,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,williams ,,& ,,/rahan1 #g ,,lawr5ce ,,lane1 ,,*eapside1 ,e4,c4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts3 ,,explanatory ,,( ,,_! ,,sci5tific ,,pr9ciples1 ,,me?od ,,( ,,con/ruction1 ,,& ,,practical ,,utility4 ,,by ,,negretti ,,zambra1 ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5t ,,mak]s ,,to ,,! ,,que51 ,,! ,,royal ,,obs]vatory1 ,,gre5wi*1 ,,! ,,briti% ,,meteorological ,,society1 ,,! ,,briti% ,,& ,,=eign ,,gov]nm5ts1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,london3 ,,publi%$ ,,& ,,sold ,,at ,,negretti ,,zambra',s ,,e/abli%m5ts3 #a ,,hatton ,,g>d51 ,e4,c41 #ei ,,cornhill1 ,e4,c41 #abb ,,reg5t ,,/reet ,w41 ,,& #aec ,,fleet ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #ahfd4 ,price ,five ,%ill+s4 ,,preface4 ,! national utilisation ( ,meteorology 9 =ew>n+ ( /orms1 & ! increas+ employm5t ( in/rum5ts z wea!r indicators1 r5d] a k ( _! con/ruction1 pr9ciples1 & practical uses necess>y to e well-in=m$ p]son4 ,impress$ ) ! idea t we %all be supply+ an exi/+ want1 & aid+ mat]ially ! cause ( ,meteorological ,sci5ce1 9 giv+ a pla9 description ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts n[ 9 use1 we h endeav\r$1 9 ! pres5t volume1 to cond5se su* in=mation z is g5]ally requir$ reg>d+ ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 ,meteorology2 ! description ( _m ( :i* c\ld only be f\nd 9 elaborate sci5tific works1 & !n only briefly t\*$ ^u4 ,e ,meteorological ,in/rum5t n[ 9 use be+ fully describ$1 ) adequate directions = us+1 ! un9itiat$ w be enabl$ to select ^? :i* seem to !m be/ adapt$ to _! requirem5ts4 ,) acc\nts ( old or obsolete in/rum5ts we h avoid$ tr\bl+ ! read]2 on ! o!r h&1 we 7 unwill+ to neglect ^? :i*1 ?\gh ( no great practical importance1 are /ill des]v+ ( notice f _! be+ ei!r novel or +5i\s1 or :i*1 )\t be+ /rictly sci5tific1 are 9 great dem& z simple wea!r-glasses & articles ( trade4 ,we tru/1 !re=e1 t ! "w 7h[ev] imp]fect71 be>+ 9 m9d ! importance ( ! subject1 w be acceptable to g5]al read]s1 z well z to ^? = ^: requirem5ts x has be5 prep>$4 ,! rapid progress made 9 ! introduction ( new app>atus ( ackn[l$g$ sup]iority has r5d]$ ! publication ( "s description absolutely necess>y4 ,! ,report ( ! ,jurors = ,class ,,xiii4 ( ! ,int]national ,exhibition1 #ahfb1 on ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts1 fully be>s out our ass]tion1 z %[n by ! foll[+ extract3-- ,! progress 9 ! ,engli% dep>tm5t has be5 v great2--9 b>omet]s1 !rmomet]s1 anemomet]s1 & 9 e class ( in/rum5ts4 ,at ! close ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 !re seem$ to h aris5 a g5]al anxiety among ! majority ( mak]s to pay e att5tion to all ! ess5tials necess>y = philosophical in/rum5ts1 n only 9 _! old =ms1 b also ) ! view ( obta9+ o!r & bett] =ms4 ,?is desire has nev] ceas$2 & no bett] idea c be giv5 ( ! cont9u$ activity 9 ^! respects1 ?an ! numb] ( pat5ts tak5 out = improvem5ts 9 meteorological in/rum5ts 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! rec5t & prec$+ exhibitions1 :i* am\nt to no less ?an =ty-two4 99 99 99 ,9 addition to num]\s improvem5ts pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra1 !re is ano!r ( great importance1 :i* !y did n pat5t1 viz4 enamell+ ! tubes ( !rmomet]s1 enabl+ ! mak]s to use f9] ?reads ( m]cury 9 ! con/ruction ( all !rmomet]s2 = ! contra/ betwe5 ! opaque m]cury & ! enamel back ( ! tubes is s great1 t ! f9e/ bore or ?read ( m]cury1 :i* at "o "t c\ld n be se5 )\t ! greate/ difficulty1 is n[ se5 ) facility2 & ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% & ,=eign dep>tm5ts1 ! mak]s h avail$ !mselves ( ?is inv5tion1 ! tubes ( all be+ made ) enamell$ backs4 ,x is to be hop$ t ! rec5t exhibition w give a fre% /imulus to ! desire ( improvem5t1 & t ! same rate ( progress w be cont9u$4 ,to fulfil ! desire ( ! ,int]national ,jury 9 ! latt] portion ( ! above extract w be ! con/ant /udy ( ,,negretti ,,zambra4 #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahfd4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure4 ,,section #a4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,b>omet]4 #b4 ,con/ruction ( ,b>omet]s4 #c4 ,=t9's ,b>omet] ,ci/]n4 #d4 ,,/&>d ,,b>omet]4 #e4 ,correction due to ,capill>ity4 #f4 ,temp]ature4 #g4 ,height4 #h4 ,! ,b>omet] ,v]ni]4 #i4 ,,self-,,comp5sat+ ,,/&>d ,,b>omet]4 #aj4 ,,b>omet] ,,) ,,electrical ,,adju/m5t4 #aa4 ,,p$im5t ,,b>omet]s4 #ab4 ,! ,words on ! ,scale4 #ac4 ,correction due to ,capacity ( ,ci/]n4 #ad4 ,,public ,,b>omet]s4 #ae4 ,,fi%]y ,,or ,,sea-,,coa/ ,,b>omet]s4 #af4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's ,words = ! ,scale4 #ag4 ,in/ructions = ,sea-coa/ ,b>omet]4 #ah4 ,fr5* ,sea-coa/ ,b>omet]4 #ai4 ,,common ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]4 #bj4 ,,! ,,kew ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]4 #ba4 ,me?od ( v]ify+ ,b>omet]s4 #bb4 ,,fitzroy',s ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]4 #bc4 ,words = its ,scale4 #bd4 ,trials ( ?is ,b>omet] "u ,gun-fire4 #be4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,f>m]',s ,,b>omet] ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,wea!r-,,glass4 #bf4 ,rules = ,=etell+ ! ,wea!r4 #bg4 ,causes :i* may br+ ab\t a ,fall or a ,rise 9 ! ,b>omet]4 #bh4 ,use ( ! ,b>omet] 9 ! ,managem5t ( ,m9es4 #bi4 ,use ( ! ,b>omet] 9 e/imat+ ! ,height ( ,tides4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,syphon ,,tube ,,b>omet]s4 #cj4 ,pr9ciple (4 #ca4 ,,dial1 ,,or ,,:eel1 ,,b>omet]s4 #cb4 ,,/&>d ,,syphon ,,b>omet]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,b>ographs1 ,,or ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,b>omet]s4 ,,section #cc4 ,,milne',s ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,b>omet]4 #cd4 ,,modification ,,( ,,milne',s ,,b>omet]4 #ce4 ,,k+',s ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,b>omet]4 #cf4 ,,syphon1 ,,) ,,photographic ,,regi/ration4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m\nta9 ,,b>omet]s4 #cg4 ,,gay ,,lussac',s ,,m\nta9 ,,b>omet]4 #ch4 ,,=t9',s ,,m\nta9 ,,b>omet]4 #ci4 ,,newman',s ,,m\nta9 ,,b>omet]4 #dj4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,pat5t ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,o!r ,,b>omet]s4 #da4 ,%ort ,tube ,b>omet]4 #db4 ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,heights by ! ,b>omet]2 ,tables & ,examples4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,second>y ,,b>omet]s4 #dc4 ,desirability ( ,magnify+ ! ,b>omet] ,range4 #dd4 ,,h[son',s ,,long-,,range ,,b>omet]4 #de4 ,,mcneil',s ,,long-,,range ,,b>omet]4 #df4 ,! ,wat]-glass ,b>omet]4 #dg4 ,,sympiesomet]s4 #dh4 ,,an]oids4 #di4 ,,small ,,size ,,an]oids4 #ej4 ,,wat* ,,an]oid4 #ea4 ,measurem5t ( ,heights by ! ,an]oid2 ,example4 #eb4 ,,metallic ,,b>omet]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,temp]ature4 #ec4 ,temp]ature4 #ed4 ,!rmometric ,sub/ances4 #ee4 ,description ( ! ,!rmomet]4 #ef4 ,,/&>d ,,!rmomet]4 #eg4 ,me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! exact ,boil+ ,temp]ature2 ,tables1 c4 #eh4 ,displacem5t ( ! ,freez+ ,po9t4 #ei4 ,! ,scale4 #fj4 ,! me?od ( te/+ ,!rmomet]s4 #fa4 ,porcela9 ,scale-,plates4 #fb4 ,enamell$ ,tubes4 #fc4 ,,!rmomet]s ,,( ,,extreme ,,s5sitiv5ess4 #fd4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,!rmomet]s4 #fe4 ,,sup]heat$ ,,/eam ,,!rmomet]4 #ff4 ,,!rmomet] ,,= ,,sug> ,,boil+4 #fg4 ,,e>? ,,!rmomet]4 #fh4 ,,m>9e ,,!rmomet]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s4 #fi4 ,importance (4 #gj4 ,,ru!r=d',s ,,maximum ,,!rmomet]4 #ga4 ,,phillips',s ,,ditto ,,ditto4 #gb4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,pat5t ,,maximum ,,!rmomet]4 #gc4 ,,ru!r=d',s ,,alcohol ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #gd4 ,,horticultural ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #ge4 ,,baud9',s ,,alcohol ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #gf4 ,m]curial ,m9ima ,!rmomet]s desirable4 #gg4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,pat5t ,,m]curial ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #gh4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,second ,,pat5t ,,m]curial ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #gi4 ,,casella',s ,,pat5t ,,m]curial ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]4 #hj4 ,day & ,night ,!rmomet]4 #ha4 ,,sixe',s ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,radiation ,,!rmomet]s4 #hb4 ,sol> & ,t]re/rial ,radiation consid]$4 #hc4 ,,sol> ,,radiation ,,!rmomet]4 #hd4 ,,vacuum ,,sol> ,,radiation ,,!rmomet]4 #he4 ,,t]re/rial ,,radiation ,,!rmomet]4 #hf4 ,,ae?rioscope4 #hg4 ,,pyrheliomet]4 #hh4 ,,act9omet]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,deep-,,sea ,,!rmomet]s4 #hi4 ,,on ,,sixe',s ,,pr9ciple4 #ij4 ,,johnson',s ,,metallic ,,!rmomet]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,boil+-,,po9t ,,!rmomet]s4 #ia4 ,ebullition4 #ib4 ,relation betwe5 ,boil+-,po9t & ,elevation4 #ic4 ,,hypsometric ,,app>atus4 #id4 ,precautions to ensure ,correct ,graduation4 #ie4 ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,heights f ,obs]vations ) ! ,m\nta9 ,!rmomet]2 ,example4 #if4 ,,!rmomet]s ,,= ,,eng9e]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,humidity ,,( ,,! ,,air4 #ig4 ,hygrometric ,sub/ances4 #ih4 ,,saussure',s ,,hygromet]4 #ii4 ,dew-,po9t4 #ajj4 ,,drosomet]4 #aja4 ,humidity4 #ajb4 ,,leslie',s ,,hygromet]4 #ajc4 ,,daniel',s ,,hygromet]4 #ajd4 ,,regnault',s ,,cond5s] ,,hygromet]4 #aje4 ,temp]ature ( ,evaporation4 #ajf4 ,,mason',s ,,hygromet]4 #ajg4 ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,hygromet]4 #ajh4 ,causes ( ,dew4 #aji4 ,plan ( ,expos+ ,!rmomet]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,ra9fall4 #aaj4 ,,h[>d',s ,,ra9-,,gauge4 #aaa4 ,,glai%]',s ,,ra9-,,gauge4 #aab4 ,,ra9-,,gauge ,,) ,,float4 #aac4 ,,ra9-,,gauge ,,) ,,side ,,tube4 #aad4 ,,fitzroy',s ,,ra9-,,gauge4 #aae4 ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,ra9-,,gauge4 #aaf4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,measurem5t4 #aag4 ,position = ,ra9-gauge1 c4 #aah4 ,cause ( ,ra94 #aai4 ,laws ( ,ra9fall4 #abj4 ,utility ( ,/ati/ics ( ,ra9fall4 #aba4 ,,new ,,=m ,,( ,,ra9-,,gauge4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,app>atus ,,employ$ ,,= ,,regi/]+ ,,! ,,direction1 ,,pressure1 ,,& ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4 #abb4 ,,! ,,vane4 #abc4 ,,l9d',s ,,w9d-,,gauge4 #abd4 ,,h>ris',s ,,w9d-,,gauge4 #abe4 ,,rob9son',s ,,anemomet]4 #abf4 ,,:ewell',s ,,anemomet]4 #abg4 ,,osl]',s ,,anemomet] ,,& ,,pluviomet]4 #abh4 ,,beckley',s ,,anemomet]4 #abi4 ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,w9d-,,gauge4 #acj4 ,anemometric ,obs]vations4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,inve/igat+ ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 #aca4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,electroscope4 #acb4 ,,volta',s ,,electromet]4 #acc4 ,,pelti]',s ,,electromet]4 #acd4 ,,bohn5b]g]',s ,,electroscope4 #ace4 ,,?omson',s ,,electromet]4 #acf4 ,fundam5tal ,facts4 #acg4 ,lightn+ ,conductors4 #ach4 ,precautions aga9/ ,lightn+4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ozone ,,& ,,its ,,indicators4 #aci4 ,nature ( ,ozone4 #adj4 ,,s*onbe9',s ,,ozonomet]4 #ada4 ,,m(fat',s ,,ozonomet]4 #adb4 ,,cl>k',s ,,ozone ,,cage4 #adc4 ,di/ribution & ,effects ( ,ozone4 #add4 ,,lanca/]',s ,,regi/]+ ,,ozonomet]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,miscellane\s ,,in/rum5ts4 #ade4 ,,*emical ,,wea!r ,,glass4 #adf4 ,,leslie',s ,,diff]5tial ,,!rmomet]4 #adg4 ,,rom=d',s ,,diff]5tial ,,!rmomet]4 #adh4 ,,glai%]',s ,,!rmomet] ,,/&4 #adi4 ,,!rmomet] ,,scre51 ,,= ,,use ,,at ,,sea4 #aej4 ,,anemoscope4 #aea4 ,,evaporat+ ,,di%1 ,,or ,,gauge4 #aeb4 ,,admidomet]4 #aec4 ,,cl\d ,,reflector4 #aed4 ,,sun%9e ,,record]4 #aee4 ,,set ,,( ,,portable ,,in/rum5ts4 #aef4 ,,implem5ts4 #aeg4 ,,hydromet]4 #aeh4 ,,newman',s ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,tide-,,gauge4 ,,tables4 ,,page ,table ( ,corrections1 = ,capill>y ,depression ( ! ,m]cury 9 ,boil$ & 9 ,unboil$ ,b>omet]-,tubes #f ,tables = ,d$uc+ ,heights by means ( ! ,b>omet]3-- ,no4 #a4 ,approximate ,height due to ,b>ometric ,pressure #db ,no4 #b4 ,correction = ,mean ,temp]ature ( ,air #dd ,no4 #c4 ,correction due to ,latitude #dd ,no4 #d4 ,correction due to ,approximate ,elevation #de ,tables = ,det]m9+ ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,vap\r ( ,boil+ ,wat] at any ,place3-- ,no4 #e4 ,factor due to ,latitude #fb ,no4 #f4 ,temp]ature & ,t5sion #fb ,table ( ,temp]ature ( ! ,soil #fi ,table ( ,diff]5ce ( ,elevation correspond+ to a fall ( #a deg4 9 ! ,boil+-po9t ( ,wat] #ih ,table %[+ ,proportion ( ,salt = v>i\s ,boil+ ,temp]atures ( ,sea-,wat] #ajj ,table = f9d+ ! ,degree ( ,humidity f ,obs]vations ) ,mason's ,hygromet] #ajh ,table %[+ ,am\nt & ,duration ( ,ra9 at ,london1 9 #ahfb #aab ,table ( ,av]age ,briti% ,ra9fall 9 ,we/]ly1 ,c5tral1 & ,ea/]ly di/ricts #aad ,table %[+ ,=ce ( ,w9d1 = use ) ,l9d's ,w9d-,gauge #aah ,tables = ,correct+ ,obs]vations made )-- ,brass ,hydromet]s #adb ,glass ,hydromet]s #adc ,,add5da4 ,,page #a4 ,rule = conv]t+ ,millimetres into ,in*es1 et vice v]sa #adf #b4 ,old ,fr5* ,l9eal ,measure1 ) ,engli% ,equival5ts #adf #c4 ,rule = f9d+ ,diamet] ( ,bore ( ,b>omet] ,tube #adf #d4 ,w9d ,scales #adg #e4 ,lett]s to d5ote ! ,/ate ( ! ,wea!r #adg #f4 ,table ( ,expansion ( ,bodies #adh #g4 ,table ( ,specific ,gravity ( ,bodies #adh #h4 ,important ,temp]atures #adh #i4 ,table ( ,meteorological ,elem5ts1 =m+ ,expon5ts ( ! ,climate ( ,london #adi #aj4 ,li/ ( ,works on ,meteorology #aea ,,meteorological ,,in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! pursuits & inve/igations ( ! sci5ce ( ,meteorology1 :i* is ess5tially a sci5ce ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 in/rum5ts are requir$ = asc]ta9+1 #a4 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at any "t or place2 #b4 ! temp]ature ( ! air2 #c4 ! absorption & radiation ( ! sun's heat by ! e>?'s surface2 #d4 ! humidity ( ! air2 #e4 ! am\nt & duration ( ra9fall2 #f4 ! direction1 ! horizontal pressure1 & ! velocity ( w9ds2 #g4 ! electric condition ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! preval5ce & activity ( ozone4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,atmosph]ic ,,pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 #a4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,b>omet]4--,! fir/ in/rum5t :i* gave ! exact measure ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 0 inv5t$ by ,torricelli1 9 #afdc4 ,x is con/ruct$ z foll[s3--,a glass tube1 ,,cd 7fig4 #a71 ab\t #cd in*es long1 & f two to f\r-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] ( bore1 hav+ "o end clos$1 is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,9 a cup1 ,b1 a quantity ( m]cury is also p\r$4 ,!n1 plac+ a f+] securely ov] ! op5 end1 ,c1 inv]t ! tube v]tically ov] ! cup1 & remove ! f+] :5 ! end ( ! tube dips into ! m]cury4 ,! m]cury 9 ! tube !n p>tly falls out1 b a column1 ,,ab1 ab\t #cj in*es 9 height1 rema9s support$4 ,?is column is a weight ( m]cury1 ! pressure ( :i* ^u ! surface ( t 9 ! cup is precisely equival5t to ! correspond+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e :i* w\ld be ex]t$ 9 its place if ! tube 7 remov$4 ,z ! atmosph]ic pressure v>ies1 ! l5g? ( ?is m]curial column also *anges4 ,x is by no means con/ant 9 its height2 9 fact1 x is v seldom /ation>y1 b is con/antly ris+ or fall+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! tube1 at ! level ( ! sea1 ne> :i* ! above exp]im5t is suppos$ to be p]=m$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an in/rum5t by :i* ! fluctuations tak+ place 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 aris+ f *anges 9 its weight & ela/icity1 c be %[n & measur$4 ,x has obta9$ ! "n ,b>omet]1 or measur] ( heav9ess1--a ^w c]ta9ly n happily expressive ( ! utility ( ! inv5tion4 ,if ! bore ( ! b>omet] tube be uni=m ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & h its sectional area equal to a squ>e in*1 x is evid5t t ! l5g? ( ! column1 :i* is support$ by ! pressure ( ! air1 expresses ! numb] ( cubic in*es ( m]cury :i* compose x4 ,! weight ( ?is m]cury1 !re=e1 repres5ts ! /atical pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u a squ>e in* ( surface4 ,9 ,engl& ! annual mean height ( ! b>ometric column1 r$uc$ to ! sea-level & to ! temp]ature ( #cb deg4 ,fahr5heit1 is ab\t #bi4ie in*es4 ,a cubic in* ( m]cury at ?is temp]ature has be5 asc]ta9$ to weigh #j4dhifg lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,h5ce1 #bi4ie x #j4dhifg #ad4fg lbs41 is ! mean value ( ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ea* squ>e in* ( surface1 ne> ! sea-level1 ab\t ! latitude ( #ej degrees4 ,ne>] ! equator ?is mean pressure is some:at great]2 ne>] ! poles1 some:at less4 ,= common practical calculations x is assum$ to be #ae lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,:5 x became app>5t t ! movem5ts ( ! b>ometric column furni%$ indications ( ! probable com+ *anges 9 ! wea!r1 an attempt 0 made to d$uce f record$ obs]vations ! b>ometric height correspond+ to ! mo/ notable *>act]i/ics ( wea!r4 ,x 0 f\nd t = f9e dry wea!r ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] at ! sea-level g5]ally /ood above #cj in*es2 *angeable wea!r happ5$ :5 x rang$ f #cj to #bi in*es1 & :5 ra9y or /ormy wea!r occurr$ x 0 ev5 l[]4 ,h5ce1 x became ! practice to place ^u b>omet] scales words indicatory ( ! wea!r likely to accompany1 or foll[1 ! movem5ts ( ! m]cury2 :5ce ! in/rum5ts be>+ !m obta9$ ! "n ,wea!r ,glasses4 #b4 ,con/ruction ( ,b>omet]s4--,9 ord] t ! in/rum5t may be portable1 x mu/ be made a fixture & m\nt$ on a support2 &1 fur!r1 to r5d] x sci5tifically or ev5 practically useful1 _m precautions are requir$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks apply to ! con/ruction ( all b>omet]s3--,m]cury is univ]sally employ$1 because x is ! heavie/ ( fluids1 & !re=e measures ! atmosph]ic pressure by ! %orte/ column4 ,wat] b>omet]s h be5 con/ruct$1 & !y require to be at lea/ #cd feet long4 ,oil1 or o!r fluids1 might be us$4 ,m]cury1 h[ev]1 has o!r advantages3 x has feeble volatility1 & does n adh]e to glass1 if pure4 ,oxidis$1 or o!rwise impure m]cury1 may adh]e to glass2 moreov]1 su* m]cury w\ld n h ! d5sity ( ! pure metal1 & !re=e ! b>ometric column w\ld be ei!r great] or less ?an x %\ld be4 ,! m]cury ( comm]ce g5]ally conta9s lead2 sometimes traces ( iron & sulphur4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! manufactur] to purify ! m]cury2 & ?is is done by wa%+ x ) dilut$ acetic1 or sulphuric acid1 :i* dissolves ! impurities4 ,no bett] te/ c be f\nd = asc]ta9+ if ! m]cury be pure ?an t ( fill+ a delicate !rmomet] tube2 if1 on exhau/+ ! air f ?is !rmomet]1 ! m]cury w freely run up & d[n ! bore1 :i* is probably "o ?\s&? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! m]cury f :i* ?is !rmomet] 0 made w be f\nd fit = any purpose1 & ) x a tube may be fill$ & boil$1 n only ( "o in*1 b ev5 ( two in*es diamet]4 ,9 all b>omet]s x is requisite t ! space above ! m]curial column %\ld be completely void ( air & aque\s vap\r1 because ^! gases1 by virtue ( _! ela/icity1 w\ld depress ! column4 ,to exclude ^! ! m]cury is introduc$1 & boil$ 9 ! tube1 ov] a *>coal fire1 kept up = ! purpose4 ,9 ?is mann] ! air & vap\r :i* adh]e to ! glass are exp&$1 & escape away4 ,"o c tell :e!r a b>omet] has be5 prop]ly boil$1 z x is t]m$1 by simply hold+ ! tube 9 a slant+ direction & all[+ ! m]cury to /rike ! top4 ,if ! boil+ has be5 well p]=m$1 ! m]cury w give a cle>1 metallic s\nd2 if n1 a dull1 flat s\nd1 %[+ "s air to be pres5t4 ,:5 ! m]cury 9 a b>omet] tube rises or falls1 ! level ( ! m]cury 9 ! cup1 or ci/]n1 z x is g5]ally t]m$1 falls or rises by a proportionate quantity1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! relative areas ( ! int]ior ( ! tube & ( ! ci/]n4 ,x is necess>y t ?is %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact height ( ! column4 ,if a fix$ scale is appli$ to ! tube1 ! correct height may be obta9$ by apply+ a correction = capacity4 ,a c]ta9 height ( ! m]cury is asc]ta9$ to be accurately measur$ by ! scale1 & %\ld be m>k$ on ! in/rum5t z ! neutral po9t4 ,above ?is po9t ! heights measur$ are all less1 & bel[1 all m1 ?an !y %\ld be4 ,! ratio betwe5 ! int]nal diamet]s ( ! tube & ci/]n 7:i* %\ld also be /at$ on ! in/rum5t1 z1 = in/ance1 capac4 #a_/ej7 supplies ! data = f9d+ ! correction to be appli$4 ,?is correction is obviat$ by con/ruct+ ! ci/]n s z to all[ ( ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 x be+ adju/able to ! comm5cem5t ( ! fix$ scale1 z by ,=t9's or ,negretti's plan4 ,x is also unnecess>y 9 b>omet]s con/ruct$ on :at is n[ call$ ! ,kew me?od4 ,^! w all be detail$ 9 _! prop] place4 ,! tube1 be+ fix$ to ! ci/]n1 may h a moveable scale appli$ to x4 ,b su* an arrangem5t requires ! utmo/ c>e & skill 9 obs]v+1 & is seldom se5 except 9 fir/-class ,obs]vatories4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 #c4 ,=t9's ,b>omet]4--,=t9's plan ( con/ruct+ a b>omet] ci/]n is %[n 9 fig4 #b4 ,! ci/]n is =m$ ( a glass cyl9d]1 :i* all[s ( ! level ( ! m]cury )9 be+ se54 ,! bottom ( ! cyl9d] is made ( %eep-sk9 or lea!r1 l a bag1 s z to all[ ( be+ pu%$ up or l[]$ by means ( a screw1 ,d ,b1 work$ f b5ea?4 ,?is screw moves ?r\gh ! bottom ( a brass cyl9d]1 ,c ,c1 :i* is fix$ outside1 & protects ! glass cyl9d] conta9+ ! m]cury4 ,at ! top ( ! int]ior ( ! ci/]n is fix$ a small piece ( ivory1 ,a1 ! po9t ( :i* exactly co9cides ) ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,?is screw & moveable ci/]n-bottom s]ve also to r5d] ! b>omet] portable1 by conf9+ ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 & prev5t+ its com+ into ! ci/]n1 :i* is ?us made too small to receive x4 #d4 ,,/&>d ,,b>omet]4 ,fig4 #c repres5ts a ,/&>d ,b>omet] on ,=t9's pr9ciple4 ,! b>omet] tube is enclos$ & protect$ by a tube ( brass ext5d+ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?2 ! upp] portion ( ! brass tube has two longitud9al op5+s opposite ea* o!r2 on "o side ( ! front op5+ is ! b>ometrical scale ( ,engli% in*es1 divid$ to %[1 by means ( a v]ni]1 #a_/ejj? ( an in*2 on ! opposite side is sometimes divid$ a scale ( ,fr5* millimetres1 read+ also by a v]ni] to #a_/aj? ( a millimetre 7see directions = read+ ! v]ni]1 page #g74 ,a !rmomet]1 ,c1 is atta*$ to ! frame1 & divid$ to degrees1 :i* c be read to t5?s2 x is necess>y = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! in/rum5t1 9 ord] to correct ! obs]v$ height ( ! b>omet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,z receiv$ by ! obs]v]1 ! b>omet] w consi/ ( two p>ts1 pack$ sep>ately = safety 9 c>riage1--#a/1 ! b>omet] tube & ci/]n1 fill$ ) m]cury1 ! brass tube1 ) its divid$ scale & !rmomet]2 & #bnd1 a mahogany bo>d1 ) bracket at top1 & brass r+ ) ?ree adju/+ screws at bottom4 ,directions = fix+ ! ,b>omet]4--,9 select+ a position = a b>omet]1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to place x s t ! sun _c %9e ^u x1 & t x is n affect$ by direct heat f a fire4 ,! ci/]n %\ld be f two to ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 :i* w give a height = obs]v+ conv5i5t to mo/ p]sons4 ,a /&>d b>omet] %\ld be comp>$ ) an obs]vatory /&>d ( ackn[l$g$ accuracy1 to det]m9e its index error2 :i*1 z su* in/rum5ts are graduat$ by micrometrical app>atus ( great exactitude1 w be con/ant = all p>ts ( ! scale4 ,x %\ld be capable ( turn+ on its axis by a movem5t ( ! h&1 s t little difficulty c ev] be exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ a good light = obs]vation4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^u ! position 9 :i* to place ! in/rum5t1 fix ! mahogany bo>d z ne>ly v]tical z possible1 & asc]ta9 if ! b>omet] is p]fect & free f air1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--l[] ! screw at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n sev]al turns1 s t ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 :5 held upright1 may fall two or ?ree in*es f ! top2 !n slightly incl9e ! in/rum5t f ! v]tical position1 & if ! m]cury 9 /rik+ ! top elicit a %>p tap1 ! in/rum5t is p]fect4 ,suppos+ ! b>omet] to be 9 p]fect condition1 z x is almo/ sure to be1 x is next susp5d$ on ! brass bracket1 its ci/]n pass+ ?r\gh ! r+ at bottom1 & all[$ to f9d its v]tical position1 aft] :i* x is firmly clamp$ by means ( ! ?ree ?umb-screws4 ,to ,remove ! ,in/rum5t :5 fix$ to ano!r ,position4--,if x %\ld be necess>y to remove ! b>omet]1--fir/1 by means ( ! adju/+ screw1 drive ! m]cury to ! top ( ! tube1 turn+ x g5tly :5 x is approa*+ ! top1 & cease directly any resi/ance is exp]i5c$2 next1 remove f ! upp] bracket or socket2 lift ! in/rum5t & inv]t x1 c>ry+ x ) its l[] end upw>ds4 ,directions = tak+ an ,obs]vation4--,be=e mak+ an obs]vation1 ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n mu/ be rais$ or l[]$ by means ( ! ?umb-screw1 ,f1 until ! ivory po9t1 ,e1 & its reflect$ image 9 ! m]cury1 ,d1 are j 9 contact2 ! v]ni] is !n mov$ by means ( ! mill$ head1 until its l[] t]m9ation j excludes ! light f ! top ( ! m]curial column2 ! read+ is !n tak5 by means ( ! scale on ! limb & ! v]ni]4 ,! v]ni] %\ld be made to read upw>d 9 all b>omet]s1 unless = a special object1 z ?is arrangem5t admits ( ! mo/ exact sett+4 ,9 obs]v+1 ! eye %\ld be plac$ 9 a "r l9e ) ! =e & back edges ( ! l[] t]m9ation ( ! v]ni]2 & ?is l9e %\ld be made to =m a tang5t to ! apex ( ! m]curial column4 ,a small reflector plac$ beh9d ! v]ni] & mov+ ) x1 s z to assi/ 9 ?r[+ ! light ?r\gh ! back slit ( ! brass frame on to ! glass tube1 is advantage\s2 & ! obs]v]'s vision may be fur!r assi/$ by ! aid ( a read+ l5s4 ,! object is1 9 ^! ,/&>d ,b>omet]s1 to obta9 an exact read+1 :i* c only be done by hav+ ! eye1 ! =e "p ( ! z]o edge ( ! v]ni]1 ! top ( ! m]curial column1 & ! back ( ! v]ni]1 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,uni=mity ( ,calibre4--,! diamet] ( t "p ( ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! oscillations ( ! m]cury w take place is v c>efully exam9$ to insure uni=mity ( calibre1 & only ^? tubes are us$ :i* are z ne>ly z possible ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,! size ( ! bore %\ld be m>k$ on ! frame ( ! b>omet] 9 t5?s & hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,a correction due to capill>y action1 & dep5d+ on ! size ( ! tube1 mu/ be appli$ to ! read+s4 #e4 ,correction due to ,capill>ity4--,:5 an op5 tube ( small bore is plung$ into m]cury1 ! fluid w n rise to ! same level inside z x has outside4 ,h5ce1 ! effect ( capill>y action is to depress ! m]curial column2 & ! m s ! small] ! tube4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! correction = tubes 9 ord9>y use3-- ,diamet] ,depression1 9 ,depression1 9 ( tube4 boil$ tubes4 unboil$ tubes4 ,,in*4 ,,in*4 ,,in*4 #j4fj #j4jjb #j4jjd #j4ee #j4jjc #j4jje #j4ej #j4jjc #j4jjg #j4de #j4jje #j4jaj #j4dj #j4jjg #j4jae #j4ce #j4jaj #j4jba #j4ae #j4jdd #j4jbi #j4aj #j4jgj #j4jda #j4cj #j4jad #j4jeh #j4be #j4jbj #j4jhf #j4bj #j4jbi #j4adj ,?is correction is always additive to ! obs]v$ read+ ( ! b>omet]4 #f4 ,correction due to ,temp]ature4--,9 all k9ds ( m]curial b>omet]s att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury4 ,z ?is metal exp&s & contracts v mu* = v>iations ( temp]ature1 its d5sity alt]s correspond+ly1 & 9 consequ5ce ! height ( ! b>ometric column also v>ies4 ,to asc]ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury1 a !rmomet] is plac$ ne> ! tube1 & is sometimes made to dip into ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,! freez+ po9t ( wat]1 #cb deg4,f41 is ! temp]ature to :i* all read+s ( b>omet]s mu/ be r$uc$1 9 ord] to make !m fairly comp>able4 ,! r$uction may be effect$ by calculation1 b ! practical me?od is by tables = ! purpose2 & = ^! tables we ref] ! read] to ! works m5tion$ at ! end ( ?is book4 #g4 ,correction due to ,height above ! ,half-tide ,level4--,fur!r1 9 ord] t b>ometrical obs]vations g5]ally may be made "u simil> circum/ances1 ! read+s1 correct$ = capacity1 capill>ity1 & temp]ature1 %\ld be r$uc$ to :at !y w\ld be at ! sea-level1 by add+ a correction correspond+ to ! height above ! mean level ( ! sea1 or ( half-tide4 ,= practical purposes ( comp>ison ) b>ometric pressure at o!r localities1 add "o-t5? ( an in* to ! read+ = ea* hundr$ feet ( elevation above ! sea4 ,= sci5tific accuracy ?is w n suffice1 b a correction mu/ be obta9$ by means ( ,s*uckburg's =mula1 or tables comput$ !refrom4 #h4 ,! ,b>omet] ,v]ni]4--,! v]ni]1 an invaluable contrivance = measur+ small spaces1 0 inv5t$ by ,pet] ,v]ni]1 ab\t ! ye> #afcj4 ,! b>omet] scale is divid$ into in*es & t5?s4 ,! v]ni] enables u to accurately subdivide ! t5?s into hundr$?s1 &1 9 fir/-class in/rum5ts1 ev5 to ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort scale made to pass along ! graduat$ fix$ scale by a slid+ motion1 or pref]ably by a rack-&-p9ion motion1 ! v]ni] be+ fix$ on ! rack1 :i* is mov$ by turn+ ! mill$ head ( ! p9ion4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! v]ni]1 to :atev] in/rum5tal scale appli$1 is t ! divisions ( ! moveable scale are to ^? 9 an equal l5g? ( ! fix$ scale 9 ! proportion ( two numb]s :i* diff] f ea* o!r by unity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,! scales ( /&>d b>omet]s are usually divid$ into half-t5?s1 or 4#je1 ( an in*1 z repres5t$1 9 fig4 #e1 by ,,ab4 ,! v]ni]1 ,,cd1 is made equal 9 l5g? to tw5ty-f\r ( ^! divisions1 & divid$ into tw5ty-five equal p>ts2 consequ5tly "o space on ! scale is l>g] ?an "o on ! v]ni] by ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( 4#je1 :i* is 4#jjb in*1 s t su* a v]ni] %[s diff]5ces ( 4#jjb in*4 ,! v]ni] ( ! figure read+ upw>ds1 ! l[] edge1 ,d1 w d5ote ! top ( ! b>omet] column2 & is ! z]o ( ! v]ni] scale4 ,9 fig4 #d1 ! z]o be+ 9 l9e exactly ) #bi in*es & five-t5?s ( ! fix$ scale1 ! b>omet] read+ w\ld be #bi4ejj in*es4 ,x w be se5 t ! v]ni] l9e1 a1 falls %ort ( a division ( ! scale by1 z we h expla9$1 4#jjb in*2 b1 by 4#jjd2 c1 by 4#jjf2 d1 by 4#jjh2 & ! next l9e by "o hundr$?4 ,if1 !n1 ! v]ni] be mov$ s z to make a co9cide ) z1 on ! scale1 x w h mov$ ?r\gh 4#jjb in*2 & if #a on ! v]ni] be mov$ into l9e ) y on ! scale1 ! space measur$ w be 4#jaj4 ,h5ce1 ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e on ! v]ni] measure hundr$?s1 & ! int]m$iate l9es ev5 ?\s&?s ( an in*4 ,9 fig4 #e1 ! z]o ( ! v]ni] is int]m$iate #bi4fe & #bi4gj on ! scale4 ,pass+ ! eye up ! v]ni] & scale1 ! second l9e above #c is p]ceiv$ to lie ev5ly ) a l9e ( ! scale4 ,?is gives 4#jc & 4#jjd to add to #bi4fe1 s t ! actual read+ is #bi4fhd in*es4 ,x may happ5 t no l9e on ! v]ni] accurately lies 9 ! same /raight l9e ) "o on ! scale2 9 su* a case a d\bt w arise z to ! selection ( "o f two equally co9cid5t1 & ! int]m$iate ?\s&? ( an in* %\ld be tak54 ,= ! ord9>y purposes ( ! b>omet] z a wea!r-glass1 su* m9ute measurem5t is n requir$4 ,h5ce1 9 h\sehold & m>9e b>omet]s ! scale ne$ only be divid$ to t5?s1 & ! v]ni] con/ruct$ to measure hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,?is is done by mak+ ! v]ni] ei!r #i or #aa-aj?s ( an in* long1 & divid+ x into t5 equal p>ts4 ,! l9es above ! z]o l9e are !n numb]$ f #a to #aj2 sometimes ! alt]nate divisions only are numb]$1 ! int]m$iate numb]s be+ v readily inf]r$4 ,h5ce1 if ! fir/ l9e ( ! v]ni] agrees ) "o on ! scale1 ! next mu/ be out "o-t5? ( a t5?1 or 4#ja ( an in* f agreem5t ) ! next scale l9e2 ! foll[+ v]ni] l9e mu/ be 4#jb out1 & s on4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! v]ni] is set to ! m]curial column1 ! diff]5ce %[n by ! v]ni] f ! t5? on ! scale is ! hundr$?s to be add$ to ! in*es & t5?s ( ! scale4 ,a little practice w accu/om a p]son to set & read any b>omet] quickly2 an important matt] :]e accuracy is requir$1 z ! heat ( ! body1 or ! h&1 is v rapidly communicat$ to ! in/rum5t1 & may vitiate1 to "s ext5t1 ! obs]vation4 #i4 ,,self-,,comp5sat+ ,,/&>d ,,b>omet]4 ,?is b>omet] has be5 sugge/$ to ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra by ,w5twor? ,erk1 ,esq4 ,x consi/s ( a regul> b>omet]2 b atta*$ to ! v]ni] is a d\ble rack work$ ) "o p9ion1 s t 9 sett+ or adju/+ ! v]ni] 9 "o position1 ! second rack moves 9 directly ! opposite direction1 c>ry+ along ) x a plug or plung] ! exact size ( ! int]nal diamet] ( ! tube dipp+ 9 ! ci/]n1 s t :atev] ! displacem5t t has tak5 place 9 ! ci/]n1 ow+ to ! rise or fall ( ! m]cury1 x is exactly comp5sat$ by ! plug be+ m or less imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury1 s t no capacity correction is requir$4 ,a b>omet] on ?is pr9ciple is1 h[ev]1 no novelty1 = at ! ,royal ,society's room a v old in/rum5t may be se5 read+ some:at aft] ! same mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fig4 #f is an illu/ration ( ! appe>ance ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! ci/]n is s con/ruct$ t ! greate/ am\nt ( light is admitt$ to ! surface ( ! m]cury4 #aj4 ,,b>omet] ,,) ,,electrical ,,adju/m5t4 ,?is b>omet] is useful to p]sons ^: eyesight may be defective2 & is capable ( be+ read (f to great] accuracy ?an ord9>y b>omet]s1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ description3--,! b>omet] consi/s ( an upright tube dipp+ into a ci/]n1 s contriv$1 t an up-&-d[n movem5t1 by means ( a screw1 c be imp>t$ to x4 ,9 ! top ( ! tube a piece ( plat9a wire is h]metically seal$4 ,! ci/]n also has a metallic connection1 s t by means ( cov]$ copp] wires 79 ! back ( ! frame7 a circuit is e/abli%$2 ano!r connection also exi/s by means ( a metallic po9t dipp+ into ! ci/]n4 ,! circuit1 h[ev]1 c be cut (f f ?is by means ( a swit* plac$ ab\t midway up ! frame2 on "o side ( ! tube is plac$ a scale ( in*es2 a small circul> v]ni]1 divid$ into #ajj p>ts1 is connect$ ) ! dipp+ po9t1 & works at "r angles ) ?is scale4 ,to set ! in/rum5t 9 action = tak+ an obs]vation1 a small batt]y is connect$ by means ( two small b9d+ screws at ! bottom ( ! frame4 ,! swit* is turn$ upw>ds1 !reby disconnect+ ! dipp+ po9t2 ! ci/]n is !n screw$ up1 s t ! m]cury 9 ! tube is br\ght into contact ) ! plat9a wire at ! top2 ! in/ant ?is is effect$ ! magnetic ne$le se5 on ! b>omet] w be deflect$4 ,! swit* is n[ turn$ d[n2 by s do+ ! connection ) ! upp] wire or plat9a is cut (f1 & e/abli%$ in/ead only betwe5 ! dipp+ po9t c>ry+ ! circul> v]ni] & ! bottom ( ! ci/]n2 ! po9t is n[ screw$ by means ( ! mill$ head until ! ne$le is aga9 deflect$4 ,we may n[ be sure t ! l9e on ! circul> v]ni] t cuts ! division on ! scale is ! exact height ( ! b>omet]4 ,al?\gh ! description "h giv5 may seem some:at l5g?y1 ! op]ation itself is p]=m$ 9 less "t ?an w\ld be tak5 9 read+ (f an ord9>y in/rum5t4 #aa4 ,,p$im5t ,,b>omet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,^! ,b>omet]s1 g5]ally = h\sehold purposes1 are illu/rat$ by figs4 #g to #aa4 ,!y are int5d$ *iefly = wea!r glasses1 & are manufactur$ to s]ve n only a useful1 b an ornam5tal purpose z well4 ,!y are usually fram$ 9 wood1 su* z mahogany1 rosewood1 ebony1 oak or walnut1 & c be obta9$ ei!r pla9 or h&somely & elaborately c>v$ & embelli%$1 9 a v>iety ( designs1 s z to be suitable = private rooms1 l>ge halls1 or public build+s4 ,! scales to ! b>omet] & its atta*$ !rmomet] may be ivory1 porcela91 or silv]$ metal4 ,x is n desirable t ! v]ni] %\ld read ne>] ?an "o-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,two v]ni]s & scales may be fitt$ "o on ei!r side ( ! m]curial column1 s t "o c d5ote ! la/ read+1 & ?us %[ at a glance ! ext5t ( rise or fall 9 ! int]val4 ,! scale & !rmomet] %\ld be cov]$ ) plate glass4 ,a *eap in/rum5t has an op5 face & pla9 frame1 ) slid+ v]ni] in/ead ( rack-&-p9ion motion4 ,! b>omet] may or may n h a moveable bottom to ! ci/]n1 ) screw = ! purpose ( secur+ ! m]cury = portability4 ,! ci/]n %\ld n1 h[ev]1 require adju/m5t to a z]o or fiducial po9t4 ,x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to conta9 ! m]cury1 :i* falls f #ca to #bg in*es1 )\t any appreciable error on ! height read (f on ! scale4 #ab4 ,! ,words on ! ,scale4--,! foll[+ words are usually engrav$ on ! scales ( ^! b>omet]s1 al?\gh !y are n n[ consid]$ ( s mu* importance z =m]ly3-- ,at #ca in*es ,v dry4 #cj4e ,settl$ fair4 #cj ,fair4 #bi4e ,*angeable4 #bi ,ra94 #bh4e ,mu* ra94 #bh ,/ormy4 ,! ,fr5* place ^u _! b>omet]s a simil> =mula3-- ,at #ghe millimetres ,tres-sec4 #ggf ,beau-fixe4 #gfg ,beau temps4 #geh ,v>iable4 #gdi ,pluie ou v5t4 #gdj ,gr&e pluie4 #gca ,tempete4 ,manufactur]s ( b>omet]s h uni=mly adopt$ ^! indications = all c\ntries1 )\t reg>d to ! elevation above ! sea1 or ! diff]5t geographical conditions2 & z x c readily be %[n t ! height & v>iations ( ! b>omet] are dep5d5t on ^!1 x foll[s t b>omet]s h furni%$ indications :i*1 "u _m circum/ances1 h be5 completely false4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ne> ! sea-level1 /orms are frequ5t ) ! b>omet] n bel[ #bi2 ra9 is n uncommon ) ! glass at #cj2 ev5 f9e wea!r sometimes occurs ) a l[ pressure2 :ile x is evid5t t at an elevation ( a few ?\s& feet ! m]cury w\ld nev] rise to #cj in*es2 h5ce1 accord+ to ! scale1 !re %\ld nev] be fair wea!r !re4 ,if tempe/s happ5$ z seldom 9 our latitude z ! b>omet] gets d[n to #bh in*es1 ! m>itime portion ( ! community at lea/ w\ld be happy inde$4 ,^! words h long be5 ridicul$ by p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! causes ( ! b>ometric fluctuations2 nev]!less opticians cont9ue to place !m on ! scales1 evid5tly only because !y appe> to add to ! importance ( ! in/rum5t 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o h n le>n$ _! g5]al inutility4 ,9 diff]5t regions ( ! _w1 ! indications ( ! b>omet] are modifi$ by ! conditions peculi> to ! geographical position & elevation above ! sea1 & x is necess>y to take acc\nt ( ^! 9 any attempt to f\nd rules ( g5]al utility 9 connection ) ! b>omet] z a wea!r guide4 ,all t c be said 9 fav\r ( ^! words is1 t )9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! sea-level1 :5 ! column rises or falls gradually dur+ two or ?ree days t[>ds ,fair or ,ra91 ! indications !y af=d ( ! com+ wea!r are g5]ally extremely probable2 b :5 ! v>iations are quick1 upw>d or d[nw>d1 !y presage unsettl$ or /ormy wea!r4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy writes3--,! words on ! scales ( b>omet]s %\ld n be s mu* reg>d$1 = wea!r indications1 z ! ris+ or fall+ ( ! m]cury2 = if x /&s at ,*angeable1 & !n rises a little t[>ds ,fair1 x presages a *ange ( w9d or wea!r1 ?\gh n s great z if ! m]cury _h ris5 high]2 &1 on ! contr>y1 if ! m]cury /&s above ,fair & falls1 x presages a *ange1 ?\gh n to s great a degree z if x _h /ood l[]2 besides :i*1 ! direction & =ce ( w9d are n 9 any way notic$4 ,x is n f ! po9t at :i* ! m]cury /&s t we are alone to =m a judgm5t ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 b f its ris+ or fall+2 & f ! movem5ts ( imm$iately prec$+ days z well z h\rs1 keep+ 9 m9d effects ( *ange ( direction & dryness1 or moi/ure1 z well z alt]ation ( =ce or /r5g? ( w9d4#a #ac4 ,correction due to ,capacity ( ,ci/]n4--,^! b>omet]s1 hav+ no adju/m5t = ! z]o ( ! scale1 require a correction = ! v>y+ level ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n1 :5 ! obs]vations are requir$ = /rict comp>ison ) o!r b>ometric obs]vations1 or :5 !y are regi/]$ = sci5tific purposes2 b = ! common purpose ( pr$ict+ ! wea!r1 ?is correction is unnecess>y4 ,! neutral po9t1 & ! ratio ( ! bore ( ! tube to ! diamet] ( ! ci/]n1 mu/ be kn[n 7see p4 #c74 ,!n ! capacity correction1 z x is t]m$1 is f\nd z foll[s3--,take ! fractional "p1 express$ by ! capacity ratio1 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! obs]v$ read+ & ! height ( ! neutral po9t2 !n1 if ! m]cury /& bel[ ! neutral po9t1 subtract ?is result f ! read+2 if x /& above1 add x to ! read+4 ,= example1 suppose ! neutral po9t to be #bi4ie in*es1 & ! capacity ratio #a_/ej1 requir$ ! correction :5 ! b>omet] reads #cj4gh4 ,"h #cj4gh - #bi4ie #j4hc ,correction #j4hc_/ej #j4jb ne>ly4 ,scale read+ #cj4gh ----- ,correct read+ #cj4hj ,( c\rse ! correction c\ld z easily be f\nd to ?ree decimal places1 if desirable4 ,x is evid5t t ! correction is m important ! great] ! di/ance ( ! top ( ! m]cury f ! neutral po9t4 #ad4 ,,public ,,b>omet]s4 ,s9ce ! increas$ att5tion paid to ! signs ( =?com+ wea!r ( late ye>s1 & ! good :i* has result$ !refrom to f>m]s1 g>d5]s1 civil eng9e]s1 m9]s1 fi%]m51 & m>9]s g5]ally1 by =ew>n+ ( imp5d+ wet or /ormy wea!r1 ! desirability ( hav+ good b>omet]s expos$ 9 public localities has become evid5t4 ,b>omet]s may n[ be se5 atta*$ to dr9k+ f\nta9s1 prop]ly protect$1 & are frequ5tly consult$ by ! pass]s-by4 ,b x is among ^? ^: lives are endang]$ by sudd5 *anges 9 ! wea!r1 fi%]m5 especially1 t ! w>n+ monitor is mo/ urg5tly requir$4 ,_m poor fi%+ villages & t[ns h !re=e be5 provid$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 at ! public exp5se1 & ?r\gh ! humane ef=t ( ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 ) fir/-class b>omet]s1 ea* fix$ 9 a conspicu\s position1 s z to be easily accessible to all :o desire to consult x4 ,foll[+ ?is example1 ! ,royal ,national ,life ,boat ,in/itution has suppli$ ea* ( its /ations ) a simil> /orm w>n]2 ! ,duke ( ,nor?umb]l& & ! ,briti% ,meteorological ,society h erect$ sev]al on ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l&2 & _m o!r individuals h pres5t$ b>omet]s to m>itime places ) :i* !y are connect$4 ,^! b>omet]s h all be5 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 ,! =m giv5 to ! in/rum5t seems well adapt$ = public purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 #ae4 ,fi%]y or ,sea-coa/ ,b>omet]s4--,fig4 #ab gives a repres5tation ( ^! coa/ & fi%]y b>omet]s4 ,! frame is ( solid oak1 firmly screw$ toge!r4 ,! scales are v legibly engrav$ on porcela9 by ,negretti & ,zambra's pat5t process4 ,! !rmomet] is l>ge1 & easily read2 & z ?is in/rum5t is expos$1 x w indicate ! actual temp]ature suffici5tly = practical purposes4 ,! b>omet] tube is ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 diamet] ( bore1 exhibit+ a good column ( m]cury2 & ! ci/]n is ( su* capacity1 9 relation to ! tube1 t ! *ange ( height 9 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n correspond+ to a *ange ( height ( ?ree in*es ( m]cury 9 ! tube1 is less ?an "o-hundr$? ( an in*1 & !re=e1 z ! read+s are only to be made to ?is degree ( accuracy1 ?is small error is ( no importance4 ,! ci/]n is made ( boxwood1 :i* is suffici5tly por\s to all[ ! atmosph]e to influ5ce ! m]curial column2 b ! top is plugg$ ) por\s cane1 to admit ( free & c]ta9 play4 #af4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's ,scale ,words4--,! directions giv5 on ! scales ( ^! b>omet]s 7 drawn up by ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,!y appe> to be f\nd$ on ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- ,suppos+ a compass diagram1 ) ! pr9cipal po9ts laid d[n1 ! ,n4,e4 is ! w9d = :i* ! b>omet] /&s highe/2 = ! ,s4,w4 w9d x is l[e/4 ,?is is f\nd to be s 9 ! great majority ( cases2 b !re are exceptions to ?is1 z to all rules4 ,! ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! poles ( ! w9ds1 be+ opposite ea* o!r4 ,:5 ! w9d ve]s f ! ,s4,w4 ?r\gh ,w4 & ,n4 to ,n4,e41 ! b>omet] gradually rises2 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! w9d ve]s f ,n4,e4 & ,e4 to ,s4,e41 ,s4 & ,s4,w41 ! m]cury falls4 ,a simil> curi\s law exi/s 9 relation to ! ve]+ ( ! w9d1 & ! action ( ! !rmomet]4 ,z ! w9d ve]s f ! ,s4,w4 to ,w4 & ,n41 ! !rmomet] falls2 z x ve]s f ,n4,e4 to ,e4 & ,s41 x rises1 because ! w9d gets f a cold] to a w>m] qu>t]4 ,! pol> w9ds are cold1 dry1 & heavy4 ,^? f ! equatorial regions are w>m1 moi/1 & comp>atively light4 ,^! laws h be5 cle>ly develop$ & express$ by ,pr(essor ,dove 9 8 "w on ! ,law ( ,/orms4 ,! w>m w9ds ( ,europe are ^? :i* br+ ! greate/ quantity ( ra91 z !y bl[ f ! ocean1 & come heavily lad5 ) moi/ure4 ,! cold w9ds1 besides conta9+ less moi/ure1 bl[ m f ! l&4 ,! weight ( ! vap\r ( ! w>m w9ds t5ds to raise ! b>ometric column2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! increas$ dilatation ( ! air t5ds to l[] x4 ,?is latt] influ5ce be+ ! /rong]1 ! b>omet] always falls = ^! w9ds2 & 9 regions :]e !y trav]se a l>ge ext5t ( l&1 reta9 _! heat1 & become necess>ily v dry1 ! fall 9 ! b>omet] w be great]4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's words = ! scales ( b>omet]s = use 9 nor!rn latitudes1 !n1 are z foll[s3-- ,,rise4 ,,fall4 ,,= ,,= ,n4 ,,ely4 ,s4 ,,wly4 ,,nw4--,n4--,e4 ,,se4--,s4--,w4 ,,dry ,,wet ,,or ,,or ,,less ,,m ,,w9d4 ,,w9d4 ------- ------- ,,except ,,except ,,wet ,,f ,,wet ,,f ,n4 ,,ed4 ,n4 ,,ed4 ------- ------- ,long =etold1 long la/2 ,fir/ rise aft] l[1 ,%ort notice1 soon pa/4 ,=etells /rong] bl[4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! exception 9 ea* case applies to ,n4,e4 w9ds4 ,! b>omet] may fall ) nor?