,illustration3 7,front ,cover7 ,glacier ,,national ,,park ,,montana ,american ,section ,,waterton-,,glacier ,,international ,,peace ,,park ,united ,states ,department of the ,interior ,harold ,l4 ,ickes1 ,secretary ,,national ,,park ,,service ,arno ,b4 ,cammerer1 ,director ,illustration ,,united ,,states ,,government ,,printing ,,office ,,washington3 #aicg ,,rules ,,and ,,regulations ,briefed ,the ,park ,regulations are designed for the protection of the natural beauties as well as for the comfort and convenience of visitors4 ,the complete regulations may be seen at the office of the superintendent and at ranger stations4 ,the following synopsis of the rules and regulations is for the general guidance of visitors1 who are requested to assist in the administration of the park by observing them4 ,fires4--,fires are the greatest menace to the forests of ,glacier ,national ,park4 ,build camp fires only when necessary and at designated places4 ,know that they are out before you leave them4 ,be sure your cigarette1 cigar1 pipe ashes1 and matches are out before you throw them away4 ,during periods of high fire hazard1 camp fires are not permitted at nondesignated camp grounds4 ,camps4--,camping is restricted to designated campgrounds4 ,burn all combustible garbage in your camp fire2 place tin cans and unburnable residue in garbage cans4 ,there is plenty of pure water2 be sure to get it4 ,visitors must not contaminate water-sheds or water supplies4 ,natural features4--,the destruction1 injury1 or disturbance in any way of the trees1 flowers1 birds1 or animals is prohibited4 ,dead and fallen wood may be used for firewood4 ,picking wild flowers and removing plants are prohibited4 ,bears4--,it is prohibited and dangerous to feed the bears4 ,do not leave foodstuffs in an unattended car or camp1 for the bear will break into and damage your car or camp equipment to secure food4 ,suspend foodstuffs in a box1 well out of their reach1 or place in the care of the camp tender4 ,dogs and cats4--,when in the park1 dogs and cats must be kept under leash1 crated1 or under restrictive control of the owner at all times4 ,fishing4--,no license for fishing in the park is required4 ,use of live bait is prohibited4 ,ten fish 7none under #f inches7 per day1 per person fishing is the usual limit2 however1 in some lakes the limit is #e fish per day and in others it is #bj4 ,visitors should contact the nearest district ranger to ascertain the fish limits in the lakes4 ,the possession of more than #b days' catch by any person at any one time shall be construed as a violation of the regulations4 ,traffic4--,speed regulations3 #ae miles per hour on sharp curves and through residential districts2 #ce miles per hour on the straightaway4 ,keep gears enmeshed and out of free wheeling on long grades4 ,keep cutout closed4 ,drive carefully at all times4 ,secure automobile permit1 fee #a4 ,rangers4--,the rangers are here to assist and advise you as well as to enforce the regulations4 ,when in doubt consult a ranger4 ,,forest ,,fires ,forest ,fires are a terrible and ever-present menace4 ,there are thousands of acres of burned forests in ,glacier ,national ,park4 ,most of these ghosts of forests are hideous proofs of some person's criminal carelessness or ignorance4 ,build camp fires only at designated camp sites4 ,at times of high winds or exceptionally dry spell1 build no fires outside1 except in stoves provided at the free auto camps4 ,at times of extreme hazard1 it is necessary to restrict smoking to hotel and camp areas4 ,guests entering the park are so informed1 and prohibitory notices are posted everywhere4 ,smoking on the highway1 on trails1 and elsewhere in the park is forbidden at such times4 ,during the dry period1 permits to build fires at any camp sites other than in auto camps must be procured in advance from the district ranger4 ,be absolutely sure that your camp fire is extinguished before you leave it1 even for a few minutes4 ,do not rely upon dirt thrown on it for complete extinction4 ,drown it completely with water4 ,drop that lighted cigar or cigarette on the trail and step on it4 ,do the same with every match that is lighted4 ,extreme caution is demanded at all times4 ,anyone responsible for a forest fire will be prosecuted to the full extent of the law4 ,if you discover a forest fire1 report it to the nearest ranger station or hotel4 ,events ,,of ,,historical ,,importance ,the heart of a territory so vast it was measured not in miles but degrees1 the site of ,glacier ,national ,park was indicated as terra incognita or unexplored on most maps even as late as the dawn of the present century4 ,to its mountain fastness had come first the solitary fur trader1 the trapper1 and the missionary2 after them followed the hunter1 the pioneer1 and the explorer2 in the nineties were drawn the prospector1 the miner1 and the picturesque trader of our last frontier2 today1 the region beckons the scientist1 the lover of the out-of-doors1 and the searcher for beauty4 ,throughout its days1 beginning with the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition1 the ,glacier country has been a lodestone for the scientist1 attracted from every corner of the earth by the combination of natural wonder and beauty to be found here4 ,a chronological list of important events in the park's history follows3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ahjd-e ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition4 ,meriwether ,lewis reached a point #dj miles east of the present park4 ,chief ,mountain was indicated as ,king ,mountain on the expedition map4 #ahaj ,first definitely known crossing of ,marias ,pass by white man4 #ahdf ,hugh ,monroe1 known to the ,indians as ,rising ,wolf1 visited and named ,st4 ,mary ,lake4 #ahec ,cutbank ,pass over the ,continental ,divide was crossed by ,a4 ,w4 ,tinkham1 engineer of exploration party with ,isaac ,i4 ,stevens1 ,governor of ,washington ,territory4 ,tinkham was in search of the present ,marias ,pass1 described to ,governor ,stevens by ,little ,dog1 the ,blackfeet chieftain4 #ahed ,james ,doty explored the eastern base of the range and camped on lower ,st4 ,mary ,lake from ,may #bh to ,june #f4 #ahee ,area now in park east of ,continental ,divide allotted as hunting grounds to the ,blackfeet by treaty4 #ahgb ,international boundary survey authorized which fixed the location of the present north boundary of the park4 #ahhb-hc ,prof4 ,raphael ,pumpelly made explorations in the region4 #ahhe ,george ,bird ,grinnell made the first of many trips to the region4 #ahhi ,j4 ,f4 ,stevens explored ,marias ,pass as location of railroad line4 #ahia ,great ,northern ,railroad built through ,marias ,pass4 #ahie ,purchase of territory east of ,continental ,divide from the ,blackfeet ,indians for #a1ejj1jjj1 to be thrown open to prospectors and miners4 #aija ,george ,bird ,grinnell published an article in ,century ,magazine which first called attention to the exceptional grandeur and beauty of the region and need for its conservation4 #aiaj ,bill creating ,glacier ,national ,park was signed by ,president ,taft on ,may #aa4 ,maj4 ,w4 ,r4 ,logan became first superintendent4 #aicb ,waterton-,glacier ,international ,peace ,park dedicated4 #aicc ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway opened to travel throughout its length4 #aicd ,franklin ,d4 ,roosevelt first ,president to visit ,glacier ,national ,park4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,contents ,page ,international ,peace ,park #a ,how to ,reach ,glacier ,park #c ,by ,rail #c ,by ,automobile #c ,by ,airplane #c ,centers of ,interest #c ,glacier ,park ,station #c ,two ,medicine #d ,cutbank #f ,red ,eagle #f ,st4 ,mary and ,sun ,camp #f ,many ,glacier ,region #h ,belly ,river ,valley1 ,waterton ,lake1 and ,goathaunt #aa ,flattop ,mountain and ,granite ,park #ac ,logan ,pass #ad ,avalanche ,camp #ad ,lake ,mc,donald #ae ,sperry ,chalets #af ,belton #af ,what to ,do and ,see #ag ,fishing #ag ,hiking and ,mountain ,climbing #ah ,popular trails #ba ,swimming #bb ,camping out #bb ,photography #bb ,park ,highway ,system #bb ,how to ,dress #bc ,accommodations #bd ,saddle-,horse ,trips #be ,all-,expense ,tours by ,bus #bf ,transportation #bg ,launches and ,rowboats #bh ,administration #bh ,naturalist ,service #bi ,automobile ,campgrounds #bi ,post ,offices #bi ,miscellaneous #bi ,the ,park's ,geologic ,story #cj ,flora and ,fauna #cd ,ideal ,place to ,see ,american ,indians #cd ,references #cg ,government ,publications #dj ,illustration3 ,photo by ,hileman4 ,,kinnerly ,,peak ,,from ,,kintla ,,lake ,,glacier ,national ,park ,,season ,,june #ae ,,to ,,september #ae ,glacier ,national ,park1 in the ,rocky ,mountains of northwestern ,montana1 established by act of ,congress ,may #aa1 #aiaj1 contains #iha1fha acres1 or #a1ecd square miles1 of the finest mountain country in ,america4 ,nestled among the higher peaks are more than #fj glaciers and #bjj beautiful lakes4 ,during the summer months it is possible to visit most of the glaciers and many of the lakes with relatively little difficulty4 ,horseback and foot trails penetrate almost all sections of the park4 ,conveniently located trail camps1 operated at a reasonable cost1 make it possible for visitors to enjoy the mountain scenery without having to carry food and camping equipment4 ,many travelers hike or ride through the mountains for days at a time1 resting each evening at one of these high mountain camps4 ,the glaciers found in the park are among the few in the ,united ,states which are easily accessible4 ,,international ,,peace ,,park ,the ,waterton-,glacier ,international ,peace ,park was established in #aicb by ,presidential proclamation1 as authorized by the ,congress of the ,united ,states and the ,canadian ,parliament4 ,at the dedication exercises in ,june of that year1 the following message from the ,president of the ,united ,states was read3 ,the dedication of the ,waterton-,glacier ,international ,peace ,park is a further gesture of the good will that has so long blessed our relations with our ,canadian neighbors1 and ,i am gratified by the hope and the faith that it will forever be an appropriate symbol of permanent peace and friendship4 ,in the administration of these areas each component part of the ,peace ,park retains its nationality and individuality and functions as it did before the union4 ,illustration3 ,copyright1 ,hileman4 ,,waterton ,,lake--,,the ,,international ,,peace ,,lake ,,how ,,to ,,reach ,,glacier ,,park ,,by ,,rail ,the park entrances are on the main transcontinental line of the ,great ,northern ,railway4 ,glacier ,park ,station1 ,mont41 the eastern entrance1 is #a1jha miles west of ,st4 ,paul1 a ride of #cj hours4 ,belton1 ,mont41 the western entrance1 is #fcg miles east of ,seattle1 a ride of #bj hours4 ,for information regarding railroad fares1 service1 etc41 