,,note4 ,in the original negatives of subjects #aj and #ab1 there are faint dark rings immediately surrounding some of the stars in the denser parts of the nebulosity4 ,this effect has no doubt been accentuated in the subsequent photographic processes4 ,on the plates of these two subjects in the completed volume1 these rings are very distinct and give rise to a suspicion that the effect has been enhanced by the engraver4 ,a critical examination of the prints seems to confirm this view4 ,in the original proofs these rings were inconspicuous and were not noticed4 ,the processes of steel-facing and printing appear to have increased the effect markedly1 as it is much stronger on the sheets printed for the edition than in any of the early proofs4 ,inasmuch as these effects were not and could not be discovered until the sheets were assembled in ,sacramento for binding1 it has not been thought desirable to delay the issue of the volume for several weeks additional in order to have new plates and new prints of these subjects made by the distant engraver4 ,lick ,observatory1 ,mount ,hamilton1 ,november1 #aijh4 ,illustration3 ,plate #aj ,,the ,,great ,,nebula ,,in ,,orion ,,university ,,of ,,california ,,publications ,,publications ,,of ,,the ,,lick ,,observatory ,,printed ,,by ,,authority ,,of ,,the ,,regents ,,of ,,the ,,university ,,volume ,,viii ,,sacramento ,w4 ,w4 ,,shannon ,,superintendent ,,of ,,state ,,printing #aijh ,,as ,a ,,tribute ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,james ,,edward ,,keeler and in recognition of his great worth as a man and as an astronomer1 the plates for this volume have been provided by ,,mr4 ,,william ,,alvord1 ,,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,,smith1 ,,mr4 ,,robert ,,bruce1 ,,miss ,,jennie ,,smith1 ,,mr4 ,,william ,h4 ,,crocker1 ,,miss ,,matilda ,h4 ,,smith1 ,,mrs4 ,,william ,h4 ,,crocker1 ,,mr4 ,,benjamin ,,thaw1 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,de ,,sabla1 ,,mrs4 ,,william ,,thaw1 ,,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,donohoe1 ,,mr4 ,,robert ,j4 ,,tobin1 ,,mrs4 ,,phoebe ,a4 ,,hearst1 ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,california1 ,,mr4 ,,john ,b4 ,,jackson1 ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,california4 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,molera1 ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,lick ,,observatory4 ,,hon4 ,,charles ,w4 ,,slack1 ,,hon4 ,,warren ,r4 ,,porter1 ,,hon4 ,,william ,h4 ,,crocker1 ,,rev4 ,,peter ,c4 ,,yorke1 ,committee of the ,regents for the ,lick ,observatory4 ,,benjamin ,,ide ,,wheeler1 ,president of the ,university4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,campbell1 ,director and ,astronomer4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,tucker199 ,astronomer4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,perrine1 ,astronomer4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,curtis1 ,mills ,acting ,astronomer4 ,r4 ,g4 ,,aitken1 ,astronomer4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,wright1 ,astronomer4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,moore1 ,assistant ,astronomer4 ,,sebastian ,,albrecht1 ,assistant ,astronomer4 ,,miss ,a4 ,m4 ,,hobe1 ,carnegie ,assistant4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,paddock1 ,mills ,assistant4 ,,miss ,l4 ,b4 ,,allen1 ,carnegie ,assistant4 ,e4 ,a4 ,,fath1 ,fellow4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,duncan1 ,fellow4 ,,miss ,a4 ,e4 ,,glancy1 ,fellow4 ,,miss ,m4 ,e4 ,,french199 ,secretary4 ,,miss ,a4 ,j4 ,,van ,,coover1 ,secretary4 99 ,absent on leave4 ,,photographs ,,of ,,nebulae ,,and ,,clusters1 ,,made ,,with ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector1 ,,by ,,james ,,edward ,,keeler1 ,,director ,,of ,,the ,,lick ,,observatory4 #ahih-aijj4 ,,preface4 ,when ,professor ,keeler entered upon the duties of ,director of the ,lick ,observatory1 on ,june #a1 #ahih1 he planned to devote his observing time for several years to photographing the brighter nebulae and star clusters1 with the ,crossley reflector4 ,the story of his wonderful success with this difficult instrument is familiar to all readers of astronomical literature3 this form of telescope was in effect born again2 and his contributions to our knowledge of the nebulae were epoch-making4 ,professor ,keeler's observing programme included one hundred and four subjects4 ,at the time of his lamented death1 on ,august #ab1 #aijj1 satisfactory negatives of two-thirds of the selected objects had been secured4 ,the unphotographed objects were mainly those which come into observing position in the unfavorable winter and spring months4 ,the completion of the programme was entrusted to ,assistant ,astronomer ,perrine4 ,the observers were assisted chiefly by ,mr4 ,h4 ,k4 ,palmer1 and in smaller degree by ,messrs4 ,joel ,stebbins1 ,c4 ,g4 ,dall1 ,r4 ,h4 ,curtiss and ,sebastian ,albrecht4 ,professor ,keeler's photographs enabled him to make two discoveries of prime importance1 not to mention several that are scarcely secondary to them4 #ast4--,many thousands of unrecorded nebulae exist in the sky4 ,a conservative estimate places the number within reach of the ,crossley reflector at about #abj1jjj4 ,the number of nebulae in our catalogues is but a small fraction of this4 ,the number already discovered and catalogued did not exceed #ac1jjj4 ,later observations with the ,crossley reflector1 with longer exposure-times and more sensitive plates1 render it probable that the number of nebulae discoverable with this powerful instrument is of the order of half a million4 #b;d4--,most of these nebulae have a spiral structure4 ,the photographs of the one hundred and four subjects contain the images of #gdd nebulae not previously observed4 ,a catalogue of these is published in the present volume4 ,their positions1 which are thought to be accurate within #a''1 were determined by ,messrs4 ,palmer1 ,curtiss1 and ,albrecht4 ,the main purpose of this volume is to reproduce and make available for study1 the larger and more interesting nebulae and clusters on the programme1 sixty-eight in number4 ,the thirty-six subjects not reproduced are for the most part small or apparently not of special interest4 ,the difficulties attending the reproduction of astronomical photographs by mechanical processes are well-known to all who have made the attempt4 ,it seems necessary to recognize1 at least at present1 that delicate details of structure will be lost1 and that contrasts between very bright and very faint regions will be changed1 especially if a good sky background is preserved2 in other words1 that the best obtainable reproductions fall far short of doing justice to the original photographs4 ,technical studies should be based upon the original negatives or upon copies on glass4 ,after considerable experimental work1 involving several methods and several firms1 the making of the heliogravure plates and the hand-press prints was entrusted to ,the ,photogravure and ,color ,company of ,new ,york ,city4 ,to this firm's continued interest and willingness to act on constructive criticism is due much of the excellence of the results4 ,the expensive reproductions could hardly have been undertaken without the generous assistance of the donors mentioned on a preceding page4 ,professor ,keeler's description of the ,crossley reflector1 of his methods of observing1 and of the chief results obtained1 was written only a short time before his death4 ,it is here republished4 ,other results of his work are described in the several papers to which the footnotes refer4 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,the ,orion ,nebula1 ,frontispiece ,the ,crossley ,reflector of the ,lick ,observatory1 ,page #aa ,list of ,nebulae and ,clusters ,photographed1 #cj ,catalogue of ,new ,nebulae ,discovered on the ,negatives1 #ca ,positions of ,known ,nebulae ,determined from the ,crossley ,negatives1 #db ,list of ,illustrations1 #de ,illustrations1 following #df ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector ,,of ,,the ,,lick ,,observatory4#a ,by ,,james ,e4 ,,keeler4 ,the ,crossley reflector1 at present the largest instrument of its class in ,america1 was made in #ahgi by ,dr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,common1 of ,london1 in order to carry out1 and test by practical observation1 certain ideas of his respecting the design of large reflecting telescopes4 ,for the construction of the instrument embodying these ideas1 and for some fine astronomical photographs obtained with it1 ,dr4 ,common was awarded the gold medal of the ,royal ,astronomical ,society in #ahhd4 ,in #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,common1 wishing to make a larger telescope on a somewhat similar plan1 sold the instrument to ,edward ,crossley1 ,esq41 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 of ,halifax1 ,england4 ,mr4 ,crossley provided the telescope with a dome of the usual form1 in place of the sliding roof used by its former owner1 and made observations with it for some years2 but the climate of ,halifax not being suitable for the best use of such a telescope1 he consented1 at the request of ,dr4 ,holden1 then ,director of the ,lick ,observatory1 to present it to this institution4 ,the funds for transporting the telescope and dome to ,california1 and setting them up on ,mount ,hamilton1 were subscribed by friends of the ,lick ,observatory1 for the most part citizens of ,california4 ,the work was completed1 and the telescope housed in a suitable observatory building1 in #ahie4b ,on taking charge of the ,lick ,observatory in #ahih1 ,i decided to devote my own observing time to the ,crossley reflector1 although the whole of my previous experience had been with refracting telescopes4 ,i was more particularly desirous of testing the reflector with my own hands1 because such preliminary trials of it as had been made had given rise to somewhat conflicting opinions as to its merits4#c ,the result of my experience is given in the following article1 which is written chiefly with reference to ,american readers4 ,if ,i have taken occasion to point out what ,i regard as defects in the design or construction of the instrument1 ,i have done so1 not from any desire to look a gift horse in the mouth1 but in the interest of future improvement1 and to make intelligible the circumstances under which the work of the reflector is now being done and will be done hereafter4 ,the most important improvements which have suggested themselves have indeed already been made by ,dr4 ,common himself1 in constructing his five-foot telescope4 ,the three-foot reflector is1 in spite of numerous idiosyncracies which make its management very different from the comparatively simple manipulation of a refractor1 by far the most effective instrument in the ,observatory for certain classes of astronomical work4 ,certainly no one has more reason than ,i to appreciate the great value of ,mr4 ,crossley's generous gift4 ,illustration3 ,,dome ,,of ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector4 ,the ,crossley dome is about #cej yards from the main ,observatory1 at the end of a long rocky spur which extends from the ,observatory summit toward the south1 and on which are two of the houses occupied by members of the ,observatory staff4 ,it is below the level of the lowest reservoir1 ,huyghens1 which receives the discharge from the hydraulic machinery of the #cf-;inch refractor1 and therefore the water engine furnished by ,mr4 ,crossley for turning the dome can not be used1 unless a new water system--overflow reservoir1 pump and windmill--is provided4 ,in this respect a better site would have been a point on the south slope of ,kepler1--the middle peak of ,mount ,hamilton--just above the ,huyghens reservoir4 ,no addition to the present water system would then have been needed4 ,the slope of the mountain at this place might cut off the view of the north horizon1 but since the telescope can not be turned below the pole1 this would be a matter of no consequence4 ,water-power for the dome is not1 however1 really necessary4 ,the cylindrical walls of the dome1 #cf-a_/d feet inside diameter1 are double1 and provided with ventilators4 ,opening into the dome1 on the left of the entrance1 are three small rooms1 one of which has been fitted up as a photographic dark room1 and another1 containing a sidereal clock and a telephone1 which communicates with the main ,observatory1 as a study1 while the third is used for tools and storage4 ,there is also a small room for the water engine1 in case it should be used4 ,the dome is at present supplied with water from only the middle reservoir1 ,kepler1 which is reserved for domestic purposes and is not allowed to pass through the machinery4 ,the dome itself1 #ch feet #i inches in diameter1 is made of sheet-iron plates riveted to iron girders4 ,it also carries the wooden gallery1 ladders1 and observing platform1 which are suspended from it by iron rods4 ,the apparatus for turning the dome consists of a cast-iron circular rack bolted to the lower side of the sole-plate1 and a set of gears terminating in a sprocket-wheel1 from which hangs an endless rope4 ,as the dome does not turn easily1 it has been necessary to multiply the gearing of the mechanism so that one arm's-length pull on the rope moves the dome only about one inch4 ,in some positions of the telescope the dome can not be moved more than six or eight inches at a time without danger of striking the tube1 and this slowness of motion is then not disadvantageous4 ,it is only when the dome has to be moved through a considerable angle1 as in turning to a fresh object1 or in photographing some object which passes nearly through the zenith1 that the need for a mechanical means of rotation is felt4 ,the observing slit1 #f feet wide1 extends considerably beyond the zenith4 ,it is closed by a double shutter1 which is operated by an endless rope4 ,the upper part1 within the dome1 is also closed by a hood1 or shield1 which serves to protect the telescope from any water that may find its way through the shutter1 and which is rolled back to the north when observations are made near the zenith4 ,i have recently fitted the lower half of the slit with a wind-screen1 which has proved to be a most useful addition4 ,it is made of tarpaulin1 attached to slats which slide between the two main girders1 and is raised or lowered by halliards1 which belay to cleats on the north rail of the gallery4 ,a more detailed description of the dome has been given in an article by ,mr4 ,crossley1#d from which the reduced figure in ,fig4 #ae has been taken4 ,the mounting of the three-foot reflector has been very completely described and illustrated by ,dr4 ,common1#f so that only a very general description need be given here4 ,the most important feature of the mounting is that the telescope tube1 instead of being on one side of the polar axis1 as in the usual construction1 is central1 so that the axis of the mirror and the polar axis are in the same line when the telescope is directed to the pole4 ,the declination axis is short1 and is supported by a massive goose-neck bolted to the upper end of the polar axis4 ,the mirror is placed just above the declination axis4 ,its weight1 and the weight of the whole tube and eye-end1 are counterpoised by slabs of lead1 placed in two iron boxes1 between which the goose-neck of the polar axis passes4 ,the great advantage of this arrangement1 and the controlling principle of the design1 is that the telescope is perfectly free to pass the meridian at all zenith distances4 ,no reversal of the instrument is needed1 or is indeed possible4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector4 ,for long-exposure photography1 the advantage above referred to is obvious1 but it is attended by certain disadvantages4 ,one of these is that a very much larger dome is required than for the usual form of mounting4 ,another is the great amount of dead weight which the axes must carry2 for the mirror1 instead of helping to counterpoise the upper end of the tube1 must itself be counterpoised4 ,when anything