-ea/]ly w9ds1 b !y w be viol5t & accompani$ ) ra91 hail1 or sn[2 aga91 x w rise ) ^! w9ds accompani$ ) ra91 :5 !y are light1 & br+ only little ra94 ,x rises1 h[ev]1 highe/ ) ! dry & light ,n4,e4 w9ds4 ,^! directions are v practically useful2 !y provide = geographical position--also = elevation above ! sea--s9ce !y are n app5d$ to any p>ticul> height ( ! column4 ,!y are suit$ to ! nor!rn hemisph]e g5]ally1 z well z ar\nd ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! same directions are adapt$ to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 by simply sub/itut+ = ! lett] ,n ! lett] ,s1 read+ s\? = nor?1 & vice v]sa4 ,s\? ( ! equator ! cold w9ds come f ! s\?2 ! w>m1 f ! nor?4 ,! ,s4,e4 w9d 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e corresponds to ! ,n4,e4 9 ! nor!rn4 ,! laws !re are1 :ile ! w9d ve]s f ,s4,e4 ?r\gh ,e4 to ,n4 & ,n4,w41 ! b>omet] falls & ! !rmomet] rises4 ,z ! w9d ve]s f ,n4,w4 ?r\gh ,w4 & ,s4 to ,s4,e41 ! b>omet] rises & ! !rmomet] falls4 #ag4 ,in/ructions = ! ,sea-coa/ ,b>omet]4--,! directions = fix+ ! b>omet]1 & mak+ x portable :5 x has to be remov$1 %\ld be att5d$ to c>efully4 ,! b>omet] %\ld be susp5d$ aga9/ a frame or piece ( wood1 s t light may be se5 ?r\gh ! tube4 ,o!rwise a piece ( pap]1 or a :ite place1 %\ld be beh9d ! upp] or scale "p ( ! tube4 ,:5 susp5d$ on a hook1 or /\t nail1 apply ! mill$-head key 7:i* w be f\nd j bel[ ! scales7 to ! squ>e brass p9 at ! l[] end ( ! in/rum5t1 & turn g5tly t[>d ! left h& till ! screw /ops2 !n take (f ! key & replace x = use1 ne> ! scale1 z x 0 be=e4 ,! ci/]n bottom be+ ?us let d[n1 ! m]cury w s9k to its prop] level quickly4 ,9 remov+ ?is b>omet] x is necess>y to slope x gradually1 till ! m]cury is at ! top ( ! tube1 & !n1 ) ! in/rum5t rev]s$1 to screw up ! ci/]n bottom1 or bag1 by ! key1 us$ g5tly1 till x /ops4 ,x w !n be portable1 & may be c>ri$ ) ! ci/]n end upw>ds1 or ly+ flat2 b x mu/ n be j>r$1 or receive a concussion4 #ah4 ,fr5* ,sea-coa/ ,b>omet]4--,! ,fr5* h imitat$ ?is =m ( b>omet] = coa/ s]vice1 & h translat$ ,admiral ,fitz,roy's indications = ! scale z foll[s3-- ,,la ,,la ,,hausse ,,baisse ,,indique4 ,,indique4 --------- --------- ,,des ,,v5ts ,,de ,,la ,,des ,,v5ts ,,de ,,la ,,p>tie ,,du ,,p>tie ,,du ,n4,e4 ,s4,o4 7,,du ,n4,o4 a l',e7 7,,du ,s4,e4 a l',o47 7,,p> ,,le ,,nord4 7 7,,p> ,,le ,,sud4 7 ,,de ,,la ,,de ,,se*]esse4 ,l',,humidite4 --------- --------- ,,un ,,v5t ,,un ,,v5t ,,plus ,,faible ,,plus ,,=t ,,excepte ,s',,il ,,pleut ,,excepte ,s',,il ,,pleut ,,avec ,,de ,,=tes ,,brises ,,avec ,,de ,,petites ,,brises ,,du ,n4,e4 ,,du ,n4,e4 --------- --------- ,m\vem5ts l5ts1 ,le comm5cem5t ,temps durable4 de la hausse1 --------- apres une gr&e ,m\vem5ts rapides1 baisse presage ,temps v>iable4 un ,v5t viol5t4 ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]s4 #ai4 ,! ,common ,=m4--,! b>omet] is ( great use to ! m>9]1 :o1 by us+ x z a wea!r glass1 is enabl$ to =esee & prep>e = sudd5 *anges 9 ! wea!r4 ,= m>9e purposes1 ! l[] portion ( ! glass tube ( ! b>omet] mu/ be contract$ to a f9e bore1 to prev5t oscillation 9 ! m]curial column1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be occasion$ by ! movem5ts ( ! %ip4 ,?is tube is cem5t$ to ! ci/]n1 :i* is made ( boxwood1 & has a moveable lea!rn bottom1 = ! purpose ( r5d]+ ! in/rum5t portable1 by screw+ up ! m]cury compactly 9 ! tube4 ,! tube is enclos$ 9 a mahogany frame1 :i* admits ( a v>iety ( /yle 9 %ape1 f9i%1 & display1 to meet ! diff]5t fancies & means ( pur*as]s4 ,! frame is g5]ally enl>g$ at ! upp] "p to receive ! scales & ! atta*$ !rmomet]1 :i* are cov]$ by plate glass4 ,! ci/]n is encas$ 9 brass = protection1 ! bottom portion unscrew+ to give access to ! portable screw b5ea? ! ci/]n4 ,figs4 #ac & #ad illu/rate ?is =m ( b>omet]4 ,m>9e b>omet]s require to be susp5d$1 s t !y may rema9 9 a v]tical position "u ! *angeable positions ( a vessel at sea4 ,to effect ?is !y are susp5d$ 9 gimbals by a brass arm4 ,! gimbals consi/ ( a loose r+ fa/5$ by ?umb-screws to ! middle "p ( ! frame ( ! b>omet]1 9 front & back4 ,! =k$ end ( ! arm supports ?is r+ at ! sides1 also by ! aid ( ?umb-screws4 ,h5ce ! sup]ior weight ( ! ci/]n end is always suffici5t to cause ! in/rum5t to move on its be>+ screws1 s z always to ma9ta9 a p]p5dicul> position2 9 fact1 x is s delicately held t x yields to ! slighte/ di/urbance 9 any direction4 ,! o!r end ( ! arm is atta*$ to a /\t plate1 hav+ holes = screws1 or fitt$ to slip into a /aple or bracket1 by :i* x may be fix$ to any "p ( ! cab9 ( a %ip2 ! arm is h+$ to ! plate1 = ! purpose ( turn+ ! arm & b>omet] up :5ev] x is desirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,o!r =ms ( b>omet] 7to be imm$iately describ$7 h sup]s$$ ?is 9 ! ,briti% ,m>9e1 b ! ,fr5* /ill give ! pref]5ce to ! wood5 frames4 ,!y ?9k ! b>omet] c be m securely m\nt$ 9 wood1 is m portable1 & less liable to be brok5 by a sudd5 concussion ?an if fitt$ 9 a metal frame4 ,! ,engli% deem ! ord9>y wood5 b>omet]s n suffici5tly accurate1 ow+ to ! irregul> expansion ( wood1 aris+ f its hygrometric prop]ties4 ,"s ( ! ,engli% opticians h %[n t v portable1 & really accurate b>omet]s c be made 9 brass frames1 & !re=e ! pref]5ce is n[ giv5 to ?is latt] mat]ial4 #bj4 ,! ,kew ,m>9e ,b>omet]4--,! =m ( b>omet] s-call$1 is t recomm5d$ by ! ,congress ( ,brussels1 held 9 #ahec1 = ! purpose ( devis+ a sy/ematic plan ( promot+ meteorological obs]vations at sea4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 its con/ruction are m]cury1 glass1 iron1 & brass4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tube is c>efully calibrat$ to ensure uni=mity ( bore1 z ?is is a po9t ^u :i* ! accuracy ( ! in/rum5t to "s ext5t dep5ds4 ,at sea1 ! b>omet] has nev] be5 kn[n to /& above #ca in*es1 nor bel[ #bg4 ,^! extremes h be5 atta9$ ) in/rum5ts ( und\bt$ accuracy1 b !y are q exceptional4 ,x is n necess>y1 !re=e1 to c>ry ! scales ( m>9e b>omet]s beyond ^! limits1 b !y %\ld n be made %ort]4 ,if ! v]ni] is adju/$ to read upw>d1 ! scale %\ld ext5d to #cb in*es1 to all[ room = ! v]ni] to be set to #ca in*es at lea/4 ,cases h occurr$ 9 :i* ?is c\ld n be done1 & r>e1 b valuable obs]vations h be5 lo/ 9 consequ5ce4 ,if ! scale "p ( ! tube be n uni=m 9 bore1 ! index error w be irregul> ?r\gh\t ! scale4 ,:e!r ! bore ( ! re/ ( ! tube v>ies 9 diamet]1 is ( no mom5t4 ,f two to ?ree in*es bel[ ! measur$ "p1 ! bore is contract$ v mu*1 to prev5t ! pulsations 9 ! m]curial column--call$ pump+--:i*1 o!rwise1 w\ld occur at sea f ! motion ( ! %ip4 ,9 ord9>y m>9e b>omet]s1 ?is contraction ext5ds to ! end ( ! tube4 ,bel[ ! contract$ "p is ins]t$ a pipette--or ,gay ,lussac air-trap--:i* is a little elongat$ funnel ) ! po9t d[nw>ds4 ,its object is to arre/ any air t may "w 9 betwe5 ! glass & ! m]cury4 ,! bubble ( air lodges at ! %\ld]1 & c g up no f>!r4 ,x is "o ( ^? simple contrivances :i* turn out rem>kably useful4 ,if any air gets into ! tube1 x does n get to ! top1 & !re=e does n vitiate ! p]=mance ( ! b>omet]2 = ! m]cury itself works up & d[n ?r\gh ! funnel4 ,bel[ ?is1 ! tube %\ld n be unnecess>ily contract$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube is fix$ into an iron cyl9d]1 :i* =ms ! ci/]n ( ! b>omet]4 ,iron has no action ^u m]cury1 & is !re=e us$ in/ead ( any o!r metal4 ,"o or two holes are made 9 ! top ( ! ci/]n1 :i* are cov]$ on ! inside ) /rong %eep-sk9 lea!r1 s z to be imp]vi\s to m]cury1 b suffici5tly por\s = ! out] air to act ^u ! column4 ,! ci/]n is ( capacity suffici5t to receive ! m]cury :i* falls out ( ! tube until ! column /&s l[] ?an ! scale reads2 & :5 ! tube is completely full1 !re is en\gh m]cury to cov] ! extremity s z to prev5t access ( air4 ,!re is no screw requir$ = screw+ up ! m]cury4 ,! glass tube ?us secur$ to ! ci/]n is protect$ by a brass tubul> frame1 into :i* ! iron ci/]n fits & screws compactly4 ,cork is us$ to =m be>+s = ! tube4 ,a few in*es above ! ci/]n is plac$ ! atta*$ !rmomet]4 ,its bulb is enclos$ 9 ! frame1 s z to be equally affect$ by heat ) ! b>ometric column4 ,! upp] end ( ! frame is fitt$ ) a cap :i* screws on1 & embraces a glass %ield :i* re/s 9 a gall]y =m$ on ! frame bel[ ! scale1 & s]ves to protect ! silv]$ scale1 z well z ! inn] tube1 f du/ & damp4 ,a r+1 moveable 9 a coll> fix$ on ! frame above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! in/rum5t1 is atta*$ to gimbals1 & ! :ole is support$ by a brass arm 9 ! usual mann]2 s t ! in/rum5t c be mov$ r\nd its axis to br+ any s\rce ( light ^u x1 & w rema9 v]tical 9 all positions ( ! %ip4 ,! v]ni] reads to five-hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,no words are plac$ ^u ! scale1 z ! old =mul>y 0 deem$ mislead+4 ,! v]ni] c be set ) great exactness1 z light is admitt$ to ! top ( ! m]cury by a front & a back slit 9 ! frame4 ,! l[] edge ( ! v]ni] %\ld be br\ght to ! top ( ! m]cury1 s z j to %ut out ! light4 ,x is evid5t t ?is =m ( b>omet] mu/ be m reliable 9 its indications ?an ^? 9 wood5 frames4 ,! graduations c be accurately made1 & !y w be affect$ only by well-kn[n alt]ations due to temp]ature4 ,"s ?9k ! tube is too firmly held1 & !re=e liable to be brok5 by concussion m readily ?an t ( an inf]ior in/rum5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 appe>s a necess>y consequ5ce ( great] exactness4 ,x is an exce$+ly good portable in/rum5t1 & c be put up & tak5 d[n v readily4 ,^! b>omet]s are pref]r$ to m>9e b>omet]s 9 wood1 :]ev] !y h be5 us$4 ,9 m]*ant %ips1 & "u c>eful treatm5t1 !y h be5 f\nd v durable4 ,!y may be s5t ) safety by railway1 pack$ c>efully 9 a wood5 box4 ,directions = ,pack+4--,9 remov+ ?is b>omet] x is necess>y to slope x gradually till ! m]cury rea*es ! top ( ! tube4 ,x is !n portable1 if c>ri$ ci/]n end upw>ds or ly+ flat4 ,if c>ri$ o!rwise1 x w v probably be brok5 by ! j]k+ motion ( ! heavy m]cury 9 ! glass tube4 ,( c\rse x mu/ n be j>r$1 or receive concussion4 ,position = ,m>9e ,b>omet]4--,admiral ,fitz,roy1 to ^: valuable pap]s we are mu* indebt$1 writes 9 8 ,b>omet] ,manual3--,x is desirable to place ! b>omet] 9 su* a position z n to be 9 dang] ( a side bl[1 & also suffici5tly f> f ! deck above to all[ = ! spr+ ( ! metal arm 9 cases ( sudd5 movem5ts ( ! %ip4 ,if !re is risk ( ! in/rum5t /rik+ any:]e :5 ! vessel is mu* heel$1 x w be desirable to put "s s(t padd+ on t place1 or to *eck movem5t 9 t direction by a light ela/ic cord2 9 fix+ :i*1 att5tion mu/ be paid to h x act+ only :]e risk ( a bl[ beg9s1 n int]f]+ o!rwise ) ! free sw+ ( ! in/rum5t3 a v light cord atta*$ above1 :5 possible1 w be lea/ likely to int]f]e injuri\sly4 #ba4 ,me?od ( v]ify+ ,m>9e & o!r ,b>omet]s4--,9 ne>ly all ! b>omet]s :i* _h be5 employ$ at sea till rec5tly ! index correction v>i$ ?r\gh ! range ( scale read+s1 9 proportion to ! diff]5ce ( capacity betwe5 ! ci/]n & ! tube4 ,to f9d ! index correction = a l& b>omet]1 comp>ison ) a /&>d1 at any "p ( ! scale at :i* ! m]cury may happ5 to be1 is g5]ally consid]$ suffici5t4 ,to te/ ! m>9e b>omet] is a "w ( mu* m "t1 s9ce x is necess>y to f9d ! correction = scale read+s at ab\t ea* half in* ?r\gh\t ! range ( atmosph]ic pressure to :i* x may be expos$2 & x becomes necess>y to h rec\rse to artificial means ( *ang+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,! b>omet]s to be ?us te/$ are plac$1 toge!r ) a /&>d1 9 an air-tight *amb]1 to :i* an air-pump is appli$1 s t1 by p>tially exhau/+ ! air1 ! /&>d c be made to read mu* l[] ?an ! l[e/ pressure to :i* m>9e b>omet]s are likely to be expos$2 & by compress+ ! air x c be made to read high] ?an ! m]cury ev] /&s at ! level ( ! sea4 ,! tube ( ! /&>d is contract$ simil>ly to t ( ! m>9e b>omet]1 b a provision is made = adju/+ ! m]cury 9 its ci/]n to ! z]o po9t4 ,glass w9d[s are ins]t$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! iron air-*amb]1 ?r\gh :i* ! scales ( ! b>omet]s may be se52 b z ! v]ni]s _c be mov$ 9 ! usual way f outside ! *amb]1 a provision is made = read+ ! height ( ! m]cury indep5d5t ( ! v]ni]s atta*$ to ! scales ( ! respective b>omet]s4 ,at a di/ance ( "s five or six feet f ! air-tight *amb] a v]tical scale is fix$4 ,! divisions on ?is scale correspond exactly ) ^? on ! tube ( ! /&>d b>omet]4 ,a v]ni] & telescope are made to slide on ! scale by means ( a rack & p9ion4 ,! telescope has two horizontal wires1 "o fix$ & ! o!r moveable by a micromet] screw1 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! height ( ! column ( m]cury & ! ne>e/ division on ! scale ( ! /&>d1 & also ( all ! o!r b>omet]s plac$ by ! side ( x = comp>ison1 c be measur$ ei!r ) ! v]tical scale & v]ni] or ! micromet] wire4 ,! means are ?us possess$ ( te/+ b>omet]s = index error 9 any "p ( ! scale1 ?r\gh ! :ole range ( atmosph]ic pressure to :i* !y are likely to be expos$2 & ! usual practice is to te/ !m at e half in* f #bg4e to #ca in*es4 ,9 ?is way b>omet]s ( v>i\s o!r descriptions h be5 te/$1 & "s errors f\nd to be s l>ge t a few b>omet]s read half an in* & upw>ds too high1 :ile o!rs read z mu* too l[4 ,9 "s cases ^? :i* 7 correct 9 "o "p ( ! scale 7 f\nd to be f half an in* to an in* wrong 9 o!r p>ts4 ,^! b>omet]s 7 ( an old & ord9>y1 n to say inf]ior1 con/ruction4 ,9 "s ! m]cury w\ld n desc5d l[] ?an ab\t #bi in*es1 ow+ to a fault v g5]al 9 ! con/ruction ( _m common b>omet]s till lately 9 frequ5t use3--! ci/]n 0 n l>ge en\gh to hold ! m]cury :i* desc5d$ f ! tube 9 a l[ atmosph]ic pressure4 ,:5 us$ on %ore1 ?is contraction ( ! tube causes ! m>9e b>omet] to be sometimes a little beh9d an ord9>y l& b>omet]1 ! tube ( :i* is n contract$4 ,! am\nt v>ies accord+ to ! rate at :i* ! m]cury is ris+ or fall+1 & ranges f #j4jj to #j4jb ( an in*4 ,z ! motion ( ! %ip at sea causes ! m]cury to pass m rapidly ?r\gh ! contract$ tube1 ! read+s are almo/ ! same !re z !y w\ld be if ! tube 7 n contract$1 & 9 no case d !y diff] en\gh to be ( importance 9 m>itime use4 ,! ci/]n ( ?is m>9e b>omet] is g5]ally made an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 & ! scale "p ( ! tube a qu>t] ( an in* 9 bore4 ,! in*es on ! scale1 in/ead ( be+ true1 are %ort5$ by 4#jd ( an in*1 9 ord] to avoid ! necessity ( apply+ a correction due to ! diff]5ce ( capacity ( ! tube & ci/]n4 ,?is is done ) mu* p]fection1 & ! errors ( ! in/rum5ts1 :5 comp>$ ) a /&>d by ! app>atus us$ at ,kew & ,liv]pool ,obs]vatories1 are det]m9$ to ! ?\s&? ( an in*1 & are inv>iably v uni=m & small4 ,! error s det]m9$ includes ! correction due to capill>ity1 capacity1 & error ( graduation1 & =ms a con/ant correction1 s t only "o v>iable correction1 t due to temp]ature1 ne$ be appli$1 :5 ! b>omet] is susp5d$ ne> ! wat] l9e ( ! %ip1 to make ! obs]vations comp>able ) o!rs4 ,) all ! advantages ( ?is b>omet]1 h[ev]1 x has rec5tly be5 sup]s$$1 to "s ext5t1 because x 0 f\nd to require m c>e ?an c\ld ord9>ily be expect$ to be giv5 to x by ! comm&] ( a %ip4 ,seam5 d n exactly und]/& ! value ( su* nice accuracy z ! ?\s&? "p ( an in*1 b pref] an in/rum5t t reads only to a hundr$? "p4 #bb4 ,,! ,,fitzroy ,,m>9e ,,b>omet]4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy deem$ x desirable to con/ruct a =m ( b>omet] z practically useful z possible = m>9e purposes4 ,"o t %\ld be less delicate 9 /ructure ?an ! ,kew b>omet]1 & n s f9ely graduat$4 ,"o t c\ld be set at a glance & read easily2 t w\ld be m likely to be> ! common %ocks unavoidable 9 a %ip ( w>4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,admiral has devis$ a b>omet]1 :i* he has ?us describ$3-- ,?is m>9e b>omet]1 = ,h] ,maje/y's s]vice1 is adapt$ to g5]al purposes4 ,x diff]s f b>omet]s hi!rto made 9 po9ts ( detail1 r ?an pr9ciple3--#a4 ,! glass tube is pack$ ) vulcanis$ india-rubb]1 :i* *ecks vibration f concussion2 b does n hold x rigidly1 or prev5t expansion4 #b4 ,x does n oscillate 7or pump71 ?\gh extremely s5sitive4 #c4 ,! scale is porcela91 v legible1 & n liable to *ange4 #d4 ,!re is no iron any:]e 7to ru/74 #e4 ,e "p c be unscrew$1 exam9$1 or clean$1 by any c>eful p]son4 #f4 ,!re is a sp>e tube1 fix$ 9 a ci/]n1 fill$ ) boil$ m]cury1 & m>k$ = adju/m5t 9 ?is1 or any simil> in/rum5t4 ,^! b>omet]s are graduat$ to hundr$?s1 & !y w be f\nd accurate to t degree1 namely ! second decimal ( an in*4 ,!y are pack$ ) vulcanis$ ca\t*\c1 9 ord] t 7by ?is1 & by a peculi> /r5g? ( glass tube7 guns may be fir$ ne> ^! in/rum5ts )\t caus+ injury to !m by ord9>y concussion4 ,x is hop$ t all su* in/rum5ts1 = ! public s]vice at sea1 w be q simil>1 s t any sp>e tube w fit any b>omet]4 ,to ,%ift a ,tube4--,incl9e ! b>omet] sl[ly1 & !n take x d[n1 aft] all[+ ! m]cury to fill ! upp] "p4 ,lay ! in/rum5t on a table1 unscrew ! out] cap at ! jo9+ j bel[ ! ci/]n swell1 !n unscrew ! tube & ci/]n1 by turn+ ! ci/]n g5tly1 aga9/ ! sun1 or to ! left1 & draw out ! tube v c>efully )\t b5d+ x 9 ! lea/1 turn+ x a little1 if requir$1 z mov$4 ,!n ins]t ! new tube v cauti\sly1 screw 91 & adju/ to ! diamond-cut m>k = #bg in*es4 ,atta* ! cap1 & susp5d ! b>omet] = use4 ,if ! m]cury does n imm$iately quit ! top ( ! tube1 tap ! ci/]n end r %>ply4 ,9 a well-boil$ tube1 ) a good vacuum1 ! m]cury hangs1 at times1 s adhesively z to deceive1 by caus+ a supposition ( "s defect4 ,9 ab\t t5 m9utes ! m]curial column %\ld be ne>ly "r2 b z local temp]ature affects ! brass1 z well z ! m]cury1 sl[ly & unequally1 x may be well to def] any exact comp>isons ) o!r in/rum5ts = "s few h\rs4 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra are ! mak]s ( ^! b>omet]s = ! ,royal ,navy4 ,fig4 #af is an illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! tube is fix$ to a boxwood ci/]n1 :i* is plugg$ ) v por\s cane at ! top1 to all[ ( ! ready influ5ce ( a v>iation 9 atmosph]ic pressure ^u ! m]cury4 ,r\nd ! neck ( ! ci/]n is =m$ a brass r+1 ) a screw ?read on its circumf]5ce4 ,?is screws into ! frame1 & a m>k on ! tube is to be adju/$ to #bg in*es on ! scale1 ! ci/]n cov]+ screw$ on1 & ! in/rum5t is ready to susp5d4 ,! frame & all ! fitt+s are brass1 )\t any iron :atev]2 because ! contact ( ! two metals produces a galvanic action1 :i* is objectionable4 ,! sp>e tube is fitt$ ) india-rubb]1 & ready at any "t to replace ! "o 9 ! frame4 ,! ease ) :i* a tube c be replac$ :5 brok5 is an excell5t feature ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! sp>e tube is c>efully /[$ 9 a box1 :i* c also receive ! complete in/rum5t :5 n 9 use4 ,all ! p>ts are made to a def9ite gauge2 ! frames are1 !re=e1 all z ne>ly z possible simil> to ea* o!r1 & ! tubes--l rifle bullets--are adju/ible to any frame4 ,if1 !n1 ! tube 9 use gets brok51 ! capta9 c replace x by ! o!r2 b1 z x is securely pack$ ) india-rubb]1 !re is v little liability ( its be+ brok5 by fair usage4 ,e p]son :o kn[s ! importance ( ! b>omet] on bo>d %ip1 w ackn[l$ge t ! supplem5t>y tube is a decid$ improvem5t4 ,_m in/rum5ts ( ?is description are afloat 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 & 9 a %ort "t x may be expect$ t all ! frames & tubes ( b>omet]s 9 ! public s]vice at sea w be simil> 9 size & "*2 s t %\ld a capta9 h ! mis=tune to get bo? 8 tubes brok51 he w\ld be able to borr[ ano!r f any %ip he fell 9 ) t _h "o to sp>e1 :i* w\ld be p]fectly accurate1 because x w\ld h be5 v]ifi$ be=e x 0 s5t out4 #bc4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's ,words = ! ,scale4--,! graduation ( in*es & decimals are plac$ 9 ?is b>omet] on ! "r-h& side ( ! tube2 & on a simil> piece ( porcela91 on ! left-h&1 are engrav$1 z legibly z !y are express$ succ9ctly1 ! foll[+ words1 ( univ]sal application 9 ! int]pretation ( ! b>omet] movem5ts3-- ,,rise ,,fall ,,= ,,= ,,cold ,,w>m ,,dry ,,wet ,,or ,,or ,,less ,,m ,,w9d4 ,,w9d4 -------- -------- ,,except ,,except ,,wet ,,f ,,wet ,,f ,,cool] ,,side4 ,,cool] ,,side4 ,rev]t+ to ! explanation ( ! words on ! ,coa/ b>omet]s 7at page #ad71 & comp>+ & consid]+ !m z giv5 = nor!rn latitudes1 & z !y mu/ be alt]$ = s\!rn latitudes1 x w be p]ceiv$1 t = all cold w9ds ! b>omet] rises2 & falls = w>m w9ds4 ,! m]cury also falls = increas$ /r5g? ( w9d2 & rises z ! w9d lulls4 ,likewise be=e or ) ra9 ! column ( m]cury falls2 b x rises ) f9e dry wea!r4 ,putt+ ^! facts toge!r1 & sub/itut+ = ! po9ts ( ! compass ! t]ms cold & w>m1 ! appropriat5ess ( ! words on ! scale ( ?is b>omet] is readily p]ceiv$4 ,^! concise & practical indications ( ! movem5ts 9 ! b>omet] are applicable = in/rum5ts int5d$ = use 9 any region ( ! _w1 & are 9 p]fect accordance ) ! laws ( w9ds & wea!r d$uc$ by ,dove & o!r meteorologi/s4 ,!re is no?+ objectionable 9 !m1 & be+ f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce & ! d$uctions made f num]\s record$ obs]vations ( ! wea!r 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z well z confirm$ by ! !ories ( sci5ce1 !y may consequ5tly be consid]$ z g5]ally reliable4 ,!y involve no conjecture1 b express succ9ctly sci5tific pr9ciples4 #bd4 ,trials ( ! ,fitz,roy ,m>9e ,b>omet] "u ,fire ( ,guns4--,"s ( ! fir/ b>omet]s made by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra on ,admiral ,fitz,roy's pr9ciple 7 sev]ely tri$ "u ! heavie/ naval gun fir+1 on bo>d ,h4,m4,s4 ,excell5t2 & "u all ! circum/ances1 !y )/ood ! concussion4 ,! purpose ( ! trials 0 to asc]ta9 :e!r ! vulcaniz$ india-rubb] pack+ r\nd ! glass tube ( a new m>9e b>omet] did *eck ! vibration caus$ by fir+1 & :e!r guns might be fir$ close to ^! in/rum5ts )\t caus+ injury to !m4 ,9 ! fir/ & second s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 a m>9e b>omet] on ,admiral ,fitz,roy's plan 0 tri$ aga9/ a m>9e b>omet] on ! ,kew pr9ciple1 bo? in/rum5ts be+ new1 & treat$ 9 all respects simil>ly4 ,!y 7 hung ov] ! gun1 "u ! gun1 & by ! side ( ! gun1 ! latt] bo? inside & outside a bulkhead1--9 fact1 9 all ways t !y w\ld be tri$ 9 action ) ! bulkheads cle>$ away4 ,! result 0 t ! ,kew b>omet] 0 brok5 & r5d]$ useless1 :ile ! new patt]n b>omet] 0 n injur$ 9 ! lea/4 ,9 a ?ird s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 ,mr4 ,negretti be+ pres5t1 five ( ! new patt]n b>omet]s 7 subject$ to ! concussion produc$ by fir+ a #fh-p\nd] gun ) %ot1 & #af lbs4 *>ge ( p[d]4 ,!y 7 susp5d$ f a beam imm$iately "u ! gun1 !n f a beam imm$iately ov] ! gun1 & f9ally !y 7 susp5d$ by ! arm to a bulkhead1 at a di/ance ( only #c ft4 #f 94 f ! axis ( ! gun2 & ! result 01 accord+ to ! (ficial report1 t all ^! b>omet]s1 h[ev] susp5d$1 w\ld /&1 )\t ! slighte/ injury1 ! mo/ sev]e concussion t !y w\ld ev] be likely to exp]i5ce 9 any sea-go+ man-(-w>4 ,^! trials 7 conduct$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,capta9 ,hewlett1 ,c4,b41 & ! guns 7 fir$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 usual in/ructions4 ,8 reports to ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 giv+ all ! p>ticul>s ( ! trials1 are publi%$ 9 ! ,n9? ,numb] ( ,meteorological ,pap]s1 issu$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4#b #be4 ,,negretti ,,& ,,zambra',s ,,f>m]',s ,,b>omet] ,,& ,,dome/ic ,,wea!r-,,glass4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! b>omet] is z mu*1 or ev5 m affect$ by a *ange ( w9d z x is by ra92 & ! objection rais$ aga9/ a simple b>omet] read+1 z leav+ ! obs]v] 9 d\bt :e!r to expect w9d or ra91 is remov$ by ! addition ( ! ,hygromet]1 an in/rum5t indicat+ ! comp>ative degree ( dryness or dampness ( ! air2--a mo/ important item 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! com+ wea!r4 ,! f>m] %\ld n be cont5t to let 8 crops lie at ! m]cy1 s to speak1 ( ! wea!r1 :5 he has )9 8 comm& in/rum5ts :i* may be ! means ( prev5t+ damage to1 & 9 cases total loss (1 8 crops4 ,! f>m] hi!rto has _h to dep5d = 8 progno/ication ( ! wea!r on 8 own unassi/$ ,wea!r ,wisdom2 & x is p]fectly m>vell\s h[ exp]t he has become 9 its use4 ,sci5ce n[ /eps 91 n to ignore ?is exp]i5ce1 b on ! contr>y1 to give x mo/ valuable assi/ance by ext5d+ x1 & enabl+ x to pr$ict1 ) an accuracy hi!rto unkn[n1 ! v>i\s *anges t take place 9 ?is mo/ v>iable ( climates4 ,to ! invalid1 ! importance ( pr$ict+ ) tol]able accuracy ! *anges t are likely to occur 9 ! wea!r1 _c be ov]-rat$4 ,_m colds w\ld be prev5t$1 if we c\ld "k t ! morn+ s balmy & bright1 w\ld subside into a cold & *e]less aft]noon4 ,ev5 to ! robu/1 mu* inconv5i5ce may be prev5t$ by a due respect to ! indications ( ! hygromet] & ! b>omet]1 & ! delicate 9 heal? w d well to reg>d its w>n+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,description ( ! ,in/rum5t4--,! f>m]'s b>omet]1 z figur$ 9 ! m>g91 consi/s ( an upright tube ( m]cury inv]t$ 9 a ci/]n ( ! same fluid2 ?is is secur$ aga9/ a /rong frame ( wood1 at ! upp] end ( :i* is fix$ ! scale1 divid$ into in*es & t5?s ( an in*4 ,on ei!r side ( ! b>omet]1 or c5tre tube1 are two !rmomet]s--t on ! left h& has its bulb uncov]$ & freely expos$1 & indicates ! temp]ature ( ! air at ! place ( obs]vation2 t on ! "r h& has its bulb cov]$ ) a piece ( musl91 f :i* dep5d a few ?reads ( s(t lamp cotton2 ?is cotton is imm]s$ 9 ! small cup situat$ j "u ! !rmomet]1 ?is vessel be+ full ( wat]2 ! wat] rises by capill>y attraction to ! musl9-cov]$ bulb1 & keeps x 9 a con/antly moi/ /ate4 ,^! two !rmomet]s1 :i* we di/+ui% by ! names ,wet ,bulb & ,dry ,bulb1 =m ! ,hygromet]2 & x is by ! simultane\s read+ ( ^! two !rmomet]s1 & not+ ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 _! indications1 t ! humidity 9 ! atmosph]e is det]m9$4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's words 7see p4 #bb7 are plac$ ^u ! scale ( ! b>omet]1 z ! value ( a read+ dep5ds1 n s mu* on ! actual height ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 z x does on :e!r ! column is ris+1 /eady1 or fall+4 ,! moveable screw at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n is = ! purpose ( =c+ ! m]cury to ! top ( ! tube :5 ! in/rum5t is be+ c>ri$ f place to place1 & x mu/ always be unscrew$ to its utmo/ limit :5 ! b>omet] is hung 9 its prop] place4 ,aft] ?is x %\ld nev] be t\*$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! ,hygromet] acts is z foll[s3 ,x is a pretty well-kn[n fact t wat] or w9e is (t5 cool$ by a wet clo? be+ ti$ r\nd ! bottle1 & !n be+ plac$ 9 a curr5t ( air4 ,! evaporation t takes place 9 ! progressive dry+ ( ! clo? causes ! temp]ature to fall consid]ably bel[ t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & ! cont5ts ( ! bottle are ?us cool$4 ,9 ! same mann]1 !n1 ! cov]$ wet bulb !rmomet] w be f\nd inv>iably to read l[] ?an ! uncov]$ "o2 & ! great] ! dryness ( ! air1 ! great] w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! indications ( ! two !rmomet]s2 & ! m moi/ure t exi/s 9 ! air1 ! m ne>ly !y w read alike4 ,! cup mu/ be kept fill$ ) pure wat]1 & occasionally clean$ out1 to remove any dirt4 ,! musl91 or cotton-wick1 %\ld also be r5ew$ e few weeks4 ,! hygromet] may be _h sep>ate f ! b>omet]1 if ! comb9$ in/rum5ts _c be suffici5tly expos$ to ! ext]nal air1 ?is be+ ess5tial = ! successful use ( ! hygromet]4 ,?is f>m]'s wea!r-glass1 !n1 consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct in/rum5ts3 ! b>omet]1 ! !rmomet]1 & ! hygromet]4 ,he has ?us at comm& ! ?ree in/rum5tal data necess>y = ! pr$iction ( ! wea!r4 ,& n[ to describe-- ,h[ to ,use ! ,in/rum5t4--,! obs]vations %\ld be tak5 twice a day1 say at #i ,a4,m4 & #c ,p4,m42 & %\ld be ent]$ on a slip ( pap]1 or a slate hung up by ! b>omet]4 ,! obs]v] w !n be able to see ! diff]5t values ( ! read+s f "t to "t1 & to draw 8 conclusions !refrom4 ,! !rmomet] on ! left h& %\ld fir/ be read1 & a note made ( its indication1 :i* is ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! wet bulb !rmomet] %\ld n[ be read1 & also not$2 & ! diff]5ce %\ld be tak5 ( ^! two read+s4 ,next read ! b>omet] by mov+ ! small index at ! side ( ! tube until x is on a level ) ! top ( ! m]cury4 ,hav+ not$ ! numb] ( in*es at :i* ! column /&s1 comp>e ) ! la/ obs]vation1 & see imm$iately :e!r ! b>omet] is ris+1 /eady1 or fall+4 ,n[1 hav+ tak5 ! obs]vations z above1 we naturally ask ! "q1 ,:at are we to pr$ict f !m8 ,&1 probably1 ! be/ way ( answ]+ ?is qu]y w be by giv+ an example4 ,we w suppose t our read+s ye/]day 7 z foll[s3--,temp]ature1 #gj deg42 ,wet ,bulb1 #fi deg42 ,diff]5ce1 #a deg42 v moi/ air4 ,b>omet]1 #bi4e1 & t ra9 has fall54 ,to-day1 we read3--,temp]ature1 #fj deg42 ,wet ,bulb1 #ee deg42 ,diff]5ce1 #e deg42 dry] air4 ,b>omet]1 #cj4 ,we may safely pr$ict t ! ra9 w cease1 & probably we may h w9d f ! nor?w>d4 ,9 spr+ or autumn1 if ! b>ometric height be /eady any :]e betwe5 #bi4e & #cj in*es1 ) ! temp]ature ab\t #fj deg41 fre% to mod]ate s\?-we/]ly w9ds1 ) cl\dy sky1 w probably *>act]ize ! wea!r2 ! indications ( ! hygromet] be+ !n specially s]viceable 9 enabl+ u to =etell ra92 b if ! m]cury become /eady at ab\t #cj4e in*es1 ) temp]ature ab\t #dj deg41 nor?-ea/]ly w9ds1 dry air1 & cle> sky1 may be confid5tly expect$4 ,_m cases w d\btless sugge/ !mselves to ! obs]v] :]e ^! figures d n occur1 & :]e he might f9d a difficulty 9 int]pret+ ! indications ( 8 in/rum5ts4 ,we h1 !re=e1 drawn up "s concise rules = 8 guidance2 & al?\gh !y w n prove absolutely infallible guides to ?is ackn[l$g$ mo/ difficult problem1 /ill1 !y w be f\nd ( mu* s]vice 9 =etell+ ! wea!r1 :5 add$ to an intellig5t obs]vation ( ord9>y atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 z =ce & direction ( w9d1 nature ( any p>ticul> season1 & ! "t ( ye>4 #bf4 ,,rules ,,= ,,=etell+ ,,! ,,wea!r4 ,a ,,ris+ ,,b>omet]4 ,a ,rapid rise indicates unsettl$ wea!r4 ,a ,gradual rise indicates settl$ wea!r4 ,a ,rise1 ) dry air1 & cold increas+ 9 summ]1 indicates w9d f nor?w>d2 & if ra9 has fall51 bett] wea!r is to be expect$4 ,a ,rise1 ) moi/ air & a l[ temp]ature1 indicates w9d & ra9 f nor?w>d4 ,a ,rise1 ) s\!rly w9d1 indicates f9e wea!r4 ,a ,,/eady ,,b>omet]1 ,) dry air & a seasonable temp]ature1 indicates a cont9uance ( v f9e wea!r4 ,a ,,fall+ ,,b>omet]4 ,a ,rapid fall indicates /ormy wea!r4 ,a ,rapid fall1 ) we/]ly w9d1 indicates /ormy wea!r f nor?w>d4 ,a ,fall1 ) a nor!rly w9d1 indicates /orm1 ) ra9 & hail 9 summ]1 & sn[ 9 w9t]4 ,a ,fall1 ) increas$ moi/ure 9 ! air1 & ! heat increas+1 indicates w9d & ra9 f s\?w>d4 ,a ,fall1 ) dry air1 & cold increas+ 79 w9t]71 indicates sn[4 ,a ,fall1 aft] v calm & w>m wea!r1 indicates ra9 ) squally wea!r4 #bg4 ,causes :i* may br+ ab\t a ,fall or a ,rise 9 ! ,b>omet]4#c--;,z heat produces r>efaction1 a sudd5 rise ( temp]ature 9 a di/ant qu>t] may affect ! weight ( ! atmosph]e ov] our heads1 by produc+ an a]ial curr5t outw>ds1 to supply ! place ( ! light] air :i* has mov$ f its =m] position2 9 :i* case ! b>omet] w fall4 ,n[ su* a movem5t 9 ! atmosph]e is likely to br+ ab\t an int]mixture ( curr5ts ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 & f ?is int]mixture ra9 is likely to result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z cold produces cond5sation1 any sudd5 fall ( temp]ature causes ! column ( air ov] ! locality to contract & s9k to a l[] level1 :il/ o!r air ru%es 9 f above to supply ! void2 &1 accord+ly1 ! b>omet] rises4 ,%\ld ?is air1 z (t5 happ5s1 proce$ f ! nor?1 x w conta9 9 g5]al b little moi/ure2 & h5ce1 on rea*+ a w>m] latitude1 w take up ! vap\r ( ! air1 s t dry wea!r w result4 ,x is g5]ally obs]v$1 t w9d causes a fall 9 ! in/rum5t2 &1 inde$1 9 ^? great] movem5ts ( ! atmosph]e :i* we d5om9ate /orms or hurricanes1 ! depression is s consid]able z to =ew>n ! navigator ( 8 imp5d+ dang]4 ,x is evid5t1 t a draught ( air 9 any direction mu/ dim9i% ! weight ( ! column ov]head1 & consequ5tly cause ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] to s9k4 ,! connection1 !re=e1 ( a s9k+ ( ! b>ometric column ) ra9 is frequ5tly ow+ to ! w9d caus+ an int]mixture ( ! a]ial curr5ts :i*1 by _! motion1 dim9i% ! weight ( ! atmosph]e ov] our heads2 :il/ a /eady rise 9 ! column indicates ! abs5ce ( any great atmosph]ic *anges 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & a g5]al exemption f ^? causes :i* are apt to br+ ab\t a precipitation ( vap\r4 #bh4 ,use ( ! ,b>omet] 9 ! managem5t ( ,m9es4--,! inflammable & suffocat+ gases1 kn[n to coal-m9]s z fire-damp & *oke-damp1 are specifically heavi] ?an air2 & z !y issue f ! fissures ( ! m9e1 or are releas$ f ! coal1 ! atmosph]ic pressure t5ds to drive !m into ! l[e/ & lea/ v5tilat$ gall]ies4 ,consequ5tly a greatly r$uc$ atmosph]ic pressure w fav\r a sudd5 outfl[ or advance ( gas2 :5ce may result cases ( explosion or suffocation4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ^! accid5ts occur = ! mo/ "p ab\t ! "t ( a l[ b>ometric column4 ,a reliable b>omet] %\ld1 !re=e1 be sy/ematically consult$ by ^? entru/$ ) ! managem5t or control ( coal-m9es1 s t great] vigilance & caution may be enjo9$ on ! m9]s :5ev] ! m]cury falls l[1 especially aft] x has be5 unusually high = "s days4 #bi4 ,use ( ! ,b>omet] 9 e/imat+ ! ,height ( ,tides4--,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e affects ! height ( ! tide1 ! wat] be+ 9 g5]al high] z ! b>omet] is l[]4 ,! expressions ( seam51 t fro/ nips ! tide1 & fog nips ! tide1 are expla9$ by ! high b>omet] :i* usually accompanies fro/ & fog4 ,m4 ,daussy1 ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross1 & o!rs1 h e/abli%$ t a rise ( "o in* 9 ! b>omet] w h a correspond+ fall 9 ! tide ( ab\t "o foot4 ,!re=e navigators & pilots w appreciate ! foll[+ sugge/ion ( ,admiral ,fitz,roy3-- ,vessels sometimes ent] docks1 or ev5 h>b\rs1 :]e !y h sc>cely a foot ( wat] m ?an _! draught2 & z dock+1 z well z laun*+ l>ge %ips1 requires a close calculation ( height ( wat]1 ! /ate ( ! b>omet] becomes ( additional importance on su* occasions4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,syphon ,,tube ,,b>omet]s4 #cj4 ,pr9ciple (4--,if "s m]cury1 or any o!r fluid1 be p\r$ into a tube ( glass1 b5t 9 ! =m ( ,u1 & op5 at bo? ends1 x w rise to ! same height 9 bo? limbs1 ! tube be+ held v]tically4 ,if m]cury be p\r$ 9 fir/1 & !n wat] ^u x at "o end1 ^! liquids w n come to ! same level2 ! wat] w /& mu* high] ?an ! m]cury4 ,if ! height ( ! m]cury1 above ! l9e ( meet+ ( ! fluids1 be "o in*1 t ( ! wat] w be ab\t ?irte5-&-a-half in*es4 ,! explanation ( ?is is1 t ! two columns balance ea* o!r4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e 9 ea* limb is precisely simil>2 b ! "o column /&s s mu* high] ?an ! o!r1 because ! fluid ( :i* x is compos$ is s mu* light]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an ! o!r4 ,if "o end ( ! tube be h]metically clos$1 ! o!r limb be cut (f )9 a few in*es ( ! b5d1 & ! tube c>efully fill$ ) m]cury2 by plac+ x 9 a v]tical position1 ! m]cury w fall1 if ! clos$ limb be long en\gh1 until x is ab\t ?irty in*es high] ?an t 9 ! expos$ limb1 :]e x w rema94 ,"h ! atmosph]e presses ^u ! %ort column2 b n ^u ! long "o4 ,x is ?is pressure1 !re=e1 :i* ma9ta9s ! diff]5ce ( level4 ,9 fact1 x =ms a b>omet] )\t a ci/]n1 ! %ort limb answ]+ ! purpose ( a ci/]n4 ,! fir/ b>omet]s on ?is pr9ciple 7 devis$ by ! celebrat$ philosoph]1 ,dr4 ,hook1 z describ$ 9 ! next section4 #ca4 ,,dial1 ,,or ,,:eel ,,b>omet]s4 ,! famili> h\sehold ,wea!r ,glasses are b>omet]s on ! syphon pr9ciple4 ,! portions ( ! two limbs ?r\gh :i* ! m]cury w rise & fall ) ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e are made ( precisely ! same diamet]2 :ile ! "p betwe5 !m is contract$4 ,on ! m]cury1 9 ! expos$ limb1 re/s a r\nd float ( ivory or glass2 to ?is a /r+ is atta*$ & pass$ ov] & ar\nd a brass pulley1 ! o!r end c>ry+ ano!r light] weight4 ,! weight re/+ on ! m]cury rises & falls ) x4 ,on ! sp9dle ( ! pulley1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! frame & c5tre ( ! dial-plate1 is fix$ a light /eel h&1 :i* revolves z ! pulley turns r\nd4 ,:5 ! m]cury falls = a decrease ( atmosph]ic pressure1 x rises by ! same quantity 9 ! %ort tube1 & pu%es up ! float1 ! c\nt]poise falls1 & ?us moves ! h& or po9t] to ! left4 ,:5 ! pressure increases1 ! po9t] is drawn 9 a simil> mann] to ! "r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! dials are g5]ally made ( metal silv]$ ov] or enamell$1 b porcela9 may be us$4 ,if ! circumf]5ce ( ! pulley1 or :eel1 be two in*es1 x w revolve once = an alt]ation ( level am\nt+ to two in*es 9 ea* tube1 or f\r in*es 9 ! height ( ! b>ometric column2 & z ! dial may be f tw5ty to ?irty-six in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 five to n9e in*es on ! graduat$ scale corresponds to "o in* ( ! column2 & h5ce ! sub-divisions are di/9ctly p]ceptible1 & a v]ni] is n necess>y4 ,! motion ( ! po9t] alone is visible2 & a mahogany1 or rosewood1 frame1 supports1 cov]s1 & r5d]s ! in/rum5t ornam5tal & portable4 ,9 ! back ( ! frame is a h+$ door1 :i* cov]s ! cavity conta9+ ! tube & fixtures4 ,! dial is cov]$ by a glass 9 a brass rim1 simil> to a clock face4 ,a brass index1 work+ ov] ! dial1 moveable by a key or button1 may be appli$1 & w s]ve to regi/] ! position ( ! h& :5 la/ obs]v$4 ,^! in/rum5ts are usually fitt$ ) a !rmomet]1 & a _s level2 ! latt] = ! purpose ( gett+ ! in/rum5t p]fectly v]tical4 ,!y sometimes h1 9 addition1 a hygromet]1 a sympiesomet]1 an an]oid1 a mirror1 or a clock1 c41 s+ly or comb9$4 ,! frame admits ( mu* v>iety ( /yle & decoration4 ,x may be c>v$ or inlaid4 ,! usual adju/m5t ( scale is suit$ = localities at no consid]able elevation above ! sea4 ,accord+ly1 be+ comm]cial articles1 !y h be5 f\nd frequ5tly q out ( place4 ,:5 int5d$ = use at high elevations1 !y %\ld h a special adju/m5t ( scale4 ,z h\sehold in/rum5ts !y are s]viceable1 & ornam5tal4 ,b ! supply-&-dem& pr9ciple ^u :i* !y are sold1 has entail$ ^u ^? issu$ by inf]ior mak]s a g5]ally bad adju/m5t ( scale4 ,! illu/rations are ^? ( ord9>y designs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,dial b>omet]s requir$ = transmission to di/ant p>ts1 z ,india & ! ,colonies1 are furni%$ ) a /eel /op-cock1 to r5d] !m portable m effectually ?an c be done by ! me?od ( plugg+ ! tube4 #cb4 ,,/&>d ,,syphon ,,b>omet]4 ,fig4 #bd repres5ts ! mo/ accurate =m ( ! ,gay ,lussac b>omet]4 ,! %ort limb is clos$ at ! top1 aft] ! m]cury is introduc$1 & a small lat]al puncture is made at a1 :i* is cov]$ ov] ) a sub/ance :i* p]mits ! access ( air1 b prev5ts ! escape ( any m]cury :5 ! in/rum5t is pack$ = travell+4 ,! b5t "p ( ! tube is contract$ to a capill>y bore2 & j above ?is1 9 ! long limb1 is plac$ ! air-trap1 already describ$ 7see p4 #ag71 & "h illu/rat$ 7fig4 #be74 ,:5 rev]s$1 z x mu/ be = portability1 ! capill>y attraction keeps ! m]cury 9 ! long bran*4 ,%\ld ! m]cury ( ! %ort column get deta*$1 "s small quantity ( air may pass2 b x w be arre/$ at ! pipette1 & w n vitiate ! l5g? ( ! b>ometric column4 ,x c be easily expell$ by g5tly %ak+ or tapp+ ! in/rum5t be=e susp5d+ x = obs]vation4 ,9 ! illu/ration1 ! z]o ( ! scale is plac$ at ,z1 ne> ! middle ( ! tube2 & ! graduations ext5d above & bel[4 ,9 mak+ an obs]vation1 x is necess>y to take ! read+ ,,za on ! long bran*1 & ,,zb on ! %ort "o4 ,! sum ( ! two gives ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,! z]o ( ! scale 9 "s in/rum5ts is plac$ l[ d[n1 s z to require ! diff]5ce ( ! two read+s to be tak54 ,a !rmomet] is atta*$ to ! frame z usual4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,^! in/rum5ts c be v accurately graduat$1 & are v exact 9 _! indications1 provid$ great c>e has be5 ex]cis$ 9 select+ ! tubes1 :i* mu/ be ( ! same calibre ?r\gh\t ! p>ts de/9$ to measure ! v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,!y %\ld be susp5d$ s z to insure _! hang+ v]tically4 ,! syphon b>omet] does n require correction = capill>ity nor = capacity1 z ea* surface ( ! m]cury is equally depress$ by capill>y attraction1 & ! quantity ( m]cury :i* falls f ! long limb ( ! tube occupies ! same l5g? 9 ! %ort "o4 ,! b>ometric height mu/1 h[ev]1 be correct$ = temp]ature1 z 9 ! ci/]n b>omet]4 ,tables conta9+ ! temp]ature corrections to be appli$ to b>omet] read+s = scales engrav$ on ! glass tube1 or on brass or wood frames1 are publi%$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,b>ographs1 ,,or ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,b>omet]s4 #cc4 ,milne's ,self-,regi/]+ ,b>omet]4--,= a long "t a good & accurate self-record+ b>omet] 0 mu* desir$4 ,?is want is n[ satisfactorily suppli$1 n by "o1 b by sev]al descriptions ( app>atus4 ,! "o fir/ to be describ$ 0 ! design ( ,admiral ,sir ,a4 ,milne1 :o himself con/ruct$1 9 #aheg1 we believe1 ! orig9al in/rum5t1 :i* he us$ ) mu* success4 ,s9ce t "t sev]al ( ^! in/rum5ts h be5 made1 & h p]=m$ satisfactorily4 ,! b>omet] tube is a syphon ( l>ge calibre1 provid$ ) a ,gay ,lussac pipette1 or air-trap2 & fitt$ ) a float1 a :eel1 & a po9t]1 z 9 ! ,dial b>omet]4 ,! float is atta*$ to a delicate wat*-*a91 :i* passes ov] ! :eel & is adequately c\nt]pois$4 ,beh9d ! indicat+ extremity ( ! po9t] or h& is a project+ po9t1 :i* faces ! frame ( ! in/rum5t1 & is j )9 contact ) ! regi/]+ pap]4 ,a clock is appli$1 & fitt$ ) auxili>y me*anism1 s z to be able to move ! m\nt$ pap] ) regul>ity beh9d ! po9t]1 & at design$ equal int]vals ( "t to release a sy/em ( lev]s & spr+s1 s z to cause ! m>k] to impress a dot on ! pap]1 ei!r by puncture or p5cil-m>k4 ,! pap] is rul$ ) horizontal l9es = ! range ( ! m]curial column1 & p>allel arcs ( circles = ! h\rs4 ,?us ! b>omet] is r5d]$ self-record+1 by night or day1 = a week or m2 h5ce ! great value ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! clock1 index1 & regi/]+ me*anism are protect$ f du/ & int]f]5ce by a glass front1 h+$ on & lock$4 ,z ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury is n regi/]$1 !re is fix$ to ! frame a ,sixe's !rmomet] to record ! maximum & m9imum temp]atures1 :i* %\ld be not$ at lea/ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy has sugge/$ ! "n ,atmoscope = ,admiral ,milne's b>omet]2 & he has also t]m$ x a ,b>ograph4 ,?is latt] ^w appe>s to be applicable to all k9ds ( self-regi/]+ b>omet]s hi!rto design$4 ,( ! arrangem5t "u consid]ation ,admiral ,fitz,roy writes3--,x %[s ! alt]ations 9 t5sion1 or ! pulsations1 s to speak1 ( atmosph]e1 on a l>ge scale1 by h\rly m>ks2 & ! diagram expresses1 to a practis$ obs]v]1 :at ! 