apply to railroad ticket agents or address ,a4 ,j4 ,dickinson1 passenger-traffic manager1 ,great ,northern ,railway1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,minn4 ,a regular bus schedule is maintained by the ,glacier ,park ,transport ,co4 to accommodate persons arriving by rail4 ,,by ,,automobile ,glacier ,national ,park may be reached by motorists over a number of well-marked automobile roads4 ,the park approach roads connect with several transcontinental highways4 ,from both the east and west sides automobile roads run north and connect with the road system in ,canada1 and motorists may continue over these roads to the ,canadian national parks4 ,glacier ,national ,park is the western terminus of the ,custer ,battlefield ,highway4 ,a fee of #a is charged for a permit to operate an automobile in ,glacier ,park4 ,this permit allows reentry into the park at any time during the current season4 ,maximum speed limit in the park is #cj miles per hour4 ,on mountain climbs and winding roads1 utmost care in driving is demanded4 ,all cautionary signs must be observed4 ,,by ,,airplane ,fast de luxe airplane service is available by ,northwest ,airlines to ,missoula1 ,mont41 and ,spokane1 ,wash41 as is transportation via ,united ,air ,lines1 from the east and west coasts to ,spokane4 ,national ,park ,airlines has a service from ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 to ,great ,falls1 ,mont4 ,,centers ,,of ,,interest ,,glacier ,,park ,,station ,glacier ,park on the ,great ,northern ,railway is the eastern entrance to the park4 ,it is located on the ,great ,plains1 near the base of ,glacier's ,rockies4 ,it is on ,u ,s #b1 which traverses from the east through northern ,montana along the southern boundary of the park to ,belton1 the western entrance1 and on to the ,pacific coast4 ,glacier ,park is also the southern terminus of the ,blackfeet ,highway which parallels the eastern boundary of the park and connects with the ,alberta highway system4 ,it is the southern end of the ,inside ,trail to ,two ,medicine1 ,cutbank1 ,red ,eagle1 and ,sun ,camp4 ,the commodious ,glacier ,park ,hotel1 several lesser hotels1 auto camps1 stores1 an auxiliary park office1 a ,government fish hatchery1 a post office and other structures are located here4 ,the village gives a fine touch of western life1 with ,indians1 cowboys1 and picturesque characters contributing to its color4 ,an encampment of ,blackfeet is on ,midvale ,creek2 these ,indians sing1 dance1 and tell stories every evening at the hotel4 ,,two ,,medicine ,two ,medicine presents a turquoise mountain lake surrounded by majestic forest-covered peaks separated by deep glaciated valleys4 ,a road leads into it from the ,blackfeet ,highway and ends at the chalets near the foot of ,two ,medicine ,lake4 ,across the water rises ,sinopah ,mountain1 while to the north sweep upward the gray-green slopes of ,rising ,wolf to terminate in purple-red argillites and snow banks4 ,one of the most inviting camp sites of the park is immediately below the outlet of the lake1 not far from the chalets4 ,from it1 one looks across a smaller lake1 banked with gnarled and twisted limber pines1 to the superb mountain scenery in every direction4 ,the cirques and broad mountain valleys above timberline are studded with cobalt blue lakes1 and carpeted with multicolored beds of flowers4 ,mountain goats and sheep are frequently seen in these higher regions4 ,beaver colonies are located at the outlet of ,two ,medicine ,lake and elsewhere around it1 making this one of the best regions in the park to study these interesting mammals4 ,an abundance of brook and rainbow trout in ,two ,medicine waters makes it a favorite spot for fishermen4 ,illustration3 ,photo by ,hileman4 ,,trick ,,falls ,,in ,,two ,,medicine ,,creek ,a campfire entertainment with a short popular talk is conducted every evening in the campfire circle of the auto camp by a resident ranger naturalist4 ,both chalet and campground guests avail themselves of the opportunity to meet for pleasure and instruction under the stars4 ,trails for hikers and saddle-horse parties radiate to adjacent points of interest3 to ,glacier ,park via ,scenic ,point and ,mount ,henry1 to ,upper ,two ,medicine ,lake and ,dawson ,pass1 to ,two ,medicine ,pass and ,paradise ,park1 and up the ,dry ,fork to ,cutbank ,pass and ,valley4 ,a daily afternoon launch trip across ,two ,medicine ,lake brings the visitor to the foot of ,sinopah1 from which there is a short1 delightful path through dense evergreen forest to the foot of ,twin ,falls4 ,trick ,falls1 near the highway bridge across ,two ,medicine ,river1 #b miles below the lake1 is more readily accessible and should be visited by everyone entering the valley4 ,a great portion of its water issues from a cave beneath its brink4 ,in the early season it appears a very proper waterfall1 paneled by lofty spruce with the purple1 snow-crowned ,rising ,wolf ,mountain in the background4 ,in late season water issues from the cave alone1 with the dry fall over its yawning opening4 ,,cutbank ,cutbank is a primitive1 densely wooded valley with a singing mountain stream4 ,six miles above the ,blackfeet ,highway are a quiet chalet1 a ranger station1 and a small grove for auto campers4 ,a spur lane1 leaving the highway at ,cutbank ,bridge1 #d miles north of the ,browning ,wye1 brings the autoist to this terminus4 ,a more popular means of approach is on horseback1 over ,cutbank ,pass from ,two ,medicine or over ,triple ,divide ,pass from ,red ,eagle4 ,cutbank is a favorite site for stream fishermen4 ,at the head of the valley above ,triple ,divide ,pass is the ,triple ,divide ,peak 7#h1jja feet7 which parts its waters between the three oceans surrounding ,north ,america1 i4 e41 its drainage is through the ,missouri-,mississippi system to the ,gulf of ,mexico 7,atlantic71 through the ,saskatchewan system to ,hudson ,bay 7,arctic71 and through the ,columbia system to the ,pacific4 ,,red ,,eagle ,red ,eagle ,lake in ,red ,eagle ,valley is reached by trail only from ,cutbank over ,triple ,divide ,pass or from ,st4 ,mary ,chalets or ,sun ,camp via the ,many ,falls ,trail4 ,from the lake rise imposing ,split1 ,almost-a-,dog1 and ,red ,eagle ,mountains4 ,on its sloping forested sides reposes ,red ,eagle ,camp1 which furnishes rest and shelter4 ,it is a stopping place for travelers on the ,inside ,trail from ,sun ,camp or ,st4 ,mary to ,glacier ,park1 and is a favorite spot for fishermen1 as large1 gamey1 cutthroat trout abound in the waters of the lake4 ,reached by a secondary1 picturesque trail that winds through magnificent forests1 the head of ,red ,eagle ,creek originates in a broad1 grassy area almost as high as the ,continental ,divide4 ,this bears ,red ,eagle ,glacier and a number of small unnamed lakes1 and is hemmed in by imposing rock walls and serrate peaks4 ,,st4 ,,mary ,,and ,,sun ,,camp ,to many people ,upper ,st4 ,mary ,lake is the most sublime of all mountain lakes of the world4 ,from its foot roll the plains northeastward to ,hudson ,bay and the ,arctic4 ,its long and slender surface is deep emerald green1 nestled in a salient in the ,front ,range1 with peaks rising majestically a mile sheer over three of its sides4 ,these for the most part possess names of ,indian origin3 ,going-to-the-,sun1 ,piegan1 ,little ,chief1 ,mahtotopa ,red ,eagle1 and ,curley ,bear4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,going-,,to-,,the-,,sun ,,chalets ,st4 ,mary ,chalet at the lower end of the lake1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets 7,sun ,camp7 near the upper end1 ,roes ,creek ,camp ,grounds on the north shore1 and a hikers' camp at the outlet of ,baring ,creek furnish ample accommodations for all classes of visitors4 ,the celebrated ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway from ,st4 ,mary ,junction over ,logan ,pass to ,lake ,mc,donald runs along the north shore of ,st4 ,mary ,lake past ,roes ,creek ,camp4 ,spurs connect the chalets4 ,trails centering at ,sun ,camp lead everywhere3 ,along the south shore 7the ,many ,falls ,trail7 to ,red ,eagle and ,st4 ,mary ,chalets2 up ,st4 ,mary ,valley to ,blackfeet ,glacier1 ,gunsight ,lake1 and over ,gunsight ,pass to ,lake ,ellen ,wilson1 ,sperry ,chalets1 and ,lake ,mc,donald2 up ,reynolds ,creek over ,logan ,pass and along the ,garden ,wall to ,granite ,park2 a spur from the trail up the same creek turns right and joins at ,preston ,meadows1 high on ,going-to-the-,sun ,mountain1 with another trail from ,sun ,camp which leads up ,baring ,creek past ,sexton ,glacier and over ,siyeh ,pass2 from ,preston ,meadows over ,piegan ,pass and down ,cataract ,canyon to ,many ,glacier2 up ,roes ,creek to ,roes ,basin2 up ,mount ,reynolds to a fire look-out4 ,a ranger naturalist is stationed at ,sun ,camp who conducts field trips daily1 lectures each evening in the chalet lobby1 and maintains a cut-flower exhibit there4 ,small stores are maintained at both chalets2 gasoline is obtainable at each4 ,scenic twilight launch rides on the lake are featured when the waters are calm4 ,the ranger-naturalist generally accompanies these trips to impart interesting information about the lake and mountains4 ,walks and hikes are popular at ,sun ,camp--to ,baring1 ,st4 ,mary1 ,florence1 and ,virginia ,falls2 to ,roes and ,baring ,basins2 to ,sexton and ,blackfeet ,glaciers2 to the summit of ,goat ,mountain4 ,sunrift ,gorge1 #ajj feet north of the highway at ,baring ,creek ,bridge1 should be seen by everyone4 ,it can be reached by trail from ,sun ,camp4 ,,many ,,glacier ,,region ,for many ,swiftcurrent ,lake is the hub of points of interest1 to be surpassed by no other spot in the park4 ,from it branch many deep and interesting glacial valleys4 ,fishing1 boating1 swimming1 hiking1 photographing1 mountain climbing1 horseback riding1 and nature study are to be enjoyed at their best here4 ,it is reached by an excellent spur road from the ,blackfeet ,highway at ,babb1 or by trail from ,sun ,camp1 ,granite ,park1 and ,waterton ,lakes4 ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 the largest hotel in the park1 is located on ,swiftcurrent ,lake4 ,just beyond the hotel is an excellent auto camp and a group of auto housekeeping cabins4 ,the hotel has telegraph and telephone services1 an information desk1 curio shop1 a grill room and soda fountain1 swimming pool1 barber and shoe-shining shop1 photograph shop1 a first-aid medical establishment1 and other services4 ,a garage is situated near the hotel4 ,a store with an ample line of campers' needs1 including fresh meat1 bread1 butter1 and eggs1 is located in the auto campground4 ,ranger-naturalist service is available at ,many ,glacier4 ,this includes daily field walks2 a nightly lecture augmented by motion pictures and slides in the ,convention ,hall in the basement of the hotel2 an evening campfire entertainment in the