is attached to the eye-end 7and in astrophysical work one is always attaching things to the eye-end of a telescope71 from ten to twenty times as much weight must be placed in the counterpoise boxes below the declination axis4 ,where room is to be found for the weights required to counterpoise the ,bruce spectrograph1 is a problem which ,i have not yet succeeded in solving4 ,in his five-foot reflector1 ,dr4 ,common has caused the telescope tube to swing between two large ears1 which project from the upper end of the boiler-like polar axis1 the pivots constituting the declination axis being near1 but above1 the lower end of the tube4 ,the mirror1 therefore1 helps to counterpoise the upper end of the tube4 ,this ,i regard as a distinct improvement4 ,the danger of large masses of metal near the mirror injuring the definition is1 in my opinion1 imaginary2 at least there is no such danger on ,mount ,hamilton1 where the temperature variations are unusually small4 ,experience with the ,crossley reflector1 as well as with the other instruments of the ,lick ,observatory1 shows that the definition depends almost entirely on external conditions4 ,my first trials of the reflector1 as first mounted at the ,lick ,observatory1 showed that the center of motion was inconveniently high4 ,among other difficulties arising from this circumstance1 the spectroscope projected beyond the top of the dome1 so that it had to be removed before the shutter could be closed4 ,in ,july1 #ahih1 the pier was therefore cut down two feet4 ,this brought the eye-end down nearly to the level of the gallery rail1 where it was at a convenient height for the observer when sitting on a camp-stool1 and it made all parts of the mounting more accessible4 ,toward the north and south1 the range of the telescope1 being limited in these directions by the construction of the mounting1 was not affected by the change1 but the telescope can not now be used at such low altitudes as formerly1 near the east and west points of the horizon4 ,the only occasion likely to call for the use of the reflector in these positions is the appearance of a large comet near the ,sun1 and1 after some consideration1 ,i decided to sacrifice these chances for the sake of increasing the general usefulness of the instrument4 ,except in rare cases1 all observations are made within three hours of the meridian4 ,to adapt the mounting to the latitude of ,mount ,hamilton1 a wedge-shaped casting1 shown in the illustration1 had been provided1 but through some error1 arising probably from the fact that the telescope had been used in two different latitudes in ,england1 the angle of the casting was too great4 ,when the pier was cut down its upper surface was therefore sloped toward the south1 in order to compensate the error in the casting4 ,plate ,,vii shows the instrument very nearly as it is at the present time4 ,the polar axis of the ,crossley reflector is a long1 hollow cylinder1 separated by a space of about one-eighth of an inch from its concentric casing4 ,the idea was to fill this space with mercury1 and float the greater part of the thrust of the axis1 the function of a small steel pin at the lower end being merely to steady the axis4 ,but this mercury flotation1 as applied to the ,crossley telescope1 is a delusion1 as ,i think ,mr4 ,crossley had already found4 ,the mercury1 it is true1 relieves the thrust to some extent1 but it greatly increases the already enormous side pressure on the steel pin at the bottom1 thus creating a much greater evil than the one it is intended to remedy4 ,the workmen who set up the mounting inform me that the small bearing at the lower end of the polar axis is badly worn1 as ,i should expect it to be4 ,instead of putting mercury into the space intended for it1 ,i have therefore poured in a pint or so of oil1 to keep the lower bearing lubricated4 ,for the reasons indicated above1 the force required to move the telescope in right ascension is perhaps five times greater than it should be4 ,the lower end of the polar axis ought to be fitted with ball bearings to take the thrust1 and with a pair of friction wheels on top2 but it would be difficult to make these changes now4 ,it should be observed that the disadvantages of the mercury flotation are considerably greater at ,mount ,hamilton than at the latitude for which the telescope was designed4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector4 ,as already stated above1 the range of the telescope is limited on the south by the construction of the mounting4 ,the greatest southern declination which can be observed is #be deg44 ,in ,england this would doubtless mark the limit set by atmospheric conditions1 but at ,mount ,hamilton it would be easy to photograph objects #ae deg4 farther south1 if the telescope could be pointed to them4 ,the original driving-clock having proved to be inefficient1 at least without an electric control1 a new and powerful driving-clock was made by the ,observatory instrument maker1 from designs by ,professor ,hussey4 ,in its general plan it is like that of the #cf-;inch refractor4 ,the winding apparatus1 contained in the large casting of the original mounting1 has no maintaining power1 and can not easily be fitted with one4 ,the clock could in no case be wound during a photographic exposure1 on account of the tremors attending the operation1 but it would be somewhat more convenient to have the stars remain on the plate during the winding4 ,with a little practice1 however1 one can wind the clock without actually stopping it1 though the object must afterwards be brought back to its place by means of the slow motion in right ascension4 ,two finders have recently been fitted to the ,crossley reflector4 ,one has an object-glass of four inches aperture and eight feet six inches focal length1 with a field of about #a deg4 #b'1 which is very nearly the photographic field of the main telescope4 ,its standards are bolted to one of the corner tubes of the reflector4 ,the other finder has a three-inch objective and a large field4 ,it had not been mounted when the photograph for the plate was made4 ,when a telescope is used for photographing objects near the pole1 with long exposures1 the polar axis must be quite accurately adjusted1 for otherwise the centers of motion of the stars and of the telescope will not agree1 and the star images will be distorted4 ,it is true that with a double-slide plate-holder1 like the one used with the ,crossley reflector1 one star--namely1 the guiding star--is forced to remain in a fixed position with respect to the plate2 but the differential motion of the other stars causes them to describe short arcs1 or trails1 around this star as a center4 ,a considerable part of the spring of #ahii was spent in efforts to perfect the adjustment of the polar axis1 an operation which1 on account of the peculiar form of the mounting1 offers unusual difficulties4 ,in the first plan which was tried1 the reflector was used as a transit instrument4 ,the inclination of the declination axis was determined with a hanging level which had been provided by ,mr4 ,crossley1 the hour circle and polar axis being very firmly clamped4 ,the clock correction being known from the records kept at the ,observatory1 the collimation and azimuth constants were found by the usual formulae4 ,this method failed to give satisfactory results1 and it was found later that the declination and polar axis were not exactly at right angles4 ,there is only one part of the sky on which the telescope can be reversed2 namely1 the pole4 ,a method which promised well1 and on which some time was spent1 consists in photographing the pole 7the declination axis being horizontal7 by allowing the stars near it to trail for ten or fifteen minutes1 then turning the polar axis #ahj deg4 and photographing the pole again on the same plate4 ,half the distance between the images gives the error of the polar axis1 which1 if the plate is properly oriented1 is easily resolved into horizontal and vertical components2 while the distance of each image from the center of the plate is this error increased or diminished by twice the deviation of the telescope axis4 ,in this case the vertical component depends upon the reading of the declination circle1 and the horizontal component gives the error of collimation4 ,this method failed1 however1 to give consistent results1 mainly on account of instability of the mirror1 and was abandoned4 ,the use of the large mirror for purposes of adjustment was finally given up1 and the axis was adjusted by observations of ,polaris with the long finder1 in the usual manner4 ,in order to reach the star at lower culmination the finder tube had to be thrown out of parallelism with the main telescope4 ,the base-plate having no definite center of rotation in azimuth1 and the wedges and crowbars used for moving it being uncertain in their action1 a watch telescope1 provided with a micrometer eyepiece1 was firmly secured to the mounting throughout these operations1 in such manner that a mark on the southern horizon could be observed through one of the windows of the dome4 ,the errors of the polar axis were finally reduced to within the limits of error of observation4 ,the movable hour circle and driving wheel of the ,crossley reflector has two sets of graduations4 ,the driving screw having been thrown out of gear1 the circle is turned until the outer vernier indicates the sidereal time1 whereupon the driving screw is thrown into gear again4 ,the inner vernier is then set to the right ascension of the object which it is desired to observe4 ,as an inconsistency1 of minor importance1 in the design of the mounting1 ,i may note that the slow motion in right ascension changes the reading of the outer vernier instead of that of the inner one4 ,in practice1 however1 no inconvenience is caused by this construction4 ,in the early experiments and photographic work with the ,crossley telescope1 irregularities in driving were a source of great annoyance4 ,dr4 ,roberts1 in laying down the conditions which should be fulfilled by a good photographic telescope1 says that a star should remain bisected by a thread in the eyepiece for two minutes at a time4 ,the ,crossley telescope was so far from fulfilling this condition that a star would not keep its place for two consecutive seconds2 and the greatest alertness on the part of the observer did not suffice to ensure round star images on a photographic plate4 ,it was obvious that the fault did not lie with the driving clock2 in fact1 many of the sudden jumps in right ascension1 if explained in this way1 would have required the clock to run backward2 nevertheless the clock was tested by causing its revolutions to be recorded on a chronograph at the main ,observatory1 together with the beats of one of the standard clocks4 ,for this purpose a break-circuit attachment was made by ,mr4 ,palmer4 ,the errors of the clock were in this way found to be quite small4 ,the principal source of the irregularities was found in the concealed upper differential wheel of the ,grubb slow motion4 ,this wheel turned with uncertain friction1 sometimes rotating on its axis1 and sometimes remaining at rest4 ,after it was checked the driving was much better1 and was still farther improved by repairing some defective parts of the train4 ,small irregularities still remain4 ,they seem to be partly due to inaccuracies in the cutting of the gears1 or of the teeth of the large driving wheel1 and partly to the springing of the various parts1 due to the very considerable friction of the polar axis in its bearings4 ,the remaining irregularities are so small1 however1 that they are easily corrected by the screws of the sliding plate-holder1 and with reasonable attention on the part of the observer1 round star images are obtained with exposures of four hours' duration4 ,the large mirror1 the most important part of the telescope1 has an aperture of three feet1 and a focal length of #ag feet #f4a inches4 ,it was made by ,mr4 ,calver4 ,its figure is excellent4 ,on cutting off the cone of rays from a star1 by a knife-edge at the focus1 according to the method of ,foucault1 the illumination of the mirror is very uniform1 while the star disks as seen in an ordinary eyepiece are small and almost perfectly round4 ,they are not1 ,i think1 quite so good as the images seen with a large refractor2 still1 they are very good indeed1 as the following observations of double stars1 made recently for this purpose1 will show4 ,several close double stars were examined on the night of ,april #ag1 #aijj1 with a power of #fbj4 ,the seeing was four on a scale of five4 ,the magnitudes and distances of the components1 as given in the table1 are from recent observations by ,professor ,hussey with the #cf-;inch refractor4 ,star4 ,mag4 d4 ,result of ,obs4 ,greek3 ,omega ,sigma #bjh 7,greek3 phi ,urs4 ,maj47 #e4j1 #e4e #j''4ce ,not resolved2 too bright4 ,greek3 ,omega ,sigma #bdi1 ,,ab #g4b1 #h4j #j 4#ed ,easily resolved4 ,greek3 ,omega ,sigma #bej #g4g1 #h4j #j 4#dd ,resolved4 ,greek3 ,omega ,sigma #bfg #h4j1 #h4b #j 4#cj ,just resolved at best moments4 ,although the theoretical limit of resolution for a three-foot aperture is not reached in these observations1 ,i do not think the mirror can do any better4 ,the small mirror1 or flat1 at the upper end of the tube1 is circular1 the diameter being nine inches4 ,its projection on the plane of the photographic plate is therefore elliptical2 but the projection of the mirror and its cell on the plane of the great mirror is very nearly circular4 ,the small mirror1 acting as a central stop1 has the effect of diminishing the size of the central disk of the diffraction pattern1 at the expense of an increase in the brightness of the system of rings4 ,to this effect may be due1 in part1 the inferiority of the reflector for resolving bright doubles1 as compared with a refractor of the same aperture4 ,for photographic purposes1 it is evident that the mirror is practically perfect4 ,the upper end of the tube can be rotated1 carrying with it the flat and the eye-end4 ,whenever the position is changed1 the mirrors have to be re-collimated4 ,in practice it is seldom necessary to touch the adjusting screws of the mirrors themselves4 ,the adjustment is effected by means of clamping and butting screws on the eye-end1 and a change of the line of collimation1 with respect to the finders and the circles1 is avoided4 ,the operation is generally referred to1 however1 as an adjustment of the mirrors4 ,for adjusting the mirrors there are two collimators4 ,one of these is of the form devised by ,mr4 ,crossley4#g ,it is very convenient in use1 and is sufficiently accurate for the adjustment of the eye-end when the telescope is used for photographic purposes1 inasmuch as the exact place where the axis of the large mirror cuts the photographic plate is not then a matter of great importance1 so long as it is near the center4 ,moreover1 as stated farther below1 the direction of the axis changes during a long exposure4 ,the other collimator is of a form originally due1 ,i think1 to ,dr4 ,johnstone ,stoney4 ,it consists of a small telescope1 which fits the draw-tube at the eye-end4 ,in the focus of the eyepiece are1 instead of cross-wires1 two adjustable terminals1 between which an electric spark can be passed1 generated by a small induction machine1 like a replenisher1 held in the observer's hand4 ,the terminals are at such a distance inside the principal focus of the objective1 that the light from the spark1 after reflection from the flat1 appears to proceed from the center of curvature of the large mirror4 ,the rays are therefore reflected back normally1 and form an image of the spark which1 when the mirrors are in perfect adjustment1 coincides with the spark itself4 ,the precision of this method is very great4 ,it is in fact out of proportion to the degree of refinement attained in other adjustments of the reflector1 for a slight pressure of the hand on the draw-tube1 or movement of the telescope to a different altitude1 instantly destroys the perfection of the adjustment4 ,i have provided these collimators