'indicator c>d' ( a /eam-cyl9d] %[s to a skilful eng9e]1 or a /e!scope to a physician4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 #cd4 ,modification ( ,milne's ,b>omet]4--,! great difficulty to be ov]come 9 ,milne's b>omet]1 is to adju/ ! me*anism = obta9+ regi/ration s t ! action ( ! /rik] ^u ! po9t] %\ld n 9 ! slighte/ degree move x f its true position4 ,a diff]5t mode ( regi/ration1 capable ( record+ accurately ! lea/ appreciable movem5t ( ! m]curial column1 has be5 effect$4 ,9 ?is in/rum5t ! regi/]+ pap] is c>ri$ ^u a cyl9d] or drum4 ,by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #bf1 ! details ( con/ruction w be readily und]/ood4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m5tion$1 t x is n a picture ( ! outw>d appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! position ( ! b>omet] %\ld be beh9d ! clock2 x is repres5t$ on "o side m]ely = ! purpose ( cle>ly illu/rat+ ! arrangem5t & pr9ciples4 ,! in/rum5t has a l>ge syphon b>omet] tube1 9 :i* ! m]curial column is repres5t$4 ,on ! m]cury at ,a1 9 its op5 end1 re/s a glass float1 atta*$ to a wat*-*a91 or suitable silk5 cord1 ! o!r end ( :i* is connect$ to ! top ( ! ar*$ head on ! %ort arm ( a lev]-beam4 ,! long arm ( ! beam is twice ! l5g? ( ! %ort arm1 = ! foll[+ reason4 ,z ! m]cury falls 9 ! long limb1 x rises ?r\gh an equal space 9 ! %ort limb ( ! tube1 & vice v]sa4 ,b ! b>ometric column is ! diff]5ce ( height ( ! m]cury 9 ! two limbs2 h5ce ! rise or fall ( ! float ?r\gh half-an-in* w correspond to a decrease or an increase ( ! b>ometric column ( "o in*4 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to record ! movem5ts ( ! b>ometric column1 & n ^? ( ! float1 ! arm ( ! beam connect$ ) ! float is only half ! radius ( ! o!r arm4 ,bo? arms ( ! beam c>ry circul>-ar*$ heads1 :i* are simil> portions ( ! complete circles1 ! c5tre ( curvature be+ ! fulcrum1 or axis4 ,?is contrivance ma9ta9s ! lev]age on ea* extremity ( ! beam always at ! same di/ance f ! fulcrum4 ,f ! top ( ! l>ge ar*$ head a piece ( wat*-*a9 desc5ds1 & is atta*$ to ! m>k]1 ,b1 :i* prop]ly c\nt]poises ! float1 ,a1 & is capable ( easy movem5t along a groove 9 a brass b>1 s z to indicate ! b>ometric height on an ivory scale1 ,c1 fix$ on ! same v]tical fram+4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! m>k]1 ,b1 is =m$ a metallic po9t1 :i* faces ! regi/ration %eet & is ne>ly 9 contact ) x4 ,! fram+1 :i* c>ries ! scale & m>k]1 is an arrangem5t ( brass b>s1 delicately adju/$ & controll$ by spr+s1 s z to p]mit ( a quick horizontal motion1 9 a small arc1 be+ communicat$ to x by ! action ( ! hamm]1 ,e1 ( ! clock1 :]eby ! po9t ( ! m>k] is caus$ to impress a dot ^u ! pap]4 ,! same clock gives rotation to ! holl[ wood5 cyl9d]1 ,d1 ^u :i* is m\nt$ ! regi/]+ pap]4 ,! clock mu/ be rew\nd :5 a fre% pap] is atta*$ to ! cyl9d]1 :i* may be daily1 weekly1 or mon?ly1 accord+ to con/ruction2 & ! s]ies ( dots impress$ ^u ! pap] %[s ! height ( ! b>ometric column e h\r by day & night4 ,! space trav]s$ by ! m>k] is precisely equal to ! range ( ! b>ometric column4 #ce4 ,k+'s ,self-,regi/]+ ,b>omet]4--,mr4 ,alfr$ ,k+1 ,eng9e] ( ! ,liv]pool ,gas-light ,company1 design$1 s long ago z #ahed1 a b>omet] to regi/]1 by a cont9u\s p5cil-trac+1 ! v>iations 9 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e2 & a highly-satisfactory self-record+ b>omet]1 on 8 pr9ciple & con/ruct$ "u 8 imm$iate sup]9t5d5ce1 has q rec5tly be5 erect$ at ! ,liv]pool ,obs]vatory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,fig4 #bg is ! front elevation ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,a1 ! b>omet] tube1 is ?ree in*es 9 int]nal diamet]1 & x floats freely 7n be+ fix$ z usual7 9 ! fix$ ci/]n1 ,b1 guid$ by friction-:eels1 ,w4 ,! top end ( ! tube is fa/5$ to a peculi> *a91 :i* passes ov] a groov$ :eel turn+ on f9ely-adju/$ friction roll]s4 ,! o!r end ( ! *a9 supports ! frame1 ,d1 :i* c>ries ! trac+ p5cil4 ,! frame is suitably weight$ & guid$1 & faces ! cyl9d]1 ,c1 ar\nd :i* ! trac+ pap] is wrapp$1 & :i* rotates once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs by ! movem5t ( a clock4 ,mr4 ,h>tnup1 ,director ( ! ,liv]pool ,obs]vatory1 9 8 ,annual ,report1 #ahfh1 says3--,= "o in* *ange 9 ! m]curial column ! p5cil is mov$ ?r\gh five in*es1 s t ! horizontal l9es on ! trac+1 :i* are half an in* ap>t1 repres5t "o-t5? ( an in* *ange 9 ! b>omet]4 ,! v]tical l9es are h\r l9es1 & be+ ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ap>t1 x w be se5 t ! smalle/ appreciable *ange 9 ! b>omet]1 & ! "t ( its occurr5ce1 are record$4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by p]sons 9 ! habit ( read+ b>omet]s ) l>ge tubes1 t1 9 squally wea!r1 sudd5 & frequ5t oscillations ( ! m]curial column are sometimes se54 ,n[1 to regi/] ^! small oscillations mu/ be a v delicate te/ ( ! s5sitiv5ess ( a self-regi/]+ b>omet]1 z ! "t occupi$ by ! rise & fall ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube 9 "s cases does n exce$ "o m9ute4 ,mr4 ,h>tnup affirms t ! trac+ ( ?is in/rum5t exhibits su* oscillations :5ev] ! w9d bl[s /rong & 9 squalls4 ,z ! b>omet] 9 ?is in/rum5t is precisely simil> to ! ,long ,range ,b>omet] inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,mc,neild 7& :i* w be f\nd describ$ at page #dh71 x may be desirable to quote ! foll[+1 f ,mr4 ,h>tnup's ,report3--,mr4 ,k+ con/ruct$ a small model in/rum5t to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 entru/$ to my c>e = exam9ation1 & x 0 exhibit$ to ! sci5tific g5tlem5 :o visit$ ! ,obs]vatory 9 #ahed1 dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce4 #cf4 ,syphon1 ) ,photographic ,regi/ration4--,a cont9u\s self-regi/]+ b>omet] has be5 con/ruct$1 9 :i* photography is employ$4 ,^? :o may wi% to adopt a simil> app>atus1 or ?or\ghly to und]/& ! arrangem5ts & mode ( obs]vation1 %\ld consult ! detail$ description giv5 9 ! ,gre5wi* ,magnetical & ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 #ahdg4 ,z ! pr9ciples are applicable to photographic regi/ration ( magnetic & electric z well z meteorologic v>iations 9 in/rum5tal indications1 x w\ld be beside our purpose to describe fully ! app>atus4 ,! b>omet] is a l>ge syphon tube2 ! bore ( ! upp] & l[] extremities1 ?r\gh :i* ! surfaces ( ! m]cury rise & fall1 is #a-a_/aj in* 9 diamet]4 ,! glass float 9 ! op5 limb is atta*$ to a wire1 :i* moves a delicately-support$ light lev] z x alt]s its elevation4 ,! fulcrum ( ! lev] is on "o side ( ! wire2 ! extremity on ! o!r side1 at f\r times ?is di/ance f ! fulcrum1 c>ries a v]tical plate ( opaque mica1 hav+ a small ap]ture4 ,?r\gh ?is hole ! light ( a gas-jet %9es ^u photographic pap] wrapp$ r\nd a cyl9d] plac$ v]tically1 & mov$ r\nd its axis by a clock fix$ ) its face horizontal4 ,! cyl9d] is delicately support$1 & revolves 9 friction roll]s4 ,a b5t wire on ! axis is embrac$ by a prong on ! h\r h& ( ! "t-piece2 !re=e ! cyl9d] is c>ri$ r\nd once 9 twelve h\rs4 ,x might be arrang$ = a diff]5t p]iod ( rotation4 ,z ! cyl9d] rotates1 ! pap] receives ! action ( ! light1 & a photographic trace is left ( ! movem5ts ( ! b>omet] f\r times ! ext5t ( ! oscillations ( ! float1 or twice ! l5g? ( ! v>iations 9 ! b>ometric column4 ,c]ta9 *emical processes are requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! pap]1 & 9 develop+ ! trace4 ,! diagram :i* we give on ! next page1 ) ! explanation1 tak5 f ,drew's ,practical ,meteorology1 w enable ! above description to be bett] und]/ood3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,q e is a lev] ^: fulcrum is e1 ! c\nt]poise f ne>ly support+ x2 s is an opaque plate ( mica1 ) a small ap]ture at p1 ?r\gh :i* ! light passes1 hav+ be=e be5 refract$ by a cyl9drical l5s into a long ray1 ! portion only ( :i* opposite ! ap]ture p imp+es on ! pap]2 d is a wire support$ by a float on ! surface ( ! m]cury2 ,g ,h is ! b>omet]2 p1 ! v]tical cyl9d] *>g$ ) photographic pap]2 r1 ! photographic trace2 ,i1 ! timepiece1 c>ry+ r\nd ! cyl9d] by ! project+ arm t4 ,x is evid5t t ! respective di/ances ( ! float & ! ap]ture p f ! fulcrum may be regulat$ s t ! rise & fall ( ! float may be multipli$ to any ext5t requir$4 ,:5 only ! l[] surface ( ! m]cury 9 a syphon b>omet] is read1 z 9 ! in/rum5t j describ$1 a correction = temp]ature is /rictly due to ! height ( ! quicksilv] 9 ! %ort tube2 b ?is 9 s %ort a column w r>ely be s5sible4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m\nta9 ,,b>omet]s4 #cg4 ,! ,syphon ,tube ,m\nta9 ,b>omet]1 on ,gay ,lussac's pr9ciple1 con/ruct$ z describ$ at page #ca1 & fix$ 9 a metallic tubul> frame1 =ms a simple & light travell+ in/rum5t4 ,! graduations are made ^u ! frame1 & x is susp5d$ = read+ by a r+ at ! top1 f b5ea? an iron tripod /&1 :i* is usually suppli$ ) x4 ,consid]able c>e is requisite 9 adju/+ ! v]ni]s1 s z to keep ! in/rum5t /eady & v]tical4 ,a drawback to ! conv5i5ce ( ?is b>omet] is ! movem5t ( ! m]cury 9 ! %ort limb1 :i* is g5]ally n conf9$1 & h5ce has e facility = becom+ quickly oxidis$ 9 travell+4 ,to rem$y ?is1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra s con/ruct ! ,m\nta9 ,syphon ,b>omet] t by a simple half turn ( a screw ! m]cury c be conf9$ = portability1 :ile ! l[] limb c be tak5 out = clean+ :5ev] f\nd requisite4 #ch4 ,m\nta9 ,b>omet] on ,=t9's pr9ciple4--,?is b>omet]1 ) ,=t9's ci/]n1 z arrang$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra1 is an elegant1 manageable1 & v accurate in/rum5t = travell+ purposes1 & well adapt$ = c>eful measurem5t ( heights4 ,! ci/]n is made l>ge en\gh to receive all ! m]cury t w fall f ! tube at ! highe/ atta9able elevation4 ,! screw at ! bottom conf9es ! m]cury securely = c>riage1 & s]ves to adju/ ! surface ( ! m]cury to ! z]o ( ! scale :5 mak+ an obs]vation4 ,! v]ni] reads to 4#jjb ( an in*1 & slides easily on ! brass frame1 :i* is made z small 9 diamet] z is compatible ) ! size ( ! tube4 ,! tube 9 ?is b>omet] %\ld be altoge!r )\t contractions1 s t ! m]cury w readily fall :5 x is set up = obs]vation4 ,x mu/ be c>efully calibrat$1 & its int]nal diamet] asc]ta9$1 9 ord] t correction may be made = capill>ity4 ,?is correction1 h[ev]1 %\ld be comb9$ ) ! error ( graduation1 & =m a p]man5t index error1 asc]ta9able at any "t by comp>ison ) an ackn[l$g$ /&>d b>omet]4 ,! b>omet] is support$ 9 ! tripod /& 7furni%$ z "p ( ! in/rum5t7 :5 us$ = obs]vation4 ,x is susp5d$ by plac+ two /uds1 9 ! r+ on ! frame1 9 slots =m$ on ! top ( ! /&1 s t x hangs freely & v]tically 9 gimbals4 ,to ! metal top ( ! /&1 mahogany legs are h+$4 ,to make ! b>omet] portable1 x mu/ be lift$ out ( ! /&1 slop$ g5tly until ! m]cury rea*es ! top1 turn+ ! screw at ! bottom mean:ile2 !n inv]t & screw until ! m]cury is made tight4 ,! inv]t$ in/rum5t packs 9 ! /&1 ! legs be+ =m$ to fit r\nd ! frame2 & receptacles are scoop$ out = ! ci/]n1 !rmomet]1 gimbals1 & v]ni]2 s t ! in/rum5t is firmly surr\nd$ by ! wood5 legs1 :i* are held fa/ toge!r by brass r+s pass$ ov] !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 #ci4 ,newman's ,m\nta9 ,b>omet]4--,fig4 #bi is an illu/ration ( ! m\nta9 b>omet] kn[n z ,newman's4 ,! ci/]n consi/s ( two sep>ate comp>tm5ts2--! top ( ! l[] & ! bottom ( ! upp]1 be+ p]fectly flat1 are pivot$ closely toge!r at ! c5tres1 s t ! l[] c move ?r\gh a small arc1 :5 turn$ by ! h&4 ,?is movem5t is limit$ by two /ops4 ,! top ( ! l[] comp>tm5t & ! bottom ( ! upp] h ea* a circul> hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! m]cury communicates4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is requir$ = obs]vation1 ! ci/]n is turn$ close up to ! /op m>k$ op5 or n portable4 ,:5 x is necess>y to pack x = travell+1 ! m]curial column mu/ be all[$ to fill ! tube by slop+ ! b>omet] g5tly2 !n inv]t x1 & move ! ci/]n to ! /op m>k$ %ut or portable4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! upp] comp>tm5t is completely fill$ ) m]cury1 & consequ5tly t 9 ! tube _c move ab\t1 s z to admit air or endang] ! tube4 ,nor c ! m]cury pass back to ! l[] comp>tm5t1 z ! holes are n n[ co9cid5t1 & ! contact is made too p]fect to all[ ! m]cury to creep betwe5 ! surfaces4 ,! tube does n ent] ! l[] comp>tm5t1 :i* is completely full ( m]cury :5 ! in/rum5t is arrang$ = obs]vation4 ,! sp>e capacity ( ! upp] ci/]n is suffici5t to receive ! m]cury :i* desc5ds f ! tube to ! limit ( ! engrav$ scale1 :i* 9 ^! b>omet]s g5]ally ext5ds only to ab\t #bj in*es4 ,a l[] limit c\ld ( c\rse be giv5 by increas+ ! size ( ! ci/]ns1 :i* x is n advisable to d unless = a special purpose4 ,?is b>omet] may be _h m\nt$ 9 wood1 or 9 brass frame4 ,if 9 wood1 x has a brass %ield1 :i* slides r\nd ! scale "p ( ! frame1 s z to be easily br\ght 9 front ( ! tube & scale z a protection 9 travell+2 ! v]ni] screw1 9 ?is case1 be+ plac$ at ! top ( ! in/rum5t4 ,:5 ! scale is graduat$ ) true in*es1 ! neutral po9t1 ! capacity & capill>ity corrections %\ld be m>k$ on ! frame4 ,! graduat$ scales1 h[ev]1 plac$ on ^! b>omet]s 9 brass frames1 are usually artificial in*es1 l ! ,kew plan ( graduation2 ! advantage be+ t "o simple correction only is requir$1 viz4 "o = index error & capill>ity comb9$1 :i* c always be readily det]m9$ by comp>ison ) a /&>d b>omet]2 moreov]1 z no adju/m5t ( ci/]n is requir$ 9 read+1 ! in/rum5t c be v]ifi$ by artificial pressure ?r\gh\t ! scale1 by ! plan practis$ at ,kew1 ,liv]pool1 c41 & already describ$ 7see p4 #ah74 #dj4 ,,negretti ,,zambra',s ,,pat5t ,,m\nta9 ,,& ,,o!r ,,b>omet]s4 ,?is inv5tion is int5d$ to make m\nta9 & o!r b>omet]s ( /&>d accuracy /rong]1 m portable1 & less liable to d]angem5t1 :5 be+ c>ri$ ab\t1 ?an h]et(ore1 by disp5s+ ) ! ord9>y flexible ci/]n conta9+ ! m]cury at ! bottom ( ! in/rum5t1 & adapt+ 9 lieu !re( a rigid ci/]n con/ruct$ ( glass & iron4 ,! ci/]n is compos$ ( a glass cyl9d]1 :i* is secur$ 9 a metallic tube or frame4 ,9 ord] to r5d] ! ci/]n m]cury-tight at top & bottom1 metal caps are screw$ into ! tube or frame1 & be> aga9/ lea!r wa%]s plac$ betwe5 !m & ! edges ( ! glass cyl9d]4 ,! upp] cap ( ! ci/]n is tapp$ ) a f9e ?read$ screw to receive ! iron plug or socket1 into :i* ! b>omet] tube is securely fix$4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ?is plug has a f9e screw cut ^u x by :i* ! ci/]n c be screw$ up or d[n4 ,at ! side ( ?is plug or socket1 ext5d+ f ! l[] end to )9 half an in* ( ! top1 is cut a groove = admitt+ ! air to ! surface ( ! m]cury )9 ! ci/]n :5 ! b>omet] is 9 use4 ,an ivory po9t is screw$ into ! "u surface ( ! plug1 c>ry+ ! b>omet] tube4 ,?is ivory po9t is v c>efully adju/$ by measurem5t to be ! z]o po9t ( ! in/rum5t1 f :i* ! b>omet] scale ( in*es is divid$4 ,! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n is adju/$ to ! z]o po9t by screw+ ! ci/]n up or d[n until ! ivory po9t & its reflect$ image are 9 contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,! in/rum5t 7fig4 #cj7 is %[n 9 a /ate ( adju/m5t1 ready to take an obs]vation2 b :5 x is desir$ to r5d] x portable1 x mu/ be incl9$1 until m]cury f ! ci/]n fills ! tube2 ! ci/]n mu/ !n be screw$ up on ! socket1 s z to br+ ! face ( ! upp] cap aga9/ ! "u side ( ! %\ld] ( ! cov] imm$iately above x2 ! in/rum5t may !n be c>ri$ )\t be+ liable to d]angem5t4 ,precautions necess>y 9 us+ ! ,m\nta9 ,b>omet]4--,on remov+ ! b>omet] f its case aft] a j\rney1 all[ x to rema9 ) its scale end d[nw>d1 :il/ ! ci/]n is unscrew$ to ! ext5t ( "o turn ( ! screw1 aft] :i* slightly %ake ! ci/]n2 ! m]cury 9 x w !n completely fill ! end ( ! b>omet] tube1 %\ld any portion ( x h escap$ !refrom4 ,! b>omet] is !n inv]t$1 & if x be desir$ to make an obs]vation1 susp5d x v]tically f its /& by ! r+ at top4 ,! ci/]n mu/ !n be unscrew$1 until ! surface ( ! m]cury is br\ght j level ) ! extreme end ( ! ivory or z]o po9t fix$ to ! iron plug on :i* ! glass ci/]n moves up & d[n4 ,%\ld ! elevation ( ! place :]e ! b>omet] is to be us$ be consid]ably above ! sea level1 x w be well--aft] susp5d+ x f ! /&--to unscrew ! ci/]n sev]al turns1 hold+ ! b>omet] 9 an oblique position1 z at great heights ! m]cury w fall consid]ably quick] ?an ! ci/]n c be unscrew$1 !reby fill+ x to ov]fl[+2 b by p>tly unscrew+ ! ci/]n fir/1 room is giv5 = ! reception ( a fall ( m]cury to ! ext5t ( sev]al in*es4 ,! ci/]n mu/ n be unscrew$ :5 ! ,in/rum5t is ,,inv]t$ m ?an two turns ( ! screw1 o!rwise ! m]cury w fl[ out ?r\gh ! groove4 ,x is f\nd saf] :5 travell+ to c>ry ! b>omet] 9 a horizontal position1 or ) its ci/]n end upp]mo/4 ,to clean ! ,b>omet]4--,%\ld at any "t ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n become oxidis$1 & read+ f its surface be difficult1 x c be readily clean$ by remov+ ! ci/]n & its conta9$ m]cury f ! b>omet] frame by unscrew+ x :5 9 a horizontal position2 ?is precaution is necess>y t ! m]cury 9 ! tube may n escape1 & !reby all[ air to ent]4 ,! ci/]n mu/ !n be empti$1 & ) a dry clean lea!r1 or silk h&k]*ief1 well clean$4 ,! op]ation ( clean+ be+ p]=m$1 return ! ci/]n to ! frame1 & screw x until ! face is br\ght up aga9/ ! "u side ( ! %\ld]1 /ill keep+ ! in/rum5t horizontal4 ,! ci/]n is n[ ready = re-fill+1 to d :i* /& ! b>omet] on end head d[nw>ds1 & remove ! small screw at bottom2 ?r\gh ! ap]ture ?us op5$1 p\r 9 m]cury1 pass+ x ?r\gh a pap] funnel ) a v small ap]ture4 ,x is well to pass ! m]cury ?r\gh a v small funnel two or ?ree times be=e return+ x to ! b>omet] ci/]n1 z by ?is process all p>ticles ( du/ or oxide adh]e to ! pap]1 & are effectually remov$4 ,%\ld any small quantity ( ! m]cury be lo/ dur+ ! op]ation ( clean+1 x is ( no importance s long z suffici5t rema9s to all[ ( adju/m5t to ! z]o po9t4 ,?is latt] con/itutes "o ( ! great advantages ( ?is new in/rum5t ov] ! ord9>y b>omet]2 =1 9 ! majority ( cases1 aft] an in/rum5t has be5 comp>$ c>efully ) a /&>d1 %\ld m]cury be lo/1 !re is no means ( correct+ ! error unless a /&>d b>omet] be at h&2 ! new b>omet] is1 9 ?is respect1 indep5d5t1 a little m]cury m or less be+ unimportant4 #da4 ,%ort ,tube ,b>omet]4--,?is is simply a tube %ort]1 z may be requir$1 ?an t necess>y to %[ ! atmosph]ic pressure at ! sea level4 ,x is conv5i5t = balloon purposes1 & = use at m\nta9 /ations1 be+ ( c\rse a special con/ruction4 #db4 ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,heights by ! ,b>omet]4--,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e be+ measur$ by ! b>omet]1 x is evid5t t z ! in/rum5t is c>ri$ up a high m\nta9 or elevat$ 9 a balloon1 ! l5g? ( ! column mu/ decrease z ! atmosph]ic pressure decreases1 9 consequ5ce ( a /ratum ( air be+ left bel[4 ,! pressure ( air arises f its weight1 or ! attraction ( gravitation ^u x1 & !re=e ! quantity ( air bel[ ! b>omet] ci/]n _c influ5ce ! height ( ! column4 ,h5ce x foll[s t a c]ta9 relation mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! diff]5ce ( ! b>ometric pressure at ! foot & at ! top ( a hill or o!r elevation1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! absolute heights above ! sea4 ,!oretical inve/igation1 abundantly confirm$ by practical results1 has det]m9$ t ! /rata ( air decrease 9 d5sity 9 a geometrical proportion1 :ile ! elevations increase 9 an ari?metical "o4 ,h5ce we h a me?od ( det]m9+ diff]5ces ( level1 by obs]vations made on ! d5sity ( ! air by means ( ! b>omet]4 ,x is beyond our purpose to expla9 9 detail ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is me?od is f\nd$1 or to give its ma!matical inve/igation4 ,we app5d ,tables1 :i* w be useful to practical p]sons1--surveyors1 eng9e]s1 travell]s1 t\ri/s1 c41--:o may c>ry a b>omet] z a travell+ companion4 ,table ,i4 is calculat$ f ! =mula1 height 9 feet #fj1bjj 7log4 #bi4ibb - log4 ,b7 #ibe2 :]e #bi4ibb is ! mean atmosph]ic pressure at #cb deg4 ,f41 & ! mean sea-level 9 latitude #de deg42 & ,b is any o!r b>ometric pressure2 ! #ibe be+ add$ to avoid m9us signs 9 ! ,table4 ,table ,,ii4 conta9s ! correction necess>y = ! mean temp]ature ( ! /ratum ( air betwe5 ! /ations ( obs]vation2 & is comput$ f ,regnault's co-effici5t = ! expansion ( air1 :i* is 4#jjbjcf ( its volume at #cb deg4 = ea* degree above t temp]ature4 ,table ,,iii4 is ! correction due to ! diff]5ce ( gravitation 9 any o!r latitude1 & is f\nd f ! =mula1 x #a 4#jjbfe cos4 #b lat4 ,table ,,iv4 is to correct = ! dim9ution ( gravity 9 asc5d+ f ! sea-level4 ,to use ^! ,tables3 ,! b>omet] read+s at ! upp] & l[] /ations hav+ be5 correct$ & r$uc$ to temp]ature #cb deg4 ,f41 take out f ,table ,i4 ! numb]s opposite ! correct$ read+s1 & subtract ! l[] f ! upp]4 ,multiply ?is diff]5ce successively by ! factors f\nd 9 ,tables ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,! factor f ,table ,,iii4 may be neglect$ unless precision is desir$4 ,f9ally1 add ! correction tak5 f ,table ,,iv4 ,,table ,i4 ,approximate ,height due to ,b>ometric ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,in*es4 ,feet4,in*es4 ,feet4,in*es4 ,feet4 --------------------------------------- #ca4j #j #bh4b #bdge #be4d #ebji #cj4i #hd 4#a #befh 4#c #ecab 4#h #afi #bh4j #bffa 4#b #edae 4#g #bed #bg4i #bged 4#a #eeai 4#f #cci 4#h #bhdh #be4j #efbc 4#e #dbe 4#g #bidb #bd4i #egbh 4#d #eaa 4#f #cjcg 4#h #ehcc 4#c #eig 4#e #cacb 4#g #eici 4#b #fhc 4#d #cbbg 4#f #fjde 4#a #ggj 4#c #ccbc 4#e #faeb #cj4j #heg 4#b #cdai 4#d #fbei #bi4i #idd 4#a #ceae 4#c #fcff 4#h #ajcb #bg4j #cfab 4#b #fdgd 4#g #aabj #bf4i #cgji 4#a #fehb 4#f #abjh 4#h #chjf #bd4j #ffia 4#e #abif 4#g #cijd #bc4i #fhjj 4#d #ache 4#f #djjb 4#h #fiaj 4#c #adgd 4#e #dajj 4#g #gjbj 4#b #aefc 4#d #daii 4#f #gaca 4#a #afec 4#c #dbih 4#e #gbdb #bi4j #agdc 4#b #dcih 4#d #gcec #bh4i #ahcc 4#a #ddih 4#c #gdfe 4#h #aibd #bf4j #deih 4#b #gegg 4#g #bjae #be4i #dfii 4#a #gfij 4#f #bajf 4#h #dhjj #bc4j #ghjc 4#e #baih 4#g #dijb #bb4i #giag 4#d #bbij 4#f #ejjd 4#h #hjcb 4#c #bchb 4#e #eajf 4#g #hadg ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,table ,i4--cont9u$4 ,approximate ,height due to ,b>ometric ,pressure4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,in*es4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -- #bb4f #hbfb #ah4i #abicg #ae4b #ahfcb 4#e #hcgh 4#h #acjgf 4#a #ahhje 4#d #hdie 4#g #acbae #ae4j #ahigi 4#c #hfab 4#f #accee #ad4i #aiaed 4#b #hgbi 4#e #acdif 4#h #aiccj 4#a #hhdg 4#d #acfch 4#g #aiejg #bb4j #hiff 4#c #acghj 4#f #aifhe #ba4i #ijhe 4#b #acibc 4#e #aihfe 4#h #ibje 4#a #adjfg 4#d #bjjdf 4#g #icbe #ah4j #adbab 4#c #bjbbh 4#f #iddf #ag4i #adceh 4#b #bjdab 4#e #iefg 4#h #adeje 4#a #bjeig 4#d #ifhi 4#g #adfeb #ad4j #bjghc 4#c #ihaa 4#f #adhjj #ac4i #bjigj 4#b #iicd 4#e #adidi 4#h #baaei 4#a #ajjeh 4#d #aejii 4#g #bacdi #ba4j #ajahb 4#c #aebej 4#f #baeda #bj4i #ajcjg 4#b #aedjb 4#e #bagcd 4#h #ajdcb 4#a #aeeed 4#d #baibh 4#g #ajeeh #ag4j #aegjg 4#c #bbabd 4#f #ajfhd #af4i #aehfa 4#b #bbcba 4#e #ajhab 4#h #afjaf 4#a #bbebj 4#d #ajidj 4#g #afagb #ac4j #bbgbj 4#c #aajfi 4#f #afcbi #ab4i #bbibb 4#b #aaaih 4#e #afdhg 4#h #bcabf 4#a #aacbh 4#d #affdf 4#g #bccca #bj4j #aadeh 4#c #afhjf 4#f #bcech #ai4i #aaehi 4#b #afifg 4#e #bcgdf 4#h #aagba 4#a #agabi 4#d #bcief 4#g #aahec #af4j #agbib 4#c #bdafh 4#f #aaihf #ae4i #agdef 4#b #bdcha 4#e #ababj 4#h #agfba 4#a #bdeif 4#d #abbed 4#g #agghg #ab4j #bdhac 4#c #abchi 4#f #agied #aa4i #bejcb 4#b #abebe 4#e #ahabb 4#h #bebec 4#a #abffb 4#d #ahbia 4#g #bedgf #ai4j #abgii 4#c #ahdfa 4#f #begjj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,table ,,ii4 ,correction due to ,mean ,temp]ature ( ! ,air4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,mean ,factor4,mean ,factor4,mean ,factor4 ,temp4 ,temp4 ,temp4 ------------------------------------ #aj deg4 #j4iee #ce deg4 #a4jjf #fj deg4 #a4jeg #aa 4#ieg #cf #a4jjh #fa #a4jei #ab 4#iei #cg #a4jaj #fb #a4jfa #ac 4#ifa #ch #a4jab #fc #a4jfc #ad 4#ifc #ci #a4jad #fd #a4jfe #ae 4#ife #dj #a4jaf #fe #a4jfg #af 4#ifg #da #a4jah #ff #a4jfi #ag 4#ifi #db #a4jbj #fg #a4jga #ah 4#iga #dc #a4jbb #fh #a4jgc #ai 4#igd #dd #a4jbd #fi #a4jge #bj 4#igf #de #a4jbf #gj #a4jgg #ba 4#igh #df #a4jbi #ga #a4jgi #bb 4#ihj #dg #a4jca #gb #a4jha #bc 4#ihb #dh #a4jcc #gc #a4jhc #bd 4#ihd #di #a4jce #gd #a4jhf #be 4#ihf #ej #a4jcg #ge #a4jhh #bf 4#ihh #ea #a4jci #gf #a4jij #bg 4#iij #eb #a4jda #gg #a4jib #bh 4#iib #ec #a4jdc #gh #a4jid #bi 4#iid #ed #a4jde #gi #a4jif #cj 4#iif #ee #a4jdg #hj #a4jih #ca #j4iih #ef #a4jdi #ha #a4ajj #cb #a4jjj #eg #a4jea #hb #a4ajb #cc #a4jjb #eh #a4jec #hc #a4ajd #cd #a4jjd #ei #a4jee #hd #a4ajf ---------------------------------------- --- ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,latitude4,factor4,latitude4,factor4,lat itude4,factor4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #hj deg4 #j4iigea #ej #j4iiied #bj #a4jjbjc #ge #j4iiggj #de #a4jjjjj #ae #a4jjbcj #gj #j4iigig #dj #a4jjjdf #aj #a4jjbdi #fe #j4iihcj #ce #a4jjjij #e #a4jjbfa #fj #j4iihfh #cj #a4jjacb #j #a4jjbfe #ee #j4iiiaj #be #a4jjagj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,table ,,iv4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,height 9 ,correction ,height 9 ,correction ,?\s& ,feet4 ,additive4,?\s& ,feet4 ,additive4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #c #ad #dd #b #e #ae #dh #c #h #af #eb #d #aa #ag #ef #e #ad #ah #fj #f #ag #ai #fe #g #bj #bj #fi #h #bc #ba #gd #i #bf #bb #gh #aj #cj #bc #hc #aa #cc #bd #hh #ab #cg #be #ic #ac #da #bf #ih ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,example #a4 ,on ,octob] #ba/1 #aheb1 :5 ,mr4 ,wel% asc5d$ 9 a balloon1 at #c;h4 #cjm4 p4m41 ! b>omet]1 correct$ & r$uc$1 0 #ah4he1 ! air temp]ature #bg deg41 :ile at ,gre5wi*1 #aei feet above ! sea1 ! b>omet] at ! same "t 0 #bi4ig in*es1 air temp]ature #di deg41 ! balloon n be+ m ?an #e miles ,s4,w4 f ov] ,gre5wi*2 requir$ its elevation4 ,feet4 ,b>omet] 9 ,balloon #ah4he1 ,table ,i4 #acjjg at ,gre5wi* #bi4ig #hhc ----- #ababd ,mean ,temp]ature1 #ch deg41 ,table ,,ii4 ,factor #a4jab ----- #abbfi4 ----- ,latitude #ea-a_/b deg41 ,factor f ,table ,,iii4 4#iiida ----- #abbfb ,correction f ,table ,,iv4 #ch ----- #abcjj ,elevation ( ,gre5wi* #aei ----- ,balloon #abdei feet4 ,! foll[+ examples1 f ! balloon asc5ts ( ,j4 ,gla%i]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 w s]ve = practice4#d #b4 ,asc5d$ f ,wolv]hampton1 #ah? ,augu/1 #ahfb1 at #b;h4 #chm4 p4m42 b>omet] 79 all cases correct$ & r$uc$ to #cb deg4 ,f7 0 #ad4hfh1 ! temp]ature ( ! air #bf deg42 at ! same "t1 at ,wrottesley ,hall1 #eca feet above ! sea1 9 latitude #eb-a_/b deg4 ,n1 ! b>omet] 0 #bi4df1 & ! temp]ature ( ! air #fe deg4#d2 f9d ! elevation ( ! balloon above ! sea4 ,height1 #ah1iei feet4 #c4 ,f ! same place an asc5t 0 made #e? ,septemb]1 #ahfb1 :5 at #a;h4 #dhm4 p4m4 b>omet] 0 #aa4ied1 air ,o deg42 at ,wrottesley ,hall #bi4ch1 air #ef deg4 ,height1 #bc1ibc feet4 #d4 ,f ! ,cry/al ,palace a balloon asc5t 0 made #bj? ,augu/1 #ahfb4 ,at #f;h4 #dgm4 p4m4 b>omet] 0 #be4ee1 air #ej deg4#e2 & at ! same "t at ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 at #aei feet above ! sea1 ! b>omet] 0 #bi4ha1 air #fc deg4 ,height1 #d1djf feet4 #e4 ,f ! same place an asc5t 0 made #h? ,septemb]1 #ahfb4 ,at #e p4m41 ! balloon be+ ov] ,blackhea?1 b>omet] 0 #be4fj1 & ! air #di deg4#e1 :ile at ,gre5wi*1 b>omet] 0 #bi4ib1 air #ff deg4#d4 ,height1 #d1dfa feet4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,second>y ,,b>omet]s4 #dc4 ,desirability ( ,magnify+ ! ,b>omet] ,range4--,! limits )9 :i* ! ord9>y b>ometric column oscillates1 d n exce$ f\r in*es = extreme range1 :ile ! ord9>y range is conf9$ to ab\t two in*es2 h5ce x has (t5 be5 felt t ! public utility ( ! in/rum5t w\ld be greatly enhanc$ if by any means ! scale indications c\ld be increas$ 9 l5g?4 ,?is object 0 s\ght to be obta9$ by b5d+ ! upp] "p ( ! tube f ! v]tical1 s t ! in*es on ! scale c\ld be increas$ 9 l5g? 9 proportion to ! secant ( ! angle x made ) ! v]tical4 ,?is 0 call$ ! diagonal b>omet]4 ,! upp] "p ( ! tube has also be5 =m$ into a spiral1 & ! scale1 plac$ along x1 is ?us greatly enl>g$4 ,b ^! me?ods ( enl>g+ ! indications _c be s successfully accompli%$1 nor s *eaply nor s elegantly1 z is done by ! pr9ciple employ$ 9 ! dial b>omet]4 ,h5ce !y are n 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 #dd4 ,h[son's ,long ,range ,b>omet]4--,v rec5tly q a novel design has be5 pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,h[son1 = a long range b>omet]4 ,! con/ruction requires nei!r di/ortion ( ! tube1 nor me*anism = conv]t+ a %ort scale into a long "o2 b ! m]cury itself rises & falls1 ?r\gh an ext5d$ range1 naturally1 & 9 simple ob$i5ce to ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! tube is fix$1 b its ci/]n is su/a9$ by ! m]e pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,look+ at ! in/rum5t1 x seems a p]fect m>vel4 ,x appe>s z ?\gh ! ci/]n ) ! m]cury 9 x mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,! bore ( ! tube is wide1 ab\t an in* across4 ,a long glass rod is fix$ to ! bottom ( ! glass ci/]n1 :]e a piece ( cork or "s ela/ic sub/ance is also plac$4 ,! tube is fill$ ) m]cury2 ! glass rod is plung$ into ! tube z x is held top d[nw>ds1 until ! cork gets close up to ! tube & fits tightly aga9/ x4 ,! pressure aga9/ ! cork simply prev5ts ! m]cury f com+ out :ile ! in/rum5t is be+ inv]t$4 ,:5 x is inv]t$1 ! m]cury p>tly falls1 & =ms an ord9>y b>ometric column4 ,:5 ! top is held1 ! ci/]n & glass rod1 in/ead ( fall+ away1 rema9 p]fectly susp5d$4 ,!re is no mat]ial support to ! ci/]n2 ! tube only is fix$1 ! ci/]n hangs to x4 ,glass is _m times light] ?an m]cury4 ,:5 ! glass rod is introduc$1 x displaces an equal volume ( m]cury4 ,! glass rod1 be+ s mu* light] ?an m]cury1 floats & su/a9s ! additional weight ( ! ci/]n by its buoyancy4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! atmosph]e is act+ ^u ! m]cury1 keep+ up ! ord9>y b>ometric column4 ,suppos+ !re is a rise 9 ! ord9>y b>omet]1 ! atmosph]e presses "s m m]cury up ! tube4 ,?is m]cury is tak5 out ( ! ci/]n1 :i* ( c\rse becomes light]1 & !re=e ! rod & ci/]n float up a little high]1 :i* ?us causes ! column ( m]cury to rise /ill m4 ,! increas$ pressure & buoyancy ?us act+ toge!r1 increase ! asc5t 9 ! b>ometric column1 z %[n by ! fix$ scale4 ,"o in* 9 ! b>omet] might be repres5t$ by two or m in*es 9 ?is in/rum5t1 accord+ to con/ruction4 ,suppos+ !re 0 a decrease ( pressure1 ! m]cury w\ld fall1 come into ! ci/]n1 make x heavi]1 & increase ! fall some:at4 ,friction guides1 at ! top ( ! rod1 prev5t x com+ into contact ) ! side ( ! tube :5 v]tically susp5d$4 ,! illu/ration1 ,fig4 #ca1 %[s ! appe>ance ( ! in/rum5t z fram$ 9 wood by ! mak]s1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 #de4 ,mc,neild's ,long ,range ,b>omet]4--,a b>omet] design$ by a g5tleman nam$ ,mc,neild is on a directly opposite pr9ciple to ! "o j describ$4 ,! tube is made to float on ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,x is fill$ ) m]cury1 inv]t$ 9 ! usual mann]1 !n all[$ to float1 be+ held v]tically by glass friction po9ts or guides4 ,by ?is contrivance1 ! ord9>y range ( ! b>omet] is greatly increas$4 ,"o in* rise or fall 9 ! /&>d b>omet] may be repres5t$ by f\r or five in*es 9 ?is in/rum5t1 s t x %[s small v>iations 9 atmosph]ic pressure v di/9ctly4 ,z ! m]cury falls 9 ! tube ) a decrease ( pressure1 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n rises1 & ! float+ tube rises also1 :i* causes an additional desc5t 9 ! column1 z %[n by fix$ graduations on ! tube4 ,) an increase ( pressure1 "s m]cury w leave ! ci/]n & rise 9 ! tube1 :ile ! tube itself w fall1 & s cause an additional asc5t ( m]cury4 ,?is b>omet] is id5tical 9 pr9ciple ) ,k+'s ,b>ograph 7see p4 #cd74 ,! con/ruction ( ,h[son's & ,mc,neild's ,b>omet]s has be5 assign$ to ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 ,^! in/rum5ts are usually made = dome/ic purposes ) a scale ( f ?ree to five1 & = public use f five to eight times ! scale ( ! ord9>y /&>d4 ,_! s5sitiv5ess is consequ5tly increas$ 9 an equal proportion1 & !y h ! additional advantage ( n be+ affect$ by diff]5ces ( level 9 ! ci/]n4 ,h[ev]1 ^! novelties h n be5 suffici5tly tri$ to det]m9e _! practical value = /rictly sci5tific purposes2 b z wea!r-glasses1 = %[+ m9ute *anges1 !y are sup]ior to ! common b>omet]4 #df4 ,! ,wat]-glass ,b>omet]4--,if a ,flor5ce flask1 hav+ a long neck1 h a small quantity ( wat] p\r$ into x1 & !n be inv]t$ & s support$ t ! op5 end dips into a vessel conta9+ wat]1 a small column ( wat] w be conf9$ 9 ! neck ( ! bottle1 ! pressure ( :i*1 ^u ! surface ( ! expos$ wat]1 w be equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! atmosph]ic pressure & ! ela/icity ( ! conf9$ air 9 ! body ( ! bottle4 ,z ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e v>ies1 ?is column w alt] 9 height4 ,b ! ela/icity ( ! conf9$ air is also subject to v>iations1 ow+ to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! oscillations ( ! column are dep5d5t on alt]ations ( temp]ature & atmosph]ic pressure4 ,su* an arrangem5t has be5 call$ ! ,wat]-glass ,b>omet]1 & be>s ab\t ! same relative value to ! m]curial b>omet]1 z an expon5t ( wea!r *anges1 t a cat-gut hygromet] be>s to a !rmometric hygromet]1 z an indicator ( relative moi/ure4 #dg4 ,,sympiesomet]4 ,nev]!less ! in/rum5t n[ ab\t to be describ$1 dep5d+ ^u simil> pr9ciples1 b sci5tifically con/ruct$ & graduat$1 is a v useful & valuable sub/itute = ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube1 v>y+1 accord+ to ! purposes = :i* ! in/rum5t is requir$1 f six to tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! upp] end is clos$1 & =m$ into a bulb2 ! l[] is turn$ up1 =m$ into a ci/]n1 & op5 at top1 ?r\gh a pipette1 or cone4 ,a plug1 moveable by a cat* f bel[1 c be made to close ?is op5+1 s z to r5d] ! in/rum5t portable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,! upp] portion ( ! tube is fill$ ) air2 ! l[] portion1 & "p ( ! ci/]n1 ) sulphuric acid1 col\r$ s z to r5d] x pla9ly visible4 ,=m]ly1 hydrog5 & oil 7 us$4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t1 by ! process kn[n to *emi/s z osmosis1 ?is light gas 9 "t p>tially escap$1 & ! rema9d] became mix$ ) air1 ! consequ5ce be+ t ! graduations 7 no long] correct4 ,!y are m durable z at pres5t con/ruct$4 ,! liquid rises & falls 9 ! tube ) ! v>iations ( atmosph]ic pressure & temp]ature act+ toge!r4 ,if ! pressure 7 con/ant1 ! conf9$ air w\ld exp& & contract = temp]ature only1 & ! in/rum5t w\ld act z a !rmomet]4 ,9 fact1 ! in/rum5t is reg>d$ z su* 9 ! manufacture2 & ! !rmometric scales are asc]ta9$ & engrav$ on ! scale4 ,a good m]curial !rmomet] is also m\nt$ on ! same frame4 ,if1 !re=e1 at any "t ! m]curial & ! air !rmomet]s d n read alike1 x mu/ evid5tly be due to ! atmosph]ic pressure act+ ^u ! air 9 ! tube2 & x is fur!r evid5t t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ! position ( ! top ( ! liquid may be m>k$ to repres5t ! b>ometric pressure at ! "t4 ,9 ?is mann] a scale ( pressure is asc]ta9$ by comp>ison ) a /&>d b>omet]1 ext5d+ g5]ally f #bg to #ca in*es4 ,:5 made correctly1 ^! in/rum5ts agree well ) ! m]curial b>omet] = a numb] ( ye>s1 & _! subsequ5t adju/m5t is n a matt] ( mu* exp5se4 ,= use at sea1 ! liquid column is contract$ at ! b5d4 ,! sympiesomet] is v s5sitive1 & feels ! alt]ations 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure soon] ?an ! ord9>y m>9e b>omet]4 ,! scale is usually on silv]$ brass1 m\nt$ on a mahogany or rosewood frame1 protect$ 9 front by plate glass4 ,x is g5]ally furni%$ ) a revolv+ regi/]1 to record ! obs]vation1 9 ord] t x may be kn[n :e!r ! pressure has increas$ or decreas$ 9 ! int]val ( obs]vation4 ,small pocket sympiesomet]s are sometimes fitt$ ) ivory scales1 & protect$ by a neat velvet-l9$ pa/ebo>d or morocco case4 ,h[ to take an ,obs]vation4--,9 practice1 ! indications ( ! atmosph]ic pressure are obta9$ f ! sympiesomet] by not+1 fir/1 ! temp]ature ( ! m]curial !rmomet]2 secondly1 adju/+ ! po9t] ( ! pressure scale to ! same degree ( temp]ature on ! scale ( ! air column2 ?irdly1 read+ ! height ( ! liquid on ! slid+ scale4 ,directions = ,use4--,! sympiesomet] %\ld be c>ri$ & h&l$ s z to keep ! top always upw>ds1 to prev5t ! air me*anically mix+ ) ! liquid4 ,c>e %\ld also be tak5 to scre5 x f casual rays ( ! sun or cab9 fire4 #dh4 ,,an]oids4 ,! beautiful & highly +5i\s in/rum5t call$ by ! "n ,an]oid1 is no less rem>kable = ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( its con/ruction & action1 ?an = ! nicety ( its me*anism4 ,x is a sub/itute1 & p]haps ! be/ ( all sub/itutes1 = ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,z its "n implies1 x is con/ruct$ )\t fluid4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,vidi ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! g5]al =m 9 :i* x is made x consi/s ( a brass cyl9drical case ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet] & "o & a half in* deep1 fac$ ) a dial graduat$ & m>k$ simil>ly to ! dial-plate ( a :eel-b>omet]1 ^u :i* ! index or po9t] %[s ! atmosph]ic pressure 9 in*es & decimals ( an in* 9 accordance ) ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,)9 ! case1 = ord9>y sizes1 is plac$ a flat metal box1 g5]ally n m ?an half an in* ?ick & ab\t two in*es or a little m 9 diamet]1 f :i* ne>ly all ! air is exhau/$4 ,! top & bottom ( ?is box is corrugat$ 9 conc5tric circles1 s z to yield inw>dly to ext]nal pressure1 & return :5 ! pressure is remov$4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 act+ ext]nally1 cont9ually *anges1 :ile ! ela/ic pressure ( ! small quantity ( air )9 c only v>y by its volume be+ increas$ or decreas$1 or by *ange ( temp]ature4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation1 = ! mom5t1 ! effect ( temp]ature1 we c readily p]ceive t z ! pressure is less5$ ^u ! outside ( ! box1 ! ela/ic =ce ( ! air )9 w =ce out ! top & bottom ( ! box2 & :5 ! out] pressure is increas$ !y w be =c$ 94 ,?us ) ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ! top & bottom ( ! box approa* to & rec$e f ea* o!r by a small quantity2 b ! bottom be+ fix$1 ne>ly all ?is motion takes place on ! top4 ,?us ! top ( ! box is l an ela/ic cu%ion1 :i* rises & falls accord+ z ! compress+ =ce less5s or increases4 ,to ! eye ^! expansions & contractions w\ld n be p]ceptible1 s small is ! motion4 ,b !y are r5d]$ v evid5t by a nice me*anical arrangem5t4 ,to ! box is atta*$ a /rong piece ( iron1 kept press$ ^u x by a spr+ at "o extremity2 s t z ! top ( ! box rises1 ! motion is made s5sible at ! po9t held by ! spr+1 & :5 ! top desc5ds ! spr+ draws ! piece ( iron into close contact ) x4 ,?is piece ( iron acts z a lev]1 hav+ its fulcrum at "o extremity1 ! p[] at ! c5tre ( ! box-top1 & ! o!r extremity controll$ by ! spr+4 ,?us x is evid5t t ! small motion ( ! c5tre ( ! box-top is mu* increas$ at ! spr+ extremity4 ,! motion ?us obta9$ is communicat$ to a sy/em ( lev]s2 &1 by ! int]v5tion ( a piece ( wat*-*a9 & a f9e spr+ pass+ r\nd ! arb\r1 turns ! index to ! "r or left1 accord+ z ! ext]nal pressure increases or decreases4 ,?us1 :5 by increase ( pressure ! vacuum box is compress$1 ! me*anism transf]s ! movem5t to ! index1 & x moves to ! "r2 :5 ! vacuum box bulges out "u dim9i%$ pressure1 ! me*anical motion is rev]s$1 & ! index moves to ! left4 ,z ! index trav]ses ! dial1 x %[s ^u ! scale ! pressure correspond+ ) t :i* a good m]curial b>omet] w\ld at ! same "t & place indicate2 t is1 suppos+ x correctly adju/$4 ,a diff]5t & m elegant arrangem5t has s9ce be5 adopt$4 ,a broad curv$ spr+ is connect$ to ! top ( ! vacuum box1 s z to be compress$ by ! top ( ! box yield+ inw>d to increas$ pressure1 & to relax itself & ! box z ! pressure is less5$4 ,! sy/em ( lev]s is connect$ to ?is spr+1 :i* augm5ts & transf]s ! motion to ! index1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,increase ( pressure causes ! lev]s to slack5 ! piece ( wat*-*a9 connect$ ) !m & ! arb\r ( ! index4 ,! spr+ n[ uncoils1 w9ds ! *a9 ^u ! arb\r1 & turns ! index to ! "r4 ,decrease ( pressure w9ds ! *a9 (f ! b>rel1 tight5s ! spiral spr+1 :i* ?us turns ! index to ! left4 ,! graduations ( ! an]oid scale are obta9$ by comp>isons ) ! correct /&>d read+ ( a m]curial b>omet]1 "u ! normal & r$uc$ atmosph]ic pressure4 ,r$uc$ pressure is obta9$ by plac+ bo? in/rum5ts "u ! receiv] ( an air pump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,fig4 #cc repres5ts ! late/ improv$ me*anism ( an an]oid4 ,! out] case & ! face ( ! in/rum5t are remov$1 b ! h& is atta*$ by its collet to ! arb\r4 ,a is ! corrugat$ box1 :i* has be5 exhau/$ ( air ?r\gh ! tube1 ,j1 & h]metically seal$ by sold]+4 ,b is a p[]ful curv$ spr+1 re/+ 9 gudgeons fix$ on ! frame-plate1 & atta*$ to a socket beh9d1 ,f1 9 ! top ( ! box4 ,a lev]1 ,c1 jo9$ to ! /\t edge ( ! spr+1 is connect$1 by ! b5t lev] at ,d1 ) ! *a91 ,e1 ! o!r end ( :i* is coil$ r\nd1 & fa/5$ to ! arb\r1 ,f4 ,z ! box1 ,a1 is compress$ by ! weight ( ! atmosph]e increas+1 ! spr+1 ,b1 is tight5$1 ! lev]1 ,c1 depress$1 & ! *a91 ,e1 uncoil$ f ,f1 :i* is !reby turn$ s t ! h&1 ,h1 moves to ! "r4 ,9 ! mean :ile ! spiral spr+1 ,g1 coil$ r\nd ,f1 & fix$ at "o extremity to ! frame-"w & by ! o!r to ,f1 is compress$4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! pressure decreases1 ,a & ,b relax1 by virtue ( _! ela/icity2 ,e slack5s1 ,g unw9ds1 turn+ ,f1 :i* c>ries ,h to ! left4 ,ne> ,j is %[n an iron pill>1 ca/ z "p ( ! /ock ( ! spr+1 ,b4 ,a screw works 9 ?is pill> ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! plate1 by means ( :i* ! spr+1 ,b1 may be s adju/$ to ! box1 ,a1 z to set ! h&1 ,h1 to read on ! scale accord+ to ! indications ( a m]curial b>omet]4 ,! lev]1 ,c1 is compos$ ( brass & /eel1 sold]$ toge!r1 & adju/$ by repeat$ trials to correct = ! effects ( temp]ature4 ,a !rmomet] is sometimes atta*$ to ! an]oid1 z x is conv5i5t = indicat+ ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,z reg>ds ! in/rum5t itself1 no correction = temp]ature c be appli$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x %\ld be set to read ) ! m]curial b>omet] at #cb deg4 ,f4 ,!n ! read+s f x are suppos$ to require no correction4 ,9 consid]+ ! effects ( temp]ature ^u ! an]oid1 !y are f\nd to be some:at complex4 ,!re is ! effect ( expansion & contraction ( ! v>i\s metals ( :i* ! me*anism is compos$2 & !re is ! effect on ! ela/icity ( ! small portion ( air 9 ! box4 ,an increase ( temp]ature produces great]1 a dim9ution less ela/icity 9 ?is air4 ,! comp5sation = effects ( temp]ature is adju/$ by ! process ( trial & error1 & only a few mak]s d x well4 ,x is v (t5 a m]e %am4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy writes1 9 8 ,b>omet] ,manual1 ,! kn[n expansion & contraction ( metals "u v>y+ temp]atures1 caus$ d\bts z to ! accuracy ( ! an]oid "u su* *anges2 b !y 7 p>tly remov$ by introduc+ into ! vacuum box a small portion ( gas1 z a comp5sation = ! effects ( heat or cold4 ,! gas 9 ! box1 *ang+ its bulk on a *ange ( temp]ature1 0 int5d$ to comp5sate = ! effect on ! metals ( :i* ! an]oid is made4 ,besides :i*1 a fur!r & m reliable comp5sation has lately be5 effect$ by a comb9ation ( brass & /eel b>s4 ,an]oid b>omet]s1 if (t5 comp>$ ) good m]curial columns1 are simil> 9 _! indications1 & valuable2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are n indep5d5t in/rum5ts1 t !y are set orig9ally by a b>omet]1 require adju/m5t occasionally1 & may det]iorate 9 "t1 ?\gh sl[ly4 ,! an]oid is quick 9 %[+ ! v>iation ( atmosph]ic pressure2 & to ! navigator :o kn[s ! difficulty1 at times1 ( us+ b>omet]s1 ?is in/rum5t is a great boon1 = x c be plac$ any:]e1 q out ( h>m's way1 & is n affect$ by ! %ip's motion1 al?\gh fai?fully giv+ indication ( increas$ or dim9i%$ pressure ( air4 ,9 asc5d+ or desc5d+ elevations1 ! h& ( ! an]oid may be se5 to move 7l ! h& ( a wat*71 %[+ ! height above ! level ( ! sea1 or ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 places ( comp>ison4 ,9 ! admiral's ,notes on ,meteorology1 he says1 ,! an]oid is an excell5t wea!r glass1 if well made4 ,comp5sation = heat or cold has lately be5 introduc$ by effici5t me*anism4 ,9 its improv$ condition1 :5 ! co/ may be ab\t ,l#e1 x is fit = measur+ heights z f> z #e1jjj feet ) approximate accuracy2 b ev5 at ! price ( ,l#c1 z a wea!r-glass only1 x is exce$+ly valuable1 because x c be c>ri$ any:]e2 & if n[ & !n comp>$ ) a good b>omet]1 x may be reli$ on suffici5tly4 ,i h _h "o 9 con/ant use = t5 ye>s1 & x appe>s to be z good n[ z at fir/4 ,= a %ip ( w> 7consid]+ concussion by ! fire ( guns71 = boats1 or to put 9 a draw]1 or on a table1 ,i believe !re is no?+ bett] ?an x = use z a common wea!r-glass4 ,colonel ,sir ,h4 ,james1 ,r4,e41 9 8 ,in/ructions = tak+ ,meteorological ,obs]vations1 says ( ! an]oid1 ,?is is a mo/ valuable in/rum5t2 x is extremely portable4 ,i h _h "o 9 use = upw>ds ( t5 ye>s1 & f9d x to be ! be/ =m ( b>omet]1 z a wea!r-glass1 t has be5 made4 ,"o ( ! objects ( ,mr4 ,glai%]'s exp]im5ts 9 balloons 0 to comp>e ! read+s ( an an]oid b>omet] ) ^? ( a m]curial b>omet] up to five miles4 ,9 ! comp>isons ! read+s ( ! m]curial b>omet] 7 correct$ = index-error & temp]ature4 ,! an]oid read+s1 says ,mr4 ,glai%]1 prove all ! obs]vations made 9 ! sev]al asc5ts may be safely dep5d$ ^u1 & also t an an]oid b>omet] c be made to read correctly to pressures bel[ twelve in*es4 ,z "o ( ! g5]al conclusions d]iv$ f 8 exp]im5ts he /ates1 t an an]oid b>omet] read correctly to ! fir/ place1 & probably to ! second place ( decimals1 to a pressure z l[ z sev5 in*es4 ,! two an]oids us$ by ,mr4 ,glai%] 7 by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 ,an]oids are n[ manufactur$ almo/ p]fectly comp5sat$ = temp]ature4 ,su* an in/rum5t !re=e ought to %[ ! same pressure 9 ! ext]nal air at a temp]ature say ( #dj deg41 z x w\ld 9 a room :]e ! temp]ature at ! same "t may be #fj deg42 provid$ !re is no diff]5ce ( elevation4 ,to te/ x ?or\ghly w\ld require an exam9ation & a comp>ison ) b>omet] read+s r$uc$ to #cb deg4 ,f41 conduct$ ?r\gh a long range ( temp]ature & "u artificially r$uc$ pressure4 ,a practical me?od appe>s to be to comp>e ! an]oid daily1 or m (t51 = a few weeks ) ! read+s ( a m]curial b>omet] r$uc$ to #cb deg42 & if ! error s f\nd be con/ant1 ! object ( ! comp5sation may be assum$ to be atta9$1 p>ticul>ly if ! temp]ature dur+ ! p]iod has v>i$ greatly4 ,directions = us+ ! ,an]oid4--,an]oids are g5]ally susp5d$ ) ! dial v]tical2 b if !y be plac$ ) ! dial horizontal1 ! indications diff] a few hundr$?s ( an in* 9 ! two positions4 ,h5ce1 if _! indications are regi/]$1 !y %\ld be kept 9 ! same position4 ,! an]oid w n answ] = exact sci5tific purposes1 z x _c be reli$ ^u = a l5g? ( "t4 ,its error ( indication *anges sl[ly1 & h5ce ! necessity ( its be+ set f "t to "t ) ! read+ ( a good b>omet]4 ,to all[ ( ?is be+ done1 at ! back ( ! out] case is ! head ( a screw 9 connection ) ! spr+ atta*$ to ! vacuum box4 ,by apply+ a small turnscrew to ?is screw1 ! spr+ ( ! vacuum box may be tight5$ or relax$1 & ! index made to move correspond+ly to ! "r or left on ! dial4 ,by ?is means1 besides be+ enabl$ to correct ! an]oid at any "t1 if ! measure ( a height r great] ?an ! an]oid w commonly %[ be requir$1 x may be re-set ?us3 ,:5 at ! upp] /ation 7)9 its range71 & hav+ not$ ! read+ c>efully1 t\* ! screw beh9d s z to br+ back ! h& a few in*es 7if ! in/rum5t w admit71 !n read (f & />t aga94 ,rev]se ! op]ation :5 desc5d+4 ,?is may add "s in*es ( measure approximately4--,fitz,roy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 #di4 ,small ,size ,an]oids4--,! pat5t = ! ,an]oid hav+ expir$1 ,admiral ,fitz,roy urg$ ^u ,messrs4 ,negretti ,zambra ! desirability ( r$uc+ ! size at :i* x _h hi!rto be5 made1 z well z ( improv+ its me*anical arrangem5t1 & comp5sation = temp]ature4 ,!y accord+ly engag$ skilful workm51 :o1 "u _! directions1 & at _! exp5se1 by a great am\nt ( lab\r & exp]im5t1 succe$$ 9 r$uc+ its dim5sions to two in*es 9 diamet]1 & an in* & a qu>t] ?ick4 ,! exact size & appe>ance ( ?is an]oid are %[n 9 fig4 #cd4 ,! comp5sation is c>efully adju/$1 & ! graduations ( ! dial asc]ta9$ "u r$uc$ pressure1 s t !y are n q equal1 b m accurate4 #ej4 ,wat* ,an]oid4--,subsequ5tly ! an]oid has be5 fur!r r$uc$ 9 size & x c n[ be _h f an in* & a qu>t] to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! smalle/ size c be enclos$ 9 wat* cases1 fig4 #ce1 or o!rwise1 s z to be adapt$ to ! pocket4 ,by a beautifully simple contrivance1 a mill$ rim is adju/$ to move r\nd ) h& pressure1 & c>ry a f9e index or po9t]1 outside & ar\nd ! scale engrav$ on ! dial1 or face1 = ! purpose ( m>k+ ! read+1 s t ! subsequ5t increase or decrease ( pressure may be readily se54 ,^! v small in/rum5ts are f\nd to act q z correctly z ! l>ge/1 & are mu* m s]viceable4 ,besides s]v+ ! purpose ( a wea!r-glass 9 ! h\se or away f home1 if c>ri$ 9 ! pocket1 !y are admirably suit$ to ! exig5cies ( t\ri/s & travell]s4 ,!y may be _h ) scale suffici5t to measure heights n exce$+ #h1jjj feet2 ) a scale ( elevation 9 feet1 z well z ( pressure 9 in*es1 engrav$ on ! dial4 ,! scale ( elevation1 :i* is = ! temp]ature ( #ej deg41 0 comput$ by ,pr(essor ,airy1 ! ,a/ronom] ,royal1 :o k9dly pres5t$ x to ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra1 at ! same "t sugge/+ its application4 ,mod]ate-siz$ an]oids1 fitt$ 9 lea!rn sl+ cases1 are also good travell+ in/rum5ts1 & w be f\nd s]viceable to pilots1 fi%]m51 & = use 9 coa/+ & small vessels1 :]e a m]curial b>omet] _c be employ$1 because requir+ too mu* space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 9 a communication to ! ,m]cantile ,m>9e ,magaz9e1 ,decemb]1 #ahfj1 says3--,an]oids are n[ made m portable1 s t a pilot or *ief boatman may c>ry "o 9 8 pocket1 z a railway gu>d c>ries 8 timekeep]2 &1 ?us provid$1 pilots cruis+ = expect$ %ips w\ld be able to caution /rang]s arriv+1 if bad wea!r 7 imp5d+1 or give w>n+ to coa/]s or fi%+ boats4 ,h>b\rs ( ,refuge1 h[ev] excell5t & important1 are n always accessible1 ev5 :5 mo/ want$1 z 9 sn[1 ra91 or d>kness1 :5 nei!r l&1 nor buoy1 nor ev5 a ligh?