99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al docum5t has be5 pres]v$4 ,bold$ text is m>k$ l s4 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ,! op9ions conta9$ 9 ?is e-book are no long] consid]$ valid4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m5tally ,,defective ,,*ildr5 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,b9et ,,& ,,?4 ,,simon1 ,m4,d4 ,,au?oris$ ,,translation ,,by ,w4,b4 ,,drummond1 ,m4,b41 ,c4,m41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4 7,,ed947 ,,au?or ,,( ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,*ild ,,/udy1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,b9et-,,simon ,,te/s ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,by ,,m>g>et ,,drummond1 ,m4,a4 ,,& ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,alex&] ,,d>ro* ,,f\r? ,,impression ,,london ,,edw>d ,,arnold ,all rights res]v$ ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$ ,,guild=d ,,& ,,e%] ,,introduction ,! ,b9et-,simon te/s ( *ildr5's intellig5ce h be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s1 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,am]ica4 ,mu* ( ?is discussion seems to h be5 c>ri$ on1 at times1 )\t any k ( ! orig9al aim or purpose = :i* ^! te/s 7 devis$1 & z if1 s to speak1 !y 7 inv5t$ z a means = asc]ta9+ ! relative intellectual p[]s ( all *ildr51 & s ( af=d+ to ! tea*] a ready & sure means ( accurately classify+ & grad+ ! *ildr5 "u 8 *>ge4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re is a t5d5cy1 9 "s qu>t]s1 to se>* = & to endeav\r to e/abli% "s absolute /&>d or crit]ion ( intellig5ce :i* %all be valid1 irrespective ( ! nationality1 or ! class1 or ! p>ticul> environm5t ( ! *ild4 ,x is hop$ t ! publication 9 translation ( ! "w ( ,b9et & ,simon 9 :i* ^! te/s fir/ appe>$1 along ) ! complete s]ies ( te/s z ext5d$ & revis$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ! =m]1 w t5d to remove ?is tw(old misappreh5sion1 & make ! educationali/1 z well z ! wid] public int]e/$ 9 social que/ions1 acqua9t$ ) ! real purpose :i* und]lay ! devisal or inv5tion ( ! te/s1 & s enable all to p]ceive t _! relative value1 z measur+ /ages ( intellig5ce1 mu/ be judg$ by ! purpose = :i* !y 7 devis$4 ,n[1 ! ma9 purpose ( ! au?ors 9 ! devisal ( ^! te/s is to furni% to ! tea*] a fir/ means by :i* he may s+le out m5tally backw>d *ildr51 :o1 ^u fur!r exam9ation1 may also be f\nd to h "s m5tal defect or peculi>ity :i* prev5ts !m f fully pr(it+ by ! education ( ! ord9>y s*ool1 & :o probably w\ld b5efit m by be+ educat$ 9 a special s*ool or 9 a special class4 ,b ! f9al selection1 x is cont5d$1 ( defective *ildr5 = special education dem&s ! exp]i5ce ( ! doctor & ( ! psy*ologi/1 z well z ! k ( ! tea*]1 & ! aid ( all ?ree is necess>y 9 ! devisal ( c\rses ( /udy = ! m5tally defective4 ,especially important is ! division ( m5tally defectives into two ma9 classes--! feeble-m9d$ & ! ill-balanc$4 ,! latt]1 z a rule1 are easily m>k$ out f ! normal *ild1 &1 if n specially look$ aft]1 may 9 lat] life become a m5ace to society4 ,! feeble-m9d$1 on ! o!r h&1 may easily escape ! notice ( ! tea*]1 & may pass ?r\gh ! ord9>y s*ool unaffect$ & unimprov$1 ent] into society1 & propagate _! k9d4 ,bo? classes require ! special c>e ( ! community1 & _! prop] education & tra9+ are ( ! grave/ importance = ! welf>e & /ability ( society4 ,9 ?is selection & education ( m5tally defective *ildr51 ?ree positions ( ,billet & ,simon are wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is cont5d$ t a physical exam9ation alone c nev] all[ u to disp5se ) a direct exam9ation ( ! intellig5ce1 & t an?ropometry1 /igmata1 & physical appe>ance mu/ take a second place z means ( discov]+ 9 s*ool ! feeble-m9d$ & ! ill-balanc$4 ,aga91 m5tal defici5cy & want ( balance are peculi> m5tal conditions :i* x is (t5 impossible to connect ) def9ite pa?ological *anges4 ,h5ce ! exam9ation ( ! m$ical man is n decisive4 ,x mu/ be accompani$ & re9=c$ by t ( ! psy*ologi/4 ,9 ! second place1 x is affirm$ t 9 ! devisal ( s*emes ( tra9+ = m5tal defectives1 we mu/ take into acc\nt t ! dom9ant features 9 _! life are ! s5ses1 ! concrete p]ceptions1 & motor ability1 & t 9 ! education ( defectives ! work%op ought to become a m important place ( in/ruction ?an ! class-room4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! position is /rongly emphasis$ t e class1 e s*ool = defectives1 ought to aim at r5d]+ ! pupils socially useful4 ,x is n a "q ( enri*+ _! m9ds1 b ( giv+ !m ! means ( work+ = _! liv+4 ,h5ce1 ! utility ( special s*ools or special classes = su* *ildr5 dep5ds ultimately ^u _! success 9 mak+ _! pupils1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! intellig5ce1 effici5t work]s4 ,^! two problems--viz41 7#a7 ! me?od ( select+ abnormal or defective *ildr5 :o are n suffici5tly good = ! ord9>y s*ool1 nor yet suffici5tly bad to be class$ z idiots or imbeciles2 & 7#b7 ! devisal ( c\rses ( education & tra9+ :i* may t5d to make !m h]eaft] useful work]s & citiz5s--are ( fir/-rate importance to u at ! pres5t "t4 ,"u rec5t legislation1 public local au?orities h be5 entru/$ ) ! devisal ( ! means = ! prop] selection & ! prop] education ( defective *ildr51 & ! utmo/ wisdom & c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is new movem5t4 ,! _m errors t adm9i/rators may fall into are fully set =? 9 ?is little volume 7cf4 p4 #gh et seq471 & ! conclud+ *apt] on ! utility ( special s*ools %\ld be read by all :o h to d ) ! adm9i/ration ( ! new ,act4 ,! importance ( ! "w ( ,b9et & ,simon to tea*]s & inspectors is )\t "q1 & 7 ! duties ( ! tea*] & inspector c>ri$ out z set =? 9 ?is volume 7cf4 p4 #hf7 ?r\gh\t ! :ole s*ool1 a mu*-ne$$ improvem5t 9 our ord9>y s*ool education w\ld soon result4 ,la/ly1 ! volume is important z m>k+ a new attitude t[>ds educational problems1 & z indicat+ ! new] _s 9 :i* we %\ld und]take ! tra9+ ( all tea*]s4 ,?is new attitude & _s are cle>ly set =? 9 ! conclud+ words ( ! volume3 ,! ess5tial ?+ is = all ! _w to und]/& t empiricism has _h its day1 & t me?ods ( sci5tific precision mu/ be introduc$ into all educational "w1 to c>ry ev]y:]e good s5se & light4 ,,alex&] ,,d>ro* ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,july1 #aiad ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,page ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,social ,,que/ions #a ,,"s ,,def9itions #d ,,"s ,,/ati/ics #g ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,defectives ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,defective ,,*ild8 #aa ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,defective ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,! ,,public ,,s*ools #ae ,,psy*ological ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,m5tally ,,defective #ai ,,psy*ological ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,ill-,,balanc$ #ba ,,intellectual ,,aptitudes ,,( ,,! ,,defective #bc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p$agogical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,defective ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,,! ,,bo>d ,,( ,,exam9]s #cg ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]3 ,,to ,,pick ,,out ,,! ,,cases #ch ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,inspector3 ,,to ,,act ,,z ,,ref]ee #ej ,,te/s ,,( ,,in/ruction #eb ,,read+ #ee ,,ari?metic #eh ,,spell+ #fa ,,psy*ological ,,exam9ation #fg ,,te/s ,,( ,,intellig5ce #fg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,m$ical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,defectives ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,doctor #hg ,,! ,,doctor ,,n ,,to ,,pick ,,out ,,! ,,cases #hh ,,! ,,physical ,,exam9ation #ia ,,! ,,m$ical ,,exam9ation #ih ,,m5tal ,,defici5cy ,,or ,,int]curr5t ,,m5tal ,,affection8 #aja ,,m5tal ,,defici5cy ,,am5able ,,to ,,m$ical ,,treatm5t8 #ajb ,,m5tal ,,defici5cy ,,complicat$ ,,by ,,illness8 #ajg ,,! ,,m$ical ,,s*$ule #aae ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,educational ,,& ,,social ,,return ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,classes ,,= ,,defectives ,,an ,,inquiry ,,9 ,,! ,,hospitals #aag ,,! ,,educational ,,return #acf ,,! ,,social ,,return #adj ,,app5dix #adg ,,diagrams #afe ,,index #ahj ,,m5tally ,,defective ,,*ildr5 ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,! ,pres5t-,day ,int]e/ 9 ,social ,que/ions4--,among/ que/ions ( pres5t-day int]e/1 none are m discuss$ or attract a great] am\nt ( att5tion ?an ^? :i* relate to social problems4 ,! g5]\s philan?ropy ( prec$+ g5]ations seems to u to-day a little out ( date1 & we sub/itute = ?is virtue ( ! ri* ! o!rwise fruitful idea t1 by ! v con/itution ( society itself1 we are all 9 duty b\nd to occupy ourselves ) ! condition ( our fell[-citiz5s1 & especially ( ! less =tunate among !m4 ,?is duty does n re/ solely ^u a s5tim5t ( humanity4 ,x is dictat$ equally by our own press+ p]sonal int]e/s2 = unless1 )9 a reasonable "t1 satisfaction is giv5 to ! j dem&s ( ! n9e-t5?s ( society :o are actually work+ = wages v little 9 h>mony ) _! ef=ts & _! ne$s1 we already =esee t a viol5t revolution1 f :i* ! haves h v little to ga91 w %ake society to its v f\ndations4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! v p :o up to ! pres5t "t h kept !mselves mo/ alo( f ! social problem are be+ br\ght into contact ) reality4 ,x is a curi\s ?+ to see h[ sci5tific m51 :o = ! pa/ fifty ye>s h nev] /irr$ a foot outside _! laboratories1 are %[+ a t5d5cy to m+le 9 affairs4 ,9 spite ( ! div]sity ( ! =ces at "w1 !re is "o g5]al fact :i* is und5iable4 ,pure & dis9t]e/$ sci5ce reta9s its vot>ies1 b ! numb] is increas+ ( ^? :o are turn+ to sci5ce = useful & practical applications2 albeit1 !y are ?9k+ less ( sci5ce ?an ( society1 = x is ^? social ph5om5a :i* are capable ( amelioration :i* sci5tific m5 are n[ /udy+ by ! mo/ exact me?ods = ! b5efit ( m5 ( action1 :o are usually empirics4 ,innum]able examples ( ?is int]v5tion ( sci5ce 9 daily life might be cit$4 ,on ! "o h&1 we see physiologi/s--,imb]t1 = example--:o are sett+ !mselves to ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( ! lab\r & ! nutrition ( diff]5t classes ( work]s2 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r ! increase 9 wages & ! dim9ution 9 ! h\rs ( "w :i* ! work]s are = ev] cry+ = c be ju/ifi$ by physiology4 ,! day is n f> (f :5 su* sci5tific obs]vations1 :i* are becom+ m exact & m ext5sive1 w play a "p 9 ! discussions betwe5 capital & lab\r4 ,ano!r example may be giv5 ( a diff]5t nature1 b ( id5tical signification4 ,psy*ologi/s are /udy+ ! value ( evid5ce1 & are ?9k+ out bett] me?ods ( arriv+ at tru?1 9 ord] to discov] re=ms :i* may be introduc$ into ! organization ( ju/ice4 ,an important movem5t ( ?is nature1 />t$ 9 ,france1 is be+ cont9u$ 9 ,g]many ) ev5 great] en]gy 7,b9et1 ,/]n & 8 pupils1 ,clap>$e1 ,l>gui]1 etc474 ,z a la/ example we %all cite ! mo/ /rik+ ( all4 ,?is is ! increas+ int]e/ :i* doctors are tak+ 9 ! upbr++ ( ! "y1 bo? 9 infancy & lat]4 ,?is is pu]iculture1 & includes ev]y?+ t is be+ done = ! sup]vision1 protection1 & assi/ance ( ! "m & nursel+4 ,x includes ! m$ical inspection ( s*ool-*ildr51 :i* gives ! doctor ! opportunity ( c>+ = _! ailm5ts & prev5t+ ov]pressure4 ,x includes1 la/ly1 all ! re=ms ( b ye/]day's date :i* make = a bett] hygi5e1 a bett] physical education4 ,"o might add also ! "w t is be+ done almo/ ev]y:]e1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,am]ica1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,france 7,laboratory ( ,psy*ology ( ! ,sorbonne1 & ! ,society = ,*ild ,/udy71 ) ref]5ce to ! special aptitudes ( *ildr51 &1 z has be5 said a little ambiti\sly1 ! mak+ ( education an exact sci5ce4 ,education ( ,defectives4--,! movem5t ref]r$ to1 ( :i* we see only ! beg9n+1 b :i* w result1 let u hope1 9 an amelioration ( ! lot ( ! great majority1 is n[ be+ direct$ to ! education ( ! m5tally defective4 ,_! problem has be5 discuss$ !oretically = a long "t1 b no?+ has come ( x4 ,n[ ! problem is ent]+ ^u a new phase1 & some?+ practical w result4 ,)\t attempt+ to write ! :ole hi/ory1 :i* w\ld be no?+ m ?an ! /udy ( :at has be5 done 9 o!r c\ntries1 let u /ate :]e we are ourselves4 ,x 0 9 ,france t ali5i/s fir/ began to occupy !mselves ) ! *ildr5 kn[n "u ! v>i\s names ( abnormal1 backw>d1 idiot1 m5tally defective1 un/able1 etc4 ,esquirol made ! important di/9ction betwe5 ! idiot & ! dem5t2 & aft] him _m o!r ali5i/s--notably ,it>d1 ,falret1 ,vois9--describ$ ! pr9cipal symptoms ( idiocy1 or attempt$ to %[ t x is capable ( amelioration4 ,segu91 a tea*] ( defectives1 :o has left an hon\r$ "n1 %[$ exp]im5tally h[ "o may1 by d9t ( mu* +5uity & pati5ce1 increase ! intellig5ce & improve ! "* ( "s ( ^! un=tunate *ildr54#a ,la/ly1 9 our own day1 ,b\rneville1 ! well-kn[n physician ( ,bicetre1 aft] hav+ organis$ ! mo/ important cl9ique = idiots :i* exi/s 9 ,france1 agitat$ ) untir+ en]gy = ! =mation 9 ! public s*ools ( special classes = ! in/ruction ( abnormal *ildr54 ,?is s*eme has be5 support$ by a great _m doctors & philan?ropi/s1 & laid be=e municipal c\ncils1 g5]al c\ncils1 sci5tific societies1 & all ! num]\s educational congresses :i* h be5 held 9 ,france & abroad dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is ef=t has _h no result2 & :il/ 9 ! great majority ( =eign c\ntries !re h be5 = a long "t s*ools & classes = defectives--! fir/ ,g]man s*ool1 t ( ,dresd51 dates f #ahfg--) u ! only *ildr5 ( ?is k9d :o receive ! c>e & education appropriate to _! condition are ! *ildr5 ( ! ri*4 ,poor *ildr5 cont9ue to att5d ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,x 0 n till #aijd t ! p[]s t be awak5$ f _! indiff]5ce4 ,! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 ,m4 ,*aumie1 appo9t$ a ,commission to /udy ! abnormal--physical1 m5tal1 & moral--f ! s*ola/ic po9t ( view4 ,?is ,commission1 ov] :i* ,m4 ,leon ,b\rgeois presid$ mo/ ably1 met a great numb] ( times 9 #aijd & #aije1 & drew up a complete s*eme = ! c>e & education ( defective *ildr51 :i* has be5 embodi$ 9 a ,bill by ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,"s ,def9itions4--,n[1 :o are ^! abnormal *ildr51 & :y %\ld ! au?orities int]e/ !mselves 9 _! education8 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 we mu/ give "s def9itions4 ,9 m$ical t]m9ology ! t]m abnormal is appli$ to e subject :o div]ges s cle>ly f ! av]age z to con/itute a pa?ological anomaly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! abnormal con/itute q a het]og5e\s gr\p4 ,_! common *>act]i/ic1 :i* is a negative "o1 is t by _! physical & m5tal organisation ^! *ildr5 are r5d]$ incapable ( pr(it+ by ! ord9>y me?ods ( in/ruction 9 use 9 ! public s*ools4 ,! mo/ def9ite types are ! deaf & dumb1 ! bl9d1 ! epileptic1 idiots1 imbeciles1 cripples1 etc4 ,!re are 9 ?is li/ "s classes :i* are ( less int]e/ to u ?an o!rs1 because ! ,/ate has already to a c]ta9 ext5t provid$ = _! ne$s4 ,?is applies especially to ! bl9d1 & to ! deaf & dumb4 ,x has always be5 p]ceiv$ t su* *ildr5 7 n l o!rs1 & c\ld n be taught by ord9>y me?ods4 ,! bl9d c le>n to read only 9 a book ^: *>act]s are pr9t$ 9 relief1 & ! deaf-mute _c foll[ an oral lesson4 ,! necessity ( a special education = ^! two gr\ps 0 !re=e obvi\s1 & at ! pres5t "t ab\t five ?\s& are receiv+ c>e & a pr(essional education 9 ! ,/ate in/itutions & 9 private s*ools1 ! majority ( :i* are religi\s4 ,we %all n conc]n ourselves ) !m "h1 9 spite ( ! int]e/ :i* !y awak54 ,nor %all we discuss :e!r ! me?ods :i* are us$ = _! education might n be improv$1 ?\gh ! "q is attractive4 ,b we mu/ simplify ! subject if we wi% to get on4 ,we %all also exclude "h ! l[e/ grade ( idiots1 :o require cont9u\s m$ical sup]vision1 & :o are v seldom educable4 ,^! subjects are receiv$ into hospitals & asylums4 ,:5 we h exclud$ ^! classes ( *ildr5--! deaf-mutes1 ! bl9d1 & ! in$ucable idiots--:at rema9s8 ,:y1 !re rema9 j ! v *ildr5 ) :om ! new law w be conc]n$4 ,9 ! meantime ^! are n 9 any special s*ool2 !y are att5d+ ! prim>y s*ools1 :i* _c %ut ! door 9 _! faces :5 !y h arriv$ at s*ool age4 ,b !y d n pr(it mu* by ! in/ruction giv5 9 s*ool1 & ?is fact gives rise to vigor\s compla9ts on ! "p ( ! tea*]s4 ,^! *ildr51 say !y1 are n 9 ! lea/ l ! great majority ( o!r pupils4 ,a great _m ( !m are m5tally defective4 ,)\t be+ completely lack+ 9 intellig5ce1 !y are n suffici5tly end[$ !re) to "w alongside normal *ildr52 !y d n und]/&1 !y _c foll[2 !y pr(it s little by att5d+ ! s*ool t "s ( !m are nev] able to assimilate ! in/ruction ev5 ( ! elem5t>y c\rse4 ,v (t5 !y pay no att5tion :atev] to ! "w ( ! class2 & ?is is q a good ?+1 = !n ! tea*] =gets !m 9 _! corn]1 & goes on z if !y 7 n !re4 ,b _m ( ^! *ildr5 are ill-balanc$2 !y are excitable1 & _! bodies are nev] at re/2 !y are n am5able to ord9>y discipl9e4 ,!y are a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble & annoyance to _! ma/] & to _! comrades4 ,! sup]vision ( a s+le ill-balanc$ *ild is m tr\ble1 ! tea*]s sometimes decl>e1 ?an ! direction ( tw5ty normal ones4 ,ei!r "o or ! o!r mu/ be neglect$1 & ! alt]natives are equally objectionable4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be done ) ^? *ildr5 :o are n am5able to ! ord9>y s*ool discipl9e8 ,at fir/ sight ?is seems a simple "q4 ,let !m be s5t to an in/itution4 ,we actually possess 9 ! hospitals ( ,bicetre & ( ! ,salpetri]e1 9 ! colony ( ,vaucluse--to say no?+ ( prov9cial in/itutions--e/abli%m5ts :i* make provision1 bo? m$ical & educational1 = *ildr5 :o are idiotic1 imbecile1 vici\s1 & epileptic4 ,is x n possible to s5d to ^! in/itutions all ! abnormal *ildr5 :o encumb] ! prim>y s*ools8 ,no2 x is nei!r possible nor desirable to pack !m (f to an asylum4 ,^! abnormal *ildr5 are n 9 all cases s sev]ely affect$ z to require segregation4 ,we admit t su* a measure is necess>y = idiots ( l[ grade :o _c ev5 fe$ !mselves4 ,we h also no objection to leav+ to ! asylums cases ( v sev]e n]v\s di/urbance su* z epilepsy1 = only !re c !y receive ! m$ical sup]vision appropriate to _! condition4 ,!y h m ne$ ( ! doctor ?an ( ! tea*]4 ,z = ! o!r abnormal *ildr5 :o con/itute ! great majority1 x seems cle> t ! prop] place = !m is n ! asylum1 b ! special s*ool4 ,!y h suffici5t intellig5ce to att5d a s*ool4 ,:at !y probably require is in/ruction specially adapt$ to _! m5tal /ate1 & su* in/ruction c be pr(itably giv5 only 9 classes small en\gh to p]mit ( individual att5tion4 ,f all ?is we rea* a v cle> def9ition ( :at we mean by abnormal *ildr51 & a v simple indication ( :at %\ld be done ) !m4 ,abnormal & defective *ildr5 are ^? :o are suitable = nei!r ! ord9>y s*ool nor ! asylum2 = ! s*ool !y are n suffici5tly good1 = ! asylum n suffici5tly bad4 ,we mu/ try :at special s*ools & classes c d = !m4 ,/ati/ics4--,x is important to notice t ! *ildr5 s def9$ are n a negligible quantity4 ,_! "n is legion4 ,& s9ce numb] is ! factor t gives importance to e social problem1 we may say t ! regulation ( ! lot ( ^! *ildr5 is a social "q ( ! greate/ gravity4 ,! /ati/ics :i* h up till n[ be5 publi%$ abroad d n give su* precise in=mation z "o c\ld wi% reg>d+ ! numb] ( ! defectives4 ,"s give ! b>e figures2 o!rs1 us+ a bett] me?od1 /ate ! proportion ( m5tally defective *ildr5 to ! total population4 ,!re is also mu* d\bt z to ! way 9 :i* ! /ati/icians h us$ ! t]m abnormal or defective4 ,"o inquiry relates only to *ildr5 slightly affect$2 ano!r be>s ^u all abnormal *ildr51 includ+ ! l[e/ grades ( idiocy1 & is !re=e mu* m compreh5sive4 ,9 o!r cases we are n told h[ ! selection 0 made4 ,z to ,france1 precise in=mation has n be5 available until la/ ye>1 :5 two inquiries 7 held--"o at ! in/ance ( ! ,m9i/]ial ,commission1 ! o!r organis$ by ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,accord+ to ! =m] inquiry1 we f9d t ! proportion ( defectives am\nts to sc>cely #a p] c5t4 = ! boys1 & ,o4#i p] c5t4 = ! girls4 ,^! p]c5tages are evid5tly f> too small1 & we ourselves h discov]$1 by a small private inquiry1 t _m s*ools return$ none 9 ! que/ionnaires di/ribut$1 al?\gh ! headma/]s h admitt$ to u t !y possess$ sev]al g5u9e defectives4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,m4 ,vaney1 a headma/]1 made "s inve/igations by ! ari?metical te/1 :i* we %all expla9 pres5tly1 & rea*$ ! conclusion t #b p] c5t4 ( ! s*ool population ( two di/ricts 7 backw>d4 ,if we 7 to include ! ill-balanc$1 ^: numb] is probably equal to t ( ! backw>d1 ! proportion w\ld be ab\t #d p] c5t4 ,la/ly1 & q rec5tly1 a special & mo/ c>eful inquiry 0 made at ,bordeaux1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,?am91 by ali5i/s & ! s*ool m$ical inspectors1 & x 0 f\nd t ! p]c5tage ( abnormality among/ ! boys 0 #e4ag4 ,probably ! true p]c5tage is some:]e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( #e4 ,all ^! inquiries are comp>able because !y all deal ) ! s*ool population4 ,! great v>iation 9 ! figures is due to sev]al causes1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,! proportion ( ! abnormal v>ies to a surpris+ ext5t 9 diff]5t s*ools ev5 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,dr4 ,abadie1 = example1 has expressly not$ t 9 "s s*ools ! proportion may be f\r times z great z 9 o!rs4 7#b7 ,! def9ition ( a *ild ( backw>d intellig5ce has usually & q gratuit\sly be5 left vague by ! inve/igators2 ea* int]prets ! t]m 9 8 own way1 :5ce arise great diff]5ces 9 ! figures4 7#c7 ,x is p>ticul>ly difficult to def9e ! cases t are to be reckon$ z ill-balanc$ or un/able1 & "s tea*]s1 if !y are all[$1 w place 9 ?is category all ! pupils t !y dislike4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h be5 l$ to int]e/ ourselves 9 abnormal *ildr5 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,"o ( u1 ,b9et1 ,presid5t ( ! ,societe ,libre p\r l',etude de l',enfant1 has = _m ye>s be5 9 daily contact ) ! /aff ( ! prim>y s*ools4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ! wi% ( a great _m tea*]s1 he has =m$1 9 connection ) ! ,society1 a committee = ! c>e ( abnormal *ildr51 ^u :i* are _m di/+ui%$ p1 su* z ,m4 ,rollet1 ,m4 ,albanel1 ,dr4 ,vois91 ,mme4 ,meusy1 &1 above all1 ,m4 ,bagu]1 :o is deeply int]e/$ 9 ! education ( defectives4 ,?is committee initiat$ v>i\s inve/igations relat+ to backw>d *ildr54 ,"s "t aft]w>ds ,m4 ,b9et1 hav+ be5 nom9at$ a memb] ( ! ,m9i/]ial ,commission on ,abnormal ,*ildr51 became ! director ( ! "w ( ! ,commission relat+ to ! backw>d & ! un/able4 ,he !n1 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,simon1 und]took 9 c]ta9 di/ricts v>i\s inquiries into ! condition ( su* cases4 ,9 reg>d to sev]al que/ions we enjoy$ ! intellig5t & devot$ co-op]ation ( ,m4 ,vaney1 ,head ( ! ,prim>y ,s*ool ( ! ,rue ,grange-aux-,belles1 :]e "o ( u has f\nd$ a laboratory ( p$agogy4 ,we h ?us be5 int]e/$ 9 abnormal *ildr5 = a long "t1 ei!r f ! po9t ( view ( s*ool organisation1 or f t ( _! diff]5tiation f ! normal4 ,let u add t lately ,m4 ,b$orez1 ! di/+ui%$ ,director ( ,prim>y ,education 9 ! ,se9e ,di/rict1 has k9dly p]mitt$ "o ( u 7,b9et7 to co-op]ate 9 ! organisation ( "s classes = defective *ildr51 :i* h be5 />t$ exp]im5tally 9 ! prim>y s*ools ( ,p>is4 ,let u n[ /ate q cle>ly our aim 9 writ+ ?is book4 ,ev] s9ce public int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ! "q ( s*ools = defective *ildr51 selfi% ambition has se5 its opportunity4 ,! mo/ frankly selfi% int]e/s conceal !mselves beh9d ! mask ( philan?ropy1 & :oev] dreams ( f9d+ a f9e situation = himself 9 ! new s*ools nev] speaks ( ! *ildr5 )\t te>s 9 8 eyes4 ,?is is ! ev]la/+ human com$y4 ,!re is no reason = indignation4 ,ev]yone has ! "r to look aft] 8 own int]e/1 s long z he does n compromise int]e/s sup]ior to 8 own--namely1 ^? ( society4 ,x is ?is social int]e/ ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,hav+ f\nd out by our own p]sonal exp]i5ce h[ a class = defectives may be e/abli%$ & conduct$1 we h not$ ! faults :i* c\ld n b be committ$1 & ! mi/akes :i* w c]ta9ly occur unless "o is =ew>n$ & makes e possible ef=t to prev5t !m4 ,may our book1 !n1 be reg>d$ z a means ( prophylaxis1 a means ( escap+ consci\s or unconsci\s error4 ,may x also prove a guide--imp]fect1 no d\bt1 b /ill useful--= ! organisation ( "s ( ^? social inquiries conduct$ 9 a /rictly sci5tific _s1 :i* are becom+ m & m necess>y = ! prop] managem5t ( public affairs4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,x is common to cite ) respect ! names ( "o's pr$ecessors1 & ,segu9's portrait may ju/ly hang 9 su* a gall]y ( "o's ance/ors4 ,b ,segu9's "w mu/ n be exam9$ too closely2 ^? :o praise x h c]ta9ly n read x4 ,segu9 impresses u z an empiric1 end[$ ) great p]sonal tal5t1 :i* he has n succe$$ 9 embody+ cle>ly 9 8 works4 ,^! conta9 "s pages ( good s5se1 ) _m obscurities1 & _m absurdities4 ,we ref] ! curi\s read] to 8 *ief "w1 ,traitem5t ,moral1 ,hygi5e1 et ,education des ,idiots et des autres ,enfants ,arri]es1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,"o might make _m criticisms on ! writ+s ( ali5i/s2 b to :at end8 ,we pref] to say ( su* pr$ecessors :at ,+res said to 8 pupils 9 ! ,rub5s gall]y at ! ,l\vre1 ,salute !m1 b pay no att5tion to !m6 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,"s ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,defectives ,al?\gh ?is book is specially int5d$ z a guide to ! admission ( m5tally defective *ildr5 to special s*ools or classes1 we _c comm5ce by an exposition ( ! me?ods ( recruit+ su* *ildr54 ,we mu/ fir/ describe ! *ildr5 & indicate _! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics1 m5tal & moral4 ,we mu/ also discuss ! "q :at a m5tally defective *ild really is--a v important "q1 ^u :i* dep5ds ev]y?+ else1 ! organisation ( ! s*ools & ! special me?ods ( education4 ,e educational me?od dep5ds ^u a !ory1 =mulat$ or implicit1 :i* is at once its po9t ( dep>ture & its ju/ification4 ,"o w\ld run ! risk ( fall+ into a bl9d empiricism if "o 7 cont5t to apply an educational me?od indep5d5tly ( ! !ory :i* is its s\l4 ,!re are two conceptions ( a totally diff]5t nature1 ei!r ( :i* may inspire ! tra9+ ( defective *ildr54 ,let u exam9e ea* ( ^! 9 turn1 & f9d out :i* is ! m reasonable4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! defective *ild is practically ! same z a normal *ild sev]al ye>s y\ng]2 or1 9 o!r words1 he is a *ild :o has be5 ret>d$ 9 8 developm5t4 ,a backw>d *ild ( twelve ye>s ( age1 :o has n yet be5 able to le>n to read1 w\ld ?us be comp>able to an ord9>y *ild ( six1 :o is j beg9n+ to spell4 ,x is evid5t t su* a comp>ison mu/ n be pu%$ too f>4 ,_m res]vations mu/ be made4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! defective has n s mu* "t 9 front ( him = developm5t z a normal & y\ng] *ild4 ,he is !n n /rictly comp>able to ! latt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! v fact ( 8 age has giv5 to ! defective ( twelve a bodily & ev5 a m5tal developm5t nev] atta9$ at six4 ,= example1 he is ne>] pub]ty2 8 vocabul>y is m ext5sive2 & he possesses great] g5]al k4 ,b ^! res]vations once made1 ! !ory t ! defective is ! victim ( a ret>dation ( developm5t has seem$ reasonable to _m compet5t p4 ,z a rule "o j accepts x )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to =mulate x 9 precise t]ms4 ,p]haps x is = ?is v reason t "o accepts x s easily2 x is ! classic !ory4 ,to ! cursory read] x may seem t we adopt ?is !ory ourselves1 = we %all frequ5tly use su* phrases z defective ( elev5 :o is at ! level ( a *ild ( n9e4 ,b ! s5se 9 :i* we use su* an expression mu/ n be misund]/ood1 because x is only int5d$ to imply t a c]ta9 /&>d has be5 atta9$4 ,x has no be>+ on ! cause ( ! ret>dation1 nor ^u its p>ticul> nature1 nor ^u ! means ( rectify+ x4 ,n[ = ! educational consequ5ces ( ! prec$+ !ory4 ,if ! backw>dness is only a sl[ness ( developm5t1 x w suffice to apply to ! backw>d ! same me?ods z to ! normal4 ,"o w make !m foll[ ! same c\rse ( /udy & g j z f> z possible4 ,e defective mu/ "w t[>ds ! prim>y s*ool c]tificate4 ,to atta9 t end1 he ought to pass ?r\gh sev5 regul> /ages1 "o ea* ye>4 ,! tea*] ( defectives _c hope t he w br+ 8 pupils to ! la/ /age4 ,he w /op half-way4 ,"o day1 at ! agricultural colony ( ,vaucluse1 :5 "s =eign doctors 7 visit+ ! e/abli%m5t1 ! tea*] %[+ 8 class to ! visitors rem>k$ ) naive pride3 ,our pupils foll[ /ep by /ep ! curriculum ( ! prim>y s*ool4 ,a second & totally diff]5t !ory is t5able1 & ?is "o appe>s to u to be mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,x is t a defective *ild does n resemble 9 any way a normal "o ^: developm5t has be5 ret>d$ or arre/$4 ,he is inf]ior1 n 9 degree1 b 9 k9d4 ,! ret>dation ( 8 developm5t has n be5 uni=m4 ,ob/ruct$ 9 "o direction1 8 developm5t has progress$ 9 o!rs4 ,to "s ext5t he has cultivat$ sub/itutes = :at is lack+4 ,consequ5tly su* a *ild is n /rictly comp>able to a normal *ild y\ng] ?an himself4 ,s f> z c]ta9 faculties are conc]n$1 he rema9s at ! level ( a y\ng] *ild2 b 9 respect to o!rs1 he is on a level ) normal *ildr5 ( 8 own age4 ,an unequal & imp]fect developm5t is consequ5tly 8 specific *>act]i/ic4 ,^! inequalities ( developm5t may v>y to any degree 9 diff]5t subjects4 ,!y always produce a want ( equilibrium1 & ?is want is ! diff]5tiat+ attribute ( ! defective *ild4 ,b to draw a fai?ful picture we mu/ add yet o!r traits4 ,accord+ to g5]al op9ion1 m5tal defici5cy is a disease1 & al?\gh ! idea ( disease is v vague1 we are incl9$ to fall 9 ) ?is g5]al op9ion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we frequ5tly f9d 9 su* *ildr5 defects ( spee*4 ,besides1 9 /udy+ _! m5tal condition m closely1 "o f9ds 9 "s cases peculi>ities ( und]/&+1 reason+1 imag9+1 difficult to def9e1 b :i* d n appe> to h _! equival5t 9 y\ng] normal *ildr51 & :i* !re=e d n result f simple ret>dation ( developm5t4 ,"h is a boy1 twelve ye>s ( ago1 :o tries to answ] our que/ions1 & succe$s pretty well2 b h>dly has he f9i%$ 8 answ] :5 he des]ts ! subject altoge!r & beg9s to talk a lot ( nons5se4 ,?is want ( coord9ation 9 ?\ght con/itutes a special defect1 & n a ret>dation ( developm5t4 ,possibly "o w\ld n f9d analog\s features 9 o!r backw>d *ildr51 :o t5d r to be laconic2 b x is also possible t a c>eful analysis ( _! m5tal /ate might reveal 9 !m o!r m5tal symptoms1 &1 inde$1 su* are v obvi\s 9 ! v>iety call$ un/able or ill-balanc$4 ,to sum up1 we are ( op9ion t ! defective *ild usually exhibits ! foll[+ *>act]s3 7#a7 ,a ret>dation ( developm5t2 7#b7 a defect ( equilibrium--i4e41 ! ret>dation is m m>k$ 9 "s faculties ?an 9 o!rs2 7#c7 individual peculi>ities ( a pa?ological k9d 9 ! m5tal p[]s4 ,if ?is second !ory is correct1 !re foll[s a v important practical consequ5ce--namely1 t ! curriculum drawn up = normal *ildr5 is v imp]fectly suit$ to ! defective4 ,we _c =ce ! latt] to fit ! ord9>y c\rse4 ,to attempt ?is w\ld be q z unreasonable z to make our tea*+ appeal to ! e>s ( ! deaf or ! eyes ( ! bl9d4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! tea*] is to take acc\nt ( ! faculties already develop$1 ! aptitudes :i* are already app>5t4 ,8 "w is ?ankless & difficult2 he w\ld be fooli% n to take advantage ( ! indications ( nature4 ,if a pupil %[ a special ta/e = any subject1 x is evid5tly t[>ds su* a l9e ( /udy t he %\ld be direct$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 con=mity ) ^! ideas1 we w\ld reject on pr9ciple any programme ( special in/ruction :i* w\ld rigor\sly include all ! *ildr5 9 a common plan4 ,on ! contr>y1 we w\ld pref] = ! defective a s*eme :i* w\ld take ! mo/ acc\nt ( _! natural aptitudes4 ,su* consid]ations lead u to put ! foll[+ "q--,:at are ! mo/ common aptitudes 9 *ildr5 ( ?is class8 ,we say ! mo/ common1 because we h n to d ) a s+le well-def9$ type1 = !re are z _m v>ieties z !re are individuals2 b 9 spite ( ! numb] ( ^? v>ieties1 :i* %[s ! ne$ = individual tea*+1 x w always be possible to e/abli% categories 9 :i* ^? mo/ ne>ly alike may be gr\p$ ,x is also possible t ! aptitudes mo/ frequ5tly lack+ are always1 or almo/ always1 ( ! same nature4 ,to solve ! "q :i* we h j rais$1 we %all employ two me?ods-- ,! que/ionnaire4 ,direct obs]vation4 ,a pr9t$ que/ionnaire conta9+ ?irty-eight que/ions has be5 di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,m4 ,belot1 s*ool inspector1 to ! heads ( all ! elem5t>y s*ools 9 two di/ricts ( ,p>is--"o c5tral1 ! o!r suburban4 ,no?+ w\ld be ga9$ by reproduc+ "h ! que/ionnaire1 :i* has s]v$ its purpose4 ,we %all simply lay d[n ! conclusions we h rea*$1 aft] /udy+ ! replies ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,! replies confirm ! division1 :i* we h ourselves sugge/$1 ( all ! abnormal into ?ree gr\ps3 7#a7 ,! m5tally defective2 7#b7 ! ill-balanc$2 7#c7 a mix$ type :i* includes ^? :o are bo? m5tally defective & ill-balanc$4 ,! simply defective d n pres5t any well-def9$ anomaly ( "*1 b !y d n pr(it1 or pr(it v little1 f ! ord9>y s*ool tea*+4 ,! ill-balanc$1 :o might also be call$ ! undiscipl9$1 are abnormal *iefly 9 "*4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by _! unrul9ess1 _! talkativ5ess1 _! lack ( att5tion1 & sometimes _! wick$ness4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ,defective ,*ildr5 9 ! ,public ,s*ools4--,9 :i* s*ool divisions d we f9d ^! sev]al v>ieties ( *ildr58 ,let u beg9 ) ! m5tally defective4 ,^! are f\nd *iefly 9 ! junior division1 z might be expect$4 ,"s manage to rea* ! int]m$iate division1 b sc>cely any rea* ! s5ior4 ,! exact di/ribution is z foll[s3 #ge p] c5t4 9 ! junior dep>tm5t2 #be p] c5t4 9 ! int]m$iate4 ,let u be m precise ) reg>d to two po9ts--! age ( ! *ild & 8 s*ool position4 ,"s heads ( s*ools1 n all1 h tak5 ! tr\ble to satisfy our dem&s1 & h fix$ to almo/ a ye> ! m5tal ret>dation ( ! *ild z comp>$ ) normal *ildr5 ( ! same age4 ,! foll[+ table summ>ises ^! replies1 & %[s t ! majority ( cases pres5t a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s3 ,m5tally defective *ildr5 ) a ret>dation (-- #j #j #a ye> #f #b ye>s #ab #c #ab #d #i #e #j #f #d #g #a ,accord+ to a conv5tion1 ( :i* we %all speak m fully lat]1 we reg>d z defective 9 intellig5ce a *ild :o %[s a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s1 :5 he himself is n9e ye>s ( age or m4 ,! results %[n above agree ) ?is conv5tion4 ,moreov]1 "o may draw ! conclusion1 :i* is ( practical value1 t "o ne$ n seek *ildr5 ( ?is gr\p 9 ! s5ior division ( a prim>y s*ool4 ,! di/ribution ( ! ill-balanc$ 9 ! divisions ( ! prim>y s*ool is q diff]5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o is surpris$ to f9d none1 or practically none 7only two out ( =ty-five7 9 ! s5ior division4 ,we did n expect ?is4 ,a priori1 we %\ld h suppos$ t1 9 spite ( _! defect 9 "*1 ! un/able 7 n )\t intellig5ce1 & t a fair numb] ( !m w\ld succe$ 9 pass+ ! gates ( ! s5ior division4 ,if none are f\nd !re1 ?is %[s cle>ly t in/ability mu/ be associat$ ) "s m5tal defect1 unless "s indep5d5t condition1 su* z invet]ate laz9ess1 has *eck$ ! *ild on ! way4 ,! ill-balanc$1 l ! simply defective1 are to be f\nd 9 ! int]m$iate & junior divisions1 b _! di/ribution is diff]5t4 ,:ile #ge p] c5t4 ( ! simply defective are 9 ! junior division1 & #be p] c5t4 9 ! int]m$iate1 #de p] c5t4 ( ! ill-balanc$ are 9 ! junior1 & #ej p] c5t4 9 ! int]m$iate3 practically1 !y are divid$ equally betwe5 ^! two divisions4 ,?is indicates a degree ( intellig5ce sup]ior to t ( ! defective1 z "o w\ld expect4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 _! abs5ce f ! s5ior division %[s t ! intellig5ce ( ! ill-balanc$ is 9 g5]al bel[ ! av]age4 ,z ?is conclusion is new1 & may be op5 to "q1 let u exam9e x m closely3 ,! am\nt ( ! ret>dation ( ! ill-balanc$1 z %[n 9 our returns1 is z foll[s3 ,m5tally ill-balanc$ *ildr5 ) a ret>dation (-- #j #ad #a ye> #af #b ye>s #ad #c #b #d #a ,^! figures %[1 9 a novel =m1 t ! m5tal ret>dation is mu* less cle> 9 ! ill-balanc$ ?an 9 ! defective prop]ly s call$1 s9ce 9 ! =m] gr\p are to be f\nd _m pupils--ab\t a ?ird--:o1 9 ! op9ion ( _! tea*]s1 are n at all backw>d2 b ! majority are backw>d1 :ile none are 9 advance ( _! ye>s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! :ole gr\p %[s a slight ret>dation1 av]ag+ ab\t "o ye>1 :i* confirms & makes m precise our orig9al conclusion4 ,we may !re=e affirm t m5tal in/ability or want ( balance is usually accompani$ by an intellectual ret>dation ( ab\t "o ye>4 ,age ,di/ribution4--,x is wor? :ile mak+ ano!r rem>k ab\t ! ages ( ^! *ildr54 ,! simply defective are ( all possible s*ool ages1 :ile ! un/able are usually "y *ildr54 ,"h is ! di/ribution3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,age4 ,defectives4 ,un/able4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #g ye>s #b #a #h #e #i #i #e #g #aj #c ,total1 #ca #aj ,total1 #dc #aa #f #aa #ab #aj #e #ac #i #d #ad #b #j #ae #c ,total1 #ae #j ,total1 #d #af #a #j ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! defectives rema9 9 ! s*ools till ! end ( ! prescrib$ t]ms1 :il/ ! ill-balanc$ ha/5 to leave be=e ! "t4 ,?us ! defective1 l an in]t mass1 become a dead weight :i* encumb]s ! s*ool4 ,!y adapt !mselves z well z !y c to _! environm5t4 ,_! p>5ts are apt to leave !m at s*ool z long z possible1 because !y d n "k :at to d ) !m1 & probably ! tea*]s d n compla9 v mu*1 b are ready to put up ) ^! defectives :o d n int]f]e ) discipl9e4 ,! ill-balanc$1 on ! o!r h&1 f9d ! s*ool environm5t irksome1 ! discipl9e ho/ile4 ,!y d n wi% to /ay at s*ool2 _! p>5ts d n keep !m !re1 ow+ to ! con/ant compla9ts ( ! tea*]s2 & ! tea*]s d n want to h any?