with an adapter which fits the photographic apparatus1 so that one can adjust the mirrors without having to remove this apparatus and substitute for it the ordinary eye-end carrying the eyepieces4 ,for visual observation the ,crossley telescope is provided with seven eyepieces1 with powers ranging from #fbj downward4 ,the lowest power is only #fj1 and consequently utilizes only #ab inches of the mirror1 #i of which are covered by the central flat4 ,it is therefore of little value1 except for finding purposes4 ,the next lowest power utilizes #bh inches of the mirror4 ,the other eyepieces call for no remark4 ,but1 while the ,crossley reflector would doubtless be serviceable for various kinds of visual observations1 its photographic applications are regarded as having the most importance1 and have been chiefly considered in deciding upon the different changes and improvements which have been made4 ,the interior of the dome is lighted at night by a large lamp1 which is enclosed in a suitable box or lantern1 fitted with panes of red glass1 and mounted on a portable stand4 ,in order to diffuse the light in the lower part of the dome1 where most of the assistant's work is done1 the walls are painted bright red2 while to prevent reflected light from reaching the photographic plate1 the inner surface of the dome itself1 the mounting1 and the ladders and gallery are painted dead black4 ,the observer is therefore in comparative darkness1 and not the slightest fogging of the plate1 from the red light below1 is produced during a four-hours' exposure4 ,on the few occasions when orthochromatic plates are used the lamp need not be lighted4 ,experiments have shown that the fogging of the photographic plate1 during a long exposure1 is entirely due to diffuse light from the sky1 and is therefore unavoidable4 ,for this reason the cloth curtains which lace to the corners of the telescope tube1 enclosing it and shutting out light from the lower part of the dome1 have not been used1 since their only effect would be to catch the wind and cause vibrations of the telescope4 ,they would probably have little effect on the definition1 and at any rate could not be expected to improve it4 ,for photographing stars and nebulae the ,crossley reflector is provided with a double-slide plate-holder1 of the form invented by ,dr4 ,common4#h ,this apparatus1 which had suffered considerably in transportation1 and from general wear and tear1 was thoroughly overhauled by the ,observatory instrument-maker4 ,the plates were straightened and the slides refitted4 ,a spring was introduced to oppose the right ascension screw and take up the lost motion--the most annoying defect that such a piece of apparatus can have--and various other improvements were made1 as the necessity for them became apparent4 ,they are described in detail farther below4 ,the present appearance of the eye-end is shown in the illustration4 ,the plate-holder is there shown1 however1 on one side of the tube1 and its longer side is parallel to the axis of the telescope4 ,this is not a good position for the eye-end1 except for short exposures4 ,in practice1 the eye-end is always placed on the north or south side of the tube1 according as the object photographed is north or south of the zenith4 ,the right ascension slide is then always at right angles to the telescope axis1 and the eye-end can not get into an inaccessible position during a long exposure4 ,as the original wooden plate-holders were warped1 and could not be depended upon to remain in the same position for several hours at a time1 they were replaced by new ones of metal1 and clamping screws were added1 to hold them firmly in place4 ,the heads of these screws are shown in the plate1 between the springs which press the plate-holder against its bed4 ,to illuminate the cross-wires of the guiding eyepiece1 a small electric lamp is used1 the current for which is brought down from the storage battery at the main ,observatory4 ,the coarse wires have been replaced by spider's webs1#i and reflectors have been introduced1 to illuminate the declination thread4 ,a collimating lens1 placed at its principal focal distance from the incandescent filament of the lamp1 makes the illumination of the wires nearly independent of their position on the slide1 and a piece of red glass1 close to the lens1 effectually removes all danger of fogging the plate4 ,the light is varied to suit the requirements of observation by rotating the reflector which throws the light in the direction of the eyepiece4 ,illustration3 ,,double-,,slide ,,plate-,,holder ,,of ,,the ,,crossley ,,reflector4 ,in long exposures it is important for the observer to know at any moment the position of the plate with reference to its central or zero position4 ,for this purpose scales with indexes are attached to both slides2 but as they can not be seen in the dark1 and1 even if illuminated with red light1 could not be read without removing the eye from the guiding eyepiece1 ,i have added two short pins1 one of which is attached to the lower side of the right ascension slide1 and the other to its guide1 so that the points coincide when the scale reads zero4 ,these pins can be felt by the fingers1 and with a little practice the observer can tell very closely how far the plate is from its central position4 ,it would not be a very difficult matter to improve on this contrivance1 say by placing an illuminated scale1 capable of independent adjustment1 in the field of the eyepiece1 but the pins answer every purpose4 ,the declination slide is changed so little that no means for indicating its position are necessary4 ,in this apparatus1 as originally constructed1 the cross-wires of the guiding eyepiece were exactly in the plane of the photographic plate4 ,the earlier observations made with the ,crossley reflector on ,mount ,hamilton showed that this is not the best position of the cross-wires4 ,the image of a star in the guiding eyepiece1 which1 when in the middle of its slide1 is nearly three inches from the axis of the mirror1 is not round1 and its shape varies as the eyepiece is pushed in or drawn out4 ,in the plane of the photographic plate 7assumed to be accurately in focus71 it is a crescent1 with the convex side directed toward the center of the plate4 ,this form of image is not suitable for accurate guiding4 ,outside this position the image changes to an arrow-head1 the point of which is directed toward the axis1 and this image can be very accurately bisected by the right ascension thread4 ,as the construction of the apparatus did not allow the plane of the cross-wires to be changed1 the wooden bed of the plate-holder was cut down1 so as to bring the wires and the plate into the proper relative positions4 ,after some further experience with the instrument1 still another change was made in this adjustment4 ,it was found that the focus often changed very perceptibly during a long exposure1 and while the arrow-head image above described was suitable for guiding purposes1 its form was not greatly affected by changes of focus4 ,between the crescent and the arrow-head images there is a transition form1 in which two well-defined caustic curves in the aberration pattern intersect at an acute angle4 ,the intersection of these caustics offers an excellent mark for the cross-wires1 and is at the same time very sensitive to changes of focus1 which cause it to travel up or down in the general pattern4 ,the bed of the plate-holder was therefore raised1 by facing it with a brass plate of the proper thickness4 ,why the focus of the telescope should change during a long exposure is not quite clear4 ,the change is much too great to be accounted for by expansion and contraction of the rods forming the tube1 following changes of temperature1 while a simple geometrical construction shows that a drooping of the upper end of the tube1 increasing the distance of the plate from the 7unreflected7 axis of the mirror1 can not displace the focus in a direction normal to the plate1 if it is assumed that the field is flat4 ,the observed effect is probably due to the fact that the focal surface is not flat1 but curved4 ,during a long exposure1 the observer keeps the guiding star1 and therefore1 very approximately1 all other stars1 in the same positions relatively to the plate2 but he has no control over the position of the axis of the mirror1 which1 by changes of flexure1 wanders irregularly over the field4 ,the position of maximum curvature1 therefore1 also varies1 and with it the focus of the guiding star relatively to the cross-wires1 where the focal surface is considerably inclined to the field of view4 ,it is certain that the focus does change considerably1 whatever the cause may be1 and that the best photographic star images are obtained by keeping the focus of the guiding star unchanged during the exposures4 ,this is done by turning the focusing screw of the eye-end4 ,in making the photographs of nebulae for which the ,crossley telescope is at present regularly employed1 it was at first our practice to adjust the driving-clock as accurately as possible to a sidereal rate1 and then1 when the star had drifted too far from its original position1 on account of changes of rate or of flexure1 to bring it back by the right-ascension slow motion1 the observer either closing the slide of the plate-holder or following the motion of the star as best he could with the right-ascension screw4 ,lately a more satisfactory method1 suggested by ,mr4 ,palmer1 has been employed4 ,the slow motion in right ascension is of ,grubb's form1#aj and the telescope has two slightly different rates1 according to whether the loose wheel is stopped or allowed to turn freely4 ,the driving-clock is adjusted so that one of these rates is too fast1 the other too slow4 ,at the beginning of an exposure the wheel is1 say1 unclamped1 and the guiding star begins to drift very slowly toward the left1 the observer following it with the screw of the plate-holder4 ,when it has drifted far enough1 as indicated by the pins mentioned farther above1 the wheel is clamped4 ,the star then reverses its motion and begins to drift toward the right2 and so on throughout the exposure4 ,the advantages of this method over the one previously employed are1 that the star never has to be moved by the slow motion of the telescope1 and that its general drift is in a known direction1 so that its movements can be anticipated by the observer4 ,in this way photographs are obtained1 with four hours' exposure1 on which the smallest star disks are almost perfectly round near the center of the plate1 and from #b'' to #c'' in diameter4 ,the star images are practically round over a field at least #a inch or #af' in diameter4 ,farther from the center they become parabolic1 but they are quite good over the entire plate1 #c-a_/d by #d-a_/d inches4 ,from these statements it will be seen that small irregularities in driving no longer present any difficulties4 ,but certain irregular motions of the image still take place occasionally1 and so far it has not been possible entirely to prevent their occurrence4 ,it was found that the declination clamp 7the long slow-motion handle attached to which is shown in the illustration7 was not sufficiently powerful to hold the telescope firmly during a long exposure4 ,a screw clamp was therefore added1 which forces the toothed-declination sector strongly against an iron block just behind it1 thus restoring1 ,i think1 the original arrangement of the declination clamp as designed by ,dr4 ,common4 ,this clamp holds the tube very firmly4 ,the irregularities to which ,i have referred consist in sudden and unexpected jumps of the image1 which always occur some time after the telescope has passed the meridian4 ,these jumps are sometimes quite large--as much as one-sixteenth of an inch or #a4 ,they are due to two causes3 flexure of the tube1 and sliding of the mirror on its bed4 ,when the jump is due to sudden changes of flexure1 the image moves very quickly1 and vibrates before it comes to rest in its new position1 and at the same time there is often heard a slight ringing sound from the tension rods of the tube4 ,there seems to be no remedy for the sudden motions of this class4 ,the tension rods are set up as tightly as possible without endangering the threads at their ends or buckling the large corner tubes4 ,a round telescope tube1 made of spirally-wound steel ribbon riveted at the crossings1 would probably be better than the square tube now in use4 ,jumps due to shifting of the mirror are characterized by a gentle1 gliding motion4 ,they can be remedied1 in part1 at least1 by tightening the copper bands which pass around the circumference of the mirror within its cell4 ,this will be done the next time the mirror is resilvered4 ,all that the observer can do when a jump occurs is to bring back the image as quickly as possible to the intersection of the cross-wires4 ,if all the stars on the plate are faint1 no effect will be produced on the photograph2 but stars of the eighth magnitude or brighter will leave short trails4 ,the nebula1 if there is one on the plate1 will1 of course1 be unaffected4 ,before beginning an exposure the focus is adjusted by means of a high-power positive eyepiece4 ,an old negative1 from which the film has been partially scraped1 is placed in one of the plate-holders1 and the film is brought into the common focus of the eyepiece and the great mirror4 ,the appearance of the guiding star1 which varies somewhat with the position of the guiding eyepiece on its slide1 is then carefully noted1 and is kept constant during the exposure by turning1 when necessary1 the focusing screw of the eye-end4 ,for preliminary adjustments a ground-glass screen is often convenient4 ,on it all the ,,dm4 stars1 and even considerably fainter ones1 as well as the nebulae of ,herschel's ,class ,i1 are easily visible without a lens4 ,plates are backed1 not more than a day or two before use1 with ,carbutt's ,columbian backing1 which is an excellent preparation for this purpose4 ,during the exposure the observer and assistant exchange places every half hour1 thereby greatly relieving the tediousness of the work1 though two exposures of four hours each1 in one night1 have proved to be too fatiguing for general practice4 ,at the end of the first two hours it is necessary to close the slide and wind the clock4 ,the brightness of the guiding star is a matter of some importance4 ,if the star is too bright1 its glare is annoying2 if it is too faint1 the effort to see it strains the eye1 and changes of focus are not easily recognized4 ,a star of the ninth magnitude is about right4 ,in most cases a suitable star can be found without difficulty4 ,in such an apparatus as that described above1 the amount by which the plate may be allowed to depart from its zero position is subject to a limitation which has not1 ,i think1 been pointed out1 although it is sufficiently obvious when one's attention has been called to it4 ,it depends upon the fact that the plate necessarily moves as a whole1 in a straight line which is tangent to a great circle of the sphere1 while the stars move on small circles around the pole4 ,the compensation for drift1 when the plate is moved1 is therefore exact at the equator only4 ,let the guiding star have the declination ,greek3 delta#a1 and let a star on the upper edge of the plate 7which1 when the telescope is north of the zenith1 and the eye-end is on the north side of the telescope1 will be the southern edge7 have the declination ,greek3 delta#b4 ,then if the guiding star is allowed to drift from its zero position through the distance d1 the other star will drift through the distance d 7cos ,greek3 delta#b _/ cos ,greek3 delta#a74 ,if the guiding star is followed by turning the right-ascension screw1 the upper edge of the plate1 as well as the guiding eyepiece1 will be moved through the distance d4 ,hence there will be produced an elongation of the upper star1 represented by e d 77cos ,greek3 delta#b _/ cos ,greek3 delta#a7 - #a7 from which d 7e cos ,greek3 delta#a7 _/ 7cos ,greek3 delta#b - cos ,greek3 delta#a74 ,now1 in the ,crossley