\se-light c be se54 #ea4 ,measurem5t ( ,heights by ! ,an]oid4--,= measur+ heights n exce$+ _m hundr$ feet above ! sea-level by means ( ! an]oid1 ! foll[+ simple me?od w suffice3-- ,divide ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! an]oid read+s at ! l[] & upp] /ations by 4#jjaa2 ! quoti5t w give ! approximate height 9 feet4 ,?us1 suppos+ ! an]oid to read at ! ,l[] ,/ation #cj4che in*es4 ,upp] ,/ation #cj4jbe ------ ,diff]5ce 4#cfj ,divid$ gives 4#cfj_/4jjaa #cbg feet4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! mode 9 :i* ! an]oid %\ld be us$ 9 measur+ heights1 ! foll[+ example is giv53-- ,a g5tleman :o asc5d$ ,helvellyn1 ,augu/ #ab?1 #ahfb1 record$ ! foll[+ obs]vations ) a pocket an]oid by ,negretti & ,zambra3-- ,ne> #aj a4m41 at ! fir/ mile/one f ,ambleside1 f\nd by survey to be #ahh feet above ! sea1 ! an]oid read #bi4hi in*es2 ab\t #a p4m41 at ! summit ( ,helvellyn1 #bf4ha2 & at #e p4m41 at ! mile/one aga91 #bi4gf4 ,! temp]ature ( ! l[] air 0 #eg deg41 ( ! upp]1 #ed deg4 ,h5ce ! height ( ! m\nta9 is d$uc$ z foll[s3-- ,in*es4 ,read+ at #aj a4m4 #bi4hi #e p4m4 #bi4gf ------ ,mean #bi4hbe ,table ,i4#e #ajaj ,upp] ,read+ #bf4ha #cgif ----- ,diff]5ce #bghf ,mean ,temp]ature #ee deg4#e1 gives 9 ,table ,,ii4 #a4jdh ----- #bibj ,lat4 #ee deg4 ,n41 gives 9 ,table ,,iii4 4#iiia ----- #biag ,table ,,iv4 #e ----- ,diff]5ce ( height #bibb ,height ( l[] /ation #ahh ----- ,helvellyn #caaj ,9 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*ell's ,physical ,geography x is giv5 z #caae ft4 ,s ne> an agreem5t is attributable to ! excell5ce ( ! an]oid1 & ! c>eful accuracy ( ! obs]v]4 #eb4 ,,metallic ,,b>omet]4 ,?is in/rum5t1 ! inv5tion ( ,m4 ,b\rdon1 has a great resemblance to ! an]oid1 b is mu* simpl] 9 arrangem5t4 ,! inv5tor has appli$ ! same pr9ciple to ! con/ruction ( metallic /eam-pressure gauges4 ,we are "h1 h[ev]1 only conc]n$ ) x z con/ruct$ to indicate atmosph]ic pressure4 ,x consi/s ( a long sl5d] flatt5$ metallic tube1 p>tially exhau/$ ( air1 & h]metically clos$ at ea* end1 !n fix$ ^u its c5tre1 & b5t r\nd s z to make ! ends face ea* o!r4 ,! transv]se section ( ?is tube is an elongat$ ellipse4 ,! pr9ciple ( action is ?is3 int]ior pressure t5ds to /raight5 ! tube1 ext]nal pressure causes x to coil m4 ,h5ce z ! atmosph]ic pressure decreases1 ! ends ( ! tube become m ap>t4 ,?is movem5t is augm5t$ & transf]r$ by a me*anical arrangem5t ( small metallic lev]s to a radius b>1 :i* c>ries a rack =m$ on ! arc ( its circle4 ,?is moves a p9ion1 ^u ! arb\r ( :i* a light po9t]1 or h&1 is pois$1 :i* indicates ! pressure ^u a dial4 ,:5 ! pressure increases1 ! ends ( ! tube approa* ea* o!r1 & ! po9t] moves f left to "r ov] ! dial4 ,! :ole me*anism is fix$ 9 a brass case1 hav+ a hole at ! back = adju/+ ! in/rum5t to ! m]curial b>omet] by means ( a key1 :i* sets ! po9t] )\t affect+ ! lev]s4 ,! dial is g5]ally op5 to %[ ! me*anism1 & is protect$ by a glass1 to :i* is fitt$ a moveable index4 ,?is b>omet] is v s5sitive1 & has ! advantage ( occupy+ little space1 al?\gh x has n yet be5 made s small z ! an]oid4 ,bo? ^! in/rum5ts admit ( a great v>iety ( m\nts to r5d] !m ornam5tal4 ,! metallic b>omet] c be con/ruct$ ) a small clock 9 its c5tre1 s z to =m a novel & beautiful draw+-room ornam5t4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy writes1 ,metallic b>omet]s1 by ,b\rdon1 h n yet be5 te/$ 9 v moi/1 hot1 or cold air = a suffici5t "t4 ,!y are dep5d5t1 or second>y in/rum5ts1 & liable to det]ioration4 ,= limit$ employm5t1 :5 suffici5tly comp>$1 !y may be v useful1 especially 9 a few cases ( electrical *anges1 n =etold or %[n by m]cury1 :i* ^! seem to indicate rem>kably4 ,!y are n s well adapt$ = travell]s1 nor = measurem5ts ( consid]able elevations1 z an]oids4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,temp]ature4 #ec4 ,temp]ature is ! en]gy ) :i* heat affects our s5sation ( feel+4 ,bodies are said to possess ! same temp]ature1 :5 ! am\nts ( heat :i* !y respectively conta9 act outw>dly ) ! same int5sity ( transf] or absorption1 produc+ 9 ! "o case ! s5sation ( w>m?1 9 ! o!r t ( coldness4 ,in/rum5ts us$ = ! det]m9ation & e/imation ( temp]atures are call$ ,!rmomet]s4 ,exp]i5ce proves t ! same body always occupies ! same space at ! same temp]ature2 & t = e increase or decrease ( its temp]ature1 x und]goes a def9ite dilatation or contraction ( its volume4 ,provid$1 !n1 a body suff]s no loss ( sub/ance or peculi> *ange ( its con/itu5t elem5ts or atoms1 :ile manife/+ *anges ( temp]ature x w likewise exhibit alt]ations 9 volume2 ! latt] may1 !re=e1 be tak5 z expon5ts ( ! =m]4 ,! expansion & contraction ( bodies are adopt$ z arbitr>y measures ( *anges ( temp]ature2 & any sub/ance w s]ve = a !rmomet] 9 :i* ^! *anges ( volume are s5sible1 & c be r5d]$ measureable4 #ed4 ,!rmometric ,sub/ances4--,!rmomet]s = meteorological & dome/ic purposes are con/ruct$ ) liquids1 & g5]ally ei!r m]cury or alcohol1 because _! alt]ations ( volume = ! same *ange ( temp]ature are great] ?an ^? ( solids2 :ile be+ m manageable1 !y are pref]r$ to gases4 ,m]cury is ( all sub/ances ! be/ adapt$ = !rmometric purposes1 z x ma9ta9s ! liquid /ate ?r\gh a great alt]ation ( heat1 has a m equable co-effici5t ( expansion ?an any o!r fluid1 & is peculi>ly s5sitive to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature ( solidification ( m]cury1 accord+ to ,fahr5heit's scale ( temp]ature1 is -#dj deg42 & its temp]ature ( ebullition is ab\t #fjj deg4 ,sulphuric e!r1 nitric acid1 oil ( sassafras1 & o!r limpid fluids1 h be5 employ$ = !rmomet]s4 #ee4 ,description ( ! ,!rmomet]4--,! ord9>y !rmomet] consi/s ( a glass tube ( v f9e bore1 hav+ a bulb ( ?9 glass at "o extremity1 & clos$ at ! o!r4 ,! bulb & "p ( ! tube conta9s m]cury2 ! re/ ( ! tube is a vacuum1 & af=ds space = ! expansion ( ! liquid4 ,?is arrangem5t r5d]s v p]ceptible ! alt]ations 9 volume ( ! m]cury due to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,x is true1 ! glass exp&s & contracts also2 b only by ab\t "o-tw5tie? ( ! ext5t ( ! m]cury4 ,reg>d+ ! bulb1 !n1 z unalt]able 9 size1 all ! *anges 9 ! bulk ( ! fluid mu/ take place 9 ! tube1 & be exhibit$ by ! expansion & contraction ( ! column1 :i* v>iations are made to measure *anges ( temp]ature4 #ef4 ,,/&>d ,,!rmomet]4 ,! peculi>ities 9 ! con/ruction ( !rmomet]s w be be/ und]/ood by describ+ ! manufacture ( a ,/&>d ,!rmomet]1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ accurate make1 & ! scale ( :i* is divid$ indep5d5tly ( any comp>ison ) ano!r !rmomet]4 ,fig4 #cf is an illu/ration ( su* an in/rum5t1 on a silv]$ brass scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf ,selection ( ,tube4--,9 select+ ! glass tube1 mu* c>e is requisite to asc]ta9 t its bore is p]fectly uni=m ?r\gh\t4 ,z receiv$ f ! glass-h\se1 ! tubes are g5]ally1 9 _! int]ior1 portions ( v elongat$ cones1 s t ! bore is wid] at "o end ?an at ! o!r4 ,) due c>e1 h[ev]1 a prop] l5g? ( tube c be select$1 9 :i* !re is no appreciable diff]5ce ( bore4 ,?is is asc]ta9$ by introduc+ into ! tube a l5g? ( m]cury ( ab\t a half or a ?ird ( an in*1 & accurately measur+ x 9 v>i\s positions 9 ! tube4 ,to accompli% ?is1 ! workman bl[s a bulb at "o end ( ! tube1 & heats ! bulb a little to drive out "s ( ! air4 ,!n1 plac+ ! op5 end 9 m]cury1 ^u cool+ ! ela/icity ( ! enclos$ air dim9i%es1 & ! sup]ior pressure ( ! atmosph]e drives 9 "s m]cury4 ,! workman /ops ! process s soon z he judges suffici5t m]cury has ent]$4 ,by cool+ or heat+ ! bulb1 z necess>y1 ! m]cury is made to pass f "o end ( ! tube to ! o!r4 ,%\ld ! l5g? ( ?is portion ( m]cury alt] 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! bore1 ! tube mu/ be reject$4 ,if x is1 z ne>ly z possible1 "o uni=m l5g?1 ! tube is set aside = fill+4 ,! bulb is nev] bl[n by ! brea?1 b by an ela/ic ca\t*\c ball conta9+ air1 s t ! introduction ( moi/ure is avoid$4 ,! sph]ical =m is to be pref]r$2 = x is be/ adapt$ to resi/ ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! bulbs %\ld n be too l>ge1 or ! m]cury w take "s "t to indicate sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,cyl9drical bulbs are sometimes desirable1 z !y (f] l>g] surfaces to ! m]cury1 & enable !rmomet]s to be made m s5sitive4 ,! m]cury1 ) :i* ! bulb is to be fill$1 %\ld be q pure1 & fre$ f moi/ure & air by rec5t boil+4 ,fill+ ! ,tube4--,! fill+ is effect$ by heat+ ! bulb ) ! flame ( a _s-lamp1 :ile ! op5 end is emb$d$ 9 m]cury4 ,^u all[+ ! bulb to cool1 ! atmosph]ic pressure drives "s m]cury into x2 & ! process ( heat+ & cool+ is ?us cont9u$ until suffici5t m]cury is introduc$4 ,! m]cury is next boil$ 9 ! tube1 to expel any air or moi/ure t may be pres5t4 ,9 ord] to close ! tube & exclude all air1 ! arti/ asc]ta9s t ! tube conta9s ! requisite quantity ( m]cury2 !n1 by hold+ ! bulb ov] ! _s flame1 he causes ! m]cury to fill ! :ole ( ! tube1 & dext]\sly remov+ x f ! s\rce ( heat1 he1 at ! same in/ant1 closes x ) ! flame ( a bl[-pipe4 ,if any air rema9 9 ! tube1 x is easily detect$2 = if ! in/rum5t be inv]t$1 ! m]cury w fall to ! extremity ( ! tube1 if !re is a p]fect vacuum1 unless ! tube be s f9ely capill>y t its attraction = ! m]cury is suffici5t to ov]come ! =ce ( gravity1 9 :i* case ! m]cury w reta9 its position 9 e situation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! m]cury fall & does n rea* q to ! extremity ( ! bore1 "s air is pres5t1 :i* mu/ be remov$4 ,! ,graduation4--,! !rmomet] is n[ prep>$ = graduation1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* process is ! det]m9ation ( two fix$ po9ts4 ,^! are giv5 by ! temp]atures ( melt+ ice & ( ! vap\r ( boil+ wat]4 ,melt+ ice has always ! same temp]ature 9 e place & "u all circum/ances2 provid$ only t ! wat] f :i* ! ice is congeal$ is free f salts4 ,! temp]ature ( ! vap\r ( boil+ wat] dep5ds ^u ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 b is always con/ant = ! same pressure4 ,! fix$ po9t correspond+ to ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice is call$ ! freez+ po9t4 ,x is obta9$ by keep+ ! bulb & ! "p ( ! tube occupi$ by m]cury imm]s$ 9 melt+ ice1 until ! m]cury contracts to a c]ta9 po9t1 :]e x rema9s /ation>y4 ,?is position ( ! end ( ! m]cury is !n m>k$ ^u ! tube4 ,! boil+ po9t is n s easily det]m9$1 = ! b>omet] mu/ be consult$ ab\t ! same "t4 ,! boil+ app>atus is g5]ally con/ruct$ ( copp]4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9drical boil]1 heat$ f ! base by a _s lamp or *>coal fire4 ,an op5 tube two or ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & ( suitable l5g? ent]s ! top ( ! boil]4 ,?is tube is envelop$ by ano!r fix$ to ! top ( ! boil] b n op5+ into x1 & s t ! two tubes are ab\t an in* ap>t4 ,! object ( ! out] tube is to protect ! inn] tube f ! cold temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! out] tube has an op5+ at ! top = ! admission ( ! !rmomet]1 & a hole ne> ! bottom = ! escape ( /eam ?r\gh a sp\t4 ,:5 ! wat] is made to boil1 ! /eam rises 9 ! inn] tube1 fills ! space betwe5 ! tubes1 & escapes at ! sp\t4 ,! !rmomet] is !n pass$ d[n into ! inn] cyl9d]1 & held securely f ! top by means ( a piece ( ca\t*\c4 ,! tubes or cyl9d]s %\ld be ( suffici5t l5g? to prev5t ! !rmomet] ent]+ ! wat]4 ,?is is necess>y because ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] is influ5c$ by any sub/ance :i* x holds 9 *emical solution2 &1 moreov]1 its temp]ature increases ) ! dep?1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ! upp] /ratum4 ,! !rmomet] be+ ?us surr\nd$ ) /eam1 ! m]cury rises 9 ! tube4 ,z x does s1 ! tube %\ld be depress$ s z always to keep ! top ( ! m]cury j p]ceptible4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! vap\r is atta9$1 ! m]cury ceases to rise1 & rema9s /ation>y4 ,! position ( ! end ( ! m]cury is n[ m>k$ ^u ! tube1 & ! boil+-po9t is obta9$4 #eg4 ,me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! exact ,boil+ ,temp]ature4--,! normal boil+ temp]ature ( wat] all nations h tacitly agre$ to fix "u a normal b>ometric pressure ( #bi4ibb in*es ( m]cury1 hav+ ! temp]ature ( melt+ ice1 9 ! latitude ( #de deg41 & at ! sea-level4 ,if ! atmosph]ic pressure at ! "t or place ( graduat+ a !rmomet] does n equal ?is1 ! boil+ temp]ature w be high] or l[] accord+ z ! pressure is great] or less4 ,h5ce a read+ mu/ be tak5 f a reliable b>omet]1 :i* mu/ also be correct$ = errors & temp]ature1 & r$uc$ = latitude1 9 ord] to comp>e ! actual atmosph]ic pressure at ! "t ) ! assum$ normal pressure4 ,tables ( vap\r t5sion1 z !y are t]m$1 h be5 comput$ f accurate exp]im5tal inve/igations & !ory1--giv+ ! temp]atures ( ! vap\r ( wat] = all probable pressures2 ,regnault's1 ! mo/ rec5t1 is consid]$ ! mo/ accurate2 & 8 inve/igations are bas$ ^u ! /&>d pressure giv5 above1 & are = ! same latitude4 ,8 ,table1 !re=e1 w give ! temp]ature on ! !rmometric scale correspond+ to ! pressure4 ,! ,commission]s appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to con/ruct /&>d weights & measures1 decid$ t ! normal boil+-po9t1 #bab deg41 on ! !rmomet] %\ld repres5t ! temp]ature ( /eam g5]at$ "u an atmosph]ic pressure equal 9 in*es ( m]cury1 at ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat]1 to #bi4ibb 7cos4 #b latitude x 4#jgff7 74#jjjjjagi x height 9 feet above ! sea-level74 ,h5ce1 at ,london1 lat4 #ea deg4#cj' ,n41 we d$uce #bi4ije z ! b>ometric pressure repres5t+ ! normal boil+ po9t ( wat]1--! trifl+ correction due to height be+ neglect$4 ,if !n1 9 ! latitude ( ,london1 ! b>ometric pressure1 at ! "t ( fix+ ! boil+ po9t1 be n #bi4ije in*es1 t po9t w be high] or l[]1 accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! pressure f ! normal4 ,ne> ! sea-level ab\t #j4ei in* ( su* diff]5ce is equival5t to #a deg4 ,fahr5heit 9 ! boil+ po9t4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! atmosph]ic pressure at ,london to be #cj4ghe in*es1 ! foll[+ calculation gives ! correspond+ boil+ temp]ature = ,fahr5heit's scale3-- ,obs]v$ pressure #cj4ghe ,normal #bi4ije ------ ,diff]5ce 4#hhj ,z #j4ei is to #j4hh1 s is #a deg4 to #a deg4#e4 ,t is1 ! wat] boils at #a deg4#e above its normal temp]ature2 s t1 9 ?is case1 ! normal temp]ature to be plac$ on ! scale1 viz4 #bab deg41 mu/ be #a deg4#e l[] ?an ! m>k made on ! tube at ! height at :i* ! m]cury /ood "u ! influ5ce ( ! boil+ wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! vap\r ( boil+ wat] may be f\nd1 at any "t & place1 z foll[s3--,multiply ! atmosph]ic pressure by ! factor due to ! latitude1 giv5 9 ! annex$ ,table ,v41 & ) ! result seek ! temp]ature 9 ,table ,,vi4 ,,table ,v4 ,,table ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,latitude4 ,factor4 ,temp]ature,t5sion4,temp]ature,t5sion4 ( ,vap\r4 ( ,vap\r4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,degrees4 ,degrees4 ,in*es4 ,degrees4 ,in*es4 #j #j4iigce #agi #ad4icd #aig #bb4jcf #e #j4iigci #ahj #ae4bga #aih #bb4eja #aj #j4iigea #aha #ae4fad #aii #bb4igd #ae #j4iiggj #ahb #ae4ifc #bjj #bc4def #bj #j4iigig #ahc #af4cah #bja #bc4idf #be #j4iihcj #ahd #af4fhj #bjb #bd4dde #cj #j4iihfh #ahe #ag4jdi #bjc #bd4ieb #ce #j4iiiaj #ahf #ag4dbe #bjd #be4dfh #dj #j4iiied #ahg #ag4hjh #bje #be4iic #de #a4jjjjj #ahh #ah4aig #bjf #bf4ebg #ej #a4jjjdf #ahi #ah4eid #bjg #bg4jgj #ee #a4jjjij #aij #ah4iih #bjh #bg4fbc #fj #a4jjacb #aia #ai4dji #bji #bh4ahe #fe #a4jjagj #aib #ai4hbh #baj #bh4gef #gj #a4jjbjc #aic #bj4bed #baa #bi4cce #ge #a4jjbcj #aid #bj4fhh #bab #bi4ibb #hj #a4jjbdi #aie #ba4abi #bac #cj4eae #aif #ba4egh #bad #ca4aae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,h[ to use ! ,tables4--,:5 ! temp]ature is kn[n to decimals ( a degree1 take out ! t5sion = ! degree1 & multiply ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! next t5sion by ! decimals ( ! temp]ature1 & add ! product to ! t5sion1 = ! degree4 ,requir$ ! t5sion correspond+ to #aig deg4#hd4 deg4 #aig #bb4jcf 4#dfe x 4#hd 4#cia #aih #bb4eja #aig deg4 #bb4jcf ------ ------ ,diff]5ce 4#dfe #aig4hd #bb4dbg ,:5 ! t5sion is giv51 take ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! next less t5sion 9 ! ,table1 & divide ?is diff]5ce by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! next less & next great] t5sions4 ,! quoti5t w be ! decimals to add to ! degree opposite ! next less t5sion4 ,?us1 = #bc4bad in*es1 requir$ ! temp]ature4 ,giv5 #bc4bad ,next great] #bc4def #bb4igd ,next less #bb4igd ------ ------ 4#bdj ,diff]5ce 4#dhb 4#bdj ,& ---- 4#e 4#dhb ,temp]ature opposite next less #aii4j ----- ,temp]ature requir$ #aii4e ,a simil> me?od ( int]polation 9 tak+ out num]ical quantities is applicable to almo/ all tables2 & %\ld be practis$ ) all ^? giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,example4--,?us1 9 ,liv]pool1 lat4 #ec deg4 #cj' ,n41 ! b>omet] read+ #bi4hgf in*es1 its atta*$ !rmomet] #ee deg41 & ! correction ( ! in/rum5t be+ 4#jae 7includ+ index error1 capill>ity & capacity71 :at temp]ature %\ld be assign$ = ! boil+ po9t m>k$ on ! !rmomet]8 ,obs]v$ b>omet] #bi4hgf ,correction 4#jae ------ #bi4hia ,correction = temp]ature - 4#jgd ------ ,r$uc$ read+ #bi4hag ,factor f ,table ,v4 #a4jjjgg ------- #bjhgai #bjhgai #bihag ----------- ,equival5t = lat4 #de deg4 #bi4hciieiji ,9 ,table ,,vi41 #bi4hd gives temp]ature #baa deg4#hf4 #eh4 ,displacem5t ( ! ,freez+ ,po9t4--,ei!r ! prolong$ effect ( ! atmosph]ic pressure ^u ! ?9 glass ( ! bulbs ( !rmomet]s1 or ! gradual re/oration ( ! equilibrium ( ! p>ticles ( ! glass aft] hav+ be5 greatly di/urb$ by ! op]ation ( boil+ ! m]cury1 seems to be ! cause ( ! freez+ po9ts ( /&>d !rmomet]s read+ f a few t5?s to a degree high] 9 ! c\rse ( "s ye>s1 z has be5 repeat$ly obs]v$4 ,to obviate ?is small error1 x is our practice to place ! tubes aside = ab\t six mon?s be=e fix+ ! freez+ po9t1 9 ord] to give "t = ! glass to rega9 its =m] /ate ( aggregation4 ,! mak+ ( accurate !rmomet]s is a task att5d$ ) _m difficulties1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ ! liability ( ! z]o or freez+ po9t v>y+ con/antly1 s mu* s1 t a !rmomet] t is p]fectly correct to-day1 if imm]s$ 9 boil+ wat]1 w be no long] accurate2 at lea/1 x w take "s "t be=e x aga9 settles into its normal /ate4 ,!n1 aga91 if a !rmomet] is rec5tly bl[n1 fill$1 & graduat$ imm$iately1 or1 at lea/1 be=e "s mon?s h elaps$1 ?\gh e c>e may h be5 tak5 ) ! production ( ! in/rum5t1 x w require "s correction2 s t ! in/rum5t1 h[ev] c>efully made1 %\ld f "t to "t be plung$ into f9ely-p\nd$ ice1 9 ord] to v]ify ! freez+ po9t4 #ei4 ,! ,scale4--,! two fix$ po9ts hav+ be5 det]m9$1 x is necess>y to apply ! scale4 ,! !rmomet]s 9 g5]al use 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! ,briti% ,colonies1 & ,nor? ,am]ica are con/ruct$ ) ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,fahr5heit 0 a philosophical in/rum5t mak] ( ,am/]dam1 :o1 ab\t ! ye> #agbd1 inv5t$ ! scale :i* has giv5 8 "n to ! !rmomet]4 ,! freez+ po9t is m>k$ #cb deg41 ! boil+ po9t #bab deg41 s t ! int]m$iate space is divid$ into #ahj equal p>ts1 call$ degrees4 ,! pr9ciple :i* dictat$ ?is peculi> division ( ! scale is z foll[s3--,:5 ! in/rum5t /ood at ! greate/ cold ( ,icel&1 or #j degree1 x 0 comput$ to conta9 #aaabd equal p>ts ( quicksilv]1 :i*1 :5 plung$ 9 melt+ sn[1 exp&$ to #aaaef p>ts2 h5ce ! int]m$iate space 0 divid$ into #cb equal portions1 & #cb 0 tak5 z ! freez+ po9t ( wat]3 :5 ! !rmomet] 0 plung$ 9 boil+ wat]1 ! quicksilv] 0 exp&$ to #aaccf2 & !re=e #bab deg4 0 m>k$ z ! boil+ po9t ( t fluid4 ,9 practice1 ,fahr5heit det]m9$ ! divisions ( 8 scale f two fix$ po9ts1 ! freez+ & boil+ ( wat]4 ,! !ory ( ! division1 if we may s speak1 0 d]iv$ f ! l[e/ cold obs]v$ 9 ,icel&1 & ! expansions ( a giv5 portion ( m]cury 7,pr(essor ,trail74 ,! divisions ( ! scale c be c>ri$ beyond ! fix$ po9ts1 if requisite1 by equal graduations4 ,fahr5heit's scale is v conv5i5t 9 "s respects4 ,! meteorological obs]v] is seldom tr\bl$ ) negative signs1 z ! z]o ( ! scale is mu* bel[ freez+4 ,aga91 ! divisions are m num]\s1 & consequ5tly small]1 ?an on o!r scales 9 use2 & ! fur!r subdivision into t5?s ( degrees1 seems to give all ! m9ut5ess usually requir$4 ,celcius1 a ,sw$e1 9 #agdb1 propos$ z]o = ! freez+ po9t1 & #ajj = ! boil+ po9t1 all temp]atures bel[ z]o be+ di/+ui%able by ! sign 7--7 m9us4 ,?is scale is kn[n z ! c5tigrade1 & is 9 use 9 ,france1 ,sw$51 & ! s\!rn "p ( ,europe4 ,x has ! advantage ( ! decimal notation1 ) ! emb>rassm5t ( ! negative sign4 ,reaumur1 a ,fr5*man1 propos$ z]o = ! freez+ po9t1 & #hj deg4 = ! boil+ po9t1 an arrangem5t inf]ior to ! c5tigrade4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 use 9 ,spa91 ,switz]l&1 & ,g]many4 ,x is m]ely a simple ari?metical op]ation to *ange ! indications ( any "o ( ^! scales into ! equival5ts on ! o!rs4 ,to facilitate su* conv]sions1 tables are conv5i5t1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations are "u discussion2 & !y c be easily =m$ or obta9$4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* tables1 ! foll[+ =mulae w insure accuracy ( me?od1 & save ?9k+1 :5 occasional conv]sions are want$ to be made3--,f4 /&s = ,fahr5heit1 ,c4 = ,c5tigrade1 & ,r4 = ,reaumur4 ,giv54 ,requir$4 ,solution4 ,f4 ,c4 7,f4-#cb7 #e_/i ,f4 ,r4 7,f4-#cb7 #d_/i ,c4 ,f4 #i_/e ,c4 #cb ,c4 ,r4 #d_/e ,c4 ,r4 ,f4 #i_/e ,r4 #cb ,r4 ,c4 #e_/d ,r4 ,example4--,conv]t #be deg4 ( ,fahr5heit's scale into ! correspond+ temp]ature on ! ,c5tigrade scale4 ,"h ,c4 7#be - #cb7 #e_/i ,c4 -#ce_/i -#c4i or ne>ly #d deg4 bel[ z]o ( ! ,c5tigrade scale4 ,! algebraical sign mu/ be c>efully att5d$-to 9 ! calculations4 #fj4 ,! me?od ( te/+ ,!rmomet]s = meteorological purposes is v simple4 ,su* !rmomet]s are seldom requir$ to read above #abj deg4 ,9 ^! ! freez+ po9t hav+ be5 det]m9$1 ! divisions ( ! scale are asc]ta9$ by c>eful comp>isons1 ) a /&>d !rmomet]1 9 wat] ( ! requisite temp]ature4 ,= ! freez+ po9t1 ! bulbs1 & a consid]able portion ( ! tubes ( ! !rmomet]s1 are imm]s$ 9 p\nd$ ice4 ,= ! high] temp]atures1 ! !rmomet]s are plac$ 9 a cyl9drical glass vessel conta9+ wat] ( ! requir$ heat3 ! scales ( ! !rmomet]s int5d$ to be te/$1 toge!r ) ! ,/&>d ) :i* !y are to be comp>$1 are read ?r\gh ! glass4 ,9 ?is way ! scale read+s may be te/$ at any requir$ degree ( temp]ature1 & ! usual practice is to te/ !m at e t5 degrees f #cb deg4 to #ib deg4 ( ,fahr5heit4--,fitz,roy4 #fa4 ,porcela9 ,scale ,plates4--,!rmomet] scales ( brass1 wood1 or ivory1 ei!r by atmosph]ic influ5ce or dipp+ 9 sea-wat]1 are v liable to become soil$ & discol\r$1 s mu* s t aft] a v little "t ! divisions are r5d]$ ne>ly invisible4 ,to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra 7 ! fir/ to introduce into ext5sive use !rmomet] & b>omet] scale-plates made ( porcela91 hav+ ! divisions & figures engrav$ !reon by means ( fluoric acid1 & p]man5tly burnt-9 & black5$1 s z always to pres5t a cle> legible scale4 ,t ^! scales h be5 f\nd sup]ior to all o!rs1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t all ! !rmomet]s n[ suppli$ to ! v>i\s gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts are provid$ ) su* scales4 ,!y c be adapt$ to replace any ( ! old =ms ( brass or z9c scales1 ! divisions & figures ( :i* h become oblit]at$ or indi/9ct4 #fb4 ,enamell$ ,tubes4--,ne>ly all !rmomet] tubes are n[ made ) enamell$ backs4 ,?is contrivance ( enamell+ ! backs ( ! tubes enables ! mak]s to use f9] ?reads ( m]cury ?an _h be=e be5 f\nd practicable2 = 7 x n = ! great contra/ betwe5 ! d>k ?read ( m]cury & ! :ite enamel on ! glass1 _m ( ! !rmomet]s n[ 9 use w\ld be positively illegible4 ,! enamell+ ( !rmomet]s is an inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 ,x is necess>y to /ate ?is1 z _m p]sons1 f int]e/$ motives1 are anxi\s to ignore to :om ! cr$it ( ! inv5tion is due4 #fc4 ,!rmomet]s ( extreme ,s5sitiv5ess4--,!rmomet]s = delicate exp]im5ts are no novelty4 ,!rmomet]s h be5 made ) v delicate bulbs to conta9 a v small quantity ( m]cury4 ,su* in/rum5ts h also be5 made ) spiral or coil$ tubul> bulbs1 b ! ?ickness ( glass requir$ to keep ^! coils or spirals 9 %ape1 & 9 fact to prev5t _! fall+ to pieces1 s]v$ to nullify ! effect s\ght to be produc$1 viz4 in/antane\s action2 & :]e a small ?9 bulb 0 employ$1 ! indicat+ column 0 g5]ally s f9e t x 0 positively invisible except by ! aid ( a p[]ful l5s4 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra h n[ introduc$ a new =m ( !rmomet]1 :i* comb9es s5sitiv5ess & quickness ( action1 toge!r ) a good visible column4 ,! bulb ( ?is !rmomet] is ( ! gridiron =m4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 9 con/ruct+ ! bulb1 s t ! objections att5d+ spirals & o!r =ms h be5 ov]come2 = :il/ ! res]voir or bulb is made ( glass s ?9 t x is only by a _s lamp & n a glass bl[]'s bl[pipe t x c be =m$1 yet x is /ill s rigid 7ow+ to its peculi> configuration7 t no v>iations 9 its indications c be detect$1 :e!r x be held 9 a horizontal1 v]tical1 or oblique position1 nor w any error be detect$ if x be /ood on its own bulb4 ,!y h made !rmomet]s ) bulbs or res]voirs =m$ ( ab\t n9e in*es ( excessively ?9 cyl9drical glass1 ^: out] diamet] is n m ?an a tw5tie? ( an in*2 s t1 ow+ to ! l>ge surface pres5t$1 ! indications are positively in/antane\s4 ,?is =m ( !rmomet] 0 con/ruct$ expressly to meet ! requirem5ts ( sci5tific balloon asc5ts1 to enable !rmometrical read+s to be tak5 at ! precise elevation4 ,x 0 contemplat$ to procure a metallic !rmomet]1 b on ! production ( ?is p]fect in/rum5t ! idea 0 ab&on$4 #fd4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,!rmomet]s4 ,fig4 #cg is an illu/ration ( boxwood scale !rmomet]s = g5]al use & common purposes4 ,fig4 #ch1 ,negretti & ,zambra's ,travell+ ,!rmomet]2 x is fix$ 9 a plat$ metal 7silv] or o!rwise7 case1 simil> to a p5cil-case1 & has ! scale divid$ ^u its /em4 ,fig4 #ci1 ,!rmomet] m\nt$ on a slab ( glass1 ^u :i* ! scale is et*$1 ! back be+ ei!r oak1 mahogany1 or ebony4 ,fig4 #dj1 ,portable ,!rmomet]1 9 a bronz$ brass or ,g]man silv] revolv+ case4 ,fig4 #da1 ,pocket ,!rmomet]1 on ivory or metallic scale1 9 morocco or papi]-ma*e case4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,fig4 #db1 an ,ornam5tal ,draw+-room ,!rmomet]1 on ebony or ivory /&1 ) glass %ade4 ,fig4 #dc1 repres5tation ( highly c>v$ or eng9e-turn$ design = !rmomet] m\nts1 9 ivory or wood1 = ! draw+-room4 ,"s h ! addition ( a sundial or compass at ! top2 !y may also be =m$ = a wat*-/&4 ,fig4 #dd1 ,ba? ,!rmomet]1 hav+ a float to admit ( its be+ kept 9 ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,fig4 #de1 ,!rmomet] ) ivory scale 9 glass cyl9d]1 m\nt$ on oak bracket ) metal top1 = out-door use2 z at a w9d[4 ,fig4 #df1 ,!rmomet] = ! w9d[1 on pat5t porcela9 or glass scale1 ) oak bracket & conv5i5t brass supports1 = plac+ ! in/rum5t at any angle4 ,fig4 #dg1 ,*emical ,!rmomet]1 on boxwood scale1 jo9t$ ne> ! bulb on a brass h+e1 rang+ f #cjj deg4 to #fjj deg4 ,fig4 #dh1 ,*emical ,!rmomet]1 = acids1 graduat$ on its own /em1 suitable = ins]tion 9 ! tubulure ( retorts2 !y are also made insulat$ 9 glass cyl9d] to protect ! graduat$ /em2 rang+ f #j deg4 to #fjj deg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 #fe4 ,sup]heat$ ,/eam ,!rmomet]4--,! great advantage ga9$ by ! use ( sup]heat$ /eam 9 m>9e & o!r /eam-eng9es be+ n[ g5]ally admitt$ by eng9e]s1 reliable !rmomet]s1 read+ to #fjj deg4 at lea/1 are ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,to meet ?is want1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra h con/ruct$ = ! purpose a sub/antial =m ( !rmomet]1 on _! pat5t porcela9 scales1 9 /rong & conv5i5t metal m\nt+s1 ) p]=at$ protection to ! bulb4 ,! scales _c be det]iorat$ by /eam1 heat1 oil1 or dirt2 & an occasional wip+ w be all t is necess>y to keep ! divisions & figures clean & visible = any l5g? ( "t2 :ile c>eful calibration ( ! !rmomet] tubes ensures ! mo/ accurate indications atta9able4 ,^! !rmomet]s are illu/rat$ by figs4 #di #ej4 ,a simil>1 b *eap]1 con/ruction is giv5 to !rmomet]s to be us$ ) hot air1 or hot wat]1 app>atus4 #ff4 ,!rmomet] = ,sug> ,boil+ is protect$ by a metallic frame2 & is usually f ?ree to f\r feet long1 ! graduations be+ conf9$ to a space ( ab\t twelve in*es at ! upp] "p ( ! in/rum5t1 all[+ ! bulb & great] "p ( ! tube to be imm]s$ 9 ! boil+ sug>4 ,! graduations ext5d to #bgj deg4 or fur!r4 ,an index is sometimes atta*$ to ! scale1 :i* may be set to any degree ( heat requir$ to be ma9ta9$4 #fg4 ,,e>? ,,!rmomet]4 ,! ,e>? ,!rmomet] is = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! soil at v>i\s dep?s4 ,x is protect$ by a brass frame1 po9t$ & /r5g!n$ at ! end to facilitate ins]tion into ! gr\nd1 z 9 fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,utility ( a ,k ( ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,soil4--,! temp]ature ( ! soil is an important elem5t 9 ! consid]ation ( climate1 z x conc]ns ! vegetable k+dom4 ,dr4 ,daub5y1 9 8 ,lectures on ,climate1 gives ! foll[+ /atem5t ) respect to "s temp]atures :i* h be5 obs]v$ j b5ea? ! e>?'s surface1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,c\ntry4 ,temp]ature4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,tropics1 (t5 #afb-ahd deg4 ,humboldt4 ,egypt #acc-add ,edw>ds ,col94 ,or9oco ,9 :ite s&1 #adj ,humboldt4 ,*ili #aac-aah1 among dry grass ,b\ss+ault4 ,cape ( ,good ,hope#aej1 "u ! soil ( a bulb ,h]s*ell4 g>d5 ,b]muda #adb1 !rmomet] b>ely cov]$ ,emmet4 9 e>? ,*9a ,wat] ( ! fields1 #aac2 ,mey]4 adjac5t s&1 mu* high]2 black5$ sides ( ! boat at midday1 #adb-aej ,france #aah-abb1 & 9 "o in/ance #abg ,arago4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,! importance ( ?is to vegetation may be e/imat$ by ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- ,x is kn[n t e plant requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 v>y+ 9 ! case ( ea* species1 = ! r5ewal ( its gr[?1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! season4 ,n[ :5 ?is degree ( heat has spurr$ into activity ^? p>ts t are above gr\nd1 & caus$ !m to elaborate ! sap1 x is necess>y t ! subt]ranean portions %\ld at ! same "t be excit$ by ! heat ( ! gr\nd to absorb ! mat]ials :i* are to supply ! plant ) n\ri%m5t4 ,unless ! latt] function is provid$ =1 ! a]ial portions ( ! plant w langui% f want ( food to assimilate4 ,inde$1 x is ev5 advisable t ! roots %\ld take ! />t ( ! leaves1 9 ord] to h 9 read9ess a /ore ( food = ! latt] to draw ^u4 ,9 ano!r place ! pr(essor rem>ks3--,x has be5 calculat$ by ,mr4 ,raikes1 f exp]im5ts made at ,*at ,moss1 t ! temp]ature ( ! soil :5 dra9$ av]ages #aj deg4 m ?an x does :5 undra9$2 & ?is is n surpris+1 :5 we f9d t #a lb4 ( wat] evaporat$ f #a1jjj lbs4 ( soil w depress ! :ole by #aj deg41 ow+ to ! lat5t heat :i* x absorbs 9 its conv]sion into vap\r4 #fh4 ,,m>9e ,,!rmomet]4 ,?is in/rum5t is a special con/ruction to meet ! requirem5ts ( navigation4 ,x consi/s ( a c>efully con/ruct$ !rmomet] divid$ on its /em to degrees1 :i* are suffici5tly l>ge to admit ( subdivision into t5?s ( degrees by e/imation1 & rang+ f #j deg4 to #acj deg4 ,! scale is porcela91 hav+ ! degrees et*$ ^u x1 & burnt-9 a p]man5t black4 ,! in/rum5t is made to slide into a japann$ metallic case1 = h&y use & protection4 ,x is !re=e adapt$ = almo/ any ord9>y purpose2 & _c be injuri\sly affect$ by any *emical action aris+ f air or sea-wat]4 ,a set ( ^! !rmomet]s consi/s ( six1 c>efully pack$ 9 a neat box2 two hav+ japann$ metallic cases 7fig4 #eb71 ! o!rs be+ design$ = use )\t ! case1 or to replace a breakage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,?is !rmomet] is employ$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 & = ! obs]vations made at sea = ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,! !rmomet] is n[ consid]$ a necess>y in/rum5t on bo>d %ip4 ,n only is x ( invaluable utility 9 connection ) ! b>omet] z a guide to ! wea!r1 b its indications are ( s]vice 9 %[+ ! pres5ce ( a w>m or cold curr5t 9 ! sea2 _m ( ! great oceanic curr5ts be+ *>act]is$ by ! w>m? or coldness ( _! wat]s4 ,9 seas visit$ by iceb]gs1 ! habitual use ( ! !rmomet] w\ld indicate _! proximity1 z ! wat] is r5d]$ cold] = "s di/ance ar\nd by ! ?aw+ ( huge masses ( ice4 ,! wat] ov] a %oal 9 ! sea is g5]ally cold] ?an ! surface-wat] ( ! surr\nd+ ocean2 :i* may result f ! cold wat] be+ br\ght to ! surface by ! curr5t ( wat] enc\nt]+ ! %oal4 ,) ?is fact navigators are well acqua9t$2 & !re=e a fall 9 ! sea-wat] !rmomet] may =ebode t %all[ wat] is at h&4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t fi% inhabit regions ( ! oceans & seas hav+ ! peculi> temp]ature suitable to _! habits4 ,! bett] & firm] sort ( fi% are f\nd :]e cold wat]s exi/4 ,^? tak5 9 w>m] belts or /reams ( wat]1 ev5 9 ! same latitude1 are f> inf]ior 9 condition1 & less approv$ by ! palate4 ,! fi% ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 a w>m sea1 are g5]ally poor & sc>ce4 ,fi% tak5 9 ! cold wat]s betwe5 ! ,am]ican %ore & ! ,gulf ,/ream are mu* e/eem$2 :ile 9 & on ! o!r side ( ! /ream !y are said to be ta/eless1 & ( no flav\r4 ,betwe5 ! coa/s ( ,*9a & ! w>m wat]s ( ! ,japanese curr5t1 ! seas ab\nd ) excell5t fi%2 b 9 ! w>m wat]s ( ! curr5t & beyond1 !y are nev] se5 9 su* %oals4 ,9 fact1 x is cle>ly asc]ta9$ t fi%es are adapt$ to climates1 l birds & bea/s4 ,x has be5 ev5 affirm$1 aft] c>eful inve/igation1 t h]r+s1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,seas1 & =m a mo/ important bran* ( our fi%]ies1 c only be f\nd 9 a temp]ature v>y+ f #ed deg4 to #eh deg4 ,h5ce ! !rmomet]1 if br\ght into use by ! fi%]m51 w\ld guide !m to ! spots :]e !y may ) ! be/ *ance ca/ _! nets on d>k nights1 :5 o!r indications are n p]ceptible4 ,?is !rmomet] 9 its metallic case is p]fectly suit$ = dipp+ ov]bo>d1 or plac+ 9 a bucket ( wat] j tak5 f ! sea1 to asc]ta9 its temp]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s4 #fi4 ,importance ( ,self-,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]s4--,heat be+ app>5tly ! mo/ effective ag5t 9 produc+ meteorological ph5om5a1 ! det]m9ation ( ! highe/ temp]ature ( ! day1 & ! l[e/ dur+ ! night1 is a prime ess5tial to enable an e/imate ( ! climate ( any place to be =m$4 ,to obs]ve ^! extremes by means ( ! ord9>y !rmomet] w\ld be impracticable1 f ! con/ant wat*fulness :i* w\ld be necess>y4 ,h5ce1 ! utility & importance ( self-record+ !rmomet]s are evid5t4 ,a !rmomet] con/ruct$ to regi/] ! highe/ temp]ature is usually call$ a maximum !rmomet]2 "o to %[ ! l[e/ temp]ature is t]m$ a m9imum !rmomet]2 & if made to record bo? extremes ( temp]ature1 x is designat$ a maximum-&-m9imum !rmomet]4 ,we w1 = ! sake ( me?od1 describe ! in/rum5ts 9 use 9 ?is ord]4 ,x w\ld c>ry u beyond our scope to expla9 9 detail ! me?ods ( deal+ ) temp]ature obs]vations2 b we may rem>k t half ! sum ( ! maximum & m9imum temp]ature ( ea* day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 is n :at meteorologi/s designate ! mean daily temp]ature1 al?\gh x v frequ5tly approximates to x4 ,! mean temp]ature ( ! day is und]/ood to be ! av]age ( tw5ty-f\r consecutive h\rly read+s ( a !rmomet]2 & meteorology n[ supplies =mulae :]eby ?is result c be d$uc$ f two or ?ree obs]vations only 9 a day4 ,b we w\ld obs]ve t ! actual mean temp]ature ( any place has n su* an important influ5ce ^u life1 ei!r animal or vegetable1 z ! abruptness & magnitude ( ! v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,climate1 !re=e1 %\ld be e/imat$ m by ! range ( ! !rmomet] ?an by ! av]age ( its indications4 ,! ,regi/r> ,g5]al's returns prove t ) a wide range ( ! !rmomet]1 ! mortality greatly increases2 & x is n[ becom+ app>5t to meteorologi/s t ! daily range ( ! !rmomet] m>ks ! effects ( temp]ature on ! heal? ( m51 & ! success ( crops1 bett] ?an any o!r meteorological fact ( :i* we take cognizance4 ,n[ t self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s are con/ruct$ ) m]cury1 ! mo/ appropriate ( all !rmometric sub/ances1 n only = maxima1 b likewise = m9ima temp]atures1 ! det]m9ation ( ! diurnal range ( temp]ature is r5d]$ m c]ta91 & obs]vations at diff]5t places are m /rictly comp>able4 ,,maxima ,,!rmomet]s4 #gj4 ,ru!r=d's ,maximum ,!rmomet]4--,! maximum !rmomet]1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,john ,ru!r=d1 diff]s f an ord9>y !rmomet] 9 hav+ a small cyl9d] ( /eel1 porcela91 or alum9ium1 mov+ freely 9 ! tube beyond ! m]cury1 s z to =m an index4 ,! /em ( ! !rmomet] is fix$ horizontally on ! frame1 :i* mu/ be susp5d$ 9 ! same position1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ec4 ,! in/rum5t is set by hold+ x bulb d[nw>d1 s z to all[ ! index to fall by its own gravity into contact ) ! m]cury4 ,increase ( heat produces expansion ( ! m]cury1 :i* consequ5tly pu%es =w>d ! index4 ,:5 ! temp]ature decreases1 ! m]cury rec$es f ! index1 leav+ x s t ! extremity :i* 0 9 contact ) ! m]cury indicates ^u ! scale ! highe/ temp]ature s9ce ! in/rum5t 0 la/ set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,z x is easily con/ruct$ & is comp>atively *eap1 x is /ill employ$ = ord9>y purposes4 ,its disadvantages are1 fir/ly1 its liability ( soon gett+ out ( ord] by ! index becom+ emb$d$ 9 ! m]cury1 or fix$ by oxidation1 ?us r5d]+ x altoge!r useless2 secondly1 ! ease ) :i* ! index c be displac$ by ! w9d mov+ ! in/rum5t1 or o!r accid5tal di/urbance1 s z to cause x to give errone\s indications occasionally2 & ?irdly1 its consequ5t total unfitness = use at sea4 ,9 ! "p ( ! tube beyond ! m]cury1 a small quantity ( air is enclos$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! metal fl[+ freely 9 ! tube4 ,?is necessitates ! con/ruction ( a l>g] bulb1 :i* r5d]s ! !rmomet] less s5sitive4 ,moreov]1 z x frequ5tly happ5s t "s m]cury passes ! index1 p>ticles ( air ins9uate !mselves 9 ! metal1 & cause sep>ations 9 ! column1 :i* v (t5 c be remov$ only by a mak]4 ,to facilitate ?is re-adju/m5t1 a small *amb] is left at ! end ( ! tube1 & ! m]cury be+ exp&$ into x by heat until ! index & air bubbles are =c$ into x1 if possible1 ^u ! cool+ d[n aga91 by a little managem5t1 ! m]cury w contract1 leav+ ! air & index beh9d4 ,yet sometimes ! index _c be mov$ 9 ! lea/ f its place ( fixture1 s t ! in/rum5t mu/ be virtually recon/ruct$4 #ga4 ,phillip's ,maximum ,!rmomet]4--,a maximum !rmomet]1 bett] p]haps 9 its action ?an ,ru!r=d's1 has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,john ,phillips1 ( ,ox=d4 ,a small portion ( air is introduc$ into an ord9>y !rmomet]1 s z to cut (f ab\t half an in* ( ! m]curial ?read ne> its end 9 ! tube4 ,?is =ms a maximum !rmomet]1 :5 ! /em is arrang$ horizontally4 ,! isolat$ portion is pu%$ =w>d by expansion1 & is left 9 ?is position :5 ! m]cury contracts4 ,! end remote f ! bulb %[s on ! scale ! maximum temp]ature4 ,:5 made ) a capill>y tube s f9e t ! attraction aris+ f capill>ity ov]comes ! =ce ( gravity1 & prev5ts ! m]cury fall+ to ! end ( ! tube :5 ! in/rum5t is inv]t$1 x =ms a v s]viceable !rmomet]1 q portable & suitable = use on bo>d %ip4 ,9 su* a tube a sm>t %ake f a sw+ ( ! h& is requir$ to br+ ! deta*$ portion back to ! column1 s z to set ! in/rum5t = future obs]vation2 no ord9>y motion w move x4 ,:5 ! !rmomet] has n ?is peculi>ity1 ! m]cury w fl[ to ! end1 if held bulb d[nw>d2 & 9 ?is /ate x is n at all a satisfactory in/rum5t1 z ! air is likely to be displac$1 & a great deal ( tact is requisite to aga9 get x to divide ! column suitably4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice t ! air bubble at diff]5t temp]atures assumes diff]5t l5g?s1 & if v small x disappe>s 9 a few ye>s by oxidation & by diffusion ) ! m]cury1 s t ! in/rum5t becomes defective & unc]ta9 9 action1--results :i* l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! self-regi/]+ m]curial maximum !rmomet]1 inv5t$ & pat5t$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra4 ,x has be5 be=e ! public ab\t twelve ye>s2 we may !re=e1 n[1 safely speak ( its m]its4 #gb4 ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,maximum ,!rmomet] consi/s ( a glass tube conta9+ m]cury fitt$ on an engrav$ scale1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ed4 ,! "p ( ! !rmomet] tube above ! m]cury is entirely free f air2 & at ! po9t ,a 9 ! b5d above ! bulb1 is ins]t$ & fix$ ) ! bl[-pipe a small piece ( solid glass1 or enamel1 :i* acts z a valve1 all[+ m]cury to pass on "o side ( x :5 heat is appli$1 b n all[+ x to return :5 ! !rmomet] cools4 ,:5 m]cury has be5 once made to pass ! contraction1 :i* no?+ b ! expansive =ce ( heat c effect1 & has ris5 9 ! tube1 ! upp] end ( ! column regi/]s ! maximum temp]ature4 ,to return ! m]cury to ! bulb1 we mu/ apply a =ce equal to t :i* rais$ x 9 ! tube2 ! =ce employ$ is gravity1 assi/$ :5 necess>y by a little agitation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,! degrees are g5]ally divid$ on ! /ems ( ^! !rmomet]s1 b _! frames ( c\rse be> a scale z well4 ,! mak]s h v>i\s /yles ( fram+ 9 wood1 metal1 porcela91 & ev5 glass4 ,ea* mat]ial is eligible accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,porcela9 scales1 hav+ ! m>ks et*$ ^u !m by acid & p]man5tly black5$ & bak$ 91--by a process = :i* ! inv5tors h a sep>ate pat5t1--w be f\nd v s]viceable1 z !y d n corrode or t>ni% by exposure to any k9d ( wea!r2 :ile any am\nt ( du/ & dirt c readily be clean$ (f4 ,! *ief recomm5dation ( ?is !rmomet] is its simplicity ( con/ruction1 enabl+ x to be us$ ) confid5ce & safety4 ,( no o!r maximum !rmomet] c x be said t x is impossible to d]ange or put x out ( ord]2 h5ce1 z reg>ds durability1 x surpasses all o!rs4 ,no?+ %ort ( actual breakage c cause x to fail4 ,h5ce x is ! mo/ easily portable ( all self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s1 an advantage :i* r5d]s x suitable = travell]s1 & = transmission abroad4 ,9 ! ye> #aheb1 ! ,briti% ,meteorological ,society report$ ?is !rmomet] to be ! be/ :i* has yet be5 con/ruct$ = maximum temp]ature1 & p>ticul>ly = sun obs]vations4 ,s9ce !n elev5 ye>s h elaps$1 & x is /ill )\t a rival4 ,directions = use4 ,9 us+ ?is !rmomet] = meteorological obs]vations1 x %\ld be susp5d$ by means ( two brass plates ,b1 ,c1 atta*$ = t purpose1 9 su* mann] t x hangs rais$ up a little at ,c1 & s plac$ t x is 9 ! %ade1 ) ! air pass+ freely to x f all sides2 !n1 on an increase ( heat1 ! m]cury w pass up ! tube z 9 an ord9>y !rmomet]1 & cont9ue do+ s z long z ! heat increases4 ,on a decrease ( heat1 ! contraction ( m]cury w take place bel[ ! b5d 9 ! tube1 leav+ ! :ole column ( m]cury 9 ! tube1 ?us regi/]+ ! highe/ temp]ature1 & %[+ su* till ! in/rum5t is di/urb$4 ,to prep>e ! in/rum5t = future obs]vations1 remove & hold x p]p5dicul>ly1 ) ! bulb d[nw>d1 & !n %ake x4 ,! m]cury w !n desc5d 9 ! tube1 & indicate ! temp]ature ( ! air at t "t2 &1 :5 aga9 susp5d$1 is prep>$ = future obs]vation4 ,aft] ! temp]ature has atta9$ a maximum1 !re w be1 ) a decrease ( heat1 a slight contraction ( m]cury 9 ! tube--z well z ( t 9 ! bulb--& h5ce d\bts h aris5 z to ! accuracy ( ! regi/ration2 b calculation %[s1 & critical trial has prov$1 t ! greate/ daily range ( temp]ature w n produce an error l>ge en\gh to be appreciable on ! scale4 ,a v great advantage ( ?is !rmomet] is t ! m]cury may be all[$ to fl[ to ! end ( ! tube )\t ! maximum temp]ature atta9$ dur+ an exp]im5t be+ lo/4 ,x c be employ$ ) ! bulb upp]mo/4 ,all t is necess>y = read+ ! maximum temp]ature is to slope ! in/rum5t s t ! m]cury fl[s g5tly t[>ds ! bulb4 ,x w !n /op at ! contraction s z to %[ ! maximum temp]ature on ! scale4 ,aft]w>ds ! m]cury is driv5 into ! bulb by agitat+ ! in/rum5t :ile held 9 ! h&4 ,h5ce ! in/rum5t is invaluable z a regi/]+ !rmomet] on bo>d %ip1 z its indications are 9 no way affect$ by ! motions & tremors ( ! vessel4 ,= physiological exp]im5ts1 su* z tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! m\? 9 fev]1 ?is !rmomet] is ! only "o t c be us$ ) c]ta9ty1 z x c be held 9 any position1 )\t los+ ! maximum temp]ature atta9$4 ,,m9ima ,,!rmomet]s4 #gc4 ,ru!r=d's ,alcohol ,m9imum ,!rmomet]1 fig4 #ee1 consi/s ( a glass tube1 ! bulb & "p ( ! bore ( :i* is fill$ ) p]fectly pure spirits ( w9e1 9 :i* moves freely a black glass index4 ,a slight elevation ( ! !rmomet]1 bulb upp]mo/1 w cause ! glass index to fl[ to ! surface ( ! liquid1 :]e x w rema91 unless viol5tly %ak54 ,on a decrease ( temp]ature ! alcohol rec$es1 tak+ ) x ! glass index2 on an increase ( temp]ature ! alcohol alone asc5ds 9 ! tube1 leav+ ! end ( ! index f>!/ f ! bulb indicat+ ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,directions = us+1 c4--,hav+ caus$ ! glass index to fl[ to ! end ( ! column ( _s1 by slightly tilt+ ! !rmomet]1 bulb upp]mo/1 susp5d ! in/rum5t 79 ! %ade ) ! air pass+ freely to x on all sides7 by ! two brass plates atta*$ = t purpose1--9 su* mann] t ! bulb is ab\t half an in* l[] ?an ! upp]1 or ! end ( ! !rmomet] f>!/ f ! bulb2 !n1 on a decrease ( temp]ature1 ! spirits ( w9e w desc5d1 c>ry+ ) x ! glass index2 on an increase ( temp]ature1 h[ev]1 ! spirits ( w9e w asc5d 9 ! tube1 leav+ t end ( ! small glass index f>!