+ m to d ) !m4 ,conclusion3 ,! ill-balanc$ leaves s*ool e>ly1 & takes 8 place 9 society1 :]e1 ow+ to 8 "*1 he may v easily become a dang]4 ,to sum up1 ! simply defective rema9 at s*ool1 :ile ! ill-balanc$ leave e>ly4 ,ano!r obs]vation may be made4 ,s9ce ! ill-balanc$ are s num]\s at t5 ye>s ( age1 & ev5 at eight1 we conclude t 9 _m cases ! m5tal in/ability is n ! result ( ! p]turbation :i* prec$es pub]ty4 ,?is physiological explanation is n ( su* g5]al application z is sometimes suppos$4 ,! ,frequ5cy ( ! ,mix$ ,type1 at once ,defective & ,ill-,balanc$4--,! ?ird category ( defective *ildr5 :i* we h sugge/$ includes ^? ( a mix$ type1 :o are at once m5tally defective & ill-balanc$4 ,we %all n be surpris$ to f9d t ^! subjects h *>act]s :i* are ! mean ( ^? ( ! defective & ! ill-balanc$1 s9ce !y unite 9 !mselves ! two diff]5t =ms ( abnormality4 ,?us1 z reg>ds _! intellig5ce1 "o f9ds t none ( !m are 9 ! s5ior division2 ! majority are 9 ! junior division 7#ga p] c5t471 & ! rema9d] 7#bi p] c5t47 9 ! int]m$iate division1 :i* proves t !y are on ! av]age less intellig5t ?an ! simply ill-balanc$1 & m intellig5t ?an ! simply defective4 ,b we ne$ n dwell on su* details1 :i* are easy to und]/& & ev5 to =esee4 ,! mo/ important "q is ! numb] ( ! mix$ cases4 ,! gr\ps ( ! two simple types are almo/ equal 9 numb]4#b ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d only tw5ty-"o mix$ cases 9 a population :]e ! ill-balanc$ :i* h be5 notifi$ to u am\nt to =ty-f\r1 & ! defective to fifty-sev51 s t ! mix$ cases repres5t only a fif? ( ! :ole1 :]eas ! simple cases =m f\r-fif?s4 ,^! v diff]5t proportions indicate t z a g5]al rule m5tal in/ability & m5tal defici5cy are q di/9ct4 ,!y are n aspects ( a s+le pa?ological condition1 b are two q indep5d5t pa?ological conditions :i* may coexi/ 9 ! same subject1 j z happ5s1 = example1 9 ! case ( alcoholism & epilepsy1 b :i* are none ! less di/9ct1 s9ce z a rule !y d n coexi/4 ,psy*ological ,description ( ! ,m5tally ,defective4--,n[ let u take a clos] look at ! *ildr5 :o are go+ to be pupils 9 our s*ools = defectives4 ,9 look+ ov] ! replies to our que/ionnaire1 we are /ruck by ! recurr5ce ( c]ta9 phrases1 by :i* ! tea*] attempts to sum up ! defective *ild4 ,"h are "s examples ( su* phrases4 ,!y repres5t only g5]al impressions1 b ! frequ5cy ( simil> impressions arre/s "o's att5tion4 ,*>les does ! be/ he c4 ,augu/9e is v att5tive4 ,emile is v ob$i5t & g5tle4 ,paul is always mak+ himself useful 9 little ways4 ,m>celle is oblig+ & polite4 ,jeanne blu%es on ! slighte/ occasion4 ,sev]ity p>alyses ,erne/9e & makes h] lose :at little wits %e possesses4 ,camilla smiles :5ev] anyone speaks to h]1 & imm$iately does :at %e is told4 ,l\is is v biddable4 ,angela does n answ] back :5 h] companions tease h]1 & takes ! blame h]self4 ,eug5ie is affectionate & is lov$ by h] companions :o make h] jo9 9 _! games4 ,al?\gh %e h]self is fifte51 x 0 a *ild ( eight :o taught h] to read & write4 ,f all ^! rem>ks x appe>s t ! defective is a likeable creature4 ,he is s ev5 9 proportion to ! degree ( 8 defect4 ,) ?is ?\ght 9 m9d1 we h exam9$ ! v>i\s descriptions1 & h rea*$ ?is v curi\s conclusion3 ,! m likeable ! *ild is repres5t$ to be1 ! great] ! am\nt ( ret>dation "o may safely attribute to him4 ,few1 inde$1 are ! exceptions to ?is rule4 ,! defective *ild is prais$ = 8 sweetness ( disposition4 ,if he does n und]/& ! "w :i* is be+ done 9 class1 at any rate he does n %[ 8 want ( compreh5sion 9 any noisy mann]4 ,sitt+ quietly 9 8 place1 he all[s himself to be =gott54 ,! lesson c g on j z if he 7 n pres5t1 & usually t is j :at happ5s4 ,x w\ld n be j on ?is acc\nt to accuse ( neglig5ce a tea*] :o has *>ge ( =ty to sixty pupils4 ,! sluggi%ness1 bo? m5tal & physical1 ( ^! *ildr5 is a negative quality :i* an ov]tax$ ma/] is sometimes weak en\gh to value4 ,:5 ! defective *ild becomes subject to discipl9e1 we are told1 he does n rebel2 = he is ob$i5t1 respectful1 & probably sugge/ible4 ,sometimes ! tea*] may ev5 recognise 9 him ! pres5ce ( qualities ( a m positive nature4 ,"s defectives are pleas$1 & ev5 eag]1 to d little s]vices4 ,!y are k9d to _! companions1 affectionate1 & grateful = att5tions paid to !m4 ,z !y are usually old] ?an ! o!r *ildr5 9 _! class1 ! tea*] (t5 tru/s !m ) little commissions4 ,s f> z "o c judge ( ! morality ( natures ^: intellectual level is s l[1 ! s\rce ( ! altrui/ic s5tim5ts appe>s to be well repres5t$ 9 ! defective1 b x rema9s to be consid]$ :e!r 8 docility & complaisance may n mislead u z to ! true value ( 8 s5tim5ts2 = "o *>act]i/ic ( ! defective is 8 t5d5cy to repeat ! polite =mulae or moral maxims :i* h be5 taught him4 ,he has a surface morality1 possibly purely v]bal4 ,z a la/ trait1 x may be not$ t ! defective is influ5c$ by rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 b1 ow+ to 8 defective intellig5ce1 ! effect is v fleet+4 ,psy*ological ,description ( ! ,ill-,balanc$4--,?is description contra/s curi\sly ) ! prec$+4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ to be surpris$ at4 ,9 s*ool ! ill-balanc$ *ild is a p]petual nuisance4 ,! tea*] has no weakness = ?is naughty *ild1 :o is always di/urb+ ! class & defy+ 8 au?ority4 ,z we h done 9 ! case ( ! defective1 let u quote "s ( ! phrases by :i* our correspond5ts sum up ! un/able4 ,*>les _c sit /ill1 nor keep 9 rank1 & 8 he$lessness prev5ts repro( hav+ any effect4 ,alb]t nev] obeys b ) a bad grace4 ,m>?a always puts on an a/oni%$ look :5 %e is *eck$4 ,maurice receives any criticism ) impati5ce4 ,susan receives x ) ang]4 ,eug5ie1 by toss+ h] head4 ,%e mimics h] tea*]1 & makes ! o!rs laugh1 s t !y h to hide _! faces4 ,octavia replies1 ,:at d ,i c>e6 ,%e bur/s out laugh+ & cont9ues to d :at %e has be5 =bidd54 ,leont9e quibbles1 answ]s back1 & expresses al\d h] bad hum\r4 ,ra\l flies into a passion :5 he is reprim&$4 ,he poses z a m>tyr1 a victim ( inju/ice1 & sometimes ev5 utt]s ?reats4 ,puni%m5t makes him give v5t to intemp]ate language4 ,victor assumes an attitude ( revolt1 turns pale1 & refuses to obey :5 anyone *ecks him4 ,lucy broke h] p5 9 a fit ( temp]4 ,hel5 9 ! same circum/ances upsets ev]y?+ 9 h] neighb\rhood4 ,l\ise /rikes h] elb[s on ! desk1 & "o day %e ev5 kick$ h] tea*]4 ,leon is qu>relsome & 8 companions are afraid ( him4 ,george does no?+ b tease 8 companions4 ,he de/roys _! copybooks1 te>s pages f _! books1 & puts ! blame on !m4 ,*>les1 :o is r5d]$ ob/9ate by /rictness & m]ely irritat$ by puni%m5t1 seems happy :5 "o takes an int]e/ 9 him4 ,eug5ie1 :o is greatly excit$ by puni%m5t & :o smiles at rew>ds1 loves to be flatt]$ & pick$ out to d "s little s]vice4 ,! ?ree foll[+ traits are con/antly met ) 9 ! descriptions ( ! ill-balanc$3 !y are turbul5t1 boa/ful1 & incapable ( att5tion4 ,to ?is may be r$uc$ ! psy*ology ( ! less /rongly m>k$ cases4 ,!y h an in/ability ( body1 ( spee*1 ( att5tion1 :i* may result ei!r f an excessively n]v\s disposition1 or simply f a nature ^: re/lessness rebels aga9/ s$5t>y & sil5t /udy4 ,b 9 _m cases o!r features are pres5t4 ,9 addition to ! prec$+ symptoms1 !re are f\nd impati5ce ( discipl9e & a t5d5cy to annoy _! comrades4 ,! ill-balanc$ are spok5 ( z brutal1 deceitful1 cruel2 & z to _! ob/9acy1 ! abundant details 9 ! que/ionnaires %[ t ^! *ildr5 h left a disagreeable impression on ! s*ool /aff4 ,x is especially on _! acc\nt t an outcry = special s*ools has aris54 ,! way 9 :i* ^! *ildr5 react to discipl9e is v int]e/+4 ,we are told t !y are v little influ5c$ by rew>ds1 :i* !y (t5 receive ) disda91 laught]1 or irony1 if !y d n refuse !m altoge!r4 ,puni%m5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 produce a bad effect4 ,! ill-balanc$ ne>ly always become angry1 & rebel aga9/ puni%m5t1 s t ! tea*]s /rive to avoid com+ into conflict ) !m4 ,"h we h a trait :i* is v int]e/+ = psy*ology1 b v emb>rass+ = p$agogy4 ,h[1 !n1 c ! ill-balanc$ be subject$ to any discipl9e :atev]8 ,?is is an important "q1 :i* x w be all ! m necess>y to solve because x is ! ill-balanc$ :o pr(it mo/ by special education2 x is = !m t "o w\ld h mo/ hope4 ,our advice is t1 9 ord] to control ^! *ildr51 acc\nt %\ld be tak51 9 ! fir/ place1 ( _! dom9ant t5d5cy4 ,! /udy ( ! answ]s to ! que/ionnaires %[s u t ! *ief ?+ to :i* "o c appeal 9 ^! cases is _! am\r-propre1 _! pride1 _! vanity--9 a ^w1 ! :ole range ( ! egoi/ic s5tim5ts4 ,on natures ( ?is /amp puni%m5t _c h mu* effect1 see+ t x is oppos$ by an (t5 indomitable pride4 ,! end may be rea*$ m directly1 n by break+ ! resi/ance1 b by giv+ x a diff]5t direction4 ,x is bett] to praise ! ill-balanc$ :5 he has done well ?an to puni% him = 8 faults4 ,x is desirable also to %[ him "s appreciation1 or ev5 to tru/ him ) "s duty ( a v mode/ k9d1 :i* he may p]=m "u discreet sup]vision4 ,m5tal ,aptitudes ( ! ,defective4--,hav+ briefly sket*$ ! moral aptitudes ( ! abnormal1 let u n[ exam9e _! m5tal aptitudes4 ,we h "h a v captivat+ subject ( inquiry4 ,! /udy ( individual aptitudes ought to h be5 und]tak5 long ago 9 ! int]e/ ( education4 ,ev]yone is cry+ out = x4 ,no "o1 or almo/ no "o1 und]takes x4 ,9 ! case ( ! abnormal !re is ev5 m urg5t ne$ t x %\ld be und]tak51 = ! y\ng] or less intellig5t ! pupils1 ! m dep5ds ^u educational me?ods4 ,:5 a m9d is ( a sup]ior k9d1 v little really dep5ds ^u ! culture suppli$ to x4 ,if a ,b]!lot or a ,pa/eur %\ld ev5 h _h imbeciles z _! fir/ ma/]s 9 *emi/ry1 !y w\ld none ! less h turn$ out m5 ( g5ius4 ,x is ^? ( av]age intellig5ce :o h ne$ ( good me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,x is ! "y *ildr5 :o really require intellig5t me?ods4 ,consequ5tly we %\ld give ! defectives ! be/ tea*]s4 ,e fault ( me?od committ$ 9 _! education may h consequ5ces :i* w prejudice !m lat] on4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! aptitudes ( ! m5tally defective1 we h ?ree means ( int]rogat+ our que/ionnaires4 ,9 ! fir/ place ^! conta9 ! foll[+ "q3 ,does ! *ild %[ any p>ticul> aptitude ei!r at s*ool or outside8 ,?is "q has evok$ replies :i* v>y v little1 = among/ ! aptitudes ( ! *ildr5 sc>cely any?+ is m5tion$ b bodily occupations--err&s1 dome/ic duties1 gymna/ics1 sew+1 & draw+4 ,9 ! same que/ionnaire ano!r "q1 plac$ on ! foll[+ page1 is almo/ id5tical 9 =m ) ! fir/3 ,is !re any?+ 9 :i* ! *ild is p>ticul>ly int]e/$8 ,! replies to ?is second "q h be5 a little m num]\s ?an to ! previ\s "o4 ,x is true t ! two diff] by a %ade--! di/9ction betwe5 int]e/ & aptitude4 ,"o may int]e/ oneself 9 some?+ = :i* "o has no aptitude4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! di/ribution ( ! replies to ! two prec$+ que/ions3 ,,! ,,m5tally ,,defective4 ,aptitudes4 ,int]e/s4 ,pupils4 ,pupils4 ,none #ai ,none #aa ,practical life #g ,writ+ #h ,sew+ #g ,draw+ #g ,gymna/ics #a ,sew+ #f ,draw+ #a ,gymna/ics #e ,ari?metic #c ,recitation #c ,hi/ory #b ,fr5* #a ,music #a ,s++ #a ,read+ #a ,object lessons #a ,^! two li/s are n sup]posable1 b if we take !m toge!r we %all notice t s5sori-motor occupations1 su* z gymna/ics1 practical life1 sew+1 writ+1 & draw+1 are ^? :i* are mo/ int]e/+ to ^! pupils4 ,sew+1 writ+1 & draw+ are1 inde$1 _! fav\rite lessons4 ,we %\ld h expect$ t s++ w\ld n h left !m indiff]5t1 = o!r inve/igations h %[n u t ! majority h a good voice2 b x is q app>5t t s++ is less attractive to !m ?an draw+4 ,a v *>act]i/ic feature is ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( composition4 ,"s ( ! abnormal are fond ( ari?metic2 none %9e 9 composition4 ,?is fact1 ?\gh negative1 seems wor? consid]ation4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we nev] f9d t a *ild :o is good at composition is m5tally defective4 ,we h m5tion$ t !re is a ?ird me?od ( weigh+ ! aptitudes ( defective *ildr54 ,9 our que/ionnaire we ask$ ! tea*]s to give m>ks %[+ ! relative ability ( ^! *ildr5 9 ! diff]5t subjects4 ,f ^! m>ks x appe>s t 9 f\r subjects !y are m successful ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^! are gymna/ics1 draw+1 writ+1 & read+4 ,we regret t we did n include 9 our li/ sew+1 manual "w1 & object lessons4 ,"h are our results 9 figures4 ,^! indicate = ea* pupil ! two subjects 9 :i* he has obta9$ ! highe/ m>ks4 ,pupils4 ,pupils4 ,read+ #bc ,ari?metic #f ,writ+ #ah ,spell+ #e ,draw+ #aa ,s++ #c ,gymna/ics #aa ,recitation #c ,x is n at all uncommon = a defective to take ! fir/ place 9 writ+ or 9 draw+4 ,?is is q a rem>kable fact1 al?\gh we mu/ ha/5 to add t 9 su* cases ! defective is usually ! olde/ *ild 9 ! class4 ,all ^! obs]vations are suffici5tly uni=m1 & lead to ! same conclusion4 ,! dom9ant features 9 ! defective are ! s5ses1 ! concrete p]ceptions1 & motor ability4 ,^! are ! faculties :i* are normally develop$4 ,8 con/ant weakness 9 composition %[s t ! function ( spee* is q evid5tly inf]ior to ! s5sory & motor functions4 ,let u weigh ^! facts & sum up4 ,:at a great mi/ake x w\ld be to give to *ildr5 ( ?is k9d ! syllabus ( in/ruction :i* has be5 made to suit normal *ildr54 ,?is syllabus h>monises ) ! developm5t ( all ! faculties4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld "o make *ildr5 foll[ x ^: aptitudes are limit$8 99 99 99 99 99 ,inquiries by que/ionnaire h "o defect :i* has (t5 be5 not$4 ,!y br+ toge!r /atem5ts furni%$ by correspond5ts :o are (t5 unkn[n1 & ^: judgm5t & accuracy x is impossible to e/imate4 ,ea* ( _! obs]vations1 tak5 by itself1 has little au?ority4 ,x is ! sum ( concurr+ obs]vations :i* %\ld alone be tak5 into consid]ation2 & ev5 !n x is necess>y to be cauti\s be=e draw+ any practical conclusion1 because an agreem5t 9 ! replies sometimes indicates no?+ m ?an a g5]al misconception4 ,su* d\bts1 :i* are kn[n to all inve/igators1 l$ u to decide to make direct obs]vations on our own acc\nt ^u abnormal s*ool-*ildr51 & to comp>e !m ) normal *ildr5 ( ! same age--a long & difficult task1 z all pione] "w is4 ,we h collect$ facts :i* we 7 n seek+1 :il/ we (t5 fail$ to f9d :at we expect$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to summ>ise "h ev]y?+ :i* contact ) reality has taught & sugge/$4 ,we %all extract f our obs]vations only :at conc]ns ! aptitudes ( ! abnormal1 & %all ev5 limit ourselves to a s+le category ( ^!4 ,x happ5s t we h me?odical obs]vations relat+ to twelve defective *ildr5 ( betwe5 elev5 & twelve ye>s ( age4 ,^! =m a suffici5tly homog5e\s gr\p f ! po9t ( view bo? ( age & ( m5tal ability4 ,we %all inquire :at are ! be/ m>k$ aptitudes & ! mo/ app>5t defici5cies ( ?is little gr\p4 ,)\t d5y+ individual diff]5ces or =gett+ t defectives _c easily be r$uc$ to a s+le type1 we h ?\ght x m int]e/+ = ! pres5t to emphasise _! resemblances r ?an _! diff]5ces4 ,let u1 !n1 comp>e !m en bloc ) a gr\p ( normal *ildr5 ( ! same age & ! same social position1 att5d+ ! same s*ools1 9 ! same di/rict4 ,?is equival5ce ( conditions is necess>y if we are to lay our f+] on ! di/9ctive *>act]s ( ! defective *ild4 ,we h subject$ our twelve defectives to c]ta9 te/s z spe$y & precise z possible4#c ,we devis$ ^! te/s be=e /udy+ ! returns furni%$ to our que/ionnaires1 & ! latt] 7 tabulat$ be=e our obs]vations4 ,!re h1 !re=e1 be5 two /udies absolutely indep5d5t1 bo? 9 _! mode ( execution1 & 9 _! aim4 ,consequ5tly1 any po9ts 9 :i* !y agree w be v significant4 ,our collection ( te/s ( m5tal defici5cy is already kn[n to read]s ( ! ,annee ,psy*ologique4#d ,9 vol4 xi4 we describ$ at l5g? ! details necess>y = mak+ use ( our me?od ( exp]im5tation4 ,s9ce !n ,dr4 ,decroly1 :o specialises on defective *ildr5 9 ,belgium1 has tri$ our me?ods1 & v]ifi$ our conclusions4 ,! end :i* we h con/antly set be=e ourselves has be5 to br+ to light ! intellectual capacity ( ! *ild1 tak5 by itself1 z di/9ct f :at ! *ild actually kn[s4 ,our psy*ological exam9ations are consequ5tly ! v opposite ( s*ool exam9ations1 :i* te/ *iefly ! c&idate's memory1 8 judgm5t v little4 ,we h made num]\s obs]vations 9 ?is way4 ,! be/ way to expla9 our me?od1 & m especially our results1 w be to describe a few ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,memory ( ,pictures ( ,kn[n ,objects4--,! *ildr5 are all[$ to look = ?irty seconds at pictures ( ?irte5 objects1 :i* !y are !n told to enum]ate f memory4 ,comp>ison ( ,%ort ,l9es4--,two l9es = comp>ison are drawn 9 ink side by side on ! same %eet ( pap]1 s t !y c bo? be se5 at a glance4 ,we h a :ole s]ies ( su* pairs4 ,betwe5 ! l9es1 ^: av]age l5g? is #cj millimetres1 !re is a v>iable diff]5ce4 ,e/imation ( ,weights4--,five little boxes1 weigh+ respectively #c1 #f1 #i1 #ab1 & #ae grammes1 are to be arrang$ 9 ord] ( weight4 ,memory ( ,figures4--,?is te/ consi/s 9 repeat+ a s]ies ( figures imm$iately aft] hav+ he>d !m4 ,memory ( ,phrases4--,! *ild is ask$ to repeat a phrase ( twelve to fifte5 words imm$iately aft] hav+ he>d x4 ,we d n wi% to insi/ on ! details ( ^! obs]vations4 ,!y are /ill v incomplete4 ,x w be necess>y to exp]im5t = a long "t#e be=e x w be possible to say exactly :at x is t is want+1 or t is wrong1 9 ! m5tal ma*9]y ( ! defective4 ,no d\bt :5 ! classes = defectives %all be "u way1 :5 a great _m su* *ildr5 are br\ght toge!r 9 conditions :i* suit ! conv5i5ce ( ! exp]im5t]s1 ! latt] w be able aft] p]sev]+ ef=t to see daylight 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 ! meantime we mu/ be cont5t ) a g5]al survey4 ,b h[ev] sup]ficial1 h[ev] defective1 our fir/ attempts may be1 !y may at lea/ give u a />t4 ,let u see1 !n1 :at results h be5 obta9$ f our te/s4 ,^! results cle>ly sep>ate ! te/s !mselves into two gr\ps4 ,to ! "o set ! defectives furni%$ replies practically equival5t to ^? ( normal *ildr54 ,to ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 !y gave answ]s :i* cle>ly exhibit$ _! ret>dation1 or r _! defect4 ,?is diff]5ce w\ld be depriv$ ( all significance if any ( ! te/s pres5t$ no difficulty to a normal intellig5ce4 ,b 9 all cases ! difficulty 0 s great t ev5 ! normal made _m mi/akes1 & we c affirm t1 :il/ = ! "o set ! two gr\ps ( *ildr5 7 practically equal1 = ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! inf]iority ( ! defective is q cle>4 ,! te/s 9 :i* ! defectives are on a p> ) ! normal are--7#a7 ,! comp>ison ( %ort l9es2 7#b7 ! memory ( pictures4 ,let u give "s details ( ! latt] te/1 :i* appe>s to u typical4 ,ea* *ild individually 0 %[n a %eet ( pap]1 on :i* 7 pa/$ ?irte5 pictures ( kn[n objects4 ,^! pictures1 drawn 9 black & v simple1 almo/ r$uc$ to outl9es1 repres5t$ a nose1 a head ( hair1 a rose1 two *]ries1 a b$1 a b>rel1 a nail1 a key1 an omnibus1 "s eggs1 a bell1 a sun sett+ 9 ! sea1 & a m\?4 ,we h "h a te/ ( s5se memory1 = ! *ild is ask$ to recall a visual impression4 ,some?+ m1 h[ev]1 is necess>y1 = he mu/ und]/& ! picture & give x a "n4 ,b ?is con/itutes no real difficulty1 & ! :ole ex]cise is a te/ ( s5se intellig5ce4 ,we 7 q surpris$ to f9d t 9 ?is case our defectives 7 at ! level normal = elev5 ye>s4 ,! av]age ( _! replies is sev51 :i* is exactly ! normal value4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* gives ! comp>ison betwe5 !m & normal *ildr5 ( elev53 ,,nam+ ,,by ,,memory ,,?irte5 ,,pictures4 ,numb] ( pictures rememb]$-- ,normal *ildr5 #d1 #e1 #f1 #f1 #g1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aj4 ,defective *ildr5 #d1 #d1 #g1 #g1 #g1 #h1 #h1 #i1 #aa4 ,h we n "h a v int]e/+ confirmation ( :at we h already le>n$ f ! que/ionnaires8 ,! ex]cise is "o :i* c]ta9ly pres5ts "s difficulty1 s9ce ! normal *ildr5 =got "s ( ! pictures4 ,if x _h be5 too easy1 "o w\ld n h be5 surpris$ at ! fact t ! two gr\ps--! normal & ! defective--7 equally successful4 ,n[1 9 spite ( ! difficulty1 ! defective %[s no inf]iority z comp>$ ) ! normal4 ,any comm5t>y w\ld dim9i% ! eloqu5ce ( ?is result4 ,)\t l+]+ ov] ea* ( ! o!r te/s1 let u select f ! gr\p "o :i* =ms a rem>kable contra/ to ! prec$+4 ,j z /rik+ z ! equality betwe5 ! defective & ! normal 9 visual memory ( pictures is ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 memory = phrases4 ,! latt] is a te/ ( imm$iate memory4 ,"o repeats to ! *ild a phrase ( ab\t twelve to fifte5 words1 & asks him to repeat x imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,= ?is memory is necess>y1 & also volunt>y att5tion1 & "s p[] ( compreh5sion into ! b>ga92 = if "s ( ^! phrases are q easy to und]/& 7e4g41 ,g]ma9e has n be5 good2 %e did n want to "w2 %e w be scold$71 o!rs1 aga91 are a little involv$ 7e4g41 ,! *e/nut-tree 9 ! g>d5 ca/s ! q fa9t %ad[ ( its new leaves on ! gr\nd74 ,! numb] ( phrases :i* ! defectives manag$ to repeat correctly is v small4 ,x av]ages only two4 ,"h are ! figures3 ,,imm$iate ,,memory ,,( ,,phrases4 ,numb] ( phrases repeat$ exactly-- #g ye>s #a1 #b1 #b1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #e4 ,normal *ildr5 #i ye>s #b1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #d1 #e1 #e1 #e1 #f1 #f1 #g4 #aa ye>s #c1 #c1 #d1 #d1 #e1 #e1 #f1 #f1 #g1 #g4 ,defective *ildr51 #aa ye>s #j1 #a1 #a1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #d4 ,if "o exam9es ^! results1 "o is surpris$ to f9d t "s ( ! defectives are sup]ior to normal *ildr5 ( ! same age1 s9ce !y repeat f\r phrases1 al?\gh "s ( ! normal repeat only ?ree4 ,9 all exp]im5ts on gr\ps "o f9ds exceptions ( ?is k9d4 ,we are glad to give examples 9 ord] to %[ h[ complex ev]y?+ is4 ,9 ord] to compreh5d su* anomalies1 x is necess>y to analyse ! exceptional cases4 ,"o g5]ally f9ds !n t ! defective :o has brok5 ! rule has made use ( a pure s5se memory1 has repeat$ l an e*o )\t und]/&+4 ,if ! repetition is delay$ a little1 he is lo/4 ,9 o!r cases ! defective is n f> remov$ f ! normal4 ,)\t /opp+ to discuss ^! exceptions1 let u exam9e ! gr\p z a :ole4 ,:5 we d ?is we rea* ! important conclusion t our gr\p ( defectives resembles 9 a /rik+ mann] ! gr\p ( *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s4 ,on an av]age1 !y repeat practically ! same numb] ( phrases4 ,! av]age = sev5 ye>s is #c4a2 t ( ! defectives ( elev5 ye>s is a little less3 x is #b4a4 ,n[1 to sum up1 let u comp>e j ^! two extremes1 ! memory ( pictures & ! memory ( phrases4 ,is n ! contra/ rem>kable8 ,& does "o n "h hit ^u "o ( ! pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 ! normal & ! abnormal8 ,give ! defective a piece ( "w :i* int]e/s him1 :i* appeals to 8 organs ( s5se1 & :i* is concrete4 ,if ! "w is n too difficult1 he w acquit himself tol]ably well4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! "w involves words1 phrases1 composition--9 a ^w1 ab/ract ideas express$ 9 spee*--! defective imm$iately reveals :]e9 8 inf]iority lies4 ,ab/ract ?\ght1 & all o!r m5tal op]ations t involve x1 are to him a clos$ doma94 ,! replies ( ! tea*]s to our que/ionnaires _h already l$ u to suspect ?is4 ,our te/s are a confirmation1 & ev5 an exact demon/ration1 ( x4 ,! normal curriculum ( prim>y education1 z "o c imag9e1 is !re=e n suitable to ! m5tal condition ( ! majority ( defectives4 ,ev5 by r$uc+ x to its fir/ elem5ts1 "o w\ld make only a bad fit1 = if "o 7 to dim9i% ! ab/ract portion :i* is n int5d$ = defectives1 "o w\ld equally dim9i% ! concrete portion1 :i*1 f> f be+ r$uc$1 :5 defectives are 9 "q1 ought to be amplifi$4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to *ange ! proportions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! curriculum1 & give ! :ole a special direction4 ,we %all conclude our obs]vations by rem>k+ t1 if we take ! work%op 9 opposition to ! class1 z ! symbol ( concrete "w oppos$ to ! symbol ( v]bal "w1 ! work%op ought 9 ! education ( defectives to become a m important place ( in/ruction ?an ! class4 ,a slight res]vation1 h[ev]1 mu/ be made z to ! value ( ?is conclusion4 ,9 spite ( ! exi/5ce = a numb] ( ye>s ( in/itutions = ! abnormal1 we h yet sc>cely begun our rese>*es4 ,ev]y:]e we are up aga9/ ! same ignorance1 & %all be s = a long "t to come4 ,our k ( ^! *ildr5 is v imp]fect4 ,we d n pret5d t any?+ we are ab\t to say is 9 any way complete4 ,?us1 hav+ set =? a q g5]al pr9ciple relat+ to concrete1 intuitive1 s5sory education1 let u ha/5 to add t 9 practice ?is pr9ciple mu/ be appli$ to *ildr5 ( widely diff]+ temp]am5ts1 & t no?+ is m complicat$ ?an ! p$agogy ( defectives1 if "o desires x to be adapt$ to ! num]\s ends :i* x is necess>y = x to atta94 ,"o w c]ta9ly be> 9 m9d t a great] place mu/ be giv5 to intuition ?an to ab/raction2 "o w be> ?is 9 m9d 9 ! detail ( ! education ( defectives1 z well z 9 its g5]al direction1 b )\t =gett+ ! num]\s int]e/s :i* x is necess>y to satisfy4 ,!re is no "q b t !re w be admitt$ into ! special s*ools & classes _m *ildr5 only slightly defective1 :o are de/9$ to return z soon z possible to ! ord9>y s*ool2 & "o w\ld put an ob/acle 9 ! way ( ?is return1 or ev5 make x impossible1 if1 f ! day ! *ild ent]$ ! special class1 a totally diff]5t direction %\ld be giv5 to 8 education f t ( ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,?is w\ld be bo? s]i\s & tr\blesome4 ,! am\nt ( ab/ract mat]ial 9 ! lessons %\ld be dim9i%$ simply 9 proportion to ! m5tal defici5cy4 ,!re is no reason :y ! slight cases %\ld n be taught 9 ! special class 9 accordance ) a programme little diff]5t f t ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 except t x gives !m ! b5efit ( great] individual att5tion4 ,su* individual att5tion is /ill m necess>y 9 ! case ( ! ill-balanc$1 ( :om we h sc>cely spok5 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is n _! insubord9ate _s :i* sets !m aga9/ any?+ ab/ract1 & "o w\ld d !m a v poor s]vice by depriv+ ! m intellig5t ( !m ( ! ord9>y curriculum1 & all ! m z ! majority ( ! ill-balanc$ are de/9$ to improve consid]ably4 ,?us !re are _m reasons :y1 9 ! case ( c]ta9 classes ( ! abnormal1 "o %\ld n lose sight ( ! usual curriculum4 ,^! reasons are z foll[s3 ! slight degree ( ! defici5cy 9 c]ta9 cases1 or ! exi/5ce ( in/ability )\t ret>dation1 or ! necessity ( s5d+ ! *ildr5 :o improve mo/ back to ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,su* are ! reasons :i* are important f ! s*ool po9t ( view4 ,!re are o!rs ) a social be>+ :i* are m important /ill4 ,at ! pres5t day x is necess>y1 especially 9 t[ns1 t ev]yone %\ld be able to read1 to write1 & to express himself 9 suitable language4 ,x has be5 rem>k$1 & ju/ly1 t read+ is ! triumph ( ab/raction1 & t a defective may require two ye>s to le>n to read by syllables1 & v poorly ev5 !n4 ,no matt]3 if ! ?+ is possible1 ev5 ) consid]able ef=t1 su* a defective ought to le>n to read4 ,?is is dem&$1 n by ! /ate ( ! *ild's intellig5ce1 b by ! society 9 :i* he lives1 :]e illit]acy w\ld br+ %ame ^u him4 ,9 que/ions ( ?is k9d ! indications ( psy*ology & p$agogy %\ld be subord9at$ to ! ne$s ( life4 ,necessity makes ! law4 ,all in/ruction giv5 to defectives mu/ be dom9at$ by ! "q ( its practical usefulness4 ,a p$agogy :i* %\ld be fitt$ easily to ! measure ( _! intellig5ce w\ld be dang]\s1 9 t x might result 9 mak+ !m useless4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! problem is v complex1 & x w\ld be q useless to attempt to express x by a s+le =mula4 ,! nature ( ea* individual case mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & "o mu/ aim at an ess5tially practical tra9+1 a p$agogy ( ends r ?an ( ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,our advice1 consequ5tly1 is t 9 ! meantime no def9ite curriculum %\ld be fix$ ^u1 b t ! tea*]s ( defective *ildr5 %\ld be all[$ "s fre$om1 "u ! cauti\s control ( ! prim>y s*ool inspectors4 ,we ask t all intellig5t initiative %\ld be accept$ & enc\rag$1 & t ! tea*]s 9 special s*ools %\ld frequ5tly meet toge!r 9 ord] t !y may comp>e _! exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 we %\ld give to ! s*ools & classes = defectives su* fre$om & ela/icity t ! k9d ( education be/ adapt$ = su* *ildr5 w\ld be able to evolve & p]fect itself l a liv+ organism4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,on ! o!r h&1 ,dr4 ,abadie f\nd #cji defective to #acd ill-balanc$4 #c ,at ! ,laboratoire de ,p$agogie ,normal1 #cf1 ,rue ,grange-aux-,belles4 ,= details ( ! "w ( ?is laboratory see ,annee ,psy*ologique1 tome xiii41 pp4 #a1 #bcc4 #d ,see vols4 xi41 #aije1 p4 #aia2 xiv41 #aijh1 p4 #a2 xvii41 #aiaa1 p4 #ade4 ,also ,bull4 de la ,soc4 p\r l',etude de l',enfant1 #aiaa1 p4 #ahg4 #e ,! results ( lat] obs]vations are embodi$ 9 ! te/s publi%$ 9 #aiaa1 :i* are giv5 complete 9 ! ,app5dix4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,p$agogical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,defective ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,:5 legislation provides special s*ools & classes = ! b5efit ( defectives1 x w be imprud5t to make use ( legal =ce to be> d[n ! w ( ! p>5ts4 ,x w be bett]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to h rec\rse to p]suasion4 ,x w be po9t$ out to ! p>5ts t _! *ildr5 are beh9dh& 9 _! lessons4 ,! p>5ts1 z a matt] ( fact1 "k ?is q well4 ,x w be expla9$ to !m t classes ( =ty pupils are too l>ge = *ildr5 l !irs1 & t ! tea*] _c devote suffici5t att5tion to !m4 ,x w be expla9$ also t classes are be+ organis$ = t5 to tw5ty pupils at mo/1 9 :i* x w be possible to give individual att5tion4 ,be=e in/ruct+ _! *ild1 x w be necess>y to beg9 by awak+ 8 intellig5ce1 :i* involves ! tea*] devot+ himself to him ) me?od1 ord]1 & pati5ce4 ,"o w appeal to ! he>t ( ^! p>5ts1 & w surely manage to p]suade !m1 especially ! mo!rs4 ,= su* int]views we mu/ rely ^u ! s*ool tea*]s & ! inspectors4 ,x w only be necess>y to w>n !m to avoid ! use ( c]ta9 expressions4 ,x w\ld nev] d to say to ! p>5ts t _! *ild is an idiot1 an imbecile1 a fool1 or ev5 abnormal4 ,! admission ( _! son or daught] into a special s*ool %\ld be repres5t$ to !m z an advantage or ev5 a fav\r4 ,_! cons5t %\ld n be dem&$ 9 too =mal a mann]4 ,?is w\ld make !m ?9k t x is !y :o are giv+ some?+1 & _m w\ld refuse4 ,9 a ^w1 mu* c be done by prud5ce1 sympa?y1 & a little tact2 & ! p]sonal exp]i5ce t we h acquir$ has %[n u t x is n difficult to ga9 ! p>5ts to ! cause ( special education4 ,composition ( a ,bo>d ( ,exam9]s4--,we h n[ to consid] h[ ! selection ( ! *ildr5 is to be made4 ,x has be5 det]m9$ by /atute t ! exam9]s %all be ?ree 9 numb]--! head ( a special s*ool1 an elem5t>y s*ool inspector1 & a doctor4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is committee is to c>ry out its "w1 ! law pres]ves an absolute sil5ce4 ,:5 ! ?ree exam9]s meet 9 ord] to judge ! degree ( ret>dation ( ! *ildr5 :o are pres5t$ to !m1 is ?is abs5ce ( a def9ite programme emb>rass+8 ,we d n ?9k s4 ,a committee :i* is duly au?oris$ always manages to d some?+4 ,! "w is done m or less empirically1 p]haps1 b x is done4 ,tell ! jury to f9d defective *ildr51 & !y are sure to f9d !m4 ,! only "q is1 ,:at w be ! value ( _! selection8 &1 above all1 ,h[ c s delicate a que/ be sav$ f empiricism & r5d]$ exact8 ,x is to be hop$ t at fir/ !re w n be too _m mi/akes4 ,?is w\ld h a bad effect ^u ! new in/itution4 ,x is unfair to a normal *ild to s5d him to a special s*ool1 j z x is unfair to a defective to keep him 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,x is bett] to make su* mi/akes z seldom z possible4 ,moreov]1 x is ( ! greate/ int]e/ to try to =eca/ ! exact way 9 :i* errors are mo/ likely to arise4 ,9 e ma*9e !re is a po9t ( lea/ resi/ance :i* requires to be wat*$4 ,9 e human in/itution !re is a detail ( organisation :]e fraud & *>latanism are mo/ liable to occur4 ,s9ce we h sup]vis$ ! organisation ( "s classes = defectives1 & h be5 able by "s prelim9>y obs]vations to take acc\nt ( ^! dang]s1 we take x ^u ourselves to give w>n+ ( !m 9 advance4 ,we fix buoys to ! rocks t !y may be avoid$4 ,x seems to u t ! selection ( defectives calls = ?ree v>ieties ( exp]i5ce--t ( tea*]s1 ( doctors1 & ( psy*ologi/s4 ,we %all proce$ to indicate ! s]vices :i* ^! v>i\s p]sons may r5d]4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all speak only ( ! p$agogical exam9ation4 ,! duty ( mak+ ! fir/ selection among ! s*ool-*ildr5 & indicat+ ^? :o are suspect$ ( be+ defective belongs p>tly to ! tea*]s & p>tly to ! s*ool inspectors1 ^: respective roles1 x seems to u1 c easily be def9$4 ,a4 ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]3 ,,to ,,select ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,suspect$ ,,( ,,be+ ,,defective4 ,x is out ( ! "q to make an entire s*ool pass be=e a committee 9 ord] t #ejj pupils may h _! m5tal faculties analys$4 ,su* a task1 at once tr\blesome & useless1 w\ld require sev]al mon?s4 ,"o %\ld r1 9 ! fir/ place1 adopt a rapid me?od ( pick+ out ! *ildr5 suspect$ ( m5tal defect4 ,x is q suffici5t t !y %\ld be suspect$4 ,su* a selection once made1 ! committee w h be=e x only a mod]ate numb] ( c&idates ^u :om x w be possible to conc5trate att5tion4 ,let u proce$ to %[ h[ ! tea*]s may make _! selection3 ,a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s indicates a *ild :o %\ld be reg>d$ z a suspect4 ,a *ild ent]s ! elem5t>y s*ool at ! age ( ab\t six ye>s4 ,ea* ye> he ought to advance "o class4 ,f six to n9e ye>s he is 9 ! elem5t>y c\rse2 f n9e to elev5 9 ! int]m$iate c\rse2 f elev5 to ?irte5 9 ! s5ior c\rse4 ,all are n q regul>4 ,"s are a little 9 advance1 "s are beh9d1 b ! majority con=m to ! prec$+ s*eme4 ,:5 a s*ool is well manag$1 :5 ! assignation ( ! *ildr5 to _! respective classes is made by means ( suitable te/s1 & )\t too great reg>d to ! dem&s ( ! p>5ts1 ! classification :i* results is v good4 ,!re is !n no bett] means ( f9d+ out :e!r a *ild is intellig5t or n ?an to take into consid]ation 8 age & 8 class4 ,intellig5ce1 s extraord9>ily difficult to judge1 is indicat$ 9 ! above way ) a really curi\s exactness4 ,a *ild two ye>s beh9d 8 age1 :5 irregul>ities 9 att5dance1 abs5ce on acc\nt ( illness1 etc41 d n expla9 8 backw>dness1 is v likely to be less intellig5t ?an "o :o is 91 or 9 advance (1 ! usual class = 8 age4 ,?is am\nts to judg+ intellig5ce by ! degree ( in/ruction4 ,!oretically1 su* a me?od is op5 to pl5ty ( meticul\s objections1 ( :i* ! mo/ important is t we are conf\nd+ intellig5ce & memory4 ,to ?is we %all reply t ! /age ( in/ruction rea*$ is n ! result ( memory alone4 ,x presupposes also "s degree ( application1 "s facility ( compreh5sion1 q a collection ( div]se aptitudes4 ,! *ild's success 9 8 /udies is1 9 fact1 ! be/ indication we h ( 8 capacity to adapt himself to ! s*ool environm5t4 ,if ! *ild is unable to keep up ) ! classes suit$ to 8 age1 if he is unable to pr(it l o!r *ildr5 f ! education provid$1 ?is %[s t he has n ! same degree or ! same k9d ( intellig5ce z 8 companions1 & !re is a presumption1 if n an absolute demon/ration1 t 8 intellig5ce is inf]ior to ! av]age1 or t 8 "* is diff]5t4 ,f ^! /atem5ts1 :i* we h exp\nd$ at l5g? else:]e1#f x foll[s t n only ! head-ma/]1 b an entire /rang]1 c det]m9e :i* are ! less intellig5t *ildr51 ! less well adapt$ to t s*ool1 )\t tak+ ! tr\ble to int]rogate !m all individually4 ,x is only necess>y to comp>e _! position 9 s*ool ) _! age4 ,we ?us obta9 no m]ely subjective appreciation1 b a simple /atem5t ( ! actual condition ( ?