reflector1 the upper edge of the plate and the guiding eyepiece are just about #c-b_/c inches1 or #a deg41 apart4 ,if e is given1 the above formula serves to determine the maximum range of the slide for different positions of the telescope4 ,it has been stated farther above that the smallest star disks1 on a good photograph1 are sometimes not more than #b'' in diameter1 or in a linear measure1 about #a_/bj mm4 ,an elongation of this amount is therefore perceptible4 ,there are many nebulae in high northern declinations1 and there are several particularly fine ones in about #gj deg44 ,if1 therefore1 we take ,greek3 delta#b #gj deg41 ,greek3 delta#a1 #ga deg41 e #j4je1 and substitute these values1 we find d #a4j mm1 which is the greatest permissible range of the plate in photographing these nebulae4 ,before ,i realized the stringency of this requirement1 by making the above simple computation1 ,i spoiled several otherwise fine negatives by allowing the plate to get too far from the center1 thus producing elongated star images4 ,there is a corresponding elongation in declination1 the amount of which can be determined by an adaptation of the formula for reduction to the meridian1 but it is practically insensible4 ,on account of the short focal length of the three-foot mirror1 the photographic resolving power of the telescope is much below its optical resolving power4 ,for this reason the photographic images are less sensitive to conditions affecting the seeing than the visual images4 ,on the finest nights the delicate tracery of bright lines or caustic curves in the guiding star is as clear and distinct as in a printed pattern4 ,when the seeing is only fair these delicate details are lost1 and only the general form of the image1 with its two principal caustics1 is seen4 ,a photograph taken on such a night is not1 however1 perceptibly inferior to one taken when the seeing is perfect4 ,when1 however1 the image is so blurred that its general form is barely distinguishable1 the photographic star disks are likewise blurred and enlarged1 and on such nights photographic work is not attempted4 ,the foregoing account of the small changes which have been made in the ,crossley telescope and its accessories may appear to be unnecessarily detailed1 yet these small changes have greatly increased the practical efficiency of the instrument1 and1 therefore1 small as they are1 they are important4 ,particularly with an instrument of this character1 the difference between poor and good results lies in the observance of just such small details as ,i have described4 ,at present the ,crossley reflector is being used for photographing nebulae1 for which purpose it is very effective4 ,some nebulae and clusters1 like the great nebula in ,andromeda and the ,pleiades1 are too large for its plate 7#c-a_/d x #d-a_/d in471 but the great majority of nebulae are very much smaller1 having a length of only a few minutes of arc1 and a large-scale photograph is required to show them satisfactorily4 ,it is particularly important to have the images of the involved stars as small as they can be made4 ,many nebulae of ,herschel's ,i and ,,ii classes are so bright that fairly good photographs can be obtained with exposures of from one to two hours2 but the results obtained with full-light action are so superior to these1 that longer exposures of three and one half or four hours are always preferred4 ,in some exceptional cases1 exposures of only a few minutes are sufficient4 ,the amount of detail shown1 even in the case of very small nebulae1 is surprising4 ,it is an interesting fact that these photographs confirm 7in some cases for the first time7 many of the visual observations made with the six-foot reflector of the ,earl of ,rosse4 ,incidentally1 in making these photographs1 great numbers of new nebulae have been discovered4 ,the largest number that ,i have found on any one plate is thirty-one4 ,eight or ten is not an uncommon number1 and few photographs have been obtained which do not reveal the existence of three or four4 ,a catalogue of these new objects will be published in due time4 ,some of the results obtained with the ,crossley reflector1 relating chiefly to particular objects of some special interest1 have already been published4#aa ,the photographs have also permitted some wider conclusions to be drawn1 which are constantly receiving further confirmation as the work progresses4 ,they may be briefly summarized as follows3 #a4 ,many thousands of unrecorded nebulae exist in the sky4 ,a conservative estimate places the number within reach of the ,crossley reflector at about #abj1jjj4 ,the number of nebulae in our catalogues is but a small fraction of this4 #b4 ,these nebulae exhibit all gradations of apparent size1 from the great nebula in ,andromeda down to an object which is hardly distinguishable from a faint star disk4 #c4 ,most of these nebulae have a spiral structure4 ,to these conclusions ,i may add another1 of more restricted significance1 though the evidence in favor of it is not yet complete4 ,among the objects which have been photographed with the ,crossley telescope are most of the double nebulae figured in ,sir ,john ,herschel's catalogue 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahcc1 ,plate ,,xv74 ,the actual nebulae1 as photographed1 have almost no resemblance to the figures4 ,they are1 in fact1 spirals1 sometimes of very beautiful and complex structure2 and1 in any one of the nebulae1 the secondary nucleus of ,herschel's figure is either a part of the spiral approaching the main nucleus in brightness1 or it can not be identified with any real part of the object4 ,the significance of this somewhat destructive conclusion lies in the fact that these figures of ,herschel have sometimes been regarded as furnishing analogies for the figures which ,poincare had deduced1 from theoretical considerations1 as being among the possible forms assumed by a rotating fluid mass2 in other words1 they have been regarded as illustrating an early stage in the development of double star systems4 ,the actual conditions of motion in these particular nebulae1 as indicated by the photographs1 are obviously very much more complicated than those considered in the theoretical discussion4 ,while ,i must leave to others an estimate of the importance of these conclusions1 it seems to me that they have a very direct bearing on many1 if not all1 questions concerning the cosmogony4 ,if1 for example1 the spiral is the form normally assumed by a contracting nebulous mass1 the idea at once suggests itself that the solar system has been evolved from a spiral nebula1 while the photographs show that the spiral nebula is not1 as a rule1 characterized by the simplicity attributed to the contracting mass in the nebular hypothesis4 ,this is a question which has already been taken up by ,professor ,chamberlin and ,mr4 ,moulton of the ,university of ,chicago4 ,the ,crossley reflector promises to be useful in a number of fields which are fairly well defined4 ,it is clearly unsuitable for photographing the ,moon and planets1 and for star charting4 ,on the other hand1 it has proved to be of value for finding and photographically observing asteroids whose positions are already approximately known4 ,one of the most fruitful fields for this instrument is undoubtedly stellar spectroscopy4 ,little has been done in this field1 as yet1 with the ,crossley reflector1 but two spectrographs1 with which systematic investigations will be made1 have nearly been completed by the ,observatory instrument-maker4 ,one of these1 constructed with the aid of a fund given by the late ,miss ,c4 ,w4 ,bruce1 has a train of three #fj deg4 prisms and one #cj deg4 prism1 and an aperture of two inches2 the other1 which has a single quartz prism1 will1 ,i have reason to expect1 give measurable1 though small1 spectra of stars nearly at the limit of vision of the telescope4 ,the photogravure#ab of the ,trifid nebula1 which accompanies this article1 was made from a photograph taken with the ,crossley reflector on ,july #f1 #ahii1 with an exposure of three hours4 ,it was not selected as a specimen of the work of the instrument1 for the negative was made in the early stages of the experiments that ,i have described1 and the star images are not good1 but rather on account of the interest of the subject4 ,at the time the photogravures were ordered no large scale photograph of the ,trifid nebula had1 so far as ,i am aware1 ever been published4#ac ,the remarkable branching structure of the nebula is fairly well shown in the photogravure1 though less distinctly than in the transparency from which it was made4 ,the enlargement1 as compared with the original negative1 is #b4i diameters 7#a mm #ac''74 ,the fainter parts of the nebula would be shown more satisfactorily by a longer exposure4 ,,list ,,of ,,nebulae ,,and ,,clusters ,,photographed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,n4,g4,c4 ,greek3 a,greek3 d ,remarks4 ,no4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s deg4 ' #ahe #j #cc #be #dg #dg4c ,h ,,ii1 #gjg #bje #j #cd #ef #da #h4b ,h ,v1 #ah #bba #j #cg #ae #dj #ai4j ,m #cb #bbd #j #cg #ag #dj #dc4d ,great nebula in ,andromeda #bdg #j #db #c -#ba #ag4i ,h ,v1 #bj #bec #j #db #cf -#be #ej4f ,h ,v1 ,i #ebd #a #ai #cc #i #a4j ,h ,i1 #aea #eih #a #bh #ab #cj #h4f ,m #cc #fbh #a #ca #ai #ae #af ,m #gd #fej #a #cf #j #ea #d4j ,m #gf #hia #b #af #ae #da #ec4f ,h ,v1 #ai #ajbc #b #cd #h #ch #ch4j ,h ,i1 #aef #ajfh #b #cg #cd - #j #bf4c ,m #gg #ajhd #b #da #e - #h #j4j ,h ,i1 #fd 444 #c #da #bd ,pleiades in ,taurus #aeee #d #af #h #ai #ag ,t ,tauri and ,hind's variable nebula #aica #e #bd #dh #cd #aj4a ,h ,i1 #bfa #aieb #e #bh #cj #ba #eg ,crab nebula in ,taurus 444 #e #cj - #e ,great nebula in ,orion #aigg #e #cj #bg - #d #ed4b ,h ,v1 #cj #bjbd #e #cf #dh - #a #ed4c ,h ,v1 #bh #bjfh #e #da #cg #j #j4h ,m #gh #bbci #f #be #cg #e #a4a ,cluster and nebula in ,monoceros #bbfd #f #ce #aj #j ,nebula near #ae ,monocerotis #bbhg #f #db #dc -#bj #ch4d ,m #ad 444 #f #ei #dj -#aj #ah4b ,new nebula in ,monoceros #bcei #g #ab #ed -#ac #b4j ,h ,v1 #ba #bcff #g #ah #ah #fi #ac4d ,h ,,iii1 #gdh #bcga-b #g #ai #f #bi #da4j ,h ,,ii1 #caf-g #bdjc #g #bg #i #fe #dh4i ,h ,v1 #dd #bdcg #g #ce #bd -#ad #ce4c ,cluster and nebula ,m #df #bfcb #h #cd #bj ,praesepe cluster #bfhc #h #df #bi #cc #dg4h ,h ,i1 #bjj #bhda #i #ae #f #ea #bd ,h ,i1 #bje #bijc-j #i #bf #ca #ba #eg ,h ,i1 #ef-eg #cjjc #i #db #ch #cc #eb4h ,h ,v1 #bf #cjca #i #dg #ah #fi #cb ,m #ha #cjgi #i #ee #i #ef #aj4a ,h ,v1 #dg #caae #aj #j #af - #g #ad4j ,h ,i1 #afc #cafi #aj #i #d #c #eg4g ,h ,i1 #d #cahd #aj #ab #ae #da #ee4a ,h ,i1 #afh #caih #aj #ac #db #df #c4g ,h ,i1 #aii #cbbf-g #aj #ag #ei #bj #bd4a ,h ,,ii1 #bh-bi #cbdb #aj #ai #bi -#ah #e ,h ,,iv1 #bg 444 #aj #ba #g #fh #eh ,new nebula in ,ursa ,major 7,coddington74 #ceef #aa #e #dj #ef #ac4j ,h ,v1 #df #cehg #aa #i #j #ee #cc4g ,owl nebula1 ,m #ig #cfbc #aa #ac #dc #ac #ch4d ,m #fe #cfbg #aa #ae #a #ac #cb ,m #ff #cgbf #aa #bg #ef #dg #ce4h ,h ,,ii1 #gcj #dbdd #ab #ab #bi #ch #bb4j ,h ,v1 #da #dbed #ab #ac #de #ad #ei ,m #ii #dbeh #ab #ad #b #dg #ea4f ,h ,v1 #dc #dcjc #ab #af #ah #e #a4g ,m #fa #dcba #ab #ag #eb #af #bb4g ,m #ajj #dchb #ab #bj #ba #ah #dd4g ,m #he #ddhe-i #ab #be #dj #db #ae4c ,h ,i1 #aig-aih #deja #ab #bf #ef #ad #eh4e ,m #hh #decf #ab #bi #bj #b #dd4b ,h ,v1 #b #deei #ab #cj #ei #bh #cj4f ,h ,i1 #ib #defe #ab #ca #bd #bf #cb4b ,h ,v1 #bd #dfca #ab #cg #ai #cc #e4i ,h ,v1 #db #dfef-e #ab #ci #f #cb #db4h ,h ,i1 #agf-g #dgbe #ab #de #cc #bf #c ,h ,i1 #hd #dgcf #ab #df #ac #da #ci4e ,m #id #dhbf #ab #ea #di #bb #ac4i ,m #fd #ejee #ac #aa #bj #db #cc4f ,m #fc #eaid-e #ac #be #ci #dg #db4f ,m #ea #ebdg #ac #cb #ci -#ag #bb4d ,h ,,ii1 #big #ebgb #ac #cg #ce #bh #ec ,m #c #edeg-h #ac #ei #ci #ed #ej ,m #aja #eheg-i #ae #b #ee #ai #eh4i ,h ,,ii1 #gea-b #ehff #ae #c #de #ef #i4j ,h ,i1 #bae #eijd #ae #ac #bi #b #bg ,m #e #fbje #af #ch #f #cf #ci4j ,m #ac #fbah #af #db #b - #a #df4b ,m #ab #fdab #ag #cb #da #ge #dg4c ,h ,,vi1 #da #fead #ag #ee #dc -#bc #b ,trifid nebula in ,sagittarius #febc #ag #eg #dc -#bd #bc ,m #h #fedc #ag #eh #ce #ff #ch ,h ,,iv1 #cg #ffah #ah #ae #j -#af #ac ,m #ag ,omega nebula #ffef #ah #cj #ag -#bc #ei4c ,m #bb #fgje #ah #de #db - #f #bc4c ,m #aa #fgbj #ah #di #ec #cb #ed4j ,m #eg #fhec #ai #ee #ag #bb #bg ,dumb-,bell nebula #fhid #bj #ab #bb #cj #ae4e ,h ,,iv1 #ac #fidf #bj #cb #dh #ei #dh4j ,h ,,iv1 #gf #fiea #bj #ce #dg #fe #de4d #fiie #bj #ec #j #cj #di4h #gjjh #bj #eg #ch #ed #i4e ,h ,i1 #aib #gjji #bj #eh #aa -#aa #dh ,h ,,iv1 #a #gjbc #ba #j #cj #fg #df4b ,h ,,iv1 #gd #gjgh #ba #be #i #aa #dc4g ,m #ae #gjhi #ba #bh #ai - #a #af4j ,m #b #gjii #ba #cd #db -#bc #ch4j ,m #cj #gbag #bb #c #bd #cj #eb4c ,h ,,ii1 #bjg #gcca #bb #cb #cj #cc #ec4i ,h ,i1 #ec #gddh #bb #ee #g #ae #bf4f ,h ,,ii1 #bea #gdgi #bb #ei #ef #aa #dg4j ,h ,i1 #ee #gecg-d #bc #i #ch #c #ei4d ,h ,,ii1 #dbi-cj #gffb #bc #ba #e #da #ei4b ,h ,,iv1 #ah #gghb #bc #dh #dg #g #bd4h ,h ,,iii1 #bcc #ghad #bc #eh #h #ae #cd4e ,h ,,ii1 #bdj #ghag #bc #eh #eb #bj #aa4f ,h ,,ii1 #bbg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,catalogue ,,of ,,new ,,nebulae ,,discovered ,,on ,,the ,,negatives4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #a #j #j #bg4d #c4jgcb #bj #cd #eg #bj4jdh v,s ee,f #b #j #cb #g4g #c4bgie #dg #ee #bi #ai4hee e,f ,n #c #j #cb #h4a #c4bhja #dh #a #bb #ai4hee ,f vb,m ,e#adj deg4 #d #j #cb #i4c #c4bggf #dg #cg #bd #ai4hee e,f b,m #e #j #cb #bh4h #c4bgii #dg #ci #e #ai4hea ,b v,e#gj deg4 #f #j #cc #bc4i #c4bfgd #dg #ee #e #ai4hda e,f v,s #g #j #ce #dc4a #c4cjji #dg #df #ah #ai4haj e,f v,s #h #j #dj #ea4a #b4igic -#ba #be #dh #ai4gcj #ah v,s ,r #i #j #dg #j4a #b4ihjd -#ba #i #ag #ai4gbg #af v,s b,m #c sep4 parts #aj #j #da #af4b #b4igha -#ba #bi #dc #ai4gbc #ah v,s ,r b,m #aa #j #da #af4g #b4igib -#ba #ae #b #ai4gbc #ah v,s ,r #ab #j #da #bi4g #b4igih -#ba #c #h #ai4gai #ah v,s b,m ,e#ej deg4 #ac #j #db #d4d #b4ifcc -#bf #j #g #ai4gaa #ag v,s ,r bsw #ad #j #db #cj4g #b4ighj -#bj #ef #ch #ai4gjc #ah v,s b,m ,e#aae deg4 #ae #j #db #cd4b #b4ifbj -#be #ei #aj #ai4gjb #ag v,s ,n ,e#afj deg4 #af #j #db #cg4f #b4iggf -#bj #eh #bh #ai4gja #ad ,s ,e stell ,n #ag #j #db #ci4g #b4iggb -#ba #a #ed #ai4gja #ag v,s ,spiral b,m #ah #j #db #ci4i #b4iggd -#ba #j #c #ai4gjj #ah v,s ,ring8 #ai #j #db #dj4e #b4iggj -#ba #c #ee #ai4gjj #ae ,s ,spiral ,n b,m #bj #j #db #dj4f #b4igfb -#ba #ac #ed #ai4gjj #ah v,s ,r #ba #j #dc #aj4d #b4ifjc -#be #ei #cf #ai4fib #ah v,s ,r b,m #bb #j #dc #af4b #b4igcj -#ba #cg #ag #ai4fia #ah v,s dif #bc #j #dc #bg4a #b4ifac -#be #dj #ba #ai4fhh #ag v,s ,r ,n #bd #j #dc #bi4j #b4ieic -#bf #j #eg #ai4fhg #ah v,s ,r gb,m #be #j #dd #aj4h #b4igad -#ba #cj #bi #ai4fgf #ah v,s ,r #bf #j #dd #bf4f #b4igce -#bj #eh #ce #ai4fgb #ag v,s ,r b,m #bg #a #ah #cj4i #c4adge #i #bg #be #ah4hhg ,f ,s ,n #bh #a #ah #ec4e #c4adge #i #bd #bh #ah4hge ,f vb,m ,spiral8 #bi #a #ai #aa4c #c4adgd #i #ba #ec #ah4hfg ,f vb,m ,spiral8 #cj #a #ai #cj4g #c4adfg #i #ad #ah #ah4heg ,f b,m ,e #ca #a #bi #ej4g #c4baja #ae #f #cg #ah4ebf p,f ,e#de deg4 bp #cb #a #bi #ed4d #c4bafa #ae #dc #be #ah4ebd ,f ,r #cc #a #cj #bj4i #c4babg #ae #ag #ch #ah4eji v,f ,l ,r #cd #a #cj #bd4g #c4bacb #ae #bj #bh #ah4ejg p,f ,s v,f extension #ace deg4 #ce #a #cj #ce4i #c4baec #ae #cb #b #ah4eja ,s p,b pmb ,m #cf #a #cj #ed4g #c4bagf #ae #dc #a #ah4dia vv,f v,s #cg #a #ca #e4j #c4bagi #ae #dc #ch #ah4dhe ,f ,s ,e#ie deg4 #ch #a #ca #ae4i #c4baei #ae #cj #dd #ah4dgh p,f ,s ,r #ci #a #ca #be4g #c4bahg #ae #dd #cd #ah4dgc v,f ,s ,r #dj #a #ca #dd4h #c4baid #ae #df #di #ah4dfb ,f ,l ,r gb,m #da #a #ca #dd4h #c4babf #ae #d #ah #ah4dfb ,f ,l gb,m ,r #db #a #cb #e4i #c4baeh #ae #bj #ed #ah4dej ,s p,b ,e#ace deg4 #dc #a #cb #da4c #c4baga #ae #bc #bb #ah4dcj v,f ,s ,e#de deg4 #dd #a #cb #dh4h #c4baef #ae #ab #bg #ah4dbd v,f p,l #de #a #cc #aj4d #c4bafh #ae #af #di #ah4dac v,f p,l gb,m #df #a #cc #ac4b #c4baff #ae #ae #ad #ah4dab p ,b ,r gb,m #dg #b #ad #aj4b #c4gcda #da #ej #h #af4gae p,f ,e#ace deg4 #dh #b #ad #bf4f #c4gcdi #da #di #a #af4gja p,b ,n ,r #di #b #ad #cc4i #c4gcjg #da #cg #ca #af4fif ,b ,n #ej #b #ad #cf4g #c4gcac #da #ch #bd #af4fid ,f #ea #b #ad #ee4j #c4gejf #db #bd #bj #af4fgg e,f v,s b,m ,e#ace deg4 #eb #b #ae #f4b #c4geag #db #be #f #af4ffh ,f gb,m ,e#acj deg4 ,spiral8 #ec #b #ae #ad4i #c4gdic #db #af #dd #af4ffa ,f pmb,m #ed #b #ae #af4a #c4gdhd #db #ad #d #af4fei ,f ,b99f #ee #b #ae #ch4d #c4gfff #db #ee #j #af4fda e,f v,s ,r #ef #b #ae #dc4h #c4gejc #db #ac #eh #af4fcg ,s ,f ,r #eg #b #ae #ef4e #c4ggbd #dc #e #bd #af4fbf ,f ,e#agj deg4 bsf #eh #b #af #a4j #c4geci #db #bj #ee #af4fbc ,b ,s vb,m ,e#aej deg4 bnp #ei #b #af #f4d #c4gdjc #da #dd #ea #af4fai ,s ,f ,r #fj #b #af #i4g #c4gdjh #da #de #bf #af4faf ,f ,s pmb,m #fa #b #af #ac4j #c4gfac #db #cf #cb #af4fac p,b vb,m ,e#aej deg4 ,spiral8 #fb #b #af #ca4a #c4gfdj #db #ci #bg #af4eih ee,f ,e#ej deg4 #fc #b #af #cd4e #c4gdab #da #db #f #af4eie p,b pmb,m #fd #b #af #dj4c #c4gfbj #db #cc #bb #af4eia ,b ,s pb,m #fe #b #af #dc4c #c4gdjc #da #ch #ad #af4ehh p,b ,e#j deg4 pmb,m #ff #b #af #ec4b #c4gfbe #db #cb #ab #af4ehj v,b ,s mb,m #fg #b #af #eg4h #c4gefg #db #af #dh #af4egf ,f tri,n np,n #fh #b #ag #ac4h #c4gdjc #db #bb #cg #af4efc p,b bs ,b99p ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #fi #b #ag #ah4i #c4gffa #db #cf #ab #af4eei p,s p,b gb,m ,e#dj deg4 #gj #b #ag #bh4e #c4gdae #da #cc #c #af4eea p,f ,s ,r #ga #b #ag #bh4h #c4gefj #db #i #ce #af4eea v,f #gb #b #ag #cc4b #c4gfjf #db #bj #ag #af4edg ,f v,s bnp #gc #b #ag #cf4b #c4gghi #dc #c #be #af4ede ee,f ,s #gd #b #ag #cg4b #c4gdfi #da #de #b #af4edd ,f v,l vmb,m #ge #b #ag #da4h #c4geib #db #ae #h #af4edj ,s p,b bs #gf #b #ag #dc4c #c4geed #db #e #ba #af4eci ,f bsp #gg #b #ag #dd4f #c4gdda #db #ah #bh #af4ech ,b ,s ,e#ij deg4 b,m #gh #b #ag #de4e #c4gdbe #db #bb #de #af4ecg ,f ,l b,m ,n ,b99np #gi #b #ag #ej4h #c4ggdc #db #ej #bj #af4ecc p,b gb,m ,e#ace deg4 #hj #b #ag #ea4a #c4gdhd #da #df #bb #af4ecb p,b ,e#ace deg4 gb,m #ha #b #ah #j4b #c4ggdc #db #dh #cj #af4ebe v,f p,l gb,m ,e#ej deg4 #hb #b #ah #j4h #c4gejb #da #dh #ee #af4ebe p,f ,l #hc #b #ah #d4b #c4gfjc #db #ad #j #af4ebb ,s ,b vb,m #hd #b #ah #ad4h #c4gegi #db #g #bg #af4eac p,b ,e#aej deg4 ,spiral #he #b #ah #bc4f #c4ggib #db #ef #aj #af4ejg ee,f p,l ,e#abj deg4 #hf #b #ah #bf4g #c4gfjd #db #aj #h #af4ejc v,b ,e#de deg4 #hg #b #ah #cj4g #c4gdfe #da #cd #ac #af4dii ,f ,e#aej deg4 bnf #hh #b #ah #cc4e #c4gghd #db #eb #ai #af4dih ,b ,s gb,m #hi #b #ah #cd4j #c4gfbh #db #ad #dd #af4dig v,s v,f bsp #ij #b #ah #cg4d #c4ghcg #dc #d #bf #af4die ,s ,f bs #ia #b #ca #ea4c #c4gbji #ch #af #cj #ae4hjf v,f v,s #ib #b #cc #ec4i #c4gbie #ch #ai #bg #ae4fid ,f v,s ,n #ic #b #cc #ef4g #c4gdfa #ch #di #ae #ae4fia ,f ,s bn ,e#j deg4 long ,n #id #b #cd #g4e #c4gdje #ch #dc #d #ae4fha p,f ,s i tri,n #ie #b #cd #i4b #c4gcii #ch #dc #aj #ae4fhj p,f v,s #if #b #cd #aa4h #c4gbei #ch #g #ci #ae4fgh ,f ,l ,e#dj deg4 ,spiral on edge #ig #b #cd #dd4b #c4gdjb #ch #ch #bg #ae4fdh eee,f doubtful #ih #b #cd #dd4d #c4gdhh #ch #af #af #ae4fdh p,b ,n ,e#ej deg4 ,s pmb,m #ii #b #ce #a4j #c4gdfi #ch #ah #de #ae4fcb ,l ,f pmb,m #ajj #b #cf #cb4i #c4gdcf #ch #cj #bf #ae4edh ,s ,f ,e#ajj deg4 #aja #b #cf #ec4c #c4jffb - #j #bd #dh #ae4ebe v,s v,f gb,m #ajb #b #cg #f4j #c4jgbh - #j #b #dc #ae4eah v,s ,f m ,e#cj deg4 #ajc #b #ch #dd4b #c4jfhh - #j #af #bj #ae4dbg ,f ,s m ,e#hj deg4 #ajd #b #da #aa4f #b4iejc - #h #c #ag #ae4bid p,b v,s ,e#ace deg4 #aje #b #da #ec4g #b4iefd - #g #ch #i #ae4bed v,f v,s mb,m #ajf #b #db #ah4i #b4idii - #h #b #bg #ae4bcj ee,f ,s #ajg #d #ce #bb4i #c4jbdd - #b #ab #bj #g4bce #af ,s ,e#afe deg4 ,dif b,m #ajh #d #cf #j4f #c4jcjg - #a #ed #cg #g4ahc #ah v,s ,r #aji #d #cf #c4f #c4jcjj - #a #ef #db #g4agi #ag v,s ,r stell #aaj #d #cf #ab4g #c4jccg - #a #df #ai #g4afg #af v,s nearly ,r b,m #aaa #d #cf #ae4b #c4jbch - #b #ac #ch #g4afd #ah v,s ,r 7,spiral87 #aab #d #cf #dj4e #c4jbea - #b #i #ec #g4abi #ah v,s ,r ,n #aac #d #cf #da4b #c4jbic - #a #eh #bc #g4abh #ah v,s ,e#cj deg4 bn #aad #d #cg #b4d #c4jbfh - #b #e #aj #g4jii #ah v,s dif #aae #d #cg #bf4h #c4jbih - #a #ef #ea #g4jff #ae v,s ,spiral ,b ,n 7stell7 #aaf #e #bd #dh4a #c4ifgd #cd #f #bh #c4jge bright stell ,n on north side #aag #g #ad #j4g #f4dijc #fi #ci #bj - #f4cfb #ag v,s b,m #aah #g #ad #bd4e #f4dfef #fi #ca #di #f4cie #ag v,s ,n ,ring #aai #g #ad #cg4e #f4dbda #fi #ah #ae #f4dac #ag ,r b,m #abj #g #ae #de4f #f4dbhb #fi #ba #ce #f4ejg #ag v,s #aba #g #ae #ej4g #f4dhge #fi #da #bf #f4ead #af v,s ,r #abb #g #af #d4a #f4dgai #fi #cf #dj #f4ecb #ag v,s ,e#abe deg4 ,d8 #abc #g #af #h4j #f4dbai #fi #bj #d #f4ech #ah v,s ,e#gj deg4 #abd #g #af #ce4b #f4djii #fi #af #df #f4ege #af v,s i,f #abe #g #af #dh4j #f4degh #fi #cc #af #f4eic #ag v,s ,r #abf #g #ag #i4a #f4daai #fi #ah #be #f4fbb #ah v,s ,r #abg #g #ag #ch4e #f4dijf #fi #de #bi #f4ffb #ag v,s b,m ,r #abh #g #ag #de4c #f4dgej #fi #dj #cf #f4fgb #ag v,s ,r b,m #abi #g #ag #di4f #c4giaa #bi #da #di #f4fgg #ah v,s ,f99inv dif #acj #g #ag #di4g #f4dhdc #fi #dc #df #f4fgh #ag v,s ,e#ace deg4 b,m ,n ,spiral #aca #g #ah #aa4a #f4dged #fi #da #bh #f4gjg #af v,s dif #b or #c ,n #acb #g #ah #ad4d #c4ghch #bi #bg #da #f4gaa #ah v,s i,f ,n #acc #g #ah #bj4a #c4ghdj #bi #bh #bj #f4gai #ah v,s b,m #acd #g #ah #ba4a #c4giej #bi #ea #ah #f4gba #ah v,s b,m #ace #g #ah #db4b #c4ghcb #bi #bg #bc #f4gdi #ah v,s i,f sc #acf #g #ah #ea4j #f4fdcj #fi #ch #cb #f4gfc #ag v,s ,e#hj deg4 b,m ,n ,spiral on edge #acg #g #ah #ef4e #c4ghbg #bi #bg #g #f4gfi #ai v,s #ach #g #ai #aj4j #c4ghai #bi #bf #g - #f4ghh #ah v,s ,r b,m ,n ,spiral8 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #aci #g #ai #aa4f #c4ghjj #bi #bb #ab - #f4gij #ah v,s b,m #adj #g #ai #aa4h #f4dfhc #fi #dj #ed #f4gij #ae v,s ,neb99 #ada #g #ai #be4b #f4dfji #fi #ch #ej #f4hji #af v,s ,r b,m ,n ,spiral8 #adb #g #ai #cj4j #c4ghgd #bi #ch #bb #f4haf #ah v,s #b,n ,r #adc #g #ai #cd4j #f4dfbi #fi #ci #df #f4hba #ag v,s ,r #add #g #ai #df4e #c4ghei #bi #ce #eh #f4hci #ah v,s b,m ,n ,r #ade #g #ai #dh4c #c4ghff #bi #cg #ba #f4hda #ah v,s ,r b,m #adf #g #ba #ac4d #f4dfid #fi #dd #ea #f4ieg #ag v,s ,r b,m ,n ,spiral8 #adg #g #ba #eg4i #f4dfdh #fi #dd #db #g4jah #ag v,s b,m ,n ,r ,spiral8 #adh #g #bd #h4j #e4hcjh #fe #ci #bh #g4aih p,b ,e#bjj deg4 bn #adi #g #cj #cg4b #e4hbig #fe #ec #af #g4gbj v,f v,s #aej #g #ca #aj4i #e4haci #fe #dg #j #g4gfg p,b ,s gpmb,m #aea #h #cb #ch4h #c4decf #ai #ef #cg #ab4chg #af ,s ,e#aj deg4 stell ,n ,m 7,spiral on edge87 #aeb #h #cb #dj4b #c4decd #ai #ef #j #ab4chh #ag ,e#ie deg4 ,s dif #aec #h #cd #aa4f #c4debg #ai #ei #ej #ab4dic #ag v,s ,e#cj deg4 stell ,n ,spiral8 #aed #h #ce #bh4i #c4debj #bj #b #dg #ab4eha #ag ,s ,spiral ,n #aee #h #cf #g4d #c4dead #bj #c #cc #ab4fbd #ag ,s ,r b,m ,n #aef #h #dd #dj4e #c4gedi #cd #ac #ba #ac4bjc e,f ,e#adj deg4 #aeg #h #df #a4i #c4gddb #cc #ej #eg #ac4bij v,f v,s #aeh #h #df #bf4h #c4gdjc #cc #dd #bf #ac4cah ,f v,s ,n ,e#abj deg4 ,spiral #aei #h #df #eb4f #c4gcig #cc #de #ai #ac4cde p,b e,s ,n ,r #afj #h #dg #bj4f #c4gejg #cd #ad #dc #ac4cgf e,f e,s bf #afa #h #dg #ef4i #c4geji #cd #ah #da #ac4dae ee,f #afb #i #ab #j4j #d4bjhc #ea #dg #bj #ad4hih ,l #ab m ,e#ace deg4 #afc #i #ab #b4a #d4bjfb #ea #dd #cb #ad4ijd #af ,e#hj deg4 bs ,s #afd #i #ab #ab4e #d4bjja #ea #cf #ed #ad4iaj #ag v,s ,ring bs #afe #i #ab #ch4j #d4aiej #ea #ca #dc #ad4ici #af ,e#aee deg4 gbm #aff #i #ab #dj4d #d4ahfb #ea #ah #j #ad4icf #af v,s ,e#ae deg4 stell ,n #afg #i #ab #de4d #d4ahce #ea #af #cd #ad4idb #af ,e#ge deg4 vb,n ,spiral8 #afh #i #ac #ed4c #d4ahad #ea #bb #de #ae4jji #ah v,s ,n b,m #afi #i #ad #j4e #d4ahci #ea #bf #ec #ae4jaf #ah v,s sc,nuclei #agj #i #ae #bc4i #d4affb #ea #aa #df #ae4jia #ag v,s ,r #aga #i #ae #bd4f #d4afeb #ea #aj #ab #ae4jia #ag v,s b,n ,ring or ,spiral #agb #i #ae #bi4c #d4afeh #ea #aa #ei #ae4jif #ag ,s ,r #agc #i #ae #dd4f #d4afca #ea #aa #bf #ae4aaa #ae ,b b,m ,e#ade deg4 #agd #i #af #f4c #d4ahba #ea #db #aa #ae4acf #ag ,r ,s #age #i #af #ad4f #d4afch #ea #ae #db #ae4adb #ag ,l v,f b,m #agf #i #af #ca4f #d4aebh #ea #df #cb #ae4afh #ag ,r ,s bs #agg #i #bd #bj4b #c4djie #ba #di #ej #ae4eig v,f v,s #agh #i #bd #cf4h #c4djhd #ba #dh #f #ae4fab p,b bs ,s #agi #i #be #eh4e #c4djdg #ba #de #be #ae4fhg e,f ,e#he deg4 #ahj #i #bf #bb4e #c4djdf #ba #dh #ej #ae4gaa p,b ,s ,r gpmb,m ,n #aha #i #bh #j4b #c4djbj #ba #eb #cf #ae4hja ee,f v,s #ahb #i #da #c4f #c4ehee #cc #eh #bd #af4dgd #af v,s b,m ,e#ge deg4 #ahc #i #da #i4i #c4ehej #cc #eh #ab #af4dhj #ae v,s sb,m ,spiral #ahd #i #db #i4j #c4eggi #cc #de #di #af4ebh #ag v,s ,n ,spiral8 #ahe #i #db #di4e #c4ehbb #cd #f #aa #af4efa #af v,s b,m #ahf #i #dc #ab4d #c4ehje #cd #d #dc #af4ehj #ae v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #ahg #i #dc #bi4b #c4eghi #cd #b #bf #af4eid #af v,s bnw ,r #ahh #i #dd #ac4j #c4egfd #cd #b #g #af4fcj #ad v,s b,m ,n ,spiral #ahi #i #dd #bd4f #c4egfj #cd #c #a #af4fdj #af v,s ,r ,n ,spiral8 #aij #i #dd #dd4d #c4effh #cc #cg #bg #af4fef #ag v,s ,e#bj deg4 #aia #i #dd #eb4h #e4jegd #fi #bh #ac #af4fgj p,b v,s ,r gpmb,m #aib #i #dg #e4g #d4ihie #fi #e #bg #af4ggf p,f ,s bf ,e#ij deg4 #aic #i #dg #bb4b #d4iheh #fi #e #be #af4gij v,f dif #aid #i #ej #ai4d #d4iiae #fi #cj #dj #af4icj p,f ,s ,e#abj deg4 #aie #i #ej #eb4h #d4iicj #fi #ce #bf #af4iee ee,f ,s ,e#abj deg4 #aif #i #ej #ei4a #e4jjfh #fi #dd #j #af4iei p,b ,s ,e#ej deg4 pmb,m ,spiral #aig #i #eb #bi4b #d4ibai #fi #f #ea #ag4jci e,f ,e#ajj deg4 #aih #i #ed #d4a #d4aaji #ef #e #ec #ag4jif #aa v,s neb99 #aii #i #ed #bd4g #d4aafg #ef #ah #ch #ag4aaa #ah v,s ,r #bjj #i #ed #bf4e #d4aaba #ef #aa #ec #ag4aac #ae v,s ,e#ie deg4 b,m #bja #i #ee #ad4j #d4aafb #ef #bg #ac #ag4adh #ag v,s ,r #bjb #i #ef #df4b #d4jhgb #ef #j #ah #ag4bai #ag v,s ,r b,m #bjc #i #eg #bi4e #d4jieb #ef #bj #cc #ag4bej #ae v,s ,r ,n #bjdaj #j #ae4c #b4ihci - #g #cc #cd #ag4cgb #ag v,s sb,n ,spiral #bjeaj #j #dj4d #b4iiji - #f #ei #be #ag4cia #ag v,s stell sb,n #bjfaj #j #db4h #b4ihej - #g #bi #ej #ag4cib #aa ,s ,d i,f gb,n bn #bjgaj #a #di4g #b4ihia - #g #ab #aa #ag4dda #ag v,s stell #bjhaj #f #ej4a #c4aaja #c #ej #eg -#ag4fec #ad v,s ,d neb99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #bjiaj #g #ah4a #c4aaab #d #e #cj -#ag4fga #af v,s i,f b,m #bajaj #g #ah4e #c4aaab #d #d #be #ag4fgb #af v,s b,m ,n ,spiral ,e#ej deg4 #baaaj #g #eh4d #c4aabh #c #eh #dd #ag4fii #af v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral ,e#bj deg4 #babaj #h #bj4f #c4aacg #c #eb #ac #ag4gad #ae ,s i,f b,m #bacaj #i #dj4g #c4aafi #d #h #cd #ag4gfi #ah v,s ,r #badaj #i #dd4h #c4aaga #d #i #dg #ag4ggb #ag v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral8 ,e#de deg4 #baeaj #i #dh4c #c4fbij #db #j #bj #ag4ggf #af ,e#ie deg4 #cc'' long small spur follows ,e#de deg4 #bafaj #i #ej4b #c4aagb #d #aj #ej #ag4ggf #ag v,s b,m ,n ,r #bagaj #i #eh4i #c4fbid #db #d #f #ag4ghc #ag v,s ,r #bahaj #aj #c4j #c4fcah #db #ab #ae #ag4ghf #ag vv,s stell #baiaj #aj #ae4e #c4fbje #da #ci #eb #ag4gic #ae ,s ,e#fj deg4 #bbjaj #aj #af4h #c4fcag #db #ae #ef #ag4gie v,s ,r stell #bbaaj #aj #af4h #c4fcaa #db #ad #g #ag4gie #ah vv,s sb,n ,spiral8 #bbbaj #aj #ba4h #c4aahd #c #ea #eb #ag4gig #ag v,s b,m ,n ,spiral #bbcaj #aj #bc4j #c4faid #da #ch #bd #ag4gih #af v,s b,m ,spiral ,n #bbdaj #aj #bc4i #c4fbjh #da #db #dg #ag4gii #ah vv,s ,r ,spiral8 ,n #bbeaj #aj #bd4e #c4fbjf #da #db #da #ag4hjj #ah vv,s sb,n i,f #bbfaj #aj #ej4i #c4fbcj #da #ef #de #ag4hag #ah vv,s i,f #bbgaj #aj #ed4d #c4fbde #db #b #bc #ag4hai #ag v,s i,f #bbhaj #aa #dd4j #c4fbbb #db #g #ca #ag4heb #ah vv,s bn i,f #bbiaj #aa #dd4j #c4fbba #db #g #c #ag4heb #ah vv,s ,spiral sb,n #bcjaj #aa #dg4e #c4fbaj #db #d #bg #ag4hed #ag v,s sb,n ,spiral #bcaaj #aa #eb4a #c4fide #de #dj #eb #ag4hef ,f ,s ,r gb,m bf #bcbaj #aa #eb4b #c4fbad #db #f #ef #ag4heg #ah vv,s i,f stell #bccaj #ab #f4b #c4faad #da #cf #ej #ag4hfa #aj ,s neb99 #bcdaj #ab #ba4h #c4fbca #db #ai #ee #ag4hgh #ag v,s sb,n ,spiral #bceaj #ab #bi4a #c4faib #db #h #ed #ag4hhb #ag v,s sb,n ,spiral #bcfaj #ab #ca4e #c4fbjd #db #ac #af #ag4hhc #af v,s stell #bcgaj #ab #cc4d #c4fahd #db #g #df #ag4hhd #ah v,s ,e#ajj deg4 ,spiral8 #bchaj #ab #da4e #c4fici #de #ea #cd #ag4hij eee,f88 #bciaj #ab #dc4b #c4faej #da #ei #h #ag4hia #ag v,s sb,m ,n #bdjaj #ab #dc4e #c4fafh #db #e #af #ag4hia #af vv,s b,n stell #bdaaj #ab #dh4a #c4fidj #de #ec #da #ag4hid ,f v,s ,r gb,m #bdbaj #ab #ej4f #c4fidj #de #ed #aa #ag4hif ,f ,s ,e#ij deg4 #bdcaj #ab #ea4c #c4fafc #db #e #bc #ag4hig #ah vv,s ,r stell #bddaj #ab #eg4h #c4facf #da #eh #ci #ag4ija #ah vv,s i,f #bdeaj #ac #j4d #c4fbab #db #bc #e #ag4ijb #af v,s i,b ,n ,spiral ,e#cj deg4 #bdfaj #ac #d4a #c4fiii #df #ad #ag #ag4ije ,b ,s ,e#acj deg4 ,spiral on edge #bdgaj #ac #aj4a #c4gjaj #df #ah #ej #ag4iji ,b ,r vm b,m #bdhaj #ac #ai4g #c4fifj #df #g #ae #ag4iae e,f ,s ,r b,m #bdiaj #ac #cc4h #c4fagj #db #ag #bh #ag4ibd #ah v,s stell #bejaj #ac #cg4a #c4fjed #da #db #ci #ag4ibg #ag v,s ,spiral stell ,n #beaaj #ac #dd4b #c4faei #db #af #ag #ag4ibi #ag v,s ,r gb,n #bebaj #ac #df4j #c4faaj #db #a #ae #ag4icc #ag vv,s gb,n ,spiral ,n #becaj #ac #dh4e #c4figb #df #ag #eg #ag4icd ,f ,s ,e#agj deg4 ,spiral8 #bedaj #ac #ec4i #c4fjcf #da #da #a #ag4ich #ah v,s sb,n #beeaj #ac #ed4e #c4fajg #db #c #ca #ag4ich #ag v,s ,r gb,n #befaj #ac #eg4i #c4fajc #db #c #e #ag4idj #ag v,s i,f gb,n #begaj #ad #j4j #c4fjcb #da #da #i #ag4idb #ah vv,s i,f #behaj #ad #e4e #c4fhab #de #cg #a #ag4idd v,f vv,s ,r #beiaj #ad #aa4e #c4faac #db #i #aj #ag4idi #ah vv,s b,n ,spiral #bfjaj #ad #ab4e #c4faac #db #i #dd #ag4idi #ag v,s sb,n ,spiral #bfaaj #ad #bd4b #c4fajd -#db #i #db #ag4ieh #ai vv,s i,f ,e#acj deg4 #bfbaj #ad #bf4h #c4fhfe #de #eg #bg #ag4ieh ,b ,s ,e#de deg4 #bfcaj #ad #cc4j #c4fghe #de #cf #ci #bg4ifb v,f v,s ,e#ajj deg4 #bfdaj #ad #ce4g #c4fbej #db #j #ca #ag4ife #ag v,s ,spiral ,n ,e#ajj deg4 #bfeaj #ad #df4c #c4fiaf #df #af #dj #ag4igb vv,f ,e#ajj deg4 spindle shaped #bffaj #ad #eb4c #c4fggi #de #ci #ei #ag4ige v,f ,s ,r #bfgaj #ae #bb4e #c4fhff #df #aa #dj #ag4iie ,f ,r ,s gb,m #bfhaj #af #ag4d #c4fgfe #de #eg #i #ah4jca ,f ,s ,r gb,m #bfiaj #af #bg4a #d4ehdd #fh #ec #aj #ah4jch ,s p,b bf #bgjaj #af #cg4a #c4fgfa #df #a #a #ah4jdd ,f pmb,m ,e#aj deg4 #bgaaj #ag #h4j #c4bhgb #bj #ai #df #ah4jfb #ac v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral ,e#ace deg4 #bgbaj #ag #ab4g #c4bhfh #bj #ah #af #ah4jfe #ac v,s gb,m ,spiral #bgcaj #ag #ai4f #c4bhfe #bj #ag #dg #ah4jgj #ad v,s gb,n #bgdaj #ag #dg4a #c4bhii #bj #dj #eh #ah4jhg #ae v,s i,f gb,m #bgeaj #ag #ec4f #c4bhhj #bj #ca #eg #ah4jia #ad ,s sb,m ,n ,spiral ,e#acj deg4 #bgfaj #ah #g4a #c4bijf #bj #dg #be #ah4ajj #ac v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #bggaj #ai #e4b #c4bhgj #bj #ch #db #ah4acf #ac ,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #bghaj #ai #f4i #c4bheg #bj #cb #ba -#ah4acg #af v,s i,f gb,m ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #bgiaj #ai #aj4c #c4bhhe #bj #dg #ch -#ah4aci #ad v,s stell #bhjaj #ai #bj4f #d4efce #fi #i #ea #ah4adi ,s p,f ,r #bhaaj #bd #f4b #d4dhfc #fh #ei #ca #ah4cag v,s ,f ,e#ie deg4 #bhbaa #a #eb4g #c4egja #ee #ei #j #ai4djg #af v,s b,n i,f #bhcaa #b #e4h #c4egec #ef #be #af #ai4dab #ae v,s neb99 #bhdaa #b #i4e #c4effj #ee #ec #ca #ai4dac #af ,s gb,m ,e#ajj deg4 #bheaa #b #bb4f #c4egdj #ef #bh #bi #ai4dai #ae v,s stell #bhfaa #b #ed4f #c4efdg #ef #aa #dc #ai4dbi #ae v,s sb,m stell ,n #bhgaa #c #h4j #c4efac #ef #f #bf #ai4dce #ag v,s ,n #bhhaa #c #ab4c #c4efbj #ef #aa #ag #ai4dce #af v,s sb,n ,r ,spiral8 #bhiaa #c #bb4g #c4eebc #ee #eh #dc #ai4dci #ad v,s neb99 #bijaa #d #cb4b #c4eeaj #ef #ab #i #ai4dfc #ag v,s stell #biaaa #d #dd4h #c4edfg #ef #d #i #ai4dfg #ae ,s ,r sb,m ,n ,spiral #bibaa #d #dg4g #c4edfi #ef #e #dj #ai4dfh #ag v,s ,r neb99 #bicaa #d #eg4c #c4edcg #ee #ei #af #ai4dga #ag v,s stell #bidaa #e #f4b #c4edbf #ef #j #bf #ai4dgd ,two #ah mag4 objects1 i,f1 close together #bieaa #e #af4a #c4ecgi #ee #dh #eh #ai4dgh #af v,s4 ,uniform brightness #bifaa #e #bj4h #c4edca #ef #h #df #ai4dgi #ag v,s i,f stell #bigaa #e #bb4a #c4ecgc #ee #di #bj #ai4dhj #ae v,s ,r gb,m ,n ,spiral #bihaa #e #ce4b #c4edjh #ef #h #ah #ai4dhd #af v,s ,r gb,m #biiaa #e #db4c #c4echg #ef #d #cc #ai4dhg #ah v,s sb,m ,n ,ring #cjjaa #e #ej4e #c4edab #ef #af #eh #ai4dij #ag