/ f ! bulb indicat+ ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,to reset ! in/rum5t1 simply raise ! bulb end ( ! !rmomet] a little1 z be=e obs]v$1 & ! index w aga9 desc5d to ! end ( ! column1 ready = future obs]vation4 ,precautions4--#a4 ,by no means j]k or %ake an alcohol m9imum !rmomet] :5 resett+ x1 = by s do+ x is liable to dis>range ! in/rum5t1 ei!r by caus+ ! index to leave ! _s1 or by sep>at+ a portion ( ! _s f ! ma9 column4 #b4 ,z alcohol !rmomet]s h a t5d5cy to read l[] by age1 ow+ to ! volatile nature ( ! fluid all[+ p>ticles 9 ! =m ( vap\r to rise & lodge 9 ! tube1 x becomes necess>y to comp>e !m occasionally ) a m]curial !rmomet] ^: index error is kn[n2 & if ! diff]5ce be m ?an a few t5?s ( a degree1 exam9e well ! upp] "p ( ! tube to see if any alcohol is hang+ 9 ! bore !re(2 if s1 ! deta*$ portion ( x c be jo9$ to ! ma9 column by sw++ ! !rmomet] ) a p5dul\s motion1 bulb d[nw>ds4 #c4 ,! _s column is sometimes mu* sep>at$ by jolt+ 9 travell+4 ,if ! in/rum5t is 9 su* a condition :5 receiv$1 x %\ld be held by ! "r h&1 bulb d[nw>d1 & ! frame tapp$ sm>tly1 b cauti\sly1 aga9/ ! palm ( ! left h&4 ,! brok5 ?read ( _s w soon beg9 to jo91 & by cont9u+ ! op]ation a suffici5t "t all ! bubbles w disappe>1 & ! !rmomet] become z good z ev]4 #gd4 ,horticultural ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t1 repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ef1 is a special con/ruction ( ,ru!r=d's m9imum !rmomet] to meet ! requirem5ts ( horticulturi/s4 ,x is desirable1 if n ess5tial1 t g>d5]s %\ld h ! means ( asc]ta9+ to :at temp]ature /oves & gre5h\ses desc5d on cold nights1 especially 9 w9t]4 ,?is !rmomet] is m\nt$ on a /rong ca/ z9c frame1 ) ! divisions & figures ( ! scale rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,! sunk surface ( ! frame is pa9t$ d>k2 ! figures & division a bright col\r1 s t obs]vations c be made )\t a close inspection ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! directions = us+ are ! same z ^? giv5 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,x may be us$ z an ord9>y !rmomet]1 by simply hang+ x f ! top loop1 9 :i* position1 ! col\r$ liquid w always indicate ! pres5t temp]ature4 ,x 0 a s\rce ( annoyance ) ! ord9>y boxwood & flat metal scales1 t aft] a "t1 exposure to a damp w>m atmosph]e fav\r$ ! gr[? ( conf]vae ^u !m1 & oblit]at$ ! divisions2 ! plan ( rais+ ! figures & divisions ( ! scale has be5 f\nd to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! in/rum5t 9 ?is way4 #ge4 ,baud9's ,alcohol ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,?is in/rum5t resembles ,ru!r=d's !rmomet] 9 appe>ance2 its indications are giv5 by ! expansion & contraction ( alcohol1 & its m9imum temp]ature is likewise regi/]$ by a glass index be+ pull$ back & left beh9d by ! alcohol1 z 9 ,ru!r=d's in/rum5t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a great improvem5t 9 ,baud9's in/rum5t2 = :il/ ,ru!r=d's !rmomet] c only regi/] 9 a horizontal position1 ,baud9's c be us$ ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 z necessity may require4 ,?is important *ange is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,in/ead ( ! index 9 ! !rmomet] be+ loose & free to run up & d[n accord+ to ! position 9 :i* ! in/rum5t is held1 z 9 ,ru!r=d's1 ! index 9 ! new in/rum5t is made to fit ! bore ( ! tube z ne>ly tight z possible1 s mu* s t 9 hold+ ! !rmomet] ev5 upside d[n1 or %ak+ x1 ! index w n %ift f its position2 b1 inasmu* z a m9imum !rmomet] ) an immoveable index c\ld n be set :5 requir$ = obs]vation1 & w\ld consequ5tly be useless1 ! inv5tor has introduc$ beh9d ! index a piece ( solid glass1 ab\t "o-&-a-half in* 9 l5g?1 :i* moves freely 9 ! alcohol4 ,! addition ( ! weight ( ?is piece ( glass on ! top ( ! index1 :5 turn$ upside d[n1 =ces ! index d[n to ! edge ( ! alcohol2 & x is !re left1 z 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y ,ru!r=d's !rmomet]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 by turn+ ! !rmomet] upside d[n1 & lett+ ! moveable piece ( glass fall on ! index1 t ! index is driv5 to ! end ( ! alcohol2 aft] ?is op]ation ! !rmomet] is hung up ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 & w !n be ready = use4 ,! index1 al?\gh immoveable p] se1 is by ! alcohol drawn back1 z 9 ! ord9>y m9imum1 & its indications are read (f on ! scale f ! top ( ! index4 #gf4 ,m]curial ,m9ima ,!rmomet]s desirable4--,alcohol does n exp& equally = equal increm5ts ( heat1 consequ5tly errors are likely to exi/ 9 ! scale indications unless ! graduations are v accurately--n necess>ily equally--made4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 z well z f ! volatility ( alcohol1 & ! int]v5tion ( gase\s p>titions 9 ! tube1 a good & ?or\ghly reliable m9imum !rmomet] 0 = a long "t a desid]atum4 ,x 0 desirable to obta9 a !rmomet] :i* %\ld regi/] ! l[e/ temp]ature by m]cury1 ! fluid 9 g5]al use = meteorological !rmomet]s4 ,sev]al in/rum5ts h rec5tly be5 inv5t$ to meet ?is requirem5t1 :i* are suitable & satisfactory = l& purposes1 b "o well adapt$ = use on bo>d %ip is /ill v mu* want$4 ,= v l[ temp]atures1 alcohol !rmomet]s w always be requir$2 z m]cury freezes at -#dj deg4 ,f1 & contracts v irregul>ly mu* be=e ?is po9t1 :ile alcohol has nev] yet be5 froz54 #gg4 ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,m]curial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]1 repres5t$ by fig4 #eg1 has a cyl9drical bulb ( l>ge size1 :i*1 at fir/ sight1 might induce ! idea t ! in/rum5t w\ld n be suffici5tly s5sitive2 b z l5g? is giv5 to ! cyl9d] in/ead ( increas+ its diamet]1 x w be f\nd z s5sitive z a globul> bulb ( ! same diamet]1 & mu* m s ?an an ord9>y alcohol !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,! reason = hav+ ! bulb l>ge is to all[ ! int]nal diamet] ( ! !rmomet] tube to be l>g] ?an t g5]ally us$ = !rmometrical purposes1 s t a /eel index1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 may move freely )9 :5 requir$4 ,! tube is bl[n1 fill$ & regulat$ 9 ! usual way1 #fj deg4 ( temp]ature be+ ab\t half-way up ! tube4 ,a small cyl9drical bulb is !n =m$ at ! upp] end ( ! tube1 & !n is introduc$ a /eel ne$le po9t$ at bo? ends1 t 9 contact ) ! m]cury be+ abrupt1 ! o!r m prolong$4 ,! op5 extremity ( ! tube is n[ drawn out into a f9e capill>y tube1 & ! bulb ( ! in/rum5t w>m$ s z to cause ! m]cury to fill ! tube completely4 ,:5 ! m]cury rea*es ! capill>y tube1 ! flame ( a bl[-pipe is appli$2 ! glass is dext]\sly melt$1 ! sup]flu\s "p tak5 away1 & ! tube left h]metically clos$4 ,dur+ ?is op]ation1 ! /eel index has be5 emb$d$ 9 ! heat$ m]cury4 ,z ! in/rum5t cools1 if held upright1 ! m]cury w rec$e & expose ! ne$le1 :i* w !n foll[ ! desc5d+ column simply by its own gravity4 ,9 ?is condition ! !rmomet] resembles ,ru!r=d's maximum1 be+ a tube ( m]cury ) a /eel index float+ on its surface2 b x possesses ^! important advantages3 x is q free f air1 s t ! m]cury c move ) p]fect fre$om2 & ! index is po9t$ at bo? ends1 to all[ ! m]cury to pass1 in/ead ( be+ gr\nd flat to prev5t x4 ,to use ! ,!rmomet]1 x is susp5d$ p]p5dicul>ly 7figure #eg7 ) ! /eel index re/+ on ! surface ( ! m]curial column4 ,z ! m]cury 9 ! cyl9d] contracts1 t 9 ! tube desc5ds1 & ! index1 ( its own gravity1 foll[s x2 on ! contr>y1 z ! m]cury exp&s & rises 9 ! tube1 x passes ! index on "o side1 & 9 ris+1 ex]ts a lat]al pressure on ! ne$le1 & jams x to "o side ( ! tube1 :]e x rema9s firmly fix$1 leav+ ! upp] po9t ( ! ne$le indicat+ ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,9 ?is !rmomet]1 ! read+ is always f ! upp] po9t ( ! ne$le1 & n f ! m]cury itself4 ,to extricate ! ,ne$le f ! m]cury1 a magnet is us$1 :51 if ! ne$le is emb$d$ only a few degrees1 x c readily be )drawn )\t alt]+ ! position ( ! in/rum5t4 ,%\ld ! magnet n be suffici5t = ! purpose1 we simply turn ! !rmomet] on its support f ! upright position1 slightly elevat+ ! bulb 7fig4 #eh 7#b774 ,! m]cury & index w !n fl[ into ! small res]voir4 ,%\ld ! index n freely leave ! tube ) ! m]cury1 assi/ x ) a magnet1 & :5 ! m]cury & index are 9 ! upp] bulb 7figure #b71 apply a magnet outside1 :i* w attract & hold fa/ ! index2 & :il/ ?us hold+ x1 aga9 br+ ! !rmomet] to ! upright position1 :5 ! m]cury w imm$iately fall back into ! tube1 leav+ ! index atta*$ to ! magnet 7figure #d71 ) :i* x is guid$ d[n to ! surface ( ! m]cury1 ready = ano!r obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to )draw ! magnet until ! index is 9 contact ) m]cury2 =1 if releas$ be=e t\*+1 x might plunge too deeply1 & give a false indication4 ,! rule = re-sett+ x w be to br+ ! ne$le-po9t 9 contact ) ! m]cury1 & !n )draw ! magnet1 hav+ previ\sly asc]ta9$ t no p>ticles ( m]cury are atta*$ to ! index4 ,x may sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 happ51 t f ! "t a m9imum temp]ature is regi/]$ by ! index1 & by ! "t an obs]vation is made1 ! m]cury may h ris5 s high 9 ! tube z to completely pass ! index1 z %[n 7figure #c74 ,%\ld x s happ51 ! space :i* ! index occupies w readily be obs]v$1 z x w be press$ to "o side ( ! tube1 caus+ a diff]5t appe>ance 9 t "p1 al?\gh ! po9t ( ! ne$le may n be se54 ,if su* be ! case1 apply a magnet to ! spot :]e y see ! index is fix$3 ?is w hold ! ne$le firmly4 ,!n1 by slightly tilt+ ! !rmomet] bulb upp]mo/1 ! m]cury w fl[ into ! top bulb1 leav+ ! index atta*$ to ! magnet1 & q uncov]$4 ,hav+ tak5 ! read+1 draw ! ne$le into ! top bulb1 & hold x !re :il/ y adju/ ! !rmomet] by aga9 br++ x to ! upright position4 ,by contract+ ! bore ( ?is !rmomet]1 at ! b5d ( ! tube1 suffici5tly to keep ! m]cury f fl[+ out ( its bulb ) too mu* fre$om by motion1 ! in/rum5t becomes p]fectly safe = transmission abroad4 #gh4 ,negretti ,zambra's ,second ,pat5t ,m]curial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,9 ?is !rmomet] a pr9ciple is us$ t has be5 long kn[n to sci5tific m51 viz4 ! aff9ity ( m]cury = plat9um4 ,if m]cury be plac$ 9 contact ) plat9um "u ord9>y circum/ances1 no effect w take place2 b if ! m]cury is once made to attack ! plat9um1 ! amalgamation is p]man5t & ! contact p]fect1 s mu* s1 t ! pr9ciple 0 made use ( 9 con/ruct+ /&>d b>omet]s4 ,a r+ ( plat9um 0 fus$ r\nd ! end ( ! tube1 dipp+ into ! m]cury2 & ! contact betwe5 ! plat9um & m]cury became s p]fect t air c\ld n creep d[n ! tube & up ! bore1 z 9 ord9>y b>omet] tubes4 ,?is pr9ciple ( adhesion or aff9ity ( m]cury = plat9um has be5 br\ght into play = ! purpose ( arre/+ ! m]cury aft] x has rea*$ ! m9imum temp]ature 9 a !rmomet]4 ,?is !rmomet] is made z foll[s3--beh9d ! bulb is plac$ a supplem5t>y *amb]2 9 ! space or neck betwe5 ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] & ! *amb]1 is plac$ a small piece ( plat9um2 ?is may be ( any %ape or size1 b ! small] ! bett]4 ,?is is n to fit 9 ! neck2 x mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be r loose2 x may be fa/5$ 9 position or n4 ,! in/rum5t is repres5t$ by fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,directions = us+4--,hav+ susp5d$ ! !rmomet] 9 a horizontal position1 ! m]cury is made to /& 9 exact contact ) ! plat9um plug by slightly elevat+ ! bulb end ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! !rmomet] is n[ ready = obs]vation4 ,on a decrease ( temp]ature1 ! m]cury w endeav\r to contract fir/ f ! easi] passage1 viz4 beh9d ! bulb2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! adhesion ( ! m]cury to ! plat9um1 x _c rec$e f "h1 x is !re=e =c$ to contract f ! indicat+ tube1 & w cont9ue to d s z long z ! temp]ature decreases2 & z no indices are employ$ 9 ?is !rmomet]1 ! extreme end ( ! m]curial column w %[ h[ cold x has be54 ,on an increase ( temp]ature ! m]cury w glide ov] ! plat9um plug & exp& by ! easi] passage into ! supplem5t>y *amb]1 & !re rema9 until a decrease ( temp]ature aga9 takes place1 :5 ! m]cury t _h gone into ! supplem5t>y *amb] w be ! fir/ to rec$e1 until x rea*es ! plat9um plug1 its fur!r progress be+ arre/$2 x w !n fall 9 ! indicat+ tube1 & !re rema9 until re-set4 #gi4 ,casella's ,m]curial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,! g5]al =m & arrangem5t ( ?is in/rum5t is %[n 9 fig4 #fj4 ,a tube ) l>ge bore1 a1 has at ! end a flat glass diaphragm =m$ by ! abrupt junction ( a small *amb]1 b c1 ! inlet to :i* at b is l>g] ?an ! bore ( ! indicat+ tube4 ,! result ( ?is is t on sett+ ! !rmomet]1 z describ$ bel[1 ! contract+ =ce ( ! m]cury 9 cool+ )draws ! fluid 9 ! indicat+ /em only2 :il/ on its exp&+ ) heat1 ! long column does n move1 ! increas$ bulk ( m]cury f9d+ an easi] passage into ! small pe>-%ap$ *amb] atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,we believe t a small speck ( air mu/ be conf9$ 9 ! *amb]1 b c1 to act z a spr+ to />t ! m]cury f ! *amb] 9 ! act ( sett+ ! !rmomet]4 ,7 ?is air n pres5t1 ! m]cury w\ld s adh]e to ! glass t no am\nt ( %ak+ c\ld induce x to fl[ f ! *amb]4 ,to set ! ,in/rum5t1 place x 9 a horizontal position1 ) ! back plate1 d1 susp5d$ on a nail1 & ! l[] "p support$ on a hook1 e4 ,! bulb end may n[ be g5tly rais$ or l[]$1 caus+ ! m]cury to fl[ sl[ly until ! b5t "p1 a1 is full & ! *amb]1 b c1 q empty4 ,at ?is po9t ! fl[ ( m]cury 9 ! long /em ( ! tube is arre/$1 & indicates ! exact temp]ature ( ! bulb or air at ! "t4 ,on an increase ( temp]ature ! m]cury w exp& into ! small *amb]1 b c2 & a return ( cold w cause its recession f ?is *amb] only1 until x rea*es ! diaphragm1 b4 ,any fur!r dim9ution ( heat )draws ! m]cury d[n ! bore to :atev] degree ! cold may atta91 :]e x rema9s until f>!r )drawn by increas$ cold1 or till re-set = future obs]vation4 ,,maxima ,,& ,,m9ima ,,!rmomet]s4 #hj4 ,ru!r=d's arrangem5t = obta9+ a complete in/rum5t = ! regi/ration ( heat & cold 0 simply m\nt+ a maximum !rmomet] & a m9imum !rmomet] ^u ! same frame or slab4 ,?us con/ruct$1 !y are (t5 call$ day & night !rmomet]s1 ?\gh some:at inappropriately2 = 9 temp]ate climates ! temp]ature ( ! night sometimes exce$s t ( ! day1 not)/&+ ! rev]se is ! g5]al law ( temp]ature4 ,fig4 #fa w expla9 ! arrangem5t ( ,ru!r=d's day & night !rmomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 #ha4 ,sixe's ,self-,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]4--,! v +5i\s & c]ta9ly elegant in/rum5t ab\t to be describ$ 0 inv5t$ by ,james ,sixe1 ( ,col*e/]4 ,x consi/s ( a long cyl9drical bulb1 unit$ to a tube ( m ?an twice its l5g?1 b5t r\nd ea* side ( x 9 ! =m ( a syphon1 & t]m9at$ 9 a small]1 oval-%ap$ bulb4 ,figure #fb gives a repres5tation ( ?is in/rum5t4 ,! l[] portion ( ! syphon is fill$ ) m]cury2 ! long bulb1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! tube1 & "p ( ! small bulb1 ) highly rectifi$ alcohol4 ,a /eel index moves 9 ! _s 9 ea* limb ( ! syphon4 ,! two indices are t]m9at$ at top & bottom ) a bead ( glass1 to enable !m to move ) ! lea/ possible friction1 & )\t caus+ sep>ation ( ! _s1 or all[+ m]cury to pass easily4 ,!y w\ld1 f _! weight1 always re/ ^u ! m]cury2 b ea* has a f9e hair ti$ to its upp] extremity & b5t aga9/ ! int]ior ( ! tube1 :i* acts z a spr+ ) suffici5t ela/icity to keep ! index support$ 9 ! _s 9 opposition to gravity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,! in/rum5t acts z foll[s3--,a rise ( temp]ature causes ! _s 9 ! long bulb to exp& & press "s ( ! m]cury into ! o!r limb ( ! syphon1 into :i* x rises also f its own expansion1 & c>ries ! index ) x1 until ! greate/ temp]ature is atta9$4 ,! l[] end ( ?is index !n indicates ^u ! engrav$ scale ! maximum temp]ature4 ,z ! temp]ature falls ! _s & ! m]cury contract1 & 9 return+ t[>ds ! bulb ! second index is met & c>ri$ up by ! m]cury until ! l[e/ temp]ature occurs1 :5 x is left to indicate ^u ! scale ! m9imum temp]ature4 ,! limb ( ! syphon adjo9+ ! bulb requires1 !re=e1 a desc5d+ scale ( !rmometric degrees2 ! o!r limb1 an asc5d+ scale4 ,! graduations mu/ be obta9$ by comp>isons ) a /&>d !rmomet] "u artificial temp]atures1 :i* %\ld be done 9 ?is way = e #e deg41 9 ord] to correct = ! inequality 9 ! bore ( ! tube1 & ! irregul> expansion ( ! _s4 ,! in/rum5t is set = obs]vation by br++ ! indices into contact ) ! m]cury1 by means ( a small magnet1 :i* attracts ! /eel ?r\gh ! glass1 s t x is readily drawn up or d[n4 ,!y %\ld be drawn ne>ly to ! top ( ! limbs :5 x is desir$ to remove ! in/rum5t1 :i* %\ld be c>efully c>ri$ 9 ! v]tical position2 = %\ld x be inv]t$1 or laid flat1 ! _s may get among ! m]cury1 & s break up ! column z to require ! skill ( a mak] to put x 9 ord] aga94 ,= transmission by ord9>y conveyances1 x requires t att5tion be giv5 to keep x v]tical4 ,! entanglem5t ( a small portion ( m]cury ) ! indices is sometimes a s\rce ( annoyance 9 ?is in/rum5t1 = ! read+s are !reby r5d]$ some:at incorrect4 ,small breakages 9 ! m]cury1 ei!r f int]v5+ bubbles ( _s or adhesion to ! indices1 may g5]ally be rectifi$ by cauti\sly tapp+ ! frame ( ! in/rum5t1 s z to cause ! m]cury to unite by ! assi/ance ?us giv5 to its sup]ior gravity4 ,^! !rmomet]s1 :5 c>efully made & adju/$ to a /&>d !rmomet]1 are /rongly recomm5d$ = ord9>y purposes1 :]e /rict sci5tific accuracy is n requir$4 ,?is is also ! only fluid !rmomet] applicable = det]m9+ ! temp]ature ( ! sea at dep?s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,radiation ,,!rmomet]s4 #hb4 ,sol> & ,t]re/rial ,radiation consid]$4--,! surface ( ! e>? absorbs ! heat ( ! sun dur+ ! day1 & radiates heat into space dur+ ! night4 ,! envelope ( gases & vap\r1 :i* we call ! atmosph]e1 ex]ts highly important functions ^u ^! processes4 ,?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 we are n[ enabl$ to und]/& ^! functions mu* m cle>ly ?an h]et(ore4 ,8 elaborate1 pati5t1 & rem>kably sagaci\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u radiant heat1 h satisfactorily demon/rat$ t dry air is z transp>5t to radiant heat z ! vacuum itself2 :ile air p]fectly saturat$ ) aque\s vap\r absorbs m ?an five p] c5t4 ( radiant heat1 e/imat$ by ! !rmal unit adopt$ = ! galvanomet] indications ( ! effect ^u a !rmo-electric pile4 ,aque\s vap\r1 9 ! =m ( fog or mi/1 z is well kn[n1 gives to our s5sation a feel+ ( cold1 & int]f]es ) ! heal?y action ( ! sk9 & ! lungs2 ! cause be+ its prop]ty ( absorb+ heat f our p]son4 ,air conta9+ moi/ure 9 an invisible /ate likewise ex]ts a rem>kable influ5ce 9 radiat+ & absorb+ heat4 ,by reason ( ^! prop]ties1 aque\s vap\r acts z a k9d ( blanket ^u ! gr\nd1 & ma9ta9s ^u x a high] temp]ature ?an x w\ld o!rwise h4 ,reg>d+ ! e>? z a s\rce ( heat1 no d\bt at lea/ t5 p] c5t4 ( its heat is int]cept$ )9 t5 feet ( ! surface4 ,?us vap\r--:e!r transp>5t & invisible1 or visible1 z cl\d1 fog1 or mi/--is intimately connect$ ) ! important op]ations ( sol> & t]re/rial radiation4 ,cl\dy1 or humid days1 dim9i% ! effect ^u ! soil ( sol> radiation2 simil> nights ret>d ! radiation f ! e>?4 ,a dry atmosph]e is ! mo/ fav\rable = ! direct transmission ( ! sun's rays2 & ! )drawal ( ! sun f any region ov] :i* ! air is dry1 mu/ be foll[$ by v rapid cool+ ( ! soil4 ,! removal1 = a s+le summ] night1 ( ! aque\s vap\r f ! atmosph]e :i* cov]s ,engl&1 w\ld be att5d$ by ! de/ruction ( e plant :i* a freez+ temp]ature c\ld kill4 ,9 ,sah>a1 :]e '! soil is fire & ! w9d is flame1' ! refrig]ation at night is (t5 pa9ful to be>4 ,ice has be5 =m$ 9 ?is region at night4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 also1 ! diurnal range ( temp]ature is v great1 am\nt+1 commonly1 to betwe5 #dj & #ej degrees4 ,9 %ort1 x may be safely pr$ict$1 t :]ev] ! air is dry1 ! daily !rmometric range w be great4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t f say+ t :5 ! air is cle>1 ! !rmometric range w be great4 ,great cle>ness to light is p]fectly compatible ) great opacity to heat2 ! atmosph]e may be *>g$ ) aque\s vap\r :ile a deep blue sky is ov]head2 & on su* occasions ! t]re/rial radiation w\ld1 not)/&+ ! 'cle>ness1' be int]cept$4 ,! great range ( ! !rmomet] is attributable to ! abs5ce ( t protection aga9/ ga9 or loss ( heat :i* is af=d$ :5 aque\s vap\r is pres5t 9 ! air2 & dur+ su* wea!r ! rapid ab/raction ( moi/ure f ! surface ( plants & animals is v delet]i\s to _! heal?y condition4 ,! nipp+ ( t5d] plants by fro/1 ev5 :5 ! air ( ! g>d5 is "s degrees above ! freez+ temp]ature1 is also to be ref]r$ to *ill+ by radiation4 ,h5ce ! practice ( g>d5]s ( spread+ ?9 mats1 ( bad radiat+ mat]ial1 ov] t5d] plants1 is (t5 att5d$ ) great b5efit4 ,by means ( ! process ( t]re/rial radiation ice is artificially =m$ 9 ,b5gal1 :]e ! sub/ance is nev] =m$ naturally4 ,%all[ pits are dug1 :i* are p>tially fill$ ) /raw1 & on ! /raw flat pans conta9+ wat] :i* _h be5 boil$ is expos$ to ! cle> firmam5t4 ,! wat] is a v p[]ful radiant1 & s5ds (f its heat into space4 ,! heat ?us lo/ _c be suppli$ f ! e>?--?is s\rce be+ cut (f by ! non-conduct+ /raw4 ,be=e sunrise a cake ( ice is =m$ 9 ea* vessel4444 ,to produce ! ice 9 abundance1 ! atmosph]e mu/ n only be cle>1 b x mu/ be comp>atively free f aque\s vap\r4 ,consid]+1 !re=e1 ! important consequ5ces att5d+ bo? t]re/rial & sol> radiation1 x appe>s to u t obs]vations f radiation !rmomet]s are ( mu* m utility 9 judg+ ( climate ?an is usually suppos$4 ,^! obs]vations are v scanty2 & :at few are ^u record are n v reliable1 pr9cipally f bad exposure ( ! in/rum5ts1 :ile ! want ( uni=mity 9 con/ruction may be ano!r cause4 ,h]s*ell's act9omet] & ,p\illet's pyrheliomet]1 in/rum5ts = asc]ta9+ ! absolute heat+ effect ( ! sun's rays1 %\ld1 h[ev]1 be m g5]ally employ$ by meteorologi/s4 ,9 comp>+ obs]vations on radiation x %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 a !rmomet] :i*1 prop]ly conf9$ or %ad$1 gives ! true temp]ature ( ! night air1 & "o :i* is p]mitt$ to radiate freely t[>ds space1 mu/ be great] at high elevations ?an at l[ ones2#f because ! high] ! place1 ! less ! ?ickness ( ! vap\r-scre5 to int]cept ! radiation4 #hc4 ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet]4--,z ! int]*ange ( heat betwe5 two bodies by radiation dep5ds ^u ! relative temp]ature :i* !y respectively possess1 ! e>?1 by ! rays transmitt$ f ! sun dur+ ! day1 mu/ be cont9ually ga9+ an accession ( heat1 :i* w\ld be f> f be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! opposite effect ( its own radiation into space4 ,h5ce1 f sunrise till two or ?ree h\rs aft] mid-day1 ! e>? goes on gradually increas+ 9 temp]ature1 ! augm5tation be+ greate/ :]e ! surface consi/s ( mat]ials calculat$1 f _! col\r & texture1 to absorb heat1 & :]e x is defici5t 9 moi/ure1 :i*1 by its evaporation1 w\ld h a t5d5cy to dim9i% x4#g ,x is1 !re=e1 important to h in/rum5ts = measur+ ! efficacy ( sol> radiation1 ap>t f ^? = exhibit+ ! temp]ature ( ! place 9 ! %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,fig4 #fc %[s ! arrangem5t ( ,negretti ,zambra's maximum !rmomet]1 = regi/]+ ! greate/ heat ( ! sun's direct rays1 h5ce call$ a sol> radiation !rmomet]4 ,x has a black5$ bulb1 ! scale divid$ on its own /em1 & ! divisions protect$ by a glass %ield4 ,9 use x %\ld be plac$ ne>ly horizontally1 re/+ on ,y supports ( wood or metal1 ) its bulb 9 ! full rays ( ! sun1 re/+ on grass1 &1 if possible1 s t lat]al w9ds %\ld n /rike ! bulb2 & at a suffici5t di/ance f any wall1 s t x does n receive any reflect$ heat f ! sun4 ,"s obs]v]s place ! !rmomet] z mu* z two feet f ! gr\nd4 ,x w\ld be v desirable if "o uni=m plan c\ld be recogniz$3 t ( plac+ ! in/rum5t z indicat$ 9 ! figure appe>s to be mo/ g5]ally adopt$1 & ! lea/ objectionable4 #hd4 ,vacuum ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet]4--,9 ord] t ! heat absorb$ by ! black5$ bulb ( ! sol> radiation !rmomet] may n 9 "p be c>ri$ (f by ! curr5ts ( air :i* w\ld come into contact ) x1 ! in/rum5t has be5 improv$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra into ! vacuum sol> radiation !rmomet]1 z illu/rat$ by fig4 #fd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,?is consi/s ( a black5$-bulb radiation !rmomet]1 enclos$ 9 a glass tube & globe1 f :i* all air is exhau/$4 ,?us protect$ f ! loss ( heat :i* w\ld ensue if ! bulb 7 expos$1 its indications are f #bj deg4 to #cj deg4 high] ?an :5 plac$ side by side ) a simil> in/rum5t ) ! bulb expos$ to ! pass+ air4 ,at times :5 ! air has be5 9 rapid motion1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! read+ ( a !rmomet] giv+ ! true temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! %ade1 & an ord9>y sol> radiation !rmomet]1 has be5 #bj deg4 only1 :il/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! air temp]ature & ! read+ ( a radiation !rmomet] 9 vacuo has be5 z l>ge z #ej deg4 ,x is also f\nd t ! read+s are almo/ id5tical at di/ances f ! e>? v>y+ f six in*es to eighte5 in*es4 ,by ! use ( ?is improvem5t1 x is hop$ t ! am\nts ( sol> radiation at diff]5t places may be r5d]$ comp>able2 hi!rto !y h n be5 s2 ! results f\nd at diff]5t places _c be comp>$1 z ! bulbs ( ! !rmomet]s are "u v diff]5t circum/ances z to exposure & curr5ts ( air4 ,important results are anticipat$ f ?is arrangem5t4 ,! obs]vations at diff]5t places are expect$ to pres5t m agreem5t4 ,obs]v]s w\ld d well to note c>efully ! effect ( any rem>kable degree ( int5sity 9 ! sol> heat ^u p>ticul> plants1 crops1 fruit or o!r trees4 #he4 ,t]re/rial ,radiation ,!rmomet] is an alcohol m9imum !rmomet]1 ) ! graduations et*$ ^u ! /em1 & protect$ by a glass %ield1 z %[n 9 figure #fe1 in/ead ( be+ m\nt$ on a frame4 ,! bulb is transp>5t2 t is to say1 ! _s is n col\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,9 use1 x %\ld be plac$ ) its bulb fully expos$ to ! sky1 re/+ on grass1 ! /em be+ support$ by little =ks ( wood4 ,! precautions requir$ ) ?is !rmomet] are simil> to ^? = ord9>y _s !rmomet]s1 expla9$ at page #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 #hf4 ,a,ethrioscope4--,! celebrat$ exp]im5tal philosoph]1 ,sir ,john ,leslie1 0 ! inv5tor ( ?is in/rum5t1 ! purpose ( :i* is to give a comp>ative idea ( ! radiation proce$+ f ! surface ( ! e>? t[>ds ! sky4 ,x consi/s1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ff1 ( two glass bulbs unit$ by a v]tical glass tube1 ( s f9e a bore t a little col\r$ liquid is support$ 9 x by its own adhesion1 !re be+ air conf9$ 9 ea* ( ! bulbs4 ,! bulb1 ,a1 is enclos$ 9 a highly poli%$ brass sph]e1 ,d1 made 9 halves & screw$ toge!r4 ,! bulb1 ,b1 is black5$ & plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( a metallic cup1 ,c1 :i* is well gilt on ! inside1 & :i* may be cov]$ by a top1 ,f4 ,! brass cov]+s def5d bo? bulbs f sol> radiation1 or any adv5titi\s s\rce ( heat4 ,:5 ! top is on1 ! liquid rema9s at z]o ( ! scale4 ,on remov+ ! top & pres5t+ ! in/rum5t to a cle> sky1 ei!r by night or by day1 ! bulb1 ,b1 is cool$ by t]re/rial radiation1 :ile ! bulb1 ,a1 reta9s ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,! air conf9$ 9 ,b1 !re=e1 contracts2 & ! ela/icity ( t )9 ,a =ces ! liquid up ! tube1 to a height proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! radiation4 ,su* is ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! in/rum5t1 t ! smalle/ cl\d pass+ ov] x *ecks ! rise ( ! liquid4 ,sir ,john ,leslie says3--,"u a cle> blue sky1 ! ae?rioscope w sometimes indicate a cold ( fifty millesimal degrees2 yet1 on o!r days1 :5 ! air seems equally bright1 ! effect is h>dly #cj deg4 ,?is anomaly1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,tyndall1 is simply due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( aque\s vap\r pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,! pres5ce ( invisible vap\r int]cepts ! radiation f ! ae?rioscope1 :ile its abs5ce op5s a door = ! escape ( ?is radiation into space4 #hg4 ,p\illet's ,pyrheliomet]4--,?is in/rum5t is compos$ ( a %all[ cyl9d] ( /eel1 ,a1 fig4 #fg1 :i* is fill$ ) m]cury4 ,into ! cyl9d] a !rmomet]1 ,d1 is introduc$1 ! /em ( :i* is protect$ by a piece ( brass tub+4 ,we ?us obta9 ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury4 ,! flat end ( ! cyl9d] is to be turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 & ! surface1 ,b1 ?us pres5t$ is coat$ ) lamp black4 ,!re is a coll> & screw1 ,c1 by means ( :i* ! in/rum5t may be atta*$ to a /ake driv5 into ! gr\nd1 or into ! sn[1 if ! obs]vations are made at consid]able heights4 ,x is necess>y t ! surface :i* receives ! sun's rays %\ld be p]p5dicul> to ! rays2 & ?is is secur$ by app5d+ to ! brass tube :i* %ields ! /em ( ! !rmomet]1 a disk1 ,e1 ( precisely ! same diamet] z ! /eel cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! %ad[ ( ! cyl9d] accurately cov]s ! disk1 we are sure t ! rays fall1 z p]p5dicul>s1 on ! upturn$ surface ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,! obs]vations are made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,fir/1 ! in/rum5t is p]mitt$1 n to receive ! sun's rays1 b to radiate its own heat = five m9utes aga9/ an uncl\d$ "p ( ! firmam5t2 ! decrease ( ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury consequ5t on ?is radiation is !n not$4 ,next1 ! in/rum5t is turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 s t ! sol> rays fall p]p5dicul>ly ^u x = five m9utes2 ! augm5tation ( heat is n[ not$4 ,f9ally1 ! in/rum5t is turn$ aga9 t[>ds ! firmam5t1 away f ! sun1 & all[$ to radiate = ano!r five m9utes1 ! s9k+ ( ! !rmomet] be+ not$ z be=e4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! :ole heat+ p[] ( ! sun1 we mu/ add to 8 obs]v$ heat+ p[] ! quantity lo/ dur+ ! "t ( exposure1 & ?is quantity is ! mean ( ! fir/ & la/ obs]vations4 ,suppos+ ! lett] ,r to repres5t ! augm5tation ( temp]ature by five m9utes' exposure to ! sun1 & t t & t#a repres5t ! r$uctions ( temp]ature obs]v$ be=e & aft]1 !n ! :ole =ce ( ! sun1 :i* we may call ,t1 w\ld be ?us express$3--,t ,r #a_/b7t t#a74 ,! surface on :i* ! sun's rays "h fall is kn[n2 ! quantity ( m]cury )9 ! cyl9d] is also kn[n2 h5ce we c express ! effect ( ! sun's heat ^u a giv5 area1 by /at+ t x is compet5t1 9 five m9utes1 to raise s mu* m]cury s _m degrees 9 temp]ature4--,dr4 ,tyndall's ,heat consid]$ z a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 #hh4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*ell's ,act9omet]1 = asc]ta9+ ! absolute heat+ effect ( ! sol> rays1 9 :i* "t is consid]$ "o ( ! elem5ts ( obs]vation1 is illu/rat$ by fig4 #fh4 ,! act9omet] consi/s ( a l>ge cyl9drical !rmomet] bulb1 ) a scale consid]ably l5g!n$1 s t m9ute *anges may be easily se54 ,! bulb is ( transp>5t glass fill$ ) a deep blue liquid1 :i* is exp&$ :5 ! rays ( ! sun fall direct on ! bulb4 ,to take an obs]vation1 ! act9omet] is plac$ 9 ! %ade = "o m9ute & read (f2 x is !n expos$ = "o m9ute to sun%9e1 & its indication record$2 x is f9ally re/or$ to ! %ade1 & its read+ not$4 ,! mean ( ! two read+s 9 ! %ade1 subtract$ f t 9 ! sun1 gives ! actual am\nt ( expansion ( ! liquid produc$ by ! sun's rays 9 "o m9ute ( "t4 ,= fur!r in=mation1 see ,report ( ! ,royal ,society on ,physics & ,meteorology2 or ,kaemtz's ,meteorology1 translat$ by ,c4 ,v4 ,walk]2 or ! ,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,in/ructions4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,deep-,,sea ,,!rmomet]s4 #hi4 ,on ,sixe's ,pr9ciple4--,!rmomet]s = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! sea at v>i\s dep?s are con/ruct$ to regi/] ei!r ! maximum or m9imum temp]ature1 or bo?4 ,! pr9ciple ( ea* in/rum5t is t ( ,sixe4 ,!re are v few p>ts ( ! ocean 9 :i* ! temp]ature bel[ is great] ?an at ! surface1 except 9 ! ,pol> ,seas1 :]e x is g5]ally f\nd to be a few degrees w>m] at consid]able dep?s ?an at ! surface4 ,:5 ! in/rum5t is requir$ to regi/] only "o temp]ature1 x c be made n>r[] & m compact--a great advantage 9 s\nd+2 & ) less l5g? ( bulb & glass tube1 s t ! liability ( error is dim9i%$4 ,h5ce1 ! m9imum is ! mo/ g5]ally useful = deep-sea s\nd+s4 ,^! !rmomet]s mu/ be suffici5tly /rong to )/& ! pressure ( ! ocean at two or ?ree miles ( dep?1 :]e !re may be a =ce ex]t$ to compress !m exce$+ ?ree or f\r hundr$ atmosph]es 7( #ae lbs4 to ! squ>e in*74 ,_m h be5 ! contrivances = obta9+ correct deep-sea indications4 ,!rmomet]s & ma*9es ( v>i\s sorts h be5 sugge/$1 adopt$1 & ev5tually ab&on$ z only approximate in/rum5ts4 ,! pr9cipal reason = su* in/rum5ts fail+ to give correct or reliable indications1 has be5 t ! weight or pressure on ! bulbs at great dep?s has int]f]$ ) ! correct read+ ( ! in/rum5ts4 ,!rmomet]s h be5 enclos$ 9 /rong wat]-tight cases to resi/ ! pressure2 b ?is contrivance has only _h ! t5d5cy to ret>d ! action1 s mu* s z to ?r[ a d\bt on ! indications obta9$ by ! in/rum5t s con/ruct$4 ,! !rmomet]s con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra = ?is purpose d n diff] mat]ially f ^? usually made "u ! d5om9ation ( ,sixe's !rmomet]s1 except 9 ! foll[+ mo/ important p>ticul>3--,! usual ,sixe's !rmomet]s h a c5tral res]voir or cyl9d] conta9+ alcohol2 ?is res]voir1 :i* is ! only portion ( ! in/rum5t likely to be affect$ by pressure1 has be51 9 ,negretti & ,zambra's new in/rum5t1 sup]s$$ by a /rong out] cyl9d] ( glass1 conta9+ m]cury & r>efi$ air2 by ?is means ! portion ( ! in/rum5t susceptible ( compression1 has be5 s /r5g!n$ t no am\nt ( pressure c possibly make ! in/rum5t v>y4 ,?is in/rum5t has be5 te/$ 9 e possible mann]1 & ! results h be5 highly satisfactory1 s mu* s z to place _! reliability beyond any possible d\bt4 ,! scales are made ( porcela91 & are firmly secur$ to a back ( oak1 :i* holds 9 a recess ! bulb ) its protect+ %ield1 & is r\nd$ (f s z to fit easily & firmly 9 a /\t cyl9drical copp] case1 9 :i* ! !rmomet] is s5t d[n :5 s\nd+ 7see fig4 #fi74 ,! lid ( ! case is made to fit d[n closely1 & wat]-tight4 ,at ! bottom ( ! case is a valve op5+ upw>d2 & ! lid has a simil> valve4 ,^! all[ ! wat] to pass ?r\gh ! case z ! in/rum5t s9ks1 s t ! lea/ am\nt ( ob/ruction is (f]$ to ! desc5t4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! case is a /\t brass spr+1 to protect ! in/rum5t f a sudd5 j> if x %\ld t\* ! bottom :ile desc5d+ rapidly4 ,z ! in/rum5t is drawn up1 ! valves close ) ! weight ( wat] ^u !m1 & x arrives at ! surface fill$ ) wat] br\ght up f its l[e/ position4 ,! deep-sea !rmomet]s us$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy are ( ?is patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 #ij4 ,johnson's ,metallic ,deep-,sea ,!rmomet]4--,! objection to ! employm5t ( m]curial !rmomet]s = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! ocean at dep?s1 aris+ f ! compression ( ! bulbs1 :i* 0 ( su* s]i\s consequ5ce previ\s to ! modification made 9 ! con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra1 l$ to ! con/ruction ( a metallic !rmomet] altoge!r free f liability ( di/urbance f compression by ! surr\nd+ wat]2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly n s s5sitive to *anges ( temp]ature z m]cury4 ,?is in/rum5t is ! inv5tion ( ,h5ry ,johnson1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 & is ?us describ$ by him3-- ,dur+ ! ye> #ahdd "s exp]im5ts 7 made by ,james ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s41 on ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ( ! ,?ames ne> ,gre5wi* at ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>2 :5 t g5tleman f\nd t ! indications ( temp]ature 7 greatly affect$ by ! pressure on ! bulbs ( ! !rmomet]s4 ,at a dep? ( #be feet ?is pressure w\ld be ne>ly equal to ! pres5ce ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an atmosph]e4 ,^! obs]vations demon/rate ! importance ( us+ 9 deep-sea s\nd+s an in/rum5t free f liability ( di/urbance f compression by ! surr\nd+ wat]1 & h ultimately l$ to ! con/ruction ( ! !rmomet] n[ to be describ$4 ,! in/rum5t is compos$ ( solid metals ( consid]able specific gravity1 viz4 ( brass & /eel1 ! specific gravity ( ^! metals be+ #h4ci & #g4ha respectively4 ,!y are !re=e n liable to compression by ! wat]1 :i* "u a pressure ( #a1abj atmosph]es1 or at a dep? ( #e1jjj fa?oms 9 r\nd numb]s1 acquires a d5sity or specific gravity ( #a4jf4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is in/rum5t1 advantage has be5 tak5 ( ! well-kn[n diff]5ce 9 ! ratios ( expansion & contraction by heat & cold ( brass & /eel1 to =m comp\nd b>s ( ?9 b>s ( ^! metals rivet$ toge!r2 & :i* w be f\nd to assume a slight curve 9 "o direction :5 heat has exp&$ ! brass m ?an ! /eel1 & a slight "o 9 ! contr>y direction :5 cold has contract$ ! brass m ?an ! /eel4 ,! indications ( ! in/rum5t record ! motions "u *anges ( temp]ature ( su* comp\nd b>s2 9 :i* ! proportion ( brass1 ! m dilatable metal1 is two-?irds1 & ( /eel "o-?ird4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,^u "o end ( a n>r[ plate ( metal ab\t a foot long1 a1 are fix$ ?ree scales ( temp]ature1 h1 :i* asc5d f #be deg4 to #ajj deg4 ,f41 & :i* are %[n m cle>ly 9 ! draw+ deta*$ f ! in/rum5t4 ,^u "o ( ^! scales ! pres5t temp]ature is %[n by ! po9t]1 e1 :i* turns ^u a pivot 9 its c5tre4 ,! regi/] index1 g1 to ! maximum temp]ature1 & ! index1 f1 to ! m9imum temp]ature1 are mov$ along ! o!r scales by ! p9 ^u ! mov+ po9t]1 at e1 :]e !y are reta9$ by /iff friction4 ,at equal di/ances f ! c5tre ( ! po9t] are two connect+ pieces1 d d1 by :i* x is atta*$ to ! free ends ( two comp\nd b>s1 b b1 & its movem5ts correspond ) ! movem5ts ( ! comp\nd b>s "u v>iations ( temp]ature4 ,! o!r ends ( ! b>s are fa/5$ by ! plate1 c1 to ! plate1 a1 on :i* ! scales ( temp]ature are fix$4 ,! connection ( ! b>s ) bo? sides ( ! c5tre ( ! po9t] prev5ts di/urbance ( indication by lat]al concussion4 ,! case ( ! in/rum5t has be5 improv$ at ! sugge/ion ( ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 & n[ pres5ts to ! wat] a smoo? cyl9drical surface1 ) r\nd$ ends1 & )\t projection ( fa/5+s4 ,9 survey+ exp$itions1 ?is in/rum5t w\ld be f\nd useful 9 giv+ notice ( v>iation ( dep? ( wat]1 & ( ! necessity = tak+ s\nd+s4 ,a dim9ution ( ! temp]ature ( wat] has be5 obs]v$ by sci5tific voyag]s to accompany dim9ution ( dep?1 z on ne>+ l&1 or approa*+ hidd5 rocks or %oals4 ,att5tion w\ld also ?us be attract$ to ! vic9ity ( iceb]gs4 ,?is !rmomet] might easily be modifi$ to s]ve = sev]al o!r important purposes1 su* z ! det]m9ation ( ! temp]ature ( int]mitt5t hot spr+s1 & mud volcanoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is !rmomet] is n altoge!r new2 b ! duplicate arrangem5t ( ! b>s1 :i* effectually prev5ts ! movem5t ( ! indices by any %ak+1 & ! application are c]ta9ly novel4 ,pr(essor ,trail1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k1 writes3--,9 #ahjc1 ,mr4 ,james ,crighton1 ( ,glasg[1 publi%$ a new 'metallic !rmomet]1' 9 :i* ! unequal expansion ( z9c & iron is ! mov+ p[]4 ,a b> is =m$ by unit+ a plate ( z9c 7fig4 #ga71 c d1 #h in*es long1 #a in* broad1 & #a_/d in* ?ick1 to a plate ( iron1 a b1 ( ! same l5g?4 ,! l[] extremity ( ! comp\nd b> is firmly atta*$ to a mahogany bo>d at e e2 a p91 f1 fix$ to its upp] end1 plays 9 ! =k$ op5+ 9 ! %ort arm ( ! index1 g4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is rais$1 ! sup]ior expansion ( ! z9c1 c d1 w b5d ! :ole b>1 z 9 ! figure2 & ! index1 g1 w move along ! graduat$ arc1 f "r to left1 9 proportion to ! temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to conv]t x into a regi/] !rmomet]1 ,crighton appli$ two sl5d] h&s1 h h1 on ! axis ( ! index2 ^! lie bel[ ! index1 & are pu%$ 9 opposite directions by ! /ud1 i1--a contrivance seem+ly borr[$ f ! in/rum5t ( ,fitzg]ald1 a complicat$ metallic !rmomet]1 describ$ by ! ,pr(essor previ\sly4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,boil+-,,po9t ,,!rmomet]s4 #ia4 ,ebullition4--,! temp]ature at :i* a fluid boils is call$ ! boil+-po9t ( t p>ticul> fluid4 ,x is diff]5t = diff]5t liquids2 &1 moreov]1 9 ! same liquid x v>ies ) c]ta9 *anges ( circum/ance4 ,?us ! same liquid 9 v>i\s /ates ( purity w\ld h its boil+ temp]ature alt]$ 9 a slight degree4 ,!re is also an intimate connection ) ! pressure "u :i* a fluid is boil$1 & its temp]ature ( ebullition4 ,liquids boil$ 9 ! op5 air are subject$ to ! atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* is well kn[n to v>y at diff]5t times & places2 & ! boil+-po9t ( ! liquid exhibits correspond+ *anges4 ,:5 ! pressure is increas$ on ! surface ( any fluid1 ! temp]ature ( ebullition rises2 & ) a decrease ( pressure1 ! boil+ goes on at a l[] degree ( heat4 ,9 ! case ( wat]1 we commonly /ate ! boil+-po9t to be #bab deg4 ,f42 b x is only s at ! level ( ! sea1 "u ! mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 repres5t$1 9 ! latitude ( ,london1 by a column ( #bi4ije in*es ( m]cury1 at a temp]ature ( #cb deg4 ,f41 & :5 ! wat] is fre% & does n conta9 any matt] *emically dissolv$ 9 x4 ,:5 /eam is g5]at$ & conf9$ 9 a boil]1 ! pressure ^u ! boil+ wat] may be sev]al times great] ?an t ( ! atmosph]e4 ,exp]im5tally x has be5 f\nd1 t if ! pressure 9 ! boil] be #be lbs4 on ! squ>e in*1 ! temp]ature ( ! boil+ wat]1 & ( ! /eam likewise1 is rais$ to #bda deg42 :ile "u ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump1 wat] w boil at #ahe deg41 :5 ! pressure is r$uc$ to #ag in*es ( m]cury4 #ib4 ,relation betwe5 ! ,boil+-,po9t & ,elevation4--,n[1 z ! atmosph]ic pressure is dim9i%$ by asc5t1 z %[n by ! fall ( m]cury 9 ! b>omet]1 x foll[s t 9 elevat$ localities wat]1 or any o!r fluid1 heat$ 9 ! op5 air1 w boil at a temp]ature l[] ?an at ! sea-level4 ,!re=e1 !re mu/ be "s relation betwe5 ! height ( a hill1 or m\nta91 & ! temp]ature at :i* a fluid w boil at t height4 ,h5ce1 ! !rmomet]1 z us$ to det]m9e ! boil+-po9t ( fluids1 is also an indicator ( ! atmosph]ic pressure2 & may be us$ z a sub/itute = ! b>omet] 9 measur+ elevations4 ,if ! atmosph]ic pressure 7 con/ant at ! sea-level1 & always ! same = def9ite heights1 we might expect ! boil+-po9ts ( fluids also to be 9 exact accordance ) height2 & ! relation once asc]ta9$1 we c\ld readily1 by means ( ! !rmomet] & boil+ wat]1 det]m9e an unkn[n height1 or = a kn[n elevation ass]t ! boil+ temp]ature ( a liquid4 ,h[ev]1 z ! atmosph]ic pressure is p]petually v>y+ at ! same place1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 s !re are1 z x 71 sympa!tic *anges 9 ! boil+ temp]atures ( fluids4 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t heights c nev] be accurately measur$1 ei!r by ! b>omet] or ! boil+-po9t !rmomet]1 by simply obs]v+ at ! places ^: elevations are requir$4 ,to det]m9e a height ) any approa* to accuracy1 x is necess>y t a simil> obs]vation %\ld be made at ! same "t at a l[] /ation1 n v remote lat]ally f ! upp]1 & t !y %\ld be _m times repeat$4 ,:5 su* obs]vations h be5 v c>efully conduct$1 ! height ( ! upp] /ation above ! l[] may be asc]ta9$ ) great precision1 z has be5 repeat$ly v]ifi$ by subsequ5t trigonometrical measurem5t ( elevations s det]m9$4 ,if ! l[] /ation be at ! sea-level1 ( c\rse ! absolute height ( ! upp] is at once obta9$4 #ic4 ,m\nta9 ,!rmomet]2 sometimes call$ ,hypsometric ,app>atus4--,we h n[ to exam9e ! con/ruction ( ! boil+-po9t !rmomet]1 & its necess>y app5dages1 z adapt$ = ! det]m9ation ( heights4 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra's arrangem5t ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 figures #gb & #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,! !rmomet] is made ) an elongat$ bulb1 s z to be z s5sitive z possible4 ,! scale1 ab\t a foot long1 is graduat$ on ! /em1 & ranges f #ahj deg4 to #bad deg41 ea* degree be+ suffici5tly l>ge to %[ ! divisions ( t5?s ( a degree4 ,a slid+ metallic v]ni] might p]haps ) advantage be atta*$ to ! /em1 :i* w\ld enable ! obs]v] to m>k hundr$?s ( a degree2 :i*1 h[ev]1 he c pretty well d by e/imation4 ,! boil] is s contriv$ z to all[1 n only ! bulb1 b ! /em also ( ! !rmomet]1 to be surr\nd$ by ! /eam4 ,! arrangem5t is readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ diagram1 fig4 #gc4 ,c1 is a copp] boil]1 support$ by a tripod /& s z to all[ a _s-lamp1 ,a1 made ( metal to be plac$ und]nea?4 ,! flame f ! lamp may be surr\nd$ by a f9e wire gauze1 ,b1 :i* w prev5t x be+ ext+ui%$ :5 exp]im5t+ 9 ! ext]nal air4 ,e ,e ,e1 is a ?ree-drawn telescope tube1 proce$+ f ! boil]1 & op5 also at top4 ,ano!r tube1 simil>ly con/ruct$1 envelops ?is1 z %[n by ,d ,d ,d4 ,?is tube is screw$ to ! top ( ! boil]1 & has two op5+s1 "o at ! top to admit ! !rmomet]1 ! o!r l[ d[n1 ,g1 to give v5t to ! /eam4 ,z ! /eam is g5]at$1 x rises 9 ! inn] tube1 passes d[n betwe5 ! tubes1 & fl[s away at ,g4 ,! !rmomet] is pass$ d[n1 support$ by an india-rubb] wa%]1 fitt+ /eam tight1 s z to leave ! top ( ! m]cury1 :5 ! boil+-po9t is atta9$1 suffici5tly visible to make ! obs]vation4 ,! telescopic movem5t1 & ! mode ( support+ ! !rmomet]1 enable ! obs]v] always to keep ! bulb ne> ! wat]1 & ! d\ble tube gives all ! protection requir$ to obta9 a /eady boil+-po9t4 ,"s boil+-po9t !rmomet]s are con/ruct$ ) _! scales altoge!r expos$ to ! air1 :i* may be v cold1 & consequ5tly may contract to "s ext5t ! ?read ( m]cury outside ! boil]4 ,! /eam1 hav+ ! same temp]ature z ! boil+ wat]1 keeps ! tube1 ?r\gh\t ne>ly its :ole l5g?1 at ! same degree ( heat1 9 ! app>atus describ$4 ,! :ole c be pack$ 9 a t9 case v compactly & securely = travell+1 z 9 fig4 #gb4 ,directions = ,us+4--,:5 ! app>atus is requir$ = practical use1 suffici5t wat] mu/ be p\r$ into ! boil] to fill x ab\t "o ?ird1 ?r\gh an op5+1 ,f1 :i* mu/ be aft]w>ds clos$ by ! screw plug4 ,!n apply ! light$ lamp4 ,9 a %ort "t /eam w issue f ,g2 & ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet]1 kept c>efully imm]s$1 w rise rapidly until x atta9s a /ation>y po9t1 :i* is ! boil+ temp]ature4 ,! obs]vation %\ld n[ be tak5 & record$ ) z mu* accuracy z possible1 & ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air mu/ be not$ at ! same "t by an ord9>y !rmomet]4 ,! wat] employ$ %\ld be pure4 ,di/ill$ wat] w\ld !re=e be ! be/4 ,if a sub/ance is held me*anically susp5d$ 9 wat]1 x w n affect ! boil+-po9t4 ,?us1 muddy wat] w\ld s]ve equally z well z di/ill$ wat]4 ,h[ev]1 z x _c be readily asc]ta9$ t no?