+s4 ,! only ?+ "o mu/ be c>eful ab\t is to make all[ance = irregul> att5dance4 ,backw>dness 9 s*ool in/ruction is significant only :5 x co9cides ) regul> att5dance4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! regulations z to s*ool att5dance are v little respect$4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts !re are *ildr5 :o d n g to s*ool till !y are eight or n9e ye>s ( age4 ,x is n surpris+ t !y _c read1 :5 no "o has taught !m4 ,all[ance mu/ also be made = long illnesses4 ,:5 ! abs5ces h be5 consid]able1 _! total am\nt mu/ be subtract$4 ,a *ild ( n9e1 :o has come to s*ool at ! age ( six--i4e41 ! usual age--& :o has be5 abs5t = ab\t #bej days1 %\ld1 f ! pres5t po9t ( view1 be c\nt$ z eight4 ,! s*ool au?orities w h no difficulty 9 mak+ su* e/imates4 ,t is _! bus9ess1 & !y w quickly make up _! m9ds ev5 9 a difficult case4 ,"o w1 ( c\rse1 be> 9 m9d t ! numb] ( classes diff]s 9 diff]5t s*ools1 & t c]ta9 classes are p>allel4 ,la/ly1 "o mu/ rememb] t a defective may1 on acc\nt ( 8 age1 be plac$ 9 a class too advanc$ = 8 k4 ,?is1 inde$1 is (t5 ! case4 ,exception may be tak5 to ! role t we h assign$ to ! tea*]s4 ,we may be rem9d$ t ab\t two ye>s ago1 :5 /ati/ics conc]n+ defectives 7 be+ collect$ by circul>1 _m ( ! head-ma/]s repli$ 9 a notori\sly unsatisfactory mann]4 ,ev5 9 ,p>is "o s*ool 0 /at$ to conta9 #be p] c5t4 ( defectives1 :il/ n a s+le "o 0 ackn[l$g$ 9 ano!r 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,?is am\nt$1 z ,m4 ,b$orez ironically rem>k$1 to an av]age ( #ab p] c5t4 ,we %all reply1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ask+ :e!r a mi/ake has really be5 committ$4 ,?is _c be tak5 = grant$1 s9ce ! proportion ( defectives v>ies enorm\sly f "o s*ool to ano!r4 ,b let u admit a mi/ake1 & ask :o is responsible4 ,! ma/] ( ! s*ool und]/ood badly :at ! circul> _h expla9$ m badly /ill4 ,9 ^! circul>s we actually read ! foll[+ def9ition ( defectives3 ,subjects :o are 9 a condition ( m5tal debility1 possess+ only a limit$ intellig5ce & a limit$ responsibility1 :i* d n admit ( _! acquir+1 at ! ord9>y s*ool & by ! usual me?ods ( education1 ! av]age elem5t>y in/ruction :i* ! o!r pupils receive4 ,if "o int]prets ?is badly con/ruct$ =mula lit]ally1 x is evid5t t half ! *ildr5 ( ,france mu/ be defective1 be+ ( necessity bel[ ! av]age4 ,if ! tea*] is to "w intellig5tly1 he mu/ h m precise directions4 ,aft] hav+ expla9$ to him t a defective *ild is "o :o does n adapt himself1 or :o adapts himself badly1 to s*ool life1 "o w tell him t ! degrees ( non-adaptation v>y indef9itely2 = x is q exceptional = ev5 a defective *ild n to adapt himself at all1 & to le>n absolutely no?+ at ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to decide :at degree ( ret>dation or ( non-adaptation is to be recognis$ z det]m9+ a defective4 ,accord+ to a conv5tion accept$ 9 ,belgium1 :i* we modify slightly1 ! ret>dation :i* det]m9es a *ild z a defective is two ye>s :5 ! *ild is "u n9e1 & ?ree ye>s :5 he is pa/ 8 n9? bir?day4 ,"h we h a v precise rule1 easy to apply to all *ildr51 ) ! corrections already indicat$ relat+ to s*ool att5dance4 ,! rule is1 p]haps1 a little rigid1 we admit1 b x w always be possible to make all[ances :5 exam9+ closely ! individual cases to :i* x w h to be appli$4 ,?us1 ! me?od :i* we h j indicat$ p]mits ! mak+ ( a fir/ selection4 ,?is selection w be good1 )\t be+ f9al4 ,x w be good1 = x is bas$ ^u a wide exp]i5ce ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s4 ,j ?9k :at x means 9 ! way ( inatt5tion & want ( compreh5sion if a *ild is ?ree ye>s beh9d4 ,= our own "p1 we consid] ?is evid5ce f exp]i5ce ( ! greate/ value4 ,x is ! obvi\s po9t ( dep>ture4 ,we c & %\ld try to int]pret x & to complete x1 b we are n ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ no acc\nt ( x4 ,let u ev5 say boldly t if1 by "s unhappy *ance1 o!r f9] me?ods %\ld conflict ) ?is1 & indicate z defective a *ild :o has %[n himself well adapt$ to s*ool life1 x is s*ool life :i* %\ld be consid]$ ! m important te/4 ,h[1 inde$1 c\ld "o call a *ild defective :o succe$s 9 8 /udies & pr(its by ! in/ruction 9 ! normal way8 ,?us we sum up by rem>k+ t we possess a v simple me?od :i* enables u to recognise all ! *ildr5 :om we h any "r to suspect ( m5tal defici5cy4 ,?is me?od consi/s 9 tak+ acc\nt ( ! ret>dation ( ! *ildr5 9 _! /udies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! recognition ( ! ill-balanc$ *ildr5 ! rule is ! same4 ,! head-ma/] mu/ pick out ^? *ildr5 ^: undiscipl9$ "* has kept !m f submitt+ to ! ord9>y s*ool regime1 & has made !m a cont9ual s\rce ( di/urbance4 ,:il/ ! simply defective fail to adapt !mselves to s*ool life by reason ( _! m5tal defici5cy1 ! ill-balanc$ fail ow+ to _! inco-ord9ation ( "*4 ,9 ! second case1 z 9 ! fir/1 !re is a simil> defect ( adaptation1 & ! be/ pro( t ?is defect is pres5t 9 a p>ticul> *ild is ! cont9u$ evid5ce ( sev]al ye>s1 ! te/imony ( diff]5t ma/]s1 :o decl>e t1 ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w1 !y _c break 9 ! recalcitrant *ild to rule4 ,b x mu/ be recognis$ t ! appreciation ( want ( balance is m delicate1 m subjective1 ?an t ( ret>dation4 ,! latt] is indicat$ by a def9ite incontrov]tible fact--! insuffici5cy ( in/ruction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lack ( balance has only a slight effect on a *ild's intellig5ce & 8 success 9 8 /udies4 ,x is indicat$ to outsid]s especially by ! compla9ts ( ! ma/]s4 ,& ! latt]1 to tell ! tru?1 may be l$ to exagg]ate a little1 especially if !y see a means !reby ( ridd+ !mselves ( *ildr5 ) :om !y h n mu* sympa?y4 ,we %all see 9 a little1 :5 we speak ( ! role ( ! inspector1 h[ ! latt] mu/ *eck ! /atem5ts ( ! head-ma/]s4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,pupils 9 a ,s*ool4--,to put into practice ! pr9ciple :i* we h j =mulat$1 a circul> is di/ribut$ to ! s*ools ask+ ! head-ma/]s to arrange ! *ildr5 9 ea* class accord+ to age ^u a blank table furni%$ to !m4 ,! "w is easy1 & ! return %\ld be requir$ 9 a maximum p]iod ( eight days4 ,)9 ?is p]iod tw5ty elem5t>y s*ools 9 ,p>is suppli$ u ) ! in=mation :i* we ask$ = ?r\gh _! inspectors4 ,we give "o ( ^! returns1 :i* we %all exam9e briefly1 insi/+ only on ! ess5tial po9ts4 ,we ask1 !n1 t on ! table1 ( :i* a blank copy is suppli$1 ! head-ma/] %all give ! numb] ( *ildr5 :o on ,octob] #a--t is to say1 ! fir/ day ( ! session--7 ( su* & su* an age--e4g41 six or sev5 ye>s4 ,! normal ages = ! diff]5t c\rses or /&>ds are z foll[s3 ,prep>atory or infant #f to #g ye>s ( age4 ,elem5t>y1 fir/ ye> #g to #h ,elem5t>y1 second ye> #h to #i ,int]m$iate1 fir/ ye> #i to #aj ,int]m$iate1 second ye> #aj to #aa ,s5ior1 fir/ ye> #aa to #ab ,s5ior1 second ye> #ab to #ac ,?us a *ild is regul> 9 in/ruction :5 he is f\nd 9 ! class nam$ at ! age indicat$4 ,! normal age = ! infant class is f six to sev5 ye>s4 ,! *ildr5 ( t age are ent]$ 9 ! table 9 ! appropriate column4 ,n[ consid] ! extreme ages betwe5 six & sev5 :i* obey ?is condition4 ,on ! "o h& w\ld be a *ild exactly six ye>s ( age on admission4 ,su* a *ild is exactly normal z reg>ds age4 ,he is beh9d by #j ye>s1 #j mon?s1 #j days4 ,at ! o!r extreme w\ld be a *ild exactly sev5--or1 r1 "o day less ?an sev5--on admission4 ,su* a *ild w\ld be beh9d by exactly "o ye>4 ,consequ5tly1 ! column head$ six to sev5 ye>s = ! infant class conta9s *ildr5 beh9d by #j day z a m9imum1 & "o ye> z a maximum4 ,! av]age w !re=e be beh9d by six mon?s 7comp>$ to ! ideal74 ,analog\s reason+ w\ld %[ t ! *ildr5 ( ! infant class ent]$ 9 ! column head$ five to six ye>s w\ld1 on ! av]age1 be six mon?s 9 advance ( _! age4 ,simil>ly1 ^? %[n 9 ! column head$ sev5 to eight ye>s w\ld be on ! av]age "o & a half ye>s beh9d4 ,int]pretation ( ! ,tables4--,! next po9t is to sort out ! defectives f ^! tables4 ,no?+ is easi] if we foll[ ! rules already giv54 ,turn+ to our tables1 we w\ld consid] z suspects ! *ildr5 ent]$ 9 ! f\r? & foll[+ columns = ! infant class2 9 column five & foll[+ = ! elem5t>y c\rse1 fir/ ye>2 9 column six & foll[+ = ! elem5t>y c\rse1 second ye>2 9 column eight & foll[+ = ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>2 9 column n9e & foll[+ = ! int]m$iate c\rse1 second ye>4 ,if ! read] w calculate ! ret>dation impli$ 9 ! columns :i* we designate1 he w see t ?is ret>dation is equal to at lea/ two ye>s "u ! age ( n9e1 & equal to at lea/ ?ree ye>s above ! age ( n9e4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,pupils ,,9 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,= ,,boys1 ,,rue ,,grange-,,aux-,,belles4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,numb] ( ,pupils :o1 on ,octob] #a1 7-- ------------------------ ,regul> ,classes ,age ,c\rses 7,p>allel #e to #ff to #gg to #hh to #i 7,ye>s74 ,classes ,a & ,b74,ye>s4,ye>s4,ye>s4,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,supplem5t>y -- -- -- -- ,s5ior ,a -- -- -- -- ,,vi4 #aa to #ab ,b -- -- -- -- ,v4 #aj #aa;,int]m$iate 7#bnd ye>7 -- -- -- -- ,,iv4 ,a4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 -- -- -- #i ,,iv4 ,b4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 -- -- #a #d ,,iii4 #h #i;,elem5t>y 7#bnd ye>7 -- -- #f #ad ,,ii4 #g #h 7#a/ ye>7 -- #f #bc #h ,i4 #f #g,prep>atory #c #db #ab -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,totals #c #dh #db #ce ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,numb] ( ,pupils :o1 on ,octob] #a1 7-- ------------------------ ,regul> #i to #aj to #aa to #ab to ,classes ,age ,c\rses 7,p>allel #aj #aa #ab #ac 7,ye>s74 ,classes ,a & ,b74,ye>s4,ye>s4,ye>s4,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,supplem5t>y -- -- -- -- ,s5ior ,a -- -- -- -- ,,vi4 #aa to #ab ,b -- #f #ab #af ,v4 #aj #aa;,int]m$iate 7#bnd ye>7 #a #ac #ag #e ,,iv4 ,a4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 #ad #i #f -- ,,iv4 ,b4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 #ae #aj #g -- ,,iii4 #h #i;,elem5t>y 7#bnd ye>7 #aa #b -- #a ,,ii4 #g #h 7#a/ ye>7 #f -- -- #b ,i4 #f #g,prep>atory -- #h #c -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,totals #dg #dh #de #bd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,numb] ( ,pupils :o1 on ,octob] #a1 7-- ------------------ ,regul> #ac to #ad to #ae to ,classes ,age ,c\rses 7,p>allel #ad #ae #af ,totals4 7,ye>s74 ,classes ,a & ,b74,ye>s4,ye>s4,ye>s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,supplem5t>y -- -- -- -- ,s5ior ,a -- -- -- -- ,,vi4 #aa to #ab ,b #d #a -- #ci ,v4 #aj #aa;,int]m$iate 7#bnd ye>7 -- -- #b #ch ,,iv4 ,a4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 -- -- -- #ch ,,iv4 ,b4 #i #aj 7#a/ ye>7 -- #b -- #ci ,,iii4 #h #i;,elem5t>y 7#bnd ye>7 -- #a -- #ce ,,ii4 #g #h 7#a/ ye>7 #b -- -- #dg ,i4 #f #g,prep>atory -- -- -- #fh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,totals #f #d #b #cjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! numb] ( *ildr5 suspect$ ( m5tal defici5cy obta9$ by ?is me?od v>ies extremely f "o s*ool to ano!r1 indep5d5tly ( ! mi/akes :i* are made by ! head-ma/]s ) lam5table frequ5cy4 ,we h f\nd ! proportions v>y+ f #j4b to #aj p] c5t41 ) all ! int]m$iates repres5t$4 ,! av]age ( suspects = t5 girls' s*ools1 ) an av]age ( #cjj pupils1 0 #c4g p] c5t42 = eight boys' s*ools 9 ! same di/rict1 & /rictly comp>able to ! prec$+1 x 0 #e4ce p] c5t4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ^! figures are provisional4 ,!y d n correspond to real defectives1 b to *ildr5 suspect$ ( m5tal defici5cy2 &1 moreov]1 !y d n include ! un/able1 unless !y are also defective4 ,hav+ made ^! d$uctions1 "o writes to ! head-ma/]s1 or p]haps summons !m to a meet+1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! names ( ^! *ildr5 & v>i\s o!r p>ticul>s4 ,^! p>ticul>s w ref] to ?ree ma9 po9ts3 #a4 ,give ! full names & date ( bir? ( ! backw>d *ildr5 7by two or ?ree ye>s1 accord+ to ! di/9ctions giv5 above71 & indicate also :e!r ! ret>dation is expla9$ by irregul> att5dance1 by want ( application1 or defective intellig5ce4 #b4 ,indicate ! *ildr5 :o1 al?\gh !y d n belong to ! prec$+ category1 yet appe> to be di/9ctly abnormal4 #c4 ,indicate also ! *ildr5 :o are ill-balanc$ & rebelli\s to all discipl9e 9 ! op9ion ( sev]al tea*]s :o h _h !m 9 _! classes4 ,we h already receiv$ replies :i* seem to u in/ructive1 & ev5 c>ry u beyond ! /udy ( ! abnormal1 z !y may ?r[ "s light on ! psy*ology ( ^? :o are commonly call$ dunces4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! *ildr5 class$ z ret>d$ are ! victims ( disease1 con/itutional debility1 or malnutrition4 ,we f9d includ$ 9 our li/s "s :o are ! *ildr5 ( nomadic p>5ts2 "s :o h be5 kept f s*ool2 "s :o h att5d$ a religi\s s*ool1 :]e !y le>n$ little b sew+ & writ+2 "s :o h *ang$ _! s*ool too (t52 "s also :o are =eign]s1 & und]/& little ,fr5*2 &1 la/ly1 "s :o h be5 kept back 9 _! /udies by unrecognis$ myopia4 ,su* causes are extr9sic to ! *ild4 ,! p]sonal causes ( ret>dation are defective intellig5ce1 sluggi%ness ( m9d1 insubord9ation1 an ecc5tric & excitable nature1 a con/ant want ( att5tion1 &1 la/ly1 laz9ess4 ,! complete & me?odical /udy ( ! docum5ts relat+ to #bbc *ildr5 ) a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s has taught u a numb] ( int]e/+ facts4 ,x is v r>e = ! cause ( ! ret>dation to be s+le4 ,usually1 sev]al causes 7 at "w simultane\sly4 ,feebl5ess ( m9d complicat$ by illness is not$ 9 #bj p] c5t4 ( ! cases4 ,insuffici5t s*ool att5dance 7due to o!r causes ?an illness71 9 conjunction ) feebl5ess ( m9d1 is met ) 9 #be p] c5t4 ( cases4 ,if1 )\t tak+ acc\nt ( ^? associations ( causes1 "o enum]ates simply ! frequ5cy ) :i* ea* s+le cause ( ret>dation is m5tion$1 "o obta9s ! foll[+ p]c5tages3 ,feebl5ess ( m9d #ej p] c5t4 ,insuffici5t att5dance 7)\t illness7 #cc ,illness #be ,lack ( application1 laz9ess #g ,if we admit1 z a hypo!sis1 t ! frequ5cy ( ea* ( ^? f\r pr9cipal causes indicates its importance1 we %all conclude t laz9ess v r>ely expla9s a ret>dation s great z ?ree ye>s1 & t ! mo/ important factor is und\bt$ly feebl5ess ( m9d4 ,we %\ld h expect$ ! tea*]s to give mu* m frequ5tly ! banal reason ( lack ( application4 ,!y h n done s1 & ^! results confirm 9 a q unexpect$ mann] ! conv5tion accord+ to :i* e ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s %\ld make "o suspect feebl5ess ( m9d4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r any *ildr5 really defective 9 intellig5ce escape ! revelation furni%$ by our tables4 ,we h put ?is "q 9 writ+ to ! heads ( ! s*ools1 & !y h notifi$ fifte5 *ildr51 or #f p] c5t41 :o seem to !m to be cle>ly defective1 al?\gh )\t a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s4 ,on te/+ ! /atem5t1 we f\nd t mi/akes _h be5 made1 & ! sole residue ( defectives :o _h escap$ our c5sus consi/$ ( ?ree subjects :o want$ only a mon? or a few weeks to h %[n cle>ly a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s4 ,!y 7 !re=e on ! bord]1 & su* exceptional cases are always to be f\nd :5 "o fixes an exact limit4 ,!re is no ne$ to worry ab\t !m4 ,ho/ile ,head-,ma/]s & ,tea*]s4--,x is important to /ate t ! proc$ure = selection :i* we h outl9$ c be c>ri$ out )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! head-ma/]s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 "o has to be prep>$ = ev]y?+1 ev5 ! ho/ility ( ! s*ool /aff4 ,x may be t a head-ma/] :o has a defective 9 8 s*ool refra9s f m5tion+ ! fact4 ,x may be t he is indiff]5t1 or does n believe 9 special education1 or simply does n *oose to put himself ab\t2 or1 aga91 he may be timid & afraid ( tr\ble1 or may %r9k f ! recrim9ations ( p>5ts1 beh9d :om he sees ! ho/ile %ad[ ( "s t[n c\ncillor or j\rnali/4 ,la/ly1 he may be an ignoramus :o1 ev5 at ?is "t ( day1 imag9es t a *ild _c be a defective unless he has incont95ce ( ur9e or a sug>-loaf head4 ,we h already come across sev]al fell[s ( ?is k9d4 ,! sceptical type is mo/ common4 ,we recollect a head-ma/] :o1 9 response to our inquiry1 repli$ ) irritat+ calmness3 ,i h five hundr$ pupils 9 my s*ool4 ,i am sure t n "o ( !m is a defective4 ,y are ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,well1 my s*ool is op54 ,come & see = y\rself4 ,& he add$ ) a sceptical smile3 ,! s*ool doctor & myself w be v curi\s to le>n h[ y manage ! inquiry4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! proportion ( defectives 9 8 s*ool 0 j ! usual "o--ab\t #b p] c5t4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,gov]nm5t ,commission 0 hold+ its inquiry z to ! numb] ( defectives1 we f\nd 9 ! /ati/ical tables :i* we _h 9 our h&s t :ole t[ns1 ev5 z important z ,fonta9ebleau1 _h repli$ ,none1 yet we knew by p]sonal inquiry t t reply 0 wrong4 ,! sy/ematic retic5ce ( ! head-ma/] is !re=e already 9 evid5ce1 & w c]ta9ly turn up aga9 ev5 :5 ! law is 9 full op]ation4 ,d\btless wis] c\nsels w prevail 9 ! long run1 & opposition w become less4 ,b x w nev] disappe> entirely4 ,h[ev]1 "o w n be affect$ by x 9 pick+ out ! backw>d *ildr51 b ! *ildr5 :o are abnormal1 ?\gh n backw>d1 & ! ill-balanc$ *ildr51 w p]haps escape1 unless ! inspector visits ! s*ool1 &1 kn[+ ! disposition ( ! head-ma/]1 takes ! precaution ( que/ion+ ! tea*]s z to ! *ildr5 9 _! class :o give !m ! mo/ tr\ble 9 reg>d to discipl9e4 ,z a rule ! ma/]s h an int]e/ 9 po9t+ out ^! pupils 9 ! hope t !y w be remov$4 ,b ,,! ,,role ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,inspector3 ,,to ,,act ,,z ,,ref]ee4 ,9 ! p$agogical exam9ation ! inspector %\ld ex]cise a measure ( control4 ,x is he :o sets ! tea*]s to fill up ! s*$ules1 :o int]prets ! returns1 & e/imates _! value4 ,"w is bett] done :5 x is subject to inspection4 ,! head-ma/]s w take m c>e 9 ! selection ( ! defectives if !y "k t all _! cases w be exam9$ by a p]son ^: compet5ce is equal to _! own1 & ^: position is high]4 ,! inspector1 :o is g5]ally well acqua9t$ ) 8 p]sonnel1 w see at a glance :at he ought to ?9k ( ! returns :i* are furni%$ to him4 ,he kn[s t "o ma/] is too sev]e1 & ano!r too indulg5t4 ,he has to re/ra9 ! ov]zeal\s1 to /imulate ! indiff]5t1 & enc\rage ! despond5t4 ,:5 x is a "q ( e/imat+ a *ild's want ( balance1 x is necess>y to "k ! "* ( ! judge4 ,"s good tea*]s fail to ga9 ! necess>y asc5dancy ov] "o ( _! pupils1 ei!r because !y are indulg5t :]e /rictness is necess>y1 or because by excessive brusqu5ess & sev]ity !y ali5ate natures :i* require to be hum\r$4 ,! inspector w succe$ 9 tak+ all ^! ?+s into acc\nt4 ,he w int]pret correctly ! facts :i* are laid be=e him1 because x is 8 bus9ess1 8 meti]4 ,significance ( ,irregul> ,att5dance4--,! inspector w beg91 let u suppose1 by exam9+ ! returns giv5 conc]n+ ! backw>d *ildr54 ,f ! notes s5t to him he w be able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! *ildr5 ^: backw>dness is due to irregul> att5dance & ^? :o may ju/ly be suspect$ ( m5tal defici5cy or want ( balance4 ,he w ?us make a fir/ selection4 ,"h are "s examples ( ! notes ref]r$ to3 ,r5ne ,g----1 age ?irte5 ye>s1 is 9 ! int]m$iate c\rse1 second ye>2 %e is !re=e ?ree ye>s beh9d = h] age4 ,! explanation giv5 by ! tea*] is z foll[s3 ,_h contagi\s oph?almia2 n admitt$ to s*ool till t54 ,intellig5ce middl+4 ,if ! return is correct1 "o is n surpris$ t ! *ild has n made m progress4 ,suzanne ,m----1 age twelve & a half ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d72 always v delicate & frequ5tly abs5t2 ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,yvonne ,d----1 age t5 & a half ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d72 liv$ a long "t on a boat )\t go+ to s*ool2 intellig5ce av]age2 v indu/ri\s4 ,eug5ie ,v----1 age elev5 & a half ye>s 7?ree ye>s beh9d72 educat$ at a conv5t s*ool until ,octob] la/2 intellig5ce little develop$2 sl[ ( compreh5sion2 writes & sews pretty well2 spell+ poor4 ,suzanne ,b----1 age elev5 & a half ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d72 an intellig5t & indu/ri\s *ild1 :o has travell$ mu* ) h] p>5ts1 & aft]w>ds /ay$ 9 a little bo>d+-h\se4 ,at s*ool s9ce ,octob]2 %e has made great progress4 ,anna ,e----1 age elev5 & a half ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d72 born 9 ,g]man ,switz]l&1 br\ght up 9 ,engl&1 & has be5 9 ,p>is only a ye> & a half4 ,g]ma9e ,g----1 age t5 ye>s 7?ree ye>s beh9d72 v %ort-sight$4 ,x 0 only la/ ye> t x 0 notic$ t ?is defect ( vision 0 keep+ ! *ild f le>n+ to read4 ,s9ce spectacles 7 provid$ %e has made rapid progress4 ,m>gu]ite ,l----1 age t5 ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d74 ,?is *ild has "s affection ( ! eyes2 %e has be5 op]at$ on sev]al times4 ,)\t pret5d+ to give a f9al op9ion on ! above cases1 "o may believe t ! ret>dation is due to ! ailm5t or to irregul> att5dance4 ,if x 7 necess>y1 "o might make fur!r inquiries at ! s*ools previ\sly att5d$ by ! *ild1 or f9d out at ! pres5t s*ool ! exact numb] ( days ( abs5ce4 ,9 o!r cases x seems cle> t x is ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild t is at fault4 ,= example-- ,jeanne ,l----1 age t5 ye>s 7two ye>s beh9d72 att5ds s*ool regul>ly2 /upid & lazy4 ,hort5se ,g---- 7two ye>s beh9d72 irritable temp]2 v backw>d 9 ari?metic & spell+2 intellig5ce m$iocre4 ,m>ie ,r---- 7two ye>s beh9d72 intellig5ce v m$iocre2 inatt5tive2 progress v sl[4 ,blan*e ,b---- 7?ree ye>s beh9d72 intellig5ce mu* bel[ ! av]age2 has "s slight aptitude = sew+ & ari?metic1 b v backw>d o!rwise2 incapable ( giv+ a reply indicative ( good s5se & reflection4 ,jeanne ,b---- 7two ye>s beh9d72 intellig5ce decid$ly m$iocre2 none ( h] answ]s p>ticul>ly s5sible4 ,:5 ! inspector has read ^! notes & =m$ an op9ion on ! *ildr51 & obta9$ z f> z necess>y additional in=mation ab\t _! s*ool att5dance1#g etc41 he w make 8 fir/ *oice4 ,he w decide :i* *ildr5 are to be exam9$1 & w h !m br\ght to him4 ,be x und]/ood1 !n1 t ! *ild mu/ n[ be pres5t$1 & t x is by que/ion+ him t ! inspector w =m an op9ion ( 8 m5tal level4 ,?is exam9ation is important4 ,! inspector mu/ obs]ve ! *ild1 induce him to talk1 wat* ! play ( 8 features4 ,9 ?is way he receives a liv+ impression :i* r>ely deceives an exp]i5c$ eye4 ,he w ev5 *at ) him a little ab\t some?+--= example1 ! occupation ( 8 p>5ts4444 ,aft] ^! prelim9>ies1 ! exam9ation prop] beg9s4 ,x includes ! e/imation ( ! degree ( in/ruction & ! degree ( intellig5ce4 ,te/s ( ,in/ruction4 ,a *ild is pres5t$ to ! inspector1 = example1 z belong+ to ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>4 ,is ?is correct8 ,x may be t ! *ild is at ! foot ( ! class1 or is ev5 incapable ( foll[+ ! lessons4 ,?us1 x may be t 8 class gives a v poor indication ( 8 capacity4 ,!re are pl5ty ( cases :]e ! head-ma/]1 9 ord] to please ! p>5ts1 puts a *ild 9 a class too high = him4 ,a rapid exam9ation w suffice to te/ ! grad+4 ,?is te/+ is absolutely necess>y1 & pres5ts no difficulty to ! inspectors4 ,!y h ! =tnightly report br\ght to !m1 exam9e ! pupil's m>ks & 8 ex]cises1 :]eby !y =m a fir/ impression4 ,x is !n necess>y to ask "s que/ions1 & on ?is po9t we h some?+ to say ) respect to me?od4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* ! degree ( in/ruction may be te/$4 ,!re is :at we may call ! casual me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 putt+ ! fir/ que/ions t come into ! m9d2 & !re is ! sy/ematic me?od1 :i* consi/s 9 putt+ que/ions arrang$ 9 advance1 ^: difficulty is kn[n1 & = :i* we h a scale 7p4 #ed71 :i* %[s ! av]age numb] ( errors to be expect$ f normal *ildr5 ( ea* age4 ,! latt] me?od takes no long] ?an ! =m]1 & is ev5 easi]1 because x makes no dem& on ! imag9ation4 ,moreov]1 we consid] x q indisp5sable = fix+ 9 an objective mann] ! degree ( in/ruction ( ! defectives on ! day ( _! admission to ! special s*ool4 ,x is v important t ?is degree ( in/ruction %\ld be def9itely kn[n1 because x w be necess>y to ref] to x e "t "o wants to f9d out to :at ext5t ! *ild is pr(it+ by ! special in/ruction4 ,we %all return to ?is po9t 9 our conclud+ *apt]4 ,x has seem$ to u t ! te/ ( in/ruction might be> ^u ?ree ex]cises1 :i* are easily m>k$--read+1 ari?metic1 & spell+4 ,"h is a v simple table ( te/s 7p4 #ed71 ( :i* we h made mu* use4 ,x has be5 arrang$ ) ! help ( ,m4 ,vaney4 ,! table is suit$ to ! elem5t>y & to ! int]m$iate c\rse1 & t is suffici5t = exam9+ defectives1 s9ce none ( !m are f\nd 9 ! s5ior division4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ?is table ( te/s is ! outcome ( c>eful exp]im5t4 ,we h e/abli%$ = ea* age ! av]age acquirem5ts ( all ! *ildr5 ( t age :atev] _! place 9 s*ool4 ,"o might q z well h tak5 into acc\nt only ! results giv5 by typical *ildr5 9 ! class prop] to _! age1 b on reflection we reject$ ?is proce$+ z arbitr>y1 because x is affect$ by ! difficulty ( ! curriculum1 :i* is con/ruct$ a priori1 :il/ ! av]age furni%$ by all ! *ildr5 ( a giv5 age is less artificial & is an adequate expression ( ! reality4 ,let u rem>k 9 pass+ t ^! two me?ods ( calculation d n lead to equival5t results4 ,! av]age furni%$ by ! typical *ildr5 is high] ?an t furni%$ by all ! *ildr51 =1 z we h %[n above1 m *ildr5 are backw>d ?an 9 advance4 ,la/ly1 ! "t ( ye> :5 ! te/s are made is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 ,= spell+ & ari?metic ! "t *os5 0 ! end ( ,febru>y--t is1 ! middle ( ! session4 ,= read+ we are oblig$ to make use ( results a little m advanc$1 = !y 7 furni%$ lat]1 namely1 9 ,june4 ,,scale ,,%[+ ,,k ,,acquir$ ,,by ,,pupils ,,( ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ools4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,age ( ,*ildr5 on ,octob] ,grade ( #a4 ,c\rse4 ,read+4 ,ari?metic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,ye>s #f to #g ,prep>atory ,sub-syllabic ,f #ai apples take to syllabic away #f 7,answ] #ac7 #g #h ,elem5t>y ,hesitat+ ,subtract #h p5ce 7fir/ f #ei p5ce4 ye>7 7,answ] #ea7 #h #i ,elem5t>y ,hesitat+- ,a box conta9s #fjd 7second flu5t oranges4 ,if #eh are ye>7 sold1 h[ _m w be left8 7,answ]1 #edf7 #i #aj ,int]m$iate ,flu5t ,to make a dress1 7fir/ #g y>ds ( /uff ye>7 are requir$4 ,h[ _m dresses c be made ) #hi y>ds1 & h[ mu* w be left ov]8 7,answ]1 #ab dresses & #e y>ds left7 #aj #aa ,int]m$iate ,flu5t- ,a workman makes 7second expressive #bej %ill+s 9 ye>7 ,febru>y4 ,he sp5ds #aie %ill+s4 ,h[ mu* does he save p] day1 ,febru>y hav+ #bh days8 7,answ]1 #as4 #aa-a_/b;d47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,numb] ( ,mi/akes ,age ( 9 ,dictation ,*ildr5 --------------------- on ,phrases,phrases,phrases ,octob] #a1 #b1 #a1 #b1 #a1 #b4 #a4 #c1 #d4 #c4 ,spell+ 7,dictation74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,ye>s #f to #g #aai #fb #bh ,phrase #a4 ,emile e/ un petit g>con bi5 sage1 il ec\te son papa et sa maman1 il va a l'ecole4 #g #h #aai #fb #cj ,phrase #b4 ,j'ai une tete1 deux bras1 deux jambes1 une b\*e1 v+t d5ts1 une langue1 dix doigts4 #h #i #gh #dg #ai ,phrase #c4 ,le soleil brille deja de ses plus gais rayons4 ,les hommes p>t5t en *antant4 ,les b]g]s sont heureux de la belle j\rnee qui se prep>e1 ils suiv5t au paturage le gr& tr\peau des va*es pesantes4 #i #aj #db #be #d ,phrase #d4 ,le g>con de f]me1 de son pas l\rd1 entrait dans la grange1 encore obscure1 ou n\s reposions4 ,les boeufs mugissai5t t\t bas4 ,dans la c\r le coq1 les #aj #aa #aa #d #a p\les1 le *i51 allai5t et v5ai5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,let u n[ expla9 ! details ( ! ex]cises %[n on our table4 ,read+4--,! proce$+ we adopt consi/s ess5tially 9 di/+ui%+ five grades ( read+3 #a4 ,sub-,syllabic4--,! *ild reads 9 syllables1 b v sl[ly & ) _m mi/akes4 #b4 ,syllabic4--,?is consi/s 9 /opp+ at e syllable1 b read+ ^! pretty correctly4 ,?us ! *ild reads ,!--sol--di--er--c>--ries--a--big--gun4 #c4 ,hesitat+4--,!re are /ops z 9 7#b71 b !y are less frequ5t4 ,! *ild reads by words or gr\ps ( words--e4g41 ,! soldi] c>ries--a big gun4 #d4 ,flu5t4--,!re are no /ops except at ! m>ks ( punctuation1 b ! read+ is monoton\s1 z if ! *ild does n und]/& :at he reads4 ,! voice may fall at ! end ( ! s5t5ces4 #e4 ,expressive4--,! *ild %[s by 8 intonation t he und]/&s :at he reads4 ,we f\nd x necess>y1 z may well be believ$1 to use n only ! expressions syllabic read+1 flu5t read+1 etc41 b comp\nd expressions1 su* z hesitat+-flu5t1 flu5t-expressive1 & ev5 comp\nd expressions ) acc5tuation ( "o ( ! epi!ts1 z hesitat+-flu5t4 ,?is is v useful 9 practice4 ,we h /at$ t ! scale ( read+ 0 f\nd$ on exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,vaney at ! end ( ! s*ool ye>4 ,we h modifi$ x slightly 9 consequ5ce ( exp]im5ts made by ourselves 9 ,febru>y4 ,x may be ( int]e/ to give "h ! table arrang$ by ,m4 ,vaney4 ,x has be5 arrang$ n by age1 b by class4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,numb] ( ,*ildr5 :o h ! ,foll[+ ,grades ( ,read+4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,none4,syllabic,hesitat+ ,flu5t4 ,expressive,totals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,infant #ab #bf #b -- -- #dj ,elem5t>y 7fir/ ye>7 -- #e #cb #d -- #da ,elem5t>y 7second ye>7 -- -- #bd #aa #b #cg ,int]m$iate 7fir/ ye>7 -- -- #ae #ah #h #da ,int]m$iate 7second ye>7 -- -- #aj #ai #i #ch ,int]m$iate 7second ye>7 -- -- #h #aa #ae #cd ,s5ior -- -- -- #e #ce #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,totals #ab #ca #ia #fh #fi #bga ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,we %all n[ give "s h9ts z to ! me?od ( proc$ure4 ,read+ is a te/ :i* requires only a m9ute4 ,"o *ooses a text :i* ! *ildr5 c und]/& easily1 pref]ably a lively piece ) dialogue1 s t "o may judge m easily :e!r ! pupil c read ) expression4 ,"o %\ld avoid prolong+ ! read+ = m ?an =ty-five seconds1 = a "y *ild tires quickly & reads worse at ! end ( a m9ute ?an at ! beg9n+4 ,in/ead ( cont5t+ oneself ) judg+ t ! *ild reads well or ill1 :i* does n mean v mu*1 x is a great advantage to adopt ^! five grades ( read+1 :i* are easy to di/+ui% ) a little practice1 & are less subjective ?an might be imag9$1 = two judges g5]ally give ! same m>k4 ,on ref]r+ to ! scale1 x w be notic$ t *ildr5 quickly pass f syllabic read+ to hesitat+ read+1 b ! passage f hesitat+ to flu5t read+ is sl[] & m tr\blesome4 ,"o w notice ?is difficulty 9 practice4 ,by way ( example let u quote our judgm5t ( ! grades ( read+ 9 ! case ( "s backw>d *ildr51 & our consequ5t e/imates ( ! degree ( ret>dation4 ,we draw !m f our own obs]vations made 9 a class = defectives 9 ,p>is4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,"n4 ,age4 ,grade ( ,read+4 ,ret>dation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,co* #ad ye>s ,hesitat+-flu5t #f ye>s ,grio #aj-a_/b ,hesitat+-flu5t #b-a_/b ,sev #ac-a_/b ,hesitat+-flu5t #e ,c(f #aa ,syllabic-hesitat+ #d ,ro #ab ,syllabic-hesitat+ #e ,o/ro #ab-a_/b ,hesitat+-flu5t #d ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x w be notic$ t 9 spite ( _! advanc$ age none ( ^! *ildr5 h atta9$ ! flu5t grade ( read+4 ,9 m>k+ ! read+ "o is sometimes at a loss ow+ to ! abs5ce on ! scale ( an exact description4 ,?us little ,c(f is judg$ syllabic-hesitat+4 ,! scale does n conta9 su* a comb9ation1 :i* ought to figure betwe5 ! syllabic read+ ( ! infant class & ! hesitat+ read+ ( ! elem5t>y class1 fir/ ye>4 ,"o may calculate ! ret>dation ei!r by admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is int]m$iate t]m1 or by m>k+ ,c(f's read+ hesitat+4 ,! *oice is ( little practical importance1 s9ce its effect is a v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( ret>dation ( only six mon?s4 ,ari?metic4--,al?\gh ari?metical ability dep5ds ^u special aptitude1 & a *ild may be q intellig5t ?