,transcriber's ,note3 ,italic text is set apart by underscores and bold text by equal signs4 ,,studies ,,in ,,old ,,testament ,,history ,by ,rev4 ,jesse ,l4 ,hurlbut1 ,d4,d41 ,,author ,,of ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,bible ,,geography1 ,,revised ,,normal ,,lessons1 ,,supplemental ,,lessons ,,for ,,the ,,sunday-,,school1 and ,,studies ,,in ,,the ,,four ,,gospels4 ,new ,york3 ,,hunt ,,eaton4 ,cincinnati3 ,,cranston ,,curts4 ,for ,all ,sunday-,school ,workers4 ,sidenote3 ,,for ,,the ,,superintendent4 ,,our ,,superintendent4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent4 #aj cents4 ,,the ,,modern ,,sunday-,,school4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent4 #ij ,the first of these is an inspiring talk with the superintendent upon the duties of his office and how to perform them4 ,the second is a thorough explanation of the best methods of conducting a ,sunday-school4 ,the ,sunday-school experience of one hundred years has proved that without well trained teachers success is only partial4 ,our list of books1 adapted both for private use and for normal teaching1 is unsurpassed3 ,,sunday-,,school ,,science4 ,by ,r4 ,s4 ,,holmes4 #bj cents4 ,,revised ,,normal ,,lessons4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 #be cents4 ,,studies ,,in ,,the ,,four ,,gospels4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 #be cents4 ,,open ,,letters ,,to ,,primary ,,teachers4 ,by ,mrs4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,crafts4 #dj cents4 ,sidenote3 ,,for ,,teachers ,,and ,,normal ,,classes4 ,,normal ,,outline ,,series3 ,bible ,history4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,,hurst4 #dj cents4 ,christian ,evidences4 ,by ,,joseph ,,alden4 #ce cents4 ,church ,history4 ,by ,,john ,f4 ,,hurst4 #dj cents4 ,on ,teaching4 ,by ,,joseph ,,alden4 #ce cents4 ,english ,bible4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,freeman4 #dj cents4 ,,chautauqua ,,text-,,books4 ,price1 #aj cents each4 ,no4 #bb4 ,on ,biblical ,biology4 ,no4 #bh4 ,manners and ,customs of ,bible ,times4 ,no4 #cf4 ,assembly ,bible ,outlines4 ,no4 #cg4 ,assembly ,normal ,outlines4 ,no4 #ci4 ,the ,normal ,class4 ,no4 #da4 ,the ,teacher ,before his ,class4 ,no4 #db4 ,outlines of ,methodism4 ,no4 #di4 ,palestine4 ,for the many earnest teachers who desire to give their scholars a more comprehensive course than that of the ,international ,lesson ,series a series of ,supplemental ,lessons has been prepared4 ,these are not intended to displace the regular lesson1 but to fill out its deficiencies1 to supplement it with other studies with which young people should be acquainted3 ,,supplemental ,,lessons4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 #be cents4 ,sidenote3 ,,for ,,the ,,scholars4 ,,graded ,,lessons ,,for ,,the ,,sunday-,,school4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,strong4 ,seven numbers4 ,sample set1 #dj cents4 ,,palestine ,,class4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,,vincent4 ,four leaflets4 #b cents each2 #f cents per set4 ,,young ,,travelers' ,,class4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,kennedy4 ,seven numbers4 #b cents each2 #f cents per set4 ,,young ,,folks' ,,walks ,,and ,,talks ,,with ,,jesus4 ,by ,mrs4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,kennedy4 ,eight numbers4 #b cents each2 #aj cents per set4 ,new ,york3 ,,hunt ,,eaton4 ,cincinnati3 ,,cranston ,,curts4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,empire ,,of ,,david ,,and ,,solomon4 ,,studies ,,in ,,old ,,testament ,,history ,,by ,,rev4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,,author ,,of ,a ,manual of ,bible ,geography1 ,outline ,normal ,lessons1 ,supplemental ,lessons for the ,sunday-,school1 and ,studies in the ,four ,gospels4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,hunt ,,eaton ,,cincinnati3 ,,cranston ,,curts ,copyright1 #ahij1 by ,,hunt ,,eaton1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,preface #e ,,chronological ,,table #i ,,hints ,,to ,,students #aa ,,hints ,,to ,,teachers #ac ,,the ,,course ,,divided ,,into ,,lessons #ad ,,first ,,study4--,the ,beginnings of ,bible ,history #ag ,,second ,,study4--,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness #be ,,third ,,study4--,the ,conquest of ,canaan #cd ,,fourth ,,study4--,the ,age of the ,heroes #da ,,fifth ,,study4--,the ,rise of the ,israelite ,empire #di ,,sixth ,,study4--,the ,golden ,age of ,israel #ef ,,seventh ,,study4--,the ,rival ,thrones--,israel #fc ,,eighth ,,study4--,the ,rival ,thrones--,judah #ga ,,ninth ,,study4--,the ,captivity of ,judah #gg ,,tenth ,,study4--,the ,jewish ,province #hh ,,full-,,page ,,maps4 ,empire of ,david and ,solomon ,facing title-page4 ,canaan #af ,old ,testament ,world #ai ,modern ,jerusalem #dh ,the ,divisions of ,solomon's ,empire #fb ,solomon's ,dominions #gf ,alexander's ,empire #ij ,,chronological ,,table4 ,these dates are taken from the common chronology1 and those earlier than the ,exodus are probably inaccurate4 7,see foot-note on page #bb47 ,the student will find that to commit this table to memory will give him command of the most important facts of ,bible history4 #a4 ,the ,deluge ,b4 ,c4 #bcdh #b4 ,the ,dispersion of the ,races #bbdg #c4 ,the ,rise of the ,empires #bbjj #d4 ,the ,migration of ,abraham #aiba #e4 ,the ,descent into ,egypt #agjf #f4 ,the ,exodus from ,egypt #adia #g4 ,the ,battle of ,beth-horon #adea #h4 ,the ,death of ,joshua #adbf #i4 ,the ,victory of ,gideon #abde #aj4 ,the ,coronation of ,saul #ajie #aa4 ,the ,accession of ,david #ajee #ab4 ,the ,division of the ,kingdom #ige #ac4 ,the ,fall of ,samaria #gba #ad4 ,the ,captivity at ,babylon #ehg #ae4 ,the ,return from ,captivity #ecf #af4 ,the ,reforms of ,ezra #dej #ag4 ,the ,empire of ,alexander #ccj #ah4 ,the ,maccabean ,independence #aff #ai4 ,the ,accession of ,herod #dj #bj4 ,the ,birth of ,christ #d ,,preface4 ,,the ,new ,testament is the outgrowth and development of the ,old4 ,there is no revelation in the gospels or the epistles which is not in its essence contained in the elder ,scripture2 though to make it manifest required the incarnation of ,god's ,son and the descent of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,therefore1 to understand the ,new ,testament it is necessary to study the ,old ,testament4 ,we cannot appreciate ,matthew's point of view of ,christ as the ,messiah until we have looked upon the throne of ,david1 and ,solomon in all his glory2 the theology of ,paul is blind until read in the light of ,moses and ,isaiah2 and ,hebrews will obtain a new meaning when placed side by side with ,leviticus4 ,every chapter in the ,new ,testament has its references to parallel passages in the ,old ,testament4 ,when we open the ,old ,testament we find it1 first of all1 a book of history4 ,we are apt to look upon the ,bible as a dictionary of doctrine1 wherein we are to search for sentences as proof-texts4 ,but instead it contains the story of redemption in the form of a history4 ,we see how ,god chose a family and pruned off its dead branches and caused it to grow into a nation2 then1 how he trained and disciplined that nation through fifteen centuries1 until upon it blossomed the ,divine ,man4 ,the history of the ,bible is the history of humanity1 of literature1 of ethics1 of religion1 of doctrine2 and no one who studies it carefully will fail of an abundant reward for his endeavor4 ,in most works upon ,bible history the purpose of the author seems to be merely to arrange in chronological order a series of events without much regard to their importance or their relations to each other4 ,the successive reigns of kings1 the chronicles of courts1 the reports of battles form the contents of most histories1 whether sacred or secular4 ,works like these have their value in the statement of those facts which form the basis and working material of history4 ,but mere facts chronologically arranged do not constitute a history1 any more than words alphabetically arranged constitute a literature4 ,true history records processes1 the relation of cause and effect1 the formative influences and their result in national life4 ,the true history of ,england shows not annals of kings and achievements of warriors1 but the development of a mighty people4 ,the true history of ,greece gives the secret springs of that intense activity which in two centuries called forth more great men in more departments of life than all the rest of the world could produce in a thousand years4 ,the true history of ,israel--which is the history of the ,old ,testament--shows how a little people in their mountain-eyrie grew up to a destiny more glorious than that of the proudest empire of all the earth1 the honor of giving religion to mankind4 ,the aim of this little book is to present the outlines of that remarkable history of the chosen people4 ,what their mission was1 how they were trained for it1 and how the world was prepared to receive it together constitute the three threads woven together in this work4 ,it is a book of outlines to be studied1 not of chapters to be read4 ,the reader will doubtless find the paragraphs somewhat disconnected1 but we trust that the student may receive from them suggestions for thought4 ,in the preparation of this book many works have been read and examined2 but it is not my purpose to give a catalogue of them4 ,i would name1 however1 a very few books which will be of service to the student1 and will be almost a necessity for the teacher who expects to use these outlines in the class1 for one secret of successful teaching is for the teacher to have at his command a fund of knowledge vastly greater than that contained in the text-book4 ,for this purpose the following works are named1 none of which are too abstruse or difficult for the average reader3 #a4 ,outline of ,bible ,history4 ,bishop ,j4 ,f4 ,hurst4 ,a small book1 containing merely the facts of the subject4 #b4 ,old ,testament ,history4 ,william ,smith4 ,a larger work and valuable1 but ending with the ,old ,testament canon4 ,an additional chapter on the interval between ,old and ,new ,testament history would greatly improve the book4 #c4 ,lectures on the ,history of the ,jewish ,church4 ,dean ,a4 ,p4 ,stanley4 ,three large volumes1 in a brilliant but diffuse style1 advanced to the knowledge of twenty years ago2 not altogether sound in its critical point of view1 yet to be read by all who would understand the subject4 #d4 ,hours with the ,bible4 ,cunningham ,geikie4 ,six volumes1 discussing ,bible history in all of its aspects1 particularly in its relations with secular history4 ,perhaps this is the best work on the subject for the reader who is not a specialist4 ,but it is prolix1 and could be compressed to advantage4 ,there is need1 in my opinion1 of a good semi-popular ,bible history1 in one volume or two1 to present results rather than processes of thought1 and to embody all the latest knowledge from the study of the ,scriptures and the monuments of the ancient world4 ,it is needless to urge upon the student that the best book for the study of ,bible history is the ,bible itself4 ,the historical books should be read with great care1 even to their details of genealogical tables4 ,the most valuable document in the study of the origin of races is the tenth chapter of ,genesis2 and a catalogue of names in the opening of ,chronicles will give a clew to the chronology of the sojourn in ,egypt4 ,the prophetical books will aid the student1 and the ,psalms will irradiate certain dark periods4 ,whoever undertakes to use these outlines should examine every text cited for its suggestion upon the subject4 ,this book is commended to ,bible students1 to ,sunday-school normal classes1 and to all who love the word1 with a hope that it may be of service in calling attention to the ,old ,testament1 and that it may lead some through the ,old to enter into a better spiritual understanding of the ,new4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut4 ,,hints ,,to ,,students4 ,those who desire merely to read this book or to look it over will not find it interesting4 ,those who already know how to study will not need these hints1 and can use the book in their own way4 ,but there are many who desire to study these subjects carefully1 and yet do not know precisely how to do the work4 ,for these students1 earnest but untrained1 the hints are given4 #a4 ,these studies should be pursued with the ,bible close at hand1 so that every ,scripture reference may be at once searched out and read4 #b4 ,begin each lesson by a general view2 reading it through carefully1 and memorizing the leading divisions of the outline1 which are indicated by the ,roman numerals ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 etc4 ,this will give the general plan of the lesson4 #c4 ,now take up ,part ,i of the lesson in detail2 notice and memorize its subdivisions1 indicated by #a1 #b1 #c1 etc41 and search out the ,scripture references cited in it4 ,if practicable1 write out on a sheet of paper the reference 7not the language of the text in full71 and what each reference shows4 ,thus1 with the references in the ,first ,study1 page #ag1 ,part ,i3 ,,beginnings ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ,part ,i4 ,deluge4 ,gen4 #g4 ,description of the flood4 ,gen4 #f4 #e-g4 ,god punished the world for wickedness4 ,gen4 #g4 #bc4 ,covered the inhabited earth4 #d4 ,it would be a good plan to write out in full1 as a connected statement1 all the facts in the section2 thus3 ,the ,bible says there was a deluge and the traditions of other nations attest it4 ,the date commonly given is #bcdh ,b4 ,c4 ,its cause was ,god's anger with the wickedness of the race1 and it covered the inhabited globe4 ,god's purpose was to cleanse the world for a new epoch4 #e4 ,in like manner study out and write out all the facts obtained by a study of the lesson and the texts cited in it4 ,this will greatly aid the memory in holding fast to the information gained4 #f4 ,having done this1 look at the blackboard outline at the end of the study1 and see if you can read the outline of the lesson by the aid of the catch-words and indications which it affords4 ,study the lesson until you can read it with the blackboard outline1 and then recall it without the outline4 #g4 ,now read over the questions for review1 one by one1 and see if you can answer them4 ,do not cease your study until every question can be answered without the aid of the text4 #h4 ,frequently review the lessons already learned4 ,before beginning the third study review the first and the second2 before the fourth1 review the first1 second1 and third1 and at the completion of all the studies review them all4 ,the knowledge gained by this thorough study will more than compensate for the time and trouble which it requires4 ,,hints ,,to ,,teachers4 ,classes may be organized on various plans and out of varied materials for the study of these lessons4 #a4 ,a teachers' class1 composed of teachers1 and also of senior scholars in the ,sunday-school1 may be formed to study the life of ,christ1 which is one of the most important subjects in the ,bible4 ,this may meet on an evening or an afternoon1 and devote all the sessions to the study of the lesson1 and to discussions upon it4 #b4 ,in many places a teachers' meeting is held for the study of the ,international ,lesson1 as a preparation for the ,sunday-school class4 ,a part of the time might be taken at this meeting for the study of these subjects4 ,in that case it would be well to follow the division into lessons1 as given on page #ad4 #c4 ,a normal class may be organized among the brightest scholars in the ,sunday-school1 who should be trained to become teachers4 ,this normal class may meet on an afternoon or an evening1 or may take a lesson-period in the ,sunday-school session4 #d4 ,these studies may be pursued by the young people's society of the church1 or by a class formed under its auspices1 meeting at such time and place as shall be found most convenient4 ,there are two methods in which these lessons may be taught3 ,one is the lecture method1 by which the instructor gives the lesson to the class in the form of a lecture1 placing the outline upon the blackboard as he proceeds1 calling upon the students to read the texts cited1 and frequently reviewing the outline in a concert-drill4 ,by this method the students may or may not have the books1 as they and the instructor prefer4 ,while it is not necessary to supply the class with the text-book1 it will be a good plan to do so4 ,the other method1 simpler and easier1 is to let each student have a copy of the book1 to expect the lesson to be prepared by the class1 and to have it recited1 either individually or in concert4 ,let each student gain all the information that he can upon the subject of the lesson2 let each contribute his knowledge2 let all talk freely1 and all will be the gainers4 ,it would be a good plan to have papers read from time to time upon topics suggested by the course and parallel with it4 ,a list of subjects for such special papers is given at the close of each study4 ,,the ,,course ,,divided ,,into ,,lessons4 ,,in many places it will be found impracticable to give an entire evening to the study of these lessons4 ,they may be taught at the close of the prayer-meeting1 or of the young people's meeting1 in short sections2 or they may occupy a part of the hour at the weekly teachers' meeting for the study of the ,sunday-school lesson2 or they may be taught to the ,normal class in the ,sunday-school at the lesson hour4 ,in the latter case1 the regular lesson should receive some attention2 and the members of the class should be expected to prepare it1 and should be questioned upon it4 ,often from twenty to thirty minutes is all that can be given in a class to studies like these4 ,we have1 therefore1 divided the studies into short sections1 each of which may be taught in about twenty minutes1 if properly prepared by both teacher and students4 ,thus arranged1 the course will be included in thirty-two lessons1 as follows3 ,lesson ,i4--,the ,beginnings of ,bible ,history4 ,the deluge and the dispersion4 7,first ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,ii4--,the ,beginnings of ,bible ,history4 ,rise of the empires1 migration of ,abraham1 and journeys of the patriarchs4 7,first ,study1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 and ,v47 ,lesson ,,iii4--,the ,beginnings of ,bible ,history4 ,sojourn in ,egypt4 7,first ,study1 ,,vi47 ,also review ,first ,study4 ,lesson ,,iv4--,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness4 ,events leading to the wandering in the wilderness4 7,second ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,v4--,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness4 ,journeys of the wandering4 7,second ,study1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,vi4--,the ,wandering in the ,wilderness4 ,results of the wandering4 7,second ,study ,,iv47 ,also review ,second ,study4 ,lesson ,,vii4--,the ,conquest of ,canaan4 ,canaanites and campaigns of the conquest4 7,third ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,viii4--,the ,conquest of ,canaan4 ,aspect of ,israel after conquest4 7,third ,study1 ,,iv47 ,also review ,third ,study4 ,lesson ,,ix4--,the ,age of the ,heroes4 ,condition of ,israel and the judges of ,israel4 7,fourth ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,x4--,the ,age of the ,heroes4 ,the oppressions and deliverers4 7,fourth ,study1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xi4--,the ,age of the ,heroes4 ,general aspects of the period4 7,fourth ,study1 ,,iv47 ,also review ,fourth ,study4 ,lesson ,,xii4--,the ,rise of the ,israelite ,empire4 ,causes leading to the monarchy1 and character of the ,israelite kingdom4 7,fifth ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xiii4--,the ,rise of the ,israelite ,empire4 ,the reign of ,saul4 7,fifth ,study1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xiv4--,the ,rise of the ,israelite ,empire4 ,the reign of ,david4 7,fifth ,study1 ,,iv47 ,also review ,fifth ,study4 ,lesson ,,xv4--,the ,golden ,age of ,israel4 ,reign of ,solomon4 7,sixth ,study1 ,i47 ,lesson ,,xvi4--,the ,golden ,age of ,israel4 ,general aspect of ,israel and dangers of the period4 7,sixth ,study1 ,,ii and ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xvii4--,the ,empire of ,israel4 ,review the reigns of ,saul1 ,david1 and ,solomon4 7,fifth ,study1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 and ,sixth ,study1 ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xviii4--,israel4 ,causes and results of division4 7,seventh ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xix4--,israel4 ,kingdom of ,israel4 7,seventh ,study1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xx4--,israel4 ,fate of ten tribes4 7,seventh ,study1 ,,iv47 ,also review ,seventh ,study4 ,lesson ,,xxi4--,judah4 ,general