+ is dissolv$ *emically :5 wat] is dirty1 we are only correct :5 we employ pure wat]4 #id4 ,precautions to ensure correct ,graduation4--,^? :o possess a boil+-po9t !rmomet] %\ld satisfy !mselves t x has be5 correctly graduat$4 ,to d ?is1 x is advisable to v]ify x ) ! read+ ( a /&>d b>omet] r$uc$ to #cb deg4 ,f4 ,! table ( ,vap\r ,t5sion 7giv5 at p4 #fb7 w furni% ! means ( comp>ison4 ,?us1 if ! r$uc$ read+ ( ! b>omet]1 correct$ also = latitude1 be #bi4ibb1 ! !rmomet] %\ld %[ #bab deg4 z ! boil+-po9t ( wat] at ! same "t & place2 if #bi4gde1 ! !rmomet] %\ld read #baa4g2 & s on z p] table4 ,9 ?is way ! error ( ! *ief po9t ( ! scale c be obta9$4 ,o!r p>ts ( ! scale may be *eck$ ) a /&>d !rmomet]1 by subject+ bo? to ! same temp]ature1 & comp>+ _! indications4 ,! graduations z fix$ by "s mak]s are n always to be tru/$2 & ?is ess5tial te/ %\ld be conduct$ ) ! utmo/ nicety & c>e4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy writes1 9 8 ,notes on ,meteorology3--,ea* degree ( ! boil+-po9t !rmomet] is equival5t to ab\t #eej feet ( asc5t1 or "o-t5? to #ee feet2 !re=e1 ! smalle/ error 9 ! graduation ( ! !rmomet] itself w affect ! height d$uc$ mat]ially4 ,9 ! !rmomet] :i* is graduat$ f #bab deg4 7! boil+-po9t7 to #ahj deg41 simil>ly to ^? int5d$ = ! purpose ( measur+ heights1 !re mu/ h be5 a />t+ po9t1 or z]o1 f :i* to beg9 ! graduation4 ,i h ask$ an optician 9 ,london h[ he fix$ t z]o1 ! boil+-po9t4 ',by boil+ wat] at my h\se1' he repli$4 ',:]e is y\r h\se8' ,9 su* a "p ( ! t[n1 he answ]$4 ,i said3 ',:at height is x above ! sea8' to :i* he repli$1 ',i d n "k2' & :5 ,i ask$ ! /ate ( ! b>omet] :5 he boil$ ! wat]1 :e!r ! m]cury 0 high or l[1 he said t he _h n look$ at x6 ,n[1 z ?is in/rum5t is int5d$ to measure heights & to decide diff]5ces ( "s hundr$1 if n ?\s& feet upw>ds1 at lea/ "o %\ld endeav\r to asc]ta9 a reliable />t+ po9t4 ,f inquiries made1 ,i believe t ! det]m9ation ( ! boil+-po9t ( ord9>y !rmomet]s has be5 v vague1 n only f ! extreme difficulties ( ! process itself 7:i* are well kn[n to opticians71 b f ! radical errors ( n all[+ = ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! "t ( graduation--:i* may be mu*1 ev5 an in* high] or l[]1 ?an ! mean1 or any giv5 height--:ile ! elevation ( ! place above ! level ( ! sea is also unnotic$4 ,!n !re is ano!r s\rce ( error1 a m9or "o1 p]haps3 ! inn] limit1 ! #ahj deg4 po9t1 is fix$ only by comp>ison ) ano!r !rmomet]2 x may be "r1 or x may be v mu* out1 z may be ! int]m$iate divisions2 = ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ degree by degree is great3 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! measurem5t ( a v high m\nta9 dep5ds ^u ^? inn] degrees f #bjj deg4 d[n to #ahj deg41 !reab\ts4 ,h5ce1 ! difficulty ( mak+ a reliable obs]vation by boil+ wat] seems to be great] ?an has be5 g5]ally admitt$4 #ie4 ,me?od ( ,calculat+ ,heights f ,obs]vations ) ! ,m\nta9 ,!rmomet]4--,hav+ consid]$ h[ to make obs]vations ) ! prop] c>e & accuracy1 x becomes necess>y to "k h[ to d$uce ! height by calculation4 ,t a con/ant intimate relation exi/s betwe5 ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat] & ! pressure ( ! air1 we h already le>n$4 ,?is k is ! result ( elaborate exp]im5ts made by sev]al sci5tific exp]im5tali/s1 :o h likewise con/ruct$ =mulae & tables = ! conv]sion ( ! boil+ temp]atures into ! correspond+ pressures ( vap\r1 or1 :i* is equival5t1 ( ! atmosph]e1 :5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,z might be expect$1 !re is n a p]fect accord 9 ! results arriv$ at by diff]5t p]sons4 ,regnault is ! mo/ rec5t1 & 8 exp]im5ts are consid]$ ! mo/ reliable4 ,f ,regnault's table ( vap\r t5sion1 we c obta9 ! pressure 9 in*es ( m]cury at #cb deg41 :i* corresponds to ! obs]v$ boil+-po9t2 or vice v]sa1 if requir$4 ,f ! pressure1 ! height may be d$uc$ by ! me?od = f9d+ heights by means ( ! b>omet]4 ,! foll[+ table expresses v ne>ly ! elevation 9 feet correspond+ to a fall ( #a deg4 9 ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]3-- ,boil+ ,temp]atures ,elevation 9 ,feet betwe54 = ea* ,degree4 #bad deg4 & #baj-- #ebj #baj & #bjj-- #ecj #bjj & #aij #eej #aij & #ahj #egj ,^! numb]s agree v well ) ! results ( !ory & actual obs]vation4 ,! assumption is t ! boil+-po9t w be dim9i%$ #a deg4 = ea* #ebj feet ( asc5t until ! temp]ature becomes #baj deg41 !n #ecj feet ( elevation w l[] x "o degree until ! wat] boils at #bjj deg41 & s on2 ! air be+ at #cb deg4 ,let ,h repres5t ! v]tical height 9 feet betwe5 two /ations2 ,b & b1 ! boil+-po9ts ( wat] at ! l[] & upp] /ations respectively2 f1 ! factor f\nd 9 ! above table4 ,!n ,h f7,b - b7 ,fur!r1 let m be ! mean temp]ature ( ! /ratum ( air betwe5 ! /ations4 ,n[1 if ! mean temp]ature is less ?an #cb deg41 ! column ( air w be %ort]2 & if great]1 long] ?an at #cb deg4 ,accord+ to ,regnault1 air exp&s #a_/dia4ac or 4#jjbjcf ( its volume at #cb deg41 = ea* degree increase ( heat4 ,call+ ! correction due to ! mean temp]ature ( air ,c1 its value w be f\nd f ! equation1 ,c ,h 7m - #cb7 4#jjbjcf ,call+ ! correct$ height ,h'1 x w be f\nd f ! =mula1 ,h' ,h ,h 7m - #cb7 4#jjbjcf t is1 ,h' ,h #a 7m - #cb7 4#jjbjcf & sub/itut+ ! value ( ,h1 ,h' f7,b - b7 #a 7m - #cb7 4#jjbjcf ,/rictly1 accord+ to !oretical consid]ations1 !re is a correction due to latitude1 z 9 ! det]m9ation ( heights by ! b>omet]2 b its value is s small t x is practically ( no importance4 ,if a b>omet] be obs]v$ at "o ( ! /ations1 ! table ( vap\r t5sions 7p4 #fb7 w be useful 9 conv]t+ ! pressure into ! correspond+ boil+-po9t1 or vice v]sa2 s t ! diff]5ce ( height may be f\nd ei!r by ! me?ods employ$ = ! boil+-po9t !rmomet] or ! b>omet]4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be rem>k$ t obs]v]s :o h good in/rum5ts at consid]able elevations1 z sites on m\nta9s or plateaus1 w\ld conf] a b5efit to sci5ce1 by regi/]+ = a l5g? ( "t ! b>omet] along ) ! boil+ temp]ature ( wat]1 z accurately z possible4 ,su* obs]vations w\ld s]ve to v]ify ! accuracy ( !oretical d$uctions1 & fix ) c]ta9ty ! !oretical scale ) ! b>omet] indications4 ,example1 9 calculat+ ,heights f ! ,obs]vations ( ! ,boil+-po9t ( ,wat]4--#a4 ,at ,g5eva ! obs]v$ boil+-po9t ( wat] 0 #bji deg4#cce2 on ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d x 0 #aig deg4#fd2 ! mean temp]ature ( ! int]m$iate air 0 #fc deg4#e2 requir$ ! height ( ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d above ,g5eva4 ,me?od by =mula3-- ,h' f 7,b - b7 #a 7m - #cb deg47 4#jjbjcf ,9 ?is case f is betwe5 #ecj & #eej1 or #edj4 ,b #bji4cce m #fc4e b #aig4fd #cb ------- ----- #aa4fie #ca4e f #edj 4#jjbjcf ------- --------- #fcae4c #j4jfdacdj #a4jfd #a ------- ----- ,h' #fgai4e feet4 #a4jfd ,me?od by ,tables suppli$ ) boil+-po9t app>atus made by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra3-- #bji4cce gives #adfd 9 ,table ,i4 #aig4fd #ggcf ---- #fbgb #fc4e #a4jg 9 ,table ,,ii4 ---- ,height #fgaa #if4 ,!rmomet]s = ,eng9e]s4--#a/4 ,sal9omet]4--,"u ! circum/ances at :i* fre% wat] boils at #bab deg41 sea wat] boils at #bac deg4#b4 ,! boil+ temp]ature is rais$ by ! *emical solution ( any sub/ance 9 ! wat]1 & ! m ) ! increase ( matt] dissolv$4 ,f a k ( ?is pr9ciple1 m>9e eng9e]s make use ( ! !rmomet] to det]m9e ! am\nt ( salts held 9 solution by ! wat] 9 ! boil]s ( sea-go+ /eam]s4 ,common sea-wat] conta9s #a_/cc ( its volume ( salt & o!r e>?y matt]s4 ,z evaporation proce$s1 ! solution becomes proportionally /rong]1 & m heat is requir$ to produce /eam4 ,! foll[+ table f ! "w ( ,messrs4 ,ma9 & ,br[n1 on ! ,m>9e ,/eam-,eng9e1 %[s ! relation betwe5 ! boil+-po9t "u ! mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 or #hj in*es ( m]cury1 & ! proportion ( matt] dissolv$ 9 ! wat]3-- ,proportion ( ,salt 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat] #j ,boil+-po9t #bab deg4 #a_/cc #bac4b #b_/cc #bad4d #c_/cc #bae4e #d_/cc #baf4f #e_/cc #bag4i #f_/cc #bai4j #g_/cc #bbj4b #h_/cc #bba4d #i_/cc #bbb4e #aj_/cc #bbc4g #aa_/cc #bbd4i #ab_/cc #bbf4j ,:5 ! salts 9 solution am\nt to #ab_/cc1 ! wat] is saturat$4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t1 :5 a solution ( #d_/cc is atta9$1 incru/ation ( ! sub/ances comm5ces on ! boil]4 ,h5ce1 x is a rule ) eng9e]s to expel "s ( ! boil+ wat]1 :5 ! !rmomet] indicates a temp]ature ( #baf deg41 & introduce "s m cold wat]1 9 ord] to prev5t incru/ation1 :i* n only injures ! boil]1 b opposes ! passage ( heat to ! wat]4 ,! !rmomet] us$ = ?is purpose %\ld be v accurately graduat$1 & ! scale mu/ be consid]ably high] ?an1 ?\gh x ne$ n read mu* bel[ #bab deg4 #bnd4 ,pressure ,gauge4--,! ela/icity ( gases augm5ts by increase ( temp]ature1 & vice v]sa2 x foll[s1 !re=e1 t :5 /eam is g5]at$ 9 a clos$ boil]1 its temp]ature rises beyond ! boil+ temp]ature ( #bab deg41 ow+ to ! increas$ pressure ^u ! wat]4 ,! law connect+ ! pressure & ! correspond+ temp]ature ( /eam is ! same z t ^u :i* ! boil+ ( fluids "u dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure takes place4 ,h5ce1 ! indications ( ! !rmomet] become expon5ts ( /eam pressure4 ,eng9e]s are furni%$1 9 works on ! /eam-eng9e1 ) tables1 f :i* ! pressure correspond+ to a giv5 temp]ature1 or ! conv]se1 c be obta9$ by m]e inspection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,fig4 #gd repres5ts ! !rmomet] employ$ z a /eam-pressure gauge4 ,x is fitt$ 9 a brass case1 ) screw-plug & wa%]s = clos+ ! boil] :5 ! !rmomet] is n 9 use4 ,! scale %[s ! pressure correspond+ to ! temp]ature1 f #ae to #abj lbs41 above ! atmosph]ic pressure1 :i* is usually tak5 z #ae lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,humidity ,,( ,,! ,,air4 #ig4 ,hygrometric ,sub/ances4--,! in/rum5ts devis$ = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e are t]m$ hygromet]s4 ,! e>lie/ inv5t$ hygromet]s 7 con/ruct$ ( sub/ances readily act$ ^u by ! vap\r 9 ! air1 su* z hair1 grass1 seawe$1 catgut1 c41 :i* all absorb moi/ure1 & !reby increase 9 l5g?1 & :5 depriv$ ( x by dry+ !y contract4 ,toy-l hygromet]s1 ^u ! pr9ciple ( absorption1 are /ill common z ornam5ts = mantel-pieces4 ,a useful little in/rum5t ( ?is class1 =m$ f ! be>d ( ! wild oat1 is made to resemble a wat* 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 & is design$ to prove ! dampness or dryness ( b$s3 a moveable h& po9ts out on ! dial ! hygrometric condition ( ! clo!s ^u :i* ! in/rum5t is laid4 #ih4 ,saussure's ,hygromet]1 =m]ly us$ z a meteorologic in/rum5t1 b n[ reg>d$ z an ornam5tal curiosity1 is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #ge4 ,its action dep5ds ^u a prep>$ hair1 fix$ at "o end to ! frame ( ! in/rum5t1 & w\nd r\nd a pulley at ! o!r4 ,! pulley c>ries a po9t] :i* has a c\nt]poise suffici5t to keep ! hair /ret*$4 ,by ?is means ! %r9k+ & l5g!n+ ( ! hair cause ! po9t] to trav]se a graduat$ arc indicat+ ! relative humidity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,su* in/rum5ts1 h[ev] +5i\s1 are n ( sci5tific value2 because !y d n admit ( rigid comp>ison1 are liable to alt] 9 _! contractile & expansive prop]ties1 & _c be made to indicate precisely alike4 #ii4 ,dew-,po9t4--,! am\nt ( wat] :i* ! air c su/a9 9 an invisible =m increases ) ! temp]ature2 b = e def9ite temp]ature !re is a limit to ! am\nt ( vap\r :i* c be ?us diffus$4 ,:5 ! air is cool$1 ! vap\r pres5t may be m ?an x c su/a92 "p w !n be cond5s$ z dew1 ra91 hail or sn[1 accord+ to ! meteorologic circum/ances4 ,! temp]ature :i* ! air has :5 x is s fully saturat$ ) vap\r t any excess w be deposit$ z dew1 is call$ ! dew-po9t4 #ajj4 ,drosomet]4--,to measure ! quantity ( dew deposit$ ea* night1 an in/rum5t is us$ call$ a ,drosomet]4 ,! mo/ simple process consi/s 9 expos+ to ! op5 air bodies ^: exact weight is kn[n1 & !n weigh+ !m afre% aft] !y are cov]$ ) dew4 ,accord+ to ,wells1 locks ( wool1 weigh+ ab\t eight gra9s1 are to be pref]r$1 :i* are to be divid$ =m$ into sph]ical masses ( ! diamet] ( ab\t two in*es4--,koemtz4 #aja4 ,humidity4--,! proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! am\nt ( vap\r actually pres5t 9 ! air at any "t1 & ! quantity necess>y to completely saturate x1 is call$ ! degree ( humidity4 ,x is usually express$ 9 a c5tesimal scale1 #j be+ p]fect dryness1 & #ajj complete saturation4 ,! pressure1 or t5sion1 ( vap\r at ! dew-po9t temp]ature1 divid$ by ! t5sion ( vap\r at ! air temp]ature & ! quoti5t multipli$ by #ajj1 gives ! degree ( humidity4 7,regnault's ,tables %\ld be us$47 ,h5ce ! utility ( in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! dew-po9t4 #ajb4 ,leslie's ,hygromet]4--,?is in/rum5t consi/s ( a glass syphon tube1 t]m9at$ ) a bulb or ball at ea* end1 turn$ outw>ds f ea* o!r1 z 9 fig4 #gf4 ,! tube is p>tly fill$ ) conc5trat$ sulphuric acid1 t+$ by c>m9e4 ,"o ( ! balls is cov]$ smoo?ly ) f9e musl91 & is kept cont9ually moi/5$ ) pure wat]1 drawn f a vase plac$ ne> x by ! capill>y attraction ( a few /r&s ( clean cotton-wick4 ,! desc5t ( ! col\r$ liquid 9 ! o!r /em w m>k ! dim9ution ( temp]ature caus$ by ! evaporation ( ! wat] f ! humid surface4 ,! dri] ! ambi5t air is1 ! m rapidly w ! evaporation g on2 & ! cold produc$ w be great]4 ,:5 ! air is ne>ly saturat$ ) moi/ure1 ! evaporation goes on sl[ly2 ! cold produc$ is mod]ate1 because ! ball rega9s a l>ge portion ( its lo/ heat f surr\nd+ bodies2 & ! degree ( refrig]ation ( ! ball is an index ( ! dryness ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,%\ld ! wat] become froz5 on ! ball1 ?is hygromet] w /ill act2 = evaporation goes on f ! surface ( ice 9 proportion to ! dryness ( ! air4 ,leslie e/imates1 t :5 ! ball is moi/1 air1 at ! temp]ature ( ! ball1 w take up moi/ure equal to ! sixte5-?\s&? "p ( its weight1 = ea* degree ( 8 hygromet]2 & z ice 9 melt+ requires "o-sev5? ( ! caloric consum$ 9 conv]t+ wat] into vap\r1 :5 ! ball is froz51 ! hygromet] w s9k m ?an :5 wet by #a deg4 9 #g deg42 & h5ce1 9 ! froz5 /ate1 we mu/ increase ! value ( ! degrees "o-sev5?3 s t ea* ( !m w correspond to an absorption ( moi/ure equal to "o-f\rte5-?\s&? "p ( ! weight ( ! air4 ,:5 ?is hygromet] /&s at #ae deg41 ! air feels damp2 f #cj deg4 to #dj deg41 we reckon x dry2 f #ej deg4 to #fj deg41 v dry2 & f #gj deg4 upw>ds1 we %\ld call x int5sely dry4 ,a room w\ld feel uncom=table1 & w\ld probably be un:olesome1 if ! in/rum5t 9 x did n rea* #cj deg4#h ,9 ?ick fogs x keeps almo/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! scale4 ,9 w9t]1 9 our climate1 x ranges f #e deg4 to #ae deg42 9 summ] (t5 f #ae deg4 to #ee deg42 & sometimes atta9s #hj deg4 or #ij deg4 ,! greate/ degree ( dryness ev] notic$ by ,leslie 0 at ,p>is1 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]1 :5 ! hygromet] indicat$ #abj deg4--,pr(essor ,trail1 9 ,libr>y ( ,useful ,k4 ,9 e/imat+ ! value ( ! indications ( ?is hygromet]1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! scale adopt$ by ,leslie 0 millesimal1 t is to say1 f ! freez+ to ! boil+-po9t ( wat] 0 divid$ into a ?\s& p>ts2 t5 millesimal degrees are !re=e equal to "o ( ! scale ( ,celsius4 #ajc4 ,,daniel',s ,,hygromet]4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 by ,pr(essor ,daniel1 ! di/+ui%$ au?or ( ,meteorological ,essays2 & x entirely sup]s$$ all hygromet]s dep5d+ ^u ! absorption ( moi/ure4 ,! =m ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,x consi/s ( a glass tube1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 diamet] ( bore1 b5t twice at "r angles1 & t]m9at$1 at ea* end1 9 a bulb ab\t "o in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]4 ,9 "o limb ( ! tube is enclos$ a delicate !rmomet]1 :i* desc5ds to ! c5tre ( ! adjo9+ bulb1 :i* is ab\t ?ree-p>ts fill$ ) sulphuric e!r4 ,all ! o!r p>ts ( ! tube are c>efully fre$ f air1 s t !y are occupi$ by ! vap\r ( ! e!r4 ,?is bulb is g5]ally made ( black glass2 ! o!r is transp>5t1 b cov]$ ) a piece ( f9e musl94 ,! support = ! tube has a !rmomet] atta*$1 :i* %[s ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air4 ,! tube c be remov$ f ! /&1 & ! p>ts are made to pack1 ) a necess>y phial ( e!r1 9 a small box1 :i* c easily be got into ! pocket4 ,h[ to use ! ,hygromet]4--,?is in/rum5t gives ! dew-po9t by direct obs]vation1 :i* mu/ be made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,hav+ fix$ ! tube ^u ! /&1 ) ! bulbs v]tically d[nw>d1 ! e!r is all caus$ to fl[ into ! l[] ball by incl9+ ! tube4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air is not$ by ! expos$ !rmomet]4 ,!n "s e!r is p\r$1 f a dropp+ tube fitt+ into ! neck ( ! phial1 ^u ! musl9-cov]$ bulb4 ,! rapid evaporation ( ?is e!r cools ! bulb & causes cond5sation ( ! e!real vap\r 9 its int]ior4 ,?is gives rise to rapid evaporation ( ! e!r 9 ! l[] bulb1 :]eby its temp]ature is greatly r$uc$4 ,! air 9 ! vic9ity is depriv$ ( its w>m? by ! cold bulb1 & is soon cool$ to ! temp]ature at :i* x is p]fectly saturat$ ) ! vap\r :i* x conta9s4 ,cool$ ev] s little bel[ ?is temp]ature1 "s aque\s vap\r w be cond5s$1 & w =m a dew ^u ! black-glass bulb4 ,at ! fir/ indication ( ! deposit ( dew ! read+ ( ! int]nal !rmomet] is tak53 :i* is ! dew-po9t4 ,?is hygromet] has und5iable disadvantages4 ,! surface ^u :i* ! dew cond5ses is small1 & requires a peculi> direction ( light 9 :i* to see x well4 ,! obs]v]1 hav+ 8 att5tion on ! bulb & ! !rmomet]1 _c always fix ) precision ! dew-po9t2 & h5ce he is recomm5d$ to note ! temp]ature at ! appe>ance & at ! disappe>ance ( ! dew1 9 ord] t ! *ance ( error may be dim9i%$4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! necess>ily long cont9uance ( ! obs]v] ne> ! in/rum5t influ5ces1 to "s ext5t1 ! obs]v$ temp]atures2 & ! difficulty ( n be+ always able to procure pure e!r = ! exp]im5ts is n ! lea/ ( ! drawbacks to ! use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,"s ( ^! disadvantages are obviat$ 9 ,regnault's hygromet]4 #ajd4 ,,regnault',s ,,cond5s] ,,hygromet] 7,fig4 #gh7 consi/s ( a tube1 ,c1 made ( silv]1 v ?91 & p]fectly poli%$2 ! tube is l>g] at "o end ?an ! o!r1 ! l>ge "p be+ #a4h in*es 9 dep?1 by #j4h 9 diamet]2 ?is is fitt$ tightly to a brass /&1 ,b1 ) a telescopic arrangem5t = adju/+ :5 mak+ an obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,! tube1 ,c1 has a small lat]al tubulure1 to :i* is atta*$ an ,india-rubb] tube1 ) ivory m\?-piece2 ?is tubulure ent]s ,c at "r angles ne> ! top1 & trav]ses x to ! bottom ( ! l>ge/ "p4 ,a delicate !rmomet]1 ,d1 is ins]t$ ?r\gh a cork1 or ,india-rubb] wa%]1 at ! op5 end ( ! tube1 ,c1 ! bulb ( :i* desc5ds to ! c5tre ( its l>ge/ "p4 ,g is an atta*$ !rmomet] = tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! air1 & ,f is a bottle conta9+ e!r4 ,to use ! ,cond5s] ,hygromet]1 a suffici5t quantity ( e!r is p\r$ into ! silv] tube to cov] ! !rmomet] bulb3 on all[+ air to pass bubble by bubble ?r\gh ! e!r1 by brea?+ 9 ! tube1 ,e1 an uni=m temp]ature w be obta9$2 if ! e!r cont9ues to be agitat$1 by brea?+ briskly ?r\gh ! tube a rapid r$uction ( temp]ature w be ! result2 at ! mom5t ! e!r is cool$ d[n to ! dew-po9t temp]ature1 ! ext]nal surface ( t portion ( ! silv] tube conta9+ e!r w become cov]$ ) a coat+ ( moi/ure1 & ! degree %[n by ! !rmomet] at t in/ant w be ! temp]ature ( ! dew-po9t4 ,?is =m ( hygromet]1 = asc]ta9+ by direct obs]vation ! dew-po9t1 is s sup]ior to ,daniell's1 bo? f its be+ m c]ta9 9 its indications & economical 9 use1 t ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra h be5 induc$ to modify x1 & r$uce its price to little m ?an t ( a good ,daniell's ,hygromet]4 #aje4 ,temp]ature ( ,evaporation4--,:5 ! air is n saturat$ ) vap\r1 evaporation is go+ on ) m or less activity1 accord+ z ! temp]ature is high or l[1 ris+ or fall+4 ,n[ vap\r _c be =m$ )\t an exp5diture ( heat2 z we inv>iably f9d t ! process ( evaporation l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! liquid f :i* ! vap\r is produc$1 &1 by communication1 t ( contigu\s sub/ances also4 ,?us ! emigrant1 cross+ ! l9e "u ! scor*+ influ5ce ( ! v]tical sun1 wraps a wet t[el r\nd 8 c ( wat]1 sw+s x 9 ! breeze1 to evaporate ! moi/ure ( ! t[el1 & obta9s a glass ( cool wat]4 ,s also1 ,european resid5ts 9 ,india1 dur+ ! hot season1 spread out mats 9 _! ap>tm5ts1 & keep !m wet1 9 ord] t ! evaporation may cool ! air4 ,?is pr9ciple has be5 appli$1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! hygrometric condition ( ! air1 9 ! in/rum5t kn[n z ,mason's hygromet]1 or psy*romet]1 :i* is n[ 9 g5]al use1 f its simplicity1 accuracy1 & ease ( obs]v+4 #ajf4 ,,mason',s ,,hygromet]4 ,! ,dry & ,wet ,bulb ,hygromet]1 or ,psy*romet]1 kn[n also z ,mason's hygromet] 7fig4 #gi71 consi/s ( two p>allel !rmomet]s1 z ne>ly id5tical z possible1 m\nt$ on a wood5 bracket1 "o m>k$ dry1 ! o!r wet4 ,! bulb ( ! wet !rmomet] is cov]$ ) ?9 musl91 & r\nd ! neck is twi/$ a conduct+ ?read ( lamp-wick1 :i* passes into a vessel ( wat]1 plac$ at su* a di/ance z to all[ a l5g? ( conduct+ ?read1 ( ab\t ?ree in*es2 ! cup or glass is plac$ on "o side1 & a little b5ea?1 s t ! wat] )9 may n affect ! read+ ( ! dry bulb !rmomet]4 ,9 obs]v+1 ! eye %\ld be plac$ on a level ) ! top ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 & ! obs]v] %\ld refra9 f brea?+ :il/ tak+ an obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,! dry bulb !rmomet] indicates ! temp]ature ( ! air itself2 :ile ! wet bulb1 cool$ by evaporation1 %[s a l[] temp]ature accord+ to ! rapidity ( evaporation4 ,to f9d ! ,dew-po9t4--,f ! read+s ( ! two !rmomet]s1 ! dew-po9t c be d$uc$ by =mulae 7t kn[n z ,apjohn's is consid]$ ! mo/ !oretically true71 or f ! valuable ,hygrometric ,tables by ,j4 ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,= practical purposes 9 e/imat+ ! comp>ative humidity1 ! annex$ table1 :i* is a r$uction f ,mr4 ,glai%]'s elaborate "w1 w be suffici5t2 x w at lea/ s]ve to assi/ 9 famili>is+ ! inexp]i5c$ 9 ! value ( ! psy*romet]'s indications3-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,dry-bulb & ,wet-bulb ,read+s4 ,temp]ature ----------------------------- by ! #b deg4 #d deg4 #f deg4 #h deg4 #aj deg4 #ab deg4 ,dry ,bulb ----------------------------- ,!rmomet]4 ,degree ( ,humidity4 ---------------------------------------- -- #cd deg4 #gi #fc #ej 44 44 44 #cf #hb #ff #ec 44 44 44 #ch #hc #fh #ef #de 44 44 #dj #hd #gj #eh #dg 44 44 #db #hd #ga #ei #di 44 44 #dd #he #gb #fj #ej 44 44 #df #hf #gc #fa #ea 44 44 #dh #hf #gc #fb #eb #dd 44 #ej #hf #gd #fc #ec #de 44 #eb #hf #gd #fd #ed #df 44 #ed #hf #gd #fd #ee #dg 44 #ef #hg #ge #fe #ef #dh 44 #eh #hg #gf #ff #eg #di 44 #fj #hh #gf #ff #eh #ej #dc #fb #hh #gg #fg #eh #ej #dd #fd #hh #gg #fg #ei #ea #de #ff #hh #gh #fh #fj #eb #de #fh #hh #gh #fh #fj #eb #df #gj #hh #gh #fi #fa #ec #dg #gb #hi #gi #fi #fa #ed #dh #gd #hi #gi #gj #fb #ee #dh #gf #hi #gi #ga #fc #ee #di #gh #hi #gi #ga #fc #ef #ej #hj #ij #hj #ga #fc #ef #ej #hb #ij #hj #gb #fd #eg #ea #hd #ij #hj #gb #fd #eg #ea #hf #ij #hj #gb #fd #eh #eb ---------------------------------------- -- ,! total quantity ( aque\s vap\r :i* at any temp]ature c be diffus$ 9 ! air be+ repres5t$ by #ajj1 ! p]-c5tage ( vap\r actually pres5t w be f\nd 9 ! table opposite ! temp]ature ( ! dry !rmomet]1 & "u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry-bulb & wet-bulb temp]atures4 ,! degree ( humidity = int]m$iate temp]atures & diff]5ces to ^? giv5 9 ! table c be easily e/imat$ suffici5tly accurately = mo/ practical purposes4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two !rmomet] read+s tak5 f ! read+ ( ! wet bulb1 gives ! dew-po9t v ne>ly1 :5 ! air is at any temp]ature betwe5 freez+ & #hj deg4 ,?is simple rule w be f\nd s]viceable to horticulturi/s1 s9ce x w enable !m to e/imate ! *ill+ effect ( dew or ho>-fro/ on t5d] plants4 ,use z an ,indicator ( ,wea!r4--,9 our climate1 ! usual diff]5ce betwe5 ! !rmomet] read+s1--9 ! op5 air1 %ad$ f ! sun1 reflect$ heat1 & curr5ts ( air1--ranges f "o to twelve degrees4 ,9 hot & dry climates1 z ,india & ,au/ralia1 ! range out ( doors has be5 f\nd z mu* z #cj deg41 occasionally4 ,:5 ! moi/ure is froz51 ! bulb %\ld be wett$ afre%1 & ! read+ tak5 j be=e x aga9 freezes2 b ! obs]vation !n is ( little value1 & = g5]al purposes ne$ n be tak51 z ! air is kn[n to be dry 9 fro/y wea!r4 ,! musl9 or cotton rag %\ld be wa%$ once or twice a week by p\r+ wat] ov] ! bulb2 & x %\ld be replac$ by a fre% piece at lea/ once a mon?4 ,accuracy dep5ds v mu* ^u keep+ ! wet bulb clean1 & n too wet4 ,9 connection ) ! b>omet]1 ?is hygromet] is v useful1 n only on l&1 b especially at sea1 :]e o!r k9ds ( hygromet]s _c be practically us$4 ,a fall 9 ! b>omet] is indicative ( com+ w9d or ra93 if ! hygromet] %[s increas+ dampness by ! diff]5ce ( ! read+s becom+ small]1--ra9 may !re=e be anticipat$4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! hygromet] %[s cont9u+ or increas+ dryness1 a /rong] w9d is probable1 )\t ra94 ,dome/ic ,uses4--,mason's hygromet] is useful 9 regulat+ ! moi/ure ( ! air ( ap>tm5ts2 a diff]5ce 9 ! !rmomet] read+s ( f #e deg4 to #h deg4 be+ consid]$ heal?y4 ,_m compla9ts require t ! temp]ature & humidity ( ! air :i* ! invalid brea!s %\ld be c>efully regulat$4 ,h5ce x is a valuable h\sehold in/rum5t4 ,9 a room1 x %\ld be plac$ away f ! fire z mu* z possible1 b n expos$ to draughts ( air4 ,figs4 #hj & #ha %[ *eap arrangem5ts ( ! in/rum5t = dome/ic purposes4 ,o!r arrangem5ts are giv5 to ! in/rum5t to make x suitable = exhibit+ ! hygrometrical /ate ( ! air 9 hot-h\ses1 cons]vatories1 malt+-h\ses1 w>eh\ses1 manufactories1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,fig4 #hb %[s ! in/rum5t arrang$ on brass tripod /&1 ) fold+ legs & metal cov]1 to r5d] x portable4 #ajg4 ,self-,regi/]+ ,hygromet]4--,a maximum !rmomet] & a m9imum !rmomet]1 ea* fitt$ up z a wet-bulb !rmomet]1 record ! highe/ & l[e/ temp]ature ( evaporation dur+ ! int]val ( obs]vation4 ,negretti's m]curial maximum1 & an alcohol m9imum1 answ] be/4 #ajh4 ,causes ( ,dew4--,! aque\s vap\r ( our atmosph]e is a p[]ful radiant2 b x is diffus$ ?r\gh air :i* usually exce$s its own mass m ?an "o hundr$ times4 ,n only1 !n1 its own heat1 b ! heat ( ! l>ge quantity ( air :i* surr\nds x1 mu/ be dis*>g$ by ! vap\r1 be=e x c s9k to its po9t ( cond5sation4 ,! ret>dation ( *ill+ due to ?is cause enables good solid radiators1 at ! e>?'s surface1 to out/rip ! vap\r 9 _! spe$ ( refrig]ation2 & h5ce1 ^u ^! bodies1 aque\s vap\r may be cond5s$ to liquid1 or ev5 congeal$ to ho>-fro/1 :ile at a few feet above ! surface x /ill ma9ta9s its gase\s /ate4#i ,! am\nt ( moi/ure s deposit$ w v>y ) diff]5t atmosph]ic conditions4 ,if ! sky be decid$ly cl\dy or mi/y1 ! heat radiat$ f ! e>? w be p>tly re/or$ by c\nt]-radiation f ! visible vap\r2 ! cool+ ( ! e>?'s surface w1 !re=e1 take place sl[ly1 & little dew w be deposit$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! air conta9 transp>5t vap\r1 & ! sky appe> cle>1 ! c\nt]-radiation w be less1 ! e>? w cool rapidly1 & ! deposit ( dew w be copi\s2 provid$ ! night be comp>atively calm1 =1 :5 ! w9d bl[s1 ! circulat+ air supplies heat to ! radiat+ sub/ances1 & prev5ts any consid]able *ill+4 ,! dew :i* falls 9 tropical c\ntries greatly exce$s 9 abundance :at we exp]i5ce 9 our climate2 because ! air is !re1 f ! great heat1 capable ( su/a9+ a l>ge am\nt ( vap\r 9 ! transp>5t /ate1 & ! conditions mo/ fav\rable = a maximum r$uction ( temp]ature by radiation are pres5t4 ,at ^? places1 or ^u ^? sub/ances :i* cool ! l[e/ & mo/ readily1 ! dew falls mo/ copi\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 #aji4 ,plan ( ,expos+ ,!rmomet]s1 c4--,figure #hc is an illu/ration ( a conv5i5t slab = support+ !rmomet]s 9 an expos$ position atta*$ to a /& 7su* z ,glai%]'s1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xvi47 = ord9>y sci5tific obs]vations4 ,x has a project+ l$ge1 ,b1 to c>ry (f ra9 f ! in/rum5ts1 ! slab1 ,a1 be+ erect$ v]tically4 ,! hygromet] is plac$ at ,e1 ) ! vase ( wat] at ,f4 ,an alcohol m9imum !rmomet] is repres5t$ at ,c1 9 ! position mo/ fav\rable to its c]ta9 action2 & at ,d is %[n "o ( ,negretti ,zambra's maximum !rmomet]s1 ! position ( :i* may be m ne>ly horizontal ?an !re exhibit$1 al?\gh a slight depression ( ! bulb-end ( ! frame is desirable1 b n necess>y1 z ?is !rmomet] c be us$ 9 any position4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,us$ ,,= ,,measur+ ,,! ,,ra9fall4 ,! in/rum5ts 9 use = measur+ ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls on a giv5 spot are ( v simple con/ruction4 ,p]haps ! simple/ is3-- #aaj4 ,h[>d's ,ra9-,gauge4--,x consi/s ( a copp] funnel1 a /\t glass or /one bottle1 & a measur+ glass4 ,! bottle is to be plac$ ^u ! gr\nd1 ) ! funnel re/+ on its neck4 ,a brass b& or cyl9d] fix$ ^u ! out] surface ( ! funnel envelops ! neck ( ! bottle1 & ! pipe ( ! funnel ext5ds ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! bottle2 s t loss by evaporation is avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! receiv+ space ( ! funnel is =m$ by a brass r+1 five in*es 9 diamet]1 v accurately turn$4 ,! measur+ vessel enables ! obs]v] to note ! ra9fall 9 in*es1 t5?s1 & hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 #aaa4 ,glai%]'s ,ra9-,gauge4--,! ra9-gauge design$ by ,mr4 ,glai%]1 ! well-kn[n meteorologi/1 & us$ by mo/ obs]v]s ( ! pres5t day1 is arrang$ = ! reception ( ! wat] :i* falls ^u its receiv+ surface only1 & = ! prev5tion ( loss by evaporation4 ,! ra9 is fir/ collect$ 9 a funnel1 ,b1 7fig4 #hd17 ! receiv+ surface ( :i* is turn$ 9 a la!4 ,! conical surface ( ! funnel slopes to ! pipe1 ,e1 at an angle ( #fj deg4 f ! horizontal receiv+ surface4 ,! tube1 ,e1 is ( small ap]ture1 & is b5t up1 9 ord] to reta9 ! la/ few drops ( ra91 s t ! only op5+ = ! escape ( vap\r may be clos$ z long z possible4 ,! funnel1 ,b1 fits ^u ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 tightly 9 ! groove1 ,d4 ,a copp] c is plac$ inside ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 to receive ! ra9 f ! funnel4 ,once or twice a day1 or aft] a %[]1 ?is c %\ld be tak5 out1 & ! wat] measur$ 9 ! glass measure1 ,c1 :i* is graduat$ to hundr$?s ( an in*1 accord+ to ! calculat$ quantity ( wat]1 det]m9$ by ! area ( ! receiv+ space4 ,9 use1 ?is gauge %\ld be p>tly sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 s t ! top may be ab\t five in*es above x4 ,?us situat$1 !re w be little or no evaporation f x dur+ any mon? ( ! ye>2 & ! read+s ne$ n be tak5 daily1 al?\gh desirable4 #aab4 ,ra9-,gauge ) ,float4--,9 ?is con/ruction ! graduat$ glass measure is disp5s$ )4 ,! cyl9d] ( ! gauge is made less 9 diamet] ?an ! funnel1 & a holl[1 v flatt5$ sph]oid ( copp] =m+ a float1 & c>ry+ a v]tical graduat$ boxwood scale :i* moves ?r\gh ! orifice ( ! funnel1 is plac$ 9 x4 ,z ! ra9 accumulates ! float rises1 & ! am\nt ( ra9 9 ! gauge is read ^u ! scale f ! top ( ! gauge1 a b>1 hav+ a hole at ! c5tre = ! passage ( ! scale1 be+ fix$ diametrically across ! receiv+ space ( ! funnel4 ,! gauge is provid$ at ! bottom ) a brass cock1 by :i* ! wat] may be all[$ to fl[ out ( x :5ev] necess>y4 ,?is =m ( gauge is n v suitable = ! measurem5t ( small quantities2 b is admirably adapt$ = localities :]e ! ra9fall is excessive4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 #aac4 ,ra9-,gauge ) ,side-,tube4--,?is in/rum5t1 z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #he1 is a cyl9drical vessel1 m\nt$ on a base %ap$ z a fru/um ( a cone4 ,?is base may be fill$ ) s& or gravel to make ! in/rum5t /able1 s t :5 plac$ ^u a lawn or 9 a g>d5 x may h an ornam5tal appe>ance4 ,! funnel = collect+ ! ra9 is l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! cyl9d]4 ,p>allel to ! cyl9d]1 & communicat+ ) ! l[e/ "p ( ! int]ior & ext5d+ to its top1 is a graduat$ glass tube1 op5 at bo? ends4 ,! ra9 collect$ w rise z high 9 ?is tube z 9 ! cyl9d]1 & its am\nt c !re=e be read (f )\t any tr\ble4 ,! gauge is empti$ by ! brass tap at ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]4 #aad4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy's ,ra9-,gauge4--,a =m ( ra9-gauge1 v well adapt$ = exp$iti\s obs]vation at any "t1 has be5 design$ by ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 & ext5sively employ$ by 8 obs]v]s4 ,x is cyl9drical 9 %ape1 ) ! funnel let into ! top2 & ! ra9fall is collect$ 9 an inn] & mu* small] cyl9d]1 s t a small fall is repres5t$ by a consid]able dep? ( wat] 9 ! gauge4 ,! am\nt ( ra9 :i* has fall5 is asc]ta9$ by a dipp+ tube1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! dipp+ syphon us$ by gaug]s = tak+ out specim5s ( w9es or spirits f casks by simply remov+ ! bung4 ,a %ort1 v]tical1 tubul> op5+ provid$ ) a cap1 :i* is atta*$ to ! in/rum5t by a *a9 t x may n be lo/1 is =m$ 9 ! funnel4 ,! measur+ tube1 :i* has a small hole at ea* end1 %\ld be plac$ upright 9 ! gauge2 !n ! ?umb %\ld be press$ ov] ! upp] ap]ture1 :ile ! tube is lift$ g5tly out1 hold+ 9 ! l[] "p a quantity ( wat] repres5t+ ! dep? ( ! ra9 9 ! gauge1 ! upp] edge ( :i* is at ! m>k to be read (f4 ,! glass tube is graduat$ to in*es & t5?s2 hundr$?s ( an in* c be readily e/imat$ by ! eye4 ,! m>ks are fix$ by actual trial ) a /&>d gauge1 & are artificial1 n true1 in*es4 #aae4 ,self-,regi/]+ ,ra9-,gauge4--,! ra9-gauge c be comb9$ ) clock-"w & o!r me*anism s z to be self-record+ ( ! am\nt ( ra91 ! "t1 & duration ( its fall4 ,= ! details ( con/ruction ! read] is ref]r$ to ! next *apt]1 :]e he w f9d ! in/rum5t describ$ 9 connection ) ,osl]'s anemomet]1 z ! pluviomet]4 ,to obs]ve & duly record ! times ( comm5cem5t & t]m9ation ( ra9 is v desirable4 ,sc>cely any obs]v] c attempt to d ?is ev5 approximately f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,h5ce ! want ( a *eap & simple self-record+ ra9-gauge is mu* felt1 ! pres5t con/ruction be+ too exp5sive = all b a few individuals4 ,9 #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,/ra*an e/imat$ ! duration & am\nt ( ra9 9 ,london 7,gray's ,inn ,road7 z foll[s3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,mon?s4 ,,in*es4,,days4,,h\rs4 ,,mon?s4 ,,in*es4,,days4,,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,janu>y4 #a4hf #ai #hh ,july4 #b4bg #ag #fh ,febru>y4 #j4cg #i #be ,augu/4 #b4de #ab #gb ,m>*4 #c4dj #bb #acj ,septemb]4 #a4gj #ab #ee ,april4 #b4cd #ad #hj ,octob]4 #c4bc #ba #id ,may4 #c4jd #af #ij ,novemb]4 #a4ab #aj #ec ,june4 #b4de #bj #hc ,decemb]4 #a4dd #ag #ff ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,dur+ ! ye> #ahfb1 ! ra9fall am\nt$ to #be4fg in*es4 ,ra9 fell on #agi days1 t is1 on ne>ly e o!r day4 ,! h\rs ( ra9 7 e/imat$ at #ijd2 !re=e1 if ! ra9 _h fall5 cont9u\sly1 x w\ld h la/$ ne>ly #ch days & nights4#aj ,! value ( simil> e/imates ( ! ra9fall by num]\s obs]v]s w\ld be v great to meteorology4 #aaf4 ,! pr9ciple ( measurem5t 9 all ^! gauges is ! relation exi/+ betwe5 ! areas ( ! collect+ & receiv+ surfaces2 t is1 betwe5 ! area ( ! funnel into :i* ! ra9 falls1 & ! area ( ! cyl9d] :i* receives x4 ,9 ,h[>d's & ,glai%]'s gauges1 ?is cyl9d] is virtually ! measur+ glass itself2 9 ! o!rs1 above describ$1 ! measur+ scales %[ ! same dep? ( wat] z 9 ! cyl9d] ( ! gauge4 ,! cyl9d] be+ ( less diamet] ?an ! funnel1 & receiv+ all ! ra9 collect$ by ! funnel1 x foll[s t its cont5ts w h an increas$ dep?4 ,n[ equal cyl9drical volumes1 hav+ diff]5t diamet]s1 are to ea* o!r 9 l5g? inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! diamet]s4 ,h5ce1 if ! funnel be #i in*es & ! cyl9d] #c in*es 9 diamet]1 a fall ( #a in* ( ra9 w be repres5t$ 9 ! gauge by #i in*es2 = #c squ>$ 3 #i squ>$ 33 #a 3 x #i4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 a l5g? ( n9e in*es ( ! measur+ glass1 tube1 or scale1 w\ld repres5t an in* ( ra9fall1 & be divid$ into t5?s & hundr$?s ( ! artificial in*4 #aag4 ,position = ,ra9-,gauge1 c4--,ra9 gauges %\ld be plac$ on ! gr\nd1 9 any position expos$ to a free fall ( ra91 sn[1 or hail1 :]e nei!r walls1 build+s1 nor trees %elt] or cause eddies ( w9d4 ,!y %\ld be support$ by a frame1 or o!r means1 to prev5t !m be+ bl[n d[n by ! w9d1 b s t !y c be readily empti$4 ,dur+ sn[ or fro/1 ! gauge mu/ be wat*$1 & its cont5ts melt$ by plac+ x 9 a w>m room1 ei!r :5 ! am\nt is to be measur$1 or ! funnel is fill$ up ) sn[4 ,a t9 vessel ( equal area to ! funnel may at su* times be useful z a sub/itute4 ,ra9 gauges are con/ruct$ ( metal1 usually copp]1 :i*1 besides be+ readily workable1 is little affect$ by atmosph]ic influ5ces4 ,if made ( iron or z9c1 !y %\ld be well japann$2 if ( copp]1 ?is is n s ess5tial4 ,! capacity ( a gauge %\ld be suffici5t to conta9 at lea/ ! probable maximum fall ( ra9 9 a day at ! locality4 ,^? requir$ = ra9y di/ricts mu/ be ( l>ge size4 #aah4 ,causes ( ,ra94--,:5 ! invisible vap\r :i* is diffus$ 9 ! atmosph]e becomes suffici5tly cool$1 x appe>s visible z mi/ or cl\d1 & a fur!r r$uction ( temp]ature causes its precipitation z ra91 hail1 or sn[4 ,! cool+ ( ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e is d\btless ! *ief cause ( ?is cond5sation2 b ! prop]ty :i* aque\s vap\r possesses ( radiat+ heat may also contribute to ! result4 ,moreov]1 ! law :i* regulates ! am\nt ( vap\r :i* air at any p>ticul> temp]ature c su/a9 9 a transp>5t /ate1 det]m9es t :5 two bodies ( air at diff]5t temp]atures1 saturat$ ) vap\r1 int]mix1 "s moi/ure mu/ be r5d]$ visible2 & h5ce1 x is n only possible1 b highly probable1 t ra9 may result f ! conflict ( diff]5t w9ds4 ,let u imag9e two cubic y>ds ( air1 bo? saturat$ ) moi/ure1 b hav+ ! respective temp]atures ( #ej & #gj degrees1 to come into contact4 ,!re w be a t5d5cy to equalize ! temp]ature to a mean1 :i* is #fj deg42 & dur+ ?is process1 "s ( ! vap\r w be cond5s$4 ,= 9 ! air at #ej deg4 !re is #aaj4g gra9s ( vap\r#aa & #gj #baf4j ------ ,total am\nt ( vap\r #cbf4g ,b two cubic y>ds ( air at #fj deg4 c only su/a9 #cac4b ------ ,h5ce !re w be deposit$ #ac4e ( ra94 ,x may be conc$$1 !re=e1 t :5 a w>m & moi/ curr5t ( air enc\nt]s a body ( cold air :i* may n be extremely dry1 ! mixture is unable to reta9 ! :ole ( ! vap\r 9 an invisible /ate2 s t ! excess becomes visible z mi/ or fog1 &1 :5 ! temp]ature has become suffici5tly l[]$1 ra94 ,! ,briti% ,isles are m or less envelop$ 9 fog1 or mi/1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ea/]ly w9ds1 :i*1 ) a sudd5 *ange ( w9d1 is exhibit$ ev5 9 summ]2 :ile ! s\?-we/]ly w9ds1 w>m1 & arriv+ f ! ocean1 deposit l>ge quantities ( ra9 by ! cool+ effect ( ! l&1 cold] by reason ( its latitude4 ,:5 ra9 occurs ) a nor!rly w9d1 x is probably due to ! deposition f an upp] s\?-we/]ly curr5t1 (t5 app>5tly prov$ by ! movem5ts ( ! upp] cl\ds4 #aai4 ,laws ( ,ra9-fall4--,tropical c\ntries h a dry & a wet season dur+ ! ye>3 dry1 :5 ! sun is at ! opposite side ( ! equator2 wet1 :5 ! sun is ov]head4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! /ati/ics collect$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,symons indicate t3 #a/4 ,! /ations ( lea/ ra9 are inl&1 or on ! ea/ or s\?-ea/ coa/s2 ! /ations ( greate/ ra9 are on ! we/]n coa/s4 #bnd4 ,! ra9-fall is v l>ge 9 ! vic9ity ( m\nta9 *a9s or gr\ps1 unless ! /ation happ5s to be "s miles to ! nor?-ea/w>d4 ,x may be well to illu/rate ^! rem>ks by quot+#ab ! av]age fall at a few places1 gr\p+ !m z-- ,we/]ly4 ,in*es4 ,bodm9 #dc ,bolton 7,lanca%ire7 #dd ,coni/on 7,w9d]m]e7 #ga ,sea?waite #abg ,torosay 7,i4 ( ,mull7 #ge ,killaloe 7,lim]ick7 #ch ,c5tral4 ,in*es4 ,enfield #bc ,epp+ #bc ,d]by #bd ,york #bb ,/irl+ #ci ,p]? #bi ,ea/]ly4 ,in*es4 ,)am 7,essex7 #ba ,patr+ton 7,hull7 #ba ,sund]l& #ag ,inv]esk 7,ed9burgh7 #be ,pitt5weem 7,fife7 #bd ,dubl9 #bb ,mr4 ,gre51 ! celebrat$ a]onaut1 has ass]t$ f 8 exp]i5ce1 t :5ev] a fall ( ra9 happ5s1 & ! sky is entirely ov]ca/1 !re w inv>iably be f\nd to exi/ ano!r /ratum ( cl\d at a c]ta9 elevation above ! =m]2 & ! rec5t sci5tific balloon asc5ts by ,mr4 ,glai%] h t5d$ to confirm ?is !ory4 ,mr4 ,glai%] says1 ,x w\ld seem to be an e/abli%$ fact1 t :5ev] ra9 is fall+ f an ov]ca/ sky1 !re is a second /ratum above4 ,x w\ld also seem t :5 ! sky is ov]ca/ )\t ra91 t !re is no /ratum ( cl\d above1 b t ! sun is %9+ on ! upp] surface4 ,9 e in/ance 9 :i* ,i h be5 up "u ^! circum/ances1 ,i h f\nd su* to be ! case1 agree+ 9 ?is respect also ) ,mr4 ,gre5's obs]vations4 ,! am\nt ( ra9 collect$ 9 a gauge plac$ ne> ! surface ( ! e>? is l>g] ?an 9 any gauge plac$ above x2 & ! high] ! gauge is plac$1 ! less wat] is collect$4 ,mr4 ,glai%] cont5ds t 8 balloon exp]im5ts corroborate ?is law4 #abj4 ,utility ( ,/ati/ics ( ,ra9-fall4--,! utility ( kn[+ ! ra9-fall ( any locality is suffici5tly obvi\s1 & little ne$ be said ^u ! subject4 ,! ra9-gauge %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e g>d5] & f>m]4 ,9 ! managem5t ( out-door plants & crops1 z well z 9 ! con/ruction ( ci/]ns & tanks = ! supply ( wat]1 a ra9 gauge is a valuable assi/ant4 ,by its use1 ! g>d5] w be guid$ 9 judg+ h[ f> ! supply ( moi/ure to ! e>? is ne$$2 & he w also see h[ b5eficial is ev5 a ha/y %[] to gr[+ plants1 :5 he consid]s t a fall ( ra9 measur+ ! t5? ( an in* 9 dep?1 corresponds to ! deposit ( ab\t =ty hog%eads p] acre4 ,! /udy ( ! ra9-fall ( a c\ntry is ( consid]able int]e/ to agriculturi/s4 ,! heal? & increase ( dome/ic animals1 ! developm5t ( ! productions ( ! l&1 z well z ! daily lab\rs ( ! f>m]1 are dep5d5t ^u ! excess or defici5cy ( ra94 ,x mu/ be a subject ( great satisfaction & confid5ce to ! husb&man to "k at ! beg9n+ ( a summ]1 by ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( meteorological results on record1 t ! season1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 may be expect$ to be a dry & w>m "o2 or to f9d1 9 a c]ta9 p]iod ( x1 t ! av]age quantity ( ra9 to be expect$ = ! mon? has fall54 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !re is reason1 f ! same s\rce ( in=mation1 to expect mu* ra91 ! man :o has c\rage to beg9 8 op]ations "u an unfav\rable sky1 b ) good gr\nd to conclude1 f ! /ate ( 8 in/rum5ts & 8 collat]al k1 t a fair int]val is approa*+1 may (t5 be pr(it+ by 8 obs]vations2 :ile 8 cauti\s neighb\r :o wait$ '= ! wea!r to settle' may f9d t he has let ! opportunity g by4 ,?is sup]iority1 h[ev]1 is atta9able by a v mod]ate %>e ( application to ! subject2 & by ! keep+ ( a pla9 di>y ( ! b>omet] & ra9-gauge1 ) ! hygromet] & vane1 "u 8 daily notice4#ac ,! /ati/ics ( ra9-fall are n only valuable & int]e/+ 9 a meteorological po9t ( view1 & = agricultural purposes1 b are also highly important 9 connection ) sanit>y arrangem5ts = t[ns1 & eng9e]+ op]ations4 ,?is is especially evid5t to ! hydraulic eng9e]4 ,z ra9 is an important s\rce ( wat]-supply to riv]s1 canals1 & res]voirs1 x is evid5t t a k ( ! probable fall = any season or mon?1 at a giv5 place1 z furni%$ by av]ages ( ! obs]vations ( =m] ye>s1 w be ! data ^u :i* ! eng9e] w base 8 plans = provid+ = floods or dr\ghts2 :ile ! measurem5t ( ! actual quantity :i* has j fall51 z ga!r$ f ! indications ( a s]ies ( gauges1 w sugge/ to him ! precautions to adopt ei!r to economise or conduct away ! 