file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cfdef-;h4htm or #cfdef-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cfdef_/pg#cfdef-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cfde f_/cfdef-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/autobi ography(e#jj;gibsri* ,,! ,,autobiography ,,( ,,an ,,electron ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,well-,,kn[n ,,ph5om5on ,,produc$ ,,by ,,electrons ,photo ,! ,fleet ,ag5cy ,a sudd5 dis*>ge ( electrons f cl\d to cl\d1 or f cl\d to ! e>?1 con/itutes :at we call lightn+4 ,,! ,,autobiography ,,( ,,an ,,electron4 ,:]e9 ! ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ! ,pres5t ,"t ,are ,expla9$ 9 an ,int]e/+ & ,novel ,fa%ion by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,au?or ( ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-,day1 ,electricity ( ,to-,day ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,electricity1 c4 c4 ,illu/rat$ ,philadelphia ,j4 ,b4 ,lipp9cott ,company ,london3 ,seeley ,co4 ,limit$ #aiaa ,,preface ,al?\gh text-books ( sci5ce may appe> to ! g5]al read] to be v dry mat]ial1 !re is no d\bt t1 :5 sci5tific facts & !ories are put into ev]yday language1 ! g5]al read] is g5u9ely int]e/$4 ,! reception accord$ to ! pres5t au?or's ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day be>s out ?is fact4 ,:ile t volume expla9s1 9 non-te*nical language1 ! late/ sci5tific !ories1 x aims at giv+ a fairly full acc\nt1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 necessitates go+ into a great deal ( detail4 ,t ! book has be5 appreciat$ by v v>i$ classes ( read]s is evid5t f ! l>ge numb]s ( appreciative lett]s receiv$ f diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,b ! au?or believes t if ! /ory ( mod]n sci5ce 7 told 9 a /ill m popul> /yle1 x w\ld s]ve a fur!r useful purpose4 ,= !re are read]s :o d n c>e to g into details1 & yet w\ld l to take an intellig5t int]e/ 9 ! sci5tific progress ( ! pres5t day4 ,"s ( ^? read]s d n wi% to tr\ble ab\t names & dates1 :ile ! m]e m5tion ( rates ( vibration & su*-l is a worry to !m4 ,!y wi% a book :i* !y may read ) ! same ease z an int]e/+ novel4 ,h5ce ! =m ( ! pres5t volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,james ,muir1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ( ! ,glasg[ & ,we/ ( ,scotl& ,te*nical ,college1 & to ,h4 ,/anley ,all51 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,s5ior ,lectur] 9 ,physics at ,k+'s ,college1 ,univ]sity ( ,london1 = v k9dly read+ ! pro(-%eets4 ,! au?or is indebt$ fur!r to ,pr(essor ,muir 9 connection ) "s ( ! illu/rations1 & = o!rs to ,dixon & ,corbitt & ,r4 ,s4 ,newall1 ,ltd41 ,glasg[2 ,siem5s ,s*uck]t ,w]ke1 ,b]l94 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,! ,,/ory ,,is ,,ab\t ,! ,scribe introduces ! ,electron to ! read]4 ,he has some?+ to say also ab\t ! my/]i\s ae!r :i* p]vades all space4 ,he emphasises ! fact t ! electron is a real exi/+ ?+ #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,electron',s ,,preface ,! ,electron expla9s ! reason :y x has writt5 its autobiography #bi ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,new ,,arrival ,! ,electron po9ts out :o ! new arrival is really4 ,x relates an amus+ exp]i5ce4 ,x tells h[ man di/urb$ electrons be=e he discov]$ _! exi/5ce4 ,an anci5t exp]im5t1 & :at ! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ ?\ght ab\t x4 ,h[ electrons are responsible = ! electrification ( any object4 ,h&l$ by a new exp]im5t]1 !y surprise man4 ,man becomes ( special int]e/ to ! electrons #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,good ,,sport ,! ,electron expla9s h[ man succe$$ 9 cr[d+ !m toge!r1 ) "s r excit+ results f ! ov]cr[d+4 ,"o hi/orical incid5t4 ,man's fe> ( ! consequ5ces4 ,h[ a p>ty ( electrons wreck$ a *ur* /eeple4 ,an un=tunate accid5t #db ,,*apt] ,v ,,my ,,e>lie/ ,,recollections ,! ,electron's /ory beg9s at a v f> di/ant p]iod1 be=e ?is _w _h tak5 %ape4 ,! ,electron 0 pres5t :5 ! atoms ( matt] 7 be+ =m$4 ,! bir? ( ! moon4 ,some?+ /ill to be discov]$4 ,! m\ld+ ( ! planet4 ,boil+ oceans4 ,! electrons took an active "p 9 mak+ sea-wat] salt4 ,! ,electron expla9s :y x has be5 *os5 to write ! /ory ( itself & its fell[s #eb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,man ,,pays ,,u ,,"s ,,att5tion ,! electrons are enc\rag$ by "o ( ! exp]im5ts made by man4 ,!y hope x may lead to _! discov]y1 s t _! s]vices may be recognis$4 ,! ,electron's exp]i5ce 9 a vacuum tube4 ,a disappo9tm5t & a revival ( hope4 ,a great decl>ation by "o individual man4 ,! ,electron misjudges man4 ,m5tion ( a great discov]y4 ,! *ri/5+ ( ! electrons #fj ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,/eady ,,m>* ,! ,electron expla9s h[ !y produce ! electric curr5t4 ,h[ man discov]$ means ( mak+ ! electrons m>*4 ,a simple explanation ( h[ a complete electric circuit is always necess>y4 ,h[ an e>? circuit works4 ,h[ ! m>*+ electrons c d "w #fh ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,useful ,,dance ,a p]petual dance4 ,a responsible position4 ,h[ ! safety ( ! m>9] dep5ds ^u ! electrons' dance4 ,h[ electrons produce a magnet4 ,a conv5i5t k9d ( magnet1 :i* ga9s & loses its attractive p[] :5 desir$4 ,h[ a p]man5t magnet is made4 ,! great s]vice ( electrons 9 mod]n life #gf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,we ,,c>ry ,,man',s ,,news ,! me?od ( s5d+ ! news4 ,! ,electron's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,a s]ies ( =c$ m>*es4 ,h[ man controls ! electrons4 ,h[ ! electrons reproduce ! signals #hf ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,we ,,communicate ,,) ,,di/ant ,,%ips ,an entirely diff]5t means ( communication4 ,a surprise to man1 b n to ! electrons4 ,h[ ! electrons produce waves 9 ! surr\nd+ ae!r4 ,h[ ^! waves di/urb di/ant electrons4 ,! ,electron's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,its description ( its actions 9 a wireless telegraph /ation #id ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,we ,,reproduce ,,spee* ,:y x is n correct to speak ( ! electrons z c>ri]s ( spee*4 ,! action ( electrons 9 ! work+ ( telephones4 ,! ,electron's own exp]i5ce 9 wireless telephony #ajf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,our ,,heavie/ ,,duties ,a rov+ commission4 ,h[ electrons c move gigantic c>s & tra9s4 ,! action ( electrons 9 dynamos & motors4 ,h[ ! electrons transmit ! en]gy4 ,:at makes ! motor g #aaf ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,boon ,,to ,,man ,a simple explanation ( h[ ! electrons produce light4 ,h[ ! ,electron provides a connect+ l9k betwe5 matt] & ! ae!r4 ,h[ light rea*es ! e>? f ! sun4 ,h[ ! electrons produce t beautiful lum9\s effect :i* man calls an ,aurora4 ,h[ ! e>? has become a negatively *>g$ body4 ,h[ electrons produce radiant heat4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 light & heat #abf ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h[ ,,we ,,produce ,,col\r ,:at col\r is really4 ,h[ ! diff]5t col\r s5sations are /imulat$ by ! electrons4 ,! ,electron z a fai?ful satellite to ! atom4 ,h[ electrons c produce ! diff]5t ae!r waves4 ,h[ ! electrons respond to ! diff]5t waves4 ,! production ( artificial light4 ,co-op]ation ( ! electrons4 ,man's ridicul\sly wa/eful processes4 ,! electrons' secret #acf ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,we ,,s5d ,,messages ,,f ,,! ,,/>s ,! k9d ( messages ref]r$ to4 ,h[ ! electrons h in=m$ man ( :at ! />s are made4 ,h[ man reads ! electrons' wireless messages4 ,h[ x is o!r electrons t enable man to read ! messages4 ,! real explanation ( reflection ( light4 ,h[ light is absorb$ by "s objects4 ,h[ "s sub/ances are transp>5t4 ,:y objects appe> col\r$4 ,:at makes ! l9es 9 ! spectra ( />s4 ,! spectroscope #add ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h[ ,,man ,,prov$ ,,our ,,exi/5ce ,h[ man reason$ out a plan = detect+ ! electron4 ,h[ ! electrons alt]$ "s l9es 9 ! spectrum4 ,! curi\s mann] 9 :i* ! ,electron in=m$ man t c]ta9 />s are approa*+ ?is planet1 :ile o!rs are rec$+ f x #aeh ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,my ,x-,,ray ,,exp]i5ce ,x-rays are an old /ory to "s electrons4 ,! ,electron's p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,a v sudd5 /op4 ,h[ electrons made a fluoresc5t scre5 s5d out light4 ,! electrons assi/ ! surgeon4 ,a curi\s f9d4 ,detect+ imitation diamonds4 ,! ,electron & ! mummy #aff ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,our ,,relation%ip ,,to ,,! ,,atoms ,h[ ! atoms ( matt] attract "o ano!r4 ,:at con/itutes ! temp]ature ( a body4 ,:at ! atoms are made (4 ,an important ?+ /ill to discov] ab\t ! atom4 ,! elem5ts4 ,h[ ! electrons produce comp\nd sub/ances4 ,! real explanation ( *emical *anges #agh ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,h[ ,,we ,,made ,,! ,,_w ,,talk ,x 0 no?+ new on ! "p ( ! electrons4 ,exagg]at$ rum\rs4 ,! electrons & radium4 ,fa/-fly+ electrons4 ,atomic explosions #ahf ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,conclusion ,! ,electron is made to sum up a few ( ! wond]s :i* x has relat$1 9 ord] to emphasise ! great s]vices :i* electrons r5d] to man #aid ,,app5dix #bjj ,,index #baa ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,a ,,well-,,kn[n ,,ph5om5on ,,produc$ ,,by ,,electrons ,frontispiece ,,damage ,,done ,,by ,a ,,p>ty ,,( ,,electrons #de ,a ,,tobacco ,,t9 ,,defy+ ,,gravitation #gi ,a ,,motor-,,c> ,,) ,,wireless ,,telegraph #ii ,a ,,tra9 ,,impell$ ,,by ,,mov+ ,,electrons #aai ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,a ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,electrons #abi ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,& ,,! ,,electrons' ,,wireless ,,messages #adi ,,h[ ,,electrons ,,produce ,x-,,ray ,,images #aga ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,! ,,/ory ,,is ,,ab\t ,! reason = writ+ ?is /ory is giv5 9 ! ,preface1 b ! title is s /range t ! read] w wi% naturally to "k :at ! /ory is ab\t4 ,:at is an electron8 ,is x an imag9>y ?+1 or is x a reality8 ,"o ( ! reasons = writ+ ?is /ory 9 its pres5t =m is to help ! read] to realise t electrons are n my?ical1 b real exi/+ ?+s1 & by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s we "k any?+ ab\t4 ,! discov]y ( electrons has %$ a new light ^u ! mean+ ( v _m ?+s :i* h be5 puzzles until n[4 ,!y give u a reasonable explanation ( ! cause ( light & col\r4 ,!y provide a new idea ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,!y enable u to picture an electric curr5t1 & !y give u def9ite1 ?\gh by no means f9al1 answ]s to ! :y & :]e=e ( magnetism1 *emical union1 & radio-activity4 ,! /ory is imag9>y only 9 s f> t "o ( ! electrons itself is suppos$ to tell ! tale4 ,b 9 ! endeav\r to make ! /ory int]e/+1 !re has be5 no sacrifice ( accuracy 9 ! /atem5ts ( fact4 ,:ile all names & dates1 & _m o!r details1 h be5 kept out rigidly f ! /ory1 a note ( ! m important ( ^! has be5 add$ 9 an ,app5dix = ! sake ( ^? read]s :o may wi% to ref] to !m4 ,x w be well to introduce ! electron to ! read] be=e leav+ x to speak = itself4 ,we h def9ite exp]im5tal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( electrons1 & yet x is v difficult to realise _! exi/5ce1 = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are s inf9itesimally small4 ,we c\nt a microbe a small ?+2 we c see x only ) ! aid ( a v p[]ful microscope4 ,yet t little speck ( matt] conta9s myriads ( p>ticles or atoms4 ,an atom ( matt] is !re=e an inconceivably little ?+1 b ev5 t is a great giant comp>$ to an electron4 ,our second difficulty 9 realis+ ! exi/5ce ( an electron is t x is n any =m ( :at we call matt]2 x is a p>ticle ( electricity1 :atev] t may be4 ,f ! e>lie/ exp]im5ts x became evid5t t !re 7 two di/9ct k9ds ( electricity4 ,^! 7 describ$ by ! pione] work]s z positive & negative electricities4 ,to-day we h def9ite exp]im5tal pro( t negative electricity is compos$ ( sep>ate p>ticles or units4 ,j z matt] is compos$ ( invisible atoms1 s also is negative electricity ( an atomic nature4 ,^! p>ticles ( negative electricity h be5 *ri/5$ electrons1 electron be+ ! ,greek ^w = amb]1 f :i* man fir/ obta9$ electricity4 ,( c\rse no "o c ev] hope to see an electron1 b physici/s h be5 able to det]m9e its size & mass1 its electric *>ge1 & ! spe$s at :i* x moves4 ,:ile x has be5 kn[n = m ?an a c5tury t light is m]ely waves 9 ! all-p]vad+ ae!r ( space1 set up by inc&esc5t bodies1 x has be5 a puzzle always h[ matt] c\ld cause waves 9 ! ae!r1 z x (f]s no resi/ance to ! movem5t ( matt] ?r\gh x4 ,"h we are on ! back ( a great planet1 fly+ ?r\gh space at ! enorm\s rate ( "o ?\s& miles p] m9ute1 & yet our flimsy atmosph]ic blanket is 9 no way di/urb$ by ! ae!r ?r\gh :i* we are fly+4 ,9 ! foll[+ /ory we %all see t ^! electrons help u t[>ds a solution ( ?is & _m o!r problems2 !y provide ! miss+ l9k betwe5 matt] & ! ae!r4 ,b :at is ?is ae!r ( :i* "o he>s s mu* 9 ^! days8 ,! tru? is we "k no?+ ( its nature4 ,we _c say :e!r x is light] ?an ! lighte/ gas or d5s] ?an ! d5se/ solid4 ,! ae!r1 :atev] x may be1 is z real z ! air we brea!4 ,x is ! m$ium :i* br+s u light & heat f ! sun1 & :i* c>ries our wireless telegraph & telephone messages4 ,! :ole univ]se is mov+ 9 ?is great ae!r ocean4 ,9 ord] to make ! electron's /ory p]fectly intelligible to e read]1 ,i h add$ a %ort explanatory note at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]4 ,^! notes m]ely /ate ! facts ab\t :i* ! electron is speak+4 ,to make ! electron's /ory z reali/ic z possible1 x has be5 necess>y to give ! imag9>y electron p]fect fre$om ( k conc]n+ itself & its surr\nd+s4 ,9 our s*ooldays we _h to write ! autobiographies ( /eel p5s1 & su*-l1 b ^! inanimate ?+s _h to be end[$ ) p[]s ( ?\ght1 feel+1 & desire4 ,x is v important1 h[ev]1 to rememb] t an electron is a p>ticle ( negative electricity--a real exi/+ ?+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,electron',s ,,preface ,:ile _m sci5tific m5 n[ und]/& our place 9 ! univ]se1 we electrons are anxi\s t e p]son %\ld "k ! v important "p :i* we play 9 ! workaday _w4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t my fell[-electrons urg$ me to write my own biography4 ,my difficulty has be5 to f9d a scribe :o w\ld put d[n my /ory 9 ! way ,i desir$4 ,! fir/ man ) :om ,i op5$ negotiations wi%$ me to give him dates & names ( :i* ,i knew no?+4 ,& he ask$ su* /upid que/ions ab\t :]e ,i 0 born & :o my p>5ts 71 z if ,i 7 fle% & blood4 ,i am pleas$ to say t my relation%ip ) ! scribe :o has put d[n my /ory 9 ! foll[+ pages has be5 ( ! mo/ fri5dly description4 ,ap>t f a little tiff :i* we _h at ! outset1 !re has be5 no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,he compla9$ t ,i relat$ ?+s 9 too ab/ract a =m4 ,h[ev]1 we got ov] ! difficulty by a compromise2 ,i h all[$ him to place :at he calls ,! ,scribe's ,note at ! beg9n+ ( ea* *apt]1 b x w be und]/ood cle>ly t ^! are m]ely conv5i5t embelli%m5ts1 & t ,i am responsible = ! /ory ( my own exp]i5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,new ,,arrival ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,?ree ,x w be well to keep cle>ly 9 m9d t an electron is a real p>ticle ( negative electricity4 ,electrons h be5 discov]$ only )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,no matt] f :at sub/ances we take !m1 !y are always id5tical 9 e respect4 ,"s electrons are atta*$ to ! atoms ( matt] 9 su* a way t !y may be remov$ easily f "o object to ano!r4 ,:5 a surplus ( ^! deta*able electrons is cr[d$ on to any object1 we say t x is *>g$ ) negative electricity4 ,we speak ( ! o!r object1 :i* has lo/ ^! same electrons1 z be+ *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,9 ?is *apt] ! electron ref]s to ! old-_w exp]im5t 9 :i* a piece ( amb] :5 rubb$ attracts any light object to x4 ,= _m ages man believ$ ?is to be a special prop]ty belong+ to amb] alone4 ,"o ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s physicians discov]$ t ?is prop]ty 0 common to all sub/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,new ,,arrival ,x is mo/ amus+ to me & my fell[-electrons to he> intellig5t p speak ( u z ?