aspects and duration of the kingdom4 7,eighth ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xxii4--,judah4 ,periods in its history4 7,eighth ,study1 ,,iii47 ,also review ,seventh and ,eighth ,studies4 ,lesson ,,xxiii4--,the ,captivity of ,judah4 ,captivities of ,judah and ,israel1 and three captivities of ,judah4 7,ninth ,study1 ,i and ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xxiv4--,the ,captivity of ,judah4 ,causes of captivity4 7,ninth ,study1 ,,iii47 ,lesson ,,xxv4--,the ,captivity of ,judah4 ,condition of the captives4 7,ninth ,study1 ,,iv47 ,lesson ,,xxvi4--,the ,captivity of ,judah4 ,results of the captivity4 7,ninth ,study1 ,v47 ,lesson ,,xxvii4--,the ,captivity of ,judah4 ,review of ,ninth ,study4 ,lesson ,,xxviii4--,the ,jewish ,province4 ,persian4 7,tenth ,study1 ,i1 ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xxix4--,the ,jewish ,province4 ,greek periods4 7,tenth ,study1 ,,ii47 ,lesson ,,xxx4--,the ,jewish ,province4 ,maccabean and ,roman periods4 7,tenth ,study1 ,,iii1 ,,iv47 ,lesson ,,xxxi4--,the ,jewish ,province4 ,preparation for the temple4 7,tenth ,study1 ,v47 ,lesson ,,xxxii4--,review of ,tenth ,study4 ,illustration3 ,,radial ,,key ,,map ,,of ,,canaan ,,studies ,,in ,,old ,,testament ,,history4 ,,first ,,study4 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,bible ,,history4 ,it is our purpose in this series of studies to trace the progress of events as related in the ,bible from the dawn of history down to the opening of the ,new ,testament era4 ,the aim will be not to give a mere catalogue of facts1 but rather to show the relation of cause and effect1 and to unfold the development of the divine purpose which extends through all the history in the ,bible4 ,we recommend the student1 first of all1 to read the preface to this book4 ,turning back to the beginnings of ,bible history we notice six events between the ,deluge and the ,exodus4 ,we begin with the ,deluge as the starting-point of history4 ,back of that event is a land of shadows4 ,we have so little knowledge of the world before the flood that its history cannot be written4 ,but since that fact we tread upon firm ground1 having both the ,bible and secular history to confirm each other4 ,i4 ,,the ,,deluge4 ,with regard to this event we note3 #a4 ,the fact of a general deluge is stated in ,scripture 7,gen4 #g471 and attested by the traditions of nearly all nations4 ,compare the story of ,xisuthros in ,berosus2 the record in the ,chaldean tablets2 the ,greek myth of ,deucalion2 the ,mexican tradition2 and the legends of the ,north ,american ,indians4,a #b4 ,the date is given in reference ,bibles 7following ,archbishop ,ussher7 as ,b4 ,c4 #bcdh4 ,this is probably incorrect4 ,it may have been a thousand years earlier4 ,but as archaeologists are not yet agreed1 we give ,ussher's chronology1 here and elsewhere1 merely as a convenience in the arrangement1 not as accurate4 #c4 ,its cause was the wickedness of the human race 7,gen4 #f4 #e-g74 ,before this event all the population of the world was massed together1 forming one vast family and speaking one language4 ,under these conditions the good were overborne by evil surroundings1 and general corruption followed4 #d4 ,its extent was undoubtedly not the entire globe1 but so much of it as was occupied by the human race 7,gen4 #g4 #bc71 probably the ,euphrates valley4 ,many ,christian scholars1 however1 hold to the view that the ,book of ,genesis relates the history of but one family of races1 and not all the race2 consequently1 that the flood may have been partial1 as far as mankind is concerned4 #e4 ,its purpose was3 #a47 ,to destroy the evil in the world4 #b47 ,to open a new epoch under better conditions for social1 national1 and individual life4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,dispersion ,,of ,,the ,,races4 7,b4,c4 #bbdg87 #a4 ,very soon after the deluge a new instinct1 that of migration1 took possession of the human family4 ,hitherto all mankind had lived together2 from this time they began to scatter4 ,as a result came tribes1 nations1 languages1 and varieties of civilization4 ,the confusion of tongues was not the cause1 but the result of this spirit1 and was not sudden1 but gradual 7,gen4 #aa4 #b1 #g74 ,illustration3 ,,map ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,testament ,,world4 #b4 ,evidences of this migration are given3 #a47 ,in the ,bible 7,gen4 #i4 #ai2 #aa4 #h74 #b47 ,the records and traditions of nearly all nations point to it4 #c47 ,language gives a certain proof2 for example1 showing that the ancestors of the ,english1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,medes1 and ,hindus--races now widely dispersed--once slept under the same roof4 ,at an early period streams of migration poured forth from the highlands of ,asia in every direction and to great distances4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,the ,,empires4 ,in the ,bible world three centers of national life arose1 not far apart in time1 each of which became a powerful kingdom1 and in turn ruled all the ,oriental lands4 ,the strifes of these three nations1 their rise and fall1 constitute the matter of ancient ,oriental history1 which is closely connected with that of the ,bible4 ,these three centers were ,egypt 7called in the ,bible ,mizraim1 ,gen4 #aj4 #f1 #ac71 of which the capital was ,memphis2 ,chaldea1 of which the capital was ,babel or ,babylon 7,gen4 #aj4 #aj2 #aa4 #b-i72 and ,assyria1 of which the capital was ,nineveh 7,gen4 #aj4 #aa74 ,we might add to these the ,canaanite or ,phenician city of ,sidon 7,gen4 #aj4 #ae1 #ai71 and its daughter ,tyre1 the great commercial centers of the ancient world1 whose empire was not the land1 but the sea4 ,note that all of these early kingdoms were established by the ,hamitic race4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,migration ,,of ,,abraham4 7,b4 ,c4 #aiba87 ,no other journey in history has the importance of that transfer of the little clan of ,abraham from the plain of ,shinar to the mountains of ,palestine in view of its results to the world4 ,compare with it the voyage of the ,mayflower4 ,its causes were3 #a4 ,probably the migratory instinct of the age1 for it was the epoch of tribal movements4 #b4 ,the political cause may have been the desire for liberty from the rule of the ,accadian dynasty that had become dominant in ,chaldea4 #c4 ,but the deepest motive was religious1 a purpose to escape from the idolatrous influences of ,chaldea1 and to find a home for the worship of ,god in what was then the new ,west1 where population was thin4 ,it was by the call of ,god that ,abraham set forth on his journey 7,gen4 #ab4 #a-c74 ,v4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs4 7,b4 ,c4 #aiba-agjf87 ,for two centuries the little clan of ,abraham's family lived in ,palestine as strangers1 pitching their tents in various localities1 wherever pasturage was abundant1 for at this time they were shepherds and herdsmen 7,gen4 #ac4 #b2 #df4 #cd74 ,their home was generally in the southern part of the country1 west of the ,dead ,sea1 and their relations with the ,amorites1 ,canaanites1 and ,philistines on the soil were generally friendly 7,gen4 #bj4 #ad2 #bf4 #bf-ca74 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,in ,,the ,,times ,,of ,,the ,,patriarchs ,illustration3 ,goshen ,,vi4 ,,the ,,sojourn ,,in ,,egypt4 7,b4 ,c4 #agjf-adia87 ,after three generations the branch of ,abraham's family belonging to his grandson ,jacob or ,israel removed to ,egypt 7,deut4 #bf4 #e71 where they remained either two hundred or four hundred years1 according to different opinions4,b ,this stay in ,egypt is always called the sojourn4 ,the event which led directly to the descent into ,egypt was the selling of ,joseph 7,gen4 #cg4 #bh74 ,but we can trace a providential purpose in the transfer4 ,its objects were3 #a4 ,preservation4 ,the frequent famines in ,palestine 7,gen4 #ab4 #aj2 #bf4 #a2db4 #a-c7 showed that as shepherds the ,israelites could not be supported in the land4 ,on the fertile soil of ,egypt1 with three crops each year1 they would find food in abundance4 #b4 ,growth4 ,at the end of the stay in ,canaan the ,israelites counted only seventy souls 7,gen4 #df4 #bg72 but at the close of the sojourn in ,egypt they had increased to nearly two millions 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg2 ,num4 #a4 #de1 #df74 ,the hot climate and cheap food of ,egypt has always caused an abundant population4 ,in ,egypt ,israel grew from a family to a nation4 #c4 ,isolation4 ,there was great danger to the morals and religion of the ,israelites in the land of ,canaan4 ,abraham had sent to his own relatives at ,haran for a wife for ,isaac 7,gen4 #bd4 #c1 #d7 in order to keep both the race and the faith pure4 ,one of ,isaac's sons married ,canaanite wives1 and as a result his descendants1 the ,edomites1 lost the faith and became idolaters 7,gen4 #bf4 #cd1 #ce74 ,jacob sought his wives among his own relatives 7,gen4 #bh4 #a1 #b74 ,we note a dangerous tendency in ,jacob's family to ally themselves with the ,canaanites 7,gen4 #cd4 #h-aj2 #ch4 #a1 #b74 ,if they had stayed in ,canaan the chosen family would have become lost among the heathen4 ,but in ,egypt they lived apart1 and were kept by the caste system from union with the people 7,gen4 #df4 #cd2 #dc4 #cb74 ,it was a necessary element in the divine plan that ,israel should dwell apart from other nations 7,num4 #bc4 #i74 #d4 ,civilization4 ,the ,egyptians were far in advance of all other nations of that age in intelligence1 in the organization of society1 and in government4 ,though the ,israelites lived apart from them1 they were among them1 and learned much of their knowledge4 ,whatever may have been their condition at the beginning of the sojourn1 at the end of it they had a written language 7,exod4 #bd4 #g71 a system of worship 7,exod4 #ai4 #bb2 #cc4 #g71 and a leader who had received the highest culture of his age 7,acts #g4 #bb74 ,as one result of the sojourn the ,israelites were transformed from shepherds and herdsmen to tillers of the soil--a higher manner of living4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,six ,ev4 ,i4 ,del4 #a4 ,fac4 ,scrip4 ,trad4 #b4 ,dat4 #bcdh8 #c4 ,cau4 ,wick4 rac4 #d4 ,ext4 par4 #e4 ,pur4 #a47 ,des4 ev4 #b47 ,new ep4 ,,ii4 ,disp4 ,rac4 #a4 ,inst4 mig4 #b4 ,evid4 ,bib4 ,trad4 ,lang4 ,,iii4 ,rise ,emp4 #a4 ,eg4 #b4 ,chal4 #c4 ,ass4 #d4 ,sid4 and ,tyr4 ,,iv4 ,mig4 ,abr4 ,causes4 #a4 ,mig4 inst4 #b4 ,pol4 cau4 #c4 ,rel4 mot4 ,v4 ,jour4 ,patr4 ,str4 in ,pal4 ,shep4 ,hom4 ,relat4 ,,vi4 ,soj4 in ,eg4 ,obj4 #a4 ,pres4 #b4 ,gro4 #c4 ,isol4 #d4 ,civ4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what is the purpose in this series of studies8 ,at what point does history begin8 ,name the six great events in early ,bible history4 ,how is the fact of a deluge attested8 ,what date is commonly given to this event8 ,what was the moral cause of the flood8 ,what was its extent8 ,what was its purpose in the plan of ,god8 ,what new spirit took possession of men soon after the flood8 ,to what results did this lead8 ,what was the relation of this fact to the confusion of tongues8 ,what evidences of these migrations are found8 ,what were the three great centers of national life in the ,oriental world8 ,what city became the center of commercial life8 ,to what race did the earliest empires belong8 ,what was the most important journey1 in its results1 in all history8 ,what three causes are given for this migration8 ,what was especially the religious motive of this journey8 ,how long did ,abraham's descendants remain in ,palestine8 ,in what part of the country did they live8 ,what were their relations with the native peoples in ,palestine8 ,what is meant by the sojourn8 ,what was its immediate cause8 ,what four providential results came to ,israel through this sojourn8 ,how long was the time of the sojourn8 ,how were the ,israelites protected from corruption through this sojourn8 ,what was the effect of the sojourn upon their civilization8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,pyramids4 ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,babylon4 ,,the ,,great ,,races4 ,,traditions ,,of ,,the ,,deluge4 ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,abraham4 ,,egypt ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,joseph4 ,,footnotes3 ,a ,see ,geikie's ,hours with the ,bible1 vol4 #a1 chap4 xiii2 ,bible ,commentary1 note at the end of ,gen4 #h4 ,b ,from the fact that in several genealogies four generations are given to the sojourn in ,egypt1 the shorter period1 from #agjf to #adia1 has been generally assumed4 ,but it is almost impossible that seventy people could become two million in four generations by natural increase alone4 ,moreover1 the genealogy of ,joshua 7#a ,chron4 #g4 #bb-bg7 gives either ten or eleven generations to this period4 ,it is probable that the other tables name only sufficient links to show the line1 and omit many of the generations4 ,this was frequently the case with ,jewish records4 7,see the genealogy of ,jesus ,christ in ,matt4 #a1 where several names are omitted47 ,we conclude that the sojourn began about #aijj ,b4 ,c41 and the call of ,abraham was about #bajj ,b4 ,c41 or earlier2 but we give in the text the usual chronology4 ,,second ,,study4 ,,the ,,wandering ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness4 ,i4 ,let us notice briefly the ,,events ,,leading ,,to ,,the ,,wandering4 #a4 ,the ,oppression of the ,israelites4 7,b4 ,c4 #afce47 7,exod4 #a4 #h-ac47 ,this was an important link in the chain of events4 ,if the ,israelites had been prosperous and happy in ,egypt they would have remained there1 and the destiny of the chosen people would have been forgotten4 ,therefore1 when ,egypt had given to ,israel all that it could1 the wrath of man was made to praise ,god2 and by suffering the ,israelites were made willing to leave the land of their sojourn and seek the land of promise4 ,the nest was stirred up1 and the young eaglet was compelled to fly 7,deut4 #cb4 #aa1 #ab74 #b4 ,the ,training of ,moses4 7,born ,b4 ,c4 #aega47 ,there was another element of preparation4 ,no common man could have wrought the great work of liberation1 of legislation1 and of training which ,israel needed4 ,notice1 #a47 ,moses was an ,israelite in birth1 of the consecrated tribe of ,levi 7,exod4 #b4 #a1 #b74 #b47 ,but he was educated in the palace1 and in the highest culture1 as a prince in ,egypt 7,exod4 #b4 #aj74 ,if he had been doomed to a slave's life he could never have accomplished his mission4 #c47 ,at full age ,moses made choice of his people1 because they were the people of ,god 7,heb4 #aa4 #bd-bf74 #d47 ,then came the training of forty years in the desert1 giving him knowledge of the land1 experience of hardships1 and maturity of thought4 #e47 ,lastly1 there was the call of ,god 7,exod4 #c4 #b71 with its revelation of ,god's name and power1 imparting strength for his work4 #c4 ,the ,ten ,plagues4 ,there was a special significance in these plagues1 for each was a blow at some form of idol-worship among the ,egyptians4 ,they were3 #a47 ,the river turned to blood 7,exod4 #g4 #bj1 #ba74 #b47 ,frogs 7,exod4 #h4 #f74 #c47 ,lice 7,exod4 #h4 #ag74 #d47 ,flies1 probably including beetles and other winged pests 7,exod4 #h4 #bd74 #e47 ,murrain1 or pestilence among domestic animals 7,exod4 #i4 #c1 #d74 #f47 ,boils 7,exod4 #i4 #aj74 #g47 ,hail 7,exod4 #i4 #bc74 #h47 ,locusts 7,exod4 #aj4 #ad1 #ae74 #i47 ,darkness 7,exod4 #aj4 #bb1 #bc74 #aj47 ,death of the first-born 7,exod4 #ab4 #bi74 #d4 ,the ,passover4 7,exod4 #ab4 #ba-bh47 ,this service represented three ideas4 #a47 ,it was the spring-tide festival4 #b47 ,it commemorated the sudden departure from ,egypt1 when there was not even time to raise the bread before leaving 7,exod4 #ab4 #cd-ci74 #c47 ,it was an impressive prophecy of ,christ1 the slain ,lamb of ,god 7,exod4 #ab4 #ba1 #bb74 ,illustration3 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,israelites #e4 ,the ,exodus4 7,b4 ,c4 #adia47 7,exod4 #ab4 #dj1 #da47 ,the word means going out4 ,this was the birthday of a nation1 the hour when the ,israelites rose from being merely a mass of men to become a people4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,wilderness ,,of ,,the ,,wandering4 ,let the student note carefully upon a good map the following locations1 and then draw a map containing them3 #a4 ,draw the coast-lines and note three ,seas4 #a47 ,the great sea1 or ,mediterranean 7,josh4 #a4 #d74 #b47 ,the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ac4 #ah71 7,gulfs of ,suez and ,akaba74 #c47 ,the ,dead ,sea4 #b4 ,draw the mountain ranges1 and note five ,deserts4 #a47 ,the ,desert of ,shur 7,exod4 #ae4 #bb71 between ,goshen and ,canaan4 #b47 ,the ,desert of ,paran1 in the center of the ,sinaitic triangle 7,num4 #aj4 #ab74 ,this is the wilderness in which thirty-eight of the forty years were passed 7,deut4 #a4 #ai74 #c47 ,the ,desert of ,e'ham 7,num4 #cc4 #h71 on the shore of the ,gulf of ,suez4 #d47 ,the ,desert of ,sin1 near ,mount ,sinai 7,exod4 #af4 #a74 #e47 ,the ,desert of ,zin1 the desolate valley between the ,gulf of ,akaba and the ,dead ,sea1 now called the ,arabah 7,num4 #ac4 #ba74 #c4 ,locate also the five ,lands of this region4 #a47 ,goshen1 the land of the sojourn 7,exod4 #i4 #bf74 #b47 ,midian1 the land of ,moses's shepherd life 7,exod4 #b4 #ae71 on both sides of the ,gulf of ,akaba4 #c47 ,edom1 the land of ,esau's descendants1 south of the ,dead ,sea 7,num4 #ba4 #d74 #d47 ,moab1 the land of ,lot's descendants1 east of the ,dead ,sea 7,num4 #ba4 #ac74 #e47 ,canaan1 the land of promise 7,gen4 #ab4 #g74 #d4 ,fix also the location of three ,mountains4 #a47 ,mount ,sinai1 where the law was given 7,exod4 #ai4 #bj74 #b47 ,mount ,hor1 where ,aaron died 7,num4 #bj4 #bc-bh74 #c47 ,mount ,nebo 7,pisgah71 where ,moses died 7,deut4 #cd4 #a74 #e4 ,notice also seven ,places1 some of which are clearly1 others not so definitely1 identified4 #a47 ,rameses1 the starting-point of the ,israelites 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg74 #b47 ,baal-zephon1 the place of crossing the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ad4 #b74 #c47 ,marah1 where the bitter waters were sweetened 7,exod4 #ae4 #bb-be74 #d47 ,elim1 the place of rest 7,exod4 #ae4 #bg74 #e47 ,rephidim1 the place of the first battle1 near ,mount ,sinai 7,exod4 #ag4 #h-af74 #f47 ,kadesh-barnea1,c whence the spies were sent forth 7,num4 #ac4 #bf74 #g47 ,jahaz1 in the land of ,moab1 south of the brook ,arnon1 the place of a victory over the ,amorites 7,num4 #ba4 #bc1 #bd74 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,wandering4 ,these1 with the ,,events connected with them1 may be arranged in order as follows3 #a4 ,from ,rameses to the ,red ,sea 7,exod4 #ab4 #cg2 #ad4 #i74 ,with this note3 #a47 ,the crossing of the ,red ,sea4 ,illustration3 ,,vicinity ,,of ,,mt4 ,,sinai #b4 ,from the ,red ,sea to ,mount ,sinai4 ,events3 #b47 ,the ,waters of ,marah4 #c47 ,the repulse of the ,amalekites4 #d47 ,the giving of the law4 #e47 ,the worship of the golden calf4 ,at ,mount ,sinai the camp was kept for nearly a year1 and the organization of the people was effected4 #c4 ,from ,mount ,sinai to ,kadesh-barnea 7,b4 ,c4 #adij74 ,at the latter place occurred1 #f47 ,the sending out of the spies 7,num4 #ac4 #a-bf74 #g47 ,the defeat at ,hormah 7,num4 #ad4 #dj-de74 ,it was the purpose of ,moses to lead the people at once from ,kadesh up to ,canaan4 ,but their fear of the ,canaanite and ,amorite inhabitants made them weak2 they were defeated and driven back into the desert of ,paran1 where they wandered thirty-eight years1 until the generation of slavish souls should die off1 and a new ,israel1 the young people1 trained in the spirit of ,moses and ,aaron1 and fitted for conquest1 should arise in their places4 #d4 ,from ,kadesh-barnea through the desert of ,paran and return4 ,this was the long wandering of thirty-eight years4 ,we trace the route from ,kadesh1 around the desert of ,paran1 to ,mount ,hor1 to ,ezion-geber at the head of the ,gulf of ,akaba1 and at last to ,kadesh once more 7,num4 #bj4 #a74 ,there occurred1 #h47 ,the water from the rock at ,kadesh1 and ,moses's disobedience 7,num4 #bj4 #aj-ab74 #i47 ,the repulse of ,arad 7,num4 #ba4 #a74 ,it would seem that the ,israelites made a second attempt to enter ,canaan on the south1 and were again defeated1 though not so severely as before4 #e4 ,from ,kadesh-barnea around ,edom to the river ,jordan4 ,after this second defeat ,moses desired to lead the people through the land of the ,edomites1 and to enter ,canaan by crossing the ,jordan 7,num4 #bj4 #ad74 ,but the ,edomites refused to permit such an army to pass through their land 7,num4 #bj4 #ah-ba74 ,hence the ,israelites were compelled to go down the desert of ,zin1 past ,edom1 as far as the ,red ,sea1 then east of ,edom1 a very long and toilsome journey 7,num4 #ba4 #d74 ,note with this journey3 #aj47 ,the brazen serpent 7,num4 #ba4 #f-i2 ,john #c4 #ad1 #ae74 #aa47 ,the victory over the ,amorites 7,num4 #ba4 #bc1 #bd74 ,this victory gave to the ,israelites control of the country from ,amon to ,jabbok1 and was the first campaign of the conquest4 ,the long journey was now ended in the encampment of the ,israelites at the foot of ,mount ,nebo1 on the eastern bank of the ,jordan1 near the head of the ,dead ,sea4 #ab47 ,the last event of the period was the death of ,moses 7,deut4 #cd4 #e-h7 7,b4 ,c4 #adea74 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,wandering4 ,these forty years of wilderness life made a deep impress upon the ,israelite people1 and wrought great changes in their character4 #a4 ,it gave them certain ,institutions4 ,from the wilderness they brought their tabernacle and all its rites and services1 out of which grew the magnificent ritual of the temple4 ,the ,feast of ,passover commemorated the ,exodus1 the ,feast of ,pentecost1 the giving of the law2 the ,feast of ,tabernacles 7during which for a week the people lived in huts and booths71 the outdoor life in the desert4 #b4 ,another result was ,national ,unity4 ,when the ,israelites left ,egypt they were twelve unorganized tribes1 without a distinct national life4 ,forty years in the wilderness1 meeting adversities together1 fighting enemies1 marching as one host1 made them a nation4 ,they emerged from the wilderness a distinct people1 with one hope and aim1 with patriotic self-respect1 ready to take their place among the nations of the earth4 #c4 ,individual ,liberty4 ,they had just been set free from the tyranny of the most complete governmental machine on the face of the earth4 ,in ,egypt the man was nothing1 the state was every thing4 ,the ,israelite system was an absolute contrast to the ,egyptian4 ,for four centuries after the ,exodus the ,israelites lived with almost no government1 each man doing what was right in his own eyes4 ,they were the freest people on earth1 far more so than the ,greeks or the ,romans during their republican epochs4 ,moses trained them not to look to the government for their care1 but to be a self-reliant people1 able to take care of themselves4 ,if they had passed this initial stage of their history surrounded by kingdoms they would have become a kingdom4 ,but they learned their first lessons of national life in the wilderness1 untrammeled by environment and under a wise leader1 who sought to train up a nation of kings instead of a kingdom4 #d4 ,military ,training4 ,we trace in the history of those forty years a great advance in military discipline4 ,after crossing the ,red ,sea ,moses did not care to lead them by the direct route to ,canaan1 lest they should see war 7,exod4 #ac4 #ag1 #ah74 ,attacked by the ,amalekites soon after the ,exodus1 the ,israelites were almost helpless 7,exod4 #ag4 #h-af2 ,deut4 #be4 #ag-ai74 ,a year later they were the easy prey of the ,canaanites at ,hormah 7,num4 #ad4 #dj-de74 ,forty years after they crossed the ,jordan and entered ,canaan1 a drilled and trained host1 a conquering army4 ,this discipline and spirit of conquest they gained under ,moses and ,joshua in the wilderness4 #e4 ,religious ,education4 ,this was the greatest of all the benefits gained in the wilderness4 ,they were brought back from the idolatries of ,egypt to the faith of their fathers4 ,they received ,god's law1 the system of worship1 and the ritual which brought them by its services into a knowledge of ,god4 ,moreover1 their experience of ,god's care taught them to trust in ,jehovah1 who had chosen them for his own people4 ,even though the mass of the people might worship idols1 there was always from this time an ,israel of the heart that sought and obeyed ,god4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,eve4 le4 ,wan4 #a4 ,opp4 ,isr4 #b4 ,tra4 ,mos4 #a47 ,bir4 #b47 ,edu4 #c47 ,cho4 #d47 ,tra4 #e47 ,cal4 #c4 ,ten ,pla4 #a47 ,bl4 #b47 ,fr4 #c47 ,li4 #d47 ,fl4 #e47 ,mur4 #f47 ,boi4 #g47 ,hai4 #h47 ,loc4 #i47 ,dar4 #aj47 ,dea4 fir4 bo4 #d4 ,pass4 #e4 ,exod4 ,,ii4 ,wil4 ,wan4 #a4 ,seas4 #a47 ,m4 ,s4 #b47 ,r4 ,s4 ,g1 ,s41 ,g4 ,a4 #c47 ,d4 ,s4 #b4 ,des4 #a47 ,d4 ,sh4 #b47 ,d4 ,par4 #c47 ,d4 ,eth4 #d47 ,d4 ,si4 #e47 ,d4 ,zi4 #c4 ,lan4 #a47 ,gos4 #b47 ,mid4 #c47 ,ed4 #d47 ,mo4 #e47 ,can4 #d4 ,mts4 #a47 ,mt4 ,sin4 #b47 ,mt4 ,h4 #c47 ,mt4 ,neb4 #e4 ,pla4 #a47 ,ram4 #b47 ,b4-zep4 #c47 ,mar4 #d47 ,el4 #e47 ,rep4 #f47 ,kad4-bar #g47 ,jah4 ,,iii4 ,jour4 and ,even4 ,jour4 #a4 ,ram4--,r4 ,s41 ,ev4 #a47 ,cr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,jour4 #b4 ,r4 ,s4--,mt4 ,sin4 #b47 ,wat4 ,mar4 #c47 ,rep4 ,am4 #d47 ,giv4 ,l4 #e47 ,wor4 gol4 cal4 ,jour4 #c4 ,mt4 ,sin4--,kad4-bar4 #f47 ,sen4 ,sp4 #g47 ,del4 ,hor4 ,jour4 #d4 ,kad4-bar4--,des4 ,par4--,ret4 #h47 ,wat4 roc4 ,kad4 #i47 ,rep4 ,ar4 ,jour4 #e4 ,kad4-bar4--,ed4--,riv4 ,jor4 #aj47 ,bra4 ,ser4 #aa47 ,vic4 ov4 ,amo4 #ab47 ,dea4 ,mos4 ,,iv4 ,res4 ,wan4 #a4 ,ins4 #b4 ,nat4 ,un4 #c4 ,ind4 ,lib4 #d4 ,mil4 ,tra4 #e4 ,rel4 ,ed4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,name five events which were preparatory to the wandering4 ,what made the ,israelites willing to leave ,egypt8 ,how was their leader trained for his mission8 ,what were the ten plagues upon the ,egyptians8 ,what three ideas were connected with the ,passover8 ,what is meant by the ,exodus8 ,what are the three seas of the map illustrating the wandering8 ,name five deserts of this region4 ,in which desert were the most years passed8 ,what were the two deserts on the shore of the ,red ,sea8 ,where was the desert of ,zin8 ,which desert was between ,egypt and ,palestine8 ,name and locate five lands of this region4 ,which land was nearest to ,egypt8 ,which land was on the eastern arm of the ,red ,sea8 ,which land lay east of the ,dead ,sea8 ,which land was south of the ,dead ,sea8 ,name three mountains in this region4 ,what event look place on each of these mountains8 ,name two places between ,egypt and the ,red ,sea4 ,name three places on the route between the ,red ,sea1 and an event at each place4 ,what place was south of ,canaan and near it8 ,what events occurred at this place8 ,what two places were battlefields8 ,state the route of the first journey4 ,what was the great event of this journey8 ,what was the second journey8 ,what four events are named with this journey8 ,what was the third journey8 ,what two events took place with this journey8 ,what was the longest journey8 ,name four places of this journey4 ,name two events near its close4 ,what was the last journey8 ,what events took place at this time8 ,where was the last encampment of the ,israelites8 ,what institutions originated during this period8 ,what was the political effect of this epoch upon the people8 ,how did it give them liberty8 ,what was the influence in military affairs8 ,what were its results upon the religion of the people8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,pharaoh ,,of ,,the ,,oppression4 ,,mount ,,sinai4 ,,the ,,greatness ,,of ,,moses4 ,,the ,,mosaic ,,legislation4 ,,the ,,site ,,of ,,kadesh-,,barnea4 ,,the ,,tabernacle ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness4 ,,footnote3 ,c ,the location of ,kadesh-barnea is one of the great questions of the ,bible geography4 ,robinson places it at ',ain el-,weibeh1 north-west of ,petra4 ,rowlands1 and lately ,trumbull1 locates it at ,ain ,gadis1 forty-five miles south of ,beersheba4 ,i think the latter is the true place1 though the authorities are not agreed4 ,,third ,,study4 ,,the ,,conquest ,,of ,,canaan4 ,i4 ,let us notice the ,,canaanites before the conquest4 #a4 ,they were a varied people4 ,there were from seven to ten different nations in ,palestine when the ,israelites entered it 7,exod4 #c4 #ag2 ,deut4 #g4 #a74 ,each tribe1 often each city1 had its own government4 ,there was no unity of government1 no combined action to resist the invasion of ,israel4 ,this made the conquest easy4 ,if one king had ruled a united people the result might have been different4 #b4 ,these peoples were1 however1 of one stock4 ,they belonged to the ,hamite race1 and were all descended from the family of ,canaan 7,gen4 #aj4 #ae-ai74 ,there was no reason1 except the tribal spirit1 for their separation into small clans and nationalities4 #c4 ,they were idolatrous and1 as a result1 grossly immoral4 ,idolatry is always associated with immorality2 for the worship of idols is a deification of sensuality4 ,baal and ,asherah 7plural ,ashtoreth7 were the male and female divinities worshiped by most of these races 7,judg4 #b4 #ac74 #d4 ,they had been weakened before the coming of the ,israelites either by war or by pestilence4 ,the allusions in ,exod4 #bc4 #bh2 ,deut4 #g4 #bj2 and ,josh4 #g4 #ab1 have been referred to an invasion before that of ,israel1 or to some plague1 which destroyed the native races4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,campaigns ,,of ,,the ,,conquest4 ,these may be divided as follows3 #a4 ,the campaigns east of the ,jordan4 7,b4 ,c4 #adea47 ,these were during the life-time of ,moses1 and gained for ,israel all the territory between the brook ,arnon and ,mount ,hermon4 #a47 ,the conquest of ,gilead was made at the battle of ,jahaz1 near the brook ,arnon 7,num4 #ba4 #ba-ca74 ,in one battle the ,israelites gained the land of ,gilead from the ,arnon to the ,hieromax4 #b47 ,the conquest of ,bashan was completed at the battle of ,edrei1 in the mountainous region4 #c47 ,the conquest of ,midian 7,num4 #ca4 #a-h7 was led by the warrior-priest ,phinehas1 and by smiting the tribes on the east protected the frontier toward the desert4 ,the land won by these three campaigns became the territory of the tribes of ,reuben1 ,gad1 and the half-tribe of ,manasseh 7,deut4 #cb74 ,illustration3 ,,journeys ,,of ,,the ,,conquest #b4 ,the campaigns west of the ,jordan 7,b4 ,c4 #adea7 were led by ,joshua1 and showed great tactical skill and resistless energy of action4 ,joshua led his people across the ,jordan and established a fortified camp1 the center of operations during all his campaigns1 at ,gilgal 7,josh4 #d4 #ai74 #a47 ,the first invasion was of central ,palestine1 beginning with ,jericho 7,josh4 #f71 taking ,ai on the way 7,josh4 #h71 and ending with ,shechem1 which apparently fell without resistance 7,josh4 #h4 #cj-cc74 ,this campaign gave to ,israel the center of the land and divided their enemies into two sections4 #b47 ,next came the campaign against southern ,palestine4 ,at this time was fought the battle of ,beth-horon 7,josh4 #aj4 #aj71 the most momentous in its results in all history1 and one over which1 if ever1 the sun and moon might well stand still 7,josh4 #aj4 #ab1 #ac74;,d ,after this great victory ,joshua pursued his enemies and took the towns as far south as ,hebron and ,debir 7,josh4 #aj4 #bi-ci74 ,illustration3 ,,joshua',s ,,victory ,,at ,,beth-,,horon4 #c47 ,lastly1 ,joshua conquered northern ,palestine 7,josh4 #aa74 ,the battle in this campaign was near ,lake ,merom 7,josh4 #aa4 #g71 and1 as before1 it was followed by the capture of many cities in the north4 ,thus1 in those marches ,joshua won all the mountain region of western ,palestine4 #c4 ,there were certain supplementary campaigns1 partly in ,joshua's time1 partly afterward4 #a47 ,caleb's rapture of ,hebron1 which had been re-occupied by the ,amorites 7,josh4 #ad2 ,judg4 #a4 #aj-ae74 #b47 ,the ,judahites' capture of ,bezek1 an unknown place between ,jerusalem and the ,philistine plain 7,judg4 #a4 #a-h74 #c47 ,the ,danites' capture of ,laish1 in the extreme north1 which afterward bore the name of ,dan 7,judg4 #ah74 ,but1 after all these campaigns1 a large part of the land was still unsubdued1 and the war of the conquest did not end until the days of ,david1 by whom every foe was finally placed under foot4 ,,iii4 ,,general ,,aspects ,,of ,,israel ,,at ,,the ,,close ,,of ,,the ,,conquest4 #a4 ,with regard to the native races4 ,they were not destroyed nor driven away1 as had been commanded4,e ,they remained as subject people in some places1 as the ruling race on the sea-coast and in the ,jordan valley4 ,we see their influence1 always injurious1 throughout all ,israel's history 7,exod4 #bc4 #ca-cc2 ,deut4 #g4 #a-e72 and some think that the present inhabitants of the country belong to the original ,canaanite stock4 #b4 ,the ,israelites did not occupy all the country4 ,they possessed most of the mountain region1 but none of the sea-coast plain on the ,jordan valley4 ,they were like the ,swiss in modern times1 living among the mountains4 ,even in the ,new ,testament period the lowlands were occupied mainly by ,gentiles4 #c4 ,the landed system was peculiar4 ,estates were inalienable4 ,they might be leased1 but not sold2 and on the year of ,jubilee 7every fiftieth year7 all land reverted to the family originally owning it4 ,thus every family had its ancestral home1 the poor were protected1 and riches were kept within bounds4 #d4 ,the government was a republic of families without an executive head1 except when a judge was raised up to meet special needs4 ,each tribe had its own rulers1 but there was no central authority after ,joshua 7,judg4 #ba4 #be74 ,this had its evils1 for it led to national weakness2 but it had its benefits3 #a47 ,it kept ,israel from becoming a great worldly kingdom like ,egypt and ,assyria1 which would have thwarted the divine purpose4 #b47 ,it promoted individuality and personal energy of character4 ,there would have been no age of heroes if ,israel had been a kingdom like ,egypt4 #e4 ,the religious system was simple4 ,there was but one altar at ,shiloh for all the land and for all the tribes1 and the people were required to visit it for the three great feasts 7,deut4 #ab4 #aa1 #ad2 ,josh4 #ah4 #a74 ,this was the religious bond which united the people4 ,if it had been maintained they would have needed no other constitution1 and even its partial observance kept the people one nation4 #f4 ,the character of the people was diverse4 ,throughout the history we trace the working of two distinct elements4 ,there was the true ,israel--the earnest1 religious1 ,god-worshiping section1 the ,israel of ,joshua and ,gideon and ,samuel4 ,then there was the underlying mass of the people--secular1 ignorant1 prone to idolatry1 the ,israel that worshiped ,baal and ,ashtoreth1 and sought alliance with the heathen4 ,one element was the hope of the nation1 the other was its bane4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,canaanites4 #a4 ,var4 #b4 ,ham4 rac4 #c4 ,idol4 #d4 ,weak4 ,,ii4 ,camp4 ,conq4 #a4 ,camp4 ,eas4 ,jor4 #a47 ,gil4 ,jah4 #b7 ,bash4 ,ed4 #c47 ,mid4 #b4 ,camp4 ,wes4 ,jor4 #a47 ,cent4 ,pal4 ,jer4 ,ai4 ,she4 #b7 ,sou4 ,pal4 ,beth-hor4 #c47 ,nor4 ,pal4 ,l4 ,mer4 #c4 ,supp4 ,camp4 #a47 ,cal4 cap4 ,heb4 #b47 ,jud4 cap4 ,bez4 #c47 ,dan4 cap4 ,lai4 ,,iii4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,isr4 at ,clo4 ,conq4 #a4 ,nat4 rac4 sub4 #b4 ,isr4 in mtn4 reg4 #c4 ,land4 sys4 #d4 ,gov4 rep4 fam4 #e4 ,rel4 sys4 #f4 ,char4 peo4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what was the political system of the ,canaanites before the conquest8 ,how did this condition affect the result of the war8 ,to what race did the ,canaanite tribes belong8 ,what was their religion8 ,what was the effect of their worship on their character8 ,what had taken place shortly before the coming of the ,israelites8 ,what campaigns of conquest were made before the death of ,moses8 ,what battles were fought in these campaigns8 ,what tribes took possession of this territory8 ,on which side of the ,jordan were ,joshua's campaigns8 ,what traits as a military leader did he show8 ,what places were captured on the first of ,joshua's campaigns8 ,what was the effect of this campaign on the enemies8 ,against what section was ,joshua's second campaign8 ,where was the great battle fought8 ,what is said to have taken place at this battle8 ,what cities were captured at this time8 ,where was the third campaign of ,joshua directed8 ,where was the battle fought in this campaign8 ,what were the three supplementary campaigns8 ,what city was conquered by ,caleb8 ,what city was occupied by the tribe of ,dan8 ,what king1 long after ,joshua1 completed the conquest of ,canaan8 ,what was the condition of the native races after the conquest8 ,what was the result of their continuance in the land8 ,what portion of the country was occupied by the ,israelites8 ,what modern analogy is given to them8 ,what was the system of land-tenure among the ,israelites8 ,what were some of its benefits8 ,what was the form of government8 ,wherein was this system defective8 ,what were its excellences8 ,what was the religious system of the ,israelites8 ,what was the effect of this system8 ,what was the religious character of the people8 ,what was the condition of the mass of the ,israelites8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,joshua ,,as ,a ,,general4 ,,beth-,,horon ,,as ,,one ,,of ,,the ,,world',s ,,greatest ,,battles4 ,,the ,,moral ,,aspects ,,of ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,the ,,canaanites4 ,,the ,,river ,,jordan4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,jericho4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,the account of the sun and moon standing still is an extract from an ancient poem1 and is so printed in the ,revised ,version4 ,the subject is discussed in ,geikie's ,hours ,with the ,bible1 foot-note with chapter xiii4 ,e ,with regard to the destruction of the ,canaanites3 #a4 ,such destruction was the almost universal custom of the ancient world4 #b4 ,it was deserved by the ,canaanites1 who were among the most wicked of ancient peoples4 #c4 ,it was necessary1 if ,israel was to be kept from the corruption of their morals1 and upon ,israel's character depended the world in after ages4 #d4 ,as a result of failing to extirpate the ,canaanites a vastly greater number of the ,israelites were destroyed during the succeeding centuries4 ,,fourth ,,study4 ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,heroes4 ,from the death of ,joshua 7about ,b4 ,c4 #adbf7 to the coronation of ,saul 7,b4 ,c4 #ajie7 the twelve tribes of ,israel were without a central government1 except as from time to time men of ability rose up among them4 ,it was not as some have supposed1 an age of anarchy1 for anarchy is confusion2 and during most of the three hundred and thirty years there were peace and order in ,israel4 ,it was rather an age of heroes1 for its rulers were neither hereditary nor elective1 but men called forth by the needs of the hour and their own qualities of leadership4 ,i4 ,,the ,,condition ,,of ,,israel ,,during ,,this ,,period4 ,this was partly favorable1 and partly unfavorable4 ,the favorable elements were3 #a4 ,the mountain location of ,israel4 ,the tribes were perched like ,switzerland in the ,alps4 ,there was a desert on the south and on the east1 while on the west lay the plain by the sea1 the great route of travel between ,egypt and the ,euphrates4 ,great armies passed and repassed over this plain1 and great battles were fought by ,egyptians1 ,hittites1 and ,assyrians1 while ,israel on her mountain peaks was unmolested4 ,this mountain home left ,israel generally unnoticed1 and1 when attacked1 almost inaccessible4 #b4 ,the racial unity of ,israel4 ,the two finest races of the world1 the ,greek and the ,israelite1 were both of pure blood4 ,the ,israelites were one in origin1 in language1 in traditions1 in aspirations4 ,this national unity often brought the tribes together in times of distress2 though not always when their union was needed4 #c4 ,the religious institutions4 ,in ,greece every town had its own god and its own religion2 hence the many parties and petty nationalities4 ,but in ,israel there was in theory but one altar1 one house of ,god1 one system of worship1 with its annual pilgrimage to the religious capital 7#a ,sam4 #a4 #c74 ,just to the measure in which these institutions were observed1 ,israel was strong against all foes1 and as they were neglected the land became the prey of oppressors 7,judg4 #b4 #g-ad2 #a4 ,sam4 #g4 #c74 ,but there were also unfavorable elements in the condition of ,israel1 which threatened its very existence4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the native races4 ,these were of two kinds3 the subject peoples left on the soil1 more or less under the domination of the conquerors1 and the surrounding nations1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,syria1 and the ,philistines4 ,there was danger from their enmity1 a rebellion of the subject tribes1 allied with the enemies around1 for the destruction of ,israel4 ,and there was far greater danger from their friendship1 which would lead to intermarriage1 to idolatry1 to corruption of morals1 and to ruin 7,judg4 #c4 #a-g74 #b4 ,lack of a central government4 ,israel was in the condition of the ,united ,states at the close of the ,revolution1 from #aghc to #aghi1 a loose confederation with no central authority4 ,there were twelve tribes1 but