9-p\r+ wat]s4 ,:5 a canal is conduct$ across an undulat+ c\ntry1 its c\rse is necess>ily gov]n$ by ! accid5ts ( ! gr\nd1 & x alt]nately rises & falls4 ,9 ?is case1 ris+ by a succession ( levels1 x necess>ily arrives at a c]ta9 highe/ level1 :i* is call$ by eng9e]s ! summit level4 ,f ?is x aga9 desc5ds by a correspond+ s]ies ( levels4 ,n[1 x is evid5t t1 suppos+ ! locks to be all equal 9 magnitude1 ! asc5t ( a vessel w require ! desc5t ( z mu* wat] f ! summit to ! l[e/ level z w\ld fill a s+le lock2 = ?is quantity ( wat] mu/ be dis*>g$ f ea* lock ( ! s]ies :5 ! vessel passes ?r\gh x4 ,! same may be said ( ! process by :i* ! vessel desc5ds along ! s]ies ( locks on ! o!r side ( ! summit4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t a supply ( wat] mu/ always be ma9ta9$ on ! summit level suffici5t to fill a s+le lock twice = ea* vessel :i* crosses ! summit4 ,x happ5s1 =tunately1 t by ! laws ( natural evaporation1 ra9 is precipitat$ 9 great] quantities on elevat$ summits ?an on ! int]m$iate valleys1 s t ! mov+ p[]1 9 ?is case1 accommodates itself to ! exig5cies ( int]communication4--,dr4 ,l>dn]'s ,h&book ( ,natural ,philosophy4 #aba4 ,new ,=m ( ,ra9-,gauge4--,s9ce ! =ego+ pages 7 9 type1 a modification ( ,h[>d's ra9-gauge has be5 arrang$ by ,mr4 ,symons1 :i* is compact 9 design1 conv5i5t 9 use1 & l[ 9 price4 ,x comb9es ! advantages ( mo/ gauges2 hav+ solidity1 & facility ( measurem5t4 ,! bottle is plac$ 9 a t9 case1 to ! bottom ( :i* are atta*$ /\t spikes1 :i*1 :5 =c$ into ! e>?1 prev5t its be+ upset ei!r by w9d or accid5t4 ,! bottle be+ transp>5t1 & slits made 9 ! case1 ! fall ( ra9 is se5 at a glance1 or ) a race-glass1 f a w9d[4 ,! funnel be+ atta*$ to ! cov] ( ! case is !reby kept /rictly horizontal1 & ! dep? ( ra9 c be accurately measur$ by lift+ ! bottle f its case & empty+ x into a graduat$ glass j>4 ,! funnel ( ?is gauge is a v deep cone1 to prev5t ! ra9 drops outspla%+4 ,:5 prop]ly plac$1 ! receiv+ surface w be twelve in*es above ! gr\nd1 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! mo/ advantage\s height4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,app>atus ,,employ$ ,,= ,,regi/]+ ,,! ,,direction1 ,,pressure1 ,,& ,,velocity ,,( ,,! ,,w9d4 #abb4 ,! ,vane4--,! in/rum5t by :i* ! w9d's direction is mo/ g5]ally not$1 is ! vane1 or wea!r-cock1 & all t ne$ be said ( x "h is t ! po9ts nor?1 ea/1 s\? & we/1 usually atta*$ to x1 %\ld indicate ! true & n ! magnetic directions2 & t c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t its sett+ fa/4 ,v complicat$ in/rum5ts are requir$ = asc]ta9+ ! pressure & velocity ( ! w9d1 & ^! are call$ ,anemomet]s4 ,! simple/ is ,l9d's4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 #abc4 ,l9d's ,anemomet]1 or ,w9d-,gauge 7fig4 #hf71 inv5t$ s late z #agge1 = %[+ ! pressure ( ! w9d1 consi/s ( a glass syphon1 ! limbs p>allel to ea* o!r1 & ea* limb ! same diamet]4 ,"o end ( ! syphon is b5t at "r angles to ! limb1 s z to pres5t a horizontal op5+ to ! w9d4 ,a graduat$ scale1 divid$ to in*es & t5?s1 is atta*$ to ! syphon tube1 read+ ei!r way f a z]o po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! scale4 ,! :ole in/rum5t is m\nt$ on a sp9dle1 surm\nt$ by a vane1 & is mov$ freely 9 any direction by ! w9d1 always pres5t+ ! op5 end t[>ds ! qu>t] f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,to use ! in/rum5t1 x is simply fill$ up to ! z]o po9t ) wat]1 & !n expos$ to ! w9d2 ! diff]5ce 9 ! level ( ! wat] gives ! =ce ( ! w9d 9 in*es & t5?s1 by add+ toge!r ! am\nt ( depression 9 "o limb1 & elevation 9 ! o!r1 ! sum ( ! two be+ ! height ( a column ( wat] :i* ! w9d is capable ( su/a9+ at t "t4 ,,table1 ,%[+ ! ,=ce ( ,w9d on a squ>e foot1 = diff]5t heights ( ! column ( ,wat] 9 ,l9d's ,w9d-,gauge4 ----------------------------------- ,in*es4,=ce 9,common designation lbs4 ( su* ,w9d4 --------------------------------- #f #ca4ge ,a ,hurricane4 #e #bf4jd ,a viol5t ,/orm4 #d #bj4hc ,a great ,/orm4 #c #ae4fb ,a ,/orm4 #b #aj4db ,a /rong ,w9d4 #a #e4ba ,a high ,w9d4 4#e #b4fj ,a brisk ,w9d4 4#a 4#eb ,a fre% ,breeze4 4#je 4#bf ,a g5tle ,breeze4 #j4 #j4 ,a ,calm4 ----------------------------------- #abd4 ,modification ( ,l9d's ,gauge4--,sir ,w4 ,sn[ ,h>ris has effect$ a modification ( ,l9d's anemomet]1 ) a view ( obta9+ a h& in/rum5t = use at sea m especially4 ,at pres5t ! =ce ( ! w9d is e/imat$ at sea by an arbitr>y scale1 sugge/$ by ,sir ,f4 ,beau=t1 ! late hydrograph]2 #j be+ calm1 #ab ! /ronge/ hurricane1 & ! int]m$iate num]als giv+ ! v>y+ /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,!re has be5 a long-felt want ( in/rum5tal means = obta9+ ?is data at sea1 if m]ely = ! sake ( *eck+ occasionally p]sonal e/imations1 :i* may v>y consid]ably among diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,h>ris's w9d gauge is int5d$ to be held by h&1 :ile fac+ ! w9d1 & keep+ x 9 prop] position by att5d+ to a _s-level atta*$4 ,:5 9 position1 & held firmly1 ! tube has to be op5$ to ! w9d by pressure ( ! ?umb act+ ^u jo9t$ lev]s1 controll$ by spr+s4 ,! pressure ( ! w9d moves ! enclos$ liquid2 & by )draw+ ! ?umb1 ! tube is clos$ s z to keep ! liquid 9 its position2 ! read+ is !n tak5 f its scale1 ei!r 9 p\nds on ! squ>e foot1 miles p] h\r1 or ! ord9>y designations ( w9d1 z light1 fre%1 /rong1 c4 #abe4 ,rob9son's ,anemomet]4--,dr4 ,rob9son1 ( ,armagh1 is ! inv5tor ( a v successful anemomet]1 :i* det]m9es ! horizontal velocity ( ! w9d4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 #ahej1 9 ! meteorological & tidal obs]vations made on ! coa/ ( ,irel& "u ! direction ( ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,lloyd4 ,no meteorological obs]vatory %\ld be )\t ?is valuable in/rum5t1 :i* is ess5tial 9 det]m9+ ! av]age velocity ( ! w9d ( a locality z di/+ui%$ f ! mo/ frequ5t w9d ( ! same place4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #hg4 ,f\r holl[ hemisph]ical cups1 ,a ,a1 are ext5d$ ^u conjugate diamet]s1 or arms1 ) _! diametrical planes plac$ v]tically1 & fac+ ! same way ^u a v]tical axis1 ,b1 :i* has at its l[] extremity an endless screw1 ,d4 ,! axis is support$ at ,c s z to turn ) z little friction z possible4 ,! endless screw is plac$ 9 ge> ) a tra9 ( :eels & p9ions4 ,ea* :eel c>ries an index ov] a /ation>y dial 9 front2 or ! index is fix$1 & ! graduations are plac$ ^u ! :eels !mselves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,dr4 ,rob9son has prov$1 bo? by !ory & exp]im5t1 t ! c5tre ( any "o ( ! cups s m\nt$ & set 9 motion by ! w9d1 revolves ) "o-?ird ( ! w9d's velocity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! diametrical di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! cups be "o foot1 ! circle describ$ by ! c5tres 9 "o revolution is #c4adaf feet1 & ! velocity ( ! w9d w be ?ree times ?is1 or #i4db feet1 :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to "t = ! absolute rate4 ,! in/rum5t is sometimes made ) ! c5tres ( ! cups #a4ab feet ap>t1 s t ! circle describ$ is #a_/aejj ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce4 ,h5ce1 to produce "o revolution ( ! cups1 ! w9d mu/ travel ?ree times z fa/1 or #a_/ejj ( a mile4 ,!re=e1 #ejj revolutions w be produc$ by "o mile ( w9d2 s t ! dials may be graduat$ to regi/] ! velocity 9 miles & t5?s ( miles4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t is ) five dials1 record+ respectively #aj1 #ajj1 #a1jjj1 #aj1jjj & #ajj1jjj revolutions4 ,directions = us+ ,rob9son's ,anemomet]4--,! dials read (f 9 ! same mann] z ! regi/] ( a gas met]1 comm5c+ ) ! dial f>!/ f ! endless screw4 ,! figures on ! fir/ dial indicate s _m hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( revolutions2 ^? on ! second dial s _m t5s ( ?\s&s2 ^? on ! ?ird1 ?\s&s2 ^? on ! f\r?1 hundr$s2 & ^? on ! fif? s _m t5s4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be read e morn+ at #i o'clock2 &1 usually1 x w only be necess>y to read ! fir/ ?ree dials4 ,! figures c be ent]$ z !y are read (f4 ,%\ld ! index po9t betwe5 two figures1 ! less ( ! two is to be tak54 ,= example1 if ! fir/ dial po9ts to #g1 or betwe5 #g & #h2 :ile ! second dial indicates #d2 & ! ?ird1 #e2 ! entry to be made is #gde 7indicative ( #gde ?\s& revolutions74 ,e "t ! index ( ! fir/ dial is f\nd to h pass$ z]o 7#j71 a cross or /> is to be prefix$ to ! next 7a l[]7 read+4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ _m ?\s&s ( revolutions h be5 made dur+ ! mon?1 x w simply be necess>y to subtract ! fir/ read+ f ! la/1 & prefix to ! ?ree figures ?us obta9$ a figure correspond+ to ! numb] ( />s 9 ! column4 ,= e ?\s& revolutions !re are two miles ( w9d3 we h !re=e only to multiply by #b to f9d h[ _m miles ( w9d h pass$ dur+ ! mon?4 ,two entries mu/ be made = ! la/ day ( ea* mon? 7! "o be+ writt5 "u ! o!r71 s z to br+ ! read+s d[n to #i ,a4,m4 on ! #a/ ( ! foll[+ mon?4 ,! same entry :i* ends "o mon?1 w !re=e beg9 ! next4 ,?is repetition ( "o entry is necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t los+ a day's w9d4 ,! accompany+ example ( ! #fhg read+s ( an ,anemomet] = #ac days #ggc w illu/rate ! me?od ( mak+ #hbb ! entries1 c4 #hee #ijj ,9 ?is in/ance1 ! fir/ read+ #iec 7#fhg7 is less ?an ! la/ 7#gic74 #iij ,:5 ! fir/ read+ is great] ?an 99#jff ! la/1 x w be necess>y to borr[ #aig #a1jjj 9 mak+ ! subtractions1 #cbc & !n d$uct "o f ! numb] #dad ( />s4 ,?us1 if ! fir/ read+ #eig ( ! s]ies on ! m>g9 _h #gab be5 #hhg1 ! result w\ld h be5 #gic #ijf in/ead ( #aajf4 ---- #aajf ?\s&s ( revolutions4 #b ----- #ac #bbab miles ( w9d 9 p]iod4 ----- #agj miles ( w9d p] day1 on an av]age4 ,! =ego+ directions are all :i* require to be regul>ly att5d$ to4 ,b x may be int]e/+ at times to f9d ! velocity ( ! w9d dur+ a p]iod ( a few m9utes4 ,?is may be asc]ta9$ by obs]v+ ! diff]5ce ( two read+s ( all ! dials1 ) an int]val ( "s m9utes betwe5 !m1 :5 a v brief calculation w suffice2 b p]haps ! simple/ me?od is ! foll[+3-- ,take two read+s1 ) an int]val ( #ab m9utes betwe5 !m4 ,! diff]5ce ( ^! read+s1 divid$ by #aj1 is ! velocity ( ! w9d 9 miles p] h\r4 ,?us--if ! read+ ( ! five dials 7f left to "r7 at noon is #aebjf1 & at #ab m9utes pa/ #ab is #aecdh1 ! velocity ( ! w9d is #ad4b miles p] h\r4--,admiral ,fitz,roy1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a lev] & clut* are sometimes fitt$ to ?is anemomet]1 z 9 fig4 #hh1 = ?r[+ ! tra9 out ( ge> :5 n requir$ to regi/]4 ,x may also be connect$ ) clock-"w s z to be self-record+1 by caus+ ! me*anism to impress a m>k ^u prep>$ pap] mov$ by ! app>atus1 at c]ta9 int]vals ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,?is anemomet] %\ld be fix$ 9 an expos$ situation1 z high above gr\nd z may be conv5i5t = read+4 ,x may be made v portable1 by ! arms :i* c>ry ! cups be+ fitt$ to unscrew or to fold d[n4 ,:5 fitt$ 9 gimbals1 x c be us$ at sea ) mu* advantage4 ,! pressure ( ! w9d has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ to v>y z ! squ>e ( ! velocity2 ! relation be+ ,v squ>$ #bjj x ,p4 ,f ?is =mula1 !re=e1 ! pressure c be calculat$ correspond+ to ! obs]v$ velocity4 #abf4 ,:ewell's ,anemomet]4--,?is app>atus1 ! inv5tion ( ! celebrat$ ,dr4 ,w4 ,:ewell1 regi/]s ! horizontal motion ( ! air ) ! direction4 ,its me*anism may be describ$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 z foll[s3-- ,a horizontal brass plate is atta*$ to a v]tical sp9dle1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! axis ( a fix$ cyl9d]1 be+ support$ by a be>+ at ! l[] end1 & work+ 9 a coll> at ! upp]4 ,a vane is atta*$1 by :i* ! plate is mov$ ab\t accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,a fly1 hav+ eight fans1 ea* fix$ at an angle ( #de deg4 ) ! axle1 is plac$ ^u ! plate s t ! axle is 9 ! l9e ( direction ( ! vane4 ,an endless screw on ! axle turns a v]tical :eel hav+ "o hundr$ tee?1 ! axle to :i* has also an endless screw work+ into a horizontal :eel1 hav+ a l numb] ( tee?1 & :i* communicates motion to a v]tical screw fifte5 in*es long4 ,on ?is screw is plac$ a moveable nut1 :i* c>ries a p5cil4 ,r\nd ! cyl9d] is wrapp$ daily a pap] divid$ = ! po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! w9d act+ ^u ! vane w cause ! plate to turn2 & ! screw :i* c>ries ! p5cil w travel ) x1 s t ! p5cil w m>k ^u ! pap] ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! fly w also be set 9 motion1 & !reby ! nut ^u ! screw w desc5d1 s t ! atta*$ p5cil w trace a v]tical l9e ^u ! pap]4 ,:5 ! fans on ! axle are #b4c in*es f axis to end1 & #a4i in*es wide1 & ! ?read ( ! screw su* t =ty-five revolutions w cause ! nut to desc5d two in*es1 #ge4he miles ( w9d w cause ! p5cil to desc5d ?r\gh a v]tical space ( two in*es2 b ! actual trace ^u ! pap] w be long] 9 proportion to ! magnitude ( *ange ( azimu?1 or direction1 ( ! w9d4 #abg4 ,osl]'s ,anemomet]1 & ,pluviomet]4--,mr4 ,follet ,osl] is ! inv5tor ( a self-record+ app>atus :i* regi/]s ! direction & pressure ( ! w9d1 & ! am\nt & duration ( ra91 ^u ! same %eet ( pap]4 ,8 app>atus has met ) v mu* approbation1 & has be5 erect$ 9 _m obs]vatories4 ,! me*anism may be modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & ! foll[+ is a description ( ! simple/ & mo/ rec5t arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,! in/rum5t1 ( :i* fig4 #hi is a diagram r ?an a picture1 consi/s1 fir/1 ( a vane1 ,v1 ( a w$ge-%ape =m1 :i* is f\nd to answ] bett] ?an a flat vane2 = ! latt] is always 9 a neutral l9e1 & !re=e is n suffici5tly s5sitive4 ,a w9d-mill gov]nor has be5 sub/itut$ = ! vane to get ! direction ( ! w9d1 ) advantage4 ,at ! l[] end ( ! tube1 ,t ,t1 is a small p9ion1 work+ 9 a rack1 r1 :i* moves backw>ds & =w>ds z ! w9d presses ! vane4 ,to ?is rack a p5cil1 x1 is atta*$1 :i* m>ks ! direction ( ! w9d on a prop]ly rul$ pap]1 plac$ horizontally b5ea?1 & s adju/$ z to progress at ! rate ( half an in* p] h\r1 by means ( a simple contrivance connect+ x ) a good clock4 ,! pap] is %[n 9 ! illu/ration ^u ! table ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! pressure plate1 ,f1 = asc]ta9+ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 is "o foot squ>e1 plac$ imm$iately b5ea?1 & at "r angles ) ! vane2 x is support$ by light b>s1 runn+ horizontally on friction roll]s1 & communicat+ ) flatt5$ spr+s1 #a1 #b1 #c1 s t ! plate1 :5 affect$ by ! pressure ( ! w9d1 acts ^u !m1 & !y transf] su* action to a copp] *a9 pass+ d[n ! int]ior ( ! direction tube1 & ov] a pulley at ! bottom4 ,a light copp] wire connects ?is *a9 ) ! spr+ lev]1 y y1 c>ry+ a p5cil :i* records ! pressure ^u ! pap] bel[4 ,mr4 ,osl] mu* pref]s a spr+ to any o!r means = asc]ta9+ ! =ce ( ! w9d1 because x is ( ! highe/ importance to h z little matt] 9 motion z possible1 o!rwise ! mom5tum acquir$ w cause ! pressure plate to give v errone\s indications4 ,! pressure plate is z light z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,x is kept be=e ! w9d by ! vane1 & is urg$ out by ?ree or m spr+s1 s t ) light w9ds "o only is compress$1 & two1 or m1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! w9d4 ,! pluviomet] is plac$ on ! "r 9 ! figure1 ,p ,p be+ ! plane ( ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,! ra9 funnel1 ,r1 exposes an area ( ab\t #bjj squ>e in*es4 ,! wat] collect$ 9 x is convey$ by a tube ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! build+ into a glass vessel1 ,g1 s adju/$ & graduat$ z to indicate a qu>t] ( an in* ( ra9 = e #bjj squ>e in*es ( surface1 i4 e4 #ej cubic in*es4 ,g is support$ by spiral spr+s1 b b1 :i* are compress$ by ! accumulat+ ra94 ,a glass tube1 op5 at bo? ends1 is cem5t$ into ! bottom ( ,g1 & ov] x is plac$ a l>g] "o clos$ at ! top l a bell glass4 ,! small] tube ?us =ms ! long leg ( a syphon1 & ! l>g] tube acts z ! %ort leg4 ,! wat]1 hav+ ris5 to ! level ( ! top ( ! inn] tube1 drops ov] into a little copp] tilt1 t1 9 ! globe1 ,s1 b5ea? ! res]voir4 ,?is tilt is divid$ into two equal p>titions by a slip ( copp]1 & plac$ ^u an axis n exactly balanc$1 b s t "o end or ! o!r prepond]ates4 ,! wat] !n drops into ! end ( ! tilt :i* happ5s to be upp]mo/1 & :5 q full x falls ov]1 ?r[+ ! wat] into ! globe1 ,s1 f :i* x fl[s away by ! wa/e pipe4 ,9 ?is way an imp]fect vacuum is produc$ 9 ! globe1 q suffici5t to produce a draught 9 ! small tube ( ! syphon1 or ! long leg2 & ! :ole cont5ts ( ! res]voir1 ,g1 imm$iately run (f1 & ! spiral spr+s1 b b1 elevate ! res]voir to its orig9al position4 ,to produce ?is action1 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ra9 mu/ h fall54 ,! regi/ration is easily und]/ood4 ,a spr+ lev]1 z1 c>ry+ a p5cil1 is atta*$ by a cord1 c1 to ,s4 ,?is spr+ always keeps ! cord tight1 s t z ! app>atus desc5ds dur+ ! fall ( ra91 ! spr+ advances ! p5cil m & m f ! z]o ( ! scale ^u ! pap] b5ea?1 until a qu>t] ( an in* has fall51 :5 ! p5cil is drawn back to z]o by ! asc5t ( ! res]voir4 ,! clock movem5t c>ries ! regi/]+ pap] =w>d by "o ( ! :eels work+ into a rack atta*$ to ! frame4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! in/rum5t %\ld be c>efully made at its fir/ erection4 ,! scale = pressure %\ld be e/abli%$ exp]im5tally1 by apply+ weights ( #b1 #d1 #f1 c41 lbs41 to move ! pressure plate4 ,! regi/ration trace = tw5ty-f\r h\rs is readily und]/ood4 ,! direction is record$ on ! c5tre "p2 ! pressure on "o side1 & ! ra9 on ! o!r4 ,l9es p>allel to ! l5g? ( ! pap] %[ no ra91 /eady w9d1 & con/ant pressure4 ,on ! ra9 trace1 a l9e p>allel to ! wid? ( ! pap] %[s t ! p5cil _h be5 drawn back to z]o1 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ra9 hav+ fall54 ,! h\r l9es are 9 ! direction ( ! wid? ( ! pap]4 ,at ! ,int]national ,exhibition #ahfb1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra exhibit$ an improv$ ,osl]'s anemomet]1 hav+ comb9$ ) x ,rob9son's cups1 s t ! pressure & velocity appe> on ! same %eet1 on :i* a l9e an in* 9 l5g? is record$ at e t5 miles2 ?us ! complete in/rum5t %[s cont9u\sly ! direction1 pressure1 & velocity ( ! w9d4 #abh4 ,beckley's ,anemomet]4--,mr4 ,r4 ,beckley1 ( ! ,kew ,obs]vatory1 has devis$ a self-regi/]+ anemomet]1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree pr9cipal p>ts3 ,rob9son's cups = ! det]m9ation ( velocity2 a d\ble fan1 or w9d-mill gov]nor1 = obta9+ ! direction2 & a clock to move a cyl9d]1 ar\nd :i* regi/ration pap] is wrapp$4 ,! pap] records ! "t1 velocity1 & direction ( ! w9d = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :5 x mu/ be replac$4 ,x has a ca/-iron tubul> support1 or p$e/al to c>ry ! ext]nal p>ts--! cups & ! fans1--:i* mu/ be erect$ ^u ! ro( ( ! build+ ^u :i* x is desir$ to m\nt ! in/rum5t4 ,! fans keep _! axis at "r angles to ! w9d2 & ) any *ange ( direction !y move1 c>ry+ ) !m an out] brass tube1 :i* re/s ^u friction balls on ! top ( ! p$e/al1 & is atta*$ to a tubul> %aft pass+ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! p$e/al1 & t]m9at+ ) a mitre :eel4 ,! mitre :eel1 work+ ) o!r cogg$ :eels1 communicates ! motion ( ! direction %aft to a cyl9d] c>ry+ a p5cil1 to record ! direction4 ,! %aft c>ry+ ! cups is support$ ^u friction balls1 plac$ 9 a groove =m$ on ! top ( ! direction %aft1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! int]ior ( t %aft1 comes out bel[ ! mitre :eel1 :]e x is t]m9at$ 9 an endless screw1 or worm4 ,^u ! w9d mov+ ! cups1 motion is giv5 to ! inn]mo/ %aft1 !nce to ! worm-:eel1 :5ce motion is giv5 to a p5cil :i* regi/]s ! velocity4 ,de la ,rue's metallic pap] is us$ 9 regi/ration1 x hav+ ! prop]ty ( receiv+ a trace f a brass p5cil4 ,! p5cils c1 !re=e1 be made 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t =m4 ,mr4 ,beckley =ms ea* p5cil ( a /rip ( brass wrapp$ r\nd a cyl9d]1 mak+ a v ?9 ?read$ screw1 s t ! contact ( ! p5cil cyl9d] & ! clock cyl9d] is a m]e po9t ( ! metallic ?read4 ,! p5cil cyl9d]s are plac$ side by side ^u ! cyl9d] turn$ by ! clock1 & require no spr+ or o!r appliance to keep !m to _! "w1 b always make contact ) ! regi/ration pap] by _! own gravity4 ,!y !re=e require no att5tion1 & be+ z long z ! trace :i* !y make1 !y w la/ a long "t4 ,! velocity p5cil has only "o turn on ! cyl9d]1 & its pit* is equal to a scale ( fifty miles ^u ! pap]4 ,! direction p5cil has likewise "o turn on its cyl9d]1 its pit* be+ equal to a scale ( ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass ^u ! pap]4 ,! clock gives a uni=m motion ( half an in* p] h\r to ! cyl9d] ^u :i* ! pap] is fa/5$4 ,! regi/]+ me*anism ( ! in/rum5t is v compact1 requir+ only a space ( ab\t #ah in*es by #h in*es4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,briti% ,association = #aheh1 ,mr4 ,beckley has giv5 a detail$ description ( 8 anemomet]1 ) draw+s ( all ! p>ts4 #abi4 ,self-,regi/]+ ,l9d's ,anemomet]4--,a ,l9d's w9d-gauge1 design$ to regi/] ! maximum pressure1 0 exhibit$ at ! ,int]national ,exhibition #ahfb1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,wood4 ,! b5d ( ! syphon is contract$ to obta9 /ead9ess4 ,on ! leew>d limb a hole is drill$ correspond+ 9 size ) ! contract$ portion ( ! tube4 ,! edge ( ! hole corresponds ) ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,on ! pressure ( ! w9d increas+1 z mu* ( ! wat] z w\ld h ris5 above ! ap]ture fl[s away1 & !re=e ! quantity left indicates ! greate/ pressure ( ! w9d s9ce ! la/ sett+ ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* is done by fill+ x ) wat] up to ! z]o po9t4 #acj4 ,anemometric ,obs]vations4--,to illu/rate ! value ( anemometric obs]vations1 we quote f a pap] by ,mr4 ,h>tnup1 on ! results obta9$ f ,osl]'s ,anemomet]1 at ! ,liv]pool ,obs]vatory4 ,! six ye>s' obs]vations1 end+ #aheg1 gave = ! ye>ly av]age ( ! w9ds3 ,nor?-ea/]ly1 on #fj days1 at #g4h miles p] h\r2 ,nor?-we/]ly1 on #aab days1 at #ae4d miles p] h\r2 ,s\?-ea/]ly1 on #aae days1 at #aa4j miles p] h\r2 ,s\?-we/]ly1 on #gg days1 at #ac4h miles p] h\r2 & "o day calm4 ,f ! same obs]vations1 ! av]age v>iation 9 ! /r5g? ( ! w9d dur+ ! #bd h\rs is3--#aa miles p] h\r1 ! m9imum =ce1 occurr+ at #a-a_/b a4m42 until #f a4m4 x rema9s mu* ! same1 be+ !n #aa4c miles p] h\r2 at #aj a4m4 x is #ac4d miles p] h\r2 at #a-a_/b p4m4 ! w9d is at its maximum /r5g?1 be+ #ad4h miles p] h\r2 at #e p4m4 x is aga9 #ac4d miles p] h\r1 & at #i p4m4 #aa4c miles p] h\r4 ,h5ce x appe>s t ! w9d falls to its m9imum =ce mu* m gradually ?an x rises to its maximum2 t ! decrease & increase are equal & contr>y1 s t ! curve is symmetrical2 & t g5]ally ! =ce ( w9d is less at night ?an dur+ ! day4 ,!re is evid5ce1 says ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 9 ,mr4 ,h>tnup's v valuable anemometrical results1 :i* seems to prove t to 8 obs]vatory1 9 a valley1 ) build+s & hills to ! nor?-ea/w>d1 ! real pol> curr5t does n bl[ f ,n4,e41 b ne>] ,s4,e4 ,by 8 reliable dige/ ( w9ds exp]i5c$ !re1 x appe>s t ^? mo/ preval5t 7 f ,w4,n4,w4 & ,s4,s4,e4 ,b 9 ,engl&1 g5]ally1 ! prevail+ w9ds are believ$ to be we/]ly1 incl9+ to s\?-we/]ly1 & nor?-ea/]ly2 :ile ( all w9ds1 ! s\?-ea/]ly is ab\t ! r>e/4 ,at ,"l ,wrottesley's obs]vatory1 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ab\t #ecj feet above ! sea1 !re appe>s to be consid]ably less /r5g? ( w9d at any giv5 "t1 :5 a gale is bl[+ g5]ally1 ?an occurs simultane\sly at places along ! sea-coa/3 :5ce ! inf]5ce is1 t undulations ( ! l&'s surface & hills1 dim9i% ! /r5g? ( w9d mat]ially by frictional resi/ance4 ,all ! synoptic *>ts hi!rto advanc$ at ! ,bo>d ( ,trade exhibit a m>k$ dim9ution ( =ce inl& comp>$ ) t on ! sea-coa/4 ,inde$1 ! coa/ itself (f]s simil> evid5ce1 9 its /unt$1 slop+ trees1 & comp>ative b>r5ness4#ad ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,= ,,inve/igat+ ,,atmosph]ic ,,electricity4 #aca4 ,atmosph]ic ,electroscope4--,! simple/ in/rum5t = asc]ta9+ at any "t ! electric condition ( ! atmosph]e is an electroscope compos$ ( two equal pieces ( gold leaf1 susp5d$ f a brass support1 & insulat$1 z well z protect$ f ! movem5t ( ! air1 by a glass cov]+4 ,fig4 #ij repres5ts su* an in/rum5t4 ,! cap ( ! brass support is fitt$ = ! reception1 9 ! v]tical direction1 ( a metallic rod1 n less ?an two or ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! top ( ! rod c>ries a clip4 ,! in/rum5t acts accord+ to ! law1 t bodies simil>ly electrifi$ repel ea* o!r2 b :5 dissimil>ly electrifi$1 !y attract ea* o!r4 ,to make an obs]vation1 ! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 ! op5 air1 & a light$ piece ( cig> fusee1 or t\*-pap]1 is fix$ 9 ! clip4 ,! electricity ( ! air is collect$ by ! sub/ance und]go+ combu/ion1 & conduct$ by ! rod to ! gold leaf2 & ! pieces1 be+ simil>ly electrifi$1 sep>ate m or less accord+ to ! am\nt ( electricity pres5t4 ,! k9d is det]m9$ by ! effect ( ei!r an excit$ /ick ( seal+-wax or rod ( glass ^u ! electrifi$ gold leaf4 ,a rod ( glass1 :5 rubb$ briskly ) a silk h&k]*ief or piece ( wooll5 clo?1 becomes positively electrifi$1 or excit$1 z x is t]m$4 ,a /ick ( seal+-wax1 simil>ly treat$1 acquires ! negative /ate4 ,if1 !re=e1 an excit$ glass rod be pres5t$ to ! cap ( ! in/rum5t1 & x cause ! pieces ( gold leaf to div]ge /ill fur!r1 ! electric /ate ( ! air mu/ be analog\s to t ( ! glass1 t is1 positive2 if !y approa*1 x is negative4 ,on ! contr>y1 if a /ick ( seal+-wax be us$1 ! pieces w be repell$ m ap>t if !y h acquir$ negative electricity f ! air2 & !y w conv]ge if !y h a positive *>ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,by means ( ?is v simple in/rum5t1 meteorological obs]v]s c readily asc]ta9 ! electric condition ( ! l[] air at any "t4 ,,note4--,a book conta9+ /rips ( gold leaf is s5t ) ! ,electromet] to replace ! gold leaves :5 torn or brok5 9 use4 ,to m\nt fre% gold leaves1 unscrew ! brass plate to :i* is atta*$ ! rod support+ ! leaves2 !n moi/5 ) ! brea? ! flat piece ( brass1 & press x g5tly d[n on "o /rip ( gold1 :il/ ! book is only p>tly op5$2 ! second leaf is atta*$ 9 ! same mann]4 #acb4 ,volta's ,electromet] is simil> to ! in/rum5t j describ$1 except t in/ead ( gold leaf two light pieces ( /raw1 or two pi? balls1 are freely susp5d$ f ! conductor2 ! am\nt ( ! electric *>ge be+ e/imat$ f ! degrees ( div]g5ce1 %[n by a graduat$ arc4 #acc4 ,pelti]'s ,electromet] is a mu* sup]ior in/rum5t 9 po9t ( s5sibility4 ,a tall glass tube an in* or m 9 diamet]1 is connect$ to a glass receiv]1 m\nt$ on a base fitt$ ) levell+ screws4 ,at ! top ( ! tube is =m$ a globe f f\r to five in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* is ?ickly gilt on ! ext]ior1 s z to =m a good conduct+ surface4 ,a wire passes f ! ball d[n ! tube into ! receiv]1 :]e x is b5t up1 & ends 9 a /eel po9t ov] ! c5tre ( ! base4 ,a b5t wire1 c>ry+ a small magnetic ne$le1 is balanc$ on ! /eel po9t1 s t ! magnet1 ) ! f9e wire1 arranges itself horizontally 9 ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idian4 ,if any cl\d or portion ( air 9 ! neighb\rhood be 9 an electrical /ate1 x w act by induction ^u ! gilt ball1 & ! ne$le w be deflect$ f its nor? & s\? direction4 ,a graduat$ circle indicates ! numb] ( degrees ( ! deflection1 :i* w be great] or less accord+ to ! t5sion ( ! electricity4 ,to asc]ta9 :e!r ! electricity is positive or negative1 a /ick ( %ellac or glass mu/ be employ$1 z already describ$4 #acd4 ,bohn5b]g]'s ,electroscope may be fitt$ ) a metallic conductor1 & us$ ) great advantage = obs]v+ atmosph]ic electricity4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 z improv$ by ,becqu]el1 are ! foll[+3--,a ,b1 fig4 #ia1 is a small dry galvanic pile ( f #ejj to #hjj pairs1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]2 :5 ! plates are press$ toge!r1 su* a pile w be f #b to #b-a_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! wires1 :i* are b5t s z to /& above ! pile1 t]m9ate 9 two plates1 ,p & ,m1 :i* are ! poles ( ! pile4 ,^! plates1 :i* are #b in*es by #a_/b an in*1 are p>allel & opposite to ea* o!r4 ,x is conv5i5t = _! opposite sides to be slightly convex1 = !m to be gild$ or coat$ ) plat9um1 & = !m to run on ! pol> wires1 by ! latt] be+ made to pass ?r\gh a small hole 9 !m4 ,"o ( ^! plates w always be 9 a /ate ( positive1 & ! o!r ( negative1 electricity2 betwe5 !m susp5d ! v f9e gold leaf1 ,d ,g1 :i* is atta*$ to ! conductor1 ,c ,d1 ( copp] wire4 ,if ! leaf hang exactly betwe5 ! two plates1 x is equally attract$ by ea*1 & w !re=e be 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,! app>atus %\ld be protect$ by a bell-glass1 fitt+ exactly1 & hav+ an op5+ at ! top ?r\gh :i* ! copp] wire1 ,c ,d1 passes2 ! wire1 h[ev]1 is insulat$ by its be+ conta9$ 9 a glass tube1 :i* is made to adh]e to ! bell-glass by means ( a small portion ( %ellac or gum-lac4 ,screw on a metal ball or plate1 to imp>t to x ! electricity y wi% to te/1 :i* w be convey$ by ! copp] wire to ! gold leaf1 & ! latt] w imm$iately move t[>ds ! plate :i* has ! opposite pol>ity4 ,?is electroscope is1 beyond d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ delicate ev] con/ruct$1 & is well adapt$ to %[ small quantities ( positive & negative electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,to ensure ! susceptibility ( electroscopes & electromet]s plac$ "u bell-glasses1 precautions %\ld be tak5 to r5d] ! air !y conta9 z dry z possible1 :i* may be effect$ by enclos+ 9 a suitable vessel a little melt$ *loride ( calcium b5ea? ! glass4 ,! galvanic pile employ$ 9 ?is electroscope is t inv5t$ by ,zamboni4 ,x diff]s f ! common hydro-electric batt]ies pr9cipally 9 ?is1 t ! pres5ce ( ! electromotive liquid is disp5s$ )1 & t 9 its place is sub/itut$ "s moi/ sub/ance ( l[ conduct+ p[]1 g5]ally pap]4 ,! electromotors 9 ^! piles are compos$ = ! mo/ "p ( ,dut* gold 7copp]7 & silv] 7z9c7 pap] press$ "o on ! o!r1 ) _! pap] sides toge!r1 out ( :i* discs are cut ) a diamet] ( f a qu>t] ( an in* to an in*4 ,m p[]ful pairs ( plates may be obta9$ by us+ only ! silv] pap] & sme>+ its pap] side ) a ?9 coat ( honey1 on :i* "s f9ely pulv]iz$ p]oxide ( manganese has be5 spr9kl$1 & all ! sides simil>ly coat$ are pres5t$ "o way4 ,p[]ful pairs ( plates may also be made by pa/+ pure gold leaf on ! pap] side ( z9c-pap]4 ,^! plates are !n to be arrang$1 j z 9 ! ord9>y voltaic pile1 "o above ! o!r1 s t ! simil> metallic surfaces may all lie "o way2 press !m tightly toge!r2 tie !m ) pretty /\t silk ?reads1 & press !m into a glass tube ( conv5i5t size4 ,! metal rims ( ! tubes1 :i* mu/ be well connect$ ) ! out]mo/ pairs ( plates1 =m ! poles ( ! pile1 ! negative pole be+ 9 ! extreme z9c surface1 & ! positive 9 ! extreme copp] or manganese surface4 ,! electromotive en]gy call$ into action 9 ^! dry piles is less ?an t excit$ 9 ! moi/ or hydro-electric piles1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( ! imp]fect conduction ( ! pap]4 ,! accumulation ( electricity at _! poles also goes on less rapidly1 & consequ5tly ! electrical t5sion cont9ues = a long :ile unalt]$2 :]eas1 9 all moi/ piles1 ev5 9 ! mo/ con/ant ( !m1 ! t5sion is ma9ta9$1 comp>atively speak+1 = b a %ort "t1 on acc\nt ( ! *emical action & decomposition ( ! electromotive fluid--causes ( di/urbance :i* d n exi/ 9 ! dry pile4#ae #ace4 ,?omson's ,electromet]4--,pr(essor ,w4 ,?omson1 ( ,glasg[1 has devis$ an atmosph]ic electromet]1 :i* is likely to become em95tly successful1 9 ! h&s ( skilful obs]v]s4 ,x is ma9ly a torsion balance comb9$ ) a ,leyd5-j>4 ,! index is an alum9ium ne$le /rung on a f9e plat9um wire1 pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre ( gravity1 & /ret*$ firmly betwe5 two po9ts4 ,! ne$le & wire are c>efully insulat$ f ! great] "p ( ! in/rum5t1 b are 9 metallic communication ) two small plates fix$ beside ! two ends ( ! ne$le1 & t]m$ ! repell+ plates4 ,a second pair ( l>g] plates face ! repell+ plates1 on ! opposite side ( ! ne$le1 b consid]ably f>!r f x4 ,^! plates are 9 connection ) ! inn] coat+ ( a ,leyd5-j>1 & are t]m$ ! attract+ plates4 ,! :ole in/rum5t is enclos$ 9 a metal cage1 to protect ! glass ,leyd5-j> & ! delicate ne$le4 ,! ,leyd5-j> %\ld be *>g$ :5 ! in/rum5t is us$4 ,its effect is two-fold3 x increases greatly ! s5sibility ( ! in/rum5t1 & enables ! obs]v] to di/+ui% betwe5 positive & negative electrification4 ,! air inside ! j> is kept dry by pumice-/one1 slightly moi/5$ ) sulphuric acid2 by :i* means v p]fect insulation is ma9ta9$4 ,electrodes1 or t]m9als1 are br\ght outside ! in/rum5t1 by :i* ! ,leyd5-j> c be *>g$1 & ! ne$le sy/em connect$ ) ! body1 ! electric /ate ( :i* is to be te/$4 ,= ! purpose ( te/+ ! electric /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! in/rum5t is provid$ ) a conductor & support = a burn+ mat*1 or1 pref]ably1 ) an arrangem5t t]m$ a wat]-dropp+ collector2 by ei!r ( :i* means ! electricity ( ! air is convey$ to ! ne$le sy/em4 ,! ne$le abuts ^u ! repell+ plates :5 n influ5c$ by electricity1 9 :i* position x is at z]o4 ,x c always be br\ght back to z]o by a torsion-head1 turn+ "o end ( ! plat9um wire1 b insulat$ f x1 & provid$ ) a graduat$ circle1 s t ! magnitude ( ! arc1 t ! torsion-head is mov$ ?r\gh to br+ ! ne$le to z]o1 measures ! =ce t5d+ to deflect x4 ,! action ( ! in/rum5t is z foll[s3--,! ,leyd5-j> is to be highly *>g$1 say negatively2 & ! repell+ plates are to be connect$ ) ! e>?4 ,! ne$le w !n be deflect$ aga9/ a /op1 "u ! comb9$ influ5ce ( attraction f ! ,leyd5-j>1 or attract+ plates1 & repulsion f ! repell+ plates due to ! positive *>ge induc$ on ! ne$le & its plates by ! ,leyd5-j> plates4 ,! plat9um wire mu/ !n be turn$ r\nd by ! torsion-head s z to br+ back ! ne$le to z]o2 & ! numb] ( degrees ( torsion requir$ w measure ! =ce ) :i* ! ne$le is attract$4 ,next1 let ! ne$le plates be disconnect$ f ! e>?1 & connect$ ) ! insulat$ body1 ! electric /ate ( :i* is to be te/$4 ,9 te/+ ! atmosph]e1 ! conductor & light$ mat*1 or wat]-dropp+ app>atus1 mu/ be appli$4 ,if ! electricity ( ! body be positive1 x w augm5t ! positive *>ge 9 ! ne$le plates1 induc$ by ! ,leyd5-j> plates2 & consequ5tly ! ne$le w be m deflect$ ?an by ! action ( ! j> alone4 ,if ! electricity ( ! body be negative1 x w t5d to neutralize ! positive *>ge2 & ! ne$le w be less deflect$4 ,h5ce ! k9d ( electricity pres5t 9 ! air becomes at once app>5t1 )\t ! necessity ( an exp]im5tal te/4 ,! plat9um wire mu/ !n be turn$ till ! ne$le is br\ght to z]o1 & ! numb] ( degrees obs]v$2 :i* is a measure ( ! int5sity ( ! electrification4 ,any loss ( *>ge f ! ,leyd5-j> :i* may f "t to "t occur1 r$uc+ ! s5sibility inconv5i5tly1 may be made good by additions f a small electrophorus :i* accompanies ! in/rum5t4#af ,! in/rum5t may be made self-record+ by ! aid ( clockwork & photography4 ,to effect ?is1 a clock gives motion to a cyl9d]1 ^u :i* photographic pap] is m\nt$4 ,! ne$le ( ! electromet] is made to c>ry a small reflector2 & rays f a prop]ly adju/$ s\rce ( light are ?r[n by ! reflector1 ?r\gh a small op5+1 ^u ! photographic pap]4 ,x is evid5t1 t z ! cyl9d] revolves1 a trace w be left ^u ! pap]1 %[+ ! magnitude (1 & v>iations 91 ! deflection ( ! ne$le4 #acf4 ,fundam5tal ,facts reg>d+ ,atmosph]ic ,electricity4--,! g5]al electrical condition ( ! atmosph]e is positive 9 relation to ! surface ( ! e>? & ocean1 becom+ m & m positive z ! altitude increases4 ,:5 ! sky is ov]ca/1 & ! cl\ds are mov+ 9 diff]5t directions1 x is subject to great & sudd5 v>iations1 *ang+ rapidly f positive to negative1 & ! rev]se4 ,dur+ fog1 ra91 hail1 sleet1 sn[1 & ?und]/orms1 ! electrical /ate ( ! air und]goes _m v>iations4 ,! int5sity ( ! electricity increases ) hot wea!r foll[+ a s]ies ( wet days1 or ( wet wea!r com+ aft] a cont9uance ( dry days4 ,! atmosph]ic electricity1 9 fact1 seems to dep5d = its int5sity & k9d ^u ! direction & "* ( ! prevail+ w9d1 "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,x has an annual & a diurnal v>iation4 ,!re is a great] diurnal *ange ( t5sion 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,by comp>+ obs]vations f mon? to mon?1 a gradual increase ( t5sion is p]ceiv$ f ,july to ,febru>y1 & a decrease f ,febru>y to ,july4 ,! int5sity seems to v>y ) ! temp]ature4 ,! diurnal v>iation exhibits two p]iods ( greate/ & two ( lea/ int5sity4 ,9 summ]1 ! maxima occur ab\t #aj a4m4 & #aj p4m42 ! m9ima ab\t #b a4m4 & noon4 ,9 w9t]1 ! maxima take place ne> #aj a4m4 & #h p4m42 ! m9ima ne> #d a4m4 & #d p4m4 ,! rese>*es ( ,saussure1 ,becc>ia1 ,crosse1 ,quetelet1 ,?ompson1 & ,fitz,roy h t5d$ to %[ t dur+ ! preval5ce ( pol> curr5ts ( air positive electricity is develop$1 & becomes m or less active accord+ to ! great] or less coldness & /r5g? ( w9d2 b ) w9ds f ! equatorial direction !re is little evid5ce ( s5sitive electricity1 & :5 obs]vable1 x is ( ! negative k9d4 ,/orms & gales ( w9d are g5]ally att5d$1 9 places1 ) lightn+ & ?und]2 & z ! =m] are v (t5 attribut$ to ! conflict ( pol> & equatorial w9ds1 ! diff]5ce ( ! electric t5sion ( ^! w9ds may acc\nt = ! latt] ph5om5a4 ,x is n our int5tion to ent] ^u ! g5]al consid]ation ( ?und]/orms2 ! facts :i* we h giv5 may be ( s]vice to ! "y obs]v]2 & f9ally1 z x is int]e/+ to be able to judge ( ! locality ( a ?und]/orm1 ! foll[+ simple rule w be ( s]vice1 & suffici5tly accurate3--,note by a second's wat* ! numb] ( seconds :i* elapse f ! sight ( ! lightn+ to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ?und]2 divide !m by five1 & ! quoti5t w be ! di/ance 9 miles4 ,?us1 if ?und] is he>d t5 seconds aft] ! lightn+ 0 se51 ! di/ance f ! seat ( ! /orm w be ab\t two miles4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! fla% & ! roll has seldom be5 obs]v$ great] ?an sev5ty-two seconds4 #acg4 ,lightn+ ,conductors4--,! l9e ( dang]1 :e!r f ! burn+ or lift+ p[] ( lightn+1 is ! l9e ( /rong & ob/ruct$ curr5ts ( air1 ( ! greate/ a]ial friction4#ag ,trees1 *ur* spires1 w9d-mills & o!r tall /ructures1 ob/ruct ! a]ial curr5ts1 & h5ce _! exposure to dang]4 ,! highe/ objects ( ! l&scape1 especially ^? t are ne>e/ ! ?und] cl\d1 w receive ! lightn+ /roke4 ,! m elevat$ ! object1 ! m likely is x to be /ruck4 ,( two or m objects1 equally tall & ne>1 ! lightn+ is inv>iably f\nd to select ! be/ conductor ( electricity1 & ev5 to make a circuit\s pa? to get to x4 ,h5ce ! application & evid5t advantage ( metallic rods1 call$ lightn+ conductors1 atta*$ to build+s & %ips4 ,a lightn+ conductor %\ld be po9t$ at top1 & ext5d "s feet above ! highe/ "p ( ! edifice1 or ma/4 ,x %\ld be made ( copp]1 :i* is a bett] conduct+ m$ium ?an iron1 & m durable1 be+ less corrosive4 ,x mu/ be unbrok5 ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & ext5d to ! bottom ( ! build+1 & ev5 "s di/ance into ! gr\nd1 s z to conduct ! electricity into a well or moi/ soil4 ,if x be connect$ ) ! lead & iron "w 9 ! /ructure ( ! h\se1 x w be all ! bett]1 z af=d+ a l>g] surface1 & a readi] means ( exit = ! fluid4 ,9 a %ip1 ! l[] end ( ! conductor %\ld be l$ into communication ) ! hull1 if ( iron1 & ) ! copp] %ea?+1 if a wood5 vessel2 s t1 spread ov] a l>ge surface1 x may escape m readily to ! wat]4 #ach4 ,precautions aga9/ ,lightn+4--,exp]i5ce seems to w>rant ! assumption t any build+ or %ip1 fitt$ ) a sub/antial lightn+ conductor1 is safe f dang] dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,%\ld a h\se or vessel be undef5d$ by a conductor1 x may be advisable to adopt a few precautions aga9/ dang]4 ,9 a h\se1 ! fire-place %\ld be avoid$1 because ! lightn+ may ent] by ! *imney1 its sooty l9+ be+ a good conductor4 ,?r\gh *imneys1 lightn+ has a way into mo/ h\ses2 & !re=e1 x is wise1 by op5+ doors or w9d[s1 to give x a way out4 ,:]ev] ! a]ial curr5t is fi]ce/1 !re ! dang] is greate/2 & if we kept out ( ! way ( curr5ts or draughts1 we keep out ( ! way ( ! lightn+4#ah ,lightn+ ev9ces z x 7 a pref]5ce = metallic sub/ances1 & w fly f place to place1 ev5 out ( ! direct l9e ( its passage to ! e>?1 to ent] su* bodies4 ,x is !re=e well to avoid1 z mu* z possible1 gild+s1 silv]$ mirrors1 & articles ( metal4 ,! be/ place is p]haps ! middle ( ! room1 unless a draught passes1 or a metallic lamp or *&eli] %\ld be hang+ f ! ceil+4 ,! neighb\rhood ( bad conductors1 su* z glass w9d[s1 n be+ op51 & on a ?ick b$ ( mattrasses1 are safe places4 ,! quality ( trees z lightn+ conductors is consid]$ to dep5d ^u _! height & moi/ure1 ^? :i* are tall] & relatively m humid be+ /ruck 9 pref]5ce to _! fell[s2 !re=e1 x is unwise to seek %elt] "u tall & wet trees dur+ a ?und]/orm4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r %elt]1 x w\ld be bett] to lie d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,ozone ,,& ,,its ,,indicators4 #aci4 ,nature ( ,ozone4--,dur+ ! action ( a p[]ful electric ma*9e1 & 9 ! decomposition ( wat] by ! voltaic batt]y1 a peculi> od\r is p]ceptible1 :i* is consid]$ to arise f ! g5]ation ( a sub/ance to :i* ! t]m ozone has be5 giv51 on acc\nt ( its hav+ be5 fir/ detect$ by smell1 :i*1 = a long "t aft] its discov]y1 0 its only kn[n *>act]i/ic4 ,a simil> od\r is evolv$ by ! influ5ce ( phosphorus on moi/ air1 & 9 o!r cases ( sl[ combu/ion4 ,x is also traceable1 by ! smell1 9 air1--:]e a fla% ( lightn+ has pass$ imm$iately be=e4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 e/abli%$ t ! same elem5t possess$ an oxidis+ prop]ty4 ,x 0 f\nd to be lib]at$ at ! oxyg5 electrode :5 wat] 0 decompos$ by an electric curr5t2 & has be5 reg>d$ by "s *emi/s z :at is t]m$ an allotropic =m ( oxyg51 :ile o!rs speak ( x z oxyg5 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 & "s ev5 reg>d x z intimately relat$ to *lor9e4 ,s v>i\s are ! exi/+ notions ( ! nature ( ?is obscure ag5t4 ,its oxidis+ prop]ty af=ds a ready means = its detection1 ev5 :5 ! s5se ( smell completely fails4 ,! me?ods ( not+ ! pres5ce & measur+ ! am\nt ( ozone pres5t 9 ! air1 are v simple2 be+ ! free exposure to ! air1 def5d$ f ra9 & ! direct rays ( ! sun1 ( prep>$ te/-pap]s4 ,!re are two k9ds ( te/-pap]s4 ,"o k9d 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,s*onbe91 ! orig9al discov]] ( ozone2 & ! o!r1 :i* is m g5]ally approv$1 by ,dr4 ,m(fat4 #adj4 ,s*onbe9's ,ozonomet] consi/s ( /rips ( pap]1 previ\sly saturat$ ) a solution ( />* & iodide ( potassium1 & dri$4 ,! pap]s are susp5d$ 9 a box1 or o!rwise prop]ly expos$ to ! air1 = a giv5 int]val1 z tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! pres5ce ( ozone is %[n by ! te/-pap] acquir+ a purple t9t :5 mom5t>ily imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,! am\nt is e/imat$ by ! dep? ( ! t9t1 accord+ to a scale ( t5 t9ts furni%$ = ! purpose1 :i* are di/+ui%$ by numb]s f #a to #aj4 ,! ozone decomposes ! comp\nd :i* iod9e =ms ) hydrog51 &1 x is presum$1 comb9es z oxyg5 ) hydrog51 :ile ! iod9e unites ) ! />*1 giv+ ! blue col\r :5 moi/4 #ada4 ,dr4 ,m(fat's ,ozonomet] consi/s ( pap]s prep>$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] to ,s*onbe9's2 b !y d n require imm]sion 9 wat]4 ,! pres5ce ( ozone is %[n by a br[n t9t1 & ! am\nt by ! dep? ( t9t accord+ to a scale ( t5 t9ts1 :i* is furni%$ ) ea* box ( ! pap]s4 ,m(fat's h ! advantage ( pres]v+ _! t9t = ye>s1 if kept 9 ! d>k1 or betwe5 ! leaves ( a book2 & are simpl] to use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 #adb4 ,sir ,james ,cl>k's ,ozone ,cage 7fig4 #ib71 consi/s ( two cyl9d]s ( v f9e wire gauze1 "o fitt+ into ! o!r2 ! wire gauze be+ ( su* a f95ess z to p]mit ! free +ress ( air1 at ! same "t t x %uts out all light t w\ld act injuri\sly on ! te/-pap]1 :i* is susp5d$ by a clip or hook atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! inn] cyl9d]4 #adc4 ,di/ribution & ,effects ( ,ozone4--,mr4 ,glai%] has f\nd t ! am\nt ( ozone at /ations ( l[ elevation is small2 at /ations ( high elevation1 x is almo/ always pres5t2 & at o!r & int]m$iate /ations1 x is g5]ally s4 ,! pres5ce & am\nt ( ozone w\ld seem to be graduat$ by ! elevation1 & to increase f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ gr\nd4 ,! am\nt ( ozone is less 9 t[ns ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry at ! same elevation2 & less at inl& ?an at sea-side /ations4 ,x seems to ab\nd mo/ ) w9ds f ! sea1 & to be mo/ preval5t :]e ! air is consid]$ ! pure/ & mo/ salubri\s4 ,?is may seem1 says ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 9 ,! ,wea!r ,book1 to po9t to a connection betwe5 ozone & *lor9e gas1 :i* is 9 & ov] sea-wat]1 & :i* mu/ be br\ght by any w9d t bl[s f ! sea4 ,x prevails m ov] ! ocean & ne> x ?an ov] l&1 especially l& remote f ! sea2 &1 says ! ,admiral1 x affects ! ga/ric juice1 improves dige/ion1 & has a tann+ effect4 ,dr4 ,daub5y1 9 8 ,lectures on ,climate1 writes3 ,its pres5ce mu/ h a s5sible influ5ce ^u ! purity ( ! air1 by remov+ f x foetid & injuri\s organic effluvia4 ,x is also q possible t ozone may play an important "p 9 regulat+ ! functions ( ! vegetable k+dom likewise2 & al?\gh x w\ld be premature at pres5t to speculate ^u its specific (fice1 yet1 = ?is reason alone1 x may be well to note ! fact ( its frequ5cy1 9 conjunction ) ! diff]5t phases :i* vegetation assumes1 p]suad$ t no pr9ciple c be g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature1 z appe>s to be ! case1 ) ?is1 )\t hav+ "s important & appropriate use assign$ = x to fulfil4 #add4 ,regi/]+ ,ozonomet]4--,dr4 ,e4 ,lanca/] has contriv$ an ozonomet]1 ! object ( :i* is to secure ! con/ant regi/ration ( ozone1 s t ! v>y+ quantities pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e may be detect$ & regi/]$4 ,= ?is purpose1 an in* ( ozone pap] passes 9 ea* h\r1 by clock-"w1 b5ea? an op5+ 9 ! cov] ( ! in/rum5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,in/rum5ts ,,n ,,describ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,*apt]s4 #ade4 ,*emical ,wea!r ,glass4--,?is curi\s in/rum5t appe>s to h be5 inv5t$ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 b ! orig9al mak] is n kn[n4 ,x is simply a glass vial ab\t t5 in*es long & ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* is ne>ly fill$1 & h]metically seal$1 ) ! foll[+ mixture3--,two dra*ms ( camphor1 half a dra*m ( nitrate ( potassium1 half a dra*m ( *lorate ( ammonium1 dissolv$ 9 ab\t two fluid ounces ( absolute alcohol mix$ ) two ounces ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,all ! +r$i5ts %\ld be z pure z possible1 & ea* vial fill$ sep>ately4 ,:5 ! in/rum5ts are made 9 numb]s & fill$ f a common mixture1 "s get m ?an ! due proportion ( ! solid +r$i5ts1 & consequ5tly su* glasses d n exhibit t uni=mity ( appe>ance & *anges1 t und\bt$ly %\ld accompany simil> influ5c+ circum/ances4 ,x is 9 consequ5ce ( a want ( precision & fix$ pr9ciple ( manufacture1 t ^! int]e/+ in/rum5ts are n prop]ly appreciat$1 & m g5]ally us$4 ,! glass %\ld be kept q undi/urb$1 expos$ to ! nor?1 & %ad$ f ! sun4 ,camphor is soluble 9 alcohol1 b n 9 wat]1 :ile bo? wat] & alcohol h diff]5t solv5t p[]s1 accord+ to ! temp]ature2 h5ce1 ! solid +r$i5ts be+ 9 excess = c]ta9 conditions ( solution1 dep5d+ ^u temp]ature *iefly1 & p]haps electricity & ! action ( light also1 appe> z cry/als & disappe> ) ! v>i\s *anges t occur 9 ! wea!r4 ,! v>i\s appe>ances ?us pres5t$ 9 ! m5/ruum h be5 inf]r$ to progno/icate atmosph]ic *anges4 ,! foll[+ rules h be5 d$uc$ f c>eful /udy ( ! glass & wea!r3-- #a4 ,dur+ cold wea!r1 beautiful f]n-l or fea!ry cry/allization is develop$ at ! top1 & sometimes ev5 ?r\gh\t ! liquid4 ,?is is ! normal /ate ( ! glass dur+ w9t]4 ,! cry/allization increases ) ! coldness2 & if ! /ructure gr[s d[nw>d1 ! cold w cont9ue4 #b4 ,dur+ w>m & s]5e wea!r1 ! cry/als dissolve1 ! upp] & great] "p ( ! liquid becom+ p]fectly cle>4 ,?is is ! normal /ate ( ! glass dur+ summ]4 ,! less am\nt ( cry/allization1 t is1 ! great] ! cle> portion ( ! liquid 7= !re is always "s ( ! composition visible at ! bottom71 ! great] ! probability ( cont9u$ f9e dry wea!r4 #c4 ,:5 ! upp] portion is cle>1 & flakes ( ! composition rise to ! top & aggregate1 x is a sign ( increas+ w9d & /ormy wea!r4 #d4 ,9 cold wea!r1 if ! top ( ! liquid becomes ?ick & cl\dy1 x d5otes approa*+ ra94 #e4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 if small cry/als rise 9 ! liquid1 :i* /ill ma9ta9s its cle>ness1 ra9 may be expect$4 #f4 ,%>pness 9 ! po9ts & features ( ! f]n-l /ructure ( ! cry/als1 is a sign ( f9e wea!r2 b :5 !y beg9 to break up1 & are badly def9$1 unsettl$ wea!r may be expect$4 ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 9 ,! ,wea!r ,book1 writes ( ?is in/rum5t z foll[s3--,s9ce #ahbe1 we h g5]ally _h "s ( ^! glasses1 z curiosities r ?an o!rwise2 = no?+ c]ta9 c\ld be made ( _! v>iations until lately1 :5 x 0 fairly demon/rat$ t if fix$ undi/urb$ 9 free air1 n expos$ to radiation1 fire1 or sun1 b 9 ! ord9>y light ( a well-v5tilat$ room1 or1 pref]ably1 9 ! out] air1 ! *emical mixture 9 a s-call$ /orm-glass v>ies 9 "* ) ! direction ( ! w9d--n its =ce1 specially 7?\gh x may s v>y 9 appe>ance1 only f ano!r cause1 electrical t5sion74 ,z ! atmosph]ic curr5t ve]s t[>d1 comes f1 or is only approa*+ f ! pol> direction1 ?is *emical mixture--if closely1 ev5 microscopically wat*$--is f\nd to gr[ l fir1 yew1 f]n leaves1 or ho>-fro/--or l cry/allizations4 ,z ! w9d1 or great body ( air1 t5ds m f ! opposite qu>t]1 ! l9es or spikes--all regul>1 h>d1 or crisp features--gradually dim9i%1 till !y vani%4 ,be=e1 & 9 a cont9u$ s\!rly w9d1 ! mixture s9ks sl[ly d[nw>d 9 ! vial1 till x becomes %apeless1 l melt+ :ite sug>4 ,be=e1 or dur+ ! cont9uance ( a nor!rly w9d 7pol> curr5t71 ! cry/allizations are beautiful 7if ! mixture is correct1 ! glass a fixture1 & duly plac$72 b ! lea/ motion ( ! liquid di/urbs !m4 ,:5 ! ma9 curr5ts meet1 & turn t[>d ! we/1 mak+ ea/]ly w9ds1 />s are m or less num]\s1 & ! liquid dull1 or less cle>4 ,:51 & :ile !y comb9e by ! we/1 mak+ we/]ly w9ds1 ! liquid is cle>1 & ! cry/allization well-def9$1 )\t loose />s4 ,:ile any h>d or crisp features are visible bel[1 above1 or at ! top ( ! liquid 7:]e !y =m = pol> w9ds71 !re is plus electricity 9 ! air2 a mixture ( pol> curr5t co-exi/+ 9 t locality ) ! opposite1 or s\!rly4 ,:5 no?