in    
which they lived1 in all their fullness 
and variety of life and motive1 largely 
sinking their own individuality in the  
intensity and breadth of their          
sympathies4 ,they are great teachers    

doubtless1 and fail not to lash what    
they regard as the growing vices or     
follies of the day1 and to impress upon 
their hearers the solemn lessons of     
those inevitable facts of life which    
they epitomise and vivify4 ,but their   
teaching is chiefly incidental or       
indirect1 it is largely unconscious1 and
 is often almost as difficult to unravel
 from their works as it is from the life
 and nature they so faithfully reflect4 
,with ,dante it is far otherwise4 ,aglow
 with a prophet's passionate conviction1
 an apostle's undying zeal1 he is guided
 by a philosopher's breadth and         
clearness of principle1 a poet's        
unfailing sense of beauty and command of
 emotions1 to a social reformer's       
definite and practical aims and a       
mystic's peace of religious communion4  
,and though his works abound in dramatic
 touches of startling power and variety1
 and delineations of character          
unsurpassed in delicacy1 yet with all   
the depth and scope of his sympathies he

 never for a moment loses himself or    
forgets his purpose4  ,as a philosopher 
and statesman1 he had analysed with keen
 precision the social institutions1 the 
political forces1 and the historical    
antecedents by which he found his time  
and country dominated2 as a moralist1 a 
theologian1 and a man1 he had grasped   
with a firmness that nothing could relax
 the essential conditions of human      
blessedness here and hereafter1 and with
 an intensity and fixity of definite    
self-conscious purpose almost without   
parallel he threw the passionate energy 
of his nature into the task of preaching
 the eternal truth to his countrymen1   
and through them to the world1 and      
thwarting and crushing the powers and   
institutions which he regarded as       
hostile to the well-being of mankind4   
,he strove to teach his brothers that   
their true bliss lay in the exercise of 
virtue here1 and the blessed vision of  
,god hereafter4 ,and as a step towards  
this1 and an essential part of its      

realisation1 he strove to make ,italy   
one in heart and tongue1 to raise her   
out of the sea of petty jealousies and  
intrigues in which she was plunged2 in a
 word1 to erect her into a free1 united 
country1 with a noble mother tongue4    
,these two purposes were one2 and1      
supported and supplemented by a         
never-dying zeal for truth1 a           
never-failing sense of beauty1 they     
inspired the life and works of ,dante   
,alighieri4  ,it is often held and      
taught1 that a strong and definite      
didactic purpose must inevitably be     
fatal to the highest forms of art1 must 
clip the wings of poetic imagination1   
distort the symmetry of poetic sympathy1
 and substitute hard and angular        
contrasts for the melting grace of those
 curved lines of beauty which pass one  
into the other4 ,had ,dante never lived1
 ,i know not where we should turn for   
the decisive refutation of this thought2
 but in ,dante it is the very           
combination said to be impossible that  

inspires and enthrals us4 ,a perfect    
artist1 guided in the exercise of his   
art by an unflagging intensity of moral 
purpose2 a prophet1 submitting his      
inspirations to the keenest             
philosophical analysis1 pouring them    
into the most finished artistic moulds1 
yet bringing them into ever fresher and 
fuller contact with their living source2
 a moralist and philosopher whose       
thoughts are fed by a prophet's         
directness of vision and a poet's tender
 grace of love1 a poet's might and      
subtlety of imagination--,philosopher1  
,prophet1 ,poet1 supreme as each1 unique
 as a combination of them all--such was 
,dante ,alighieri6 ,and his voice will  
never be drowned or forgotten as long as
 man is dragged downward by passion and 
struggles upward towards ,god1 as long  
as he that sows to the flesh shall of   
the flesh reap corruption1 and he that  
sows to the spirit reaps of the spirit  
life everlasting1 as long as the heart  
of man can glow responsive to a holy    

indignation with wrong1 or can feel the 
sweetness of the harmonies of peace4    
,it is little that ,i can hope to do1   
and yet ,i would fain do something1     
towards opening to one here and there   
some glimpse into that mighty temple1   
instinct with the very presence of the  
,eternal1 raised by the master hand1 nay
 rather wrought out of the mighty heart 
of ,dante2 but before we can even       
attempt to gather up a few fragments of 
the ',divine ,comedy1' as landmarks to  
guide us1 in our turn1 through ,hell and
 ,purgatory up to ,heaven1 it is needful
 for us to have some conception who     
,dante ,alighieri was1 and what were his
 fortunes in this mortal life4  ,and    
here ,i must once for all utter a       
warning1 and thereby discharge myself of
 a special duty4 ,the ,old ,testament   
itself has not been more ruthlessly     
allegorised than have ,dante's works and
 even his very life4 ,the lack of       
trustworthy materials1 in any great     
abundance1 for an account of the poet's 

outward lot1 the difficulty of fixing   
with certainty when he is himself       
relating actual events and when his     
apparent narratives are merely          
allegorical1 the obscurity1             
incompleteness1 and even apparent       
inconsistency of some of the data he    
supplies1 the uncertainty as to the     
exact time at which his different works 
were composed and the precise relation  
in which they stand to each other1 and  
the doubts which have been thrown upon  
the authenticity of some of the minor   
documents upon which the poet's         
biographers generally rely1 have all    
combined to involve almost every step of
 his life in deep obscurity4 ,here1     
then1 is a field upon which laborious   
research1 ingenious conjecture1 and wild
 speculation can find unending          
employment1 and consequently every      
branch of the study has quite a         
literature of its own4  ,now into this  
mass of controversial and speculative   
writings on ,dante1 ,i do not make the  

smallest pretensions to have penetrated 
a single step4 ,i am far from wishing to
 disparage such studies1 or to put      
forward in my own defence that stale and
 foolish plea1 the refuge of pretentious
 ignorance in every region of inquiry1  
that a mind coming fresh to the study   
has the advantage over those that are   
already well versed in it2 but surely   
the students who are making the         
elucidation of ,dante their life work   
would not ask or wish1 that until their 
endless task is completed all those     
whose souls have been touched by the    
direct utterance of the great poet      
should hold their peace until qualified 
to speak by half a life of study4  ,with
 no further apology1 then1 for seeming  
to venture too rashly on the task1 we   
may go on to a brief sketch of ,dante's 
life and principles4 ,the main lines    
which ,i shall follow are in most cases 
traced distinctly enough by ,dante's own
 hand1 and to the best of my belief they
 represent a fair average of the present

 or recent conclusions of scholars2 but1
 on the other hand1 there have always   
been some who would unhesitatingly treat
 as allegory much of what ,i shall      
present to you as fact1 who for instance
 would treat all ,dante's love for      
,beatrice1 and indeed ,beatrice's very  
existence1 as purely allegorical2 and1  
again1 where the allegory is admitted on
 all hands1 there is a ceaseless        
shifting and endless variety in the     
special interpretations adopted and     
rejected by the experts4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,dante1  
or properly ,durante1 ,alighieri was    
born in ,florence of an ancient and     
noble family1 in the year #abfe4 ,we may
 note that his life falls in a period   
which we used to be taught to regard as 
an age of intellectual stagnation and   
social barbarism1 in which ,christianity
 had degenerated into a jumbled chaos of
 puerile and immoral superstitions6 ,we 
may note also that in the early years of
 his life the poet was a contemporary of

 some of the noblest representatives of 
the feudo-,catholic civilisation1 that  
is to say of mediaeval philosophy1      
theology1 and chivalry1 while his       
manhood was joined in loving friendship 
with the first supremely great mediaeval
 artist1 and before he died one of the  
great precursors and heralds of the     
revival of learning was growing up to   
manhood and another had already left his
 cradle4 ,to speak of ,roger ,bacon1    
,thomas ,aquinas1 and ,st4 ,louis1 as   
living when ,dante was born1 of ,giotto 
as his companion and friend1 of         
,petrarch and ,boccaccio as already     
living when he died1 is to indicate more
 clearly than could be done by any more 
elaborate statement1 the position he    
occupies at the very turning point of   
the ,middle ,ages when the forces of    
modern life had begun to rise1 but the  
supremacy of mediaeval faith and        
discipline was as yet unbroken4         
,accordingly ,dante1 in whom the truest 
spirit of his age is1 as it were1 'made 

flesh1' may be variously regarded as the
 great morning star of modern           
enlightenment1 freedom1 and culture1 or 
as the very type of mediaeval           
discipline1 faith1 and chivalry4 ,to me1
 ,i confess1 this latter aspect of      
,dante's life is altogether predominant4
 ,to me he is the very incarnation of   
,catholicism1 not in its shame1 but in  
its glory4 ,yet the future is always    
contained in the present when rightly   
understood1 and just because ,dante was 
the perfect representative of his own   
age1 he became the herald and the       
prophecy of the ages to come1 not1 as we
 often vainly imagine them1 rebelling   
against and escaping from the           
overshadowing solemnity of the ages     
past1 but growing out of them as their  
natural and necessary result4  ,in the  
year #abfe1 then1 ,dante was born in    
,florence1 then one of the most powerful
 and flourishing1 but also1 alas6 one of
 the most factious and turbulent of the 
cities of ,europe4 ,he was but nine     

years old when he first met that        
,beatrice ,portinari who became         
thenceforth the loadstar of his life4   
,as to this lady we have little to say4 
,the details which ,dante's early       
biographers give us add but little to   
our knowledge of her1 and so far as they
 are not drawn from the poet's own      
words1 are merely such graceful         
commonplaces of laudatory description as
 any imagination of ordinary capacity   
would spontaneously supply for itself4  
,when we have said that ,beatrice was a 
beautiful1 sweet1 and virtuous girl1 we 
have said all that we know1 and all that
 we need care to know1 of the daughter  
of ,folco ,portinari1 who lived1 was    
married1 and died in ,florence at the   
end of the thirteenth century4 ,all that
 she is to us more than other           
,florentine maidens1 she is to us       
through that poet who1 as he wept her   
untimely death1 hoped with no vain hope 
'to write of her1 what ne'er was writ of
 woman4'#a         99       99       99 

99       99  ,it puts no great strain on
 our powers of credence1 to accept      
,dante's own statement of the rush of   
almost stupefying emotions which        
overwhelmed his childish heart when at  
the age of nine he went with his father 
to ,portinari's house1 and was sent to  
play with other children1 amongst them  
the little ,beatrice1 a child of eight  
years old4 ,the ',new ,life' waked      
within him from that moment1 and its    
strength and purity made him strong and 
pure4#b         99       99       99    
99       99  ,nine more years have      
passed4 ,dante is now eighteen4 ,he has 
made rapid progress in all the          
intellectual and personal               
accomplishments which are held to adorn 
the position of a ,florentine gentleman4
 ,his teachers have in some cases       
already discerned the greatness of his  
powers1 and he has become aware1        
probably by essays which never saw the  
light1 that he has not only a poet's    
passions and aspirations1 but a poet's  

power of moulding language into oneness 
with his thought4 ,he and ,beatrice know
 each other by sight1 as neighbours or  
fellow-citizens1 but ,dante has never   
heard her voice address a word to him4  
,yet she is still the centre of all his 
thoughts4 ,she has never ceased to be to
 him the perfect ideal of growing       
womanhood1 and to his devout and fervid 
imagination1 just because she is the    
very flower of womanly courtesy1 grace1 
and virtue1 she is an angel upon earth4 
,not in the hackneyed phrase of         
complimentary commonplace1 not in the   
exaggerated cant of would-be poetical   
metaphor1 but in the deep verity of his 
inmost life1 ,dante ,alighieri believes 
that ,beatrice ,portinari1 the maiden   
whose purity keeps him pure1 whose grace
 and beauty are as guardian angels      
watching over his life1 has more of     
heaven than of earth about her and      
claims kindred with ,god's more perfect 
family4  ,beatrice is now seventeen1 she
 is walking with two companions in a    

public place1 she meets ,dante and      
allows herself to utter a few words of  
graceful greeting4 ,it is the first time
 she has spoken to him1 and ,dante's    
soul is thrilled and fired to its very  
depths4 ,not many hours afterwards1 the 
poet began the first of his sonnets that
 we still possess1 perhaps the first he 
ever wrote4#c         99       99       
99       99       99  ,let us pass over 
eight or nine years more4 ,dante1 now   
about twenty-six1 is the very flower of 
chivalry and poetry4 ,the foremost men  
of his own and other cities--artists1   
musicians1 poets1 scholars1 and         
statesmen--are his friends4 ,somewhat   
hard of access and reserved1 but the    
most fascinating of companions and the  
faithfulest of friends to those who have
 found a real place in his heart1 ,dante
 takes a rank of acknowledged eminence  
amongst the poets of his day4 ,his      
verses1 chiefly in praise of ,beatrice1 
are written in a strain of tender       
sentiment1 that gives little sign of    

what is ultimately to come out of him1  
but there is a nervous and concentrated 
power of diction1 a purity and elevation
 of conception in them1 which may not   
have been obvious to his companions as  
separating him from them1 but which to  
eyes instructed by the result is full of
 deepest meaning4  ,and what of         
,beatrice8 ,she is dead4 ,it was never  
given to ,dante to call her his4 ,we    
know not so much as whether he even     
aspired to more than that gracious      
salutation in which1 to use his own     
expression1 he seemed to touch 'the very
 limits of beatitude4'#d  ,be this as it
 may1 it is certain that ,beatrice      
married a powerful citizen of ,florence 
several years before her death4 ,but she
 was still the guardian angel of the    
poet's life1 she was still the very type
 of womanhood to him2 and there was not 
a word or thought of his towards her but
 was full of utter courtesy and purity4 
,and now1 in the flower of her          
loveliness she is cut down by death1 and

 to ,dante life has become a            
wilderness4#e         99       99       
99       99       99  ,yet eight or nine
 years more4 ,dante is now in what his  
philosophical system regards as the very
 prime of life4#f ,he is thirty-five4   
,the date is #acjj4 ,since we left him  
weeping for the death of ,beatrice1 the 
unity of his life has been shattered and
 he has lost his way1 but only for a    
time4 ,now his powers and purposes are  
richer1 stronger1 more concentrated than
 ever4  ,in his first passion of grief  
for ,beatrice's death he had been       
profoundly touched by the pity of a     
gentle-eyed damsel whom a far from      
groundless conjecture identifies with   
,gemma ,donati1 the lady whom he married
 not long afterwards4 ,with this ,gemma 
he lived till his banishment1 and they  
had a numerous family4 ,the internal    
evidence of ,dante's works1 and the few 
circumstances really known to us1 give  
little support to the tradition that    
their marriage was an unhappy one4      

,dante's friends had hoped that domestic
 peace might console him for his        
irreparable loss1 but he himself had    
rather sought for consolation in the    
study of philosophy and theology2 and it
 befell him1 he tells us1 as one who in 
seeking silver strikes on gold--not1    
haply1 without guidance from on         
high2--for he began to see many things  
as in a dream1 and deemed that ,dame    
,philosophy must needs be supreme6#g    
,but neither domestic nor literary cares
 and duties absorbed his energies4 ,in  
late years he had begun to take an      
active part in the politics of his city1
 and was now fast rising to his true    
position as the foremost man of         
,florence and of ,italy4  ,thus1 we see 
new interests and new powers rising in  
his life1 but for a time the unity of   
that life was gone4 ,while ,beatrice    
lived ,dante's whole being was centred  
in her1 and she was to him the visible  
token of ,god's presence upon earth1 the
 living proof of the reality and the    

beauty of things ,divine1 born to fill  
the world with faith and gentleness4    
,but when she was gone1 when other      
passions and pursuits disputed with her 
memory the foremost place in ,dante's   
heart1 it was as though he had lost the 
secret and the meaning of life1 as      
though he had lost the guidance of      
,heaven1 and was whirled helplessly in  
the vortex of moral1 social1 and        
political disorder which swept over his 
country4 ,for ,italian politics at this 
period form a veritable chaos of        
shifting combinations and entanglements1
 of plots and counterplots1 of intrigue 
and treachery and vacillation1 though   
lightened ever and again by gleams of   
noblest patriotism and devotion4  ,yet  
,dante's soul was far too strong to be  
permanently overwhelmed4 ,gradually his 
philosophical reflections began to take 
definite shape4 ,he felt the wants of   
his own life and of his country's life4 
,he pierced down to the fundamental     
conditions of political and social      

welfare2 and when human philosophy had  
begun to restore unity and concentration
 to his powers1 then the sweet image of 
the pure maiden who had first waked his 
soul to love returned glorified and     
transfigured to guide him into the very 
presence of ,god4 ,she was the symbol of
 ,divine philosophy4 ,she1 and she only1
 could restore his shattered life to    
unity and strength1 and the love she    
never gave him as a woman1 she could    
give him as the protecting guardian of  
his life1 as the vehicle of ,god's      
highest revelation4#h         99        
99       99       99       99  ,with his
 life thus strengthened and enriched1   
with a firm heart and a steady purpose1 
,dante ,alighieri stood in the year     
#acjj at the helm of the ,state of      
,florence4 ,and here accordingly it     
becomes necessary for us to dwell for a 
moment on some of the chief political   
forces with which he had to deal4  ,the 
two great factions of the ,guelfs and   
,ghibellines were tearing the very heart

 of ,italy2 and without going into any  
detail1 we must try to point out the    
central ideas of each party4 ,the       
,ghibellines1 then1 appear to have      
represented an aristocratic principle of
 order1 constantly in danger of becoming
 oppressive1 while the ,guelfs          
represented a democratic principle of   
progress1 ever verging upon chaotic and 
unbridled licence4 ,the ,ghibellines    
longed for a national unity1 resting on 
centralisation2 the ,guelfs aimed at a  
local independence which tended to      
national disintegration4 ,the           
,ghibellines1 regarding the ,german     
,empire as the heir and representative  
of the ,empire of ,rome1 and as the     
symbol of ,italian unity1 espoused the  
,emperor's cause against the ,pope1     
declared the temporal power independent 
of the spiritual1 and limited the sphere
 of the priests entirely to the latter4 
,the ,guelfs found in the political     
action of the ,pope a counterpoise to   
the influence of the ,emperor2 the petty

 and intriguing spirit of the politics  
of the ,vatican made its ruler the      
natural ally of the disintegrating      
,guelfs rather than the centralising    
,ghibellines1 and accordingly the       
,guelfs ardently espoused the cause of  
the ,pope's temporal power1 and often   
sought in the royal house of ,france a  
further support against ,germany4       
,these broad lines1 however1 were       
constantly blurred and crossed by       
personal intrigue or ambition1 by family
 jealousies1 feuds1 and rivalries1 by   
unnatural alliances or by corruption and
 treachery4  ,now ,dante was by family  
tradition a ,guelf4 ,florence too was   
nominally the head quarters of          
,guelfism1 and ,dante had fought bravely
 in her battles against the             
,ghibellines4 ,but the more he reflected
 upon the sources of the evils by which 
,italy was torn1 the more profoundly he 
came to distrust the unprincipled       
meddling of the greedy princes of the   
house of ,france in ,italian politics1  

and the more jealously did he watch the 
temporal power of the ,pope4 ,perhaps   
the political opinions he afterwards    
held were not as yet fully consolidated1
 but his votes and proposals--which we  
read with a strange interest in the city
 archives of ,florence nearly six       
hundred years after the ink has         
dried--show that in #acjj he was at any 
rate on the highway to the conclusions  
he ultimately reached4 ,and we may      
therefore take this occasion of stating 
what they were4  ,it appeared to ,dante 
that ,italy was sunk in moral1 social1  
and political chaos1 for want of a firm 
hand to repress the turbulent factions  
that rent her bosom2 and that no hand   
except an ,emperor's could be firm      
enough4 ,the ,empire of ,rome was to him
 the most imposing and glorious         
spectacle offered by human history4 ,god
 had guided ,rome by miracles and signs 
to the dominion of the world that the   
world might be at peace4  ,and parallel 
with this temporal ,empire founded by   

,julius ,caesar1 was the spiritual      
,empire of the ,church1 founded by      
,jesus ,christ4 ,both alike were        
established by ,god for the guidance of 
mankind3 to rebel against either was to 
rebel against ,god4 ,brutus and         
,cassius1 who slew ,julius ,caesar1 the 
embodiment of the ,empire1 are placed by
 ,dante in the same depth of ,hell as   
,judas ,iscariot1 who betrayed ,jesus   
,christ1 the incarnation of the         
,church4#i ,these three had done what in
 them lay to reduce the world to civil  
and religious chaos1 for they had       
compassed the death of the ideal        
representatives of civil and religious  
order4 ,but both powers alike laid a    
mighty trust upon the human agents who  
administered them2 and as the ,empire   
and the ,church were the sublimest and  
the holiest of ideal institutions1 so a 
tyrannical ,emperor and a corrupt or    
recreant ,pope were amongst the foulest 
of sinners1 to be rebuked and resisted  
with every power of body and soul4      

,dante could no more conceive of the    
spiritual life without the authoritative
 guidance of the all-present1           
all-pervading ,church1 than he could    
conceive of a well-ordered polity       
without the all-penetrating force of    
law4 ,but it appeared to him as         
monstrous for the ,pope to seek         
political influence and to use his      
spiritual powers for political ends as  
he would have judged it for the ,emperor
 to exercise spiritual tyranny over the 
faith of ,christians4#aj  ,there can    
have been little in the political life  
of ,florence at this time to attract one
 who held such views4 ,but ,dante of all
 men hated and despised weak shrinking  
from responsibility4 ,if there is one   
feature in his stern character more     
awful than any other1 it is his         
unutterable1 withering contempt for     
those who lived without praise or blame1
 those wretches who never were alive4   
,he saw them afterwards in the outer    
circle of ,hell1 mingled with that      

caitiff herd of angels who were not for 
,god and yet were not for the rebels1   
but were only for themselves4           
,heaven drove them forth1 ,heaven's     
beauty not to stain1     ,nor would the 
deep ,hell deign to have them there     
,for any glory that the damned might    
gain6  ,no fame of them survives upon   
the earth1 ,pity and ,justice hold them 
in disdain1 their cries of passion and  
of woe are ever whirled through the     
starless air1 and their forgotten lot   
appears to them so base that they envy  
the very torments of the damned4 ',let  
us not speak of them1' says ,virgil to  
,dante1 'but gaze and pass them by4'#aa 
,so ,dante shrank not from his task when
 called to public office1 but laid his  
strong hand upon the helm of ,florence4 
,during a part of this year #acjj1 he   
filled the supreme magistracy1 and at   
that very time the old disputes of      
,guelf and ,ghibelline broke out in the 
city afresh under a thin disguise4 ,we  
have seen that ,dante's sympathies were 

now almost completely ,ghibelline1 but  
as the first ,prior of ,florence his    
duty was firmly to suppress all factious
 attempts to disturb the city's peace   
and introduce intestine discord4 ,it was
 not by party broils that ,italy would  
be restored to peace and harmony4 ,he   
behaved with a more than ,roman         
fortitude1 for it is easier for a father
 to chastise a rebellious son than for a
 true friend to override the claims of  
friendship4 ,dante's dearest friend1    
,guido ,cavalcanti1 bound to him by     
every tie of sympathy and fellowship    
which could unite two men in common     
purposes and common hopes1 was one of   
the leaders of the party with which     
,dante himself sympathised2 and yet1 for
 the good of his country and in         
obedience to his magisterial duty1 he   
tore this friend from his side though   
not from his heart1 and pronounced on   
him the sentence of banishment1 the     
weight of which he must even then have  
known so well4 ,it speaks to the eternal

 honour of ,guido1 as well as ,dante1   
that this deed appears not to have      
thrown so much as a shadow upon the     
friendship of the two men4#ab  ,had     
,dante's successors in office dealt with
 firmness and integrity equal to his    
own1 all might have been well2 but a    
vacillating and equivocal policy soon   
opened the door to suspicions and       
recriminations1 ,florence ceased to     
steer her own course and permitted      
foreign interference with her affairs1  
while the ,pope1 with intentions that   
may have been good but with a policy    
which proved utterly disastrous1        
furthered the intervention of the       
,french ,prince ,charles of ,valois4 ,it
 was a critical moment4 ,an embassy to  
the ,papal ,court was essential1 and a  
firm hand must meanwhile hold the reins 
at ,florence4 ',if ,i go1 who shall     
stay8 ,if ,i stay1 who shall go8' ,dante
 is reported to have said2 and though   
the saying is probably apocryphal1 yet  
it points out happily enough the true   

position of affairs4 ,dante was now no  
longer the chief magistrate of his city1
 but he was in fact1 though not in name1
 the one man of ,florence1 the one man  
of ,italy4  ,finally he resolved to go  
to ,rome4 ,but the blindness or         
corruption of the ,papal ,court was     
invincible2 and while ,dante was still  
toiling at his hopeless task1 ,charles  
of ,valois entered ,florence with his   
troops1 soon to realise the worst       
suspicions of those who had opposed his 
intervention4 ,nominally a restorer of  
tranquillity1 he stirred up all the     
worst and most lawless passions of the  
,florentines2 and while ,dante was      
serving his country at ,rome1 the unjust
 and cruel sentence of banishment was   
launched against him1 his property was  
confiscated and seized1 a few months    
afterwards he was sentenced to be burned
 to death should he ever fall into the  
power of the ,florentines1 and1 not     
content with all this1 his enemies      
heaped upon his name the foulest        

calumnies of embezzlement and           
malversation--calumnies which ,i suppose
 no creature from that hour to this has 
ever for one moment believed1 but which 
could not fail to make the envenomed    
wound strike deeper into ,dante's heart4
  ,so now he must leave 'all things most
 dear--this the first arrow shot from   
exile's bow1' in poverty and dependence 
his proud spirit must learn 'how salt a 
taste cleaves to a patron's bread1 how  
hard a path to tread a patron's stair2' 
and1 above all1 his unsullied purity and
 patriotism must find itself forced into
 constant association or even alliance  
with selfish and personal ambition1 or  
with tyranny1 meanness1 and             
duplicity4#ac ,how that great soul bore 
itself amid all these miseries1 what it 
learnt from them1 where it sought and   
found a refuge from them1 we shall see  
when we take up again the broken thread 
which we must drop to-day4              
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #a3 ,vita       
,nuova1 xliii4  ,footnote #b3 ,vita     

,nuova1 i1 ii4  ,footnote #c3 ,vita     
,nuova1 iii42 ,inferno1 xv4 #ee sqq4 c4 
,footnote #d3 ,vita ,nuova1 iii4        
,footnote #e3 ,vita ,nuova1 iv-xxx4     
,footnote #f3 ,convito1 iv4 #bc4        
,footnote #g3 ,convito1 ii4 #ac4        
,footnote #h3 ,vita ,nuova1 xxxi-xliii42
 ,convito1 ii42 ,purgatorio1 xxx1 xxxi4 
,footnote #i3 ,inferno1 xxxiv4 #ee-fg4  
,footnote #aj3 ,see the ,de ,monarchia4 
,compare ,purgatorio1 xvi4 #ajc-aab2    
,paradiso1 xviii4 #abd-acf4  ,footnote  
#aa3 ,inferno1 iii4 #bb-ea4  ,footnote  
#ab3 ,compare ,inferno1 x4 #eb-gb1      
#aji-aaa4  ,footnote #ac3 ,paradiso1    
xvii4 #ee-fc4     ,,ii  ,,dante',s      
,,life ,,and ,,principles  ,,ii4 ,,in   
,,exile   ,a rapid sketch of the most   
decisive events and the leading motives 
of the life of ,dante ,alighieri has    
brought us to the eventful period of his
 ,priorate in #acjj and his banishment  
in #acjb4 ,his unsuccessful efforts to  
carry out a firm and statesmanlike      
policy in ,florence1 with the wreck of  

his own fortunes consequent upon their  
failure1 may be regarded as the occasion
 if not the cause of his conceiving his 
greatest work1 the ',divine ,comedy4'   
,nineteen years elapsed between ,dante's
 exile and his death1 and both tradition
 and internal evidence indicate that the
 main strength of his life was poured   
during the whole of this period into the
 channels already laid down in its      
opening years4 ',forging on the anvil of
 incessant toil' the several parts of   
his great work1 and 'welding them into  
imperishable symmetry1'#ad the might of 
his intellect and the passion of his    
heart grappled for nineteen years with  
the task of giving worthy utterance to  
his vast idea4 ,line by line1 canto by  
canto1 the victory was won4 ,dante had  
shown that his mother tongue could rise 
to loftier themes than ,greek or ,roman 
had ever touched1 and had wrought out   
the fitting garb of a poem that stands  
alone in the literature of the world in 
the scope and sublimity of its          

conception4  ,barely to realise what it 
was that ,dante attempted1 wakes        
feelings in our hearts akin to awe4     
,when we think of that work and of the  
man who1 knowing what it was1           
deliberately set himself to do it1 an   
appalling sense of the presence of      
overwhelming grandeur falls upon us1 as 
when a great wall of rocky precipice    
rises sheer at our side1 a thousand and 
yet a thousand feet towards heaven4 ,our
 heads swim as we gaze up to the        
sky-line of such a precipice1 the ground
 seems to drop from beneath our feet1   
all our past and present becomes a      
dream1 and our very hold of life seems  
to slip away from us4 ,but the next     
moment a great exultation comes rushing 
upon our hearts1 with quickened pulses  
and drawing deeper breath we rise to the
 sublimity of the scene around us1 and  
our whole being is expanded and exalted 
by it4 ,after holding converse with such
 grandeur our lives can never be so     
small again4 ,and so it is when the     

meaning of ,dante's ,comedy breaks upon 
us4 ,when we follow the poet step by    
step as he beats or pours his thought   
into language1 when we note the firmness
 of his pace1 the mastery with which he 
handles and commands his infinite theme1
 the unflinching directness1 the godlike
 self-reliance1 with which he lays bare 
the hearts of his fellow-men and makes  
himself the mouthpiece of the ,eternal1 
when we gaze upon his finished work and 
the despair of ,hell1 the yearning of   
,purgatory1 the peace of ,heaven1 sweep 
over our hearts1 we are ready to whisper
 in awe-struck exultation3      ,what   
immortal hand or eye     ,dared form thy
 fearful symmetry8  ,the allegory with  
which the ',divine ,comedy' opens1      
shadows forth the meaning and the       
purpose of the whole poem4 ,in          
interpreting it we may at first give    
prominence to its political             
signification1 not because its main     
intention is certainly or probably      
political1 but because we shall thus be 

enabled to pass in due order from the   
outer to the inner circle of the poet's 
beliefs and purposes4  ,in the year     
#acjj1 then1 ,dante ,alighieri found    
that he had wandered1 he knew not how1  
from the true path of life1 and was     
plunged into the deadly forest of       
political1 social1 and moral disorder   
which darkened with terrific shade the  
fair soil of ,italy4 ,deep horror       
settled upon the recesses of his heart  
during the awful night1 but at last he  
saw the fair light of the morning sun   
brightening the shoulders of a hill that
 stretched above3 this was the peaceful 
land of moral and political order1 which
 seemed to offer an escape from the     
bitterness of that ghastly forest4      
,gathering heart at this sweet sight1   
,dante set himself manfully to work1    
with the nether foot ever planted firmly
 on the soil1 to scale that glorious    
height4 ,but full soon his toilsome path
 would be disputed with him4 ,the dire  
powers of ,guelfism would not allow the 

restoration of peace and order to       
,italy4 ,his first foe was the incurable
 factiousness and lightness of his own  
fair ,florence4 ,like a lithe and       
speckled panther it glided before him to
 oppose his upward progress1 and forced 
him once and again to turn back upon his
 steps towards that dread forest he had 
left4 ,but though forced back1 ,dante   
could not lose hope4 ,might he not tame 
this wild but beauteous beast8 ,yes2 he 
might have coped with the fickle1       
lustful1 factious1 envious but lovely   
,florence1 had not haughty ,france      
rushed on him like a lion1 at whose     
voice the air must tremble1 had not lean
 and hungry ,rome1 laden with insatiable
 greed1 skulked wolf-like in his path4  
,it was the wolf above all that forced  
him back into the sunless depths of that
 forest of dismay1 and dashed to the    
ground his hopes of gaining the fair    
height4 ,when could he1 when could his  
,italy1 rise from this chaos and be at  
peace8 ,not till some great political   