\gh we 7 new arrivals on ?is planet4 ,de> me6 ,we 7 "h = c\ntless ages be=e man put 9 an appe>ance4 ,i wond] if any man c realise t we h be5 on ! move ev] s9ce ! f\ndations ( ?is _w 7 laid4 ,x is man himself :o is ! new arrival4 ,x does seem /range to u t m5 %\ld be s di/9ctly diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,we electrons are at a decid$ disadvantage1 = we are all id5tical 9 e respect4 ,i h no individual "n--x w\ld s]ve no purpose4 ,ev5 if y c\ld see me1 y c\ld n di/+ui% me f any o!r electron4 ,i wond] sometimes if m5 appreciate ! great advantage !y h 9 possess+ individual names4 ,i 0 impress$ ) ?is ?\ght "o f9e summ] morn+4 ,:ile ,i 0 rid+ on ! back ( a p>ticle ( gas 9 ! atmosph]e1 ,i 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! op5 w9d[ ( a nurs]y j z ! "u-nurse 0 putt+ ! room 9 ord]4 ,a little lat] !re 0 "s commotion 9 ! nurs]y1 = ! "y "m & h] "m _h come to see ! tw9 daught]s be+ ba!d by ! nurses4 ,! gr&mo!r happ5$ to rem>k h[ v mu* alike ! two little infants 74 ,%e said laugh+ly to ! head nurse t %e mu/ be c>eful n to get ! *ildr5 mix$4 ,b ! big bro!r1 ag$ five ye>s1 rem>k$ t x w\ld n matt] really h[ mu* !y 7 mix$ until !y got _! names4 ,sometimes ,i wi% we electrons did diff] f "o ano!r1 s t we might ea* possess an individual "n1 b no d\bt x is necess>y = u all to be exactly alike4 ,long be=e man _h discov]$ u1 he caus$ u delib]ately to d c]ta9 ?+s4 ,he 0 my/ifi$ by ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts1 = he 0 n aw>e ( our pres5ce4 ,a few ( my fell[-electrons h r hazy recollections ( be+ di/urb$ :ile cl++ to a piece ( amb]4 ,!y _h be5 di/urb$ (t5 be=e 9 a simil> way1 by be+ rubb$ aga9/ a piece ( wooll5 clo?1 & ! result _h be5 always t a numb] ( electrons let g _! hold ^u ! clo? & cr[d$ on to ! amb]4 ,! ov]cr[d+ 0 uncom=table1 b x happ5$ usually t ! surplus electrons f\nd "s means ( escape to ! e>?1 :]e !re is no ne$ ( excessive cr[d+4 ,on ! occasion to :i* ,i ref]1 x s happ5$ t ! rubb+ _h be5 unusually vigor\s & prolong$1 s t ! electrons 7 cr[d$ on to ! amb] 9 great numb]s4 ,9 _! endeav\r to escape !y produc$ a /ra9 or /ress 9 ! surr\nd+ ae!r1 & ?is caus$ a small piece ( /raw1 :i* 0 ly+ )9 ! di/urb$ area1 to be =c$ t[>ds ! amb]4 ,:at attract$ ! att5tion ( ! electrons 0 t ! man :o 0 hold+ ! piece ( amb] remov$ ! cl++ /raw & replac$ x exactly :]e x _h be5 ly+4 ,9 ! meantime he _h be5 h&l+ ! amb]1 & _m ( ! cr[d$ electrons _h manag$ to make a bolt = ! e>? by way ( ! man's body4 ,!y did ?is s v quietly t ! man did n feel any s5sation4 ,h[ev]1 z soon z ! amb] 0 rubb$ aga91 a simil> cr[d provid$ ! same attractive prop]ty4 ,we electrons became impati5t to he> :at man w\ld say ( our "w1 = x 0 app>5t t he _h notic$ ! movem5ts ( ! /raw4 ,y w h>dly believe me :5 ,i tell y to :at decision ^! wise m5 ( ! ,ea/ came4 ,!y decl>$ t1 9 rubb+ ! amb]1 x _h receiv$ heat & life4 ,z if life c\ld be orig9at$ 9 any su* simple mann]6 ,y c picture our disappo9tm5t :5 we f\nd t man 0 go+ to ignore our pres5ce4 ,occasionally we 7 giv5 opportunities ( display+ our abilities 9 draw+ light objects t[>ds pieces ( rubb$ amb]4 ,b ! funny ?+ 0 t man got hold ( ! /upid idea t ?is attractive prop]ty belong$ to ! amb] in/ead ( to u4 ,if he _h only tri$ pieces ( sulphur1 res91 or glass1 he w\ld h f\nd t ^! sub/ances w\ld h act$ j z well4 ,y see x 0 n really ! sub/ance1 b we electrons :o 7 ! active ag5ts4 ,we _h giv5 up all hope ( be+ discov]$1 :5 news came along t a le>n$ man 0 on ! hunt = u4 ,he 0 cr[d+ u on to all sorts ( sub/ances4 ,he rubb$ a piece ( glass ) "s silk1 & at fir/ he 0 surpris$ greatly to see light objects jump t[>ds ! excit$ glass4 ,( c\rse1 we 7 n surpris$ 9 ! v lea/4 ,! only ?+ t amus$ u 0 to f9d t he 0 mak+ out a li/ ( ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* %[$ attractive prop]ties :5 rubb$4 ,he c\ld n1 evid5tly1 get away f ! idea t x 0 ! sub/ances !mselves t became attractive4 ,we 7 sorry t ! poor exp]im5t] wa/$ s mu* "t & en]gy 9 try+ to cr[d u on to a piece ( metal rod4 ,he rubb$ & he rubb$ t metal1 b x w\ld attract no?+1 & ,i %all tell y ! reason4 ,y "k t we electrons hate ov]cr[d+2 inde$ we always sep>ate f "o ano!r z f> z possible :5 !re is no =ce pull+ u toge!r4 ,we only cr[d$ on to ! amb] because we c\ld n help ourselves2 we _h no way ( escape1 = amb] is a sub/ance we _c pass ?r\gh4 ,b we h no difficulty :atev] 9 mak+ our way along a piece ( metal1 & z soon z ! rubb+ began1 "s electrons mov$ (f ! metal by way ( ! man's arm & body to make room = ^? be+ cr[d$ on to ! metal f ! rubb]4 ,& s !re nev] 0 any ov]cr[d+1 & consequ5tly no /ra9+ ( ! ae!r4 ,b x 0 n long be=e we f\nd t man _h succe$$ 9 cutt+ (f our way ( escape4 ,he _h atta*$ a glass h&le to ! metal rod1 & we 7 compell$ to ov]cr[d ^u ! metal z we c\ld n pass ?r\gh ! glass h&le4 ,neighb\r+ light objects 7 attract$ by ! excit$ or electrifi$ metal4 ,ev5 ?is demon/ration did n put man ^u our track4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld expla9 9 pass+1 t :5 a glass rod is rubb$ ) a silk h&k]*ief we cr[d on to ! silk1 & n on to ! glass4 ,?is leaves ! glass rod %ort ( electrons1 & ! ae!r is /ra9$ s t light objects are attract$4 ,man did notice t !re 0 "s diff]5ce betwe5 a piece ( amb] & a piece ( glass :5 ^! 7 excit$4 ,:at ! diff]5ce 0 he c\ld n imag9e1 b to di/+ui% ! two diff]5t conditions he said t ! amb] 0 *>g$ ) negative electricity & ! glass ) positive electricity4 ,f t "t =w>d man became ( special int]e/ to u4 ,we felt sure t soon] or lat] he 0 b\nd to recognise t we 7 at "w beh9d ! sc5es4 ,x seem$ to u1 h[ev]1 t man 0 desp]ately sl[ 9 turn+ 8 att5tion t[>ds u1 & we tri$ to wak5 him up 9 a r al>m+ fa%ion1 z ,i %all relate 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,good ,,sport ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,f\r ,m5 began to make glass plate ma*9es = produc+ electrification on a l>g] scale4 ,! electric sp>k is produc$4 ,! electron tells ! /ory ( ! fir/ attempt to /ore electricity 9 a glass j>4 ,?is is :at we d n[ by means ( a ,leyd5 j>4 ,a sudd5 expulsion ( electrons f "o object to ano!r is call$ a dis*>ge ( electricity4 ,lightn+ is a dis*>ge ( electrons f a cl\d to ! e>? or f cl\d to cl\d4 ,9 repeat+ ,frankl9's exp]im5t ( draw+ electricity f ?und]-cl\ds1 a ,russian pr(essor receiv$ a fatal %ock4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,"s ,,good ,,sport ,n[ ,i mu/ tell y ( a surprise 9 :i* ,i took an active "p4 ,"s man ?\ght he w\ld sep>ate a great cr[d ( u f our fri5ds4 ,( c\rse1 he did n ?9k really ( u1 b :atev] he may h suppos$ he 0 do+1 he succe$$ 9 accumulat+ great] cr[ds ( u toge!r ?an he _h done previ\sly4 ,he manag$ ?is by mak+ simple ma*9es to d ! rubb+ = him on a l>g] scale4 ,! result 0 really too mu* = u2 we 7 kept cr[d+ on to a sort ( brass comb arrangem5t f :i* we c\ld n escape1 z ! metal 0 atta*$ to a glass support4 ,talk ab\t ov]cr[d+6 ,i _h nev] exp]i5c$ ! l be=e1 & ,i felt sure "s cata/rophe w\ld happ54 ,sudd5ly !re 0 a /amp$e1 dur+ :i* a great cr[d ( electrons =c$ _! way across to a neighb\r+ object & !nce to ! e>?4 ,i c assure y x 0 no joke gett+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,we all tri$ to leap toge!r1 b "s ( ! cr[d 7 =c$ back ^u u2 !n bang =w>d we w5t aga91 back once m1 & s on till we settl$ d[n to our normal condition4 ,( c\rse all ?is surg+ to & fro occupi$ f> less "t ?an x takes to tell4 ,inde$1 ,i c\ld n tell y :at a v small fraction ( a second x took4 ,i wi% y _h se5 ! exp]im5t]'s surprise z we made ?is jump4 ,we caus$ su* a bomb>dm5t 9 ! air t !re 0 a bright sp>k accompani$ by a regul> explosion4 ,"s m5 ran away ) ! idea t electricity 0 a my/]i\s fire1 :i* only %[$ itself :5 x mix$ ) ! atmosph]e4 ,no?+ delight$ u m1 aft] our own surprise 0 ov]1 ?an to h a *ance ( repeat+ ^! explosions1 to ! al>m ( ! exp]im5t]s4 ,b ! be/ sport ( all 0 to come1 & :5 ,i he>d ( x ,i 0 s disappo9t$ t ,i _h n be5 "o ( ! sport+ p>ty4 ,x came ab\t 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,damage ,,done ,,by ,a ,,p>ty ,,( ,,electrons ,by p]mission ( ,dixon & ,corbitt & ,r4 ,s4 ,newall1 ,ltd4 ,glasg[ ,:5 a myriad ( electrons is dis*>g$ sudd5ly f a cl\d to ! e>?1 x happ5s sometimes t consid]able damage is done4 ,! above photograph is ( a *ur* /eeple damag$ by lightn+ 9 #ahge4 ,no lightn+-conductor 0 provid$1 s ! electrons _h to get to e>? by way ( ! /eeple itself1 ) ! disa/r\s result z %[n4 ,"o le>n$ man ?\ght he _h hit ^u a good idea4 ,he tri$ to cr[d a trem5d\s numb] ( u into "s wat] conta9$ 9 a glass j>4 ,)\t condesc5d+ to ?9k ( u1 he cr[d$ an enorm\s numb] ( electrons f "o ( 8 rubb+ ma*9es along a piece ( *a9 :i* l$ !m into wat]4 ,! ov]cr[d+ 0 appall+1 = x 0 impossible to escape ?r\gh ! glass vessel4 ,?+s _h rea*$ a t]rible /ate1 :5 ! exp]im5t] /opp$ ! ma*9e & put =w>d 8 h& to lift ! *a9 out ( ! wat]4 ,n[ 0 ! *ance ( escape1 s ! :ole excit$ cr[d made "o wild ru% to e>? by way ( ! exp]im5t]'s body4 ,! rapid surg+ to & fro ( ! cr[d rack$ ! man's muscles4 ,i wi% ,i _h be5 !re to see him jump2 !y say x 0 some?+ gr&4 ,y c imag9e h[ ! little s9n]s enjoy$ ! joke2 !y knew !y 7 safe1 z man _h no idea ( _! exi/5ce at t "t4 ,ano!r man 0 foolh>dy en\gh to try a simil> exp]im5t1 & !y say t 8 al>m 0 ev5 great]2 inde$1 he swore he w\ld n take ano!r %ock ev5 = ! cr[n ( ,france4 ,we 7 all eag] to get opportunities ( al>m+ man1 n t we wi%$ him any h>m1 b we ?\ght he might pay u a little m att5tion4 ,i rememb] "o occasion ^u :i* "s ( u 7 boa/+ ( :at we _h done 9 ! way ( al>m+ m51 :]eupon "o fell[-electron r belittl$ our do+s4 ,he ma9ta9$ t he _h jump$ all ! way f a cl\d to ! e>?1 along ) a cr[d ( o!r electrons4 ,9 do+ s !y _h sc>$ ! inhabitants ( a :ole village1 = !y alight$ ^u ! /eeple ( a *ur*1 & 9 _! wild ru% !y play$ su* havoc among ! atoms compos+ ! /eeple t !y did consid]able outw>d damage to ! great /ructure4 ,i may z well confess t we are n free ag5ts 9 p]=m+ ^! gigantic jumps2 we are compell$ to g ) ! cr[d :5 ?+s are 9 su* a /ate ( /ress4 ,we simply _c hold on to ! atoms ( matt] ^u :i* we happ5 to be locat$4 ,x is only "u v consid]able pressure t we c p]=m ?is class ( jump1 & ,i beg to assure y t we are p]fectly helpless 9 ^? cases :]e we h be5 da%$ ^u "s poor creature ) a message ( dea?4 ,alas6 on "o occasion ,i 0 "o ( a p>ty :o kill$ a v le>n$ man4 ,x 0 mo/ di/a/eful to u2 we c\ld n possibly prev5t x4 ,he _h erect$ a long rod :i* ext5d$ up into ! air1 & t]m9at$ at ! l[] end 9 8 laboratory4 ,"s ( u :o 7 9 ! upp] atmosph]e 7 =c$ on to ?is iron rod1 & f pa/ exp]i5ce we q expect$ t we %\ld be subject$ to a sudd5 expulsion to e>?4 ,inde$ we 7 wait+ = ! exp]im5t] to provide u ) a means ( escape1 :5 sudd5ly he br\ght 8 head too ne> to ! end ( ! rod1 & 9 a mom5t we 7 da%$ to e>? ?r\gh 8 body4 ,we le>n$ ) deep regret t ! poor man _h be5 robb$ ( 8 life4 ,to turn to some?+ ( a happi] nature1 ,i %all proce$ to tell y ( "s ( my e>lie/ recollections4 ,rememb] ,i %all be speak+ ( a "t long be=e man exi/$--ev5 be=e ?is great planet 0 a solid ball4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,my ,,e>lie/ ,,recollections ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,five ,?is great globe ^u :i* we live 0 once a gl[+ mass ( flam+ gas4 ,x is possible t ! :ole sol> sy/em 0 once "o great mass4 ,9 any case1 we h no d\bt t ! moon is simply ! result ( a "p ( our gl[+ mass hav+ become deta*$4 ,9 ! hotte/ />s we f9d only ! lighte/ atoms ( matt]1 su* z hydrog5 gas1 ! atoms ( heavi] sub/ances be+ f\nd 9 />s :i* h begun to cool d[n4 ,! electrons h be5 pres5t f ! v beg9n+1 & x is !y :o g to make up ! atoms ( matt]4 ,we picture an atom ( matt] z a m9iature sol> sy/em ( revolv+ electrons4 ,!re is d\btless a correspond+ am\nt ( positive electricity1 b s f> we h no evid5ce ( its nature4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,my ,,e>lie/ ,,recollections ,be=e giv+ an acc\nt ( ! ev]yday duties :i* we p]=m1 x may int]e/ y to he> some?+ ( our e>ly hi/ory4 ,n only h we be5 on ! move ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 b "s ( u h cle> recollections ( ?is planet long be=e x 0 a solid body4 ,! :ole _w 0 a great ball ( flam+ gas4 ,i h he>d "s fell[-electrons say t we 7 atta*$ to a great] mass ( inc&esc5t gas be=e ! beg9n+ ( ?is _w1 b ,i h no p]sonal recollections ( x4 ,b "o ?+ ,i d rememb] is a great upheaval :i* caus$ a l>ge mass ( gas to become deta*$ f our habitation4 ,)\t any w>n+ a great myriad ( our fell[-electrons 7 c>ri$ away on ?is small] mass4 ,at fir/ ?is deta*$ mass circl$ ar\nd our great] mass at v close qu>t]s1 b we soon f\nd t our fri5ds 7 be+ c>ri$ f>!r & f>!r away1 until !y are n[ circl+ ar\nd ?is solid planet at a comp>atively great di/ance4 ,man calls ?is deta*$ mass ! moon1 & :5 ,i h he>d *ildr5 say 9 fun t !y wi% !y c\ld visit ! man 9 ! moon1 ,i h long$ to g & see h[ x f>es ) ^? fell[-electrons :o seem to be sep>at$ f u 9 su* a p]man5t mann]4 ,aft] ?is excit+ ev5t1 :i* ,i h he>d describ$ z ! bir? ( ! moon1 our great ball ( flam+ gas began to cool gradually4 ,b y w be int]e/$ 9 :at happ5$ be=e ! moon's bir?4 ,i saw a cr[d ( electrons sudd5ly congregate toge!r along ) some?+ else :i* man has n discov]$4 ,nev] m9d ! o!r "p1 b picture a numb] ( electrons =m+ a little _w ( _! own4 ,!re !y w5t :irl+ ar\nd 9 a giddy dance4 ,i saw ^! little worlds or atoms be+ =m$ all ar\nd1 & ,i feel truly ?ankful n[ t ,i 0 n caught 9 ! mad :irl1 = ^! fell[-electrons h be5 kept h>d at x ev] s9ce1 imprison$ )9 a s+le atom4 ,i h met a v few electrons :o h escap$ f )9 an atom1 b ,i %all tell y ab\t !m lat] on4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i notic$ 0 t ea* ( ! atoms _h practically ! same numb] ( electrons 9 x4 ,at t "t ,i ?\ght only 9 an ab/ract way1 b s9ce !n ,i h le>n$ t ^! 7 hydrog5 atoms2 hydrog5 be+ ! lighte/ sub/ance kn[n to man4 ,exactly :at happ5$ next ,i _c recollect1 b my att5tion 0 attract$ lat] to l>g] congregations ( electrons =m+ o!r little worlds ( _! own4 ,^! atoms 71 ( c\rse1 heavi] ?an ! hydrog5 atoms4 ,i saw q a v>iety ( diff]5t sy/ems1 ( :i* ,i ?\ght !n 9 an ab/ract fa%ion1 b :i* ,i "k n[ to be atoms ( oxyg51 nitrog51 c>bon1 iron1 copp]1 & s on4 ,:ile man has giv5 ! atoms ^! di/+ui%+ names1 y w und]/& t ! incid5ts :i* ,i am relat+ took place long be=e !re 0 any appe>ance ( solidity ab\t our planet2 ^! sub/ances 7 all 9 a gase\s /ate4 ,aft] ?is1 ,i recollect t !re 0 a great envelope ( wat]-vap\r cond5s$ ar\nd ! planet4 ,"s cond5s$ into liquid wat] ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 :ile "p 0 susp5d$ 9 ! =m ( cl\ds4 ,"s ( my fell[-electrons act$ z nuclei or f\ndations = ! =mation ( ! cl\d p>ticles4 ,! wat] :i* cond5s$ ^u ! e>? settl$ d[n 9 ! holl[s1 :i* _h be5 produc$ previ\sly by ! imm5se pressure ( ! wat]-vap\r envelope4 ,we c h>dly believe x is ! same _w4 ,y _c imag9e h[ /range x 0 to see ! great oceans boil+ & /eam+2 ( c\rse1 !y 7 fre% wat] !n4 ,i ne$ h>dly tell y t !y h become salt only because ! riv]s h br\ght d[n sodium into !m1 & :5 ^! sodium atoms unite ) *lor9e atoms !y =m p>ticles ( common salt4 ,i "k all ab\t ?is because we electrons play a v important "p 9 all su* comb9ations4 ,"o v memorable recollection is t ( life orig9at+ 9 ! oceans4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld let y into ! secret ( ! orig9 ( life1 b1 accord+ to ! ,creator's plan1 man mu/ f9d out = himself4 ,y\r guesses are all wide ( ! m>k4 ,by ! way1 p]haps ,i %\ld expla9 :y ,i h be5 select$ to write ?is biography4 ,! fir/ reason is t ,i am a free or deta*able electron1 & ! second po9t 9 my fav\r is t ,i h _h exceptional opportunities ( see+ ab\t me4 ,i h he>d m5 say t look]s-on see mo/ ( ! game1 & z ,i h witness$ ! gradual evolution ( ?+s1 y w und]/& t ,i h views ( my own4 ,a casual obs]v] might ?9k t ?+s _h det]iorat$1 = long ago !re 7 imm5se mon/]s ^u ?is planet1 & ^! w\ld put all mod]n creatures 9 ! %ade z f> z size & /r5g? are conc]n$4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s to me has be5 to wat* ! evolution ( man1 & m especially ! gradual developm5t ( 8 bra94 ,inde$1 sometimes ,i h wi%$ t ,i _h happ5$ to be an electron 9 ! bra9 ( a man2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 my c>e] w\ld n h be5 ( ! v>i$ k9d :i* x has be54 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,man ,,pays ,,u ,,"s ,,att5tion ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,six ,m5 f\nd t by exhau/+ ! air f glass globes or tubes x 0 possible to pass electric dis*>ges ?r\gh !m1 & 9 s do+ "s v beautiful lum9\s effects 7 produc$ )9 ! vacuum tubes4 ,x 0 :5 exp]im5t+ ) "o ( ^! tubes t a sci5ti/ sugge/$ t radiant p>ticles 7 be+ %ot across ! tube4 ,^! p>ticles 7 really electrons1 b x 0 ?