+ b s(t1 melt+1 sug>y sub/ance is se51 ! atmosph]ic curr5t 7feeble or /rong z x may be7 is s\!rly ) m9us electricity1 unmix$ )1 & un9flu5c$ by1 ! contr>y w9d4 ,repeat$ trials ) a delicate galvanomet]1 appli$ to measure electric t5sion 9 ! air1 h prov$ ^! facts1 :i* are n[ f\nd useful = aid+1 ) ! b>omet] & !rmomet]1 9 =eca/+ wea!r4 ,temp]ature affects ! mixture mu*1 b n solely2 z _m comp>isons ( w9t] ) summ] *anges ( temp]ature h fully prov$4 ,a confus$ appe>ance ( ! mixture1 ) flaky spots1 or />s1 9 motion1 & less cle>ness ( ! liquid1 indicates s\?-ea/]ly w9d1 probably /rong to a gale4 ,cle>ness ( ! liquid1 ) m or less p]fect cry/allizations1 accompanies a comb9ation1 or a conte/1 ( ! ma9 curr5ts1 by ! we/1 & v rem>kable ^! diff]5ces are1--! results ( ^! air curr5ts act+ on ea* o!r f ea/w>d1 or f an entirely opposite direction1 ! we/4 ,! glass %\ld be wip$ clean n[ & !n1--& once or twice a ye> ! mixture %\ld be di/urb$1 by inv]t+ & g5tly %ak+ ! glass vial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 #adf4 ,leslie's ,diff]5tial ,!rmomet]4--,a glass tube hav+ a l>ge bulb at ea* extremity1 & b5t twice at "r angles1 z repres5t$ 9 figure #ic1 conta9+ /rong sulphuric acid t+$ ) c>m9e1 & support$ at ! c5tre by a wood5 /&1 con/itutes ! diff]5tial !rmomet] z inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,leslie4 ,! in/rum5t is design$ to exhibit & measure small diff]5ces ( temp]ature4 ,ea* leg ( ! in/rum5t is usually f ?ree to six in*es long1 & ! balls are ab\t f\r in*es ap>t4 ,! calibre ( ! legs is ab\t #a_/ej in*1 n m2 ! o!r "p ( ! tube may be wid]4 ,! tube is fill$ ) ! liquid1 ! bulbs conta9 air4 ,:5 bo? bulbs are heat$ alike1 ea* scale indicates z]o4 ,! scale is divid$ s t ! space betwe5 ! freez+ & ! boil+-po9ts ( wat] is equal to #a1jjj p>ts4 ,:5 "o bulb is heat$ m ?an ! o!r1 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature is delicately %[n by ! desc5t ( ! col\r$ fluid f ! heat$ ball4 ,x is un9flu5c$ by *anges 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 h5ce x is admirably adapt$ = exp]im5ts ( radiant heat4 ,! !ory ( ! in/rum5t is t gases exp& equally = uni=m increm5ts ( heat4 #adg4 ,rum=d's ,diff]5tial ,!rmomet] diff]s f t j describ$ 9 simply conta9+ only a small bubble ( liquid1 :i* lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! tube1 :5 bo? bulbs are simil>ly influ5c$4 ,! bulbs & o!r p>ts ( ! tube conta9 air4 ,:5 "o bulb is m heat$ ?an ! o!r1 ! bubble moves t[>ds ! "o less heat$2 & ! scale atta*$ to ! horizontal "p ( ! tube af=ds a measurem5t ( ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 #adh4 ,glai%]'s ,!rmomet] ,/&4--,! !rmomet] /& consi/s ( a horizontal bo>d z a base1 ( a v]tical bo>d project+ upw>ds f "o edge ( ! horizontal "o1 & ( two p>allel incl9$ bo>ds1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by blocks ( ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 connect$ at ! top ) ! v]tical1 & at ! bottom ) ! horizontal bo>d1 & ! air passes freely ab\t & betwe5 !m all4 ,to ! top ( ! incl9$ bo>ds is connect$ a small project+ ro( to prev5t ! ra9 fall+ on ! bulbs ( ! in/rum5t1 :i* are c>ri$ on ! face ( ! v]tical bo>d1 ) _! bulbs project+ bel[ x1 s t ! air plays freely on ! bulbs f all sides4 ,! :ole frame revolves on an upright po/ firmly fix$ to ! gr\nd1 z %[n 9 ! engrav+1 fig4 #id2 & 9 use1 ! incl9$ side is always turn$ t[>ds ! sun4 #adi4 ,!rmomet] ,scre51 = use at ,sea4--,?is scre51 or %ade1 0 design$ by ,admiral ,fitz,roy1 & has be5 9 use = sev]al ye>s on bo>d ,h4,m4 vessels & _m m]*ant-%ips4 ,x is ab\t tw5ty-f\r in*es long by twelve wide & eight deep2 hav+ lattice-"w sides1 door1 & bottom2 ) p]=ation also at top1 s contriv$ t ! air has free access to ! int]ior1 :ile ! direct rays ( ! sun1 ra91 & sea spray are effectually exclud$ f ! !rmomet]s m\nt$ inside4 ,!re is ample space = two !rmomet]s plac$ side by side on brackets1 at lea/ ?ree in*es f ea* o!r or any "p ( ! ext]ior ( ! scre54 ,"o !rmomet] %\ld be fitt$ up z a wet bulb 7see p4 #aje74 ,a small vessel ( wat] c easily be fix$ inside ! scre5 s z to reta9 its position & cont5ts "u ! usual motions ( ! %ip2 & by means ( a piece ( cotton-wick1 or musl9 rag ti$ r\nd ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] & trail+ into ! cup ( wat]1 keep ! bulb con/antly moi/4 ,self-regi/]+ !rmomet]s %\ld be protect$ by a simil> scre54 ,x has be5 f\nd t !rmometric obs]vations made at sea are n valuable = sci5tific purposes unless ! in/rum5ts h be5 duly protect$ by su* a scre54 #aej4 ,anemoscope1 or ,portable ,w9d ,vane = travell]s1 ) compass1 b> ne$le1 c41 %[s ! direct c\rse ( ! w9d to half a po9t ( ! compass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 #aea4 ,evaporat+ ,di%1 or ,gauge 7fig4 #ie71 = %[+ ! am\nt ( evaporation f ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is gauge consi/s ( a brass vessel1 ! area or evaporat+ surface ( :i* is accurately det]m9$2 & also a glass cyl9drical measure1 graduat$ into in*es1 t5?s1 & hundr$?s ( in*es4 ,9 use1 ! evaporat+ gauge is ne>ly fill$ ) wat]1 ! quantity hav+ be5 previ\sly measur$ by means ( ! glass cyl9d]2 x is !n plac$ out ( doors1 freely expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e2 aft] exposure1 ! wat] is aga9 measur$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second measurem5t %[s ! am\nt ( evaporation t has tak5 place4 ,if ra9 has fall5 dur+ ! exposure ( ! gauge1 ! quantity collect$ by x mu/ be d$uct$ f ! measur$ quantity2 ! am\nt is %[n by ! quantity ( ra9 collect$ 9 ! ra9 gauge4 ,! wire cage r\nd ! gauge is to prev5t animals1 birds1 c41 f dr9k+ ! wat]4 #aeb4 ,dr4 ,bab+ton's ,atmidomet]1 or in/rum5t = measur+ ! evaporation f wat]1 ice or sn[1 consi/s ( an oblong holl[ bulb ( glass or copp]1 b5ea? :i* & communicat+ ) x by a contract$ neck is a second globul> bulb1 duly weight$ ) m]cury or %ot4 ,! upp] bulb is surm\nt$ by a small glass or metal /em1 hav+ a scale graduat$ to gra9s & half-gra9s2 on ! top ( :i* is fix$ horizontally a %all[ metal pan4 ,! bulbs are imm]s$ 9 a vessel ( wat] hav+ a circul> hole 9 ! cov] ?r\gh :i* ! /em rises4 ,di/ill$ wat] is !n gradually p\r$ into ! pan above1 until ! z]o ( ! /em s9ks to a level ) ! cov] ( ! vessel4 ,?us adju/$1 z ! wat] 9 ! pan evaporates1 ! /em asc5ds1 & ! am\nt ( evaporation is indicat$ 9 gra9s4 ,?is in/rum5t af=ds a means ( measur+ evaporation f ice or sn[4 ,an adju/m5t = temp]ature is necess>y4 #aec4 ,cl\d ,reflector4--,at ! ,int]national ,exhibition #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,godd>d exhibit$ a cl\d mirror1 = asc]ta9+ ! direction 9 :i* ! cl\ds are mov+4 ,! mirror is laid on a horizontal support ne> a w9d[1 & fa/5$ s t ! po9t m>k$ nor? may co9cide ) ! s\? po9t ( ! horizon1--! sev]al po9ts w consequ5tly be rev]s$4 ,! edge ( a conspicu\s cl\d is br\ght to ! c5tre ( ! mirror1 & ! obs]v] keeps p]fectly /ill until x passes (f at ! m>g91 :]e ! true po9t ( ! horizon f :i* ! cl\ds are com+ c be read (f4 #aed4 ,sun%9e ,record]4--,mr4 ,godd>d also exhibit$ an in/rum5t :i* he calls by ?is "n4 ,x works by lett+ ! sun's rays pass ?r\gh a n>r[ slit1 & fall on photographic pap] w\nd r\nd a b>rel mov$ by clock-"w2 ! pap] be+ *ang$ daily1 & ! photographic impression develop$ & fix$ 9 ! usual mann]4#ai #aee4 ,,set ,,( ,,portable ,,in/rum5ts4 ,9 a small box1 #h 94 by #h 94 by #d 941 a complete set ( meteorological in/rum5ts h be5 pack$4 ,! lid ( ! box1 by an +5i\s arrangem5t1 is made to take (f & hang up2 on x are p]man5tly fix$ = obs]vation1 a maximum & m9imum1 & a pair ( dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s4 ,! int]ior ( ! box conta9s a maximum !rmomet] 9 vacuo = sol> radiation1 & a m9imum = t]re/rial purposes1 "o ( ,negretti & ,zambra's small pocket an]oid b>omet]s1 p$omet] = measur+ di/ances1 pocket compass1 cl9omet]1 & la/ly a ra9 gauge4 ,?is latt] in/rum5t consi/s ( an accurately turn$ brass r+ hav+ an india rubb] body fa/5$ to x to receive ! ra91 :i* is measur$ (f by a small graduat$ glass1 also conta9$ 9 ! box4 ,g5tlem5 travell+ w f9d ?is compact obs]vatory all t c be desir$ = meteorological obs]vations4 #aef4 ,,implem5ts4 ,! practical meteorologi/ w f9d ! foll[+ articles v useful1 if n necess>y4 ,!y sc>cely require description2 an enum]ation w !re=e suffice3--,wea!r ,diagrams1 or prep>$ pr9t$ & rul$ =ms1 :]eon to exhibit graphically ! read+s ( ! v>i\s in/rum5ts to r5d] _! indications useful 9 =etell+ wea!r1 c42--,meteorological ,regi/]s1 or ,record ,books1 = record+ all obs]vations1 & ! d$uctions2--,cl\d ,pictures1 by :i* ! cl\ds c be readily ref]r$ to _! p>ticul> classification1 v necess>y to ! inexp]i5c$ & le>n]s2--,cyclone ,glasses1 or ,horns1 outl9e ,maps ) ,w9d-m>k]s1 are also useful1 especially 9 =eca/+ wea!r4 #aeg4 ,,hydromet]4 ,a simple k9d ( hydromet] is v mu* us$ at sea1 z a sea-wat] te/2 & z ! obs]vations are usually record$ 9 a meteorological regi/] or ! %ip's log-book1 x may n be altoge!r out ( place to give a description ( x "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( glass4 ,if made ( brass1 ! corrosive action ( salt-wat] soon r5d]s ! in/rum5t errone\s 9 its indications4 ,! %apes usually giv5 to ! in/rum5ts are %[n 9 figs4 #if & #ig4 ,a globul> bulb is bl[n1 & p>tly fill$ ) m]cury or small %ot1 to make ! in/rum5t float /eadily 9 a v]tical position4 ,f ! neck ( ! bulb ! glass is exp&$ into an oval or a cyl9drical %ape1 to give ! in/rum5t suffici5t volume = flotation2 f9ally1 x is tap]$ (f to a n>r[ upright /em :i* encloses an ivory scale1 & is clos$ at ! top4 ,! divisions on ! scale read d[nw>d1 s z to measure ! l5g? ( ! /em :i* /&s above ! surface ( any liquid 9 :i* ! hydromet] is float$4 ,! d5s] ! fluid1 ! high] w ! in/rum5t rise2 ! r>]1 ! l[] x w s9k4 ,! indications dep5d ^u ! hydro/atic pr9ciple1 t float+ bodies displace a quantity ( ! fluid :i* su/a9s !m equal to _! own weight4 ,accord+1 !re=e1 z ! specific gravities ( fluids diff] f ea* o!r1 s w v>y ! quantities ( ! fluids displac$ by ! same body :5 float$ successively 9 ea*4 ,! specific gravity ( di/ill$ wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( #fb deg4 ,f1 be+ tak5 z unity1 ! dep? to :i* ! in/rum5t s9ks :5 g5tly imm]s$ 9 su* wat] is ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,! graduations ext5d f #j to #dj2 ! latt] be+ ! m>k :i* w be level ) ! surface :5 ! in/rum5t is plac$ 9 wat]1 ! specific gravity ( :i* is #a4jdj4 ,9 record+ obs]vations1 ! la/ two figures only--be+ ! figures on ! scale--are writt5 d[n4 ,sea-wat] usually ranges f #a4jbj to #a4jcf4 ,a small t91 copp]1 or glass cyl9d] is useful = conta9+ ! wat] to be te/$4 ,x %\ld be wid] ?an ! hydromet]1 & always fill$ to ! brim4 ,if fitt$ to a /&1 :i* is support$ by gimbals1 x w be v conv5i5t4 ,wat] 9 a bucket1 bas91 or o!r wide vessel1 acquires motion at sea1 & ! eye _c be br\ght l[ en\gh 7on acc\nt ( ! edges7 to read (f ! scale accurately4 ,errors ( obs]vation may occur ) ! hydromet]1 if x be put into wat] )\t be+ clean1 or )\t be+ c>efully wip$4 ,! in/rum5t is extremely accurate if correctly us$4 ,x %\ld be kept free f contact ) ! sides ( ! vessel2 & all du/1 sme>s1 or greas9ess1 %\ld be scrupul\sly avoid$1 by c>efully wip+ x ) a clean clo? be=e & aft] use4 ,:5ev] ! temp]ature ( ! wat] te/$ diff]s f #fb deg41 a correction to ! read+ is necess>y1 = ! expansion or contraction ( ! glass1 z well z ! wat] itself1 9 ord] to r$uce all obs]vations to "o g5]ally adopt$ /&>d4 ,negretti & ,zambra's hydromet]1 ) !rmomet] 9 ! /em1 %[s ! d5sity & temp]ature 9 "o in/rum5t4 ,= ! foll[+ ,tables we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,admiral ,fitz,roy3-- ,,table = r$uc+ obs]vations made ) a ,,brass ,,hydromet]1 assum+ ! l9e> expansion ( brass to be #j4jjjjjieee = #a deg4 ,f4 ,! correction is additive = all temp]atures above #fb deg41 & subtractive = temp]atures bel[ #fb deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #cb -#j4jjad #dh -#j4jjaj #fd #j4jjjb #hj #j4jjbj #cc 4#jjad #di 4#jjji #fe 4#jjjc #ha 4#jjba #cd 4#jjad #ej 4#jjji #ff 4#jjjd #hb 4#jjbc #ce 4#jjad #ea -#j4jjjh #fg 4#jjje #hc 4#jjbd #cf 4#jjad #eb 4#jjjh #fh #j4jjjf #hd 4#jjbf #cg 4#jjad #ec 4#jjjg #fi 4#jjjg #he #j4jjbg #ch -#j4jjad #ed 4#jjjf #gj 4#jjjh #hf 4#jjbi #ci 4#jjac #ee 4#jjjf #ga 4#jjji #hg 4#jjcj #dj 4#jjac #ef -#j4jjje #gb 4#jjaj #hh 4#jjcb #da 4#jjac #eg 4#jjjd #gc 4#jjaa #hi 4#jjcc #db 4#jjac #eh 4#jjjc #gd #j4jjac #ij #j4jjce #dc 4#jjab #ei 4#jjjc #ge 4#jjad #ia 4#jjcf #dd -#j4jjab #fj 4#jjjb #gf 4#jjae #ib 4#jjch #de 4#jjaa #fa -#j4jjja #gg 4#jjaf #ic 4#jjdj #df 4#jjaa #fb #j4jjjj #gh 4#jjah #id 4#jjda #dg -#j4jjaj #fc #j4jjja #gi #j4jjai #ie #j4jjdc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,table = r$uc+ obs]vations made ) a ,,glass ,,hydromet]1 assum+ ! l9e> expansion ( glass to be #j4jjjjjdfc = #a deg4 ,f4 ,! correction is additive = temp]atures above #fb deg41 & subtractive = temp]atures bel[ #fb deg4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4t deg4,correction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #cb -#j4jjai #dh -#j4jjab #fd #j4jjjb #hj #j4jjbc #cc 4#jjai #di 4#jjaa #fe 4#jjjc #ha 4#jjbd #cd 4#jjah #ej 4#jjaa #ff 4#jjjd #hb 4#jjbf #ce 4#jjah #ea -#j4jjaj #fg 4#jjje #hc 4#jjbg #cf 4#jjah #eb 4#jjji #fh #j4jjjg #hd 4#jjbi #cg 4#jjag #ec 4#jjjh #fi 4#jjjh #he #j4jjca #ch -#j4jjag #ed 4#jjjh #gj 4#jjji #hf 4#jjcb #ci 4#jjag #ee 4#jjjg #ga 4#jjaj #hg 4#jjcd #dj 4#jjaf #ef -#j4jjjf #gb 4#jjab #hh 4#jjcf #da 4#jjaf #eg 4#jjje #gc 4#jjac #hi 4#jjcg #db 4#jjae #eh 4#jjjd #gd #j4jjad #ij #j4jjci #dc 4#jjae #ei 4#jjjc #ge 4#jjaf #ia 4#jjda #dd -#j4jjad #fj 4#jjjb #gf 4#jjag #ib 4#jjdb #de 4#jjad #fa -#j4jjja #gg 4#jjah #ic 4#jjdd #df 4#jjac #fb #j4jjjj #gh 4#jjbj #id 4#jjdf #dg -#j4jjac #fc #j4jjja #gi #j4jjba #ie #j4jjdh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #aeh4 ,,newman',s ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,tide-,,gauge4 ,at places :]e ! ph5om5a ( ! tides are ( mu* m>itime importance1 a cont9u\s s]ies ( obs]vations ^u ! rise & fall1 & times ( *ange1 is ess5tially necess>y z a basis = ! con/ruction ( good tide tables2 & z su* obs]vations %\ld also be accompani$ ) ! regi/ration ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 we h no hesitation 9 ins]t+ a description ( an accurate self-regi/]+ tide-gauge4 ,! tide-gauge1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 consi/s ( a cyl9d]1 ,a1 :i* is made to revolve on its axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs by ! action ( ! clock1 ,b4 ,a *a91 to :i* is atta*$ ! float1 ,d1 passes ov] ! :eel1 ,c1 & on ! axis ( ?is :eel1 ,c 79 ab\t ! middle ( x7 is a small too!d :eel1 plac$ s z to be 9 contact ) a l>g] too!d :eel c>ry+ a cyl9d]1 ,e1 ov] :i* passes ano!r small] *a94 ,?is *a91 pass+ along ! upp] surface ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 & r\nd a second cyl9d]1 ,f1 at its fur!r end1 is act$ on by a spr+ s z to be kept 9 a con/ant /ate ( t5sion4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is *a9 a small tube is fix$ = c>ry+ a p5cil1 :i*1 be+ g5tly press$ d[n by means ( a small weight on ! top ( x1 p]=ms ! duty ( m>k+ on pap] plac$ r\nd ! cyl9d] ! progress ( ! rise or fall ( ! tide z ! cyl9d] revolves1 & z x is drawn by ! *a9 =w>d or backw>d by ! rise or fall ( ! float4 ,! pap] is prep>$ ) l9es equidi/ant f ea* o!r1 to correspond ) ! h\rs ( ! clock1 cross$ by o!rs %[+ ! numb] ( feet ( rise & fall4 ,illu/ration ,! cyl9d] :ile 9 action revolves f left to "r to a spectator fac+ ! clock1 & ! p5cil is c>ri$ horizontally along ! top ( ! cyl9d]2 & ! l>ge :eel be+ made to revolve by ! rise & fall ( ! float1 turns ! :eel ) ! small cyl9d]1 ,e1 atta*$ to x4 ,if ! tide is fall+1 ! small *a9 is w\nd r\nd ! cyl9d]1 ,e1 & ! p5cil is drawn t[>ds ! l>ge :eel2 b if ! tide is ris+1 ! small *a9 is w\nd on to ! cyl9d]1 ,f1 by means ( ! spr+ conta9$ 9 x1 :i* con/antly keeps x 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,?us1 by means ( ! rise & fall ( ! tide1 a lat]al progress is giv5 to ! p5cil1 :ile ! cyl9d] is made to revolve on its axis by ! clock1 s t a l9e is trac$ on ! pap] %[+ ! exact /ate ( ! tide cont9u\sly1 )\t fur!r att5tion ?an is necess>y to *ange ! pap] once e day1 & to keep ! p5cil c>efully po9t$2 or a metallic p5cil may be us$1 :i* w require little1 if any1 att5tion4 ,a good self-regi/]+ tide-gauge is a valuable & important acquisition :]ev] tidal obs]vations are requir$1 & ! only p]fectly effici5t in/rum5t ( ?is k9d is t inv5t$ by ! late ,mr4 ,john ,newman1 ( ,reg5t ,/reet1 ,london4 ,x is n[ 9 action 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w1 sil5tly & fai?fully p]=m+ its duty1 requir+ no o!r k9d ( att5tion ?an t ( a few m9utes daily1 & ?us admitt+ ! employm5t ( ! p]son on any o!r s]vice ^: duty x w\ld o!rwise h be5 to h regi/]$ ! tide4 ,x has done mu* by its fai?ful records 9 contribut+ to ! con/ruction ( good tide tables = _m places2 = ^? unavoidable defects dep5d5t on m]ely wat*+ ! surface on a divid$ scale are set aside by x1 all errone\s conclusions exclud$1 & a true del9eation ( ,nature's own mak+ is pres]v$ by x = ! !ori/4 ,,add5da4 #a4 ,fr5* b>omet]s are graduat$ to millimetres4 ,an ,engli% in* is equal to #be4ciied millimetres4 ,h5ce1 #cj in*es on ! ,engli% b>omet] scales correspond to #gfb millimetres on ! ,fr5* b>omet] scales4 ,conv]sions f "o scale to ano!r c be effect$ by ! foll[+ =mulae3-- 7#a7 ,in*es millimetres divid$ by #be4ciied 7#b7 ,millimetres in*es multipli$ by #be4ciied ,( c\rse1 a table ( equival5t values %\ld be drawn up & employ$1 :5 a l>ge numb] ( obs]vations are to be conv]t$ f "o scale to ! o!r4 #b4 ,9 ,g]many1 b>omet]s are sometimes graduat$ ) old ,fr5* in*es & l9es1--! v]ni] g5]ally indicat+ ! t5? ( a l9e4 ,,old ,,fr5* ,,l9eal ,,measure4 ,engli% ,in*es4 #a d\zieme1 or po9t #j4jjgd #ab po9ts #a ligne #j4jhhh #ab lignes #a p\ce #a4jfegfe #ab p\ces #a pi$ #ab4ghib #a pi$ #cbd4g millimetres4 ,! ,g]mans indicate in*es by putt+ two acc5ts aft] ! numb]2 l9es1 by putt+ ?ree acc5ts2 #bg #c'''4he1 means #bg in*es #c l9es #he hundr$?s ( a l9e2 m frequ5tly1 !y give ! height 9 l9es1 & ! prec$+ numb] becomes #cbg'''4he4--,kaemtz4 #c4 ,rule = f9d+ ,diamet] ( ,bore ( a ,b>omet] ,tube4 ,if ! mak] has n tak5 c>e to measure ! int]ior diamet] directly1 x may be d$uc$ f ! ext]ior diamet]4 ,! ext]ior diamet] is fir/ measur$ by calip]s1 &1 by d$uct+ f ?is diamet] #j4a ( an in* = tubes f 4#c to 4#e ( an in* 9 ext]nal diamet]1 we h an approximation to ! int]ior diamet] ( ! tube4--,kaemtz4 #d4 ,,w9d ,,scales4 ,sea ,scale4 ,w9d4 ,l& ,scale4 ---------- ----- ----------- #j to #c ,light #j to #a #c #e ,mod]ate #a #b #e #g ,fre% #b #c #g #h ,/rong #c #d #h #aj ,heavy #d #e #aj #ab ,viol5t #e #f ,pressure 9 ,velocity 9 ,p\nds 7,l& ,scale74 ,miles 7,avoirdupois7 7,h\rly74 ------------- --------- ----------- #a_/b #a #aj #e #b #cb #aj #c #de #ba #d #fe #bf #e #gb #cb #f #hj #e4 ,lett]s to ,d5ote ! ,/ate ( ! ,wea!r4 b d5otes blue sky1 :e!r ) cle> or hazy atmosph]e4 c cl\dy1 t is deta*$ op5+ cl\ds4 d drizzl+ ra94 f fog4 h hail4 l lightn+4 m mi/y1 or hazy s z to int]rupt ! view4 o ov]ca/1 gloomy1 dull4 p pass+ %[]s4 q squally4 r ra94 s sn[4 t ?und]4 u ugly1 ?reat5+ appe>ance ( sky4 v unusual visibility ( di/ant objects4 w wet1 t is dew4 ,a lett] repeat$ d5otes mu*1 z r r1 heavy ra92 f f1 d5se fog2 & a figure atta*$ d5otes duration 9 h\rs1 z #ad r1 #ad h\rs ra94 ,by ! comb9ation ( ^! lett]s1 all ! ord9>y ph5om5a ( ! wea!r may be record$ ) c]ta9ty & brevity4 ,,examples4--b c1 blue sky ) less proportion ( cl\d4 #b r r l l t1 heavy ra9 = two h\rs1 ) mu* lightn+1 & "s ?und]4 ,! above me?ods ( record+ ! =ce ( w9d & /ate ( wea!r 7 orig9ally propos$ by ,admiral ,sir ,francis ,beau=t4 ,!y are n[ 9 g5]al use at sea1 & by _m obs]v]s on l&4 #f4 ,table ( ,expansion by ,heat f #cb deg4 to #bab deg4 ,f4 ,plat9um #j4jjjhhdb ( ! l5g?4 ,glass1 ,fl9t #j4jjjhaag ) ,lead #j4jjjhfbb ,brass #j4jjahgjh ,m]cury #j4jahjahj ,wat] #j4jdccbjj1 f #ci deg4 to #bab deg4 ,alcohol #j4aajj #cb deg4 to #agd deg4 ,nitric ,acid #j4aajj ,sulphuric ,acid #j4jfjj #g4 ,table ( ,specific ,gravity ( ,bodies at #cb deg4 ,f4 except wat]1 :i* is tak5 at #ci deg4#d4 ,wat] #a4jjj ,alcohol1 pure #j4gia pro( #j4iaf ,m]cury #ac4eif ,glass #c to #b4g ,brass #g4h to #h4ed ,plat9um #ba to #bb4jj ,weight ( a cubic foot ( wat]1 at ! temp]ature ( comp>ison1 #fb4dbe lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,! p\nd avoirdupois conta9s #g1jjj gra9s4 ,air is #hac4fg times light] ?an wat]4 ,! l9e> expansions are ! mean values ( ! results ( v>i\s exp]im5tali/s4 ,! specific gravities are z giv5 9 ,pr(essor ,rank9e's ,appli$ ,me*anics4 #h4 ,important ,temp]atures4 ,"u ! circum/ances (-- deg4 ,wat] boil+ at #bab ,m]cury boils at #ffj ,sulphuric ,acid #eij ,oil ( ,turp5t9e #efj ,nitric ,acid #bdb ,alcohol #agd ,a ,saturat$ ,solution ( ,salt #bah ,vital ,heat #if ,olive ,oil beg9s to solidify #cf ,fre% ,wat] freezes #cb ,sea ,wat] freezes #bh ,m]cury freezes -#ci #i4 ,,table ,,( ,,meteorological ,,elem5ts1 ,,=m+ ,,expon5ts ,,( ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ahda ,mean ,height ( ,b>omet]1 r$uc$ to #cb deg4 ,f41 at ! mean to sea-level4 #ahfa4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,mean ,mon?ly ,range ( ,b>omet]4 ,mon?s4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,mean ( all ! ,highe/ ,temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ,mean ( all ! ,l[e/ ,temp]atures4 ----------------------------------- ,mean ,temp]ature4 ------------------------------ ,mean ,temp]ature ( ,dew-po9t4 ------------------------- ,mean ,degree ( ,humidity4 ---------------------- ,mean ,numb] ( ,ra9y ,days4 ------------------ ,av]age ,ra9fall4 ------------- ,av]age ,am\nt ( ,cl\d 7#aj ov]ca/74 --------- ,preval5t ,w9ds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,in*es4 ,94 deg4 deg4 deg4 deg4 ,94 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,janu>y #bi4icba4dddc4bcc4gch4cce4dhi #aa #a4hg4g,w4 to ,n4 ,febru>y #bi4ifba4bbdd4gcc4bch4dcd4dhe #aj #a4fg4d,s4 to ,w4 ,m>* #bi4ifga4bcej4jce4cda4gcf4dhb #aj #a4ef4f,n4 to ,e4 ,april #bi4ijga4jfef4hch4fdf4cci4igi #aa #a4hf4a,n4 to ,e4 ,may #bi4icaa4jbfd4ddd4beb4hde4egf #aa #b4af4a,s4 to ,w4 ,june #bi4ifjj4higa4bej4bei4bej4hgd #aa #a4if4a,w4 to ,n4 ,july #bi4igjj4gigc4hec4bfa4iec4igf #aa #b4gf4i,w4 to ,n4 ,augu/ #bi4iedj4iggb4hec4dfa4ced4agg #aa #b4df4e,w4 to ,n4 ,septemb] #bi4iigj4iefg4ddh4ief4iea4aha #ab #b4de4i,s4 to ,w4 ,octob] #bi4hfja4cceh4cdc4gej4bdf4jhg #ac #b4hf4i,s4 to ,w4 ,novemb] #bi4ibia4ecdi4ccg4gdc4ddj4ahi #ab #b4dg4b ,s4,w4 ,decemb] #bi4igia4ebde4jce4edj4acf4ihi #ab #a4ig4d ,w4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,ye> #bi4idfa4afeh4jdb4cdi4bdc4ghbaccbe4cf4g -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #aj #aa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sun above ! ,horizon on ,middle ,day4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,rem>ks4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,janu>y #h-a_/b,! majority ( ! nights are fro/y4 ,febru>y #aj #aj fro/y nights on ! av]age4 ,m>* #ab #ab ditto ditto ditto4 ,/rong w9ds4 ,april #ad #f ditto ditto ditto4 ,may #ae-a_/b,v r>ely fro/4 ,june #af-a_/b,sun atta9s greate/ ,nor? ,decl9ation1 #ba/4 ,july #af ,augu/ #ad-a_/b ,septemb] #ab-a_/b ,octob] #aj-a_/b;,a few fro/y nights4 ,heavy gales4 ,novemb] #i #aa nights fro/y4 ,decemb] #h ,sun atta9s greate/ ,s\? ,decl9ation1 #ba/4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,ye> -- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #ab #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 ! above ,table1 columns #a to #aj are results obta9$ at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*1 by ,j4 ,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! data conta9$ 9 columns #b & #aj1 are d$uc$ f obs]vations ext5d+ ov] ! ye>s #ahda to #ahee inclusive1 & are copi$ f ,edw>d ,hughes' ,?ird ,read+ ,book2 ! o!r columns are results ( obs]vations made dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s end+ #ahfa4 ,! re/ ( ! in=mation is f ,luke ,h[>d's ,climate ( ,london4 ,^! valuable data indicate ! *>act]i/ics ( ! wea!r 9 ea* mon? 9 ! suburbs ( ,london1 & w be f\nd tol]ably accurate z indications ( wea!r1 & s]viceable z /&>ds = comp>isons ( obs]v$ results1 at mo/ places 9 ,engl&4 ,,/&>d ,,works ,,on ,,meteorology ,,suppli$ ,,by ,,negretti ,,zambra4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,book3 ,a ,,manual ,,( ,,practical ,,meteorology4 ,by ,vice-,admiral ,,fitzroy1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,i4,f41 c4 ,price1 ,l#j #ae #f ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,/orms1 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,dove1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,translat$ by ,r4 ,h4 ,,scott1 ,m4,a4 ,price1 ,l#j #aj #f ,l4 ,f4 ,,kaemtz',s ,,complete ,,c\rse ,,( ,,meteorology1 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,v4 ,,walk]1 ,esq4 ,price1 ,l#j #ab #f ,,practical ,,meteorology1 ,by ,,john ,,drew1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,price1 ,l#j #e #j ,,hygrometrical ,,tables1 ,adapt$ to ! use ( ! ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,!rmomet]1 ,by ,,james ,,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,price1 ,l#j #b #f ,,tables ,,( ,,! ,,corrections ,,= ,,temp]atures1 ,to r$uce obs]vations to ! #cb deg4 ,fahr5heit1 = ,b>omet]s ) brass scales ext5d+ f ! ci/]n to ! top ( ! m]curial column1 ,by ,,james ,,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,price1 ,l#j #a #j ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,diurnal ,,range ,,( ,,! ,,b>omet]1 ,by ,,james ,,glai%]1 ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,price1 ,l#j #j #f ,,tables ,,= ,,calculation ,,( ,,heights ,,f ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,boil+-,,po9t ,,( ,,wat]1 ,adapt$ to ! use ( ,negretti & ,zambra's ,boil+-po9t ,app>atus4 ,price1 ,l#j #a #j ,a ,,!rmometrical ,,table1 ,,on ,,! ,,scales ,,( ,,fahr5heit1 ,,reaumur1 ,,& ,,c5tigrade1 ,by ,,alfr$ ,s4 ,,taylor1 ,esq41 ,m4,d41 c4 ,price1 9 ,%eet1 ) explanatory ,pamphlet1 ,l#j #a #f ,,meteorological ,,tables1 ,= ! r$uction ( ,b>ometrical & ,hygrometrical ,obs]vations1 ,det]m9ation ( ,heights by ! ,b>omet] & ,boil+-po9t ,!rmomet]1 c4 ,by ,g4 ,,h>vey ,,simmonds1 ,m4,b4,m4,s4 ,price1 ,l#j #b #f ,,b>omet] ,,manual1 ,compil$ by ,vice-,admiral ,,fitzroy1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,= ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,price1 ,l#j #j #f ,,pocket ,,meteorological ,,regi/] ,,& ,,note-,,book1 ,) ,diagrams = exhibit+ ! ,fluctuations ( ,b>omet]1 c4 ,pr9t$ on metallic pap]4 ,price1 ) ,p5cil1 ,l#j #c #j ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,/rahan ,,& ,,williams1 #g ,,lawr5ce ,,l&1 ,,*eapside1 ,e4,c4 ,,negretti ,,zambra',s ,,pat5t ,,record+ ,,& ,,deep-,,sea ,,!rmomet]4#bj ,?is ,!rmomet] diff]s f all o!r ,regi/]+ or ,record+ ,!rmomet]s 9 ! foll[+ important p>ticul>s3-- ,i4 ,! ,!rmomet] conta9s only ,m]cury )\t any admixture ( ,alcohol or o!r fluid4 ,,ii4 ,x has no indices or spr+s1 & its indications are by ! column ( ,m]cury only4 ,,iii4 ,x c be c>ri$ 9 any position1 & _c possibly be put out ( ord] except by actual breakage ( ! in/rum5t4 ,& la/ly1 x w indicate & record ! exact temp]ature at any h\r ( ! day or night1 or ! exact temp]ature at any dep? ( ! sea1 irrespective ( ei!r w>m or cold curr5ts1 or /ratum ?r\gh :i* ! ,!rmomet] may h to pass 9 its desc5t or asc5t1 ?is la/ v special quality r5d]s ?is ,!rmomet] sup]ior = deep-sea temp]atures to any o!rs2 = ^? n[ be+ us$ 9 ! ,*all5g] s\nd+ exp$ition are liable to give errone\s indications ow+ to _! indices slipp+1 & o!rwise gett+ d]ang$--7,?is 0 prov$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra at a ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,meteorological ,society17 & "u c]ta9 conditions ( temp]ature x is n possible by ! old ,!rmomet]s to obta9 true temp]atures at c]ta9 dep?s :i* might be requir$4 ,annex$ is a copy ( a report to ! ,admiralty f ,capta9 ,g4 ,s4 ,n>es1 ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g]1 dat$ ,melb\rne1 ,m>* #be?1 #ahgd1 :i* we h tak5 f ,,nature1 ,july #cj?1 #ahgd1 prov+ ! ass]tion4 ,9 ! report to ! ,admiralty ( ,capt4 ,g4 ,s4 ,n>es1 ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,*all5g] dat$ ,melb\rne1 ,m>* #be1 #ahgd1 ,capt4 ,n>es1 speak+ ( ! temp]ature ( ! ocean1 especially ne> ! pack edge ( ! ice1 says3--',at a %ort di/ance f ! pack1 ! surface wat] rose to #cb deg41 b at a dep? ( #dj fa?oms we always f\nd ! temp]ature to be #bi deg42 ?is cont9u$ to #cjj fa?oms1 ! dep? 9 :i* mo/ ( ! iceb]gs float1 aft] :i* !re is a /ratum ( slightly w>m] wat] ( #cc deg4 or #cd deg4 ,z ! !rmomet]s _h to pass ?r\gh ^! two belts ( wat] be=e rea*+ ! bottom1 ! indices regi/]$ ^? temp]atures1 & x 0 impossible to obta9 ! exact temp]ature ( ! bottom :il/ ne> ! ice1 b ! obs]vations made 9 l[] latitudes %[ t x is ab\t #ca deg4 ,m exact results c\ld n h be5 obta9$ ev5 _h ,mr4 ,siem5s's app>atus be5 on bo>d4' ,x seems to u t ! difficulty m5tion$ is "o :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 surm\nt$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra's new ,record+ ,!rmomet]s1 a description ( :i* appe>$ 9 ,,nature1 vol4 ix4 p4 #chg2 ?is be+ exactly "o ( ! cases to :i* ?is in/rum5t is peculi>ly adapt$4 ,we believe ! inv5tors & mak]s h greatly improv$ _! ,!rmomet] s9ce our description appe>$1 & no d\bt means w be tak5 by ! ,admiralty to transmit "o to ! ,*all5g]4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,deep-,,sea ,,record+ ,,!rmomet]4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! bulb ( ! ,!rmomet] is protect$ s z to resi/ ! pressure ( ! ocean1 :i* v>ies accord+ to dep? t ( ?ree ?\s& fa?oms be+ some?+ l ?ree tons pressure on ! squ>e in*4 ,! mann] ( protect+ ! bulb 0 inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra 9 #aheg1 & has be5 latt]ly copi$ by o!r p]sons & br\ght out z a new inv5tion4 ,! mann] ( protect+ ! bulb has be5 describ$ by ! late ,admiral ,r4 ,fitz,roy1 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ,meteorological ,pap]s1 page #ee1 publi%$ ,july #e?1 #aheg1 z foll[s3 ,ref]r+ to ! errone\s read+s ( all !rmomet]s1 consequ5t on _! delicate bulbs be+ compress$ by ! great pressure ( ! ocean1 he says3--',) a view to obviate ?is fail+1 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra und]took to make a case = ! weak bulbs1 :i* %\ld transmit temp]ature1 b resi/ pressure4 ,accord+ly a tube ( ?ick glass is seal$ outside ! delicate bulb1 betwe5 :i* & ! cas+ is a space all r\nd1 :i* is ne>ly fill$ ) m]cury4 ,! small space n s fill$ is a vacuum1 into :i* ! m]cury c be exp&$1 or =c$ by heat or me*anical compression1 )\t do+ injury to or ev5 compress+ ! inn] or mu* m delicate bulb4' ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is in/rum5t = deep-sea temp]atures is z foll[s3-- ,9 %ape x is l a syphon ) p>allel legs1 all 9 "o piece & hav+ a cont9u\s communication1 z 9 ! annex$ figure4 ,! scale ( ! ,!rmomet] is pivot$ on a c5tre & be+ atta*$ 9 a p]p5dicul> position to a simple app>atus 7:i* w be pres5tly describ$71 is l[]$ to any dep? t may be desir$4 ,9 its desc5t ! ,!rmomet] acts z an ord9>y in/rum5t1 ! m]cury ris+ or fall+ accord+ to ! temp]ature ( ! /ratum ?r\gh :i* x passes2 b s soon z ! desc5t ceases1 & a rev]se motion is giv5 to ! l9e1 s z to pull ! ,!rmomet] t[>ds ! surface1 ! in/rum5t turns once on its c5tre1 fir/ bulb upp]mo/1 & aft]w>ds bulb d[nw>ds4 ,?is causes ! m]cury1 :i* 0 9 ! left-h& column1 fir/ to pass into ! dilat$ syphon b5d at ! top1 & !nce into ! "r-h& tube1 :]e x rema9s1 indicat+ on a graduat$ scale ! exact temp]ature at ! "t x 0 turn$ ov]4 ,! woodcut1 ,fig4 #a1 %[s ! position ( ! m]cury aft] ! in/rum5t has be5 ?us turn$ on its c5tre4 ,a is ! bulb2 ,b ! out] coat+ or protect+ cyl9d]2 ,c is ! space ( r>efi$ air1 :i* is r$uc$ if ! out] cas+ be compress$2 ,d is a small glass plug on ! pr9ciple ( ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,maximum ,!rmomet]1 :i* cuts (f1 9 ! mom5t ( turn+1 ! m]cury 9 ! tube f t ( ! bulb1 !reby ensur+ t none b ! m]cury 9 ! tube c be transf]r$ into ! indicat+ column2 ,e is an enl>gem5t made 9 ! b5d s z to enable ! m]cury to pass quickly f "o tube to ano!r 9 revolv+2 & ,f is ! indicat+ tube or ,!rmomet] prop]4 ,9 its action1 z soon z ! ,!rmomet] is put 9 motion1 & imm$iately ! tube has acquir$ a slightly oblique position1 ! m]cury breaks (f at ! po9t ,d1 runs into ! curv$ & enl>g$ portion ,e1 & ev5tually falls into ! tube ,f :5 ?is tube resumes its orig9al p]p5dicul> position4 ,! contrivance = turn+ ! ,!rmomet] ov] may be describ$ z a frame ) a v]tical propell]2 to ?is frame ! in/rum5t is pivot$4 ,on its desc5t ?r\gh ! wat] ! propell] is lift$ out ( ge> & revolves freely on its axis2 b s soon z ! in/rum5t is pull$ t[>ds ! surface ! propell] falls into ge> & revolves 9 ! contr>y direction1 turn+ ! ,!rmomet] ov] once1 & !n becom+ lock$ & immovable4 ,directions = adju/+ ! ,!rmomet] previ\s to its be+ l[]$ 9 ! ,sea4 ,i4 ,! m]cury mu/ all be 9 ! left-h& column4 ,,ii4 ,! %ort peg at ! back ( ! !rmomet] mu/ be 9 front ( ! /op plate ,s 2 9 ord] to effect ?is1 pull ! knob :i* /ops ! ,!rmomet]1 & slightly turn ! propell]1 to make ! ,!rmomet] advance suffici5tly to escape ! /op plate4 ,negretti ,zambra's ,pat5t ,atmosph]ic ,record+ ,!rmomet]1 ,fig4 #c1 diff]s f ! ,deep-sea ,!rmomet] by its n hav+ ! d\ble or protect$ bulb1 x n be+ requir$ = resi/+ pressures4 ,9 ?is case ! in/rum5t is turn$ ov] by a simple clock movem5t1 :i* c be set to any h\r x may be desirable2 ! ,!rmomet] is fix$ on ! clock1 & :5 ! h& arrives at ! h\r det]m9$ ^u1 & to :i* ! clock is set z 9 sett+ an al>um clock1 a spr+ is releas$ & ! ,!rmomet] turns ov] z be=e describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,messrs4 ,negretti & ,zambra h arrang$ a ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,hygromet] ^u ! same plan4 ,,negretti ,,zambra',s ,,price ,,li/ ,,( ,,/&>d ,,meteorological ,,& ,,o!r ,,philosophical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,! m>g9al figures 9 ?is ,li/ & ! numb]s ( ! wood engrav+s ref] to p>agraphs 9 ,negretti ,zambra's ,treatise on ,meteorological ,in/rum5ts4 ,l s4 d4 #d ,/&>d ,b>omet]s1 ,=t9's arrangem5t1 z ,fig4 #c ) mahogany bo>d #h #h #j ,ditto ditto ) ,millemetre & ,engli% scales #i #i #j ,ditto ditto ) tube1 #j4de int]nal diamet] & millimetre scale #aj #aj #j ,obs]vatory ,/&>d ,b>omet]s1 extra l>ge tubes & ci/]ns ,l#be #j #j #ce #j #j ,ditto ditto arrang$ = obs]vations be+ tak5 by ! ,ca!tomet] #ah #ah #j ,ca!tomet]1 = use ) above #ba #j #j #i ,self ,comp5sat+ ,/&>d ,b>omet]1 ,fig4 #f #bj #j #j #aj ,/&>d ,b>omet]1 ) electrical adju/m5t #ae #ae #j #aa ,p$im5t ,b>omet]s1 ,fig #g ,l#a #a #j #b #b #j ,ditto ditto ,fig4 #h ,l#c #c #j #c #aj #j ,ditto ditto ,fig4 #i ,l#d #aj #j #e #aj #j ,ditto ditto ,fig4 #aj #h #aj #j ,ditto ditto ditto h&some c>v$ m\nt+s1 9 mahogany1 oak1 or walnut wood ,l#h #h #j ,l#aj #aj #j #ab #ab #j #ad ,fitz,roy's ,/orm or ,sea ,coa/ ,fi%]y ,b>omet]1 ,fig4 #ab #e #e #j ,ditto ditto ) two v]ni]s #f #f #j ,ditto ditto m\nt$ 9 ornam5tal c>v$ frames1 oak1 walnut1 or mahogany ,l#f #aj #j #h #h #j #ai ,m>9e ,b>omet]s1 ord9>y =ms1 ,figs4 #ac & #ad ,l#b #bs4 ,l#b #ajs4 #c #c #j ,ditto ditto ,be/ m\nt$ ,l#e #es4 #f #f #j #bj ,! ,bo>d ( ,trade or ,kew ,m>9e ,b>omet]1 ,fig4 #ae1 ,l#d #ds4 ,l#e #es4 #f #f #j #bb ,negretti & ,zambra's ,fitz,roy ,m>9e or ,gun ,b>omet]1 ,fig4 #af1 ) ,n4 & ,z4's ,pat5t ,porcela9 ,scales1 z us$ 9 ,h] ,maje/y's ,navy #e #aj #j ,extra ,tube = ditto #a #ae #j #be ,negretti & ,zambra's ,f>m]'s ,b>omet] or ,dome/ic ,wea!r ,glass1 ,fig4 #ag #b #aj #j #bh ,negretti & ,zambra's ,m9]'s ,b>omet]s ,l#a #as4 ,l#b #bs4 #c #c #j #ca ,dial or ,:eel ,b>omet]s1 ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba ,l#c #cs4 ,l#d #ds4 #e #e #j ,ditto ditto 9 c>v$ ornam5tal m\nt+s ,l#e #ajs4 ,l#f #fs4 ,l#h #hs4 #aj #aj #j ,ditto ditto rosewood1 inlaid ) pe>l or metal4 ,made to ord]1 ,figs4 #bb & #bc4 ,price v>y+ ) size1 c4 #cg ,gay ,lussac's ,syphon ,tube ,m\nta9 ,b>omet] ,l#f #f #j #h #h #j #cb ,/&>d ,syphon ,b>omet]1 ,gay ,lussac's arrangem5t1 ,fig4 #bd #e #e #j #ch ,negretti & ,zambra's ,/&>d ,m\nta9 ,b>omet]1 ) ,=t9's ci/]n1 ) tripod /& & travell+ case1 ,fig4 #cj #aj #aj #j #cd ,b>ograph1 or ,self-regi/]+ ,b>omet]1 ) syphon m]curial tube4 ,negretti & ,zambra's improv$ arrangem5t1 ,fig4 #bf #ah #ah #j #be #j #j ,negretti & ,zambra's ,self-record+ ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 ) ,clock #bb #j #j #dh4 ,,an]oid ,,b>omet]s4 ,an]oid ,b>omet]s1 ) c>d dials #d-a_/b in*es diamet]1 be/ quality4 #b #aj #j ,ditto ditto ) silv]$ metal dial #c #j #j ,ditto ditto ) ditto & !rmomet] #c #aj #j ,ditto ditto ditto ) correct$ scale1 z suppli$ by ,negretti & ,zambra to ! ,royal ,navy #e #e #j ,an]oid ,b>omet]s1 ) elegantly-*as$ dials #d #d #j ,ditto ditto ) rais$ r+ on dial #e #e #j ,ditto ditto ditto ) !rmomet] #f #f #j ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 = altitude measurem5ts ) revolv+ r+1 c>ry+ index1 range ( scale #bj1jjj feet #d-a_/b in*es diamet]1 ) magnifi] #h #h #j ,,pocket ,,an]oid ,,b>omet]s4 ,fig4 #cd4 #di ,pocket ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 #b-c_/d in*es diamet]1 ) silv]$ metal scale #c #c #j ,ditto ditto = measur+ altitudes to #aj1jjj feet comp5sat$ = temp]ature1 9 lea!r case #e #e #j ,ditto ditto ditto to #bj1jjj feet1 ) magnifi] #f #f #j #ej ,,wat*-,,size ,,an]oid ,,b>omet]s 9 gilt metal cases 7see figure #ce47 ,wat*-,size ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 wea!r range ,l#c #c #j #d #d #j ,ditto ditto ( be/ con/ruction1 extra ?91 = meteorological obs]vations or altitude measurem5ts to #aj1jjj feet #e #e #j ,ditto ditto ditto to #bj1jjj feet1 comp5sat$ = temp]ature #f #f #j ,ei!r ( ! above ,wat*-size ,b>omet]s may be _h 9 ,/\t ,silv] ,cases at a co/ ( ,l#b #bs4 extra ,wat*-size ,an]oid ,b>omet]s 9 ,solid ,gold1 highly-f9i%$ cases4 ,l#ae #aes4 to ,l#ba4 ,table ,/&s = ,an]oid ,b>omet]s ( ,c>v$ ,oak or o!r woods1 #ajs4 #f;d41 #bes41 #ces41 to ,l#e #es4 ,%ips' ,an]oid ,b>omet]s1 9 suitable m\nt+s ,l#b #ajs4 ,l#c #cs4 ,l#e #es4 ,l#f #fs4 #dg ,sympiesomet]1 = ,%ip use ,l#c #c #j #d #aj #j ,ditto ditto ,pocket =m1 ,fig4 #cb #d #d #j ,! ,sympiesomet] is n[ r>ely us$1 ! ,an]oid ,b>omet] be+ f\nd equally s5sitive & less liable to d]angem5t4 #ef ,indep5d5t ,/&>d ,!rmomet]s1 ,fig4 #cf #e #e #j #eg ,/&>d ,!rmomet]s1 = ,boil+ ,po9t ,app>atus #a #aj #j ,*emi/s' or ,brew]s' ,/&>d ,ref]5ce ,!rmomet]s ,l#a #as4 #b #b #j #dg ,*emical ,!rmomet]s1 divid$ on ! /em4 ,fig4 #dh4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #j #ae #j ,*emical ,!rmomet]s1 ,boxwood ,scale #gs4 #f;d4 #ajs4 #f;d4 #j #ab #f #fd ,!rmomet]s on ,boxwood ,scales1 ,fig4 #cg4 #as4 #as4 #f;d4 #bs4 #f;d4 #cs4 #f;d4 #j #d #f ,ditto ditto l>g] sizes #gs4 #f;d4 #j #ab #f ,ditto ditto ,engrav$ glass scales1 ,fig4 #ci #aes4 ,l#a #as4 ,l#a #es4 #a #aj #j ,,pocket ,,!rmomet]s1 ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,m\nt+s4 ,fig4 #ch #ajs4 #f;d4 ,fig4 #dj #ajs4 #f;d4 #aes4 ,fig4 #da #es4 #f;d4 #hs4 #f;d4 #abs4 #f;d4 #fc ,!rmomet]s ( extreme ,s5sitiv5ess1 #aes4 ,l#a #ajs4 #b #b #j ,draw+ ,room or ,mantel ,!rmomet]s1 v>i\s m\nt+s1 ,figs4 #db & #dc4 #abs4 #f;d4 #aes4 ,l#a #as4 ,l#a #ajs4 ,l#b #bs4 #b #aj #j ,bracket ,w9d[ ,!rmomet]s1 ,fig4 #df #abs4 #f;d4 #aes4 ,l#a #as4 #a #aj #j ,ba? ,!rmomet]s1 ,figs4 #dd #gs4 #f;d4 #j #ae #j #ff ,sug> ,boil+ ,!rmomet]s ,l#a #abs4 ,l#b #bs4 #c #c #j #fg ,e>? ,!rmomet]s1 ,fig4 #ea ,l#a #ajs4 #b #b #j ,hot ,b$ ,ditto #abs4 #f;d4 ,l#a #es4 #a #aj #j #fh ,m>9e ,!rmomet]1 ,fig4 #eb #gs4 #f;d4 #hs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #f #fe ,sup] ,heat$ or ,/eam ,pressure ,!rmomet]s1 ,fig4 #gd1 ,figs4 #di & #ej ,l#a #es4 ,l#a #ajs4 ,l#b #bs4 #b #aj #j ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s ,,= ,,heat4 #gb ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,/&>d ,maximum ,self-,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]1#ba ,fig4 #ed #a #a #j #gb ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,maximum ,!rmomet]1 on boxwood scale #j #aj #f ,ditto1 ditto1 on ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,solid ,porcela9 or ,metal ,scales on oak m\nt+ #j #ab #f #gj ,ru!r=d's ,maximum ,!rmomet]1 on boxwood or metal scale1 ) /eel index #es4 #f;d4 #gs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #f #ga ,phillip's ,maximum ,!rmomet]1 on boxwood or metal scale1 ) air index #gs4 #f;d4 #aj #f #j #ab #f ,,self-,,regi/]+ ,,!rmomet]s ,,= ,,cold4 #gc ,negretti & ,zambra's ,/&>d ,m9imum ,self-,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]1 ,fig4 #ee #a #a #j #gc ,ru!r=d's ,m9imum ,!rmomet]1 on boxwood or metal scale #cs4 #f;d4 #es4 #f;d4 #gs4 #f;d4 #j #aj #f #gc ,ru!r=d's ,m9imum ,!rmomet]1 on ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t solid porcela9 scale #ajs4 #f;d4 #j #ab #f ,ditto1 on ,negretti & ,zambra's porcela9 or metal scales & oak m\nt+ #j #ab #f #gd ,negretti & ,zambra's ,horticultural ,self-,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]4 ,! scale is made ( /\t z9c1 enclos+ ! tube2 ! figures & divisions are boldly m>k$ = quickly & easily read+ ! indications1 ,fig4 #ef #j #c #f #hc ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,sol> ,radiation ,!rmomet]1 ,fig4 #fc #a #e #j #hd ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto1 9 vacuo1 ,fig4 #fd #a #aj #j ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto1 improv$ =m1 ) te/ gauge #b #b #j #he ,negretti & ,zambra's ,t]re/rial ,radiation ,!rmomet] #a #e #j ,brass ,/&s = above1 ,fig4 #fe #j #e #j #gf & #gg ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,m]curial ,m9imum ,!rmomet]s ,l#b #ajs4 #b #b #j #ha ,maxima & ,m9ima ,!rmomet]s1 on ,sixe's arrangem5t1 ,fig4 #fb1 v>i\s =ms ( m\nt+ #abs4 #f;d4 #ads4 #bas4 #cjs4 #b #b #j ,pocket ,maxima & ,m9ima ,!rmomet]s1 ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t1 9 conv5i5t cases ,l#b #bs4 #b #aj #j #hi ,deep ,sea ,regi/]+ ,!rmomet]1 ) ,negretti & ,zambra's improv$ protect$ bulb1 9 copp] cyl9d]1 ,fig4 #fi4 #b #aj #j #hiba ,negretti & ,zambra's ,improv$ ,deep ,sea ,!rmomet]1 ) vulcanite m\nt+s1 9 copp] cyl9d]1 ) door1 small size #b #e #j #ij ,negretti & ,zambra's ,pat5t ,record+ ,deep ,sea ,!rmomet] #aj #aj #j #ia ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto ,record+ ,!rmomet] #d #d #j #ib ,ditto1 ditto1 ditto ,hygromet] #f #f #j #ic ,improv$ ,boil+ ,po9t ,m\nta9 ,!rmomet]1 or ,hypsometric ,app>atus1 ) ,tables1 ,figs4 #gb & #gc1 9 lea!r case ) /rap #e #e #j ,extra ,!rmomet] = ,ditto #a #aj #j #ajf ,negretti & ,zambra's ,/&>d ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,hygromet]1 ,fig4 #gi #b #b #j ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,hygromet]s1 v>i\s m\nt+s #cjs4 #bes4 #bas4 #ads4 #j #aj #f ,pocket ,hygromet]s1 9 box ,l#b #bs4 #b #aj #j #ajc ,daniell's ,hygromet]1 ,fig4 #gg #c #c #j #ajd ,regnault's ,hygromet]1 ,fig4 #gh ,l#c #ajs4 #e #e #j ,aspirator = ,ditto ,l#a #aes4 #b #ae #j #aaj ,h[>d's ,ra9 ,gauge1 has a #e-;in* copp] ,funnel1 ) turn$ brass rim fitt$ to a /\t /one-w>e or glass bottle1 ) a graduat$ glass measure1 divid$ to #ajj?s ( an in* #j #aj #f ,symons' ,portable ,ra9 ,gauge1 7#e-;in*7 ) graduat$ glass measure1 japann$ t9 #j #aj #f ,ditto ditto 9 /\t copp] #j #ae #j #aaa ,glai%]'s ,ra9 ,gauge1 ! receiv+ surface is #h-;in*es diamet]1 ( /\t japann$ metal1 ) graduat$ glass measure1 ,fig4 #hd #a #a #j ,ditto ditto1 ( /\t copp] #a #aj #j ,receiv+ ,pots = ditto1 extra #bs4 & #cs4 #f;d4 #aac ,ra9 ,gauge1 hav+ a receiv+ surface ( #ab in*es diamet]1 & graduat$ glass gauge tube1 divid$ to hundr$?s ( an in*1 9 japann$ metal1 ) brass tap #b #aj #j ,ditto ditto1 ,fig4 #he1 9 copp] #c #aj #j ,ditto ditto1 ) slid+ rod in/ead ( graduat$ tube1 japann$ t9 #b #b #j ,ra9 ,gauges1 ( any =m or area made to ord]1 ) suitable measur+ glasses4 #abc ,l9d's ,anemomet]1 ,fig4 #hf #b #b #j #abe ,rob9son's ,anemomet]1 ,fig4 #hg #c #c #j ,ditto ditto1 ,improv$ arrangem5t ,l#d #ajs4 #e #ae #j ,ditto ditto1 ) clut* movem5t1 ,fig4 #hh #f #ae #j ,negretti & ,zambra's ,improv$ ,air ,met]1 ( extreme s5sitiv5ess1 v portable #d #d #j ,l>ge ,air ,met]s made to ord]4 #abg ,osl]'s ,self-,regi/]+ ,anemomet] & ,ra9 ,gauge1 ,fig4 #hi ,l#hd to #aej #j #j #abh ,b]kley's ,anemomet]s fitt$ up to ord]1 to suit ! ,obs]vatory4 #aca ,gold ,leaf ,electromet]1 ,fig4 #ij #a #a #j #acc ,pelti]'s ,electromet] #d #d #j #acd ,bohn5b]g]'s ,electroscope1 ,fig4 #ia #h #h #j #ace ,?ompson's ,electromet]1 to ord] ,lightn+ ,conductors fitt$ up to ord]4 #adb ,ozone ,cage1 ,fig4 #ib #j #ah #j ,ditto ditto1 copp] #a #e #j #adf ,leslie's ,diff]5tial ,!rmomet]1 ,fig4 #ic ,l#a #ajs4 #b #b #j #adh ,!rmomet] ,/& 7,glai%]'s7 #c #c #j #adi ,!rmomet] ,scre5 = ,sea use #c #c #j #aej ,anemoscope1 or ,portable ,vane1 ,fig4 #id #b #e #j #aea ,evaporat+ ,di%1 ,fig4 #ie #a #b #f #aeg ,sea ,wat] ,hydromet]s1 ,bo>d ( ,trade ,m>9e1 ,figs4 #if & #ig #j #e #f #aeh ,newman's ,self-,regi/]+ ,tide ,gauge1 ,fig4 #aeh1 fitt$ to ! 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