,messiah should draw his sword4 ,with no
 base love of pelf or thirst for land1  
but fed with wisdom1 love1 and virtue1  
he should exalt the humbled ,italy and  
drive away her foes4 ,like a noble      
hound1 he should chase the insatiable   
wolf of ,roman greed from city to city  
back to the ,hell from which it came4#ae
  ,dante's hope in this political       
,messiah rose and fell1 but never died  
in his heart4 ,now with the gospel of   
,messianic peace1 now with the          
denunciation of ,messianic judgment on  
his lips1 he poured out his lofty       
enthusiasm in those apostolic and       
prophetic letters1 some few of which    
survive amidst the wrecks of time as    
records of his changing moods and his   
unchanging purposes4  ,now one and now  
another of the ,ghibelline leaders may  
have seemed to ,dante from time to time 
to be the hero1 the ,messiah1 for whom  
he waited4 ,but again and yet again his 
hopes were crushed and blighted1 and the
 panther1 the lion1 and the wolf still  

cut off the approach to that fair land4 
,more than once the poet's hopes must   
have hung upon the fortunes of the      
mighty warrior ,uguccione1 whose        
prodigies of valour rivalled the fabled 
deeds of the knights of story4 ,to this 
man ,dante was bound by ties of closest 
friendship2 to him he dedicated the     
,inferno1 the first cantica of his      
,comedy1 and he may possibly have been  
that hero ''twixt the two ,feltros      
born'#af to whom ,dante first looked to 
slay the wolf of ,rome4  ,far higher    
probably1 and certainly far better      
grounded1 were the poet's hopes when    
,henry ,,vii4 of ,germany descended into
 ,italy to bring order into her troubled
 states4 ,to ,dante1 as we have seen1   
the ,emperor was ,emperor of ,rome and  
not of ,germany4 ,he was ,caesar's      
successor1 the natural representative of
 ,italian unity1 the ,divinely appointed
 guardian of civil order4 ,with what    
passionate yearning ,dante looked across
 the ,alps for a deliverer1 how large a 

part of the woes of ,italy he laid at   
the feet of ,imperial neglect1 may be   
gathered from many passages in his      
several works2 but nowhere do these     
thoughts find stronger utterance than in
 the sixth canto of the ,purgatory4 ,the
 poet sees the shades of ,virgil and the
 troubadour ,sordello join in a loving  
embrace at the bare mention of the name 
of ,mantua1 where both of them were     
born4 ',o ,italy6' he cries1 'thou      
slave6 thou hostelry of woe6 ,ship      
without helmsman1 in the tempest rude6  
,no queen of provinces1 but house of    
shame6 ,see how that gentle soul1 e'en  
at the sweet sound of his country's     
name1 was prompt to greet his           
fellow-citizen4 ,then see thy living    
sons1 how one with other ever is at war1
 and whom the self-same wall and moat   
begird1 gnaw at each other's lives4     
,search1 wretched one1 along thy        
sea-bound coasts1 then inward turn to   
thine own breast1 and see if any part of
 thee rejoice in peace4 ,of what avail  

,justinian's curb of law1 with none to  
stride the saddle of command1 except to 
shame thee more8 ,alas6 ye priests1 who 
should be at your prayers1 leaving to   
,caesar the high seat of rule1 did ye   
read well the word of ,god to you1 see  
ye not how the steed grows wild and fell
 by long exemption from the chastening  
spur1 since that ye placed your hands   
upon the rein8 ,o ,german ,albert6 who  
abandonest1 wild and untamed1 the steed 
thou should'st bestride1 may the just   
sentence from the stars above fall on   
thy race in dire and open guise1 that he
 who follows thee may see and fear4     
,for1 drawn by lust of conquest         
otherwhere1 thou and thy sire1 the      
garden of the empire have ye left a prey
 to desolation4 ,come1 thou insensate   
one1 and see the ,montagues and         
,capulets1 ,monaldi1 ,philippeschi1 for 
all whom the past has sadness or the    
future fear4 ,come1 come1 thou cruel    
one1 and see oppression trampling on thy
 faithful ones1 and heal their ills4444 

,come thou1 and see thy ,rome1 who weeps
 for thee1 a lonely widow crying day and
 night1 ,my ,caesar1 wherefore hast thou
 left me thus8 ,come1 see how love here 
governs every heart6 ,or if our sorrows 
move thee not at all1 blush for thine   
own fair fame4--,nay1 let me say it3 ,o 
,thou ,god ,most ,high1 ,thou ,who wast 
crucified for us on earth1 are ,thy just
 eyes turned otherwhither now8 ,or in   
the depth of counsel dost ,thou work for
 some good end1 clean cut off from our  
ken8 ,for all ,italia's lands are full  
of tyrants1 and every hind--so he be    
factious--grows ,marcellus-high4'#ag    
,such was the cry for deliverance which 
went up from ,dante's heart to the      
,emperor4 ,picture his hopes when ,henry
 ,,vii4 came with the blessing of the   
,pope1 who had had more than his fill of
 ,french influence at last1 to bring    
peace and order into ,italy2 picture the
 exultation with which he learnt alike  
from ,henry's deeds and words that he   
was just1 impartial1 generous1 and came 

not as a tyrant1 not as a party leader1 
but as a firm and upright ruler to      
restore prosperity and peace2 picture   
his indignation when the incurable      
factiousness and jealousies of the      
,italian cities1 and of ,florence most  
of all1 thwarted the ,emperor at every  
step2 picture the bitterness of his     
grief when1 after struggling nigh three 
years in vain1 ,henry fell sick1 and    
died at ,buonconvento4 ,in ,paradise the
 poet saw the place assigned to         
',henry's lofty soul--his who should    
come to make the crooked straight1 ere  
,italy was ready for his hand2' but the 
dream of his throne on earth was broken 
for ever4#ah  ,henry died in #acac4     
,this blow was followed by the fall of  
,uguccione when he seemed almost on the 
point of realising some of ,dante's     
dearest hopes4 ,the poet and the warrior
 alike found refuge at ,verona now1 with
 ,can ,grande della ,scala1 to whom     
,dante dedicated the third cantica of   
his ,comedy1 the ,paradise4#ai ,did the 

exile's hopes revive again at the ,court
 of ,verona8 ,did the gallant and       
generous young soldier whose gracious   
and delicate hospitality called out such
 warm affection from his heart1#bj seem 
worthy to accomplish that great mission 
in which ,uguccione and ,henry had      
failed8 ,it is more than probable that  
such thoughts found room in ,dante's    
sorrow-laden heart4 ,and yet we cannot  
but suppose that while his certainty    
remained unshaken that in ,god's good   
time the deliverer would come1 yet the  
hopes which centred in any single man   
must have had less and less assurance in
 them as disappointment after           
disappointment came4  ,be this as it    
may1 near the close of his life ,dante  
was still able to make ,beatrice testify
 of him in the courts of ,heaven3       
',church militant has not a son stronger
 in hope than he4 ,god knows it4'#ba    
,simple as these words are1 yet by him  
who has scanned ,dante's features and   
pondered on his life1 they may well be  

numbered amongst those moving and       
strengthening human utterances that ring
 like a trumpet through the ages and    
call the soul to arms4  ,but were       
,dante's hopes all concentrated on the  
advent of that political ,messiah who   
was not to come in truth till our own   
day8 ,had it been so1 the ',divine      
,comedy' would never have been born4    
,when ,dante realised his own           
helplessness in the struggle against the
 panther of ,florence1 the lion of      
,france1 and the wolf of ,rome1 when he 
saw that to reorganise his country and  
remodel the social and political        
conditions of life would need the strong
 hand and the keen sword of some great  
hero raised by ,god1 he also saw that   
for himself another way was opened1 an  
escape from that wild forest into which 
his feet had strayed1 an escape which it
 must be the task of his life to point  
out to others1 without which the very   
work of the hero for whom he looked     
would be in vain4  ,the deadly forest   

represented moral as well as political  
confusion2 the sunlit mountain1 moral as
 well as political order2 and the beasts
 that cut off the ascent1 moral as well 
as political foes to human progress4    
,from this moral chaos there was        
deliverance for every faithful soul1    
despite the lion and the wolf2 and      
though the noble hound came not to chase
 the foul beasts back to ,hell1 yet was 
,dante led from the forest gloom even to
 the light of ,heaven4  ,and how was he 
delivered8 ,by ,divine grace he saw     
,hell and ,purgatory and ,heaven--so was
 he delivered4 ,he saw the souls of men 
stripped of every disguise1 he saw their
 secret deeds of good or ill laid bare4 
,he saw ,popes and ,emperors1 ancient   
heroes and modern sages1 the rich1 the  
valiant1 the noble1 the fair of face1   
the sweet of voice2 and no longer       
dazzled1 no longer overawed1 he saw them
 as they were1 he saw their deeds1 he   
saw the fruits of them4 ,so was he      
delivered from the entanglements and    

perplexities1 from the delusions and    
seductions of the world1 so were his    
feet set upon the rock1 so did he learn 
to sift the true from the false1 to rise
 above all things base1 and set his soul
 at peace1 even when sorrow was gnawing 
his heart to death4 ,he1 while yet      
clothed in flesh and blood1 went amongst
 the souls of the departed1 'heard the  
despairing shrieks of spirits long      
immersed in woe1 who wept each one the  
second death2 saw suffering souls       
contented in the flames1 for each one   
looked to reach the realms of bliss1    
though long should be the time1' and    
lastly he saw the souls in ,heaven1 and 
gazed upon the very light of ,god4#bb   
,all this he saw and heard under the    
guidance of human and ,divine           
philosophy1 symbolised1 or rather       
concentrated and personified1 in ,virgil
 and ,beatrice4  ,of ,virgil1 and the   
unique position assigned to him in the  
,middle ,ages1 it is impossible here to 
speak at length4 ,almost from the first 

publication of the ,a,eneid1 and down to
 the time when the revival of learning  
reopened the treasures of ,greek        
literature to ,western ,europe1 ,virgil 
reigned in the ,latin countries supreme 
and unchallenged over the domain of     
poetry and scholarship4 ,within two     
generations of his own lifetime1 altars 
were raised to him1 by enthusiastic     
disciples1 as to a deity4 ,when         
,christianity spread1 his supposed      
prediction of ,christ in one of the     
,eclogues endowed him with the character
 of a prophet2 and a magic efficacy had 
already been attributed to verses taken 
from his works4 ,throughout the ,middle 
,ages1 his fame still grew as the       
supreme arbiter in every field of       
literature1 and as the repositary of    
more than human knowledge1 while        
fantastic legends clustered round his   
name as the great magician and          
necromancer4 ,to ,dante there must also 
have been a special fascination in the  
,imperial scope and sympathies of the   

,a,eneid2 for ,virgil is pre-eminently  
the poet of the ,roman ,empire4 ,but we 
must not pause to follow out this       
subject here4 ,suffice it that ,dante   
felt for ,virgil a reverence so deep1 an
 admiration so boundless1 and an        
affection so glowing1 that he became to 
him the very type of human wisdom and   
excellence1 the first agent of his      
rescue from the maze of passion and     
error in which his life had been        
entangled4  ,but ,beatrice1 the loved   
and lost1 was the symbol and the channel
 of a higher wisdom1 a diviner grace4   
,she it was round whose sweet memory    
gathered the noblest purposes and truest
 wisdom of the poet's life4 ,if ever he 
suffered the intensity of his devotion  
to truth and virtue for a moment to     
relax2 if ever1 as he passed amongst    
luxurious courts1 some siren voice      
soothed his cares with a moment of      
unworthy forgetfulness and ignoble ease2
 if ever he suffered meaner cares or    
projects to draw him aside so much as in

 thought from his great mission1 then it
 was ,beatrice's glorified image that   
recalled him in tears of bitter shame   
and penitence to the path of pain1 of   
effort1 and of glory4 ,it was her love  
that had rescued him from the fatal     
path2 ,virgil was but her agent and     
emissary1 and his mission was complete  
when he had led him to her4 ,human      
wisdom and virtue could guide him       
through ,hell and ,purgatory1 could show
 him the misery of sin1 and the need of 
purifying pain and fire1 but it was only
 in ,beatrice's presence that he could  
feel the utter hatefulness and shame of 
an unworthy life1 could feel the        
blessedness of ,heaven4#bc  ,under the  
guidance of ,virgil and ,beatrice1 then1
 ,dante had seen ,hell and ,purgatory   
and ,heaven4 ,this had snatched his soul
 from death1 had taught him1 even in the
 midst of the moral and political chaos 
of his age1 how to live and after what  
to strive4 ,could he show others what he
 himself had seen8 ,could he save them1 

as he was saved1 from the meanness1 from
 the blindness1 from the delusions of   
the life they led8 ,he could4 ,though it
 should be the toil of long and painful 
years1 yet in the passionate conviction 
of his own experience he felt the power 
in him of making real to others what was
 so intensely real to him4 ,but what did
 this involve8 ,the truth if wholesome  
was yet hard4 ,he had dear and honoured 
friends whose lives had been stained by 
unrepented sin1 and whose souls he had  
seen in ,hell4 ,was he to cry aloud to  
all the world that these loved ones were
 amongst the damned1 instead of tenderly
 hiding their infirmities8 ,again1 he   
was poor and an exile1 he had lost 'all 
things most dear1' and was dependent for
 his very bread on the grace and favour 
of the great2 yet if he told the world  
what he had seen1 a storm of resentful  
hatred would crash upon him from every  
region of ,italy4 ,how would proud dames
 and lords brook to be told of their    
dead associates in sin and shame cursing

 their names from the very depths of    
,hell1 and looking for their speedy     
advent there8 ,how would pope and       
cardinal and monarch brook to be told by
 the powerless exile what he had heard  
from souls in ,heaven1 in ,purgatory1   
and in ,hell8 ,e'en let them brook it as
 they might4 ,his cry should be like the
 tempest that sweeps down upon the      
loftiest forest trees1 but leaves the   
brushwood undisturbed4 ,the mightiest in
 the land should hear his voice1 and    
henceforth none should think that       
loftiness of place or birth could shield
 the criminal4 ,he would tell in utter  
truth what he had seen4 ,he knew that   
power was in him to brand the infamous  
with infamy that none could wash away1  
to rescue the fair memory of those the  
world had wrongfully condemned1 to say  
what none but he dare say1 in verse     
which none but he could forge1 and bring
 all those who hearkened through ,hell  
and ,purgatory into ,heaven4#bd  ,to    
deliver this message was the work of his

 life1 the end to which all his studies 
were directed1 from the time of his     
exile to that of his death4 ,hence his  
studious labours came to have a         
representative and vicarious character  
in his mind4 ,he was proudly conscious  
that he lived and worked for mankind1   
and that his toil deserved the grateful 
recognition of his city and his country4
  ,this trait of his character comes out
 with striking force in the noble letter
 which he wrote in answer to the        
proffered permission to return to his   
beloved ,florence1 but upon disgraceful 
conditions which he could not accept4   
,the offer came when his fortunes were  
at their lowest ebb4 ,henry ,,vii4 was  
dead1 ,uguccione had lost his power4    
,all hope of the exile's returning in   
triumph seemed at an end4 ,then came the
 offer of a pardon and recall1 for which
 he had longed with all the passionate  
intensity of his nature4 ,and yet it was
 but a mockery4 ,it was a custom in     
,florence upon the ,day of ,st4 ,john   

the ,baptist1 the patron saint of the   
city1 to release certain malefactors    
from the public gaols on their          
performing set acts of contrition2 and a
 decree was passed that all the         
political exiles might return to their  
home on ,st4 ,john's ,day in #acag if   
they would pay a sum of money1 walk in  
procession1 with tapers in their hands  
and with other tokens of guilt and      
penitence1 to the church1 and there     
offer themselves as ransomed malefactors
 to the saint4  ,many of the exiles     
accepted the terms1 but ,dante's proud  
and indignant refusal shows us a spirit 
unbroken by disappointment and disaster1
 scorning to purchase ease by           
degradation4 ',is this1' he cries to the
 friend who communicated to him the     
conditions upon which he might return1  
'is this the glorious recall by which   
,dante ,alighieri is summoned back to   
his country after well-nigh fifteen     
years of exile8 ,is this what innocence 
well known to all1 is this what the     

heavy toil of unbroken study1 has       
deserved8 ,far be it from him who walks 
as her familiar with ,philosophy to     
stoop to the base grovelling of a soul  
of clay and suffer himself thus to be   
treated like a vile malefactor4 ,far be 
it from the preacher of justice1 when   
suffering outrage1 to pay the           
acknowledgment of fair desert to the    
outrageous4  ',not by this path can ,i  
return4 ,but let a way be found that    
hurts not ,dante's honour and fair fame1
 and ,i will tread it with no tardy     
feet4 ,if no such road leads back to    
,florence1 then will ,i never enter     
,florence more4 ,what6 can ,i not gaze1 
wherever ,i may be1 upon the spectacle  
of sun and stars8 ,can ,i not ponder on 
the sweetest truths in any region under 
heaven1 but ,i must first make myself   
base and vile before the people of the  
,state of ,florence8'#be  ,such was the 
answer of ,dante ,alighieri to that     
cruel insult which makes our cheeks glow
 even now with indignation4 ,such was   

the temper of the man who had seen ,hell
 and ,purgatory and ,heaven1 and who    
shrank not from the utterance of all    
that he had seen4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,dante must now   
have been engaged in writing the        
,paradise4 ,amongst the sufferings and  
burdens which were fast drawing him to  
the grave1 amongst the agonies of       
indignation1 of regret1 of hope1 of     
disappointment which still wracked his  
soul1 the deep peace of ,god had come   
upon him2 beneath a storm of passion at 
which our hearts quail was a calm of    
trustful self-surrender which no earthly
 power could disturb2 for the harmonies 
of ,paradise swelled in the poet's heart
 and sought for utterance in these last 
years4  ,but though his spirit was thus 
rapt to ,heaven1 he never lost his hold 
upon the earth2 never disdained to toil 
as best he might for the immediate      
instruction or well-being of his kind4  
,more than once his eloquence and skill 
enabled him to render signal service to 

his protectors in conducting delicate   
negotiations1 and at the same time to   
further that cause of ,italian unity    
which was ever near his heart4 ,nor did 
the progress of his great work1 the     
,comedy1 withhold him from a varied     
subsidiary activity as a poet1 a        
moralist1 and a student of language and 
science4  ,one characteristic example of
 this by-work must suffice4 ,in the last
 year but one of his life when he must  
have been meditating the last1 perhaps  
the sublimest1 cantos of the ,paradise1 
when he might well have been excused if 
he had ceased to concern himself with   
any of the lower grades of truth1 he    
heard a certain question of physics     
discussed and re-discussed1 and never   
decided because of the specious but     
sophistical arguments which were allowed
 to veil it in doubt4 ,the question was 
whether some portions of the sea are or 
are not at a higher level than some     
portions of the land2 and ,dante1       
'nursed from his boyhood in the love of 

truth1' as he says1 'could not endure to
 leave the question unresolved1 and     
determined to demonstrate the facts and 
to refute the arguments alleged against 
them4'#bf ,accordingly he defended his  
thesis on a ,sunday in one of the       
churches of ,verona under the presidency
 of ,can ,grande4  ,this essay is a     
model of close reasoning and sound      
scientific method1 and the average      
nineteenth century reader1 with the     
average contempt for fourteenth century 
science1 would find much to reflect upon
 should he read and understand it4 ,the 
vague and inconclusive style of         
reasoning against which ,dante contends 
is still rampant everywhere1 though its 
forms have changed2 while the firm grasp
 of scientific method and the incisive  
reasoning of ,dante himself are still   
the exception in spite of all our modern
 training in research4  ,thus ,dante was
 engaged to the last upon the whole     
field of human thought4 ,such was the   
scope and power of his mind that he     

could embrace at the same moment the    
very opposite poles of speculation2 and 
such was his passion for truth that1    
when gazing upon the very presence of   
,god1 he could not bear to leave men in 
error when he could set them right1     
though it were but as to the level of   
the land and sea4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,but we must      
hasten to a close4 ,let us turn from the
 consideration of ,dante's work to a    
picture of personal character drawn by  
his own hand4 ,it is his ideal of a life
 inspired by that 'gentleness' for      
which1 since the days of chivalry1 we   
have had no precise equivalent in       
language1 and which is itself too rare  
in every age4      ,the soul that this  
celestial grace adorns       ,in secret 
holds it not2       ,for from the first1
 when she the body weds1       ,she     
shows it1 until death3       ,gentle1   
obedient1 and alive to shame1       ,is 
seen in her first age1       ,adding a  
comely beauty to the frame1       ,with 

all accomplishments3       ,in youth is 
temperate and resolute1       ,replete  
with love and praise of courtesy1       
,placing in loyalty her sole delight3   
,and in declining age       ,is prudent1
 just1 and for her bounty known2        
,and joys within herself       ,to      
listen and discourse for others' good3  
,then in the fourth remaining part of   
life       ,to ,god is re-espoused1     
,contemplating the end that draws       
a-nigh1       ,and blesseth all the     
seasons that are past3       --,reflect 
now1 how the many are deceived6#bg      
,cherishing such an ideal1 ,dante       
wandered from court to court of ,italy1 
finding here and there a heart of gold1 
but for the most part moving amongst    
those to whom grace and purity and      
justice were but names4 ,can we wonder  
that sometimes the lonely exile felt as 
if his own sorrow-laden heart were the  
sole refuge upon earth of love and      
temperance8  ,three noble dames1 he     
tells us--noble in themselves but in    

nought else1 for their garments were    
tattered1 their feet unshod1 their hair 
dishevelled1 and their faces stained    
with tears--came and flung themselves at
 the portal of his heart1 for they knew 
that ,love was there4 ,moved with deep  
pity1 ,love came forth to ask them of   
their state4 ,they were ,rectitude1     
,temperance1 and ,generosity1 once      
honoured by the world1 now driven out in
 want and shame1 and they came there for
 refuge in their woe4 ,then ,love1 with 
moistened eyes1 bade them lift up their 
heads4 ,if they were driven begging     
through the world1 it was for men to    
weep and wail whose lives had fallen in 
such evil times2 but not for them1 hewn 
from the eternal rock--it was not for   
them to grieve4 ,a race of men would    
surely rise at last whose hearts would  
turn to them again4 ,and hearing thus   
how exiles great as these were grieved  
and comforted1 the lonely poet thought  
his banishment his glory4  ,yet when he 
looked for his sweet home and found it  

not1 the agony that could not break his 
spirit fast destroyed his flesh1 and he 
knew that death had laid the key upon   
his bosom4#bh  ,when this sublime and   
touching poem was composed we have no   
means of knowing1 but it can hardly have
 been long before the end4 ,when that   
end came1 ,dante can barely have        
completed his great life work1 he can   
barely have written the last lines of   
the ',divine ,comedy4' ,he had been on  
an unsuccessful mission in the service  
of his last protector1 ,guido da        
,polenta of ,ravenna4 ,on his return he 
was seized with a fatal illness1 and    
died at ,ravenna in #acba1 at the age of
 fifty-six4  ,who can grudge him his    
rest8 ,as we read the four tracts of the
 ',convito1' which were to have been the
 first of fourteen1 but must now remain 
alone1 as we are brought to a sudden    
stand at the abrupt termination of his  
unfinished work on the dialects and     
poetry of ,italy1#bi as we ponder on the
 unexhausted treasures that still lay in

 the soul of him who could write as     
,dante wrote even to the end1 we can    
hardly suppress a sigh to think that our
 loss purchased his rest so soon4 ,but  
his great work was done2 he had told his
 vision1 that men might go with him to  
,hell1 to ,purgatory1 and to ,heaven1   
and be saved from all things base4 ,then
 his weary head was laid down in peace1 
and his exile was at an end4 ',that fair
 fold in which1 a lamb1 he lay'#cj was  
never opened to him again1 but he went  
home1 and the blessings of the pure in  
heart and strong in love go with him4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,the thoughts with which we turn from   
the contemplation of ,dante's life and  
work find utterance in the lines of     
,michael ,angelo4 ',the works of ,dante 
were unrecognised1 and his high purpose1
 by the ungrateful folk whose blessing  
rests on all--except the just4 ,yet     
would his fate were mine6 ,for his drear
 exile1 with his virtue linked1 glad    
would ,i change the fairest state on    

earth4'   ,,footnotes3  ,footnote #ad3  
,see ,symonds1 p4 #ahf4  ,footnote #ae3 
,see ,inferno1 i4 #a-aaa4  ,footnote    
#af3 ,inferno1 i4 #aje4  ,footnote #ag3 
,purgatorio1 vi4 #gf-abf4  ,footnote    
#ah3 ,see especially ,epistolae v-vii42 
,paradiso1 xxx4 #acc-ach4  ,footnote    
#ai3 ,see ,epistola xi4  ,footnote #bj3 
,paradiso1 xvii4 #gj-ic4  ,footnote #ba3
 ,ibid4 xxv4 #eb-ed4  ,footnote #bb3    
,inferno1 i4 #aab-abi4  ,footnote #bc3  
,inferno1 i4 #aba-abc1 ii4 #eb-adb2     
,purgatorio1 xxx4 sqq42 ,paradiso1      
passim4  ,footnote #bd3 ,paradiso1 xvii4
 #ajc-adb4  ,footnote #be3 ,epistola x4 
,footnote #bf3 ,quaestio de ,aqua et    
,terra1 ,sec4 #a4  ,footnote #bg3       
,canzone xvi41 ',le dolci rime1' st4    
vii4 ,see ,convito1 trat4 iv4           
,translation slightly altered from      
,lyell4  ,footnote #bh3 ,canzone xix41  
',tre donne4'  ,footnote #bi3 ,de       
,vulgari ,eloquio4  ,footnote #cj3      
,paradiso1 xxv4 #e4     ,,iii  ,,hell   
,the first cantica of the ',divine      