\ght at t "t t !y 7 atoms ( matt]4 ,ano!r sci5ti/ decl>$1 f c]ta9 ma!matical calculations1 t !re exi/$ extremely small p>ticles ( some?+ ar\nd ! atoms ( matt]1 & t x 0 ! motion ( ^! 9 ! ae!r :i* produc$ light4 ,p 7 n will+ to accept ?is !ory4 ,"s "t lat] ano!r sci5ti/ 0 able to prove by exp]im5t t ^! p>ticles did exi/4 ,?is 0 done by means ( ! spectroscope1 z w be relat$ by ! electron 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,man ,,pays ,,u ,,"s ,,att5tion ,f ! little ,i h told y already ( our exp]i5ces1 y w see t m5 _h be5 mak+ _m exp]im5ts 9 :i* we electrons took a v active "p4 ,x 0 disappo9t+ t ev5 al?\gh we _h surpris$ man 9 s _m diff]5t ways1 he _h nev] become suspici\s ( our pres5ce4 ,"o day1 h[ev]1 we did beg9 to hope = recognition4 ,i 0 pres5t1 ) a great cr[d ( electrons1 imprison$ )9 a glass globe f :i* ! air _h be5 extract$4 ,we 7 v pleas$ to f9d t ! surr\nd+ space _h be5 cle>$ ( air1 = x 0 app>5t t ! exp]im5t] 0 go+ to make u jump across f "o end ( ! glass tube to ! o!r4 ,a cr[d ( u _h collect$ on ! extremity ( a wire1 or electrode1 at ! "o end ( ! tube1 :ile ano!r simil> cr[d 0 pres5t on ! o!r electrode at ! opposite end ( ! tube4 ,:ile ,i speak ( a cr[d1 mean+ t !re 7 millions ( u1 ,i d n sugge/ t we 7 ov]cr[d$1 = we _h pl5ty ( elb[-room to move ab\t on ! atoms to :i* we 7 atta*$4 ,all 9 a mom5t ! sc5e 0 *ang$4 ,we felt a cr[d ( electrons press+ u =w>d & =c+ u "r up to ! v end ( ! electrode4 ,we f\nd t ! cr[d 0 approa*+ by a wire lead+ into ! tube4 ,soon ! cr[d+ _h rea*$ su* a condition t we became al>m$2 we c\ld see no way ( escape4 ,we 7 imprison$ by ! glass walls1 b we soon discov]$ t _m ( ! electrons :o _h be5 /ation$ on ! o!r electrode _h des]t$ _! po/s & fl$ along a wire lead+ out ( ! tube4 ,if we c\ld only foll[ !m4 ,x w\ld be a trem5d\s jump to get ov] to ! o!r wire1 b ! way 0 fairly cle> ( air4 ,:5 ! ov]cr[d+ rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t we 7 lit]ally %ot across f ! "o electrode to ! o!r4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t ,i _h ev] exp]i5c$ any?+ ( ! k9d1 b _m fell[-electrons _h gone ?r\gh simil> p]=mances = ye>s at ! h&s ( o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 some:at al>m+ to be fir$ (f l a rocket across ! tube4 ,:at happ5$ aft] t ,i _c recollect1 b "s "t lat] ,i 0 pres5t 9 t or a simil> tube :5 ,i he>d ! exp]im5t] say to a fri5d t he believ$ !re 7 p>ticles fly+ across 8 tube4 ,we s5t news all along ! l9e /at+ t at la/ we _h be5 discov]$1 & ,i c assure y t we felt pr\d4 ,b our joy 0 n long-liv$1 = x turn$ out t we 7 consid]$ to be p>ticles or atoms ( matt]2 ! exp]im5t] spoke ( u z radiant matt]4 ,?is 0 a real disappo9tm5t4 ,x took u "s "t to recov] f our disappo9tm5t at be+ mi/ak5 = clumsy atoms ( matt]4 ,we are ( a high] ord] ( ?+s altoge!r4 ,no atom ( matt] c travel at spe$s su* z we c4 ,we cross ^! vacuum tubes ) spe$s equal to millions ( miles p] m9ute4 ,a great _m ( u 7 kept busy )9 vacuum tubes by o!r exp]im5t]s1 b no?+ v excit+ happ5$4 ,inde$1 we _h lo/ all hope ( attract+ man's att5tion to ourselves z long z we 7 imprison$ )9 ^! tubes4 ,9 ! meantime our hopes 7 reviv$ by news :i* rea*$ u f ano!r qu>t]4 ,we he>d t a v le>n$ man _h decl>$ boldly t !re did exi/ little p>ticles :i* revolv$ ar\nd ! atoms ( matt]1 & t x 0 ! motion ( ^! t9y p>ticles 9 ! ae!r :i* produc$ ! well-kn[n waves ( light4 ,!re 0 consid]able rejoic+ among u1 = we 7 anxi\s to h our s]vices recognis$ by man4 ,?is great man 0 n guess+ m]ely2 he 0 will+ to prove by ma!matical calculations t we did exi/ 9 reality4 ,( c\rse1 we ourselves requir$ no pro( ( our exi/5ce1 b we believ$ t man w\ld be conv9c$4 ,our high hopes 7 soon laid l[2 news rea*$ u t p 7 %ak+ _! heads & say+ t figures c\ld be made to prove any?+4 ,aft] we _h settl$ d[n to our ord9>y duties1 we got ^w t at la/ man _h really detect$ u 9 a flame ( gas4 ,?is seem$ q reasonable1 =1 z ,i %all relate to y 9 ano!r *apt]1 we h a v lively "t ( x 9 a flame ( gas4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we 7 in=m$ t man _h discov]$ u by means ( a sort ( telescope arrangem5t1 ,i1 = "o1 began to d\bt ! tru? ( ! discov]y4 ,"s "t be=e ?is ,i _h he>d t m5 7 spy+ at gas flames 9 ! hope ( f9d+ u1 & ?is seem$ mo/ ridicul\s1 = if man c\ld n see ! l>ge congregations ( u call$ atoms1 h[ c\ld he expect to see individual electrons8 ,my ignorance 0 dispell$ :5 x 0 expla9$ t man _h n be5 look+ = u directly1 b = ! ae!r waves :i* we produce4 ,b ,i h n _h an opportunity ( expla9+ to y h[ "s ( u produce waves 9 ! ae!r2 ,i %all h to wait till a lat] *apt]4 ,9 ! meantime ,i may say t s9ce ?is important discov]y ,i h tak5 "s "p 9 an exp]im5t simil> to ! hi/oric "o :]e9 we 7 detect$1 b ( t too ,i %all h m to say aga94 ,! rejoic+ at ?is discov]y 0 n conf9$ to u1 = m5 ( sci5ce 7 quick to grasp ! importance :i* 0 atta*$ to ?is new k4 ,we felt t man 0 b\nd to ackn[l$ge our s]vices f t day4 ,! next ev5t 0 our *ri/5+1 & ?is 0 n all pla9 sail+4 ,inde$1 we h be5 r annoy$ ) "o "n :i* "s good fri5ds p]si/ 9 giv+ u4 ,i ref] to ! "n corpuscle1 :i* we feel to be a sort ( nickname1 al?\gh x may h be5 sugge/$ 9 all k9dness4 ,x may be difficult = y to appreciate our dislike to ?is "n1 b x seems to u to sav\r too mu* ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is n dignifi$2 y mu/ rememb] we are n matt]4 ,we are delight$ ) :at we pref] to call our real "n--electron--= t speaks ( electricity4 ,z y "k1 we are units ( p>ticles ( negative electricity1 & s ?is seems a mo/ s5sible & suitable "n4 ,b ,i mu/ ha/5 to tell ( "s ( our ev]yday duties 9 :i* we s]ve man4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,/eady ,,m>* ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,sev5 ,! /eady motion ( electrons f atom to atom along a wire1 or o!r conductor1 con/itutes ! well-kn[n electric curr5t4 ,! mov+ electrons di/urb ! ae!r ar\nd ! wire & produce :at we "k z a magnetic field4 ,! electron expla9s :y x is necess>y to h a complete circuit be=e any electric curr5t c take place4 ,also h[ "o l5g? ( wire may be us$ to connect two di/ant places provid$ ! two extremities ( ! wire are buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,a ,,/eady ,,m>* ,p]sonally ,i knew no?+ ab\t m>*+ until q rec5tly4 ,inde$1 none ( my fell[-electrons seem to h _h def9ite ideas ( regul> m>*es previ\s to la/ c5tury4 ,t c5tury is prom95t 9 our hi/ory z well z 9 man's4 ,!re is no d\bt t be=e !n we mu/ h made m or less regul> m>*es ?r\gh ! cru/ ( ! e>? & else:]e2 b = myself ,i h no su* recollection previ\s to ! foll[+ occasion4 ,! exp]i5ce 0 n a v excit+ "o4 ,i f\nd myself pass+ along f atom to atom 9 a copp] wire4 ,b :at 0 ( special int]e/ to u 0 t x became evid5t t ^! en=c$ m>*es 7 be+ delib]ately controll$ by man4 ,( c\rse y w und]/& t man knew no?+ ( our exi/5ce at t "t4 ,all he knew 0 t :5 he plac$ a piece ( z9c & a piece ( copp] 9 a *emical solution1 !re 7 c]ta9 effects produc$ 9 "s my/]i\s fa%ion4 ,= in/ance1 :5 he connect$ ! top ( ! two metals 9 ?is *emical cell or batt]y by a piece ( wire1 he got :at he describ$ z an electric curr5t4 ,n[ all t happ5$ really 0 ?is4 ,! *emical action 9 ?is batt]y :i* man _h devis$ caus$ a re>rangem5t among ! atoms compos+ ! metals & ! solution1 ) ! result t we poor electrons _h to re>range our domiciles4 ,z an accumulation ( electrons ga!r$ on ! z9c1 "s ( u 7 =c$ along ! connect+ wire t[>ds ! copp]4 ,z long z ! *emical action 9 ! batt]y 0 kept up1 s long 7 we kept on ! m>* f ! z9c to ! copp] by way ( ! wire4 ,man tri$ increas+ ! l5g? ( ?is wire bridge across :i* we _h to pass1 b we _h no difficulty 9 mak+ our way along4 ,b y mu/ n run away ) ! idea t we ru% along ! wire ) lightn+ spe$4 ,al?\gh we c fly ?r\gh ! ae!r at a prodigi\s spe$1 our progress f atom to atom 9 a wire is m l a snail-pace4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 our rate ( m>* is mu* less ?an ! walk+ pace ( a man2 inde$ x may be /at$ conv5i5tly z s _m y>ds p] h\r4 ,"s p may f9d x difficult to believe t our rate ( m>* is s v sl[4 ,_! front door is a good _m y>ds away f _! electric bell1 b x does n take u an h\r1 or any appreciable "p ( a m9ute1 to summon ! maid4 ,! secret is t !re is a :ole regim5t ( u along ! wire1 & be=e "o ( u moves on to a neighb\r+ atom1 ano!r electron mu/ move (f t atom & on to its neighb\r1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way ! electrons at ! f> end ( ! wire comm5ce to move at practically ! same mom5t z ^? ne> ! batt]y4 ,x has be5 a s\rce ( amusem5t to me to see p p]fectly my/ifi$ by ! fact t !y c get no electric curr5t unless !y h a complete circuit4 ,:at else c\ld !y expect8 ,h[ c\ld man m>* if he _h no road to m>* on8 ,y see1 ! reason = our m>* is t we wi% to escape f ! ov]cr[d+ on ! z9c1 & we are =c$ t[>ds ! copp]4 ,! atoms compos+ ! wire are our /epp+-/ones1 & if !re is n a complete *a9 ( atoms we are helpless4 ,y h already he>d h[ we c jump an air-space "u v great pressure1 b t condition does n exi/ 9 ! pres5t case4 ,:5 we are di/urb$ by ! *emical action ( ! batt]y1 we %\ld pref] to h a %ort-cut f ! z9c to ! copp]1 b if ! only pa? man gives u is by way ( a long wire1 !n we mu/ be cont5t to travel t road1 9 ord] to rea* ! copp]4 ,x is a matt] ( little mom5t to u :at arrangem5t man makes z long z he gives u a complete pa?4 ,= in/ance1 he may lead u out f ! z9c to a di/ant telegraph in/rum5t1 & !n1 in/ead ( provid+ a second wire to take u back to ! batt]y1 he may conduct u by a %ort wire to ! e>?4 ,we are q cont5t to lose ourselves 9 ?is great res]voir1 provid$ man places ano!r %ort wire f ! e>? to ! copp] ( ! batt]y at ! o!r end ( ! l9e4 ,!n z we slip (f at ! "o end ( ! l9e1 an equal numb] ( electrons c climb up at ! o!r end1 & ?us enable all our fri5ds 9 ! long wire to keep up a /eady m>*4 ,?is m>* ( ours is n m]ely a means ( transport+ ourselves f "o place to ano!r2 x is to enable u to d "w4 ,x is only :5 we are 9 motion t we c d useful "w1 = we mu/ move be=e we c di/urb ! ae!r1 & x is by means ( ! ae!r t we transmit en]gy4 ,if y place a magnetic ne$le or m>9]'s compass ne> a wire along :i* we are mak+ a /eady m>*1 y w f9d t we c affect our fell[-electrons :o are /ation$ )9 ! magnetic ne$le4 ,we cause ! ne$le to sw+ r\nd & take up a position at "r angles to our l9e ( m>*4 ,we succe$ 9 do+ ?is because ^! electrons 9 ! magnetic ne$le are on ! move also4 ,b ?is rem9ds me t ,i h nev] told y h[ we produce t ae!r di/urbance :i* y call magnetism4 ,:51 z *ildr51 y play$ ) toy magnets 9 ! nurs]y1 little did y ?9k t !re 0 a ho/ ( t9y electrons amus+ y4 ,& yet we electrons are responsible entirely = all magnetic effects1 z ,i %all proce$ to expla94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,useful ,,dance ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,eight ,we believe magnetism to be due to electrons revolv+ ar\nd atoms ( iron & o!r magnetic sub/ances1 z relat$ by ! electron 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we h se5 t ! /eady motion ( electrons along a wire produces a magnetic field ar\nd ! wire4 ,!re=e if we h electrons revolv+ r\nd & r\nd ! atoms 9 a piece ( iron1 !re w be a m9iature magnetic field ar\nd ea* atom4 ,! electron expla9s :y a piece ( iron does n %[ ! magnetic p[] lock$ up )9 x until x is magnetis$4 ,! electron ref]s to electro-magnets2 an electro-magnet is simply a piece ( s(t iron ) a coil ( insulat$ wire w\nd ar\nd x4 ,! iron only %[s its magnetic p[] z long z a curr5t ( electricity is kept pass+ ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ coil ( wire1 = reasons :i* ! electron expla9s4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,useful ,,dance ,i may tell y q frankly t ,i h nev] tak5 "p 9 ! p]petual dance ( :i* ,i am ab\t to tell y4 ,i am ( a free & roam+ disposition1 b ,i h (t5 wat*$ "s ( my fell[-electrons at ?is "w4 ,( c\rse1 x is pleasant "w1 z all our duties are1 n[ t man ackn[l$ges our s]vices4 ,we are responsible = ! behavi\r ( ! m>9]'s compass ne$le4 ,x is we :o cause x to po9t cont9ually 9 "o def9ite direction4 ,if we ceas$ to dance ar\nd ! iron atoms 9 ! compass ne$le abo>d a %ip1 ! man at ! helm c\ld n tell 9 :at direction he 0 go+1 & soon] or lat] he w\ld be almo/ c]ta9 to wreck 8 vessel4 ,= ?is s]vice alone man ought to be grateful to u1 b be=e ,i h f9i%$ my /ory1 y w f9d t ev5 ?is important duty is b a small affair :5 comp>$ ) _m ( our o!r tasks4 ,!re is "o matt] ,i %\ld l to make q cle> to y4 ,al?\gh we electrons are all id5tical1 we h diff]5t /ations to fill4 ,y h d\btless become famili> ) my rov+ disposition1 & y probably ?9k ( me z a deta*able electron4 ,!n !re are our fri5ds :o are lock$ up )9 ! atoms ( matt]--"p & p>cel ( ! atom4 ,& n[ ,i am introduc+ y to ^? electrons :o act z satellites to ! atoms1 revolv+ ar\nd !m at a comp>atively great di/ance1 j z ! moon revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,^! are ! electrons :i* give rise to ! magnetism 9 a piece ( iron4 ,!re are o!r electrons :i* p]=m v rapid revolutions ar\nd all classes ( atoms1 b ,i %all introduce ^! fri5ds lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tobacco-,,t9 ,,defy+ ,,gravitation ,t ph5om5on kn[n z magnetism is due to ! /eady locomotion ( electrons1 z expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,"h we see a l>ge magnet attract+ a t9n$ iron box :i* is te!r$ to ! table by two cords4 ,! result is t ! box is support$ 9 ! air4 ,! spiral wires are connect$ to ! electro-magnet1 an explanation ( :i* is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,i ne$ h>dly rem>k t a piece ( ord9>y iron does n behave l a magnet4 ,inde$1 x is =tunate t x does n4 ,if x did1 man c\ld n get along ) 8 "w v well4 ,! hamm] w\ld /ick to ! head ( ! nail x _h /ruck1 ! fire-irons w\ld /ick to ! f5d]1 :ile ! cook's pots & pans w\ld hold on to ! kit*5 range4 ,t w\ld be a v /upid arrangem5t1 b we electrons h really no say 9 ! matt] ( arrangem5t4 ,we are always on ! move1 p]=m+ a p]petual dance ar\nd ! iron atoms1 b ! atoms arrange !mselves 9 a higgl$y-piggl$y fa%ion1 s t ! electrons on "o atom pull ! ae!r 9 "o direction :ile o!rs pull ! ae!r 9 an opposite direction4 ,9 ?is way ! outw>d effect is n p]ceptible4 ,:51 h[ev]1 man places a coil ( wire ar\nd ! iron1 & makes a cr[d ( electrons m>* along ! wire1 ^! m>*+ electrons affect ! ae!r1 :i* 9 turn influ5ces ! satellite electrons :i* are revolv+ ar\nd ! atoms ( iron4 ,y may be some:at surpris$ :5 ,i tell y t1 ow+ to ?is ae!r di/urbance1 ^! satellite electrons are able to produce a re>rangem5t among ! atoms4 ,if y d\bt my ^w1 y may easily prove ! tru? ( ! /atem5t4 ,if y magnetise a long b> ( iron y w f9d t its l5g? is actually alt]$4 ,?is is due to our hav+ di/urb$ ! arrangem5t ( ! atoms4 ,p]haps ,i %\ld expla9 t :5 we =ce ! atoms into _! new condition1 we c d s only "u ! ae!r /ress set up by our fell[-electrons :o are m>*+ 9 ! neighb\r+ wire4 ,:5ev] _! m>* ceases ! ae!r /ress is )drawn1 & ! atoms are able to fall back into _! old higgl$y-piggl$y condition4 ,9 ?is way man is able to make a piece ( iron a magnet & to unmake x z (t5 z he c>es by simply swit*+ on & (f ! electric curr5t f ! wire surr\nd+ ! iron4 ,if a piece ( h>d /eel is us$ 9 place ( s(t iron1 !n we f9d t ! atoms are n s easily di/urb$1 b :5 !y are once br\ght into l9e ) "o ano!r1 !y w rema9 9 _! new condition aft] ! ae!r di/urbance has be5 )drawn4 ,x may seem /range to y t q a small p]c5tage ( c>bon atoms add$ to ! pure s(t iron %\ld cause su* a m>k$ diff]5ce1 b ! matt] seems pla9 en\gh to u4 ,man 0 s impress$ ) ! mann] 9 :i* ! atoms 7 evid5tly fix$ 9 _! new condition t he spoke ( p]man5t magnets4 ,x is especially =tunate = man t ^! pieces ( /eel d reta9 _! magnetism1 & give u a reliable m>9]'s compass4 ,b ,i %all tell y h[ y may di/urb ev5 ^! s$ate atoms4 ,if y hamm] ! metal v vigor\sly1 or if y heat x to r$ness1 y w f9d t ! atoms h be5 fre$ f :at appe>$ to be _! p]man5t position1 & !y are back to _! old higgl$y-piggl$y condition1 s t we electrons are all oppos+ "o ano!r4 ,rememb] we are h>d at "w all ! "t al?