each governed itself4 ,only under some great chieftain like ,gideon or ,samuel were all the twelve tribes united4 ,most of the judges ruled only over their own district of a few adjoining tribes4 ,often the northern tribes were in peril1 but we never read of ,judah going to their assistance2 and in ,judah's wars with the ,philistines the northern tribes stood aloof4 #c4 ,tribal jealousy4 ,until the establishment of the ,american republic the world never saw1 for any length of time1 a league of states on an equal footing4 ,in ,greece the strongest state claimed the hegemony1 or leadership1 and oppressed its allies4 ,in ,italy the ,romans reduced all their neighbors to subjection4 ,in ,europe it now requires an army of more than a million men to maintain the balance of power4 ,so in ,israel there was a constant struggle for the leadership between the two great tribes of ,judah and ,ephraim4 ,during the period of the judges ,ephraim was constantly asserting its right to rule the other tribes 7,judg4 #h4 #a-c2 #ab4 #a-f74 ,we trace this rivalry through all the reign of ,david2 and at last it led to the division of the empire under ,rehoboam4 #d4 ,idolatrous tendencies4 ,we note constantly the two ,israels--a spiritual minority and an irreligious1 idolatrous mass4 ,for ten centuries the greatest evil of ,israelite history was the tendency to the worship of idols4 ,causes which operated to promote it were3 #a47 ,the natural craving for a visible object of worship1 not altogether eradicated from even the ,christian heart2 for example1 ,romish images and ritualistic bowing toward the altar4 #b47 ,the association of ,israel with idolaters on the soil or as neighbors4 #c47 ,the opportunity which idol-worship gives to gratify lust under the guise of religion4 ,as a result of these forces we find idol-worship the crying sin of the ,israelites down to the captivity in ,babylon4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,judges ,,of ,,israel4 ,these were the heroes of that age1 the men who in turn led the tribes1 freed them from their enemies1 and restored them to the service of ,god4 #a4 ,their office4 ,it was not generally to try legal cases between man and man1 or between tribe and tribe4 ,it might be regarded as a military dictatorship blended with a religious authority4 ,the judge was a union of the warrior and the religious reformer4 #b4 ,their appointment2 not by election1 nor the votes of the people4 ,the ,orientals have never chosen their rulers by suffrage4 ,the judges were men whom the people recognized as called of ,god to their office 7,judg4 #b4 #af2 #c4 #i2 #f4 #aa-ac74 #c4 ,their authority rested not on law1 nor on armies1 but on the personal elements of integrity and leadership in the men1 and on the general belief in their inspiration4 ,they spoke to the people with the authority of a messenger from ,god4 ,they arose in some hour of great need1 and after the immediate danger was over held their power until the end of their lives4 #d4 ,the extent of their rule was generally local1 over a few tribes in one section4 ,deborah ruled in the north 7,judg4 #e4 #ad-ah72 ,jephthah governed the east of the ,jordan only 7,judg4 #aa4 #bi74 ,often more than one judge was ruling at the same time2 probably ,samson and ,eli were contemporaneous4 ,gideon and ,samuel alone ruled all the twelve tribes4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,oppressions ,,and ,,deliverers4 ,during these three centuries the influences already named brought ,israel many times under the domination of foreign power4 ,the story was always the same1 forsaking ,god1 following idols1 subjection1 reformation1 victory1 and temporary prosperity4 ,we notice the seven oppressions4 ,some of these were undoubtedly contemporaneous4 #a4 ,the ,mesopotamian ,oppression4 7,judg4 #c4 #g-aa47 ,probably this was over the southern portion1 and the invaders came by the east and around the ,dead ,sea1 as earlier invaders from the same land had come 7,gen4 #ad4 #a-g74 ,the deliverer was ,othniel1 the first judge1 and the only judge of the tribe of ,judah4 #b4 ,the ,moabite ,oppression4 7,judg4 #c4 #ab-cj47 ,over the eastern and central section1 including ,ephraim 7verse #bg72 deliverer1 ,ehud1 the second judge2 battle fought at the ford of the river ,jordan 7verse #bh74 #c4 ,the ,early ,philistine ,oppression4 7,judg4 #c4 #ca47 ,over the south-west1 on the frontier of ,judah2 deliverer1 ,shamgar4 #d4 ,the ,canaanite ,oppression4 7,judg4 #d47 ,over the northern tribes2 deliverer1 ,deborah1 the woman judge2 battle at ,mount ,tabor4 #e4 ,the ,midianite ,oppression4 7,judg4 #f4 #a-f47 ,over the northern center1 especially ,manasseh-east2 the most severe of all2 deliverer1 ,gideon1 the greatest of the judges 7,judg4 #f4 #aa1 #ab72 battle1 on ,mount ,gilboa 7,judg4 #g71 followed by other victories 7,judg4 #h74 #f4 ,the ,ammonite ,oppression4 7,judg4 #aj4 #g-i47 ,note an alliance between the ,amorites and ,philistines1 which is suggestive2 mainly over the tribes on the east of ,jordan2 deliverer1 ,jephthah,f 7,judg4 #aa72 victory at ,aroer 7verse #cc74 #g4 ,the ,philistine ,oppression4 7,judg4 #ac7 ,this was the most protracted of all1 for it extended1 with intervals of freedom1 for a hundred years2 embraced all the land1 but was most heavily felt south of ,mounts ,carmel and ,gilboa4 ,the liberation was begun by ,samson 7,judg4 #ac4 #e71 but he was led astray by sensual lusts and became a failure4 ,freedom was later won by ,samuel at the battle of ,ebenezer 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #g-ad72 but the oppression was renewed in the time of ,saul1 and became heavier than ever 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ag-bj74 ,finally the yoke was broken by ,david1 in a succession of victories1 ending with the capture of ,gath1 the ,philistine capital 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #ag-be2 #a ,chron4 #ah4 #a74 ,note with each oppression3 #a47 ,the oppressor4 #b47 ,the section oppressed4 #c47 ,the deliverer4 #d47 ,the battlefield4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,general ,,aspects ,,of ,,the ,,period4 #a4 ,it was an age of individuality4 ,there was no strong government to oppress the people1 to concentrate all the life of the nation at the court1 and to repress individuality4 ,contrast ,persia with ,greece2 ,rome under the emperors with ,rome as a republic4 ,as men were needed they were raised up1 for there was opportunity for character4 ,hence it was an age of heroes--,othniel1 ,ehud1 ,shamgar1 ,gideon1 ,jephthah1 ,samson1 ,samuel1 etc4 ,free institutions bring strong men to the front4 #b4 ,it was an age of neglect of the law4 ,during all this period there is no allusion to the law of ,moses4 ,its regulations were ignored1 except so far as they belonged to the common law of conscience and right4 ,the laws of ,moses were not deliberately disobeyed1 but were ignorantly neglected4 ,even good men1 as ,gideon and ,samuel1 built altars and offered sacrifices 7,judg4 #f4 #bd2 #a ,sam4 #g4 #i7 contrary to the letter of the law of ,moses1 but obeying its spirit4 #c4 ,nevertheless1 it was an age of progress4 ,there were alternate advancements and retrogressions2 yet we see a people with energy1 rising in spite of their hindrances4 ,by degrees government became more settled 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #ae-ag71 foreign relations arose 7#a ,sam4 #g4 #ad2 ,ruth #a4 #a71 and the people began to look toward a more stable system 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #d-f74 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,cond4 ,isr4 ,fav4 #a4 ,mtn4 ,loc4 #b4 ,rac4 ,un4 #c4 ,rel4 ,ins4 ,unfav4 #a4 ,nat4 ,rac4 #b4 ,lac4 cent4 gov4 #c4 ,tri4 jeal4 #d4 ,idol4 ten4 ,,ii4 ,jud4 ,isr4 #a4 ,off4 #b4 ,app4 #c4 ,auth4 #d4 ,ext4 ru4 ,,iii4 ,opp4 and ,deliv4 ,opp4 ,sec4 ,deliv4 ,batt4-fie4 #a4 ,mes4 ,sou4 ,oth4 #b4 ,moab4 ,ea4 cen4 ,ehu4 ,for4 ,jor4 #c4 ,ea4 ,phil4 ,so4-wes4 ,sham4 #d4 ,can4 ,nor4 ,deb4 ,mt4 ,tab4 #e4 ,mid4 ,nor4 cen4 ,gid4 ,mt4 ,gil4 #f4 ,amm4 ,east4 ,jeph4 ,aro4 #g4 ,phil4 ,all4 ,sams4 ,saml4 ,eben4 ,dav4 ,gath4 ,,iv4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,per4 #a4 ,ind4 #b4 ,neg4 ,law4 #c4 ,prog4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,how long was this period8 ,what were its traits8 ,what were the conditions favorable to ,israel during this period8 ,how did their location aid the ,israelites8 ,wherein were the ,israelites one people8 ,how did their religious institutions keep them together8 ,what were the unfavorable and dangerous elements in the condition of ,israel8 ,how were they in danger from the native races8 ,what was lacking in the government of ,israel8 ,what two tribes were in rivalry8 ,what was the effect of this jealousy8 ,what analogy is found in ancient history8 ,how is the same principle illustrated in modern times8 ,what evil tendency was manifested in ,israel through nearly all its history8 ,what causes are assigned for this tendency8 ,what was the office of a judge in ,israel8 ,how were the judges appointed8 ,what was their authority8 ,how widely did their rule extend8 ,what resulted from these evil tendencies in ,israel8 ,how many oppressors were there8 ,who were the first oppressors8 ,over what part of the country was the first oppression8 ,who delivered ,israel from it8 ,what was the second oppression8 ,what part of the country suffered from it8 ,who was the deliverer8 ,where was the battle fought8 ,what was the third oppression1 and where8 ,who delivered ,israel8 ,what was the fourth oppression8 ,where was it8 ,who was the deliverer8 ,where was the victory won8 ,what was the fifth oppression8 ,over what part of the country was it8 ,who delivered ,israel from it8 ,what was the sixth oppression8 ,over what part of the land was it8 ,who delivered from it8 ,what was the last oppression8 ,how did it differ from the others8 ,what three names are associated in the deliverance from its power8 ,what are the three general aspects of this period8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,israelite ,,republic4 ,,the ,,career ,,of ,,gideon4 ,,the ,,vow ,,of ,,jephthah4 ,,the ,,failure ,,of ,,samson4 ,,shiloh ,,and ,,the ,,tabernacle4 ,,family ,,life ,,during ,,the ,,age ,,of ,,the ,,judges4 ,illustration3 ,,modern ,,jerusalem4 ,,footnote3 ,f ,with ,jephthah is associated the only instance of human sacrifice offered to ,jehovah in all ,bible history2 and this was by an ignorant freebooter1 in a part of the land farthest from the instructions of the tabernacle and the priesthood4 ,when we consider that the practice of human sacrifice was universal in the ancient world1 and that not only captives taken in war but also the children of the worshipers were offered 7#b ,kings #c4 #bf1 #bg2 ,mic4 #f4 #g71 this fact is a remarkable evidence of the elevating power of the ,israelite worship4 ,,fifth ,,study4 ,,the ,,rise ,,of ,,the ,,israelite ,,empire4 ,the coronation of ,saul 7,b4 ,c4 #ajie7 marks an epoch in the history of ,israel4 ,from that point1 for five hundred years1 the chosen people were under the rule of kings4 ,i4 ,,the ,,causes ,,leading ,,to ,,the ,,monarchy4 ,the kingdom was not an accidental nor a sudden event4 ,there had been a gradual preparation for it through all the period of the judges4 #a4 ,note the tendency toward settled government4 ,in the time of ,gideon the people desired him to become a king 7,judg4 #h4 #bb1 #bc74 ,his son attempted to make himself a king1 but failed 7,judg4 #i74 ,we find judges setting up a semi-royal state1 and making marriages for their children outside of their tribe 7,judg4 #ab4 #i1 #ac1 #ad74 ,judges associating their sons with themselves 7,judg4 #aj4 #d2 #a ,sam4 #h4 #a1 #b74 ,all these show a monarchical trend in the time4 #b4 ,another cause was the consolidation of the surrounding nations4 ,in the days of the conquest there were few kings in the lands neighboring ,palestine4 ,we read of lords and elders1 but no kings1 among the ,philistines1 the ,moabites1 the ,ammonites1 and the ,phenicians 7,judg4 #c4 #c2 #a ,sam4 #e4 #h2 ,num4 #bb4 #g74 ,but a wave of revolution swept over all those lands1 as about the same time over ,greece2 and very soon we find that every nation around ,israel had its king 7#a ,sam4 #ba4 #aj2 #aa4 #a2 #bb4 #c2 #b ,sam4 #e4 #aa74 ,the movement of ,israel toward monarchy was in accordance with this spirit4 #c4 ,there was a danger of invasion1 which impelled the ,israelites to seek for a stronger government 7#a ,sam4 #ab4 #ab74 ,they felt themselves weak1 while other nations were organized for conquest1 and desired a king for leader in war4 #d4 ,then1 too1 the rule of ,samuel led the ,israelites to desire a better organization of the government4 ,for twenty years they had enjoyed the benefit of a wise1 strong1 and steady rule4 ,they felt unwilling to risk the dangers of tribal dissension after the death of ,samuel1 and therefore they sought for a king4 #e4 ,but underlying all was the worldly ambition of the people4 ,they were not willing to remain the people of ,god1 and work out a peculiar destiny4 ,they wished to be like the nations around1 to establish a secular state1 to conquer an empire for themselves 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #e-bj74 ,it was this worldly spirit1 whose results ,samuel saw1 which made him unwilling to accede to the wish of the ,israelites4 ,but the very things against which he warned them 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #aa-ah7 were just what they desired4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,israelite ,,kingdom4 ,when men change their plans ,god changes his4 ,he desired ,israel to remain a republic1 and not to enter into worldly relations and aims4 ,when1 however1 the ,israelites were determined1 ,god gave them a king 7#a ,sam4 #h4 #bb72 but his rule was not to be like that of the nations around ,israel4 ,we ascertain the divine ideal of a kingdom for his chosen people3 #a4 ,it was a theocratic kingdom4 ,that is1 it recognized ,god as the supreme ruler1 and the king as his representative1 to rule in accordance with his will1 and not by his own right4 ,only as people and king conformed to this principle could the true aims of the kingdom be accomplished 7#a ,sam4 #ab4 #ac-ae74 ,and if the king should deviate from this order1 he should lose his throne4 ,disobedience to the divine will caused the kingdom to pass from the family of ,saul to that of ,david 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ac1 #ad2 #ae4 #bf74 #b4 ,it was a constitutional kingdom4 ,the rights of the people were carefully guaranteed1 and there was a written constitution 7#a ,sam4 #aj4 #be74 ,nearly all the ,oriental countries have always been governed by absolute monarchs2 but ,israel was an exception to this rule4 ,the people could demand their rights from ,rehoboam 7#a ,kings #ab4 #c1 #d74 ,ahab could not take away nor even buy ,naboth's vineyard against its owner's will 7#a ,kings #ba4 #a-c74 ,no doubt the rights of the people were often violated2 but the violation was contrary to the spirit of the monarchy4 #c4 ,it was regulated by the prophets4 ,the order of prophets had a regular standing in the ,israelite state4 ,the prophet was a check upon the power of the king1 as a representative both of ,god's will and the people's rights4 ,he spoke not only of his own opinions1 but by the authority of ,god4 ,notice instances of the boldness of prophets in rebuking kings 7#a ,sam4 #ae4 #af-bc2 #b ,sam4 #ab4 #a-g2 #a ,kings #ac4 #a-f2 #ag4 #a2 #bb4 #g-ag74 ,the order of prophets was like the ,house of ,commons1 between the king and the people4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,saul4 7,b4 ,c4 #ajie-ajee47 #a4 ,this may be divided into two parts3 #a47 a period of prosperity1 during which ,saul ruled well1 and freed ,israel from its oppressors on every side 7#a ,sam4 #ad4 #dg1 #dh72 #b47 then a period of decline1 in which ,saul's kingdom seems to be falling in pieces1 and only preserved by the prowess and ability of ,david4 ,after ,david's exile the ,philistines again overran ,israel1 and ,saul's reign ended in defeat and death4 #b4 ,we observe that ,saul's reign was a failure1 and left the tribes in worse condition than it found them4 #a47 ,he failed in uniting the tribes2 for tribal jealousies continued 7#a ,sam4 #aj4 #bg71 and at the close of his reign broke out anew in the establishment of rival thrones 7#b ,sam4 #b4 #d1 #h1 #i74 #b47 ,he failed in making friends4 ,he alienated ,samuel1 and with him the order of prophets 7#a ,sam4 #ae4 #ce72 he alienated ,david1 the ablest young man of his age1 and the rising hope of ,israel1 and drove him into exile 7#a ,sam4 #ba4 #aj72 he alienated the entire order of the priests1 and caused many of them to be massacred 7#a ,sam4 #bb4 #ah74 #c47 ,he failed to advance religion2 left the tabernacle in ruins2 left the ark in seclusion2 broke up the service2 and drove the priests whom he did not murder into exile 7#a ,sam4 #bb4 #bj-bc74 #d47 ,he failed to liberate ,israel2 at his death the yoke of the ,philistines was more severe than ever before 7#a ,sam4 #ca4 #a-g74 ,the most charitable view of ,saul was that he was insane during the latter years of his life4 ,the cause of his failure was a desire to reign as an absolute monarch1 and an unwillingness to submit to the constitution of the realm4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,david4 7,b4 ,c4 #ajee-ajae47 ,this was a brilliant period2 for it was led by a great man1 in nearly every respect the greatest after ,moses in ,israelite history4 #a4 ,notice the condition of ,israel at his accession4 ,this will throw into relief the greatness of his character and his achievements4 #a47 ,it was a subject people2 under ,philistine yoke2 its warriors slain2 many of its cities deserted2 ,david himself probably at first tributary to the ,king of ,gath4 #b47 ,it was a disorganized people4 ,the tribes were divided2 national unity was lost2 and two thrones were set up1 one at ,hebron1 the other at ,mahanaim 7#b ,sam4 #b4 #d-i74 #c47 ,it was a people without religion4 ,the tabernacle was gone2 the ark was in neglect2 there was no altar and no sacrifice2 the priests had been slain4 ,we can scarcely imagine ,israel at a lower ebb than when ,david was called to the throne4 #b4 ,we ascertain ,david's achievements2 the results of his reign4 #a47 ,he united the tribes4 ,at first crowned king by ,judah only1 later he was made king over all the tribes1 by the desire of all 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #a-e74 ,during his reign we find but little trace of the old feud between ,ephraim and ,judah1 though it was not dead1 and destined yet to rend the kingdom asunder4 #b47 ,he subjugated the land4 ,the conquest of ,palestine1 left incomplete by ,joshua1 and delayed for three hundred years1 was finished at last by ,david in the capture of ,jebus or ,jerusalem 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #f1 #g71 in the overthrow of the ,philistines 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #ag-be71 and in the final capture of their capital city 7#a ,chron4 #ah4 #a74 ,at last ,israel was possessor of its own land4 ,illustration3 ,,empire ,,of ,,david #c47 ,he organized the government4 ,he established a capital 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #i74 ,he built a palace 7#b ,sam4 #e4 #aa74 ,notice that the builders were from ,tyre1 showing that the ,israelites were not advanced in the arts4 ,he established a system of government1 with officers in the court and throughout the realm 7#a ,chron4 #bg4 #be-cd74 ,contrast all this with ,saul1 who ruled from his tent1 like a ,bedouin sheik4 #d47 ,he established an army4 ,there was a royal body-guard1 probably of foreigners1 like that of many ,european kings in modern times 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #ah2 #ae4 #ah74 ,there was a band of heroes1 like ,arthur's ,round ,table 7#b ,sam4 #bc4 #h-ci74 ,there was the host1 the available military force1 divided into twelve divisions1 one on duty each month 7#a ,chron4 #bg4 #a-ae74 #e47 ,he established religion4 ,no sooner was ,david on the throne than he brought the ark out of its hiding-place1 and gave it a new home in his capital 7#a ,chron4 #af4 #a74 ,the priesthood was organized1 and divided into courses for the service of the tabernacle 7#a ,chron4 #bc4 #bg-cb2 #bd4 #a-ai74 ,he wrote many psalms1 and caused others to be written1 for the worship of ,god4 ,two prophets stood by his throne 7#a ,chron4 #bi4 #bi71 and two high-priests stood by the altar 7#a ,chron4 #bd4 #c74 ,this organization and uplifting of the public worship had a great effect upon the kingdom4 #f47 ,he conquered all the surrounding nations4 ,these wars were largely forced upon ,david by the jealousy of the neighboring kingdoms4 ,in turn his armies conquered and annexed to his dominions the land of the ,philistines 7#a ,chron4 #ah4 #a71 ,moab 