auto camp2 a cut-flower and geological exhibit in the hotel lobby and in the auto camp2 a small museum on the opposite shore of the lake from the hotel1 on the road leading to the campground2 a self-guiding trail around ,swiftcurrent ,lake2 information service in the museum2 a naturalist-accompanied launch trip on ,swiftcurrent and ,josephine ,lakes in the afternoon4 ,in addition to this last-named1 several other launch trips are taken daily on these lakes4 ,this service may be used to shorten hikers' distance to ,grinnell ,lake and ,glacier4 ,illustration3 ,grant photo4 ,,picturesque ,,glacier ,,park ,,hotel ,many ,glacier is a center for fishermen1 as there are a dozen good fishing lakes in the vicinity4 ,rainbow1 brook1 and cutthroat trout abound in ,swiftcurrent1 ,josephine1 and ,grinnell ,lakes1 and the lakes of the ,upper ,swiftcurrent ,valley4 ,wall-eyed pike are plentiful in ,lake ,sherburne1 the only body of water in the park in which these fish are found4 ,there are many excellent trails in the ,swiftcurrent region4 ,cracker ,lake1 ,morning ,eagle ,falls1 ,cataract ,falls1 ,grinnell ,lake1 ,grinnell ,glacier1 ,iceberg ,lake1 and ,ptarmigan ,lake are all reached by oiled horseback trails4 ,good footpaths lead around ,swiftcurrent and ,josephine ,lakes to the summit of ,mount ,altyn and to ,appekunny ,falls and ,cirque4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,bighorn ,,rams ,,are ,,among ,,the ,,many ,,interesting ,,animals ,,to ,,be ,,seen ,,in ,,glacier ,the possibility of seeing and studying wildlife is best in the ,many ,glacier region4 ,except during midsummer1 mountain sheep are commonly seen at close range around the chalets or in the flats above ,lake ,sherburne4 ,throughout summer they are high on the slopes of ,mount ,altyn or ,henkel4 ,mountain goats are often seen clinging to the precipitous ,pinnacle ,wall on the way to ,iceberg ,lake1 or on ,grinnell ,mountain while en route to ,grinnell ,glacier1 or on the trail to ,cracker ,lake4 ,black bears and grizzlies occasionally visit the grounds near the hotel4 ,conies are to be heard bleating among the rock slides back of the ranger station along the trail to ,iceberg ,lake1 or near the footpath across the lake from the hotel4 ,early in the morning1 or at twilight1 beavers are frequently seen swimming in the lake4 ,marmots are common in many valleys near the hotel and auto camp4 ,deer infrequently visit the region4 ,hikers1 horseback riders1 and rangers have reported seeing such rare animals as foxes1 wolves1 and lynxes4 ,without moving from one's comfortable chair on the veranda of the hotel one may watch the ospreys soaring back and forth over the lake in quest of fish4 ,these graceful and interesting birds have their huge nest on top of a dead tree across the lake from the hotel4 ,the pair of birds return annually to the same nest4 ,beside ,swiftcurrent ,falls1 two families of nesting water ouzels may be studied at close range4 ,,belly ,,river ,,valley1 ,,waterton ,,lake1 ,,and ,,goathaunt ,though much like ,swiftcurrent ,valley in topographical make-up1 the ,belly ,river district is much wilder and more heavily forested4 ,it is accessible by trail only from ,many ,glacier over ,ptarmigan ,wall or from ,waterton ,lake over ,indian ,pass4 ,these1 with spur trails to ,helen and ,margaret ,lakes1 make up the principal trail system4 ,the ,glacier ,park ,saddle ,horse ,co4 maintains a comfortable mountain camp on ,crossley ,lake1 where food and lodging are available at reasonable rates4 ,fishing is good in the lakes of the ,belly ,river country4 ,the #cc-mile trip from ,many ,glacier to ,waterton is one of the finest to be taken in the park4 ,crossley ,lake ,camp is approximately midway4 ,the ,international ,waterton ,lake and the northern boundary line of ,glacier ,national ,park mutually bisect each other at right angles4 ,mount ,cleveland rises #f1cjj feet sheer above the head of the lake4 ,waterton ,lake townsite1 ,alberta1 is located at the foot4 ,it is reached by highway from ,glacier ,park1 ,babb1 ,cardston1 ,lethbridge1 ,calgary1 and points in the ,canadian ,rockies4 ,the modern ,prince of ,wales ,hotel1 several other hostelries1 cabin camps1 garages1 stores1 and other conveniences are in the settlement4 ,a #ab-mile spur highway leads to ,cameron ,lake1 another international body of water on whose northern 7,canadian7 shore is a fine example of a sphagnum bog4 ,another winding road leads to a colorful canyon known as ,red ,rock4 ,a picturesque cut-off highway over aspen-covered foothills around the very base of majestic ,chief ,mountain1 and beginning at a point #d miles north of ,babb1 leads to ,waterton ,lakes ,park in ,canada4 ,trails lead from the village to principal points of interest in the ,canadian ,park as well as up the west shore to the head of the lake at which are situated the ,government ranger station and ,goathaunt ,camp4 ,the head of the lake is more readily reached by the daily launch service from ,waterton ,village1 or over trail from ,many ,glacier by ,crossley ,lake ,camp1 or by ,granite ,park and ,flattop ,mountain4 ,a scenic trail leads to ,rainbow ,falls and up ,olson ,valley to ,browns ,pass1 ,bowman ,lake1 ,hole-in-the-,wall ,falls1 ,boulder ,pass1 and ,kintla ,lake in the northwest corner of the park4 ,there are no hotel or camp accommodations at ,bowman or ,kintla ,lakes4 ,illustration3 ,grant photo4 ,,horseback ,,party ,,on ,,boulder ,,pass ,game is varied and abundant at ,waterton ,lake4 ,moose are sometimes seen in the swampy lakes along ,upper ,waterton ,river4 ,later in the season1 bull elk are heard bugling their challenge through the night4 ,deer are seen both at ,waterton ,lake ,village and ,goathaunt ,camp4 ,sheep and goats live on neighboring slopes4 ,one does not have to leave the trail to see evidence of the work of the beaver4 ,the trail down ,waterton ,valley has had to be relocated from time to time1 as these industrious workers flooded the right-of-way4 ,a colony lives at the mouth of the creek opposite ,goathaunt ,camp4 ,otters have been seen in the lakes in the evening4 ,marten have bobbed up irregularly at the ranger station4 ,bird life is abundant in this district1 because of the variety of cover4 ,waterfowl are frequently seen on the lake4 ,a pair of ospreys nest near the mouth of ,olson ,creek4 ,pine grosbeaks1 warblers1 vireos1 kinglets1 and smaller birds abound in the hawthorne and cottonwood trees1 and in the alder thickets4 ,,flattop ,,mountain ,,and ,,granite ,,park ,glacier ,park has within its boundary two parallel mountain ranges4 ,the eastern1 or front range1 extends from the ,canadian boundary almost without a break to ,new ,mexico4 ,the western1 or ,livingston ,range1 rises at the head of ,lake ,mc,donald1 becomes the front range beyond the international line1 and runs northwestward to ,alaska4 ,between these two ranges in the center of the park is a broad swell which carries the ,continental ,divide from one to the other4 ,this is ,flattop ,mountain1 whose groves of trees are open and parklike1 wholly unlike the dense forests of the lowlands with which every park visitor is well acquainted4 ,a trail leads south from ,waterton over ,flattop to the tent camp called ,fifty ,mountain and to ,granite ,park1 where a comfortable high-mountain chalet is located4 ,here is exposed a great mass of lava1 which once welled up from the interior of the earth and spread over the region which was then the bottom of a sea4 ,the chalets command a fine view of the majestic grouping of mountains around ,logan ,pass1 of the noble summits of the ,livingston ,range1 and of systems far to the south and west of the park4 ,extending in the near foreground are gentle slopes covered with sparse clumps of stunted vegetation4 ,in early ,july open spaces are gold-carpeted with glacier lillies and bizarrely streaked with lingering snow patches4 ,beyond are the deep1 heavy forests of ,upper ,mc,donald ,valley4 ,the chalets may also be reached from ,sun ,camp and ,logan ,pass over a trail along the ,garden ,wall1 from the highway #b miles above the western switchback by a #d-mile trail1 from ,avalanche ,camp and ,lake ,mc,donald over the ,mc,donald ,valley trail1 and from ,many ,glacier by the beautiful trail over ,swiftcurrent ,pass4 ,a short distance from the chalets a spur from the trail to the ,waterton ,lake leads to ,ahern ,pass1 from which there is an unexcelled view of ,ahern ,glacier1 ,mount ,merritt1 ,helen and ,elizabeth ,lakes1 and the ,south ,fork of the ,belly ,river4 ,this spur is only a mile from the chalets4 ,at ,fifty ,mountain ,camp1 half-way between ,granite ,park and ,waterton1 a second spur1 a quarter of a mile long1 takes one above ,flattop ,mountain to the summit of the knife-edge4 ,from here there is a fine panorama of ,mount ,cleveland1 ,sue ,lake1 and ,middle ,fork of ,belly ,river4 ,a foot trail #a mile long leads from the ,granite ,park chalet to the summit of ,swiftcurrent ,mountain upon which a fire lookout is located4 ,for the small amount of effort required to make this ascent of #a1jjj feet1 no more liberal reward of mountain scenery could be possible4 ,another foot trail leads from the chalets to the rim of the ,garden ,wall1 from which there are splendid views of ,grinnell ,glacier and the ,swiftcurrent region4 ,animal life is varied and easily studied at ,granite ,park4 ,bear and deer are common in this section4 ,mountain goats are frequently seen above ,flattop ,mountain or near ,ahern ,pass4 ,mountain sheep graze on the slopes of the ,garden ,wall4 ,ptarmigan should be looked for1 especially above ,swiftcurrent ,pass4 ,granite ,park is a paradise for lovers of alpine flowers4 ,on the ,garden ,wall1 the connoisseur should seek for the rare1 heavenly blue alpine columbine4 ,here are expanses of dryads1 globe flowers1 alpine firewood1 and a wealth of others4 ,early ,july is the best time for floral beauty4 ,,logan ,,pass ,logan ,pass lies between the headwaters of ,logan and ,reynolds ,creeks4 ,it crosses the ,continental ,divide and carries the ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway from ,lake ,mc,donald to ,upper ,st4 ,mary ,lake and the trail from ,sun ,camp to ,granite ,park4 ,though there are no overnight stopping places on the pass1 its accessibility by automobile makes it a starting place for several delightful walks1 chiefly to ,hidden ,lake1 which occupies a basin only recently evacuated by ice1 and tiny ,clements ,glacier1 which sends its water to both the ,arctic and ,pacific ,oceans1 and which has been termed ,museum ,glacier because it encompasses in its few hundred acres of surficial area all of the principal features of a major glacier4 ,ranger-naturalist services1 including short field trips1 are available daily throughout summer on the pass4 ,,avalanche ,,camp ,avalanche auto camp is located in a grove of cedars and cottonwoods