\gh backw>d 9 ari?metic1 ! te/s "h *os5 are s elem5t>y1 & ! ignorance "o tol]ates is s great1 t failure is ( s]i\s significance4 ,we foll[ "h ! directions ( ,m4 ,vaney1 :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to simplify !m at our reque/4 ,all ! que/ions 9 ari?metic ought to be dictat$4 ,?is may ev5 be done collectively4 ,x is ess5tial n to int]pose to ask ! *ild :at op]ation is to be done4 ,su* help w\ld make ! "w mu* too easy1 & inde$ t is ! v problem :i* has to be solv$ 9 ! v exact & c>efully consid]$ =m 9 :i* x has be5 /at$4 ,x is ! problem r ?an ! op]ation :i* requires intellig5ce4 ,moreov]1 x w be not$ t ! difficulty ( our mode ( expression is calculat$4 ,! words subtract1 take away1 rema91 ought n to be replac$ by synonyms1 & /ill less %\ld !y be expla9$4 ,ev5 :51 z (t5 happ5s1 ! *ild makes a mi/ake 9 ! fir/ problem 7= example1 #ai-f #ab71 he mu/ n be all[$ to /op !re2 8 mi/ake might be due to c>elessness4 ,"o mu/ always try ! high] problems until "o obta9s a cle> demon/ration t ! *ild is incapable ( solv+ !m4 ,m4 ,vaney has sugge/$ a scale ( m>k+ = ^! sums4 ,x enables "o to take into acc\nt slight diff]5ces by ! aid ( a sy/em ( po9ts4 ,"h x is3 ,correction ( ,sums4 ,fir/ ,sum 7#a po9t74--#a po9t = correct answ] 7vide p4 #ed74 ,second ,sum 7#b po9ts74--#a po9t = subtraction2 #a po9t = correct answ]4 ,?ird ,sum 7#c po9ts74--#a po9t = #fjd correctly writt52 #a po9t = subtraction2 #a po9t = correct answ]4 ,f\r? ,sum 7#d po9ts74--#b po9ts = correct division 7#a if wrong72 #b po9ts = ! rema9d] 7#a if obta9$ by long division74 ,fif? ,sum 7#e po9ts74--#b po9ts = ! subtraction 7#a if answ] wrong72 #c po9ts = correct division 7#b if x is wrong74 ,six? ,sum 7#f po9ts74--,a dressmak] buys #h y>ds ( velvet at #is4 #f;d4 a y>d & #be y>ds ( clo?2 %e pays = ! :ole ,l#f4 ,f9d ! price ( ! clo? p] y>d4 #b po9ts = ! price ( ! velvet2 #b po9ts = ! price ( ! clo? 7#a = subtraction1 if answ] wrong72 #b po9ts = price ( clo? p] y>d 7#a = division if answ] wrong74 ,sev5? ,sum 7#g po9ts74--,a m]*ant mix$ #be p9ts ( w9e at #bs4 a p9t ) #fj p9ts at #bs4 #f;d4 a p9t2 at h[ mu* p] p9t mu/ he sell ! mixture 9 ord] to ga9 #ees48 etc4 ,?is scale enables u to det]m9e by ! total numb] ( po9ts obta9$ ! level ( ! *ild 9 ari?metic1 & at ! same "t we f9d out :at sums c be done by ! pupils ( ea* age4 ,?is is %[n 9 ! table4 ,,results ,,( ,,ari?metic ,,te/s ,,9 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,9 ,,p>is4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,all ! ,av]age,*ildr5 ,av]age ,av]age ,*ildr5,po9ts49 ,prop],po9ts4 ,all ,*ildr5 9 ,class-- ,po9ts4 (-- ,class4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #f ye>s #a4de #f ye>s #a ,infant #a4e #g #c4ic #g #f ,junior 7fir/ ye>7 #f4e #h #g4jj #h #g 7second ye>7 #f4hc #i #i4fe #i #ad ,int]m$iate 7fir/ ye>7 #af4jj #aj #ae4dg #aj #bc ,int]m$iate 7second ye>7#bb4db #aa #ba4dg #aa #bi ,s5ior #bh4de #ab #bb4ej #ac #bd4ge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x w be notic$ 9 ! table t ! av]ages are a little less :5 calculat$ on all ! *ildr54 ,we h indicat$ ?is diff]5ce already1 & h expla9$ ! reason = x4 ,we h bas$ our scale ^u ! m>ks obta9$ by all ! *ildr54 ,9 practice we consid] t ,m4 ,vaney's sy/em ( po9ts is n indisp5sable4 ,x is suffici5t to f9d out :e!r or n ! pupil c d ! sum set4 ,if he c1 he is at t level2 if n1 he mu/ be plac$ 9 ! grade bel[4 ,"s examples w %[ h[ we use ^! results4 ,we select !m f a class ( defectives4 ,rog] ,b----1 age t5 & a half ye>s1 is ask$ orally1 = he _c write3 ,if ,i _h #ai apples & ate #f1 h[ _m w\ld be left8 ,he replies fir/ #i1 !n #f4 ,"o !n tries easi] sums4 ,q4 ,i h #d apples1 & eat #a8 ,r4 ,?ree are left4 ,q4 ,i h #ab apples1 & eat #b8 ,r4 ,!re are #i left4 ,q4 ,i h #h apples1 & eat #b8 ,r4 ,!re are #g left4 ,evid5tly ?is *ild does n cle> ev5 ! fir/ /ep4 ,he has !re=e f\r ye>s & a half ( ret>dation4 ,9 ?is connection let u rem>k t z ,rog] is a *ild ^: att5dance has be5 regul>1 x foll[s t 9 8 f\r & a half ye>s at s*ool he has sc>cely le>n$ m ?an a normal *ild le>ns 9 two mon?s4 ,we rec5tly met ) a simil> case at ,bicetre4 ,?is 0 a *ild ( twelve1 :o _h begun to le>n 8 lett]s at ! age ( f\r1 & :o did n yet "k h[ to spell6 ,9 pres5ce ( su* cases "o may well ask :e!r ! tea*] :o has n manag$ 9 f\r & a half ye>s or 9 eight ye>s to tea* a defective *ild :at a normal *ild le>ns 9 a mon? has n wa/$ 8 own "t & t ( ! defective4 ,at ?is po9t let u call att5tion to a defect 9 ! me*anical calculation ( ret>dation4 ,little ,rog]1 :o is t5 & a half ye>s1 & _c yet read by syllables1 has only f\r & a half ye>s ( ret>dation1 if we apply to him ! usual rule4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t he is at ! same level ( intellig5ce z a *ild ( ?irte5 & a half1 :o belongs to ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>1 = ! latt] has also a ret>dation ( f\r ye>s & a half4 ,! error ( ?is me?od ( calculation is at once app>5t4 ,! real significance ( ret>dation is proportionate to ! class & c\rse :i* ! pupil has rea*$4 ,we %all return pres5tly to ! exact e/imation ( ret>dation4 ,let u quote ano!r example to %[ ! application ( ! ari?metical te/4 ,o/r[1 twelve & a half ye>s1 replies correctly to que/ions #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,at ! f\r? he hesitates & beg9s by multiply+ #g by #hi1 & obta9s z answ] #ghc1 :i* is d\bly inexact1 because he ought n to h multipli$1 & ! multiplication is incorrect4 ,!n he draws back1 & tries a division ( #hi by #g2 he obta9s an incorrect answ] 7#aa71 :i* does n satisfy him4 ,f9ally1 he tries a multiplication3 says #g times #aj makes #gj4 ,he next adds #g sev]al times to rea* #hi1 b he becomes confus$1 & f9i%es by f9d+ ! numb] #ac1 :i* is almo/ correct4 ,?is *ild is !re=e at /age #d2 he does n cle> x1 b he attempts x4 ,look at ! scale4 ,we give him full po9ts = ,problems #a1 #b1 & #c1 plus #b po9ts = ,problem #d1 or a total ( #h1 :i* puts him at ! level ( *ildr5 ( eight & a half ye>s1 :i* am\nts to a ret>dation ( f\r ye>s4 ,spell+4--,! te/ ( spell+ is a piece ( dictation giv5 individually or collectively4 ,! scale conta9s ! fir/ phrases ( ! dictation4 ,we reproduce !m all "h1 po9t+ out ! grammatical difficulties :i* !y conta91 & ! scale = m>k+ faults :i* seem$ to u mo/ fair4 ,we quote ! phrases 9 ,fr5*1 z a translation w\ld n indicate ! real difficulties4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 _m cases correct spell+ implies grammatical k4--,,tr4 ,phrase #a4--,to write phonetically1 )\t liaison1 a phrase dictat$ 9 ! ord9>y vocabul>y ( ! *ild4 ,example4--,emile e/ un petit eleve bi5 sage2 il ec\te son papa et sa maman2 il va a l'ecole4 ,phrase #b4--,to put ! s's ( ! plural to words *os5 f ! vocabul>y ( ! *ild4 ,example4--,j'ai une tete1 deux bras1 deux jambes1 une b\*e1 v+t d5ts1 une langue1 et dix doigts4 ,phrase #c4--,plural ( qualify+ adjectives 9 simple cases2 v]bs to ! ?ird p]son plural1 pres5t indicative4 ,example4--,le soleil brille deja de ses plus gais rayons4 ,les hommes p>t5t en *antant4 ,les b]g]s sont heureux de la belle j\rnee qui se prep>e3 ils suiv5t au paturage le gr& tr\peau des va*es pesantes4 ,phrase #d4--;,fem99e ( ! qualify+ adjectives )\t phonetic indication2 v]bs ) ! plural end+s ons1 ont1 ez1 ai5t4 ,ex]cise4--,le g>con de f]me1 de son pas l\rd1 entrait dans la grange encore obscure1 ou n\s reposions4 ,les boeufs mugissai5t t\t bas4 ,dans la c\r le coq1 les p\les1 le *i51 allai5t et v5ai5t4 ,phrases #e1 #f1 & #g4--;,f9als ( v]bs 9 ! s+ul> ( ! diff]5t t5ses ( ! f\r conjugations4 ,pa/ p>ticiple ) or )\t avoir4 ,inf9itive 9 er1 & pa/ p>ticiple 9 e4 ,example4--,joyeux m]le1 ne vi5s pas dans le bocage4 ,pr5ds g>de a ce me*ant qui veut te saisir et t'enf]m]4 ,p5dant que je te p>le1 tu vi5s picor] les rais9s que l'oiseleur a disposes comme un piege4 ,ils sont g>nis de glu3 si tu y t\*es1 c'en e/ fait de ta lib]te4 ,me?od ( ,m>k+ ,mi/akes4 ,"o mi/ake = a lett] omitt$4 ,"o mi/ake = a lett] too mu*4 ,"o mi/ake = a lett] sub/itut$ = ano!r4 ,!re may !re=e be sev]al mi/akes 9 ! same ^w1 b ! numb] ( mi/akes = any ^w _c be great] ?an ! numb] ( lett]s 9 ! ^w4 ,a ^w omitt$ c\nts z _m mi/akes z x has lett]s4 ,! liaison ( two words c\nts = "o mi/ake4 ,failure to jo9 ! two p>ts ( a ^w also c\nts "o mi/ake4 ,x is to be notic$ t we d n speak ( grades ( spell+--t is to say1 ( diff]5t phrases :i* ! *ildr5 ( ea* age %\ld be able to write )\t mi/ake4 ,no d\bt su* c\ld be f\nd4 ,b we h be5 cont5t to c\nt ! mi/akes2 x is by ! numb] ( mi/akes t ! *ildr5 ( ea* age are di/+ui%$4 ,! dictation giv5 9 ,febru>y by ,m4 ,vaney 9 8 s*ool & correct$ by ! tea*]s !re has enabl$ u to draw up ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s ! numb] ( mi/akes committ$1 c\nt$ by ! me?od indicat$ above3#h ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,phrases4 -------------------- ,*ildr54 ,class4 ,c\rse4 #a/ #bnd #crd #d? #e? ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #f to #g ye>s #a ,prep>atory #ac #bb -- -- -- #g to #h ye>s #b ,elem5t>y 7fir/ #f #ae #cb -- -- ye>7 #h to #i ye>s #c ,elem5t>y 7second #b #aj #ai #bj -- ye>7 #i to #aj ye>s #d ,int]m$iate 7fir/ #j #b #f4f #f4i #ag ye>7 #aj to #aa ye>s #e ,int]m$iate 7second #j #j #d #d #ab ye>7 #aa to #ab ye>s #f ,s5ior #j #j #j4f #j4g #e ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,to %[ h[ we classify a *ild f ! po9t ( view ( spell+1 let u take an example4 ,we %all *oose ,o/r[1 ! defective :om we h already te/$ 9 ari?metic4 ,he writes ! fir/ phrase ) "o mi/ake1 ! second ) "o mi/ake1 ! ?ird ) eight mi/akes2 he is at ! level ( a *ild ( n9e to t5 7vide ,table1 p4 #ed74 ,he has !re=e a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s4 ,he mu/ be reckon$ z slightly feeble-m9d$4#i ,we n[ und]/& ! mann] ( judg+ ! capacity ( a *ild 9 ari?metic1 read+1 & spell+4 ,:i* ( all ^! te/s is ( ! greate/ value8 ,we %all reply to ?is "q by giv+ a summ>y 9 a few words ( ! te/s we appli$ to tw5ty *ildr5 9 a special class4 ,! am\nt ( ret>dation v>i$ consid]ably f "o *ild to ano!r1 & = ! same *ild f "o te/ to ano!r4 ,on ! av]age1 ! am\nt ( ret>dation 0 #c4c ye>s = spell+1 #d ye>s = read+1 & #d4e ye>s = ari?metic4 ,^! *ildr5 did n d s badly 9 spell+2 !re 0 ev5 "o :o 0 at ! normal level4 ,x 0 especially 9 ! problems t _! defici5cy 0 noticeable1 because ! problem requires n only memory1 b "s und]/&+4 ,!y h great difficulty 9 def9+ :at is ! prop] ari?metical op]ation4 ,:5 addition is necess>y !y h a t5d5cy to subtract1 & if !y ought to divide !y w m readily multiply4 ,^! mi/akes lead to absurd results1 :i* usually d n put !m ab\t1 unless _! att5tion is drawn to ! absurdity4 ,a defective w admit q readily t if ,i h #fjd apples1 & sell #eh1 ,i %all h #ffb left4 ,^! results %[ t 9 ! ord9>y s*ool !y d1 we w n say too mu* spell+1 b too little ari?metic 9 comp>ison to ! am\nt ( spell+4 ,f9ally1 we aga9 insi/ ^u ! evid5tial value ( me?odical te/s4 ,we dem& t ! elem5t>y s*ool inspector %\ld h ^! te/s c>ri$ out )\t assi/ance to ! pupils1 )\t int]v5tion to indicate ! solution or ! /ep to take4 ,he mu/ nei!r assi/ nor d ! lesson1 b simply note ! result a*iev$4 ,he mu/ !re=e r$uce himself to ! easy role ( a b5evol5t spectator4 ,ret>dation & ,k ,p]c5tage4--,we said above1 9 e/imat+ ret>dation1 acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( ! c\rse to :i* ! pupil belongs--t is to say1 ! grade ( in/ruction to :i* he has already atta9$4 ,a *ild ( n9e ye>s ( age :o has a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s has le>n$ absolutely no?+2 on ! o!r h&1 a *ild ( twelve ye>s :o has a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s has le>n$ some?+1 s9ce he has rea*$ ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two pupils is app>5t2 probably x w increase /ill m z ye>s g on4 ,to und]/& ! matt] cle>ly1 x is necess>y to comp>e ! am\nt ( ret>dation ) ! p]iod ( s*ool att5dance4 ,! latt] may be repres5t$ by ! figure #ajj4 ,?us1 our *ild ( n9e1 :o has le>n$ no?+1 has a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s 9 ?ree ye>s at s*ool--t is to say1 a p]c5tage ( #j2 our *ild ( twelve1 :o is 9 ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>1 has made 9 six ye>s half ! normal progress2 he has !re=e a k p]c5tage ( #ej4 ,su* figures h evid5tly a q diff]5t significance f ^? ( ! am\nt ( ret>dation4 ,our op9ion is t x suffices to make use ( ! simple calculation ( ret>dation 9 select+ ! defectives1 = x is an easy & useful me?od2 b :5 "o is 9 ! pres5ce ( a *ild1 & desires to e/imate 8 k1 n only = ! actual mom5t1 b ) ref]5ce to 8 future & 8 capacity = le>n+1 x is necess>y to note also1 & m especially1 8 k p]c5tage4 ,we sugge/ ! foll[+ s*$ule to be fill$ up aft] ! exam9ation ( ! *ild3 ,exam9ation ( ,in/ruction ( a ,*ild propos$ = ,special ,class4 ,date ( exam9ation3 ,place ( exam9ation3 ,full "n ( pupil3 ,date ( bir? ( pupil3 ,?is *ild has att5d$ 4444444444 s*ool1 444444 class4 ,att5dance regul> or irregul>8 ,has he be5 able to foll[ 8 class8 ,:at is ! am\nt ( 8 ret>dation8 ,read+4 7,syllabic1 hesitat+1 flu5t1 expressive1 int]m$iate--e4g41 flu5t-expressive47 ,obs]vations on read+3 ,ari?metic4 ,! pupil c d ! problems not$ )\t mi/ake3 7,ref] to scale47 ,obs]vations on ari?metic3 ,spell+4 ,phrase dictat$3 ,numb] ( mi/akes3 ,conclusion4 ,ret>dation 9 read+ 7tak+ acc\nt ( s*ool att5dance73 ,ret>dation 9 ari?metic 7ibid473 ,ret>dation 9 spell+ 7ibid473 ,k p]c5tage3 ,"n & position ( exam9]3 ,9 spite ( ! l5g?y details into :i* we ent]1 x is evid5t t all ?is "w ( exam9ation c be done pretty rapidly4 ,! ari?metic alone is a little long1 because x is necess>y to all[ "t to put ! *ild at 8 ease4 ,we may put ! total exam9ation at fifte5 m9utes4 ,(t5 x w be possible to abridge ! "t4 ,! inspector is n[ 9 a position to e/imate ! ret>dation ( ! pupil & 8 k p]c5tage4 ,he has sev]al means at 8 disposal--! evid5ce ( ! tea*]s1 ! notes conc]n+ ! pupil1 ! exam9ation ( 8 copybook1 obs]vation ( ! attitude ( ! *ild1 8 physiognomy1 etc41 &1 above all1 ! exact & p]sonal te/ :i* he has made4 ,is ?is en\gh8 ,:5 ! inspector has e/abli%$ ! ret>dation & det]m9$ its causes1 may he1 %\ld he1 give 8 op9ion imm$iately8 ,9 mo/ cases1 )\t d\bt1 a fur!r inquiry is n necess>y4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! ne$ ( fur!r inquiry is felt4 ,in/ruction is n ev]y?+1 & !re are "s *ildr5 :o h difficulty 9 assimilat+ s*ool k ow+ to want ( aptitude1 to inatt5tion1 to laz9ess1 :o are yet q intellig5t4 ,x is ! intellig5ce ( ^! *ildr5 t "o w\ld l to det]m9e1 & = ?is x is necess>y to make use ( "s te/s ( intellig5ce4 ,we propose1 !re=e1 = ! inspectors a la/ exam9ation1 a psy*ological "o4 ,let no "o accuse u ( complicat+ ! exam9ations4 ,we d n impose !m1 we d n ev5 advise !m 9 all cases4 ,b ^! te/s are none ! less v valuable tools to :i* "o is v happy to h rec\rse :5 "o feels emb>rass$4 ,,psy*ological ,,exam9ation4 ,?is consi/s 9 putt+ ! foll[+ que/ions1#aj :i* h be5 gr\p$ 9 su* a mann] t ! f\r fir/ c be answ]$ by normal *ildr5 at sev5 ye>s ( age1 ! five foll[+ by normal *ildr5 at n9e ye>s ( age1 & ! f\r la/ by normal *ildr5 at elev5 ye>s ( age4 ,te/s ( ,intellig5ce4 ,sev5 ,ye>s4 #a4 ,if y 7 late = s*ool1 :at w\ld y d8 #b4 ,if y lo/ a tra91 :at w\ld y d8 #c4 ,if "o is lazy & does n want to "w1 :at happ5s8 #d4 ,if y 7 tir$ & _h n en\gh money to take an omnibus1 :at w\ld y d8 ,n9e ,ye>s4 #e4 ,if "o ne$$ sixp5ce1 h[ c\ld "o get x8 #f4 ,:y %\ld we n sp5d all our money1 b put a little pa/8 #g4 ,if y break an object t does n belong to y1 :at %\ld y d8 #h4 ,if a companion %\ld /rike y )\t mean+ x1 :at %\ld y d8 #i4 ,if y require "s good advice1 :at %\ld y d8 ,elev5 ,ye>s4 #aj4 ,be=e tak+ "p 9 any?+ important1 :at %\ld y d8 #aa4 ,:y d we =give a bad de$ done 9 ang] m readily ?an a bad de$ done )\t ang]8 #ab4 ,if anyone asks y\r op9ion ab\t a p]son :om y "k v little1 :at w\ld y d8 #ac4 ,:y %\ld "o judge a p]son by 8 acts r ?an by 8 words8 ,^! que/ions pres5t v>i\s difficulties1 bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 vocabul>y4 ,we h tri$ !m ^u a great numb] ( s*ool *ildr51 & !y correspond pretty exactly to ! level ( *ildr5 at ! ages indicat$4 ,! answ]s ( ! *ildr5 may be good1 passable1 m$iocre1 or negative 7! *ild makes no reply71 or ev5 absurd or un9telligible4 ,9 m>k+ ! replies "o does n take acc\nt ( a wrong ^w or an awkw>d phrase1 b consid]s ! mean+ & :e!r ! *ild has really und]/ood4 ,x may seem t m>k+ ^! replies w\ld be r delicate & arbitr>y1 b 9 practice ! difficulty is n great4 ,"h are "s examples3 7#aj7 ,! reply1 ,ask "s capable p]son1 a ma/]1 a p>5t1 is a good reply4 ,ask x1 ,li/5 = x1 are passable replies4 7#g7 ,! reply1 ,pay & apologize1 is good4 ,pay = x1 is passable4 7#h7 ,! reply1 ,=give him1 is bett] ?an ! reply1 ,don't tell tales4 7#a7 ,! reply1 ,hurry up1 is bett] ?an1 ,r+ ! bell1 ,hurry to-morr[1 ,"o is kept 94 7#c7 ,! reply1 ,"o rema9s ignorant1 is bett] ?an1 ,"o is puni%$4 7#d7 ,! reply1 ,take a re/1 !n walk1 is bett]1 be+ m explicit1 ?an simply1 ,walk4 ,we m>k ! good replies #c1 ! passable #b1 ! m$iocre #a1 ! absurd & sil5ce #j4 ,sil5ce sometimes makes "o hesitate4 ,x may result f timidity1 or ev5 f prolong$ reflection4 ,x is necess>y1 )\t *ang+ ! =m ( ! "q1 to enc\rage ! *ild & to press him to reply4 ,) a little practice "o c easily see :o is try+ to f9d an answ] & :o does n und]/&4 ,we h /at$ t normal *ildr5 ( elev5 ye>s ( age repli$ to ! que/ions #aj to #ac4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t by ?is we mean t ! majority repli$4 ,!re are no te/s :i* c *>act]ise all ! subjects )\t exception ( a giv5 gr\p4 ,!re are always failures4 ,by way ( example1 we %all quote ! obs]vations we made 9 an elem5t>y s*ool ) our que/ions #aj to #ac1 :i* we put to all ! *ildr5 ( elev51 :o 7 di/ribut$1 accord+ to _! ability1 9 ! diff]5t classes4 ,!re 7 ?irty-six ( ^! pupils4 ,! maximum ( m>ks obta9able 0 #ab1 s9ce !re 7 f\r que/ions1 & a good reply 0 wor? #c4 ,we !n obta9$ ! foll[+ av]ages3 ,te/s ( ,intellig5ce put to ,normal ,*ildr5 ( ,elev5 ,ye>s ( ,age4 ,av]age ,m>ks4 ,s5ior1 fir/ ye> #aa ,int]m$iate1 second ye> #f ,int]m$iate1 fir/ ye> #d4g ,9 ! int]m$iate c\rse1 second ye>1 !re 7 two *ildr5 :o obta9$ #j & #a4 ,9 ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>1 !re 7 f\r :o got #j1 & "o :o got only #a4 ,:at 7 ^! pupils1 :o _h c]ta9ly n rea*$ ! av]age intellectual level ( elev5 ye>s8 ,two are said to be defectives by ! head-ma/]4 ,let u subtract !m1 & !re rema9 five2 & ^! "w suffici5tly well to rema9 9 _! class & to foll[ ! lessons4 ,_! success is a v important fact4 ,a *ild may n h v mu* intellig5ce1 b if he has a good memory1 application1 & w1 he is regul> 9 8 /udies1 & ?is comp5sates = ! m5tal feebl5ess4 ,we h (t5 notic$ ?is4 ,if a *ild is regul> 9 8 s*ool "w1 ! "q :e!r he is a defective does n pres5t itself4 ,x only pres5ts itself if ! case is rev]s$4 ,suppos+ he is v cle>ly backw>d1 by two ye>s1 by ?ree ye>s1 ) a suffici5t s*ool att5dance4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is ret>dation1 ! psy*ological exam9ation %[s t he is all ! same q intellig5t1 ?is is a fav\rable circum/ance ( :i* he %\ld h ! advantage4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ! psy*ological exam9ation is capable ( %[+ t he is normal1 ev5 :5 he is beh9dh& 9 8 /udies4 ,?is exam9ation _c1 9 any case1 s]ve to make him be reg>d$ z defective if he is regul> 9 8 /udies4 ,?is is :y we place ?is exam9ation la/4 ,"h are "s v good replies f normal *ildr53 ,g4 ,r----3 #aj4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to consid] :]e ! affair w\ld lead u4 #aa4 ,because :5 a bad action is done )\t ang] "o kn[s :at "o is do+1 :ile :5 "o is angry "o does n "k :at "o is do+4 #ab4 ,"o %\ld say no?+4 ,if "o does n "k ! p]son "o _c tell :at he is4 #ac4 ,by 8 words he may deceive u4 ,by 8 acts we c tell :at he is4 ,g----3 #aj4 ,x is necess>y to ?9k :at "o is go+ to d4 #aa4 ,because :5 "o acts )\t ang] "o has ?\ght be=eh&1 & is m to blame2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 x is an act ( passion1 & aft]w>ds "o regrets :at "o has done4 #ab4 ,i w\ld say t x w\ld be necess>y to "k him fir/ & !n aft]w>ds to judge him1 n to say any?+ bad or good ab\t him )\t kn[+ him4 #ac4 ,because !re are p :o say words & (t5 d n d !m4 ,"h are "s replies :i* are m$iocre or absurd3 #ab4 ,y %\ld try to ask ! p>ticul>s ( ! p]son y d n "k4 7,m$iocre47 #ac4 ,because 8 acts are m t]rible :ile 8 words are less ?reat5+4 7,m$iocre47 #aa4 ,because ! action :i* has be5 done 9 ang] is n s viol5t4 7,m$iocre47 #ac4 ,because y mu/ n speak aft] ! p]son :o speaks4 7,absurd47 ,9 a class ( defectives ( elev5 ye>s ( age we obta9$ f sev5 *ildr5 an av]age ( replies equal to #a4c4 ,?is figure1 !re=e1 is consid]ably less ?an t ( ! normal *ildr5 regul> 9 _! /udies1 & ev5 ?an t ( ! normal ) a ret>dation ( two ye>s4 ,let u note 9 pass+ a v curi\s fact4 ,we _h _h to exam9e ^! defectives be=e _! admission into ! special class4 ,n[1 ! tea*]s s5t u z defective two *ildr5 :o 7 cle>ly intellig5t1 = "o ( !m obta9$ five m>ks & ! o!r eight4 ,let u give ! replies ( ! latt]1 ^: "n 0 ,cl]1 age elev5 ye>s3 #aj4 ,y w\ld h to ?9k4 7,good47 #aa4 ,because ang] is less s]i\s4 7,absurd47 #ab4 ,say no?+ bad ab\t him1 because ,i d n "k him well4 7,good47 #ac4 ,because words are n correct4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he w d x4 7,passable47 ,^! replies are evid5tly n v brilliant1 b !y are s sup]ior to ! level ( a defective t we h s5t ?is *ild back to ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,we h s9ce le>n$ a fact :i* 0 n orig9ally communicat$ to u4 ,?is *ild came f ! c\ntry1 & he did n beg9 to g to s*ool until ! age ( t54 ,to sum up1 we (f] ! psy*ological exam9ation z a means ( rehabilitat+ a *ild :o has a m>k$ degree ( ret>dation4 ,t is its sole utility4 ,nev]1 9 any case1 mu/ ?is exam9ation be us$ to label z defective a *ild :o keeps up ) 8 lessons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a la/ ^w reg>d+ ! necessity ( ^! exam9ations4 ,we "k t1 aft] hav+ read ! prec$+ pages1 m ?an "o inspector1 m ?an "o tea*]1 w exclaim1 ,:at is ! use ( all ?is8 ,i am q accu/om$ to que/ion+ *ildr51 & ,i don't require su* precautions 9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? :o are intellig5t & ^? :o are n4 ,by two or ?ree que/ions :i* are q famili> to me ,i c judge ! /ate ( in/ruction4 ,we h paid homage to ! ability ( ! tea*]s & inspectors suffici5tly (t5 to be p]mitt$ to ma9ta9 "h aga9/ ^? :o w\ld contradict u ! necessity ( our me?ods or ( o!rs ( a simil> k9d4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ! degree ( intellig5ce or ! /ate ( in/ruction ( a *ild "o w\ld require to h 9 m9d ! normal levels4 ,n[1 frankly1 :o kn[s :at ^! are8 ,let any inspector1 any tea*]1 glance ov] our te/ que/ions4 ,he w be v mu* at a difficulty to say :e!r x is at n9e ye>s or at sev5 ye>s t a *ild ought to be able to reply suitably to a p>ticul> "q4 ,we w g ev5 f>!r4 ,let an inspector look at our scale1 & say at :at age read+ is flu5t1 at :at age a *ild %\ld write ! ?ird phrase ) less ?an t5 mi/akes4 ,j let him try1 & he w f9d ! result4 ,let u add t p :o are nei!r inspectors nor tea*]s w be /ill m emb>rass$4 ,we recollect t at ! rec5t op5+ ( a special class "s em95t p appe>$ mu* a/oni%$ at ! intellig5ce ( ! pupils4 ,!y 7 surpris$ at *ildr5 ( twelve ye>s :o made replies ( :i* 9 reality normal *ildr5 ( eight %\ld h be5 capable4 ,x is impossible to =m a correct judgm5t ab\t matt]s s delicate unless "o makes use ( exact te/s4 ,we insi/ ^u ?is because we =esee t all :o visit ! class = defectives w be subject to ?is illusion4 ,all ! m w !y h an optimi/ic t5d5cy to ov]e/imate ! intellig5ce & in/ruction ( ! *ildr5 s9ce !y "k 9 advance t !y are go+ to see defectives1 & consequ5tly h a preconceiv$ expectation ( see+ degrad$ imbeciles ) l[ =eheads & dirty habits4 ,!y w be q surpris$ to f9d t ! great majority ( defectives d n answ] to ?is description1 & see+ t !y h fall5 into an error1 !y w correct !mselves z usual by fall+ into ! opposite mi/ake4 ,e/imation ( ,want ( ,balance4--,if x is easy to det]m9e backw>dness by a direct exam9ation ( a *ild's /ate ( in/ruction1 ! difficulty ( e/abli%+ a lack ( m5tal balance is1 on ! o!r h&1 v great4 ,su* want ( balance is indicat$ by brea*es ( discipl9e1 inatt5tion1 naught9ess1 ly+1 viol5ce1 brutality1 etc4 ,b x w\ld be a v unruly *ild :o w\ld n behave quietly :5 tak5 ap>t by ! inspector4 ,isolat$ 9 ! exam9ation room1 surr\nd$ by /range1 grave p1 ! *ild %r9ks into himself4 ,he has little occasion or desire = a display ( rebellion or naught9ess :5 8 comrades are n !re to admire him4 ,possibly an exact e/imation ( 8 reactions1 ( 8 motor ability1 ( 8 p[] ( att5tion1 w\ld indicate ! pres5ce ( "s anomalies2 b ?is is n c]ta91 & is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,!re may be "s hope 9 t direction = ! p$agogy ( ! future1 b sci5tific inve/igations _c help u to-day4 ,9 %ort1 m5tal want ( balance _c1 9 ! majority ( cases1 be ! object ( direct exam9ation4 ,h[1 !n1 c x be e/imat$8 ,indirectly1 by ! evid5ce ( o!rs4 ,! inspector1 !n1 mu/ be cont5t to accept ! facts :i* are giv5 to him by ! tea*]1 b he mu/ n accept !m altoge!r on tru/4 ,are ^! facts correct8 ,are !y probable8 ,is any evid5ce ( !m to be f\nd8 ,h !y be5 alt]$ 9 ! tell+8 ,su* w be ! fir/ qu]ies to awak5 ! critical _s ( ! inspector4 ,!n x mu/ n be =gott5 t he c "q ! p>5ts1 & he> _! replies be=e lett+ !m "k ! op9ion ( ! tea*]1 & t ev]y?+ !y say w help him to judge n only ! *ild1 b ! family circum/ances 9 :i* he lives4 ,! ill-balanc$ are (t5 spoil$1 or only *ildr51 or *ildr5 n look$ aft]1 or *ildr5 ^: fa!r has disappe>$4 ,! sons ( wid[s =m a consid]able cont+5t4 ,n[1 ! inspector w ga9 a good deal ( in=mation f ! s*ool hi/ory ( ! *ild4 ,! ill-balanc$ is a nomad4 ,he has att5d$ sev]al s*ools4 ,x is important to f9d out :at impression he has left beh9d him4 ,! pro( ( want ( balance is n to be tak5 f a s+le tea*]4 ,if ?ree tea*]s1 at lea/1 ^: p$agogic reputation is good1 agree ab\t a *ild1 ! *ances are t _! e/imate is correct4 ,! inspector w resort to su* controls1 & if he is n satisfi$1 & if ! alleg$ facts are n v s]i\s1 he w remove ! *ild to ano!r class or ano!r s*ool r ?an s5d him to a class = defectives4 ,elim9ation ( ,hospital or ,asylum ,cases4--,only defectives likely to improve are to be admitt$ to ! special s*ools4 ,t is only common s5se4 ,ev]yone kn[s t ! epi!t defective does n belong to a s+le type4 ,!re are v>i\s categories :i* ext5d betwe5 two extremes3 ! purely vegetative idiot :o _c speak1 or walk1 or ev5 fe$ himself2 & ! slightly feeble-m9d$1 :o may easily be tak5 = normal4 ,9 spite ( all our sympa?y = ^! poor creatures :om ,nature has treat$ s cruelly1 we c\ld n ?9k ( supply+ !m )\t di/9ction ) all ! b5efits ( education4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! wor/ affect$ w\ld n pr(it mu* !reby4 ,x is pure folly to devote six or eight ye>s to tea*+ ! lett]s to a *ild :o w nev] be able to read1 or :o1 if he %\ld manage to read a little1 w n und]/& :at he reads4 ,to su* an un=tunate x is q en\gh to give lessons 9 walk+1 fe$+1 dress+ himself1 & 9 simple occupations1 su* z du/+ or sweep+4 ,su* cases d n require s*ools s mu* z places :]e !y c be tak5 c>e (4 ,^! w co/ less to e/abli%1 especially 9 ! c\ntry4 ,educational ef=ts %\ld be conc5trat$ on ! defectives :o are less pr(\ndly affect$4 ,x is !y alone :om "o %\ld try to in/ruct4 ,?is is ! practice :i* is rightly foll[$ abroad4 ,= adm9i/rative purposes ! defectives ( diff]5t grades may be divid$ into two gr\ps1 m$ical cases & educational cases1 or pref]ably1 9 ord] to obviate ! use ( ! equivocal t]m m$ical1 we may speak simply ( hospice cases & s*ool cases to %[ ! diff]5ce 9 _! de/9ation4 ,! exact t]ms employ$ matt] little s long z we und]/& :at we mean by ! words4 ,we h j po9t$ out ! importance ( res]v+ ! s*ools = defectives = improvable cases4 ,b x is necess>y to correct ?is ^w improvable1 because all defectives c be improv$ m or less4 ,_! ass]t$ arre/ ( developm5t is n complete1 & ! expression is equivocal4 ,x w\ld be bett] to replace ! ^w improvable by ! foll[+ m precise phrase3 ,capable ( be+ taught to ga91 9 "p1 _! own liv+4 ,:i* ( !m are 9 ?is position8 ,un=tunately1 we d n "k4 ,all su* que/ions %\ld h be5 solv$ long ago1 s9ce ?\s&s ( defectives h pass$ into ! hospices4 ,x w\ld h be5 en\gh to h foll[$ !m up1 to h f\nd out :at became ( !m1 & to h drawn conclusions4 ,b ?is has nev] be5 done me?odically1 & = ! pres5t we are r$uc$ to conjecture4 ,! ne>e/ e/imate we c =m is t ! social value ( any individual case1 n epileptic1 is 9 inv]se proportion to ! degree ( defici5cy2 ! imbecile w\ld seem to be m improvable ?an ! idiot1 & ! feeble-m9d$ ?an ! imbecile4 ,b ?is is simply hypo!sis1 & we accept x q provisionally1 until exact inve/igations h be5 made :i* w p]mit u to replace conjecture by demon/rat$ tru?4 ,consequ5tly we %all op5 wide ! doors ( ! s*ool to ! feeble-m9d$ & close !m to ! idiots1 :ile z to ! imbeciles1 we %all h to f9d out :e!r ! prop] place = !m is ! s*ool or ! hospice4 ,x w be necess>y to f9d out 9 :at measure1 & at ! price ( :at ef=t1 an imbecile c be in/ruct$ to ! po9t1 say ( be+ able to read4 ,!re are two o!r indications :i* may help u4 ,cases ( acquir$ m5tal defici5cy--t is to say1 cases :o h become defective z ! result ( some?+ :i* affect$ !m aft] bir?--are usually less improvable ?an cong5ital cases1 or cases :]e ! defici5cy is due to "s cause act+ be=e bir?4 ,&1 secondly1 cases affect$ by epilepsy1 ) fits or frequ5t attacks ( v]tigo1 usually und]go a progressive m5tal det]ioration4 ,:at di/9ctions c we draw betwe5 ! diff]5t degrees ( m5tal defici5cy8 ,su* a "q1 we ?9k1 might be ask$ ) reg>d to ! ill-balanc$ z well z ! defective4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 we h no crit]ion at pres5t to (f]4 ,x w be en\gh to pick out & s5d to ! hospices ! mo/ ill-balanc$1 ^? ^: pres5ce among normal *ildr5 w\ld be a dang] ow+ to ! p]v]sion ( _! in/9cts or ! brutality ( _! impulses4 ,) reg>d to m5tal defici5cy1 we ?9k x possible to =mulate precise def9itions :i* w enable all compet5t p]sons to agree z to ! diagnosis ( idiocy1 imbecility1 & feeble-m9d$ness4 ,we are aw>e t 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t we are runn+ c\nt] to ! g5]al practice ( m$ical ali5i/s4 ,:5 ^!1 9 an admission c]tificate1 call a *ild idiot1 feeble-m9d$1 or imbecile1 !y are r>ely 9 agreem5t ) ! confr]e :o1 a few days lat]1 exam9es ! same *ild1 & makes a new diagnosis4 ,we h made a me?odical comp>ison betwe5 ! admission c]tificates fill$ up = ! same *ildr5 ) a few days' int]val by ! doctors ( ,sa9te-,anne1 ,bicetre1 ! ,salpetri]e1 & ,vaucluse4 ,we h comp>$ sev]al hundr$s ( ^! c]tificates1 & we ?9k we may say )\t exagg]ation t !y look$ z if !y _h be5 drawn by *ance out ( a sack4 ,?is is a fact :i* _m ali5i/s h already suspect$1 & ,dr4 ,bl9#aa has express$ himself frankly on ! subject4 ,:at is ! cause ( su* contradictions8 ,!y result1 9 great measure f ! use ( ill-def9$ t]ms4 ,to ! majority ( ali5i/s1 ! idiot is "o :o is pr(\ndly affect$ 9 8 m5tal faculties1 ! imbecile is a little less1 & ! feeble-m9d$ less /ill4 ,:at mean ^? words3 pr(\ndly1 a little less1 less /ill8 ,no "o def9es !m4 ,!y are tak5 to be indef9able4 ,x is no wond] !y are und]/ood s diff]5tly4 ,all ?is tr\ble w\ld disappe> if ! foll[+ def9itions 7 adopt$3 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,an ,,idiot4 ,an idiot is any *ild :o nev] le>ns to communicate ) 8 k9d by spee*--t is to say1 "o :o c nei!r express 8 ?\ghts v]bally nor und]/& ! v]bally express$ ?\ghts ( o!rs1 ?is inability be+ due solely to defective intellig5ce1 & n to any di/urbance ( he>+1 nor to any affection ( ! organs ( phonation4 ,s9ce a normal *ild ( two ye>s ( age c und]/& ! spee* ( o!rs1 & c make itself und]/ood by o!rs1 s f> z its simple wants are conc]n$1 x is evid5t t ! di/9ction betwe5 an idiot & a normal *ild is easily made4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,,an ,,imbecile4 ,an imbecile is any *ild :o fails to le>n h[ to communicate ) 8 k9d by means ( writ+--t is to say1 "o :o c nei!r express 8 ?\ghts 9 writ+1 nor read writ+ or pr9t1 or1 m correctly1 und]/& :at he reads1 ?is failure be+ due to defective intellig5ce1 & n to any defect ( vision or any p>alysis ( ! arm :i* w\ld expla9 8 inability4 ,"o w n c\nt a *ild an imbecile until he has _h mu* m ?an ! normal "t to le>n to read & write4 ,! normal "t 9 s*ools is six mon?s4 ,a *ild :o does n yet "k 8 lett]s aft] be+ at s*ool = two ye>s is likely to be an imbecile4 ,spontane\s writ+ or writ+ f dictation mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) m]e transcription f a copy4 ,! latt] is a k9d ( draw+1 & may be acquir$ by "s :o are incapable1 f defective intellig5ce1 ( writ+ f dictation4 ,nor mu/ real read+ be confus$ ) read+ :i* consi/s 9 trans=m+ graphic signs into s\nds )\t mean+ to ! read]4 ,! di/9ction c easily be made by giv+ ! *ild 9 writ+ "s simple ord] :i* he is to c>ry out1 su* z ,%ut ! door1 ,knock ?ree times on ! table4 ,,def9ition ,,( ,a ,,feeble-,,m9d$ ,,*ild4 ,a feeble-m9d$ *ild is "o :o c communicate ) 8 k9d by spee* or writ+1 b :o %[s a ret>dation ( two or ?ree ye>s 7accord+ to ! rules already indicat$7 9 8 s*ool /udies1 ?is ret>dation n be+ due to insuffici5t or irregul> att5dance4 ,^! di/9ctions are p$agogical4 ,! inspector w make !m easily4 ,if he is ev] 9 d\bt1 he has a doctor at h& :o w advise him4 ,obvi\sly ! idiot is a case = ! asylum or hospice4 ,obvi\sly also ! feeble-m9d$ is a case = ! s*ool4 ,!re rema9s ! imbecile1 ab\t :om we may hesitate4 ,f ! mom5t ! imbecile proves himself unable to le>n to read or write1 8 place is 9 ! work%op4 ,we mu/ f9d out to :at ext5t he c pr(it by special education4 ,true & ,false ,defectives4--,we %all =mulate a rule :i* w surely meet ) no objection4 ,x is t none b defectives %\ld be admitt$ to s*ools = defectives4 ,! mom5t we beg9 to apply ?is rule 9 practice1 h[ev]1 we meet ) difficulties4 ,!re are normal *ildr5 :o are v backw>d 9 _! /udies4 ,!y _c pr(itably foll[ ! prop] class = _! age4 ,su* *ildr5 are num]\s1 & ( great int]e/ socially4 ,z !y are really intellig5t !y c c]ta9ly be help$ to make up = lo/ "t4 ,v>i\s t]ms h be5 appli$ to !m1 b x w be simple/ to call !m backw>d or ignorant4 ,9 ,belgium _m su* ignorant *ildr5 7 admitt$ to ! fir/ s*ool = defectives4 ,9 fact1 !y =m$ ! majority1 & "o c und]/& h[ easily ! tea*]s collect$ !m4 ,^! are ! cases :i* give su* gr& results1 & are sometimes exhibit$ z g5u9e defectives :o h be5 improv$ by tea*+4 ,9 ,france x has be5 agre$ t ! ignorant are n to be admitt$ to ! classes = defectives4 ,! pr9ciple is s\nd4 ,b let u n confuse ! que/ions by approa*+ !m bo? at once4 ,let u consid] ! defectives fir/1 ! ignorant or backw>d next4 ,ev5 :5 we are agre$ z to ! pr9ciple1 we f9d difficulties 9 practice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are ! d\btful cases1 *ildr5 ( :om we _c say1 ev5 aft] prolong$ exam9ation1 :e!r !y are defective or backw>d4 ,demoor1 9 ! return he publi%$ conc]n+ ! pupils ( ! fir/ s*ool = defectives at ,brussels1 not$ a consid]able numb] ( ^! d\btful cases4#ab ,:at %\ld be done ) su* cases8 ,! be/ ?+ to d is to admit !m to ! classes = defectives1 writ+ on _! s*$ule a l>ge m>k ( int]rogation 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ future deception4 ,aga91 x is n always easy to e/abli% irregul> or insuffici5t att5dance :5 ?is is ! cause ( ! backw>dness4 ,! *ild may h be5 at sev]al s*ools1 & at "s ! tea*+ may h be5 faulty4 ,!re are "s s*ools :i* practically produce m$iocrity4 ,9 ! next place1 x is necess>y to discov] ! causes ( defective att5dance4 ,sometimes ^! causes are completely extr9sic to ! nature ( ! *ild--frequ5t removals1 con/ant dome/ic di/urbances1 laxity ( ! p>5ts1 an infirm p>5t to be tak5 c>e (1 etc4 ,9 su* cases ! int]pretation pres5ts no difficulty4 ,b sometimes ! case is m emb>rass+4 ,x may be a ?9 *ild1 :o has be5 out ( sorts = a long "t4 ,)\t be+1 prop]ly speak+1 ( defective intellig5ce1 he is weakly1 anaemic1 & consequ5tly incapable ( su/a9$ att5tion4 ,w\ld x n be advisable to admit su* a case1 at lea/ z a tempor>y measure1 into ! class = defectives1 until 8 sy/em _h recov]$ tone8 ,%\ld we n also op5 ! door to cases ret>d$ by ad5oids8 ,& if we ent] ^u ?is "w ( *>ity1 %all we n also accept "s ( ^? physically abnormal *ildr5 :o1 affect$ by ,little's disease or ,pott's disease1 are s little at _! ease among _! m robu/ companions8 ,& :at1 la/ly1 is to be done ) *ildr5 ret>d$ 9 _! /udies by an unrecognis$ myopia8 ,x is evid5t t ! "q ceases to seem simple & easy :5 reg>d$ closely4 ,we may rigor\sly exclude f ! class ( defectives ! *ild :o is simply ignorant1 b !re is a :ole s]ies ( complex cases int]m$iate betwe5 ! ignorant & ! defective4 ,! inspector1 let u say 9 anticipation1 w consult 8 colleague ! doctor ) advantage ab\t all ^! bord]-l9e cases4 ,no brea* ( pr9ciple is involv$ "h4 ,x is necess>y to be guid$ by circum/ances4 ,! ess5tial po9t is to m>k di/9ctly ^u ! *ild's s*$ule ! special reasons = 8 admission1 9 ord] to prev5t ultimate deception 9 ! %ape ( pres5t+ ! *ild z an av]age defective :o has be5 improv$ by tuition 9 ! special class4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to ! normal1 ! really normal cases4 ,!re c evid5tly be no d\bt z to :at is to be done ) !m4 ,!y are provid$ =4 ,!y h only to rema9 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,we hope !y w be kept !re4 ,we hope x2 we ev5 dem& x ) all our p[]4 ,b we are n c]ta9 t x w be possible to save !m f ! special s*ools4 ,h[ _m vital int]e/s are leagu$ aga9/ ! keep+ ( t rule6 ,& int]e/s1 :5 !y are n look$ aft]1 are l ! millions ( %ip-worms :i* sl[ly & sil5tly corrode ! mo/ solid b>ri]s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! int]e/ ( ! p>5ts4 ,:5 x is a "q ( second>y education1 ( ri* or middle-class p>5ts1 !re is no?