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #b71 ,syria1 even to the great river ,euphrates 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #c-f72 ,edom 7#b ,sam4 #h4 #ad71 ,ammon1 and the country east of ,palestine 7#b ,sam4 #aj4 #a-ad2 #ab4 #bf-ca74 ,the empire of ,david thus extended from the frontier of ,egypt to the ,euphrates ,river1 fulfilling the promise of ,josh #a4 #d4 ,it was at least six times the area of the twelve tribes4 #g47 ,we may add that he reigned as a theocratic king4 ,he realized more than any other monarch the divine ideal of a ruler1 and so was the man after ,god's own heart 7#a ,sam4 #ac4 #ad72 if not altogether in personal character1 yet in the principles of his government4 ,he respected the rights of his subjects1 had a sympathy for all people1 obeyed the voice of the prophets1 and sought the interests of ,god's cause4,g ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,cau4 lea4 ,mon4 #a4 ,ten4 tow4 set4 gov4 #b4 ,con4 sur4 nat4 #c4 ,dan4 inv4 #d4 ,ru4 ,sam4 #e4 ,wor4 am4 peo4 ,,ii4 ,char4 ,isr4 ,kin4 #a4 ,theo4 kin4 #b4 ,cons4 kin4 #c4 ,reg4 by pro4 ,,iii4 ,rei4 ,sau4 #a4 ,pros4 and ,dec4 #b4 ,fai4 #a47 ,un4 tri4 #b47 ,mak4 fri4 #c47 ,adv4 rel4 #d47 ,lib4 ,isr4 ,,iv4 ,rei4 ,dav4 #a4 ,con4 ,isr4 acc4 #a47 ,sub4 #b47 ,dis4 #c47 ,wit4 rel4 #b4 ,dav4 ,achiev4 #a47 ,uni4 tri4 #b47 ,sub4 la4 #c47 ,org4 gov4 #d47 ,est4 ar4 #e47 ,est4 rel4 #f47 ,conq4 surr4 nat4 #g47 ,rei4 theo4 kin4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what event marks an epoch in ,israelite history8 ,what were the causes leading to the monarchy8 ,what events in the period of the judges show a tendency toward settled government8 ,what changes in government in the surrounding nations helped to bring on the monarchy in ,israel8 ,from what source did external danger lead the ,israelites to desire a king8 ,how had ,samuel unconsciously helped to prepare the way for a kingdom8 ,what worldly spirit promoted the same result8 ,what kind of a kingdom did ,god intend for ,israel8 ,what is a theocratic kingdom8 ,wherein was ,israel an exception among ,oriental kingdoms8 ,by what institution was the kingdom regulated8 ,name some instances of prophets rebuking kings4 ,into what two parts may ,saul's reign be divided8 ,wherein was ,saul a failure8 ,how did he fail in gaining and holding friends8 ,what was the condition of ,israel when ,david came to the throne8 ,what were the achievements of ,david8 ,what great incomplete work did ,david finish8 ,what did he do in the organization of his kingdom8 ,what was the arrangement of his army8 ,what were his services to the cause of religion8 ,what nations did he conquer8 ,what was the extent of his empire8 ,in what spirit did he rule8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,how ,,the ,,republic ,,became ,a ,,monarchy4 ,,the ,,early ,,life ,,of ,,david4 ,,david ,,as ,,hero1 ,,statesman1 ,,and ,,poet4 ,,david',s ,,training ,,for ,,the ,,throne4 ,,samuel1 ,,the ,,founder ,,of ,,the ,,prophetic ,,order4 ,,the ,,causes ,,and ,,results ,,of ,,absalom',s ,,rebellion4 ,,footnote3 ,g ,with regard to ,david's crimes against ,uriah and his wife1 note that no other ancient monarch would have hesitated to commit such an act1 or would have cared for it afterward2 while ,david submitted to the prophet's rebuke1 publicly confessed his sin1 and showed every token of a true repentance4 ,,sixth ,,study4 ,,the ,,golden ,,age ,,of ,,israel4 ,the reign of ,solomon 7,b4 ,c4 #ajae-ige7 may be regarded as the culminating period in the history of ,israel4 ,but1 strictly speaking1 the latter part of ,david's reign and only the former part of ,solomon's constitute the golden age of ,israel2 for ,solomon's later years manifested a decline1 which after his death rapidly grew to a fall4 ,i4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,solomon4 #a4 ,his claim to the throne4 ,he was one of the youngest of ,david's sons1 the second child of ,bath-sheba1 born during the culmination of ,david's reign 7#a ,chron4 #bb4 #g-i74 ,he obtained the throne by the decree of ,david1 by the choice of ,god1 as the one among ,david's children best fitted to reign 7#a ,chron4 #bh4 #e1 #f74 ,the principle of primogeniture1 or the special right of the eldest son1 was not fixed in those times4 #b4 ,his accession was marked by the execution of three men1 ,adonijah 7#a ,kings #b4 #bd1 #be71 ,joab 7#a ,kings #b4 #bh-cd71 and ,shimei 7#a ,kings #b4 #cf-df74 ,two of these had conspired against him1 and the third was the last survivor of the house of ,saul1 and a possible rival for the throne4 ,their death was dictated by policy1 and probably by justice4 ,his throne would not be secure while these men lived4 #c4 ,his empire embraced all the lands from the ,red ,sea to the ,euphrates1 and from the ,mediterranean to the ,syrian desert1 except ,phenicia1 which was isolated by the ,lebanon ,mountains4 #a47 ,besides ,palestine he ruled over ,edom1 ,moab1 ,ammon1 ,syria 7here referring to the district having ,damascus as its capital71 ,zobah1 and ,hamath4 #b47 ,on the ,gulf of ,akaba1 ,ezion-geber was his southern port 7#a ,kings #i4 #bf72 on the ,mediterranean1 ,gaza 7,azzah7 was his limit2 in the extreme north1 ,tiphsah1 by the ,euphrates 7#a ,kings #d4 #bd72 in the desert1 ,tadmor1 afterward ,palmyra 7#a ,kings #i4 #ah74 #d4 ,his foreign relations were extensive1 for the first and only time in the history of ,israel4 #a47 ,his earliest treaty was with ,tyre 7,phenicia71 whose king had been his father's friend 7#a ,kings #e4 #a74 ,what this alliance brought to ,solomon 7#a ,kings #e4 #f-aj2 #b ,chron4 #b4 #c-ad74 #b47 ,his relations with ,egypt2 in commerce 7#a ,kings #aj4 #bh1 #bi72 in marriage1 a bold departure from ,israelite customs 7#a ,kings #c4 #a74 ,probably ,psalm #de was written upon this event4 #c47 ,with ,arabia1 the land bordering on the southern end of the ,red ,sea 7#a ,kings #aj4 #a-aj1 #ad1 #ae74 #d47 ,with ,india1 which is probably referred to in #a ,kings #i4 #bf-bh4 #e47 ,with ,spain1 probably meant in #a ,kings #aj4 #bb4 #e4 ,his buildings4 #a47 ,of these the greatest1 the most costly1 and the most famous was the temple 7#a ,kings #f4 #a74 ,with this building notice3 7a7 ,the courts and open square1 with an inner court inside for the priests only 7#b ,chron #d4 #i74 7b7 ,the porch 7#b ,chron #c4 #d74 7c7 ,the holy place 7#b ,chron4 #c4 #h2 #a ,kings #f4 #ag74 7d7 ,the holy of holies 7#a ,kings #f4 #ai1 #bj74 7e7 ,the chambers for the priests 7#a ,kings #f4 #e1 #f74 #b47 ,his own palace1 situated south of the temple precincts1 in the district called ,ophel4 ,its name derived from its columned entrance 7#a ,kings #g4 #a1 #b74 #c47 ,his fortified cities 7#a ,kings #i4 #ag-ai74 #d47 ,his aqueducts1 some of which may still be seen 7,eccl4 #b4 #d-f74 ,no ,king of ,israel ever built so many public works as did ,solomon4 #f4 ,but all was not bright in the reign of ,solomon4 ,we must notice also his sins1 for they wrought great results of evil in the after years4 #a47 ,that which led to all his other sins was foreign marriages 7#a ,kings #aa4 #a-d74 ,these were the natural and inevitable result of his foreign relations1 and were probably effected for political reasons as well as to add to the splendor of his court4 #b47 ,his toleration of idolatry1 perhaps actual participation in it 7#a ,kings #aa4 #e-h74 ,we cannot over-estimate the harm of ,solomon's influence in this direction4 ,at once it allied him with the lower and evil elements in the nation1 and lost to him the sympathy of all the earnest souls4,h #c47 ,another of ,solomon's sins1 not named in ,scripture1 but referred to in many legends of the ,east1 was his devotion to magical arts4 ,he appears in ,oriental traditions as the great master of forces in the invisible world1 engaging in practices forbidden by the law of ,moses 7,lev4 #ai4 #ca2 ,deut4 #ah4 #aj1 #aa74 ,,ii4 ,,general ,,aspects ,,of ,,israel ,,in ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,solomon4 #a4 ,it was a period of peace4 ,for sixty years there were no wars4 ,this gave opportunity for development1 for wealth1 and for culture4 #b4 ,it was a period of strong government4 ,the age of individual and tribal energy was ended1 and now all the life of the nation was gathered around the throne4 ,all the tribes were held under one strong hand2 tribal lines were ignored in the government of the empire 7#a ,kings #d4 #g-ai72 every department was organized4 #c4 ,it was a period of wide empire4 ,it was ,israel's opportunity for power in the ,east2 for the old ,chaldean empire had broken up1 the new ,assyrian empire had not arisen1 and ,egypt was passing through a change of rulers and was weak4 ,for one generation ,israel held the supremacy in the ,oriental world4 #d4 ,it was a period of abundant wealth4 7#a ,kings #c4 #ab1 #ac2 #d4 #bj2 #aj4 #bc1 #bg47 ,the sources of this wealth were3 #a47 ,the conquests of ,david1 who had plundered many nations and left his accumulated riches to ,solomon 7#a ,chron4 #bb4 #ad-af74 #b47 ,the tribute of the subject kingdoms1 doubtless heavy 7#a ,kings #aj4 #be74 #c47 ,commerce with foreign countries1 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,tarshish1 and ,ophir1 in ancient times was not carried on by private enterprise1 but by the government4 ,the trade of the ,east from ,egypt and ,tyre passed through ,solomon's dominions1 enriching the land4 #d47 ,there were also taxes laid upon the people 7#a ,kings #d4 #g2 #ab4 #d74 #e47 ,the erection of public buildings must have enriched many private citizens and made money plenty4 #e4 ,it was a period of literary activity4 ,the books written during this epoch were ,samuel1 ,psalms 7in part71 ,proverbs 7in part71 and perhaps ,ecclesiastes and ,solomon's ,song4 ,not all the writings of ,solomon have been preserved 7#a ,kings #d4 #cb1 #cc74 ,,iii4 ,,dangers ,,of ,,the ,,period4 ,there was an ,arabian tradition that in ,solomon's staff1 on which he leaned1 there was a worm secretly gnawing it asunder4 ,so there were elements of destruction under all the splendor of ,solomon's throne4 #a4 ,the absolute power of the king4 ,david had maintained the theocratic constitution of the state2 ,solomon set it aside and ruled with absolute power in all departments4 ,he assumed priestly functions 7#a ,kings #h4 #bb1 #ed1 #fd72 he abolished tribal boundaries in his administration 7#a ,kings #d4 #g-ai72 he ignored both priests and prophets1 and concentrated all rule in his own person4 #b4 ,the formal character of the worship4 ,there was a magnificent temple and a gorgeous ritual1 but none of the warmth and personal devotion which characterized the worship of ,david4 ,the fervor of the ,davidic psalms is wanting in the literature of ,solomon's age4 #c4 ,luxury and corruption of morals4 ,these are the inevitable results of abundant riches and worldly association4 ,we do not need the warnings in ,prov4 #b4 #af-ai2 #e4 #c-f1 etc41 to know that a flood of immorality swept over ,jerusalem and ,israel4 #d4 ,the burden of taxation4 ,with a splendid court1 an immense harem1 and a wealthy nobility came high prices and high taxes2 the rich growing richer rapidly1 the poor becoming poorer4 ,the events of the next reign show how heavy and unendurable these burdens grew4 #e4 ,heathen customs4 ,with the foreign peoples came the toleration of idolatry1 its encouragement1 and all the abominations connected with it4 ,jeroboam could not have established his new religion 7#a ,kings #ab4 #bh7 if ,solomon had not already patronized idol-worship4 #f4 ,underlying all was the old tribal jealousy of ,ephraim and ,judah1 fostered by an able leader 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bf71 ready to break out in due time1 and to destroy the empire4 ,after all1 it is uncertain whether the reign of ,solomon was a golden or only a gilded age4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,rei4 ,sol4 #a4 ,cl4 thr4 #b4 ,acc4 #c4 ,emp4 ,lands4 ,cities #d4 ,for4 rel4 #a47 ,ty4 #b47 ,eg4 #c47 ,ar4 #d47 ,ind4 #e47 ,sp4 #e4 ,buil4 #a47 ,tem4 #b47 ,pal4 #c47 ,for4 cit4 #d47 ,aque4 #f4 ,sins #a47 ,for4 mar4 #b47 ,tol4 idol4 #c47 ,mag4 ,,ii4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,isr4 #a4 ,pea4 #b4 ,str4 gov4 #c4 ,abun4 weal4 #a47 ,conq4 #b47 ,trib4 #c47 ,com4 #d47 ,tax4 #e74 ,pub4 build4 #e4 ,lit4 art4 ,,iii4 ,dan4 ,per4 #a4 ,abs4 pow4 #b4 ,for4 wor4 #c4 ,lux4 cor4 mor4 #d4 ,bur4 tax4 #e4 ,hea4 cus4 #f4 ,tri4 jeal4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what is meant by the ,golden ,age of ,israel8 ,who was ,solomon8 ,how did ,solomon obtain the throne8 ,what events marked his accession8 ,what lands were included in his empire8 ,what were the frontier cities of the empire8 ,with what foreign countries did ,solomon have relations8 ,what resulted from his alliance with ,tyre8 ,what innovation came from ,egypt8 ,who visited ,solomon from ,arabia8 ,what were the early names of ,spain and ,india8 ,what four classes of buildings were erected by ,solomon8 ,what were the different parts of his temple8 ,what was the name given to ,solomon's palace8 ,name some of the cities which he built and fortified4 ,what other public works did he build8 ,what three kinds of sin did ,solomon commit8 ,what was his motive in seeking foreign marriages8 ,name five general aspects of ,israel in ,solomon's reign4 ,what were the benefits of the peace at that time8 ,what was the characteristic of ,solomon's administration8 ,what opportunity did the age give to a great empire for ,israel8 ,what were the sources of the wealth in ,solomon's age8 ,how was it a period of literary activity8 ,what ancient legend illustrates the dangers of ,solomon's age8 ,what were some of these dangers8 ,wherein did ,solomon set aside the ,israelite constitution8 ,what was the defect in the religion of ,solomon's time8 ,what evils resulted from the wealth of that time8 ,what caused heavy taxation8 ,what heathen customs were introduced8 ,what showed that tribal jealousy was still existing8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,solomon4 ,,was ,,an ,,empire ,,for ,,israel ,,desirable8 ,,the ,,writings ,,of ,,solomon4 ,,tarshish ,,and ,,ophir4 ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,solomon4 ,,solomon ,,in ,,oriental ,,legends4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,solomon',s ,,empire4 ,,footnote3 ,h ,notice that while the prophets had been friendly to ,david1 they were strongly opposed to ,solomon1 and gave aid to his enemy ,jeroboam 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bi-ci74 ,,seventh ,,study4 ,,the ,,rival ,,thrones4--,,israel4 ,the splendors of ,solomon's reign passed away even more suddenly than they arose4 ,in less than a year after his death his empire was broken up1 and two quarreling principalities were all that was left of ,israel4 ,i4 ,let us ascertain the ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,division ,,of ,,israel4 ,these were3 #a4 ,the oppressive government of ,solomon4 7#a ,kings #ab4 #c1 #d47 ,how far the complaints of the people were just1 and to what degree they were the pretexts of an ambitious demagogue1 we have no means of knowing4 ,but it is evident that the government of ,solomon1 with its court1 its palaces1 its buildings1 and its splendor1 must have borne heavily upon the people4 ,probably1 also1 the luxury of living among the upper classes1 so suddenly introduced1 led to financial crises and stringency of money1 for which the government was held responsible by the discontented people4 #b4 ,the opposition of the prophets4 7#a ,kings #aa4 #aa-ac1 #bi-cc47 ,it is a suggestive fact that the prophets were opposed to ,solomon and friendly to ,jeroboam4 ,their reason was a strong resentment to the foreign alliances1 foreign customs1 and especially to the foreign idolatries which ,solomon introduced4 #c4 ,foreign intrigues1 especially in ,egypt4 ,the old kingdoms were not friendly to this ,israelite empire1 which loomed up so suddenly1 and threatened to conquer all the ,east4 ,solomon's attempt to win the favor of ,egypt by a royal marriage 7#a ,kings #c4 #a7 was a failure1 for two enemies of ,solomon1 driven out of his dominions1 found refuge in ,egypt1 were admitted to the court1 married relatives of the king1 and stirred up conspiracies against ,solomon's throne 7#a ,kings #aa4 #ad-bb1 #dj74 ,another center of conspiracy was ,damascus1 where ,rezon kept up a semi-independent relation to ,solomon's empire 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bc-be74 #d4 ,tribal jealousy2 the old sore broken out again4 ,notice that ,jeroboam belonged to the haughty tribe of ,ephraim 7#a ,kings #aa4 #bf71 always envious of ,judah1 and restless under the throne of ,david4 ,the kingdom of the ten tribes was established mainly through the influence of this tribe4 #e4 ,the ambition of ,jeroboam was another force in the disruption4 ,it was unfortunate for ,solomon's kingdom that the ablest young man of that time in ,israel1 a wily political leader and an unscrupulous partisan1 belonged to the tribe of ,ephraim1 and from his environment was an enemy of the then existing government4 ,the fact that he was sent for from ,egypt to the assembly at ,shechem showed collusion and preparation of the scheme 7#a ,kings #ab4 #b1 #c74 #f4 ,but even all these causes might have been insufficient but for the folly of ,rehoboam 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ac1 #ad74 ,if ,david had been on the throne that day an empire might have been saved4 ,but ,rehoboam1 brought up in the purple1 was without sympathy with the people1 tried to act the part of a tyrant1 and lost his ancestral realm 7#a ,kings #ab4 #af74 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,division4 ,these were partly political1 partly religious1 and were neither of unmixed good nor unmixed evil4 #a4 ,the political results were3 #a47 ,the entire disruption of ,solomon's empire4 ,five kingdoms took the place of one2 ,syria on the north1 ,israel in the center1 ,judah west of the ,dead ,sea1 ,moab east of the ,dead ,sea1 and ,edom on the extreme south4 ,moab was nominally subject to ,israel1 and ,edom to ,judah2 but only strong kings1 like ,ahab in ,israel and ,jehoshaphat in ,judah1 could exact the tribute 7#b ,kings #c4 #d2 #a ,kings #bb4 #dg74 #b47 ,with the loss of empire came rivalry1 and consequent weakness4 ,for fifty years ,israel and ,judah were at war1 and spent their strength in civil strife1 while ,syria was growing powerful1 and afar in the north-east ,assyria was threatening4 #c47 ,as a natural result came at last foreign domination4 ,both ,israel and ,judah fell under the power of other nations1 and were swept into captivity as the final result of the disruption wrought by ,jeroboam4 #b4 ,the religious results of the division were more favorable4 ,they were3 #a47 ,preservation of the true religion4 ,a great empire would inevitably have been the spiritual ruin of ,israel1 for it must have been worldly1 secular1 and1 in the end1 idolatrous4 ,the disruption broke off relation with the world1 put an end to schemes of secular empire1 and placed ,israel and ,judah once more alone among their mountains4 ,in this sense the event was from the ,lord1 who had higher and more enduring purposes than an earthly empire 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ae-bd74 #b47 ,protection of the true religion4 ,israel on the north stood as a buffer1 warding off the world from ,judah on the south4 ,it was neither wholly idolatrous nor wholly religious1 but was a debatable land for centuries4 ,it fell at last1 but it saved ,judah2 and in ,judah was the unconscious hope of the world4 #c47 ,concentration of the true religion4 ,the departure of ,israel from the true faith led to the gathering of the priests1 ,levites and worshiping element of the people in ,judah 7#b ,chron4 #aa4 #ac-af74 ,thus the ,jewish kingdom was far more devoted to ,jehovah than it might otherwise have been4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,israel4 ,from the division the name ,israel was applied to the northern kingdom and ,judah to the southern4 ,we notice the general aspects of ,israel during its history1 from ,b4 ,c4 #ige to #gba4 #a4 ,its extent4 ,it embraced all the territory of the twelve tribes except ,judah and a part of ,benjamin 7#a ,kings #ab4 #ai-ba71 held a nominal supremacy over ,moab east of the ,dead ,sea1 and embraced about #i1cge square miles1 while ,judah included only #c1dce4 ,israel was about equal in area to ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island together4 #b4 ,its capital was at first ,shechem1 in the center of the land 7#a ,kings #ab4 #be72 then1 during several reigns1 at ,tirzah 7#a ,kings #ae4 #cc2 #af4 #bc72 then at ,samaria 7#a ,kings #af4 #bd71 where it remained until the end of the kingdom4 ,that city after a time gave its name to the kingdom 7#a ,kings #ba4 #a71 and after the fall of the kingdom to the province in the center of ,palestine 7,john #d4 #c1 #d74 #c4 ,its religion4 #a47 ,very soon after the institution of the new kingdom ,jeroboam established a national religion1 the worship of the calves 7#a ,kings #ab4 #bf-cc74 ,this was not a new form of worship1 but had been maintained in ,israel ever since the ,exodus 7,exod4 #cb4 #a-d74 ,in character it was a modified idolatry1 half-way between the pure religion and the abominations of the heathen4 #b47 ,ahab and his house introduced the ,phenician worship of ,baal1 an idolatry of the most abominable and immoral sort 7#a ,kings #af4 #cj-cc71 but it never gained control in ,israel1 and was doubtless one cause of the revolution which placed another family on the throne4 #c47 ,through the history of ,israel there remained a remnant of worshipers of ,jehovah1 who were watched over by a noble array of prophets1 and though often persecuted remained faithful 7#a ,kings #ai4 #ad1 #ah74 #d4 ,its rulers4 ,during two hundred and fifty years ,israel was governed by nineteen kings1 with intervals of anarchy4 ,five houses in turn held sway1 each established by a usurper1 generally a soldier1 and each dynasty ending in a murder4 #a47 ,the ,house of ,jeroboam 7,b4 ,c4 #igd to #iec71 with two kings1 followed by a general massacre of ,jeroboam's family 7#a ,kings #ae4 #bi1 #cj74 #b47 ,the ,house of ,baasha 7,b4 ,c4 #iec-ibi71 two kings1 followed by a civil war 7#a ,kings #af4 #af-bb74 #c47 ,the ,house of ,omri 7,b4 ,c4 #ibi-hhd71 four kings1 of whom ,omri and ,ahab were the most powerful4 ,this was the age of the prophet ,elijah and the great struggle between the worship of ,jehovah and of ,baal 7#a ,kings #ah4 #d-ba74 #d47 ,the ,house of ,jehu 7,b4 ,c4 #hhd-ggb71 five kings1 under whom were great changes of fortune4 ,the reign of ,jehoahaz saw ,israel reduced to a mere province of ,syria 7#b ,kings #ac4 #a-i74 ,his son ,joash threw off the ,syrian yoke1 and his son1 ,jeroboam ,,ii41 raised ,israel almost to its condition of empire in the days of ,solomon 7#b ,kings #ad4 #bc-bi74 ,his reign is called the ,indian summer of ,israel4 #e47 ,the ,house of ,menahem 7,b4 ,c4 #ggb-gei71 two reigns4 ,israel had by this time fallen under the power of ,assyria1 now dominant over the ,east1 and its history is the story of kings rising and falling in rapid succession1 with long intervals of anarchy4 ,from the fall of this dynasty there was only the semblance of a state until the final destruction of ,samaria1 ,b4 ,c4 #gba4 #e4 ,its foreign relations4 ,during the period of the ,israelite kingdom we see lands struggling for the dominion of the ,east4 ,the history of ,israel is interwoven with that of ,syria and ,assyria1 which may now be read from the monuments4 #a47 ,there was a ,period of ,division 7,b4 ,c4 #ige-ibi74 ,during the reign of the houses of ,jeroboam and ,baasha there were constant wars between ,israel1 ,syria1 and ,judah2 and as a result all were kept weak1 and a balance of power was maintained4 #b47 ,then followed a ,period of ,alliance 7,b4 ,c4 #ibi-hhd7--that is1 between ,israel and ,judah1 during the sway of the ,house of ,omri4 ,the two lands were in friendly relations1 and the two thrones were connected by marriages4 ,as a result both ,israel and ,judah were strong1 ,moab and ,edom were kept under control1 and ,syria was held in check4 #c47 ,next came the ,period of ,syrian ,ascendency 7,b4 ,c4 #hhd-hdj74 ,during the first two reigns of the ,house of ,jehu ,syria rose to great power tinder ,hazael1 and overran both ,israel and ,judah4 ,at one time ,israel was in danger of utter destruction1 but was preserved4 ,near the close of these periods the dying prophecy of ,elisha was uttered 7#b ,kings #ac4 #ad-be74 #d47 ,the ,period of ,israelite ,ascendency 7,b4 ,c4 #hdj-ggb74 ,israel under ,jeroboam ,,ii4 took its turn of power1 and for a brief period was again dominant to the ,euphrates1 as in the days of ,solomon4 #e47 ,the ,period of ,assyrian ,ascendency 7,b4 ,c4 #ggb-gba74 ,but its glory soon faded away before that of ,assyria1 which was now rapidly becoming the empire of the ,east4 ,its rise meant the fall of ,israel2 and under the unfortunate ,hoshea ,samaria was taken1 what was left of the ten tribes were carried captive1 and the kingdom of ,israel was extinguished 7#b ,kings #ag4 #a-f74 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,fate ,,of ,,the ,,ten ,,tribes4 ,there has been much idle discussion over this subject and some absurd claims set up2 for example1 that the ,anglo-,saxon race are descended from the ten lost tribes--a statement opposed to all history1 to ethnology1 and to every evidence of language4 #a4 ,after their deposition nearly all the ,israelites1 having lost their national religion and having no bond of union1 mingled with the ,gentiles around them and lost their identity1 just as hundreds of other races have done4 ,the only bond which will keep a nation long alive is that of religion4 #b4 ,some remained in ,palestine1 others returned thither and formed the nucleus of the ,samaritan people1 a race of mingled origin 7#b ,kings #ag4 #bd-bi74 #c4 ,some of those who remained in the ,east retained their religion1 or were revived in it1 and later became a part of the ,jews of the dispersion2 though the dispersion was mainly ,jewish1 and not ,israelite4 #d4 ,a few families united with the ,jews returned with them to ,palestine after the exile1 yet retained their tribal relationship2 for example1 ,anna 7,luke #b4 #cf74 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,cau4 ,div4 #a4 ,opp4 gov4 #b4 ,opp4 pro4 #c4 ,for4 int4 #d4 ,tri4 jeal4 #e4 ,am4 ,jer4 #f4 ,fol4 ,re4 ,,ii4 ,res4 ,div4 #a4 ,pol4 res4 #a47 ,dis4 emp4 #b47 ,riv4 and weak4 #c47 ,for4 dom4 #b4 ,rel4 res4 #a47 ,pres4 rel4 #b47 ,pro4 rel4 #c47 ,conc4 rel4 ,,iii4 ,kin4 ,isr4 #a4 ,ext4 #i1cge4 #b4 ,cap4 #a47 ,sh4 #b47 ,tir4 #c47 ,sam4 #c4 ,rel4 #a47 ,wor4 cal4 #b47 ,wor4 ,ba4 #c47 ,wor4 ,jeh4 #d4 ,rul4 #a47 ,hou4 ,jer4 #b47 ,hou4 ,ra4 #c47 ,hou4 ,om4 #d47 ,hou4 ,je4 #e47 ,hou4 ,men4 #e4 ,for4 ,rel4 #a47 ,per4 ,div4 #b47 ,per4 ,all4 #c47 ,per4 ,syr4 ,asc4 #d47 ,per4 ,isr4 ,asc4 #e47 ,per4 ,ass4 ,asc4 ,,iv4 ,fat4 ,ten4 ,tri4 #a4 ,min4 ,gen4 #b4 ,sam4 peo4 #c4 ,disp4 #d4 ,jews4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what causes may be assigned for the division of ,israel8 ,how far was ,solomon's government responsible8 ,what was the relation of the prophets to the revolution8 ,what foreign intrigues contributed to break up the kingdom8 ,who were connected with these intrigues8 ,what ancient jealousy aided1 and how8 ,what man led in the breaking up of the kingdom8 ,whose folly enabled the plot to succeed8 ,what were the political results of the division8 ,what were its religious results8 ,how was this event from the ,lord8 ,how long did the new kingdom of ,israel last8 ,what was its extent8 ,what were its three successive capitals8 ,what three forms of religion were found in it8 ,who was the first king of the ten tribes8 ,what family introduced foreign idolatry8 ,how many kings ruled over the ten tribes8 ,what were the five royal houses8 ,which house raised ,israel almost to its ancient power8 ,what is this period of prosperity called8 ,who was the greatest ,king of ,israel8 ,with what other history is that of ,israel interwoven8 ,what were the five periods in the foreign relations of ,israel8 ,by what kingdom was ,israel destroyed8 ,who was its last king8 ,what finally became of the ten tribes8 ,,chart ,,of ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,israel1 ,from the ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,to ,,the ,,captivity ,together with the ,contemporaneous ,,prophets ,,and ,,kings ,,of ,,judah ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,history ,,and ,,traits ,,of ,,the ,,tribe ,,of ,,ephraim4 ,,shechem1 ,,and ,,events ,,connected ,,with ,,it4 ,,the ,,religion ,,of ,,the ,,ten ,,tribes4 ,,queen ,,jezebel ,,and ,,her ,,influence4 ,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,elijah4 ,,elisha ,,and ,,his ,,influence4 ,,chart ,,of ,,the ,,kings ,,of ,,israel1 ,from the ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,to ,,the ,,captivity ,together wiht the ,contemporaneous ,,prophets ,,and ,,kings ,,of ,,judah ,years ,b4,c4 #ige #igj #ifj #iej #idj #icj #ibj #iaj #ijj ,,division ,,of ,,kingdom ,dynasty of ,jeroboam --- 44444444444444444444444 ,dynasty of ,baasha ,jeroboam ,i4#a 4444444444444444444444 ,dynasty of ,omri ------------ ,nadab#a 4444444444444444444444444444 ,,kings ,baasha#a ,elah ,zimri ,,of ------------------------------- ,tibni ,,israel ----- ,omri#a --- ------------ ,ahab#a ------------------- ,,kings ,rehoboam#a ,,of ----------------- ,abijam#a ,,judah - ,asa#b ---------------------------------------- -- ,jehoshaphat#b ------------- --- ,iddo ------------- ,ahijah ,azariah ,elijah ,prophets -------------------- ---- ,jehu ----------- -------- ,shemaiah ,hanani ,elisha --------------- ---- ----- #ijj #hij #hhj #hgj #hfj #hej #hdj #hcj #hbj #haj ,dynasty of ,omri 44444444444444444444 ,dynasty of ,jehu 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 444444444444444444444444444444444 ,ahab#a --- ,ahaziah ,,ii4#a - ,jehoram ,i4#a ,,israel ---------- ,jehu#ba ---------------------------- ,jehoahaz ,i4#b --------------- ,jehoash ,,ii4#a ,jehosaphat#b #c-------------- ,jeroboam ,,ii4#a ----------- ,jehoiam ,,ii4#a #c----------------------- ,,judah ---------- ,ahaziah ,,ii4#a ,athaliah#a ----- ,jehoash ,i4#b ,elijah ---------------------------------------- ,amaziah#ba ----- --------------------------- ,micaiah ,zechariah ----- ,elisha ------ ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,jehaziel ,jonah -------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- #haj #hjj #gij #ghj #ggj #gfj #gej #gdj #gcj #gbj ,dynasty of ,jehu 4444444444444444444444444444444444444444 ,jeroboam ,,ii4#a ,zachariah#a --------------------------- ,anarchy ,shallum ,menakeu#a --------- ,pekahiah#a ,,israel - ,pekah#a ,hoshea#a ,captivity --------------------- -------- ,azariah or ,uzziah#b ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,jotham#b ,,judah --------------- ,ahaz#a --------------- ,hez4#b ,hosea ------ ,joel ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,prophets -------------------------------------- ,isaiah ,amos ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------- ,micah ----------------------------- ,oded ----- ,fish and ,see1 ,n4,y4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,did evil in the sight of the ,lord #b ,did right in the sight of the ,lord #c ,viceroy with his father ,,eighth ,,study4 ,,the ,,rival ,,thrones--,,judah4 ,i4 ,,general ,,aspects ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,judah4 #a4 ,its territory4 ,it embraced the mountain portion of the tribe of ,judah1 from the ,dead ,sea to the ,philistine plain2 a part of ,benjamin1 in which tribe the larger part of ,jerusalem stood2 and also a part of ,dan 7#b ,chron4 #aa4 #aj74 ,simeon was nominally within its border1 but was practically given up to the ,arabians of the desert2 ,edom was tributary1 though often in rebellion1 and finally independent 7#a ,kings #bb4 #dg2 #b ,kings #h4 #bj72 ,philistia was outside of its boundary4 ,its extent was about #c1dce square miles1 about half the area of ,massachusetts4 ,illustration3 ,,judah4 #b4 ,its government was a monarchy1 with but one family on the throne1 the line of ,david1 in direct succession1 with the exception of ,athaliah's usurpation 7#b ,kings #aa4 #a-c71 through nineteen reigns4 #c4 ,its religion4 ,through all the history we find two forms of worship strongly opposed to each other1 yet both rooted in the nation4 #a47 ,the worship of ,jehovah through the temple1 the priesthood1 and the prophets4 #b47 ,but side by side with this pure religion was the worship of idols upon high places1 probably begun as a form of worshiping ,jehovah1 but degenerating into gross and immoral idolatry4 ,there was a struggle going on constantly between these two elements in the state1 the spiritual and the material4 ,notwithstanding the efforts of reforming kings like ,jehoshaphat1 ,hezekiah1 and ,josiah1 the general tendency was downward4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,duration ,,of ,,the ,,kingdom4 ,the kingdom lasted from ,b4 ,c4 #ige to #ehg--more than one hundred and thirty years longer than ,israel4 ,reasons for its endurance may have been3 #a4 ,its retired situation3 hemmed in by mountains and deserts2 at a distance from the ordinary lines of travel2 not in the direct path of conquest from any other nation4 ,judah had few foreign wars as compared with ,israel4 #b4 ,the unity of its people4 ,they were not ten tribes loosely connected1 but one tribe1 with a passionate love of their nation and a pride in their blood4 #c4 ,its concentration at ,jerusalem4 ,through all its history there was but one capital1 where the palace of the king and the temple of the ,lord were standing together4 #d4 ,the reverence for the ,house of ,david also kept the people together4 ,there was no change in dynasty1 and the loyalty of the people grew stronger through the generations toward the family on the throne4 ,there being no usurpers1 the throne was permanent until destroyed by foreign power4 #e4 ,the purity of its religion tended to keep the nation united1 and to keep it in existence4 ,no bond of self-interest or of blood will hold a people together as strongly as the tie of religion4 ,judah's strength was in the measure of her service of ,god1 and when she renounced ,jehovah her doom came speedily4 ,,iii4 ,,periods ,,in ,,the ,,history4 ,though ,judah was not without political contact with other nations1 yet its history is the record of internal events rather than external relations4 ,we may divide its history into four epochs3 #a4 ,the first decline and revival4 7,b4 ,c4 #ige-hhi47 #a47 ,the reigns of ,rehoboam and ,abijah marked a decline indicated by the ,egyptian invasion and the growth of idolatry4 #b47 ,the reign of ,asa and ,jehoshaphat showed a revival in reformation1 progress1 and power4 ,under ,jehoshaphat ,judah was at the height of prosperity4 ,this was the time of peace with ,israel1 and of strength at home and abroad 7#b ,chron4 #ag4 #e2 #bj4 #cj74 #b4 ,the second decline and revival4 7,b4 ,c4 #hhi-fhb47 #a47 ,for nearly two hundred years after the death of ,jehoshaphat the course of ,judah was downward4 ,edom was lost under ,jehoram 7#b ,chron4 #ba4 #h72 the ,baalite idolatry was introduced by the usurping queen1 ,athaliah 7#b ,kings #aa4 #ah72 the land was again and again invaded under ,joash and ,amaziah1 and ,jerusalem itself was taken and plundered4 #b47 ,but a great reformation was wrought under ,hezekiah1 who was the best and wisest of the kings of ,judah1 and the kingdom again rose to power1 even daring to throw off the ,assyrian yoke and defy the anger of the mightiest king then on the earth4 ,at this time came the great event of the destruction of the ,assyrian host 7#b ,kings #ai4 #cj74 #c4 ,the third decline and revival4 7,b4 ,c4 #fhb-faj47 #a47 ,the reforms of ,hezekiah were short lived1 for his son ,manasseh was both the longest in reigning and the wickedest of the kings1 and his late repentance did not stay the tide of corruption which he had let loose 7#b ,kings #ba4 #aj-ag2 #b ,chron4 #cc4 #a-ah74 ,the wickedness of ,manasseh's reign was the great moral cause of the kingdom's destruction1 for from it no reform afterward could lift the mass of the people4 #b47 ,josiah1 the young reformer1 attempted the task1 but his efforts1 though earnest1 were only measurably successful1 and after his untimely death the kingdom hastened to its fall 7#b ,kings #bc4 #bi74 #d4 ,the final decline and fall4 7,b4 ,c4 #faj-ehg47 #a47 ,the political cause of the destruction of the kingdom was the rise of ,babylon4 ,the old ,assyrian empire went down about #fbe ,b4 ,c41 and a struggle followed between ,babylon and ,egypt for the supremacy4 ,judah took the side of ,egypt1 which proved to be the losing side4 #b47 ,after several chastisements and repeated rebellions ,jerusalem was finally destroyed by ,nebuchadnezzar1 ,king of ,babylon1 and the kingdom of ,judah was extinguished1 ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,gen4 ,asp4 ,kin4 ,jud4 #a4 ,terr4 ,tri4 ,jud4 #c1dce m4 #b4 ,gov4 mon4 #c4 ,rel4 #a47 ,jeh4 #b47 ,idol4 ,,ii4 ,dur4 ,kin4 #a4 ,ret4 sit4 #b4 ,un4 peo4 #c4 ,conc4 ,jer4 #d4 ,rev4 ,ho4 ,dav4 #e4 ,pur4 rel4 ,,iii4 ,per4 ,hist4 #a4 ,fir4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 ,reho4 ,abi4 #b47 ,rev4 ,as4 ,jehosh4 #b4 ,sec4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 #bjj y4 #b47 ,rev4 ,hez4 #c4 ,thi4 dec4 rev4 #a47 ,dec4 ,man4 #b47 ,rev4 ,jos4 #d4 ,fin4 dec4 fal4 #a47 ,ris4 ,bab4 #b47 ,des4 ,jer4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,what was embraced in the kingdom of ,judah8 ,what was its area8 ,how was it governed8 ,what was its religion8 ,what was associated with the worship of ,jehovah8 ,what was the religious tendency of the people8 ,how long did the kingdom of ,judah last8 ,what were the causes of this duration8 ,what were the periods in its history8 ,under what kings was the first decline8 ,who led in a revival and reformation8 ,who was the greatest of the kings of ,judah8 ,what took place during the second decline8 ,who was the usurping queen8 ,what did this queen try to do8 ,who wrought the second great reformation8 ,what was the character of this king8 ,what great destruction of ,judah's enemies took place at this time8 ,which reign was both longest1 wickedest1 and most evil in its results8 ,who attempted a third reformation8 ,what was the result of his endeavor8 ,what was the political cause of the fall of ,judah8 ,by what nation and by what king was ,jerusalem finally destroyed8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,tribe ,,of ,,judah4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,david4 ,,the ,,religion ,,of ,,judah4 ,,the ,,prophets ,,of ,,judah4 ,,ancient ,,jerusalem4 ,,the ,,kingdom ,,of ,,judah ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,egypt ,,and ,,assyria4 ,illustration3 ,,solomon',s ,,dominions1 ,,the ,,kingdoms ,,of ,,judah ,,israel ,,and ,,the ,,lands of the ,,captivities ,,ninth ,,study4 ,,the ,,captivity ,,of ,,judah4 ,i4 ,we must distinguish between the ,,captivity ,,of ,,israel1 or the ten tribes1 and ,,that ,,of ,,judah4 #a4 ,the captivity of ,israel took place ,b4 ,c4 #gba1 that of ,judah ,b4 ,c4 #ehg4 ,the southern kingdom lasted one hundred and thirty-four years longer than the northern4 #b4 ,israel was taken captive by the ,assyrians under ,sargon2 ,judah by the ,chaldeans under ,nebuchadnezzar4 #c4 ,israel was taken to the lands south of the ,caspian ,sea 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f72 ,judah to ,chaldea1 by the river ,euphrates 7,psa4 #acg4 #a74 #d4 ,israel never returned from its captivity1 which was the end of its history2 but ,judah was brought back from its captivity and again became a flourishing state1 though subject to foreign nations during most of its after history4 ,,ii4 ,there were ,,three ,,captivities of ,judah1 all in one generation and all under one ,chaldean king1 ,nebuchadnezzar3 #a4 ,jehoiakim's captivity4 7,b4 ,c4 #fjg47 ,jehoiakim was the son of ,josiah1 placed upon the throne after the battle of ,megiddo1 in which ,josiah perished 7#b ,kings #bc4 #cd74 ,in the war between ,pharaoh-nechoh of ,egypt and ,nebuchadnezzar 7then joint king of ,babylon with his father ,nabopolassar7 ,jehoiakim1 as a vassal of ,nechoh1 aided the ,egyptians4 ,after the defeat of ,nechoh1 ,nebuchadnezzar marched to punish ,jehoiakim4 ,he was called away from the siege of ,jerusalem by the death of his father and the necessity of hastening to ,babylon to assume the government4 ,jehoiakim was spared1 but a number of the nobles of ,judah were taken to ,babylon1 perhaps as hostages for the king's good conduct4 ,for three years ,jehoiakim obeyed ,nebuchadnezzar2 then he rebelled1 but was speedily reduced to subjection1 and many of the leading people among the ,jews were carried captive to ,babylon 7#b ,kings #bd4 #a1 #b74 ,among these captives was ,daniel the prophet 7,dan4 #a4 #a-f74 ,from this event the seventy years of the captivity were dated 7,jer4 #bg4 #bb2 #bi4 #aj71 though the kingdom of ,judah remained for twenty years longer4 ,jehoiakim1 the king1 was not taken away1 though bound in chains for that purpose 7#b ,chron4 #cf4 #f72 he reigned several years after this event1 but under suspicion of the ,chaldeans1 and his end was ignoble 7,jer4 #bb4 #ah1 #ai2 #cf4 #cj74 #b4 ,jehoiachin's captivity4 7,b4 ,c4 #eih47 ,jehoiachin was the son of ,jehoiakim 7called ,jeconiah1 #a ,chron #c4 #af2 ,jer4 #bd4 #a2 and ,coniah1 ,jer4 #bb4 #bd74 ,he reigned only three months1 and was then deposed by ,nebuchadnezzar and carried to ,babylon4 ,with the young king and the royal family were taken thousands of the people of the middle classes1 whom the land could ill spare 7#b ,kings #bd4 #h-af74 ,among these captives was ,ezekiel1 the prophet-priest 7,ezek4 #a4 #a-c74 #c4 ,zedekiah's captivity4 7,b4 ,c4 #ehg47 ,he was the uncle of ,jehoiachin1 and the son of the good ,josiah 7#b ,kings #bd4 #ag71 and had been made king by ,nebuchadnezzar4 ,but he too rebelled against his master1 to whom he had taken a solemn oath of fidelity 7#b ,chron4 #cf4 #ac74 ,the ,chaldeans were greatly incensed by these frequent insurrections1 and determined upon a final destruction of the rebellious city4 ,after a long siege ,jerusalem was taken1 and the king was captured while attempting flight4 ,he was blinded and carried away to ,babylon1 the city was destroyed1 and nearly all the people left alive were also taken to the land of ,chaldea 7#b ,kings #be4 #a-aa74 ,after this captivity the city lay desolate for fifty years1 until the conquest of ,babylon by ,cyrus 7,b4 ,c4 #ecf74 ,,iii4 ,let us ascertain the ,,causes ,,of ,,the ,,captivity2 why the ,jews were taken up bodily from their own land and deported to a distant country4 #a4 ,such deportations were a frequent policy of ,oriental conquerors4 ,the ,orientals had three ways of dealing with a conquered people3 that of extermination or wholesale butchery1 which is frequently described upon the ,assyrian monuments2 that of leaving them in the land under tribute1 as subjects of the conqueror2 and that of deporting them en masse to a distant land4 ,frequently1 when the interests of the empire would be served by changing the population of a province1 this plan was carried out4 ,thus the ten tribes were carried to a land near the ,caspian ,sea1 and other people were brought to ,samaria in their place 7#b ,kings #ag4 #f1 #bd74 ,a similar plan with respect to ,judah was proposed by ,sennacherib 7#b ,kings #ah4 #ca1 #cb71 but was thwarted by the destruction of the ,assyrian host4 #b4 ,we have already noticed another cause of the captivity in the frequent rebellions of the kings of ,judah against the authority of ,babylon4 ,the old spirit of independence1 which had made ,judah the leader of the twelve tribes1 was still strong1 and it was fostered by the hope of universal rule1 which had been predicted through centuries1 even while the kingdom was declining4 ,the prophets1 however1 favored submission to ,babylon2 but the nobles urged rebellion and independence4 ,their policy was pursued1 and the unequal strife was taken up more than once4 ,the rebellions always failed2 but after several attempts the patience of ,nebuchadnezzar was exhausted1 and the destruction of the rebellious city and the deportation of the population was ordered4 #c4 ,but underneath was another and a deeper cause--in the rivalry of ,egypt and ,babylon4 ,whenever in history one nation has been dominant there has been another nation1 next in strength1 as its rival to check its supremacy4 ,thus ,greece stood in the way of ,persia1 ,carthage in the way of republican ,rome1 and ,parthia in the way of imperial ,rome4 ,in the earlier days ,assyria 7and after ,assyria ,babylon7 was the controlling power in the ,east2 but it was always opposed by ,egypt1 which1 though less powerful1 was yet strong enough to be dangerous to ,assyrian or ,chaldean supremacy4 ,palestine stood on the border of the ,assyrian ,empire toward ,egypt2 and in ,palestine there were two parties1 the ,assyrian and the ,egyptian2 one counseling submission to ,assyria1 the other seeking alliance with ,egypt against ,assyria 7,isa4 #ca4 #a-c2 #cg4 #f74 ,after ,babylon took the place of ,nineveh the ,chaldean party took the place of the ,assyrian1 as the ,chaldean ,empire was the successor of the ,assyrian ,empire4 ,the prophets1 led by ,jeremiah1 always counseled submission to ,babylon1 and warned against trusting to ,egypt1 which had never given any thing more than promises2 but the nobles were of the ,egyptian party1 and constantly influenced the kings to renounce the yoke of ,babylon1 and to strike for independence by the aid of ,egypt4 ,under ,egyptian influence the later kings of ,judah made attempt after attempt to rebel against the ,chaldean ,empire4 ,but the expected help from ,egypt never came1 and ,judah was left again and again to suffer the wrath of ,babylon 7,jer4 #cg4 #e-i74 ,the necessity of making the frontier of the ,chaldean ,empire safe on the side toward ,egypt was the political cause for the deportation of the tribe of ,judah4 ,nebuchadnezzar dared not to leave a people on the soil who would constantly endanger the entrance to his dominions by plotting with the ,egyptians4 ,he therefore took up the ,jews bodily1 placed them in the center of his empire1 and turned the land of ,judah into a desolation4 #d4 ,there was underlying all these political reasons a moral cause in the divine purpose to discipline the nation4 ,the captivity was a weeding-out process1 to separate the precious from the vile1 the false from the true1 the remnant from the mass4 ,there had always been two distinct elements in ,israel and ,judah--the spiritual1 ,god-fearing few1 and the worldly1 idol-worshiping many4 ,the worldly and irreligious took part in the resistance to the ,king of ,babylon2 and the worshipers of ,jehovah1 led by the prophets1 urged submission4 ,as a result1 the nobles and the warriors1 for the most part1 perished2 while the better part1 the strength and hope of the nation1 were carried away captive4 ,notice that the captives were mainly of the middle class1 the working element 7#b ,kings #bd4 #ad-af74 ,those who had submitted to the ,chaldeans were also taken away 7#b ,kings #be4 #aa74 ,the prophet expressed greater hope for those taken away than for those left behind 7,jer4 #bd4 #a-aj74 ,the captives were the root of ,judah1 out of which in due time a new nation should rise4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,condition ,,of ,,the ,,captives ,,in ,,chaldea was far better than we are apt to suppose4 #a4 ,they received kind treatment2 were regarded not as slaves or prisoners1 but as colonists4 ,at a later captivity by the ,romans the ,jews were sold as slaves and dispersed throughout the empire4 ,such wholesale enslavement was common after a conquest4 ,for some reason the ,chaldeans did not enslave the ,jews at the time of their conquest1 but colonized them as free people4 ,this may have been because the captives as a class were of the ,chaldean party among the ,jews1 and hence were treated in a measure as friends4 ,the letter of ,jeremiah to the exiles 7,jer4 #bi4 #a-g7 shows that they were kindly dealt with in ,chaldea4 ,some of them were received at the court and rose to high station in the realm 7,dan4 #a4 #a-f74 #b4 ,their organization was maintained4 ,the exiles were not merged into the mass of the people where they were living1 but retained their own system1 and were recognized as a separate colony4 ,their dethroned kings had a semi-royal state1 and at death an honorable burial 7,jer4 #eb4 #ca-cd2 #cd4 #d1 #e74 ,the captives were governed by elders1 rulers of their own nation 7,ezek4 #h4 #a2 #ad4 #a2 #bj4 #a74 ,such a system is still pursued in the ,east1 where the government is according to race as well as according to locality2 that is1 the different races in one province will each have separate rulers4 ,there was a prince of ,judah at the close of the captivity 7,ezra #a4 #h74 ,this fact of a national organization was a fortunate one for the exiles4 ,if they had been dispersed as slaves throughout the empire1 or even had been scattered as individuals1 they would soon have been merged among the ,gentiles1 and would have lost their identity as a people4 ,but maintaining as a separate race1 and in ,jewish communities1 they were readily gathered for a return to their own land when the opportunity came4 #c4 ,their law and worship were observed4 ,there were no sacrifices1 for these could be offered only at ,jerusalem in the temple4 ,but the people gathered for worship and for the study of the law far more faithfully than before the exile2 for adversity is a school of religious character far more than prosperity4 ,the exile would naturally exert an influence in the direction of religion4 ,while the irreligious and idolatrous among the captives would soon drop out of the nation and be lost among the ,gentiles1 the earnest1 the spiritual1 and the ,god-fearing would grow more intense in their devotion4 ,the institutions which date from the captivity 7noticed below1 under ,results of ,captivity7 are an evidence of this fact4 #d4 ,they were instructed by prophets and teachers4 ,jeremiah lived for some time after the beginning of the captivity1 made a visit to ,babylon1 and wrote at least one letter to the exiles 7,jer4 #ac4 #d-g2 #bi4 #a-c74 ,daniel lived during the captivity1 and1 though in the court1 maintained a deep interest in his people1 and comforted them by his prophecies4 ,ezekiel was himself one of the captives1 and all his teachings were addressed to them 7,ezek4 #a4 #a-c74 ,many evangelical and eminent ,bible scholars are of the opinion that the latter part of ,isaiah1 from the fortieth chapter to the end1 was given by a later ,isaiah during the exile2 but whether written at that time or earlier1 it must have circulated among the captives and given them new hope and inspiration4 ,the radical change in the character of the ,jews which took place during this period shows that a great revival swept over the captive people and brought them back to the earnest religion of their noblest ancestors4 #e4 ,their literature was preserved and enlarged4 ,internal evidence shows that the ,books of the ,kings were finished and the ,books of the ,chronicles written at this time or soon afterward2 the ,books of ,daniel1 ,ezekiel1 ,habakkuk1 and other of the minor prophets were given2 and a number of the best psalms were composed during this epoch1 as such poems are likely to be written in periods of trial and sorrow4 ,out of the many psalms we cite ,psalms #abd1 #abf1 #abi1 #acj1 #acg1 as manifestly written during the captivity4 ,the exile was an age of life and vigor to ,hebrew literature4 ,v4 ,,the ,,results ,,of ,,the ,,captivity4 ,in the year #ecf ,b4 ,c4 the city of ,babylon was taken by ,cyrus1 ,king of the combined ,medes and ,persians4 ,one of his first acts was to issue an edict permitting the exiled ,jews to return to their own country and rebuild their city4 ,not all the ,jews availed themselves of the privilege1 for many were already rooted in their new homes1 where they had been for two generations4 ,but a large number returned 7,ezra #b4 #fd71 and re-established the city and state of the ,jews4 ,the captivity1 however1 left its impress upon the people down to the end of their national history1 and even to the present time4 #a4 ,there was a change in language1 from ,hebrew to ,aramaic or ,chaldaic4 ,the books of the ,old ,testament written after the restoration are in a different language from the earlier writings4 ,after the captivity the ,jews needed an interpreter in order to understand their own earlier ,scriptures4 ,allusion to this fact is given in ,neh4 #h4 #g4 ,the ,chaldee of ,babylon and the ,hebrew were sufficiently alike to cause the people during two generations to glide imperceptibly from one to the other1 until the knowledge of their ancient tongue was lost to all but the scholars4 #b4 ,there was a change in habits4 ,before the captivity the ,jews were a secluded people1 having scarcely any relation with the world4 ,the captivity brought them into contact with other nations1 and greatly modified their manner of living4 ,hitherto they had been mostly farmers1 living on their own fields2 now they became merchants and traders1 and filled the world with their commerce4 ,rarely now do we find a ,jew who cultivates the ground for his support4 ,they are in the cities1 buying and selling4 ,this tendency began with the ,babylonian captivity1 and has since been strengthened by the varied experiences1 especially by the persecutions of the ,jews during the centuries4 #c4 ,there was a change in character4 ,this was the most radical of all4 ,before the captivity the crying sin of ,judah1 as well as of ,israel1 was its tendency to idolatry4 ,every prophet had warned against it and rebuked it2 reformers had risen up2 kings had endeavored to extirpate1 but all in vain2 the worshipers of ,god were the few1 the worshipers of idols were the many4 ,after the captivity there was a wonderful transformation4 ,from that time we never read of a ,jew bowing his knee before an idol4 ,the entire nation was a unit in the service of ,jehovah4 ,among all the warnings of the later prophets1 and the reforms of ,ezra and ,nehemiah1 there is no allusion to idolatry4 ,that crime was utterly and forever eradicated2 from the captivity until to-day the ,jews have been the people of the one1 invisible ,god1 and intense in their hatred of idols4 ,we may not know all the causes of this change1 but some of them were3 #a47 ,the fact that the idolatrous element largely perished1 and the spiritual element formed the bulk of the captives4 #b47 ,the idol-worshipers among the captives would naturally be less loyal to the national ideas1 and would more readily assimilate with the heathen2 while the religious among the exiles would grow all the more devoted to their religion as their only hope in trial4 #c47 ,the most ardent lovers of their country and their religion would be the most eager to return after the exile2 hence1 the new state was founded by zealous ,jews1 who gave it religious spirit4 ,so in modern times the spirit of the ,pilgrims and the ,puritans gave tone to ,new ,england1 and through ,new ,england to ,america4 #d4 ,there were new institutions as the result of the captivity4 ,two great institutions arose during the captivity3 #a47 ,the synagogue1 which grew up among the exiles1 was carried back to ,palestine1 and was established throughout the ,jewish world4 ,this was a meeting of ,jews for worship1 for reading the law1 and for religious instruction4 ,it had far greater influence than the temple after the captivity2 for while there was but one temple in all the ,jewish world1 there was a synagogue in every city and village where ,jews lived2 and while the temple was the seat of a priestly and ritualistic service1 the synagogue promoted freedom of religious thought and utterance4 ,out of the synagogue1 far more than the temple1 grew the ,christian ,church4 #b47 ,the order of scribes was also a result of the captivity4 ,the days of direct inspiration through prophets were passing away1 and those of the written ,scripture1 with a class of men to study and interpret it1 came in their place4 ,during the captivity the devout ,jews studied the books of their literature1 the law1 the psalms1 the histories1 and the prophets4 ,after the captivity arose a series of scholars who were the expounders of the ,scriptures4 ,their founder was ,ezra1 at once a priest1 a scribe1 and a prophet 7,ezra #g4 #a-aj71 who arranged the books and in a measure completed the canon of ,old ,testament ,scripture4 #e4 ,there was a new hope1 that of a ,messiah4 ,from the time of the captivity the ,jewish people looked forward with eager expectation to the coming of a ,deliverer1 the ,consolation of ,israel1 the ,anointed ,one 7the word ,messiah means anointed71 who should lift up his people from the dust1 exalt the throne of ,david1 and establish an empire over all the nations4 ,this had been promised by prophets for centuries before the exile1 but only then did it begin to shine as the great hope of the people4 ,it grew brighter with each generation1 and finally appeared in the coming of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,king of ,israel4 #f4 ,from the captivity there were two parts of the ,jewish people2 the ,jews of ,palestine1 and the ,jews of the dispersion4 #a47 ,the ,jews of ,palestine1 sometimes called ,hebrews 7,acts #f4 #a71 were the lesser in number1 who lived in their own land and maintained the ,jewish state4 #b47 ,the ,jews of the dispersion were the descendants of those who did not return after the decree of ,cyrus 7,ezra #a4 #a71 but remained in foreign lands and gradually formed ,jewish quarters in all the cities of the ancient world4 ,they were the larger in number1 and later were called ,grecian ,jews1 or ,hellenists1 from the language which they used 7,acts #f4 #a74 ,between these two bodies there was a close relation4 ,the ,jews of the dispersion had synagogues in every city 7,acts #ae4 #a71 were devoted to the law1 made constant pilgrimages to ,jerusalem1 and were recognized as having one hope with the ,jews of ,palestine4 ,the traits of the two bodies were different1 but each contributed its own element toward the making of a great people4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,cap4 ,isr4 ,jud4 #a4 ,isr4 #gba4 ,jud4 #ehg4 #b4 ,ass4 ,sar4--,chal4 ,neb4 #c4 ,cas4 ,sea4--,riv4 ,eup4 #d4 ,nev4 ret4--,bro4 b4 ,,ii4 ,thr4 ,cap4 ,jud4 #a4 ,jeh4 cap4 #fjg4 #b4 ,jehn4 cap4 #eih4 #c4 ,zed4 cap4 #ehg4 ,,iii4 ,caus4 ,cap4 #a4 ,pol4 ,or4 conq4 #b4 ,reb4 kgs4 ,jud4 #c4 ,riv4 ,eg4 ,bab4 #d4 ,div4 pur4 dis4 ,,iv4 ,con4 ,cap4 #a4 ,kin4 tre4 #b4 ,org4 main4 #c4 ,la4 wor4 obs4 #d4 ,ins4 pro4 tea4 #e4 ,lit4 pre4 enl4 ,v4 ,res4 ,cap4 #a4 ,ch4 lan4 #b4 ,ch4 hab4 #c4 ,ch4 char4 #d4 ,ne4 ins4 7syn4 scr47 #e4 ,hop4 ,mess4 #f4 ,two4 par4 peo4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,from what earlier captivity must that of ,judah be distinguished8 ,what were the dates of these two captivities8 ,by whom was each nation taken captive8 ,where was each nation carried captive8 ,what followed the captivity in each nation8 ,what were the three captivities of ,judah8 ,what were the events of the first captivity of ,judah8 ,who were carried away at this time8 ,what date is connected with this captivity8 ,what were the events of the second captivity of ,judah8 ,who were then taken away8 ,what were the events of the third captivity8 ,how long was ,jerusalem left in ruins8 ,by whom1 and when1 were the ,jews permitted to return from captivity8 ,what causes may be assigned for the carrying away of the ,jews8 ,what were the customs of ancient ,oriental conquerors8 ,how did the conduct of the kings of ,judah bring on the captivity8 ,what rivalry between nations was a cause of the captivity8 ,what were the two parties in the kingdom of ,judah8 ,how was the carrying away of the ,jews a political necessity8 ,what was the moral cause of the captivity8 ,how were the captive ,jews treated8 ,what evidences show that their national organization was continued during the captivity8 ,why was this fact a fortunate one for the exiles8 ,what customs of the ,jews were observed during the captivity8 ,what instructors did the ,jews have during this period8 ,what was the condition of ,jewish literature during the captivity8 ,what events followed the decree of ,cyrus8 ,did all the exiles of the ,jews return8 ,what change in language was wrought by the captivity8 ,what change in habits followed the captivity8 ,what great change in religion came as the result of the captivity8 ,how can that change be accounted for8 ,what two institutions arose during the captivity8 ,what new hope arose at this time8 ,how were the ,jews divided after the captivity8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,the ,,great ,,oriental ,,empires4 ,,the ,,city ,,of ,,babylon4 ,,the ,,prophets ,,of ,,the ,,captivity4 ,,the ,,psalms ,,of ,,the ,,captivity4 ,,the ,,reign ,,of ,,nebuchadnezzar4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,babylon4 ,,tenth ,,study4 ,the ,jewish ,province4 ,from the return of the exiles1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf1 to the final destruction of the ,jewish state by the ,romans1 ,a4 ,d4 #gj1 the history of the chosen people is closely interwoven with that of the ,east in general4 ,during most of this time ,judea was a subject province1 belonging to the great empires which rose and fell in succession4 ,for a brief but brilliant period it was an independent state1 with its own rulers4 ,as most of this period comes between the ,old and ,new ,testaments its events are less familiar to ,bible readers than the other portions of ,israelite history4 ,we therefore give more space than usual to the facts1 only selecting the most important1 and omitting all that have no direct relation with the development of the divine plan in the ,jewish people4 ,i4 ,the history divides itself into ,,four ,,periods1 as follows3 #a4 ,the ,persian period1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf to #ccj1 from ,cyrus to ,alexander1 while the ,jewish province was a part of the ,persian ,empire4 ,very few events of these two centuries have been recorded1 but it appears to have been a period of quiet prosperity and growth4 ,the ,jews were governed by their high-priests under the general control of the ,persian government4 ,the principal events of this period were3 #a47 ,the second temple4 7,b4 ,c4 #ece-eae47 ,this was begun soon after the return from