on a picturesque flat at the mouth of ,avalanche ,creek4 ,it is equipped with modern toilets1 showers1 and laundry1 but has no stores or gasoline station4 ,a ,government ranger naturalist and a camp tender serve the camp1 which is on ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway4 ,near the upper end of the camp1 ,avalanche ,creek has cut a deep1 narrow gorge through brilliant red argillite4 ,it is filled with potholes scoured out by stones swirled in the foaming torrent4 ,drooping hemlocks1 festooned with goatsbeard lichen1 keep the spot in cool1 somber gloom even on the hottest midday4 ,this gorge is the home of the water ouzel1 which is often seen flying back and forth in the spray4 ,from the gorge1 a self-guiding trail leads #b miles to ,avalanche ,basin1 a semicircular amphitheater with walls over #b1jjj feet high over which plunge a half dozen snowy waterfalls4 ,a dense forest and calm lake repose on the floor of the cirque4 ,fishing is good in the lake4 ,the narrow canyon through which the trail leads from the camp offers fine views of ,heaven's ,peak1 ,mount ,cannon1 ,bearhat ,mountain1 ,gunsight ,mountain with the cirque bearing ,sperry ,glacier1 and the canyon in which ,hidden ,lake reposes4 ,in the early season the walls of the basin and canyon are draped with countless waterfalls4 ,the sides of ,cannon and ,bearhat offer one of the most opportune places for seeing mountain goats4 ,in late season huckleberries are abundant4 ,a ranger naturalist conducts an entertainment every evening in the campfire circle in the auto camp4 ,,lake ,,mcdonald ,lake ,mc,donald is the largest lake in the park1 being #aj miles long and a mile wide4 ,its shores are heavily forested with cedar1 hemlock1 white pine1 and larch4 ,at its head1 impressive1 rocky summits rise to elevations #f1jjj feet above its waters4 ,the ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway runs along its southeastern shore4 ,its outlet is #b miles above ,belton station4 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel is on the highway near the upper end of the lake4 ,it has a store for general supplies1 a gasoline station1 curio shop1 and all modern conveniences4 ,its dining room1 facing the lake1 is one of the most appropriate and charming in the park4 ,its lobby is filled with well-mounted animals and birds of the region4 ,it is the focal point for trails to ,sperry ,chalet and ,gunsight ,pass1 ,upper ,mc,donald ,valley1 the summit of ,mount ,brown1 and ,arrow ,lake4 ,there is good fishing in ,arrow and ,snyder ,lakes4 ,private cabin camps are located at the head and foot of the lake4 ,a general store and gasoline filling station are located at the foot of the lake4 ,a well-equipped public auto campground is at ,sprague ,creek1 near ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel4 ,ranger-naturalist services are available at the hotel4 ,lectures on popular natural history are delivered each evening in the hotel lobby and at the ,sprague ,creek campfire circle4 ,a cut wild-flower exhibit is also placed in the hotel4 ,self-guiding trails lead to ,fish and ,johns ,lakes1 short distances from the hotel4 ,,sperry ,,chalets ,sperry ,chalets are located in a picturesque high-mountain cirque1 with precipitous1 highly colored ,edwards1 ,gunsight1 and ,lincoln ,peaks hemming it in on three sides4 ,it is reached by trail only from ,lake ,mc,donald and from ,sun ,camp via ,gunsight and ,lincoln ,passes4 ,mountain climbing1 exploring ,sperry ,glacier1 fishing in nearby ,lake ,ellen ,wilson1 and meeting mountain goats are the chief diversions of this entrancing spot1 located at timberline4 ,during late afternoons goats are to be seen perched against the cirque walls4 ,practically every evening they start down for the chalets1 to reach there after midnight and fill expectant visitors with joy4 ,besides these1 deer1 marmots1 conies1 and ,clark nutcrackers and other wildlife are abundant4 ,,belton ,belton1 on the ,great ,northern ,railway1 is the entrance to the west side of the park4 ,it has stores1 hotel1 chalet1 and a cabin camp to accommodate the visitor4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,rocky ,,mountain ,,goat ,,what ,,to ,,do ,,and ,,see ,,fishing ,the waters of ,glacier ,national ,park abound in fish4 ,all popular species of trout have been planted4 ,they have thrived owing to the abundant natural fish foods and the nearly constant temperature of the waters the year around4 ,cutthroat1 eastern brook1 and rainbow1 are the most abundant4 ,fly fishing is the greatest sport1 but spinners and the ever-abundant grasshopper may be used successfully by those not skilled in the use of the fly4 ,in the larger lakes a ,mackinaw or ,dolly ,varden weighing #dj pounds is a possibility4 ,all fishing must be in conformity with the park regulations4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,fishing ,,the ,,rapids ,two ,medicine ,chalets4--,two ,medicine ,lake has become well known for its eastern brook and rainbow trout4 ,good fishing is also found in the ,two ,medicine ,river below ,trick ,falls4 ,this lake and stream are probably better stocked than any in the park1 because of the proximity to the hatchery at the eastern entrance4 ,cut ,bank ,chalets4--,this camp is located on the banks of the ,north ,fork of ,cut ,bank ,creek1 which may be fished both ways from the camp for a distance of from #c to #e miles4 ,cutthroat and eastern brook inhabit this section1 and the fisherman who takes the center of the stream and fishes with skill is sure of a well-filled creel4 ,the ,south ,fork at ,cut ,bank ,creek is a wild little stream1 well stocked1 but little known4 ,st4 ,mary ,chalets4--,st4 ,mary ,lake is the home of the ,mackinaw trout1 as well as cutthroat and rainbow trout4 ,numerous streams empty into this lake from which a goodly toll may be taken with fly or spinner4 ,red ,eagle ,lake1 easily reached by trail from ,st4 ,mary ,chalets1 is one of the best fishing spots in the park4 ,there is also good fishing in ,red ,eagle ,creek4 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets4--,the lakes in ,roes ,creek ,basin will furnish excellent sport4 ,for the large ,mackinaw trout the upper end of ,st4 ,mary ,lake is a good place4 ,gunsight ,lake1 #i miles distant1 is well stocked with rainbow trout4 ,many ,glacier ,hotel4--,lake ,sherburne contains pike1 ,lake ,superior whitefish1 and rainbow and cutthroat trout4 ,pike1 and often a cutthroat1 are readily taken with the troll4 ,swiftcurrent ,river affords good stream fishing for the fly caster4 ,swiftcurrent1 ,grinnell1 ,josephine1 and ,ptarmigan ,lakes are famous for cutthroat1 eastern brook1 and rainbow trout4 ,the small lakes along the ,swiftcurrent ,pass ,trail abound in eastern brook and rainbow trout4 ,cracker ,lake is always ready to fill the creel with a small black-spotted trout4 ,the ,north and ,south ,forks of ,kennedy ,creek are excellent for fishing4 ,cutthroats are abundant in them and in ,slide ,lake4 ,lower ,kennedy ,lake on the ,south ,fork abounds in grayling4 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel4--,fishing in ,lake ,mc,donald is good but there is unusually good trout fishing in ,fish ,lake 7#b miles71 ,avalanche ,lake 7#i miles71 ,snyder ,lake 7#e miles71 and ,lincoln ,lake 7#aa miles74 ,trout ,lake 7#g miles7 and ,arrow ,lake 7#aa miles71 as well as ,mc,donald ,creek1 also furnish a good day's sport4 ,there is a good automobile road to within #c miles of ,avalanche ,lake4 ,red ,eagle ,tent ,camp4--,red ,eagle ,lake and ,red ,eagle ,creek1 both above and below the lake1 abound in large cutthroat trout1 some attaining the weight of #g pounds4 ,crossley ,lake ,tent ,camp4--,crossley and other lakes on the ,middle ,fork of the ,belly ,river furnish excellent sport4 ,cutthroat and ,mackinaw trout are found here4 ,large rainbow trout and grayling abound in ,elizabeth ,lake4 ,in the ,belly ,river proper1 rainbow and cutthroat trout and grayling are plentiful4 ,goathaunt ,tent ,camp4--,large ,mackinaw and cutthroat trout are found in ,waterton ,lake2 eastern brook trout are numerous in ,waterton ,river2 ,lake ,francis on ,olson ,creek abounds in rainbow trout4 ,,hiking ,,and ,,mountain ,,climbing ,the park is a paradise for hikers and mountain climbers4 ,there are numerous places of interest near all hotels and chalets which can be visited by easy walks4 ,or trips can be made to occupy one or more days1 stops being planned at various hostelries or camping sites en route4 ,space does not permit giving detailed information regarding points of interest along the trails1 but this can be secured from ,elrod's ,guidebook and the ,united ,states topographic map4 ,directional signs are posted at all trail junctions4 ,there is not the slightest danger of hikers getting lost if they stay on the trails4 ,it is safe to travel any of these trails alone4 ,unless wild animals in the park are molested or are protecting their young they never attack human beings4 ,hikers should secure a topographic map of the park which shows all streams1 lakes1 glaciers1 mountains1 and other principal features in their proper positions4 ,with a little practice it can be read easily4 ,the official map can be purchased for #be cents at the superintendent's office at ,belton1 the administration office at ,glacier ,park ,station1 the hotels1 and all registration stations at the park entrances4 ,the trip should not be ruined by attempting too much4 ,an average of #b or #c miles per hour is good hiking time in the rough park country4 ,one thousand feet of climb per hour is satisfactory progress over average trails4 ,in this rugged country hikes of #ae miles or more should be attempted only by those who are accustomed to long1 hard trips4 ,an attempt at mountain climbing or stunts should not be made alone unless one is thoroughly acquainted with the nature of ,glacier's mountains and weather4 ,too often stunts result in serious body injuries1 or even death1 as well as much arduous work for rangers and others4 ,hikers should consult a ranger naturalist or information ranger before venturing on a hazardous1 novel1 or new undertaking4 ,no one but an experienced mountaineer should attempt to spend a night in the open4 ,shelter cabins1 for free use by parties overtaken by a storm1 have been erected by the ,government on ,indian1 ,piegan1 and ,gunsight ,passes4 ,they are equipped with flagstone floors1 stoves1 and a limited supply of fuel wood4 ,mountain etiquette demands that they not be left in a disorderly state1 that no more fuel be consumed than is absolutely necessary1 and that their privileges and advantages not be abused4 ,shelter is not available in some of the most beautiful sections of the park4 ,to those who are sufficiently sturdy to pack blankets1 cooking utensils1 and provisions1 and are sufficiently versed in woodcraft to take care of themselves