\gh we may be giv+ no outw>d sign ( our activity4 ,:ile we r5d] an important aid to man by provid+ ?is p]man5t magnet = 8 compass1 y w f9d t a v great deal ( our assi/ance to man 9 8 ev]yday life dep5ds ^u our behavi\r 9 s(t iron electro-magnets4 ,x is 9 ^! t man c control our behavi\r at w4 ,x is ?r\gh ?is simple piece ( app>atus--! electro-magnet--t man has be5 able to accompli% s mu* 9 signall+ to 8 fri5ds at a di/ance4 ,x is also by means ( ^! electro-magnets t man c get u to turn an electric motor1 & s on4 ,b ,i mu/ tell y1 fir/ ( all1 h[ we enable man to signal to a di/ance1 or1 9 o!r words1 h[ we c>ry man's news4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,we ,,c>ry ,,man',s ,,news ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,n9e ,! electron expla9s :]e9 its me?od diff]s f all o!r me?ods4 ,x is well kn[n t )9 rec5t ye>s ! old iron telegraph wires h be5 replac$ by mu* light] copp] wires2 ! electron expla9s ! reason = ?is *ange4 ,x describes h[ ! electrons manage to "w ! mo/ widely us$ =m ( telegraph in/rum5t1 :i* is call$ ! ,morse1 aft] its inv5tor4 ,"h we f9d "o ( ! practical applications ( ! electro-magnet describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,we ,,c>ry ,,man',s ,,news ,x is we electrons :o h s v f> outdi/anc$ all mat]ial c>ri]s ( news4 ,y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! be/ runn]1 ! swifte/ horse1 ! fa/e/ express tra91 & ! prize c>ri] pigeon1 are all n[h]e :5 comp>$ ) u electrons4 ,b ,i d n wi% to mislead y 9 any way1 & ,i c speak f p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 ?is case4 ,we d n race (f ) man's messages 9 ! same s5se z ^! o!r mess5g]s d4 ,our swiftness ( communication dep5ds ^u ! simple fact t man provides a :ole connect+ regim5t ( u betwe5 ! two di/ant places4 ,& :5 ! ord] to m>* is giv5 we all move (f at practically ! same mom5t4 ,9 ?is way ! electrons at ! f> end ( ! connect+ wire are able to cause signals !re imm$iately4 ,?is is ! secret ( man's success 9 be+ able to hold imm$iate communication ) 8 di/ant fri5ds4 ,8 success is due entirely to ! co-op]ation ( u electrons4 ,my p]sonal exp]i5ce has be5 9 connection ) a v simple telegraphic arrangem5t4 ,inde$1 ! mo/ ( our duties 9 transmitt+ messages are p]=m$ ) ?is p>ticul> k9d ( in/rum5t1 kn[n z a ,morse s\nd]4 ,at ! "t ( :i* ,i speak1 ,i _h become atta*$ to an atom ( iron 9 ! end ( a long telegraph wire4 ,f ?is y w probably guess t my exp]i5ce 0 ga9$ "s "t ago1 = man does n use iron wires n[adays 9 fitt+ up telegraph l9es4 ,he us$ iron at fir/1 & "s ( ^! l9es /ill exi/1 b :5 he discov]$ t a v mu* light] copp] wire w\ld s]ve ! same purpose1 he disc>d$ ! heavy iron wires4 ,man expla9$ ! matt] by say+ t ! copp] (f]$ less resi/ance to ! electric curr5t1 & ! majority ( p 7 q satisfi$ ) ?is k9d ( explanation4 ,( c\rse ^! are m]ely conv5i5t phrases :i* give man no real reason = ! diff]5ce4 ,! real reason is t we electrons are able to move ab\t f "o copp] atom to ano!r ) v mu* great] ease ?an we c among ! iron atoms4 ,t is ! reason :y man made ! *ange f iron to copp] wires1 al?\gh he _h no idea ( ! reason at ! "t4 ,to return to my exp]i5ce 9 connection ) a telegraph in/rum5t1 ,i f\nd t we 7 be+ subject$ to a s]ies ( =c$ m>*es4 ,! :ole regim5t ( electrons along ! l9e made a =w>d move4 ,! l9e ( m>* end$ 9 a %ort l5g? ( f9e wire w\nd ar\nd a piece ( s(t iron to =m an electro-magnet4 ,! end ( ! wire dipp$ into ! e>?1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,n[ all t we electrons _h to d 0 to make a =w>d move1 halt1 =w>d aga91 ano!r halt1 & s on4 ,sometimes ! signal to halt 0 long] 9 be+ giv5 ?an at o!r times1 b we f\nd t ?is 0 int5tional1 & t !re 7 two def9ite l5g?s ( m>*4 ,i h expla9$ already h[ we m>*+ electrons cause an electro-magnet to attract a piece ( iron & let x g aga9 z soon z we cease m>*+4 ,x only rema9s = me to give y a g5]al /atem5t ( h[ we "w ! ,morse telegraph4 ,man has arrang$ a little lev] ) an iron end-piece imm$iately above ! electro-magnet1 s t ! magnet may attract x4 ,( c\rse y are aw>e t x is ! electrons )9 ! s(t-iron core ( ! electro-magnet :o produce ! magnetic effect4 ,e "t we electrons 9 ! surr\nd+ wire make a =w>d move1 ! electro-magnet pulls d[n ! end ( ! little lev] ref]r$ to4 ,z long z we keep m>*+1 s long w ! end ( ! lev] rema9 d[n1 b ! mom5t we halt1 ! lev] is free to be pull$ up by a spr+ atta*$ to x4 ,! movem5ts ( ! lev] indicate ! l5g? ( our long & %ort m>*es1 & x is by means ( ^! t man s5ds signals4 ,all t he does is to control our m>*1 by means ( an electric pu% & a batt]y at "o end ( ! wire1 & x is we :o produce ! signals at ! di/ant end ( ! wire4 ,ea* "t man presses ! pu% we move ! di/ant lev]4 ,:5 we pull ! lev] d[n x is s arrang$ t x makes a s\nd l click1 & :5 we let x spr+ up aga9/ a /op x makes ano!r s\nd n unlike clack4 ,our long & %ort m>*es are !re=e conv]t$ into long & %ort click-clacks4 ,man has made a simple code ( signals repres5t+ 8 alphabet1 & "r m]rily d we rap out ! signals = :i* we receive ord]s at ! di/ant end ( ! wire1 :ile "s "o at ! o!r end li/5s to ! s\nds we cause to be made4 ,i h told y en\gh ( our duties to let y see h[ we are able to c>ry man's news f "o "p ( ! e>? to any o!r "p4 ,by f> ! greate/ "p ( our signall+ "w is done ) ?is simple ,morse s\nd]4 ,x may int]e/ y to note t we c produce ^? signals f> fa/] ?an man c read !m4 ,:5 man f\nd ?is out he took advantage ( our p[]s4 ,he made an automatic transmitt] :i* c\ld manipulate ! make-&-break ( ! batt]y curr5t f> m rapidly ?an any human f+]s c\ld d4 ,!n z we rapp$ (f ! signals ) lightn+ spe$ at ! di/ant end1 he atta*$ a little ink-:eel to ! end ( ! mov+ lev]1 s t x c\ld m>k %ort & long /rokes on a ribbon ( pap] pass+ close to x4 ,al?\gh man c\ld n di/+ui% ! signals by 8 e> he 0 able to read ! record ( ^? we caus$ to be left ^u ! pap] ribbon4 ,we h be5 made to "w _m o!r =ms ( telegraph in/rum5ts4 ,9 "s ( ^! we control type-lett]s1 :ile 9 o!rs we imitate h&writ+1 b all ^! are m]ely adaptations ( our p[]s ( m>*+4 ,we are pr\d ( our a*ievem5ts 9 rapid signall+1 :i* all "r-?9k+ p h n be5 sl[ to ackn[l$ge4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,we ,,communicate ,,) ,,di/ant ,,%ips ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,t5 ,9 ?is *apt] ! electron deals ) t mod]n m>vel--,wireless ,telegraphy4 ,"h ! ae!r ( space plays a v prom95t "p4 ,! au?or has giv5 "s p>ticul>s ab\t ! ae!r 9 ! fir/ *apt] 7,:at ! ,/ory is ab\t74 ,9 conjunction ) t1 ! electron may be left to tell its own /ory4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,h[ ,,we ,,communicate ,,) ,,di/ant ,,%ips ,our duties 9 ?is case are totally diff]5t f ^? ( :i* ,i h be5 tell+ y4 ,:ile we electrons c d _m wond]ful ?+s1 we _c m>* ?r\gh space4 ,we may be fir$ (f l bullets f ! sun to ! e>?1 b t is q ano!r matt]4 ,i %all h some?+ to say ab\t t fact lat] on4 ,y h se5 already t man c make u jump only a v %ort di/ance1 ev5 :5 he has cle>$ our pa? ( ! ob/ruct+ air1 z he does 9 a vacuum tube4 ,if m5 7 to provide u ) a complete pa? ( metal atoms f ! %ore to ! %ip1 we c\ld set to "w ^u ! simple plan :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,b1 ne$less to say1 man has m s5se ?an to attempt to keep up metallic connection ) a %ip go+ away out to sea4 ,ev5 ! wise/ m5 7 surpris$ :5 !y he>d t we electrons c\ld signal ?r\gh space to great di/ances )\t any connect+ wires4 ,we ourselves 7 n surpris$4 ,_h we n be5 do+ ?is v ?+ f ! f\ndation ( ! _w8 ,our fell[-electrons 9 ! sun h nev] ceas$ to communicate ) ^? ( u ^u ! e>?4 ,( c\rse ,i am ref]r+ at pres5t to ^? ae!r waves :i* man calls heat & light4 ,b ! waves :i* we make to c>ry man's messages ?r\gh space are ( ! v same nature1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t !y are mu* long]1 or1 9 o!r words1 mu* f>!r ap>t4 ,!y d n foll[ ea* o!r s closely1 & !y d n affect ! eye or ! s5se ( t\*4 ,h[ev]1 ^! long waves are able to be/ir "s ( u electrons :o are situat$ at a great di/ance f ! s5d+ electrons4 ,our me?od ( produc+ su* waves 9 ! ae!r is by surg+ to & fro f atom to atom 9 an upright wire4 ,:5 we make a rapid to-&-fro motion we s5d out great waves 9 ! ae!r4 ,! orig9al plan adopt$ by man 0 to make u jump across a sp>k-gap1 b 9 ?is case also x 0 our rapid oscillation to & fro t produc$ ! waves4 ,if we wi% ! waves to c>ry to a great di/ance1 we mu/ club toge!r 9 consid]able =ce to supply ! necess>y en]gy4 ,! en]gy :i* we c get f a batt]y & induction coil is n suffici5t = any v long di/ances4 ,9 su* cases we require ! aid ( a dynamo1 a ma*9e ab\t :i* ,i %all h "s exp]i5ce to relate 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 communicat+ ?r\gh space1 our position is v simil> to t ( two m5 %\t+ to "o ano!r ov] a di/ance4 ,! "o man di/urbs ! air1 ?us s5d+ air-waves 7s\nd7 ov] to 8 fri5d1 & ^! waves produce c]ta9 s5sations :i* he c int]pret4 ,i %\ld l y to und]/& t we electrons are ^u a high] plane ?an atoms ( matt]4 ,we cause waves 9 ! all-p]vad+ ae!r1 n among clumsy p>ticles ( air4 ,aft] ^! ae!r waves h travell$ enorm\s di/ances !y reta9 suffici5t en]gy to di/urb electrons situat$ at ! di/ant place4 ,i %all tell y ( ! fir/ exp]i5ce ,i _h 9 ?is connection4 ,i f\nd myself atta*$ to an atom ( nickel1 a k9d ( atom :i* looks to u electrons v mu* l an iron atom1 because x has ne>ly ! same numb] ( electrons compos+ x1 only !y are arrang$ diff]5tly4 ,b ,i 0 tell+ y t ,i f\nd myself on ?is nickel atom seal$ up 9 a small glass tube4 ,( c\rse !re 7 myriads ( simil> atoms all ar\nd me1 b ,i did n feel v happy4 ,i 0 be+ urg$ =w>d1 & yet ,i c\ld n get across f "s atoms to o!rs1 = ! nickel 0 9 ! =m ( loose fil+s4 ,f pa/ exp]i5ce ,i knew t !re 0 a batt]y along ! l9e some:]e2 ,i c\ld feel ! /ra94 ,all ( a sudd5 ,i 0 />tl$ to f9d t ,i c\ld move =w>d4 ,exactly :at happ5$1 ,i am n at lib]ty to tell1 b ?is mu* ,i may say1 t x 0 ! arrival ( "s ae!r waves :i* alt]$ ! condition ( ?+s among ! fil+s 9 ! tube4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,motor-,,c> ,,) ,,wireless ,,telegraph ,x has become q a fa%ion 9 ,am]ica to h motor-c>s fitt$ up = wireless telegraphy4 ,t ! electrons play an important "p 9 telegraph+ ?r\gh space is expla9$ fully 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,we _h j />t$ out on our m>* =w>d :5 we receiv$ su* a %ak+ t we f\nd ourselves 9 ! same isolat$ positions z at fir/2 we c\ld n get across f "o p>ticle to ano!r4 ,m ae!r waves arriv$1 we made a fre% />t1 !n came ano!r rude %ak+1 & s on we w5t />t+ & /opp+4 ,inde$1 x 0 ! regul>ity ( ^! long & %ort m>*es t gave me ! fir/ idea t we 7 be+ controll$ by "s telegraph op]ator4 ,we 7 amus$ to f9d t ! rude %ak+1 ( :i* ,i h be5 tell+ y1 0 caus$ by ! action ( "s ( our fell[-electrons4 ,"s ( !m 9 _! m>* ar\nd an electro-magnet 9 ! receiv+ in/rum5t caus$ a little lev] to knock aga9/ our tube & give u a sudd5 jolt4 ,i %\ld l y to notice t ! en]gy ) :i* we mov$ ! telegraph in/rum5t did n come f ! di/ant /ation4 ,x 0 a local batt]y :i* work$ ! receiv+ in/rum5t1 b ?is batt]y 0 controll$ by ! incom+ ae!r waves affect+ ! tube ( fil+s4 ,!re is really no my/]y ab\t ! matt]1 b ,i am anxi\s n to take cr$it = any?+ m wond]ful ?an we h actually accompli%$4 ,we electrons h r5d]$ a v great s]vice to man by enabl+ him to communicate ) 8 fri5ds :o are f> out on ! ocean1 & cut (f f all possible *ance ( mat]ial communication4 ,we are will+ to s]ve man on l& also1 ?\gh we v mu* pref] ! ord9>y m>*+ arrangem5t if he w provide a connect+ wire4 ,! fact is t we f9d x v mu* m difficult to s5d ae!r waves ov] l& ?an we d ov] wat]4 ,i h he>d "s m5 ask h[ _m diff]5t telegraph in/rum5ts may be work$ at "o place simultane\sly )\t confusion4 ,t is a "q = man himself to answ]4 ,we electrons are able to produce any v>iety ( waves ( diff]5t frequ5cy or l5g?2 x rema9s only = man to con/ruct app>atus t w respond only to a def9ite rate ( waves4 ,i he> t man has made consid]able progress 9 tun+ ! wireless in/rum5ts4 ,"s m5 are eag] to get u to c>ry messages ?r\gh space across ! great oceans f %ore to %ore4 ,we %all n refuse1 provid$ man supplies suffici5t en]gy1 b ,i mu/ admit t we electrons pref] ! subm>9e cable4 ,( c\rse man may put ?is d[n to our laz9ess2 we c]ta9ly pref] z little sev]e /ra9+ z possible4 ,i h be5 tell+ y ( my e>lie/ & only p]sonal exp]i5ce 9 connection ) space telegraphy4 ,i und]/& t greatly improv$ me?ods h be5 adopt$ s9ce t "t1 b ,i h nev] happ5$ to drift 9 _! direction4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,we ,,reproduce ,,spee* ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,elev5 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is *apt] ! electron expla9s ! "p x plays 9 ord9>y telephony4 ,! read] w picture ! transmitt+ in/rum5t at ! "o end ( ! l9e influ5c+ ! receiv+ in/rum5t at ! di/ant end4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! *apt] ! electron turns its att5tion to ! new] subject ( wireless telephony1 :i* has be5 accompli%$ n[ ov] a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h[ ,,we ,,reproduce ,,spee* ,my scribe sugge/$ a r clumsy title = ?is *apt]--,electrons v]sus atoms z c>ri]s ( spee*4 ,i expect he made ?is sugge/ion )\t mu* ?\ght1 = !re are two s]i\s objections to su* a title4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we are n c>ri]s ( spee*4 ,we are controll$ by spee* at "o end ( ! telephone l9e1 & we make a reproduction ( ! spee* at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e4 ,no s\nd passes betwe5 ! two places2 !re is only a movem5t ( electrons along ! connect+ l9e4 ,my second objection to ! hurri$ly sugge/$ title is t x is h>dly fair to make any comp>ison betwe5 ! a*ievem5ts ( atoms ( matt] & ^? ( ourselves4 ,we are n 9 ! same category z atoms4 ,besides1 we electrons are dep5d5t entirely ^u ! mat]ial atoms = mak+ our "w useful to man4 ,= in/ance1 we might keep on mak+ waves 9 ! ae!r = all "t1 & yet if ! atoms ( matt] 7 to pay no he$ to ^? imp]ceptible waves1 man w\ld nev] be aw>e ( _! pres5ce4 ,inde$ we electrons act solely z g-betwe5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is only fair to ourselves to po9t out t a gr\p ( atoms 9 "o t[n c\ld nev] communicate ) a gr\p ( atoms 9 a di/ant t[n unless we electrons came to _! aid4 ,x is true t ov] a v %ort di/ance ! atoms may communicate directly4 ,= in/ance1 if a heavy bl[ is giv5 to a l>ge gong1 ! atoms ( metal may vibrate s en]getically t !y succe$ 9 di/urb+ ! atoms ( gas ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e = "s consid]able di/ance4 ,b 9 ! case ( spee*1 ! speak] _c supply any great en]gy1 s t he c di/urb ! atmosph]e only to a v limit$ di/ance4 ,we electrons1 h[ev]1 c d yeoman s]vice 9 ?is respect4 ,we h enabl$ m5 to speak to "o ano!r ov] imm5se di/ances4 ,! :ole affair is v simple4 ,man speaks & causes ! atmosph]ic atoms to vibrate & imp+e ^u a light disc or diaphragm 9 a simple in/rum5t :i* man has nam$ ! telephone4 ,?is vibrat+ disc presses ^u a myriad ( c>bon p>ticles conta9$ 9 a small case or box1 ! disc =m+ "o side ( ! box4 ,:5 ^! c>bon p>ticles are press$ toge!r we electrons c get across m easily f atom to atom4 ,!re is a batt]y urg+ u =w>d1 b our motion is dep5d5t entirely ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! vibrat+ disc presses ^u ! c>bon p>ticles4 ,i _c describe our movem5t 9 ! l9e-wire z a m>*2 x is 9 reality a surg+ to & fro4 ,y w und]/& t ?is to-&-fro motion ( ! electrons 9 ! l9e-wire v>ies accord+ to ! vibrations ( ! s5d+ disc1 :i* is controll$ by ! speak]'s voice4 ,at ! di/ant end ( ! l9e we electrons br+ our magnetic p[]s into action4 ,we keep v>y+ ! attractive p[]s ( an electro-magnet1 accord+ to ! motion ( ! electrons 9 ! wire4 ,?is ev]-*ang+ magnet produces vibrations 9 an iron disc :i* is fix$ close to ! magnet4 ,?is disc is set vibrat+ 9 exact sympa?y ) ! s5d+ disc4 ,:5 ! li/5] places ?is receiv+ disc close to 8 e>1 ! vibrations are c>ri$ by ! atmosph]ic atoms to 8 he>+ app>atus4 ,all t we electrons h done is to cause "o disc to vibrate 9 exact syn*rony ) ano!r di/ant disc4 ,b t is all t is requir$1 = ! receiv+ disc w reproduce simil> air-vibrations to ^? set up by ! man's voice at ! di/ant place4 ,i h po9t$ out already t we d n attempt to c>ry ! s\nd4 ,x is true t ! atoms ( matt] d ! h>d "w1 b x is we electrons :o enable a gr\p ( atoms 9 "o t[n to communicate ) a gr\p ( atoms 9 a di/ant t[n4 ,x 0 natural t z soon z man f\nd t he c\ld "w 8 telegraph in/rum5ts )\t ! aid ( connect+ wires1 