,comedy'--the ,inferno or ,hell--is the 
best known of all ,dante's works in     
prose or verse1 in ,latin or ,italian2  
and though students of ,dante may       
sometimes regret this fact1 yet no one  
can be at a moment's loss to understand 
it4  ,for the attributes of heart and   
brain requisite for some kind of        
appreciation of the ,inferno are by many
 degrees more common than those to which
 the other works of ,dante appeal4 ,it  
is easy to imagine a reader who has not 
even begun truly to understand either   
the poet or the poem nevertheless       
rendering a sincere tribute of          
admiration to the colossal force of the 
,inferno1 and feeling the weird spell of
 fascination and horror ever tightening 
its grasp on him as he descends from    
circle to circle of that starless realm4
  ,there is no mystery in the inveterate
 tendency to regard ,dante as           
pre-eminently the poet of ,hell4 ,nor is
 it a new phenomenon4 ,tradition tells  
of the women who shrank aside as ,dante 

passed them by1 and said one to another1
 shuddering as they spoke1 ',see how his
 black hair crisped in the fire as he   
passed through ,hell6' ,but no tradition
 tells of awe-struck passers-by who     
noted that the stains had been wiped    
from that clear brow in ,purgatory1 that
 the gleam of that pure and dauntless   
eye had been kindled in ,heaven4  ,the  
machinery of the ,inferno1 then1 is     
moderately familiar to almost all4      
,dante1 lost in the darksome forest1    
scared from the sunlit heights by the   
wild beasts that guard the mountain     
side1 meets the shade of ,virgil1 sent  
to rescue him by ,beatrice1 and suffered
 by ,omnipotence to leave for a time his
 abode in the limbo of the unbaptised1  
on this mission of redeeming love4      
,virgil guides ,dante through the open  
gate of ,hell1 down through circle after
 circle of contracting span and         
increasing misery and sin1 down to the  
central depth where the arch-rebel      
,satan champs in his triple jaws the    

arch-traitors against ,church and       
,state1 ,judas ,iscariot1 and ,brutus   
and ,cassius4#ca  ,through all these    
circles ,dante passes under ,virgil's   
guidance4 ,he sees and minutely         
describes the varying tortures          
apportioned to the varying guilt of the 
damned1 and converses with the souls of 
many illustrious dead in torment4  ,and 
is this the poem that has enthralled and
 still enthrals so many a heart8 ,are we
 to look for the strengthening1         
purifying1 and uplifting of our lives1  
are we to look for the very soul of     
poetry in an almost unbroken series of  
descriptions1 unequalled in their       
terrible vividness1 of ghastly tortures1
 interspersed with tales of shame1 of   
guilt1 of misery8 ,even so4 ,and we     
shall not look in vain4  ,but let us    
listen first to ,dante's own account of 
the subject-matter of his poem4 ,five   
words of his are better than a volume of
 the commentators4 ',the subject of the 
whole work1 literally accepted1' he     

says1 'is the state of souls after      
death4444 ,but if the work is taken     
allegorically the subject is ,,man1 as  
rendering himself liable1 by good or ill
 desert in the exercise of his free     
will1 to rewarding or punishing         
justice4'#cb  ,according to ,dante1     
then1 the real subject of the ,inferno  
is ',man1 as rendered liable1 by ill    
desert in the exercise of his free will1
 to punishing justice4' ,surely a       
subject fraught with unutterable        
sadness1 compassed by impenetrable      
mystery1 but one which in the hands of a
 prophet may well be made to yield the  
bread of life2 a subject fitly          
introduced by those few pregnant words1 
',the day was going1 and the dusky air  
gave respite to the animals that are on 
earth from all their toils2 and ,i alone
 girt me in solitude to bear the strain 
both of the journey and the piteous     
sight1 which memory that errs not shall 
retrace4'#cc         99       99        
99       99       99  ,now if this be   

the true subject of the poem1 it follows
 that all those physical horrors of     
which it seems almost to consist must be
 strictly subordinate to something else1
 must be part of the machinery or means 
by which the end of the poet is reached1
 but in no way the end itself4  ,if the 
subject of the poem is a moral one1 then
 the descriptions of physical torment   
and horror must never even for a moment 
overbalance or overwhelm the true       
'motive' of the work1 must never even   
for a moment so crush or deaden the     
feelings as to render them incapable of 
moral impressions1 must never in a      
single instance leave a prevailingly    
physical impression upon the mind4  ,and
 it is just herein that the transcendent
 power of the ,inferno is displayed4    
,horrors which rise and ever rise in    
intensity till they culminate in some of
 the ghastliest scenes ever conceived by
 mortal brain are from first to last    
held under absolute control1 are forced 
to support and intensify moral          

conceptions which in less mighty hands  
they would have numbed and deadened4    
,oh1 the pity of this sin1 the          
unutterable1 indelible pity of it6 ,its 
wail can never be stilled in our hearts 
while thought and memory remain4 ,the   
misery of some forms of sin1 the foul   
shame of others1 the vileness1 the      
hatefulness1 the hideous deformity of   
others yet--this1 and not horror at the 
punishment of sin1 is what ,dante stamps
 and brands upon our hearts as we       
descend with him towards the central    
depths1 stamps and brands upon our      
hearts till the pity1 the loathing1 the 
horror can endure no more2--then in the 
very depth of ,hell1 at the core of the 
,universe1 with one mighty strain that  
leaves us well-nigh spent1 we turn upon 
that central point1 and1 leaving ,hell  
beneath our feet1 ascend by the narrow  
path at the antipodes4  ,with the horror
 and the burden of the starless land far
 off1 we lift up our eyes again to see  
the stars1 and our souls are ready for  

the purifying sufferings of ,purgatory4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,sometimes the tortures of the damned   
are a mere physical translation1 so to  
speak1 of their crimes4 ,thus the       
ruthless disseminators of strife and    
dissension who have torn asunder those  
who belonged one to another1 those who  
had no proper existence apart from one  
another1 are in their turn hewn and     
cleft by the avenging sword2 and ever as
 their bodies reunite and their wounds  
are healed1 the fierce blow falls again4
 ,amongst them ,dante sees the great    
troubadour ,bertram de ,born1 who       
fostered the rebellion of the sons of   
our own king ,henry ,,ii4 ,in that he   
made father and son each other's enemy1 
his head is severed from his trunk1 his 
brain from its own root4#cd  ,in other  
cases a transparent metaphor or allegory
 dictates the form of punishment2 as    
when the hypocrites crawl in utter      
weariness under the crushing weight of  
leaden garments1 shaped like monkish    

cloaks and cowls1 and all covered with  
shining gold outside4#ce ,or when the   
flatterers and sycophants wallow in     
filth which fitly symbolises their foul 
life on earth4#cf  ,it is probable that 
some special significance and           
appropriateness might be traced in      
almost all the forms of punishment in   
,dante's ,hell1 though it is not always 
obvious4 ,but one thing at least is     
obvious3 the uniform congruousness of   
the impression which the physical and   
moral factors of each description       
combine to produce4 ,in fact1 the       
,inferno is an account of 'man1 as      
deserving ill by the exercise of his    
free will1' in which all the external   
surroundings are brought into precise   
accord with the central conception4 ,the
 tortures are only the background2 and  
as in the picture of a great artist1    
whether we can trace any special        
significance and appropriateness in the 
background or not1 we always feel that  
it supports the true subject of the     

picture and never overpowers it1 so it  
is here4 ,man as misusing his free will4
 ,this is the real subject of the       
,inferno4 ,all else is accessory and    
subordinate4  ,but if this be so1 we    
should expect to find an endless variety
 and gradation1 alike of guilt and      
punishment1 as we pass through the      
circles of ,hell4 ,and so we do4 ,at one
 moment indignation and reproof are all 
swallowed up in pity1 and the suffering 
of the exiled soul only serves to       
quicken an infinite compassion in our   
hearts1 a compassion not so much for the
 punishment of sin as for sin itself    
with its woeful loss and waste of the   
blessings and the holiness of life4 ,at 
another moment we are brought face to   
face with a wretch whose tortures only  
serve to throw his vileness into sharper
 relief2 and when we think of him and of
 his deeds1 of him and of his victims1  
we can understand those awful words of  
,virgil's when ,dante weeps1 ',art thou 
too like the other fools8 ,the death of 

pity is true pity here4'#cg ,infinite   
pity would indeed embrace the most      
abandoned1 but it is only weak and      
misdirected pity that wakes or slumbers 
at the dictate of mere suffering4  ,and 
as there is infinite variety of guilt   
and woe1 so is there infinite variety of
 character in ,dante's ,hell4 ,though   
the poet condemns with sternest         
impartiality all who have died in       
unrepented sin1 yet he recognises and   
honours the moral distinctions amongst  
them4 ,what a difference1 for instance1 
between the wild blaspheming robber     
,vanni ,fucci1#ch and the defiant       
,capaneus1#ci a prototype of ,milton's  
,satan1 the one incited by the bestial  
rage of reckless self-abandonment1 the  
other by the proud self-reliance of a   
spirit that eternity cannot break--alike
 in their defiance of the ,almighty1 but
 how widely severed in the sources      
whence it springs4  ,look again where   
,jason strides4 ,the wrongs he did      
,medea and ,hypsipyle have condemned him

 to the fierce lash under which his base
 companions shriek and fly2 but he1     
still kingly in his mien1 without a tear
 or cry bears his eternal pain4#dj  ,see
 ,farinata1 the great ,florentine--in   
his ever burning tomb he stands erect   
and proud1 'as holding ,hell in great   
disdain2' tortured less by the flames   
than by the thought that the faction he 
opposed is now triumphant in his city2  
proud1 even in ,hell1 to remember how   
once he stood alone between his country 
and destruction4#da  ,see again where   
,pietro delle ,vigne1 in the ghastly    
forest of suicides1 longs with a        
passionate longing that his fidelity at 
that time when he 'held both the keys of
 the great ,frederick's heart' should be
 vindicated upon earth from the unjust  
calumnies that drove him to             
self-slaughter4#db  ,and see where      
statesmen and soldiers of ,florence1    
themselves condemned for foul and       
unrepented sin1 still love the city in  
which they lived1 still long to hear    

some good of her4 ,as the flakes of fire
 fall 'like snow upon a windless day' on
 their defenceless bodies1 see with what
 dismay they gaze into one another's    
eyes when ,dante brings ill news to them
 of ,florence4#dc  ,in a word1 the souls
 in ,hell are what they were on earth1  
no better and no worse4 ,this is the    
key-note to the comprehension of the    
poem4 ,no change has taken place2 none  
are made rebels to ,god's will1 and none
 are brought into submission to it1 by  
their punishment2 but all are as they   
were4 ,even amongst the vilest there is 
only the rejection of a thin disguise1  
no real increase of shamelessness4 ,many
 souls desire to escape notice and to   
conceal their crimes1 just as they would
 have done on earth2 many condemn their 
evil deeds and are ashamed of them1 just
 as they would have been on earth2 but  
there is no change of character1 no     
infusion of a new spirit either for good
 or ill2 with all their variety and     
complexity of character1 the unrepentant

 sinners wake in ,hell as they would    
wake on earth our mingled pity and      
horror1 our mingled loathing and        
admiration4 ,man as misusing his free   
will1 in all the scope and variety of   
the infinite theme1 is the subject of   
the poem4  ,and this brings us to       
another consideration3 the eternity of  
,dante's ,hell4 ,those who know no other
 line of ,dante1 know the last verse of 
the inscription upon the gate of ,hell3 
',all hope relinquish1 ye that enter    
here4' ,the whole inscription is as     
follows3 ',through me the way lies to   
the doleful city2 through me the way    
lies to eternal pain2 through me the way
 lies 'mongst the people lost4 ',twas   
justice moved my ,lofty ,maker2 ,divine 
,power made me1 ,wisdom ,supreme and    
,primal ,love4 ,before me were no things
 created1 save things eternal2 and ,i1  
too1 last eternal4 ,all hope relinquish1
 ye that enter here4'#dd  ,the gates of 
,hell reared by the ,primal ,love6 ,if  
we believe in the eternity of sin and   

evil1 the eternity of suffering and     
punishment follows of necessity4 ,to be 
able to acquiesce in the one1 but to    
shrink from the thought of the other1 is
 sheer weakness4 ,the eternity and      
hopelessness of ,dante's ,hell are the  
necessary corollaries of the impenitence
 of his sinners4 ,to his mind wisdom and
 love cannot exist without justice1 and 
justice demands that eternal ill-desert 
shall reap eternal woe4  ,but how could 
one who so well knew what an eternal    
,hell of sin and suffering meant1       
believe it to be founded on eternal     
love8 ,why did not ,dante's heart in the
 very strength of that eternal love     
rebel against the hideous belief in     
eternal sin and punishment8 ,i cannot   
answer the question ,i have asked4      
,dante believed in the ,church1 believed
 in the theology she taught1 and could  
not have been what he was had he not    
done so4 ,had he rejected any of the    
cardinal beliefs of the ,christianity of
 his age and rebelled against the       

,church1 he might have been the herald  
of future reformations1 but he could    
never have been the index and           
interpreter to remotest generations of  
that mediaeval ,catholic religion of    
which his poem is the very soul4        
,meanwhile note this1 that if ever man  
realised the awful mystery and          
contradiction involved in the conception
 of a good ,god condemning the virtuous 
heathen to eternal exile1 that man was  
,dante4 ,if ever heart of man was       
weighed down beneath the load of pity   
for the damned1 that heart was ,dante's4
 ,the virtuous heathen he places in the 
first round of ,hell2 here 'no plaint is
 to be heard except of sighs1 which make
 the eternal air to tremble2' here1 with
 no other torture than the death of hope
 without the death of longing1 they live
 in neither joy nor sorrow1 eternal     
exiles from the realms of bliss4#de     
,dante1 as we shall see hereafter1      
longed with a passionate thirsty longing
 to know how the ,divine justice could  

thus condemn the innocent4 ,but his     
thirst was never slaked4 ,it was and    
remained an utter mystery to him2 and   
there are few passages of deeper pathos 
than those in which he remembers that   
his beloved and honoured guide and      
master1 even ,virgil1 the very type of  
human wisdom and excellence1 was himself
 amongst these outcasts4#df  ,again and 
again1 as we pass with ,dante through   
the circles of ,hell1 we feel that his  
yearning pity for the lost1 racking his 
very soul and flinging him senseless to 
the ground for misery1 shows an         
awakening spirit which could not long   
exist in human hearts without teaching  
them that ,god's redeeming pity is      
greater and more patient than their own4
 ,so1 too1 when ,francesca and ,paolo1  
touched by ,dante's pitying sympathy1   
exclaim1 ',oh1 thou gracious being1 if  
we were dear to ,god1 how would we pray 
for thee6'#dg who can help feeling that 
,dante was not far from the thought that
 all souls are dear to ,god8            

,meanwhile1 how strong that faith which 
could lift up all this weight of mystery
 and woe1 and still believe in the      
,highest ,wisdom and the ,primal ,love6 
,only the man who knew the holiness of  
human life to the full as well as he    
knew its infamy1 only the man who had   
seen ,purgatory and ,heaven1 and who had
 actually felt the love of ,god1 could  
know that with all its mystery and      
misery the universe was made not only by
 the ,divine ,power1 but by the ,supreme
 ,wisdom and the ,primal ,love1 could   
weave this ,trinity of ,power1 ,wisdom1 
,love1 into the ,unity of the           
all-sustaining ,god1 who made both      
,heaven and ,hell4  ,and we still have  
to face the same insoluble mystery4 ,the
 darker shade is indeed lifted from the 
picture upon which we gaze2 we have no  
eternal ,hell1 no eternity of sin1 to   
reckon with2 but to us too comes the    
question1 ',can the world with all its  
sin and misery be built indeed upon the 
,primal ,love8' ,and our answer too must

 be the answer not of knowledge but of  
faith4 ,only by making ourselves ,god's 
fellow workers till we feel that the    
,divine ,power and the ,primal ,love are
 one1 can we gain a faith that will     
sustain the mystery it cannot solve4    
,alas6 how often our weaker faith fails 
in its lighter task1 how often do we    
speak of sin and misery as though they  
were discoveries of yesterday that had  
brought new trials to our faith1 unknown
 before2 how often do we feel it hard to
 say even of earth what ,dante in the   
might of his unshaken faith could say of
 ,hell itself--that it is made by       
,power1 ,wisdom1 ,love6         99      
99       99       99       99  ,but     
perhaps we have dwelt too long already  
on this topic1 and in any case we must  
now hasten on4 ,dante's ,hell1 as we    
have seen1 represents sinful and        
impenitent humanity with all its fitting
 surroundings and accessories1 cut off  
from everything that can distract the   
attention1 confuse the moral impression1

 or alleviate its appalling strength4   
,and as the magic power of his words1   
with the absolute sincerity and         
clearness of his own conceptions1 forces
 us to realise the details of his vision
 as if we had trodden every step of the 
way with him1 this result follows       
amongst others3 that we realise1 with a 
vividness that can never again grow dim1
 an existence without any one of those  
sweet surroundings and embellishments of
 human life which seem the fit support  
and reflection of purity and love4  ,we 
have been in a land where none of the   
fair sounds or sights of nature have    
access1 no flowers1 no stars1 no light1 
and if there are streams and hills there
 they are hideously transformed into    
instruments and emblems not of beauty   
but of horror4 ,we are made to realise  
all this1 and to feel that it is        
absolutely and eternally fitting as the 
abode of sin and of impenitence4 ,and   
when once this association has been     
stamped upon our minds1 the beauty and  

the sweetness of the world in which we  
live gain a new meaning for us4 ,they   
become the standing protest of all that 
is round us against every selfish1 every
 sinful thought or deed2 the standing   
appeal to us to bring our souls into    
sweet harmony with their surroundings1  
since ,god in ,his mercy brings not     
their surroundings into ghastly harmony 
with them4  ,when we have been with the 
poor wretch1 deep down in ,hell1 who    
gasps in his burning fever for 'the     
rivulets that from the green slopes of  
,casentino drop down into the ,arno1    
freshening the soft1 cool channels1     
where they glide1'#dh and have realised 
that in that land there are not and     
ought not to be the cooling streams and 
verdant slopes of earth2 we can never   
again enjoy the sweetness and the peace 
of nature without our hearts being      
consciously or unconsciously purified1  
without every evil thing in our lives   
feeling the rebuke4  ,when we have known
 what it is to be in a starless land1   

and have felt how strange and           
incongruous the fair sights of ,heaven  
would be1 have felt that they would have
 no place or meaning there1 have felt   
that cheerless gloom alone befits the   
souls enveloped there1 then when we     
leave the dreary realms1 and once more  
gaze upon the heavens by night and day1 
they are more to us than they have ever 
been before1 they are indeed what ,dante
 so often calls them1 using the language
 of the falconers1 the lure by which    
,god summons back our wayward souls from
 vain and mean pursuits4  ,look1 again1 
upon this fearful picture4 ,dante and   
,virgil come to a black and muddy lake  
in which the passionate tear and smite  
one another in bestial rage2 and all    
over its surface are bubbles rising up4 
,they come from the cries of the morose 
and sullen ones 'who are fixed in the   
slime at the bottom of the lake4 ,they  
cry3 ,gloomy we were in the sweet air   
that the sun gladdens1 bearing in our   
hearts the smoke of sullenness2 now we  

are gloomy here in the black slime--such
 is the strain that gurgles in their    
throats1 but cannot find full           
utterance4'#di ,who that has seen those 
bubbles rise upon the lake can ever     
suffer himself again to cherish         
sullenness within his heart without     
feeling at the very instant the rebuke  
of the 'sweet air that the sun          
gladdens1' and thinking of that gurgling
 strain of misery8         99       99  
99       99       99  ,another of the   
lessons taught by the ,inferno is1 that 
no plea1 however moving1 can avail the  
sinner1 or take away the sinfulness of  
sin1 that no position can place him     
above punishment1 that no authority can 
shield him from it4  ,the guilty love of
 ,francesca and ,paolo1 so strong1 so   
deathless in that it was love1 has sunk 
them to ,hell instead of raising them to
 ,heaven in that it was guilty4         
,stronger to make them one than ,hell to
 sever them1 it is powerless to redeem  
the sin to which it has allied itself1  

and its tenderness has but swelled the  
eternal anguish of those whom it still  
joins together1 because it has suffered 
the sanctuary of life1 which love is set
 to guard1 to be polluted and betrayed4 
,sung in those strains of deathless     
tenderness and pity where 'tears seem to
 drop from the very words1' the story of
 this guilty love reveals the fatalest  
of all mischoice1 and tells us that no  
passion1 however wild in its intensity1 
however innocent in its beginnings1     
however unpremeditated in its lawless   
outburst1 however overmastering in its  
pleas1 however loyal to itself in time  
and in eternity1 may dare to raise      
itself above the laws of ,god and man1  
or claim immunity from its wretched     
consequences for those who are its      
slaves4 ,how infinite the pity and the  
waste1 how irreparable the loss1 when   
the love that might have been an        
ornament to ,heaven1 adds to the        
unmeasured guilt and anguish of ,hell a 
wail of more piercing sorrow than rings 

through all its lower depths6  ,nor     
could any height of place claim         
exemption from the moral law4 ,dante was
 a ,catholic1 and his reverence for the 
,papal ,chair was deep4 ,but against the
 faithless ,popes he cherished a fiery  
indignation proportioned to his high    
estimate of the sacred office they      
abused4 ,in one of the most fearful     
passages of the ,inferno he describes1  
in terms that gain a terrible           
significance from one of the forms of   
criminal execution practised in his day1
 how he stood by a round hole in one of 
the circles of ,hell1 in which ,pope    
,nicholas ,,iii4 was thrust head        
foremost--stood like the confessor      
hearing the assassin's final words1 and 
heard the guilty story of ,pope         
,nicholas4#ej  ,it is characteristic of 
,dante that he tells us here1 as if     
quite incidentally1 that these holes    
were about the size of the baptising    
stands or fonts in the ,church of ,san  
,giovanni1 'one of which1' says he1 ',i 

broke not many years ago to save one who
 was drowning in it4 ,let this suffice  
to disabuse all men4' ,evidently he had 
been taxed with sacrilege for saving the
 life of the drowning child at the      
expense of the sacred vessel1 and it can
 hardly be an accident that he recalls  
this circumstance in the ,hell of the   
sacrilegious ,popes and ,churchmen4     
,these men1 who had despised their      
sacred trust and turned it to basest    
trafficking1 were the representatives of
 that hard system of soulless           
officialism that would pollute the      
holiest functions of the ,church1 while 
reverencing with superstitious scruple  
their outward symbols and instruments4  
,and if the ,papal office could not     
rescue the sinner that held it1 neither 
could the ,papal authority shield the   
sins of others4 ,it is said that        
,catholics have not the keeping of their
 own consciences4 ,dante at least       
thought they had4 ,in the ,hell of      
fraudulent counsellors1 wrapped in a    

sheet of eternal flame one comes to him 
and cries1 ',grudge not to stay and     
speak with me a while4 ,behold1 ,i      
grudge it not1 although ,i burn4' ,it is
 ,guido da ,montefeltro1 whose fame in  
council and in war had gone forth to the
 ends of the earth4 ,all wiles and      
covert ways he knew1 and there had ever 
been more of the fox than of the lion in
 him4 ,but when he saw himself arriving 
at that age when every man should lower 
sails and gather in his ropes1 then did 
he repent of all that once had pleased  
him1 and girding him with the cord of   
,st4 ,francis he became a monk4 ,alas6  
his penitence would have availed him    
well but for the ,prince of the new     
,pharisees1 ,pope ,boniface ,,viii41 who
 was waging war with ,christians that   
should have been his friends1 hard by   
the ,lateran4 ',he demanded counsel of  
me1' continues ,guido1 'but ,i kept     
silence1 for his words seemed drunken4  
,then he said to me1 ,let not thy heart 
misdoubt3 henceforth do ,i absolve thee1

 but do thou teach me so to act that ,i 
may cast ,prenestina to the ground4     
,heaven ,i can shut and open1 as thou   
knowest4 444 ,then the weighty arguments
 impelled me to think silence worse than
 speech2 and so ,i said1 ,father1 since 
thou dost cleanse me from that guilt    
wherein ,i now must fall1 long promise  
and performance short will make thee    
triumph in thy lofty seat4 ,then when ,i
 died ,st4 ,francis came for me1 but one
 of the black cherubim said to him3 ,do 
me no wrong1 nor take thou him away4 ,he
 must come down amongst my menials1 e'en
 for the fraudulent advice he gave1     
since when ,i have kept close upon his  
hair4 ,he who repents not cannot be     
absolved1 nor can one will the same     
thing he repents1 the contradiction not 
permitting it4 ,ah wretched me6 how did 
,i shudder then1 for he laid hold of me1
 and with the cry1 ,haply thou knew'st  
not ,i was a logician8 bore me to       
judgment4'#ea  ,who can fail to         
recognise the utter truth of ,dante's   

teaching here8 ,what can stand between a
 man's own conscience and his duty8     
,though the very symbol and mouthpiece  
of the collective wisdom and piety of   
,christendom should hold the shield of  
authority before the culprit1 yet it    
cannot ward off the judgment for one    
single deed done in violation of        
personal moral conviction4 ,when once we
 have realised the meaning of this awful
 passage1 how can we ever urge again as 
an excuse for unfaithfulness to our own 
consciences1 that the assurance of those
 we loved and reverenced overcame our   
scruples8 ,here as everywhere ,dante    
strips sin of every specious and        
distracting circumstance1 and shows it  
to us where it ought to be--in ,hell4   
,contrast with the scene we have just   
looked upon the companion picture from  
the ,purgatory2 where ,buonconte di     
,montefeltro tells how he fled on foot  
from the battle-field of ,campaldino1   
his throat pierced with a mortal wound  
ensanguining the earth4 ,where ,archiano

 falls into the ,arno there darkness    
came upon him1 and he fell crossing his 
arms upon his breast and calling on the 
name of ,mary with his last breath4     
',then1' he continues1 ',god's angel    
came and took me1 and ,hell's angel     
shrieked1 ,o thou of ,heaven1 wherefore 
dost thou rob me8 ,thou bear'st with    
thee the eternal part of him1 all for   
one wretched tear which saves it from   
me4 ,but with the other part of him     
,i'll deal in other fashion4' ,upon     
which the infuriated demon swells the   
torrent with rain1 sweeps the warrior's 
body from the bank1 dashes away the     
hateful cross into which its arms are   
folded1 and in impotent rage rolls it   
along the river bed and buries it in    
slime so that men never see it more2 but
 the soul is meanwhile saved4#eb        
99       99       99       99       99  
,here we must pause4 ,i have made no    
attempt to give a systematic account of 
the ,inferno1 still less to select the  
finest passages from it4 ,i have only   

tried to interpret some of the leading  
thoughts which run through it1 some of  
the deep lessons which it can hardly    
fail to teach the reader4  ,like all    
great works1 the ,inferno should be     
studied both in detail and as a whole in
 order to be rightly understood2 and    
when we understand it1 even partially1  
when we have been with ,dante down      
through all the circles to that central 
lake of ice in which all humanity seems 
frozen out of the base traitors who     
showed no humanity on earth1 when we    
have faced the icy breath of the eternal
 air winnowed by ,satan's wings1 and    
have been numbed to every thought and   
feeling except one--one which has been  
burned and frozen into our hearts       
through all those rounds of shame and   
woe--the thought of the pity1 the       
misery1 the hatefulness of sin2 then1   
but then only1 we shall be ready to     
understand the ,purgatory1 shall know   
something of what the last lines of the 
,inferno meant to ,dante3 ',we mounted  

up1 he first and second ,i1 until       
through a round opening ,i saw some of  
those beauteous things that ,heaven     
bears2 and thence we issued forth again 
to see the stars4'#ec   ,,footnotes3    
,footnote #ca3 ,compare pp4 #ba-bc4     
,footnote #cb3 ,epistola xi4 ,sec4 #h4  
,footnote #cc3 ,inferno1 ii4 #a-f4      
,footnote #cd3 ,inferno1 xxviii4        
,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 xxiii4 #eh sqq4   
,footnote #cf3 ,ibid4 xviii4 #ajc-acf4  
,footnote #cg3 ,inferno1 xx4 #bg1 #bh3  
',qui vive la pieta quand' e ben morta4'
 ,the double force of pieta1 'piety1' is
 lost in the translation4  ,footnote    
#ch3 ,ibid4 xxiv4 #aab-xxv4 #i c4       
,footnote #ci3 ,ibid4 xiv4 #dc-ff4      
,footnote #dj3 ,inferno1 xviii4 #hb-if4 
,footnote #da3 ,ibid4 x4 #bb-ic4        
,footnote #db3 ,ibid4 xiii4 #ee-gh4     
,footnote #dc3 ,inferno1 xvi4 #fd-he4   
,footnote #dd3 ,inferno1 iii4 #a-i4     
,footnote #de3 ,inferno1 iv4 #bc-de1    
#hd4  ,footnote #df3 ,compare e4g4      
,purgatorio1 iii4 #cd-de1 xxii4 #fg-gc4 

,footnote #dg3 ,inferno1 v4 #hh1 #ia1   
#ib4  ,footnote #dh3 ,inferno1 xxx4     
#fd-fg4  ,footnote #di3 ,inferno1 vii4  
#aag-abf4  ,footnote #ej3 ,inferno1 xix4
  ,footnote #ea3 ,inferno1 xxvii4       
,footnote #eb3 ,purgatorio1 v4 #he-abi4 
,footnote #ec3 ,inferno1 xxxiv4         
#acf-aci4     ,,iv  ,,purgatory         
',leaving behind her that so cruel sea1 
the bark of poesy now spreads her sails 
to speed o'er happier waters2 and ,i    
sing of that mid kingdom where the soul 
of man is freed from stain1 till worthy 
to ascend to ,heaven4'#ed ,such are the 
opening words of ,dante's ,purgatory1   
and they drop like balm upon our seared 
and wounded hearts when we have escaped 
from the dread abode of eternal         
ill-desert4  ',man1 atoning for the     
misuse of his free will1' may be        
regarded as the subject of this poem4   
,and it brings it in a sense nearer to  
us than either the ,hell or the         
,paradise4 ,perhaps it ought not to     
surprise us that the ,purgatory has not 

by any means taken such a hold of the   
general imagination as the ,hell1 and   
that its machinery and incidents are    
therefore far less widely known2 for the
 power of the ,purgatory does not       
overwhelm us like that of the ,inferno  
whether we understand or no4 ,there are 
passages indeed in the poem which take  
the reader by storm and force themselves
 upon his memory1 but as a whole it must
 be felt in its deeper spiritual meaning
 to be felt at all4 ,its gentleness is  
ultimately as strong as the relentless  
might of the ,hell1 but it works more   
slowly and takes time to sink into our  
hearts and diffuse its influence there4 
,nor again need we be surprised that the
 inner circle of ,dante students often  
concentrate their fullest attention and 
admiration upon the ,paradise1 for it is
 the ,paradise in which the poet is most
 absolutely unique and unapproached1 and
 in it his admirers rightly find the    
supreme expression of his spirit4  ,and 
yet there is much in the ,purgatory that

 seems to render it peculiarly fitted to
 support our spiritual life and help us 
in our daily conflict1 much which we    
might reasonably have expected would    
give its images and allegories a        
permanent place in the devout heart of  
,christendom2 for1 as already hinted1 it
 is nearer to us in our struggles and   
imperfections1 in our aspirations and   
our conscious unworthiness1 nearer to us
 in our love of purity and our knowledge
 that our own hearts are stained with   
sin1 in our desire for the fullness of  
,god's light1 and our knowledge that we 
are not yet worthy or ready to receive  
it2 it is nearer to us in its piercing  
appeals1 driven home to the moral       
experience of every day and hour1 nearer
 to us in its mingled longing and       
resignation1 in its mingled consolations
 and sufferings1 nearer to us in its    
deep unrest of unattained but           
unrelinquished ideals1 than either the  
,hell in its ghastly harmony of         
impenitence and suffering1 or the       

,paradise in its ineffable fruition4    
,moreover1 the allegorical              
appropriateness of the various          
punishments is far more obvious and     
simple1 and the spiritual significance  
of the whole machinery clearer and more 
direct1 in the ,purgatory than in the   
,hell4 ,in a word1 the ,purgatory is    
more obviously though not more truly1   
more directly though not more           
profoundly1 moral and spiritual in its  
purport than the ,hell4  ,dante         
addresses some of the sufferers on the  
fifth circle of ,purgatory as 'chosen   
ones of ,god whose pains are soothed by 
justice and by hope4'#ee ,and in truth  
the spirits in ,purgatory are already   
utterly separated from their sins in    
heart and purpose1 are already chosen   
ones of ,god4 ,they are deeply sensible 
of the justice of their punishment1 and 
they are fed by the certain hope that at
 last1 when purifying pain has done its 
work1 their past sins will no longer    
separate them from ,god1 they will not  

only be parted in sympathy and emotion  
from their own sinful past1 but will be 
so cut off from it as no longer to feel 
it as their own1 no longer to recognise 
it as a part of themselves1 no longer to
 be weighed down by it4 ,then they will 
rise away from it into ,god's presence4 
',repenting and forgiving1' says one of 
them1 'we passed from life1 at peace    
with ,god1 who pierces our hearts with  
longing to see ,him4'#ef  ,the souls in 
,purgatory1 then1 are already           
transformed by the thirst for the living
 water1 already filled with the longing 
to see ,god1 already at one with ,him in
 will1 already gladdened by the hope of 
entering into full communion with ,him4 
,but they do not wish to go into ,his   
presence yet4 ,the sense of shame and   
the sense of justice forbid it4 ,they   
feel that the unexpiated stains of      
former sin still cleave to them1 making 
them unfit for ,heaven1 and they love   
the purifying torments which are burning
 those stains away4 ,in the topmost     

circle of ,purgatory1 amongst the fierce
 flames from which ,dante would have    
hurled himself into molten glass for    
coolness1 he sees souls whose cheeks    
flush at the memory of their sin with a 
shame that adds a burning to the burning
 flame2 whilst others1 clustering at the
 edge that they may speak with him1 yet 
take good heed to keep within the flame1
 lest for one moment they should have   
respite from the fierce pain which is   
purging away their sins and drawing them
 nearer to their desire4#eg  ,sweet     
hymns of praise and supplication are the
 fitting solace of this purifying pain2 
and as ,dante passes through the first  
of the narrow ascents that lead from    
circle to circle of ,purgatory1 he may  
well contrast this place of torment with
 the one that he has left1 may well     
exclaim1 ',ah me6 how diverse are these 
straits from those of ,hell6'#eh        
,penitence1 humility1 and peace--though 
not the highest or the fullest          
peace--are the key-notes of the         