+ to fe>4 ,! b\rgeois d n love _! defectives2 !y are a%am$ ( !m4 ,!y s5d !m to a di/ance1 to "s private in/itution4 ,!y nev] speak ( !m to anyone2 !y d n visit !m2 !y ab&on !m4 ,b ! common p h m he>t or less prejudice4 ,!y w n be afraid ( ! special s*ool = defectives any m ?an !y are ( ! hospice4 ,:5 !y h a really defective *ild 9 ! hospice1 !y nev] cease to visit him4 ,we c imag9e ! results :i* su* a /ate ( m9d w br+ ab\t4 ,if ^! fa!rs & mo!rs ( ! work+ class 7 to he> ( ! exi/5ce ( a bo>d+-s*ool :]e *ildr5 receive bo>d1 lodg+1 & clo?+1 !y w\ld flock to obta9 admission ev5 = _! normal *ildr51 al?\gh x 7 well kn[n t ! s*ool admitt$ only ! feeble-m9d$1 defectives1 & fools4 ,if necess>y1 !y w\ld get municipal c\ncillors to back up _! dem&s4 ,?is abuse 0 practis$ rec5tly 9 ! case ( a re=matory1 :i* 0 rapidly fill$ ) ord9>y *ildr51 ^: sole *>act]i/ic 0 ?is--t _! p>5ts _h political back+4 ,?is fraud--= x is "o--w n be p]petrat$ 9 ! case ( ! special s*ools & classes :]e no great] mat]ial advantages are giv5 to ! pupils ?an is ! case 9 ! public s*ools1 b x is to be fe>$ t x w recur 9 ! case ( special bo>d+-s*ools = defectives4 ,su* s*ools1 if !y are n c>efully look$ aft]1 w turn out pl5ty ( normal "y p6 ,& ?is is n all4 ,x is n only ! p>5ts :o w try to deceive4 ,?9k also ( ! heads ( ! s*ools = defectives4 ,:at is _! int]e/8 ,take note ( x1 = x is important4 ,"o %\ld always try to =esee ! results ( human frailty4 ,9 e new s*ool :i* is />t$ "o %\ld wat* t "p ( ! organisation :i* gives mo/ scope = *>latanism4 ,! head-ma/]s & ! tea*]s ( ! defectives w c]ta9ly h a t5d5cy to %[ (f be=e visitors *ildr5 :o h nev] be5 m5tally defective1 or :o h be5 s to a v slight degree4 ,!y w take good c>e to say no?+ ab\t ! condition ( ! *ild on admission4 ,or1 if necess>y1 !y w tell lies--pi\s lies1 told 9 a good cause1 & = ! hon\r ( ! s*ool6 ,^! *ildr5 w be %[n (f z adv]tisem5ts1 :i* w be j z illegitimate z if ! s*ools = deaf-mutes 7 to pres5t to visitors ! semi-deaf-mutes1 or ! deaf :o _h =m]ly be5 able to he>1 & to claim ! entire cr$it = ! facility ) :i* ^! pupils c\ld read ! lips or pron\nce words4 ,all su* impositions w cont9ue to be practis$ z long z ^? :o visit su* in/itutions are cont5t to look ab\t & docilely "q ! *ildr5 pres5t$ to !m by ! tea*]s1 in/ead ( p]sonally select+ ! pupils to int]rogate4 ,!re is ano!r reason :y ! heads ( s*ools = defectives w keep _! doors wide op5 to normal cases4 ,?is is1 t 9 "s cases a de>? ( pupils may arise4 ,a s*ool is op5$2 x beg9s its "w2 ! /aff signs on4 ,!re is n mu* to d2 !re is no gossip ab\t ! matt]2 ev]yone is happy4 ,b ! numb] ( admissions sl[ly decreases4 ,x beg9s to be fe>$ t ! inspector w 9 8 report notice ! decrease1 & t ! s*ool w be clos$ z ( no public utility4 ,pupils1 !re=e1 mu/ be f\nd1 & if !y mu/ be f\nd1 f\nd !y w be4 ,recollect ^? ev5+ classes held 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 :]e ! tea*]1 fe>+ he w h to speak to empty b5*es1 begs ! head-ma/] to s5d him "s s*ool *ildr5 z an audi5ce4 ,?9k ( ^? libr>ies1 :]e ! /aff1 uneasy at ! des]tion ( ! public1 pays a gratuity to an indu/ri\s read] = %[6 ,we /rongly insi/ t ! inspectors %\ld be alive to ?is dang]4 ,!y w be seat$ by ! side ( ! manag] ( ! special s*ool4 ,let !m take note t ?is manag] has a direct vital int]e/ to admit normal *ildr54 ,x is ^u ! inspectors t we rely to see t ev]y?+ is done hone/ly & correctly4 ,s*$ules ( ,p>ticul>s4--,full & detail$ p>ticul>s reg>d+ e *ild admitt$ to a class = defectives %\ld be furni%$ by ! head-ma/] & tea*]s ( ! s*ool f :i* he came4 ,!y w d ?is easily1 = :5 a *ild is a little peculi> he attracts att5tion4 ,abnormal *ildr5 nev] escape unnotic$4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! future tea*] ( ! *ild 9 ! special class %\ld be correctly in=m$1 & t :at has already be5 obs]v$ %\ld n be lo/4 ,let x be rememb]$ t ! education ( defectives %\ld be individual1 made to measure1 z has be5 said ) picturesque exagg]ation4 ,n[1 if ! *ild is to be individualis$1 he mu/ be well kn[n1 well /udi$4 ,! necessity ( "s def9ite me?od ( collect+ p>ticul>s has be5 exp]i5c$ abroad4 ,a s*eme ( que/ions has be5 prep>$1 to be answ]$ by ! tea*] :o s5ds ! *ild4 ,! plan is a good "o4 ,x avoids ! worry ( lapses ( memory4 ,we sugge/ ! foll[+ que/ionnaire3 ,,p>ticul>s4 ,,suppli$ ,,by ,,! ,,orig9al ,,s*ool4 ,conc]n+ 4444444444 ,admitt$ 4444444444 to ! special class at 4444444444 s*ool4 ,,g5]al ,,p>ticul>s4 ,orig9al s*ool3 ,full "n ( *ild3 ,date ( bir?3 ,/&>d to :i* he belongs3 ,is ! *ild consid]$ m5tally defective8 ,is ! *ild consid]$ ill-balanc$8 ,,family ,,hi/ory4 ,names ( fa!r & "m3 ,address ( p>5ts3 ,occupation ( p>5ts3 ,p>ticul>s ( family :i* x w\ld be useful to "k3 ,,s*ool ,,att5dance4 ,h[ long has ! *ild att5d$ s*ool8 ,:at /&>ds has he pass$ ?r\gh1 & h[ long 0 he 9 ea*8 ,regul>ity ( s*ool att5dance3 ,h[ _m days 0 he abs5t ea* ye>8 ,:at 7 ! mo/ frequ5t reasons = abs5ce1 if any8 ,:at o!r s*ools has he att5d$1 & at :at p]iods8 ,,in/ruction4 ,:at am\nt ( intellig5ce has he 7c\nt f #j to #bj78 ,:at d y "k ( 8 memory8 ,9 :i* subjects does he d lea/ badly8 ,9 :i* subjects is he weake/8 ,h[ _m ye>s beh9dh& d y consid] him 9 s*ool in/ruction comp>$ ) av]age *ildr5 ( ! same age8 ,annex to ! pres5t %eet "o ( 8 ex]cise-books & samples ( 8 draw+ & manual "w4 ,,"* ,,& ,,discipl9e4 ,conduct 9 class4 ,does ! *ild keep 8 place8 ,is he sleepy1 unruly1 talkative8 ,does he laugh )\t app>5t cause8 ,does he di/urb ! class8 ,application4 ,is he att5tive 9 class8 ,does he d 8 ex]cises8 ,does he le>n 8 lessons8 ,to :at ext5t does 8 family assi/ him ) ! s*ool "w8 ,:at is 8 attitude t[>ds ! tea*]8 ,h[ does he receive rem>ks8 ,does he pay att5tion to !m8 ,h[ (t58 ,is he indiff]5t8 ,is he re/ive8 ,:at are 8 relations ) 8 companions8 ,is he k9d1 docile1 compliant8 ,does he make himself lik$8 ,is he ! object ( m>k$ att5tion8 ,or is he indiff]5t8 ,does he keep ap>t f o!rs8 ,is he bully+1 brutal1 irascible1 untru?ful1 di%one/1 wick$8 ,has he any special vices8 ,,p$agogy4 ,:at moral influ5ces are mo/ successful = guid+ him8 ,:at is ! effect ( puni%m5t8 ,( sev]ity8 ,:at is ! effect ( rew>ds8 ,( praise8 ,d y require to take any special measures ) reg>d to him 9 class or 9 ! playgr\nd8 ,:at are ! mo/ successful me?ods = advanc+ 8 in/ruction8 ,,/ate ,,( ,,heal?4 ,:at d y "k ( 8 /ate ( heal?8 ,has he incont95ce ( ur9e8 ,any motor affection8 ,any defect ( spee*8 ,fits8 ,has he be5 exam9$ by a doctor1 & d y "k ! doctor's op9ion8 ,0 any m$ic9e prescrib$8 ,:at8 ,date 44444444 ,signature 44444444444444444 ,position 444444444444444444 ,all ! t]ms ( ?is s*$ule are readily intelligible to ! tea*]s4 ,!y h fill$ up a hundr$ samples 9 a v satisfactory mann]1 & we ?us h 9 our possession a v]itable m9e ( valuable in=mation4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! tea*]s 9 ! special s*ool may enjoy ! same advantage4 ,! plan has be5 f\nd ( value 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! bullet9s :i* are us$ 9 ,rott]dam1 = example1 sc>cely diff] f ours except t !y are m laconic4 ,we h includ$ 9 our que/ionnaire all t is likely to int]e/ n only ! inspector1 b ! doctor & ! psy*ologi/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ to sum up1 "h are ! /eps we advise to be tak5 9 collect+ ! defectives3 ,fir/4--,! inspector has ! pupils ( ea* age 9 ! s*ools arrang$ accord+ to ! /&>d or c\rse !y are 94 ,second4--,by exam9+ ! tabulat$ results1 ! inspector picks out ! backw>d1 & dem&s p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! s*ool att5dance ( ^? :o h a ret>dation ( two ye>s 7:5 !y are "u n9e ye>s ( age71 & ( ?ree ye>s 7:5 !y h pass$ _! n9? bir?day74 ,9 ! same circul> ! inspector asks ! tea*]s to "n any ( _! pupils :o appe> to be m5tally ill-balanc$--t is to say1 :o1 accord+ to ! te/imony ( at lea/ two tea*]s1 are rebelli\s to discipl9e & an annoyance 9 ! class4 ,! p>ticul>s ) reg>d to want ( discipl9e %\ld be /at$ 9 ea* case4 ,?ird4--,aft] exam9+ ! returns relat+ to s*ool att5dance & to ! faults alleg$ aga9/ ! *ildr5 suppos$ to be want+ 9 balance1 ! inspector w make 8 fir/ *oice4 ,f\r?4--,! direct exam9ation ( ! *ild be>s specially ^u 8 /ate ( in/ruction & degree ( intellig5ce4 ,! inspector comes to a positive decision ) reg>d to ea* *ild1 & asks ! op9ion ( ! doctor1 z well z ( ! head ( ! special s*ool1 :o assi/s4 ,fif?4--,! inspector has a s*$ule ( p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! *ildr5 f9ally accept$ = ! special s*ool fill$ up by _! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools f :i* !y came4 ,! m$ical exam9ation w be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,let u add1 9 conclusion1 t all ! decisions arriv$ at are to be reg>d$ z provisional2 ! *ildr5 are to be admitt$ to ! class = defectives on trial1 to be kept "u obs]vation4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,see ,annee ,psy*ologique1 vol4 xii41 p4 #a1 & vol4 x41 p4 #aaf4 ,! me?od sometimes adopt$1 = o!r purposes1 ( ask+ ! tea*] to classify ! *ildr5 accord+ to _! intellig5ce is q fallaci\s4 ,tea*]s make no all[ance = age4 ,rec5tly an excell5t tea*] po9t$ out to u1 z ! mo/ intellig5t 9 ! class1 a *ild :o _h really1 :5 8 age 0 tak5 into acc\nt1 a ret>dation ( two ye>s2 b 9 a class ( y\ng] *ildr5 8 age gave him an appe>ance ( m5tal sup]iority4 ,su* facts vitiate mu* /ati/ical "w on ! correlation ( brightness 9 s*ool-*ildr5 ) o!r qualities4--,,tr4 #g ,tea*]s h a tr\blesome habit ( say+ simply att5dance regul> or irregul>4 ,! inspector %\ld dem& an exact return ( ! abs5ces4 #h ,!re are two me?ods ( /at+ ! repres5tative value ( a gr\p1 ! av]age & ! m$ian4 ,ev]yone kn[s ! av]age4 ,! m$ian is obta9$ by arrang+ ! values 9 l9e> s]ies f ! smalle/ to ! greate/ & tak+ ! middle "o4 ,:5 %\ld "o use ! av]age1 & :5 ! m$ian8 ,x is n easy to give a g5]al rule1 b 9 ?is case ( spell+1 we h a good example4 ,if we wi% to calculate ! numb] ( mi/akes = ea* age1 to take ! av]age might be a disa/r\s proce$+4 ,a s+le *ild :o made a hundr$ or s mi/akes w\ld obvi\sly make ! av]age unfairly high4 ,! m$ian is affect$ mu* less by su* ab]rant cases1 & consequ5tly is m suitable = v het]og5e\s s]ies1 9 :i* ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & ! m9imum is v great4 #i ,by way ( comp>ison1 ! foll[+ dictation 0 giv5 to n9ety-two *ildr5 9 an ,ed9burgh s*ool4 ,! progressive difficulties dep5d ^u ! non-phonetic spell+ & ! less] famili>ity ( words4 ,mo/ ( ! *ildr5 came to s*ool 9 _! six? ye>4 #a4 ,tom is a good boy4 ,he has a book & a bat4 ,he c run fa/4 #b4 ,! dog is bigg] ?an ! cat1 b he _c climb s well4 ,he w\ld if he c\ld4 #c4 ,! f>m] walk$ ?r\gh ! wood till he came to ! field4 ,x 0 a f9e day = s[+ ! corn4 ,he hop$ x w\ld n ra9 till he _h f9i%$ 8 "w4 #d4 ,! wea!r 0 v /ormy4 ,! b\ghs ( ! trees 7 bl[+ to & fro 9 ! w9d4 ,cl\ds 7 *as+ ea* o!r across ! sky4 ,! cr[s 7 wat*+ ! pl\ghman 9 ! field4 ,mi/akes 7 m>k$ accord+ to ! directions 9 ! text4 ,?us b[s = b\ghs c\nt$ ?ree mi/akes4 ,! results 7 z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,av]age ,mi/akes 9 ,te/ ,s5t5ces4 ,age ( ,*ildr54-------------------------------- - #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #f to #g ye>s #j4cb #b4fd -- -- #g #h #j4bb #a4gg #c4de #f4ah #h #i #j4b #j4cf #a4fh #e4ia ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aj ,! complete set ( te/s z revis$ 9 #aiaa is giv5 9 ! ,app5dix1 ) notes reg>d+ _! subsequ5t use 9 ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 #aa ,les ,debilites ,m5tales1 ,rev4 de ,psy*iatrie1 #aijb4 #ab ,annee ,psy*ologique1 vol4 vii41 #aija1 p4 #bif4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,m$ical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,defectives ,hi!rto we h be5 /udy+ ! defective f ! po9t ( view ( 8 s*ool relations4 ,?is po9t ( view is incomplete1 & %\ld n make u =get t !re is ano!r--! m$ical4 ,x is q c]ta9 t 9 ! organisation & ! practical work+ ( ! special s*ools ! doctor has a role1 & an important role1 to fill4 ,all =eign c\ntries recognise ?is1 & give him a l>ge place4 ,x is ev5 regrett$ 9 "s c\ntries t doctors deta* !mselves too mu* f su* que/ions1 & are cont5t to make a rapid & sup]ficial exam9ation ( *ildr5 on _! entrance to s*ool1 in/ead ( collaborat+ actively 9 ! important "w ( ! tea*]4 ,aft] ?is decl>ation ( pr9ciples1 x may n be )\t int]e/ to fix precisely ! role :i* belongs to ! doctor & ! s]vices :i* he c r5d]4 ,x seems to u1 9 fact1 t !re is (t5 "s confusion z to 8 attributes1 & two opposite t5d5cies may be recognis$4 ,accord+ to "o1 ! m widespread1 ! defective are (t51 if n always1 invalids1 & belong to him by "r4 ,x w\ld be an encroa*m5t ^u 8 privileges to conc]n oneself ) !m4 ,! opposite op9ion consi/s 9 n committ+ to him any p>ticul> au?ority 9 ! matt]4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,g]many1 :]e !re are s*oolma/]s :o c>ry ?+s ) a high h& 9 ! special s*ools4 ,let u add t ! doctors !mselves h done no?+ to br+ ab\t an ent5te4 ,speak ( defectives be=e !m1 & !y say1 ,t is our bus9ess1 & !y are p]fectly "r2 b hav+ affirm$ _! "r1 !y pay v little att5tion to ! t]ritory !y def5d4 ,x seems to u t ! field is suffici5tly great = ev]yone to glean1 & ! ef=ts ( all w n be too great to cle> x4 ,!re are "s que/ions :i* escape ! doctor1 unless he is also an educationi/ & a psy*ologi/4 ,b !re are also "s1 9 our op9ion1 = :i* he has special compet5ce1 & :]e no "o c take 8 place4 ,to def9e 8 role is n to less5 x2 on ! contr>y1 x is to assure him an au?oritative position4 ,x is n 8 bus9ess to select ! abnormal f ! normal4 ,b f ! *ildr5 pick$ out z abnormal he w diff]5tiate c]ta9 types & prescribe c]ta9 measures ) reg>d to _! c>e & treatm5t4 ,,! ,,doctor ,,n ,,to ,,pick ,,out ,,! ,,detectives ,,f ,,among/ ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,9 ,,s*ool4 ,!re is a g5]al misund]/&+ ) reg>d to ! special k & aptitude ( ! doctor4 ,"o t5ds to cr$it him ) a k9d ( omnipot5ce & infallibility aga9/ :i* he prote/s 9 va94 ,he is made to judge que/ions :i* d n belong to 8 special prov9ce--namely1 ! m$ical1 & ^u :i* he expresses op9ions :i* are nei!r m nor less valuable ?an ^? ( any o!r intellig5t p]son4 ,rec5tly1 at v>i\s congresses1 we h se5 doctors ) ! be/ int5tions lay+ d[n educational programmes1 comp>+ ! educative value ( sci5ce ) t ( lett]s1 & express+ a v>iety ( op9ions1 no d\bt v s5sible1 b ) :i* ! m$ical art _h no?+ :atev] to d4 ,z reg>ds ! selection ( defectives1 "o is influ5c$ by ! same prejudice4 ,we h discuss$ ?is ) _m p1 & especially ) educationi/s1 & :5 we h insi/$ on ! difficulties ( exam9ation1 !y usually reply1 ,t is ! doctor's bus9ess6 ,! prejudice we h not$ is v t5aci\s1 & w d\btless be difficult to ov]come1 = !re are _m p :o h int]e/s to ma9ta9 ( a pecuni>y nature4 ,let u consid] ?is "q f two po9ts ( view--! e/imation ( educational ret>dation1 & ! physical exam9ation ( defectives4 ,e/imation ( ! ,degree ( ,m5tal ,inf]iority4--,we h se5 h[ easily1 9 spite ( ! commonly accept$ op9ion1 exp]i5c$ tea*]s & inspectors accompli% ?is "p ( _! task4 ,if a doctor 7 *>g$ ) x 8 emb>rassm5t w\ld be great4 ,j imag9e a doctor introduc$ into a s*ool ( #cjj *ildr5 9 ord] to pick out ! defectives by /rictly m$ical me?ods4 ,no d\bt e doctor1 especially if he is an ali5i/1 is call$ ^u to e/imate ! intellectual level ( *ildr51 & to sign c]tificates ( idiocy1 imbecility1 & feeble-m9d$ness4 ,b j consid] h[ ?+s are manag$ at ! consultation4 ,! p>5ts br+ ! *ild4 ,!y "k v well t he is n l o!rs4 ,!y br+ him = t v reason1 & consequ5tly ! doctor does n require to di/+ui% ! *ild f a normal "o4 ,he only requires to sit & li/5 to ! p>5ts1 :o give him a cr[d ( p>ticul>s4 ,:5 he que/ions & exam9es ! *ild1 x is only to v]ify :at he has le>n$1 & to add 8 own p]sonal impression4 ,z a g5]al rule ! case is a sev]e "o2 ! defici5cy is s evid5t t any s5sible p]son w\ld notice x4 ,! task ( ! doctor is !re=e n>r[$4 ,he has only to c]tify ! m5tal defici5cy ( ! pati5t1 /at+ 9 te*nical t]ms ! diagnosis :i* ! p>5ts h br\ght to him ready made4 ,ev5 8 e/imation ( ! gravity ( ! case1 ap>t f special inve/igations on 8 "p1 is n v diff]5t f t ( ord9>y p :o readily di/+ui% betwe5 ! idiot :o _c speak2 ! imbecile1 :o c make himself und]/ood1 ?\gh he _c be educat$2 & ! feeble-m9d$1 :o c d "s "w1 b is n able to provide = 8 wants1 or to behave himself s5sibly4 ,:5 ! doctor ?us c]tifies ! intellectual level ( ! pati5t1 does he try to d s ) precision8 ,by no means1 = x is n expect$ ( him4 ,! p>5ts d n come to him 9 ord] to ask him1 ,is my *ild backw>d 9 8 m5tal developm5t8 ,alas !y see x only too well1 & little x matt]s to !m :e!r 8 backw>dness am\nts to six mon?s or a ye>4 ,b !y d come to ask1 ,:y does ?is *ild n make ! usual progress8 ,is !re n "s m$ic9e1 doctor1 :i* c help 8 developm5t8 ,:5 !y come to ! doctor1 x is n ev5 ) ! hope t "s m$ico-p$agogical treatm5t w cure _! *ild4 ,!y "k v well t ! devot$ c>e :i* !y h always be/[$ ^u him f 8 infancy is sup]ior to any?+ :i* c be giv5 to him at a disp5s>y = *ildr52 b _! indomitable hope leads !m to seek *im]ical measures4 ,9 all ?is1 let u repeat1 ! doctor does n require to e/imate ! degree ( m5tal defici5cy ) any delicacy4 ,b if he %\ld try to d s1 :at me?ods w\ld he use8 ,"h is a *ild ( n9e ye>s ( age1 :o has be5 select$ = a class = defectives because he _c foll[ ! usual lessons 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,y1 h[ev]1 doctor1 put to him "s ( y\r usual que/ions4 ,y ask ! *ild 8 "n1 8 age1 ! occupation & address ( 8 p>5ts2 ! date1 day1 mon?1 ye>2 "s details ab\t 8 life2 y ev5 ask him to read or c\nt4 ,! replies are giv5 to y quietly & correctly4 ,are y go+ to refuse to admit him to ! special s*ool1 & by :at "r8 ,y h ! notes ( "o1 ( two1 or ( ?ree tea*]s4 ,he _c foll[2 he is /ill ) *ildr5 ( sev5 ye>s ( age1 9 spite ( hav+ be5 at s*ool = ?ree ye>s4 ,x is evid5t t he is n an idiot1 nor an imbecile1 nor ev5 feeble-m9d$ to any great ext5t4 ,b y h be5 notifi$ t he is beh9d o!r *ildr5 ( 8 age4 ,!re is !re=e some?+ peculi> ab\t him4 ,x is n a m$ical "q :e!r he ought to rema9 9 ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,! doctor _c g aga9/ ! op9ions :i* h be5 giv5 to him1 9 ord] to v]ify :e!r ! ret>dation is g5u9e4 ,to d s1 x w\ld be necess>y = him to make a comp>ison ) ! normal condition4 ,n[ ?is v>ies accord+ to age4 ,! doctor does n "k exactly1 to two or ?ree ye>s1 ! normal condition ( ! m5tal faculties2 nor1 aft] su* & su* a p]iod ( s*ool att5dance1 ! habitual level ( in/ruction rea*$4 ,t1 h[ev]1 9 su* special conditions1 is ! v problem :i* faces him4 ,we d n hesitate to express ! op9ion t1 9 su* circum/ances1 ! doctor w\ld be incapable ( e/imat+ ! intellectual level ( ! *ild4 ,he has no m exp]i5ce 9 ?is matt] ?an any o!r p]son4 ,let a doctor seek to pick out a feeble-m9d$ *ild f a numb] ( normal ones1 & he w f9d h[ little he is prep>$ to make ! selection4 ,physical ,exam9ation ( ,defectives4--,b x may be ask$3 ,is n m5tal debility associat$ ) physical signs :i* ! doctor alone is able to appreciate8 ,ab\t ?is "q ?ree k9ds ( facts may be consid]$3 ^? p]ta9+ to an?ropometry1 ! /igmata ( deg5]ation1 & physiognomy4 ,let u consid] 9 ord] :at help may be d]iv$ f ^!4 ,height & ,head ,measurem5ts4--,num]\s pap]s h be5 publi%$ ^u height & cephalometry4 ,! object ( "s has be5 to comp>e ! less intellig5t s*ool *ildr5 ) ^? :o are bett] end[$4 ,o!r au?ors h tak5 z _! subject ! /udy ( asylum or hospital cases4 ,! abs5ce or paucity ( results ( ! e>li] /udies seems to be due to a cause :i* we h ref]r$ to else:]e 7p4 #ci74 ,! mi/ake has be5 made ( judg+ ! intellig5ce ( ! *ildr5 by sole ref]5ce to ! op9ion ( ! tea*]s1 al?\gh acc\nt %\ld h be5 tak5 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ! age & ! /age ( in/ruction4 ,! comp>ison betwe5 ! height & head measurem5ts ( ! hospital cases & ^? ( s*ool *ildr5 is n subject to ! same risk ( error1 & /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! two h be5 notic$4 ,b !re is yet ano!r factor :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt if ! figures s obta9$ are to yield all !y are capable ( tea*+4 ,if "o conf9es oneself to comp>+ ! av]ages ( ! two sets ( *ildr51 "o f9ds !m almo/ id5tical4 ,we h %[n t ! only suitable me?od to use "h is ! me?od ( arrang+ ! figures 9 s]ies4 ,?is proce$+ has sugge/$ to "o ( u a bett] me?od /ill1 t ( fronti]s4 ,!re is = ea* age a height limit bel[ :i* ! defectives become cle>ly m num]\s4 ,!re are limits 9 ! head diamet]s1 ^u ea* side ( :i* are gr\p$ ! abnormally small & ! hyp]trophi$ heads1 :i* are frequ5tly associat$ ) m5tal defici5cy4 ,we give "h ! table :i* "o ( u has publi%$ ( ! provisional fronti]s = height & = ! two cephalic diamet]s4 ,,! ,,fronti]s ,,( ,,abnormality 7,,boys74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,age4 ,height4 ,ant]o-,po/]ior ,transv]se ,sum ( ,diamet]4 ,diamet]4 ,diamet]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,c5timetres4 ,millimetres4 ,millimetres4 ,millimetres4 #f #ajj #afd #acd #bih #g #aje #aff #ace #h #aaj #afi #acf #cje #i #aaa #aga #acg #aj #abj #agb #ach #caj #aa #abd #agc #aci #ab #acj #agd #adj #cad #ac #ace #agf #ada #ad #adj #agh #adb #cbj #ae #adb4e #agi #adc4e #af #aed #ahj #ade #cbe #ag #adg4e #aha #adf #ah #aej #ahb #adg #cbi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:at ?is table means is ?is3 ,if we measure #ajj *ildr5 9 an elem5t>y s*ool1 we f9d only a small numb] 7at mo/ #aj p] c5t47 ^: measurem5ts are less ?an ^? indicat$2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 we measure idiots & imbeciles1 ! proportion ( ^? ^: measurem5ts are inf]ior is great]1 am\nt+ to ov] #be p] c5t4 ,among/ #abj abnormal *ildr5 we f\nd n a s+le "o :o 0 bel[ ^! fronti]s 9 two measurem5ts1 :il/ #aj p] c5t4 ( defectives 7 bel[4 ,c]ta9 measurem5ts1 !re=e1 are di/9ctly sugge/ive1 al?\gh1 no d\bt1 n absolutely diagno/ic )\t ref]5ce to ! subject exam9$4 ,! ,/igmata ( ,deg5]ation4--,ev]yone has he>d ( ! physical mal=mations :i* are call$ ! /igmata ( deg5]ation4 ,"s ( ^! are v app>5t1 su* z a six? f+] on ! h&1 or a h>e-lip1 or ^? de=mities ( ! head1 :i* are call$ plagiocephalus 7obliquely oval cranium71 scaphocephalus 7boat-%ap$ cranium71 etc4 ,o!r /igmata are less app>5t1 su* z abnormal %apes ( ! e>1 irregul> gr[? ( hair1 ( ! tee?1 alt]ations 9 ! eye1 etc4 ,"s doctors1 n all1 h made a /udy ( ^! v>i\s /igmata4 ,b s*ool directors & tea*]s "k no?+ ab\t !m except :at ! pres5t-day widespread popul>isation ( m$ical k has p]mitt$ !m to "k4 ,evid5tly x is no "p ( _! bus9ess to take up ! /udy1 al?\gh no ,/ate diploma w prev5t _! do+ s if x is _! good pleasure4 ,!re is no law aga9/ x4 ,b !y w\ld expose !mselves to grave risks ( errone\s int]pretations ow+ to _! ignorance ( ! mann] 9 :i* /igmata are produc$1 & ! ignorance ( doctors on ?is subject is /ill great4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! /igmata1 _! enum]ation1 & _! description1 belong1 !re=e1 at any rate by pref]5ce1 to ! doctor4 ,god save u f want+ to dispossess him6 ,b :at help c\ld _! /udy r5d] u 9 ! "q :e!r a p>ticul> *ild ought or ought n to be admitt$ into a class = defectives8 ,!re is an op9ion :i* is v widespread1 especially among/ tea*]s & ord9>y p1 a s\v5ir ( ! doctr9es ( ,gall1 t ! physical /igmata are signs ( ! orig9al "*1 & t ! possessor ( a c]ta9 %ape ( head is c]ta9ly defective4 ,i h tak5 my son1 a wor?y "m said to u1 to consult ,dr4 ,p41 because he 0 le>n+ no?+ 9 8 class4 ,he 0 s5t away f e s*ool ,i s5t him to1 & he is unbe>able at home4 ,! doctor felt all ov] 8 head4 ,he evid5tly saw t !re 0 some?+ p>ticul> wrong ) ! boy4 ,we d n smile at ?is good "m4 ,pl5ty ( o!r intellig5t p hold h] op9ions1 if !y are n s naive 9 _! language4 ,!y expect t ! mom5t defective *ildr5 are br\ght be=e !m1 !y w f9d some?+ peculi>1 some?+ ugly1 9 _! physiognomy4 ,& !re are pl5ty ( doctors1 let u say frankly1 :o are equally naive1 &1 m s]i\s /ill1 all[ !mselves to be influ5c$ by unconsci\s sugge/ions4 ,if1 l our wor?y "m1 we pres5t to ! doctor a *ild z defective1 ! doctor w1 z a g5]al rule1 h no difficulty 9 demon/rat+ t he mu/ be s4 ,h[ _m ( u are !re )\t /igmata8 ,none ( u is built ^u ! model ( ! ideal man4 ,x is always possible to discov] "s anatomical detail :i* w give support to a preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,b ! same doctor :o1 on see+ a defective *ild ) adh]5t e> lobes1 w say t t 0 j :at he expect$1 w abruptly *ange 8 op9ion if he discov]s a :orl ( frontal hair on a *ild :o is pres5t$ to him z normal1 & w refuse to atta* to ! fact any importance :atev]4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ^! que/ions h n yet be5 /udi$ z !y ought to be1 by a comp>ison )\t p>ti pris betwe5 normal & abnormal *ildr5 ( ! same age & 9 ! same environm5t1 & we d n yet "k h[ /igmata %\ld be int]pret$4 ,we c only sugge/ "s provisional conclusions4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conclusions is t ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a def9ite /igma has no exact significance = ! individual :o be>s x2 = on ! "o h& "o meets ) all k9ds ( mal=mations 9 av]age normal *ildr51 & on ! o!r h&1 "s :o are def9itely abnormal are q normal 9 _! con=mation4 ,! /igma1 !re=e1 has n ! value ( a def9itely pa?ognomonic sign l ! crepitat+ rale ( pneumonia1 or ! transi5t unconsci\sness ( epilepsy2 b if we comp>e a gr\p ( normal *ildr5 ) a gr\p ( abnormal1 ! total numb] ( ! /igmata w be mu* great] 9 ! second gr\p2 &1 moreov]1 ! multiplicity ( /igmata 9 a s+le individual con/itutes a /rong probability t t individual is abnormal4 ,"h are "s facts :i* support ^! two propositions3 ,rec5tly we made a rapid exam9ation ( ! heads ( fifty-eight s*ool *ildr51 & notic$ t eighte5 ( !m _h "s /igma1 especially an abnormal %ape ( ! e>4 ,we !re=e f9d /igmata among/ *ildr5 at ! av]age s*ool level4 ,b ( ^! fifty-eight s*ool *ildr5 only "o _h f\r abnormalities--mal=m$ e>s1 /rabismus1 progna?ism1 & slight scaphocephaly4 ,! o!rs _h a maximum ( two4 ,! fir/ *ild alone is c]ta9ly defective4 ,9 a class ( n9e defective *ildr5 subject$ to a simil> exam9ation1 we f\nd only "o :o _h b "o /igma1 ano!r _h two1 f\r _h ?ree1 & ?ree _h five4 ,( ! ?ree la/1 "o _h a v high degree ( ret>dation2 ano!r 0 m5tally ill-balanc$ to no less a degree4 ,let u comp>e ^! two gr\ps1 ! "o ( fifty-eight av]age *ildr51 ! o!r ( n9e defectives1 & gr\p to gr\p1 ! diff]5ce is v cle>4 ,! /igmata are usually m num]\s :5 ! *ildr5 are m5tally defective4 ,! exi/5ce ( /igmata is a presumption ( defici5cy1 & ?is presumption is great]1 ! great] ! numb] ( /igmata4 ,if we consid] :i* are ! /igmata t are mo/ commonly met )1 we f9d t asymmetry ( ! face is almo/ con/ant1 b we also f9d x sometimes 9 normal *ildr54 ,mal=mations ( ! e> come next4 ,we are (t5 /ruck by ! frequ5cy ( badly defective spee*--?ree times 9 n9e defectives1 :il/ we did n f9d a s+le example 9 ! fifty-eight s*ool *ildr5 tak5 by *ance4 ,"h1 !n1 is a gr\p fact :i* is ( int]e/ f a sci5tific po9t ( view4 ,b :at use c be made ( x = individual diagnosis8 ,?is is mu* m delicate1 = ev5 if "o c\ld /ate x z a g5]al rule t defectives h m /igmata ?an ! normal1 ?is rule is subject to important exceptions4 ,"o ( our abnormal cases _h only "o /igma1 ano!r _h two1 & 9 bo? cases ! anomalies 7 ( a v ord9>y k9d--slight want ( symmetry ( ! face & /ick+ out e>s4 ,*ildr5 ) /igmata few 9 numb]1 & little m>k$ 7?\gh z a rule we note ! pres5ce ( /igmata )\t measur+ !m71 may !re=e n be ( normal intellig5ce4 ,! same is true sometimes ( *ildr5 ) no /igma at all4 ,we may !re=e conclude t /igmata may be tak5 into acc\nt :5 we are mak+ an exam9ation1 b !y %\ld nev] be reg>d$ z ( fundam5tal importance 9 diagnosis4 ,physiognomy4--,9 addition to /igmata1 we h to note ano!r feature :i* is ( m def9ite significance4 ,me?odical /udies made by means ( a collection ( sixty photographs ( *ildr51 normal & abnormal1 photographs tak5 by ,m4 ,b]tillon 9 conditions comp>able 9 all cases1 h %[n u t an intellig5t tea*] c sc>cely g wrong 9 judg+ physiognomy4 ,! photographs 7 beautifully tak51 & ! expression ( ! faces appe>$ extremely lifelike to anyone :o 0 us$ to obs]v+ *ildr54 ,we ask$ v>i\s tea*]s to exam9e ^! portraits1 & to express _! op9ion z to ! m5tal capacity reveal$4 ,mi/akes 7 made1 z 0 to be expect$2 b ! correct e/imations 7 always 9 ! majority1 & "s tea*]s exhibit$ a truly rem>kable tal5t = obs]vation2 !y 7 practically nev] deceiv$4 ,let u say 9 pass+ t our li/ includ$ a numb] ( doctors among/ ! tea*]s4 ,!y 7 f> f di/+ui%+ !mselves4 ,_! p]c5tage 0 n s good z t ( ! s*oolma/]s4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 compet5ce1 :i* p]haps may appe> surpris+1 sugge/s ! foll[+ anecdote3 ,"o day1 at ! meet+ ( a commission1 we _h ?r[n ^u ! clo? a collection ( photographs ( *ildr51 ! v "o :i* we _h be5 us+ = our me?odical exp]im5ts4 ,ev]yone look$ at ! portraits & express$ 8 op9ion4 ,by way ( a joke we tackl$ a m$ical ali5i/ :o _h a seat on ! commission4 ,he 0 mi/ak5 9 8 op9ion z (t5 z 8 colleagues :o 7 mo/ ignorant ( m$ic9e4 ,x seems to u1 & ! facts m5tion$ support u1 t /igmata are only "o "p ( ! complicat$ :ole :i* con/itutes a physiognomy4 ,a physiognomy includes _m o!r ?+s1 especially ! expression1--lively or sluggi%1 /rong or weak1 intellig5t or lack+ 9 intellig5ce2 !re is ! f95ess or co>s5ess ( ! features1 ! beauty or ugl9ess ( ! c\nt5ance1 ! ord9>y or unusual appe>ance ( ! face4 ,all ?is =ms an ensemble :i* ! eye does n analyse1 b judges en bloc by in/9ct1 )\t consid]+ ! elem5ts sep>ately1 &1 above all1 )\t be+ able to give reasons = its judgm5t4 ,w x be possible "s day to analyse1 to dissociate1 & to describe all ^! v v>i\s elem5ts8 ,we d n "k4 ,9 ! meantime we ?9k t e exam9]1 z a matt] ( fact1 all[s himself to be influ5c$ by ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! subject1 & t ! impression s =m$ is n entirely )\t value4 ,let u sum up reg>d+ ! physiognomy4 ,!re does exi/ betwe5 ! intellectual level ( a subject & 8 physical developm5t a real correlation1 b1 un=tunately1 x is slight4 ,) reg>d to ! /igmata our k ( _! significance is /ill v slight4 ,we h no figures :i* all[ u to place any def9ite value ^u !m ei!r s+ly or 9 comb9ation4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! g5]al appe>ance1 ^: significance is app>5tly indubitable1 b :i*1 at pres5t1 is too dep5d5t ^u individual e/imate to be utilisable4 ,let u add t ^! relations betwe5 ! m5tal & ! physical appe> to be ( great] significance ! l[] ! m5tal condition4 ,n[1 9 a s*ool x is ! feeble-m9d$ :o are 9 ! majority1 & x is !y :o h to be recognis$ mu* m frequ5tly ?an ! idiot or ! imbecile1 & ?is less5s ! importance ( ! physical exam9ation4 ,we may !re=e conclude ) ?is practical rule3 a physical exam9ation c nev] all[ u to disp5se ) a direct exam9ation ( ! intellig5ce4 ,an?ropometry1 /igmata1 & physical appe>ance mu/ take a second place z means = discov]+ 9 s*ool ! feeble-m9d$ & ! ill-balanc$4 ,fail+ direct rec\rse to ! tea*]1 ^! me?ods c\ld1 & ought1 to be made use (4 ,b 9 mo/ cases1 ?anks to ! assi/ance ( ! tea*]1 we h bett] means4 ,9 cases on ! bord]-l9e !y might help to incl9e ! balance4 ,_! pr9cipal use is n to assi/ 9 select+ *ildr5 = special classes = defectives2 _! significance is q diff]5t1 z we %all see imm$iately4 ,,m$ical ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,pres5t$4 ,we mu/ n[ def9e ! active role ( ! doctor4 ,9 _m =eign c\ntries a s*eme has be5 drawn up = ! m$ical exam9ation1 :i* is (t5 extremely compreh5sive1 almo/ int]m9able4 ,we give an example ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh que/ion+ ! appropriat5ess1 f our po9t ( view1 ( c]ta9 que/ions4 ,if "o does n simplify ! "w1 ! practition]s w simplify x 9 _! own way--by neglect+ x4 ,if y ask !m to d too mu*1 !y w d no?+4 ,,s*eme ,,= ,,m$ical ,,exam9ation ,h]$ity ( ! ,*ild4--,note ! "n1 ! date1 & ! place ( ! bir? ( ! fa!r & ! "m1 & f9d out1 by direct int]rogation1 :e!r ! p>5ts h a pa?ological h]$ity4 ,consid] fir/ ! two great h]$it>y influ5ces--alcoholism & insanity4 ,next inquire conc]n+ n]v\s ailm5ts1 tub]culosis1 etc4 ,make inquiries conc]n+ ! direct asc5d5ts & _! collat]als4 ,note ! numb] ( bro!rs & si/]s1 _! illnesses1 _! mortality1 & ! position ( ! *ild 9 ! family4 ,previ\s ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ild4--,?is is ! second "p ( ! m$ical exam9ation4 ,x includes _m que/ions4 ,has ! *ild _h convulsions8 ,at :at age did x beg9 to cut its tee?8 ,at :at age did x beg9 to walk8 ,:5 did x %[ habits ( cleanl9ess8 ,:5 did x speak8 ,:at illnesses _h x 9 infancy8 ,has ! *ild always appe>$ diff]5t f o!rs1 or did x only become s at "s def9ite "t1 or1 9 o!r words1 is ! m5tal defici5cy cong5ital or acquir$8 ,pres5t ,condition4--,"u ?is head+ are includ$ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! subject1 8 attitude1 ! =m & size ( 8 head1 etc4 ,we h no objection on pr9ciple to m$ical inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 & if a doctor desires to collect su* in=mation1 he ought to be enc\rag$4 ,we recall 9 pass+ t ,dr4 ,ley1 ( ,antw]p1 :o 0 = "s "t m$ical speciali/ to a s*ool = defectives1 has made a v complete /udy ( ! h]$ity & p]sonal antec$5ts ( hundr$s ( defective *ildr54 ,b be=e compell+ doctors to fill up consci5ti\sly a s*$ule conta9+ all ^! que/ions1 "o %\ld consid] )\t prejudice :at use ! "w is go+ to be :5 x is done4 ,let u di/+ui% betwe5 pure sci5ce & :at is ( imm$iate practical utility4 ,no d\bt "o ought to give a w>m welcome to ev]y?