exile 7,ezra #c4 #a1 #b1 #h71 but was not completed until twenty-one years afterward 7,ezra #f4 #ae1 #af74 ,it was smaller and less splendid than that of ,solomon1 but was built upon the same plan4 #b47 ,queen ,esther's deliverance4 7,b4 ,c4 #dgd47 ,this took place1 not in ,judea1 but in ,shushan 7,susa71 the capital of the ,persian ,empire4 ,the king referred to as ,ahasuerus was probably ,xerxes1 and the events of ,esther's elevation and intercession took place after the defeat of his invasion of ,greece4 ,the whole story is in accord with both ,persian customs and the character of ,xerxes4 #c47 ,ezra's reformation4 7,b4 ,c4 #dej47 ,the coming to ,jerusalem of ,ezra the scribe was a great event in ,israelite history2 for1 aided by ,nehemiah1 he led in a great reformation of the people4 ,he found them neglecting their law and following foreign customs4 ,he awakened an enthusiasm for the ,mosaic law1 aroused the patriotism of the people1 and renewed the ancient faith4 ,his work gave him the title of the second founder of ,israel4 #d47 ,the separation of the ,samaritans4 7,b4 ,c4 #dji47 ,for the origin of the ,samaritans1 see #b ,kings #ag4 #bb-cd4 ,they were a mingled people1 both in race and religion2 but until the captivity were permitted to worship in the temple at ,jerusalem4 ,after the return from ,babylon the ,samaritans and the ,jews grew further and further apart4 ,the ,samaritans opposed the rebuilding of the temple 7,ezra #d4 #i-bd71 and delayed it for many years2 and a century later strove to prevent ,nehemiah from building the wall of ,jerusalem 7,neh4 #d4 #b74 ,finally they established a rival temple on ,mount ,gerizim1 and thenceforth the two races were in bitter enmity 7,john #d4 #i74 #e47 ,the completion of the ,old ,testament canon4 ,the prophets after the restoration were ,haggai1 ,zechariah1 and ,malachi2 but the author of most of the latest books was ,ezra1 who also arranged the ,old ,testament nearly1 perhaps fully1 in its present form4 ,thenceforward no more books were added1 and the scribe or interpreter took the place of the prophet4 ,illustration3 ,,alexander',s ,,empire4 #b4 ,the ,greek period4 7,b4 ,c4 #ccj-aff47 ,in the year #ccj ,b4 ,c4 ,alexander the ,great won the empire of ,persia in the great battle of ,arbela1 by which the sovereignty of the ,east was transferred from ,asia to ,europe1 and a new chapter in the history of the world was opened4 ,alexander died at the hour when his conquests were completed1 and before they could be organized and assimilated2 but the kingdoms into which his empire was divided were all under ,greek kings1 and were all ,greek in language and civilization4 ,judea was on the border between ,syria and ,egypt1 and belonged alternately to each kingdom4 ,we divide this period into three subdivisions4 #a47 ,the reign of ,alexander4 7,b4 ,c4 #ccj-cba47 ,the ,jews had been well treated by the ,persian kings and remained faithful to ,darius1 the last ,king of ,persia1 in his useless struggle4 ,alexander marched against ,jerusalem1 determined to visit upon it heavy punishment for its opposition1 but 7according to tradition7 was met by ,jaddua1 the high-priest1 and turned from an enemy to a friend of the ,jews4 #b47 ,the ,egyptian supremacy4 7,b4 ,c4 #caa-aih47 ,in the division of ,alexander's conquests ,judea was annexed to ,syria1 but it soon fell into the hands of ,egypt1 and was governed by the ,ptolemies 7,greek kings of ,egypt7 until #aih ,b4 ,c4 ,the only important events of this period were the rule of ,simon the ,just1 an exceptionally able high-priest1 about #cjj ,b4 ,c41 and the translation of the ,old ,testament into the ,greek language for the use of the ,jews of ,alexandria1 who had lost the use of ,hebrew or ,chaldee4 ,this translation was made about #bhf ,b4 ,c41 according to ,jewish tradition1 and is known as the ,septuagint version4 ,it was regarded as an act of sacrilege by the ,palestinian ,jews to translate their ,holy ,scriptures into the language of heathens1 and for centuries the anniversary of the completion of the ,septuagint was observed as a day of humiliation and prayer4 #c47 ,the ,syrian supremacy4 7,b4 ,c4 #aih-aff47 ,about the year #aih ,b4 ,c4 ,judea fell into the hands of the ,syrian kingdom1 also ruled by a ,greek dynasty1 the ,seleucidae1 or descendants of ,seleucus4 ,this change of rulers brought to the ,jews a change of treatment4 ,hitherto they had been permitted to live undisturbed upon their mountains1 and to enjoy a measure of liberty1 both in civil and ecclesiastical matters4 ,but now the ,syrian kings not only robbed them of their freedom1 but also undertook to compel them to renounce their religion by one of the most cruel persecutions in all history4 ,the temple was desecrated and left to ruin1 and the worshipers of ,jehovah were tortured and slain1 in the vain endeavor to introduce the ,greek and ,syrian forms of idolatry among the ,jews4 ,heb4 #aa1 #cc-dj1 is supposed to refer to this persecution4 ,when ,antiochus1 the ,syrian king1 found that the ,jews could not be driven from their faith1 he deliberately determined to exterminate the whole nation4 ,uncounted thousands of ,jews were slaughtered1 other thousands were sold as slaves1 ,jerusalem was well nigh destroyed1 the temple was dedicated to ,jupiter ,olympius1 and the orgies of the ,bacchanalia were substituted for the ,feast of ,tabernacles4 ,the religion of ,jehovah and the race of the ,jews seemed on the verge of utter annihilation in their own land4 #c4 ,the ,maccabean period4 7,b4 ,c4 #aff-dj47 ,but the darkest hour precedes the day2 the cruelties of the ,syrians caused a new and splendid epoch to rise upon ,israel4 #a47 ,the revolt of ,mattathias4 ,in the year #agj ,b4 ,c4 an aged priest1 ,mattathias1 unfurled the banner of independence from the ,syrian yoke4 ,he did not at first aim for political freedom1 but religious liberty2 but after winning a few victories over the ,syrian armies he began to dream of a free ,jewish state4 ,he died in the beginning of the war1 but was succeeded by his greater son1 ,judas ,maccabeus4,l #b47 ,judas ,maccabeus gained a greater success than had been dreamed at the beginning of the revolt4 ,within four years the ,jews recaptured ,jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple4 7,the anniversary of this event was ever after celebrated in the ,feast of ,dedication1 ,john #aj4 #bb47 ,judas ranks in history as one of the noblest of the ,jewish heroes1 and deserves a place beside ,joshua1 ,gideon1 and ,samuel as a liberator and reformer4 #c47 ,the ,maccabean dynasty4 ,judas refused the title of king1 but his family established a line of rulers who by degrees assumed a royal state1 and finally the royal title4 ,in the year #adc ,b4 ,c4 ,jewish liberty was formally recognized1 and the ,maccabean princes ruled for a time over an independent state4 ,between #acj and #aaj ,b4 ,c4 ,edom1 ,samaria1 and ,galilee were added to ,judea4 ,the latter province had been known as ,galilee of the ,gentiles 7,isa4 #i4 #a72 but by degrees the foreigners withdrew1 and the province was occupied by ,jews who were as devoted and loyal as those of ,jerusalem4 ,illustration3 ,,roman ,,empire #d47 ,the rise of the sects4 ,about ,b4 ,c4 #ajj the two sects1 or schools of thought1 the ,pharisees and ,sadducees1 began to appear1 though their principles had long been working4 ,the ,pharisees 7separatists7 sought for absolute separation from the ,gentile world and a strict construction of the law of ,moses1 while the ,sadducees 7moralists7 were liberal in their their theories and in their lives4 #d4 ,the ,roman period4 7,b4 ,c4 #dj-;,a4 ,d4 #gj47 ,it is not easy to name a date for the beginning of the ,roman supremacy in ,palestine4 ,it began in ,b4 ,c4 #fc1 when ,pompey the ,great 7afterward the antagonist of ,julius ,caesar7 was asked to intervene between two claimants for the ,jewish throne1 ,hyrcanus and ,aristobulus4 ,pompey decided for ,hyrcanus1 and aided him by a ,roman army4 ,in his interest he besieged and took ,jerusalem1 and then placed ,hyrcanus in power1 but without the title of king4 ,from this time the ,romans were practically1 though not nominally1 in control of affairs4 #a47 ,herod the ,great4 ,we assign as the date of the ,roman rule #dj ,b4 ,c41 when ,herod 7son of ,antipater1 an ,edomite1 who had been the general of ,hyrcanus7 received the title of king from the ,roman ,senate4 ,from this time ,palestine was regarded as a part of the ,roman ,empire4 ,herod was the ablest man of his age1 and one of the most unscrupulous4 ,he ruled over all ,palestine1 ,idumea 7ancient ,edom71 and the lands south of ,damascus4 ,illustration3 ,,palestine ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,christ #b47 ,herod's temple4 ,herod was thoroughly hated by the ,jews1 less for his character than for his foreign birth4 ,to gain their favor he began rebuilding the temple upon a magnificent scale4 ,it was not completed until long after his death1 which took place at ,jericho about the time when ,jesus ,christ1 the true ,king of the ,jews1 was born 7,matt4 #b4 #a1 #b74 #c47 ,the tetrarchies4 ,by ,herod's will his dominions were divided into four tetrarchies 7quarter-rulings1 a title for a fourth part of a kingdom74 ,three of these were in ,palestine--,archelaus receiving ,judea1 ,idumea1 and ,samaria2 ,antipas 7the ,herod of ,luke #d4 #ai1 #bj2 #bc4 #g-aa7 receiving ,galilee and ,perea2 and ,philip 7,luke #c4 #a7 having the district of ,bashan4 ,about ,a4 ,d4 #f ,archelaus was deposed1 and a ,roman1 ,coponius1 was appointed the first ,procurator of ,judea1 which was made a part of the prefecture of ,syria4 ,the rest of ,jewish annals belongs properly to the ,new ,testament history4 ,,ii4 ,through these periods we notice the gradual ,,preparation ,,for ,,the ,,gospel1 which was steadily advancing4 #a4 ,there was a political preparation4 ,six centuries before ,christ the world around the ,mediterranean was divided into states1 whose normal condition was war4 ,at no time was peace prevalent over all the world at once4 ,if ,christ had come at that time it would have been impossible to establish the ,gospel except through war and conquest4 ,but kingdoms were absorbed into empires1 empires rose and fell by turns1 each with a larger conception of the nation than its predecessor4 ,from the crude combination of undigested states in the ,assyrian ,empire to the orderly1 assimilated1 systematic condition of the ,roman world was a great advance4 ,christ appeared at the only point in the world's history when the great nations of the world were under one government1 with a system of roads such that a traveler could pass from ,mesopotamia to ,spain and could sail the ,mediterranean ,sea in perfect safety4 #b4 ,there was a preparation of language4 ,the conquests of ,alexander1 though accomplished in ten years1 left a deeper impress upon the world than any other two centuries of history4 ,they gave to the whole of that world one language1 the noblest tongue ever spoken by human lips1 a language fit for the gods1 as men said4 ,through ,alexander ,greek cities were founded every-where in the ,east1 ,greek kingdoms were established1 the ,greek literature and the ,greek civilization covered all the lands4 ,that was the language in which ,paul preached the ,gospel1 and in which the ,new ,testament was written--the only language of the ancient world in which the thoughts of the ,gospel could be readily expressed4 ,while each land had its own tongue1 the ,greek tongue was common in all lands4 #c4 ,while these preparations were going on there was another in progress at the same time1 the preparation of a race4 ,we might point to the history of the ,israelites from the migration of ,abraham as a training2 but we refer now to their special preparation for their mission after the restoration1 ,b4 ,c4 #ecf4 ,there was a divine purpose in the division of ,judaism into two streams2 one a little fountain in ,palestine1 the other a river dispersed over all the lands4 ,each branch had its part in the divine plan4 ,one was to concentrate its energies upon the divine religion1 to study the sacred books1 to maintain a chosen people1 whose bigotry1 narrowness1 and intolerance kept them from destruction2 the other branch was out in the world1 where every ,jewish synagogue in a heathen city kept alive the knowledge of ,god1 and disseminated that knowledge1 drawing around it the thoughtful1 spiritual minds who were looking for something better than heathenism4 ,palestine gave the ,gospel1 but the ,jews of the dispersion carried it to the ,gentiles1 and each synagogue in the foreign world became the nucleus of a ,christian ,church1 where for the first time ,jew and ,gentile met as equals4 #d4 ,finally1 there was the preparation of a religion4 ,the ,gospel of ,christ was not a new religion2 it was the new development of an old religion4 ,as we study the ,old ,testament we see that each epoch stands upon a higher religious plane4 ,there is an enlargement of spiritual vision between ,abraham and ,moses2 between ,moses and ,david2 between ,david and ,isaiah2 between ,isaiah and ,john the ,baptist4 ,pharisee and ,sadducee each held a share of the truth which embraced the best thought of both sects4 ,the work of many scribes prepared the way for the coming of the ,lord1 and just when revelation was brought up to the highest level1 when a race was trained to apprehend and proclaim it1 when a language had been created and diffused to express it1 when the world was united in one great brotherhood of states1 ready to receive it--then1 in the fullness of times1 the ,christ was manifested1 who is over all1 ,god blessed forever4 ,blackboard ,outline4 ,i4 ,four ,per4 #a4 ,per4 per4 #a47 ,sec4 tem4 #b47 ,q4 ,es4 del4 #c47 ,ez4 ref4 #d47 ,sep4 ,sam4 #e47 ,com4 ,o4 ,t4 can4 #b4 ,gk4 per4 #a47 ,rei4 ,alex4 #b47 ,eg4 sup4 #c47 ,syr4 sup4 #c4 ,macc4 per4 #a47 ,rev4 ,mat4 #b47 ,jud4 ,macc4 #c47 ,macc4 dyn4 #d47 ,ri4 sec4 #d4 ,rom4 per4 #a47 ,her4 ,cr4 #b47 ,her4 tem4 #c47 ,tetr4 ,,ii4 ,prep4 ,gosp4 #a4 ,pol4 prep4 #b4 ,prep4 lan4 #c4 ,prep4 rac4 #d4 ,prep4 rel4 ,,questions ,,for ,,review4 ,with what history is that of the ,jews interwoven during this period8 ,what was the political condition of the ,jews at this time8 ,what are the four periods of this history8 ,who were the rulers of the ,jews during the first period8 ,what building was erected after the return from captivity8 ,what great deliverance was effected by a woman8 ,what great reforms were effected by a scribe8 ,what title has been given to him8 ,what were the events connected with the separation of the ,samaritans8 ,who were the prophets of the restoration8 ,by whom was the ,old ,testament canon arranged8 ,what brought on the ,greek period8 ,what events of ,jewish history were connected with ,alexander the ,great8 ,under what people did the ,jews fall afterward8 ,what were the events of the ,egyptian rule8 ,what is the ,septuagint8 ,how was its translation regarded by the ,jews of ,palestine8 ,in what kingdom1 after ,egypt1 did ,judea fall8 ,how was it governed by its new masters8 ,who instituted a great persecution8 ,what was the effect of this persecution8 ,who led the ,jews in revolt8 ,what great hero arose at this time8 ,what line of rulers arose in his family8 ,what was the growth of the ,jewish state at this time8 ,what sects of the ,jews arose8 ,how did ,judea fall under the ,roman power8 ,whom did the ,romans establish as king8 ,what were his dominions8 ,what building did he erect8 ,how was his kingdom divided after his death8 ,what finally became of ,judea8 ,subjects for ,special ,papers4 ,,cyrus ,,the ,,emancipator4 ,,the ,,conquests ,,of ,,alexander4 ,,judas ,,maccabeus4 ,,the ,,jewish ,,sects4 ,,herod ,,the ,,great4 ,,the ,,jews ,,of ,,the ,,dispersion4 ,,footnote3 ,l ,the origin of this title is obscure4 ,some regard it as meaning the hammer1 like a similar name in the ,middle ,ages1 ,charles ,martel4 ,others say that it was a part of the ,hebrew inscription on the banner of ,judas1 ,micamo ,ka ,baalim ,jehovah1 ,who is like unto thee among the gods1 ,o ,jehovah8 ,still others that it was made up as a sort of charm from the last letters of the words ,abraham1 ,isaac1 ,jacob4 ,the ,maccabean princes were also called ,asmoneans4 ,,the ,ten ,minute ,series ,,of ,supplemental ,lessons --,,for-- ,the ,sunday ,school1 --,,by-- ,,loranus ,e4 ,,hitchcock4 ,illustration3 ,t,,he necessity of some instruction in the ,bible1 in order to supply the deficiencies which are unavoidable to any system of uniform lessons1 is realized in every ,sunday school4 ,the ,international ,lessons can only give detached portions of ,scripture1 and a supplemental lesson must be added to impart a general knowledge of the book as a whole4 ,the full course of study includes five series of lessons1 adapted to be used in any denomination4 ,illustration ,i4 ,the ,life of ,jesus4 ,,ii4 ,studies about the ,bible4 ,,iii4 ,bible ,geography4 ,,iv4 ,bible ,history4 ,v4 ,history of the ,christian ,church4 ,two additional series of special interest to the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church have been prepared1 namely3 ,,vi4 ,history of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,,vii4 ,government of the ,methodist ,episcopal ,church4 ,these lessons are arranged for use as graded studies for scholars ten years of age and upward4 ,each series contains thirty-six lessons1 which can easily be learned in the course of a year1 even if the study be suspended during the summer months4 ,sample ,set1 #g numbers1 #ce cents4 ,price of each1 per dozen1 #ej cents2 by mail1 #fj cents4 ,new ,york3 ,hunt ,eaton4 ,cincinnati3 ,cranston ,curts4 ,,books ,,by ,,rev4 ,,jesse ,l4 ,,hurlbut1 ,d4,d4 ,life of ,christ4 ,chautauqua ,text-book1 ,no4 #ch #j #aj ,illustrative ,notes on the ,sunday-,school ,lesson4 ,published yearly4 ,with maps and blackboard lessons4 ,size1 #hvo1 bound in cloth #a #be ,revised ,normal ,lessons4 ,paper1 #be cents4 ,cloth1 flexible #dj ,scripture ,selections for ,daily ,bible ,headings4 ,a ,portion of the ,bible for ,every ,day4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth4 ,gilt top1 #a4ej4 ,flexible leather1 gilt edges #b #ej ,studies in the ,four ,gospels4 ,paper1 #be cents4 ,cloth1 flexible #dj ,supplemental ,lessons for the ,sunday-school4 ,paper1 #be cents4 ,cloth1 flexible #dj ,the ,manual of ,biblical ,geography4 ,a text-book of ,bible ,history for the use of ,students and ,teachers1 containing maps1 plans1 review charts1 and colored diagrams4 ,illustrated leatherette4 #dto #b #ej ,,tracts ,,for ,,bible ,,study4 ,,bible ,,lesson ,,leaflets4 ,first ,series4 ,seven numbers4 ,the ,books of the ,bible1 ,bible ,history1 and ,the ,holy ,land4 ,per set1 post-paid #jc ,second ,series4 ,eight numbers4 ,old ,testament ,characters4 ,per set1 postpaid #jd ,third ,series4 ,seven numbers4 ,life of the ,apostle ,paul4 ,per set1 postpaid #jc ,,palestine ,,class4 ,by ,bishop ,j4 ,h4 ,vincent4 ,no4 #a4 ,pilgrim ,grade4 ,no4 #b4 ,resident ,grade4 ,no4 #c4 ,explorer ,grade4 ,no4 #d4 ,jerusalem ,grade4 ,each1 #b cents4 ,the four numbers for #f cents4 ,,young ,,travelers' ,,class4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,kennedy4 ,no4 #a4 ,the ,journey4 ,no4 #b4 ,land and ,kingdom4 ,no4 #c4 ,by ,hills and ,waters4 ,no4 #d4 ,guided ,through the ,land4 ,no4 #e4 ,in the ,city4 ,no4 #f4 ,young ,travelers by the ,sea-side4 ,no4 #g4 ,footsteps in the ,holy ,land4 ,each1 #b cents4 ,the seven numbers for #aj cents4 ,,young ,,folks' ,,walks ,,and ,,talks ,,with ,,jesus4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,m4 ,g4 ,,kennedy4 #a4 ,introductory1 the ,bible4 #b4 ,the ,child and the ,man4 #c4 ,the ,chosen ,twelve4 #d4 ,the ,spreading ,gospel ,light4 #e4 ,teaching by ,parables4 #f4 ,a ,little ,talk with ,jesus4 #g4 ,the ,last ,week4 #h4 ,resurrection and ,ascension4 ,each1 #b cents4 ,the eight numbers for #aj cents4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,hunt ,,eaton4 ,,cincinnati3 ,,cranston ,,curts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,obvious punctuation errors have been repaired4 ,the table of contents did not exactly match the numeration of the pages4 ,it stated that the ,preface began on page #e when in actuality it began on page #g4 ,the ,chronological ,table was shown to be on page #i but that is the middle of the preface4 ,it is actually located on page #f4 ,in the ,,html version1 the links will take the reader to the actual place indexed instead of the page written4 ,the rest of the table of contents appears accurate4 ,the first four lessons have the questions for review in a list format4 ,beginning with lesson five this changes to paragraphs4 ,text uses both post-paid and postpaid4 ,page #df1 hinderances changed to hindrances 7spite of their hindrances7 ,page #ea1 repeated word of deleted4 ,original read 7by the authority of of ,god7 ,page #gg1 seige changed to siege 7from the siege of ,jerusalem7