overnight1 ,glacier presents wonderful opportunities4 ,provisions can be purchased at ,glacier ,park ,station1 ,belton1 and at any hotel or chalet in the park4 ,for fire prevention1 it is unlawful to build campfires 7or fires of any kind7 except at designated places4 ,the location of these sites can be ascertained from park rangers4 ,unless one is an experienced mountaineer and thoroughly familiar with the park1 it is unwise to go far from the regular trails alone4 ,he should not scorn the services of a guide on such trips4 ,above all1 he should not attempt to hike across country from one trail to another4 ,the many sheer cliffs make this extremely dangerous4 ,if one is a veteran mountaineer and plans to climb peaks or explore trackless country1 he should take the precaution to leave an outline of his plans at his hotel1 chalet1 or camp1 giving especially the time he expects to return or reach his next stopping place4 ,at each ranger station1 hotel1 chalet1 and permanent camp in the park will be found a ,hiker's ,register book4 ,everyone is urged for his own protection to make use of these registers1 entering briefly his name1 home address1 time of departure1 plans1 and probability of taking side trips or of changing plans4 ,the hotel clerk should be informed of these at the time of departure4 ,if a ranger is not there1 this information should be entered in the register which will be found near the door outside the building1 so that when the ranger returns he can report it to the next station or to headquarters4 ,these precautions are to protect the park visitor4 ,in case of injury or loss1 rangers will immediately investigate4 ,in planning hiking trips1 the following should also be taken into consideration3 ,at higher elevations one sunburns easily and painfully because of the rarity of the atmosphere and intense brightness of the sun4 ,hikers should include in their kits amber goggles and cold cream for glacier and high mountain trips4 ,footwear is most important4 ,a hike should not be started with shoes or boots that have not been thoroughly broken in4 ,because feet swell greatly on a long trip1 hiking shoes should be at least a half size larger than street shoes4 ,they need not be heavy1 awkward shoes--in fact1 light shoes are much easier on the feet4 ,most people are made uncomfortable by high-top boots or shoes which retard the circulation of the calves4 ,six-or eight-inch tops are sufficient4 ,soles should be flexible1 preferably of some composition which is not slippery when wet4 ,crepe soles are excellent for mountain climbing and for fishing4 ,hobnailed shoes are necessary only for grassy slopes or cross-country work4 ,hungarian nails are much to be preferred to hobs1 and only a light studding of soles and heels is most effective4 ,white silk socks should be worn next to the feet1 a pair of heavy wool 7,german7 socks over them4 ,soaking the feet daily in salt or alum solution toughens them4 ,on a hike the feet should be bathed in cold water whenever possible4 ,hiking trips with ranger naturalists are described under that service4 ,there are many interesting short side trips from all hotels1 chalets1 and camps4 ,short self-guiding trails upon which interesting objects of natural history are fittingly labeled have been established at the following places3 #a4 ,around ,swiftcurrent ,lake 7#b-a_/b miles74 #b4 ,from ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel to ,fish ,lake 7#b miles74 #c4 ,from ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel to ,johns ,lake 7#b miles74 #d4 ,from ,avalanche ,campground to ,avalanche ,lake 7#b miles74 ,lunches may be ordered from hotels and chalets the night before a trip4 ,if an early departure is planned1 it should be so stated upon ordering the lunch4 ,,popular ,,trails 7,figures indicate altitude in feet above sea level7 ,glacier ,park ,hotel 7#d1gif7 to ,two ,medicine ,chalets 7#e1age7 via ,mount ,henry ,trail 7#g1ejj74 ,distance1 #aa miles4 ,two ,medicine ,chalets to ,cut ,bank ,chalets 7#e1ajj7 via ,cut ,bank ,pass 7#g1fjj71 #ag-a_/b miles4 ,cut ,bank ,chalets via ,triple ,divide ,pass 7#g1djj7 and ,triple ,divide ,peak 7#h1jja7 to ,red ,eagle ,camp on ,red ,eagle ,lake 7#d1gjb71 #af miles4 ,red ,eagle ,camp to ,st4 ,mary ,chalets 7#d1ejj71 #i miles4 ,the ,many ,falls ,trail3 ,red ,eagle ,camp via the south shore of ,st4 ,mary ,lake and ,virginia ,falls to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets 7#d1ejj71 #aa-a_/b miles4 ,the #b-;day trip1 ,st4 ,mary ,chalets to ,red ,eagle ,camp 7#g miles7 and thence over ,many ,falls ,trail to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 is excellent4 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets via ,sunrift ,gorge 7#d1hjj71 ,siyeh 7#h1ajj71 and ,piegan 7#g1hjj7 ,passes to ,many ,glacier ,hotel 7#d1hfa71 #ag-a_/b miles4 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets via ,reynolds ,creek1 ,preston ,park1 and ,piegan ,pass to ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 #ai miles4 ,many ,glacier ,hotel to ,granite ,park ,chalets 7#f1fjj7 via ,swiftcurrent ,pass 7#g1agf71 #i miles4 ,granite ,park ,chalets to ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel 7#c1afg7 via ,mc,donald ,creek1 #ah miles4 ,granite ,park ,chalets 7#f1fjj7 via ,logan ,pass 7#f1fed7 to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets 7#d1ejj71 #ah miles4 ,granite ,park ,chalets to the ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway 7#e1bjj7 meeting it #b miles above the switchback1 #d miles4 ,granite ,park ,chalets to ,goathaunt ,camp at ,waterton ,lake 7#d1bjj7 via ,flattop ,mountain 7#f1ejj71 #bj miles4 ,a short side trail leads to ,ahern ,pass1 from which is obtained a splendid view of the valley of the ,south ,fork of ,belly ,river4 ,another from ,flattop ,mountain to the ,summit of the ,continental ,divide overlooks ,sue ,lake and the ,middle ,fork of the ,belly ,river4 ,fifty ,mountain ,camp is midway between ,granite ,park and ,goathaunt ,camp4 ,goathaunt ,camp to ,browns ,pass 7#f1dej71 ,boulder ,pass 7#h1bjj71 and ,hole-in-the-,wall ,falls1 #ae miles4 ,one of the most scenic trips in the park4 ,from ,boulder ,pass a trail leads to ,kintla ,lake2 from ,browns ,pass a trail to ,bowman ,lake4 ,a secondary road leads from ,kintla to ,bowman ,lakes1 #bj miles4 ,goathaunt ,camp via ,indian ,pass 7#g1djj7 to ,crossley ,lake ,camp 7#d1hee71 #ah miles4 ,crossley ,lake ,camp to ,many ,glacier ,hotel 7#d1hfa7 via the celebrated ,ptarmigan ,trail which includes a #ahc-;foot tunnel through ,ptarmigan ,wall1 #ag miles4 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel to ,avalanche ,camp 7#c1djj71 #f-a_/b miles4 ,avalanche ,camp to ,avalanche ,lake 7#c1hhe71 #b miles4 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel to ,sperry ,chalets 7#f1ejj71 #f miles4 ,from ,sperry ,chalets to ,sperry ,glacier1 #b-a_/b miles4 ,sperry ,chalets to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets 7#d1ejj7 via ,lincoln 7#g1jjj7 and ,gunsight 7#f1ijj7 ,passes1 #ac miles4 ,,swimming ,while it is possible for visitors to indulge in lake bathing1 it will be found that the water of the lakes1 usually just from the melting glaciers1 is uncomfortably cold1 and for this reason is not enjoyed except by the most hardy4 ,swimming pools and plunges with warmed water are provided at ,glacier ,park ,hotel and ,many ,glacier ,hotel4 ,,camping ,,out ,the traveler who is not in a hurry may camp out in the magnificent wilderness of the park1 carrying equipment in his automobile and staying as long as he wishes in any of the free ,government campgrounds1 or he may carry his bed and provisions on his back4 ,with a competent guide and a complete camping outfit the park visitor may set forth upon the trails to wander at will4 ,on such trips one may venture far afield1 explore glaciers1 climb divides for extraordinary views1 linger for the best fishing1 or spend idle days in spots of inspirational beauty4 ,the ,glacier ,park ,saddle ,horse ,co4 provides excellent small sleeping tents and a complete outfitting of comforts for pack trips4 ,there are several important points to be remembered on such trips3 ,a ,government topographic map should be procured and consulted frequently4 ,extreme care should be taken about fires4 ,no fire should be left even for a few minutes unless it is entirely extinguished4 ,it should be drenched completely with water4 ,,photography ,glacier offers exceptional views to delight the photographer4 ,while the scenic attractions are most commonly photographed1 the animals1 the flowers1 and the picturesque ,blackfeet ,indians provide interesting subjects4 ,photographic laboratories are maintained at ,many ,glacier1 ,lake ,mc,donald1 and ,glacier ,park ,hotels1 and at ,belton village4 ,expert information regarding exposures and settings is also available at these places4 ,,park ,,highway ,,system ,the ,blackfeet ,highway1 lying along the east side of the park1 is an improved highway1 leading from ,glacier ,park ,station to the ,canadian line via ,babb1 ,mont41 and from the line to ,waterton ,lakes ,park and other ,canadian points via ,cardston1 ,alberta4 ,there is also an improved picturesque cut-off highway1 which branches from this road at ,kennedy ,creek ,junction1 #d miles north of ,babb1 leading around the base of ,chief ,mountain to ,waterton ,lakes ,park4 ,improved highways lead from the ,blackfeet ,highway to ,two ,medicine ,lake1 the ,cutbank ,chalets1 and ,many ,glacier ,hotel on ,swiftcurrent ,lake4 ,the ,theodore ,roosevelt ,highway 7,,us #b7 follows the southern boundary of the park from ,glacier ,park ,station to ,belton1 a distance of #eh miles1 and a trip over this highway affords views of excellent scenery4 ,the spectacular ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway1 well known as one of the outstanding scenic roadways of the world1 links the east and west sides of the park1 crossing the ,continental ,divide through ,logan ,pass at an altitude of #f1fed feet1 and connects with the ,blackfeet ,highway at ,st4 ,marys ,junction1 a distance of #ea miles from ,belton4 ,east of the divide an improved spur road leads to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets on famous ,st4 ,marys ,lake4 ,on the west side at ,apgar1 #b miles above ,belton1 a narrow dirt road follows the north fork of the ,flathead ,river to ,bowman and ,kintla ,lakes4 ,,how ,,to ,,dress ,as a rule tourists are inclined to carry too much4 ,there are no unnecessary formalities and no need for formal clothes in ,glacier ,park1 where guests are expected to relax from everyday affairs of living4 ,an inexpensive and simple outfit is required--old clothes and stout shoes are the rule4 ,these1 together with toilet articles1 can be wrapped into a compact bundle and put into a haversack or bag4 ,for saddle trips1 hiking1 or idling1 both men and women wear riding breeches