+ :i* helps u to und]/& ! *ild bett]2 b ! above obs]vations ^u 8 h]$ity d n be> ^u ! "q ( :e!r he is a defective1 & ?r[ only ! dimme/ light ^u 8 "* & ! mann] 9 :i* "o %\ld treat him4 ,if he is to be c\nt$ abnormal1 he mu/ be ei!r ill-balanc$ or ( defici5t intellig5ce4 ,ev5 if he %\ld h an alcoholic h]$ity1 t w\ld be ( no importance if he 7 able to foll[ 8 class & to pr(it by ! ord9>y in/ruction4 ,at mo/1 ! discov]y ( a pa?ological h]$ity might incl9e "o 9 a d\btful case t[>ds a diagnosis ( m5tal defici5cy2 b yet "o %\ld be extremely cauti\s ab\t p]mitt+ oneself to be influ5c$ 9 ?is way1 = we are ignorant to a mo/ incr$ible degree conc]n+ ! h]$ity & antec$5ts ( normal *ildr51 & z our ignorance 9 ?is respect is s complete1 we are unable to say precisely :at is really pa?ological 9 ! h]$ity & ! antec$5ts ( ^? :o are abnormal4 ,in=mation ( ?is k9d1 !re=e1 is n directly useful4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! fir/ problems to be solv$8 ,let u consid] j exactly :]e we are 9 ! exam9ation4 ,"h are ! *ildr5 pick$ out by ! tea*]s4 ,! inspectors !mselves h *eck$ ! selection & ref]r$ back "s ( ^? select$1 b v few1 if !y h c>efully direct$ ! me?ods ( *oice f ! beg9n+4 ,! *ildr5 pres5t$ are backw>d 9 _! /udies4 ,inquiries reg>d+ _! s*ool att5dance h %[n t ! ret>dation is n due to irregul> att5dance4 ,! exam9ation ( _! intellig5ce has confirm$ ?is judgm5t4 ,x /ill rema9s to discov] :e!r1 among/ all ^! *ildr5 :o are unable to foll[ ! ord9>y s*ool curriculum1 !re d n exi/ "s :o are n1 prop]ly speak+1 m5tally defici5t1 b :o are suff]+ f "s illness4 ,may we n f9d among/ !m "s :o require m$ical treatm5t r ?an special tea*+--e4g41 cret9s8 ,&1 la/ly1 may !re n be "s *ildr5 ^: m5tal defici5cy complicates "s o!r disease1 su* z epilepsy8 ,^! are problems :i* are ess5tially m$ical1 & :i* x is necess>y to solve be=e admitt+ a *ild to a special s*ool4 ,let u consid] !m 9 ord]4 #a4 ,is ! ,case "o ( ,m5tal ,defici5cy1 or ( an ,int]curr5t ,m5tal ,affection8--,to tell ! tru?1 !re is n (t5 any d\bt4 ,h[ev]1 !re are two circum/ances 9 :i* d\bt may arise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 an arre/ 9 a *ild's m5tal developm5t may be ! expression ( a /ate ( depression :i* indicates a psy*osis 9 ! c\rse ( evolution1 or x may be ! fir/ sign ( decad5ce 9 "o ( ^? deg5]ates ( :om ,morel speaks1 :o seem to h a limit$ m5tal exi/5ce4 ,su* cases1 :i* "s au?ors describe "u ! "n ( dem5tia precox1 require a m$ical regim54 ,9 ! second place1 x is possible t ! etiological factor is alcohol4 ,alcoholism 9 ! p>5ts is frequ5tly ! cause ( m5tal defici5cy4 ,b ! effects ( dr9k+ d n always /op !re4 ,! *ild itself may be made to dr9k1 & consequ5tly ! doctor may sometimes f9d symptoms result+ f direct intoxication--nightm>es1 or tremor ( ! h&s4 ,su* intoxication may be responsible p>tly1 if n entirely1 = ! want ( progress at s*ool1 & also = ! irritable temp] :i* ! *ild %[s 9 class4 ,x w\ld be necess>y 9 su* cases to see ! p>5ts1 & to advise a diff]5t hygi5e = _! *ild at any rate1 if !y !mselves _c be p]suad$ to give up _! bad habits4 ,9 ?is way "o may be able to avoid s5d+ ! *ild to a s*ool = defectives4 ,x is app>5t t ev5 if ! *ild 7 s5t to su* a s*ool1 x w\ld be necess>y to put a /op to ! adm9i/ration ( alcohol4 ,! r>ity ( su* cases makes _! exposition ( almo/ !oretical int]e/4 #b4 ,w\ld ! ,m5tal ,defici5cy respond to ,m$ical ,treatm5t8--,_c ! doctor prescribe some?+ to cure ! m5tal defici5cy or want ( balance8 ,let u give "s consid]ation to ?is "q4 ,m$ic9es act ei!r ^u ! symptoms ( a disease1 or ^u ! organic *anges :i* produce !m1 or1 la/ly1 ^u ! v causes ( su* organic *anges4 ,qu99e1 = example1 has a selective action on ! p>asites ( mal>ia2 m]cury produces an und\bt$ effect ^u syphilitic gr[?s2 treatm5t by cold ba?s keeps ! temp]ature ( typhoid fev] bel[ a c]ta9 level dur+ ! :ole ( ! illness4 ,_c analog\s results be hop$ = 9 m5tal defici5cy8 ,a brief resume ( :at we "k conc]n+ ! causes ( m5tal defici5cy & ! anatomical lesions :i* accompany x w det]m9e our answ]4 ,! dom9ant etiological feature is t m5tal defici5cy & want ( balance dep5d ^u h]$it>y conditions1 or conditions acquir$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t4 ,by h]$it>y conditions mu/ be und]/ood /rictly ^? :i* result f alt]ations 9 ! g]m cells ( ! p>5ts4 ,an intoxication alone seems capable ( ex]cis+ ^u ! latt] a suffici5tly g5]al action to rea* ! g]m cells1 & by f> ! mo/ frequ5t poison is alcohol4 ,by acquir$ conditions mu/ be und]/ood ! results ( diseases ( ! foetus or ( infancy1 & especially ! c]ebral complications ( ! infecti\s fev]s--e4g41 m5+itis 9 ! c\rse ( an eruptive fev]4 ,9 all su* cases1 ) r>e exceptions to be m5tion$ imm$iately1 by ! "t ! m5tal defici5cy is discov]$1 its causes are no long] active1 & consequ5tly _c be affect$ by m$ical int]v5tion4 ,! /atem5ts we h j made ) reg>d to ! causes ( m5tal defici5cy lead to "s practical conclusions4 ,! ultimate evolution ( ! cong5ital cases diff]s f t ( acquir$ cases1 & ?is r5d]s a /udy ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! *ild important4 ,if ! developm5t ( ! *ild has be5 normal at fir/1 & has !n be5 abruptly int]rupt$1 = example1 by an attack ( m5+itis1 ( :i* we c obta9 by inquiry a def9ite hi/ory1 ! prognosis is n good4 ,= x is a well-recognis$ fact t cases ( acquir$ m5tal defici5cy are n likely to make a fre% />t4 ,if we 7 hesitat+ :e!r to s5d an imbecile *ild to an asylum or to put him 9 a class = m5tal defectives1 a hi/ory l ! above w\ld lead u to give ! pref]5ce to ! asylum2 b let u say once m1 we d n f9d "h an indication = treatm5t4 ,z to ! *anges :i* are f\nd po/-mortem1 ^! are manifold & ( an unalt]able k9d4 ,!y are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! results ( ! rupture ( a c]ebral vessel--e4g41 f asphyxia at bir? or a deliv]y by =ceps4 ,blood has be5 p\r$ out into ! n]v\s tissue4 ,! latt] has be5 de/roy$ ov] a great] or less ext5t1 & !re is f\nd 9 its place a cy/ fill$ ) s]o-sangu9e\s fluid4 7#b7 ,! ob/ruction ( an art]y--e4g41 by septic ?rombosis--has prev5t$ ! blood f rea*+ a "p ( ! bra91 ) simil> results to ^? m5tion$4 7#c7 ,9 o!r cases are f\nd ! m or less ext5sive *anges produc$ by m5+itis or m5+o-encephalitis4 ,! inflammation ( its envelopes has int]f]$ ) ! bra91 & consequ5tly ) its functions4 7#d7 ,an increas$ secretion ( c]ebro-sp9al fluid has l$ to a compression ( ! n]v\s sy/em or a di/5sion ( its cavities1 notably ( ! lat]al v5tricles ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es1 & has l$ to a sep>ation ( ! bones ( ! cranium1 ?us produc+ ! l>ge globul> head ( hydrocephalus4 7#e7 ,!re may be f\nd simply defects ( developm5t ^: causes are kn[n 7microcephalus1 or extreme smallness ( ! cranium relatively to ! face2 microgyria1 or m>k$ ?9ness ( ! convolutions74 7#f7 ,la/ly--& ?is is frequ5tly ! case 9 ! wor/ degrees ( defici5cy--! po/-mortem1 & ev5 microscopic exam9ation ( ! organs may %[ no *ange at all4 ,let u add t ! nature ( ! lesions j m5tion$ does n seem to h any relation%ip to ! condition ( ! m5tal faculties4 ,an anatomico-pa?ological gr\p+ ( ! cases & a gr\p+ accord+ to ! m5tal condition1 f> f be+ p>allel1 are frequ5tly decid$ly diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ext5t ( ! lesions is ( m importance4 ,diffuse lesions affect ! m9d m ?an ^? :i* are circumscrib$--t is to say1 limit$ to a c]ta9 "p ( ! bra9--z if ! m5tal functions requir$ ! co-op]ation ( ! entire c]ebral cortex4 ,"o w (t5 f9d1 = example1 s\nd judgm5t 9 ! subject ( a m>k$ p>alysis1 :il/ x is v r>e to f9d t good intellig5ce co-exi/s ) any degree ( microcephalus4 ,let u emphasise ! la/ fact we m5tion$1 ! abs5ce ( any lesion4 ,"s au?orities h ma9ta9$ t all conditions ( m5tal defici5cy & want ( balance f\nd 9 *ildr5 are connect$ ) def9ite diseases ( :i* !y are ! symptoms4 ,! "q is unsettl$4 ,= our own "p we adopt ! foll[+ provisional /atem5t3 ,m5tal defici5cy & want ( balance are peculi> m5tal conditions :i* x is (t5 impossible to connect ) def9ite pa?ological *anges4 ,?us1 we d n "k ( any m$ical treatm5t :i* is likely to act ^u ! prec$+ lesions :5 !y are pres5t1 & we d n ?9k x is ev5 possible to act ^u !m4 ,an exception mu/1 h[ev]1 be made ( conditions due to insuffici5t secretion ( c]ta9 gl&s4 ,! type ( ^! is cret9ism4 ,m>k$ cases ( ?is condition are easy to recognise4 ,! v appe>ance ( ! *ildr5 is suffici5t = an exp]i5c$ eye--! /unt$ gr[?2 ! r\gh1 wr9kl$ sk92 ! swoll5 eyelids half-conceal+ ! eyes2 ! prom95t belly2 & ! m5tal apa?y4 ,"o also comes across abortive cases1 :]e ! above-m5tion$ *>act]s are less m>k$2 ! sluggi%ness also is less4 ,^! latt] cases are am5able to ! same treatm5t z ! =m]--namely1 ! +e/ion ( ?yroid gl&s f ! %eep4 ,?is treatm5t /imulates gr[? & makes ! *ild m lively2 b :at ultimately becomes ( ! cases s treat$8 ,! amelioration usually ceases :5ev] ! treatm5t is dropp$4 ,b h[ f> does ?is amelioration g8 ,to :at ext5t does ! *ild pr(it by x8 ,lasegue has jocul>ly rem>k$ t ! av]age duration ( an attack ( typhoid fev] 7six weeks7 repres5ts ! maximum "t dur+ :i* m$ical att5tion c\ld be br\ght to be> ^u a pati5t4 ,"o feels dispos$ to ?9k he is "r 9 face ( ! slight satisfaction "o c obta9 f ! lit]ature reg>d+ a po9t ( su* importance4 ,o!r cases ( m5tal defici5cy may be due to an alt]ation 9 ! pituit>y gl&4 ,x is = ! doctor to f9d out :e!r !re are any symptoms by :i* m5tal defici5cy ( su* an orig9 c be recognis$1 & :e!r x is possible to prep>e a suitable sub/ance = replac+ ! abs5t secretion4 ,! numb] ( cases am5able to treatm5t ( ?is k9d is1 un=tunately1 v limit$4#ac ,we may ev5 say t1 z a g5]al rule1 we did n f9d among/ ! s*ool *ildr5 we exam9$ any cases ( obesity or infantilism su* z are sometimes describ$ ( a truly rem>kable nature4 ,ev5 *ildr5 :o 7 abnormally %ort look$ _! age4 ,we h /ill1 h[ev]1 to m5tion "o la/ influ5ce--namely1 pov]ty4 ,its "p 9 ! production ( m5tal debility is sc>cely def9$4 ,:at are ! exact effects ^u intellig5ce ( prolong$ defici5cy ( nutrition8 ,h[ c its action be isolat$ f t ( o!r ag5ts1 su* z alcoholism1 :i* too frequ5tly accompanies x8 ,! complexity ( su* social /udies suffici5tly expla9s _! pres5t incomplet5ess4 ,let u recall ! results we obta9$ f an inquiry ( ?is k9d2 ! *ildr5 ( p>5ts 9 extreme pov]ty are ret>d$ 9 _! physical developm5t m frequ5tly ?an ^? ^: p>5ts are 9 easy circum/ances4 ,x is int]e/+ to add t analog\s inquiries ) ref]5ce to intellig5ce h furni%$ simil> results4 ,ap>t f ! prec$+ cases1 ! be/ t c be done is to treat ! symptoms4 ,! two pr9cipal ag5ts at ! disposal ( ! doctor are ! bromides & hydro!rapy4 ,un=tunately1 if ! bromides are und\bt$ly efficaci\s 9 c]ta9 cases ( epilepsy1 t is f> f be+ ! case 9 simple want ( m5tal balance1 9 :i* cases !y are at be/ useful adjuvants4 ,z to hydro!rapy1 & especially cold d\*es1 _! pr9cipal indication is 9 c]ta9 n]v\s affections1 :]e _! effect is to enable ! subject to ma/] ! emotional reactions :i* are habitually exagg]at$4 ,la/ly1 ! doctor c ex]t 8 moral influ5ce to assi/ ! educative "w ( ! tea*] 9 ! special s*ool4 ,8 less frequ5t int]v5tion1 ! diff]5t motives ( 8 advice1 w (t5 give him ev5 m au?ority ?an ! tea*]4 ,! sugge/ive effects ( 8 int]v5tion %\ld be obta9$1 9 our op9ion1 )\t resort to hypnotism4 #c4 ,does ! ,m5tally ,defective suff] f any ,def9ite ,illness8--,if ! illness su* z we h ref]r$ to affects ^? p>ts ( ! c]ebral cortex :i* gov]n ! muscles ( a limb1 "o w f9d1 9 addition to ! m5tal condition1 p>alysis ) atrophy & contracture4 ,b 9 addition to su* v m>k$ cases1 !re exi/ o!rs 9 :i* s5sory or motor affections1 al?\gh slight1 may h9d] ! progress ( education4 ,x goes )\t say+ t if a *ild does n pr(it f ! s*ool "w1 an exam9ation ( 8 sight & he>+ %\ld be made z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,p]haps t may h be5 done already by ! tea*] himself by su* me?ods z he is able to use4 ,b ?is fir/ exam9ation is n suffici5t4 ,! doctor mu/ correct1 z f> z possible1 ! want ( acuity notic$4 ,no d\bt ! defect may n expla9 ! m5tal defici5cy ( ! *ild1 b "o mu/ take c>e t 9 ! s*ool = defectives a pron\nc$ myopia or cat>rh ( ! middle e> does n prove an ob/acle to ! ef=ts :i* are to be made to br+ ab\t developm5t4 ,9 ! same way x mu/ be consid]$ :e!r ! condition ( ! muscul> sy/em is su* z to p]mit ! manual "w :i* "o wants to tea* ! *ild1 & :e!r !re exi/s any p>alysis or tremor :i* w\ld prove an ob/acle to "w ( ?is k9d4 ,"o mu/ consid] :e!r any symptoms pres5t are transitory1 l *orea2 or p]man5t1 l infantile hemiplegia2 & :at k9d ( ef=ts may be made )\t risk to ! heal? ( ! *ild4 ,su* are ! problems :i* ! doctor has to solve4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! la/ place1 x is necess>y to take into acc\nt ! coexi/5ce ) ! m5tal defici5cy ( o!r affections4 ,epilepsy4--,epilepsy frequ5tly coexi/s ) m5tal defici5cy4 ,n[1 epilepsy does n always reveal itself by sev]e fits ) cry+1 fall+ d[n1 loss ( consci\sness1 convulsions1 /iffness foll[$ by j]k+ ( ! limbs1 foam+ at ! m\?1 bit+ ( ! tongue1 & involunt>y passage ( ur9e4 ,x is reveal$ also by symptoms ( a less /rik+ nature1 :i* h be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( petit mal4 ,su* are loss ( consci\sness1 v]tigo1 or simply m5tal p]turbations4 ,loss ( consci\sness occurs )\t ! tremor ( a muscle1 ! *ild sudd5ly turns pale1 loses consci\sness = a mom5t1 & !n cont9ues :atev] he 0 do+--= example1 walk+ or writ+4 ,!re is no?+ m impressive to notice :5 ! fit occurs z "o is talk+ to ! little pati5t4 ,"o sees1 z x 71 ! pass+ ( a veil4 ,b no?+ c\ld be m fugitive1 no?+ c\ld m easily escape ! notice ( anyone :o 0 n a good obs]v]4 ,(t5 ! p>5ts "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,! attacks are s %ort1 ! consequ5ces app>5tly s slight1 t ev5 if ! p>5ts h *anc$ to notice !m1 !y d n always ?9k ( m5tion+ ! fact4 ,! tea*] ( defective *ildr5 ought to be in/ruct$ 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is affection4 ,he is go+ to sp5d sev]al h\rs daily ) ! *ildr54 ,he w h ! be/ opportunities = notic+ ! occurr5ce ( attacks1 :i* may be r>e1 b :i*1 :5 !y occur1 are v significant4 ,al?\gh ! symptoms are a little m m>k$1 v]tigo also is ( brief duration4 ,to ! pallor & ! loss ( consci\sness ( ! prec$+ condition !re is add$ a little muscul> relaxation4 ,! *ild tott]s1 supports himself by any?+ 9 8 neighb\rhood1 slips d[n 9 8 seat1 or drops 8 p54 ,sometimes !re is a slight spasm ( ! muscles ( ! face1 ! m\? is drawn to "o side by slight j]ks1 or p]=ms "s movem5ts ( ma/ication or deglutition4 ,& t is all--no convulsions ( ! limbs1 no passage ( ur9e1 sc>cely an int]ruption to ! "w :i* is be+ done4 ,:e!r ! doctor discov]s ^! symptoms by int]rogation ( ! p>5ts1 or :e!r ! tea*] "s "t aft]w>ds describes !m to him ) suffici5t detail to p]mit ( a c]ta9 diagnosis1 a d\ble ga9 results4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is an indication = treatm5t2 & 9 ! second1 ! possibility ( sup]vision4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x too frequ5tly happ5s t ^! symptoms1 little dramatic z !y are1 reveal ! exi/5ce ( epilepsy1 :i* w ultimately result 9 progressive m5tal decad5ce4 ,& yet ?is is n all4 ,a few days or a few h\rs be=e su* symptoms occur1 or imm$iately aft] !m1 or1 la/ly1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 entirely indep5d5tly ( !m1 ! pati5t may develop a peculi> condition ( irritability1 9 :i* he w transgress aga9/ discipl9e1 make insol5t rem>ks1 or ev5 give way to viol5ce4 ,su* actions ought n to be suppress$ by puni%m5t1 because !y are ( morbid orig94 ,all su* symptoms possess ?is *>act]i/ic1 t !y leave no trace on ! memory ( ! *ild4 ,he himself kn[s no?+ ab\t !m1 or kn[s !m only by :at he has he>d f o!r p4 ,!re c n[ be no ne$ to insi/ ) :at c>e inquiries mu/ be made1 especially ( ! p>5ts4 ,are epileptics to be admitt$ into ! special class8 ,on pr9ciple !y are refus$ admission to ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 to be f\nd !re4 ,!re are ^? ^: attacks occur v r>ely1 or are s slight z to cause no di/urbance4 ,!re are probably also unrecognis$ cases ( epilepsy 9 :i* ! symptoms occur dur+ ! night1 or on awak5+1 b nev] 9 class4 ,only ! sev]e =ms are turn$ away4 ,probably ! same /ate ( affairs w recur 9 ! classes = ! abnormal--at any rate until ! "t :5 provision = epileptics is m ext5sive ?an x is at pres5t4 ,x w !re=e be necess>y to recognise ^! cases1 to sup]vise !m ) special c>e dur+ c]ta9 k9ds ( manual "w1 &1 if possible1 to treat ! n]v\s symptoms suitably :ile ! pati5ts are receiv+ in/ruction4 ,hy/]ia4--,al?\gh hy/]ia has n ! same gravity1 x is no less advisable t cases %\ld be track$ out4 ,?is neurosis is be+ discuss$ to-day z nev] be=e4 ,)\t sett+ =? at l5g? :at we ?9k %\ld be includ$ "u ?is t]m1 let u po9t out a *>act]i/ic ( hy/]ia :i* is commonly recognis$1 & :i* is ( su* importance t x indicates ! l9e ( treatm5t to be foll[$4 ,! two pr9cipal manife/ations ( ! affection1 hy/]ical fits & ! recital ( ly+ tales1 require = _! complete developm5t ! pres5ce ( a public1 ( a gall]y4 ,inv]sely1 _! disappe>ance is assur$ by isolation or app>5t inatt5tion4 ,! discov]y ( su* t5d5cies be=e entrance to ! s*ool w all[ ! doctor to =ew>n ! tea*]1 & po9t out to him ! be/ way ( deal+ ) su* *ildr54 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are /ill ?ree affections ab\t :i* we mu/ say a few words--rickets1 ad5oid vegetations1 & scr(ula4 ,rickets4--,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is condition is defective ossification4 ,in/ead ( possess+ _! usual rigidity1 ! bones become curv$1 & multiple de=mities result4 ,! legs become b[$1 & ! knees _c be br\ght into contact :5 ! feet are plac$ toge!r2 ! ?orax becomes con/rict$ or gibb\s1 etc4 ,9 addition to ! nutritive di/urbance1 :i* appe>s to be at ! root ( all ^! disord]s1 !re may be1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 an affection ( ! entire sy/em1 & especially ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,un=tunately1 z rickets is a disease ( ! e>lie/ ye>s ( life1 "o (t5 f9ds oneself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sequelae :i* h be5 left1 & :i* simply mu/ be made ! be/ (4 ,ad5oid ,vegetations4--,ev]yone has n[ he>d ( cases ( ?is k9d :]e ! appe>ance is s *>act]i/ic4 ,! lips are always half op51 ! appe>ance is sleepy-look+1 ! respiration is difficult4 ,if "o looks at ! ?roat1 or if "o introduces ! f+] into ! *ild's m\? 9 ord] to explore ! ph>ynx beh9d ! s(t palate1 "o w see or feel ! l>ge tonsils or ! fle%y masses :i* ob/ruct ! po/]ior orifice ( ! nasal fossa4 ,"o w\ld l to f9d 9 ^! vegetations ! cause ( ! habitual torpor ( ! *ildr51 & ( _! want ( progress4 ,x is true t !re is a connection betwe5 m5tal backw>dness & ad5oids4 ,! removal ( ! swell+s by a surgical op]ation w make m free ! respiration1 ^: ob/ruction prev5t$ su/a9$ att5tion1 & w also frequ5tly cure ! deafness1 :i* 0 due to an ob/ruction ( ! ,eu/a*ian tubes4 ,! op]ation may !re=e result 9 a m>k$ amelioration ( ! m5tal condition z well z ( ! g5]al heal?4 ,if ! amelioration is suffici5t1 ! *ild c be s5t back to ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,scr(ula1 ,tub]culosis4--,a *ild ) a lymphatic appe>ance1 ^: tissues are infiltrat$ ) s]um1 & ^: gl&s readily become enl>g$1 requires pl5ty ( c\ntry air & a nutriti\s diet4 ,if he is admitt$ to ! special s*ool1 x w be advisable to att5d to 8 heal? be=e subject+ him to any p>ticul> educational me?ods4 ,! doctor1 !n1 w notice 9 pass+ ! exi/5ce ( su* conditions z rickets1 ad5oids1 & scr(ula 9 ! *ildr5 :o are submitt$ to him4 ,affections ( ! lungs & tub]culosis ( ! bones w also attract 8 att5tion4 ,b su* affections 9 abnormal *ildr5 h no o!r significance ?an 9 ! case ( *ildr5 ( av]age intellig5ce4 ,!y furni% no special indication reg>d+ ! admission or non-admission ( ! *ild into a special class4 ,_! sev]ity alone det]m9es ! c\rse to foll[ ) respect to _! treatm5t4 ,we %all1 h[ev]1 say a few words ab\t ano!r infirmity--incont95ce ( ur9e4 ,if !re is pres5t$ = a class = defectives a subject1 elev5 ye>s ( age1 :o _c control himself 9 ?is respect1 ! c\rse to foll[ is3 submit ! *ild to exam9ation by a speciali/1 :o w decide ! nature ( ! incont95ce4 ,if x is curable1 give ! condition ! necess>y att5tion1 or give in/ructions at ! s*ool = tra9+ ! *ild prop]ly2 b if !re is an incurable weakness ( ! sph9ct]s1 supply ! *ild ) ! same k9d ( app>atus z is us$ 9 su* cases by ord9>y p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h1 !n1 are a numb] ( important po9ts ^u :i* ! doctor may be call$ to give 8 op9ion4 ,x is he alone :o is able1 by 8 special k1 to enlight5 ! o!r memb]s ( ! jury4 ,if ! m5tal condition is d\btful & requires fur!r obs]vation1 x is = him to po9t x out4 ,"o w ?us avoid ! mi/ake ( plac+ 9 a class = defectives a lunatic1 or a *ild poison$ by alcohol1 :o w\ld n f9d !re ! k9d ( c>e requir$4 ,if ! bodily condition discov]$ complicates or aggravates ! m5tal defici5cy1 z ad5oid vegetations may d1 he w prescribe ! prop] treatm5t4 ,if he suspects ! coexi/5ce ( "s neurosis1 he w give directions by :i* ! condition may be recognis$1 & consequ5tly treat$4 ,! doctor !re=e has to recognise ! physical & m5tal ailm5ts by :i* ! defective may be affect$4 ,he makes ?is diagnosis = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] t m5tal defici5cy may n be conf\nd$ ) conditions ( illness ( a diff]5t k9d2 &1 secondly1 9 ord] to relieve or cure if possible coexi/+ affections :i* may aggravate ! condition ( ! *ildr5 & int]f]e ) ! "w ( ! s*ool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all conclude "h :at we h to say ab\t ! role ( ! doctor1 s9ce 9 ?is volume we are specially conc]n$ ) ! recognition & segregation ( ! *ildr54 ,to discuss ! role ( ! doctor q fully w\ld take u too f>4 ,! details we h giv5 %[ t ! "p ( ! doctor ) reg>d to defectives is q diff]5t f t ( ! tea*]4 ,x is n s mu* to det]m9e ! *ild's precise m5tal level z to diagnose ! condition ( 8 bra91 & to discov]1 by analysis ( all ! symptoms1 ! orig9al responsible ag5t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is ! second "p ( ! doctor's "w1 & is ( sci5tific int]e/2 :]eas ! fir/ "p1 :i* consi/s 9 diagnos+ ! ailm5ts :i* co-exi/ ) ! m5tal defici5cy1 is ( imm$iate practical utility4 ,let u note1 9 conclusion1 ! sci5tific tr5d ( ! pres5t day4 ,a l>ge proportion ( m$ical "w is ( sci5tific int]e/ r ?an ( direct utility = ! pati5t4 ,a concrete example w expla9 our mean+4 ,a sev]e %iv]+1 a sudd5 elevation ( ! temp]ature1 a dulness on "o side ( ! *e/1 ! pres5ce 9 ! same position ( crepitant rales1 a ru/y1 /icky expectoration--su* is ! syndrome by :i* a practition] recognises an attack ( acute pneumonia4 ,he kn[s its duration2 he kn[s ! relief :i* w be produc$ by ! application ( p\ltices4 ,to ideas su* z ^! may be r$uc$ all t is indisp5sable = ! doctor to "k 9 ord] to ex]cise 8 art4 ,! po/-mortem exam9ation ( ! hepatis$ lung1 its increase 9 d5sity1 ! hi/ological /udy ( ! engorg$ air cells & bron*ioles1 ! rese>*es ^u ! pneumococcus1 its culture1 its vitality--all ?is con/itutes a se>* into etiology & pa?og5esis1 ^: aim is q diff]5t4 ,! same di/9ction may be made 9 ! m$ical /udy ( defective *ildr54 ,& f ?is po9t ( view ! results :i* at fir/ seem ( second>y importance reappe> 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! /igmata ( deg5]ation4 ,x w\ld be unreasonable to attribute to !m an individual value1 & to utilise !m = arrang+ *ildr5 s]ially 9 ! ord] ( _! m5tal defici5cy2 b 9 ! "w ( syn!sis !y are decid$ly significant1 s9ce _! /udy leads "o to consid] !m ei!r z ! effects (1 & !re=e z witnesses to1 alt]ations 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 or z ! consequ5ces ( causes suffici5tly p[]ful to h modifi$ t sy/em4 ,"o w\ld n d5y all practical be>+ to su* inve/igations ( pa?og5esis4 ,x is a mi/ake ( ,tol/oy to reg>d !m z ! pa/ime ( ref9$ dilettantes4 ,:5 ! biological /udy ( defectives leads to ?is idea1 t ! m5tal weakness ( ! defectives1 l ! peculi>ities 9 ! "* ( ! ill-balanc$1 is ! result ( deg5]ation--! result1 = in/ance1 ( ! alcoholisation ( a p--x w quickly result 9 measures ( social hygi5e4 ,! po9t is1 h[ev]1 t ?is second "p ( ! "w _c1 9 our op9ion1 be c>ri$ out "u ! same conditions z ! fir/4 ,"o w\ld l to believe t1 9 mak+ obs]vations ^u h]$ity & /igmata1 ! doctors are collect+1 9 _! daily "w1 mat]ials = a great sci5tific "w :i* w be produc$ by degrees4 ,no d\bt all _! s*$ules may "s day be extract$ f ! draw]s 9 ! (fice :]e !y w sleep = a long "t2 b ) :at object w !y be tak5 out1 if n to compile /ati/ics ( d\btful value8 ,! tru? is t sci5tific inve/igation _c be c>ri$ on automatically & collectively4 ,!re is always a p]sonal elem5t :i* is indep5d5t ( all adm9i/rative prescription4 ,:at use c be made ( obs]vations :i* are (t5 m]ely a collection ( pap]8 ,if we are "s day to und]/& ! role ( h]$ity1 ( alcoholism1 ( insanity1 ( pov]ty1 9 ! production ( defective *ildr51 x w be necess>y = someone1 :o wants to d a really good piece ( "w1 to set aside all ^! equivocal docum5ts1 & g /raight to ! facts1 collect+ 8 in=mation at fir/ h& & 9 a critical _s4 ,sci5tific "w c be done 9 no o!r way4 ,:5 x is done o!rwise x is wor? no?+4 ,we !re=e sugge/ ! foll[+ s*$ule = ! m$ical exam9ation ( defective *ildr54 ,! s*$ule includes two p>ts--"o "p optional1 because x is only ( indirect int]e/2 ano!r "p :i* is obligatory4 ,none ( ! que/ions 9 ?is "p %\ld be left unansw]$1 & ! doctor w also give ! in/ructions :i* he ?9ks ought to be foll[$4 ,,m$ical ,,s*$ule4 ,date ( exam9ation3 ,height3 ,"n & date ( bir? ( *ild3 ,weight3 ,"p #a4 ,obligatory4 7i47 ,has ! *ild any m5tal symptoms o!r ?an m5tal defici5cy8 ,signs ( alcoholism1 etc48 7ii47 ,is !re reason to ?9k ! *ild has any weakness1 cong5ital or acquir$8 ,cret9ism8 7iii47 ,are !re any 7a7 ,s5sory defects--sight8 he>+8 7b7 ,motor defects--p>alysis8 tremor1 etc48 7iv47 ,is ! *ild epileptic8 ,:at symptoms are pres5t--convulsions1 v]tigo1 loss ( consci\sness8 ,_! frequ5cy1 etc48 7v47 ,has ! *ild ad5oids8 7vi47 ,is ! *ild hy/]ical8 7vii47 ,any o!r ailm5ts8 7viii47 ,:at directions are to be giv5 to ! s*oolma/]8 ,"p ,,ii4 ,optional4 ,a4 ,cephalometry & /igmata ( deg5]ation4 ,b4 ,hi/ory3 ,bir?4 ,convulsions4 ,age at comm5cem5t ( d5tition4 ,age at comm5cem5t ( control ( bladd] ,age at comm5cem5t ( & b[el4 ,age at comm5cem5t ( walk+4 ,age at comm5cem5t ( spee*4 ,infantile diseases4 ,c4 ,h]$ity4 ,fa!r-- ,"n3 ,date ( bir?3 ,place ( bir?3 syphilis4 ,illnesses alcoholism4 insanity4 ,"m3 ,ibid4 ,bro!rs & ,si/]s-- ,numb]3 ,age3 ,mortality3 ,heal? ( survivors3 ,etc4 ,to sum up1 we d n ?9k t ! doctor w (t5 h to reject a *ild1 b he w (t5 furni% indications :i* w help to direct ! ef=ts ( ! tea*]4 ,he w proclaim ! op9ion1 at once s j & s humane1 t ! symptoms ( m5tal defici5cy & want ( balance 9 abnormal *ildr5 d n arise f laz9ess or naught9ess1 b require no me?ods ( treatm5t except su* z are likely to relieve !m4 ,& ?is conviction :i* animates him he w impress little by little on ! tea*]4 ,he w accu/om ! latt] n to reg>d a defective *ild at fault l a normal1 responsible *ild1 :om he is sometimes tempt$ to puni% 9 ang]1 b r z a pati5t ^: faults %\ld be ov]come by p]sev]+ pati5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,= ! sake ( great] complet5ess1 let u ref] to a type ( imbecile ) v *>act]i/ic features--namely1 ! ,mongol4 ,a little r\nd head1 *ubby *eeks1 rosy z if pa9t$ ) r\ge1 oblique eyes1 a nose broad at ! base & ) a tip l a little ball1 sk9 slightly yell[--! :ole appe>ance ( ! *ild is su* t "o d\bts 8 ,european orig91 & ?9ks ( a ,*9ese doll1 ) limbs ( india-rubb]1 s great is ! loos5ess ( ! jo9ts4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ ye> ! ,mongol is r dr[sy & quiet--too old-fa%ion$1 z ! mo!rs say4 ,9 ! second or ?ird ye> he becomes lively4 ,8 c\nt5ance acquires a comic & jolly expression1 & 8 imitative in/9cts become curi\sly develop$1 & z a g5]al rule he is v sweet-temp]$4 ,!y all resemble "o ano!r1 & all promise mu* & a*ieve little1 = !y nev] cease to be imbeciles4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,educational ,,& ,,social ,,return ,,( ,,s*ools ,,& ,,classes ,,= ,,defectives ,an ,inquiry 9 ! ,hospitals4--,two ye>s ago "o ( u betook himself to ,m4 ,x41 an important (ficial 9 "o ( our m9i/ries1 9 ord] to ask him to jo9 a ,m9i/]ial ,commission :i* 0 go+ to pay a visit to "o ( our asylum-s*ools4 ,m4 ,x4 %rugg$ 8 %\ld]s1 & repli$ en]getically3 ,no1 no1 no6 ,i h _h en\gh ( su* visits4 ,i w g nei!r to ! ,salpetri]e nor to ,bicetre4 ,:at w\ld ,i see !re8 ,an idiot :o all[s 8 saliva to collect 9 8 op5 m\?2 ano!r :o has epileptic fits2 a ?ird :o c say no?+ b ',ba1 ba6' ,:at w\ld t prove8 ,! only way 9 :i* "o c f9d out :e!r a s*ool = bad cases ( m5tal defici5cy is good = any?+1 is to f9d out ! m5tal condition ( ^? :o leave4 ,h[ _m defective subjects are !re :o1 aft] hav+ be5 treat$ at ! ,salpetri]e or at ,bicetre1 are able to ga9 _! own livelihood8 ,t is :at "o w\ld l to "k1 & t is :at no "o ev] tells u6 ,! li/5] to ^! incisive & s5sible rem>ks repli$1 aft] a mom5t's reflection3 ,i entirely agree ) y4 ,! in=mation :i* y desire is ( ! greate/ importance = judg+ ! value ( a s*ool4 ,i imag9e t su* in=mation w\ld be difficult to obta94 ,b "o c try4 ,i am will+ to make ! attempt4 ,a few days lat] ! two au?ors ( ! pres5t "w took ! field4 ,! long prelim9>y conv]sations :i* !y _h _h toge!r ab\t ?is subject _h conv9c$ !m t !y w\ld enc\nt] opposition4 ,b !y decid$ to treat ! "q z "o treats a sci5tific matt]--) p]sev]ance1 ) c\rage1 & )\t p>ti pris ( any k9d4 ,let u subdivide ! "q to make x m pla94 ,we propos$ to discov] ! value ( a s*ool4 ,to make su* an inquiry really complete1 x w\ld be necess>y to consid] ! "q f two po9ts ( view--! "o educational1 ! o!r social4 ,! educational return consi/s 9 ! degree ( in/ruction :i* ! in/itution succe$s 9 giv+ to its pupils1 aft] s mu* "t1 & ) s mu* exp5se4 ,9 ! case ( an in/itution = ! sick1 ! return w take ! m$ical =m ( a cure or improvem5t ( heal?4 ,9 ord] to e/imate su* v>i\s returns1 x w\ld evid5tly be necess>y to be 9 possession ( v>i\s data3 7#a7 ,a k ( ! /ate ( in/ruction or ! /ate ( heal? ( ! subjects on _! admission to ! s*ool2 7#b7 a k ( _! /ate ( in/ruction or ( heal? on leav+1 s t "o w\ld be able to e/imate by comp>ison :at !y owe to ! s*ool2 7#c7 a k ( ! co/ = ea* pupil1 :e!r = in/ruction or = m$ical exp5ses4 ,! social return consi/s 9 ! place tak5 by ! pupils 9 society4 ,?is dep5ds 9 "p1 x is cle>1 ^u ! educational return1 b only 9 "p4 ,"o c\ld imag9e a s*ool1 & !re are "s ( ! k9d1 :i* only c>es ab\t produc+ graduates1 )\t ?9k+ ( :at w become ( !m 9 life1 ev5 if !y g to ! dogs4 ,e class1 e s*ool1 = defectives ought to aim at r5d]+ its pupils socially useful4 ,x is n a "q ( enri*+ _! m9ds1 b ( giv+ !m ! means ( work+ = _! liv+4 ,?is is an important "q4 ,^u ?is dep5ds our complete & f9al judgm5t ( ! utility ( special education4 ,& be x und]/ood ?is is n a simple "q4 ,no?+ is simple 9 ! sph]e ( sociological ph5om5a1 & "o _c get hold ( an atom ( tru? except by inquiries bri/l+ ) difficulties ( all k9ds--inquiries ^: rules1 moreov]1 are n yet kn[n1 b :i* w c]ta9ly be kn[n "s day4 ,x is q necess>y4 ,9 ord] to discov] ! social return ( an in/itution1 s*ool1 or hospital1 !re are _m data to be br\ght toge!r4 ,"h are "s ( !m4 ,:at is ! numb] ( ^? :o are ultimately able to look aft] !mselves8 ,= h[ long a "t are !y able to d s8 ,to :at ext5t h !y be5 assi/$ by :at !y acquir$ at s*ool8 ,&1 la/ly1 :at becomes ( ! failures8 ,b :atev] ! social or educational return may be1 x w\ld be mo/ important to "k :at w\ld h become ( simil> cases :o _h receiv$ no su* in/ruction1 or1 r1 :o _h be5 in/ruct$ or treat$ by diff]5t me?ods4 ,a s+le example w %[ ! importance ( ^! res]vations4 ,rec5tly an ali5i/ want$ to prove t all ! idiots1 )\t exception1 :o _h be5 treat$ 9 8 asylum _h be5 improv$4 ,he publi%$ copi\s notes ^u ^! *ildr51 :i* _h be5 tak5 dur+ sev]al ye>s by diff]5t p--! physician1 resid5t doctor1 att5dant1 tea*]1 etc4 ,on read+ ^! obs]vations "o le>n$ t "o *ild1 :o on admission 0 unable to walk1 by-&-by began to d s4 ,he _h gr[n2 he _h also begun to speak1 etc4 ,9 all ?is !re 0 no?+ surpris+1 & we imag9e t1 9 spite ( 8 optimism1 ! doctor1 :o is ! au?or ( ^! obs]vations1 w\ld n pret5d to cr$it an increase 9 size to 8 m$ico-p$agogical treatm5t4 ,z to ! re/ ( ! developm5t ( ! faculties we "k no?+4 ,x is possible t an idiot :o has ceas$ to be dirty1 or :o has le>n$ to dress himself1 w\ld h done s 9 any case )\t object-lessons4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to und]/& ! natural developm5t ( idiocy 9 ord] to e/imate exactly ! s]vice :i* _h be5 r5d]$ by ! m$ico-p$agogical treatm5t4 ,o!rwise sceptics w suspect t ?ree-qu>t]s ( :at is claim$ to be ! result ( treatm5t is really due to nature4 ,aft] ^! prelim9>ies1 let u n[ turn to our inquiry4 ,at ! ,salpetri]e4--,"h we 7 receiv$ mo/ k9dly4 ,! sup]9t5d5t ( ! hospital introduc$ u to a mo/ excell5t woman1 ,mme4 ,meusy1 :o 0 at t "t head-mi/ress ( ! s*ool = defectives at ! ,salpetri]e4 ,?is is a little s*ool ) ab\t #adj girl pupils4 ,x is "p ( ! cl9ique ( ,dr4 ,vois94 ,! s*ool is divid$ into f\r classes1 ea* ( :i* is "u a lady tea*]4 ,x is a mode/ s*ool1 &1 we ?9k1 little kn[n4 ,elem5t>y education is giv5 !re1 &1 be x und]/ood1 ! tea*]s make a po9t ( object-lessons & ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses4 ,b ?is education has no orig9al feature4 ,x simply foll[s :at is done else:]e4 ,!re is a work%op :]e ! pati5ts skilfully manufacture artificial fl[]s4 ,dr4 ,vois9 has = a long "t be5 ask+ = a laundry1 = ! sake ( ! pati5ts :o require physical ex]cise1 b he has n be5 able to get x4 ,mme4 ,meusy _h prep>$ u to "s ext5t = ! "w :i* %e _h done 9 ! s*ool by intellig5t organisation4 ,x 0 a pleasure to u to see ) our own eyes ! notes %e _h kept reg>d+ ea* ( h] pupils4 ,all ! s*$ules 7 9 p]fect ord]1 regul>ly fill$ up to ! day4 ,!y conta9$ all ! m$ical in=mation1 z to diagnosis & treatm5t1 :i* ,mme4 ,meusy _h be5 able to procure f ! doctor by reit]at$ reque/s4 ,!y conta9$ also full p>ticul>s z to ! /ate ( in/ruction ( ! *ild1 h] "*1 h] aptitudes1 & ! am\nt ( h] s*ool att5dance4 ,su* notes 7 repeat$ p]iodically1 s t x 0 easy to f9d out approximately :e!r or n ! *ild _h progress$ dur+ h] /ay 9 ! s*ool4 ,f9ally1 h] hi/ory aft] dis*>ge 0 not$4 ,x is only j t we %\ld "h express once m to ,mme4 ,meusy h[ mu* we admir$ ! c>e1 ! ord]1 & ! intellig5ce ) :i* %e _h kept ^! individual hi/ories4 ,x is an example to be foll[$4 ,mme4 ,meusy readily plac$ be=e u "o aft] ano!r all ^! docum5ts1 & all[$ u to extract f !m ! notes :i* seem$ ( mo/ value = our "w4 ,:ile "o ( u 0 tak+ ! notes1 %e contribut$ mu* valuable in=mation 9 a lively voice2 = %e knew h] pupils admirably1 %e foll[$ !m aft] !y left s*ool1 & (t5 receiv$ visits f !m4 ,b1 al?\gh %e cle>ly und]/ood ! importance ( our inquiry1 %e c\ld n keep to h]self a di/ress+ ?\ght1 :i* 0 t a l>ge numb] ( ^! un=tunate girls _h obta9$ no b5efit f ! in/ruction receiv$ at ! s*ool dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,! majority1 on leav+ s*ool1 _h be5 transf]r$ to asylums = adults4 ,x sadd5$ h] to ackn[l$ge su* impot5ce (ficially4 ,h[ev]1 nei!r %e nor h] devot$ /aff ( tea*]s 0 responsible1 = if _! educational success 0 re/rict$1 t 0 due to ! fact t ! adm9i/ration _h = "s "t be5 s5d+ h] ! epileptic defectives1 :ile res]v+ = ! ,fondation ,vallee ! privilege ( hav+ ! non-epileptic defectives4 ,n[1 ev]yone kn[s t :5 epilepsy1 ) repeat$ fits1 is pres5t1 x produces a m5tal decad5ce aga9/ :i* ! be/ tea*] is p[]less4 ,! in=mation :i* we h collect$ ab\t ! "w ( ! s*ool ( ! ,salpetri]e be>s ^u #aag *ildr51 :o _h left ! s*ool dur+ ! p]iod ( f\r ye>s4 ,n[1 ?is is h[ ^! *ildr5 are di/ribut$1 if !y are classifi$ accord+ to _! condition on leav+3 #a4 ,*ildr5 :o _h improv$4 ,"s ( ^! _h return$ to _! families2 !y liv$ at home1 & 7 employ$1 m or less1 & ! directress /ates t !y _h improv$ 9 _! m5tal condition4 ,^! numb]$ eight4 ,o!rs _h become capable ( foll[+ a call+1 ei!r 9 ! asylum z att5dants1 or outside z seam/resses1 iron]s1 laundresses1 dome/ic s]vants1 etc4 ,^! numb]$ twelve4 7,none 0 employ$ 9 mak+ artificial fl[]s1 = :i* !re 0 a work%op 9 ! s*ool47 ,! total numb] :o _h improv$1 !re=e1 0 tw5ty4 #b4 ,d\btful cases--*ildr5 :o _h return$ to _! families1 b conc]n+ ^: m5tal /ate & employm5t precise in=mation 0 lack+4 ,^! numb]$ tw5ty4 #c4 ,^? :o _h got worse4 ,^! are ! cases :o _h be5 m>k$ transf]r$4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 ! lunatic asylums1 :]e !y are de/9$ to pass ! re/ ( _! exi/5ce4 ,( ^! !re is a =midable numb]--namely1 sixty4 #d4 ,^? :o _h di$1 ( :om !re 7 sev5te54 ,f all ^! calculations we obta9$ a figure to rememb]1 & also an op9ion4 ,! figure is t ! s*ool = defectives at ! ,salpetri]e returns to active life #ab p] c5t4 ( its pupils4 ,! op9ion is :at "o might h kn[n 9 advance1 t 9 ! majority ( ^! cases ! education giv5 0 a wa/e ( ef=t1 = none ( ! pupils :o _h acquir$ a call+ _h be5 affect$ by ! wor/ degree ( m5tal defici5cy1 idiocy1 or imbecility4 ,moreov]1 none ( ^! 