v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral8 #cjaaa #e #ed4h #c4ebii #ee #dj #aa #ai4dic vv,f ,e#ge deg4 #cjbaa #e #eh4b #c4ebij #ee #cg #cc #ai4did ,s v,f ,r #cjcaa #f #a4f #c4eceb #ef #a #ci #ai4did #af v,s ,r sb,m ,n ,spiral #cjdaa #f #f4a #c4ecbb #ee #ec #ea #ai4die #ag v,s gb,m i,f #cjeaa #f #h4h #c4ecdg #ef #c #bc #ai4dif #ag ,s vm ,e#he deg4 #cjfaa #f #ab4e #c4ebib #ee #de #bb #ai4dii v,f ,e#ajj deg4 spindle shaped #cjgaa #f #ai4a #c4ecab #ee #ef #cg #ai4ejj #ag v,s dif #cjhaa #f #bc4g #c4ecje #ee #ef #dd #ai4eja v,s i,f dif #cjiaa #f #bg4a #c4ecjj #ee #ef #dj #ai4ejb #ag v,s gb,m i,f #cajaa #f #bh4d #c4ecjc #ee #eh #d #ai4ejc #af v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #caaaa #f #db4j #c4eccj #ef #ac #cc #ai4ejg #af v,s b,m ,e#aej deg4 #cabaa #f #dc4j #c4ebig #ef #c #ac #ai4ejh #ag v,s dif i,f #cacaa #f #de4j #c4ebih #ef #d #ah #ai4ejh #ag v,s dif i,f #cadaa #f #ea4a #c4ecac #ef #ab #bd #ai4eaj #ag v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #caeaa #f #ee4d #c4ebfb #ee #eg #aa #ai4eab #af v,s ,r sb,m ,n ,spiral #cafaa #g #f4g #c4ebie #ef #ac #cf #ai4eaf #ac ,s sb,m ,n ,spiral ,e#gj deg4 #cagaa #g #aj4- 444 #ef #ad #j- 444 #af v,s stell i,f neb8 #cahaa #g #ae4i #c4ecjd #ef #ba #i #ai4eai #ae v,s ,r sb,m ,n ,spiral #caiaa #g #bc4i #c4ebdh #ef #e #eh #ai4ebb #ae v,s neb99 #cbjaa #g #cb4d #c4ebci #ef #g #a #ai4ebe #af v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #cbaaa #g #eg4e #c4ebcj #ef #ae #eh #ai4ecc #af v,s gb,m ,e#be deg4 #cbbaa #g #ei4f #c4eagb #ee #eg #dg #ai4ecd #af v,s neb99 #cbcaa #h #a4h #c4eaag #ee #cf #ag #ai4ecd p,b ,s ,r #cbdaa #h #c4d #c4eagg #ef #a #ac #ai4ecf #af v,s sb,m #cbeaa #h #d4i #c4eaec #ee #ea #be #ai4ecf ,s ,f gb,m ,e#ajj deg4 #cbfaa #h #ag4d #c4ebjj #ef #ae #ah #ai4edj #ab ,s gb,n be ,spiral ,e#cj deg4 #cbgaa #h #be4j #c4eagh #ef #ab #ba #ai4edc #ag v,s stell #cbhaa #h #df4c #c4eaag #ef #a #eh #ai4eej #ae v,s stell ,n #cbiaa #h #ei4b #c4ejdc #ee #ch #ac #ai4eec p,b ,s ,e#afj deg4 #ccjaa #i #aj4g #c4ejjf #ee #cj #ah #ai4eef ,b irr ,b99n #ccaaa #i #bj4g #c4ejcd #ee #de #db #ai4eei v,s ,b ,e#ajj deg4 b,m #ccbaa #i #ch4j #c4didh #ee #bc #bg #ai4efe ,s p,f ,r another apparently distinct neb np #cccaa #i #da4g #c4ejdf #ef #j #b #ai4eff ,l ,b pmb,m ,r #ccdaa #i #ef4g #c4digh #ee #dc #da #ai4ega v,s ,b ,e#ace deg4 spindle shaped #cceaa #aj #ad4e #c4dhgc #ee #ad #eg #ai4egh ,s ,b ,e#ij deg4 gb,m #ccfaa #aj #bh4i #c4dhgj #ee #ai #dh #ai4eha ,s p,f ,e#ace deg4 companion n #ccgaa #aj #dc4h #c4dibi #ee #di #ee #ai4ehg v,s ,f ,e#ajj deg4 bf #cchaa #aj #eh4e #c4diac #ee #ad #ej #ai4eib ,s ,b ,r vmb,m #cciaa #aa #a4j #c4dhag #ee #ag #dg #ai4eic ,s ,b ,e#de deg4 bsf #cdjaa #aa #d4b #c4dhji #ee #af #bc #ai4eid ,b ,spiral #cdaaa #aa #cf4e #c4dghj #ee #ba #de #ai4fjd vv,f ,s ,r #cdbaa #ab #bc4h #c4dgai #ee #bc #aa #ai4fai v,b ,s e ,e#agj deg4 #cdcaa #ac #ba4b #c4acfj #ac #ae #cc #ai4fcb ,b ,s ,r neb99 #cddaa #ac #bb4g #c4acfb #ac #ag #bi #ai4fcc ,s ,f gb,m #cdeaa #be #ac4d #c4bicc #dg #cd #g #ai4hah ,s p,b ,n #cdfaa #bf #dj4e #c4chdh #dg #ci #h #ai4hcf v,s ,f #cdgaa #bg #b4h #c4bhbh #dg #db #ac #ai4hdj v,s ,f #cdhaa #bg #aj4c #c4bggd #dg #b #de -#ai4hdb v,s ,f gb,m ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #cdiaa #bg #bh4f #c4bgig #dg #ch #ed -#ai4hdf v,s ,b vmb,m ,spiral #cejaa #bg #da4i #c4bgeg #dg #af #dh #ai4hdh v,s ,b ,e#ace deg4 #ceaaa #bh #ah4a #c4bfih #df #ei #bb #ai4hef v,s ,f #cebaa #bh #ej4b #c4bfid #dg #bd #df #ai4hfb v,s ,b #cecaa #bi #bc4d #c4bffh #dg #cb #ca #ai4hfi v,s v,b ,n ,e#ajj deg4 #cedaa #cj #c4f #c4bfjc #dg #ac #ef #ai4hgg p,s p,f #ceeab #aj #cf4g #c4jbcj #ch #cj #cf #bj4jbf ,s p,b bf #cefab #aj #de4c #c4jbcb #ch #d #dd #bj4jbe ,s p,b ,e#ie deg4 #cegab #aj #ea4h #c4jbah #ch #cd #c #bj4jbe ,s p,b bf #cehab #aa #ah4a #b4iiif #dg #ea #cf #bj4jbe #ae v,s stell #ceiab #aa #bg4c #b4iihg #dg #di #b #bj4jbd #ae v,s ,e#ace deg4 sb,m ,n ,spiral #cfjab #aa #df4g #b4iief #dh #f #b #bj4jbb #af ,s ,e#fe deg4 #cfaab #aa #dh4e #b4iifa #dg #ee #j #bj4jbb #ae v,s ,r sb,m s,n ,spiral #cfbab #aa #ej4a #c4jagf #ch #bg #cd #bj4jba ,s v,f #cfcab #ab #g4j #b4iice #dh #e #eh #bj4jbj #ae v,s ,r #cfdab #ab #ab4b #c4jecf #ad #de #bb #bj4jai #ag v,s ,r b,m #cfeab #ab #af4d #c4jebi #ae #aj #bf #bj4jai #ah v,s ,r #cffab #ab #ai4g #c4jecb #ad #ed #f #bj4jah #ah v,s ,r #cfgab #ab #bc4b #c4jebg #ae #aa #cd #bj4jah #ah v,s v,f dif #cfhab #ab #bc4e #c4jece #ad #ci #de #bj4jah #ah v,s ,e#afj deg4 #cfiab #ab #be4g #c4jebi #ae #a #dj #bj4jah #ah v,s ,r #cgjab #ab #cf4c #b4iijc #dh #e #be #bj4jag #af v,s dif vgb,m #cgaab #ab #db4j #c4jebi #ad #de #ea #bj4jaf #ah v,s v,f ,r #cgbab #ab #dd4d #c4jecj #ad #ch #h #bj4jaf #ah v,s dif #cgcab #ab #de4j #c4jade #cg #eg #i #bj4jaf ,s ,f ,r #cgdab #ab #de4f #b4iiji #dg #ch #ag #bj4jaf #af v,s i,f #cgeab #ab #ea4e #c4jebf #ad #dd #db #bj4jaf #ah v,s ,r bs #cgfab #ab #ed4d #b4ihie #dg #de #ca #bj4jaf #ag v,s i,f dif #cggab #ab #ed4f #c4jebc #ad #ed #j #bj4jae #ah v,s ,e#aaj deg4 #cghab #ab #ef4b #c4jeba #ae #j #b #bj4jae #ag v,s ,r b,m #cgiab #ac #b4j #c4jeai #ae #b #bh #bj4jae #ag v,s ,r ,n #chjab #ac #e4f #c4jeae #ae #ae #d #bj4jad #ah v,s v,f dif #chaab #ac #g4i #c4jeah #ae #j #h #bj4jad #ah v,s ,r b,m #chbab #ac #i4e #c4jeae #ae #ab #dc #bj4jad #ag v,s ,r ,n #chcab #ac #ac4a #c4jabj #ch #f #df #bj4jad v,s v,f #chdab #ac #cj4a #c4jajh #ch #d #dc #bj4jac ,s ,f #cheab #ac #cc4h #c4jajh #cg #eg #bi #bj4jac p,l v,f ,r #chfab #ac #cf4f #c4jeaj #ae #d #da #bj4jab #ah v,s ,r #chgab #ac #cg4c #c4jead #ad #dg #cb #bj4jab #ah v,s ,r ,n #chhab #ac #dc4h #c4jeab #ad #dg #bh #bj4jaa #ah v,s ,r #chiab #ac #ec4a #c4jeje #ae #f #dh #bj4jaj #ah v,s ,e#abj deg4 #cijab #ac #ec4f #c4jejf #ae #d #j #bj4jaj #ag v,s ,e#ajj deg4 ,n #ciaab #ac #eg4d #c4jeje #ae #c #cd #bj4jaj #ah v,s ,r ,n #cibab #ac #eh4f #c4jeaj #ad #dj #dd #bj4jaj #ai v,s v,f #cicab #ad #e4b #c4jejh #ad #da #aj #bj4jji #ah v,s ,r bn #cidab #ad #f4b #c4jejb #ae #e #ca #bj4jji #ai v,s ,e#aaj deg4 stell ,n #cieab #ad #ab4g #b4ihae #dg #ch #de #bj4jji #ag v,s sb,m ,spiral #cifab #ad #bb4h #c4jdig #ae #h #ca #bj4jjh #ah v,s ,e#acj deg4 #cigab #ad #be4c #c4jdii #ad #eg #dh #bj4jjh #ag v,s ,r ,n #cihab #ad #ca4a #c4jdig #ad #eh #ej #bj4jjg #ah v,s ,r #ciiab #ad #dd4j #c4jdif #ad #ej #ej #bj4jjf #ah v,s ,r ,n #djjab #ad #di4b #c4jdhi #ae #aa #ch #bj4jje #ah v,s v,f #djaab #ae #d4i #c4jdij #ad #ec #d #bj4jjd #ah v,s dif #djbab #ae #e4j #c4jdib #ad #da #cj #bj4jjd #ah v,s ,r two ,n #djcab #ae #aa4j #c4jfdc #d #de #bb #bj4jjc p,f v,e#ae deg4 #djdab #ae #aa4a #c4jdhc #ae #ac #cg #bj4jjc #ag v,s ,e#abj deg4 b,m #djeab #ae #bb4g #c4jdhb #ae #f #de #bj4jjb #ag v,s ,r #djfab #ae #ca4b #c4jdhd #ad #dg #cd #bj4jjb #ah v,s ,e#aej deg4 #djgab #ae #ci4c #c4jdgh #ae #aa #aj #bj4jja #ah v,s ,r #djhab #af #aj4e #c4jfch #e #aa #ae #ai4iig ,f p,s #djiab #af #ab4d #c4jfdg #d #cg #eb #ai4iig v,f ,s bn #dajab #af #ca4b #c4jdch #af #cb #af #ai4iie #af ,s ,e#j deg4 sb,m ,n ,spiral #daaab #af #cd4g #c4jddb #af #ah #j #ai4iie #af ,s sb,m stell ,n ,r ,spiral8 #dabab #af #cf4g #c4jddb #af #ac #cj #ai4iid #ah v,s i,f #dacab #af #di4f #c4jdci #af #ab #j #ai4iic #ag v,s gb,m i,f #dadab #ag #c4e #c4jdcb #af #ba #ad #ai4iia #ah ,s dif i,f ,e#ace deg4 #daeab #ag #e4- #c4jddf #ae #ef #cj- #ai4iia #ag v,s sb,m ,spiral ,n #dafab #ag #e4b #c4jdca #af #bc #bj #ai4iia #ah vs bs ,r #dagab #ag #ab4a #c4jfch #d #ej #bc #ai4iia ,f v,s l ,e#ej deg4 #dahab #ag #ad4c #c4jdbi #af #ba #af #ai4iij #ag v,s dif gb,m ,r ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #daiab #ag #ae4f #c4jdcj #af #ag #ah -#ai4iij #af,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #dbjab #ag #ba4j #c4jfcc #e #g #ad #ai4iij 6 p,b ,l ,spiral #dbaab #ag #bi4e #c4jfci #d #da #ec #ai4ihi v,f v,s #dbbab #ag #cg4j #c4jfci #d #da #ac #ai4ihi v,f v,s #a;,e#de deg4 #dbcab #ag #eg4i #c4jdad #af #bg #cf #ai4ihe #ag,s gb,m ,spiral ,e#ace deg4 #dbdab #ah #e4a #c4jfcc #d #ed #ec #ai4ihf vv,f vs #dbeab #ah #af4b #c4jdaa #af #bb #cj #ai4ihc #ae,s sb,m ,n ,spiral8 #dbfab #ah #ag4d #c4jdji #af #be #bb #ai4ihc #ahv,s stell ,n ,spiral #dbgab #ah #ai4c #c4jfbi #e #j #dj #ai4ihc ee,f ,s #dbhab #ah #cd4f #c4jceb #ah #ed #de #ai4iha #ahv,s ,r diffic #dbiab #ah #dj4d #c4jceb #ah #di #da #ai4ihj #ahv,s v,f ,e#afj'' #dcjab #ai #ag4d #c4jchh #af #cg #cg #ai4igf #agv,s ,r gb,n ,spiral #dcaab #ai #de4e #c4jccc #ah #de #a #ai4igb #aev,s ,e#de deg4 stell ,n #dcbab #bj #j4g #c4jcii #af #ae #eg #ai4iga #ah v,s i,f #dccab #bj #i4a #c4jcgd #af #ch #ea #ai4igj #ag ,s gb,m ,n ,e#fj deg4 ,spiral on edge #dcdab #bj #aj4i #c4jcgb #af #dj #bg #ai4igj #ag v,s ,r sb,m ,n ,spiral #dceab #bj #ba4c #c4jcbb #ah #da #dj #ai4ifh #ah v,s ,r b,m #dcfab #bj #ba4h #c4jcfi #af #dj #dj #ai4ifh #ah v,s i,f dif #dcgab #bj #bb4h #c4jcad #ai #b #cb #ai4ifh #ah v,s ,r #dchab #bj #ce4b #c4jcbc #ah #bf #eb #ai4iff #ah v,s ,r b,m #dciab #bj #dj4h #c4jcjg #ai #d #af #ai4iff #ah v,s v,f ,r #ddjab #ba #ba4i #c4jbif #ah #ei #eh #ai4ifj #ah v,s ,r b,m #ddaab #ba #ci4b #c4jbif #ah #da #bi #ai4ieh #ah vs ,r #ddbab #ba #ee4c #c4jbig #ah #ce #cg #ai4ief #ag vs ,r b,m #ddcab #ba #ef4e #c4jbhb #ai #d #ad #ai4ief #ah v,s ,r b,m #dddab #ba #ei4h #c4jbij #ah #db #j #ai4ief #ah v,s ,e#abj deg4 #ddeab #bb #ac4c #c4jbhb #ah #di #g #ai4ied #ag v,s ,r b,m #ddfab #be #bd4g #c4jccf #ad #db #df #ai4ibd #ad ,s ,e#fj deg4 #ddgab #be #ce4f #c4jcbj #ae #h #cc #ai4ibb #ah v,s dif #ddhab #be #dg4a #c4jcaf #ae #aa #ac #ai4iba #ae v,s b,m i,f #ddiab #be #di4i #c4jcag #ae #f #ag #ai4ibj #af v,s gb,m #dejab #be #ec4j #c4jcab #ae #ai #cf #ai4ibj #af ,s ,e#aae deg4 b,m #deaab #bf #j4i #c4jcbj #ad #ed #bi #ai4iah #af v,s ,r #debab #bf #j4i #c4jcjh #ae #bj #j #ai4iah #ag v,s i,f b,m #decab #bf #d4g #c4jcbc #ad #dh #ec #ai4iah #ah v,s i,f #dedab #bf #h4a #c4jcai #ad #ee #ad #ai4iag #af v,s ,r sb,m ,n #deeab #bf #ab4b #c4jcbb #ad #dd #ei #ai4iaf #ab neb99 #defab #bf #ag4b #c4jcba #ad #dd #ee #ai4iaf #af v,s i,f gb,m ,n #degab #bf #ag4c #c4jcbc #ad #dj #f #ai4iaf #af v,s gb,m ,n ,spiral8 #dehab #bf #cd4g #c4jbii #ae #bd #di #ai4iac #ad ,s b,m ,e#afe deg4 #deiab #bf #ea4a #c4jcjh #ad #ea #cd #ai4iaj #ae ,l m ,e#hj deg4 b,m ,n ,spiral on edge #dfjab #bg #bf4e #c4jfcf #c #h #cf #ai4ijd #ag v,s ,e#hj deg4 gb,m ,spiral on edge8 #dfaab #bg #cj4d #c4jfcd #c #ab #ee #ai4ijc #ae ,l vm ,e#dj deg4 small spur from ,m #dfbab #bg #ca4g #c4jbij #ae #g #ef #ai4ijc #af v,s #dfcab #bg #ca4h #c4jfbc #c #cd #ac #ai4ijc #ag v,s gb,m i,f #dfdab #bg #ci4b #c4jcjd #ad #cf #af #ai4ijb #aa ,l b,m i,f sc #dfeab #bg #da4f #c4jbii #ad #dd #ee #ai4ijb #aa neb99 #dffab #bg #dd4b #c4jfbi #c #ba #j #ai4ijj #ag v,s vgb,m i,f #dfgab #bg #de4j #c4jfcd #c #aj #ee #ai4ijj #ag v,s vgb,m #dfhab #bg #ee4a #c4jfda #b #ec #ac #ai4hii #ah v,s ,r 7,ring87 #dfiab #bh #aj4a #c4jfdf #b #db #c #ai4hif #ag v,s ,r #dgjab #bh #ah4b #c4jfdf #b #db #bd #ai4hid #af v,s circle #dgaab #bh #bf4e #c4jfdh #b #ej #dg #ai4hic #ag v,s ,e#aej deg4 #dgbab #bh #ce4i #c4jfde #b #da #bj #ai4hia #ag v,s ,e#afj deg4 ,n #dgcab #bh #cg4d #c4jbgb #ae #aj #cb #ai4hia #af v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral ,e#ej deg4 #dgdab #bh #dc4h #c4jfec #b #be #ec #ai4hij #af v,s gb,m #dgeab #bh #dd4j #c4jfdf #b #di #eb #ai4hij #ag v,s ,r b,m #dgfab #bc #ej4g #c4jfec #b #bd #ai #ai4hhh #ah v,s v,f ,r #dggab #bh #ed4c #c4jbfg #ae #aa #ej #ai4hhg #ah v,s sb,m ,n ,ring8 #dghab #bh #ee4e #c4jfef #b #ai #b #ai4hhg #ah v,s dif #dgiab #bh #eh4e #c4jfdd #b #da #ed #ai4hhg #ah v,s ,e#acj deg4 ,n #dhjab #bi #a4g #c4jfec #b #bc #db #ai4hhf #ag v,s ,r #dhaab #bi #h4i #c4jbff #ae #f #bc #ai4hhe #af v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #dhbab #bi #ae4h #c4jfad #c #ci #ci #ai4hhc #ag v,s stell #dhcab #bi #ae4h #c4jfae #c #ci #ae #ai4hhc #ah v,s ,n8 ,spiral8 #dhdab #bi #bg4j #c4jfce #b #eh #d #ai4hha #ah v,s dif i,f #dheab #bi #bh4g #c4jfcf #c #g #ad #ai4hha #ag v,s sb,m ,n ,spiral #dhfab #bi #cj4e #c4jfej #b #bg #di #ai4hha #ag v,s ,r stell ,n #dhgab #bi #dj4h #c4jfaf #c #cc #da #ai4hgi #ag v,s b,m ,n ,spiral #dhhab #bi #db4g #c4jfce #b #ee #cd -#ai4hgi #ag v,s ,r ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #dhiab #bi #de4d #c4jfej #b #bf #d -#ai4hgh #ag v,s ,e#ij deg4 ,n #dijab #bi #ea4d #c4jfbj #c #bd #bi #ai4hgg #ag v,s i,f #diaab #bi #ee4c #c4jfeb #b #ba #j #ai4hgf #ag v,s ,r ,n #dibab #bi #ef4f #c4jfcb #c #j #bb #ai4hgf #ah v,s ,r ,n #dicab #bi #eg4a #c4jfeb #b #bj #ac #ai4hgf #ag v,s ,r #didab #bi #eh4e #c4jfec #b #ai #ad #ai4hgf #ah v,s ,r #dieab #cj #c4c #b4ihei #bf #ai #ed #ai4hge #ae v,s ,r b,m #difab #cj #d4b #c4jfeb #b #bj #g #ai4hge #ah v,s ,r #digab #cj #f4f #c4jfaf #c #cc #f #ai4hgd #ag v,s bs i,f #dihab #cj #aa4b #c4jfaf #c #cj #cf #ai4hgc #ag v,s stell #diiab #cj #ab4d #c4jfdi #b #be #g #ai4hgc #ah v,s ,r #ejjab #cj #ab4h #b4ihec #bf #bb #bd #ai4hgc #ag ,,vs ,r b,m #ejaab #cj #ad4h #c4jfdh #b #bf #bi #ai4hgc #ah v,s ,e#gj deg4 #ejbab #cj #bg4c #c4jfdh #b #bf #af #ai4hgj #ah v,s ,r b,m #ejcab #cj #bh4d #c4jfdh #b #bf #da #ai4hgj #ag v,s ,r b,m #ejdab #cj #bi4j #c4jfea #b #ai #cf #ai4hgj #af v,s ,r #ejeab #cj #cj4f #c4jfac #c #ce #f #ai4hgj #ae ,l vm ,e#afe deg4 sb,m ,spiral #ejfab #cj #cb4b #c4jfej #b #bb #ag #ai4hfi #ah v,s ,r b,m #ejgab #cj #ce4h #c4jfdb #b #cg #ci #ai4hfi #ah v,s ,r #ejhab #cj #cf4h #b4ihdj #bf #bd #e #ai4hfh #ad ,s ,e#ace deg4 ,n #ejiab #cj #ci4e #c4jfdc #b #cd #ce #ai4hfh #ah v,s ,r #eajab #cj #ci4g #c4jfde #b #bi #ee #ai4hfh #ah v,s ,r #eaaab #cj #db4f #c4jfdh #b #be #ad #ai4hfg #ah v,s ,r b,m #eabab #cj #dc4g #b4ihai #bf #ej #ag #ai4hfg #ag v,s ,e#dj deg4 #eacab #cj #dd4b #b4ihbb #bf #df #be #ai4hfg #ae v,s ,n ,e#ej deg4 #eadab #cj #eb4j #c4jfdh #b #bb #ef #ai4hff #ag v,s ,r #eaeab #cj #eb4f #c4jfai #c #ai #ei #ai4hff #ag v,s sb,m ,spiral ,e#aaj deg4 #eafab #ca #bb4e #b4ihji #bf #ch #g #ai4hei #ah v,s ,r #eagab #ca #cb4g #b4igig #bf #dg #eh #ai4heg #ah v,s ,r #eahab #ca #ci4f #b4igid #bf #dg #i #ai4hef #af v,s ,r ,n #eaiab #ca #df4a #b4igif #bf #ci #ea #ai4hee #ag v,s ,r ,n #ebjab #cb #f4i #b4ighg #bf #ch #bh #ai4hej #ag v,s ,r ,n #ebaab #cb #ba4b #b4ighd #bf #ca #ef #ai4hdh #ah v,s v,f ,r #ebbab #cb #bb4g #b4iggg #bf #db #cf #ai4hdg #ah v,s ,r b,m #ebcab #bb #bi4g #b4iggg #bf #cg #cf #ai4hdf #ah v,s ,r b,m #ebdab #cb #cd4b #b4ighj #bf #bh #bd #ai4hde #af neb99 #ebeab #cb #di4g #b4igeh #bf #ej #ei #ai4hdb #ah v,s v,f ,e#ace deg4 ,d #ebfab #ce #da4j #b4icga #cc #g #dh #ai4hje #af v,s ,e#adj deg4 b,m #ebgab #cf #cd4d #b4icdh #cb #ef #ag #ai4gib #ag v,s ,r b,m #ebhab #cf #de4c #b4icdj #cb #ef #dh #ai4gij #ah v,s ,e#hj deg4 #ebiab #cf #ed4i #b4icji #cc #bd #bc #ai4ghg #ag v,s ,e#j deg4 ,d #ecjab #cg #ad4c #b4icjc #cc #ah #ce #ai4gha #ae v,s ,e#abe deg4 ,n ,spiral on edge #ecaab #ch #i4i #b4ibia #cb #eb #ch #ai4ggj #ah v,s b,m ,e#adj deg4 #ecbab #ch #ac4h #b4ibgg #cc #f #ab #ai4gfi #ah v,s ,r #eccab #ch #ae4j #b4ibgi #cc #b #ba #ai4gfh #ad v,s ,e#ade deg4 b,m #ecdab #ch #cc4c #b4ibdg #cc #bf #c #ai4gfd #ae neb99 #eceab #ch #ce4f #b4ibfh #cc #j #eb #ai4gfd #af neb99 #ecfab #ch #da4g #b4ibfg #cb #ef #dg #ai4gfb #ah v,s ,r #ecgab #ch #de4d #b4ibei #cc #b #ec #ai4gfa #ah v,s ,r #echab #dd #i4c #b4hddh #da #ch #de #ai4fgg #ah v,s ,r ,n #eciab #dd #cj4e #b4hdca #da #ch #af #ai4fgj #ae v,s ,e#fj deg4 ,spiral8 #edjab #dd #ca4h #b4hdbe #da #da #de #ai4fgj #ah v,s v,r dif #edaab #dd #cf4c #b4hdbd #da #ci #ca #ai4ffi #ah v,s v,f ,r diffic #edbab #dd #ci4j #b4hdah #da #da #ea #ai4ffh #ah v,s ,r diffic #edcab #dd #df4f #b4hdja #da #di #bf #ai4fff #ag v,s ,r b,m #eddab #dd #df4i #b4iddj #bf #ai #d #ai4fff #af v,s ,e#fj deg4 b,m #edeab #dd #dg4e #b4hdag #da #bc #ea #ai4fff #ah v,s ,r b,m #edfab #dd #eb4d #b4hdbc #da #cj #dc #ai4ffd #ag v,s ,r #edgab #dd #ee4d #b4hcih #da #df #cj #ai4ffc #ah v,s v,f ,r diffic #edhab #dd #ef4e #b4hdbf #da #be #ec #ai4ffc #ah v,s ,r #ediab #de #h4d #b4hcgf #da #ed #dj #ai4fei #ah v,s v,f dif ,d8 #eejab #de #af4e #b4hdab #da #bc #bf #ai4feg #af v,s ,e#hj deg4 b,m ,spiral8 #eeaab #de #af4i #b4idec #be #ej #j #ai4feg #ag v,s ,r b,m #eebab #de #ba4e #b4hdjd #da #bf #h #ai4fef #af v,s ,r b,m #eecab #de #bg4j #b4hcie #da #bi #ba #ai4fed #ah v,s v,f ,e#aej deg4 b,m ,spiral on edge #eedab #de #bh4b #b4iddh #be #ej #ch #ai4fed #ah v,s ,r #eeeab #de #bi4c #b4iddb #bf #ac #bh #ai4fec #ag v,s ,e#ej deg4 bs #eefab #de #cj4e #b4iddd #bf #ad #aj #ai4fec #ag v,s ,r #eegab #de #dc4b #b4hcfa #da #dd #aa #ai4fdi #ag v,s ,r ,n #eehab #de #ef4e #b4idcf #be #di #ad #ai4fdf #af v,s ,e#dj deg4 ,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #eeiab #de #eh4c #b4idcf #be #dh #ac -#ai4fde #af v,s ,e#ce deg4 ,n #efjae #de #ei4a #b4hcfh #da #bi #af #ai4fde #ah v,s v,f ,r #efaab #df #aj4c #b4hcfc #da #be #eg #ai4fda #ah v,s v,f ,r b,m #efbab #df #bb4c #b4hcca #da #ef #g #ai4fch #ae v,s ,e#ij deg4 bs ,spiral8 #efcab #df #bb4h #b4hceh #da #bb #ag #ai4fch #ah v,s v,f ,r circle8 #efdab #df #bf4d #b4hcbh #da #da #dc #ai4fcg #ag v,s ,r b,m #efeab #df #bf4f #b4hcce #da #ce #ci #ai4fcg #ah v,s ,r b,m #effab #df #cg4h #b4hcbe #da #cf #e #ai4fcc #ah v,s ,r b,m #efgab #df #df4f #b4icic #bf #i #cf #ai4fca #af v,s ,e#aej deg4 b,m #efhab #dg #e4b #b4hcba #da #bb #ca #ai4fbe #ah v,s ,r #efiab #dg #ac4c #b4hbfi #da #ed #df #ai4fbc #ag v,s ,r b,m #egjab #dg #ad4f #b4hcji #da #bd #eb #ai4fbb #ag v,s ,r b,m #egaab #dg #bd4c #b4hbgb #da #df #cj #ai4fbj #ah v,s ,r b,m #egbab #dg #bi4h #b4hbed #da #ef #a #ai4fah #ah v,s ,r #egcab #dg #ca4f #b4icie #be #de #d #ai4fah #af v,s ,e#aj deg4 ,n #egdab #dg #ch4i #b4hbeh #da #dg #bj #ai4fae #ah v,s ,r ,n #egeab #dg #dc4g #b4hbfj #da #db #dh #ai4fad #ah v,s ,r b,m #egfab #dg #ec4e #b4hbde #da #dh #aj #ai4faa #ah v,s dif #eggab #dh #a4f #b4hbef #da #cd #bc #ai4fji #af v,s ,e#abe deg4 b,m #eghab #dh #ag4e #b4hbeb #da #bg #cd #ai4fjd #ah v,s ,r #egiab #dh #be4d #b4hbag #da #dh #dj #ai4fjb #ah v,s v,f ,r #ehjab #dh #cj4i #b4hbdf #da #bc #ca #ai4fjj #ag v,s ,r ,n #ehaab #dh #ca4c #b4hbjf #da #ec #ag #ai4fjj #ah v,s v,f ,r #ehbab #dh #cb4i #b4hbdd #da #bc #cj #ai4fjj #af v,s ,r ,n #ehcab #ej #ej4g #b4ieji #bb #be #ee #ai4eeg ,s ,r v,f #ehdab #ea #ae4g #b4iejd #bb #ba #j #ai4edi v,s v,f ,e#ij deg4 #eheac #i #ag4d #b4gjfh #db #cc #ef #ai4aci #ah v,s ,r #ehfac #i #bd4f #b4gjci #db #dd #ba #ai4ace #ad ,s ,e#aej deg4 four ,n #ehgac #i #be4a #b4gjga #db #cj #a #ai4ace #ah v,s ,r #ehhac #i #cj4e #b4gjic #db #ah #e #ai4acc #ag v,s ,r b,m #ehiac #i #ce4a #b4gjhc #db #bj #dg #ai4aca #ag v,s ,r b,m #eijac #i #cf4a #b4gjhi #db #ag #bh #ai4acj #ag v,s ,r b,m #eiaac #i #ch4f #b4gjhd #db #ai #e #ai4abi #ah v,s ,r b,m #eibac #i #dc4d #b4gjhf #db #ae #ef #ai4abg #ah v,s ,r #eicac #i #df4h #b4gjef #db #bh #ac #ai4abe #ag v,s ,e#abj deg4 #eidac #i #dg4h #b4gjgh #db #ah #a #ai4abe #af v,s ,e#aej deg4 b,m #eieac #i #ec4b #b4gjgg #db #af #ca #ai4abc #ah v,s ,r b,m #eifac #i #ec4c #b4gjhf #db #ab #ai #ai4abc #ah v,s v,f ,r #eigac #i #ef4b #b4gjdb #db #bh #dj #ai4aba #af v,s ,e#ij deg4 b,m #eihac #i #eg4c #b4gjbh #db #cf #cd #ai4aba #ah v,s ,r #eiiac #aj #a4c #b4gjhd #db #aj #ac #ai4aai #ad v,s ,e#ae deg4 gb,m #fjjac #aj #d4f #b4gjae #db #dj #e #ai4aag #ah v,s ,r #fjaac #aj #e4d #b4fiii #db #dg #ab #ai4aag #af v,s ,r b,m neb998 #fjbac #aj #e4g #b4gjed #db #bb #aj #ai4aag #ah v,s ,r #fjcac #aj #e4h #b4gjfa #db #ah #dg #ai4aag #ag v,s ,r b,m #fjdac #aj #e4h #b4gjad #db #cg #ef #ai4aag #ah v,s ,r ,n #fjeac #aj #g4j #b4gjcb #db #ca #af #ai4aaf #ag v,s ,e#afe deg4 gb,m #fjfac #aj #aa4e #b4gjah #db #ce #de #ai4aad #ah v,s ,r b,m #fjgac #aj #aa4g #b4gjcj #db #cj #dd #ai4aad #ah v,s ,e#ej deg4 #fjhac #aj #ab4d #b4gjcj #db #cj #g #ai4aad #ah v,s ,r #fjiac #aj #ab4h #b4gjji #db #ci #dd #ai4aad #ah v,s ,r #fajac #aj #ad4a #b4gjbg #db #ca #h #ai4aac #ah v,s ,r v,f #faaac #aj #af4b #b4gjbg #db #cj #aj #ai4aab #ah v,s ,e#gj deg4 b,m #fabac #aj #ba4j #b4gjeg #db #ad #cc #ai4aaj #ad neb99 #facac #aj #bb4f #b4gjfd #db #aj #eb #ai4aaj #ah v,s v,f ,r #fadac #aj #ca4c #b4gjji #db #cb #bh #ai4aje #ag v,s ,r b,m #faeac #aj #cb4e #b4figi #db #de #ea #ai4aje #ah v,s ,r #fafac #aj #ch4b #b4gjbf #db #bb #ah #ai4ajb #ah v,s ,r b,m #fagac #aj #ch4i #b4gjdb #db #ad #bb #ai4ajb #ah v,s ,r #fahac #aj #da4b #b4gjcc #db #ag #ej #ag4aja #ag v,s ,e#aej deg4 gb,m #faiac #aj #dc4e #b4gjaf #db #bd #cc #ai4ajj #ah v,s ,e#hj deg4 #fbjac #aj #dg4h #b4gjda #db #aa #ci #ai4jih #ah v,s v,f ,r #fbaac #aj #ea4d #b4fiea #db #ea #ac #ai4jif #af v,s ,e#ge deg4 gb,m #fbbac #aj #ec4h #b4fidg #db #eb #c #ai4jie #ag v,s ,e#aej deg4 b,m #fbcac #aj #eg4f #b4gjcb #db #aa #db #ai4jid #ah v,s ,r #fbdac #aj #eh4a #b4gjjg #db #bb #ej #ai4jid #ag v,s ,r b,m #fbeac #aa #c4b #b4gjjh #db #bj #df #ai4jia #ah v,s ,r #fbfac #aa #e4i #b4gjaa #db #ag #eh #ai4jij #ah v,s ,e#cj deg4 #fbgac #aa #h4c #b4gjbb #db #ab #bb #ai4jhi #ag v,s ,r b,m #fbhac #aa #i4f #b4gjjb #db #bj #dd -#ai4jhh #ah v,s v,f ,r ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #fbiac #aa #ae4a #b4gjja #db #ai #i -#ai4jhf #ah v,s ,r b,m #fcjac #aa #ai4g #b4gjag #db #aj #j #ai4jhd #ah v,s ,e#ce deg4 #fcaac #aa #ba4c #b4figh #db #bg #ac #ai4jhc #ag v,s ,e#ajj deg4 b,m #fcbac #aa #bg4e #b4figc #db #bg #g #ai4jhj #ag v,s ,e#fj deg4 gb,m #fccac #aa #bi4h #b4fihb #db #bb #ah #ai4jgi #ah v,s ,r #fcdac #aa #cj4g #b4figh #db #bc #bg #ai4jgi #ag v,s ,e#ge deg4 #fceac #aa #cf4h #b4fihe #db #ag #eh #ai4jgf #ag v,s ,r ,n #fcfac #aa #ch4c #b4fice #db #dj #ba #ai4jge #ah v,s ,r #fcgac #aa #ch4f #b4figc #db #bb #dd #ai4jge #ah v,s ,e#aaj deg4 #fchac #aa #dj4b #b4fibe #db #dc #eh #ai4jge #ah v,s ,e#abe deg4 #fciac #aa #dc4j #b4fifj #db #bg #e #ai4jgc #ag v,s ,e#acj deg4 gb,m #fdjac #aa #dd4a #b4figb #db #ba #aa #ai4jgc #ah v,s ,r #fdaac #aa #ej4j #b4ficc #db #cf #dg #ai4jgj #ag v,s ,r b,m #fdbac #aa #ea4f #b4fifg #db #bj #ag #ai4jgj #ag v,s ,r b,m #fdcac #aa #ec4i #b4fifc #db #ba #bd #ai4jfh #ah v,s ,r b,m #fddac #aa #ed4i #b4fifd #db #bj #da #ai4jfh #ah v,s ,r b,m #fdeac #aa #eg4j #b4fifc #db #bj #g #ai4jfg #ag v,s ,e#aaj deg4 gb,m #fdfac #aa #eh4f #b4fidi #db #be #ed #ai4jff #ah v,s ,r #fdgac #ab #ae4d #b4fijc #db #dj #cf #bi4j,s#i #ah v,s ,r #fdhac #ab #bd4a #b4fijg #db #ce #bb #ai4jee #ag v,s ,r ,n #fdiac #ab #bi4d #b4fhfa #db #ed #ae #ai4jec #ag v,s ,e#acj deg4 #fejac #ab #cg4d #b4fhhj #db #db #ch #ai4jdi #af v,s ,r b,m neb998 #feaac #ab #ch4i #b4fhic #db #ce #dg #ai4jdh #ah v,s ,r #febac #ab #ci4g #b4fhfb #db #di #de #ai4jdh #bg v,s ,e#de deg4 #fecac #ab #dd4g #b4fhhe #db #cg #bc #ai4jdf #ah v,s ,r #fedac #ab #ef4f #b4fhgb #db #ch #cd #ai4jdj #ah v,s ,r #feeac #ac #d4b #b4fhfa #db #dj #df #ai4jcg #ah v,s ,r #fefac #ac #aa4g #b4fiac #db #ac #bi #ai4jcc #ag v,s ,r b,m #fegac #ac #aa4h #b4fhej #db #db #ef #ai4jcc #ah v,s v,f dif #fehac #ac #ai4f #b4fhgg #db #bg #ab #ai4jcj #ah v,s ,e#afj deg4 #feiac #ac #ba4d #b4fhbi #db #dh #cf #ai4jbi #ah v,s ,r #ffjac #ac #bb4j #b4fhgh #db #be #dd #ai4jbi #ah v,s ,r #ffaac #ac #bb4h #b4fhcg #db #dd #cd #ai4jbi #ag v,s ,r ,n #ffbac #ac #bh4b #b4fhbe #db #dg #di #ai4jbf #ah v,s v,f ,r #ffcac #ac #cf4c #b4fhcj #db #db #i #ai4jbc #ag v,s ,r b,m #ffdac #ac #eg4j #b4fhjb #db #dg #d #ai4jad #ah v,s ,r #ffeac #ad #b4d #b4fhjb #db #dd #ed #ai4jaa #ag v,s ,r b,m #fffac #bc #e4b #b4eegd #dg #bc #h #ah4gdf v,s ee,f #ffgac #bd #ai4a #b4edhi #dg #bf #db #ah4gjg ,b p,l ,e#hj deg4 #ffhac #bf #d4a #b4ecac #dg #di #db #ah4fea v,s e,f #ffiac #bf #ae4b #b4ecac #dg #de #dg #ah4fdd ,s p,b l ,e#ace deg4 #fgjac #bg #g4h #b4ebgc #dg #da #ed #ah4faf ,s ee,f #fgabc #bg #ai4e #b4eccc #dg #ah #dj #ah4faj ,f ,s ,r #fgbbc #bg #cc4b #b4ecae #dg #bj #ad #ah4fjb v,s v,f ,e#ij deg4 #fgcac #ca #cd4h #c4bcai -#ag #d #bc #ah4dfh #af v,s ,e#aej deg4 #fgdac #ca #ch4h #c4bcea -#ag #bb #d #ah4dff #af v,s ,e#aej deg4 b,m #fgeac #ca #dg4i #c4bccb -#ag #i #cc #ah4dfj #ah v,s ,r #fgfac #ca #eb4d #c4bcce -#ag #aj #eb #ah4deh #ah v,s ,e#ej deg4 #fggac #ca #eb4e #c4bcci -#ag #ab #dg #ah4deh #ah v,s bn dif #fghac #cb #ed4i #c4bchf -#ag #bi #eg #ah4dbb #ag v,s b,m ,e#aje deg4 #fgiac #eg #db4e #b4acgi #ed #ed #e #ag4dfa ,b ,s ,e#ij deg4 neb998 #fhjad #a #ej4i #b4aacf #ed #dd #ej #ag4bhj ,s p,f bp #fhaad #b #c4a #b4ajee #ed #ef #ag #ag4bgb p,b ,l i #fhbae #j #h4a #a4fgab #ee #ei #b #ad4agj #ah v,s ,r b,m #fhcae #j #cb4d #a4ffid #ee #eh #ba #ad4add #ah v,s v,f ,e#aaj deg4 #fhdae #j #cc4g #a4ffcd #ef #d #eb #ad4adc #ag v,s ,e#afj deg4 #fheae #a #b4i #a4fgbb #ee #ea #ec #ad4aac #ag v,s ,r b,m #fhfbe #a #d4a #a4ffch #ef #j #eh #ad4aaa #ag v,s ,r b,m #fhgae #a #cj4d #b4gcbb #ai #dj #ef #ad4jhb ,s ,r ,f #fhhae #a #cb4c #b4gbbe #bj #aa #ae #ad4jhj ,s p,f ,e#de deg4 #fhibe #a #cg4b #b4gbea #bj #c #a #ad4jge v,s ,f ,e#aj deg4 #fijae #b #ca4e #a4fddc #ef #ab #ec #ad4jah #af v,s ,r b,m #fiaae #b #di4b #b4gbgc #ai #di #ef #ac4iii p,s ,f gb,m #fibae #b #ei4f #a4fcde #ef #bj #dd #ac4ihi #ag v,s ,r bs #ficbe #c #ah4a #a4fece #ee #eg #cd #ac4igj #ac neb99 #fidae #c #bi4j #b4gbdc #ai #ef #bi #ac4ieh v,f ,s ,r #fiebe #c #cj4i #a4fdic #ef #j #di #ac4ief #af v,s ,n ,e#aje deg4 #fifae #c #cd4i #b4gbac #bj #e #ci #ac4ieb v,s ,f ,e#de deg4 #figae #c #dj4i #b4gbjg #bj #g #g #ac4idf v,f p,l ,spiral #fihae #c #dg4h #a4fefd #ee #ea #e -#ac4ici #ag v,s ,e#de deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,description4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #fiiae #c #ed4b #a4fdgi #ee #ei #dj -#ac4icb #ag v,s b,m ,e#ace deg4 #gjjae #c #ef4h #b4gbdb #ai #ed #da #ac4ibi v,s ,f #gjaae #d #bc4g #b4gbha #ai #dj #bc #ac4ija ,f p,l gb,m ,spiral8 #gjbae #d #bh4b #b4gbdh #ai #ej #be #ac4hif p,b ,s ,e#ij deg4 #gjcae #d #ca4i #a4fefc #ee #df #f #ac4hib #ah v,s ,e#ce deg4 #gjdae #e #de4e #a4fbgg #ef #bj #de #ac4hae #ag v,s ,r ,n #gjeae #e #eb4a #a4fdja #ee #ee #e #ac4hjg #ah v,s ,r ,n #gjfae #f #cg4d #a4fbfc #ef #e #ag -#ac4gfj #ah v,s ,r b,m #gjgbb #bi #da4j #b4gbad #cd #bb #ec #ah4eac ,f ,s ,e#ij deg4 #gjhbb #cj #ch4a #b4gbii #cc #eh #cf #ah4edd ,f ,s ,r #gjibb #cj #ed4h #b4gcjf #cd #j #ba #ah4eeb ,f p,s vmb,m #gajbb #ca #c4a #b4gcdd #cc #dd #eh #ah4eeg p,b v,s m ,e#ij deg4 vmb,m #gaabb #ca #ag4f #b4gcjc #cd #h #ce #ah4eff v,f v,s m ,e#afj deg4 #gabbb #ca #dc4i #b4gccd #cd #a #cb #ah4egi ,f p,l i99 inv #gacbb #cb #a4e #b4gcid #cc #db #ae #ah4ehh v,f ,s m ,e#adj deg4 #gadbb #cb #bi4h #b4gcbd #cd #ai #ac #ah4fjc p,b v,s gmb,m #gaebb #cb #cc4b #b4gced #cd #f #e #ah4fje v,f p,l gb,m #gafbb #cb #df4b #b4gcic #cc #ea #bj #ah4fab ,d99 inv set on p99 #gagbb #cb #ej4c #b4gcdg #cd #ac #ec #ah4fad p,b ,s ,e#j deg4 vmb,m #gahbb #cc #a4c #b4gdjf #cd #ai #ch #ah4fbj v,b ,s l ,e#ej deg4 vmb,m #gaibb #cc #cg4g #b4gcfa #cd #ba #a #ah4fdj p,f p,l l ,e#ij deg4 #gbjbb #cc #ej4e #b4gddh #cc #dc #af #ah4fdg ,neb99 #gbabb #cc #eh4a #b4gdaj #cd #d #i #ah4fea v,f p,s ,e#de deg4 #gbbbb #cd #j4f #b4gddb #cc #di #f #ah4feb ,f ,s ,e#bj deg4 #gbcbb #cd #aj4h #b4gdec #cc #df #ei #ah4feh ,f p,l gb,m #gbdbc #h #bi4c #c4jead #d #j #ch #ai4edc ,b v,s ,e#ace deg4 #gbebc #h #di4f #c4jdii #d #bj #bf #ai4edi vv,f ,s ,r #gbfbc #i #db4j #c4jeae #d #e #dc #ai4eff ,b ,s v,e #agj deg4 #gbgbc #aj #a4a #c4jebi #c #di #db #ai4egb ,b ,s neb99 #gbhbc #aj #bd4d #c4jejd #d #ba #bj #ai4ehj ,b neb99 #gbibc #aj #bh4a #c4jeja #d #be #ad #ai4eha p,s v,f i #gcjbc #aa #aa4e #c4jeba #d #e #ai #ai4eid ,s l ,e#ij deg4 #gcabc #dg #d4f #c4jfbj #g #ej #ba #bj4jaf ,f p,l ,n ,spiral8 #gcbbc #dh #ae4g #c4jfcb #g #ce #cb #bj4jba v,f ,,bn ,e#ajj deg4 ,spiral #gccbc #di #ci4c #c4jfdj #g #di #bf #bj4jbg ,f v,s mb,m l ,e#de deg4 #gcdbc #ef #ac4c #c4jffa #ae #ee #cd #bj4jde vv,f v,s #gcebc #ef #af4j #c4jffc #ae #dc #cf #bj4jde p,b v,s #gcfbc #ef #cf4i #c4jffh #ae #de #ab #bj4jde ,f v,s #gcgbc #ef #dj4a #c4jffi #ae #de #ei #bj4jde ,f v,s ,e#fj deg4 #gchbc #ef #eb4i #c4jfeg #bj #be #eg #bj4jdf ,s v,f ,f99 sp #gcibc #eg #d4h #c4jfgf #ae #di #i #bj4jdf v,f p,s #gdjbc #eh #d4j #c4jfib #ae #bd #cd #bj4jdf ,b m ,e#ace deg4 ,n #gdabc #eh #ah4a #c4jfhf #bj #dg #h #bj4jdg v,s v,f ,e#de deg4 #gdbbc #eh #ec4c #c4jgje #ae #bg #dh #bj4jdg ,f v,s #gdcbc #ei #bj4h #c4jgac #ae #be #cb #bj4jdg vv,f v,s #gddbc #ei #bc4b #c4jgaj #bj #i #dj #bj4jdg ,s ,f ,e#agj deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,abbreviations ,,used ,,in ,,description4 ,the number denotes magnitude1--estimated from the negative4 v,s very small1 #cj'' ,s small1 #cj'' to #b' or #c' ,l large1 #b' or #c' ,b bright ,d double ,e elongated ,f faint i,f irregular figure ,m middle or in the middle ,n nucleus ,r round b brighter bn brighter toward the north side bs brighter toward the south side bp brighter toward the preceding side bf brighter toward the following side bsw brightest toward the south-west b,m brighter toward the middle dif diffused diffic difficult e,f extremely faint g gradually i irregular l little m much p pretty p,b pretty bright p,f pretty faint sc scattered stell stellar sb,m suddenly brighter toward the middle v very vb,m very much brighter toward the middle v,s very small ,f99inv faint star involved circle planetary ,,positions ,,of ,,known ,,nebulae ,,determined ,,from ,,the ,,crossley ,,negatives4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,n4,g4,c4 ,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,remarks4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #ahe #j #cc #bg4i #c4bhff #dg #dg #h #ai4hdj #bdg #j #db #aa4j #b4iggj -#ba #ah #ba #ai4gjh #bec #j #db #ch4f #b4iebf -#be #ej #d #ai4gja #eji #a #ah #i4f #c4adbi #h #ed #dj #ah4hid #eaf #a #ah #ec4b #c4addd #i #a #df #ah4hgf #eah #a #ai #c4j #c4adbh #h #dh #cb #ah4hga #ebb #a #ai #cj4f #c4adhf #i #bh #ai #ah4heg #ebd #a #ai #cc4j #c4adad #i #a #b #ah4hef #ebe #a #ai #cg4i #c4adfd #i #aj #ed #ah4hed #ecb #a #bj #b4e #c4adcj #h #dd #ce #ah4hda 444 #a #ba #g4c #c4adic #i #bc #ba #ah4haj ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 ,sup4 #aad #fbh #a #ca #bd4h #c4bada #ae #af #bb #ah4dgc #hia #b #af #ag4g #c4gddg #da #ec #dd #af4fji #ijf #b #ah #ei4e #c4gejb #da #ch #aj #af4dgf #ajbc #b #cd #h4a #c4gchg #ch #cg #db #ae4fha #ajee #b #cf #cg4e #c4jgci #j #j #dh #ae4ede #ajfh #b #cg #cc4g #c4jfeh - #j #bf #bc #ae4dic #ajgb #b #ch #bc4g #c4jgae - #j #g #h #ae4ddg #ajhd #b #da #d4e #b4ieac - #g #ei #ef #ae4cjj #afch #d #cf #cc4d #c4jbhg - #b #j #f #g4aci #aica #e #bd #dh4g #c4ifie #cd #aj #g #c4jfg #bcff #g #ah #ai4c #f4dbdi #fi #bd #ea - #f4gah #bcga-b #g #ai #af4d #c4ghia #bi #da #ac #f4gig #bdjc #g #bg #aa4g #e4hcfg #fe #di #ac #g4dde #bfbd #h #cb #bd4b #c4deff #bj #d #bd #ab4cgj #bfhc #h #df #bg4f #c4gdag #cc #dg #ea #ac4cag #bhda #i #ae #g4h #d4agee #ea #bd #c #ae4jhj #bijc1 #e #i #bf #cj4d #c4djfe #ba #ef #ae #ae4gaf ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 #bijc and #bije #cjjc #i #db #ci4a #c4eghf #cc #ec #i #af4eec #cjba #i #de #a4j #c4egce #cd #a #ad #af4fgj #cjca #i #dg #ag4i #e4jdcj #fi #cb #ad #af4ghe #cjgi #i #ee #aa4d #d4ajej #ef #i #cd #ag4adg #caae #aj #j #ae4a #b4ihgg - #g #ad #f #ag4cgb #caef #aj #g #cj4e #c4aajg #c #cg #bi #ag4fhj #caff #aj #h #cd4i #c4aadc #c #ee #aa #ag4gbd #cafi #aj #i #d4b #c4aaed #c #eg #da #ag4gdd #cahd #aj #ab #ag4d #c4faeh #da #ee #bg #ag4hgd #caih #aj #ac #dg4i #c4fiai #df #c #c #ag4icc #cbbb #aj #ag #f4e #c4bhgi #bj #bc #cj #ah4jfb #cbbg #aj #ag #ei4a #c4bhfd #bj #bd #ad #ah4jid #cbbf #aj #ah #b4h #c4bhei #bj #bb #ac #ah4jig 444 #aj #bj #ee4b #d4ebdh #fh #ee #ad #ah4bjd ,coddington's ,neb4 in ,ursa ,major4 #ceef #aa #e #cf4h #c4edbj #ef #ac #j #ai4dhe #cehg #aa #i #j4a #c4ejbi #ee #cc #dg #ai4eec #cfbc #aa #ac #db4h #c4acgd #ac #ch #bc #ai4fci #cfbg #aa #ae #b4b #c4aceb #ac #cb #ah #ai4ffb #cgbf #aa #bg #ee4d #c4bgfd #dg #cd #ej #ai4hea #dbbf #ab #aa #bh4b #b4iiie #dg #cd #ec #bj4jbd #dbca #ab #aa #ea4a #b4iief #dh #j #df #bj4jbb #dbcb #ab #aa #ea4b #b4iieg #dg #ei #ci #bj4jbb #dbdd #ab #ab #bi4d #c4jadh #ch #bd #cd #bj4jag #dbdh #ab #ab #ec4a #b4ihij #dg #eg #eb #bj4jaf #dbed #ab #ac #de4j #c4jeji #ad #eh #ai #bj4jaa #dbeh #ab #ad #j4h #b4ihba #dg #ea #ce #bj4jaj #dbib #ab #af #aj4c #c4jfci #e #i #a #ai4iig #dcjc #ab #af #dh4g #c4jfcg #e #a #db #ai4iic #dcba #ab #ag #ea4j #c4jdah #af #bb #cf #ai4ihf #dcgi #ab #bj #aa4b #c4jchb #af #i #dc #ai4igj #dchb #ab #bj #ba4c #c4jcba #ah #dd #de #ai4ifh #dcid #ab #bj #ec4j #c4jcaj #ah #df #g #ai4ifd #deja #ab #bf #ef4f #c4jcjd #ad #eh #ba #ai4iji #deaf #ab #bh #e4a #c4jbhb #ae #g #ch #ai4hih #debg #ab #bi #b4b #c4jfbi #c #ab #ai #ai4hhf #decc #ab #bi #ae4f #c4jfch #b #eb #ci #ai4hhd #decf #ab #bi #bj4f #c4jfdb #b #dd #bb #ai4hhc #defe #ab #ca #bc4c #b4ihab #bf #cb #bj #ai4hei #dfbg #ab #cg #g4c #b4icaf #cc #g #bb #ai4ghd #dfca #ab #cg #ad4d #b4icae #cc #e #ai -#ai4ghc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,n4,g4,c4 ,greek3 a,precession,greek3 d,precession ,remarks4 #aijj4j #aijj4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m