for greater comfort and freedom4 ,golf knickers are also satisfactory4 ,shorts1 such as are worn by ,boy ,scouts1 are not generally feasible in this park4 ,ordinary cotton khaki breeches will do1 although woolen ones are preferable2 lightweight woolen underwear and overshirt are advised because of rapid changes of temperature4 ,a sweater or woolen mackinaw jacket1 #a or #b pairs of cotton gloves1 and a raincoat are generally serviceable4 ,waterproof slickers are furnished free with saddle horses4 ,supplies and essential articles of clothing of good quality1 including boots1 shoes1 leggings1 socks1 haversacks1 shirts1 slickers1 blankets1 camping equipment1 and provisions1 may be purchased at well-stocked commissaries at ,glacier ,park1 ,many ,glacier1 and ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotels and at the camp store at ,many ,glacier campground4 ,the ,glacier ,park ,hotel ,co41 which operates these commissaries1 also makes a practice of renting1 at a nominal figure1 riding outfits1 mackinaw coats1 and other overgarments4 ,stores carrying a similar general line of articles most useful in making park trips are located at ,belton and at ,glacier ,park village4 ,there is a store carrying provisions1 cigars1 tobacco1 and fishermen's supplies at the foot of ,lake ,mc,donald4 ,,accommodations ,the ,glacier ,park ,hotel ,co41 under franchise from the ,department of the ,interior1 operates the hotel and chalet system in the park and the ,belton ,chalets4 ,this system includes the ,glacier ,park ,hotel at ,glacier ,park ,station1 an imposing structure built of massive logs1 nearly as long as the ,capitol at ,washington1 accommodating #djj guests2 the ,many ,glacier ,hotel on ,swiftcurrent ,lake1 accommodating over #ejj guests2 and the ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel on ,lake ,mc,donald1 with capacity for #ajj guests4 ,the chalet groups are from #aj to #ah miles apart1 but within hiking distance of one another or of the hotels1 and provide excellent accommodations for trail tourists4 ,they are located at ,two ,medicine1 ,cutbank1 ,st4 ,mary1 ,sun ,camp1 ,granite ,park1 ,sperry1 and ,belton4 ,in addition to these1 the ,glacier ,park ,saddle ,horse ,co4 maintains tent camps at ,red ,eagle ,lake1 ,crossley ,lake1 ,goathaunt1 and ,fifty ,mountain4 ,there are also a few hotels and camps located on the west side1 in or adjacent to the park1 on private lands4 ,the ,national ,park ,service exercises no control over their rates and operations4 ,private tourist cabins and hotels are operated outside the park at ,glacier ,park ,station1 ,belton1 ,st4 ,mary1 ,babb1 and ,browning ,junction4 ,,rates ,the ,glacier ,park1 ,many ,glacier1 and ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotels are open from ,june #ae to ,september #ae4 ,the ,american-plan rates range from #f4ej a day for a room1 without bath1 to #ad a day for de luxe accommodations for one4 ,rooms may also be obtained on the ,european plan4 ,breakfast and lunch cost #a each2 dinner1 #a4ej4 ,children under #h are charged half rates1 and a discount of #aj percent is allowed for stays of a week or longer at any one hotel4 ,cabins are obtainable at ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel at a rate of #e each1 ,american plan1 for #c persons in #a room2 #b persons in room1 #e4ej each2 #a person1 #f4ej4 ,chalets operated during #aicg will be open from ,june #ae to ,september #ae1 except ,sperry and ,granite ,park1 which will open ,july ,i and close ,september #a4 ,minimum rates are computed on a basis of #d4ej a day per person1 special accommodations ranging as high as #g4ej4 ,a #aj-percent discount is allowed for stays of a week or more at any one chalet group4 ,tent camp rates are #e per day1 per person1 ,american plan4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,housekeeping ,,cabins ,,at ,,many ,,glacier ,,campgrounds ,the ,swiftcurrent auto cabins are located a little more than a mile from ,many ,glacier ,hotel4 ,here a #b-room cabin for #a or #b persons costs #b4ej a day2 #c or #d persons in a #c-room cabin1 #d a day4 ,blankets and linen may be rented by the day4 ,the #aj percent discount given at the hotels and chalets also applies to the housekeeping cabins4 ,,saddle-,,horse ,,trips ,glacier ,national ,park has the distinction of being the foremost trail park4 ,more saddle horses are used than in any other park or like recreational region in this country4 ,the ,glacier ,park ,saddle ,horse ,co4 has available during the season about #hjj saddle animals4 ,there are nearly #ijj miles of trails in this park4 ,at ,glacier ,park1 ,many ,glacier1 and ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotels1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 and ,goathaunt ,tent ,camp1 horses may be engaged or released for trips in the park1 including camping trips4 ,at ,two ,medicine ,chalets horses may be engaged or released for local rides only4 ,a wonderful #c-;day excursion is afforded by the ,logan ,pass ,triangle trip4 ,this trip may be started at either the ,many ,glacier ,hotel and ,chalets or ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets4 ,beginning at ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 the first day's route follows up ,swiftcurrent ,pass to ,granite ,park ,chalets1 where luncheon is served and the overnight stop made4 ,the second day the ,garden ,wall ,trail to ,logan ,pass is followed1 with a box luncheon on the way1 and ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets is reached in late afternoon in time for dinner4 ,the return to ,many ,glacier ,hotel is made the third day via ,piegan ,pass1 ,grinnell ,lake1 and ,josephine ,lake4 ,the ,south ,circle trip requires #e days to complete and may be started either from ,many ,glacier1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 or ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel on ,lake ,mc,donald4 ,three of the principal passes are traversed--,swiftcurrent1 ,gunsight1 and ,piegan4 ,the ,north ,circle trip is also a #e-;day tour via tent camps1 crossing ,swiftcurrent ,pass1 ,indian ,pass1 and ,ptarmigan ,wall4 ,the trip starts from ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 or ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel4 ,there is a #d-;day inside trail trip from ,glacier ,park ,hotel via ,two ,medicine1 ,cut ,bank1 and ,red ,eagle to ,sun ,camp4 ,many delightful specially scheduled trips of #a and #b days' duration are also available4 ,information about saddle-horse trips may be obtained at any of the hotels or other points of concentration4 ,practically any type of trip desired can be arranged1 from short excursions to special points of interest1 such as the half-day trip from ,glacier ,park ,hotel to ,forty-,mile ,creek for #c4ej1 to pack trips of unlimited duration2 the larger the party1 the cheaper the rates4 ,for minimum parties of #c persons1 the average rate for #a-;day trips is #e or #f4 ,for parties of #c or more1 the all-expense ,fifty ,mountain ,trail trip of #c days is #bh4ej2 the #e-;day ,north ,circle trip1 #ej4ej4 ,these are specifically mentioned merely to give an idea of the cost2 many other fine trips are available at rates computed on a similar basis4 ,special arrangements can be made for private camping parties making a trip of #aj days or more at rates amounting to #aa a day each for groups of #g or more2 #ab a day each for #f persons2 #ac for #e2 #ae for #d2 #af for #c2 #ah for #b2 and #bg for #a person4 ,a guide and cook1 are furnished for a party of one or more persons1 and extra helpers are added1 if the number of persons require it4 ,private trips of less than #aj days may also be arranged4 ,experienced riders may rent horses for use on the floor of the valleys at #a an hour1 #c for #d hours1 and #e for #h hours4 ,,all-,,expense ,,tours ,,by ,,bus ,the ,glacier ,park ,transport ,co4 and the ,glacier ,park ,hotel ,co4 have jointly arranged some very attractive all-expense tours of #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d days' duration4 ,these trips are priced reasonably and include auto fare1 meals1 and hotel lodgings4 ,the trips begin at ,glacier ,park ,station for west-bound passengers and at ,belton for east-bound passengers and are made daily during the season4 ,illustration3 ,grant photo4 ,,resting ,,at ,,the ,,south ,,portal ,,of ,,the ,,tunnel ,,on ,,ptarmigan ,,wall ,,trail ,trip ,no4 #a4--,logan ,pass ,detour4--,glacier ,park ,hotel to ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel1 and ,belton1 ,mont4 ,leave ,glacier ,park ,hotel at #b3cj p4m42 arrive ,belton the next day1 #b3je p4m4 ,all-expense rate1 #ae4ej4 ,trip ,no4 #b4--;,glacier ,park ,hotel to ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel1 and ,belton4 ,leave ,glacier ,park ,hotel #b3cj p4m42 arrive ,belton on third day1 #b3je p4m4 ,all-expense rate1 #bg4ge4 ,trip ,no4 #c4--;,glacier ,park ,hotel to ,two ,medicine ,lake1 ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 ,lake ,mc,donald1 and ,belton4 ,leave ,glacier ,park ,hotel #b p4m42 arrive ,belton on fourth day1 #b3je p4m4 ,all-expense rate1 #ch4 ,trip ,no4 #d4--,same as ,trip ,no4 #c1 except an extra day at ,many ,glacier ,hotel1 and the all-expense rate is #dd4ej4 ,all west-bound trips are scheduled to arrive at ,belton at #b3je p4m41 in time for the ,empire ,builder1 west4 ,the trips east bound all begin at ,belton and close at ,glacier ,park ,station1 in time for the ,empire ,builder1 east4 ,the rates for these trips are3 ,no4 #a--af4ej ,no4 #b--cj4be ,no4 #c--cf4ge ,no4 #d--de4jj4 ,all trips1 both east and west1 are routed over the spectacular ,going-to-the-,sun ,highway and ,logan ,pass4 ,,transportation ,the ,glacier ,park ,transport ,co4 is operated in the park under franchise from the ,department of the ,interior4 ,daily stage service in each direction is maintained between ,glacier ,park ,hotel and ,st4 ,mary ,chalets1 ,many ,glacier ,hotel and ,chalets1 ,waterton1 and ,going-to-the-,sun ,chalets1 ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel1 and ,belton ,station4 ,a daily bus trip is made from ,glacier ,park ,hotel to ,two ,medicine ,chalets on ,two ,medicine ,lake1 allowing sufficient time at the lake to fish or make the launch trip4 ,regular motorbus service is maintained between ,glacier ,park ,hotel and ,belton4 ,on the west side daily bus service is maintained between ,belton1 the foot of ,lake ,mc,donald1 and the ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel at the head of ,lake ,mc,donald1 and between this hotel and ,logan ,pass on the ,continental ,divide4 ,the transportation company and launch companies allow each passenger to carry with him #be pounds of hand baggage without extra charge1 which is usually sufficient for shorter trips4 ,trunks are forwarded at extra expense4 ,arrangements can be made for caring for trunks left at entrances