0 epileptic z well z m5tally defective4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two wor/ degrees ( m5tal defici5cy d n p]mit any hope t ! *ild w be made capable ( foll[+ any call+2 & ev5 a less] degree ( defici5cy--t is to say1 feeble-m9d$ness--is equally cut (f f hope :5 ! feeble-m9d$ness is complicat$ by epilepsy4 ,be=e draw+ f ?is fir/ inquiry any practical conclusions1 we %\ld l to rea* a compreh5sive view ( ! "q4 ,we %all give our conclusions aft] we h syn!tis$ all our results4 ,aft] ! ,salpetri]e1 ,bicetre4 ,bicetre4--,! read] w\ld be wrong to imag9e t 9 ^! visits to ! hospitals we are =gett+ ! s*ool cases ( m5tal defici5cy2 we are at ! he>t ( ! "q4 ,:e!r we are deal+ ) hospital cases or s*ool cases1 !re are details ( organisation :i* are ! same = all1 & !re are simil> mi/akes :i* we mu/ try to avoid4 ,! asylum-s*ool ( ,bicetre1 :i* owes its orig91 9 #ahib1 to ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,se9e1 & its organisation to ,dr4 ,b\rneville1 has a _w-wide reputation4 ,dr4 ,b\rneville has set himself to demon/rate1 by e possible means1 t idiots c be improv$ if !y are treat$ me?odically & progressively4 ,x is ?anks to 8 initiative t ! m$ico-p$agogical treatm5t ( idiocy1 a treatm5t :i* has be5 mu* vaunt$ by ! doctors1 is n[ kn[n ev]y:]e4 ,8 cl9ique has con/antly be5 cit$ z a model4 ,?is model has be5 imitat$ 9 ,france & m especially abroad4 ,! asylums ( ,sa9t-,yon1 ( ,la ,ro*e-sur-,yon1 ( ,cl]mont1 ( ,sa9te-,gemme1 & ( ,aux]re1 h be5 inspir$ by ! example ( ,bicetre1 & h foll[$ its me?ods4 ,! ,/ate supports #ddj boys 9 ! asylum-s*ool ( ,bicetre1 & #bcj girls at ! ,fondation ,vallee4 ,we h no int5tion ( describ+ "h at l5g? ! organisation ( ^! e/abli%m5ts4 ,all :o are int]e/$ may jo9 9 ! ,saturday morn+ visits1 :5 ,dr4 ,b\rneville goes r\nd ! :ole ( 8 cl9ique4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves by say+ t ! *ildr5 9 ! asylum-s*ool ( ,bicetre are divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 #a4 ,! gr\p ( invalids--*ildr5 :o are idiotic1 dirty1 epileptic1 dem5t$4 ,9 ?is gr\p are ^? :o are reg>d$ z incurable1 & "s :o1 al?\gh completely idiotic1 are capable ( "s slight improvem5t4 ,by means ( a sw+ or see-saw _! limbs are /r5g!n$1 by means ( a g-c>t !y are taught to walk1 & by means ( ! p>allel b>s !y are taught to keep !mselves upright4 #b4 ,! heal?y *ildr5 ( ! little s*ool1 all ( :om are able to walk alone4 ,^! und]go treatm5t = uncleanly habits4 ,special *airs are kept = ! dirty1 :o are plac$ at /at$ times ^u conv5i5ces 9 ord] to regul>ise _! functions4 ,!n come /r5g!n+ ex]cises1 :i* are gymna/ics ( a v simple k9d2 toilet lessons to tea* !m to wa% !mselves2 table lessons1 to tea* !m to fe$ !mselves1 ) spoon1 =k1 & ev5 knife2 ! tra9+ ( ! s5ses2 &1 la/ly1 tra9+ 9 spee*4 #c4 ,! ?ird gr\p includes *ildr5 9 ! big s*ool4 ,^! are less defective ?an ! prec$+4 ,!y are fit & heal?y4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are f\nd "h a great _m abnormal *ildr5 7p]v]se & ill-balanc$7 :o are n want+ 9 intellig5ce4 ,! big s*ool includes f\r classes1 ea* "u ! *>ge ( a pr(essor4 ,! education1 especially 9 ! la/ class1 is c>ri$ pretty f>1 & _m ( ! pupils possess _! c]tificate ( /udy4 ,= reasons ^u :i* we w n insi/1 we 7 n s delight$ ) ! hospital ( ,bicetre z we _h be5 ) ! ,salpetri]e4 ,we might h disp5s$ ) ?is visit4 ,! m$ical sup]9t5d5t ( ! s*ool = defectives at ,bicetre has tak5 ! tr\ble = a long "t to publi% regul>ly e ye> a volume ( sev]al hundr$ pages1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ div]se /ati/ical in=mation ab\t ev]y?+ t goes on4 ,we h /udi$ ! volumes be>+ ^u f\r ye>s only--! ye>s #ahii1 #aija1 #aijb1 & #aijc4 ,moreov]1 we pr(ess t we h "s k ( ! s*ool at ,bicetre1 hav+ n only jo9$ sev]al times 9 ! ,saturday visits1 b hav+ on sev]al occasions c>ri$ on !re rese>*es 9 cephalometry2 &1 9 ! la/ place1 we h _h ! pleasure ( foll[+ 9 _! inspection two memb]s ( ! m9i/]ial commission1 :o _h _h ! idea ( f9d+ out h[ ! tea*]s 9 ! big s*ool 7 fulfill+ _! functions4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we made a di/9ction betwe5 ! educational & ! social return4 ,?is di/9ction is n recognis$ by ev]yone1 & _m good p take into acc\nt only ! social return4 ,!re are ^? :o w\ld judge ! s*ool ( ,bicetre by "o ?+ only--! numb] ( pati5ts :o are made useful to society4 ,?is is a "q ( great int]e/1 b x is wrong to ?9k t x is ! only "o to be consid]$4 ,x w\ld be unju/ to conf9e oneself to x4 ,! inju/ice c be und]/ood by suppos+ t "o is consid]+ an in/itution :i* receives idiots only4 ,w\ld "o judge su* an in/itution by ask+ h[ _m ( its pati5ts become capable ( w9n+ _! livelihood8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,x is possible to be ( real s]vice to ! pati5ts )\t rais+ !m to su* a level4 ,! cure ( dirty habits1 = example1 is n a ?+ to be disda9$4 ,n only does x result 9 an economy ( l95 & wa%+1 b x makes ! pati5t less disgu/+1 less difficult to take c>e (4 ,"h we h mat]ial & moral improvem5t :i*1 ev5 = ^? :o consid] exp5se only1 _c be consid]$ negligible1 = 9 ! end ! result is pecuni>y economy4 ,b1 hav+ /at$ ?is pr9ciple1 x w\ld be necess>y to f9d out :at is ! value1 :at is ! duration1 :at is ! frequ5cy ( su* improvem5ts4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to "k :at is _! co/1 & to comp>e ! co/ ) ! results 9 ord] to f9d out :]e "o 04 ,?is k9d ( /ock-tak+1 bo? f9ancial & m$ical1 has no place 9 ! publications ( ! ,bicetre1 & _c be replac$ by isolat$ obs]vations on ! treatm5t & improvem5t ( idiot *ildr54 ,!re is "h1 !re=e1 a fir/ lacuna4 ,we note also ) regret ! abs5ce ( any inspection ( ! tea*]s 9 ! s*ools1 :o are left to !mselves )\t any sup]vision b t ( ! doctor4 ,n[1 ! doctor is n usually an educationi/1 & x is to be regrett$ t he does n himself recognise 8 incompet5cy 9 p$agogy1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 8 nature1 (t5 prone to take (f5ce1 w n submit to any collaboration 9 8 "w4 ,hav+ said ?is1 we are go+ to conf9e ourselves to ! social return ( ! s*ool ( ,bicetre1 s9ce x is affirm$ t su* a return exi/s4 ,we w\ld l to "k exactly h[ _m boys & girls h be5 able1 aft] _! dis*>ge1 to "w at a trade & to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,^u ?is po9t ( capital importance ! publications ( ,bicetre tell u no?+--absolutely no?+4 ,x is1 !re=e1 impossible to f9d out ! real value ( ?is in/itution1 s ri*ly end[$1 :]e ! visitor p]ambulates palatial build+s1 is salut$ by a fanf>e1 & admires museums ( natural hi/ory :i* w\ld be ! envy ( _m a public educational e/abli%m5t4 ,! publications give a numb] ( p>ticul>s z to ! numb] ( danc+ lessons1 ! walks to ! ,j>d9 d',acclimatation1 & ! co/ ( laundry1 etc42 b we are left 9 entire ignorance z to :at all ?is is good =1 & :at is ! practical tangible b5efit :i* society receives f x4 ,ev]yone kn[s1 h[ev]1 t ! director ( ! s*ool = defectives at ,bicetre is an enlight5$ philan?ropi/1 :o has devot$ himself ) rem>kable zeal & activity to procur+ = 8 old pupils situations :i* !y are capable ( fill+4 ,he has und]/ood1 & 0 "o ( ! fir/ to d s1 t ! "q ( ! education ( defectives w nev] be settl$ until "o has settl$ t ( ! social usefulness ( ^! *ildr54 ,we h ev5 le>n$ indirectly t he has made _m endeav\rs to induce employ]s to engage 8 defectives z workm52 b x is likely t ^! sugge/ions h n met ) ! success !y des]v$1 = ! employ]s1 ?reat5$ by ! new law reg>d+ accid5ts at "w1 hesitate to saddle !mselves ) work]s :o1 be+ liable to attacks ( epilepsy1 or affect$ by motor inability1 w\ld lay ^u !m a v heavy responsibility4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ool education has _h a good deal ( success s9ce x has happ5$1 z we h already rem>k$1 t sev]al ( ! pupils obta9$ _! c]tificates ( /udy4#ad ,b ! only publications :i* we h consult$ say no m ab\t ^! c]tificates ( /udy ?an ab\t ! trades foll[$ by ! defectives aft] leav+ s*ool4 ,?is sil5ce is v significant4 ,9 spite ( oneself1 "o puts a bad int]pretation ^u x4 ,"o has an irresi/ible t5d5cy to believe1 n t all ! ef=t at ,bicetre has be5 9 va91 b t x has be5 disproportionate 9 relation to ! result a*iev$4 ,we h no difficulty 9 admitt+ t idiots h be5 improv$1 b to :at an ext5t ?is amelioration loses 9 importance if ! majority ( ^! idiots are de/9$ to pass ! re/ ( _! life 9 an asylum1 :]e !y w be n\ri%$ 9 absolute idl5ess1 & :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! he$less adm9i/ration w ga9 no?+ = :at has be5 taught !m at ! price ( su* great ef=ts6 ,let u try1 h[ev]1 to int]pret ! sil5ce ( ! text4 ,9 f\r ye>s #bdj boys h left ! s*ool at ,bicetre4 ,9 /udy+ ! s*ool ( ! ,salpetri]e we di/+ui%$ ?ree classes ( *ildr5--! improv$1 ! /ation>y or d\btful1 & ^? :o h got worse4 ,we h consult$ ! /ati/ical tables ( ,bicetre1 & we h n f\nd a s+le "o m>k$ worse1 al?\gh "o-?ird ( ! entire cont+5t are epileptic4 ,n[1 ?is is v surpris+1 s9ce we "k t epilepsy ) repeat$ fits inexorably results 9 m5tal decad5ce4 ,x is an enigma1 :i* we expla9 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,^? :o are really decad5t h be5 m>k$ /ation>y by m$ical or p$agogical optimism4 ,if our int]pretation is correct1 x recoils =cibly ^u ! expression improv$1 :i* is appli$ frequ5tly to ^? dis*>g$4 ,to ! int]pretation ( ?is ^w improv$ we are1 !re=e1 oblig$ to turn our att5tion4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be und]/ood by improv$ :5 ?is ^w is f\nd 9 ! publications ( ,bicetre8 ,fir/ ( all we mu/ subtract a c]ta9 numb] ( subjects :o h be5 m>k$ transf]r$4 ,we "k :at is meant by ?is little ^w transf]r$ :5 x is appli$ to ! *ildr54 ,x is lugubri\s4 ,x am\nts to a s5t5ce = life4 ,a subject transf]r$ is "o :o1 8 "t at s*ool come to an end1 is remov$ to an asylum = ! insane1 :]e1 9 all probability1 he w /ay to ! end ( 8 useless exi/5ce4 ,if we elim9ate ! transf]r$1 & if we keep among/ ! improv$ only ^? :o1 hav+ be5 s designat$1 h return$ to _! families1 we get a proportion ( #eh 9 #bij--t is1 #bj p] c5t4 ( boys4 ,?is proportion seems to u too l>ge1 on acc\nt ( ! optimism :i* ^! docum5ts exhibit4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t *ildr5 are sometimes m>k$ v mu* improv$1 or notably improv$4 ,if1 = ! sake ( prud5ce1 we consid] z improv$ only ^? :o are designat$ 9 ?is way1 we h only eighte51 or #g p] c5t4 ,?is new proportion1 if small 9 absolute value1 /ill seems to u an exagg]ation1 because x is rea*$ only by includ+ a c]ta9 numb] ( *ildr5 affect$ ) epilepsy4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be believ$ t _! epilepsy has improv$4 ,b ! amelioration or cure ( epilepsy is n a matt] ( education2 x _c be consid]$ z a success to be cr$it$ to active m$ico-p$agogical treatm5t4 ,let u !re=e put ! cur$ epileptics aside4 ,!re w !n rema9 only sev5 :o h und]gone a notable amelioration & h return$ to _! families4 ,:at p]c5tage is ?is8 ,! total cont+5t ^u :i* we h be5 mak+ our calculations numb]$ #bij1 b x is "r to exclude all ! epileptics1 = ! reasons we h m5tion$4 ,?is br+s ! numb] d[n to #baf1 & ! numb] ( *ildr5 really improv$1 calculat$ ^u #baf1 am\nts1 = ! boys1 to f #c to #d p] c5t4 ,by simil> calculations1 into ! details ( :i* we w n ent]1 we h %[n t ! improv$ among/ ! girls are m num]\s--namely1 #bj p] c5t4 ,b ,vallee conta9s relatively f> few] epileptics ?an ,bicetre4 ,we d n "k1 also1 h[ _m ( !m h become capable ( work+ at a trade4 ,we !re=e conclude ) ! foll[+ propositions3 #a4 ,at ! s*ool ( ! ,salpetri]e1 #bj p] c5t4 ( defective girls improv$1 & #ab p] c5t4 are able to "w at a trade4 #b4 ,at ! ,fondation ,vallee1 also1 #bj p] c5t4 ( defective girls h improv$4 ,no return has be5 furni%$ z to _! future employm5t4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ,bicetre1 ! numb] ( defective boys improv$ is f #c to #d p] c5t4 ,x is n kn[n h[ _m ( ^! defectives are employ$ aft] leav+ s*ool4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ,conclusions4--,x seldom happ5s t "o f9i%es an inquiry )\t exp]i5c+ "s disappo9tm5t4 ,"o />ts ) great ambitions1 int5d+ to make ev]y?+ pla91 b on ! way "o is =c$ to l[] "o's flag4 ,! tru? escapes "o4 ,sometimes x is ! facts :i* conceal x f u1 sometimes x is man :o has an int]e/ 9 conceal+ x4 ,b ! disappo9tm5t :i* has att5d$ our inquiry w\ld surpass ! =esight ( ! mo/ sceptical4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! s*ool = defectives at ! ,salpetri]e has enabl$ u to collect valuable in=mation1 we owe ?is good =tune entirely to ! intellig5t initiative ( a woman4 ,x 0 ! directress ( ! s*ool :o1 ap>t f all int]v5tion1 m$ical or o!r1 _h _h ! idea ( in/itut+ ^! v complete s*$ules1 :i* enabl$ u to discov] ! economic return ( h] s*ool4 ,! managem5t des]v$ none ( ! cr$it4 ,z to ! s*ool ( ,bicetre1 we h /udi$ x only ?r\gh its annual publications1 & we h manag$ ) great difficulty to obta9 only an inf9itesimal am\nt ( in=mation ( v d\btful value4 ,:at lessons are we to draw f ^! examples z to ! future organisation ( our s*ools = defectives8 ,we _h hop$ t ! /udy ( ^! in/itutions w\ld h provid$ u ) ready-made exp]i5ce z to ! measures to be tak5 = f\nd+ s*ools = defectives "u good conditions4 ,! contr>y has happ5$4 ,! example ( ^! in/itutions has taught u "o ?+--! faults :i* we ought n to repeat4 ,e imp>tial m9d ought to be ) u :5 we express ! view t h5ce=? ! activities ( ! s*ools & hospices %\ld be made pla9 by precise in=mation4 ,= ?is x w\ld be necess>y to take ! foll[+ measures3 #a4 ,t ! def9ition ( ! grades ( m5tal defici5cy %\ld n v>y f "o doctor to ano!r1 b t "o %\ld "k :at is meant by ! ^w idiot1 ! ^w imbecile1 & ! ^w feeble-m9d$4 ,a purely conv5tional b precise def9ition w\ld be inf9itely bett] ?an ! pres5t want ( any2 & we ref] to ! conv5tion :i* we h sugge/$ above4 #b4 ,t ^u entrance & leav+1 ! m5tal condition & ! /ate ( in/ruction ( ! pupils %\ld be precisely not$1 s t by comp>ison ( su* notes1 r ?an by arbitr>y e/imates1 "o %\ld be able to det]m9e 9 :at way ! pupils h *ang$ dur+ _! /ay 9 s*ool4 #c4 ,t on leav+ ! in/itution1 ! *ildr51 :e!r !y return to ord9>y life or are transf]r$ to asylums = ! insane1 %\ld be foll[$ up1 & t p>ticul>s reg>d+ _! condition %\ld be transmitt$ to1 & c5tralis$ 91 ! (fice ( ! s*ool1 s t ! ma/]s may be able to judge ! ult]ior de/9y ( ^! *ildr5 :om !y h surr\nd$ ) s mu* solicitude dur+ a p]iod :i* (t5 am\nts to twelve or ev5 fifte5 ye>s4 ,by su* organisation "o w\ld at la/ "k exactly1 or at any rate approximately1 :at are ! s]vices r5d]$ by su* an in/itution4 ,"o w\ld comp>e ^! s]vices ) ! exp5ses1 & "o w\ld see :e!r ! receipts 7 suffici5t to ju/ify ! exp5diture1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! money _h be5 fooli%ly squ&]$1 z we h reason to fe> may be ! case4 ,we w\ld also see ^u :at *ildr5 educational ef=t %\ld be direct$1 9 ord] to obta9 ! maximum return4 ,x w\ld be possible to f9d out1 = example1 :e!r x is wor? :ile cont9u+ = five ye>s1 eight ye>s1 or m1 to give lessons 9 read+ to a *ild :o1 aft] two ye>s1 is /ill unable to spell4 ,we w also consid] v s]i\sly :e!r a *ild :o is un=tunately subject to repeat$ attacks ( epilepsy1 :i* no m$ical treatm5t has improv$1 & :o is de/9$ to desc5d progressively & inevitably ?r\gh all /ages ( m5tal decad5ce1 %\ld be kept 9 8 place 9 a class2 & :e!r ! tea*]s w\ld n be do+ bett] to leave ! *ild at peace ?an to tea* him labori\sly ! rules ( ari?metic & gramm>1 :i* w c]ta9ly be =gott5 soon aft]w>ds 9 ! cl\d :i* w obscure ! intellig5ce4 ,"o day1 :5 we 7 walk+ ?r\gh a resid5tial s*ool1 we 7 /ruck by ! spectacle ( a poor epileptic4 ,?is 0 a little girl ( ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,%e 0 we>+ h] s*ool apron1 & ^u h] head 0 ! little osi] cap :i* epileptics are made to we>1 to avoid ! dang] ( falls ^u ! head4 ,x 0 lesson-"t4 ,pale & ?91 ! little pati5t 0 sitt+ quietly 9 h] place1 li/5+ to ! lesson ( h] mi/ress1 :o 0 expla9+ ! rule ( ! agreem5t ( ! p>ticiple4 ,did %e und]/&8 ,we hope s1 s9ce %e belong$ to "o ( ! high] classes--! second1 if we rememb] rightly4 ,9 any case1 %e 0 mak+ a great ef=t to foll[ ! grammatical explanation1 & h] =ehead 0 ?r[n into wr9kles4 ,all at once %e gave a slight sigh1 slipp$ d[n 9 h] seat1 & fell4 ,! att5dant took h] 9 h] arms & c>ri$ h] into a corn] ( ! room4 ,! lesson cont9u$ ) g5]al indiff]5ce4 ,! *ildr5 pay little att5tion to su* accid5ts1 because !y are s us$ to !m4 ,n[ "o1 n[ ano!r1 has h] attack ( epilepsy4 ,aft] a few m9utes our little s*ol> came to h]self4 ,%e appe>$ q daz$4 ,! att5dant spoke to h] ) k9d indiff]5ce4 ,come1 n[1 t is bett]4 ,x is no?+4 ,x is all ov]4 ,! *ild did n reply1 b docilely all[$ h]self to be l$ to h] seat4 ,%e took up h] =m] position1 appe>+ to li/5 vaguely2 & on h] p9*$ face1 ) its drawn features1 ! lesson 9 gramm> cont9u$ to fall4 ,! p1 visitors & pr(essors1 :o 7 pres5t at t sc5e1 & ?\ght x q natural1 surely did n und]/& ! he>t-break ( x4 ,"s "t aft]w>ds we made inquiries ab\t ?is pupil1 be+ curi\s to "k h[ %e 01 & :at %e 0 do+4 ,we 7 told3 ,%e is a poor little ?+1 :o has =gott5 a great deal4 ,=m]ly %e 0 a bright *ild4 ,n[ %e is go+ back e day4 ,by-&-by %e w no long] be able to read4 ,?is is ne>ly always ! way ) our epileptics6 ,?is sad /ory1 :i* we h j recall$1 we give z a /rik+ illu/ration ( our /ati/ical calculations reg>d+ ! ultimate fate ( ^! in/itution cases4 ,be x rememb]$1 we _h rea*$ ?is v important conclusion3 t epileptics1 :e!r feeble-m9d$1 or imbecile1 or idiotic1 nev] become capable ( work+ at a trade4 ,?is some:at vague conclusion x w\ld be ( great int]e/ to exam9e m closely4 ,our little epileptic1 :o is gradually fall+ back1 is an example4 ,%e has already rea*$ ! height ( h] developm5t2 %e is fifte5 ye>s ( age1 & %e is beg9n+ to decl9e4 ,we =esee ! "t :5 %e w no long] "k h[ to read4 ,is !re1 !n1 any use 9 we>y+ ! poor ?+ by tea*+ h] an ab/ract gramm> rule8 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u turn n[ to our s*ool cases4 ,our conclusions may be div9$4 ,we expressly dem& t ! utility ( ! s*ools %all be rigor\sly e/abli%$1 & t ! tea*]s & inspectors %all be b\nd to take exact notes ( ! m5tal condition & ! /ate ( in/ruction ( ! pupils on entrance & on leav+4 ,9 ?is way "o w act l any good %opkeep]1 :o consid]s x "o ( 8 *ief duties to keep acc\nts ( :at he is do+4 ,8 sy/em ( book-keep+ %[s 8 position 9 a way :i* is indisp5sable if he is n to lose 8 money4 ,he kn[s at :at price he buys1 at :at price & "u :at conditions he sells1 & :e!r1 9 consequ5ce1 8 pr(its are suffici5t to enc\rage him to cont9ue to deal 9 su* & su* articles4 ,9 ! same way1 9 a well-manag$ s*ool = defectives1 x is necess>y to "k ! exact details conc]n+ ! condition ( ! pupils on entrance & on leav+1 9 ord] t "o may be able to judge ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! s*ool2 9 ord] t "o may be able to f9d out :e!r ! educational me?ods employ$ are good1 bad1 or indiff]5t2 :e!r !y are bett] ?an ^? ( ano!r s*ool1 :]e diff]5t me?ods are foll[$1 & s on4 ,su* control is equally necess>y 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r a p>ticul> category ( *ildr5 gives great] degrees ( success ?an ano!r2 :e!r c]ta9 degrees ( m5tal defici5cy are capable ( improvem5t only to an inf9itesimal ext5t4 ,su* ?+s _c be kn[n 9 advance1 & %\ld n be decid$ lightly 9 cr$5ce ( an a priori op9ion1 b %\ld be det]m9$ by accurate sci5tific me?ods1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! s*ools1 9 ! int]e/ ( ! pupils1 & also 9 ! int]e/ ( ! tax-pay]s1 :o be> ! co/4 ,x w n d to cont5t oneself ) admir+ 9 ab/racto ! goodness ( ! me?ods & ! progress ( ! pupils1 b x mu/ ev] be rememb]$ t ! aim ( ! s*ools %\ld be to fit ! defectives to take a useful place 9 society4 ,! s*ool %\ld n aim at turn+ out brilliant pupils1 />s 9 competition1 b individuals capable ( look+ aft] !mselves & ga9+ _! own livelihood4 ,?is %\ld be ! con/ant pre-occupation ( ! tea*]s4 ,!y %\ld n %ut !mselves up )9 ! f\r walls ( _! s*ool1 say+1 ,! life outside is no conc]n ( ours4 ,x is _! imp]ative duty to consid] ! s*ool life z a prep>ation = life outside4 ,!y ought1 !re=e1 to pay att5tion to ! ne$s ( ! imm$iate s*ool environm5t1 9 ord] to "k :at are ! indu/ries :i* require work]s1 to take acc\nt ( :i* ( !m are accessible to defectives1 & to direct _! education accord+ly4 ,dome/ic s]vice 9 ! c\ntry1 = example1 :i* requires b little initiative1 w\ld seem to be an excell5t refuge = feeble-m9d$ girls ) good in/9cts4 ,agricultural lab\r supplies an excell5t outlet = ! boys1 = 9 ! c\ntry life is less complicat$1 & adaptation is m easy1 ?an 9 ! t[ns4 ,!re is a c]ta91 practical1 ev5 easy way ( f9d+ out :e!r ! tea*] has be5 try+ to keep 9 contact ) real life1 & :e!r 8 s*ool = defectives is well manag$4 ,x is to f9d out :at becomes ( ! defectives on leav+ s*ool1 & :at p]c5tage he has be5 able to place 9 situations ) a suitable sal>y4 ,su* measures ( control are s logical t !y only require to be =mulat$ to obta9 ! imm$iate ass5t ( all s5sible m9ds4 ,yet "o may ask :e!r1 z a matt] ( fact1 9 ! s*ools manag$ by ! ,/ate1 ! inspectors occupy !mselves suffici5tly ) ?is practical side ( education1 & d n ev5 make ! mi/ake ( judg+ ! education by itself1 accord+ to a conv5tional1 lit]>y1 or sci5tific ideal4 ,we are n speak+ ( public s*ools1 colleges1 & lycees4 ,^! e/abli%m5ts are att5d$ by normal *ildr51 & x may be admitt$ t x is n1 /rictly speak+1 ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate to prep>e ^! = social life4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t is n our own op9ion1 b t does n matt]4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t ! duty ( ! ,/ate becomes m precise & m press+ :5 x is a "q ( assur+ ! lot ( ! defectives4 ,has x always be5 kept 9 m9d t _! education %\ld put !m 9 ! way ( an occupation1 & t "o %\ld tea* !m no?+ useless1 s z n to make !m lose _! "t8 ,we d n ?9k s4 ,we hope t ! s*ools = ! bl9d take c>e to "k :e!r ! ,braille :i* !y tea* _! pupils is a me?od ( read+ & writ+ :i* w be useful to !m 9 life2 :e!r ! manual arts1 su* z can+ *airs1 ! mak+ ( bru%es & mattresses1 are ! be/ means :i* !y c tea* to ! non-musicians :]eby to ga9 _! bread4 ,we equally hope t 9 ! s*ools = ! deaf & dumb1 :i* are tea*+ _! pupils by ! oral me?od--) :at ef=t1 :at exp5se1 & :at devotion "o may imag9e--!y h inquir$ :at p]c5tage ( _! pupils atta9$ ! ability to communicate v]bally ) p o!r ?an _! tea*]s1 & also :at is ! p]c5tage ( pupils :o1 t5 ye>s aft] leav+ s*ool1 /ill use t me?od & f9d x advantage\s4 ,all ^! que/ions %\ld be ask$1 & consci5ti\s m9ds %\ld try to f9d an answ] to !m by imp>tial inquiry1 9 ord] to f9d out :e!r ! me?ods are useful1 & :e!r ! s*ool is direct+ its en]gies well4 ,:at is be+ done ab\t ?is ) respect to ! s*ools = defectives8 ,we mu/ d ?is ju/ice to ! legislation at pres5t project$ ) reg>d to defectives1 t x is n indiff]5t ) reg>d to ?is "q ( control4 ,! ,m9i/]ial ,commission1 9 :i* "o ( u took "p1 he>d _m dem&s = gu>antees ( ?is k9d4 ,its mi/ru/ 0 awak5$1 & x made a numb] ( sugge/ions :i* h be5 includ$ 9 ! ,bill4 ,?us1 an elem5t>y s*ool inspector is tru/$ ) ! duty ( tak+ acc\nt ( ! educational progress ( ea* *ild4 ,a little book mu/ be kept record+ full p>ticul>s ( ea* individual case4 ,! pr9ciple ( sup]vision by a ,c>e ,committee aft] leav+ s*ool has be5 adopt$4 ,all ?is is excell5t4 ,! law _c ent] into m9ute details4 ,adm9i/rative rules mu/ be drawn up to provide aga9/ ! two causes ( error1 prejudice & neglig5ce4 ,let u consid] ?is "q f our own po9t ( view1 & di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! educational & ! social return4 ,! ,educational ,return ( ! ,special ,s*ools & ,classes4--,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ord] to gauge ! advantages ( special education1 x is necess>y to f9d out :at becomes ( defectives :5 !y are left 9 ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,x is q cle> t special education %\ld be condemn$ & suppress$ if x does n d m ?an ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,we h se5 t1 9 ! latt]1 ! defective is a dead weight1 & ! ill-balanc$ is a nuisance4 ,nev]!less1 "o mu/ n jump to ! conclusion t ^! *ildr5 are 9 no wise modifi$ by ! s*ool influ5ces1 & d n pr(it 9 any degree by ! in/ruction4 ,we h already po9t$ out "s v t\*+ facts3 a little defective girl has le>n$ to read1 ?anks to ! p]sev]+ help ( "o ( h] normal companions4 ,?is proves1 at lea/1 t association ) normal *ildr5 may be good = some?+1 b let u leave su* anecdotes & attempt to rea* a compreh5sive view ( ! situation4 ,we h be5 able to collect 9 ! prim>y s*ools ( ,p>is1 ?anks to ! k9d assi/ance ( ,m4 ,belot1 p>ticul>s :i* are v valuable1 ?\gh re/rict$ 9 am\nt4 ,^! p>ticul>s we h exam9$ 9 e possible way1 & we always rea* ! same conclusion3 ! defective makes v sl[ progress 9 ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 en bloc1 =ty-five defectives ( :om we possess records1 & see to :at ext5t !y are beh9d at diff]5t ages4 ,we get ! foll[+ table3 ,age4 ,ret>dation4 #g #b ye>s #h #b ab\t #b ye>s4 #i #a-a_/b #aj #c #aa #c-a_/b ab\t #c ye>s4 #ab #c #ac #c-a_/b #ad #f #ae #e ab\t #e ye>s4 ,?us1 ! am\nt ( ret>dation increases ) ! ye>s4 ,x is at fir/ two ye>s1 !n ?ree1 !n five4 ,b ?is augm5tation 9 ! am\nt ( ret>dation1 :i* is ! fir/ fact to /rike ! att5tion1 ought n to conceal f u t !re is real progress 9 ! m5tal condition & 9 ! /udies2 9 fact1 we may rem>k t if a defective *ild1 9 pass+ f ! age ( eight to elev51 has an augm5tation ( ret>dation ( "o ye> ) respect to 8 companions1 ?is proves t 9 ! same "t he has progress$ two ye>s ) respect to himself4 ,x is l an omnibus :i* goes m & m sl[ly1 yet advances all ! same4 ,to be m precise1 let u say t1 s9ce ! defectives rea*1 z an upp] limit1 ! int]m$iate c\rse1 & t 9 ! proportion ( two-?irds1 "o may conclude t !y make ne>ly half ! progress ( ! normal *ildr54 ,be x und]/ood1 ?is is only r\ghly true1 & _m res]vations mu/ be made ) reg>d to details4 ,b ! indication :i* ^! docum5ts af=d is1 nev]!less1 v in/ructive1 = x %[s u t ! majority1 two-?irds at lea/1 ( ! defectives appe> regul>ly to duplicate ea* class1 or to take two ye>s to pass a /age :i* ! normal *ild passes 9 "o4 ,x is important to rememb] ?is1 = ! tea*]s d n always give ! facts _! true value4 ,!y h a t5d5cy to comp>e ! sl[ progress ( ! defective ) ! m rapid progress ( ! normal1 & to conclude f ?is comp>ison t ! defective rema9s /ation>y4 ,?is is a pure illusion1 :i* may be comp>$ to :at "o exp]i5ces :5 look+ out ( ! w9d[ ( a tra9 9 motion4 ,"o sees ano!r tra9 go+ 9 ! same direction b m sl[ly1 & imag9es t ! second tra9 is n mov+4 ,let u reta91 !re=e1 provisionally1 ! foll[+ important idea3 ,only half ! defectives 9 an ord9>y s*ool rea* ) difficulty ! int]m$iate c\rse1 fir/ ye>1 pass+ ?r\gh ! diff]5t /ages 9 d\ble ! normal "t4 ,no d\bt "o w\ld f9d _m examples ( sl[] progress /ill1 ?ree or f\r times ! normal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! tea*] sometimes po9ts out a defective :o has improv$ v rapidly1 z if 8 intellect awoke f a long sleep4 ,su* cases exi/1 b !y are v r>e1 & !y are op5 to ! suspicion t an error 9 diagnosis has be5 made1 & t ! *ild :o has improv$ s greatly 0 wrongly consid]$ defective4 ,) reg>d to ! ill-balanc$1 ! success ( ! ord9>y s*ool is mu* great]4 ,a rec5t inquiry taught u t 9 ! c\rse ( two ye>s half ! *ildr5 not$ z ill-balanc$ 7 reg>d$ by ! tea*]s z improv$4 ,?is figure speaks = itself4 ,f ?is we may conclude 9 a g5]al way t x is ess5tial t ! special s*ools & classes %\ld br+ m ?an half ( _! defective pupils to ! level ( ! int]m$iate c\rse1 & improve m ?an half ( ! ill-balanc$1 if !y are to r5d] public s]vices sup]ior to ^? ( ! ord9>y s*ools4 ,?is mu/ be ! aim4 ,h[ are we to "k :e!r x is atta9$ or n8 ,by sup]vision ex]cis$ 9 ! mo/ s]i\s mann]1 by well-kept individual records1 9 :i* are not$ only facts :i* c be controll$4 ,we rememb]1 a doz5 ye>s ago1 hav+ turn$ ov] ! records ( "y defectives 9 an asylum-s*ool :i* _h ! reputation ( p]fect organisation1 a reputation o!rwise des]v$1 = ev]y?+ t 0 %[n to ! public on visit+ days 0 p]fect4 ,b a di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 :at "o sees & :at "o does n see4 ,! records 7 kept ) surpris+ neglig5ce4 ,!y 7 dirty 9 appe>ance1 torn1 disord]$1 fall+ to bits4 ,on read+ !m "o only met ) vague e/imations1 loosely express$1 ab\t *ildr5 :o1 z 0 repeat$ to satiety1 w\ld make progress if !y w\ld "w bett]4 ,! less we say ! bett] ab\t contradictory diagnosis1 su* z "o we notic$ on a c]tificate ( dis*>ge3 ,complete idiocy--v mu* improv$2 or ! too optimi/ic prognosis1 really v naive1 if ! writ] has n _h ! bad ta/e to be ironical3 ,vici\s *ild--w\ld make an excell5t h\semaid4 ,if docum5ts c\ld be kept 9 ?is way1 x is q cle> t ^? :o s kept !m felt pretty sure t nobody w\ld ev] read !m4 ,we dem& t ! notes :i* %[ ! educational progress ( ! pupils %\ld be writt5 "u ! con/ant fe> ( control1 9 ord] t !y may be gu>ante$ aga9/ neglig5ce & int]e/$ optimism4 ,! mann] ( control is v simple1 & may be summ$ up 9 ?ree p>agraphs4 #a4 ,! e/imation ( ! progress ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be made by ! pr(essors !mselves1 s9ce !y "k ea* *ild well4 ,! pr(essor w always keep 9 m9d t 8 notes w be *eck$ by ! inspector4 ,) reg>d to in/ruction1 notes w be kept ) reg>d to read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 spell+1 accord+ to ! me?ods :i* we h indicat$1 & su* rem>ks z good1 v good1 passable1 ea* signify+ absolutely no?+1 w be avoid$4 ,) reg>d to ! manual "w1 x goes )\t say+ t ! record w\ld h to be made 9 a some:at diff]5t way4 #b4 ,! inspector w exam9e a c]ta9 numb] ( cases *os5 haphaz>d4 ,he mu/ c>ry out ?is control ) an op5 m9d & )\t prejudice4 #c4 ,he w make use ( me?ods ( control ( a /rictly imp]sonal nature4 ,social ,return4--,we are surpris$ to f9d t abroad !re h be5 publi%$ v few p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! social return ( ! s*ools1 al?\gh !y h be5 9 exi/5ce = a long "t1 "s ( !m = =ty ye>s4 ,/ati/ics are r>e1 )\t comm5t>ies1 & "s ( !m are app>5tly prejudic$4 ,9 ord] to f9d out :at !y are wor?1 we ?9k x w\ld be necess>y to live 9 ! c\ntry1 & to obs]ve c>efully = oneself ! "w ( ! s*ools4 ,! (ficial docum5ts d n tea* v mu*1 & "o may suspect t e public s]vice :i* is n sup]vis$ 9 ! mo/ intellig5t mann]1 & incit$ by competition1 w slip into r\t9e & empiricism4 ,we dem& an inquiry on ! two foll[+ po9ts3 ,h[ _m defectives are provid$ ) a trade :5 !y leave ! special s*ools8 ,h[ _m defectives are provid$ ) a trade :5 !y d n leave ! special s*ools8 ,su* an inquiry1 we may be c]ta91 has nev] be5 s]i\sly und]tak54 ,"h are "s /ati/ics4 ,mme4 ,fu/]1 aft] a /ay 9 ,g]many1 :]e %e visit$ "s ,hilfs*ule & ,hilfsclasse 7lit]ally1 help-s*ools & help-classes7 made a communication to ! ,societe de l',enfant1 f :i* x appe>s t 9 ! case ( #ij classes = defectives 9 ,b]l91 #gj to #ge p] c5t4 ( ! defective pupils :o 7 !re became able to c>ry on a trade2 #be to #cj p] c5t4 di$ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy1 or return$ to _! homes1 or 7 s5t to m$ical in/itutions = idiots4 ,accord+ to a m rec5t inquiry1 made "u ! auspices ( ,m4 de ,gizycki at ,b]l91 & publi%$ 9 a book by ,paul ,dubois1 #bb p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 7 s5t home or to asylums2 #aa p] c5t4 7 appr5tic$2 #fb p] c5t4 work$ at occupations :i* requir$ no k & yield$ little pay 7lab\r]s1 cross+-sweep]s1 ragm574 ,if we add toge!r ^! two la/ gr\ps1 we rea* a proportion ( #gc p] c5t4 ( defectives :o h be5 made1 or :o h become1 m or less useful4 ,we %all quote a la/ docum5t1 to :i* we atta* m importance ?an to ! prec$+1 = we h full confid5ce 9 ! au?or4 ,dr4 ,decroly has k9dly arrang$ at our reque/ a few figures relat+ to ! occupational classification ( ! girls dis*>g$ f a special class 9 ,brussels4 ,he /ates t ! class 0 op5$ only 9 #aijc1 t education 9 ,belgium is n compulsory1 t _m ( ! pupils leave ! class too soon--all circum/ances :i* expla9 ! smallness ( ! success4 ,he firmly believes 9 ! educational value ( special in/ruction1 provid$ "o does n expect miracles4 ,he has a good critical m9d4 ,we _c publi% "h ! :ole table4 ,we %all summ>ise x ?us3 ,( ?ree idiots1 practically no?+ is kn[n2 ( eight imbeciles1 "o is employ$ at home1 "o unemploy$ 7871 & "o is mess5g] to a %oemak]4 ,"o c sc>cely expect any real return 9 ! case ( imbeciles & idiots1 & ! m]it ( ,dr4 ,decroly's /ati/ics lies 9 ! fact ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 su* *ildr5 & ! feeble-m9d$4 ,let u speak m fully ( ! latt]4 ,!y are ?irty 9 numb]4 ,conc]n+ n9e !re are no p>ticul>s4 ,two h ent]$ a ,ca?olic s*ool1 & no?+ m is kn[n ab\t !m4 ,if we subtract ^! elev51 !re rema9 n9ete54 ,"s ( ^! are kept at home1 or occupi$ at home2 ( ^! !re are five4 ,we d n "k exactly :at !y are do+4 ,!re are o!rs :o "w1 b x is n /at$ :e!r ?is is outside1 or :e!r ! "w des]ves to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,f\r belong to ?is category4 ,!re rema9 ! appr5tices 7tailors1 cig>ette-mak]s1 sew]s1 etc471 ( :om !re are n9e4 ,p]haps ! la/ figure is ! only "o :i* des]ves to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,f9ally1 !n1 out ( n9ete5 feeble-m9d$ subjects1 reg>d+ :om p>ticul>s h be5 suppli$1 "o half1 or #ej p] c5t41 h be5 appr5tic$2 or m ?an half1 #ge p] c5t41 if we c\nt ! defectives :o "w4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 v f> f ! figures collect$ by ,mme4 ,fu/] = ! special classes ( ,b]l91 nor f ^? publi%$ by ,gizycki4 ,we d n ?9k en\gh ( ! ord9>y s*ool1 & ( ! s]vice x r5d]s to ! defectives2 or1 r1 we are too ready to ass]t t x does no?+ = !m4 ,yet1 all ! defectives :o leave x d n turn out badly4 ,!re are j\rnali/s :o try to attract ! att5tion ( public bodies by decl>+ t defectives1 left to !mselves1 inevitably fall into m5dicancy & crime4 ,:at d !y "k ab\t x8 ,absolutely no?+1 s9ce no s]i\s inquiry has ev] be5 c>ri$ out4 ,ev5 we1 = sev]al ye>s1 all[$ ourselves to be influ5c$ by su* sugge/ions1 until ! day :5 "o ( ^! j\rnali/s w5t r too f>4 ,we ref] to an ali5i/ :o publi%$ 9 a morn+ pap] a s]ies ( articles on ! defectives4 ,aft] hav+ e/imat$ _! total numb] at #dj1jjj1 he call$ !m ! madm5 ( to-morr[1 truly an excell5t title = a s5sational article4 ,b1 little z "o might ?9k x1 ( all t 0 writt5 no?