,purgatory4         99       99       99
       99       99  ,when ,dante issued 
from the deadly shades of ,hell1 his    
cheeks all stained with tears1 his eyes 
and heart heavy with woe1 his whole     
frame spent with weariness and agony1   
the sweet blue heavens stretched above  
him1 and his eyes1 that for so long had 
gazed on nought but horror1 rested in   
their peaceful depths2 ,venus1 the      
morning star1 brightened the east1 and  
the ,southern ,cross poured its         
splendour over the heavens2 daybreak was
 at hand1 and the poets were at the foot
 of the mount of ,purgatory4  ,the sea  
rippled against the mountain1 and reeds1
 the emblems of humility1 ever yielding 
to the wave that swept them1 clustered  
round the shore4 ,dante and ,virgil went
 down to the margin1 and there the      
living poet bathed away the stains and  
tears of ,hell4  ,ere long the waves    
were skimmed by a light bark1 a radiant 
angel standing in the prow1 bearing the 
souls of the redeemed1 who must yet be  

purified1 singing the psalm1 ',when     
,israel came out of ,egypt4' ,amongst   
the shades thus borne to the mount of   
purification was ,dante's friend        
,casella1 the singer and musician4 ,how 
often had his voice lulled all ,dante's 
cares to sleep1 and 'quieted all his    
desires1' and now it seemed as though he
 were come to bring his troubled heart  
to peace1 to rest him in his utter      
weariness of body and of soul4  ,so1 at 
his entreaty1 ,casella raised his voice1
 and all the shades gathered entranced  
around him as he sang a noble canzone   
composed by ,dante himself in years gone
 by4#ei ,the sweet sound never ceased to
 echo in the poet's memory--not even the
 ineffable harmonies of ,paradise       
drowned those first strains of peace    
that soothed him after his awful toil4  
,but ,purgatory is no place of rest1 and
 ,casella's song was rudely interrupted 
by the guardian of the place1 who cried 
aloud1 ',how now1 ye sluggard souls6    
,what negligence and what delay is here8

 ,speed to the mountain6 ,rid you of the
 crust that lets not ,god be manifest to
 you6' ,to purge away our sins is not to
 rest2 and no longing for repose must   
tempt us to delay even for a moment4#fj 
,dante draws no flattering picture of   
the ease of self-purification2 ,hell    
itself hardly gives us such a sense of  
utter weariness as the first ascent of  
the mount of ,purgatory4 ,virgil is on  
in front1 and ,dante cries out1         
altogether spent1 ',oh1 my sweet father1
 turn thou and behold how ,i am left    
alone unless thou stay2' but ,virgil    
still urges him on1 and after a time    
comforts him with the assurance that    
though the mountain is so hard to scale 
at first1 yet the higher a man climbs   
the easier the ascent becomes1 till at  
last it is so sweet and easy to him that
 he rises without effort as a boat drops
 down the stream3 then he may know that 
the end of his long journey has come1   
that the weight of sin is cast off1 that
 his soul obeys its own pure nature1 and

 rises unencumbered to its ,god4#fa     
,the lower portion of the mountain forms
 a kind of ante-,purgatory1 where the   
souls in weary exile wait for admission 
to the purifying pain for which they    
long4 ,here those who have delayed their
 penitence till the end of life atone   
for their wilful alienation by an equal 
term of forced delay ere they may enter 
the blessed suffering of ,purgatory4    
,here those who have lived in contumacy 
against the ,church expiate their       
offences by a thirty-fold exile in the  
ante-,purgatory2 but as we saw in ,hell 
that ,papal absolution will not shield  
the sinful soul1 so we find in          
,purgatory that the ,papal malediction1 
the thunders of excommunication itself1 
cannot permanently part the repentant   
soul from the forgiving ,god4#fb  ,when 
this first exile is at an end1 and the  
lower mountain scaled1 the gate of the  
true ,purgatory is reached4 ,three steps
 lead up to it1 'the first of marble    
white1 so polished and so smooth that in

 it man beholds him as he is4' ,this    
represents that transparent simplicity  
and sincerity of purpose that1 throwing 
off all self-delusion1 sees itself as it
 is1 and is the first step towards true 
penitence4 ',the second step1 darker    
than purpled black1 of rough and        
calcined stone1 all rent through length 
and breadth1' represents the contrite   
heart of true affliction for past sin4  
',the third and crowning mass methought 
was porphyry1 and flamed like the red   
blood fresh spouting from the vein4'    
,this is the glowing love which crowns  
the work of penitence1 and gives the    
earnest of a new and purer life4 ,above 
these steps an angel stands to whom     
,peter gave the keys--the silver key of 
knowledge and the golden key of         
authority--bidding him open to the      
penitent1 and err rather towards freedom
 than towards over-sternness4#fc        
,within the gate of ,purgatory rise the 
seven terraces where sin is purged4 ,on 
the three lower ledges man atones for   

that perverse and ill-directed love     
which seeks another's ill--for love of  
some sort is the one sole motive of all 
action1 good or bad4#fd ,in the lowest  
circle the pride that rejoices in its   
own superiority1 and therefore in the   
inferiority of others1 is purged and    
expiated4 ',as to support a ceiling or a
 roof1' says ,dante1 'one sees a figure 
bracket-wise with knees bent up against 
it bosom1 till the imaged strain begets 
real misery in him who sees1 so ,i      
beheld these shades when close ,i       
scanned them4 ,true it is that less or  
greater burdens cramped each one or less
 or more1 yet he whose mien had most of 
patience1 wailing seemed to say1 ,i can 
no more6'#fe  ,in the second circle the 
blind sin of envy is expiated4 ,here the
 eyelids of the envious are ruthlessly  
pierced and closed by the stitch of an  
iron wire1 and through the horrid suture
 gush forth tears of penitence that     
bathe the sinner's cheeks4 ',here shall 
my eyes be closed1' says ,dante1 half in

 shame at seeing those who saw him not1 
'here shall my eyes be closed1 though   
open now--but not for long4 ,far more ,i
 dread the pain of those below2 for even
 now methinks ,i bend beneath the       
load4'#ff  ,in the third circle the     
passionate wend their way through a     
blinding1 stinging smoke1 darker than   
,hell2 but all are one in heart1 and    
join in sweet accord of strain and      
measure singing the ',agnus ,dei4'  ,in 
these three lower circles is expiated   
the perverse love that1 in pride1 in    
envy1 or in passion1 seeks another's    
ill4  ,round the fourth or central ledge
 hurry in ceaseless flight the laggards 
whose feeble love of ,god1 though not   
perverse1 was yet inadequate4  ,then on 
the succeeding circles are punished     
those whose sin was excessive and       
ill-regulated love of earthly things4   
,there in the fifth round the avaricious
 and the prodigal1 who bent their       
thoughts alike to the gross things of   
earth and lost all power of good1 lie   

with their faces in the dust and their  
backs turned to heaven1 pinioned and    
helpless4  ,in the sixth circle the     
gluttonous in lean and ghastly hunger   
gaze from hollow eyes 'like rings       
without the gems1' upon the fruit they  
may not taste4#fg  ,and lastly1 in the  
seventh circle the sin of inchastity is 
purged1 in flames as fierce as its own  
reckless passion4  ,through all of these
 circles to which its life on earth has 
rendered it liable1 the soul must pass1 
in pain but not in misery2 at perfect   
peace with ,god1 loving the pain that   
makes it fit to rise into ,his presence1
 longing for that more perfect union1   
but not desiring it as yet because still
 knowing itself unworthy4  ,at last the 
moment comes when this shrinking from   
,god's presence1 this clinging to the   
pain of ,purgatory1 has its end4 ,the   
desire to rise up surprises the         
repentant soul1 and that desire is      
itself the proof that the punishment is 
over1 that the soul is ripe for ,heaven4

 ,then1 as it ascends1 the whole        
mountain shakes from base to summit with
 the mighty cry of ',gloria in          
excelsis6' raised by every soul in      
,purgatory as the ransomed and          
emancipated spirit seeks its home4#fh   
,through all these circles ,dante is led
 by ,virgil1 and here as in ,hell he    
meets and converses with spirits of the 
departed4 ,he displays the same         
unrivalled power and the same relentless
 use of it1 the same passionate         
indignation1 the same yearning pity1    
which take the soul captive in the      
earlier poem4 ,in the description of    
,corso ,donati's charger dragging his   
mangled body towards the gorge of ,hell 
in ever fiercer flight2 in the indignant
 protest against the factious spirit of 
,italy and the passionate appeal to the 
,empire2 in the description of the      
impotent rage of the fiend who is       
cheated by 'one wretched tear' of the   
soul of ,buonconte2 in the scathing     
denunciations of the cities of the      

,arno2#fi in these and in many another  
passage the poet of the ,purgatory shows
 that he is still the poet of the ,hell2
 but it is rather to the richness of the
 new thoughts and feelings than to the  
unabated vigour and passion of the old  
ones1 that we naturally direct our      
attention in speaking of the ,purgatory4
 ,and these we have by no means         
exhausted4  ,when ,dante first entered  
the gate of ,purgatory he heard 'voices 
mingled with sweet strains' chanting the
 ,te ,deum1 and they raised in his heart
 such images as when we hear voices     
singing to the organ and 'partly catch  
and partly miss the words4'#gj ,and this
 sweet music1 only to find its fullest  
and distinctest utterance in the        
,paradise1 pervades almost the whole of 
the ,purgatory1 filling it with a       
reposeful longing that prepares for the 
fruition it does not give4  ,there is a 
tender and touching simplicity in the   
records of their earthly lives which the
 gentle souls in ,purgatory give to our 

poet4 ,take as an example1 the story of 
,pope ,adrian ,v41 whom ,dante finds    
amongst the avaricious3 ',a month and   
little more ,i felt the weight with     
which the ,papal mantle presses on his  
shoulders who would keep it from the    
mire4 ,all other burdens seem like      
feathers to it4 ,ah me6 but late was my 
conversion2 yet when ,i became ,rome's  
,shepherd then ,i saw the hollow        
cozenage of life2 for my heart found no 
repose in that high dignity1 and yonder 
life on earth gave it no room to aim yet
 higher2 wherefore the love of this life
 rose within me4 ,till then was ,i a    
wretched soul severed from ,god1        
enslaved to avarice1 for which1 thou    
seest1 ,i now bear the pain4'#ga  ,most 
touching too are the entreaties of the  
souls in ,purgatory for the prayers of  
those on earth1 or their confession that
 they have already been lifted up by    
them4 ',tell my ,giovanna to cry for me 
where the innocent are heard1' says     
,nino to ,dante2#gb and when the poet   

meets his friend ,forese1 who had been  
dead but five years1 in the highest     
circle but one of ,purgatory1 whereas he
 would have expected him still to be in 
exile at the mountain's base1 he asks   
him to explain the reason why he is     
there1 and ,forese answers1 ',it is my  
,nella's broken sobs that have brought  
me so soon to drink the sweet wormwood  
of torment4 ,her devout prayers and     
sighs have drawn me from the place of   
lingering1 and freed me from the lower  
circles4 ,my little widow1 whom ,i      
greatly loved1 is all the dearer and    
more pleasing to ,god because her       
goodness stands alone amid surrounding  
vice4'#gc  ,surely it is a deep and holy
 truth1 under whatever varying forms    
succeeding ages may embody it1 that the 
faithful love of a pure soul does more  
than any other earthly power to hasten  
the passage of the penitent through     
,purgatory4 ,when under the load of     
self-reproach and shame that weighs down
 our souls1 we dare not look up to      

,heaven1 dare not look into our own     
hearts1 dare not meet ,god1 then the    
faithful love of a pure soul can raise  
us up and teach us not to despair of    
ourselves1 can lift us on the wings of  
its prayer1 can waft us on the breath of
 its sobs1 swiftly through the purifying
 anguish into the blissful presence of  
,god4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,a feature of special      
beauty in the ,purgatory is formed by   
the allegorical or typical sculptures on
 the wall and floor of some of the      
terraces1 by the voices of warning or   
encouragement that sweep round the      
mountain1 and by the visions that from  
time to time visit the poet himself4    
,let one of these visions suffice4      
,dante is about to enter the circles in 
which the inordinate love of earthly    
things1 with all vain and vicious       
indulgence1 is punished4 ',in dream     
there came to me1' he says1 'a woman    
with a stuttering tongue1 and with      
distorted eyes1 all twisted on her feet1

 maimed in her hands1 and sallow in her 
hue4 ,i gazed at her1 and as the sun    
comforts the chilled limbs by the night 
oppressed1 so did my look give ease unto
 her speech1 and straightway righted her
 in every limb1 and with love's colours 
touched her haggard face4 ,and when her 
speech was liberated thus1 she sang so  
sweetly it were dire pain to wrest      
attention from her4 ,i1 she sang1 am    
that sweet siren who lead astray the    
sailors in mid sea1 so full am ,i of    
sweetness to the ear4 ',twas ,i that    
drew ,ulysses from his way with longing 
for my song2 and he on whom the custom  
of my voice has grown1 full rarely      
leaves me1 so do ,i content him4' ,in   
the end this false siren is exposed in  
all her foulness1 and ,dante turns from 
her in loathing4#gd  ,throughout        
,purgatory ,dante is still led and      
instructed by ,virgil4 ,i think there is
 nothing in the whole ,comedy so        
pathetic as the passages in which the   
fate of ,virgil1 to be cut off for ever 

from the light of ,god1 is contrasted   
with the hope of the souls in           
,purgatory4 ,the sweetness and beauty of
 ,virgil's character as conceived by    
,dante grow steadily upon us throughout 
this poem1 until they make the          
contemplation of his fate and the       
patient sadness with which he speaks of 
it more heartrending than anything that 
we have heard or seen in ,hell4 ,after  
this we hardly need to hear from ,dante 
the direct expression he subsequently   
gives of his passionate thirst to know  
the meaning of so mysterious a decree as
 that which barred ,heaven against the  
unbaptised4  ,in ,purgatory1 ,virgil and
 ,dante meet the emancipated soul of the
 ,roman poet ,statius1 freed at last    
after many centuries of purifying pain1 
and ready now to ascend to ,heaven4     
,virgil asks him how he became a        
,christian1 and ,statius refers him to  
his own words in one of the ,eclogues1  
regarded in those days as containing a  
prophecy of ,christ4 ',thou1' says      

,statius1 'didst first guide me to      
,parnassus to drink in its grottoes1 and
 afterwards thou first didst light me   
unto ,god4 ,when thou didst sing1 ,the  
season is renewed1 justice returns1 and 
the first age of man1 and a new progeny 
descends from ,heaven1 thou wast as one 
who1 marching through the darkness of   
the night1 carries the light behind him1
 aiding not himself1 but teaching those 
who follow him the way4 ,through thee   
was ,i a poet1 and through thee a       
,christian4' ,not a shade of envy1 not a
 thought of resentment or rebellion1    
passes over ,virgil's heart as he hears 
that while saving others he could not   
save himself4#ge  ,but now1 without     
dwelling further on the episodes of the 
poem1 we must hasten to consider the    
most beautiful and profoundest of its   
closing scenes4  ,under ,virgil's       
guidance ,dante had traversed all the   
successive circles of the mount of      
,purgatory4 ,he stood at its summit1 in 
the earthly ,paradise1 the ,garden of   

,eden which ,eve had lost4 ,there amid  
fairest sights and sounds he was to meet
 the glorified ,beatrice1 and she was to
 be his guide in ,heaven as ,virgil had 
been his guide in ,hell and ,purgatory4 
,in any degree to understand what       
follows we must try to realise the      
intimate blending of lofty abstract     
conceptions and passionate personal     
emotions and reminiscences in ,dante's  
thoughts of ,beatrice4  ,this sweet and 
gentle type of womanhood1 round whose   
earthly life the genius and devotion of 
,dante have twined a wreath of the      
tenderest poetry1 the most romantic     
love1 that ever rose from heart of man1 
had been to him in life and death the   
vehicle and messenger of ,god's highest 
grace4 ,round her memory clustered all  
the noblest purposes and purest motives 
of his life1 and in her spirit seemed to
 be reflected the divinest truth1 the   
loftiest wisdom1 that the human soul    
could comprehend4 ,and so1 making her   
objectively and in the scheme of the    

universe what she had really been and   
was to him subjectively1 he came to     
regard her as the symbol of ,divine     
philosophy as ,virgil was the symbol of 
human virtue and wisdom4  ,touched by   
the glow of an ideal love1 ,dante had   
reached a deeper knowledge1 a fuller    
grace1 than the wisdom of this world    
could teach or gain4 ,the doctors of the
 ,church1 the sweet singers1 the mighty 
heroes1 the profound philosophers1 who  
had instructed and supported him1 had   
none of them touched his life so deeply1
 had none of them led him so far into   
the secret place of truth1 had none of  
them brought him so near to ,god1 as    
that sweet child1 that lovely maid1 that
 pure woman1 who had given him his first
 and noblest ideal4  ,now to ,dante and 
to his age it was far from unnatural to 
erect concrete human beings into        
abstract types or personifications4     
,leah and ,rachel are the active and the
 contemplative life respectively4       
,virgil1 we have seen1 is human         

philosophy4 ,cato of ,utica represents  
the triumph over the carnal nature and  
the passions4 ,and it is not only the   
,old ,testament and classical antiquity 
that furnish these types4 ,the          
celebrated ,countess ,matilda1 who lived
 only about two centuries before ,dante 
himself1 becomes in his poem1 according 
to the generally received               
interpretation1 one of the attributes of
 ,god personified4 ,and so ,beatrice    
became the personification of that      
heavenly wisdom1 that true knowledge of 
,god1 of which she had been the vehicle 
to ,dante4  ,but to the poet and to the 
age in which he lived1 it was impossible
 to separate this heavenly wisdom in its
 simple1 spiritual essence1 from the    
form which its exposition had received  
at the hands of the great teachers of   
the ,church4 ,to them true spiritual    
wisdom1 personal experience and         
knowledge of ,god1 were inseparable from
 theology4 ,the two united in the       
conception of ,divine philosophy4 ,thus 

by a strange but intelligible gradation 
,dante blended in his conception of     
,beatrice two elements which seem to us 
the very extreme of incompatibility4    
,she is in the first place the          
personification of scholastic theology1 
with all its subtle intricacy of        
pedantic method2 she is in the second   
place the maiden to whom ,dante sang his
 songs of love in ,florence1 and whose  
early death he wept disconsolate4 ,and  
in the closing scenes of the ,purgatory 
these two conceptions are more          
intimately blended1 perhaps1 than       
anywhere else in ,dante's writings4     
,after wandering1 as it were1 in the    
forest of a bewildered life1 the poet is
 led through ,hell and ,purgatory until 
he stands face to face at last with his 
own purest and loftiest ideal2 and the  
fierceness of his own self-accusation   
when thus confronted with ,beatrice he  
expresses under the form of reproaches  
which he lays upon her lips1 but which  
we must retranslate into the reproachful

 utterances of his own tortured heart1  
if we are to retain our gentle thoughts 
of ,beatrice4  ,we need not dwell even  
for a moment on the gorgeous pageantry  
with which ,dante introduces and        
surrounds ,beatrice4 ,suffice it to say 
that she comes in a mystic car1 which   
represents the ,church1 surrounded by   
saints and angels4  ,no sooner does     
,dante see her1 although closely veiled1
 than the might of the old passion      
sweeps upon him1 and like a child that  
flees in terror to its mother1 so does  
he turn to ,virgil with the cry3 ',not  
one drop of blood but trembles in my    
veins6 ,i recognise the tokens of the   
ancient flame4' ,but ,virgil is gone4   
,dante has no refuge from his own       
offended and reproachful ideal4 ,as he  
bursts into lamentations at the loss of 
,virgil's companionship1 ,beatrice      
sternly calls him back3 ',dante6 weep   
not that ,virgil has gone from thee4    
,thou hast a deeper wound for which to  
weep4'  ,as one who speaks1 but holds   

back words more burning than he utters1 
so she stood4 ,a clear stream flowed    
between her and ,dante1 and as she began
 to renew her reproaches he cast down   
his eyes in shame upon the water2--but  
there he saw himself6 ,the angels sang a
 plaintive psalm1 and ,dante knew that  
they were pleading for him more clearly 
than if they had used directer words4   
,then the agony of shame and penitence  
that ,beatrice's reproof had frozen in  
his bosom1 as when the icy north wind   
freezes the snow amid the forests of the
 ,apennine1 was melted by the angels'   
plea for him as snow by the breezes of  
the south1 and burst from him in a      
convulsion of sobs and tears4  ,how was 
it possible that he should have gone so 
far astray1 have been so false to the   
promise and the purpose of his early    
life1 have abused his own natural gifts 
and the superadded grace of heaven8 ,how
 was it possible that he should have let
 all the richness of his life run wild8 
,that after ,beatrice had for a time    

sustained him and led him in the true   
path with her sweet eyes1 he should have
 turned away from her in ,heaven whom he
 had so loved on earth8 ,how could he   
have followed the false semblances of   
good that never hold their word8 ,his   
visions and his dreams of the ideal he  
was deserting had not sufficed1 and so  
deep had he sunk that nothing short of  
visiting the region of the damned could 
save him from perdition4 ,why had he    
deserted his first purposes8 ,what      
obstacle had baffled or appalled him8   
,what new charm had those lower things  
of earth obtained to draw him to them8  
',the false enticements of the present  
things1' he sobbed1 'had led his feet   
aside1 soon as her countenance was hid4'
 ,but should not the decay of that fair 
form have been itself the means of      
weaning him from things of earth1 that  
he might ne'er again be cheated by their
 beauty or drawn aside by them from the 
pursuit of heavenly wisdom and of       
heavenly love8 ,when the fairest of all 

earthly things was mouldering in the    
dust1 should he not have freed himself  
from the entanglements of the less      
beauteous things remaining8  ,to all    
these reproaches1 urged by ,beatrice1   
,dante had no reply4 ,with eyes rooted  
to the ground1 filled with unutterable  
shame1 like a child repentant and       
confessing1 longing to throw himself at 
his mother's feet1 but afraid to meet   
her glance while her lips still utter   
the reproof1 so ,dante stood4 ,from time
 to time a few broken words1 which      
needed the eye more than the ear to     
interpret them1 dropped from his lips   
like shafts from a bow that breaks with 
excess of strain as the arrow is        
delivered4  ,at last ,beatrice commanded
 him to look up4 ,the wind uproots the  
oak tree with less resistance than      
,dante felt ere he could turn his       
downcast face to hers2 but when he saw  
her1 transcending her former self more  
than her former self transcended others1
 his agony of self-reproach and         

penitence was more than he could bear1  
and he fell senseless to the ground4#gf 
,when he awoke he was already plunged in
 the waters of ,lethe1 which with the   
companion stream of ,eunoe would wash   
from his memory the shame and misery of 
past unfaithfulness1 would enable him1  
no longer crushed by self-reproach1 to  
ascend with the divine wisdom and purity
 of his own ideal into the higher       
realms4  ,and here the ,purgatory ends1 
the ,paradise begins4   ,,footnotes3    
,footnote #ed3 ,purgatorio1 i4 #a-f4    
,footnote #ee3 ,purgatorio1 xix4 #gf1   
#gg4  ,footnote #ef3 ,ibid4 v4 #ee-eg4  
,footnote #eg3 ,purgatorio1 xxvi4       
#ac-ae1 #ha2 xxvii4 #di-ea4  ,footnote  
#eh3 ,purgatorio1 xii4 #aab1 #aac4      
,footnote #ei3 ,canzone xv4 ',amor1 che 
nella mente4' ,see also ,convito1 trat4 
iii4  ,footnote #fj3 ,purgatorio1 i4 ii4
  ,footnote #fa3 ,ibid4 iv4 #cg-ie4     
,footnote #fb3 ,purgatorio1 iii4        
#aab-ade1 iv4 #abg-ace4  ,footnote #fc3 
,purgatorio1 ix4 #gf-abi4  ,footnote    

#fd3 ,for the general scheme of         
,purgatory1 see ,purgatorio1 xvii4      
#ia-aci4  ,footnote #fe3 ,purgatorio1 x4
 #acj-aci4  ,footnote #ff3 ,ibid4 xiii4 
#gc1 #gd1 #acc-ach4  ,footnote #fg3     
,purgatorio1 xxiii4 #ca4  ,footnote #fh3
 ,purgatorio1 xx4 #abd-aea1 xxi4 #cd-gh4
  ,footnote #fi3 ,purgatorio1 v4        
#he-abi1 vi4 #gf-aea1 xiv4 #af-gb1 xxiv4
 #hb-hg4  ,footnote #gj3 ,ibid4 ix4     
#aci-ade4  ,footnote #ga3 ,purgatorio1  
xix4 #ajc-aad4  ,footnote #gb3          
,purgatorio1 viii4 #ga1 #gb4  ,footnote 
#gc3 ,ibid4 xxiii4 #he-ic4  ,footnote   
#gd3 ,purgatorio1 xix4 #g-cc4  ,footnote
 #ge3 ,purgatorio1 xxii4 #ee-gc4        
,footnote #gf3 ,purgatorio1 xxx4        
#bb--xxxi4 #ij4     ,v  ,,heaven   ,when
 ,dante wrote the ,paradise1 he well    
knew that he was engaged in the supreme 
effort of his life1 to which all else   
had led up4 ,he well knew that he was   
engaged in no pastime1 but with         
intensest concentration of matured power
 was delivering such a message from ,god

 to man as few indeed had ever been     
privileged or burdened to receive4 ,he  
well knew that the words in which       
through long years of toil he had       
distilled the sweetness and the might of
 his vision were immortal1 that to      
latest ages they would bear strength and
 purity of life1 would teach the keen   
eye of the spirit to gaze into the      
uncreated light1 and would flood the    
soul with a joy deeper than all unrest  
or sorrow1 with a glory that no gloom   
could ever dispel4 ,he knew moreover    
that this his last and greatest poem    
would speak to a few only in any        
generation1 though speaking to those few
 with a voice of transforming power and 
grace4  ',oh1 ye1' he cries almost at   
the beginning of the ,paradise1 'who1   
desirous to hear1 have followed in      
slight bark behind my keel1 which sings 
upon its course1 now turn you back and  
make for your own shores1 trust not the 
open wave lest1 losing me1 ye should be 
left bewildered4 ,as yet all untracked  

is the wave ,i sail4 ,minerva breathes1 
,apollo leads me on1 and the nine ,muses
 point me to the pole4 ,ye other few1   
who timely have lift up your heads for  
bread of angels fed by which man liveth 
but can never surfeit know1 well may ye 
launch upon the ocean deep1 keeping my  
furrow as ye cut your way through waters
 that return and equal lie4'#gg  ,in    
these last words1 comparing the track he
 leaves to the watery furrow that at    
once subsides1 ,dante seems to indicate 
that he was well aware how easily the   
soul might drop out of his verses1 how  
the things he had to say were           
essentially unutterable1 so that his    
words could at best be only a suggestion
 of his meaning dependent for their     
effect upon the subtlest spiritual      
influences and adjustments1 as well as  
upon the receptive sympathy of those to 
whom they were addressed4 ,and if there 
are so many that fail to catch the      
spirit and feel the heavenly harmony of 
the music when it is ,dante's own hand  

that touches the strings1 how hopeless  
seems the task of transferring even its 
echo1 by translated extracts1 or        
descriptions1 from which the soul has   
fled4  ,there is indeed much that is    
beautiful1 much that is profound1 in the
 ,paradise which is capable of easy     
reproduction1 but the divine aroma of   
the whole could only be translated or   
transferred by another ,dante4 ,petal   
after petal of the rose of ,paradise may
 be described or copied1 but the        
heavenly perfume that they breathed is  
gone4  ',his glory that moves all       
things1' so ,dante begins the ,paradise1
 'pierces the universe2 and is here     
more1 here less resplendent4 ,in that   
,heaven which of ,his light has most1   
was ,i4 ,there ,i saw things which he   
who thence descends has not the         
knowledge or power to retell4 ,for as it
 draws anigh to its desire1 our         
intellect pierces so deep that memory   
cannot follow in its track4 ,but of that
 sacred empire so much as ,i had power  

in my mind to store1 shall now be matter
 of my poesy4'#gh  ,and again1 almost at
 the close he sings1 ',as is he who     
dreams1 and when the dream is broke     
still feels the emotion stamped upon his
 heart though all he saw is fled beyond 
recall1 e'en such am ,i2 for1 all the   
vision gone well-nigh without a trace1  
yet does the sweetness that was born of 
it still drop within my heart4'#gi  ,if 
so much as an echo of that echo1 if so  
much as a dream of that dream1 falls    
upon our ears and sinks into our hearts1
 then we are amongst those few for whom 
,dante wrote his last and his divinest  
poem4         99       99       99      
99       99  ,through the successive    
heavens of ,paradise ,dante is conducted
 by ,beatrice2 and here again the       
intimate blending in the divine guide of
 two distinct almost contradictory      
conceptions forms one of the great      
obstacles towards giving an intelligible
 account of the poem4 ,this obstacle can
 only disappear when patient study      

guided by receptive sympathy has led us 
truly into the poet's thought4  ,in the 
,paradise1 however1 the allegorical and 
abstract element in the conception of   
,beatrice is generally the ruling one4  
,she is the impersonation of ,divine    
,philosophy1 under whose guidance the   
spiritual discernment is so quickened   
and the moral perceptions so purified1  
that the intellect can thread its way   
through subtlest intricacies of         
casuistry and theology1 and where the   
intellect fails the eye of faith still  
sees4  ,even in this allegorical        
character ,beatrice is a veritable      
personality1 as are ,lucia1 the ,divine 
,grace1 and the other attributes or     
agents of the ,deity1 who appear in the 
,comedy as personal beings with personal
 affections and feelings1 though at the 
same time representing abstract ideas4  
,thus ,beatrice1 as ,divine ,philosophy 
impersonated1 is at once an abstraction 
and a personality4 ',the eyes of        
,philosophy1' says ,dante elsewhere1    