he %\ld try to d ! same ) 8 telephone in/rum5ts4 ,we 7 sorry :5 we f\nd m5 try+ to use ! orig9al sp>k-telegraphy me?ods = telephones4 ,:ile we _h no difficulty 9 op]at+ a telegraph in/rum5t by means ( ae!r waves & ! tube ( fil+s1 x 0 q impossible = u to produce telephone vibrations on ! same pr9ciple4 ,?is sp>k me?od 0 a too r\gh-&-ready plan4 ,! waves we produc$ 7 l sudd5 spla%es 9 ! ae!r ocean1 :]eas we knew t we mu/ produce regul> tra9s ( cont9u\s waves 9 ord] to reproduce telephone vibrations4 ,h[ev]1 y may be aw>e t we h succe$$ by a diff]5t arrangem5t ( app>atus4 ,inde$ x may int]e/ y to "k t "o ( my mo/ rec5t exp]i5ces has be5 9 connection ) "s wireless-telephone exp]im5ts4 ,un=tunately ,i 0 n 9 a v fav\rable position to le>n all t 0 go+ on1 b x 0 q excit+ "w4 ,i happ5$ to be atta*$ to an atom ( copp] 9 a l5g? ( wire :i* _h be5 run up into ! air on a sort ( flag-pole arrangem5t4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i 0 n alone1 = by ?is "t y w h become accu/om$ to picture myriads ( electrons occupy+ a v small space4 ,we 7 set vibrat+ to & fro ) trem5d\s en]gy1 b :at bo!r$ me mo/ 0 ! great v>iation 9 our movem5ts4 ,x 0 ! nature ( ^! v>iations :i* gave me ! clue t we 7 be+ controll$ by ! vibrations ( a telephone disc4 ,i c tell y we did make a complex s]ies ( waves 9 ! surr\nd+ ae!r6 ,^! waves w5t out ?r\gh space & influ5c$ "s electrons /ation$ at a great di/ance4 ,:5 ^! electrons at ! receiv+ /ation 7 set 9 motion !y controll$ ! electric curr5t f a local batt]y :i* set a second telephone disc vibrat+ 9 syn*rony ) ! "o at ! s5d+ /ation4 ,on que/ion+ "s ( my fell[-electrons :o happ5$ to h be5 ne>] ! transmitt+ "p ( ! in/rum5t ?an ,i _h be51 ,i got "s int]e/+ in=mation4 ,!y tell me t !re 0 a dynamo & an arc lamp 9 our circuit1 :ile ! telephone in/rum5t 0 9 a neighb\r+ circuit4 ,! electrons surg+ to & fro 9 ! telephone circuit influ5c$ ^? en]getic electrons 9 ! arc-lamp circuit to :i* ! a]ial wire 0 atta*$4 ,y see t my position 9 ! a]ial wire 0 n a v advantage\s "o = obs]v+ :at 0 tak+ place4 ,?is 0 truly a great a*ievem5t--to enable "o man to speak to ano!r di/ant hundr$s ( miles1 & )\t ! aid ( any connect+ wire4 ,i ?9k y w agree ) me t we h excell$ all pa/ records 9 ! _w ( wond]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,our ,,heavie/ ,,duties ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,twelve ,"h ! electron expla9s its behavi\r 9 a dynamo at "w4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! dynamo 0 discov]$ by ,f>aday 9 ! ?irties ( la/ c5tury4 ,he f\nd t :5 a coil ( wire 0 mov$ ?r\gh a magnetic field1 !re 0 a curr5t ( electricity induc$ 9 ! mov+ coil4 ,exp]im5tal ma*9es 7 con/ruct$1 & aft] a :ile a practical dynamo 0 evolv$4 ,wires are atta*$ to a dynamo & ! electric curr5t is l$ out4 ,?is curr5t may be conduct$ to a di/ant tramway c>1 &1 by s5d+ ! curr5t ?r\gh an electric motor1 me*anical motion is produc$ & ! c> propell$ along4 ,an electric motor is practically ! same z a dynamo1 b in/ead ( turn+ its coil r\nd 9 ord] to produce an electric curr5t1 we pass a curr5t into ! coil & x moves r\nd4 ,x w be suffici5t to leave ! electron to tell its own /ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,our ,,heavie/ ,,duties ,?is is ano!r ( ^? rov+ commissions 9 :i* ,i h be5 privileg$ to take "p on m ?an "o occasion4 ,if y ?9k ( ! giant size ( an electric tramway c> or a railway tra91 & try to comp>e "o ( ^! ) an electron1 su* z y\r humble s]vant1 x w seem q ridicul\s t ,i %\ld sugge/ t x is we electrons :o move ^? huge vehicles4 ,yet su* is ! actual case4 ,( c\rse we require ! application ( v consid]able p[] to urge u to s heavy a task4 ,all ! en]gy :i* we c get f a few electric batt]ies might enable u to drive a toy c>1 b :5 x comes to turn+ ! :eels ( a real c> or tra91 we require a correspond+ly great] am\nt ( en]gy4 ,i may z well tell y q frankly t we electrons are only ! int]m$i>ies or g-betwe5s4 ,inde$1 y mu/ h notic$ t 9 e case we act m]ely z a connect+ l9k betwe5 matt] & ! ae!r1 & betwe5 ! ae!r & matt]4 ,b :at ,i want to tell y (1 is ! "p we play 9 mov+ an electric c> or railway tra94 ,x is really all v simple if y c\ld only see x f our /&po9t4 ,picture a ho/ ( u atta*$ to copp] atoms 9 a coil ( wire :i* is be+ mov$ ?r\gh t di/urb$ ae!r call$ a magnetic field4 ,we are set 9 motion imm$iately4 ,x is true t :5 we are mov$ =w>d into ! field we m>* (f 9 "o direction1 only to be arre/$ & made to move (f 9 ! opposite direction z we leave ! field1 b x really makes no diff]5ce 9 our work+ capabilities z long z we are kept on ! move4 ,?is is :at is actually tak+ place 9 ! armature ( a dynamo z x revolves betwe5 ! poles ( ! electro-magnet4 ,!re is no peace = u s long z ! coil is kept revolv+2 we are kept 9 a con/ant /ate ( rapid to-&-fro motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tra9 ,,impell$ ,,by ,,mov+ ,,electrons ,by p]mission ( ,siem5s ,s*uck]t ,w]ke ,b]l9 ,x is rem>kable t ! motion ( electrons 9 an electric conductor c result 9 ! movem5t ( heavy vehicles4 ,h[ ?is comes ab\t is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,?is is all we electrons d 9 a dynamo1 b :5 ! ends ( ! out] circuit or ma9s are br\ght into contact ) ! ends ( our revolv+ coil1 we set ! electrons 9 ! ma9s surg+ to & fro 9 /ep ) ourselves4 ,man describes ?is motion ( ! electrons 9 ! ma9s z an alt]nat+ electric curr5t1 b by a simple commutator on ! dynamo he may arrange t we set ! electrons m>*+ 9 "o direction 9 ! ma9s4 ,?is he describes z a direct electric curr5t4 ,x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u :e!r man drives our coil r\nd by means ( a /eam-eng9e1 a wat]-:eel1 or a w9d-mill2 all t we electrons want is to be kept surg+ or vibrat+ to & fro4 ,n[ y w be able to appreciate h[ we electrons get up suffici5t motion to enable u to p]=m :at ,i h describ$ z our heavie/ duties4 ,p]haps y w f9d x difficult to believe me :5 ,i tell y t z we m>* along ! connect+ wire to a di/ant tramway c> we transmit ! en]gy ?r\gh ! surr\nd+ ae!r1 & n ?r\gh ! wire4 ,?is is our mode ( work+ 9 e case1 :e!r x be an electric bell1 a telegraph1 or telephone4 ,t is to say1 :ile we electrons move f atom to atom 9 ! connect+ wire1 x is ! di/urb$ ae!r surr\nd+ u :i* transmits ! en]gy4 ,y mu/ h realis$ by ?is "t h[ v intimate is ! relation%ip betwe5 ourselves & ! ae!r4 ,to return to ! tale ( our tramway "w1 y w picture my fell[-electrons abo>d ! c> be+ en]gis$ by ! incom+ curr5t4 ,^? electrons pres5t 9 ! armature coil ( ! motor are set into motion1 z also are ^? 9 ! wire ( ! neighb\r+ electro-magnet4 ,! result is t ^! two sets ( electrons s di/urb ! ae!r & affect "o ano!r t ! coil is mov$ r\nd into a diff]5t position4 ,y w rememb] ! exp]im5t ( :i* ,i told y1 9 :i* a magnetic ne$le w\ld insi/ always 9 tak+ up a position at "r angles to a wire 9 :i* an electric curr5t is pass+4 ,well1 :5 ! motor coil has turn$ into its new position1 we electrons receive an impulse f our fri5ds 9 ! l9e-wire :i* causes u to retrace our /eps 9 ! coil4 ,?is action ( ours causes ! coil to make a fur!r movem5t 9 ! same direction z at fir/4 ,aga9 we *ange our direction ( m>*1 & aga9 ! coil *anges its position t[>ds ! electro-magnet4 ,! sole duty ( ^! electrons 9 ! armature coil is to keep surg+ to & fro1 :ile ^? electrons 9 ! electro-magnet keep up a /eady m>* 9 "o direction4 ,?is arrangem5t necessitates ! armature coil to keep *ang+ its position cont9ually1 & :5 we h ! armature coil sp9n+ r\nd at a /eady pace1 x is easy = man to connect ! armature to ! axles ( ! tramway c> & cause u to drive ! :eels r\nd4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t x makes no diff]5ce to u :e!r we are ask$ to drive a tramway c>1 a railway tra91 or a ho/ ( ma*9es 9 a factory or work%op4 ,all t we electrons 9 ! motor require is to h suffici5t en]gy pass$ along to u f our fell[s 9 ! di/ant dynamo4 ,aga9 ,i admit frankly t ! atoms ( matt] play a v important "p 9 ^! our heavie/ duties1 b y w see t )\t our active assi/ance !y c\ld n transmit ! necess>y en]gy to a di/ant c> or tra94 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,boon ,,to ,,man ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,?irte5 ,:ile x has be5 kn[n = a long "t t light & radiant heat are m]ely waves 9 ! ae!r1 x 0 n kn[n until rec5tly h[ ^! waves 7 produc$4 ,! discov]y ( electrons has giv5 u a reasonable solution ( our difficulty4 ,! electron expla9s ! actions ( its fell[s 9 ?is great "w ( produc+ light & heat4 ,incid5tally ! electron expla9s h[ !y produce an aurora 9 ! heav5s1 & h[ x is t ! e>? has become a negatively electrifi$ body4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,boon ,,to ,,man ,e liv+ ?+ is dep5d5t ^u our activities4 ,x is we electrons :o s5d out heat & light f ! sun1 & x is we :o receive ^! on _! arrival ^u ?is planet4 ,our action 9 ! matt] is really v simple1 b until man discov]$ our exi/5ce1 he 0 my/ifi$ consid]ably4 ,we 7 amus$ to he> man say t ! atoms ( inc&esc5t matt] 9 ! sun produc$ waves 9 ! ae!r1 & t :5 ^! ae!r waves fell ^u o!r atoms on ?is planet1 ^! 7 set into a /ate ( vibration1 ?us produc+ heat & light4 ,n[ if man _h only /opp$ to ?9k1 he w\ld h se5 h[ ridicul\s x 0 to speak ( atoms ( matt] produc+ waves 9 ! ae!r4 ,he ought to h kn[n t atoms ( matt] _c affect ! ae!r1 = x (f]s no resi/ance to matt] mov+ ?r\gh x4 ,man might h pictur$ himself rid+ on ! back ( ?is great planet1 fly+ ?r\gh space at a spe$ v simil> to t ( a rifle bullet1 & yet ev5 ! flimsy blanket ( air surr\nd+ ! planet is n di/urb$ by ! ae!r ?r\gh :i* x is ru%+4 ,x is true t ! atoms ( matt] play an important "p 9 ! orig9 ( heat1 b ! atoms 9 ! sun c\ld no m affect ! atoms on ! e>? ?an c\ld a man on ! e>? pu% ! moon ab\t4 ,x is ! v intimate connection betwe5 u electrons & ! all-p]vad+ ae!r :i* enables our fell[s 9 ! sun to communicate ) ^? ( u ^u ?is planet4 ,:]e w\ld man be )\t u8 ,illu/ration3 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,a ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,electrons ,by p]mission ( ,siem5s ,s*uck]t ,w]ke ,b]l9 ,:5 a man is encas$ completely 9 an ov]-all made ( flexible metallic gauze he is pro( aga9/ %ock due to a dis*>ge ( high-t5sion electricity4 ,! "p play$ by electrons 9 ! case ( electric %ock is expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,i _c und]/& :]e9 man %\ld f9d any my/]y 9 connection ) ?is v simple action ( ours4 ,y w picture our di/ant fell[-electrons mak+ v rapid revolutions ar\nd ! atoms ( matt] to :i* !y are atta*$ z satellites4 ,j z ! moon circles ar\nd ! e>?1 s d we circle ar\nd our atoms1 b at an enorm\sly great] spe$4 ,( c\rse ! :ole l5g? ( our orbit is inconceivably small1 & ! spe$ ( our revolutions is inconceivably great4 ,x is our rapid motion ?r\gh ! ae!r :i* produces ^? waves kn[n to man z radiant heat & light4 ,"s "o may ask h[ x is t we electrons c di/urb ! ae!r :ile ! giant atoms _c4 ,! obvi\s answ] is t we are n matt]1 b electricity2 we are n 9 ! same category z atoms ( matt]4 ,to complete ! picture :i* ,i 0 draw+1 y h only to ?9k ( ! ae!r waves arriv+ ^u ?is planet & di/urb+ sympa!tic electrons1 caus+ !m to revolve ar\nd _! atoms 9 simil> fa%ion to our di/ant fell[s :o are produc+ ! ae!r waves4 ,x may be t "s p get confus$ betwe5 ?is action & t ( ^? electrons :o are %ot (f bodily f ! sun t[>ds ! e>?4 ,believe me1 !re is no connection betwe5 ! two ?+s4 ,! /ream ( electrons %ot (f f ! sun is deflect$ t[>ds ! magnetic poles ( ! e>?1 & z ! electrons ent] ! upp] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e !y produce t beautiful lum9\s effect :i* man describes z an ,aurora4 ,i h nev] tak5 "p 9 "o ( ^! great displays1 =1 z f> z my recollection goes1 ,i h nev] be5 9 ! sun1 al?\gh "s fell[-electrons decl>e t at "o "t we 7 all 9 ! same great gl[+ mass ( :i* ! sun1 & e memb] ( ! sol> sy/em1 =m$ a "p4 ,h[ev] t may be1 ,i c]ta9ly h no exp]i5ce ( aurorae1 b ,i h assi/$ 9 produc+ ! v same effect ^u a small scale )9 a vacuum tube4 ,! air rema9+ 9 ^! s-call$ vacuum tubes is j z r>ifi$ z ! air 9 ! upp] lay]s ( ! atmosph]e1 & :5 we are %ot across ! tube we act 9 ! same way z ^? electrons arriv+ ^u ?is planet f ! sun4 ,y w obs]ve t z a surplus ( electrons arrives ^u ! e>? f ! sun1 ! e>? is naturally a negatively electrifi$ body1 b ,i ne$ h>dly say t ! e>? does n keep all ! electrons :i* arrive ^u x4 ,my scribe po9ts out t ,i am w&]+ f ! /ory :i* ,i set out to tell 9 ?is *apt]1 s ,i %all try & please him4 ,! direct cause ( light1 :e!r x be natural or artificial1 is ! rapid motion ( electrons ar\nd atoms ( matt]4 ,if !y revolve at a comp>atively sl[ spe$ !y produce ^? ae!r waves :i* man calls radiant heat4 ,if ^! satellite electrons1 h[ev]1 desire to affect ! eye ( man1 !y h to move ar\nd at a v mu* great] spe$4 ,if we travel at too fa/ a spe$1 !n we cease to cause ! s5sation ( light4 ,b1 believe me1 all ! waves we make are ( ! same nature1 no matt] :at names man has giv5 !m4 ,! only diff]5ce we c make 9 ! waves is ! rate at :i* !y foll[ "o ano!r4 ,( c\rse we c also make !m l>g] or small] 9 height1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( great] or less amplitude1 b t does n affect _! prop]ties4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,i %all tell y ( "s rem>kable ph5om5a :i* our diff]5t ae!r waves produce 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h[ ,,we ,,produce ,,col\r ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,f\rte5 ,col\r is m]ely a s5sation 9 ! bra94 ,:at ! electrons really produce are ae!r waves1 & ^! give rise to ! s5sations ( col\r4 ,h[ev]1 ! electrons may claim to produce col\r 9 ! same s5se z we savages produce pa9 9 fell[-m5 by fir+ rifle-bullets at !m4 ,! electron expla9s h[ "s objects appe> :ite1 :ile o!rs are r$1 & s =?4 ,x expla9s also h[ electrons produce artificial light4 ,! electron twits man ^u 8 ridicul\sly wa/eful processes ( obta9+ artificial light4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,h[ ,,we ,,produce ,,col\r ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ,i h be5 tell+ y h[ we electrons produce waves 9 ! ae!r ocean4 ,i po9t$ out t if we make ! waves foll[ ea* o!r at too sl[ or too fa/ a rate !y fail to affect man's eyes4 ,x may seem /range to y t only a v small range ( our ae!r waves %\ld affect man's vision>y app>atus4 ,( c\rse ?is limitation lies beyond our prov9ce2 we c produce endless v>iety ( ae!r waves--x is man's organs :i* fail to appreciate ! bulk ( ^!4 ,h[ev]1 !re is pl5ty ( v>iety 9 ! s5sations :i* we c produce 9 man4 ,if we make ! waves foll[ ea* o!r at a c]ta9 spe$1 man says he has ! s5sation ( r$4 ,if we move fa/]1 he speaks ( orange-col\r1 & z we increase our spe$ he names 8 fur!r s5sations z yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet4 ,!n if we comb9e all ^! waves--t is1 if we produce !m all at "o "t--he says he has ! s5sation ( :ite4 ,if we produce none ( ^! waves1 he calls ! result black4 ,:ile we electrons are v v]satile1 our actions are dep5d5t 9 a great measure ^u circum/ances4 ,= in/ance1 if an electron is act+ z a satellite to "o p>ticul> k9d ( atom1 its rate ( revolution ar\nd t atom may be v diff]5t f t ( an electron simil>ly atta*$ to ano!r k9d ( atom4 ,we electrons are all id5tical1 b ! spe$ ( revolution is det]m9$ by ! k9d ( atom4 ,! reason is v simple2 electrons revolve ar\nd "s atoms at a mu* great] di/ance ?an !y w\ld ar\nd o!r atoms4 ,^? mak+ only ! small] orbits n only get ar\nd _! atoms 9 less "t1 b !y are also travell+ at a great] pace4 ,x is ?is fact :i* enables ! electrons to produce ! v>i\s wave-l5g?s :i* /imulate ! diff]5t col\r s5sations 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,i ?9k y w h no difficulty 9 see+ h[ x is t we come to produce su* a v>iety ( wave-l5g?s--9 o!r words1 h[ we are able to make ! waves foll[ ea* o!r m or less rapidly4 ,y w und]/& t we d n produce col\rs2 we m]ely make v>i\s waves 9 ! ae!r1 & ^! waves excite ! col\r s5sations 9 man4 ,i m5tion ?is simple fact1 because ,i he> _m p speak+ ( our ae!r waves z col\r$ rays1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is q a ridicul\s description4 ,suppose "s ( ^? waves :i* give rise to ! r$ s5sation happ5 to fall ^u a lump ( matt] :i* conta9s only electrons capable ( produc+ waves t affect ! gre5 s5sation4 ,:at w happ58 ,!re w be no response1 & ! object1 al?