+ 0 really prov$4 ,^? :o ?9k t ! defectives are de/9$ to become lunatics are j z mu* 9 a dream z ^? :o decl>e !y w become crim9als4 ,! fact is t we are 9 complete ignorance1 because "o has always recoil$ f an inquiry :i* promis$ to be z long z x w\ld be tr\blesome4 ,& x is a disgrace1 let u say frankly1 t no ,/ate has ev] und]tak5 x4 ,?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( an inspector1 ,m4 ,belot1 we h inquir$ ( tw5ty heads ( s*ools :at has become ( ! defectives :om !y notifi$ to u two ye>s ago4 ,we h made ^! inquiries ) reg>d to sixty-six *ildr5 only4 ,poor figures1 inde$1 & we w\ld n give !m1 b t a little is bett] ?an no?+4 ,^! sixty-six *ildr5 may be classifi$ ?us3 ,?irty-five are defective1 tw5ty-six ill-balanc$1 & ?ree bo? defective & ill-balanc$4 ,ret>dation is q pla9 9 ! un/able1 am\nt+ to f "o to two ye>s2 x is v m>k$ 9 ! case ( ! defectives 7"o alone has a ret>dation ( two ye>s1 ! o!rs h a ret>dation ( ?ree1 f\r1 six1 & ev5 sev5 ye>s74 ,we give ^! figures only t x may n be imag9$ t we are deal+ ) cases ( slight feeble-m9d$ness ) a ret>dation ( "o or two ye>s4 ,x is necess>y to und]/& ^! details 9 ord] to =m a correct idea ( ! value ( ! figures4 ,! p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! ultimate de/9y ( ^! sixty-six *ildr5 are z foll[s3 #a4 ,no ,return 9 ! ,case ( ,f\rte5 ,*ildr54--,"s left ! di/rict )\t giv+ an address4 ,"s ev5 left s*ool ) insults f ! p>5ts direct$ aga9/ ! tea*]s4 #b4 ,*ildr5 /ill at ,s*ool4--,^! numb] tw5ty-two4 ,we h already spok5 ab\t ?is little gr\p1 & h rem>k$ t "s ( !m h improv$4 #c4 ,*ildr5 s5t ,home or plac$ 9 ,asylums4--,!re are ?ree :o h be5 s5t to asylums4 ,we "k "o ( !m1 an imbecile1 b he _h bad in/9cts1 & :o kn[s b t he might h be5 made useful8 ,) reg>d to ! o!rs1 :o h be5 s5t home1 we h only v vague p>ticul>s1 & ! int]pretation ( _! condition is q arbitr>y4 ,"s ( !m seem to be useful4 ,"s girls help at home4 ,"s boys assi/ _! fa!rs at _! "w1 b are said to be want+ 9 balance or to require con/ant sup]vision4 ,we h ?\ght x well to include !m 9 ?is ?ird category1 :i* /&s = ! social wa/e4 ,!y numb] t54 ,we repeat t ! limits ( ?is gr\p are extremely ill-def9$4 ,) a little optimism "o might h pass$ ?ree-qu>t]s into ! foll[+ gr\p2 ) a little m /rictness1 on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5t gr\p w\ld h be5 l>g]4 ,we emphasise ! difficulty ( limit+ ! fronti] imp>tially4 ,x w\ld be a good ?+ to make use ( a crit]ion1 good or bad1 b exact4 ,"o w1 no d\bt1 be f\nd1 b 9 ! meantime we h none4 #d4 ,*ildr5 :o h become ,useful4--,^! are !y :o h become capable ( foll[+ "s call+4 ,x is evid5t t "o %\ld take acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! call+ foll[$2 _m are mis]y 9 disguise4 ,a little "t %\ld also be all[$1 = a *ild may n f9d def9ite occupation imm$iately on leav+ s*ool4 ,9 fact1 ! only p>ticul> we h reg>d+ ?is la/ gr\p ( *ildr5 is1 t !y h ent]$ on an appr5tice%ip4 ,girls are appr5tic$ to dressmak]s or laundresses4 ,boys are appr5tic$ z hairdress]s1 t9smi?s1 gild]s1 pr9t]s1 c>p5t]s1 etc4 ,^! *ildr5 numb] sev5te54 ,^! results h impress$ u r fav\rably4 ,we did n expect t ! majority ( defectives f ! ord9>y s*ool w\ld ent] an appr5tice%ip2 b1 9 fact1 ! majority did s4 ,if we ab/ract ! two fir/ gr\ps1 ^? ab\t :om ! p>ticul>s are want+1 & ^? :o h n yet left s*ool1 !re rema9 tw5ty-sev5 *ildr51 ( :om sev5te5 h be5 appr5tic$1 or #gf p] c5t4 ,f ^! /atem5ts ! foll[+ conclusion is rea*$--namely1 t1 contr>y to an op9ion :i* attempts are be+ made to spread abroad1 ! ord9>y s*ool does r5d] real s]vice to ! defective *ild4 ,we h already se51 a propos ( ! educational return1 t ! ord9>y s*ool c>ries a proportion ( ! defectives z f> z ! int]m$iate c\rse4 ,all ^! facts are mutually confirmatory4 ,is x possible to g f>!r8 ,we h j se5 t ! ord9>y s*ool p]mits ! occupational class+ ( #gf p] c5t4 ( ! defectives4 ,n[1 ?is proportion is1 by an unexpect$ agreem5t1 id5tical ) t obta9$ 9 ! classes ( ,b]l9 & ,brussels1 :5ce an oppon5t ( special in/ruction w\ld ha/5 to argue t su* in/ruction is useless1 or t1 at lea/1 x c\ld n prove its usefulness except on ! condition ( insur+ occupational class+ sup]ior to #gf p] c5t4 ,we d n ?9k1 aft] mature reflection1 t ?is proposition w\ld be ju/ifi$4 ,all our figures %[ is t ! majority ( defectives :o pass ?r\gh ! ord9>y s*ool _h n entirely lo/ _! "t1 s9ce !y rea*$ ! /age ( ent]+ ^u an appr5tice%ip4 ,b x w n d to take acc\nt only ( ! proportion ( *ildr5 class$ z work]s2 x w\ld be necess>y also to take acc\nt ( ! duration ( su* class+1 & especially ( its quality4 ,a defective ent]s ^u an appr5tice%ip4 ,t is good1 b h[ long does he reta9 x8 ,w he be dis*>g$ z incapable at ! end ( a few mon?s8 ,if he is kept1 w he rema9 9 ! l[e/ employm5ts--= example1 unskill$ lab\r8 ,9 connection ) all trades1 !re are m9or occupations 9 :i* defectives /agnate4 ,our figures d n take acc\nt ( ^! diff]5ces1 :i* are ( consid]able int]e/1 nor d !y give any full] ideas ) reg>d to ! utilisation ( ! defectives4 ,& x w\ld be necess>y = ! /ati/ical me?od to be c>ri$ out ) great] p]fection to enable u to measure ! s]vices r5d]$ by special in/ruction4 ,x is probable t ! special s*ool w\ld r5d] great] s]vices ?an ! ord9>y s*ool1 because x has great] advantages3 tea*]s exp]i5c$ 9 ! tra9+ ( defectives1 a curriculum bett] fitt$ to ! aptitudes ( ! latt]1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 ! possibility ( individual in/ruction4 ,let u /op "h4 ,9 ! meantime ?is is all t we c say ) reg>d to ! organisation & control ( special education4 ,if we 7 to attempt to g f>!r we c\ld d s only on a priori gr\nds4 ,! "t has come = exp]im5t4 ,! new classes :i* are be+ =m$ 9 ,bordeaux1 ,p>is1 & else:]e1 mu/ be c>efully wat*$4 ,we %all grope1 we %all make attempts1 c]ta9ly we %all commit mi/akes1 :i* w n matt] v mu* if only we h ! m9d to recognise !m & ! c\rage to put !m "r4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is = all ! _w to und]/& t empiricism has _h its day1 & t me?ods ( sci5tific precision mu/ be introduc$ into all educational "w1 to c>ry ev]y:]e good s5se & light4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,9 try+ to expla9 ?is success1 "o mu/1 no d\bt1 take into acc\nt ! comp>atively advanc$ age ( ! *ildr51 ! probable l5i5cy ( ! exam9]s1 &1 above all1 ! fact t ! ill-balanc$ subject is a moral r ?an a m5tal defective4 ,,app5dix ,n4,b4--,?r\gh\t ! ,app5dix ,roman num]als ref] to ages--e4g41 ,,iv4 #b second te/ = *ildr5 ( f\r ye>s4 ,"p ( ! int]e/ ( ?is "w on defective *ildr5 consi/s 9 ! fact t 9 x we f9d ! orig9 ( ^? ideas & inve/igations :i* culm9at$ 9 ! =mation ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,scale ( ,intellig5ce1 n[ s widely kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! ideal t ,b9et set be=e himself 0 ! =mation ( a scale :i* %\ld measure intellig5ce 9 some?+ ! same way z ! foot-rule measures height4 ,! fir/ difficulty 0 ! unit4 ,if we reg>d intellig5ce z ! p[] to cope ) a situation1 we see t ?is p[] 9 a g5]al way increases ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ild1 or1 we may say1 ) 8 age4 ,a *ild ( n9e %\ld h m intellig5ce ?an "o ( eight1 a *ild ( eight ?an a *ild ( sev51 & s on4 ,we may suppose1 !n1 t !re is a normal intellig5ce = ea* age j z !re is a normal height = ea* age1 al?\gh 9 ! fir/ case1 z 9 ! second1 _m *ildr5 fall bel[ & _m rise above ! /&>d4 ,x is cle>ly by no means s easy to e/abli% a norm = intellig5ce z = height1 nev]!less1 ! me?od %\ld be ! same2 t is1 we %\ld beg9 by f9d+ out :at ! intellig5ce ( *ildr5 ( diff]5t ages actually is1 & f ^! results we %\ld d]ive av]ages :i* might be us$ z norms4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w ) defectives1 ,b9et1 z we h se51 _h ga!r$ a numb] ( que/ions :i* he _h f\nd useful z te/s ( intellig5ce4 ,he n[1 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,simon1 proce$$ to ext5d ! numb] ( ^! te/s & to assign ea* to its appropriate age4 ,! me?od he adopt$ 0 ?is3 ,he tri$ ea* te/ on a great numb] ( normal *ildr5 ( ! same age4 ,if a l>ge majority answ]$ satisfactorily1 he set ! te/ d[n z suitable = t age2 if a majority fail$1 he mov$ x to a m advanc$ age1 & te/$ x aga9 on old] *ildr54 ,:5 we consid] 8 scale !n1 we mu/ rememb] t ! arrangem5t is no arbitr>y "o1 b has be5 d]iv$ f actual exp]im5t4 ,9 #aijh1 aft] hav+ be5 tri$ on ov] two hundr$ ,p>isian s*ool *ildr51 ! te/s 7 publi%$ 9 ! =m ( a scale1 giv+ a measure ( intellig5ce grad$ f ?ree to ?irte5 ye>s ( age4 ,by ?is scale x 0 held a *ild's m5tal age1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 0 (t5 n ! same z 8 *ronological age1 c\ld be det]m9$4 ,9 #aiaa !re 0 publi%$ a revis$ scale 9 :i*1 ow+ to ! results ( fur!r exp]im5t & criticism1 a consid]able numb] ( alt]ations 9 ! grad+ ( ! te/s 0 made4 ,?is revis$ =m ( ! scale is giv5 bel[4 ,= conv5i5ce 9 use ! exact words to be said to ! *ild are plac$ fir/1 ! p>ticul> directions = ea* te/ be+ giv5 aft]w>ds4 ,g5]al directions reg>d+ ! te/s & ! me?od ( m>k+ w be f\nd at ! end ( ! scale4 ,te/s ( ,intellig5ce4 ,?ree ,ye>s4 #a4 ,%[ me y\r eyes4 ,%[ me y\r nose4 ,%[ me y\r m\?4 ,c\nt ! *ild correct if he indicates 9 any way t he und]/&s4 #b4 ,i am go+ to say two numb]s4 ,say !m aft] me--#c1 #g4--;,aga91 #f1 #d4--;,aga91 #j1 #e4 ,! exam9] mu/ say ! figures sl[ly2 an int]val ( half a second %\ld be all[$ betwe5 ! two4 ,! *ild passes if he is successful once out ( ! ?ree trials4 #c4 ,"h is a picture2 tell me :at y see4 ,! *ild passes at ?is level if he simply enum]ates objects se5 9 ! pictures 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c74 #d4 ,:at is y\r "n8 ,= a pass ! surname mu/ be giv51 b if ! *ild says 8 ,*ri/ian "n only1 ! exam9] may press him by ask+ ,:at else8 #e4 ,say ?is s5t5ce aft] me--',i am cold & hungry4' ,if ! *ild is timid1 he may be tri$ fir/ ) %ort] s5t5ces4 ,he is n all[$ to pass unless 8 enunciation is p]fect4 ,a s5t5ce conta9+ six syllables %\ld be rememb]$ at ?is level4 ,f\r ,ye>s4 #a4 ,are y a little boy or a little girl8 ,if necess>y1 ?is "q may be divid$3 ,are y a little boy8 ,are y a little girl8 #b4 ,:at is ?is8--,& ?is8--,& ?is8 ,! exam9] %[s ! *ild successively a key1 a p5ny1 & a knife4 #c4 ,i am go+ to say ?ree numb]s4 ,i want y to repeat !m4 ,li/54 #b1 #g1 #e4--;,aga91 #i1 #j1 #d4--;,aga91 #c1 #h1 #a4 ,"o success suffices4 #d4 ,y see ^! l9es4 ,tell me :i* is long]4 ,see ,fig4 #g4 ,no hesitation or unc]ta9ty is satisfactory4 ,five ,ye>s4 #a4 ,y see ^! boxes4 ,tell me :i* is heavi]4 ,! exam9] places two boxes precisely ! same 9 appe>ance1 b weigh+ respectively #c grammes & #ab grammes1 be=e ! *ild4 ,he repeats ! te/ ) simil> boxes1 weigh+ respectively #f & #ae grammes1 & !n ! fir/ pair is aga9 pres5t$4 ,! boxes %\ld be arrang$ s t ! heavi] "o is alt]nately at ! "r & at ! left side4 ,v "y *ildr5 ne>ly always indicate "o ( ! boxes by *ance )\t te/+ !m4 ,9 ?is case ! exam9] is all[$ to say1 ,y mu/ take ! boxes 9 y\r h& & weigh !m4 #b4 ,copy ?is picture = me4 ,! exam9] %[s ! *ild a c>d on :i* is drawn a squ>e1 ! side ( :i* measures an in* & a half4 ,! *ild is giv5 p5 & ink1 an unfamili> in/rum5t to him at ?is age4 ,he passes if 8 squ>e c be recognis$ z a squ>e4 #c4 ,li/5 to ?is1 & repeat x aft] me3 ',my "n is ,*>lie4 ,oh6 ! naughty dog6' ,memory ( a s5t5ce conta9+ t5 syllables is requir$4 #d4 ,y see ^! p5nies4 ,n[ c\nt !m ) y\r f+]4 ,f\r p5nies are plac$ be=e ! *ild4 ,!y are juxtapos$1 b n sup]pos$4 ,9 ord] to pass1 he mu/ c\nt !m1 t\*+ ea* ) 8 =ef+] z he says its numb]4 ,"s little *ildr5 beg9 to c\nt be=e !y t\* ! fir/ p5ny2 ?us !y may rea* five or six or ev5 m4 #e4 ,put ^! pieces toge!r s z to make !m look l ?is4 ,! exam9] has two oblong c>ds--po/c>ds d v well--"o ( :i* is cut 9 two pieces along ! diagonal4 ,be=e giv+ ! direction to ! *ild1 he places ! intact c>d on ! table1 &1 ne>] ! *ild1 ! two pieces ( ! o!r c>d arrang$ s t ! two hypot5uses =m a "r angle4,a ,six ,ye>s4 #a4 ,is x morn+ or aft]noon n[8 ,z _m little *ildr5 t5d simply to repeat ! exam9]'s la/ words1 x is bett] to rev]se ! t]ms morn+ & aft]noon :5 ! exam9ation takes place 9 ! aft]noon4 #b4 ,:at is a =k8--,:at is a table8--,a *air8--,a horse8--,a mamma8 ,?ree levels ( intellig5ce may be di/+ui%$ 9 ! responses4 ,! l[e/ is t ( sil5ce1 or repetition ( ! t]m1 or designation by ge/ure4 ,! second1 :i* %\ld be atta9$ at ! age ( six1 is t ( def9ition by use1 z3 ,a =k is = eat+ )4 ,! ?ird level is atta9$ by ! n9? ye>2 ! *ild at ?is level attempts to describe ! object or to say :at x is made (4 ,! type ( ! majority ( ! def9itions det]m9es "o's judgm5t ( ! level atta9$4 #c4 ,copy ?is picture = me4 ,! exam9] %[s ! *ild a c>d on :i* is drawn a diamond1 ( :i* ! side measures an in* & a half1 & ! acute angles #fj degrees4 ,! draw+ mu/ be done ) p5 & ink4 #d4 ,c\nt ^! p5nies4 ,?irte5 p5nies are plac$ on ! table 9 a gr\p 7n 9 a l9e7 t\*+ "o ano!r1 b n sup]pos$4 #e4 ,:i* is ! pretti] ( ^! two faces8--,& ( ^!8--,& ( ^!8 ,see ,fig4 #d4 ,?ree correct responses requir$4 ,sev5 ,ye>s4 #a4 ,%[ me y\r "r h&4--,%[ me y\r left e>4 #b4 ,"h is a picture4 ,tell me :at y see4 ,description ( picture requir$ 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c47 #c4 ,d y see ?is key8 ,g & put x on t *air4 ,!n close ! door4 ,!n take ! box :i* is ly+ on ! *air ne> ! door & br+ x to me4 ,fir/ put ! key on ! *air1 !n close ! door1 !n br+ me ! box4 ,no help or sugge/ion by ^w or look mu/ be giv5 dur+ ! execution ( ?is task4 #d4 ,h[ mu* money is !re "h altoge!r8 ,?ree p5nies & ?ree halfp5nies are plac$ on ! table be=e ! *ild4 #e4 ,:at is ?is col\r8--,& ?is8--,& ?is8--,& ?is8 ,! exam9] %[s ! *ild successively ! f\r col\rs--r$1 yell[1 blue1 & gre54 ,eight ,ye>s4 #a4 ,y "k a butt]fly8--,& y "k a fly8--,are !y l "o ano!r8--,well1 9 :at way are !y n alike8 ,! same que/ions are ask$ ab\t wood & glass1 & pap] & c>dbo>d4 ,two comp>isons at lea/ mu/ be giv5 correctly4 #b4 ,y c c\nt1 c't y8--,well1 w y c\nt = me backw>ds f tw5ty to no?+8 ,beg9 #bj1 #ai4444 ,"o error is all[$1 b ! task mu/ be f9i%$ 9 tw5ty seconds4 #c4 ,:at is miss+ 9 ?is picture8 ,! *ild mu/ n be all[$ to see ! figure 9 ! diagram until he has answ]$ ! que/ions reg>d+ ! heads4 ,o!rwise1 :5 %[n a head1 he may say1 be+ influ5c$ by sugge/ion1 ,x has no body4 ,see ,fig4 #e4 ,! same "q is put = ea* ( ! f\r pictures4 #d4 ,c y tell me :at day x is8--,& w y tell me ! date also8 ,! ye> mu/ be giv52 ?ree or f\r days' latitude is all[$ 9 ! day ( ! mon?4 #e4 ,i am go+ to say five numb]s4 ,li/5 & repeat !m aft] me4 #e1 #h1 #b1 #i1 #a4--;,aga91 #c1 #g1 #e1 #b1 #j4--;,aga91 #a1 #c1 #g1 #b1 #i4 ,"o success suffices4 ,n9e ,ye>s4 #a4 ,w\ld y l to play %op8 ,y be %opkeep]4 ,i w buy f y ?is box4 ,x co/s twop5ce4 ,"h ! exam9] h&s ! *ild a %ill+4 ,n[1 w y give me *ange out ( ?is money "h8 ,9 ord] to give ! *ange ! *ild is provid$ ) "o ( ea* ( our curr5t co9s--sov]eign1 half-sov]eign1 cr[n1 half-cr[n1 flor91 %ill+1 sixp5ce1 ?reep5ce1 p5ny1 halfp5ny--& 9 addition five halfp5ce & six p5nies4 ,note4--,b9et gives ! *ild a franc = an article valu$ at #bj s\s1 & ! *ild has to select 8 *ange f ! foll[+ co9s3 #h co9s ( ! value #j fr4 #je1 #d ( ! value #j fr4 #aj1 & #a ( ea* ( ! o!rs--viz41 #j fr4 #be1 #j fr4 #ej1 #a fr41 #b fr41 #e fr41 #aj fr41 #bj fr4 #b4 ,:at is a =k8--,:at is a table8--,a *air8--,a horse8--,a mamma8 ,= a pass ?ree at lea/ ( ! def9itions mu/ be giv5 9 a =m sup]ior to ! use type4 #c4 ,:at is ! "n ( ?is co98--,& ( ?is8--,& ( ?is8 ,! exam9] 9 ?is way goes ?r\gh 9 irregul> ord] all our curr5t pieces ( money4 ,co9s l "o ano!r %\ld n be %[n 9 imm$iate succession4 #d4 ,w y tell me ! names ( ! mon?s 9 ord]8 ,"o omission or "o inv]sion is all[$ to pass4 #e4 ,:at w\ld y d if y miss$ a tra98--,:at w\ld y d if "o ( y\r playmates %\ld hit y )\t mean+ to d s8--,:at w\ld y d if y broke some?+ belong+ to someone else8 ,= a pass two at lea/ ( ^! que/ions mu/ be answ]$ s5sibly4 ,t5 ,ye>s4 #a4 ,y see ^! little boxes4 ,!y are n all ! same weight4 ,"s are heavy & "s are light4 ,place ! heavie/ "o "h1 & at its side ! "o :i* is a little less heavy1 !n ! "o /ill a little less1 & f9ally ! lighte/ ( all4 ,! boxes 9 "q weigh respectively #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 & #ah grammes1 & all look ! same4 ,!y are plac$ 9 a pile be=e ! *ild1 & z ! exam9] gives ! directions he indicates ) 8 f+] ! place he appo9ts = ea* box4 ,?ree trials %\ld be giv51 ! boxes be+ mix$ aft] ea* trial4 ,9 ord] to pass ! *ild mu/ be correct at lea/ twice4 ,! "t %\ld n exce$ ?ree m9utes4 ,! mat]ial = ! te/ c be easily made f mat*-boxes4 #b4 ,n[ ,i am go+ to %[ y two draw+s4 ,y may look at !m = t5 seconds1 :i* is a v %ort "t4 ,!n ,i w ask y to draw !m f memory4 ,= ! draw+s see ,fig4 #f4 ,! *ild is c\nt$ correct if he reproduces ! :ole ( "o draw+ & half ! o!r4 #c4 ,i am go+ to read y "s s5t5ces1 ea* ( :i* conta9s some?+ fooli%4 ,li/5 att5tively & tell me ea* "t :at is fooli%4 ,! exam9] reads ! s5t5ces impressively1 b )\t any special emphasis on ! "p ! *ild %\ld comm5t on4 ,ea* "t :5 he f9i%es he *anges 8 tone1 & dem&s1 ,:at is fooli% 9 t8 ,s5t5ces4--7#a7 ,an un=tunate bicycle rid] fell on 8 head & 0 kill$ in/antly2 he 0 tak5 to a hospital1 & !y fe> he w n recov]4 7#b7 ,i h ?ree bro!rs1 ,paul1 ,erne/1 & myself4 7#c7 ,! body ( an un=tunate "y girl1 cut into eighte5 pieces1 0 f\nd ye/]day on ! =tifications4 ,x is ?\ght t %e kill$ h]self4 7#d7 ,!re 0 a railway accid5t ye/]day1 b x 0 n a bad "o2 ! numb] ( dead is only =ty-eight4 7#e7 ,someone said ,if ,i %\ld ev] gr[ desp]ate & kill myself1 ,i w n *oose ,friday1 because ,friday is an unlucky day1 & w br+ me unhapp9ess4 ,?ree satisfactory answ]s are requir$4 #d4 ,:at w\ld y d if y 7 delay$ 9 go+ to s*ool8--,:at w\ld y d be=e tak+ "p 9 an important affair8--,:y is a bad action done :5 "o is angry m excusable ?an ! same action done :5 "o is n angry8--,:at w\ld y d if y 7 ask$ y\r op9ion ( someone :om y did n "k well8--,:y %\ld "o judge a p]son by 8 acts r ?an by 8 words8 ,?ree s5sible answ]s mu/ be giv54 #e4 ,i am go+ to read y ?ree words1 & ,i want y to make a s5t5ce & use 9 x ! ?ree words4 ,! words are ,p>is1 =tune1 /ream4 ,! expression make a s5t5ce mu/ n be fur!r expla9$1 b ! in/ructions may be repeat$4 ,! *ild is giv5 a p5cil & pap]1 &1 if necess>y1 %\ld be urg$ to write some?+4 ,= a pass ! s5t5ce %\ld be well co-ord9at$4 ,at ?is /age x may conta9 two di/9ct ideas1 b n ?ree2 at ! high] level x mu/ conta9 only "o idea 7see ,,xii4 #b74 ,"o m9ute is ! "t all[$ = writ+4 ,twelve ,ye>s4 #a4 ,:i* is ! long] ( ^! two l9es8--,& ( ^?8--,& ( ^?8--,& ( ^?8--,& ( ^?8--,& ( ^?8 ,?is te/ is aim$ at ! sugge/ibility ( ! *ild4 ,= ! mat]ial see ,figs4 #h-ac4 ,! fir/ ?ree pairs ( l9es diff] 9 l5g?1 ! long] be+ at ! "r h&2 ! la/ ?ree pairs are equal4 ,x is suffici5t if ! *ild correctly judges two ( ! la/ ?ree pairs to be equal4 #b4 ,i am go+ to read y ?ree words4 ,i want y to make a s5t5ce & use 9 x ! ?ree words4 ,! words are ,p>is1 =tune1 /ream4 ,= directions see ,,xi4 #e4 #c4 ,i am go+ to all[ y ?ree m9utes1 & ,i want y to say z _m words z y c ?9k (4 ,"s *ildr5 h said m ?an two hundr$4 ,let u see h[ _m y c d4 ,ready8 ,/>t4 ,9 ord] to pass ! *ild mu/ say ov] sixty words4 #d4 ,:at is ,*>ity8--,:at is ,ju/ice8--,:at is ,k9dness8 ,two correct responses are requir$4 #e4 ,put ^! words 9 _! prop] ord] & f9d ! s5t5ce :i* !y make4 ,?ree c>ds are successively pres5t$ to ! *ild1 on ea* ( :i* is v cle>ly writt5 or pr9t$ "o ( ! foll[+ sets ( words arrang$ 9 ?ree l9es4 7#a7 ,=--an--!--at--h\r--e>ly--we--c\ntry--/> t$4 7#b7 ,to--ask$--ex]cise--my--,i--tea*]--corre ct--my4 7#c7 ,a--def5ds--dog--good--8--ma/]--bravely4 ,"o m9ute is all[$ = ea* s5t5ce1 & two correct answ]s are requir$4 ,fifte5 ,ye>s4 #a4 ,i am go+ to say sev5 numb]s to y1 & ,i want y to repeat !m aft] me4 ,n[1 #e1 #b1 #g1 #i1 #a1 #f1 #j4--;,aga91 #f1 #d1 #a1 #c1 #i1 #g1 #e4--;,aga91 #h1 #j1 #d1 #b1 #g1 #c1 #f4 ,"o success suffices4 #b4 ,d y "k ! mean+ ( ! ^w 'rhyme'8 ,two words are said to rhyme :5 !y h simil> end+s1 su* z h\r & fl[]1 or c&y & d&y4 ,d y und]/&8 ,n[1 f9d all ! words :i* rhyme ) day4 ,! *ild is requir$ to f9d ?ree rhymes 9 "o m9ute4 #c4 ,i am go+ to say "s s5t5ces to y1 & ,i want y to repeat !m exactly aft] me4 ,ready8 ',! o!r day ,i saw on ! /reet a pretty yell[ dog4 ,little ,maurice has /a9$ 8 nice new apron4' ,! exam9] is advis$ to h ready a s]ies ( s5t5ces =m$ ( words easy to und]/&4 ,he %\ld beg9 ) "o some:at %ort] ?an t sugge/$1 :i* consi/s ( tw5ty-six syllables--! l5g? requir$ by ,b9et at ?is age4 #d4 ,"h is a picture4 ,tell me :at y see4 ,at ?is level int]pretation ( ! picture is requir$4 ,m]e description ( ! activities repres5t$ is n suffici5t4 #e4 ,li/5 to :at ,i am go+ to read to y3 ,a woman 0 walk+ ?r\gh a p>k 9 ,*icago4 ,sudd5ly %e /opp$1 dreadfully fright5$4 ,%e ran to ! ne>e/ policeman & told him %e _h se5 hang+ to ! limb ( a tree--aft] a pause--a :at8 ,aga93 ,my neighb\r has j receiv$ "s s+ul> visitors3 "o aft] ano!r a doctor1 a lawy]1 & a prie/ call$4 ,:at is happ5+ at my neighb\r's8 ,bo? problems mu/ be solv$ satisfactorily4 ,adult4 #a4 ,"h is a pap] fold$ 9 f\r4 ,suppose t "h 7po9t+ to a small triangle t has be5 drawn 9 ! middle ( ! edge :i* pres5ts a s+le fold7 ,i cut out ?is little triangle4 ,n[1 if ,i unfold ! pap]1 h[ w\ld x look8 ,draw ! pap] z1 x w\ld appe> if unfold$ & %[ h[ & :]e x w\ld be cut4 ,! pap] is squ>e to beg9 )1 & is fold$ twice s z to %[ a squ>e "o qu>t] ( ! orig9al size4 ,! requir$ draw+ w %[ two diamonds drawn 9 l9e ) ea* o!r1 & ea* 9 ! c5tre ( "o half ( a squ>e4 #b4 ,look at ?is c>d4 ,suppose ,i lift ?is l[] "p & place ?is edge 7trac+ ! edge ,a ,c ) ! f+]7 on ?is edge 7! diagonal ( ! upp] piece74 ,suppose also t ?is po9t 7,c7 is plac$ j on ?is po9t 7,b74 ,n[ ,i w take away ! piece1 & d y draw ! :ole figure z x w appe> :5 ! propos$ *ange is made4 ,beg9 by draw+ ! upp] "p4 ,illu/ration ,a "r angle mu/ be repres5t$ at ,b1 & ! edge ,a ,c be %[n %ort] ?an ! edge ,a ,b4 #c4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 laz9ess & idl5ess8--,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ev5t & adv5t8--,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 evolution & revolution8 ,two correct answ]s requir$4 #d4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal diff]5ces betwe5 a ,k+ & a ,presid5t ( a ,republic4 ,:at are !y8 ,requir$ answ]3 ,royalty is h]$it>y1 ! t5ure ( (fice is = life1 & its p[]s are v great2 ! ,presid5t is elect$1 8 t5ure ( (fice is = a limit$ "t1 & 8 p[]s are less ext5sive4 #e4 ,li/5 to :at ,i am go+ to read to y4 ,:5 ,i h f9i%$ ,i %all ask y to give me ! s5se ( ! passage3 ',_m op9ions h be5 giv5 on ! value ( life4 ,"s call x good1 o!rs call x bad4 ,x w\ld be m j to say t x is m$iocre1 = on ! "o h& our happ9ess is nev] s great z we w\ld h x1 & on ! o!r h& our mis=tunes are nev] s great z o!rs w\ld h !m4 ,x is ?is m$iocrity ( life :i* makes x j1 or r :i* prev5ts x f be+ radically unju/4' ,directions to ,exam9]s4--,9 ! use ( ! ,b9et scale !re are v>i\s pitfalls t await ! beg9n]4 ,9 ! fir/ place he is almo/ c]ta9 to array himself on ! side ( ! *ild & to decl>e 9 "s in/ances t ! te/ is n a fair "o--! *ild c\ld h pass$ _h he und]/ood :at 0 want$4 ,"o frequ5tly sees ?is attitude t[>ds ! puzzle te/4 7,v4 #e47 ,= example1 ! exam9] is dissatisfi$ :5 ! *ild simply moves ! pieces ( c>d ab\t 9 a mean+less way1 & he tries to expla9 m cle>ly :at is want$4 ,i h se5 "o exam9] g s f> z to %[ ! *ild ! solution1 & !n give him a pass :5 he repeat$ x4 ,! exam9] mu/ always rememb] t a *ild :o has rea*$ ! requir$ level ( intellig5ce w himself see :at is want$4 ,?is compreh5sion is inde$ ! v ?+ we are te/+ =4 ,secondly1 ! exam9] is apt to %[ by 8 mann] :5 he is dissatisfi$ ) a *ild's answ]4 ,9 "s cases ?is may lead him to correct himself--e4g41 ,,vii4 #a4 ,! exam9] mu/ be> con/antly 9 m9d t all answ]s are equally pleas+ to him2 he is n !re to in/ruct ! *ild1 b to te/ him4 ,:5 mean+less or absurd responses are giv51 z !y frequ5tly are1 ! exam9] mu/ accept !m *e]fully1 ev5 9 "s cases ) praise1 & record a failure4 ,! record1 ( c\rse1 mu/ nev] be visible to ! *ild4 ,aga91 ! exam9] mu/ n suppose t ! scale c be appli$ me*anically4 ,bo? exp]i5ce & judgm5t are necess>y be=e ! results c be correctly gaug$4 ,9 c]ta9 te/s--e4g41 ! absurdities--a *ild's mann] tells z mu* z 8 words4 ,! *ildr5 on :om ,i h tri$ ?is te/ ne>ly always laugh$ :5 !y really grasp$ ! po9t4 ,be=e he lays mu* /ress on 8 results an exam9] %\ld h te/$ at lea/ tw5ty *ildr54 ,!re is ano!r factor :i* prev5ts any me*anical use ( ! scale lead+ to satisfactory results1 & t is ! v>iability ( ! *ild's responsiv5ess4 ,) an unsympa!tic exam9]1 or ) an un=tunate />t1 he w d himself less ?an ju/ice4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! exam9] to keep ! *ild 9 t /ate ( m5tal exhil>ation :i* enables him to d 8 be/4 ,words ( enc\ragem5t & praise %\ld 9 "s cases be freely us$1 b1 ( c\rse1 c>e mu/ always be tak5 to avoid1 :e!r 9 ^w1 tone1 ge/ure1 or facial expression1 ! slighte/ sugge/ion ( ! correct solution4 ,! happy /ate ( m9d mu/ be secur$ at ! v beg9n+1 & = ?is purpose ! *oice ( ! fir/ te/ is v important4 ,i call to m9d a bright *ild ( eight :o 0 confront$ fir/ ) a simple puzzle te/4 ,= "s reason1 probably ov]-anxiety to d well1 %e did n see ! solution1 & be+ too intellig5t n to p]ceive h] own failure1 %e bur/ into te>s4 ,su* un=tunate accid5ts are1 h[ev]1 r>e4 ,! *ildr5 usually enjoy ! int]view4 ,to secure a good />t "o mu/ beg9 ) a te/ :i* ! *ild w reg>d z easy & pleasant4 ,"o soon kn[s almo/ at sight ( ! *ild :at x is be/ to try fir/4 ,"o usually beg9s ) te/s = an age at lea/ a ye> y\ng] ?an t ( ! little subject1 & works upw>d4 ,! exam9] %\ld be alone ) ! *ild except = ! pres5ce ( someone ^: bus9ess x is to make notes4 ,9 su* te/s z ! description ( a picture1 ! def9ition te/s1 ! que/ions ( ev]yday life1 ! *ild's full answ]s %\ld be writt5 d[n4 ,! exam9] %\ld1 h[ev]1 record 8 own judgm5t z to :e!r ! *ild has pass$ or fail$ at once1 z !re are v>i\s factors :i* t5d to make an imm$iate judgm5t bo? m c]ta9 & m accurate ?an a delay$ "o4 ,s f> z ! actual te/+ is conc]n$1 ! exam9] %\ld conf9e himself to ! words giv5 9 ! text4 ,he w f9d himself tempt$ sometimes to draw ! *ild out4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! picture te/1 :5 ! *ild has giv5 him a brief enum]ation ( objects & !n /opp$1 he w f9d himself say+1 ,b :at is ?is man do+8 ,! *ild c probably tell2 b he mu/ n on ?is acc\nt be accord$ a pass on ! descriptive level2 he has already %[n t 8 level is t ( simple enum]ation4 ,"s ( ! te/s 7def9itions1 comp>isons1 sugge/ion7 br+ out a t5d5cy to automatism :i* is pres5t 9 _m *ildr54 ,?us1 a *ild hav+ repli$ correctly t a butt]fly is bigg] ?an a fly1 may g on to /ate t wood is bigg] ?an glass1 & pap] ?an c>dbo>d2 or hav+ f\nd t ,x is a =k is well receiv$ z a def9ition ( t implem5t1 he may give simil> replies to ! o!r qu]ies 9 ! def9ition te/4 ,?is automatism %\ld n be *eck$3 x %\ld be record$4 ,! m intellig5t *ildr5 beg9 to exhibit a c]ta9 dissatisfaction ) _! own answ]s1 h[ev] readily !y are accept$4 ,x is n always easy to foll[ ! work+ ( ! *ildi% m9d1 & x is n usually advisable to press = fur!r explanation4 ,su* a c\rse is apt to puzzle ! *ild1 & r5d] ! conditions less fav\rable4 ,if y are n c]ta9 t he %\ld be all[$ to pass1 y may be practically c]ta9 t he %\ld n4 ,sometimes "o gets int]e/+ glimpses into ! subject's m5tality4 ,a little boy once told me he _h nev] se5 a butt]fly4 ,nev]!less1 ,i ask$ ! comp>ison "q1 & he gave :at is a v usual answ]3 ,a butt]fly is bigg] ?an a fly4 ,h[ d y "k1 ,i said1 if y h nev] se5 a butt]fly8 ,x's a bigg] ^w1 he repli$4 ,ano!r "t a little girl1 :o also decl>$ %e _h nev] se5 a butt]fly1 gave ano!r answ] :i* is also v common3 ,a butt]fly is yell[1 & a fly is black4 ,! s\rce ( ?is k 0 n discov]$2 b "o ( my /ud5ts told me lat] t a *ild :om %e que/ion$ ab\t a butt]fly said3 ,i h se5 "o2 x 0 blue1 b x ought to h be5 yell[4 ,on be+ ask$ :y1 %e respond$3 ,butt] is yell[4 ,! te/1 ( c\rse1 is n = ! k ( ! ?+s1 b = ! p[] ( mak+ a comp>ison4 ,occasionally "o has to m>k a *ild z d\btful4 ,?us1 9 def9+ ab/ract t]ms 7,,xii4 #d7 ,b9et records t out ( =ty-five n9e-ye>-old *ildr51 f\r pass$1 ?irty-six fail$1 & five 7 d\btful4 ,?is te/1 h[ev]1 gives an unusually l>ge p]c5tage ( d\btfuls4 ,me?od ( ,m>k+4--,! exam9] %\ld h a l>ge %eet ( pap] or a note-book ) ! names ( ! te/s writt5 9 column at ! left-h& side4 ,opposite ea* 9 a second column he %\ld ent] a sign indicat+ 8 judgm5t4 ,b9et recomm5ds ! use ( ! foll[+ signs3 6 excell5t1 pass1 8 almo/ a pass1 8 d\btful1 #j sil5ce1-- 8 almo/ a failure1 -- a failure1 -- 6 a bad failure4 ,lat] ?is record %\ld be supplem5t$ f ! notes tak5 by ! secret>y1 also by in=mation reg>d+ ! *ild's p]sonal hi/ory1 & by comm5ts on 8 behavi\r dur+ ! exam9ation4 ,! m5tal age assign$ to him is det]m9$ 9 ?is way3 "o f9ds ! age-level at :i* he passes all ! te/s1 & adds a ye> = e five te/s t he passes above t level4 ,?us1 if a *ild ( sev5 passes all ! te/s = sev5 ye>s1 ?ree ( ^? = eight1 & two ( ^? = n9e1 he has a m5tal age ( eight ye>s4 ,b9et all[s ! use ( fractions1 "o-fif? ( a ye> = e te/ pass$1 b he admits t ?is gives an appe>ance ( a degree ( exactitude :i* is probably n atta9$4 ,%\ld a *ild's m5tal age %[ a ret>dation ( ?ree ye>s z comp>$ ) 8 *ronological age1 & %\ld !re be no evid5t explanation ( ?is1 su* z ill-heal?1 neglect ( s*ool att5dance1 etc41 he is reckon$ z defici5t m5tally4 ,b9et's scale has be5 criticis$ f v>i\s po9ts ( view4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x seems to be f\nd too easy at ! l[] end & too difficult at ! high] end4 ,x seems c]ta9 t "s ( ! te/s h n yet f\nd _! prop] level1 or1 inde$1 t ! prop] level may v>y f c\ntry to c\ntry1 f s*ool to s*ool1 & f "o social rank to ano!r4 ,?us1 ! writ] has f\nd t practically all ! five-ye>-old *ildr5 pres5t 9 a c]ta9 s*ool dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s are able to pass ! col\r te/ assign$ by ,b9et to sev5 ye>s ( age4 ,^! *ildr51 h[ev]1 probably belong to a high] social class ?an ! five-ye>-olds te/$ by ,b9et4 ,an exam9] v quickly le>ns :i* ( ! te/s beyond 8 age x is advisable to put to ! p>ticul> *ild he is deal+ )1 & ow+ to ! me?od ( m>k+ x does n matt] mu* if "o or two te/s are misplac$ ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> gr\p ( *ildr54 ,! important ?+ is t !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion on ! "p ( ^? :o h tri$ ! scale z to its value z a m5tal probe & regi/] ( m5tal atta9m5t4 ,revisions & elaborations ( x h already be5 publi%$1,b b 9 view ( its simplicity & brevity1 & ! valuable analytical "w ( :i* x has prov$ itself capable1 ! #aiaa =m w probably rema9 a /&>d = at lea/ "s ye>s to come4 ,= ! complete s]ies ( te/s ! exam9] w require ! foll[+ mat]ial 9 addition to ! diagrams3 ,?ree suitable pictures4 ,key1 p5ny1 knife4 ,,iv4 #b4 ,weights4 ,v4 #a & ,x4 #a4 ,draw+ ( squ>e4 ,v4 #b4 ,draw+ ( diamond4 ,,vi4 #c4 ,rectangul> c>d & divid$ rectangle4 ,v4 #e & ,adult1 #b4 ,col\rs4 ,,vii4 #e4 ,c>ds ) mix$ s5t5ces4 ,,xii4 #e4 ,squ>e ( pap]4 ,adult1 #a4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,! directions = ?is te/1 giv5 9 #aijh1 are to arrange ! two triangles s t ! hypot5uses are z f> di/ant z possible f "o ano!r4 ,9 ! #aiaa article ! directions are z above4 ,x seems to ! writ] t bo? directions are ambigu\s4 ,9 c]ta9 exp]im5ts 9 :i* %e foll[$ ! #aijh directions %e plac$ ! triangles ?us ,illu/ration3 oblique triangle po9t up1 oblique triangle po9t d[n1 s t ! *ildr5 _h to lift "o across ! o!r to effect a solution4 ,a v small p]c5tage ( five-ye>-old *ildr5 succe$$4 ,if ! triangles are plac$ ?us ,illu/ration3 oblique triangle po9t up1 oblique triangle long side d[n ! task w\ld probably be easi]4 ,b ,see ,j\rnal ( ,educational ,psy*ology1 #aiab3 ,a ,t5tative ,revision & ,ext5sion ( ! ,b9et-,simon ,measur+ ,scale ( ,intellig5ce1 by ,t]man & ,*ild4 ,= an excell5t brief review ( ! exp]im5tal "w :i* has be5 done ) ! te/s1 see ! same volume1 pp4 #aja-aaj4 ,! #aiaa scale1 ) detail$ in/ructions = ! application ( ea* te/1 appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,societe ,libre p\r l',etude ,psy*ologique de l',enfant1 ,nos4 #gj & #ga1 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,?is article has be5 translat$ by ,cl>a ,h>rison ,t[n 7,*icago ,m$ical ,press74 ,see also ,meumann1 ,vorlesung5 ,z4 ,e9fuehrung 9 die exp]im5telle ,pa$agogik1 ,leipzig1 #aiac4 ,,diagrams ,= ! picture te/s ,b9et us$ ! foll[+3 ,fig4 #a4 ,man & boy pull+ a b>r[ ) furniture4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a poor old man & a "y woman sitt+ on a seat outside on a w9try day4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a prison] /&+ on 8 b$ to look out ( ! w9d[ ( 8 cell4 ,! /ud5t %\ld *oose pictures :i* conta9 famili> figures & objects1 & :i* tell a /ory capable ( sympa!tic int]pretation4 ,!y %\ld n be too *ildi%4 ,! foll[+ pictures1 all 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y1 may be sugge/$3 ,! ,doctor1 by ,luke ,fildes4 ,! ,bl9d ,begg>1 by ,j4,l4 ,dyckmans4 ,! ,w$d+1 by ,/anhope ,a4 ,=bes4 ,a ,hopeless ,dawn1 by ,frank ,bramley4 ,! ,man ) ! ,scy!1 by ,h4,h4 ,la ,?angue4 ,m>k ! pictures *os5 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,index ,abnormal *ildr51 #e ,abnormality1 fronti]s (1 #ib ,ad5oids1 #aaj ,alcohol1 #ajb ,app5dix1 #adf ,aptitudes1 #bc et seq4 ,ari?metic1 #eh ,asylum cases1 #gd ,att5dance1 irregul>1 #ej ,bicetre1 #f1 #abc ,bromides1 #ajf ,cret91 #ajd ,curriculum1 #ad1 #bf1 #cb1 #aca ,def9itions3 abnormal1 #e defective1 #g feeble-m9d$1 #gh idiot1 #gg ill-balanc$1 #f imbecile1 #gg ,di/ribution ( defectives1 #ae1 #dc ,doctor1 role (1 #hh et seq4 ,dunces1 #dg ,employm5t1 #abf1 #abi1 #acd ,epilepsy1 #g1 #ajg ,exam9ation3 p$agogical1 #cf1 #fe physical1 #ia psy*ological1 #fg ,feeble-m9d$1 #gh ,fronti]s ( abnormality1 #ib ,h]$ity1 #ii1 #ajb ,hospital cases1 #gd ,hydrocephalus1 #ajc ,hydro!rapy1 #ajf ,hy/]ia1 #aaj ,ill-balanc$1 #f1 #h1 #ae1 #ba1 #gb1 #ach ,inspector1 role (1 #ej et seq4 ,in/ruction3 scale (1 #ed te/s (1 #eb ,intellig5ce1 te/s (1 #bh1 #fg1 ,app4 ,k p]c5tage1 #fd ,laboratory ( p$agogy1 #i1 #bg ,m$ical exam9ation1 #ia 7,*ap4 ,,iv47 ,m$ical s*$ule1 #aae ,m5tal defici5cy1 v4 ,def9itions ,microcephalus1 #ajc ,microgyria1 #ajc ,mongol1 #aje ,moral defici5cy1 v4 ,ill-balanc$ ,p$agogical exam9ation1 #cf1 #fe ,physical exam9ation1 #ia ,physiognomy1 #ie ,picture te/s1 #cj ,psy*ological exam9ation1 #fg utility (1 #ga ,psy*ology ( defective1 #ai ( ill-balanc$1 #ba ,read+1 #ee ,ret>dation1 #af1 #ch ,salpetri]e1 #f1 #abj ,scale ( in/ruction1 #ed ,s*$ules3 in/ruction1 #fe m$ical1 #aae suspect$ m5tal defici5cy1 #he ,s*ool1 special1 #g educational value1 #aah1 #acf social value1 #aah1 #adj ,spell+1 #fa ,/ati/ics1 #g ,/igmata1 #ic ,tea*]1 role (1 #ch et seq4 ,te/s3 in/ruction1 #eb intellig5ce1 #bh1 #fg1 #adh m>k+ (1 #afb mat]ial =1 #afd me?od ( conduct+1 #aei ,un/able1 v4 ,ill-balanc$4 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,bill+ ,,& ,,sons1 ,,ltd41 ,,guild=d ,,& ,,e%] 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page #bh3 comp>sion replac$ ) comp>ison ,! foll[+ words are correct3 ,page #be3 sup]posable ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99