s s deg4 ' '' '' #dgab #ab #dd #dj4c #b4idge #bf #j #ee -#ai4ffg #dgbe #ab #de #cc4j #b4idcd #bf #b #dd #ai4feb #dgcf #ab #df #aj4e #b4hcdd #da #ci #ed #ai4fda #dgdg #ab #df #eb4d #b4icha #bf #ai #h #ai4fbi #dhbf #ab #ea #di4a #b4idii #bb #ac #cj #ai4ech #ejee #ac #aa #bj4e #b4fife #db #cc #bh #ai4jhc #eaid #ac #be #dj4a #b4eceh #dg #db #dc #ah4ffc #ebdg #ac #cb #ch4f #c4bcfh -#ag #bb #bh #ah4dca #edeg #ac #ei #dj4d #b4abfd #ed #di #dd #ag4cge #eheg #ae #b #ed4h #b4gbdd #ai #eh #ef #ac4iic #ehei #ae #c #b4b #b4gbde #ai #eh #a #ac4ihf #ehff #ae #c #de4c #a4fdje #ef #h #ed #ac4ida #ehgj #ae #c #dh4e #a4feef #ee #ea #ej -#ac4ich #gcae #bb #cj #ec4d #b4gbgj #cd #ag #h #ah4eeb #gcca #bb #cb #bd4e #b4gcgd #cc #ec #ee #ah4fjj #gccc #bb #cb #dj4a #b4gchj #cc #ee #dd #ah4fji #gccf #bb #cb #db4f #b4gcgg #cc #eg #dg #ah4faj #gcdj #bb #cc #d4g #b4gcii #cc #ec #bh #ah4fbb #gecg #bc #i #bi4c #c4jeba #c #eg #ad #ai4efb #geda #bc #i #ch4g #c4jebj #c #ei #ba #ai4efe #gggh #bc #dh #ab4i #c4jfce #g #ah #ee #bj4jba #gggi #bc #dh #bj4j #c4jfcf #g #ai #ab #bj4jba #gghj #bc #dh #be4e #c4jfcc #g #cc #dd #bj4jba #ggha #bc #dh #ci4b #c4jfch #g #ah #ag #bj4jbb #gghb #bc #dh #dg4a #c4jfch #g #bd #eb #bj4jbc #ghad #bc #eh #g4e #c4jfic #ae #ce #bj #bj4jdf #ghag #bc #eh #ea4b #c4jfii #bj #aa #df #bj4jdg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,no4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,n4,g4,c4 ,no4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,date4 --------------------------------- ,exposure4 -------------------------- ,enlargement4 -------------------- ,orientation ,top ---------------- ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ h m #a #bbd #ahii1 ,september #g #c #j #b4j,w ,great nebula in ,andromeda4 #b #bec #aijb1 ,december #ah-bjc #j #b4e,s ,h ,v1 #a4 #c #eih #ahii1 ,september #ab #c #cj #b4a,w ,m #cc4 #d #fbh #ahii1 ,october #ca #d #j #c4d,s ,m #gd4 #e #fej #ahii1 ,september #aa #c #j #c4d,s ,m #gf4 #f #hia #ahii1 ,november #f #d #j #c4d,s ,h ,v1 #ai4 #g #ajfh #ahii1 ,december #c #c #j #g4b,s ,m #gg4 #h 44 #ahii1 ,december #bh #d #j #b4a,w ,pleiades4 #i #aieb #ahii1 ,december #bd #b #j #c4d,s ,crab nebula4 #aj 44 #ahih1 ,november #af #j #dj #b4b,s ,great nebula in ,orion4 #aa 44 #ahii1 ,february #i #j #e #b4e,s ,great nebula in ,orion4 #ab #aigg #aijj1 ,january #ba #b #ej #b4d,s ,h ,v1 #cj4 #ac #bjbd #aijb1 ,january #bh #c #j #b4d,s ,h ,v1 #bh4 #ad #bjfh #aijb1 ,november #bf #c #j #b4d,s ,m #gh4 #ae #bbfd #aijc1 ,february #bc #c #j #b4e,s ,nebula near #ae ,monocerotis4 #af 44 #aijc1 ,february #bf #d #j #b4e,s ,new nebula in ,monoceros 7,roberts74 #ag #bdjc #aijj1 ,february #bg #d #j #c4d,s ,h ,v1 #dd4 #ah #bfhc #aijj1 ,february #bc #c #bj #c4c,s ,h ,i1 #bjj4 #ai #bhda #aija1 ,april #ag #c #j #c4d,s ,h ,i1 #bje4 #bj #bijc-e #aijj1 ,february #bd #c #cj #c4d,s ,h ,i1 #ef1 #eg4 #ba #cjca #aijj1 ,march #ba #c #ee #c4d,s ,m #ha4 #bb #caae #aija1 ,april #i #b #cj #e4j,s ,h ,i1 #afc4 #bc #caih #aijj1 ,march #bd #d #j #d4c,s ,h ,i1 #aii4 #bd #cbbf-g #aija1 ,april #aj #c #j #c4d,s ,h ,,ii1 #bh1 #bi4 #bea #aija1 ,april #i #j #a #bj ,s ,h ,,iv1 #bg4 #cbdb #beb #aija1 ,april #h #j #aj #bj ,s ,h ,,iv1 #bg4 #bf #ceef #aijb1 ,may #c #d #j #c4c,s ,h ,v1 #df4 #bg #cehg #aijj1 ,march #bh #d #j #c4c,s ,owl nebula4 #bh #cfbc #aijj1 ,april #bc #c #cj #c4h,s ,m #fe4 #bi #cfbg #aijj1 ,april #bc #c #cj #d4c,s ,m #ff4 #cj;,a#cgbf #aijj1 ,march #bi #d #j #d4i,s ,h ,,ii1 #gcj4 #cj;,b#cgbf #aijj1 ,march #bi #d #j #d4i,s ,h ,,ii1 #gcj4 #ca #dbdd #aijj1 ,march #cj #c #j #c4g,s ,h ,v1 #da4 #cb #dbed #aijb1 ,june #g #c #ai #c4g,s ,m #ii4 #cc #dbeh #aijc1 ,may #bc #c #ec #c4h,s ,h ,v1 #dc4 #cd #dcjc #aijj1 ,april #bg #c #j #c4d,s ,m #fa4 #ce #dcba #aija1 ,april #ai #c #j #d4b,s ,m #ajj4 #cf #ddhe-ij #aija1 ,april #ag #a #de #d4d,s ,h ,i1 #aig-h4 #cg #deja #aijb1 ,june #bg-bh #c #j #c4i,s ,m #hh4 #ch #decf #aijc1 ,may #bg #c #cj #c4c,s ,h ,v1 #b4 #ci #deei #aija1 ,may #i #c #j #c4d,s ,h ,i1 #ib4 #dj #defe #aija1 ,april #ba #c #j #c4c,s ,h ,v1 #bd4 #da #dfca #aijb1 ,june #f #c #j #c4c,s ,h ,v1 #db4 #db #dgbe #aijb1 ,june #cj-;,july #bc #cb #c4d,s ,h ,i1 #hd4 #dc #dgcf #aijb1 ,july #g #j #cj #c4c,s ,m #id4 #dd #dgcf #aijb1 ,july #d #c #j #c4c,s ,m #id4 #de #dhbf #aijj1 ,may #bg #b #cj #c4h,s ,m #fd4 #df #ejee #aijb1 ,july #e #c #cj #c4c,s ,m #fc4 #dg #eaid-e #ahii1 ,may #aj #d #j #c4c,s ,m #ea4 #dh #ebgb #aijj1 ,may #bb #a #cj #c4h,s ,m #c4 #di #edeg-h #ahii1 ,june #h #d #j #c4b,s ,m #aja4 #ej #eheg-i #aijj1 ,may #ca #b #cj #g4b,s ,h ,,ii1 #gea-b4 #ea #ehff #aijb1 ,july #bh #c #j #d4i,s ,h ,i1 #bae4 #eb #eijd #aijj1 ,may #bd #a #cj #c4g,s ,m #e4 #ec #fbje #aijj1 ,june #bb #b #j #c4h,s ,m #ac4 #ed #fbah #ahii1 ,july #aa #b #j #c4g,s ,m #ab4 #ee #fead #ahii1 ,july #f #c #j #d4a,s ,trifid nebula4 #ef #febc #ahii1 ,july #g #d #j #b4j,w ,m #h4 #eg #fedc #ahii1 ,august #h #j #e #ai ,s ,h ,,iv1 #cg4 #eh #ffah #ahii1 ,july #i #d #j #c4a,s ,omega nebula4 #ei #fgbj #ahii1 ,july #ad #j #aj #ac ,s ,m #eg4 #fj #fhec #ahii1 ,july #ca #c #j #c4h,s ,dumb-,bell nebula4 #fa #fhid #ahii1 ,august #i #a #j #g4b,s ,h ,,iv1 #ac4 #fb #fidf #ahii1 ,august #g #d #j #c4i,s ,h ,,iv1 #gf4 #fc #fiie #ahii1 ,august #bi #d #j #b4b,s ,network nebula in ,cygnus4 #fd #gjji #ahii1 ,july #bh #j #aj #ag ,s ,h ,,iv1 #a4 #ahii1 ,july #cj #j #b ,h ,,iv1 #a4 #fe #gjbc #aijc1 ,august #ai-bj #c #j #c4h,s ,h ,,iv1 #gd4 #ff #gbag #ahii1 ,august #ab #d #j #g4a,s ,h ,,ii1 #bjg4 #fg #gcca #ahii1 ,august #aa #d #j #c4h,s ,h ,i1 #ec4 #fh #gdgi #ahii1 ,august #i #b #j #d4h,s ,h ,i1 #ee4 #ajs #bjs #fi #gffb #ahii1 ,september #e #cjs#ag ,s ,h1 ,,iv1 #ah4 #am #bm #gj #ghad #ahii1 ,september #cj #c #j #d4i,s ,h ,,ii1 #bdj4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,illustration3 ,plate #a ,,the ,,great ,,nebula ,,in ,,andromeda ,illustration3 ,plate #b ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,v4,i4 ,,ceti ,illustration3 ,plate #c ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m4#cc ,,trianguli ,illustration3 ,plate #d ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m4#gd ,,piscium ,illustration3 ,plate #e ,,the ,,nebula ,m4#gf ,,persei ,illustration3 ,plate #f ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v4 #ai ,,andromedae ,illustration3 ,plate #g ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m4#gg ,,ceti ,illustration3 ,plate #h ,,the ,,pleiades ,illustration3 ,plate #i ,,the ,,crab ,,nebula ,,in ,,taurus ,illustration3 ,plate #aa ,,central ,,portion ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,nebula ,,in ,,orion ,illustration3 ,plate #ab ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v4 #cj1 ,,orionis ,illustration3 ,plate #ac ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v4 #bh ,,orionis ,illustration3 ,plate #ad ,,the ,,nebula ,m4#gh ,,orionis ,illustration3 ,plate #ae ,,nebula ,,near #ae ,,monocerotis ,illustration3 ,plate #af ,,new ,,nebula ,,in ,,monoceros 7,,roberts7 ,illustration3 ,plate #ag ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,v4#dd ,,camelopardi ,illustration3 ,plate #ah ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,i4#bjj ,,leonis ,,minoris ,illustration3 ,plate #ai ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i4#bje ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #bj ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i4#ef-eg ,,leonis ,illustration3 ,plate #ba ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #ha1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #bb ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,i4#afc1 ,,sextantis ,illustration3 ,plate #bc ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i4#aii1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #bd ,,the ,,double ,,nebula ,h4,,ii #bh-bi1 ,,leonis ,illustration3 ,plate #be ,,the ,,planetary ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #bg1 ,,hydrae ,illustration3 ,plate #bf ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v #df1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #bg ,,the ,,owl ,,nebula1 ,m #ig1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #bh ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #fe1 ,,leonis ,illustration3 ,plate #bi ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #ff1 ,,leonis ,illustration3 ,plate #cj ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,,ii1 #gcj1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #ca ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v #da1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #cb ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #ii1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #cc ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,v #dc1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #cd ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #fa1 ,,virginis ,illustration3 ,plate #ce ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #ajj1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #cf ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,i #aig-aih1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #cg ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #hh1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #ch ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,v #b1 ,,virginis ,illustration3 ,plate #ci ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i #ib1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #dj ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v #bd1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #da ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,v #db1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #db ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i #hd1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #dc ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #id1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #dd ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #id ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #de ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #fd1 ,,comae ,,berenices ,illustration3 ,plate #df ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #fc1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #dg ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #ea1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #dh ,,the ,,star ,,cluster ,m #c1 ,,canum ,,venaticorum ,illustration3 ,plate #di ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,m #aja1 ,,ursae ,,majoris ,illustration3 ,plate #ej ,,the ,,double ,,nebula ,h4,,ii #gea-geb1 ,,bootis ,illustration3 ,plate #ea ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,i #bae1 ,,draconis ,illustration3 ,plate #eb ,,the ,,star ,,cluster ,m #e1 ,,librae ,illustration3 ,plate #ec ,,the ,,star ,,cluster ,m #ac1 ,,herculis ,illustration3 ,plate #ed ,,the ,,star ,,cluster ,m #ab1 ,,ophiuchi ,illustration3 ,plate #ee ,,the ,,trifid ,,nebula1 ,m #bj1 ,,sagittarii ,illustration3 ,plate #ef ,,the ,,nebula ,m #h1 ,,sagittarii ,illustration3 ,plate #eg ,,the ,,planetary ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #cg1 ,,draconis ,illustration3 ,plate #eh ,,the ,,horse ,,shoe ,,or ,,omega ,,nebula ,m #ag1 ,,sagittarii ,illustration3 ,plate #ei ,,the ,,ring ,,nebula1 ,m4#eg1 ,,in ,,lyra ,illustration3 ,plate #fj ,,the ,,dumb-,,bell ,,nebula ,,in ,,vulpecula ,illustration3 ,plate #fa ,,the ,,annular ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #ac1 ,,cygni ,illustration3 ,plate #fb ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #gf1 ,,cephei ,illustration3 ,plate #fc ,,the ,,net-,,work ,,nebula ,,in ,,cygnus ,illustration3 ,plate #fd ,,the ,,planetary ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #a1 ,,aquarii ,illustration3 ,plate #fe ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #gd1 ,,cephei ,illustration3 ,plate #ff ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,,ii #bjg1 ,,pegasi ,illustration3 ,plate #fg ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i #ec1 ,,pegasi ,illustration3 ,plate #fh ,,the ,,spiral ,,nebula ,h4,i #ee1 ,,pegasi ,illustration3 ,plate #fi ,,the ,,planetary ,,nebula ,h4,,iv #ah1 ,,andromedae ,illustration3 ,plate #gj ,,the ,,nebula ,h4,,ii #bdj1 ,,pegasi ,,footnotes3 #a ,reprinted from ,the ,astrophysical ,journal1 #aa1 #cbe1 #aijj4 #b ,for a more complete history of this part of the subject1 see ,dr4 ,holden's articles in ,pub4 ,ast4 ,soc4 ,pacific1 #g1 #aig et seq41 #ahie4 #c ,the difficulties here referred to1 about which a good deal has been written1 seem to have had their origin in the fact that it was impossible1 at the time of the preliminary trials1 to provide the observer with an assistant1 while the ,crossley reflector is practically unmanageable by a single person4 #d ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #dh1 #chf4 #e ,kindly lent by the ,astronomical ,society of the ,pacific4 #f ,mem4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #df1 #agc4 #g ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #dh1 #bhj1 #ahhh4 #h ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #di1 #big4 ,the construction here described is not followed exactly in the ,crossley apparatus4 ,the guiding eyepiece slides freely when not held by a clamp4 ,pin-holes for preventing fogging are unnecessary when red light is used4 #i ,it so happens that the tension of the vertical thread is such that it begins to slacken when the temperature falls to within about #b deg4 of the dew point4 ,the thread thus forms an excellent hygrometer1 which is constantly under the eye of the observer4 ,when the thread becomes slack1 it is time to cover the mirrors4 #aj ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #dh1 #ceb4 #aa ,the following list includes all papers of interest3 ,photographic ,observations of ,comet ,i1 #ahih 7,brooks71 made with the ,crossley ,reflector of the ,lick ,observatory4 ,a4 ,j4 ,no4 #dea1 #ai1 #aea2 see also ,ap4 ,j41 #h1 #bhg4 ,the ,small ,bright ,nebula near ,merope1 ,pub4 ,a4 ,s4 ,p41 #aj1 #bde4 ,on ,some ,photographs of the ,great ,nebula in ,orion1 taken by means of the ,less ,refrangible ,rays in its ,spectrum1 ,ap4 ,j41 #i1 #acc4 ,see also ,pub4 ,a4 ,s4 ,p41 #aa1 #gj2 ,ap4 ,j41 #aj1 #afg2 ,a4 ,n41 #cfja4 ,small ,nebulae discovered with the ,crossley ,reflector of the ,lick ,observatory1 ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #ei1 #ecg4 ,the ,ring ,nebula in ,lyra1 ,ap4 ,j41 #aj1 #aic4 ,the ,annular ,nebula ,h4 ,,iv4 #ac in ,cygnus1 ,ap4 ,j41 #aj1 #bff2 see also ,pub4 ,a4 ,s4 ,p41 #aa1 #agg4 ,on the ,predominance of ,spiral ,forms among the ,nebulae1 ,a4 ,n41 #cfja4 ,the ,distribution of ,stars in the ,cluster ,messier #ac in ,hercules 7by ,h4 ,k4 ,palmer71 ,ap4 ,j41 #aj1 #bdf4 ,the ,photographic ,efficiency of the ,crossley ,reflector1 ,pub4 ,a4 ,s4 ,p41 #aa1 #aii2 ,observatory1 #bb1 #dcg4 ,new ,nebulae discovered photographically with the ,crossley ,reflector of the ,lick ,observatory1 ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #fj1 #abh4 ,the ,spiral ,nebula1 ,h4 ,i41 #ee ,pegasi1 ,ap4 ,j41 #aa1 #a4 ,photographic ,observations of ,hind's ,variable ,nebula in ,taurus1 made with the ,crossley ,reflector of the ,lick ,observatory1 ,mon4 ,not4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 #fj1 #dbd4 ,use of the ,crossley ,reflector for ,photographic ,measurements of ,position1 ,pub4 ,a4 ,s4 ,p41 #ab1 #gc4 ,discovery and ,photographic ,observations of a ,new ,asteroid #ahii ,,fd41 ,a4 ,n41 #cfce4 ,elements of ,asteroid #ahii ,,fd4 7by ,h4 ,k4 ,palmer71 ,a4 ,n4 #cfce4 #ab ,footnote added in #aijh3 ,this concluding paragraph1 retained in the present publication for completeness1 loses point in some particulars1 because the photogravure referred to is not reproduced here4 ,the heliogravure reproduction of the ,trifid nebula is ,no4 #ee4 #ac ,since then a photograph by ,dr4 ,roberts has appeared in ,knowledge1 #bc1 #ce1 ,february1 #aijj4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by italics4 ,passages in bold are indicated by bold4 ,superscripted characters are indicated by x4 ,subscripted characters are indicated by x4 ,the original text utilizes a circle symbol2 this is represented in this text version as circle4