'are her demonstrations1 the smile of   
,philosophy her persuasions4'#hj ,and   
this mystic significance must never be  
lost sight of when we read of           
,beatrice's eyes kindling with an ever  
brighter glow and her smile beaming     
through them with a diviner sweetness as
 she ascends through heaven after heaven
 ever nearer to the presence of ,god4   
,the demonstrations of ,divine          
,philosophy become more piercing1 more  
joyous1 more triumphant1 her persuasions
 more soul-subduing and entrancing1 as  
the spirit draws nearer to its source4  
,but though we shall never understand   
the ,paradise unless we perceive the    
allegorical significance and            
appropriateness not only of the general 
conception of ,beatrice1 but also of    
many details in ,dante's descriptions of
 her1 yet we should be equally far from 
the truth if we imagined her a mere     
allegory4 ,she is a glorified and as it 
were divine personality1 and watches    
over and guides her pupil with the      

tenderness and love of a gentle and     
patient mother4 ,the poet constantly    
likens himself to a wayward1 a          
delirious1 or a frightened child1 as he 
flies for refuge to his blessed guide's 
maternal care4#ha  ,again1 they are in  
the eighth heaven1 and ,beatrice knows  
that a glorious manifestation of saints 
and angels is soon to be vouchsafed to  
,dante4 ,listen to his description of   
her as she stands waiting3 ',e'en as a  
bird amongst the leaves she loves1      
brooding upon the nest of her sweet     
young throughout the night wherein all  
things are hid1 foreruns the time to see
 their loved aspect and find them food1 
wherein her heavy toil is sweet to her1 
there on the open spray1 waiting with   
yearning longing for the sun1 fixedly   
gazing till the morn shall rise2 so did 
she stand erect1 her eyes intent on the 
meridian4 ,and seeing her suspended in  
such longing ,i became as one who yearns
 for what he knows not1 and who rests in
 hope4'#hb         99       99       99 

99       99  ,under ,beatrice's         
guidance1 then1 ,dante ascends through  
the nine heavens into the empyrean      
heights of ,paradise4 ,here in reality  
are the souls of all the blessed1       
rejoicing in the immediate presence and 
light of ,god1#hc and here ,dante sees  
them in the glorified forms which they  
will wear after the resurrection4 ,but  
in order to bring home to his human     
understanding the varied grades of merit
 and beatitude in ,paradise1 he meets or
 appears to meet the souls of the       
departed in the successive heavens      
through which he passes1 sweeping with  
the spheres in wider and ever wider arc1
 as he rises towards the eternal rest by
 which all other things are moved4  ,it 
is in these successive heavens that     
,dante converses with the souls of the  
blessed4 ,in the lower spheres they     
appear to him in a kind of faint bodily 
form like the reflections cast by glass 
unsilvered2 but in the higher spheres   
they are like gems of glowing light1    

like stars that blaze into sight or fade
 away in the depths of the sky2 and     
these living topaz and ruby lights1 like
 the morning stars that sing together in
 ,job1 break into strains of ineffable  
praise and joy as they glow upon their  
way in rhythmic measure both of voice   
and movement4  ,thus in the fourth      
,heaven1 the ,heaven of the ,sun1 ,dante
 meets the souls of the great doctors of
 the ,church4 ,thomas ,aquinas is there1
 and ,albertus ,magnus and the          
,venerable ,bede and many more4 ,a      
circle of these glorious lights is      
shining round ,dante and ,beatrice as   
,aquinas tells the poet who they were on
 earth4 ',then like the horologue1 that 
summons us1 what hour the spouse of ,god
 rises to sing her matins to her spouse1
 to win his love1 wherein each part     
urges and draws its fellow1 making a    
tinkling sound of so sweet note that the
 well-ordered spirit swells with love3  
so did ,i see the glorious wheel        
revolve1 and render voice to voice in   

melody and sweetness such as ne'er could
 noted be save where joy stretches to   
eternity4  ',oh1 senseless care of      
mortals6 ,ah1 how false the thoughts    
that urge thee in thy downward flight6  
,one was pursuing law1 and medicine one1
 another hunting after priesthood1 and a
 fourth would rule by force or fraud2   
one toiled in robbery1 and one in civil 
business1 and a third was moiling in the
 pleasures of the flesh all             
surfeit-weary1 and a fourth surrendered 
him to sloth4 ,and ,i the while1        
released from all these things1 thus    
gloriously with ,beatrice was received  
in ,heaven4'#hd  ,when ,beatrice fixes  
her eyes--remember their allegorical    
significance as the demonstrations of   
,divine philosophy--upon the light of   
,god1 and ,dante gazes upon them1 then  
quick as thought and without sense of   
motion1 the two arise into a higher     
heaven1 like the arrow that finds its   
mark while yet the bow-string trembles2 
and ,dante knows by the kindling beauty 

that glows in his guardian's eyes that  
they are nearer to the presence of ,god 
and are sweeping ,heaven in a wider arc4
  ,the spirits in the higher heavens see
 ,god with clearer vision1 and therefore
 love ,him with more burning love1 and  
rejoice with a fuller joy in ,his       
presence than those in the lower        
spheres4 ,yet these too rest in perfect 
peace and oneness with ,god's will4  ,in
 the ,heaven of the ,moon1 for instance1
 the lowest of all1 ,dante meets        
,piccarda4 ,she was the sister of       
,forese1 whom we saw in the highest     
circle but one of ,purgatory1 raised so 
far by his widowed ,nella's prayers4    
,when ,dante recognises her amongst her 
companions1 in her transfigured beauty1 
he says1 ',but tell me1 ye whose        
blessedness is here1 do ye desire a more
 lofty place1 to see more and to be more
 loved by ,god8 ,she with those other   
shades first gently smiled1 then        
answered me so joyous that she seemed to
 glow with love's first flame1 ,brother1

 the power of love so lulls our will1 it
 makes us long for nought but what we   
have1 and feel no other thirst4 ,if we  
should wish to be exalted more1 our wish
 would be discordant with ,his will who 
here assigned us2 and that may not be   
within these spheres1 as thou thyself   
mayst see1 knowing that here we needs   
must dwell in love1 and thinking what   
love is4 ,nay1 'tis inherent in this    
blessedness to hold ourselves within the
 will ,divine1 whereby our wills are    
one4 ,that we should be thus rank by    
rank throughout this realm ordained1    
rejoices all the realm e'en as its      
,king1 who draws our wills in ,his4 ,and
 ,his decree is our peace4 ,it is that  
sea to which all things are moved which 
it creates and all that nature forges4  
,then was it clear to me how every where
 in ,heaven is ,paradise1 e'en though   
the grace distil not in one mode from   
that ,chief ,good4'#he  ,so again in the
 second heaven1 the ,heaven of ,mercury1
 the soul of ,justinian tells the poet  

how that sphere is assigned to them     
whose lofty aims on earth were in some  
measure fed by love of fame and glory   
rather than inspired by the true love of
 ,god4 ,hence they are in this lower    
sphere4 ,yet part of their very joy     
consists in measuring the exact accord  
between the merits and the blessedness  
of the beatified4 ',as diverse voices   
make sweet melody1' he continues1 'so do
 the diverse ranks of our life render   
sweet harmony amidst these spheres4'#hf 
,indeed1 one of the marvels of this     
marvellous poem is the extreme variety  
of character and even of incident which 
we find in ,heaven as well as in ,hell  
and ,purgatory4 ,in each of the three   
poems there is one key-note to which we 
are ever brought back1 but in each there
 is infinite variety and delicacy of    
individual delineation too4 ,the saints 
are no more uniform and characterless in
 their blessedness than are the         
unrepentant sinners in their tortures or
 the repentant in their contented pain4 

,nor must we suppose that the ,paradise 
is an unbroken succession of            
descriptions of heavenly bliss4 ,here   
too1 as in ,hell and ,purgatory1 the    
things of earth are from time to time   
discussed by ,dante and the spirits that
 he meets4 ,here too the glow of a lofty
 indignation flushes the very spheres of
 ,heaven4 ,thus ,peter cries against    
,pope ,boniface ,,viii3 ',he who usurps 
upon the earth my place1 my place1 ,,my 
,,place1 which in the presence of the   
,son of ,god is vacant now1 has made the
 city of my sepulture a sink of blood   
and filth1 at which the rebel ,satan1   
who erst fell from ,heaven1 rejoices    
down in ,hell4' ,and at this the whole  
,heaven glows with red1 and ,beatrice's 
cheek flushes as at a tale of shame4#hg 
,dante is still the same4 ,the sluggish 
self-indulgence of the monks1 the       
reckless and selfish ambition of the    
factious nobles and rulers1 the venal   
infamy of the ,court of ,rome1 cannot be
 banished from his mind even by the     

beatific visions of ,heaven4 ,nay1 the  
very contrast gives a depth of indignant
 sadness to the denunciations of the    
,paradise which makes them almost more  
terrible than those of ,hell itself4    
,interwoven too with the descriptions of
 the bliss of ,heaven1 is the discussion
 of so wide a range of moral and        
theological topics that the ,paradise   
has been described as having 'summed up1
 as it were1 and embodied for perpetuity
 444 the quintessence1 the living       
substance1 the ultimate conclusions of  
the scholastic theology2'#hh and it may 
well be true that to master the last    
cantica of the ',divine ,comedy' is to  
pierce more deeply into the heart of    
mediaeval religion and theology than any
 of the schoolmen and doctors of the    
,church can take us4 ,at the touch of   
,dante's staff1 the flintiest rock of   
metaphysical dogma yields the water of  
life1 and in his mouth the subtlest     
discussion of casuistry becomes a lamp  
to our feet4  ,and beyond all this1 such

 is the marvellous concentration of     
,dante's poetry1 there is room in the   
,paradise for long digressions1         
biographical1 antiquarian1 and personal2
 whilst all these parts1 apparently so  
heterogeneous1 are welded into perfect  
symmetry in this one poem4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,amongst 
the most important of the episodes is   
the account of ancient ,florence given  
to ,dante by his ancestor ,cacciaguida1 
who also predicts the poet's exile and  
wanderings1 and in a strain of lofty    
enthusiasm urges him to pour out all the
 heart of his vision and brave the      
hatred and the persecution that it will 
surely bring upon him4  ,this           
,cacciaguida was a ,crusader who fell in
 the ,holy ,land1 and ,dante meets him  
in the burning planet of ,mars1 amongst 
the mighty warriors of the ,lord whose  
souls blaze there in a ruddy glow of    
glory4 ,there is ,joshua1 there ,judas  
,maccabaeus1 and ,charlemagne and       
,orlando and ,godfrey and many more4  ,a

 red cross glows athwart the planet's   
orb1 and from it beams in mystic guise  
the ,christ2 but how1 the poet cannot   
say1 for words and images are wanting to
 portray it4 ,yet he who takes his cross
 and follows ,christ1 will one day      
forgive the tongue that failed to tell  
what he shall see when to him also      
,christ shall flash through that glowing
 dawn of light4  ,here the souls1 like  
rubies that glow redder from the        
red-glowing cross as stars shine forth  
out of the ,milky ,way1 pass and repass 
from horn to horn1 from base to summit1 
and burst into a brighter radiance as   
they join and cross1 while strains of   
lofty and victorious praise1 unknown to 
mortal ears1 gather upon the cross as   
though it were a harp of many strings1  
touched by the hand of ,god1 and take   
captive the entranced1 adoring soul4    
,there ,cacciaguida hailed his          
descendant ,dante1 and long they        
conversed of the past1 the present1 and 
the future4 ,alas for our poor pride of 

birth6 ,what wonder if men glory in it  
here8 ,for even there in ,heaven1 where 
no base appetite distorts the will and  
judgment1 even there did ,dante glow    
with pride to call this man his         
ancestor4  ,at last their converse      
ended2 ,cacciaguida's soul again was    
sweeping the unseen strings of that     
heavenly harp1 and ,dante turned again  
to look for guidance from his guardian4 
,beatrice's eyes were fixed above2 and  
quick as the blush passes from a fair   
cheek1 so quick the ruddy glow of ,mars 
was gone1 and the white light of        
,jupiter shone clear and calm in the    
sixth heaven--the ,heaven of the ,just4 
,what a storm of passions and emotions  
swept through ,dante's soul when he     
learnt where he was6 ',o chivalry of    
,heaven6' he exclaimed in agony1 'pray  
for those who are led all astray on     
earth by foul example4' ,when would the 
,righteous ,one again be wroth1 and     
purge ,his temple of the                
traffickers--,his temple walled by      

miracles and martyrdoms8 ,how long      
should the ,pope be suffered to degrade 
his holy office by making the penalties 
of ,church discipline the tools of      
selfish politics--how long should his   
devotion to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1    
whose head was stamped upon the coins of
 ,florence1 make him neglect the        
fisherman and ,paul8  ,such were the    
first thoughts that rose in ,dante's    
mind in the ,heaven of the ,just2 but   
they soon gave way to others4 ,here     
surely1 here if anywhere1 ,god's justice
 must be manifest4 ,reflected in all    
,heaven1 here must it shine without a   
veil4 ,the spirits of the just could    
surely solve his torturing doubt4 ,how  
long had his soul hungered and found no 
food on earth1 and now how eagerly did  
he await the answer to his doubt6 ,they 
knew his doubt1 he need not tell it     
them2 oh1 let them solve it6  ,yes1 they
 knew what he would say3 ',a man is born
 upon the bank of ,indus1 and there     
there is none to speak of ,christ1 or   

read or write of him4 ,all this man's   
desires and acts are good1 and without  
sin1 as far as human eye can see1 in    
deed or word4 ,he dies unbaptised1      
without the faith4 ,where is that       
justice which condemns him8 ,where is   
his fault in not believing8' ,yes1 they 
knew his doubt1 but could not solve it4 
,their answer is essentially the same as
 ,paul's3 ',nay1 but1 ,o man1 who art   
thou that repliest against ,god8'  ,the 
,word of ,god1 say the spirits of the   
just1 could not be so expressed in all  
the universe but what it still remained 
in infinite excess4 ,nay1 ,lucifer1 the 
highest of created beings1 could not at 
once see all the light of ,god1 and fell
 through his impatience4 ,how then could
 a poor mortal hope to scan the ways of 
,god8 ,his ken was lost in ,his deep    
justice as the eye is lost in the ocean4
 ,we can see the shallow bottom of the  
shore1 but we cannot see the bottom of  
the deep1 which none the less is there4 
,so ,god's unfathomable justice is too  

deep1 too just1 for us to comprehend4   
,the ,primal ,will1 all goodness in     
itself1 moves not aside from justice and
 from good4 ,never indeed did man ascend
 to heaven who believed not in ,christ1 
yet are there many who cry1 ,lord1      
,lord1 and in the day of judgment shall 
be far more remote from ,christ than    
many a one that knew him not4#hi  ,with 
this answer ,dante must be content4 ,he 
must return from ,heaven with this      
thirst unslaked1 this long hunger still 
unsatisfied4 ,ay1 and with this answer  
must we too rest content4 ,and yet not  
with this answer1 for we do not ask this
 question4 ,that awful load of doubt    
under which ,dante bent is lifted from  
our souls1 and for us there is no       
eternal ,hell1 there are no virtuous but
 rejected ,heathen4 ,yet to us too the  
ocean of ,god's justice is too deep to  
pierce4 ,and when we ask why every      
blessing1 every chance of good1 is taken
 from one child1 while another is bathed
 from infancy in the light of love1 and 

is taught sooner than it can walk to    
choose the good and to reject the evil1 
what answer can we have but ,dante's8   
,rest in faith4 ,you know ,god's        
justice1 for you feel it with you in    
your heart when you are fighting for the
 cause of justice2 you know ,god's      
justice1 for you feel it in your heart  
like an avenging angel when you sin2 you
 know ,god's justice--but you do not    
know it all4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,there in the     
,heaven of the ,just was ,david2 now he 
knew how precious were his songs1 since 
his reward was such4 ,there too was     
,trajan1 who by experience of the bliss 
of ,heaven and pain of ,hell knew how   
dear the cost of not obeying ,christ4   
,there were ,constantine1 and ,william  
of ,sicily1 and ,ripheus1 that just man 
of ,troy4 ',what things are these8' was 
the cry that dropped by its own weight  
from ,dante's lips4 ,the heathens       
,trajan and ,ripheus here6 ,no1 not     
heathens4 ,ripheus had so given himself 

to justice when on earth1 that ,god in  
,his grace revealed to him the coming   
,christ1 and he believed4 ,faith1 ,hope1
 and ,charity were his baptism more than
 a thousand years ere baptism was known4
 ,and for ,trajan1 ,gregory had wrestled
 in prayer for him1 had taken the       
,kingdom of ,heaven by storm with his   
warm love and living hope2 and since no 
man repents in ,hell1 ,god at the prayer
 of ,gregory had recalled the imperial  
soul back for a moment to its mouldering
 clay4 ,there it believed in ,christ1   
and once more dying1 entered on his     
joy4#ij  ,thus did ,dante wrestle with  
his faith1 and in the passion of his    
love of virtue and thirst for justice   
seek to escape the problem which he     
could not solve4         99       99    
99       99       99  ,but we must      
hasten to the close4 ,dante and         
,beatrice have passed through all the   
heavens4 ,the poet's sight is gradually 
strengthened and prepared for the       
supreme vision4 ,he has already seen a  

kind of symbol of the ,uncreated1       
surrounded by the angelic ministers4 ,it
 was in the ninth heaven1 the ,heaven of
 the ,primum ,mobile1 that he saw a     
single point of intensest light         
surrounded by iris rings1 upon which    
point1 said ,beatrice1 all ,heaven and  
all nature hung4#ia  ,but now they have 
passed beyond all nine revolving heavens
 into the region of 'pure light1 light  
intellectual full of love1 love of the  
truth all full of joy1 joy that         
transcends all sweetness4'#ib ,and here 
the poet sees that for which all else   
had been mere preparation4  ,but ,i will
 not strive to reproduce his imagery1   
with the mighty river of light          
inexhaustible1 with the mystic flowers  
of heavenly perfume1 with the sparks    
like rubies set in gold ever passing    
between the flowers and the river4 ,of  
this river ,dante drank1 and then the   
true forms of what had hitherto been    
shadowed forth in emblems only1 rose    
before his eyes4 ,rank upon rank the    

petals of the mystic rose of ,paradise  
stretched far away around and above him4
 ,there were the blessed souls of the   
holy ones1 bathed in the light of ,god  
that streamed upon them from above1     
while the angels ever passed between it 
and them ministering peace and love4    
,there high up1 far1 far beyond the     
reach of mortal eye1 had it been on     
earth1 sat ,beatrice1 who had left the  
poet's side4 ,but in ,heaven1 with no   
destroying medium to intervene1 distance
 is no let to perfect sight4 ,he spoke  
to her4 ,he poured out his gratitude to 
her1 for it was she who had made him a  
free man from a slave1 she who had made 
him sane1 she who had left her          
footprints in ,hell for him1 when she   
went to summon ,virgil to his aid4 ,oh1 
that his life hereafter might be worthy 
of the grace and power that had so      
worked for him6 ,then from her distant  
place in ,heaven1 ,beatrice looked at   
him and smiled1 then turned her eyes    
upon the ,uncreated ,light4#ic  ,st4    

,bernard was at ,dante's side1 and      
prayed that the seer's vision might be  
strengthened to look on ,god4 ,then     
,dante turned his eyes to the light     
above4 ,the unutterable glory of that   
light dazzled not his intent1           
love-guided gaze4 ,nay1 rather did it   
draw it to itself and every moment      
strengthen it with keener sight and feed
 it with intenser love4  ,deeper and    
deeper into that ,divine ,light the seer
 saw4 ,had he turned his eyes aside1    
then indeed he knew the piercing glory  
would have blinded them2 but that could 
never be1 for he who gazes on that light
 feels all desire centred there--in it  
are all things else4 ,so for a time with
 kindling gaze the poet looked into the 
light of ,god1 unchanging1 yet to the   
strengthening sight revealing ever more4
 ,mysteries that no human tongue can    
tell1 no human mind conceive1 were      
flashed upon him in the supreme moment1 
and then all was over--',the power of   
the lofty vision failed4'         99    

99       99       99       99  ,dante   
does not tell us where he found himself 
when the vision broke4 ,he only tells us
 this3 that as a wheel moves equally in 
all its parts1 so his desire and will   
were1 without strain or jar1 revolved   
henceforth by that same ,love that moves
 the sun and all the other stars4#id    
,this was the end of all that ,dante had
 thought and felt and lived through--a  
will that rolled in perfect oneness with
 the will of ,god4 ,this was the end to 
which he would bring his readers1 this  
was the purpose of his sacred poem1 this
 was the meaning of his life4#ie        
,,footnotes3  ,footnote #gg3 ,paradiso1 
ii4 #a-ae4  ,footnote #gh3 ,paradiso1 i4
 #a-ab4  ,footnote #gi3 ,ibid4 xxxiii4  
#eh-fc4  ,footnote #hj3 ,convito1 ,,iii4
 xv4  ,footnote #ha3 ,purgatorio1 xxx4  
#gi-ha1 xxxi4 #fd-fg2 ,paradiso1 i4     
#ajj-ajb1 xxii4 #a sqq4  ,footnote #hb3 
,paradiso1 xxiii4 #a-ae4  ,footnote #hc3
 ,ibid4 iv4 #bh-dh4  ,footnote #hd3     
,paradiso1 x4 #aci--xi4 #ab4  ,footnote 

#he3 ,paradiso1 iii4 #fd-ij4  ,footnote 
#hf3 ,paradiso1 vi4 #aab-abf4  ,footnote
 #hg3 ,paradiso1 xxvii1 #bb-cd4         
,footnote #hh3 ,milman4  ,footnote #hi3 
,paradiso1 xiv4 #he--xix4 #adh4         
,footnote #ij3 ,paradiso1 xx4  ,footnote
 #ia3 ,ibid4 xxviii4 #da1 #db4          
,footnote #ib3 ,ibid4 xxx4 #dj-db4      
,footnote #ic3 ,paradiso1 xxxi4 #eb-ic4 
,footnote #id3 ,paradiso1 xxxiii4       
#adc-ade4  ,footnote #ie3 ,compare      
,symonds1 p4 #ahc4     ,,appendix  ,,an 
,,attempt ,,to ,,state ,,the ,,central  
,,thought ,,of ,,the ,,comedy           
,,appendix4   ,dante's poem--the true   
reflection of his mind--is a compact and
 rounded whole in which all the parts   
are mutually interdependent4 ,its       
digressions are never excrescences1 its 
episodes are never detached from its    
main purpose1 its form is never         
arbitrary and accidental1 but is always 
the systematic and deliberate expression
 of its substance4 ,moreover it is      
profoundly mediaeval and ,catholic in   

conception and spirit4 ,the scholastic  
theology and science of the ,middle     
,ages and the spiritual institutions of 
the ,catholic ,church were no trammels  
to ,dante's thought and aspiration4     
,under them and amidst them he moved    
with a perfect sense of freedom1 in them
 he found the embodiment of his loftiest
 conceptions4 ,against their abuses his 
impetuous spirit poured out its         
lava-stream of burning indignation1 but 
his very passion against those who laid 
impure hands upon the sacred things of  
,god is the measure of his reverence for
 their sanctity4  ,if the ,catholic poet
 of the fourteenth century speaks with a
 voice that can reach the ears and stir 
the hearts of the ,protestant and       
heretic of the nineteenth1 it is not so 
much because he rose above the special  
forms and conditions of the faith of his
 own age as because he went below them  
and touched the eternal rock upon which 
they rested4 ,not by neglecting or      
making light of the dogmas and          

institutions of his day1 but by piercing
 to their very heart and revealing their
 deepest foundations1 did he become a   
poet for all time4  ,the distinction1   
then1 which we are about to draw between
 the permanent realities of ,dante's    
religion and the passing forms1 the     
temporary conditions of belief1 under   
which it was manifested1 is a           
distinction which did not exist for him4
 ,his faith was a garment woven without 
seam1 or1 to use his own metaphor1 a    
coin so true in weight and metal1 so    
bright and round1 that there was no     
'perhaps' to him in its impression4#if  
,this unwavering certainty alike in     
principle and in detail1 this           
unfaltering loyalty to the beliefs of   
his day alike in form and substance1 is 
one of the secrets of ,dante's strength4
  ,but1 again1 such compactness and     
cohesion of belief could not have been  
attained except by the strict           
subordination of every article of       
concrete faith to the great central     

conceptions of religion1 rising out of  
the very nature and constitution of the 
devout human soul4 ,and therefore1      
paradox as it may seem1 the very        
intensity with which ,dante embraced    
beliefs that we have definitely and     
utterly rejected1 is the pledge that we 
shall find in his teaching the essence  
of our own religion2 and we may turn to 
the ,comedy with the certainty that we  
shall not only discover here and there  
passages which will wake an echo in our 
bosoms1 but shall also find at the very 
heart of it some guiding thought that   
will be to us as it was to him          
absolutely true4  ,now ,dante himself1  
as we have seen1 tells us what is the   
subject of his ,comedy4 ,literally it is
 ',the state of souls after death1' and 
allegorically ',man1 as rendering       
himself liable to rewarding or punishing
 justice1 by good or ill desert in the  
exercise of his free will4' ,the ideal  
requirements of ,divine ,justice1 then1 
form the central subject of this poem1  

the one theme to which1 amidst infinite 
diversity of application1 the poet      
remains ever true2 and these            
requirements he works out in detail and 
enforces with all the might1 the        
penetration1 the sweetness of his song1 
under the conditions of mediaeval belief
 as to the future life4  ,but these     
conditions of belief are utterly foreign
 to our own conceptions4 ,i say nothing 
of the rejection of the virtuous        
heathen1 because ,dante himself could   
really find no room for it in his own   
system of conceptions4 ,it lay in his   
mind as a belief accepted from          
tradition1 but never really assimilated 
by faith4 ,apart from this1 however1 we 
find ourselves severed from ,dante by   
his fundamental dogma that the hour of  
death ends all possibility of repentance
 or amendment4 ,with him there is no    
repentance in ,hell1 no progress in     
,heaven2 and it is therefore only in    
,purgatory that we find anything at all 
fundamentally analogous to the modern   

conception of a progressive             
approximation to ideal perfection and   
oneness with ,god throughout the cycles 
of a future life4 ,and even here the    
transition of ,purgatory is but         
temporal1 nor is there any fundamental  
or progressive change of heart in its   
circles1 for unless the heart be changed
 before death it cannot change at all4  
,in its literal acceptation1 then1      
dealing with 'the state of souls after  
death1' the ',divine ,comedy' has little
 to teach us1 except indirectly4  ,but  
allegorically it deals with 'man1' first
 as impenitently sinful2 second1 as     
penitent2 last1 as purified and holy4   
,it shows us the requirements of ,divine
 ,justice with regard to these three    
states2 and whether we regard them as   
permanent or transitory1 as severed by  
sharp lines one from the other or as    
melting imperceptibly into each other1  
as existing on earth or beyond the      
grave1 in any case ,dante teaches us    
what sentence justice must pronounce on 

impenitence1 on penitence1 and on       
sanctity4 ,nay1 independently of any    
belief in future retribution at all1    
independently of any belief in what our 
actions will receive1 ,dante burns or   
flashes into our souls the indelible    
conviction of what they deserve4  ,now  
to ,dante's mind1 as to most others1 the
 conceptions of justice and desert      
implied the conception of free will4    
,and accordingly we find the reality of 
the choice exercised by man1 and        
attended by such eternal issues1        
maintained with intense conviction      
throughout the poem4 ,the free will is  
the supreme gift of ,god1 and that by   
which the creature most closely partakes
 of the nature of the ,creator4 ,the    
free gift of ,god's love must be seized 
by an act of man's free will1 in        
opposition to the temptations and       
difficulties that interpose themselves4 
,there is justice as well as love in    
,heaven2 justice as well as mercy in    
,purgatory4 ,the award of ,god rests    

upon the free choice of man1 and        
registers his merit or demerit4 ,it is  
true1 and ,dante fully recognises it1   
that one man has a harder task than     
another4 ,the original constitution and 
the special circumstances of one man    
make the struggle far harder for him    
than for another2 but ,god never suffers
 the hostile influence of the stars to  
be so strong that the human will may not
 resist it4 ,diversity of character and 
constitution is the necessary condition 
of social life1 and we can see why ,god 
did not make us all alike2 but when we  
seek to pierce yet deeper into the      
mystery of ,his government1 and ask why 
this man is selected for this task1 why 
another is burdened with this toil1 why 
one finds the path of virtue plain for  
his feet to tread1 while one finds it   
beset with obstacles before which his   
heart stands still--when we ask these   
questions we trench close upon one of   
those doubts which ,dante brought back  
unsolved from ,heaven4 ,not the seraph  

whose sight pierces deepest into the    
light of ,god could have told him this1 
so utterly is it veiled from all created
 sight4#ig  ,but amidst all these       
perplexities one supreme fact stands out
 to ,dante's mind3 that1 placed as we   
are on earth amidst the mysterious      
possibilities of good and evil1 we are  
endowed with a genuine power of         
self-directed choice between them4 ,the 
fullness of ,god's grace is freely      
offered to us all1 the life eternal of  
obedience1 of self-surrender1 of love1  
tending ever to the fuller and yet      
fuller harmony of united will and       
purpose1 of mutually blessed and        
blessing offices of affection1 of       
growing joy in all the supporting and   
surrounding creation1 of growing repose 
in the might and love of ,god4  ,but if 
we shut our eyes against the light of   
,god's countenance and turn our backs   
upon ,his love1 if we rebel against the 
limitations of mutual self-sacrifice to 
one another and common obedience to     