\gh view$ by r$ light1 w appe> black4 ,if an object1 su* z ! :ite pap] ^u :i* my scribe is record+ my /ory1 conta9s a v>iety ( atoms ) electrons capable ( revolv+ at all ! diff]5t rates :i* produce col\r s5sations1 !n :5 :ite light falls ^u ! object x appe>s :ite 7all ! col\r s5sations comb9$74 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a r$ light only falls ^u x1 !n only ! electrons capable ( respond+ to t rate ( wave w be set 9 motion1 & ! object w appe> r$1 & s on ) ! o!r rates ( ae!r waves4 ,s f> ,i h be5 tell+ y :at happ5s :5 diff]5t waves ( light fall ^u u4 ,n[ ,i %all endeav\r to expla9 h[ man has caus$ u to produce artificial light4 ,at pres5t all man's me?ods 9 ?is direction are dep5d5t ^u mak+ "s sub/ance s hot t x becomes inc&esc5t4 ,ev5 8 mo/ mod]n me?ods seem to u to be ridicul\sly wa/eful & mo/ r\ndab\t4 ,i %all speak only ( ! electric gl[ lamp1 z ,i h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 connection ) ?is4 ,on "o occasion ,i _h be5 tak+ "p 9 a regul> =w>d m>* f copp] atom to copp] atom 9 a conduct+ wire4 ,i _h no idea ( ! purpose ( our m>* till ,i sudd5ly f\nd myself h&$ ov] to "s c>bon atoms1 :o 7 9 a v lively /ate ( vibration4 ,we _h mu* m difficulty 9 mak+ our way ?r\gh ?is sub/ance1 & x 0 ! passive resi/ance (f]$ to ! advance ( ! electrons :o _h prec$$ me t _h driv5 ! c>bon atoms into ?is /ate ( great excitem5t4 ,9 our m>* ?r\gh ! copp] conductor we _h be5 (f]$ v little resi/ance1 s t we _h left ! copp] atoms 9 peace--at lea/ man c\ld n detect easily any excitem5t 7heat74 ,b s long z our =c$ m>* 0 ma9ta9$ among ! c>bon atoms1 s long did ! high temp]ature exi/4 ,y w und]/& ,i & ! o!r m>*+ electrons did n produce ! waves ( light s5t out by ! gl[ lamp4 ,:at we did 0 to set ! atoms ( c>bon into a rapid vibratory /ate1 & !y 9 turn caus$ _! satellite electrons to ha/5 _! pace4 ,"s electrons produc$ "o rate ( waves1 & "s ano!r rate1 b by ! "t ! c>bon 0 inc&esc5t !re 7 electrons s5d+ out all ! v>iety ( wave-l5g?s1 ! comb9ation ( :i* produces ! s5sation ( :ite4 ,i h accus$ man ( adopt+ v wa/eful processes1 s ,i _h bett] expla9 ! matt]4 ,9 ! prec$+ description ( :at is occurr+ 9 an electric gl[ lamp1 ,i h spok5 only ( ^? ae!r waves :i* con/itute light4 ,b !re are myriads ( electrons 9 ! c>bon ( ! gl[ lamp t nev] atta9 ! requisite spe$ to produce ^? waves2 !y revolve ar\nd _! atoms at too sl[ a rate4 ,!y c]ta9ly di/urb ! ae!r1 b ! cre/s ( ! waves are s f> ap>t t !y d n affect ! eyes ( man4 ,! bus9ess ( ^! waves is to set up heat 9 ! bodies ^u :i* !y fall4 ,y may be surpris$ to "k t 9 ?is contrivance ( man1 call$ an electric gl[ lamp1 &1 inde$1 9 all 8 o!r artificial light-produc]s1 he causes f> m electrons to produce radiant heat ?an ! desir$ light waves4 ,a mo/ wa/eful process6 ,man has a long way to travel yet be=e he succe$s 9 produc+ artificial light by a reasonable process4 ,inde$ ,i d\bt if any ( y c realise1 z we d1 h[ exce$+ly /upid ! exi/+ me?ods are4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( ! gl[-worm1 9 :i* we electrons produce light )\t sett+ up any wa/eful heat waves4 ,!re is a /rong contra/ betwe5 ?is peaceful plan & t ( ! excit$ c>bon atoms4 ,:5 w man succe$ 9 discov]+ ?is secret ( ours8 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,we ,,s5d ,,messages ,,f ,,! ,,/>s ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,fifte5 ,x is rem>kable t man has be5 able to discov] :at ! di/ant />s are made (4 ,our k conc]n+ ! *emi/ry ( ! />s has be5 obta9$ by means ( ! spectroscope1 9 :i* a beam ( light f ! /> is pass$ ?r\gh a glass prism4 ,! result is ! well-kn[n image ( ! col\r$ spectrum1 9 :i* c]ta9 well-def9$ l9es appe>1 accord+ to ! di/ant elem5ts orig9at+ ! ae!r waves4 ,! electron expla9s ! :ole subject f its own po9t ( view4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,we ,,s5d ,,messages ,,f ,,! ,,/>s ,x is only )9 rec5t times t man has obs]v$ t we s5d messages f ! di/ant />s to ?is planet4 ,b !re is no?+ new to u 9 ?is proce$+2 we h be5 busy s5d+ ^! messages ev] s9ce ! sol> sy/em 0 =m$4 ,?r\gh all ^? ages we h kept on s5d+ ^! messages1 kn[+ t 9 "t man mu/ come to take notice ( !m4 ,if ! subject %\ld happ5 to be new to y1 y w be anxi\s to "k to :at k9d ( messages ,i ref]4 ,ne$less to say1 !y are wireless messages--waves 9 ! great ae!r ocean4 ,! waves1 to :i* ,i ref] specially1 fall )9 t small range ( :i* ,i told y some?+ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are ^? waves to :i* man has giv5 ! "n light4 ,b :at special in=mation d ^! waves1 com+ f ! />s1 convey to man8 ,!y tell him ( :at mat]ials ^! di/ant />s are made4 ,ne$less to say1 x is we electrons :o produce ^? in=mative waves4 ,y are famili> ) our me?od ( produc+ waves4 ,y "k t we :irl ar\nd ! atoms ( matt] at prodigi\s spe$s1 & t accord+ to ! numb] ( revolutions we make p] second1 we produce waves ( correspond+ frequ5cies4 ,9 an e>li] *apt] ,i h h9t$ t ! spe$ ( ! revolv+ electron is det]m9$ by ! k9d ( atom to :i* x acts z a satellite4 ,= in/ance1 :5 electrons revolve ar\nd iron atoms !y produce c]ta9 wave-l5g?s1 :ile ^? mov+ ar\nd hydrog5 atoms produce an entirely diff]5t s]ies ( waves4 ,b h[ is man to recognise ^!8 ,x is q evid5t t man may gaze at a di/ant /> & be little ! wis] conc]n+ ! diff]5t l5g?s ( ! waves :i* imp+e ^u 8 eyes4 ,he may obs]ve t ! s5sation is incl9$ to r$1 f :i* he may inf] t ! waves are long ones--t !y are f>!r ap>t ?an "s ( ! waves produc$ by a :ite-hot body4 ,b _h man be5 cont5t to try & deciph] our wireless messages 9 ?is r\gh-&-ready mann]1 he w\ld nev] h ga9$ ! int]e/+ in=mation :i* we h n[ plac$ 9 8 h&s4 ,h[1 !n1 did we enable man to read our messages8 ,our plan may seem to be some:at my/]i\s1 b ,i assure y t x is really v simple4 ,:5 ^! ae!r waves ( light fall ^u a triangul> prism ( glass1 ! waves are b5t out ( _! normally /raight pa?4 ,b ! po9t t may seem /range to y1 is t ^? waves :i* produce ! s5sation ( r$ are n b5t s mu* z ! o!rs4 ,! m rapidly ! waves foll[ "o ano!r1 ! great] is ! b5d+ ( su* a ray f its orig9al direction4 ,9 ?is way ! v>i\s wave-l5g?s are all spread out1 s t !y =m an image l a col\r$ ribbon1 r$ at "o end1 be+ foll[$ by orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet4 ,e man mu/ be famili> ) ?is col\r$ spectrum4 ,:5 "s ( my fell[s are enclos$ 9 drops ( wat] 9 ! air !y produce a great ra9b[ spectrum across ! heav5s4 ,b ,i mu/ tell y h[ we electrons succe$ 9 b5d+ ^! rays ( light4 ,i h told y already h[ we ei!r absorb or reflect ! ae!r waves :i* happ5 to fall ^u u4 ,9 mo/ sub/ances x is only ^? electrons v ne> ! surface t are di/urb$4 ,!y succe$ 9 /opp+ ! waves4 ,!y may d ?is 9 ei!r ( two diff]5t ways4 ,if ! satellite electrons are attract$ /rongly by _! atoms1 ! electrons w sp9 ar\nd ! atoms keep+ "t to ! movem5ts ( ! incom+ waves1 & 9 ?is way ! electrons take up ! en]gy ( ! waves4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ! electrons s5d out fre% waves 9 ! ae!r4 ,?is is ! real explanation ( :at man calls reflection ( light4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,spectroscope ,,& ,,! ,,electrons' ,,wireless ,,messages ,! spectroscope is se5 9 ! extreme left ( ,no4 #a photograph4 ,! in/rum5t is expla9$ at page #bjg4 ,! op]ator is pass+ an electric curr5t ?r\gh a glass tube conta9+ a r>efi$ gas1 caus+ ! gas to become lum9\s4 ,:5 he exam9es its light ?r\gh ! spectroscope he sees bright l9es z %[n 9 photograph ,no4 #b1 & f ! position ( ^! l9es he c tell :at sub/ance is produc+ ! light4 ,no4 #b is ! spectrum ( m]cury vap\r4 ,no4 #c is "p ( ! spectrum ( ! sun4 ,note ! d>k l9es1 z expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,9 ! second case1 ! electrons are n s firmly atta*$ to _! atoms1 s t ! incom+ waves dislodge !m1 & !y are knock$ ab\t f atom to atom1 & 9 ?is way ! en]gy ( ! waves is fritt]$ away4 ,man speaks ( ! light hav+ be5 absorb$ by ! sub/ance ^u :i* x fell4 ,9 bo? cases ! only electrons :i* take "p 9 ^! actions are ^? electrons :o c move 9 sympa?y ) ! incom+ waves4 ,x w be cle> to y t only ^? ( u :o are ne> ! surface ( a sub/ance "k any?+ ab\t ^! incom+ waves4 ,! electrons atta*$ to atoms 9 ! int]ior ( ! sub/ance are left 9 peace1 ow+ to ! def5sive actions ( our fell[s on ! outside4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) all sub/ances4 ,!re are "s congregations ( atoms ?r\gh :i* ! ae!r waves c make _! way4 ,man calls su* mat]ials transp>5t2 = example1 glass & wat] are transp>5t sub/ances4 ,! fact ( ! matt] is t 9 su* sub/ances none ( u are able to respond to ! incom+ waves1 & s we _c /op !m4 ,i %\ld say almo/ none ( u1 = !re are always a few electrons pres5t :o happ5 to be 9 sympa?y ) ! incom+ waves4 ,t is :y no sub/ance is p]fectly transp>5t4 ,! po9t conc]n+ :i* ,i wi% to speak 9 p>ticul> is ?is4 ,al?\gh we all[ ! ae!r waves to pass ?r\gh su* sub/ances1 we d (f] "s slight resi/ance to ! passage ( ! waves2 ! fa/] ! to-&-fro motion ( ! waves1 ! m resi/ance d we (f]4 ,t is :y ! waves ( highe/ frequ5cy are b5t f>!/ f ! /raight l9e :5 pass$ ?r\gh a glass prism4 ,we actually =ce ! ae!r waves to travel sl[] ?r\gh a piece ( glass ?an ?r\gh ! air4 ,n[ !re %\ld be no my/]y conc]n+ our action 9 a triangul> piece ( glass4 ,:atev] comb9ation ( ae!r waves falls ^u x1 ! diff]5t tra9s ( waves are sort$ out accord+ to _! frequ5cies4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t ae!r waves emitt$ f "s inc&esc5t sodium are pass$ ?r\gh a glass prism4 ,! bulk ( ! electrons atta*$ to ! sodium atoms are capable ( revolv+ at spe$s :i* produce waves caus+ ! s5sation ( yell[4 ,h5ce !re w appe> a v di/9ct l9e ( yell[ light 9 ! spectrum4 ,b :y %\ld ! light be 9 ! =m ( a l9e8 ,simply because our ae!r waves are pass$ ?r\gh a n>r[ slit 9 a %utt]4 ,b ,i ne$ n tr\ble y ) fur!r details ( our actions1 :i*1 al?\gh v simple to u1 may seem some:at /range to y4 ,y w und]/&1 h[ev]1 t we =m bright l9es 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! spectrum1 accord+ to ! k9ds ( atoms to :i* we are atta*$4 ,x 0 ?is fact :i* attract$ man's att5tion to our wireless messages4 ,he soon discov]$ ! mean+ ( ^! l9es1 = he comm5c$ to take exact notes ( ! diff]5t positions 9 :i* we plac$ ^! l9es4 ,he saw t :5 we 7 atta*$ to hydrog5 atoms we always produc$ ?ree prom95t l9es2 a v di/9ct l9e 9 ! r$ section1 ano!r 9 ! blue "p1 & a ?ird "o some:at fa9t] & f>!r along 9 ! blue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 atta*$ to sodium atoms1 we produc$ two v di/9ct l9es 9 ! yell[4 ,:5 atta*$ to iron atoms we produc$ a great v>iety ( l9es 9 ! spectrum4 ,( c\rse ^! sub/ances h to be inc&esc5t to enable u to produce ! ae!r waves4 ,n[ x w be cle> to y h[ we s5d wireless messages f ! di/ant />s4 ,^! />s are great masses ( flam+ gases1 s t ! satellite electrons are kept busy danc+ att5dance to excit$ atoms4 ,! electrons are con/antly s5d+ out ae!r waves1 :i* rea* ?is planet4 ,we sort out ^! waves :5 man passes !m ?r\gh a glass prism1 m\nt$ 9 a telescope arrangem5t :i* he calls a spectroscope4 ,he !n exam9es ! positions ( ! l9es we produce 9 ! result+ spectrum1 & f ^! he kn[s :at k9ds ( atoms are pres5t 9 ! di/ant />4 ,x is we :o h in=m$ man t !re are =ty diff]5t mat]ials 9 ! sun1 ! mo/ common ( :i* are hydrog51 sodium1 iron1 copp]1 nickel1 & z9c4 ,( c\rse ^! all exi/ 9 a gase\s =m4 ,!re is "o po9t ab\t :i* ,i ne$ h>dly tr\ble y1 al?\gh x is wor? m5tion+ 9 pass+4 ,:ile we produce bright l9es 9 ! spectrum ( any inc&esc5t sub/ance on ?is planet1 our messages f ! />s appe> z d>k l9es4 ,! reason = ?is is t !re are cool] masses ( ! gases surr\nd+ ! inc&esc5t masses =m+ ! />s1 & ^! cool] gases completely absorb ! waves we produce4 ,s completely are ^! waves absorb$ t blank spaces are left 9 ! spectrum1 & ^! are ! d>k l9es to :i* ,i ref]4 ,z !y are 9 ! same positions t ! bright l9es w\ld h occupi$ _h ! waves rea*$ ! e>?1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! read+ ( our messages4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 "s ( our actions 9 =m+ l9es 9 ! spectrum l$ to our actual discov]y by man2 b ,i %all tell y ( ?is 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h[ ,,man ,,prov$ ,,our ,,exi/5ce ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,sixte5 ,sev]al m5 ( note decl>$ t little p>ticles revolv$ ar\nd ! atoms ( matt]1 & t x 0 ! motion ( ^! p>ticles :i* produc$ ! well-kn[n ae!r waves ( light4 ,?is idea 0 sugge/$ by ! result ( c]ta9 ma!matical calculations4 ,x 0 "s "t be=e real exp]im5tal pro( 0 obta9$4 ,! electron tells its own tale ( ?is great discov]y4 ,:5 ! electron speaks ( a spectrum l9e be+ %ift$ up or d[n ! scale1 x means t[>ds ! violet or ! r$ end respectively4 ,we may picture ! spectrum z analog\s to ! keybo>d ( a piano4 ,9 ! second "p ( ?is *apt]1 ! electron expla9s h[ x has enabl$ man to discov] t c]ta9 />s are approa*+ ! e>?1 :ile o!rs are rec$+ f x4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,h[ ,,man ,,prov$ ,,our ,,exi/5ce ,we electrons _h wait$ long ages = man to ackn[l$ge our s]vices1 b we did n despise ! ackn[l$gm5t :i* a few m5 accord$ u ^u ! basis ( _! ma!matical calculations4 ,x 0 natural1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld want some?+ m def9ite ?an ?is4 ,y c imag9e our joy :5 real exp]im5tal pro( ( our exi/5ce 0 e/abli%$4 ,p]haps y ?9k t we %\ld h be5 satisfi$ ) ?is4 ,b ev5 ?is did n br+ ackn[l$gm5t f _m outside sci5tific circles1 & n ev5 f all )9 ^? circles4 ,z our s]vices to man are univ]sal1 we feel t all m5 %\ld become acqua9t$ ) our do+s4 ,inde$ t 0 ! *ief argum5t us$ by my fell[-electrons1 :o urg$ me to write ?is autobiography4 ,! /ory ( our actual discov]y by man is an int]e/+ "o4 ,x all came ab\t 9 a v simple mann]1 b 9 q a diff]5t way f :at mo/ electrons expect$4 ,man reason$ )9 himself t if we electrons really did revolve ar\nd atoms & ?us produce waves 9 ! ae!r1 z _h be5 sugge/$1 he ought to be able to affect our movem5ts by di/urb+ ! ae!r 9 :i* we 7 revolv+4 ,( c\rse man _c di/urb ! ae!r directly2 he mu/ employ "s ( u to d ?is = him4 ,he caus$ u to produce a v p[]ful magnetic field1 :i*1 z y "k1 is a di/urbance ( ! ae!r4 ,man did n bo!r ?9k+ ab\t u 9 ?is connection2 he simply s5t an electric curr5t ar\nd an electro-magnet1 b ,i h expla9$ to y ! v active "p we play 9 electric & magnetic actions4 ,f my /ory 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 y are aw>e t man _h obs]v$ ! mean+ ( ! bright l9es 9 ! spectrum ( any inc&esc5t body4 ,:5 he exam9$ ! ae!r waves we s5d out f sodium atoms1 he f\nd two v di/9ct l9es 9 ! yell[4 ,because ( ! brightness ( ^! l9es1 man select$ a sodium flame to exp]im5t ) 9 ! pres5t case4 ,y w picture a great ho/ ( my fell[-electrons revolv+ ar\nd ! atoms 9 a sodium flame4 ,! flame 0 plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a v p[]ful electro-magnet1 & a beam ( ae!r waves 7light7 produc$ by u 0 direct$ into ! spectroscope4 ,! exp]im5t] focuss$ all 8 att5tion ^u "o ( ! bright yell[ l9es4 ,he not$ v c>efully ! exact position 9 :i* we plac$ x4 ,he !n produc$ ! magnetic field ar\nd ! flame1 9 :i* my fell[-electrons 7 revolv+ at a /eady pace1 &1 behold1 ! l9e :i* he 0 wat*+ split up into two l9es1 "o tak+ up a position a little high] up ! spectrum scale1 & ! o!r go+ a little l[] d[n t[>ds ! r$ end4 ,:at c\ld ?is mean8 ,man _h no difficulty 9 kn[+ ! cause ( ?is alt]ation2 inde$1 x 0 exactly :at he _h hop$ w\ld take place4 ,( ! two new l9es1 "o repres5t$ waves a little %ort]1 :ile ! o!r l9e indicat$ waves a little long] or f>!r ap>t1 ?an ! orig9al waves =m+ ! s+le l9e4 ,?is c\ld only come ab\t by "s ( ! electrons hav+ _h _! rate ( revolution increas$1 :ile t ( o!rs _h be5 r$uc$4 ,^! alt]ations 7 due to ! ae!r di/urbance 7! magnetic field74 ,^? electrons ^: orbits happ5$ to lie 9 "o position _h _! rate ( revolution increas$1 :ile ^? ^: orbits lay 9 ano!r position _h _! spe$ r$uc$4 ,man 0 conv9c$ at la/ t we p>ticles 7 real exi/+ ?+s4 ,:5ev] man )drew ! ae!r di/urbance1 ! electrons fell back into _! natural rate ( revolution1 & ! orig9al s+le l9e appe>$ 9 ! spectrum4 ,i took no "p 9 ! orig9al exp]im5t :i* gave absolute pro( ( our exi/5ce1 b s9ce !n ,i h be5 pres5t 9 a laboratory :5 ! same exp]im5t has be5 repeat$4 ,?is is n ! only case 9 :i* we alt] ! positions ( def9ite l9es 9 ! spectrum4 ,inde$1 we h giv5 man "s int]e/+ in=mation ab\t ! motions ( di/ant />s--in=mation :i* he c\ld n h obta9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,we h s5t wireless messages f di/ant />s1 indicat+ t !y 7 approa*+ ! e>?1 :ile electrons abo>d o!r />s h signall$ t !y are rec$+ f ! e>?4 ,all ?is may seem my/]i\s to y1 & yet our actions 9 ! matt] are v simple4 ,inde$1 we d no?