during tour of park or rechecking them for passengers who enter at one side and leave by the other4 ,storage charges on baggage at ,glacier ,park ,station and at ,belton are waived while tourists are making park trips4 ,,launches ,,and ,,rowboats ,the ,glacier ,park ,hotel ,co4 operates launch service on ,waterton ,lake between ,goathaunt ,camp in ,glacier ,park1 and the ,waterton ,lake townsite in ,alberta1 ,canada1 crossing the international boundary line about half-way up the lake4 ,one-way1 the fare is #ge cents2 round trip1 #a4ej4 ,twilight launch rides on ,st4 ,mary and ,mc,donald ,lakes are featured during fair weather4 ,the ,j4 ,w4 ,swanson ,boat ,co4 operates launch service on beautiful ,two ,medicine ,lake1 at a charge of #ge cents each for four or more passengers4 ,for a smaller number the minimum charge for the trip around the lake is #c4 ,trips around ,josephine and ,swiftcurrent ,lakes may be made for #a each4 ,the ,swanson ,co4 also rents rowboats for #ej cents an hour2 #b4ej a day1 or #ae a week for use on the following lakes3 ,two ,medicine1 ,st4 ,mary1 ,swiftcurrent1 ,josephine1 and ,mc,donald4 ,outboard motors may also be rented4 ,this booklet is issued once a year and the rates mentioned herein may have changed slightly since issuance1 but the latest rates approved by the ,secretary of the ,interior are on file with the superintendent and the park operators4 ,,administration ,the representative of the ,national ,park ,service in immediate charge of the park is the superintendent1 ,e4 ,t4 ,scoyen1 ,belton1 ,mont4 ,william ,h4 ,lindsay is ,united ,states commissioner for the park and holds court in all cases involving violations of park regulations4 ,,naturalist ,,service ,a daily schedule of popular guided trips afield1 all-day hikes1 boat trips1 campfire entertainments1 and illustrated lectures is maintained at ,many ,glacier1 ,going-to-the-,sun1 ,two ,medicine1 ,lake ,mc,donald1 ,sprague ,creek1 and ,avalanche ,auto ,campgrounds1 the leading tourist centers4 ,naturalists who conduct local field trips and walks to nearby ,hidden ,lake and ,clements ,glacier are stationed at ,logan ,pass daily from #i to #d4 ,a small museum dealing with popular local natural history subjects is maintained throughout ,july and ,august at ,many ,glacier ,ranger ,station4 ,cut-flower exhibits are installed at various hotels and chalets1 and an exhibit of rock specimens is in the lobby of ,many ,glacier ,hotel4 ,requests from special parties desiring ranger naturalist assistance are given every consideration4 ,all park visitors are urged to avail themselves of the services of the naturalists who are there to assist them in learning of the untold wonders that abound everywhere in the park4 ,acceptance of gratuities for this free service is strictly forbidden4 ,for complete information on naturalist schedules and types of service offered consult the free pamphlet1 ,ranger-,naturalist ,service1 ,glacier ,national ,park4 ,,automobile ,,campgrounds ,for the use of the motoring public a system of free automobile campgrounds has been developed on both sides of the park4 ,on the east side1 these camps are located at ,two ,medicine1 ,cutbank1 ,roes ,creek1 and ,many ,glacier4 ,the west side camps are at ,bowman ,lake1 ,fish ,creek1 ,avalanche ,creek1 and ,lake ,mc,donald4 ,pure water1 firewood1 cookstoves1 and sanitary facilities are available1 but campers must bring their own equipment4 ,,post ,,offices ,the ,united ,states post offices are located at ,glacier ,park1 ,mont41 ,belton1 ,mont41 ,polebridge1 ,mont41 and 7during summer season7 ,lake ,mc,donald1 ,mont41 at ,lake ,mc,donald ,hotel1 and ,apgar1 at the foot of ,lake ,mc,donald4 ,mail for park visitors should include in the address the name of the stopping place as well as the post office4 ,,miscellaneous ,telegraph and express service is available at all points of concentration4 ,qualified nurses are in attendance at the hotels and both sides of the park1 and there is a resident physician at ,glacier ,park ,hotel4 ,,the ,,park',s ,,geologic ,,story ,the mountains of ,glacier ,national ,park are made up of many layers of limestone and other rocks formed from sediments deposited under water4 ,the rocks show ripple marks which were made by waves when the rock material was soft sand and mud4 ,raindrop impressions and sun cracks show that the mud from time to time was exposed to rains and the drying action of the air4 ,these facts indicate that the area now known as ,glacier ,national ,park was once covered by a shallow sea4 ,at intervals muds were laid down which later became consolidated into rocks known as shales and argillites4 ,limy or calcareous muds were changed into limestone4 ,the geologist estimates that these depositions were made several hundred million years ago4 ,in the plains area east of the mountains are other lime and mud formations4 ,these are younger and softer than the rocks which make up the mountains but were undoubtedly formed under much the same conditions4 ,these contain much higher forms of life1 such as fish and shells4 ,when originally laid down all these layers must have been nearly horizontal1 just as they are deposited today in bodies of standing water all over the world4 ,then came a time when the sea slowly but permanently withdrew from the area by an uplift of the land1 which since that time has been continuously above sea level4 ,this uplift1 one of the greatest in the history of the region1 marks the beginning of a long period of erosion which has carved the mountains of ,glacier ,national ,park4 ,the geologist observes that the rock layers are no longer in the horizontal position in which they were laid down4 ,there are folds in the rocks and many breaks or faults cutting across the layers4 ,furthermore1 the oldest rocks in the region are found to be resting on the younger rocks of the adjacent plains4 ,one of the best examples of this is to be seen at ,chief ,mountain where the ancient limestone rests directly on the young shale below 7fig4 #a74 ,the same relationship is visible in ,cutbank1 ,st4 ,mary1 and ,swiftcurrent ,valleys4 ,in these areas1 however1 the exact contact is not always so easy to locate principally because of the debris of weathered rocks that have buried them4 ,what has happened8 ,how did this peculiar relationship come about8 ,the answers to these questions unravel one of the grandest stories in earth history4 ,forces deep in the earth slowly gathered energy until finally the stress became so great that the rocky crust began to move4 ,the probable results of the movement in the crust of the earth are shown in the diagram 7fig4 #b74 ,section ,a represents a cross section of the ,glacier ,park region1 as it most likely appeared1 immediately following the long period of sedimentation4 ,the rock strata are horizontal4 ,section ,b shows the same region after the rock layers have been slightly wrinkled due to the forces from the southwest1 which1 although slightly relieved by the bending1 still persisted and the folds were greatly enlarged as shown in section ,c4 ,at this stage the folds reached their breaking limit1 and the strata broke in a number of places as indicated by dotted lines in the diagram4 ,as a result of this fracturing1 the rocks on the west side of the folds were pushed upward and over the rocks on the east1 as shown in section ,d4 ,the mountain rocks 7represented by patterns of cross lines7 were shoved over the rocks of the plains 7represented in white71 producing what is known as an overthrust fault4 ,it has been estimated that the rocks have moved a distance of at least #ae miles4 ,as the rocks were thrust northeastward and upward they made a greatly elevated region1 but did not1 however1 at any time project into the air1 as indicated in section ,d1 because as the rocky mass was being uplifted1 streams were wearing it away and cutting deep canyons in its upland portion4 ,the rocks of the mountains1 owing to their resistant character1 are not worn away as rapidly as the plains formations with the result that great thicknesses of limestone and argillite tower above the plains4 ,where the older1 more massive strata overlie the soft rocks the mountains are terminated by precipitous walls as shown in section ,e4 ,this explains the absence of foothills that is so conspicuous a feature of this mountain front and one in which it differs from most other ranges4 ,while the region now known as ,glacier ,national ,park was being uplifted and faulted1 the streams were continually at work4 ,the sand and other abrasive material being swept along on the beds of the streams slowly wore away much of the rock4 ,the uplifting gave the streams life and they consequently cut deep valleys into the mountain area4 ,they cut farther and farther back into the mountain mass until they dissected it1 leaving instead of an upland plateau a region of ridges and sharp peaks4 ,this erosional process which has carved the mountains of ,glacier ,park has produced most of the mountains of the world4 ,following their early erosional history1 there came a period of much colder climate during which time heavy snows fell and large ice fields were formed throughout the mountain region4 ,at the same time huge continental ice sheets formed in ,canada and also in northern ,europe4 ,this period1 during which glaciers1 sometimes over a mile thick1 covered many parts of the world including all of ,canada and ,new ,england and much of ,north ,central ,united ,states1 is known as the ,ice ,age4 ,such a tremendous covering of ice had an enduring and pronounced effect upon the relief of the country4 ,illustration3 ,figure #a4--,sketch showing structure of ,chief ,mountain4 ,the ancient limestone above is not appreciably altered1 but the lower part is broken up by many oblique thrust faults4 ,the entire mountain is composed of ancient rocks and rests on shale of a very much younger age4 ,after ,bailey ,willis4 ,illustration3 ,figure #b4--,the ,lewis overthrust4 ,diagram illustrating how pressure from the northwest affected the rocks of the ,glacier ,park region4 ,illustration3 ,figure #c4--;,a1 ,an irregular ,v-shaped valley produced by stream erosion2 ,b1 the same valley after it has been occupied by a glacier4 ,note the smooth topography and ,u-shaped form4 ,in ,glacier ,national ,park some of the ice still remains in the higher portions of the valleys and a study of these ice fields helps in interpreting the history of the park during the ,ice ,age4 ,it is evident that ice did not cover the entire range1 but that the higher peaks stood out above the ice1 which probably never reached a thickness of over #c1jjj feet in this region4 ,the ,v-shaped valleys which had been produced by stream erosion were filled with glaciers which moved slowly down the valleys4 ,the ice froze onto all loose rock material and carried it forward1 using it as abrasive