,god1 then an alternative is also       
offered us in the fierce and weltering  
chaos of wild passions and disordered   
desires1 recognising no law and evoking 
no harmony1 striking at the root of all 
common purpose and cut off from all     
helpful love4  ,our inmost hearts       
recognise the reality of this choice1   
and the justice and necessity of the    
award that gives us what we have chosen4
 ,that the hard1 bitter1 self-seeking1  
impure1 mutinous1 and treacherous heart 
should drive away love and peace and joy
 is the natural1 the necessary result of
 the inmost nature and constitution of  
things1 and our hearts accept it4 ,that 
self-discipline1 gentleness1            
self-surrender1 devotion1 generosity1   
self-denying love1 should gather round  
them light and sweetness1 should infuse 
a fullness of joy into every personal   
and domestic relation1 should give a    
glory to every material surrounding1 and
 should gain an ever closer access to   
,god1 is no artificial arrangement which

 might with propriety be reversed1 it is
 a part of the eternal and necessary    
constitution of the universe1 and we    
feel that it ought so to be4  ,there is 
no joy or blessedness without harmony1  
there is no harmony without the         
concurrence of independent forces1 there
 is no such concurrence without         
self-discipline and self-surrender4     
,but these natural consequences of our  
moral action are here on earth          
constantly interfered with and          
qualified1 constantly baulked of their  
full and legitimate effect4 ,here we do 
not get our deserts4 ,the actions of    
others affect us almost as much as our  
own1 and artificially interpose         
themselves to screen us from the results
 of what we are and do ourselves4 ,hence
 we constantly fail to perceive the true
 nature of our choice4 ,its consequences
 fall on others2 we partially at least  
evade the ,divine ,justice1 and forget  
or know not what we are doing1 and what 
are the demands of justice with regard  

to us4  ,now ,dante1 in his three poems1
 with an incisive keenness of vision and
 a relentless firmness of touch1 that   
stand alone1 strips our life and our    
principles of action of all these       
distracting and confusing surroundings1 
isolates them from all qualifying and   
artificial palliatives1 and shows us    
what our choice is and where it leads   
to4  ,in ,hell we see the natural and   
righteous results of sin1 recognise the 
direct consequences1 the fitting        
surroundings of a sinful life1 and      
understand what the sinful choice in its
 inmost nature is4 ,as surely as our    
consciences accuse us of the sins that  
are here punished1 so surely do we feel 
with a start of self-accusing horror1   
',this is what ,i am trying to make the 
world4 ,this is where we should be      
lodged if ,i received what ,i have      
given4 ,this is what justice demands    
that ,i should have4 ,this is what ,i   
deserve4 ,it is what ,i have chosen4'   
,the tortures of ,hell are not          

artificial inflictions1 they are simply 
the reflection and application of the   
sinner's own ways and principles4 ,he   
has made his choice1 and he is given    
that which he has chosen4 ,he has found 
at last a world in which his principles 
of action are not checked and qualified 
at every turn by those of others1 in    
which he is not screened from any of the
 consequences of his deeds1 in which his
 own life and action has consolidated1  
so to speak1 about him1 and has made his
 surroundings correspond with his heart4
  ,in the ,hell1 ,dante shows us the    
nature and the deserts of impenitent    
sin2 and though we may well shrink from 
the ghastly conception of an eternal    
state of impenitence and hatred1 yet    
surely there is nothing from which we   
ought to shrink in the conception of    
impenitent sin as long as it lasts1     
whether in us or in others1             
concentrating its results upon itself1  
making its own place and therefore      
receiving its deserts4  ,when we turn   

from ,hell to ,purgatory1 we turn from  
unrepentant and therefore constantly    
cherished1 renewed1 and reiterated sin1 
to repentant sin1 already banished from 
the heart4 ,what does justice demand    
with regard to such sin8 ,will it have  
it washed out8 ,will it1 in virtue of   
the sinner's penitence1 interpose       
between him and the wretched results and
 consequences of his deeds8 ,who that   
has ever sinned and repented will accept
 for a moment such a thought8 ,the      
repentant sinner does not wish to escape
 the consequences and results of his    
sin4 ,his evil deeds or passions must   
bring and ought to bring a long trail of
 wretched suffering for himself4 ,this  
suffering is not corrective1 it is      
expiatory4 ,his heart is already        
corrected1 it is already turned in shame
 and penitence to ,god2 but if he had no
 punishment1 if his evil deed brought no
 suffering upon himself1 he would feel  
that the ,divine ,justice had been      
outraged4 ,he shrinks from the thought  

with a hurt sense of moral unfitness4   
,he wishes to suffer1 he would not      
escape into the peace of ,heaven if he  
might4  ,never did ,dante pierce more   
deeply into the truth of things1 never  
did he bring home the justice of        
punishment more closely to the heart1   
than when he told how the souls in      
,purgatory do not wish to rise to       
,heaven till they have worked out the   
consequences of their sins4 ,the sin    
long since repented and renounced still 
haunts us with its shame and its        
remorse1 still holds us from the        
fullness of the joy of ,god's love1     
still smites us with a keener pain the  
closer we press into the forgiving      
,father's presence2 and we would have it
 so4 ,the deepest longing of our heart1 
which is now set right1 is for full1    
untroubled communion with ,god1 yet it  
is just when nearest to ,him that we    
feel the wretched penalty of our sin    
most keenly and that we least desire to 
escape it4  ,but if the sinful          

disposition be gone1 then the source of 
our suffering is dried up with it1 and  
the sense of oneness with ,god1 of      
harmony and trust1 gradually overpowers 
the self-reproach1 until from the state 
of penitence and suffering the soul     
rises to holiness and peace4  ,it is in 
giving us glimpses of this final state  
that ,dante wields his most transforming
 power over our lives4 ,he shows us what
 ,god offers us1 what it is that we have
 hitherto refused1 what it is that we   
may still aspire to1 that here or       
hereafter we may hope to reach4         
,sin-stained and sorrow-laden as we are1
 it is only on wings as strong as his   
that we can be raised even for a moment 
into that ,divine blessedness in which  
sin has been so purged by suffering1 so 
dried up by the sinner's love of ,god1  
so blotted out by ,god's love of him1   
that it has vanished as a dream1 and the
 soul can say1 ',here we repent not4'#ih
 ,how mighty the spirit that can raise  
us even for a moment from the desolate  

weariness of ,hell1 and the long        
suffering of ,purgatory1 to the joy and 
peace of ,heaven6  ,and here too there  
is justice4 ,here too the deserts of the
 soul are the gauge of its condition4   
,for1 as we have seen1 in the very      
blessedness of ,heaven there are grades1
 and the soul which has once been       
stained with sin or tainted with selfish
 and worldly passion1 can never be as   
though it had been always pure4 ,yet the
 torturing sense of unworthiness is     
gone1 the unrest of a past that thwarts 
the present is no more2 the souls have  
cast off the burden of their sin1 and   
are at perfect peace with ,god and with 
themselves4  ,sin1 repentance1 holiness1
 confronted with the ,eternal           
,justice--what they are and what they   
deserve--such is the subject of ,dante  
,alighieri's ,comedy4  ,have five and a 
half centuries of progress outgrown the 
poem1 or are ,dante's still the         
mightiest and most living words in which
 man has ever painted in detail the true

 deserts of sin1 of penitence1 of       
sanctity8 ,the growing mind of man has  
burst the shell of ,dante's mediaeval   
creed4 ,is his portrayal of the true    
conditions of blessedness as antiquated 
as his philosophy1 his religion as      
strange to modern thought as his        
theology8 ,or has he still a power1     
wielded by no other poet1 of taking us  
into the very presence of ,god and      
tuning our hearts to the harmonies of   
,heaven8 ,those who have been with him  
on his mystic journey1 and have heard   
and seen1 can answer these questions    
with a declaration as clear and ringing 
as the poet's own confession of faith in
 the courts of ,heaven4 ,if those who   
have but caught some feeble echoes of   
his song can partly guess what the true 
answer is1 then those echoes have not   
been waked in vain4   ,,london3         
,,printed ,,by ,,spottiswoode ,,and     
,,co41 ,,new-,,street ,,square ,,and    
,,parliament ,,street   ,,footnotes3    
,footnote #if3 ,paradiso1 xxiv4 #hf1    

#hg4  ,footnote #ig3 ,compare           
,purgatorio1 xvi4 #fg-hd2 ,paradiso1 iv4
 #gc-aad1 v4 #ac sqq41 viii4 #aae-abi1  
xxi4 #gf-ajb1 xxxii4 #di-ge4  ,footnote 
#ih3 ,paradiso1 ix4 #ajc4            99 
99       99       99       99           
,a ,,list ,,of             ,c4 ,,kegan  
,,paul ,,and ,,co4',s                   
,,publications4         99       99     
99       99       99                    
#a1 ,paternoster ,square1 ,london4  ,a  
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#es4       ,volume ,,xxi4 of ,the       
,international ,scientific ,series4     

,,betham--,,edwards 7,miss ,m474        
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#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,biscoe 7,a4
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,lords of ,clermont and of              
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,history of the ,struggle for           
,parliamentary ,government in           
,england4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #bds4   ,,blaserna 7,prof4        
,pietro74       ,the ,theory of ,sound  
in its ,relation to ,music4 ,with       
numerous ,illustrations4 ,second        
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1          
price #es4       ,volume ,,xxii4 of ,the
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,blue ,roses2 or1 ,helen ,malinofska's  
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,the ,operations of the ,german ,armies 
in ,france1 from ,sedan      to the end 
of the war of #ahgj-ga4 ,with ,map4     
,from the      ,journals of the         
,head-quarters ,staff4 ,translated by   
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#bjth ,foot1 ,prof4 of ,mil4 ,hist41    
,sandhurst4      ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price #is4   ,,boguslawski 7,capt4 ,a4  
von74       ,tactical ,deductions from  
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late #ahth 7,royal ,irish7              
,regiment4 ,third ,edition1 ,revised and
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,f4,r4,g4,s4       ,egyptian ,belief and
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,john74       ,autobiographical         
,recollections4 ,with ,memoir by ,lewin 
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,,ii4 ,library ,edition4 #hvo4 ,with    
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#abs4       ,,iii4 ,a ,popular ,edition1
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,theology in the ,english               
,poets4--,,cowper1 ,,coleridge1         
,,wordsworth1 and ,,burns4 ,third       
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#is4       ,christ in ,modern ,life4    
,thirteenth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4      
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,sermons4 ,second ,series4 ,third       
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price #gs4       ,the ,fight of ,faith4 
,sermons preached on various occasions4 
,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #gs4 #f;d4       ,frederick       
,denison ,maurice3 ,the ,life and ,work 
of4 ,a      ,memorial ,sermon4 ,crown   
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 ,g471 ,m4,a4       ,the ,public        
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,provisions1 ,notes1 and ,index4 ,third 
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#f;d4        ,six ,privy ,council       
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price #is4   ,,broun 7,j4 ,a474         
,magnetic ,observations at ,trevandrum  
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#dto4 ,cloth1 price #fcs4       ,the    
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price #bas4   ,,brown 7,rev4 ,j4        

,baldwin71 ,b4,a4       ,the ,higher    
,life4 ,its ,reality1 ,experience1 and  
,destiny4      ,fifth and ,cheaper      
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4       ,doctrine of ,annihilation in
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,love4 ,five ,discourses4 ,third        
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price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,brown 7,j4         
,croumbie71 ,,ll4,d4       ,reboisement 
in ,france2 or1 ,records of the         
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,cevennes1 and the ,pyrenees with       
,trees1      ,herbage1 and ,bush4 ,demy 
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4 #f;d4         
,the ,hydrology of ,southern ,africa4   
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#f;d4   ,,bryant 7,w4 ,c47       ,poems4
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price #gs4      #f;d4       ,a ,cheaper 
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crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #cs4     
#f;d4   ,,buchanan 7,robert74           

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#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4 each4          
,master-,spirits4 ,post #hvo4 ,cloth1   
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,h4 ,j474       ,walled in1 and other   
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,,burckhardt 7,jacob74       ,the       
,civilization of the ,period of the     
,renaissance in      ,italy4 ,authorized
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,middlemore4 #i      vols4 ,demy #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #bds4   ,,burton 7,mrs4   
,richard74       ,the ,inner ,life of   
,syria1 ,palestine1 and the ,holy ,land4
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,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price     
#bds4       99 99 99 ,also a ,cheaper   
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,,burton 7,capt4 ,richard ,f474         
,the ,gold ,mines of ,midian and the    
,ruined ,midianite ,cities4      ,a     
,fortnight's ,tour in ,north ,western   

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#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ahs4       ,the    
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by ,chromo-lithography4 #b vols4 ,demy  
#hvo4 ,cloth1      price #cbs4          
,,calderon4       ,calderon's ,dramas3  
,the ,wonder-,working ,magician--,life  
is a      ,dream--,the ,purgatory of    
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,florence ,mac,carthy4 ,post #hvo4      
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#ahgj4 ,a ,volume of ,travels1 with     
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,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,carne
 7,miss ,e4 ,t474       ,the ,realm of  
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#f;d4   ,,carpenter 7,e474              
,narcissus and other ,poems4 ,fcap4     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,carpenter  
7,w4 ,b471 ,m4,d4       ,the ,principles
 of ,mental ,physiology4 ,with their    
,applications to the ,training and      

,discipline of the ,mind1 and      the  
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,illustrated4 ,fourth      ,edition4    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4   ,,cavalry   
,,officer4       ,notes on ,cavalry     
,tactics1 ,organisation1 c4 ,with       
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price #abs4   ,,chapman 7,hon4 ,mrs4 ,e4
 ,w474       ,a ,constant ,heart4 ,a    
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price      #abs4   ,children's ,toys1   
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teach4 ,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo4       
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,,christopherson 7,the late ,rev4       
,henry71 ,m4,a4       ,sermons4 ,with an
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,f4,s4,a4      ,second ,series4 ,crown  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,clerk      
7,mrs4 ,godfrey74       ',ilam en ,nas4 
,historical ,tales and ,anecdotes of the
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,translated from the ,arabic            
,originals4 ,illustrated with           

,historical and ,explanatory            
,notes4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 
,,clery 7,c471 ,capt4       ,minor      
,tactics4 ,with #bf ,maps and ,plans4   
,third and ,revised      ,edition4 ,demy
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7,edward71 ,f4,r4,a4,s4       ,the      
,childhood of the ,world3 a ,simple     
,account of ,man in      ,early ,times4 
,sixth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #cs4       ,a ,special ,edition   
for ,schools4 ,price #as4       ,the    
,childhood of ,religions4 ,including a  
,simple ,account of      the ,birth and 
,growth of ,myths and ,legends4 ,third  
,thousand4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price #es4       ,a ,special ,edition   
for ,schools4 ,price #as4 #f;d4         
,,coleridge 7,sara74       ,pretty      
,lessons in ,verse for ,good ,children1 
with some      ,lessons in ,latin1 in   
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,illustrated4      ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #cs4 #f;d4       ,phantasmion4 ,a 
,fairy ,tale4 ,with an ,introductory    

,preface by      the ,right ,hon4 ,lord 
,coleridge1 of ,ottery ,st4 ,mary4 ,a   
,new      ,edition4 ,illustrated4 ,crown
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,memoir and ,letters of ,sara           
,coleridge4 ,edited by her              
,daughter4 ,with ,index4 #b vols4 ,with 
,two ,portraits4 ,third      ,edition1  
,revised and ,corrected4 ,crown #hvo4   
,cloth1 price      #bds4       ,cheap   
,edition4 ,with one ,portrait4 ,cloth1  
price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,collins            
7,mortimer74       ,inn of ,strange     
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,,collins 7,rev4 ,r471 ,m4,a4           
,missionary ,enterprise in the ,east4   
,with special reference      to the     
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,c471 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4       ,fungi2    
their ,nature1 ,influences1 ,uses1 c4   
,edited by the      ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4       

,berkeley1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,with      
,illustrations4 ,second      ,edition4  
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,volume ,,xiv4 of ,the ,international   
,scientific ,series4   ,,cooke 7,prof4  
,j4 ,p47       ,the ,new ,chemistry4    
,with #ca ,illustrations4 ,fourth       
,edition4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #es4       ,volume ,,ix4 of ,the  
,international ,scientific ,series4     
,scientific ,culture4 ,crown #hvo4      
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 ,f4,r4,g4,s4       ,the ,mishmee       
,hills3 an ,account of a ,journey made  
in an      ,attempt to ,penetrate       
,thibet from ,assam1 to open ,new       
,routes      for ,commerce4 ,second     
,edition4 ,with ,four ,illustrations and
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#ajs4 #f;d4   ,cornhill ,library of     
,fiction 7,the74 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
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,half-a-,dozen ,daughters4 ,by ,j4      
,masterman4       ,the ,house of ,raby4 
,by ,mrs4 ,g4 ,hooper4       ,a ,fight  

for ,life4 ,by ,moy ,thomas4            
,robin ,gray4 ,by ,charles ,gibbon4 ,one
 of ,two2 or1 ,a ,left-,handed          
,bride4 ,by ,j4 ,hain ,friswell4        
,god's ,providence ,house4 ,by ,mrs4 ,g4
 ,l4 ,banks4       ,for ,lack of ,gold4 
,by ,charles ,gibbon4       ,abel       
,drake's ,wife4 ,by ,john ,saunders4    
,hirell4 ,by ,john ,saunders4   ,,cory  
7,lieut4 ,col4 ,arthur74       ,the     
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,cloth1 price #es4       ,ione4 ,a ,poem
 in ,four ,parts4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #es4   ,cosmos4       ,a ,poem4   
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,,courtney 7,w4 ,l474       ,the        
,metaphysics of ,john ,stuart ,mill4    
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1      price #es4    
#f;d4   ,,cowan 7,rev4 ,william74       
,poems3 ,chiefly ,sacred1 including     
,translations from some      ,ancient   
,latin ,hymns4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #es4   ,,cox 7,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w471
 ,bart4       ,a ,history of ,greece    

from the ,earliest ,period to the end of
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#b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      
#cfs4       ,the ,mythology of the      
,aryan ,nations4 ,new ,edition1 #b vols4
      ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bhs4   
,a ,general ,history of ,greece from the
 ,earliest ,period to      the ,death of
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present time4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4          
,tales of ,ancient ,greece4 ,new        
,edition4 ,small crown #hvo4            
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,history of ,greece4 ,with ,maps4 ,new  
,edition4 ,fcap4      #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #cs4 #f;d4       ,the ,great      
,persian ,war from the ,histories of    
,herodotus4 ,new      ,edition4 ,fcap4  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4       ,a 
,manual of ,mythology in the form of    
,question and ,answer4      ,new        
,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#cs4   ,,cox 7,rev4 ,samuel74           

,salvator ,mundi2 or1 ,is ,christ the   
,saviour of all ,men8      ,fifth       
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4   ,,craufurd 7,a4 ,h474            
,seeking for ,light3 ,sermons4 ,crown   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,cresswell  
7,mrs4 ,g474       ,the ,king's ,banner4
 ,drama in ,four ,acts4 ,five           
,illustrations4      #dto4 ,cloth1 price
 #ajs4 #f;d4   ,,crompton 7,henry74     
,industrial ,conciliation4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #bs4      #f;d4   ,,curwen
 7,henry74       ,sorrow and ,song3     
,studies of ,literary ,struggle4 ,henry 
,murger--,novalis--,alexander           
,petoefi--,honore de ,balzac--,edgar    
,allan ,poe--,andre ,chenier4 #b vols4  
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #aes4   
,,dance 7,rev4 ,c4 ,d474                
,recollections of ,four ,years in       
,venezuela4 ,with ,three                
,illustrations and a ,map4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,d',,anvers  
7,n4 ,r474       ,the ,suez ,canal3     
,letters and ,documents descriptive of  

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#ahed-ef4 ,by ,ferdinand de ,lesseps4   
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price #ajs4 #f;d4       ,little         
,minnie's ,troubles4 ,an ,every-day     
,chronicle4 ,with      ,four            
,illustrations by ,w4 ,h4 ,hughes4      
,fcap4 ,cloth1 price #cs4      #f;d4    
,pixie's ,adventures2 or1 the ,tale of a
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,illustrations4 #afmo4 ,cloth1 price    
#ds4 #f;d4       ,nanny's ,adventures2  
or1 the ,tale of a ,goat4 ,with #ab     
,illustrations4 #afmo4 ,cloth1 price    
#ds4 #f;d4   ,,davidson 7,rev4 ,samuel71
 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4       ,the ,new       
,testament1 translated from the ,latest 
,greek ,text      of ,tischendorf4 ,a   
,new and thoroughly ,revised ,edition4  
,post      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ajs4    
#f;d4       ,canon of the ,bible3 ,its  
,formation1 ,history1 and               
,fluctuations4 ,second ,edition4 ,small 
crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #es4     
,,davies 7,g4 ,christopher74            

,mountain1 ,meadow1 and ,mere3 a ,series
 of ,outdoor ,sketches      of ,sport1  
,scenery1 ,adventures1 and ,natural     
,history4 ,with      ,sixteen           
,illustrations by ,bosworth ,w4         
,harcourt4 ,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1    
price #fs4       ,rambles and           
,adventures of ,our ,school ,field      
,club4 ,with ,four      ,illustrations4 
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,,davies 7,rev4 ,j4 ,l471 ,m4,a4        
,theology and ,morality4 ,essays on     
,questions of ,belief and               
,practice4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#gs4 #f;d4   ,,dawson 7,george71 ,m4,a4 
,prayers1 with a ,discourse on ,prayer4 
,edited by his ,wife4      ,fifth       
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price #fs4      
,sermons on ,disputed ,points and       
,special ,occasions4 ,edited      by his
 ,wife4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4   
,cloth1 price #fs4       ,sermons on    
,daily ,life and ,duty4 ,edited by his  
,wife4 ,second      ,edition4 ,crown    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,de         

,l',,hoste 7,col4 ,e4 ,p474       ,the  
,desert ,pastor1 ,jean ,jarousseau4     
,translated from the      ,french of    
,eugene ,pelletan4 ,with a              
,frontispiece4 ,new ,edition4           
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   
,,dennis 7,j474       ,english ,sonnets4
 ,collected and ,arranged4 ,elegantly   
bound4      ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#cs4 #f;d4   ,,de ,,redcliffe 7,viscount
 ,stratford71 ,p4,c41 ,k4,g41 ,g4,c4,b4 
,why am ,i a ,christian8 ,fifth         
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1          
price #cs4   ,,desprez 7,philip ,s474   
,daniel and ,john2 or1 the ,apocalypse  
of the ,old and that of      the ,new   
,testament4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#abs4   ,,de ,,tocqueville 7,a474       
,correspondence and ,conversations of1  
with ,nassau ,william      ,senior1 from
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,simpson4 #b      vols4 ,post #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #bas4   ,,de ,,vere       
7,aubrey74       ,alexander the ,great4 
,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,small crown #hvo4  

,cloth1 price #es4       ,the ,infant   
,bridal1 and ,other ,poems4 ,a ,new and 
,enlarged      ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4   
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4       ,the     
,legends of ,st4 ,patrick1 and other    
,poems4 ,small crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #es4       ,st4 ,thomas of        
,canterbury4 ,a ,dramatic ,poem4 ,large 
fcap4      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4     
,antar and ,zara3 an ,eastern ,romance4 
,,inisfail1 and other      ,poems1      
,meditative and ,lyrical4 ,fcap4 #hvo4  
,price #fs4       ,the ,fall of ,rora1  
the ,search after ,proserpine1 and other
      ,poems1 ,meditative and ,lyrical4 
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,price #fs4   ,,dobson     
7,austin74       ,vignettes in ,rhyme   
and ,vers de ,societe4 ,third ,edition4 
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,proverbs in ,porcelain4 ,by the ,author
 of ,vignettes in      ,rhyme4 ,second  
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 #fs4   ,,dowden  
7,edward71 ,,ll4,d4       ,shakspere3 a 
,critical ,study of his ,mind and ,art4 
,third      ,edition4 ,large post #hvo4 

,cloth1 price #abs4       ,studies in   
,literature1 #aghi-ahgg4 ,large post    
#hvo4 ,cloth1      price #abs4          
,poems4 ,second ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,downton 7,rev4   
,h471 ,m4,a4       ,hymns and ,verses4  
,original and ,translated4 ,small crown 
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4          
,,draper 7,j4 ,w471 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4    
,history of the ,conflict between       
,religion and ,science4      ,eleventh  
,edition4 ,crown #h vo4 ,cloth1 price   
#es4       ,volume ,,xiii4 of ,the      
,international ,scientific ,series4     
,,drew 7,rev4 ,q4 ,s471 ,m4,a4          
,scripture ,lands in connection with    
their ,history4 ,second      ,edition4  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4         
,nazareth3 ,its ,life and ,lessons4     
,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4           
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,kingdom on ,earth as it is in ,heaven4 
#hvo4      ,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4    
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,ministry4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1         

price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,drewry 7,g4 ,o471  
,m4,d4       ,the ,common-,sense        
,management of the ,stomach4 ,fifth     
,edition4      ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,drewry 7,g4 ,o471  
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price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,drummond 7,miss74  
,tripps ,buildings4 ,a ,study from      
,life1 with ,frontispiece4      ,small  
crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4    
,,durand 7,lady74       ,imitations from
 the ,german of ,spitta and ,terstegen4 
,fcap4      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ds4    
,,du ,,vernois 7,col4 von ,verdy74      
,studies in leading ,troops4 ,an        
authorized and accurate                 
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,hildyard1 #gast ,foot4      ,parts ,i4 
and ,,ii4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4
   ,,eden 7,frederick74       ,the ,nile
 without a ,dragoman4 ,second ,edition4 
,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #gs4    

#f;d4   ,,edmonds 7,herbert74           
,well ,spent ,lives3 a ,series of       
,modern ,biographies4 ,crown      #hvo4 
,price #es4   ,,edwards 7,rev4 ,basil74 
,minor ,chords2 or1 ,songs for the      
,suffering3 a ,volume of      ,verse4   
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paper1 price #bs4      #f;d4   ,,elliot 
7,lady ,charlotte74       ,medusa and   
other ,poems4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #fs4   ,,elliott 7,ebenezer71 ,the     
,corn ,law ,rhymer4       ,poems4       
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,antigua4 #b vols4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #ahs4   ,,elsdale 7,henry74       
,studies in ,tennyson's ,idylls4 ,crown 
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #es4   ,epic of
 ,hades 7,the74       ,by the author of 
,songs of ,two ,worlds4 ,seventh and    
finally      revised ,edition4 ,fcap4   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4       99 
99 99 ,also an ,illustrated ,edition    
with seventeen full-page      designs in
 photo-mezzotint by ,,george ,r4        

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 leaves1 price #bes4   ,eros ,agonistes4
       ,poems4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,d4 ,fcap4   
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,by ,various ,writers4 ,square crown    
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,,evans 7,mark74       ,the ,gospel of  
,home ,life4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price 
#ds4      #f;d4       ,the ,story of our
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,fourth      and ,cheaper ,edition4     
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      ,cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4       ,a 
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for ,household ,use1      compiled      
exclusively from the ,holy ,scriptures4 
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#f;d4   ,,ex-,,civilian4       ,life in 
the ,mofussil2 or1 ,civilian ,life in   
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post #hvo4 ,price #ads4   ,,eyre        
7,maj4-,gen4 ,sir ,v471 ,c4,b41         
,k4,c4,s4,i41 c4       ,lays of a       
,knight-,errant in many ,lands4 ,square 

crown #hyo4      ,with ,six             
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 ,dinsmore4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#cs4 #f;d4       ,,ii4 ,elsie's         
,girlhood4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#cs4 #f;d4       ,,iii4 ,elsie's        
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 7,henry ,weybridge74       ,poems4     
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,finn
 7the late ,james71 ,m4,r4,a4,s4        
,stirring ,times2 or1 ,records from     
,jerusalem ,consular      ,chronicles of
 #ahec to #ahef4 ,edited and ,compiled  
by his      ,widow4 ,with a ,preface by 
the ,viscountess ,,strangford4 #b vols4 
,demy #hvo4 ,price #cjs4   ,,fleming    
7,james71 ,d4,d4       ,early ,christian
 ,witnesses2 or1 ,testimonies of the    
,first      ,centuries to the ,truth of 
,christianity4 ,small crown #hvo4       
,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,folkestone  
,ritual ,case 7,the74 ,the ,argument1   
,proceedings1      ,judgment1 and       

,report1 revised by the several ,counsel
      engaged4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #bes4   ,,footman 7,rev4 ,h471 ,m4,a4  
,from ,home and ,back2 or1 ,some        
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,light of the ,parable of the ,prodigal4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1      price #es4   
,,fowle 7,rev4 ,edmund74       ,latin   
,primer ,rules made ,easy4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price      #cs4   ,,fowle 7,rev4
 ,t4 ,w471 ,m4,a4       ,the            
,reconciliation of ,religion and        
,science4 ,being ,essays      on        
,immortality1 ,inspiration1 ,miracles1  
and the ,being of      ,christ4 ,demy   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4         
,the ,divine ,legation of ,christ4      
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #gs4    
,,fox-,,bourne 7,h4 ,r474       ,the    
,life of ,john ,locke1 #afcb-agjd4 #b   
vols4 ,demy #hvo4      ,cloth1 price    
#bhs4   ,,fraser 7,donald74             
,exchange ,tables of ,sterling and      
,indian ,rupee ,currency1      upon a   
new and extended system1 embracing      

,values from ,one      ,farthing to ,one
 ,hundred ,thousand ,pounds1 and at     
,rates      progressing1 in ,sixteenths 
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#bs4 #c;d4 per ,rupee4 ,royal #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4   ,,friswell  
7,j4 ,hain74       ,the ,better ,self4  
,essays for ,home ,life4 ,crown #hvo4   
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,two2 or1 ,a ,left-,handed ,bride4 ,with
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7,lieut4-,gen4 ,albert71 ,c4,s4,i41 late
 ,chief ,commissioner of ,british       
,burma4       ,burma ,past and ,present1
 with ,personal ,reminiscences of the   
,country4 ,with ,steel ,portraits1      
,chromo-lithographs1 ,engravings      on
 ,wood1 and ,map4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #cjs4   ,,gambier 7,capt4 
,j4 ,w471 ,r4,n4       ,servia4 ,crown  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,gardner    
7,h474       ,sunflowers4 ,a ,book of   
,verses4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4
   ,,gardner 7,j471 ,m4,d4              

,longevity3 ,the ,means of ,prolonging  
,life after ,middle ,age4      ,fourth  
,edition1 ,revised and ,enlarged4 ,small
 crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #ds4    
,,garrett 7,e474       ,by ,still       
,waters4 ,a ,story for ,quiet ,hours4   
,with ,seven      ,illustrations4 ,crown
 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,gebler    
7,karl ,von74       ,galileo ,galilei   
and the ,roman ,curia1 from ,authentic  
,sources4 ,translated with the sanction 
of the ,author1 by ,mrs4      ,,george  
,,sturge4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth4   ,g4 ,h4 
,t4       ,verses1 mostly written in    
,india4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      
#fs4   ,,gilbert 7,mrs474               
,autobiography and other ,memorials4    
,edited by ,josiah      ,gilbert4 ,third
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,wood      ,engravings4 ,crown #hvo4    
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,gill 7,rev4
 ,w4 ,w471 ,b4,a4       ,myths and      
,songs from the ,south ,pacific4 ,with a
 ,preface by      ,f4 ,max ,mueller1    
,m4,a41 ,professor of ,comparative      