+ b :at ,i h told y ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,we s5d out def9ite wave-l5g?s 9 ! mann] describ$ already4 ,b if we are on bo>d a /> :i* is travell+ t[>ds ! e>?1 our waves w naturally foll[ a little clos] at ea* o!r's heels4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! /> is rec$+ f ! e>?1 ! waves mu/ be a little f>!r ap>t ?an !y w\ld be if ! /> 7 at re/4 ,y w und]/& t ! electrons are revolv+ at ! same spe$s 9 bo? cases1 b ! =w>d movem5t ( ! /> cr[ds ! waves toge!r1 :ile a rec$+ /> /ret*es !m out a little f>!r ap>t4 ,! result at ! receiv+ end is t ! cr[d$ waves are j z ?\gh !y _h come f electrons revolv+ at a great] spe$ ?an is actually ! case4 ,h5ce ! l9e appe>s f>!r along ! spectrum1 up ! scale ( frequ5cies1 ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h ! /> n be5 mov+ =w>d 9 ! l9e ( sight4 ,?us if ! hydrog5 l9es1 ( :i* ,i h spok5 else:]e1 %\ld appe> high] up ! spectrum ?an usual1 !n man kn[s t ! /> f :i* ^! waves are com+ is approa*+ ! e>?4 ,x w be evid5t t :5 kn[n l9es 9 ! spectrum are %ift$ d[n ! scale 7t[>ds ! r$ end ( ! spectrum71 !n ! rate ( ! waves has be5 decreas$1 & man kn[s t ! /> c>ry+ ^! /imulat+ electrons is rec$+ f him4 ,y w obs]ve t we electrons p]=m no new duty 9 connection ) ?is matt]2 x is entirely ! motion ( ! body c>ry+ u t alt]s ! positions ( ! l9es4 ,b ,i mu/ ha/5 on to tell y ( "s p]sonal exp]i5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,my ,x-,,ray ,,exp]i5ces ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,sev5te5 ,! pres5t g5]ation 7 all v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! discov]y ( ,x-rays4 ,) ! aid ( a batt]y & an induction coil1 man causes an en]getic electrical dis*>ge to pass ?r\gh a vacuum tube4 ,:5 ! fly+ electrons /rike ^u a little metal t>get plac$ 9 _! pa?1 !y produce ! well-kn[n ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,we h all become famili> ) ! great p5etrat+ p[]s ( ^! rays4 ,! electron may be left to tell its own /ory4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,my ,x-,,ray ,,exp]i5ces ,x 0 no surprise to u t we c\ld produce :at man calls ,x-rays1 b we 7 v mu* surpris$ at ! use to :i* man put ^! spla%es :i* we made 9 ! ae!r4 ,a limit$ numb] ( u _h be5 produc+ ,x-rays on our own acc\nt = _m ages1 b ,i %all tell y ( t 9 a lat] *apt]1 :5 y w he> h[ we made ! _w talk4 ,i mu/ tell y ( my own exp]i5ces 9 connection ) ^! ,x-rays1 :i* ,i he> "s m5 describe also z ,ro5tg5 rays4 ,i f\nd myself once m )9 a l>ge vacuum tube1 & z soon z ,i felt a cr[d ( my fell[s pu%+ me =w>d1 ,i 0 q prep>$ to be %ot across ! tube1 z on previ\s occasions4 ,p]sonally1 ,i 0 n prep>$ = :at 0 to come4 ,j z we rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! tube we collid$ ) a metal plate or t>get4 ,x 0 no joke to be pull$ up s sudd5ly :5 travell+ at a t]rific spe$4 ,i notic$ at ! "t t our v sudd5 /oppage _h a peculi> effect ^u ! ae!r4 ,( c\rse we nev] bo!r$ ab\t a "n = ?is di/urbance2 x is man :o requires to h names = ev]y?+4 ,he 0 q "r to call ?is ae!r di/urbance ,x-rays1 = ev5 n[ he does n "k ! real nature ( ^!4 ,i h he>d him describe !m z ?9 pulses 9 ! ae!r1 b !re is some?+ m4 ,i may z well confess t al?\gh we obs]v$ ?is ae!r di/urbance aris+ f our sudd5 /oppage1 we paid little att5tion to x1 until x became app>5t t man 0 cont9u+ to produce ^! rays = "s special purpose4 ,he _h discov]$ t we c\ld %oot ^! rays "r ?r\gh _m solid sub/ances :i* 7 n transp>5t to light4 ,b ,i h n told y h[ man came to "k t we c\ld produce ^! p5etrat+ rays4 ,on "o occasion we 7 s5d+ out ^! rays1 :i*1 by ! way1 d n cause any s5sation 9 man's vision>y app>atus4 ,! room 0 9 d>kness4 ,"s ( ! invisible rays fell ^u a collection ( small *emical cry/als :i* 7 fix$ on ! surface ( a scre54 ,our fell[-electrons1 :o 7 atta*$ to ! atoms ( ! cry/als1 7 be/irr$ into action4 ,!y c\ld n reflect ! ,x-rays1 b !y set up regul> tra9s ( waves 9 ! ae!r1 "s ( :i* came )9 ! range t affects man's vision4 ,man knew t ?is *emical scre5 c\ld n produce light on its own acc\nt1 & x became app>5t t ! vacuum tube mu/ be s5d+ "s ae!r waves t[>ds ! *emical scre54 ,z ! electrons on ! scre5 produc$ an ae!r di/urbance diff]5t f t :i* fell ^u x1 man call$ ?is a fluoresc5t scre54 ,at fir/ we took m]ely a pass+ int]e/ 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* man made ) ^! ,x-rays ( ours1 = x seem$ to u z ?\gh man ?\ght !m only good en\gh = amus+ 8 fri5ds4 ,inde$1 we paid little he$ to :at he 0 do+1 until we obs]v$ t ! rays 7 be+ us$ by surgeons4 ,we 7 int]e/$ at once1 = "h we c\ld s]ve man4 ,my fir/ exp]i5ce 9 ?is connection 0 q int]e/+4 ,a "y girl _h got a ne$le into h] h& :ile %e 0 play+ ab\t1 & ! surgeons 7 at a loss to "k :]e ! ne$le _h lodg$4 ,we lo/ no "t 9 produc+ ,x-rays :i* c\ld p5etrate ! fle% ( ! h&1 & rea* ! fluoresc5t scre5 on ! o!r side4 ,! bones ( ! h& block$ ! way ( our rays1 b n s completely z ! ne$le did4 ,h5ce we produc$ ^u ! scre5 a fa9t %ad[ ( ! fle% ( ! h&1 a mu* deep] image ( ! bones1 & a black %ad[ ( ! ne$le4 ,?is enabl$ ! surgeon to see :]e ! ne$le 0 hid+4 ,sometimes we 7 call$ ^u to produce rays = detect+ bullets 9 ! fle%1 or = %[+ ! nature ( a fractur$ bone4 ,we 7 nev] surpris$ to f9d t our call 0 to detect a co9 9 ! ?roat ( a *ild1 b 9 ?is connection a big surprise await$ "s ( u4 ,i 0 n "o ( ! p>ty1 b ,i h ! in=mation f "s fell[-electrons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,electrons ,,produce ,x-,,ray ,,images ,! upp] photograph %[s ! ,x-ray app>atus 9 use4 ,! op]ator is exam9+ ! bones ( ! lady's h&1 :i* %e places betwe5 ! ,x-ray tube & ! fluoresc5t scre54 ,! rays pass ?r\gh ! fle%1 b are ob/ruct$ by ! bones1 ! r+s1 & ! bangle1 s t a %ad[graph or image is =m$ ^u ! scre51 :i* becomes lum9\s :]e ! rays succe$ 9 rea*+ x4 ,! actual exam9ation is made 9 a d>k room4 ,ow+ to ! way ,x-ray photos are tak5 7by contact7 ! image is rev]s$ 9 a photograph1 s t a left looks l a "r h&4 ,a p>ty ( electrons 7 pres5t )9 an ,x-ray tube at a l>ge hospital1 :5 !y 7 call$ ^u to produce rays = exam9+ ! ?roat ( a little girl4 ,!y _h become s us$ to ?is call t !y did n d\bt !re w\ld be a co9 9 ! *ild's ?roat4 ,h[ev]1 !y lo/ no "t 9 produc+ ! p5etrat+ rays1 & y c imag9e _! surprise :5 !y produc$ ! image ( a toy bicycle ^u ! scre54 ,x seem$ ridicul\s t su* a toy c\ld h ent]$ a *ild's ?roat4 ,:5 we _h %[n ! surgeons exactly :]e ! toy 01 !y set to "w to remove x4 ,! electrons he>d lat] t ! op]ation 0 successful 9 e way4 ,e "o 0 int]e/$1 & we 7 pr\d4 ,i d n wi% to appe> boa/ful1 b ,i wond] h[ _m op]ations owe _! success to ^! rays :i* we produce = man4 ,x 0 natural t man %\ld try if ^! se>*+ rays c\ld affect ! *emicals ^u a photographic plate1 & we soon prov$ t !y c\ld4 ,x made no diff]5ce to u :e!r man kept ! plate seal$ up 9 its light-pro( envelope1 or :e!r he plac$ ! plate )9 a wood5 box4 ,^! protect+ cov]s (f]$ no b>ri] to our rays4 ,we produc$ %ad[graphs ( any objects plac$ betwe5 our tube & ! photographic plate4 ,two ( my e>ly exp]i5ces may be ( int]e/ to y4 ,! fir/ ( ^! seem$ to me a r tame affair4 ,our ,x-ray tube appe>$ to be arrang$ = ! amusem5t ( fa%ionable folk4 ,"o gr& lady plac$ h] h& beh9d ! fluoresc5t scre51 :]eupon we produc$ an image ( ! bones ( h] h& & v d>k images ( all ! _m r+s ^u h] f+]s4 ,sev]al ( ! r+s _h enorm\s diamonds1 b x 0 aft] %e _h gone away t ,i ov]he>d two g5tlem5 speak+ ab\t ! r+s4 ,"o ask$ ! o!r if he _h obs]v$ ! beautiful diamonds1 :]eupon ! o!r ro>$ ) laught]4 ,x seems t we prov$ !m to be imitation diamonds1 = our rays c\ld n p5etrate !m1 :]eas !y h no difficulty 9 pass+ ?r\gh real diamonds4 ,we !re=e produc$ black %ad[s ( ! imitation diamonds4 ,little did ! gr& lady "k h[ we _h expos$ h] %am jewels4 ,my second exp]i5ce 0 a v curi\s "o4 ,i le>n$ t our tube 0 be+ c>ri$ to "s di/ance4 ,aft] a :ile we 7 plac$ beside a peculi>-look+ object1 :i* ! m5 ref]r$ to z ! mummy4 ,"o ( ! m5 sugge/$ t !y %\ld photograph its feet1 b be=e do+ s !y d>k5$ ! room & set u to "w ^u ! fluoresc5t scre54 ,! own] ( ! mummy got r n]v\s z to :at we might disclose1 & z ! =ce urg+ u into action 0 some:at erratic at fir/1 we produc$ only a v indi/9ct image4 ,we 7 greatly amus$ at ! n]v\s excitem5t ( ! own]2 he seem$ to ?9k our v]dict 0 t !re 7 no bones4 ,h[ev]1 ! man ) ! app>atus soon got ?+s into bett] condition1 & ?is enabl$ u to produce ,x-rays satisfactorily4 ,! result 0 t !y secur$ "s excell5t photographs ( ! hidd5 bones ( ! mummy4 ,be=e tell+ y h[ we made ! _w talk1 ,i %\ld l to give y a cle> idea ( our relation%ip to ! atoms ( matt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,our ,,relation%ip ,,to ,,! ,,atoms ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,eighte5 ,we h no d\bt t an atom ( matt] is a m9iature sol> sy/em ( revolv+ electrons4 ,^! electrons1 be+ negative p>ticles ( electricity1 w\ld repel ea* o!r j z any two simil>ly electrifi$ bodies d4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be "s equival5t ( positive electricity1 b :e!r ?is exi/s 9 ! =m ( a sph]e or 9 sep>ate p>ticles we h no def9ite k4 ,"o atom diff]s f ano!r 9 ! numb] ( electrons :i* g to make up ! atom4 ,! electron expla9s h[ ! atoms ( matt] are unit$ to "o ano!r1 h[ diff]5t comp\nd sub/ances are =m$1 & h[ *emical *anges take place4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,our ,,relation%ip ,,to ,,! ,,atoms ,i am sorry t ?is "p ( my /ory mu/ rema9 incomplete = ! pres5t4 ,i am n free to tell y all ,i "k2 y mu/ try & get beh9d ! sc5es on y\r own acc\nt4 ,"o ?+ ,i am at lib]ty to tell y is t my fell[-electrons :o are lock$ up )9 ! atoms are n )\t hope t !y may ga9 _! fre$om once m at "s future "t4 ,i "k ?is fir/-h&1 = ,i h met "s fell[-electrons :o h escap$ f )9 an atom1 b ,i %all delay tell+ y ab\t ^! fell[s till ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,my object 9 m5tion+ ?is fact n[ is to give y confid5ce 9 :at ,i am ab\t to say reg>d+ ! nature ( ! atom4 ,on "o occasion ,i ov]he>d a conv]sation betwe5 two m5 :o 7 discuss+ ! con/ruction ( matt]4 ,"o rem>k$ t ! atoms 7 ! bricks ( ! univ]se1 :]eupon ! o!r ask$ h[ ! little bricks 7 cem5t$ toge!r4 ,i wi% t man c\ld h se5 a lump ( matt] z we see x4 ,he w\ld h be5 surpris$ to le>n t ! atoms nev] really t\* ea* o!r4 ,!y are always surg+ to & fro1 or vibrat+1 & x is ?is motion :i* con/itutes ! temp]ature ( ! body :i* !y compose4 ,x mu/ be cle>1 h[ev]1 t 9 a solid body "o atom attracts ano!r atom across ! int]v5+ atomic spaces4 ,?is is ano!r duty devolv+ ^u u2 :at we d1 really1 is to upset ! electric balance betwe5 ! diff]5t atoms1 & ?us produce electrical attraction4 ,fir/ ( all1 p]haps1 ,i %\ld expla9 t ! diff]5t k9ds ( atoms are simply congregations ( diff]5t numb]s ( electrons4 ,( c\rse !re is ! o!r "p1 ( :i* ,i am =bidd5 to speak--! "p :i* man vaguely describes z positive electricity4 ,h[ev]1 y may take x f me t :ile x is true t ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 an atom ( gold & an atom ( iron1 or ( oxyg51 is 9 ! numb] ( electrons x conta9s1 !re is a v important diff]5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! electrons4 ,y "k t !y =m r+s outside "o ano!r1 all ( :i* revolve at enorm\s spe$s4 ,! numb] ( electrons 9 ! diff]5t r+s v>ies accord+ to ! k9d ( atom4 ,x is q correct = man to speak ( ! atoms conta9+ c]ta9 def9ite numb]s ( electrons1 b ,i %\ld l y to und]/& cle>ly t ! exact numb] ( electrons is n p]man5tly fix$2 "o or m electrons c slip (f "o atom & become atta*$ to a neighb\r+ atom :i* happ5s to be capable ( accept+ x or !m4 ,x is ! int]*ange ( ^! few deta*able electrons t causes "o atom to attract ano!r4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! diff]5tly *>g$ atoms :i* attract ea* o!r1 j z man cr[ds a surplus ( electrons on to "o object & f9ds x attract$ bodily t[>ds ano!r object hav+ a defici5cy ( electrons4 ,x is ?is electrical attraction betwe5 ! atoms :i* enables u to build up ! p>ticles1 or molecules1 ( matt] 9 su* a v>iety ( =ms4 ,fir/ ( all1 we play ! mo/ important "p )9 ! atoms4 ,we h =m$ only a limit$ numb] ( su* atoms4 ,i am n free to tell y exactly h[ _m1 = man has discov]$ only ab\t eighty ( ^! diff]5t congregations ( electrons1 ea* k9d ( :i* he calls an elem5t4 ,! way 9 :i* we h c\pl$ ^! diff]5t elem5t>y atoms toge!r mu/ appe> rem>kable to all ?9k+ m52 !re seems to be no end to ! possible v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,9 "o case we unite an atom ( *lor9e to an atom ( sodium & !reby produce a molecule ( common salt4 ,9 ano!r case we unite an atom ( oxyg5 to two atoms ( hydrog51 & ! result+ comb9ation is an invisible molecule ( ord9>y wat]4 ,x has always seem$ to me v /range h[ "s m5 h difficulty 9 reg>d to ^! comb9ations4 ,i h he>d a man ask h[ two diff]5t gases1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 :5 unit$1 %\ld =m a liquid1 & n a gas4 ,i wi% y c\ld see ?+s z we see !m4 ,! atoms are nei!r gase\s1 liquid1 nor solid2 !y are little worlds ( revolv+ electrons4 ,i h spok5 ( ! attraction betwe5 atoms1 & aga9 betwe5 molecules1 9 =m+ a solid body4 ,x w be cle> t !re is less ( ?is cohesive =ce 9 ! case ( a liquid1 :]eas x is abs5t entirely 9 ! case ( a gas4 ,9 ?is case ! molecules h become s f> sep>at$ f "o ano!r t !y cease to attract ea* o!r1 & if left free !y w soon "p company1 & spread !mselves broadca/ ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,:e!r a sub/ance passes into a solid1 a liquid1 or a gase\s /ate1 ! atoms rema9 con/ant1 b _! vibratory motion is alt]$ v consid]ably4 ,h[ev]1 ,i 0 ab\t to tell y t we electrons c make "s v int]e/+ comb9ations ( atoms4 ,^? ,i h m5tion$ s f> are ( a v simple nature1 b we h built up individual molecules conta9+ hundr$s ( atoms4 ,we l9k ab\t a hundr$ atoms toge!r & produce a molecule ( :at man calls alum1 & we require to unite ab\t a ?\s& atoms toge!r to make "o molecule ( album5 7! :ite ( an egg74 ,:5 man speaks ( a *emical *ange hav+ tak5 place 9 a sub/ance1 x is simply ! electrons :o h made a fri5dly int]*ange ( deta*able electrons1 !reby caus+ a diff]5t assemblage ( ! same atoms4 ,dur+ ^! *anges we nev] alt] ! nature ( ! atom4 ,t little _w ( revolv+ electrons kn[n z an atom ( gold1 rema9s always an atom ( gold4 ,b y mu/ n run away ) ! idea t ! atoms w nev] *ange4 ,inde$1 man has discov]$ t ! atoms are n et]nal1 z ,i %all expla9 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,h[ ,,we ,,made ,,! ,,_w ,,talk ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,n9ete5 ,! discov]y ( radium is )9 ! memory ( all4 ,_m exagg]at$ /atem5ts w5t abroad at ! outset1 b ! real facts are full ( int]e/1 & !y h %$ mu* new light on _m subjects4 ,?ree diff]5t k9ds ( radiation 7 f\nd to be emitt$ by radium4 ,at fir/ man c\ld n tell :at ^! 71 s he nam$ !m aft] ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet--,alpha1 ,beta1 & ,gamma1 rays4 ,! electron tells ! int]e/+ /ory ( ^! rays1 & relates ! exp]i5ces ( "s fell[-electrons :o escap$ f )9 a radium atom4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,h[ ,,we ,,made ,,! ,,_w ,,talk ,we electrons 7 amus$ at ! /ir :i* we unconsci\sly caus$ ?r\gh\t ! civilis$ _w4 ,we _h done no?+ diff]5t f :at we _h be5 do+ = ages1 b a few m5 _h be5 tak+ note ( :at we 7 ab\t1 & :5 ! ph5om5a to :i* ,i ref] became kn[n to ! _w1 _m wild rum\rs 7 circulat$4 ,"o ( ^! rum\rs 0 to ! effect t /eam-eng9es & _! exp5sive furnaces 7 to disappe> v quickly4 ,if ! two la/ words _h be5 omitt$--,i %\ld n say t ! prophecy is untrue1 b man has a long way to travel yet be=e rea*+ t goal4 ,my fell[s )9 ! atoms h suffici5t en]gy to supply all mank9d ) p[] if he c\ld b unlock ev5 a small fraction ( x4 ,ano!r /atem5t 0 t ?is newly discov]$ sub/ance1 radium1 c\ld cure "s diseases :i* man _h believ$ to be incurable4 ,all ,i %all say ab\t ?is is t ! /atem5t 0 an exagg]at$ "o4 ,!n x 0 said t radium disprov$ mu* ( man's sci5tific k1 b in/ead ( t be+ s1 we electrons h greatly ext5d$ man's k by our radio-active actions4 ,if any man believ$ ! atoms ( matt] to be et]nal1 we c]ta9ly disprov$ t4 ,"h1 9 radium1 man c\ld see atoms go+ to pieces4 ,i h que/ion$ a fell[-electron :o escap$ f a radium atom z to :at upset _! equilibrium1 b ,i f9d t he does n "k1 or he pret5ds n to "k4 ,all he has told me is t he 0 flung (f sudd5ly f )9 ! atom ) great en]gy1 = he _h be5 revolv+ at a trem5d\s spe$4 ,9 8 sudd5 flight he pass$ "s newly =m$ helium atoms1 :i* conta9$ _m ( ^? electrons :o _h be5 8 co-p>tn]s 9 ! =m] radium atom4 ,be+ an electron1 he 0 travell+ at a f> great] spe$ ?an ^! fly+ atoms ( matt]1 b he assures me t ^! helium atoms 7 go+ fa/] ?an atoms c travel "u any o!r circum/ances4 ,ano!r ?