to gouge out the rock1 the valley bottoms1 and sides4 ,gradually the valleys were molded until they had acquired a smooth ,u-shaped character 7fig4 #c74 ,there are excellent examples of this work of ice in the park1 among which are ,two ,medicine1 ,cut ,bank1 ,st4 ,mary1 ,swiftcurrent1 and ,belly ,river ,valleys4 ,in addition to smoothing the valley down which they moved1 the glaciers produced many rock basins called cirques4 ,these are the result of ice plucking in the regions where the glaciers formed4 ,alternate freezing and thawing cause the rock to break and the resulting fragments are carried away by the moving ice mass4 ,in the majority of cases the cirques have lakes on their floors4 ,the park is dotted with these beautiful little lakes scattered throughout the high mountain country4 ,the valley lakes are usually larger than the cirque lakes and have a different origin4 ,as the glaciers melted they deposited huge loads of sand1 mud1 and boulders in the valley bottoms called moraines4 ,debris of this nature has helped to hold in the waters of ,st4 ,mary1 ,lower ,two ,medicine1 ,mc,donald1 ,bowman1 and numerous other lakes in the park4 ,,flora ,,and ,,fauna ,glacier ,national ,park is exceptionally rich in many kinds of wildlife4 ,its rugged wilderness character1 enhanced by numerous lakes and almost unlimited natural alpine gardens1 combine to offer an unexcelled opportunity to enjoy and study nature4 ,glacier is noted for its brilliant floral display which is most striking in early ,july4 ,above timber line hardy plants such as mosses and lichens1 together with the delicately colored alpine flowers1 are found4 ,lower on the mountains are heather1 gentians1 wild heliotrope1 and stunted trees of alpine fir1 white-barked pine1 and alpine larch4 ,the valleys on the east bear ,engelmann spruce1 alpine fir1 lodgepole pine1 ,douglas fir1 and limber pine4 ,the valleys of the west side are within an entirely different plant life zone1 typified by dense climax forests4 ,for the most part these forests consist of red cedar and hemlock1 with intermediate forests of larch1 fir1 spruce1 and white pine4 ,there are also younger stands of larch and lodgepole pine4 ,some of the white pines in ,mc,donald ,valley have reached huge dimensions4 ,the deficiency of wild flowers found there is in part made up by the presence of sphagnum bogs with a typical fauna and flora of their own4 ,on the east1 at lower elevations1 representatives of the ,great ,plains flora are found1 such as the passion flower1 carpet pink1 shooting star1 scarlet paintbrush1 red and white geraniums1 bronze agoseris1 the gaillardia1 wild hollyhock1 asters1 and many other composites4 ,the bear grass is one of the most characteristic plants of ,glacier4 ,of equal interest is the abundant animal life1 including both the larger and smaller forms4 ,bighorn1 mountain goats1 moose1 wapiti1 grizzly and black bear1 and western white-tailed and ,rocky ,mountain mule deer exist in as natural a condition as is possible in an area also utilized by man4 ,mountain caribou are occasional visitors to the park4 ,mountain lions1 bobcats1 and coyotes are present1 although the first have been reduced greatly from their original numbers4 ,the beaver1 marmot1 otter1 marten1 cony1 and a host of smaller mammals are interesting and important members of the fauna4 ,among the birds1 those that attract the greatest interest are the osprey1 water ouzel1 ptarmigan1 ,clark nutcracker1 thrushes1 and sparrows4 ,illustration3 ,hileman photo4 ,,beargrass ,,ideal ,,place ,,to ,,see ,,american ,,indians ,with the exception of the ,kootenais1 few ,indians ventured into the fastness of the park mountains before the coming of the white men4 ,yet so frequently did a large number of tribes use its trails for hunting and warfare1 or camp in midsummer along its lakes and streams on the edge of the plains1 that the park has an ,indian story intertwined with its own that is unsurpassed in interest4 ,except for a few plateau ,indians who had strong plains' characteristics because they once lived on the plains1 all tribes were of that most interesting of ,indian types1 the plains ,indian4 ,the earliest peoples inhabiting the northern ,montana plains of which we have any record were apparently ,snake ,indians of ,shoshonean stock4 ,later ,nez ,perces1 ,flatheads1 and ,kootenais pushed eastward through passes from the headwaters of the ,columbia ,river system4 ,then came horses and firearms1 and the whites themselves to set up an entirely different state of affairs in their hitherto relatively peaceful existence4 ,first1 a growing and expounding ,siouan race1 pressed forward also by an expanding irresistible ,algonkian stock1 occupied the high plains and pushed back its peoples behind the wall of mountains4 ,these were the ,crows from the south1 the ,assiniboins to the east4 ,lastly1 armed with strategy and ,hudson's ,bay ,co4 firearms1 and given speed and range with horses1 the dauntless ,blackfeet came forth from their forests to become the terror of the north4 ,they grew strong on the abundance of food and game on the ,great ,plains1 and pushed the ,crows beyond the ,yellowstone ,river1 until met by the forces of white soldiery and the tide of civilization4 ,today the ,blackfeet on the reservation adjoining the park on the east remain a pitiful but picturesque remnant of their former pride and glory4 ,they have laid aside their former intense hostility to the whites and have reconciled themselves to the fate of irrepressible civilization4 ,dressed in colorful native costume1 a few families of braves greet the park visitor at ,glacier ,park ,station and ,hotel4 ,here they sing1 dance1 and tell stories of their former greatness4 ,in these are reflected in a measure the dignity1 the nobility1 the haughtiness1 and the savagery of one of the highest and most interesting of aboriginal ,american peoples4 ,,references ,,albright1 ,,horace ,m41 and ,,taylor1 ,,frank ,j4 ,oh1 ,ranger6 ,about the national parks4 ,,bowman1 ,i4 ,forest ,physiography4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,illustrated2 maps4 ,,eaton1 ,,walter ,,pritchard4 ,boy ,scouts in ,glacier ,park4 #aiah4 #ccf pages4 ---- ,sky-line ,camps4 #aibb4 #bfh pp41 illustrated4 ,a record of wanderings in the ,northwestern ,mountains from ,glacier ,national ,park to ,crater ,lake ,national ,park in ,oregon4 ,,elrod1 ,dr4 ,,morton ,j4 ,complete ,guide to ,glacier ,national ,park4 #aibd4 #bjh pp4 ,,faris1 ,,john ,t4 ,roaming the ,rockies4 #aicj4 #ccc pp41 illustrated4 ,farrar ,rinehart1 ,new ,york ,city1 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #db to #hj4 ,,holtz1 ,,mathilde ,,edith1 and ,,bemis1 ,,katherine ,,isabel4 ,glacier ,national ,park1 ,its ,trails and ,treasures4 #aiag4 #bfb pp41 illustrated4 ,,jeffers1 ,le ,,roy4 ,the ,call of the ,mountains4 #aibb4 #bhb pp41 illustrated4 ,dodd1 ,mead ,co4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #ce-ci4 ,,johnson1 ,c4 ,highways of ,rocky ,mountains4 ,mountains and ,valleys in ,montana1 pp4 #aid-bae4 ,illustrated4 ,,kane1 ,j4 ,f4 ,picturesque ,america4 #aice4 #bef pp41 illustrated4 ,frederick ,gumbrecht1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #adg-afi4 ,,laut1 ,,agnes ,c4 ,the ,blazed ,trail of the ,old ,frontier4 ,robt4 ,m4 ,mc,bride ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aibf4 ---- ,enchanted ,trails of ,glacier ,park4 ,robt4 ,m4 ,mc,bride ,co41 ,new ,york4 #aibf4 ,,marshall1 ,l4 ,seeing ,america4 ,philadelphia1 #aiaf4 ,illustrated4 ,map4 ,chapter ,,xxiii1 ,among the ,american ,alps1 ,glacier ,national ,park1 pp4 #aic-bjj4 ,mc,c,l,i,n,t,o,c,k1 ,w4 ,the ,old ,north ,trail4 #eci pp41 illustrated1 maps4 ,macmillan ,co4 #aibj4 ---- ,old ,indian ,trails1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co4 #aibc4 ,,mills1 ,,enos ,a4 ,your ,national ,parks4 #ecb pp41 illustrated4 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co4 #aiag4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #adh-afj1 #dge-dhg4 ,,rinehart1 ,,mary ,,roberts4 ,through ,glacier ,park4 ,the ,log of a ,trip with ,howard ,eaton4 #aiaf4 #ib pp41 illustrated4 ---- ,my ,country ',tis of ,thee4 ,rolfe1 ,mary ,a4 ,our ,national ,parks1 ,book ,two4 ,a supplementary reader on the national parks for fifth- and sixth-grade students4 ,benj4 ,h4 ,sanborn ,co41 ,chicago4 #aibh4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #aig-bdb4 ,,sanders1 ,h4 ,f4 ,trails ,through ,western ,woods4 #aiaj4 #caj pp41 illustrated4 ---- ,history of ,montana1 vol4 #a1 #aiac4 #hdg pp4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #fhe-fhi4 ---- ,the ,white ,quiver4 #cdd pp41 illustrated1 ,duffield ,co41 ,new ,york4 #aiac4 ,,schultze1 ,,james ,,willard4 ,blackfeet ,tales of ,glacier ,national ,park4 #aiaf4 #bdb pp41 illustrated4 ,,steele1 ,,david ,m4 ,going ,abroad ,overland4 #aiag4 #aih pp41 illustrated4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #ib-aja4 ,,stimson1 ,,henry ,l4 ,the ,ascent of ,chief ,mountain4 ,in ,hunting in ,many ,lands1 edited by ,theodore ,roosevelt and ,george ,b4 ,grinnell1 #ahie1 pp4 #bbj-bcg4 ,,yard1 ,,robert ,,sterling4 ,the ,book of the ,national ,parks4 ,scribner's1 #aibf1 #ddd pp41 #gd illustrations1 #ad maps and diagrams4 ,glacier ,national ,park on pp4 #bea-bhc4 ,,government ,,publications ,glimpses of ,our ,national ,parks4 ,brief descriptions of national parks4 ,address ,director1 ,national ,park ,service1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,free4 ,recreational map4 ,shows ,federal and ,state recreational areas throughout the ,united ,states and gives brief descriptions of principal ones4 ,address as above4 ,free4 ,illustrated booklets about the following national parks may be obtained free of charge by writing to the ,director1 ,national ,park ,service3 ,acadia1 ,maine4 ,carlsbad ,caverns1 ,n4 ,mex4 ,crater ,lake1 ,oreg4 ,general ,grant1 ,calif4 ,grand ,canyon1 ,ariz4 ,grand ,teton1 ,wyo4 ,great ,smoky ,mountains1 ,n4 ,c4-,tenn4 ,hawaii1 ,hawaii4 ,hot ,springs1 ,ark4 ,lassen ,volcanic1 ,calif4 ,mesa ,verde1 ,colo4 ,mount ,mc,kinley1 ,alaska4 ,mount ,rainier1 ,wash4 ,national ,capital ,parks1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,platt1 ,okla4 ,rocky ,mountain1 ,colo4 ,sequoia1 ,calif4 ,wind ,cave1 ,s4 ,dak4 ,yellowstone1 ,wyo4-,mont4-,idaho4 ,yosemite1 ,calif4 ,zion and ,bryce ,canyon1 ,utah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,publications for sale in ,glacier ,national ,park ,wild ,animals of ,glacier ,national ,park #a4jj ,plants of ,glacier ,national ,park 4#ej ,origin of ,scenic ,features of ,glacier 4#bj ,geological ,survey map of ,glacier 4#be ,fauna of the ,national ,parks 4#bj ,national ,parks ,portfolio #a4ej ,illustration3 ,,areas ,,administered ,,by ,,the ,,national ,,park ,,service ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,waterton-,,glacier ,,international ,,peace ,,park