,philology at      ,oxford4 ,post #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #is4   ,,godkin 7,james74 
,the ,religious ,history of ,ireland3   
,primitive1 ,papal1 and                 
,protestant4 ,including the ,evangelical
 ,missions1 ,catholic      ,agitations1 
and ,church ,progress of the last half  
,century4      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4
   ,,godwin 7,william74       ,william  
,godwin3 ,his ,friends and              
,contemporaries4 ,with      ,portraits  
and ,facsimiles of the handwriting of   
,godwin and      his ,wife4 ,by ,c4     
,kegan ,paul4 #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4      
,cloth1 price      #bhs4       ,the     
,genius of ,christianity ,unveiled4     
,being ,essays never      before        
published4 ,edited1 with a ,preface1 by 
,c4 ,kegan ,paul4      ,crown #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,goetze     
7,capt4 ,a4 von74       ,operations of  
the ,german ,engineers during the ,war  
of      #ahgj-ahga4 ,published by       
,authority1 and in accordance with      
,official ,documents4 ,translated from  

the ,german by ,colonel ,g4             
,graham1 ,v4,c41 ,c4,b41 ,r4,e4 ,with #f
 large ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1       
price #bas4   ,,goldie 7,lieut4 ,m4 ,h4 
,g47       ,hebe3 a ,tale4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,goodenough       
7,commodore ,j4 ,g471 ,r4,n41 ,c4,b41   
,c4,m4,g4       ,memoir of1 with        
,extracts from his ,letters and         
,journals4      ,edited by his ,widow4  
,with ,steel ,engraved ,portrait4       
,square      #hvo4 ,cloth1 #es4       99
 99 99 ,also a ,library ,edition with   
,maps1 ,woodcuts1 and ,steel            
,engraved ,portrait4 ,square post #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #ads4   ,,goodman 7,w474  
,cuba1 the ,pearl of the ,antilles4     
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #gs4    
#f;d4   ,,gould 7,rev4 ,s4 ,baring71    
,m4,a4       ,the ,vicar of ,morwenstow3
 a ,memoir of the ,rev4 ,r4 ,s4         
,hawker4 ,with ,portrait4 ,third        
,edition1 revised4 ,square post         
#hvo4 ,cloth1 #ajs4 #f;d4   ,,granville 
7,a4 ,b471 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4        

,autobiography of ,a4 ,b4 ,granville1   
,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,edited1 with      a brief
 ,account of the concluding ,years of   
his ,life1 by his      youngest         
,daughter1 ,paulina ,b4 ,granville4 #b  
vols4 ,with a      ,portrait4 ,second   
,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price     
#cbs4   ,,grey 7,john71 of ,dilston4    
,john ,grey 7of ,dilston73 ,memoirs4 ,by
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,revised ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,griffith 7,rev4    
,t471 ,a4,m4       ,studies of the      
,divine ,master4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price      #abs4   ,,griffiths 7,capt4  
,arthur74       ,memorials of ,millbank1
 and ,chapters in ,prison ,history4     
,with ,illustrations by ,r4 ,goff and   
the ,author4 #b vols4 ,post      #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #bas4   ,,grimley 7,rev4  
,h4 ,n471 ,m4,a4       ,tremadoc        
,sermons1 chiefly on the ,,spiritual    
,,body1 the ,,unseen      ,,world1 and  
the ,,divine ,,humanity4 ,second        
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1     

price #fs4   ,g,r,ue,n,e,r 7,m4 ,l474   
,studies of ,blast ,furnace ,phenomena4 
,translated by ,l4 ,d4 ,b4      ,gordon1
 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,demy #hvo4    
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,gurney     
7,rev4 ,archer74       ,words of ,faith 
and ,cheer4 ,a ,mission of ,instruction 
and      ,suggestion4 ,crown #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #fs4   ,gwen3 ,a ,drama in
 ,monologue4 ,by the ,author of the     
,epic of      ,hades4 ,fcap4 #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,haeckel 7,prof4  
,ernst74       ,the ,history of         
,creation4 ,translation revised by      
,professor      ,e4 ,ray ,lankester1    
,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with ,coloured       
,plates and      ,genealogical ,trees of
 the various groups of both plants and  
animals4 #b vols4 ,second ,edition4     
,post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #cbs4    
,the ,history of the ,evolution of ,man4
 ,with numerous      ,illustrations4 #b 
vols4 ,large post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#cbs4   ,,hake 7,a4 ,egmont74           
,paris ,originals1 with twenty etchings1

 by ,leon ,richeton4      ,large post   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ads4   ,halleck's  
,international ,law2 or1 ,rules         
,regulating the      ,intercourse of    
,states in ,peace and ,war4 ,a ,new     
,edition1      revised1 with ,notes and 
,cases4 ,by ,sir ,sherston ,baker1      
,bart4      #b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1
 price #chs4   ,,harcourt 7,capt ,a4 ,f4
 ,p474       ,the ,shakespeare ,argosy4 
,containing much of the wealth of       
,shakespeare's ,wisdom and ,wit1        
alphabetically arranged and             
classified4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#fs4   ,,hardy 7,thomas74       ,a ,pair
 of ,blue ,eyes4 ,new ,edition4 ,crown  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #fs4           
,,harrison 7,lieut4-,col4 ,r474         
,the ,officer's ,memorandum ,book for   
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,oblong #cbmo4 roan1 elastic band and   
pencil1 price      #cs4 #f;d42 russia1  
#es4   ,,haweis 7,rev4 ,h4 ,r471 ,m4,a4 
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,second ,edition4 ,cloth1 price         

#fs4       ,current ,coin4              
,materialism--,the                      
,devil--,crime--,drunkenness--,pauperism
--,emotion--,recreation--,the           
,sabbath4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #fs4       ,speech in     
,season4 ,fourth ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price      #is4       ,thoughts 
for the ,times4 ,eleventh ,edition4     
,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #gs4    
#f;d4       ,unsectarian ,family        
,prayers1 for ,morning and ,evening for 
a      ,week1 with short selected       
passages from the ,bible4 ,second       
,edition4 ,square crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,hawker 7,robert    
,stephen74       ,the ,poetical ,works  
of4 ,now first collected and arranged1  
with a prefatory notice by ,j4 ,g4      
,godwin4 ,with ,portrait4      ,crown   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4   ,,hayman    
7,h471 ,d4,d41 late ,head ,master of    
,rugby ,school4       ,rugby ,school    
,sermons4 ,with an ,introductory ,essay 
on the      ,indwelling of the ,holy    

,spirit4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4
      #f;d4   ,,hellwald 7,baron ,f4    
von74       ,the ,russians in ,central  
,asia4 ,a ,critical ,examination1 down  
to the present time1 of the ,geography  
and ,history of ,central      ,asia4    
,translated by ,lieut4-,col4 ,theodore  
,wirgman1 ,,ll4,b4      ,large post     
#hvo4 ,with ,map4 ,cloth1 price #abs4   
,,helvig 7,major ,h474       ,the       
,operations of the ,bavarian ,army      
,corps4 ,translated by      ,captain ,g4
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,in #b vols4 ,demy      #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #bds4       ,tactical ,examples3  
,vol4 ,i4 ,the ,battalion1 price #aes4  
,vol4 ,,ii4 ,the ,regiment and ,brigade1
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,graham4 ,with      numerous ,diagrams4 
,demy #hvo4 ,cloth4   ,,herford         
7,brooke74       ,the ,story of         
,religion in ,england4 ,a ,book for     
,young ,folk4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #es4   ,,hewlett 7,henry ,g47     

,a ,sheaf of ,verse4 ,fcap4 #hvo4       
,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,hinton     
7,james74       ,life and ,letters of4  
,edited by ,ellice ,hopkins1 with an    
,introduction by ,sir ,w4 ,w4 ,gull1    
,bart41 and ,portrait engraved      on  
,steel by ,c4 ,h4 ,jeens4 ,second       
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1      #hs4
 #f;d4       ,chapters on the ,art of   
,thinking1 and other ,essays4 ,with an  
,introduction by ,shadworth ,hodgson4   
,edited by ,c4 ,h4 ,hinton4      ,crown 
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #hs4 #f;d4          
,the ,place of the ,physician4 ,to which
 is added ,essays on      the ,,law ,,of
 ,,human ,,life1 and ,,on ,,the         
,,relation ,,between ,,organic          
,,and ,,inorganic ,,worlds4 ,second     
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1          
price #cs4 #f;d4       ,physiology for  
,practical ,use4 ,by various ,writers4  
,with #ej      ,illustrations4 #b vols4 
,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #abs4 #f;d4       ,an ,atlas of   
,diseases of the ,membrana ,tympani4    

,with      ,descriptive ,text4 ,post    
#hvo4 ,price ,l#f #fs4       ,the       
,questions of ,aural ,surgery4 ,with    
,illustrations4 #b      vols4 ,post     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4 #f;d4         
,the ,mystery of ,pain4 ,fcap4 #hvo4    
,cloth limp1 #as4   ,h4 ,j4 ,c4         
,the ,art of ,furnishing4 ,a ,popular   
,treatise on the      ,principles of    
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,picturesque ,effect4 ,small crown #hvo4
 ,cloth1      price #cs4 #f;d4          
,,hockley 7,w4 ,b474       ,tales of the
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,hours4 ,by the      ,author of         
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vols4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bas4  
,pandurang ,hari2 or1 ,memoirs of a     
,hindoo4 ,a ,tale of      ,mahratta     
,life sixty years ago4 ,with a ,preface 
by ,sir ,h4      ,bartle ,e4 ,frere1    
,g4,c4,s4,i41 c4 ,new and ,cheaper      
,edition4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     

price #fs4   ,,hoffbauer 7,capt474      
,the ,german ,artillery in the ,battles 
near ,metz4 ,based on      the official 
reports of the ,german ,artillery4      
,translated by      ,capt4 ,e4 ,o4      
,hollist4 ,with ,map and ,plans4 ,demy  
#hvo4 ,cloth1      price #bas4          
,,holmes 7,e4 ,g4 ,a474       ,poems4   
,first and ,second ,series4 ,fcap4 #hvo4
 ,cloth1 price      #es4 each4          
,,holroyd 7,major ,w4 ,r4 ,m474         
,tas-hil ul ,kalam2 or1 ,hindustani made
 ,easy4 ,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price 
#es4   ,,hooper 7,mary74       ,little  
,dinners3 ,how to ,serve them with      
,elegance and      ,economy4 ,thirteenth
 ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#es4       ,cookery for ,invalids1      
,persons of ,delicate ,digestion1 and   
,children4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#cs4 #f;d4       ,every-,day ,meals4    
,being ,economical and ,wholesome       
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 and ,supper4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,hooper     

7,mrs4 ,g474       ,the ,house of ,raby4
 ,with a ,frontispiece4 ,crown #hvo4    
,cloth1      price #cs4 #f;d4           
,,hopkins 7,ellice74       ,life and    
,letters of ,james ,hinton1 with an     
,introduction by      ,sir ,w4 ,w4      
,gull1 ,bart41 and ,portrait engraved on
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,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#hs4 #f;d4   ,,hopkins 7,m474       ,the
 ,port of ,refuge2 or1 ,counsel and ,aid
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,doubt1 or ,distress4 ,crown #hvo4      
,second and      ,revised ,edition4     
,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,horne 7,william71
 ,m4,a4       ,reason and ,revelation3  
an ,examination into the ,nature and    
,contents of ,scripture ,revelation1 as 
compared with other      ,forms of      
,truth4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4 
,,horner 7,the ,misses74       ,walks in
 ,florence4 ,a ,new and thoroughly      
,revised ,edition4 #b      vols4 ,crown 
#hvo4 ,cloth limp4 ,with ,illustrations4
       ,vol4 ,i4--,churches1 ,streets1  

and ,palaces4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,vol4         
,,ii4--,public ,galleries and ,museums4 
#es4   ,,howard 7,mary ,m474            
,beatrice ,aylmer1 and other ,tales4    
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #fs4    
,,howard 7,rev4 ,g4 ,b474       ,an ,old
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,cloth1 price #ds4      #f;d4   ,,howell
 7,james74       ,a ,tale of the ,sea1  
,sonnets1 and other ,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4
      ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,hughes     
7,allison74       ,penelope and other   
,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ds4 
#f;d4   ,,hull 7,edmund ,c4 ,p474       
,the ,european in ,india4 ,with a       
,,medical ,,guide ,,for                 
,,anglo-,,indians4 ,by ,r4 ,r4 ,s4      
,mair1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,c4,s4,e4 ,third   
,edition4 ,revised and ,corrected4 ,post
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for ,regimental ,officers4 ,edited by   
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,,ingelow 7,jean74       ,the ,little   
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,cloth1      price #bs4 #f;d4   ,indian 
,bishoprics4 ,by an ,indian ,churchman4 
,demy #hvo4 #f;d4   ,international      
,scientific ,series 7,the74       ,i4   
,forms of ,water3 ,a ,familiar          
,exposition of the ,origin and          
,phenomena of ,glaciers4 ,by ,j4        
,tyndall1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,with #be 
,illustrations4 ,seventh ,edition4      
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,,ii4 ,physics and ,politics2 or1       
,thoughts on the ,application      of   

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and ,inheritance      to ,political     
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price #ds4       ,,iii4 ,foods4 ,by     
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,,iv4 ,mind and ,body3 ,the ,theories of
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,v4 ,the ,study of ,sociology4 ,by      
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#es4       ,,vi4 ,on the ,conservation  
of ,energy4 ,by ,balfour ,stewart1      
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,,vii4 ,animal ,locomotion2 or1         
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#es4       ,,ix4 ,the ,new ,chemistry4  
,by ,professor ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 of the   
,harvard ,university4 ,with #ca         
,illustrations4 ,fourth ,edition4       
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,x4 ,the ,science of ,law4 ,by          
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#es4       ,,xi4 ,animal ,mechanism4 ,a 
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,locomotion4 ,by ,professor ,e4 ,j4     
,marey4 ,with #aag      ,illustrations4 
,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #es4       ,,xii4 ,the ,doctrine  
of ,descent and ,darwinism4 ,by         
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7,strasburg ,university74 ,with #bf     
,illustrations4      ,third ,edition4   
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         

,,xiii4 ,the ,history of the ,conflict  
between ,religion and      ,science4 ,by
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,eleventh ,edition4      ,crown #hvo4   
,cloth1 price #es4       ,,xiv4 ,fungi2 
their ,nature1 ,influences1 ,uses1 c4   
,by ,m4 ,c4      ,cooke1 ,m4,a41        
,,ll4,d4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4   
,berkeley1 ,m4,a41      ,f4,l4,s4 ,with 
numerous ,illustrations4 ,second        
,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #es4       ,,xv4 ,the ,chemical   
,effects of ,light and ,photography4 ,by
 ,dr4      ,hermann ,vogel 7,polytechnic
 ,academy of ,berlin74 ,with #ajj       
,illustrations4 ,third and ,revised     
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1          
price #es4       ,,xvi4 ,the ,life and  
,growth of ,language4 ,by ,william      
,dwight      ,whitney1 ,professor of    
,sanskrit and ,comparative ,philology in
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,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #es4       ,,xvii4 ,money and the 
,mechanism of ,exchange4 ,by ,w4        

,stanley      ,jevons1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4
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price      #es4       ,,xviii4 ,the     
,nature of ,light3 ,with a ,general     
,account of      ,physical ,optics4 ,by 
,dr4 ,eugene ,lommel1 ,professor of     
,physics      in the ,university of     
,erlangen4 ,with #ahh ,illustrations and
 a      table of ,spectra in            
,chromo-lithography4 ,second ,edition4  
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,,xix4 ,animal ,parasites and           
,messmates4 ,by ,monsieur ,van          
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of ,louvain1      ,correspondent of the 
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,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown
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#es4       ,,xxi4 ,the ,five ,senses of 
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,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,,xxii4 ,the ,theory of ,sound in its   
,relation to ,music4 ,by      ,professor
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,university of ,rome4      ,with        
numerous ,illustrations4 ,second        
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price #es4       ,,xxiii4 ,studies in   
,spectrum ,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,norman    
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photographic ,illustrations of ,spectra1
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,crown #hvo4 ,second ,edition4          
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,a ,history of the ,growth of the ,steam
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,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4 #f;d4   
,,xxv4 ,education as a ,science4 ,by    
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#es4            ,forthcoming ,volumes4  

,prof4 ,w4 ,,kingdon ,,clifford1 ,m4,a4 
,the ,first ,principles of the          
,exact ,sciences explained to the       
,non-mathematical4       ,w4 ,b4        
,,carpenter1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,the   
,physical ,geography of the      ,sea4  
,sir ,,john ,,lubbock1 ,bart41 ,f4,r4,s4
 ,on ,ants and ,bees4       ,prof4 ,w4  
,t4 ,,thiselton ,,dyer1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,sc4 
,form and ,habit in      ,flowering     
,plants4       ,prof4 ,,michael         
,,foster1 ,m4,d4 ,protoplasm and the    
,cell ,theory4       ,h4 ,,charlton     
,,bastian1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,the ,brain
 as an ,organ of      ,mind4            
,prof4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,ramsay1 ,,ll4,d41      
,f4,r4,s4 ,earth ,sculpture3 ,hills1    
,valleys1 ,mountains1 ,plains1 ,rivers1 
,lakes2 how they were      ,produced1   
and how they have been ,destroyed4      
,p4 ,,bert 7,professor of ,physiology1  
,paris74 ,forms of ,life and      other 
,cosmical ,conditions4       ,prof4 ,t4 
,h4 ,,huxley4 ,the ,crayfish3 an        
,introduction to the      ,study of     

,zoology4       ,the ,rev4 ,a4 ,,secchi1
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,observatory      at ,rome4 ,the ,stars4
       ,prof4 ,j4 ,,rosenthal1 of the   
,university of ,erlangen4 ,general      
,physiology of ,muscles and ,nerves4    
,prof4 ,a4 ,,de ,,quatrefages1 ,membre  
de l',institut4 ,the ,human      ,race4 
,,francis ,,galton1 ,f4,r4,s4           
,psychometry4       ,j4 ,w4 ,,judd1     
,f4,r4,s4 ,the ,laws of ,volcanic       
,action4       ,prof4 ,f4 ,n4 ,,balfour4
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,life4       ,j4 ,,luys1 ,physician to  
the ,hospice de la ,salpetriere4 ,the   
,brain and its ,functions4 ,with        
,illustrations4       ,dr4 ,,carl       
,,semper4 ,animals and their ,conditions
 of ,existence4       ,prof4 ,,wurtz4   
,atoms and the ,atomic ,theory4         
,,george ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,f4,l4,s4       
,animal ,intelligence4       ,,alfred   
,w4 ,,bennett4 ,a ,handbook of          
,cryptogamic ,botany4   ,,jackson 7,t4  
,g474       ,modern ,gothic             

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price #es4   ,,jacob 7,maj4-,gen4 ,sir  
,g4 ,le ,grand71 ,k4,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,b4   
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life4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4    
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,,jenkins 7,rev4 ,r4 ,c471 ,m4,a4       
,the ,privilege of ,peter and the       
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confronted with the ,scriptures1 the    
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,,jennings 7,mrs4 ,vaughan74            
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price #gs4      #f;d4   ,jeroveam's     
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,money and the ,mechanism of ,exchange4 
,fourth ,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #es4       ,volume ,,xvii4
 of ,the ,international ,scientific     
,series4   ,,jones 7,lucy74             
,puddings and ,sweets4 ,being ,three    
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price #bs4      #f;d4   ,,kaufmann      
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,bokhara4 ,a ,tale of ,central ,asia4   
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,,kerner 7,dr4 ,a471 ,professor of      
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by      ,w4 ,,ogle1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d41 and 
a prefatory letter by ,c4 ,darwin1      
,f4,r4,s4 ,with ,illustrations4 ,sq4    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #is4   ,,kidd       
7,joseph71 ,m4,d4       ,the ,laws of   
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,,king 7,alice74       ,a ,cluster of   
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#f;d4   ,,king 7,mrs4 ,hamilton74       
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7,charles71 ,m4,a4       ,letters and   
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,saints' ,day and other ,sermons4       
,second ,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4     
,cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4       ,true ,words   
for ,brave ,men3 a ,book for ,soldiers' 
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#bs4 #f;d4   ,,knight 7,a4 ,f4 ,c474    
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,,lacordaire 7,rev4 ,pere74       ,life3
 ,conferences delivered at ,toulouse4 ,a
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,love's ,rebellion3 a ,poem4 ,fcap4     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4      #f;d4     

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,a ,trip to ,cashmere and ,ladak4 ,with 
numerous ,illustrations4      ,crown    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 #gs4 #f;d4   ,,lamont     
7,martha ,mac,donald74       ,the       
,gladiator3 ,a ,life under the ,roman   
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,third ,century4 ,with four             
,illustrations by      ,h4 ,m4 ,paget4  
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,,leander 7,richard74       ,fantastic  
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,e4      ,fraser-,tytler4 ,crown #hvo4  
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,g471 ,d4,c4,l4       ,the ,other       

,world2 or1 ,glimpses of the            
,supernatural4 #b vols4      ,a ,new    
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#aes4   ,,lee 7,holme74       ,her      
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price #es4   ,,lenoir 7,j474            
,fayoum2 or1 ,artists in ,egypt4 ,a     
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,cheaper ,edition4      ,crown #hvo4    
,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,lewis      
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,cloth1 price #es4   ,,locker 7,f474    
,london ,lyrics4 ,a ,new and ,revised   
,edition1 with ,additions      and a    
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,cloth1 elegant1      price #fs4        
,also1 an ,edition for the ,people4     
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#f;d4   ,,lockyer 7,j4 ,norman71        
,f4,r4,s4       ,studies in ,spectrum   

,analysis2 with six photographic        
illustrations of ,spectra1 and numerous 
engravings on wood4      ,second        
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#fs4 #f;d4       ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 of ,the 
,international ,scientific ,series4     
,,lommel 7,dr4 ,e474       ,the ,nature 
of ,light3 ,with a ,general ,account of 
,physical      ,optics4 ,second         
,edition4 ,with #ahh ,illustrations and 
a ,table      of ,spectra in            
,chromo-lithography4 ,second ,edition4  
,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #es4    
,volume ,,xviii4 of ,the ,international 
,scientific ,series4   ,,lorimer        
7,peter71 ,d4,d4       ,john ,knox and  
the ,church of ,england3 ,his ,work in  
her      ,pulpit1 and his ,influence    
upon her ,liturgy1 ,articles1 and       
,parties4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price     
#abs4       ,john ,wiclif and his       
,english ,precursors1 by ,gerhard       
,victor      ,lechler4 ,translated from 
the ,german1 with additional ,notes4    
#b vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bas4

   ,,lothian 7,roxburghe74       ,dante 
and ,beatrice from #abhb to #abij4 ,a   
,romance4 #b vols4      ,post #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #bds4   ,,lover 7,samuel71
 ,r4,h4,a4       ,the ,life of ,samuel  
,lover1 ,r4,h4,a42 ,artistic1 ,literary1
 and      ,musical4 ,with ,selections   
from his ,unpublished ,papers and       
,correspondence4 ,by ,bayle ,bernard4 #b
 vols4 ,with a ,portrait4      ,post    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bas4   ,,lucas     
7,alice74       ,translations from the  
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and      #aith ,centuries4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,lyons 7,r4 ,t471 
,surg4-,maj4 ,bengal ,army4       ,a    
,treatise on ,relapsing ,fever4 ,post   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #gs4 #f;d4     
,,macaulay 7,j471 ,m4,a41 ,m4,d4 ,edin4 
,the ,truth about ,ireland3 ,tours of   
,observation in #ahgb and      #ahge4   
,with ,remarks on ,irish ,public        
,questions4 ,being a ,second            
,edition of ,ireland in #ahgb1 with a   
,new and ,supplementary      ,preface4  

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,,mac ,,clintock 7,l474       ,sir      
,spangle and the ,dingy ,hen4           
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,the ,marquis of ,lossie4 ,second       
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1          
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,at ,school with an ,old ,dragoon4 ,with
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#es4   ,,maclachlan 7,a4 ,n4 ,c71 ,m4,a4
       ,william ,augustus1 ,duke of     
,cumberland3 being a ,sketch of      his
 ,military ,life and ,character1 chiefly
 as exhibited in the      ,general      

,orders of ,his ,royal ,highness1       
#agde-agdg4 ,with      ,illustrations4  
,post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #aes4         
,,macnaught 7,rev4 ,john74       ,coena 
,domini3 ,an ,essay on the ,lord's      
,supper1 its ,primitive                 
,institution1 ,apostolic ,uses1 and     
,subsequent ,history4 ,demy      #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #ads4   ,,magnusson       
7,eirikr71 ,m4,a41 and ,,palmer 7,e4    
,h471 ,m4,a4       ,johan ,ludvig       
,runeberg's ,lyrical ,songs1 ,idylls and
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,preservation      and ,regulation of   
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,management of ,children in ,india4     
,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4          
,limp cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,malden
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crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #bs4     
#f;d4   ,,manning 7,his ,eminence       
,cardinal74       ,essays on ,religion  
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,third ,series4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #ajs4 #f;d4       ,the            
,independence of the ,holy ,see1 with an
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,,marey 7,e4 ,j474       ,animal        
,mechanics4 ,a ,treatise on ,terrestrial
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#aag ,illustrations4 ,second ,edition4  
,crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4    
,volume ,,xi4 of ,the ,international    
,scientific ,series4   ,,marriott       
7,maj4-,gen4 ,w4 ,f471 ,c4,s4,i4        
,a ,grammar of ,political ,economy4     
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #fs4    
,master ,bobby3 a ,tale4 ,by the ,author
 of ,christina ,north4      ,with       
,illustrations by ,e4 ,h4 ,,bell4 ,extra

 fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1      price #cs4    
#f;d4   ,,masterman 7,j474       ,worth 
,waiting for4 ,a ,new ,novel4 #c vols4  
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth4                    
,half-a-,dozen ,daughters4 ,with a      
,frontispiece4 ,crown #hvo4      ,cloth1
 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,maudsley 7,dr4    
,h474       ,responsibility in ,mental  
,disease4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown       
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4       ,volume  
,,viii4 of ,the ,international          
,scientific ,series4   ,,maughan 7,w4   
,c474       ,the ,alps of ,arabia2 or1  
,travels through ,egypt1 ,sinai1        
,arabia1 and the ,holy ,land4 ,with     
,map4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy      #hvo4
 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,maurice 7,c4    
,e474       ,lives of ,english ,popular 
,leaders4 ,no4 #a4--,,stephen ,,langton4
      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4   
#f;d4 ,no4 #b4--,,tyler1 ,,ball1 and    
,,oldcastle4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price 
#gs4 #f;d4   ,mazzini 7,joseph74        
,a ,memoir4 ,by ,e4 ,a4 ,v4 ,two        
,photographic ,portraits4 ,second       

,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4   ,,medley 7,lieut4-,col4 ,j4 ,g471
 ,r4,e4       ,an ,autumn ,tour in the  
,united ,states and ,canada4 ,crown     
#hvo4      ,cloth1 price #es4           
,,meredith 7,george74       ,the ,ordeal
 of ,richard ,feverel4 ,a ,history of   
,father and      ,son4 ,in one vol4 with
 ,frontispiece4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price      #fs4   ,,micklethwaite 7,j4  
,t471 ,f4,s4,a4       ,modern ,parish   
,churches3 ,their ,plan1 ,design1 and   
,furniture4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,middleton 7,the    
,lady74       ,ballads4 ,square #afmo4  
,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,miller     
7,edward74       ,the ,history and      
,doctrines of ,irvingism2 or1 the       
so-called      ,catholic and ,apostolic 
,church4 #b vols4 ,large post #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #bes4   ,,miller          
7,robert74       ,the ,romance of ,love4
 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4        
,,milne 7,james74       ,tables of      
,exchange for the ,conversion of        

,sterling ,money      into ,indian and  
,ceylon ,currency1 at ,rates from #as4  
#h;d4      to #bs4 #c;d4 per ,rupee4    
,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price ,l#b #bs4   ,,mivart 7,st4        
,george71 ,f4,r4,s4       ,contemporary 
,evolution3 ,an ,essay on some recent   
,social      ,changes4 ,post #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,mockler    
7,e474       ,a ,grammar of the         
,baloochee ,language1 as it is spoken in
      ,makran 7,ancient ,gedrosia71 in  
the ,persia-,arabic and ,roman          
characters4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#es4   ,,moffat 7,robert ,scott74       
,the ,economy of ,consumption2 an       
,omitted ,chapter in      ,political    
,economy1 with special reference to the 
,questions      of ,commercial ,crises  
and the ,policy of ,trades ,unions2 and 
with ,reviews of the ,theories of ,adam 
,smith1 ,ricardo1 ,j4 ,s4      ,mill1   
,fawcett1 c4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#ahs4       ,the ,principles of a ,time 
,policy3 being an ,exposition of a      

,method of ,settling ,disputes between  
,employers and ,employed      in regard 
to ,time and ,wages1 by a simple        
,process of      ,mercantile ,barter1   
without recourse to ,strikes or         
,locks-out4      ,reprinted from ,the   
,economy of ,consumption1 with a        
,preface      and ,appendix containing  
,observations on some ,reviews of that  
book1 and a ,recriticism of the         
,theories of ,ricardo and ,j4 ,s4       
,mill on ,rent1 ,value1 and ,cost of    
,production4 ,demy #hvo4      ,cloth1   
price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,moltke             
7,field-,marshal ,von74       ,letters  
from ,russia4 ,translated by ,robina    
,napier4 ,crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #fs4   ,,moore 7,rev4 ,d471 ,m4,a4     
,christ and ,his ,church4 ,by the       
,author of ,the ,age and the            
,gospel1 c4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#cs4 #f;d4   ,,more 7,r4 ,jasper74      
,under the ,balkans4 ,notes of a ,visit 
to the ,district of      ,philippopolis 
in #ahgf4 ,with a ,map and              