+ t ?is escap$ electron told me 0 t :5 he & 8 fell[-electrons made a sudd5 />t on leav+ ! atom ( radium !y caus$ a prop] spla% 9 ! surr\nd+ ae!r1 j su* z we electrons produce :5 we are sudd5ly /opp$ 9 an ,x-ray tube4 ,man obs]v$ ^! rays proce$+ f radium1 b1 n kn[+ ! cause ( !m1 he call$ !m gamma rays4 ,we c1 ( c\rse1 produce radiographs :5 ^! rays fall ^u photographic plates4 ,inde$1 "s ( my fell[-electrons1 :5 escap+ f radium1 h produc$ rays suffici5t to p5etrate a six-in* b\ld] & affect a photographic plate ly+ b5ea? ! b\ld]4 ,9 "t man recognis$ ^! rays z ,x-rays4 ,man did n f9d only ^! rays--he discov]$ t electrons 7 escap+1 b be=e he _h recognis$ :at we 71 he _h nam$ u beta rays4 ,^! fa/-fly+ electrons h _h exp]i5ces :i* nev] fall to electrons except :5 escap+ f an atom4 ,_! velocity is s great t !y c be %ot "r ?r\gh a %eet ( alum9ium foil4 ,if ^! escap$ electrons are all[$ to settle on any object1 !y w necess>ily cause an ov]cr[d+1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! object w become negatively electrifi$4 ,! "o ?+ t puzzl$ man mo/ 0 to f9d out :at ! helium atoms 74 ,he _h nam$ !m alpha rays1 b z he f\nd he c\ld n get !m to p5etrate ev5 a ?9 %eet ( pap]1 he 0 confid5t t !y mu/ be atoms ( matt]4 ,x 0 only :5 he _h ga!r$ suffici5t to exam9e ! spectrum t he f\nd ^! to be helium atoms4 ,i ?9k :at really made ! _w talk 0 ! fact t electrons 7 escap+ f :at _h be5 suppos$ to be an et]nal habitation4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is mat]ial radium 0 actually go+ to pieces4 ,t is to say1 gradually1 z f> z man is conc]n$1 =1 look+ at x f our po9t ( view1 ! ^w gradual seems out ( place entirely4 ,! break+ up ( an atom is really ( ! nature ( an explosion4 ,x is a cont9ual bomb>dm5t t is proce$+ 9 radium4 ,:y man is apt to ?9k ( x z a gradual effect is t !re is su* an enorm\s numb] ( atoms 9 a t9y speck ( radium1 t ev5 ! incessant s]ies ( explosions w take a v long "t to break d[n ! :ole ( ! small p>ticle4 ,electrons diff] 9 _! op9ions z to :e!r man w succe$ 9 draw+ ^u ?is int]nal en]gy ( ! atom4 ,my own difficulty is t1 hav+ be5 a roam+ electron at all times1 ,i h no idea reg>d+ ! cause ( ! atomic explosions4 ,i h rem>k$ already t ! electrons lock$ up )9 ! atoms possess m en]gy ?an man c\ld ev] use4 ,if all ^! electrons 7 depriv$ ( _! en]gy1 ! atoms ( matt] w\ld cease to exi/1 & man1 :]e w\ld he be8 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,conclusion ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,*apt] ,,tw5ty ,n _m ( u h realis$ ! true importance ( electrons 9 ! ,creator's plans4 ,9 ! foll[+ %ort *apt] ! electron is made to sum up a few ( ! wond]s :i* x has relat$1 9 ord] to focus our att5tion ^u ! gr& place :i* ! electrons occupy 9 ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,conclusion ,f :at ,i h told y ( myself & my fell[-electrons1 x mu/ be app>5t t we are ( trem5d\s importance to man4 ,i h told y some?+ ( ! "p we play$ 9 build+ up ?is _w--h[ we n only =m ! atoms ( matt]1 b also hold ^! bricks ( ! univ]se toge!r4 ,i h giv5 y a r\gh sket* ( ! composition ( ^! bricks4 ,y mu/ h realis$ also t )\t u ! :ole univ]se w\ld be 9 d>kness4 ,!re w\ld be no light1 no heat1 & consequ5tly no life4 ,inde$1 !re c\ld be no mat]ial exi/5ce )\t u4 ,:]e w\ld man be if we fail$ to p]=m our mission8 ,he c\ld n exi/ if we ev5 neglect$ a few ( our duties4 ,n only d we =m ! atoms ( :i* 8 body is compos$1 also hold+ ^! toge!r1 b we produce all ^? *emical *anges )9 8 body :i* are absolutely necess>y to ma9ta9 life4 ,8 v ?\ghts are dep5d5t ^u our activities4 ,i h told y h[ we s5d man's messages across ! e>?1 & h[ we transmit p[] f place to place4 ,also h[ we h enabl$ man to ga9 k ( ! di/ant />s1 & to exam9e ! bones ( 8 liv+ body4 ,if man c\ld cross-exam9e me or any ( my fell[s1 ,i expect ! fir/ "q w\ld be--,:at are y electrons made (8 ,b man mu/ f9d ?is out = himself4 ,! ,creator has plac$ man 9 a _w full ( activity1 & x is ( int5se int]e/ to man to discov] ! mean+ ( all t lies ar\nd him4 ,t is :y ,i h be5 b\nd ov] by my fell[s to tell y only s mu* ( our hi/ory z man has discov]$4 ,b ,i am disclos+ no secret :5 ,i admit t our v exi/5ce z electrons is dep5d5t ^u ! ae!r4 ,if ,i c f9d ano!r scribe to write a revis$ biography = me a few hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 ,i %all h a mu* m int]e/+ tale to tell1 = _m ( our do+s1 ( :i* man kn[s no?+ at pres5t1 w be secrets no long] by t "t4 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,scribe',s ,,note ,,on ,,app5dix ,z expla9$ by ! au?or 9 ,*apt] ,i41 ?is app5dix has be5 add$ = ! sake ( ^? read]s :o may wi% fur!r details ?an h be5 giv5 9 ! electron's /ory4 ,x is only necess>y to give a brief notice ( ! m important p>ticul>s1 z ! au?or has writt5 rec5tly ^u ?is subject 9 a popul> =m4#a ,footnote #a3 ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day4 ,by ,*as4 ,r4 ,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 7,london3 ,seeley ,co41 ,ltd4 ,five %ill+s net47 ,,app5dix ,x 0 kn[n two ?\s& ye>s ago t :5 a piece ( amb] 0 rubb$ ) a wooll5 clo?1 ! amb] w\ld attract light objects t[>ds x4 ,amb] 0 consid]$ to be unique 9 ?is respect4 ,ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 "o ( ,que5 ,elizabe?'s physicians1 ,dr4 ,william ,gilb]t1 inquir$ into ?is attractive prop]ty ( amb]4 ,he f\nd t _m o!r sub/ances possess$ ! same prop]ty4 ,inde$ x is common to all sub/ances 9 "s degree4 ,we say ! amb] or o!r object is electrifi$4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ! e>ly exp]im5t]s t !re 7 two k9ds ( electrification4 ,to "o ( ^! !y gave ! "n positive electricity1 & to ! o!r negative electricity4 ,e electrifi$ object w attract an object :i* is n electrifi$1 & two objects :i* are oppositely electrifi$ w attract "o ano!r also4 ,b two objects :i* are simil>ly electrifi$ w repel ea* o!r4 ,man got tir$ ( rubb+ objects by h&1 s he fitt$ up simple ma*9es 9 :i* glass cyl9d]s or plates 7 rubb$ aga9/ lea!r cu%ions4 ,! electricity 0 !n collect$ by little metal po9ts support$ on an insulat$ metal sph]e4 ,! exp]im5t ( attempt+ to /ore electricity 9 a glass vessel fill$ ) wat] 0 made at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leyd5 7,ne!rl&s74 ,! wat] 0 replac$ lat] by a coat+ ( t9-foil on ! inn] surface1 :ile a simil> metallic coat+ on ! outside took ! place ( ! exp]im5t]'s h&4 ,^! j>s are call$ ,leyd5 j>s1 aft] ! place 9 :i* ! discov]y 0 made4 ,ab\t #agij1 ,pr(essor ,galvani1 ( ,italy1 obs]v$ t ! legs ( a fre%ly kill$ frog twit*$ at ea* dis*>ge ( an electrical ma*9e4 ,lat] he f\nd t ! same twit*+ occurr$ :5 he connect$ c]ta9 p>ts ) a piece ( copp] & z9c4 ,he believ$ ?is to be due to animal electricity secret$ )9 ! frog4 ,pr(essor ,volta1 also ( ,italy1 prov$ t ,galvani's idea 0 wrong1 & t ! electricity resid$ 9 ! metals r ?an 9 ! frog4 ,he %[$ t :5 two pieces ( dissimil> metal 7 put 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 !re 0 a slight transf]5ce ( electricity betwe5 !m4 ,he con/ruct$ a pile ( copp] & z9c discs1 ) a moi/ clo? betwe5 ea* pair or c\ple1 & by connect+ wires f ! top copp] disc to ! l[e/ z9c disc he 0 able to %[ t an appreciable curr5t ( electricity 0 produc$4 ,lat] he plac$ a piece ( copp] & a piece ( z9c 9 a vessel conta9+ acidulat$ wat]1 :]eupon he f\nd t a /eady curr5t ( electricity 0 obta9$4 ,?is 0 ! inv5tion ( electric batt]ies4 ,! ph5om5a ( magnetism 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 b x 0 n until ! n9ete5? c5tury t we f\nd any real connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism4 ,9 #ahai1 a ,dani% philosoph]1 ,hans ,*ri/ian ,o]/$1 discov]$ t an electric curr5t pass+ 9 a wire affect$ a magnet 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,if ! magnet 0 support$ on a pivot1 aft] ! mann] ( a compass ne$le1 x w\ld turn r\nd & take up a position at "r angles to ! wire c>ry+ ! electric curr5t4 ,! molecul> !ory ( magnetism presumes t e molecule ( iron is a t9y magnet1 hav+ a nor? & s\? pole4 ,9 a piece ( unmagnetis$ iron1 ^! t9y magnets are all ly+ s t !y neutralise "o ano!r4 ,:5 !y are turn$ r\nd s t _! nor? poles are all ly+ 9 "o direction1 !n ! iron is said to be magnetis$4 ,! electron !ory ( magnetism does n d away ) ! old] molecul> !ory j ref]r$ to4 ,! electron !ory goes a /ep f>!r1 & tells u t ^! molecules are magnets because ( a /eady motion ( electrons ar\nd ! atoms ( iron4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahbe t :5 an electric curr5t 0 s5t ?r\gh an insulat$ wire w\nd ar\nd a piece ( s(t iron1 ! iron became a magnet2 :5 ! curr5t 0 /opp$ ! magnetism disappe>$4 ,su* magnets are call$ electro-magnets4 ,if a piece ( h>d /eel is treat$ 9 ! same way x becomes a p]man5t magnet4 ,x 0 ?is intimate connection betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! inv5tion ( ^! electro-magnets1 :i* br\ght u electric bells1 telegraphs1 telephones1 dynamos1 & electric motors4 ,x %\ld be not$ t :ile iron is attract$ by ei!r pole ( a magnet1 !re is su* a ?+ z magnetic repulsion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 takes place only betwe5 two magnets1 & !n only betwe5 l poles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s ,g]man physici/s made a numb] ( electrical exp]im5ts ) vacuum tubes4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,crookes 7,engl&7 0 exp]im5t+ ) simil> vacuum tubes he sugge/$ t matt] 0 9 a radiant /ate dur+ ! electric dis*>ge )9 ! tubes4 ,9 #ahhj1 ,h4 ,a4 ,lor5tz1 ( ,am/]dam1 decl>$ t light 0 due to ! motion ( small p>ticles revolv+ ar\nd ! atoms ( matt]4 ,pr(essor ,zeeman1 ( ,holl&1 produc$ exp]im5tal pro( ( ,lor5tz's !ory4 ,he %[$ t ! revolv+ p>ticles 7 influ5c$ by a p[]ful magnetic field1 9 ! mann] expla9$ 9 ! electron's /ory4 ,?is discov]y 0 made 9 #ahif1 or sixte5 ye>s aft] ,lor5tz's decl>ation4 ,x 0 ,dr4 ,john/one ,/oney1 ( ,dubl9 ,univ]sity 7,irel&71 :o *ri/5$ ^! p>ticles electrons4 ,! ,x-rays 7 obs]v$ = ! fir/ "t by ,pr(essor ,ro5tg51 ( ,g]many1 9 #ahie4 ,! scre5s us$ = view+ ! lum9\s effects produc$ by ! ,x-rays are coat$ ) v f9e cry/als ( b>ium plat9ocyanide4 ,^! scre5s 7 9 use = ano!r purpose previ\s to ! discov]y ( ,x-rays4 ,we "k n[ t *emical aff9ity is m]ely electrical attraction betwe5 ! atoms ( matt]4 ,! spectroscope consi/s ( a glass prism1 or s]ies ( prisms1 m\nt$ betwe5 two metal tubes4 ,"o tube is provid$ at "o end ) a v]tical slit1 ?r\gh :i* ! light t is to be exam9$ is pass$4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! tube is a l5s1 s t ! beam ( light f ! slit em]ges ?r\gh ! l5s z a p5cil ( p>allel rays4 ,! p5cil ( light !n falls ^u ! glass prism1 /rik+ x at an angle4 ,9 pass+ ?r\gh ! prism1 ! light is b5t r\nd s t x ent]s ! second tube1 :i* is simply a small telescope4 ,! prism sep>ates ! ae!r waves accord+ to _! wave-l5g?s1 & produces ! well-kn[n col\r$ spectrum1 :i* is magnifi$ by ! telescope4 ,! reason = ! b5d+ ( ! diff]5t waves is expla9$ 9 ! electron's /ory4 ,,index ,absorption ( light1 #adh ,ae!r1 !1 #bd ,ae!r waves1 #if1 #aca1 #acc1 #acg1 #adf1 #adh1 #afc ,alpha rays f radium1 #aij ,alt]nat+ electric curr5t1 #aba ,amb] electrifi$1 #cb1 #cd to #cg1 #bja ,artificial light1 #adj1 #adb ,atoms break+ up1 #ahh1 #aij ,atoms co-op]at+ ) electrons1 #ajh1 #abc ,atom's int]nal en]gy1 #ahg1 #aia ,atoms ( matt]1 #eb1 #ed1 #gh1 #abh1 #ahj1 #ahd ,attraction betwe5 atoms1 #ahj ,attraction1 electrical1 #ce1 #bjb ,attraction1 magnetic1 #gh1 #bje ,aurora1 #acb ,automatic telegraph transmitt]1 #ia ,batt]y1 electric1 #gj1 #bjc ,beg9n+ ( ! _w1 #ec ,beta rays f radium1 #ahi ,bir? ( ! moon1 #eb1 #ed ,bricks ( ! univ]se1 #ahj1 #aie ,*emical aff9ity1 #bjf ,*emical comb9ations1 #ef1 #ahb ,*emi/ry ( ! />s1 #eb1 #ee1 #add1 #aec ,*lor9e atoms1 #ef1 #ahb ,cl\d =mation1 #ef ,circuit1 e>?1 #gb ,coh]]1 tube1 #ih ,cohesive =ce1 #ahc ,col\r1 #acf ,compass ne$le1 #gg ,complete electric circuit1 #ga ,conductors1 #cg1 #fh ,connect+ l9k betwe5 ae!r & matt]1 #aah1 #abg ,corpuscles1 #ff ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 #bje ,curr5t ( electricity1 #fh ,d>k l9es 9 spectrum1 #aed ,deta*able electrons1 #gh1 #aha ,detect+ imitation diamonds1 #agd ,direct electric curr5t1 #aba ,dis*>ge ( electricity1 #db ,dis*>ge ?r\gh a vacuum1 #fj ,discov]y ( electrons1 #afj1 #bjf ,discov]y ( ,x-rays1 #afi ,dynamo1 #aaf1 #aah ,e>? circuit1 #gb ,electrical dis*>ge1 #db ,electricity1 positive1 #bc1 #cb1 #ci1 #eb1 #ahj ,electricity1 negative1 #bc1 #cb1 #ci ,electric batt]y1 #gj ,electric curr5t1 #fh1 #gj ,electric motor1 #aaf1 #abb ,electric %ock1 #dg ,electrifi$ objects1 #cg1 #ch1 #bja ,electro-magnets1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc1 #aah1 #bje ,electrodes1 #fa ,electrocution1 #di ,electron z a g-betwe51 #aah ,electron1 d]ivation ( ! ^w1 #bc ,electron1 discov]y (1 #afj1 #bjf ,electrons1 #be1 #cb1 #ff1 #gh1 #ach1 #afb1 #aie ,en]gy transmission ?r\gh ! ae!r1 #gc1 #aba ,en]gy )9 ! atom1 #ahg1 #aia ,field1 magnetic1 #fh1 #gf1 #aah ,fluoresc5t scre51 #afi1 #bjf ,galvani's discov]y1 #bjb ,gamma rays f radium1 #ahi ,gilb]t's discov]y1 #bja ,glass1 electrifi$1 #cg1 #ch ,glass prism1 #adg1 #aeb ,gl[-lamp1 electric1 #adj1 #ada ,gl[-worm1 #adb ,heat1 radiant1 #abf1 #aca1 #acc1 #adb ,helium atoms1 #ahh1 #aij ,hydrog5 atoms1 #ee1 #ahb ,insulators 7non-conductors71 #cg1 #dg ,iron atoms1 #gg ,iron wires disc>d$1 #hh ,lamp1 electric1 #adj ,leyd5 j>1 #db1 #bjb ,light1 #bc1 #fj1 #fd1 #acc ,light absorb$1 #adh ,light1 artificial1 #adj1 #adb ,light1 reflect$1 #adh ,lightn+1 #db1 #dh ,l9es 9 ! spectrum1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afj1 #afb ,lor5tz's decl>ation1 #bjf ,magnetic attraction1 #gh1 #bje ,magnetic field1 #fh1 #gf1 #aah ,magnetic repulsion1 #bje ,magnetism1 #gc1 #gf1 #bjc1 #bjd ,magnetism & electricity1 #gc ,magnets1 electro-1 #gf1 #ha1 #hc1 #bje ,magnets1 p]man5t1 #hc ,m>9]'s compass1 #gg ,matt]1 #eb1 #ed ,metal electrifi$1 #cg1 #ch ,molecules ( matt]1 #aha1 #ahc ,moon's bir?1 #eb1 #ed ,morse telegraph1 #hh ,motion 9 l9e ( sight1 #afb ,motor1 electric1 #aaf1 #abb ,negative electricity1 #bc1 #cb1 #ci ,o]/$'s discov]y1 #bjd ,oxyg5 atoms1 #ahb ,p]man5t magnets1 #hb ,positive electricity1 #bc1 #cb1 #ci1 #eb1 #ahj ,prism ( glass1 #adg1 #aeb ,radiant heat1 #aca1 #acc1 #adb ,radiant matt]1 #fc1 #bje ,radium1 #ahh ,ra9b[1 #adg ,rays f radium1 #ahi1 #aij ,reflection ( light1 #adh ,repulsion1 electrical1 #bjb ,repulsion1 magnetic1 #bje ,ro5tg5 rays1 #afg ,ro5tg5's discov]y1 #afh1 #bjf ,sea1 cause ( saltness1 #ef ,%ock1 electric1 #dg ,silk1 electrifi$1 #ch ,sodium atoms1 #ef1 #ahb ,sp>k1 electric1 #dd ,spectroscope1 #aeb1 #aed1 #bjg ,spectrum1 #add1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aed ,spe$ ( electrons 9 conductor1 #gj ,/>s approa*+ ! e>?1 #afb ,/>s1 con/itu5ts ( !1 #eb1 #ee1 #adf ,/oney1 ,dr4 ,john/one1 #bjf ,sun1 con/itu5ts ( !1 #aed ,sun's heat1 #abh1 #aca ,telegraph signals1 #ij ,telegraphy1 wireless1 #ie ,telephone1 #aji ,telephony1 wireless1 #aaj ,temp]ature1 #ahj ,tramway1 electric1 #aag1 #aah1 #abb ,transp>5t sub/ances1 #adi ,vacuum tubes1 #fj1 #fa1 #acb1 #bje ,velocity ( electrons1 #gj ,volta's discov]y1 #bjc ,waves 9 ! ae!r1 #if1 #acc1 #acg1 #adf1 #adh1 #afc ,wireless messages f ! />s1 #afb ,wireless telegraphy1 #ie ,wireless telephony1 #aaj ,x-rays1 #aff1 #bjf ,x-rays f radium1 #ahi ,x-ray photography1 #agc ,zeeman proves exi/5ce ( electrons1 #afa1 #bjf ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,ed9burgh ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! orig9al text3 ,page xi3 always necess>y1 ,h[ *ang$ to always necess>y4 ,h[ ,page #bje3 vacuum tubes1 ,:5 *ang$ to vacuum tubes4 ,:5 ,page #bad3 ,negative electricity1 #bc1 #cb1 #i *ang$ to ,negative electricity1 #bc1 #cb1 #ci