,illustrations from      ,photographs4  
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4         
,,morell 7,j4 ,r474       ,euclid       
,simplified in ,method and ,language4   
,being a ,manual      of ,geometry4     
,compiled from the most important       
,french ,works1      approved by the    
,university of ,paris and the ,minister 
of      ,public ,instruction4 ,fcap4    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4          
,,morice 7,rev4 ,f4 ,d471 ,m4,a4        
,the ,olympian and ,pythian ,odes of    
,pindar4 ,a ,new ,translation      in   
,english ,verse4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,morley 7,susan74   
,margaret ,chetwynd4 ,a ,novel4 #c vols4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth4   ,,morse 7,e4    
,s471 ,ph4,d4       ,first ,book of     
,zoology4 ,with numerous ,illustrations4
 ,crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4   
,,morshead 7,e4 ,d4 ,a47       ,the     
,agamemnon of ,a,eschylus4 ,translated  
into ,english verse4      ,with an      
,introductory ,essay4 ,crown #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,musgrave         

7,anthony74       ,studies in ,political
 ,economy4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#fs4   ,,naake 7,j4 ,t474               
,slavonic ,fairy ,tales4 ,from ,russian1
 ,servian1 ,polish1 and      ,bohemian  
,sources4 ,with ,four ,illustrations4   
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1      price #es4    
,,newman 7,j4 ,h471 ,d4,d4              
,characteristics from the ,writings of4 
,being ,selections      from his various
 ,works4 ,arranged with the ,author's   
personal      approval4 ,third ,edition4
 ,with ,portrait4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #fs4       99 99 99 ,a ,portrait  
of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1      
mounted for      framing1 can be had1   
price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,new ,,writer 7,a74 
,songs of ,two ,worlds4 ,fourth         
,edition4 ,complete in one      volume  
with ,portrait4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price #gs4 #f;d4       ,the ,epic of    
,hades4 ,seventh and finally revised    
,edition4      ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,nicholas 7,thomas71
 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,g4,s4       ,the ,pedigree

 of the ,english ,people3 an ,argument1 
,historical and ,scientific1 on the     
,formation and ,growth of      the      
,nation1 tracing ,race-admixture in     
,britain from the      earliest times1  
with especial reference to the          
incorporation      of the ,celtic       
,aborigines4 ,fifth ,edition4 ,demy     
#hvo4 ,cloth1      price #afs4          
,,nicholson 7,edward ,b471 ,librarian of
 the ,london ,institution4       ,the   
,christ ,child1 and other ,poems4 ,crown
 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #ds4 #f;d4    
,,noake 7,major ,r4 ,compton74          
,the ,bivouac2 or1 ,martial ,lyrist1    
with an ,appendix--,advice      to the  
,soldier4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,price #es4 #f;d4
   ,,noble 7,j4 ,a474       ,the        
,pelican ,papers4 ,reminiscences and    
,remains of a ,dweller      in the      
,wilderness4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price 
#fs4   ,,norman ,,people 7,the74        
,the ,norman ,people1 and their         
,existing ,descendants in the           
,british ,dominions and the ,united     

,states of ,america4 ,demy      #hvo4   
,cloth1 price #bas4   ,,norris 7,rev4   
,alfred74       ,the ,inner and ,outer  
,life ,poems4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
      #fs4   ,notes on ,cavalry         
,tactics1 ,organization1 c4 ,by a       
,cavalry ,officer4      ,with ,diagrams4
 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #abs4        
,,notrege 7,john71 ,a4,m4       ,the    
,spiritual ,function of a ,presbyter in 
the ,church of      ,england4 ,crown    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 red edges1 price #cs4     
#f;d4        ,nuces3 ,exercises on the  
,syntax of the ,public ,school ,latin   
,primer4 ,new ,edition in ,three ,parts4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,each #as4       99 99 99 
,the ,three ,parts can also be had bound
 together in      cloth1 price #cs4     
,o',,brien 7,charlotte ,g474            
,light and ,shade4 #b vols4 ,crown #hvo4
 ,cloth1 gilt tops1      price #abs4    
,o',,meara 7,kathleen74       ,frederic 
,ozanam1 ,professor of the ,sorbonne2   
,his ,life and      ,works4 ,second     
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    

#gs4 #f;d4   ,oriental ,sporting        
,magazine 7,the74       ,a ,reprint of  
the first #e ,volumes1 in #b ,volumes4  
,demy #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #bhs4    
,,palgrave 7,w4 ,gifford74              
,hermann ,agha2 ,an ,eastern ,narrative4
 ,third and ,cheaper      ,edition4     
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4         
,,pandurang ,,hari2       ,or1 ,memoirs 
of a ,hindoo4 ,with an ,introductory    
,preface by      ,sir ,h4 ,bartle ,e4   
,frere1 ,g4,c4,s4,i41 ,c4,b4 ,crown     
#hvo4 ,price      #fs4   ,,parker       
7,joseph71 ,d4,d4       ,the ,paraclete3
 ,an ,essay on the ,personality and     
,ministry of      the ,holy ,ghost1 with
 some reference to current discussions4 
,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #abs4   ,,parr 7,harriet74        
,echoes of a ,famous ,year4 ,crown #hvo4
 ,cloth1 price #hs4      #f;d4          
,,parsloe 7,joseph74       ,our         
,railways3 ,sketches1 ,historical and   
,descriptive4 ,with      ,practical     
,information as to ,fares1 ,rates1 c41  

and a ,chapter      on ,railway ,reform4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4        
,,pattison 7,mrs4 ,mark74       ,the    
,renaissance of ,art in ,france4 ,with  
,nineteen ,steel      ,engravings1 #b   
vols4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cbs4   
,,paul 7,c4 ,kegan74       ,mary        
,wollstonecraft4 ,letters to ,imlay4    
,with ,prefatory      ,memoir by1 and   
,two ,portraits in eau forte1 by ,anna  
,lea      ,merritt4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1
 price #fs4       ,goethe's ,faust4 ,a  
,new ,translation in ,rime4 ,crown #hvo4
      ,cloth1 price #fs4       ,william 
,godwin3 ,his ,friends and              
,contemporaries4 ,with      ,portraits  
and ,facsimiles of the ,handwriting of  
,godwin and      his ,wife4 #b vols4    
,square post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bhs4  
,the ,genius of ,christianity ,unveiled4
 ,being ,essays by      ,william ,godwin
 never before published4 ,edited1 with a
      ,preface1 by ,c4 ,kegan ,paul4    
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4         
#f;d4   ,,paul 7,margaret ,agnes74      

,gentle and ,simple3 ,a ,story4 #b vols4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 gilt      tops1   
price #abs4       99 99 99 ,also a      
,cheaper ,edition in one vol4 with      
,frontispiece4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1
 price #fs4   ,,payne 7,john74          
,songs of ,life and ,death4 ,crown #hvo4
 ,cloth1 price #es4   ,,payne 7,prof4   
,j4 ,f474       ,lectures on ,education4
 ,price #f;d4 each4       ,,ii4 ,froebel
 and the ,kindergarten ,system4 ,second 
,edition4       ,a ,visit to ,german    
,schools3 ,elementary ,schools in       
,germany4      ,notes of a ,professional
 ,tour to inspect some of the           
,kindergartens1 ,primary ,schools1      
,public ,girls' ,schools1 and           
,schools for ,technical ,instruction in 
,hamburgh1 ,berlin1      ,dresden1      
,weimar1 ,gotha1 ,eisenach1 in the      
autumn of #ahgd4      ,with ,critical   
,discussions of the ,general ,principles
 and      ,practice of ,kindergartens   
and other ,schemes of ,elementary       
,education4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  

#ds4 #f;d4   ,,peacocke 7,georgiana74   
,rays from the ,southern ,cross3 ,poems4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,with      ,sixteen       
,full-page ,illustrations by the ,rev4  
,p4 ,walsh4 ,cloth      elegant1 price  
#ajs4 #f;d4   ,,pelletan 7,e474         
,the ,desert ,pastor1 ,jean ,jarousseau4
 ,translated from the      ,french4 ,by 
,colonel ,e4 ,p4 ,de ,l',hoste4 ,with a 
,frontispiece4      ,new ,edition4      
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #cs4 #f;d4   
,,pennell 7,h4 ,cholmondeley74          
,pegasus ,resaddled4 ,by the ,author of 
,puck on ,pegasus1 c4      c4 ,with ,ten
 ,full-page ,illustrations by ,george   
,du ,maurier4      ,second ,edition4    
,fcap4 #dto4 ,cloth elegant1 price #abs4
 #f;d4   ,,penrice 7,maj4 ,j471 ,b4,a4  
,a ,dictionary and ,glossary of the     
,ko-ran4 ,with copious      ,grammatical
 ,references and ,explanations of the   
,text4 #dto4      ,cloth1 price #bas4   
,,percival 7,rev4 ,p474       ,tamil    
,proverbs1 with their ,english          
,translation4 ,containing      upwards  

of ,six ,thousand ,proverbs4 ,third     
,edition4 ,demy #hvo4      ,sewed1 price
 #is4   ,,peschel 7,dr4 ,oscar74        
,the ,races of ,man and their           
,geographical ,distribution4      ,large
 crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #is4         
,,pettigrew 7,j4 ,bell71 ,m4 ,d41       
,f4,r4,s4       ,animal ,locomotion2 or1
 ,walking1 ,swimming1 and ,flying4 ,with
      #acj ,illustrations4 ,second      
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4       ,volume ,,vii4 of ,the       
,international ,scientific ,series4     
,,pfeiffer 7,emily74       ,quarterman's
 ,grace1 and other ,poems4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1      price #es4       ,glan     
,alarch3 ,his ,silence and ,song4 ,a    
,poem4 ,second ,edition4      ,crown    
#hvo4 price #fs4       ,gerard's        
,monument1 and other ,poems4 ,second    
,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #fs4       ,poems4 ,second        
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#fs4   ,,piggot 7,j471 ,f4,s4,a41       
,f4,r4,g4,s4       ,persia--,ancient and

 ,modern4 ,post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price     
#ajs4      #f;d4   ,,pinches 7,thomas71 
,m4,a4       ,samuel ,wilberforce3      
,faith--,service--,recompense4 ,three   
,sermons4 ,with a ,portrait of ,bishop  
,wilberforce 7after a      ,photograph  
by ,charles ,watkins74 ,crown #hvo4     
,cloth1 price      #ds4 #f;d4           
,,playfair 7,lieut4-,col471 ,her        
,britannic ,majesty's ,consul-,general  
in ,algiers4       ,travels in the      
,footsteps of ,bruce in ,algeria and    
,tunis4      ,illustrated by facsimiles 
of ,bruce's original ,drawings1         
,photographs1 ,maps1 c4 ,royal #dto4    
,cloth1 bevelled boards1      gilt      
leaves1 price ,l#c #cs4   ,,poor 7,henry
 ,v474       ,money and its ,laws1      
embracing a ,history of ,monetary       
,theories and a ,history of the         
,currencies of the ,united      ,states4
 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bas4        
,,poushkin 7,a4 ,s474       ,russian    
,romance4 ,translated from the ,tales of
 ,belkin1 c4      ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,buchan 

,telfer 7nee ,mouravieff74 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1      price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,power 
7,h474       ,our ,invalids3 ,how shall 
we ,employ and ,amuse ,them8 ,fcap4     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4          
,,powlett 7,lieut4 ,n471 ,r4,a4         
,eastern ,legends and ,stories in       
,english ,verse4 ,crown #hvo4           
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,presbyter4       
,unfoldings of ,christian ,hope4 ,an    
,essay showing that the      ,doctrine  
contained in the ,damnatory ,clauses of 
the ,creed      commonly called         
,athanasian is unscriptural4 ,small     
crown #hvo4      ,cloth1 price #ds4     
#f;d4   ,,price 7,prof4 ,bonamy74       
,currency and ,banking4 ,crown #hvo4    
,cloth1 price #fs4       ,chapters on   
,practical ,political ,economy4 ,being  
the      ,substance of ,lectures        
delivered before the ,university of     
,oxford4 ,large post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #abs4   ,,proctor 7,richard ,a471      
,b4,a4       ,our ,place among          
,infinities4 ,a ,series of ,essays      

contrasting      our little abode in    
space and time with the ,infinities     
around us4 ,to which are added ,essays  
on ,astrology1 and      ,the ,jewish    
,sabbath4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price      #fs4       ,the      
,expanse of ,heaven4 ,a ,series of      
,essays on the ,wonders      of the     
,firmament4 ,with a ,frontispiece4      
,fourth ,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #fs4   ,proteus and       
,amadeus4 ,a ,correspondence4 ,edited by
 ,aubrey ,de ,vere4      ,crown #hvo4   
,cloth1 price #es4   ,,public           
,,schoolboy4       ,the ,volunteer1 the 
,militiaman1 and the ,regular ,soldier4 
,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4         
,punjaub 7,the7 and ,north ,western     
,frontier of ,india4 ,by an old         
,punjaubee4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price  
#es4   ,,ram 7,james74       ,the       
,philosophy of ,war4 ,small crown #hvo4 
,cloth1 price #cs4      #f;d4           
,,ravenshaw 7,john ,henry71 ,b4,c4,s4   
,gaur3 ,its ,ruins and ,inscriptions4   

,edited with considerable      additions
 and alterations by his ,widow4 ,with   
forty-four      photographic            
illustrations and twenty-five facsimiles
 of      ,inscriptions4 ,super royal    
#dto4 ,cloth1 #cl4 #acs4 #f;d4   ,,read 
7,carveth74       ,on the ,theory of    
,logic3 ,an ,essay4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1
 price      #fs4   ,,reaney 7,mrs4 ,g4  
,s474       ,blessing and ,blessed2 a   
,sketch of ,girl ,life4 ,with a         
frontispiece4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #es4       ,waking and ,working2 or1   
from ,girlhood to ,womanhood4 ,with a   
,frontispiece4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #es4       ,just ,anyone1 and     
other ,stories4 ,three ,illustrations4  
,royal      #afmo4 ,cloth1 price #as4   
#f;d4       ,sunshine ,jenny and other  
,stories4 ,three ,illustrations4        
,royal #afmo4 ,cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4  
,sunbeam ,willie1 and other ,stories4   
,three ,illustrations4      ,royal      
#afmo4 ,cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4         
,,rhoades 7,james74       ,timoleon4 ,a 

,dramatic ,poem4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #es4   ,,ribot 7,prof4 ,th474     
,english ,psychology4 ,second ,edition4 
,a ,revised and      ,corrected         
,translation from the latest ,french    
,edition4 ,large      post #hvo4 ,cloth1
 price #is4       ,heredity3 ,a         
,psychological ,study on its ,phenomena1
 its      ,laws1 its ,causes1 and its   
,consequences4 ,large crown #hvo4       
,cloth1 price #is4   ,,rink 7,chevalier 
,dr4 ,henry74       ,greenland3 ,its    
,people and its ,products4 ,by the      
,chevalier      ,dr4 ,,henry ,,rink1    
,president of the ,greenland ,board of  
,trade4      ,with sixteen              
,illustrations1 drawn by the ,eskimo1   
and a ,map4      ,edited by ,dr4        
,,robert ,,brown4 ,crown #hvo4 ,price   
#ajs4 #f;d4   ,,robertson 7,the ,late   
,rev4 ,f4 ,w471 ,m4,a41 of ,brighton4   
,notes on ,genesis4 ,third ,edition4    
,crown #hvo41 price #es4       ,sermons4
 ,four ,series4 ,small crown #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #cs4      #f;d4 each4     

,expository ,lectures on ,st4 ,paul's   
,epistles to the      ,corinthians4 ,a  
,new ,edition4 ,small crown #hvo4       
,cloth1 price      #es4       ,lectures 
and ,addresses1 with other literary     
remains4 ,a ,new      ,edition4 ,crown  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4       ,an      
,analysis of ,mr4 ,tennyson's ,in       
,memoriam4 7,dedicated by               
,permission to the ,poet-,laureate47    
,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #bs4    
,the ,education of the ,human ,race4    
,translated from the      ,german of    
,gotthold ,ephraim ,lessing4 ,fcap4     
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #bs4 #f;d4     
,life and ,letters4 ,edited by the ,rev4
 ,stopford ,brooke1      ,m4,a41        
,chaplain in ,ordinary to the ,queen4   
,i4 #b vols41 uniform with the ,sermons4
 ,with ,steel ,portrait4      ,crown    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4          
,,ii4 ,library ,edition1 in ,demy #hvo41
 with ,two ,steel ,portraits4           
,cloth1 price #abs4       ,,iii4 ,a     
,popular ,edition1 in one vol4 ,crown   

#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #fs4       ,the
 above ,works can also be had half-bound
 in morocco4       99 99 99 ,a ,portrait
 of the late ,rev4 ,f4 ,w4 ,robertson1  
mounted      for framing1 can be had1   
price #bs4 #f;d4   ,,robinson 7,a4 ,mary
 ,f474       ,a ,handful of             
,honeysuckle4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #cs4      #f;d4   ,,rodwell 7,g4 ,f471 
,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,c4,s4       ,etna3 a  
,history of the ,mountain and its       
,eruptions4 ,with      ,maps and        
,illustrations4 ,square #hvo4 ,cloth1   
price #is4   ,,ross 7,mrs4 ,e471        
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7,john74       ,the ,secret ,history of 
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price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,samarow 7,g474     
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,wright4 ,four ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4       
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7,maj4 ,w4 von74       ,studies in the  
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by ,colonel ,lumley ,graham4 ,demy      
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4          
,,schmidt 7,prof4 ,oscar74       ,the   
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,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4       ,volume ,,xii4 of ,the       

,international ,scientific ,series4     
,s,c,h,ue,t,z,e,n,b,e,r,g,e,r 7,prof4   
,f474       ,fermentation4 ,with        
,numerous ,illustrations4 ,second       
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price #es4       ,volume ,,xx4 of ,the  
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,,scott 7,patrick74       ,the ,dream   
and the ,deed1 and other ,poems4 ,fcap4 
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7,w4 ,t474       ,antiquities of an     
,essex ,parish2 or1 ,pages from the     
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,,scott 7,robert ,h474       ,weather   
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 ,w474       ,alexis ,de ,tocqueville4  
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the ,swiss ,narrative      compiled from
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,jomini1 and      others4 ,also of      
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7,charles74       ,saint ,paul at       
,athens3 ,spiritual ,christianity in    
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preached at      ,st4 ,stephen's        
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#es4   ,,shaw 7,flora ,l474             
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#fs4   ,,shelley 7,lady74       ,shelley
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,womanhood3 its ,duties1 ,temptations1  

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,young ,women4 ,second ,edition4 ,crown 
#hvo4 ,price #cs4      #f;d4   ,,shipley
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,topics for      ,thought in ,times of  
,retreat4 ,eleven ,addresses4 ,with an  
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,the ,study of ,sociology4 ,seventh     
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,,spicer 7,h474       ,otho's ,death    
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,,stapleton 7,john74       ,the ,thames3
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#fs4   ,,stephens 7,archibald ,john71   
,,ll4,d4       ,the ,folkestone ,ritual 
,case4 ,the ,substance of the ,argument 
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#es4       ,volume ,,vi4 of ,the        
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,,stonehewer 7,agnes74       ,monacella3
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#f;d4   ,,storr 7,francis71 and ,,turner
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or1 ,the ,story of the ,sword4 ,a ,poem4
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#f;d4   ,,tyndall 7,john71 ,,ll4,d41    
,f4,r4,s4       ,forms of ,water4 ,a    
,familiar ,exposition of the ,origin and
      ,phenomena of ,glaciers4 ,with    
,twenty-five ,illustrations4            

,seventh ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 
price #es4       ,volume ,i4 of ,the    
,international ,scientific ,series4     
,,vambery 7,prof4 ,a474       ,bokhara3 
,its ,history and ,conquest ,second     
,edition4 ,demy      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
 #ahs4   ,,van ,,beneden 7,mons474      
,animal ,parasites and ,messmates4 ,with
 #hc ,illustrations4      ,second       
,edition4 ,cloth1 price #es4            
,volume ,,xix4 of ,the ,international   
,scientific ,series4   ,,vaughan 7,h4   
,halford71 sometime ,regius ,professor  
of ,modern ,history in ,oxford          
,university4       ,new ,readings and   
,renderings of ,shakespeare's           
,tragedies4      ,vol4 ,i4 ,demy #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #aes4   ,,villari         
7,prof474       ,niccolo ,machiavelli   
and ,his ,times4 ,translated by ,linda  
,villari4 #b vols4 ,large post #hvo4    
,cloth1 price #bds4   ,,vincent 7,capt4 
,c4 ,e4 ,h474       ,elementary         
,military ,geography1 ,reconnoitring1   
and      ,sketching4 ,compiled for      

,non-,commissioned ,officers and        
,soldiers of all ,arms4 ,square crown   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bs4      #f;d4     
,,vogel 7,dr4 ,hermann74       ,the     
,chemical effects of ,light and         
,photography1 in their      application 
to ,art1 ,science1 and ,industry4 ,the  
translation      thoroughly revised4    
,with #ajj ,illustrations1 including    
some      beautiful specimens of        
,photography4 ,third ,edition4 ,crown   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #es4       ,volume  
,,xv4 of ,the ,international ,scientific
 ,series4   ,,vyner 7,lady ,mary74      
,every day a ,portion4 ,adapted from the
 ,bible and the ,prayer      ,book1 for 
the ,private ,devotions of those living 
in      ,widowhood4 ,collected and      
edited by ,lady ,mary ,vyner4 ,square   
crown #hvo4 ,cloth extra1 price #es4    
,,waldstein 7,charles71 ,ph4 ,d4        
,the ,balance of ,emotion and           
,intellect3 ,an ,essay                  
,introductory to the ,study of          
,philosophy4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1       

price #fs4   ,,waller 7,rev4 ,c4 ,b474  
,the ,apocalypse1 ,reviewed under the   
,light of the ,doctrine      of the     
,unfolding ,ages and the ,restitution of
 all ,things4      ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1  
price #abs4   ,,walters 7,sophia        
,lydia74       ,a ,dreamer's ,sketch    
,book4 ,with ,twenty-one ,illustrations 
by      ,percival ,skelton1 ,r4 ,p4     
,leitch1 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,boot1 and ,t4 ,r4 
,pritchett4 ,engraved by ,j4 ,d4        
,cooper4 ,fcap4 #dto4 ,cloth1 price     
#abs4 #f;d4   ,,wartensleben 7,count ,h4
 von74       ,the ,operations of the    
,south ,army in ,january and ,february1 
#ahga4 ,compiled from the ,official ,war
 ,documents of the      ,head-quarters  
of the ,southern ,army4 ,translated by  
,colonel ,c4      ,h4 von ,wright4 ,with
 ,maps4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #fs4  
,the ,operations of the ,first ,army    
under ,gen4 von      ,manteuffel4       
,translated by ,colonel ,c4 ,h4 von     
,wright4 ,uniform      with the above4  
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,,waterfield1 7,w474       ,hymns for   
,holy ,days and ,seasons4 #cbmo4 ,cloth1
 price #as4      #f;d4   ,,way 7,a471   
,m4,a4       ,the ,odes of ,horace      
,literally ,translated in ,metre4 ,fcap4
      #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bs4   ,,wells
 7,capt4 ,john ,c471 ,r4,n4             
,spitzbergen--,the ,gateway to the      
,polynia2 or1 ,a ,voyage to             
,spitzbergen4 ,with numerous            
,illustrations by ,whymper and          
others1 and ,map4 ,new and ,cheaper     
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,commercial ,telegraphic ,code4 ,second 
,edition4 ,post #dto4      ,boards1     
price #dbs4   ,,whitaker 7,florence74   
,christy's ,inheritance4 ,a ,london     
,story4 ,illustrated4 ,royal      #afmo4
 ,cloth1 price #as4 #f;d4   ,,white 7,a4
 ,d471 ,,ll4,d4       ,warfare of       
,science4 ,with ,prefatory ,note by     
,professor      ,tyndall4 ,second       
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#cs4 #f;d4   ,,whitney 7,prof4 ,w4 ,d47 

,the ,life and ,growth of ,language4    
,second ,edition4 ,crown      #hvo4     
,cloth1 price #es4 ,copyright ,edition4 
,volume ,,xvi4 of ,the ,international   
,scientific ,series4       ,essentials  
of ,english ,grammar for the ,use of    
,schools4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,whittle 7,j4 ,l471 
,a4,m4       ,catholicism and the       
,vatican4 ,with a ,narrative of the ,old
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,second ,edition4 ,crown #hvo4          
,cloth1 price #ds4 #f;d4   ,,wickham    
7,capt4 ,e4 ,h41 ,r4,a47                
,influence of ,firearms upon ,tactics3  
,historical and      ,critical          
,investigations4 ,by an ,,officer ,,of  
,,superior ,,rank 7in      the ,german  
,army74 ,translated by ,captain ,e4 ,h4 
,wickham1 ,r4,a4      ,demy #hvo4       
,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,wilberforce
 7,h4 ,w474       ,the ,church and the  
,empires4 ,historical ,periods4         
,preceded      by a ,memoir of the      
,author by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d4 

of the      ,oratory4 ,with ,portrait4  
,post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4   
,,wilkinson 7,t4 ,l474       ,short     
,lectures on the ,land ,laws4 ,delivered
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,college4 ,crown #hvo4 ,limp cloth1     
price #bs4   ,,williams 7,a4 ,lukyn74   
,famines in ,india2 their ,causes and   
,possible ,prevention4      ,the ,essay 
for the ,le ,bas ,prize1 #ahge4 ,demy   
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #es4           
,,williams 7,charles71 one of the       
,special ,correspondents attached to the
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,pasha4       ,the ,armenian ,campaign3 
,diary of the ,campaign of #ahgg in     
,armenia and ,koordistan4 ,with ,two    
,special ,maps4 ,large post      #hvo4  
,cloth1 price #ajs4 #f;d4   ,,williams  
7,rowland71 ,d4,d4       ,life and      
,letters of1 with ,extracts from his    
,note-,books4      ,edited by ,mrs4     
,rowland ,williams4 ,with a             
,photographic      ,portrait4 #b vols4  
,large post #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #bds4   

,stray ,thoughts from the ,note-,books  
of the ,late ,rowland      ,williams1   
,d4,d4 ,edited by his ,widow4 ,crown    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price      #cs4 #f;d4     
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,edited by his ,widow4 ,new and ,popular
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price #cs4 #f;d4   ,,willis 7,r471      
,m4,d4       ,servetus and ,calvin3 a   
,study of an ,important ,epoch in the   
,early ,history of the ,reformation4    
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #afs4       ,william
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of the      ,circulation of the ,blood4 
,with a ,portrait of ,harvey1 after     
,faithorne4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1 price   
#ads4   ,,willoughby 7,the ,hon4 ,mrs474
       ,on the ,north                   
,wind--,thistledown4 ,a ,volume of      
,poems4      ,elegantly bound4 ,small   
crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 #f;d4    
,,wilson 7,h4 ,schuetz74       ,studies 
and ,romances4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #gs4 #f;d4   ,,wilson             

7,lieut4-,col4 ,c4 ,t474       ,james   
the ,second and the ,duke of ,berwick4  
,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1      price #abs4    
#f;d4   ,,winterbotham 7,rev4 ,r471     
,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4       ,sermons and      
,expositions4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price
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,vera1      c4 ,third ,edition4 #b vols4
 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 gilt tops1        
price #abs4   ,,woinovits 7,capt4 ,i474 
,austrian ,cavalry ,exercise4           
,translated by ,captain ,w4 ,s4         
,cooke4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price #gs4 
,,wollstonecraft 7,mary74       ,letters
 to ,imlay4 ,with a ,preparatory ,memoir
 by ,c4 ,kegan      ,paul1 and two      
,portraits in eau forte by ,anna ,lea   
,merritt4      ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1     
price #fs4   ,,wood 7,c4 ,f474       ,a 
,yachting ,cruise in the ,south ,seas4  
,with ,six ,photographic                
,illustrations4 ,demy #hvo4 ,cloth1     
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,david71 ,m4,a4       ,waiting for the  

,light1 and other ,sermons4 ,crown #hvo4
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7,r4,s471 ,f4,r4,s4,e4       ,the       
,physics and the ,philosophy of the     
,senses2 or1 ,the      ,mental and the  
,physical in their ,mutual ,relation4   
,illustrated by several ,plates4 ,demy  
#hvo4 ,cloth1 price #afs4   ,,yonge 7,c4
 ,d74       ,history of the ,english    
,revolution of #afhh4 ,crown #hvo4      
,cloth1 price #fs4   ,,youmans 7,eliza  
,a474       ,an ,essay on the ,culture  
of the ,observing ,powers of            
,children1 especially in connection with
 the ,study of      ,botany4 ,edited1   
with ,notes and a ,supplement1 by       
,joseph      ,payne1 ,f4,c4,p41 ,author 
of ,lectures on the ,science and ,art of
      ,education1 c4 ,crown #hvo4       
,cloth1 price #bs4 #f;d4       ,first   
,book of ,botany4 ,designed to          
,cultivate the ,observing      ,powers  
of ,children4 ,with #cjj ,engravings4   
,new and ,enlarged      ,edition4 ,crown
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7,edward ,l471 ,m4,d4       ,a ,class   
,book of ,chemistry1 on the ,basis of   
the ,new ,system4      ,with #bjj       
,illustrations4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1    
price #es4   ,,zimmern 7,h474           
,stories in ,precious ,stones4 ,with    
,six ,illustrations4 ,third             
,edition4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth1 price    
#es4   ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century4  ,a
 ,monthly ,review1 edited by ,,james    
,,knowles1 price #bs4 #f;d4  ,vols4 #a  
and #b 7,price #ads4 each7 and ,vols4 #c
 and #d 7,price #ags4 each74   ,,the    
,,new ,,quarterly ,,magazine4  ,new     
,series1 price #bs4 #f;d4  ,published in
 ,january1 ,april1 ,july1 ,october4     
,,london3--,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul  ,,co41   
#a1 ,,paternoster ,,square4             
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcriber's ,notes   ,bold text is   
shown within equal signs4  ,text in     
italics is shown within underscores4    
,three asterisks represent an asterism4 
,five asterisks represent a thought     
break4  ,corrected unbalanced quotation 

marks4  ,made minor punctuation changes 
for consistency4  ,page #ad of          
,publications1 under ,,holroyd3 ,removed
 macron marks above both a's in ,kalam4 
7,tas-hil ul ,kalam2 or1 ,hindustani    
made ,easy47  ,page #ai of              
,publications1 under ,,macnaught3       
,spaced out the oe ligature4 7,coena    
,domini3 ,an ,essay on the ,lord's      
,supper17